abstract: @entity459 is a relatively common disease in elderly @entity1 . Many of its clinical presentations may be confused with normal aging. Among the elderly, @entity8 , particularly @entity170 , are the two aspects of the disease likely to cause the most morbidity. It is increasingly apparent, however, that a large group of @entity1 with @entity2742 are asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic. When symptoms are present, or repeated serum @entity460 levels all exceed 11.0 mg/dL, surgery is considered the treatment of choice. Success of surgery and of postoperative recovery are not affected by the age of the @entity1 , but are enhanced by the experience of the surgeon performing the parathyroidectomy. There are difficult management decisions to be made concerning the elderly asymptomatic @entity1 with mild @entity2741 . A conservative approach to therapy for these individuals would include maintenance of adequate hydration, and involvement in physical activity. Dietary restriction of @entity460 should be recommended only as long as there is no evidence that it is exacerbating negative @entity460 balance. Drugs likely to worsen @entity2741 , such as @entity7206 , must be avoided, and blood chemistries should be monitored at regular intervals. Because the @entity604 of @entity2742 may develop insidiously, serial bone density measurements are probably reasonable in older @entity1 already at risk for @entity170 . Accelerated @entity604 is an indication for surgical intervention. A wide variety of medications have been proposed for the treatment of @entity459 , but none stands out as a particularly desirable therapeutic alternative. Future research in this area, particularly with the use of @entity172 in postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity2742 , may eventually lead to greater acceptance of this alternative to surgery.

title: XXXX in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogens']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['Primary hyperparathyroidism', 'primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction and skeletal disease']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity7206 :: ('MESH:D049971', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazides']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroidism']

answer: @entity459 :: (MESH:D049950,Disease) :: ['Primary hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: A number of plasma membrane glycoproteins of @entity1 and protozoan origin are released from cells by @entity4357 -specific phospholipase C. Some of these proteins have been shown to be attached to the lipid bilayer via a covalently linked, structurally complex glycophospholipid. Here we establish the existence of similarly linked glycoproteins in the @entity375 @entity375 . The most abundant of these is a tightly membrane-bound glycoprotein of 125 kd. The detergent-binding moiety of this protein can be removed by @entity4357 -specific phospholipase C of bacterial origin or from @entity3177 . Metabolic labeling indicates that the protein contains covalently attached @entity844 and @entity8580 . It also contains the @entity2915 ( @entity2915 ), an antigen found previously on the glycophospholipid anchor of protozoan and @entity1 origin. Treatment of the protein with endoglycosidases F and H results in a 95-kd species. In the secretion mutant sec18, grown at 37 degrees C, the vesicular transport of glycoproteins is reversibly blocked between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. We find that sec18 cells, when grown at 37 degrees C, do add phospholipid anchors to newly synthesized glycoproteins. This indicates that these anchors are added in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

title: A major 125-kd membrane glycoprotein of XXXX is attached to the lipid bilayer through an @entity8580 -containing phospholipid.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol']

entities_list: @entity3177 :: ('5691', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma brucei']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['cross-reacting determinant', 'CRD']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: A number of plasma membrane glycoproteins of @entity1 and protozoan origin are released from cells by @entity4357 -specific phospholipase C. Some of these proteins have been shown to be attached to the lipid bilayer via a covalently linked, structurally complex glycophospholipid. Here we establish the existence of similarly linked glycoproteins in the @entity375 @entity375 . The most abundant of these is a tightly membrane-bound glycoprotein of 125 kd. The detergent-binding moiety of this protein can be removed by @entity4357 -specific phospholipase C of bacterial origin or from @entity3177 . Metabolic labeling indicates that the protein contains covalently attached @entity844 and @entity8580 . It also contains the @entity2915 ( @entity2915 ), an antigen found previously on the glycophospholipid anchor of protozoan and @entity1 origin. Treatment of the protein with endoglycosidases F and H results in a 95-kd species. In the secretion mutant sec18, grown at 37 degrees C, the vesicular transport of glycoproteins is reversibly blocked between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. We find that sec18 cells, when grown at 37 degrees C, do add phospholipid anchors to newly synthesized glycoproteins. This indicates that these anchors are added in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

title: A major 125-kd membrane glycoprotein of @entity375 is attached to the lipid bilayer through an XXXX -containing phospholipid.

answer: @entity8580 :: (MESH:D007294,Chemical) :: ['inositol']


abstract: The order Monotremata, comprising the @entity429 and two species of echidna (Australian and Nuigini) is the only extant representative of the @entity1 subclass Prototheria, which diverged from subclass Theria (marsupials and placental mammals) 150-200 million years ago. The 2n = 63 male, 64 female karyotype (newly described here) of the Nuigini echidna is almost identical in morphology and G-band pattern to that of the @entity11006 , from which it diverged about a million years ago. The karyotype of the @entity429 (2n = 52) has several features in common with those of the echidna species; six pairs of large autosomes, many pairs of small (but not micro-) chromosomes, and a series of small unpaired chromosomes which form a multivalent at meiosis. Comparison of the G-band patterns of @entity429 and echidna autosomes reveals considerable homology. Chromomycin banding demonstrates GC-rich heterochromatin at the centromeres of many @entity429 and echidna chromosomes, and at the nucleolar organizing regions; some of this heterochromatin C-bands weakly in @entity429 (but not echidna) spreads. Late replication banding patterns resemble G-banding patterns and confirm the homologies between the species. Striking heteromorphism between chromosomes of some of the large autosomal pairs can be accounted for in the echidna by differences in amount of @entity54491 -bright, late replicating heterochromatin. The sex chromosomes in all three species also bear striking homology, despite the difference in sex determination mechanism between @entity429 (XX/XY) and the echidna species (X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y). The @entity429 X and echidna X1 each represent about 5.8% of haploid chromosome length, and are G-band identical. Y chromosomes are similar between species, and are largely homologous to the X (or X1).

title: Karyotypic conservation in the XXXX order monotremata (subclass Prototheria).

entities_list: @entity54491 :: ('MESH:D002865', 'Chemical') :: ['chromomycin']

entities_list: @entity11006 :: ('9261', 'Species') :: ['Australian echidna']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: A major problem with studies in the field of quantitative genetics is that of phenotypical heterogeneity. In particular, such heterogeneities show up in @entity146 investigations: index cases often tend to display more severe forms of disorders than the respective affected relatives. The principal goal of the present investigation was to test the phenotypical equivalence of the two populations of index cases and their affected relatives. Our analyses were based on 269 hospitalized @entity1 with functional psychoses and 350 affected first degree relatives. As opposed to the majority of earlier investigations in which phenotypes were uniquely defined by diagnoses, phenotypes were represented in this study by a list of 22 @entity146 syndromes. Accordingly, multivariate statistical procedures were applied to analyze the intrinsic properties of the empirical lists. The results showed that @entity2795 patterns clearly appeared in both populations and that the phenotypical equivalence of the corresponding population sample sets lay between satisfactory and good. Furthermore, it was possible to select phenotypically homogeneous and reproducible subsets on the basis of the 22 syndromes. These subgroups can be used as basic material to study the genetic modes via current models from quantitative genetics. Nevertheless, our analyses revealed no clear breeding true of either @entity1316 or @entity161 .

title: Familial syndrome patterns in XXXX , schizoaffective disorder, mania, and depression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2795 :: ('MESH:D020325', 'Disease') :: ['typical syndrome']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: In the period 1977-1983, 183 adult @entity1 with soft tissue @entity242 of the extremities were treated in the Netherlands Cancer Institute. One hundred and seventy-one @entity1 had initially operable @entity5 . Fifteen @entity1 (8.2%) developed @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) during the course of their disease. Only two @entity1 (1.2%) developed @entity1600 as first site of @entity5 recurrence. The incidence of @entity1600 varied according to the histological subtypes: @entity1821 : 1/64, @entity1492 : 1/12, @entity242 : 5/24, unclassifiable @entity242 : 3/8. The outcome in @entity1 with @entity1600 was invariably fatal. In all cases with RNLM distant @entity3 were present either at the time @entity1600 were found or shortly afterwards (median 4 months). Based on this experience we now consider @entity1600 in soft tissue @entity242 an expression of systemic @entity5 spread, which should be treated as such. We find no indication for elective lymph node dissection as part of the initial treatment of soft tissue @entity242 of any histological subtype. Therapeutic lymph node dissection might be indicated as part of the palliative management.

title: Regional lymph node XXXX in @entity1 with soft tissue @entity242 of the extremities, what are the therapeutic consequences?

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'sarcomas', 'tendosynovial sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['regional lymph node metastases', 'RLNM']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1821 :: ('MESH:D008080', 'Disease') :: ['liposarcoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: In the period 1977-1983, 183 adult @entity1 with soft tissue @entity242 of the extremities were treated in the Netherlands Cancer Institute. One hundred and seventy-one @entity1 had initially operable @entity5 . Fifteen @entity1 (8.2%) developed @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) during the course of their disease. Only two @entity1 (1.2%) developed @entity1600 as first site of @entity5 recurrence. The incidence of @entity1600 varied according to the histological subtypes: @entity1821 : 1/64, @entity1492 : 1/12, @entity242 : 5/24, unclassifiable @entity242 : 3/8. The outcome in @entity1 with @entity1600 was invariably fatal. In all cases with RNLM distant @entity3 were present either at the time @entity1600 were found or shortly afterwards (median 4 months). Based on this experience we now consider @entity1600 in soft tissue @entity242 an expression of systemic @entity5 spread, which should be treated as such. We find no indication for elective lymph node dissection as part of the initial treatment of soft tissue @entity242 of any histological subtype. Therapeutic lymph node dissection might be indicated as part of the palliative management.

title: Regional lymph node @entity3 in @entity1 with soft tissue XXXX of the extremities, what are the therapeutic consequences?

