abstract: We retrospectively studied an incidence and clinical features of @entity5229 ( @entity5229 ) in @entity1555 ( @entity1555 ) from chest roentgenograms and clinical records of our 50 inpatients, comparing those in severely mentally and physically disabled @entity1 . Nine out of 50 (18%) @entity1555 @entity1 experienced @entity5229 , and their chest roentgenograms showed no evidence of underlying @entity358 , @entity4530 , @entity55 . They were all asymptomatic. Clinical course was well, however, relapse occurred in 4 cases. The onset age was 20 or more in 7 @entity1 (78%), and the incidence of @entity5229 in @entity1 aged 20 or more was 31%, which was 7.4 times higher than that of younger @entity1 . Body weight at the onset of @entity5229 was all below 30 kg, tended to be lower than that of @entity5229 negative cases. Some @entity1 experienced @entity5229 after having lost their weight. @entity5229 occurred much more frequently on the right side (right only, 7 cases; left only, 0; bilateral, 2 cases). @entity85 and artificial ventilation were not major risk factors. We examined chest roentgenograms of 41 severely mentally and physically disabled inpatients, age, sex, and body weight matched and found no @entity5229 . We conclude that @entity5229 is frequent and asymptomatic in @entity1555 and the major risk factors of @entity5229 are age (above 20 years old) and body weight (below 30 kg), while @entity85 , and artificial ventilation are not essential.

title: [Spontaneous pneumothorax in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5229 :: ('MESH:D011030', 'Disease') :: ['SPT', 'spontaneous pneumothorax']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne muscular Dystrophy', 'DMD']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease such as bulla']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['Thoracic deformity', 'thoracic deformity']

answer: @entity1555 :: (MESH:D020388,Disease) :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy']


abstract: The eye is relatively impermeable to micro-organisms and other environmental elements. However, if corneal integrity is breached by trauma, a sight-threatening @entity2348 can result. @entity794 , @entity796 , and @entity328 are the most common bacterial pathogens associated with @entity281 of compromised corneas. Bacterial enzymes and toxins, as well as factors associated with the host immune response, can lead to tissue destruction during @entity281 . For successful therapy, an antibacterial agent must be active against the pathogen and must be able to overcome the permeability barrier of the @entity267 . Topical application of antibacterial agents adequately delivers drugs to the @entity267 . However, drug concentrations at the site of @entity281 are not always sufficient to rapidly kill infective organisms. Infections with antibiotic-resistant strains present an even greater therapeutic challenge. In addition, sterilisation of the @entity267 by antibacterial agents does not eliminate @entity32 and corneal scarring that accompany @entity281 . Steroidal and non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents limit corneal scarring during experimentally induced @entity1036 . However, although promising, concomitant use of these drugs with antibacterial agents remains controversial. Two ocular drug delivery systems that provide high and sustained concentrations of drug to ocular tissues are corneal collagen shields and transcorneal iontophoresis. The collagen shield, originally designed as a bandage lens, prolongs drug contact with the @entity267 . Chemotherapeutic studies of experimental @entity1036 demonstrate that shields hydrated with antibacterial agents reduce bacteria in the @entity267 as well as or better than frequent applications of fortified antibacterial drops. Transcorneal iontophoresis uses an electric current to drive charged drugs into the @entity267 . In experimentally induced @entity1036 , transcorneal iontophoresis of antibacterial agents is superior to topically administered ocular drops for reducing the numbers of bacteria in the @entity267 . Although both drug delivery systems appear to be well tolerated and nontoxic in animal models, clinical trials in @entity1 are required to determine the usefulness of these drug delivery systems in clinical trials. Based on present experimental results, future therapy of @entity1036 will involve efficient drug delivery devices, the use of new antibacterial agents or combinations of presently available antibacterial agents, and careful use of adjuvant anti-inflammatory agents.

title: Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity267 :: ('MESH:D065306', 'Disease') :: ['cornea', 'cornea and aqueous humour']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial keratitis']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'corneal infection']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity1036 :: (MESH:D007634,Disease) :: ['bacterial keratitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The differential diagnosis of @entity56 reactions associated with anticonvulsants requires accuracy because of the many implications for @entity1 management. We tested an integrated Bayesian and biochemical diagnostic approach. METHODS: The @entity1 were analyzed clinically by two tests. One test, the Bayesian Adverse Reaction Diagnostic Instrument (BARDI), calculates the posterior probability of a drug being the cause based on epidemiologic and case data. The other, the lymphocyte @entity137 assay, is an in vitro rechallenge that determines the percentage of cell death attributable to a @entity137 . The setting for the study was an adverse drug reaction clinic at Sunnybrook Health Science Centre and the Hospital for Sick @entity1 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Fifty-one @entity1 who had @entity56 reactions after receiving aromatic anticonvulsants were tested. Four of these @entity1 had more than one reaction reported, with different anticonvulsants generating 56 distinct events. RESULTS: Compared to the lymphocyte @entity137 assay, BARDI had 94% sensitivity, 93% accuracy, and 50% specificity. When lymphocyte @entity137 assay data were incorporated into BARDI, agreement rose from 93% to 100%. BARDI also identified which drug was a more likely cause for 11 @entity1 receiving multiple anticonvulsants. CONCLUSION: These findings show that BARDI and the lymphocyte @entity137 assay have high concordance and, when used in an integrated approach, these tests can improve the diagnostic accuracy and enhance the management of @entity1 with @entity56 reactions.

title: Enhanced differential diagnosis of anticonvulsant XXXX reactions by an integrated Bayesian and biochemical approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ["drug's toxic metabolites", 'toxicity']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['hypersensitivity']


abstract: The occurrence of significant @entity548 associated with @entity2702 ( @entity2702 ) and @entity1884 ( @entity1884 ) and the incidence of @entity2702 in family members of @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 are poorly defined. We reviewed our experience in 143 @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 . Eleven (8 percent) of the 143 @entity1 with @entity1884 and @entity2702 had a history of either massive hemoptysis or of hemothorax which required hospitalization. One @entity1 died directly related to the @entity548 . There were four @entity1 and seven @entity1 . Three of the seven @entity1 experienced @entity548 during pregnancy. Seven of the 11 families participated in screening for @entity2702 . Thirty-six (80 percent) of the 45 screened family members were found to have @entity1884 . Thirteen (36 percent) of the 36 family members with @entity1884 were proven to have @entity2702 by pulmonary angiography. @entity548 due to spontaneous rupture of the PAVM is a potentially life-threatening complication that should be treated aggressively with transcatheter embolotherapy. It occurs more frequently than previously recognized in @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 . In addition, because of the increased incidence of @entity2702 in family members of @entity1 with @entity1884 and PAVM, screening of family members with @entity1884 is recommended especially in @entity1 of childbearing age.

title: Life-threatening @entity548 with XXXX and @entity1884 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2702 :: ('MESH:C562404', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary arteriovenous malformations', 'PAVMs']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hemorrhage', 'Pulmonary hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1884 :: ('MESH:D013683', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia', 'HHT']

answer: @entity2702 :: (MESH:C562404,Disease) :: ['pulmonary arteriovenous malformations']


abstract: The occurrence of significant @entity548 associated with @entity2702 ( @entity2702 ) and @entity1884 ( @entity1884 ) and the incidence of @entity2702 in family members of @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 are poorly defined. We reviewed our experience in 143 @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 . Eleven (8 percent) of the 143 @entity1 with @entity1884 and @entity2702 had a history of either massive hemoptysis or of hemothorax which required hospitalization. One @entity1 died directly related to the @entity548 . There were four @entity1 and seven @entity1 . Three of the seven @entity1 experienced @entity548 during pregnancy. Seven of the 11 families participated in screening for @entity2702 . Thirty-six (80 percent) of the 45 screened family members were found to have @entity1884 . Thirteen (36 percent) of the 36 family members with @entity1884 were proven to have @entity2702 by pulmonary angiography. @entity548 due to spontaneous rupture of the PAVM is a potentially life-threatening complication that should be treated aggressively with transcatheter embolotherapy. It occurs more frequently than previously recognized in @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 . In addition, because of the increased incidence of @entity2702 in family members of @entity1 with @entity1884 and PAVM, screening of family members with @entity1884 is recommended especially in @entity1 of childbearing age.

title: Life-threatening XXXX with @entity2702 and @entity1884 .

