abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity213 ( @entity213 ) @entity1 with @entity135 at presentation are the minority. Prognosis for such @entity1 is poor, but there is disagreement about which treatment policy is best adopted. The aim of this study was to identify which groups of @entity1 are best offered radical treatment, examining factors of association, prognosis, and survival. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Regional @entity135 unit. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were collected prospectively from @entity1 treated for @entity213 with N3 nodal disease between 1975 and 2005. The data collected included age, sex, @entity5 @entity2802 stage, histological grade, treatment, and survival. Odds ratio was used to calculate whether each parameter was statistically significant. Tumor-specific and observed survival curves were also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 275 @entity1 had N3 disease. Multivariate analysis confirmed that advanced disease at the primary site (odds ratio = 4.6, P = .0261) mitigated against curative treatment. @entity5 -specific survival between curative and palliative treatment strategies suggests that aggressive treatment is associated with greatly improved survival (median survival = 1.45 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-1.67 years; 5-year survival = 26.6%, CI = 17.14%-36.06%) compared with those treated palliatively (median survival = 3.18 months, CI = 3.06-3.30 months; no 5-year survivors; P < .0001). CONCLUSION: A major factor in determining treatment strategies for N3 disease @entity213 is the extent of disease at the primary site. These data suggest that aggressive treatment of the neck improves survival and should be considered in these @entity1 .

title: Extensive neck node metastases (N3) in XXXX : is radical treatment warranted?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['tertiary head and neck cancer', 'N3 neck disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Comparison of tumor']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma', 'HNSCC']

answer: @entity213 :: (MESH:C535575,Disease) :: ['head and neck squamous carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if a serum @entity461 ( @entity461 )-based discharge algorithm can be used to safely facilitate outpatient total thyroidectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review of consecutive total and completion thyroidectomies performed by the senior author from March 2008 to November 2009. SETTING: An academic tertiary care center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: At the authors' institution, @entity1 undergoing total or completion thyroidectomy are subject to a same-day discharge algorithm that incorporates postanesthesia care unit rapid @entity461 as the major discharge criterion. @entity1 with @entity461 >30 pg/mL are eligible for same-day discharge without supplementation, @entity1 with @entity461 between 20 and 30 pg/mL are eligible for discharge but receive @entity460 supplementation, and @entity1 with @entity461 <20 pg/mL are observed overnight (23 hours) with @entity460 and @entity560 supplementation. RESULTS: One hundred eighty @entity1 (mean age, 48.9 years; 83.3% female) underwent total (77.2%) or completion (22.7%) thyroidectomy with or without node dissection. Forty-two percent were performed with minimally invasive video-assisted (MIVA) technique. Seventy-six percent (137/180) of @entity1 had a @entity461 >20 pg/mL, meeting the @entity461 discharge criterion. Sixty-nine percent (95/137) of eligible @entity1 were discharged on the same day (53.1% of total). Ten percent of discharge-eligible @entity1 were admitted due to drain placement. Of the 95 @entity1 undergoing outpatient surgery, none were admitted, seen, or called for symptoms of @entity3747 in the postoperative period. All 180 @entity1 were eucalcemic at postoperative day (POD) 7 and POD 30 office visits. No @entity1 were @entity261 at POD 30. No significant difference in @entity86 existed between completion versus total thyroidectomy (11.1% vs 22.2%, P = .28) or MIVA versus standard technique (P = .37). CONCLUSION: A @entity461 -based discharge algorithm can safely facilitate outpatient total or completion thyroidectomy, with minimal risk of clinically significant outpatient @entity3747 .

title: PACU XXXX facilitates safe outpatient total thyroidectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity261 :: ('MESH:D007011', 'Disease') :: ['hypoparathyroid']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hypoparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['PTH', 'parathyroid hormone']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity461 :: (5741,Gene) :: ['PTH']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the added value of biopsy factors, like maximum @entity5 in a core ( @entity11708 ), @entity5 ( @entity5 ), @entity7184 ( @entity7184 ), percentage of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and the @entity263 Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria in @entity1 who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) but eligible for @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ). METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2007, 750 consecutive subjects underwent RP. We identified 147 (19.07%) @entity1 who were eligible for @entity3457 based on PRIAS criteria: clinical stage T1c or T2, PSA level of   10   ng   ml(-1), Gleason score    6, PSA-D of <0.2   ng   ml(-)(2) and one or two positive biopsy cores. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of biopsy factors in determining pathological confirmed unfavorable disease. Decision curve analysis (DCA) were performed. RESULTS: Of all subjects, 95 @entity1 (66.43%) had favorable whereas 48 had (33.57%) unfavorable disease. On multivariate analyses, the inclusion of @entity11708 , @entity5 , @entity7184 and @entity5 significantly increased the accuracy of the base multivariate model in predicting unfavorable disease. The gain in predictive accuracy for @entity11708 in a core, @entity5 , @entity7184 and @entity5 ranged from 13 to 27%. The DCA shows that adding @entity11708 , @entity5 , @entity7184 and @entity5 resulted in a greater net benefit when the probability of ranges between 15 and 50%. The models can be applied at the cost of missing not more than 16.83% of unfavorable disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that the addition of these biopsy factors to PRIAS criteria has the potential to significantly increase the ability to detect unfavorable disease. @entity263 and @entity4623 advance online publication, 2 June 2015; doi:10.1038/pcan.2015.26.

title: Performance of biopsy factors in predicting unfavorable disease in @entity1 eligible for XXXX according to the PRIAS criteria.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['Prostate Cancer']

entities_list: @entity7184 :: ('MESH:D012090', 'Disease') :: ['cumulative length of positive cores', 'CLPC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cumulative cancer length', 'cancer involvement in positive cores', 'CIPC', 'CCL', 'cancer length']

entities_list: @entity4623 :: ('MESH:D011469', 'Disease') :: ['Prostatic Disease']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['active surveillance', 'AS']

answer: @entity3457 :: (OMIM:612348,Disease) :: ['active surveillance']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the added value of biopsy factors, like maximum @entity5 in a core ( @entity11708 ), @entity5 ( @entity5 ), @entity7184 ( @entity7184 ), percentage of @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and the @entity263 Research International: Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria in @entity1 who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) but eligible for @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ). METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2007, 750 consecutive subjects underwent RP. We identified 147 (19.07%) @entity1 who were eligible for @entity3457 based on PRIAS criteria: clinical stage T1c or T2, PSA level of   10   ng   ml(-1), Gleason score    6, PSA-D of <0.2   ng   ml(-)(2) and one or two positive biopsy cores. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of biopsy factors in determining pathological confirmed unfavorable disease. Decision curve analysis (DCA) were performed. RESULTS: Of all subjects, 95 @entity1 (66.43%) had favorable whereas 48 had (33.57%) unfavorable disease. On multivariate analyses, the inclusion of @entity11708 , @entity5 , @entity7184 and @entity5 significantly increased the accuracy of the base multivariate model in predicting unfavorable disease. The gain in predictive accuracy for @entity11708 in a core, @entity5 , @entity7184 and @entity5 ranged from 13 to 27%. The DCA shows that adding @entity11708 , @entity5 , @entity7184 and @entity5 resulted in a greater net benefit when the probability of ranges between 15 and 50%. The models can be applied at the cost of missing not more than 16.83% of unfavorable disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that the addition of these biopsy factors to PRIAS criteria has the potential to significantly increase the ability to detect unfavorable disease. @entity263 and @entity4623 advance online publication, 2 June 2015; doi:10.1038/pcan.2015.26.

title: Performance of biopsy factors in predicting unfavorable disease in XXXX eligible for @entity3457 according to the PRIAS criteria.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We previously reported loss of perineuronal net (PN) immunohistochemical staining around parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the hippocampus of @entity35 after an episode of @entity159 ( @entity159 ). We hypothesized that the loss of the PN could alter @entity410 susceptibility and that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were candidates for degradation of the PN following @entity159 . METHODS: The @entity2134 chemoconvulsant @entity302 model was used to characterize the degradation of the aggrecan component of the PN in the hippocampus following @entity159 . Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) was used to degrade the PN in @entity19 . Onset, number, and duration of @entity5093 ( @entity17202 )-induced @entity410 were assessed. RESULTS: The loss of the PN in the hippocampus following @entity159 is at least partially related to degradation of the aggrecan PN component by MMP activity. Forty-eight hours after @entity159 , a neoepitope created by MMP cleavage of aggrecan was present and concentrated around parvalbumin-positive interneurons. The increase in aggrecan cleavage products was found at 48  h, 1  week, and 2  months after @entity159 , with different fragments predominating over time. We demonstrate ongoing aggrecan proteolysis and fragment accumulation in the hippocampus of adult control @entity35 , as well as in @entity159 -treated animals. Degradation of the PN alters the @entity410 response to @entity17202 . ChABC treatment caused an increase in @entity410 following @entity17202 administration, a delayed onset of Racine stage 4/5 @entity410 , and a decreased duration of Racine stage 4/5 @entity410 . SIGNIFICANCE: @entity159 increases MMP proteolysis of aggrecan, pointing to MMP activity as one mechanism of PN degradation post- @entity159 . There is accumulation of aggrecan fragments in adult @entity35 hippocampus of both control and @entity159 -exposed animals. @entity393 was associated with increased numbers of @entity410 ; it also, delayed and shortened the duration of Racine stage 4/5 @entity410 , suggesting a complex relationship between the PN and @entity410 susceptibility.

