abstract: The change of immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain gene configuration during the differentiation of B cells from their early precursors was investigated in long-term cultures of bone marrow cells (LTBC). Hemopoietic stem cells are maintained in LTBC described by Dexter et al. (J. Cell. Physiol. 1977. 91: 335; LTBC-D), which supports the differentiation of myeloid lineage cells but not B lineage cells. By simply shifting the culture condition to that devised by Whitlock and Witte (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982. 79: 3608; LTBC-B) to support the development of B lineage cells, surface IgM-bearing (sIgM+) B cells became detectable by the 2nd week after the shift and the number quickly increased thereafter, while the number of polymorphonuclear cells and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (CFU-c) decreased rapidly. H chain gene configuration of the developing cells in the culture was examined by Southern blot analysis of Eco RI-digested DNA with a @entity12808 probe. Whereas rearranged @entity12808 gene configuration was not detectable in the DNA from LTBC-D cells, it first appeared 2 weeks after the shift, and the level of the rearrangement rapidly increased thereafter as the intensity of @entity12808 band of germ-line configuration decreased. Almost all the cells in the culture had undergone H chain gene rearrangement in both chromosomes by the 6th week after the shift. During 2 to 4 weeks after the shift, a cluster of bands spanning around 4.5-5.5 kb appeared dominant among the rearranged configurations of @entity12808 gene and then it decreased in intensity as the pattern of @entity12808 band became a more homogeneous smear. The distribution of rearranged @entity12808 bands observed during 3-4 weeks after the shift was strikingly similar to that observed in normal spleen B cells. By semi-quantitative analysis of the intensity of @entity12808 and DSP2 bands remaining in germ-line configuration, it was found that the loss of germ-line @entity12808 band was far more rapid than that of germ-line DSP2 bands in the developing B cells in vitro. This result is consistent with the conclusion obtained in B cell tumor lines that D to J assembly occurred first and was followed by V to DJ assembly in this culture system. Taken together, it is likely that the process of H chain gene diversification in this culture system may represent the actual process during B cell differentiation in vivo. Differentiative capacity of bone marrow stem cells from @entity19 with @entity466 ( @entity466 ) was also analyzed in the same culture system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene diversification in the long-term bone marrow culture of normal @entity19 and @entity19 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity466 :: ('MESH:D016511', 'Disease') :: ['severe combined immunodeficiency', 'SCID']

answer: @entity466 :: (MESH:D016511,Disease) :: ['severe combined immunodeficiency']


abstract: The change of immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain gene configuration during the differentiation of B cells from their early precursors was investigated in long-term cultures of bone marrow cells (LTBC). Hemopoietic stem cells are maintained in LTBC described by Dexter et al. (J. Cell. Physiol. 1977. 91: 335; LTBC-D), which supports the differentiation of myeloid lineage cells but not B lineage cells. By simply shifting the culture condition to that devised by Whitlock and Witte (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982. 79: 3608; LTBC-B) to support the development of B lineage cells, surface IgM-bearing (sIgM+) B cells became detectable by the 2nd week after the shift and the number quickly increased thereafter, while the number of polymorphonuclear cells and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (CFU-c) decreased rapidly. H chain gene configuration of the developing cells in the culture was examined by Southern blot analysis of Eco RI-digested DNA with a @entity12808 probe. Whereas rearranged @entity12808 gene configuration was not detectable in the DNA from LTBC-D cells, it first appeared 2 weeks after the shift, and the level of the rearrangement rapidly increased thereafter as the intensity of @entity12808 band of germ-line configuration decreased. Almost all the cells in the culture had undergone H chain gene rearrangement in both chromosomes by the 6th week after the shift. During 2 to 4 weeks after the shift, a cluster of bands spanning around 4.5-5.5 kb appeared dominant among the rearranged configurations of @entity12808 gene and then it decreased in intensity as the pattern of @entity12808 band became a more homogeneous smear. The distribution of rearranged @entity12808 bands observed during 3-4 weeks after the shift was strikingly similar to that observed in normal spleen B cells. By semi-quantitative analysis of the intensity of @entity12808 and DSP2 bands remaining in germ-line configuration, it was found that the loss of germ-line @entity12808 band was far more rapid than that of germ-line DSP2 bands in the developing B cells in vitro. This result is consistent with the conclusion obtained in B cell tumor lines that D to J assembly occurred first and was followed by V to DJ assembly in this culture system. Taken together, it is likely that the process of H chain gene diversification in this culture system may represent the actual process during B cell differentiation in vivo. Differentiative capacity of bone marrow stem cells from @entity19 with @entity466 ( @entity466 ) was also analyzed in the same culture system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene diversification in the long-term bone marrow culture of normal XXXX and @entity19 with @entity466 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The change of immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain gene configuration during the differentiation of B cells from their early precursors was investigated in long-term cultures of bone marrow cells (LTBC). Hemopoietic stem cells are maintained in LTBC described by Dexter et al. (J. Cell. Physiol. 1977. 91: 335; LTBC-D), which supports the differentiation of myeloid lineage cells but not B lineage cells. By simply shifting the culture condition to that devised by Whitlock and Witte (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1982. 79: 3608; LTBC-B) to support the development of B lineage cells, surface IgM-bearing (sIgM+) B cells became detectable by the 2nd week after the shift and the number quickly increased thereafter, while the number of polymorphonuclear cells and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (CFU-c) decreased rapidly. H chain gene configuration of the developing cells in the culture was examined by Southern blot analysis of Eco RI-digested DNA with a @entity12808 probe. Whereas rearranged @entity12808 gene configuration was not detectable in the DNA from LTBC-D cells, it first appeared 2 weeks after the shift, and the level of the rearrangement rapidly increased thereafter as the intensity of @entity12808 band of germ-line configuration decreased. Almost all the cells in the culture had undergone H chain gene rearrangement in both chromosomes by the 6th week after the shift. During 2 to 4 weeks after the shift, a cluster of bands spanning around 4.5-5.5 kb appeared dominant among the rearranged configurations of @entity12808 gene and then it decreased in intensity as the pattern of @entity12808 band became a more homogeneous smear. The distribution of rearranged @entity12808 bands observed during 3-4 weeks after the shift was strikingly similar to that observed in normal spleen B cells. By semi-quantitative analysis of the intensity of @entity12808 and DSP2 bands remaining in germ-line configuration, it was found that the loss of germ-line @entity12808 band was far more rapid than that of germ-line DSP2 bands in the developing B cells in vitro. This result is consistent with the conclusion obtained in B cell tumor lines that D to J assembly occurred first and was followed by V to DJ assembly in this culture system. Taken together, it is likely that the process of H chain gene diversification in this culture system may represent the actual process during B cell differentiation in vivo. Differentiative capacity of bone marrow stem cells from @entity19 with @entity466 ( @entity466 ) was also analyzed in the same culture system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene diversification in the long-term bone marrow culture of normal @entity19 and XXXX with @entity466 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The fine structure and distribution of the epithelial cells of the airway in the @entity35 were studied continuously from the @entity825 to terminal bronchioles by @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ). The airway could be divided into three different regions according to cell population: 1) the @entity825 and extrapulmonary bronchi; 2) intrapulmonary bronchi (larger than 500 microns in caliber); and 3) bronchioles (smaller than 500 microns in caliber). From their surface structures, the epithelial cells could be classified into ciliated and non-ciliated cells, the latter including brush cells, Clara cells and other non-ciliated (secretory) cells. 1. Ciliated cells. The cilia are longer, thicker and more numerous in the @entity825 ; they decrease in length, thickness and number toward the periphery. 2. Brush cells. They possess thin microvilli (0.2 micron in thickness) in the @entity825 and extrapulmonary bronchi, with a rounded end. In the bronchioles they possess thick microvilli (0.3 micron in thickness) abruptly ending in a right angle edge. The brush cells are distributed sparsely but rather uniformly, and apt to be grouped in two or more cells. 3. Clara cells. Their apical cytoplasm shows a domed or papillary swelling and possesses a few microvilli. The Clara cells are distributed in the bronchioles and can already be found some distance proximal to the bronchial furcations into bronchioles. 4. Other non-ciliated (secretory) cells. Their apical cytoplasm seems to contain secretory granules immediately beneath the cell surface. They often gather in groups in the @entity825 and extrapulmonary bronchi, tending to form large areas corresponding to sites supported by tracheal or bronchial cartilage. There were found several orifices in tracheal or bronchial glands whose long axes paralleled the tracheal or bronchial axes. Dome-shaped elevations sometimes appear near the branching points of the intrapulmonary bronchi. There were regarded as bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT).

title: The distribution and surface ultrastructure of airway epithelial cells in the XXXX lung: a scanning electron microscopic study.

