abstract: AIM: To evaluate the sustainability of the benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy in routine practice in a cohort of adults with @entity6 . METHODS: The clinical records of all adults starting continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion over 12  years at our centre were included in this study. Baseline and mean annual HbA1c levels were recorded. The frequency of mild-to-moderate and severe hypoglycaemia and hypoglycaemia awareness were analysed in a subgroup. RESULTS: Adequate data were available from 327 @entity1 , of whom 71% were female. The @entity1 ' mean      sd age was 41      14  years, the mean      sd (range) follow-up for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion was 4.3      2.7 (1-12) years. The mean      sd @entity4051 c concentration fell by 8      5  mmol/mol (0.7      0.5%) at year 1 [to 63      12  mmol/mol from 70      18  mmol/mol (7.9      1.1% from 8.6      1.6%); P  <  0.0005], sustained to year 5. In @entity1 with initial poor control, HbA1c dropped by 12      11  mmol/mol (1.1      1.0%; P  <  0.0005) at year 1, sustained to year 6. The percentage of @entity1 with >=   5 mild to moderate hypoglycaemic episodes per week fell from 29 to 12% (n  =  163; P  =  0.006). In the subgroup (n  =  87; follow-up 2.5      mean      sd 1.1  years), the frequency of severe hypoglycaemia fell from 0.6      1.7 episodes per @entity1 per year to 0.3      0.9 (P  =  0.047). Of 24 @entity1 with impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (Gold score >=   4), the mean      sd Gold score improved from 4.9      0.9 to 3.8      1.7 (P  =  0.011). Nine @entity1 regained awareness. No deterioration in HbA1c was seen in the hypoglycaemia-prone groups. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with regard to improving glycaemic control and reducing hypoglycaemia frequency, along with improvement in hypoglycaemia awareness without deterioration in glycaemic control, can be sustained over several years in clinical practice.

title: Sustained benefit of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Transurethral microwave thermotherapy was administered to 91 consecutive @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity1067 . Mean @entity1 age was 68 years, with a range of 55 to 87 years. Treatment was given in one 60-minute session, on an outpatient basis and without anesthesia. Of the 91 original @entity1 67 (73.6%) were followed from 3 to 18 months, mean 6.1 months. The microwave emission was continuously monitored to permit the control of the urethral temperature level. @entity1 were prospective and randomly assessed into 2 groups: group 1 (34 @entity1 ) who underwent treatment with urethral temperature between 42 and 43 degrees C and group 2 (33 @entity1 ) treated with higher temperature ranging between 43.1 and 45 degrees C. There was improvement of the irritative and obstructive symptoms, prostate weight and residual urine, in both groups after treatment (p < 0.001). PSA did not show a statistically significant difference after TUMT in both groups. Uroflow improved in both groups after the treatment; however, only the group treated with higher temperature showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). In the lower temperature group there were 2/34 (5.8%) failures; both @entity1 were still obstructed and underwent transurethral resection. A total of 2/33 (6%) failures were observed in the higher temperature group. @entity1 showed no general conditions which might allow the use of anesthesia. Therefore, they underwent a second postoperative microwave treatment after 2 and 3 months with uneventful clinical recovery at an early follow-up. No systemic complications were encountered. There were minor complications such as @entity3892 , @entity548 and severe micturition discomfort within the first 30 days postoperative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Treatment of XXXX using Prostatron: a study of the effects of treatment temperature elevation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity3892 :: ('MESH:D004823', 'Disease') :: ['epididymitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['urethral bleeding']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['benign prostate hypertrophy']


abstract: By treating @entity19 @entity5 cells in vitro with mutagens it is possible to obtain at high frequency variants that are rejected by normal syngeneic @entity19 . Such variants have been designated 'tum-' to distinguish them from the original tumorigenic (tum+) cell lines. Most tum- variants appear to express new, individual antigens that can be defined in vivo by cross-protection experiments or in vitro by cytolytic T lymphocytes. The failure of tum- variants to form progressive @entity5 is apparently the result of an immune rejection response. @entity19 that have rejected a tum- variant clone are often protected against a subsequent challenge with the original tum+ cells. This was even demonstrated for two spontaneous @entity19 @entity5 for which no immunogenicity could be demonstrated otherwise. An analysis of 21 variants derived from mastocytoma P815 with cytolytic T lymphocyte populations showed that the repertoire of tum- antigens probably exceeds 50 specificities. No two variants have been found to express the same new antigen. Variant-specific long-term cytolytic T lymphocyte clones were isolated and used for the immunoselection of secondary antigen-loss variants that could then be analysed for the presence of previously undefined residual variant antigenic determinants. Somatic cell hybrids were prepared between different P815 tum- variants or between tum- variants and the original @entity19 cells. An analysis of the hybrids with variant-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte clones showed that the expression of tum- antigens was dominant. The intriguing paradox of the high frequency of tum- variants in populations of mutagen-treated @entity5 cells may require new genetic and immunological approaches before being understood.

title: XXXX cell variants with increased immunogenicity obtained by mutagen treatment.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Tumour']


abstract: Background. @entity779 is a mosquito-borne @entity1800 and a regular epidemic in Thailand. The peak of the @entity779 period is around June to August during the rainy season. It is believed that climate is an important factor for dengue transmission. Method. A mathematical model for vector-host infectious disease was used to calculate the impacts of climate to the transmission of @entity778 . In this study, the data of climate and @entity779 cases were derived from Chiang Mai during 2004-2014, Thailand. The value of seasonal reproduction number was calculated to evaluate the potential, severity and persistence of @entity281 . Results. The mosquito population was increasing exponentially from the start of the rainy season in early May and reached its the peak in late June. The simulations suggest that the greatest potential for the dengue transmission occurs when the temperature is 28.9   C. The seasonal reproduction numbers were larger than one from late March to end of August and reaching the peak in June. The highest incidences occurred in August due to the delay of transmission @entity1 -mosquito- @entity1 . Increasing mean temperature by 1   C, the number of incidences increases 28.1%. However, a very high or very low temperature reduces the number of @entity281 . Discussion and Conclusion. The results show that the @entity281 depends on the seasonal variation of the climate. The rainfall provides places for the mosquitoes to lay eggs and develop to the adult stage. The temperature plays an important role in the life cycle and behavior of the mosquitoes. A very high or very low temperature reduces the risk of the @entity281 .

title: The seasonal reproduction number of XXXX : impacts of climate on transmission.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['dengue virus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'dengue infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral disease']

entities_list: @entity779 :: ('MESH:D003715', 'Disease') :: ['Dengue fever', 'dengue epidemic', 'dengue fever']

answer: @entity779 :: (MESH:D003715,Disease) :: ['dengue fever']


abstract: Current protocols for the treatment of @entity521 emphasize total or near total resection of @entity5 to improve survival. This is preferentially performed as a primary procedure, or is attempted at a second-look operation. Unfortunately, this @entity5 often grows to large size with invasion of the spinal canal, or encasement of major vascular or other retroperitoneal structures. A primary attempt at complete removal may result in difficult-to-control @entity548 or injury to, or loss of, vital organs. A second-look procedure carries other intrinsic risks. It often must be performed during a period of chemotherapeutically induced hematologic and immunologic suppression. The presence of adhesions and dense scar tissue increases the complexity of the dissection. The Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator (CUSA) combines continuous fragmentation, irrigation, and aspiration in one instrument. Tissues high in water content are selectively fragmented and aspirated, while tissues high in collagen and @entity2362 (such as blood vessels and pseudocapsular walls) are selectively spared. Five @entity1 , two with @entity530 , two with large @entity5 , and one with a seemingly unresectable large right @entity5 (crossing the midline with extensive aortocaval nodal involvement) had total or near-total resection accomplished using the CUSA. In these @entity1 , initial resection of the relatively soft inner part of the @entity5 left a collapsed pseudocapsule, which was then removed under greatly improved exposure in a relatively small field. The constant aspiration virtually eliminated @entity5 spillage. Since most vessels were skeletonized without penetration, @entity190 was minimized. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications.

title: Resection of advanced stage XXXX with the cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intrathoracic tumors', 'adrenal tumor']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['total blood loss']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['large pelvic dumbell tumors']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Periodontitis is an @entity32 resulting in destruction of @entity604 caused by an exuberant host immunological response to periodontal pathogens. Results from a number of epidemiological studies indicate a close association between @entity6 and @entity2521 . Results from cross-sectional studies indicate that subjects with @entity2521 have a higher odds ratio of developing insulin resistance (IR). However, the mechanisms by which @entity2521 influences the development of @entity6 are not known. Results from our previous studies using an animal model of @entity2521 suggest that @entity2521 accelerates the onset of @entity3190 and IR. In addition, @entity558 from a periodontal pathogen, @entity2523 (Pg), stimulates Serpine1 expression in the pancreatic beta cell line MIN6. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that a periodontal pathogen induces @entity3190 and @entity73236 may be involved in this process. To test this hypothesis, we co-incubated Pg with the pancreatic beta cell line MIN6 and measured the effect on insulin secretion by MIN6 cells. We further determined the involvement of Serpine1 in insulin secretion by downregulating Serpine1 expression. Our results indicated that Pg stimulated insulin secretion by approximately 3.0 fold under normoglycemic conditions. In a @entity1602 state, Pg increased insulin secretion by 1.5 fold. Pg significantly upregulated expression of the Serpine1 gene and this was associated with increased secretion of insulin by MIN6 cells. However, cells with downregulated Serpine1 expression were resistant to Pg stimulated insulin secretion under normoglycemic conditions. We conclude that the periodontal pathogen, Pg, induced insulin secretion by MIN6 cells and this induction was, in part, Serpine1 dependent. Thus, Serpine1 may play a pivotal role in insulin secretion during the accelerated development of @entity3190 and the resulting IR in the setting of @entity2521 .

