abstract: PURPOSE: @entity18303 (OMIM:265800) is an @entity74 due to a mutation in the @entity3336 gene, which causes a @entity79 and a deterioration of the bone structure. Our aim was to describe a 5 year-old @entity1 affected by @entity18303 , associated with an extremely severe @entity27 , who was treated effectively with a combination of upper airway surgery and positive pressure ventilation. METHODS: A 5 year-old @entity1 affected by @entity18303 was referred to us for @entity11360 and @entity1576 , and who developed an extremely severe @entity387 . RESULTS: Polysomnography showed extremely severe OSAS (AHI = 81.6 events/hour). The @entity1 was treated successfully with a combination of adenotonsillectomy, uvulo-palato-pharingo plasty (UPPP), followed by positive pressure ventilation. Polysomnographic recordings confirmed the striking reduction of obstructive respiratory events during sleep (from 81.6 to 12.3 events/hour). Lateral skull Rx and cephalometric measures showed that the Posterior Airway Space (PAS) increased from 3 to 19 mm. The decision to perform UPPP in association with adeno-tonsillectomy was motivated by the presence of @entity2419 , caused by @entity1184 and prolapsed soft tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that a conservative surgical treatment, consisting of adenotonsillectomy plus UPPP, may increases the patency of the upper airway, both at palatal and pharyngeal level. The combination of adenotonsillectomy plus UPPP, followed by CPAP ventilation, may avoid tracheotomy in very severe OSAS @entity1 .

title: XXXX with @entity387 : a possible alternative to tracheotomy.

answer: @entity18303 :: (MESH:D058631,Disease) :: ['Pycnodysostosis']


abstract: @entity29030 ( @entity29030 ) outbreaks in @entity12526 herds lead to the implementation of standard control measures according to legislative regulations. Ideal outbreak control entails the @entity514 and efficient culling of all @entity1707 on premises detected positive for @entity29030 virus. Often all @entity1707 holdings around the detected cases are pre-emptively destroyed to exclude transmission into the neighbourhood. In addition to these measures, zones are defined in which surveillance and protection measures are intensified to prevent further distant disease spread. In particular, all movements are prohibited within standstill areas. Standstill also excludes the transport of fattened @entity1707 to slaughter. Historical outbreaks provide evidence of the success of this control strategy. However, the extent to which the individual strategy elements contribute to this success is unknown. Therefore, we applied a spatially and temporally explicit epidemic model to the problem. Its rule-based formulation is tailored to a one-by-one model implementation of existing control concepts. Using a comparative model analysis the individual contributions of single measures to overall control success were revealed. From the results of the model we concluded that movement restrictions had the dominant impact on strategy performance suggesting a reversal of the current conceptual thinking. Additional measures such as pre-emptive culling only became relevant under imperfect compliance with movement restrictions. The importance of movement restrictions for the overall control success illustrates the need for explicit consideration of this measure when contingency strategies are being amended (e.g. emergency vaccination) and associated risks assessed.

title: The role of movement restrictions and pre-emptive destruction in the emergency control strategy against XXXX outbreaks in @entity12526 .

entities_list: @entity29030 :: ('MESH:D006691', 'Disease') :: ['Classical swine fever', 'CSF']

answer: @entity29030 :: (MESH:D006691,Disease) :: ['CSF']


abstract: @entity29030 ( @entity29030 ) outbreaks in @entity12526 herds lead to the implementation of standard control measures according to legislative regulations. Ideal outbreak control entails the @entity514 and efficient culling of all @entity1707 on premises detected positive for @entity29030 virus. Often all @entity1707 holdings around the detected cases are pre-emptively destroyed to exclude transmission into the neighbourhood. In addition to these measures, zones are defined in which surveillance and protection measures are intensified to prevent further distant disease spread. In particular, all movements are prohibited within standstill areas. Standstill also excludes the transport of fattened @entity1707 to slaughter. Historical outbreaks provide evidence of the success of this control strategy. However, the extent to which the individual strategy elements contribute to this success is unknown. Therefore, we applied a spatially and temporally explicit epidemic model to the problem. Its rule-based formulation is tailored to a one-by-one model implementation of existing control concepts. Using a comparative model analysis the individual contributions of single measures to overall control success were revealed. From the results of the model we concluded that movement restrictions had the dominant impact on strategy performance suggesting a reversal of the current conceptual thinking. Additional measures such as pre-emptive culling only became relevant under imperfect compliance with movement restrictions. The importance of movement restrictions for the overall control success illustrates the need for explicit consideration of this measure when contingency strategies are being amended (e.g. emergency vaccination) and associated risks assessed.

title: The role of movement restrictions and pre-emptive destruction in the emergency control strategy against @entity29030 outbreaks in XXXX .

answer: @entity12526 :: (9825,Species) :: ['domestic pigs']


abstract: @entity158 specialists are often involved in assessing social medical aspects of @entity1118 @entity1 . A standardized examination in the assessment process is not published. Data and statements on the assessment process between 1993 and 1997 were recorded from 15 experts by questionnaire. Statements to 568 reports were made. The majority of performance impairments were caused by back @entity158 (35.9%) and @entity10 (19.3%). All examiners integrated a psychological assessment. Although the assessment processes were very different, all examiners fulfilled the minimal criteria of the presented process for assessment of @entity1118 @entity1 . Verifying the symptoms as well as capturing some aspects of aggravation proved to be problematic. The present assessment practice is discussed with regard to the unequal procedure. On basis of the received data and the own experience in examination the process of structured assessment of @entity1118 @entity1 is presented under medical and psychological aspects. It contains a recommendation of a standardized process with minimal criteria and an optional supplement of the standardized process with problematical @entity1 (e.g.demonstration, aggravation, simulation). Minimal demands on a qualified assessment of @entity1118 @entity1 should contain the study of the history, the German @entity158 -Questionnaire, the analysis of all the @entity158 with weighting their importance, the examination and the basic registration of sensational, emotional, cognitive, behavioral and social aspects of the @entity1118 . An appended glossary of the most usable psychological tests with comments on their validation criteria aims to provide a more standard multimodal assessment of @entity1118 @entity1 complaints and functionability.

title: [ XXXX specialist in the assessment process].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain syndrome', 'chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain', 'painful complaints']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['Pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the relative incidence of second @entity189 in @entity1 who continued smoking compared with those who had ceased smoking. METHODS: This is a retrospective study based on review of the Wake Forest University-Baptist Medical Center Tumor Registry for the years 1985 through 2000. Ninety-one @entity1 who had had an index @entity135 and who developed a second independent head and neck @entity5 , were identified. These cases were grouped into synchronous (different sites within 6 months) and metachronous (different site after 6 months or same site after 3 years) second @entity5 and were examined with respect to smoking history-specifically whether smoking had continued or ceased after the diagnosis of the index @entity5 . RESULTS: Of the 91 @entity1 identified with double head and @entity135 , 88 were @entity286 users. Comprising the group of 54 @entity1 with metachronous second primaries were 51 smokers-25 who had continued and 26 who had ceased @entity286 use. Of the 26 @entity1 who had quit smoking but had developed a second primary, 13 had stopped smoking even before the index primary had been diagnosed. The remaining 13 had stopped when the index primary was treated. CONCLUSIONS: A review of 91 @entity1 with double head and neck @entity5 indicate no difference in the frequency of second @entity5 developing in a group of @entity1 who continued to smoke after diagnosis of their index @entity5 relative to @entity1 who stopped smoking. This finding suggests a critical cellular level of cumulative and persistent damage. Methods to reverse this @entity74 are hypothesized to be potentially more significant than smoking cessation efforts in preventing subsequent @entity135 .

title: Second @entity135 and XXXX usage.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['neck tumors', 'head and neck tumor', 'head and neck cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'cancers', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['primary carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic alteration']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the relative incidence of second @entity189 in @entity1 who continued smoking compared with those who had ceased smoking. METHODS: This is a retrospective study based on review of the Wake Forest University-Baptist Medical Center Tumor Registry for the years 1985 through 2000. Ninety-one @entity1 who had had an index @entity135 and who developed a second independent head and neck @entity5 , were identified. These cases were grouped into synchronous (different sites within 6 months) and metachronous (different site after 6 months or same site after 3 years) second @entity5 and were examined with respect to smoking history-specifically whether smoking had continued or ceased after the diagnosis of the index @entity5 . RESULTS: Of the 91 @entity1 identified with double head and @entity135 , 88 were @entity286 users. Comprising the group of 54 @entity1 with metachronous second primaries were 51 smokers-25 who had continued and 26 who had ceased @entity286 use. Of the 26 @entity1 who had quit smoking but had developed a second primary, 13 had stopped smoking even before the index primary had been diagnosed. The remaining 13 had stopped when the index primary was treated. CONCLUSIONS: A review of 91 @entity1 with double head and neck @entity5 indicate no difference in the frequency of second @entity5 developing in a group of @entity1 who continued to smoke after diagnosis of their index @entity5 relative to @entity1 who stopped smoking. This finding suggests a critical cellular level of cumulative and persistent damage. Methods to reverse this @entity74 are hypothesized to be potentially more significant than smoking cessation efforts in preventing subsequent @entity135 .

title: Second XXXX and @entity286 usage.

