abstract: In 48 @entity1 who had @entity428 (icp) this was monitored continuously by an epidural route. Icp-values were correlated with other important parameters like the mean arterial pressure (map) and the early components of brainstem acoustic evoked responses (BAER). The results were as follows: 1. focal and multifocal @entity75 resulting in @entity2657 have better prognosis than those morbid conditions causing cytotoxic @entity4 . In the letter group the whole brain's metabolism is impaired, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord included. 2. by monitoring map and icp we are enabled to assess the cerebral perfusion pressure. If this value falls short of 20 Torr the duration of unconsciousness and the frequency of brainstem related symptoms increases as well as @entity129 and @entity21 and @entity1032 in the long term course. 3. @entity75 and @entity75 in general are not related to icp-increase. They resemble local @entity75 , e.g. after contusions. 4. serial registration of BAER is a good aid in @entity772 . If there are critical values of the perfusion pressure mainly the waves III and V of BAER have increased peak latencies and go flattened. This trend takes place slowly within hours or even days. Loss of the components III and V is prompted by an irreversible damage of the caudal brainstem. This finding after cytotoxic brain @entity4 is even more relevant than after vasogenic @entity4 . If the component loss III-V is bilateral dissociated @entity1620 has to be anticipated. Some important issues of icp-pathophysiology are discussed according to the literature.

title: [Clinical picture and pathophysiology of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of cranial nerves']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental handicaps']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['vasogenic brain edema']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['raised intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral dysfunction', 'organic brain syndromes', 'brain damage', 'brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['iatrogenic induced deep phenobarbital coma']

entities_list: @entity1620 :: ('MESH:D001926', 'Disease') :: ['brain death']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar-extrapyramidal symptoms']

answer: @entity428 :: (MESH:D019586,Disease) :: ['elevated intracranial pressure']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was conducted in @entity1 treated surgically for @entity3570 between 1994 and 2000 to determine the value of electrophysiological parameters for followup in comparison with clinical, radiological and urodynamic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Electrophysiological examination was performed based on electromyographic detection of perineal muscle activity with evaluation of the sacral reflexes and measurement of lower limb and perineal evoked potentials. Clinical and radiological assessment consisted of physical examination, kidney ultrasonography and retrograde cystouretrography. Urodynamic assessment included determination of urethral pressure profile, bladder activity, compliance, voiding pressure and sphincter synergy. A total of 45 @entity1 were included in the study. In 28 cases electrophysiological assessment was performed routinely in 20 @entity1 (group 1) before and after (6 months and annually thereafter) surgical treatment (mean followup 30 months) and in 8 @entity1 (group 2) only after surgical treatment (mean followup 65 months). Electrophysiological findings were correlated with the urodynamic and clinical findings. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. In 17 @entity1 (group 3) electrophysiological assessment was performed only once either before or after surgery. RESULTS: Electrophysiological assessment with combined electromyographic detection and perineal evoked potentials was highly sensitive in predicting @entity73 , particularly vesico-sphincter @entity2055 (sensitivity 100%) or @entity1494 (sensitivity 86%). Specificity of perineal evoked potentials for detecting urodynamic dysfunction was 90%. Electromyographic detection and perineal evoked potentials also demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity in confirming @entity73 (sensitivity 79%, negative predictive value 90%). CONCLUSIONS: Electromyographic detection and perineal evoked potentials are valuable for assessment of @entity1 after surgical treatment of @entity3570 . Because these techniques are minimally invasive and highly reproducible, they are suitable for baseline assessment in most cases (tethered cord, @entity362 ). Urodynamic assessment should be reserved for @entity1 at high risk for secondary neurogenic @entity1494 such as myelomeningocele or @entity10145 .

title: Value of electrophysiological assessment after surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spinal dysraphism']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder dysfunction', 'bladder dysmotility']

entities_list: @entity362 :: ('MESH:D008067', 'Disease') :: ['lipoma, syringomyelic cavities']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['urological impairment', 'urodynamic impairment']

entities_list: @entity2055 :: ('MESH:D001259', 'Disease') :: ['dyssynergia']

entities_list: @entity10145 :: ('MESH:C537221', 'Disease') :: ['sacral agenesis']

answer: @entity3570 :: (MESH:D016135,Disease) :: ['spinal dysraphism']


abstract: PURPOSE: We present a comprehensive resource that summarizes contemporary advances relevant to the clinical management of @entity8 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A MEDLINE search was done using the key words @entity359 , @entity2695 or @entity703 , and therapeutic embolization. References from these articles were reviewed to identify additional relevant source material. We identified 13 series published since 1986 comprising 336 @entity1 as well as 24 reports of therapeutic embolization for @entity359 , comprising 76 @entity1 . To our knowledge we report the largest compilation series to date. RESULTS: @entity359 is generally benign, although an uncommon subtype (epithelioid @entity359 ) may behave more aggressively. @entity2916 associated @entity359 tends to be larger, multiple and more likely to cause spontaneous @entity548 than the sporadic entity. Tumors that @entity548 tend to be larger. Computerized tomography or magnetic resonance is usually sufficient for diagnosis. Biopsy is rarely useful. Primary indications for intervention include symptoms such as @entity158 or @entity548 or suspicion of @entity5 . Prophylactic intervention is justifiable for large @entity5 , in females of childbearing age or in @entity1 in whom followup or access to emergency care may be inadequate. Recent advances that have affected management include improved understanding of @entity2916 complex and @entity359 genetics, the identification of molecular markers that facilitate histopathological diagnosis, and the refinement of embolization and partial nephrectomy techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Although some cases of @entity359 may require complete nephrectomy, most can be managed by conservative nephron sparing approaches. Ongoing research into the molecular biology and clinical behavior of @entity359 may improve our ability to manage these lesions.

title: Contemporary diagnosis and management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal angiomyolipoma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2916 :: ('MESH:D014402', 'Disease') :: ['tuberous sclerosis', 'Tuberous sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity359 :: ('MESH:D018207', 'Disease') :: ['angiomyolipoma', 'Angiomyolipoma']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['lipoma and kidney neoplasm']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal angiomyolipoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Repeat biopsy has been advocated following the diagnosis of high grade @entity5436 to exclude coexisting @entity263 . We further define the natural history of high grade @entity5436 by determining the incidence of @entity263 3 years following diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 @entity1 underwent followup interval biopsy 3 years after high grade @entity5436 diagnosis in 1996 to 1997, regardless of change in serum @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) or digital rectal examination findings. A single pathologist reviewed all biopsy specimens. All @entity1 had a minimum of 12 biopsy cores taken at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: A 3-year followup interval biopsy eight (25.8%) @entity1 had @entity263 , 11 (35.5%) had high grade @entity5436 only and 12 (38.7%) had no disease. Mean serum @entity1486 at diagnosis and before the followup biopsy was 6.88 and 9.69 ng./dl., respectively (p = 0.008). Of the @entity1 48% had less than a 1.0 unit increase in serum @entity1486 . Upon univariate regression analysis change in serum @entity1486 was not associated with the detection of @entity263 (p >0.10). All 4 @entity1 who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy had organ confined disease. CONCLUSIONS: In a high proportion of @entity1 with high grade @entity263 will develop in a 3-year interval. Our findings support the concept that high grade @entity5436 is a precursor to @entity263 and that repeat biopsy at a delayed interval is recommended regardless of changes in @entity1486 .

title: Followup interval prostate biopsy 3 years after diagnosis of high grade @entity5436 is associated with high likelihood of @entity263 , independent of change in XXXX levels.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['PSA', 'prostate specific antigen']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5436 :: ('MESH:D019048', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia']

answer: @entity1486 :: (354,Gene) :: ['prostate specific antigen']


abstract: PURPOSE: Repeat biopsy has been advocated following the diagnosis of high grade @entity5436 to exclude coexisting @entity263 . We further define the natural history of high grade @entity5436 by determining the incidence of @entity263 3 years following diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 @entity1 underwent followup interval biopsy 3 years after high grade @entity5436 diagnosis in 1996 to 1997, regardless of change in serum @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) or digital rectal examination findings. A single pathologist reviewed all biopsy specimens. All @entity1 had a minimum of 12 biopsy cores taken at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: A 3-year followup interval biopsy eight (25.8%) @entity1 had @entity263 , 11 (35.5%) had high grade @entity5436 only and 12 (38.7%) had no disease. Mean serum @entity1486 at diagnosis and before the followup biopsy was 6.88 and 9.69 ng./dl., respectively (p = 0.008). Of the @entity1 48% had less than a 1.0 unit increase in serum @entity1486 . Upon univariate regression analysis change in serum @entity1486 was not associated with the detection of @entity263 (p >0.10). All 4 @entity1 who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy had organ confined disease. CONCLUSIONS: In a high proportion of @entity1 with high grade @entity263 will develop in a 3-year interval. Our findings support the concept that high grade @entity5436 is a precursor to @entity263 and that repeat biopsy at a delayed interval is recommended regardless of changes in @entity1486 .

title: Followup interval prostate biopsy 3 years after diagnosis of high grade @entity5436 is associated with high likelihood of XXXX , independent of change in @entity1486 levels.