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['pulmonary hemorrhage']


abstract: The occurrence of significant @entity548 associated with @entity2702 ( @entity2702 ) and @entity1884 ( @entity1884 ) and the incidence of @entity2702 in family members of @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 are poorly defined. We reviewed our experience in 143 @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 . Eleven (8 percent) of the 143 @entity1 with @entity1884 and @entity2702 had a history of either massive hemoptysis or of hemothorax which required hospitalization. One @entity1 died directly related to the @entity548 . There were four @entity1 and seven @entity1 . Three of the seven @entity1 experienced @entity548 during pregnancy. Seven of the 11 families participated in screening for @entity2702 . Thirty-six (80 percent) of the 45 screened family members were found to have @entity1884 . Thirteen (36 percent) of the 36 family members with @entity1884 were proven to have @entity2702 by pulmonary angiography. @entity548 due to spontaneous rupture of the PAVM is a potentially life-threatening complication that should be treated aggressively with transcatheter embolotherapy. It occurs more frequently than previously recognized in @entity1 with @entity2702 and @entity1884 . In addition, because of the increased incidence of @entity2702 in family members of @entity1 with @entity1884 and PAVM, screening of family members with @entity1884 is recommended especially in @entity1 of childbearing age.

title: Life-threatening @entity548 with @entity2702 and XXXX .

answer: @entity1884 :: (MESH:D013683,Disease) :: ['hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia']


abstract: Kinetic correlations between the @entity1520 bond reduction in excess @entity16958 and the induced conformational change were studied on two proteins, @entity291 @entity14617 and @entity1460 @entity9232 , at 25 degrees C and pH 8.0-8.5 by measuring the absorbance of oxidized @entity16958 at 310 nm and the ellipticity at 270 nm, respectively. With @entity14617 , in the absence of @entity2097 (Gdn x @entity5828 ) or in dilute Gdn x @entity5828 , the kinetics for the bond reduction and the conformational change were both of a biphasic type. The fast phase was complete within a few seconds and was associated with the reduction of some of the @entity1520 bonds and with almost complete loss of the tertiary structure. The slow phase was associated with the reduction of other @entity1520 bonds. In concentrated Gdn x @entity5828 , the kinetics of both processes were observed as a single phase, the rate of which was similar to that of the slow phase in the absence of Gdn x @entity5828 or in dilute Gdn x @entity5828 . In all cases studied, the rate of the bond reduction was similar to that of the conformational change induced. By correcting the change in absorbance at 310 nm to a contribution from the protein due to the conformational change, the number of bonds which are reduced in the fast phase in the absence of Gdn x @entity5828 was determined to be 1.0-1.1. It was shown, taking observations of others and theoretical results into account, that the bond reduced in the fast phase might be the one between @entity2569 6 and @entity2569 120. On the other hand, on of two bonds of @entity1460 @entity9232 in the native form was reduced in the fast phase without any loss of the tertiary structure, and the other was reduced in the slow phase. Considering the results of other researchers, it was concluded that the bond reduced in the fast phase of the inhibitor is a 136-145 bond.

title: Kinetic correlations between the XXXX bond reduction and the induced conformational change of proteins.

entities_list: @entity16958 :: ('MESH:D004226', 'Chemical') :: ['dithioerythritol']

entities_list: @entity2097 :: ('MESH:D019791', 'Chemical') :: ['guanidine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

answer: @entity1520 :: (CHEBI:48343,Chemical) :: ['disulfide']


abstract: The copulatory structure of the @entity2199 male tail includes a set of nine bilaterally symmetrical pairs of sense organs known as rays. Each ray comprises three cells, which are generated by a stereotyped cell sublineage expressed by 18 epidermal ray precursor cells. A pattern formation mechanism in the epidermis guides the specification of morphogenetic differences between the rays necessary for correct organelle assembly at specific positions within the epidermis. Expression of these ray differences was altered in mutations we described previously, resulting in displaced and fused rays. Here we show that two genes of the @entity2199 HOM-C/Hox gene complex play a role in the pattern formation mechanism. Increasing or decreasing the gene dosage of @entity43307 , an Antennapedia homolog, and @entity56607 , an Abdominal B homolog, results in displacement and fusion of specific rays. These changes are interpreted as anterior or posterior transformations in ray identities. Mutations in the genes previously described are dominant modifiers of these effects. This suggests that these genes act in the same morphogenetic pathway as @entity43307 and @entity56607 . Several lines of evidence, including cell ablation experiments, argue that the identity of each ray is specified cell-autonomously in the terminal cells of the ray lineages. @entity43307 and @entity56607 , therefore, specify the morphogenetic properties of differentiating cells, without change in cell lineage or apparent cell type. Modifier genes may act upstream of @entity43307 and @entity56607 to regulate their expression. Alternatively, they may act at the same step in the pathway, as cofactors, or they may be target genes. Target genes could include genes specifying cell recognition and adhesion molecules governing ray organelle assembly.

title: HOM-C/Hox genes and four interacting loci determine the morphogenetic properties of single cells in the XXXX male tail.

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['nematode']


abstract: To provide accident surgeons working under extreme conditions with reports on the results of their efforts, the complications of resuscitation measures in 30 @entity204 in which a final fall was to be excluded were analyzed in a fundamental study. According to these results, there are two predilection sites for injuries, viz., the thorax and neck. Thus, injuries to the bones of the thorax, which had occurred in 70% of all cases, were found regularly in rigid emphysematous thorax, and in 40% in elastic thorax after external cardiac massage. The typical secondary injuries are dealt with. Because of the great danger of a @entity99 as observed in two cases, resuscitation measures using an extrathoracic cardiac massage machine appear to be problematic even if injuries to the bones of the thorax can be avoided in an elastic thorax. @entity9389 after intubation occurred nearly as often as @entity130 after external cardiac massage. @entity130 were predominantly small @entity548 and abrasions at the base of the tongue and in the tonsillar ring on the right. @entity548 in the neck musculature are likely to be attributed to the @entity130 , and the retropharyngeal @entity548 to @entity2915 . The single organ most frequently injured overall was the cervical spine with an injury frequency of 66%. However, there was no indication, not even in a single case, that resuscitation measures had shortened the life of a @entity1 .

title: [Direct and indirect XXXX in resuscitation (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhages', 'Hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity9389 :: ('MESH:D019838', 'Disease') :: ['Injury to the neck']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyper-extension']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['atraumatic deaths']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Local injuries', 'injuries to the thorax', 'abutment injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: @entity11502 (Ang II) is an important regulator of @entity1369 production by @entity291 adrenal glomerulosa (BAG) cells. Ang II interacts with a specific receptor coupled to a @entity6370 -binding protein (G protein) that controls the activity of phospholipase C. A primary culture of BAG cells was used to study short-term desensitization of the Ang II receptor. After short exposures to Ang II, BAG cells lost some [125I]Ang II binding capacity. This loss was dependent on the duration of the pretreatment and on the concentration of Ang II used. A maximal loss of [125I]Ang II binding of 55 +/- 10% was observed after a pretreatment of 30 min with 30 nM Ang II. The EC50 was 1.3 +/- 0.6 nM (mean +/- SD of three experiments). The desensitization was readily reversible, since most of the binding capacity (higher than 90%) was recovered after a 60-min incubation, at 37 C, in the absence of Ang II. Scatchard studies revealed that the Ang II receptor of BAG cells exists under two affinity states with one dissociation constant of 0.2 nM and another dissociation constant of 1.5 nM. After a 30-min exposure of BAG cells to 10 nM Ang II, an important decrease of high affinity binding sites was observed. The maximal amount of binding sites was similar on control and desensitized cells (around 52,000 receptors per cell). GTP gamma S, a potent activator of G proteins, decreased [125I]Ang II binding to permeabilized BAG cells. This GTP gamma S effect was not observed on permeabilized BAG cells that had previously been desensitized with 10 nM Ang II. These results suggested that, similarly to GTP gamma S, short exposure to 10 nM Ang II caused the uncoupling of Ang II receptor from its G protein. @entity9886 (a selective AT1 angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist) markedly unhibited, whereas @entity11083 (a selective AT2 angioten II type 2 receptor antagonist) had no effect on Ang II receptor desensitization, indicating that the AT1 receptor subtype was responsible for the observed phenomenon. Pretreatment of BAG cells with @entity866 (a protein kinase C inhibitor) and @entity6106 (a calmodulin inhibitor) did not modify Ang II-induced desensitization of AT1 receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Short-term desensitization of the angiotensin II receptor of XXXX adrenal glomerulosa cells corresponds to a shift from a high to a low affinity state.

entities_list: @entity6370 :: ('CHEBI:61292', 'Chemical') :: ['guanyl nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity866 :: ('MESH:D019311', 'Chemical') :: ['staurosporine']

entities_list: @entity11502 :: ('MESH:D000804', 'Chemical') :: ['Angiotensin II']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: @entity1373 which may not be familiar in this country is a polypoid lesion of the cervix and has been noticed as the lesion sustained by contraceptive pills. The retrospective study was performed to clarify whether or not this lesion have been enclosed into diagnosis of cervical @entity1127 at routine clinic. 1. Among 895 cases of cervical @entity1127 resected at our clinic during 7 years from 1971, 7 microglandular @entity1373 were found, showing 0.8% of the incidence. 2. Ages of the 7 @entity1 ranged from 42 to 52 years, and the average was 45.7. Three cases complained of @entity1867 . 3. One @entity1 was taking oral contraceptives and the other was on hormonal therapy. No @entity1 was pregnant. 4. @entity1127 with @entity1373 were usually above the size of small finger tip. In one case, a large papillary mass (3.0 x 3.5 cm) resembling to @entity189 was experienced. 5. There were no characteristic findings in cytology except a case with enlarged and vesicular cells. 6. Histologically, the lesion consists of numerous microglandular spaces lined by regular cuboidal or flat cells without atypism. The eosinophilic cytoplasms are not vacuolated. Glands are not clearly demarcated from @entity4 . This change may be mistaken for @entity420 .

title: [ XXXX of the cervix: reevaluation of the @entity1127 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous stroma']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasias', 'Microglandular hyperplasia', 'microglandular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity1867 :: ('MESH:D008796', 'Disease') :: ['metrorrhagia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1373 :: (MESH:D006965,Disease) :: ['Microglandular hyperplasia']


abstract: @entity1373 which may not be familiar in this country is a polypoid lesion of the cervix and has been noticed as the lesion sustained by contraceptive pills. The retrospective study was performed to clarify whether or not this lesion have been enclosed into diagnosis of cervical @entity1127 at routine clinic. 1. Among 895 cases of cervical @entity1127 resected at our clinic during 7 years from 1971, 7 microglandular @entity1373 were found, showing 0.8% of the incidence. 2. Ages of the 7 @entity1 ranged from 42 to 52 years, and the average was 45.7. Three cases complained of @entity1867 . 3. One @entity1 was taking oral contraceptives and the other was on hormonal therapy. No @entity1 was pregnant. 4. @entity1127 with @entity1373 were usually above the size of small finger tip. In one case, a large papillary mass (3.0 x 3.5 cm) resembling to @entity189 was experienced. 5. There were no characteristic findings in cytology except a case with enlarged and vesicular cells. 6. Histologically, the lesion consists of numerous microglandular spaces lined by regular cuboidal or flat cells without atypism. The eosinophilic cytoplasms are not vacuolated. Glands are not clearly demarcated from @entity4 . This change may be mistaken for @entity420 .

