abstract: INTRODUCTION: It is well established that @entity409 , resulting in diminished @entity2045 , occurs in @entity1 with @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) as compared with those who are nondisabled (ND). Although it has been shown that @entity1 with @entity451 display higher values of heart rate (HR) with lower values of @entity64 volume (SV) during exercise, it is not resolved whether there is adequate compensation to produce similar values of cardiac output (.Q) as in ND. PURPOSE: This study examined central cardiovascular responses (HR, SV, and .Q) of 20 subjects with complete thoracic level @entity1566 (T(4)-T(11)) and 20 sedentary ND subjects during matched levels of arm-crank (AC) exercise. METHODS: All subjects performed an incremental peak AC test to volitional exhaustion with continuous metabolic analysis and HR measurement via open circuit spirometry and 12-lead electrocardiography, respectively. @entity64 volume was assessed using transthoracic impedance. RESULTS: Heart rate was higher for @entity1566 (P< 0.05) with significantly lower values for SV and .Q at rest (approximately 25%). Peak responses were significantly higher for ND in all factors except HR. Although subpeak HRs at matched absolute workloads were significantly higher for @entity1566 (12-20 beats.min (-1) ), SV and .Q were significantly lower (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that .Q is significantly lower in @entity1566 than in ND during AC, despite significantly greater values of HR. These findings also suggest that the disparity in exercise values of .Q is related to differences exhibited at rest.

title: Hypokinetic circulation in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['upper-extremity work capacity']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['hemodynamic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

answer: @entity451 :: (MESH:C536857,Disease) :: ['paraplegia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: It is well established that @entity409 , resulting in diminished @entity2045 , occurs in @entity1 with @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) as compared with those who are nondisabled (ND). Although it has been shown that @entity1 with @entity451 display higher values of heart rate (HR) with lower values of @entity64 volume (SV) during exercise, it is not resolved whether there is adequate compensation to produce similar values of cardiac output (.Q) as in ND. PURPOSE: This study examined central cardiovascular responses (HR, SV, and .Q) of 20 subjects with complete thoracic level @entity1566 (T(4)-T(11)) and 20 sedentary ND subjects during matched levels of arm-crank (AC) exercise. METHODS: All subjects performed an incremental peak AC test to volitional exhaustion with continuous metabolic analysis and HR measurement via open circuit spirometry and 12-lead electrocardiography, respectively. @entity64 volume was assessed using transthoracic impedance. RESULTS: Heart rate was higher for @entity1566 (P< 0.05) with significantly lower values for SV and .Q at rest (approximately 25%). Peak responses were significantly higher for ND in all factors except HR. Although subpeak HRs at matched absolute workloads were significantly higher for @entity1566 (12-20 beats.min (-1) ), SV and .Q were significantly lower (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that .Q is significantly lower in @entity1566 than in ND during AC, despite significantly greater values of HR. These findings also suggest that the disparity in exercise values of .Q is related to differences exhibited at rest.

title: Hypokinetic circulation in XXXX with @entity451 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['persons']


abstract: Bone grafting plays an important role in the dental rehabilitation of @entity1 with @entity2419 . During the period between 1993 and 2001, 12 @entity1 with @entity2419 have been treated in our clinic. Cancellous iliac bone grafts were used in all 12 @entity1 . Seven @entity1 had left and five @entity1 had @entity3384 and @entity2419 operations. All @entity1 had @entity2419 . The ages were between 4 and 18 years (mean age, 10.5 y). Seven of them were female (58.4%) and 5 were male (41.6%). All the cancellous grafts survived. Enough filling and the closure of the @entity292 were achieved except one @entity1 who had wound dehiscence and partial graft loss. The @entity1 experienced a limp for 2 days (mean time) because of the donor site. This surgical procedure achieves successful results if it is used with the proper indication in suitable cases.

title: Cancellous bone grafting in XXXX repair: new experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar clefts', 'alveolar cleft', 'palatal fistulas', 'complete cleft palate']

entities_list: @entity3384 :: ('MESH:D002971', 'Disease') :: ['right complete unilateral cleft lip']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas']

answer: @entity2419 :: (MESH:D002972,Disease) :: ['alveolar cleft']


abstract: Since its description by Morton in 1694, masculine @entity1278 has been the subject of much debate. For many, two questions remain unanswered: does @entity1278 , as described in @entity1 , exist in @entity1 ? - if so, is it the same disease? We analyzed the data in the literature which demonstrate a lower incidence than in the female population, although estimates are probable low due to underdiagnosis. The behavioral aspects suggest a similarity between masculine and feminine @entity1278 although the pure restrictive forms of @entity448 are more rare in @entity1 . There are however a few differences. Affected @entity1 , according to Crips and Burns (1990), are heavier than @entity1 at @entity74 but present a lower body weight during certain periods of the disease. Excessive physical activity is more frequent as is excessive intellectual involvement (Margo, 1987). The problem of @entity2588 , on/off periods, is not present in the male form. @entity251 and sexual function decline gradually, in parallel with the state of @entity3147 (Anersen, 1990). The @entity1 does not have particular difficulty discussing sexual relations but does exhibit a poor level of experience and mental representations. Contact with the opposite sex is rare and the fantastic life is generally very limited. The frequency of @entity146 would lie between 25% (Herzog, 1984) and 58% (Schneider and Agras, 1987), which is higher than in the female @entity448 population (Herzog, 1984). This observation raises the question concerning the relationship between @entity1278 and fragile sexual identity.

title: [Masculine XXXX : realities and perspectives].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['Testosterone']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['homosexual behavior']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia nervosa', 'masculine mental anorexia nervosa']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['onset of the disorder']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity1278 :: (MESH:D000856,Disease) :: ['anorexia nervosa']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Skin rubdown using a dry towel to scrub the whole body is a traditional procedure. Because massage therapy is effective in improving cellular immunity, skin rubdown may also have the similar effects. MATERIAL/METHODS: Sixteen bedridden old @entity1 , who had suffered a @entity64 , were studied. Skin rubdown for about 10 minutes was added for 10 days. Blood was collected at noon on the day before skin rubdown, 5 and 10 days after initiation and 5 days after completion, and the neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, serum gamma-globulin and @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) levels and natural killer cell activity were measured. In 9 of these 16 @entity1 , B, T, @entity404 and @entity405 lymphocyte counts were additionally measured on the same days. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in the time course of the lymphocyte count, @entity1851 levels. The neutrophil count increased 10 days after initiation of the skin rubdown, and natural killer cell activity increased 5 and 10 days after initiation, and returned to the baseline level 5 days after completion. Although there were no changes in the time course of the B, T, @entity404 and @entity405 lymphocyte counts, the @entity404 / @entity405 ratio showed an increase 5 days after initiation and completion. CONCLUSIONS: Skin rubdown activates natural killer cells, which may be attributed to the effect of certain mediators released from the T lymphocytes and/or the stimulated effect on the sympathetic nerves. This technique may be used to reduce a variety of complications caused by the decreased immunity observed in bedridden old @entity1 .

title: Skin rubdown with a dry towel activates natural killer cells in bedridden old XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral stroke']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'gamma-globulin or CRP', 'CRP']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: The role of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) on @entity1028 rupture is still not clear. Rupture of an @entity439 occurs when the wall stress exceeds the wall strength at any location on the wall. The purpose of this study was to address the hypothesis that the presence of ILT alters the wall stress distribution or wall stress magnitude in @entity11557 . METHODS: @entity1 -specific 3D @entity11557 geometries were reconstructed from computed tomographic images. Two geometric features, ILT surface ratio (ILT surface area divided by the total @entity11557 surface area) and ILT volume ratio (ILT volume divided by the total @entity11557 volume), were calculated for each @entity11557 . Two models were created for each @entity1 : one with ILT and one without ILT. Systolic pressure measured at the time of computed tomographic imaging was applied to the internal surface of each model. A nonlinear large deformation algorithm was used to compute wall stress distribution with the finite element method. The Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used to compare the peak wall stress between the two models of each @entity1 . RESULTS: Four @entity1 were studied with ILT surface ratios that ranged from 0.29 to 0.72 and ILT volume ratios that ranged from 0.12 to 0.66. The peak wall stress was reduced (range, 6% to 38% reduction; P =.067) for all models with ILT included (range, 28 to 37 N/cm(2)) as compared with models with no ILT (range, 30 to 44 N/cm(2)). Visual inspection also revealed a marked effect of ILT on the wall stress distribution. CONCLUSION: The presence of ILT alters the wall stress distribution and reduces the peak wall stress in @entity11557 . For this reason, ILT should be included in all @entity1 -specific models of @entity11557 for evaluation of @entity11557 wall stresses.

