abstract: The purpose of this study was to measure the attendance and compliance rates in a demonstration invitational screening programme for @entity5 . 4348 subjects aged 40 years or over registered at an inner city medical practice in north London were invited for screening by post. The socioeconomic profile of the group was determined by analysis of residential areas. Screening was conducted by one of several dentists and a referral pathway was established for @entity1 requiring follow-up. Attendance rates for screening and referral for follow-up were measured. The response rate was 985/3826 (25.7%) after removing 522 subjects whose invitations could not be delivered or who refused appointments. No reply was obtained for 2841 @entity1 . Attendance for referral of lesions considered to have malignant potential was 67% (8/12), compared to 92% (11/12) for @entity1 requiring referral for incidental benign lesions. The low compliance suggests that @entity5 screening may not be able to achieve the desired benefits of reducing morbidity and mortality, and establishment of such a programme may not, therefore, be cost-effective. Further research is required into how to identify @entity1 in high risk groups and motivate them to present themselves for screening.

title: Attendance and compliance at an XXXX screening programme in a general medical practice.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['oral cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['oral cancer']


abstract: We report on the effect of the excised and grafted chest and abdominal burn on lung function. Six consecutive @entity1 with 3 degree burns to the entire chest and abdomen (72 +/- 10% total body surface area 3 degree burns) were studied. A severe restrictive @entity358 due to the noncompliant nature of the excised and grafted chest and abdominal wound was identified; this was most evident when inspiratory pressure (IP) was even modestly impaired with general anesthetics. Measured vital capacity (VC) was 12 to 14 ml/kg at 6 to 8 wk postburn, in the absence of any significant @entity130 . The measured VC was identical to the tidal volume (VT) used during the extended period of mechanical ventilatory support. Dynamic compliance (or characteristic) (Cdyn) decreased dramatically from 35 +/- 8 to 15 +/- 9 ml/cm @entity2507 when the positive pressure VT was increased by as little as 100 ml above prior VT settings, indicating the noncompliant nature of the combined chest and abdominal excised and grafted burn. Major cardiopulmonary complications developed in the first two @entity1 after onset of the restrictive process when general anesthesia was used for grafting procedures (n = 8) and the limits of chest wall excursion were unrecognized. @entity1 received only continuous positive airway pressure preoperatively. A modest but significant decrease in IP from -45 +/- 8 to -33 +/- 5 cm @entity2507 and 30% decrease in spontaneous VT were noted in the early postoperative period. These changes, however, resulted in a dramatic @entity6314 leading to hypercarbia, PCO2 greater than 50 torr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Restrictive XXXX caused by the grafted chest and abdominal burn.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6314 :: ('MESH:D006315', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in pulmonary function']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['parenchymal injury']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary dysfunction']


abstract: @entity29601 given as a bolus has not been effective in @entity1 with relapsed or @entity1778 . Because of in vitro data suggesting enhancement of @entity29601 -induced @entity137 for @entity1 and @entity19 @entity1778 cells with increased duration of drug exposure and the relatively short terminal plasma half-life of @entity29601 , 49 @entity1 (34 @entity3052 [ @entity3052 ], six @entity1860 in @entity9638 [CML-B], five @entity981 [ @entity981 ], four 2 degrees @entity3052 ) with @entity1778 were given @entity29601 as a continuous infusion for seven days. The maximum tolerated dose was 28 mg/m2/d for seven days. The dose-limiting @entity137 was the duration of @entity236 (median, 49 days to greater than 500 PMNs in responders; range, 28 to 101 days). Nonhematologic @entity137 was minimal. Responses occurred only in @entity1 with relapsed @entity3052 , of whom 26 were treated at effective doses. There were six complete responses (CR) (23%) and two partial responses (PR) (8%), although five of eight responders never achieved platelet counts greater than 100,000/microL. @entity882 in these @entity1 was felt to be a manifestation of @entity29601 effect, not persistence of @entity1778 . The median duration of CR was 195 days (range, 88 to 860+). One @entity1 had @entity1778 at the start of treatment and has had a durable (28+ month) CR in both sites of disease. @entity29601 produced prolonged @entity3894 in @entity1 with secondary @entity3052 and CML-B (five of ten @entity1 died aplastic), whereas @entity1 with @entity981 all had regrowth of @entity1778 and two failed to become aplastic. The lack of significant nonhematologic @entity137 and the activity in @entity1 with relapsed @entity3052 render @entity29601 of interest as second-line therapy or consolidation therapy in first remission for @entity1 with @entity3052 .

title: @entity29601 given as a continuous infusion is an active agent for relapsed adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity29601 :: ('MESH:C029108', 'Chemical') :: ['diaziquone', 'Diaziquone']

entities_list: @entity9638 :: ('MESH:D001752', 'Disease') :: ['blast crisis']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute nonlymphocytic leukemia', 'ANLL']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['refractory leukemia', 'active CNS leukemia', 'leukemia']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow aplasia']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['chronic myelogenous leukemia']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute nonlymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: @entity29601 given as a bolus has not been effective in @entity1 with relapsed or @entity1778 . Because of in vitro data suggesting enhancement of @entity29601 -induced @entity137 for @entity1 and @entity19 @entity1778 cells with increased duration of drug exposure and the relatively short terminal plasma half-life of @entity29601 , 49 @entity1 (34 @entity3052 [ @entity3052 ], six @entity1860 in @entity9638 [CML-B], five @entity981 [ @entity981 ], four 2 degrees @entity3052 ) with @entity1778 were given @entity29601 as a continuous infusion for seven days. The maximum tolerated dose was 28 mg/m2/d for seven days. The dose-limiting @entity137 was the duration of @entity236 (median, 49 days to greater than 500 PMNs in responders; range, 28 to 101 days). Nonhematologic @entity137 was minimal. Responses occurred only in @entity1 with relapsed @entity3052 , of whom 26 were treated at effective doses. There were six complete responses (CR) (23%) and two partial responses (PR) (8%), although five of eight responders never achieved platelet counts greater than 100,000/microL. @entity882 in these @entity1 was felt to be a manifestation of @entity29601 effect, not persistence of @entity1778 . The median duration of CR was 195 days (range, 88 to 860+). One @entity1 had @entity1778 at the start of treatment and has had a durable (28+ month) CR in both sites of disease. @entity29601 produced prolonged @entity3894 in @entity1 with secondary @entity3052 and CML-B (five of ten @entity1 died aplastic), whereas @entity1 with @entity981 all had regrowth of @entity1778 and two failed to become aplastic. The lack of significant nonhematologic @entity137 and the activity in @entity1 with relapsed @entity3052 render @entity29601 of interest as second-line therapy or consolidation therapy in first remission for @entity1 with @entity3052 .

title: XXXX given as a continuous infusion is an active agent for relapsed adult @entity3052 .

answer: @entity29601 :: (MESH:C029108,Chemical) :: ['Diaziquone']


abstract: Cell culture techniques for monolayer islets of 3-week-old @entity35 pancreases and the responsiveness of B cells are described. In this procedure, whole pancreatic tissues from 3-week-old @entity35 were enzymatically dispersed and then cultured in a medium with 5.5 mM @entity413 plus 1 mM @entity6524 or with 5.5 mM @entity413 following a 3-day exposure to a medium with 5.5mM @entity413 plus 5 microM @entity13638 . The use of @entity6524 or @entity13638 allowed a selective deletion of fibroblasts, yielding large clusters that consisted mostly of islet cells. The immunocytochemical evaluation of the islet cells in these cultures showed that approximately 70% are B-cells, 20% A-cells, and 10% D-cells. On day 0, the response to 16.7 mM @entity413 included only a small rise in insulin secreted during the first and the second phase, and the response to 10 mM of @entity368 or @entity6525 was monophasic. After being cultured for 7 days, all three secretagogues markedly stimulated insulin secretion by B cells cultured in both media, resulting in an enhancement of the biphasic pattern. However, quantitative relationships differed. Thus, the total response from B cells in @entity6524 during a 30-min stimulation with @entity413 and @entity368 was significantly higher (1.6- and 1.9-fold respectively) than that from B cells in 5.5 mM @entity413 , although there was no significant difference in insulin secretion evoked by @entity6525 . Furthermore, in the former B cells, the amount of insulin secreted during the second phase was 84-94% of the total insulin secretion, and in the latter it was 66-76%. Addition of 1 mM @entity1922 and 10 microM @entity1928 resulted in a significant increase in insulin secretion by B cells in @entity6524 , whereas there was no difference in the increase of insulin secretion induced by 16.7 mM @entity413 and 200 nM @entity864 . In monolayer cultures that had been maintained in both media for 15 days, the second phase of insulin secretion due to the secretagogues was slightly decreased, but the biphasicity in the response was well preserved. In conclusion, the present results suggest that B cells of 3-week-old @entity35 may be still immature, and that the medium with @entity6524 is beneficial to the continued maturation of the B-cell function in vitro.

