abstract: METHODS: We studied four @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity177 who developed sudden @entity4790 . The clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, MR imaging findings, and clinical outcome in each @entity1 were evaluated. RESULTS: All four @entity1 had long-term @entity6 and severe azotaemia. Brain MR findings consisted of bilateral symmetric @entity21 , with decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. All three @entity1 who underwent diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) showed signal intensities similar to those of the surroundings in regions corresponding to increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images, with slightly increased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Two of the @entity1 showed small focal areas of restricted diffusion within the @entity21 . After haemodialysis, follow-up MR imaging in all @entity1 demonstrated that the @entity21 had regressed markedly, with some residual changes. The @entity717 also improved in all @entity1 . CONCLUSION: A syndrome associated with acute bilateral @entity21 in @entity6 @entity1 is rare, with reversible changes demonstrated by clinical and imaging findings. DWI showed that the bilateral @entity21 in this syndrome were primarily vasogenic in origin, although there were small foci of @entity2657 .

title: Acute bilateral XXXX in @entity6 : diffusion-weighted MRI.

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

answer: @entity21 :: (MESH:D001480,Disease) :: ['basal ganglia lesions']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF) syndrome is a recurrent @entity409 that affects up to 23% of @entity1 with normal menstrual cycles and up to 73% with @entity46 . Mechanisms underlying the development of @entity33422 in mares were studied to provide a potential model for @entity1 @entity3206 . The effect of extended increase in circulating @entity35120 achieved by administration of recombinant @entity1641 @entity35120 (reLH) or a short surge of @entity35120 and decrease in @entity1420 induced by @entity22667 ( @entity22667 ) on LUF formation (Experiment 1), identification of an optimal dose of @entity12567 inhibitor ( @entity3258 , FM; to block the effect of @entity2918 ) for inducing LUFs (Experiment 2), and evaluation of intrafollicular endocrine milieu in LUFs (Experiment 3) were investigated. In Experiment 1, mares were treated with reLH from Days 7-15 (Day 0 = ovulation), @entity22667 on Day 7, or in combination. In Experiment 2, FM at doses of 2.0 or 3.0 mg/kg every 12 h and hCG (1500 IU) were administered after a follicle >= 32 mm was detected. In Experiment 3, FM at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg every 12 h plus hCG was used to induce LUFs and investigate the intrafollicular endocrine milieu. No LUFs were induced by reLH or @entity22667 treatment; however, LUFs were induced in 100% of mares using FM. Intrafollicular @entity22667 metabolite (PGFM), @entity22667 , and @entity1421 were lower and the ratio of @entity1421 : @entity22667 was higher in the Induced LUF group. Higher levels of intrafollicular E2 and total primary sex @entity230 were observed in the Induced LUF group along with a tendency for higher levels of GH, @entity701 , and T; however, @entity35120 , PRL, @entity7 , and NO did not differ between groups. In conclusion, this study reveals part of the intrafollicular endocrine milieu and the association of @entity2918 in LUF formation, and indicates that the mare might be an appropriate model for studying the poorly understood @entity33422 .

title: The mare as a model for luteinized XXXX : intrafollicular endocrine milieu.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity3206 :: ('MESH:D000858', 'Disease') :: ['anovulation']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['anovulatory dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity22667 :: ('CHEBI:15553', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2a', 'PGF2a']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity33422 :: ('MESH:C537070', 'Disease') :: ['LUF syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3258 :: ('MESH:C014558', 'Chemical') :: ['flunixin-meglumine']

answer: @entity33422 :: (MESH:C537070,Disease) :: ['unruptured follicle syndrome']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2742 is a common cause of @entity2741 after kidney transplant. We designed this 12-month, prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized study to evaluate whether @entity512 is more effective than @entity4046 for controlling @entity2741 caused by persistent @entity2742 after kidney transplant. Kidney allograft recipients with @entity2741 and elevated intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration were eligible if they had received a transplant >= 6 months before the study and had an @entity470 >30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). The primary end point was the proportion of @entity1 with normocalcemia at 12 months. Secondary end points were serum iPTH concentration, serum @entity4613 concentration, bone mineral density, @entity729 , renal function, @entity1 and graft survival, and economic cost. In total, 30 @entity1 were randomized to receive @entity4046 (n=15) or @entity512 (n=15). At 12 months, ten of 15 @entity1 in the @entity4046 group and 15 of 15 @entity1 in the parathyroidectomy group (P=0.04) achieved normocalcemia. Normalization of serum @entity4613 concentration occurred in almost all @entity1 . @entity512 induced greater reduction of iPTH and associated with a significant increase in femoral neck bone mineral density; @entity729 remained unchanged in both groups. The most frequent adverse events were digestive intolerance in the @entity4046 group and @entity3747 in the parathyroidectomy group. Surgery would be more cost effective than @entity4046 if @entity4046 duration reached 14 months. All @entity1 were alive with a functioning graft at the end of follow-up. In conclusion, @entity512 was superior to @entity4046 in controlling @entity2741 in these @entity1 with kidney transplants and persistent @entity2742 .

title: A Randomized Study Comparing Parathyroidectomy with @entity4046 for Treating @entity2741 in Kidney Allograft Recipients with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['vascular calcification']

entities_list: @entity4046 :: ('MESH:C476217', 'Chemical') :: ['cinacalcet']

entities_list: @entity512 :: ('MESH:C567308', 'Disease') :: ['subtotal parathyroidectomy', 'Subtotal parathyroidectomy']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroidism', 'Tertiary hyperparathyroidism']

answer: @entity2742 :: (MESH:D006961,Disease) :: ['Hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2742 is a common cause of @entity2741 after kidney transplant. We designed this 12-month, prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized study to evaluate whether @entity512 is more effective than @entity4046 for controlling @entity2741 caused by persistent @entity2742 after kidney transplant. Kidney allograft recipients with @entity2741 and elevated intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration were eligible if they had received a transplant >= 6 months before the study and had an @entity470 >30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). The primary end point was the proportion of @entity1 with normocalcemia at 12 months. Secondary end points were serum iPTH concentration, serum @entity4613 concentration, bone mineral density, @entity729 , renal function, @entity1 and graft survival, and economic cost. In total, 30 @entity1 were randomized to receive @entity4046 (n=15) or @entity512 (n=15). At 12 months, ten of 15 @entity1 in the @entity4046 group and 15 of 15 @entity1 in the parathyroidectomy group (P=0.04) achieved normocalcemia. Normalization of serum @entity4613 concentration occurred in almost all @entity1 . @entity512 induced greater reduction of iPTH and associated with a significant increase in femoral neck bone mineral density; @entity729 remained unchanged in both groups. The most frequent adverse events were digestive intolerance in the @entity4046 group and @entity3747 in the parathyroidectomy group. Surgery would be more cost effective than @entity4046 if @entity4046 duration reached 14 months. All @entity1 were alive with a functioning graft at the end of follow-up. In conclusion, @entity512 was superior to @entity4046 in controlling @entity2741 in these @entity1 with kidney transplants and persistent @entity2742 .

title: A Randomized Study Comparing Parathyroidectomy with @entity4046 for Treating XXXX in Kidney Allograft Recipients with @entity2742 .

answer: @entity2741 :: (MESH:D006934,Disease) :: ['Hypercalcemia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2742 is a common cause of @entity2741 after kidney transplant. We designed this 12-month, prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized study to evaluate whether @entity512 is more effective than @entity4046 for controlling @entity2741 caused by persistent @entity2742 after kidney transplant. Kidney allograft recipients with @entity2741 and elevated intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration were eligible if they had received a transplant >= 6 months before the study and had an @entity470 >30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). The primary end point was the proportion of @entity1 with normocalcemia at 12 months. Secondary end points were serum iPTH concentration, serum @entity4613 concentration, bone mineral density, @entity729 , renal function, @entity1 and graft survival, and economic cost. In total, 30 @entity1 were randomized to receive @entity4046 (n=15) or @entity512 (n=15). At 12 months, ten of 15 @entity1 in the @entity4046 group and 15 of 15 @entity1 in the parathyroidectomy group (P=0.04) achieved normocalcemia. Normalization of serum @entity4613 concentration occurred in almost all @entity1 . @entity512 induced greater reduction of iPTH and associated with a significant increase in femoral neck bone mineral density; @entity729 remained unchanged in both groups. The most frequent adverse events were digestive intolerance in the @entity4046 group and @entity3747 in the parathyroidectomy group. Surgery would be more cost effective than @entity4046 if @entity4046 duration reached 14 months. All @entity1 were alive with a functioning graft at the end of follow-up. In conclusion, @entity512 was superior to @entity4046 in controlling @entity2741 in these @entity1 with kidney transplants and persistent @entity2742 .

title: A Randomized Study Comparing Parathyroidectomy with XXXX for Treating @entity2741 in Kidney Allograft Recipients with @entity2742 .

answer: @entity4046 :: (MESH:C476217,Chemical) :: ['Cinacalcet']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Diagnosis of @entity910 ( @entity910 ) lacks a "gold standard" test and is therefore based on combinations of tests including nasal @entity842 (nNO), high-speed video microscopy analysis (HSVMA), genotyping and @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ). There are few published data on the accuracy of this approach.Using prospectively collected data from 654 consecutive @entity1 referred for @entity910 diagnostics we calculated sensitivity and specificity for individual and combination testing strategies. Not all @entity1 underwent all tests.HSVMA had excellent sensitivity and specificity (100% and 93%, respectively). @entity1579 was 100% specific, but 21% of @entity910 @entity1 had normal ultrastructure. nNO (30   nL  @entity1009 ) cut-off) had good sensitivity and specificity (91% and 96%, respectively). Simultaneous testing using HSVMA and @entity1579 was 100% sensitive and 92% specific.In conclusion, combination testing was found to be a highly accurate approach for diagnosing @entity910 . HSVMA alone has excellent accuracy, but requires significant expertise, and repeated sampling or cell culture is often needed. @entity1579 alone is specific but misses 21% of cases. nNO ( <=30   nL  @entity1009 )) contributes well to the diagnostic process. In isolation nNO screening at this cut-off would miss    10% of cases, but in combination with HSVMA could reduce unnecessary further testing. Standardisation of testing between centres is a future priority.

