abstract: UNASSIGNED: Mitochondria have been proposed as the major source of reactive @entity26 species in somatic cells and @entity1 spermatozoa. However, no data regarding the role of mitochondrial ROS production in stallion spermatozoa are available. To shed light on the role of the mitochondrial electron transport chain in the origin of oxidative stress in stallion spermatozoa, specific inhibitors of complex I ( @entity3788 ) and III ( @entity11382 -A) were used. Ejaculates from seven Andalusian stallions were collected and incubated in BWW media at 37  C in the presence of @entity3788 , @entity8581 or control vehicle. Incubation in the presence of these inhibitors reduced sperm motility and velocity ( @entity13389 analysis) (p<0.01), but the effect was more evident in the presence of @entity3788 (a complex I inhibitor). These inhibitors also decreased @entity855 content. The inhibition of complexes I and III decreased the production of reactive @entity26 species (p<0.01) as assessed by flow cytometry after staining with CellRox deep red. This observation suggests that the CellRox probe mainly identifies @entity224 and that @entity224 production may reflect intense mitochondrial activity rather than oxidative stress. The inhibition of complex I resulted in increased @entity273 production (p<0.01). The inhibition of glycolysis resulted in reduced sperm velocities (p<0.01) without an effect on the percentage of total motile sperm. Weak and moderate (but statistically significant) positive correlations were observed between sperm motility, velocity and membrane integrity and the production of reactive @entity26 species. These results indicate that stallion sperm rely heavily on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for the production of @entity855 for motility but also require glycolysis to maintain high velocities. These data also indicate that increased @entity273 originating in the mitochondria is a mechanism involved in stallion sperm senescence.

title: Inhibition of Mitochondrial Complex I Leads to Decreased Motility and Membrane Integrity Related to Increased @entity273 and Reduced XXXX Production, while the Inhibition of Glycolysis Has Less Impact on Sperm Motility.

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']


abstract: Tissue factor (TF) is best known as a cellular initiator of coagulation, but it is also a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in multiple pathophysiologic conditions, including @entity565 . In the lung, airway epithelial cells express TF, but it is unknown how TF expression is regulated by @entity565 -associated mediators. We investigated the role of @entity4047 , a type 2 cytokine, alone and in combination with compressive stress, which mimics asthmatic bronchoconstriction, on TF expression and release of TF-positive extracellular vesicles from primary normal @entity1 bronchial epithelial cells. Well-differentiated normal @entity1 bronchial epithelial cells were treated with @entity4047 and compressive stress, alone and in combination. TF mRNA, protein and activity were measured in the cells and conditioned media. TF was also measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of allergen-challenged @entity19 and @entity1 with @entity565 . @entity4047 and compressive stress increased TF expression, but only compressive stress induced TF-positive extracellular vesicle release. Pretreatment with @entity4047 augmented compressive stress-induced TF expression and release. TF protein and activity in BAL fluid were increased in allergen-sensitized and -challenged @entity19 . TF was elevated in the BAL fluid of @entity1 with mild @entity565 after an allergen challenge. Our in vitro and in vivo data indicate close cooperation between mechanical and inflammatory stimuli on TF expression and release of TF-positive extracellular vesicles in the lungs, which may contribute to pathophysiology of @entity565 .

title: XXXX Augments Compressive Stress-Induced Tissue Factor Expression in @entity1 Airway Epithelial Cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

answer: @entity4047 :: (3596,Gene) :: ['IL-13']


abstract: Tissue factor (TF) is best known as a cellular initiator of coagulation, but it is also a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in multiple pathophysiologic conditions, including @entity565 . In the lung, airway epithelial cells express TF, but it is unknown how TF expression is regulated by @entity565 -associated mediators. We investigated the role of @entity4047 , a type 2 cytokine, alone and in combination with compressive stress, which mimics asthmatic bronchoconstriction, on TF expression and release of TF-positive extracellular vesicles from primary normal @entity1 bronchial epithelial cells. Well-differentiated normal @entity1 bronchial epithelial cells were treated with @entity4047 and compressive stress, alone and in combination. TF mRNA, protein and activity were measured in the cells and conditioned media. TF was also measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of allergen-challenged @entity19 and @entity1 with @entity565 . @entity4047 and compressive stress increased TF expression, but only compressive stress induced TF-positive extracellular vesicle release. Pretreatment with @entity4047 augmented compressive stress-induced TF expression and release. TF protein and activity in BAL fluid were increased in allergen-sensitized and -challenged @entity19 . TF was elevated in the BAL fluid of @entity1 with mild @entity565 after an allergen challenge. Our in vitro and in vivo data indicate close cooperation between mechanical and inflammatory stimuli on TF expression and release of TF-positive extracellular vesicles in the lungs, which may contribute to pathophysiology of @entity565 .

title: @entity4047 Augments Compressive Stress-Induced Tissue Factor Expression in XXXX Airway Epithelial Cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Older case series established diagnostic considerations for @entity1 meeting a priori definitions of @entity221 of unknown origin (FUO). No recent study has examined the final diagnoses of @entity1 referred for unexplained @entity221 . METHODS: This study was conducted with a retrospective chart review of @entity1 referred to a pediatric @entity166 clinic from 2008 to 2012 for unexplained @entity221 . RESULTS: Sixty-nine of 221 @entity1 were referred for "prolonged" unexplained @entity221 . Ten of these were not actually having @entity221 , and 11 had diagnoses that were readily apparent at the initial visit. The remaining 48 were classified as having FUO. The median duration of reported @entity221 for these @entity1 was 30 days; 15 had a diagnosis made, 5 of which were serious. None of the serious FUO diagnoses were @entity281 . Of 152 @entity1 with "recurrent" unexplained @entity221 , 92 had an "intermittent" @entity221 pattern, and most of these had sequential, self-limited viral illnesses or no definitive diagnosis made. Twenty of the 60 @entity1 with a "periodic" @entity221 pattern were diagnosed with periodic @entity221 , @entity7809 , @entity7551 , and @entity3298 . Overall, 166 @entity1 either were not having @entity221 , had self-limited illnesses, or ultimately had no cause of @entity221 discovered. Only 12 had a serious illness, 2 of which were @entity281 ( @entity311 and @entity1682 ). CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 referred with unexplained @entity221 had either self-limited illnesses or no specific diagnosis established. Serious diagnoses were unusual, suggesting that these diagnoses rarely present with unexplained @entity221 alone, or that, when they do, the diagnoses are made by primary care providers or other subspecialists.

title: Characteristics of @entity1 Referred to a Pediatric XXXX Clinic With Unexplained Fever.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3298 :: ('MESH:D008199', 'Disease') :: ['adenitis syndrome']

entities_list: @entity7809 :: ('MESH:D013281', 'Disease') :: ['aphthous stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity7551 :: ('MESH:D010612', 'Disease') :: ['pharyngitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

entities_list: @entity1682 :: ('MESH:D014435', 'Disease') :: ['typhoid fever']

answer: @entity166 :: (MESH:D003141,Disease) :: ['Infectious Diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Older case series established diagnostic considerations for @entity1 meeting a priori definitions of @entity221 of unknown origin (FUO). No recent study has examined the final diagnoses of @entity1 referred for unexplained @entity221 . METHODS: This study was conducted with a retrospective chart review of @entity1 referred to a pediatric @entity166 clinic from 2008 to 2012 for unexplained @entity221 . RESULTS: Sixty-nine of 221 @entity1 were referred for "prolonged" unexplained @entity221 . Ten of these were not actually having @entity221 , and 11 had diagnoses that were readily apparent at the initial visit. The remaining 48 were classified as having FUO. The median duration of reported @entity221 for these @entity1 was 30 days; 15 had a diagnosis made, 5 of which were serious. None of the serious FUO diagnoses were @entity281 . Of 152 @entity1 with "recurrent" unexplained @entity221 , 92 had an "intermittent" @entity221 pattern, and most of these had sequential, self-limited viral illnesses or no definitive diagnosis made. Twenty of the 60 @entity1 with a "periodic" @entity221 pattern were diagnosed with periodic @entity221 , @entity7809 , @entity7551 , and @entity3298 . Overall, 166 @entity1 either were not having @entity221 , had self-limited illnesses, or ultimately had no cause of @entity221 discovered. Only 12 had a serious illness, 2 of which were @entity281 ( @entity311 and @entity1682 ). CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 referred with unexplained @entity221 had either self-limited illnesses or no specific diagnosis established. Serious diagnoses were unusual, suggesting that these diagnoses rarely present with unexplained @entity221 alone, or that, when they do, the diagnoses are made by primary care providers or other subspecialists.

title: Characteristics of XXXX Referred to a Pediatric @entity166 Clinic With Unexplained Fever.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few data relate interferon-y-release-assay results in @entity1 to source case sputum status, the best predictor of infectiousness of @entity378 ( @entity378 ) @entity1 . We evaluated the QuantiFERON-Gold-in-tube assay (QFT) and @entity272 ( @entity272 ) in @entity1 with different types of @entity378 exposure. METHODS: The @entity272 and QFT were performed in referred @entity378 -exposed @entity1 and adolescents who had not undergone prior @entity272 screening (tested in parallel), and the QFT was performed in referred @entity272 -positive individuals. Source case characteristics were obtained from referring public health units. We excluded @entity1 with known immunocompromising conditions and those known to have @entity378 disease at the time of evaluation. RESULTS: For 103 @entity1 tested in parallel, overall test agreement was very good in the Bacillus Calmette-Guerein (BCG) unimmunized contacts (k = 0.83) and contacts of household smear-positive (HS+) cases (k = 0.67), but test agreement was poor in those with lower-risk contact (k = 0.34). Only 3 of 59 HS+ @entity1 were QFT-positive and @entity272 -negative. On multivariate analysis, a positive QFT was strongly associated with HS+ exposure (odds ratio [OR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-20]) but not BCG; and a positive @entity272 was associated with BCG alone. For 92 referred @entity272 -positive individuals, the QFT was negative in 21% of HS+ contacts, 65% of lower-risk contacts (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.9-25), and 82% of the @entity1 with unknown contact history (OR, 15.5; 95% CI, 5-54). Application of the Canadian 2010 guidelines would exclude from treatment 43 (72%) of the 73 @entity272 +, QFT- @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: For close contacts of HS+ individuals, the QFT added little sensitivity to the @entity272 for detection of @entity378 . The QFT correlated much better with exposure than the @entity272 , especially in BCG-immunized @entity1 , and it has the greatest potential benefit for evaluation of those at lower risk of @entity9178 .

