abstract: @entity29601 ( @entity29601 ) is a lypophilic alkylating agent that crosses the blood-brain barrier and has shown broad activity in @entity5 models. Five of 12 @entity1 with @entity5 treated with iv AZQ had clinical and/or radiographic improvement (Schold, Neurology 34:615, 1984). Intra-arterial administration of AZQ to @entity1 with @entity1313 should produce higher peak levels of drug in the @entity5 and should reduce systemic @entity137 . Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity816 (grade II, four; grade III, 11; and grade IV, six), in all of whom irradiation and intra-arterial @entity3600 chemotherapy failed, received intra-arterial AZQ as a single dose every 28 days. Two of 20 evaluable @entity1 experienced partial responses of 5 and 8+ months, respectively. Four @entity1 had disease stabilization of 3, 4, 5, and 8 months' duration, respectively, and one of these @entity1 had @entity5 shrinkage (partial response) after seven courses of AZQ. The initial dose in the first three @entity1 was 10 mg/m2, and doses in subsequent groups of three @entity1 were begun at increases of 5 mg/m2. The within-group dose escalation was 5 mg/m2 per course if there was no hematologic @entity137 . Dose-limiting @entity137 was myelosuppression, which occurred at doses greater than 15 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose was 25 mg/m2. Intra-arterial AZQ appears to be of marginal effectiveness in @entity1 refractory to carmustine and offers no advantage over iv AZQ in efficacy or @entity137 .

title: Phase I-II evaluation of intra-arterial @entity29601 for recurrent malignant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant astrocytoma', 'animal tumor']

entities_list: @entity29601 :: ('MESH:C029108', 'Chemical') :: ['AZQ', 'Diaziquone']

entities_list: @entity3600 :: ('MESH:D002330', 'Chemical') :: ['carmustine']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['astrocytomas']


abstract: @entity29601 ( @entity29601 ) is a lypophilic alkylating agent that crosses the blood-brain barrier and has shown broad activity in @entity5 models. Five of 12 @entity1 with @entity5 treated with iv AZQ had clinical and/or radiographic improvement (Schold, Neurology 34:615, 1984). Intra-arterial administration of AZQ to @entity1 with @entity1313 should produce higher peak levels of drug in the @entity5 and should reduce systemic @entity137 . Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity816 (grade II, four; grade III, 11; and grade IV, six), in all of whom irradiation and intra-arterial @entity3600 chemotherapy failed, received intra-arterial AZQ as a single dose every 28 days. Two of 20 evaluable @entity1 experienced partial responses of 5 and 8+ months, respectively. Four @entity1 had disease stabilization of 3, 4, 5, and 8 months' duration, respectively, and one of these @entity1 had @entity5 shrinkage (partial response) after seven courses of AZQ. The initial dose in the first three @entity1 was 10 mg/m2, and doses in subsequent groups of three @entity1 were begun at increases of 5 mg/m2. The within-group dose escalation was 5 mg/m2 per course if there was no hematologic @entity137 . Dose-limiting @entity137 was myelosuppression, which occurred at doses greater than 15 mg/m2. The maximum tolerated dose was 25 mg/m2. Intra-arterial AZQ appears to be of marginal effectiveness in @entity1 refractory to carmustine and offers no advantage over iv AZQ in efficacy or @entity137 .

title: Phase I-II evaluation of intra-arterial XXXX for recurrent malignant @entity816 .

answer: @entity29601 :: (MESH:C029108,Chemical) :: ['diaziquone']


abstract: Family Health International's (FHI) research and development activities in improving and developing contraceptives and making them available to the public are presented. While FHI, along with other agencies, has been actively promoting and contributing to ongoing international family planning efforts since its creation in 1971, the period 1971-91 has, nonetheless, witness more births, maternal @entity204 , induced abortions, and @entity1 @entity204 than over any 20-year span in history. While family sizes have decreased over the period due to greater contraceptive awareness and use, politicians, civil servants, and theologians are indicted as partly responsible for retarding further positive change. The number of @entity1 of reproductive ages in developing countries will increase by almost 30% in the 1990s, and the world's population will at least double over the next century. 95% of new births will stem from developing countries. Concerted efforts and global commitments of policymakers must be forthcoming in the battle against both high fertility and @entity791 prevention. Specifically, at least 130 million new contraceptive users must be recruited in the 1990s. Surveys and field experiences indicate a large degree of unmet need for contraceptive services, with 50-80% of married @entity1 in developing countries expressing their desire to limit or space future births. Demand for contraception only increases once a program is in place; rapid reductions of total fertility are exemplified in the cases of Thailand, Colombia, South Korea, @entity3595 Lanka, and Indonesia. Given the resources and commitment, the number of users could be doubled within 10 years.

title: Family planning, XXXX , and FHI.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infant']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: The Andean @entity15649 , also known as the Cartagena Accord, was signed on May 26, 1969, with the goal of promoting the socioeconomic integration of the countries of the subregion (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia). 1992 marked a new stage in the Andean @entity15649 by the consolidation of the integration process with the establishment of the Andean Free Trade Zone, allowing the uninhibited flow of goods. The subregion's population was 91.8 million in 1990, the most populous being Colombia with 32.9 million @entity1 . 71.5% of the total population (65 million @entity1 ) live in cities with a high level of urban growth. During the period of 1990-95 the average rate of population growth was the highest in Bolivia with 2.8% and the lowest in Colombia with 1.95%. By comparison, the rate of growth was 0.2% in western Europe and 0.7% in the US. According to projections of the UN, approximately 113 million @entity1 will be living in the subregion in the year 2000. The indices of life expectancy and @entity1 mortality have improved in recent decades; however, they are still poor compared to those of developed countries. The highest rate of @entity1 mortality was registered in Bolivia with 93/1000 live births, followed by Peru with 76/1000, Ecuador with 53/1000, Colombia with 37/1000, and Venezuela with 33/1000 live births. The average rate of European countries is 7/1000 live births. Life expectancy increased from an average of 50 years in 1950 to 65.4 years in 1990. In 1990, average life expectancy was 76 years in the US, indicating that there are significant differences in medical care and social security between the countries of the region and developed countries.

title: [Sociodemographic indicators of the Andean XXXX countries].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'infant']

answer: @entity15649 :: (5930,Gene) :: ['Pact']


abstract: 10-12 million @entity1 in the world have @entity1201 . India claims about 4 million of these cases. Overall at least 20% of the cases are @entity1 . In the 1940s, @entity3761 was the only drug used to treat @entity1201 . By the early 1970s, @entity3761 did not perform as expected and @entity4430 were beginning to exhibit resistance to @entity3761 . In 1982, WHO published results of its study which recommended fixed and relatively short duration regimens of multiple drug therapy (MDT) for all @entity1 with @entity1201 . It also listed recommendations on diagnosis, classification, and distribution of @entity1 to either pauci or multibacillary groups. MDT depends on what type of @entity1201 @entity1 have. For example, @entity1 with @entity1202 receive @entity1215 , @entity13637 , and @entity3761 whereas those with @entity5117 receive only @entity1215 . In many African countries, however, MDT is not used. Yet cases of @entity1201 exist in 94% of Africa's countries. Moreover 37% have highly prevalent @entity1201 and the lowest percentage of @entity1 on MDT (18% vs. world average of 56%). In fact, Nigeria is included in the group of 5 countries with 84% of all cases. Until the various countries in Africa can satisfy the ideal requirements for establishing a MDT program, they should begin MDT at least on a small scale. They do need, however, an adequate supply of the drugs. The other requirements include a good plan of action, laboratory facilities, transport, and referral centers. If the period of time needed to meet these requirements is long, then physicians should conduct pre MDT screenings to diagnose cases and determine who needs chemotherapy. The best way to diagnose cases is from clinical experience and paying particular attention to dermatological and neurological findings. Early identification is needed since @entity1201 cases are stigmatized. This article includes MDT dosages in adults and @entity1 .

title: XXXX : an urgent need to step up use of MDT in Africa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity5117 :: ('MESH:D056005', 'Disease') :: ['paucibacillary leprosy']

entities_list: @entity13637 :: ('MESH:D002991', 'Chemical') :: ['clofazimine']

entities_list: @entity1202 :: ('MESH:D056006', 'Disease') :: ['multibacillary leprosy']

entities_list: @entity4430 :: ('1769', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium leprae']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['Leprosy']


abstract: A 56-year-old @entity1 presented with @entity932 . Laboratory examinations revealed severe @entity101 , @entity1371 , elevated @entity1369 excretion, and suppressed plasma @entity916 activity. @entity16663 was suspected and adrenalectomy was performed. The laboratory data after operation, however, showed no significant difference from the preoperative data. On the basis of further examinations, @entity619 was administered and returned blood pressure to normal, and also normalized serum @entity972 , plasma @entity1369 , and @entity916 activity. The @entity1 's illness was diagnosed as @entity25010 . Light microscopically, the @entity4091 glomerulosa was @entity1184 and the @entity4091 decreased in lipid droplets and was centrifugally arranged in small alveoli. Electronmicroscopically, the cells of the @entity4091 had several lipid droplets and well-developed sER. Mitochondria were round to oval with lamellar or lamellovesicular cristae. These findings were evidence of @entity6392 . The cytoplasm of the cells also contained @entity1482 bodies. Therefore, it is assumed that the @entity1369 , which induced the disorder, was produced mainly in the @entity4091 .