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'scanning electron microscopy']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the value of elemental diet in @entity134 -resistant and @entity134 -dependent @entity30 . Elemental diet (Vivonex HN, 39.4 +/- 9.2 kcal/kg/d) was delivered through a nasogastric tube at a constant rate. Twenty therapeutic periods lasting from 20 to 74 days (median, 32 days) were undertaken in 18 @entity1 . Elemental diet was well tolerated. Mean values of hemoglobin, serum albumin, and serum @entity69 increased significantly through the therapeutic period; body weight and anthropometric data did not change significantly. The short-term response to elemental diet was excellent in 11 cases, demonstrated by achievement of clinical remission and @entity134 withdrawal; six @entity1 had an incomplete remission and remained slightly active or had to be maintained under low dose @entity230 ; three @entity1 did not respond to therapy and had to be operated upon. During the follow-up (6-30 months), 8 @entity1 out of 17 had a relapse. Relapse was controlled by medical therapy in 5 cases and led to surgery in the 3 other cases. We conclude that elemental diet, as total parenteral nutrition, is an effective therapy of @entity134 -resistant and @entity134 -dependent @entity30 . However, elemental diet does not prevent relapse.

title: [Exclusive elemental enteral diet in cortico-resistant and cortico-dependent forms of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: This report represents the first published information on intestinal ciliated protozoa in the African @entity28228 ( @entity28228 ). Two new genera which do not relate to any known ciliated protozoa from the intestines of mammals and five new species are described. The ciliates were found in the colon of three of these free-living hindgut-fermenting grazers that were shot in widely spaced districts in southern Africa. Phalodinium digitalis n. gen., @entity8891 ., Arachnodinium noveni n. gen., @entity8891 ., Monoposthium vulgaris @entity8891 ., M. bracchium @entity8891 ., and M. latus @entity8891 . constituted between 1% and 10% of the total ciliate population (ca. 1 X 10(5)/ml digesta) in the ascending colon. Exceedingly small numbers were observed in the descending colon, indicating temporary accommodation only.

title: Intestinal ciliated protozoa of African rhinoceros: two new genera and five new species from the white rhino ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity28228 :: ('9807', 'Species') :: ['white rhinoceros', 'Ceratotherium simum Burchell, 1817']

answer: @entity28228 :: (9807,Species) :: ['Ceratotherium simum Burchell, 1817']


abstract: The effects of @entity1745 on conduction of dorsal column fibers at various stimulus frequencies were analyzed in pentobarbital anesthetized @entity468 . The responses to L6 dorsal root stimulation at 1 to 500 Hz were recorded from the L2 cord dorsum. The L4 cord segment was compressed gradually until the @entity8119 ( @entity8119 ) at 1 Hz was flat. There was no significant change of @entity8119 at any frequency during the first part of compression, but there was progressive conduction failure, which was more severe with increased stimulus frequency, at a later stage. After decompression, the CAPs at all frequencies recovered progressively for 1 hour but slowly thereafter. However, marked differences were observed in recovery rate at different stimulus frequencies. The recovery rate at 500 Hz was much slower than that at 1 Hz, whereas the recovery rate at 100 Hz exceeded those at 1 Hz. Serial analysis of a train of high frequency impulses revealed the following different response patterns with stimulus frequencies after decompression. At 333-500 Hz the amplitude of CAPs decreased progressively, whereas at 33-125 Hz it increased up to 110-134% of the first @entity8119 and then reached an almost steady level. At 200-250 Hz the amplitude increased transiently and then decreased progressively. The latency increased with decreased amplitude, and decreased with increased amplitude. Conduction failure at a high stimulus frequency (500 Hz) was observed at the compression site. In contrast, augmentation of CAPs at moderately high stimulus frequency (100 Hz) was observed rostral to the compressing site. The conduction failure at high stimulus frequency indicates @entity73 of spike generation in axons injured by mechanical compression and that these axons can transmit impulses at a low stimulus frequency. High frequency stimulation may be useful for monitoring of the function of the CNS axons. The mechanism underlying the augmentation of CAPs at moderately high stimulus frequency is briefly discussed.

title: Conductivity of dorsal column fibers during experimental XXXX and after decompression at various stimulus frequencies.

entities_list: @entity8119 :: ('MESH:C537188', 'Disease') :: ['CAP', 'compound action potential']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete impairment']

answer: @entity1745 :: (MESH:D013117,Disease) :: ['spinal cord compression']


abstract: The association between support elements (ventilator days = Vd, enteral protein = EnP, number of antibiotics per day = AB/d) and the magnitude of the septic state ( @entity11727 ) and its bacteriologic manifestations (bacti. log) in 66 @entity1 with blunt @entity1230 (mean HTI-ISS = 40) over 1649 days have been studied retrospectively. @entity11727 is measured by summing the standard deviation units of change in the septic direction for the 16 measurements taken every day in the intensive care unit. Increasing Vd is tightly associated with an increasing @entity11727 (r = +0.52), after day 10 an increasing bacti. log (r = +0.21 to +0.32), and an increasing AB/d (r = +0.26) (all p less than 0.001, N = 1615 - 1626). The independent variables that best predicted Vd were delayed operations (DORS), day of rising EnP, and @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ) (adj. R sq. = 0.84, F = 104, dF = 3/59). An increasing AB/d was associated with an increasing @entity11727 (r = +0.38), increasing Vd (r = +0.26), and an increased bacti. log (r = +0.14 to +0.18) (all p less than 0.001, N = 1615). Only an increased EnP was consistently associated with a reduced @entity11727 (r = -0.38) and a reduction in bacti. log (r = -0.10 to -0.21) (all p less than 0.001, N = 1626-1636). The independent variables Vd, EnP, AB/d, and @entity1503 best predicted @entity11727 for all surviving @entity1 (adj. R sq. = 0.42, F = 268, dF = 4/1496). The @entity1 who died of @entity295 were not different in terms of bacti. log from those with equal Vd but were distinguished by zero EnP, high AB/d, and persistent ventilatory support. In conclusion, DORS is tightly associated with increased Vd, @entity11727 , AB/d, and zero EnP. If Vd exceeds 10, there is an increasing bacti. log and evidence of @entity281 probably from the gut. This responds only to increased EnP and not to AB/d. Death due to @entity295 is not associated with increased bacti. log but with zero EnP and high AB/d and their consequences.

title: The gut origin septic states in blunt XXXX (ISS = 40) in the ICU.

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['TPC', 'total positive blood cultures']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple trauma']

answer: @entity1230 :: (MESH:D009104,Disease) :: ['multiple trauma']


abstract: During the last 10 years we operated on 69 Conn's @entity652 of which 59 were followed up for a mean period of 16 months (range: 3-96 months). Surgery cured the @entity101 (blood pressure less than 140/90) in 47 p. 100 of the @entity1 . Improved blood pressure (systolic: mean = 46 mmHg; range 0-135 mmHg and diastolic: mean = 25 mmHg; range 0-66 mmHg) was noted in another 47 p. 100 of @entity1 whereas no blood pressure change was noted in 3 @entity1 . Biological primary @entity1368 was found post-operatively in 2 of these 3 @entity1 and also in one whose @entity101 was improved. In this last @entity1 plus the three unimproved by surgery, small @entity5 (less than 10 mm) were found and co-existnt @entity1373 was found in the 2 @entity1 who had had an adrenalectomy. Fifty-one @entity1 were treated pre-operatively by @entity1482 (SP) alone (3.2 +/- 1.3 mg/kg) for a mean period of 6.8 weeks (range: 3 to 20 weeks). Only 2 of the 24 @entity1 controlled by SP were not cured by surgery and one of them had persistnt primary @entity1368 . Conversely, 3 of the 27 uncontrolled by SP were cured post-operatively, and these exceptions could be due to the weak dose of SP (n = 2) and an observance problem (n = 1). @entity1 cured by surgery had shorter duration of @entity101 (4.3 +/- 3.0 years vs 10.1 +/- 8.1; p less than 0.01) and lower diastolic pressure (111 +/- 14 mmHg vs 121 +/- 12; p less than 0.01) than uncured @entity1 . No significant difference between these two groups was observed with respect to systolic pressure, age, sex, plasma @entity972 , plasma @entity916 activity and plasma @entity1369 levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Results of the surgical treatment of Conn's XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['multifocal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ['aldosteronism']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['adenomas']


abstract: Five experiments involving 359 weanling (8 kg) @entity1707 were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary excesses of @entity7836 (Met), @entity9484 (Trp), @entity27653 (Thr) or @entity4307 (Leu) when added to a 20% crude protein @entity4336 - @entity1460 meal (C-SBM) diet. Experiments involved supplementing the basal diet with 0, .5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0% excesses of Met, Trp or Thr, or in the case of Leu, a 0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 6.0% excess. Levels of .5 and 1.0% excess Met did not depress feed intake (FI), @entity1017 (G) or gain/feed (G/F); 2.0 and 4.0% additions, however, depressed both FI and G but not G/F. Free Met in blood plasma increased linearly as dietary Met level increased, reaching over a 100-fold elevation at the highest Met level fed. Plasma Thr and @entity563 (Ser) increased, and @entity2228 ( @entity4022 ) decreased, with each added increment of Met. With Trp, only the 4.0% addition depressed FI and G (but not G/F). None of the levels of excess Thr depressed performance. Excess Thr, in fact, tended to increase G/F. Free Thr, Ser and @entity4022 in plasma increased linearly as graded increments of excess Thr were added to the diet. With Leu, a 6% addition depressed @entity1017 and food intake (but not G/F) but 1, 2 or 4% excesses were without effect. Plasma free Leu increased linearly while free @entity6778 and @entity4857 decreased as graded increments of Leu were added to the diet. These results suggest that @entity1707 can tolerate considerable excesses of Met, Trp, Thr and Leu without experiencing @entity1017 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Amino acid excesses for young XXXX : effects of excess methionine, tryptophan, threonine or leucine.