title: Accuracy of diagnostic testing in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['PCD', 'primary ciliary dyskinesia']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['transmission electron microscopy', 'TEM']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity910 :: (MESH:D004409,Disease) :: ['primary ciliary dyskinesia']


abstract: Experimental methods involving painful electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve showed the existence of a minimum stimulation frequency capable of inducing cramp, termed "threshold frequency" ( @entity2198 ). Our aim was to test an alternative method to induce @entity2901 and cramps electrically. Two daily sessions of electrical stimulation of the abductor hallucis muscle were performed in 19 volunteers on 3 days: stimulation trains of 150 monophasic square pulses (duration 152 micros) of increasing frequency (current intensity 30% higher than maximal; frequency of the first trial, 4 pps; recovery between trials, 1 min) were delivered to the main muscle motor point until a cramp developed. Once a cramp was induced the protocol was repeated after 30 min. To verify by electromyography that cramp occurred, a surface electrode array was placed between the motor point and the distal tendon. Ambient and skin temperature were kept constant in all sessions. @entity2901 and cramps were elicited in all subjects. We observed the following median (interquartile range) values of @entity2198 : day 1 (session 1), 13 (6) pps; day 1 (session 2), 16 (4) pps; day 2 (session 1), 16 (6) pps; day 2 (session 2), 18 (6) pps; day 3 (session 1), 17 (4) pps; day 3 (session 2), 18 (8) pps. @entity2198 intersession intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.82, 0.92, and 0.90 for days 1, 2, and 3, respectively. @entity2198 interday intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.85. The absence of @entity158 due to the stimulation and the demonstration of @entity2198 reliability support the use of our method for the study of @entity121 .

title: Reliability of a novel neurostimulation method to study XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2901 :: ('MESH:D005207', 'Disease') :: ['Fasciculations', 'fasciculations']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['involuntary muscle phenomena']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['involuntary muscle phenomena']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The literature on the two main models of @entity988 ( @entity935 -based positive reinforcement and stress-based negative reinforcement models) have made many important contributions to understanding this @entity75 . However, rarely has there been a comprehensive critique of the limitations of both models. This article seeks to resolve theoretical issues inherent to each model, as well as propose a more @entity16 which reconciles important elements of both. We suggest that there is not only direct interaction of dopaminergic and stress systems throughout the @entity988 cycle, from initial use, via the abusing stage, to the endpoint of @entity988 , but that this interaction is present prior to initial use. A combination of genetic factors and/or experiences of adversity may result in a stress-triggered sensitisation of dopaminergic networks which is present before the onset of substance use, which cannot be explained solely in terms of dopaminergic (positive) reinforcement. Rather these processes are best explained by an allostatic model which reconciles aspects of both models of @entity988 and shows how @entity935 /stress interactions become increasingly pathological in the @entity988 cycle. Our model suggests that chronic stress eventually creates baseline hypodopaminergic activity, but also prompts dopaminergic @entity2915 in cue reactivity. This is the neural marker of allostatic mechanisms observed at endpoint @entity988 . We propose a multi-circuit explanation of how this cumulative effect of stress increasingly impacts on dopaminergic networks of reward, affect, attention, memory and behavioural control. This revised model provides a useful frame of reference for further research and ultimately clinical practice.

title: Combining Stress and XXXX Based Models of Addiction.

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['addiction']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['comprehensive psycho-neuro-endocrinological theory of addiction']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain disorder']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['Dopamine']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate hemodynamic changes caused by sole intravenous infusion of lipid emulsion with doses recommended for treatment of drug-related @entity137 . METHODS: Large White @entity1707 underwent general anesthesia, tracheal intubation was performed, and mechanical ventilation was instituted. Hemodynamic variables were recorded using invasive blood pressure and pulmonary artery catheterization. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were obtained after a 30-minute stabilization period. An intravenous bolus injection of 20% lipid emulsion at 1.5 ml/kg was administered. Additional hemodynamic measurements were made after 1 minute, followed by a continuous intravenous lipid infusion of 0.25 ml/kg/min. Further measurements were carried out at 10, 20 and 30 minutes, when the infusion was doubled to 0.5 ml/kg/min. Assessment of hemodynamic changes were then made at 40, 50 and 60 minutes. RESULTS: Lipid infusion did not influence cardiac output or heart rate, but caused an increase in arterial blood pressure, mainly pulmonary blood pressure due to increased vascular resistance. Ventricular systolic @entity64 work consequently increased with greater repercussions on the right ventricle. CONCLUSION: In doses used for drug-related @entity137 , lipid emulsion cause significant hemodynamic changes with @entity101 , particularly in the pulmonary circulation and increase in vascular resistance, which is a factor to consider prior to use of these solutions.

title: Hemodynamic changes with high infusion rates of lipid emulsion. Experimental study in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: A @entity21562 -loaded solid lipid nanoparticle (FFC-SLN) suspension was prepared by hot homogenisation and ultrasonic technique. The suspension was characterised for its release profile, stability, @entity137 , and the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity of the suspension was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the mean diameter, polydispersity index and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 253    3 nm, 0.409    0.022 and 47.5    0.21 mV, respectively. In vitro release profile showed the FFC-SLN suspension had sustained release effect. The minimum inhibition concentration values of the FFC-SLN suspension were 6 and 3   g/mL against @entity794 and @entity526 respectively, compared with 3.5 and 2   g/mL of native @entity21562 . The suspension was relatively stable at 4  C and less stable at room temperature during 9 months storage. Although the nanoparticle carriers exhibited @entity137 in cell cultures, the LD50 of the lyophilised dry power of the suspension was higher than 5 g/kg body weight. Mortality protection against @entity526 lethal @entity281 in @entity19 showed that the nanoparticle suspension had much better efficacy (6/10) than native drug (1/10). These results indicate that FFC-SLN suspension could be a promising formulation in veterinary medicine.

title: Preparation, characterisation and antibacterial activity of a XXXX -loaded solid lipid nanoparticle suspension.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity21562 :: ('MESH:C035534', 'Chemical') :: ['florfenicol']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity21562 :: (MESH:C035534,Chemical) :: ['florfenicol']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity810 is a frequent complication after orthotopic cardiac transplant. We aimed to describe the risk factors for @entity810 after cardiac transplant according to @entity8 : Improving Global Outcomes criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied a population-based cohort of cardiac transplant recipients (aged > 12 y) at Ba  kent University between February 2003 and January 2015. Of 94 @entity1 , 64 were evaluated and included in the study. The main outcome was @entity810 , defined and classified according to @entity8 : Improving Global Outcomes criteria, during 7 postoperative days. Other outcomes included risk factors, use of renal replacement therapy, @entity260 , mortality, and kidney recovery. RESULTS: Mean age at transplant was 34.14    16.30 years, and 45 @entity1 (70.32%) were @entity1 . @entity810 developed in 34 (53.12%) of 64 cardiac transplant recipients, with severity classified as stage 1 in 10 (15.62%), stage 2 in 14 (21.87%), and stage 3 in 10 (15.62%). Renal replacement therapy was given to 25 @entity1 (39.06%). @entity1 with @entity810 were significantly older (40.41    15.85 y vs 27.03    13.91 y; P = .001), had larger body surface area (1.78    0.28 m2 vs 1.61    0.31 m2; P = .033), and more frequently had a history of @entity101 (P = .011) and smoking (P = .007) than did @entity1 without @entity810 . They also had lower intraoperative urine output (453.380    266.85 mL) than did @entity1 who did not develop @entity810 (632.33    430.94 mL (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: According to the @entity8 : Improving Global Outcomes criteria, @entity810 occurs in more than 50% of heart transplant @entity1 postoperatively. Older age, larger body surface area, and history of @entity101 and smoking are associated with acute @entity8 following orthotopic heart transplant.

title: Incidence and Outcomes of XXXX After Orthotopic Cardiac Transplant: A Population-Based Cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Kidney Disease', 'kidney dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['Acute kidney injury', 'acute kidney injury']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['Acute Kidney Injury']


abstract: The @entity12 /Fas interaction plays an important role in the regulation of immune responses. Allografted cells undergo Fas-mediated apoptosis induced by CD8+ T cells. Our objective was to prevent @entity1 keratinocytes from immunologically induced apoptosis. We focused on three proteins with inhibitory function on Fas-mediated apoptosis. @entity1 keratinocytes were transfected with either @entity1182 , @entity63818 , or Lifeguard (LFG). The treatment proved to be practicable and efficient. The recombinant keratinocytes with expression of our target proteins were cocultured with CD8+ T cells and the apoptotic activity was then evaluated. Activation of @entity8186 was detectable in control but not in the recombinant cells. Quantitative analysis revealed significant induction of T-cell-induced apoptosis in nontransfected keratinocytes (p = 0.04, n = 12) but not in @entity1182 (p = 0.66), @entity63818 (p = 0.42), or LFG (p = 0.44) expressing cells. Our results suggest that heterotopic expression of antiapoptotic proteins can induce the resistance of keratinocytes to a major mechanism of rejection.