title: Effect of intraluminal thrombus on wall stress in @entity1 -specific models of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: PURPOSE: The role of intraluminal thrombus (ILT) on @entity1028 rupture is still not clear. Rupture of an @entity439 occurs when the wall stress exceeds the wall strength at any location on the wall. The purpose of this study was to address the hypothesis that the presence of ILT alters the wall stress distribution or wall stress magnitude in @entity11557 . METHODS: @entity1 -specific 3D @entity11557 geometries were reconstructed from computed tomographic images. Two geometric features, ILT surface ratio (ILT surface area divided by the total @entity11557 surface area) and ILT volume ratio (ILT volume divided by the total @entity11557 volume), were calculated for each @entity11557 . Two models were created for each @entity1 : one with ILT and one without ILT. Systolic pressure measured at the time of computed tomographic imaging was applied to the internal surface of each model. A nonlinear large deformation algorithm was used to compute wall stress distribution with the finite element method. The Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used to compare the peak wall stress between the two models of each @entity1 . RESULTS: Four @entity1 were studied with ILT surface ratios that ranged from 0.29 to 0.72 and ILT volume ratios that ranged from 0.12 to 0.66. The peak wall stress was reduced (range, 6% to 38% reduction; P =.067) for all models with ILT included (range, 28 to 37 N/cm(2)) as compared with models with no ILT (range, 30 to 44 N/cm(2)). Visual inspection also revealed a marked effect of ILT on the wall stress distribution. CONCLUSION: The presence of ILT alters the wall stress distribution and reduces the peak wall stress in @entity11557 . For this reason, ILT should be included in all @entity1 -specific models of @entity11557 for evaluation of @entity11557 wall stresses.

title: Effect of intraluminal thrombus on wall stress in XXXX -specific models of @entity1028 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the preoperative minimal cephalic vein size in the forearm was predictive of successful wrist @entity292 maturation to a functional hemodialysis access. METHODS: Forty-four consecutive @entity1 underwent evaluation before surgery with ultrasound scan imaging to map the entire cephalic vein in preparation for the construction of an @entity2548 at the wrist. Measurements of the vein diameter were obtained from the ultrasound scan images at eight representative sites. @entity1 were clinically followed to determine maturation of the @entity292 to provide a functional hemodialysis access. The smallest diameter of the cephalic vein then was used as a preoperative predictor of @entity292 maturation. RESULTS: Successful maturation of the @entity2548 was achieved in 22 of the procedures (50%). Cephalic veins with a minimal diameter of 2.0 mm or less were used for anastamosis in 19 @entity1 (43%), and three of these procedures (16%) led to a functional access site. The remaining 25 @entity1 (57%) had minimal cephalic vein diameters greater than 2.0 mm, producing a successful maturation in 19 of the @entity292 creations (76%). A significantly higher rate of successful @entity292 maturation in those @entity1 with a preoperative minimal cephalic vein size greater than 2.0 mm was realized (P =.0002, chi(2) test, with Yates correction for continuity). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with a minimal cephalic vein size of 2.0 mm or less, a procedure other than wrist @entity292 should be considered for optimization of dialysis access.

title: Prediction of wrist XXXX maturation with preoperative vein mapping with ultrasonography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous fistula']

answer: @entity2548 :: (MESH:D001164,Disease) :: ['arteriovenous fistula']


abstract: The @entity1176 analogue deslorelin, in long-acting biocompatible implants, was used as a contraceptive in 31 @entity26407 (13 females and 18 males), 21 African wild @entity235 (15 females and 6 males), 10 lionesses and four @entity14301 (three females and one male). A dose of 12 or 15 mg deslorelin was administered to lions, whereas 6 mg deslorelin was administered to the other species. Monitoring consisted of observations, measurement of plasma @entity1420 and @entity251 concentrations, vaginal cytology and evaluation of semen and sex organs. Deslorelin induced contraception in lionesses for 12-18 months, and in female @entity26407 and @entity14301 for a minimum of 12 months after treatment. Two male @entity26407 had no viable spermatozoa or detectable plasma @entity251 21 months after treatment with deslorelin. Female wild @entity235 responded less consistently and one bitch conceived 4 weeks after implantation. However, in nine bitches, mating could be postponed until the next breeding season. Male @entity235 responded consistently and the contraception was effective for approximately 12 months. Although lionesses and @entity26407 may become attractive to males for a few days after treatment, mating was not observed. No side-effects or behavioural changes were noted, indicating that deslorelin is a safe drug to use for the contraception of the species described. Males remain fertile for the first 6 weeks after the insertion of implants and should be separated from cyclic females during this period.

title: Induction of contraception in some African wild carnivores by downregulation of LH and FSH secretion using the XXXX analogue deslorelin.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity1176 :: (MESH:D007987,Chemical) :: ['GnRH']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To medically and audiologically characterize a population of @entity1 diagnosed as @entity2167 ( @entity2167 ). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective medical chart review. SETTING/SUBJECTS: We identified 22 @entity1 from a pediatric otology clinic in a tertiary care pediatric hospital setting. RESULTS: A genetic factor in @entity2167 is suggested by our identification of 3 families with 2 affected @entity1 and 2 other @entity1 with family histories that were positive for @entity393 . Clinical features common among our population included a history of @entity3638 (n = 11 [50%]), @entity3465 (n = 10 [45%]), @entity2167 drug exposure (n = 9 [41%]), family history of @entity393 (n = 8 [36%]), neonatal ventilator dependence (n = 8 [36%]), and @entity306 (n = 2 [9%]). Full clinical and audiological data were available for 18 of the 22 @entity1 , including otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem responses with cochlear microphonics, and age-appropriate audiometric findings. Significantly, 9 of these 18 @entity1 showed improvement in behavioral thresholds over time, indicating that a subset of @entity1 with @entity2167 may recover useful hearing levels. Also significant was the success of cochlear implantation in 4 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Management of @entity2167 in @entity1 requires serial clinical and audiometric evaluations, with a prominent role for behavioral testing. Prematurity, genetics, and @entity3638 appear to be significant factors in the development of @entity2167 ; @entity3638 can be associated with spontaneous improvement of hearing thresholds. For those @entity1 not benefiting from amplification or FM systems, cochlear implantation remains a potentially successful method of habilitation.

title: Clinical and audiological features in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['AN', 'having auditory neuropathy', 'ototoxic']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity3638 :: ('MESH:D006932', 'Disease') :: ['hyperbilirubinemia']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity2167 :: (MESH:D006311,Disease) :: ['auditory neuropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the results of a craniofacial approach to resection of stage IIIB juvenile @entity18871 , performed by an integrated skull base surgical team. DESIGN: A retrospective case-series review was conducted with postoperative follow-up ranging from 28 to 63 months. SETTING: Operations were performed at a tertiary medical center. @entity1 : A referred sample of 5 male @entity1 , ranging in age from 10 to 23 years (mean, 15 years). INTERVENTIONS: All @entity1 underwent resection of nasopharyngeal angiofibromas with @entity932 . The procedure involved an infratemporal fossa approach via zygomatic osteotomy and subtemporal craniectomy. Anterior exposure was gained through a standard facial translocation. Dissection of the cavernous carotid artery was required in 3 @entity1 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. RESULTS: The average operating time was 12 hours 47 minutes. Estimated @entity190 ranged from 700 to 1750 mL (mean, 1120 mL), with 2 @entity1 requiring intraoperative transfusion. @entity1 were hospitalized for a mean duration of 5.6 days. Long-term morbidity includes @entity809 , nasal crusting, and malodorous nasal discharge. No @entity1 sustained @entity64 , @entity409 , @entity1018 . At most recent follow-up, which ranges from 28 to 63 months, @entity5 recurrence has been confirmed in 1 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: A combined craniofacial approach is appropriate for juvenile @entity18871 that extends intracranially. @entity5 removal with acceptable morbidity can be expected.