title: Perineuronal net degradation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'myoclonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity5093 :: ('MESH:D010433', 'Chemical') :: ['pentylenetetrazole']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['rodent epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['Loss of the PN']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus', 'SE', 'Status epilepticus']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Low uptake of routinely recommended adult immunizations is a public health concern. Using data from the peer-reviewed literature, government disease-surveillance programs, and the @entity10479 Census, we developed a customizable model to estimate @entity1 and economic burden caused by four major adult vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) in 2013 in the United States, and for each @entity10479 state individually. To estimate the number of cases for each adult VPD for a given population, we multiplied age-specific incidence rates obtained from the literature by age-specific 2013 Census population data. We then multiplied the estimated number of cases for a given population by age-specific, estimated medical and indirect (non-medical) costs per case. Adult VPDs examined were: (1) @entity683 , (2) @entity66 (both invasive @entity55 ), (3) @entity4091 ( @entity4091 ), and (4) pertussis ( @entity5695 ). Sensitivity analyses simulated the impact of various epidemiological scenarios on the total estimated economic burden. Estimated @entity10479 annual cost for the four adult VPDs was  26.5 billion (B) among adults aged 50  years and older,  15.3B (58  %) of which was attributable to those 65 and older. Among adults 50 and older, @entity683 , @entity66 , @entity4091 , and pertussis made up  16.0B (60  %),  5.1B (19  %),  5.0B (19  %), and  0.4B (2  %) of the cost, respectively. Among those 65 and older, they made up  8.3B (54  %),  3.8B (25  %),  3.0B (20  %), and 0.2B (1  %) of the cost, respectively. Most (80-85  %) pneumococcal costs stemmed from @entity2258 ( @entity2258 ). Cost attributable to adult VPD in the United States is substantial. Broadening adult immunization efforts beyond @entity683 only may help reduce the economic burden of adult VPD, and a pneumococcal vaccination effort, primarily focused on reducing @entity2258 , may constitute a logical starting place. Sensitivity analyses revealed that a pandemic @entity683 season or change in size of the @entity10479 elderly population could increase these costs dramatically.

title: Estimated XXXX and Economic Burden of Four Major Adult Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States, 2013.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['disease and pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5695 :: ('MESH:D014917', 'Disease') :: ['whooping cough']

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['herpes zoster', 'shingles']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity2258 :: ('MESH:D011018', 'Disease') :: ['nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia', 'NPP']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity37796 ( @entity37796 ) is a condition characterized by @entity37796 resulting from the loss or @entity194 of musculoelastic fibers within the airway wall. Concomitant @entity10485 is seen in most @entity1 with @entity37796 , often leading to significant respiratory compromise due to @entity4595 , increased dead space, and impaired secretion clearance. METHODS: We report a series of 12 @entity1 with @entity37796 and @entity10485 who were evaluated at our institution for significant respiratory problems. Stent trials were conducted in 10 @entity1 , with seven proceeding to operative tracheobronchoplasty (TBP) and one continuing with long-term stent placement. One @entity1 underwent TBP without prior stent placement. Of the remaining three @entity1 , two had no improvement with trials of stent placement, and a stent could not be placed in the third because of a large tracheal diameter. RESULTS: Compared with baseline values, clinically significant improvements in health-related quality-of-life measures and pulmonary function testing were seen in @entity1 who underwent central airway stabilization (n = 9). Complications of both stent placement and TBP were generally mild. However, one @entity204 was reported in the surgical group secondary to an exacerbation of preexisting @entity401 . CONCLUSIONS: An aggressive approach that targets central airway stabilization may improve outcomes for @entity1 with @entity37796 . TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00550602; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

title: Airway stenting and tracheobronchoplasty improve respiratory symptoms in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity37796 :: ('MESH:D014137', 'Disease') :: ['Mounier-Kuhn syndrome', 'MKS', 'tracheobronchomegaly']

entities_list: @entity10485 :: ('MESH:D055089', 'Disease') :: ['tracheobronchomalacia']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial pneumonia']

answer: @entity37796 :: (MESH:D014137,Disease) :: ['Mounier-Kuhn syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The benefits of chronic disease self-management programs for @entity64 survivors are uncertain because individuals with @entity73 have been excluded from previous research. We undertook a phase II randomized controlled trial to determine whether a self-management program designed for survivors (SSMP; 8 weeks) was safe and feasible compared to standard care (control) or a generic self-management program (generic; 6 weeks). METHODS: @entity64 survivors were recruited from 7 South Australian hospitals via a letter or indirectly (eg, newspapers). Eligible @entity1 were randomized at a 1:1:1 ratio of 50 per group. Primary outcomes were recruitment, participation, and @entity1 safety. Secondary outcomes were positive and active engagement in life using the Health Education Impact Questionnaire and characteristics of quality of life and mood at 6 months from program completion. RESULTS: Of 315 @entity1 screened, 149 were eligible and 143 were randomized (48 SSMP, 47 generic, 48 control); mean age was 69 years (SD, 11) and 59% were female. Demographic features were similar between groups and 41% had severe @entity73 ; 57% accessed the interventions, with 52% SSMP and 38% generic completing >50% of sessions (P=0.18). Thirty-two @entity1 reported adverse events (7 control, 12 generic, 13 SSMP; P=0.3; 34% severe); however, none was attributable to the interventions. Potential benefits for improved mood were found. CONCLUSIONS: SSMP was safe and feasible. Benefits of the @entity64 -specific program over the generic program included greater participation and completion rates. An efficacy trial is warranted given the forecast growth in the @entity64 population and improved survival trends.

title: A phase II multicentered, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial of the XXXX self-management program.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'participant', 'people']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'severe impairments']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: These studies were done to characterize the rate of uptake of high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein @entity165 by the adrenal gland of the @entity35 under in vivo conditions. Animals were pretreated for 4 days with @entity27707 to essentially eliminate endogenous plasma lipoproteins and with @entity6239 for 1 h to block conversion of @entity165 to adrenal hormones. Such animals were then infused with varying amounts of HDL and LDL from both @entity1 and @entity35 plasma, and this led to rapid accumulation of @entity165 , both free and esterified, in the adrenal glands over the subsequent 4-h period of observation. This uptake process was linear with respect to time and manifested saturation kinetics with respect to the steady state level of plasma lipoprotein @entity165 . When @entity1 lipoproteins were infused, the maximal rate of @entity165 uptake was approximately 0.45 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h for both HDL and LDL; however, the half-maximal rate of uptake (Km) was achieved at a plasma HDL @entity165 concentration of only 12 mg/dl while a concentration of 61 mg/dl was required to achieve the same velocity with LDL. When similar experiments were carried out with @entity35 HDL, the Km equaled 7.2 mg/dl and a maximal rate of uptake of 0.32 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h was achieved. It was not possible to obtain complete kinetic curves using @entity35 LDL, but at physiological plasma concentrations, there was no difference in the rate of @entity165 uptake from LDL of @entity35 or @entity1 origin. When large amounts of both HDL (5.8 times Km) and LDL (3.1 times Km) were infused into the same animals, the rate of @entity165 uptake essentially equaled the sum of the maximal transport rates for the two lipoproteins. These data provide additional support for the concept that the adrenal gland (and ovary) of the @entity35 can take up HDL and LDL @entity165 by separate mechanisms. However, from the quantitative data on the kinetics of these uptake processes, it is apparent that in this species HDL @entity165 must be the major substrate for the synthesis of adrenal hormones.

title: Kinetic parameters of the lipoprotein transport systems in the adrenal gland of the XXXX determined in vivo. Comparison of low and high density lipoproteins of @entity1 and @entity35 origin.

entities_list: @entity6239 :: ('MESH:D000616', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglutethimide']

entities_list: @entity27707 :: ('MESH:C004420', 'Chemical') :: ['4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: These studies were done to characterize the rate of uptake of high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein @entity165 by the adrenal gland of the @entity35 under in vivo conditions. Animals were pretreated for 4 days with @entity27707 to essentially eliminate endogenous plasma lipoproteins and with @entity6239 for 1 h to block conversion of @entity165 to adrenal hormones. Such animals were then infused with varying amounts of HDL and LDL from both @entity1 and @entity35 plasma, and this led to rapid accumulation of @entity165 , both free and esterified, in the adrenal glands over the subsequent 4-h period of observation. This uptake process was linear with respect to time and manifested saturation kinetics with respect to the steady state level of plasma lipoprotein @entity165 . When @entity1 lipoproteins were infused, the maximal rate of @entity165 uptake was approximately 0.45 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h for both HDL and LDL; however, the half-maximal rate of uptake (Km) was achieved at a plasma HDL @entity165 concentration of only 12 mg/dl while a concentration of 61 mg/dl was required to achieve the same velocity with LDL. When similar experiments were carried out with @entity35 HDL, the Km equaled 7.2 mg/dl and a maximal rate of uptake of 0.32 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h was achieved. It was not possible to obtain complete kinetic curves using @entity35 LDL, but at physiological plasma concentrations, there was no difference in the rate of @entity165 uptake from LDL of @entity35 or @entity1 origin. When large amounts of both HDL (5.8 times Km) and LDL (3.1 times Km) were infused into the same animals, the rate of @entity165 uptake essentially equaled the sum of the maximal transport rates for the two lipoproteins. These data provide additional support for the concept that the adrenal gland (and ovary) of the @entity35 can take up HDL and LDL @entity165 by separate mechanisms. However, from the quantitative data on the kinetics of these uptake processes, it is apparent that in this species HDL @entity165 must be the major substrate for the synthesis of adrenal hormones.