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcomas']


abstract: In the period 1977-1983, 183 adult @entity1 with soft tissue @entity242 of the extremities were treated in the Netherlands Cancer Institute. One hundred and seventy-one @entity1 had initially operable @entity5 . Fifteen @entity1 (8.2%) developed @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) during the course of their disease. Only two @entity1 (1.2%) developed @entity1600 as first site of @entity5 recurrence. The incidence of @entity1600 varied according to the histological subtypes: @entity1821 : 1/64, @entity1492 : 1/12, @entity242 : 5/24, unclassifiable @entity242 : 3/8. The outcome in @entity1 with @entity1600 was invariably fatal. In all cases with RNLM distant @entity3 were present either at the time @entity1600 were found or shortly afterwards (median 4 months). Based on this experience we now consider @entity1600 in soft tissue @entity242 an expression of systemic @entity5 spread, which should be treated as such. We find no indication for elective lymph node dissection as part of the initial treatment of soft tissue @entity242 of any histological subtype. Therapeutic lymph node dissection might be indicated as part of the palliative management.

title: Regional lymph node @entity3 in XXXX with soft tissue @entity242 of the extremities, what are the therapeutic consequences?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Donor lymphocyte infusion has become established as a salvage therapy for @entity1 with @entity1503 relapsing after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The role of donor lymphocyte infusion for @entity1 with @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) remains to be established. Between July 1993 and October 2001, 14 @entity1 with @entity2590 relapsing after allogeneic BMT received DLI as salvage therapy. At the time of BMT, one @entity1 had @entity309 , nine had @entity7139 , of whom three were in CR after induction-type chemotherapy, two had @entity7139 , one had @entity12188 and one had @entity3052 . Donors were HLA-matched siblings (n=12), HLA-matched other relative (n=1) and unrelated (n=1). At the time of relapse, the median marrow blast count was 9%. The median CD3+ cell dose administered was 6.3 x 10(7)/kg. With a median follow-up of 49 months, six @entity1 were alive, of whom two were in CR after DLI alone and remained disease-free, two were in CR after a second BMT and two had active disease. Eight @entity1 died of disease progression. Although DLI alone seems to be effective in a small number of @entity1 with @entity2590 , other treatment strategies, including prior debulking chemotherapy, deserve investigation.

title: Donor lymphocyte infusion to treat relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematological disorders']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome']


abstract: Three experiments were performed to study the effects of neonatal administration of @entity2227 receptor antagonists, on either Day 11 ( @entity3390 = @entity3390 , 3 x 0.5 mg/kg, s.c., injected at 0800, 1600 and 2400 h) or Day 10 ( @entity3652 , 1 x 50 mg/kg, s.c., or @entity1068 -Low, 1 x 2.5 mg/kg, or, @entity1068 -High, 2 x 2.5 mg/kg, s.c., with 2-h interval) to male @entity19 pups, on spontaneous motor behavior, @entity734 to a novel situation and @entity2254 -induced activity in the adult animals. @entity19 administered @entity3390 showed @entity1613 followed by @entity2915 over the later (20-40 and 40-60 min) periods of testing. @entity19 administered @entity3652 and @entity1068 -High similarly displayed an @entity1613 followed by @entity2915 over the later time (20-60 min) of testing. @entity734 to the novel activity test chambers was reduced drastically in the @entity3390 @entity19 compared with vehicle-treated @entity19 . Similarly, @entity19 administered @entity3652 and @entity1068 -High displayed too drastically reduced @entity734 behavior. The low dose of @entity2254 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity2915 of neonatal @entity3390 -treated @entity19 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the vehicle-treated @entity19 . Similarly, the low dose of @entity2254 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity2915 of neonatally @entity3652 -treated and @entity1068 -High-treated @entity19 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the respective vehicle-treated @entity19 . Fluoro-jade staining per mm(2) regional brain tissue of @entity3390 @entity19 pups expressed as percent of vehicle @entity19 pups showed also that the extensiveness of staining was markedly greater in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and lesser so in the laterodorsal thalamus. @entity3652 -treated @entity19 showed cell degeneration mainly in the parietal cortex, whereas the @entity1068 -High @entity19 showed marked cell degeneration in both the parietal and laterodorsal cortex. The present findings that encompass a pattern of regional neuronal degeneration, disruptions of spontaneous motor activity, @entity51 and reversal of @entity2915 by a low dose of @entity2254 suggest a model of @entity71 that underlines the intimate role of @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors in the developing brain.

title: @entity2915 following postnatal @entity143 antagonist treatment: reversal by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2254 :: ('MESH:D003913', 'Chemical') :: ['D-amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['Ketamine']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['habituation deficits']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['initial hypoactivity']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['habituation', 'Habituation']

answer: @entity2254 :: (MESH:D003913,Chemical) :: ['D-amphetamine']


abstract: Three experiments were performed to study the effects of neonatal administration of @entity2227 receptor antagonists, on either Day 11 ( @entity3390 = @entity3390 , 3 x 0.5 mg/kg, s.c., injected at 0800, 1600 and 2400 h) or Day 10 ( @entity3652 , 1 x 50 mg/kg, s.c., or @entity1068 -Low, 1 x 2.5 mg/kg, or, @entity1068 -High, 2 x 2.5 mg/kg, s.c., with 2-h interval) to male @entity19 pups, on spontaneous motor behavior, @entity734 to a novel situation and @entity2254 -induced activity in the adult animals. @entity19 administered @entity3390 showed @entity1613 followed by @entity2915 over the later (20-40 and 40-60 min) periods of testing. @entity19 administered @entity3652 and @entity1068 -High similarly displayed an @entity1613 followed by @entity2915 over the later time (20-60 min) of testing. @entity734 to the novel activity test chambers was reduced drastically in the @entity3390 @entity19 compared with vehicle-treated @entity19 . Similarly, @entity19 administered @entity3652 and @entity1068 -High displayed too drastically reduced @entity734 behavior. The low dose of @entity2254 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity2915 of neonatal @entity3390 -treated @entity19 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the vehicle-treated @entity19 . Similarly, the low dose of @entity2254 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity2915 of neonatally @entity3652 -treated and @entity1068 -High-treated @entity19 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the respective vehicle-treated @entity19 . Fluoro-jade staining per mm(2) regional brain tissue of @entity3390 @entity19 pups expressed as percent of vehicle @entity19 pups showed also that the extensiveness of staining was markedly greater in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and lesser so in the laterodorsal thalamus. @entity3652 -treated @entity19 showed cell degeneration mainly in the parietal cortex, whereas the @entity1068 -High @entity19 showed marked cell degeneration in both the parietal and laterodorsal cortex. The present findings that encompass a pattern of regional neuronal degeneration, disruptions of spontaneous motor activity, @entity51 and reversal of @entity2915 by a low dose of @entity2254 suggest a model of @entity71 that underlines the intimate role of @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors in the developing brain.

title: @entity2915 following postnatal XXXX antagonist treatment: reversal by @entity2254 .

answer: @entity143 :: (CHEBI:6121,Chemical) :: ['NMDA']


abstract: Three experiments were performed to study the effects of neonatal administration of @entity2227 receptor antagonists, on either Day 11 ( @entity3390 = @entity3390 , 3 x 0.5 mg/kg, s.c., injected at 0800, 1600 and 2400 h) or Day 10 ( @entity3652 , 1 x 50 mg/kg, s.c., or @entity1068 -Low, 1 x 2.5 mg/kg, or, @entity1068 -High, 2 x 2.5 mg/kg, s.c., with 2-h interval) to male @entity19 pups, on spontaneous motor behavior, @entity734 to a novel situation and @entity2254 -induced activity in the adult animals. @entity19 administered @entity3390 showed @entity1613 followed by @entity2915 over the later (20-40 and 40-60 min) periods of testing. @entity19 administered @entity3652 and @entity1068 -High similarly displayed an @entity1613 followed by @entity2915 over the later time (20-60 min) of testing. @entity734 to the novel activity test chambers was reduced drastically in the @entity3390 @entity19 compared with vehicle-treated @entity19 . Similarly, @entity19 administered @entity3652 and @entity1068 -High displayed too drastically reduced @entity734 behavior. The low dose of @entity2254 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity2915 of neonatal @entity3390 -treated @entity19 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the vehicle-treated @entity19 . Similarly, the low dose of @entity2254 (0.25 mg/kg) reduced the @entity2915 of neonatally @entity3652 -treated and @entity1068 -High-treated @entity19 , particularly from 30-60 min onwards, and elevated the activity level of the respective vehicle-treated @entity19 . Fluoro-jade staining per mm(2) regional brain tissue of @entity3390 @entity19 pups expressed as percent of vehicle @entity19 pups showed also that the extensiveness of staining was markedly greater in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and lesser so in the laterodorsal thalamus. @entity3652 -treated @entity19 showed cell degeneration mainly in the parietal cortex, whereas the @entity1068 -High @entity19 showed marked cell degeneration in both the parietal and laterodorsal cortex. The present findings that encompass a pattern of regional neuronal degeneration, disruptions of spontaneous motor activity, @entity51 and reversal of @entity2915 by a low dose of @entity2254 suggest a model of @entity71 that underlines the intimate role of @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors in the developing brain.

title: XXXX following postnatal @entity143 antagonist treatment: reversal by @entity2254 .

