abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in premature @entity1 a new parenteral lipid emulsion based on olive and @entity1460 oils (ratio 4:1), with less @entity1474 ( @entity5204 ) and more @entity1881 than standard @entity1460 oil emulsion. STUDY DESIGN: Premature @entity1 (gestational age, 28-<37 weeks) were randomized to receive one of the two emulsions within the first 72 hours of life. The @entity412 dose was increased to 2 g/kg/day within 3 days. Plasma phospholipid @entity1718 , @entity1881 /lipid ratio, and urinary @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) excretion were determined at baseline and after 7 days. RESULTS: Of 45 recruited @entity1 , 33 completed the study per protocol (15 @entity1460 oil, 18 olive oil emulsion). At study end, groups did not differ in plasma phospholipid @entity1426 , total n-6 and n-3 metabolites, but the olive oil group showed higher values of the @entity5204 intermediates @entity9984 (0.19% +/- 0.01% vs. 0.13% +/- 0.02%, P < 0.05) and C20:3n-6 (2.92% +/- 0.12% vs. 2.21% +/- 0.17%, P = 0.005). The plasma @entity1881 /total lipd ratio was higher in the olive oil group (2.45 +/- 0.27 micromol/mmol vs. 1.90 +/- 0.08 micromol/mmol, P = 0.001), whereas urinary @entity1865 excretion did not differ. CONCLUSION: The lower @entity5204 supply with the olive/ @entity1460 oil emulsion appears to enhance @entity4722 conversion. The reduced @entity5204 content, combined with a higher antioxidant intake in the olive oil group, results in an improved @entity270 status. The olive oil-based emulsion is a valuable alternative for parenteral feeding of preterm @entity1 who are often exposed to oxidative stress, while their antioxidative defense is weak.

title: Parenteral fat emulsions based on olive and XXXX oils: a randomized clinical trial in preterm @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity1881 :: ('MESH:D024502', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-tocopherol']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity1460 :: (3847,Species) :: ['soybean']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in premature @entity1 a new parenteral lipid emulsion based on olive and @entity1460 oils (ratio 4:1), with less @entity1474 ( @entity5204 ) and more @entity1881 than standard @entity1460 oil emulsion. STUDY DESIGN: Premature @entity1 (gestational age, 28-<37 weeks) were randomized to receive one of the two emulsions within the first 72 hours of life. The @entity412 dose was increased to 2 g/kg/day within 3 days. Plasma phospholipid @entity1718 , @entity1881 /lipid ratio, and urinary @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) excretion were determined at baseline and after 7 days. RESULTS: Of 45 recruited @entity1 , 33 completed the study per protocol (15 @entity1460 oil, 18 olive oil emulsion). At study end, groups did not differ in plasma phospholipid @entity1426 , total n-6 and n-3 metabolites, but the olive oil group showed higher values of the @entity5204 intermediates @entity9984 (0.19% +/- 0.01% vs. 0.13% +/- 0.02%, P < 0.05) and C20:3n-6 (2.92% +/- 0.12% vs. 2.21% +/- 0.17%, P = 0.005). The plasma @entity1881 /total lipd ratio was higher in the olive oil group (2.45 +/- 0.27 micromol/mmol vs. 1.90 +/- 0.08 micromol/mmol, P = 0.001), whereas urinary @entity1865 excretion did not differ. CONCLUSION: The lower @entity5204 supply with the olive/ @entity1460 oil emulsion appears to enhance @entity4722 conversion. The reduced @entity5204 content, combined with a higher antioxidant intake in the olive oil group, results in an improved @entity270 status. The olive oil-based emulsion is a valuable alternative for parenteral feeding of preterm @entity1 who are often exposed to oxidative stress, while their antioxidative defense is weak.

title: Parenteral fat emulsions based on olive and @entity1460 oils: a randomized clinical trial in preterm XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: The aim of this study was to assess whether in utero @entity286 smoke exposure alone affects early-life lung growth and development. Pregnant BALB/c @entity19 were exposed to cigarette smoke from six cigarettes per day, or air, from day 8 to 20 of gestation. At 2 weeks of age, pups were weighed and had their lung volumes and lung mechanics measured. Pups born from mothers exposed to cigarette smoke ( @entity1050 pups; n=17) were significantly lighter (6.76    0.76 versus 7.72    0.68 g) and had lower lung volumes (0.123    0.02 versus 0.149    0.02 mL) than control pups (n=20). Respiratory mechanics were adversely impacted by cigarette smoke exposure. @entity1050 pups had higher baseline airway resistance, tissue damping and tissue elastance. These differences were largely due to lower lung volumes. Both tissue damping and elastance were increased excessively in @entity1050 pups at high transrespiratory pressures, while other parameters were not affected. There were no histological differences between groups. In utero @entity286 smoke exposure significantly affects growth and development in BALB/c @entity19 . These impacts may partially explain the susceptibility of @entity1 born to smoking mothers to early @entity1576 and @entity1576 as adults.

title: In utero cigarette smoke exposure impairs somatic and lung growth in BALB/c XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['chronic respiratory disease', 'respiratory disease']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Before and after investigation of the effects of a wheelchair ergometer Training programme. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of an original interval-training programme on work capacity and cardiorespiratory variables with spinal cord-injured @entity1 (SCIP's) on a wheelchair-specific ergometer. SETTING: BESANCON, FRANCE. METHODS: Seven SCIP's (male) performed 45 min of wheelchair ergometry three times per week, for 6 weeks. Training effects on maximal dynamic performance and endurance capacity were studied by comparison of performance and cardiorespiratory responses observed during both a maximal progressive test (10 W/2 min) and the same training session performed before and after training. RESULTS: Training induced significant improvements in maximal tolerated power (+19.6%), in peak @entity26 consumption (VO2,+16%), and in @entity26 pulse ( @entity17039 ,+18.7%). At ventilatory threshold, significant improvements were also observed in power output (+63%), VO2VT(+ 34.1), ventilation VEVT(+ 37.1%), and V2pVT(+ 19.9% ). Heart rate and ventilation were significantly lower (-11 and -14.6%, respectively) after training at the same work rate, while @entity4962 was unchanged. Between the first and the last training session, the total physical work was improved by 24.7%, whereas heart rate was unchanged. CONCLUSION: An interval-training programme individualised to each paraplegic subject using a wheelchair ergometer can significantly improve the fitness level and endurance capacity.

title: Effects of a wheelchair ergometer training programme on spinal cord-injured XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['persons']


abstract: @entity5 -associated macrophages and high levels of @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) are associated with poor prognosis in @entity0 @entity1 , but their potential interdependence has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine whether macrophages regulate @entity3840 expression in @entity0 cells. For this purpose, THP-1 cells were cocultured with @entity1 @entity0 cells. Coculture led to increased @entity3840 expression in the @entity1 cells and elevated @entity1421 levels in conditioned media. Similar results were observed when THP-1 cells were incubated with @entity1 @entity0 cells or when @entity1 monocyte-derived macrophages were cocultured with @entity1 cells. Coculture triggered production of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) in @entity1 cells. @entity3840 induction was blocked in cells preincubated with an reduced @entity1110 ( @entity1110 ) oxidase inhibitor or by silencing @entity20994 , a subunit of @entity1110 oxidase. ROS production triggered activation of @entity7242 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Blocking @entity7242 or MAPK activities or antagonizing the @entity11346 ( @entity11346 ) transcription factor attenuated @entity3840 induction in @entity1 cells. Coculture caused rapid induction of @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ) in both @entity0 cells and macrophages. Increased @entity1356 expression was blocked by an @entity1193 ( @entity1193 ), suggesting autocrine and paracrine effects. Importantly, macrophage-induced @entity3840 expression was blocked in @entity1 cells preincubated with @entity1193 or anti- @entity1356 IgG. Together, these results indicate that macrophage-mediated induction of @entity3840 in @entity0 cells is a consequence of @entity1356 -mediated stimulation of ROS > @entity7242 > MAPK > @entity11346 signaling. @entity1356 -dependent induction of @entity3840 in @entity0 cells provides a mechanism whereby macrophages contribute to @entity5 progression and potential therapeutic targets in @entity0 .

title: Macrophages induce @entity3840 expression in @entity0 cells: role of XXXX autoamplification.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E(2)']

entities_list: @entity1193 :: ('3557', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1Ra', 'interleukin-1 receptor antagonist']

entities_list: @entity1110 :: ('MESH:D009249', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate', 'NADPH']

answer: @entity1356 :: (3553,Gene) :: ['IL-1b']


abstract: @entity5 -associated macrophages and high levels of @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) are associated with poor prognosis in @entity0 @entity1 , but their potential interdependence has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine whether macrophages regulate @entity3840 expression in @entity0 cells. For this purpose, THP-1 cells were cocultured with @entity1 @entity0 cells. Coculture led to increased @entity3840 expression in the @entity1 cells and elevated @entity1421 levels in conditioned media. Similar results were observed when THP-1 cells were incubated with @entity1 @entity0 cells or when @entity1 monocyte-derived macrophages were cocultured with @entity1 cells. Coculture triggered production of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) in @entity1 cells. @entity3840 induction was blocked in cells preincubated with an reduced @entity1110 ( @entity1110 ) oxidase inhibitor or by silencing @entity20994 , a subunit of @entity1110 oxidase. ROS production triggered activation of @entity7242 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Blocking @entity7242 or MAPK activities or antagonizing the @entity11346 ( @entity11346 ) transcription factor attenuated @entity3840 induction in @entity1 cells. Coculture caused rapid induction of @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ) in both @entity0 cells and macrophages. Increased @entity1356 expression was blocked by an @entity1193 ( @entity1193 ), suggesting autocrine and paracrine effects. Importantly, macrophage-induced @entity3840 expression was blocked in @entity1 cells preincubated with @entity1193 or anti- @entity1356 IgG. Together, these results indicate that macrophage-mediated induction of @entity3840 in @entity0 cells is a consequence of @entity1356 -mediated stimulation of ROS > @entity7242 > MAPK > @entity11346 signaling. @entity1356 -dependent induction of @entity3840 in @entity0 cells provides a mechanism whereby macrophages contribute to @entity5 progression and potential therapeutic targets in @entity0 .

