abstract: In previous experiments, we observed signs of @entity712 in @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 ( @entity14694 ) under the control of a muscle specific promotor and in peroxisome proliferators activated receptor alpha ( @entity3229 ) knockout @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 under the control of the same promotor. In our current investigations, we focussed on morphological consequences and changes in mRNA and protein expression in hearts from these animals. mRNA expression was analysed by differential display analysis and Northern blot as well as by cDNA microarray analysis followed by pathway analysis. Protein expression was examined using immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. @entity82 was determined by chromotrope @entity9308 blue staining for collagen. A distinct increase in the expression of alpha-tubulin mRNA was noted in hearts of all mutant @entity19 strains compared with the control. This result was paralleled by increased alpha-tubulin protein expression. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we detected an activation of apoptosis, in particular an increase of @entity185 expression in hearts of @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 but not in @entity3229 knockout @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 . This finding was confirmed immunohistochemically. In addition, we identified a distinct interstitial increase in collagen and an increase around blood vessels. In our @entity19 model, we detect mRNA and protein changes typical for @entity296 even before overt clinical signs of @entity712 . In addition, a small but distinct increase in the rate of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and fibrotic changes contributes to @entity712 in @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 , whereas additional deficiency in @entity3229 seems to protect hearts from these effects.

title: Apoptosis and XXXX are early features of @entity712 in an animal model of @entity296 .

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: In previous experiments, we observed signs of @entity712 in @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 ( @entity14694 ) under the control of a muscle specific promotor and in peroxisome proliferators activated receptor alpha ( @entity3229 ) knockout @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 under the control of the same promotor. In our current investigations, we focussed on morphological consequences and changes in mRNA and protein expression in hearts from these animals. mRNA expression was analysed by differential display analysis and Northern blot as well as by cDNA microarray analysis followed by pathway analysis. Protein expression was examined using immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. @entity82 was determined by chromotrope @entity9308 blue staining for collagen. A distinct increase in the expression of alpha-tubulin mRNA was noted in hearts of all mutant @entity19 strains compared with the control. This result was paralleled by increased alpha-tubulin protein expression. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we detected an activation of apoptosis, in particular an increase of @entity185 expression in hearts of @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 but not in @entity3229 knockout @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 . This finding was confirmed immunohistochemically. In addition, we identified a distinct interstitial increase in collagen and an increase around blood vessels. In our @entity19 model, we detect mRNA and protein changes typical for @entity296 even before overt clinical signs of @entity712 . In addition, a small but distinct increase in the rate of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and fibrotic changes contributes to @entity712 in @entity19 overexpressing @entity14694 , whereas additional deficiency in @entity3229 seems to protect hearts from these effects.

title: Apoptosis and @entity82 are early features of @entity712 in an animal model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['Fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['metabolic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: There is a need for a simple clinical measurement that will indicate the extent of @entity296 after successful thrombolysis. This study examined whether coronary artery reperfusion reduced the @entity1188 size as assessed electrocardiographically after thrombolytic treatment. The sum of the (sigma) ST segment area in leads showing ST segment elevation in the 12 lead electrocardiogram at presentation was used as an index of potential @entity296 (initial ischaemic index). The evolved @entity1188 size at 48 h was assessed by a QRS scoring system. Two groups of @entity1 , both admitted with anterior @entity583 within 6 h of onset, were studied. Group 1 (n = 35) received analgesia only and group 2 (n = 33) received thrombolytic treatment either by the intracoronary (streptokinase, n = 13) or intravenous route (anistreplase, n = 20). Reperfusion was assessed angiographically. The mean (SD) potential @entity1188 size assessed by the initial ischaemic index was similar in both groups (group 1, sigma ST area = 115 (60) @entity202 and group 2 = 126 (77 @entity202 ). The QRS score representing evolved @entity1188 size was significantly lower in the treated group (4.1 (2.5] than in group 1 (7.8 (2.6]. The 95% confidence intervals for QRS scores based on the admission sigma ST area from @entity1 with successful reperfusion were applied to a third set of @entity1 (n = 22) to test the ability of the admission ST area ( @entity296 ) to predict the QRS score accurately. While @entity1 with successful reperfusion had significantly lower QRS scores than those who did not (4.5 (3.1) versus 9.3 (3.4)), the wide confidence intervals caused by inter-individual variability precluded an accurate prediction of the QRS score in an individual from the sigma ST area at time of presentation. There was no difference in @entity1188 size in @entity1 treated early (</= 3 h) (QRS score 4.2(2.8)) or later (3-6 h) (4.1(2.1)). This study provides evidence that sequential electrocardiographic changes are reduced in @entity1 with anterior @entity1188 who achieve reperfusion after thrombolytic treatment and that this benefit is shown with treatment given up to six hours after @entity1188 onset. None the less, the relation between the initial ischaemic index and the evolved QRS score has wide confidence intervals, reflecting inter-individual variability, and does not allow the prediction of a QRS score in an individual @entity1 .

title: Electrocardiographic evidence of XXXX after thrombolysis in acute @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial injury', 'myocardial salvage']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial salvage']


abstract: There is a need for a simple clinical measurement that will indicate the extent of @entity296 after successful thrombolysis. This study examined whether coronary artery reperfusion reduced the @entity1188 size as assessed electrocardiographically after thrombolytic treatment. The sum of the (sigma) ST segment area in leads showing ST segment elevation in the 12 lead electrocardiogram at presentation was used as an index of potential @entity296 (initial ischaemic index). The evolved @entity1188 size at 48 h was assessed by a QRS scoring system. Two groups of @entity1 , both admitted with anterior @entity583 within 6 h of onset, were studied. Group 1 (n = 35) received analgesia only and group 2 (n = 33) received thrombolytic treatment either by the intracoronary (streptokinase, n = 13) or intravenous route (anistreplase, n = 20). Reperfusion was assessed angiographically. The mean (SD) potential @entity1188 size assessed by the initial ischaemic index was similar in both groups (group 1, sigma ST area = 115 (60) @entity202 and group 2 = 126 (77 @entity202 ). The QRS score representing evolved @entity1188 size was significantly lower in the treated group (4.1 (2.5] than in group 1 (7.8 (2.6]. The 95% confidence intervals for QRS scores based on the admission sigma ST area from @entity1 with successful reperfusion were applied to a third set of @entity1 (n = 22) to test the ability of the admission ST area ( @entity296 ) to predict the QRS score accurately. While @entity1 with successful reperfusion had significantly lower QRS scores than those who did not (4.5 (3.1) versus 9.3 (3.4)), the wide confidence intervals caused by inter-individual variability precluded an accurate prediction of the QRS score in an individual from the sigma ST area at time of presentation. There was no difference in @entity1188 size in @entity1 treated early (</= 3 h) (QRS score 4.2(2.8)) or later (3-6 h) (4.1(2.1)). This study provides evidence that sequential electrocardiographic changes are reduced in @entity1 with anterior @entity1188 who achieve reperfusion after thrombolytic treatment and that this benefit is shown with treatment given up to six hours after @entity1188 onset. None the less, the relation between the initial ischaemic index and the evolved QRS score has wide confidence intervals, reflecting inter-individual variability, and does not allow the prediction of a QRS score in an individual @entity1 .

title: Electrocardiographic evidence of @entity296 after thrombolysis in acute XXXX .

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: While global @entity0 gene expression data sets have considerable commonality in terms of their data content, the populations that they represent and the data collection methods utilized can be quite disparate. We sought to assess the extent and consequence of these systematic differences with respect to identifying clinically significant prognostic groups. METHODS: We ascertained how effectively unsupervised clustering employing randomly generated sets of genes could segregate @entity5 into prognostic groups using four well-characterized @entity0 data sets. RESULTS: Using a common set of 5,000 randomly generated lists (70 genes/list), the percentages of clusters with significant differences in @entity3 latencies (HR p-value<0.01) was 62%, 15%, 21% and 0% in the NKI2 (Netherlands Cancer Institute), Wang, TRANSBIG and KJX64/KJ125 data sets, respectively. Among ER positive @entity5 , the percentages were 38%, 11%, 4% and 0%, respectively. Few random lists were predictive among ER negative @entity5 in any data set. Clustering was associated with ER status and, after globally adjusting for the effects of @entity1782 gene expression, the percentages were 25%, 33%, 1% and 0%, respectively. The impact of adjusting for ER status depended on the extent of confounding between @entity1782 gene expression and markers of proliferation. CONCLUSION: It is highly probable to identify a statistically significant association between a given gene list and prognosis in the NKI2 dataset due to its large sample size and the interrelationship between @entity1782 expression and markers of proliferation. In most respects, the TRANSBIG data set generated similar outcomes as the NKI2 data set, although its smaller sample size led to fewer statistically significant results.

title: Intrinsic bias in XXXX gene expression data sets.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ricin is a lethal toxin that inhibits protein synthesis. It is easily extracted from a ubiquitously grown plant, @entity9377 , and thus readily available for use as a bioweapon (BW). Anti-ricin antibodies provide the only known therapeutic against ricin intoxication. RESULTS: In this study, after immunizing a non- @entity1 primate ( @entity5434 ) with the ricin chain A (RTA), a phage-displayed immune library was built (2 x 108 clones), that included the lambda light chain fragment. The library was screened against ricin, and specific binders were sequenced and further analyzed. The best clone, 43RCA, was isolated using a new, stringent neutralization test. 43RCA had a high, picomolar affinity (41 pM) and neutralized ricin efficiently (IC50 = 23 +/- 3 ng/ml, corresponding to a [ @entity10390 ]/[ricin] molar ratio of 4). The neutralization capacity of 43RCA compared favourably with that of polyclonal anti-deglycosylated A chain (anti-dgRCA) IgGs, obtained from hyperimmune mouse serum, which were more efficient than any monoclonal at our disposal. The 43RCA sequence is very similar to that for human IgG germline genes, with 162 of 180 identical @entity1522 for the VH and @entity10389 (90% sequence identity). CONCLUSION: Results of the characterization studies, and the high degree of identity with @entity1 germline genes, altogether make this anti-ricin @entity10390 , or an IgG derived from it, a likely candidate for use in @entity1 to minimize effects caused by ricin intoxication.

