abstract: OBJECTIVES: Several products of @entity506 plus @entity16944 ( @entity5427 + AQ) are being deployed in @entity311 -endemic countries for treating uncomplicated @entity9231 @entity311 but dosing accuracy and consequential effects on efficacy and tolerability have not been examined. METHODS: @entity1 with parasitologically confirmed, uncomplicated @entity9231 @entity311 were treated and followed by research teams or local health centre staff in Casamance, Senegal. @entity5427 + AQ was given as: (i) loose combination ( @entity5427 50 mg, AQ 200 mg), dosed on body weight, or (ii) co-blistered product ( @entity5427 50 mg, AQ 153 mg) dosed by weight or age. Target doses were: (i) @entity5427 4 (2-10) mg/kg/day and (ii) AQ 10 (7.5-15) mg/kg/day. @entity1 receiving therapeutic doses defined dosing accuracy. Treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS) were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 3277 @entity1 were treated with loose (n = 1972, weight-dosed) or co-blistered (n = 1305, 962 age-dosed, 343 weight-dosed) @entity5427 + AQ by the research team (n = 966) or clinic staff (n = 2311). @entity5427 was dosed correctly in >99% with all regimens. Loose AQ by weight was 98% correct. The co-blister AQ overdosed 18% of @entity1 when dosed by age and underdosed 13% by weight. Low weight was an independent risk factor for @entity1445 . The co-blister had significantly more TESS than the loose product [117/1305 (9%) vs. 41/1972 (2%), relative risk = 4.3 (95% CI: 3.0-6.1, P < 0.0001)]. Age-based dosing accounted for the difference. TESS occurred mostly within one day (72%) and were mild or moderate (75%). CONCLUSION: @entity506 is easier to dose than AQ. Currently available age-dosed, co-blistered @entity5427 + AQ tends to @entity1445 AQ and is less well tolerated than loose tablets. It is not the optimal presentation of @entity5427 + AQ.

title: Dosing accuracy of @entity506 and XXXX as treatment for @entity9231 @entity311 in Casamance, Senegal.

answer: @entity16944 :: (MESH:D000655,Chemical) :: ['amodiaquine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Several products of @entity506 plus @entity16944 ( @entity5427 + AQ) are being deployed in @entity311 -endemic countries for treating uncomplicated @entity9231 @entity311 but dosing accuracy and consequential effects on efficacy and tolerability have not been examined. METHODS: @entity1 with parasitologically confirmed, uncomplicated @entity9231 @entity311 were treated and followed by research teams or local health centre staff in Casamance, Senegal. @entity5427 + AQ was given as: (i) loose combination ( @entity5427 50 mg, AQ 200 mg), dosed on body weight, or (ii) co-blistered product ( @entity5427 50 mg, AQ 153 mg) dosed by weight or age. Target doses were: (i) @entity5427 4 (2-10) mg/kg/day and (ii) AQ 10 (7.5-15) mg/kg/day. @entity1 receiving therapeutic doses defined dosing accuracy. Treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS) were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 3277 @entity1 were treated with loose (n = 1972, weight-dosed) or co-blistered (n = 1305, 962 age-dosed, 343 weight-dosed) @entity5427 + AQ by the research team (n = 966) or clinic staff (n = 2311). @entity5427 was dosed correctly in >99% with all regimens. Loose AQ by weight was 98% correct. The co-blister AQ overdosed 18% of @entity1 when dosed by age and underdosed 13% by weight. Low weight was an independent risk factor for @entity1445 . The co-blister had significantly more TESS than the loose product [117/1305 (9%) vs. 41/1972 (2%), relative risk = 4.3 (95% CI: 3.0-6.1, P < 0.0001)]. Age-based dosing accounted for the difference. TESS occurred mostly within one day (72%) and were mild or moderate (75%). CONCLUSION: @entity506 is easier to dose than AQ. Currently available age-dosed, co-blistered @entity5427 + AQ tends to @entity1445 AQ and is less well tolerated than loose tablets. It is not the optimal presentation of @entity5427 + AQ.

title: Dosing accuracy of @entity506 and @entity16944 as treatment for @entity9231 XXXX in Casamance, Senegal.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16944 :: ('MESH:D000655', 'Chemical') :: ['amodiaquine']

entities_list: @entity9231 :: ('MESH:D016778', 'Disease') :: ['falciparum']

entities_list: @entity506 :: ('MESH:C039726', 'Chemical') :: ['artesunate', 'Artesunate']

entities_list: @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdosing', 'overdose']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: Lack of information about the natural history of the @entity3010 may make efforts regarding classification and treatment misguided. Thus, we report a naturalistic and noninstrusive approach to the problem of identification of the @entity3010 , with particular focus on the issue of compliance with 2 months of daily prospective recordkeeping. Seventy-nine @entity1 presenting for treatment of severe @entity1109 were evaluated with a structured interview, psychological tests, and 2 months of daily prospective ratings of their symptoms. Weekly group follow-up meetings were held to foster compliance with recordkeeping. The typical @entity1 seeking treatment for @entity1109 in this study was middle-aged, highly educated, highly functioning, living in an urban setting, either married with @entity1 and family responsibilities or single and living alone, and supporting herself by a high-level job. She was anxious and @entity308 with multiple medical and gynecological problems. Despite a highly stressful life, she functioned at a very high level, but had consulted mental health professionals in the past. In general, she did not want medication. Consistent with other reports, only 20% of @entity1 seeking treatment for @entity1109 had a @entity3010 prospectively confirmed on the basis of 2 months of daily ratings. However, 81% of those with a prospectively confirmed @entity3010 stated that after the 2-month evaluation period their symptoms no longer interfered with their functioning.

title: Issues in the identification of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3010 :: ('MESH:D011293', 'Disease') :: ['premenstrual syndromes', 'premenstrual syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['premenstrual symptoms']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

answer: @entity3010 :: (MESH:D011293,Disease) :: ['premenstrual syndromes']


abstract: Periconceptional undernutrition (UN) in @entity742 accelerates fetal @entity2339 activation, resulting in @entity600 . In contrast, twin conception suppresses fetal HPA function and delays prepartum HPA activation. We hypothesized that these dissimilar effects on fetal HPA activity result from different influences of maternal glucocorticoid (GC) on maturation of the fetal @entity2339 , mediated via different activities of placental @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) isozymes. We examined the effects of twinning and maternal periconceptional UN from 60 days before until 30 days after mating on the ontogeny of placental @entity73087 enzyme activities. At day 85 of gestation, placental 11betaHSD-2 activity was lower in UN than in normally nourished (N) fetuses (P < .05) and was higher in twins than in singletons (P < .05). Furthermore, placental 11betaHSD-1 activity was not different between nutritional groups but was higher in twins than in singletons (P = .01). At day 85, fetal plasma @entity701 (P < .001) and @entity821 (P < .001) concentrations were lower in UN than in N fetuses, but the @entity701 to @entity821 ratio was higher in UN than in N fetuses (P = .01). There was no effect of fetus number on plasma @entity701 or @entity821 concentrations or on the ratio of @entity701 to @entity821 at day 85. Therefore, periconceptional UN and twinning may result in the alterations of placental 11betaHSD isozyme activities at particular times during gestation. Changes in these activities during critical periods of fetal development could affect transplacental transfer or placental generation of GCs that reach the fetus, potentially influencing the timing of activation of the fetal @entity2339 , fetal maturation, and hence the development and health later in life.

title: Do alterations in placental @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) activities explain differences in fetal XXXX following periconceptional undernutrition or twinning in @entity742 ?

entities_list: @entity821 :: ('MESH:D003348', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisone']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['HPA axis', 'hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity11331 :: ('CHEBI:35346', 'Chemical') :: ['11beta-hydroxysteroid']

answer: @entity2339 :: (MESH:D007029,Disease) :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function']


abstract: Periconceptional undernutrition (UN) in @entity742 accelerates fetal @entity2339 activation, resulting in @entity600 . In contrast, twin conception suppresses fetal HPA function and delays prepartum HPA activation. We hypothesized that these dissimilar effects on fetal HPA activity result from different influences of maternal glucocorticoid (GC) on maturation of the fetal @entity2339 , mediated via different activities of placental @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) isozymes. We examined the effects of twinning and maternal periconceptional UN from 60 days before until 30 days after mating on the ontogeny of placental @entity73087 enzyme activities. At day 85 of gestation, placental 11betaHSD-2 activity was lower in UN than in normally nourished (N) fetuses (P < .05) and was higher in twins than in singletons (P < .05). Furthermore, placental 11betaHSD-1 activity was not different between nutritional groups but was higher in twins than in singletons (P = .01). At day 85, fetal plasma @entity701 (P < .001) and @entity821 (P < .001) concentrations were lower in UN than in N fetuses, but the @entity701 to @entity821 ratio was higher in UN than in N fetuses (P = .01). There was no effect of fetus number on plasma @entity701 or @entity821 concentrations or on the ratio of @entity701 to @entity821 at day 85. Therefore, periconceptional UN and twinning may result in the alterations of placental 11betaHSD isozyme activities at particular times during gestation. Changes in these activities during critical periods of fetal development could affect transplacental transfer or placental generation of GCs that reach the fetus, potentially influencing the timing of activation of the fetal @entity2339 , fetal maturation, and hence the development and health later in life.

title: Do alterations in placental @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) activities explain differences in fetal @entity2339 following periconceptional undernutrition or twinning in XXXX ?