answer: @entity2915 :: (MESH:D006948,Disease) :: ['Hyperactivity']


abstract: The effects of the @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitor @entity3593 on blood pressure, @entity644 and renal hemodynamics were evaluated in 13 @entity1 with @entity8 of different origin. A comparison was made with the effects of conventional antihypertensive therapy. Both drug regimens significantly lowered blood pressure, while only after 12 weeks of treatment with @entity3593 , blood pressure was significantly lower than during conventional therapy. @entity3593 reduced @entity644 (by 61 +/- 40%), whereas conventional therapy had no significant effect on protein excretion. During the first eight weeks of treatment with @entity3593 , there was a comparable degree of blood pressure reduction with both treatment regimens, whereas urinary protein loss was significantly less during @entity1289 inhibition. There was only a nearly-significant positive correlation between the fall in @entity644 during @entity3593 and the concomitant decrease in mean arterial pressure. Glomerular filtration rate decreased from 26.3 +/- 11.6 to 20.6 +/- 9.4 ml/min during treatment with @entity3593 . This decrease was not correlated with the fall in @entity644 . A significant positive correlation existed between the fall in urinary protein excretion and both the decrease in overall renal vascular resistance, and the fall in filtration fraction. Although blood pressure lowering by itself could contribute to the antiproteinuric effect of @entity3593 , our results suggest that this effect of @entity1289 inhibition is also due to efferent (postglomerular) vasodilation. We conclude that the @entity1289 inhibitor @entity3593 effectively reduces blood pressure and @entity644 in @entity8 . The latter effect is not only the result of a lower blood pressure, but is probably also due to a fall in intraglomerular capillary pressure.

title: Reduction of @entity644 by XXXX inhibition.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin converting enzyme', 'ACE']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['Lisinopril', 'lisinopril']

answer: @entity1289 :: (1636,Gene) :: ['angiotensin converting enzyme']


abstract: The effects of the @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitor @entity3593 on blood pressure, @entity644 and renal hemodynamics were evaluated in 13 @entity1 with @entity8 of different origin. A comparison was made with the effects of conventional antihypertensive therapy. Both drug regimens significantly lowered blood pressure, while only after 12 weeks of treatment with @entity3593 , blood pressure was significantly lower than during conventional therapy. @entity3593 reduced @entity644 (by 61 +/- 40%), whereas conventional therapy had no significant effect on protein excretion. During the first eight weeks of treatment with @entity3593 , there was a comparable degree of blood pressure reduction with both treatment regimens, whereas urinary protein loss was significantly less during @entity1289 inhibition. There was only a nearly-significant positive correlation between the fall in @entity644 during @entity3593 and the concomitant decrease in mean arterial pressure. Glomerular filtration rate decreased from 26.3 +/- 11.6 to 20.6 +/- 9.4 ml/min during treatment with @entity3593 . This decrease was not correlated with the fall in @entity644 . A significant positive correlation existed between the fall in urinary protein excretion and both the decrease in overall renal vascular resistance, and the fall in filtration fraction. Although blood pressure lowering by itself could contribute to the antiproteinuric effect of @entity3593 , our results suggest that this effect of @entity1289 inhibition is also due to efferent (postglomerular) vasodilation. We conclude that the @entity1289 inhibitor @entity3593 effectively reduces blood pressure and @entity644 in @entity8 . The latter effect is not only the result of a lower blood pressure, but is probably also due to a fall in intraglomerular capillary pressure.

title: Reduction of XXXX by @entity1289 inhibition.

answer: @entity644 :: (MESH:D011507,Disease) :: ['proteinuria']


abstract: Expression of the trophoblast-specific subunit of @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin, @entity7807 , is associated with fusion of cytotrophoblasts into a multinuclear syncytium. Here, we studied regulation of the CGbeta5 gene in trophoblasts undergoing in vitro syncytialization. Transfection of luciferase reporters harboring different lengths of the CGbeta5 upstream sequence revealed that the proximal promoter region (-345 to +114) is sufficient to govern differentiation-dependent induction. Mutational analyses suggested that two selective promoter factor (Sp) and three activating protein 2 ( @entity18720 ) recognition sequences are necessary for full activity of the promoter. During syncytialization these elements interacted with increasing amounts of the transcription factors @entity3419 , @entity28549 , and @entity18720 in electrophoretic mobility shift assay, but only @entity18720 binding rose upon elevation of @entity268 levels with @entity1928 . Increasing expression of different isoforms of @entity3419 and @entity28549 could also be detected by Western blot analyses. @entity3419 / @entity28549 localized to syncytial nuclei both in differentiated cultures and in term placental tissue, suggesting assembly of functional transcriptional complexes. Costaining of the transcription factors with @entity5962 on term placental sections revealed that 47 and 33% of cytotrophoblast nuclei were negative for @entity3419 and @entity28549 , respectively. In contrast, immunohistochemistry of early tissue demonstrated expression of @entity3419 in the majority of cyto- and syncytiotrophoblasts, whereas @entity28549 was absent from the syncytium. @entity3419 and @entity28549 induced wild-type/mutant promoter constructs upon transfection in Sp-deficient SL-2 cells, indicating that the Sp elements function as activating sequences. The data suggest that increasing concentrations of @entity3419 , @entity28549 , and @entity18720 enhance transcription of @entity7807 in differentiating term trophoblasts, whereas a different combination of factors may control expression in early placentas.

title: Transcriptional regulation of the XXXX chorionic gonadotropin beta gene during villous trophoblast differentiation.

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity5 usually proliferate invasively and rarely metastasize to other organs. Since the @entity3 occur predominantly to the liver and kidneys, there have been only 16 cases with metastatic spreads of @entity5 to the central nervous system reported in the literature. A 59-year-old @entity1 was admitted with complaints of @entity1296 and @entity391 . Three years and three months ago, he had been operated upon for @entity5 , which was diagnosed as a predominantly @entity704 , and then followed by irradiation therapy of 3800 rads. The size of the @entity5 decreased markedly after the irradiation. Nine months after the operation, he complained again of @entity1296 and @entity391 . Computed tomography scans showed a @entity5 in the right cerebellar hemisphere, which was thought to be a metastasis from the @entity704 . He received radiotherapy of 4000 rads directed to the intracranial @entity3 , with the reduction of the @entity5 size and the relief of symptoms. On the present admission, he had cerebellar signs and symptoms. Neuroradiologically, there was a hypervascular @entity5 in the @entity76 and a hypovascular one in the right. At operation, a vascular and @entity5 with small necrotic areas were found in the left cerebellum, and a @entity5 with large liquefied clot within it in the right cerebellum. Pathologically, @entity17692 were confirmed as the @entity3 from the @entity704 in the epithelial type.

title: [Malignant XXXX with intracranial @entity3 ].

entities_list: @entity17692 :: ('MESH:D002528', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral cerebellar tumors']

entities_list: @entity704 :: ('MESH:D013945', 'Disease') :: ['thymoma', 'lymphocytic type thymoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mediastinal tumor', 'solid tumor', 'Malignant thymomas', 'malignant thymomas', 'tumorous lesion']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['left cerebellar hemisphere']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

answer: @entity704 :: (MESH:D013945,Disease) :: ['thymoma']


abstract: @entity5 usually proliferate invasively and rarely metastasize to other organs. Since the @entity3 occur predominantly to the liver and kidneys, there have been only 16 cases with metastatic spreads of @entity5 to the central nervous system reported in the literature. A 59-year-old @entity1 was admitted with complaints of @entity1296 and @entity391 . Three years and three months ago, he had been operated upon for @entity5 , which was diagnosed as a predominantly @entity704 , and then followed by irradiation therapy of 3800 rads. The size of the @entity5 decreased markedly after the irradiation. Nine months after the operation, he complained again of @entity1296 and @entity391 . Computed tomography scans showed a @entity5 in the right cerebellar hemisphere, which was thought to be a metastasis from the @entity704 . He received radiotherapy of 4000 rads directed to the intracranial @entity3 , with the reduction of the @entity5 size and the relief of symptoms. On the present admission, he had cerebellar signs and symptoms. Neuroradiologically, there was a hypervascular @entity5 in the @entity76 and a hypovascular one in the right. At operation, a vascular and @entity5 with small necrotic areas were found in the left cerebellum, and a @entity5 with large liquefied clot within it in the right cerebellum. Pathologically, @entity17692 were confirmed as the @entity3 from the @entity704 in the epithelial type.

title: [Malignant @entity704 with intracranial XXXX ].

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: The authors describe a case of @entity4177 in a 15-month-old male and discuss the differential diagnosis and electron microscopic features of small round cell @entity5 . The @entity1 was found to have an enlarged liver and was admitted to the hospital for further investigation. Fine-needle aspiration of the liver revealed small. uniform cells with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and focal rosette formation. A diagnosis of small blue cell @entity5 favoring @entity4177 was made, but @entity521 could not be ruled out. Electron microscopic analysis performed on the liver aspirate showed features of hepatic differentiation as well as absence of neuroblastic differentiation. The diagnosis of @entity4177 was made. Serum @entity160 level of 33,250 mg/L confirmed the diagnosis. Liver biopsy performed subsequently showed @entity5 cells arranged in nests, acini, and trabeculae with mitotic figures. Electron microscopy showed the same findings as described above. The @entity1 underwent chemotherapy for 4 months and subsequently a partial liver resection was performed. This case illustrates the important role of electron microscopy in evaluating small round cell @entity5 in @entity1 .