title: Isolation of a human-like antibody fragment ( XXXX ) that neutralizes ricin biological activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity9377 :: ('3988', 'Species') :: ['Ricinus communis']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['Macaca fascicularis']

answer: @entity10390 :: (652070,Gene) :: ['scFv']


abstract: @entity4185 has existed for a considerable period of time and it is currently one of the most prevalent @entity734 in the world. One repercussion from using these compounds is that abuse may result in lethality. In an attempt to better understand the @entity204 associated with @entity4185 , the authors surveyed the @entity204 records from the Commonwealth of Virginia from 1987 to 1996. Examination of the state records identified 39 @entity204 related to @entity4185 during this time period. While no significant increase or decrease in the @entity204 rate was observed across the time period investigated, all regions of Virginia were affected, with the rates being highest in the northern and eastern regions of the state. Age of @entity204 ranged from 13 to 42 years with the majority of @entity204 (70%) occurring at 22 years of age or younger. Ninety-five per cent of the individuals were male, with @entity734 @entity204 accounting for 0.3% of all @entity204 in males aged 13-22 years. The chief volatile substances used were gas fuels (46%), predominately @entity24335 and @entity24336 , @entity55094 (26%), @entity16411 and @entity41007 (21%), and other volatile substances including volatile anesthetics. Deaths associated with the abuse of @entity24335 and @entity8336 were more likely to be traumatic, but all substances appeared capable of killing directly by their toxic effects, probably through cardiac and/or respiratory mechanisms. The ramifications of these findings for regulation and prevention are addressed.

title: Deaths associated with XXXX in Virginia from 1987 to 1996.

entities_list: @entity16411 :: ('MESH:D006843', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorinated hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity4185 :: ('MESH:D058545', 'Disease') :: ['Inhalant abuse', 'inhalant abuse']

entities_list: @entity41007 :: ('CHEBI:38976', 'Chemical') :: ['alkylbenzenes']

entities_list: @entity55094 :: ('MESH:D017402', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorofluorocarbons']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['volatile substance abuse', 'drug abuse problems']

answer: @entity4185 :: (MESH:D058545,Disease) :: ['inhalant abuse']


abstract: Between 1969 and 1987, 68 @entity1 with @entity9007 were treated. The median cyst size was 10 cm (range 2-25 cm). Nine @entity1 were managed conservatively with resolution of the @entity9007 in eight @entity1 . These @entity1 had significantly smaller (median 4 cm) cysts compared with those in both percutaneously and surgically treated @entity1 (P less than 0.01). In 22 @entity1 the @entity9007 (median 9 cm) were punctured percutaneously under ultrasound guidance and the cyst fluid was aspirated or drained through a catheter. Complete resolution occurred in 13 @entity1 after 1-4 (mean 1.8) punctures per @entity1 , regression occurred in six @entity1 after 1-4 (mean 2.0) puncture procedures per @entity1 and three were unchanged. No complications were noted, except that two @entity1 treated percutaneously required additional surgery. Thirty-seven @entity1 were managed surgically (median cyst size 11 cm) with external drainage (12 @entity1 ), cystgastrostomy (17 @entity1 ), cystduodenostomy (three @entity1 ) cystjejunostomy (three @entity1 ) and pancreatic resection (two @entity1 ). Resolution of the cyst was noted in 29 @entity1 , regression in five and three were unchanged. Five @entity1 required additional surgery. Twelve complications were seen in ten @entity1 (27 per cent), most frequently after external drainage. One @entity1 died after surgical treatment. Mean hospital stay was 13 days among @entity1 treated conservatively and 30 days in both percutaneously and surgically treated @entity1 . Aspiration or catheter drainage of pseudocyst fluid guided by ultrasonography seems a safe and effective treatment of @entity9007 and should be considered as initial therapy. If surgery is required cystgastrostomy is preferred.

title: Management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['pseudocysts', 'pseudocyst occurring', 'pancreatic pseudocysts']

answer: @entity9007 :: (MESH:D010192,Disease) :: ['pancreatic pseudocysts']


abstract: Epidemiological evidence from diverse @entity1 populations, supported by experimental evidence from animal models, suggests that maternal nutrition during pregnancy is an important fetal programming influence upon @entity65 . Experiments with a low-protein-diet model of @entity35 pregnancy suggest a role for the renin-angiotensin system in the programming mechanism, since fetal undernutrition permanently elevates pulmonary and plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. Long-term beneficial effects of @entity3371 on blood pressure in this model require further investigation in order to clarify the role of @entity1808 . Pregnant @entity35 were fed a control diet containing 18% (w/w) casein as the protein source or a low-protein diet containing 9% (w/w) casein. Between the ages of 2 and 4 weeks postnatally, mothers and their pups were treated with @entity9886 or @entity594 . All pups in the study had blood pressure determined at 4 and 12 weeks of age using a tail cuff. Animals exposed to the low-protein diet in utero and not subjected to drug treatment had elevated blood pressure relative to control @entity35 (mean increase of 27 mmHg; P<0.001). Treatment of @entity35 exposed to the control diet in utero with either @entity594 or @entity9886 between 2 and 4 weeks of age did not alter their blood pressure. @entity594 had no effect upon the blood pressure of low-protein-exposed pups, but @entity9886 prevented the blood pressure elevation in these animals. Between 4 and 12 weeks of age, blood pressure increased significantly in all groups (P<0.001). The pattern of blood pressure among the groups was identical to that observed at 4 weeks, suggesting that the observed early effects of @entity9886 would be maintained into adult life. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that @entity1808 plays a major role in the prenatal programming of @entity101 . The action of @entity1808 at the @entity1129 (1) receptor between 2 and 4 weeks of age may be critically up-regulated by fetal factors, including exposure to glucocorticoids of maternal origin.

title: Antihypertensive treatment in early postnatal life modulates prenatal dietary influences upon blood pressure in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine', 'Nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The expression of nitrilase in @entity958 during the development of the @entity66 caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae was investigated. A time course study showed that only during the exponential growth phase of the clubs was nitrilase prominently enhanced in infected roots compared with controls. @entity73076 and @entity73077 are the nitrilase isoforms predominantly expressed in clubroot tissue, as shown by investigating promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions of each. Two peaks of beta-glucuronidase activity were visible: an earlier peak (21 d post inoculation) consisting only of the expression of @entity73076 , and a second peak at about 32 d post inoculation, which predominantly consisted of @entity73077 expression. Using a polyclonal antibody against nitrilase, it was shown that the protein was mainly found in infected cells containing sporulating plasmodia, whereas in cells of healthy roots and in uninfected cells of inoculated roots only a few immunosignals were detected. To determine which effect a missing nitrilase isoform might have on symptom development, the P. brassicae infection in a nitrilase mutant ( @entity73076 -3) of @entity958 was investigated. As a comparison, transgenic plants overexpressing @entity73077 under the control of the @entity3260 35S promoter were studied. Root galls were smaller in @entity73076 -3 plants compared with the wild type. The phenotype of smaller clubs in the mutant was correlated with a lower free @entity9634 content in the clubs compared with the wild type. Overexpression of nitrilase did not result in larger clubs compared with the wild type. The putative role of nitrilase and auxins during symptom development is discussed.

title: Expression and localization of nitrilase during symptom development of the XXXX in @entity958 .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['clubroot disease']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity3260 :: ('10641', 'Species') :: ['cauliflower mosaic virus']

entities_list: @entity9634 :: ('MESH:C030737', 'Chemical') :: ['indole-3-acetic acid']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['clubroot disease']


abstract: The expression of nitrilase in @entity958 during the development of the @entity66 caused by the obligate biotroph Plasmodiophora brassicae was investigated. A time course study showed that only during the exponential growth phase of the clubs was nitrilase prominently enhanced in infected roots compared with controls. @entity73076 and @entity73077 are the nitrilase isoforms predominantly expressed in clubroot tissue, as shown by investigating promoter-beta-glucuronidase fusions of each. Two peaks of beta-glucuronidase activity were visible: an earlier peak (21 d post inoculation) consisting only of the expression of @entity73076 , and a second peak at about 32 d post inoculation, which predominantly consisted of @entity73077 expression. Using a polyclonal antibody against nitrilase, it was shown that the protein was mainly found in infected cells containing sporulating plasmodia, whereas in cells of healthy roots and in uninfected cells of inoculated roots only a few immunosignals were detected. To determine which effect a missing nitrilase isoform might have on symptom development, the P. brassicae infection in a nitrilase mutant ( @entity73076 -3) of @entity958 was investigated. As a comparison, transgenic plants overexpressing @entity73077 under the control of the @entity3260 35S promoter were studied. Root galls were smaller in @entity73076 -3 plants compared with the wild type. The phenotype of smaller clubs in the mutant was correlated with a lower free @entity9634 content in the clubs compared with the wild type. Overexpression of nitrilase did not result in larger clubs compared with the wild type. The putative role of nitrilase and auxins during symptom development is discussed.

title: Expression and localization of nitrilase during symptom development of the @entity66 in XXXX .