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: Periconceptional undernutrition (UN) in @entity742 accelerates fetal @entity2339 activation, resulting in @entity600 . In contrast, twin conception suppresses fetal HPA function and delays prepartum HPA activation. We hypothesized that these dissimilar effects on fetal HPA activity result from different influences of maternal glucocorticoid (GC) on maturation of the fetal @entity2339 , mediated via different activities of placental @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) isozymes. We examined the effects of twinning and maternal periconceptional UN from 60 days before until 30 days after mating on the ontogeny of placental @entity73087 enzyme activities. At day 85 of gestation, placental 11betaHSD-2 activity was lower in UN than in normally nourished (N) fetuses (P < .05) and was higher in twins than in singletons (P < .05). Furthermore, placental 11betaHSD-1 activity was not different between nutritional groups but was higher in twins than in singletons (P = .01). At day 85, fetal plasma @entity701 (P < .001) and @entity821 (P < .001) concentrations were lower in UN than in N fetuses, but the @entity701 to @entity821 ratio was higher in UN than in N fetuses (P = .01). There was no effect of fetus number on plasma @entity701 or @entity821 concentrations or on the ratio of @entity701 to @entity821 at day 85. Therefore, periconceptional UN and twinning may result in the alterations of placental 11betaHSD isozyme activities at particular times during gestation. Changes in these activities during critical periods of fetal development could affect transplacental transfer or placental generation of GCs that reach the fetus, potentially influencing the timing of activation of the fetal @entity2339 , fetal maturation, and hence the development and health later in life.

title: Do alterations in placental XXXX dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) activities explain differences in fetal @entity2339 following periconceptional undernutrition or twinning in @entity742 ?

answer: @entity11331 :: (CHEBI:35346,Chemical) :: ['11beta-hydroxysteroid']


abstract: Among 112 @entity1 with sustained @entity1165 , 15 were found to have exercise-induced symptomatic @entity1165 . This population was divided into two subgroups: group 1A included five @entity1 with @entity453 and group 1B consisted of 10 @entity1 with no structural @entity299 . All @entity1 underwent clinical examination, exercise electrocardiography, left ventriculography, coronary angiography (n = 14) and electrophysiologic study. In group 1B, right ventriculography (n = 7), M mode and two-dimensional echocardiography were also obtained. Group 1A @entity1 were compared with a population of 27 @entity1 with @entity453 and chronic sustained @entity1165 not related to exercise (group 2). There were no statistically significant differences between group 1A and group 2 in terms of age, sex, incidence of prior @entity583 , NYHA functional class, angina pectoris, symptoms during @entity943 , severity and extent of coronary arterial lesions, @entity67 and wall motion abnormalities. In group 1B, coronary angiography and right and left ventricular function were normal. During electrophysiologic study, @entity1165 was initiated in four group 1A @entity1 . In group 1B, @entity1165 was initiated in eight @entity1 . In four of these @entity1 ventricular pacing had to be combined with @entity3044 administration. In group 2, @entity1165 was induced in 26/27 @entity1 . From this study we conclude that in @entity1 with @entity453 the electrophysiologic substrate of exercise-related sustained @entity1165 does not differ from the substrate of non-exercise-related @entity1165 . Re-entry is the most likely electrophysiologic mechanism. In @entity1 without structural @entity299 , the mechanism of the @entity943 remains speculative.

title: Exercise-induced sustained symptomatic XXXX : incidence, clinical, angiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

answer: @entity1165 :: (MESH:D017180,Disease) :: ['ventricular tachycardia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of @entity4500 in @entity1 with @entity14783 ( @entity14783 ) syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: This study evaluated 34 individuals with @entity14783 (age range, 2-40 years). A comprehensive dental history and a head and neck evaluation were performed on all @entity1 . Dental age was assessed in @entity1 younger than 17 years by 2 methods: (1) clinical assessment of @entity203 and (2) a radiographic method. Relationships between the chronologic age, dental developmental age, and age at @entity203 were determined. Other @entity4500 were recorded. RESULTS: Of @entity1 older than 7 years, 75% reported problems with permanent @entity203 , as evidenced by retained primary teeth or the need for elective extractions of primary teeth to allow @entity203 . None of the @entity1 experienced problems with eruption of primary teeth. Eruption of the first and second permanent molars also occurred on time. Dental @entity2175 scores were established for 14 @entity1 17 years of age or younger. In each case, the difference between chronologic age and the estimated dental developmental age was less than 12 months; however, we found a significant discrepancy between the chronologic age and the mean age of @entity203 in 80% of these @entity1 when using a particular set of standardized values. Persistence of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath was observed on histologic examination. Chronic multifocal @entity5253 was a consistent feature in @entity1 with @entity14783 recurrent @entity281 . Other @entity154 were also noted. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that a disorder of @entity203 is part of the @entity14783 . This problem occurs because of delayed primary tooth exfoliation rather than a developmental delay in the formation of the permanent dentition. The persistence of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is unusual and may be associated with the lack of resorption of the primary teeth. Dentists should be aware of this feature of @entity14783 because timely intervention will allow normal eruption to occur.

title: Delayed XXXX in @entity14783 recurrent @entity281 .

entities_list: @entity14783 :: ('MESH:D007589', 'Disease') :: ['hyper-IgE', 'hyperimmunoglobulinemia E', 'hyper-IgE syndrome']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['oral anomalies']

entities_list: @entity5253 :: ('MESH:D002180', 'Disease') :: ['oral candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity203 :: ('MESH:D003875', 'Disease') :: ['eruption of permanent teeth', 'tooth eruption']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4500 :: ('MESH:D014071', 'Disease') :: ['oral or dental anomalies', 'abnormal tooth eruption']

answer: @entity203 :: (MESH:D003875,Disease) :: ['eruption of permanent teeth']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of @entity4500 in @entity1 with @entity14783 ( @entity14783 ) syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: This study evaluated 34 individuals with @entity14783 (age range, 2-40 years). A comprehensive dental history and a head and neck evaluation were performed on all @entity1 . Dental age was assessed in @entity1 younger than 17 years by 2 methods: (1) clinical assessment of @entity203 and (2) a radiographic method. Relationships between the chronologic age, dental developmental age, and age at @entity203 were determined. Other @entity4500 were recorded. RESULTS: Of @entity1 older than 7 years, 75% reported problems with permanent @entity203 , as evidenced by retained primary teeth or the need for elective extractions of primary teeth to allow @entity203 . None of the @entity1 experienced problems with eruption of primary teeth. Eruption of the first and second permanent molars also occurred on time. Dental @entity2175 scores were established for 14 @entity1 17 years of age or younger. In each case, the difference between chronologic age and the estimated dental developmental age was less than 12 months; however, we found a significant discrepancy between the chronologic age and the mean age of @entity203 in 80% of these @entity1 when using a particular set of standardized values. Persistence of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath was observed on histologic examination. Chronic multifocal @entity5253 was a consistent feature in @entity1 with @entity14783 recurrent @entity281 . Other @entity154 were also noted. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that a disorder of @entity203 is part of the @entity14783 . This problem occurs because of delayed primary tooth exfoliation rather than a developmental delay in the formation of the permanent dentition. The persistence of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is unusual and may be associated with the lack of resorption of the primary teeth. Dentists should be aware of this feature of @entity14783 because timely intervention will allow normal eruption to occur.

title: Delayed @entity203 in @entity14783 recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of @entity4500 in @entity1 with @entity14783 ( @entity14783 ) syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: This study evaluated 34 individuals with @entity14783 (age range, 2-40 years). A comprehensive dental history and a head and neck evaluation were performed on all @entity1 . Dental age was assessed in @entity1 younger than 17 years by 2 methods: (1) clinical assessment of @entity203 and (2) a radiographic method. Relationships between the chronologic age, dental developmental age, and age at @entity203 were determined. Other @entity4500 were recorded. RESULTS: Of @entity1 older than 7 years, 75% reported problems with permanent @entity203 , as evidenced by retained primary teeth or the need for elective extractions of primary teeth to allow @entity203 . None of the @entity1 experienced problems with eruption of primary teeth. Eruption of the first and second permanent molars also occurred on time. Dental @entity2175 scores were established for 14 @entity1 17 years of age or younger. In each case, the difference between chronologic age and the estimated dental developmental age was less than 12 months; however, we found a significant discrepancy between the chronologic age and the mean age of @entity203 in 80% of these @entity1 when using a particular set of standardized values. Persistence of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath was observed on histologic examination. Chronic multifocal @entity5253 was a consistent feature in @entity1 with @entity14783 recurrent @entity281 . Other @entity154 were also noted. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that a disorder of @entity203 is part of the @entity14783 . This problem occurs because of delayed primary tooth exfoliation rather than a developmental delay in the formation of the permanent dentition. The persistence of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath is unusual and may be associated with the lack of resorption of the primary teeth. Dentists should be aware of this feature of @entity14783 because timely intervention will allow normal eruption to occur.

title: Delayed @entity203 in XXXX recurrent @entity281 .

answer: @entity14783 :: (MESH:D007589,Disease) :: ['hyperimmunoglobulinemia E']


abstract: To determine whether age-related differences in body @entity353 in @entity1378 could be related to caloric intake, the body weight and food consumption of Fischer 344 male @entity35 were monitored every other day for four weeks. Six-month-old (young) @entity35 were compared to 16-month-old @entity35 (intermediate age) and 25-month-old (aged) @entity35 . @entity1375 was induced with 0.025% @entity3937 in the drinking water for four weeks. @entity1378 was induced with @entity1954 (T3) injections (15 micrograms/100 g body weight i.p.) for the last 10 days of observation. A group of young @entity35 pair fed with aged @entity35 was included as a control group. The body weight changes of aged @entity35 were similar to @entity1375 young @entity35 . An index of T3 catabolic effect was calculated based on the net @entity353 and food intake. This index was not different in aged @entity35 compared to young @entity35 . The apparent hypersensitivity of aged @entity35 to T3 as evidenced by excessive @entity353 could totally be attributed to decreased caloric intake. It is concluded that aged @entity35 compared to the young are not more sensitive to the overall catabolic effects of thyroid hormones.

title: Age-related differences in body XXXX in response to altered thyroidal status.

