abstract: Although increased efficacy has been described with a five-day schedule of high-dose @entity900 (CDDP) in hypertonic saline, severe myelosuppression and cumulative @entity2359 have limited the usefulness of this therapy. In order to evaluate a possible dose-response relationship in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), 17 @entity1 with @entity3 were treated with a modified dose schedule delivering the same total dose (200 mg/m2) in a divided day 1 and 8 schedule. During a pilot study, a total of 47 cycles of therapy were administered, with a median of three cycles per @entity1 and a median total cumulative dose of 600 mg/m2. Nine of 17 @entity1 received at least 600 mg/m2. While nephrotoxicity was similar to previous reports of the five-day schedule, the incidence and severity of myelosuppression and @entity1897 were markedly reduced. Using this modified schedule, severe myelosuppression did not occur. Clinically severe @entity1897 developed in only one @entity1 (6%). The overall response rate was 47% (eight of 17 @entity1 ). Plasma @entity902 pharmacokinetics during five cycles of the modified day 1 and 8 schedule were compared with pharmacokinetics of the five-day schedule. Accumulation of plasma ultrafiltrate @entity902 occurred in the five-day schedule, but not in the day 1 and 8 schedule. This difference in pharmacokinetics is one possible explanation for the reduced @entity137 of this modified schedule. Although the degree of activity seen in this pilot study is encouraging, the efficacy of high-dose CDDP in @entity1149 remains to be defined. In view of reduced myelosuppression and @entity2359 , further trials with this modified schedule are indicated.

title: High-dose XXXX in hypertonic saline: reduced @entity137 of a modified dose schedule and correlation with plasma pharmacokinetics. A Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study in @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: Although increased efficacy has been described with a five-day schedule of high-dose @entity900 (CDDP) in hypertonic saline, severe myelosuppression and cumulative @entity2359 have limited the usefulness of this therapy. In order to evaluate a possible dose-response relationship in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), 17 @entity1 with @entity3 were treated with a modified dose schedule delivering the same total dose (200 mg/m2) in a divided day 1 and 8 schedule. During a pilot study, a total of 47 cycles of therapy were administered, with a median of three cycles per @entity1 and a median total cumulative dose of 600 mg/m2. Nine of 17 @entity1 received at least 600 mg/m2. While nephrotoxicity was similar to previous reports of the five-day schedule, the incidence and severity of myelosuppression and @entity1897 were markedly reduced. Using this modified schedule, severe myelosuppression did not occur. Clinically severe @entity1897 developed in only one @entity1 (6%). The overall response rate was 47% (eight of 17 @entity1 ). Plasma @entity902 pharmacokinetics during five cycles of the modified day 1 and 8 schedule were compared with pharmacokinetics of the five-day schedule. Accumulation of plasma ultrafiltrate @entity902 occurred in the five-day schedule, but not in the day 1 and 8 schedule. This difference in pharmacokinetics is one possible explanation for the reduced @entity137 of this modified schedule. Although the degree of activity seen in this pilot study is encouraging, the efficacy of high-dose CDDP in @entity1149 remains to be defined. In view of reduced myelosuppression and @entity2359 , further trials with this modified schedule are indicated.

title: High-dose @entity900 in hypertonic saline: reduced @entity137 of a modified dose schedule and correlation with plasma pharmacokinetics. A Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study in XXXX .

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: Although increased efficacy has been described with a five-day schedule of high-dose @entity900 (CDDP) in hypertonic saline, severe myelosuppression and cumulative @entity2359 have limited the usefulness of this therapy. In order to evaluate a possible dose-response relationship in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), 17 @entity1 with @entity3 were treated with a modified dose schedule delivering the same total dose (200 mg/m2) in a divided day 1 and 8 schedule. During a pilot study, a total of 47 cycles of therapy were administered, with a median of three cycles per @entity1 and a median total cumulative dose of 600 mg/m2. Nine of 17 @entity1 received at least 600 mg/m2. While nephrotoxicity was similar to previous reports of the five-day schedule, the incidence and severity of myelosuppression and @entity1897 were markedly reduced. Using this modified schedule, severe myelosuppression did not occur. Clinically severe @entity1897 developed in only one @entity1 (6%). The overall response rate was 47% (eight of 17 @entity1 ). Plasma @entity902 pharmacokinetics during five cycles of the modified day 1 and 8 schedule were compared with pharmacokinetics of the five-day schedule. Accumulation of plasma ultrafiltrate @entity902 occurred in the five-day schedule, but not in the day 1 and 8 schedule. This difference in pharmacokinetics is one possible explanation for the reduced @entity137 of this modified schedule. Although the degree of activity seen in this pilot study is encouraging, the efficacy of high-dose CDDP in @entity1149 remains to be defined. In view of reduced myelosuppression and @entity2359 , further trials with this modified schedule are indicated.

title: High-dose @entity900 in hypertonic saline: reduced XXXX of a modified dose schedule and correlation with plasma pharmacokinetics. A Northern California Oncology Group Pilot Study in @entity1149 .

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: A case of primary @entity2347 of the esophagus was reported. A 54-year-old male @entity1 had a @entity5 in the middle third of the esophagus. Barium swallow and endoscopic examination showed a @entity5 with a shallow ulceration in its vertex. Histological examination of the surgically removed material revealed that it was largely confined to the submucosal layer, with no metastasis to lymph nodes. The @entity5 cells presented three distinct patterns: globular nest with irregular cystic spaces, trabecular nest, and true tubule. Electron microscopic study revealed no microvilli or triad along cystic spaces in the globular nests. Histochemical study disclosed that cystic spaces and interstitium were rich in glycosaminoglycans. The luminal surface of the true tubules of the @entity5 , on the other hand, was characteristically lined by sialomucins. The trabecular type-nests differed from the globular nests in showing GSA-II reactivity and containing abundant @entity904 -binding protein. These results indicate that the three patterns represented different differentiations of the @entity5 cells. Twenty-three cases of esophageal @entity2347 were found in the literature from 1950 to 1983 and discussed collectively.

title: Primary XXXX of the esophagus. Report of a case and its histochemical characterization.

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['retinol']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'protruding tumor']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma']


abstract: Cloned cDNAs encoding @entity3913 -binding proteins isolated from @entity35 liver have been used to isolate one of the genes encoding this group of proteins. This gene, which encodes the minor form of binding protein (designated @entity71004 ), has been characterized by sequence analysis. The protein-coding portion of the mRNA for the @entity71004 is encoded by four exons separated by three introns. The @entity2733 -terminal, collagen-like portion of the protein is encoded by the first two exons. These exons resemble the exons found in the genes for nonfibrillar collagens in that the intron which divides them is inserted between the first two bases of a @entity2228 codon and the exons do not have the 54- or 108-base pair lengths characteristic of fibrillar collagen genes. The @entity1735 -binding portion of @entity71004 is encoded by the remaining two exons. This portion of the protein is homologous to the @entity1735 -recognition domain of the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor, which is encoded by four exons. It appears that the three @entity1473 -terminal exons of the asialoglycoprotein receptor gene have been fused into a single exon in the @entity71004 gene. The organization of the @entity71004 gene is very similar to the arrangement of the gene encoding the highly homologous pulmonary surfactant apoprotein, although one of the intron positions is shifted by a single @entity535 . The 3' end of a @entity3913 -binding protein pseudogene has also been characterized.

title: Exon structure of a XXXX -binding protein gene reflects its evolutionary relationship to the asialoglycoprotein receptor and nonfibrillar collagens.

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity3913 :: (MESH:D008358,Chemical) :: ['mannose']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of increased physical activity and cessation of smoking on the natural history of early @entity3657 . We conducted a randomised controlled trial in Perth, Western Australia, involving 882 @entity1 with early @entity3657 identified via population-based screening using the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire and the ankle:brachial index. Members of the control group (n = 441) received "usual care" from their general practitioner while members of the intervention group (n = 441) were allocated to a "stop smoking and keep walking" regime - a combined community-based intervention of cessation of smoking (where applicable) and increased physical activity. Postal follow-up occurred at two and 12 months post-entry into the trial. The main outcome of interest was maximum walking distance. There were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of the "intervention" and "usual care" groups at recruitment. Follow-up information at two and 12 months was available for 85% and 84% of @entity1 , respectively. At 12 months, more @entity1 allocated to the intervention group had improved their maximum walking distance (23% vs 15%; chi2 = 9.74, df = 2, p = 0.008). In addition, more @entity1 in the intervention group reported walking more than three times per week for recreation (34% vs 25%, p = 0.01). Although not statistically significant, more @entity1 in the intervention group who were smokers when enrolled in the trial had stopped smoking (12% vs 8%, p = 0.43). It is concluded that referral of older @entity1 with @entity613 to established physiotherapy programs in the community can increase levels of physical activity and reduce disability related to @entity3657 . A combination of simple and safe interventions that are readily available in the community through physiotherapists and general practitioners has the potential to improve early @entity3657 .

title: Improving maximum walking distance in early XXXX : randomised controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['intermittent claudication']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral arterial disease']

answer: @entity3657 :: (MESH:D058729,Disease) :: ['peripheral arterial disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of ear protection when swimming of @entity1 with ventilation tubes modifies the risk of @entity697 ( @entity697 ) compared to not swimming. METHODS: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Search conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library databases. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective cohort studies and controlled clinical trials of @entity1 with ventilation tubes, with a minimum follow-up of 2 months. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. RESULTS: 11 studies were selected. No difference was found in risk of @entity697 in @entity1 who swim without ear protection compared with those who do not swim: Odds ratio=0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.42-1.44; nor compared with those who use earplugs and swimming caps, odds ratio=0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.38-1.48; nor in those who use ear drops after swimming compared with those who used earplugs or swimming caps, odds ratio=0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.56 to 1.02. The use of ear drops after swimming increases the risk of @entity697 in @entity1 with ventilation tubes as compared with those who do not swim, odds ratio=3.14, 95% confidence interval 1.40 to 7.05. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence to suggest that protection when swimming with earplugs, swimming caps or ear drops in @entity1 with ventilation tubes reduces the risk of @entity697 . Ear drops may even increase this risk.