title: Kinetic parameters of the lipoprotein transport systems in the adrenal gland of the @entity35 determined in vivo. Comparison of low and high density lipoproteins of @entity1 and XXXX origin.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: These studies were done to characterize the rate of uptake of high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein @entity165 by the adrenal gland of the @entity35 under in vivo conditions. Animals were pretreated for 4 days with @entity27707 to essentially eliminate endogenous plasma lipoproteins and with @entity6239 for 1 h to block conversion of @entity165 to adrenal hormones. Such animals were then infused with varying amounts of HDL and LDL from both @entity1 and @entity35 plasma, and this led to rapid accumulation of @entity165 , both free and esterified, in the adrenal glands over the subsequent 4-h period of observation. This uptake process was linear with respect to time and manifested saturation kinetics with respect to the steady state level of plasma lipoprotein @entity165 . When @entity1 lipoproteins were infused, the maximal rate of @entity165 uptake was approximately 0.45 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h for both HDL and LDL; however, the half-maximal rate of uptake (Km) was achieved at a plasma HDL @entity165 concentration of only 12 mg/dl while a concentration of 61 mg/dl was required to achieve the same velocity with LDL. When similar experiments were carried out with @entity35 HDL, the Km equaled 7.2 mg/dl and a maximal rate of uptake of 0.32 mg/pair of adrenal glands/h was achieved. It was not possible to obtain complete kinetic curves using @entity35 LDL, but at physiological plasma concentrations, there was no difference in the rate of @entity165 uptake from LDL of @entity35 or @entity1 origin. When large amounts of both HDL (5.8 times Km) and LDL (3.1 times Km) were infused into the same animals, the rate of @entity165 uptake essentially equaled the sum of the maximal transport rates for the two lipoproteins. These data provide additional support for the concept that the adrenal gland (and ovary) of the @entity35 can take up HDL and LDL @entity165 by separate mechanisms. However, from the quantitative data on the kinetics of these uptake processes, it is apparent that in this species HDL @entity165 must be the major substrate for the synthesis of adrenal hormones.

title: Kinetic parameters of the lipoprotein transport systems in the adrenal gland of the @entity35 determined in vivo. Comparison of low and high density lipoproteins of XXXX and @entity35 origin.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Clinical and cytogenetic studied were done on 12 @entity1 with @entity981 . The ages of the @entity1 ranged from 17 to 58 years (median, 24.5 years). Males predominated by a ration of 5:1. Ten of the 12 @entity1 had a mediastinal mass at diagnosis; two thirds of the @entity1 had involvement of the bone marrow (3 of 12 @entity1 initially were in a leukemic phase), and 5 of 12 @entity1 had involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) with @entity706 . In all @entity1 , the malignant cells were characterized by nuclear convolutions. Cytogenetic studies done on four @entity1 showed @entity2008 in two cases. Six of the 12 @entity1 were treated with the combination chemotherapy regimen @entity4195 and received CNS prophylaxis; their survival was slightly longer than that of the other @entity1 , who were treated with a variety of treatment regimens. Two of the 12 @entity1 achieved a complete remission. The median survival of all @entity1 was 11.5 months but was shorter in @entity1 with initial CNS involvement or @entity1778 . The poor results achieved thus far in the treatment of this disease demand a new therapeutic approach.

title: XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoblastic lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['clonal chromosome abnormalities']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['Lymphoblastic lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity28 has been associated with lower initiation of breastfeeding, but reasons for why this association exists have not been well studied. In this study, we examined associations among prepregnancy @entity28 , psychological factors during pregnancy, and breastfeeding initiation. METHODS: Data came from the postpartum component of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition study, a prospective cohort study. Pregnant @entity1 were recruited from the University of North Carolina hospitals between January 2001 and June 2005. This analysis used data from 688 @entity1 followed from pregnancy to 3 months postpartum. Multivariable binomial regression was used to determine the association between having a body mass index (BMI) >26   kg/m(2) before pregnancy and breastfeeding initiation. We tested for mediation of the association between pregravid BMI and breastfeeding initiation by certain psychological factors during pregnancy ( @entity308 symptoms, perceived stress, @entity148 , and self-esteem). RESULTS: @entity1 who began pregnancy overweight or @entity28 (BMI >26   kg/m(2)) had almost four times the risk of not initiating breastfeeding compared with underweight or normal weight @entity1 (BMI  <=26   kg/m(2)) (risk ratio   =   3.94 [95% confidence interval 2.17, 7.18]) after adjusting for race, poverty level, education level, and marital status. @entity308 , perceived stress, @entity148 , and self-esteem levels during pregnancy were not found to mediate the association between pregravid BMI and breastfeeding initiation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who started pregnancy either overweight or @entity28 were more likely to not initiate breastfeeding. Contrary to expectations, pregnancy-related psychological factors did not influence this relationship.

title: XXXX , psychological factors, and breastfeeding initiation.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive', 'Depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'Maternal obesity', 'obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['Maternal obesity']


abstract: AIMS: The study aimed to evaluate a cardiovascular health promotion programme, using an empowerment model, provided to low-income midlife @entity1 in South Korea. BACKGROUND: @entity65 is the leading cause of @entity204 among Korean @entity1 , constituting 29% of all @entity204 among @entity1 in South Korea. DESIGN: A pre- and post-test experimental study design was used. The programme, which included two hours of lecture-based health education and one hour of small group discussion, was provided each week for six weeks. Telephone counselling was also provided. The topic of education included @entity101 and @entity65 , smoking and alcohol consumption, diet, exercise, stress management and compliance with medication instructions. METHODS: Forty midlife @entity1 who had at least two @entity65 risk factors participated in the study. Biological (blood pressure, blood @entity413 , total @entity165 , @entity412 , high-density lipoprotein @entity165 and low-density lipoprotein @entity165 ) and health behaviour risk factors (smoking, exercise, @entity167 consumption and diet) and psychosocial variables (knowledge, self-efficacy, @entity308 and health-related quality of life) were measured for programme evaluation. RESULTS: Most of the risk factors were reduced, including blood pressure, total @entity165 , blood @entity413 and total @entity165 /high-density lipoprotein @entity165 ratio (p < 0.05), while knowledge, self-efficacy and health-related quality of life were improved (p < 0.05). Changes related to smoking and exercise behaviour were not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The programme was effective in decreasing biological risks and improving health-related quality of life, whereas it was ineffective in modifying unhealthy behaviour. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Low-income @entity1 are a disenfranchised group and have relatively higher rates of health problems and unhealthy lifestyles. Provision of empowerment programmes targeting these @entity1 may increase their sense of control and reduce powerlessness.

title: Evaluation of a cardiovascular health promotion programme offered to low-income XXXX in Korea.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: AIMS: Stem cell therapy is a treatment strategy for @entity299 @entity1 . Meta-analysis of randomized @entity1 trials showed <5% improvement in @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ). Meta-analysis of available pre-clinical data of @entity299 could provide important clues to design @entity1 clinical trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: Random-effects meta-analysis was performed on @entity1707 , @entity235 , or @entity742 studies investigating the effect of cardiac stem cell therapy in @entity296 (52 studies; n = 888 animals). Endpoints were @entity1002 and @entity204 . Ischaemia/reperfusion @entity1188 was performed in 23 studies and @entity432 in 29 studies. Pooled analysis showed a @entity1002 difference of 7.5% at follow-up after cell therapy vs. control (95% confidence interval, 6.2-8.9%; P < 0.001). By exploratory multivariable meta-regression, significant predictors of @entity1002 improvement were: cell type [bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) showed less effect than other cell types, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells; P = 0.040] and type of @entity1188 (left anterior descending artery 8.0 vs. left circumflex artery 5.8%; P = 0.045). Cell therapy was not associated with increased mortality (P = 0.68). Sensitivity analysis showed trends towards more improvement with higher cell number (>= 10(7)), @entity432 models, and late injections (>1 week). After follow-up of 8 weeks, the effect of cell therapy decreased to 6%. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that large animal models are valid to predict the outcome of clinical trials. Our results showed that cell therapy is safe and leads to a preserved @entity1002 . Future trials should focus on cell types other than BM-MNC, large @entity1188 , and strategies to obtain sustained effects.

