abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate trends in out-of-hospital mortality from @entity741 ( @entity741 ) in Kaunas population aged 25-64 years during 1983-1998, according to the @entity741 register data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The primary source of data was Kaunas population-based @entity741 register. The main sources of information for registration of @entity741 events were hospital discharge records, @entity1 follow-up records of out-of- @entity1 departments, death certificates, necropsy and medico-legal records. The data were collected according to the requirements of the WHO program MONICA. Only deaths from @entity741 that occurred out-of-hospital were analyzed in this study. The age-standardized rates were calculated by the direct method and the world standard population was used as the standard. Trends in rates were analyzed using the method of linear regression on logarithms of the age-standardized annual mortality rates. RESULTS: During 1983-1998, out-of-hospital @entity741 mortality was 137.9/100000 among Kaunas @entity1 aged 25-64 years meanwhile among @entity1 the corresponding rate was 7 times lower (20.2/100000). During 1983-1994, out-of-hospital mortality from @entity741 was increasing and during 1995 to 1998 was decreasing (by 19.8% per year; p=0.03) among @entity1 . Among @entity1 , out-of-hospital mortality rates were increasing during 1983-1990, were rather stable during 1991-1994, and tended to decrease by 27.5% per year (p=0.09) during 1995-1998. When analyzing trends in rates by 10-year age groups, statistically significant changes in out-of-hospital mortality from @entity741 were detected just among those aged 55-64 years. Among @entity1 , out-of-hospital mortality from @entity741 tended to increase during 1983-1994, and was decreasing statistically significantly (by 22.9% per year; p=0.007) during 1995-1998. Among @entity1 , the corresponding rates were increasing by 26.7% per year (p=0.03) during 1983-1986, and tended to decrease by 40.1% per year, (p=0.09) during 1995-1998. During 1983-1998, out-of-hospital deaths from @entity741 accounted on the average for 76.5% among all deaths from @entity741 among @entity1 and for 66.9% among @entity1 . During 1983-1998, the proportion of out-of-hospital deaths among all deaths from @entity741 remained without statistically significant changes among both @entity1 and @entity1 . CONCLUSION: During 1983-1994, out-of-hospital mortality rates of Kaunas middle-aged @entity1 increased and during 1995-1998--significantly decreased. Out-of-hospital mortality rates of Kaunas @entity1 increased during 1983-1990, but in 1995-1998--tended to decline. Out-of-hospital deaths from @entity741 accounted on the average for 76.5% of all deaths from @entity741 among @entity1 and for 66.9% of @entity1 deaths, and biggest part of these deaths were among younger @entity1 .

title: [Trends in out-of-hospital mortality from XXXX in Kaunas middle-aged population during 1983-1998].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['IHD', 'ischemic heart disease']

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['ischemic heart disease']


abstract: Many @entity1 with @entity565 are troubled by nocturnal wheeze. The cause of this symptom is unknown, but sleep is an important factor. A study was carried out to determine whether nocturnal bronchoconstriction is related to any specific stage of sleep. Eight @entity748 with nocturnal wheeze and eight control subjects performed forced expiratory manoeuvres immediately after being woken from rapid eye movement (REM) or non-REM sleep, wakings being timed to differentiate temporal effects from those related to the stage of sleep. The control subjects showed no significant temporal bronchoconstriction or bronchoconstriction related to the stage of sleep. All @entity1 showed bronchoconstriction overnight, the mean peak expiratory flow rate falling from 410 (SEM 50) 1/min before sleep to 186 (49)1/min after sleep. After the @entity1 had been woken from REM sleep the forced expiratory volume in one second was on average 300 ml lower (p less than 0.02) and peak expiratory flow rate 45 1/min lower (p less than 0.03) than after they had been woken from non-REM sleep. As wakenings from REM sleep were 21(8) minutes later in the night than those from non-REM sleep multivariate analysis was performed to differentiate temporal effects from those related to the stage of sleep. This showed that the overnight decreases in forced expiratory volume in one second and peak expiratory flow rate were significantly related both to time and to REM sleep. This study suggests that @entity748 may suffer bronchoconstriction during REM sleep.

title: Do XXXX suffer bronchoconstriction during rapid eye movement sleep?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatics']

answer: @entity748 :: (MESH:D013224,Disease) :: ['asthmatics']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: This study identified and prioritized research questions with greatest value to emergency nurses and of highest importance for health care consumers. METHODS: Three hundred twenty emergency nursing leaders were invited to participate in 3 rounds of mailed surveys aimed at developing consensus. During round I, 147 nurses submitted 456 research problems. These problems were synthesized into 154 researchable questions, encompassing 17 themes. The round II questionnaire listed these questions in random order. Respondents used a 7-point Likert scale to rate each question's value for practicing nurses and importance for health care consumers. One hundred one nurses rated 106 questions >5.0. The round III questionnaire was individualized to provide each respondent's round II score and each item's median group score. Reflecting on these data, subjects again rated the 106 questions. RESULTS: Seventy-nine nurses rated 16 questions 6.0 or greater for value for practicing nurses; 3 questions were rated 6.0 or greater for importance to consumers. Optimum staff to @entity1 ratios, effects of mandatory overtime, holding admitted @entity1 , and @entity2613 overcrowding, as well as effective strategies for educating and ensuring competence of nurses, were highest priority research problems for practicing nurses. @entity158 relief, impact of and methods of decreasing holding/lengthy @entity2613 stay, and effective strategies for @entity1 teaching were judged most important for consumers. DISCUSSION: Nurses' concerns with staff shortages and overcrowding of emergency departments and their effects on @entity1 are paramount. @entity158 management and @entity1 education were chief clinical issues requiring research. The mission of @entity10203 is "to provide visionary leadership for emergency nursing and emergency care." This mission encompasses a number of values, including the following: "The discipline of emergency nursing includes a defined and evolving body of knowledge based on research."(1) In 1998, the @entity10203 appointed vision councils to develop futuristic ideas to advance @entity10203 's mission. The Research Vision Council proposed that @entity10203 develop a center for emergency nursing research to provide leadership and focus for scientific approaches to the many issues that concern emergency nurses and their @entity1 . The Board of Directors supported this idea by formulating a work group to develop the National Institute for Emergency Nursing Research. In 1999, the work group proposed that a study be conducted to determine national priorities for emergency nursing research. This article reports on the methods and results of a Delphi study conducted for that purpose.

title: XXXX 's Delphi study on national research priorities for emergency nurses in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity10203 :: (55740,Gene) :: ['ENA']


abstract: Low-level electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been used to treat various @entity16 . In the present study, we applied micro Gauss (microG) levels of EMFs either to the vagosympathetic nerve trunks, dissected in the neck, or across the chest in anesthetized @entity235 . Based on theoretical and empiric grounds, we compared EMFs (2.87 microG at 0.043 Hz) delivered to the vagosympathetic trunks in an experimental set (n = 5) with a sham control group (n = 6). Over a period of 2 to 3 hours, @entity299 decreased after an initial 5-minute EMF exposure. The maximal @entity299 changes in the experimental versus control groups was 29% versus 12% (P = 0.03). The voltage applied to the autonomic nerves required to induce atrioventricular (AV) conduction block decreased by 60% in the experimental group versus a 5% increase in the control group (P = 0.005). This effect also lasted 2 to 3 hours. Another EMF setting (amplitude 0.34 microG, frequency 2 kHz) applied for 5 minutes to the vagosympathetic trunks was associated with a significant increase in the occurrence of atrial premature depolarizations (APDs), @entity591 ( @entity591 ), and @entity955 ( @entity955 ) in response to autonomic nerve stimulation compared with control states before EMF exposure. No @entity943 could be induced after @entity1169 and @entity3897 , even at the highest voltage used to stimulate the autonomic nervous input to the heart (n = 11). Only 2 @entity235 showed no response to this EMF application. In 3 @entity235 in whom atrial pacing (cycle length = 250 ms) and autonomic nerve stimulation induced @entity955 , an EMF (2.87 microG at 0.043 Hz) delivered for 35 minutes across the chest suppressed @entity955 for up to 3 to 4 hours, after which the same protocol again induced @entity955 . We conclude that in these preliminary experiments, specific low-level EMFs alter @entity299 , AV conduction, and heart rhythm. These effects were mediated through the autonomic nervous system inputs to the heart based on adjunctive effect of autonomic nerve stimulation and the inhibitory action of autonomic blockers.

title: Magnetism and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disorders']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachycardia', 'AT']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart rate']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['atrial arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrhythmias']


abstract: A total of 101 @entity1 with limited but unequivocal clinical stage C @entity263 underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy. At operation 49 @entity1 had pathological stage C and 52 had stage D1 disease. Followup ranged from 0.5 to 17 years (mean 4.9 years). The 5 and 10-year observed survival rates for @entity1 with stages C and D1 disease were similar to the expected survival. Sixteen @entity1 had @entity5 postoperatively but only 2 had local progression: 1 had received no adjuvant therapy, and 1 had received @entity4742 and radiation. None of the others, having received adjuvant radiation and/or orchiectomy, suffered local recurrence. Over-all, local progression occurred in 17 @entity1 , only 4 of whom had received adjuvant treatment initially ( @entity4742 , 1 also received radiation). Local progression occurred in 13 of 47 @entity1 (28 per cent) without adjuvant treatment. Thus, in all @entity1 immediate adjuvant bilateral orchiectomy or radiation (except for 1 @entity1 ) prevented local progression. In @entity1 with pathological stage D1 disease bilateral orchiectomy significantly reduced disease progression (p less than 0.0001). Therefore, limited clinical stage C @entity263 can be successfully treated surgically (with low morbidity) when supplemented with appropriate immediate adjuvant treatment.

title: Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy for clinical stage C XXXX : role of adjuvant treatment for @entity5 and in disease progression.