title: Ventilation tubes after surgery for otitis media with effusion or XXXX and swimming. Systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute otitis media', 'AOM']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute otitis media']


abstract: One hundred and forty @entity1 fetal pituitary glands were removed from fetuses at 7-40 weeks of gestation and studied by light microscopy and immunocytochemistry to localize adenohypophysial hormones. For immunocytology, the avidin- @entity1885 -peroxidase complex technique was more sensitive and identified hormones in younger fetuses than did the immunoperoxidase method. Adrenocorticotrophin, @entity71005 were the first hormones detected; they were identified by intense cytoplasmic immunopositivity at 8 weeks of gestation. Between 10 and 20 weeks, many @entity2124 containing cells were large and showed scattered, faint positivity; after 20 weeks, smaller cells with intense positivity predominated. alpha-Subunit of the glycoprotein hormones was identified at 9 weeks of development; beta-subunits of thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone appeared by 12 weeks. Gonadotrophs differed in numbers related to fetal age and sex. From 15 to 25 weeks, glands of female fetuses contained more gonadotrophs than did those of males; after 25 weeks, there was no significant difference in total gonadotroph numbers. Throughout gestation, adenohypophyses of male fetuses had more luteinizing hormone containing cells than follicle-stimulating hormone containing cells; pituitaries of females had approximately the same numbers of follicle-stimulating hormone containing and luteinizing hormone containing cells. Prolactin was identified in few small cells at 12 weeks; at term, prolactin-containing cells were numerous, comparable to those seen in the @entity1373 of maternal glands in late gestation and during lactation. This comprehensive study indicates morphologic correlations with pituitary hormone extraction data and with the appearance of the various hormones in the fetal circulation.

title: XXXX fetal adenohypophysis. Histologic and immunocytochemical analysis.

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity71005 :: ('5443;2688', 'Gene') :: ['beta-endorphin, and growth hormone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: The present study determined the ovarian cellular localization of the mRNA for the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) during pseudopregnancy in the @entity35 . Pseudopregnancy was induced by eCG/hCG stimulation. At Day 1 of pseudopregnancy, intense reaction product for @entity6930 mRNA was observed surrounding the developing @entity42 ( @entity42 ), with less intense expression present in granulosa-lutein cells. With continued luteal development, the @entity6930 mRNA encircling the @entity42 was lost, although low levels of expression were found within the @entity42 . For @entity11018 mRNA, intense reaction product was observed surrounding the developing @entity42 but, unlike @entity6930 , was present in granulosa- @entity8665 cells, with high levels near the center of the @entity42 . The localization pattern of @entity11018 mRNA was unchanged through the latter stages of pseudopregnancy. @entity11019 mRNA expression was strikingly different from the other TIMPs. At Day 1 of pseudopregnancy, intense reaction product for @entity11019 mRNA was observed in granulosa-lutein cells of certain developing @entity42 , whereas adjacent follicles did not express @entity11019 mRNA. With continued luteal development, there was a homogenous, intense localization of @entity11019 mRNA throughout the @entity42 , which was unchanged during pseudopregnancy. To understand the induction of @entity11019 mRNA in the developing @entity42 , a series of experiments was performed to compare markers of follicular maturity with the presence of @entity11019 mRNA. @entity11019 mRNA appears to be switched on in granulosa cells of follicles destined to ovulate. The distinct pattern of expression of the three TIMPs suggests that each inhibitor may regulate either the site and extent of proteolytic action or specific matrix metalloproteinases at different periods of the luteal life span.

title: Cellular localization of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in the XXXX ovary throughout pseudopregnancy.

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['corpus luteum', 'CL']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The heart of the ostracod crustacean @entity71006 has a single intrinsic neuron that morphologically appears to innervate the myocardium. We, therefore, examined the heart activity electrophysiologically to determine whether the heartbeat is neurogenic. Each heartbeat is associated with a myocardial action potential composed of a spike potential followed by a plateau potential. The frequency of the action potential is not stable but changes successively over a wide range. The action potential is not preceded by a pacemaker potential and has an inflection in its rising phase. The myocardial cells couple electrically and fire almost simultaneously. The frequency of the action potential was unchanged by injection of depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current into the myocardium. However, @entity73 potentials appeared during the depolarization and its frequency was higher with increasing current intensity. Application of 1-microM @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ) depolarized the myocardial membrane and completely prevented the action potential. During this depolarization, @entity73 potentials often appeared spontaneously. These results suggest that, although the myocardium has a property of conditional oscillator, the heartbeat is driven by the single cell cardiac ganglion that has both pacemaker and motor functions.

title: Cardiac pacemaker mechanisms in the ostracod crustacean XXXX .

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['slow oscillatory']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity71006 :: ('6674', 'Species') :: ['Vargula hilgendorfii']

answer: @entity71006 :: (6674,Species) :: ['Vargula hilgendorfii']


abstract: We have investigated the pharmacokinetics and effects on the male reproductive axis of a novel preparation of @entity71007 (TD) with a progestogen implant. Twenty healthy Chinese @entity1 were administered TD (400 mg intramuscular 4 weekly) with two subcutaneous (SC) etonogestrel implants. Trough @entity251 concentrations rose with repeated administration. Peak concentrations 1 week after the fourth injection were 31 +/- 2 nmol/liter. Both LH and FSH were rapidly suppressed and continued to fall during treatment. Spermatogenesis was also suppressed, to <or=1 x 10(6)/mL in all @entity1 with 16 (80%) azoospermic at 12 weeks. Treatment was associated with an increase in weight, and also increases in hemoglobin concentration (9%) and hematocrit (15%). No subjects withdrew from the study, although the study was terminated after subjects had completed 12 to 18 weeks as some @entity1 were found to have elevated liver enzyme tests. These data demonstrate that the pharmacokinetics of TD are improved compared to previous injectable @entity251 preparations, although peak @entity251 concentrations rise briefly into the supraphysiological range. The speed and degree of spermatogenic suppression suggest that this combination has promise as an effective male contraceptive.

title: Investigation of a novel preparation of XXXX in @entity1 : pharmacokinetics and spermatogenic suppression with etonogestrel implants.

entities_list: @entity71007 :: ('MESH:C041677', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone decanoate']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

answer: @entity71007 :: (MESH:C041677,Chemical) :: ['testosterone decanoate']


abstract: We have investigated the pharmacokinetics and effects on the male reproductive axis of a novel preparation of @entity71007 (TD) with a progestogen implant. Twenty healthy Chinese @entity1 were administered TD (400 mg intramuscular 4 weekly) with two subcutaneous (SC) etonogestrel implants. Trough @entity251 concentrations rose with repeated administration. Peak concentrations 1 week after the fourth injection were 31 +/- 2 nmol/liter. Both LH and FSH were rapidly suppressed and continued to fall during treatment. Spermatogenesis was also suppressed, to <or=1 x 10(6)/mL in all @entity1 with 16 (80%) azoospermic at 12 weeks. Treatment was associated with an increase in weight, and also increases in hemoglobin concentration (9%) and hematocrit (15%). No subjects withdrew from the study, although the study was terminated after subjects had completed 12 to 18 weeks as some @entity1 were found to have elevated liver enzyme tests. These data demonstrate that the pharmacokinetics of TD are improved compared to previous injectable @entity251 preparations, although peak @entity251 concentrations rise briefly into the supraphysiological range. The speed and degree of spermatogenic suppression suggest that this combination has promise as an effective male contraceptive.

title: Investigation of a novel preparation of @entity71007 in XXXX : pharmacokinetics and spermatogenic suppression with etonogestrel implants.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: CHF may activate the RAS by various mechanisms. Acute CHF is associated with high PRA, whereas chronic, stable disease is combined with normal values. The response to ACEI is affected by blood pressure, degree of activation of the RAS, salt balance and degree of possible @entity177 . It may also be affected by concomitant diuretic or, e.g., digoxin therapy. ACEI improves RPF, GFR may remain normal or may increase, if it was previously impaired due to reduced RPF. Severe @entity551 in combination with decreased autoregulatory capacity may decrease GFR. Generally, renal excretion of @entity1372 and water increase. These changes in renal handling of salt and water are primarily caused by decreased @entity5704 . They are also augmented by inhibited sympathetic tone and thirst and decreased release of @entity6085 and @entity1369 . Increased synthesis of vasodilating and natriuretic PGs is probably also of some importance. Dilutional @entity2753 may be corrected by combined @entity1289 inhibitor and @entity1483 treatment. Water and @entity1372 excretion increase and @entity1372 is redistributed from the intracellular space. Low serum @entity1372 values increase and @entity2629 may be corrected, if @entity1289 inhibitor doses are carefully titrated to avoid severe @entity551 . These effects are ascribed mainly to a decrease of @entity5704 , thirst and @entity6085 release. The effect of @entity1483 is improved since increased amounts of salt are delivered to the loop of Henle and access of @entity1483 to its site of action is facilitated by increased RPF. ACEI does not cause any obvious negative effects on renal handling of salt and water.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of XXXX inhibition on renal regulation of salt and water.