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothyroidism', 'hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity3937 :: ('MESH:D008713', 'Chemical') :: ['methimazole']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperthyroidism', 'hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']


abstract: PURPOSE: Several preclinical studies showed that short-term pretreatment of @entity0 cells with @entity172 can increase the antitumor efficacy of different cytotoxic drugs. Some early clinical studies in @entity1 with @entity0 did seem to support these findings. Therefore, the efficacy of estrogenic recruitment followed by chemotherapy was compared with that of chemotherapy alone in a randomized phase III study in @entity1 with lymph node-positive primary @entity0 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Three hundred twenty-eight @entity1 with @entity0 who were younger than 66 years of age were randomly allocated to chemotherapy with @entity1487 , @entity632 , and @entity786 (FAC) or FAC plus pretreatment with @entity2082 (EE(2)). FAC (500, 50, and 500 mg/m(2), respectively) was administered intravenously once every 4 weeks for four cycles. EE(2) (0.5 mg) was administered orally, both 24 hours and immediately preceding FAC chemotherapy. RESULTS: @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics and chemotherapy dosages were comparable in both treatment groups. Of 318 assessable @entity1 , with a median follow-up of 6.8 years, 177 @entity1 had a relapse and 127 died. No significant differences were observed between the two treatment groups with respect to relapse-free, local recurrence-free, and overall survival according to univariate and multivariate analyses adjusted for age, menopausal status, @entity5 size, grade, number of positive nodes, and @entity134 -receptor status. The power for the detection of an increase of 50% in the median relapse-free survival was 80%. CONCLUSION: Estrogenic recruitment of @entity0 cells before FAC chemotherapy did not influence the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in @entity0 @entity1 after a follow-up of 6.8 years.

title: Value of estrogenic recruitment before chemotherapy: first randomized trial in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogens']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage II/IIIA breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinyl estradiol']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The role of surgery in the management of @entity3620 ( @entity3620 ) is controversial and there are no established guidelines. We describe the feasibility and long-term outcomes associated with Radical Pleurectomy (RP) as surgical therapy modality in a standardized trimodality therapy concept of @entity3620 . METHODS: From November 2002 to October 2007, 35 out of 102 consecutive @entity1 with @entity3620 were enrolled in our prospective database. They underwent trimodality therapy, including RP followed by 4 cycles of chemotherapy with @entity900 (75 mg/m(2))/Pemetrexed (500 mg/m(2)) and radiotherapy 4-6 weeks after operation. RESULTS: Median age was 65 years. Nineteen @entity1 were in advanced stages III and IV (54.3%). @entity5 histology was epithelial in 27 @entity1 (77.1%). Macroscopic complete resection could be achieved in 18 @entity1 (51.4%). Surgical morbidity/mortality and trimodality treatment-related mortality were 20.0%, 2.9% and 5.8%, respectively. Thirty-three @entity1 completed the trimodality therapy. Median follow-up was 21.7 months. Overall median survival was 30.0 months. One-, 2-, and 3-year-survival were 69%, 50% and 31%, respectively. Advanced stages III/IV (p=0.06), macroscopic incomplete resections (p=0.001), non-epithelial histology (p=0.55) and nodal metastases (p=0.19) were associated with poorer survival. CONCLUSIONS: The trimodality therapy concept with RP demonstrates promising results in terms of long-term survival, morbidity and mortality. We propose that a surgical philosophy of limiting the procedure related morbidity while achieving comparable cytoreductive results allows @entity1 to maintain physiological reserve to be eligible for multimodality treatment options in the long-term. The observed and theoretical benefits of this trimodality treatment approach warrant confirmation in larger RCT.

title: Survival after trimodality therapy for @entity3620 : Radical Pleurectomy, chemotherapy with XXXX /Pemetrexed and radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['MPM', 'malignant pleural mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['Cisplatin']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['Cisplatin']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The role of surgery in the management of @entity3620 ( @entity3620 ) is controversial and there are no established guidelines. We describe the feasibility and long-term outcomes associated with Radical Pleurectomy (RP) as surgical therapy modality in a standardized trimodality therapy concept of @entity3620 . METHODS: From November 2002 to October 2007, 35 out of 102 consecutive @entity1 with @entity3620 were enrolled in our prospective database. They underwent trimodality therapy, including RP followed by 4 cycles of chemotherapy with @entity900 (75 mg/m(2))/Pemetrexed (500 mg/m(2)) and radiotherapy 4-6 weeks after operation. RESULTS: Median age was 65 years. Nineteen @entity1 were in advanced stages III and IV (54.3%). @entity5 histology was epithelial in 27 @entity1 (77.1%). Macroscopic complete resection could be achieved in 18 @entity1 (51.4%). Surgical morbidity/mortality and trimodality treatment-related mortality were 20.0%, 2.9% and 5.8%, respectively. Thirty-three @entity1 completed the trimodality therapy. Median follow-up was 21.7 months. Overall median survival was 30.0 months. One-, 2-, and 3-year-survival were 69%, 50% and 31%, respectively. Advanced stages III/IV (p=0.06), macroscopic incomplete resections (p=0.001), non-epithelial histology (p=0.55) and nodal metastases (p=0.19) were associated with poorer survival. CONCLUSIONS: The trimodality therapy concept with RP demonstrates promising results in terms of long-term survival, morbidity and mortality. We propose that a surgical philosophy of limiting the procedure related morbidity while achieving comparable cytoreductive results allows @entity1 to maintain physiological reserve to be eligible for multimodality treatment options in the long-term. The observed and theoretical benefits of this trimodality treatment approach warrant confirmation in larger RCT.

title: Survival after trimodality therapy for XXXX : Radical Pleurectomy, chemotherapy with @entity900 /Pemetrexed and radiotherapy.

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['malignant pleural mesothelioma']


abstract: Sera from seven @entity1 from whom a @entity11739 serovar L2 strain was isolated were tested in vitro for their ability to neutralize the infectivity of this organism. In one @entity1 an inguinal lymph node was culture positive, whereas the remaining six @entity1 had positive rectal biopsies. Sera from four of the @entity1 , including the @entity1 with the lymph node isolate, failed to neutralize serovar L2(434). In addition, the homologous strain recovered from the inguinal lymph node was available and was resistant to neutralization by the homologous sera. However, the same sera effectively neutralized a @entity11738 serovar, E(Bour). All four sera had inclusion immunofluorescent-antibody titers to @entity11739 serovar L2 of 2,048 to 16,384 and microimmunofluorescent-antibody titers to the lymphogranuloma venereum biovar were equal or higher in all cases than to the 12 serovars of the @entity11738 biovar. The three remaining sera, while neutralizing the infectivity of the L2 strains tested, neutralized serovar E to a greater extent. These sera had the same inclusion immunofluorescent antibody titers as the sera that failed to neutralize serovar L2. To see whether this difference in the sensitivity of the biovars toward neutralization could be characterized, sera were obtained from @entity19 immunized with different doses of both serovars L2 and E. Sera obtained from @entity19 immunized with serovar E were able to effectively neutralize the homologous strain. In contrast, neutralization of the immunizing strain, @entity10560 ), was not seen with sera obtained on days 7, 14, and 21 after immunization from animals receiving 8 x 10(5) and 8 x 10(4) inclusion-forming units of @entity10560 ); however, these same sera neutralized serovar E. However, with a higher immunizing dose of L2 (10(7) IFUs), both E and L2 were neutralized with sera obtained 7 and 14 days after immunization. Therefore, the relative resistance to neutralization by serovar L2 compared with that of serovar E in the @entity19 model was inoculum dependent.

title: Differences in susceptibilities of the lymphogranuloma venereum and XXXX biovars of @entity11739 to neutralization by immune sera.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity11739 :: ('813', 'Species') :: ['C. trachomatis']

answer: @entity11738 :: (MESH:D014141,Disease) :: ['trachoma']


abstract: Sera from seven @entity1 from whom a @entity11739 serovar L2 strain was isolated were tested in vitro for their ability to neutralize the infectivity of this organism. In one @entity1 an inguinal lymph node was culture positive, whereas the remaining six @entity1 had positive rectal biopsies. Sera from four of the @entity1 , including the @entity1 with the lymph node isolate, failed to neutralize serovar L2(434). In addition, the homologous strain recovered from the inguinal lymph node was available and was resistant to neutralization by the homologous sera. However, the same sera effectively neutralized a @entity11738 serovar, E(Bour). All four sera had inclusion immunofluorescent-antibody titers to @entity11739 serovar L2 of 2,048 to 16,384 and microimmunofluorescent-antibody titers to the lymphogranuloma venereum biovar were equal or higher in all cases than to the 12 serovars of the @entity11738 biovar. The three remaining sera, while neutralizing the infectivity of the L2 strains tested, neutralized serovar E to a greater extent. These sera had the same inclusion immunofluorescent antibody titers as the sera that failed to neutralize serovar L2. To see whether this difference in the sensitivity of the biovars toward neutralization could be characterized, sera were obtained from @entity19 immunized with different doses of both serovars L2 and E. Sera obtained from @entity19 immunized with serovar E were able to effectively neutralize the homologous strain. In contrast, neutralization of the immunizing strain, @entity10560 ), was not seen with sera obtained on days 7, 14, and 21 after immunization from animals receiving 8 x 10(5) and 8 x 10(4) inclusion-forming units of @entity10560 ); however, these same sera neutralized serovar E. However, with a higher immunizing dose of L2 (10(7) IFUs), both E and L2 were neutralized with sera obtained 7 and 14 days after immunization. Therefore, the relative resistance to neutralization by serovar L2 compared with that of serovar E in the @entity19 model was inoculum dependent.