title: Macrophages induce @entity3840 expression in XXXX cells: role of @entity1356 autoamplification.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity5 -associated macrophages and high levels of @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) are associated with poor prognosis in @entity0 @entity1 , but their potential interdependence has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine whether macrophages regulate @entity3840 expression in @entity0 cells. For this purpose, THP-1 cells were cocultured with @entity1 @entity0 cells. Coculture led to increased @entity3840 expression in the @entity1 cells and elevated @entity1421 levels in conditioned media. Similar results were observed when THP-1 cells were incubated with @entity1 @entity0 cells or when @entity1 monocyte-derived macrophages were cocultured with @entity1 cells. Coculture triggered production of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) in @entity1 cells. @entity3840 induction was blocked in cells preincubated with an reduced @entity1110 ( @entity1110 ) oxidase inhibitor or by silencing @entity20994 , a subunit of @entity1110 oxidase. ROS production triggered activation of @entity7242 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Blocking @entity7242 or MAPK activities or antagonizing the @entity11346 ( @entity11346 ) transcription factor attenuated @entity3840 induction in @entity1 cells. Coculture caused rapid induction of @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ) in both @entity0 cells and macrophages. Increased @entity1356 expression was blocked by an @entity1193 ( @entity1193 ), suggesting autocrine and paracrine effects. Importantly, macrophage-induced @entity3840 expression was blocked in @entity1 cells preincubated with @entity1193 or anti- @entity1356 IgG. Together, these results indicate that macrophage-mediated induction of @entity3840 in @entity0 cells is a consequence of @entity1356 -mediated stimulation of ROS > @entity7242 > MAPK > @entity11346 signaling. @entity1356 -dependent induction of @entity3840 in @entity0 cells provides a mechanism whereby macrophages contribute to @entity5 progression and potential therapeutic targets in @entity0 .

title: Macrophages induce XXXX expression in @entity0 cells: role of @entity1356 autoamplification.

answer: @entity3840 :: (5743,Gene) :: ['COX-2']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Total renal volume ( @entity15510 ) is an important index to evaluate the progression of @entity8 ( @entity8 ). @entity15510 has been assessed by manually tracing renal contours from CT or MR scans, often employing contrast medium (CM). We developed a fast and nearly automated technique based on the analysis of MR images acquired without CM injection for @entity15510 quantification. METHODS: 30 @entity8 @entity1 underwent MRI. After the selection of one point inside each kidney for the entire volume, the automatic extraction of kidney contours was performed on each acquired slice; the segmentation procedure was based on region growing and on the application of morphological operators and curvature-based motion. The area inside each contour was calculated and @entity15510 was derived. Volume measurements were validated by comparison with measurements obtained by stereology. RESULTS: @entity15510 estimated in @entity1 was 768    545 ml (range 161-3,111 ml). The automatic measurements were in excellent correlation with the manual ones (r = 0.99, y = x - 0.7), with a small bias and narrow limits of agreement in both absolute (-5    37 ml) and percentage (-0.6    9.6%) terms. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study showed the feasibility of a fast and nearly automated method for determining @entity15510 ; importantly it does not require the use of potentially nephrotoxic CM.

title: Assessment of kidney volume in XXXX using magnetic resonance imaging without contrast medium.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease', 'ADPKD']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['polycystic kidney disease']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: To detect drug concentration levels and metabolite using high-performance liquid chromatography. OBJECTIVE: To map concentration levels of three antituberculous drugs and two metabolites in the abnormal osseous tissues around the foci of @entity1 with @entity3083 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Concentration levels of antituberculous drugs in the focus of @entity3083 has been reported. However, the mapping of drugs distribution in different regions surrounding the foci of @entity378 vertebrae remains unexplored, as well as the metabolite of the drugs. METHODS: Thirty-eight @entity1 with @entity3083 were assigned into @entity3808 group (n = 13) and nonsclerotic group (n = 25) based on computed tomographic (CT) images. All @entity1 received a chemotherapy 10 months with 2HRZE/8H(2)R(2)E(2). All @entity1 received surgery after 4 weeks of chemotherapy. Samples of serum, ilium, and pathologic vertebral tissues, including the foci, @entity3808 wall (if applicable), region I of abnormal osseous tissues (within 4 mm), and region II of abnormal osseous tissues (more than 4 mm) from the foci were collected during operation. Concentration levels and metabolite of three drugs were measured using high-performance liquid method for all samples. Differences of means within groups were evaluated by ANOVA and Dunnett post hoc. A significant levels was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Concentration levels of drugs varied greatly in different regions of @entity3083 vertebrae. Concentration levels of @entity3109 and @entity1215 were higher than the effective bactericidal concentration (EBC) level and that of @entity5585 was five times of the minimal inhibitory concentration in the region II of abnormal osseous tissues and the ilium of nonsclerotic group. Three drugs achieved EBC in the region I of abnormal osseous tissues in the nonsclerotic group but not in the @entity3808 group. Except @entity5585 no drugs and their metabolite were identified in the foci of the @entity3808 group, whereas there is trace of drugs and their metabolite in the foci of the nonsclerotic group. CONCLUSION: Three drugs resulted in an effective bactericidal concentration level in osseous tissues around the foci of @entity3083 except the osseous tissues 4 mm surrounding the @entity3808 wall. The results suggested that osseous tissues within 4 mm surrounding the @entity3808 wall should be excised during the surgery.

title: Distribution of three antituberculous drugs and their metabolites in different parts of pathological vertebrae with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5585 :: ('MESH:D011718', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrazinamide']

entities_list: @entity3083 :: ('MESH:D014399', 'Disease') :: ['spinal tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity3808 :: ('MESH:C538213', 'Disease') :: ['sclerotic']

entities_list: @entity3109 :: ('MESH:D007538', 'Chemical') :: ['isoniazid']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampin']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity3083 :: (MESH:D014399,Disease) :: ['spinal tuberculosis']


abstract: We examined growth changes in concentrations of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 ( @entity72802 ) and @entity251 , and somatometric parameters in two captive male @entity32092 from birth to about 4 years of age, to examine the evolution of growth patterns in primates. Plasma @entity72802 concentrations in @entity32092 generally increased with age with values ranging from 200 to 1100 ng/ml. The growth profiles in plasma @entity72802 in the gibbons were similar to those reported for @entity831 . The highest concentrations of plasma @entity251 (230 and 296 ng/dl) were observed within the first 0.3 years from birth, then the concentrations rapidly decreased and fluctuated below 100 ng/dl. Continuously higher @entity72802 concentrations were observed after 2.6 and 3.5 years of age. The profiles of plasma @entity251 in these gibbons also resembled those of other primates including @entity1 . However, their plasma @entity251 levels in both neonate and adult stages (60 ng/dl) were lower than those reported for macaques and @entity831 of respective stages. The obtained growth profiles of plasma @entity72802 and @entity251 suggest that the adolescent phase starts around 2.6 or 3.5 years of age in male @entity32092 . The growth trend in many morphological parameters including body weight showed a linear increase without a significant growth spurt at approximately the onset of puberty. Head length and first digit length had reached a plateau during the study period. Brachial index, which indicates the relative length of forearm to upper arm, significantly increased gradually through the growth period. This result indicates that forearm becomes relatively longer than the upper arm with growth, which may be an evolutionary adaptation for brachiation.

title: Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, XXXX and morphological changes in the growth of captive @entity32092 ( @entity32092 ) from birth to adolescence.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity32092 :: ('9579', 'Species') :: ['agile gibbons']

entities_list: @entity831 :: ('9598', 'Species') :: ['chimpanzees']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['testosterone']


abstract: We examined growth changes in concentrations of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 ( @entity72802 ) and @entity251 , and somatometric parameters in two captive male @entity32092 from birth to about 4 years of age, to examine the evolution of growth patterns in primates. Plasma @entity72802 concentrations in @entity32092 generally increased with age with values ranging from 200 to 1100 ng/ml. The growth profiles in plasma @entity72802 in the gibbons were similar to those reported for @entity831 . The highest concentrations of plasma @entity251 (230 and 296 ng/dl) were observed within the first 0.3 years from birth, then the concentrations rapidly decreased and fluctuated below 100 ng/dl. Continuously higher @entity72802 concentrations were observed after 2.6 and 3.5 years of age. The profiles of plasma @entity251 in these gibbons also resembled those of other primates including @entity1 . However, their plasma @entity251 levels in both neonate and adult stages (60 ng/dl) were lower than those reported for macaques and @entity831 of respective stages. The obtained growth profiles of plasma @entity72802 and @entity251 suggest that the adolescent phase starts around 2.6 or 3.5 years of age in male @entity32092 . The growth trend in many morphological parameters including body weight showed a linear increase without a significant growth spurt at approximately the onset of puberty. Head length and first digit length had reached a plateau during the study period. Brachial index, which indicates the relative length of forearm to upper arm, significantly increased gradually through the growth period. This result indicates that forearm becomes relatively longer than the upper arm with growth, which may be an evolutionary adaptation for brachiation.

title: Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, @entity251 and morphological changes in the growth of captive XXXX ( @entity32092 ) from birth to adolescence.