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

answer: @entity1289 :: (1636,Gene) :: ['ACE']


abstract: Lipid bodies are rapidly inducible, specialized cytoplasmic domains for @entity9610 -forming enzyme localization, which we hypothesize to have specific roles in enhanced inflammatory mediator production during pathological conditions, including @entity295 . However, little is known about the origins, composition, or functions of lipid bodies in vivo. We show that lipid body numbers were increased in leukocytes from septic @entity1 in comparison with healthy subjects. Analogously, the intrathoracic administration of @entity558 into @entity19 induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in lipid body numbers. Pretreatment with anti- @entity5751 or anti- @entity3804 / @entity12213 mAb drastically inhibited @entity558 -induced lipid body formation. Moreover, @entity558 failed to form lipid bodies in C3H/HeJ ( @entity1990 mutated) @entity19 , demonstrating a requisite role for @entity558 receptors in lipid body formation. @entity558 -induced lipid body formation was also inhibited by the platelet-activating factor-receptor antagonists, suggesting a role for endogenous platelet-activating factor. The @entity9610 -forming enzymes, @entity25084 and @entity1996 , were immunolocalized within experimentally induced ( @entity558 in @entity19 ) or naturally occurring (septic @entity1 ) lipid bodies. The proinflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of @entity295 , @entity637 , was also shown to colocalize within lipid bodies. Prior stimulation of leukocytes to form lipid bodies enhanced the capacity of leukocytes to produce @entity8285 and @entity1421 . In conclusion, our studies indicate that lipid bodies formed after @entity558 stimulation and @entity295 are sites for @entity9610 -forming enzymes and cytokine localization and may develop and function as structurally distinct, intracellular sites for paracrine @entity9610 synthesis during inflammatory conditions.

title: Lipopolysaccharide-induced leukocyte lipid body formation in vivo: innate immunity elicited intracellular Loci involved in XXXX metabolism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8285 :: ('MESH:D007975', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotriene B(4)']

entities_list: @entity9610 :: ('CHEBI:23899', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosanoid']

answer: @entity9610 :: (CHEBI:23899,Chemical) :: ['eicosanoid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mite allergens have been involved in airway sensitization and @entity56 . Immunoassays for the identification and quantifiction of @entity6711 ( @entity6711 ) allergens are useful to improve the knowledge of regional mite fauna and the remediation of mite allergens in @entity56 . The present study analyzed the association between levels of @entity6711 allergen and results of mite identification or skin prick test (SPT) in two different areas of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: Forty-two @entity748 subjects from a rural area (group I; n = 21) and a slum (group II; n = 21) were evaluated through SPT with @entity6711 allergens and had dust samples collected at their homes for mite identification and allergen measurements. RESULTS: Positive SPT to @entity7130 , @entity8786 and Blomia tropicalis allergens were observed in 42.9, 38.0 and 42.9% subjects from group I and in 47.6, 19.0 and 33.3% subjects from group II, respectively. @entity7130 and B. tropicalis were identified in approximately 76 and 50% of samples from both groups, respectively. @entity8786 was identified in 38.0 and 9.5% of samples from groups I and II, respectively (p < 0.005). Der p 1, Der f 1 and Blo t 5 detection were associated with mite identification (p < 0.05). Association between @entity6711 allergen levels over 2 microg/g of dust and positive SPT occurred only with @entity7130 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity7130 was the most prevalent mite species in this study followed by B. tropicalis and @entity8786 . Immunoassays done to measure mite allergens were associated with mite-species identification. We conclude that these three mite species must be included on panels for the diagnosis of allergic @entity1030 in subjects living in such regions.

title: Association between mite allergen (Der p 1, Der f 1, Blo t 5) levels and microscopic identification of mites or skin prick test results in XXXX subjects.

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity7130 :: ('6956', 'Species') :: ['Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus', 'D. pteronyssinus']

entities_list: @entity8786 :: ('6954', 'Species') :: ['Dermatophagoides farinae', 'D. farinae']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airway diseases']

entities_list: @entity6711 :: ('MESH:D008924', 'Disease') :: ['HDM', 'house dust mite']

answer: @entity748 :: (MESH:D013224,Disease) :: ['asthmatic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We aimed to clarify the outcome of perendoscopic prophylactic injection of sclerosing agent in Forrest's II @entity1066 . MATERIAL/METHODS: @entity1 with @entity360 in last 6 hours were performed emergency endoscopy and were enrolled. The @entity1 in group-1 were performed prophylactic injection therapy with 1% @entity5324 and then given medical treatment with intravenous 40 mg @entity4546 twice a day and @entity1943 infusion at the dose of 6 mg/day during 3 days. Group-2 @entity1 were only given medical treatment with same agents and at same doses without having any perendoscopic therapy. RESULTS: There were 32 @entity1 in group-1 and 20 in group-2. In emergency endoscopy, 20 (62.5%) @entity1 had IIa @entity1066 and 12 (37.5%) @entity1 had IIb @entity1066 in group-1. These @entity1 underwent prophylactic perendoscopic hemostasis by 1% @entity5324 in addition to medical treatment. Early rebleeding occurred in 9 (28.1%) @entity1 of group-1 and 3 (15%) in group-2 (p<0.001). At the endoscopic control after 48 hours 13 (40.6%) @entity1 in the group-1 and 15 (75%) @entity1 in group-2 showed improved local ulcer stigmata (p<0.001). The numbers of blood units transfused were lower in the group-2 (p=0.002). The hospital stay was longer in group-1 (p=0.01). In the group-1, more endoscopic intervention was needed. Any @entity204 and the need for surgical intervention did not occurred in any groups. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results; the indication of perendoscopic prophylactic injection of sclerosing agent in non-bleeding @entity1066 with high risk of rebleeding must be reviewed by large population based, prospective, randomized trials.

title: The effect of perendoscopic sclerosing agent injection in Forrest's II XXXX -- a pilot study from Turkey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity5324 :: ('MESH:C008976', 'Chemical') :: ['aethoxysclerol']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['upper gastrointestinal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcers']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Betel chewing is common in India and southeast Asia. It shows mild psychostimulatory effects but with prolonged use there is a risk of @entity66 . Surprisingly, betel nut associated disorders are rarely discussed in the dermatological literature. METHODS: A review about betel nut associated disease is given based on a literature review and our own experiences. RESULTS: Both benign and @entity5 can be induced by betel nut chewing. Betel causes reddish discoloration of teeth, @entity2521 and @entity33 . @entity82 is a precancerous disease that may eventually develop into @entity1544 ( @entity1544 ). Among @entity5 induced by betel quid, @entity1544 is the most important but @entity418 and @entity96 can also be observed. The available treatments are of limited value. CONCLUSIONS: Betel nut chewing has its own morbidity and mortality due to the induction of benign and @entity5 . There is a lack of controlled trials although both betel nut chewing and the associated diseases are common.

title: [Oral and XXXX due to betel nut chewing].

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['Submucous fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['oral and extraoral disease']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant diseases']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['buccal mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['oral squamous cell cancer', 'OSCC']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['extraoral disease']


abstract: Juvenile @entity18871 (JNA) is the most common benign neoplasm of the nasopharynx. While histologically benign, it has the propensity for aggressive local growth. This highly @entity5 predominantly occurs in adolescent males. The literature fails to provide a thorough description of ocular complications and their incidence in JNA. This report summarizes the data from those clinical series detailing ocular findings in a total of 218 JNA cases. Exophthalmos was found in 14% of all cases. @entity227 and partial @entity4610 occurred in 5% and 2% respectively. Recognition of ocular involvement in JNA is of the utmost importance, for it is often a manifestation of orbital or intracranial extension or both. We describe the diagnosis and management of a case of JNA in a five-year-old white male. The @entity1 developed ocular findings of marked exophthalmos and @entity1952 . Early multidisciplinary diagnostic evaluation (otolaryngological, neurosurgical, and ophthalmological) followed by a team surgical approach to excision is most likely to yield efficacious results.

title: Ocular findings in juvenile XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['Decreased visual acuity']

entities_list: @entity1952 :: ('MESH:D009896', 'Disease') :: ['optic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['vascular tumor']

entities_list: @entity18871 :: ('MESH:D018322', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal angiofibroma']

entities_list: @entity4610 :: ('MESH:D009886', 'Disease') :: ['ophthalmoplegia']

answer: @entity18871 :: (MESH:D018322,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal angiofibroma']


abstract: The glucosyltransferase amylosucrase is structurally quite similar to the hydrolase alpha-amylase. How this switch in functionality is achieved is an important and fundamental question. The inactive @entity71008 amylosucrase variant has been co-crystallized with @entity38368 , and the structure was determined by x-ray crystallography to 2.2 A resolution, revealing a @entity38368 binding site in the B'-domain somewhat distant from the active site. Additional soaking of these crystals with @entity38368 resulted in replacement of Tris in the active site with @entity38368 , allowing the mapping of the -1 to +5 binding subsites. Crystals of amylosucrase were soaked with @entity969 at different concentrations. The structures at approximately 2.1 A resolution revealed three new binding sites of different affinity. The highest affinity binding site is close to the active site but is not in the previously identified substrate access channel. Allosteric regulation seems necessary to facilitate access from this binding site. The structures show the pivotal role of the B'-domain in the transferase reaction. Based on these observations, an extension of the hydrolase reaction mechanism valid for this enzyme can be proposed. In this mechanism, the glycogen-like polymer is bound in the widest access channel to the active site. The polymer binding introduces structural changes that allow @entity969 to migrate from its binding site into the active site and displace the polymer.

title: Oligosaccharide and XXXX complexes of amylosucrase. Structural implications for the polymerase activity.