title: [Perifusion of monolayer-cultured B cells of the infant @entity35 : a comparative study of the effects of @entity6524 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity13638 :: ('MESH:D019807', 'Chemical') :: ['iodoacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity6524 :: ('CHEBI:49132', 'Chemical') :: ['2-deoxy-2-fluoroglucose']

entities_list: @entity1922 :: ('MESH:D015056', 'Chemical') :: ['3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine']

entities_list: @entity6525 :: ('MESH:C013082', 'Chemical') :: ['2-ketoisocaproate']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity13638 :: (MESH:D019807,Chemical) :: ['iodoacetic acid']


abstract: Cell culture techniques for monolayer islets of 3-week-old @entity35 pancreases and the responsiveness of B cells are described. In this procedure, whole pancreatic tissues from 3-week-old @entity35 were enzymatically dispersed and then cultured in a medium with 5.5 mM @entity413 plus 1 mM @entity6524 or with 5.5 mM @entity413 following a 3-day exposure to a medium with 5.5mM @entity413 plus 5 microM @entity13638 . The use of @entity6524 or @entity13638 allowed a selective deletion of fibroblasts, yielding large clusters that consisted mostly of islet cells. The immunocytochemical evaluation of the islet cells in these cultures showed that approximately 70% are B-cells, 20% A-cells, and 10% D-cells. On day 0, the response to 16.7 mM @entity413 included only a small rise in insulin secreted during the first and the second phase, and the response to 10 mM of @entity368 or @entity6525 was monophasic. After being cultured for 7 days, all three secretagogues markedly stimulated insulin secretion by B cells cultured in both media, resulting in an enhancement of the biphasic pattern. However, quantitative relationships differed. Thus, the total response from B cells in @entity6524 during a 30-min stimulation with @entity413 and @entity368 was significantly higher (1.6- and 1.9-fold respectively) than that from B cells in 5.5 mM @entity413 , although there was no significant difference in insulin secretion evoked by @entity6525 . Furthermore, in the former B cells, the amount of insulin secreted during the second phase was 84-94% of the total insulin secretion, and in the latter it was 66-76%. Addition of 1 mM @entity1922 and 10 microM @entity1928 resulted in a significant increase in insulin secretion by B cells in @entity6524 , whereas there was no difference in the increase of insulin secretion induced by 16.7 mM @entity413 and 200 nM @entity864 . In monolayer cultures that had been maintained in both media for 15 days, the second phase of insulin secretion due to the secretagogues was slightly decreased, but the biphasicity in the response was well preserved. In conclusion, the present results suggest that B cells of 3-week-old @entity35 may be still immature, and that the medium with @entity6524 is beneficial to the continued maturation of the B-cell function in vitro.

title: [Perifusion of monolayer-cultured B cells of the infant @entity35 : a comparative study of the effects of XXXX and @entity13638 ].

answer: @entity6524 :: (CHEBI:49132,Chemical) :: ['2-deoxy-2-fluoroglucose']


abstract: Cell culture techniques for monolayer islets of 3-week-old @entity35 pancreases and the responsiveness of B cells are described. In this procedure, whole pancreatic tissues from 3-week-old @entity35 were enzymatically dispersed and then cultured in a medium with 5.5 mM @entity413 plus 1 mM @entity6524 or with 5.5 mM @entity413 following a 3-day exposure to a medium with 5.5mM @entity413 plus 5 microM @entity13638 . The use of @entity6524 or @entity13638 allowed a selective deletion of fibroblasts, yielding large clusters that consisted mostly of islet cells. The immunocytochemical evaluation of the islet cells in these cultures showed that approximately 70% are B-cells, 20% A-cells, and 10% D-cells. On day 0, the response to 16.7 mM @entity413 included only a small rise in insulin secreted during the first and the second phase, and the response to 10 mM of @entity368 or @entity6525 was monophasic. After being cultured for 7 days, all three secretagogues markedly stimulated insulin secretion by B cells cultured in both media, resulting in an enhancement of the biphasic pattern. However, quantitative relationships differed. Thus, the total response from B cells in @entity6524 during a 30-min stimulation with @entity413 and @entity368 was significantly higher (1.6- and 1.9-fold respectively) than that from B cells in 5.5 mM @entity413 , although there was no significant difference in insulin secretion evoked by @entity6525 . Furthermore, in the former B cells, the amount of insulin secreted during the second phase was 84-94% of the total insulin secretion, and in the latter it was 66-76%. Addition of 1 mM @entity1922 and 10 microM @entity1928 resulted in a significant increase in insulin secretion by B cells in @entity6524 , whereas there was no difference in the increase of insulin secretion induced by 16.7 mM @entity413 and 200 nM @entity864 . In monolayer cultures that had been maintained in both media for 15 days, the second phase of insulin secretion due to the secretagogues was slightly decreased, but the biphasicity in the response was well preserved. In conclusion, the present results suggest that B cells of 3-week-old @entity35 may be still immature, and that the medium with @entity6524 is beneficial to the continued maturation of the B-cell function in vitro.

title: [Perifusion of monolayer-cultured B cells of the infant XXXX : a comparative study of the effects of @entity6524 and @entity13638 ].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Organ scans are generally performed on @entity1 with @entity153 only when clinical evaluation is suspicious for @entity3 . However, it is not clear whether the clinical abnormalities will direct attention to the single organ which should be scanned, or if all three organs (bone, brain, liver) should be evaluated if any clinical abnormality is present. We investigated the use of triple organ radionuclide scanning and computerized tomography (CT) of the brain in the initial staging of @entity1 with @entity4153 with no obvious @entity3 . Of 122 @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity2 , 53 met our criteria for further study. Thirty-three (62 percent) of these had at least one clinical abnormality suggestive of @entity3 . Bone scanning detected @entity3 in seven (21 percent) and head CT in two additional @entity1 (6 percent). Brain and liver scanning had no yield. In only five of these nine @entity1 did the clinical abnormality direct attention to the organ with detectable @entity3 . Twenty of the 53 (38 percent) @entity1 had a negative routine clinical evaluation, yet bone scanning showed @entity3 in three (15 percent). We concluded that clinical abnormalities are not specific for the organ in which @entity3 may be detected, so three scans (bone, liver, CT of the brain) should be obtained if there is any suspicion of @entity3 based on history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. The value of bone scanning in clinically normal @entity1 deserves further study.

title: Staging of XXXX . Relationship of the clinical evaluation to organ scans.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity4153 :: (MESH:D018288,Disease) :: ['non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The increasing recognition of @entity27 ( @entity27 ) and demand for polysomnography has created a need for home sleep testing (HST) using unattended diagnostic and titration studies. Although these studies increase access to care and reduce cost, the limited interaction with sleep laboratories may negatively affect positive airway pressure ( @entity2786 ) adherence. We sought to determine the difference in @entity2786 use between HST and traditional in-laboratory studies. METHODS: This observational cohort study included 210 @entity1 with @entity27 classified into three equal groups. Following preestablished guidelines, group 1 underwent unattended, type III home diagnostic and unattended home auto-adjustable @entity2786 ( @entity1443 ) titrations; group 2 underwent in-laboratory, type I diagnostic and continuous @entity2786 titration studies; group 3 underwent type I diagnostic and @entity1443 titration studies. Group 1 was primarily managed and educated in a primary care clinic, whereas groups 2 and 3 received extensive education in an academic sleep medicine center. Objective measures of @entity2786 use during the first 4 to 6 weeks of therapy were compared between groups. RESULTS: Type of study and location of care did not affect @entity2786 adherence. @entity2786 was used for 70%, 73%, and 72% of nights in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P = .94). Mean hours of nightly use (4.4    2.0 h, 4.7    1.5 h, and 4.6    1.5 h; P = .98) was also similar. Regular use was observed in 54%, 51%, and 50% of subjects (P = .84). Discontinuation rates were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2786 usage did not differ between those undergoing HST vs in-laboratory studies. HST offers a more accessible and cost-effective alternative without compromising therapeutic adherence.

title: Does home sleep testing impair continuous positive airway pressure adherence in @entity1 with XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

answer: @entity27 :: (MESH:D020181,Disease) :: ['obstructive sleep apnea']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The increasing recognition of @entity27 ( @entity27 ) and demand for polysomnography has created a need for home sleep testing (HST) using unattended diagnostic and titration studies. Although these studies increase access to care and reduce cost, the limited interaction with sleep laboratories may negatively affect positive airway pressure ( @entity2786 ) adherence. We sought to determine the difference in @entity2786 use between HST and traditional in-laboratory studies. METHODS: This observational cohort study included 210 @entity1 with @entity27 classified into three equal groups. Following preestablished guidelines, group 1 underwent unattended, type III home diagnostic and unattended home auto-adjustable @entity2786 ( @entity1443 ) titrations; group 2 underwent in-laboratory, type I diagnostic and continuous @entity2786 titration studies; group 3 underwent type I diagnostic and @entity1443 titration studies. Group 1 was primarily managed and educated in a primary care clinic, whereas groups 2 and 3 received extensive education in an academic sleep medicine center. Objective measures of @entity2786 use during the first 4 to 6 weeks of therapy were compared between groups. RESULTS: Type of study and location of care did not affect @entity2786 adherence. @entity2786 was used for 70%, 73%, and 72% of nights in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P = .94). Mean hours of nightly use (4.4    2.0 h, 4.7    1.5 h, and 4.6    1.5 h; P = .98) was also similar. Regular use was observed in 54%, 51%, and 50% of subjects (P = .84). Discontinuation rates were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2786 usage did not differ between those undergoing HST vs in-laboratory studies. HST offers a more accessible and cost-effective alternative without compromising therapeutic adherence.

title: Does home sleep testing impair continuous positive airway pressure adherence in XXXX with @entity27 ?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Performance outcome measures are an essential component of health service improvement. Whereas hospital critical care services have established performance measures, prehospital care services have less well-established outcome measures and this has been identified as a key issue for development. Individual studies examining long-term survival and functional outcome measures have previously been used to evaluate prehospital care delivery. There is no set of standardised @entity1 outcome measures for @entity341 ( @entity341 ) in the UK or @entity910 ( @entity910 ) in Australia. The aim of this study is to document the @entity1 outcome measures currently in use within British @entity341 and Australian @entity910 . METHODS: This is an observational study analysing point prevalence of practice as of November 2009. A structured questionnaire was designed to assess the method of routine @entity1 follow-up, and the timing and nature of applied @entity1 outcome measures. RESULTS: Full responses were received from 17/21 (81%) British services and 6/7 (86%) Australian services. The overall response rate was 82%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity341 in Britain and Australian aeromedical retrieval services do not have uniform @entity1 outcome measures. Services tend not to follow-up @entity1 beyond 24 h post transfer. @entity1 outcome data are rarely presented to an external organisation and there is no formal data comparison between surveyed services. Services are not satisfied that the data currently being collected reflects the quality of their service.