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: A recently introduced optometric technique, colorimetry, enables the perceptual effects of ophthalmic tints to be evaluated subjectively, optimized, and then prescribed in tinted spectacles. The new technique is beneficial in reducing visual stress in @entity1 with @entity5545 and @entity2704 . We describe an open trial designed to ascertain: (1) whether the colorimetry assessment, as it is now given, is safe for the investigation of photosensitive @entity1 in optometry clinics where colorimetry equipment is most readily available, but where EEG control is not practical; (2) what proportion of @entity1 with @entity5516 is likely to benefit to the extent already described in individual cases; (3) whether a tint selected by colorimetry could be shown to reduce the incidence of paroxysmal epileptiform EEG activity in response to flicker and patterns, thereby validating the subjective methods and corroborating the reported @entity410 reduction. Twenty-four females and nine males (aged 12-43 years) took part. All the @entity1 had suffered visually-provoked @entity410 , had exhibited a photoparoxysmal response on at least one previous EEG recording, and had received a diagnosis of @entity5516 . Twenty-two were currently experiencing @entity410 . A further EEG was recorded in all except seven cases: a routine resting record, followed by hyperventilation. Colorimetry was performed after hyperventilation and before photic stimulation. Twenty-three (70%) reported beneficial effects during colorimetry and were prescribed glasses. There was a preponderance of lenses with a rose or purple colour, in contrast to @entity1 with @entity5545 . Seventeen of the 23 @entity1 were available at follow-up, an average of 2.4 years later. Thirteen (57%) reported benefits, and said they were still using the lenses. In six of the 13 the benefits were pronounced, including a reduction of dizziness from fluorescent lighting, elimination of aura when using computer screens etc. Only in three cases was there a @entity410 that could reasonably be attributed to the use of lenses; in two of these cases no medications were prescribed, and in the third the medications remained unchanged for four years, two before and two after the introduction of the glasses. In an additional four cases a @entity410 was observed but medication had been changed. There was a modest reduction in EEG photosensitivity with the coloured lenses but also to an equivalent or lesser extent with grey in all of the eight @entity1 examined in this way. One @entity1 had @entity410 during colorimetry, but the @entity410 were not accompanied by scalp EEG changes.

title: Treatment of XXXX using coloured glasses.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'reduction in seizures']

entities_list: @entity5516 :: ('MESH:D020195', 'Disease') :: ['photosensitive epilepsy']

answer: @entity5516 :: (MESH:D020195,Disease) :: ['photosensitive epilepsy']


abstract: To study the economic implications of @entity302 in Hong Kong, a cost-of-illness study was performed on a retrospective cohort of medically treated @entity1 from a regional hospital. A societal perspective was examined. Utilization data from 1992 to 1996 were reviewed to obtain the direct costs. Lost productivity was used as a proxy for estimating the indirect costs. Future cost projected over 10 years was derived by incorporating model parameters. Of 745 records reviewed, total direct costs added up to USD 0.98 million and indirect costs to USD 1.32 million. Regarding the overall direct costs, hospitalization was the most consumptive item among @entity1 with a shorter history of @entity302 and those with suboptimal @entity410 control. The mean total cost per @entity1 increased steadily from 1992 to 1996 except for those with long-standing remission, and was highest in @entity1 with medically @entity302 in terms of both the actual value and rate of increment. Parameters with the most leverage on future cost would be unemployment rate and annual discount rate. The overall economy of the society would exert a major effect on the future cost of @entity302 , in particular, for @entity1 with poorly controlled disease.

title: Cost of XXXX in Hong Kong: experience from a regional hospital.

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['refractory epilepsy', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report on four @entity1 with @entity792 who developed acute @entity583 ( @entity583 ) during or soon after treatment with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and to determine the clinical profile of @entity1 prone to this complication. METHODS: The clinical history of the four @entity1 is reported with details concerning age, sex, indication for IVIG treatment, risk factors, timing of the @entity583 and outcome. The relevant medical literature has been reviewed. RESULTS: The @entity1 , three @entity1 and one @entity1 , aged 42-67, received IVIG treatment for different @entity792 . All had a history of @entity731 or previous risk factors such as @entity101 , @entity64 , hyperlipidaemia and @entity28 . Two of the @entity1 suffered a @entity583 after the first infusion of IVIG while the others-after the 5th and 15th pulses. @entity583 occurred during the infusion in two @entity1 and after a few days in the others. All the @entity1 recovered from the acute event. These observations are in concert with sporadic cases of IVIG related @entity715 reported in the medical literature. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with vascular risk factors such as old age, @entity101 , history of @entity64 or @entity453 , the possibility of IVIG related @entity455 should be considered and IVIG prescribed with a cautious reweighted risk/benefit consideration.

title: Acute @entity583 associated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusion for XXXX . A study of four cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular complications']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorders']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report on four @entity1 with @entity792 who developed acute @entity583 ( @entity583 ) during or soon after treatment with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and to determine the clinical profile of @entity1 prone to this complication. METHODS: The clinical history of the four @entity1 is reported with details concerning age, sex, indication for IVIG treatment, risk factors, timing of the @entity583 and outcome. The relevant medical literature has been reviewed. RESULTS: The @entity1 , three @entity1 and one @entity1 , aged 42-67, received IVIG treatment for different @entity792 . All had a history of @entity731 or previous risk factors such as @entity101 , @entity64 , hyperlipidaemia and @entity28 . Two of the @entity1 suffered a @entity583 after the first infusion of IVIG while the others-after the 5th and 15th pulses. @entity583 occurred during the infusion in two @entity1 and after a few days in the others. All the @entity1 recovered from the acute event. These observations are in concert with sporadic cases of IVIG related @entity715 reported in the medical literature. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with vascular risk factors such as old age, @entity101 , history of @entity64 or @entity453 , the possibility of IVIG related @entity455 should be considered and IVIG prescribed with a cautious reweighted risk/benefit consideration.

title: Acute XXXX associated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusion for @entity792 . A study of four cases.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: @entity175 (CT) constitutes one of the major choices for the pharmacologic treatment of postmenopausal and @entity170 . In @entity170 , CT, analogous to @entity172 , determines increase of bone mass, improvement of intestinal @entity460 absorption and a positivization of @entity460 balance. @entity1 treated with CT can also benefit from the analgesic effect of the hormone. Unlike @entity172 , these beneficial effects of CT occur with minimal risk and require no routine gynecological monitoring. In addition, CT is completely devoid of @entity137 . The only limitations to the use of CT are linked to the frequent parenteral injections and the occurrence of side effects. These limitations can now be overcome by the availability of the new nasal spray preparation, which has been developed for synthetic salmon calcitonin (sCT). The introduction of this new form increases the @entity1 ' compliance, and the different pharmacokinetic curtails the side effects, compared to the parenteral administration. At present, one-year controlled studies have been reported, showing a beneficial effect of sCT on bone mass in @entity1 with established @entity170 . Also, shorter studies demonstrate the analgesic activity of sCT treatment in @entity1 with @entity174 and @entity158 . The improvement in the @entity1 ' compliance and the reduction of side effects allow this new CT preparation to be used in the prevention of @entity170 .

title: Salmon calcitonin (Miacalcic) nasal spray in prevention and treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogens']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral crush fractures']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis', 'senile osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['bone pain']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the direct application of vibratory stimuli inhibits @entity508 and improves motor function in the hemiplegic upper limbs of post- @entity64 @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective pilot study. SETTING: University hospital rehabilitation centre. SUBJECTS: Fourteen post- @entity64 @entity1 (mean age = 57.3 years; SD = 19.1 years). INTERVENTIONS: A hand and forearm stimulation device and an upper-arm stimulation device, consisting of vibrators, a wooden frame and a cloth @entity10874 , applied to the upper limbs of subjects. MAIN MEASURES: The @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ) score, F-wave parameters and motor-function parameters (finger tapping, active range of motion and the simple test for evaluating hand function). RESULTS: Subjects showed significant and potentially durable improvements in @entity2653 score (p < 0.01), F-wave parameters (p < 0.01) and motor-function parameters (p < 0.05). The @entity2653 score, F-wave parameters and motor-function parameters dropped below the baseline values after vibratory stimulation. The @entity2653 score and F-wave parameters remained significantly below the baseline 30 minutes after stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The direct application of vibratory stimuli is an effective non-pharmacological anti- @entity508 treatment that could facilitate @entity64 rehabilitation. These results provide good evidence of potential short-term benefits of anti- @entity508 vibratory therapy in post- @entity64 @entity1 in terms of decreased muscle tonus and improved motor function.

title: Anti- XXXX effects of the direct application of vibratory stimuli to the @entity508 muscles of hemiplegic limbs in post- @entity64 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['modified Ashworth scale', 'MAS']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity', 'spastic']

answer: @entity508 :: (MESH:D009128,Disease) :: ['spastic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the direct application of vibratory stimuli inhibits @entity508 and improves motor function in the hemiplegic upper limbs of post- @entity64 @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective pilot study. SETTING: University hospital rehabilitation centre. SUBJECTS: Fourteen post- @entity64 @entity1 (mean age = 57.3 years; SD = 19.1 years). INTERVENTIONS: A hand and forearm stimulation device and an upper-arm stimulation device, consisting of vibrators, a wooden frame and a cloth @entity10874 , applied to the upper limbs of subjects. MAIN MEASURES: The @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ) score, F-wave parameters and motor-function parameters (finger tapping, active range of motion and the simple test for evaluating hand function). RESULTS: Subjects showed significant and potentially durable improvements in @entity2653 score (p < 0.01), F-wave parameters (p < 0.01) and motor-function parameters (p < 0.05). The @entity2653 score, F-wave parameters and motor-function parameters dropped below the baseline values after vibratory stimulation. The @entity2653 score and F-wave parameters remained significantly below the baseline 30 minutes after stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The direct application of vibratory stimuli is an effective non-pharmacological anti- @entity508 treatment that could facilitate @entity64 rehabilitation. These results provide good evidence of potential short-term benefits of anti- @entity508 vibratory therapy in post- @entity64 @entity1 in terms of decreased muscle tonus and improved motor function.