title: [ @entity1373 of the cervix: reevaluation of the XXXX (author's transl)].

answer: @entity1127 :: (MESH:D011127,Disease) :: ['polyp']


abstract: Advanced @entity5 has a grim prognosis: management is complicated. It may include surgery which needs to be exenterative if cure is intended, and/or @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ), the dose of which is limited by the radiosensitivity of adjacent structures. We report on 3 cases, in each of which the @entity5 was located in different anatomic sites, and we demonstrate how therapy was tailored to each situation. All 3 @entity1 had Stage III, @entity957 . They received external beam irradiation (EBI) 4000-5000 cGy to the pelvis. This is the maximal tolerable dose by most pelvic organs, but is not curative. Therefore brachytherapy was combined with EBI. In one @entity1 brachytherapy was given intraoperatively, following extensive @entity41 in the pelvis. Two @entity1 are alive and free of disease three and six and a half years later, and one @entity1 died of disease five years following therapy. For eradication of advanced @entity5 , treatment includes the combination of EBI and brachytherapy with or without debulking surgery, the role of which was not previously described in this setting. Treatment strategy should be adapted to the anatomic location of the @entity5 , its intravaginal extension and the age of the @entity1 .

title: The role of brachytherapy in the treatment of XXXX . A report of 3 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['removal of residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal cancer', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['stage III vaginal cancer']


abstract: Two sisters, 2 and 5 years of age, suffered from acute @entity417 occurring after @entity1902 with @entity526 O157. One @entity1 developed clinical signs of severe and @entity697 and @entity295 . She received transfusion and antibiotic therapy. The second @entity1 presented with mild to moderate @entity1109 only. None of them developed @entity8 . In serum of both @entity1 , elevated titres of short-lived agglutinins were demonstrated in the indirect haemagglutination assay consisting of @entity742 erythrocytes coated with lipopolysaccharide from @entity526 O157. By immunoblot analysis IgM antibodies against the O157 lipopolysaccharide were demonstrated in the acute phase sera but not in follow up sera taken 2 months after disease. On erythrocyte membranes, adsorption of microbial antigens was detected by use of a pool-immunoglobulin fluorescence test. The immunological status of both @entity1 was normal. Complete recovery from @entity2142 was observed without further therapy. Microbial antigens attached to the cell surface were assumed to be the pathophysiological cause of @entity526 O157 associated @entity417 in two siblings.

title: @entity417 in association with XXXX O157 infection in two sisters.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute intravascular haemolysis']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['haemolytic anaemia']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['haemolytic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['haemolytic disease']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: Two sisters, 2 and 5 years of age, suffered from acute @entity417 occurring after @entity1902 with @entity526 O157. One @entity1 developed clinical signs of severe and @entity697 and @entity295 . She received transfusion and antibiotic therapy. The second @entity1 presented with mild to moderate @entity1109 only. None of them developed @entity8 . In serum of both @entity1 , elevated titres of short-lived agglutinins were demonstrated in the indirect haemagglutination assay consisting of @entity742 erythrocytes coated with lipopolysaccharide from @entity526 O157. By immunoblot analysis IgM antibodies against the O157 lipopolysaccharide were demonstrated in the acute phase sera but not in follow up sera taken 2 months after disease. On erythrocyte membranes, adsorption of microbial antigens was detected by use of a pool-immunoglobulin fluorescence test. The immunological status of both @entity1 was normal. Complete recovery from @entity2142 was observed without further therapy. Microbial antigens attached to the cell surface were assumed to be the pathophysiological cause of @entity526 O157 associated @entity417 in two siblings.

title: XXXX in association with @entity526 O157 infection in two sisters.

answer: @entity417 :: (MESH:D000740,Disease) :: ['Haemolytic anaemia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: With @entity5 , @entity2 can be classified into @entity420 ( @entity420 ), @entity957 ( @entity957 ), @entity152 ( @entity152 ), and the small cell subtype ( @entity4153 ); yet, elucidations to this @entity5 has not been addressed. In this study, we elucidated the molecular diversity among these subtypes by investigating large-scale sequencing datasets. Among genes upregulated from normal, @entity420 , @entity957 , @entity152 to @entity4153 , six hub genes were found closely correlated with adverse clinical outcome and were testified on cellular or tissue level with quantitative RT-PCR. Cox regression model was then built to generate a risk signature. The possible linkages among these genes were also explored. Transcript levels of @entity29146 , @entity16262 , @entity21248 , @entity39556 , @entity14097 , and @entity71236 were found significantly elevated from normal, @entity420 , @entity957 , @entity152 to @entity4153 . Overexpression of one or multiple of these genes was correlated with adverse overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in the whole @entity1 cohort or groups stratified according to clinical variables, while most of all six genes were independent prognostic factors. When used as a six-gene risk signature, @entity1 with high signature score displayed more unfavorable clinical variables and poorer outcome. Tight regulative relationships were found within these genes, while @entity29146 and @entity16262 were likely to be the drivers. We considered the @entity5 from @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) to @entity4153 might be due to the elevation of these six genes. We believe these genes were powerful cancer prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in @entity2 ; moreover, changes of their level might be correlated with @entity2 phenotype plasticity.

title: Combined analysis identifies six genes correlated with XXXX from non-small cell to small cell lung cancer.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['increased malignancy', 'augmented malignancy']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SQC']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell carcinoma', 'LCC']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['ADC', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['augmented malignancy']


abstract: A seven-year surveillance was done of the antibiotic susceptibility of @entity794 isolated from @entity1 seen in The @entity1 's Hospital, Birmingham, Ala. There were no outbreaks of hospital-acquired @entity1793 during this time. Of 5,479 strains, 2,685 were from hospitalized @entity1 ; 2,794 of 5,479 were from outpatients. The incidence of @entity114 resistance increased from 76% to more than 85% between 1973 and 1979, with no significant difference noted between inpatient and outpatient strains. @entity114 resistance was similar, regardless of the clinical source (site of isolation) of staphylococci. @entity272 , soft tissue, wounds, and @entity733 perennially accounted for the greatest proportion of isolates. Thus, @entity272 represent an important reservoir for @entity114 -resistant staphylococci. Nearly all strains were susceptible to the other antibiotics tested; multiple resistance was rare. Susceptibility to @entity3402 , @entity2929 , @entity5821 , @entity1372 , and @entity16859 remained stable through the years. These agents provide effective therapeutic regimens for @entity1 with @entity1793 , including those with @entity114 @entity566 .

title: Sources and susceptibilities of staphylococci isolated from XXXX . A seven-year survey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['Penicillin', 'penicillin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity5821 :: ('MESH:D002512', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalothin']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['Skin lesions', 'skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity1793 :: ('MESH:D013203', 'Disease') :: ['staphylococcal infection']

entities_list: @entity16859 :: ('MESH:D009254', 'Chemical') :: ['nafcillin sodium']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a three-in-one injection comfort system (ICS) and 10 percent @entity3303 pump spray in reducing injection @entity158 in @entity1 . METHODS: Fifty eight- to 12-year-old @entity1 treated at a university pediatric dental clinic participated in this study. The @entity1 's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale was used to select nonanxious @entity1 to participate. @entity717 were treated in two separate visits with random use of either ICS or @entity3303 pump spray. The @entity158 perception levels were assessed with heart rate changes, the @entity158 ( @entity158 ), and the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS). At the end of the second visit, @entity1 's preferences were noted. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to compare the results. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the two groups in the @entity158 and WBFPRS scores, and mean heart rate changes (P>.05). However, 68 percent of the @entity1 preferred ICS. CONCLUSIONS: Both ICS and 10 percent @entity3303 pump spray presented the same efficacy in reducing injection @entity158 .

title: Comparison of Topical 10 Percent XXXX and a Local Anesthetic System in Pediatric Dental @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Contralateral tooth pairs']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['MBPS', 'pain', 'Modified Behavioral Pain Scale']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['Lidocaine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a three-in-one injection comfort system (ICS) and 10 percent @entity3303 pump spray in reducing injection @entity158 in @entity1 . METHODS: Fifty eight- to 12-year-old @entity1 treated at a university pediatric dental clinic participated in this study. The @entity1 's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale was used to select nonanxious @entity1 to participate. @entity717 were treated in two separate visits with random use of either ICS or @entity3303 pump spray. The @entity158 perception levels were assessed with heart rate changes, the @entity158 ( @entity158 ), and the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS). At the end of the second visit, @entity1 's preferences were noted. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to compare the results. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the two groups in the @entity158 and WBFPRS scores, and mean heart rate changes (P>.05). However, 68 percent of the @entity1 preferred ICS. CONCLUSIONS: Both ICS and 10 percent @entity3303 pump spray presented the same efficacy in reducing injection @entity158 .