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['residual cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostatic cancer']


abstract: A total of 101 @entity1 with limited but unequivocal clinical stage C @entity263 underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy. At operation 49 @entity1 had pathological stage C and 52 had stage D1 disease. Followup ranged from 0.5 to 17 years (mean 4.9 years). The 5 and 10-year observed survival rates for @entity1 with stages C and D1 disease were similar to the expected survival. Sixteen @entity1 had @entity5 postoperatively but only 2 had local progression: 1 had received no adjuvant therapy, and 1 had received @entity4742 and radiation. None of the others, having received adjuvant radiation and/or orchiectomy, suffered local recurrence. Over-all, local progression occurred in 17 @entity1 , only 4 of whom had received adjuvant treatment initially ( @entity4742 , 1 also received radiation). Local progression occurred in 13 of 47 @entity1 (28 per cent) without adjuvant treatment. Thus, in all @entity1 immediate adjuvant bilateral orchiectomy or radiation (except for 1 @entity1 ) prevented local progression. In @entity1 with pathological stage D1 disease bilateral orchiectomy significantly reduced disease progression (p less than 0.0001). Therefore, limited clinical stage C @entity263 can be successfully treated surgically (with low morbidity) when supplemented with appropriate immediate adjuvant treatment.

title: Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy for clinical stage C @entity263 : role of adjuvant treatment for XXXX and in disease progression.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['residual cancer']


abstract: @entity1276 is a common complication of @entity1906 ( @entity1906 ) in @entity1 . The aims of this study are to review our experience of @entity1276 in childhood @entity1906 and to evaluate the effect of the timing of ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) on the final outcome. In this study, 156 @entity1 with @entity1906 and @entity1276 were reviewed retrospectively between 1990 and 2000. @entity1 ' ages ranged from 6 months to 15 years, with a mean age of 4.1 years. There were 85 @entity1 , and the male-to-female ratio was 1.19:1.0. Sixty-two percent of the @entity1 were younger than 6 years old. VPS was performed 2 days after the diagnosis in 100 @entity1 , and in the remaining 56 @entity1 , 3 weeks after the diagnosis. The average follow-up period was 8.5 months. Good recovery or minor sequelae was seen in 82 @entity1 (52.6%), and 51 died (12.3%). The timing of the VPS procedure and cerebral complications had an effect on the final outcome. Early VPS gave a better outcome in mild and moderate @entity1276 (p = 0.040). This study has shown that early surgical procedure for mild/moderate @entity1276 has a positive effect on the morbidity and mortality of @entity1276 in childhood @entity1906 (p = 0.014, p = 0.040, respectively). In severe @entity1276 , there was a tendency for early shunting to have a positive effect on morbidity, although this did not reach statistical significance.

title: Timing of shunt surgery in childhood XXXX with @entity1276 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity1906 :: ('MESH:D014390', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous meningitis', 'TBM']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus', 'Hydrocephalus']

answer: @entity1906 :: (MESH:D014390,Disease) :: ['tuberculous meningitis']


abstract: @entity1276 is a common complication of @entity1906 ( @entity1906 ) in @entity1 . The aims of this study are to review our experience of @entity1276 in childhood @entity1906 and to evaluate the effect of the timing of ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) on the final outcome. In this study, 156 @entity1 with @entity1906 and @entity1276 were reviewed retrospectively between 1990 and 2000. @entity1 ' ages ranged from 6 months to 15 years, with a mean age of 4.1 years. There were 85 @entity1 , and the male-to-female ratio was 1.19:1.0. Sixty-two percent of the @entity1 were younger than 6 years old. VPS was performed 2 days after the diagnosis in 100 @entity1 , and in the remaining 56 @entity1 , 3 weeks after the diagnosis. The average follow-up period was 8.5 months. Good recovery or minor sequelae was seen in 82 @entity1 (52.6%), and 51 died (12.3%). The timing of the VPS procedure and cerebral complications had an effect on the final outcome. Early VPS gave a better outcome in mild and moderate @entity1276 (p = 0.040). This study has shown that early surgical procedure for mild/moderate @entity1276 has a positive effect on the morbidity and mortality of @entity1276 in childhood @entity1906 (p = 0.014, p = 0.040, respectively). In severe @entity1276 , there was a tendency for early shunting to have a positive effect on morbidity, although this did not reach statistical significance.

title: Timing of shunt surgery in childhood @entity1906 with XXXX .

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: Isocaloric diets, containing 8% casein [low protein (LP)], 19.5% casein [normal protein (NP)], or 31% casein [ @entity2101 ( @entity2101 )] and 10% @entity4336 oil, were fed to adult virgin female @entity35 prior to conception and were continued through mating, gestation, and lactation. Female pups, 8 per litter, were fed on their mother's diet for the duration of the study. The pups' sexual maturation occurred at 33, 35, and 70 days of age for the @entity2101 , NP, and LP groups, respectively. At 7 weeks of age, duct development in the mammary gland was markedly delayed in the LP group. No significant differences in the extent of ductal development were noted between the @entity2101 and NP groups. Morphologic development into terminal end buds, alveolar buds, lobules, and terminal ducts was determined for each diet group at 7 weeks and at sexual maturity plus 3 weeks (SM+3) of age. At 7 weeks, the terminal end bud was the dominant structure in the LP group and was significantly greater in number than in the @entity2101 and NP groups. The latter groups were dominated by the alveolar bud structures. At SM+3, the number of terminal end buds decreased, and the alveolar buds increased in the LP group; however, the numbers were still significantly different than in the @entity2101 and NP groups. This study indicates that dietary protein affects mammary duct proliferation and morphologic development.

title: Effect of dietary protein on morphologic development of XXXX mammary gland.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['high protein', 'HP']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We recently reported that prepulse inhibition (PPI) in @entity1 was increased by the @entity935 (DA) agonist/ @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) antagonist @entity7776 (200 mg), but was not significantly altered by the DA agonist @entity2847 (1.25-2.5 mg). PPI-enhancing effects of DA agonists occur in @entity35 under specific stimulus conditions, including short prepulse intervals (<30 ms). We characterized the effects of @entity7776 and @entity2847 on PPI across species, assessing: (1) dose-response effects on PPI in @entity35 over 10- to 120-ms prepulse intervals; (2) drug effects on PPI in @entity1 , using this same range of prepulse intervals; and (3) drug effects on measures related to @entity7371 , including PPI of perceived stimulus intensity (PPIPSI), and @entity427 . METHODS: Drug effects on PPI were assessed in male @entity35 ( n=90) and @entity1 ( n=49); @entity427 and PPIPSI were also studied in @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity7776 and @entity2847 exhibited dose- and stimulus-dependent effects on PPI in @entity35 , increasing PPI with short (10-20 ms) prepulse intervals, and decreasing PPI with long (60-120 ms) prepulse intervals. In @entity1 , @entity7776 increased PPI with both short (20 ms) and long (120 ms) prepulse intervals. @entity2847 had no significant effect on PPI in @entity1 , but tended to increase PPI at short (20 ms) intervals. @entity7776 eliminated PPIPSI. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7776 modifies prepulse effects on @entity427 in @entity35 and @entity1 , and disrupts prepulse effects on perceived stimulus intensity in @entity1 ; @entity2847 has clear effects on PPI in @entity35 , but not in @entity1 . The divergent effects of @entity7776 on sensorimotor and sensory effects of prepulses may reflect a divergence of brain circuitry regulating these processes.

title: Effects of @entity7776 and @entity2847 on XXXX and sensorimotor gating: parametric studies and cross-species comparisons.

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine', 'Bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl- D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity7776 :: ('MESH:D000547', 'Chemical') :: ['amantadine', 'Amantadine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['startle habituation', 'startle']

answer: @entity427 :: (MESH:D012021,Disease) :: ['startle']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We recently reported that prepulse inhibition (PPI) in @entity1 was increased by the @entity935 (DA) agonist/ @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) antagonist @entity7776 (200 mg), but was not significantly altered by the DA agonist @entity2847 (1.25-2.5 mg). PPI-enhancing effects of DA agonists occur in @entity35 under specific stimulus conditions, including short prepulse intervals (<30 ms). We characterized the effects of @entity7776 and @entity2847 on PPI across species, assessing: (1) dose-response effects on PPI in @entity35 over 10- to 120-ms prepulse intervals; (2) drug effects on PPI in @entity1 , using this same range of prepulse intervals; and (3) drug effects on measures related to @entity7371 , including PPI of perceived stimulus intensity (PPIPSI), and @entity427 . METHODS: Drug effects on PPI were assessed in male @entity35 ( n=90) and @entity1 ( n=49); @entity427 and PPIPSI were also studied in @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity7776 and @entity2847 exhibited dose- and stimulus-dependent effects on PPI in @entity35 , increasing PPI with short (10-20 ms) prepulse intervals, and decreasing PPI with long (60-120 ms) prepulse intervals. In @entity1 , @entity7776 increased PPI with both short (20 ms) and long (120 ms) prepulse intervals. @entity2847 had no significant effect on PPI in @entity1 , but tended to increase PPI at short (20 ms) intervals. @entity7776 eliminated PPIPSI. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7776 modifies prepulse effects on @entity427 in @entity35 and @entity1 , and disrupts prepulse effects on perceived stimulus intensity in @entity1 ; @entity2847 has clear effects on PPI in @entity35 , but not in @entity1 . The divergent effects of @entity7776 on sensorimotor and sensory effects of prepulses may reflect a divergence of brain circuitry regulating these processes.

title: Effects of @entity7776 and XXXX on @entity427 and sensorimotor gating: parametric studies and cross-species comparisons.