title: XXXX . Ultrastructural observation of a case.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['outer zona fasciculata', 'zona']

entities_list: @entity16663 :: ('MESH:D000306', 'Disease') :: ['Left adrenocortical tumor']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity25010 :: ('MESH:C563177', 'Disease') :: ['glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity6392 :: ('MESH:D000308', 'Disease') :: ['hyperfunction']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

answer: @entity25010 :: (MESH:C563177,Disease) :: ['Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism']


abstract: Fifty-nine @entity1 with @entity157 associated with advanced esophageal varices who received a variety of therapeutic modalities in the past 10 years at our department were reviewed. Our therapeutic modalities are hepatic resection, @entity99 ( @entity99 ) and @entity1416 ( @entity1416 ) for those with @entity157 and non-shunting treatment (NST; esophageal transection or Hassab's procedure) and endoscopic sclerotherapy (ST) for those with esophageal varices. A @entity1 selection was made by our own criterial developed by a multiple regression analysis for the @entity157 and KICG value for esophageal varices. Out of 59.16 underwent hepatic resection and NST. Eight survived more than 2 years. The longest survivor has been living for 4 yr and 4 months. Two-year survival rate is 69.8%. Another 16 underwent @entity99 and NST. Two-year survival was 14.6%. Another 7 underwent ST following hepatic resection or @entity99 . Five of the 7 received an emergency ST. Hemostasis was achieved in all of them. Two-year survival was 21.8%. The remaining 20 underwent ST and @entity1416 ; 13 received an emergency ST with 85% of hemostasis rate. None of them survived more than 2 years. From these data, it is suggested that a proper selection of @entity1 for a proper therapeutic modality improves the prognosis even in those with @entity157 associated with advanced esophageal varices.

title: [Treatment of @entity1 with XXXX and esophageal varices].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic artery ligation', 'HAL']

entities_list: @entity1416 :: ('MESH:D020762', 'Disease') :: ['trans-arterial embolization', 'TAE']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatoma']


abstract: Fifty-nine @entity1 with @entity157 associated with advanced esophageal varices who received a variety of therapeutic modalities in the past 10 years at our department were reviewed. Our therapeutic modalities are hepatic resection, @entity99 ( @entity99 ) and @entity1416 ( @entity1416 ) for those with @entity157 and non-shunting treatment (NST; esophageal transection or Hassab's procedure) and endoscopic sclerotherapy (ST) for those with esophageal varices. A @entity1 selection was made by our own criterial developed by a multiple regression analysis for the @entity157 and KICG value for esophageal varices. Out of 59.16 underwent hepatic resection and NST. Eight survived more than 2 years. The longest survivor has been living for 4 yr and 4 months. Two-year survival rate is 69.8%. Another 16 underwent @entity99 and NST. Two-year survival was 14.6%. Another 7 underwent ST following hepatic resection or @entity99 . Five of the 7 received an emergency ST. Hemostasis was achieved in all of them. Two-year survival was 21.8%. The remaining 20 underwent ST and @entity1416 ; 13 received an emergency ST with 85% of hemostasis rate. None of them survived more than 2 years. From these data, it is suggested that a proper selection of @entity1 for a proper therapeutic modality improves the prognosis even in those with @entity157 associated with advanced esophageal varices.

title: [Treatment of XXXX with @entity157 and esophageal varices].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Twelve cases of malignancy of the uterine body occurred 5-19 years after radiotherapy for 8,704 cases of @entity189 of cervix-an incidence of 0.14%. 10 cases were @entity3905 and 2 @entity1204 . The radiation dose varied from 5,500 to 12,000 rad to the area of uterine body. Eight @entity1 had vaginal discharge and 4 were asymptomatic in the follow-up examination in which enlarged uterus was found in all except one. The @entity5 had extented out of the uterus in 6 @entity1 . 6 of the 12 @entity1 were diagnosed by endometrial biopsy before treatment. Eight @entity1 were treated by operation, 3 by radiation and 1 was untreated. Eleven @entity1 died within 3 years, one recurred in 4.5 years after treatment. It is believed that the @entity5 is closely related to radiotherapy and the prognosis is poor. Therefore, in the follow-up examination, if vaginal discharge and enlarged uterus are found, endometrial biopsy should be done to ensure correct diagnosis and early operation in order to obtain a better result.

title: [Malignancy of the uterine body after radiotherapy for XXXX of uterine cervix--report of 12 cases].

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumor of the uterine body']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3905 :: ('MESH:D018198', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mixed mesodermal tumor']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: CONTEXT: The "Standards, Options and Recommendations" (SOR) project, which started in 1993, is a collaboration between the Federation of French Cancer Centers (FNCLCC), the 20 French @entity5 , and specialists from French public universities, general hospitals and private clinics. The main objective is the development of clinical practice guidelines to improve the quality of health care and the outcome of @entity5 @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: To define Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for the diagnosis of @entity189 of unknown primary site. METHODS: The methodology is based on a literature review and critical appraisal by a multidisciplinary group of experts who define the CPGs according to the definitions of the Standards, Options and Recommendations project. Once the guidelines has been defined, the document is submitted for review by independent reviewers. RESULTS: The main recommendations for the diagnosis of @entity189 of unknown primary site are: 1) Diagnostic strategy should aim to identify anatomoclinical entities of @entity189 of unknown primary site for which there is a specific treatment. For other anatomoclinical entities, identification of the primary @entity5 has no impact on the prognostic or therapeutic consequences, thus a systematic complete assessment is unnecessary. 2) An immunohistochemical investigation for the diagnosis should be performed using an appropriate panel of specific antibodies. This should enable the diagnosis of @entity706 , @entity320 , @entity5 and @entity242 to be eliminated and the diagnosis of prostate, breast, ovary, @entity5 to be positively identified. 3) A sample can be frozen to enable typing, cytogenetic and, particularly, molecular biological studies to be performed later. 4) The clinician and pathologist should compare their opinions before and after the pathological diagnosis.

title: [Clinical practice guidelines: Standards, Options and Recommendations for the diagnosis of XXXX of unknown primary site].

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid or neuroendocrine tumours', 'germ cell tumour', 'cancer', 'Regional Cancer Centers', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinomas']


abstract: The dopaminergic control of respiration in conscious and @entity4774 -anaesthetized @entity95 , was studied by comparing the respiratory effects of @entity973 alone (4-AP; 1 mg/kg i.v.) and those after the administration of @entity935 antagonists ( @entity2211 and @entity1767 ; 1 mg/kg each). The respiratory rate in conscious @entity95 was increased by 4-AP. After @entity2211 this increase was reduced and preceded by a transient decrease. In spontaneously @entity1353 , anesthetized @entity95 there was a transient reduction after which the respiratory rate was increased by 4-AP; tidal volume was affected in an inverse manner. After @entity2211 , the excitatory effect of 4-AP on respiratory rate and the inhibitory effect on tidal volume were blocked. The effects of 4-AP on respiratory rate were prevented by vagotomy. In anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated @entity95 (VPV animals) the peak amplitude of the integrated phrenic nerve activity ("phrenic activity') was increased by 4-AP. After pretreatment with @entity1767 this effect of 4-AP on phrenic activity was reduced while the respiratory rate was now increased. In VPV animals with denervated carotid bodies the excitatory effect of 4-AP on phrenic activity was strongly enhanced and respiratory rate was increased. These effects were slightly reduced but not blocked by @entity1767 . It is concluded that endogenous @entity935 is involved in the control of respiration through effects on peripheral mechanisms (inhibition of inspiratory activity and enhancement of respiratory rate) as well as on central mechanisms (stimulation of inspiratory activity and reduction of respiratory rate).

title: Dopaminergic control of respiration as shown by effects of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity2211 :: ('MESH:D004294', 'Chemical') :: ['domperidone']

entities_list: @entity973 :: ('MESH:D015761', 'Chemical') :: ['4-aminopyridine']

answer: @entity973 :: (MESH:D015761,Chemical) :: ['4-aminopyridine']


abstract: Obesity is characterized by increased leptin levels and insulin resistance, whereas blunted GH secretion is paired with normal, low, or high plasma @entity442 levels. To investigate body composition in @entity1 @entity28 and the interactions among the GH- @entity442 axis, leptin, and insulin resistance [measured with the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score], we studied 15 obese females, aged 23-54 yr (mean age, 42.7 +/- 2.6), with a body mass index (BMI) of 44.02 +/- 1.45 kg/m(2), who underwent treatment by biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), before and after surgery (16-24 months; BMI, 28.29 +/- 0.89 kg/m(2)). Our controls were 15 normal females, aged 28-54 yr (mean age, 40.8 +/- 2.3 yr), with a BMI of 27.52 +/- 0.53 kg/m(2). Insulin and leptin levels and HOMA scores were higher pre-BPD than in the controls. The GH response to @entity7704 was blunted, with a GH peak and GH area under the curve (AUC) significantly lower than those in controls. @entity442 and @entity2301 ( @entity2301 ) were also lower than control values. After surgery, BMI, fat mass, lean body mass, HOMA, insulin, and leptin significantly decreased. Furthermore, the GH response to @entity7704 severely increased; @entity442 and @entity2301 levels did not significantly vary. Considering all subjects, correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between insulin and leptin, and a negative correlation between insulin and GH peak and between insulin and GH AUC. Regression analysis performed grouping pre- and post-BPD indicated that leptin and GH peak or AUC could best be predicted from insulin levels. The surgical treatment of severe @entity28 after stabilization of body weight decreases BMI and fat mass while preserving normal lean body mass as well as positively influencing insulin sensitivity and thus aiding the normalization of leptin levels. The insulin reduction may be mainly involved in the increase in the GH response to @entity7704 through various possible central and peripheral mechanisms while decreasing the peripheral sensitivity to GH itself, as shown by the stable nature of the @entity442 and @entity2301 values. Our findings suggest that the changes in insulin levels are the starting point for changes in both leptin levels and the @entity2270 after BPD.

title: Growth hormone secretion and leptin in morbid XXXX before and after biliopancreatic diversion: relationships with insulin and body composition.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2301 :: ('3486', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-binding protein-3', 'IGFBP-3']