title: Anti- @entity508 effects of the direct application of vibratory stimuli to the XXXX muscles of hemiplegic limbs in post- @entity64 @entity1 .

answer: @entity508 :: (MESH:D009128,Disease) :: ['spastic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the direct application of vibratory stimuli inhibits @entity508 and improves motor function in the hemiplegic upper limbs of post- @entity64 @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective pilot study. SETTING: University hospital rehabilitation centre. SUBJECTS: Fourteen post- @entity64 @entity1 (mean age = 57.3 years; SD = 19.1 years). INTERVENTIONS: A hand and forearm stimulation device and an upper-arm stimulation device, consisting of vibrators, a wooden frame and a cloth @entity10874 , applied to the upper limbs of subjects. MAIN MEASURES: The @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ) score, F-wave parameters and motor-function parameters (finger tapping, active range of motion and the simple test for evaluating hand function). RESULTS: Subjects showed significant and potentially durable improvements in @entity2653 score (p < 0.01), F-wave parameters (p < 0.01) and motor-function parameters (p < 0.05). The @entity2653 score, F-wave parameters and motor-function parameters dropped below the baseline values after vibratory stimulation. The @entity2653 score and F-wave parameters remained significantly below the baseline 30 minutes after stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The direct application of vibratory stimuli is an effective non-pharmacological anti- @entity508 treatment that could facilitate @entity64 rehabilitation. These results provide good evidence of potential short-term benefits of anti- @entity508 vibratory therapy in post- @entity64 @entity1 in terms of decreased muscle tonus and improved motor function.

title: Anti- @entity508 effects of the direct application of vibratory stimuli to the @entity508 muscles of hemiplegic limbs in post- XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the direct application of vibratory stimuli inhibits @entity508 and improves motor function in the hemiplegic upper limbs of post- @entity64 @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective pilot study. SETTING: University hospital rehabilitation centre. SUBJECTS: Fourteen post- @entity64 @entity1 (mean age = 57.3 years; SD = 19.1 years). INTERVENTIONS: A hand and forearm stimulation device and an upper-arm stimulation device, consisting of vibrators, a wooden frame and a cloth @entity10874 , applied to the upper limbs of subjects. MAIN MEASURES: The @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ) score, F-wave parameters and motor-function parameters (finger tapping, active range of motion and the simple test for evaluating hand function). RESULTS: Subjects showed significant and potentially durable improvements in @entity2653 score (p < 0.01), F-wave parameters (p < 0.01) and motor-function parameters (p < 0.05). The @entity2653 score, F-wave parameters and motor-function parameters dropped below the baseline values after vibratory stimulation. The @entity2653 score and F-wave parameters remained significantly below the baseline 30 minutes after stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: The direct application of vibratory stimuli is an effective non-pharmacological anti- @entity508 treatment that could facilitate @entity64 rehabilitation. These results provide good evidence of potential short-term benefits of anti- @entity508 vibratory therapy in post- @entity64 @entity1 in terms of decreased muscle tonus and improved motor function.

title: Anti- @entity508 effects of the direct application of vibratory stimuli to the @entity508 muscles of hemiplegic limbs in post- @entity64 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to compare the short-term effects of infrared (IR) and therapeutic ultrasound (US) on clinical and electrophysiological measures of @entity508 and range of motion (ROM) in @entity2795 @entity1 with plantar flexor muscle @entity508 . RESEARCH DESIGN: A cross-sectional, single centre trial. INTERVENTIONS: Ultrasound and Infrared were used. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Twenty-one @entity1 (13 males and eight females) aged 27-78 years (mean +/- SD: 60.4 +/- 13.2) were randomly assigned into either the US or IR treatment groups. The IR and US were delivered for 20 and 10 minutes, respectively. The H-reflex, Ashworth scale (AS) and ROM were collected before, immediately after and 15 minutes after the end of the treatment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Both groups were statistically similar on all variables at the beginning of the study. Results indicated that the dependent variables were not significantly different between groups at the end of study. The use of IR and US was not associated with significant reductions of H-reflex and Ashworth scores. A significant main effect for time on active and passive ROM was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded neither IR nor US reduced electrophysiological or clinical measures of @entity508 in this sample of @entity1 .

title: Efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound and infrared in the management of muscle XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2795 :: ('MESH:D020325', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegic']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

answer: @entity508 :: (MESH:D009128,Disease) :: ['spasticity']


abstract: @entity2100 premutations are considered to be a risk factor for @entity11157 ( @entity11157 ), which is usually defined as menopause at age <40 years. Since premutations may be inherited from either the mother or the father, we evaluated the influence of the inheritance pattern on the duration of reproductive life in female carriers. The occurrence of @entity11157 and age at menopause in @entity1 with a paternally inherited @entity2100 premutation (PIP) were compared to those in @entity1 with a @entity2100 ( @entity2100 ). We identified 148 @entity1 in whom the parental origin of the premutation could be determined. In 109 of these @entity1 we were able to establish whether @entity11157 had occurred: 82 @entity1 had a PIP, and 27 had a @entity2100 . Twenty-three of the @entity1 (28%) with a PIP had @entity11157 , versus only 1 (3.7%) with a @entity2100 (two -tailed Fisher's exact test; P=. 007). Kaplan-Meier analysis of all 148 premutations showed that the age at menopause was significantly lower in the @entity1 with a PIP than in the @entity1 with a @entity2100 (Breslow test in Kaplan-Meier analysis; P=.003). Our data strongly suggest that, when @entity11157 occurs in @entity2100 premutation carriers, a considerable proportion of the premutations are inherited paternally (parent-of-origin effect). We hypothesize that this may be owing to a paternal genomic imprinting effect.

title: Imprinting effect in @entity11157 confined to paternally inherited XXXX premutations.

entities_list: @entity2100 :: ('MESH:D005600', 'Disease') :: ['Fragile X', 'maternally inherited fragile X premutation', 'MIP', 'fragile X']

entities_list: @entity11157 :: ('MESH:D016649', 'Disease') :: ['POF', 'premature ovarian failure']

answer: @entity2100 :: (MESH:D005600,Disease) :: ['fragile X']


abstract: @entity2100 premutations are considered to be a risk factor for @entity11157 ( @entity11157 ), which is usually defined as menopause at age <40 years. Since premutations may be inherited from either the mother or the father, we evaluated the influence of the inheritance pattern on the duration of reproductive life in female carriers. The occurrence of @entity11157 and age at menopause in @entity1 with a paternally inherited @entity2100 premutation (PIP) were compared to those in @entity1 with a @entity2100 ( @entity2100 ). We identified 148 @entity1 in whom the parental origin of the premutation could be determined. In 109 of these @entity1 we were able to establish whether @entity11157 had occurred: 82 @entity1 had a PIP, and 27 had a @entity2100 . Twenty-three of the @entity1 (28%) with a PIP had @entity11157 , versus only 1 (3.7%) with a @entity2100 (two -tailed Fisher's exact test; P=. 007). Kaplan-Meier analysis of all 148 premutations showed that the age at menopause was significantly lower in the @entity1 with a PIP than in the @entity1 with a @entity2100 (Breslow test in Kaplan-Meier analysis; P=.003). Our data strongly suggest that, when @entity11157 occurs in @entity2100 premutation carriers, a considerable proportion of the premutations are inherited paternally (parent-of-origin effect). We hypothesize that this may be owing to a paternal genomic imprinting effect.

title: Imprinting effect in XXXX confined to paternally inherited @entity2100 premutations.

answer: @entity11157 :: (MESH:D016649,Disease) :: ['premature ovarian failure']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity5971 is often associated with @entity9529 . This study examines the relationship between the presence of @entity346 and surgical outcome in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity5971 . METHODS: In this institutional retrospective study, we reviewed the charts of 200 consecutive @entity1 who underwent surgical correction for @entity5971 between 1991 and 1995. Preoperative clinical characteristics and subsequent need for additional strabismus surgery for a residual or consecutive deviation were noted. Minimum follow-up was 6 months after the original operation. RESULTS: Of the 84 @entity1 who met the inclusion criteria, 15 @entity1 (18%) had latent or manifest @entity346 , and 69 @entity1 (82%) had no @entity346 . Eight of the 15 @entity1 with @entity346 had or required reoperation according to our criteria (53%). Nineteen of the 69 @entity1 (28%) without @entity346 had or required reoperation (P =.155). CONCLUSIONS: Nystagmus, when associated with @entity5971 , may increase the risk of requiring additional strabismus surgery for residual or consecutive deviations. Appropriate and complete preoperative counseling of @entity1 with @entity5971 who also have @entity346 should include this increased risk.

title: The relationship between XXXX and surgical outcome in @entity5971 .

