abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity26370 , defined as concomitant intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy, is a rare event. Assisted reproductive technologies have led to an increase in the number of @entity26370 . MATERIALS AND METHOD: From 1997 to 1999 three cases of @entity26370 were referred to the gynecological unit of the hospital of St. P  lten. The condition was diagnosed at 7, 8 and 12 weeks of gestation, respectively. Two @entity1 had undergone assisted reproductive technologies and former pelvic surgery for tubal pregnancy. Two @entity1 had intrauterine singleton pregnancies and one @entity1 had an intrauterine twin pregnancy. In all cases the ectopic site presented as a ruptured tubal pregnancy and the treatment consisted of laparoscopic salpingectomy. RESULTS: In all @entity1 the postoperative course was uneventful and the intrauterine pregnancy progressed. In one case recurrent @entity3152 led to vaginal delivery at 33 weeks of pregnancy. In the case of twin pregnancy, a planned cesarean section was performed at 37 weeks of gestation. One @entity1 delivered at term. All newborns were healthy. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of heterotopic pregnancy and understanding the epidemiological risk factors underlying this condition are important for early diagnosis with the aim of improving therapy and clinical outcome.

title: XXXX : report of three cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labor']

entities_list: @entity26370 :: ('MESH:D063192', 'Disease') :: ['Heterotopic pregnancy', 'heterotopic pregnancies']

answer: @entity26370 :: (MESH:D063192,Disease) :: ['Heterotopic pregnancy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis type-I (von @entity1264 ) is characterised by multiple cutan @entity3292 , cafe-au-lait spots, @entity79 and @entity5 of central and peripheral nerves. Gastrointestinal involvement occurs in 25 percent of all cases. CASE REPORT: The authors report a case of a 53-year-old @entity1 presenting with rare hepatobiliary complication. He complained of @entity490 and he @entity1087 . The abdominal ultrasound revealed @entity1448 confirmed by the laboratory results. The endoscopic retrograd cholangiography showed nearly total obstruction in the middle part of common bile duct. Subsequently laparotomy and choledochoenterostomy was performed. @entity15037 was found in the wall of common bile duct and several @entity5 seedings were identified on the serosal surface of the small intestine. Post surgery he remained symptom free and showed no sign of @entity1087 . CONCLUSION: The authors would like to draw attention to this extremely rare case, since only two similar cases appeared in the literature.

title: [ XXXX caused by @entity3292 in a @entity1 with @entity1264 ].

entities_list: @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['jaundice', 'looked jaundiced']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity3292 :: ('MESH:D009455', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibromas']

entities_list: @entity1264 :: ('MESH:D009456', 'Disease') :: ["Recklinghausen's disease"]

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity15037 :: ('MESH:D018318', 'Disease') :: ['Plexiform neurofibroma']

answer: @entity1448 :: (MESH:D002779,Disease) :: ['Bile duct obstruction']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis type-I (von @entity1264 ) is characterised by multiple cutan @entity3292 , cafe-au-lait spots, @entity79 and @entity5 of central and peripheral nerves. Gastrointestinal involvement occurs in 25 percent of all cases. CASE REPORT: The authors report a case of a 53-year-old @entity1 presenting with rare hepatobiliary complication. He complained of @entity490 and he @entity1087 . The abdominal ultrasound revealed @entity1448 confirmed by the laboratory results. The endoscopic retrograd cholangiography showed nearly total obstruction in the middle part of common bile duct. Subsequently laparotomy and choledochoenterostomy was performed. @entity15037 was found in the wall of common bile duct and several @entity5 seedings were identified on the serosal surface of the small intestine. Post surgery he remained symptom free and showed no sign of @entity1087 . CONCLUSION: The authors would like to draw attention to this extremely rare case, since only two similar cases appeared in the literature.

title: [ @entity1448 caused by XXXX in a @entity1 with @entity1264 ].

answer: @entity3292 :: (MESH:D009455,Disease) :: ['neurofibroma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis type-I (von @entity1264 ) is characterised by multiple cutan @entity3292 , cafe-au-lait spots, @entity79 and @entity5 of central and peripheral nerves. Gastrointestinal involvement occurs in 25 percent of all cases. CASE REPORT: The authors report a case of a 53-year-old @entity1 presenting with rare hepatobiliary complication. He complained of @entity490 and he @entity1087 . The abdominal ultrasound revealed @entity1448 confirmed by the laboratory results. The endoscopic retrograd cholangiography showed nearly total obstruction in the middle part of common bile duct. Subsequently laparotomy and choledochoenterostomy was performed. @entity15037 was found in the wall of common bile duct and several @entity5 seedings were identified on the serosal surface of the small intestine. Post surgery he remained symptom free and showed no sign of @entity1087 . CONCLUSION: The authors would like to draw attention to this extremely rare case, since only two similar cases appeared in the literature.

title: [ @entity1448 caused by @entity3292 in a @entity1 with XXXX ].

answer: @entity1264 :: (MESH:D009456,Disease) :: ['Recklinghausen's disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis type-I (von @entity1264 ) is characterised by multiple cutan @entity3292 , cafe-au-lait spots, @entity79 and @entity5 of central and peripheral nerves. Gastrointestinal involvement occurs in 25 percent of all cases. CASE REPORT: The authors report a case of a 53-year-old @entity1 presenting with rare hepatobiliary complication. He complained of @entity490 and he @entity1087 . The abdominal ultrasound revealed @entity1448 confirmed by the laboratory results. The endoscopic retrograd cholangiography showed nearly total obstruction in the middle part of common bile duct. Subsequently laparotomy and choledochoenterostomy was performed. @entity15037 was found in the wall of common bile duct and several @entity5 seedings were identified on the serosal surface of the small intestine. Post surgery he remained symptom free and showed no sign of @entity1087 . CONCLUSION: The authors would like to draw attention to this extremely rare case, since only two similar cases appeared in the literature.

title: [ @entity1448 caused by @entity3292 in a XXXX with @entity1264 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: Time-dependent changes in the contrast enhancement of @entity5 tissue, @entity5 @entity39 , perifocal @entity4 , and normal brain tissue after IV injection of 0.1 mmol @entity7241 /kg body weight were studied with spin-echo technique (SE 800/35) in 15 @entity1 with @entity5 . Using a region of interest technique, we determined the signal-intensity values of these tissues before and at fixed times up to 68.5 min after administration of the contrast agent. In @entity5 tissue, the 8.5 min postinjection (p.i.) scan showed a significant increase in signal intensity. The signal intensity of the @entity5 tissue remained significantly higher than precontrast levels throughout the entire period of observation, decreasing only slightly toward the end of the examination (48.5 and 68.5 min p.i.). Central @entity5 @entity39 exhibited a delayed uptake of the contrast agent, with a maximum signal intensity between 48.5 and 68.5 min p.i. In perifocal @entity4 and normal brain tissue, slight increases in signal intensity after injection of @entity7241 were measured (statistically significant in the case of @entity4 ). This effect, however, was not visually detectable. The present study shows that after one injection, scans with excellent @entity5 visualization can be obtained between 8.5 and 38.5 min p.i. and with diagnostically valid enhancement at least up to 68.5 min p.i.

title: Time-dependent changes in image contrast in brain tumors after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intracranial tumors']

entities_list: @entity7241 :: ('MESH:D019786', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium-DTPA']

answer: @entity7241 :: (MESH:D019786,Chemical) :: ['gadolinium-DTPA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Isolated lung perfusion (ILuP) with melphalan (MN) is superior to intravenous infusion for the treatment of @entity2 and @entity242 metastases. However, it is unknown whether a bolus injection of MN into the perfusion circuit or ILuP with a fixed concentration of MN will result in the highest lung levels. METHODS: ILuP with 0.5 mg MN was performed in Wag-Rij @entity35 for 30 minutes either by a single-pass system (SP) (fixed concentration) (n = 10) or by @entity5721 ( @entity5721 ) (bolus injection) (n = 10). In a separate experiment, @entity35 were perfused with blood as the perfusate. In a third experiment, @entity5 levels were compared between SP, @entity5721 , or intravenous therapy with a dose of 0.5 mg. For induction of pulmonary metastases, 0.5 x 10(6) single @entity420 cells were injected intravenously and therapy was given on day 30. For comparison of drug concentrations, unpaired Student's t test was applied. Statistical significance was accepted at p less than 0.05. RESULTS: Lung perfusion studies were succesfully performed without systemic leakage. Temperature of perfusate and @entity35 was 34 degrees C to 37 degrees C. A significantly higher hematocrit (mean 27.9) compared with buffered starch (mean 2.5) did not result in higher MN lung levels or lower wet-to-dry ratio. Tumor levels were significantly higher after ILuP compared with intravenous therapy. However, no difference in @entity5 and lung levels was seen between single-pass and @entity5721 . CONCLUSIONS: Both ILuP techniques resulted in significantly higher MN lung levels than after intravenous therapy. Because no difference was seen between single-pass and recirculating perfusion, MN can be injected as a bolus into the closed perfusion circuit.

title: Single-pass isolated lung perfusion versus recirculating isolated lung perfusion with melphalan in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity5721 :: ('MESH:D015427', 'Disease') :: ['RP', 'reperfusion']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although multidetector CT (MDCT) with retrospectively ECG-gated image reconstruction has been shown to permit noninvasive visualization of the coronary arteries, the 125-250 msec required for image acquisition frequently causes motion artifacts. We investigated the influence of a @entity1 's heart rate on the presence of motion artifacts and on accuracy of @entity850 detection on contrast-enhanced MDCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 100 @entity1 , MDCT was performed, and ECG-gated cross-sectional images were retrospectively reconstructed. From the 10 data sets obtained for each @entity1 (reconstructed at 0-90% of the cardiac cycle in increments of 10%), we chose the best data set for every coronary artery. The images of the arteries were evaluated for occurrence of artifacts and the presence of high-grade @entity850 (diameter reduction exceeding 70%) or occlusions. MDCT results were compared with coronary angiographic findings. RESULTS: Of the 400 coronary arteries, 115 (29%) could not be evaluated because of motion artifacts (n = 84) or other reasons (n = 31). Overall, 51 (49%) of 104 stenoses were revealed on MDCT. For detecting @entity850 in those arteries that we could evaluate, MDCT had a sensitivity of 91% (51 of 56 stenoses detected) and a specificity of 89%. As the heart rate increased, the number of arteries that could be evaluated decreased, and overall sensitivity for @entity850 detection decreased from 62% (heart rate < or = 70 beats per minute) to 33% (heart rate > 70 beats per minute). CONCLUSION: MDCT can reveal coronary stenoses, but the usefulness of MDCT as an aid in accurately evaluating stenoses decreases as a @entity1 's heart rate increases.