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Repeat biopsy has been advocated following the diagnosis of high grade @entity5436 to exclude coexisting @entity263 . We further define the natural history of high grade @entity5436 by determining the incidence of @entity263 3 years following diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 @entity1 underwent followup interval biopsy 3 years after high grade @entity5436 diagnosis in 1996 to 1997, regardless of change in serum @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) or digital rectal examination findings. A single pathologist reviewed all biopsy specimens. All @entity1 had a minimum of 12 biopsy cores taken at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: A 3-year followup interval biopsy eight (25.8%) @entity1 had @entity263 , 11 (35.5%) had high grade @entity5436 only and 12 (38.7%) had no disease. Mean serum @entity1486 at diagnosis and before the followup biopsy was 6.88 and 9.69 ng./dl., respectively (p = 0.008). Of the @entity1 48% had less than a 1.0 unit increase in serum @entity1486 . Upon univariate regression analysis change in serum @entity1486 was not associated with the detection of @entity263 (p >0.10). All 4 @entity1 who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy had organ confined disease. CONCLUSIONS: In a high proportion of @entity1 with high grade @entity263 will develop in a 3-year interval. Our findings support the concept that high grade @entity5436 is a precursor to @entity263 and that repeat biopsy at a delayed interval is recommended regardless of changes in @entity1486 .

title: Followup interval prostate biopsy 3 years after diagnosis of high grade XXXX is associated with high likelihood of @entity263 , independent of change in @entity1486 levels.

answer: @entity5436 :: (MESH:D019048,Disease) :: ['prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4122 of the rete testis is a rare condition that may be incidentally noted on scrotal ultrasonography. This benign condition has a typical appearance of a collection of small anechoic structures in the confluence of the mediastinum testis. The main significance of this condition is that it must be differentiated from @entity1062 . We reviewed the experience with this condition at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed to identify all sonograms showing ectatic rete testis performed from 1998 through February 2002. A departmental database was used to identify all scrotal sonograms from this period showing ectasia of the rete testis and clinical correlation was done. These examinations were then reviewed by a single radiologist. RESULTS: We identified 13 cases in the last 4 years. Ultrasound was most commonly performed for a testicular or scrotal mass, or @entity158 . Median @entity1 age was 65 years. All except 1 @entity1 had an underlying condition, including vasectomy, @entity12844 /spermatocele or @entity169 , that could cause epididymal or efferent duct obstruction. No @entity1 had a solid testicular mass. CONCLUSIONS: Based on clinical and sonographic criteria the diagnosis of @entity4122 of the rete testis can be made without histological confirmation. Identifying this entity and its associated conditions avoids the need for biopsy or orchiectomy.

title: XXXX of the rete testis: clinical and radiographic features.

entities_list: @entity4122 :: ('MESH:D004108', 'Disease') :: ['cystic ectasia', 'Cystic ectasia']

entities_list: @entity12844 :: ('MESH:D013088', 'Disease') :: ['epididymal cyst']

entities_list: @entity1062 :: ('MESH:D013736', 'Disease') :: ['testicular neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia repair']

answer: @entity4122 :: (MESH:D004108,Disease) :: ['Cystic ectasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there has been an increase in @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 @entity12088 , and if this has increased the morbidity of the disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity1 : Twenty-eight @entity1 over 13 years. RESULTS: The records of a total of 28 @entity1 who were admitted between 1988 and 2001 with the diagnosis of @entity12088 were reviewed. Seven @entity1 had @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 on their hospital culture and sensitivity test. Five of the 7 resistant cases appeared in the last 3 years, as opposed to 2 of the 7 who appeared in the 10 years before that period. In our series, there is a significant trend developing over time of @entity2782 resistant to treatment with @entity2177 . No increased morbidity or mortality was found in the @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 group compared with the remaining @entity1 who were sensitive to @entity2177 . CONCLUSIONS: In our series, resistance to @entity2177 in @entity1 with @entity12088 is increasing over time. This may have an impact on the relatively successful outpatient treatment of these @entity1 in the past decade. A return to inpatient or outpatient intravenous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins/antipseudomonal penicillins and more frequent debridement will be required in these @entity1 .

title: Evolving resistant XXXX to @entity2177 in @entity12088 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity12088 :: ('MESH:D010032', 'Disease') :: ['malignant otitis externa']

entities_list: @entity2782 :: ('MESH:D011552', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomonas']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

answer: @entity2782 :: (MESH:D011552,Disease) :: ['pseudomonas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there has been an increase in @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 @entity12088 , and if this has increased the morbidity of the disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity1 : Twenty-eight @entity1 over 13 years. RESULTS: The records of a total of 28 @entity1 who were admitted between 1988 and 2001 with the diagnosis of @entity12088 were reviewed. Seven @entity1 had @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 on their hospital culture and sensitivity test. Five of the 7 resistant cases appeared in the last 3 years, as opposed to 2 of the 7 who appeared in the 10 years before that period. In our series, there is a significant trend developing over time of @entity2782 resistant to treatment with @entity2177 . No increased morbidity or mortality was found in the @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 group compared with the remaining @entity1 who were sensitive to @entity2177 . CONCLUSIONS: In our series, resistance to @entity2177 in @entity1 with @entity12088 is increasing over time. This may have an impact on the relatively successful outpatient treatment of these @entity1 in the past decade. A return to inpatient or outpatient intravenous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins/antipseudomonal penicillins and more frequent debridement will be required in these @entity1 .

title: Evolving resistant @entity2782 to @entity2177 in XXXX .

answer: @entity12088 :: (MESH:D010032,Disease) :: ['malignant otitis externa']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there has been an increase in @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 @entity12088 , and if this has increased the morbidity of the disease. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity1 : Twenty-eight @entity1 over 13 years. RESULTS: The records of a total of 28 @entity1 who were admitted between 1988 and 2001 with the diagnosis of @entity12088 were reviewed. Seven @entity1 had @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 on their hospital culture and sensitivity test. Five of the 7 resistant cases appeared in the last 3 years, as opposed to 2 of the 7 who appeared in the 10 years before that period. In our series, there is a significant trend developing over time of @entity2782 resistant to treatment with @entity2177 . No increased morbidity or mortality was found in the @entity2177 -resistant @entity2782 group compared with the remaining @entity1 who were sensitive to @entity2177 . CONCLUSIONS: In our series, resistance to @entity2177 in @entity1 with @entity12088 is increasing over time. This may have an impact on the relatively successful outpatient treatment of these @entity1 in the past decade. A return to inpatient or outpatient intravenous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins/antipseudomonal penicillins and more frequent debridement will be required in these @entity1 .

title: Evolving resistant @entity2782 to XXXX in @entity12088 .

answer: @entity2177 :: (MESH:D002939,Chemical) :: ['ciprofloxacin']


abstract: Effects of various drugs were examined on the mechanical responses of the circular smooth muscle of @entity840 vas deferens evoked by field stimulation and @entity1617 . During field stimulation (0.1 msec, 3-80 Hz) a contraction consisting of two (initial and second) phases occurred. In addition, another contraction (after-response) occurred after the cessation of the stimulation particularly at higher frequencies (40-80 Hz). @entity2997 (2-20 microM) suppressed both the initial and second phases of the field stimulation-evoked responses. @entity3159 (0.1-1 microM) suppressed the second phase but minimally affected the initial phase. Both phases were suppressed by @entity3897 (0.1-1 microM) and potentiated by @entity2607 (5 microM). dTC (0.5-20 microM) did not suppress either phase but potentiated the second phase. @entity1617 (0.28-280 microM) produced a contraction, which was reduced by @entity3897 but was little affected by either @entity9856 or @entity4524 . These results suggest that at the postsynaptic site of the neuromuscular junction in this tissue the sympathetic process activates the smooth muscle through two different types of receptor; one is non-noradrenergic and the other is an alpha-adrenoreceptor. In addition, a cholinergic process also activates the smooth muscle through muscarinic receptors.

title: Pharmacological studies on the role of cholinergic nerves in the neuromuscular transmission in the circular smooth muscle of XXXX vas deferens.

entities_list: @entity2997 :: ('MESH:D006145', 'Chemical') :: ['Guanethidine']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['Prazosin']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The outcome of treatment for advanced @entity4177 has recently improved after the introduction of preoperative or pre- and postoperative @entity900 -containing chemotherapy combined with complete surgical excision. The role of liver transplantation in a population of @entity1 who have received this regimen has not been clearly defined. METHODS: Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was performed in 13 @entity1 , aged 5 months to 11 years (median 27 months), who were assessed with unresectable @entity4177 , and whose pretreatment extent-of-disease was based on radiologic findings of group III (n=11) and group IV (n=2). One @entity1 with a multifocal @entity5 showed pulmonary metastases at presentation, but, according to radiologic studies, the deposits resolved with chemotherapy before liver transplantation. One other @entity1 showed exophytic extension of the @entity5 infiltrating the porta hepatis and body of the pancreas. All 13 @entity1 received preoperative chemotherapy to reduce the size of the @entity5 (s) and to treat metastatic spread. RESULTS: Twelve @entity1 underwent elective OLT; all are alive and show normal graft function at a mean follow-up of 33 months (range 1-108). One @entity1 shows evidence of recurrent disease in the form of pulmonary metastases. One @entity1 underwent emergency OLT for @entity879 after (incomplete) extended right hepatectomy and died from @entity1576 , with no evidence of recurrent @entity5 3 weeks posttransplant. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation is an effective treatment for unresectable unifocal or multifocal @entity4177 confined to the liver. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of @entity4177 , with thoughtful collaboration between pediatric oncologists, hepatologists, and liver surgeons, is essential.