title: Inhibition of apoptosis by expression of antiapoptotic proteins in recombinant XXXX keratinocytes.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ) is increasing rapidly worldwide, predominantly in younger individuals. We developed a checklist of all symptoms of @entity1723 reported in the literature and compared the completeness of the recording of symptoms at initial presentation before and after the checklist was adopted. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of @entity1 newly diagnosed with @entity1723 from January 1, 1979 through September 30, 2006 to assess the presenting features and test the usefulness of a symptom checklist in evaluating the history on presentation. The checklist was incorporated into the records as of October 1, 1994. RESULTS: Of the 304 @entity1 identified, 130 (43%) had checklists in the charts. There were 146 (48%) @entity1 , 98 (32%) who were diagnosed under the age of 6 years, and 198 (65%) presented with @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Records with a checklist noted @entity6 symptoms that were subtle and easily ignored more often than records without the checklist. As compared with those diagnosed at an older age, @entity1 diagnosed at < or = 6 years were more likely to be male, have @entity6 and a shorter symptom duration, and report more episodes of preceding @entity1800 and @entity1353 . @entity1 with @entity6 also had a shorter symptom duration. CONCLUSIONS: A @entity6 symptom checklist was helpful in identifying clinical @entity6 symptoms and signs which were otherwise easily ignored. Younger @entity1 were more likely to have a shorter symptom duration and a higher incidence of @entity6 .

title: Clinical and laboratory characteristics of XXXX in @entity1 and adolescents: experience from a medical center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic ketoacidosis', 'diabetic', 'DKA']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['T1D', 'type 1 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

answer: @entity1723 :: (MESH:D003922,Disease) :: ['type 1 diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ) is increasing rapidly worldwide, predominantly in younger individuals. We developed a checklist of all symptoms of @entity1723 reported in the literature and compared the completeness of the recording of symptoms at initial presentation before and after the checklist was adopted. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of @entity1 newly diagnosed with @entity1723 from January 1, 1979 through September 30, 2006 to assess the presenting features and test the usefulness of a symptom checklist in evaluating the history on presentation. The checklist was incorporated into the records as of October 1, 1994. RESULTS: Of the 304 @entity1 identified, 130 (43%) had checklists in the charts. There were 146 (48%) @entity1 , 98 (32%) who were diagnosed under the age of 6 years, and 198 (65%) presented with @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Records with a checklist noted @entity6 symptoms that were subtle and easily ignored more often than records without the checklist. As compared with those diagnosed at an older age, @entity1 diagnosed at < or = 6 years were more likely to be male, have @entity6 and a shorter symptom duration, and report more episodes of preceding @entity1800 and @entity1353 . @entity1 with @entity6 also had a shorter symptom duration. CONCLUSIONS: A @entity6 symptom checklist was helpful in identifying clinical @entity6 symptoms and signs which were otherwise easily ignored. Younger @entity1 were more likely to have a shorter symptom duration and a higher incidence of @entity6 .

title: Clinical and laboratory characteristics of @entity1723 in XXXX and adolescents: experience from a medical center.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: In this study, the antiulcerogenic effect of essential oil from Baccharis dracunculifolia was evaluated using the model of @entity1819 induced by @entity1068 . The @entity1066 index (ULI) was significantly reduced by oral administration of the essential oil of B. dracunculifolia at doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg which reduced the lesions by 42.79, 45.70 and 61.61%, respectively. The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil from B. dracunculifolia by GC showed that this was composed mainly of mono- and @entity200 and the majority compound was @entity28964 . Therefore, antiulcerogenic activity of @entity28964 (50, 250 and 500 mg/kg) was investigated using @entity1068 -, @entity3352 - and stress-induced @entity1066 models in @entity35 . In the stress-induced @entity1066 model, a significant reduction of the ULI in animals treated with @entity28964 (50, 250 and 500 mg/kg) and @entity4444 (100 mg/kg) was observed, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The percentage of inhibition of @entity1066 was 41.22, 51.31, 56.57 and 53.50% in groups treated with 50, 250, 500 mg/kg of @entity28964 and 100 mg/kg of @entity4444 (positive control), respectively. Regarding @entity1068 - and @entity3352 -induced @entity1066 models, it was observed that the treatment with @entity28964 (250 and 500 mg/ kg) significantly reduced the ULI in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). The dose of 50 mg/kg reduced the parameters analyzed but this was not statistically significant. In the @entity1068 -induced model percentage of inhibition of @entity1066 was 34.20, 52.63, 87.63 and 50.87% in groups treated with 50, 250, 500 mg/kg of @entity28964 and 30 mg/kg of @entity30153 (positive control), respectively. In @entity3352 - @entity1066 the percentage of inhibition of @entity1066 was 34.69, 40.80, 51.02 and 46.93% in groups treated with 50, 250, 500 mg/kg of @entity28964 and 100 mg/ kg of @entity4444 (positive control), respectively. The results of this study show that @entity28964 displays antiulcer activity, as it significantly inhibited the formation of @entity1066 induced in different animal models. However, further pharmacological and toxicological investigations, to delineate the mechanism(s) of action and the toxic effects, are required to allow the use of @entity28964 for the treatment of @entity2275 .

title: XXXX , an antiulcer constituent from the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae).

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastric lesions']

entities_list: @entity28964 :: ('MESH:C037055', 'Chemical') :: ['nerolidol']

entities_list: @entity30153 :: ('CHEBI:7772', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazol']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer', 'ulcers', 'ulcerative lesion']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity200 :: ('MESH:D012717', 'Chemical') :: ['sesquiterpenes']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcer']

answer: @entity28964 :: (MESH:C037055,Chemical) :: ['Nerolidol']


abstract: A new method for arriving at individualized doses of @entity3174 ( @entity29597 ) is described. This method, designated the @entity2231 method, operates on two measurements of unbound plasma @entity29597 . One plasma sample is collected 48 h after a single, oral @entity29597 dose (approximately 4.5 mg/kg). From the single dose, single sample measurements of plasma unbound @entity29597 individual estimates of intrinsic unbound @entity29597 clearance (CLuint) can be made. With the use of CLuint and weight-adjusted mean population values of Vmax predicted plasma concentrations of unbound @entity29597 for 11 subjects exhibited a mean prediction error (mpe) of 0.07 mg/L with 95% confidence limits of -0.11 to 0.26 mg/L and an error coefficient of variation [root mean squared error (rmse)/mean unbound concentration at steady state (Cuss)] of 0.4. The second plasma unbound @entity29597 is collected at steady state. From CLuint and one Cuss measurement, Vmax and Km can be directly calculated. Doses calculated by the @entity2231 method to produce plasma unbound @entity29597 concentrations of approximately 1.0 mg/L were identical to those calculated by the Bayesian method to yield plasma total @entity29597 concentrations of approximately 10 mg/L. When those doses were administered to six subjects, the plasma unbound @entity29597 concentrations predicted by the @entity2231 method exhibited a mpe of -0.13 mg/L, with 95% confidence limits ranging from -0.33 to 0.06 mg/L and an error coefficient of variation of 0.2. The plasma @entity29597 concentrations predicted by the Bayesian method exhibited an mpe of -1.30 mg/L, with 95% confidence limits of -4.02 to 1.42 mg/L and an error coefficient of variation of 0.3. Values of Vmax and doses of @entity29597 calculated to produce a Cuss of 1.0 mg/L calculated by the @entity2231 method were nearly identical to Vmax values and doses of @entity29597 calculated by Bayesian double feedback (based on two different Css values) to produce a Css of 10.0 mg/L.

title: A new approach to establishing individualized maintenance doses of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

answer: @entity3174 :: (MESH:D010672,Chemical) :: ['phenytoin']


abstract: To obtain useful informations for determining the optimal dosage of drugs in @entity1 with @entity409 , pharmacokinetics of @entity2891 ( @entity5579 ) was studied in healthy adults (normal control group) and 35 @entity1 with @entity409 ( @entity409 group). @entity5579 is a new third generation @entity5898 which is mainly excreted into the bile and has serum half-life of about 2 hours. After a rapid intravenous injection of @entity5579 , peripheral blood and urine samples were obtained at the time according to the protocol of this study. Serum and urine concentrations of @entity5579 were determined by the bioassay method using @entity58145 as the test strain. From the concentrations of @entity5579 in serum and urine, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by means of a "two-compartment open model". After an administration of @entity5579 , the serum concentration declined more slowly in the @entity409 group as compared to the normal control group. At 1 hour after intravenous injection of @entity5579 , the difference of the serum level was already observed between these 2 groups. The half-life of elimination (T 1/2) was 2 to 4 times longer in the @entity409 group. The elimination rate constant ( @entity7434 ) and total clearance (Clt) of @entity5579 were much lower in the @entity409 group than in the control group except for @entity157 . On the other hand, urinary excretion rate (Ur) was lower in the normal control group than in the @entity409 group. There was a close correlation between disappearance rate of @entity3194 (KICG) and parameters such as T1/2, @entity7434 , Clt and Cler with coefficients of -0.642, 0.723, 0.690 and 0.682, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Pharmacokinetics of XXXX in @entity409 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease', 'impaired liver function']

entities_list: @entity5898 :: ('CHEBI:23066', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporin']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity58145 :: ('378753', 'Species') :: ['Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341']

entities_list: @entity2891 :: ('MESH:D002438', 'Chemical') :: ['cefoperazone']

answer: @entity2891 :: (MESH:D002438,Chemical) :: ['cefoperazone']


abstract: To obtain useful informations for determining the optimal dosage of drugs in @entity1 with @entity409 , pharmacokinetics of @entity2891 ( @entity5579 ) was studied in healthy adults (normal control group) and 35 @entity1 with @entity409 ( @entity409 group). @entity5579 is a new third generation @entity5898 which is mainly excreted into the bile and has serum half-life of about 2 hours. After a rapid intravenous injection of @entity5579 , peripheral blood and urine samples were obtained at the time according to the protocol of this study. Serum and urine concentrations of @entity5579 were determined by the bioassay method using @entity58145 as the test strain. From the concentrations of @entity5579 in serum and urine, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by means of a "two-compartment open model". After an administration of @entity5579 , the serum concentration declined more slowly in the @entity409 group as compared to the normal control group. At 1 hour after intravenous injection of @entity5579 , the difference of the serum level was already observed between these 2 groups. The half-life of elimination (T 1/2) was 2 to 4 times longer in the @entity409 group. The elimination rate constant ( @entity7434 ) and total clearance (Clt) of @entity5579 were much lower in the @entity409 group than in the control group except for @entity157 . On the other hand, urinary excretion rate (Ur) was lower in the normal control group than in the @entity409 group. There was a close correlation between disappearance rate of @entity3194 (KICG) and parameters such as T1/2, @entity7434 , Clt and Cler with coefficients of -0.642, 0.723, 0.690 and 0.682, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Pharmacokinetics of @entity2891 in XXXX ].