title: @entity1 relevance of pre-clinical studies in stem cell therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large animal models of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['chronic occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular ejection fraction', 'LVEF']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['ischaemic heart disease']


abstract: AIMS: Stem cell therapy is a treatment strategy for @entity299 @entity1 . Meta-analysis of randomized @entity1 trials showed <5% improvement in @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ). Meta-analysis of available pre-clinical data of @entity299 could provide important clues to design @entity1 clinical trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: Random-effects meta-analysis was performed on @entity1707 , @entity235 , or @entity742 studies investigating the effect of cardiac stem cell therapy in @entity296 (52 studies; n = 888 animals). Endpoints were @entity1002 and @entity204 . Ischaemia/reperfusion @entity1188 was performed in 23 studies and @entity432 in 29 studies. Pooled analysis showed a @entity1002 difference of 7.5% at follow-up after cell therapy vs. control (95% confidence interval, 6.2-8.9%; P < 0.001). By exploratory multivariable meta-regression, significant predictors of @entity1002 improvement were: cell type [bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) showed less effect than other cell types, e.g. mesenchymal stem cells; P = 0.040] and type of @entity1188 (left anterior descending artery 8.0 vs. left circumflex artery 5.8%; P = 0.045). Cell therapy was not associated with increased mortality (P = 0.68). Sensitivity analysis showed trends towards more improvement with higher cell number (>= 10(7)), @entity432 models, and late injections (>1 week). After follow-up of 8 weeks, the effect of cell therapy decreased to 6%. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that large animal models are valid to predict the outcome of clinical trials. Our results showed that cell therapy is safe and leads to a preserved @entity1002 . Future trials should focus on cell types other than BM-MNC, large @entity1188 , and strategies to obtain sustained effects.

title: XXXX relevance of pre-clinical studies in stem cell therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large animal models of @entity299 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of treating @entity1103 , secondary to noninfectious @entity1596 , with a humanized anti- @entity1453 antibody. METHODS: Six @entity1 received weekly subcutaneous treatments for 16 weeks according to this open-label, prospective, noncomparative phase I/II trial. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ) were compared to baseline. Adverse events were recorded and assessed. Blood was sampled to assess the levels of @entity2940 (bright) regulatory NK cells before initiation and after termination of the study. RESULTS: No serious adverse events were reported by the @entity1 . @entity1 ' ages ranged from 22 to 82 years. Mean BCVA improvements were 6.7    6.9 ETDRS letters in the worse eye and 1.7    5.2 letters in the better eye. Mean @entity1020 reductions were 128    105  m in the worse eye and 57    68  m in the better eye. Anti- @entity1453 antibody treatments resulted in an increase in the @entity2940 (bright) regulatory NK cell population in the peripheral blood of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Anti- @entity1453 treatment improved visual function, reduced macular thickness, and increased the level of @entity2940 (bright) regulatory NK cells in @entity1 with uveitic @entity1103 refractory to other immunosuppressive medications. Targeting @entity1453 may be beneficial in treating other causes of @entity1103 .

title: Treatment of inflammatory XXXX with humanized anti- @entity1453 antibody therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['macular edema']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['CMT', 'central macular thickness']

answer: @entity1103 :: (MESH:D008269,Disease) :: ['macular edema']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of treating @entity1103 , secondary to noninfectious @entity1596 , with a humanized anti- @entity1453 antibody. METHODS: Six @entity1 received weekly subcutaneous treatments for 16 weeks according to this open-label, prospective, noncomparative phase I/II trial. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ) were compared to baseline. Adverse events were recorded and assessed. Blood was sampled to assess the levels of @entity2940 (bright) regulatory NK cells before initiation and after termination of the study. RESULTS: No serious adverse events were reported by the @entity1 . @entity1 ' ages ranged from 22 to 82 years. Mean BCVA improvements were 6.7    6.9 ETDRS letters in the worse eye and 1.7    5.2 letters in the better eye. Mean @entity1020 reductions were 128    105  m in the worse eye and 57    68  m in the better eye. Anti- @entity1453 antibody treatments resulted in an increase in the @entity2940 (bright) regulatory NK cell population in the peripheral blood of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Anti- @entity1453 treatment improved visual function, reduced macular thickness, and increased the level of @entity2940 (bright) regulatory NK cells in @entity1 with uveitic @entity1103 refractory to other immunosuppressive medications. Targeting @entity1453 may be beneficial in treating other causes of @entity1103 .

title: Treatment of inflammatory @entity1103 with humanized anti- XXXX antibody therapy.

answer: @entity1453 :: (3683,Gene) :: ['CD11a']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency and risk of @entity209 in @entity6 against normal @entity413 -tolerant subjects attending @entity6 screening camps in an urban centre. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was carried out at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from January to August, 2008, and comprised subjects recruited through @entity6 screening camps. They were >30 years of age, without prior history of @entity6 and were screened through fasting plasma @entity413 and 2-hour oral @entity413 tolerance test. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical measurements were done. Frequency of different components and their constellation as @entity209 were determined according to the Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Relative risk was estimated to find the risk of @entity209 in @entity6 versus normal @entity413 -tolerant subjects. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 80 subjects; 40(50%) normal @entity413 -tolerant in Group A and 40(50%) @entity6 in Group B. In Group A, there were 25(62.5%) @entity1 and 15(37.5%) @entity1 , while Group B had 22(55%) @entity1 and 18(45%) @entity1 . The mean age in Group A was 38.08  5.35 years, while in Group B it was 39.09  6.12 years. The frequency of various cardiovascular risk factors was higher in @entity6 (p< 0.05). @entity1144 was the most prevalent risk factor (85%, CI: 75.74-96.06), followed by low levels of high density lipoprotein (82.5%, CI: 72.64-94.27), raised @entity1674 (67.5%, CI: 55.35-82.01), @entity101 (57.5%, CI: 44.68-72.82), and fasting plasma @entity413 >100mg/dl (42.5%, CI: 29.68-57.82). @entity209 was found in 23(57.5%) in Group B compared to 9(22.5%) Group B, according to Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Calculated relative risk indicated that Group B was 1.9 times more prone to be suffering from @entity209 compared to Group A. CONCLUSIONS: Pre- @entity6 were more prone to developing @entity65 than normal @entity413 -tolerant subjects.

title: Frequency and risk of @entity209 in prediabetics versus normal XXXX tolerant subjects - a comparative study.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetes', 'pre-diabetics']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['Central obesity']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disorders']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome', 'Metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency and risk of @entity209 in @entity6 against normal @entity413 -tolerant subjects attending @entity6 screening camps in an urban centre. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was carried out at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from January to August, 2008, and comprised subjects recruited through @entity6 screening camps. They were >30 years of age, without prior history of @entity6 and were screened through fasting plasma @entity413 and 2-hour oral @entity413 tolerance test. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical and biochemical measurements were done. Frequency of different components and their constellation as @entity209 were determined according to the Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Relative risk was estimated to find the risk of @entity209 in @entity6 versus normal @entity413 -tolerant subjects. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 80 subjects; 40(50%) normal @entity413 -tolerant in Group A and 40(50%) @entity6 in Group B. In Group A, there were 25(62.5%) @entity1 and 15(37.5%) @entity1 , while Group B had 22(55%) @entity1 and 18(45%) @entity1 . The mean age in Group A was 38.08  5.35 years, while in Group B it was 39.09  6.12 years. The frequency of various cardiovascular risk factors was higher in @entity6 (p< 0.05). @entity1144 was the most prevalent risk factor (85%, CI: 75.74-96.06), followed by low levels of high density lipoprotein (82.5%, CI: 72.64-94.27), raised @entity1674 (67.5%, CI: 55.35-82.01), @entity101 (57.5%, CI: 44.68-72.82), and fasting plasma @entity413 >100mg/dl (42.5%, CI: 29.68-57.82). @entity209 was found in 23(57.5%) in Group B compared to 9(22.5%) Group B, according to Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria. Calculated relative risk indicated that Group B was 1.9 times more prone to be suffering from @entity209 compared to Group A. CONCLUSIONS: Pre- @entity6 were more prone to developing @entity65 than normal @entity413 -tolerant subjects.

title: Frequency and risk of XXXX in prediabetics versus normal @entity413 tolerant subjects - a comparative study.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: This study describes the influence of 25% human serum albumin (HSA) supplementation on serum albumin level, total protein (TP), @entity551 ( @entity551 ), hospital stay, and survival in @entity235 with @entity298 . Records of 39 @entity235 with @entity298 were evaluated. In the HSA group, initial and post-transfusion TP, albumin, @entity551 , and HSA dose were recorded. In the non-supplemented group, repeated values of TP, albumin, and @entity551 were recorded over their hospitalization. Eighteen @entity235 survived (53.8% mortality). Repeat albumin values were higher in survivors (mean 23.9 g/L) and elevated repeat albumin values were associated with HSA supplementation. Repeat albumin and TP were higher in the HSA supplemented group (mean 24 g/L and 51.9 g/L, respectively) and their @entity551 increased by 5.8 mmHg. Length of hospitalization was not affected. Twenty-five percent HSA increases albumin, TP, and @entity551 in @entity235 @entity1 with @entity298 . Higher postoperative albumin levels are associated with survival.

title: A retrospective analysis of 25% human serum albumin supplementation in hypoalbuminemic @entity235 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['colloid osmotic pressure', 'COP']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['septic peritonitis']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['septic peritonitis']


abstract: This study describes the influence of 25% human serum albumin (HSA) supplementation on serum albumin level, total protein (TP), @entity551 ( @entity551 ), hospital stay, and survival in @entity235 with @entity298 . Records of 39 @entity235 with @entity298 were evaluated. In the HSA group, initial and post-transfusion TP, albumin, @entity551 , and HSA dose were recorded. In the non-supplemented group, repeated values of TP, albumin, and @entity551 were recorded over their hospitalization. Eighteen @entity235 survived (53.8% mortality). Repeat albumin values were higher in survivors (mean 23.9 g/L) and elevated repeat albumin values were associated with HSA supplementation. Repeat albumin and TP were higher in the HSA supplemented group (mean 24 g/L and 51.9 g/L, respectively) and their @entity551 increased by 5.8 mmHg. Length of hospitalization was not affected. Twenty-five percent HSA increases albumin, TP, and @entity551 in @entity235 @entity1 with @entity298 . Higher postoperative albumin levels are associated with survival.