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity38368 :: ('MESH:C031146', 'Chemical') :: ['maltoheptaose']

answer: @entity969 :: (MESH:D013395,Chemical) :: ['sucrose']


abstract: Prenatal development of the GABAergic system in the @entity35 brain has been studied using an antiserum to @entity1246 - @entity3584 - @entity17970 conjugates, specific for GABAergic neurons. The @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) system has been found to differentiate very early relative to other transmitter-identified neurons, such that by embryonic day 13 a well developed fiber network exists in the brainstem, mesencephalon and diencephalon, including a large projection in the posterior commissure and adjacent areas on the surface of the mesencephalon and tectum. Although no cell bodies are visible at this time, it appears that these fibers originate from the caudal brainstem and spinal cord. GABAergic cell bodies begin to appear on embryonic day 14 in the lateral cortical anlage. By embryonic day 16, they are also visible in the basal forebrain and in all regions of cortex where they are located in three zones: in layer I, below the cortical plate, and in the intermediate zone. Also contained in the outer part of layer I is a dense fiber plexus which stains intensely for @entity1246 . These fibers may be part of the first contingent of cortical afferents to invade the telencephalic vesicle, an event which is thought to be a stimulus for the beginning of neuronal differentiation in this region. By E18, two bands of immunoreactivity are visible in layer I, which probably contain both cell bodies and fibers. The trajectories taken by growing GABAergic fibers in the brainstem, mesencephalon and diencephalon at embryonic day 13 and at subsequent stages of development are coincident with regions of both monoaminergic and peptidergic differentiation and appear to correspond to recently reported patterns of @entity1245 receptors which appear slightly later. The early differentiation of the GABAergic system could indicate a trophic role for @entity1246 in early brain development, possibly involving receptors for this neurotransmitter or related substances.

title: Prenatal ontogeny of the GABAergic system in the XXXX brain: an immunocytochemical study.

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

entities_list: @entity17970 :: ('MESH:D006433', 'Chemical') :: ['hemocyanin']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In addition to stimulating insulin secretion, glucagon-like peptide and its long-acting analog exendin 4 have been reported to increase beta-cell mass by both differentiation/neogenesis of precursor cells and enhanced replication of existing beta-cells. Here, we investigated the effect of exendin 4 in the growth and differentiation of beta-cells from undifferentiated precursors in islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) derived from @entity1 fetal pancreases. Our results show that the addition of exendin 4 to the culture media stimulates @entity5908 expression in ICCs as shown by immunofluorescence staining. The up-regulation of @entity5908 was not accompanied by changes in insulin expression because we did not find a significant difference in the number of insulin-positive cells in the exendin 4-treated ICCs, compared with controls. We also tested the effects of exendin 4 in the @entity413 -induced insulin secretion of @entity1 ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of athymic @entity35 . In the exendin 4-treated @entity35 (given ip during 10 d) 8 wk after the beginning of the treatment, insulin was released in response to @entity413 as detected by the measurement of circulating @entity1 @entity2690 . In control (saline-treated) @entity35 , the basal levels of @entity1 @entity2690 did not change significantly after @entity413 stimulation. Thus, exendin 4 induces functional maturation of fetal beta-cells in response to @entity413 . In these @entity35 , serial sections of the kidney-bearing grafts were examined histologically for insulin containing cells. We found a significant increase in beta-cell number, compared with the control @entity35 . Overall, these results show that in vivo exendin 4 causes growth and differentiation of @entity1 fetal beta-cells from undifferentiated precursor cells. It also accelerates the functional maturation of fetal beta-cells as evidenced by their @entity413 -stimulated insulin secretion.

title: Exendin 4 up-regulates expression of XXXX and hastens differentiation and maturation of @entity1 fetal pancreatic cells.

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity5908 :: (3651,Gene) :: ['PDX 1']


abstract: In addition to stimulating insulin secretion, glucagon-like peptide and its long-acting analog exendin 4 have been reported to increase beta-cell mass by both differentiation/neogenesis of precursor cells and enhanced replication of existing beta-cells. Here, we investigated the effect of exendin 4 in the growth and differentiation of beta-cells from undifferentiated precursors in islet-like cell clusters (ICCs) derived from @entity1 fetal pancreases. Our results show that the addition of exendin 4 to the culture media stimulates @entity5908 expression in ICCs as shown by immunofluorescence staining. The up-regulation of @entity5908 was not accompanied by changes in insulin expression because we did not find a significant difference in the number of insulin-positive cells in the exendin 4-treated ICCs, compared with controls. We also tested the effects of exendin 4 in the @entity413 -induced insulin secretion of @entity1 ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of athymic @entity35 . In the exendin 4-treated @entity35 (given ip during 10 d) 8 wk after the beginning of the treatment, insulin was released in response to @entity413 as detected by the measurement of circulating @entity1 @entity2690 . In control (saline-treated) @entity35 , the basal levels of @entity1 @entity2690 did not change significantly after @entity413 stimulation. Thus, exendin 4 induces functional maturation of fetal beta-cells in response to @entity413 . In these @entity35 , serial sections of the kidney-bearing grafts were examined histologically for insulin containing cells. We found a significant increase in beta-cell number, compared with the control @entity35 . Overall, these results show that in vivo exendin 4 causes growth and differentiation of @entity1 fetal beta-cells from undifferentiated precursor cells. It also accelerates the functional maturation of fetal beta-cells as evidenced by their @entity413 -stimulated insulin secretion.

title: Exendin 4 up-regulates expression of @entity5908 and hastens differentiation and maturation of XXXX fetal pancreatic cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible clinical and biological rescue of @entity309 ( @entity309 ) in 16 @entity1 who were still active despite intensive combination therapy after receiving infliximab following the @entity5 factor Trial in @entity309 with Concomitant Therapy (ATTRACT) schedule. METHODS: Sixteen @entity1 who were still active despite combination therapy with optimal doses of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 15-17.5 mg/week) and @entity205 ( @entity19833 .5-3.5 mg/day) received infliximab. Ten received their combination plus infliximab (Combi), and six received infliximab plus @entity1500 alone (Mono). The follow-up was carried out for 30 weeks in all @entity1 and for 46 weeks in eight. Efficacy and safety were examined. RESULTS: At entry, the mean disease activity score (DAS) was 5.6 (all @entity1 had a DAS >3.7). After therapy, eight of 10 @entity1 in Combi and four out of six in Mono showed an improvement of >50% in the initial swollen joint count, yet only one @entity1 reached 50% improvement in the initial DAS after 30 weeks, and one @entity1 had a DAS <2.4 (low disease activity). Of the eight @entity1 who reached 46 weeks of follow-up, three showed an improvement in DAS of 50% and two had a DAS <2.4. When considering the change over time, the difference between DAS at entry and at week 30 was statistically significant only in @entity1 receiving @entity1500 plus CsA, while it was not significant in those receiving @entity1500 only. Two @entity1 developed recurrent @entity1729 in the Combi therapy group, while two had a single febrile infection in the @entity1500 alone group. Two @entity1 became strongly anti-cardiolipin positive (IgM >40 MPL) and one developed a @entity301 . CONCLUSION: Infliximab can be added incrementally to @entity1500 plus CsA, with favourable results in terms of efficacy and safety over time in severe rapidly @entity146 and progressive @entity309 . Finally, minor evidence emerged for a stronger efficacy of the Combi treatment compared with Mono.

title: Rescue of combination therapy failures using infliximab, while maintaining the combination or monotherapy with XXXX : results of an open trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Anti-Tumour necrosis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['febrile upper respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatoid Arthritis', 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity565 prevalence is known to vary among different geographical regions both nationally and internationally. However, there is limited understanding of the nature of differences within geographical regions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of @entity565 in 2 prairie communities and differences in the patterns of respiratory symptoms between the communities. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was sent through schools in Estevan and @entity514 Current, Saskatchewan, to parents of 2,231 @entity1 in grades 1 to 6. @entity565 prevalence was determined by questionnaire report of physician-diagnosed @entity565 . Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) using spirometry were conducted in @entity1 in grades 1 to 4. To evaluate @entity1576 without the use of a diagnostic label, similar comparisons were made between communities for respiratory symptoms. RESULTS: The overall response rate to the survey questionnaire was 91.3%. The prevalence of ever @entity565 in Estevan was 21.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.1%-22.7%) compared with 16.2% (95% CI, 15.1%-17.3%) in @entity514 Current. A higher proportion of @entity1 in Estevan (19.7%; 95% CI, 17.9%-21.5%) compared with @entity1 in @entity514 Current (12.5%; 95% CI, 11.1%-13.9%) reported a history of @entity565 . There was no difference found between towns for @entity1 . These findings were supported by findings for respiratory symptoms, including wheeze and cough. For both @entity1 and @entity1 , the forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of forced vital capacity and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity were lower in Estevan compared with @entity514 Current. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the distribution of childhood @entity565 can be found within regions. These results are strengthened by PFTs and cannot be fully explained by diagnostic biases.