title: Serpine1 Mediates XXXX Induced Insulin Secretion in the Pancreatic Beta Cell Line MIN6.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['gingiva and alveolar bone']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic']

entities_list: @entity2523 :: ('837', 'Species') :: ['Porphyromonas gingivalis']

answer: @entity2523 :: (837,Species) :: ['Porphyromonas gingivalis']


abstract: Remarkably, a number of definitive epithelia, such as that of the anterior lens, give rise when suspended within 3D gels of type I collagen, to elongate, bipolar shaped cells that exhibit the ultrastructure, polarity, and migratory ability of mesenchymal cells. They begin producing type I collagen and stop producing crystallins, type IV collagen, and laminin. Here, we investigated changes in @entity10483 integrins and their extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands during this transdifferentiation. The former free surface of the lens epithelium that is now in contact with collagen begins within a day to stain intensely for @entity10483 and it is this surface rather than the surface facing the basement membrane that gives rise to mesenchymal cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments reveal a large increase in the @entity2393 subunit on mesenchymal cells as compared to the epithelium of origin. The alpha 5 integrin subunit, which is barely detectable in the lens, increases in the mesenchymal cells and alpha 3 continues to be expressed at about the same level as in the epithelium. alpha 6, the epithelial integrin subunit, and laminin, its ECM ligand, are not detected immunohistochemically or biochemically in the mesenchyme. Rather, the mesenchymal cells secrete abundant fibronectin, the major ECM ligand for alpha 5 @entity10483 . RGD peptides do not inhibit the transformation but antibodies to @entity10483 do perturb the emigration of mesenchymal cells from the lens apical surface. We conclude that the @entity10483 integrins newly expressed on the apical epithelial surface interact with the surrounding 3D collagen gel to help bring about this unusual epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

title: Expression of XXXX changes during transformation of avian lens epithelium to mesenchyme in collagen gels.

answer: @entity2393 :: (3688,Gene) :: ['beta 1 integrins']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a @entity116 immunization poster at a medical clinic in encouraging @entity1 to request immunization against @entity116 with d2T5. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study. SETTING: The Family Medicine Unit (F.M.U.) at the Centre hospitalier de l'Universit   Laval (C.H.U.L.), a tertiary hospital in the region of Quebec City. @entity1 : All @entity1 over 7 years of age at CHUL's FMU between February 22 and March 19, 1993. INTERVENTIONS: Poster promoting @entity116 immunization displayed in waiting room during test weeks 2 and 4 and withdrawn during control weeks 1 and 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Proportion of @entity1 vaccinated with d2T5. RESULTS: The proportion of @entity1 vaccinated during the test weeks was the same as the proportion vaccinated during the control weeks. Week 1: 1/507 (0.20); Week 2: 1/394 (0.25); Week 3: 1/441 (0.23); Week 4: 1/486 (0.21). CONCLUSION: The presence of the posters in the waiting room had no impact on @entity116 immunization at CHUL's FMU.

title: [ XXXX vaccination. Evaluation of a program of health promotion in a family medicine unit].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

answer: @entity116 :: (MESH:D013746,Disease) :: ['Tetanus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1582 @entity1 resistance to both @entity3601 - and @entity632 -containing regimens has been related to very short survival (approximately 6 months). The development of effective regimens combined with a low @entity137 rate is mandatory in this @entity1 subgroup. METHODS: Fourteen resistant @entity1582 @entity1 were treated with @entity786 (a total of 3.6 g/m2 was delivered in 2 doses on days 1 and 3) and @entity229 (2 mg/kg, days 1-4) every month for 4 cycles. @entity1261 support was administered to reduce myelosuppression. RESULTS: This combination was well tolerated. Granulocyte levels fell below 0.1 x 10(9)/L in all @entity1 after a median of 9 days (range 8-11), followed by recovery to 0.5 x 10(9)/L after a median of 12 days from the start of treatment (range 10-13 days). Platelets never fell below 50 x 10(9)/L. All @entity1 were treated on an outpatient basis and only 2 required hospitalization for major complications ( @entity55 and @entity712 ). Response to @entity786 was observed in 6/14 @entity1 : 2 achieved complete remission, 4 showed a 50% or greater reduction of the M-component. Five @entity1 are still in remission after 2, 6, 7, 9 and 10 months; 1 relapsed after 10 months. All @entity1 except one are alive 4-16 months from the start of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This schedule may represent a new approach for resistant @entity1582 , and its very low @entity137 allows it to be delivered on an outpatient basis.

title: XXXX (3.6 g/m2) therapy with @entity1261 support for resistant @entity1582 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['Cyclophosphamide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1582 @entity1 resistance to both @entity3601 - and @entity632 -containing regimens has been related to very short survival (approximately 6 months). The development of effective regimens combined with a low @entity137 rate is mandatory in this @entity1 subgroup. METHODS: Fourteen resistant @entity1582 @entity1 were treated with @entity786 (a total of 3.6 g/m2 was delivered in 2 doses on days 1 and 3) and @entity229 (2 mg/kg, days 1-4) every month for 4 cycles. @entity1261 support was administered to reduce myelosuppression. RESULTS: This combination was well tolerated. Granulocyte levels fell below 0.1 x 10(9)/L in all @entity1 after a median of 9 days (range 8-11), followed by recovery to 0.5 x 10(9)/L after a median of 12 days from the start of treatment (range 10-13 days). Platelets never fell below 50 x 10(9)/L. All @entity1 were treated on an outpatient basis and only 2 required hospitalization for major complications ( @entity55 and @entity712 ). Response to @entity786 was observed in 6/14 @entity1 : 2 achieved complete remission, 4 showed a 50% or greater reduction of the M-component. Five @entity1 are still in remission after 2, 6, 7, 9 and 10 months; 1 relapsed after 10 months. All @entity1 except one are alive 4-16 months from the start of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This schedule may represent a new approach for resistant @entity1582 , and its very low @entity137 allows it to be delivered on an outpatient basis.

title: @entity786 (3.6 g/m2) therapy with @entity1261 support for resistant XXXX .

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['myeloma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1582 @entity1 resistance to both @entity3601 - and @entity632 -containing regimens has been related to very short survival (approximately 6 months). The development of effective regimens combined with a low @entity137 rate is mandatory in this @entity1 subgroup. METHODS: Fourteen resistant @entity1582 @entity1 were treated with @entity786 (a total of 3.6 g/m2 was delivered in 2 doses on days 1 and 3) and @entity229 (2 mg/kg, days 1-4) every month for 4 cycles. @entity1261 support was administered to reduce myelosuppression. RESULTS: This combination was well tolerated. Granulocyte levels fell below 0.1 x 10(9)/L in all @entity1 after a median of 9 days (range 8-11), followed by recovery to 0.5 x 10(9)/L after a median of 12 days from the start of treatment (range 10-13 days). Platelets never fell below 50 x 10(9)/L. All @entity1 were treated on an outpatient basis and only 2 required hospitalization for major complications ( @entity55 and @entity712 ). Response to @entity786 was observed in 6/14 @entity1 : 2 achieved complete remission, 4 showed a 50% or greater reduction of the M-component. Five @entity1 are still in remission after 2, 6, 7, 9 and 10 months; 1 relapsed after 10 months. All @entity1 except one are alive 4-16 months from the start of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This schedule may represent a new approach for resistant @entity1582 , and its very low @entity137 allows it to be delivered on an outpatient basis.

title: @entity786 (3.6 g/m2) therapy with XXXX support for resistant @entity1582 .

answer: @entity1261 :: (1440,Gene) :: ['G-CSF']


abstract: Elimination of parenterally administered @entity1522 was investigated in @entity1 with @entity177 ( @entity177 ) (10 on conservative treatment = CT, 13 on regular hemodialysis therapy = @entity2033 ). In a bolus injection protocol 0.1 g @entity1522 as a 10% solution containing essential and nonessential @entity1522 were infused and pharmacokinetic parameters of 17 @entity1522 were calculated. The mean elimination half life was increased by 40% in CT and 87% in @entity2033 (p less than 0.001 CT and @entity2033 versus controls). Total clearance was reduced in CT (p less than 0.001 versus @entity2033 and controls). In CT clearance of @entity815 , @entity1521 , @entity493 , @entity3793 and @entity369 was reduced, of none of the @entity1522 elevated. In @entity2033 clearance of @entity1853 , @entity376 , @entity2574 and @entity563 was increased, of @entity1521 decreased. The total transfer rate was reduced in CT (p less than 0.025 versus controls) and transfer of @entity1889 , @entity2574 , @entity367 , @entity493 , @entity3793 and @entity369 was reduced in these @entity1 . Mainly due to elevated basal plasma concentration transfer of @entity1853 was elevated in CT and @entity2033 . In dialysis @entity1 transfer of @entity6778 , @entity2340 , @entity2228 and @entity563 was increased. Despite variations of absolute values of clearance between the two groups investigated relative clearance rates of @entity1522 were similar because of a uniform increase of clearance of about 37% in @entity2033 compared to CT (p less than 0.001). Results indicate that the elimination of parenterally administered @entity1522 is grossly altered in @entity5507 and that in @entity1 on CT and @entity2033 a uniform elimination pattern can be observed.