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['somatotrope axis']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated clinical outcomes in @entity1 with pathological microscopic (pT3a) and gross (pT3b) extravesical @entity5 extension with @entity1606 ( @entity1606 ) of the bladder following radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 236 @entity1 , including 173 males (73%) and 63 females, underwent radical cystectomy for pathological primary @entity150 with extravesical extension (pT3), of whom 69 (29%) had pT3a and 167 (71%) had pT3b disease. At a median followup of 8.9 years (range 0 to 19.4) lymph node involvement, local and distant recurrences, and clinical outcomes were determined. RESULTS: Of the 236 @entity1 with pT3 @entity5 106 (45%) had lymph node positive disease, including 34 of 69 (49%) with pT3a and 72 of 167 (43%) with pT3b disease. The 10-year recurrence-free survival rate for @entity1 with pT3a @entity5 was 48% compared with 47% for those with pT3b disease (p = 0.89). Recurrence-free survival was significantly better in @entity1 with lymph node negative disease than in those with positive lymph nodes irrespective of the extent of extravesical involvement (pT3a vs pT3b). Local pelvic recurrence developed in 13 of the 236 @entity1 (6%), while 84 (36%) had distant metastatic disease. Of the @entity1 with recurrence, the type of recurrence (local or distant) was not associated with @entity5 stage (pT3a vs pT3b, p = 0.71). Lymph node involvement was a significant risk factor for distant @entity5 recurrence (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Differentiating between microscopic (pT3a) and gross (pT3b) extravesical @entity5 involvement of @entity1606 as outlined in the revised 1997 TNM staging system does not appear to have prognostic significance.

title: Microscopic and gross extravesical extension in pathological staging of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder TCC']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma', 'TCC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: While the distribution of @entity41 ( @entity41 ) has been well studied in @entity1 , scant literature is available concerning @entity41 in @entity1 . We characterized any relationship between @entity41 and @entity293 ( @entity293 ). We also characterized other factors that could impact bladder emptying, including oral @entity172 replacement therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were at least 2 clinic visits and no antimicrobial prophylaxis in the last year. @entity1 with a history of @entity6 or cystocele were excluded. In a 17-month period 204 @entity1 met inclusion criteria. @entity41 was measured by catheterized specimen. @entity1 were categorized into groups by @entity293 history, namely 94 of those with no UTIs in the last year (group 1) and 110 with 1 or more documented UTIs in the last year (group 2). Factors that could affect bladder emptying were tested for the impact on @entity41 . RESULTS: Mean @entity41 in the study group was 53.13 ml. The mean @entity41 in groups 1 and 2 was 33 and 70.25 ml, respectively. The difference between these 2 groups was significant (p <0.0001). @entity172 status data were available on 186 @entity1 . The 62 @entity1 on @entity172 replacement therapy had a mean @entity41 of 39.33 ml. The 124 @entity1 not on @entity172 replacement therapy had a mean @entity41 of 66.67 ml. The difference between these 2 groups was significant (p = 0.002) and independent of @entity293 history. CONCLUSIONS: Of elderly @entity1 those with high @entity41 were more likely to have recurrent UTIs. Improved bladder function was documented in @entity1 receiving oral @entity172 replacement therapy.

title: Residual urine in an elderly female population: novel implications for oral XXXX replacement and impact on recurrent @entity293 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['PVR', 'post-void residual urine volume']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'UTI']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: PURPOSE: While the distribution of @entity41 ( @entity41 ) has been well studied in @entity1 , scant literature is available concerning @entity41 in @entity1 . We characterized any relationship between @entity41 and @entity293 ( @entity293 ). We also characterized other factors that could impact bladder emptying, including oral @entity172 replacement therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were at least 2 clinic visits and no antimicrobial prophylaxis in the last year. @entity1 with a history of @entity6 or cystocele were excluded. In a 17-month period 204 @entity1 met inclusion criteria. @entity41 was measured by catheterized specimen. @entity1 were categorized into groups by @entity293 history, namely 94 of those with no UTIs in the last year (group 1) and 110 with 1 or more documented UTIs in the last year (group 2). Factors that could affect bladder emptying were tested for the impact on @entity41 . RESULTS: Mean @entity41 in the study group was 53.13 ml. The mean @entity41 in groups 1 and 2 was 33 and 70.25 ml, respectively. The difference between these 2 groups was significant (p <0.0001). @entity172 status data were available on 186 @entity1 . The 62 @entity1 on @entity172 replacement therapy had a mean @entity41 of 39.33 ml. The 124 @entity1 not on @entity172 replacement therapy had a mean @entity41 of 66.67 ml. The difference between these 2 groups was significant (p = 0.002) and independent of @entity293 history. CONCLUSIONS: Of elderly @entity1 those with high @entity41 were more likely to have recurrent UTIs. Improved bladder function was documented in @entity1 receiving oral @entity172 replacement therapy.

title: Residual urine in an elderly female population: novel implications for oral @entity172 replacement and impact on recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infection']


abstract: PURPOSE: The @entity17904 can cause secondary phimosis, recurrent @entity24596 and social embarrassment. We report our results using a simplified technique for repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 83 consecutive @entity1 undergoing @entity17904 repair between March 1995 and March 2001 was performed. Indications for surgery included recurrent @entity24596 , secondary phimosis, difficulty holding the penis during voiding, spraying of the urinary stream, or parental or @entity1 concern for social embarrassment. The technique involves fixation of the subcutaneous penile skin at the base of the degloved penis to Buck's fascia of the penile shaft at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions. RESULTS: For the 79 @entity1 included in the study average followup was 4.4 years. Group 1 consisted of 26 @entity1 who underwent circumcision at the time of @entity17904 repair. Six @entity1 had @entity2650 and 13 had penoscrotal webbing that was repaired simultaneously. Three @entity1 (11.5%) had recurrent @entity17904 that required a repeat procedure and 1 (3.8%) required revision of the circumcision only. Three @entity1 (11.5%) with penoscrotal webbing had mild recurrence requiring no further treatment. Group 2 consisted of 49 @entity1 who underwent revision of the circumcision at the time of @entity17904 repair. Seven @entity1 (14.3%) had mild recurrence that did not require further treatment. Group 3 consisted of 4 @entity1 who underwent liposuction at the time of @entity17904 repair. One @entity1 experienced @entity4269 of the ventral distal shaft skin, which required subsequent excision. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity17904 repair is a simple and effective outpatient procedure with few complications and recurrences. It can be used as a primary or secondary procedure and affords good cosmetic results.

title: Results of a simplified technique for XXXX repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity17904 :: ('MESH:D010409', 'Disease') :: ['buried penis']

answer: @entity17904 :: (MESH:D010409,Disease) :: ['buried penis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of @entity698 and appendectomy in Norway from 1990 to 2001. METHODS: Data were compiled from the Norwegian @entity1 Registry based on ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for @entity698 and appendectomy. Re-admissions after appendectomy were selected based on institution and allocation numbers for hospitalisation. RESULTS: Age-adjusted incidence rates for appendectomy were 117 per 100 000 for @entity1 and 116 per 100 000 for @entity1 . Incidence rates were highest among @entity1 aged 10-29. Diagnostic accuracy increased from 81% to 86% in @entity1 and from 60% to 71% in @entity1 over the study period. Perforation ratio increased from 12% to 21% in @entity1 and from 9% to 17% in @entity1 . Appendectomy by laparoscopic technique increased during 1998 to 2001 from 5% to 10% of cases for @entity1 and from 9% to 15% of cases for @entity1 . The proportion of laparoscopic appendectomy was considerably higher in two counties (50% and 28% in 2000-2001). Length of hospital stay was shorter after laparoscopy (median two days) than after open surgery (median three days), with no difference in the rate of re-admission of 4%. INTERPRETATION: Diagnostic accuracy and perforation ratio increased over the 1990s. @entity1 operated upon with laparoscopic technique had shorter hospital stays and the same re-admission rate compared to @entity1 undergoing conventional surgery. Though the proportion of appendectomies done by laparoscopy doubled from 1998 to 2001, the procedure is not in commonly use in Norway.

title: [ XXXX and appendectomy in Norway 1990-2001].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['Appendicitis']


abstract: Radiotherapy as well as endoscopic laser surgery as the most widely used treatment modalities for @entity13712 @entity189 cause minor morbidity and negligible mortality and result in more or less comparable, excellent cure and larynx preservation rates. Therefore, other outcome measures such as voice-related problems and health status are important factors in the choice of treatment for @entity13712 @entity5 . The present study focuses on voice-related problems in the daily life of @entity1 treated by radiotherapy or endoscopic laser surgery for @entity13712 @entity5 . Self ratings on health status assessed by means of COOP/WONCA health status charts and voice problems evaluated with a validated voice-specific questionnaire (the Voice Handicap Index) and overall judgment on @entity1740 were obtained. A total of 102 @entity1 (56 treated by endoscopic laser surgery and 46 treated by radiotherapy) with at least 1-year follow-up were included. Response scores were high: 52 (93%) @entity1 after endoscopic laser surgery versus 40 (87%) @entity1 after radiation therapy completed and returned the questionnaires. A high percentage of @entity1 reported voice problems in daily life: 58% of the @entity1 following radiotherapy and 40% of the @entity1 following endoscopic treatment had abnormal VHI scores. The difference between both treatment modalities proved to be significant. No significant differences were found concerning health status or overall judgment of @entity1740 . Moderate correlations were found between total VHI score and @entity1740 judgment and the COOP/WONCA social activities chart. This study reveals that treatment for @entity13712 @entity5 often does result in voice problems in daily life, negatively influencing @entity1 social activities. @entity1 selected for endoscopic laser surgery on average report fewer voice-related problems than those who underwent radiotherapy.

title: Health status and voice outcome after treatment for XXXX @entity189 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['glottic cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['glottic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1740 :: ('MESH:D014832', 'Disease') :: ['voice quality']

answer: @entity13712 :: (10630,Gene) :: ['T1a']


abstract: Radiotherapy as well as endoscopic laser surgery as the most widely used treatment modalities for @entity13712 @entity189 cause minor morbidity and negligible mortality and result in more or less comparable, excellent cure and larynx preservation rates. Therefore, other outcome measures such as voice-related problems and health status are important factors in the choice of treatment for @entity13712 @entity5 . The present study focuses on voice-related problems in the daily life of @entity1 treated by radiotherapy or endoscopic laser surgery for @entity13712 @entity5 . Self ratings on health status assessed by means of COOP/WONCA health status charts and voice problems evaluated with a validated voice-specific questionnaire (the Voice Handicap Index) and overall judgment on @entity1740 were obtained. A total of 102 @entity1 (56 treated by endoscopic laser surgery and 46 treated by radiotherapy) with at least 1-year follow-up were included. Response scores were high: 52 (93%) @entity1 after endoscopic laser surgery versus 40 (87%) @entity1 after radiation therapy completed and returned the questionnaires. A high percentage of @entity1 reported voice problems in daily life: 58% of the @entity1 following radiotherapy and 40% of the @entity1 following endoscopic treatment had abnormal VHI scores. The difference between both treatment modalities proved to be significant. No significant differences were found concerning health status or overall judgment of @entity1740 . Moderate correlations were found between total VHI score and @entity1740 judgment and the COOP/WONCA social activities chart. This study reveals that treatment for @entity13712 @entity5 often does result in voice problems in daily life, negatively influencing @entity1 social activities. @entity1 selected for endoscopic laser surgery on average report fewer voice-related problems than those who underwent radiotherapy.

title: Health status and voice outcome after treatment for @entity13712 XXXX .