title: Noninvasive visualization of coronary arteries using contrast-enhanced multidetector CT: influence of heart rate on image quality and XXXX detection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of a specific @entity12841 kinase inhibitor ( @entity12841 -KI) and Taxol on @entity5 growth in a novel @entity5 model. MATERIAL _ METHODS: A genetically engineered @entity5 model which uses "transgenic" organs in immune competent @entity19 was used. NeuT-transfected immortalized HC11 epithelial cells and primary @entity19 mammary epithelial cells have been transplanted into the gland-free mammary fat pad of female BALB/c @entity19 . @entity5 developed after a latency period of three to four weeks. The @entity19 were thereafter daily orally treated over a 19 or 22-day period with 0, 38, 75, 2 x 75 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) @entity12841 -KI (n: 7-9 per group) or intravenously with 10 mg/kg b.w. Taxol. After necropsy the histopathological evaluation of the @entity5 was performed in a coded manner. The proliferation activity of @entity5 cells was analyzed by laser scanning cytometry (LSC) using anti-Ki67-antibodies. RESULTS: Oral Treatment with @entity12841 -KI in this transgenic organ model showed clear antitumor efficacy in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 38 and 75 mg/kg b.w. This antiproliferative effect appears to be minimally increased at 75 mg/kg/day twice per day. For all treatments a strong correlation between the biological behavior of the @entity5 , histopathology and cell proliferation could be established. In contrast, treatment with Taxol showed no significant @entity5 growth or cell proliferation in this model. This new transgenic organ model comprising histopathological evaluation and cell proliferation analysis appears to be a suitable test system for drug candidates that affect specific biochemical pathways. It may have greater predictive nature for clinical effects in @entity1 as compared to conventional @entity5 models because of its @entity1722 gene overexpression.

title: Effects of XXXX ( @entity12841 ) kinase inhibitors on genetically reconstituted @entity19 mammary glands.

entities_list: @entity12841 :: ('13649(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['epithelial growth factor Receptor', 'EGFR']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Mammary tumors', 'reduction of tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity12841 :: (13649(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['epithelial growth factor receptor']


abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of a specific @entity12841 kinase inhibitor ( @entity12841 -KI) and Taxol on @entity5 growth in a novel @entity5 model. MATERIAL _ METHODS: A genetically engineered @entity5 model which uses "transgenic" organs in immune competent @entity19 was used. NeuT-transfected immortalized HC11 epithelial cells and primary @entity19 mammary epithelial cells have been transplanted into the gland-free mammary fat pad of female BALB/c @entity19 . @entity5 developed after a latency period of three to four weeks. The @entity19 were thereafter daily orally treated over a 19 or 22-day period with 0, 38, 75, 2 x 75 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) @entity12841 -KI (n: 7-9 per group) or intravenously with 10 mg/kg b.w. Taxol. After necropsy the histopathological evaluation of the @entity5 was performed in a coded manner. The proliferation activity of @entity5 cells was analyzed by laser scanning cytometry (LSC) using anti-Ki67-antibodies. RESULTS: Oral Treatment with @entity12841 -KI in this transgenic organ model showed clear antitumor efficacy in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 38 and 75 mg/kg b.w. This antiproliferative effect appears to be minimally increased at 75 mg/kg/day twice per day. For all treatments a strong correlation between the biological behavior of the @entity5 , histopathology and cell proliferation could be established. In contrast, treatment with Taxol showed no significant @entity5 growth or cell proliferation in this model. This new transgenic organ model comprising histopathological evaluation and cell proliferation analysis appears to be a suitable test system for drug candidates that affect specific biochemical pathways. It may have greater predictive nature for clinical effects in @entity1 as compared to conventional @entity5 models because of its @entity1722 gene overexpression.

title: Effects of @entity12841 ( XXXX ) kinase inhibitors on genetically reconstituted @entity19 mammary glands.

answer: @entity12841 :: (13649(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['EGFR']


abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of a specific @entity12841 kinase inhibitor ( @entity12841 -KI) and Taxol on @entity5 growth in a novel @entity5 model. MATERIAL _ METHODS: A genetically engineered @entity5 model which uses "transgenic" organs in immune competent @entity19 was used. NeuT-transfected immortalized HC11 epithelial cells and primary @entity19 mammary epithelial cells have been transplanted into the gland-free mammary fat pad of female BALB/c @entity19 . @entity5 developed after a latency period of three to four weeks. The @entity19 were thereafter daily orally treated over a 19 or 22-day period with 0, 38, 75, 2 x 75 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) @entity12841 -KI (n: 7-9 per group) or intravenously with 10 mg/kg b.w. Taxol. After necropsy the histopathological evaluation of the @entity5 was performed in a coded manner. The proliferation activity of @entity5 cells was analyzed by laser scanning cytometry (LSC) using anti-Ki67-antibodies. RESULTS: Oral Treatment with @entity12841 -KI in this transgenic organ model showed clear antitumor efficacy in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 38 and 75 mg/kg b.w. This antiproliferative effect appears to be minimally increased at 75 mg/kg/day twice per day. For all treatments a strong correlation between the biological behavior of the @entity5 , histopathology and cell proliferation could be established. In contrast, treatment with Taxol showed no significant @entity5 growth or cell proliferation in this model. This new transgenic organ model comprising histopathological evaluation and cell proliferation analysis appears to be a suitable test system for drug candidates that affect specific biochemical pathways. It may have greater predictive nature for clinical effects in @entity1 as compared to conventional @entity5 models because of its @entity1722 gene overexpression.

title: Effects of @entity12841 ( @entity12841 ) kinase inhibitors on genetically reconstituted XXXX mammary glands.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of @entity33144 , a novel anti-apoptotic pan-caspase inhibitor, administered in single and multiple ascending doses in normal volunteers and @entity1 with @entity409 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity33144 was administered as a 30-minute intravenous infusion in rising doses to 3 groups: Group A, normal volunteers, given as a single infusion, Group B, normal volunteers, given q.i.d. for 7 days, Group C, @entity1 with @entity409 (elevated transaminases, @entity493 transaminase, ALT and @entity492 transaminase, @entity6571 ), given q.i.d. for 7 days. RESULTS: The drug was well tolerated up to 10 mg/kg/infusion for a single dose, and 1.5 mg/kg/infusion q.i.d. for 7 days, with the dose-limiting adverse event of @entity3527 or @entity32 at the site of the infusion. This @entity137 was predicted from animal studies. Clinically and statistically meaningful dose-related falls in transaminases were seen in all but 1 of the @entity409 @entity1 . Two-way ANOVA analyses of the changes for all the @entity33144 groups combined versus placebo were: ALT absolute change: p < 0.0001 and % change: p = 0.012, @entity6571 absolute and % changes: p < 0.0001. After discontinuation of the drug (after 7 days of dosing), the transaminases rapidly returned to the pre-treatment levels. CONCLUSIONS: Following intravenous administration of a novel anti-apoptotic caspase inhibitor, adverse events were mild-to-moderate in severity, resolved in a few days and did not result in any subject terminating treatment prematurely. The effects in @entity409 @entity1 appear to be consistent with both the administration and subsequent abrupt withdrawal of an effective hepatoprotective drug that delays cell death in hepatocytes.

title: First clinical trial of a novel caspase inhibitor: anti-apoptotic caspase inhibitor, XXXX , improves liver enzymes.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic dysfunction', 'hepatic impaired', 'hepatic impairment']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity3527 :: ('MESH:D010689', 'Disease') :: ['phlebitis']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity33144 :: (MESH:C487112,Chemical) :: ['IDN-6556']


abstract: The safety and efficacy of a recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) preparation (Kogenate) for the treatment of @entity548 episodes was studied in previously untreated @entity1 (PUPs) with severe, moderate, and mild @entity447 . @entity1 peripheral blood samples taken at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months after the first infusion were evaluated for @entity2801 inhibitor antibodies by the Bethesda assay, for antibodies formed against trace proteins derived from the rFVIII production process, and for general changes in laboratory test results. Samples for general laboratory testing were also drawn every 6 months after the first 24 months. Hemostatic efficacy was assessed by physicians, and adverse events were recorded throughout the study period. Forty-three PUPs (30 with @entity2801 :C <1%; 10 with @entity2801 :C 1%-5%; and 3 with @entity2801 :C >5%) aged 3 months to 32 years were enrolled at 33 centers in Japan. @entity1 were studied for a mean of 51 months (range, 11-80 months), and the mean exposure time was 83 days (range, 2-571 days). The incidence of occurrence of @entity2801 inhibitors was 34.9% (high responders [> or = 10 Bethesda U/mL], 11.6%; low responders [0.5-<10 Bethesda U/mL], 23.3%). The median cumulative exposure time of inhibitor detection was 12 days, indicating inhibitor development at an early stage after the start of infusion of this preparation. Hemostasis was achieved with a single dose of Kogenate in 94.8% of the 951 @entity548 episodes recorded in the study. Transient increases in antibodies against baby hamster kidney proteins and antimouse immunoglobulin G were observed in 14.0% and 18.6% of patients, respectively. Anti-rFVIII seroconversion was observed in 18.6% of @entity1 and only in @entity1 with inhibitor antibodies. Antibody responses to trace proteins were not correlated with drug-related adverse events with the exception of @entity2801 activity inhibition in PUPs with anti-rFVIII seroconversion. These data indicate that @entity16668 is safe and effective for the treatment of @entity548 in PUPs with @entity447 .