title: Orthotopic liver transplantation for unresectable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['acute liver failure']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity4177 :: ('MESH:D018197', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoblastoma']

answer: @entity4177 :: (MESH:D018197,Disease) :: ['hepatoblastoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To revise literature data about @entity420 comparing to our results. METHODS: Six @entity1 with this kind of @entity5 , excluding periampullary lesions, were treated from 1991 to 1999 in the Department of Surgery, Santa @entity13389 of S  o Paulo Medical School. Five of them were males in theirs fifties. The commonest signs and symptoms were those of @entity344 and @entity353 . All @entity1 were evaluated by duodenoscopy. Ultrasonography and CT scans played an important role with regard to preoperative staging. Three @entity1 underwent a segmental resection and the others were submitted to a palliative duodenal bypass. RESULTS: Post-operative hospitalization varied from 5 to 9 days (7,3 days average). The operative mortality was 16.6% (one @entity1 ). @entity1 were not submitted to chemo or radiotherapy. Follow-up has been done. @entity1 with curative resection were free from recurrence. Two @entity1 submitted to palliative operations were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Rarity of duodenum @entity189 and few @entity1 in the literature did not permit conclusions.

title: [ XXXX of the duodenum].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the duodenum']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['Adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Gastrointestinal and @entity242 are uncommon @entity5 . Out of 26 cases treated over the last 6 years, there were 16 smooth @entity5 (SMT) and 10 non @entity978 (ML). 7 cases of SMT were @entity1822 . The majority of the cases were found in the stomach. 8 cases presented as acute @entity341 while the non acute cases had non specific complaints. Despite the use of barium studies, gastroscopy and CT scan, only 5 cases were diagnosed preoperatively. The majority underwent curative resection. ML cases had a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 2 @entity1 with large and high grade @entity1822 have died. 4 @entity1 with ML have also died, 2 with locally advanced disease and 2 with distant metastases. We conclude that most cases are not diagnosed preoperatively due to their rarity and nonspecific clinical presentation. The important prognostic factors are size and mitotic index for SMT and stage of the disease for ML.

title: Gastrointestinal and XXXX --local experience and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['muscle tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergencies']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcoma', 'leiomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['Hodgkin Lymphomas']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['retroperitoneal sarcoma']


abstract: Complement is a term referring to a collection of plasma proteins, specific cellular receptors and cell surface regulatory molecules. Activation of the complement system to completion results in the formation of C5b-9 terminal complexes. These complexes have been observed in @entity1 @entity731 by immunohistochemistry. Although the structure(s) which activate complement in lesions have not been defined, @entity165 and @entity19411 exhibit this property in vitro. Endothelial cell damage leads to complement activation and endothelial cells overlying @entity731 have been observed to contain C3 and C5b-9 antigens. Cardiac myocytes stain for complement proteins (C3, C4 and C5b-9) following @entity583 . @entity1188 size and extent of inflammatory cell infiltrates are diminished by decomplementation prior to experimentally-induced @entity741 . Following @entity583 and @entity1066 of @entity731 in @entity1 @entity1 there is an increase in circulating complement activation products and a decrease in the level of native C1 through C4 proteins. Thus, it appears that complement plays a role in atherogenesis and its sequelae. Little is known however, about the pathophysiological effects complement activation products exert on lesion development, for example through modulation of macrophage functions, or how complement activation is regulated in lesions. Implications for complement in atherogenesis are discussed.

title: The complement system in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity19411 :: ('CHEBI:53030', 'Chemical') :: ['oxysterols']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: The mechanisms associated with @entity4 formation after @entity131 ( @entity131 ) have not been fully elucidated. In peripheral tissue injury, the neurogenic component of @entity32 plays a significant role in increased vascular permeability and @entity4 formation. However, few studies have examined the role of @entity11095 induced @entity13624 following @entity131 . Adult male @entity35 were either left untreated, or pre-treated with @entity2951 (125 mg/kg s.c.) or equal volume vehicle, and injured 14 days later using the 2-meter impact-acceleration model. Subgroups of animals were assessed for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability (Evans Blue), @entity2657 (wet weight/dry weight) and functional outcome (Barnes maze and Rotarod) for up to 2 weeks post- @entity130 . Increased BBB permeability was present in untreated animals between 3 and 6 h after injury but not at later time-points. @entity4 was maximal at 5 h after @entity130 , declined and then significantly increased over the 5 days post- @entity130 . In contrast, @entity2951 pre-treated, @entity11095 -depleted animals exhibited no significant increase in BBB permeability or @entity4 compared to vehicle treated animals after injury. Notably, motor and @entity73 were significantly reduced in the @entity2951 -pretreated animals. We conclude that @entity13624 contributes to the development of @entity4 and @entity51 after diffuse @entity131 .

title: @entity11095 release influences @entity2657 formation after diffuse XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'Edema']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairments']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['posttraumatic deficits']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity13624 :: ('MESH:D020078', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic inflammation']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: The mechanisms associated with @entity4 formation after @entity131 ( @entity131 ) have not been fully elucidated. In peripheral tissue injury, the neurogenic component of @entity32 plays a significant role in increased vascular permeability and @entity4 formation. However, few studies have examined the role of @entity11095 induced @entity13624 following @entity131 . Adult male @entity35 were either left untreated, or pre-treated with @entity2951 (125 mg/kg s.c.) or equal volume vehicle, and injured 14 days later using the 2-meter impact-acceleration model. Subgroups of animals were assessed for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability (Evans Blue), @entity2657 (wet weight/dry weight) and functional outcome (Barnes maze and Rotarod) for up to 2 weeks post- @entity130 . Increased BBB permeability was present in untreated animals between 3 and 6 h after injury but not at later time-points. @entity4 was maximal at 5 h after @entity130 , declined and then significantly increased over the 5 days post- @entity130 . In contrast, @entity2951 pre-treated, @entity11095 -depleted animals exhibited no significant increase in BBB permeability or @entity4 compared to vehicle treated animals after injury. Notably, motor and @entity73 were significantly reduced in the @entity2951 -pretreated animals. We conclude that @entity13624 contributes to the development of @entity4 and @entity51 after diffuse @entity131 .

title: @entity11095 release influences XXXX formation after diffuse @entity131 .

answer: @entity2657 :: (MESH:D001929,Disease) :: ['brain edema']


abstract: The mechanisms associated with @entity4 formation after @entity131 ( @entity131 ) have not been fully elucidated. In peripheral tissue injury, the neurogenic component of @entity32 plays a significant role in increased vascular permeability and @entity4 formation. However, few studies have examined the role of @entity11095 induced @entity13624 following @entity131 . Adult male @entity35 were either left untreated, or pre-treated with @entity2951 (125 mg/kg s.c.) or equal volume vehicle, and injured 14 days later using the 2-meter impact-acceleration model. Subgroups of animals were assessed for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability (Evans Blue), @entity2657 (wet weight/dry weight) and functional outcome (Barnes maze and Rotarod) for up to 2 weeks post- @entity130 . Increased BBB permeability was present in untreated animals between 3 and 6 h after injury but not at later time-points. @entity4 was maximal at 5 h after @entity130 , declined and then significantly increased over the 5 days post- @entity130 . In contrast, @entity2951 pre-treated, @entity11095 -depleted animals exhibited no significant increase in BBB permeability or @entity4 compared to vehicle treated animals after injury. Notably, motor and @entity73 were significantly reduced in the @entity2951 -pretreated animals. We conclude that @entity13624 contributes to the development of @entity4 and @entity51 after diffuse @entity131 .

title: XXXX release influences @entity2657 formation after diffuse @entity131 .

answer: @entity11095 :: (379044(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Neuropeptide']


abstract: Treating older @entity101 @entity1 presents special challenges. The physiological effects of aging result in hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic changes. Geriatric @entity1 are more likely to have concomitant diseases than younger @entity1 . Treatment regimens should be individualized; monotherapy should be the goal. While most antihypertensive agents can be used, each class of drugs has advantages and disadvantages. Diuretics are both effective and inexpensive but their metabolic side effects (especially @entity1371 ) may be quite serious in the geriatric population. Sympatholytics, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, and direct vasodilators may not be tolerated. The angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors, @entity3371 and @entity4688 , are good choices because they have favorable hemodynamics, @entity916 and nonrenin-dependent mechanisms of action and are associated with minimal biochemical alterations. In a recent multicenter study, @entity3371 (25 mg twice daily) was given to 99 geriatric @entity1 with seated diastolic blood pressure (BP) of 92-110 mm Hg. @entity1 whose blood pressures were not controlled after two weeks of therapy were randomized to either @entity71014 ( @entity3371 , 25 mg with 15 mg @entity918 ) or @entity3371 , 50 mg twice daily. The average decrease in BP was 16.9/11.9 mm Hg; 75.8% of @entity1 responded to treatment. Black and white @entity1 had equal responses. Only five @entity1 withdrew from the study due to adverse reactions, none of which was serious. Geriatric @entity101 should be treated. Because @entity3371 and @entity71014 are well-tolerated, effective medications in elderly @entity1 with mild, moderate, or severe @entity101 , they should be considered as initial therapy for geriatric @entity101 .