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) of "Source-" + "Collateral-" acupoints ["Shenmen" ( @entity101 7) + "Zhizheng"(SI 7)] and single acupoints "Neiguan"(PC 6) and @entity101 7 on cardiac function and myocardial enzymes in @entity741 ( @entity741 ) @entity95 . METHODS: Sixty Chinchilla @entity95 were randomized into normal control, model, Shenmen ( @entity101 7), Neiguan (PC 6), @entity101 7 + SI 7 groups, with 8 @entity95 in each. @entity741 model was duplicated by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery under anesthesia. EA (2 Hz,1 mA) was applied to acupoints @entity101 7, PC 6,and @entity101 7 + SI 7 for 10 min. The maximum ascending rate (+ dp/dt max) and maximum descending rate (-dp/dt max) of the left ventricular pressure (LVP) were recorded by using PowerLab System. Serum @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) and @entity908 kinase MB (CK-MB) contents were detected with chromatometry. RESULTS: Serum LDH and OK-MB contents increased significantly in model group than in normal control group (P < 0.01). Compared with model group, serum LDH and CK-MB contents decreased remarkably in PC 6, @entity101 7 and @entity101 7 + SI 7 groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), and the effects of @entity101 7 + SI 7 group were significantly superior to those of PC 6 and @entity101 7 groups in lowering serum LDH and CK-MB levels (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, + dp/dt max lowered significantly and -dp/dt max increased markedly in the model group (P < 0.01), while compared with the model group, + dp/dt max increased obviously and -dp/dt max decreased significantly in the three EA groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The effects of @entity101 7 + SI 7 group were markedly superior to those of @entity101 7 and PC 6 in raising + dp/dt max and lowering -dp/dt max (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and those effects of PC 6 group were evidently better than those of @entity101 7 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: EA of "Source-" + "Collateral-" aoupoints ( @entity101 7 + SI 7), @entity101 7 and PC 6 has a positive effect in improving changes of cardiac function and in lowering serum LDH and CK-MB contents in @entity741 @entity95 , and the effect of EA of @entity101 7 + SI 7 is superior to that of EA of single acupoint.

title: [Effects of electroacupuncture of "source-" plus "collateral-" acupoints on the cardiac function and myocardial enzymes in @entity741 XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial ischemia']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) of "Source-" + "Collateral-" acupoints ["Shenmen" ( @entity101 7) + "Zhizheng"(SI 7)] and single acupoints "Neiguan"(PC 6) and @entity101 7 on cardiac function and myocardial enzymes in @entity741 ( @entity741 ) @entity95 . METHODS: Sixty Chinchilla @entity95 were randomized into normal control, model, Shenmen ( @entity101 7), Neiguan (PC 6), @entity101 7 + SI 7 groups, with 8 @entity95 in each. @entity741 model was duplicated by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery under anesthesia. EA (2 Hz,1 mA) was applied to acupoints @entity101 7, PC 6,and @entity101 7 + SI 7 for 10 min. The maximum ascending rate (+ dp/dt max) and maximum descending rate (-dp/dt max) of the left ventricular pressure (LVP) were recorded by using PowerLab System. Serum @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) and @entity908 kinase MB (CK-MB) contents were detected with chromatometry. RESULTS: Serum LDH and OK-MB contents increased significantly in model group than in normal control group (P < 0.01). Compared with model group, serum LDH and CK-MB contents decreased remarkably in PC 6, @entity101 7 and @entity101 7 + SI 7 groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), and the effects of @entity101 7 + SI 7 group were significantly superior to those of PC 6 and @entity101 7 groups in lowering serum LDH and CK-MB levels (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, + dp/dt max lowered significantly and -dp/dt max increased markedly in the model group (P < 0.01), while compared with the model group, + dp/dt max increased obviously and -dp/dt max decreased significantly in the three EA groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The effects of @entity101 7 + SI 7 group were markedly superior to those of @entity101 7 and PC 6 in raising + dp/dt max and lowering -dp/dt max (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and those effects of PC 6 group were evidently better than those of @entity101 7 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: EA of "Source-" + "Collateral-" aoupoints ( @entity101 7 + SI 7), @entity101 7 and PC 6 has a positive effect in improving changes of cardiac function and in lowering serum LDH and CK-MB contents in @entity741 @entity95 , and the effect of EA of @entity101 7 + SI 7 is superior to that of EA of single acupoint.

title: [Effects of electroacupuncture of "source-" plus "collateral-" acupoints on the cardiac function and myocardial enzymes in XXXX @entity95 ].

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial ischemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the influencing factors in culturing Sprague-Dawley (S-D) @entity35 retinal neurons in order to lay foundation for further experimental research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retinal cells were plated on plastic plates and coverslips coated with @entity5731 or @entity30383 polymer for primary culture. The cultured cells were divided into following groups: 1. Culture medium changed every 2 to 3 days vs changed only once; 2. @entity2592 ( @entity2592 ) added to the culture medium vs not added. The cells were observed and pictured under inverted phase contrast microscope. The cells were identified through immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: The immunofluorescence showed that most of the cultured cells were neurons, among them were a few @entity2479 cells. In the cultured group of which substrata coated with @entity5731 and culture medium added with @entity2592 , the neurons intended to aggregate into clusters with relatively straight neurites. In the group of which substrata coated with @entity30383 polymer and medium added with @entity2592 , the neurons grew dispersively with bent neurites. Both of them survived for 2 to 3 weeks. The cells which plated in the medium not added with @entity2592 did not aggregate into clusters and survived longer than 4 weeks. In the group of which medium changed several times, the survival time of neurons was shorter than that in the medium changed only once. CONCLUSIONS: The retinal neurons plated on the substrata coated with @entity30383 polymer are easy to observe because of its dispersive growth. It is not favorable for the growth of the neurons by changing culture medium many times. @entity2592 may possibly have side effect on the growth of retinal neurons.

title: The study of influencing factors on the growth characters of XXXX retinal neurons in vitro.

entities_list: @entity5731 :: ('CHEBI:61490', 'Chemical') :: ['poly-l-lysine']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ganglion']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['Cytosine arabinoside', 'Ara-C', 'Ara-c']

entities_list: @entity30383 :: ('MESH:C033132', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene imine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Sprague-Dawley rat']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity31 uniformly have disease involving the distal colon. When @entity1 have disease limited to the left colon or symptoms suggestive of @entity32 , guidelines recommend topical rectal therapies as first-line agents either as monotherapy or in conjunction with oral products. Rectal delivery modalities offer the advantage of delivering high local concentrations of active medication to the site of maximal inflammation with minimization of systemic side effects. Methods of rectal administration include suppositories, liquid enemas and foams. Suppositories are limited to the treatment of @entity5584 , and @entity1 often have difficulty retaining the liquid enema secondary to its high volume and consistency. Rectal foams reliability extend to the descending and sigmoid colon with application. Foams are further characterized by increased viscosity, lower volumes, finer dispersion on the colonic mucosa, and @entity694 compared with liquid enemas. Additionally, rectal foam agents demonstrate equal efficacy to their liquid enema counterparts yet consistently yield better @entity1 tolerance, lower incidence of side effects, and increased @entity1 acceptability. Currently available agents include @entity2983 and @entity288 , both first and newer generation. This review focuses on clinical trials assessing efficacy, tolerability, and @entity1 preferences for these agents as well as describing the currently available rectal foam products.

title: Foam preparations for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['active rectal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity5584 :: ('MESH:D012002', 'Disease') :: ['rectal disease']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['increased adhesiveness to the colonic mucosa']

entities_list: @entity2983 :: ('MESH:D019804', 'Chemical') :: ['5-aminosalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Hypofractionated radiotherapy has an intrinsically different normal tissue and @entity5 radiobiology. The results of a prospective trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for @entity263 with long-term @entity1 -reported @entity137 and @entity5 control rates are presented. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 2003 through 2009, 67 @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 were enrolled. Treatment consisted of 36.25 Gy in 5 fractions using SBRT with the CyberKnife as the delivery technology. No @entity1 received hormone therapy. @entity1 self-reported @entity1494 were graded on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale (RTOG). RESULTS: Median follow-up was 2.7 years. There were no grade 4 @entity137 . Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 3, 2, and 1 bladder @entity137 were seen in 3% (2 @entity1 ), 5% (3 @entity1 ), and 23% (13 @entity1 ) respectively. Dysuria exacerbated by urologic instrumentation accounted for both @entity1 with Grade 3 @entity137 . @entity322 , @entity3885 , or persistent @entity811 was not observed. Rectal Grade 3, 2, and 1 @entity137 were seen in 0, 2% (1 @entity1 ), and 12.5% (7 @entity1 ), respectively. Persistent rectal bleeding was not observed. Low-grade @entity137 were substantially less frequent with QOD vs. QD dose regimen (p = 0.001 for gastrointestinal and p = 0.007 for genitourinary). There were two @entity1486 (PSA), biopsy-proven failures with negative metastatic workup. Median PSA at follow-up was 0.5    0.72 ng/mL. The 4-year Kaplan-Meier PSA relapse-free survival was 94% (95% confidence interval, 85%-102%). CONCLUSION: Significant late @entity1494 from SBRT for @entity263 are infrequent. PSA relapse-free survival compares favorably with other definitive treatments. The current evidence supports consideration of stereotactic body radiotherapy among the therapeutic options for @entity263 .