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['glottic carcinoma']


abstract: American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana respond to @entity2918 with changes in heart rate and blood pressure. These studies compare responses of warm (22 degrees C) and cold acclimated (5 degrees C) bullfrogs to @entity2918 . Gas chromatographic analysis determined equivalent @entity844 profiles in total lipids of heart and artery tissue from warm and cold acclimated animals. @entity1426 was the @entity844 precursor found in greatest abundance in both groups. For cardiovascular experiments, bullfrogs were cannulated by using a T-cannula implanted in the right sciatic artery. In warm acclimated bullfrogs, preinfusion systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was 14.7 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, and heart rate was 33.0 +/- 1.7 beats/min. Cold acclimated bullfrogs had SAP values of 8.0 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, and heart rate was 6.9 +/- 0.3 beats/min. Arachidonic and @entity7784 infusions (2,000 micrograms/kg body weight [bw]) were @entity101 in cold acclimated and @entity551 in warm acclimated animals. These effects were blocked by @entity3352 (4 mg/kg bw). In both warm and cold acclimated bullfrogs, @entity3774 (3-100 micrograms/kg bw) was @entity101 , while @entity4770 (0.03-3 micrograms/kg bw) was @entity551 , with both @entity2918 stimulating a greater absolute response in warm acclimated animals. In addition, both @entity2918 increased heart rate in warm but not in cold acclimated bullfrogs. The results suggest diminished cardiovascular sensitivity to @entity2918 at low environmental temperatures.

title: Attenuated cardiovascular effects of XXXX and @entity3774 in cold acclimated American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana.

entities_list: @entity7784 :: ('MESH:D015118', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosapentaenoic acid']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['Arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin I2']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

answer: @entity4770 :: (MESH:D011464,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin I2']


abstract: American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana respond to @entity2918 with changes in heart rate and blood pressure. These studies compare responses of warm (22 degrees C) and cold acclimated (5 degrees C) bullfrogs to @entity2918 . Gas chromatographic analysis determined equivalent @entity844 profiles in total lipids of heart and artery tissue from warm and cold acclimated animals. @entity1426 was the @entity844 precursor found in greatest abundance in both groups. For cardiovascular experiments, bullfrogs were cannulated by using a T-cannula implanted in the right sciatic artery. In warm acclimated bullfrogs, preinfusion systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was 14.7 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, and heart rate was 33.0 +/- 1.7 beats/min. Cold acclimated bullfrogs had SAP values of 8.0 +/- 0.8 mm Hg, and heart rate was 6.9 +/- 0.3 beats/min. Arachidonic and @entity7784 infusions (2,000 micrograms/kg body weight [bw]) were @entity101 in cold acclimated and @entity551 in warm acclimated animals. These effects were blocked by @entity3352 (4 mg/kg bw). In both warm and cold acclimated bullfrogs, @entity3774 (3-100 micrograms/kg bw) was @entity101 , while @entity4770 (0.03-3 micrograms/kg bw) was @entity551 , with both @entity2918 stimulating a greater absolute response in warm acclimated animals. In addition, both @entity2918 increased heart rate in warm but not in cold acclimated bullfrogs. The results suggest diminished cardiovascular sensitivity to @entity2918 at low environmental temperatures.

title: Attenuated cardiovascular effects of @entity4770 and XXXX in cold acclimated American bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana.

answer: @entity3774 :: (MESH:D015237,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The concept of @entity788 ( @entity788 ) has recently been described. It is important to exclude @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity788 who develop distal @entity1157 strictures. The aim of this study was to evaluate distal common @entity1157 strictures in @entity788 @entity1 by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS), and contrast-enhanced EUS (ceEUS). METHODS: Five @entity1 with @entity788 , encountered from January 2000 through December 2001, underwent EUS, IDUS, and ceEUS, using Levovist as a contrast medium. EUS and ceEUS were used to follow changes in distal @entity1157 strictures in three of these five @entity1 following a trial of @entity134 therapy. RESULTS: Of the five @entity1 , four had cholestatic biochemical profiles, three were positive for autoantibodies, and three had elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgG4. A diffusely enlarged pancreas, narrowing of the @entity788 ( @entity788 ), and strictured common @entity1157 in the pancreatic head were features common to all @entity1 . Pretherapy EUS or IDUS imaging showed concentric wall thickening of the distal common @entity1157 causing @entity1157 stenosis. ceEUS showed diffuse strong enhancement of the thickened @entity1157 wall, possibly due to @entity32 . After the @entity134 therapy, the stenotic lesions in both the @entity788 and distal common @entity1157 were rapidly attenuated, with a decline in biochemical cholestatic enzymes and serum IgG or IgG4 levels. CONCLUSIONS: On EUS and IDUS imaging, concentric @entity1157 wall thickening and its strong enhancement by Levovist was characteristic in @entity788 @entity1 .

title: Ultrasonographic evaluation in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['MPD', 'main pancreatic duct', 'autoimmune-related pancreatitis', 'AIP']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pancreaticobiliary malignancy']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['autoimmune-related pancreatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The concept of @entity788 ( @entity788 ) has recently been described. It is important to exclude @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity788 who develop distal @entity1157 strictures. The aim of this study was to evaluate distal common @entity1157 strictures in @entity788 @entity1 by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS), and contrast-enhanced EUS (ceEUS). METHODS: Five @entity1 with @entity788 , encountered from January 2000 through December 2001, underwent EUS, IDUS, and ceEUS, using Levovist as a contrast medium. EUS and ceEUS were used to follow changes in distal @entity1157 strictures in three of these five @entity1 following a trial of @entity134 therapy. RESULTS: Of the five @entity1 , four had cholestatic biochemical profiles, three were positive for autoantibodies, and three had elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgG4. A diffusely enlarged pancreas, narrowing of the @entity788 ( @entity788 ), and strictured common @entity1157 in the pancreatic head were features common to all @entity1 . Pretherapy EUS or IDUS imaging showed concentric wall thickening of the distal common @entity1157 causing @entity1157 stenosis. ceEUS showed diffuse strong enhancement of the thickened @entity1157 wall, possibly due to @entity32 . After the @entity134 therapy, the stenotic lesions in both the @entity788 and distal common @entity1157 were rapidly attenuated, with a decline in biochemical cholestatic enzymes and serum IgG or IgG4 levels. CONCLUSIONS: On EUS and IDUS imaging, concentric @entity1157 wall thickening and its strong enhancement by Levovist was characteristic in @entity788 @entity1 .

title: Ultrasonographic evaluation in XXXX with @entity788 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A 59-year-old @entity1 with bloody stools, and previously diagnosed with sigmoid @entity694 , visited our hospital. Preoperative abdominal ultrasonography (US) showed another @entity5 , with an uneven irregular surface, measuring about 9 x 5 cm, below the left hypochondrium. The @entity5 consisted of several cysts. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a multicystic @entity5 attached to the stomach, and its septum and marginal region were intensely stained on contrast imaging. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), low and markedly high signals were revealed in the @entity5 on T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences, respectively. Contrast imaging of the upper digestive tract showed extramural compression of the greater curvature of the antral stomach by the @entity5 . The @entity5 was partially imaged by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), but continuity to the stomach was not confirmed. On abdominal angiography, the @entity5 was slightly stained via the @entity432 . Surgical treatment was performed to excise both the @entity356 and the sigmoid @entity694 . The @entity356 was removed with gastric wall tissue where the @entity5 was attached to a 2-cm pedicle. It was multicystic, contained watery fluid, and had a smooth outer surface. Histologically, the @entity5 consisted of multiple irregular cysts without epithelial lining, and solid epitheloid cell nests in between. The @entity5 cells had clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm and round nuclei. No mitotic figures were seen. The @entity5 cells in the pedicle were connected with the muscularis propriae of the stomach. Immunohistochemistry showed c-kit-positive, @entity2280 -positive smooth muscle actin (SMA)-negative, and S-100-negative staining of @entity5 cells. The final diagnosis was @entity674 ( @entity674 ).

title: Exophytic pedunculated XXXX with remarkable cystic change.