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['latent nystagmus', 'nystagmus']

entities_list: @entity5971 :: ('MESH:D004948', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital esotropia', 'congenital esotropia']

entities_list: @entity9529 :: ('MESH:D020417', 'Disease') :: ['congenital nystagmus']

answer: @entity346 :: (MESH:D009759,Disease) :: ['nystagmus']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity5971 is often associated with @entity9529 . This study examines the relationship between the presence of @entity346 and surgical outcome in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity5971 . METHODS: In this institutional retrospective study, we reviewed the charts of 200 consecutive @entity1 who underwent surgical correction for @entity5971 between 1991 and 1995. Preoperative clinical characteristics and subsequent need for additional strabismus surgery for a residual or consecutive deviation were noted. Minimum follow-up was 6 months after the original operation. RESULTS: Of the 84 @entity1 who met the inclusion criteria, 15 @entity1 (18%) had latent or manifest @entity346 , and 69 @entity1 (82%) had no @entity346 . Eight of the 15 @entity1 with @entity346 had or required reoperation according to our criteria (53%). Nineteen of the 69 @entity1 (28%) without @entity346 had or required reoperation (P =.155). CONCLUSIONS: Nystagmus, when associated with @entity5971 , may increase the risk of requiring additional strabismus surgery for residual or consecutive deviations. Appropriate and complete preoperative counseling of @entity1 with @entity5971 who also have @entity346 should include this increased risk.

title: The relationship between @entity346 and surgical outcome in XXXX .

answer: @entity5971 :: (MESH:D004948,Disease) :: ['congenital esotropia']


abstract: Previous studies in vitro have shown that monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against gangliosides GD3 and GD2 potentiate lymphocyte responses to a variety of stimuli. The purpose of the present study was to determine by immunohistological techniques whether GD3 and GD2 was expressed on lymphoid cells in vivo around @entity320 cells. Studies on @entity3 in lymph nodes indicated that the lymphoid infiltrate around the margins of the @entity3 was predominantly @entity14327 + T cells, which were shown by dual labelling techniques to express mainly GD2 and to a lesser extent GD3. @entity14327 + @entity1573 cells were detected more frequently in cortical regions of the lymph nodes. @entity14328 + T cells were less numerous than @entity14327 + T cells and expressed both GD3 and GD2. Expression of GD2 was also prominent on @entity14327 + T cells, B lymphocytes and @entity1358 in germinal centres, whereas GD3 was mainly expressed on T cells in the margins of the follicles. In contrast to the predominance of @entity14327 + T cells in lymph nodes, @entity14327 + and @entity14328 + T cells were in approximately equal proportions about primary @entity320 and @entity3 in skin. GD2 was largely undetectable on lymphocytes at these sites. In contrast, GD3 was detected on both @entity14328 + and @entity14327 + lymphocytes but not on B lymphocytes. The absence of GD2 on @entity14327 + T cells in skin suggested the latter were a different subpopulation to those in lymph nodes. There appeared to be no clear correlation, however, with subsets of @entity14327 T cells defined by the 2H4 and Leu 8 MAbs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Expression of the gangliosides GD3 and GD2 on lymphocytes in tissue sections of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['dendritic reticular cells']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of exclusive breast feeding and the reasons for water supplementation, and investigate whether water is necessary in the humid climate of Colombo. SETTING: Well baby clinic in De Soysa Maternity Hospital for @entity1 , Colombo. SUBJECTS: 200 breast fed @entity1 born in a baby friendly hospital between the ages of 1 and 4 months. METHODS: The study sample was randomly selected. Sick @entity1 and those of working mothers were excluded. The mothers' knowledge of feeding practices was recorded in an interviewer administered questionnaire. The @entity1 ' weights, lengths and rectal temperatures were measured and the osmolality of urine estimated. The room temperature and relative humidity were recorded on each day of study. The data were analysed using the Chi-Square statistical test. RESULTS: 69% of mothers introduced supplementary fluids within the first 4 months, because of advice from grandmothers or relatives, thirst, @entity11637 or @entity1142 . 45% had introduced water with "rathakalkaya", a fluid traditionally given to @entity1 in @entity3595 Lanka. 90% of mothers had attended antenatal clinics in the De Soysa Hospital for @entity1 . 70% of mothers who gave supplementary fluids were aware of the importance of exclusive breast feeding. The range of urine osomolalities of exclusively breast fed @entity1 was 60 to 204 mosmol/kg. There were no significant differences in core temperatures and number of times urine was voided daily, or urine osmolalities, between exclusively breast fed and fluids-supplemented group of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Despite delivery in a baby friendly hospital a majority of mothers supplemented breast milk with water or other fluids during the first 4 months. The advice of grandmothers had a significant influence on early feeding practices. Exclusively breast fed @entity1 were found to maintain water homeostasis under the hot, humid climatic conditions of this study.

title: Do babies need water in XXXX Lanka?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Women', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity3595 :: (6717,Gene) :: ['Sri']


abstract: Identifying the normal concerns of @entity1 with @entity31 and @entity30 ( @entity30 ) facilitates a comprehensive approach to their medical care. Clinically, it can be easily appreciated that the concerns of @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity29 ( @entity29 ) may differ and that this may have a substantial impact on both coping and treatment decisions. However, sex differences have received little empirical study. METHODS: Significant differences between the sexes on the 25 items of the Rating Form of @entity29 @entity1 Concerns (RFIPC) were determined in 343 subjects by univariate ANOVA with disease type and sex as factors, correcting for multiple comparisons and covarying for @entity29 symptom severity. RESULTS: Compared with @entity1 , @entity1 reported higher levels of @entity29 symptom severity and higher overall RFIPC scores. @entity1 were more concerned than @entity1 about feelings related to their bodies, attractiveness, feeling alone and having @entity1 . There was an interaction between disease and sex regarding concern about sexual performance and intimacy. In both cases, @entity1 with @entity30 reported less concern than each other comparison group. The illness concerns that differ between sexes are not the most intense concerns in either sex. DISCUSSION: These results confirm that sex has a significant influence on a number of illness concerns, particularly concerns related to self-image and relationships. The interaction of disease type and sex with respect to concern over sexual performance and intimacy is open to several potential explanations and requires further research. Sex differences should be considered in the treatment of @entity29 . Specific inquiry into sex-specific concerns may be useful for the clinician. Further research is required to replicate these retrospective findings.

title: Influence of sex and disease on illness-related concerns in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Women', 'Patient', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1 with @entity30 ( @entity30 ) receive one or more surgical interventions throughout their clinical history. Conservative surgery has recently been proposed as a safe and effective option for the treatment of complicated @entity30 and for the prevention of @entity5277 and stoma. @entity1 AND METHODS: One hundred nineteen @entity1 affected by @entity30 were treated with stricture plasty and mini-resection in our Department between January 1993 and January 1998. At admission, the prior complete clinical and surgical history of each @entity1 was collected and then inserted in a prospectively maintained data base. Analysis of recurrence was made using the Kaplan-Meier function and the influence of certain variables on the risk of recurrence was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality was nil, @entity260 occurred in 8 @entity1 (6.7%). Overall long term surgical recurrence at 5 years was 28%, 35% in @entity1 operated on within one year and 15% in those treated after one year from the diagnosis (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Stricture plasty and minimal resections show lower perioperative @entity260 similar to resective surgery. From risk factor analysis, a group of @entity1 with high risk of surgical recurrence emerged. In this group and whenever technically possible, we consider stricture plasty and minimal resection the gold standard in the treatment of complicated @entity30 .

title: [The conservative surgery of XXXX : the long-term results].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5277 :: ('MESH:D012778', 'Disease') :: ['short bowel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications', 'mortality and postoperative complications']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To clarify production of @entity842 with @entity1468 . METHODS: Production of @entity842 and elimination of its metabolites, @entity3542 and @entity1507 , determines ultimately the level of those metabolites in plasma of subjects whose diets lack them. We measured simultaneously plasma levels and renal clearance of @entity3542 and @entity1507 in 20 @entity1 with @entity1468 and in 21 healthy pregnant @entity1 . Fifteen preeclamptic gravidas were receiving antihypertensive medication and five received betamethasone 1-4 days before the study. Subjects were prescribed low @entity3542 and @entity1507 diets for 24 hours and fasted overnight before collection of plasma and urine samples. @entity3542 and @entity1507 were measured spectrophotometrically by Griess reaction. RESULTS: Preeclamptic @entity1 had significantly higher plasma levels of @entity3542 and @entity1507 (18.1+/-6.2 micromol/L versus 13.0+/-4.3 micromol/L, mean+/-standard deviation [SD], P = .009), which because renal clearance did not differ (0.6+/-0.3 versus 0.7+/-0.3 mL/s), indicated increased production of @entity842 with @entity1468 that was unaffected by antihypertensives or @entity5935 . The mean plasma level of @entity2232 was increased (5.1+/-1.4 versus 3.6+/-1.0 pg/mL, P < .001), and urinary output of the @entity4770 metabolite @entity57392 was decreased (39.1+/-18.0 versus 61.3+/-35.6 ng/mmol @entity1011 , P = .019) with @entity1468 . These two endothelial markers showed no relation to plasma @entity3542 and @entity1507 . CONCLUSION: @entity842 production was increased with @entity1468 . The biologic significance of increased production is unknown, but it might be compensation for the vasoconstriction of @entity1468 .