title: Long-term outcomes from a prospective trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer', 'low-risk prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['Urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder and rectal toxicities']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['complete obstruction']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['low-risk prostate cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The scope of this study was to apply the Biolog system to identify and characterize a Serratia strain isolated from the surface of black plastic pieces which constitute the fluidized bed filter (onsite wastewater technology, OSWT). The preliminary isolation of the strain was done in the medium with @entity803 at a 16 mg/l concentration. To characterize the isolated strain, the following Biolog methods were applied: (1) EcoPlates microplates for evaluation of physiological profiling, (2) GEN III OmniLog   ID System for identification of the isolate, and (3) phenotypic microarrays (PM) technology for evaluation of sensitivity to antibiotics (PM11 and PM12). Results were recorded using the original OmniLog   software. The Serratia strain was identified as @entity5134 ss marcescens with similarity index 0.569. The same identification was obtained by the 16S rDNA analysis. PM analysis showed an enhancement of phenotype (resistance or growth) of this strain to 35 antibiotics. The loss of phenotype (sensitivity or non-growth) was observed only for 5 antibiotics: @entity18813 (0.4   g/ml), @entity4257 (0.9   g/ml), @entity802 (18.0   g/ml), @entity17998 (25.0   g/ml) and @entity8801 (1100   g/ml). This study acknowledges that the methods proposed by the Biolog system allow correct and complete identification and characterization of the microbes isolated from different environments. Phenotypic microarrays could be successfully used as a new tool for identification of the multi-antibiotic resistance of bacteria and for determination of the minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC).

title: Application of the BIOLOG system for characterization of XXXX ss marcescens isolated from onsite wastewater technology (OSWT).

entities_list: @entity5134 :: ('615', 'Species') :: ['Serratia marcescens']

entities_list: @entity4257 :: ('MESH:D015365', 'Chemical') :: ['enoxacin']

entities_list: @entity18813 :: ('MESH:C053091', 'Chemical') :: ['lomefloxacin']

entities_list: @entity8801 :: ('MESH:D009675', 'Chemical') :: ['novobiocin']

entities_list: @entity17998 :: ('MESH:D010303', 'Chemical') :: ['paromomycin']

entities_list: @entity802 :: ('MESH:D009268', 'Chemical') :: ['nalidixic acid']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

answer: @entity5134 :: (615,Species) :: ['Serratia marcescens']


abstract: AIM: To improve the treatment efficacy and reduce the side effect of @entity3003 ( @entity24896 ), the antitumor drug was incorporated into niosomes (NS). METHODS: Lung targeted niosomes of @entity24896 ( @entity24896 ) were prepared by the method of hand shaking. The ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of @entity24896 . The method of dynamic dialysis was used for in vitro release of @entity24896 from @entity24896 . The S-180 @entity2 models were established by i.v. @entity5 cells in @entity19 . The number of pulmonary nodules was examined for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy. RESULTS: The data showed that the mean diameter of @entity24896 was 3.72 microns, with a span of 0.66. The entrapment ratio of @entity24896 in @entity24896 was 29.2% and the @entity24896 were stable for three months stored at 3 degrees C-5 degrees C, 15 degrees C-25 degrees C or 37 degrees C (relative humidity 75%). The release profile in vitro could be described by a biexpotential equation. The calculated values of the three targeting parameters indicated that @entity24896 showed good targeting efficiency. The results of therapeutic trials showed that the antitumor effects were significantly increased by injection of @entity24896 compared with @entity24896 in the treatment of @entity19 with @entity2 . CONCLUSION: The results indicated that @entity24896 have good targeting efficiency in vivo, and the biodegradable @entity24896 may decrease the side effects of @entity3003 and improve its therapeutic efficacy.

title: [Studies on lung targeted niosomes of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung neoplasms', 'lung carcinoma']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: To study regional wall motion early in the development of @entity583 , left ventriculograms performed in 24 @entity1 before thrombolysis and within 3.5(1.2) (mean (SD] hours of the onset of @entity158 were digitised frame by frame. Isometric and contour plots of regional wall motion were constructed. In 19 @entity1 (seven with anterior descending, eight with right, and four with circumflex disease) @entity715 was demonstrated on an underlying stenosis. In 10 @entity1 the two remaining coronary arteries were normal, and in nine, one or both showed important disease. Mean values of global indices of left ventricular function, including end diastolic volume, ejection fraction, peak ejection and filling rates, and cavity shape changes were all within normal limits, though end systolic volume was significantly raised. Total systolic amplitude of wall motion was normal in the affected area in all but seven @entity1 (four with anterior descending, two with right, and one with circumflex @entity715 ). Dyskinesis of more than 2 mm was seen in only three @entity1 , all with @entity715 of the anterior anterior descending coronary artery, and @entity2915 was present in four. The commonest abnormality of wall motion was hypokinesis during ejection followed by prolonged inward motion during isovolumic relaxation, which was seen in four @entity1 with anterior descending, seven with right, and three with circumflex artery @entity715 . This was preceded by outward motion during isovolumic contraction and delayed inward motion during ejection in eight with right or circumflex @entity715 . Five of six @entity1 without @entity715 had @entity1538 or dyskinesis without asynchrony. Disease of other coronary arteries did not affect the pattern of wall motion seen after right or circumflex @entity1563 but it reduced the incidence of delayed inward motion along the free wall after @entity715 of anterior descending artery. Thus early after acute @entity1186 asynchronous wall motion is commoner than @entity1538 or dyskinesis. Its persistence suggests that in the setting of @entity1186 in @entity1 , residual contractile activity may persist for up to six hours after the onset of symptoms.

title: Asynchronous left ventricular wall motion early after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['simple hypokinesis']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkinesis']

entities_list: @entity1186 :: ('MESH:D003328', 'Disease') :: ['coronary thrombosis', 'coronary artery thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1186 :: (MESH:D003328,Disease) :: ['coronary thrombosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The magnitude and direction of reported physiological effects induced using @entity9808 ( @entity9808 ) to modulate @entity1 motor cortical excitability have proven difficult to replicate routinely. We conducted an online survey on the prevalence and possible causes of these reproducibility issues. A total of 153 researchers were identified via their publications and invited to complete an anonymous internet-based survey that asked about their experience trying to reproduce published findings for various @entity9808 protocols. The prevalence of questionable research practices known to contribute to low reproducibility was also determined. We received 47 completed surveys from researchers with an average of 16.4 published papers (95% CI 10.8-22.0) that used @entity9808 to modulate motor cortical excitability. Respondents also had a mean of 4.0 (2.5-5.7) relevant completed studies that would never be published. Across a range of @entity9808 protocols, 45-60% of respondents found similar results to those in the original publications; the other respondents were able to reproduce the original effects only sometimes or not at all. Only 20% of respondents used formal power calculations to determine study sample sizes. Others relied on previously published studies (25%), personal experience (24%) or flexible post-hoc criteria (41%). Approximately 44% of respondents knew researchers who engaged in questionable research practices (range 32-70%), yet only 18% admitted to engaging in them (range 6-38%). These practices included screening subjects to find those that respond in a desired way to a @entity9808 protocol, selectively reporting results and rejecting data based on a gut feeling. In a sample of 56 published papers that were inspected, not a single questionable research practice was reported. Our survey revealed that approximately 50% of researchers are unable to reproduce published @entity9808 effects. Researchers need to start increasing study sample size and eliminating-or at least reporting-questionable research practices in order to make the outcomes of @entity9808 research reproducible.

title: The Use and Abuse of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Modulate Corticospinal Excitability in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9808 :: ('MESH:C536917', 'Disease') :: ['TMS', 'transcranial magnetic stimulation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Humans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A 19-year-old male military recruit who presented for a screening physical for US Naval Special Warfare Duty was found to have @entity31949 . Medical history revealed mildly increased frequency of bowel movements, but was otherwise unremarkable. His presentation was most consistent with heterozygous @entity20136 ( @entity20136 ), and the @entity1 was cleared for Special Operations duty. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE. Keywords included @entity20136 , heterozygous @entity20136 , @entity12437 , @entity31949 , diving, special operations, and military. Results that included cases of @entity20136 were included. RESULTS: Review of the literature reveals that @entity20136 is a @entity74 frequently, but not always, due to a mutation in the @entity755 ( @entity755 ) gene. Those with the condition should be screened for ophthalmologic, neurologic, and @entity344 . Analysis of the disease, as well as the absence of reported cases of @entity20136 in diving and Special Operations, suggest there is minimal increased risk in diving and Special Operations for @entity1 who are likely heterozygous, are asymptomatic, and have a negative workup for potential complications from the disease. CONCLUSION: Individuals with presumed or proven heterozygous @entity20136 seeking clearance for Special Operations duty should be given precautions, undergo careful questioning for history of disease-specific complications, and should have a baseline evaluation. If negative, it seems reasonable to clear the @entity1 for Special Operations and diving.