title: Elimination of XXXX in @entity177 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2574 :: ('CHEBI:22660', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartic acid']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure', 'CRF']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity6778 :: ('CHEBI:24898', 'Chemical') :: ['isoleucine']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity367 :: ('CHEBI:18237', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamic acid']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: Elimination of parenterally administered @entity1522 was investigated in @entity1 with @entity177 ( @entity177 ) (10 on conservative treatment = CT, 13 on regular hemodialysis therapy = @entity2033 ). In a bolus injection protocol 0.1 g @entity1522 as a 10% solution containing essential and nonessential @entity1522 were infused and pharmacokinetic parameters of 17 @entity1522 were calculated. The mean elimination half life was increased by 40% in CT and 87% in @entity2033 (p less than 0.001 CT and @entity2033 versus controls). Total clearance was reduced in CT (p less than 0.001 versus @entity2033 and controls). In CT clearance of @entity815 , @entity1521 , @entity493 , @entity3793 and @entity369 was reduced, of none of the @entity1522 elevated. In @entity2033 clearance of @entity1853 , @entity376 , @entity2574 and @entity563 was increased, of @entity1521 decreased. The total transfer rate was reduced in CT (p less than 0.025 versus controls) and transfer of @entity1889 , @entity2574 , @entity367 , @entity493 , @entity3793 and @entity369 was reduced in these @entity1 . Mainly due to elevated basal plasma concentration transfer of @entity1853 was elevated in CT and @entity2033 . In dialysis @entity1 transfer of @entity6778 , @entity2340 , @entity2228 and @entity563 was increased. Despite variations of absolute values of clearance between the two groups investigated relative clearance rates of @entity1522 were similar because of a uniform increase of clearance of about 37% in @entity2033 compared to CT (p less than 0.001). Results indicate that the elimination of parenterally administered @entity1522 is grossly altered in @entity5507 and that in @entity1 on CT and @entity2033 a uniform elimination pattern can be observed.

title: Elimination of @entity1522 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['chronic renal failure']


abstract: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) may be synthesized as part of a larger prohormone, as are several other neuropeptides. In this study, we sought not only to define the distribution and morphological characteristics of LRH neurons within the @entity1 preoptic area and hypothalamus, but also to identify sites of initial synthesis, posttranslational conversion to the decapeptide, and storage of LRH in these neurons. Immunoreactive molecular forms were differentiated using a series of antisera with distinct specificities in the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. These antisera were capable of detecting the fully processed hormone as well as extended decapeptide sequences. Immunopositive LRH neurons were more abundant in the infundibular area of the hypothalamus than in the preoptic area. Numbers of immunopositive perikarya and subcellular distribution of reaction product varied with binding requirements of the antisera. After treatment with an antiserum that requires the fully processed decapeptide for binding, the reaction product was associated almost entirely with granules in perikarya and processes, while very little was associated with either @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) or Golgi apparatus. In contrast, with an antiserum capable of detecting extended forms of the decapeptide, the @entity1893 and Golgi were labeled in addition to granules. From these data, we infer that in @entity1 , mature decapeptide is present in granules within LRH neuronal perikarya and processes. Furthermore, the molecular forms associated with @entity1893 and Golgi may be precursors in which the decapeptide sequence is extended.

title: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in XXXX preoptic/hypothalamus: differential intraneuronal localization of immunoreactive forms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'humans']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['RER', 'rough endoplasmic reticulum']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: IgG anti-T cell autoantibodies are common in @entity1252 serum, react preferentially with activated lymphocytes, and exert early-phase inhibitory effects on antigen-induced T cell proliferation. Little is known about the target molecules in this system, however, because the low titer and low avidity of the most interesting antibodies limit their utility in conventional immunoprecipitation analyses. Therefore, Western blotting was used to demonstrate binding of IgG in anti-T cell antibody-positive @entity1252 sera to four surface membrane molecules shared by peripheral T cells and @entity1 cells. Molecules of Mr 90,000 and 55,000 were particularly reactive: each target was stained by IgG anti-lymphocyte antibodies in 11 @entity1 sera (approximately 85%) in the panel. Targets of Mr 37,000 and 105,000 were encountered less frequently (six of 13 and one of 13 @entity1 , respectively). It is unlikely that alloantibodies contributed to the staining patterns observed because reactivity with the four targets was consistently present when cell preparations from multiple unrelated donors were examined. The target molecules were localized to the plasma membrane by whole cell absorption/elution experiments, by the failure of chromatin (DNA/histone) to absorb antibodies to these antigens, and through the use of purified membranes as substrate for Western blotting. With the possible exception of the 105,000 Mr molecule, which is a major target in the IgM anti-T cell antibody system, evidence for the existence of neoantigens as a basis for increased reactivity of @entity1252 IgG with activated T cells was not obtained. The identity of the IgG antibody-reactive molecules with respect to known T cell antigens was not determined, although evidence against the existence of antibodies to Tac (IL 2 receptor) and the @entity69 receptor was obtained in monoclonal antibody pre-clearing experiments. Nonetheless, the observation that a limited number of major IgG autoantibody target antigens on activated peripheral T cells are shared by @entity1 cells, a primitive T cell line expressing few of the differentiation antigens characteristic of mature T cells, should provide a basis for more definitive characterization of antigens in this system in the future.

title: IgG anti-lymphocyte antibodies in XXXX react with surface molecules shared by peripheral T cells and a primitive T cell line.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['HSB-2', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: The T-antigen (Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen) is a well-characterized @entity5 -associated glycoprotein that is immunologically reactive in @entity1 . In order to demonstrate the presence of T-antigens in colorectal tissue, benign and malignant tissue from 46 @entity1 with @entity14 were examined by means of an immunoperoxidase method. Peanut agglutinin and a polyclonal immune rabbit antiserum were used to demonstrate T-antigens on 72% of @entity406 -fixed malignant specimens and on more than 92% of frozen malignant specimens. Both ligands bound to the cell membrane and secreted mucus, but only the rabbit serum showed routine staining of the cytoplasm. The T-antigen distribution was heterogeneous without relation to degree of differentiation. Transitional mucosa adjacent to malignant tissue showed a strong anti-T binding to secreted mucus. Slightly morphologically altered crypts remote from the @entity189 expressed T-antigens. Unexpectedly, both ligands bound to nerve cells of the enteric ganglia. These contain gangliosides with immunodominant oligosaccharides identical with those on the T-antigen. Therefore, cross-reactions might have occurred between the @entity7746 and the used ligands. The T-antigens now seem to be present in various @entity5 , and they probably occur early in malignant transformation.

title: Comparative immunoperoxidase demonstration of T-antigens in @entity1 XXXX and morphologically abnormal mucosa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7746 :: ('MESH:D005732', 'Chemical') :: ['gangliosides']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'widespread cancers']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinomas']


abstract: The T-antigen (Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen) is a well-characterized @entity5 -associated glycoprotein that is immunologically reactive in @entity1 . In order to demonstrate the presence of T-antigens in colorectal tissue, benign and malignant tissue from 46 @entity1 with @entity14 were examined by means of an immunoperoxidase method. Peanut agglutinin and a polyclonal immune rabbit antiserum were used to demonstrate T-antigens on 72% of @entity406 -fixed malignant specimens and on more than 92% of frozen malignant specimens. Both ligands bound to the cell membrane and secreted mucus, but only the rabbit serum showed routine staining of the cytoplasm. The T-antigen distribution was heterogeneous without relation to degree of differentiation. Transitional mucosa adjacent to malignant tissue showed a strong anti-T binding to secreted mucus. Slightly morphologically altered crypts remote from the @entity189 expressed T-antigens. Unexpectedly, both ligands bound to nerve cells of the enteric ganglia. These contain gangliosides with immunodominant oligosaccharides identical with those on the T-antigen. Therefore, cross-reactions might have occurred between the @entity7746 and the used ligands. The T-antigens now seem to be present in various @entity5 , and they probably occur early in malignant transformation.

title: Comparative immunoperoxidase demonstration of T-antigens in XXXX @entity14 and morphologically abnormal mucosa.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Recently, the number of @entity1 who participate in strenuous exercise has increased significantly. The relationship between delayed menarche and early onset of sports training, and increased incidence of @entity1866 related to athletic activity had led to increased interest. Five basketball players who are among the best players in Japan were subjected to an investigation of endocrinological responses effected by 60 minutes continuous exercise cycle ergometer. The VO2max value was previously examined. Then, the level of load during exercise was established at 60% VO2max in this study. The serum level of @entity53 increased significantly in the luteal phase but not so significantly in the follicular phase. @entity1420 did not show a significant change during exercise. FSH increased slightly in both phases. However, LH showed a slight increase in the follicular phase and a slight decrease in the luteal phase. On the other hand, prolactin showed a continuous significant increase during exercise in both phases. These data suggested that strenuous daily training leads to a frequent significant increase in prolactin in athletic @entity1 and this frequent increase in prolactin may be one of the major factors causing @entity1866 in athletic @entity1 . The specialized physician should be more concerned about the managing of athletes who are suffering from @entity1866 .