title: Clinical evaluation of a recombinant factor VIII preparation (Kogenate) in previously untreated @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['hemophilia A']

answer: @entity447 :: (MESH:D006467,Disease) :: ['hemophilia A']


abstract: The safety and efficacy of a recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) preparation (Kogenate) for the treatment of @entity548 episodes was studied in previously untreated @entity1 (PUPs) with severe, moderate, and mild @entity447 . @entity1 peripheral blood samples taken at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months after the first infusion were evaluated for @entity2801 inhibitor antibodies by the Bethesda assay, for antibodies formed against trace proteins derived from the rFVIII production process, and for general changes in laboratory test results. Samples for general laboratory testing were also drawn every 6 months after the first 24 months. Hemostatic efficacy was assessed by physicians, and adverse events were recorded throughout the study period. Forty-three PUPs (30 with @entity2801 :C <1%; 10 with @entity2801 :C 1%-5%; and 3 with @entity2801 :C >5%) aged 3 months to 32 years were enrolled at 33 centers in Japan. @entity1 were studied for a mean of 51 months (range, 11-80 months), and the mean exposure time was 83 days (range, 2-571 days). The incidence of occurrence of @entity2801 inhibitors was 34.9% (high responders [> or = 10 Bethesda U/mL], 11.6%; low responders [0.5-<10 Bethesda U/mL], 23.3%). The median cumulative exposure time of inhibitor detection was 12 days, indicating inhibitor development at an early stage after the start of infusion of this preparation. Hemostasis was achieved with a single dose of Kogenate in 94.8% of the 951 @entity548 episodes recorded in the study. Transient increases in antibodies against baby hamster kidney proteins and antimouse immunoglobulin G were observed in 14.0% and 18.6% of patients, respectively. Anti-rFVIII seroconversion was observed in 18.6% of @entity1 and only in @entity1 with inhibitor antibodies. Antibody responses to trace proteins were not correlated with drug-related adverse events with the exception of @entity2801 activity inhibition in PUPs with anti-rFVIII seroconversion. These data indicate that @entity16668 is safe and effective for the treatment of @entity548 in PUPs with @entity447 .

title: Clinical evaluation of a recombinant factor VIII preparation (Kogenate) in previously untreated XXXX with @entity447 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate corneal sensation in different groups: normal subjects, @entity936 @entity1 , and @entity1 with and without @entity936 after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using the modified Belmonte gas esthesiometer. DESIGN: A retrospective, clinic-based, case-control study. METHODS: We evaluated 20 normal subjects, 20 @entity936 @entity1 , 20 post-LASIK @entity1 without @entity936 , and six post-LASIK @entity1 with @entity936 . The corneal sensation was measured with the modified Belmonte gas esthesiometer that uses two different stimuli to assess mechanical and polymodal receptors on the corneal surface. Mechanoreceptors were assessed by 2-second pulsed air jets of variable intensity. Polymodal receptors were measured by stimulating the corneal with 2-second pulsed air jets of varying concentrations of @entity515 , a gas that is converted to @entity13349 on contact with the corneal surface. The main outcome measure was determining corneal sensation. RESULTS: The mean +/- standard deviation (+/- SD) age was similar in all groups. The mean mechanical threshold was 61.50 +/- 20.07 ml/min in the normal group (n = 20), 34.60 +/- 21.09 ml/min in the dry group (n = 20, P <.05 vs normal), 99.50 +/- 47.40 ml/min in the post-LASIK group (n = 20, P <.01 vs normal), and 50.00 +/- 15.49 ml/min in the post-LASIK @entity1 with @entity1036 sicca (n = 06, P <.05 vs post-LASIK). The percentage of @entity515 to elicit discomfort was similar in all groups (P >.05). No sex-related differences were noted (P >.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between the threshold of mechanical stimulation and the severity of corneal fluorescein staining. CONCLUSIONS: The Belmonte modified noncontact esthesiometer is a sophisticated instrument that can assess different types of corneal sensory receptors. @entity1 with @entity936 were hypersensitive to the air jet stimulus of this instrument, and this appears to be due to altered corneal epithelial barrier function. Profound @entity1183 was observed after LASIK and similar to @entity936 , post-LASIK @entity1 with @entity936 were sensitized. These findings provide new insight into the @entity56 to environmental stresses, particularly air drafts experienced by @entity936 @entity1 .

title: Corneal epitheliopathy of XXXX induces hyperesthesia to mechanical air jet stimulation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1183 :: ('MESH:D006987', 'Disease') :: ['hypoesthesia']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['keratitis']

entities_list: @entity13349 :: ('MESH:D002255', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonic acid']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity936 :: (MESH:D015352,Disease) :: ['dry eye']


abstract: Current drug therapies for @entity28 are ineffective, and existing treatments for @entity4977 can be further improved. Thyroid hormones affect both conditions, although currently available nonselective thyromimetics are not clinically useful for such treatment due to cardiac side effects. Recent studies suggest that @entity6145 receptor subtype beta ( @entity37629 ) selective agonists have a profile in which @entity165 can be reduced with minimal @entity591 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether modest (5-10%) increases in metabolic rate could also be observed with minimal @entity591 after @entity37629 stimulation. For these studies, the @entity37629 selective agonist, @entity30325 , was used to assess selectivity for lipid-lowering and metabolic rate changes relative to @entity591 . Studies in @entity165 -fed @entity35 (7 d treatment) showed that @entity30325 reduced @entity165 ( @entity2613 (50) = 190 nmol/kg x d) approximately 30 times more potently than it induced @entity591 ( @entity2613 (15) = 5451 nmol/kg x d). T(3) showed no potency difference between @entity165 lowering and @entity591 . @entity30325 showed approximately 10-fold selectivity for increasing metabolic rate ( @entity2613 (5) = 477 nmol/kg x d) relative to @entity591 compared with T(3), which showed no selectivity. In @entity5434 treated for 7 d, significant @entity165 -lowering and lipoprotein (a) reduction was noted for both T(3) and @entity30325 , whereas no @entity591 was observed for @entity30325 , unlike T(3). T(3) and @entity30325 caused a significant (approximately 4%) reduction in body weight in these animals. Therefore, selective @entity37629 activation may be a potentially usefully treatment for @entity28 and reduction of low density lipoprotein @entity165 and reduction of the atherogenic risk factor lipoprotein (a).

title: Effects of the thyroid hormone receptor agonist XXXX on metabolic rate and @entity165 in @entity35 and primates: selective actions relative to 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['cynomolgus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity4977 :: ('MESH:D052439', 'Disease') :: ['lipid disorders']

entities_list: @entity6145 :: ('CHEBI:60311', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroid hormone']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity30325 :: (309111(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['GC-1']


abstract: Current drug therapies for @entity28 are ineffective, and existing treatments for @entity4977 can be further improved. Thyroid hormones affect both conditions, although currently available nonselective thyromimetics are not clinically useful for such treatment due to cardiac side effects. Recent studies suggest that @entity6145 receptor subtype beta ( @entity37629 ) selective agonists have a profile in which @entity165 can be reduced with minimal @entity591 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether modest (5-10%) increases in metabolic rate could also be observed with minimal @entity591 after @entity37629 stimulation. For these studies, the @entity37629 selective agonist, @entity30325 , was used to assess selectivity for lipid-lowering and metabolic rate changes relative to @entity591 . Studies in @entity165 -fed @entity35 (7 d treatment) showed that @entity30325 reduced @entity165 ( @entity2613 (50) = 190 nmol/kg x d) approximately 30 times more potently than it induced @entity591 ( @entity2613 (15) = 5451 nmol/kg x d). T(3) showed no potency difference between @entity165 lowering and @entity591 . @entity30325 showed approximately 10-fold selectivity for increasing metabolic rate ( @entity2613 (5) = 477 nmol/kg x d) relative to @entity591 compared with T(3), which showed no selectivity. In @entity5434 treated for 7 d, significant @entity165 -lowering and lipoprotein (a) reduction was noted for both T(3) and @entity30325 , whereas no @entity591 was observed for @entity30325 , unlike T(3). T(3) and @entity30325 caused a significant (approximately 4%) reduction in body weight in these animals. Therefore, selective @entity37629 activation may be a potentially usefully treatment for @entity28 and reduction of low density lipoprotein @entity165 and reduction of the atherogenic risk factor lipoprotein (a).

title: Effects of the thyroid hormone receptor agonist @entity30325 on metabolic rate and XXXX in @entity35 and primates: selective actions relative to 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine.