title: XXXX in a Special Operations Candidate: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity31949 :: ('MESH:C565732', 'Disease') :: ['hypolipidemia']

entities_list: @entity12437 :: ('MESH:D000012', 'Disease') :: ['abetalipoproteinemia']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal complications']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apoB', 'apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity20136 :: ('MESH:D006995', 'Disease') :: ['FHBL', 'familial hypobetalipoproteinemia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic disorder']

answer: @entity31949 :: (MESH:C565732,Disease) :: ['Hypolipidemia']


abstract: The individual contributions of central (brain) and peripheral (enteric) sites in the mediation of the systemic actions of opioids are not well established. In this study, we made use of @entity25716 , a quaternary analog of @entity836 , to separate the central and peripheral components of the slowing action of @entity1286 on gastrointestinal transit in @entity35 . It was established that i.c.v., but not s.c., administration of quaternary @entity836 antagonized @entity1286 -induced @entity1337 in the radiant-heat tail-flick assay in @entity35 . Thus, quaternary @entity836 probably does not enter the central nervous system in significant amounts after systemic administration. Systemic quaternary @entity836 antagonized, in a dose-related manner, the delaying effects of @entity1286 on the movement of a charcoal meal along the gastrointestinal tract. Quaternary @entity836 was 30 or 100 times less potent than @entity836 when administered s.c. or i.c.v., respectively. Unlike @entity836 , quaternary @entity836 antagonized @entity1286 -induced slowing of gastrointestinal transit only when administered by the same route (i.e., both s.c. or both i.c.v.). The apparent pA2 for s.c. quaternary @entity836 against s.c. @entity1286 was not significantly different from the apparent pA2 for i.c.v. quaternary @entity836 against i.c.v. @entity1286 . Distinct and independent central and peripheral systems appear to mediate @entity1286 -induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in @entity35 . However, the receptors are probably of the same type. Peripherally selective antagonists such as quaternary @entity836 may be useful in reversing @entity1286 -induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit without affecting @entity1337 .

title: Independent central and peripheral mediation of XXXX -induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity25716 :: ('MESH:C032257', 'Chemical') :: ['naltrexone methobromide']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']


abstract: The individual contributions of central (brain) and peripheral (enteric) sites in the mediation of the systemic actions of opioids are not well established. In this study, we made use of @entity25716 , a quaternary analog of @entity836 , to separate the central and peripheral components of the slowing action of @entity1286 on gastrointestinal transit in @entity35 . It was established that i.c.v., but not s.c., administration of quaternary @entity836 antagonized @entity1286 -induced @entity1337 in the radiant-heat tail-flick assay in @entity35 . Thus, quaternary @entity836 probably does not enter the central nervous system in significant amounts after systemic administration. Systemic quaternary @entity836 antagonized, in a dose-related manner, the delaying effects of @entity1286 on the movement of a charcoal meal along the gastrointestinal tract. Quaternary @entity836 was 30 or 100 times less potent than @entity836 when administered s.c. or i.c.v., respectively. Unlike @entity836 , quaternary @entity836 antagonized @entity1286 -induced slowing of gastrointestinal transit only when administered by the same route (i.e., both s.c. or both i.c.v.). The apparent pA2 for s.c. quaternary @entity836 against s.c. @entity1286 was not significantly different from the apparent pA2 for i.c.v. quaternary @entity836 against i.c.v. @entity1286 . Distinct and independent central and peripheral systems appear to mediate @entity1286 -induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in @entity35 . However, the receptors are probably of the same type. Peripherally selective antagonists such as quaternary @entity836 may be useful in reversing @entity1286 -induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit without affecting @entity1337 .

title: Independent central and peripheral mediation of @entity1286 -induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We have previously reported that the intraperitoneal injection of viable bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) reduces the incidence of @entity5 takes and the rate of @entity5 growth and also increases @entity5 regression rate and survival in C3H/HeN @entity19 challenged with the @entity150 . We have now investigated the immunoprophylactic effect of BCG and other biological response modifiers. Groups of 12 to 15 female C3H/HeN @entity19 were challenged with 5 X 10(5) MBT-2 viable cells and treated with BCG, @entity14018 , @entity10165 , @entity7305 or a combination of these agents. Appropriate controls were included in each experiment. In this study we confirmed previous findings that BCG alone is effective in prophylaxis and can also decrease the rate of @entity5 growth in those animals not protected against @entity5 takes. Both i.p. levamisole and oral @entity10165 lacked activity against the @entity5 . A single i.p. injection of poly I:C was also ineffective although its repeated administration reduced the rate of @entity5 growth and induced a significant number of @entity5 regressions. Combined therapy of BCG with either levamisole or @entity10165 offered no therapeutic advantage over BCG alone. Heat-inactivated BCG also failed to induce anti- @entity5 activity in C3H/HeN @entity19 challenged with MBT-2 cells. These results indicate that live BCG remains the most active immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic agent against the MBT-2 @entity19 @entity150 . Furthermore, the anti- @entity5 effect of viable BCG is not potentiated further by the addition of other immune modulating agents.

title: Prophylaxis and therapy of an experimental XXXX with biological response modifiers.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'MBT-2 tumor']

entities_list: @entity7305 :: ('MESH:D007978', 'Chemical') :: ['levamisole']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['syngeneic MBT-2 bladder cancer', 'bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term efficacy and tolerability of @entity5305 (GVG) in the treatment of @entity302 . 36 @entity1 with severe therapy resistant @entity302 participated, the majority exhibiting complex partial @entity410 . The mean follow-up period was 9.3 months. GVG was administered as add-on therapy, to keep serum levels of concomitant treatment constant. The mean dose of GVG was 2.6 g's per day. Fifty-six per cent of the @entity1 , including three @entity1 with juvenile @entity3148 , experienced more than a 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency. No signs of tolerance development to the antiepileptic effect of GVG was demonstrated. Two @entity1 were withdrawn from GVG treatment due to increased @entity410 frequency, and two due to side effects in the form of @entity391 and @entity390 . Incidentally, the side effects observed were harmless and transient. Fifty per cent of the @entity1 experienced no side effects at all. GVG seems to be a valuable antiepileptic compound. The results of this long-term study confirm observations from several short controlled trials.

title: Long-term study of @entity5305 in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity5305 :: ('MESH:D020888', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-vinyl GABA']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsies', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3148 :: ('MESH:D004831', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonic epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term efficacy and tolerability of @entity5305 (GVG) in the treatment of @entity302 . 36 @entity1 with severe therapy resistant @entity302 participated, the majority exhibiting complex partial @entity410 . The mean follow-up period was 9.3 months. GVG was administered as add-on therapy, to keep serum levels of concomitant treatment constant. The mean dose of GVG was 2.6 g's per day. Fifty-six per cent of the @entity1 , including three @entity1 with juvenile @entity3148 , experienced more than a 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency. No signs of tolerance development to the antiepileptic effect of GVG was demonstrated. Two @entity1 were withdrawn from GVG treatment due to increased @entity410 frequency, and two due to side effects in the form of @entity391 and @entity390 . Incidentally, the side effects observed were harmless and transient. Fifty per cent of the @entity1 experienced no side effects at all. GVG seems to be a valuable antiepileptic compound. The results of this long-term study confirm observations from several short controlled trials.

title: Long-term study of XXXX in the treatment of @entity302 .

answer: @entity5305 :: (MESH:D020888,Chemical) :: ['gamma-vinyl GABA']


abstract: The histopathologic characteristics of primary plaques and recurrent @entity66 were studied in 32 @entity1 . These data were related to symptoms, recurrence interval (6 to 176 months), arteriographic anatomy, and in situ operative findings. A striking predilection was noted for recurrent lesions to be located in the internal carotid artery near the origin, but still within the confines, of the original endarterectomy site and suture line. Although recurrence was frequently associated with a long primary arteriotomy, evidence of technical faults or periarterial @entity82 was rare. Early recurrent lesions (recurrence interval less than 36 months, n = 13) had significantly more smooth muscle cells and proteoglycans (p less than 0.001) than late recurrent lesions (recurrence interval greater than 36 months, n = 19). As previously reported, features of @entity731 (abundant collagen, @entity460 deposits, and foam cells) were more pronounced in late recurrences (p less than 0.001). However, the histopathologic differentiation between early and late recurrent @entity66 was indistinct. A continuum was noted whereby characteristics of late recurrent lesions increased in proportion to recurrence interval. All recurrent lesions were easily distinguished from primary plaques in that recurrences had a less orderly arrangement of all elements and lacked the classic topographic features of advanced @entity731 . An important feature that differentiated primary and recurrent lesions was the presence of surface and intraplaque @entity715 in 90% of recurrent lesions (p less than 0.001). In early recurrent disease, luminal surface @entity715 was striking; this was frequently platelet-rich and showed organization devoid of @entity2295 . Intraplaque @entity715 was more common in late recurrent disease, consisted almost entirely of fibrin, and was often contiguous with luminal surface @entity715 . No discernible relationships were noted between @entity715 associated with recurrent lesions and the presence or absence of symptoms, treatment with antiplatelet agents, and @entity101 . This finding suggests that @entity715 was a continuous and intrinsic component of recurrent disease rather than a secondary, complicating feature. Recurrent @entity66 is a progressive lesion that stems from ongoing thrombogenesis occurring at the endarterectomy site. Organized @entity715 and smooth muscle cell proliferation comprise the bulk of the lesion, which undergoes @entity731 change with time.