title: Differences in susceptibilities of the lymphogranuloma venereum and @entity11738 biovars of XXXX to neutralization by immune sera.

answer: @entity11739 :: (813,Species) :: ['Chlamydia trachomatis']


abstract: Sexsomnia is considered a particular form of @entity4939 characterized by atypical @entity458 . Only a few cases have been reported in the literature. We describe here two cases of sexsomnia that took place in adult @entity1 whose personal history was remarkable for traumatic @entity458 during childhood. In addition, the first @entity1 had a medical history of @entity988 during adolescence and current @entity4464 . In the second @entity1 , drug consumption was reported during adolescence, and @entity146 assessment found a major @entity308 . Neurological examination was normal for both @entity1 . The sexual behaviour was reported by the bed partner because of total @entity2730 of the event by the @entity1 . Events included moaning, vocalizations with dirty talk, masturbation, @entity458 , and sexual intercourse. The behaviour was harmful for the bed partner in the second case. For both @entity1 , electroencephalogram and brain magnetic resonance imaging were normal whereas nocturnal polysomnography recordings revealed several abrupt and spontaneous arousals from slow-wave sleep. @entity1 were successfully treated by @entity750 reuptake inhibitors. Our observations underline the fact that efforts need to be made to increase awareness of the issue of sexsomnia, in order to identify @entity1 suffering from this @entity4939 , which can be associated with adverse psychological consequences and serious medico-legal issues.

title: Sexsomnia: an uncommon variety of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual psychological stress', 'sexual behaviour during sleep', 'sexual assault']

entities_list: @entity4939 :: ('MESH:D020447', 'Disease') :: ['parasomnia', 'atypical parasomnia']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity4464 :: ('MESH:D013009', 'Disease') :: ['sleepwalking']

answer: @entity4939 :: (MESH:D020447,Disease) :: ['parasomnia']


abstract: PURPOSE: Autonomic symptoms during @entity410 may provide information on @entity410 onset zone. We investigated whether changes in @entity299 (HRV) occur during subclinical electrographic @entity410 patterns, and whether these have a localising/lateralising value. METHODS: EEG and ECG recordings of pharmacoresistant @entity302 @entity1 who underwent intracranial video-EEG telemetry were reviewed. Ultra-short-term HRV expressed as standard deviation of the mean before, during and after the subclinical @entity410 pattern was determined in 10s epochs. Statistics were done with a linear mixed regression model. Values are expressed as mean+/-SD. RESULTS: 26 @entity1 (38+/-10 years, 13 of either gender) have been included; 7 @entity1 with @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ) of either side as well as 7 (right-sided lesion) and 5 @entity1 ( @entity75 ) with @entity4940 ( @entity4940 ). A total of 74 subclinical events (2-3 per @entity1 ) were analysed. Pooled data for HR only weakly increased during and after the subclinical pattern with a mean HR of 80+/-10 bpm before to 82+/-11 bpm during (p=0.03) and 81+/-10 bpm after subclinical patterns (p=0.06). HR was higher in @entity1 with left @entity1315 as compared to right @entity1315 (p=0.001). In @entity4940 @entity1 only, the change in HR was correlated with the spatial extent of electrographic pattern localised (p=0.03). Mean HRV did not change during or after subclinical patterns. HRV was; however, lower in @entity1315 @entity1 with left-sided subclinical patterns as compared to right-sided patterns (pre-event HRV left 13+/-6 ms, right 34+/-16 ms). CONCLUSIONS: Our data revealed only minimal changes in autonomic cardiac function during highly localised electrographic @entity410 patterns and this had no localising/lateralising value.

title: Do subclinical electrographic XXXX patterns affect heart rate and its variability?

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['left-sided lesion']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['TLE', 'temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity4940 :: ('MESH:D017034', 'Disease') :: ['FLE', 'frontal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart rate (HR) and HR variability']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizure']


abstract: Whether a high plasma @entity1369 concentration induced by strict salt restriction promotes @entity299 remains controversial. Male @entity35 at 10weeks of age were given normal salt (NS) (1.5% @entity1219 ) or low salt (LS) (0.05% @entity1219 ) diets. Each animal underwent aortocaval @entity292 creation for volume-overloaded @entity712 or sham surgery. All @entity35 with a @entity292 received either vehicle or a non- @entity551 dose of @entity1482 (200mg/kg/day) by gavage. Two weeks later, the LS diet significantly increased the plasma @entity1369 level in the sham-operated and @entity292 -created @entity35 (2677+/-662pg/ml and 2406+/-422pg/ml) compared with that in @entity35 given the NS diet (518+/-18pg/ml and 362+/-45pg/ml, respectively). In sham-operated @entity35 , the difference in plasma @entity1369 level did not affect the extent of @entity296 (1.8+/-0.1% with LS diet vs. 1.5+/-0.3% with NS diet). However, the increase in @entity296 in @entity292 -created @entity35 was more prominent with the LS diet than with the NS diet (4.7+/-0.3% vs. 3.4+/-0.1%). In addition, the @entity292 -created @entity35 on the LS diet expressed significantly increased oxidative stress and transforming growth factor-beta compared with those on the NS diets (P<0.05). These increases in the @entity292 -created @entity35 on the LS diet were significantly suppressed by the non- @entity551 dose of @entity1482 (P<0.05). These results suggest that increased plasma @entity1369 level with strict salt restriction activated the mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in volume-overloaded condition, resulting in @entity296 .

title: Dietary salt restriction activates mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in volume-overloaded XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['increased myocardial fibrosis', 'myocardial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac remodeling']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine which histological factors are associated with an increased risk for local recurrence in the breast after breast-conserving therapy for early @entity0 (TNM stage I and II) and whether risk patterns vary according to menopausal status and type of local recurrence. Through complete follow-up of the @entity1 of eight regional radiation oncology departments, two @entity5 institutes and one surgical clinic in The Netherlands, 360 @entity1 were identified with local recurrence in the breast after having received breast-conserving therapy (local @entity5 excision, axillary dissection and irradiation of the whole breast and a boost to the @entity5 bed) during the 1980s. For each case, two controls with a follow-up of similar duration without local recurrence were randomly selected. Histological slides of the primary @entity5 were reviewed. Among premenopausal @entity1 the risk of recurrence for those younger than 35 years was significantly higher than that for premenopausal @entity1 of 45 years or older (relative risk (RR) 2.9; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3-6.6, P < 0.05). The risk of recurrence at or near the site of the primary @entity5 was most significantly increased for @entity1 with high grade extensive intraductal component (EIC) adjacent to the primary @entity5 (RR 4.1; 95% CI 1.7-9.8, P < 0.01). Microscopic margin involvement was an important risk indicator for diffuse recurrence and recurrence in the skin of the breast, especially in the presence of vascular invasion (RR 25; 95% CI 4.0-150, P < 0.001). To prevent local recurrence at or near the site of the primary @entity5 , local excision with a 1-2 cm margin of healthy tissue and a 15 Gy boost seemed adequate local treatment for @entity1 with well differentiated EIC. In contrast, a wider surgical margin, a higher boost dose or mastectomy should be considered for @entity1 with poorly differentiated EIC. Microscopic margin involvement in the presence of vascular invasion significantly increases the risk of diffuse recurrence or recurrence in the skin.

title: Histological determinants for different types of local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy of invasive XXXX . Dutch Study Group on local Recurrence after Breast Conservation (BORST)

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The US Air Force has implemented the widespread use of JP-8 jet fuel in its operations, although a thorough understanding of its potential effects upon exposed personnel is unclear. Previous work has reported that JP-8 exposure is immunosuppressive. Exposure of @entity19 to JP-8 for 1A h/day resulted in immediate secretion of two immunosuppressive agents, namely, @entity1618 and @entity1421 . Thus, it was of interest to determine if jet fuel exposure might alter the immune response to infectious agents. The Hong Kong influenza model was used for these studies. @entity19 were exposed to 1000A mg/m(3) JP-8 (1A h/day) for 7A days before influenza @entity1800 . Animals were infected intra-nasally with virus and followed in terms of overall survival as well as immune responses. All surviving animals were killed 14A days after @entity1800 . In the present study, JP-8 exposure increased the severity of the @entity1800 by suppressing the anti-viral immune responses. That is, exposure of @entity19 to JP-8 for 1A h/day for 7A days before @entity281 resulted in decreased immune cell viability after exposure and @entity281 , a greater than fourfold decrease in immune proliferative responses to mitogens, as well as an overall loss of @entity5168 (+), @entity1961 (+), and CD8(+) T cells from the lymph nodes, but not the spleens, of infected animals. These changes resulted in decreased survival of the exposed and infected @entity19 , with only 33% of animals surviving as compared with 50% of @entity19 infected but not jet fuel-exposed (and 100% of @entity19 exposed only to JP-8). Thus, short-term, low-concentration JP-8 jet fuel exposures have significant suppressive effects on the immune system which can result in increased severity of @entity1800 .