title: Craniofacial resection of advanced juvenile XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['vision loss, or auditory impairment']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial extension']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Complete tumor']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['facial dysesthesia']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['oculomotor dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity18871 :: ('MESH:D018322', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal angiofibroma']

answer: @entity18871 :: (MESH:D018322,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal angiofibroma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: A @entity453 ( @entity453 ) is a relatively rare @entity154 and is defined as an abnormal direct communication between any coronary artery and any of the cardiac chambers. This article reviews our experience over the past 27 years, as well as other literature, and discusses the surgical indications and methods relating to @entity453 . METHODS: From 1973, 25 @entity1 aged from 2 to 69 years underwent surgical treatment for congenital @entity453 . Seventeen @entity1 were diagnosed as isolated @entity453 . All @entity1 under 19 years of age with isolated @entity453 were asymptomatic. Twenty fistulas originated from the left coronary artery and 9 from the right. The pulmonary artery was the most dominant drainage site. Four @entity1 among the isolated @entity453 cases were surgically treated without a cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: All @entity1 were discharged from hospital without any perioperative complications. Postoperative coronary angiography was done on all @entity1 with only one slightly residual @entity453 flow. The average follow-up time was 9.6 years and all @entity1 were asymptomatic and doing well. CONCLUSIONS: Definitive surgical correction is safe and effective, with good results. Therefore, it should be considered even in asymptomatic @entity1 because of the risk of future complications.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX : 27 years' experience and a review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomaly']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAF', 'congenital coronary artery fistula']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['congenital coronary artery fistulas']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare 2 clinical tests of vestibular function, the head autorotation test (HART) and the head thrust test (HTT), and to determine why they give disparate results in @entity1 with known @entity394 ( @entity394 ) due to labyrinthectomy. METHODS: We used scleral coils to measure the horizontal (yaw) vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in 5 healthy @entity1 subjects and in 11 @entity1 who underwent labyrinthectomy. We used 2 paradigms. Using HART, subjects visually fixated a target during self-generated, swept-frequency, sinusoidal, horizontal head rotations. Using HTT, @entity1 fixated the target during horizontal head thrusts delivered randomly in direction and time. RESULTS: In subjects without @entity394 , eye movements were almost perfectly compensatory for both paradigms. In subjects with @entity394 , VOR gain for ipsilesional head thrusts was low for both paradigms, but significantly (P<.001) higher (less abnormal) for HART (0.60 +/- 0.13) than for HTT (0.14 +/- 0.13). Contralesional gain was reduced for both, to 0.64 +/- 0.20 for HART and to 0.57 +/- 0.17 for HTT. Because ipsilesional and contralesional gains were not statistically different for HART (P =.69), comparison of VOR gains for half-cycle responses to the HART stimulus could not reliably identify the side of the known lesion. In contrast, HTT consistently identified the side of the lesion for all subjects with @entity394 . To investigate whether preprogramming contributes to the boost in VOR as measured by HART, we compared the gain and response delay of eye movements during actively self-generated and passively received head thrusts. For subjects without @entity394 , response delays were shorter for active (6 +/- 1 milliseconds) than for passive (12 +/- 1 milliseconds) HTT. For ipsilesional rotations of subjects with @entity394 , active HTT yielded a significantly higher gain (0.44 +/- 0.20) (P<.001) and a shorter delay (15 +/- 6 milliseconds) (P<.001) than did passive HTT (0.14 +/- 0.13 and 37 +/- 15 milliseconds, respectively). Contralesional test results revealed a similar performance boost for active head movements. Data are given as mean +/- SD. CONCLUSION: When comparison of half-cycle gains is used to identify the lesion side, self-generated predictable head movement paradigms, such as HART and active HTT, are less accurate than passive HTT in the characterization of @entity394 , in part because preprogramming can augment the VOR during @entity910 .

title: Comparison of head thrust test with head autorotation test reveals that the vestibulo-ocular reflex is enhanced during XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity394 :: ('MESH:D015837', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral vestibular deficiency', 'UVD']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary head movements']

answer: @entity910 :: (MESH:D004409,Disease) :: ['voluntary head movements']


abstract: Controversy persists in the surgical approach to treat @entity1318 . This investigation reports the long-term effects of esophageal myotomy and partial fundoplication in treating this disorder. From 1984 to 1998, 32 @entity1 with @entity1318 underwent myotomy and partial fundoplication (Belsey Mark IV) using a left thoracotomy. The median follow up is 7.2 years. Assessments include clinical evaluation, esophagogram, radionuclide transit, manometry, 24-h pH, and endoscopy. There is no complication and no mortality. Preoperative assessment was compared with that in 0-3, 3-7, and 7-16 postoperative years. Clinically, the prevalence of @entity1282 was decreased from 100% to 6%, 12%, and 13%, respectively (P < 0.001). Heartburn remains unchanged (P > 0.25). On radiology, the prevalence of barium stasis was decreased from 97% to 44%, 48%, and 47%, respectively (P=0.001), whereas a pseudo-diverticulum was observed in two-thirds of @entity1 after operation (P=0.001). Percent radionuclide stasis at 2 min was measured as 70%, 17%, 20%, and 20%, respectively (P=0.001). Manometrically, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) gradient was decreased from 29 to 10, 9, and 9 mmHg, respectively (P=0.001). LES relaxation was improved from 41% preoperatively to 100% postoperatively at each postoperative period (P < 0.001). An abnormal acid exposure was observed in four @entity1 after the operation. Endoscopy documented @entity16 in three @entity1 (P > 0.25). In conclusion, on long-term follow up, myotomy and partial fundoplication for @entity1318 relieve obstructive symptoms and improve esophageal emptying, and reduce LES gradient and improve LES relaxation. Acid reflux is recorded in 13% of @entity1 and esophageal @entity16 is identified in 11% of the @entity1 population. A longer myotomy not covered by the fundoplication results in pseudodiverticulum formation and increased esophageal retention.

title: Long-term effects of myotomy and partial fundoplication for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia', 'esophageal achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['esophageal achalasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Symptomatic @entity2023 reduces quality of life as a result of the symptoms experienced and possibly as a result of @entity73 and cognitive functioning. Few investigations have measured cognitive functions objectively and it remains uncertain whether @entity2023 leads to an objective @entity73 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between @entity2023 , cognitive functions and psychological well-being. Differences between subjective and objective @entity73 were evaluated. METHODS: The cognitive functions (working memory, memory retrieval, speed of information processing and flexibility of information processing) and psychological well-being of 26 @entity1 with @entity2023 and 36 healthy controls matched for intelligence, education, age and sex were compared. The influence of education, intelligence, sex and age was considered. RESULTS: Overall, psychological well-being was significantly impaired in the @entity1 group, as shown by higher scores in feelings of insufficiency, complaints of @entity2531 , @entity25 and depressive feelings, whereas cognitive function was not. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2023 was related to significantly @entity73 and to perceived @entity73 . However, no significant objective @entity73 was found. @entity56 @entity1 may temporarily put more effort into sustaining performance, resulting in earlier exhaustion, which is not noticed during assessment but which impairs psychological well-being.

title: Relationship between XXXX , disturbed cognitive functions and psychological well-being.

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['Allergic rhinitis', 'symptomatic allergic rhinitis', 'allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of cognitive functioning', 'impaired psychological well-being', 'reduction in cognitive functions', 'cognitive impairments', 'impaired cognitive functioning']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Allergic']

entities_list: @entity2531 :: ('MESH:D013001', 'Disease') :: ['somatization']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbances']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: The @entity4028 antibiotic (AGA) neomycin is a known agonist of the extracellular @entity460 -sensing receptor (CaR). To test whether other AGA drugs stimulate the CaR, we studied the relative effects of four AGAs on intracellular @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ](i)) using CaR-transfected @entity1 embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. @entity801 , @entity2890 , and @entity5154 evoked dose-dependent increases in [ @entity141 ](i) with EC(50) values of 258, 177, and 43 microM, respectively, in CaR-transfected, but not in non-transfected cells. @entity7913 was ineffective at doses <1mM. Thus, AGAs stimulate the CaR with a rank order of potency that correlates positively with the number of their attached @entity1472 groups. The CaR is expressed on the apical surface of renal proximal tubule cells, which is also the site of AGA endocytosis and nephrotoxicity. In the current study, reducing extracellular pH from 7.4 to 6.9, to mimic the luminal pH of the proximal tubule, enhanced the sensitivity of the CaR to @entity2890 , suggesting that the AGAs may be more potent CaR agonists in the proximal tubule than elsewhere. This pH effect was not observed when stimulating CaR with the non-ionizable agonist, @entity15311 , suggesting that the enhanced AGA effect is due to increased ionization of the drug. Thus, we show that a number of AGA drugs are capable of CaR activation and that their potency most likely relates to the number of their @entity1472 side chains and to their pH-dependent charge characteristics. The contribution of CaR activation to the pharmacological/toxicological effects of these AGAs remains to be determined.

title: @entity4028 antibiotics induce pH-sensitive activation of the XXXX -sensing receptor.