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: Current drug therapies for @entity28 are ineffective, and existing treatments for @entity4977 can be further improved. Thyroid hormones affect both conditions, although currently available nonselective thyromimetics are not clinically useful for such treatment due to cardiac side effects. Recent studies suggest that @entity6145 receptor subtype beta ( @entity37629 ) selective agonists have a profile in which @entity165 can be reduced with minimal @entity591 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether modest (5-10%) increases in metabolic rate could also be observed with minimal @entity591 after @entity37629 stimulation. For these studies, the @entity37629 selective agonist, @entity30325 , was used to assess selectivity for lipid-lowering and metabolic rate changes relative to @entity591 . Studies in @entity165 -fed @entity35 (7 d treatment) showed that @entity30325 reduced @entity165 ( @entity2613 (50) = 190 nmol/kg x d) approximately 30 times more potently than it induced @entity591 ( @entity2613 (15) = 5451 nmol/kg x d). T(3) showed no potency difference between @entity165 lowering and @entity591 . @entity30325 showed approximately 10-fold selectivity for increasing metabolic rate ( @entity2613 (5) = 477 nmol/kg x d) relative to @entity591 compared with T(3), which showed no selectivity. In @entity5434 treated for 7 d, significant @entity165 -lowering and lipoprotein (a) reduction was noted for both T(3) and @entity30325 , whereas no @entity591 was observed for @entity30325 , unlike T(3). T(3) and @entity30325 caused a significant (approximately 4%) reduction in body weight in these animals. Therefore, selective @entity37629 activation may be a potentially usefully treatment for @entity28 and reduction of low density lipoprotein @entity165 and reduction of the atherogenic risk factor lipoprotein (a).

title: Effects of the thyroid hormone receptor agonist @entity30325 on metabolic rate and @entity165 in XXXX and primates: selective actions relative to 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Proteoglycans have been isolated and analysed from extracts of normal and chronically inflamed @entity1 gingiva in order to determine the effects of chronic @entity32 on these important soft connective tissue extracellular macromolecules. The @entity13275 content of glycosaminoglycans isolated by papain digestion of normal and inflamed gingiva did not differ significantly. Likewise, electrophoretic analysis revealed that the content of hyaluronic acid, heparan @entity597 , @entity12953 and @entity12006 was similar. The sulfated glycosaminoglycans from both sources eluted from a Sepharose C1-6B column with a Kav of 0.45 (approximate Mr 25,000). However, hyaluronic acid from normal gingiva was predominantly of a large size eluting in the void volume of a Sepharose. CL-6B column, while that isolated form inflamed tissue was mostly a small molecular weight species which eluted in the included volume of a Sepharose CL-6B column. Using dissociative conditions, intact proteoglycans could be more readily extracted from inflamed tissues (90% of the total tissue @entity13275 ) than from normal tissues where only 80% of the total tissue @entity13275 was extractable. Even though @entity8851 -Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography revealed no differences in charge between normal and inflamed gingival proteoglycans, Sepharose CL-4B chromatography revealed more molecular size polydispersity in samples from inflamed tissue than from normal tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that while hyaluronic acid is depolymerized in inflamed tissue, no evidence of sulfated glycosaminoglycan degradation was found. Therefore, the most likely cause for disruption to the molecular integrity of the proteoglycans is via proteolytic alteration to the proteoglycan core protein.

title: The effect of chronic XXXX on gingival connective tissue proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity13275 :: ('CHEBI:27252', 'Chemical') :: ['uronic acid']

entities_list: @entity12006 :: ('MESH:D002809', 'Chemical') :: ['chondroitin sulfate']

entities_list: @entity12953 :: ('MESH:D003871', 'Chemical') :: ['dermatan sulfate']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: Transcription of @entity70936 middle promoters is specifically initiated by a complex of the @entity3881 host's RNA polymerase core (E) with the SP01 gene 28 transcription-regulating protein, gp28. Normal SP01 DNA contains @entity28576 (hmUra) in place of @entity6244 and E . gp28 preferentially transcribes hmUra-containing DNA. Hybrid DNA molecules containing an SP01 middle promoter, PM25 . 1, have been constructed in which one DNA strand contains T and the other hmUra. The major feature of these reciprocal hybrid promoters is that one has, predominantly, T substituted for hmUra in the central -35 recognition sequence in the transcribed strand, while the other has, predominantly, T substituted for hmUra in the -10 recognition sequence in the non-transcribed strand. Binding by the E . gp28 RNA polymerase and transcription of these hybrid promoters and of the normal, all-hmUra, promoter have been compared. Both hybrid promoters are weaker than the normal PM25 . 1 promoter, but the hybrid promoter with T substituted in the -10 sequence is the weakest of the set. The DNase I footprint of the normal PM25 . 1 promoter shows temperature-dependent protection of a relatively long stretch of DNA downstream from the transcriptional start site, correlating with a thermal transition of transcriptional activity of promoter complexes. The stronger of the hybrid promoters also undergoes this transition, but the weaker does not. We discuss these findings in terms of protein-DNA interactions determining specificity for a modified @entity377 at this promoter.

title: Activity of a phage-modified RNA polymerase at hybrid promoters. Effects of substituting XXXX for @entity28576 in a phage SP01 middle promoter.

entities_list: @entity28576 :: ('MESH:C008055', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxymethyluracil']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity70936 :: ('10685', 'Species') :: ['bacteriophage SP01']

entities_list: @entity3881 :: ('1423', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus subtilis']

answer: @entity6244 :: (MESH:D013941,Chemical) :: ['thymine']


abstract: Transcription of @entity70936 middle promoters is specifically initiated by a complex of the @entity3881 host's RNA polymerase core (E) with the SP01 gene 28 transcription-regulating protein, gp28. Normal SP01 DNA contains @entity28576 (hmUra) in place of @entity6244 and E . gp28 preferentially transcribes hmUra-containing DNA. Hybrid DNA molecules containing an SP01 middle promoter, PM25 . 1, have been constructed in which one DNA strand contains T and the other hmUra. The major feature of these reciprocal hybrid promoters is that one has, predominantly, T substituted for hmUra in the central -35 recognition sequence in the transcribed strand, while the other has, predominantly, T substituted for hmUra in the -10 recognition sequence in the non-transcribed strand. Binding by the E . gp28 RNA polymerase and transcription of these hybrid promoters and of the normal, all-hmUra, promoter have been compared. Both hybrid promoters are weaker than the normal PM25 . 1 promoter, but the hybrid promoter with T substituted in the -10 sequence is the weakest of the set. The DNase I footprint of the normal PM25 . 1 promoter shows temperature-dependent protection of a relatively long stretch of DNA downstream from the transcriptional start site, correlating with a thermal transition of transcriptional activity of promoter complexes. The stronger of the hybrid promoters also undergoes this transition, but the weaker does not. We discuss these findings in terms of protein-DNA interactions determining specificity for a modified @entity377 at this promoter.

title: Activity of a phage-modified RNA polymerase at hybrid promoters. Effects of substituting @entity6244 for XXXX in a phage SP01 middle promoter.

answer: @entity28576 :: (MESH:C008055,Chemical) :: ['hydroxymethyluracil']


abstract: @entity470 ( @entity470 ) activation is absolutely required for cervical cell proliferation. This suggests that @entity470 -inhibitory agents may be of therapeutic value. In the present study, we investigated the effects of @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ), a bioactive green tea @entity3978 , on @entity470 signaling in cervical cells. @entity3090 inhibits epidermal growth factor-dependent activation of @entity470 , and @entity470 -dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases @entity1366 . @entity3090 also inhibits @entity470 -dependent @entity584 activity. The @entity3090 -dependent reduction in @entity3963 and @entity584 activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of downstream substrates, including @entity22564 , @entity4012 , and BAD. These changes are associated with increased @entity876 , @entity994 ( @entity994 ), and @entity993 ( @entity13525 ) levels, reduced cyclin E level, and reduced @entity15308 kinase activity. Consistent with these findings, flow cytometry and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end labeling) staining revealed @entity3090 -dependent G(1) arrest. Moreover, sustained @entity3090 treatment caused apoptotic cell death. In addition to inhibiting @entity470 , cell-free studies demonstrated that @entity3090 directly inhibits @entity1366 and @entity584 , suggesting that @entity3090 acts simultaneously at multiple levels to inhibit EGF-dependent signaling. Importantly, the @entity3090 inhibition is selective, as @entity3090 does not effect the @entity470 -dependent activation of JNK. These results suggest that @entity3090 acts to selectively inhibit multiple EGF-dependent kinases to inhibit cell proliferation.

title: @entity3089 inhibits XXXX signaling pathway. Evidence for direct inhibition of @entity1366 and @entity584 kinases.

entities_list: @entity3978 :: ('CHEBI:26195', 'Chemical') :: ['polyphenol']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['Epidermal growth factor receptor', 'EGFR']

entities_list: @entity3089 :: ('MESH:C045651', 'Chemical') :: ['epigallocatechin-3-gallate']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']


abstract: @entity470 ( @entity470 ) activation is absolutely required for cervical cell proliferation. This suggests that @entity470 -inhibitory agents may be of therapeutic value. In the present study, we investigated the effects of @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ), a bioactive green tea @entity3978 , on @entity470 signaling in cervical cells. @entity3090 inhibits epidermal growth factor-dependent activation of @entity470 , and @entity470 -dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases @entity1366 . @entity3090 also inhibits @entity470 -dependent @entity584 activity. The @entity3090 -dependent reduction in @entity3963 and @entity584 activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of downstream substrates, including @entity22564 , @entity4012 , and BAD. These changes are associated with increased @entity876 , @entity994 ( @entity994 ), and @entity993 ( @entity13525 ) levels, reduced cyclin E level, and reduced @entity15308 kinase activity. Consistent with these findings, flow cytometry and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end labeling) staining revealed @entity3090 -dependent G(1) arrest. Moreover, sustained @entity3090 treatment caused apoptotic cell death. In addition to inhibiting @entity470 , cell-free studies demonstrated that @entity3090 directly inhibits @entity1366 and @entity584 , suggesting that @entity3090 acts simultaneously at multiple levels to inhibit EGF-dependent signaling. Importantly, the @entity3090 inhibition is selective, as @entity3090 does not effect the @entity470 -dependent activation of JNK. These results suggest that @entity3090 acts to selectively inhibit multiple EGF-dependent kinases to inhibit cell proliferation.

title: @entity3089 inhibits @entity470 signaling pathway. Evidence for direct inhibition of XXXX and @entity584 kinases.