title: [Hormonal changes during continuous exercise in athletic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: The lungs of @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) @entity1 are frequently chronically colonized by @entity796 . Recently there has been an increase in colonization by another pathogen @entity6402 , which can cause a rapid decline in clinical condition or death of the @entity1 . The nature of the factor(s) which predispose @entity1577 @entity1 to colonization by one or both of these opportunistic pathogens is unknown. It has been suggested that the @entity74 in @entity1577 @entity1 results in an increase in the number of epithelial cell receptors available to @entity796 in the lung, thus rendering @entity1577 @entity1 more susceptible to bacterial colonization than non- @entity1577 individuals. In this study, we have examined adherence of several strains of @entity796 and @entity6402 to a variety of continuous cell lines, as well as primary cultures of @entity1577 and non- @entity1577 nasal polyp cells. The results suggested that there may be a decrease in the number of receptors available to both strains of @entity796 on cells of @entity235 origin compared to @entity1 cells. Both strains appear to use pili as the primary adhesin, but there is also evidence that non-pilus adhesins contribute significantly to eucaryotic cell binding. @entity6402 exhibited microcolony formation on all cell types, which is typical of the localized adherence pattern characteristic of the enteropathogenic @entity526 . However, we were unable to demonstrate, with either @entity6402 or @entity796 , a significant increase in adherence to @entity1577 compared to non- @entity1577 nasal polyp cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differences in eucaryotic cell binding of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6402 :: ('292', 'Species') :: ['P. cepacia', 'Pseudomonas cepacia']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'Pseudomonas', 'P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic defect']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['CF', 'cystic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity796 :: (287,Species) :: ['Pseudomonas']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: This study analyzed hypersensitization in sensory systems after mechanical irritation of the dorsal root ganglion. OBJECTIVES: To develop a reliable and reproducible animal model of @entity1931 arising from the dorsal root ganglion and to understand the unique contributions of the dorsal root ganglion to clinical manifestations of @entity13549 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The dorsal root ganglion likely plays an important role in disorders of @entity13549 . However, no previous study has analyzed @entity13549 after irritation of the dorsal root ganglion. Thermal @entity1931 indicates a decrease in thermal nociceptive threshold and hypersensitization in sensory systems. METHODS: The left L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia in @entity35 (n = 22) were exposed circumferentially. Other @entity35 (n = 22) also had the left L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia ligated loosely with two 4-0 chromic gut sutures. Changes in thermal withdrawal latency were examined in the hindpaws across time. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide contents were quantified in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and @entity5019 expression also were examined in the spinal cord by immunohistochemistry. In addition, histologic changes in myelinated nerve content were examined in the dorsal root ganglion. RESULTS: Thermal @entity1931 occurred in @entity35 with exposure of the dorsal root ganglion and in @entity35 with loose ligation of the dorsal root ganglion, and was accompanied by an increase in @entity5019 expression and spontaneous @entity158 . CONCLUSIONS: This experimental model reliably produced a disorder resembling an acute phase @entity13549 and should help further advance the understanding of pathomechanisms of @entity158 after irritation of the dorsal root ganglion in @entity1 .

title: Characterization of thermal XXXX , @entity5019 expression, and alterations in neuropeptides after mechanical irritation of the dorsal root ganglion.

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['spinal pain', 'pain-related behaviors']

answer: @entity1931 :: (MESH:D006930,Disease) :: ['hyperalgesia']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: This study analyzed hypersensitization in sensory systems after mechanical irritation of the dorsal root ganglion. OBJECTIVES: To develop a reliable and reproducible animal model of @entity1931 arising from the dorsal root ganglion and to understand the unique contributions of the dorsal root ganglion to clinical manifestations of @entity13549 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The dorsal root ganglion likely plays an important role in disorders of @entity13549 . However, no previous study has analyzed @entity13549 after irritation of the dorsal root ganglion. Thermal @entity1931 indicates a decrease in thermal nociceptive threshold and hypersensitization in sensory systems. METHODS: The left L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia in @entity35 (n = 22) were exposed circumferentially. Other @entity35 (n = 22) also had the left L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia ligated loosely with two 4-0 chromic gut sutures. Changes in thermal withdrawal latency were examined in the hindpaws across time. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide contents were quantified in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and @entity5019 expression also were examined in the spinal cord by immunohistochemistry. In addition, histologic changes in myelinated nerve content were examined in the dorsal root ganglion. RESULTS: Thermal @entity1931 occurred in @entity35 with exposure of the dorsal root ganglion and in @entity35 with loose ligation of the dorsal root ganglion, and was accompanied by an increase in @entity5019 expression and spontaneous @entity158 . CONCLUSIONS: This experimental model reliably produced a disorder resembling an acute phase @entity13549 and should help further advance the understanding of pathomechanisms of @entity158 after irritation of the dorsal root ganglion in @entity1 .

title: Characterization of thermal @entity1931 , XXXX expression, and alterations in neuropeptides after mechanical irritation of the dorsal root ganglion.

answer: @entity5019 :: (314322(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['c-fos']


abstract: Peripheral blood cells from 2 @entity1 with @entity1860 were separated by density centrifugation. Mononuclear cells of low density (d less than 1.062g cm-3) with blast-cell morphology were cryopreserved before culture in vitro. Upon culture in conventional colony assays, up to 20% of the cells formed hemopoietic colonies. Although the spectrum of colony types resembled that of normal bone-marrow cells, there were large differences between the @entity1 with respect to the number, type and size of colonies that were observed. Colony formation required the addition of hemopoietic growth factors, such as colony-stimulating activity and @entity1307 to the culture medium. The cells were used to assay hemopoietic regulatory molecules. Both @entity1307 and colony-stimulating activity induced a strong proliferative response as measured by @entity1014 incorporation. Maximal stimulation was observed when @entity1307 and the supernatant of mixed lymphocyte cultures were added simultaneously. The difference between the cells from the 2 @entity1 in clonal assays was reflected by the different response to individual hemopoietic regulators. The time course of maximal stimulation followed distinct patterns dependent on the source of stimulator. The stimulation was linearly dependent on the input cell number. Taken together, cryopreserved blast cells from @entity1 with @entity1860 appear to be very useful for the characterization of factors regulating hemopoiesis, as well as for studies of hemopoiesis in general.

title: Colony-forming cells in XXXX --I. Proliferative responses to growth factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['chronic granulocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['chronic granulocytic leukemia']


abstract: @entity871 causes a reproducible pattern of @entity651 and repair in rodents, in which proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) and fibroblasts is observed during recovery. We postulated that if quiescent cells are stimulated to reenter the cell cycle, then @entity1975 expression and @entity1975 -dependent protein kinase activity would be reactivated in AEC during the repair process after @entity651 . To test this hypothesis, we exposed adult @entity35 to short-term @entity871 , followed by recovery for various times in room air. Cellular proliferation in vivo was confirmed by 1) flow cytometric analysis of DNA content (FACS) of freshly isolated AEC and 2) immunohistochemistry of @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ) and @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) incorporation into DNA on lung sections. The percentage of freshly isolated AEC in S phase and G2/M phase on FACS analysis increased twofold to a maximum of 16.5%, after 48 h in 100% @entity26 and 48 h recovery in air. Cyclins A and D and p34cdc2 protein expression were also increased during the recovery period; while p33cdk2 and p34cdk4 increased only slightly. p34cdc2 histone H1 kinase activity, both in whole lung and in AEC, decreased initially after 48 h in @entity26 . However, a marked increase in p34cdc2 kinase activity was observed at 48 h recovery in whole lung and returned to baseline by 72 h. In isolated and cultured AEC, p34cdc2 kinase activity was maximal at 24 h of recovery in air. We conclude that cyclins A and D and p34cdc2 protein expression and p34cdc2 kinase activity are increased in vivo during recovery from @entity651 in both adult @entity35 lungs and in AEC isolated from these lungs. We speculate that the induction of @entity1975 -dependent protein kinase activity is a key event in mediating the proliferative cellular repair response to @entity651 .

title: Induction of A- and D-type cyclins and cdc2 kinase activity during recovery from short-term XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', 'bromodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity871 :: ('MESH:D018496', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperoxia', 'hyperoxia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['hyperoxic lung injury', 'lung injury']

entities_list: @entity1975 :: ('25737(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PCNA', 'cyclin', 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen']

answer: @entity651 :: (MESH:D055370,Disease) :: ['hyperoxic lung injury']


abstract: 1. @entity716 ( @entity716 ) has emerged as a potential side effect of long-term neuroleptic therapy similar to @entity910 ( @entity910 ). 2. Six @entity161 @entity1 with @entity716 , considered to be drug-resistant, were treated with @entity1090 , while another 5 were treated with @entity1088 . 3. The 6 @entity1090 -treated @entity1 (all @entity1 ) were rated on the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale as at least very much improved. Among the 5 @entity1088 -treated @entity1 , all 4 @entity1 were found to have a marked response to @entity1088 , while the female @entity1 was judged to be minimally improved. 4. It is hypothesized that not only @entity910 but also @entity716 arise from destruction of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum as a consequence of prolonged neuroleptic administration. Thus, the drug-induced @entity304 , which was proposed as mediating the antipsychotic effect of @entity935 D2 blocking drugs, depends on the integrity of these cholinergic neurons. If these neurons are destroyed, drugs such as @entity1767 lose their therapeutic effect. 5. In contrast, atypical neuroleptics like @entity1088 and @entity1090 reduce @entity935 release in the striatum independently of prior production of extrapyramidal symptoms and, in this way, may be effective in @entity716 unresponsive to classical anti-D2 neuroleptics. 6. In the present sample of @entity1 , it is worth noting that @entity161 @entity1 were good responders to @entity1088 . In comparison, @entity1090 was found to be efficacious in @entity161 @entity1 .

title: @entity1090 and @entity1088 in the treatment of drug-resistant XXXX and neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity @entity716 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['clozapine']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['TD', 'tardive dyskinesia']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['SSP', 'psychotic illnesses', 'Supersensitivity psychosis']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: 1. @entity716 ( @entity716 ) has emerged as a potential side effect of long-term neuroleptic therapy similar to @entity910 ( @entity910 ). 2. Six @entity161 @entity1 with @entity716 , considered to be drug-resistant, were treated with @entity1090 , while another 5 were treated with @entity1088 . 3. The 6 @entity1090 -treated @entity1 (all @entity1 ) were rated on the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale as at least very much improved. Among the 5 @entity1088 -treated @entity1 , all 4 @entity1 were found to have a marked response to @entity1088 , while the female @entity1 was judged to be minimally improved. 4. It is hypothesized that not only @entity910 but also @entity716 arise from destruction of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum as a consequence of prolonged neuroleptic administration. Thus, the drug-induced @entity304 , which was proposed as mediating the antipsychotic effect of @entity935 D2 blocking drugs, depends on the integrity of these cholinergic neurons. If these neurons are destroyed, drugs such as @entity1767 lose their therapeutic effect. 5. In contrast, atypical neuroleptics like @entity1088 and @entity1090 reduce @entity935 release in the striatum independently of prior production of extrapyramidal symptoms and, in this way, may be effective in @entity716 unresponsive to classical anti-D2 neuroleptics. 6. In the present sample of @entity1 , it is worth noting that @entity161 @entity1 were good responders to @entity1088 . In comparison, @entity1090 was found to be efficacious in @entity161 @entity1 .

title: @entity1090 and @entity1088 in the treatment of drug-resistant @entity161 and neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity XXXX .