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumor', 'GIST']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['gastroepiploic arteries']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric tumor']

answer: @entity674 :: (MESH:D046152,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumor']


abstract: The alpha-like and beta-like globin genes have provided a paradigm for the study of molecular evolution and regulation of multigene families in eukaryotes. The @entity1 @entity13554 gene cluster, which is on chromosome 16 (ref. 1), consists of six genes arranged in the order 5'-zeta(embryonic)-psi zeta-psi alpha 2-psi alpha 1-alpha 2(adult)-alpha 1(adult)-3'. DNA sequencing data have demonstrated that zeta (ref. 6) and alpha 2 (or alpha 1, refs 7-9) are the embryonic and adult genes, respectively, while psi zeta (ref. 6), psi alpha 2 (ref. 5) psi alpha 1 (ref. 10) are all inactive pseudogenes. Restriction mapping analysis has shown that the structure of this locus in several anthropoid primates is nearly identical to that of the @entity1 . Recently, we have isolated the adult @entity13554 gene region from @entity17055 , @entity3474 and @entity2608 by molecular cloning. We report here the complete @entity377 sequence of a gene located immediately downstream from the adult alpha 1-globin gene of the @entity17055 , along with its flanking DNA. We designate this gene as theta 1, and show that it contains the essential sequence elements required for an expressive gene. The putative polypeptide is 141 @entity1522 long, identical to that of the alpha- or @entity28595 , but its predicted @entity535 sequence is nearly as different from the @entity17055 @entity13554 (55 differences) as the @entity1 @entity28595 is from the @entity1 @entity13554 (59 differences), suggesting an ancient history for the @entity51268 gene. Results of blot hybridization experiments using the cloned @entity17055 theta 1 gene sequence as probe demonstrate a similar alpha 2-alpha 1-theta 1 linkage map existing in the @entity1 genome. Furthermore, multiple copies of sequences homologous to the theta 1 gene are detected in both @entity1 and @entity17055 . These results cast a new light on the primate @entity13554 gene family, and have intriguing implications for the existence of previously unreported, functional globin-like gene(s) in the primate genomes.

title: Sequence organization and genomic complexity of primate @entity51268 gene, a novel XXXX -like gene.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino-acid']

entities_list: @entity3474 :: ('9555', 'Species') :: ['olive baboon']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus macaque']

answer: @entity13554 :: (3040,Gene) :: ['alpha-globin']


abstract: The alpha-like and beta-like globin genes have provided a paradigm for the study of molecular evolution and regulation of multigene families in eukaryotes. The @entity1 @entity13554 gene cluster, which is on chromosome 16 (ref. 1), consists of six genes arranged in the order 5'-zeta(embryonic)-psi zeta-psi alpha 2-psi alpha 1-alpha 2(adult)-alpha 1(adult)-3'. DNA sequencing data have demonstrated that zeta (ref. 6) and alpha 2 (or alpha 1, refs 7-9) are the embryonic and adult genes, respectively, while psi zeta (ref. 6), psi alpha 2 (ref. 5) psi alpha 1 (ref. 10) are all inactive pseudogenes. Restriction mapping analysis has shown that the structure of this locus in several anthropoid primates is nearly identical to that of the @entity1 . Recently, we have isolated the adult @entity13554 gene region from @entity17055 , @entity3474 and @entity2608 by molecular cloning. We report here the complete @entity377 sequence of a gene located immediately downstream from the adult alpha 1-globin gene of the @entity17055 , along with its flanking DNA. We designate this gene as theta 1, and show that it contains the essential sequence elements required for an expressive gene. The putative polypeptide is 141 @entity1522 long, identical to that of the alpha- or @entity28595 , but its predicted @entity535 sequence is nearly as different from the @entity17055 @entity13554 (55 differences) as the @entity1 @entity28595 is from the @entity1 @entity13554 (59 differences), suggesting an ancient history for the @entity51268 gene. Results of blot hybridization experiments using the cloned @entity17055 theta 1 gene sequence as probe demonstrate a similar alpha 2-alpha 1-theta 1 linkage map existing in the @entity1 genome. Furthermore, multiple copies of sequences homologous to the theta 1 gene are detected in both @entity1 and @entity17055 . These results cast a new light on the primate @entity13554 gene family, and have intriguing implications for the existence of previously unreported, functional globin-like gene(s) in the primate genomes.

title: Sequence organization and genomic complexity of primate XXXX gene, a novel @entity13554 -like gene.

answer: @entity51268 :: (3049,Gene) :: ['theta 1 globin']


abstract: The nuclear gene sequences encoding RBCS, the small subunit of @entity9578 carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) from several plants show extensive interspecific divergence but little intraspecific divergence, suggesting that these genes are evolving in concert within a genome. In this study, the @entity377 sequences of two @entity523 ( @entity523 ) RBCS genes and a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region of a third @entity523 RBCS gene were determined. The three genes, designated Rbcs-1, @entity9581 , and Rbcs-3A, each belong to a different one of the three RBCS loci in the @entity523 genome. The @entity377 sequence of Rbcs-1 differs from that of @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A differ from each other by 10.7%. A recently published RBCS gene sequence from @entity286 ( @entity286 ) [Mazur, B. J. _ Chui, C.-F. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 2373-2386] differs by 10.6% and 11.3% from @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, and by 15.0% from Rbcs-1. Thus the @entity286 gene seems to be phylogenetically as closely related to the @entity523 genes @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A as the latter two are to each other, and more closely related to them than Rbcs-1 is. However, the mature part of the polypeptide encoded by the @entity286 RBCS gene differs by five and six @entity1522 from the corresponding region in the polypeptides encoded by @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, while these two @entity523 RBCS polypeptides differ from each other in the mature part by a single @entity535 . Rbcs-1, whose @entity377 sequence shows higher divergence from both the @entity286 RBCS gene and @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, encodes a polypeptide whose mature part differs by eight @entity1522 from the corresponding region in the @entity286 polypeptide but only by three and four @entity1522 from the corresponding regions of @entity9581 - and Rbcs-3A-encoded polypeptides, respectively. Thus, it appears that in the @entity523 selection has maintained near uniformity of the coding information in the portion of the RBCS genes encoding the mature polypeptides.

title: Evidence for selection as a mechanism in the concerted evolution of XXXX ( @entity523 ) genes encoding the small subunit of @entity9578 carboxylase/oxygenase.

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['Nicotiana tabacum', 'tobacco']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity523 :: ('4081', 'Species') :: ['tomato', 'Lycopersicon esculentum']

entities_list: @entity9578 :: ('MESH:C001933', 'Chemical') :: ['ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate']

answer: @entity523 :: (4081,Species) :: ['Lycopersicon esculentum']


abstract: The nuclear gene sequences encoding RBCS, the small subunit of @entity9578 carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) from several plants show extensive interspecific divergence but little intraspecific divergence, suggesting that these genes are evolving in concert within a genome. In this study, the @entity377 sequences of two @entity523 ( @entity523 ) RBCS genes and a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region of a third @entity523 RBCS gene were determined. The three genes, designated Rbcs-1, @entity9581 , and Rbcs-3A, each belong to a different one of the three RBCS loci in the @entity523 genome. The @entity377 sequence of Rbcs-1 differs from that of @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A differ from each other by 10.7%. A recently published RBCS gene sequence from @entity286 ( @entity286 ) [Mazur, B. J. _ Chui, C.-F. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 2373-2386] differs by 10.6% and 11.3% from @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, and by 15.0% from Rbcs-1. Thus the @entity286 gene seems to be phylogenetically as closely related to the @entity523 genes @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A as the latter two are to each other, and more closely related to them than Rbcs-1 is. However, the mature part of the polypeptide encoded by the @entity286 RBCS gene differs by five and six @entity1522 from the corresponding region in the polypeptides encoded by @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, while these two @entity523 RBCS polypeptides differ from each other in the mature part by a single @entity535 . Rbcs-1, whose @entity377 sequence shows higher divergence from both the @entity286 RBCS gene and @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, encodes a polypeptide whose mature part differs by eight @entity1522 from the corresponding region in the @entity286 polypeptide but only by three and four @entity1522 from the corresponding regions of @entity9581 - and Rbcs-3A-encoded polypeptides, respectively. Thus, it appears that in the @entity523 selection has maintained near uniformity of the coding information in the portion of the RBCS genes encoding the mature polypeptides.

title: Evidence for selection as a mechanism in the concerted evolution of @entity523 ( XXXX ) genes encoding the small subunit of @entity9578 carboxylase/oxygenase.

answer: @entity523 :: (4081,Species) :: ['tomato']


abstract: The nuclear gene sequences encoding RBCS, the small subunit of @entity9578 carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) from several plants show extensive interspecific divergence but little intraspecific divergence, suggesting that these genes are evolving in concert within a genome. In this study, the @entity377 sequences of two @entity523 ( @entity523 ) RBCS genes and a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region of a third @entity523 RBCS gene were determined. The three genes, designated Rbcs-1, @entity9581 , and Rbcs-3A, each belong to a different one of the three RBCS loci in the @entity523 genome. The @entity377 sequence of Rbcs-1 differs from that of @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A by 13.9% and 13.1%, respectively. @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A differ from each other by 10.7%. A recently published RBCS gene sequence from @entity286 ( @entity286 ) [Mazur, B. J. _ Chui, C.-F. (1985) Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 2373-2386] differs by 10.6% and 11.3% from @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, and by 15.0% from Rbcs-1. Thus the @entity286 gene seems to be phylogenetically as closely related to the @entity523 genes @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A as the latter two are to each other, and more closely related to them than Rbcs-1 is. However, the mature part of the polypeptide encoded by the @entity286 RBCS gene differs by five and six @entity1522 from the corresponding region in the polypeptides encoded by @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, respectively, while these two @entity523 RBCS polypeptides differ from each other in the mature part by a single @entity535 . Rbcs-1, whose @entity377 sequence shows higher divergence from both the @entity286 RBCS gene and @entity9581 and Rbcs-3A, encodes a polypeptide whose mature part differs by eight @entity1522 from the corresponding region in the @entity286 polypeptide but only by three and four @entity1522 from the corresponding regions of @entity9581 - and Rbcs-3A-encoded polypeptides, respectively. Thus, it appears that in the @entity523 selection has maintained near uniformity of the coding information in the portion of the RBCS genes encoding the mature polypeptides.

title: Evidence for selection as a mechanism in the concerted evolution of @entity523 ( @entity523 ) genes encoding the small subunit of XXXX carboxylase/oxygenase.