title: @entity842 production with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5935 :: ('MESH:D001623', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrite', 'nitrite']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia', 'pre-eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide', 'nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity57392 :: ('MESH:C028290', 'Chemical') :: ['2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['preeclampsia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To clarify production of @entity842 with @entity1468 . METHODS: Production of @entity842 and elimination of its metabolites, @entity3542 and @entity1507 , determines ultimately the level of those metabolites in plasma of subjects whose diets lack them. We measured simultaneously plasma levels and renal clearance of @entity3542 and @entity1507 in 20 @entity1 with @entity1468 and in 21 healthy pregnant @entity1 . Fifteen preeclamptic gravidas were receiving antihypertensive medication and five received betamethasone 1-4 days before the study. Subjects were prescribed low @entity3542 and @entity1507 diets for 24 hours and fasted overnight before collection of plasma and urine samples. @entity3542 and @entity1507 were measured spectrophotometrically by Griess reaction. RESULTS: Preeclamptic @entity1 had significantly higher plasma levels of @entity3542 and @entity1507 (18.1+/-6.2 micromol/L versus 13.0+/-4.3 micromol/L, mean+/-standard deviation [SD], P = .009), which because renal clearance did not differ (0.6+/-0.3 versus 0.7+/-0.3 mL/s), indicated increased production of @entity842 with @entity1468 that was unaffected by antihypertensives or @entity5935 . The mean plasma level of @entity2232 was increased (5.1+/-1.4 versus 3.6+/-1.0 pg/mL, P < .001), and urinary output of the @entity4770 metabolite @entity57392 was decreased (39.1+/-18.0 versus 61.3+/-35.6 ng/mmol @entity1011 , P = .019) with @entity1468 . These two endothelial markers showed no relation to plasma @entity3542 and @entity1507 . CONCLUSION: @entity842 production was increased with @entity1468 . The biologic significance of increased production is unknown, but it might be compensation for the vasoconstriction of @entity1468 .

title: XXXX production with @entity1468 .

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['Nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost savings of replacing intravenous @entity1363 with enterally administered @entity2934 in mechanically ventilated @entity1 who require long-term continuous sedation. DESIGN: Retrospective review of @entity1 treated according to a preestablished pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) sedation protocol. SETTING: Twenty-six-bed pediatric ICU in a tertiary care @entity1 's hospital. @entity1 : The records of 30 mechanically ventilated @entity1 were analyzed. The median age was 1.5 yrs and the median weight was 8.0 kg. @entity1 required continuous sedation for a total of 16 days (median). INTERVENTIONS: According to our pediatric ICU sedation protocol, @entity1363 infusion was continued until the hourly @entity1363 requirement was stable for at least 24 hrs. Thereafter, @entity1 with a nasojejunal tube who were likely to require a minimum of three additional days of continuous sedation were transitioned from intravenous @entity1363 to enterally administered @entity2934 . The goal in transitioning therapy was to titrate the @entity2934 dose and reduce @entity1363 administration while maintaining an unchanged level of sedation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The rate of @entity1363 administration was significantly (p<.05) reduced beginning on day 1 of @entity2934 treatment. @entity1363 was successfully discontinued in 24 (80%) @entity1 in 3 days (median), and adequate and appropriate sedation was maintained with @entity2934 monotherapy. Six @entity1 in whom @entity1363 could not be discontinued experienced a 52% reduction in the rate of @entity1363 administration as a result of adding @entity2934 . Total projected @entity1363 utilization was defined as the sum of @entity1363 administration before initiating @entity2934 and the projected @entity1363 requirement after initiating @entity2934 . Projected @entity1363 cost was calculated as the product of total projected @entity1363 utilization and @entity1363 acquisition cost. Actual expenditures for both @entity1363 and @entity2934 were subtracted from the projected @entity1363 cost to calculate the estimated cost savings. Overall, @entity1363 utilization (in milligrams) was reduced by 46.7+/-27.6% (median 52). Total projected @entity1363 cost for the 30 @entity1 was  90,771. The actual cost of @entity1363 and @entity2934 combined was  47,867, resulting in a cost savings of  42,904. CONCLUSIONS: Transitioning from intravenous @entity1363 to enterally administered @entity2934 in critically ill @entity1 who require long-term sedation results in significant cost savings. The oral formulation of @entity2934 was convenient to use, inexpensive, and effective in maintaining a continuous and appropriate level of sedation once @entity1363 was discontinued.

title: A cost analysis of enterally administered XXXX in the pediatric intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['Midazolam', 'midazolam']

entities_list: @entity2934 :: ('MESH:D008140', 'Chemical') :: ['lorazepam']

answer: @entity2934 :: (MESH:D008140,Chemical) :: ['lorazepam']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity131 is a leading cause of @entity204 and disability in @entity1 . Guidelines have been established to prevent secondary @entity1545 caused by @entity551 or @entity519 . The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence, monitoring, and treatment of @entity551 and @entity519 during "early" (prehospital and emergency department) care and to evaluate their relationship to vital status and neurologic outcomes at hospital discharge. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 299 @entity1 with moderate-to-severe @entity131 presenting to a level 1 pediatric @entity130 center. We recorded vital signs and medical provider response to @entity551 and/or @entity519 during all portions of early care. RESULTS: Blood pressure (31%) and oxygenation (34%) were not recorded during some portion of "early care." Documented @entity551 occurred in 118 @entity1 (39%). An attempt to treat documented @entity551 was made in 48% (57 of 118 @entity1 ). After adjusting for severity of illness, @entity1 who did not receive an attempt to treat @entity551 had an increased odds of @entity204 of 3.4 and were 3.7 times more likely to @entity717 compared with treated @entity551 @entity1 . Documented @entity519 occurred in 131 @entity1 (44%). An attempt to treat @entity519 was made in 92% (121 of 131 @entity1 ). Untreated @entity519 was not significantly associated with @entity204 or disability, except in the setting of @entity551 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity551 and @entity519 are common events in pediatric @entity131 . Approximately one third of @entity1 are not properly monitored in the early phases of their management. Attempts to treat @entity551 and @entity519 significantly improved outcomes.

title: Early resuscitation of @entity1 with moderate-to-severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['suffer disability']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive', 'Hypotension', 'hypotension']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity131 is a leading cause of @entity204 and disability in @entity1 . Guidelines have been established to prevent secondary @entity1545 caused by @entity551 or @entity519 . The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence, monitoring, and treatment of @entity551 and @entity519 during "early" (prehospital and emergency department) care and to evaluate their relationship to vital status and neurologic outcomes at hospital discharge. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 299 @entity1 with moderate-to-severe @entity131 presenting to a level 1 pediatric @entity130 center. We recorded vital signs and medical provider response to @entity551 and/or @entity519 during all portions of early care. RESULTS: Blood pressure (31%) and oxygenation (34%) were not recorded during some portion of "early care." Documented @entity551 occurred in 118 @entity1 (39%). An attempt to treat documented @entity551 was made in 48% (57 of 118 @entity1 ). After adjusting for severity of illness, @entity1 who did not receive an attempt to treat @entity551 had an increased odds of @entity204 of 3.4 and were 3.7 times more likely to @entity717 compared with treated @entity551 @entity1 . Documented @entity519 occurred in 131 @entity1 (44%). An attempt to treat @entity519 was made in 92% (121 of 131 @entity1 ). Untreated @entity519 was not significantly associated with @entity204 or disability, except in the setting of @entity551 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity551 and @entity519 are common events in pediatric @entity131 . Approximately one third of @entity1 are not properly monitored in the early phases of their management. Attempts to treat @entity551 and @entity519 significantly improved outcomes.

title: Early resuscitation of XXXX with moderate-to-severe @entity131 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The innervation of the @entity1 adrenal gland and of @entity75 was studied in sections of cortical tissue (n=10), hyperplastic cortical tissue (n=3), and tissue from cortical @entity652 (n=5) and @entity189 (n=6). The presence and distribution of nerve structures containing neuronal markers indicating sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation were studied by immunohistochemistry and the co-existence and co-localization patterns of the different markers by immunofluorescence. The cortex and hyperplastic cortical tissue had a moderate to rich supply of nerve structures containing the typical neuronal markers: @entity5855 ( @entity5855 ), @entity3508 ( @entity3508 ), small vesicle synaptic protein type 2 ( @entity19972 ), and nerves showing immunoreactivity to the adrenergic marker @entity669 hydroxylase (TH). All these immunoreactive nerves were located predominantly adjacent to blood vessels, but also among parenchymal cells. The cortex showed numerous nerve structures containing the neuropeptide substance @entity10133 ), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal protein ( @entity3549 ), but few nerves containing these peptides were seen in hyperplastic cortical tissue. Typical markers were occasionally observed in cortical @entity652 but were not found in @entity189 , except in a few cases where @entity5855 and @entity3508 were present, but only adjacent to @entity39 areas. Nerves containing NPY and @entity3549 occurred in varying numbers in both @entity652 and @entity189 . NPY- and @entity3549 -immunoreactive nerve structures were seen mostly alongside blood vessels. There were several types of co-existence. For instance, @entity3508 / @entity3549 -, TH/ @entity3549 - and TH/NPY-immunoreactive nerve structures were often seen in the same trunk, but were only partly co-localized.