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['Gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['tobramycin']

entities_list: @entity7913 :: ('MESH:D007612', 'Chemical') :: ['Kanamycin']

entities_list: @entity5154 :: ('MESH:D009355', 'Chemical') :: ['neomycin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: The @entity4028 antibiotic (AGA) neomycin is a known agonist of the extracellular @entity460 -sensing receptor (CaR). To test whether other AGA drugs stimulate the CaR, we studied the relative effects of four AGAs on intracellular @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ](i)) using CaR-transfected @entity1 embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. @entity801 , @entity2890 , and @entity5154 evoked dose-dependent increases in [ @entity141 ](i) with EC(50) values of 258, 177, and 43 microM, respectively, in CaR-transfected, but not in non-transfected cells. @entity7913 was ineffective at doses <1mM. Thus, AGAs stimulate the CaR with a rank order of potency that correlates positively with the number of their attached @entity1472 groups. The CaR is expressed on the apical surface of renal proximal tubule cells, which is also the site of AGA endocytosis and nephrotoxicity. In the current study, reducing extracellular pH from 7.4 to 6.9, to mimic the luminal pH of the proximal tubule, enhanced the sensitivity of the CaR to @entity2890 , suggesting that the AGAs may be more potent CaR agonists in the proximal tubule than elsewhere. This pH effect was not observed when stimulating CaR with the non-ionizable agonist, @entity15311 , suggesting that the enhanced AGA effect is due to increased ionization of the drug. Thus, we show that a number of AGA drugs are capable of CaR activation and that their potency most likely relates to the number of their @entity1472 side chains and to their pH-dependent charge characteristics. The contribution of CaR activation to the pharmacological/toxicological effects of these AGAs remains to be determined.

title: XXXX antibiotics induce pH-sensitive activation of the @entity460 -sensing receptor.

answer: @entity4028 :: (CHEBI:47779,Chemical) :: ['Aminoglycoside']


abstract: A @entity35 colonic @entity420 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity19 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity2390 , @entity16424 and @entity750 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity5 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity5 @entity39 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity5 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity5 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity39 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity19 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and @entity750 causes regression of a @entity35 @entity694 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity19 .

title: Triple therapy with XXXX , galanin and @entity750 induces @entity39 and increases apoptosis of a @entity35 @entity694 .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity2390 :: ('MESH:D015282', 'Chemical') :: ['octreotide']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2390 :: (MESH:D015282,Chemical) :: ['octreotide']


abstract: A @entity35 colonic @entity420 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity19 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity2390 , @entity16424 and @entity750 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity5 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity5 @entity39 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity5 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity5 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity39 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity19 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and @entity750 causes regression of a @entity35 @entity694 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity19 .

title: Triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and @entity750 induces @entity39 and increases apoptosis of a XXXX @entity694 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A @entity35 colonic @entity420 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity19 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity2390 , @entity16424 and @entity750 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity5 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity5 @entity39 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity5 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity5 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity39 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity19 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and @entity750 causes regression of a @entity35 @entity694 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity19 .

title: Triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and @entity750 induces @entity39 and increases apoptosis of a @entity35 XXXX .

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon carcinoma']


abstract: A @entity35 colonic @entity420 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity19 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity2390 , @entity16424 and @entity750 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity5 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity5 @entity39 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity5 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity5 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity39 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity19 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and @entity750 causes regression of a @entity35 @entity694 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity19 .

title: Triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and @entity750 induces XXXX and increases apoptosis of a @entity35 @entity694 .

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrosis']


abstract: A @entity35 colonic @entity420 was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in @entity19 . After 7 days, the animals were divided into different groups. Two groups received subcutaneous injections twice daily with 3 or 6 micro g/kg body weight @entity2390 , @entity16424 and @entity750 . Three groups were respectively treated with 20, 30, and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances. Control group received only saline solution in the same fashion as treated animals. The treatment lasted for 5 days. The @entity5 volume and weight, the relative density of blood vessels, of @entity5 @entity39 tissue, of apoptotic nuclei and of proliferating nuclei were measured. Apoptosis was detected by in situ labelling of nuclear DNA fragmentation according to TUNEL method, and proliferation by immunocytochemistry. Morphometry was done with the classical stereological point-counting method. Food consumption, animal weight, faeces weight and its water content were measured for 3 days before and after treatment. Triple therapy with 3 and 6 micro g/kg body weight had no effect on any of the parameters measured, except in reducing the relative volume density of @entity5 blood vessels. Treatment with 20, 30 and 40 micro g/kg body weight of the previously mentioned bioactive substances reduced the @entity5 volume, the relative volume density of blood vessels and increased the relative volume density of @entity39 tissue and of apoptotic nuclei (in the 20 micro g group). However, there was no difference between treated @entity19 and controls regarding the relative volume density of proliferating nuclei. There was no statistical difference between treated animals regarding food consumption, body weight, faeces weight and its water content before and during treatment. The present study confirms that triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and @entity750 causes regression of a @entity35 @entity694 . It further showed that optimum treatment dose is 20 micro g/kg body weight of each bioactive substance. Moreover, this therapy regime does not show apparent side effects in the experiments carried out on @entity19 .

title: Triple therapy with @entity2390 , galanin and XXXX induces @entity39 and increases apoptosis of a @entity35 @entity694 .

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: Many cell types in the brain express chemokines and chemokine receptors under homeostatic conditions, arguing for a role of these proteins in normal brain processes. Because chemokines have been shown to regulate hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation, we hypothesized that chemokines would regulate neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation as well. Here we show that chemokines activating @entity436 or @entity23427 reversibly inhibit NPC proliferation in isolated cells, neurospheres, and in hippocampal slice cultures. Cells induced into quiescence by chemokines maintain their multipotential ability to form both neurons and astrocytes. The mechanism of chemokine action appears to be a reduction of extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation as well as an increase in @entity24109 expression. The inhibitory effects of chemokines are blocked by heparan @entity597 and @entity2204 but not @entity2204 , suggesting a regulatory role of these molecules on the effects of chemokines. Additionally, we found that the chemokine fractalkine promotes survival of NPCs. In addition to their role in chemotaxis, chemokines affect both the survival and proliferation of @entity1 NPCs in vitro. The presence of constitutively expressed chemokines in the brain argues that under homeostatic conditions, chemokines promote survival but maintain NPCs in a quiescent state. Our studies also suggest a link between inflammatory chemokine production and the inhibition of neurogenesis.

title: Chemokines promote quiescence and survival of XXXX neural progenitor cells.

entities_list: @entity2204 :: ('348', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein E3', 'apolipoprotein E4']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The relationship between first metatarsal length and @entity4553 was examined. Retrospectively, 210 randomly selected radiographic files were reviewed between 1988 and 1993. The morbid population consisted of 110 feet with @entity4553 . The control population consisted of 100 healthy feet (no deformity). Seventy-seven percent of the @entity1 with @entity4553 had a first metatarsal length that was equal to or longer than the second metatarsal. This was defined as a zero-plus first metatarsal. Only 28% of the control population had this same proportion in length. Thus, prevalence of zero-plus first metatarsal was significantly associated with @entity4553 formation (chi(2)(1) = 51.15, P <.001). The mean first metatarsal protrusion distance was significantly higher in the bunion population (+1.58 mm) than in the control @entity1 (-2.05 mm) (P <.001). The distribution of head shape differed significantly between the @entity1 with @entity4553 and control @entity1 ; @entity1 with @entity4553 had predominantly round heads (91%) and the control @entity1 had predominantly square and square with a ridge heads (80%) (chi(2)(2) = 107.7, P <.001). All zero-plus first metatarsals in the @entity4553 population had a round first metatarsal head. Only 7.1% of the control @entity1 had a round head with a zero-plus metatarsal. There was a positive relationship between the protrusion distance of the first metatarsal and the severity of the intermetatarsal angle, particularly in those @entity1 with intermetatarsal angles ranging from 13 degrees to 20 degrees (P <.01). It was concluded that a zero-plus first metatarsal is a significant etiologic factor in the development of @entity85 and should be part of the preoperative evaluation.

title: The zero-plus first metatarsal and its relationship to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['bunion deformity']

entities_list: @entity4553 :: ('MESH:D006215', 'Disease') :: ['HV deformities', 'HV deformity', 'hallux valgus (HV) deformity', 'HV']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['bunion deformity']


abstract: The @entity649 ( @entity649 ) is a major cause of morbidity after injury. We hypothesized that alveolar macrophage (AMPhi) chemokine and cytokine release after @entity548 and @entity295 is regulated by NF-kappaB and MAPK. Adult male @entity35 underwent soft tissue @entity130 and @entity548 (~90 min) followed by crystalloid resuscitation. @entity295 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 20 h after resuscitation. @entity860 hi were harvested, and @entity1505 , @entity568 , and @entity17104 release and serum @entity568 and @entity1505 levels were measured at 5 h after HCLP. Lung tissues were analyzed for activation of NF-kappaB, @entity1589 activity, and wet/dry weight ratio. In control animals, @entity860 hi were stimulated with @entity558 with or without inhibitors of NF-kappaB and MAPK. Serum @entity1505 and @entity568 levels and spontaneous @entity860 hi @entity1505 and @entity17104 release were elevated (P < 0.05) after HCLP, concomitantly with the development of @entity4 and leukocyte activation. Activation of NF-kappaB increased in lungs from the @entity548 and CLP group compared with shams. Inhibition of NF-kappaB or the upstream MAPK significantly decreased @entity558 -stimulated AMPhi activation. Because enhanced release of inflammatory mediators by AMPhi may contribute to @entity649 after severe @entity130 , inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways represents a target to attenuate organ injury under those conditions.

title: Alveolar macrophage activation after @entity548 and XXXX is dependent on NF-kappaB and MAPK/ERK mechanisms.