answer: @entity9578 :: (MESH:C001933,Chemical) :: ['ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate']


abstract: Evidence for the existence of @entity1 @entity99 agents besides HAV and @entity97 is compelling. Transmitted predominantly by transfusion and percutaneous inoculation, the type of NANB @entity99 encountered most frequently is epidemiologically similar to type B @entity99 . NANB @entity99 accounts for more than 90% of TAH, but can be transmitted by nonpercutaneous routes as well. Approximately 15 to 30% of @entity99 cases are attributable by serologic exclusion to NANB @entity99 agents, and, in addition, there is an epidemic form of NANB @entity99 that resembles @entity99 epidemiologically in its transmission by the enteric route. Clinical features of the predominantly percutaneously transmitted forms of NANB @entity99 are similar to those of @entity1956 , but tend to be less severe during acute illness, on the one hand, but to lead more frequently to @entity3619 , on the other; 40 to 60% of @entity1 with TAH have chronic elevations of aminotransferase activity, often in an episodic, fluctuating pattern. CAH can be identified histologically in a majority of @entity1 with chronic NANB TAH. Despite a relatively quiescent course, progression of such chronic cases may be quite insidious; @entity82 occurs in 10 to 20% of @entity1 with @entity3619 after acute TAH. The frequency of @entity409 after nonpercutaneously acquired sporadic NANB @entity99 tends to be lower, on the order of 10% or less, and @entity3619 has not been recorded after the epidemic type of NANB @entity99 . Evidence supports the existence of an asymptomatic @entity3619 carrier state that is several-fold more frequent than the chronic @entity97 carrier state. Neither viruses nor virus markers have been described that fulfill accepted criteria reproducibly for a specific causal association with NANB @entity99 ; on the other hand, evidence suggests (but does not prove) the existence of two different blood-borne NANB @entity99 agents and, in addition, an enterically transmitted NANB @entity99 agent. Effective therapy for and immunoprophylaxis against NANB @entity99 are lacking. Until specific screening tests are developed, interim screening based on indirect, nonvirus-specific tests may be the only practical approach to minimizing the frequency of NANB @entity99 after transfusion. Identification of virus-specific serologic markers remains a high priority.

title: Non-A, XXXX : evolving epidemiologic and clinical perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic NANB hepatitis', 'chronic hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis A', 'hepatitis', 'sporadic hepatitis']

answer: @entity1956 :: (MESH:D006509,Disease) :: ['non-B hepatitis']


abstract: @entity560 functions by stimulating intestinal @entity460 and @entity3151 absorption, by stimulating bone @entity460 mobilization, and by increasing renal reabsorption of @entity460 in the distal tubule. These functions on bone and possibly kidney, but not intestine, require the parathyroid hormone. As a result of these functions, serum @entity460 and @entity3151 concentrations are elevated to supersaturating levels required for the mineralization of bone to prevent @entity11089 , @entity4772 , and @entity14645 tetany. Recent experiments demonstrate that maintaining serum @entity460 and @entity3151 levels in @entity560 -deficient @entity35 in the normal range results in normal bone growth and mineralization. However, increased calcification results because bone resorption by osteoclasts is a @entity560 -dependent process. Thus, bone resorption, modeling and remodeling must be considered @entity560 -dependent processes. @entity560 must be metabolized to @entity14951 by the liver and subsequently by the kidney to @entity3873 before function. @entity3873 is metabolized to a C-23 @entity4880 ( @entity70882 ) but the pathway is unknown. Although @entity14951 is metabolized to @entity70883 , @entity70884 and @entity70885 , these pathways play no role in the function of @entity560 as shown by appropriate fluoro analogs of @entity14951 . @entity3873 binds to a specific receptor in the intestinal nuclei to elicit a stimulation of @entity460 transport. @entity3873 plus the receptor causes transcription of specific genes that code for @entity460 and @entity3151 transport proteins. Only one protein, the @entity460 binding protein, has been identified as being @entity560 dependent. Two others have been described, but no clear description of the molecular mechanism of action of @entity3873 is yet available.

title: The metabolism and functions of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4772 :: ('MESH:D010018', 'Disease') :: ['osteomalacia']

entities_list: @entity4880 :: ('CHEBI:33575', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxylic acid']

entities_list: @entity3873 :: ('MESH:D002117', 'Chemical') :: ['1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3', '1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3']

entities_list: @entity70884 :: ('MESH:C026032', 'Chemical') :: ['25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3']

entities_list: @entity70882 :: ('MESH:C021640', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitroic acid']

entities_list: @entity70883 :: ('CHEBI:28818', 'Chemical') :: ['24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3']

entities_list: @entity14645 :: ('MESH:C562689', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemic']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity70885 :: ('MESH:C026396', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity14951 :: ('MESH:D002112', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D3']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D', 'Vitamin D']

answer: @entity560 :: (MESH:D014807,Chemical) :: ['vitamin D']


abstract: In a report of 192 cases of examinations of both husband and wife for cause of sterility, the husband was found at fault in 33 cases. In 31, few spermatozoa were present and in 2, none. The morphology of @entity1 spermatozoa is described in detail and the results of various staining methods compared. Numerous drawings illustrate observed variations in morphology. The common cause of @entity3893 is an obliterating @entity3892 , usually of gonorrheal origin. Permanent obliteration of the tube of the epididymis is exceptional rather than usual. Persistent obstruction is most often only in the tail of the epididymis. Motile spermatozoa may be found above the block. The obstructed area may be bypassed by attaching the vas to any part of the epididymis on the testicular side of the obstruction or to the vasa efferentia. This operation was successfully accomplished first in experiments on @entity235 . A trial operation was done on a @entity1 with a history of @entity3892 of gonorrheal origin followed by @entity47727 . The cut end of the vas deferens was implanted into an incision in the head of the epididymis and secured with @entity575 -wire sutures. Semen showed many spermatozoa 19 days postoperation. Whether the continuity of the duct will be permanently maintained was not determined.

title: The surgical treatment of sterility due to obstruction at the epididymis; together with a study of the morphology of XXXX spermatozoa.

entities_list: @entity3892 :: ('MESH:D004823', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral epididymitis', 'double epididymitis']

entities_list: @entity3893 :: ('MESH:D053713', 'Disease') :: ['azoospermia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Cardiac beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness was evaluated in experimental @entity5507 by in vivo and in vitro techniques. @entity5507 was induced in @entity35 by bilateral nephrectomy for 48 h. In @entity35 with chronic intra-arterial and intravenous catheters, cardiovascular reflexes and the renin-angiotensin system were blocked with @entity3897 , @entity30049 , and a converting-enzyme inhibitor, respectively. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded. Cumulative doses of @entity3044 were injected intravenously. In uremic @entity35 , the dose-response curve for the HR response showed a lower maximal response (P less than 0.01) and no significant difference in 50% effective dose values compared with controls, whereas the BP decrease caused by @entity3044 was similar in control and uremic @entity35 . When @entity1928 was injected intravenously to stimulate adenylate cyclase in a receptor-independent manner, the maximal HR increase was lower in uremic @entity35 (P less than 0.01). beta-Adrenoceptor density and affinity, measured by 125I- @entity30828 binding to sarcolemmal membranes, was not different between control and uremic @entity35 . Also binding affinities for the agonist @entity3044 were not different between groups. Basal adenylate cyclase activity, as well as activity after maximal stimulation by @entity3044 and by @entity1928 were lower in uremic than in control @entity35 (P less than 0.01). The results show that the chronotropic response of the heart is reduced in @entity5507 . Such @entity6306 may be due, at least in part, to a reduced activity of cardiac adenylate cyclase.

title: Reduced chronotropic responsiveness of the heart in experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6306 :: ('MESH:C566417', 'Disease') :: ['hyporesponsiveness']

entities_list: @entity30828 :: ('MESH:C047975', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanopindolol']

entities_list: @entity5507 :: ('MESH:D014511', 'Disease') :: ['uremia', 'Uremia']

entities_list: @entity30049 :: ('MESH:D010425', 'Chemical') :: ['pentolinium']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity5507 :: (MESH:D014511,Disease) :: ['uremia']


abstract: Studies of tissue culture cells and tissue slices have implicated the nucleotides, @entity1919 and @entity8262 , in the mechanism of action of opiates. However, there are little in vivo data to corroborate this hypothesis. We addicted @entity35 to the synthetic opiate, @entity284 , by providing the drug in their drinking water (dosage 2.1 mg./kg./day). The two @entity8613 were measured in four brain areas which contain a high concentration of opiate receptors: amygdala, neostriatum, periventricular grey, and thalamus. Data were obtained after acute exposure of the drug (1 day), tolerance (35 days), withdrawal (35 days on drug then 1 day off drug), and readjustment (35 days on drug then 21 days off drug). @entity8262 levels were low (0.03 pmol./mg. tissue) in the four regions and did not differ significantly during the experiment. @entity1919 levels were higher (1-3 pmol./mg.) and fluctuated consistently in the four regions. After acute @entity284 treatment, there was a reduction in @entity1919 , which continued at lower levels after tolerance. One day of withdrawal led to increased @entity268 , which rose to near control levels. After readjustment, the levels were reduced. These data indicate an involvement of @entity1919 in the addiction and withdrawal processes in the intact animal.

title: The effect of XXXX addiction on cyclic nucleotide levels in regions of @entity35 brain.