title: Challenges in therapy of XXXX in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The long-term in vivo effect of @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) on the expression of a cell-surface antigen associated with the anterior pituitary somatotroph was studied in two strains of female @entity35 using double immunofluorescence techniques. Mab WHC-1, a recently generated and characterized monoclonal antibody, was used to detect the antigen associated with somatotrophs, whereas rabbit anti-rat prolactin (rPRL) and anti-human growth hormone (hGH) antisera were used to identify mammotrophs and somatotrophs, respectively. In F344 @entity35 , Mab WHC-1-positive cells increased from 13.8 +/- 0.5% of total pituitary cells in normal anterior pituitaries to 34.2 +/- 4.0% in @entity4743 -induced @entity977 . The number of mammotrophs also increased significantly from 58.0 +/- 3.2% in controls to 75.9 +/- 2.2% in @entity5 . On the other hand, somatotrophs decreased significantly in number following ovariectomy (OVX) and @entity4743 implantation (19.7 +/- 0.5% vs. 6.1 +/- 1.2%). Based on double immunofluorescence, the percentage of Mab WHC-1-positive cells, which were somatotrophs, decreased from 85.5 +/- 2.7% in normal controls to 6.7 +/- 1.5% in @entity4743 -induced @entity5 . On the other hand, the percentage of Mab WHC-1-positive cells which were mammotrophs increased significantly from 14.0 +/- 1.4% to 86.1 +/- 1.8% following OVX and @entity4743 implantation. A similar change was found in the number of somatotrophs and mammotrophs following the same treatment in Sprague-Dawley (SD) @entity35 which did not develop @entity977 . In contrast to F344 @entity35 , the number of Mab WHC-1-positive cells in SD @entity35 decreased significantly from 32.4 +/- 2.8% in sham-operated controls to 19.3 +/- 2.9% in OVX + @entity4743 -implanted @entity35 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of estrogen on the expression of a cell-surface antigen associated with XXXX anterior pituitary somatotrophs.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumors']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: To study the clinical and epidemiological aspects of @entity1956 during the last 11 years. We retrospectively studied 1712 @entity1 files, admitted in the Department of @entity166 Ia  i, with @entity1956 between 1992-2002. The majority of the @entity1 (69%) had an urban origin. Teenagers and young adults were predominantly affected (59% had between 15 and 34 years). A point of entry of the pathogen was identified only in 20% of the @entity1 . The mean incubation period was 4 month. 24% of the @entity1 had a prolonged form of the disease (over 30 days of @entity1087 ). A fulminant evolution was noted in 1.2% of cases. Extrahepatic involvement was described in 25% of the @entity1 . The global mortality was 1.15%. The number of @entity1 with @entity1956 decreased by half during the last 11 years.

title: [Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of XXXX in the past decade].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious Diseases']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['acute B hepatitis']

answer: @entity1956 :: (MESH:D006509,Disease) :: ['acute hepatitis B']


abstract: AIMS: To document the indications, results and complications associated with surgery for tophaceous @entity210 in Middlemore Hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study of the notes of all @entity1 who underwent surgery for tophaceous @entity210 at Middlemore Hospital from July 1995 to July 2001 was performed. Serum @entity1011 and @entity414 results were obtained and the use of @entity208 assessed. RESULTS: 45 @entity1 underwent surgery for gouty tophi. 89% were males and 11% females. 16% were Maori, 38% Pacific @entity1 , 42% Europeans and 4% were from other ethnic backgrounds. @entity8 (serum @entity1011 . >0.11 mmol/L) was the most common associated medical problem (38%), followed by @entity101 (27%), @entity299 and/or congestive @entity299 (20%) and @entity6 (18%). 68% of @entity1 had elevated serum urate levels (>0.42 mmol/L) and only 31% had previously been taking @entity208 . Sepsis control in infected or ulcerated tophi was the main indication for surgery (51%), followed by mechanical problems caused by foot, elbow and hand tophi (27%). The diagnosis of soft tissue masses was unclear in 18% of the @entity1 prior to surgery. 4% of @entity1 underwent tophus surgery mainly for @entity158 control. 53% of @entity1 experienced delayed wound @entity446 as a result of complications of surgery with the majority of these @entity1 (16/24, 67%) having infected or ulcerated tophi prior to surgery. Three @entity1 (7%) required digital amputations for ongoing @entity295 . 47% of @entity1 did not have any complication of surgery and had complete wound @entity446 within one week. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for tophaceous @entity210 is associated with a relatively high rate of complication when @entity295 is the main indication. @entity1 with @entity210 in this study population had several associated medical co-morbidities, which contributed to the high complication rate. Gout control was poor as evidenced by a high rate of hyperuricaemia, and less than one third of the study population were on @entity208 . Better control of @entity210 would reduce the risk of tophi formation and the need for surgery.

title: A survey of indications, results and complications of surgery for tophaceous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease', 'heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity208 :: ('MESH:D000493', 'Chemical') :: ['allopurinol']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity210 :: (MESH:D006073,Disease) :: ['gout']


abstract: Although @entity130 often involves repeated insults, few studies have examined the endocrine response to @entity130 . In earlier work, we described potentiated responses of circulating adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and adrenal secretion of @entity701 , @entity1425 , and @entity1063 to the second of two small @entity548 separated by 24 hr. To investigate the response of other hormones to repeated @entity548 and to examine possible hormonal interactions in a shorter, more clinically relevant time frame, we placed chronic @entity774 in eight splenectomized, trained @entity235 . Each animal was bled 10% of measured blood volume with reinfusion of shed blood at 30 min. The @entity548 was repeated 5 hr later. Initial @entity548 led to a small but significant increase in adrenal @entity701 secretion and circulating ACTH, vasopressin (AVP), angiotensin II (AII), and plasma @entity1122 activity (PRA). Although a 5-hr time interval between stimuli is commonly thought to lead to @entity701 feedback, the circulating ACTH and adrenal @entity701 secretory responses to the second @entity548 were exaggerated in comparison to their initial responses. Similarly, the AVP response to the second @entity548 was also increased. In contrast, the responses of PRA and AII to the second @entity548 were not greater than their responses to the initial @entity548 . No differences in measured blood volume before each @entity548 or in the heart rate and arterial pressure responses to @entity548 were observed that could explain the potentiated hormonal responses. Thus, potentiated responses of @entity701 , ACTH, and AVP, but not of PRA and AII, were observed in a model of @entity130 that emphasizes @entity130 in a clinically relevant time frame.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Potentiated hormonal responses in a model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['major trauma', 'trauma', 'repeated injury']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal vein cannulas']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['traumatic injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVES: An epidemic of @entity5518 ( @entity5518 ) occurred in north India during July to September 1994. We report a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using known and novel primers to differentiate and identify the CA 24 virus isolated from the epidemic of @entity5518 . METHODS: Conjunctival swabs were collected from 46 @entity1 (in 12 @entity1 from both the eyes) yielding 58 swabs. The swabs were inoculated in RD 19S and HeLa-199 cell monolayers and observed for cytopathic effect. Serum neutralizing antibodies were tested in 17 acute and 10 convalescent phase serum samples. RT-PCR was done on 9 isolates (7 Coxsackie A 24 and 2 ECHO-1 as identified by neutralization test) using known and a novel primer. Fourteen virus isolates (9 CA 24, 3 ECHO-1 and 2 untyped) were inoculated in suckling @entity19 and these @entity19 were observed daily for 10 days for flaccid @entity912 of hind limb or @entity204 . RESULTS: Cytopathic virus was isolated from conjunctival swabs in 21 of 46 (45.6%) @entity1 subjected to virus isolation. Sixteen of 21 (76.2%) isolates were neutralized by CA 24 specific antisera, 3 isolates were identified as ECHO-1 with Schmidt enteroviruses antiserum pools while 2 remained untypable. Of these 21 isolates, 9 representative isolates (7 CA 24 and 2 ECHO-1) tested by RT-PCR had enterovirus common region DNA but did not show any amplification in RT-PCR with EV-70 specific primers (VP-1 and VP-3). Using CA 24 specific novel (VP 3-1) primers amplification was seen in 6 of 7 CA 24 isolates while 2 ECHO-1 remained unamplified. In contrast with 3C-proteinase region primers, only 2 of 7 CA 24 were amplified along with false amplification of both ECHO-1. Serum neutralizing antibodies were seen in 2 of 17 (11.7%) acute phase sera and 6 of the 10 (60%) convalescent phase sera while in paired sera (available in two @entity1 ) a four-fold rise in titres were observed. Hind-limb @entity912 and/or @entity204 occurred in all suckling @entity19 inoculated with CA 24 isolates while @entity19 remained healthy after inoculation with 3 isolates of ECHO-1 and 2 untypable isolates. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSION: The epidemic of @entity5518 was caused by a variant of CA 24. Molecular typing can detect and differentiate between CA 24 and EV-70 viruses. Novel primer pair was found useful in the identification and confirmation of CA 24 isolates.