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS', 'acute respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['lung edema']

entities_list: @entity17104 :: ('114105(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['MIP-2', 'macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: The @entity649 ( @entity649 ) is a major cause of morbidity after injury. We hypothesized that alveolar macrophage (AMPhi) chemokine and cytokine release after @entity548 and @entity295 is regulated by NF-kappaB and MAPK. Adult male @entity35 underwent soft tissue @entity130 and @entity548 (~90 min) followed by crystalloid resuscitation. @entity295 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 20 h after resuscitation. @entity860 hi were harvested, and @entity1505 , @entity568 , and @entity17104 release and serum @entity568 and @entity1505 levels were measured at 5 h after HCLP. Lung tissues were analyzed for activation of NF-kappaB, @entity1589 activity, and wet/dry weight ratio. In control animals, @entity860 hi were stimulated with @entity558 with or without inhibitors of NF-kappaB and MAPK. Serum @entity1505 and @entity568 levels and spontaneous @entity860 hi @entity1505 and @entity17104 release were elevated (P < 0.05) after HCLP, concomitantly with the development of @entity4 and leukocyte activation. Activation of NF-kappaB increased in lungs from the @entity548 and CLP group compared with shams. Inhibition of NF-kappaB or the upstream MAPK significantly decreased @entity558 -stimulated AMPhi activation. Because enhanced release of inflammatory mediators by AMPhi may contribute to @entity649 after severe @entity130 , inhibition of intracellular signaling pathways represents a target to attenuate organ injury under those conditions.

title: Alveolar macrophage activation after XXXX and @entity295 is dependent on NF-kappaB and MAPK/ERK mechanisms.

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['trauma-hemorrhage']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of morphologically different central @entity358 in @entity1 with @entity1151 (MPEs) on short-term outcome. DESIGN: A prospective registry of consecutive @entity1 . SETTING: An 11-bed closed medical ICU at a 860-bed community general hospital @entity1 : Forty-seven @entity1 with @entity551 due to @entity9236 and @entity358 detected by transesophageal echocardiography who were treated with thrombolysis between January 1994 and April 2000. PROCEDURES: @entity1 were divided into two groups according to the following characteristics of the detected thromboemboli: group 1, thrombi with one or more long, mobile parts; and group 2, immobile thrombi. Right heart catheterization was performed. RESULTS: The incidence of both types of thromboemboli was comparable. Groups 1 and 2 showed no differences in demographic data, risk factors for @entity1151 , length of preceding clinical symptoms, percentage of @entity1 in shock, hemodynamic variables, serum @entity880 levels on hospital admission, and treatment. Seven fatal cases due to @entity1457 and right @entity712 were present in group 2, but none were present in group 1 (7 of 23 @entity1 vs 0 of 24 @entity1 , respectively; p < 0.05). At 12 h, the cardiac index was lower in group 2 than in group 1 (2.6 +/- 1.0 vs 3.1 +/- 0.9 L/min/m(2), respectively; p < 0.05), and the central venous pressure (15.0 +/- 6.2 vs 12.5 +/- 3.7 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.05) and total pulmonary resistance (12.9 +/- 5.9 vs 8.6 +/- 2.7 mm Hg/L/min/m(2), respectively; p < 0.001) were higher in group 2 compared to group 1. On hospital admission, inclusion in group 2 (p < 0.03; hazard ratio, 9.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 76.47) and preexisting chronic medical or @entity16 (p < 0.01; hazard ratio, 16.4; 95% CI, 1.97 to 136.3) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION: On hospital admission, morphology of the thromboemboli and the presence of pre-existing chronic medical or @entity16 are independent predictors of 30-day mortality. @entity1 with @entity358 have a worse short-term outcome than those with @entity358 .

title: Impact of morphologic characteristics of XXXX in massive @entity1151 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive shock']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disease']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism', 'massive pulmonary emboli']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary artery thromboemboli', 'mobile central pulmonary thromboemboli', 'immobile central pulmonary thromboemboli', 'central pulmonary thromboemboli']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['shock or hypotension']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['central pulmonary thromboemboli']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of morphologically different central @entity358 in @entity1 with @entity1151 (MPEs) on short-term outcome. DESIGN: A prospective registry of consecutive @entity1 . SETTING: An 11-bed closed medical ICU at a 860-bed community general hospital @entity1 : Forty-seven @entity1 with @entity551 due to @entity9236 and @entity358 detected by transesophageal echocardiography who were treated with thrombolysis between January 1994 and April 2000. PROCEDURES: @entity1 were divided into two groups according to the following characteristics of the detected thromboemboli: group 1, thrombi with one or more long, mobile parts; and group 2, immobile thrombi. Right heart catheterization was performed. RESULTS: The incidence of both types of thromboemboli was comparable. Groups 1 and 2 showed no differences in demographic data, risk factors for @entity1151 , length of preceding clinical symptoms, percentage of @entity1 in shock, hemodynamic variables, serum @entity880 levels on hospital admission, and treatment. Seven fatal cases due to @entity1457 and right @entity712 were present in group 2, but none were present in group 1 (7 of 23 @entity1 vs 0 of 24 @entity1 , respectively; p < 0.05). At 12 h, the cardiac index was lower in group 2 than in group 1 (2.6 +/- 1.0 vs 3.1 +/- 0.9 L/min/m(2), respectively; p < 0.05), and the central venous pressure (15.0 +/- 6.2 vs 12.5 +/- 3.7 mm Hg, respectively; p < 0.05) and total pulmonary resistance (12.9 +/- 5.9 vs 8.6 +/- 2.7 mm Hg/L/min/m(2), respectively; p < 0.001) were higher in group 2 compared to group 1. On hospital admission, inclusion in group 2 (p < 0.03; hazard ratio, 9.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 76.47) and preexisting chronic medical or @entity16 (p < 0.01; hazard ratio, 16.4; 95% CI, 1.97 to 136.3) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION: On hospital admission, morphology of the thromboemboli and the presence of pre-existing chronic medical or @entity16 are independent predictors of 30-day mortality. @entity1 with @entity358 have a worse short-term outcome than those with @entity358 .

title: Impact of morphologic characteristics of @entity358 in massive XXXX .

answer: @entity1151 :: (MESH:D011655,Disease) :: ['pulmonary embolism']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity28 is an emerging health problem. This study assesses the effects of three levels of dietary fat (10%, 32%, and 45% measured by kilocalories) on @entity1017 , body composition, energy metabolism, and comorbidity factors in @entity35 from weaning through maturation. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The role of dietary fat on the susceptibility to @entity28 was assessed by feeding diets containing three levels of dietary fat to @entity35 from weaning through 7 months of age. Body composition was analyzed by DXA after 6 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. Energy metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: Energy intake, @entity1017 , fat mass, and plasma @entity413 , @entity165 , @entity412 , free @entity844 , leptin, and insulin levels increased dose-dependently with increased dietary fat. No difference in absolute lean mass among the three groups was observed. Therefore, the differences in @entity1017 are accounted for primarily by increased fat accretion. Compared with @entity35 that were relatively resistant to @entity28 when on a 45% fat diet, diet-induced @entity28 -prone @entity35 were in positive energy balance and had an elevated respiratory quotient, indicating a switch in energy substrate use from fat to @entity1735 , which promotes body-fat accretion. DISCUSSION: Our data support the hypothesis that administration of increasing amount of dietary fat to very young @entity35 enhances susceptibility to diet-induced @entity28 and its comorbidities.

title: Fat intake affects adiposity, comorbidity factors, and energy metabolism of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Childhood obesity', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['sprague-dawley rats']


abstract: Exogenous @entity15150 (GA) and @entity52466 ( @entity9634 [ @entity6207 ]) strongly stimulated stem elongation in dwarf GA1-deficient le mutants of light-grown @entity3587 ( @entity3587 .): @entity6207 elicited a sharp increase in growth rate after 20 min followed by a slow decline; the GA response had a longer lag (3 h) and growth increased gradually with time. These responses were additive. The effect of GA was mainly in internodes less than 25% expanded, whereas that of @entity6207 was in the older, elongating internodes. @entity6207 stimulated growth by cell extension; GA stimulated growth by an increase in cell length and cell number. Dwarf lkb GA-response-mutant plants elongated poorly in response to GA (accounted for by an increase in cell number) but were very responsive to @entity6207 . GA produced a substantial elongation in lkb plants only in the presence of @entity6207 . Because lkb plants contain low levels of @entity6207 , growth suppression in dwarf lkb mutants seems to be due to a @entity308 . GA may enhance the auxin induction of cell elongation but cannot promote elongation in the absence of auxin. The effect of GA may, in part, be mediated by auxin. Auxin and GA control separate processes that together contribute to stem elongation. @entity1051 in either leads to a dwarfed phenotype.