entities_list: @entity9484 :: ('CHEBI:16828', 'Chemical') :: ['L-tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity4307 :: ('CHEBI:15603', 'Chemical') :: ['L-leucine']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity6778 :: ('CHEBI:24898', 'Chemical') :: ['isoleucine']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['decreased voluntary feed intake or weight gain', 'weight gain']

entities_list: @entity7836 :: ('CHEBI:16811', 'Chemical') :: ['DL-methionine']

entities_list: @entity27653 :: ('CHEBI:16857', 'Chemical') :: ['L-threonine']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: The fibrinolytic response to @entity432 was assessed in 29 @entity1 with normal or complicated pregnancy, by measurements of total @entity3479 and free @entity3479 with specific ELISAs. The release of @entity3479 from the vessel wall was 11 +/- 9 ng/ml in non-pregnant @entity1 (mean +/- SD, n = 6) but was markedly reduced throughout pregnancy. Following @entity432 , free @entity3479 increased by 12 +/- 11 ng/ml in non-pregnant @entity1 but remained below the detection limit of 2 ng/ml towards the end of pregnancy. A markedly reduced @entity3479 release with absence of free @entity3479 was also observed during late pregnancy in @entity1 with @entity1723 , @entity851 and @entity1468 . Plasma levels of fragment D-dimer of cross-linked fibrin were measured with a specific ELISA in 79 pregnant @entity1 . D-dimer levels were 129 +/- 36 ng/ml (mean +/- SD, n = 8) in non-pregnant @entity1 and increased to 400 +/- 170 ng/ml (n = 25) and 440 +/- 220 ng/ml (n = 22) during the second and third trimester of pregnancy respectively. Significantly higher levels than observed in uncomplicated third trimester pregnancies were found in 3 out of 6 @entity6 and in 2 out of 7 pre-eclamptic @entity1 . It is concluded that the @entity3479 release after @entity432 is significantly reduced during pregnancy. In addition, released @entity3479 is rapidly inhibited. The levels of fragment D-dimer increase during pregnancy, suggesting that, notwithstanding the marked impairment of the fibrinolytic response to @entity432 , the fibrinolytic system remains functionally active.

title: Fibrinolytic response to XXXX and fibrin fragment D-dimer levels in normal and complicated pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['intra-uterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['pre-eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['venous occlusion']


abstract: The protective role of the liver in @entity548 was strongly suggested. However, hepatic changes in other forms of shock has not been elucidate the purpose of present work were to investigate. The morphological and histochemical changes of the liver in @entity1457 were observed. In six mongrel @entity235 severe @entity1457 was produced by occlusion of superior mesenteric artery for 4 hours and experiment was terminated when agony of animals began. Six healthy @entity235 severed as control group. In @entity1457 the microscopic findings supposed severe @entity39 changes in intestinal epithelium. Simultaneously distinct degenerative changes in hepatic cells with vacuolization of enzymic cytoplasm. The reaction to acid phosphatase was more intensive and partially diffuse. The staining reaction alkaline phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and lactic dehydrogenase varied from strongly positive to negative. Different changes of p.a.S. reaction and protein and groups SH and groups NH were observed suggesting the damage hepatocytes. The results of this study suggest the severe disturbances in hepatic morphology and function following the @entity1457 . The pathogenesis of this changes is discussion.

title: Intestinal and hepatic changes following superior mesenteric artery occlusion shock in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['SMAO shock']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: The clinical investigation of fast neutrons at Hammersmith Hospital included 17 @entity1 who between them had 20 T4 @entity0 . The majority of these @entity5 were @entity1066 and all were @entity158 . Ten had recurred after multiple other therapies. Complete local regression was achieved in all but one (95%) and no @entity5 recurred. Symptoms were relieved in all cases. Median survival was 26 months. Three @entity1 developed small areas of @entity39 following trauma of previous radiation. All the neutron treated breasts became fibrosed, but this was painless. Neutron treatment needed only 12 attendances over 28 days, in contrast to the best results from photon therapy which required 6-7 weeks followed by implant of radioactive wire and/or surgical excision. One @entity1 who had bilateral @entity5 received neutrons to the left breast and X-ray therapy (photons) to the right. The photon treated @entity5 did not completely regress and recurred. The neutron treated one completely regressed and did not recur. Neutrons were also more effective than @entity440 which causes complete regression in only about 30% of cases. It is suggested that neutron therapy is indicated for locally advanced @entity5 which do not respond to hormones. Since @entity3 were a common cause of @entity204 , there remains a need for an effective adjuvant treatment, acceptable to elderly @entity1 .

title: Fast neutrons in the treatment of locally advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['skin necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerated']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: A retrospective cooperative study was undertaken to analyze the fate of 300 clinical @entity0 @entity1 who were alive and apparently cured with both breasts preserved, 10 years following primary limited surgery with irradiation. All @entity1 had been treated by @entity5 excision, with or without axillary dissection, followed by megavoltage radiation therapy. Follow-up ranged from 10.5 to 26 years, median 14.5 years. The overall actuarial survival (Kaplan-Meier) of the 300 "cured" @entity1 was 86% at 15 years and 78% at 20 years, with 38.5% of deaths attributable to @entity0 . The actuarial probability of remaining free of @entity3 was 91% at both 15 and 20 years, independent of age or clinical stage. Sixteen @entity1 (5.3%) developed recurrent @entity5 in the treated breast beyond the tenth year, the actuarial probability of remaining free of breast recurrence being 94% and 90% at 15 and 20 years, respectively. Contralateral @entity0 developed during the second decade in 5 @entity1 , with a cumulative risk of 6.5% at 20 years. Significant treatment-related problems appeared during the second decade in 5 @entity1 , including one chest wall @entity242 ; all of these @entity1 had received at least 60 Gy to breast and regional nodal areas. A comparison of these results with those in the literature allowed the following conclusions to be drawn: (a) the risk of death, as well as @entity0 mortality during the second decade, are similar for both conservatively and radically treated @entity1 with @entity0 ; (b) the risk of @entity0 is not greater than that observed following primary radical surgery without radiation therapy; (c) ipsilateral breast "recurrences" continue to occur at about 1% per year during the second decade. Such late recurrences are highly operable and have a favorable prognosis; (d) late progression of treatment-related sequelae is uncommon. This analysis supports the continued use of breast-conserving surgery with radiation therapy in the treatment of @entity0 .

title: The second ten years: long-term risks of breast conservation in early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'contralateral breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'Stage I and II breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Four @entity1 , aged 10 to 44 years, with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and @entity551 developed @entity428 after treatment of their CSF leaks. The leak was at the spinal level in all @entity1 (thoracic level, 2; lumbar level, 1; and undetermined, 1). One @entity1 responded to an epidural blood patch. Three @entity1 responded to surgery, of whom 2 had not responded to prior epidural blood patches. Treatment resulted in complete resolution of symptoms, including @entity10 and disappearance of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities. However, all @entity1 later developed steady @entity10 different from their previous @entity10 . None had recurrence of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities or any evidence of occlusion of cerebral venous sinuses. All had increased CSF opening pressures. One had bilateral @entity1829 , and another had no venous pulsations on examination of fundi. Follow-up was possible in 2 @entity1 . One responded well to treatment with @entity3791 , and the other improved gradually and was asymptomatic within several months.

title: XXXX after treatment of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3791 :: ('MESH:D000086', 'Chemical') :: ['acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['papilledema']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches', 'orthostatic headaches']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hypotension']

answer: @entity428 :: (MESH:D019586,Disease) :: ['Intracranial hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The expansion of coronary surgery on the beating heart without cardiopulmonary bypass has led to increasing interest in ultra-fast track anesthesia, allowing extubation of the @entity1 in the operating theater. The techniques described to date combined general anesthesia with @entity1337 . We report the routine application of a technique that allows immediate extubation in the majority of @entity1 undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting without @entity1337 . METHODS: Fast-track anesthesia using an ultra-shortacting opiate @entity1937 , without epidural catheter insertion, was used in 160 unselected @entity1 undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (aged 43 to 83 years, mean 65 years). There were an average of 2.2 bypass procedures per @entity1 , with the left internal mammary artery used in 93%. Contraindications to immediate extubation were (except for failure to meet standard extubation criteria) @entity1344 and persistent @entity548 at the end of operation. Satisfactory postoperative @entity158 control was achieved by continuous @entity1937 (0.0125 to 0.05 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 )). RESULTS: Operating theater extubation within 10 minutes of the end of operation was feasible in 150 @entity1 (94%). Five @entity1 (3%) were extubated within 2 hours, and the remaining 5 @entity1 (3%) were converted to standard anesthesia. There were no deaths during hospitalization. Major complications included @entity583 and transient @entity63 attacks (2 @entity1 each). No @entity358 were seen. Episodes of @entity955 occurred in 21% of the @entity1 undergoing operation. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate extubation is possible in most @entity1 after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting even without @entity1337 . We believe this type of less invasive cardiac anesthesia is safe and promising.