title: Morphogenesis and clinicopathologic characteristics of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['carotid disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularity']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['carotid disease']


abstract: @entity86 remains a major problem in current surgical practice. This study assesses the predictive role of neutrophil @entity6722 in the development of @entity295 in surgical @entity1 . Neutrophil @entity6722 was measured in 30 @entity5 @entity1 undergoing gastrointestinal surgery and in 26 healthy age and sex-matched controls. Neutrophil @entity6722 was significantly reduced (P less than 0.02) in the @entity1 (mean 79.2 micron +/- 2.7 s.e.m.) compared with the controls (mean 86.8 micron +/- 1.9 s.e.m.). In the entire @entity1 group neutrophil @entity6722 did not change to any appreciable extent following surgery. However, in the seven @entity1 who developed postoperative septic complications, @entity6722 , which was similar to control levels in the pre-operative stage, declined significantly following surgery. Pre-operative values for the septic group of @entity1 are 92.4 micron +/- 4.02 s.e.m.. These declined to 73.4 micron +/- 3.15 s.e.m. (P less than 0.05) and to 68.2 micron +/- 2.89 s.e.m. (P less than 0.05), 5-8 days (early) and 10-14 days (late) postoperatively respectively. Neutrophil @entity6722 in the non-septic group of @entity1 did not alter over this same period. The data suggest that the onset of @entity86 in @entity1 is accompanied by impairment of chemotactic properties in their neutrophils. However, it is also evident that measurement of this variable in @entity1 before operation does not help to define an 'at risk' group for the development of @entity86 .

title: The association of impaired neutrophil XXXX with postoperative surgical @entity295 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6722 :: ('MESH:C565534', 'Disease') :: ['chemotaxis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative sepsis', 'postoperative sepsis']

answer: @entity6722 :: (MESH:C565534,Disease) :: ['chemotaxis']


abstract: @entity86 remains a major problem in current surgical practice. This study assesses the predictive role of neutrophil @entity6722 in the development of @entity295 in surgical @entity1 . Neutrophil @entity6722 was measured in 30 @entity5 @entity1 undergoing gastrointestinal surgery and in 26 healthy age and sex-matched controls. Neutrophil @entity6722 was significantly reduced (P less than 0.02) in the @entity1 (mean 79.2 micron +/- 2.7 s.e.m.) compared with the controls (mean 86.8 micron +/- 1.9 s.e.m.). In the entire @entity1 group neutrophil @entity6722 did not change to any appreciable extent following surgery. However, in the seven @entity1 who developed postoperative septic complications, @entity6722 , which was similar to control levels in the pre-operative stage, declined significantly following surgery. Pre-operative values for the septic group of @entity1 are 92.4 micron +/- 4.02 s.e.m.. These declined to 73.4 micron +/- 3.15 s.e.m. (P less than 0.05) and to 68.2 micron +/- 2.89 s.e.m. (P less than 0.05), 5-8 days (early) and 10-14 days (late) postoperatively respectively. Neutrophil @entity6722 in the non-septic group of @entity1 did not alter over this same period. The data suggest that the onset of @entity86 in @entity1 is accompanied by impairment of chemotactic properties in their neutrophils. However, it is also evident that measurement of this variable in @entity1 before operation does not help to define an 'at risk' group for the development of @entity86 .

title: The association of impaired neutrophil @entity6722 with postoperative surgical XXXX .

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: Therapeutic whole body @entity221 (WBH) as an additional therapy in the treatment of @entity5 has been known for a long time and is beginning to attain acceptance. In a clinical study 28 @entity1 were treated 70 times with WBH at a core temperature of 41.8 degrees C. @entity221 was induced and maintained with an extracorporal circuit (ECC). @entity1 were anaesthesized with nitrous @entity26 , enflurane and @entity3575 . Therefore artificial ventilation was mandatory. Invasive monitoring was used to control vital functions. The effect of WBH includes a rise in cardiac output and heart rate as well as a decrease in total vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure. Pulmonary function almost remains constant. A raised @entity26 consumption is compensated by a rise of @entity26 availability. In consequence of an augmented perspiratio insensibilis and the ECC, close observation of fluid and electrolyte balance is necessary. According to our experience the small number of complications and problems allows the treatment with WBH even of @entity1 with a high risk of anaesthesia.

title: [Experiences with therapeutic whole-body XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia', 'Hyperthermia']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['hyperthermia']


abstract: The accuracy of diagnosis of diffusely infiltrative @entity189 by direct endoscopic biopsy and cytologic examination were examined. A histologic diagnosis was made in 54 (83.1%) and a cytologic diagnosis in 49 (75.4%) of 65 @entity1 . By combined histologic and cytologic examinations, the overall diagnostic rate was raised to 87.7%. False-negative results were most frequent for @entity5 without @entity2681 or shallow @entity1066 . Positive diagnoses from histologic examination were usually obtained from @entity2681 or @entity1066 rather than from normal-appearing mucosa. These findings indicate that endoscopic detection of erosion or @entity1066 and subsequent biopsy are important for the diagnosis of diffusely infiltrative @entity189 . The authors developed a procedure for heparinized fine-needle aspiration biopsy under direct vision with a gastrofiberscope. In this procedure, heparinization of the needle and injector prevented @entity1003 . This made it possible to obtain good smears containing less degenerated @entity5 cells, and to obtain histologic materials. By this method, a correct cytologic diagnosis was made in all 11 @entity1 examined. Histologic material was obtained from four @entity1 in whom histologic and cytologic information on @entity5 could not be obtained by routine endoscopic examination.

title: Evaluation of fine-needle aspiration biopsy under direct vision gastrofiberscopy in diagnosis of diffusely infiltrative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerations', 'ulceration']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the stomach', 'carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the stomach']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Central accumulation and distribution of body fat (BF) is an important cardiometabolic risk factor. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), commonly elevated in @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ) @entity1 , has been endorsed as a risk related marker of central BF content and distribution, but no standardized waist circumference measurement protocol (WCmp) has been proposed. We aimed to investigate whether using different WCmp affects the strength of association between WHR and BF content and distribution in @entity1561 @entity1 . BF was assessed with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in 28 @entity1561 @entity1 (19 males, 51    13 yrs, and 9 females, 47    13 yrs). Waist circumference (WC) was measured using four different WCmp ( @entity37824 : minimal waist; WC2: iliac crest; WC3: mid-distance between iliac crest and lowest rib; WC4: at the umbilicus) and WHR was calculated accordingly (WHR1, WHR2, WHR3 and WHR4, respectively). High WHR was found in up to 84.6% of subjects, depending on the WHR considered. With the exception of WHR1, all WHR correlated well with abdominal BF (r=0.47 for WHR1; r=0.59 for WHR2 and WHR3; r=0.58 for WHR4) and BF distribution (r=0.45 for WHR1; r=0.56 for WHR2 and WHR3; r=0.51 for WHR4), controlling for age, sex and body mass index (BMI). WHR2 and WHR3 diagnosed exactly the same prevalence of high WHR (76.9%). The present study confirms the strong relation between WHR and central BF, regardless of WCmp used, in @entity1561 @entity1 . WHR2 and WHR3 seemed preferable for use in clinical practice, interchangeably, for the diagnosis of high WHR in @entity1561 @entity1 .

title: Waist-to-Hip Ratio is Related to Body Fat Content and Distribution Regardless of the Waist Circumference Measurement Protocol, in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', 'NAFLD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: Adequate @entity5 material was obtained for phenotypic classification using a standard library of monoclonal antibodies from 81 previously untreated @entity1 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ), @entity6444 ( @entity6444 ), or @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ). Sixty-one individuals were adults and 20 were @entity1 of 14 yr or younger. Fifty-eight of the @entity1 (72%) had @entity981 and the remaining 23 (28%) had @entity6444 or @entity1072 . Considering only the @entity1 with @entity981 (n = 58) the median age was 19 yr (range 3-69 yr): 9% were black, 43% were coloured, 48% were white, and the distribution between adult (n = 38) and paediatric @entity1 (n = 20) was comparable. Complete remission rate in the adults was 58% and in the paediatric group 85%. For the total group (n = 58) median duration of survival was 59 weeks for common, 39 weeks for null, 63 weeks for @entity11511 , and 13 weeks for B- @entity981 subtypes. In both the common and the null groups overall and disease-free survival was superior in the @entity1 . In contrast, no difference was evident in the @entity11511 group, which was also notable for its high incidence in young coloured males. The 15 @entity1 with @entity6444 and eight with @entity1072 were adults and all the cells were phenotypically of B lineage: in view of the small numbers no comments are possible about ethnic differences. A multi-centre collaborative study is needed to define the epidemiology of @entity5 in South Africa, with emphasis on differences among ethnically distinct subpopulations.

title: Immunophenotypic classification of XXXX and @entity1072 --an experience in the south-western area of the Cape Province of South Africa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukaemia', 'ALL']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['haematologic malignancy', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['LL', 'lymphocytic lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity6444 :: ('MESH:D015461', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukaemia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['lymphoblastic leukaemia']


abstract: Adequate @entity5 material was obtained for phenotypic classification using a standard library of monoclonal antibodies from 81 previously untreated @entity1 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ), @entity6444 ( @entity6444 ), or @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ). Sixty-one individuals were adults and 20 were @entity1 of 14 yr or younger. Fifty-eight of the @entity1 (72%) had @entity981 and the remaining 23 (28%) had @entity6444 or @entity1072 . Considering only the @entity1 with @entity981 (n = 58) the median age was 19 yr (range 3-69 yr): 9% were black, 43% were coloured, 48% were white, and the distribution between adult (n = 38) and paediatric @entity1 (n = 20) was comparable. Complete remission rate in the adults was 58% and in the paediatric group 85%. For the total group (n = 58) median duration of survival was 59 weeks for common, 39 weeks for null, 63 weeks for @entity11511 , and 13 weeks for B- @entity981 subtypes. In both the common and the null groups overall and disease-free survival was superior in the @entity1 . In contrast, no difference was evident in the @entity11511 group, which was also notable for its high incidence in young coloured males. The 15 @entity1 with @entity6444 and eight with @entity1072 were adults and all the cells were phenotypically of B lineage: in view of the small numbers no comments are possible about ethnic differences. A multi-centre collaborative study is needed to define the epidemiology of @entity5 in South Africa, with emphasis on differences among ethnically distinct subpopulations.

title: Immunophenotypic classification of @entity981 and XXXX --an experience in the south-western area of the Cape Province of South Africa.