title: Innervation of @entity1 adrenal gland and adrenal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cortical lesions']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3508 :: ('2026', 'Gene') :: ['NSE', 'neuron-specific enolase']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['cortical lesions']


abstract: The innervation of the @entity1 adrenal gland and of @entity75 was studied in sections of cortical tissue (n=10), hyperplastic cortical tissue (n=3), and tissue from cortical @entity652 (n=5) and @entity189 (n=6). The presence and distribution of nerve structures containing neuronal markers indicating sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation were studied by immunohistochemistry and the co-existence and co-localization patterns of the different markers by immunofluorescence. The cortex and hyperplastic cortical tissue had a moderate to rich supply of nerve structures containing the typical neuronal markers: @entity5855 ( @entity5855 ), @entity3508 ( @entity3508 ), small vesicle synaptic protein type 2 ( @entity19972 ), and nerves showing immunoreactivity to the adrenergic marker @entity669 hydroxylase (TH). All these immunoreactive nerves were located predominantly adjacent to blood vessels, but also among parenchymal cells. The cortex showed numerous nerve structures containing the neuropeptide substance @entity10133 ), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal protein ( @entity3549 ), but few nerves containing these peptides were seen in hyperplastic cortical tissue. Typical markers were occasionally observed in cortical @entity652 but were not found in @entity189 , except in a few cases where @entity5855 and @entity3508 were present, but only adjacent to @entity39 areas. Nerves containing NPY and @entity3549 occurred in varying numbers in both @entity652 and @entity189 . NPY- and @entity3549 -immunoreactive nerve structures were seen mostly alongside blood vessels. There were several types of co-existence. For instance, @entity3508 / @entity3549 -, TH/ @entity3549 - and TH/NPY-immunoreactive nerve structures were often seen in the same trunk, but were only partly co-localized.

title: Innervation of XXXX adrenal gland and adrenal @entity75 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: According to sociological and ecological models of abuse, typically nonabusive parents could behave abusively towards their @entity1 under certain circumstances. The purpose of this study was to examine factors that place parents at risk of abusing their @entity1 by predicting parents' use of discipline practices and attitudes that may bias parents towards abusive behaviors, which we refer to as abuse-proneness. METHOD: A telephone interview was administered by the Gallup Organization to a nationally representative sample of 1,000 parents. Using a set of theoretically relevant risk factors, multiple regression was used to predict variations in parental attitudes (i.e., attitudes towards physical discipline and attitudes that devalue @entity1 ) and parental discipline practices (i.e., physical discipline, nonphysical discipline, and @entity734 ). RESULTS: The findings confirmed the importance of examining elements of parental attitudes, history, personality characteristics, as well as religion and ideology in predicting @entity734 . @entity1 age also was an important predictor in all analyses except predicting parental attitudes that devalue @entity1 . The findings suggest also, however, that it may be unduly simplified to regard parents as somewhere on a continuum of nonpunitive to punitive disciplinarians. Social isolation was not a significant predictor in any of the analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Although many important theoretical predictors of @entity734 were confirmed, many questions arise regarding the diversity of discipline practices that parents use, and the relevance of @entity1 's age and social isolation in predicting @entity734 . Implications for practitioners and future research are discussed.

title: Predicting XXXX and discipline practices in a nationally representative sample.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['abuse proneness', 'verbal abuse']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['abuse-prone parental attitudes']


abstract: PURPOSE: To establish the magnitude of brachytherapy dose reduction required for stage IIB and III @entity189 @entity1 treated by external radiation and medium dose rate (MDR) brachytherapy at a dose rate of 220+/-10 cGy/h at point A. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In study-I, at the time of MDR brachytherapy application at a dose rate of 220+/-10 cGy/h at point A, @entity1 received either 3060 cGy, a 12.5% dose reduction (MDR-12.5), or 2450 cGy, a 30% dose reduction (MDR-30), to point A and they were compared to a group of previously treated LDR @entity1 who received 3500 cGy to point A at a dose rate of 55-65 cGy/h. Study-II was a prospective randomized trial and @entity1 received either 2450 cGy, a 30% dose reduction (MDR-II (30)) or 2800 cGy, a 20% dose reduction (MDR-II (20)), at point A. @entity1 were evaluated for local control of disease and morbidity. RESULTS: In study-I the 5-year actuarial local control rate in the MDR-30 and MDR-12.5 groups was 71.7+/-10% and 70.5+/-10%, respectively, compared to 63.4+/-10% in the LDR group. However, the actuarial morbidity (all grades) in the MDR-12.5 group was 58.5+/-14% as against 34.9+/-9% in the LDR group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the grade III and IV morbidity also in the MDR-12.5 group was 12.5+/-9% as against 5.3+/-5% in the LDR group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference in morbidity was seen between the MDR-30 and LDR groups. In study-II the 3-year actuarial local control rate in the MDR-II (30) and MDR-II (20) groups was 66.6+/-10% and 74.8+/-9%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the rectal BED received and the percentage of @entity1 developing rectal morbidity. Only 10% of @entity1 receiving a rectal BED of (100 < 120) Gy3 developed complication as against 62.5% of those receiving a rectal BED of (140 < 160) Gy3 (chi2 = 46.43; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We suggest that at a dose rate of 220+/-10 cGy/h at point A the brachytherapy dose reduction factor should be around 30%, as suggested by radiobiological data, to keep the morbidity as low as possible without compromising the local control rates.

title: Dose rate correction in medium dose rate brachytherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma cervix']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma cervix']


abstract: The @entity1521 utilization pathway in @entity375 is regulated by the @entity73078 transcriptional activator in response to the presence of the inducer @entity1521 and the quality of the @entity1568 source in the growth medium. @entity73078 is constitutively bound to the promoters of its target genes, @entity73079 and @entity73080 , under all conditions studied but activates transcription to the maximum extent only in the absence of rich @entity1568 sources and in the presence of @entity1521 (i.e., when @entity1521 serves as the sole source of @entity1568 ). Changes in target gene expression therefore occur through changes in the activity of the DNA-bound regulator. In this report, we demonstrate by phosphatase treatment of immunoprecipitates of extracts metabolically labeled with @entity7263 or (35)S that @entity73078 is a phosphoprotein. Examination of @entity73078 isolated from cells grown on a variety of @entity1568 sources showed that it was differentially phosphorylated as a function of the quality of the @entity1568 source: the poorer the @entity1568 source, the slower the gel migration of the phosphoforms. The presence of the inducer does not detectably alter the phosphorylation profile. Activator-defective and activator-constitutive @entity73078 mutants have been analyzed. One activator-defective mutant appears to be phosphorylated in a pattern similar to that of the wild type, thus separating its ability to be phosphorylated from its ability to activate transcription. Three activator-constitutive mutant proteins from cells grown on an @entity3265 -containing medium have a phosphorylation profile similar to that of the wild-type protein in cells grown on @entity1521 . These results demonstrate a correlation between the phosphorylation status of @entity73078 and its ability to activate its target genes and suggest that there are two signals, @entity1521 induction and quality of @entity1568 source, impinging on @entity73078 that act synergistically for maximum expression of the @entity1521 utilization pathway.

title: The regulator of the @entity375 @entity1521 utilization pathway is differentially phosphorylated in response to the quality of the XXXX source.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity1568 :: (MESH:D009584,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen']


abstract: The @entity1521 utilization pathway in @entity375 is regulated by the @entity73078 transcriptional activator in response to the presence of the inducer @entity1521 and the quality of the @entity1568 source in the growth medium. @entity73078 is constitutively bound to the promoters of its target genes, @entity73079 and @entity73080 , under all conditions studied but activates transcription to the maximum extent only in the absence of rich @entity1568 sources and in the presence of @entity1521 (i.e., when @entity1521 serves as the sole source of @entity1568 ). Changes in target gene expression therefore occur through changes in the activity of the DNA-bound regulator. In this report, we demonstrate by phosphatase treatment of immunoprecipitates of extracts metabolically labeled with @entity7263 or (35)S that @entity73078 is a phosphoprotein. Examination of @entity73078 isolated from cells grown on a variety of @entity1568 sources showed that it was differentially phosphorylated as a function of the quality of the @entity1568 source: the poorer the @entity1568 source, the slower the gel migration of the phosphoforms. The presence of the inducer does not detectably alter the phosphorylation profile. Activator-defective and activator-constitutive @entity73078 mutants have been analyzed. One activator-defective mutant appears to be phosphorylated in a pattern similar to that of the wild type, thus separating its ability to be phosphorylated from its ability to activate transcription. Three activator-constitutive mutant proteins from cells grown on an @entity3265 -containing medium have a phosphorylation profile similar to that of the wild-type protein in cells grown on @entity1521 . These results demonstrate a correlation between the phosphorylation status of @entity73078 and its ability to activate its target genes and suggest that there are two signals, @entity1521 induction and quality of @entity1568 source, impinging on @entity73078 that act synergistically for maximum expression of the @entity1521 utilization pathway.

title: The regulator of the @entity375 XXXX utilization pathway is differentially phosphorylated in response to the quality of the @entity1568 source.

answer: @entity1521 :: (CHEBI:26271,Chemical) :: ['proline']


abstract: The @entity1521 utilization pathway in @entity375 is regulated by the @entity73078 transcriptional activator in response to the presence of the inducer @entity1521 and the quality of the @entity1568 source in the growth medium. @entity73078 is constitutively bound to the promoters of its target genes, @entity73079 and @entity73080 , under all conditions studied but activates transcription to the maximum extent only in the absence of rich @entity1568 sources and in the presence of @entity1521 (i.e., when @entity1521 serves as the sole source of @entity1568 ). Changes in target gene expression therefore occur through changes in the activity of the DNA-bound regulator. In this report, we demonstrate by phosphatase treatment of immunoprecipitates of extracts metabolically labeled with @entity7263 or (35)S that @entity73078 is a phosphoprotein. Examination of @entity73078 isolated from cells grown on a variety of @entity1568 sources showed that it was differentially phosphorylated as a function of the quality of the @entity1568 source: the poorer the @entity1568 source, the slower the gel migration of the phosphoforms. The presence of the inducer does not detectably alter the phosphorylation profile. Activator-defective and activator-constitutive @entity73078 mutants have been analyzed. One activator-defective mutant appears to be phosphorylated in a pattern similar to that of the wild type, thus separating its ability to be phosphorylated from its ability to activate transcription. Three activator-constitutive mutant proteins from cells grown on an @entity3265 -containing medium have a phosphorylation profile similar to that of the wild-type protein in cells grown on @entity1521 . These results demonstrate a correlation between the phosphorylation status of @entity73078 and its ability to activate its target genes and suggest that there are two signals, @entity1521 induction and quality of @entity1568 source, impinging on @entity73078 that act synergistically for maximum expression of the @entity1521 utilization pathway.

title: The regulator of the XXXX @entity1521 utilization pathway is differentially phosphorylated in response to the quality of the @entity1568 source.