answer: @entity1366 :: (5595;5594,Gene) :: ['ERK1/2']


abstract: @entity470 ( @entity470 ) activation is absolutely required for cervical cell proliferation. This suggests that @entity470 -inhibitory agents may be of therapeutic value. In the present study, we investigated the effects of @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ), a bioactive green tea @entity3978 , on @entity470 signaling in cervical cells. @entity3090 inhibits epidermal growth factor-dependent activation of @entity470 , and @entity470 -dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases @entity1366 . @entity3090 also inhibits @entity470 -dependent @entity584 activity. The @entity3090 -dependent reduction in @entity3963 and @entity584 activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of downstream substrates, including @entity22564 , @entity4012 , and BAD. These changes are associated with increased @entity876 , @entity994 ( @entity994 ), and @entity993 ( @entity13525 ) levels, reduced cyclin E level, and reduced @entity15308 kinase activity. Consistent with these findings, flow cytometry and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end labeling) staining revealed @entity3090 -dependent G(1) arrest. Moreover, sustained @entity3090 treatment caused apoptotic cell death. In addition to inhibiting @entity470 , cell-free studies demonstrated that @entity3090 directly inhibits @entity1366 and @entity584 , suggesting that @entity3090 acts simultaneously at multiple levels to inhibit EGF-dependent signaling. Importantly, the @entity3090 inhibition is selective, as @entity3090 does not effect the @entity470 -dependent activation of JNK. These results suggest that @entity3090 acts to selectively inhibit multiple EGF-dependent kinases to inhibit cell proliferation.

title: XXXX inhibits @entity470 signaling pathway. Evidence for direct inhibition of @entity1366 and @entity584 kinases.

answer: @entity3089 :: (MESH:C045651,Chemical) :: ['Epigallocatechin-3-gallate']


abstract: @entity470 ( @entity470 ) activation is absolutely required for cervical cell proliferation. This suggests that @entity470 -inhibitory agents may be of therapeutic value. In the present study, we investigated the effects of @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ), a bioactive green tea @entity3978 , on @entity470 signaling in cervical cells. @entity3090 inhibits epidermal growth factor-dependent activation of @entity470 , and @entity470 -dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases @entity1366 . @entity3090 also inhibits @entity470 -dependent @entity584 activity. The @entity3090 -dependent reduction in @entity3963 and @entity584 activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of downstream substrates, including @entity22564 , @entity4012 , and BAD. These changes are associated with increased @entity876 , @entity994 ( @entity994 ), and @entity993 ( @entity13525 ) levels, reduced cyclin E level, and reduced @entity15308 kinase activity. Consistent with these findings, flow cytometry and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end labeling) staining revealed @entity3090 -dependent G(1) arrest. Moreover, sustained @entity3090 treatment caused apoptotic cell death. In addition to inhibiting @entity470 , cell-free studies demonstrated that @entity3090 directly inhibits @entity1366 and @entity584 , suggesting that @entity3090 acts simultaneously at multiple levels to inhibit EGF-dependent signaling. Importantly, the @entity3090 inhibition is selective, as @entity3090 does not effect the @entity470 -dependent activation of JNK. These results suggest that @entity3090 acts to selectively inhibit multiple EGF-dependent kinases to inhibit cell proliferation.

title: @entity3089 inhibits @entity470 signaling pathway. Evidence for direct inhibition of @entity1366 and XXXX kinases.

answer: @entity584 :: (207,Gene) :: ['AKT']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Parents frequently give over-the-counter @entity1443 ( @entity1443 ) during childhood illness. This study aims at exploring parents' use of this medicine in relation to their management of common childhood illnesses and the impact on the family. METHODS: Parents of pre-school aged @entity1 were asked open-ended questions about their perceptions of illness, its impact on the family, the use of @entity1443 and sources of medical information. The interviews were audiotaped. The transcribed text was condensed and different views and opinions were identified for each question. The parents were recruited from six Norwegian public health centres during a questionnaire study on the use of @entity1443 among their @entity1 . Volunteering parents supplied their name and telephone number for further contact. A strategic sample of 24 parents was selected for interviews according to their responses to the questionnaire and family characteristics. RESULTS: Parents recognized illness among their @entity1 either intuitively or by taking notice of specific signs or symptoms. @entity221 was considered a definite sign of illness, almost congruent with the disease itself. Some parents acknowledged that low or moderate fever reflected a battle between the body and the disease-causing organism. High or rapidly increasing fever, however, was frequently looked upon as dangerous. Mothers preferred to stay close to their @entity1 during illness and postponed other duties. Inexperienced parents felt particularly anxious and helpless since they often found the severity of the illness difficult to judge. Administration of @entity1443 gave parents the feeling of mastery. The medicine was also used to calm down the @entity1 enabling sleep and rest for the whole family. Some parents were generally interested in information about @entity1 diseases, others were only eager to know more about it during periods of illness, and some parents were not interested as they felt information only caused more @entity148 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity221 was often judged to cause discomfort and danger. Thus antipyretics like @entity1443 were regarded as a medicine counteracting disease. @entity1443 constituted an important tool for parents in managing different upsets during childhood illnesses. Information was not always wanted. Better knowledge about the significance of fever and how to handle @entity1 during common illnesses might need to be presented in a context familiar to parents, for instance, in relation to general information on childcare.

title: Childhood illnesses and the use of XXXX ( @entity1443 ): a qualitative study of parents' management of common childhood illnesses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['Paracetamol', 'paracetamol', 'acetaminophen']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['paracetamol']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Parents frequently give over-the-counter @entity1443 ( @entity1443 ) during childhood illness. This study aims at exploring parents' use of this medicine in relation to their management of common childhood illnesses and the impact on the family. METHODS: Parents of pre-school aged @entity1 were asked open-ended questions about their perceptions of illness, its impact on the family, the use of @entity1443 and sources of medical information. The interviews were audiotaped. The transcribed text was condensed and different views and opinions were identified for each question. The parents were recruited from six Norwegian public health centres during a questionnaire study on the use of @entity1443 among their @entity1 . Volunteering parents supplied their name and telephone number for further contact. A strategic sample of 24 parents was selected for interviews according to their responses to the questionnaire and family characteristics. RESULTS: Parents recognized illness among their @entity1 either intuitively or by taking notice of specific signs or symptoms. @entity221 was considered a definite sign of illness, almost congruent with the disease itself. Some parents acknowledged that low or moderate fever reflected a battle between the body and the disease-causing organism. High or rapidly increasing fever, however, was frequently looked upon as dangerous. Mothers preferred to stay close to their @entity1 during illness and postponed other duties. Inexperienced parents felt particularly anxious and helpless since they often found the severity of the illness difficult to judge. Administration of @entity1443 gave parents the feeling of mastery. The medicine was also used to calm down the @entity1 enabling sleep and rest for the whole family. Some parents were generally interested in information about @entity1 diseases, others were only eager to know more about it during periods of illness, and some parents were not interested as they felt information only caused more @entity148 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity221 was often judged to cause discomfort and danger. Thus antipyretics like @entity1443 were regarded as a medicine counteracting disease. @entity1443 constituted an important tool for parents in managing different upsets during childhood illnesses. Information was not always wanted. Better knowledge about the significance of fever and how to handle @entity1 during common illnesses might need to be presented in a context familiar to parents, for instance, in relation to general information on childcare.

title: Childhood illnesses and the use of @entity1443 ( XXXX ): a qualitative study of parents' management of common childhood illnesses.

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['acetaminophen']


abstract: Three groups of five @entity6599 were vaccinated in Kenya using three doses of 10,000 viable cryopreserved schistosomula attenuated with either 10, 20 or 60 krad 60Co-irradiation prepared in England. Animals were vaccinated at four-week intervals, challenged after a further six weeks with 2,000 cercariae and perfused at 10 weeks after challenge. High antibody titres to schistosomula mediating in vitro cytoadherence with @entity19 macrophage-like cells were demonstrated in all vaccinated animals but not in controls. Significant titres to soluble egg antigen (SEA) were also demonstrated by ELISA in the 10 and 20 krad vaccinated groups following the first vaccination. The subsequent vaccinations and the challenge boosted this response considerably. Mean anti-SEA titres were only elevated above background in the 60-krad group six weeks after the third vaccination and in the challenge controls six weeks after challenge. Peripheral eosinophil counts were slightly reduced and neutrophil counts slightly elevated before challenge while eosinophil and erythrocyte counts were elevated and neutrophil counts @entity308 after challenge. @entity1485 values were erratic in all groups. Eggs appeared in the faeces from six weeks after challenge and excretion rates were higher in all three vaccinated groups than in the challenge controls by necropsy 10 weeks after challenge. Body-weights were @entity308 in all groups after challenge but subsequently rose in the 10 and 20 krad groups. The 60 krad and challenge control groups lost 12.4% and 7.9% of body-weight respectively after challenge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Partial protection of XXXX against Schistosoma mansoni using radiation-attenuated cryopreserved schistosomula.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

answer: @entity6599 :: (9557,Species) :: ['baboons']


abstract: Increased formation of reactive @entity26 species is a cause of @entity6453 (PQ)-induced injury and also provides a link between the signaling pathways and transcriptional events that regulate the expression of a large number of genes. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PQ-induced injury remain unclear. To investigate the changes in gene expression at the onset of PQ injury, we used the differential display-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. @entity35 were treated intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg PQ, and after 3 h the lungs were immediately excised. Samples of mRNA from normal and treated @entity35 were used to prepare radiolabeled cDNAs, which were electrophoresed. Then the transcription levels were compared. We isolated 26 fragments of cDNA that were potentially affected by PQ, and determined their nucleotide sequences. Six clones of interest were selected and analyzed further. The reverse transcript-PCR based on their sequence information confirmed the differential expression for five clones: four clones were up-regulated and one was down-regulated. We were particularly interested in two genes that had homology with the known gene: TATA box-binding protein-associated factor, RNA polymerase II, B, 150 kDa ( @entity70937 ), and a candidate gene for lipodystrophy, @entity70938 . Both genes were significantly up-regulated within 3 h of PQ intake and the stimulation continued during our 24-h observation period. In addition, up-regulation of @entity70938 was observed in the lungs, but not in the liver and kidneys. In situ hybridization using lung sections showed that the expression of both genes was strongly visualized in Clara cells and in alveolar macrophages. These findings suggest a stimulation of transcription levels and changes in lipid metabolism in Clara cells and in macrophages in the lungs, which result in their playing a crucial role at the onset of PQ-driven @entity651 .

