abstract: This article describes the population structure in @entity233 over the past 70 years and presents population projections for the period 1990-2025. Demographic patterns and economic development vary widely within @entity233 . Population increased from 13 million to about 60 million during 1923-95. The annual population growth rate was 2.2%. @entity233 is one of the 20 most populous countries of the world. The government of @entity233 maintained a pronatalist policy until the mid-1960s. The Population Planning Law of 1965 allowed limited imports of contraceptives. In 1983 the law was revised and liberalized to allow abortion up to the 10th gestation week and voluntary surgical sterilization. Past high fertility and growth rates are evident in the young population age structure. In the early 1990s the crude birth rate was about 25/1000. Contraceptive prevalence in 1993 was 63% of total married @entity1 in reproductive ages, but only 34.5% relied on effective methods. Withdrawal was the most popular method. Over 66% of @entity1 in 1993 reported a desire to stop childbearing, and 14% desired a delay in childbearing. Ideal family size was 2.4 @entity1 . The total fertility rate in 1993 was 2.7 @entity1 compared to 3.4 in 1988. @entity1 mortality declined to 53/1000 in the early 1990s. Maternal mortality was 132/1000 live births. Life expectancy was 63 years for males and 68 years for females. 51.4% of the population was urban in 1993. Net in-migration is expected until 2010. Population, under the medium variant, is expected to reach 66 million in 2000 and 87 million in 2025. Under the low variant and a fertility rate decline to 1.58 by 2025, population would reach about 84 million by 2025. Although @entity233 remains different from European Union (EU) countries in socioeconomic and demographic profiles, @entity233 is a middle-income country and offers the EU an important @entity1 resource.

title: XXXX 's population at the beginning of the 21st century.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Infant', 'human']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for @entity1911 . MATERIAL: Between January 1998 and March 2002, 12 @entity1 aged from 19 to 76 (average age 54 years) underwent 13 adrenalectomies (7 right and 6 left, 1 bilateral) using laparoscopic surgery. A specific anti- @entity101 preparation was begun prior to the operation. Peaks of blood pressure were treated by bolus @entity3360 and @entity7129 by bolus @entity7368 . @entity2661 were dosed at different times during the intervention. As far as surgery was concerned, the adrenalectomies were performed 11 times using the transperitoneal route and twice using the retroperitoneal route. The adrenal vein was found and ligatured before manipulation of the adrenal gland. RESULTS: Average length of operation was 127 minutes (75 to 195). Average @entity190 was 105 ml (0 to 1000). @entity2661 dosed throughout showed a variable increase in plasma rates during peritoneal insufflation and manipulation of the gland. They were responsible for 5 cases of @entity101 bouts and 2 cases of @entity591 which were treated with medication. No surgical conversions were necessary. Average length of hospital stay was 4.18 days (3 to 6); average size of @entity5 was 44 mm (30 to 72); average follow-up, 18.4 months. CONCLUSION: This study showed the feasibility of adrenalectomy for @entity1911 using laparoscopic surgery, subject to specific medical preparation to reduce the consequences of peroperative bouts of @entity101 and @entity7129 during peritoneal insufflation and manipulation of the adrenal gland despite initial ligature of the main adrenal vein.

title: Laparoscopic surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal tumours']

entities_list: @entity3360 :: ('MESH:D009529', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicardipine']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['Catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity7129 :: ('MESH:D013616', 'Disease') :: ['sinus tachycardia']

answer: @entity1911 :: (MESH:D010673,Disease) :: ['pheochromocytoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There have been increasing reports of cardiac improvement in @entity712 @entity1 supported by left ventricular assist devices (LVADs i.e.), including a number of @entity1 who have tolerated removal of the device without the benefit of cardiac transplant. In the current study, we retrospectively investigated echocardiographic and histologic changes in @entity1 supported by LVADs (n = 18). The goal of our study was to determine if the degree of @entity299 and myocyte size in pre-implant biopsies could predict @entity296 as assessed by improvements in ejection fraction (EF) during LVAD support. METHODS: We determined total collagen content in myocardial biopsy specimens by a semi-quantitative analysis of positive Picro-Sirius Red-stained areas and myocyte size measurements by computerized edge detection software. RESULTS: During LVAD support, 9 of the 18 @entity1 (Group A) were distinguished by significant improvement in ejection fraction (pre <20% vs unloaded 34 +/- 5%). In addition, Group A @entity1 had significantly less @entity82 and smaller myocytes than their Group B counterparts, whose EF did not improve. There was an inverse correlation between pre-implant biopsy collagen levels and myocyte size with increases in EF during LVAD unloading. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the @entity1 who demonstrated the greatest improvements in EF during support had less @entity82 and smaller myocytes at the time of device implantation. We propose that tissue profiling a @entity1 's pre-implant biopsy for @entity82 and myocyte size may allow stratification in Stage IV @entity712 and may predict @entity296 during LVAD support.

title: Degree of @entity299 and hypertrophy at time of implantation predicts XXXX during left ventricular assist device support.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial improvement']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac fibrosis']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial improvement']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There have been increasing reports of cardiac improvement in @entity712 @entity1 supported by left ventricular assist devices (LVADs i.e.), including a number of @entity1 who have tolerated removal of the device without the benefit of cardiac transplant. In the current study, we retrospectively investigated echocardiographic and histologic changes in @entity1 supported by LVADs (n = 18). The goal of our study was to determine if the degree of @entity299 and myocyte size in pre-implant biopsies could predict @entity296 as assessed by improvements in ejection fraction (EF) during LVAD support. METHODS: We determined total collagen content in myocardial biopsy specimens by a semi-quantitative analysis of positive Picro-Sirius Red-stained areas and myocyte size measurements by computerized edge detection software. RESULTS: During LVAD support, 9 of the 18 @entity1 (Group A) were distinguished by significant improvement in ejection fraction (pre <20% vs unloaded 34 +/- 5%). In addition, Group A @entity1 had significantly less @entity82 and smaller myocytes than their Group B counterparts, whose EF did not improve. There was an inverse correlation between pre-implant biopsy collagen levels and myocyte size with increases in EF during LVAD unloading. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the @entity1 who demonstrated the greatest improvements in EF during support had less @entity82 and smaller myocytes at the time of device implantation. We propose that tissue profiling a @entity1 's pre-implant biopsy for @entity82 and myocyte size may allow stratification in Stage IV @entity712 and may predict @entity296 during LVAD support.

title: Degree of XXXX and hypertrophy at time of implantation predicts @entity296 during left ventricular assist device support.

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac fibrosis']


abstract: The role of lipoxygenase products was studied in @entity1 suffering from @entity1030 . @entity4443 C4, D4, @entity70865 were measured by @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) and a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for C4. Elevated levels (up to 40 ng/ml), especially for @entity4352 E4, were found in plasma of asthmatic and bronchitic @entity1 ( @entity4352 C4 concentrations varied between 0.05 and 40 ng/ml, mean 4.9 +/- 7.8 ng/ml). In healthy donors the concentrations were below the detection limits of @entity2101 , @entity4352 C4 ranging between 5 +/- 4 ng/ml (RIA data). The conversion of @entity4352 C4 to D4 and E4 was observed by incubating the samples with synthetic @entity4352 C4. The half-life of @entity223 in plasma varied greatly, ranging from less than 12 min to 72 min (mean 39 +/- 16 min). Bronchial lavages yielded @entity4352 C4 concentrations of 0.2 to 7 ng. @entity11130 was detected in 10 of 41 cases. Conversion of @entity4352 C4 did not occur in 50% of all cases, but was regularly observed in putrid lavages. These data suggest that @entity4443 play an important role in allergic and @entity358 .

title: [Significance of XXXX in chronic respiratory tract diseases in childhood].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4443 :: ('MESH:D015289', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotrienes', 'Leukotrienes']

entities_list: @entity4352 :: ('CHEBI:25029', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotriene']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['infectious lung diseases']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['HPLC', 'high performance liquid chromatography']

entities_list: @entity223 :: ('MESH:D017997', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotriene C4']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases of the lung']

entities_list: @entity11130 :: ('MESH:D017999', 'Chemical') :: ['Leukotriene E4']

answer: @entity4443 :: (MESH:D015289,Chemical) :: ['leukotrienes']


abstract: @entity2151 reductase, an essential enzyme for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, is formed by the association of two nonidentical subunits in almost all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The same model probably holds for the @entity778 ( @entity778 )-encoded @entity2151 reductase; two polypeptides of relative molecular mass 136,000 (136K; H1) and 40K (H2) (referred to elsewhere as @entity4736 and @entity16071 ; see for example, Dutia et al.) have been associated with the viral enzyme by both genetic and immunological studies. Furthermore, DNA sequence analyses have shown significant stretches of @entity535 homology between these viral polypeptides and those of, respectively, subunit 1 (ref. 12) and subunit 2 (ref. 13) of the @entity526 and @entity1 enzymes. To assess the involvement of the 40K polypeptide in reductase activity, we synthesized a nonapeptide corresponding to the sequence of its @entity1473 terminus with the intention of raising neutralizing antibodies specific for the viral activity (E.A.C. et al., in preparation). We report here the unexpected finding that the nonapeptide itself specifically inhibits the @entity778 @entity2151 reductase activity in a reversible, non-competitive manner, and we suggest that it does this by impairment of the correct association of the two subunits. This phenomenon emphasizes the potential usefulness of synthetic peptides in probing critical sites involved in macromolecular interactions.