answer: @entity2847 :: (MESH:D001971,Chemical) :: ['bromocriptine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We recently reported that prepulse inhibition (PPI) in @entity1 was increased by the @entity935 (DA) agonist/ @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) antagonist @entity7776 (200 mg), but was not significantly altered by the DA agonist @entity2847 (1.25-2.5 mg). PPI-enhancing effects of DA agonists occur in @entity35 under specific stimulus conditions, including short prepulse intervals (<30 ms). We characterized the effects of @entity7776 and @entity2847 on PPI across species, assessing: (1) dose-response effects on PPI in @entity35 over 10- to 120-ms prepulse intervals; (2) drug effects on PPI in @entity1 , using this same range of prepulse intervals; and (3) drug effects on measures related to @entity7371 , including PPI of perceived stimulus intensity (PPIPSI), and @entity427 . METHODS: Drug effects on PPI were assessed in male @entity35 ( n=90) and @entity1 ( n=49); @entity427 and PPIPSI were also studied in @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity7776 and @entity2847 exhibited dose- and stimulus-dependent effects on PPI in @entity35 , increasing PPI with short (10-20 ms) prepulse intervals, and decreasing PPI with long (60-120 ms) prepulse intervals. In @entity1 , @entity7776 increased PPI with both short (20 ms) and long (120 ms) prepulse intervals. @entity2847 had no significant effect on PPI in @entity1 , but tended to increase PPI at short (20 ms) intervals. @entity7776 eliminated PPIPSI. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7776 modifies prepulse effects on @entity427 in @entity35 and @entity1 , and disrupts prepulse effects on perceived stimulus intensity in @entity1 ; @entity2847 has clear effects on PPI in @entity35 , but not in @entity1 . The divergent effects of @entity7776 on sensorimotor and sensory effects of prepulses may reflect a divergence of brain circuitry regulating these processes.

title: Effects of XXXX and @entity2847 on @entity427 and sensorimotor gating: parametric studies and cross-species comparisons.

answer: @entity7776 :: (MESH:D000547,Chemical) :: ['amantadine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this paper we review the main studies on teratogenicity related to @entity302 and especially use of anti @entity302 drugs (AED), with special emphasis on recently acquired knowledge regarding the new AED. DEVELOPMENT: When considering the teratogenic effects of @entity302 and the anti @entity302 drugs it should be remembered that there are a series of premises and considerations which undoubtedly play an important part in causing possible damage to the foetus. These factors include changes caused during pregnancy, the passage of drugs across the placenta barrier , @entity600 occurring in the @entity1 and relations of @entity1 with @entity302 and finally the effect of @entity410 on the foetus. We then review the mechanisms of the teratogenicity of the classical AED and the new AED. Little is known about the adverse effects of the new AED, and many are used together as polytherapy. Multicenter studies involving large numbers of @entity1 are therefore necessary to obtain results which can be extrapolated to the whole population. Unfortunately, at present, this is not yet so and there are no clear recommendations for their use during pregnancy. The EURAP was designed for this reason. It is one of the multicenter studies being carried out in Europe at present with many Spanish specialists participating. CONCLUSIONS: Multicenter studies with many @entity1 are necessary to obtain reliable data on the teratogenicity of the various AED, used as monotherapy and bitherapy, particularly regarding the new AED. We conclude by considering measures to try to reduce, as far as possible, the teratogenic effects in pregnant @entity1 .

title: [Teratogenic effects of @entity302 and anti XXXX drugs].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'children']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epileptic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this paper we review the main studies on teratogenicity related to @entity302 and especially use of anti @entity302 drugs (AED), with special emphasis on recently acquired knowledge regarding the new AED. DEVELOPMENT: When considering the teratogenic effects of @entity302 and the anti @entity302 drugs it should be remembered that there are a series of premises and considerations which undoubtedly play an important part in causing possible damage to the foetus. These factors include changes caused during pregnancy, the passage of drugs across the placenta barrier , @entity600 occurring in the @entity1 and relations of @entity1 with @entity302 and finally the effect of @entity410 on the foetus. We then review the mechanisms of the teratogenicity of the classical AED and the new AED. Little is known about the adverse effects of the new AED, and many are used together as polytherapy. Multicenter studies involving large numbers of @entity1 are therefore necessary to obtain results which can be extrapolated to the whole population. Unfortunately, at present, this is not yet so and there are no clear recommendations for their use during pregnancy. The EURAP was designed for this reason. It is one of the multicenter studies being carried out in Europe at present with many Spanish specialists participating. CONCLUSIONS: Multicenter studies with many @entity1 are necessary to obtain reliable data on the teratogenicity of the various AED, used as monotherapy and bitherapy, particularly regarding the new AED. We conclude by considering measures to try to reduce, as far as possible, the teratogenic effects in pregnant @entity1 .

title: [Teratogenic effects of XXXX and anti @entity302 drugs].

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: The present study examined the orientation of gingival fibroblasts in simulated periodontal spaces in vitro. Extracted @entity1 teeth were root planed followed by root resection and root canal instrumentation. The middle and cervical thirds of each root were cut transversely to create 600-micron thick sections. Cortical @entity291 bone was cut, sectioned and contoured to create bone rings 600 micron thick with an internal diameter large enough to accommodate a root slice leaving a circumferential space varying from approximately 0.1 to 1.0 mm. Root slices and bone rings were incubated in a solution of collagenase and hyaluronidase to remove all remaining soft tissue and partially demineralized in @entity1098 (18%) for 30 minutes. @entity1 gingival fibroblasts ( @entity11968 ) were plated to confluency in tissue culture dishes. The dentin slices were then gently placed over the @entity11968 monolayer along with bone rings around them to create simulated periodontal spaces. Control root slices were placed without bone rings around them. Cultures were maintained under standard tissue culture conditions. Representative specimens were obtained after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of culture and processed for @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ). At 2 weeks, the @entity11968 had formed sheets of cells attached to the periphery of the root slices at one end and to the inner surface of bone rings at the other end. The orientation of cell sheets varied from being perpendicular to the periphery of the slice to oblique. At 3 and 4 weeks, the density and size of cell sheets increased and the orientation was maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Orientation of gingival fibroblasts in simulated periodontal spaces in vitro. XXXX observations.

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'scanning electron microscopy']

answer: @entity4653 :: (MESH:D004401,Disease) :: ['SEM']


abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting @entity137 (DLT) of a weekly administration of @entity1311 and pegylated liposomal @entity632 (Caelyx; Schering Plough Pharmaceutical) in @entity1 with advanced solid @entity5 . 19 pretreated @entity1 with solid @entity5 received escalated doses of pegylated liposomal @entity632 (6-12 mg/m(2)) as a 1-h intravenous (i.v.) infusion followed by a fixed dose of @entity1311 (80 mg/m(2)) weekly for 4 consecutive weeks in cycles of 6 weeks. DLT was defined as grade 4 @entity1398 or @entity882 , @entity1398 , grades 3 or 4 non-haematological @entity137 or treatment delay due to unresolved @entity137 during cycle 1. The MTD was reached at the dose of pegylated liposomal @entity632 of 10 mg/m(2)/week and @entity1311 of 80 mg/m(2)/week. The DLTs were treatment delay due to grade 3 @entity1398 and grade 3 @entity294 . A total of 55 chemotherapy cycles were administered, and grades 3-4 @entity1398 occurred in seven cycles (13%); the non-haematological @entity137 was mild with grades 2/3 @entity294 occurring in 4 (7%), grades 2-4 asthenia in 11 (20%) and grade 2 @entity33 in 7 (13%) cycles. There was no case with more than a 10% LVEF decrease after a median of 3 (range 2-6) administered cycles/ @entity1 . One @entity1 with @entity0 and 1 with @entity43 experienced a major partial response. The weekly administration of pegylated liposomal @entity632 at the dose of 10 mg/m(2) in combination with @entity1311 at the dose of 80 mg/m(2) for 4 consecutive weeks, in cycles of 6 weeks which represent the recommended doses for further phase II studies, is a well tolerated regimen, which merits further evaluation in @entity5 known to be sensitive to @entity6023 and/or @entity8253 .

title: Phase I study of weekly @entity1311 and liposomal XXXX in @entity1 with advanced solid @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting @entity137 (DLT) of a weekly administration of @entity1311 and pegylated liposomal @entity632 (Caelyx; Schering Plough Pharmaceutical) in @entity1 with advanced solid @entity5 . 19 pretreated @entity1 with solid @entity5 received escalated doses of pegylated liposomal @entity632 (6-12 mg/m(2)) as a 1-h intravenous (i.v.) infusion followed by a fixed dose of @entity1311 (80 mg/m(2)) weekly for 4 consecutive weeks in cycles of 6 weeks. DLT was defined as grade 4 @entity1398 or @entity882 , @entity1398 , grades 3 or 4 non-haematological @entity137 or treatment delay due to unresolved @entity137 during cycle 1. The MTD was reached at the dose of pegylated liposomal @entity632 of 10 mg/m(2)/week and @entity1311 of 80 mg/m(2)/week. The DLTs were treatment delay due to grade 3 @entity1398 and grade 3 @entity294 . A total of 55 chemotherapy cycles were administered, and grades 3-4 @entity1398 occurred in seven cycles (13%); the non-haematological @entity137 was mild with grades 2/3 @entity294 occurring in 4 (7%), grades 2-4 asthenia in 11 (20%) and grade 2 @entity33 in 7 (13%) cycles. There was no case with more than a 10% LVEF decrease after a median of 3 (range 2-6) administered cycles/ @entity1 . One @entity1 with @entity0 and 1 with @entity43 experienced a major partial response. The weekly administration of pegylated liposomal @entity632 at the dose of 10 mg/m(2) in combination with @entity1311 at the dose of 80 mg/m(2) for 4 consecutive weeks, in cycles of 6 weeks which represent the recommended doses for further phase II studies, is a well tolerated regimen, which merits further evaluation in @entity5 known to be sensitive to @entity6023 and/or @entity8253 .

title: Phase I study of weekly XXXX and liposomal @entity632 in @entity1 with advanced solid @entity5 .