title: Paraquat-induced gene expression in XXXX lung tissues using a differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

entities_list: @entity6453 :: ('MESH:D010269', 'Chemical') :: ['paraquat']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: We examined whether high dose @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) monotherapy ( @entity2050 serum levels > 9 mg/l) is well tolerated. Forty-one @entity1 with localisation-related @entity302 were enrolled. They received high dose monotherapy either from the time of recruitment (30/41), or their @entity2050 treatment was pushed into the high dose range (11/41) during the observation period (mean 145 days). @entity2050 and @entity2050 metabolite serum levels, full blood counts, liver function tests, electrolytes were measured in addition to clinical assessments. The mean daily @entity2050 dose was 1515 mg (median 1500, range 600-3600 mg). Mean @entity2050 serum level was 11.1 mg/l (median 11.1, range 5.3-16.4 mg/l). Eleven of 41 @entity1 (26.8%) reported side effects (mean serum level 11.4, median 11.6, range 8.7-13.7 mg/l), but side effects were intolerable in only five @entity1 so that the @entity2050 dose had to be reduced (mean @entity2050 serum level 11.4, median 11.6, range 8.7-13.7 mg/l). The total daily @entity2050 dose but not @entity2050 or @entity2050 metabolite levels were correlated with side effects. No treatment changes had to be undertaken because of abnormal laboratory parameters. High dose @entity2050 anticonvulsant monotherapy is well tolerated.

title: [Tolerance of high dosage @entity2049 monotherapy in treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: We examined whether high dose @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) monotherapy ( @entity2050 serum levels > 9 mg/l) is well tolerated. Forty-one @entity1 with localisation-related @entity302 were enrolled. They received high dose monotherapy either from the time of recruitment (30/41), or their @entity2050 treatment was pushed into the high dose range (11/41) during the observation period (mean 145 days). @entity2050 and @entity2050 metabolite serum levels, full blood counts, liver function tests, electrolytes were measured in addition to clinical assessments. The mean daily @entity2050 dose was 1515 mg (median 1500, range 600-3600 mg). Mean @entity2050 serum level was 11.1 mg/l (median 11.1, range 5.3-16.4 mg/l). Eleven of 41 @entity1 (26.8%) reported side effects (mean serum level 11.4, median 11.6, range 8.7-13.7 mg/l), but side effects were intolerable in only five @entity1 so that the @entity2050 dose had to be reduced (mean @entity2050 serum level 11.4, median 11.6, range 8.7-13.7 mg/l). The total daily @entity2050 dose but not @entity2050 or @entity2050 metabolite levels were correlated with side effects. No treatment changes had to be undertaken because of abnormal laboratory parameters. High dose @entity2050 anticonvulsant monotherapy is well tolerated.

title: [Tolerance of high dosage XXXX monotherapy in treatment of @entity302 ].

answer: @entity2049 :: (MESH:D002220,Chemical) :: ['carbamazepine']


abstract: The clinical, histologic, and histomorphometric features of 42 @entity2967 ( @entity2967 ) of long bones and 49 central @entity2253 (CGCG) of the jaws were compared. These findings were also correlated with the clinical behavior of 25 cases of CGCG for which follow-up information was available. There was a female predilection for both lesions. The mean ages of @entity1 with CGCG and @entity2967 were 21 and 25 years, respectively. In contrast to CGCG, @entity2967 rarely occurred in @entity1 below the age of 10 years. The only statistically significant quantitative difference between the lesions at the histologic level was the greater number of nuclei in the giant cells of the @entity2967 . There were four significant histologic differences between the two lesions, but 26% of the GCTs were histologically similar to most of the CGCGs and 10% of the CGCGs were histologically similar to most of the GCTs. Five of the 25 @entity1 with CGCG for whom follow-up information was available had recurrences. The average age of those five @entity1 was 11 years, compared to 29 years for those @entity1 without recurrence. All five @entity1 with recurrence were under 17 years of age, and they constituted 45% of the @entity1 in this age group with follow-up. There were no quantitative or histologic differences between the recurrent and nonrecurrent CGCGs that were useful in predicting the likelihood of recurrence. Our findings suggest that the @entity2967 and the CGCG represent a spectrum of a single disease process modified by the age of the @entity1 and the site of occurrence.

title: A clinical and histomorphologic comparison of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity2253 :: ('MESH:D006101', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell granulomas']

entities_list: @entity2967 :: ('MESH:D005870', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell tumors', 'GCT']

answer: @entity2967 :: (MESH:D005870,Disease) :: ['central giant cell granuloma and the giant cell tumor']


abstract: PURPOSE: A systematic review was conducted to develop guidelines for radiotherapy in adult @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity11 . METHODS: MEDLINE, CANCERLIT, the Cochrane Library, and relevant conference proceedings were searched to identify randomized trials and meta-analyses. RESULTS: Pooling of six randomized trials detected a significant survival benefit favouring post-operative radiotherapy compared with no radiotherapy (risk ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.88, P<0.00001). Two randomized trials demonstrated no significant difference in survival rates for whole brain radiation versus more local fields that encompass the enhancing primary plus a 2 cm margin. A randomized trial detected a small improvement in survival with 60 Gy in 30 fractions over 45 Gy in 20 fractions. Radiation dose intensification and radiation sensitizer approaches have not demonstrated superior survival rates compared with conventionally fractionated doses of 50-60 Gy. CONCLUSIONS: Post-operative external beam radiotherapy is recommended as standard therapy for @entity1 with @entity11 . The high-dose volume should incorporate the enhancing @entity5 plus a limited margin (e.g. 2 cm) for the planning target volume, and the total dose delivered should be in the range of 50-60 Gy in fraction sizes of 1.8-2.0 Gy. Radiation dose intensification and radiation sensitizer approaches are not recommended as standard care. For @entity1 older than age 70, preliminary data suggest that the same survival benefit can be achieved with less morbidity using a shorter course of radiotherapy. Supportive care alone is a reasonable therapeutic option in @entity1 older than age 70 with a poor performance status.

title: Radiotherapy for newly diagnosed XXXX in adults: a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['malignant glioma']


abstract: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ( @entity12180 )ergic nerves innervate both the neurohypophysis and the hypothalamus. To test the hypothesis that @entity12180 is a releasing factor for neurohypophyseal hormones, @entity35 were given intracerebroventricular (icv) infusions of @entity12180 in doses varying from 0.3 pmol/kg.min to 3 nmol/kg.min for 5 min (0.001-10 micrograms/ @entity35 ). Serial blood samples were drawn from the vena cava for measurement of @entity398 (OT), vasopressin (AVP), and @entity12180 by RIA. After the @entity12180 infusions mean plasma OT and AVP levels rose in a dose-dependent manner; the rise was significant for both hormones at the dose of 300 pmol/kg.min. Peak levels after infusion of 3 nmol/kg.min were greater for OT than AVP [96.1 +/- 14.7 vs. 33.9 +/- 9 microU/ml (mean +/- SE); n = 6]. In addition, the concentration of plasma OT increased more promptly than that of AVP. Plasma OT was significantly raised over control values at 5 min, whereas plasma AVP was not increased until 15 min after the @entity12180 infusion began. The concentration of @entity12180 in peripheral plasma rose somewhat after icv infusions (maximum, 300 pmol/liter 30 min after 10 micrograms/ @entity35 ), but the rise was only 5% of that observed after systemic infusions of equimolar doses of @entity12180 (maximum, 6000 pmol/liter 5 min after 10 micrograms/ @entity35 ). Peak plasma OT levels after administration of 3 nmol/kg.min @entity12180 were significantly higher after icv than after systemic infusion of the same dose of @entity12180 reported previously. Intravenous injection of 0.5 ml @entity12180 antiserum with a binding capacity of @entity12180 of 2.3 micrograms/ml before the icv administration of @entity12180 (1 microgram/ @entity35 ) did not prevent the @entity12180 -induced rise in plasma OT and AVP. These observations suggest a central site of action for @entity12180 in OT and AVP release, probably in the hypothalamus. The results are in harmony with the hypothesis that endogenous @entity12180 is a physiological regulator of OT and AVP release in @entity35 .

title: Release of XXXX and vasopressin by intracerebroventricular vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

answer: @entity398 :: (MESH:D010121,Chemical) :: ['oxytocin']


abstract: 1. Recordings were made from 545 neurons in somatosensory granular cortex of anesthetized @entity35 . Of this sample, 32% were active spontaneously. Active neurons were not distributed uniformly throughout cortex but were most common in layer V. The highest mean spontaneous discharge frequency also was found in this layer. Cells with the lowest rates of spontaneous activity were located immediately above and below. One subset of spontaneously active neurons was characterized by an unusually high discharge frequency modulated by somatic stimulation. 2. Only 25.8% of the 534 neurons tested in granular cortex could be activated by somatic stimuli. Only 9.4% had cutaneous receptive fields, and 2.4% received deep inputs. The remainder (14.0%) were driven by higher intensity stimuli and could not be classified unequivocally as either cutaneous or deep. The 50 neurons with cutaneous receptive fields were located in the middle third of the cortex, and those with the largest receptive fields were found most superficially. Neurons driven by somatic stimuli were found most frequently in layer Vb, where 44.5% of the sample confirmed histologically to be in layer Vb could be excited. 3. The large proportion of neurons lacking demonstrable somatic inputs was attributed to the use of iontophoretically administered @entity2227 , which allowed the detection of many unresponsive neurons. This proportion was not reduced by the use of @entity3810 and @entity1508 as an anesthetic. 4. Neurons activated only by deep inputs were found on the medial and rostral edge of the hindlimb granular cortex, suggesting that deep and cutaneous inputs may be segregated in this species. 5. Electrical stimuli applied to the foot pads activated a sample of neurons differing from those driven by natural somatic stimuli in terms of depth, spontaneous activity, probability of somatic input, and probability of activation by the pyramidal tract. 6. Pyramidal tract neurons tended to be located in layer Vb, were active spontaneously, and had evidence of somatic inputs, although most required relatively intense stimuli to be excited. Other neurons activated synaptically from the pyramidal tract were located in the layers immediately above and below the pyramidal tract neurons. These cells were divided into two groups on the basis of action-potential latency, action-potential shape, and sensitivity to @entity934 .