title: Specific inhibition of herpesvirus @entity2151 reductase by a nonapeptide derived from the XXXX terminus of subunit 2.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['HSV', 'herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity1473 :: ('CHEBI:46883', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxy']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino-acid']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity2151 :: ('CHEBI:26561', 'Chemical') :: ['ribonucleotide', 'Ribonucleotide']

answer: @entity1473 :: (CHEBI:46883,Chemical) :: ['carboxy']


abstract: @entity2151 reductase, an essential enzyme for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides, is formed by the association of two nonidentical subunits in almost all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The same model probably holds for the @entity778 ( @entity778 )-encoded @entity2151 reductase; two polypeptides of relative molecular mass 136,000 (136K; H1) and 40K (H2) (referred to elsewhere as @entity4736 and @entity16071 ; see for example, Dutia et al.) have been associated with the viral enzyme by both genetic and immunological studies. Furthermore, DNA sequence analyses have shown significant stretches of @entity535 homology between these viral polypeptides and those of, respectively, subunit 1 (ref. 12) and subunit 2 (ref. 13) of the @entity526 and @entity1 enzymes. To assess the involvement of the 40K polypeptide in reductase activity, we synthesized a nonapeptide corresponding to the sequence of its @entity1473 terminus with the intention of raising neutralizing antibodies specific for the viral activity (E.A.C. et al., in preparation). We report here the unexpected finding that the nonapeptide itself specifically inhibits the @entity778 @entity2151 reductase activity in a reversible, non-competitive manner, and we suggest that it does this by impairment of the correct association of the two subunits. This phenomenon emphasizes the potential usefulness of synthetic peptides in probing critical sites involved in macromolecular interactions.

title: Specific inhibition of herpesvirus XXXX reductase by a nonapeptide derived from the @entity1473 terminus of subunit 2.

answer: @entity2151 :: (CHEBI:26561,Chemical) :: ['ribonucleotide']


abstract: PURPOSE: We used high-dose @entity786 plus @entity1945 / @entity1891 (CTV) or @entity2600 (C/I) in @entity1 with resistant @entity521 . The aim was to use a regimen with little risk to major organs to (a) achieve or consolidate remission in heavily treated @entity1 and to (b) induce an immunological state conducive to passive immunotherapy with the murine 3F8 antibody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CTV and C/I included @entity786 140 mg/kg ( approximately 4200 mg/m(2)). With CTV, @entity1945 2 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (30 min) on days 1-4 (total, 8 mg/m(2)), and @entity1891 0.067 mg/kg was injected on day 1. With C/I, @entity2600 , 50 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (1 h) on days 1-5 (total, 250 mg/m(2)). Mesna and @entity1261 were used. RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity1 received 38 courses of CTV, and 26 @entity1 received 38 courses of C/I. All @entity1 had previously received @entity1945 , a hemopoietic stem-cell transplant, and/or high-dose @entity786 . CTV and C/I caused myelosuppression of comparably prolonged duration as follows: absolute neutrophil counts <500/ micro l lasted 5-12 days in @entity1 who had not previously received transplant and 7-21 days in @entity1 who were post-transplant. Other significant @entity137 included @entity15856 (two CTV-treated @entity1 , one C/I-treated @entity1 ) and @entity2335 (one C/I-treated @entity1 ). Major responses were seen in 4 (15%) of 26 CTV and 4 (17%) of 24 C/I-treated @entity1 with assessable disease. @entity236 resolved in 5 (28%) of 18 CTV-treated @entity1 and in 4 (27%) of 15 C/I-treated @entity1 . 3F8 after CTV or C/I was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies, consistent with the desired immunosuppressive effect of high-dose @entity786 . CONCLUSIONS: CTV and C/I require transfusional and antibiotic support but otherwise entail tolerable morbidity. They have modest antineuroblastoma activity in heavily treated @entity1 and are good preparative regimens for passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies.

title: Camptothecin analogs ( XXXX or @entity1945 ) plus high-dose @entity786 as preparative regimens for antibody-based immunotherapy in resistant @entity521 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['Bone marrow disease']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic cystitis']

entities_list: @entity1945 :: ('MESH:D019772', 'Chemical') :: ['topotecan']

answer: @entity2600 :: (MESH:C051890,Chemical) :: ['irinotecan']


abstract: PURPOSE: We used high-dose @entity786 plus @entity1945 / @entity1891 (CTV) or @entity2600 (C/I) in @entity1 with resistant @entity521 . The aim was to use a regimen with little risk to major organs to (a) achieve or consolidate remission in heavily treated @entity1 and to (b) induce an immunological state conducive to passive immunotherapy with the murine 3F8 antibody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CTV and C/I included @entity786 140 mg/kg ( approximately 4200 mg/m(2)). With CTV, @entity1945 2 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (30 min) on days 1-4 (total, 8 mg/m(2)), and @entity1891 0.067 mg/kg was injected on day 1. With C/I, @entity2600 , 50 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (1 h) on days 1-5 (total, 250 mg/m(2)). Mesna and @entity1261 were used. RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity1 received 38 courses of CTV, and 26 @entity1 received 38 courses of C/I. All @entity1 had previously received @entity1945 , a hemopoietic stem-cell transplant, and/or high-dose @entity786 . CTV and C/I caused myelosuppression of comparably prolonged duration as follows: absolute neutrophil counts <500/ micro l lasted 5-12 days in @entity1 who had not previously received transplant and 7-21 days in @entity1 who were post-transplant. Other significant @entity137 included @entity15856 (two CTV-treated @entity1 , one C/I-treated @entity1 ) and @entity2335 (one C/I-treated @entity1 ). Major responses were seen in 4 (15%) of 26 CTV and 4 (17%) of 24 C/I-treated @entity1 with assessable disease. @entity236 resolved in 5 (28%) of 18 CTV-treated @entity1 and in 4 (27%) of 15 C/I-treated @entity1 . 3F8 after CTV or C/I was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies, consistent with the desired immunosuppressive effect of high-dose @entity786 . CONCLUSIONS: CTV and C/I require transfusional and antibiotic support but otherwise entail tolerable morbidity. They have modest antineuroblastoma activity in heavily treated @entity1 and are good preparative regimens for passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies.

title: Camptothecin analogs ( @entity2600 or @entity1945 ) plus high-dose @entity786 as preparative regimens for antibody-based immunotherapy in resistant XXXX .

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We used high-dose @entity786 plus @entity1945 / @entity1891 (CTV) or @entity2600 (C/I) in @entity1 with resistant @entity521 . The aim was to use a regimen with little risk to major organs to (a) achieve or consolidate remission in heavily treated @entity1 and to (b) induce an immunological state conducive to passive immunotherapy with the murine 3F8 antibody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CTV and C/I included @entity786 140 mg/kg ( approximately 4200 mg/m(2)). With CTV, @entity1945 2 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (30 min) on days 1-4 (total, 8 mg/m(2)), and @entity1891 0.067 mg/kg was injected on day 1. With C/I, @entity2600 , 50 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (1 h) on days 1-5 (total, 250 mg/m(2)). Mesna and @entity1261 were used. RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity1 received 38 courses of CTV, and 26 @entity1 received 38 courses of C/I. All @entity1 had previously received @entity1945 , a hemopoietic stem-cell transplant, and/or high-dose @entity786 . CTV and C/I caused myelosuppression of comparably prolonged duration as follows: absolute neutrophil counts <500/ micro l lasted 5-12 days in @entity1 who had not previously received transplant and 7-21 days in @entity1 who were post-transplant. Other significant @entity137 included @entity15856 (two CTV-treated @entity1 , one C/I-treated @entity1 ) and @entity2335 (one C/I-treated @entity1 ). Major responses were seen in 4 (15%) of 26 CTV and 4 (17%) of 24 C/I-treated @entity1 with assessable disease. @entity236 resolved in 5 (28%) of 18 CTV-treated @entity1 and in 4 (27%) of 15 C/I-treated @entity1 . 3F8 after CTV or C/I was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies, consistent with the desired immunosuppressive effect of high-dose @entity786 . CONCLUSIONS: CTV and C/I require transfusional and antibiotic support but otherwise entail tolerable morbidity. They have modest antineuroblastoma activity in heavily treated @entity1 and are good preparative regimens for passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies.

title: Camptothecin analogs ( @entity2600 or XXXX ) plus high-dose @entity786 as preparative regimens for antibody-based immunotherapy in resistant @entity521 .

answer: @entity1945 :: (MESH:D019772,Chemical) :: ['topotecan']


abstract: PURPOSE: We used high-dose @entity786 plus @entity1945 / @entity1891 (CTV) or @entity2600 (C/I) in @entity1 with resistant @entity521 . The aim was to use a regimen with little risk to major organs to (a) achieve or consolidate remission in heavily treated @entity1 and to (b) induce an immunological state conducive to passive immunotherapy with the murine 3F8 antibody. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CTV and C/I included @entity786 140 mg/kg ( approximately 4200 mg/m(2)). With CTV, @entity1945 2 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (30 min) on days 1-4 (total, 8 mg/m(2)), and @entity1891 0.067 mg/kg was injected on day 1. With C/I, @entity2600 , 50 mg/m(2) was infused i.v. (1 h) on days 1-5 (total, 250 mg/m(2)). Mesna and @entity1261 were used. RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity1 received 38 courses of CTV, and 26 @entity1 received 38 courses of C/I. All @entity1 had previously received @entity1945 , a hemopoietic stem-cell transplant, and/or high-dose @entity786 . CTV and C/I caused myelosuppression of comparably prolonged duration as follows: absolute neutrophil counts <500/ micro l lasted 5-12 days in @entity1 who had not previously received transplant and 7-21 days in @entity1 who were post-transplant. Other significant @entity137 included @entity15856 (two CTV-treated @entity1 , one C/I-treated @entity1 ) and @entity2335 (one C/I-treated @entity1 ). Major responses were seen in 4 (15%) of 26 CTV and 4 (17%) of 24 C/I-treated @entity1 with assessable disease. @entity236 resolved in 5 (28%) of 18 CTV-treated @entity1 and in 4 (27%) of 15 C/I-treated @entity1 . 3F8 after CTV or C/I was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies, consistent with the desired immunosuppressive effect of high-dose @entity786 . CONCLUSIONS: CTV and C/I require transfusional and antibiotic support but otherwise entail tolerable morbidity. They have modest antineuroblastoma activity in heavily treated @entity1 and are good preparative regimens for passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies.

title: Camptothecin analogs ( @entity2600 or @entity1945 ) plus high-dose XXXX as preparative regimens for antibody-based immunotherapy in resistant @entity521 .