title: XXXX in a 15-month-old male: cytomorphology, electron microscopy, and differential diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity4177 :: ('MESH:D018197', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoblastoma']

answer: @entity4177 :: (MESH:D018197,Disease) :: ['Hepatoblastoma']


abstract: @entity2258 presents peculiar problems to the diagnostician. It is at once the most common form of community-acquired @entity2028 and simultaneously the most difficult to document microbiologically. @entity2259 , @entity3509 , @entity693 , or @entity5414 due to @entity2260 unmistakably verifies this bacterium as the cause of a coexistent @entity55 ; this coexistence fortunately occurs infrequently. The diagnostic dilemma arises in the less sick @entity1 . While recognizing the common presence of pneumococci in the oropharynx of healthy individuals, we give undue credence to @entity2260 cultured from sputum obtained by expectoration. At the same time, pneumococci are frequently not found in cultures of sputum obtained from @entity1 with confirmed @entity66 . More invasive techniques (transtracheal aspiration, protected bronchoscopic catheter, lung needle aspiration) are too complex, dangerous, or both for routine use. Attempts to detect pneumococcal antigen in blood, sputum, or urine by modern immunologic techniques give promise of avoiding the problems of either contamination or lack of bacteriologic growth. However, they have not yet been evaluated in sufficiently large groups with @entity55 of independently determined bacterial etiology to calculate test sensitivity and specificity. At the present time then, the careful clinician will use all the epidemiologic and clinical evidence at hand, including a careful Gram's stain and culturing of sputum, blood, and other sources, to arrive at the most likely etiology. The probabilities must be weighed in light of the imprecision of current laboratory confirmation and modified by clinical course. Choice of antimicrobial therapy still favor penicillin for @entity1 with community @entity55 severe enough to warrant hospitalization, despite ominous trends in multiple resistance of @entity2260 .

title: Diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremic disease']

entities_list: @entity5414 :: ('MESH:D001170', 'Disease') :: ['septic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2260 :: ('2104', 'Species') :: ['S pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity2028 :: ('MESH:D018410', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2258 :: ('MESH:D011018', 'Disease') :: ['Pneumococcal pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['Bacteremia']

answer: @entity2258 :: (MESH:D011018,Disease) :: ['pneumococcal pneumonia']


abstract: Acute @entity281 still constitute one of the leading causes of @entity204 in the world and a major cause of morbidity in Europe. Unfortunately, most European countries do not have an information system oriented towards acute intestinal infection surveillance. The present work is an analysis of cases of @entity1682 , @entity5746 , @entity281 , and @entity697 reported from January 1980 to December 1985. Data from 24 of the 33 countries belonging to WHO Regional Office for Europe ( @entity7634 -WHO) were considered. Data for 1980 and 1981 were taken from World Health Organization statistics, while data for 1982-85 were taken from bulletins sent to @entity7634 -WHO and WHOCCHDS by individual countries. Data was entered in an IBM 4341 computer system and a data base was organized using a general purpose inquiry language (IBM's APLDI). Rates per 100,000 were calculated using as a denominator 1983 WHO official population figures. The quality of the data is a great problem, as the only available sources of information are official national reports which underestimate the actual incidence of diseases. For @entity1682 , Mediterranean countries show much higher incidences than the rest of Europe, although a decreasing trend can be seen for all European countries. We estimate that the data for @entity1682 , @entity5746 and @entity6835 are reliable, while reports of @entity281 and @entity697 represent only a very small percentage of the actual number of cases.

title: Acute XXXX in Europe. A review of reported cases.

entities_list: @entity6835 :: ('MESH:D004405', 'Disease') :: ['Shigellosis']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['foodborne infections', 'intestinal infections', 'Shigellosis, foodborne infections']

entities_list: @entity5746 :: ('MESH:D012480', 'Disease') :: ['Salmonellosis']

entities_list: @entity1682 :: ('MESH:D014435', 'Disease') :: ['typhoid fever']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['intestinal infections']


abstract: Systemic blood was collected from and surgery performed on sows of 3 strains of miniature @entity1707 bred for specific @entity35695 ( @entity1707 MHC) haplotypes (a, c and d) from Day 2 to Day 6 after mating (first day of mating = Day 0). Ovulation rate was determined by counting corpora lutea and embryos were flushed from the uterus. @entity1420 , @entity53 -17 beta and @entity7042 were quantitated in blood plasma and uterine flushings by RIA. SLAd/d females had a higher ovulation rate than SLAa/a or SLAc/c females (11.50 +/- 0.87 vs 9.11 +/- 0.68 and 8.17 +/- 0.83, respectively; P less than 0.01). @entity7042 was higher than @entity53 -17 beta in systemic plasma (56.5 +/- 6.4 vs 33.0 +/- 4.7 pg/ml, P less than 0.01) while @entity53 -17 beta was higher than @entity7042 in uterine flushings (19.8 +/- 1.4 vs 14.9 +/- 1.5 pg/horn, P less than 0.10). Systemic @entity1420 concentration was correlated with day after mating (r = 0.93, P less than 0.01). There was no effect of haplotype on any of the hormone concentrations measured. Litter size was analysed from 99 matings amongst SLAa/a, SLAa/c, SLAa/d, SLAd/c and SLAd/d sires and dams. Litter size from -/d and d/d sows or from d/d boars were larger (P less than 0.05) than for all other matings. Although ovulation rate was higher in SLAd/d sows, the significant effect of sire @entity35695 genotype on litter size suggests an additional effect of the d haplotype on embryonic survival.

title: Influence of XXXX haplotype on ovulation rate and litter size in miniature @entity1707 .

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone', 'Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity7042 :: ('CHEBI:17263', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrone', 'Oestrone']

answer: @entity35695 :: (100156099(Tax:9823),Gene) :: ['SLA']


abstract: Systemic blood was collected from and surgery performed on sows of 3 strains of miniature @entity1707 bred for specific @entity35695 ( @entity1707 MHC) haplotypes (a, c and d) from Day 2 to Day 6 after mating (first day of mating = Day 0). Ovulation rate was determined by counting corpora lutea and embryos were flushed from the uterus. @entity1420 , @entity53 -17 beta and @entity7042 were quantitated in blood plasma and uterine flushings by RIA. SLAd/d females had a higher ovulation rate than SLAa/a or SLAc/c females (11.50 +/- 0.87 vs 9.11 +/- 0.68 and 8.17 +/- 0.83, respectively; P less than 0.01). @entity7042 was higher than @entity53 -17 beta in systemic plasma (56.5 +/- 6.4 vs 33.0 +/- 4.7 pg/ml, P less than 0.01) while @entity53 -17 beta was higher than @entity7042 in uterine flushings (19.8 +/- 1.4 vs 14.9 +/- 1.5 pg/horn, P less than 0.10). Systemic @entity1420 concentration was correlated with day after mating (r = 0.93, P less than 0.01). There was no effect of haplotype on any of the hormone concentrations measured. Litter size was analysed from 99 matings amongst SLAa/a, SLAa/c, SLAa/d, SLAd/c and SLAd/d sires and dams. Litter size from -/d and d/d sows or from d/d boars were larger (P less than 0.05) than for all other matings. Although ovulation rate was higher in SLAd/d sows, the significant effect of sire @entity35695 genotype on litter size suggests an additional effect of the d haplotype on embryonic survival.

title: Influence of @entity35695 haplotype on ovulation rate and litter size in miniature XXXX .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: The dematiaceous (brown-pigmented) fungi are a large and heterogenous group of moulds that cause a wide range of diseases including @entity18227 , @entity8711 , and @entity13443 . Among the more important @entity1 pathogens are Alternaria species, @entity15669 , Cladophialophora bantiana, Curvularia species, Exophiala species, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Madurella species, Phialophora species, Scedosporium prolificans, Scytalidium dimidiatum, and Wangiella dermatitidis. These organisms are widespread in the environment, being found in soil, wood, and decomposing @entity7189 . Cutaneous, subcutaneous, and @entity281 with dematiaceous fungi occur worldwide, but are more common in tropical and subtropical climates. Infection results from traumatic implantation. Most cases occur in immunocompetent individuals. Dematiaceous moulds are also important causes of invasive @entity1244 and @entity56 . Infection is thought to follow inhalation. Although @entity281 is the commonest form of systemic @entity18227 , other localized deep forms of the disease, such as @entity625 , and @entity884 , have been reported. @entity281 is uncommon, but its incidence is increasing, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Scedosporium prolificans is the most frequent cause. A number of dematiaceous fungi are neurotropic, including Cladophialophora bantiana, Ramichloridium mackenziei, and Wangiella dermatitidis. Although cases have occurred in immunocompromised @entity1 , @entity28537 is most common in immunocompetent individuals with no obvious risk factors. Most forms of disease caused by dematiaceous fungi require both surgical and medical treatment. @entity2059 is currently the most effective antifungal agent for @entity8711 and @entity18227 , while @entity3102 remains useful for @entity13443 . Extensive surgical debridement combined with @entity2379 treatment is recommended for chronic invasive @entity1244 . Long-term treatment with @entity2059 has led to improvement or remission in some @entity1 that had failed to respond to @entity2379 . @entity56 requires surgical removal of impacted @entity3558 combined with postoperative oral @entity288 . Antifungal treatment is not usually of benefit, but post-operative @entity2059 may reduce the need for reoperation. The clinical outcome of cerebral and other deep-seated forms of @entity18227 is dismal, with long-term survival being reported only when complete surgical resection of discrete lesions is possible. The development of new antifungal agents and combination treatment may help to improve the management of these @entity281 .