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting @entity137 (DLT) of a weekly administration of @entity1311 and pegylated liposomal @entity632 (Caelyx; Schering Plough Pharmaceutical) in @entity1 with advanced solid @entity5 . 19 pretreated @entity1 with solid @entity5 received escalated doses of pegylated liposomal @entity632 (6-12 mg/m(2)) as a 1-h intravenous (i.v.) infusion followed by a fixed dose of @entity1311 (80 mg/m(2)) weekly for 4 consecutive weeks in cycles of 6 weeks. DLT was defined as grade 4 @entity1398 or @entity882 , @entity1398 , grades 3 or 4 non-haematological @entity137 or treatment delay due to unresolved @entity137 during cycle 1. The MTD was reached at the dose of pegylated liposomal @entity632 of 10 mg/m(2)/week and @entity1311 of 80 mg/m(2)/week. The DLTs were treatment delay due to grade 3 @entity1398 and grade 3 @entity294 . A total of 55 chemotherapy cycles were administered, and grades 3-4 @entity1398 occurred in seven cycles (13%); the non-haematological @entity137 was mild with grades 2/3 @entity294 occurring in 4 (7%), grades 2-4 asthenia in 11 (20%) and grade 2 @entity33 in 7 (13%) cycles. There was no case with more than a 10% LVEF decrease after a median of 3 (range 2-6) administered cycles/ @entity1 . One @entity1 with @entity0 and 1 with @entity43 experienced a major partial response. The weekly administration of pegylated liposomal @entity632 at the dose of 10 mg/m(2) in combination with @entity1311 at the dose of 80 mg/m(2) for 4 consecutive weeks, in cycles of 6 weeks which represent the recommended doses for further phase II studies, is a well tolerated regimen, which merits further evaluation in @entity5 known to be sensitive to @entity6023 and/or @entity8253 .

title: Phase I study of weekly @entity1311 and liposomal @entity632 in @entity1 with advanced solid XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumours']


abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting @entity137 (DLT) of a weekly administration of @entity1311 and pegylated liposomal @entity632 (Caelyx; Schering Plough Pharmaceutical) in @entity1 with advanced solid @entity5 . 19 pretreated @entity1 with solid @entity5 received escalated doses of pegylated liposomal @entity632 (6-12 mg/m(2)) as a 1-h intravenous (i.v.) infusion followed by a fixed dose of @entity1311 (80 mg/m(2)) weekly for 4 consecutive weeks in cycles of 6 weeks. DLT was defined as grade 4 @entity1398 or @entity882 , @entity1398 , grades 3 or 4 non-haematological @entity137 or treatment delay due to unresolved @entity137 during cycle 1. The MTD was reached at the dose of pegylated liposomal @entity632 of 10 mg/m(2)/week and @entity1311 of 80 mg/m(2)/week. The DLTs were treatment delay due to grade 3 @entity1398 and grade 3 @entity294 . A total of 55 chemotherapy cycles were administered, and grades 3-4 @entity1398 occurred in seven cycles (13%); the non-haematological @entity137 was mild with grades 2/3 @entity294 occurring in 4 (7%), grades 2-4 asthenia in 11 (20%) and grade 2 @entity33 in 7 (13%) cycles. There was no case with more than a 10% LVEF decrease after a median of 3 (range 2-6) administered cycles/ @entity1 . One @entity1 with @entity0 and 1 with @entity43 experienced a major partial response. The weekly administration of pegylated liposomal @entity632 at the dose of 10 mg/m(2) in combination with @entity1311 at the dose of 80 mg/m(2) for 4 consecutive weeks, in cycles of 6 weeks which represent the recommended doses for further phase II studies, is a well tolerated regimen, which merits further evaluation in @entity5 known to be sensitive to @entity6023 and/or @entity8253 .

title: Phase I study of weekly @entity1311 and liposomal @entity632 in XXXX with advanced solid @entity5 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The hypothesis of an @entity26 -limited thermal tolerance was tested in the Antarctic teleost Pachycara brachycephalum. With the use of flow-through respirometry, in vivo @entity9715 -NMR spectroscopy, and MRI, we studied energy metabolism, intracellular pH ( @entity14243 ), blood flow, and oxygenation between 0 and 13 degrees C under normoxia (PO(2): 20.3 to 21.3 kPa) and @entity871 (PO(2): 45 kPa). @entity871 reduced the metabolic increment and the rise in arterial blood flow observed under normoxia. The normoxic increase of blood flow leveled off beyond 7 degrees C, indicating a cardiovascular capacity limitation. Ventilatory effort displayed an exponential rise in both groups. In the liver, blood oxygenation increased, whereas in white muscle it remained unaltered (normoxia) or declined ( @entity871 ). In both groups, the slope of @entity14243 changes followed the alpha-stat pattern below 6 degrees C, whereas it decreased above. In conclusion, aerobic scope declines around 6 degrees C under normoxia, marking the pejus temperature. By reducing circulatory costs, @entity871 improves aerobic scope but is unable to shift the breakpoint in pH regulation or lethal limits. @entity871 appears beneficial at sublethal temperatures, but no longer beyond when cellular or molecular functions become disturbed.

title: XXXX -limited thermal tolerance in Antarctic fish investigated by MRI and @entity9715 -MRS.

entities_list: @entity871 :: ('MESH:D018496', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperoxia', 'hyperoxia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['Oxygen']


abstract: The hypothesis of an @entity26 -limited thermal tolerance was tested in the Antarctic teleost Pachycara brachycephalum. With the use of flow-through respirometry, in vivo @entity9715 -NMR spectroscopy, and MRI, we studied energy metabolism, intracellular pH ( @entity14243 ), blood flow, and oxygenation between 0 and 13 degrees C under normoxia (PO(2): 20.3 to 21.3 kPa) and @entity871 (PO(2): 45 kPa). @entity871 reduced the metabolic increment and the rise in arterial blood flow observed under normoxia. The normoxic increase of blood flow leveled off beyond 7 degrees C, indicating a cardiovascular capacity limitation. Ventilatory effort displayed an exponential rise in both groups. In the liver, blood oxygenation increased, whereas in white muscle it remained unaltered (normoxia) or declined ( @entity871 ). In both groups, the slope of @entity14243 changes followed the alpha-stat pattern below 6 degrees C, whereas it decreased above. In conclusion, aerobic scope declines around 6 degrees C under normoxia, marking the pejus temperature. By reducing circulatory costs, @entity871 improves aerobic scope but is unable to shift the breakpoint in pH regulation or lethal limits. @entity871 appears beneficial at sublethal temperatures, but no longer beyond when cellular or molecular functions become disturbed.

title: @entity26 -limited thermal tolerance in Antarctic fish investigated by MRI and XXXX -MRS.

answer: @entity9715 :: (CHEBI:37971,Chemical) :: ['(31)P']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Physical inactivity, abdominal fat, and age are known risk factors for @entity6 , @entity65 , and certain @entity5 . Previous evidence supports an inverse relationship between physical activity (PA) and abdominal fat estimated by waist circumference. However, few investigations used computed tomography (CAT) scanning for precise measures of abdominal fat. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Sixty-five female and 106 male (age, 64.5 +/- 5.2 years) @entity1 in the Prostate, Lung, Colon and @entity43 Screening Trial underwent a cross-sectional L4-L5 CAT scan to differentiate visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Subjects were also interviewed by phone to determine PA and @entity4270 ( @entity4270 ). RESULTS: @entity1 had lower VAT (170 +/- 84 vs. 205 +/- 95 cm(2), p = 0.014), lower VAT/total fat (29.9 +/- 7.2% vs. 42.6 +/- 10.2%, p < 0.001), and higher total fat (596 +/- 385 vs. 482 +/- 183 cm(2), p = 0.010) than @entity1 . PA was inversely correlated to VAT (r = -0.164, p = 0.034) and total fat (r = -0.231, p = 0.003) in @entity1 and @entity1 . Those who reported a @entity4270 had higher VAT (249 vs. 180 cm(2), p < 0.001) and total fat (652 vs. 500 cm(2), p = 0.008). Multiple regression analysis indicated total PA and @entity4270 were independently associated to VAT and total fat. DISCUSSION: This investigation suggests a beneficial effect of PA and a negative influence of @entity4270 on abdominal fat accumulation. Although the cross-sectional design limits cause-effect designations, these results are consistent with other studies showing PA/abdominal fat relation.

title: Association of physical activity and visceral adipose tissue in older XXXX and @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['Ovarian Cancer']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity4270 :: ('MESH:D059445', 'Disease') :: ['physical difficulties', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Physical inactivity, abdominal fat, and age are known risk factors for @entity6 , @entity65 , and certain @entity5 . Previous evidence supports an inverse relationship between physical activity (PA) and abdominal fat estimated by waist circumference. However, few investigations used computed tomography (CAT) scanning for precise measures of abdominal fat. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Sixty-five female and 106 male (age, 64.5 +/- 5.2 years) @entity1 in the Prostate, Lung, Colon and @entity43 Screening Trial underwent a cross-sectional L4-L5 CAT scan to differentiate visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Subjects were also interviewed by phone to determine PA and @entity4270 ( @entity4270 ). RESULTS: @entity1 had lower VAT (170 +/- 84 vs. 205 +/- 95 cm(2), p = 0.014), lower VAT/total fat (29.9 +/- 7.2% vs. 42.6 +/- 10.2%, p < 0.001), and higher total fat (596 +/- 385 vs. 482 +/- 183 cm(2), p = 0.010) than @entity1 . PA was inversely correlated to VAT (r = -0.164, p = 0.034) and total fat (r = -0.231, p = 0.003) in @entity1 and @entity1 . Those who reported a @entity4270 had higher VAT (249 vs. 180 cm(2), p < 0.001) and total fat (652 vs. 500 cm(2), p = 0.008). Multiple regression analysis indicated total PA and @entity4270 were independently associated to VAT and total fat. DISCUSSION: This investigation suggests a beneficial effect of PA and a negative influence of @entity4270 on abdominal fat accumulation. Although the cross-sectional design limits cause-effect designations, these results are consistent with other studies showing PA/abdominal fat relation.