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that administration of the @entity70866 gene to the left bundle-branch (LBB) system of intact @entity235 would provide pacemaker function in the physiological range of heart rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: An adenoviral construct incorporating @entity70866 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker was injected via catheter under fluoroscopic control into the posterior division of the LBB. Controls were injected with an adenoviral construct of GFP alone or saline. Animals were monitored electrocardiographically for up to 7 days after surgery, at which time they were anesthetized and subjected to vagal stimulation to permit emergence of escape pacemakers. Hearts were then removed and injection sites visually identified and removed for microelectrode study of action potentials, patch clamp studies of pacemaker current, and/or immunohistochemical studies of @entity70866 . For 48 hours postoperatively, 7 of 7 animals subjected to 24-hour ECG monitoring showed multiple ventricular premature depolarizations and/or @entity1165 attributable to injection-induced injury. Thereafter, sinus rhythm prevailed. During vagal stimulation, @entity70866 -injected @entity235 showed rhythms originating from the left ventricle, the rate of which was significantly more rapid than in the controls. Excised posterior divisions of the LBB from @entity70866 -injected animals manifested automatic rates significantly greater than the controls. Isolated tissues showed immunohistochemical and biophysical evidence of overexpressed @entity70866 . CONCLUSIONS: A gene-therapy approach for induction of biological pacemaker activity within the LBB system provides @entity67 that have physiologically acceptable rates. Long-term stability and feasibility of the approach remain to be tested.

title: Biological pacemaker implanted in @entity235 left bundle branch provides XXXX that have physiologically acceptable rates.

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular escape rhythms']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

answer: @entity67 :: (MESH:D018754,Disease) :: ['ventricular escape rhythms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that administration of the @entity70866 gene to the left bundle-branch (LBB) system of intact @entity235 would provide pacemaker function in the physiological range of heart rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: An adenoviral construct incorporating @entity70866 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker was injected via catheter under fluoroscopic control into the posterior division of the LBB. Controls were injected with an adenoviral construct of GFP alone or saline. Animals were monitored electrocardiographically for up to 7 days after surgery, at which time they were anesthetized and subjected to vagal stimulation to permit emergence of escape pacemakers. Hearts were then removed and injection sites visually identified and removed for microelectrode study of action potentials, patch clamp studies of pacemaker current, and/or immunohistochemical studies of @entity70866 . For 48 hours postoperatively, 7 of 7 animals subjected to 24-hour ECG monitoring showed multiple ventricular premature depolarizations and/or @entity1165 attributable to injection-induced injury. Thereafter, sinus rhythm prevailed. During vagal stimulation, @entity70866 -injected @entity235 showed rhythms originating from the left ventricle, the rate of which was significantly more rapid than in the controls. Excised posterior divisions of the LBB from @entity70866 -injected animals manifested automatic rates significantly greater than the controls. Isolated tissues showed immunohistochemical and biophysical evidence of overexpressed @entity70866 . CONCLUSIONS: A gene-therapy approach for induction of biological pacemaker activity within the LBB system provides @entity67 that have physiologically acceptable rates. Long-term stability and feasibility of the approach remain to be tested.

title: Biological pacemaker implanted in XXXX left bundle branch provides @entity67 that have physiologically acceptable rates.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity135 and of the esophagus, metabolic and functional imaging by PET with @entity419 has a pivotal role in the evaluation of @entity5 response to therapy, specifically, in the prediction of progression-free survival and overall survival. Metabolic imaging allows the detection of biochemical changes within @entity5 cells as opposed to identifiable morphologic changes. Anatomic imaging modalities do not reliably differentiate between responders and nonresponders early during the course of follow-up. The correlation between histopathologic @entity5 response after preoperative therapy and clinical prognosis is well established for many @entity5 . Squamous @entity135 and @entity418 demonstrate avid @entity419 uptake. For these @entity5 , @entity419 PET parallels histopathologic findings in its ability to detect residual viable @entity5 ; therefore, it is a valuable tool for the noninvasive assessment of histopathologic @entity5 response in advanced-stage cases after neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. Early determination of nonresponders is of prime importance, as timely therapy modification can be accomplished for @entity1 who do not demonstrate a response to therapy. This determination is exceptionally important for @entity135 and esophageal @entity5 , both of which are known for their unfavorable prognosis, as early modifications in therapy regimens for nonresponders may improve @entity1 outcome. There is now evidence that @entity419 PET is a sensitive and specific method for determining therapy response and for providing important prognostic information for these @entity5 . Therefore, @entity419 PET may change @entity1 management and lead to improved survival for a selected group of @entity1 with @entity135 and of the esophagus.

title: PET in the assessment of therapy response in @entity1 with XXXX and of the esophagus.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck', 'carcinoma of the head and neck']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the head and neck']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity135 and of the esophagus, metabolic and functional imaging by PET with @entity419 has a pivotal role in the evaluation of @entity5 response to therapy, specifically, in the prediction of progression-free survival and overall survival. Metabolic imaging allows the detection of biochemical changes within @entity5 cells as opposed to identifiable morphologic changes. Anatomic imaging modalities do not reliably differentiate between responders and nonresponders early during the course of follow-up. The correlation between histopathologic @entity5 response after preoperative therapy and clinical prognosis is well established for many @entity5 . Squamous @entity135 and @entity418 demonstrate avid @entity419 uptake. For these @entity5 , @entity419 PET parallels histopathologic findings in its ability to detect residual viable @entity5 ; therefore, it is a valuable tool for the noninvasive assessment of histopathologic @entity5 response in advanced-stage cases after neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. Early determination of nonresponders is of prime importance, as timely therapy modification can be accomplished for @entity1 who do not demonstrate a response to therapy. This determination is exceptionally important for @entity135 and esophageal @entity5 , both of which are known for their unfavorable prognosis, as early modifications in therapy regimens for nonresponders may improve @entity1 outcome. There is now evidence that @entity419 PET is a sensitive and specific method for determining therapy response and for providing important prognostic information for these @entity5 . Therefore, @entity419 PET may change @entity1 management and lead to improved survival for a selected group of @entity1 with @entity135 and of the esophagus.

title: PET in the assessment of therapy response in XXXX with @entity135 and of the esophagus.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A model of growth factor-cell receptor interactions, including internalization, sorting, recycling, and degradation and their modulation by @entity5 promoters, is developed, analyzed, and tested. In keeping with data and concepts based on a large number of systems, the main assumption is that after receptor-ligand binding the complex associates with a second membrane protein, localized in @entity558 , and that this event is a necessary condition for receptor-mediated endocytosis and subsequent intracellular processes. As a consequence of the model, ligands having distinct receptors interfere at the cell surface through competition between their receptor complexes for a limited pool of coated pit proteins. The utility of the model is illustrated by a detailed analysis of binding, endocytosis, and degradation of @entity4179 ( @entity4179 ) and their modulation by @entity4996 . The analysis permits quantitative characterization of the dynamics of the endocytic processes and leads to the following conclusions. The Scatchard plot changes from linear to nonlinear as the ratio of the number of coated pit proteins to the number of receptors decreases. Competition between @entity4621 and @entity4179 -bound receptors for coated pit proteins predicts, in agreement with observation, conversion of nonlinear @entity4179 Scatchard plots to linear plots subsequent to reincubation with @entity4996 . The postulated competition suggests a local homology between the @entity4621 receptor and the @entity4179 receptor. Homologous and heterologous downregulations observed in numerous systems are natural consequences of the model. Preincubation with the heterologous ligand increases the time lag between ligand binding and lysosomal degradation and alters intracellular sorting.

title: Regulation of interacting populations during endocytosis: models of growth factor- XXXX promoter dynamics.