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver diseases']


abstract: @entity4509 ( @entity4509 ) by intravenous drip infusion was given to @entity1 with @entity281 in the field of internal medicine and the results were followings: AMK was administered to 19 @entity1 . Diagnosis included @entity295 or suspected @entity295 (11 cases), @entity55 (2 cases), chronic @entity1729 (3 cases) and @entity293 (3 cases). Underlying disease included @entity1503 (13 cases), @entity82 (1 case), chronic @entity1576 (1 case), @entity6 (1 case), @entity5693 and @entity565 (1 case) and @entity1067 (1 case). Nineteen episodes responded to single therapy (2 cases) or combined therapy with other antibiotics (17 cases). AMK by intravenous drip infusion (dissolved in not less than 100 ml of saline or @entity413 ) was administered at the dose of 200 mg/day to 600 mg/day divided into 2 or 3 times, over 1 hour to 2 hours. The mean duration of therapy was 10 days and the mean total dose was 4.3 g. Clinical effects: Excellent in 7 cases, good in 7 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 2 cases, and efficacy rate was 74%. Bacteriological effects: Disappeared in 3 cases, partly disappeared and unchanged in 3 cases, superinfection in 1 case and newly appeared in 1 case. Four strains out of 7 cases of which were detected the causative bacteria were disappeared. GM resistant bacteria ( @entity5134 in 2 strains and @entity15126 in 1 strain) were disappeared by the administration of AMK, also some clinical symptoms and signs were improved. No side effects and no abnormalities in laboratory findings were noted in any cases attributed to AMK. In conclusion, high efficacy rate was obtained without any side effects, intravenous drip infusion of AMK seemed to be useful for @entity281 in @entity1 with @entity548 tendency (e.g. @entity1778 ) or @entity5 .

title: [Clinical evaluation of XXXX by intravenous drip infusion for @entity281 in the field of internal medicine].

entities_list: @entity5134 :: ('615', 'Species') :: ['S. marcescens']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['lung fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5693 :: ('MESH:D006501', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic coma']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['Amikacin', 'AMK']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infections']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity4509 :: (MESH:D000583,Chemical) :: ['amikacin']


abstract: @entity4509 ( @entity4509 ) by intravenous drip infusion was given to @entity1 with @entity281 in the field of internal medicine and the results were followings: AMK was administered to 19 @entity1 . Diagnosis included @entity295 or suspected @entity295 (11 cases), @entity55 (2 cases), chronic @entity1729 (3 cases) and @entity293 (3 cases). Underlying disease included @entity1503 (13 cases), @entity82 (1 case), chronic @entity1576 (1 case), @entity6 (1 case), @entity5693 and @entity565 (1 case) and @entity1067 (1 case). Nineteen episodes responded to single therapy (2 cases) or combined therapy with other antibiotics (17 cases). AMK by intravenous drip infusion (dissolved in not less than 100 ml of saline or @entity413 ) was administered at the dose of 200 mg/day to 600 mg/day divided into 2 or 3 times, over 1 hour to 2 hours. The mean duration of therapy was 10 days and the mean total dose was 4.3 g. Clinical effects: Excellent in 7 cases, good in 7 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 2 cases, and efficacy rate was 74%. Bacteriological effects: Disappeared in 3 cases, partly disappeared and unchanged in 3 cases, superinfection in 1 case and newly appeared in 1 case. Four strains out of 7 cases of which were detected the causative bacteria were disappeared. GM resistant bacteria ( @entity5134 in 2 strains and @entity15126 in 1 strain) were disappeared by the administration of AMK, also some clinical symptoms and signs were improved. No side effects and no abnormalities in laboratory findings were noted in any cases attributed to AMK. In conclusion, high efficacy rate was obtained without any side effects, intravenous drip infusion of AMK seemed to be useful for @entity281 in @entity1 with @entity548 tendency (e.g. @entity1778 ) or @entity5 .

title: [Clinical evaluation of @entity4509 by intravenous drip infusion for XXXX in the field of internal medicine].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: @entity1534 , a gram negative microaerophilic bacterium is a major etiological agent in duodenal, peptic and @entity2275 . The growing problem of antibiotic resistance by the organism demands the search for novel compounds from plant based sources. AIM OF STUDY: The present study is aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of some selected medicinal plants on clinical isolates of @entity1534 circulating in Cameroon in a bid to identify potential sources of cheap starting materials for the synthesis of new drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gastric biopsy samples were obtained from @entity1 presenting with @entity532 . @entity1534 was isolated from the specimens following standard microbiology procedures. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of 15 isolates to ten @entity1042 plant extracts (Ageratum conyzoides, Scleria striatinux, Lycopodium cernua, Acanthus montanus, Eryngium foetidium, Aulutandria kamerunensis, Tapeinachilus ananassae, Euphorbia hirta, @entity8711 ). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and @entity6252 ( @entity6252 ) for the most active plant extracts were also determined by the agar dilution method. Results were analyzed statistically by the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: All the plants tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity with zone diameters of inhibition ranging from 0-30mm. Of these, A. conyzoides, S. striatinux and L. cernua showed very potent antibacterial activity on the isolates. The lowest MIC and @entity6252 recorded were 0.032mg/mL and 0.098mg/mL respectively. However, the MIC of the extracts ranged from 0.032-1.0mg/mL for S. striatinux; 0.063-0.5mg/mL for L. cernua and 0.063-1.0mg/mL for A. conyzoides. The @entity6252 of the extracts ranged from 0.098-15.0mg/mL for S. striatinux; 0.098-12.5mg/mL for A. conyzoides, and 0.195-12.5mg/mL for L. cernua. The extracts had a wide spectrum of activity. The three most potent extracts possessed significant (P<0.05) inhibitory activities. CONCLUSION: The plant extracts may contain compounds with therapeutic activity.

title: In vitro anti- XXXX @entity1534 activity of extracts of selected medicinal plants from North West Cameroon.

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity8711 :: ('MESH:D002862', 'Disease') :: ['Emilia coccinea and Scleria verrucosa']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['gastroduodenal complications']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['H. pylori', 'Helicobacter pylori']

entities_list: @entity6252 :: ('MESH:D010585', 'Disease') :: ['minimum bactericidal concentration', 'MBC']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcers']

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['Helicobacter']


abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: @entity1534 , a gram negative microaerophilic bacterium is a major etiological agent in duodenal, peptic and @entity2275 . The growing problem of antibiotic resistance by the organism demands the search for novel compounds from plant based sources. AIM OF STUDY: The present study is aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of some selected medicinal plants on clinical isolates of @entity1534 circulating in Cameroon in a bid to identify potential sources of cheap starting materials for the synthesis of new drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gastric biopsy samples were obtained from @entity1 presenting with @entity532 . @entity1534 was isolated from the specimens following standard microbiology procedures. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of 15 isolates to ten @entity1042 plant extracts (Ageratum conyzoides, Scleria striatinux, Lycopodium cernua, Acanthus montanus, Eryngium foetidium, Aulutandria kamerunensis, Tapeinachilus ananassae, Euphorbia hirta, @entity8711 ). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and @entity6252 ( @entity6252 ) for the most active plant extracts were also determined by the agar dilution method. Results were analyzed statistically by the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: All the plants tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity with zone diameters of inhibition ranging from 0-30mm. Of these, A. conyzoides, S. striatinux and L. cernua showed very potent antibacterial activity on the isolates. The lowest MIC and @entity6252 recorded were 0.032mg/mL and 0.098mg/mL respectively. However, the MIC of the extracts ranged from 0.032-1.0mg/mL for S. striatinux; 0.063-0.5mg/mL for L. cernua and 0.063-1.0mg/mL for A. conyzoides. The @entity6252 of the extracts ranged from 0.098-15.0mg/mL for S. striatinux; 0.098-12.5mg/mL for A. conyzoides, and 0.195-12.5mg/mL for L. cernua. The extracts had a wide spectrum of activity. The three most potent extracts possessed significant (P<0.05) inhibitory activities. CONCLUSION: The plant extracts may contain compounds with therapeutic activity.

title: In vitro anti- @entity1534 XXXX activity of extracts of selected medicinal plants from North West Cameroon.