title: Association of physical activity and visceral adipose tissue in older @entity1 and XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: PURPOSE: The development of @entity694 markers that can detect liver @entity3 early and predict which @entity1 are at risk to develop liver @entity3 would have a major impact on this disease. We have previously identified G. Brunagel, et al., @entity5 Research, 62:2437-2442, 2002, nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs), which are associated with @entity694 . The objective of this study is to identify the existence of a specific NMP "fingerprint" for @entity1 liver metastasis from @entity694 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Using high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we analyzed the NMP expression of 12 matched liver @entity3 and adjacent normal samples and three normal donor liver samples. These were compared with @entity694 NMP patterns, along with several primary cell systems and lines. RESULTS: Analysis of multiple gels for each sample revealed three proteins present in all liver @entity3 , which are not present in normal liver tissue and normal hepatocytes. These three proteins were also present in @entity694 samples. CONCLUSION: Data provided here demonstrate that the NMP composition is able to differentiate liver @entity3 from normal liver tissue and normal hepatocytes and that these proteins are also expressed in @entity694 . These results further show that the adjacent normal liver tissue changes its NMP pattern of expression. Development of an assay to detect these specific NMPs in tissue and/or serum specimens is a promising modality for early detection of liver @entity3 from @entity694 or potentially as a prognostic tool. In addition the functional characterization of these proteins will significantly enhance our understanding of the development of liver @entity3 of this disease.

title: Nuclear matrix protein alterations associated with XXXX metastasis to the liver.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: The role of @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) as a key neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system is well established. However, the role of @entity1617 may be broader because @entity1617 may also function as an autocrine or paracrine signaling molecule in a variety of nonneuronal tissues. To begin to establish @entity1617 of nonneuronal origin as a paracrine hormone in lung, we have examined neonatal and adult monkey bronchial epithelium for the components involved in nicotinic cholinergic signaling. Using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, we have demonstrated in lung bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) expression of @entity1877 acetyltransferase, the vesicular @entity1617 transporter, the @entity1877 high-affinity transporter, alpha7, alpha4, and beta2 nicotinic @entity1617 receptor ( @entity6786 ) subunits, and the @entity6786 accessory protein @entity28508 . Confocal microscopy demonstrates that these factors are expressed in epithelial cells and are clearly distinct from neighboring nerve fibers. Confirmation of RNA identity has been confirmed by partial sequence analysis of PCR products and by cDNA cloning. Primary culture of BECs confirms the synthesis and secretion of @entity1617 and the activity of cholinesterases. Thus, @entity1617 meets all the criteria for an autocrine/paracrine hormone in lung bronchial epithelium. The nonneuronal cholinergic signaling pathway in lung provides a potentially important target for cholinergic drugs. This pathway may also explain some of the effects of @entity1239 on fetal development and also provides additional mechanisms by which smoking affects lung @entity5 growth and development.

title: XXXX is an autocrine or paracrine hormone synthesized and secreted by airway bronchial epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['Acetylcholine']


abstract: @entity12010 are fairly common diseases that are classified into four constellations based on the clinical clustering of the various component diseases. In types 1, 2, and 4, primary @entity1887 due to an @entity792 is usually present, but its diagnosis is often delayed because it is difficult to detect in a subclinical phase. It is widely accepted that the classical dose of 250 microg ACTH(1-24) is supramaximal, whereas 0.06 microg has been shown to be one of the lowest ACTH doses that is able to stimulate adrenal secretion in normal young subjects. The aim of this study was to clarify the sensitivity and maximal secretory response of the adrenal gland to ACTH in a group of @entity1 with at least two @entity792 , without clinical signs and symptoms of overt or subclinical hypocortisolism. @entity701 (F), @entity1369 (A), and @entity2494 ( @entity2494 ) responses to the sequential administration of very low and supramaximal ACTH(1-24) doses [0.06 microg followed by 250 microg ACTH(1-24) i.v. at 0 and +60 min] were studied in 18 @entity1 with at least two @entity792 (AP; age, 20-40 yr; body mass index, 22-26 kg/m(2)). The results in the @entity1 were compared with the results recorded in 12 normal age-matched control subjects (CS; age, 22-34 yr; body mass index, 20-25 kg/m(2)). At baseline, ACTH levels in AP were within the normal range but higher (P < 0.05) than in CS, whereas F, A, @entity2494 , urinary-free F, and plasma @entity916 activity were similar in both groups. F, A, and @entity2494 responses to ACTH were dose dependent in both groups. However, in AP, F, A, and @entity2494 levels showed no response to the 0.06- micro g ACTH dose, which, in turn, elicited clear responses (P < 0.01) in CS. On the other hand, F, A, and @entity2494 responses to 250 microg ACTH in AP were not different from those in CS. In conclusion, @entity1 with @entity792 who displayed a normal basal adrenal function showed a loss of F, A, and @entity2494 response to the very low ACTH dose, although they were normal responders to the high ACTH dose. These data are likely to indicate that a reduced sensitivity to ACTH in all adrenal zones occurs in @entity1 with different types of @entity792 .

title: Adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropin 1-24 is reduced in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['DHEA', 'dehydroepiandrosterone']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['Cortisol']

entities_list: @entity12010 :: ('MESH:D016884', 'Disease') :: ['Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune process', 'autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity12010 :: (MESH:D016884,Disease) :: ['autoimmune polyglandular syndrome']


abstract: @entity12010 are fairly common diseases that are classified into four constellations based on the clinical clustering of the various component diseases. In types 1, 2, and 4, primary @entity1887 due to an @entity792 is usually present, but its diagnosis is often delayed because it is difficult to detect in a subclinical phase. It is widely accepted that the classical dose of 250 microg ACTH(1-24) is supramaximal, whereas 0.06 microg has been shown to be one of the lowest ACTH doses that is able to stimulate adrenal secretion in normal young subjects. The aim of this study was to clarify the sensitivity and maximal secretory response of the adrenal gland to ACTH in a group of @entity1 with at least two @entity792 , without clinical signs and symptoms of overt or subclinical hypocortisolism. @entity701 (F), @entity1369 (A), and @entity2494 ( @entity2494 ) responses to the sequential administration of very low and supramaximal ACTH(1-24) doses [0.06 microg followed by 250 microg ACTH(1-24) i.v. at 0 and +60 min] were studied in 18 @entity1 with at least two @entity792 (AP; age, 20-40 yr; body mass index, 22-26 kg/m(2)). The results in the @entity1 were compared with the results recorded in 12 normal age-matched control subjects (CS; age, 22-34 yr; body mass index, 20-25 kg/m(2)). At baseline, ACTH levels in AP were within the normal range but higher (P < 0.05) than in CS, whereas F, A, @entity2494 , urinary-free F, and plasma @entity916 activity were similar in both groups. F, A, and @entity2494 responses to ACTH were dose dependent in both groups. However, in AP, F, A, and @entity2494 levels showed no response to the 0.06- micro g ACTH dose, which, in turn, elicited clear responses (P < 0.01) in CS. On the other hand, F, A, and @entity2494 responses to 250 microg ACTH in AP were not different from those in CS. In conclusion, @entity1 with @entity792 who displayed a normal basal adrenal function showed a loss of F, A, and @entity2494 response to the very low ACTH dose, although they were normal responders to the high ACTH dose. These data are likely to indicate that a reduced sensitivity to ACTH in all adrenal zones occurs in @entity1 with different types of @entity792 .

title: Adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropin 1-24 is reduced in XXXX with @entity12010 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Long-term follow-up indicated that levodopa as a replacement therapy merely improves the @entity304 , and does so for only a limited number of years. The reason for this tachyphylaxis or declining efficacy in levodopa therapy and the increasing number and intensity of various distressing difficulties in the management of @entity191 , such as @entity910 and on-off phenomena, is the main subject of many recent studies. It is still widely accepted that levodopa provides the best therapeutic tool for @entity191 . @entity2847 , an ergot derivative, is the main clinically used @entity935 agonist, and it has been established as a valuable adjunct in the treatment of @entity191 . @entity2847 is most useful in @entity1 with a declining efficacy of levodopa treatment, in @entity1 with diurnal oscillations in motor performance, especially in @entity1 with wearing-off phenomena, and in @entity1 with onset and end-of-dose @entity910 . The question of @entity2847 dosage, required to obtain an optimal benefit and a decreased rate of late adverse reactions, is quite controversial. The trend has been to lower daily dosage of @entity2847 , i.e., low doses suffice in @entity1 with mild, early disease. Higher doses of @entity2847 seem to be required in @entity1 with severe @entity191 . In this retrospective study of 8 years experience with high dosage of @entity2847 in levodopa response-losing @entity191 @entity1 , the adjunction of @entity2847 had a clear-cut but short-lasting beneficial effect on the disability scores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Long-term treatment with high-dosage XXXX in advanced @entity191 .