title: A retrospective analysis of 25% human serum albumin supplementation in hypoalbuminemic XXXX with @entity298 .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2946 is a highly @entity1313 that requires surgery, whole brain and spine irradiation, and intense chemotherapy for treatment. A more sophisticated understanding of the pathophysiology of @entity2946 is needed to successfully reduce the intensity of treatment and improve outcomes. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) is a signaling pathway that controls transcriptional activation of genes important for tight regulation of many cellular processes and is aberrantly expressed in many types of @entity5 . METHODS: To test the importance of NFkB to @entity2946 cell growth, the effects of multiple drugs that inhibit NFkB, @entity13373 , @entity8584 , @entity3378 , @entity6108 and @entity1749 , were studied in @entity2946 cell lines compared to a @entity11 cell line and normal neurons. Expression of endogenous NFkB was investigated in cultured cells, xenograft @entity5 , and primary @entity1 @entity5 samples. A dominant negative construct for the endogenous inhibitor of NFkB, IkB, was prepared from @entity2946 cell lines and @entity5 were established to allow specific pathway inhibition. RESULTS: We report high constitutive activity of the canonical NFkB pathway, as seen by Western analysis of the NFkB subunit @entity9135 , in @entity5 compared to normal brain. The @entity9135 subunit of NFkB is extremely highly expressed in xenograft @entity5 from @entity1 @entity2946 cell lines; though, conversely, the same cells in culture have minimal expression without specific stimulation. We demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of NFkB in cell lines halts proliferation and leads to apoptosis. We show by immunohistochemical stain that phosphorylated @entity9135 is found in the majority of @entity5 cells examined. Finally, expression of a dominant negative form of the endogenous inhibitor of NFkB, dnIkB, resulted in poor xenograft @entity5 growth, with average @entity5 volumes 40% smaller than controls. CONCLUSIONS: These data collectively demonstrate that NFkB signaling is important for @entity2946 @entity5 growth, and that inhibition can reduce @entity5 size and viability in vivo. We discuss the implications of NFkB signaling on the approach to managing @entity1 with @entity2946 in order to improve clinical outcomes.

title: Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling reduces growth in XXXX in vivo.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pediatric brain tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor', 'flank tumors', 'medulloblastoma tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1749 :: ('MESH:C400082', 'Chemical') :: ['bortezomib']

entities_list: @entity13373 :: ('MESH:C020972', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate']

entities_list: @entity6108 :: ('MESH:D003474', 'Chemical') :: ['curcumin']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma']

entities_list: @entity8584 :: ('MESH:D004050', 'Chemical') :: ['diethyldithiocarbamate']

entities_list: @entity3378 :: ('MESH:D012460', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfasalazine']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastoma', 'Medulloblastoma']

answer: @entity2946 :: (MESH:D008527,Disease) :: ['medulloblastoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: For many dental @entity1 , palatal injection proves to be a very traumatic experience. Diverse methods have been suggested to reduce the discomfort of palatal injection. Nevertheless, the reliability of these methods is not obviously evident and they are not found to be universally effective. The desirable method to evade @entity158 during palatal injection is just not to have one. Hence, the present study aims at investigating if @entity3303 could provide @entity2419 in maxilla when only a buccal infiltration anesthesia is done for teeth extraction. @entity1 AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty @entity1 requiring extraction of maxillary teeth were included in the study. @entity1 were randomly allotted to two groups, study and control. @entity1 in study group received a single buccal infiltration of 1.5  mL of @entity3303 with @entity1425 for extraction of maxillary teeth. @entity1 in control group received 1.5  mL of buccal and 0.3  mL of palatal infiltration of @entity3303 with @entity1425 for the extraction. After achieving adequate @entity2419 the tooth was extracted with consistent technique. @entity158 level experienced by the @entity1 during injection procedure and during tooth extraction was rated in an 11-point @entity158 rating scale. Time taken to achieve @entity2419 following a single buccal infiltration of anesthetic solution was evaluated by regular pin-prick evaluation of palatal tissues. RESULTS: The overall success rate of @entity2419 achieved with a single buccal infiltration is 81.3  %. The success rate reduced as we proceed from anterior to posterior maxilla. Time taken to achieve successful @entity2419 by single buccal infiltration is 7-9  min. CONCLUSION: The extraction of permanent @entity1347 and premolars is possible by depositing local anesthesia to the buccal vestibule of the tooth without palatal supplementation. However, the extraction of permanent maxillary posterior teeth with similar technique would result in fewer success rates suggesting its avoidance.

title: Comparison of the effectiveness of XXXX in permanent maxillary teeth removal performed with single buccal infiltration versus routine buccal and palatal injection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['maxillary anterior teeth']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine hydrochloride', 'lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['palatal anesthesia']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['lidocaine']


abstract: The effects of ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) stimulation on lateral hypothalamic (LH), lateral preoptic area ( @entity4991 ). and medial hypothalamic neuronal activity were determined in anesthetized @entity35 . Recordings from 81 hypothalamic neurons indicate that stimulation produces predominantly decreases in hypothalamic neuron activity. Increase in activity due to VTA stimulation occurred less frequently. Following single rectangular pulse stimulation, 0.5 msec. 0-500 microA, short latency decreases in activity occurred. Longer latency increases in discharge frequency were also observed. Dose response relations were established for 56% of the LH neurons, 78% of the @entity4991 neurons, and for 82% of the medial hypothalamic neurons following VTA stimulation. Decreases and in a few cases increases in activity seemed to involve only one or two synapses. Antidromic responses verified interconnections between the VTA and the hypothalamus and revealed relatively slow conduction velocities of 0.45 and 0.81 m/sec. The changes in discharge frequency which occurred following VTA stimulation were similar in direction to the effects of the direct microiontophoretic application of @entity935 (DA) or @entity1063 (NE). Since DA increased or decreased while NE decreased discharge frequency, these microiontophoretic tests indicated that the shorter latency VTA stimulation induced increases in decreases in neural activity were associated with VTA dopaminergic neuron stimulation and that in some cases short and long latency decreases in neuronal activity were due to activation of VTA ventral bundle NE fibers of passage or to indirect polysynaptic mechanisms. Results demonstrate the interconnections between various regions of the hypothalamus and the VTA along the extent of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The cross-validation of neuroanatomical and various electrophysiological methods in establishing the nature of hypothalamic connections was discussed.

title: Effects of ventral tegmental area stimulation and microiontophoretic application of @entity935 and XXXX on hypothalamic neurons.

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: The effects of ventral tegmental area of Tsai (VTA) stimulation on lateral hypothalamic (LH), lateral preoptic area ( @entity4991 ). and medial hypothalamic neuronal activity were determined in anesthetized @entity35 . Recordings from 81 hypothalamic neurons indicate that stimulation produces predominantly decreases in hypothalamic neuron activity. Increase in activity due to VTA stimulation occurred less frequently. Following single rectangular pulse stimulation, 0.5 msec. 0-500 microA, short latency decreases in activity occurred. Longer latency increases in discharge frequency were also observed. Dose response relations were established for 56% of the LH neurons, 78% of the @entity4991 neurons, and for 82% of the medial hypothalamic neurons following VTA stimulation. Decreases and in a few cases increases in activity seemed to involve only one or two synapses. Antidromic responses verified interconnections between the VTA and the hypothalamus and revealed relatively slow conduction velocities of 0.45 and 0.81 m/sec. The changes in discharge frequency which occurred following VTA stimulation were similar in direction to the effects of the direct microiontophoretic application of @entity935 (DA) or @entity1063 (NE). Since DA increased or decreased while NE decreased discharge frequency, these microiontophoretic tests indicated that the shorter latency VTA stimulation induced increases in decreases in neural activity were associated with VTA dopaminergic neuron stimulation and that in some cases short and long latency decreases in neuronal activity were due to activation of VTA ventral bundle NE fibers of passage or to indirect polysynaptic mechanisms. Results demonstrate the interconnections between various regions of the hypothalamus and the VTA along the extent of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The cross-validation of neuroanatomical and various electrophysiological methods in establishing the nature of hypothalamic connections was discussed.

title: Effects of ventral tegmental area stimulation and microiontophoretic application of XXXX and @entity1063 on hypothalamic neurons.