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['pylori']


abstract: Artificial heart valves fashioned from @entity291 pericardial tissues appear to perform favourably when compared to those fashioned from other biological materials. Tissue mechanical properties have been implicated as a possible factor in determining the success or failure of the materials used for constructing tissue valve substitutes. In this study, strips of @entity291 pericardial tissues, cut in three different directions (along the base-apex @entity2270 of the heart, perpendicular to this @entity2270 and at an angle of 45 degrees to this @entity2270 ), were subjected to uniaxial tensile tests using an Instron machine, at strain rates of 666.7, 166.7, 66.7, and 6.7% X min-1. The pericardial tissues were found to have non-linear stress-strain curves. Anisotropy was also observed, in that the tissue was most extensible when stretched along the vertical direction and least extensible when stained along the horizontal direction. The tissues also exhibited viscoelastic properties, as the extensibility was found to decrease with the increasing strain-rate. The strain at @entity397 for these tissues, however, were found to be independent of the strain rates and the direction in which they were stretched. On the other hand the stress at @entity397 was largest when stretched in the horizontal direction and least when stretched in the vertical direction. Stresses at @entity397 also increase with the strain rate. The implications of the observed tissue properties, when these are used in the fashioning of tissue valve substitutes, will be discussed.

title: Anisotropic elasticity of XXXX pericardial tissues.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: From November 1981 to the end of August 1984, 456 @entity1 with @entity1558 underwent aspiration biopsy cytology (A.B.C.). This study includes 109 for whom the diagnosis was histologically confirmed at surgical biopsy. Seventy-five lesions were histologically proven to be malignant and 34 were benign. The accuracy of diagnoses with A.B.C. was; true positive 86.7 per cent (65/75) of the time, true negative 82.6 per cent (28/34) of the time, false negative 5.3 per cent (4/75) of the time and false positive 5.7 per cent (2/34) of the time. Unsatisfactory or inadequate aspirated tissue made A.B.C. diagnosis difficult in 5.5 per cent (6/109) of the cases. Three out of 7 with @entity5 , who were wrongly diagnosed as benign by A.B.C., had @entity5 with a diameter of 1.0 cm or less. Two benign cases which were falsely diagnosed as malignant also had small @entity5 about 1.0 cm in diameter. Although A.B.C. is more reliable than other conventional supplementary diagnostic techniques (mammography, ultrasonography, etc.), it is important to carefully follow clinically questionable cases which appear negative, using A.B.C..

title: Diagnosis of XXXX by aspiration biopsy cytology.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast lesions']

answer: @entity1558 :: (MESH:D001941,Disease) :: ['breast lesions']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Economical impact of @entity309 ( @entity309 ) has been widely modified thanks to @entity2874 inhibitors. Our study aims to estimate the impact etanercept prescription, in term of health resources consumption, within a regional cohort of French @entity309 @entity1 . METHODS: The study included 148 @entity309 @entity1 , with a mean follow-up duration of 343 days before and after etanercept initiation. Data were anonymously collected from ERASME database of French Health Insurance in Midi-Pyr  n  es region. A @entity1 -by- @entity1 microcosting approach was performed. RESULTS: The average annual cost per @entity1 , attributable to @entity309 , was 2.8 times higher after treatment by etanercept than before (15,148.57 @entity7634 versus 5248.95 @entity7634 ). We observed a rise in pharmaceutical costs, from 11.7% of direct medical costs before to 69.7% after etanercept initiation (120.12 @entity7634 versus 9995.23 @entity7634 ). We observed a small decrease particularly for NSAIDs (142.14 @entity7634 versus 102.21 @entity7634 ) and physiotherapy (286.40 @entity7634 versus 138.77 @entity7634 ). Attributable act costs and indirect costs did not differ before and after etanercept initiation. DISCUSSION: In this short-term study, initiation of etanercept in @entity309 @entity1 did not come along with a decrease of consumption of health resources. Long-term studies are needed to reveal a potential economical advantage as a consequence of the clinical, structural and functional efficacy of anti- @entity2874 .

title: Impact of etanercept on the costs of XXXX ( @entity309 ): results from a French observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Economical impact of @entity309 ( @entity309 ) has been widely modified thanks to @entity2874 inhibitors. Our study aims to estimate the impact etanercept prescription, in term of health resources consumption, within a regional cohort of French @entity309 @entity1 . METHODS: The study included 148 @entity309 @entity1 , with a mean follow-up duration of 343 days before and after etanercept initiation. Data were anonymously collected from ERASME database of French Health Insurance in Midi-Pyr  n  es region. A @entity1 -by- @entity1 microcosting approach was performed. RESULTS: The average annual cost per @entity1 , attributable to @entity309 , was 2.8 times higher after treatment by etanercept than before (15,148.57 @entity7634 versus 5248.95 @entity7634 ). We observed a rise in pharmaceutical costs, from 11.7% of direct medical costs before to 69.7% after etanercept initiation (120.12 @entity7634 versus 9995.23 @entity7634 ). We observed a small decrease particularly for NSAIDs (142.14 @entity7634 versus 102.21 @entity7634 ) and physiotherapy (286.40 @entity7634 versus 138.77 @entity7634 ). Attributable act costs and indirect costs did not differ before and after etanercept initiation. DISCUSSION: In this short-term study, initiation of etanercept in @entity309 @entity1 did not come along with a decrease of consumption of health resources. Long-term studies are needed to reveal a potential economical advantage as a consequence of the clinical, structural and functional efficacy of anti- @entity2874 .

title: Impact of etanercept on the costs of @entity309 ( XXXX ): results from a French observational study.

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['RA']


abstract: Multi centre registries such as the French @entity2012 Registry created in 1999 provide data on rare disorders that are otherwise difficult to obtain. This study focuses on the characteristics of high blood pressure in @entity1 aged of over 70 years old. @entity1 AND METHODS: The data were obtained from the thirty centres where @entity1 had been recorded on the @entity2012 Registry since 1999. RESULTS: The Register listed a total of 644 @entity1 with @entity2012 at January 1st 2005, of whom 68 (22 @entity1 and 46 @entity1 ) were aged over 70 years old (10.6%). Their mean age was 76.8 +/- 5 years (range 70 - 95) and they had been presenting @entity2012 for 11 +/- 6 years (compared to 7 years in those aged less than 70). Their BMI were 27.9 +/- 4 kg/m2 for @entity1 , 27.7 +/- 4 for @entity1 (respectively 28.4 +/- 4.3 and 26.7 +/- 4.4 in those aged less than 70 years). @entity101 was particularly frequent in this population, reaching 80% vs. 27% under 70 years (p=0.0001). Prevalence was then higher than in general population (referring to FLAHS study). Mean blood pressure was 143 +/- 12 / 84 +/- 15 mmHg for @entity1 and 141 +/- 17 / 79 +/- 9 for @entity1 . 46% of @entity1 and 30% of @entity1 treated or not, had blood pressure over 140 / 90 mmHg. Data showed 12% of @entity13675 , 8% of @entity299 , 12% of @entity63 and 12% of @entity1 suffering from @entity3468 or @entity64 . Although various therapeutic strategies had been applied for young and elderly @entity1 , 51% in each group were in remission one year after inclusion. DISCUSSION: More than 10% of @entity1 are aged over 70 years in the French @entity2012 Registry and @entity101 is very frequently observed in this population. The increasing life expectancy due to currently available treatments justifies a strict management of @entity1 in order to reduce @entity65 , which stay the main cause of morbidity and mortality.

title: [ XXXX and @entity2012 in the elderly: French Registry Data].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity13675 :: ('MESH:C536187', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmic cardiopathy']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic cardiopathy']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly', 'Acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular risks']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['Hypertension']


abstract: Multi centre registries such as the French @entity2012 Registry created in 1999 provide data on rare disorders that are otherwise difficult to obtain. This study focuses on the characteristics of high blood pressure in @entity1 aged of over 70 years old. @entity1 AND METHODS: The data were obtained from the thirty centres where @entity1 had been recorded on the @entity2012 Registry since 1999. RESULTS: The Register listed a total of 644 @entity1 with @entity2012 at January 1st 2005, of whom 68 (22 @entity1 and 46 @entity1 ) were aged over 70 years old (10.6%). Their mean age was 76.8 +/- 5 years (range 70 - 95) and they had been presenting @entity2012 for 11 +/- 6 years (compared to 7 years in those aged less than 70). Their BMI were 27.9 +/- 4 kg/m2 for @entity1 , 27.7 +/- 4 for @entity1 (respectively 28.4 +/- 4.3 and 26.7 +/- 4.4 in those aged less than 70 years). @entity101 was particularly frequent in this population, reaching 80% vs. 27% under 70 years (p=0.0001). Prevalence was then higher than in general population (referring to FLAHS study). Mean blood pressure was 143 +/- 12 / 84 +/- 15 mmHg for @entity1 and 141 +/- 17 / 79 +/- 9 for @entity1 . 46% of @entity1 and 30% of @entity1 treated or not, had blood pressure over 140 / 90 mmHg. Data showed 12% of @entity13675 , 8% of @entity299 , 12% of @entity63 and 12% of @entity1 suffering from @entity3468 or @entity64 . Although various therapeutic strategies had been applied for young and elderly @entity1 , 51% in each group were in remission one year after inclusion. DISCUSSION: More than 10% of @entity1 are aged over 70 years in the French @entity2012 Registry and @entity101 is very frequently observed in this population. The increasing life expectancy due to currently available treatments justifies a strict management of @entity1 in order to reduce @entity65 , which stay the main cause of morbidity and mortality.

title: [ @entity101 and XXXX in the elderly: French Registry Data].