title: Performance measurement in British XXXX and Australian @entity910 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['HEMS', 'Helicopter Emergency Medical Services']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['Air Medical Services', 'AMS']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['Helicopter Emergency Medical Services']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Performance outcome measures are an essential component of health service improvement. Whereas hospital critical care services have established performance measures, prehospital care services have less well-established outcome measures and this has been identified as a key issue for development. Individual studies examining long-term survival and functional outcome measures have previously been used to evaluate prehospital care delivery. There is no set of standardised @entity1 outcome measures for @entity341 ( @entity341 ) in the UK or @entity910 ( @entity910 ) in Australia. The aim of this study is to document the @entity1 outcome measures currently in use within British @entity341 and Australian @entity910 . METHODS: This is an observational study analysing point prevalence of practice as of November 2009. A structured questionnaire was designed to assess the method of routine @entity1 follow-up, and the timing and nature of applied @entity1 outcome measures. RESULTS: Full responses were received from 17/21 (81%) British services and 6/7 (86%) Australian services. The overall response rate was 82%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity341 in Britain and Australian aeromedical retrieval services do not have uniform @entity1 outcome measures. Services tend not to follow-up @entity1 beyond 24 h post transfer. @entity1 outcome data are rarely presented to an external organisation and there is no formal data comparison between surveyed services. Services are not satisfied that the data currently being collected reflects the quality of their service.

title: Performance measurement in British @entity341 and Australian XXXX .

answer: @entity910 :: (MESH:D004409,Disease) :: ['Air Medical Services']


abstract: Controversy exists regarding the optimal treatment for @entity1 with @entity867 . These lesions are often small and located deep in the brain and close to vital structures, making surgery difficult. With this in mind the authors review their experience in treating multiple abscesses using computerized tomography (CT)-guided stereotaxic aspiration. From 1983 to 1985, 15 @entity1 were treated for @entity867 , of whom eight underwent stereotaxic aspiration. There were a total of 28 abscesses in these eight @entity1 : 11 abscesses were aspirated and two excised using CT-guided techniques. Most were cortical in location, although there were 12 in the deep white matter, one in the thalamus, and two in the caudate nucleus. All @entity1 received a total of 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Follow-up CT showed resolution of the abscesses in all @entity1 . Currently, four are neurologically normal, one has a mild @entity1269 , one has a well-controlled @entity302 , and one requires supportive care. A single @entity204 occurred 5 weeks postoperatively of unrelated causes. Location, size, and age of an abscess all have bearing upon the response to management and outcome of the @entity1 . Stereotaxic surgery is a procedure with minimal morbidity and mortality. Stereotaxic aspiration should be considered in @entity1 with small, multiple, or deep-seated abscesses, in those who are poor operative candidates, and in those who have failed prior therapy.

title: Stereotaxic surgery in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['seizure disorder']

entities_list: @entity867 :: ('MESH:D001922', 'Disease') :: ['multiple brain abscesses']

answer: @entity867 :: (MESH:D001922,Disease) :: ['multiple brain abscesses']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of @entity683 vaccine in @entity1 in day care decreases the incidence of @entity2346 media during the @entity683 season. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Eight day-care centers in North Carolina. @entity1 : One hundred eighty-six @entity1 aged 6 to 30 months. INTERVENTION: Half the @entity1 received trivalent subvirion @entity683 virus vaccine. MEASUREMENTS: @entity697 ( @entity697 ) and @entity2171 media (SOM) were assessed biweekly from mid-November 1993 to mid-March 1994 by visual and tympanometric examinations performed by "blinded" observers. The winter season was divided into three periods-before, during, and after @entity683 season--and the number of @entity1 with @entity697 or SOM during each period was determined. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were computed, while controlling for race and sex using logistic regression methods. RESULTS: Influenza vaccine was protective against @entity697 (OR = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.49-0.98) during the @entity683 season. Although there may have been some protection against SOM (OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.54-1.02) statistical significance was not achieved. Myringotomy tubes were also significantly protective against @entity697 and SOM during all three time periods, with ORs between 0.34 and 0.52, but the greatest protection was seen during the @entity683 period. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination of 6- to 30-month-old @entity1 in day care was associated with a decreased incidence of @entity2346 media during the @entity683 season. Myringotomy tubes protected against @entity697 and SOM during all 16 weeks monitored.

title: Influenza A vaccine decreases the incidence of XXXX media in 6- to 30-month-old @entity1 in day care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['AOM', 'Acute otitis media']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity2171 :: ('MESH:D010034', 'Disease') :: ['serous otitis']

answer: @entity2346 :: (MESH:D010031,Disease) :: ['otitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of @entity683 vaccine in @entity1 in day care decreases the incidence of @entity2346 media during the @entity683 season. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Eight day-care centers in North Carolina. @entity1 : One hundred eighty-six @entity1 aged 6 to 30 months. INTERVENTION: Half the @entity1 received trivalent subvirion @entity683 virus vaccine. MEASUREMENTS: @entity697 ( @entity697 ) and @entity2171 media (SOM) were assessed biweekly from mid-November 1993 to mid-March 1994 by visual and tympanometric examinations performed by "blinded" observers. The winter season was divided into three periods-before, during, and after @entity683 season--and the number of @entity1 with @entity697 or SOM during each period was determined. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were computed, while controlling for race and sex using logistic regression methods. RESULTS: Influenza vaccine was protective against @entity697 (OR = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.49-0.98) during the @entity683 season. Although there may have been some protection against SOM (OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.54-1.02) statistical significance was not achieved. Myringotomy tubes were also significantly protective against @entity697 and SOM during all three time periods, with ORs between 0.34 and 0.52, but the greatest protection was seen during the @entity683 period. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination of 6- to 30-month-old @entity1 in day care was associated with a decreased incidence of @entity2346 media during the @entity683 season. Myringotomy tubes protected against @entity697 and SOM during all 16 weeks monitored.

title: Influenza A vaccine decreases the incidence of @entity2346 media in 6- to 30-month-old XXXX in day care.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Precocious puberty and @entity3610 are two different entities which appear at different stages of ovarian development. Their association is uncommon. POPULATION: Thirteen @entity1 presented @entity26492 with sexual development before the age of 8 years; menstruations were seen at the age of 9.5 years in one @entity1 . Nine of them were given @entity7839 or @entity3429 and two @entity1 @entity4396 analog. Menarche occurred at a mean age of 11.8 +/- 1.5 years. After a mean free interval of 22 months, these thirteen @entity1 developed @entity3427 with @entity1866 (eight @entity1 ) and @entity1017 (seven @entity1 ). The diagnosis of @entity3610 was confirmed by increased plasma @entity251 (mean 91.1 +/- 14 ng/dl) and LH levels during @entity4396 test and by ultrasonography or coelioscopy. The treatment included @entity3429 plus 17 beta @entity53 ; it was discontinued in eleven cases after 2 years of treatment. Plasma @entity251 levels were normal 6 months later in association with regular menstruations. But three @entity1 presented clinical and hormonal recurrence one year later, requiring repeated treatment. CONCLUSION: This association seems to be related to the same gonadotropin dysfunction. It is necessary to regularly follow @entity1 treated for precocious puberty.

title: [Precocious puberty and XXXX : apropos of 13 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity3429 :: ('MESH:D017373', 'Chemical') :: ['cyproterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovarian syndrome']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity7839 :: ('MESH:D008525', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['irregular menstruations']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity26492 :: ('MESH:C562787', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic central precocious puberty']

entities_list: @entity3427 :: ('MESH:D006628', 'Disease') :: ['hirsutism']

answer: @entity3610 :: (MESH:D011085,Disease) :: ['polycystic ovarian syndrome']


abstract: Inhaled @entity1483 has been shown to protect subjects with @entity565 from bronchoconstriction induced by a wide variety of stimuli, including allergen, but the mechanism of action is controversial. We have used an in vitro model of allergen-induced bronchoconstriction to examine the effects of @entity1483 and other ion transport inhibitors. @entity1 bronchial rings were passively sensitized by incubation with serum from an atopic donor and were challenged with @entity7130 . Allergen-challenged bronchial rings developed bronchoconstriction which was effectively inhibited by the @entity26510 antagonist @entity30207 (10(-7) M) and to a lesser extent by @entity9691 (10(-5) M). Assessed over 60 min @entity1483 10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) M inhibited contractions by a mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) 7.9% (-23.5, 39.3%, p > 0.05), 44.2% (12.9, 75.2%, p < 0.01), and 86.9% (55.5, 118.3%, p < 0.001) respectively (n = 5). The same concentrations of @entity11623 inhibited contractions by 21.5% (-8.4, 51.4%, p > 0.05), 13.6% (-16.3, 43.4%, p > 0.05) and 51.6% (21.7, 81.4%, p < 0.01) respectively (n = 5). The @entity1372 transport inhibitor @entity6478 and the anion transport inhibitor @entity18850 ( @entity18850 ) were without effect (both 10(-4) M; n = 4). @entity1483 increased @entity1421 production by the bronchial rings by 134% (95% CI 53, 259%). @entity3352 (3 x 10(-6) M) blocked the @entity1483 -induced increase in @entity1421 production and reduced the protection afforded by 10(-4) M @entity1483 against allergen-induced contractions from 67.9% to 34.7% (mean difference 33.2%; 95% CI 9.7, 56.6%; p < 0.01; n = 8).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of diuretics on allergen-induced contractions of passively sensitized XXXX bronchi in vitro.