title: Routine immediate extubation for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting without XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic epidural analgesia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['hemodynamic instability']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['thoracic epidural analgesia']


abstract: Out of 24 @entity1 with @entity16850 6 (5 female, 1 male) suffered from repeated relapses and underwent long-term treatment with alpha-IFN-therapy. Age at onset of the disease: 1 5/12-16 2/12 years. Duration of illness: 1-7 years, with several relapses were treated surgically and with laser-coagulation. Three out of 6 @entity1 had a tracheal cannula and were cauterized by podophylline at 2-4 week intervals. IFN was given in dosages of 5-20 X 10(4) U/kg 2 or 3 times a week. IFN-dosage for each @entity1 was determined using the induction kinetics of (2'-5')-oligo(A)synthetase ( @entity1129 ) in the mononuclear cells of the circulating blood of @entity1 with @entity16850 . A continuous effect could be achieved by the dose of IFN determined in the described way always before @entity1129 activity decreased to its initial level. All 6 @entity1 responded favorably to the alpha-IFN-therapy. Two @entity1 treated only with IFN showed remission without relapses. In 2 cases IFN was successfully used to prevent relapses after surgical treatment and laser-coagulation. In 2 @entity1 with @entity1185 extending into the main bronchi the disease could only be brought to a standstill, i.e. it was not necessary to remove the @entity1185 . Two out of 3 @entity1 with @entity16850 could be decannulated. Long-term therapy following the above described principles is efficient and without significant side-effects. Three @entity1 are in treatment for more than 3 10/12 years.

title: [Results of long-term leukocyte interferon (alpha IFN) therapy using an individually determined dose schedule in recurrent XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomas', 'papillomatosis']

entities_list: @entity16850 :: ('MESH:C537876', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal papillomatosis']

answer: @entity16850 :: (MESH:C537876,Disease) :: ['laryngeal papillomatosis']


abstract: T cell depletion of donor bone marrow prevents @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) but increases the risk of rejection. @entity95 bone marrow was T-cell-depleted using the properties of @entity95 T cells to form spontaneous rosettes in the cold and by incubation in @entity1667 (1 mg/ml, 10(6) cells/ml). New Zealand white @entity95 were transplanted with Red Burgundy @entity95 bone marrow from the opposite sex after conditioning with 12 Gy total body irradiation. Untreated animals die of @entity2132 at day 23. Three groups were studied: T cell depletion plus @entity205 (A), T-cell-depleted bone marrow plus irradiated autologous bone marrow plus irradiated donor buffy coat (B), and T-cell-depleted bone marrow plus irradiated autologous bone marrow plus irradiated donor buffy coat plus @entity205 (C). Buffy coat cells irradiated with 15 Gy were given for 5 days. Such cells do not form colonies in culture; however, they are able to release @entity19574 . In group A, 9 of 15 animals rejected, 6 survived for 45 days (median, range 16-249 days). In group B, all 5 of 5 animals died of rejection (median survival time 14 days, range 13-20 days). In group C, 8 of 10 animals did engraft, 4 died of @entity2132 (median survival 48 days, range 26-58 days), and 4 are long-term survivors (greater than 6 months to greater than 1 year), 3 as complete chimeras. We conclude that the combination of irradiated donor buffy coat cells, irradiated autologous bone marrow and @entity205 restores engraftment of T-cell-depleted mismatched bone marrow without losing the benefit of reduced @entity2132 .

title: Engraftment of T-cell-depleted XXXX bone marrow.

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit', 'Rabbit']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['ciclosporin']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GvHD', 'graft-versus-host disease']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Recently, we reported that recombinant interferon-alpha (rIFN-alpha) can induce hematologic remissions and cytogenetic improvement in newly diagnosed Philadelphia (Ph)-positive @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) @entity1 . Although @entity379 is a structurally distinct molecule, this agent suppresses in vitro hematopoietic progenitor cells in a fashion similar to that of @entity3027 . Therefore, we initiated a study of @entity3692 at doses of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/m2/d intramuscularly in @entity1 with Ph-positive benign-phase @entity1860 . Twenty-six of 30 @entity1 entered in the study were evaluable. Six @entity1 have achieved a complete hematologic response; four, a partial hematologic response. The median follow-up period of @entity1 who are in complete remission is 7.5 months (range, 5 to 12 months). No relapses have occurred among the complete responders. So far, five @entity1 have had cytogenetic improvement with emergence of 5% to 45% diploid cells in the bone marrow. @entity221 and flulike symptoms were the most common side effects, with partial tolerance often developing after about 1 week. The majority of @entity1 tolerated therapy with minimal change in performance status. In conclusion, @entity3692 has demonstrated clinical activity in @entity1860 . On the basis of these observations and the in vitro synergistic growth-inhibitory effects of @entity3027 and @entity379 , we have started trials of combination IFN therapy in @entity1860 @entity1 .

title: Therapy of XXXX with recombinant @entity379 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myelogenous leukemia']

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['chronic myelogenous leukemia']


abstract: Recently, we reported that recombinant interferon-alpha (rIFN-alpha) can induce hematologic remissions and cytogenetic improvement in newly diagnosed Philadelphia (Ph)-positive @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) @entity1 . Although @entity379 is a structurally distinct molecule, this agent suppresses in vitro hematopoietic progenitor cells in a fashion similar to that of @entity3027 . Therefore, we initiated a study of @entity3692 at doses of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/m2/d intramuscularly in @entity1 with Ph-positive benign-phase @entity1860 . Twenty-six of 30 @entity1 entered in the study were evaluable. Six @entity1 have achieved a complete hematologic response; four, a partial hematologic response. The median follow-up period of @entity1 who are in complete remission is 7.5 months (range, 5 to 12 months). No relapses have occurred among the complete responders. So far, five @entity1 have had cytogenetic improvement with emergence of 5% to 45% diploid cells in the bone marrow. @entity221 and flulike symptoms were the most common side effects, with partial tolerance often developing after about 1 week. The majority of @entity1 tolerated therapy with minimal change in performance status. In conclusion, @entity3692 has demonstrated clinical activity in @entity1860 . On the basis of these observations and the in vitro synergistic growth-inhibitory effects of @entity3027 and @entity379 , we have started trials of combination IFN therapy in @entity1860 @entity1 .

title: Therapy of @entity1860 with recombinant XXXX .

answer: @entity379 :: (3458,Gene) :: ['interferon-gamma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for @entity3181 ( @entity3181 ) traditionally have been anticoagulated with warfarin postoperatively. Because a significant proportion of @entity3181 @entity1 are found to have an underlying @entity6961 ( @entity6961 ), antiplatelet therapy may be a more rational treatment strategy for this subgroup. METHODS: All @entity1 who underwent OLT for the diagnosis of @entity3181 at our institution through March 2000 were included in this analysis. Posttransplant therapy consisted of @entity1862 and @entity117 for those with MPDs. Standard anticoagulation or no antithrombotic treatment was given to @entity3181 @entity1 with other causes. @entity532 ( @entity715 and @entity548 ) and mortality were determined. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 underwent OLT for @entity3181 at our institution. The mean follow-up was 68.4 months. Two of seventeen @entity1 died; one @entity1 died of recurrent @entity715 (124 months after OLT) and the other @entity1 died of @entity1956 (7 months after OLT). Twelve @entity1 (71%) had evidence of a @entity6961 . Two of the @entity6961 @entity1 were treated with @entity1229 before the initiation of @entity1862 and @entity117 therapy. The remaining 10 @entity6961 @entity1 were placed on only @entity1862 and @entity117 after OLT. @entity18829 was used in place of @entity1862 in two @entity1 because of @entity1503 caused by the latter agent. The mean follow-up of this group of 10 @entity1 was 59.9 months. Only one @entity1 experienced recurrent @entity715 , which occurred more than 10 years after the original transplant. There were no major @entity548 complications and posttransplant liver biopsies were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Antiplatelet therapy that consists of @entity1862 and @entity117 is a safe and effective alternative to anticoagulation to prevent recurrent @entity715 in @entity6961 @entity1 with @entity3181 after liver transplantation. For @entity1 with a @entity49 state corrected by OLT, antithrombotic therapy probably is not required. For those @entity1 with conditions not corrected by OLT or with idiopathic @entity3181 , anticoagulation or other therapy to control the @entity49 state should be given.

title: Hematologic aspects of liver transplantation for @entity3181 with special reference to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['acute hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['Major posttransplantation complications']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulable']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['cytopenias']

entities_list: @entity3181 :: ('MESH:D006502', 'Disease') :: ['Budd-Chiari syndrome', 'BCS']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity18829 :: ('MESH:C021139', 'Chemical') :: ['Anagrelide']

entities_list: @entity6961 :: ('MESH:D009196', 'Disease') :: ['myeloproliferative disorder', 'MPD']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity6961 :: (MESH:D009196,Disease) :: ['myeloproliferative disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for @entity3181 ( @entity3181 ) traditionally have been anticoagulated with warfarin postoperatively. Because a significant proportion of @entity3181 @entity1 are found to have an underlying @entity6961 ( @entity6961 ), antiplatelet therapy may be a more rational treatment strategy for this subgroup. METHODS: All @entity1 who underwent OLT for the diagnosis of @entity3181 at our institution through March 2000 were included in this analysis. Posttransplant therapy consisted of @entity1862 and @entity117 for those with MPDs. Standard anticoagulation or no antithrombotic treatment was given to @entity3181 @entity1 with other causes. @entity532 ( @entity715 and @entity548 ) and mortality were determined. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 underwent OLT for @entity3181 at our institution. The mean follow-up was 68.4 months. Two of seventeen @entity1 died; one @entity1 died of recurrent @entity715 (124 months after OLT) and the other @entity1 died of @entity1956 (7 months after OLT). Twelve @entity1 (71%) had evidence of a @entity6961 . Two of the @entity6961 @entity1 were treated with @entity1229 before the initiation of @entity1862 and @entity117 therapy. The remaining 10 @entity6961 @entity1 were placed on only @entity1862 and @entity117 after OLT. @entity18829 was used in place of @entity1862 in two @entity1 because of @entity1503 caused by the latter agent. The mean follow-up of this group of 10 @entity1 was 59.9 months. Only one @entity1 experienced recurrent @entity715 , which occurred more than 10 years after the original transplant. There were no major @entity548 complications and posttransplant liver biopsies were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Antiplatelet therapy that consists of @entity1862 and @entity117 is a safe and effective alternative to anticoagulation to prevent recurrent @entity715 in @entity6961 @entity1 with @entity3181 after liver transplantation. For @entity1 with a @entity49 state corrected by OLT, antithrombotic therapy probably is not required. For those @entity1 with conditions not corrected by OLT or with idiopathic @entity3181 , anticoagulation or other therapy to control the @entity49 state should be given.