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a series of 20 consecutive @entity1 with @entity439 of the proximal segment (A1) of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA. METHODS: The medical records of @entity1 who had undergone surgery for @entity438 at two institutions between January 1, 1989, and February 1, 2009, were reviewed. Mean @entity1 age was 52.15 years (range 39-69 years). All 20 @entity1 underwent direct surgery, with clipping or trapping, via standard pterional craniotomy. RESULTS: The incidence of @entity439 was 0.59%. There were 16 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 , showing a strong predominance of this lesion in @entity1 . Mean @entity439 size was 6.95 mm (range 3-10 mm). Four @entity1 (20%) had @entity439 , and three @entity1 (15%) had associated @entity455 . Among @entity1 whose @entity439 originated from perforating arteries, dissection sacrificed the perforating arteries in two @entity1 , and the perforating arteries occluded postoperatively in three @entity1 . In the @entity1 whose @entity439 did not originate from perforating arteries, no perforating arteries were sacrificed during dissection, and perforating arteries became occluded in two @entity1 postoperatively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of @entity1 regarding the incidence of @entity432 . Clinical outcomes were as follows: good recovery in 15 (75%) @entity1 , moderate disability in 2 (10%) @entity1 , severe disability in 2 (10%) @entity1 , and @entity204 in 1 (5%) @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The important consideration in surgery for @entity438 is preservation of the perforating arteries, through cautious dissection around the neck or dome and avoidance of direct clip compression, even after releasing the retracted frontal lobe.

title: Surgical management of anterior cerebral XXXX of the proximal (A1) segment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'A1 segment aneurysm', 'aneurysm', 'multiple aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['injury or occlusion']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['artery aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Microdiscectomy for @entity890 is one of the most commonly performed neurosurgical procedures. The @entity1 demographics, symptomatology, and recovery are highly variable, and surgical outcomes depend on several factors, including @entity1 demographics. Failed disc surgery refers to failure of improvement in @entity1 's symptoms following microdiscectomy, and has been observed to occur in up to 12% of @entity1 . To date, no study form Pakistan has looked into @entity1 demographics and failed disc surgery rates within the local context. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the demographics of the @entity1 population presenting for surgical treatment of @entity890 and to review our results of lumbosacral microdiscectomy at a university hospital in Pakistan. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of all adult @entity1 admitted from January 2003 to January 2008 for symptomatic @entity890 requiring microdiscectomy, at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. Data were collected through our medical records, on a standardized form. Basic information about the @entity1 population, disease process, modes of nonsurgical treatment, and details on surgery and postoperative course were recorded and analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Five hundred one @entity1 were studied, based on inclusion criteria. The mean age was 41.2 years; 347 (69%) @entity1 were male and 154 (31%) female. Mean body mass index of the population was 26 and was higher in females. All @entity1 primarily presented with @entity614 , and the mean duration of these symptoms was 438 days. Mean duration of nonoperative management was 53 weeks. Fifty-one @entity1 (10.2%) had previously undergone spine surgery. A total of 442 (88%) @entity1 were operated at single disc level, and the rest at two levels. Sixty-six (13%) @entity1 were operated for @entity890 . Mean operative time was 94 minutes, and the most common complication was dural tear. Mean length of hospital stay was 5 days (2-12 days). Mean follow-up was 48.3 weeks (4 weeks to 14 years). Complete resolution of symptoms was seen in 360 (71.9%) @entity1 and failed disc surgery was diagnosed in 42 (8.4%) @entity1 . Twenty-six @entity1 (5.2%) were reoperated upon, with gradual improvement. The authors report an overall failed back surgery rate of 8.38%. CONCLUSIONS: Overall our results were comparable to published international literature. However, the authors observed significant differences in demographics, especially in terms of age, gender distribution, and mean BMI of @entity1 population as well as frequency of involvement of upper lumbar discs.

title: Microdiscectomy for XXXX and frequency of failed disc surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['upper lumbar disc herniations', 'lumbosacral disc herniations', 'lumbosacral disc herniation']

answer: @entity890 :: (MESH:D007405,Disease) :: ['lumbosacral disc herniation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The coexistence of a primary @entity1313 such as high-grade @entity11 and superimposed abscess is a rare entity and can present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The concomitant abscess may not be recognized until surgery, and the overall course of treatment may require adjustment in the presence of a coinciding @entity281 . In the present report we evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of a @entity463 multiforme with an intratumoral abscess. METHODS: A @entity1 was diagnosed with a @entity463 multiforme with a concomitantly superimposed multimicrobial abscess containing coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter iwofii, and Propionibacterium species. The suspected infectious source was a @entity733 with presumed secondary seeding. The @entity1 underwent a left anterior temporal lobectomy with debulking of the lesion. Although the adjuvant therapy schedule was adjusted to accommodate the course of antibiotics, the existence of a concurrent abscess did not preclude adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. RESULTS: The @entity1 responded well to antibiotic treatment with no evidence of recurrent @entity281 . He underwent a second operation for additional debulking of the lesion approximately half a year after his initial surgery. The @entity1 died 2 years after the initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: There are insufficient guidelines on the treatment of a primary @entity1313 with intratumoral abscess. In this report we present our therapeutic decisions in this rare case.

title: Concomitant presentation of a XXXX multiforme with superimposed abscess.

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['dental abscess']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the relationship between control grade, stereoacuity and surgical success in basic intermittent @entity5770 . METHODS: This retrospective study involved 44 basic intermittent @entity5770 @entity1 who underwent strabismus surgery and completed at least 6 months of follow-up. The 44 @entity1 were divided into three subgroups according to their control grade: group 1 (good control group, n = 12), group 2 (fair control group, n = 18), and group 3 (poor control group, n = 14). Evaluation was done to identify the relationships between near and distance stereoacuity and control grade, and between surgical success and control grade. Surgical success was defined as ocular alignment between 5 prism diopters esodeviation and 10 prism diopters exodeviation in the primary position at the final visit. RESULTS: Mean near stereoacuity measured by the graded circle test was 57.50 seconds of arc (seconds) in group 1, 77.77 seconds in group 2, and 131.43 seconds in group 3 (p < 0.01). Mean distance steroacuity measured by Mentor B-VAT II BVS contour circle was 108.33 seconds in group 1, 148.33 seconds in group 2, and 262.82 seconds in group 3 (p < 0.01). Ten @entity1 (83.33%) in group 1, 12 (66.67%) in group 2, and 9 (64.29%) in group 3 obtained surgical success (p = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: In basic intermittent @entity5770 , better control grade was significantly accompanied by better stereoacuity. Better control grade was accompanied by higher surgical success rate but with no statistical significance.

title: Relationship between Control Grade, Stereoacuity and Surgical Success in Basic Intermittent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5770 :: ('MESH:D005099', 'Disease') :: ['exotropia']

answer: @entity5770 :: (MESH:D005099,Disease) :: ['Exotropia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The optimal management of medically refractory @entity5576 ( @entity5576 ) remains a point of debate. The senior author's practice evolved after a review of our units' practice in placing lumboperitoneal shunts revealed an unacceptably high rate of complication and revision. We now preferentially perform custom-designed electromagnetic (EM) image-guided ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement instead of lumboperitoneal shunting in treating medically refractory @entity5576 and present our outcome data with this technique. @entity1 AND METHODS: Retrospective case note review was carried out with prospective follow-up of 17 @entity1 treated consecutively over a 3-year period. OUTCOME MEASURES: The article aims to assess the implication of using EM image-guided tracking technology in ventricular catheter placement in @entity1 with @entity5576 and to assess outcome. RESULTS: All of the @entity1 improved clinically at the last follow-up compared to their preoperative condition. None of the @entity1 experienced intra- or perioperative complications. All @entity1 underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement using EM guidance navigation. All @entity1 in the EM subgroup were cannulated with a single pass, and satisfactory catheter placement was confirmed on a postoperative CT scan with concordant @entity1 symptom improvement. CONCLUSION: Our series suggests that EM image-guided ventriculoperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting for @entity5576 is a safe and effective procedure for ventricular cannulation and placement.

title: Electromagnetic stereotactic ventriculoperitoneal csf shunting for XXXX : a successful step forward?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5576 :: ('MESH:D011559', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic intracranial hypertension', 'IIH']

answer: @entity5576 :: (MESH:D011559,Disease) :: ['idiopathic intracranial hypertension']


abstract: Individualization of treatment using judicious combinations of external and intracavitary irradiation remains the cornerstone of the radiation management of @entity189 . The inherent propensity of this @entity5 to either confine itself to the pelvis or else spread in a systematic and predictable manner through lymphatic channels has facilitated its therapeutic control. The treatment of most early invasive @entity2622 is equally advantageous using either intracavitary radium or surgery. However, certain Stage I @entity1 have morphologic and histologic characteristics that militate against @entity5 control. Factors such as @entity5 size, depth of invasion, vascular infiltration, uterine extension, and barrel-shaped presentation affect the course of the disease and survival. A clinical-pathologic staging for @entity2622 incorporating the above mentioned factors into the current clinical FIGO staging system has been suggested. It aims to facilitate the recognition of those @entity5 that require additional external radiotherapy. A description of the role of surgery, intracavitary and external radiation, and their combinations is included. In advanced @entity189 , failure can be attributed to either @entity5 containing cores of @entity519 cells resistant to conventional radiation therapy or to uncontrolled subclinical disease in the lymphatics at or near the border of the irradiated area. Radiotherapy combined with surgery, @entity26 enhancers, infusion chemotherapy, and large particle high LET radiation has been implemented to increase local control; for distal failures, extended field irradiation of paraaortic nodes has been found to be technically feasible and well tolerated and is being studied for its effects on increased survival. The rationale for newer treatment procedures, including preliminary results and their complications, is discussed.