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['coated pits']

entities_list: @entity4621 :: ('CHEBI:37532', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol ester']

entities_list: @entity4179 :: ('1950', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor', 'EGF']

entities_list: @entity4996 :: ('MESH:D010703', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol esters']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: A study was made in Bombay, India of oral contraception using 2 combinations of @entity11321 and @entity8473 in 521 @entity1 over a period of 3 years with a total of 5196 menstrual cycles. The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups: 1 using 1 mg of @entity11321 plus .1 mg of @entity8473 and the other using .5 mg of @entity11321 and .1 mg of @entity8473 . 70% of the @entity1 studied were aged 21-30 years. @entity1 over 35 and those with more than 3 @entity1 were urged to undergo operative procedures. Most had used no contraceptive method previously, 56.6% desired planned families, and 43.4% wanted no more @entity1 . There was a monthly interview when a new supply of tablets was distributed. No pregnancies followed in either group when tablets were taken regularly, but 2 did occur otherwise. Side effects were most severe during the first cycle. 55 @entity1 (10.5%) discontinued medication at the end of 3 years because of side effects. 267 discontinued the program because pills were not available near their homes. Of these, 71 became pregnant over the 3-year period, only 10 of whom desired pregnancy. None showed evidence of @entity1031 phenomena. Liver function tests showed no change. The cycle length of most @entity1 taking the preparations became more regular at 27-28 days. There was little difference in side effects of the 2 preparations.

title: Experience with @entity11321 and XXXX as an oral contraceptive.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity11321 :: ('MESH:D005040', 'Chemical') :: ['ethynodiol diacetate']

entities_list: @entity8473 :: ('MESH:D008656', 'Chemical') :: ['mestranol']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

answer: @entity8473 :: (MESH:D008656,Chemical) :: ['mestranol']


abstract: A study was made in Bombay, India of oral contraception using 2 combinations of @entity11321 and @entity8473 in 521 @entity1 over a period of 3 years with a total of 5196 menstrual cycles. The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups: 1 using 1 mg of @entity11321 plus .1 mg of @entity8473 and the other using .5 mg of @entity11321 and .1 mg of @entity8473 . 70% of the @entity1 studied were aged 21-30 years. @entity1 over 35 and those with more than 3 @entity1 were urged to undergo operative procedures. Most had used no contraceptive method previously, 56.6% desired planned families, and 43.4% wanted no more @entity1 . There was a monthly interview when a new supply of tablets was distributed. No pregnancies followed in either group when tablets were taken regularly, but 2 did occur otherwise. Side effects were most severe during the first cycle. 55 @entity1 (10.5%) discontinued medication at the end of 3 years because of side effects. 267 discontinued the program because pills were not available near their homes. Of these, 71 became pregnant over the 3-year period, only 10 of whom desired pregnancy. None showed evidence of @entity1031 phenomena. Liver function tests showed no change. The cycle length of most @entity1 taking the preparations became more regular at 27-28 days. There was little difference in side effects of the 2 preparations.

title: Experience with XXXX and @entity8473 as an oral contraceptive.

answer: @entity11321 :: (MESH:D005040,Chemical) :: ['ethynodiol diacetate']


abstract: Both phagocytosis (of particles) and pinocytosis (of solutes) occur in macrophages. It is not known, however, whether particles, if they are small enough, can enter by pinocytosis, nor whether there is a minimum size of particle capable of triggering phagocytic uptake. These questions have been investigated by studying, in vitro, the uptake by @entity35 peritoneal macrophages of particles ranging in diameter from 30 nm to 1100 nm. Percoll (30 nm diameter) and @entity852 beads (100, 300, 600, 800 or 1100 nm diameter) were 125I-iodinated and their uptake by macrophages was measured in the absence or presence of metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors. Since uptake, expressed as an Endocytic Index (microliter/10(6) cells per h), increased steadily with the duration of incubation and was inhibited by low temperature or metabolic inhibitors, it was concluded that true endocytosis, and not a superficial cell-association, was being measured. Rates of clearance increased with increasing particle diameter. The rate of uptake of Percoll was 10-times, and of 100 nm @entity852 beads 100-times, the rate of fluid-phase pinocytosis, as measured by the uptake of 125I-labelled @entity4280 . @entity852 beads of 1100 nm diameter were captured at 700-times this rate. The differential effects of @entity3812 and @entity2389 on the uptake of 125I-labelled @entity4280 and of 1100 nm @entity852 beads were taken as indicators of their effects on pinocytosis and phagocytosis respectively. It is concluded that Percoll, although particulate, is captured by pinocytosis. The pattern of inhibition of uptake of @entity852 particles suggests that there is no radical discontinuity between pinocytic and phagocytic uptake, but that the contribution of phagocytosis steadily increases with increasing particle diameter. The results are discussed.

title: Pinocytosis and phagocytosis: the effect of size of a particulate substrate on its mode of capture by XXXX peritoneal macrophages cultured in vitro.

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['Polystyrene', 'polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity4280 :: ('MESH:D011205', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinylpyrrolidone']

entities_list: @entity2389 :: ('MESH:D003571', 'Chemical') :: ['cytochalasin B']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A causal link between prolonged @entity172 (E) therapy and @entity1204 is argued for in this report of a case who was treated with large amounts of estrogenic substances almost continuously for an 8-year period. In 1919 a 25-year-old @entity1 was admitted with @entity565 of 1-year duration. @entity565 onset had been very severe, requiring administration of @entity1425 every few hours and frequent hospital observation. In 1928, the @entity1 was amenorrheic for 8 months; in 1936, she experienced @entity2588 for 4 months. In 1937 ( @entity1 now 45 years old), the relationship between @entity2588 and increased severity of @entity565 was suspected. At this time, the @entity1 also complained of hot flashes and sweats. Treatment with estrogenic substances was begun in 1937 and continued through 1945. 3 unusual features were noted during therapy: 1) persistence of hot flashes; 2) persistence of high urine titers of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) despite adequate E doses; and 3) absence of bleeding when E was temporarily withdrawn. By 1945, @entity1204 had been identified by vaginal smear and verified by biopsy. Because of the previous absence of respose of FSH to prolonged E therapy, Es were omitted for 4 weeks, and after this period the vaginal smear showed complete absence of intrinsic estrogenic stimulation, and the urine titer of FSH was high. E given for 10 days caused moderate pituitary inhibition. Determination of @entity9193 made before and after therapy was abnormally low. Except for the state of @entity102 and the continuous administration of @entity565 medication (chronic alarm reaction?), there is no explanation of @entity189 grade 2.

title: Cancer of endometrium and prolonged XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'Asthma']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity9193 :: ('MESH:D015068', 'Chemical') :: ['17-keto-steroids']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: The effects of circulating antibodies on fertility after vasovasostomy was studied in @entity2608 . After vasectomy there was rapid rise in antibody levels against @entity12179 ; these reached a peak after 2 weeks, rather more rapidly than has been reported in man. Antibody levels declined after this period. Monkeys with high antibodies were also more likely to have @entity738 and @entity292 . After vasovasostomy several monkeys became fertile again with sperm counts in ejaculate reaching a high level at 3 months, although levels were lower than before vasectomy. Some males retained a high and sustained level of sperm immobilizing antibodies in plasma, sometimes for 18 months or more. These males produced fewer @entity12179 and were more likely to be subfertile or infertile after vasectomy. Almost all the monkeys without antibodies were fertile. Presence of antibodies at vasovasostomy was not a definite indication of subsequent @entity249 but did provide an indication of likelihood of continuing sterility. These are similar to observations of @entity1 undergoing vasectomy and vasosostomy.

title: Immunological consequences of vasectomy and vasovasostomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity12179 :: ('OMIM:102530', 'Disease') :: ['spermatozoa']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkeys']


abstract: A panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies that preferentially react with @entity1 @entity2 cells has been produced. All are reactive with fresh frozen sections of @entity957 tissues in immunoperoxidase assays and are unreactive with lymphoblastoid cells, red blood cells, and fibroblasts in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At least eight of these antibodies interact with cell surface components. These reagents can be subdivided into four groups based upon their reactivities. Groups 1 to 3 are unreactive with normal liver, lung, kidney, @entity694 in immunoperoxidase assays. Group 1 antibodies ( @entity58438 , @entity70867 , @entity70868 , @entity70868 , and @entity58438 ) are all of @entity3172 subclass and immunoprecipitate nonsulfated glycoprotein components with molecular weights of 80,000 and 180,000 and a nonglycosylated polypeptide with a molecular weight of 38,000. Group 1 antibodies are also reactive with some @entity2220 and, with the exception of @entity58438 , stain certain differentiated strata within normal adult plantar and fetal epidermis. Group 2 antibodies (PF2/A and @entity9560 ) react also with breast, gastric, and @entity694 and some @entity5 of neuroectodermal origin. Group 2 antibodies, which are both of @entity3172 subclass immunoprecipitate a nonglycosylated Mr 24,000 polypeptide. Group 3 antibodies (PF3/A, an IgG1; @entity9560 , an IgGM; and @entity9861 , an IgG2a) react additionally with certain other @entity5 , as well as with normal adult and fetal epidermis. Group 4 antibodies ( @entity70869 , an IgG2a; and @entity70870 , an IgG1) are less specific than those of the preceding groups, as they react with some normal tissues, including pancreatic islets and pneumocytes, as well as with a variety of @entity420 and @entity5 of neuroectodermal origin. @entity70869 and @entity70870 immunoprecipitate Mr 100,000 and 95,000 glycoproteins, respectively.

title: Antigens associated with @entity1 XXXX defined by murine monoclonal antibodies.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['squamous lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon, spleen, and pancreas', 'colonic adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2220 :: ('MESH:C538231', 'Disease') :: ['lung adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: A panel of 12 monoclonal antibodies that preferentially react with @entity1 @entity2 cells has been produced. All are reactive with fresh frozen sections of @entity957 tissues in immunoperoxidase assays and are unreactive with lymphoblastoid cells, red blood cells, and fibroblasts in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At least eight of these antibodies interact with cell surface components. These reagents can be subdivided into four groups based upon their reactivities. Groups 1 to 3 are unreactive with normal liver, lung, kidney, @entity694 in immunoperoxidase assays. Group 1 antibodies ( @entity58438 , @entity70867 , @entity70868 , @entity70868 , and @entity58438 ) are all of @entity3172 subclass and immunoprecipitate nonsulfated glycoprotein components with molecular weights of 80,000 and 180,000 and a nonglycosylated polypeptide with a molecular weight of 38,000. Group 1 antibodies are also reactive with some @entity2220 and, with the exception of @entity58438 , stain certain differentiated strata within normal adult plantar and fetal epidermis. Group 2 antibodies (PF2/A and @entity9560 ) react also with breast, gastric, and @entity694 and some @entity5 of neuroectodermal origin. Group 2 antibodies, which are both of @entity3172 subclass immunoprecipitate a nonglycosylated Mr 24,000 polypeptide. Group 3 antibodies (PF3/A, an IgG1; @entity9560 , an IgGM; and @entity9861 , an IgG2a) react additionally with certain other @entity5 , as well as with normal adult and fetal epidermis. Group 4 antibodies ( @entity70869 , an IgG2a; and @entity70870 , an IgG1) are less specific than those of the preceding groups, as they react with some normal tissues, including pancreatic islets and pneumocytes, as well as with a variety of @entity420 and @entity5 of neuroectodermal origin. @entity70869 and @entity70870 immunoprecipitate Mr 100,000 and 95,000 glycoproteins, respectively.