title: An electrophysiological study of single somatosensory neurons in XXXX granular cortex serving the limbs: a laminar analysis.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity2914 ( @entity2914 ) is considered by most researchers to be a surgical emergency. However, early repair does not necessarily improve respiratory function or reverse fetal circulation, and many @entity1 deteriorate postoperatively. As a result, in 1985, we began to employ a protocol in which surgery was delayed until the PCO2 was maintained below 40 and the @entity1 was hemodynamically stable; @entity1 in whom these criteria could not be achieved died without surgical repair. Sixty-one consecutive @entity1 with @entity2914 were managed over 4 years; 31 from 1983 to 1984 (group 1) and 30 from 1985 to 1986 (group 2). The groups were similar with respect to sex, side of the @entity600 weight, gestational age, incidence of pneumothorax, and blood gases. High frequency oscillation was used with increasing frequency during the study period, for @entity1 with refractory hypercarbia (13% in group 1, 30% in group 2). All @entity1 were initially paralyzed and ventilated. Mean time from admission to surgery was 4.1 hours in group 1 and 24.4 hours in group 2 (P less than .05). In group 1, 87% of @entity1 had surgical repair (77% within eight hours of admission, 10% after eight hours), and in group 2 only 70% of @entity1 had surgery (10% within eight hours, 60% after eight hours). All @entity1 who were not operated on died. Overall mortality was 58% in group 1 and 50% in group 2; this difference was not statistically significant. These data indicate that our current approach has not increased overall mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Timing of surgery for XXXX : is emergency operation necessary?

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital diaphragmatic hernia', 'CDH']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['defect, birth']

answer: @entity2914 :: (MESH:D065630,Disease) :: ['congenital diaphragmatic hernia']


abstract: Using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy, this study compared fine structural features of the pocket walls in both juvenile and @entity7278 ( @entity6223 and AP, respectively) in 40 cases. Gingiva was also obtained from a control group consisting of periodontally noninvolved teeth. Clinical parameters were assessed in both @entity6223 and AP @entity1 as well as in controls. Clinical findings showed @entity258 , marked periodontal tissue destruction and less @entity32 in @entity6223 . @entity79 and @entity6730 were more marked in @entity6223 than in AP. AP had a higher plaque index and more evident @entity32 . SEM observations of @entity6223 as compared to AP showed gross distortions in pocket walls, an increased beaded appearance of microridges, and separation between pocket epithelial cells. TEM showed partially desquamated and separated superficial epithelial cells, but only in @entity6223 were fine granular precipitates observed in the intercellular spaces. The observations demonstrated structural features indicative of more prominent degenerative changes in @entity6223 than in AP. Also, these features were coincidental with a higher plaque index in AP than in @entity6223 , where clinical features (including a low plaque index) were not proportional to the epithelial destructive changes present.

title: Comparison of scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the epithelial pocket wall in juvenile and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['gingival inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6730 :: ('MESH:D017622', 'Disease') :: ['attachment loss']

entities_list: @entity7278 :: ('MESH:D055113', 'Disease') :: ['adult periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Bone destruction']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low plaque accumulation']

answer: @entity7278 :: (MESH:D055113,Disease) :: ['adult periodontitis']


abstract: 1. The afferent innervation of the distal ileum has been examined in normal @entity35 and in @entity35 treated at birth with @entity2951 . Electrophysiological recordings were made using an in vitro preparation of distal ileum and its associated mesenteric nerves. The fibre composition of the mesenteric nerves was examined by electron microscopy and the numbers of primary afferent fibres innervating a segment of distal ileum was estimated using retrograde tracing. 2. Recordings were made from 120 single afferent units all of which showed some degree of background activity. The conduction velocities of sixty-seven afferent units were estimated, and all were found to be in the C-fibre range (less than 2 m/s). Eighty-two units were sufficiently studied to allow their classification according to whether they responded to mechanical stimuli (M units), chemical stimuli (Ch units) or both mechanical and chemical stimuli ( @entity13828 units). In control @entity35 85.5% were classified as @entity13828 units, 11.9% as M units and 2.6% as Ch units. In @entity2951 -treated @entity35 six single and three multi-units were @entity13828 and one multi-unit was classified as an M recording. 3. The effects of intraluminal distension were investigated in sixty-seven units which were classified according to whether or not they adapted during the distension. About half the total units were classified as rapidly adapting, the other half were slowly adapting. This distribution was similar for the @entity13828 -units, but of the eight M units tested, seven adapted during distension. The distension thresholds were tested in thirty units, of which twenty-eight responded at thresholds below 18 mmHg. There were no differences in the thresholds of units from control and @entity2951 -treated @entity35 . 4. The chemosensitivity of units was tested in response to @entity934 ( @entity1617 ), @entity1812 and substance P. Most units tested responded to @entity1617 (78% of @entity13828 units tested) and @entity1812 (80% of @entity13828 units), but fewer units responded to substance P (about 50% of @entity13828 units). @entity1617 produced an increased tension which outlasted the increase in afferent activity. @entity1812 gave long-lasting afferent responses which were not always accompanied by @entity101 . The increases in afferent activity produced by substance P were often seen after an increase in tension. 5. The fluorescent dye True Blue injected into the wall of the ileum labelled cell bodies in the spinal and nodose @entity21 , predominantly on the left side of an animal. The mean number of labelled cells per animal was eighty-seven, of which the majority was in the T10-T13 spinal @entity21 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: An electrophysiological and anatomical study of intestinal afferent fibres in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in tension']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin', 'Bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['ganglia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The increased sensitivity of many imaging devices has increased the identification of asymptomatic nodules in the thyroid gland. In this study we investigated the actual incidence of nonpalpable thyroid nodules and @entity189 in @entity1 . Between January and June 2003, among the @entity1 who were scheduled to undergo breast ultrasonography, 697 without palpable thyroid nodules were screened for thyroid nodules. They were classified into four categories according to ultrasonographic findings: negative, benign, indeterminate and malignant. Ultrasound-guided @entity400 ( @entity400 ) was carried out for all malignant lesions and for some of the benign and indeterminate ones. The nodule detection and @entity5 rates were determined and the effectiveness of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool was also investigated. Out of the 697 subjects, 246 (35.3%) were found to have thyroid nodules. The @entity5 detection rate based on the @entity400 results, including both suspicious and malignant groups, was 3.6% (25/697) for all subjects. In addition, 3.0% (21/697) of all the @entity1 were confirmed to have @entity259 by surgery. The sensitivity of sonographic classification was increased from 80% to 100% when the indeterminate class was added to the malignant one, although this decreased the specificity from 91.7% to 33.3%. In conclusion, high-resolution ultrasonography detected a high percentage of malignant nodules. Ultrasonography can augment its value by guiding @entity400 , in addition to providing diagnostic images.

title: Diagnosis of occult XXXX by ultrasonography.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['occult carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['fine-needle aspiration biopsy', 'FNAB']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancer']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: Corpus callosum section for carefully selected @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity302 has become more acceptable as operative complications have decreased. From consideration of anatomical pathways utilized in the spread of @entity410 discharges, section of the corpus callosum is expected to decrease, but not abolish, bilaterally synchronous EEG abnormalities arising from most cerebral locations, perhaps excluding the temporal lobe. Clinical experience confirms this expectation. Persistence of some bilateral synchrony, presumably through subcortical relays, does not usually diminish the effectiveness of corpus callosum section on clinically generalized @entity410 that are eliminated or markedly decreased in 85% of @entity1 after total corpus callosum section. Generalized @entity410 types that respond include tonic, atonic, @entity410 . @entity1 who continue to have generalized @entity410 usually have low IQ and perhaps extensive bilateral cerebral involvement increases the extent to which subcortical structures participate in generalization. Complex partial @entity410 may cease, usually in @entity1 with well-circumscribed, often extratemporal @entity410 foci. Focal @entity410 intensify in 25% of @entity1 ; a predictable consequence of sectioning interhemispheric inhibitory connections. Permanent disconnection syndromes, which are only rarely symptomatic, include sensory disconnection after posterior section, and @entity75 after total section. A small percentage of @entity1 develop impairments in language, motor, or memory functions. @entity51 are predicted by pre-existing unilateral mild or moderate @entity149 . Partial section of the corpus callosum produces control of generalized @entity410 half as frequently as complete section. Neurologic sequelae of partial section occur nearly as frequently but are less severe.

title: Corpus callosum section and other disconnection procedures for medically intractable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'tonic-clonic, and absence seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['split-brain syndrome']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system damage']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['Language and motor deficits']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: There has been an evolution in our understanding of the causes of undernutrition and of the nutrition intervention programs that should be prioritized. This article discusses why nutrition programs have shifted their primary emphasis from control of @entity1131 , to @entity7493 , and now to @entity942 . It has become recognized by the nutrition community that micronutrient @entity3147 is very widespread, and is probably the main nutritional problem in the world. The most commonly used strategies for @entity942 control are supplementation and fortification, because they are cost-effective and to some extent, relatively easy to deliver. They have important limitations, however. Relatively little emphasis has been placed on food-based approaches to control micronutrient @entity3147 . Evidence from several past studies, including the Nutrition Collaborative Research Support Program (N-CRSP), indicated a strong positive association between @entity4409 ( @entity4409 ) intake, micronutrient status, and many @entity1 functions. This association motivated the intervention studies supported by the Global Livestock CRSP and described in this supplement, which found benefits of increasing @entity4409 intake. In contrast to the common assumption that increasing consumption of @entity4409 in poor communities is infeasible, and will only cause environmental problems, the articles in this supplement show the potential economic benefits of animal ownership in poor communities, and provide examples of innovative programs that have increased local production and consumption. Much more communication is needed among the nutrition, agriculture and development communities to achieve improved dietary quality for poor populations.