title: Differences in respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in XXXX in 2 Saskatchewan communities.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'Asthma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory morbidity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous mineral oil injection is an old-fashioned practice used mostly for cosmetic purposes. Infection, @entity1066 , subcutaneous nodules, and autoimmune activation are among the known adverse effects. @entity465 has not been previously reported in association with mineral oil injection. OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a 43-year-old @entity1 who performed long-term self-administration of mineral oil and was found to have both cellular immunodeficiency and @entity792 . METHODS: We performed an immunological evaluation. Throat, induced sputum, urine, and blood cultures were examined for microorganisms. Pelvic computed tomography, inguinal lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, and liver biopsy were also performed. RESULTS: Laboratory results revealed @entity1897 , very low absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations, and a markedly impaired lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A) and recall antigens (mumps, @entity5132 , purified protein derivative, and @entity116 toxoid). The cultures were negative for microorganisms. The pelvic computed tomogram demonstrated areas of diffuse oil-density signals throughout the subcutaneous tissue in the gluteal area and proximal lower extremities, as well as bilateral @entity3329 . A lymph node biopsy specimen showed lipid @entity738 and @entity39 . A bone marrow biopsy specimen demonstrated @entity236 with normal trilineage hematopoesis. Increased serum transaminase levels, @entity4988 , positive anti-extractable nuclear antigen and anti-Ro antibodies, and plasma cells in the liver suggested an autoimmune process. CONCLUSIONS: Mineral oil administration may be associated with both cellular immunodeficiency and @entity792 . @entity1 who have received long-term administration of a foreign substance should undergo a comprehensive immunological evaluation.

title: XXXX and @entity792 in long-term mineral oil administration.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'woman']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing lymphadenitis']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral lymphopenia']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['Immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['hypercellular marrow']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity465 :: (MESH:D007153,Disease) :: ['Cellular immunodeficiency']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous mineral oil injection is an old-fashioned practice used mostly for cosmetic purposes. Infection, @entity1066 , subcutaneous nodules, and autoimmune activation are among the known adverse effects. @entity465 has not been previously reported in association with mineral oil injection. OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a 43-year-old @entity1 who performed long-term self-administration of mineral oil and was found to have both cellular immunodeficiency and @entity792 . METHODS: We performed an immunological evaluation. Throat, induced sputum, urine, and blood cultures were examined for microorganisms. Pelvic computed tomography, inguinal lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy, and liver biopsy were also performed. RESULTS: Laboratory results revealed @entity1897 , very low absolute numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations, and a markedly impaired lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A) and recall antigens (mumps, @entity5132 , purified protein derivative, and @entity116 toxoid). The cultures were negative for microorganisms. The pelvic computed tomogram demonstrated areas of diffuse oil-density signals throughout the subcutaneous tissue in the gluteal area and proximal lower extremities, as well as bilateral @entity3329 . A lymph node biopsy specimen showed lipid @entity738 and @entity39 . A bone marrow biopsy specimen demonstrated @entity236 with normal trilineage hematopoesis. Increased serum transaminase levels, @entity4988 , positive anti-extractable nuclear antigen and anti-Ro antibodies, and plasma cells in the liver suggested an autoimmune process. CONCLUSIONS: Mineral oil administration may be associated with both cellular immunodeficiency and @entity792 . @entity1 who have received long-term administration of a foreign substance should undergo a comprehensive immunological evaluation.

title: @entity465 and XXXX in long-term mineral oil administration.

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmunity']


abstract: A family with @entity1897 ( @entity1897 ) type II is described in which 10 affected and 17 unaffected members in three generations were examined. The peak age of onset was in the second decade. In the youngest generation, the proportion of affected to unaffected individuals at risk significantly differed from the expected 50%. There was slight slowing of conduction velocities in 36% of nerves; however, only 3 out of 10 affected members had entirely normal conduction studies. The amplitude of the sensory potentials of median and peroneal nerves was almost uniformly reduced. In all affected @entity1 electromyography of anterior tibial muscles showed signs of @entity6011 . Histological study of two sural nerves and a sciatic nerve and its branches revealed @entity17 with a proximal-to-distal gradient in this fibre loss, clusters of small regenerating fibres, and @entity2537 . Postmortem study of the proband showed loss of anterior horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons in the lumbar and @entity528 . Morphometric evaluation of L5 ventral and dorsal roots revealed a normal number of myelinated fibres, diameter histograms being shifted to the left because of a significant loss of large myelinated fibres and regeneration. These anatomical findings are consistent with the hypothesis that @entity5108 represents a primary neuronopathy affecting motor and sensory neurons.

title: XXXX . Clinicopathological study of a family.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['loss of myelinated fibres']

entities_list: @entity5108 :: ('MESH:D002607', 'Disease') :: ['HMSN type II']

entities_list: @entity2537 :: ('MESH:D020966', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic axons']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['HMSN', 'hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity6011 :: ('MESH:D018319', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic involvement']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['sacral segments and degeneration of the fasciculus gracilis']

answer: @entity5108 :: (MESH:D002607,Disease) :: ['Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type II']


abstract: BACKGROUND: France has high rates of psychotropic drug consumption and suicide in the elderly population, but it has not yet been possible to determine whether this is due to exceptionally high morbidity rates. AIMS: To describe the first longitudinal population study of @entity146 undertaken in France, and to estimate current and lifetime prevalences and age of onset of @entity146 . METHOD: A study group of 1873 non-institutionalised @entity1 aged 65 years and over was randomly recruited from the Montpellier district electoral rolls. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to assess current and lifetime symptoms. Cases identified by the application of DSM-IV criteria were re-examined by a clinical panel. RESULTS: Forty-six per cent of the study population had experienced a @entity146 in their lifetime, and 3.7% had made a suicide attempt. Lifetime prevalence of @entity308 was 26.5% and 30% for @entity148 . Current prevalence rates were 14.2% for @entity148 , 10.7% for @entity913 , 3% for @entity308 and 1.7% for @entity716 . CONCLUSIONS: Results show very high rates of lifetime but not current @entity308 . Rates of current @entity913 and suicidal ideation in the very elderly are also high compared with other studies. The rates reported are likely to be underestimates.

title: Prevalence of DSM-IV XXXX in the French elderly population.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['major depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorder', 'psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric disorder']


abstract: Electrical stimulation was applied to hybridoma cells in order to activate metabolic activities and increase the monoclonal antibody production. Hybridoma cells that produce monoclonal antibody to @entity268 were placed on a transparent glass electrode immersed in medium and subjected to electric pulses (pulse shape, alternating rectangular; field strength, 4 X 10(3) V X m-1; frequency, 5 kHz; pulse mode, 0.5 min application and 4.5 min pause). After 48 h of incubation, the concentration of @entity880 in the medium reached 8.4 mM, approx. 30% higher than that obtained without electric stimulation. Similarly, cell growth rate was promoted by the electric stimulation, reaching a maximum stimulation after 40 h. When the hybridoma was cultured for 48 h with electrical stimulation, the antibody concentration in the medium reached 22.3 microgram X ml-1, approx. 10% higher than the control, with a concomitant 16% increase in cell concentration. Longer periods of electric pulse application, however, caused an inhibitory effect on the hybridoma growth. The most probable cause of the inhibition are reactive @entity26 species such as @entity224 and @entity273 , which are inevitably generated by electrolysis. The presence of @entity224 dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) reduced the inhibitory effects. In conclusion, metabolic activities including monoclonal antibody production were activated by the electrical stimulation.

title: Electrical stimulation of hybridoma cells producing monoclonal antibody to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity268 :: ('CHEBI:17489', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity268 :: (CHEBI:17489,Chemical) :: ['cAMP']


abstract: The present study explored the possibility that @entity172 may enhance the inhibitory effect of an @entity14207 blocker on @entity8233 formation in @entity1317 , and investigated the signaling mechanism involved in their actions. @entity691 cuff placement around the femoral artery of @entity19 induced @entity8233 formation and increased @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) incorporation into vascular smooth muscle cells. These changes were significantly smaller in female @entity19 than in male @entity19 . Ovariectomy enhanced @entity8233 formation and @entity1603 incorporation in the injured artery, which were reversed by @entity53 (80 microg/kg per day) replacement. Treatment with a selective @entity14207 blocker, @entity9885 (3 mg/kg per day), significantly inhibited @entity8233 formation and @entity1603 incorporation, whereas the inhibitory effects of @entity9885 were more marked in intact female @entity19 than in male or ovariectomized @entity19 . Phosphorylation of @entity13436 ( @entity13436 ), @entity16279 , and @entity10433 was increased in the injured artery. These increases were significantly smaller in intact female @entity19 than in male or ovariectomized @entity19 . @entity9885 or @entity172 attenuated the phosphorylation of @entity13436 and STAT in the injured artery, whereas these inhibitory effects were greater in intact female @entity19 . Lower doses of @entity9885 (0.5 mg/kg per day) or @entity53 (20 microg/kg per day) did not influence @entity8233 formation, @entity1603 incorporation, and @entity13436 and STAT phosphorylation in ovariectomized @entity19 , whereas coadministration of @entity9885 and @entity53 at these doses attenuated these parameters. These results indicate that @entity172 and an @entity14207 blocker synergistically attenuate vascular remodeling, which is at least partly via inhibition of @entity13436 and STAT activity.