title: Detection _ differentiation of Coxsackie A 24 variant isolated from an epidemic of XXXX in north India by RT-PCR using a novel primer pair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5518 :: ('MESH:D003232', 'Disease') :: ['AHC', 'acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity5518 :: (MESH:D003232,Disease) :: ['acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis']


abstract: Twelve Holstein @entity291 and eight heifers were used in a randomized block design to examine changes in @entity1503 as animals fed diets containing 9.1 (low protein, LP) or 11.2% crude protein (moderate protein, MP) approached parturition. Animals were blocked by expected calving date and parity. Diets were isocaloric (1.58 Mcal/kg of dry matter), and the difference in dietary crude protein was achieved by the addition of @entity1133 . Diets were fed as total mixed rations for ad libitum intake. Dry matter intake decreased from 12.2 kg/d on d -21 to 9.1 kg/d on d -1 relative to parturition and was unaffected by dietary crude protein or parity. Rumen @entity3265 concentrations were higher for animals fed the MP diet compared with those fed the LP diet (1.8 vs. 3.7 mM). In situ neutral detergent fiber disappearance was not affected by dietary crude protein after 8 h of incubation, but it did decrease from 25.8% on d -21 to 23.3% on d -1. After 16, 24, and 48 h of incubation, neutral detergent fiber disappearance was greater for animals consuming MP than for animals consuming LP (30.6 vs. 34.4%, 37.0 vs. 44.1%, and 57.9 vs. 65.1%, respectively). There was a parity x treatment interaction after 48 h of incubation. Fiber disappearance was 55.7 or 65.9% for heifers and 60.0 or 64.7% for @entity291 fed LP or MP, respectively. The solids rate of passage was not affected by treatment, parity, or day relative to parturition. Concentrations of plasma nonesterified @entity844 ( @entity3691 ) increased from 218 microEq/L on d -21 to 619 microEq/L on d -1. There was an interaction between day relative to parturition and parity on @entity3691 concentrations. Heifers had plasma @entity3691 concentrations of 272 and 772 microEq/L on d -21 and -1, respectively. @entity291 had @entity3691 concentrations of 164 and 467 microEq/L on d -21 and -1, respectively. Plasma @entity413 concentrations were affected by parity (65.8 and 58.8 mg/dl for heifers and @entity291 ). Plasma @entity1133 , @entity3691 , @entity4322 , and @entity413 concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, heifers tended to have higher plasma concentrations of @entity3691 and @entity413 , but did not have elevated concentrations of @entity4322 . Rumen fermentation was relatively unaffected by day relative to parturition, but feeding less than 11% crude protein to prefresh transition @entity291 may limit ruminal fiber degradation.

title: Effects of day relative to parturition and dietary crude protein on rumen fermentation in prepartum transition XXXX .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity4322 :: ('MESH:D020155', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-hydroxybutyrate']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['rumen fermentation and blood metabolites']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cows']


abstract: It has recently been shown that @entity4650 induced stimulation of cell bodies in a circumscribed area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in the cat, produced increases in arterial pressure (AP), decreases in heart rate (HR) and transient @entity386 (Gatti, Norman, DaSilva and Gillis, 1986). The purpose of the present study was to determine if this same area was sensitive to @entity1246 receptor agonists and antagonists. Injection of the @entity1246 agonist @entity6341 (200 ng), into the rostral ventrolateral medulla of @entity468 anesthetized with @entity4486 produced a precipitous and immediate fall in arterial pressure (-95 +/- 4.6) and heart rate (-31 +/- 5.9; n = 4, P less than 0.05). Maximal cardiovascular effects could only be achieved if @entity6341 was injected bilaterally. These effects of @entity6341 on arterial pressure were dose-dependent. Time-action curves for the effects of @entity6341 on arterial pressure and respiration were different. @entity551 occurred first and was followed later in time by a decrease in minute ventilation. Within 30 min all animals were apneic after the 200 ng dose. The cardiovascular effects of @entity6341 were reversed by the injection of the @entity1246 receptor antagonist @entity1027 . These data indicate that stimulation of @entity1246 receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla produced selective cardiovascular effects and that respiratory neurons sensitive to @entity1246 are apparently not localized with these cardiovascular neurons.

title: Cardiorespiratory effects produced by injecting drugs that affect XXXX receptors into nuclei associated with the ventral surface of the medulla.

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['chloralose']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity4650 :: ('CHEBI:16015', 'Chemical') :: ['L-glutamic acid']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Hypotension']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['GABA']


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity15491 (LTD4) on mechanical and electrical activity were examined in @entity840 isolated trachealis muscle and compared with two other bronchoconstrictors, @entity2710 and @entity4337 ( @entity4338 ). 2. LTD4 elicited concentration-dependent increases in tension in trachealis muscle which were slower in time course than responses induced by either @entity2710 or @entity4338 . The maximum response to LTD4 was approximately 85% of the @entity2710 maximum. 3. At a concentration close to the EC50 for tension changes, LTD4 had no significant effect on either transmembrane potential or slow wave activity recorded in single trachealis cells. 4. At a concentration close to the EC90 for tension changes, LTD4 caused significant membrane depolarization, transiently reduced the amplitude and increased the frequency of slow wave discharge and ultimately abolished slow wave discharge. LTD4-induced depolarization was less marked, and developed more slowly, than that evoked by either @entity2710 or @entity4338 . 5. These results show that LTD4 can elicit substantial increases in tension without altering transmembrane potential and are consistent with the view that LTD4 initiates contraction mainly through potential-independent mechanisms. However, at high concentrations the depolarization evoked by LTD4 allows the possibility that potential-dependent mechanisms may contribute to the @entity2473 .

title: Effects of leukotriene D4 on the mechanical and electrical properties of XXXX isolated trachealis.

entities_list: @entity4337 :: ('MESH:D011189', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium chloride']

entities_list: @entity15491 :: ('MESH:D017998', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotriene D4']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate the extended primary care team's experience of @entity146 and violence from @entity1 , in order to promote the formulation of multiprofessional team procedures for critical incident management and organizational development. METHODS: A qualitative study based on in-depth interviews and focus groups with primary health care teams and community staff was carried out in one inner London and one outer London health authority area. Key issues and themes were derived from transcripts of 30 individual interviews and five focus group discussions. RESULTS: Key issues identified during interviews informed focus group discussions. The focus groups identified existing and proposed responses to the problem of aggressive encounters. No practice had a protocol for dealing with incidents, and few kept records, but the incidence of violence and @entity146 was perceived to be increasing. Receptionists were most at risk, and relied on experience to cope with incidents. Due to being usually excluded from team meetings, they were not able to benefit from peer support and advice. Negative management tactics, such as @entity1 appeasement or exclusion, were the norm. Recommendations include formal record keeping, communication skills training and team responsibility for incident management and for the development of practice protocols to ensure the consistency of response. Improvements to the working environment need to balance staff security with @entity1 -friendliness, and constitute only one aspect of a measured response to the problem. CONCLUSIONS: The success of the focus group format in this context suggests that entire primary care teams could be led in workshops to review their experiences and formulate responses on an inclusive, multidisciplinary basis. These findings fit in with the concept of systems analysis in risk management protocols. We recommend that the team collectively formulate protocols for managing threatening encounters, with agreed mechanisms and thresholds for recording and reporting. Together with improved support systems within the extended teams and post-incident analysis of adverse events, this would allow a formal approach to identifying systematic weaknesses and solutions that benefit the staff involved.

title: Brief encounters of XXXX and violence in primary care: a team approach to coping strategies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggression']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['aggression']


abstract: Although a number of reports have demonstrated the accuracy of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of nonendocrine @entity3123 , the cytomorphology of @entity4294 ( @entity788 ) is not well defined. This paper describes the cytologic features of three histologically confirmed cases of @entity4294 . The three @entity5 occurred in one @entity1 and two @entity1 , who were 63, 64 and 70 years of age, respectively. Each @entity1 underwent FNA of pancreatic mass with computed body tomography guidance. The aspirates contained large numbers of @entity5 cells in two cases and a smaller number in one case. The cells, distributed singly and in small groups, were small and round or polygonal, with scant to more often abundant, dense or granular cytoplasm. The nuclei were often located eccentrically and were round to oval, with smooth nuclear borders and finely stippled chromatin. Many nuclei contained a single nucleolus. Multinucleated cells were present and generally contained two or three nuclei. Although the diagnosis of @entity4294 in fine needle aspirates is difficult, the cytomorphologic features of these @entity5 are sufficiently distinctive to suggest the diagnosis, especially when a relatively monomorphic population composed predominantly of single cells is present.

title: Cytologic features of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic endocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity4294 :: ('MESH:D007516', 'Disease') :: ['islet-cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity4294 :: (MESH:D007516,Disease) :: ['islet-cell tumors']


abstract: Studies on the environmental fate of petroleum have demonstrated the nearly ubiquitous distribution of microorganisms that can metabolize @entity9436 . The rates of degradation depend upon the concentrations of such microbes and upon the environmental characteristics of an oil-contaminated ecosystem. Given the appropriate environmental conditions, microorganisms effectively decontaminate, by their biodegradative metabolism, environments that have received petroleum pollutants. Higher-molecular-weight compounds, especially those with multiple condensed ring structures and with highly branched or substituted compounds, are relatively resistant to microbial attack. Despite the fact that a genetically engineered @entity7294 degrader was the first organism ever patented and that seed cultures are produced by various commercial firms, enhanced biodegradation as a result of seeding generally has not been shown to be effective. Also, even though some anaerobes have now been demonstrated to be capable of @entity7294 metabolism, @entity9436 persist indefinitely in anoxic environments. Environmental modification, on the other hand, such as that achieved by aeration or fertilization with @entity1568 and @entity3151 , has been shown to enhance biodegradative removal of @entity9436 . Having considered the various factors that influence the rates of @entity7294 biodegradation, we are left with the question of what to do when environmental oil contamination occurs in order to minimize its persistence and thus its long-term effects. Clearly, treatment methods should enhance rather than inhibit the natural rates of oil biodegradation. In some cases, it is possible to modify environmental parameters to enhance rates of @entity7294 biodegradation, but such methods are rarely undertaken. The translation of our scientific knowledge of @entity7294 biodegradation into practical applications remains a major challenge. Specifically designed organisms are needed to degrade toxic aromatic components of refinery waste streams before environmental treatment. Specially designed reactors with specific microbial populations are also needed if oily sludges are to be degraded by biological means, either aerobically or anaerobically, in contained, environmentally safe reactors.

title: Biodegradation of XXXX in the environment.