title: Relating XXXX Characteristics to QuantiFERON- @entity378 -Gold and Tuberculin Skin Test Results in the Toronto Pediatric @entity378 Clinic.

entities_list: @entity9178 :: ('MESH:D055985', 'Disease') :: ['latent TB infection']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['TB infection', 'TB', 'tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['TST', 'tuberculin skin test']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['Tuberculosis (TB) Contact']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few data relate interferon-y-release-assay results in @entity1 to source case sputum status, the best predictor of infectiousness of @entity378 ( @entity378 ) @entity1 . We evaluated the QuantiFERON-Gold-in-tube assay (QFT) and @entity272 ( @entity272 ) in @entity1 with different types of @entity378 exposure. METHODS: The @entity272 and QFT were performed in referred @entity378 -exposed @entity1 and adolescents who had not undergone prior @entity272 screening (tested in parallel), and the QFT was performed in referred @entity272 -positive individuals. Source case characteristics were obtained from referring public health units. We excluded @entity1 with known immunocompromising conditions and those known to have @entity378 disease at the time of evaluation. RESULTS: For 103 @entity1 tested in parallel, overall test agreement was very good in the Bacillus Calmette-Guerein (BCG) unimmunized contacts (k = 0.83) and contacts of household smear-positive (HS+) cases (k = 0.67), but test agreement was poor in those with lower-risk contact (k = 0.34). Only 3 of 59 HS+ @entity1 were QFT-positive and @entity272 -negative. On multivariate analysis, a positive QFT was strongly associated with HS+ exposure (odds ratio [OR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-20]) but not BCG; and a positive @entity272 was associated with BCG alone. For 92 referred @entity272 -positive individuals, the QFT was negative in 21% of HS+ contacts, 65% of lower-risk contacts (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.9-25), and 82% of the @entity1 with unknown contact history (OR, 15.5; 95% CI, 5-54). Application of the Canadian 2010 guidelines would exclude from treatment 43 (72%) of the 73 @entity272 +, QFT- @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: For close contacts of HS+ individuals, the QFT added little sensitivity to the @entity272 for detection of @entity378 . The QFT correlated much better with exposure than the @entity272 , especially in BCG-immunized @entity1 , and it has the greatest potential benefit for evaluation of those at lower risk of @entity9178 .

title: Relating @entity378 Characteristics to QuantiFERON- XXXX -Gold and Tuberculin Skin Test Results in the Toronto Pediatric @entity378 Clinic.

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['TB']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few data relate interferon-y-release-assay results in @entity1 to source case sputum status, the best predictor of infectiousness of @entity378 ( @entity378 ) @entity1 . We evaluated the QuantiFERON-Gold-in-tube assay (QFT) and @entity272 ( @entity272 ) in @entity1 with different types of @entity378 exposure. METHODS: The @entity272 and QFT were performed in referred @entity378 -exposed @entity1 and adolescents who had not undergone prior @entity272 screening (tested in parallel), and the QFT was performed in referred @entity272 -positive individuals. Source case characteristics were obtained from referring public health units. We excluded @entity1 with known immunocompromising conditions and those known to have @entity378 disease at the time of evaluation. RESULTS: For 103 @entity1 tested in parallel, overall test agreement was very good in the Bacillus Calmette-Guerein (BCG) unimmunized contacts (k = 0.83) and contacts of household smear-positive (HS+) cases (k = 0.67), but test agreement was poor in those with lower-risk contact (k = 0.34). Only 3 of 59 HS+ @entity1 were QFT-positive and @entity272 -negative. On multivariate analysis, a positive QFT was strongly associated with HS+ exposure (odds ratio [OR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-20]) but not BCG; and a positive @entity272 was associated with BCG alone. For 92 referred @entity272 -positive individuals, the QFT was negative in 21% of HS+ contacts, 65% of lower-risk contacts (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.9-25), and 82% of the @entity1 with unknown contact history (OR, 15.5; 95% CI, 5-54). Application of the Canadian 2010 guidelines would exclude from treatment 43 (72%) of the 73 @entity272 +, QFT- @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: For close contacts of HS+ individuals, the QFT added little sensitivity to the @entity272 for detection of @entity378 . The QFT correlated much better with exposure than the @entity272 , especially in BCG-immunized @entity1 , and it has the greatest potential benefit for evaluation of those at lower risk of @entity9178 .

title: Relating @entity378 Characteristics to QuantiFERON- @entity378 -Gold and Tuberculin Skin Test Results in the Toronto Pediatric XXXX Clinic.

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['TB']


abstract: We describe the case of a healthy, pregnant female who developed @entity3225 at the time of delivery, and discuss the possible mechanism of @entity281 and the management of this case. A 26-year-old Asian @entity1 presented with a 3-week history of @entity227 and @entity3856 . There was no history of @entity2194 or surgery. The ocular symptoms developed one day after vaginal delivery of a healthy baby. The pregnancy had been uncomplicated until premature rupture of membranes one week prior to delivery. Right visual acuity was light perception. There was marked right anterior chamber activity with a hypopyon and fibrin. A B-scan ultrasound showed dense vitritis. Examination of the left eye was normal. Blood tests and a chest X-ray were normal. A vitreous tap was performed and bacterial culture grew Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Intravitreal antibiotics were injected ( @entity4509 0.4 mg/0.1 ml and @entity2176 2.0 mg/0.1 ml) and the @entity1 was treated with oral @entity3477 and @entity288 . Right visual acuity improved to 6/9. This case highlights the need for clinicians to have a high level of awareness of endogenous @entity3225 (a rare, potentially sight-threatening condition) in any @entity1 with a painful @entity227 in the peripartum period, particularly if associated with complications such as @entity4942 .

title: A rare case of peripartum endogenous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deterioration', 'eye or visual deterioration']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular trauma']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity3477 :: ('MESH:C104727', 'Chemical') :: ['moxifloxacin']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4942 :: ('MESH:D005322', 'Disease') :: ['premature rupture of membranes or perineal laceration']

entities_list: @entity3856 :: ('MESH:D058447', 'Disease') :: ['pain in the right eye']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial endophthalmitis', 'endogenous endophthalmitis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity3225 :: (MESH:D009877,Disease) :: ['bacterial endophthalmitis']


abstract: Transition from acute @entity7125 to either recovery or chronicity and the development of chronic @entity74 ( @entity74 ) remains a challenging issue for researchers and clinicians. The roles of social support and personality traits in long-term functioning following whiplash have not been studied concomitantly. The present study aimed to examine whether social support and personality traits are related to long-term functioning following whiplash. One hundred forty-three subjects, who had experienced a @entity7125 in a traffic accident 10-26  months before the study took place, participated. The initial diagnoses were a 'sprain of the neck' (ICD-9 code 847.0); only the outcome of grades I-III acute @entity74 was studied. Long-term functioning was considered within the biopsychosocial model: it was expressed in terms of disability, functional status, quality of life and psychological well-being. @entity1 filled out a set of questionnaires to measure the long-term functioning parameters (i.e. the Neck Disability Index, Medical Outcome Study Short-Form General Health Survey, Anamnestic Comparative Self-Assessment measure of overall well-being and the Symptom Checklist-90) and potential determinants of long-term functioning (the Dutch Personality Questionnaire and the Social Support List). The results suggest that social support (especially the discrepancies dimension of social support) and personality traits (i.e. inadequacy, self-satisfaction and resentment) are related to long-term functioning following @entity7125 (Spearman rho varied between 0.32 and 0.57; p   <   0.01). Within the discrepancy dimension, everyday emotional support, emotional support during problems, appreciative support and informative support were identified as important correlates of long-term functioning. Future prospective studies are required to confirm the role of social support and personality traits in relation to long-term functioning following whiplash. For such studies, a broad view of long-term functioning within the biopsychological model should be applied.

title: Long-term functioning following XXXX : the role of social support and personality traits.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['WAD', 'whiplash-associated disorders']

entities_list: @entity7125 :: ('MESH:D014911', 'Disease') :: ['whiplash injury']

answer: @entity7125 :: (MESH:D014911,Disease) :: ['whiplash injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Regular colonoscopic surveillance for detection of @entity1141 is recommended in longstanding @entity29 ( @entity29 ), however, its sensitivity is disputed. Screening accuracy may increase by using a biomarker-based surveillance strategy. METHODS: A case-control study was performed to determine the prognostic value of DNA ploidy and @entity876 in @entity29 -related @entity5 . Cases with @entity29 -related @entity14 ( @entity14 ), detected in our surveillance program between 1985-2008, were selected and matched with two controls, for age, gender, disease characteristics, interval of follow-up, PSC, and previous surgery. Biopsies were assessed for DNA ploidy, @entity876 , grade of @entity32 and @entity5 . Progression to @entity5 was analyzed with Cox regression analysis, adjusting for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: Adjusting for age, we found statistically significant Hazard ratios (HR) between development of @entity14 , and @entity258 (HR5.5; 95%CI 2.6-11.5), abnormal DNA ploidy ( @entity17367 .06-1.34, HR4.7; 95%CI 2.9-7.8 and DI>1.34, HR6.6; 95%CI 3.7-11.7) and @entity876 immunopositivity (HR3.0; 95%CI 1.9-4.7) over time. When adjusting for all confounders, abnormal DNA ploidy ( @entity17367 .06-1.34, HR4.7; 95%CI 2.7-7.9 and DI>1.34, HR5.0; 95%CI 2.5-10.0) and @entity876 immunopositivity (HR1.7; 95%CI 1.0-3.1) remained statistically significant predictive of @entity5 . CONCLUSION: In longstanding @entity29 , abnormal DNA ploidy and @entity876 immunopositivity are important risk factors of developing @entity14 . The yield of surveillance may potentially increase by adding these biomarkers to the routine assessment of biopsies.