title: Genetic Dissection of the Relative Roles of Auxin and XXXX in the Regulation of Stem Elongation in Intact Light-Grown @entity3587 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['deficiency in endogenous auxin']

entities_list: @entity9634 :: ('MESH:C030737', 'Chemical') :: ['indoleacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity1051 :: ('MESH:D013661', 'Disease') :: ['A deficiency']

entities_list: @entity15150 :: ('CHEBI:28833', 'Chemical') :: ['gibberellin']

entities_list: @entity3587 :: ('3888', 'Species') :: ['Pisum sativum L', 'pea']

answer: @entity15150 :: (CHEBI:28833,Chemical) :: ['Gibberellin']


abstract: Exogenous @entity15150 (GA) and @entity52466 ( @entity9634 [ @entity6207 ]) strongly stimulated stem elongation in dwarf GA1-deficient le mutants of light-grown @entity3587 ( @entity3587 .): @entity6207 elicited a sharp increase in growth rate after 20 min followed by a slow decline; the GA response had a longer lag (3 h) and growth increased gradually with time. These responses were additive. The effect of GA was mainly in internodes less than 25% expanded, whereas that of @entity6207 was in the older, elongating internodes. @entity6207 stimulated growth by cell extension; GA stimulated growth by an increase in cell length and cell number. Dwarf lkb GA-response-mutant plants elongated poorly in response to GA (accounted for by an increase in cell number) but were very responsive to @entity6207 . GA produced a substantial elongation in lkb plants only in the presence of @entity6207 . Because lkb plants contain low levels of @entity6207 , growth suppression in dwarf lkb mutants seems to be due to a @entity308 . GA may enhance the auxin induction of cell elongation but cannot promote elongation in the absence of auxin. The effect of GA may, in part, be mediated by auxin. Auxin and GA control separate processes that together contribute to stem elongation. @entity1051 in either leads to a dwarfed phenotype.

title: Genetic Dissection of the Relative Roles of Auxin and @entity15150 in the Regulation of Stem Elongation in Intact Light-Grown XXXX .

answer: @entity3587 :: (3888,Species) :: ['Peas']


abstract: Artemisia annua plants produce a broad range of volatile compounds, including @entity199 , which contribute to the characteristic fragrance of this medicinal species. A cDNA clone, QH6, contained an open reading frame encoding a 582-amino acid protein that showed high sequence identity to plant @entity20188 synthases. The prokaryotically expressed QH6 fusion protein converted @entity68871 to @entity22528 and @entity12262 in a 94:6 ratio. QH6 was predominantly expressed in juvenile leaves 2 weeks postsprouting. QH6 transcript levels were transiently reduced following mechanical wounding or fungal elicitor treatment, suggesting that this gene is not directly involved in defense reaction induced by either of these treatments. Under a photoperiod of 12 h/12 h (light/dark), the abundance of QH6 transcripts fluctuated in a diurnal pattern that ebbed around 3 h before daybreak (9th h in the dark phase) and peaked after 9 h in light (9th h in the light phase). The contents of @entity22528 in juvenile leaves and in emitted volatiles also varied in a diurnal rhythm, correlating strongly with mRNA accumulation. When A. annua was entrained by constant light or constant dark conditions, QH6 transcript accumulation continued to fluctuate with circadian rhythms. Under constant light, advanced cycles of fluctuation of QH6 transcript levels were observed, and under constant dark, the cycle was delayed. However, the original diurnal pattern could be regained when the plants were returned to the normal light/dark (12 h/12 h) photoperiod. This is the first report that @entity20188 biosynthesis is transcriptionally regulated in a circadian pattern.

title: Cloning and functional characterization of a XXXX synthase from Artemisia annua that shows a circadian pattern of expression.

entities_list: @entity20188 :: ('CHEBI:35187', 'Chemical') :: ['monoterpene']

entities_list: @entity199 :: ('MESH:D039821', 'Chemical') :: ['monoterpenes']

entities_list: @entity68871 :: ('MESH:C511282', 'Chemical') :: ['geranyl diphosphate']

answer: @entity22528 :: (MESH:C010789,Chemical) :: ['beta-pinene']


abstract: AIM: The aim of this pilot project was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment of @entity1643 during two months either by homeopathy or by standardised physiotherapy. METHOD: 43 @entity1 suffering from @entity1643 were included in this controlled, randomised prospective study. They were divided in two treatment groups: homeopathy and standardised physiotherapy. Based on the initial and final clinical investigations, the Oswestry questionnaire and the visual analogue scale, that were assessed at the beginning, at the end and 18.5 months after therapy, the results were statistically evaluated. A further questionnaire documented the acceptance of treatment. RESULTS: A comparison of the groups from the beginning to the end of treatment reveals a significant decrease of the Oswestry score in @entity1 treated by homeopathy. This tendency could not be confirmed 18.5 months later. Homeopathy was well accepted by most of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, nothing can be said against attempting treatment of @entity1643 by means of homeopathy. Further research is recommended to confirm the results of our investigation, using a larger number of @entity1 , a third treatment group, homeopathy double blinded.

title: [The Efficacy of homeopathy in the treatment of XXXX compared to standardized physiotherapy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['chronic low back pain']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['chronic low back pain']


abstract: Nonionic surfactants are widely used in the development of protein pharmaceuticals. However, the low level of residual @entity2627 in surfactants can potentially affect the stability of oxidation-sensitive proteins. In this report, we examined the @entity2625 formation in @entity6496 80 under a variety of storage conditions and tested the potential of @entity2627 in @entity6496 80 to oxidize a model protein, @entity1199 mutein. For the first time, we demonstrated that @entity2627 can be easily generated in neat @entity6496 80 in the presence of air during incubation at elevated temperatures. @entity6496 80 in aqueous solution exhibited a faster rate of @entity2625 formation and a greater amount of @entity2627 during incubation, which is further promoted/catalyzed by light. @entity2625 formation can be greatly inhibited by preventing any contact with air/ @entity26 during storage. @entity1199 mutein can be easily oxidized both in liquid and solid states. A lower level of @entity2627 in @entity6496 80 did not change the rate of @entity1199 mutein oxidation in liquid state but significantly accelerated its oxidation in solid state under air. A higher level of @entity2627 in @entity9266 caused a significant increase in @entity1199 mutein oxidation both in liquid and solid states, and @entity2041 can significantly inhibit the @entity2625 -induced oxidation of @entity1199 mutein in a lyophilized formulation. In addition, a higher level of @entity2627 in @entity6496 80 caused immediate @entity1199 mutein oxidation during annealing in lyophilization, suggesting that implementation of an annealing step needs to be carefully evaluated in the development of a lyophilization process for oxidation-sensitive proteins in the presence of @entity6496 .

title: XXXX formation in @entity6496 80 and protein stability.

entities_list: @entity2627 :: ('MESH:D010545', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxides']

entities_list: @entity6496 :: ('CHEBI:53426', 'Chemical') :: ['polysorbate', 'Polysorbate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2625 :: ('CHEBI:44785', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxide', 'Peroxide']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity9266 :: ('MESH:D011136', 'Chemical') :: ['polysorbate 80']

answer: @entity2625 :: (CHEBI:44785,Chemical) :: ['Peroxide']


abstract: Nonionic surfactants are widely used in the development of protein pharmaceuticals. However, the low level of residual @entity2627 in surfactants can potentially affect the stability of oxidation-sensitive proteins. In this report, we examined the @entity2625 formation in @entity6496 80 under a variety of storage conditions and tested the potential of @entity2627 in @entity6496 80 to oxidize a model protein, @entity1199 mutein. For the first time, we demonstrated that @entity2627 can be easily generated in neat @entity6496 80 in the presence of air during incubation at elevated temperatures. @entity6496 80 in aqueous solution exhibited a faster rate of @entity2625 formation and a greater amount of @entity2627 during incubation, which is further promoted/catalyzed by light. @entity2625 formation can be greatly inhibited by preventing any contact with air/ @entity26 during storage. @entity1199 mutein can be easily oxidized both in liquid and solid states. A lower level of @entity2627 in @entity6496 80 did not change the rate of @entity1199 mutein oxidation in liquid state but significantly accelerated its oxidation in solid state under air. A higher level of @entity2627 in @entity9266 caused a significant increase in @entity1199 mutein oxidation both in liquid and solid states, and @entity2041 can significantly inhibit the @entity2625 -induced oxidation of @entity1199 mutein in a lyophilized formulation. In addition, a higher level of @entity2627 in @entity6496 80 caused immediate @entity1199 mutein oxidation during annealing in lyophilization, suggesting that implementation of an annealing step needs to be carefully evaluated in the development of a lyophilization process for oxidation-sensitive proteins in the presence of @entity6496 .