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['lymphocytic lymphoma']


abstract: The management of portal @entity101 focuses on control of its complications, the most important of which is @entity548 esophageal varices. Other complications, such as @entity843 , @entity548 @entity1944 , and @entity6118 , rarely require surgical intervention. Other than medical management, the three basic procedures now available for the treatment of @entity548 esophageal varices include decompression of varices with a portosystemic shunt, nonshunting operations that attack directly the esophageal variceal-bearing area, and liver transplantation as the procedure of choice in selected @entity1 . @entity1 who present with episodes of @entity548 are usually treated initially with medical therapy including acute sclerotherapy or balloon tamponade techniques when necessary. If the @entity1 fails to respond or if episodes of @entity548 recur, further therapy is required. Although selection of therapy remains controversial, it is based on multiple factors. These include the basic pathogenic mechanism of portal @entity101 in the individual @entity1 , status of the @entity1 as defined by @entity1 's classification, elective or urgent nature of the operation, hemodynamic stability of the @entity1 at the time of the procedure, site of the block in the portal system, and caliber and anatomic relationship of the vessels available for @entity254 in the portal system. Additional factors include the presence and severity of @entity843 or @entity75 , age of the @entity1 , site of @entity548 (esophageal or gastric), severity of associated @entity6118 , and techniques and expertise available at a given institution. Shunting procedures achieve the best long-term control of @entity548 , but they can precipitate the development of @entity75 . Nonshunting procedures do not induce @entity75 , but they are usually associated with a high rate of rebleeding. Also, with the possible exception of sclerotherapy, they are still associated with a high operative mortality rate in alcoholic @entity1 classified as @entity1 's C. Although sclerotherapy controls acute variceal @entity548 more successfully than conventional methods, it is not readily applicable in @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices. Also, it has not yet clearly been proved to be an effective method of permanent control of @entity548 and has not been demonstrated to increase survival. The new methods of extensive esophagogastric devascularization (for example, porta-azygos disconnection using the Sugiura procedure) are attractive because of the low late recurrence rate for @entity548 without the induction of @entity75 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Management of complications of portal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal stomas']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal bleeding', 'bleeding', 'acute bleeding']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity6118 :: ('MESH:D006971', 'Disease') :: ['hypersplenism']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: A 12-year-old @entity1 visited our hospital with complaints of severe upper @entity490 . Marked tenderness was present in the upper abdomen, and a movable hard @entity5 the size of a fist was felt there. Because abdominal computed tomography scans revealed @entity3473 , an emergency laparotomy was performed. The small intestine was invaginated over an area measuring 30 cm in length. After the invaginated intestine was restored, a mass was felt in the small intestine, which was resected over an area measuring approximately 10 cm in length. The extracted mass was histopathologically found to be a @entity4607 . The @entity1 was diagnosed to have @entity2838 ( @entity2838 ) based on the presence of @entity2118 detected on the oral cavity, lips, and toes of both feet. @entity2838 is an @entity74 associated with melanin pigment spots on the oral mucosa, lips, nasal alae, palm, and soles, as well as @entity2838 in the alimentary canal. @entity1127 are often a cause of @entity3473 and ileus in affected @entity1 . @entity1820 , uterine @entity5 , and @entity0 are also seen in @entity1 with @entity2838 . A long-term follow-up is required to prevent @entity3473 and ileus in @entity1 and @entity5 in adults.

title: XXXX associated with intestinal intussusception: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2838 :: ('MESH:D010580', 'Disease') :: ['Peutz-Jeghers syndrome', 'hamartomatous polyposis', 'PJS']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['pigmented spots']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant genetic disease']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain and vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3473 :: ('MESH:D007443', 'Disease') :: ['invagination']

entities_list: @entity4607 :: ('MESH:D006222', 'Disease') :: ['hamartoma']

answer: @entity2838 :: (MESH:D010580,Disease) :: ['Peutz-Jeghers syndrome']


abstract: Studies were designed to examine skin test responses to leishmanial antigens in American @entity234 (AVL) in Brazil. We found that after recovery from AVL, @entity1 had positive delayed @entity56 reactions to @entity3911 . Different amounts of a soluble extract obtained from @entity3911 chagasi promastigotes were compared with whole L. d. chagasi promastigotes in @entity1 with past AVL. The most effective soluble preparations tested contained 25 and 50 micrograms leishmanial protein. These produced positive responses in 95%-100% of the individuals with past AVL. The 25 micrograms protein dose was used in further studies. This preparation produced no positive responses in either normal controls, @entity378 @entity1 , or @entity2040 @entity1 , and less than 5% positive responses in @entity1 with @entity1526 . The same amount of soluble extract prepared from L. mexicana amazonensis produced 82% positive skin test responses in @entity1 with past AVL. When @entity1 living in an area endemic for AVL were skin tested with the 25 micrograms preparation of L. d. chagasi extract, 34.1% yielded positive tests with a low number of positive responses in young @entity1 and 48% positive in adults. Only 3.1% of the population studied had a history of AVL. We have found that positive delayed @entity56 response to a soluble @entity3911 extract is a sensitive and specific indicator of @entity281 with AVL.

title: Selection of a skin test antigen for American XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity1526 :: ('MESH:D014355', 'Disease') :: ["Chagas' disease"]

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['previous infection']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity3911 :: ('5661', 'Species') :: ['Leishmania donovani', 'Leishmania']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity234 :: (MESH:D007898,Disease) :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']


abstract: Based on a detailed clinical and laboratory investigation of 89 @entity1 with histologically verified @entity765 and the pertinent medical literature, we have reviewed the etiologic factors, clinical characteristics, and results of treatment of this @entity395 . The incidence of the @entity5 in the Finnish population is low, 2.4 to 4.3 new cases per 10(6) inhabitants per year. The age distribution profile demonstrated four distinct peak periods: the juvenile period, the fertile period, the middle-age period and the old-age period. The juvenile @entity765 is an extraabdominal @entity5 found in young @entity1 , the fertile variety is an @entity5 found in @entity1 , the middle age variety is also overwhelmingly abdominal but the sex ratio approaches equality, whereas in the old age group, both @entity5 are equally frequent and the sex ratio is equal. In all male @entity1 , the growth rate was low. A low growth rate was also recorded in young @entity1 . A growth rate of twice that speed was seen in fertile @entity1 and four times that speed in the middle age group. In the old age group, a low growth rate, equal to that of male @entity1 , was a rule. The fertile female @entity1 with @entity765 had a significant predisposition to @entity172 dominance and deviation from @entity1420 dominance. The direct relationship of the growth rate to the level of endogenous @entity172 in the female @entity1 and the demonstration of significant amounts of @entity53 but not @entity1420 receptors in the @entity5 cytosol further suggest that the growth rate of @entity765 is regulated by @entity134 sex hormones. A significant number of @entity1 with an @entity765 had a history of surgical @entity130 in the region of subsequent @entity5 growth. A very high number of the @entity1 demonstrated @entity600 . An increased frequency of these @entity600 was also recorded in the families of the @entity1 and the distribution of the @entity600 among the family members was compatible with an autosomally dominant pattern of inheritance. After operation, the frequency of recurrence was not statistically different, regardless of whether the @entity5 was completely removed or not. A combination of operation and radiotherapy did not reduce the frequency of recurrences; in fact, it doubled it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The @entity765 . New aspects in the cause, pathogenesis and treatment of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'abdominal and extraabdominal tumors', 'abdominal tumor']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['desmoid tumor', 'abdominal desmoid tumor']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations', 'multiple minor malformations of the bony skeleton']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disorder']

answer: @entity765 :: (MESH:D018222,Disease) :: ['desmoid tumor']


abstract: Based on a detailed clinical and laboratory investigation of 89 @entity1 with histologically verified @entity765 and the pertinent medical literature, we have reviewed the etiologic factors, clinical characteristics, and results of treatment of this @entity395 . The incidence of the @entity5 in the Finnish population is low, 2.4 to 4.3 new cases per 10(6) inhabitants per year. The age distribution profile demonstrated four distinct peak periods: the juvenile period, the fertile period, the middle-age period and the old-age period. The juvenile @entity765 is an extraabdominal @entity5 found in young @entity1 , the fertile variety is an @entity5 found in @entity1 , the middle age variety is also overwhelmingly abdominal but the sex ratio approaches equality, whereas in the old age group, both @entity5 are equally frequent and the sex ratio is equal. In all male @entity1 , the growth rate was low. A low growth rate was also recorded in young @entity1 . A growth rate of twice that speed was seen in fertile @entity1 and four times that speed in the middle age group. In the old age group, a low growth rate, equal to that of male @entity1 , was a rule. The fertile female @entity1 with @entity765 had a significant predisposition to @entity172 dominance and deviation from @entity1420 dominance. The direct relationship of the growth rate to the level of endogenous @entity172 in the female @entity1 and the demonstration of significant amounts of @entity53 but not @entity1420 receptors in the @entity5 cytosol further suggest that the growth rate of @entity765 is regulated by @entity134 sex hormones. A significant number of @entity1 with an @entity765 had a history of surgical @entity130 in the region of subsequent @entity5 growth. A very high number of the @entity1 demonstrated @entity600 . An increased frequency of these @entity600 was also recorded in the families of the @entity1 and the distribution of the @entity600 among the family members was compatible with an autosomally dominant pattern of inheritance. After operation, the frequency of recurrence was not statistically different, regardless of whether the @entity5 was completely removed or not. A combination of operation and radiotherapy did not reduce the frequency of recurrences; in fact, it doubled it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The XXXX . New aspects in the cause, pathogenesis and treatment of the @entity765 .