title: Biomarker-based prediction of @entity29 -related XXXX : a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low grade dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Regular colonoscopic surveillance for detection of @entity1141 is recommended in longstanding @entity29 ( @entity29 ), however, its sensitivity is disputed. Screening accuracy may increase by using a biomarker-based surveillance strategy. METHODS: A case-control study was performed to determine the prognostic value of DNA ploidy and @entity876 in @entity29 -related @entity5 . Cases with @entity29 -related @entity14 ( @entity14 ), detected in our surveillance program between 1985-2008, were selected and matched with two controls, for age, gender, disease characteristics, interval of follow-up, PSC, and previous surgery. Biopsies were assessed for DNA ploidy, @entity876 , grade of @entity32 and @entity5 . Progression to @entity5 was analyzed with Cox regression analysis, adjusting for potentially confounding variables. RESULTS: Adjusting for age, we found statistically significant Hazard ratios (HR) between development of @entity14 , and @entity258 (HR5.5; 95%CI 2.6-11.5), abnormal DNA ploidy ( @entity17367 .06-1.34, HR4.7; 95%CI 2.9-7.8 and DI>1.34, HR6.6; 95%CI 3.7-11.7) and @entity876 immunopositivity (HR3.0; 95%CI 1.9-4.7) over time. When adjusting for all confounders, abnormal DNA ploidy ( @entity17367 .06-1.34, HR4.7; 95%CI 2.7-7.9 and DI>1.34, HR5.0; 95%CI 2.5-10.0) and @entity876 immunopositivity (HR1.7; 95%CI 1.0-3.1) remained statistically significant predictive of @entity5 . CONCLUSION: In longstanding @entity29 , abnormal DNA ploidy and @entity876 immunopositivity are important risk factors of developing @entity14 . The yield of surveillance may potentially increase by adding these biomarkers to the routine assessment of biopsies.

title: Biomarker-based prediction of XXXX -related @entity14 : a case-control study.

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: Diffuse @entity816 (WHO grade II) typically present as slow-growing @entity5 showing significant cellular differentiation, but possessing a tendency towards malignant progression. They account for ~10% of all @entity5 , with a peak incidence between 30 and 40 years of age. Median survival is reported as around 6-8 years. Mutations of @entity876 and @entity818 have been described as @entity74 , while copy number alterations are also relatively common. However, there is some evidence to suggest that these characteristics may vary with age. Here, we present an integrated clinicopathologic, genomic and transcriptomic analysis suggesting that @entity5 are associated with distinct genetic signatures. For example, no childhood @entity5 showed mutation of @entity8725 or @entity876 , virtually no copy number changes were seen, and @entity8724 methylation was absent. In contrast, @entity5 showed @entity8725 mutation in 94% and @entity876 mutation in 69% of cases, with multiple copy number alterations per case and hypermethylation of @entity8724 in the majority of @entity5 . These differences were associated with a worse prognosis in the adult @entity1 . The expression array data also revealed a significant difference in the expression of a number of genes putatively involved in neural stem cell maintenance and CNS development, including @entity38765 , @entity34519 , @entity1841 , @entity2843 and @entity27135 . Genes involved in DNA replication and the cell cycle were also enriched in the @entity5 , suggesting that their more @entity146 may be due to derivation from a more rapidly dividing, less differentiated cell type.

title: Adult grade II diffuse XXXX are genetically distinct from and more @entity146 than their paediatric counterparts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behaviour']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['paediatric and adult tumours', 'tumour', 'adult tumours', 'tumours', 'astrocytic tumours']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic hallmarks']

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['astrocytomas']


abstract: Diffuse @entity816 (WHO grade II) typically present as slow-growing @entity5 showing significant cellular differentiation, but possessing a tendency towards malignant progression. They account for ~10% of all @entity5 , with a peak incidence between 30 and 40 years of age. Median survival is reported as around 6-8 years. Mutations of @entity876 and @entity818 have been described as @entity74 , while copy number alterations are also relatively common. However, there is some evidence to suggest that these characteristics may vary with age. Here, we present an integrated clinicopathologic, genomic and transcriptomic analysis suggesting that @entity5 are associated with distinct genetic signatures. For example, no childhood @entity5 showed mutation of @entity8725 or @entity876 , virtually no copy number changes were seen, and @entity8724 methylation was absent. In contrast, @entity5 showed @entity8725 mutation in 94% and @entity876 mutation in 69% of cases, with multiple copy number alterations per case and hypermethylation of @entity8724 in the majority of @entity5 . These differences were associated with a worse prognosis in the adult @entity1 . The expression array data also revealed a significant difference in the expression of a number of genes putatively involved in neural stem cell maintenance and CNS development, including @entity38765 , @entity34519 , @entity1841 , @entity2843 and @entity27135 . Genes involved in DNA replication and the cell cycle were also enriched in the @entity5 , suggesting that their more @entity146 may be due to derivation from a more rapidly dividing, less differentiated cell type.

title: Adult grade II diffuse @entity816 are genetically distinct from and more XXXX than their paediatric counterparts.

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['aggressive']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity9775 is a rare cause of @entity1321 in the neonate. A review of the management and outcome of @entity1 with @entity9775 was performed. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the complete records of @entity1 treated for @entity9775 during the 30-year period. RESULTS: A total of 14 newborns were treated. Seven @entity1 suffered from an isolated @entity9775 (group 1). In the other seven @entity1 (group 2), @entity9775 was either associated with additional intestinal @entity1146 (n = 2), or @entity6675 (n = 5). Gestational age and birth weight were significantly lower in @entity1 from group 2 compared to group 1 (40    0.5 vs. 37    1 weeks (P < 0.05); and 3,478    208 vs. 2,626    242 g (P < 0.01), respectively). The first surgical procedure was performed in all newborns within 24 h after birth. All but one @entity1 from group 1 received primary colostomies at the level of @entity9775 , followed by end-to-side anastomoses. All but one @entity1 from group 2 needed ileocoecal resection due to bowel @entity39 . No @entity1 died in group 1, whereas three @entity1 died in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated @entity9775 is amenable with a short hospital stay and an excellent outcome. In contrast, @entity1 with @entity9775 associated with @entity6675 present a serious clinical challenge.

title: Management of isolated and associated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'child', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity9775 :: ('MESH:C562562', 'Disease') :: ['Colonic atresia', 'colonic atresia']

entities_list: @entity6675 :: ('MESH:D020139', 'Disease') :: ['gastroschisis']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['congenital intestinal obstruction']

answer: @entity9775 :: (MESH:C562562,Disease) :: ['colonic atresia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity250 are frequent after surgery for @entity5 . @entity348 ( @entity348 ) improves local recurrence and survival rates, and does not hamper recognition and sparing of @entity530 . It is not known how laparoscopic rectal resection could change functional complication rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a global series of 1,216 laparoscopic interventions for @entity14 , 35 cases of males less than 70  years old, undergoing rectal resection and @entity348 for a T1-3M0 medium and low @entity5 were selected. Urinary and sexual functions after the operations were retrospectively recorded by means of specific tools (International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and IIEF questionnaires, respectively). RESULTS: None of the @entity1 necessitated permanent or intermittent catheterization. More than half the @entity1 had no complaints about urinary functions; about one third had @entity2183 ; 72% of the @entity1 had an IPSS less that 10, and no case of IPSS worse that 31 was recorded. Sexual desire was reduced and spontaneous erectile function was impaired in almost half the cases, while induced erections were possible in about 90% of cases; about 70% of @entity1 still had the possibility of penetration and a normal ejaculation and orgasm after the intervention. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The present series confirms previous data and contribute to the creation of a benchmark specifically related to the laparoscopic approach to which surgeons should face when informing the @entity1 before the operation. While severe @entity1973 is rare, @entity458 remains a serious concern after rectal resection with @entity348 .

title: @entity250 after laparoscopic XXXX for @entity5 in males.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1973 :: ('MESH:D001750', 'Disease') :: ['urinary dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual impairment']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TME', 'Total mesorectal excision']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal diseases']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['Urinary and sexual dysfunctions']

answer: @entity348 :: (MESH:C535338,Disease) :: ['TME']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity250 are frequent after surgery for @entity5 . @entity348 ( @entity348 ) improves local recurrence and survival rates, and does not hamper recognition and sparing of @entity530 . It is not known how laparoscopic rectal resection could change functional complication rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a global series of 1,216 laparoscopic interventions for @entity14 , 35 cases of males less than 70  years old, undergoing rectal resection and @entity348 for a T1-3M0 medium and low @entity5 were selected. Urinary and sexual functions after the operations were retrospectively recorded by means of specific tools (International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and IIEF questionnaires, respectively). RESULTS: None of the @entity1 necessitated permanent or intermittent catheterization. More than half the @entity1 had no complaints about urinary functions; about one third had @entity2183 ; 72% of the @entity1 had an IPSS less that 10, and no case of IPSS worse that 31 was recorded. Sexual desire was reduced and spontaneous erectile function was impaired in almost half the cases, while induced erections were possible in about 90% of cases; about 70% of @entity1 still had the possibility of penetration and a normal ejaculation and orgasm after the intervention. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The present series confirms previous data and contribute to the creation of a benchmark specifically related to the laparoscopic approach to which surgeons should face when informing the @entity1 before the operation. While severe @entity1973 is rare, @entity458 remains a serious concern after rectal resection with @entity348 .