title: @entity2625 formation in XXXX 80 and protein stability.

answer: @entity6496 :: (CHEBI:53426,Chemical) :: ['polysorbate']


abstract: Our understanding of the aetiology of @entity1665 ( @entity1665 ) has substantially increased in recent years. As a result, several treatment modalities have been tried with promising results especially in early stages of @entity1665 . However, as far as has been ascertained, there is no comprehensive study comparing the efficacy of these agents alone and in combination with each other. One hundered male @entity1 with @entity1665 of Hamilton grades II to IV were enrolled in an open, randomized, parallel-group study, designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of oral @entity585 (1 mg per day), topical 2% @entity5491 solution and topical 2% @entity3102 shampoo alone and in combination. They were randomized into four groups. Group I (30 @entity1 ) was administered oral @entity585 , Group II (36 @entity1 ) was given a combination of @entity585 and topical @entity5491 , Group III (24 @entity1 ) applied @entity5491 alone and Group IV (10 @entity1 ) was administered @entity585 with topical @entity3102 . Treatment efficacy was assessed on the basis of @entity1 and physician assessment scores and global photographic review during the study period of one year. At the end of one year, hair growth was observed in all the groups with best results recorded with a combination of @entity585 and @entity5491 (Group II) followed by groups IV, I and III. Subjects receiving @entity585 alone or in combination with @entity5491 or @entity3102 showed statistically significant improvement (p<0.05) over @entity5491 only recipients. No signifcant side-effects related to the drugs were observed. In conclusion, it is inferred that the therapeutic efficacy is enhanced by combining the two drugs acting on different aetiological aspects of @entity1665 .

title: Comparative efficacy of various treatment regimens for XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1665 :: ('MESH:D000505', 'Disease') :: ['AGA', 'androgenetic alopecia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity585 :: ('MESH:D018120', 'Chemical') :: ['finasteride']

entities_list: @entity3102 :: ('MESH:D007654', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoconazole']

entities_list: @entity5491 :: ('MESH:D008914', 'Chemical') :: ['minoxidil']

answer: @entity1665 :: (MESH:D000505,Disease) :: ['androgenetic alopecia']


abstract: Our understanding of the aetiology of @entity1665 ( @entity1665 ) has substantially increased in recent years. As a result, several treatment modalities have been tried with promising results especially in early stages of @entity1665 . However, as far as has been ascertained, there is no comprehensive study comparing the efficacy of these agents alone and in combination with each other. One hundered male @entity1 with @entity1665 of Hamilton grades II to IV were enrolled in an open, randomized, parallel-group study, designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of oral @entity585 (1 mg per day), topical 2% @entity5491 solution and topical 2% @entity3102 shampoo alone and in combination. They were randomized into four groups. Group I (30 @entity1 ) was administered oral @entity585 , Group II (36 @entity1 ) was given a combination of @entity585 and topical @entity5491 , Group III (24 @entity1 ) applied @entity5491 alone and Group IV (10 @entity1 ) was administered @entity585 with topical @entity3102 . Treatment efficacy was assessed on the basis of @entity1 and physician assessment scores and global photographic review during the study period of one year. At the end of one year, hair growth was observed in all the groups with best results recorded with a combination of @entity585 and @entity5491 (Group II) followed by groups IV, I and III. Subjects receiving @entity585 alone or in combination with @entity5491 or @entity3102 showed statistically significant improvement (p<0.05) over @entity5491 only recipients. No signifcant side-effects related to the drugs were observed. In conclusion, it is inferred that the therapeutic efficacy is enhanced by combining the two drugs acting on different aetiological aspects of @entity1665 .

title: Comparative efficacy of various treatment regimens for @entity1665 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: The management of @entity548 gastric varices has not been standardized. Although @entity5273 ( @entity5273 ) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with @entity7548 ( @entity3080 ) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices treated either by @entity5273 or @entity3080 glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or @entity204 for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices had @entity5273 ; 23 @entity1 had @entity3080 glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in @entity1 characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the @entity5273 group, 15/20 @entity1 had the procedure performed within 24 h of @entity548 , and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of @entity3126 , two cases of severe @entity75 , and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per @entity1 , with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) @entity1151 and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in @entity1 who had @entity5273 (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of @entity2312 was  4,138 US dollars ( 3,009- 8,290 US dollars) for glue versus  11,906 US dollars ( 8,200- 16,770 US dollars) for @entity5273 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this comparable group of @entity1 , @entity3080 glue injection was more cost effective than @entity5273 in the management of @entity2312 . A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.

title: Cost-effectiveness of XXXX ( @entity7548 ) glue injections versus @entity5273 in the management of @entity2312 .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity3080 :: ('MESH:D003487', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanoacrylate']

entities_list: @entity5273 :: ('MESH:C562830', 'Disease') :: ['TIPS', 'transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity7548 :: ('MESH:D004659', 'Chemical') :: ['N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate']

entities_list: @entity2312 :: ('MESH:D004932', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastric variceal bleeding', 'initial gastric variceal bleeding']

answer: @entity7548 :: (MESH:D004659,Chemical) :: ['N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate']


abstract: The management of @entity548 gastric varices has not been standardized. Although @entity5273 ( @entity5273 ) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with @entity7548 ( @entity3080 ) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices treated either by @entity5273 or @entity3080 glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or @entity204 for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices had @entity5273 ; 23 @entity1 had @entity3080 glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in @entity1 characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the @entity5273 group, 15/20 @entity1 had the procedure performed within 24 h of @entity548 , and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of @entity3126 , two cases of severe @entity75 , and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per @entity1 , with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) @entity1151 and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in @entity1 who had @entity5273 (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of @entity2312 was  4,138 US dollars ( 3,009- 8,290 US dollars) for glue versus  11,906 US dollars ( 8,200- 16,770 US dollars) for @entity5273 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this comparable group of @entity1 , @entity3080 glue injection was more cost effective than @entity5273 in the management of @entity2312 . A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.

title: Cost-effectiveness of @entity7548 ( XXXX ) glue injections versus @entity5273 in the management of @entity2312 .

answer: @entity7548 :: (MESH:D004659,Chemical) :: ['histoacryl']


abstract: The management of @entity548 gastric varices has not been standardized. Although @entity5273 ( @entity5273 ) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with @entity7548 ( @entity3080 ) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices treated either by @entity5273 or @entity3080 glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or @entity204 for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices had @entity5273 ; 23 @entity1 had @entity3080 glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in @entity1 characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the @entity5273 group, 15/20 @entity1 had the procedure performed within 24 h of @entity548 , and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of @entity3126 , two cases of severe @entity75 , and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per @entity1 , with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) @entity1151 and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in @entity1 who had @entity5273 (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of @entity2312 was  4,138 US dollars ( 3,009- 8,290 US dollars) for glue versus  11,906 US dollars ( 8,200- 16,770 US dollars) for @entity5273 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this comparable group of @entity1 , @entity3080 glue injection was more cost effective than @entity5273 in the management of @entity2312 . A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.

title: Cost-effectiveness of @entity7548 ( @entity7548 ) glue injections versus XXXX in the management of @entity2312 .

answer: @entity5273 :: (MESH:C562830,Disease) :: ['transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt']


abstract: The management of @entity548 gastric varices has not been standardized. Although @entity5273 ( @entity5273 ) is used in most centers, endoscopic treatment with @entity7548 ( @entity3080 ) glue has recently been shown to be effective. Cost-effectiveness analyses of these methods are lacking. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices treated either by @entity5273 or @entity3080 glue injection. Economic analysis was based on direct costs for a fixed financial year. The two groups were compared for a period of 6 months follow-up, to liver transplantation, or @entity204 for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Between January, 1995 and December, 1999, 20 @entity1 with @entity548 gastric varices had @entity5273 ; 23 @entity1 had @entity3080 glue injection from January, 2000 to October, 2001. There were no significant differences between the two groups in @entity1 characteristics, transfusion requirement, and gastric variceal anatomy. In the @entity5273 group, 15/20 @entity1 had the procedure performed within 24 h of @entity548 , and 90% of stent insertions were successful. Complications consisted of two cases of @entity3126 , two cases of severe @entity75 , and a 15% stenosis rate at 6 months. In the glue group, there were 3 +/- 1.5 endoscopies and 2 +/- 1 injections per @entity1 , with a 96% initial hemostasis. There was one case of (glue) @entity1151 and one blocked front endoscope lens, which required repair. The initial rebleed rate was significantly lower in @entity1 who had @entity5273 (15% vs 30%, p = 0.005). The inpatient stay was shorter in the glue group (13 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 2 days, p = 0.05), but there was no difference in the overall mortality rate. The median cost within 6 months of @entity2312 was  4,138 US dollars ( 3,009- 8,290 US dollars) for glue versus  11,906 US dollars ( 8,200- 16,770 US dollars) for @entity5273 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this comparable group of @entity1 , @entity3080 glue injection was more cost effective than @entity5273 in the management of @entity2312 . A prospective, randomized trial would be required to confirm our analysis.