title: Hematologic aspects of liver transplantation for XXXX with special reference to @entity6961 .

answer: @entity3181 :: (MESH:D006502,Disease) :: ['Budd-Chiari syndrome']


abstract: Very high survival rates have been observed in four through 11 years of follow-up in 4,240 @entity1 with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of @entity0 in the Breast @entity5 Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). The relative five, eight, and 10-year survival rates were 88, 83, and 79 percent, respectively. Allowances were made for lead-time bias among @entity5 detected through screening, and the validity of the findings was supported by internal analyses, which showed that length-time bias was of little, if any, importance, and that any possible "overdiagnosis" of @entity5 cases was also of small relevance. In view of current interest in the value of screening @entity1 before age 50, intensive analyses were made comparing the BCDDP data for @entity1 in their 40s with @entity1 in their 50s. In terms of kinds of @entity0 found, modality of finding them, and survival rates once they have been found, the parallel results for the two groups show that screening was virtually as effective in the younger as in the older @entity1 . Some authorities are of the opinion that the benefits of mammography after age 50 are well documented, but at younger ages the evidence is still inconclusive. The findings in this study show there is no doubt of the very successful results of screening for @entity0 with mammography in younger as well as older @entity1 . In comparing relative five-year and eight-year survival rates for @entity1 with invasive @entity0 detected through screening in the BCDDP, with those for cases diagnosed in the National @entity5 Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (NCI SEER) program from 1977 to 1982, it is seen that for individual subcategories by @entity5 size and nodal class, the survival rates are about the same. However, for @entity3 , the five-year and eight-year survival rates were 87 and 81 percent, respectively, for the BCDDP compared with 74 and 65 percent for SEER. Thus the substantial gains in survival followed the large shift toward a high proportion of @entity5 being diagnosed and treated in more favorable stages through the screening accomplishments. With respect to the relative case fatality rates, the complements of the relative survival rates, the eight-year rate of 19 percent for the BCDDP versus that of 35 percent for SEER connotes 46 percent fewer @entity1 dying in the BCDDP group.

title: Survival experience in the Breast XXXX Detection Demonstration Project.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['overall invasive cancers']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: This study was performed to determine the @entity137 and effectiveness of @entity6303 used with @entity6239 - @entity701 in the treatment of @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 . Forty-five @entity1 were treated, 29 of whom were fully eligible. Twelve of the 45 who had @entity6 and/or @entity101 were also analyzed. All had measurable sites of disease. The median age was 63 years, and the median time from first recurrence to on-study was 19 months. Approximately half the @entity1 already had chemotherapy, and about 90% had hormone therapy for advanced disease. The most common side effects were @entity1910 , @entity1017 , @entity4854 , and @entity16 . No life-threatening or lethal @entity137 were reported. The overall response rate (complete or partial) among the fully eligible @entity1 was 34% (90% confidence intervals from 20% to 51%), with a 5-month median duration of response. @entity1 with soft tissue, visceral, and @entity66 responded. Seventy-two percent of fully eligible @entity1 have progressed or relapsed. The median time to failure of treatment was 6 months, and the median survival time was 15 months.

title: Combination hormone therapy for metastatic XXXX . An ECOG study of megestrol and @entity6239 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['osseous disease']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['renal and neurologic problems']

entities_list: @entity6239 :: ('MESH:D000616', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglutethimide']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity6303 :: ('MESH:D019290', 'Chemical') :: ['megestrol acetate']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: This study was performed to determine the @entity137 and effectiveness of @entity6303 used with @entity6239 - @entity701 in the treatment of @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 . Forty-five @entity1 were treated, 29 of whom were fully eligible. Twelve of the 45 who had @entity6 and/or @entity101 were also analyzed. All had measurable sites of disease. The median age was 63 years, and the median time from first recurrence to on-study was 19 months. Approximately half the @entity1 already had chemotherapy, and about 90% had hormone therapy for advanced disease. The most common side effects were @entity1910 , @entity1017 , @entity4854 , and @entity16 . No life-threatening or lethal @entity137 were reported. The overall response rate (complete or partial) among the fully eligible @entity1 was 34% (90% confidence intervals from 20% to 51%), with a 5-month median duration of response. @entity1 with soft tissue, visceral, and @entity66 responded. Seventy-two percent of fully eligible @entity1 have progressed or relapsed. The median time to failure of treatment was 6 months, and the median survival time was 15 months.

title: Combination hormone therapy for metastatic @entity0 . An ECOG study of megestrol and XXXX .

answer: @entity6239 :: (MESH:D000616,Chemical) :: ['aminoglutethimide']


abstract: Earlier results on the photodynamic action of several carcinogenic @entity2555 , and particularly @entity3653 ( @entity106 ), have been extended to determine if @entity106 + near-u.v. light produces damage to DNA. @entity106 by itself (30 min, approximately 24 degrees C) introduces relatively few breaks into genomic DNA. The addition of near-u.v. light, however, inserts large numbers of single-strand breaks in a dose-dependent way. Incubation following exposure initially results in the rapid repair of these breaks. A primary role for DNA damage in photodynamic cell killing is not supported by other observations, however. First, @entity5834 , an inhibitor of radiation-associated DNA repair processes, has only a minor effect on the @entity26 -dependent killing of cells exposed to @entity106 + u.v. light. Second, along with the repair of DNA breaks, the insertion of additional breaks becomes evident leading to a massive breakdown of genomic DNA due to an @entity2142 . And third, lethally affected cells rapidly lose their surface attachment. Because light induces damage in DNA when @entity106 is present, it is likely that @entity106 becomes closely associated with DNA. Thus, a starting point for mutagenic and carcinogenic action in the absence of light is suggested although activation of @entity106 by a P-450 system does not appear to be a prerequisite of @entity106 -DNA association. Still, DNA as such may not be the initial or the primary target for light-induced cell killing. In addition to interacting with DNA, @entity106 is sequestered by membranes, suggesting that killing results from an @entity26 -dependent release of catabolic enzymes. These enzymes, which may come from lysosomes, degrade DNA but concomitantly release surface-attached cells into the medium.

title: XXXX plus near-u.v. light initiates DNA damage and repair in Chinese hamster cells.

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene']

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['endonucleolytic-like attack']

answer: @entity3653 :: (CHEBI:254496,Chemical) :: ['7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene']


abstract: From April of 1969 through December of 1980, 197 @entity1 with Stage IB, invasive, epidermoid @entity189 received radical radiation therapy. The treatment consisted of external beam and intracavitary therapy designed to deliver 7000 to 8000 rad to Point A and 5000 to 5500 rad to the pelvic lymph nodes. The 2-, 5-, and 10-year, disease-free survival rates were 87%, 83%, and 81%, respectively. Thirty-six @entity1 developed recurrent and/or metastatic disease. The sites that failed to remain disease-free were: locoregional in five @entity1 (3%), locoregional with distant @entity3 in 15 @entity1 (8%), and distant @entity3 only in 14 @entity1 (7%). In addition, there were two @entity1 (1%) who are considered to have died of disease but the site or sites of recurrence could not be determined. Thirty-nine @entity1 developed complications. The complications were mild and self-limiting--Grade I--in 24 @entity1 (12%) and of moderate severity--Grade II--in eight @entity1 (4%). Seven @entity1 (4%) developed severe--Grade III--complications. A correlation was found between the dose to Point A, the bladder, and the rectum and the complications. The mean dose to Point A for @entity1 without and with complications were 7453 rad (SE +/- 91) and 7737 (SE +/- 124), respectively, with a P value of .05. The mean dose to the bladder for @entity1 without and with urinary complications was 5590 rad (SE +/- 103) and 6335 rad (SE +/- 411), respectively, with a P value of 0.14. The mean dose to the rectum for @entity1 without and with intestinal complications was 5837 rad (SE +/- 103) and 6810 rad (SE +/- 236), respectively, with a P value of 0.001. No correlation was found between the dose to Point A and locoregional recurrences.