title: Comparison of Topical 10 Percent @entity3303 and a Local Anesthetic System in Pediatric Dental XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Antibiotic dosing in @entity326 @entity1 poses a challenge for clinicians due to the pharmacokinetic variability seen in this @entity1 population. @entity3400 / @entity7120 is often used for empirical treatment, and initial appropriate dosing is crucial for reducing mortality. Accordingly, we determined the pharmacokinetic profile of @entity3400 (4 g) every 8 hours, during the third consecutive dosing interval, in 15 @entity1 treated empirically for @entity326 . We developed a population pharmacokinetic model to assess empirical dosing and to simulate alternative dosing regimens and modes of administration. Time above the minimal inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) predicted for each @entity1 was evaluated against clinical breakpoint MIC for @entity796 (16 mg/L). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic ( @entity24523 / @entity1726 ) targets evaluated were 50% fT>4xMIC and 100% f T>MIC. A population @entity24523 model was developed using NONMEM and data was best described by a two-compartment model. Central and inter-compartmental clearances were 3.6 L/h (RSE 15.7%) and 6.58 (16.4%), and central and peripheral volumes were 7.3 L (RSE 11.8 %) and 3.9 L (RSE 9.7%), respectively. @entity3400 plasma concentrations varied considerably between @entity1 and were associated with levels of plasma @entity1011 . @entity1 with @entity8 were more likely to achieve predefined @entity24523 / @entity1726 targets compared to @entity1 with preserved or augmented renal function. Simulations of alternative dosing regimens showed that frequent intermittent bolus dosing as well as dosing by extended and continuous infusion increases the probability of attaining therapeutic plasma concentrations. For @entity326 @entity1 with preserved or augmented renal function, dose increment or prolonged infusion of the drug need to be considered.

title: Population pharmacokinetics of XXXX in the early phase of @entity326 -does standard dosing result in therapeutic plasma concentrations?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired renal function']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity7120 :: ('MESH:C043265', 'Chemical') :: ['tazobactam']

entities_list: @entity3400 :: ('MESH:D010878', 'Chemical') :: ['Piperacillin', 'piperacillin']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity3400 :: (MESH:D010878,Chemical) :: ['piperacillin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Antibiotic dosing in @entity326 @entity1 poses a challenge for clinicians due to the pharmacokinetic variability seen in this @entity1 population. @entity3400 / @entity7120 is often used for empirical treatment, and initial appropriate dosing is crucial for reducing mortality. Accordingly, we determined the pharmacokinetic profile of @entity3400 (4 g) every 8 hours, during the third consecutive dosing interval, in 15 @entity1 treated empirically for @entity326 . We developed a population pharmacokinetic model to assess empirical dosing and to simulate alternative dosing regimens and modes of administration. Time above the minimal inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) predicted for each @entity1 was evaluated against clinical breakpoint MIC for @entity796 (16 mg/L). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic ( @entity24523 / @entity1726 ) targets evaluated were 50% fT>4xMIC and 100% f T>MIC. A population @entity24523 model was developed using NONMEM and data was best described by a two-compartment model. Central and inter-compartmental clearances were 3.6 L/h (RSE 15.7%) and 6.58 (16.4%), and central and peripheral volumes were 7.3 L (RSE 11.8 %) and 3.9 L (RSE 9.7%), respectively. @entity3400 plasma concentrations varied considerably between @entity1 and were associated with levels of plasma @entity1011 . @entity1 with @entity8 were more likely to achieve predefined @entity24523 / @entity1726 targets compared to @entity1 with preserved or augmented renal function. Simulations of alternative dosing regimens showed that frequent intermittent bolus dosing as well as dosing by extended and continuous infusion increases the probability of attaining therapeutic plasma concentrations. For @entity326 @entity1 with preserved or augmented renal function, dose increment or prolonged infusion of the drug need to be considered.

title: Population pharmacokinetics of @entity3400 in the early phase of XXXX -does standard dosing result in therapeutic plasma concentrations?

answer: @entity326 :: (MESH:D012772,Disease) :: ['septic shock']


abstract: PURPOSE: This pre-trial qualitative research study was carried out to explore @entity1 and clinical staff attitudes to central venous access devices (CVADs). In addition, views about participation in a @entity23 ( @entity23 ) were explored with the aim of maximising recruitment to an imminent @entity23 of three CVADs. METHODS: Three @entity1 focus groups (each comprising three @entity1 ) and 23 interviews with clinical staff were conducted. Interviews and focus group discussions were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, anonymised, uploaded to the QSR NVivo10 qualitative software programme and thematically analysed. RESULTS: Analysis of focus group interviews revealed the added challenges that a CVAD poses to @entity1 with @entity5 . Four key themes emerged: continuity of daily life, @entity158 and discomfort, stigma (a mark of disgrace associated with certain conditions) and self-preservation. The findings show the impact of a CVAD on @entity1 ' ability to manage their condition. Clinical staff interviews highlighted several potential barriers to recruitment; a lack of equipoise (genuine clinical uncertainty as to which intervention is the most beneficial), concerns about the logistics of device insertion and a perceived requirement for education and training. CONCLUSIONS: This qualitative study raises awareness of key areas of concern to @entity1 who need a CVAD for chemotherapy delivery. It was identified that there is a need for clearer @entity1 information around CVADs. Additionally it allows investigators to identify barriers to recruitment in a timely manner in order to minimise the potential for conflict between the roles of carer and researcher and consequently, maximise recruitment to the @entity23 .

title: Exploring attitudes towards a XXXX of venous access devices - a nested pre-trial qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['RCT', 'randomised controlled trial']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity23 :: (MESH:D007174,Disease) :: ['randomised controlled trial']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Agonistic autoantibody to the angiotensin II type I receptor ( @entity1809 -AA) is highly associated with @entity1468 by increasing the sensitivity of @entity1808 during pregnancy in @entity35 , thus leading to @entity1468 . However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to observe @entity1809 -AA amplification of @entity1808 -induced vasoconstriction in @entity35 thoracic aortic rings. It was found that exposure to low concentrations of @entity1809 -AA (0.4 nM) caused a contraction of <5% of the maximal response to 60 mM @entity10406 . In addition, the @entity1808 -induced contractile response was amplified in the presence of a threshold contraction to @entity1809 -AA, as manifested by a leftward shift of the midpoint of the concentration-response curve with no change in the maximal response. These results showed that preincubation with low @entity1809 -AA could amplify the @entity1808 dose-response curve, and this amplification could be attenuated markedly by 0.1   M heptapeptide AFHYESQ. In @entity460 -free Krebs solution, 10   M of @entity15258 (an @entity9423 inhibitor) both blocked the @entity1809 -AA base contraction and completely abolished the amplification. Both 5   M of @entity4385 (a phospholipase C inhibitor) and 10   M of   V1-2 (an   @entity6164 inhibitor) could partially inhibit the @entity1808 -induced contractile response.   V1-2, but not @entity4385 , could completely inhibit the amplification response of @entity1809 -AA to @entity1808 . These results suggest that @entity1809 -AA is able to cause amplification response to @entity1808 probably via the @entity460 -independent protein kinase C pathway, which may provide a new therapy strategy for @entity1468 .

title: Mechanism of agonistic angiotensin II type I receptor autoantibody-amplified contractile response to XXXX in the isolated @entity35 thoracic aorta.

entities_list: @entity15258 :: ('MESH:C109986', 'Chemical') :: ['2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['a preeclampsia-like syndrome', 'preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1808 :: (24179(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Ang II']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Agonistic autoantibody to the angiotensin II type I receptor ( @entity1809 -AA) is highly associated with @entity1468 by increasing the sensitivity of @entity1808 during pregnancy in @entity35 , thus leading to @entity1468 . However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to observe @entity1809 -AA amplification of @entity1808 -induced vasoconstriction in @entity35 thoracic aortic rings. It was found that exposure to low concentrations of @entity1809 -AA (0.4 nM) caused a contraction of <5% of the maximal response to 60 mM @entity10406 . In addition, the @entity1808 -induced contractile response was amplified in the presence of a threshold contraction to @entity1809 -AA, as manifested by a leftward shift of the midpoint of the concentration-response curve with no change in the maximal response. These results showed that preincubation with low @entity1809 -AA could amplify the @entity1808 dose-response curve, and this amplification could be attenuated markedly by 0.1   M heptapeptide AFHYESQ. In @entity460 -free Krebs solution, 10   M of @entity15258 (an @entity9423 inhibitor) both blocked the @entity1809 -AA base contraction and completely abolished the amplification. Both 5   M of @entity4385 (a phospholipase C inhibitor) and 10   M of   V1-2 (an   @entity6164 inhibitor) could partially inhibit the @entity1808 -induced contractile response.   V1-2, but not @entity4385 , could completely inhibit the amplification response of @entity1809 -AA to @entity1808 . These results suggest that @entity1809 -AA is able to cause amplification response to @entity1808 probably via the @entity460 -independent protein kinase C pathway, which may provide a new therapy strategy for @entity1468 .

title: Mechanism of agonistic angiotensin II type I receptor autoantibody-amplified contractile response to @entity1808 in the isolated XXXX thoracic aorta.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Finite-element solutions to the Pennes bioheat equation are obtained with a model of a @entity5 -containing, @entity1 prostate and surrounding normal tissues. Simulations of ferromagnetic @entity221 treatments are conducted on the tissue model in which the prostate is implanted with an irregularly spaced array of thermoseeds. Several combinations of thermoseed temperatures with different Curie points are investigated. Non-uniform, constant-rate blood perfusion models are studied and compared with temperature-dependent descriptions of blood perfusion. Blood perfusions in the temperature-dependent models initially increase with tissue temperature and then decrease at higher temperatures. Simulations with temperature-dependent versus constant-rate blood perfusion models reveal significant differences in temperature distributions in and surrounding the @entity5 -containing prostate. Results from the simulations include differences (between temperature-dependent and constant-rate models) in (1) the percentage of normal tissue volume and @entity5 volume at temperatures > 42 degrees C, and (2) temperature descriptors in the @entity5 (subscript t) and normal (subscript n) tissues including Tmax.t, Tmin.t and Tmax.n. Isotherms and grey-scale contours in the @entity5 and surrounding normal tissues are presented for four simulations that model a combination of high-temperature thermoseeds. Several simulations show that Tmin.t is between 1.7 and 2.6 degrees C higher and Tmax.n is between 2.1 and 3.3 degrees C higher with a temperature-dependent versus a comparable constant-rate blood perfusion model. The same simulations reveal that the percentages of @entity5 volume at temperatures > 42 degrees C are between 0 and 68% higher with the temperature-dependent versus the constant-rate perfusion model over all seed combinations studied. In summary, a numerical method is presented which makes it possible to investigate temperature-dependent, continuous functions of blood perfusion in simulations of @entity221 treatments. Simulations with this numerical method reveal that the use of constant-rate instead of temperature-dependent blood perfusion models can be a conservative approach in treatment planning of ferromagnetic @entity221 .