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine', 'Bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonian symptoms']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'parkinsonian deficits', 'parkinsonian']

answer: @entity2847 :: (MESH:D001971,Chemical) :: ['bromocriptine']


abstract: Long-term follow-up indicated that levodopa as a replacement therapy merely improves the @entity304 , and does so for only a limited number of years. The reason for this tachyphylaxis or declining efficacy in levodopa therapy and the increasing number and intensity of various distressing difficulties in the management of @entity191 , such as @entity910 and on-off phenomena, is the main subject of many recent studies. It is still widely accepted that levodopa provides the best therapeutic tool for @entity191 . @entity2847 , an ergot derivative, is the main clinically used @entity935 agonist, and it has been established as a valuable adjunct in the treatment of @entity191 . @entity2847 is most useful in @entity1 with a declining efficacy of levodopa treatment, in @entity1 with diurnal oscillations in motor performance, especially in @entity1 with wearing-off phenomena, and in @entity1 with onset and end-of-dose @entity910 . The question of @entity2847 dosage, required to obtain an optimal benefit and a decreased rate of late adverse reactions, is quite controversial. The trend has been to lower daily dosage of @entity2847 , i.e., low doses suffice in @entity1 with mild, early disease. Higher doses of @entity2847 seem to be required in @entity1 with severe @entity191 . In this retrospective study of 8 years experience with high dosage of @entity2847 in levodopa response-losing @entity191 @entity1 , the adjunction of @entity2847 had a clear-cut but short-lasting beneficial effect on the disability scores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Long-term treatment with high-dosage @entity2847 in advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: A 30-year-old female with @entity4710 ( @entity4710 ) underwent catheter ablation. About 30 minutes later, @entity110 and @entity1353 occurred suddenly. Blood pressure decreased to 62/41 mmHg, and she fell into the state of @entity2021 . She recovered within one hour following treatment. We initially suspected the onset of @entity2021 was caused by either the local anesthetic or the intravenous antibiotic administered. Following thorough investigation (skin tests and challenge tests), we concluded that the @entity2021 was not drug induced. Subsequently, we suspected @entity2144 . Skin prick test showed a positive reaction to rubber gloves. The specific test for IgE antibody against latex was positive at 10.8 UA/ml. From these results, @entity2021 caused by latex (probably medical gloves) was diagnosed. Doctors should take preventive measures against @entity2144 not only in operating rooms but also during minor treatments. It is possible that @entity2144 is responsible for some cases of @entity2021 of unknown origin.

title: [A case of XXXX suspected drug allergy].

entities_list: @entity2144 :: ('MESH:D020315', 'Disease') :: ['latex allergy']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['PSVT', 'paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

entities_list: @entity2021 :: ('MESH:D000707', 'Disease') :: ['anaphylactic shock', 'anaphylaxis']

answer: @entity2144 :: (MESH:D020315,Disease) :: ['latex allergy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Preoperative @entity3885 has been reported to be a risk factor negatively impacting survival in @entity1700 . We examined lung tissue from @entity1700 @entity1 with @entity3885 and demonstrated @entity509 of small pulmonary arteries to elucidate the mechanism underlying the poor outcome. METHODS: Ten @entity1700 @entity1 with preoperative @entity3885 between the ages of 2 days and 10 months were studied. As histological parameters, we assessed the size of small pulmonary arteries in relation to the size of accompanying bronchioles to identify small pulmonary artery underdevelopment. Other parameters, such as the radial alveolar count, which reflects @entity133 , intimal lesions, @entity9676 , and the medial thickness of small pulmonary arteries and small pulmonary veins, were also examined. As a control group, we examined 24 autopsy cases with no congenital heart or @entity358 . RESULTS: When the radius of the accompanying bronchiole was 100 microm, the radius of small pulmonary artery in the control group was found to enlarge for the first 2 months and then remain stable at approximately 80 microm from 2 to 10 months. In @entity1700 with preoperative @entity3885 , the radius was significantly lower than in the control (47.0 +/- 21.8 microm versus 75.9 +/- 9.8 microm, P <.001), and the difference between dead and surviving @entity1 was significant at P <.001 (33.0 +/- 14.6 microm versus 68.2 +/- 9.2 microm). Examination of the alveoli yielded an radial alveolar count of 4.6 +/- 1.5 in the control group and 4.4 +/- 0.8 in the @entity1700 @entity1 , and the difference was not significant (P =.71). CONCLUSIONS: The small pulmonary arteries of @entity1700 @entity1 with preoperative @entity3885 were underdeveloped compared with controls but their alveolae were not hypoplastic. These results suggested that the small @entity358 may be responsible for the poor outcome of these @entity1 .

title: @entity509 of the small pulmonary arteries in @entity1700 with obstructed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1700 :: ('MESH:D012587', 'Disease') :: ['total anomalous pulmonary venous connection']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary venous obstruction']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar maturity']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease', 'pulmonary artery hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity9676 :: ('MESH:D008201', 'Disease') :: ['lymphangiectasia']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary venous drainage']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Preoperative @entity3885 has been reported to be a risk factor negatively impacting survival in @entity1700 . We examined lung tissue from @entity1700 @entity1 with @entity3885 and demonstrated @entity509 of small pulmonary arteries to elucidate the mechanism underlying the poor outcome. METHODS: Ten @entity1700 @entity1 with preoperative @entity3885 between the ages of 2 days and 10 months were studied. As histological parameters, we assessed the size of small pulmonary arteries in relation to the size of accompanying bronchioles to identify small pulmonary artery underdevelopment. Other parameters, such as the radial alveolar count, which reflects @entity133 , intimal lesions, @entity9676 , and the medial thickness of small pulmonary arteries and small pulmonary veins, were also examined. As a control group, we examined 24 autopsy cases with no congenital heart or @entity358 . RESULTS: When the radius of the accompanying bronchiole was 100 microm, the radius of small pulmonary artery in the control group was found to enlarge for the first 2 months and then remain stable at approximately 80 microm from 2 to 10 months. In @entity1700 with preoperative @entity3885 , the radius was significantly lower than in the control (47.0 +/- 21.8 microm versus 75.9 +/- 9.8 microm, P <.001), and the difference between dead and surviving @entity1 was significant at P <.001 (33.0 +/- 14.6 microm versus 68.2 +/- 9.2 microm). Examination of the alveoli yielded an radial alveolar count of 4.6 +/- 1.5 in the control group and 4.4 +/- 0.8 in the @entity1700 @entity1 , and the difference was not significant (P =.71). CONCLUSIONS: The small pulmonary arteries of @entity1700 @entity1 with preoperative @entity3885 were underdeveloped compared with controls but their alveolae were not hypoplastic. These results suggested that the small @entity358 may be responsible for the poor outcome of these @entity1 .

title: @entity509 of the small pulmonary arteries in XXXX with obstructed @entity358 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1700 :: (MESH:D012587,Disease) :: ['total anomalous pulmonary venous connection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Preoperative @entity3885 has been reported to be a risk factor negatively impacting survival in @entity1700 . We examined lung tissue from @entity1700 @entity1 with @entity3885 and demonstrated @entity509 of small pulmonary arteries to elucidate the mechanism underlying the poor outcome. METHODS: Ten @entity1700 @entity1 with preoperative @entity3885 between the ages of 2 days and 10 months were studied. As histological parameters, we assessed the size of small pulmonary arteries in relation to the size of accompanying bronchioles to identify small pulmonary artery underdevelopment. Other parameters, such as the radial alveolar count, which reflects @entity133 , intimal lesions, @entity9676 , and the medial thickness of small pulmonary arteries and small pulmonary veins, were also examined. As a control group, we examined 24 autopsy cases with no congenital heart or @entity358 . RESULTS: When the radius of the accompanying bronchiole was 100 microm, the radius of small pulmonary artery in the control group was found to enlarge for the first 2 months and then remain stable at approximately 80 microm from 2 to 10 months. In @entity1700 with preoperative @entity3885 , the radius was significantly lower than in the control (47.0 +/- 21.8 microm versus 75.9 +/- 9.8 microm, P <.001), and the difference between dead and surviving @entity1 was significant at P <.001 (33.0 +/- 14.6 microm versus 68.2 +/- 9.2 microm). Examination of the alveoli yielded an radial alveolar count of 4.6 +/- 1.5 in the control group and 4.4 +/- 0.8 in the @entity1700 @entity1 , and the difference was not significant (P =.71). CONCLUSIONS: The small pulmonary arteries of @entity1700 @entity1 with preoperative @entity3885 were underdeveloped compared with controls but their alveolae were not hypoplastic. These results suggested that the small @entity358 may be responsible for the poor outcome of these @entity1 .

title: XXXX of the small pulmonary arteries in @entity1700 with obstructed @entity358 .

answer: @entity509 :: (MESH:C538429,Disease) :: ['Hypoplasia']


abstract: In a review of 2248 cystoscopic examinations conducted over 10 years, @entity150 were found in 172 @entity1 . In 128 of these the condition was associated with @entity2040 . The @entity1494 was the commonest site (52.3%). @entity957 occurred in 78.1%. Forty-nine @entity1 refused surgery and eight were found to have advanced inoperable @entity5 . Seventy-one @entity1 had a total cystectomy. There were no operative deaths but post-operative complications occurred in nine cases. Eight @entity1 died within 2 years but 21 were well and @entity5 -free at 5 years. It was concluded that there is a marked association between @entity2040 and @entity150 . When the @entity5 is operable, cystectomy is the treatment of choice.

title: Bilharziasis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['lateral wall of the bladder']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer', 'malignant tumours of the urinary bladder']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['bilharziasis']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['malignant tumours of the urinary bladder']


abstract: Assuming that primary symptoms of @entity1957 can best be distinguished from signs of adaptation through behavioral analyses on an individual basis, the present study provides a detailed analysis of the prehension movements of three adolescents with mild @entity1269 of different etiology. We investigated the extent to which the hemiparetic @entity1 took their movement limitations into account when planning and performing sequences of prehension movements. We examined three indices of flexibility in grip planning in conjunction with an analysis of arm-joint coordination patterns as the movements unfolded. @entity1 were asked to repeatedly grasp a square object of which the position was gradually changed leftwards or rightwards. In half the trials the goal of the task was to lift the object, in the other half it had to be rotated back-and-forth. Trunk, arm, and hand movements were recorded with two synchronized 3-D motion-tracking systems. The movements of the hemiparetic @entity1 were compared with the average performance of 11 control @entity1 of which the collective data were taken to represent a typical control @entity1 . Whereas one hemiparetic @entity1 (GV) maintained a single grasping pattern throughout the experiment, the other two (CV and LC) only partially persevered in previously adopted grasping patterns. The shoulder contributed more and the wrist contributed less to this perseverance. No effects of task goal were found on grip selection. However, two hemiparetic @entity1 (CV and LC) did tune their hand displacement to the task that followed the grasps. Taken collectively, the results show that the hemiparetic @entity1 took their limitations into account when performing movements, but not when @entity717 .

title: A detailed analysis of the planning and execution of prehension movements by three adolescents with XXXX due to cerebral palsy.