entities_list: @entity8613 :: ('MESH:D009712', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity8262 :: ('MESH:D006152', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclic GMP', 'cyclic GMP']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclic AMP', 'cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone']

answer: @entity284 :: (MESH:D008691,Chemical) :: ['methadone']


abstract: Studies of tissue culture cells and tissue slices have implicated the nucleotides, @entity1919 and @entity8262 , in the mechanism of action of opiates. However, there are little in vivo data to corroborate this hypothesis. We addicted @entity35 to the synthetic opiate, @entity284 , by providing the drug in their drinking water (dosage 2.1 mg./kg./day). The two @entity8613 were measured in four brain areas which contain a high concentration of opiate receptors: amygdala, neostriatum, periventricular grey, and thalamus. Data were obtained after acute exposure of the drug (1 day), tolerance (35 days), withdrawal (35 days on drug then 1 day off drug), and readjustment (35 days on drug then 21 days off drug). @entity8262 levels were low (0.03 pmol./mg. tissue) in the four regions and did not differ significantly during the experiment. @entity1919 levels were higher (1-3 pmol./mg.) and fluctuated consistently in the four regions. After acute @entity284 treatment, there was a reduction in @entity1919 , which continued at lower levels after tolerance. One day of withdrawal led to increased @entity268 , which rose to near control levels. After readjustment, the levels were reduced. These data indicate an involvement of @entity1919 in the addiction and withdrawal processes in the intact animal.

title: The effect of @entity284 addiction on cyclic nucleotide levels in regions of XXXX brain.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The leader RNA transcript of @entity8310 virus inhibits transcription of the adenovirus major late promoter and virus-associated genes in a soluble HeLa cell transcription system. We examined the specific @entity377 sequence involved and the potential role of leader-protein interactions in this inhibition of RNA polymerase II- and III-directed transcription. Using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to regions of the leader RNA molecule, we extend our previous results (B.W. Grinnell and R.R. Wagner, Cell 36:533-543, 1984) that suggest a role for the AU-rich region of the leader RNA or the homologous AT region of a cloned cDNA leader in the inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription. Our results indicate that a short @entity377 sequence (AUUAUUA) or its deoxynucleotide homolog (ATTATTA) appears to be the minimal requirement for the leader RNA to inhibit transcription by both RNA polymerases, but sequences flanking both sides of this region increase the inhibitory activity. @entity377 changes in the homologous AT-rich region drastically decrease the transcriptional inhibitory activity. Leader RNAs from wild-type virus, but not from a 5'-defective interfering particle, form a ribonuclease-resistant, protease-sensitive ribonucleoprotein complex in the soluble HeLa cell extract. Several lines of evidence suggest that the leader RNA specifically interacts with a 65,000-dalton ( @entity33986 ) cellular protein. In a fractionated cell extract, only those fractions containing this @entity33986 protein could reverse the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by the plus-strand @entity8310 virus leader RNA or by homologous DNA. In studies with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to leader RNA sequences, only those oligonucleotides containing the inhibitory sequence were able to bind to a gradient fraction containing the @entity33986 protein.

title: Inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription by the leader RNA of XXXX virus: role of specific @entity377 sequences and cell protein binding.

entities_list: @entity8310 :: ('MESH:D054243', 'Disease') :: ['vesicular stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['Nucleotide', 'nucleotide']

answer: @entity8310 :: (MESH:D054243,Disease) :: ['vesicular stomatitis']


abstract: The leader RNA transcript of @entity8310 virus inhibits transcription of the adenovirus major late promoter and virus-associated genes in a soluble HeLa cell transcription system. We examined the specific @entity377 sequence involved and the potential role of leader-protein interactions in this inhibition of RNA polymerase II- and III-directed transcription. Using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to regions of the leader RNA molecule, we extend our previous results (B.W. Grinnell and R.R. Wagner, Cell 36:533-543, 1984) that suggest a role for the AU-rich region of the leader RNA or the homologous AT region of a cloned cDNA leader in the inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription. Our results indicate that a short @entity377 sequence (AUUAUUA) or its deoxynucleotide homolog (ATTATTA) appears to be the minimal requirement for the leader RNA to inhibit transcription by both RNA polymerases, but sequences flanking both sides of this region increase the inhibitory activity. @entity377 changes in the homologous AT-rich region drastically decrease the transcriptional inhibitory activity. Leader RNAs from wild-type virus, but not from a 5'-defective interfering particle, form a ribonuclease-resistant, protease-sensitive ribonucleoprotein complex in the soluble HeLa cell extract. Several lines of evidence suggest that the leader RNA specifically interacts with a 65,000-dalton ( @entity33986 ) cellular protein. In a fractionated cell extract, only those fractions containing this @entity33986 protein could reverse the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by the plus-strand @entity8310 virus leader RNA or by homologous DNA. In studies with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to leader RNA sequences, only those oligonucleotides containing the inhibitory sequence were able to bind to a gradient fraction containing the @entity33986 protein.

title: Inhibition of DNA-dependent transcription by the leader RNA of @entity8310 virus: role of specific XXXX sequences and cell protein binding.

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: The activities of @entity10783 4-hydroxylase and beta-glucuronidase, the concentration of @entity720 as well as reticulin and collagen type III, IV and V stainings were followed in skeletal muscle during a 20-day period after a 9-h treadmill running in untrained and trained male @entity19 , aged 4-6 months. The prolonged 9-h running of untrained @entity19 temporarily increased @entity10783 4-hydroxylase activity 2, 5 and 10 days after exercise, more prominently in the red than in the white part of quadriceps femoris-muscle, and in analogical manner as beta-glucuronidase activity in tibialis anterior-muscle. Twenty days after exercise these enzymatic activities were back to the control level. The @entity720 content of red muscle was increased for 10 and that of white muscle for 20 days after the exertion. Training for 45 days did not affect @entity720 content and @entity10783 4-hydroxylase activity was at the control level after the training. A 9-h exercise increased @entity10783 4-hydroxylase activity much less in trained muscle than in the untrained muscle and did not affect muscle collagen content. Histological observations showed fiber @entity39 2 days and signs of fiber regeneration 5 days after the exertion in untrained @entity19 . Twenty days afterwards the regeneration was nearly completed. Reticulin staining was increased in injured muscle areas 10-20 days after the exertion. In immunohistochemical staining, antibodies to all studied collagen types (type III, IV and V) showed increased staining 5-20 days after the exertion in the areas of @entity121 and regeneration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Collagen metabolism of XXXX skeletal muscle during the repair of exercise injuries.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle injuries']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity590 susceptibility ( @entity8176 ) and @entity12740 ( @entity12740 ) have been shown to result from missense mutations in the @entity8452 receptor gene of the skeletal muscle ( @entity13868 ). A 15-year-old @entity1 who had @entity28011 ( @entity28011 ) developed an @entity8176 crisis during general anesthesia. The @entity1 was characterized phenotypically by block vertebrae, vertebral fusion, short neck and thorax, fused ribs, @entity2122 , @entity7674 , and a diaphragmatic defect closed surgically in early infancy. The diagnosis @entity8176 ( @entity8176 ) was confirmed by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) on a muscle biopsy. Surprisingly, the histopathological investigation revealed the presence of @entity12740 too. Molecular genetic investigation of the @entity13868 gene was performed to search for known @entity8176 -related mutations. Cluster regions of the @entity13868 gene, in which mutations have already been found, were examined by direct automated sequencing. In addition to the diagnosis @entity8176 and @entity12740 we were able to identify a novel @entity13868 mutation in exon 46: 7358ATC > ACC, resulting in an @entity70886 substitution. This mutation was also present in the mother, in whom @entity8176 disposition and @entity12740 were determined by muscle investigations. We suggest that the newly identified @entity13868 mutation is closely associated with @entity8176 and @entity12740 . A probable causative role of the @entity13868 gene in @entity28011 @entity1 should be assessed by further genetic investigations.

title: A new mutation in the skeletal @entity8452 receptor gene ( @entity13868 ) is potentially causative of @entity590 , XXXX , and severe skeletal malformation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2122 :: ('MESH:D019465', 'Disease') :: ['craniofacial abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity7674 :: ('MESH:D016136', 'Disease') :: ['spina bifida occulta']

entities_list: @entity70886 :: ('p|SUB|I|2453|T', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Ile2453Thr']

entities_list: @entity8452 :: ('MESH:D012433', 'Chemical') :: ['ryanodine']

entities_list: @entity8176 :: ('MESH:C535694', 'Disease') :: ['MH susceptible', 'MHS', 'MH']

entities_list: @entity28011 :: ('MESH:C537565', 'Disease') :: ['spondylocostal dysostosis', 'SCD']

entities_list: @entity12740 :: ('MESH:D020512', 'Disease') :: ['central core disease', 'CCD']

entities_list: @entity590 :: ('MESH:D008305', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant hyperthermia']

answer: @entity12740 :: (MESH:D020512,Disease) :: ['central core disease']


abstract: @entity590 susceptibility ( @entity8176 ) and @entity12740 ( @entity12740 ) have been shown to result from missense mutations in the @entity8452 receptor gene of the skeletal muscle ( @entity13868 ). A 15-year-old @entity1 who had @entity28011 ( @entity28011 ) developed an @entity8176 crisis during general anesthesia. The @entity1 was characterized phenotypically by block vertebrae, vertebral fusion, short neck and thorax, fused ribs, @entity2122 , @entity7674 , and a diaphragmatic defect closed surgically in early infancy. The diagnosis @entity8176 ( @entity8176 ) was confirmed by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) on a muscle biopsy. Surprisingly, the histopathological investigation revealed the presence of @entity12740 too. Molecular genetic investigation of the @entity13868 gene was performed to search for known @entity8176 -related mutations. Cluster regions of the @entity13868 gene, in which mutations have already been found, were examined by direct automated sequencing. In addition to the diagnosis @entity8176 and @entity12740 we were able to identify a novel @entity13868 mutation in exon 46: 7358ATC > ACC, resulting in an @entity70886 substitution. This mutation was also present in the mother, in whom @entity8176 disposition and @entity12740 were determined by muscle investigations. We suggest that the newly identified @entity13868 mutation is closely associated with @entity8176 and @entity12740 . A probable causative role of the @entity13868 gene in @entity28011 @entity1 should be assessed by further genetic investigations.

title: A new mutation in the skeletal XXXX receptor gene ( @entity13868 ) is potentially causative of @entity590 , @entity12740 , and severe skeletal malformation.