entities_list: @entity7130 :: ('6956', 'Species') :: ['Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide', 'Furosemide']

entities_list: @entity6478 :: ('MESH:D000584', 'Chemical') :: ['amiloride']

entities_list: @entity18850 :: ('MESH:D017878', 'Chemical') :: ["4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid", 'DIDS']

entities_list: @entity9691 :: ('MESH:D016593', 'Chemical') :: ['terfenadine']

entities_list: @entity11623 :: ('MESH:D002034', 'Chemical') :: ['bumetanide']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity26510 :: ('MESH:C112381', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteinyl-leukotriene']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Resident's case problem. BACKGROUND: This case report describes the diagnostic process, based on the Hypothesis-Oriented Algorithm for Clinicians II (HOAC II), and subsequent interventions in an elite athlete with subacute @entity1643 . It also demonstrates the clinical application of the HOAC II and shows how disablement terms, as used in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health model, can be integrated into @entity1 management in a manner that we believe enhances clinical practice. It also demonstrates the practical use of validated questionnaires and how these can be used to gather necessary information for the algorithm. DIAGNOSIS: A structured, evidence-based assessment led to a multifaceted, activity limitation-based diagnosis of being unable to (1) remain in a deep squat position during speed skating, (2) accelerate in turns while speed skating, and (3) rise from a slouched position without @entity158 . We believed that these dysfunctions were due to local limited lumbar segmental mobility, concurrent with an inability to properly and functionally stabilize the lumbopelvic area. DISCUSSION: The HOAC II requires the therapist to develop an evidence-based strategy for the examination that is based on initial hypotheses developed from the medical history and other data obtained prior to the examination. The examination was tailored to identify and quantify activity limitations and participation restrictions that we believed could help to explain why this @entity1 had his health problem. The case demonstrates how all elements of the HOAC II can be used for what we consider to be relatively common types of @entity1 . We believe that by applying the HOAC II on an individual- @entity1 basis, therapists will be ideally positioned to apply evidence to @entity1 care and to defend their interventions to colleagues and third-party payers. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Differential diagnosis, level 4.

title: Practical use of the HOAC II for clinical decision making and subsequent therapeutic interventions in an elite athlete with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Asian has higher prevalence of @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ) and @entity454 when compared to Caucasian. No study to date has evaluated whether multifactorial intervention was associated with remission of microalbuminuria in type 2 @entity6 Asian population. We evaluated the effect of tightly controlling multiple factors on the remission of @entity2316 in type 2 @entity6 Chinese with microalbuminuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study was collected 587 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 with microalbuminuria. Cohort members received intensified treatment to meet the following ADA recommended goals: @entity4051 c <7%, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <130mmHg, diastolic blood pressure <80   mmHg, low-density lipoprotein @entity165 <100mgdL(-1) , @entity412 <   150mgdL(-1) , high-density lipoprotein @entity165 >40mgdL(-1) for @entity1 and >50mgdL(-1) for @entity1 . Remission of microalbuminuria was defined as shift of albumin-creatinine ratio from mircoalbuminuria to normoalbuminuria. RESULTS: During the 4  5-year period, 210 (35  8%) @entity1 achieved remission to normoalbuminuria. A significant association was found between the achievement of ADA goals, including @entity4051 c <   7% [hazard ratio (HR)=1  345; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1  010-1  792; P=0  04] and SBP <130mmHg (HR, 1  516; 95% CI, 1  100-2  089; P=0  01) and remission of microalbuminuria. The intensive SBP control (<120mmHg) was significantly associated with remission of microalbuminuria (HR, 2  076; 95% CI, 1  347-3  198; P<0  001). CONCLUSIONS: The remission of @entity2316 could be achieved under multifactorial intervention. Therapeutic focus on remission by tight glycemic and blood pressure control should be considered in Asian population with @entity6 and microalbuminuria.

title: Remission of @entity2316 in type 2 XXXX Asian population: role of tight glucose and blood pressure control.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Asian has higher prevalence of @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ) and @entity454 when compared to Caucasian. No study to date has evaluated whether multifactorial intervention was associated with remission of microalbuminuria in type 2 @entity6 Asian population. We evaluated the effect of tightly controlling multiple factors on the remission of @entity2316 in type 2 @entity6 Chinese with microalbuminuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study was collected 587 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 with microalbuminuria. Cohort members received intensified treatment to meet the following ADA recommended goals: @entity4051 c <7%, systolic blood pressure (SBP) <130mmHg, diastolic blood pressure <80   mmHg, low-density lipoprotein @entity165 <100mgdL(-1) , @entity412 <   150mgdL(-1) , high-density lipoprotein @entity165 >40mgdL(-1) for @entity1 and >50mgdL(-1) for @entity1 . Remission of microalbuminuria was defined as shift of albumin-creatinine ratio from mircoalbuminuria to normoalbuminuria. RESULTS: During the 4  5-year period, 210 (35  8%) @entity1 achieved remission to normoalbuminuria. A significant association was found between the achievement of ADA goals, including @entity4051 c <   7% [hazard ratio (HR)=1  345; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1  010-1  792; P=0  04] and SBP <130mmHg (HR, 1  516; 95% CI, 1  100-2  089; P=0  01) and remission of microalbuminuria. The intensive SBP control (<120mmHg) was significantly associated with remission of microalbuminuria (HR, 2  076; 95% CI, 1  347-3  198; P<0  001). CONCLUSIONS: The remission of @entity2316 could be achieved under multifactorial intervention. Therapeutic focus on remission by tight glycemic and blood pressure control should be considered in Asian population with @entity6 and microalbuminuria.

title: Remission of XXXX in type 2 @entity6 Asian population: role of tight glucose and blood pressure control.

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pure motor hemiparesis and @entity64 are not accurate predictors of @entity1188 when described in the first 12 hours of @entity64 onset. We evaluate here whether this inaccuracy of clinical diagnosis might have influenced the planning of @entity1 management either in routine practice or in therapeutic trials. METHODS: A consecutive hospital series of 517 first-ever @entity63 hemispheric @entity64 @entity1 presented lacunar or nonlacunar syndromes at the first examination within 12 hours of the event. A distinction was subsequently made, by means of a CT scan or autopsy performed within 15 +/- 2 days of @entity64 , between @entity1 affected by lacunar or nonlacunar @entity1188 . We compared @entity64 risk factors, considered to be indicative of potential pathogenetic mechanisms, and the clinical outcome of @entity1188 versus nonlacunar @entity1188 @entity1 and those of @entity8987 versus @entity751 @entity1 . RESULTS: Two hundred nineteen @entity1 (42%) presented a @entity8987 and 298 (58%) a @entity751 , while 170 (33%) had @entity1188 and 347 (67%) nonlacunar @entity1188 . @entity1188 @entity1 were more frequently associated with @entity101 and a previous transient @entity63 attack and less frequently with @entity955 when compared with their nonlacunar @entity1188 counterparts, whereas no differences were apparent between @entity8987 and @entity751 @entity1 . Logistic regression analysis showed that @entity101 and a previous transient @entity63 attack on the one hand and @entity955 on the other were strongly correlated with the diagnosis of @entity1188 and nonlacunar @entity1188 , respectively, while no risk factor was correlated with the diagnosis of @entity8987 . Twenty-two percent of @entity1188 @entity1 and 68% of nonlacunar @entity1188 subjects had a poor outcome ( @entity204 plus disability of survivors) as opposed to 40% of @entity8987 and 63% of @entity751 @entity1 . Logistic regression selected age, severity of @entity51 at entry, @entity13675 , @entity6 , and @entity1188 , but not @entity8987 , as predictors of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The inaccurate clinical diagnosis of @entity1188 made in the first 12 hours of @entity64 might lead to no distinction being made between @entity64 subgroups with potentially different pathogenetic mechanisms and prognostic estimates, thus negatively influencing the planning of @entity1 management.

title: Clinical and prognostic correlates of XXXX subtype misdiagnosis within 12 hours from onset.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'sensorimotor stroke syndromes']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity13675 :: ('MESH:C536187', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopathies']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Lacunar infarct', 'infarct', 'lacunar infarcts', 'infarcts', 'lacunar infarct']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['nonlacunar syndrome']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity8987 :: ('MESH:D059409', 'Disease') :: ['lacunar syndrome']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: Prevalence and disease manifestations of @entity234 ( @entity234 ) were studied in a Somali village in an area which has long been known to be endemic for @entity234 . Demographic data were collected from 102 households, comprising 438 inhabitants. Clinical examination was performed of 306 individuals, 72% of the 426 eligible @entity1 . Of these, 276 (90%) agreed to give blood and 246 (80%) to be skin tested with leishmanin. Leishmanin reactions were positive; in 26% anti-Leishmania antibodies were detected in 11%, and @entity381 was recorded in 14% (23% of those who were seropositive). @entity311 was hypoendemic and therefore unlikely to be responsible for more than 10% of the cases with @entity381 . Three of the seropositive villagers with @entity381 complained of feeling ill. The remaining 91 sero- and/or leishmanin-positive individuals had no complaint regarding their health and had not experienced any long period of illness. There was a slight over-representation of males in the group of sero- and/or leishmanin-positive villagers, possibly due to a gender-associated difference in exposure to the parasite. Among the @entity1 with clinical @entity234 treated at Mogadishu hospitals during 1989 and 1990, the male/female ratio was 3.3:1, which may indicate a selection of male @entity1 for hospital care. Most @entity1 were < or = 15 years old, suggesting that the highest risk of becoming clinically ill was among @entity1 .