title: Prognostic factors in XXXX : implications in staging and management.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'early tumors', 'cancer', 'large tumors']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['cervical carcinomas', 'cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']

answer: @entity2622 :: (MESH:D002583,Disease) :: ['cervical carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The utility of ultrasound imaging in the screening of soft-part @entity5 (SPTs) has been reported. We classified SPTs according to their blood flow pattern on Doppler ultrasound and re-evaluated the efficacy of this imaging modality as a screening method. Additionally, we combined Doppler ultrasound with several values to improve the diagnostic efficacy and to establish a new diagnostic tool. @entity1 AND METHODS: This study included 189 cases of pathologically confirmed SPTs (122 cases of benign disease including @entity5 and 67 cases of malignant SPTs). Ultrasound imaging included evaluation of vascularity by colour Doppler. We established a scoring system to more effectively differentiate malignant from benign SPTs (ultrasound-based @entity242 screening [USS] score). RESULTS: The mean scores in the benign and malignant groups were 1.47    0.93 and 3.42    1.30, respectively. @entity1 with malignant masses showed significantly higher USS scores than did those with benign masses (p < 1 * 10(-10)). The area under the curve was 0.88 by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Based on the cut-off value (3 points) calculated by ROC curve analysis, the sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of malignant SPT was 85.1% and 86.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of vascularity by Doppler ultrasound alone is insufficient for differentiation between benign and malignant SPTs. Preoperative diagnosis of most SPTs is possible by combining our USS score with characteristic clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

title: Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of soft tissue XXXX : efficacy of ultrasound-based screening score.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'SPTs and tumour-like lesions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'PATIENTS']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcoma']


abstract: The pulmonary vein from right upper lobe was ligated in 15 @entity35 while 15 others served as controls. Prior to occlusion, 15 mum microspheres were injected into the superior caval vein. Another population of 15 mum microspheres was similarly given 1 min, 10 min or 30 min after ligation. All @entity35 were killed 5 min after the second microsphere injection. The weight of the ligated lobe was 63% higher than that of the controls. This was probably due to @entity1294 since no significant @entity4 developed. Increased weight caused a reduction in the number of preocclusion microspheres per gram of tissue in the ligated lobe. In addition a gradual loss of preocclusion microspheres took place following pulmonary venous ligation. After 35 min of ligation, 30% of the preocclusion spheres had disappeared from the ligated lobe. Postocclusion flow through the pulmonary artery into right upper lobe was estimated by microspheres from the second injection, and averaged 5% of normal flow. Following acute @entity432 , a rapid dilatation of the bronchopulmonary communicating system probably takes place. By reversal of the flow in this system, blood and microspheres can be drained into the bronchial venous circulation. In spite of methodological problems caused by @entity697 and loss of microspheres after @entity432 , we consider the microsphere method to be useful for further studies of collateral lung circulation.

title: Pulmonary circulation and loss of microspheres from the lung following acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute congestion']

entities_list: @entity1294 :: ('MESH:D015140', 'Disease') :: ['acute vascular congestion']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion', 'pulmonary venous occlusion']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['pulmonary venous occlusion']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine how the initial distribution of elastase in @entity19 lungs determines the time course of tissue destruction and how structural heterogeneity at different spatial scales influences lung function. We evaluated lung function and alveolar structure in normal and emphysematous C57BL/6 @entity19 at 2 and 21 days following orotracheal treatment with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). Initial distribution of @entity73008 h after treatment was assessed using red fluorescently labeled PPE (f-PPE) by laser scanning confocal microscopy. From measured input impedance of the respiratory system, the global lung compliance, and the variability of regional compliance were obtained. Lungs were fixed and equivalent airspace diameters were measured in four lobes of the right lung and three regions of the left lung. At day 2 and day 21, the mean airspace diameter of each region was significantly enlarged which was accompanied by an increased inter-regional heterogeneity. The deposition of f-PPE on day 0 was much more heterogeneous than the inter-regional diameters at both day 2 and day 21 and, at day 21, this reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Microscale heterogeneity characterized by the overall variability of airspace diameters correlated significantly better with compliance than macroscale or inter-regional heterogeneity. Furthermore, while the spatial distribution of the inflammatory response does not seem to follow that of the elastase deposition, it correlates with the strongest regional determinant of lung function. These results may help interpret lung function decline in @entity2383 in @entity1 @entity1 with @entity2415 .

title: Scale dependence of structure-function relationship in the emphysematous XXXX lung.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['terms of structural deterioration']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody which specifically blocks receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand and is a very potent antiresorptive drug. Its efficacy in reducing the risk of vertebral, hip and nonskeletal fracture has been proven in a large prospective, randomized multicenter study of 7808 postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity170 [ @entity174 Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in @entity170 Every 6 Months (FREEDOM) trial]. Denosumab causes somewhat greater increases in bone mineral density (BMD) than the class of @entity5520 antiresorptives. Denosumab also causes an increase in bone mass and bone strength in the spine, ultradistal and diaphysis of the radius, proximal tibia and the hip. Recently long-term treatment with denosumab has been shown to cause a continued almost linear increase in total hip and femoral neck BMD beyond 3 years up to 8 years. In this respect, denosumab seems to differ from the @entity5520 group in which the rate of improvement of BMD diminishes and for some drugs becomes negative after 3-4 years when the process of secondary mineralization flattens out. This unique property of an antiresorptive drug points towards mechanisms of action which differ from the @entity5520 group. Both types of antiresorptives decrease cortical porosity but contrary to bisphosphonates the reduction in cortical porosity continues with denosumab which, in addition, also seems to cause a slight continuous modeling-based formation of new bone despite suppression of bone remodeling. The net effect is an increase in cortical thickening and bone mass, and increased strength of cortical bone. This may contribute substantially to the significant further reduction of the nonvertebral fracture risk which was found in the long-term denosumab arm of the FREEDOM extension trial during years 4-7.

title: Effects of denosumab on bone density, mass and strength in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5520 :: ('D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonate']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['Fracture']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']


abstract: Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody which specifically blocks receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand and is a very potent antiresorptive drug. Its efficacy in reducing the risk of vertebral, hip and nonskeletal fracture has been proven in a large prospective, randomized multicenter study of 7808 postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity170 [ @entity174 Reduction Evaluation of Denosumab in @entity170 Every 6 Months (FREEDOM) trial]. Denosumab causes somewhat greater increases in bone mineral density (BMD) than the class of @entity5520 antiresorptives. Denosumab also causes an increase in bone mass and bone strength in the spine, ultradistal and diaphysis of the radius, proximal tibia and the hip. Recently long-term treatment with denosumab has been shown to cause a continued almost linear increase in total hip and femoral neck BMD beyond 3 years up to 8 years. In this respect, denosumab seems to differ from the @entity5520 group in which the rate of improvement of BMD diminishes and for some drugs becomes negative after 3-4 years when the process of secondary mineralization flattens out. This unique property of an antiresorptive drug points towards mechanisms of action which differ from the @entity5520 group. Both types of antiresorptives decrease cortical porosity but contrary to bisphosphonates the reduction in cortical porosity continues with denosumab which, in addition, also seems to cause a slight continuous modeling-based formation of new bone despite suppression of bone remodeling. The net effect is an increase in cortical thickening and bone mass, and increased strength of cortical bone. This may contribute substantially to the significant further reduction of the nonvertebral fracture risk which was found in the long-term denosumab arm of the FREEDOM extension trial during years 4-7.

title: Effects of denosumab on bone density, mass and strength in XXXX with @entity170 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: A survey on chemotherapy-induced @entity390 , @entity391 and food intake was conducted on 126 outpatients receiving chemotherapy during a days from February 1 to February 12, 2010 in our hospital. Responses were obtained from 66 outpatients. In the acute phase, 11%of the @entity1 developed @entity390 . In the late phase, 35% @entity1 developed @entity390 . The development of @entity390 was significantly increased in the late phase, compared to the acute phase(p=0. 0008). Though nobody developed @entity391 in the acute phase, 3% of the @entity1 developed @entity391 in the late phase. For food intake, in the acute phase, nobody showed a"reduced amount of diet", and 12% showed"not eating". In the late phase, 26% of the @entity1 showed"reduced amount of food", and 8%"not eating". Food intake was significantly decreased in the late phase, compared in acute phase(p=0. 0001). Currently, in our hospital, @entity230 and/or 5-HT3 antagonists are given for antiemetic therapy, but the effect is not enough. We should add other antiemetics, which act in the late phase.

title: [The current status of @entity390 , XXXX and food intake in outpatients with cancer chemotherapy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity391 :: (MESH:D014839,Disease) :: ['vomiting']


abstract: A survey on chemotherapy-induced @entity390 , @entity391 and food intake was conducted on 126 outpatients receiving chemotherapy during a days from February 1 to February 12, 2010 in our hospital. Responses were obtained from 66 outpatients. In the acute phase, 11%of the @entity1 developed @entity390 . In the late phase, 35% @entity1 developed @entity390 . The development of @entity390 was significantly increased in the late phase, compared to the acute phase(p=0. 0008). Though nobody developed @entity391 in the acute phase, 3% of the @entity1 developed @entity391 in the late phase. For food intake, in the acute phase, nobody showed a"reduced amount of diet", and 12% showed"not eating". In the late phase, 26% of the @entity1 showed"reduced amount of food", and 8%"not eating". Food intake was significantly decreased in the late phase, compared in acute phase(p=0. 0001). Currently, in our hospital, @entity230 and/or 5-HT3 antagonists are given for antiemetic therapy, but the effect is not enough. We should add other antiemetics, which act in the late phase.

title: [The current status of XXXX , @entity391 and food intake in outpatients with cancer chemotherapy].