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: In a random sample of animal producers and @entity4409 personnel, 33% of the respondents in Trinidad, 15% in Guyana, 11% in Suriname and 9% in Jamaica recalled at least one case of @entity1 @entity4057 due to Cochliomyia homivorax (Coquerel). During 1981, respondents in Surinam (88%), Jamaica (90%), Guyana (85%) and Trinidad and Tobago (82%) found at least one case of @entity4057 in their livestock, occurring mainly in @entity291 , @entity1707 and @entity235 . Feral animals, e.g. jaguars, were also found to be infested. The initial wounds were mainly the umbilicus of neonates, and arbitrary wounds, and vampire bites were also affected. Fifty-three to 78% of all respondents examined their livestock daily for wounds and @entity277 by the screwworm. Annual estimates of losses (in U.S. dollars) due to surveillance and medication ranged from  4.82 to  10.71 per animal. Nationally, these losses amount to  0.30 million (Surinam),  1.02 million (Trinidad and Tobago),  4.33 million (Guyana) and  6.78 million (Jamaica). Figures for other losses, arising from failure to thrive, reduction in milk production and hide injury due to screwworm activity were not available. Most producers found that the greatest screwworm @entity277 occurred in the wet season, and most described it as second in importance to Boophilus spp. ticks as a pest of livestock, but of greater significance than biting flies, such as tabanids and stable flies. Eradication of the screwworm from the islands of Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago can be recommended, but in Surinam and Guyana eradication seems feasible only on the 100-km wide coastal strips where most @entity1 and livestock populations exist.

title: Current trends in screwworm XXXX in the Caribbean region.

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['animal health']

entities_list: @entity277 :: ('MESH:D013984', 'Disease') :: ['infestation']

answer: @entity4057 :: (MESH:D009198,Disease) :: ['myiasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For @entity1 undergoing oncologic surgery, the quality of life (QoL) is generally accepted as an important outcome parameter in addition to long-term survival, mortality, and complication rates. Our study focused on outcome in terms of QoL in @entity1 with @entity418 , comparing the sites of @entity254 (cervical versus thoracic @entity254 ). METHODS: In a prospective longitudinal single-center study from 1998 to 2005, 105 @entity1 underwent surgery for @entity418 . To assess QoL the EORTC-QLQ-C-30 and a @entity5 -specific module were administered before surgery, at discharge, and three, six, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Clinical data were collected prospectively and follow-up was performed every six months. RESULTS: The histological type was @entity957 in 51.4% of the cases, @entity420 in 41.9%, and some other type in 6.7%. There was no significant difference between cervical and thoracic @entity254 with regard to morbidity, mortality, and survival rates (30% five-year survival rate), whereas @entity5 stage was a significant (p < 0.001) prognostic factor. Most QoL scores dropped significantly below baseline in the early postoperative period. Even though they recovered slowly during the follow-up period, they never reached preoperative levels again. There was no statistically significant difference in any of the QoL scales between @entity1 with a cervical or a thoracic @entity254 . CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal resections are associated with significant deterioration of QoL, which persists during the follow-up period. The surgical technique and position of the esophagogastrostomy did not affect QoL deterioration.

title: Impact of the site of XXXX after oncologic esophagectomy on quality of life--a prospective, longitudinal outcome study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: Provided that @entity1 report the dates of their @entity1 's births with reasonable accuracy, it is possible to derive good estimates of the duration of breastfeeding from @entity1 's breastfeeding status at the time of the interview. This paper illustrates the application of conventional regression techniques to the analysis of breastfeeding rates derived in this manner. Construction of current status rates is explained and a comparison between open interval, closed interval, and current status breastfeeding life tables is presented, indicating the extent of bias to which tables of the former types are open. Birth-weighted rates are used for WFS data from @entity3595 Lanka; the variables entered into the regression equation include parity, educational level, residence, work experience since marriage and use of contraception since the birth. Contraception is not found to influence net breastfeeding rates in the 1st interval (1-16 months), although it is about as prevalent as in later intervals. The positive coefficients at intervals beyond the 1st also imply that contraceptive use is not a substitute for lactation in @entity3595 Lanka or not a predominant one. Lifetime urban residence is associated with short durations of breastfeeding, and being an urban migrant is associated with intermediate durations relative to those of rural @entity1 . The effects of residence on breastfeeding are especially pronounced in the 1st interval. By parity as by contraception, differences in breastfeeding rates are not significant at short durations but become so with time as lower parity @entity1 reach pregnancy. Patterns by age are similar, but less sharp. Middle school attendance and work at home are both strongly associated with with lactation behavior, the former negatively and the latter to about an equal degree positively. Working outside the home seems not to influence breastfeeding to any great extent. In the multiple attribute regressions, @entity308 breastfeeding durations about as strongly as lifetime urban residence relative to @entity1 who are rural and uneducated. Being at parity 5 or above or working at home almost as sharply increases durations. The use of contraception has slightly smaller positive effects. The patterns suggest that as @entity3595 Lankan @entity1 become increasingly well educated and urban, and as family sizes decline, durations of breastfeeding will decline. Equally important however, even among better educated urban wives, breastfeeding continues longer than is typical of western countries.

title: Regression analysis of "current status" life tables on duration of breastfeeding in XXXX Lanka.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['middle schooling depresses']

answer: @entity3595 :: (6717,Gene) :: ['Sri']


abstract: Membrane current and @entity2701 were measured in voltage-clamped @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers. Elevating the intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i) results in oscillations of membrane current and @entity2701 both at rest and during stimulation. During stimulation, an oscillatory transient inward current and an after contraction follow repolarization. We have examined the effects on the oscillations of changing the extracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]o) and of adding various drugs. In agreement with previous work, high concentrations of drugs that affect the sarcoplasmic reticulum, namely @entity5834 (10-20 mM), @entity6513 (1 mM), and @entity8452 (10 microM), abolish the oscillations. However, at lower concentrations, these three drugs have different effects on the oscillations. @entity5834 (1-2 mM) decreases the oscillation amplitude but increases the frequency. @entity6513 (100-500 microM) has little effect on the magnitude of the oscillations but decreases their frequency. @entity8452 , at all concentrations used (0.1-10 microM), eventually abolishes the oscillations but, in doing so, decreases the magnitude, leaving the frequency unaffected. When [ @entity141 ]o was changed in order to vary [ @entity141 ]i, both the frequency and the magnitude of the oscillations always changed in the same direction. This suggests that these three drugs have effects in addition to just changing [ @entity141 ]i.

title: Effects of @entity5834 , @entity6513 , and @entity8452 on @entity460 -dependent oscillations in XXXX cardiac Purkinje fibers.

entities_list: @entity8452 :: ('MESH:D012433', 'Chemical') :: ['ryanodine', 'Ryanodine']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine', 'Caffeine']

entities_list: @entity6513 :: ('MESH:D013748', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetracaine', 'tetracaine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: Membrane current and @entity2701 were measured in voltage-clamped @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers. Elevating the intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i) results in oscillations of membrane current and @entity2701 both at rest and during stimulation. During stimulation, an oscillatory transient inward current and an after contraction follow repolarization. We have examined the effects on the oscillations of changing the extracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]o) and of adding various drugs. In agreement with previous work, high concentrations of drugs that affect the sarcoplasmic reticulum, namely @entity5834 (10-20 mM), @entity6513 (1 mM), and @entity8452 (10 microM), abolish the oscillations. However, at lower concentrations, these three drugs have different effects on the oscillations. @entity5834 (1-2 mM) decreases the oscillation amplitude but increases the frequency. @entity6513 (100-500 microM) has little effect on the magnitude of the oscillations but decreases their frequency. @entity8452 , at all concentrations used (0.1-10 microM), eventually abolishes the oscillations but, in doing so, decreases the magnitude, leaving the frequency unaffected. When [ @entity141 ]o was changed in order to vary [ @entity141 ]i, both the frequency and the magnitude of the oscillations always changed in the same direction. This suggests that these three drugs have effects in addition to just changing [ @entity141 ]i.

title: Effects of XXXX , @entity6513 , and @entity8452 on @entity460 -dependent oscillations in @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers.

answer: @entity5834 :: (MESH:D002110,Chemical) :: ['caffeine']


abstract: Membrane current and @entity2701 were measured in voltage-clamped @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers. Elevating the intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i) results in oscillations of membrane current and @entity2701 both at rest and during stimulation. During stimulation, an oscillatory transient inward current and an after contraction follow repolarization. We have examined the effects on the oscillations of changing the extracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]o) and of adding various drugs. In agreement with previous work, high concentrations of drugs that affect the sarcoplasmic reticulum, namely @entity5834 (10-20 mM), @entity6513 (1 mM), and @entity8452 (10 microM), abolish the oscillations. However, at lower concentrations, these three drugs have different effects on the oscillations. @entity5834 (1-2 mM) decreases the oscillation amplitude but increases the frequency. @entity6513 (100-500 microM) has little effect on the magnitude of the oscillations but decreases their frequency. @entity8452 , at all concentrations used (0.1-10 microM), eventually abolishes the oscillations but, in doing so, decreases the magnitude, leaving the frequency unaffected. When [ @entity141 ]o was changed in order to vary [ @entity141 ]i, both the frequency and the magnitude of the oscillations always changed in the same direction. This suggests that these three drugs have effects in addition to just changing [ @entity141 ]i.

title: Effects of @entity5834 , XXXX , and @entity8452 on @entity460 -dependent oscillations in @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers.