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['spastic hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['motor disorders']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'participant', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['planning movements']

answer: @entity1269 :: (MESH:D010291,Disease) :: ['spastic hemiparesis']


abstract: Xerosis is one of the characteristics of aged skin. Xerosis may be caused by a decrease in the stratum corneum free @entity1522 which are natural moisturizing factors derived from @entity6682 . In aged skin, @entity6682 is immunohistochemically decreased compared with the levels in young skin. However, the differences in stratum corneum @entity1522 between aged and young skin have not been analyzed quantitatively. Therefore, in this study we determined the stratum corneum @entity1522 per 1000 stratum corneum cells in aged and young skin by high-performance liquid chromatography. The amount of @entity6682 mRNA in the epidermis was also compared between aged and young skin using RT-PCR. The total amount of @entity1522 in the stratum corneum was larger in aged @entity195 skin than in young skin. Only a few @entity1522 were found in the stratum corneum of @entity6248 @entity1 (control skin). The expression of @entity6682 mRNA in aged skin was, however, similar to that in young skin. These findings suggest that the immunohistochemical decrease in @entity6682 in aged skin may be caused by promotion of @entity6682 proteolysis in the upper layers of the stratum spinulosum.

title: The content of free XXXX in the stratum corneum is increased in @entity195 .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['senile xerosis']

entities_list: @entity6248 :: ('MESH:D016112', 'Disease') :: ['ichthyosis vulgaris']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: Xerosis is one of the characteristics of aged skin. Xerosis may be caused by a decrease in the stratum corneum free @entity1522 which are natural moisturizing factors derived from @entity6682 . In aged skin, @entity6682 is immunohistochemically decreased compared with the levels in young skin. However, the differences in stratum corneum @entity1522 between aged and young skin have not been analyzed quantitatively. Therefore, in this study we determined the stratum corneum @entity1522 per 1000 stratum corneum cells in aged and young skin by high-performance liquid chromatography. The amount of @entity6682 mRNA in the epidermis was also compared between aged and young skin using RT-PCR. The total amount of @entity1522 in the stratum corneum was larger in aged @entity195 skin than in young skin. Only a few @entity1522 were found in the stratum corneum of @entity6248 @entity1 (control skin). The expression of @entity6682 mRNA in aged skin was, however, similar to that in young skin. These findings suggest that the immunohistochemical decrease in @entity6682 in aged skin may be caused by promotion of @entity6682 proteolysis in the upper layers of the stratum spinulosum.

title: The content of free @entity1522 in the stratum corneum is increased in XXXX .

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['senile xerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The role of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs) as novel risk factors for @entity385 and transient @entity63 attacks (TIAs) has been a matter of debate. Prior cohort studies included only selected subjects, mostly @entity1 . We related serum concentrations of aCLs to incident first @entity385 / @entity4905 among @entity1 and @entity1 in the Framingham Heart Study cohort and offspring. METHODS: There were a total of 2712 @entity1 (mean age, 59.3 years) and 2262 @entity1 (mean age, 58.3 years) free of @entity64 / @entity4905 at the time of their baseline examinations. An enzyme immunoassay was used to measure aCLs. Optical density of the sample serum compared with the reference serum was defined as the aCL screening ratio (aCL SR). Analyses were based on sex-specific aCL SR quartiles and individual ratios. RESULTS: During the 11-year follow-up, 222 @entity385 /TIAs occurred. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, prior @entity65 , systolic blood pressure, @entity6 , smoking, @entity1851 , and total and high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels, an aCL SR of >0.4 (78% of sample) was significantly associated with an increased risk of @entity385 / @entity4905 for @entity1 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 5.4; absolute risk, 3.2%, 95% CI, 2.2 to 4.3) but not in @entity1 (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.4; absolute risk, 4.5%; 95% CI, 3.0 to 6.0). Similar results were obtained when the higher 3 aCL SR quartiles were compared with the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum concentrations of aCLs, independently of other cardiovascular risk factors, significantly predict the risk of future @entity385 and @entity4905 in @entity1 but not in @entity1 .

title: Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of @entity385 and transient XXXX attack: the Framingham cohort and offspring study.

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke', 'ischemic strokes']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The role of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs) as novel risk factors for @entity385 and transient @entity63 attacks (TIAs) has been a matter of debate. Prior cohort studies included only selected subjects, mostly @entity1 . We related serum concentrations of aCLs to incident first @entity385 / @entity4905 among @entity1 and @entity1 in the Framingham Heart Study cohort and offspring. METHODS: There were a total of 2712 @entity1 (mean age, 59.3 years) and 2262 @entity1 (mean age, 58.3 years) free of @entity64 / @entity4905 at the time of their baseline examinations. An enzyme immunoassay was used to measure aCLs. Optical density of the sample serum compared with the reference serum was defined as the aCL screening ratio (aCL SR). Analyses were based on sex-specific aCL SR quartiles and individual ratios. RESULTS: During the 11-year follow-up, 222 @entity385 /TIAs occurred. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for age, prior @entity65 , systolic blood pressure, @entity6 , smoking, @entity1851 , and total and high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels, an aCL SR of >0.4 (78% of sample) was significantly associated with an increased risk of @entity385 / @entity4905 for @entity1 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 5.4; absolute risk, 3.2%, 95% CI, 2.2 to 4.3) but not in @entity1 (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.4; absolute risk, 4.5%; 95% CI, 3.0 to 6.0). Similar results were obtained when the higher 3 aCL SR quartiles were compared with the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum concentrations of aCLs, independently of other cardiovascular risk factors, significantly predict the risk of future @entity385 and @entity4905 in @entity1 but not in @entity1 .

title: Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of XXXX and transient @entity63 attack: the Framingham cohort and offspring study.

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: After oral administration of a single dose of @entity800 (300 mg), with and without a standard breakfast, to 12 healthy male volunteers in an open, randomized crossover study, concentrations of the unchanged drug were estimated at various times in serum and urine, over 28 hours and 48 hours, respectively. Each dose was followed by a wash-out period of 1 week. @entity800 concentrations were determined using @entity101 ( @entity101 ): parallel determinations using a microbiological assay were in close agreement. Maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) of @entity800 , after fasting and with breakfast, respectively, were 3.7 and 3.1 micrograms/ml ( @entity101 , median values). The corresponding areas under the serum concentration-time curves (AUC0-28) were 29.9 and 24.5 micrograms/ml. The lower values of Cmax and AUC0-28 found after food intake were statistically significant (p less than 0.05) but not clinically relevant when compared to the fasting values. Time to reach Cmax and terminal elimination half-life ( @entity8034 ) were not significantly affected by food intake: @entity8034 was calculated as 5.3 and 5.9 hours ( @entity101 , median values), fasting and with breakfast, respectively. Urinary recovery (after 48 hours: 72% and 74%, respectively) was also not significantly affected by food intake, and urinary concentrations of @entity800 remained far above 1 microgram/ml, i.e. above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) for most bacterial strains, for at least 48 hours after drug administration. General tolerability was good; no side-effects were reported.

title: The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['Ofloxacin', 'ofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['high pressure liquid chromatography', 'HPLC']

answer: @entity800 :: (MESH:D015242,Chemical) :: ['ofloxacin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the amount of documentation and level of assessment provided by attending physicians and nursing staff in regard to @entity21 ( @entity21 ) experienced by hospitalized @entity1 with varied DSM-IV diagnoses regularly treated with antipsychotic medication. METHOD: We examined the medical records of 204 hospitalized @entity1 . All medical records were examined retrospectively from consecutive admissions beginning in January 1996. We identified demographics, length of hospitalization, diagnosis, and antipsychotic and adjunct medication. @entity21 were classified into @entity3519 , @entity304 , @entity2146 , and @entity910 ( @entity910 ). For each type of @entity21 , 2 independent raters rated the quality of assessment based on dimensions of severity, location, and laterality. RESULTS: The extent of interrater agreement was found to be 91.1%. @entity304 and @entity2146 were more frequently assessed, compared with @entity910 and @entity3519 . However, the medical records examined showed generally poor assessment and documentation of @entity21 . The percentage of medical records with "no description" for each @entity21 classification was as follows: @entity3519 (89%), @entity304 (71%), @entity2146 (67%), and @entity910 (94%). CONCLUSIONS: The major finding of this study was a high rate of failure to document the assessment and course of @entity21 . This finding suggests that clinicians do not recognize the importance of documenting these significant adverse events. This shortcoming can be corrected with increased awareness of @entity21 and increased training in their physical examination.

title: Assessing and monitoring antipsychotic-induced movement disorders in hospitalized XXXX : a cautionary study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinsonism', 'parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['TD', 'tardive dyskinesia']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['akathisia']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['extrapyramidal symptoms', 'EPS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: This study describes episodes of rapid destruction and repair of periodontal tissues occurring during the course of hamster @entity2521 . The mandibular molar periodontia of 120 male @entity329 exposed to Keyes 2000 diet for periods ranging from 45 to 180 days were examined on undecalcified serial sections. The destructive phase of the episodes was characterized by the localized appearance of a large number of osteoclasts creating a cone-shaped defect. Bone resorption was associated with disorganization of the gingival tissues, including epithelial ulceration, and a dense PMN infiltration. The repair phase was observed in these cone-shaped defects by the use of fluorescent and corresponding stained sections. Bone formation was intense with woven bone filling the cervical aspect of the defect. Apically, bone formation was more regular and less rapid. A healthy band of connective tissue always separated the bone reaction from the infiltrated connective tissue. Despite its magnitude this repair did not restore the overall @entity79 . The burst episodes of activity were found far more frequently in animals with significant macroscopic @entity604 . They mobubly play a key-role in the progress of @entity133 in the hamster.

title: Destruction and repair of periodontal tissues during burst episodes of activity in hamster XXXX .