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychosis']


abstract: 1. @entity716 ( @entity716 ) has emerged as a potential side effect of long-term neuroleptic therapy similar to @entity910 ( @entity910 ). 2. Six @entity161 @entity1 with @entity716 , considered to be drug-resistant, were treated with @entity1090 , while another 5 were treated with @entity1088 . 3. The 6 @entity1090 -treated @entity1 (all @entity1 ) were rated on the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale as at least very much improved. Among the 5 @entity1088 -treated @entity1 , all 4 @entity1 were found to have a marked response to @entity1088 , while the female @entity1 was judged to be minimally improved. 4. It is hypothesized that not only @entity910 but also @entity716 arise from destruction of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum as a consequence of prolonged neuroleptic administration. Thus, the drug-induced @entity304 , which was proposed as mediating the antipsychotic effect of @entity935 D2 blocking drugs, depends on the integrity of these cholinergic neurons. If these neurons are destroyed, drugs such as @entity1767 lose their therapeutic effect. 5. In contrast, atypical neuroleptics like @entity1088 and @entity1090 reduce @entity935 release in the striatum independently of prior production of extrapyramidal symptoms and, in this way, may be effective in @entity716 unresponsive to classical anti-D2 neuroleptics. 6. In the present sample of @entity1 , it is worth noting that @entity161 @entity1 were good responders to @entity1088 . In comparison, @entity1090 was found to be efficacious in @entity161 @entity1 .

title: XXXX and @entity1088 in the treatment of drug-resistant @entity161 and neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity @entity716 .

answer: @entity1090 :: (MESH:D018967,Chemical) :: ['Risperidone']


abstract: 1. @entity716 ( @entity716 ) has emerged as a potential side effect of long-term neuroleptic therapy similar to @entity910 ( @entity910 ). 2. Six @entity161 @entity1 with @entity716 , considered to be drug-resistant, were treated with @entity1090 , while another 5 were treated with @entity1088 . 3. The 6 @entity1090 -treated @entity1 (all @entity1 ) were rated on the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale as at least very much improved. Among the 5 @entity1088 -treated @entity1 , all 4 @entity1 were found to have a marked response to @entity1088 , while the female @entity1 was judged to be minimally improved. 4. It is hypothesized that not only @entity910 but also @entity716 arise from destruction of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum as a consequence of prolonged neuroleptic administration. Thus, the drug-induced @entity304 , which was proposed as mediating the antipsychotic effect of @entity935 D2 blocking drugs, depends on the integrity of these cholinergic neurons. If these neurons are destroyed, drugs such as @entity1767 lose their therapeutic effect. 5. In contrast, atypical neuroleptics like @entity1088 and @entity1090 reduce @entity935 release in the striatum independently of prior production of extrapyramidal symptoms and, in this way, may be effective in @entity716 unresponsive to classical anti-D2 neuroleptics. 6. In the present sample of @entity1 , it is worth noting that @entity161 @entity1 were good responders to @entity1088 . In comparison, @entity1090 was found to be efficacious in @entity161 @entity1 .

title: @entity1090 and XXXX in the treatment of drug-resistant @entity161 and neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity @entity716 .

answer: @entity1088 :: (MESH:D003024,Chemical) :: ['clozapine']


abstract: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)s circulate in plasma as large mol wt proteins bound to specific proteins, termed IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). As IGFBPs have been shown to produce artifacts in IGF radioligand assays, various extraction procedures have been proposed to eliminate IGFBPs from biological samples before radioligand assays. Comparison of acid- @entity1068 and @entity6173 Sep-Pak extraction methods, the two most widely used procedures for separation of IGFs from IGFBPs in human serum samples, with the established gold standard (Sephadex G-75 acid gel filtration) revealed that a significant amount of IGFBP activity survived the acid- @entity1068 extraction and @entity6173 Sep-Pak separation techniques. We, therefore, have developed a simple novel method comprising a combination of two techniques, involving separation based on size and separation based on centrifugation. In this method, serum samples were acidified and applied to Bio-Spin columns containing BSA-pretreated Bio-Gel @entity2975 -10 (P-10). Upon centrifugation, IGFBPs eluted in the void volume. IGFs were then eluted with 1 mol/L @entity1543 containing 0.1 mol/L @entity1219 upon subsequent centrifugation. The efficacy of Bio-Spin P-10 separation for the complete removal of IGFBPs was determined by Western ligand blot analysis and determination of @entity2301 levels by RIA in the extracted serum samples. The recovery of exogenously added @entity442 to the serum samples was greater than 90%. Comparison of @entity442 and @entity5100 values determined in 12 human serum samples after Bio-Spin P-10 separation with those obtained after separation with the established gold standard method (Sephadex G-75) revealed a correlation greater than 0.9. In contrast to the established gold standard method, which is tedious and time consuming, Bio-Spin P-10 separation offers the advantage of speed, such that 50 or more samples can be processed in less than 4-6 h. Application of Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration to determine the @entity442 and @entity5100 levels in 14 normal and 15 age-matched postmenopausal osteoporotic @entity1 revealed that 1) both @entity442 and @entity5100 levels were reduced by 30% (P < 0.01) and 20% (P < 0.05), respectively, in osteoporotics; and 2) both @entity442 and @entity5100 levels correlated with bone mineral density in the pooled data from normal and osteoporotic populations even when age was held constant (P < 0.05).

title: Development of a simple valid method for the complete removal of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins from IGFs in human serum and other biological fluids: comparison with acid- @entity1068 treatment and XXXX Sep-Pak separation.

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity6173 :: (27241,Gene) :: ['C18']


abstract: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)s circulate in plasma as large mol wt proteins bound to specific proteins, termed IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). As IGFBPs have been shown to produce artifacts in IGF radioligand assays, various extraction procedures have been proposed to eliminate IGFBPs from biological samples before radioligand assays. Comparison of acid- @entity1068 and @entity6173 Sep-Pak extraction methods, the two most widely used procedures for separation of IGFs from IGFBPs in human serum samples, with the established gold standard (Sephadex G-75 acid gel filtration) revealed that a significant amount of IGFBP activity survived the acid- @entity1068 extraction and @entity6173 Sep-Pak separation techniques. We, therefore, have developed a simple novel method comprising a combination of two techniques, involving separation based on size and separation based on centrifugation. In this method, serum samples were acidified and applied to Bio-Spin columns containing BSA-pretreated Bio-Gel @entity2975 -10 (P-10). Upon centrifugation, IGFBPs eluted in the void volume. IGFs were then eluted with 1 mol/L @entity1543 containing 0.1 mol/L @entity1219 upon subsequent centrifugation. The efficacy of Bio-Spin P-10 separation for the complete removal of IGFBPs was determined by Western ligand blot analysis and determination of @entity2301 levels by RIA in the extracted serum samples. The recovery of exogenously added @entity442 to the serum samples was greater than 90%. Comparison of @entity442 and @entity5100 values determined in 12 human serum samples after Bio-Spin P-10 separation with those obtained after separation with the established gold standard method (Sephadex G-75) revealed a correlation greater than 0.9. In contrast to the established gold standard method, which is tedious and time consuming, Bio-Spin P-10 separation offers the advantage of speed, such that 50 or more samples can be processed in less than 4-6 h. Application of Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration to determine the @entity442 and @entity5100 levels in 14 normal and 15 age-matched postmenopausal osteoporotic @entity1 revealed that 1) both @entity442 and @entity5100 levels were reduced by 30% (P < 0.01) and 20% (P < 0.05), respectively, in osteoporotics; and 2) both @entity442 and @entity5100 levels correlated with bone mineral density in the pooled data from normal and osteoporotic populations even when age was held constant (P < 0.05).

title: Development of a simple valid method for the complete removal of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins from IGFs in human serum and other biological fluids: comparison with acid- XXXX treatment and @entity6173 Sep-Pak separation.

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: Various side effects due to antiherpetic drugs observed in the last ten years in our department were studied. A total of 132 @entity1 were treated with @entity41463 ( @entity28299 ), 69 with @entity43592 ( @entity73237 ), 58 with @entity1033 (ACV) and 33 with @entity12948 (ara-A). Patch tests were routinely done when @entity1 exhibited @entity5526 . Of the @entity1 treated with @entity28299 , 3 (2.3%) showed @entity5526 , 2 (1.5%) @entity2024 and 1 (0.8%) @entity2372 . Of the @entity1 treated with F3T, 7 (10.1%) exhibited @entity5526 and 1 (1.4%) @entity2024 . In the group treated with ACV, 2 (3.4%) @entity1 showed @entity2372 . The @entity1 who received ara-A did not show any side effects. We found that F3T caused @entity5526 more frequently in Japanese @entity1 than Europeans. These side effects were resolved by switching to another anti-herpetic drug without the occurrence of cross- @entity566 . Therefore, switching to another drug is strongly recommended when @entity1 exhibit side effects in the treatment of @entity1034 . Other complications were @entity566 to @entity3897 and to drug preservative.