title: Effect of @entity172 and XXXX blocker on @entity8233 formation.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', 'bromodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity14207 :: ('11610(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin (Ang) II type 1 (AT1) receptor', 'AT1 receptor']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17beta-estradiol']

entities_list: @entity9885 :: ('MESH:C437965', 'Chemical') :: ['olmesartan', 'Olmesartan']

entities_list: @entity13436 :: ('26413(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ERK', 'extracellular signal-regulated kinase']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity16279 :: ('20846(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1']

entities_list: @entity8233 :: ('MESH:D058426', 'Disease') :: ['neointima']

answer: @entity14207 :: (11610(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['AT1 receptor']


abstract: The present study explored the possibility that @entity172 may enhance the inhibitory effect of an @entity14207 blocker on @entity8233 formation in @entity1317 , and investigated the signaling mechanism involved in their actions. @entity691 cuff placement around the femoral artery of @entity19 induced @entity8233 formation and increased @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) incorporation into vascular smooth muscle cells. These changes were significantly smaller in female @entity19 than in male @entity19 . Ovariectomy enhanced @entity8233 formation and @entity1603 incorporation in the injured artery, which were reversed by @entity53 (80 microg/kg per day) replacement. Treatment with a selective @entity14207 blocker, @entity9885 (3 mg/kg per day), significantly inhibited @entity8233 formation and @entity1603 incorporation, whereas the inhibitory effects of @entity9885 were more marked in intact female @entity19 than in male or ovariectomized @entity19 . Phosphorylation of @entity13436 ( @entity13436 ), @entity16279 , and @entity10433 was increased in the injured artery. These increases were significantly smaller in intact female @entity19 than in male or ovariectomized @entity19 . @entity9885 or @entity172 attenuated the phosphorylation of @entity13436 and STAT in the injured artery, whereas these inhibitory effects were greater in intact female @entity19 . Lower doses of @entity9885 (0.5 mg/kg per day) or @entity53 (20 microg/kg per day) did not influence @entity8233 formation, @entity1603 incorporation, and @entity13436 and STAT phosphorylation in ovariectomized @entity19 , whereas coadministration of @entity9885 and @entity53 at these doses attenuated these parameters. These results indicate that @entity172 and an @entity14207 blocker synergistically attenuate vascular remodeling, which is at least partly via inhibition of @entity13436 and STAT activity.

title: Effect of XXXX and @entity14207 blocker on @entity8233 formation.

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: The present study explored the possibility that @entity172 may enhance the inhibitory effect of an @entity14207 blocker on @entity8233 formation in @entity1317 , and investigated the signaling mechanism involved in their actions. @entity691 cuff placement around the femoral artery of @entity19 induced @entity8233 formation and increased @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) incorporation into vascular smooth muscle cells. These changes were significantly smaller in female @entity19 than in male @entity19 . Ovariectomy enhanced @entity8233 formation and @entity1603 incorporation in the injured artery, which were reversed by @entity53 (80 microg/kg per day) replacement. Treatment with a selective @entity14207 blocker, @entity9885 (3 mg/kg per day), significantly inhibited @entity8233 formation and @entity1603 incorporation, whereas the inhibitory effects of @entity9885 were more marked in intact female @entity19 than in male or ovariectomized @entity19 . Phosphorylation of @entity13436 ( @entity13436 ), @entity16279 , and @entity10433 was increased in the injured artery. These increases were significantly smaller in intact female @entity19 than in male or ovariectomized @entity19 . @entity9885 or @entity172 attenuated the phosphorylation of @entity13436 and STAT in the injured artery, whereas these inhibitory effects were greater in intact female @entity19 . Lower doses of @entity9885 (0.5 mg/kg per day) or @entity53 (20 microg/kg per day) did not influence @entity8233 formation, @entity1603 incorporation, and @entity13436 and STAT phosphorylation in ovariectomized @entity19 , whereas coadministration of @entity9885 and @entity53 at these doses attenuated these parameters. These results indicate that @entity172 and an @entity14207 blocker synergistically attenuate vascular remodeling, which is at least partly via inhibition of @entity13436 and STAT activity.

title: Effect of @entity172 and @entity14207 blocker on XXXX formation.

answer: @entity8233 :: (MESH:D058426,Disease) :: ['neointima']


abstract: Smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulation in the inner layer of the vessel wall is a key event in the pathogenesis of @entity731 in vein grafts, but the origin of the cells in these lesions has yet to be shown. Herein, we use animal models of vein grafts in @entity19 to clearly identify the sources of SMCs in @entity731 . Vena cava segments were isografted to carotid arteries between four types of @entity19 , including SM-LacZ expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) in vascular SMCs, SM-LacZ/apoE(-/-), @entity25325 expressing beta-gal in all tissues, and wild-type @entity19 . beta-gal-positive cells were observed in neointimal and @entity731 of all vein segments grafted between LacZ transgenic and wild-type @entity19 . Double staining for beta-gal and cell nuclei revealed that about 40% of SMCs originated from hosts and 60% from the donor vessel. This was confirmed by double labeling of the Y-chromosome and alpha-actin in the lesions of sex-mismatched vein grafts. The possibility that bone marrow cells were the source of SMCs in grafts was eliminated by the absence of beta-gal staining in @entity731 of chimeric @entity19 . Furthermore, vein SMCs of SM-LacZ @entity19 did not express beta-gal in situ, but did so when these cells appeared in @entity731 in vivo, suggesting that hemodynamic forces may be crucial for SMC differentiation. Thus, we provide the first evidence of SMC origins in the @entity731 of vein grafts, which will be essential for providing insight into new types of therapy for the disease. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.

title: Both donor and recipient origins of smooth muscle cells in vein graft XXXX .

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic lesions']


abstract: High-frequency oscillations (100-200 Hz), termed ripples, have been identified in hippocampal (Hip) and entorhinal cortical (EC) areas of rodents and @entity1 . In contrast, higher-frequency oscillations (250-500 Hz), termed fast ripples (FR), have been described in @entity410 -generating limbic areas of rodents made @entity302 by intrahippocampal injection of @entity4176 and observed in @entity1 ipsilateral to areas of @entity410 initiation. However, quantitative studies supporting the existence of two spectrally distinct oscillatory events have not been carried out in @entity1 nor has the preferential appearance of FR within @entity410 generating areas received statistical evaluation based on analysis of a large sample of oscillatory events. Interictal oscillations within the bandwidth of 80-500 Hz were detected in Hip and EC areas of @entity1 with mesial @entity1315 using wideband EEG recorded during non-rapid eye-movement sleep from chronically implanted depth electrodes. Power spectral analysis showed that oscillations detected from Hip and EC areas were composed of two spectrally distinct groups. The lower-frequency ripple group was defined by a frequency of 96 +/- 14 Hz (median +/- width), while the higher-frequency FR group had a frequency of 262 +/- 59 Hz. FR oscillations were significantly shorter in duration compared with @entity11385 (P < 0.0001). In regard to the occurrence of FR and ripples in @entity302 Hip and EC, the mean ratio of the number of FR to ripples generated in areas ipsilateral to @entity410 onset was significantly higher compared with the mean ratio of FR to ripple generation from contralateral areas (P = 0.008). Furthermore, sites ipsilateral to @entity410 onset with @entity194 had significantly higher ratios compared with sites contralateral to both @entity410 onset and @entity194 (P = 0.001). These data provide compelling quantitative and statistical evidence for the existence of two spectrally distinct groups of limbic oscillations that have frequency and duration characteristics similar to those previously described in @entity302 @entity35 and @entity1 Hip and EC. The strong association between FR and regions of @entity410 initiation supports the view that FR reflects pathological @entity137 crucially associated with @entity410 genesis.

title: Quantitative analysis of high-frequency oscillations (80-500 Hz) recorded in @entity1 XXXX hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity11385 :: ('MESH:C535686', 'Disease') :: ['ripple oscillations']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['hypersynchronous events']

entities_list: @entity4176 :: ('MESH:D007608', 'Chemical') :: ['kainic acid']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal atrophy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epileptic']


abstract: High-frequency oscillations (100-200 Hz), termed ripples, have been identified in hippocampal (Hip) and entorhinal cortical (EC) areas of rodents and @entity1 . In contrast, higher-frequency oscillations (250-500 Hz), termed fast ripples (FR), have been described in @entity410 -generating limbic areas of rodents made @entity302 by intrahippocampal injection of @entity4176 and observed in @entity1 ipsilateral to areas of @entity410 initiation. However, quantitative studies supporting the existence of two spectrally distinct oscillatory events have not been carried out in @entity1 nor has the preferential appearance of FR within @entity410 generating areas received statistical evaluation based on analysis of a large sample of oscillatory events. Interictal oscillations within the bandwidth of 80-500 Hz were detected in Hip and EC areas of @entity1 with mesial @entity1315 using wideband EEG recorded during non-rapid eye-movement sleep from chronically implanted depth electrodes. Power spectral analysis showed that oscillations detected from Hip and EC areas were composed of two spectrally distinct groups. The lower-frequency ripple group was defined by a frequency of 96 +/- 14 Hz (median +/- width), while the higher-frequency FR group had a frequency of 262 +/- 59 Hz. FR oscillations were significantly shorter in duration compared with @entity11385 (P < 0.0001). In regard to the occurrence of FR and ripples in @entity302 Hip and EC, the mean ratio of the number of FR to ripples generated in areas ipsilateral to @entity410 onset was significantly higher compared with the mean ratio of FR to ripple generation from contralateral areas (P = 0.008). Furthermore, sites ipsilateral to @entity410 onset with @entity194 had significantly higher ratios compared with sites contralateral to both @entity410 onset and @entity194 (P = 0.001). These data provide compelling quantitative and statistical evidence for the existence of two spectrally distinct groups of limbic oscillations that have frequency and duration characteristics similar to those previously described in @entity302 @entity35 and @entity1 Hip and EC. The strong association between FR and regions of @entity410 initiation supports the view that FR reflects pathological @entity137 crucially associated with @entity410 genesis.