title: Cost-effectiveness of @entity7548 ( @entity7548 ) glue injections versus @entity5273 in the management of XXXX .

answer: @entity2312 :: (MESH:D004932,Disease) :: ['acute gastric variceal bleeding']


abstract: Rough mutants of Brucella spp. are attenuated for survival in animal models. However, conflicting in vitro evidence has been obtained concerning the intracellular survival of rough mutants. Transposon-derived rough mutants isolated in our laboratory were previously shown to exhibit small but significant reductions in intracellular survival in a 12-h in vitro assay. Several recent publications report that rough mutants exhibited increased macrophage uptake relative to their smooth parental strains, and a reduction in numbers at the end of the assay has been interpreted as intracellular killing. In an effort to explore the role of O antigen in the interaction between @entity6469 and macrophages, we have monitored the uptake of rough mutants and survival in vitro by using the @entity19 macrophage cell line J774.A1. The results confirm a 10- to 20-fold-increased uptake of rough mutants over that of smooth organisms under standard conditions. Recovery of the rough mutants persisted up to 8 h postinfection, but at the point when intracellular replication of the smooth organisms was observed, the number of rough organisms recovered declined. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the intracellular multiplication of both smooth and rough organisms, and assays performed in the absence of antibiotic confirmed the replication of the rough organisms. Examination by phase-contrast microscopy revealed the lytic death of macrophages infected with the rough mutants, which was confirmed by the release of @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cell cytoplasm. Thus, the decline in the number of rough organisms was the result of the lysis of macrophages and not from intracellular killing. The cytopathic effect is characterized as @entity39 rather than apoptotic cell death based on early LDH release, annexin V and @entity2667 staining, morphological changes of infected cells and nuclei, and @entity2228 protection. The cytopathic effect was observed with macrophages at multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of as low as 20 and was not observed with epithelial cells at MOIs of as high as 2000. These findings suggest a role for O antigen during the early stages of host-agent interaction that is essential in establishing an intracellular niche that maintains and supports persistent intracellular infection resulting in disease.

title: XXXX rough mutants are cytopathic for macrophages in culture.

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity6469 :: ('235', 'Species') :: ['Brucella abortus']

answer: @entity6469 :: (235,Species) :: ['Brucella abortus']


abstract: @entity7116 is an essential transcription factor for @entity1198 cell development. IL-12 and @entity3027 both activate @entity7116 , but with different kinetics. In this study we compared their capacities to drive differentiation of @entity1 naive Th cells toward the @entity1198 phenotype. The @entity1198 -polarizing activity of @entity3027 was much weaker than that of IL-12, correlating with a marked difference in the kinetics of @entity7116 activation; the response to IL-12 was sustained (>48 h), whereas the response to @entity3027 was transient (4 h). The continuous presence of IL-12 was required for sustained @entity7116 activation. Similarly, optimal @entity1198 polarization was only achieved upon prolonged exposure to IL-12 and could not be induced by a transient IL-12 pulse. Furthermore, the cytokine @entity1199 potentiated sustained IL-12/ @entity7116 responses through up-regulation of IL-12R expression and synergized with IL-12 in driving @entity1198 cell development. Transient @entity3027 responses, on the other hand, were not prolonged by @entity1199 . @entity3027 treatment induced down-regulation of IFN-alphabeta receptor subunit 1, rendering cells refractory to @entity3027 , but did not trans-inhibit the IL-12/ @entity7116 response. These data indicate that sustained IL-12 signaling is essential for optimal @entity1198 cell development and that transient activation of @entity7116 in response to @entity3027 may explain the poor @entity1198 -polarizing capacity of this cytokine. Collectively these data show that the duration of cytokine signaling is important for determining the biological response.

title: Sustained IL-12 signaling is required for XXXX development.

answer: @entity1198 :: (51497,Gene) :: ['Th1']


abstract: @entity858 - @entity3649 4-epimerases from the @entity375 Kluyvero-myces fragilis and @entity526 are both homodimers but the molecular mass of the former (75 kDa/subunit) is nearly double that of the latter (39 kDa/subunit). Protein databank sequence homology revealed the possibility of mutarotase activity in the excess mass of the @entity375 enzyme. This was confirmed by three independent assay protocols. With the help of specific inhibitors and chemical modification reagents, the catalytic sites of epimerase and mutarotase were shown to be distinct and independent. Partial proteolysis with trypsin in the presence of specific inhibitors, 5'-UMP for epimerase and @entity3649 for mutarotase, protected the respective activities. Similar digestion with double inhibitors cleaved the molecule into two fragments of 45 and 30 kDa. After separation by size-exclusion HPLC, they manifested exclusively epimerase and mutarotase activities, respectively. Epimerases from @entity11900 , Pachysolen tannophilus and Schizosaccharomyces pombi also showed associated mutarotase activity distinct from the constitutively formed mutarotase activity. Thus, the bifunctionality of homodimeric @entity375 epimerases of 65-75 kDa/subunit appears to be universal. In addition to the inducible bifunctional epimerase/mutarotase, K. fragilis contained a smaller constitutive monomeric mutarotase of approximately 35 kDa.

title: XXXX - @entity3649 4-epimerase from @entity11900 fragilis. Evidence for independent mutarotation site.

entities_list: @entity3649 :: ('MESH:D005690', 'Chemical') :: ['galactose']

entities_list: @entity11900 :: ('28985', 'Species') :: ['Kluyveromyces lactis var lactis']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity858 :: (MESH:D014530,Chemical) :: ['UDP']


abstract: @entity858 - @entity3649 4-epimerases from the @entity375 Kluyvero-myces fragilis and @entity526 are both homodimers but the molecular mass of the former (75 kDa/subunit) is nearly double that of the latter (39 kDa/subunit). Protein databank sequence homology revealed the possibility of mutarotase activity in the excess mass of the @entity375 enzyme. This was confirmed by three independent assay protocols. With the help of specific inhibitors and chemical modification reagents, the catalytic sites of epimerase and mutarotase were shown to be distinct and independent. Partial proteolysis with trypsin in the presence of specific inhibitors, 5'-UMP for epimerase and @entity3649 for mutarotase, protected the respective activities. Similar digestion with double inhibitors cleaved the molecule into two fragments of 45 and 30 kDa. After separation by size-exclusion HPLC, they manifested exclusively epimerase and mutarotase activities, respectively. Epimerases from @entity11900 , Pachysolen tannophilus and Schizosaccharomyces pombi also showed associated mutarotase activity distinct from the constitutively formed mutarotase activity. Thus, the bifunctionality of homodimeric @entity375 epimerases of 65-75 kDa/subunit appears to be universal. In addition to the inducible bifunctional epimerase/mutarotase, K. fragilis contained a smaller constitutive monomeric mutarotase of approximately 35 kDa.

title: @entity858 - XXXX 4-epimerase from @entity11900 fragilis. Evidence for independent mutarotation site.

answer: @entity3649 :: (MESH:D005690,Chemical) :: ['galactose']


abstract: @entity858 - @entity3649 4-epimerases from the @entity375 Kluyvero-myces fragilis and @entity526 are both homodimers but the molecular mass of the former (75 kDa/subunit) is nearly double that of the latter (39 kDa/subunit). Protein databank sequence homology revealed the possibility of mutarotase activity in the excess mass of the @entity375 enzyme. This was confirmed by three independent assay protocols. With the help of specific inhibitors and chemical modification reagents, the catalytic sites of epimerase and mutarotase were shown to be distinct and independent. Partial proteolysis with trypsin in the presence of specific inhibitors, 5'-UMP for epimerase and @entity3649 for mutarotase, protected the respective activities. Similar digestion with double inhibitors cleaved the molecule into two fragments of 45 and 30 kDa. After separation by size-exclusion HPLC, they manifested exclusively epimerase and mutarotase activities, respectively. Epimerases from @entity11900 , Pachysolen tannophilus and Schizosaccharomyces pombi also showed associated mutarotase activity distinct from the constitutively formed mutarotase activity. Thus, the bifunctionality of homodimeric @entity375 epimerases of 65-75 kDa/subunit appears to be universal. In addition to the inducible bifunctional epimerase/mutarotase, K. fragilis contained a smaller constitutive monomeric mutarotase of approximately 35 kDa.

title: @entity858 - @entity3649 4-epimerase from XXXX fragilis. Evidence for independent mutarotation site.

answer: @entity11900 :: (28985,Species) :: ['Kluyveromyces']