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity7294 :: ('CHEBI:24632', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocarbon']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity9436 :: ('MESH:D006838', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocarbons']

answer: @entity9436 :: (MESH:D006838,Chemical) :: ['hydrocarbons']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity128 in animals increases alpha(2)-adrenoceptor expression in dorsal root ganglion cells and results in novel excitatory responses to their activation, perhaps leading to the phenomenon of sympathetically maintained @entity158 . In contrast to this notion, peripheral alpha(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation fails to induce @entity158 in @entity1 with @entity1118 . We hypothesized that alpha(2) adrenoceptors at the site of @entity128 play an inhibitory, not excitatory role. METHODS: Partial sciatic nerve ligation was performed on @entity35 , resulting in a reduction in withdrawal threshold to tactile stimulation. Animals received perineural injection at the injury site of @entity1338 , saline, or @entity1338 plus an alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist, and withdrawal threshold was monitored. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the sciatic nerve ipsi- and contralateral to injury and on the spinal cord. RESULTS: @entity1338 reduced this @entity56 in a dose-dependent manner, and this was blocked by an alpha(2A)-preferring antagonist. Perineural @entity1338 injection had a slow onset (days) and prolonged duration (weeks). Systemic or intrathecal @entity1338 , or transient neural blockade with @entity1342 , had short lasting or no effect on @entity56 . @entity23510 immunostaining was increased near the site of @entity1897 , both in neurons and in immune cells (macrophages and T lymphocytes). Phosphorylated @entity268 response element binding protein (pCREB) in lumbar spinal cord was increased ipsilateral to @entity128 , and this was reduced 1 week after perineural @entity1338 injection. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that peripheral alpha(2) adrenoceptors are concentrated at the site of @entity1897 , and their activation receptors produce long-lasting reductions in abnormal spinal cord gene activation and mechanical @entity56 .

title: Perineural @entity23510 activation inhibits spinal cord neuroplasticity and tactile allodynia after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['Clonidine', 'clonidine']

entities_list: @entity23510 :: ('150', 'Gene') :: ['alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['Nerve injury', 'nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity128 :: (MESH:D020209,Disease) :: ['nerve injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity128 in animals increases alpha(2)-adrenoceptor expression in dorsal root ganglion cells and results in novel excitatory responses to their activation, perhaps leading to the phenomenon of sympathetically maintained @entity158 . In contrast to this notion, peripheral alpha(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation fails to induce @entity158 in @entity1 with @entity1118 . We hypothesized that alpha(2) adrenoceptors at the site of @entity128 play an inhibitory, not excitatory role. METHODS: Partial sciatic nerve ligation was performed on @entity35 , resulting in a reduction in withdrawal threshold to tactile stimulation. Animals received perineural injection at the injury site of @entity1338 , saline, or @entity1338 plus an alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist, and withdrawal threshold was monitored. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the sciatic nerve ipsi- and contralateral to injury and on the spinal cord. RESULTS: @entity1338 reduced this @entity56 in a dose-dependent manner, and this was blocked by an alpha(2A)-preferring antagonist. Perineural @entity1338 injection had a slow onset (days) and prolonged duration (weeks). Systemic or intrathecal @entity1338 , or transient neural blockade with @entity1342 , had short lasting or no effect on @entity56 . @entity23510 immunostaining was increased near the site of @entity1897 , both in neurons and in immune cells (macrophages and T lymphocytes). Phosphorylated @entity268 response element binding protein (pCREB) in lumbar spinal cord was increased ipsilateral to @entity128 , and this was reduced 1 week after perineural @entity1338 injection. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that peripheral alpha(2) adrenoceptors are concentrated at the site of @entity1897 , and their activation receptors produce long-lasting reductions in abnormal spinal cord gene activation and mechanical @entity56 .

title: Perineural XXXX activation inhibits spinal cord neuroplasticity and tactile allodynia after @entity128 .

answer: @entity23510 :: (150,Gene) :: ['alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3080 monomers have been developed for use as skin adhesives. So far, little is known about long-term results concerning functional and aesthetic results of wound closure with @entity22937 in head and neck region. METHODS: In a prospective, non-randomized study we examined in 59 @entity1 who had undergone surgery in the face and the neck in between 04/99 and 05/00 at the ENT-Department, University of Aachen, Germany. The aesthetic and functional outcome of a cutanous wound closure by use of @entity22937 was evaluated. @entity1 were seen preoperatively, postoperatively and in a long-term follow-up (average 7.2 months) for wound control, photographs, and evaluation with a standardized questionnary. RESULTS: In 40 cases a complete follow-up was possible. There were 33 @entity1 (82.5 %) satisfied with the aesthetic and the functional results of wound closure. In four @entity1 (10 %) early complications developed but did not have an impact on the cosmetic result. Three @entity1 showed alterations as @entity2805 or persisting @entity2318 in the long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: @entity22937 tissue adhesive was found to be an effective method of skin closure in clean head and neck incisions. It is a fast and simple method of wound closure, providing good cosmetic results with a @entity281 rate.

title: [Long-term results of suture-free cutanous wound closure in head and neck incisions with XXXX topival skin adhesive].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['redness of the scar']

entities_list: @entity3080 :: ('MESH:D003487', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyanoacrylate']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['low infection']

entities_list: @entity2805 :: ('MESH:D017439', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic scar']

entities_list: @entity22937 :: ('MESH:C119247', 'Chemical') :: ['Octylcyanoacrylate', 'octylcyanoacrylate']

answer: @entity22937 :: (MESH:C119247,Chemical) :: ['octylcyanoacrylate']


abstract: Refractory @entity299 is a major therapeutic dilemma. The effectiveness of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) in @entity792 prompted us to explore its efficacy in 10 cardiac transplant recipients, aged 20-53 years (39 +/- 13 years; mean +/- SD), with biopsy evidence of drug-refractory cardiac allograft rejection. Nine cardiac transplant recipients were maintained on triple antirejection therapy ( @entity205 , @entity500 , and @entity229 ), and the remaining recipient was maintained on @entity205 and @entity229 . Rejection episodes treated with @entity1500 occurred 20-422 days (165 +/- 137 days) after transplantation and were the sixth episode of rejection for one recipient, the third for four recipients, the second for four recipients, and the first for one recipient. Before @entity1500 administration, cardiac allograft rejection persisted despite intensified immunosuppression including OKT3 antibody. @entity1500 , given intravenously, orally, or by both routes at a dose of 10-175 mg (85 +/- 62 mg), reversed rejection in nine of 10 recipients (90%) within 7-63 days (26 +/- 18 days). @entity358 wedge pressures were reduced to normal levels after @entity1500 therapy (15.2 +/- 3.5 before vs. 10.6 +/- 3.0 mm Hg after; p less than 0.05). @entity1431 occurred in five cardiac transplant recipients after treatment with @entity1500 . Adverse reactions to @entity1500 resolved after @entity1500 therapy was discontinued in all but one recipient. This recipient received one of the larger @entity1500 doses (150 mg) and developed @entity55 . Twelve moderate rejection episodes recurred in nine recipients, seven episodes of which were successfully re-treated with @entity1500 . Two of these seven recipients have now been rejection-free for 15 months. Of five recurrent episodes of @entity299 not treated with @entity1500 , two could not be reversed and were fatal. @entity1500 may be a valuable drug for reversing refractory cardiac allograft rejection. Before @entity1500 therapy gains wider use, however, a clearer understanding of its enhanced ability to suppress the bone marrow is needed.

title: Reversal of recalcitrant cardiac allograft rejection with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['fatal Pseudomonas pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Elevated pulmonary artery']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['Leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac transplant rejection']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The annual incidence of @entity14 in Germany is estimated at 27000 in @entity1 and 30000 in @entity1 . If the diagnosis is made early the cure rate is over 90%. Against this background the department of occupational medicine and health protection of the BASF Aktiengesellschaft initiated a study on the potential prevention of @entity14 among the staff at its Ludwigshafen site. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The target group included all 13265 actively working employees aged 45 years or above. Those expressing interest were given a standardized questionnaire concerning risk factors for @entity14 and a test for occult fecal blood (FOBT). If the test was positive and/or a positive answer was given to the question on blood in the stool or on a positive family history, coloscopy - to be arranged via the general practitioner - was advised, in line with the recommendations of the German Society of Digestive and @entity209 (Deutsche Gesellschaft f  r Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen). RESULTS: At the end of the study 3732 employees (337 @entity1 , 3395 @entity1 , mean age 52 years) had completed the questionnaire and the FOBT results were available. Coloscopy was recommended to 688 employees, 323 of whom (47%) underwent the investigation. Nine of the subjects already had manifest @entity5 , six of them in the early stage T1 or T2. @entity6523 were found in an additional 61 and subsequently excised. Cost-benefit considerations at the company level or in the area of the health system, respectively, gave favourable ratios of 1:10 and 1:14. CONCLUSION: It requires considerable expenditure to increase the number of @entity1 in the @entity5 prevention programme and obtain a consequent clarification of suspicious findings. Health care within a company is a valuable complementation in Germany of medical care provided by general practitioners or specialist, if close cooperation between practitioners in the given region is assured. Initiatives like the one presented here protect @entity1 personally affected against @entity158 and distress and are also of economic value.