title: JP-8 jet fuel exposure suppresses the immune response to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections', 'viral infection']

answer: @entity1800 :: (MESH:D014777,Disease) :: ['viral infections']


abstract: @entity701 is an important mediator of physiological stress responses. Hypothalamic @entity69139 and @entity5463 ( @entity1831 ) and pituitary ACTH, in addition to hypothalamic and pituitary @entity701 feedback, regulate @entity701 secretion. Importantly, joint interactions among the four, rather than the signal of any one hormone, govern this life-preserving @entity2270 . Quantifying in vivo strength of such joint interactions has been difficult, especially without direct injection of @entity701 , @entity69139 , AVP, or ACTH. The goal of the present research was to estimate these joint feedback and feedforward interactions in vivo in the conscious @entity1641 during low- @entity701 and hypoglycemic stress. Pituitary venous sampling of ACTH, @entity69139 , and AVP was performed every 0.5-1 min and jugular venous sampling of @entity701 every 15-20 min. Estimation of hypothalamic dynamics revealed that: 1) hypocortisolemia amplifies @entity69139 and AVP secretion, when mean (slow) and rate-adjusted (rapid) @entity701 feedback concentrations decrease by 0-25%; and 2) reduced peptide feedback augments @entity69139 and AVP secretion, when @entity69139 and AVP secretion each decreases by 0-25 and 50% of its respective maximum. Thus, low- @entity701 feedback enhances @entity69139 outflow in part by relieving @entity69139 's autoinhibition. Estimation of pituitary dynamics disclosed that: 1) endogenous @entity69139 and AVP synergize in evoking ACTH secretion, and 2) hypocortisolemia potentiates individual and conjoint stimulation of ACTH secretion by @entity69139 and AVP. Formulations such as the present one should have application to evaluating other complex endocrine dynamics.

title: Quantifying nonlinear interactions within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal @entity2270 in the conscious XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5463 :: ('MESH:D001127', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['Cortisol', 'cortisol']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['horse']


abstract: @entity701 is an important mediator of physiological stress responses. Hypothalamic @entity69139 and @entity5463 ( @entity1831 ) and pituitary ACTH, in addition to hypothalamic and pituitary @entity701 feedback, regulate @entity701 secretion. Importantly, joint interactions among the four, rather than the signal of any one hormone, govern this life-preserving @entity2270 . Quantifying in vivo strength of such joint interactions has been difficult, especially without direct injection of @entity701 , @entity69139 , AVP, or ACTH. The goal of the present research was to estimate these joint feedback and feedforward interactions in vivo in the conscious @entity1641 during low- @entity701 and hypoglycemic stress. Pituitary venous sampling of ACTH, @entity69139 , and AVP was performed every 0.5-1 min and jugular venous sampling of @entity701 every 15-20 min. Estimation of hypothalamic dynamics revealed that: 1) hypocortisolemia amplifies @entity69139 and AVP secretion, when mean (slow) and rate-adjusted (rapid) @entity701 feedback concentrations decrease by 0-25%; and 2) reduced peptide feedback augments @entity69139 and AVP secretion, when @entity69139 and AVP secretion each decreases by 0-25 and 50% of its respective maximum. Thus, low- @entity701 feedback enhances @entity69139 outflow in part by relieving @entity69139 's autoinhibition. Estimation of pituitary dynamics disclosed that: 1) endogenous @entity69139 and AVP synergize in evoking ACTH secretion, and 2) hypocortisolemia potentiates individual and conjoint stimulation of ACTH secretion by @entity69139 and AVP. Formulations such as the present one should have application to evaluating other complex endocrine dynamics.

title: Quantifying nonlinear interactions within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal XXXX in the conscious @entity1641 .

answer: @entity2270 :: (MESH:C566610,Disease) :: ['axis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for assessing @entity5 vascularity in a preclinical model of @entity0 using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. METHODS: Eight @entity19 were injected with 67NR @entity0 cells on their hind limbs and imaged with ultrasonography 8 days later. @entity19 were injected with an ultrasound contrast agent (UCA), and a sequence of images of the resultant backscattered echoes was recorded before and after high-power "destruction" pulses for each of multiple parallel planes. From these, data maps of the maximum contrast enhancement (within each time course) were constructed for each pixel, which enabled reconstruction of high-resolution coregistered sections into a 3-dimensional (3D) volume reflecting @entity5 vascularity. Additional studies were performed to determine the duration and repeatability of image enhancement, and images were correlated with conventional 3D power Doppler measurements. RESULTS: The lifetime of the UCA in vivo was found to be 4.3 +/- 1.09 minutes (mean +/- SD). The 3D contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic technique produced images that correlated well with power Doppler images in specific regions but also depicted additional regions of flow surrounding the power Doppler signal. The mean correlation coefficient between voxel measurements of the central slice for each animal was 0.64 +/- 0.07 (P < .01). In addition, sequential studies in each animal were reproducible. CONCLUSIONS: A method producing high-resolution volumetric assessments of @entity5 vascularity in a preclinical model of @entity0 is shown that correlates with other ultrasonographic measures of blood flow, which may provide greater sensitivity to the microvasculature.

title: A method for assessing the microvasculature in a @entity19 XXXX model using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for assessing @entity5 vascularity in a preclinical model of @entity0 using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. METHODS: Eight @entity19 were injected with 67NR @entity0 cells on their hind limbs and imaged with ultrasonography 8 days later. @entity19 were injected with an ultrasound contrast agent (UCA), and a sequence of images of the resultant backscattered echoes was recorded before and after high-power "destruction" pulses for each of multiple parallel planes. From these, data maps of the maximum contrast enhancement (within each time course) were constructed for each pixel, which enabled reconstruction of high-resolution coregistered sections into a 3-dimensional (3D) volume reflecting @entity5 vascularity. Additional studies were performed to determine the duration and repeatability of image enhancement, and images were correlated with conventional 3D power Doppler measurements. RESULTS: The lifetime of the UCA in vivo was found to be 4.3 +/- 1.09 minutes (mean +/- SD). The 3D contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic technique produced images that correlated well with power Doppler images in specific regions but also depicted additional regions of flow surrounding the power Doppler signal. The mean correlation coefficient between voxel measurements of the central slice for each animal was 0.64 +/- 0.07 (P < .01). In addition, sequential studies in each animal were reproducible. CONCLUSIONS: A method producing high-resolution volumetric assessments of @entity5 vascularity in a preclinical model of @entity0 is shown that correlates with other ultrasonographic measures of blood flow, which may provide greater sensitivity to the microvasculature.

title: A method for assessing the microvasculature in a XXXX @entity5 model using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: AIM: To assess the resource implications of managing @entity1744 , which is common and has diverse causes and outcomes. METHOD: A retrospective study of 332 @entity1 documented to have postoperative, adhesive @entity1744 , from 1988 to 1996, was carried out. Complications and resources used were recorded and costs were determined. Results. There were 207 females and 125 males, with a median age of 63 years. There were 374 hospital admissions, in 121 (32.4%) of which no surgical operation was performed. @entity1 had a median hospital stay of eight days. The overall median cost for a @entity1 who had no operation was NZ 1 039 (minimum  94, maximum  13 262), compared to NZ 7 630 (minimum  2 038, maximum  135 173) for a @entity1 who had an operation. @entity86 accounted for 1.3% of all admissions, 59.2% of all cases of @entity1744 , 65.2% of all admissions with small bowel conditions, 73.5% of laparotomies for @entity1744 and 4.1% of all laparotomies. Sixty-eight @entity1 (20.5%) developed a total of 102 complications and there were eight deaths (2.4%). CONCLUSION: @entity86 is a common condition, which is associated with a substantial morbidity and workload. The treatment of these conditions has significant health care costs. Most are emergencies and the costs of their management are very variable.