title: Temperature-dependent versus constant-rate blood perfusion modelling in ferromagnetic thermoseed XXXX : results with a model of the @entity1 prostate.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['hyperthermia']


abstract: Finite-element solutions to the Pennes bioheat equation are obtained with a model of a @entity5 -containing, @entity1 prostate and surrounding normal tissues. Simulations of ferromagnetic @entity221 treatments are conducted on the tissue model in which the prostate is implanted with an irregularly spaced array of thermoseeds. Several combinations of thermoseed temperatures with different Curie points are investigated. Non-uniform, constant-rate blood perfusion models are studied and compared with temperature-dependent descriptions of blood perfusion. Blood perfusions in the temperature-dependent models initially increase with tissue temperature and then decrease at higher temperatures. Simulations with temperature-dependent versus constant-rate blood perfusion models reveal significant differences in temperature distributions in and surrounding the @entity5 -containing prostate. Results from the simulations include differences (between temperature-dependent and constant-rate models) in (1) the percentage of normal tissue volume and @entity5 volume at temperatures > 42 degrees C, and (2) temperature descriptors in the @entity5 (subscript t) and normal (subscript n) tissues including Tmax.t, Tmin.t and Tmax.n. Isotherms and grey-scale contours in the @entity5 and surrounding normal tissues are presented for four simulations that model a combination of high-temperature thermoseeds. Several simulations show that Tmin.t is between 1.7 and 2.6 degrees C higher and Tmax.n is between 2.1 and 3.3 degrees C higher with a temperature-dependent versus a comparable constant-rate blood perfusion model. The same simulations reveal that the percentages of @entity5 volume at temperatures > 42 degrees C are between 0 and 68% higher with the temperature-dependent versus the constant-rate perfusion model over all seed combinations studied. In summary, a numerical method is presented which makes it possible to investigate temperature-dependent, continuous functions of blood perfusion in simulations of @entity221 treatments. Simulations with this numerical method reveal that the use of constant-rate instead of temperature-dependent blood perfusion models can be a conservative approach in treatment planning of ferromagnetic @entity221 .

title: Temperature-dependent versus constant-rate blood perfusion modelling in ferromagnetic thermoseed @entity221 : results with a model of the XXXX prostate.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: In brief, the current status of our present knowledge regarding alternatives to free @entity3878 is as follows: 1. Biocidal Capabilities - @entity1787 is the most potent biocide of those under consideration. @entity524 is about on a par with @entity9784 , the most efficient form of free residual @entity3878 . @entity524 , in contrast to free residual @entity3878 , increases in efficiency as pH increases above 6. @entity8013 is a much weaker biocide than @entity9784 ion, the least inefficient form of free residual @entity3878 . 2. Health effects - All of the potential alternatives may cause some adverse health effects. @entity5148 and @entity3782 , two of the reaction products of @entity524 , have been shown to cause a subclinical apparently compensated @entity5714 in @entity35 . On the other hand, according to very preliminary studies, @entity3878 and all of the alternatives except @entity524 have been shown to produce reaction products from substances in water that can initiate @entity5 in @entity19 . Actually, all disinfectants are reactive molecules capable of altering the chemical nature of organic substances present in the water. Thus, the alternative disinfectants question relates to other aspects of water treatment particularly the use of processes for organic precursor removal prior to disinfection. 3. Technology and Economics - The simplest and most economical conversion for many utilities, would be to the use of @entity13492 and the most difficult and expensive would be to the use of @entity1787 . Conversion to @entity524 would be intermediate in cost.

title: XXXX , is there a better alternative?

entities_list: @entity9784 :: ('MESH:D006997', 'Chemical') :: ['hypochlorous acid', 'hypochlorite']

entities_list: @entity524 :: ('MESH:C025109', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorine dioxide', 'Chlorine dioxide']

entities_list: @entity5148 :: ('MESH:C001599', 'Chemical') :: ['Chlorite']

entities_list: @entity3782 :: ('CHEBI:49709', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity3878 :: ('MESH:D002713', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorine']

entities_list: @entity8013 :: ('MESH:C030816', 'Chemical') :: ['Chloramine']

entities_list: @entity5714 :: ('MESH:D000743', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity13492 :: ('MESH:D002700', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramines']

answer: @entity3878 :: (MESH:D002713,Chemical) :: ['Chlorine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The choice of chemotherapy regimens is often constrained by the @entity1 's tolerance to the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. This dose-limiting issue is a major concern in dose regimen design, which is typically focused on maximising drug benefits. Chemotherapy-induced @entity1398 is one of the most prevalent @entity137 effects @entity1 experience and frequently threatens the efficient use of chemotherapy. In response, @entity1261 ( @entity1261 ) is co-administered during chemotherapy to stimulate neutrophil production, increase neutrophil counts, and hopefully avoid @entity1398 . Its clinical use is, however, largely dictated by trial and error processes. Based on up-to-date knowledge and rational considerations, we develop a physiologically realistic model to mathematically characterise the neutrophil production in the bone marrow which we then integrate with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models of a chemotherapeutic agent and an exogenous form of @entity1261 (recombinant @entity1 @entity1261 , or rhG-CSF). In this work, model parameters represent the average values for a general @entity1 and are extracted from the literature or estimated from available data. The dose effect predicted by the model is confirmed through previously published data. Using our model, we were able to determine clinically relevant dosing regimens that advantageously reduce the number of rhG-CSF administrations compared to original studies while significantly improving the @entity1398 status. More particularly, we determine that it could be beneficial to delay the first administration of rhG-CSF to day seven post-chemotherapy and reduce the number of administrations from ten to three or four for a @entity1 undergoing 14-day periodic chemotherapy.

title: Neutrophil dynamics during concurrent chemotherapy and @entity1261 administration: Mathematical modelling guides dose optimisation to minimise XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

answer: @entity1398 :: (MESH:D009503,Disease) :: ['neutropenia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The choice of chemotherapy regimens is often constrained by the @entity1 's tolerance to the side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. This dose-limiting issue is a major concern in dose regimen design, which is typically focused on maximising drug benefits. Chemotherapy-induced @entity1398 is one of the most prevalent @entity137 effects @entity1 experience and frequently threatens the efficient use of chemotherapy. In response, @entity1261 ( @entity1261 ) is co-administered during chemotherapy to stimulate neutrophil production, increase neutrophil counts, and hopefully avoid @entity1398 . Its clinical use is, however, largely dictated by trial and error processes. Based on up-to-date knowledge and rational considerations, we develop a physiologically realistic model to mathematically characterise the neutrophil production in the bone marrow which we then integrate with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models of a chemotherapeutic agent and an exogenous form of @entity1261 (recombinant @entity1 @entity1261 , or rhG-CSF). In this work, model parameters represent the average values for a general @entity1 and are extracted from the literature or estimated from available data. The dose effect predicted by the model is confirmed through previously published data. Using our model, we were able to determine clinically relevant dosing regimens that advantageously reduce the number of rhG-CSF administrations compared to original studies while significantly improving the @entity1398 status. More particularly, we determine that it could be beneficial to delay the first administration of rhG-CSF to day seven post-chemotherapy and reduce the number of administrations from ten to three or four for a @entity1 undergoing 14-day periodic chemotherapy.

title: Neutrophil dynamics during concurrent chemotherapy and XXXX administration: Mathematical modelling guides dose optimisation to minimise @entity1398 .

answer: @entity1261 :: (1440,Gene) :: ['G-CSF']


abstract: 1. Voltage-dependent properties of muscarinic receptor cationic current activated by @entity5402 in single smooth muscle cells have been studied using patch-clamp recording techniques. Cells were obtained by enzymic digestion from the longitudinal muscle layer of @entity840 small intestine. 2. The inward cationic current showed a pronounced U-shaped current-voltage relationship (inward current negative). The relationship of cationic conductance to voltage could be described by a Boltzman distribution which was shifted 36 mV in the negative direction on the voltage @entity2270 by increasing fractional receptor occupancy (by increasing agonist concentration from 3 to 300 microM), and in the positive direction by desensitization during prolonged application of agonist. Cationic channels opened by low and high concentrations of @entity5402 at the same potential do not have identical properties. 3. Release of GTP within the cell, by flash photolysis of an inert caged precursor, had the same effect on the current-voltage relationship as increasing receptor occupancy by the agonist. Release of GDP beta S by flash photolysis had the opposite effect. 4. These various results could be explained if cationic channel opening upon receptor activation required binding of at least one alpha-GTP subunit, but the position of the activation curve on the voltage @entity2270 depended critically on the concentration of activated G-protein alpha-subunits in the cell.

title: G-protein control of voltage dependence as well as gating of muscarinic metabotropic channels in XXXX ileum.