title: XXXX after laparoscopic @entity348 for @entity5 in males.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity250 :: (MESH:D012735,Disease) :: ['Urinary and sexual disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity250 are frequent after surgery for @entity5 . @entity348 ( @entity348 ) improves local recurrence and survival rates, and does not hamper recognition and sparing of @entity530 . It is not known how laparoscopic rectal resection could change functional complication rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a global series of 1,216 laparoscopic interventions for @entity14 , 35 cases of males less than 70  years old, undergoing rectal resection and @entity348 for a T1-3M0 medium and low @entity5 were selected. Urinary and sexual functions after the operations were retrospectively recorded by means of specific tools (International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and IIEF questionnaires, respectively). RESULTS: None of the @entity1 necessitated permanent or intermittent catheterization. More than half the @entity1 had no complaints about urinary functions; about one third had @entity2183 ; 72% of the @entity1 had an IPSS less that 10, and no case of IPSS worse that 31 was recorded. Sexual desire was reduced and spontaneous erectile function was impaired in almost half the cases, while induced erections were possible in about 90% of cases; about 70% of @entity1 still had the possibility of penetration and a normal ejaculation and orgasm after the intervention. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The present series confirms previous data and contribute to the creation of a benchmark specifically related to the laparoscopic approach to which surgeons should face when informing the @entity1 before the operation. While severe @entity1973 is rare, @entity458 remains a serious concern after rectal resection with @entity348 .

title: @entity250 after laparoscopic @entity348 for XXXX in males.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We describe a method for the direct application of MR images to navigation-assisted @entity3478 surgery as an alternative to CT-MRI fusion. METHOD: Six @entity1 with an orthopedic malignancy were employed for this method during navigation-assisted @entity5 resection. Tumor types included @entity421 (4), high-grade @entity511 (1), and @entity7197 (1). Mean @entity1 age was 25.3  years (range 18-52  years). Mean duration of follow-up was 25.8  months (range 18-32  months). Resorbable pin placement and rapid 3-dimensional spoiled gradient echo sequences made the direct application of MR images to computer-assisted @entity3478 surgery without CT-MR image fusion possible. A paired-point registration technique was employed for @entity1 -image registration in all @entity1 . RESULTS: It took 20  min on average to set up the navigation (range 15-25  min). The mean registration error was 0.98  mm (range 0.4-1.7  mm). On histologic examination, distances from @entity5 to resection margins were in accord with preoperative plans. No @entity1 had a local recurrence or distant metastasis at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Direct @entity1 -to-MRI registration is a very useful method for @entity3478 surgery, permitting the application of MR images to intraoperative visualization without any additional costs or exposure of the @entity1 to radiation from the preoperative CT scan.

title: Direct application of MR images to computer-assisted XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity7197 :: ('MESH:D050398', 'Disease') :: ['adamantinoma']

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['bone tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

answer: @entity3478 :: (MESH:D001859,Disease) :: ['bone tumor']


abstract: The systematics of the Ostertagiinae is unsettled with no agreement on how many genera and species are present in @entity291 and @entity742 . Ten species of Ostertagiinae are commonly parasitic in @entity291 and @entity742 . The males can be identified on the basis of differences in morphology of spicules and genital cones but the females of most species cannot be identified. The species-level systematics have been complicated by the proposal that the ten species are polymorphs of only five species. The systematics at genus level has been complicated by the use of numerous genera for the ten species, at present most commonly Ostertagia, @entity24651 and Marshallagia. This report (1) describes the current knowledge of the systematics and (2) provides diagnoses of the genera recommended for the ten species. The morphology of the ten species was studied to determine whether characteristics could be found to identify females or to further differentiate the males. Characters studied included the system of longitudinal and surface cuticular ridges (synlophe), the internal morphology of the esophagus and the orientation of rays of the copulatory bursa. The study of species morphology resulted in additional support for the polymorphism proposal. All minor species were found to be identical to their major species in characteristics of the synlophe, esophagus and rays of the copulatory bursa. Two recent classifications of the Ostertagiinae both recommended the use of the genus @entity24651 for the species @entity24651 and the two minor species that occur with it, T. trifurcata and T. davtiani. @entity24651 is characterized by a copulatory bursa in which the five lateral rays are arranged 2-2-1 and a ventral swelling of the genital cone (proconus) is absent. One pair of species, @entity1972 (major species) and Ostertagia occidentalis (minor species) should be included in the @entity9497 . This genus has been characterized by an elongated bursa in which the posterior pair of lateral rays are much longer than the ventral pair. The remaining two pairs of species (O. ostertagi and its minor species O. lyrata, and O. leptospicularis and its minor species O. kolchida) and O. bisonis belong in the genus Ostertagia which is characterized by a 2-1-2 arrangement of the five lateral rays of the copulatory bursa and the presence of a proconus.

title: Systematics of the nematodes that cause ostertagiasis in @entity291 , XXXX and goats in North America.

entities_list: @entity24651 :: ('45464', 'Species') :: ['T. circumcincta', 'Teladorsagia']

entities_list: @entity1972 :: ('MESH:C536025', 'Disease') :: ['Marshallagia marshalli']

entities_list: @entity9497 :: ('MESH:D056305', 'Disease') :: ['genus Marshallagia']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: The systematics of the Ostertagiinae is unsettled with no agreement on how many genera and species are present in @entity291 and @entity742 . Ten species of Ostertagiinae are commonly parasitic in @entity291 and @entity742 . The males can be identified on the basis of differences in morphology of spicules and genital cones but the females of most species cannot be identified. The species-level systematics have been complicated by the proposal that the ten species are polymorphs of only five species. The systematics at genus level has been complicated by the use of numerous genera for the ten species, at present most commonly Ostertagia, @entity24651 and Marshallagia. This report (1) describes the current knowledge of the systematics and (2) provides diagnoses of the genera recommended for the ten species. The morphology of the ten species was studied to determine whether characteristics could be found to identify females or to further differentiate the males. Characters studied included the system of longitudinal and surface cuticular ridges (synlophe), the internal morphology of the esophagus and the orientation of rays of the copulatory bursa. The study of species morphology resulted in additional support for the polymorphism proposal. All minor species were found to be identical to their major species in characteristics of the synlophe, esophagus and rays of the copulatory bursa. Two recent classifications of the Ostertagiinae both recommended the use of the genus @entity24651 for the species @entity24651 and the two minor species that occur with it, T. trifurcata and T. davtiani. @entity24651 is characterized by a copulatory bursa in which the five lateral rays are arranged 2-2-1 and a ventral swelling of the genital cone (proconus) is absent. One pair of species, @entity1972 (major species) and Ostertagia occidentalis (minor species) should be included in the @entity9497 . This genus has been characterized by an elongated bursa in which the posterior pair of lateral rays are much longer than the ventral pair. The remaining two pairs of species (O. ostertagi and its minor species O. lyrata, and O. leptospicularis and its minor species O. kolchida) and O. bisonis belong in the genus Ostertagia which is characterized by a 2-1-2 arrangement of the five lateral rays of the copulatory bursa and the presence of a proconus.

title: Systematics of the nematodes that cause ostertagiasis in XXXX , @entity742 and goats in North America.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2249 in young adults is an unsolved problem and neglected @entity2249 presents more challenge to the orthopaedics surgeon if femoral head salvage is attempted. We reviewed the operative results of neglected @entity2249 in young adults with fixation with dual fibular bone grafting Purpose of study was evaluation of epidemiological, clinical, functional, rehabilitative outcome and complications in such @entity1 . METHODS: Twentyeight @entity1 in age group 18-50 years were operated having @entity2249 by dual fibular bone grafting in the Department of Orthopaedics, S.N. Medical College, Agra in (May 2005-February 2008) and divided into two groups. Group A: comprised of 8 @entity1 treated by dual fibular bone grafting alone and Group B: comprised of 18 @entity1 treated by dual fibular bone grafting with single cancellous hip screw. RESULTS: All the @entity1 of the present series were having neglected intracapsular @entity174 , neck femur which were treated by dual fibular bone grafting with or without cancellous hip screw fixation. Majority of the @entity1 had good to fair result according to Larson method with average time of union 16 weeks. All @entity1 had useful range of movement at hip. Satisfactory union was achieved in all @entity1 except two. CONCLUSION: Double bone grafting is a simple and cost effective modality of treatment for late @entity2249 with good results. It is a stable and biological method of fixation with preservation of natural femoral head with fewer complications.

title: Evaluation of osteosynthesis with dual fibular bone grafting for neglected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['fracture neck femur', 'femoral neck fracture', 'femoral neck fractures', 'Femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['femoral neck fractures']


abstract: @entity8434 has continued to be a worrying problem in endemic zones. An account is given in this paper of 25 years of experience in @entity8434 treatment. Reported are 575 @entity1 on whom operations had been performed at the Surgical Clinic of Malaga University under the supervision of Professor Vara L  pez. Fifty-six per cent of these @entity1 were males and the remainder females. The disease was found to occur with regularity to all age groups. Cough, @entity158 , and geographic origin were characteristic phenomena of the disease and its anamnestic background. Diagnosis was confirmed by these parameters together with @entity1712 , complement fixation reaction according to Weinberg, intracutaneous testing according to Casoni, and radiography. Surgical approaches were pericystectomy in 415 cases, cystectomy in 57 cases, segmentectomy in 64, lobectomy in 34, and pneumectomy in five cases. @entity260 occurred to seven per cent of the @entity1 , and the lethality rate amounted to 1.5 per cent. The absence of clinical information in publications is discussed together with lack of analyses of clinical situations, modes of treatment, and complications.

title: [Surgical treatment of XXXX of the lung based on 575 personal cases and a study of the literature].