answer: @entity32092 :: (9579,Species) :: ['agile gibbons']


abstract: We examined growth changes in concentrations of plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 ( @entity72802 ) and @entity251 , and somatometric parameters in two captive male @entity32092 from birth to about 4 years of age, to examine the evolution of growth patterns in primates. Plasma @entity72802 concentrations in @entity32092 generally increased with age with values ranging from 200 to 1100 ng/ml. The growth profiles in plasma @entity72802 in the gibbons were similar to those reported for @entity831 . The highest concentrations of plasma @entity251 (230 and 296 ng/dl) were observed within the first 0.3 years from birth, then the concentrations rapidly decreased and fluctuated below 100 ng/dl. Continuously higher @entity72802 concentrations were observed after 2.6 and 3.5 years of age. The profiles of plasma @entity251 in these gibbons also resembled those of other primates including @entity1 . However, their plasma @entity251 levels in both neonate and adult stages (60 ng/dl) were lower than those reported for macaques and @entity831 of respective stages. The obtained growth profiles of plasma @entity72802 and @entity251 suggest that the adolescent phase starts around 2.6 or 3.5 years of age in male @entity32092 . The growth trend in many morphological parameters including body weight showed a linear increase without a significant growth spurt at approximately the onset of puberty. Head length and first digit length had reached a plateau during the study period. Brachial index, which indicates the relative length of forearm to upper arm, significantly increased gradually through the growth period. This result indicates that forearm becomes relatively longer than the upper arm with growth, which may be an evolutionary adaptation for brachiation.

title: Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, @entity251 and morphological changes in the growth of captive @entity32092 ( XXXX ) from birth to adolescence.

answer: @entity32092 :: (9579,Species) :: ['Hylobates agilis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the midterm anatomical and functional outcomes of intravitreal injection of low-dose @entity2995 in silicone oil-filled eyes as an adjunctive treatment for proliferative @entity1715 . METHODS: This is a retrospective interventional case series. @entity1 with proliferative @entity1715 grade C or D received pars plana vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade and intravitreal injection of 2 mg of @entity2995 in the first stage and silicone oil removal in the second stage. Primary outcome measures were retinal reattachment rate and best-corrected visual acuity. RESULTS: In all, 37 eyes from 37 @entity1 were included in this study. The mean follow-up duration was 22.9    9.6 months. Retina was reattached in 36 (97.3%) eyes at the last visit. The mean best-corrected visual acuity was 1.76    0.56 logMAR at baseline, which improved to 0.87    0.60 logMAR at the last visit (P < 0.001). Best-corrected visual acuity increased in 31 (83.8%) eyes, remained unchanged in 5 (13.5%) eyes, and decreased in 1 (2.7%) eye at last visit compared with baseline. CONCLUSION: Low-dose (2 mg) @entity2995 intravitreal injection as an adjunct to vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade in treating proliferative @entity1715 (grade C or D) appears to be effective and safe.

title: Midterm results of low-dose intravitreal triamcinolone as adjunctive treatment for proliferative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity1715 :: ('MESH:D018630', 'Disease') :: ['vitreoretinopathy']

answer: @entity1715 :: (MESH:D018630,Disease) :: ['vitreoretinopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of the B lymphocyte (anti- @entity2225 ) antibody, rituximab, in the treatment of @entity134 -resistant moderately active @entity31 ( @entity31 ). METHODS: A double-blinded, randomised controlled trial with a 2:1 ratio of treatment:placebo (phase II) was carried out in the setting of a University teaching hospital. The subjects comprised 24 @entity1 with moderately active @entity31 who have either failed to respond to conventional corticosteroid therapy or who have relapsed during @entity228 withdrawal. Five of 8 placebo-treated @entity1 and 12 of 16 rituximab-treated @entity1 were receiving @entity500 , @entity4446 or @entity1499 . Two infusions of rituximab 1 g in 500 ml of 0.9% saline intravenously over 4 h (n=16) or saline placebo (n=8) were given at 0 and 2 weeks. @entity1 still receiving corticosteroids on entry (placebo group 7/8; rituximab group 14/16) continued a standard @entity134 tapering regimen. The primary end point was remission (Mayo score  <= 2) at 4 weeks. Secondary end points included response (Mayo score reduced >=  3) at 4 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: Mayo score at entry was higher in rituximab-treated @entity1 (mean 9.19; 95% CI 8.31 to 10.06) than for placebo @entity1 (7.63; 6.63 to 8.62, p=0.03). At week 4 only 1/8 placebo-treated @entity1 and 3/16 rituximab-treated @entity1 were in remission (p=1.0), but 8/16 rituximab-treated @entity1 had responded compared with 2/8 placebo-treated @entity1 , with a median reduction in Mayo score of 2.5 (rituximab) compared with 0 (placebo; p=0.07). This response was only maintained to week 12 in 4/16. Mucosal healing was seen at week 4 in 5/16 rituximab-treated @entity1 and 2/8 placebo-treated @entity1 (non-significant). Rituximab was well tolerated, with one @entity5837 , three mild infusion reactions plus one case of (probably unrelated) non-fatal @entity1151 . CONCLUSIONS Rituximab has no significant effect on inducing remission in moderately active @entity31 not responding to oral @entity230 . There was a possible short-term response that was not sustained. Rituximab is well tolerated in @entity31 . CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT00261118.

title: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of rituximab (anti- @entity2225 ) in active XXXX .

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['chest infection']

entities_list: @entity4446 :: ('MESH:D015122', 'Chemical') :: ['6-mercaptopurine']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of the B lymphocyte (anti- @entity2225 ) antibody, rituximab, in the treatment of @entity134 -resistant moderately active @entity31 ( @entity31 ). METHODS: A double-blinded, randomised controlled trial with a 2:1 ratio of treatment:placebo (phase II) was carried out in the setting of a University teaching hospital. The subjects comprised 24 @entity1 with moderately active @entity31 who have either failed to respond to conventional corticosteroid therapy or who have relapsed during @entity228 withdrawal. Five of 8 placebo-treated @entity1 and 12 of 16 rituximab-treated @entity1 were receiving @entity500 , @entity4446 or @entity1499 . Two infusions of rituximab 1 g in 500 ml of 0.9% saline intravenously over 4 h (n=16) or saline placebo (n=8) were given at 0 and 2 weeks. @entity1 still receiving corticosteroids on entry (placebo group 7/8; rituximab group 14/16) continued a standard @entity134 tapering regimen. The primary end point was remission (Mayo score  <= 2) at 4 weeks. Secondary end points included response (Mayo score reduced >=  3) at 4 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: Mayo score at entry was higher in rituximab-treated @entity1 (mean 9.19; 95% CI 8.31 to 10.06) than for placebo @entity1 (7.63; 6.63 to 8.62, p=0.03). At week 4 only 1/8 placebo-treated @entity1 and 3/16 rituximab-treated @entity1 were in remission (p=1.0), but 8/16 rituximab-treated @entity1 had responded compared with 2/8 placebo-treated @entity1 , with a median reduction in Mayo score of 2.5 (rituximab) compared with 0 (placebo; p=0.07). This response was only maintained to week 12 in 4/16. Mucosal healing was seen at week 4 in 5/16 rituximab-treated @entity1 and 2/8 placebo-treated @entity1 (non-significant). Rituximab was well tolerated, with one @entity5837 , three mild infusion reactions plus one case of (probably unrelated) non-fatal @entity1151 . CONCLUSIONS Rituximab has no significant effect on inducing remission in moderately active @entity31 not responding to oral @entity230 . There was a possible short-term response that was not sustained. Rituximab is well tolerated in @entity31 . CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT00261118.

title: Randomised placebo-controlled trial of rituximab (anti- XXXX ) in active @entity31 .

answer: @entity2225 :: (54474,Gene) :: ['CD20']


abstract: AIM: To assess the quality of data included in the histology request form. METHOD: We prospectively reviewed the histology request forms of 375 consecutive @entity272 . In addition, the appropriateness of the surgical specimen was determined. RESULTS: There were 196 @entity1 and 179 @entity1 with a mean age of 58.4 years. The majority of specimens (84.5%) derived from primary care. 233 lesions (62%) were removed by excision, 57 (15%) by shave, three by curettage, with 82 lesions (22%) by punch/incisional biopsy. The clinical diagnosis was either not specified in 56 cases (15%), or simply labelled as 'lesion' in 84 (22%) @entity1 . In 140/375 cases (37%), no useful clinical information was available. The clinical diagnosis matched the histopathological diagnosis in 145 cases (39%). Sixty percent (78/131) of histologically confirmed malignant lesions had not been identified clinically as being malignant: only 2 of 12 (17%) @entity320 , 33/74 (45%) BCCs and 18/45 SCCs (57%) were diagnosed clinically. The specimen type was considered inadequate to make a histopathological diagnosis in 25 cases (6.7%). CONCLUSION: In over a third of histology requests, diagnostic clinical information was absent. In addition, punch biopsy was used in 40% of lesions where a @entity320 was being considered clinically.

title: Pathology referrals for XXXX --are we giving the pathologist sufficient clinical information?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin lesions']


abstract: PURPOSE: We report a 9-year experience with successful treatment of @entity1 with @entity365 at a missionary hospital with decreased facilities in Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1995 to 2002, 20 @entity1 10 to 29 years old (average age 18.4) with @entity14259 underwent total vaginal replacement. Ten of the 20 females were married and the @entity154 was discovered after marriage. In the remaining 10 cases the diagnosis was suspected by the parents because of absent menstruation. In all @entity1 the neovagina was created using a 12 to 14 cm segment of distal sigmoid colon. RESULTS: Short-term morbidity was minimal. At the long-term followup, which was available for 16 @entity1 , the neovagina had a good-appearing introitus. No @entity850 , stones or @entity1960 was reported. Six @entity1 already had an active sexual life, which was reported to be satisfactory. Five couples had already adopted 1 or more @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Good perioperative preparation and assistance, assurance of cyclical followup and a trained surgical team permitted successful treatment of a @entity790 at a missionary hospital with modest services. Sigmoid vaginoplasty in a developing country seems to be the best choice because of simple management and followup. Young @entity1 unable to procreate because of @entity365 seem to have an unexpected normal family and social acceptance in Bangladesh after complete vaginal replacement.