title: XXXX in Somalia: prevalence of markers of infection and disease manifestations in a village in an endemic area.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['VL', 'visceral leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity381 :: ('MESH:D013163', 'Disease') :: ['splenomegaly']

answer: @entity234 :: (MESH:D007898,Disease) :: ['Visceral leishmaniasis']


abstract: In order to understand better the relationship among @entity4430 , its transmission and the @entity1 host or the @entity281 which may lead to the development of @entity1201 , we performed a population survey in which nasal carriage of @entity4430 was determined by a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2 years after an earlier survey in the same population. 1923 @entity1 were registered, 1171 were clinically examined for signs of @entity1201 , and 418 were tested by PCR. The detection rate of @entity1201 in the study area had not changed significantly during the 2 years' observation period since the introduction of multi-drug therapy, i.e. 6/1000 compared to 7.7/1000 2 years before. Of 6 newly detected cases, 5 were diagnosed as having paucibacillary @entity1201 . The presence of @entity4430 could be demonstrated by PCR in 2.9% (12/418) of the @entity1 . PCR positivity was not persistent over the 2 years. All the PCR positive @entity1 identified in the first survey were negative in the second, indicating that @entity4430 nasal carriage is transient. As in the previous survey, we found evidence for widespread @entity4430 nasal carriage as determined by PCR among the general population in an area in which @entity1201 is endemic. In addition, our data indicated that PCR positivity can occur in certain clusters in the community. This clustering seems to be time-dependent, not necessarily related to the presence of @entity1 .

title: Distribution and persistence of XXXX nasal carriage among a population in which @entity1201 is endemic in Indonesia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['chain of infection']

entities_list: @entity4430 :: ('1769', 'Species') :: ['M. leprae', 'Mycobacterium leprae']

answer: @entity4430 :: (1769,Species) :: ['Mycobacterium leprae']


abstract: In order to understand better the relationship among @entity4430 , its transmission and the @entity1 host or the @entity281 which may lead to the development of @entity1201 , we performed a population survey in which nasal carriage of @entity4430 was determined by a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 2 years after an earlier survey in the same population. 1923 @entity1 were registered, 1171 were clinically examined for signs of @entity1201 , and 418 were tested by PCR. The detection rate of @entity1201 in the study area had not changed significantly during the 2 years' observation period since the introduction of multi-drug therapy, i.e. 6/1000 compared to 7.7/1000 2 years before. Of 6 newly detected cases, 5 were diagnosed as having paucibacillary @entity1201 . The presence of @entity4430 could be demonstrated by PCR in 2.9% (12/418) of the @entity1 . PCR positivity was not persistent over the 2 years. All the PCR positive @entity1 identified in the first survey were negative in the second, indicating that @entity4430 nasal carriage is transient. As in the previous survey, we found evidence for widespread @entity4430 nasal carriage as determined by PCR among the general population in an area in which @entity1201 is endemic. In addition, our data indicated that PCR positivity can occur in certain clusters in the community. This clustering seems to be time-dependent, not necessarily related to the presence of @entity1 .

title: Distribution and persistence of @entity4430 nasal carriage among a population in which XXXX is endemic in Indonesia.

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['leprosy']


abstract: We have investigated the vascular endothelial phenotypes found at various times posttransplant in @entity19 B10-->C3H liver grafts. In this model, liver allografts are spontaneously accepted, and survive indefinitely unless the recipient is first allosensitized with a skin allograft, in which case the liver allografts are rejected within five days. In our previous studies, allograft inflammation was associated with the development of vascular endothelial reactivity with the mAbs @entity12830 and M/ @entity12829 (anti- @entity6580 ). We observed that vascular endothelia in both liver isografts and allografts develop reactivity with @entity12830 mAb within two days of transplantation, indicating endothelial activation in both situations. In contrast, only the endothelia in liver allografts develop @entity6580 expression, as detected with M/ @entity12829 mAb. @entity6580 was expressed in both rejecting and accepting liver allografts, demonstrating that endothelial @entity6580 expression is indicative of ongoing graft inflammation but not necessarily graft rejection. Liver parenchymal cells did not appear to develop reactivity with either antibody under any of the conditions tested. In contrast, bile duct epithelia developed M/ @entity12829 reactivity ( @entity6580 expression), but not @entity12830 reactivity in liver allografts, but not isografts. These data demonstrate @entity22140 -dependent and alloantigen-independent patterns of endothelial behavior in @entity19 liver grafts that are quite similar to those found in @entity19 cardiac grafts. Further, they demonstrate that the expression of @entity6580 by graft endothelia is not diagnostic for acute rejection of liver allografts.

title: Patterns of inflammatory vascular endothelial changes in XXXX liver grafts.

entities_list: @entity22140 :: ('MESH:D007519', 'Chemical') :: ['alloantigen']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Surgical treatment for @entity174 is controversial, and indications depend on variety of variables, including the degree of displacement and future goals of the @entity1 . If surgery is to be performed, typically open reduction of the medial epicondylar fragment, with visualization of the ulnar nerve, and fixation is undertaken. Pins, screws, and cannulated screws have all been described for fixation. The use of cannulated screw systems, especially when coupled with fluoroscopy, has many advantages, and is generally considered a safe way to place a screw accurately while minimizing the surgical exposure. Unfortunately, there are also inherent risks with a cannulated screw system that often go unrecognized, such as guide pin bending, breakage or unrecognized advancement. The complications are rarely reported, and recognition is critical to avoid future complications. This is the first study to report a @entity4542 after the use of cannulated screw systems in 2 @entity1 with a pediatric medial epicondyle @entity174 fixation. This study highlights the danger of these systems for this @entity174 fixation, and we discuss the potential techniques to avoid this complication. Our purpose in publishing this series of cases is to shed light on a complication, in the hope that its exposure will help prevent such complications in the future. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, Case Series.

title: Iatrogenic XXXX with cannulated fixation of medial epicondyle fractures in the pediatric humerus: a report of 2 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['medial epicondylar fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity4542 :: ('MESH:D020425', 'Disease') :: ['radial nerve injury']

answer: @entity4542 :: (MESH:D020425,Disease) :: ['radial nerve injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity174 , one of the most common @entity174 seen in the pediatric population, are regularly treated by closed reduction and casting. Our study investigates the effectiveness of Gore-Tex-lined casting in maintaining the reduction of 100% displaced @entity174 compared with traditional @entity2708 -lined casts. METHODS: We screened all @entity1 from February 2007 to July 2009 who presented to @entity1 's Hospital in Birmingham, @entity1582 with a @entity174 . Only @entity1 with 100% displaced @entity174 were eligible to be assigned to either the @entity2708 -lined or Gore-Tex-lined cast groups. Power analysis was performed to identify an adequate @entity1 sample size. The mean maximum change between initial post-reduction x-rays and follow-up x-rays for anterior-posterior (AP) angulation, AP displacement, lateral angulation, and lateral displacement of the radius were calculated for both @entity2708 and Gore-Tex groups. The rate of subsequent intervention and/or unacceptable results for each group was also analyzed. RESULTS: Seven hundred and twenty-two @entity1 were treated with @entity174 at our hospital with 59 @entity1 eligible for inclusion in our study. Thirty-six of our @entity1 were treated with @entity2708 -lined casts, and 23 @entity1 were treated with Gore-Tex-lined cast. The mean maximum change in AP angulation, AP displacement, lateral angulation, and lateral displacement of the radius after initial reduction was 9.2 degrees, 6.9%, 13.9 degrees, and 13.6%, respectively, for the @entity2708 -lined cast group and 7.7 degrees, 6.1%, 14.6 degrees, and 9.6%, respectively, for the Gore-Tex-lined cast group. There were no statistical differences between the means of the 4 measurements (P=0.33, 0.69, 0.73, and 0.10, respectively). There were also no significant differences between groups for final AP and lateral angulation and displacement. Subgroup analysis showed no significant differences in all measurements between @entity2708 and Gore-Tex groups. CONCLUSION: Gore-Tex and @entity2708 -lined casts are equally effective in their ability to maintain the reduction of 100% displaced @entity174 . Thus, Gore-Tex-lined casts can be offered to pediatric @entity1 immediately after closed reduction of @entity174 of any severity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic level II.

title: A prospective study on the effectiveness of XXXX versus waterproof cast padding in maintaining the reduction of pediatric @entity174 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'distal radius fracture', 'distal forearm fractures', 'distal radius fractures', 'Distal forearm fractures']

answer: @entity2708 :: (3635,Species) :: ['cotton']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity174 , one of the most common @entity174 seen in the pediatric population, are regularly treated by closed reduction and casting. Our study investigates the effectiveness of Gore-Tex-lined casting in maintaining the reduction of 100% displaced @entity174 compared with traditional @entity2708 -lined casts. METHODS: We screened all @entity1 from February 2007 to July 2009 who presented to @entity1 's Hospital in Birmingham, @entity1582 with a @entity174 . Only @entity1 with 100% displaced @entity174 were eligible to be assigned to either the @entity2708 -lined or Gore-Tex-lined cast groups. Power analysis was performed to identify an adequate @entity1 sample size. The mean maximum change between initial post-reduction x-rays and follow-up x-rays for anterior-posterior (AP) angulation, AP displacement, lateral angulation, and lateral displacement of the radius were calculated for both @entity2708 and Gore-Tex groups. The rate of subsequent intervention and/or unacceptable results for each group was also analyzed. RESULTS: Seven hundred and twenty-two @entity1 were treated with @entity174 at our hospital with 59 @entity1 eligible for inclusion in our study. Thirty-six of our @entity1 were treated with @entity2708 -lined casts, and 23 @entity1 were treated with Gore-Tex-lined cast. The mean maximum change in AP angulation, AP displacement, lateral angulation, and lateral displacement of the radius after initial reduction was 9.2 degrees, 6.9%, 13.9 degrees, and 13.6%, respectively, for the @entity2708 -lined cast group and 7.7 degrees, 6.1%, 14.6 degrees, and 9.6%, respectively, for the Gore-Tex-lined cast group. There were no statistical differences between the means of the 4 measurements (P=0.33, 0.69, 0.73, and 0.10, respectively). There were also no significant differences between groups for final AP and lateral angulation and displacement. Subgroup analysis showed no significant differences in all measurements between @entity2708 and Gore-Tex groups. CONCLUSION: Gore-Tex and @entity2708 -lined casts are equally effective in their ability to maintain the reduction of 100% displaced @entity174 . Thus, Gore-Tex-lined casts can be offered to pediatric @entity1 immediately after closed reduction of @entity174 of any severity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic level II.