title: XXXX : the resources impacts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction', 'small bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['Postoperative adhesive small bowel obstruction']


abstract: Haemoccult, a guaiac test for faecal occult blood, detects 56-78 per cent of asymptomatic @entity189 when performed over 3 days. In @entity1 with known @entity14 the sensitivity of the test for @entity5 is increased by extending the test period to 6 days. We report the first randomized comparison of 3 day with 6 day testing in asymptomatic individuals. 35,184 age and sex matched individuals were randomly allocated to receive Haemoccult over 3 or 6 days. The tests were completed by 10,176 (57.8 per cent) of the 17,616 offered 3 day Haemoccult and 9461 (53.9 per cent) of the 17,568 offered 6 day Haemoccult, a significant decrease in compliance (P less than 0.001). Of the 3 day Haemoccult tests 131 (1.29 per cent) were positive, significantly fewer than the 160 (1.69 per cent) positive tests after 6 day Haemoccult (0.01 less than P less than 0.02). Investigation of subjects with a positive test revealed 20 @entity189 (1.14 per 1000 offered and 1.97 per 1000 completing the test) in the 3 day group and 24 @entity189 (1.37 per 1000 offered and 2.54 per 1000 completing the test) after 6 day Haemoccult tests (0.5 less than P less than 0.7 for those offered the test and 0.3 less than P less than 0.5 for those completing it). After 3 day Haemoccult 112 @entity652 in 76 @entity1 were detected (4.31 per 1000 offered and 7.47 per 1000 completing the test). In the 6 day group 123 @entity652 in 83 @entity1 (4.72 per 1000 offered and 8.77 per 1000 completing the test) were detected (0.5 less than P less than 0.7 for those offered the test and 0.3 less than P less than 0.5 for those completing it). Large @entity652 were found in 27 individuals after 3 day testing (1.53 per 1000 offered the test and 2.65 per 1000 completing it) and in 35 individuals after 6 day testing (1.99 per 1000 offered the test and 3.70 per 1000 completing it) (0.3 less than P less than 0.5 for those offered the test and 0.1 less than P less than 0.2 for those completing it). This study has not demonstrated a significant increase in the yield of @entity5 in asymptomatic subjects offered Haemoccult over 6 days. However there was a significant decrease in compliance and a higher rate of colonscopy in those offered 6 day testing.

title: Faecal occult blood screening for XXXX : a randomized trial of three days or six days of tests.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal neoplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the oncological safety of laparoscopic procedures for the management of @entity189 of the urinary tract. METHODS: Data on laparoscopic management of @entity189 in the literature were analysed using MEDLINE and by matching the following keywords: urological @entity5 , @entity5 , @entity150 , laparoscopic approach, recurrence, follow-up and @entity3 site. RESULTS: Minimally invasive techniques are being used increasingly in the management of these @entity5 and successfully achieving the benefits of lower @entity190 and more rapid @entity1 recovery. To date, no evidence level 1 information is available and published series of these technically challenging cases are small and follow-up limited. Short to medium term follow-up appears encouraging in terms of recurrence and survival rates, but long-term data are immature compared to the established open techniques these procedures seek to duplicate. Specific concerns in terms of the oncologic safety of laparoscopy, especially with regard to the @entity516 , @entity5 manipulation and specimen extraction are addressed. Port-site metastases and @entity5 seeding are rare events and appear to be mainly related to the grade and stage of the @entity5 . Specific precautions are required to minimise these risks. CONCLUSION: Oncological results of the laparoscopic approach are difficult to compare with those of open surgery. However, recent series have not reported @entity5 dissemination or a higher rate of recurrence with this approach. Laparoscopic techniques are not yet standard of care in invasive @entity189 . Long-term assessment is ongoing and awaited.

title: Oncological risk of laparoscopic surgery in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'upper tract tumours', 'unusual tumour', 'tumours', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity516 :: ('MESH:D011027', 'Disease') :: ['pneumoperitoneum']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['urothelial carcinomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of preoperative biliary drainage before liver resection in @entity1087 @entity1 remains controversial. The objective of this study is to compare the perioperative outcome of liver resection for @entity189 involving the proximal bile duct in @entity1087 @entity1 with and without preoperative biliary drainage. METHODS: Seventy-four consecutive @entity1087 @entity1 underwent hepatectomy for @entity189 involving the proximal bile duct from January 1989 to June 2006 and their data were retrospectively analyzed. Fourteen @entity1 underwent biliary drainage before portal vein embolization and were excluded from the study. Thirty @entity1 underwent biliary drainage before hepatectomy and 30 underwent liver resection without preoperative biliary drainage. All @entity1 underwent resection of the extrahepatic bile duct. RESULTS: Overall mortality and operative morbidity were similar in the two groups (3% vs. 10%, p = 0.612 and 70% vs. 63%, p = 0.583, respectively). The incidence of noninfectious complications was similar in the two groups. There was no difference in hospital stay between the two groups. @entity1 with preoperative biliary drainage had a significantly higher rate of @entity166 (40% vs. 17%, p = 0.044). At multivariate analysis, preoperative biliary drainage was the only independent risk factor for infectious complication in the postoperative course (RR = 4.411, 95%CI = 1.216-16.002, p = 0.024). Even considering @entity1 with preoperative biliary drainage in whom the @entity648 level went below 5 mg/dl, the risk of @entity166 was higher compared with @entity1 without biliary drainage (47.6% vs. 16.6%, p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Overall mortality and morbidity after liver resection are not improved by preoperative biliary drainage in @entity1087 @entity1 . Prehepatectomy biliary drainage increases the incidence of @entity166 .

title: Preoperative biliary drainage increases XXXX after hepatectomy for proximal bile duct tumor obstruction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['jaundiced']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious complications']

answer: @entity166 :: (MESH:D003141,Disease) :: ['infectious complications']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Heart rate variability provides non-invasive information about cardiac @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ). We determined in @entity28 @entity1 : (1) relations of baseline @entity3457 to body composition and hemodynamics; (2) effects of physical training (PT) and cessation of PT; and (3) which factors explained individual differences in responsivity of @entity3457 to the PT. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) was the index of @entity3457 . Obese @entity1 (n = 79) were randomly assigned to groups that participated in PT during the first or second 4-month periods of the study. RESULTS: Baseline RMSSD was significantly (p<0.05) associated with lower levels of: fat mass, fat-free mass, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, resting @entity551 , and exercise HR. Stepwise multiple regression produced a final model (R2 = 0.36) that included only resting HR. The analysis of changes over the three time points of the study found a significant (p = 0.026) time by group interaction, such that RMSSD increased during periods of PT and decreased following cessation of PT. Greater individual increases in response to the PT (p<0.05) were seen in those who had lower pre-PT RMSSD levels, showed the greatest decreases in resting HR, and increased most in vigorous physical activity. The final regression model retained only the change in resting HR as a significant predictor of the changes in the RMSSD (R2 = 0.23). DISCUSSION: Regular exercise that improved fitness and body composition had a favorable effect on @entity3457 in @entity28 @entity1 .

title: Heart rate variability in XXXX @entity1 : relations to total body and visceral adiposity, and changes with physical training and detraining.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['heart rate (HR), resting systolic blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['PSA', 'parasympathetic activity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Heart rate variability provides non-invasive information about cardiac @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ). We determined in @entity28 @entity1 : (1) relations of baseline @entity3457 to body composition and hemodynamics; (2) effects of physical training (PT) and cessation of PT; and (3) which factors explained individual differences in responsivity of @entity3457 to the PT. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) was the index of @entity3457 . Obese @entity1 (n = 79) were randomly assigned to groups that participated in PT during the first or second 4-month periods of the study. RESULTS: Baseline RMSSD was significantly (p<0.05) associated with lower levels of: fat mass, fat-free mass, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, resting @entity551 , and exercise HR. Stepwise multiple regression produced a final model (R2 = 0.36) that included only resting HR. The analysis of changes over the three time points of the study found a significant (p = 0.026) time by group interaction, such that RMSSD increased during periods of PT and decreased following cessation of PT. Greater individual increases in response to the PT (p<0.05) were seen in those who had lower pre-PT RMSSD levels, showed the greatest decreases in resting HR, and increased most in vigorous physical activity. The final regression model retained only the change in resting HR as a significant predictor of the changes in the RMSSD (R2 = 0.23). DISCUSSION: Regular exercise that improved fitness and body composition had a favorable effect on @entity3457 in @entity28 @entity1 .

title: Heart rate variability in @entity28 XXXX : relations to total body and visceral adiposity, and changes with physical training and detraining.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The clinical course of @entity1 with @entity7623 is characterized by symptomatic exacerbations often necessitating hospitalization. AIMS: To investigate precipitating factors leading to hospitalization for exacerbation of symptoms in @entity1 with @entity7623 . METHODS: This was a retrospective review of 103 admissions (63 @entity1 ) for @entity7623 exacerbation. RESULTS: Etiologic categories for gastroparetic @entity1 were @entity6 (43%), idiopathic (39%), and post surgical (8%). Poor glycemic control was present in 36%, @entity281 in 19% (12 @entity293 and two @entity2259 ), and noncompliance with or intolerance of, medications in six and 5% of @entity1 , respectively. Fasting morning @entity701 concentrations were \3 mcg/dl in 9%. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and @entity1851 (CRP) were seen in 34 of 65 (52%) and 11 of 50 @entity1 (22%), respectively. No identifiable @entity281 was found in 74 and 45% of @entity1 with elevated ESR and elevated CRP, respectively. ESR and CRP were higher when @entity1 were symptomatic necessitating hospitalization (26.2 +/- 6.6 mm/h and 1.6 +/- 1.0 mg/l) compared with when they were seen in outpatient follow-up and less symptomatic (10.3 +/- 2.9 mm/h and 0.3 +/- 0.1 mg/l; P = 0.0001 and P = 0.211, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Poor glycemic control, @entity281 , noncompliance with/intolerance of medications, and, perhaps, @entity1887 were contributory factors leading to hospitalizations of gastroparetic @entity1 . Hospitalized @entity1 with @entity7623 exacerbations had elevated ESR and CRP levels. Although many @entity1 with elevated inflammatory markers had evidence of @entity281 , some did not. Assessment of inflammatory markers may help indicate those gastroparetic @entity1 in whom a search for @entity281 should be undertaken.