title: Quantitative analysis of high-frequency oscillations (80-500 Hz) recorded in XXXX @entity302 hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Genomic clones containing the closely related genes for @entity1 @entity2124 (hGH) and chorionic somatomammotropin ( @entity10716 ) were obtained from genomic @entity5999 and cosmid libraries. The entire GH/ @entity10716 chromosomal locus was reconstructed utilizing overlapping restriction fragments characterized from the isolated clones. The hGH/ @entity10716 locus contains two GH genes and three @entity10716 genes spanning 48 kb of DNA in the order: 5'-( @entity2124 / @entity10718 / @entity7510 / @entity9091 / @entity5804 )-3', confirming analysis of cosmid clones obtained from a different @entity1 library (Barsh et al., 1983). To complete the characterization of the @entity10716 genes, the @entity377 sequence of the @entity10718 gene was determined. Sequence analysis revealed a mutation of the 5' splice site at the exon II-intron B boundary, suggesting that the @entity10718 gene is a pseudogene. The @entity377 sequence of an allelic variant of the @entity5804 gene was determined and found to contain a single @entity535 substitution and the deletion of a single codon. The hGH/ @entity10716 gene locus was further characterized by the localization of at least 27 Alu-type repetitive sequences and identification of three unique sequences in the vicinity of several hGH and @entity10716 genes which define the probable breakpoints of the evolutionary duplication units. These data, combined with the @entity377 sequences of all five GH and @entity10716 genes, indicate that the hGH/ @entity10716 gene locus has evolved by duplication mechanisms. Evidence for the occurrence of at least one gene conversion event involving the @entity7510 gene precursor and the @entity5804 gene was found, indicating that the hGH/ @entity10716 gene locus has evolved by concerted mechanisms. The structure of the @entity10716 genes is discussed in light of recent studies of @entity10716 genes from other @entity1 species.

title: The @entity1 XXXX gene locus: structure, evolution, and allelic variations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity5999 :: ('10710', 'Species') :: ['bacteriophage lambda']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: Genomic clones containing the closely related genes for @entity1 @entity2124 (hGH) and chorionic somatomammotropin ( @entity10716 ) were obtained from genomic @entity5999 and cosmid libraries. The entire GH/ @entity10716 chromosomal locus was reconstructed utilizing overlapping restriction fragments characterized from the isolated clones. The hGH/ @entity10716 locus contains two GH genes and three @entity10716 genes spanning 48 kb of DNA in the order: 5'-( @entity2124 / @entity10718 / @entity7510 / @entity9091 / @entity5804 )-3', confirming analysis of cosmid clones obtained from a different @entity1 library (Barsh et al., 1983). To complete the characterization of the @entity10716 genes, the @entity377 sequence of the @entity10718 gene was determined. Sequence analysis revealed a mutation of the 5' splice site at the exon II-intron B boundary, suggesting that the @entity10718 gene is a pseudogene. The @entity377 sequence of an allelic variant of the @entity5804 gene was determined and found to contain a single @entity535 substitution and the deletion of a single codon. The hGH/ @entity10716 gene locus was further characterized by the localization of at least 27 Alu-type repetitive sequences and identification of three unique sequences in the vicinity of several hGH and @entity10716 genes which define the probable breakpoints of the evolutionary duplication units. These data, combined with the @entity377 sequences of all five GH and @entity10716 genes, indicate that the hGH/ @entity10716 gene locus has evolved by duplication mechanisms. Evidence for the occurrence of at least one gene conversion event involving the @entity7510 gene precursor and the @entity5804 gene was found, indicating that the hGH/ @entity10716 gene locus has evolved by concerted mechanisms. The structure of the @entity10716 genes is discussed in light of recent studies of @entity10716 genes from other @entity1 species.

title: The XXXX @entity2124 gene locus: structure, evolution, and allelic variations.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Results of an earlier open-label pilot study showed that 4162W94 was a relatively non-depleting anti- @entity404 monoclonal antibody that induced >80% down-modulation of @entity404 molecules from the surface of T lymphocytes. This placebo-controlled repeat-cycle study was conducted in active @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 to determine the duration of @entity404 blockade required to achieve lasting clinical benefit. METHODS: Following DMARD washout, 48 @entity1 (i.e. three cohorts of 16 @entity1 ) with ACR-defined @entity309 were to be dosed with 1 (cohort 1), 2 (cohort 2) or 3 (cohort 3) cycles of 5x300 mg 4162W94 or placebo (12 and 4 @entity1 per cohort respectively) at monthly intervals. There was at least 3 months of follow-up after dosing. Clinical outcome was assessed in evaluable @entity1 (receiving at least 80% of each dose course) using ACR20 criteria (required on two consecutive visits). @entity404 lymphocyte counts and adverse events were also monitored. RESULTS: Sixteen @entity1 were dosed in each of the first two cohorts; however, the dose was reduced in cohort 3 after five @entity1 had received up to two dose cycles due to accumulating evidence of a high frequency of @entity1910 . These @entity1 were analysed according to the number of cycles received. A further eight @entity1 received 5x100 mg for one to three cycles prior to stopping the study for administrative reasons. Four of 13 (P=0.119 vs placebo) and 7/13 (P=0.015 vs placebo) in cohorts 1 and 2 respectively achieved ACR20 response on at least two consecutive occasions. No @entity1 receiving 5x100 mg/day or placebo achieved ACR20. Four @entity1 were still responding at the end of the 3-month follow-up period. @entity404 lymphocyte suppression (<0.2x10(9)/l on at least two successive occasions) occurred in 11/34 @entity1 who received 4162W94 vs none on placebo. @entity1910 occurred in 21/34 monoclonal antibody-treated @entity1 , including one case of biopsy-confirmed @entity1333 and 1/11 placebo @entity1 . CONCLUSION: 4162W94 demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in this study. However, because of unacceptable @entity404 @entity2905 and @entity1910 , the original hypothesis that prolonged @entity404 blockade would give lasting clinical benefit was not tested.

title: Repeat-cycle study of high-dose intravenous 4162W94 anti- @entity404 humanized monoclonal antibody in XXXX . A randomized placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['rash', 'Rash', 'skin rash']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity2905 :: ('MESH:D008231', 'Disease') :: ['lymphopenia']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Results of an earlier open-label pilot study showed that 4162W94 was a relatively non-depleting anti- @entity404 monoclonal antibody that induced >80% down-modulation of @entity404 molecules from the surface of T lymphocytes. This placebo-controlled repeat-cycle study was conducted in active @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 to determine the duration of @entity404 blockade required to achieve lasting clinical benefit. METHODS: Following DMARD washout, 48 @entity1 (i.e. three cohorts of 16 @entity1 ) with ACR-defined @entity309 were to be dosed with 1 (cohort 1), 2 (cohort 2) or 3 (cohort 3) cycles of 5x300 mg 4162W94 or placebo (12 and 4 @entity1 per cohort respectively) at monthly intervals. There was at least 3 months of follow-up after dosing. Clinical outcome was assessed in evaluable @entity1 (receiving at least 80% of each dose course) using ACR20 criteria (required on two consecutive visits). @entity404 lymphocyte counts and adverse events were also monitored. RESULTS: Sixteen @entity1 were dosed in each of the first two cohorts; however, the dose was reduced in cohort 3 after five @entity1 had received up to two dose cycles due to accumulating evidence of a high frequency of @entity1910 . These @entity1 were analysed according to the number of cycles received. A further eight @entity1 received 5x100 mg for one to three cycles prior to stopping the study for administrative reasons. Four of 13 (P=0.119 vs placebo) and 7/13 (P=0.015 vs placebo) in cohorts 1 and 2 respectively achieved ACR20 response on at least two consecutive occasions. No @entity1 receiving 5x100 mg/day or placebo achieved ACR20. Four @entity1 were still responding at the end of the 3-month follow-up period. @entity404 lymphocyte suppression (<0.2x10(9)/l on at least two successive occasions) occurred in 11/34 @entity1 who received 4162W94 vs none on placebo. @entity1910 occurred in 21/34 monoclonal antibody-treated @entity1 , including one case of biopsy-confirmed @entity1333 and 1/11 placebo @entity1 . CONCLUSION: 4162W94 demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in this study. However, because of unacceptable @entity404 @entity2905 and @entity1910 , the original hypothesis that prolonged @entity404 blockade would give lasting clinical benefit was not tested.

title: Repeat-cycle study of high-dose intravenous 4162W94 anti- XXXX humanized monoclonal antibody in @entity309 . A randomized placebo-controlled trial.

answer: @entity404 :: (920,Gene) :: ['CD4']


abstract: In this study, we examined the effect of ACTH on the sensitivity of the testes to gonadotropin and determined the role of the @entity251 (T) negative feedback system in mediating the inhibitory effect of ACTH on LH secretion in adult male @entity35 . ACTH infusion for 3 days reduced basal levels of serum T and the T response to @entity1176 , but did not alter basal levels of serum LH (immunoreactive) or the LH response to @entity1176 . These effects required the presence of the adrenal glands. Infusion of @entity2819 (B) at a dose that increased serum B concentrations 9-fold had an effect similar to that of ACTH on basal serum T levels and the serum T response to @entity1176 . Basal levels of serum LH and the serum LH response to @entity1176 were not affected by B administration. These data suggest that ACTH administration reduces the sensitivity of the testes to LH, resulting in a lower basal level of T and a reduced T response to @entity1176 . This effect was independent of basal serum LH levels or the LH response to @entity1176 . It appears that B mediates the effect of ACTH on testicular sensitivity to gonadotropin. In another experiment, ACTH administration for 4 days did not alter serum LH values, but reduced serum T levels in sham-castrated male @entity35 . In contrast, ACTH treatment blunted the increase in serum LH after castration by day 2 of treatment, despite the absence of detectable levels of serum T within 6 h after castration. These data suggest that T is not essential for the inhibitory effect of ACTH on LH secretion to occur. They do not support the hypothesis that ACTH enhances the sensitivity of the hypothalamus and/or pituitary to the negative feedback effects of T.