answer: @entity8452 :: (MESH:D012433,Chemical) :: ['ryanodine']


abstract: @entity590 susceptibility ( @entity8176 ) and @entity12740 ( @entity12740 ) have been shown to result from missense mutations in the @entity8452 receptor gene of the skeletal muscle ( @entity13868 ). A 15-year-old @entity1 who had @entity28011 ( @entity28011 ) developed an @entity8176 crisis during general anesthesia. The @entity1 was characterized phenotypically by block vertebrae, vertebral fusion, short neck and thorax, fused ribs, @entity2122 , @entity7674 , and a diaphragmatic defect closed surgically in early infancy. The diagnosis @entity8176 ( @entity8176 ) was confirmed by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) on a muscle biopsy. Surprisingly, the histopathological investigation revealed the presence of @entity12740 too. Molecular genetic investigation of the @entity13868 gene was performed to search for known @entity8176 -related mutations. Cluster regions of the @entity13868 gene, in which mutations have already been found, were examined by direct automated sequencing. In addition to the diagnosis @entity8176 and @entity12740 we were able to identify a novel @entity13868 mutation in exon 46: 7358ATC > ACC, resulting in an @entity70886 substitution. This mutation was also present in the mother, in whom @entity8176 disposition and @entity12740 were determined by muscle investigations. We suggest that the newly identified @entity13868 mutation is closely associated with @entity8176 and @entity12740 . A probable causative role of the @entity13868 gene in @entity28011 @entity1 should be assessed by further genetic investigations.

title: A new mutation in the skeletal @entity8452 receptor gene ( @entity13868 ) is potentially causative of XXXX , @entity12740 , and severe skeletal malformation.

answer: @entity590 :: (MESH:D008305,Disease) :: ['malignant hyperthermia']


abstract: @entity590 susceptibility ( @entity8176 ) and @entity12740 ( @entity12740 ) have been shown to result from missense mutations in the @entity8452 receptor gene of the skeletal muscle ( @entity13868 ). A 15-year-old @entity1 who had @entity28011 ( @entity28011 ) developed an @entity8176 crisis during general anesthesia. The @entity1 was characterized phenotypically by block vertebrae, vertebral fusion, short neck and thorax, fused ribs, @entity2122 , @entity7674 , and a diaphragmatic defect closed surgically in early infancy. The diagnosis @entity8176 ( @entity8176 ) was confirmed by the in vitro contracture test (IVCT) on a muscle biopsy. Surprisingly, the histopathological investigation revealed the presence of @entity12740 too. Molecular genetic investigation of the @entity13868 gene was performed to search for known @entity8176 -related mutations. Cluster regions of the @entity13868 gene, in which mutations have already been found, were examined by direct automated sequencing. In addition to the diagnosis @entity8176 and @entity12740 we were able to identify a novel @entity13868 mutation in exon 46: 7358ATC > ACC, resulting in an @entity70886 substitution. This mutation was also present in the mother, in whom @entity8176 disposition and @entity12740 were determined by muscle investigations. We suggest that the newly identified @entity13868 mutation is closely associated with @entity8176 and @entity12740 . A probable causative role of the @entity13868 gene in @entity28011 @entity1 should be assessed by further genetic investigations.

title: A new mutation in the skeletal @entity8452 receptor gene ( XXXX ) is potentially causative of @entity590 , @entity12740 , and severe skeletal malformation.

answer: @entity13868 :: (6261,Gene) :: ['RYR1']


abstract: The subcutaneous sponge implant model of acute @entity32 in the @entity35 has been evaluated as a suitable test system for evaluating the potential anti-inflammatory efficacy of @entity12032 inhibitors. The inflammatory parameters measured were exudate volume and leukocyte recruitment. Specific radioimmunoassays were used to measure (1) @entity12032 ( @entity12032 ) and cyclo-oxygenase (CO) activity in exudate leukocytes stimulated ex vivo with @entity3365 , and (2) the LTB4 and @entity1421 content of inflammatory exudate. The NSAIDs @entity8726 and @entity3352 inhibited cell recruitment, exudate volume and CO activity with ED50S of approximately 1 mg per kg p.o. but failed to inhibit @entity12032 activity at 10 mg per kg p.o. Nafazatrom (Bayer 6575), @entity3092 and @entity2605 , which inhibit @entity12032 activity in vitro, were inactive against all parameters when dosed at 100 mg per kg p.o. The "mixed inhibitors" @entity35278 and @entity42430 were approximately equipotent inhibitors of @entity12032 activity but BW755C was 10 times more potent than @entity42430 against CO activity. BW755C was also greater than 10 times more potent at inhibiting cell recruitment and exudate volume than @entity42430 suggesting that the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the mixed inhibitors reflect their potency against CO rather than @entity12032 activity. Time course studies demonstrated that the inhibitor effects of BW755C and @entity42430 on leukocyte recruitment reflected a reduction in the PGE2 but not the LTB4 content of the inflammatory exudate. Polyester sponges soaked in high concentrations of LTB4 caused only a modest (2-fold) increase in leukocyte recruitment whilst physiological levels were inactive. The results taken together suggest that CO products make a major contribution to leukocyte recruitment in this model whilst the @entity12032 product LTB4 has little role. This model therefore is of little value for evaluating the anti-inflammatory efficacy of @entity12032 inhibitors. Moreover, the @entity35 would appear to be unsuitable for evaluating the role of LTB4 in acute @entity32 .

title: Leukocyte recruitment in the subcutaneous sponge implant model of acute XXXX in the @entity35 is not mediated by leukotriene B1.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity42430 :: ('MESH:C015429', 'Chemical') :: ['phenidone']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity3092 :: ('MESH:D011794', 'Chemical') :: ['quercetin']

entities_list: @entity8726 :: ('MESH:D005480', 'Chemical') :: ['flurbiprofen']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: The subcutaneous sponge implant model of acute @entity32 in the @entity35 has been evaluated as a suitable test system for evaluating the potential anti-inflammatory efficacy of @entity12032 inhibitors. The inflammatory parameters measured were exudate volume and leukocyte recruitment. Specific radioimmunoassays were used to measure (1) @entity12032 ( @entity12032 ) and cyclo-oxygenase (CO) activity in exudate leukocytes stimulated ex vivo with @entity3365 , and (2) the LTB4 and @entity1421 content of inflammatory exudate. The NSAIDs @entity8726 and @entity3352 inhibited cell recruitment, exudate volume and CO activity with ED50S of approximately 1 mg per kg p.o. but failed to inhibit @entity12032 activity at 10 mg per kg p.o. Nafazatrom (Bayer 6575), @entity3092 and @entity2605 , which inhibit @entity12032 activity in vitro, were inactive against all parameters when dosed at 100 mg per kg p.o. The "mixed inhibitors" @entity35278 and @entity42430 were approximately equipotent inhibitors of @entity12032 activity but BW755C was 10 times more potent than @entity42430 against CO activity. BW755C was also greater than 10 times more potent at inhibiting cell recruitment and exudate volume than @entity42430 suggesting that the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the mixed inhibitors reflect their potency against CO rather than @entity12032 activity. Time course studies demonstrated that the inhibitor effects of BW755C and @entity42430 on leukocyte recruitment reflected a reduction in the PGE2 but not the LTB4 content of the inflammatory exudate. Polyester sponges soaked in high concentrations of LTB4 caused only a modest (2-fold) increase in leukocyte recruitment whilst physiological levels were inactive. The results taken together suggest that CO products make a major contribution to leukocyte recruitment in this model whilst the @entity12032 product LTB4 has little role. This model therefore is of little value for evaluating the anti-inflammatory efficacy of @entity12032 inhibitors. Moreover, the @entity35 would appear to be unsuitable for evaluating the role of LTB4 in acute @entity32 .

title: Leukocyte recruitment in the subcutaneous sponge implant model of acute @entity32 in the XXXX is not mediated by leukotriene B1.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: We hypothesized that resistance arteries from @entity6 @entity1 with controlled @entity101 have less remodeling than vessels from untreated @entity101 subjects. Eight normotensive subjects (aged 44+/-3 years, 3 @entity1 ; values are mean+/-SEM), 19 untreated @entity101 subjects (46+/-2 years, 9 @entity1 ), and 23 @entity101 subjects with @entity6 under antihypertensive treatment (58+/-1 years, 15 @entity1 ) were studied. Resistance arteries dissected from gluteal subcutaneous tissue were assessed on a pressurized myograph. Most @entity6 @entity1 (70%) were being treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Although systolic blood pressure was still above the normotensive range in these @entity1 (144+/-2 versus 150+/-3 mm Hg in @entity101 and 114+/-4 mm Hg in normotensive subjects), diastolic blood pressure was well controlled (83+/-2 mm Hg) and significantly lower compared with that in untreated @entity101 (100+/-1 mm Hg; P<0.001) but higher than in normotensives (76+/-3 mm Hg; P<0.05). Thus, pulse pressure was higher in @entity6 @entity1 (P<0.05). The media-to-lumen ratio of resistance arteries was greater in @entity101 (0.083+/-0.002) compared with normotensive controls (0.059+/-0.003; P<0.05) and was even higher in @entity6 @entity101 subjects (0.105+/-0.004; P<0.001 versus normotensive controls). The medial cross-sectional area was greater in @entity6 and @entity101 @entity1 compared with normotensive controls (P<0.001). @entity934 -induced relaxation was impaired in vessels from @entity101 @entity1 and from @entity1 with both @entity6 and @entity101 (P<0.05 versus normotensive controls), whereas endothelium-independent vasorelaxation was similar in all groups. Despite effective antihypertensive treatment, resistance arteries from @entity101 @entity6 @entity1 showed marked remodeling, greater than that of vessels from untreated, nondiabetic, @entity101 subjects, in agreement with the high cardiovascular risk of subjects suffering from both @entity6 and @entity101 .

title: Persistent remodeling of resistance arteries in type 2 XXXX patients on antihypertensive treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']