title: Interventions for XXXX control in developing countries: past, present and future.

entities_list: @entity7493 :: ('MESH:D011502', 'Disease') :: ['energy deficiency']

entities_list: @entity1131 :: ('MESH:D011488', 'Disease') :: ['protein deficiency']

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['ASF', 'animal source food']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['micronutrient deficiencies', 'micronutrient deficiency']

answer: @entity942 :: (MESH:D003677,Disease) :: ['micronutrient deficiency']


abstract: Adequate antimicrobial therapy is a main approach employed to decrease the mortality associated with @entity55 ( @entity55 ). All methods that optimise empirical treatment without increasing antibiotic selective pressure are relevant. Categorisation of @entity1 according to @entity55 time of onset, severity and risk factors (American @entity1514 Society (ATS) classification) or duration of mechanical ventilation and prior antibiotics (Trouillet's classification) are two such methods. The aim of this study was to catagorise @entity1 with @entity55 according to these classifications and to determine the frequency of resistant pathogens and the most adequate antimicrobial regimens in each group. A total 124 @entity1 with bacteriologically proven @entity55 were studied. The ATS classification categorised @entity1 by increasing frequency of resistant pathogens from 0-30.3%. The ATS empirical antibiotic recommendations appeared valid but proposed combinations including @entity2176 for 72.5% of @entity1 . Trouillet's classification categorised @entity1 into four groups with a frequency of resistant pathogens from 4.9-35.6%. @entity2176 was proposed for 48.5% of @entity1 . The American @entity1514 Society classification appears to be more specific than Trouillet's for predicting the absence of resistant causative pathogens in @entity55 but could lead to a greater use of @entity2176 . Stratification combining the two classifications is an interesting alternative.

title: XXXX : microbiological data and potential adequacy of antimicrobial regimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin', 'Vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['hospital-acquired pneumonia', 'HAP']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['Hospital-acquired pneumonia']


abstract: The aim of this open study was to compare the outcomes and side effects of plasmapheresis (PP) in @entity1 with proliferative @entity1988 treated with @entity786 (Cyc) boluses. The study involved 28 consecutive @entity1 . All of the @entity1 met the ACR modified criteria for @entity1252 and underwent a qualifying renal biopsy. In group I, @entity1 were treated with synchronised therapy (PP, 50 ml/kg, followed by pulse Cyc, 750 mg/m(2), repeated monthly for 6 months), whereas in group II, they were given only intermittent Cyc boluses (at the same dosage). The data were collected in the @entity1 ' records according to a standardised protocol. @entity1 were followed-up for a mean of 4 years. The disease-free survival was analysed using Kaplan-Meier estimated survival curves ([S(t)]). At the end of the 6-month treatment period, a statistically significant number of @entity1 in group I (75%) was in complete remission in comparison to group II (31%) (P < 0.02), whereas at long-term follow-up, these percentages were similar (41% vs. 50%, P = n.s.). The main functional and immunological parameters showed a normalisation in both groups. The risk of a poor renal outcome significantly correlated with high serum @entity1011 levels at the onset of @entity1310 (P < 0.05). We documented a higher rate of infectious complications in group I. This study reports that synchronised therapy is useful in inducing a faster remission in @entity1 with proliferative @entity1988 . However, it is not superior to conventional therapy at long term follow-up analysis. Positive results should be reinforced by a long-term maintenance therapy.

title: Synchronised therapy and high-dose @entity786 in proliferative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1988 :: (MESH:D008181,Disease) :: ['lupus nephritis']


abstract: The aim of this open study was to compare the outcomes and side effects of plasmapheresis (PP) in @entity1 with proliferative @entity1988 treated with @entity786 (Cyc) boluses. The study involved 28 consecutive @entity1 . All of the @entity1 met the ACR modified criteria for @entity1252 and underwent a qualifying renal biopsy. In group I, @entity1 were treated with synchronised therapy (PP, 50 ml/kg, followed by pulse Cyc, 750 mg/m(2), repeated monthly for 6 months), whereas in group II, they were given only intermittent Cyc boluses (at the same dosage). The data were collected in the @entity1 ' records according to a standardised protocol. @entity1 were followed-up for a mean of 4 years. The disease-free survival was analysed using Kaplan-Meier estimated survival curves ([S(t)]). At the end of the 6-month treatment period, a statistically significant number of @entity1 in group I (75%) was in complete remission in comparison to group II (31%) (P < 0.02), whereas at long-term follow-up, these percentages were similar (41% vs. 50%, P = n.s.). The main functional and immunological parameters showed a normalisation in both groups. The risk of a poor renal outcome significantly correlated with high serum @entity1011 levels at the onset of @entity1310 (P < 0.05). We documented a higher rate of infectious complications in group I. This study reports that synchronised therapy is useful in inducing a faster remission in @entity1 with proliferative @entity1988 . However, it is not superior to conventional therapy at long term follow-up analysis. Positive results should be reinforced by a long-term maintenance therapy.

title: Synchronised therapy and high-dose XXXX in proliferative @entity1988 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: This study included 25 @entity1 with lower limb @entity5 who had wide local resection and reconstruction by vascularized fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap, and who had their surgery performed at least 24 months before the end of the study. The average age at operation was 23.5 years. Twenty-three @entity5 were malignant;16 were staged as high-grade @entity242 (stage IIA, stage IIB, and @entity2828 ). @entity5 volume averaged 293.2 cc (range, 41.4-860). The resulting defect after @entity5 resection averaged 16 cm (range, 9-20 cm). The fibula was inserted as a single strut in 21 @entity1 , and as a double-barrel construct in 4 @entity1 . Fixation was augmented by interlocking nail in 11 cases, bridge plate in 9 cases, and external fixator in 5 cases. Twenty-four (96%) flaps survived. All grafts united in an average period of 4.5 months (range, 3-8 months) after transfer. Two secondary procedures were necessary to achieve graft union. Full weight bearing was possible after an average period of 7.5 months (range, 5-14 months). Significant @entity1184 (> or =30% of original fibular diameter) occurred in 85% of @entity1 after an average period of 10 months from the index operation. In the latest follow-up radiographs (mean, 32 months), the degree of @entity1184 averaged 90% (range, 30-200%). Graft @entity174 occurred in three @entity1 , and all healed conservatively. The @entity85 Society rating score (MTSRS) averaged 21.2 points at the end of the first postoperative year, and 23.6 at the end of the study.

title: Microsurgical reconstruction of lower limb bone defects following XXXX resection using vascularized fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap.

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['Musculoskeletal Tumor']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Massive liver resection causes a variety of complications including @entity5694 . @entity3131 ( @entity15795 ) is a new experimental drug used as antifibrotic agent. Studies were performed to investigate whether @entity15795 influences the survival rate of animals with endotoxin-induced @entity99 after partial hepatectomy, and the mechanisms involved. METHODS: @entity35 were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 48 h after 70% hepatectomy. @entity15795 was administered orally before LPS injection. RESULTS: @entity15795 improved the survival rate of LPS-treated @entity35 after hepatectomy. @entity15795 prevented increases in serum enzymes and total @entity648 related to @entity99 . Histopathological analysis revealed that @entity15795 inhibited the enhancement in @entity99 and apoptosis. Further, @entity15795 inhibited increases of inflammatory cytokines and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) in serum and liver, followed by decreases of number of infiltrating neutrophils into liver. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that @entity15795 inhibited the activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) induced by LPS. @entity15795 also reduced the induction of inducible @entity842 synthase (iNOS) in the liver of LPS-treated @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that @entity15795 inhibits the productions of inflammatory cytokines, CINC and iNOS in part through the inhibition of NF-kappa B activation, resulting in the prevention of endotoxin-induced @entity99 after hepatectomy.

title: @entity3131 prevents endotoxin-induced XXXX after partial hepatectomy in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity3131 :: ('MESH:C093844', 'Chemical') :: ['Pirfenidone']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury', 'hepatic necrosis']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['liver injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Massive liver resection causes a variety of complications including @entity5694 . @entity3131 ( @entity15795 ) is a new experimental drug used as antifibrotic agent. Studies were performed to investigate whether @entity15795 influences the survival rate of animals with endotoxin-induced @entity99 after partial hepatectomy, and the mechanisms involved. METHODS: @entity35 were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 48 h after 70% hepatectomy. @entity15795 was administered orally before LPS injection. RESULTS: @entity15795 improved the survival rate of LPS-treated @entity35 after hepatectomy. @entity15795 prevented increases in serum enzymes and total @entity648 related to @entity99 . Histopathological analysis revealed that @entity15795 inhibited the enhancement in @entity99 and apoptosis. Further, @entity15795 inhibited increases of inflammatory cytokines and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) in serum and liver, followed by decreases of number of infiltrating neutrophils into liver. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that @entity15795 inhibited the activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) induced by LPS. @entity15795 also reduced the induction of inducible @entity842 synthase (iNOS) in the liver of LPS-treated @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that @entity15795 inhibits the productions of inflammatory cytokines, CINC and iNOS in part through the inhibition of NF-kappa B activation, resulting in the prevention of endotoxin-induced @entity99 after hepatectomy.

title: XXXX prevents endotoxin-induced @entity99 after partial hepatectomy in @entity35 .

answer: @entity3131 :: (MESH:C093844,Chemical) :: ['Pirfenidone']