title: Analysis of results of radiation therapy for stage IB XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']


abstract: @entity384 is a diverse group of @entity299 with variable @entity943 substrates. The response to programmed stimulation is dependent on spontaneous @entity943 presentation. In @entity1 with @entity384 , the majority of sustained monomorphic VT is caused by a scar-related reentrant mechanism, similar to that of @entity453 . The @entity943 is uniformly inducible and is often refractory to pharmacologic therapy. Sustained VT is associated with more extensive @entity296 and non-uniform anisotropy, involving both the endocardium and epicardium, compared to those without sustained reentry. The response to programmed stimulation is more variable in @entity1 presenting with nonsustained @entity943 , @entity1167 or @entity1163 . Inducibility of monomorphic VT is much lower compared to those with @entity741 . Other non-reentrant mechanism, such as focal automaticity, can also be observed in @entity1 with monomorphic VT, in the absence of @entity296 or evidence of slow conduction. The utility of electrophysiology studies to determine prognosis and to guide therapy remains limited in this @entity1 population. The clinical outcome does not correlate with @entity943 inducibility, and suppression of induced @entity943 does not predict a good prognosis. The diagnosis of @entity370 or @entity1526 ' @entity296 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity384 of unknown etiology, particularly in those with marked regional wall motion abnormalities and inducible VT. Epicardial reentrant circuits may be more prevalent in these @entity296 , especially in those with VT related to chronic @entity1526 . Although bundle branch reentry VT is a common finding in @entity1 with @entity384 , it can occur in @entity296 of any type and may coexist with other myocardial reentrant VT. It often has a @entity5036 QRS pattern during VT and is associated with His-Purkinje conduction delay. Evidence of macroreentry involving the bundle branches can usually be demonstrated, and catheter ablation of the bundle branches provides an effective and specific treatment.

title: Electrophysiology studies in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy', 'cardiomyopathies', 'myocardial scar', 'myocardial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Dilated cardiomyopathy', 'dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity1526 :: ('MESH:D014355', 'Disease') :: ['Chagas', "Chagas' disease"]

entities_list: @entity5036 :: ('OMIM:113900', 'Disease') :: ['typical bundle branch block']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart diseases']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['dilated cardiomyopathies']


abstract: @entity384 is a diverse group of @entity299 with variable @entity943 substrates. The response to programmed stimulation is dependent on spontaneous @entity943 presentation. In @entity1 with @entity384 , the majority of sustained monomorphic VT is caused by a scar-related reentrant mechanism, similar to that of @entity453 . The @entity943 is uniformly inducible and is often refractory to pharmacologic therapy. Sustained VT is associated with more extensive @entity296 and non-uniform anisotropy, involving both the endocardium and epicardium, compared to those without sustained reentry. The response to programmed stimulation is more variable in @entity1 presenting with nonsustained @entity943 , @entity1167 or @entity1163 . Inducibility of monomorphic VT is much lower compared to those with @entity741 . Other non-reentrant mechanism, such as focal automaticity, can also be observed in @entity1 with monomorphic VT, in the absence of @entity296 or evidence of slow conduction. The utility of electrophysiology studies to determine prognosis and to guide therapy remains limited in this @entity1 population. The clinical outcome does not correlate with @entity943 inducibility, and suppression of induced @entity943 does not predict a good prognosis. The diagnosis of @entity370 or @entity1526 ' @entity296 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity384 of unknown etiology, particularly in those with marked regional wall motion abnormalities and inducible VT. Epicardial reentrant circuits may be more prevalent in these @entity296 , especially in those with VT related to chronic @entity1526 . Although bundle branch reentry VT is a common finding in @entity1 with @entity384 , it can occur in @entity296 of any type and may coexist with other myocardial reentrant VT. It often has a @entity5036 QRS pattern during VT and is associated with His-Purkinje conduction delay. Evidence of macroreentry involving the bundle branches can usually be demonstrated, and catheter ablation of the bundle branches provides an effective and specific treatment.

title: Electrophysiology studies in XXXX with @entity384 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To present an @entity155 injury of the rectus muscle after @entity2694 , usually the inferior rectus, and detail its diagnosis and operative repair. METHODS: Forty-three @entity1 underwent repair of @entity1912 tears of 62 rectus muscles. During surgery, we found the @entity121 was often subtle, with narrowing or thinning of the remaining attached global layer of muscle. The detached @entity1912 of external (orbital) muscle was found embedded in surrounding orbital fat and connective tissue. Retrieval and repair were performed in each case. RESULTS: The causes of @entity2694 were as follows: @entity8924 (15 @entity1 ), @entity130 with no @entity174 (11 @entity1 ), suspected @entity130 but did not undergo computerized tomographic scan (12 @entity1 ), and status after @entity1713 repair (5 @entity1 ). Of note, 15 of the 43 @entity1 (35%) underwent repair of the @entity1912 tear alone, without any additional orbital or strabismus surgery. Diagnostically, the predominant motility defect in 45 muscles was limitation toward the field of action of the muscle, presumably as a result of a tether created by the torn @entity1912 ; these tethers simulated muscle palsy. Seventeen muscles were restricted away from their field of action, simulating entrapment. The direction taken by the @entity1912 during healing determined the resultant strabismus pattern. All @entity1 with gaze limitation toward an @entity8924 had @entity1912 tears. The worst results after @entity1912 tear repair were seen in @entity1 (1) who had undergone @entity8924 repair before presentation, (2) who had undergone previous attempts at strabismus repair, and (3) who had the longest intervals between the precipitating event and the repair. The best results were obtained in @entity1 who underwent simultaneous @entity174 and strabismus repair or early strabismus repair alone. CONCLUSIONS: Avulsion-type @entity1912 tears of the extraocular muscles are a common cause of posttraumatic strabismus. Early repair produces the best results, but improvement is possible despite long delay.

title: XXXX tear of rectus muscles: an underlying cause of strabismus after @entity2694 .

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['orbital trauma']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion']

entities_list: @entity8924 :: ('MESH:D009917', 'Disease') :: ['orbital fracture', 'orbital fractures']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle abnormality']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['blunt trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1912 :: (241,Gene) :: ['Flap']


abstract: PURPOSE: To present an @entity155 injury of the rectus muscle after @entity2694 , usually the inferior rectus, and detail its diagnosis and operative repair. METHODS: Forty-three @entity1 underwent repair of @entity1912 tears of 62 rectus muscles. During surgery, we found the @entity121 was often subtle, with narrowing or thinning of the remaining attached global layer of muscle. The detached @entity1912 of external (orbital) muscle was found embedded in surrounding orbital fat and connective tissue. Retrieval and repair were performed in each case. RESULTS: The causes of @entity2694 were as follows: @entity8924 (15 @entity1 ), @entity130 with no @entity174 (11 @entity1 ), suspected @entity130 but did not undergo computerized tomographic scan (12 @entity1 ), and status after @entity1713 repair (5 @entity1 ). Of note, 15 of the 43 @entity1 (35%) underwent repair of the @entity1912 tear alone, without any additional orbital or strabismus surgery. Diagnostically, the predominant motility defect in 45 muscles was limitation toward the field of action of the muscle, presumably as a result of a tether created by the torn @entity1912 ; these tethers simulated muscle palsy. Seventeen muscles were restricted away from their field of action, simulating entrapment. The direction taken by the @entity1912 during healing determined the resultant strabismus pattern. All @entity1 with gaze limitation toward an @entity8924 had @entity1912 tears. The worst results after @entity1912 tear repair were seen in @entity1 (1) who had undergone @entity8924 repair before presentation, (2) who had undergone previous attempts at strabismus repair, and (3) who had the longest intervals between the precipitating event and the repair. The best results were obtained in @entity1 who underwent simultaneous @entity174 and strabismus repair or early strabismus repair alone. CONCLUSIONS: Avulsion-type @entity1912 tears of the extraocular muscles are a common cause of posttraumatic strabismus. Early repair produces the best results, but improvement is possible despite long delay.

title: @entity1912 tear of rectus muscles: an underlying cause of strabismus after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity2694 :: (MESH:D009916,Disease) :: ['orbital trauma']


abstract: The study was conducted with three @entity1 and seven @entity1 , 72-84 years old, characterized by psychopathological and clinical signs of @entity4522 (A). All @entity1 suffered from @entity25 . With one exception every experiment ran for five days during which closed-eye-EEGs were registered at 8 a.m., 12 noon, 4 p.m., and 8 p.m. of the alert but relaxed @entity1 and recorded on tape for computer processing. Simultaneously with every EEG registration the body temperature was measured. The findings were compared statistically with corresponding data of a former study conducted with ten healthy aged volunteers (G). RESULTS: The dominant peak-frequency of the @entity1 turned out significantly slower than that of the volunteers.--While in healthy @entity1 the peak frequency increased corresponding with the body temperature from the morning to the late afternoon or the early evening respectively, the @entity1 lacked such a correlation, although their temperatures rose gradually in the normal way. In most of the @entity1 the peak-frequency had a remarkable small variety from day to day as well as from scalp-position, and its circadian shift was poor. Psychopathologically these subjects manifested primarily @entity2414 , general intellectual decline, and in four cases disorientation. On the other hand the EEGs of three @entity1 showed substantial greater variety of the peak-frequency from day to day and from scalp-position to scalp-position. Besides the alterations during the day were rather excessive, but lacking any appreciable correspondence with the undisturbed circadian variations of the body temperature. In these three cases psychopathologically personality changes preponderated.