title: Treatment of XXXX at a missionary hospital in Bangladesh: results and followup of 20 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity14259 :: ('OMIM:277000', 'Disease') :: ['Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity365 :: ('MESH:D014627', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal atresia']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['complex genital malformation']

answer: @entity365 :: (MESH:D014627,Disease) :: ['vaginal atresia']


abstract: PURPOSE: We determined @entity1 tolerance and the sequence of histopathological changes of thermal injury and healing of the prostate after treatment with a novel, rapid, high temperature, liquid filled, flexible balloon thermotherapy system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 17 @entity1 scheduled for prostatic surgery received preoperative high temperature water balloon thermotherapy. In 13 @entity1 intraprostatic, urethral and rectal temperatures were continuously monitored and determined using stereotactic thermal mapping with the @entity1 under spinal anesthesia. The remaining 4 @entity1 had @entity3303 gel as the only method of pain control. @entity1 discomfort was recorded at all times during the procedure. After treatment a prostatic stent was left in place until surgery or spontaneous voiding. Serial sections of the resected prostates were evaluated pathologically with mapping. RESULTS: Treatment was well tolerated by all @entity1 . Prostates were enucleated (in 12 @entity1 ) or entirely removed (in 5) at a mean of 35 days (range 15 to 173) after thermotherapy. The predominant pathological findings in the early phase were uniform periurethral @entity548 , extensive urothelial denudation and varying degrees of @entity32 . The mean radial depth of @entity39 (from the urethra to the viable tissue border) was 0.9 cm (range 0.6 to 1.5) involving a mean of 16% of the @entity1067 (range 7.8% to 32%). In the late (resolution) phase necrotic tissue had been replaced by @entity3145 ( @entity82 and @entity8855 ) with a mean radial depth of 0.13 cm (range 0.01 to 0.24), and the urothelium had largely regrown along the urethra. CONCLUSIONS: The fast liquid ablation system for @entity1373 is a new minimally invasive treatment that induces considerable thermal injury to the prostate with uniform @entity39 and subsequent sloughing of dead tissue, allowing enlargement of the urethral lumen.

title: Fast liquid ablation system for XXXX : a new minimally invasive thermal treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['scar tissue']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic adenoma']

entities_list: @entity8855 :: ('MESH:D006819', 'Disease') :: ['hyalinization']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether @entity28 modifies the effects of endogenous @entity134 sex hormones on @entity729 in @entity1 at midlife. METHODS: Associations between @entity53 , @entity251 , @entity443 , and free @entity342 index and the presence and extent of coronary and aortic @entity730 were evaluated in 187 @entity28 (body mass index, >= 30 kg/m) and 281 nonobese (body mass index, <30 kg/m) @entity1 from the Study of @entity1 's Health Across the Nation. Logistic and linear regressions were used as appropriate. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of coronary and aortic @entity730 were significantly higher among @entity28 compared with nonobese @entity1 (P < 0.001, for both). In multivariable analyses, @entity134 sex hormones were not associated with the presence of coronary @entity730 . However, for the extent of coronary @entity730 , significant interactions were found between @entity28 and both @entity443 (P < 0.0001) and free @entity342 index (P = 0.008). In nonobese @entity1 , higher @entity443 (P = 0.0006) and lower free @entity342 index (P = 0.01) were associated with a greater extent of coronary @entity730 , whereas lower @entity443 was associated with greater extent of coronary @entity730 in @entity28 @entity1 (P = 0.05). For aortic @entity730 outcomes, higher @entity443 was associated with the presence of aortic @entity730 among nonobese @entity1 (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16-2.32, for each 1-SD greater @entity443 ). CONCLUSIONS: Associations between endogenous @entity134 sex hormones and @entity729 vary by @entity28 status among perimenopausal @entity1 . Further research is needed to better understand the possible mechanisms of these associations.

title: Effect modification of @entity28 on associations between endogenous XXXX sex hormones and @entity729 in @entity1 at midlife.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['arterial calcification']

entities_list: @entity443 :: ('6462', 'Gene') :: ['sex hormone-binding globulin']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether @entity28 modifies the effects of endogenous @entity134 sex hormones on @entity729 in @entity1 at midlife. METHODS: Associations between @entity53 , @entity251 , @entity443 , and free @entity342 index and the presence and extent of coronary and aortic @entity730 were evaluated in 187 @entity28 (body mass index, >= 30 kg/m) and 281 nonobese (body mass index, <30 kg/m) @entity1 from the Study of @entity1 's Health Across the Nation. Logistic and linear regressions were used as appropriate. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of coronary and aortic @entity730 were significantly higher among @entity28 compared with nonobese @entity1 (P < 0.001, for both). In multivariable analyses, @entity134 sex hormones were not associated with the presence of coronary @entity730 . However, for the extent of coronary @entity730 , significant interactions were found between @entity28 and both @entity443 (P < 0.0001) and free @entity342 index (P = 0.008). In nonobese @entity1 , higher @entity443 (P = 0.0006) and lower free @entity342 index (P = 0.01) were associated with a greater extent of coronary @entity730 , whereas lower @entity443 was associated with greater extent of coronary @entity730 in @entity28 @entity1 (P = 0.05). For aortic @entity730 outcomes, higher @entity443 was associated with the presence of aortic @entity730 among nonobese @entity1 (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16-2.32, for each 1-SD greater @entity443 ). CONCLUSIONS: Associations between endogenous @entity134 sex hormones and @entity729 vary by @entity28 status among perimenopausal @entity1 . Further research is needed to better understand the possible mechanisms of these associations.

title: Effect modification of XXXX on associations between endogenous @entity134 sex hormones and @entity729 in @entity1 at midlife.

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether @entity28 modifies the effects of endogenous @entity134 sex hormones on @entity729 in @entity1 at midlife. METHODS: Associations between @entity53 , @entity251 , @entity443 , and free @entity342 index and the presence and extent of coronary and aortic @entity730 were evaluated in 187 @entity28 (body mass index, >= 30 kg/m) and 281 nonobese (body mass index, <30 kg/m) @entity1 from the Study of @entity1 's Health Across the Nation. Logistic and linear regressions were used as appropriate. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of coronary and aortic @entity730 were significantly higher among @entity28 compared with nonobese @entity1 (P < 0.001, for both). In multivariable analyses, @entity134 sex hormones were not associated with the presence of coronary @entity730 . However, for the extent of coronary @entity730 , significant interactions were found between @entity28 and both @entity443 (P < 0.0001) and free @entity342 index (P = 0.008). In nonobese @entity1 , higher @entity443 (P = 0.0006) and lower free @entity342 index (P = 0.01) were associated with a greater extent of coronary @entity730 , whereas lower @entity443 was associated with greater extent of coronary @entity730 in @entity28 @entity1 (P = 0.05). For aortic @entity730 outcomes, higher @entity443 was associated with the presence of aortic @entity730 among nonobese @entity1 (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16-2.32, for each 1-SD greater @entity443 ). CONCLUSIONS: Associations between endogenous @entity134 sex hormones and @entity729 vary by @entity28 status among perimenopausal @entity1 . Further research is needed to better understand the possible mechanisms of these associations.

title: Effect modification of @entity28 on associations between endogenous @entity134 sex hormones and XXXX in @entity1 at midlife.

answer: @entity729 :: (MESH:D061205,Disease) :: ['arterial calcification']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether @entity28 modifies the effects of endogenous @entity134 sex hormones on @entity729 in @entity1 at midlife. METHODS: Associations between @entity53 , @entity251 , @entity443 , and free @entity342 index and the presence and extent of coronary and aortic @entity730 were evaluated in 187 @entity28 (body mass index, >= 30 kg/m) and 281 nonobese (body mass index, <30 kg/m) @entity1 from the Study of @entity1 's Health Across the Nation. Logistic and linear regressions were used as appropriate. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of coronary and aortic @entity730 were significantly higher among @entity28 compared with nonobese @entity1 (P < 0.001, for both). In multivariable analyses, @entity134 sex hormones were not associated with the presence of coronary @entity730 . However, for the extent of coronary @entity730 , significant interactions were found between @entity28 and both @entity443 (P < 0.0001) and free @entity342 index (P = 0.008). In nonobese @entity1 , higher @entity443 (P = 0.0006) and lower free @entity342 index (P = 0.01) were associated with a greater extent of coronary @entity730 , whereas lower @entity443 was associated with greater extent of coronary @entity730 in @entity28 @entity1 (P = 0.05). For aortic @entity730 outcomes, higher @entity443 was associated with the presence of aortic @entity730 among nonobese @entity1 (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.16-2.32, for each 1-SD greater @entity443 ). CONCLUSIONS: Associations between endogenous @entity134 sex hormones and @entity729 vary by @entity28 status among perimenopausal @entity1 . Further research is needed to better understand the possible mechanisms of these associations.

title: Effect modification of @entity28 on associations between endogenous @entity134 sex hormones and @entity729 in XXXX at midlife.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: AIM: Postcuring elution of unreacted monomers has harmful effects on mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility of resin composite restorations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of eluted @entity7640 and TEGDMA monomers from a hybrid dental composite cured with LED or @entity10021 curing unit after immersing in saliva or water. METHODS: Thirty-six composite disc specimens (Hybrid Filtek Z250,3M-ESPE, USA) were made and divided in four groups. After polymerization with LED or @entity10021 curing units, samples were immersed in water or saliva for 24 hours. The amounts of each monomer ( @entity7640 and TEGDMA) released in different mediums were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and one-way ANOVA tests. RESULTS: The samples were immersed in water, in both curing methods, released significantly more @entity7640 than @entity9029 (P<0.05). The total monomers eluted was higher in samples cured with @entity10021 curing unit than LED (P=0.001); in addition, saliva caused elution of more monomer than water (P=0.007). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, chemical property of monomers, power of curing light unit and the type of immersion media play key roles in the quantity of eluted monomers from composite resins. Saliva and @entity10021 curing unit can cause greater monomer leaching from hybrid resins composite.