title: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapy of XXXX caused by dematiaceous fungi.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'persons', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity15669 :: ('MESH:C564159', 'Disease') :: ['Bipolaris species']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity8711 :: ('MESH:D002862', 'Disease') :: ['chromoblastomycosis']

entities_list: @entity13443 :: ('MESH:D008271', 'Disease') :: ['mycetoma', 'eumycotic mycetoma']

entities_list: @entity3102 :: ('MESH:D007654', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoconazole']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity7189 :: ('MESH:D010939', 'Disease') :: ['plant debris']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['corneal infections', 'cerebral infection', 'infections', 'Disseminated infection']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Allergic fungal sinusitis', 'allergic fungal sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity28537 :: ('MESH:D060425', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral phaeohyphomycosis']

entities_list: @entity2059 :: ('MESH:D017964', 'Chemical') :: ['Itraconazole', 'itraconazole']

entities_list: @entity18227 :: ('MESH:D060446', 'Disease') :: ['phaeohyphomycosis', 'subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the safety and efficacy of treatment with gamma interferon ( @entity379 ) in @entity1 with metastatic @entity5 . @entity1 AND METHODS: 51 @entity1 were enrolled on this Phase II Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study. Seventy five percent of them had hormonally active @entity5 . Treatment consisted of @entity379 subcutaneously at a daily dose of 0.1 mg/m(2). Patents were evaluated for @entity137 weekly for the first month and monthly thereafter; response was determined radiologically every 8 weeks. RESULTS: @entity1 received treatment with @entity379 for a median of 17.9 weeks (range 2-175). @entity137 was generally mild and expected: 61% experienced noninfected fever and 21% developed @entity3028 . Three @entity1 (6%) had a partial response; there were no complete responses. Median time to progression was 5.5 months (95% confidence interval 3.9-11.1). The 1-year progression free rate was 28% (13.4-43.4%). Median survival was 42 months, with a 1-year survival rate of 67% (53.3-80%). DISCUSSION: This Phase II study demonstrated that therapy with @entity379 in @entity1 with metastatic @entity5 was well-tolerated, but did not produce significant antitumor effects. The overall results were somewhat comparable to those previously seen with alpha interferons as well as cytotoxic drugs.

title: Phase II study of interferon gamma in malignant XXXX (E9292): a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['granulocytopenia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['carcinoid tumors']


abstract: Large, full-thickness @entity3306 after head and neck surgery continue to be a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. The reconstructive aims are to restore the oral lining, the external cheek, oral competence, and function (i.e., articulation, speech, and mastication). The authors' refinement of the composite radial forearm-palmaris @entity5815 technique meets these criteria and allows a functional reconstruction of extensive lip and cheek defects in one stage. A composite radial forearm flap including the @entity924 was designed. The skin flap for the reconstruction of the intraoral lining and the skin defect was folded over the @entity924 . Both ends of the vascularized tendon were laid through the bilateral modiolus and anchored with adequate tension to the intact orbicularis muscle of the upper lip. This procedure was used in 12 @entity1 . Six @entity1 had @entity5 of the lower lip, five @entity1 had a buccal @entity5 involving the lip, and one @entity1 had a primary gum @entity5 that extended to the lower lip. Total to near-total resection (more than 80 percent) of the lower lip was indicated in six @entity1 . In two other @entity1 , the @entity5 ablation included more than 80 percent of the lower lip and up to 40 percent of the upper lip. A radial forearm palmaris @entity5815 was used in all cases for reconstruction of the defect. Free flap survival was 100 percent. At the time of final evaluation, which was 1 year after the operation, all @entity1 had good oral continence at rest (static suspension) and had achieved sufficient oral competence when eating. Ten @entity1 were able to resume a regular diet, and two @entity1 could eat a soft diet. All @entity1 regained normal or near-normal speech and had an acceptable appearance. The described refinement of the composite radial palmaris @entity5815 technique allows the reconstruction of the lower lip with a functioning oral sphincter; the technique can be recommended for @entity1 who need large lower lip resection. It provides functional recovery of the reconstructed lower lip synchronizing with the remaining upper lip.

title: Total lower lip reconstruction with a composite radial forearm- XXXX flap: a clinical series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3306 :: ('MESH:D008047', 'Disease') :: ['lip defects']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['palmaris longus tendon']

entities_list: @entity5815 :: ('MESH:D015673', 'Disease') :: ['longus free flap']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['palmaris longus tendon']


abstract: @entity63 remains a common problem in plastic surgery and one for which proangiogenic approaches have been investigated. Given the recent discovery of circulating endothelial stem or progenitor cells that are able to form new blood vessels, the authors sought to determine whether these cells might selectively traffic to regions of tissue @entity63 and induce @entity2295 . Endothelial progenitor cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy @entity1 volunteers and expanded ex vivo for 7 days. Elevation of a cranially based random-pattern skin flap was performed in @entity19 , after which they were injected with fluorescent-labeled endothelial progenitor cells (5 x 10(5); n = 15), fluorescent-labeled @entity1 microvascular endothelial cells (5 x 10(5); n = 15), or media alone (n = 15). Histologic examination demonstrated that endothelial progenitor cells were recruited to @entity63 tissue and first appeared by postoperative day 3. Subsequently, endothelial progenitor cell numbers increased exponentially over time for the remainder of the study [0 cells/ @entity202 at day 0 (n = 3), 9.6 +/- 0.9 cells/ @entity202 at day 3 (n = 3), 24.6 +/- 1.5 cells/ @entity202 at day 7 (n = 3), and 196.3 +/- 9.6 cells/ @entity202 at day 14 (n = 9)]. At all time points, endothelial progenitor cells localized preferentially to @entity63 tissue and healing wound edges, and were not observed in normal, uninjured tissues. Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation led to a statistically significant increase in vascular density in @entity63 tissues by postoperative day 14 [28.7 +/- 1.2 in the endothelial progenitor cell group (n = 9) versus 18 +/- 1.1 in the control media group (n = 9) and 17.7 +/- 1.0 in the @entity1 microvascular endothelial cell group (n = 9; p < 0.01)]. Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation also showed trends toward increased flap survival [171.2 +/- 18 @entity202 in the endothelial progenitor cell group (n = 12) versus 134.2 +/- 10 @entity202 in the media group (n = 12) and 145.0 +/- 13 @entity202 in the @entity1 microvascular endothelial cell group (n = 12)], but this did not reach statistical significance. These findings indicate that local tissue @entity63 is a potent stimulus for the recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Systemic delivery of endothelial progenitor cells increased @entity2295 and suggests that autologous endothelial progenitor cell transplantation may have a role in the salvage of @entity63 tissue.

title: Selective recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells to @entity63 tissues with increased XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Tissue ischemia', 'ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

answer: @entity2295 :: (MESH:D015861,Disease) :: ['neovascularization']


abstract: @entity63 remains a common problem in plastic surgery and one for which proangiogenic approaches have been investigated. Given the recent discovery of circulating endothelial stem or progenitor cells that are able to form new blood vessels, the authors sought to determine whether these cells might selectively traffic to regions of tissue @entity63 and induce @entity2295 . Endothelial progenitor cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy @entity1 volunteers and expanded ex vivo for 7 days. Elevation of a cranially based random-pattern skin flap was performed in @entity19 , after which they were injected with fluorescent-labeled endothelial progenitor cells (5 x 10(5); n = 15), fluorescent-labeled @entity1 microvascular endothelial cells (5 x 10(5); n = 15), or media alone (n = 15). Histologic examination demonstrated that endothelial progenitor cells were recruited to @entity63 tissue and first appeared by postoperative day 3. Subsequently, endothelial progenitor cell numbers increased exponentially over time for the remainder of the study [0 cells/ @entity202 at day 0 (n = 3), 9.6 +/- 0.9 cells/ @entity202 at day 3 (n = 3), 24.6 +/- 1.5 cells/ @entity202 at day 7 (n = 3), and 196.3 +/- 9.6 cells/ @entity202 at day 14 (n = 9)]. At all time points, endothelial progenitor cells localized preferentially to @entity63 tissue and healing wound edges, and were not observed in normal, uninjured tissues. Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation led to a statistically significant increase in vascular density in @entity63 tissues by postoperative day 14 [28.7 +/- 1.2 in the endothelial progenitor cell group (n = 9) versus 18 +/- 1.1 in the control media group (n = 9) and 17.7 +/- 1.0 in the @entity1 microvascular endothelial cell group (n = 9; p < 0.01)]. Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation also showed trends toward increased flap survival [171.2 +/- 18 @entity202 in the endothelial progenitor cell group (n = 12) versus 134.2 +/- 10 @entity202 in the media group (n = 12) and 145.0 +/- 13 @entity202 in the @entity1 microvascular endothelial cell group (n = 12)], but this did not reach statistical significance. These findings indicate that local tissue @entity63 is a potent stimulus for the recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Systemic delivery of endothelial progenitor cells increased @entity2295 and suggests that autologous endothelial progenitor cell transplantation may have a role in the salvage of @entity63 tissue.

title: Selective recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells to XXXX tissues with increased @entity2295 .