answer: @entity6513 :: (MESH:D013748,Chemical) :: ['tetracaine']


abstract: Membrane current and @entity2701 were measured in voltage-clamped @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers. Elevating the intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i) results in oscillations of membrane current and @entity2701 both at rest and during stimulation. During stimulation, an oscillatory transient inward current and an after contraction follow repolarization. We have examined the effects on the oscillations of changing the extracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]o) and of adding various drugs. In agreement with previous work, high concentrations of drugs that affect the sarcoplasmic reticulum, namely @entity5834 (10-20 mM), @entity6513 (1 mM), and @entity8452 (10 microM), abolish the oscillations. However, at lower concentrations, these three drugs have different effects on the oscillations. @entity5834 (1-2 mM) decreases the oscillation amplitude but increases the frequency. @entity6513 (100-500 microM) has little effect on the magnitude of the oscillations but decreases their frequency. @entity8452 , at all concentrations used (0.1-10 microM), eventually abolishes the oscillations but, in doing so, decreases the magnitude, leaving the frequency unaffected. When [ @entity141 ]o was changed in order to vary [ @entity141 ]i, both the frequency and the magnitude of the oscillations always changed in the same direction. This suggests that these three drugs have effects in addition to just changing [ @entity141 ]i.

title: Effects of @entity5834 , @entity6513 , and XXXX on @entity460 -dependent oscillations in @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers.

answer: @entity8452 :: (MESH:D012433,Chemical) :: ['ryanodine']


abstract: Membrane current and @entity2701 were measured in voltage-clamped @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers. Elevating the intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i) results in oscillations of membrane current and @entity2701 both at rest and during stimulation. During stimulation, an oscillatory transient inward current and an after contraction follow repolarization. We have examined the effects on the oscillations of changing the extracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]o) and of adding various drugs. In agreement with previous work, high concentrations of drugs that affect the sarcoplasmic reticulum, namely @entity5834 (10-20 mM), @entity6513 (1 mM), and @entity8452 (10 microM), abolish the oscillations. However, at lower concentrations, these three drugs have different effects on the oscillations. @entity5834 (1-2 mM) decreases the oscillation amplitude but increases the frequency. @entity6513 (100-500 microM) has little effect on the magnitude of the oscillations but decreases their frequency. @entity8452 , at all concentrations used (0.1-10 microM), eventually abolishes the oscillations but, in doing so, decreases the magnitude, leaving the frequency unaffected. When [ @entity141 ]o was changed in order to vary [ @entity141 ]i, both the frequency and the magnitude of the oscillations always changed in the same direction. This suggests that these three drugs have effects in addition to just changing [ @entity141 ]i.

title: Effects of @entity5834 , @entity6513 , and @entity8452 on XXXX -dependent oscillations in @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of @entity70809 on spermatogenesis in the @entity19 model of @entity6660 and its action mechanisms. METHODS: Sixty male @entity19 were randomly divided into 4 groups, Shengjingbao (Group 1), @entity270 (Group 2), blank model control (Group 3) and normal blank control (Group 4). The first three groups were treated by celiac injection of @entity786 for 5 successive days to make models, followed by intragastric administration of Shengjingbao and @entity270 to Group I and 2, respectively, for 36 days. And then all the @entity19 were sacrificed. The serum @entity251 (T) level was determined by radioimmunology, and a suspension was made from the testis and epididymis of one side for sperm analysis, while the testis of the other side was sliced up and stained by HE method and TUNEL technique to detect the count of Leydig cells, the layers of @entity29743 and the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. RESULTS: Compared with Group 3, the serum T level, the layers of @entity29743 and the count of Leydig cells were obviously improved and even exceeded those in Group 2. The positive expression rate of spermatogenic cell apoptosis in Group 1 was evidently lower than Group 2 and 3. The above differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), but no significant difference was noted between Group 1 and 4. CONCLUSION: Shengjingbao can significantly increase the count of Leydig cells, elevate the T level that influences the layers of @entity29743 , and thus enhance spermatogenesis. The action mechanisms of Shengjingbao may lie in its capacity of inhibiting the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, increasing the layers of @entity29743 and facilitating spermatogenesis. T may play a role in inhibiting the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.

title: [Facilitation of Shengjingbao to spermatogenesis in XXXX @entity19 models and its action mechanisms].

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['Vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity70809 :: ('MESH:C532632', 'Chemical') :: ['Shengjingbao']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity29743 :: ('OMIM:108420', 'Disease') :: ['spermatogenic epithelia']

entities_list: @entity6660 :: ('MESH:D009845', 'Disease') :: ['oligospermia']

answer: @entity6660 :: (MESH:D009845,Disease) :: ['oligospermia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of @entity70809 on spermatogenesis in the @entity19 model of @entity6660 and its action mechanisms. METHODS: Sixty male @entity19 were randomly divided into 4 groups, Shengjingbao (Group 1), @entity270 (Group 2), blank model control (Group 3) and normal blank control (Group 4). The first three groups were treated by celiac injection of @entity786 for 5 successive days to make models, followed by intragastric administration of Shengjingbao and @entity270 to Group I and 2, respectively, for 36 days. And then all the @entity19 were sacrificed. The serum @entity251 (T) level was determined by radioimmunology, and a suspension was made from the testis and epididymis of one side for sperm analysis, while the testis of the other side was sliced up and stained by HE method and TUNEL technique to detect the count of Leydig cells, the layers of @entity29743 and the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. RESULTS: Compared with Group 3, the serum T level, the layers of @entity29743 and the count of Leydig cells were obviously improved and even exceeded those in Group 2. The positive expression rate of spermatogenic cell apoptosis in Group 1 was evidently lower than Group 2 and 3. The above differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), but no significant difference was noted between Group 1 and 4. CONCLUSION: Shengjingbao can significantly increase the count of Leydig cells, elevate the T level that influences the layers of @entity29743 , and thus enhance spermatogenesis. The action mechanisms of Shengjingbao may lie in its capacity of inhibiting the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, increasing the layers of @entity29743 and facilitating spermatogenesis. T may play a role in inhibiting the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.

title: [Facilitation of Shengjingbao to spermatogenesis in @entity6660 XXXX models and its action mechanisms].

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Swiss Webster @entity19 were treated to determine whether the inhalational anesthetic, @entity3810 ( @entity3727 ), causes @entity137 and enhances anesthetic defluorination. Two-hundred and sixteen young adult male and female @entity19 were exposed to room air or to 5,000 (.5%), 50,000 (5%) or 500,000 (50%) @entity3727 for four hours per day, five days per week for periods up to fourteen weeks. Body weight was measured twice weekly throughout the experiment. Liver, kidney, spleen and testis were weighed and examined histologically along with brain, stomach, seminal vesicle, and ovary for evidence of @entity99 . Blood smears were examined microscopically and complete blood count, differential white cell count, and reticulocyte and platelet counts were performed. In addition, liver microsomal @entity7677 content and the rates of defluorination of @entity4488 and @entity11961 were determined. The maximum tolerated concentration of @entity3727 was approximately 5000,000 ppm. Even at this high dose, there was no evidence of organ damage. Following @entity3727 exposure, neither the hepatic microsomal @entity7677 content nor the rates of anesthetic defluorination were increased; the rate of in vitro inorganic @entity1388 production was greater for @entity11961 than for @entity4488 . Since there was no evidence of specific @entity137 or of enzyme induction or inhibition, it was concluded that @entity3727 is a comparatively nontoxic inhalational anesthetic under the conditions of this study.

title: Effects of subchronic intermittent exposure to XXXX in Swiss Webster @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity11961 :: ('MESH:D008733', 'Chemical') :: ['methoxyflurane']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['organ toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1388 :: ('MESH:D005459', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoride']

entities_list: @entity4488 :: ('MESH:D004737', 'Chemical') :: ['enflurane']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['drug induced damage']

answer: @entity3810 :: (MESH:D009609,Chemical) :: ['nitrous oxide']


abstract: Swiss Webster @entity19 were treated to determine whether the inhalational anesthetic, @entity3810 ( @entity3727 ), causes @entity137 and enhances anesthetic defluorination. Two-hundred and sixteen young adult male and female @entity19 were exposed to room air or to 5,000 (.5%), 50,000 (5%) or 500,000 (50%) @entity3727 for four hours per day, five days per week for periods up to fourteen weeks. Body weight was measured twice weekly throughout the experiment. Liver, kidney, spleen and testis were weighed and examined histologically along with brain, stomach, seminal vesicle, and ovary for evidence of @entity99 . Blood smears were examined microscopically and complete blood count, differential white cell count, and reticulocyte and platelet counts were performed. In addition, liver microsomal @entity7677 content and the rates of defluorination of @entity4488 and @entity11961 were determined. The maximum tolerated concentration of @entity3727 was approximately 5000,000 ppm. Even at this high dose, there was no evidence of organ damage. Following @entity3727 exposure, neither the hepatic microsomal @entity7677 content nor the rates of anesthetic defluorination were increased; the rate of in vitro inorganic @entity1388 production was greater for @entity11961 than for @entity4488 . Since there was no evidence of specific @entity137 or of enzyme induction or inhibition, it was concluded that @entity3727 is a comparatively nontoxic inhalational anesthetic under the conditions of this study.

title: Effects of subchronic intermittent exposure to @entity3810 in Swiss Webster XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pathologic @entity174 are caused by diseases that lead to weakness of the bone structure. This process sometimes occurs owing to bony change after radiation therapy. Treatment of pathologic @entity174 may be difficult because of previous radiation therapy. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed clinical and radiographic data and progress of five @entity1 with mandibular pathological @entity174 who had received postoperative radiation therapy following @entity5 surgery. RESULT: @entity1 received an average radiation dose of 59.2 (SD, 7.2) Gy. Four of five @entity1 exhibited bone union regardless of whether open reduction and internal fixation (OR/IF) was performed. @entity1 have the potential to heal after postoperative radiation therapy. Treatment of a pathologic @entity174 following postoperative radiation therapy, such as traditional treatment for other types of @entity174 , may be performed using OR/IF or CR. OR/IF may be selected in cases of significant bone deviation, small remaining bone volume, or occlusive change. CONCLUSION: @entity1 have the potential to heal after postoperative radiation therapy.