title: A prospective study on the effectiveness of @entity2708 versus waterproof cast padding in maintaining the reduction of pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['distal forearm fractures']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the expression of bacterial biofilm (BF) for @entity102 ( @entity102 ) and to find out factors affecting BF expression and the influences on its prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All specimens were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope and bacterial cultivation from a panel of 93 @entity1 with @entity102 , 20 with @entity5381 , and 17 with @entity174 as the control group. Referring to the grade classification criteria from the sinusitis-specific questionnaire Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-20, @entity1 were assessed preoperatively based on common clinical manifestations. @entity1 were followed up for condition improvement as assessed by visual analogue scale and nasal endoscopic examination. RESULTS: In the experimental group, among all the @entity1 , 3 were lost (lost 3.2%). Bacterial biofilm was positive in 64 (71.1%) of 90 @entity1 . Mucosal cilia were observed in varying degrees of injury. Bacterial culture was positive in 60 (66.7%) @entity1 . In the control group, no BF was found and no bacterium was cultured. Bacterial biofilm expression was correlated with the bacterial culture. The BF(+) @entity1 ' visual analogue scale scores 6 months and 1 year postoperation were lower than the BF(-) @entity1 ' scores (P < .05). The BF(+) @entity1 ' Lund-Kennedy scores at 6 months and 1 year postoperation were higher than the BF(-) @entity1 ' scores (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial biofilm is involved in the pathogenesis of @entity102 and is associated with the bacterial culture. Bacterial biofilm has a certain impact on @entity1 ' prognosis.

title: Factors affecting bacterial biofilm expression in XXXX and the influences on prognosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['nasal bone fractures']

entities_list: @entity5381 :: ('MESH:D061270', 'Disease') :: ['nasal septum deviation']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic rhinosinusitis', 'CRS']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic rhinosinusitis']


abstract: The developmental expression of adrenocortical steroid hydroxylases was studied in @entity291 fetuses from 40 to 280 days gestational age. The expression of P-450(17 alpha) is first detected at a gestational age of 50 days and reaches a maximum at 60-70 days. The expression of P-450(17 alpha) then declines and is nondetectable at a gestational age of 100 days. P-450(17 alpha) is not expressed again until about 240 days, i.e. shortly before birth (approximately 280 days). @entity21767 , @entity30438 , P-450(11 beta) and adrenodoxin were present in fetal adrenals throughout gestation. This "on-off-on" pattern of P-450(17 alpha) expression during fetal development was associated with a corresponding episodic production of @entity701 . Immunoreactive @entity3317 (ACTH) levels in fetal plasma were elevated in small fetuses (corresponding to less than or equal to 100 days) and in near-term fetuses (corresponding to greater than 250 days) compared with those in mid-gestation fetuses. In primary culture, adrenal cells from mid-gestation fetuses contained no detectable P-450(17 alpha) but rapidly responded to ACTH with an increase in P-450(17 alpha) protein and mRNA. The tissue specificity of the developmental patterns is emphasized by the fact that both P-450(17 alpha) and @entity21767 were detectable throughout the development of the fetal testes, whereas only @entity21767 was detectable in fetal @entity291 ovary prior to 200 days. Thus, in fetal @entity291 adrenal it appears that ACTH is the major regulatory factor effecting the intermittent presence of P-450(17 alpha), whereas the presence of the other @entity134 hydroxylases is either regulated by additional factors or shows a much different sensitivity to ACTH.

title: Developmental expression of XXXX adrenocortical steroid hydroxylases. Regulation of P-450(17 alpha) expression leads to episodic fetal @entity701 production.

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity3317 :: ('MESH:D000324', 'Chemical') :: ['corticotropin']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: The developmental expression of adrenocortical steroid hydroxylases was studied in @entity291 fetuses from 40 to 280 days gestational age. The expression of P-450(17 alpha) is first detected at a gestational age of 50 days and reaches a maximum at 60-70 days. The expression of P-450(17 alpha) then declines and is nondetectable at a gestational age of 100 days. P-450(17 alpha) is not expressed again until about 240 days, i.e. shortly before birth (approximately 280 days). @entity21767 , @entity30438 , P-450(11 beta) and adrenodoxin were present in fetal adrenals throughout gestation. This "on-off-on" pattern of P-450(17 alpha) expression during fetal development was associated with a corresponding episodic production of @entity701 . Immunoreactive @entity3317 (ACTH) levels in fetal plasma were elevated in small fetuses (corresponding to less than or equal to 100 days) and in near-term fetuses (corresponding to greater than 250 days) compared with those in mid-gestation fetuses. In primary culture, adrenal cells from mid-gestation fetuses contained no detectable P-450(17 alpha) but rapidly responded to ACTH with an increase in P-450(17 alpha) protein and mRNA. The tissue specificity of the developmental patterns is emphasized by the fact that both P-450(17 alpha) and @entity21767 were detectable throughout the development of the fetal testes, whereas only @entity21767 was detectable in fetal @entity291 ovary prior to 200 days. Thus, in fetal @entity291 adrenal it appears that ACTH is the major regulatory factor effecting the intermittent presence of P-450(17 alpha), whereas the presence of the other @entity134 hydroxylases is either regulated by additional factors or shows a much different sensitivity to ACTH.

title: Developmental expression of @entity291 adrenocortical steroid hydroxylases. Regulation of P-450(17 alpha) expression leads to episodic fetal XXXX production.

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['cortisol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We compared the long-term costs and outcomes of gastric bypass versus medical therapy (very low-calorie diet plus weekly behavioral modification) for @entity28 @entity1 . METHODS: A successful outcome was defined as the loss of at least one third of excess weight that was maintained for the duration of the study. A minimal cost was assigned:  3000 for medical and  24,000 for surgical treatment. A cost per pound of weight lost for all @entity1 successfully monitored was calculated. The Federal Trade Commission recently asked all @entity353 programs to report this cost for @entity1 at least 2 years after therapy. RESULTS: A total of 201 @entity1 entered surgical and 161 entered medical therapy. The surgical group was initially heavier (mean body mass index [kg/m2] +/- SE = 49.3 +/- 0.6 versus 41.2 +/- 0.7, p < 0.01), but each group's lowest mean body mass index was similar (31.8 versus 32.1, respectively). A significantly higher percentage of @entity1 in the surgical versus the medical group were still successful at year 5: 89% versus 21%. The cost per pound lost for medical therapy exceeded the cost of surgical therapy in the sixth posttreatment year (both more than  250/pound). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment appears to be more cost-effective at producing and maintaining @entity353 . It is imperative that long-term follow-up studies be funded to definitely establish this finding.

title: Comparison of the costs associated with medical and surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Elective lymph node dissection for @entity320 is still controversial. Experimental studies suggest that differential expression, activation, or both of @entity8652 integrins facilitate @entity320 @entity3 . However, the clinical significance of @entity2393 expression in @entity1 @entity320 is unclear. METHODS: We examined primary cutaneous @entity320 from 76 @entity1 undergoing elective lymph mode dissection. We quantified the percentage of @entity5 area stained by @entity2393 antibody with an image analyzer. RESULTS: @entity2393 was expressed in all 23 @entity5 from @entity1 with pathologically positive lymph nodes (LNs) but in only 14 (26%) of 53 cases with pathologically negative nodes (p < 0.001). No @entity1 with @entity2393 -negative @entity5 had LN involvement, whereas 23 (62%) of 37 @entity1 with @entity2393 -positive @entity5 had LN @entity3 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 21 (91%) of 23 cases with LN @entity3 but only 4 (8%) of 53 cases without had @entity2393 staining of 10% or more of @entity5 area (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to show a correlation between expression of a molecular marker in the primary @entity320 and likelihood of regional LN @entity3 . @entity8652 immunostaining of 10% or more of @entity5 area reliably predicts @entity1 most likely to harbor occult LN @entity3 and likely to benefit from ELND.

title: XXXX expression in @entity320 predicts occult lymph node @entity3 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas', 'cutaneous melanoma', 'malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity2393 :: (3688,Gene) :: ['Beta 1 integrin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Elective lymph node dissection for @entity320 is still controversial. Experimental studies suggest that differential expression, activation, or both of @entity8652 integrins facilitate @entity320 @entity3 . However, the clinical significance of @entity2393 expression in @entity1 @entity320 is unclear. METHODS: We examined primary cutaneous @entity320 from 76 @entity1 undergoing elective lymph mode dissection. We quantified the percentage of @entity5 area stained by @entity2393 antibody with an image analyzer. RESULTS: @entity2393 was expressed in all 23 @entity5 from @entity1 with pathologically positive lymph nodes (LNs) but in only 14 (26%) of 53 cases with pathologically negative nodes (p < 0.001). No @entity1 with @entity2393 -negative @entity5 had LN involvement, whereas 23 (62%) of 37 @entity1 with @entity2393 -positive @entity5 had LN @entity3 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 21 (91%) of 23 cases with LN @entity3 but only 4 (8%) of 53 cases without had @entity2393 staining of 10% or more of @entity5 area (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to show a correlation between expression of a molecular marker in the primary @entity320 and likelihood of regional LN @entity3 . @entity8652 immunostaining of 10% or more of @entity5 area reliably predicts @entity1 most likely to harbor occult LN @entity3 and likely to benefit from ELND.

title: @entity2393 expression in XXXX predicts occult lymph node @entity3 .