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: Five cases of oral @entity1418 ( @entity1418 ) in @entity1 who had previously received radiotherapy in the head or neck region were included in this study. There were 3 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 . Four @entity1 had been irradiated for @entity189 ( @entity189 ) and the other for a @entity957 ( @entity957 ) involving the tongue and mouth floor. The @entity1418 developed 2.5-11 years after the initial radiotherapy. Two cases of @entity1418 occurred in the maxilla, two in the mandible, and the remaining one in the tongue, @entity2133 and mandible. Clinically, the oral post-radiation @entity1418 presented as tender, reddish, elastic, lobulated masses with surface ulceration. Radiographic examination of the involved jaws revealed a poorly defined radiolucent lesion without any periosteal or endosteal reaction. The prognosis of these @entity5 was very poor. Although aggressive multimodality treatment had been applied, 3 of 5 @entity1 eventually died of the disease, with a mean survival time of 17 months after establishing the diagnosis of @entity1418 . In order to ensure the early diagnosis and treatment of this radiation-induced second @entity5 , close oral follow-up is mandatory for @entity1 who have received radiotherapy for head and @entity5 .

title: Oral post-radiation XXXX : a clinicopathological study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1418 :: ('MESH:D051677', 'Disease') :: ['MFH', 'malignant fibrous histiocytoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neck malignancies', 'malignancy', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['floor of mouth']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma', 'NPC']

answer: @entity1418 :: (MESH:D051677,Disease) :: ['malignant fibrous histiocytoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity39671 inhibitory and antioxidative peptides identified by LCMS/MS, from mixed milk ( @entity11520 and @entity291 ) tryptic whey protein hydrolysate, were compared with the in silico predictions. a la and    lg sequences, both from @entity11520 and @entity291 , were used for in silico study. SWISS-PROT and BIOPEP protein libraries were accessed for prediction of peptide generation. Study observed gaps in the prediction versus actual results, which remain unaddressed in the literature. Many peptides obtained in vitro, were not reflected in in silico predictions. Differences in identified peptides in separate libraries were observed too. In in silico prediction, peptides with known biological activities were also not reflected. Predictions, towards generation of bioactive peptides, based upon in silico release of proteins and @entity3689 sequences from different sources and thereupon validation in relation to actual results has often been reported in research literature. Given that computer aided simulation for prediction purposes is an effective research direction, regular updating of protein libraries and an effectual integration, for more precise results, is critical. The gaps addressed between these two techniques of research, have not found any address in literature. Inclusion of more flexibility with the variables, within the tools being used for prediction, and a hierarchy based database with search options for various peptides, will further enhance the scope and strength of research.

title: Discordance between in silico _ in vitro analyses of XXXX inhibitory _ antioxidative peptides from mixed milk tryptic whey protein hydrolysate.

entities_list: @entity11520 :: ('89462', 'Species') :: ['Bubalus bubalis']

answer: @entity39671 :: (509484(Tax:9913),Gene) :: ['ACE']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ponies may suffer from @entity56 ( @entity56 ), an allergic IgE-mediated @entity272 , induced by allergens from @entity14197 of the @entity14197 spp. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether recombinant @entity14197 obsoletus allergens are able to activate T cells of ponies exposed to C.  obsoletus and whether these allergen-specific responses differ between @entity56 -affected and healthy ponies. ANIMALS: Ten @entity56 -affected Shetland ponies and 10 age-matched healthy controls taken from the same stables, to ensure similar exposure to midges. METHOD: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with two different pools of recombinant C.  obsoletus complex allergens to expand the allergen-specific T cells. These PBMC cultures were subsequently co-cultured with mature dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the same antigens. Induction of Th1, Th2 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in these DC/PBMC co-cultures was assessed by analysis of IFN-y, IL-4, IL-10 and FoxP3 expression levels using quantitative RT-PCR and phenotyping by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Recombinant C.  obsoletus allergens increased IFN-y mRNA expression levels, percentages of IFN-y expressing (Th1) cells and CD25(high) FoxP3(+) IL-10(+) Tregs compared to unstimulated DC/PBMC co-cultures. Stimulation of IL-4 expressing Th2 cells by the recombinant allergens was far less pronounced. The DC/PBMC co-cultures did not reveal significant differences between healthy and @entity56 -affected ponies for any of the analysed parameters, except for higher IL-4 mRNA levels in @entity56 affected ponies after stimulation with one of the two allergen pools. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The recombinant C.  obsoletus complex allergens can stimulate antigen-specific Th1 and IL10 producing Treg cells and are therefore promising candidates for the immunotherapy of @entity56 .

title: Recombinant XXXX obsoletus complex allergens stimulate antigen-specific T cells of insect bite hypersensitive Shetland ponies in  vitro.

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Insect bite hypersensitivity', 'IBH']

entities_list: @entity14197 :: ('198116', 'Species') :: ['biting midges', 'Culicoides']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['pruritic skin disorder']

answer: @entity14197 :: (198116,Species) :: ['Culicoides']


abstract: Immunohistochemical analysis of five paraffin wax-embedded @entity5 was performed to elucidate the characteristics of @entity291 nervous-tissue @entity5 . In case 1 ( @entity1897 ), the neoplastic tissue was characterized by the formation of true and Homer-Wright rosettes and the existence of neuron-specific enolase. The neoplastic cells were possibly more immature than those of common @entity521 , because similar features are observed in @entity1 @entity5 . The neoplastic cells in case 2 ( @entity6012 ) ranged from large cells with abundant neurofilaments to immature small cells, rarely with neurofilaments or @entity51564 ( @entity51564 ). Such expression suggests the presence of pluripotential cells. The neoplastic tissue in case 3 ( @entity7667 ) was strikingly polymorphous, and had five elements; neuronal, astrocytic, oligodendrocytic, spindle cell and small oval cell. The neoplastic neurocytes and astrocytes were, respectively, characterized by neurofilament and @entity51564 positivity. The neoplastic oligodendrocytes made a honeycomb appearance, and the neoplastic spindle cells and small oval cells were considered to be less differentiated. The @entity5 of cases 2 and 3, which contained poorly differentiated cells and revealed both neuronal and glial differentiation, may be specific to @entity291 . In case 4 ( @entity808 ), almost all the neoplastic cells were positive for S100 protein, while S100-negative fibroblasts were present in many areas of case 5 ( @entity3292 ). These two @entity5 were readily distinguished histologically and immunohistochemically.

title: An immunohistochemical study of @entity1897 , XXXX , @entity7667 , @entity808 and @entity3292 in @entity291 .

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity6012 :: ('MESH:D018305', 'Disease') :: ['ganglioneuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant neuroepitheliomas', 'tumours', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity51564 :: ('281189(Tax:9913)', 'Gene') :: ['glial fibrillary acidic protein', 'GFAP']

entities_list: @entity3292 :: ('MESH:D009455', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibroma']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastomas']

entities_list: @entity7667 :: ('MESH:D018303', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic ganglioglioma']

answer: @entity6012 :: (MESH:D018305,Disease) :: ['ganglioneuroblastoma']


abstract: Immunohistochemical analysis of five paraffin wax-embedded @entity5 was performed to elucidate the characteristics of @entity291 nervous-tissue @entity5 . In case 1 ( @entity1897 ), the neoplastic tissue was characterized by the formation of true and Homer-Wright rosettes and the existence of neuron-specific enolase. The neoplastic cells were possibly more immature than those of common @entity521 , because similar features are observed in @entity1 @entity5 . The neoplastic cells in case 2 ( @entity6012 ) ranged from large cells with abundant neurofilaments to immature small cells, rarely with neurofilaments or @entity51564 ( @entity51564 ). Such expression suggests the presence of pluripotential cells. The neoplastic tissue in case 3 ( @entity7667 ) was strikingly polymorphous, and had five elements; neuronal, astrocytic, oligodendrocytic, spindle cell and small oval cell. The neoplastic neurocytes and astrocytes were, respectively, characterized by neurofilament and @entity51564 positivity. The neoplastic oligodendrocytes made a honeycomb appearance, and the neoplastic spindle cells and small oval cells were considered to be less differentiated. The @entity5 of cases 2 and 3, which contained poorly differentiated cells and revealed both neuronal and glial differentiation, may be specific to @entity291 . In case 4 ( @entity808 ), almost all the neoplastic cells were positive for S100 protein, while S100-negative fibroblasts were present in many areas of case 5 ( @entity3292 ). These two @entity5 were readily distinguished histologically and immunohistochemically.

title: An immunohistochemical study of @entity1897 , @entity6012 , @entity7667 , @entity808 and XXXX in @entity291 .

answer: @entity3292 :: (MESH:D009455,Disease) :: ['neurofibroma']


abstract: Immunohistochemical analysis of five paraffin wax-embedded @entity5 was performed to elucidate the characteristics of @entity291 nervous-tissue @entity5 . In case 1 ( @entity1897 ), the neoplastic tissue was characterized by the formation of true and Homer-Wright rosettes and the existence of neuron-specific enolase. The neoplastic cells were possibly more immature than those of common @entity521 , because similar features are observed in @entity1 @entity5 . The neoplastic cells in case 2 ( @entity6012 ) ranged from large cells with abundant neurofilaments to immature small cells, rarely with neurofilaments or @entity51564 ( @entity51564 ). Such expression suggests the presence of pluripotential cells. The neoplastic tissue in case 3 ( @entity7667 ) was strikingly polymorphous, and had five elements; neuronal, astrocytic, oligodendrocytic, spindle cell and small oval cell. The neoplastic neurocytes and astrocytes were, respectively, characterized by neurofilament and @entity51564 positivity. The neoplastic oligodendrocytes made a honeycomb appearance, and the neoplastic spindle cells and small oval cells were considered to be less differentiated. The @entity5 of cases 2 and 3, which contained poorly differentiated cells and revealed both neuronal and glial differentiation, may be specific to @entity291 . In case 4 ( @entity808 ), almost all the neoplastic cells were positive for S100 protein, while S100-negative fibroblasts were present in many areas of case 5 ( @entity3292 ). These two @entity5 were readily distinguished histologically and immunohistochemically.