title: [Effect of the time of day on the EEG in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory loss']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['disorder of sleep-waking rhythm']

entities_list: @entity4522 :: ('MESH:D002537', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity4522 :: (MESH:D002537,Disease) :: ['cerebral arteriosclerosis']


abstract: We should ask about any therapy: (1) is it safe? and (2) is it effective? The best therapy is that which has the greatest chance to do good with the least chance to cause harm. Medical treatment is certainly safer than surgery, since (by my definition) surgery always involves a general anaesthetic, and morbidly @entity28 @entity1 are bad anaesthetic risks. @entity28 also increases other surgical risks, so all published series of surgically-treated @entity28 @entity1 report some mortality. Surgeons will claim that surgery is much more effective than medical treatment, which has negligible success in morbid @entity28 . However all surgical bypass or banding procedures cause @entity353 by restricting food intake, so if food intake can be equally restricted without surgery the results are just as good. In our experience @entity89 (which does not require a general anaesthetic) produces similar @entity353 to gastroplasty. However the most difficult problem in morbid @entity28 is the maintenance of reduced weight many years after treatment. We have too few good long-term follow-up data after either medical or surgical treatment, but about half our @entity1 treated with @entity89 and a waist cord maintain their @entity353 on 3 years follow-up, zero mortality from the procedure. The results of surgical and medical treatments depend on the skill and care with which they are applied, and the way in which @entity1 are selected. If @entity1 are given treatment B if they are considered unsuitable for treatment A then the results from treatment A will be better.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Morbid XXXX : medical or surgical treatment? The case for medical treatment.

entities_list: @entity89 :: ('MESH:D007571', 'Disease') :: ['jaw-wiring']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obesity', 'obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: Microtubulin binding agents such as @entity1205 have significant preclinical and clinical activity in the treatment of @entity263 . We have previously used median-effect analysis to define both synergistic and antagonistic drug combinations which may be of value in management of @entity1 disease. These studies extend our findings in @entity263 cell lines. A semi-automated microtiter culture system was used. @entity1205 was combined with 18 other agents, incubated with DU 145, LnCaP or @entity5049 @entity263 cell lines for 72 h and the cells then incubated with @entity98 to determine cytotoxic effect. Both doublet and triplet combinations were examined. Synergy and antagonism as measured by the combination index were determined for each combination. The non-mutually exclusive criterion was applied. @entity1205 demonstrated cytotoxic additive effects or synergy with - @entity1968 , @entity205 and @entity1206 in all three cell lines. @entity1205 combined with either @entity1259 or @entity632 displayed cytotoxic synergistic effects in hormone-refractory DU 145 and @entity5049 cell lines. In contrast, drugs which have been combined clinically to treat @entity263 , i.e. @entity900 , @entity3003 or @entity2879 , were antagonistic when combined with @entity1205 . We conclude that combinations of @entity1205 with either - @entity1968 or @entity1206 may offer an enhanced cytotoxic effect in the management of @entity263 and need to be evaluated for therapeutic effect. The combination of @entity1205 with an @entity4349 was also synergistic in the two hormone-refractory cell lines, DU 145 and @entity5049 , thus suggesting a potential role in advanced disease after endocrine failure. Combinations of @entity1205 with @entity902 or @entity2879 may lead to subadditive effects in treatment.

title: Synergistic and antagonistic combinations of drugs in @entity1 XXXX cell lines in vitro.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['defined prostate cancer', 'hormone-refractory prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel', 'Docetaxel']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: Microtubulin binding agents such as @entity1205 have significant preclinical and clinical activity in the treatment of @entity263 . We have previously used median-effect analysis to define both synergistic and antagonistic drug combinations which may be of value in management of @entity1 disease. These studies extend our findings in @entity263 cell lines. A semi-automated microtiter culture system was used. @entity1205 was combined with 18 other agents, incubated with DU 145, LnCaP or @entity5049 @entity263 cell lines for 72 h and the cells then incubated with @entity98 to determine cytotoxic effect. Both doublet and triplet combinations were examined. Synergy and antagonism as measured by the combination index were determined for each combination. The non-mutually exclusive criterion was applied. @entity1205 demonstrated cytotoxic additive effects or synergy with - @entity1968 , @entity205 and @entity1206 in all three cell lines. @entity1205 combined with either @entity1259 or @entity632 displayed cytotoxic synergistic effects in hormone-refractory DU 145 and @entity5049 cell lines. In contrast, drugs which have been combined clinically to treat @entity263 , i.e. @entity900 , @entity3003 or @entity2879 , were antagonistic when combined with @entity1205 . We conclude that combinations of @entity1205 with either - @entity1968 or @entity1206 may offer an enhanced cytotoxic effect in the management of @entity263 and need to be evaluated for therapeutic effect. The combination of @entity1205 with an @entity4349 was also synergistic in the two hormone-refractory cell lines, DU 145 and @entity5049 , thus suggesting a potential role in advanced disease after endocrine failure. Combinations of @entity1205 with @entity902 or @entity2879 may lead to subadditive effects in treatment.

title: Synergistic and antagonistic combinations of drugs in XXXX @entity263 cell lines in vitro.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential and feasibility of ultrasound-guided cryotherapy in @entity0 . Fifteen female @entity1 with 16 @entity0 (mean @entity5 diameter 21+/-7.8 mm) were treated. A 3-mm cryo probe was placed in the @entity5 under ultrasound guidance. Two freeze/thaw cycles with durations of 7-10 min and 5 min, respectively, were performed. The size of the iceballs was measured sonographically in 1-min intervals. The @entity1 underwent surgery within 5 days and the specimens were evaluated histologically. The mean diameter of the iceball was 28+/-2.7 mm after the second freezing cycle. No severe side effects were observed. @entity5 with a diameter below 16 mm did not show any remaining @entity3 after treatment. Two of these had @entity3821 ( @entity3821 ) in the surrounding tissue. In 11 @entity1 cryotherapy of @entity5 reaching diameters of 23 mm or more resulted in incomplete @entity39 . This study shows that the invasive components of small @entity5 can be treated using cryotherapy. Remnant @entity3821 components which may not be detected preinterventionally represent a challenging problem for complete ablation. In @entity5 larger than 15 mm two or more cryo probes should be used to achieve larger iceballs.

title: Cryotherapy of XXXX under ultrasound guidance: initial results and limitations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma in situ', 'DCIS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Five tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: A group of 51 @entity1 with @entity943 refractory to standard oral antiarrhythmic agents were treated with oral @entity11797 . Antiarrhythmic efficacy was defined as total abolition of occurrences of @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) or @entity2224 ( @entity2224 ) as assessed by hospital admissions for @entity943 and the occurrence of @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ). Of the 51 @entity1 , 32 (63%) initially tolerated @entity11797 and were discharged from the hospital. Of the 19 @entity1 not initially responding to @entity11797 , 6 (12%) had @entity943 recurrence and 13 (25%) developed intolerable central nervous system or gastrointestinal side effects. Of these 19 short-term nonresponders, 8 (42%) @entity1 suffered @entity1164 over an average follow-up of 24 months (annual @entity1164 rate of 21%). Two @entity1 suffered @entity1164 during the first week of @entity11797 therapy. Discounting the 2 @entity1 with @entity1164 on @entity11797 therapy, 6 of 17 (35%) @entity1 initially withdrawn from @entity11797 suffered @entity1164 (annual @entity1164 rate of 18%). Twenty-four of the 32 short-term responders did not have @entity943 recurrence over a mean follow-up of 38 months resulting in an overall long-term efficacy of 47% (24/51). Over an average follow-up of 38 months for these 24 short-term responders, 12 @entity1 expired from nonarrhythmic causes, 3 @entity1 were withdrawn for non-drug-related causes, and 9 @entity1 remain on @entity11797 therapy. Of the 8 long-term nonresponders, 3 @entity1 had @entity943 recurrence and died suddenly while 5 @entity1 developed intolerable side effects. The annual @entity1164 rate in short-term responders was 3%. Eighteen of the 51 @entity1 (35%) were withdrawn from the study because of adverse effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Efficacy and tolerance of @entity11797 during long-term treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death', 'SCD']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity11797 :: ('MESH:D016677', 'Chemical') :: ['tocainide']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['VF', 'ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia', 'malignant ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['malignant ventricular arrhythmias']


abstract: A group of 51 @entity1 with @entity943 refractory to standard oral antiarrhythmic agents were treated with oral @entity11797 . Antiarrhythmic efficacy was defined as total abolition of occurrences of @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) or @entity2224 ( @entity2224 ) as assessed by hospital admissions for @entity943 and the occurrence of @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ). Of the 51 @entity1 , 32 (63%) initially tolerated @entity11797 and were discharged from the hospital. Of the 19 @entity1 not initially responding to @entity11797 , 6 (12%) had @entity943 recurrence and 13 (25%) developed intolerable central nervous system or gastrointestinal side effects. Of these 19 short-term nonresponders, 8 (42%) @entity1 suffered @entity1164 over an average follow-up of 24 months (annual @entity1164 rate of 21%). Two @entity1 suffered @entity1164 during the first week of @entity11797 therapy. Discounting the 2 @entity1 with @entity1164 on @entity11797 therapy, 6 of 17 (35%) @entity1 initially withdrawn from @entity11797 suffered @entity1164 (annual @entity1164 rate of 18%). Twenty-four of the 32 short-term responders did not have @entity943 recurrence over a mean follow-up of 38 months resulting in an overall long-term efficacy of 47% (24/51). Over an average follow-up of 38 months for these 24 short-term responders, 12 @entity1 expired from nonarrhythmic causes, 3 @entity1 were withdrawn for non-drug-related causes, and 9 @entity1 remain on @entity11797 therapy. Of the 8 long-term nonresponders, 3 @entity1 had @entity943 recurrence and died suddenly while 5 @entity1 developed intolerable side effects. The annual @entity1164 rate in short-term responders was 3%. Eighteen of the 51 @entity1 (35%) were withdrawn from the study because of adverse effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Efficacy and tolerance of XXXX during long-term treatment of @entity943 .