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of intravitreal @entity1456 (tPA) in the management of @entity2994 ( @entity2994 ) in @entity1 with symptoms for <3 days. METHODS: We evaluated the visual outcome of a consecutive series of @entity1 with @entity2994 following intravitreal tPA injection. All @entity1 presented with visual acuity worse than 20/50 within 3 days from the onset of symptoms. Main outcome measures included percentage of @entity1 whose final vision improved to 20/50 or better and change in percentage of @entity1 with vision of 20/200 or worse before and after treatment. RESULTS: Twelve @entity1 received intravitreal tPA for @entity2994 . Nine @entity1 (75%) had best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse at presentation compared with 4 @entity1 (33%) at the last follow-up after treatment. Five (55%) of these 9 @entity1 had final visual acuity that improved to 20/50 or better. The remaining four @entity1 did not have improvement or their vision continued to worsen. All 4 @entity1 had fluorescein angiographic evidence of >10 disk areas of capillary nonperfusion at presentation. Overall, 8 (67%) of 12 @entity1 had final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. No side effects related to @entity865 injection were observed. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that intravitreal tPA injection may have a beneficial role in the management of @entity2994 when used within a few days of the onset of symptoms in @entity1 with no angiographic evidence of severe capillary nonperfusion even if initial visual acuity is 20/200 or worse.

title: Intravitreal XXXX in the management of @entity2994 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['central retinal vein occlusion', 'CRVO']

entities_list: @entity1456 :: ('100128998', 'Gene') :: ['tissue plasminogen activator']

answer: @entity1456 :: (100128998,Gene) :: ['tissue plasminogen activator']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of intravitreal @entity1456 (tPA) in the management of @entity2994 ( @entity2994 ) in @entity1 with symptoms for <3 days. METHODS: We evaluated the visual outcome of a consecutive series of @entity1 with @entity2994 following intravitreal tPA injection. All @entity1 presented with visual acuity worse than 20/50 within 3 days from the onset of symptoms. Main outcome measures included percentage of @entity1 whose final vision improved to 20/50 or better and change in percentage of @entity1 with vision of 20/200 or worse before and after treatment. RESULTS: Twelve @entity1 received intravitreal tPA for @entity2994 . Nine @entity1 (75%) had best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse at presentation compared with 4 @entity1 (33%) at the last follow-up after treatment. Five (55%) of these 9 @entity1 had final visual acuity that improved to 20/50 or better. The remaining four @entity1 did not have improvement or their vision continued to worsen. All 4 @entity1 had fluorescein angiographic evidence of >10 disk areas of capillary nonperfusion at presentation. Overall, 8 (67%) of 12 @entity1 had final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. No side effects related to @entity865 injection were observed. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that intravitreal tPA injection may have a beneficial role in the management of @entity2994 when used within a few days of the onset of symptoms in @entity1 with no angiographic evidence of severe capillary nonperfusion even if initial visual acuity is 20/200 or worse.

title: Intravitreal @entity1456 in the management of XXXX .

answer: @entity2994 :: (MESH:D012170,Disease) :: ['central retinal vein occlusion']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: We compare laryngoscopy performance and overall intubation success in @entity130 airways when primary airway management alternated between emergency medicine and anesthesia residents on an every-other-day basis. METHODS: Data on all @entity130 intubations during approximately 3 years were prospectively collected. Primary airway management was assigned to @entity341 ( @entity341 ) residents on even days and anesthesia residents on odd days. Emergency medicine residents intubated @entity1 who arrived without notification or who needed immediate intubation before anesthesia arrived. The study was conducted in an inner-city, Level I @entity130 center with approximately 50,000 @entity341 @entity1 and 1,800 major @entity130 cases a year. Main outcomes were success or failure at laryngoscopy and the number of laryngoscopy attempts needed for intubation. RESULTS: Six hundred fifty-eight @entity130 @entity1 were intubated during the study period. Laryngoscopy was successful in 654 of 656 cases. Two (0.3%) @entity1 underwent cricothyrotomy after failed laryngoscopy, and 2 (0.3%) @entity1 had awake nasal intubation without laryngoscopy. The specific number of laryngoscopy attempts was unknown in 6 cases (3 from each service), resulting in 650 cases for laryngoscopy performance analysis. Overall, 87% of @entity1 were intubated on first attempt, and 3 or more attempts occurred in 2.9% of @entity1 . Laryngoscopy performance by service (broken down by 1, 2, and >or=3 attempts) was as follows: emergency medicine 86.4%, 11%, and 2.6% versus anesthesia 89.7%, 6.7%, and 3.6%. Analysis by service was done by using Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney testing (P=.225). CONCLUSION: There were no differences in laryngoscopy performance and intubation success in @entity130 airways managed on an every-other-day basis by emergency medicine versus anesthesia residents.

title: Alternating day emergency medicine and anesthesia resident responsibility for management of the XXXX airway: a study of laryngoscopy performance and intubation success.

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: This retrospective study was designed to appraise the surgical procedures for pT2 @entity1086 . Twenty @entity1 with pT2 @entity1086 underwent surgical resection. Hepatectomy of segments 4b and 5 was performed in 19 @entity1 , and an extended right hepatic lobectomy was performed in 1. The extrahepatic bile duct was preserved in 8 @entity1 in whom the disease was limited to the GB fundus and/or body. Regional lymphadenectomy was performed in 18 @entity1 . A separate radical second operation was performed in 8 @entity1 after cholecystectomy. Final pathological staging was stage IB in 15 @entity1 , IIB in 4, and IV in 1. Overall 5-year survival rate in those 20 @entity1 was 77% without operative deaths. The 5-year survival rate in 5 @entity1 with nodal @entity3 and in 8 @entity1 without extrahepatic biliary resection was 80% and 100%, respectively. A separate radical second operation in 8 @entity1 yielded 75% survival after 5 years. Perineural invasion as a prognostic determinant was closely associated with @entity5 extending to the neck or the cystic duct. Partial hepatectomy, usually with extrahepatic biliary resection and regional lymphadenectomy, was appropriate as a standard radical operation for pT2 @entity1086 , but preservation of extrahepatic bile duct is advocated for disease limited to the GB fundus and/or body. Radical second operation enhanced the chance for cure in @entity1 with pT2 @entity1086 .

title: Appraisal of surgical treatment for pT2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['GB carcinoma', 'gallbladder (GB) carcinomas', 'GB carcinomas']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['gallbladder carcinomas']


abstract: Larval lampreys ( @entity26962 ) exhibit a combination of cranial reflexes during their vibration-evoked @entity427 response, including strong contractions of the gill chamber, velum and oral hood. These reflexes were confirmed by applying brief vibratory stimuli to an otic capsule and recording movement and electromyograms in moving preparations and efferent cranial nerve activity in curarized preparations. Vibration elicited efferent discharge in cranial nerves V, IX and X on both sides. The responses were lost following labyrinthectomy. The larval @entity427 response results in water from the contracting gill chamber being expelled through the mouth and temporarily reduces head width. Reduced head width may facilitate the rapid withdrawal which is observed during @entity146 in burrowed larvae [S. Currie (1985) Neurosci. Abstr. 11, 268; S. Currie and R. C. Carlsen J. exp. Biol. (in Press)]. Adult lampreys (Entosphenus tridentata) attached to the wall of an aquarium by their suctorial disc, exhibited a brief but intense suction increase following a vibratory stimulus initiated by a tap to the aquarium wall. Oral suction (negative pressure) ranged from -0.6 to -10 cm @entity2507 at rest and increased to values as high as -160 cm @entity2507 during the vibration response. Suction intensity increased in direct proportion to the amplitude of the vibratory stimulus. Most of the suction response was lost following labyrinthectomy. Electromyographic recordings from the pharyngeal dilator m. basilaris and the lingual retractor m. cardioapicalis revealed stimulus-locked activity which preceded increased suction in adults, however, no vibration-evoked electromyogram responses were noted while recording from the gill chamber musculature or funnel. Stimulus-locked efferent activity was observed in the V-basilaris and V-apicalis branches of both trigeminal nerves following vibration of an otic capsule. Efferent vibration-evoked activity was lost in the trigeminal nerve after labyrinthectomy. No vibration-evoked activity was observed in nerves IX or X. Sudden vibration evoked dramatically different responses in larval and adult lampreys. Larvae contracted their gill chambers and expelled water from their mouths while adults exhibited a powerful suction reflex and no gill contraction. The trigeminal components of these behaviors (including velum and oral hood movement in larvae, pharynx and apicalis movement in adults) are difficult to compare. All of the larval trigeminal muscles degenerate during metamorphosis and are replaced by new adult muscles [M. W. Hardisty and C. M. Rovainen (1982) In The Biology of Lampreys, Vol. 4A. Academic Press, London].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Cranial components of XXXX in larval and adult lampreys.

entities_list: @entity26962 :: ('7757', 'Species') :: ['Petromyzon marinus']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['startle behavior']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['startle behavior']


abstract: The widespread use of intraarterial thrombolytic therapy has been based on perceived benefits over operative treatment and the downgrading of the magnitude of subsequent surgery. Thirty-three @entity1 who had thrombolysis for peripheral @entity432 were retrospectively analyzed at St. James's Hospital from 1991 to 1997. One @entity1 received streptokinase unsuccessfully. Five other @entity1 's records were inadequate for analysis. Twenty-seven @entity1 's notes were analyzed for risk, duration of @entity432 , duration of treatment, dosage of @entity1456 ( @entity1456 ) and conduits thrombolysed. There were 15 males and 12 females. The mean age was 62 years (range, 20-87). Fourteen were current or reformed smokers. Five were @entity6 . Indications for treatment included acute graft @entity432 (n=13), @entity887 (n=6), and primary and secondary arterial @entity715 (n=8). Duration of @entity432 was less than 24 hours in seven, 1 to 7 days in ten, and more than 7 days in ten @entity1 . Twelve (44.44%) @entity1 had complete clot lysis, four (14.81%) had partial clearance, and 11 (40.74%) remained occluded. Eight (29.63%) had serious complications including one @entity204 . Eighteen (66.66%) @entity1 needed further surgical intervention to maintain graft patency. Data were analyzed using the chi-square and pooled t test. No significant difference was observed in results from thrombolysis from different conduits, gender, etiology, or smoking history. Increased duration of @entity1456 administration was associated with an increased risk of failure. Administration of total dosages greater than 60 mg was associated with a higher risk of failure. @entity6 had a poor outcome (p=0.0520). Only 44 % of @entity1 successfully underwent lysis. A primary surgical option may be a more sensible course than lysis, given that the vast majority of @entity1 ended up having surgery anyway.

title: Low dose intraarterial thrombolysis with XXXX : does it deliver as promised?