title: An immunohistochemical study of @entity1897 , @entity6012 , XXXX , @entity808 and @entity3292 in @entity291 .

answer: @entity7667 :: (MESH:D018303,Disease) :: ['anaplastic ganglioglioma']


abstract: Immunohistochemical analysis of five paraffin wax-embedded @entity5 was performed to elucidate the characteristics of @entity291 nervous-tissue @entity5 . In case 1 ( @entity1897 ), the neoplastic tissue was characterized by the formation of true and Homer-Wright rosettes and the existence of neuron-specific enolase. The neoplastic cells were possibly more immature than those of common @entity521 , because similar features are observed in @entity1 @entity5 . The neoplastic cells in case 2 ( @entity6012 ) ranged from large cells with abundant neurofilaments to immature small cells, rarely with neurofilaments or @entity51564 ( @entity51564 ). Such expression suggests the presence of pluripotential cells. The neoplastic tissue in case 3 ( @entity7667 ) was strikingly polymorphous, and had five elements; neuronal, astrocytic, oligodendrocytic, spindle cell and small oval cell. The neoplastic neurocytes and astrocytes were, respectively, characterized by neurofilament and @entity51564 positivity. The neoplastic oligodendrocytes made a honeycomb appearance, and the neoplastic spindle cells and small oval cells were considered to be less differentiated. The @entity5 of cases 2 and 3, which contained poorly differentiated cells and revealed both neuronal and glial differentiation, may be specific to @entity291 . In case 4 ( @entity808 ), almost all the neoplastic cells were positive for S100 protein, while S100-negative fibroblasts were present in many areas of case 5 ( @entity3292 ). These two @entity5 were readily distinguished histologically and immunohistochemically.

title: An immunohistochemical study of @entity1897 , @entity6012 , @entity7667 , @entity808 and @entity3292 in XXXX .

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: Immunohistochemical analysis of five paraffin wax-embedded @entity5 was performed to elucidate the characteristics of @entity291 nervous-tissue @entity5 . In case 1 ( @entity1897 ), the neoplastic tissue was characterized by the formation of true and Homer-Wright rosettes and the existence of neuron-specific enolase. The neoplastic cells were possibly more immature than those of common @entity521 , because similar features are observed in @entity1 @entity5 . The neoplastic cells in case 2 ( @entity6012 ) ranged from large cells with abundant neurofilaments to immature small cells, rarely with neurofilaments or @entity51564 ( @entity51564 ). Such expression suggests the presence of pluripotential cells. The neoplastic tissue in case 3 ( @entity7667 ) was strikingly polymorphous, and had five elements; neuronal, astrocytic, oligodendrocytic, spindle cell and small oval cell. The neoplastic neurocytes and astrocytes were, respectively, characterized by neurofilament and @entity51564 positivity. The neoplastic oligodendrocytes made a honeycomb appearance, and the neoplastic spindle cells and small oval cells were considered to be less differentiated. The @entity5 of cases 2 and 3, which contained poorly differentiated cells and revealed both neuronal and glial differentiation, may be specific to @entity291 . In case 4 ( @entity808 ), almost all the neoplastic cells were positive for S100 protein, while S100-negative fibroblasts were present in many areas of case 5 ( @entity3292 ). These two @entity5 were readily distinguished histologically and immunohistochemically.

title: An immunohistochemical study of @entity1897 , @entity6012 , @entity7667 , XXXX and @entity3292 in @entity291 .

answer: @entity808 :: (MESH:D009442,Disease) :: ['schwannoma']


abstract: Immunohistochemical analysis of five paraffin wax-embedded @entity5 was performed to elucidate the characteristics of @entity291 nervous-tissue @entity5 . In case 1 ( @entity1897 ), the neoplastic tissue was characterized by the formation of true and Homer-Wright rosettes and the existence of neuron-specific enolase. The neoplastic cells were possibly more immature than those of common @entity521 , because similar features are observed in @entity1 @entity5 . The neoplastic cells in case 2 ( @entity6012 ) ranged from large cells with abundant neurofilaments to immature small cells, rarely with neurofilaments or @entity51564 ( @entity51564 ). Such expression suggests the presence of pluripotential cells. The neoplastic tissue in case 3 ( @entity7667 ) was strikingly polymorphous, and had five elements; neuronal, astrocytic, oligodendrocytic, spindle cell and small oval cell. The neoplastic neurocytes and astrocytes were, respectively, characterized by neurofilament and @entity51564 positivity. The neoplastic oligodendrocytes made a honeycomb appearance, and the neoplastic spindle cells and small oval cells were considered to be less differentiated. The @entity5 of cases 2 and 3, which contained poorly differentiated cells and revealed both neuronal and glial differentiation, may be specific to @entity291 . In case 4 ( @entity808 ), almost all the neoplastic cells were positive for S100 protein, while S100-negative fibroblasts were present in many areas of case 5 ( @entity3292 ). These two @entity5 were readily distinguished histologically and immunohistochemically.

title: An immunohistochemical study of XXXX , @entity6012 , @entity7667 , @entity808 and @entity3292 in @entity291 .

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral neuroblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to define the @entity854 and to assess the contribution of high-resolution CT (HRCT) in the evaluation of @entity9758 involving the lung parenchyma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed HRCT scans of 11 @entity1 with microbiologically or clinically proved @entity9758 . RESULTS: In 10 @entity1 , the most characteristic HRCT finding of @entity9758 was the presence of small nodules uniformly distributed throughout both lungs. The profusion of nodules was numerous in all 10 @entity1 . High-resolution CT scans showed both sharply and poorly defined, small nodules varying in sizes from 1 to 2 mm (n = 6), 1 to 3 mm (n = 2), and 1 to 4 mm (n = 2) in diameter. These nodules had a diffuse random distribution in the secondary lobule in all 10 @entity1 . In 1 of the 10 @entity1 with small nodules on HRCT, chest radiography had shown no evidence of miliary nodules in the lung. In addition to nodules, HRCT showed diffuse or localized reticular opacities superimposed on nodules in five @entity1 , especially in the lower lung zones. In 1 of all 11 @entity1 , ground-glass attenuation was the predominant abnormality seen on HRCT. CONCLUSION: We believe that in the appropriate clinical situation, @entity9758 may be suggested on HRCT. Moreover, in cases with no evidence of miliary nodules on the chest radiograph, HRCT scan may depict miliary nodules in the lung parenchyma.

title: High-resolution CT appearance of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9758 :: ('MESH:D014391', 'Disease') :: ['miliary tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['range of abnormalities']

answer: @entity9758 :: (MESH:D014391,Disease) :: ['miliary tuberculosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We assessed the value of superparamagnetic @entity1933 (SPIO) particles on the detection of focal @entity409 by MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with one to five focal @entity409 , primarily detected with ultrasonography and/or contrast-enhanced CT, were evaluated further with unenhanced and @entity1933 -enhanced MRI at 1.0 T. Superparamagnetic @entity1933 particles were administered intravenously as a slow infusion. Then T1-, T2-, and proton density-weighted SE images were obtained. In addition, the performance of a short TI inversion recovery (STIR) sequence was evaluated. RESULTS: The @entity1933 contrast medium had marked effects on liver signal-to-noise (S/N) and @entity5 -to-liver contrast-to-noise (C/N) ratios but only minimal effects on @entity5 S/N ratios in cases of @entity5 foci. Lesion-to-liver contrast, expressed as differences between the @entity5 and liver S/N ratios, improved very significantly after SPIO infusion with all four pulse sequences. Contrast enhancement of the liver parenchyma was best in T2-weighted SE images, but the @entity5 -to-liver C/N values were highest with the postcontrast STIR sequence. The SPIO enhancement revealed a number of additional focal lesions (31%), also foci under 1 cm in diameter. In three benign focal lesions, SPIO infusion produced a definite reduction in the S/N ratio of the lesions in contrast to the minimal change measured in malignant foci. The favorable performance of the STIR sequence contradicts the disappointing results previously obtained at 0.6 T. CONCLUSION: Superparamagnetic @entity1933 is a promising new contrast medium for MR examinations of the liver, increasing the conspicuity and reducing the detectability threshold of focal @entity99 .

title: XXXX with superparamagnetic @entity1933 : value of STIR and SE imaging.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver lesions']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic lesions']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['Detection of focal liver lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We assessed the value of superparamagnetic @entity1933 (SPIO) particles on the detection of focal @entity409 by MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with one to five focal @entity409 , primarily detected with ultrasonography and/or contrast-enhanced CT, were evaluated further with unenhanced and @entity1933 -enhanced MRI at 1.0 T. Superparamagnetic @entity1933 particles were administered intravenously as a slow infusion. Then T1-, T2-, and proton density-weighted SE images were obtained. In addition, the performance of a short TI inversion recovery (STIR) sequence was evaluated. RESULTS: The @entity1933 contrast medium had marked effects on liver signal-to-noise (S/N) and @entity5 -to-liver contrast-to-noise (C/N) ratios but only minimal effects on @entity5 S/N ratios in cases of @entity5 foci. Lesion-to-liver contrast, expressed as differences between the @entity5 and liver S/N ratios, improved very significantly after SPIO infusion with all four pulse sequences. Contrast enhancement of the liver parenchyma was best in T2-weighted SE images, but the @entity5 -to-liver C/N values were highest with the postcontrast STIR sequence. The SPIO enhancement revealed a number of additional focal lesions (31%), also foci under 1 cm in diameter. In three benign focal lesions, SPIO infusion produced a definite reduction in the S/N ratio of the lesions in contrast to the minimal change measured in malignant foci. The favorable performance of the STIR sequence contradicts the disappointing results previously obtained at 0.6 T. CONCLUSION: Superparamagnetic @entity1933 is a promising new contrast medium for MR examinations of the liver, increasing the conspicuity and reducing the detectability threshold of focal @entity99 .