answer: @entity765 :: (MESH:D018222,Disease) :: ['desmoid syndrome']


abstract: Previous studies have shown that lymphocytic infiltrates of different @entity19 @entity5 contain different proportions of the T cell subsets @entity6689 + and @entity3414 +. These characteristic subset ratios may be established, at least in part, by differential locomotion of subsets in response to components of the @entity5 microenvironment, such as soluble chemotactic and chemokinetic factors, cell and stromal surfaces, @entity26 tension, and pH. We describe a new in vitro assay for determining how such microenvironmental variables affect lymphocyte locomotion. Suspended lymph node cells, alone or mixed with other cell types, are sandwiched between two layers of type I collagen gel and bathed in culture medium. A halo of locomotory cells fans out around the flattened droplet. Locomotion requires energy and exogenous protein. After a 24-hr incubation at 37 degrees C, 10% @entity515 in air, the cell density of the halo is analyzed optically and the subset ratios are characterized by immunofluorescence staining of the gel sandwich. Under standard culture conditions, the locomotory population is enriched 12% in Thy-1+ cells compared with the bulk population, and the ratio of @entity6689 + to @entity3414 + cells is significantly increased. Lymphocyte locomotion is inhibited by 1 microM @entity1421 , by decreased pH and @entity26 tension, and by the presence of normal mammary cells or mammary @entity420 cells. The @entity6689 +:2+ ratio in the locomotory population is not altered by @entity1421 but is reduced by acidity and @entity519 . The ratio is also reduced by the presence of mammary cells and cells of one of the mammary @entity420 cell lines tested (168) but not by two others (68H and 410). Our data support the hypothesis that the locomotion of T cell subsets is differentially responsive to the types of microenvironmental conditions that vary among @entity5 .

title: T cell locomotion in the XXXX microenvironment. I. A collagen-matrix assay.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mammary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The present study was designed to elucidate the effects of @entity1372 -coupled transport on the electrical properties of proximal tubule cells in the isolated perfused frog kidney. Cable analysis techniques have been employed to determine the resistance of the luminal and peritubular cell membranes in parallel (Rm) and the apparent ratio of the luminal over the peritubular cell membrane resistance ( @entity17894 ). Furthermore, the sensitivity of the potential difference across the peritubular cell membrane (PDpt) to 6-fold increases of peritubular @entity972 concentration (delta PDk) was taken as a measure of the relative @entity972 conductance of this membrane. In the absence of luminal @entity815 , PDpt amounts to -60 +/- 1 mV (n = 90), Rm to 36 +/- 3 k omega cm (n = 22), @entity17894 to 1.81 +/- 0.14 (n = 20), and delta PDk to 15.0 +/- 0.9 mV (n = 25). The application of 10 mmol/l @entity815 replacing 10 mmol/l @entity9592 leads to a rapid (within 30 s) depolarisation of PDpt to 50 +/- 5% of its control value and to a delayed (within 12 min) recovery to 95 +/- 5% of control. The rapid depolarisation is associated with a decline of Rm and @entity17894 , indicating a decrease mainly of the luminal cell membrane resistance. During recovery of PDpt there is a parallel increase of @entity17894 and a further decline of Rm pointing to a decline of the basolateral cell membrane resistance. Delta PDk is decreased during rapid depolarisation but increases again during the recovery phase. Thus, @entity815 initially decreases but then increases above control the apparent @entity972 conductance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The effect of XXXX on the electrical properties of proximal tubule cells in the frog kidney.

entities_list: @entity9592 :: ('MESH:D011887', 'Chemical') :: ['raffinose']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

answer: @entity815 :: (CHEBI:28044,Chemical) :: ['phenylalanine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity817 -V600 mutation is the most common mutation in cutaneous @entity320 and is currently considered a target mutation when planning treatment for @entity320 @entity1 . Various techniques are used to determine the mutation status. The aim of this study was to determine the @entity817 -V600 mutation status in primary and metastatic foci of @entity320 cases and the consistency between the results of immunohistochemical and molecular methods. METHODS: A total of 48 primary or metastatic cases were included in the study. Pyrosequencing was used as the molecular method and the VE1 antibody for immunohistochemical evaluation when determining the @entity817 -V600 mutation. RESULTS: The @entity817 -V600 mutation was found in 75 of the 96 @entity5 (78.1%) from the 48 cases. @entity8554 and @entity16232 were present in 60 and 10 @entity5 , respectively, whereas @entity17330 and @entity72350 were present in 2 @entity5 and @entity43051 in 1 @entity5 . There was no mutation in 5 metastases (12.8%) of the 39 cases with a V600 mutation in the @entity5 and no mutation in the @entity5 of 2 of the 36 cases (5.6%) with the V600 mutation in the @entity3 . Fifty-six @entity5 were immunohistochemically positive where a @entity8554 mutation was detected with pyrosequencing. @entity5 (n = 20) and @entity5 with non- @entity8554 mutations (n = 15) on pyrosequencing were immunonegative with VE1. The sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemistry were 93.3% and 97.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, @entity817 -V600 mutation inconsistencies of up to 14.5% can be seen between the primary and metastatic foci in @entity320 cases. These findings should be taken into account when planning targeted therapy and deciding on treatment responsiveness/unresponsiveness. An immunohistochemical method can be used as the first step to detect a @entity817 -V600 mutation but additional molecular methods should be used when immunohistochemistry results are negative.

title: @entity817 -V600 Mutation Heterogeneity in Primary and XXXX : A Study With Pyrosequencing and Immunohistochemistry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'primary tumor', 'Wild-type tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas', 'metastatic melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['Metastatic Melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity817 -V600 mutation is the most common mutation in cutaneous @entity320 and is currently considered a target mutation when planning treatment for @entity320 @entity1 . Various techniques are used to determine the mutation status. The aim of this study was to determine the @entity817 -V600 mutation status in primary and metastatic foci of @entity320 cases and the consistency between the results of immunohistochemical and molecular methods. METHODS: A total of 48 primary or metastatic cases were included in the study. Pyrosequencing was used as the molecular method and the VE1 antibody for immunohistochemical evaluation when determining the @entity817 -V600 mutation. RESULTS: The @entity817 -V600 mutation was found in 75 of the 96 @entity5 (78.1%) from the 48 cases. @entity8554 and @entity16232 were present in 60 and 10 @entity5 , respectively, whereas @entity17330 and @entity72350 were present in 2 @entity5 and @entity43051 in 1 @entity5 . There was no mutation in 5 metastases (12.8%) of the 39 cases with a V600 mutation in the @entity5 and no mutation in the @entity5 of 2 of the 36 cases (5.6%) with the V600 mutation in the @entity3 . Fifty-six @entity5 were immunohistochemically positive where a @entity8554 mutation was detected with pyrosequencing. @entity5 (n = 20) and @entity5 with non- @entity8554 mutations (n = 15) on pyrosequencing were immunonegative with VE1. The sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemistry were 93.3% and 97.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, @entity817 -V600 mutation inconsistencies of up to 14.5% can be seen between the primary and metastatic foci in @entity320 cases. These findings should be taken into account when planning targeted therapy and deciding on treatment responsiveness/unresponsiveness. An immunohistochemical method can be used as the first step to detect a @entity817 -V600 mutation but additional molecular methods should be used when immunohistochemistry results are negative.

title: XXXX -V600 Mutation Heterogeneity in Primary and @entity320 : A Study With Pyrosequencing and Immunohistochemistry.