title: Side effects in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1033 :: ('MESH:D000212', 'Chemical') :: ['acyclovir']

entities_list: @entity12948 :: ('MESH:D014740', 'Chemical') :: ['adenine arabinoside']

entities_list: @entity1034 :: ('MESH:D016849', 'Disease') :: ['herpetic keratitis']

entities_list: @entity2372 :: ('MESH:C562399', 'Disease') :: ['punctate keratopathy']

entities_list: @entity5526 :: ('MESH:D003877', 'Disease') :: ['contact dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['follicular conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity43592 :: ('MESH:D014271', 'Chemical') :: ['trifluorothymidine']

entities_list: @entity73237 :: ('p|SUB|F|3|T', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['F3T']

answer: @entity1034 :: (MESH:D016849,Disease) :: ['herpetic keratitis']


abstract: PARD is a prospective study sponsored by the German Research Council with the aim to establish whether spontaneously enhanced @entity1423 or changes of other @entity4461 are risk factors for new @entity432 in @entity6 @entity1 . 363 @entity6 @entity1 (aged 45-65, 232 @entity1 , 131 @entity1 ) were observed for 5 years. Of the 232 @entity1 , 53 were on diet, 104 on oral antidiabetic drugs and 75 on insulin. Of 131 @entity1 16 were on diet, 46 on oral antidiabetic drugs and 69 on insulin. At entry clinical examination and laboratory tests were performed, covering the known risk factors for @entity65 . Hemostatic tests and clinical examination were performed at 3 months' intervals. The life status was followed for all @entity1 . Endpoints were carefully defined. Until December 31, 1984, 42 @entity1 died, 23 from @entity65 and 19 from other causes. 13 @entity1 suffered a @entity583 , 10 a @entity64 and 53 peripheral @entity432 . The occurrence of new @entity432 was significantly higher in those @entity1 with enhanced spontaneous @entity1423 measured by PAT III angle alpha above 40 degrees at entry as compared to those with lower values. This was not the case for @entity1 . Other @entity4461 , which had also some relation to @entity65 , in @entity1 were fibrinogen and F. @entity797 R:Ag. Established risk factors for which a significant relation to @entity65 was observed in this study, were smoking, duration of @entity6 , diastolic blood pressure, @entity165 , @entity1674 and also @entity4051 . The results of the PARD-study have verified the hypothesis that @entity13717 is a major risk factor for future @entity432 in @entity6 @entity1 . They also lead to the hypothesis that high levels of F. @entity797 R:Ag and fibrinogen are further indicators of progressive @entity455 and may be useful as predictors of new @entity432 in combination with such established risk factors as smoking, duration of @entity6 , diastolic blood pressure, @entity165 , and @entity1674 .

title: Spontaneous @entity1423 and coagulation parameters as risk factors for @entity432 in XXXX . Results of the PARD-study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity13717 :: ('MESH:C566800', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous aggregation']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['hemostatic parameters']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusions', 'vascular occlusions']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular complications']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetics']


abstract: PARD is a prospective study sponsored by the German Research Council with the aim to establish whether spontaneously enhanced @entity1423 or changes of other @entity4461 are risk factors for new @entity432 in @entity6 @entity1 . 363 @entity6 @entity1 (aged 45-65, 232 @entity1 , 131 @entity1 ) were observed for 5 years. Of the 232 @entity1 , 53 were on diet, 104 on oral antidiabetic drugs and 75 on insulin. Of 131 @entity1 16 were on diet, 46 on oral antidiabetic drugs and 69 on insulin. At entry clinical examination and laboratory tests were performed, covering the known risk factors for @entity65 . Hemostatic tests and clinical examination were performed at 3 months' intervals. The life status was followed for all @entity1 . Endpoints were carefully defined. Until December 31, 1984, 42 @entity1 died, 23 from @entity65 and 19 from other causes. 13 @entity1 suffered a @entity583 , 10 a @entity64 and 53 peripheral @entity432 . The occurrence of new @entity432 was significantly higher in those @entity1 with enhanced spontaneous @entity1423 measured by PAT III angle alpha above 40 degrees at entry as compared to those with lower values. This was not the case for @entity1 . Other @entity4461 , which had also some relation to @entity65 , in @entity1 were fibrinogen and F. @entity797 R:Ag. Established risk factors for which a significant relation to @entity65 was observed in this study, were smoking, duration of @entity6 , diastolic blood pressure, @entity165 , @entity1674 and also @entity4051 . The results of the PARD-study have verified the hypothesis that @entity13717 is a major risk factor for future @entity432 in @entity6 @entity1 . They also lead to the hypothesis that high levels of F. @entity797 R:Ag and fibrinogen are further indicators of progressive @entity455 and may be useful as predictors of new @entity432 in combination with such established risk factors as smoking, duration of @entity6 , diastolic blood pressure, @entity165 , and @entity1674 .

title: Spontaneous XXXX and coagulation parameters as risk factors for @entity432 in @entity6 . Results of the PARD-study.

answer: @entity1423 :: (MESH:D001791,Disease) :: ['platelet aggregation']


abstract: PARD is a prospective study sponsored by the German Research Council with the aim to establish whether spontaneously enhanced @entity1423 or changes of other @entity4461 are risk factors for new @entity432 in @entity6 @entity1 . 363 @entity6 @entity1 (aged 45-65, 232 @entity1 , 131 @entity1 ) were observed for 5 years. Of the 232 @entity1 , 53 were on diet, 104 on oral antidiabetic drugs and 75 on insulin. Of 131 @entity1 16 were on diet, 46 on oral antidiabetic drugs and 69 on insulin. At entry clinical examination and laboratory tests were performed, covering the known risk factors for @entity65 . Hemostatic tests and clinical examination were performed at 3 months' intervals. The life status was followed for all @entity1 . Endpoints were carefully defined. Until December 31, 1984, 42 @entity1 died, 23 from @entity65 and 19 from other causes. 13 @entity1 suffered a @entity583 , 10 a @entity64 and 53 peripheral @entity432 . The occurrence of new @entity432 was significantly higher in those @entity1 with enhanced spontaneous @entity1423 measured by PAT III angle alpha above 40 degrees at entry as compared to those with lower values. This was not the case for @entity1 . Other @entity4461 , which had also some relation to @entity65 , in @entity1 were fibrinogen and F. @entity797 R:Ag. Established risk factors for which a significant relation to @entity65 was observed in this study, were smoking, duration of @entity6 , diastolic blood pressure, @entity165 , @entity1674 and also @entity4051 . The results of the PARD-study have verified the hypothesis that @entity13717 is a major risk factor for future @entity432 in @entity6 @entity1 . They also lead to the hypothesis that high levels of F. @entity797 R:Ag and fibrinogen are further indicators of progressive @entity455 and may be useful as predictors of new @entity432 in combination with such established risk factors as smoking, duration of @entity6 , diastolic blood pressure, @entity165 , and @entity1674 .

title: Spontaneous @entity1423 and coagulation parameters as risk factors for XXXX in @entity6 . Results of the PARD-study.

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['arterial occlusions']


abstract: The function and morphology of the vestibular and cochlear parts of the inner ear have been examined after prenatal irradiation on the 12th, 13th and 16th gestational days in the CBA/CBA @entity19 . Irradiation was performed with a 0.5, 1 or 2 Gy single dose, whole body irradiation of the pregnant female. The irradiated fetuses were born after full term pregnancies and reached maturity (were 1--2 months old) before inner ears were analyzed with regard to vestibular tests, auditory thresholds and morphology. Morphology was studied by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ). Auditory function was analyzed by frequency specific auditory brainstem response (ABR). Irradiation doses exceeding 2 Gy caused @entity204 to the pregnant female, abortion or malformed litters which were eaten by their mothers. Doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 Gy caused malformed cristae ampullares and maculae utriculi, in particular after exposure on the 12th or 13th gestational days. After those doses no abnormality of clinical behaviour of the animals was found. Ultrastructurally, type I hair cells (HC) of the vestibular part seemed more vulnerable to irradiation than the type II HC while the outer (OHC) and inner (IHC) hair cells appeared equally vulnerable. The ultrastructural changes of hair cells were predominantly localized to the hair cell surface showing a defect cuticle which was sometimes malformed and bulging. Sensory hair fusion occurred with a resulting poor maturation of sensory hair rootlets. The efferent nerve endings were estimated to be reduced in number but, if present, they had a normal ultrastructure. Otoconia showed severe @entity16 following irradiation particularly if exposed on the 16th gestational day. Malformed and fused otoconia were frequent having a disarrayed matrix. The irradiation induced morphological alterations in vivo could be reproduced in the in vitro systems. In addition, a retarded growth of the in vitro developing inner ear anlage was estimated to be the same for the vestibular and cochlear parts. The cochlear part of the inner ear showed a dose and age dependent @entity393 following irradiation. A shift of the ABR threshold was recorded in all exposed groups that were irradiated with 2 Gy. A correlation was found between the individual ABR-audiograms and the degree of morphological @entity131 in the cochlea along the basilar membrane. The 12th gestational day inner ear anlage was most vulnerable to irradiation. The 13th gestational day inner ear was almost equally vulnerable and showed a dose-response relationship.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Structure and function of the adult inner ear in the XXXX following prenatal irradiation.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['HC damage']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['morphological damage']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'scanning electron microscopy']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity3400 / @entity7120 has excellent in vitro activity against the most pathogens involved in @entity272 . Two large multicentre studies recently evaluated the efficacy and safety of @entity3400 / @entity7120 in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in @entity1 in hospital. The efficacy and safety of @entity3400 / @entity7120 (4 g/500 mg every 8 hours) have been assessed in an open study in Europe. Among 120 evaluable @entity1 , 93% were clinically cured or improved. Only six @entity1 were withdrawn from the study because of side effects. In another trial, @entity3400 / @entity7120 were compared with @entity4967 / @entity798 in a double-blinded prospective study in the United States. Of evaluable @entity1 , 67 received @entity3400 / @entity7120 (3 g/375 mg every 6 hours) and 44 received @entity4967 / @entity798 (3 g/100 mg every 6 hours). At assessment, 76% of @entity1 given @entity3400 / @entity7120 and 77% of @entity1 given @entity4967 / @entity798 had responded favourably. The lower success rate in this trial may be attributed to more stringent inclusion criteria that resulted in the incorporation of a higher proportion of @entity1 with more severe conditions including @entity6 . The incidence of adverse reactions was similar in both groups. @entity3400 / @entity7120 seems to be both effective and safe in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in @entity1 confined to hospital.