title: Factors contributing to hospitalization for XXXX exacerbations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity7623 :: ('MESH:D018589', 'Disease') :: ['gastroparesis']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity7623 :: (MESH:D018589,Disease) :: ['gastroparesis']


abstract: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to high rates of preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and @entity1 mortality in Mississippi while considering both traditional risk factors and maternal medical conditions. The retrospective cohort study used 1996-2003 Mississippi linked birth and @entity1 @entity204 files. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate association between maternal medical conditions and unfavorable birth outcomes. Along with traditional risk factors, @entity101 was significantly associated with PTB and LBW. @entity1 with @entity101 were about 2.2 and 3.2 times as likely to have PTB and LBW, respectively. @entity2978 /oligohydramnios increased 1.8-4.4 folds of risk for PTB, LBW and @entity1 @entity204 and was significantly associated with the unfavorable birth outcomes. @entity7864 @entity1 were about 1.5-2.0 times as likely to have an unfavorable birth outcome compared to non-Hispanic white @entity1 . Maternal education and prenatal care effect appeared to be modified by maternal race. Certain maternal medical conditions may be contributing to PTB, LBW and @entity1 mortality rates identifying preconception and prenatal healthcare as possible strategies for reducing unfavorable outcomes. Results suggest that different risk profiles for unfavorable outcomes may exist according to maternal race highlighting the need to consider racial groups separately when further exploring the sociodemographic and/or health-related factors that contribute to unfavorable birth outcomes.

title: Association of maternal medical conditions and unfavorable birth outcomes: findings from the 1996-2003 Mississippi linked birth and XXXX data.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity7864 :: ('MESH:D055008', 'Disease') :: ['Non-Hispanic black']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2978 :: ('MESH:D006831', 'Disease') :: ['Hydramnios']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Unstented aortic valve substitutes offer many of the theoretical advantages of homografts such as superior hemodynamic performance and enhanced durability, particularly when inserted as a root. Many of these depend on the maintained flexibility of the valve components. Calcification of the aortic wall may adversely affect these phenomena. Electron beam computed tomography has been used to evaluate aortic wall @entity730 in @entity1 undergoing aortic root replacement in a prospective randomized trial designed to compare the Medtronic Freestyle valve with the homograft valve replacement. METHODS: @entity1 were followed with electron beam computed tomography scans of the aortic root at six-monthly intervals after surgery. A @entity730 score (Hounsfield units) and a calcified volume score (mm3) were obtained from each scan using a new modified technique. Results were related to hemodynamic data from echocardiography. The prevalence of @entity730 was also related to the homograft donor age. RESULTS: Seventy-six @entity1 (age range: 40-79 years) were randomized to root replacement with either homograft (n = 31) or Freestyle (n = 45) valves. Fifty-three scans of the aortic root were performed postoperatively in 37 @entity1 . No statistical difference between the two groups was found at six and 12 months after surgery. However, after 18 months the calcified volume score was 5903.8+/-2356.8 mm3 in the homograft versus 2725.6+/-1500.5 mm3 in the Freestyle group (p = 0.017). There was a correlation between @entity730 score, calcified volume score and left ventricular mass (r = 0.323, p = 0.093 and r = 0.350, p = 0.068, respectively) on the one hand, and @entity730 score, calcified volume score and valve size on the other hand (r = 0.178, p = 0.466 and r = 0.068, p = 0.780, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Electron beam computed tomography provides a powerful tool for the detection of @entity460 in the aortic wall of valve grafts. There is a low rate of @entity730 during the first 18 months in the Medtronic Freestyle valve, and this appears to be lower than that observed in homografts. Longer-term follow up of the aortic root in these @entity1 is required. This is an ongoing study.

title: A quantitative study of XXXX deposition in the aortic wall following Medtronic Freestyle compared with homograft aortic root replacement. A prospective randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study examined the prevalence and correlates of @entity25 in Chinese adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: An epidemiological questionnaire survey was carried out in five high schools in Shandong Province of Mainland China. @entity1 : A total of 1365 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 years comprising 823 @entity1 and 542 @entity1 . MEASUREMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: The @entity1 completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding sleep duration, @entity25 , stressful life events, lifestyles, and personal and family characteristics. RESULTS: Mean sleep duration at night was 7.64 hours (SD = 0.86) and decreased with increasing age. Of the sample, 16.9% (95% CI = 13.2-20.5%) reported @entity22 symptoms including difficulty initiating sleep (10.8%), difficulty maintaining sleep (6.3%), and early morning awakening (2.1%). Nightmares were reported more frequently by @entity1 (chi2=20.09, p<0.001). Only 2.3% of the sample had ever taken hypnotic medication during the past month. Almost 22% of the subjects went to bed later than 12:00 PM at least once a week. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that greater age, being at senior high school, doing no habitual physical exercise, poor physical health, self-selection of diet, longer distance from home to school, and life stress experienced during the past 12 months were significantly associated with an increased risk of @entity22 . CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported @entity25 in Chinese adolescents are common and associated with multiple factors. These findings suggest the need for comprehensive programs to prevent @entity25 in adolescents.

title: Prevalence and correlates of self-reported XXXX among Chinese adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'girls', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep problems']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity25 :: (MESH:D012893,Disease) :: ['sleep problems']


abstract: The purpose of our study is to identify and quantify the association between high breast mass density and @entity0 using inductive logic programming (ILP) and conditional probabilities, and validate this association in an independent dataset. We ran our ILP algorithm on 62,219 mammographic abnormalities. We set the Aleph ILP system to generate 10,000 rules per malignant finding with a recall >5% and precision >25%. Aleph reported the best rule for each malignant finding. A total of 80 unique rules were learned. A radiologist reviewed all rules and identified potentially interesting rules. High breast mass density appeared in 24% of the learned rules. We confirmed each interesting rule by calculating the probability of @entity5 given each mammographic descriptor. High mass density was the fifth highest ranked predictor. To validate the association between mass density and @entity5 in an independent dataset, we collected data from 180 consecutive breast biopsies performed between 2005 and 2007. We created a logistic model with benign or malignant outcome as the dependent variable while controlling for potentially confounding factors. We calculated odds ratios based on dichomotized variables. In our logistic regression model, the independent predictors high breast mass density ( @entity27894 , CI 2.5-17.6), irregular mass shape (OR 10.0, CI 3.4-29.5), spiculated mass margin (OR 20.4, CI 1.9-222.8), and subject age (b   =   0.09, p   <   0.0001) significantly predicted @entity5 . Both ILP and conditional probabilities show that high breast mass density is an important adjunct predictor of @entity5 , and this association is confirmed in an independent data set of prospectively collected mammographic findings.

title: Validation of results from knowledge discovery: mass density as a predictor of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast malignancy']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Blunt and penetrating @entity409 is common and often presents major diagnostic and management problems. METHODS: A literature review was undertaken to determine the current consensus on investigation and management strategies. RESULTS: The liver is the most frequently injured organ following abdominal @entity130 . Immediate assessment with ultrasound has replaced diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the resuscitation room, but computerised tomography remains the gold standard investigation. Nonoperative management is preferred in stable @entity1 but laparotomy is indicated in unstable @entity1 . Damage control techniques such as perihepatic packing, hepatotomy plus direct suture, and resectional debridement are recommended. Major complex surgical procedures such as anatomical resection or atriocaval shunting are now thought to be redundant in the emergency setting. Packing is also recommended for the inexperienced surgeon to allow control and stabilisation prior to transfer to a tertiary centre. Interventional radiological techniques are becoming more widely used, particularly in @entity1 who are being managed nonoperatively or have been stabilised by perihepatic packing. CONCLUSIONS: Management of liver injuries has evolved significantly throughout the last two decades. In the absence of other @entity3511 , operative management can usually be avoided. @entity1 with more @entity130 or subsequent complications should be transferred to a specialist centre to optimise final outcome.

title: Management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver trauma']

entities_list: @entity3511 :: ('MESH:D000007', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['complex injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver trauma']


abstract: Knowledge on pinniped immunology is still in its infancy. For instance, age-related and developmental aspects of the immune system in pinnipeds need to be better described. The present study examined the phagocytic activity and efficiency of harbour, grey and @entity13484 leukocytes. In the first part of the study, peripheral blood was collected from captive female harbour seals of various ages. Data showed an age-related decrease in phagocytosis in female harbour seals from sub-adult to adulthood. In the second part of the study, changes in phagocytosis were quantified during lactation in wild newborn harbour, grey and @entity13484 and in their mothers (harp and @entity19694 ). In newborns of the same age, leukocytes of harbour and @entity13484 phagocytosed less than those of @entity19694 pups. The phagocytic activity and efficiency increased significantly from early to mid-lactation in newborn harbour seals, and from early to late lactation in newborn @entity19694 , which could suggest that the transfer of phagocytosis-promoting factor(s) in colostrum is an important feature of temporary protection for pups. In contrast, no changes in phagocytic activity and efficiency were observed in lactating females of the two seal species, harp and grey, examined. At late lactation, phagocytic activity in both grey and @entity13484 pups and phagocytic efficiency in @entity19694 pups were significantly higher than in their mothers. These results could reflect either the capacity of phagocytes of the newborn harp and @entity19694 to respond to pathogens. Results from this study suggest that the phagocytosis of the seal species examined is not fully developed at birth as it generally increases in pups during lactation. Thereafter, the phagocytic activity of seals appears to decrease throughout adulthood.