answer: @entity817 :: (673,Gene) :: ['BRAF']


abstract: In 78 @entity1508 -anesthetized @entity35 , we characterized the responses of single neurons in the dorsal horn of L(6)-S(1) spinal segments to a noxious visceral stimulus ( @entity14 , @entity1509 ), and studied the effects of focal electrical stimulation of Nucleus Submedius (Sm) on these responses using standard extracellular microelectrode recording techniques. A total of 102 neurons were isolated on the basis of spontaneous activity. Eighty (78%) responded to @entity1509 , of which 70% had excitatory and 30% had inhibitory responses. Neurons showed graded responses to graded @entity1509 pressures (20-100 mmHg), with maximum excitation or inhibition occurring at 100 mmHg. Responses to noxious (pinch, heat) and innocuous (brush, tap) cutaneous stimuli were studied in 73 of the spinal dorsal horn neurons isolated. Fifty-seven (78%) of these neurons (46 @entity1509 -responsive and 11 @entity1509 -nonresponsive) had cutaneous receptive fields, of which 35 (61%) were small and ipsilateral, 14 (25%) were large and ipsilateral, 7 (12%) were large or small and bilateral, and 1 (2%) was small and contralateral. Sixty-one percent of these neurons responded to both noxious and innocuous cutaneous stimulation, 35% responded only to noxious stimulation, and 4% responded only to innocuous stimulation. Electrical stimulation (50-300 microA) of the contralateral Sm produced intensity-dependent attenuation of the @entity1509 -evoked activities of most neurons (18/28 of @entity1509 -excited and 7/12 of @entity1509 -inhibited) tested. Sm stimulation produced facilitation of @entity1509 responses of only one neuron ( @entity1509 -inhibited). Sm stimulation had no effects on spontaneous activity. These data indicate that Sm may be involved in the descending inhibitory modulation of visceral nociception at the spinal level.

title: Electrical stimulation of thalamic Nucleus Submedius inhibits responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to colorectal distension in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal balloon distension']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity67 has been described in chronic @entity161 since 1927. The CT Scan has stimulated considerable interest and studies have shown that 50% of chronic schizophrenics and up to 20% of acute schizophrenics have enlarged ventricles. Widening of cortical sulci, @entity76 , third @entity67 and reversed hemispheric asymmetry have also been reported. @entity67 seems to both predate the development of @entity716 and to develop further during the course of the illness. Twin studies indicate that @entity67 may be the result both of genetic vulnerability and of environmental onslaught. The other abnormalities may be secondary. Schizophrenics without @entity67 of a range of @entity935 -related variables. Schizophrenics with @entity67 show some evidence of @entity750 and @entity1063 cell loss. Very few published papers address the issue of treatment response. These seem to demonstrate a relationship between enlargement and poor response to neuroleptic medication. Schizophrenics with very large ventricles may also be particularly sensitive to the adverse effects of neuroleptics. It is not yet clear that the CT Scan may be used to identify @entity1 unlikely to respond to medication. Long term prospective studies are required.

title: Computed tomographic brain studies and treatment response in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['Dopamine']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar atrophy']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular enlargement', 'Ventricular enlargement', 'ventricular enlargement show disturbances']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Nociception and loss of awareness during exposure to anaesthetic concentration of @entity3810 ( @entity3727 ) were studied in eight male medical students. The cold water nociception test, where a hand is immersed in 0 degree C stirred water, was used for measurement of nociception. At irregular intervals an auditory command was given to oppose two fingers, and this served to monitor consciousness. The selected inspiratory concentration of @entity3727 used per individual was sufficient to induce a @entity909 for more than 2.5 min, within 10 min of exposure to @entity3727 . This concentration of @entity3727 varied from 60% to 80%. The experimental exposure to @entity3727 lasted 3 h. In all volunteers significant antinociception was observed within 2 min of exposure to @entity3727 . The maximal analgesic effect was observed between 20 and 30 min of exposure to @entity3727 . The analgesic effect of @entity3727 gradually decreased and was absent in all eight volunteers within 150 min. Two volunteers regained consciousness at 77 and 91 min of exposure, whilst still breathing 60 and 80% @entity3727 . These results show that tolerance to antinociceptive effects of @entity3727 in @entity1 rapidly develops and that awareness may occur in some volunteers during prolonged exposure to @entity3727 .

title: Tolerance to XXXX in volunteers.

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

answer: @entity3810 :: (MESH:D009609,Chemical) :: ['nitrous oxide']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess the cutoff percentage of cells containing intracellular organisms (ICOs) in the microscopic examination of mini-lavage fluid for the diagnosis of @entity2489 ( @entity2489 ), and to study the accuracy of this diagnostic procedure on @entity1 who have received previous @entity8307 ( @entity8307 ). DESIGN: Prospective clinical investigation. SETTING: The medico-surgical ICU of a university hospital. @entity1 : Eighty-two @entity1 who fulfilled the clinical criteria of first episode of @entity2489 . INTERVENTIONS: Lower airway secretion samples were obtained by a nonbronchoscopic protected bronchoalveolar mini-lavage (mini-PBAL). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: A total of 82 mini-PBALs were performed. The fluid obtained was divided into two samples. The first sample underwent direct microscopic examination using centrifugal cytology and Giemsa stain in order to determine the percentage of cells containing ICOs. The second sample was processed for Gram stain and quantitative cultures. @entity2489 was the final diagnosis in 65 @entity1 based on the mini-PBAL results obtained in the quantitative cultures. At least one bacterial species grew in a significant concentration (> or = 10(3) cfu/mL). The mini-PBAL was performed on 42 @entity1 during @entity8307 (> or = 24 h of effective @entity8307 at the time of diagnostic procedure) and on another 40 @entity1 with no @entity8307 (No @entity8307 ). The results of the quantitative cultures were compared with the percentage of cells containing ICOs using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. The cutoff point of > or = 2% of cells containing ICOs had the highest sensitivity (80%) and specificity (82%) in the studied population (area under the ROC curve [AUC], 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70 to 0.90). In @entity1 receiving @entity8307 , the sensitivity was 70% and specificity was 75% (AUC, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.90); and in No @entity8307 -group @entity1 sensitivity was 88% and specificity was 100% (AUC, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.0). The comparative analysis of both ROC curves was statistically significant (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The cutoff point of > or = 2% of cells containing ICOs has the highest sensitivity and specificity in the microscopic examination of mini-lavage fluid for the diagnosis of @entity2489 . However, sensitivity is too low to be clinically useful. The direct examination of mini-PBAL fluid is less accurate when previous @entity8307 has been administered.

title: Microscopic examination of intracellular organisms in protected bronchoalveolar mini-lavage fluid for the diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2489 :: ('MESH:D053717', 'Disease') :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia', 'VAP']

entities_list: @entity8307 :: ('MESH:D004761', 'Disease') :: ['antibiotic therapy', 'AT']

answer: @entity2489 :: (MESH:D053717,Disease) :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia']


abstract: The effects of chronic ovine PRL (oPRL) infusion on resting systolic blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and pressor responsiveness to acute administration of @entity1063 and angiotensin were studied in adult male @entity35 . oPRL was administered over 7 days, via osmotic pump implanted ip on Day 1, at rates of 0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1.20, and 4.80 micrograms/hr. Resting BP and heart rate were indirectly determined in conscious @entity35 by tail cuff technique on Days 1, 4, and 7 following pump implantation. In addition, acute pressor responses to ia @entity1063 (4.3 micrograms) and angiotensin (1.25 micrograms) were directly measured via arterial cannula in @entity1508 -anesthetized @entity35 on Day 7 of oPRL administration. oPRL infusion did not alter resting BP or heart rate over the 7 days. However, oPRL increased the BP response to @entity1063 at infusion rates of 0.60 and 4.80 micrograms/hr (P less than 0.01 vs controls). Body weight increases during the study were also greater in groups receiving 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, and 4.80 micrograms oPRL/hr (P less than 0.05) than those in control animals. oPRL decreased pressor responses to angiotensin at infusion rates of 0.30 and 1.20 micrograms/hr (P less than 0.01). These data suggest that, although the vascular effects of oPRL may not be evident under resting conditions, oPRL enhances vascular reactivity to @entity1063 infusion and depresses vascular reactivity to angiotensin infusion. Furthermore, at oPRL infusion rates which affect pressor responses to @entity1063 , oPRL increases body @entity1017 . These findings support a role for PRL in cardiovascular regulation during conditions of altered sympathetic activity.

title: Effect of prolactin on blood pressure and cardiovascular responsiveness in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Caudal anaesthesia is the most frequently used regional technique in paediatric anaesthesia. Caudal in combination with general anaesthesia is usually performed in healthy @entity1 (i.e. for herniotomy or @entity2650 ). Therefore every complication of this method is a catastrophe, even when the incidence of these complications is very low. Some of the documented complications of caudal anaesthesia in @entity1 are caused by the local anaesthetic solutions and/or by additives. Thus, the choice of substances for paediatric caudal blocks should minimize the risk associated with the substances used for this indication. Over the last decades the standard was @entity1341 but because of serious @entity65 following inadvertent intravascular injection of @entity1341 during caudal puncture, the less toxic @entity1342 should be favoured for this indication. A huge number of clinical studies have proven the clinical effectiveness and safety of @entity1342 also for this indication. In addition, @entity1343 , the L-enantiomere of @entity1341 , will also be an interesting local anaesthetic in the future for paediatric caudal anaesthesia. By using additives to local anaesthetics better analgesic properties should be obtained. Following an exact review of the literature, only @entity1338 and @entity16346 are useful additives to local anaesthetics in paediatric caudal anaesthesia.

title: [The choice of drugs for caudal anaesthesia in XXXX . An overview].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1343 :: ('MESH:C476513', 'Chemical') :: ['levobupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular and central-nervous toxicity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']