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['echinococcosis', 'Echinococcosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain, lung bleeding']

answer: @entity8434 :: (MESH:D004443,Disease) :: ['echinococcosis']


abstract: Intracerebroventricular (ICVT) administration of @entity4520 (EB) to ovariectomized female @entity35 decreased drinking and pressor responses to central injections of @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ). @entity172 treatment does not have this effect in male @entity35 . As EB given ICVT reaches many brain areas, the site of action of EB was localized using crystalline implants of EB in the medial preoptic area or the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These areas were chosen as they have a high density of @entity172 receptors. Only medial preoptic area application of @entity172 decreased @entity1808 -induced drinking. Angiotensin receptor binding was examined in homogenates from different brain regions to determine if the mechanism through which @entity172 decreases central responses to @entity1808 involves altered receptor function. Systemic EB did not affect @entity1808 receptor binding in several brain regions but binding was decreased in homogenates from the preoptic area and septum-thalamus blocks which encompassed structures (median preoptic nucleus, organum vasculosum, and subfornical organ) implicated in central actions of @entity1808 . The sex specificity of the effect of @entity172 was dependent on @entity4998 . Manipulation of the neonatal hormone environment, which alters this brain differentiation, also altered the characteristic responses of the two sexes to @entity172 . Neonatal androgenization of females, which causes masculinization and defeminization, resulted in animals which as adults no longer responded to EB with decreased drinking. On the other hand, preventing the development of a male brain by neonatal castration produced animals which as adults tended to decrease their drinking following @entity172 . In summary, this study found that EB acts in the preoptic area to depress @entity1808 -induced responses by a site specific modulation of central @entity1808 receptors. Alteration of early brain development changed the responses of the two sexes to @entity172 , perhaps by altering sexual differentiation of the preoptic area.

title: Angiotensin- XXXX central interaction: localization and mechanism.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity4998 :: ('MESH:D012734', 'Disease') :: ['sexual differentiation of the brain']

entities_list: @entity4520 :: ('MESH:C074283', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol benzoate']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: In January 1977, the authors developed a protocol to test the advisability and feasibility of immediate simultaneous reconstruction in the treatment of primary @entity0 . Initial concerns included the morbidity of the procedure, the potential for compromise of cure and of adjuvant @entity5 therapy, and the aesthetic acceptability of immediate reconstruction both to the @entity1 and to the surgeon. All @entity1 were seen preoperatively by both the oncologic surgeon (T.G.F.) and the plastic and reconstructive surgeon, (R.B.N.), and underwent modified radical mastectomy and simultaneous reconstruction. The initial protocol included only those @entity1 with @entity5 1 cm or smaller, but over the last 25 cases the protocol has been expanded to include any @entity1 presenting with clinical Stage I @entity0 . To date, 70 such @entity1 (ages 27-63 years) have undergone immediate simultaneous reconstruction as part of their treatment. Twenty-five @entity1 had evidence of microscopic @entity66 (35.7%). All @entity1 were offered adjuvant therapy, and in no case was therapy delayed beyond 4 weeks postoperatively. Three @entity1 developed complications resulting in loss of implant (4.3%). All @entity1 have been followed at regular intervals, and no @entity1 has been lost to follow-up. In only one @entity1 was there a local recurrence without distant disease. Survival curves are consistent with the stage of the disease. The surgical techniques utilized and the methods of @entity1 selection are discussed. The authors conclude that this is a desirable and viable option in selected @entity1 with primary @entity0 , and that immediate simultaneous reconstruction can be done with an acceptable morbidity and without compromise of @entity5 therapy.

title: An objective analysis of immediate simultaneous reconstruction in the treatment of primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the breast', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the breast']


abstract: Tissue was taken from 16 @entity1 with @entity1374 (10 nontoxic nodular colloid goiter, two @entity652 , one @entity652 , one @entity1496 -induced @entity2743 , 2 @entity2743 ) and 18 @entity1 with @entity5 [seven papillary, five follicular, five undifferentiated (anaplastic), and one @entity189 ] and was xenotransplanted into the flanks of 124 syngeneic female BALB/c-nu/nu @entity19 6 weeks of age. Subsequently, without any further treatment, serum levels of @entity3745 (TG), T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone were determined by radioimmunoassay at 4 or 5 weeks posttransplantation and at the end of the experimental time period of 4 months. All animals were autopsied. The grafts were examined by light microscopy and TG immunohistochemistry. Morphologically, the grafts of benign and @entity5 showed features overall identical to the original tissue. Conversely, nontoxic nodular colloid goiter and @entity2743 grafts revealed a transformation to normofollicular structures. All benign thyroid grafts showed a stationary growth, as did most differentiated @entity259 . @entity5 take rates in differentiated and in @entity189 were 15%, and in @entity189 , 100%. In the @entity5 grafts, a correlation between resting phase (period until progressive @entity5 ) and survival time of the corresponding @entity1 was disclosed. All @entity1 whose @entity5 were not taken by @entity19 are still alive and show no signs of progressive @entity5 at 9 to 34 months after surgery. All but one @entity1 with @entity5 revealing positive @entity5 take died within 3 months (resting phase, 3 weeks) or one year (resting phase, 7 to 14 weeks) after surgery. Integrity of hormonal function in benign and malignant xenografts at 4 months posttransplantation could be shown by significantly higher T3 and T4 serum concentrations in animals with benign thyroid tissues (T3, 1.69 +/- 0.13 nmol/liter; T4, 45.69 +/- 2.09 nmol/liter; S.E.) as compared to controls without grafted tissue [T3, 1.29 +/- 0.10 nmol/liter (p less than 0.05); T4, 33.39 +/- 2.71 nmol/liter (p less than 0.05)] and by increased TG serum concentrations in animals receiving benign (TG, 2.70 +/- 1.39 ng/ml) or malignant (e.g., @entity189 , 34.44 +/- 13.83 ng/ml; controls, 0.30 +/- 0.02 ng/ml) thyroid tissue. Thus, we conclude that benign and malignant thyroid xenografts in the nude @entity19 maintain full morphological and, regarding T3, T4, and TG serum levels, functional integrity for at least 4 months after transplantation.

title: Growth and function of thirty-four XXXX benign and malignant thyroid xenografts in untreated @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ['thyrotoxicosis', "Graves' disease"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor growth', 'malignant thyroid tumors', 'tumor', 'cancer', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['medullalry carcinoma', 'TG in follicular carcinoma', 'medullary carcinoma', 'undifferentiated carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['autonomous adenoma', 'follicular adenoma']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['benign thyroid lesions']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Tissue was taken from 16 @entity1 with @entity1374 (10 nontoxic nodular colloid goiter, two @entity652 , one @entity652 , one @entity1496 -induced @entity2743 , 2 @entity2743 ) and 18 @entity1 with @entity5 [seven papillary, five follicular, five undifferentiated (anaplastic), and one @entity189 ] and was xenotransplanted into the flanks of 124 syngeneic female BALB/c-nu/nu @entity19 6 weeks of age. Subsequently, without any further treatment, serum levels of @entity3745 (TG), T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone were determined by radioimmunoassay at 4 or 5 weeks posttransplantation and at the end of the experimental time period of 4 months. All animals were autopsied. The grafts were examined by light microscopy and TG immunohistochemistry. Morphologically, the grafts of benign and @entity5 showed features overall identical to the original tissue. Conversely, nontoxic nodular colloid goiter and @entity2743 grafts revealed a transformation to normofollicular structures. All benign thyroid grafts showed a stationary growth, as did most differentiated @entity259 . @entity5 take rates in differentiated and in @entity189 were 15%, and in @entity189 , 100%. In the @entity5 grafts, a correlation between resting phase (period until progressive @entity5 ) and survival time of the corresponding @entity1 was disclosed. All @entity1 whose @entity5 were not taken by @entity19 are still alive and show no signs of progressive @entity5 at 9 to 34 months after surgery. All but one @entity1 with @entity5 revealing positive @entity5 take died within 3 months (resting phase, 3 weeks) or one year (resting phase, 7 to 14 weeks) after surgery. Integrity of hormonal function in benign and malignant xenografts at 4 months posttransplantation could be shown by significantly higher T3 and T4 serum concentrations in animals with benign thyroid tissues (T3, 1.69 +/- 0.13 nmol/liter; T4, 45.69 +/- 2.09 nmol/liter; S.E.) as compared to controls without grafted tissue [T3, 1.29 +/- 0.10 nmol/liter (p less than 0.05); T4, 33.39 +/- 2.71 nmol/liter (p less than 0.05)] and by increased TG serum concentrations in animals receiving benign (TG, 2.70 +/- 1.39 ng/ml) or malignant (e.g., @entity189 , 34.44 +/- 13.83 ng/ml; controls, 0.30 +/- 0.02 ng/ml) thyroid tissue. Thus, we conclude that benign and malignant thyroid xenografts in the nude @entity19 maintain full morphological and, regarding T3, T4, and TG serum levels, functional integrity for at least 4 months after transplantation.

title: Growth and function of thirty-four @entity1 benign and malignant thyroid xenografts in untreated XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['nude mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study examined the impact of caring for @entity1 with medical complexity (CMC) and high resource use on family quality of life (QoL). METHODS: Families of CMC enrolled in a complex care program completed the PedsQL Family Impact module (PedsQL FIM) and Healthcare Satisfaction module (PedsQL @entity10716 ) at enrollment then 1 and 2 years after enrollment. Tertiary center resource utilization and staff care coordination time were collected for the two years. RESULTS: PedsQL FIM scores were low at enrollment and did not improve over time. Social Functioning, Worry, and Daily Activities were the lowest domains. PedsQL @entity10716 scores were higher at enrollment, but also failed to improve over the two years. Changes in resource use were not associated with changes in PedsQL FIM or @entity10716 scores. Staff care coordination time was highest for @entity1 with >=  10 hospital days per year. CONCLUSION: CMC families' low QoL did not appear to be related to healthcare satisfaction or a shift from inpatient to outpatient resource use. Less staff support for families of CMC who spent more time at home may have contributed to their continued low QoL. Further study is required to identify causes of and strategies for improving the low QoL of families of CMC.