title: Efficacy and safety of XXXX / @entity7120 in skin and soft tissue infections.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic/ischaemic foot infections']

entities_list: @entity7120 :: ('MESH:C043265', 'Chemical') :: ['tazobactam']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanate']

entities_list: @entity4967 :: ('MESH:D013982', 'Chemical') :: ['ticarcillin']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin infections']

entities_list: @entity3400 :: ('MESH:D010878', 'Chemical') :: ['Piperacillin', 'piperacillin']

answer: @entity3400 :: (MESH:D010878,Chemical) :: ['piperacillin']


abstract: @entity3400 / @entity7120 has excellent in vitro activity against the most pathogens involved in @entity272 . Two large multicentre studies recently evaluated the efficacy and safety of @entity3400 / @entity7120 in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in @entity1 in hospital. The efficacy and safety of @entity3400 / @entity7120 (4 g/500 mg every 8 hours) have been assessed in an open study in Europe. Among 120 evaluable @entity1 , 93% were clinically cured or improved. Only six @entity1 were withdrawn from the study because of side effects. In another trial, @entity3400 / @entity7120 were compared with @entity4967 / @entity798 in a double-blinded prospective study in the United States. Of evaluable @entity1 , 67 received @entity3400 / @entity7120 (3 g/375 mg every 6 hours) and 44 received @entity4967 / @entity798 (3 g/100 mg every 6 hours). At assessment, 76% of @entity1 given @entity3400 / @entity7120 and 77% of @entity1 given @entity4967 / @entity798 had responded favourably. The lower success rate in this trial may be attributed to more stringent inclusion criteria that resulted in the incorporation of a higher proportion of @entity1 with more severe conditions including @entity6 . The incidence of adverse reactions was similar in both groups. @entity3400 / @entity7120 seems to be both effective and safe in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in @entity1 confined to hospital.

title: Efficacy and safety of @entity3400 / XXXX in skin and soft tissue infections.

answer: @entity7120 :: (MESH:C043265,Chemical) :: ['tazobactam']


abstract: The effect of antibodies against the @entity8277 (anti-R) found in a @entity1 with the @entity1892 of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans was characterized using 3T3-L1 cultured fat cells. Anti-R acutely mimicked the action of insulin by stimulating deoxyglucose uptake. With more prolonged exposure, this insulinomimetic effect decayed, @entity413 metabolism returned to basal levels, and the cells became severely resistant to the actions of insulin. As seen with anti-R from a previous @entity1 , desensitization consisted of both a dramatic decrease in the maximal responsiveness of the cells to insulin and a shift in the dose-response curve for insulin-stimulated @entity413 oxidation. The acute and chronic effects of anti-R were then compared. The concentration of anti-R required to half-maximally inhibit insulin binding averaged more than twice that required for half-maximal stimulation of @entity897 uptake, consistent with the amount of spare receptors in 3T3-L1 cells. After prolonged exposure, the insulinomimetic activity was completely lost at all concentrations of anti-R, even at those that did not completely induce insulin resistance. Thus, loss of the insulinomimetic activity of anti-R is necessary, but not sufficient, to cause desensitization. @entity6071 was required to desensitize cells to insulin than would have been predicted on the basis of the acute inhibition of binding and the number of spare receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Autoantibodies against the XXXX . Dissociation of the acute effects of the antibodies from the desensitization seen with prolonged exposure.

entities_list: @entity8277 :: ('3643', 'Gene') :: ['insulin receptor']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['type B syndrome']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity897 :: ('MESH:D003847', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxyglucose']

answer: @entity8277 :: (3643,Gene) :: ['insulin receptor']


abstract: To evaluate the dynamics of lymphocyte recirculation in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 , the post-capillary venules ( @entity1485 ) were subjected to quantitative measurements in the regional (RLN) and nonregional (NRLN) lymph nodes during the progression of P815X2 @entity9600 in @entity10792 @entity19 . @entity19 were sacrificed at two-day intervals, and RLNs and NRLNs were analysed for their content of B- and T-lymphocytes and their subsets, demonstrated by immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibodies; Anti- @entity3512 (T cells), Anti- @entity6689 (T-helper cells), Anti- @entity3414 (T-suppressor cells), and Anti-I-Ad (B cell) antigens, separately in the B- and T-cell compartments. In the PCVs, @entity4222 ( @entity4222 ) and endothelial height (Hend) were measured. There was a biphasic elevation of @entity4222 in the RLNs, as compared with only a late rise in the NRLNs, reaching the peak (1.54) on day 14. In RLNs, there was a sharp reduction in Hend starting from the values (6.37 microns) on day 2, down to 4.79 microns on day 8. This is followed by rapid elevation close to the second-day values, e.g. 6.07 on day 10. The changes in @entity4222 paralleled the early influx of B cells, as evidenced by the decrease of @entity3512 +/I-Ad+ cell ratio and a late recruitment of T cells as indicated by the elevation of that ratio as well as the Hend values in both the RLNs and NRLNs. The present experiment shows that morphology of PCVs in the RLNs and in NRLNs of P815X2-bearing @entity19 is subjected to alterations reflecting the dynamics of lymphocyte recruitment into these organs. When combined with lymphocyte subset enumeration using monoclonal antibodies, the quantitative analysis of the PCVs permits predictions to be made on the recirculatory activity of these cell populations during the @entity5 progression.

title: Immune response against P815X2 XXXX growing in @entity10792 @entity19 . III. Morphometric assessment of the dynamic changes in post-capillary venules as regulatory elements of lymphocyte recirculation in @entity5 -draining lymph nodes.

entities_list: @entity9600 :: ('MESH:D034801', 'Disease') :: ['mastocytoma']

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'migration index']

entities_list: @entity10792 :: ('MESH:D029503', 'Disease') :: ['syngeneic DBA/2']

answer: @entity9600 :: (MESH:D034801,Disease) :: ['mastocytoma']


abstract: To evaluate the dynamics of lymphocyte recirculation in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 , the post-capillary venules ( @entity1485 ) were subjected to quantitative measurements in the regional (RLN) and nonregional (NRLN) lymph nodes during the progression of P815X2 @entity9600 in @entity10792 @entity19 . @entity19 were sacrificed at two-day intervals, and RLNs and NRLNs were analysed for their content of B- and T-lymphocytes and their subsets, demonstrated by immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibodies; Anti- @entity3512 (T cells), Anti- @entity6689 (T-helper cells), Anti- @entity3414 (T-suppressor cells), and Anti-I-Ad (B cell) antigens, separately in the B- and T-cell compartments. In the PCVs, @entity4222 ( @entity4222 ) and endothelial height (Hend) were measured. There was a biphasic elevation of @entity4222 in the RLNs, as compared with only a late rise in the NRLNs, reaching the peak (1.54) on day 14. In RLNs, there was a sharp reduction in Hend starting from the values (6.37 microns) on day 2, down to 4.79 microns on day 8. This is followed by rapid elevation close to the second-day values, e.g. 6.07 on day 10. The changes in @entity4222 paralleled the early influx of B cells, as evidenced by the decrease of @entity3512 +/I-Ad+ cell ratio and a late recruitment of T cells as indicated by the elevation of that ratio as well as the Hend values in both the RLNs and NRLNs. The present experiment shows that morphology of PCVs in the RLNs and in NRLNs of P815X2-bearing @entity19 is subjected to alterations reflecting the dynamics of lymphocyte recruitment into these organs. When combined with lymphocyte subset enumeration using monoclonal antibodies, the quantitative analysis of the PCVs permits predictions to be made on the recirculatory activity of these cell populations during the @entity5 progression.

title: Immune response against P815X2 @entity9600 growing in XXXX @entity19 . III. Morphometric assessment of the dynamic changes in post-capillary venules as regulatory elements of lymphocyte recirculation in @entity5 -draining lymph nodes.

answer: @entity10792 :: (MESH:D029503,Disease) :: ['syngeneic DBA/2']


abstract: To evaluate the dynamics of lymphocyte recirculation in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 , the post-capillary venules ( @entity1485 ) were subjected to quantitative measurements in the regional (RLN) and nonregional (NRLN) lymph nodes during the progression of P815X2 @entity9600 in @entity10792 @entity19 . @entity19 were sacrificed at two-day intervals, and RLNs and NRLNs were analysed for their content of B- and T-lymphocytes and their subsets, demonstrated by immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibodies; Anti- @entity3512 (T cells), Anti- @entity6689 (T-helper cells), Anti- @entity3414 (T-suppressor cells), and Anti-I-Ad (B cell) antigens, separately in the B- and T-cell compartments. In the PCVs, @entity4222 ( @entity4222 ) and endothelial height (Hend) were measured. There was a biphasic elevation of @entity4222 in the RLNs, as compared with only a late rise in the NRLNs, reaching the peak (1.54) on day 14. In RLNs, there was a sharp reduction in Hend starting from the values (6.37 microns) on day 2, down to 4.79 microns on day 8. This is followed by rapid elevation close to the second-day values, e.g. 6.07 on day 10. The changes in @entity4222 paralleled the early influx of B cells, as evidenced by the decrease of @entity3512 +/I-Ad+ cell ratio and a late recruitment of T cells as indicated by the elevation of that ratio as well as the Hend values in both the RLNs and NRLNs. The present experiment shows that morphology of PCVs in the RLNs and in NRLNs of P815X2-bearing @entity19 is subjected to alterations reflecting the dynamics of lymphocyte recruitment into these organs. When combined with lymphocyte subset enumeration using monoclonal antibodies, the quantitative analysis of the PCVs permits predictions to be made on the recirculatory activity of these cell populations during the @entity5 progression.