title: Evaluation of XXXX /TEGDMA monomers leaching from a hybrid dental composite resin.

answer: @entity7640 :: (MESH:D017438,Chemical) :: ['Bis-GMA']


abstract: In a previous study, we obtained histologic documentation of @entity409 in the @entity35 model of rapid decompression. The aim of the study was to assess in the same model occurrence and time course of liver @entity887 using 2-D ultrasound imaging, and to explore by this means putative @entity409 in recreational scuba divers. Following 42 min compression at 7 ATA breathing air and 12 min decompression, eight surviving female @entity35 were anesthetized and the liver imaged by ultrasound at 20 min intervals up to 120 min. A significant enhancement of echo signal was recorded from 60 to 120 min as compared to earlier post-decompression times. Enzymatic markers of @entity409 (AST, ALT, and GGT) increased significantly at 24 h upon decompression. Twelve healthy experienced divers were studied basally and at 15-min intervals up to 60 min following a 30-min scuba dive at 30 msw depth. At 30 min upon surfacing echo images showed significant signal enhancement that progressed and reached plateau at 45 and 60 min. Total @entity648 at 24 h increased significantly (p = 0.02) with respect to basal values although within the reference range. In conclusion, 2-D ultrasound liver imaging allowed detection of gas @entity887 in the @entity35 and defined the time course of gas accumulation. Its application to scuba divers revealed @entity409 in all subjects in the absence of clear-cut evidence of @entity409 or of any symptom. The clinical significance of our findings remains to be investigated.

title: Post-dive ultrasound detection of gas in the liver of XXXX and scuba divers.

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver gas embolism', 'liver gas accumulation', 'liver damage']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity1862 (HU), an orally administered chemotherapy, has become the de facto standard therapeutic agent in @entity1 with surgically and radiation refractory @entity1653 based on a limited literature. A retrospective case series of 60 @entity1 with recurrent WHO grade 1 @entity1653 treated with HU following progression after surgery and radiotherapy was conducted with primary study objective progression free survival (PFS) at 6- and 12-months. Sixty @entity1 (45 @entity1 ; 15 @entity1 : median age 61.5  years, range 26-88) with recurrent @entity1653 were treated with HU (1000  mg/m(2)/day orally divided twice per day; one cycle operationally defined as 4-weeks of daily HU). All @entity1 had progressed radiographically after prior therapy with surgery (60/60) and radiotherapy (external beam radiotherapy 60/60; stereotactic radiotherapy 53/60). No @entity1 received prior chemotherapy or targeted therapy before instituting HU. @entity1 received 1-12 cycles (median 2.0) of HU with modest @entity137 (10% grade 3  +  @entity417 or @entity1295 ). There were no radiographic responses, 35% of @entity1 had stable disease and 65% manifested progressive disease. Duration of stable disease ranged from 3 to 12  months (median 4.0  months). The overall PFS was 10% (median PFS 2.0  months). The majority of @entity1 (80%) following progression on HU were subsequently treated on an investigational trial. In this retrospective case series, HU though generally well tolerated and convenient, appeared to have very limited activity which raises questions of what constitutes effective salvage therapy and indicates an unmet need for alternative treatments for recurrent @entity1653 .

title: @entity1862 for recurrent surgery and radiation refractory XXXX : a retrospective case series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningioma', 'meningiomas']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningioma']


abstract: @entity1862 (HU), an orally administered chemotherapy, has become the de facto standard therapeutic agent in @entity1 with surgically and radiation refractory @entity1653 based on a limited literature. A retrospective case series of 60 @entity1 with recurrent WHO grade 1 @entity1653 treated with HU following progression after surgery and radiotherapy was conducted with primary study objective progression free survival (PFS) at 6- and 12-months. Sixty @entity1 (45 @entity1 ; 15 @entity1 : median age 61.5  years, range 26-88) with recurrent @entity1653 were treated with HU (1000  mg/m(2)/day orally divided twice per day; one cycle operationally defined as 4-weeks of daily HU). All @entity1 had progressed radiographically after prior therapy with surgery (60/60) and radiotherapy (external beam radiotherapy 60/60; stereotactic radiotherapy 53/60). No @entity1 received prior chemotherapy or targeted therapy before instituting HU. @entity1 received 1-12 cycles (median 2.0) of HU with modest @entity137 (10% grade 3  +  @entity417 or @entity1295 ). There were no radiographic responses, 35% of @entity1 had stable disease and 65% manifested progressive disease. Duration of stable disease ranged from 3 to 12  months (median 4.0  months). The overall PFS was 10% (median PFS 2.0  months). The majority of @entity1 (80%) following progression on HU were subsequently treated on an investigational trial. In this retrospective case series, HU though generally well tolerated and convenient, appeared to have very limited activity which raises questions of what constitutes effective salvage therapy and indicates an unmet need for alternative treatments for recurrent @entity1653 .

title: XXXX for recurrent surgery and radiation refractory @entity1653 : a retrospective case series.

answer: @entity1862 :: (MESH:D006918,Chemical) :: ['Hydroxyurea']


abstract: Metabotropic @entity2227 receptors (mGluR) have a diverse range of structures and molecular coupling mechanisms. There are eight mGluR subtypes divided into three major groups. Group I ( @entity49631 ) is excitatory; groups II ( @entity9448 ) and III ( @entity10882 , 6, and 7) are inhibitory. All mGluR are found in the @entity1 nervous system but some are absent from sensory neurons. The focus here is on mGluR in sensory pathways from the viscera, where they have been explored as therapeutic targets. Group I mGluR are activated by endogenous @entity2227 or constitutively active without agonist. Constitutive activity can be exploited by inverse agonists to reduce neuronal excitability without synaptic input. This is promising for reducing activation of nociceptive afferents and @entity158 using @entity10092 negative allosteric modulators. Many inhibitory mGluR are also expressed in visceral afferents, many of which markedly reduce excitability. Their role in @entity3825 remains to be determined, but they have shown promise in inhibition of the triggering of @entity354 , via an action on mechanosensory gastric afferents. The extent of reflux inhibition is limited, however, and may not reach a clinically useful level. On the other hand, negative modulation of @entity10092 has very potent actions on reflux inhibition, which has produced the most likely candidates so far as therapeutic drugs. These act probably outside the central nervous system, and may therefore provide a generous therapeutic window. There are many unanswered questions about mGluR along visceral afferent pathways, the answers to which may reveal many more therapeutic candidates.

title: Metabotropic XXXX receptors as novel therapeutic targets on visceral sensory pathways.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity3825 :: ('MESH:D059265', 'Disease') :: ['visceral pain']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-esophageal reflux']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Biomarkers to monitor @entity51 in @entity1120 ( @entity1120 ) are lacking. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a technique which allows us to probe the microstructure of the white-matter of the brain, in-vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of DTI to visualise and quantify white matter integrity in @entity1 with @entity1120 and @entity196 Gaucher. DESIGN: DTI was performed and fractional anisotropy (FA), @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ), axial (  (axial)) diffusivity and radial (  (radial)) diffusivity maps calculated. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to perform a voxel-wise statistical analysis of the main white matter structures compared to age-sex matched control groups. SETTING: The study was performed at Great Ormond Street @entity1 's Hospital NHS Trust @entity1 : Four @entity1120 and three @entity196 Gaucher paediatric @entity1 were recruited RESULTS: The findings suggest the presence of microstructural white matter changes in @entity1120 @entity1 primarily in the middle cerebellar peduncles compared to an age-sex matched control group. This finding is relevant to the clinical manifestation of @entity2055 seen in @entity1120 . Diffuse non-specific changes were seen in the @entity196 @entity1 , but without a focal point. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to use DTI to examine the Gaucher brain. While the numbers studied are small, the results suggest that DTI may be an attractive surrogate marker of @entity1120 , worthy of further exploration for use in clinical studies.

title: Brain white matter abnormalities in paediatric Gaucher XXXX and Type III using diffusion tensor imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1120 :: ('MESH:D005776', 'Disease') :: ['NGD', 'Neuronopathic Gaucher disease']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['MD', 'mean diffusivity']

answer: @entity196 :: (MESH:D020754,Disease) :: ['Type I']


abstract: Social insects provide good model systems for testing trade-offs in decision-making because of their marked reproductive skew and the dilemma workers face when to reproduce. Attaining reproductive skew requires energy investment in @entity146 or fertility signaling, creating a trade-off between reproduction and dominance. This may be density-dependent because the cost of achieving dominance may be higher in larger groups. We investigated the effect of group-size in @entity20993 queenless workers on two major reproduction-dominance correlates: between-worker @entity146 , and @entity5681 production, aiming at mimicking decision-making during the transition of worker behavior from cooperation and sterility to aggressive reproductive competition in whole colonies. Despite the competition, reproductive division of labor in colonies can be maintained even during this phase through the production of a sterility signal by sterile workers that has an appeasement effect on dominant nestmates. @entity146 , ovary activation, and production of sterility-appeasement signals may therefore constitute components of a trade-off affecting worker reproduction decisions. By constructing queenless groups of different size and measuring how this affected the parameters above, we found that in all groups @entity146 was not evenly distributed with the a-worker performing most of the aggressive acts. Moreover, @entity146 by the a-worker increased proportionally with group-size. However, while in small groups the a-worker monopolized reproduction, in larger groups several workers shared reproduction, creating two worker groups: reproductives and helpers. It appears that despite the increase of @entity146 , this was evidently not sufficient for the a-worker to monopolize reproduction. If we compare the a-worker to the queen in full-sized colonies it can be hypothesized that worker reproduction in @entity20993 colonies starts due to a gradual increase in the worker population and the queen's inability to physically inhibit worker oviposition. This may shift the trade-off between cost and benefit of worker reproduction and trigger the competition phase.