title: Antigens associated with XXXX @entity957 defined by murine monoclonal antibodies.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has high temporal resolution, requires little restraint, and is suitable for examining the effect of psychological tasks on brain circulation. In the present study, frontal function in @entity161 @entity1 was analyzed by NIRS during random number generation (RNG), ruler-catching (RC), and sequential finger-to-thumb (SFT) tasks. METHODS: Two sets of NIRS probes were attached to the foreheads of 13 @entity161 @entity1 and 10 control subjects approximately at Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8. Near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted at a sampling rate of 1 Hz, with the pathlength being determined by time-resolved spectroscopy with differential pathlength factor measurements. The absolute changes in oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) hemoglobin concentrations in response to each task were measured, and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) concentration was calculated as the sum of the two. RESULTS: During RNG task, total- and oxy-Hb concentrations increased, and deoxy-Hb decreased, but the responses were significantly smaller in @entity161 @entity1 . During RC task, oxy-Hb in @entity161 @entity1 tended to decrease, in contrast to the mostly increasing response in control subjects. No group difference was observed during SFT task. CONCLUSIONS: Task-dependent profile of functional abnormalities was observed in @entity9555 . These results support the usefulness of NIRS data in @entity75 and evaluating @entity558 in @entity161 @entity1 .

title: Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of @entity75 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['psychopathologic condition']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['investigating frontal lobe dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity9555 :: ('MESH:D001928', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic frontal brain metabolism']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has high temporal resolution, requires little restraint, and is suitable for examining the effect of psychological tasks on brain circulation. In the present study, frontal function in @entity161 @entity1 was analyzed by NIRS during random number generation (RNG), ruler-catching (RC), and sequential finger-to-thumb (SFT) tasks. METHODS: Two sets of NIRS probes were attached to the foreheads of 13 @entity161 @entity1 and 10 control subjects approximately at Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8. Near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted at a sampling rate of 1 Hz, with the pathlength being determined by time-resolved spectroscopy with differential pathlength factor measurements. The absolute changes in oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) hemoglobin concentrations in response to each task were measured, and total hemoglobin (total-Hb) concentration was calculated as the sum of the two. RESULTS: During RNG task, total- and oxy-Hb concentrations increased, and deoxy-Hb decreased, but the responses were significantly smaller in @entity161 @entity1 . During RC task, oxy-Hb in @entity161 @entity1 tended to decrease, in contrast to the mostly increasing response in control subjects. No group difference was observed during SFT task. CONCLUSIONS: Task-dependent profile of functional abnormalities was observed in @entity9555 . These results support the usefulness of NIRS data in @entity75 and evaluating @entity558 in @entity161 @entity1 .

title: Near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of XXXX in @entity161 .

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['frontal lobe dysfunction']


abstract: 1. Single mechanically skinned fibres from the @entity35 extensor digitorum longus muscle, which allow access to intracellular compartments, were used to examine the effects of 0.5-100 microM @entity2644 ( @entity5579 ) on the major steps of the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling to elucidate the involvement of skeletal muscle in the @entity3326 ( @entity3326 ). 2. At 1 microM, @entity5579 caused a 20-30% increase in the force response induced by @entity262 and a marked increase in the rate of @entity5834 -induced SR @entity141 release. At [ @entity5579 ]> or =2.5 microM, there was an initial increase followed by a marked decrease of the @entity262 -induced force responses, while the potentiating effect on the @entity5834 -induced SR @entity141 release remained. These effects were reversible. 3. @entity5579 had no effect on the maximum @entity141 -activated force, but caused reversible, concentration-dependent increases in the @entity141 sensitivity of the contractile apparatus at [ @entity5579 ] > or =10 microM, with a 50% predicted shift of 0.11 pCa (-log [ @entity141 ]) units at 82.3 microM @entity5579 . 4. @entity5579 did not alter the rate of SR- @entity141 loading at 1 and 10 microM, but reversibly reduced it by approximately 40% at 100 microM by reducing the SR @entity141 pump. Nevertheless, the SR @entity141 content was greater when fibres became unresponsive to t-system-induced depolarisation in the presence than in the absence of 100 microM @entity5579 . 5. The results show that @entity5579 has concentration-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effects on various steps of the E-C coupling, which can explain the involvement of skeletal muscle in @entity3326 and reconcile previous divergent data on @entity5579 effects on muscle.

title: Effects of XXXX on excitation-contraction coupling events in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres of the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3326 :: ('MESH:D009459', 'Disease') :: ['NMS', 'neuroleptic malignant syndrome']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['t-system depolarisation']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity2644 :: ('MESH:D002746', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorpromazine hydrochloride']

answer: @entity2644 :: (MESH:D002746,Chemical) :: ['chlorpromazine']


abstract: 1. Single mechanically skinned fibres from the @entity35 extensor digitorum longus muscle, which allow access to intracellular compartments, were used to examine the effects of 0.5-100 microM @entity2644 ( @entity5579 ) on the major steps of the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling to elucidate the involvement of skeletal muscle in the @entity3326 ( @entity3326 ). 2. At 1 microM, @entity5579 caused a 20-30% increase in the force response induced by @entity262 and a marked increase in the rate of @entity5834 -induced SR @entity141 release. At [ @entity5579 ]> or =2.5 microM, there was an initial increase followed by a marked decrease of the @entity262 -induced force responses, while the potentiating effect on the @entity5834 -induced SR @entity141 release remained. These effects were reversible. 3. @entity5579 had no effect on the maximum @entity141 -activated force, but caused reversible, concentration-dependent increases in the @entity141 sensitivity of the contractile apparatus at [ @entity5579 ] > or =10 microM, with a 50% predicted shift of 0.11 pCa (-log [ @entity141 ]) units at 82.3 microM @entity5579 . 4. @entity5579 did not alter the rate of SR- @entity141 loading at 1 and 10 microM, but reversibly reduced it by approximately 40% at 100 microM by reducing the SR @entity141 pump. Nevertheless, the SR @entity141 content was greater when fibres became unresponsive to t-system-induced depolarisation in the presence than in the absence of 100 microM @entity5579 . 5. The results show that @entity5579 has concentration-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effects on various steps of the E-C coupling, which can explain the involvement of skeletal muscle in @entity3326 and reconcile previous divergent data on @entity5579 effects on muscle.

title: Effects of @entity2644 on excitation-contraction coupling events in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres of the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The purpose of this study to assess the effect of the formula @entity2226 / @entity3988 / @entity270 on the progression of @entity227 in @entity6391 . A double blind, placebo controlled study in 62 @entity1 : visual field threshold values were obtained in a Humphrey Field Analyzer from center (30 degrees) and periphery (30-60 degrees), every 4 months during 3-year follow-up. Data were analyzed by univariate regression, with slopes obtained from the best fit lines. Based on slope values, three groups of @entity1 were identified as those showing negative, positive, or zero slope: > or = 1 to < or = +1. In controls (32 @entity1 ), at central area, the distribution in negative, zero, or positive slope was, respectively, 16 (50%), 11 (35%), and 5 (15%). In the treated group (30 @entity1 ) this distribution was 6 (20%) negative, 17 (53%) zero, and 7 (23%) positive slope. In periphery, 16 control @entity1 were distributed as 11 (69%) negative, 4 (25%) zero, and 1 (6%) positive slope. In the treated group (17 @entity1 ), the distribution was opposite: 1 (6%) negative, 7 (41%) zero, and 9 (53%) positive slope. Nineteen @entity1 receiving treatment up to 6 years showed similar distribution by slope values. Eight out of 9 @entity1 switched from placebo (2 years) to treatment (2-3 years), showed improving changes in their slope values. A beneficial effect of the treatment decreasing the rate of @entity227 was observed, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors.

title: Treatment with XXXX , @entity3988 , and @entity270 retards the progressive visual field @entity6391 : a 3-year follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field loss']

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

answer: @entity2226 :: (MESH:D013654,Chemical) :: ['taurine']


abstract: The purpose of this study to assess the effect of the formula @entity2226 / @entity3988 / @entity270 on the progression of @entity227 in @entity6391 . A double blind, placebo controlled study in 62 @entity1 : visual field threshold values were obtained in a Humphrey Field Analyzer from center (30 degrees) and periphery (30-60 degrees), every 4 months during 3-year follow-up. Data were analyzed by univariate regression, with slopes obtained from the best fit lines. Based on slope values, three groups of @entity1 were identified as those showing negative, positive, or zero slope: > or = 1 to < or = +1. In controls (32 @entity1 ), at central area, the distribution in negative, zero, or positive slope was, respectively, 16 (50%), 11 (35%), and 5 (15%). In the treated group (30 @entity1 ) this distribution was 6 (20%) negative, 17 (53%) zero, and 7 (23%) positive slope. In periphery, 16 control @entity1 were distributed as 11 (69%) negative, 4 (25%) zero, and 1 (6%) positive slope. In the treated group (17 @entity1 ), the distribution was opposite: 1 (6%) negative, 7 (41%) zero, and 9 (53%) positive slope. Nineteen @entity1 receiving treatment up to 6 years showed similar distribution by slope values. Eight out of 9 @entity1 switched from placebo (2 years) to treatment (2-3 years), showed improving changes in their slope values. A beneficial effect of the treatment decreasing the rate of @entity227 was observed, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors.