title: Mutually independent effects of adrenocorticotropin on luteinizing hormone and XXXX secretion.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['testosterone']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity472 , causing @entity854 , disturbs the normal hemodynamics in the common carotid arteries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the remodeling process of the common carotid arteries after surgical correction of @entity472 . METHODS: Eleven subjects with @entity472 were studied before and 1 and 6 months after aortic valve replacement. Arterial diameter, @entity121 ( @entity121 ), and flow velocity were measured by echo-Doppler examination. Shear stress, blood flow, and pulsatility index were calculated. Blood viscosity and hematocrit were measured by standard methods. A control group was also enrolled. RESULTS: Before surgery, compared with controls, @entity1 had lower systolic peak velocity but higher mean and end-diastolic velocity. Arterial diameter, @entity121 , and blood flow were comparable in the 2 groups. Blood viscosity, hematocrit, wall shear stress, and pulsatility index were markedly lower in @entity1 . After surgery, @entity121 was reduced (0.741+/-0.152 versus 0.627+/-0.108 mm before and 6 months after surgery, respectively; P<0.0001), and hematocrit and blood viscosity increased, leading to increased wall shear stress (mean wall shear stress, 7.83+/-1.97 versus 9.65+/-3.12 dyne/cm(2) before and 6 months after surgery, respectively; P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that aortic valve replacement, in subjects with @entity472 , leads to reduction of the common carotid artery @entity121 . Wall shear stress is increased after the intervention and probably mediates the remodeling process.

title: Arterial remodeling of the common carotid artery after aortic valve replacement in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['flow abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic stenosis', 'aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intima-media thickness']

answer: @entity472 :: (MESH:D001024,Disease) :: ['aortic stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity472 , causing @entity854 , disturbs the normal hemodynamics in the common carotid arteries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the remodeling process of the common carotid arteries after surgical correction of @entity472 . METHODS: Eleven subjects with @entity472 were studied before and 1 and 6 months after aortic valve replacement. Arterial diameter, @entity121 ( @entity121 ), and flow velocity were measured by echo-Doppler examination. Shear stress, blood flow, and pulsatility index were calculated. Blood viscosity and hematocrit were measured by standard methods. A control group was also enrolled. RESULTS: Before surgery, compared with controls, @entity1 had lower systolic peak velocity but higher mean and end-diastolic velocity. Arterial diameter, @entity121 , and blood flow were comparable in the 2 groups. Blood viscosity, hematocrit, wall shear stress, and pulsatility index were markedly lower in @entity1 . After surgery, @entity121 was reduced (0.741+/-0.152 versus 0.627+/-0.108 mm before and 6 months after surgery, respectively; P<0.0001), and hematocrit and blood viscosity increased, leading to increased wall shear stress (mean wall shear stress, 7.83+/-1.97 versus 9.65+/-3.12 dyne/cm(2) before and 6 months after surgery, respectively; P<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that aortic valve replacement, in subjects with @entity472 , leads to reduction of the common carotid artery @entity121 . Wall shear stress is increased after the intervention and probably mediates the remodeling process.

title: Arterial remodeling of the common carotid artery after aortic valve replacement in XXXX with @entity472 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Research based on administrative data has advantages, including large numbers, consistent data, and low cost. This study was designed to compare different methods of @entity64 classification using administrative data. METHODS: Administrative hospital discharge data and medical record review of 206 @entity1 were used to evaluate 3 algorithms for classifying @entity64 @entity1 . These algorithms were based on all (algorithm 1), the first 2 (algorithm 2), or the primary (algorithm 3) administrative discharge diagnosis code(s). The diagnoses after review of medical record data were considered the gold standard. Then, using a large administrative data set, we compared @entity1 with a primary discharge diagnosis of @entity64 with @entity1 with their @entity64 discharge diagnosis code in a nonprimary position. RESULTS: Compared with the gold standard, algorithm 1 had the highest kappa for classifying @entity385 , with a sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 95%, positive predictive value of 90%, and kappa=0.82. Algorithm 3 had the highest kappa values for @entity1779 and @entity510 . For @entity1779 , the sensitivity was 85%, specificity was 96%, positive predictive value was 89%, and kappa=0.82. For @entity510 , those values were 90%, 97%, 94%, and 0.88, respectively. Nonprimary position @entity385 @entity1 had significantly greater comorbidity and 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 3.2) than primary position @entity385 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity64 classification in these administrative data were optimal using all discharge diagnoses for @entity385 and primary discharge diagnosis only for intracerebral and @entity510 . Selecting @entity385 @entity1 on the basis of primary discharge diagnosis may bias administrative samples toward more benign, unrepresentative outcomes and should be avoided.

title: Validating administrative data in XXXX research.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: Cyclical periods of depolarization (slow waves) underlie peristaltic contractions involved in mixing and emptying of contents in the gastric antrum. Slow waves originate from a myenteric network of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY). In this study we have visualized the sequence and propagation of @entity141 transients associated with pacemaker potentials in the ICC network and longitudinal (LM) and circular muscle (CM) layers of the isolated @entity840 gastric antrum. Gastric antrum was dissected to reveal the ICC-MY network, loaded with @entity20048 AM and activity was monitored at 37 degrees C. @entity141 waves propagated throughout the ICC-MY network at an average velocity of 3.24 +/- 0.12 mm s(-1) at a frequency of 4.87 +/- 0.16 cycles min(-1) (n= 4). The propagation of the @entity141 wave often appeared 'step-like', with separate regions of the network being activated after variable delays. The direction of propagation was highly variable (Delta angle of propagation 44.3 +/- 10.9 deg per cycle) and was not confined to the axes of the longitudinal or circular muscle. @entity141 waves appeared to spread out radially from the site of initiation. The initiating @entity141 wave in ICC-MY was correlated to secondary @entity141 waves in intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal, ICC-IM, and smooth muscle cells, and the local distortion (contraction) in a field of view. @entity4524 (1 microm) had little effect on slow wave or pacemaker potential activity, but @entity15258 (50 microm) blocked all @entity141 waves, indicating a pivotal role for intracellular @entity141 stores. @entity3360 (2 microm) eliminated the @entity141 transient generated by smooth muscle, but did not affect the fast upstroke associated with ICC-MY. These results indicate that slow waves follow a sequence of activation, beginning with the ICC-MY and ICC-IM network, followed later by a sustained @entity141 transient in the muscle layers that is responsible for contraction.

title: Propagation of pacemaker activity in the XXXX antrum.

entities_list: @entity3360 :: ('MESH:D009529', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicardipine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to review the management and outcome of pregnancies with a prenatal diagnosis of fetal @entity2977 (CCAM). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed of all cases since 1995 with a prenatal diagnosis of fetal CCAM from the sole tertiary perinatal referral center in Western Australia. RESULTS: Twenty-one pregnancies with CCAM were identified. The gestational age at diagnosis was <22 weeks in 86% of cases. Macrocysts were seen in 76% of cases during ultrasound examination. Seventeen pregnancies continued until term. Regression of the sonographic appearances was observed in 19% of cases. Fetal hydrops complicated two cases. One neonate died within 24 hours of delivery because of @entity358 . Twelve @entity1 have required @entity358 . No adverse sequelae are evident in surviving @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Most cases of prenatally diagnosed CCAM have had a good outcome. This review has positively influenced the counseling of @entity1 with this diagnosis.

title: Prenatal diagnosis and management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypoplasia', 'pulmonary lobectomies']

entities_list: @entity2977 :: ('MESH:D015615', 'Disease') :: ['congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung']

answer: @entity2977 :: (MESH:D015615,Disease) :: ['congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung']


abstract: The financing of health care services in Norway has been changed from a system of global budgeting to a system partly based on Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG). The government has decided to derive a part of the hospital revenue from DRG-based, per- @entity1 financing. The aim of this study is to determine whether the present remuneration system covers the actual hospital expenses of liver transplant @entity1 , and whether the present method of calculating DRG-costs is adequate for our institution. Our group developed a prospective method of determining the actual cost per @entity1 . We closely observed and collected the data of eight liver transplant @entity1 during their hospital stay. We divided each of the @entity1 ' resource requirements into four categories; heavy intensive care, light intensive care, intermediate care, and ordinary care. In addition, we recorded the number of staff involved, the duration of surgery, the major procedures, and the medical- and material costs. The actual cost of each @entity1 was calculated, based on these data. The actual cost was compared with the corresponding hospital remuneration for each @entity1 . Median cost for liver transplantation was @entity11963 536.785 (range: @entity11963 295.113- @entity11963 844.345) (1 =7,5 @entity11963 ), while the corresponding hospital refund was @entity11963 457.785 (range: @entity11963 436.465- @entity11963 483.040). The difference is not statistically significant ( P=0.2). The average 100% DRG-based cost of a liver transplantation was @entity11963 730.321, which is significantly higher than the actual cost ( P=0.02). The hospital's reimbursement for liver transplantation did not differ significantly from the actual registered cost. The computed cost was significantly lower than the DRG-based cost.

title: A comparison of actual cost, DRG-based cost, and hospital reimbursement for liver transplant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']