title: The effect of group size on the interplay between dominance and reproduction in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5681 :: ('CHEBI:26013', 'Chemical') :: ['pheromone']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggression', 'Worker-worker aggression']

answer: @entity20993 :: (30195,Species) :: ['Bombus terrestris']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity645 / @entity791 clinics in Uganda and other low-income countries face increasing numbers of @entity1 and workforce shortages. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing a Pharmacy-only Refill Program (PRP), a form of task-shifting, to the Standard of Care (SOC) at a large @entity645 / @entity791 clinic in Uganda, the @entity166 Institute (IDI). The PRP was started to reduce workforce shortages and optimize @entity1 care by substituting pharmacy visits for SOC involving monthly physician visits for accessing antiretroviral medicines. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used a retrospective cohort analysis to compare the effectiveness of the PRP compared to SOC. Effectiveness was defined as Favorable Immune Response (FIR), measured as having a @entity404 lymphocyte count of over 500 cells/  l at follow-up. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the difference in FIR between @entity1 in the PRP and SOC. We incorporated estimates of effectiveness into an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis performed from a limited societal perspective. We estimated costs from previous studies at IDI and conducted univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. We identified 829 @entity1 , 578 in the PRP and 251 in SOC. After 12.8 months (PRP) and 15.1 months (SOC) of follow-up, 18.9% of @entity1 had a FIR, 18.6% in the PRP and 19.6% in SOC. There was a non-significant 9% decrease in the odds of having a FIR for PRP compared to SOC after adjusting for other variables (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.55-1.58). The PRP was less costly than the SOC (US  520 vs. 655 annually, respectively). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio comparing PRP to SOC was US  13,500 per FIR. PRP remained cost-effective at univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The PRP is more cost-effective than the standard of care. Similar task-shifting programs might help large @entity645 / @entity791 clinics in Uganda and other low-income countries to cope with increasing numbers of @entity1 seeking care.

title: Cost effectiveness of a pharmacy-only refill program in a large urban @entity645 / XXXX clinic in Uganda.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious Diseases']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity645 / @entity791 clinics in Uganda and other low-income countries face increasing numbers of @entity1 and workforce shortages. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing a Pharmacy-only Refill Program (PRP), a form of task-shifting, to the Standard of Care (SOC) at a large @entity645 / @entity791 clinic in Uganda, the @entity166 Institute (IDI). The PRP was started to reduce workforce shortages and optimize @entity1 care by substituting pharmacy visits for SOC involving monthly physician visits for accessing antiretroviral medicines. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used a retrospective cohort analysis to compare the effectiveness of the PRP compared to SOC. Effectiveness was defined as Favorable Immune Response (FIR), measured as having a @entity404 lymphocyte count of over 500 cells/  l at follow-up. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess the difference in FIR between @entity1 in the PRP and SOC. We incorporated estimates of effectiveness into an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis performed from a limited societal perspective. We estimated costs from previous studies at IDI and conducted univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. We identified 829 @entity1 , 578 in the PRP and 251 in SOC. After 12.8 months (PRP) and 15.1 months (SOC) of follow-up, 18.9% of @entity1 had a FIR, 18.6% in the PRP and 19.6% in SOC. There was a non-significant 9% decrease in the odds of having a FIR for PRP compared to SOC after adjusting for other variables (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.55-1.58). The PRP was less costly than the SOC (US  520 vs. 655 annually, respectively). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio comparing PRP to SOC was US  13,500 per FIR. PRP remained cost-effective at univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The PRP is more cost-effective than the standard of care. Similar task-shifting programs might help large @entity645 / @entity791 clinics in Uganda and other low-income countries to cope with increasing numbers of @entity1 seeking care.

title: Cost effectiveness of a pharmacy-only refill program in a large urban XXXX / @entity791 clinic in Uganda.

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: Adipocytes account for more than 90% of @entity1 breast volume and secrete adipocytokines, which play a role in @entity0 development. Among the adipocytokines is @entity1243 , which is secreted mainly by adipocytes and plays a key role in @entity0 development. @entity1243 expression is up-regulated in both @entity28 and @entity0 @entity1 , and promotes @entity0 cell growth. Exposure to environmental @entity172 has also been found to be directly related to the development of @entity0 . @entity8936 (Z) is a non-steroidal anabolic growth promoter with estrogenic activity that is widely used in the US beef industry due to its commercial benefits. @entity6319 is a natural compound extracted from cottonseed that inhibits @entity0 growth, and is potentially a chemopreventive food component. This study focused on Z and bio-active Z-containing sera (ZS) collected from Z-implanted beef, and evaluated their adverse health risk to @entity1 . We hypothesized that Z increases the risk of @entity0 in @entity28 @entity1 . A cell proliferation assay, ELISA analysis, RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to investigate the interaction of @entity1243 , Z and @entity6319 in primary cultured normal @entity1 breast pre-adipocytes. The results indicated that Z and ZS stimulated the growth of pre-adipocytes isolated from normal @entity1 breast tissues by up-regulating @entity4910 expression, while @entity6319 reversed this effect.

title: @entity1243 and XXXX up-regulate @entity4910 expression in primary cultured normal @entity1 breast pre-adipocytes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogens']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity6319 :: ('MESH:D006072', 'Chemical') :: ['(-)-gossypol', 'Gossypol']

answer: @entity8936 :: (MESH:D015029,Chemical) :: ['zeranol']


abstract: Adipocytes account for more than 90% of @entity1 breast volume and secrete adipocytokines, which play a role in @entity0 development. Among the adipocytokines is @entity1243 , which is secreted mainly by adipocytes and plays a key role in @entity0 development. @entity1243 expression is up-regulated in both @entity28 and @entity0 @entity1 , and promotes @entity0 cell growth. Exposure to environmental @entity172 has also been found to be directly related to the development of @entity0 . @entity8936 (Z) is a non-steroidal anabolic growth promoter with estrogenic activity that is widely used in the US beef industry due to its commercial benefits. @entity6319 is a natural compound extracted from cottonseed that inhibits @entity0 growth, and is potentially a chemopreventive food component. This study focused on Z and bio-active Z-containing sera (ZS) collected from Z-implanted beef, and evaluated their adverse health risk to @entity1 . We hypothesized that Z increases the risk of @entity0 in @entity28 @entity1 . A cell proliferation assay, ELISA analysis, RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to investigate the interaction of @entity1243 , Z and @entity6319 in primary cultured normal @entity1 breast pre-adipocytes. The results indicated that Z and ZS stimulated the growth of pre-adipocytes isolated from normal @entity1 breast tissues by up-regulating @entity4910 expression, while @entity6319 reversed this effect.

title: XXXX and @entity8936 up-regulate @entity4910 expression in primary cultured normal @entity1 breast pre-adipocytes.

answer: @entity1243 :: (3952,Gene) :: ['Leptin']


abstract: Adipocytes account for more than 90% of @entity1 breast volume and secrete adipocytokines, which play a role in @entity0 development. Among the adipocytokines is @entity1243 , which is secreted mainly by adipocytes and plays a key role in @entity0 development. @entity1243 expression is up-regulated in both @entity28 and @entity0 @entity1 , and promotes @entity0 cell growth. Exposure to environmental @entity172 has also been found to be directly related to the development of @entity0 . @entity8936 (Z) is a non-steroidal anabolic growth promoter with estrogenic activity that is widely used in the US beef industry due to its commercial benefits. @entity6319 is a natural compound extracted from cottonseed that inhibits @entity0 growth, and is potentially a chemopreventive food component. This study focused on Z and bio-active Z-containing sera (ZS) collected from Z-implanted beef, and evaluated their adverse health risk to @entity1 . We hypothesized that Z increases the risk of @entity0 in @entity28 @entity1 . A cell proliferation assay, ELISA analysis, RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to investigate the interaction of @entity1243 , Z and @entity6319 in primary cultured normal @entity1 breast pre-adipocytes. The results indicated that Z and ZS stimulated the growth of pre-adipocytes isolated from normal @entity1 breast tissues by up-regulating @entity4910 expression, while @entity6319 reversed this effect.

title: @entity1243 and @entity8936 up-regulate XXXX expression in primary cultured normal @entity1 breast pre-adipocytes.

answer: @entity4910 :: (595,Gene) :: ['cyclin D1']


abstract: Adipocytes account for more than 90% of @entity1 breast volume and secrete adipocytokines, which play a role in @entity0 development. Among the adipocytokines is @entity1243 , which is secreted mainly by adipocytes and plays a key role in @entity0 development. @entity1243 expression is up-regulated in both @entity28 and @entity0 @entity1 , and promotes @entity0 cell growth. Exposure to environmental @entity172 has also been found to be directly related to the development of @entity0 . @entity8936 (Z) is a non-steroidal anabolic growth promoter with estrogenic activity that is widely used in the US beef industry due to its commercial benefits. @entity6319 is a natural compound extracted from cottonseed that inhibits @entity0 growth, and is potentially a chemopreventive food component. This study focused on Z and bio-active Z-containing sera (ZS) collected from Z-implanted beef, and evaluated their adverse health risk to @entity1 . We hypothesized that Z increases the risk of @entity0 in @entity28 @entity1 . A cell proliferation assay, ELISA analysis, RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to investigate the interaction of @entity1243 , Z and @entity6319 in primary cultured normal @entity1 breast pre-adipocytes. The results indicated that Z and ZS stimulated the growth of pre-adipocytes isolated from normal @entity1 breast tissues by up-regulating @entity4910 expression, while @entity6319 reversed this effect.

title: @entity1243 and @entity8936 up-regulate @entity4910 expression in primary cultured normal XXXX breast pre-adipocytes.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A cranial vault @entity1181 is relatively common @entity5 . Mushroom shaped skull @entity1181 is, however, extremely rare. Twenty seven years old female developed slow growing hard mass posterior to the ear. CT scan revealed a mushroom shaped osseous mass approximately 2.5 cm in diameter protruding from the temporal bone at the site of asterion. And the @entity5 was located over the right sigmoid sinus. The sigmoid sinus engraved approximately 4mm to the @entity5 and had a branching to one emissaries' vein. Operation was performed under general anesthesia. The @entity5 was excised first by cutting the base of the @entity5 , and then @entity41 was grinded using a round head cutting bar. A chisel dissection was not recommended because of underlining sinus. Histological findings were consistent with a benign @entity1181 . The postoperative course was uneventful. CT examination immediately done after operation revealed no evidence of @entity932 , or injury of vessels. Osetoma was excised, and the surface of cranial bone at the operation site was smooth and cosmetically acceptable. At 6-months follow up, @entity1 remains asymptomatic and recurrence free. CT examination with Multi Planer Reconstruction imaging or 3D reconstruction is highly recommended for the operational planning of @entity129 .

title: A case of mushroom shape temporal bone XXXX .