title: [Precautions for XXXX in the workplace. An initiative for secondary prevention in the BASF joint-stock company].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['Adenomatous polyps']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic diseases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['intestinal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity27242 ( @entity27242 ) and its binding partner, the receptor @entity669 kinase @entity14029 , are important mediators in experimental @entity1310 . The authors tested whether the @entity27242 / @entity14029 signaling pathway participates in @entity1 @entity8 . METHODS: The authors compared 26 @entity1 renal specimens from @entity1 with @entity1310 , acute diffuse immune complex @entity631 , acute @entity1988 , antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody--associated @entity631 , acute transplant rejection, and normal renal tissue. Because reactive @entity26 species are pivotal in @entity32 , the authors tested whether the @entity14029 / @entity27242 expression is influenced by @entity1110 oxidase in vitro. RESULTS: @entity27242 and @entity14029 immunofluorescence was barely detectable in normal kidney. However, in disease @entity14029 was copiously expressed in the small vessel media, glomeruli, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. Similarly, @entity27242 was upregulated in the small vessel intima and media, all segments of the renal tubules, the brush border, and glomeruli. @entity27242 and @entity14029 upregulation was a prominent but nonspecific finding in these @entity8 . Cultured @entity35 vascular smooth muscle cells and immortalized @entity1 mesangial cells were stimulated with angiotensin (Ang) II (1 x 10(-7) mol/L) for 6 or 18 hours. Confocal microscopy and Western blot showed Ang II-dependent @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression. An antisense probe against the @entity9822 phox unit of @entity1110 -oxidase suppressed Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression. In addition, in @entity1114 phox knockout cells Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression were blocked. CONCLUSION: @entity27242 / @entity14029 signaling is involved in @entity1 @entity8 . The Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression may be dependent on @entity1110 -oxidase. @entity27242 and @entity14029 are important signaling molecules in @entity1 @entity8 and may be potential therapeutic targets.

title: Growth arrest specific protein 6/ @entity14029 signaling in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['IgA nephritis', 'nephritis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal diseases', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity27242 :: ('2621', 'Gene') :: ['Growth arrest-specific gene 6', 'GAS6', 'Gas6']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['inflammatory renal diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity27242 ( @entity27242 ) and its binding partner, the receptor @entity669 kinase @entity14029 , are important mediators in experimental @entity1310 . The authors tested whether the @entity27242 / @entity14029 signaling pathway participates in @entity1 @entity8 . METHODS: The authors compared 26 @entity1 renal specimens from @entity1 with @entity1310 , acute diffuse immune complex @entity631 , acute @entity1988 , antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody--associated @entity631 , acute transplant rejection, and normal renal tissue. Because reactive @entity26 species are pivotal in @entity32 , the authors tested whether the @entity14029 / @entity27242 expression is influenced by @entity1110 oxidase in vitro. RESULTS: @entity27242 and @entity14029 immunofluorescence was barely detectable in normal kidney. However, in disease @entity14029 was copiously expressed in the small vessel media, glomeruli, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. Similarly, @entity27242 was upregulated in the small vessel intima and media, all segments of the renal tubules, the brush border, and glomeruli. @entity27242 and @entity14029 upregulation was a prominent but nonspecific finding in these @entity8 . Cultured @entity35 vascular smooth muscle cells and immortalized @entity1 mesangial cells were stimulated with angiotensin (Ang) II (1 x 10(-7) mol/L) for 6 or 18 hours. Confocal microscopy and Western blot showed Ang II-dependent @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression. An antisense probe against the @entity9822 phox unit of @entity1110 -oxidase suppressed Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression. In addition, in @entity1114 phox knockout cells Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression were blocked. CONCLUSION: @entity27242 / @entity14029 signaling is involved in @entity1 @entity8 . The Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression may be dependent on @entity1110 -oxidase. @entity27242 and @entity14029 are important signaling molecules in @entity1 @entity8 and may be potential therapeutic targets.

title: Growth arrest specific protein 6/ XXXX signaling in @entity1 @entity8 .

answer: @entity14029 :: (558,Gene) :: ['Axl']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity27242 ( @entity27242 ) and its binding partner, the receptor @entity669 kinase @entity14029 , are important mediators in experimental @entity1310 . The authors tested whether the @entity27242 / @entity14029 signaling pathway participates in @entity1 @entity8 . METHODS: The authors compared 26 @entity1 renal specimens from @entity1 with @entity1310 , acute diffuse immune complex @entity631 , acute @entity1988 , antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody--associated @entity631 , acute transplant rejection, and normal renal tissue. Because reactive @entity26 species are pivotal in @entity32 , the authors tested whether the @entity14029 / @entity27242 expression is influenced by @entity1110 oxidase in vitro. RESULTS: @entity27242 and @entity14029 immunofluorescence was barely detectable in normal kidney. However, in disease @entity14029 was copiously expressed in the small vessel media, glomeruli, distal tubules, and collecting ducts. Similarly, @entity27242 was upregulated in the small vessel intima and media, all segments of the renal tubules, the brush border, and glomeruli. @entity27242 and @entity14029 upregulation was a prominent but nonspecific finding in these @entity8 . Cultured @entity35 vascular smooth muscle cells and immortalized @entity1 mesangial cells were stimulated with angiotensin (Ang) II (1 x 10(-7) mol/L) for 6 or 18 hours. Confocal microscopy and Western blot showed Ang II-dependent @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression. An antisense probe against the @entity9822 phox unit of @entity1110 -oxidase suppressed Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression. In addition, in @entity1114 phox knockout cells Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression were blocked. CONCLUSION: @entity27242 / @entity14029 signaling is involved in @entity1 @entity8 . The Ang II-induced @entity27242 and @entity14029 expression may be dependent on @entity1110 -oxidase. @entity27242 and @entity14029 are important signaling molecules in @entity1 @entity8 and may be potential therapeutic targets.

title: Growth arrest specific protein 6/ @entity14029 signaling in XXXX @entity8 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity12000 ( @entity12000 ) is an @entity8 characterized by tubular basement membrane disruption, @entity1986 , and tubular cysts. @entity12000 leads to @entity454 in the first 2 decades of life. Four genes responsible for different types of @entity12000 have been identified: @entity37286 , @entity30946 , @entity51433 , and @entity43749 . The @entity37286 gene encodes nephrocystin; @entity30946 , @entity30946 ; @entity51433 , nephrocystin-3; and @entity43749 , nephrocystin-4. We report 3 siblings from a consanguineous family with @entity12000 who were previously described as carrying a homozygous mutation in the @entity43749 gene. Renal imaging showed cysts in the @entity1 . The histological picture of @entity43749 showed the same characteristic features as those known for @entity37286 and @entity51433 . Progression to @entity454 occurred between the ages of 17 and 22 years. None of the renal transplants showed recurrence of the disease. @entity6391 was absent in all affected family members.

title: Clinical and histological presentation of 3 siblings with mutations in the XXXX gene.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal recessive kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['Retinitis pigmentosa']

entities_list: @entity12000 :: ('MESH:C537699', 'Disease') :: ['Nephronophthisis', 'NPH']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial infiltration']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity43749 :: (261734,Gene) :: ['NPHP4']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to define the characteristic sonographic features of @entity4724 in the parotid gland, thus enhancing the ability to make a preoperative diagnosis of this disease process. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the sonograms of @entity4724 of the parotid gland that had been confirmed by histopathologic examination of surgically excised specimens from @entity1 treated at our institution over a 2-year period. We recorded the echogenicity, shape, margin, and internal structure of the @entity5 and categorized them into 2 groups on the basis of size (< 5 cm versus > or =5 cm in the largest diameter). RESULTS: Eighteen @entity1 (16 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 ) with a mean age of 57 years (range, 29-82 years) were included in the analysis. One @entity1 had 2 @entity5 (1 in each parotid gland); the other 17 @entity1 each had only 1 @entity5 . Our review of the sonographic findings revealed that all 19 @entity5 were hypoechoic compared with the normal parenchyma of the affected parotid glands. Most of the @entity5 were ovoid, had well-defined margins, and contained multiple irregular, small, sponge-like anechoic areas. Tumors that were 5 cm or greater in diameter had a higher proportion of cystic content than smaller lesions had and in some cases were composed almost entirely of cystic material. CONCLUSIONS: Our evidence suggests that the sonographic appearance of a @entity4724 in the parotid gland is distinctive: a well-defined round or ovoid hypoechoic mass containing microcystic anechoic areas. These sonographic features constitute useful criteria in the preoperative diagnosis of @entity4724 in the parotid gland, although sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy may be needed to confirm the diagnosis.