title: Impact of caring for XXXX with medical complexity and high resource use on family quality of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'children']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: We investigated the status of circulating kinins in @entity35 with severe @entity101 caused by drinking 1% @entity1219 (saline) and treatment with @entity8147 ( @entity4420 , 25 mg/kg/wk s.c.) for 5 weeks. Saline-drinking @entity35 treated with @entity4420 had a higher systolic blood pressure (210 +/- 4 mm Hg) than did @entity35 without @entity4420 treatment drinking water (138 +/- 3 mm Hg) or saline (141 +/- 3 mm Hg). The concentration of kinins in the inferior vena cava plasma of @entity4420 -salt @entity101 @entity35 did not differ from the venous plasma kinin concentration in normotensive @entity35 drinking water or saline. In contrast, the arterial plasma kinin concentration in @entity4420 -salt @entity101 @entity35 (7.0 +/- 0.8 pg/ml) was lower (p less than 0.002) than that in water-drinking controls (14.0 +/- 2.2 pg/ml); it also was lower (p less than 0.005) in saline-drinking @entity35 (8.1 +/- 0.9 pg/ml) than in water-drinking controls. Infusion of @entity1812 (20 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) increased arterial plasma kinins in all the groups. Nonetheless, the arterial plasma kinin concentration achieved during @entity1812 infusion in @entity4420 -salt @entity101 (1590 +/- 130 pg/ml) and in saline-drinking @entity35 (1540 +/- 100 pg/ml) was lower than that in water-drinking @entity35 (2140 +/- 210 pg/ml). On the other hand, during infusion of the @entity1811 inhibitor @entity3371 (80 micrograms/hr i.p.) for 3 days, neither @entity4420 -salt @entity101 @entity35 nor saline-drinking normotensive @entity35 exhibited significant reduction of arterial plasma kinins relative to the level in water-drinking controls. These data indicate that high salt intake, irrespective of the level of blood pressure, causes the arterial plasma concentration of kinins to fall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Plasma kinin concentration in @entity8147 -salt XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity8147 :: ('MESH:D003900', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxycorticosterone']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: We investigated the status of circulating kinins in @entity35 with severe @entity101 caused by drinking 1% @entity1219 (saline) and treatment with @entity8147 ( @entity4420 , 25 mg/kg/wk s.c.) for 5 weeks. Saline-drinking @entity35 treated with @entity4420 had a higher systolic blood pressure (210 +/- 4 mm Hg) than did @entity35 without @entity4420 treatment drinking water (138 +/- 3 mm Hg) or saline (141 +/- 3 mm Hg). The concentration of kinins in the inferior vena cava plasma of @entity4420 -salt @entity101 @entity35 did not differ from the venous plasma kinin concentration in normotensive @entity35 drinking water or saline. In contrast, the arterial plasma kinin concentration in @entity4420 -salt @entity101 @entity35 (7.0 +/- 0.8 pg/ml) was lower (p less than 0.002) than that in water-drinking controls (14.0 +/- 2.2 pg/ml); it also was lower (p less than 0.005) in saline-drinking @entity35 (8.1 +/- 0.9 pg/ml) than in water-drinking controls. Infusion of @entity1812 (20 micrograms/kg/min i.v.) increased arterial plasma kinins in all the groups. Nonetheless, the arterial plasma kinin concentration achieved during @entity1812 infusion in @entity4420 -salt @entity101 (1590 +/- 130 pg/ml) and in saline-drinking @entity35 (1540 +/- 100 pg/ml) was lower than that in water-drinking @entity35 (2140 +/- 210 pg/ml). On the other hand, during infusion of the @entity1811 inhibitor @entity3371 (80 micrograms/hr i.p.) for 3 days, neither @entity4420 -salt @entity101 @entity35 nor saline-drinking normotensive @entity35 exhibited significant reduction of arterial plasma kinins relative to the level in water-drinking controls. These data indicate that high salt intake, irrespective of the level of blood pressure, causes the arterial plasma concentration of kinins to fall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Plasma kinin concentration in XXXX -salt @entity101 .

answer: @entity8147 :: (MESH:D003900,Chemical) :: ['deoxycorticosterone']


abstract: The role of the hepatic artery in tracer water exchange and regulation of permeation of small solutes during canalicular bile formation was studied in the @entity35 using a system that permitted perfusion of both hepatic artery and portal vein. Hepatic vein and biliary multiple indicator dilution curves were obtained after injection of indicators into either vessel. The main difference in hepatic venous dilution curves was a 3.1-fold longer t0 (time spent in nonexchanging vessels) and a 5% larger equivalent water space after injection into the hepatic artery. Biliary tracer recovery of water was markedly higher after arterial injection than after portal vein injection. Both @entity7362 and @entity29677 stimulated bile flow and increased biliary tracer recovery after injection into either vessel. The biliary recovery of @entity969 relative to that of water, which is a measure of biliary @entity969 permeation, was much lower when given into the hepatic artery than when given into the portal vein. During @entity7362 infusion, it decreased by 33% in the hepatic artery but increased 36% in the portal vein. @entity29677 , by contrast, did not affect permeation of @entity969 given into the portal vein. Our studies demonstrate marked exchange of tracer water in the biliary epithelium. @entity7362 , but not @entity29677 , increases permeation of @entity969 into bile in the portal vein bed while both @entity3645 decrease it in the arterial bed.

title: Role of the hepatic artery in canalicular bile formation by the perfused XXXX liver. A multiple indicator dilution study.

entities_list: @entity7362 :: ('MESH:D013656', 'Chemical') :: ['Taurocholate', 'taurocholate']

entities_list: @entity29677 :: ('MESH:C019560', 'Chemical') :: ['Taurodehydrocholate', 'taurodehydrocholate']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['bile salts']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Twenty-six @entity1 with suspected or known @entity2720 who had been studied by computed tomography were retrospectively reviewed. Eighteen @entity1 (20 joints) proved to have @entity5414 . Computed tomography was advantageous in @entity1 with @entity5414 of @entity2720 , such as the hip and sacroiliac, where it demonstrated particular soft tissue swelling as early as 36 hours after the onset of symptoms. In three @entity1 , this finding on computed tomography was helpful in accurately localizing the disease process and facilitating a diagnostic closed needle aspiration biopsy procedure. Four @entity1 had a primary osseous focus of infection in an adjacent epiphyseal region that was documented by computed tomography. Computed tomography was superior to conventional radiology in revealing @entity79 in joints with curved and overlapping articular surfaces in five @entity1 , and resulted in alteration of their treatment. Fat-fluid levels within the suprapatellar bursae were noted in one @entity1 (two joints). Computed tomography is a valuable modality for evaluation of @entity1 with suspected @entity5414 of @entity2720 , particularly in the acute stage. Furthermore, it is helpful for evaluation of possible periarticular @entity733 formation and can serve as a guide for a percutaneous drainage procedure. Computed tomography can also be used when articular @entity79 or medullary extension of @entity4034 is suspected but not fully documented by conventional radiography.

title: Computed tomography of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5414 :: ('MESH:D001170', 'Disease') :: ['septic arthritis', 'acute septic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['early articular bone erosion', 'bone erosion']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['axial joints', 'deep-seated axial joints', 'septic joints']

answer: @entity2720 :: (MESH:D007592,Disease) :: ['septic joints']


abstract: The tissue surrounding the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle (the AV3V region) is critical for control of @entity1372 balance and cardiovascular regulation. Ablation of this brain area results in an acute natriuresis and an increase in blood pressure. The purposes of these experiments were to determine the mechanism of the natriuretic response and assess whether the natriuresis contributes to the decreased blood volume following AV3V ablation. @entity35 were instrumented with metal lesioning electrodes in the AV3V region and with catheters in the femoral artery and jugular vein. Following electrolytic lesioning or control procedures, blood pressure, heart rate, urine flow rate and urinary @entity1372 excretion were monitored. In separate groups of animals, plasma and blood volume were measured by calculating dilution of 125I-labelled serum albumin and hematocrit. Results from these studies showed that ablation of the AV3V region resulted in a significant elevation in blood pressure (18 +/- 3 mm Hg), increase in @entity1372 excretion (212 +/- 36 mu Eq/hour), and decrease in plasma volume (10.3 +/- 0.4 mL) compared with control-treated animals (2 +/- 4 mm Hg; 89 +/- 34 mu Eq/h, 12.0 +/- 0.5 mL). This natriuretic response was accompanied by an increased plasma @entity1369 concentration. Further, prevention of the @entity101 response abolished the natriuresis. These data suggest that AV3V ablation produces an acute pressure-mediated natriuresis, resulting in decreases in plasma and blood volume.

title: Acute XXXX and natriuretic responses following preoptic hypothalamic lesions.