title: Treatment with @entity2226 , XXXX , and @entity270 retards the progressive visual field @entity6391 : a 3-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['diltiazem']


abstract: The purpose of this study to assess the effect of the formula @entity2226 / @entity3988 / @entity270 on the progression of @entity227 in @entity6391 . A double blind, placebo controlled study in 62 @entity1 : visual field threshold values were obtained in a Humphrey Field Analyzer from center (30 degrees) and periphery (30-60 degrees), every 4 months during 3-year follow-up. Data were analyzed by univariate regression, with slopes obtained from the best fit lines. Based on slope values, three groups of @entity1 were identified as those showing negative, positive, or zero slope: > or = 1 to < or = +1. In controls (32 @entity1 ), at central area, the distribution in negative, zero, or positive slope was, respectively, 16 (50%), 11 (35%), and 5 (15%). In the treated group (30 @entity1 ) this distribution was 6 (20%) negative, 17 (53%) zero, and 7 (23%) positive slope. In periphery, 16 control @entity1 were distributed as 11 (69%) negative, 4 (25%) zero, and 1 (6%) positive slope. In the treated group (17 @entity1 ), the distribution was opposite: 1 (6%) negative, 7 (41%) zero, and 9 (53%) positive slope. Nineteen @entity1 receiving treatment up to 6 years showed similar distribution by slope values. Eight out of 9 @entity1 switched from placebo (2 years) to treatment (2-3 years), showed improving changes in their slope values. A beneficial effect of the treatment decreasing the rate of @entity227 was observed, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors.

title: Treatment with @entity2226 , @entity3988 , and @entity270 retards the progressive visual field XXXX : a 3-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity6391 :: (MESH:D012174,Disease) :: ['reduction in retinitis pigmentosa']


abstract: The purpose of this study to assess the effect of the formula @entity2226 / @entity3988 / @entity270 on the progression of @entity227 in @entity6391 . A double blind, placebo controlled study in 62 @entity1 : visual field threshold values were obtained in a Humphrey Field Analyzer from center (30 degrees) and periphery (30-60 degrees), every 4 months during 3-year follow-up. Data were analyzed by univariate regression, with slopes obtained from the best fit lines. Based on slope values, three groups of @entity1 were identified as those showing negative, positive, or zero slope: > or = 1 to < or = +1. In controls (32 @entity1 ), at central area, the distribution in negative, zero, or positive slope was, respectively, 16 (50%), 11 (35%), and 5 (15%). In the treated group (30 @entity1 ) this distribution was 6 (20%) negative, 17 (53%) zero, and 7 (23%) positive slope. In periphery, 16 control @entity1 were distributed as 11 (69%) negative, 4 (25%) zero, and 1 (6%) positive slope. In the treated group (17 @entity1 ), the distribution was opposite: 1 (6%) negative, 7 (41%) zero, and 9 (53%) positive slope. Nineteen @entity1 receiving treatment up to 6 years showed similar distribution by slope values. Eight out of 9 @entity1 switched from placebo (2 years) to treatment (2-3 years), showed improving changes in their slope values. A beneficial effect of the treatment decreasing the rate of @entity227 was observed, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors.

title: Treatment with @entity2226 , @entity3988 , and XXXX retards the progressive visual field @entity6391 : a 3-year follow-up study.

answer: @entity270 :: (MESH:D014810,Chemical) :: ['vitamin E']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the acute phase of @entity583 (acute MI) marked endothelial damage occurs within the first 24h following thrombolysis with streptokinase. We investigated whether this is associated with a change in levels of @entity7 ( @entity7 , possibly marking angiogenesis) in the first 24h post thrombolysis compared to chronic MI @entity1 (defined as MI>3 months previously). METHODS: We recruited 15 @entity1 (nine male, mean age 59+/-SD 10 years) with first-presentation acute MI, who were given 1.5 million U streptokinase over 1h and @entity117 300mg orally as standard treatment. Plasma samples were taken prior to the start of thrombolysis, followed every 15 min for 1h, at 3h and finally at 24h post-thrombolysis. Baseline levels of measured indices in the acute MI @entity1 were compared to two control groups: (i) 26 chronic MI @entity1 (18 male, mean age 59.9+/-7.0 years); and (ii) 26 apparently healthy controls (17 male, mean age 59.6+/-14.1 years). Plasma @entity7 and the soluble form of its receptor @entity6758 (sFlt-1) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Plasma levels of @entity7 were significantly higher in @entity1 with a history of chronic MI compared to @entity1 with acute MI (P=0.007) and healthy controls (P=0.002) with similar levels between acute MI @entity1 and healthy controls (P=0.755). Levels of sFlt-1 in the @entity353 groups were lower compared to healthy controls. In the first 24h post-thrombolysis in the acute MI group, levels of sFlt-1 changed significantly (P=0.039), but there was no change in levels of @entity7 (P=0.207). CONCLUSION: In the first 24h of acute MI, significant changes in levels of @entity7 receptor sFlt-1, but not @entity7 , are seen. Plasma @entity7 and sFlt-1 levels are markedly changed in chronic MI @entity1 , suggesting that the activation of angiogenesis in MI @entity1 may be a delayed response.

title: Angiogenesis in XXXX . An acute or chronic process?

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: The present study determined the pattern of cytokine secretion (interleukin [IL]-1beta, @entity5 @entity39 factor [TNF]-alpha, interferon [IFN]-gamma and IL-10) and their cellular sources in mononuclear cells isolated from colonic mucosa from normal and @entity31 ( @entity31 ) in response to probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. METHODS: Mononuclear cells were extracted from normal and active @entity31 colonic mucosa and incubated with pure sonicates of probiotic, commensal, and pathogenic bacteria. Cytokine secretion was measured in culture supernatant and intracellular cytokine staining measured using fluorescent-activated cytometry. RESULTS: In mononuclear cells isolated from normal mucosa, significant increases in mean IL-1beta were observed with enteropathogenic @entity526 (286.3 +/- 138.7 pg/mL P < 0.05) and @entity526 (440.5 +/- 194.0 pg/mL P < 0.01) compared with unstimulated control cells (16.7 +/- 4.8 pg/mL). In contrast, mononuclear cells isolated from active @entity31 mucosa produced significant increases in mean IL-1beta in response to stimulation with @entity38740 (230.5 +/- 38.8 pg/mL P < 0.05), enteropathogenic @entity526 (231.7 +/- 45.3 pg/mL P < 0.05) and @entity526 (465.4 +/- 60.2 pg/mL P < 0.001) compared with unstimulated control cells (60.7 +/- 17.1 pg/mL). @entity526 also produced significant mean increases of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma compared with unstimulated control cells. No significant increases in IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma were observed with @entity1336 in cells derived from normal or inflamed mucosa. Strikingly, incubation of @entity1336 with mononuclear cells isolated from active @entity31 mucosa resulted in significant increases of mean IL-10 (327 +/- 53.5 pg/mL, P < 0.05) compared with unstimulated control cells (29.7 +/- 13.2 pg/mL). Intracellular cytokine staining confirmed T-cell and macrophage IL-10 production after @entity1336 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1336 demonstrates beneficial immunomodulatory activity by increasing IL-10 synthesis and secretion in macrophages and T-cells derived from the inflamed colon. This may provide a mechanism through which probiotic bacteria ameliorate inappropriate @entity32 and induce tolerance.

title: XXXX 299: beneficial in vitro immunomodulation in cells extracted from inflamed human colon.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity38740 :: ('98360', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella dublin']

entities_list: @entity1336 :: ('1590', 'Species') :: ['L. plantarum', 'Lactobacillus plantarum']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity1336 :: (1590,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus plantarum']


abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate a surgical protocol for vertical ridge augmentation in the maxilla and mandible using autogenous onlay bone graft associated with a @entity702 mesh. A group of 18 partially edentulous @entity1 , presenting the need for vertical bone augmentation of at least 4 mm, were treated before implant placement. During the first surgery, an autogenous bone graft was harvested from either the mandibular ramus or the mental symphysis and secured by means of @entity702 screws. Particulate bone was added and a @entity702 micro-mesh was used to stabilize and protect the graft. After a mean interval of 4.6 months, meshes and screws were removed and 37 endosseous implants were successfully placed. The desired bone gain was reached in all @entity1 . Mean vertical bone augmentation obtained was 4.8 mm (range 4-7 mm). No major complications were recorded at recipient or donor sites. Abutment connection was carried out 2-3 months after implant placement. No implant was lost. Clinical parameters and probing depth, after prosthetic reconstruction, demonstrated the presence of a healthy peri-implant mucosa. The preliminary results suggest that, by using the presented technique, @entity1 can be successfully rehabilitated by means of implant-supported prosthesis 6-7 months after the first surgery, even in case of severely @entity194 .

title: Vertical alveolar ridge augmentation by means of a XXXX mesh and autogenous bone grafts.