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar destruction']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone destruction']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['golden hamsters']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['periodontitis']


abstract: To determine whether the daily rhythms of spike activity in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) were accompanied by changes in the behaviour of its inputs, we used conventional extracellular single cell recordings from cells in the SON of anaesthetized @entity35 while stimulating the contralateral optic nerve and the ipsilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Neurones in the SON region were identified by antidromic activation and classified as @entity398 or vasopressin cells, on the basis of their spontaneous firing patterns. Approximately 27% of both @entity398 (29/108) and vasopressin (39/147) neurones were excited by stimulation of the optic nerve, and the majority of responses had a long latency (>20 ms). Very few @entity398 (3/108) and vasopressin cells (2/147) were inhibited by stimulation of the optic nerve. The pattern of the responses (excitatory, inhibitory or nonresponsive) of @entity398 and vasopressin cells to stimulation of the optic nerve was significantly related to the time of day (chi-square test; P = 0.012, @entity398 cells; P = 0.006, vasopressin cells). The proportion of @entity398 cells excited by stimulation of the optic nerve was highest at ZT 4-8 and lowest at ZT 20-24. For vasopressin cells, it was highest at ZT 12-16 and lowest at ZT 20-24. The proportion of excitatory, inhibitory and complex responses seen in @entity398 and vasopressin cells following stimulation of the SCN also changed and was significantly different at different times of day ( @entity398 cells: highest proportion of excitatory responses at ZT 12-16, P = 0.029; chi-square test; vasopressin cells: highest proportion of excitatory responses at ZT 0-4, P = 0.005; chi-square test). Thus, inputs to @entity398 and vasopressin neurones from the optic nerve and some outputs from the SCN changed during the light/dark cycle. Such changes may contribute to the generation of 24-h rhythms in activity of @entity398 and vasopressin neurones and release of the peptides.

title: Responses of cells in the XXXX supraoptic nucleus in vivo to stimulation of afferent pathways are different at different times of the light/dark cycle.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The systemic administration of high-dose recombinant @entity2047 mediated significant reductions of established 3-day pulmonary micrometastases from both weakly immunogenic and @entity242 . However, when treatment with @entity2047 was delayed for 10 days after the injection of @entity5 cells in an attempt to treat grossly visible pulmonary macrometastases, only those established from weakly @entity242 remained susceptible. Established 10-day pulmonary nodules from the @entity242 became refractory to @entity2047 therapy. We utilized selective depletion of lymphocyte subsets in vivo by the systemic administration of specific monoclonal antibodies to cells bearing either the @entity1961 or @entity3414 marker or a heteroantiserum to cells bearing the ASGM-1 glycosphingolipid to identify lymphocytes involved in @entity2047 -induced @entity5 regression. Cells with potent lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity against fresh @entity5 targets in vitro were identified in the lungs of @entity2047 -treated @entity19 . By flow cytometry analysis, the majority of these effector cells were Thy-1+, @entity1961 -, @entity3414 -, ASGM-1+. Depletion in vivo of ASGM-1+ cells before the onset of @entity2047 administration eliminated the successful therapy of 3-day pulmonary metastases from @entity242 , with concurrent elimination of LAK cell activity in the lungs. In @entity19 with 3-day pulmonary metastases from weakly @entity242 , both @entity3414 + cells and ASGM-1+ cells were involved in @entity2047 -mediated @entity5 regression, but @entity3414 + cells appeared to be the more potent mediator in the response. @entity3414 + cells were also involved in the elimination of grossly visible 10-day macrometastases from these weakly immunogenic @entity5 . Depletion of @entity1961 + cells had no effect on @entity5 regression. Thus, although LAK effectors derived from ASGM-1+ precursors can eliminate pulmonary micrometastases regardless of @entity5 immunogenicity, @entity3414 + cells are predominant effectors in the elimination of both pulmonary micro- and macrometastases from weakly @entity242 .

title: Identification of cellular mechanisms operational in vivo during the regression of established pulmonary metastases by the systemic administration of high-dose recombinant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['immunogenic sarcomas', 'nonimmunogenic sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity2047 :: (16183(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interleukin 2']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Aortic valve replacement (AVR) in @entity1 with a heavily calcified ascending aorta and aortic root, or with conditions that preclude a median sternotomy, poses a formidable challenge. A left ventricle apical-aortic conduit (AAC) is an alternative in these situations. Herein, the authors' experience with AAC in adult @entity1 with acquired @entity472 is reported. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2003, 13 @entity1 (mean age 71 years) underwent AAC for severe @entity472 (mean valve area 0.65 +/- 0.02 cm2). Indications for AAC were heavily calcified ascending aorta and aortic root (n = 5), patent retrosternal mammary grafts (n = 4), calcified ascending aorta and aortic root plus patent retrosternal mammary graft (n = 1), retrosternal colonic interposition (n = 1) and multiple previous sternotomies (n = 2). Seven @entity1 had previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The mean preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was 50 +/- 4%. RESULTS: AAC were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass through a left thoracotomy (n = 10), median sternotomy (n = 2) or bilateral thoracotomy (n = 1). Hearts were kept beating (n = 5) or fibrillated (n = 7). @entity1167 was used in one @entity1 . Composite Dacron conduits with biological (n = 6), mechanical (n = 4) or homograft (n = 2) valves were used. Distal anastomoses were performed in the descending thoracic aorta (n = 12) or in the left iliac artery (n = 1). Two @entity1 underwent simultaneous CABG. Three @entity1 died in-hospital from @entity67 (n = 1), intravascular @entity715 (n = 1) and @entity881 (n = 1). The mean hospital stay was 26 days. Complications included @entity1576 requiring tracheostomy (n = 2), @entity64 (n = 1) and re-exploration for @entity548 (n = 2). At a mean follow up of 2.1 years, there have been four late deaths; causes of @entity204 were @entity712 (n = 2), @entity296 (n = 1) and @entity5 (n = 1). CONCLUSION: AAC provides an acceptable alternative to AVR in selected @entity1 who are at exceedingly high risk for the standard procedure.

title: Is there a role for the left ventricle apical-aortic conduit for acquired XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular failure']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multi-organ failure']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['Circulatory arrest']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['symptomatic aortic stenosis', 'aortic stenosis']

answer: @entity472 :: (MESH:D001024,Disease) :: ['aortic stenosis']


abstract: This is a clinical study of 193 adult cases of perforating @entity698 during a nine-year period of treatment. There were 77 females (39.9%) and 116 males (60.1%) with ages of 15 years and above. Throughout the study period, the yearly perforation frequency ranged from 10.0 to 23.1% (mean 16.7%) of all cases with proven @entity698 . Perforation was equally common in both sexes, females: 15.5%, males: 17.6% of the @entity698 cases. In elderly @entity1 (greater than or equal to 60 years of age) perforation was much more common; 37 out of 77 cases with proven @entity698 (48.1%). Compared to different ages ( @entity1 under and above 60 years of age), clinical and laboratory findings were found equal. Duration of symptoms showed no differences for younger and elderly @entity1 . Preoperative delay in the hospital of at least 6 hours occurred in 39.9% of all @entity1 , and was found equally common in @entity1 younger than 60 years (39.1%) and in those from 60 years and older (43.2%). There were no fatalities in the study group. Postoperative septical complications predominated over non-septical (32.6 versus 9.3%), and were equally common in both sexes and in @entity1 of different ages. The frequency of occurrence of septical complications was not significantly influenced by the duration of symptoms or by the duration of operation, furthermore, septical complications were equally frequent throughout the study period, although the use of antibiotics changed towards drugs more potent to cover anaerobic bacteria (28.1% infections for the period 1972-1976 versus 29.8% for the period 1977-1981).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX . A nine-year survey of treatment and results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['Perforating appendicitis']


abstract: To evaluate the capacity of the peritoneal membrane to efficiently absorb complex nutritional solutions, five adult mongrel @entity235 were prepared with peritoneal and intravenous catheters. In duplicate studies each @entity235 's peritoneal catheter was rapidly infused with 1 liter of fluid containing 1.25% @entity413 , 5% fat emulsion, 2.5% mixed @entity3534 , and 20 ml of standard electrolyte additive solution. Plasma and peritoneal fluid nutrient and electrolyte concentrations and osmolarities were measured initially, 1/2 hr, and hourly for 5 hr after infusion. Mean peritoneal fluid volume increase was 56 +/- 45 ml at 5 hr (P less than 0.05). Plasma osmolarity remained unchanged as peritoneal fluid osmolarity rapidly declined to plasma level over the initial 2 hr. Peritoneal fluid concentrations of @entity413 , @entity1674 , and @entity3534 all fell precipitously during the first hour (P less than 0.01) while plasma concentrations rose in reciprocal fashion (P less than 0.01). Maximal rises above basal plasma concentrations all occurred at 1/2 hr and amounted to 42.7% for @entity413 , 39.7% for @entity1674 , and 113.2% for @entity3534 . Levels returned to normal or near normal by 5 hr. Net absorption of @entity413 was 91.7% of the total @entity413 load after 5 hr of intraperitoneal dwell time. @entity412 absorption was 65.1% and @entity3689 absorption was 91.9%. Greater than 75% of total nutrient absorption occurred during the initial hour of dwell. It is estimated that both nonprotein energy and @entity1568 requirements could be met with two to three intraperitoneal nutrient solution exchanges per day. Thus, provision of total nutritional needs may be possible with an intraperitoneal support system.

title: Intraperitoneal nutritional support: initial results in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity3534 :: ('MESH:D000596', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['Triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']