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: We analyzed right ventricular (RV) regional wall motion by two-dimensional echocardiographic (2D echo) and multigated acquisition radionuclear (MUGA) studies in 104 @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ). Sixty-eight @entity1 (65 percent) had 2D echo RV regional wall motion abnormalities ( @entity67 (RVD) group) while 36 @entity1 showed no 2-D echo RV regional wall motion abnormalities (no-RVD group). The RVD group had a higher incidence of @entity450 (p less than 0.05), Kusmaul's sign, (p less than 0.05) complete @entity616 (p less than 0.05), and in-hospital death (p less than 0.02). The RVD group had significantly higher 2-D echo RV end-systolic dimensions (p less than 0.005) and lower values of percentage of fractional shortening (%FS) (p less than 0.005) in the long and short axis of the RV four-chamber view than @entity1 in the no-RVD group and a control group of 20 @entity1 with normal hearts. There was no statistical significant difference in the 2-D echo RV end-diastolic dimensions among the three groups. @entity1 in the RVD group had a lower MUGA derived RV ejection fraction (EF) than @entity1 in the no-RVD and control groups (26.5 +/- 13.2 vs. 46.3 +/- 7 and vs. 50.6 +/- 4, respectively; p less than 0.05). RVD was diagnosed by both 2-D echo and MUGA in 60 of 104 @entity1 (57.7 percent) with a sensitivity for 2-D echo of 92 percent and 79 percent specificity (when compared to the MUGA study). The predictive value for a positive test was 88 percent and for a negative test 86 percent. The accuracy was 87.5 percent. Recognition of regional wall motion abnormalities by 2-D echo permits a prompt and accurate bedside identification of right @entity67 (RVD) within the first 72 hours of clinical onset. An enlarged RV 2D echo end-diastolic dimension was not a sensitive parameter for the diagnosis of this pathology, whereas an increased end-systolic RV diameter and decreased RV %FS were better indicators of @entity67 in @entity1 with acute inferoposterior wall @entity583 .

title: Right XXXX in @entity583 . An echocardiographic and isotopic study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['jugular venous engorgement']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarction', 'AIPMI']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['RV dysfunction', 'ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['atrio-ventricular block']

answer: @entity67 :: (MESH:D018754,Disease) :: ['ventricular dysfunction']


abstract: We analyzed right ventricular (RV) regional wall motion by two-dimensional echocardiographic (2D echo) and multigated acquisition radionuclear (MUGA) studies in 104 @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ). Sixty-eight @entity1 (65 percent) had 2D echo RV regional wall motion abnormalities ( @entity67 (RVD) group) while 36 @entity1 showed no 2-D echo RV regional wall motion abnormalities (no-RVD group). The RVD group had a higher incidence of @entity450 (p less than 0.05), Kusmaul's sign, (p less than 0.05) complete @entity616 (p less than 0.05), and in-hospital death (p less than 0.02). The RVD group had significantly higher 2-D echo RV end-systolic dimensions (p less than 0.005) and lower values of percentage of fractional shortening (%FS) (p less than 0.005) in the long and short axis of the RV four-chamber view than @entity1 in the no-RVD group and a control group of 20 @entity1 with normal hearts. There was no statistical significant difference in the 2-D echo RV end-diastolic dimensions among the three groups. @entity1 in the RVD group had a lower MUGA derived RV ejection fraction (EF) than @entity1 in the no-RVD and control groups (26.5 +/- 13.2 vs. 46.3 +/- 7 and vs. 50.6 +/- 4, respectively; p less than 0.05). RVD was diagnosed by both 2-D echo and MUGA in 60 of 104 @entity1 (57.7 percent) with a sensitivity for 2-D echo of 92 percent and 79 percent specificity (when compared to the MUGA study). The predictive value for a positive test was 88 percent and for a negative test 86 percent. The accuracy was 87.5 percent. Recognition of regional wall motion abnormalities by 2-D echo permits a prompt and accurate bedside identification of right @entity67 (RVD) within the first 72 hours of clinical onset. An enlarged RV 2D echo end-diastolic dimension was not a sensitive parameter for the diagnosis of this pathology, whereas an increased end-systolic RV diameter and decreased RV %FS were better indicators of @entity67 in @entity1 with acute inferoposterior wall @entity583 .

title: Right @entity67 in XXXX . An echocardiographic and isotopic study.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute inferoposterior myocardial infarction']


abstract: The influence of @entity9959 in the cephalic phase of postprandial thermogenesis was investigated in @entity235 . O2 consumption (VO2) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were continuously monitored 1 h before and 2 h after a 1,015-kcal meal during a control, an @entity3897 , or a pancreatic-denervation experiment. A first phase (cephalic phase) in VO2 increase, lasting at least 50 min, followed by a second phase (digestive phase) were found in the control experiment. During both the @entity3897 and pancreatic-denervation experiment, the first phase of @entity4962 was inhibited by 52%. The second phase was completely abolished with @entity3897 , whereas it remained comparable to the control in the case of pancreatic denervation. A peak increase for @entity9959 time) was observed 2 min after the onset of feeding in control. It was followed after 25 min by a second increase related to changes in glycemia. Maximal rises of @entity1063 (NE) and @entity1425 corresponded to 215 and 120 pg/ml above basal values at 2 min in control experiment. During both @entity3897 and pancreatic denervation the cephalic phase of @entity9959 release was suppressed and the NE increase was inhibited by congruent to 65%. During the digestive phase pancreatic denervation caused an increase in plasma @entity9959 comparable to that of the control, whereas @entity3897 produced no such effect. It is suggested that the cephalic phase of postprandial thermogenesis is mediated through a causal relationship between @entity9959 and NE release.

title: A role for XXXX in cephalic phase of postprandial thermogenesis in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity9959 :: (483665(Tax:9615),Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: The influence of @entity9959 in the cephalic phase of postprandial thermogenesis was investigated in @entity235 . O2 consumption (VO2) and respiratory quotient (RQ) were continuously monitored 1 h before and 2 h after a 1,015-kcal meal during a control, an @entity3897 , or a pancreatic-denervation experiment. A first phase (cephalic phase) in VO2 increase, lasting at least 50 min, followed by a second phase (digestive phase) were found in the control experiment. During both the @entity3897 and pancreatic-denervation experiment, the first phase of @entity4962 was inhibited by 52%. The second phase was completely abolished with @entity3897 , whereas it remained comparable to the control in the case of pancreatic denervation. A peak increase for @entity9959 time) was observed 2 min after the onset of feeding in control. It was followed after 25 min by a second increase related to changes in glycemia. Maximal rises of @entity1063 (NE) and @entity1425 corresponded to 215 and 120 pg/ml above basal values at 2 min in control experiment. During both @entity3897 and pancreatic denervation the cephalic phase of @entity9959 release was suppressed and the NE increase was inhibited by congruent to 65%. During the digestive phase pancreatic denervation caused an increase in plasma @entity9959 comparable to that of the control, whereas @entity3897 produced no such effect. It is suggested that the cephalic phase of postprandial thermogenesis is mediated through a causal relationship between @entity9959 and NE release.

title: A role for @entity9959 in cephalic phase of postprandial thermogenesis in XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Several investigations have shown that constant rate infusions of opioids are highly effective in the provision of @entity282 relief. However, such treatment require intravenous access, the availability of infusion pumps and adequate monitoring system. We have studied a transdermal @entity3575 formulation (F-TTS, developed by ALZA Corporation, Palo Alto, USA) which should avoid these problems. METHODS: The study was performed in orthopaedic @entity1 scheduled for hip arthroplasty. 40 @entity1 were included consecutively in a double-blind parallel comparison of F-TTS (n = 20) and placebo (n = 20) patches. The patches were applied 0.5 hours prior to epidural anaesthesia and changed after 24 hours. F-TTS is designed to deliver @entity3575 at the same rate of 75 micrograms/h. For 36 hours blood samples, @entity158 scores, respiratory patterns and vital signs were collected frequently. @entity1 could have supplemental @entity6882 on demand (50 mg/2 h) if the @entity158 relief was inadequate. RESULTS: @entity3575 blood concentrations increased (verum) during the 24 hours period (removal) and decreased slightly after that. At the end of the investigation (36 h) @entity3575 concentration remained significantly elevated (about 60% of 24-hours value). F-TTS provided good @entity282 relief although 11 @entity1 (of 20) required supplemental @entity6882 . @entity1 with F-TTS, however had very little @entity6882 compared to @entity1 with placebo. Two @entity1 (one of each group) had to be eliminated from the study due to severe @entity1576 or inadequate @entity6882 requirement respectively. The incidence of other side effects such as @entity390 , @entity391 and micturition difficulties were similar in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ XXXX therapy by transdermal @entity3575 ].

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['pethidine']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl', 'Fentanyl']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['Postoperative pain']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Several investigations have shown that constant rate infusions of opioids are highly effective in the provision of @entity282 relief. However, such treatment require intravenous access, the availability of infusion pumps and adequate monitoring system. We have studied a transdermal @entity3575 formulation (F-TTS, developed by ALZA Corporation, Palo Alto, USA) which should avoid these problems. METHODS: The study was performed in orthopaedic @entity1 scheduled for hip arthroplasty. 40 @entity1 were included consecutively in a double-blind parallel comparison of F-TTS (n = 20) and placebo (n = 20) patches. The patches were applied 0.5 hours prior to epidural anaesthesia and changed after 24 hours. F-TTS is designed to deliver @entity3575 at the same rate of 75 micrograms/h. For 36 hours blood samples, @entity158 scores, respiratory patterns and vital signs were collected frequently. @entity1 could have supplemental @entity6882 on demand (50 mg/2 h) if the @entity158 relief was inadequate. RESULTS: @entity3575 blood concentrations increased (verum) during the 24 hours period (removal) and decreased slightly after that. At the end of the investigation (36 h) @entity3575 concentration remained significantly elevated (about 60% of 24-hours value). F-TTS provided good @entity282 relief although 11 @entity1 (of 20) required supplemental @entity6882 . @entity1 with F-TTS, however had very little @entity6882 compared to @entity1 with placebo. Two @entity1 (one of each group) had to be eliminated from the study due to severe @entity1576 or inadequate @entity6882 requirement respectively. The incidence of other side effects such as @entity390 , @entity391 and micturition difficulties were similar in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ @entity282 therapy by transdermal XXXX ].