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial osteoma']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'benign tumor']

entities_list: @entity1181 :: ('MESH:D010016', 'Disease') :: ['osteoma', 'Osteoma']

answer: @entity1181 :: (MESH:D010016,Disease) :: ['osteoma']


abstract: In the article are two frequently misused notions are defined: climiacterium and menopause. @entity74 can appear 2 to 6 years before and continue for 2 to 6 years after menopause, with their duration up to 20 years. An attempt of qualitative approach to menopausal ailments is the point scale by Kupperman. The diversity of the symptoms encountered in @entity1 in perimenopausal period is the reason to seek medical advice from experts in various disciplines: internal medicine, cardiology, gynaecology, neurology, rheumatology, and least frequently psychiatry, as it is fairly common for @entity1 to perceive life problems or mental stress as @entity2531 . In Poland, middle-aged @entity1 constitute 30% of all @entity1 . Medical approach to their health problems is focused on somatic diseases like @entity583 , @entity64 , and @entity5 , which are likely to contribute to shortening of life expectancy. Growing awareness of the problem of @entity308 among doctors non-psychiatrists may contribute to desirable change in doctors' and @entity1 ' attitude to this disease. The average prevalence of @entity308 is estimated to be about 17% of the total population. @entity308 is thrice more frequent among @entity1 than among @entity1 . The peak of incidence is seen among middle-aged @entity1 . In this article clinical forms of @entity1316 are discussed according to the current DSM IV classification, main symptoms suggesting @entity308 are given, and @entity308 , the most common and most difficult to detect form of the disease is discussed. Risk factors for @entity308 are presented, and attention is paid to the dramatic fact that @entity308 may not only decrease the quality of life, but may also stand behind the @entity1 's loss of full functional capacity or even death. Suicidal thoughts are experienced by 60% of @entity308 @entity1 , while as many as 15% of them do actually commit suicide. Collective analysis of the @entity308 risk factors and concomitant somatic disorders in a given @entity1 will surely increase the likelihood of correct diagnosis.

title: [ XXXX in perimenopausal period].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral stroke']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'masked depression', 'depression', 'depressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity2531 :: ('MESH:D013001', 'Disease') :: ['somatic disorder']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Menopause-related disorders']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['Depression']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report a case-matched analysis comparing high-dose external-beam radiation (EBRT) for @entity263 delivered on Proton Radiation Oncology Group (PROG) 95-09, a randomized trial, with permanent prostate brachytherapy over the same era. METHODS: From 1996 to 1999, 196 @entity1 were accrued to the high-dose arm (79.2 Gray equivalent (GyE) using photons and protons) of PROG 95-09 at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Loma Linda University Medical Center. Entry criteria specified @entity7279 and @entity1486  <= 15 ng/mL. When Gleason score >7 was excluded, 177 @entity1 were left for case matching. At Massachusetts General Hospital, 203 similar @entity1 were treated by a single brachytherapist from 1997 to 2002. Minimum follow-up was 3 years. Case matching, based on T stage, Gleason score, @entity1486 , and age resulted in 141 matches (282 @entity1 ). Median follow-up was 8.6 and 7.4 years for EBRT and brachytherapy, respectively. The primary endpoint was biochemical failure (BF). RESULTS: Using the Phoenix definition, the 8-year BF rates were 7.7% and 16.1% for EBRT and brachytherapy, respectively (p = 0.42). A stratified analysis was performed by risk group. In the EBRT group, 113 and 28 @entity1 were low and intermediate risk, respectively. In the brachytherapy group, 118 and 23 were. When stratified by risk group, the BF rates were similar by either technique. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose EBRT and brachytherapy result in similar BF rates for @entity1 with @entity263 . Comparative quality-of-life and cost-effectiveness studies are warranted.

title: Comparison of high-dose proton radiotherapy and brachytherapy in XXXX : a case-matched analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate cancer']


abstract: AIM: To study the epidemiologic, clinic, biologic and therapeutics aspects of @entity1143 at National university healty center (CNHU) of Cotonou. METHOD: From January 2004 to December 2008, we have conduct a retrospective study in the pediatric service of Cotonou   s CNHU. 15 @entity1 less than 5 years old were included in the study. A chest X ray radiography have been done for all the @entity1 at the hospitalization. Epi info and chi square test were used for the statistical study. RESULT: Pleural effusion   s incidence is growing in the service and in this statement @entity1 old less than 5 years are more concerned. Fever, chest and abdominal complaints were the most clinical sign.The diagnosis of @entity1143 was established in 56.3% and @entity794 was found. Antibiotic, @entity456 and blood transfusion were used as therapeutics method. Mortality rate was 5.6%. In conclusion, @entity1143 management in Cotonou CHNU is suffering by the etiologic diagnosis of the disease.

title: [Pleural effusion in XXXX at the National Hospital Center and University of Cotonou: epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects].

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural puncture']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the prevalence and progression of neo-aortic root dilation and @entity338 after staged reconstruction for @entity1699 ( @entity1699 ). BACKGROUND: In @entity1699 , the @entity338 as the neo-aortic valve. @entity886 has been observed after arterial switch operation and the Ross procedure. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity1699 born before January 1995 who had the Fontan operation and had serial echocardiograms were included. Echocardiograms were reviewed preoperatively, after each surgical reconstruction, and at most recent follow-up for neo-aortic root size and severity of @entity337 ( @entity337 ). Potential risk factors for @entity886 were assessed. RESULTS: Fifty-three @entity1 met inclusion criteria. Bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis as an interim procedure was performed in 39 @entity1 (74%). Median duration of follow-up was 9.2 (range 5.1 to 21) years. During follow-up, the neo-aortic root progressively dilated out of proportion to body size over time, with 52 @entity1 (98%) having a Z-score >2 at most recent follow-up. Neo- @entity337 was present in 61% of @entity1 at most recent follow-up, with progression over time in 26 @entity1 (49%). However, neo- @entity337 was more than mild in only three @entity1 . Significantly larger neo-aortic root Z-scores were observed in @entity1 with any degree of neo- @entity337 at most recent follow-up. No other anatomic or clinical variables correlated with severity of neo- @entity337 or root dilation. CONCLUSIONS: After staged reconstruction for @entity1699 , neo-aortic root dilation and neo- @entity337 progress over time. Early volume unloading does not have a beneficial impact on dilation of the neo-aortic root. These findings raise concerns about neo-aortic valve function into adulthood.

title: Neo-aortic root dilation and XXXX up to 21 years after staged reconstruction for @entity1699 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1699 :: ('MESH:D018636', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplastic left heart syndrome', 'HLHS']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['neo-aortic valve dysfunction', 'Neo-aortic valve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['valvar regurgitation', 'pulmonary valve functions']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['AR', 'neo-aortic regurgitation']

answer: @entity338 :: (MESH:D011665,Disease) :: ['valve regurgitation']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the prevalence and progression of neo-aortic root dilation and @entity338 after staged reconstruction for @entity1699 ( @entity1699 ). BACKGROUND: In @entity1699 , the @entity338 as the neo-aortic valve. @entity886 has been observed after arterial switch operation and the Ross procedure. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity1699 born before January 1995 who had the Fontan operation and had serial echocardiograms were included. Echocardiograms were reviewed preoperatively, after each surgical reconstruction, and at most recent follow-up for neo-aortic root size and severity of @entity337 ( @entity337 ). Potential risk factors for @entity886 were assessed. RESULTS: Fifty-three @entity1 met inclusion criteria. Bidirectional superior cavopulmonary anastomosis as an interim procedure was performed in 39 @entity1 (74%). Median duration of follow-up was 9.2 (range 5.1 to 21) years. During follow-up, the neo-aortic root progressively dilated out of proportion to body size over time, with 52 @entity1 (98%) having a Z-score >2 at most recent follow-up. Neo- @entity337 was present in 61% of @entity1 at most recent follow-up, with progression over time in 26 @entity1 (49%). However, neo- @entity337 was more than mild in only three @entity1 . Significantly larger neo-aortic root Z-scores were observed in @entity1 with any degree of neo- @entity337 at most recent follow-up. No other anatomic or clinical variables correlated with severity of neo- @entity337 or root dilation. CONCLUSIONS: After staged reconstruction for @entity1699 , neo-aortic root dilation and neo- @entity337 progress over time. Early volume unloading does not have a beneficial impact on dilation of the neo-aortic root. These findings raise concerns about neo-aortic valve function into adulthood.