title: Immune response against P815X2 @entity9600 growing in @entity10792 @entity19 . III. Morphometric assessment of the dynamic changes in post-capillary venules as regulatory elements of lymphocyte recirculation in XXXX -draining lymph nodes.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: To evaluate the dynamics of lymphocyte recirculation in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 , the post-capillary venules ( @entity1485 ) were subjected to quantitative measurements in the regional (RLN) and nonregional (NRLN) lymph nodes during the progression of P815X2 @entity9600 in @entity10792 @entity19 . @entity19 were sacrificed at two-day intervals, and RLNs and NRLNs were analysed for their content of B- and T-lymphocytes and their subsets, demonstrated by immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibodies; Anti- @entity3512 (T cells), Anti- @entity6689 (T-helper cells), Anti- @entity3414 (T-suppressor cells), and Anti-I-Ad (B cell) antigens, separately in the B- and T-cell compartments. In the PCVs, @entity4222 ( @entity4222 ) and endothelial height (Hend) were measured. There was a biphasic elevation of @entity4222 in the RLNs, as compared with only a late rise in the NRLNs, reaching the peak (1.54) on day 14. In RLNs, there was a sharp reduction in Hend starting from the values (6.37 microns) on day 2, down to 4.79 microns on day 8. This is followed by rapid elevation close to the second-day values, e.g. 6.07 on day 10. The changes in @entity4222 paralleled the early influx of B cells, as evidenced by the decrease of @entity3512 +/I-Ad+ cell ratio and a late recruitment of T cells as indicated by the elevation of that ratio as well as the Hend values in both the RLNs and NRLNs. The present experiment shows that morphology of PCVs in the RLNs and in NRLNs of P815X2-bearing @entity19 is subjected to alterations reflecting the dynamics of lymphocyte recruitment into these organs. When combined with lymphocyte subset enumeration using monoclonal antibodies, the quantitative analysis of the PCVs permits predictions to be made on the recirculatory activity of these cell populations during the @entity5 progression.

title: Immune response against P815X2 @entity9600 growing in @entity10792 XXXX . III. Morphometric assessment of the dynamic changes in post-capillary venules as regulatory elements of lymphocyte recirculation in @entity5 -draining lymph nodes.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Small doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced an acute phase response (APR), and a number of studies have also shown that this greatly enhances the severity of @entity8 in the heterologous phase of @entity1310 (hNTN), an experimental model of @entity631 ( @entity631 ) disease. Here, we examined the influence of pre-existing @entity4092 and raised APR, assessed by plasma @entity14445 ( @entity14445 ) concentration, on the degree of injury in this model of @entity1310 . Studies were initially performed to determine the normal range of @entity14445 in @entity35 and its modulation by @entity568 and different doses of LPS. Plasma concentration of @entity14445 was found to be variable and dependent on the weight of the @entity35 . Single injections of either LPS or @entity568 had a comparable effect, and continuous perfusions of LPS caused a progressive increase in @entity14445 which peaked at 48 h and declined gradually over 1 week. Following induction of @entity1310 with 10 mg of anti- @entity631 antibody, rats with raised @entity14445 had 14 +/- 3 mg/24 h @entity633 compared with 4 +/- 1 mg/24 h in @entity35 with normal @entity14445 (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon). Injection of 20 mg anti- @entity631 antibody caused 36 +/- 11 mg/24 h @entity633 compared with 16 +/- 4 mg/24 h (P < 0.001), respectively. However, all these @entity35 remained active and none of them died. In contrast, injection of 0.25 microgram LPS before induction of @entity1310 with 10 mg anti- @entity631 antibody, in @entity35 with raised @entity14445 , caused severe @entity633 (115 +/- 23 mg/24 h) compared with @entity35 having normal levels of @entity14445 (72 +/- 15 mg/24 h, P < 0.05). Furthermore, @entity35 with raised @entity14445 also had severe systemic manifestations characterized by @entity548 and extensive @entity8 , and many of them died. These results demonstrate the potential effect of pre-existing @entity4092 and raised APR on severity of @entity8 which may affect the outcome of experimental studies.

title: Influence of an established acute phase response on the severity of experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotoxic nephritis', 'nephritis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular thrombosis', 'glomerular injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'anti-glomerular basement membrane']

entities_list: @entity4092 :: ('MESH:D058345', 'Disease') :: ['subclinical infection']

answer: @entity1310 :: (MESH:D009393,Disease) :: ['nephritis']


abstract: @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) induces differential secretion of lymphokines by @entity3647 ( @entity3647 )-positive and @entity3647 -negative T cells. We studied T cell @entity3647 -specific modulation of adult bone marrow erythropoiesis by recombinant @entity1199 ( @entity5041 ). I3-2R were induced by CD3 T cell surface determinant-triggering and analyzed by cytofluorography. Bone marrow monocyte and T cell-depleted ( @entity1619 ) target cells were assessed for early erythroid progenitor expression (BFU-E) in the presence of 0 to 10(3) U/mL of @entity5041 , @entity5041 had no significant effect on BFU-E expression in the absence of T cells or in the presence of @entity3647 -negative T cells. @entity5041 caused a dose-dependent inhibition (75% to 90%) of BFU-E in the presence of autologous @entity3647 -positive T cells. The addition of anti- @entity3647 antibody to cultures containing @entity5041 plus @entity3647 -positive T cells entirely abrogated @entity5041 -mediated inhibition of BFU-E. In the presence of @entity5041 (10(2) U/mL) production of @entity379 ) by adult marrow CD3-triggered @entity3647 -positive T cells was increased 37- to 125-fold compared to @entity3647 -negative T cells. rIF-gamma caused a dose-dependent (88% +/- 17% at 10(3) U/mL) inhibition of adult BFU-E in the presence of CD3-triggered autologous T cells. @entity5041 -mediated inhibition of adult BFU-E in the presence of @entity3647 -positive T cells was partially abrogated (52% +/- 16%) following addition of monospecific IF-gamma antibody. These results demonstrate (a) @entity5041 modulation of adult marrow erythropoiesis is selectively dependent upon both the presence or absence of autologous T cells and the @entity3647 status of these T cells; and (b) @entity5041 -induced inhibition of adult marrow erythropoiesis is mediated in part by release of IF-gamma from @entity3647 -positive T cells.

title: Receptor-specific inhibition of bone marrow erythropoiesis by recombinant DNA-derived XXXX .

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon gamma (IF-gamma']

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['interleukin-2']


abstract: @entity3118 (Fludara) is a new @entity10043 analogue that was first entered into clinical trials in 1982. Results of initial studies with high dosages (> 96 mg/m2/day for 5 to 7 days) of @entity3118 in acute @entity1778 showed significant cytoreductive activity but a high incidence of severe irreversible @entity2359 . The results of subsequent studies with lower dosages of 25 to 30 mg/m2/day for 5 days in @entity6444 ( @entity6444 ) and low grade @entity706 have shown this regimen to be effective and safe, with almost no significant @entity2359 . At present, the major role of @entity3118 in @entity1778 is in the management of @entity6444 . In previously treated @entity1 with @entity6444 , responses are obtained in more than 50% of @entity1 , with two-thirds of those responses being complete remissions according to the National @entity5 Institute Working Group (NCIWG) criteria for complete response and partial response. The major causes of morbidity associated with @entity3118 in @entity6444 are infections and febrile episodes. These occur more frequently in previously treated @entity1 and those with advanced stage of disease. Myelosuppression is dose limiting and a small proportion of @entity1 with @entity6444 develop moderate to severe and sometimes protracted myelosuppression. Administration of combined @entity3118 and @entity2592 ( @entity2592 ; @entity2592 ) alone (FA regimen) or together with @entity1261 (FLAG regimen) produced high response rates in previously treated refractory @entity1 with acute @entity1778 and previously untreated @entity1 with @entity3052 or @entity2590 . The wide range of biochemical and biological activities of @entity3118 suggests that it will have an expanding role in future combinations in the treatment of both @entity1778 .

title: Clinical experience with @entity3118 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytosine arabinoside', 'ara-C', 'cytarabine']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myelogenous leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity3118 :: ('MESH:C024352', 'Chemical') :: ['Fludarabine', 'fludarabine']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia', 'acute and chronic leukaemias']

entities_list: @entity6444 :: ('MESH:D015461', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukaemia']


abstract: @entity3118 (Fludara) is a new @entity10043 analogue that was first entered into clinical trials in 1982. Results of initial studies with high dosages (> 96 mg/m2/day for 5 to 7 days) of @entity3118 in acute @entity1778 showed significant cytoreductive activity but a high incidence of severe irreversible @entity2359 . The results of subsequent studies with lower dosages of 25 to 30 mg/m2/day for 5 days in @entity6444 ( @entity6444 ) and low grade @entity706 have shown this regimen to be effective and safe, with almost no significant @entity2359 . At present, the major role of @entity3118 in @entity1778 is in the management of @entity6444 . In previously treated @entity1 with @entity6444 , responses are obtained in more than 50% of @entity1 , with two-thirds of those responses being complete remissions according to the National @entity5 Institute Working Group (NCIWG) criteria for complete response and partial response. The major causes of morbidity associated with @entity3118 in @entity6444 are infections and febrile episodes. These occur more frequently in previously treated @entity1 and those with advanced stage of disease. Myelosuppression is dose limiting and a small proportion of @entity1 with @entity6444 develop moderate to severe and sometimes protracted myelosuppression. Administration of combined @entity3118 and @entity2592 ( @entity2592 ; @entity2592 ) alone (FA regimen) or together with @entity1261 (FLAG regimen) produced high response rates in previously treated refractory @entity1 with acute @entity1778 and previously untreated @entity1 with @entity3052 or @entity2590 . The wide range of biochemical and biological activities of @entity3118 suggests that it will have an expanding role in future combinations in the treatment of both @entity1778 .

title: Clinical experience with XXXX in @entity1778 .

answer: @entity3118 :: (MESH:C024352,Chemical) :: ['fludarabine']