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['malignant melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Elective lymph node dissection for @entity320 is still controversial. Experimental studies suggest that differential expression, activation, or both of @entity8652 integrins facilitate @entity320 @entity3 . However, the clinical significance of @entity2393 expression in @entity1 @entity320 is unclear. METHODS: We examined primary cutaneous @entity320 from 76 @entity1 undergoing elective lymph mode dissection. We quantified the percentage of @entity5 area stained by @entity2393 antibody with an image analyzer. RESULTS: @entity2393 was expressed in all 23 @entity5 from @entity1 with pathologically positive lymph nodes (LNs) but in only 14 (26%) of 53 cases with pathologically negative nodes (p < 0.001). No @entity1 with @entity2393 -negative @entity5 had LN involvement, whereas 23 (62%) of 37 @entity1 with @entity2393 -positive @entity5 had LN @entity3 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 21 (91%) of 23 cases with LN @entity3 but only 4 (8%) of 53 cases without had @entity2393 staining of 10% or more of @entity5 area (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to show a correlation between expression of a molecular marker in the primary @entity320 and likelihood of regional LN @entity3 . @entity8652 immunostaining of 10% or more of @entity5 area reliably predicts @entity1 most likely to harbor occult LN @entity3 and likely to benefit from ELND.

title: @entity2393 expression in @entity320 predicts occult lymph node XXXX .

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Alternative methods for abdominal wall closure may be necessary after emergency laparotomy. The purpose of this study was to determine the morbidity and outcome of emergency fascial closure with @entity7502 mesh. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all @entity1 undergoing emergency fascial closure with @entity7502 mesh from January 1990 to March 1994. RESULTS: Seventy @entity1 were identified. Indications for mesh placement included @entity4 (40), @entity39 (21), and planned reexploration (7). Enteric fistulas developed in five @entity1 (7.1%). When omentum was interposed between intestine and mesh, the incidence of @entity292 was significantly reduced (0 of 51 vs 5 of 19, p < 0.01). Forty-two @entity1 (60%) survived with wound closure, accomplished by skin flaps in 19 (45%), skin grafting in 11 (26%), and secondary healing in 6 (14%). The mesh was removed in six @entity1 (14%). Complications of mesh extrusion and @entity547 occurred less often after skin flap closure compared with skin grafting or secondary healing (1 of 19 vs 9 of 17, p < 0.01). No @entity281 occurred. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7502 mesh placement is an effective alternative for abdominal closure after emergency laparotomy, even when @entity295 is present. Fistulas associated with its use may be effectively eliminated by the interposition of omentum between bowel and mesh. Wound closure with full-thickness skin flaps is the preferred method for soft tissue coverage when mesh is used.

title: XXXX mesh closure after emergency laparotomy: morbidity and outcome.

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['intraabdominal sepsis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['infected/necrotic fascia']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['visceral edema']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['Polypropylene', 'polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['mesh infection']

answer: @entity7502 :: (MESH:D011126,Chemical) :: ['Polypropylene']


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: The possible mutagenic and antimutagenic activity of neem oil (NO) and its @entity3733 extract (NDE) were, examined in the Ames @entity2491 /microsome mutagenicity test and the @entity19 bone marrow micronucleus assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight different strains of @entity2491 were, used to study the genotoxicity of neem oil both in the presence and absence of @entity14774 induced @entity35 liver homogenate (S9). Two-dose treatment protocol was, employed to study the cytogenetic activity in micronucleus assay. Similarly, the antimutagenic activity of neem oil and NDE was studied against @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) and @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) in the above two test systems. RESULTS: Neem oil was non-mutagenic in all the eight tester strains of @entity2491 both in the presence and absence of S9 mix. In the present study, there was no significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in neem oil treated groups over the negative control ( @entity3733 ) group of animals, indicating the non-clastogenic activity of neem oil in the micronucleus test. Neem oil showed good antimutagenic activity against @entity106 induced mutagenicity compared to its @entity3733 extract. However, neem oil showed comparatively less antimutagenicity against MMC in the Ames assay. In vivo anticlastogenic assays shows that neem oil exhibited better activity against @entity106 induced clastogenicity. CONCLUSION: These results indicate non-mutagenic activity of neem oil and significant antimutagenic activity of neem oil suggesting its pharmacological importance for the prevention of @entity5 .

title: Evaluation of mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil in the in vitro Ames @entity2491 /microsome assay and in vivo XXXX bone marrow micronucleus test.

entities_list: @entity2491 :: ('90371', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella', 'Salmonella typhimurium']

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: The possible mutagenic and antimutagenic activity of neem oil (NO) and its @entity3733 extract (NDE) were, examined in the Ames @entity2491 /microsome mutagenicity test and the @entity19 bone marrow micronucleus assay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight different strains of @entity2491 were, used to study the genotoxicity of neem oil both in the presence and absence of @entity14774 induced @entity35 liver homogenate (S9). Two-dose treatment protocol was, employed to study the cytogenetic activity in micronucleus assay. Similarly, the antimutagenic activity of neem oil and NDE was studied against @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) and @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) in the above two test systems. RESULTS: Neem oil was non-mutagenic in all the eight tester strains of @entity2491 both in the presence and absence of S9 mix. In the present study, there was no significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in neem oil treated groups over the negative control ( @entity3733 ) group of animals, indicating the non-clastogenic activity of neem oil in the micronucleus test. Neem oil showed good antimutagenic activity against @entity106 induced mutagenicity compared to its @entity3733 extract. However, neem oil showed comparatively less antimutagenicity against MMC in the Ames assay. In vivo anticlastogenic assays shows that neem oil exhibited better activity against @entity106 induced clastogenicity. CONCLUSION: These results indicate non-mutagenic activity of neem oil and significant antimutagenic activity of neem oil suggesting its pharmacological importance for the prevention of @entity5 .

title: Evaluation of mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil in the in vitro Ames XXXX /microsome assay and in vivo @entity19 bone marrow micronucleus test.

answer: @entity2491 :: (90371,Species) :: ['Salmonella']


abstract: PURPOSE: Robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision is a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery for managing upper tract @entity189 . We report oncologic outcomes following robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of the initial 65 @entity1 who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision for upper tract @entity189 between 2008 and 2014 were reviewed from our institutional review board approved, prospectively maintained database. All @entity1 underwent surgery with the single docking technique. Baseline demographic features, pathological variables and perioperative data were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier methodology was used for survival analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to determine the prognostic effect of different variables on survival. RESULTS: Mean @entity1 age was 69.1 years. Final pathological evaluation revealed pT2 stage or lower in 65% of @entity1 , @entity1803 in 28.3% and pT4 in 6.7%. High grade pathological findings were present in 85% of @entity1 , including 13.3% with @entity189 in situ and 30% with @entity3 . Median followup was 25.1 months (range 6 to 68.9). At 2 and 5 years overall survival was 86.9% and 62.6%, @entity5 specific survival was 92.9% and 69.5%, and recurrence-free survival was 65.3% and 57.1%, respectively. A total of 23 @entity1 experienced disease recurrence. Bladder recurrence developed in 15 @entity1 , 12 had isolated bladder recurrence and 8 had @entity3 . On univariate analysis age greater than 70 years, preoperative @entity3041 , @entity66 and @entity189 in situ were significantly associated with decreased recurrence-free survival (p  = 0.002, 0.04, 0.006 and 0.001, respectively). However, none was statistically significant on multivariate analysis. On univariate analysis impaired preoperative renal function ( @entity1011 greater than 2 mg/dl) and @entity3 were associated with reduced @entity5 specific survival (p = 0.03 and 0.01, respectively). However, only @entity3 was associated with @entity5 specific survival on multivariate analysis (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Our reported data on oncologic outcomes following robot-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision for upper tract @entity189 demonstrate satisfactory oncologic control at intermediate term followup. Long-term outcomes are required to assess true efficacy.

title: Oncologic Outcomes Following Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy with Bladder Cuff Excision for Upper Tract XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'decreased cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma', 'concomitant carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['lymphovascular invasion', 'metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Urothelial Carcinoma']


abstract: We followed up 73 consecutive @entity1 with a history of syncopal @entity1165 on the waiting list for a heart transplant between 1st March 1992 and 15th September 1994 with the aim of evaluating the impact of @entity737 ( @entity737 ) on survival. On registration 60 @entity1 were considered fit enough to be ambulant whilst awaiting transplantation. 30 were given @entity737 therapy (group 1) and 30 were not (group 2). 13 @entity1 required inpatient supervision for @entity943 whilst awaiting transplantation, but received no @entity737 therapy (group 3). The 13 in- @entity1 were in a worse clinical state (NYHA) than the 30 out- @entity1 not given @entity737 (p < 0.05). With respect to all other clinical and hemodynamic characteristics all groups were comparable. Waiting time for transplantation was also comparable in all groups (n.s., log-rank method). @entity737 therapy resulted in a significant improvement of survival in these high-risk @entity1 prior to transplantation. Only 1 out of the 30 @entity737 @entity1 (group 2) and 5 out of the 13 in- @entity1 (group 3) (p < 0.05 log-rank method). During the waiting time group 3 @entity1 were hospitalised longest (p < 0.05), but there was a clear trend that also @entity737 @entity1 had to be hospitalised to an increased extent (n.s.). Cox multivariate regression analysis of this study population showed that the cardiac index (p = 0.001) and lack of @entity737 therapy (p = 0.035) were the only independent significant predictors of mortality on the waiting list. @entity737 therapy had no influence on mortality after transplantation (n.s. log-rank method).