title: Characteristic sonographic findings of XXXX in the parotid gland.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4724 :: ('MESH:D000235', 'Disease') :: ["Warthin's tumors", "Warthin's tumor"]

answer: @entity4724 :: (MESH:D000235,Disease) :: ['Warthin's tumor']


abstract: The reoxidation of reduced @entity375 Complex III by oxidants believed to react with cytochrome c1 exhibited multiple phases for both cytochrome c1 and the cytochromes b; the reoxidation of @entity2351 , but not cytochrome c1, was markedly slowed by the presence of @entity11382 . The data are consistent with the Q-cycle or any other scheme which proposes a branched path for electron transport between the @entity2351 centers and the endogenous Q6, provided certain constraints are relaxed. The reoxidation of the endogenous @entity3276 proceeded at a rate comparable to that of the rapidly reacting @entity2351 and appeared to be complete within 100 ms. Removal of the endogenous @entity3276 did not change the rate or extent of reoxidation of any of the @entity1446 centers, demonstrating that @entity3276 is not required for electron transport between cytochromes b and the @entity5985 cluster. This result is inconsistent with the requirements of the Q-cycle. Funiculosin completely inhibited the reoxidation of @entity2351 whereas the reoxidation of cytochrome c1 exhibited simple first-order kinetics in the presence of this inhibitor, implying that the @entity5985 cluster is on the direct path of electron transfer from @entity2351 to cytochrome c1. Potent inhibition of @entity2351 oxidation was also observed with @entity22951 and mucidin. The reaction of reduced Complex III with Q1 also exhibited multiple phases in the oxidation of the @entity2351 centers; these phases were unaffected by the presence of @entity22951 . Addition of antimycin, or removal of the endogenous @entity3276 , eliminated the rapid phases; only one of the @entity2351 centers was oxidized under these conditions. Epr showed that it is the low-potential @entity2351 that is the species rapidly oxidized.

title: The kinetics of reoxidation of XXXX complex III. An evaluation of the Q-cycle.

entities_list: @entity22951 :: ('MESH:C030517', 'Chemical') :: ['myxothiazol']

entities_list: @entity11382 :: ('MESH:C032456', 'Chemical') :: ['antimycin']

entities_list: @entity5985 :: ('CHEBI:30408', 'Chemical') :: ['iron-sulfur']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: The @entity1 major histocompatibility complex, HLA, contains the genes of several class II molecules. We present here the molecular maps of the DQ and DX subregions and analyze the sequences of the polymorphic DQ alpha and @entity3098 genes as well as the @entity27595 and DX beta genes. The DQ alpha and @entity3098 genes are oriented in opposite directions, approximately 12 kilobases apart. The @entity27595 and DX beta genes are similarly oriented about 8 kilobases. The exon-intron organizations of the DQ alpha and @entity27595 genes are analogous to those of other class II alpha genes. Comparison of the DQ alpha gene sequence to three DQ alpha cDNA clones shows that @entity535 replacements are predominantly located between residues 45 and 80 in the @entity1472 -terminal domain. Analysis of the frequency of silent and replacement substitutions indicates that there is little selection against replacements in DQ alpha first domains. The exons encoding the second domains of DQ alpha and @entity27595 are virtually identical, suggesting that a gene conversion event has occurred between these genes. The DX beta gene is very similar to the @entity3098 gene but differs in the cytoplasmic portion. The DX beta gene contains a separate exon of 24 @entity2036 encoding the core of the cytoplasmic tail. This exon is not expressed in the @entity3098 genes due to a nonfunctional splice junction. Comparison of the number of @entity377 substitutions in the @entity3098 first and second domain exons suggests that little or no phenotypic selection acts on the first domain whereas the second domain is under strong selection.

title: Class II genes of the @entity1 major histocompatibility complex. Comparisons of the DQ and XXXX and beta genes.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity27595 :: (3118,Gene) :: ['DX alpha']


abstract: The @entity1 major histocompatibility complex, HLA, contains the genes of several class II molecules. We present here the molecular maps of the DQ and DX subregions and analyze the sequences of the polymorphic DQ alpha and @entity3098 genes as well as the @entity27595 and DX beta genes. The DQ alpha and @entity3098 genes are oriented in opposite directions, approximately 12 kilobases apart. The @entity27595 and DX beta genes are similarly oriented about 8 kilobases. The exon-intron organizations of the DQ alpha and @entity27595 genes are analogous to those of other class II alpha genes. Comparison of the DQ alpha gene sequence to three DQ alpha cDNA clones shows that @entity535 replacements are predominantly located between residues 45 and 80 in the @entity1472 -terminal domain. Analysis of the frequency of silent and replacement substitutions indicates that there is little selection against replacements in DQ alpha first domains. The exons encoding the second domains of DQ alpha and @entity27595 are virtually identical, suggesting that a gene conversion event has occurred between these genes. The DX beta gene is very similar to the @entity3098 gene but differs in the cytoplasmic portion. The DX beta gene contains a separate exon of 24 @entity2036 encoding the core of the cytoplasmic tail. This exon is not expressed in the @entity3098 genes due to a nonfunctional splice junction. Comparison of the number of @entity377 substitutions in the @entity3098 first and second domain exons suggests that little or no phenotypic selection acts on the first domain whereas the second domain is under strong selection.

title: Class II genes of the XXXX major histocompatibility complex. Comparisons of the DQ and @entity27595 and beta genes.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of @entity2024 ( @entity2024 ). METHODS: A review of records of all @entity1 aged 0-15 years with a diagnosis of @entity2024 examined between January 2000 and February 2002. The diagnosis was based on interview and routine ocular examination. RESULTS: A total of 139 @entity1 out of 422 @entity1 had the diagnosis of @entity2024 , giving a relative frequency of 32.9%. The average age with @entity2024 was 6.5 years which was lower than that of @entity1 without @entity2024 (7.6 years). The sex distribution didn't show any difference between the two sexes (P = 0.345). @entity1 aged 0-4 years were the most affected by the disease. Itching (86%), red eye (51%), @entity735 (48%), and tearing (48%) were the most frequent complaints encountered. Photophobia was only seen in 12% of @entity1 . The distribution of the types of the disease was: palpebral form (58%), mixed form (39%) and limbal form (3%). CONCLUSION: One out of three @entity1 0-15 years of age who consulted suffers from LCET in Lubumbashi; although other African studies reported difference in distribution in sex and the predominance of the limbal (bulbar) form of the disease, such data were not found in this study. The disease was equally distributed among sexes and the palpebral form was the most frequently encountered. Complications are uncommon. Other studies are needed to confirm the findings of this study.

title: [Tropical XXXX in L  bumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['brown eye']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['TELC', 'tropical endemic limbo-conjunctivitis']

answer: @entity2024 :: (MESH:D003231,Disease) :: ['endemic limbo-conjunctivitis']


abstract: @entity8205 occurring in lymph nodes create diagnostic difficulty by mimicking @entity3 . Few studies describe nodal nevi in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) excised for @entity320 . We evaluated 72 cases in which @entity1 had undergone @entity4298 biopsy for @entity320 . Lymph nodes and cutaneous @entity320 were evaluated according to a standard protocol. Nodal nevi were identified in 8 @entity1 (11%). Of these, 6 (75%) had an associated cutaneous nevus (P = .006). Of 21 @entity1 with an associated nevus, 4 (19%) with nodal nevi had a cutaneous nevus with congenital features (P = .01). The incidence of nodal nevus correlated with a Breslow thickness greater than 2.5 mm (P = .02). Nevi were not seen in non-SLNs. Nodal nevi appear more frequently in @entity1 with @entity320 -associated cutaneous nevi, particularly if congenital features are present. The increased frequency of nodal nevi in SLNs relative to non-SLNs suggests an etiology of mechanical transport of nevus cells.

title: Nodal XXXX in sentinel lymph nodes. Correlation with @entity320 -associated cutaneous nevi.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8205 :: ('MESH:D009508', 'Disease') :: ['Melanocytic nevi']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

answer: @entity8205 :: (MESH:D009508,Disease) :: ['melanocytic nevi']


abstract: @entity8205 occurring in lymph nodes create diagnostic difficulty by mimicking @entity3 . Few studies describe nodal nevi in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) excised for @entity320 . We evaluated 72 cases in which @entity1 had undergone @entity4298 biopsy for @entity320 . Lymph nodes and cutaneous @entity320 were evaluated according to a standard protocol. Nodal nevi were identified in 8 @entity1 (11%). Of these, 6 (75%) had an associated cutaneous nevus (P = .006). Of 21 @entity1 with an associated nevus, 4 (19%) with nodal nevi had a cutaneous nevus with congenital features (P = .01). The incidence of nodal nevus correlated with a Breslow thickness greater than 2.5 mm (P = .02). Nevi were not seen in non-SLNs. Nodal nevi appear more frequently in @entity1 with @entity320 -associated cutaneous nevi, particularly if congenital features are present. The increased frequency of nodal nevi in SLNs relative to non-SLNs suggests an etiology of mechanical transport of nevus cells.

title: Nodal @entity8205 in sentinel lymph nodes. Correlation with XXXX -associated cutaneous nevi.

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']