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Commercial enteral diets differ widely in nutrient composition. It is unknown whether the nutrient composition of the diets influences intestinal absorption. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different enteral diets providing 60% of energy as @entity1735 , protein, or fat or 33.3% of energy from each nutrient on intestinal absorption in mini @entity1707 . DESIGN: Kinetics of nutrient absorption were determined by perfusing a 150-cm jejunal segment. The kinetics of absorption were used to determine optimal relations between the absorption and recovery of each nutrient. From these data, the optimal nutrient composition of the diets providing complete absorption of the macronutrients in the shortest intestinal length was evaluated. Absorption of nutrients was further determined after oral administration of 4 corresponding meals. RESULTS: With all enteral diets, the absorption of nutrients displayed saturation kinetics. Absorption rates of @entity1735 were significantly larger than those of fat and protein. Consequently, the amounts of nutrients remaining unabsorbed per unit length of jejunum differed among the macronutrients. After administration of various test meals, the length of the small intestine required for complete absorption of the nutrients depended on the composition of the meals. The shortest intestinal length for complete absorption was needed for a diet providing 48% of energy as @entity1735 , 23% as protein, and 29% as fat. This composition closely matched the nutritional requirements. CONCLUSION: The nutrient composition of diets can optimize intestinal absorption. This may be especially important in @entity1 with @entity8884 or @entity5277 .

title: Composition of enteral diets and meals providing optimal absorption rates of nutrients in mini XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8884 :: ('MESH:D008286', 'Disease') :: ['malabsorption']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity5277 :: ('MESH:D012778', 'Disease') :: ['short-bowel syndrome']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-term effect and experience of Nuss procedure on 120 cases of @entity1 with @entity1408 . METHODS: Thoracoscopy assisted Nuss procedure with different ways of anesthesia were applied to 120 cases of @entity1 with @entity1408 , including 7 cases of recurrence after traditional surgical procedure (6 cases) and Nuss method (another one). The @entity1 ranged in age from 2.5 to 43 (mean 14.1) years and in Haller index from 2.91 to 29. Of the 120, 73 had symmetric and 47 had asymmetric @entity1408 . The Nuss procedure is performed with general anesthesia and a convex steel bar is inserted under the sternum with thoracoscopy through small bilateral thoracic incisions. The steel bar is inserted with the convexity facing posteriorly, and when it is in position, the bar is turned over, thereby correcting the deformity. RESULTS: The operation was successfully accomplished without severe complications in all the 120 cases. The mean operative time was 58 minutes and the mean volume of @entity190 was 30 ml. 103 @entity1 had one bar inserted while the other 17 cases with more extremely diffuse @entity308 required 2 or even 3 bars to get a satisfactory correction. Such methods as modifications to the fixing points and the shape of the bar, partial osteotomy, were developed to deal with asymmetric ones. CONCLUSION: The Nuss procedure is a minimally invasive technique for correction of @entity1408 . It can lead to a satisfactory outcome and surgical time is less.

title: [Thoracoscopy assisted Nuss procedure for XXXX correction].

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1408 :: ('MESH:D005660', 'Disease') :: ['pectus excavatum']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

answer: @entity1408 :: (MESH:D005660,Disease) :: ['pectus excavatum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of @entity6667 gene on the random flap survival after pedicle division at different time in @entity35 . METHODS: The random-pattern flaps were formed on the back of the 120 SD @entity35 . PcDNAVEGF165 (gene) wrapped with liposome was injected into the flaps in experimental group (n = 40). The flaps in the two control groups were injected with PcDNA (n = 40) or saline (n = 40). 1, 3, 5, 7 days after injection, 10 @entity35 in each group were randomly selected to performed pedicle division. 7 days after pedicle division, the @entity35 were killed to measure the flap survival rate. The microvessels was studied by histologic examination. The expression of @entity6667 was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The flaps were also examined under the electron ultrastructure microscopy. RESULTS: 1) Flap survival rate after pedicle division in experimental group at 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days after injection, were (45.45 +/- 12.24)%, (82.95 +/- 3.81)%, (85.00 +/- 3.38)%, (85.96 +/- 3.25)%, respectively. The flap survival rates were significant different between experimental group and the control groups at 3, 5, 7 days after injection (P < 0.05), but not at 1 days after injection (P > 0.05). 2) The average microvascular diameter and number in experimental group were significantly higher than those in control groups (P < 0.05). 3) The expression of @entity6667 in experimental group was significantly higher than that in the two control groups (P < 0.05). 4) Ultrastructure study showed more angiogenesis in experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous injection of liposome-mediated @entity6667 gene can increase the survival rate of flap with early pedicle division. It is a simple, efficient, economic, and the relatively safe gene therapy.

title: [Experimental study of the effect of liposome-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor gene on the flap survival in XXXX ].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Peroxisome proliferators (PPs) act as @entity5 promoters in rodents. Their hepatocarcinogenicity requires the presence of the PP-activated receptor alpha ( @entity3725 ); however, the exact role played by this transcription factor in the liver, more precisely in liver cell growth and differentiation, is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of @entity3725 in oval cells, which are considered to be closely related to liver stem cells, act as bipotential progenitors for the two main hepatic lineages, and have been implicated as playing a role in several models of @entity409 . We studied the @entity3725 -mediated response of primary oval cells isolated from @entity35 fed a @entity1877 -deficient @entity10452 -supplemented diet (CDE diet, a regimen commonly used for the induction of oval cell proliferation in rodents) with or without cotreatment with @entity21372 , a prototype @entity3725 -activator. @entity3725 was expressed at relatively low levels in primary oval cells from @entity35 fed the CDE diet alone. In vivo treatment with @entity21372 for 2-6 weeks induced, in the oval cells, the expression of @entity3725 as well as that of the @entity3725 -responsive genes encoding fatty @entity8595 oxidase and @entity48194 . Moreover, the oval cell response to @entity21372 was accompanied by an overall phenotypic modulation toward the hepatocyte lineage. In addition, the @entity3725 activator induced, among the oval cells, a subpopulation of transitional cells showing features of maturing hepatocytes expressing the oncofetal marker, @entity12074 . These results show that oval cells are responsive to PPs and strongly argue for a role of @entity3725 in the differentiation/maturation of @entity35 oval cells. In the absence of the CDE diet regimen, 9-week treatment with @entity21372 lead to the appearance of a population of large-sized cells somewhat similar to the transitional cells. However, these cells showed little expression of markers of mature hepatocytes, consistent with a block during their maturation process, i.e., they are resistant to @entity3725 -mediated differentiation. Interestingly, the phenotype of these cells resembled that of the cells usually found in neoplastic foci induced by PPs. Our results, together with previous reports, suggest the involvement of oval cells in the hepatocarcinogenicity of PPs.

title: Differentiation of XXXX oval cells after activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha43.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['nongenotoxic tumor']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity10452 :: ('MESH:D005001', 'Chemical') :: ['ethionine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: During @entity1 pregnancy, maternal and fetal compartments of the @entity1 placenta produce and release @entity6192 ( @entity6192 ). Elevations of placental @entity6192 are associated with @entity393 (including @entity3152 ). The effects of elevated placental @entity6192 on @entity1 fetal neurological development are not known. Pregnant @entity1 in the 31st and 32nd week of gestation consented to procedures for collection of blood and measurement of fetal heart rate (FHR) in response to a series of 40 vibro-acoustic stimuli (VAS). Measures of habituation and dishabituation were calculated from the FHR. All subjects were followed to delivery. Fetuses (N = 33) of @entity1 with highly elevated @entity6192 were least responsive (p < .03) to stimulation after presentation of a novel (dishabituating) stimulus with control for parity, fetal gender, medical (antepartum) risk, and gestational length at term. In a larger sample (N = 156) a polynomial model predicted the pattern of FHR reactivity for the first 15 trials. Placental @entity6192 concentration significantly predicted FHR reactivity after controlling for the effects of trial number, baseline FHR, inter-trial interval, and presence of uterine contractions. Increased maternal @entity6192 levels were significantly related to the length of gestation after controlling for the effects of fetal gender, parity, and medical risk (p = .05). The relationship between length of gestation and FHR was not significant suggesting separate actions of @entity6192 on these events. Elevated placental @entity6192 appears to accelerate certain developmental events (gestational length) and may influence the fetal nervous system. The impaired fetal responses to novelty and increased arousal observed in this study suggest that neurological systems may be targets for placental @entity6192 during sensitive developmental periods.

title: Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and fetal responses in XXXX pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['decreased gestational length']

entities_list: @entity6192 :: ('1392', 'Gene') :: ['corticotrophic-releasing hormone', 'CRH']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']