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophied maxilla']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: The agaZVWEFASYBCDI gene cluster encodes the phosphotransferase systems and enzymes responsible for the uptake and metabolism of @entity10811 and @entity11485 in @entity526 . In some strains of @entity526 , particularly the common @entity2624 strain, a portion of this cluster is missing because of a site-specific recombination event that occurred between sites in agaW and agaA. Strains that have undergone this recombination event have lost the ability to utilize either @entity10811 or @entity11485 as sole sources of @entity505 . Divergently transcribed from this gene cluster is the gene agaR encoding a transcriptional repressor belonging to the DeoR/GlpR family of transcriptional regulators. Promoters upstream of agaR, agaZ and agaS were characterized. All three promoters had elevated activity in the presence of @entity10811 or @entity11485 , were regulated in vivo by AgaR and possessed specific DNA-binding sites for AgaR upstream from the start sites of transcription as determined by DNase I footprinting. In vivo analysis and DNase I footprinting indicated that the promoter specific for agaZ also requires activation by @entity268 -CRP. Previous work with GlpR and other members of the DeoR/GlpR family have identified highly conserved @entity535 residues that function in DNA-binding or response to inducer. These residues of AgaR were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis and yielded variants of AgaR that were either negatively dominant or non-inducible. The apparent ability to produce negatively dominant and non-inducible variants of proteins of the DeoR/GlpR family of currently unknown function will likely facilitate screening for function.

title: Application of AgaR repressor and dominant repressor variants for verification of a gene cluster involved in @entity10811 metabolism in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11485 :: ('MESH:D005688', 'Chemical') :: ['galactosamine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity10811 :: ('CHEBI:28800', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylgalactosamine']

answer: @entity2624 :: (83333,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli K-12']


abstract: The agaZVWEFASYBCDI gene cluster encodes the phosphotransferase systems and enzymes responsible for the uptake and metabolism of @entity10811 and @entity11485 in @entity526 . In some strains of @entity526 , particularly the common @entity2624 strain, a portion of this cluster is missing because of a site-specific recombination event that occurred between sites in agaW and agaA. Strains that have undergone this recombination event have lost the ability to utilize either @entity10811 or @entity11485 as sole sources of @entity505 . Divergently transcribed from this gene cluster is the gene agaR encoding a transcriptional repressor belonging to the DeoR/GlpR family of transcriptional regulators. Promoters upstream of agaR, agaZ and agaS were characterized. All three promoters had elevated activity in the presence of @entity10811 or @entity11485 , were regulated in vivo by AgaR and possessed specific DNA-binding sites for AgaR upstream from the start sites of transcription as determined by DNase I footprinting. In vivo analysis and DNase I footprinting indicated that the promoter specific for agaZ also requires activation by @entity268 -CRP. Previous work with GlpR and other members of the DeoR/GlpR family have identified highly conserved @entity535 residues that function in DNA-binding or response to inducer. These residues of AgaR were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis and yielded variants of AgaR that were either negatively dominant or non-inducible. The apparent ability to produce negatively dominant and non-inducible variants of proteins of the DeoR/GlpR family of currently unknown function will likely facilitate screening for function.

title: Application of AgaR repressor and dominant repressor variants for verification of a gene cluster involved in XXXX metabolism in @entity2624 .

answer: @entity10811 :: (CHEBI:28800,Chemical) :: ['N-acetylgalactosamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many sequenced bacterial genomes harbor phage-like elements or cryptic prophages. These elements have been implicated in pathogenesis, serotype conversion and phage immunity. The e14 element is a defective lambdoid prophage element present at 25 min in the @entity2624 genome. This prophage encodes important functional genes such as lit (T4 exclusion), mcrA (modified @entity5538 restriction activity) and pin (recombinase). RESULTS: Bioinformatic analysis of the e14 prophage sequence shows the modular nature of the e14 element which shares a large part of its sequence with the @entity14341 phage @entity3598 . Based on this similarity, the regulatory region including the repressor and Cro proteins and their binding sites were identified. The protein product of b1149 was found to be a fusion of a replication protein and a terminase. The genes b1143, b1151 and b1152 were identified as putative pseudogenes. A number of duplications of the stfE tail fibre gene of the e14 are seen in plasmid p15B. A protein based comparative approach using the COG database as a starting point helped detect lambdoid prophage like elements in a representative set of completely sequenced genomes. CONCLUSIONS: The e14 element was characterized for the function of its encoded genes, the regulatory regions, replication origin and homology with other phage and bacterial sequences. Comparative analysis at @entity377 and protein levels suggest that a number of important phage related functions are missing in the e14 genome including parts of the early left operon, early right operon and late operon. The loss of these genes is the result of at least three major deletions that have occurred on e14 since its integration. A comparative protein level approach using the COG database can be effectively used to detect defective lambdoid prophage like elements in bacterial genomes.

title: Analysis of the lambdoid prophage element e14 in the XXXX genome.

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity5538 :: ('MESH:D003596', 'Chemical') :: ['cytosine']

entities_list: @entity14341 :: ('623', 'Species') :: ['Shigella flexneri']

answer: @entity2624 :: (83333,Species) :: ['E. coli K-12']


abstract: Nearly one quarter million Americans die with or of advanced @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) each year. Many @entity1 die after a prolonged functional decline that is accompanied by much suffering. Though difficult prognostically and emotionally, anticipation of @entity204 opens the door to planning and preparing for terminal care. Epidemiologists have begun to identify characteristics of @entity1030 @entity1 who are most likely to die within 6-12 months, including severe, irreversible airflow obstruction, severely impaired and declining exercise capacity and performance status, older age, concomitant cardiovascular or other co-morbid disease, and a history of recent hospitalizations for acute care. Clinicians are encouraged to raise the difficult subject of planning for @entity204 when many of these characteristics apply. @entity1 with @entity1442 are often receptive to the recommendation of a dual agenda: "Hope for and expect the best, and prepare for the worst." Medical advance planning is best pursued in an out- @entity1 office during a prescheduled, 3-way conversation between @entity1 , health care proxy, and physician. An advance directive can be written after the meeting to summarize the conversation. Clinicians should consider recommending hospice care when a @entity1030 @entity1 is at high risk of @entity1576 from the next @entity5837 and in need of frequent or specialized home care. Preparation for @entity204 should include a realistic appraisal of the prospects for dying peacefully at home and a contingency plan for terminal hospitalization, should the need arise.

title: XXXX : the last year of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['chest infection']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['far-advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: Primary pulmonary @entity706 is a rare disease that is thought to belong to a category of @entity706 arising from @entity1074 ( @entity1074 ). We presented 2 cases of @entity1074 . Case 1: In a 39-year-old @entity1 , an abnormal shadow was detected in chest radiography in the left S3. The diagnosis was @entity3616 in consequence of the further examination. One year after an growing abnormal shadow was detected again, we performed the @entity5 resection with the thoracoscopy in the possibility of @entity5 . The pathological diagnosis was @entity1074 . Case 2: In a 70-year-old @entity1 , @entity11294 was detected in chest radiography. As a result of the bronchial biopsy, the lesion was suspected of @entity1074 . Right middle lobectomy was performed, and the @entity5 was diagnosed as a @entity1074 histologically. He underwent an effective postoperative radiotherapy and has had no evidence of recurrence.

title: [Mucosa-associated XXXX ; report of two cases].

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphomas', 'malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1074 :: ('MESH:D018442', 'Disease') :: ['MALT lymphoma', 'MALT', 'mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue']

entities_list: @entity3616 :: ('MESH:D018549', 'Disease') :: ['organizing pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity11294 :: ('MESH:D008878', 'Disease') :: ['middle lobe syndrome']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoid tissue lymphoma']


abstract: The aim of this paper was to assess long-term results of transperitoneal laparoscopic fenestration in the treatment of symptomatic simple @entity8 . Fifteen consecutive @entity1 (7 @entity1 , 8 @entity1 ), with a mean age of 51 years (range, 36-79 years), underwent transperitoneal fenestration of simple @entity8 (SRC) at our institution from 1994 to 2001. Data were collected by reviewing @entity1 ' clinical files, conducting telephone interviews regarding symptoms, and followup renal ultrasonography (US). There were 15 symptomatic cysts (10 parenchymal, 5 peripelvic) ranging in diameter from 3.5 to 20 cm (mean, 8 cm). All @entity1 had @entity158 and in four (26.6%) the collecting system was compressed by the cysts. Fenestration was carried out laparoscopically in all @entity1 . There was no mortality and no @entity260 were recorded. No @entity5 were detected at final histopathology. Mean length of stay was 2.5 days. All @entity1 were available for long-term followup. At a mean of 60 months (range, 22-93 months) from surgery, three @entity1 (20%) complained of slight discomfort in the lumbar area not requiring any analgesic. No recurrence of the cysts was seen on US. Two asymptomatic @entity1 (13.3%) developed additional cysts originating from sites different than the one operated on. Laparoscopic fenestration of SRC is safe and effective in the long term to relieve @entity1 from symptoms.

title: Long-term results of transperitoneal laparoscopic fenestration in the treatment of simple XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal cysts']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar pain']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal cysts']


abstract: AIM: True @entity1002 are rarely encountered in childhood. Etiological factors are varied and often indeterminable. There is a paucity of literature detailing the surgical techniques used to repair pediatric @entity439 . METHODS: Three @entity1 aged 21 months, 19 months and 5 years with true @entity1002 underwent surgical repair in our unit. The clinical details, surgical technique, histological review, hospital outcome and short term follow-up is discussed. RESULTS: Two @entity1 underwent repair of their @entity439 by means of the @entity8674 technique, and 1 @entity1 underwent repair using the @entity439 resection and linear plication technique. Histological examination revealed @entity378 to be the etiological factor in one @entity1 , while a non-specific @entity1333 was present in the other 2 @entity1 . Immediate postoperative course was uneventful and all 3 @entity1 were discharged from hospital within one week. Two @entity1 were recatheterized during follow-up visits. All @entity1 were asymptomatic at 1 year follow-up. Echocardiography demonstrated good left ventricular function with disappearance of preoperative @entity339 . CONCLUSION: @entity1002 may be successfully repaired using standard operative techniques. These techniques render excellent short-term RESULTS: Longer follow-up is needed to fully evaluate the outcome of these @entity1 .