answer: @entity3575 :: (MESH:D005283,Chemical) :: ['fentanyl']


abstract: The microbiology, adverse-effect profiles, pharmacokinetics, published results of comparative clinical trials, and costs of @entity2886 with enhanced antianaerobic activity are reviewed. @entity3398 , @entity8933 , @entity12092 , and @entity3399 have been used as single agents in the treatment or prophylaxis of anaerobic or mixed aerobic and anaerobic @entity281 , including intra-abdominal, female genital tract, and soft-tissue @entity281 . None of these agents is as active against @entity2868 species as is @entity3402 or @entity868 , but differences among the four cephalosporins do not appear to be clinically important. These agents differ somewhat in their activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The majority of adverse reactions to these agents are immunological; @entity9853 -like reactions and alterations in normal hemostasis have also been observed with @entity12092 and @entity3399 . All of these agents are well absorbed after intramuscular injection and produce serum concentrations adequate to treat most @entity281 . Only @entity8933 and @entity3399 produce cerebrospinal fluid concentrations adequate for treatment of gram-negative @entity693 . The primary route of elimination is renal, and each agent requires dosage adjustments in @entity1 with @entity8 . Major differences exist among the elimination half-lives of the agents in @entity1 with normal renal function. The decision to use a cephalosporin for treatment of anaerobic @entity281 should be based on the results of clinical trials that have demonstrated the efficacy of the agent. Data are available to support the use of @entity3398 , @entity8933 , and @entity3399 in the treatment of @entity1320 ; @entity3398 and @entity3399 to prevent @entity130 to the abdomen; all four agents in the treatment of female @entity5860 ; and all four agents for prophylactic use in surgical procedures that may involve enteric anaerobes, especially @entity2868 . Cephalosporins with enhanced antianaerobic activity appear to have similar in vitro microbiological activity and have efficacy similar to that of combination regimens for the treatment and prophylaxis of @entity1320 , @entity1320 , and soft-tissue @entity281 .

title: Use of cephalosporins with enhanced anti-anaerobic activity for treatment and prevention of anaerobic and mixed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9853 :: ('MESH:D004221', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfiram']

entities_list: @entity2868 :: ('817', 'Species') :: ['Bacteroides', 'B. fragilis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['infection of traumatic injury']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity5860 :: ('MESH:D060737', 'Disease') :: ['genital tract infections']

entities_list: @entity12092 :: ('MESH:D015313', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotetan']

entities_list: @entity8933 :: ('MESH:D015296', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftizoxime']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal infections', 'abdominal contamination, obstetric and gynecological infections']

entities_list: @entity3398 :: ('MESH:D002440', 'Chemical') :: ['cefoxitin', 'Cefoxitin']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

entities_list: @entity3399 :: ('MESH:D009070', 'Chemical') :: ['moxalactam']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: Several factors influenced the formation of @entity31144 B by @entity794 S-6. In the standard casein hydrolysate medium, toxin was not produced in detectable quantities during exponential growth; it was produced during the post-exponential phase when total protein synthesis was arithmetic. The rate of toxin synthesis was much greater than the rate of total protein synthesis. The appearance of @entity31144 was inhibited by @entity2755 ; thus, the presence of toxin was dependent on de novo protein synthesis. When low concentrations of @entity413 (<0.30%) were added to the casein hydrolysate medium, growth was diauxic; @entity413 was completely metabolized during the first growth period. During the second growth period, @entity31144 was synthesized. In unbuffered casein hydrolysate medium containing excess @entity413 , toxin synthesis was completely repressed. The absence of toxin production under such conditions might be explained by the low (4.6) pH resulting from the acid end products of @entity413 metabolism. At pH <5.0, little or no toxin was produced. Toxin synthesis was initiated in the presence of @entity413 when the medium were buffered at any pH above 5.6. In such media, the differential rates of toxin synthesis, with respect to the rates of total protein synthesis, were lower than the differential rates in casein hydrolysate medium alone. Addition of @entity413 to a culture synthesizing toxin resulted in an immediate decrease in the differential rate without any change in pH. Thus, toxin synthesis appeared to be regulated by catabolite repression.

title: Regulation of staphylococcal XXXX B.

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus strain']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity31144 :: (13913640,Gene) :: ['enterotoxin']


abstract: The aetiopathogenesis of the @entity2316 today is still unknown. Uncontested is the contribution of chronic @entity4854 in the pathogenesis of @entity2316 . For this, there are convincing evidences from clinical and experimental experiences including transplantation surgery. The quality of the metabolic adjustment of the diabetics from the first time of @entity6 manifestation is important to prevent the development of @entity2316 . For this, an almost normoglycemic compensation of the @entity413 metabolism is mandatory. More problematically is the management of the @entity6 metabolism during chronic @entity177 . Considerable fluctuations of the blood @entity413 concentration are predominately in the daily profile. The intensive conventional metabolic therapy by multiple insuline injections under self control of the blood @entity413 level are indicated absolutely in those @entity1 . The therapeutic aim is a smoothing of the blood @entity413 fluctuation. With that it is possible--together with the elimination of hemodynamic risk factors--to delay effectively a progradient decline of the glomerulo-filtration rate and to improve the assumption to an invasive therapy.

title: [Problems of metabolic control in type I XXXX @entity1 with @entity177 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: The aetiopathogenesis of the @entity2316 today is still unknown. Uncontested is the contribution of chronic @entity4854 in the pathogenesis of @entity2316 . For this, there are convincing evidences from clinical and experimental experiences including transplantation surgery. The quality of the metabolic adjustment of the diabetics from the first time of @entity6 manifestation is important to prevent the development of @entity2316 . For this, an almost normoglycemic compensation of the @entity413 metabolism is mandatory. More problematically is the management of the @entity6 metabolism during chronic @entity177 . Considerable fluctuations of the blood @entity413 concentration are predominately in the daily profile. The intensive conventional metabolic therapy by multiple insuline injections under self control of the blood @entity413 level are indicated absolutely in those @entity1 . The therapeutic aim is a smoothing of the blood @entity413 fluctuation. With that it is possible--together with the elimination of hemodynamic risk factors--to delay effectively a progradient decline of the glomerulo-filtration rate and to improve the assumption to an invasive therapy.

title: [Problems of metabolic control in type I @entity6 @entity1 with XXXX ].

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['chronic renal failure']


abstract: The aetiopathogenesis of the @entity2316 today is still unknown. Uncontested is the contribution of chronic @entity4854 in the pathogenesis of @entity2316 . For this, there are convincing evidences from clinical and experimental experiences including transplantation surgery. The quality of the metabolic adjustment of the diabetics from the first time of @entity6 manifestation is important to prevent the development of @entity2316 . For this, an almost normoglycemic compensation of the @entity413 metabolism is mandatory. More problematically is the management of the @entity6 metabolism during chronic @entity177 . Considerable fluctuations of the blood @entity413 concentration are predominately in the daily profile. The intensive conventional metabolic therapy by multiple insuline injections under self control of the blood @entity413 level are indicated absolutely in those @entity1 . The therapeutic aim is a smoothing of the blood @entity413 fluctuation. With that it is possible--together with the elimination of hemodynamic risk factors--to delay effectively a progradient decline of the glomerulo-filtration rate and to improve the assumption to an invasive therapy.

title: [Problems of metabolic control in type I @entity6 XXXX with @entity177 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Fifty-three @entity1 with @entity4941 ( @entity4941 ) were seen during the acute stage of the disease. HLA-Bw 35 was positive in 33 out of 39 tested @entity1 . At first presentation, all examined @entity1 (N = 23) had ultrasound abnormalities (generalized hypodensity, single or multiple hypodense areas). Serum T4 and/or T3 were increased in 24/52, free T4 in 11/23, and the TSH response to @entity1218 was flat in 8/11 @entity1 . Six of 12 in whom volumetry was performed had goitres. Thirty-seven @entity1 were re-examined after a mean follow-up interval of 46.5 months. At this follow-up, serum T4, free T4 and T3 levels as well as the sonographically determined thyroid volume had decreased, but there was still abnormalities by ultrasound detected in 14/36 @entity1 ; 19.4% had focal sonolucent lesions, whereas the prevalence of such lesions was only 3.1% in asymptomatic controls. Three @entity1 were @entity1375 at the follow-up, whereas all others were euthyroid. @entity1 with abnormal ultrasound findings were of the same age and had a similar thyroid size, but a slightly higher TSH and a significantly (P less than 0.02) lower free T4 than those with normal ultrasound findings. They also had a higher prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in low titres. Serum thyroglobulin was elevated in more than half of the @entity1 during the acute phase, but only in 1 out of 11 @entity1 during follow-up. Thyroglobulin at the follow-up was not related to TSH, but there was a correlation with thyroid volume (r = 0.57).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The sonographical and functional sequelae of de Quervain's XXXX : long-term follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['subclinically hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity4941 :: ('MESH:D013968', 'Disease') :: ['subacute thyroiditis', 'SAT']

answer: @entity4941 :: (MESH:D013968,Disease) :: ['subacute thyroiditis']


abstract: Management of early postneurosurgical @entity2010 ( @entity2010 ) requires parenteral vasopressin before intranasal administration of desmopressin-1 desamino-8 D @entity5463 ( @entity7062 ) can be initiated. We have evaluated in 15 neurosurgical @entity1 the effect and the tolerance of a 3-day regimen of dDAVP administered im every 12 h. @entity1 were randomly ascribed to one of 3 treatment groups: 1 microgram (N = 6), 2 micrograms (N = 5) or 4 micrograms (N = 4) were administered twice daily. dDAVP was effective whatever the dose, and @entity2010 was corrected by the 6th h of treatment. Effects were maximal on diuresis and urinary osmolality from the 18th h onwards. The effects were sustained throughout the treatment period. Reversal to pretreatment status occurred 24 h after the last injection. Moreover, 72 h after the last injection, natremia and osmolality reached values significantly below pretherapeutic values. The tolerance was excellent: @entity2753 which occurred in 11 @entity1 , either occasionally or throughout the treatment period, remained mild and never had clinical consequences. In conclusion, before initiation of intranasal dDAVP, a 3-day treatment by 1, 2 or 4 micrograms of dDAVP injected im twice daily in neurosurgical @entity1 corrected @entity2010 . Mild @entity5225 owing to a positive fluid balance was a side-effect which is also encountered in other therapeutic methods necessitating meticulous control of water intake.

title: Management of early postoperative XXXX with parenteral desmopressin.

entities_list: @entity5463 :: ('MESH:D001127', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity5225 :: ('MESH:C566111', 'Disease') :: ['overhydration']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['DI', 'diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity2010 :: (MESH:D003919,Disease) :: ['diabetes insipidus']