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'Diabetics']

entities_list: @entity1456 :: ('100128998', 'Gene') :: ['tissue plasminogen activator', 'tPA']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery occlusion', 'occlusion']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1456 :: (100128998,Gene) :: ['tissue plasminogen activator']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopically placed metallic biliary stents provide durable drainage for @entity5 . The best-studied metal stent is the Wallstent, which has a greater duration of patency than @entity691 stents. Recently, the Ultraflex Diamond stent has been introduced, with reports from Europe which suggest efficacy similar to that of the Wallstent. We report our experience with this new metal stent and compare it with a historical cohort of Wallstent-treated @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between July 1997 and July 1998 all metal stents placed for @entity5 were @entity11710 stents (10 mm diameter, 6 or 8 cm length). Prospective follow-up details with regard to @entity1 @entity204 or stent occlusion were obtained. In total, 32 @entity1 underwent stenting, but 11 @entity1 were excluded because of the following: @entity204 from pre-existing @entity255 (2); placement of bilateral hilar stents (2); placement of stent through occluded metal stents (3); failure to palliate @entity1087 due to @entity1578 (1); or inability to obtain follow-up (1), leaving 21 @entity1 for analysis. Occlusion rates and stent patency were also determined retrospectively for 19 @entity1 with @entity5 who had Wallstents (10 mm diameter, 6.8 cm length) placed during the preceding year and for whom accurate and complete follow-up details were available. RESULTS: In the Diamond stent group there were 14 @entity1 and seven @entity1 , mean age 73. In the Wallstent group there were 11 @entity1 and eight @entity1 , mean age 66. The types of @entity5 , level of stricture and percentage with prior @entity691 stenting were similar in both groups. @entity432 occurred in 9/21 (43%), Diamond stents at a mean of 74 +/- 43 days compared with 8/19 (42%) Wallstents at a mean of 178 +/- 138 days (P < 0.04). Mean time of stent patency was 110 +/- 89 days for Diamond stents and 253 +/- 218 days for Wallstents (P < 0.01). Analysis of occlusion-free survival using a Kaplan-Meier plot showed a trend favoring the Wallstent (P = 0.12; Wilcoxon test). CONCLUSIONS: The occlusion rate and patency of Diamond stents for @entity5 appear to be inferior to those of Wallstents and similar to reported values for @entity691 stents. Prospective randomized comparisons of Wallstents and newer self-expanding metal stents are warranted.

title: Effectiveness of the Ultraflex Diamond stent for the palliation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignant biliary obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['complex hilar stricture (2) or concomitant liver failure']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['Stent occlusion']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant biliary obstruction']


abstract: The objective of the study was to assess both the possible complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( @entity970 ) in @entity5 @entity1 and its effect on weight development. The medical records of 18 @entity1 with a median age of 2.5 years (range, 0.5-14.2 years) were reviewed. The diagnoses were @entity1778 , @entity1221 , @entity5 , and @entity706 . The indications for @entity970 were anticipated therapy-related nutritional problems and inadequate food intake, weight loss, swallowing problems in relation to paresis of the pharynx, and relapse of the disease. Ten @entity1 received a @entity970 at treatment start, and eight @entity1 received it at a median time of 3.4 months (range, 0.9-27.4 months) after treatment start. The median duration of having a @entity970 in place was 12.3 months (range, 1.2-24.0 months). At admission the median weight for age expressed as standard deviation (SD) was -0.11 (range, -2.78-2.68). There was a significant (p =.005) decrease in the median SD from admission until @entity970 installation. There was also a significant increase in the median SD from the start of @entity970 use until 1 (p =.04) and 2 (p =.039) months after start. The most common complications were @entity2749 of @entity32 of the @entity970 site, which were successfully treated with topically or orally administered antibiotics, and @entity2749 of @entity281 , which required intravenously administered antibiotics. Taking into consideration the medical condition of the @entity1 in the study group and the considerable length of time with a @entity970 in place, we believe that nutrition via @entity970 in @entity1 with @entity5 has several advantages and is rarely associated with other than minor complications.

title: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric cancer', 'cancer', 'solid tumors']

entities_list: @entity1221 :: ('MESH:D016543', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system tumors']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant disease']


abstract: The objective of the study was to assess both the possible complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( @entity970 ) in @entity5 @entity1 and its effect on weight development. The medical records of 18 @entity1 with a median age of 2.5 years (range, 0.5-14.2 years) were reviewed. The diagnoses were @entity1778 , @entity1221 , @entity5 , and @entity706 . The indications for @entity970 were anticipated therapy-related nutritional problems and inadequate food intake, weight loss, swallowing problems in relation to paresis of the pharynx, and relapse of the disease. Ten @entity1 received a @entity970 at treatment start, and eight @entity1 received it at a median time of 3.4 months (range, 0.9-27.4 months) after treatment start. The median duration of having a @entity970 in place was 12.3 months (range, 1.2-24.0 months). At admission the median weight for age expressed as standard deviation (SD) was -0.11 (range, -2.78-2.68). There was a significant (p =.005) decrease in the median SD from admission until @entity970 installation. There was also a significant increase in the median SD from the start of @entity970 use until 1 (p =.04) and 2 (p =.039) months after start. The most common complications were @entity2749 of @entity32 of the @entity970 site, which were successfully treated with topically or orally administered antibiotics, and @entity2749 of @entity281 , which required intravenously administered antibiotics. Taking into consideration the medical condition of the @entity1 in the study group and the considerable length of time with a @entity970 in place, we believe that nutrition via @entity970 in @entity1 with @entity5 has several advantages and is rarely associated with other than minor complications.

title: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in XXXX with @entity5 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Serotonergic single-unit activity during glucoregulatory challenges was studied in the nuclei raphe obscurus (NRO) and raphe pallidus (NRP) of freely moving @entity468 . Systemic @entity15165 administration (2-4 IU/kg, i.v.) suppressed neuronal activity by approximately 40% in direct relationship to blood @entity413 levels and in inverse relationship to plasma @entity2922 levels. NRO and NRP serotonergic neurons displayed a temporary recovery in unit activity in response to i.v. @entity413 administration (500 mg/kg), which temporarily reversed @entity15165 -induced @entity4053 . The neuronal responses to @entity15165 and subsequent @entity413 administration were also directly related to changes in integrated nuchal electromyographic activity. Serotonergic unit activity remained unchanged after @entity413 loading (500 mg/kg, i.v.), which produced a four-fold increase in blood @entity413 . Thus, medullary serotonergic neurons appear to be sensitive to reductions, but not increases, in blood @entity413 . The observed inverse relationship between unit activity and plasma @entity2661 does not support a postulated sympathoexcitatory role for these neurons. Instead, the parallel changes in single-unit activity and integrated muscle activity support the hypothesis that the activity of medullary serotonergic neurons is linked to motor output. These neurons may modulate autonomic outflow, but only in relationship to their primary role in motor control. Finally, medullary serotonergic neurons may play a protective role in maintaining @entity413 homeostasis by disfacilitating the output of the somatomotor system, and hence diminishing muscle energy demands, when peripheral @entity413 availability is low.

title: XXXX -induced @entity4053 decreases single-unit activity of serotonergic medullary raphe neurons in freely moving @entity468 : relationship to sympathetic and motor output.

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity15165 :: (493804(Tax:9685),Gene) :: ['Insulin']


abstract: Serotonergic single-unit activity during glucoregulatory challenges was studied in the nuclei raphe obscurus (NRO) and raphe pallidus (NRP) of freely moving @entity468 . Systemic @entity15165 administration (2-4 IU/kg, i.v.) suppressed neuronal activity by approximately 40% in direct relationship to blood @entity413 levels and in inverse relationship to plasma @entity2922 levels. NRO and NRP serotonergic neurons displayed a temporary recovery in unit activity in response to i.v. @entity413 administration (500 mg/kg), which temporarily reversed @entity15165 -induced @entity4053 . The neuronal responses to @entity15165 and subsequent @entity413 administration were also directly related to changes in integrated nuchal electromyographic activity. Serotonergic unit activity remained unchanged after @entity413 loading (500 mg/kg, i.v.), which produced a four-fold increase in blood @entity413 . Thus, medullary serotonergic neurons appear to be sensitive to reductions, but not increases, in blood @entity413 . The observed inverse relationship between unit activity and plasma @entity2661 does not support a postulated sympathoexcitatory role for these neurons. Instead, the parallel changes in single-unit activity and integrated muscle activity support the hypothesis that the activity of medullary serotonergic neurons is linked to motor output. These neurons may modulate autonomic outflow, but only in relationship to their primary role in motor control. Finally, medullary serotonergic neurons may play a protective role in maintaining @entity413 homeostasis by disfacilitating the output of the somatomotor system, and hence diminishing muscle energy demands, when peripheral @entity413 availability is low.

title: @entity15165 -induced XXXX decreases single-unit activity of serotonergic medullary raphe neurons in freely moving @entity468 : relationship to sympathetic and motor output.

answer: @entity4053 :: (MESH:D007003,Disease) :: ['hypoglycemia']


abstract: Serotonergic single-unit activity during glucoregulatory challenges was studied in the nuclei raphe obscurus (NRO) and raphe pallidus (NRP) of freely moving @entity468 . Systemic @entity15165 administration (2-4 IU/kg, i.v.) suppressed neuronal activity by approximately 40% in direct relationship to blood @entity413 levels and in inverse relationship to plasma @entity2922 levels. NRO and NRP serotonergic neurons displayed a temporary recovery in unit activity in response to i.v. @entity413 administration (500 mg/kg), which temporarily reversed @entity15165 -induced @entity4053 . The neuronal responses to @entity15165 and subsequent @entity413 administration were also directly related to changes in integrated nuchal electromyographic activity. Serotonergic unit activity remained unchanged after @entity413 loading (500 mg/kg, i.v.), which produced a four-fold increase in blood @entity413 . Thus, medullary serotonergic neurons appear to be sensitive to reductions, but not increases, in blood @entity413 . The observed inverse relationship between unit activity and plasma @entity2661 does not support a postulated sympathoexcitatory role for these neurons. Instead, the parallel changes in single-unit activity and integrated muscle activity support the hypothesis that the activity of medullary serotonergic neurons is linked to motor output. These neurons may modulate autonomic outflow, but only in relationship to their primary role in motor control. Finally, medullary serotonergic neurons may play a protective role in maintaining @entity413 homeostasis by disfacilitating the output of the somatomotor system, and hence diminishing muscle energy demands, when peripheral @entity413 availability is low.

title: @entity15165 -induced @entity4053 decreases single-unit activity of serotonergic medullary raphe neurons in freely moving XXXX : relationship to sympathetic and motor output.