title: @entity409 with superparamagnetic XXXX : value of STIR and SE imaging.

answer: @entity1933 :: (MESH:C000499,Chemical) :: ['iron oxide']


abstract: The identification of a family of SINE retroposons dispersed in the genome of @entity4335 @entity4335 has provided the basis for an evolutionary analysis of retroposition in plants. The repetitive elements (called S1Bn) are 170 bp long and occupy roughly 500 loci by haploid genome. They present characteristic features of SINE retroposons such as a 3' terminal A-rich region, two conserved polymerase III motifs (box A and B), flanking direct repeats of variable sizes, and a primary and secondary sequence homology to several tRNA species. A consensus sequence was made from the alignment of 34 members of the family. The retroposon population was divided into five subfamilies based on several correlated sets of mutations from the consensus. These precise separations in subfamilies based on "diagnostic" mutations and the random distribution of mutations observed inside each subfamily are consistent with the master sequence model proposed for the dispersion of @entity1 retroposons. An independent analysis of each subfamily provides strong evidence for the coexpression of at least three @entity5599 ( @entity5599 ). In contrast to @entity1 retroposition, diagnostic positions are not shared between @entity5599 . We therefore propose that @entity5599 were all derived from a general master sequence (GMS) and independently activated for retroposition after a variable period of random drift. Possible models for plant retroposition are discussed.

title: An analysis of retroposition in plants based on a family of SINEs from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity5599 :: ('MESH:D010855', 'Disease') :: ['subfamily master sequences', 'SMS']

entities_list: @entity4335 :: ('3708', 'Species') :: ['Brassica napus', 'oilseed rape']

answer: @entity4335 :: (3708,Species) :: ['Brassica napus']


abstract: Peritoneovenous shunts (LeVeen) were placed in 52 @entity1 with intractable @entity843 due to @entity7160 between March 1975 and June 1978. The @entity843 was defined as intractable if it persisted despite at least six weeks of in-hospital medical management. Only 4.5% of such @entity1 seen during this interval met this criterion by failing to respond to intensive drug and diet therapy. Eight (15%) died five to 60 days postoperatively; six of these did not undergo diuresis. @entity99 and @entity295 were important contributing factors. There were 21 late deaths (mean survival, 16 months), primarily related to complications characteristic of this group of cirrhotics: @entity360 and @entity281 . Twenty-three @entity1 were alive by June 25, 1980, with mean survival of 46 months. Four @entity1 operated on five or more years ago survive without @entity843 . An accurately placed LeVeen shunt dramatically relieves intractable @entity843 with improvement in renal function, nutrition, and general health. The operation enables at least partial rehabilitation so that ambulatory care becomes feasible for many of these chronically and seriously disabled @entity1 .

title: Intractable XXXX treated with peritoneovenous shunts (LeVeen). A 24- to 64-month follow-up of results in 52 alcoholic cirrhotics.

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatic encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity7160 :: ('MESH:D008104', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic cirrhosis']

answer: @entity843 :: (MESH:D001201,Disease) :: ['ascites']


abstract: Long-term potentiation (LTP) of inhibitory synaptic transmission in @entity35 visual cortex was investigated using intracellular recording in slice preparations. The inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) of layer V cells evoked monosynaptically by layer IV stimulation was recorded while excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were blocked by adding @entity143 and non- @entity143 receptor antagonists to the perfusate. Separate presynaptic fiber groups were activated by two stimulating electrodes placed in layer IV. One electrode was used to test the effect of conditioning stimulation; the other served as a control. Trains of high-frequency stimulation (50 Hz, 1 sec) were applied at an interval of 10 sec as a conditioning stimulation. The LTP of IPSP induced by the conditioning stimulation had properties similar to those known for LTP of EPSP in hippocampal @entity1249 : (1) it was specific to the conditioned pathway; (2) repetitive application of the conditioning stimulation saturated the LTP; (3) LTP was induced by conditioning stimulation at intensities higher than a threshold; (4) weak conditioning stimulation to one pathway, which alone failed to induce LTP, induced associative LTP when strong conditioning stimulation was simultaneously applied to the other pathway; (5) weak conditioning stimulation sometimes induced short-term potentiation. In contrast to these similarities, LTP of IPSP was induced by a wider range of stimulus frequencies than that capable of generating LTP of EPSPs in @entity1249 . It was induced not only by a brief high-frequency stimulation but also by an intermediate-frequency (2 Hz) stimulation continued for 5 min. In addition, the LTP induction was not dependent on postsynaptic membrane potential. Finally, the LTP of IPSP was more easily induced in developing than in mature @entity35 . This age dependence suggests that LTP of IPSPs may contribute to the improvement of response selectivity of visual cortical cells through visual experience during postnatal development.

title: Age-dependent long-term potentiation of inhibitory synaptic transmission in XXXX visual cortex.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In the Danish Cancer Registry, 72 @entity5 in @entity1 younger than 15 years of age were recorded during the period 1943-1989 and material from 34 of these was retrieved from Danish departments of pathology. The histological types were evaluated and the role of immunohistochemical staining was analysed. The survival of the @entity1 was correlated with the histological diagnoses, and changes in the incidence of @entity5 in childhood were analysed. Twenty-nine of the 34 @entity1 had germ cell @entity5 , which fell into two groups (infantile and pubertal) with distinct differences. The @entity5 of infancy usually presented before the age of 3 years and were either pure yolk sac @entity5 or @entity44 . The @entity5 of puberty showed no morphological or immunohistochemical differences from adult germ cell @entity5 . In the infantile group, immunohistochemical staining confirmed the morphological evaluation but was not necessary for diagnosis. @entity1 in the infantile group seemed to have a better prognosis than adult @entity1 , only one @entity1 dying from his disease, whereas the pubertal @entity1 seemed to have a prognosis similar to that of adult @entity1 . The incidence of @entity5 in Denmark appears to have increased at almost the same rate as that observed in adult @entity1 , but due to the small numbers in infancy, this cannot be statistically substantiated. We conclude that the testicular germ cell @entity5 of infancy and puberty may arise from different precursor cells, but both groups seem to arise prenatally.

title: XXXX of childhood in Denmark, 1943-1989: incidence and evaluation of histology using immunohistochemical techniques.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancers', 'testicular tumours', 'tumours', 'infantile testicular cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'boys', 'men']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Testicular germ cell tumours']


abstract: Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) is a normal physiological response of the neonate to cold exposure, characterized by increased blood flow to metabolically active brown fat stores. It is standard practice during neonatal surgery to warm the ambient environment in order to avoid consuming vital energy stores. While NST has been well-studied in the neonate, the response during anesthesia and @entity912 has not been fully characterized. @entity95 pups (aged 1 to 7 days) were randomized into several groups. The experimental groups consisted of animals mechanically ventilated and administered either @entity43160 , @entity6305 , curare, @entity3575 , @entity3810 ( @entity3727 ), or @entity1508 . The controls were spontaneously breathing animals. @entity26 consumption (VO2), an index of metabolic activity, was measured at thermoneutrality (39 degrees C) and after cold exposure (25 degrees C). Control and @entity43160 animals had a significant increase in VO2 in response to cold exposure. The increase in VO2 was not noted in animals that received curare, @entity6305 , @entity3575 , @entity3727 , or @entity1508 . To test the effect of anesthetic withdrawal during cold exposure on VO2, additional series of animals were studied. One group received continuous @entity1508 throughout the period of cold exposure; the other had cessation of the @entity1508 during cold exposure. Both groups were rewarmed subsequently. The animals that had withdrawal of @entity1508 during cold exposure had a marked and significant increase in VO2 compared with the control group (continuous @entity1508 ). VO2 returned to near-baseline levels upon rewarming. The authors conclude that many commonly used anesthetic and paralyzing agents inhibit the thermogenic response to cold exposure. However, cessation of anesthesia ( @entity1508 ) in a cold environment results in a marked increase in metabolic activity.

title: Anesthesia blocks nonshivering thermogenesis in the neonatal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity43160 :: ('MESH:C032943', 'Chemical') :: ['metocurine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity6305 :: ('MESH:D010197', 'Chemical') :: ['pancuronium']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: @entity6312 are extremely rare. We present three cases and discuss cause, diagnosis, and treatment. Three @entity1 , a 23-year-old @entity1 , a 31-year-old @entity1 , and a 39-year-old @entity1 , were referred with symptomatic varicose veins of the arm. None of the @entity1 had lower extremity varicosities. Diagnosis was made by physical examination, noninvasive and invasive procedures, and excluded @entity1462 . Surgical treatment, similar to that for lower extremity varicose veins, entailed ligation and stripping of the varicose veins. Ligation and stripping were performed and successfully eliminated the varicosities with prevention of recurrence with a mean follow-up of 17 months. Although @entity6312 are extremely rare, they can be readily diagnosed and successfully treated, similar to lower extremity varicose veins. Although not proven, the cause is likely identical to lower extremity varicose veins. Excellent functional and cosmetic results can be obtained with surgical treatment.

title: XXXX : a report of three cases.

entities_list: @entity6312 :: ('MESH:D014648', 'Disease') :: ['primary varicose veins of the upper extremity', 'Primary varicose veins of the upper extremity']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformations']

answer: @entity6312 :: (MESH:D014648,Disease) :: ['Primary varicose veins of the upper extremity']