answer: @entity11797 :: (MESH:D016677,Chemical) :: ['tocainide']


abstract: The relationship between lip strength and lip pressure (pressure from the lips on the teeth) was studied in 84 @entity1 (aged 7 to 16 years) with varying types of @entity3232 . The lip strength was recorded with a dynamometer. The lip pressure was measured on the upper and lower central incisors in the rest position, and during chewing and swallowing of crispbread. The lip pressure measurements were made with an extraoral pressure transducer incorporated in a water-filled system with an intraoral mouthpiece. The muscle activity of the lips was recorded electromyographically. Bite and facial morphologies were studied on dental casts and profile cephalograms. There was no correlation between lip strength and lip pressure. Lip strength was lower in @entity1 with Angle Class II, Division 1 @entity3232 than in @entity1 with @entity7166 . The lip pressure on the upper incisors, on the other hand, was higher in Class II, Division 1 than in @entity7166 , and was lowest in @entity1 with Class II, Division 2 @entity3232 . The findings suggest that the pressure from the lips on the teeth is a result of the incisor position.

title: Pressure from the lips on the teeth and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity7166 :: ('MESH:D008311', 'Disease') :: ['Class I malocclusion']

entities_list: @entity3232 :: ('MESH:D008310', 'Disease') :: ['malocclusion']

answer: @entity3232 :: (MESH:D008310,Disease) :: ['malocclusion']


abstract: We conclude that, although many therapies have been advocated, no regimen has proved to be consistently effective in the treatment of @entity4810 . Couples in which the husband is identified as having idiopathic @entity249 should be advised of the inconsistent and often low conception rates obtained with medical therapy. This should be weighed against the possibility of greater success with in vitro fertilization and the likelihood of success with artificial insemination by donor. Matson and colleagues performed in vitro fertilization on 75 couples in which the husband was oligospermic. When the husband was moderately (5.1 to 11.9 million motile sperm per milliliter) or severely (less than or equal to 5 million motile sperm per milliliter) oligospermic, fertilization rates were 56 and 30 per cent, respectively. This is in comparison to a fertilization rate of 72 per cent in normospermic couples. Following embryo transfer, pregnancy rates were similar in all groups. In vitro fertilization, although expensive and often not covered by insurance policies, may yield results in 1 month. Pharmacologic treatment of the male, which is less expensive, requires several months before improvement might be expected. The decision as to which course to recommend should be made after careful consultation with the couple. If empiric therapy is decided upon, the choice of an agent is somewhat arbitrary. Reasonable initial choices for the oligospermic @entity1 are @entity440 (or @entity4082 ) or @entity6740 ( @entity6740 may also be used in the @entity1 with idiopathic asthenospermia). @entity251 rebound, with its risk of permanent @entity3893 , is not an acceptable initial therapy. Similarly, the results of studies of @entity28657 , @entity1176 , @entity1502 , and @entity7199 either demonstrate low pregnancy rates or are too preliminary to recommend at this time. Regardless of the choice of therapy, it should be administered for at least 3 months to include the length of one spermatogenic cycle. The performance of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over studies of present and future treatments will allow more definite conclusions to be drawn.

title: Medical treatment of idiopathic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['Testosterone']

entities_list: @entity28657 :: ('MESH:D013738', 'Chemical') :: ['testolactone']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic male infertility']

entities_list: @entity4082 :: ('MESH:D002996', 'Chemical') :: ['clomiphene citrate']

entities_list: @entity1502 :: ('MESH:D010431', 'Chemical') :: ['pentoxifylline']

entities_list: @entity7199 :: ('MESH:D007610', 'Chemical') :: ['kallikrein']

entities_list: @entity3893 :: ('MESH:D053713', 'Disease') :: ['azoospermia']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['infertility']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Barrett's oesophagus is a pre-neoplastic lesion, which develops as a complication of chronic @entity354 and predisposes the @entity1 to @entity420 . Our aim was to characterize karyotypic changes that may occur during the progression of Barrett's metaplasia through @entity258 and high-grade @entity1141 to @entity420 . METHODS: The technique of comparative genomic hybridization was used to characterize genome-wide changes in biopsies from @entity1 with @entity258 , @entity258 plus high-grade @entity1141 , high-grade @entity1141 or @entity420 . Both fresh and archival material was examined. RESULTS: Comparative genomic hybridization revealed a large amount of widespread chromosome instability at the high-grade @entity1141 stage. No significant chromosome changes were detectable by comparative genomic hybridization in @entity1 with @entity258 . Karyotypic changes in the @entity420 @entity1 were more specific than those found in the high-grade @entity1141 @entity1 . Chromosome 4 was amplified most often in high-grade @entity1141 and chromosome 8q was amplified most frequently in the @entity420 . CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that high-grade @entity1141 is the stage exhibiting widespread chromosome instability, which is detectable by comparative genomic hybridization. This instability is undetectable in @entity258 . The chromosome variation seen at high-grade @entity1141 may be the source of more specific karyotypes that progress to @entity420 . Importantly, we have identified chromosome 4 amplification as being heavily involved in the initiation of Barrett's progression. Specific chromosome changes (4 and 8q) may represent important regions on which to focus attention in future studies, with a view to identifying diagnostic markers.

title: Analysis of the premalignant stages of Barrett's oesophagus through to XXXX by comparative genomic hybridization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-oesophageal reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low-grade dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'oesophageal adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To characterize a single institution experience with management of @entity5578 during an 18-year time period, report long-term survival rates, and identify prognostic factors. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Studied were 141 @entity1 treated for a @entity5578 at a single institution from 1980 to 1997 with a minimum 3-year follow-up. Gender, age, @entity2802 stage, anatomic site, pathology, treatment, and recurrence rates were reviewed. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine factors affecting survival. RESULTS: The male to female ratio was 1.6:1, and the median @entity1 age was 60 years. Most @entity1 presented with T3/T4 or locally advanced disease (88%), N0 status (96%), and M0 status (96%). The maxillary sinus was the most commonly affected site (70%), followed by the ethmoid sinus (26%). The most common @entity5 was @entity957 (51%), followed by @entity2347 (12%) and @entity420 (11%). Sixty-two percent of this study group underwent surgery as part of a multimodality curative treatment plan or alone as curative treatment. Eighteen @entity1 (13%) had unresectable local disease and received non-surgical palliative treatment. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the 5-year and 10-year disease-specific survival was 52% and 35%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed T4 stage (P =.005), N-positive stage (P =.009), and M-positive stage (P =.018) negatively impacted survival. Seventy-two @entity1 (51%) developed recurrent disease at a median time of 336 days after initial treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 with @entity5578 presented with locally advanced disease. @entity1442 stage, regional, and distant @entity3 are highly predictive of poor survival. Recurrence rate is high and typically occurs within the first year after treatment.

title: Paranasal XXXX : an 18-year single institution experience.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['Advanced T']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity5578 :: ('MESH:D010254', 'Disease') :: ['paranasal sinus malignancies', 'paranasal sinus malignancy']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['sinus malignancies']


abstract: The relative safety of @entity2892 / @entity9234 for 3470 @entity1 was reviewed to see if the safety profile was similar to that seen for the first 1723 @entity1 treated. The most common clinical adverse experiences were local ones related to the site of intravenous infusion. Gastrointestinal adverse experiences included @entity390 , @entity391 , or @entity294 . The frequency of @entity8307 was low (0 X 1%). The most common central @entity3002 was @entity410 . The most common background factor was central @entity3002 including prior history of @entity410 . Dermatological adverse experiences included @entity1910 , @entity111 and @entity110 . Bleeding and @entity177 were uncommon. The most common laboratory changes included transient increased liver function values, @entity1712 , positive Coombs' test (not associated with haemolysis) and increased platelets. The current clinical and laboratory safety data are similar to those obtained in the early part of the clinical trials.

title: The safety profile of XXXX /cilastatin: worldwide clinical experience based on 3470 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity9234 :: ('MESH:D015377', 'Chemical') :: ['cilastatin']

entities_list: @entity3002 :: ('MESH:D009421', 'Disease') :: ['nervous system abnormality']

entities_list: @entity8307 :: ('MESH:D004761', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomembranous colitis']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['decreased renal function']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

answer: @entity2892 :: (MESH:D015378,Chemical) :: ['imipenem']


abstract: The relative safety of @entity2892 / @entity9234 for 3470 @entity1 was reviewed to see if the safety profile was similar to that seen for the first 1723 @entity1 treated. The most common clinical adverse experiences were local ones related to the site of intravenous infusion. Gastrointestinal adverse experiences included @entity390 , @entity391 , or @entity294 . The frequency of @entity8307 was low (0 X 1%). The most common central @entity3002 was @entity410 . The most common background factor was central @entity3002 including prior history of @entity410 . Dermatological adverse experiences included @entity1910 , @entity111 and @entity110 . Bleeding and @entity177 were uncommon. The most common laboratory changes included transient increased liver function values, @entity1712 , positive Coombs' test (not associated with haemolysis) and increased platelets. The current clinical and laboratory safety data are similar to those obtained in the early part of the clinical trials.

title: The safety profile of @entity2892 /cilastatin: worldwide clinical experience based on 3470 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']