title: Neo-aortic root dilation and @entity338 up to 21 years after staged reconstruction for XXXX .

answer: @entity1699 :: (MESH:D018636,Disease) :: ['hypoplastic left heart syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effect of bronchoscopy on intestinal mucosal barrier function and its association with intestinal @entity842 production. METHODS: 30 @entity35 were used. The study group (n=15) underwent rigid bronchoscopy. At 24 h following bronchoscopy, ileal @entity3542 / @entity1507 levels were evaluated. The ileum was also examined for @entity16 , and graded according Chiu's histologic injury scale. RESULTS: In the bronchoscopy group, the ileal @entity3542 / @entity1507 levels were significantly higher than those of controls (398.5 +/- 85.1 and 44.5 +/- 6.6 nmol/g tissue, respectively, P=0.001). In the bronchoscopy group, the @entity16 was significant, compared with those of controls (mean ranks, 22.8 and 8.2, P<0.0001). The changes varied from denuded villi and dilated capillaries to significant @entity2167 , @entity1066 and @entity548 . Significant correlation was found between ileal @entity3542 / @entity1507 levels and @entity16 in the bronchoscopy group (rs=0.56, P=0.03). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that bronchoscopy induces @entity1944 in association with excess intestinal @entity842 production. These events may be involved in mechanisms responsible for bacterial translocation after bronchoscopy.

title: Bronchoscopy induces @entity1944 : a possible role for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['architectural distortion, lamina propria disintegration']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effect of bronchoscopy on intestinal mucosal barrier function and its association with intestinal @entity842 production. METHODS: 30 @entity35 were used. The study group (n=15) underwent rigid bronchoscopy. At 24 h following bronchoscopy, ileal @entity3542 / @entity1507 levels were evaluated. The ileum was also examined for @entity16 , and graded according Chiu's histologic injury scale. RESULTS: In the bronchoscopy group, the ileal @entity3542 / @entity1507 levels were significantly higher than those of controls (398.5 +/- 85.1 and 44.5 +/- 6.6 nmol/g tissue, respectively, P=0.001). In the bronchoscopy group, the @entity16 was significant, compared with those of controls (mean ranks, 22.8 and 8.2, P<0.0001). The changes varied from denuded villi and dilated capillaries to significant @entity2167 , @entity1066 and @entity548 . Significant correlation was found between ileal @entity3542 / @entity1507 levels and @entity16 in the bronchoscopy group (rs=0.56, P=0.03). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that bronchoscopy induces @entity1944 in association with excess intestinal @entity842 production. These events may be involved in mechanisms responsible for bacterial translocation after bronchoscopy.

title: Bronchoscopy induces XXXX : a possible role for @entity842 .

answer: @entity1944 :: (MESH:D007410,Disease) :: ['intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction']


abstract: From 1968-1976, 412 @entity1 were operated on for @entity5 . One hundred fifty-six underwent abdominoperineal resection (APR) and 256 underwent low anterior resection (LAR). One hundred ninety-two underwent en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy in conjunction with their resection, while 220 @entity1 underwent more conservative or conventional resection. Thirty-day hospital mortality was 1.7%. The @entity5 -related 5-year survival was 58.8% for all @entity1 . The proportion of @entity1 surviving 5 years after LAR (62.8%) was significantly better than those surviving after APR (52.4%), p = 0.008. Statistically significantly superior survival was observed after extended dissection when compared to conventional resections in Dukes' A, B, and C @entity1 as a whole (63.8 and 54.3%) and in Dukes' C @entity1 in particular. Superiority of en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy versus conventional resection was observed in all cases of Dukes' Stage C, Astler-Coller Stage C1, Level II (adjacent) lymph nodes, and Level I (proximal) lymph nodes and was most effective in combination with sphincter-preserving operations. @entity1 groups were compared for bias and/or case selection, using both contingency tables and Cox-based multiple covariant linear regression analysis, and none was found. In the face of current adjuvant therapy, which is of questionable benefit and which carries its own treatment morbidity, en bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy is advocated as an adjunct to the curative operations for @entity5 . To improve the overall benefit, @entity1 can be selected for pelvic lymphadenectomy as an adjuvant to resection when preoperative examination suggests that the @entity5 penetrates the bowel wall. Accurate preoperative staging may help to define a more restricted group of @entity1 warranting (pelvic lymphadenectomy) (PLND). A control randomized trial of the effectiveness of PLND is appropriate to further test its value.

title: En bloc pelvic lymphadenectomy and sphincter preservation in the surgical management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancers', 'cancer', 'rectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: From 1972 to 1981, 174 @entity1 with @entity188 surgically staged as B2 or C disease, underwent surgical resection of the @entity5 for cure. Eighty-eight @entity1 received surgery only with no further adjuvant therapy, and the remaining 86 @entity1 were treated with a combination of radiation and surgery. Twenty-nine @entity1 received low-dose preoperative radiation (500 rad in one fraction); 26 @entity1 received postoperative radiation (4500 rad in 5 weeks); and 31 @entity1 received combined low-dose preoperative radiation (500 rad) and postoperative radiation (4500 rad in 5 weeks). This experience was analyzed to determine the patterns of failure and the impact of adjuvant therapy on survival. @entity1 undergoing surgery alone had a 26% incidence of local failure in the pelvis and a 57% incidence of distant @entity3 . @entity1 receiving low-dose preoperative radiation had a reduction in the rate of distant @entity3 (24%), but no effect on local failure (34%). On the other hand, @entity1 receiving postoperative radiation had a reduction in the local failure rate (11%), with no effect on distant @entity3 (50%). @entity1 who received the combined preoperative and postoperative treatment had a reduction in both the local recurrence rate (7%), and the rate of distant @entity3 (13%), and these @entity1 also had a substantial improvement in survival over surgery alone. Survival of @entity1 undergoing surgery alone was 34% at 5 years and was not substantially different for @entity1 undergoing low-dose preoperative irradiation (48%), or for @entity1 receiving postoperative irradiation (29%). Survival in @entity1 receiving combined preoperative and postoperative irradiation was substantially better (78%) than the other groups of @entity1 .

title: Results of adjuvant radiation therapy in XXXX . Thomas Jefferson University Hospital experience.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the rectum']

answer: @entity188 :: (MESH:D012004,Disease) :: ['cancer of the rectum']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bacterial whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has the potential to identify reservoirs of multidrug-resistant organisms and transmission of these pathogens across healthcare networks. We used WGS to define transmission of @entity2176 -resistant enterococci (VRE) within a long-term care facility (LTCF), and between this and an acute hospital in the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS: A longitudinal prospective observational study of @entity3013 was conducted in a LTCF in Cambridge, UK. Stool samples were collected at recruitment, and then repeatedly until the end of the study period, discharge or @entity204 . Selective culture media were used to isolate VRE, which were subsequently sequenced and analysed. We also analysed the genomes of 45 @entity6375 bloodstream isolates collected at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUH). RESULTS: Forty-five residents were recruited during a 6-month period in 2014, and 693 stools were collected at a frequency of at least 1 week apart. Fifty-one stool samples from 3/45 @entity1 (7 %) were positive for @entity2176 -resistant @entity6375 . Two residents carried multiple VRE lineages, and one carried a single VRE lineage. Genome analyses based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the core genome indicated that VRE carried by each of the three residents were unrelated. @entity1 had extensive contact with the local healthcare network. We found that VRE genomes from LTCF residents and @entity580 were interspersed throughout the phylogenetic tree, with several instances of closely related VRE strains from the two settings. CONCLUSIONS: A proportion of LTCF residents are long-term carriers of VRE. Evidence for genetic relatedness between these and VRE associated with @entity281 in a nearby acute NHS Trust indicate a shared bacterial population.

title: Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of XXXX -resistant @entity6375 in a healthcare network.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity3013 :: ('MESH:D060467', 'Disease') :: ['faecal VRE carriage']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['bloodstream infection']

entities_list: @entity6375 :: ('1352', 'Species') :: ['E. faecium', 'Enterococcus faecium']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['hospital-associated bloodstream infection']

answer: @entity2176 :: (MESH:D014640,Chemical) :: ['vancomycin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bacterial whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has the potential to identify reservoirs of multidrug-resistant organisms and transmission of these pathogens across healthcare networks. We used WGS to define transmission of @entity2176 -resistant enterococci (VRE) within a long-term care facility (LTCF), and between this and an acute hospital in the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS: A longitudinal prospective observational study of @entity3013 was conducted in a LTCF in Cambridge, UK. Stool samples were collected at recruitment, and then repeatedly until the end of the study period, discharge or @entity204 . Selective culture media were used to isolate VRE, which were subsequently sequenced and analysed. We also analysed the genomes of 45 @entity6375 bloodstream isolates collected at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUH). RESULTS: Forty-five residents were recruited during a 6-month period in 2014, and 693 stools were collected at a frequency of at least 1 week apart. Fifty-one stool samples from 3/45 @entity1 (7 %) were positive for @entity2176 -resistant @entity6375 . Two residents carried multiple VRE lineages, and one carried a single VRE lineage. Genome analyses based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the core genome indicated that VRE carried by each of the three residents were unrelated. @entity1 had extensive contact with the local healthcare network. We found that VRE genomes from LTCF residents and @entity580 were interspersed throughout the phylogenetic tree, with several instances of closely related VRE strains from the two settings. CONCLUSIONS: A proportion of LTCF residents are long-term carriers of VRE. Evidence for genetic relatedness between these and VRE associated with @entity281 in a nearby acute NHS Trust indicate a shared bacterial population.

title: Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of @entity2176 -resistant XXXX in a healthcare network.

answer: @entity6375 :: (1352,Species) :: ['Enterococcus faecium']