title: [Strategies in management of heart transplantation candidates with tachycardic XXXX anamnesis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['ICD', 'implantable cardioverter defibrillator']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['ventricular arrhythmia']


abstract: In the present study, 81 specimens of Capoeta capoeta gracilis (Keyserling, 1861) were collected from the Shiroud River, the Caspian drainage basin, Iran in June and October 2007. The fish were examined for @entity281 with the @entity2199 Rhabdochona fortunatowi (Dinnik, 1933). @entity2199 were counted and sexed, then the sex ratio and intestinal site preference of the R. fortunatowi individuals and the intersexual interactions of the parasites were investigated. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence and intensity of @entity281 in relation to host size and sampling season, but not host sex. Parasite burden (mean intensity) was higher in October than in June and the results revealed a decrease in female-to-male sex ratio (FMR) in the fish in October compared to the ones in June. In other words, as the mean intensity of @entity281 of R. fortunatowi increases, the proportion of male worms increases, too. The female-biased sex ratio in June was replaced by a male-biased one in October. @entity2199 distribution rose to a significant peak in the mid-region of the fish intestine relative to the anterior and posterior parts. Some changes in the distribution of male and female worms in different parts of the host intestine were also observed during June and October. Density-dependent selection and intersexual competition seem to be the main factors driving such a shift in the sex ratio and its variation in different parts of the host intestine.

title: Variation in the sex ratio of Rhabdochona fortunatowi (Spirurida: Rhabdochonidae) in Capoeta capoeta gracilis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), relative to levels of XXXX , host size and temperature.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'Nematode', 'Nematodes']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prescription opioid use after lumbar fusion for @entity179 in a @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ) setting. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Use of opioids for treating @entity1643 has increased greatly. Few studies have evaluated risk factors for @entity4784 ( @entity4784 ) among the clinically-distinct @entity1538 population. METHODS: We used "Current Procedural Terminology" and "International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision" codes to identify 1002 Ohio @entity1538 subjects who underwent lumbar fusion for @entity179 from 1993 to 2013. Postoperative @entity4784 was defined as being supplied with opioid analgesics for greater than 1 year after the 6-week acute period after fusion. 575 subjects fit these criteria, forming the @entity4784 group. The remaining 427 subjects formed a temporary opioid group. To identify prognostic factors associated with @entity4784 after fusion, we used a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Returning to work was negatively associated with @entity4784 (P<0.001; odds ratio [OR] 0.38). @entity4784 before fusion (P<0.001; OR 6.15), @entity11252 (P<0.001; OR 3.40), additional surgery (P<0.001; OR 2.84), clinically diagnosed @entity308 (P<0.001; OR 2.34), and extended @entity393 before fusion (P=0.038; OR 1.61) were positively associated with @entity4784 . The rates of postoperative @entity4784 associated with these factors were 27.8%, 79.6%, 85.0%, 76.4%, 77.1%, and 61.3%, respectively. Higher preoperative opioid load (P<0.001) and duration of use (P<0.001) were positively associated with higher postoperative rates of @entity4784 . Within 3 years after fusion, the @entity4784 group was supplied with an average of 1083.4 days of opioids and 49.0 opioid prescriptions, 86.2% of which were Schedule II. The @entity4784 group had an 11.0% return to work rate,  27,952 higher medical costs per subject, 43.5% rate of @entity146 comorbidity, 16.7% rate of @entity11252 , and 27.7% rate of additional lumbar surgery. CONCLUSION: The majority of the study population was on @entity4784 after fusion. @entity4784 was associated with considerably worse outcomes. The poor outcomes of this study could suggest a more limited role for discogenic fusion among @entity1538 @entity1 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

title: Chronic Opioid Therapy After Lumbar Fusion Surgery for XXXX in a Workers' Compensation Setting.

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['chronic low back pain']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ["workers' compensation", 'WC']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['chronic opioid therapy', 'COT']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disc disease']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['work loss']

entities_list: @entity11252 :: ('MESH:D055111', 'Disease') :: ['failed back syndrome']

answer: @entity179 :: (MESH:D019636,Disease) :: ['Degenerative Disc Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is very evident that many precautions are taken regarding transfusion of red blood cells in @entity1 with autoimmune haemolytic @entity417 . Frequently, considerable efforts are made to examine the indication and serological compatibility prior to transfusion in such @entity1 . However, at times, this may unnecessarily jeopardize @entity1 who urgently require a red blood cell transfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six @entity1 with warm-type autoimmune haemolytic @entity417 were included in this study. All @entity1 had reactive serum autoantibodies and required blood transfusion. Standard serological assays were employed for the detection and characterization of antibodies to red blood cells. RESULTS: A positive direct antiglobulin test was observed in all 36 @entity1 , in addition to detectable antibodies in both the eluate and serum. Significant alloantibodies were detected in the serum samples of three patients (anti-c, anti-JK(a), and anti-E). In 32 @entity1 , red blood cell transfusion was administered with no significant haemolytic transfusion reactions due to auto- and/or allo-antibodies. Due to overestimation of positive cross-matches three @entity1 received no transfusion or delayed transfusion and died, and one @entity1 died due to unrecognised @entity190 and @entity417 which was attributed to an ineffective red blood cell transfusion. DISCUSSION: Many of the reported recommendations regarding transfusion of red blood cells in autoimmune haemolytic @entity417 are highly questionable, and positive serological cross-matches should not result in a delay or refusal of necessary blood transfusions.

title: Precautions surrounding blood transfusion in autoimmune haemolytic XXXX are overestimated.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

answer: @entity417 :: (MESH:D000740,Disease) :: ['anaemias']


abstract: @entity674 ( @entity674 ) are the most common @entity1820 , and @entity548 is among the primary symptoms. If the @entity5 is located in the small intestine, diagnosis might be difficult because of its inaccessibility by endoscope. This report presents a case of duodenal @entity677 diagnosed with the aid of diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 66-year-old male was admitted to the hospital because of @entity1353 . The @entity1 demonstrated marked @entity417 . Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy revealed no involvement of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in regard to the observed @entity548 . Thereafter, computed tomography was done and showed a tumorous lesion 4.2  cm in diameter located around the ligament of Treitz. The area showed significant high intensity by DW-MRI, strongly suggesting malignant character. Examination with a long endoscope demonstrated a large submucosal @entity5 with wide ulceration located at the third portion of the duodenum. The biopsy sample contained spindle-shaped cells that were positive for @entity2280 and @entity2467 on histochemistry, and the @entity5 was diagnosed as @entity677 . The @entity1 underwent surgery and survived for 16  months without any recurrence.

title: A case of a XXXX diagnosed with the aid of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath and melena']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['mesenchymal tumor of gastrointestinal tract']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['GISTs', 'Gastrointestinal stromal tumors']

answer: @entity674 :: (MESH:D046152,Disease) :: ['duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor']


abstract: Except after @entity130 resulting in an intracapsular @entity174 of the femoral neck or dislocation of the hip, the causes of pathogenesis in @entity2530 of the femoral head have yet to emerge. The circulation to the femoral head may be impaired severely following a traumatic episode. Staging of the pathologic process is important as the selection of the appropriate surgical treatment depends upon the stage at the time of diagnosis. Anteroposterior and lateral roentgenograms are sufficiently accurate to make the diagnosis in Stages II to V. Tomography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are prescribed when roentgenograms are consistent with @entity34 . This recommendation is made because subtle changes may be present that are not apparent on the roentgenogram, such as @entity174 of the surface or beginning segmental collapse. These changes would change the classification to Stage III rather than Stage II. MRI or core biopsy is required for diagnosis in Stage I. Many surgical treatment options have been proposed for the treatment of @entity2530 of the femoral head. No one operation has been shown to be superior. Most papers do not have sufficient long-term follow-up evaluation or a significantly large number of cases to allow one to draw firm conclusions about the efficacy of the operation. Total hip replacement or hip arthrodesis is the treatment of choice for the end stages of the disease when the hip joint has degenerated.

title: XXXX of the femoral head. Pathogenesis and long-term results of treatment.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['Stage II disease']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity2530 :: (MESH:D010020,Disease) :: ['Osteonecrosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the results of surgical correction of @entity912 of the hand due to @entity306 . DESIGN: Descriptive. SETTING: Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and rehabilitation centre De Trappenberg. METHOD: From 1-1-1990 until 1-6-1994 twenty @entity1 with @entity508 upper limb in @entity306 were operated in our hospital. They were all seen preoperatively by our multidisciplinary team, and selected according to the Zancolli classification. Seventeen operations were aimed at improving hand function, the other three were performed for contractures or for cosmetic/hygienic reasons. Surgery was aimed at correcting the muscular imbalance, by weakening @entity508 muscles via tenotomy or lengthening and by reinforcing paralysed muscles via tendon transfer or rerouting. Often stabilisation of joints by tenodesis, capsulodesis or arthrodesis was necessary as well. RESULTS: Eighteen of the twenty @entity1 were (very) happy with the results. In two @entity1 there was no functional gain. Only once was a @entity260 seen: @entity1516 of the first carpometacarpal joint. This was corrected successfully by rearthrodesis. We found we were able to predict the functional outcome fairly accurately. CONCLUSION: With accurate @entity1 selection, surgical intervention in @entity1 with @entity306 may restore hand function adequately and predictably.

title: [Surgical possibilities in XXXX of arm and hand].

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['pseudarthrosis']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complication']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['spastic paralysis']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity912 :: (MESH:D010243,Disease) :: ['spastic paralysis']