title: True acquired XXXX in childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity8674 :: ('MESH:D017086', 'Disease') :: ['Cooley endoaneurysmorraphy']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['Pediatric left ventricular aneurysms', 'left ventricular aneurysms']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['left ventricular aneurysms']


abstract: To investigate protein synthesis during @entity291 oocyte maturation in vitro, oocytes were put in culture with 35S- @entity1853 for 4 hr periods from time zero to 28 hr. Pools of 10 oocytes were then prepared for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). For each time interval, three gels were obtained, digitalized, and analyzed to detect proteins. Then, the gel containing the most proteins was chosen as the reference gel and compared with the others. An averaged gel was created with proteins present in at least two gels of the three. Our results indicate that the rate of protein synthesis is higher at the beginning of maturation until the appearance of @entity196 ( @entity196 , 8-12 hr) and then it decreases and stays relatively constant. Percentages of initial proteins (0-4 hr) and remaining present during the progression decrease progressively from 100% to 53%. In contrast, when we compare proteins synthesized from the 4 to 8 hr period with proteins from the 8 to 12 or the 12 to 16 hr intervals, percentages of overall protein matching are stable with values of 81 and 79%, respectively. Comparison of proteins from 20 to 24 hr with proteins from 16 to 20 or 24 to 28 hr intervals also gives stable percentages of overall protein matching with values of 83 and 84%, respectively. Furthermore, a higher number of new proteins is observed at 4-8 hr (n=130) and 16-20 hr (n=136) of maturation. Thus, three major patterns of protein synthesis were observed during @entity291 oocyte maturation in vitro: one at the beginning of maturation (0-4 hr), another one in the middle (4-16 hr), and the last one after the completion of @entity196 stage (16-28 hr).

title: Study of newly synthesized proteins during XXXX oocyte maturation in vitro using image analysis of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

entities_list: @entity196 :: ('MESH:D020754', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'metaphase I']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: This is a 3-year retrospective study of 107 cases presenting with @entity4218 detected either on prenatal ultrasound scan, or after birth. These @entity4218 are @entity600 , and can be isolated, syndromic, or associated with multiple @entity600 . Cases were ascertained through the prenatal diagnosis center, the pediatrics department, and the feto-pathology department. Several criteria were analyzed including sex ratio, prenatal diagnosis, karyotype, termination of pregnancies, clinical or pathological examination, pediatric or surgical and/or genetic assessment, and whether or not a diagnosis was made. @entity85 and syndactyly were excluded. @entity4218 were detected prenatally in 45% of the cases, and a diagnosis was made in 78%, including isolated, syndromic, or @entity2008 . Sixty-one per cent of the @entity1 had follow-up, either pediatric, surgical, or genetic. Prenatal multidisciplinary assessment is fundamental to assist with counseling, as is the post-natal follow-up of the @entity1 . The diagnosis, if made, will obviously influence the information that will be given to the parents and the management of the @entity600 . If the pregnancy is terminated, feto-pathological examination is essential to help make a diagnosis, and guide recurrence risks. We are currently undertaking a prospective study, and we will develop a protocol of investigations in the future, depending on the type of the @entity600 identified.

title: Pre- and postnatal diagnosis of XXXX : a series of 107 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['limb anomalies', 'Limb anomalies', 'limb malformations']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations', 'malformation', 'developmental anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['Positional deformities']

answer: @entity4218 :: (MESH:D017880,Disease) :: ['limb anomalies']


abstract: In Viet @entity9505 , health workers conducted focus groups with @entity1 seeking pregnancy termination at 2 rural district hospitals in Thai Binh Province and at 2 urban district hospitals in Hanoi to learn why contraceptives failed and why some of these @entity1 did not use contraceptive. Researchers used information from the focus groups to design questions for a July-September 1991 survey of 2088 @entity1 seeking an abortion at all 9 rural district hospitals in Thai Binh Province and at 5 district hospitals in Hanoi. 85.3% of the @entity1 were married and lived with their husbands. Most @entity1 were eligible for menstrual regulation (53.7% in Hanoi and 64.9% in Thai Binh). 50% of all @entity1 (52.8% in Hanoi and 47.4% in Thai Binh) had had at last 1 prior pregnancy termination (1.6 pregnancy terminations/ @entity1 ), suggesting that induced abortion is being used as a substitute for family planning methods. Effective modern contraceptive use by 50% of these @entity1 would have reduced the number of abortions during the 3 months by 25%. 36.8% (54.7% in Hanoi and 19.9% in Thai Binh) used traditional family planning methods. 38.3% (25.7% in Hanoi and 49.9% in Thai Binh) did not use any method. The leading reason for not using oral contraceptives (OCs) were personal health problems, unavailability, and the perception that contraceptives were bad for one's health. For IUDs, they were @entity548 , lumbago, @entity10 , loss of energy, and @entity1296 . For condoms, reasons for nonuse were disliked by one spouse and unavailability. @entity1 's fear and husband's disapproval were key reasons for not choosing sexual sterilization. Reasons for failure of condoms, IUDs, and OCs were irregular use (62.6%) and poor quality (27.9), retained but still missed menstruation (74.3%), and used irregularly (23/28), respectively. The researchers recommended using these findings to develop an IEC campaign and training curricula for health workers.

title: Pregnancy termination and contraceptive failure in Viet XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity9505 :: (246329,Gene) :: ['Nam']


abstract: 69.1% of @entity1 of childbearing age in Qinzhou City, China, are currently using IUDs. A sample survey of 474 @entity1 had shown that the level of failure of this contraceptive method was undesirably high. 26.16% of the survey respondents experienced @entity16732 expulsion. The highest was among @entity1 in the 25-29 age group (29.15%). It was believed that reported expulsions were most probably user-initiated removals because most @entity1 in this age group had already had a @entity1 , and they would want to have another @entity1 , especially if the 1st @entity1 was a @entity1 . The study also showed that the expulsion rate was higher among those @entity1 who had had and @entity16732 inserted at a young age. The expulsion rate of @entity1 who had the insertion when they were 20-24 was 1.59 times higher than those in the 25-29 age group, and 2.02 times higher than those in 30-35 age group. This suggested that the uterine cavities of younger @entity1 with low parity might be more sensitive to foreign objects. Analysis by types of institution where @entity16732 insertion was provided showed that expulsion was over 3 times higher among those who had had an @entity16732 inserted in village clinics than in hospitals at county level and above. This suggested that the skill of service providers and medical facilities may be correlated with @entity16732 expulsion. Village rural doctors usually received less training and may have limited supplies of different sizes of IUDs which contributed to higher rates of @entity16732 expulsion of their @entity1 . A number of recommendations are made for improving the effectiveness of the @entity16732 . It is necessary to strengthen population education among @entity1 to increase their commitment to fertility control. Service providers should receive proper training before they can perform @entity16732 insertions. Medical professionals having good attitudes and outstanding performance should be rewarded. Those who helped remove IUDs illegally should be subjected to discipline or legal procedures. Regular examination after @entity16732 insertion should be emphasized to ensure its effectiveness.

title: [Analyzing the cause of XXXX dropped].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'girl', 'patients', 'child']

answer: @entity16732 :: (MESH:D058736,Disease) :: ['IUD']


abstract: Between 1982-87, shape memory @entity702 alloy clips were employed for female sterilization by minilaparotomy in 1002 cases. This clip was noncorrosive and had high histocompatibility. The clip was designed to open in ice water between 0 degrees-4 degrees Celsius and close a t between 30 degrees-40 degrees Celsius spontaneously. It was placed vertically over the isthmus 3 cm away from the uterine cornus to avoid blood vessels in the mesosalpinx. Clip application was @entity532 . On followup, only 6.3% had mild @entity1866 . The failure rate was 0.89%. Midluteal @entity1420 (P) and @entity53 (E2) were determined in 91 clip @entity1 ; 21 normal worn and 27 tubal ligation cases served as controls. The serum P levels were similar in cases and normal controls. There were significant differences in serum P between clip and tubal ligation groups, scanning electron microscopy examination of @entity95 tube with clip showed limited destruction of the tubal mucosa with normal cilia and cells at the border. The clip produced little disturbances in the ovarian blood supply and the least destruction of the tubal mucosa. (author's modified)

title: [Shape memory XXXX alloy clip for female sterilization].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['painless and without complication']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual disturbances']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: The conclusion of the discussion of factors affecting childbearing @entity1173 is that both a micro and a macro perspective must be included in an empirical analysis which would be useful for policy decisions. Micro factors tend to the economic function of the family, the economic value of @entity1 , cost of labor training, @entity1 's occupation, social security, household consumption, and education level. Attention to micro factors is important in the link between individual interests and state family planning (FP) policy. Macro factors tend to be ignored, but also impact on childbearing decisions. Macro factors are economic conditions, social and political factors, culture, and environmental factors such as ecology, natural resources, employment, economic development, and education. Macro factors affect the population as a whole and indirectly impact on individuals and the family. @entity195 in FP policy have been identified as a reduction of 200 million @entity1 , a shift in the population reproduction cycle downwards, increased standard of living, reduction in the burden of working @entity1 , and stabilization of macro factors. Successful policy should not rely on forced implementation. The past and present policies were successful not because of forced implementation, but because of awareness of macro and micro factors and voluntary use of FP. The voluntary nature of acceptance of FP suggests support for the FP policies. The current focus is on rural areas, and farmers in particular who are only aware of their needs and may feel state policy may interfere with their own interests. Implementation of FP among the rural population would be enhanced with an emphasis on their concerns such as social security in old age, the practical issues of having only daughters, and educational status. Educational campaigns promoting awareness of population pressure are needed and will benefit all the @entity1 . Social democratic doctrines can be introduced only from the outside. FP has been successful in Yingshan County in Hubei Province because education was given a priority and @entity1662 about population was raised.

title: Micro and macro factors affecting childbearing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ["farmers' consciousness"]

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["China's achievements"]

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspirations']

answer: @entity1173 :: (MESH:D053120,Disease) :: ['aspirations']