title: Treatment of pathologic XXXX following postoperative radiation therapy: clinical study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fracture']


abstract: Currently elective orthopaedic @entity1 require a microscopy and culture of urine (MSU) to be performed on admission. Between 70-80% of urine cultures are found to be negative for @entity281 , making this practice costly and time consuming. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of a dip stick urine chemistry analyser (Clinitek 50 machine) with a MSU, to detect the presence of @entity2648 and/or leukocytes in a group of elective orthopaedic surgical @entity1 . methodology: Using a prospective cohort study design all elective orthopaedic @entity1 who met the study criteria were invited to participate. In total 102 @entity1 undergoing total hip or total knee replacement surgery participated. results: Results showed that the prevalence of @entity293 in @entity1 undergoing total knee or hip surgery, was 14%. High specificity and negative predictive values for the detection of bacterial growth by dip stick urine chemical analysis were found, especially when either the presence of @entity2648 or leukocytes was used as an indicator. conclusion: This study has provided valuable baseline data on the accuracy of using photometry techniques as a screening measure, in the detection of UTI, in a sample of orthopaedic @entity1 . While the Clinitek 50 dip stick urine chemistry analyser did not have high sensitivity in identifying those @entity1 with a UTI, it was specific in identifying those @entity1 who did not have an @entity281 . Given the enormous cost in routine screening of these @entity1 and the impact on nursing resources, use of this analyser could have potential nursing resource and financial benefits.

title: Comparison of a urine chemistry analyser and microscopy, culture and sensitivity results to detect the presence of XXXX in an elective orthopaedic population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2648 :: ('MESH:D009573', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrites']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of radical treatment for stage I @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) with external beam radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective series of 23 @entity1 with stage I @entity1149 treated radically with radiotherapy from September 1997 to December 2004 at the National @entity5 Centre, Singapore. Eighteen @entity1 had 3D conformal radiotherapy and 5 @entity1 had 2D planning. The median radiation dose delivered was 55 Gy (range, 50 to 67.5 in 20 to 33 fractions). The estimated median @entity18552 (10) was 63.9 Gy (range, 57.6 to 70.1). Complete response (CR) rates, overall survival and cause-specific survival rates were analysed for evaluation of treatment results. Local regional failure was defined as disease in the ipsilateral lung and entire mediastinum. Recurrence at the contralateral lung and other distal organs was defined as distant metastases. Survival data were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and tested for significance with log-rank statistics. RESULTS: A total of 23 @entity1 (16 males, 7 females) with a median age of 73 years (range, 45 to 88) were analysed. Six (26%) had stage IA and 17 (74%) had stage IB disease. Eleven @entity1 refused surgery and 12 @entity1 were medically inoperable. The median follow-up was 18.9 months (range, 6.2 to 117.4). The overall survival at 2 years and 3 years was 54.7% and 24.3% respectively. The overall cause-specific survival was 57.4% at 2 years and 25.6% at 3 years. Radiological CR was obtained in 6/23 @entity1 (26%) and the median survival was 24.8 months as compared to 20 months in @entity1 who attained partial response (PR) or unknown response (P = 0.24). The median survival for 12 @entity1 who received a @entity18552 (10) of > or =63.9Gy was not reached as compared to 20 months in 11 @entity1 with @entity18552 (10) of <63.9 Gy (P = 0.03). Sixteen @entity1 died, 14 due to disease recurrence or progression and 2 of unrelated causes. Seven @entity1 (29.2%) remained alive. The longest surviving @entity1 had a follow-up time of 117.4 months. Four of these 7 @entity1 were disease-free and 3 were alive with disease (2 with bone metastases and 1 with recurrence in the primary site). CONCLUSION: Our data are consistent with the reported literature for stage I @entity1149 treated with radical radiotherapy. @entity1 who received a higher dose of radiation have a better outcome. The 3-year cause-specific survival of 25.6% is less than ideal and further investigations into dose escalation with modern radiotherapy techniques and perhaps the addition of chemotherapy or new targeted agents to radiation are warranted to improve the outcome.

title: Radical radiotherapy in stage I XXXX ( @entity1149 )--Singapore National @entity5 Centre experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of radical treatment for stage I @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) with external beam radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective series of 23 @entity1 with stage I @entity1149 treated radically with radiotherapy from September 1997 to December 2004 at the National @entity5 Centre, Singapore. Eighteen @entity1 had 3D conformal radiotherapy and 5 @entity1 had 2D planning. The median radiation dose delivered was 55 Gy (range, 50 to 67.5 in 20 to 33 fractions). The estimated median @entity18552 (10) was 63.9 Gy (range, 57.6 to 70.1). Complete response (CR) rates, overall survival and cause-specific survival rates were analysed for evaluation of treatment results. Local regional failure was defined as disease in the ipsilateral lung and entire mediastinum. Recurrence at the contralateral lung and other distal organs was defined as distant metastases. Survival data were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and tested for significance with log-rank statistics. RESULTS: A total of 23 @entity1 (16 males, 7 females) with a median age of 73 years (range, 45 to 88) were analysed. Six (26%) had stage IA and 17 (74%) had stage IB disease. Eleven @entity1 refused surgery and 12 @entity1 were medically inoperable. The median follow-up was 18.9 months (range, 6.2 to 117.4). The overall survival at 2 years and 3 years was 54.7% and 24.3% respectively. The overall cause-specific survival was 57.4% at 2 years and 25.6% at 3 years. Radiological CR was obtained in 6/23 @entity1 (26%) and the median survival was 24.8 months as compared to 20 months in @entity1 who attained partial response (PR) or unknown response (P = 0.24). The median survival for 12 @entity1 who received a @entity18552 (10) of > or =63.9Gy was not reached as compared to 20 months in 11 @entity1 with @entity18552 (10) of <63.9 Gy (P = 0.03). Sixteen @entity1 died, 14 due to disease recurrence or progression and 2 of unrelated causes. Seven @entity1 (29.2%) remained alive. The longest surviving @entity1 had a follow-up time of 117.4 months. Four of these 7 @entity1 were disease-free and 3 were alive with disease (2 with bone metastases and 1 with recurrence in the primary site). CONCLUSION: Our data are consistent with the reported literature for stage I @entity1149 treated with radical radiotherapy. @entity1 who received a higher dose of radiation have a better outcome. The 3-year cause-specific survival of 25.6% is less than ideal and further investigations into dose escalation with modern radiotherapy techniques and perhaps the addition of chemotherapy or new targeted agents to radiation are warranted to improve the outcome.

title: Radical radiotherapy in stage I @entity1149 ( XXXX )--Singapore National @entity5 Centre experience.

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['NSCLC']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of radical treatment for stage I @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) with external beam radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective series of 23 @entity1 with stage I @entity1149 treated radically with radiotherapy from September 1997 to December 2004 at the National @entity5 Centre, Singapore. Eighteen @entity1 had 3D conformal radiotherapy and 5 @entity1 had 2D planning. The median radiation dose delivered was 55 Gy (range, 50 to 67.5 in 20 to 33 fractions). The estimated median @entity18552 (10) was 63.9 Gy (range, 57.6 to 70.1). Complete response (CR) rates, overall survival and cause-specific survival rates were analysed for evaluation of treatment results. Local regional failure was defined as disease in the ipsilateral lung and entire mediastinum. Recurrence at the contralateral lung and other distal organs was defined as distant metastases. Survival data were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and tested for significance with log-rank statistics. RESULTS: A total of 23 @entity1 (16 males, 7 females) with a median age of 73 years (range, 45 to 88) were analysed. Six (26%) had stage IA and 17 (74%) had stage IB disease. Eleven @entity1 refused surgery and 12 @entity1 were medically inoperable. The median follow-up was 18.9 months (range, 6.2 to 117.4). The overall survival at 2 years and 3 years was 54.7% and 24.3% respectively. The overall cause-specific survival was 57.4% at 2 years and 25.6% at 3 years. Radiological CR was obtained in 6/23 @entity1 (26%) and the median survival was 24.8 months as compared to 20 months in @entity1 who attained partial response (PR) or unknown response (P = 0.24). The median survival for 12 @entity1 who received a @entity18552 (10) of > or =63.9Gy was not reached as compared to 20 months in 11 @entity1 with @entity18552 (10) of <63.9 Gy (P = 0.03). Sixteen @entity1 died, 14 due to disease recurrence or progression and 2 of unrelated causes. Seven @entity1 (29.2%) remained alive. The longest surviving @entity1 had a follow-up time of 117.4 months. Four of these 7 @entity1 were disease-free and 3 were alive with disease (2 with bone metastases and 1 with recurrence in the primary site). CONCLUSION: Our data are consistent with the reported literature for stage I @entity1149 treated with radical radiotherapy. @entity1 who received a higher dose of radiation have a better outcome. The 3-year cause-specific survival of 25.6% is less than ideal and further investigations into dose escalation with modern radiotherapy techniques and perhaps the addition of chemotherapy or new targeted agents to radiation are warranted to improve the outcome.

title: Radical radiotherapy in stage I @entity1149 ( @entity1149 )--Singapore National XXXX Centre experience.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']