answer: @entity390 :: (MESH:D009325,Disease) :: ['nausea']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We evaluate volumetry and RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In @entity5 ) as methodologies for response after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous @entity5 with retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of non-seminomatous @entity5 and concurrent retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 , which received chemotherapy and had computed tomography scans before and after treatment. Volumetric analysis and RECIST criteria were used to calculate response rates. We included a new category (favourable response) for @entity1 with response rates between <100% and >70%. We calculated the correlation between volumetric and RECIST criteria with histological and clinical variables. RESULTS: In total, 18 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. Histopathologic analysis of orchiectomy showed @entity44 in 55.5% of @entity1 , and those without @entity44 had predominantly @entity189 . The mean baseline volume of retroperitoneal @entity3 was 447 cc, the mean post-chemotherapy volume was 33.6 cc, and the response rate was 62.6%. According to RECIST criteria, the mean baseline diameter was 4.93 cm, the mean post-chemotherapy diameter was 2.39 cm, and the response rate was 42.4%. Large post-chemotherapy residual masses correlated in both classifications with @entity44 . The response rate was associated with the need for surgical treatment and the volumetric classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated volumetry as a way to measure clinical response in lymph node @entity3 of @entity5 . Volumetric analysis is the next step in the evaluation of response rate; its accuracy remains to be determined. @entity44 had greater residual masses and our classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy.

title: Volumetric assessment of lymph node XXXX in @entity1 with @entity5 treated with chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Solid Tumors', 'germ cell tumour', 'testicular tumours', 'non-seminomatous germ cell tumours']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma', 'Teratoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We evaluate volumetry and RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In @entity5 ) as methodologies for response after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous @entity5 with retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of non-seminomatous @entity5 and concurrent retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 , which received chemotherapy and had computed tomography scans before and after treatment. Volumetric analysis and RECIST criteria were used to calculate response rates. We included a new category (favourable response) for @entity1 with response rates between <100% and >70%. We calculated the correlation between volumetric and RECIST criteria with histological and clinical variables. RESULTS: In total, 18 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. Histopathologic analysis of orchiectomy showed @entity44 in 55.5% of @entity1 , and those without @entity44 had predominantly @entity189 . The mean baseline volume of retroperitoneal @entity3 was 447 cc, the mean post-chemotherapy volume was 33.6 cc, and the response rate was 62.6%. According to RECIST criteria, the mean baseline diameter was 4.93 cm, the mean post-chemotherapy diameter was 2.39 cm, and the response rate was 42.4%. Large post-chemotherapy residual masses correlated in both classifications with @entity44 . The response rate was associated with the need for surgical treatment and the volumetric classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated volumetry as a way to measure clinical response in lymph node @entity3 of @entity5 . Volumetric analysis is the next step in the evaluation of response rate; its accuracy remains to be determined. @entity44 had greater residual masses and our classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy.

title: Volumetric assessment of lymph node @entity3 in @entity1 with XXXX treated with chemotherapy.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['non-seminomatous germ cell tumours']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We evaluate volumetry and RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In @entity5 ) as methodologies for response after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous @entity5 with retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of non-seminomatous @entity5 and concurrent retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 , which received chemotherapy and had computed tomography scans before and after treatment. Volumetric analysis and RECIST criteria were used to calculate response rates. We included a new category (favourable response) for @entity1 with response rates between <100% and >70%. We calculated the correlation between volumetric and RECIST criteria with histological and clinical variables. RESULTS: In total, 18 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. Histopathologic analysis of orchiectomy showed @entity44 in 55.5% of @entity1 , and those without @entity44 had predominantly @entity189 . The mean baseline volume of retroperitoneal @entity3 was 447 cc, the mean post-chemotherapy volume was 33.6 cc, and the response rate was 62.6%. According to RECIST criteria, the mean baseline diameter was 4.93 cm, the mean post-chemotherapy diameter was 2.39 cm, and the response rate was 42.4%. Large post-chemotherapy residual masses correlated in both classifications with @entity44 . The response rate was associated with the need for surgical treatment and the volumetric classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated volumetry as a way to measure clinical response in lymph node @entity3 of @entity5 . Volumetric analysis is the next step in the evaluation of response rate; its accuracy remains to be determined. @entity44 had greater residual masses and our classification correlated with the need for lymphadenectomy.

title: Volumetric assessment of lymph node @entity3 in XXXX with @entity5 treated with chemotherapy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Neoplastic liver nodules were induced by a single administration of @entity107 ( @entity108 ) and selectively stimulated to growth by @entity5997 ( @entity5997 ) and partial hepatectomy to provide morphological data on very early and late stages of preneoplastic development. Presumptive preneoplastic liver cells were recognizable by light and electron microscopy by 2 days after partial hepatectomy, and they developed within 2 weeks into large, solid nodules consisting of plates of 2 or 3 cell layers thick, that compressed the surrounding non-nodular tissue. The cells showed nuclei with an enlarged nucleolus, tortuously dispersed @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) and an electron lucent cytoplasm. These features remained present throughout the first 2 weeks of growth. During this period the initially small, distinct smooth endoplasmic reticulum areas proliferated gradually. They were associated with an increasing incidence of cytoplasmic membranes whorl formation and incidentally with annulate lamellae. After withdrawal of 2-AAF the majority of the nodules regressed resulting in slowly disappearing foci of glycogen rich cells. A relatively small number of solid nodules persisted. They were characterized by large cells with a homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm, enlarged cells with a homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasm, enlarged nucleoli and dispersed @entity1893 . Because these characteristics were absent in nodular cells that had reverted to normal liver cells, it is not appropriate to consider these characteristics to represent neoplastic transformation per se.

title: Short-term induction of neoplastic nodules in the rat liver. II. Study of their development and the effects of withdrawal of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['rough endoplasmic reticulum', 'RER']

entities_list: @entity107 :: ('MESH:D004052', 'Chemical') :: ['N-nitrosodiethylamine']

entities_list: @entity5997 :: ('MESH:D015073', 'Chemical') :: ['2-AAF', '2-acetylaminofluorene']

answer: @entity5997 :: (MESH:D015073,Chemical) :: ['2-acetylaminofluorene']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The difference between coil-embolized @entity397 and @entity439 with respect to intra-aneurysmal @entity715 formation remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether there was a difference between @entity397 and unruptured coil-embolized @entity439 in the rate and timing of @entity715 formation in the aneurysmal sac and discuss the effect of @entity715 on the treatment outcome. METHODS: We evaluated 209 @entity439 with an aneurysmal dome smaller than 10 mm and a neck size less than 4 mm. Of these, 91 (43.5%) were @entity397 . We assessed intra-aneurysmal @entity715 formation by the coil-packing ratio (CPR): the percentage of coil volume occupying the aneurysmal sac. The initial CPR was defined as the CPR at which contrast influx into the sac ceased and the final CPR as that at the end of the procedure. /\CPR was calculated as the difference between initial and final CPRs. @entity439 were evaluated on follow-up angiograms. RESULTS: The initial CPR was significantly lower in @entity1756 (P < .01), and there was not a significant difference in the final CPR between @entity397 and @entity439 (P = .05). /\CPR was significantly higher in @entity1756 (P < .01). The rate of aneurysmal recanalization was significantly higher in @entity1756 (P < .05). The incidence of recanalization was high in @entity1756 with low initial CPR and /\CPR values. CONCLUSION: In @entity1756 , intra-aneurysmal @entity715 formation tends to occur in the earlier stages of coil embolization. In some cases, @entity715 formation may inhibit dense coil packing and result in recanalization.

title: Early ceasing of intra-aneurysmal contrast opacification during coil embolization in @entity1756 compared with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['Embolized aneurysms', 'aneurysms', 'unruptured aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured aneurysms']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['unruptured aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The difference between coil-embolized @entity397 and @entity439 with respect to intra-aneurysmal @entity715 formation remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether there was a difference between @entity397 and unruptured coil-embolized @entity439 in the rate and timing of @entity715 formation in the aneurysmal sac and discuss the effect of @entity715 on the treatment outcome. METHODS: We evaluated 209 @entity439 with an aneurysmal dome smaller than 10 mm and a neck size less than 4 mm. Of these, 91 (43.5%) were @entity397 . We assessed intra-aneurysmal @entity715 formation by the coil-packing ratio (CPR): the percentage of coil volume occupying the aneurysmal sac. The initial CPR was defined as the CPR at which contrast influx into the sac ceased and the final CPR as that at the end of the procedure. /\CPR was calculated as the difference between initial and final CPRs. @entity439 were evaluated on follow-up angiograms. RESULTS: The initial CPR was significantly lower in @entity1756 (P < .01), and there was not a significant difference in the final CPR between @entity397 and @entity439 (P = .05). /\CPR was significantly higher in @entity1756 (P < .01). The rate of aneurysmal recanalization was significantly higher in @entity1756 (P < .05). The incidence of recanalization was high in @entity1756 with low initial CPR and /\CPR values. CONCLUSION: In @entity1756 , intra-aneurysmal @entity715 formation tends to occur in the earlier stages of coil embolization. In some cases, @entity715 formation may inhibit dense coil packing and result in recanalization.

title: Early ceasing of intra-aneurysmal contrast opacification during coil embolization in XXXX compared with @entity439 .

answer: @entity1756 :: (MESH:D017542,Disease) :: ['ruptured aneurysms']