title: Phagocytosis in pup and adult harbour, grey and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity19694 :: ('9711', 'Species') :: ['grey seals', 'grey seal']

entities_list: @entity13484 :: ('39089', 'Species') :: ['harp seals', 'harp seal']

answer: @entity13484 :: (39089,Species) :: ['harp seals']


abstract: The efficiency of double contrast barium enema and flexible rectosigmoidoscopy (to 60 cm) in the assessment of @entity1 with a positive Hemoccult II test in a randomized screening study for @entity14 was evaluated. A positive test was present in 625 @entity1 , of whom 530 had a complete enema and rectosigmoidoscopic assessment. A @entity189 was diagnosed in 26 and an @entity652 greater than or equal to 1 cm in diameter in 71. As a control, 323 @entity1 with a negative assessment repeated the Hemoccult II test and of these 67 had a positive second test, of whom 55 underwent colonoscopy. One @entity189 (Dukes' A) and two @entity652 greater than or equal to 1 cm in diameter were diagnosed. The efficiency of the assessment was also checked by rescreening the whole group 1-2 years after the first study and by continuing follow-up. It was found that two more @entity189 and one @entity652 greater than or equal to 1 cm in diameter had been overlooked at the primary assessment. The sensitivity for @entity5 greater than or equal to 1 cm in diameter at the primary assessment was 72 per cent for double contrast barium enema and 86 per cent for rectosigmoidoscopy. The sensitivity for the combined methods was 94 per cent and the specificity was 99 per cent. The combination of double contrast barium enema and rectosigmoidoscopy in the primary assessment of @entity1 with a positive Hemoccult II test gives an acceptable result and immediate retesting of those with a negative assessment is not necessary.

title: Double contrast barium enema and flexible rectosigmoidoscopy: a reliable diagnostic combination for detection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal neoplasm']


abstract: Following brief @entity2806 , neurons are selectively damaged and die, whereas glial cells and blood vessels survive. This phenomenon of selective vulnerability is well illustrated in the hippocampal @entity1399 region. Five min of forebrain @entity63 in the Mongolian gerbil produced selective @entity528 in the hippocampal @entity1399 sector. After destruction and loss of @entity1399 neurons, a remarkable glial reaction ( @entity5219 ) was seen. The thickness of the @entity1399 subfield remained unchanged until 1 month after @entity63 and then gradually shrank over several months. Ultrastructural observation of this region revealed persistent maintenance of presynaptic structures. Numerous presynaptic terminals containing synaptic vesicles were scattered throughout the gliotic scar tissue. These presynaptic terminals were apposed to degenerative structures which seemed most likely to be remnants of dendrites. In another group of animals, at one month following ischemic damage in the @entity1399 sector, the @entity1400 neurons were destroyed by @entity4176 injection. In these animals, numerous degenerating presynaptic boutons were seen in the @entity1399 sector when fixed 4 days following @entity4176 injection. These results indicate that even in gliotic tissue, presynaptic terminals can survive and maintain their structural characteristics although neuronal cell bodies are almost absent.

title: Chronic maintenance of presynaptic terminals in gliotic hippocampus following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity4176 :: ('MESH:D007608', 'Chemical') :: ['kainic acid', 'kainate']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal necrosis']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: We compared the short-term maternal and neonatal outcomes of @entity1 who deliver by cesarean without labor compared with @entity1 who deliver by cesarean after labor or by vaginal birth. This was a retrospective cohort study of @entity1 delivering a first baby from 1998 to 2002. Hospital discharge diagnostic coding identified unlabored cesarean deliveries (UCDs), @entity2143 ( @entity2143 ), and vaginal births (VBs). Medical records were abstracted and mode of delivery confirmed. The three outcomes of interest were maternal @entity548 complications, maternal febrile morbidity, and neonatal @entity1576 . Using logistic regression for each outcome, we investigated whether mode of delivery was associated with the outcome, independent of other factors. The study groups included 513 UCDs, 261 @entity2143 , and 251 VBs. Compared with the UCD group, the adjusted odds of @entity548 complications was higher in the @entity12541 comparison group (odds ratio [OR] 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21, 4.53) and the @entity56451 ; 95% CI 0.95, 4.02). The incidence of febrile morbidity was similar for both cesarean groups but lower in the VB group. Both comparison groups had lower odds of neonatal complications than the UCD group (OR for @entity12541 comparison group 0.52; 95% CI 0.27, 0.95 and OR for VB comparison group 0.26; 95% CI 0.098, 0.59). Scheduled cesarean is associated with @entity1576 but decreased odds of maternal @entity548 complications.

title: Scheduled cesarean delivery: maternal and neonatal risks in primiparous XXXX in a community hospital setting.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2143 :: ('MESH:D048949', 'Disease') :: ['LCDs', 'labored cesarean deliveries']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory complications', 'increased odds of neonatal respiratory complications']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3361 during cardiac catheterization is not unusual. The mechanism of @entity2473 remains uncertain, but is considered to be multifactorial. Many researchers believe that @entity3361 that develops during catheterization is partly spontaneous and partly catheter-induced. Because catheter-induced @entity2473 results from mechanical irritation, we tried to find the iatrogenic factors that predispose @entity1 to @entity3361 during coronary angiography. METHODS: Retrospectively, we reviewed the records of 7,295 @entity1 who underwent coronary angiography at our hospital from June, 1983 to November, 1997; @entity3361 was documented in 30 @entity1 , who became the study group. We randomly selected 41 @entity1 who had normal coronary arteries as the normal control group. After reviewing cine films of coronary angiography, we compared these two groups for several parameters. These parameters included the length and diameter of the left main coronary artery (LMC), the angle between the LMC and the aorta, the angle between the catheter tip and the LMC, whether the catheter tip came into contact with the vascular wall and whether there was vessel wall bulging, catheter size and catheter/LMC ratio. This angiographic data and the demographic features, including age, sex, history of @entity101 , @entity6 , smoking, previous @entity583 , family history of @entity453 , @entity165 and @entity412 levels and @entity662 character (exertional or @entity158 ) were compared between the study @entity1 group and the control group. RESULTS: The results disclosed that larger catheter size (7.1 +/- 0.6 mm vs 6.4 +/- 0.7 mm, p < 0.001), smaller LMC diameter (4.2 +/- 0.9 mm vs 4.9 +/- 1.0 mm, p = 0.004), larger catheter/LMC ratio (0.07 +/- 0.05 vs 0.05 +/- 0.03, p = 0.022), catheter contact with the vessel wall (27/30 vs 20/41, p < 0.001) and vessel bulging (18/30 vs 5/41, p < 0.001) were related to catheter-induced @entity3361 . We found that the catheter tip coming into contact with the vessel wall, vessel wall bulging and catheter/LMC ratio (odds ratio 8.92 x 10(14)) were statistically significant factors predisposing @entity1 to catheter-induced @entity3361 . CONCLUSIONS: Multiple factors contribute to @entity3361 . Of those, mechanical or iatrogenic factors might predispose @entity1 to @entity2473 during coronary catheterization. These facts deserve our attention, because iatrogenically induced @entity2473 may be avoided by meticulously selecting catheters and manipulating them gently.

title: Catheter-induced XXXX --a view of mechanical factors and experience with selective left coronary arteriography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity3361 :: ('MESH:D003329', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary spasm', 'coronary spasm']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['rest pain']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3361 :: (MESH:D003329,Disease) :: ['coronary spasm']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Abdominal stab wounds with evisceration remain an indication for emergency laparotomy. The purpose of this study was validate a policy of mandatory laparotomy for organ evisceration and a policy of selective nonoperative management with serial physical abdominal examination for omentum evisceration. METHODS: The charts of 379 @entity1 with @entity2980 who presented to our Level I @entity130 center over a 3-year (January 2005 to December 2007) period were retrospectively reviewed. Altogether, 66 (17.4%) @entity1 with evisceration were identified and included in the study. Indications for mandatory laparotomy were @entity298 , @entity1344 , organ evisceration, and a high spinal cord or severe @entity542 with an @entity1661 wound. Further data gathered included the organ eviscerated, intraabdominal organs injured, and complications. Injury severity was categorized using the revised @entity130 score (RTS), injury severity score (ISS), and penetrating abdominal index (PATI). RESULTS: Organ and omentum evisceration occurred in 35 (53%) and 31 (47%) @entity1 , respectively. Organs eviscerated were as follows (number of @entity1 ): small bowel in 27 (40.9%), stomach in 2 (3%), colon in 1 (1.5%), small bowel and stomach in 2 (3%), and small bowel and colon in 3 (4.5%). The mean RTS, ISS, and PATI scores were 7.71, 13.74, and 8.26, respectively. Only two (5.7%) @entity1 with organ evisceration underwent a negative laparotomy. In total, 23 @entity1 with omentum evisceration (21 with @entity298 , 1 with a @entity542 , 1 who failed abdominal observation) underwent therapeutic laparotomy. Six @entity1 with omentum evisceration were managed successfully nonoperatively. Two @entity1 with left thoracoabdominal omentum evisceration underwent delayed laparoscopy, which revealed a @entity130 in one @entity1 . Overall, 57 (86.4%) @entity1 with evisceration had an intraabdominal injury that required repair. CONCLUSIONS: Evisceration should continue to prompt operative intervention. An exception can be made to a select few @entity1 with omentum evisceration with benign abdominal findings.

title: Evisceration following XXXX : analysis of 66 cases.

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal stab']

entities_list: @entity2980 :: ('MESH:D014951', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal stab wounds']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['hemodynamic instability']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragm injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity2980 :: (MESH:D014951,Disease) :: ['abdominal stab wounds']