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Highly differing rates of @entity299 associated with high-dose @entity786 (CY) have been reported, and only one clinical study has been performed on the @entity1370 effects of CY monotherapy following @entity348 ( @entity348 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the potential @entity1370 effects of conditioning with fractionated @entity348 and high-dose @entity786 ( @entity348 /CY) by serial measurement of serum @entity10020 ( @entity10020 ), assessment of systolic and diastolic echocardiographic parameters and analysis of ventricular repolarisation indices ( @entity1162 and @entity1162 ) in 30 adult @entity1 with haematological @entity5 undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. RESULTS: There was no evidence of pretreatment @entity299 in any @entity1 . Although @entity10020 was determined serially for a median of 14 d after completion of conditioning, no elevated levels were observed. Echocardiographic parameters did not show any significant change at a median follow-up of 5 months except for one @entity1 with evidence of @entity73 . No significant differences for mean values before and after high-dose CY were noted for ventricular repolarisation indices. Two @entity1 had a significant increase in @entity1162 after CY without any other signs of @entity1370 . @entity712 or @entity943 were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that @entity348 /CY is safe with respect to @entity1370 in @entity1 without pre-existing @entity299 . Hitherto unknown synergistic @entity1370 effects of CY with other cytostatic drugs may constitute the major pathogenic factor of @entity296 after high-dose chemotherapy.

title: Monitoring of cardiac function by serum @entity10020 levels, ventricular repolarisation indices, and echocardiography after conditioning with fractionated XXXX and high-dose @entity786 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired diastolic filling']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity10020 :: ('7139', 'Gene') :: ['cTnT', 'cardiac troponin T']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'total body irradiation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac complications', 'cardiac dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['QT-dispersion', 'corrected QT-dispersion']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxic', 'cardiotoxicity']

answer: @entity348 :: (MESH:C535338,Disease) :: ['total body irradiation']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Highly differing rates of @entity299 associated with high-dose @entity786 (CY) have been reported, and only one clinical study has been performed on the @entity1370 effects of CY monotherapy following @entity348 ( @entity348 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the potential @entity1370 effects of conditioning with fractionated @entity348 and high-dose @entity786 ( @entity348 /CY) by serial measurement of serum @entity10020 ( @entity10020 ), assessment of systolic and diastolic echocardiographic parameters and analysis of ventricular repolarisation indices ( @entity1162 and @entity1162 ) in 30 adult @entity1 with haematological @entity5 undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. RESULTS: There was no evidence of pretreatment @entity299 in any @entity1 . Although @entity10020 was determined serially for a median of 14 d after completion of conditioning, no elevated levels were observed. Echocardiographic parameters did not show any significant change at a median follow-up of 5 months except for one @entity1 with evidence of @entity73 . No significant differences for mean values before and after high-dose CY were noted for ventricular repolarisation indices. Two @entity1 had a significant increase in @entity1162 after CY without any other signs of @entity1370 . @entity712 or @entity943 were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that @entity348 /CY is safe with respect to @entity1370 in @entity1 without pre-existing @entity299 . Hitherto unknown synergistic @entity1370 effects of CY with other cytostatic drugs may constitute the major pathogenic factor of @entity296 after high-dose chemotherapy.

title: Monitoring of cardiac function by serum XXXX levels, ventricular repolarisation indices, and echocardiography after conditioning with fractionated @entity348 and high-dose @entity786 .

answer: @entity10020 :: (7139,Gene) :: ['cardiac troponin T']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Highly differing rates of @entity299 associated with high-dose @entity786 (CY) have been reported, and only one clinical study has been performed on the @entity1370 effects of CY monotherapy following @entity348 ( @entity348 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the potential @entity1370 effects of conditioning with fractionated @entity348 and high-dose @entity786 ( @entity348 /CY) by serial measurement of serum @entity10020 ( @entity10020 ), assessment of systolic and diastolic echocardiographic parameters and analysis of ventricular repolarisation indices ( @entity1162 and @entity1162 ) in 30 adult @entity1 with haematological @entity5 undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. RESULTS: There was no evidence of pretreatment @entity299 in any @entity1 . Although @entity10020 was determined serially for a median of 14 d after completion of conditioning, no elevated levels were observed. Echocardiographic parameters did not show any significant change at a median follow-up of 5 months except for one @entity1 with evidence of @entity73 . No significant differences for mean values before and after high-dose CY were noted for ventricular repolarisation indices. Two @entity1 had a significant increase in @entity1162 after CY without any other signs of @entity1370 . @entity712 or @entity943 were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that @entity348 /CY is safe with respect to @entity1370 in @entity1 without pre-existing @entity299 . Hitherto unknown synergistic @entity1370 effects of CY with other cytostatic drugs may constitute the major pathogenic factor of @entity296 after high-dose chemotherapy.

title: Monitoring of cardiac function by serum @entity10020 levels, ventricular repolarisation indices, and echocardiography after conditioning with fractionated @entity348 and high-dose XXXX .

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: The secondary and tertiary structures of @entity1238 oocyte and somatic 5S rRNAs were investigated using chemical and enzymatic probes. The accessibility of both RNAs towards single-strand specific nucleases (T1, T2, A and S1) and a helix-specific ribonuclease from cobra venom (RNase V1) was determined. The reactivity of nucleobase N7, N3 and N1 positions towards chemical probes was investigated under native (5 mM @entity8723 , 100 mM @entity4338 , 20 degrees C) and semi-denaturing (1 mM @entity1098 , 20 degrees C) conditions. Ethylnitrosourea was used to identify @entity6546 not reactive towards alkylation under native conditions. The results obtained confirm the presence of the five helical stems predicted by the consensus secondary structure model of 5S rRNA. The chemical reactivity data indicate that loops C and D are involved in a number of tertiary interactions, and loop E folds into an unusual secondary structure. A comparison of the data obtained for the two types of @entity1238 5S rRNA indicates that the conformations of the oocyte and somatic 5S rRNAs are very similar. However, the data obtained with nucleases under native conditions, and chemical probes under semi-denaturing conditions, reveal that helices III and IV in the somatic 5S rRNA are less stable than the same structures in oocyte 5S rRNA. Using chimeric 5S rRNAs, it was possible to demonstrate that the relative resistance of oocyte 5S rRNA to partial denaturation in 4 M @entity1133 is conferred by the five oocyte-specific @entity377 substitutions in loop B/helix III. In contrast, the superior stability of oocyte 5S rRNA in the presence of @entity1098 is related to a single C substitution at position 79.

title: A comparison of the solution structures and conformational properties of the somatic and oocyte 5S rRNAs of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6546 :: ('MESH:D010710', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphates']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus laevis']


abstract: The Southwest Oncology Group performed a study for @entity1 with extensive @entity151 in which two hypotheses were tested: that combined alkylating agents for induction might improve the initial response rate; and that multiple-site, involved-field consolidation with irradiation in @entity1 with response to chemotherapy might further improve response quality and duration. A regimen of combined alkylating agents plus @entity1891 [ @entity3600 , @entity11678 , @entity1891 , and @entity786 (BTOC)] was compared to our standard program of @entity786 , @entity632 , and @entity1891 ( @entity3895 ). @entity1 with bone marrow @entity3 and/or disseminated bone @entity3 were randomized to BTOC or @entity3895 as initial induction therapy, but received no multiple-field irradiation afterward. Among 189 such @entity1 , the overall response rates were similar (48% to BTOC and 61% to @entity3895 , with complete remission in 5% and 15%, respectively). Toxic effects were also comparative, with 23% sustaining life-threatening or fatal complications on BTOC and 16% on @entity3895 . Median survival (5.9 and 7 months for BTOC and @entity3895 , respectively) and overall survival were not different, and are superimposable upon our previously reported results with @entity3895 alone. For @entity1 with no evidence of bone marrow involvement and no @entity3 identified beyond the confines of ipsilateral hemithorax, liver, and brain, the plan of therapy consisted of induction chemotherapy (BTOC or @entity3895 ) every 3 weeks for three cycles, followed by multiple-field irradiation consolidation to sites of prior involvement. Among 239 such @entity1 , response rates to therapy initiated with BTOC and @entity3895 were also similar: 54% for BTOC and 62% for @entity3895 , with complete response in 16% and 13%, respectively. However, the program of BTOC followed by multiple-site irradiation was associated with a higher incidence of severe or life-threatening @entity882 (23% versus 8% for @entity3895 ), accounted for almost entirely by @entity1 receiving hepatic irradiation after chemotherapy, among whom the incidence of this complication (grade 3 or 4) was 76% and 14%, respectively. Other toxic effects, including @entity3028 , were comparable. With the exception of @entity882 in the cited subgroup, multiple-field irradiation consolidation proved feasible and tolerable, with improved quality of response evident after its initiation in 24% of 135 @entity1 . However, a similar proportion developed disease progression during or shortly after radiation therapy, and the median survival of @entity1 who received irradiation was only 9 months (7 months from the start of consolidation).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Combined alkylators and multiple-site irradiation for extensive XXXX : a Southwest Oncology Group Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity3600 :: ('MESH:D002330', 'Chemical') :: ['carmustine']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['granulocytopenia']

answer: @entity151 :: (MESH:D055752,Disease) :: ['small cell lung cancer']