abstract: Recent studies have reported that antiangiogenic gene delivery into @entity5 cells inhibits growth of certain @entity5 in vivo. @entity157 ( @entity157 ) is a hypervascular @entity5 , and antiangiogenic gene therapy might be suitable for @entity157 . In the present study, we investigated the antiangiogenic effects of @entity43312 gene transduction into @entity157 both in vitro and in vivo. @entity43312 gene was cloned into a pSecTag2B @entity1 expression vector to construct pSecTag2B-ANG. pSecTag2B or pSecTag2B-ANG were transfected into an @entity157 cell line, @entity9294 /PRF/5, and then stable transfectants were obtained by @entity21114 selection. pSecTag2B or pSecTag2B-ANG transfection did not alter the expression of @entity7 ( @entity7 ), a potent angiogenic stimulator, or @entity13191 ( @entity13191 ), an angiogenic inhibitor, in @entity9294 /PRF/5 cells. However, conditioned media (CM) derived from pSecTag2B-ANG-transfected @entity9294 /PRF/5 cells (CM-ANG) suppressed the proliferation and migration of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by 35% and 50%, respectively, relative to their effects on nontransfected cells. In in vivo experiments, pSecTag2B-ANG stable transfected (CM-Mock) and nontransfected cells ( @entity558 ) were mixed at various proportions and the mixed cells were subcutaneously implanted into athymic @entity19 . Suppression of @entity5 growth was noted in @entity19 implanted with @entity43312 gene-transfected cells, and such suppression was proportional with the percentage of transfected cells. Analysis of the vascular density in these @entity5 showed that the @entity5 growth suppression effect of @entity43312 gene correlated with suppression of @entity5 vascularity. In conclusion, antiangiogenic gene therapy using @entity43312 gene is potentially suitable for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity157 .

title: Antiangiogenic gene therapy for @entity157 using XXXX gene.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'Hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity13191 :: ('57104', 'Gene') :: ['pigment epithelium-derived factor', 'PEDF']

answer: @entity43312 :: (18815(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['angiostatin']


abstract: Recent studies have reported that antiangiogenic gene delivery into @entity5 cells inhibits growth of certain @entity5 in vivo. @entity157 ( @entity157 ) is a hypervascular @entity5 , and antiangiogenic gene therapy might be suitable for @entity157 . In the present study, we investigated the antiangiogenic effects of @entity43312 gene transduction into @entity157 both in vitro and in vivo. @entity43312 gene was cloned into a pSecTag2B @entity1 expression vector to construct pSecTag2B-ANG. pSecTag2B or pSecTag2B-ANG were transfected into an @entity157 cell line, @entity9294 /PRF/5, and then stable transfectants were obtained by @entity21114 selection. pSecTag2B or pSecTag2B-ANG transfection did not alter the expression of @entity7 ( @entity7 ), a potent angiogenic stimulator, or @entity13191 ( @entity13191 ), an angiogenic inhibitor, in @entity9294 /PRF/5 cells. However, conditioned media (CM) derived from pSecTag2B-ANG-transfected @entity9294 /PRF/5 cells (CM-ANG) suppressed the proliferation and migration of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by 35% and 50%, respectively, relative to their effects on nontransfected cells. In in vivo experiments, pSecTag2B-ANG stable transfected (CM-Mock) and nontransfected cells ( @entity558 ) were mixed at various proportions and the mixed cells were subcutaneously implanted into athymic @entity19 . Suppression of @entity5 growth was noted in @entity19 implanted with @entity43312 gene-transfected cells, and such suppression was proportional with the percentage of transfected cells. Analysis of the vascular density in these @entity5 showed that the @entity5 growth suppression effect of @entity43312 gene correlated with suppression of @entity5 vascularity. In conclusion, antiangiogenic gene therapy using @entity43312 gene is potentially suitable for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity157 .

title: Antiangiogenic gene therapy for XXXX using @entity43312 gene.

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) is a prototypic @entity792 with a complex pathogenesis in which genetic, hormonal and environmental factors have a role. Rare mutations in the @entity56596 gene, the major @entity1 3'-5' exonuclease, have been reported in sporadic @entity1252 cases. Some of these mutations have also been identified in a rare pediatric neurological condition featuring an inflammatory @entity75 known as @entity16282 ( @entity16282 ). We sought to investigate the frequency of these mutations in a large multi-ancestral cohort of @entity1252 cases and controls. A total of 40 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including both common and rare variants, across the @entity56596 gene, were evaluated in    8370 @entity1 with @entity1252 and    7490 control subjects. Stringent quality control procedures were applied, and principal components and admixture proportions were calculated to identify outliers for removal from analysis. Population-based case-control association analyses were performed. P-values, false-discovery rate q values, and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The estimated frequency of @entity56596 mutations in our lupus cohort was 0.5%. Five heterozygous mutations were detected at the @entity72440 polymorphism in European lupus cases but none were observed in European controls. Five African cases incurred heterozygous mutations at the @entity72441 polymorphism and, again, none were observed in the African controls. A rare homozygous @entity72442 mutation was identified in one Asian @entity1252 @entity1 , whereas all genotypes at this mutation in previous reports for @entity1252 were heterozygous. Analysis of common @entity56596 SNPs (minor allele frequency (MAF)>10%) revealed a relatively common risk haplotype in European @entity1252 @entity1 with neurological manifestations, especially @entity410 , with a frequency of 58% in lupus cases compared with 45% in normal controls (P=0.0008, OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.25-2.39). Finally, the presence or absence of specific autoantibodies in certain populations produced significant genetic associations. For example, a strong association with anti-nRNP was observed in the European cohort at a coding synonymous variant @entity72443 (P=2.99E-13, OR=5.2, 95% CI=3.18-8.56). Our data confirm and expand previous reports and provide additional support for the involvement of @entity56596 in lupus pathogenesis.

title: Evaluation of the XXXX gene in a large multi-ancestral lupus cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity16282 :: ('MESH:D058540', 'Disease') :: ['AGS', 'Aicardi-Gouti  res syndrome']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'Systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorder']

answer: @entity56596 :: (11277,Gene) :: ['TREX1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The evaluation of health-related quality of life (QOL) in @entity740 intends to quantify its consequences, according to the @entity1   s subjective perception. AIM: To evaluate the health-related QOL in four groups of @entity1 followed at our Nephrology Department: @entity740 ( @entity740 ) stages 1-4, kidney transplant (KT), haemodialysis (HD) and @entity298 ( @entity298 ) @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 with @entity740 stages 1-4 and 30 KT @entity1 were randomly selected. All @entity1 from our Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Units with capacity to answer the inquiry (37 and 14, respectively) were also selected. The instruments applied were the SF-36 and KDQOL-SF 1.3. RESULTS: The four groups presented better results in the <Social Functioning > scale (77.68    18.46 in @entity298 ; 74.17    29.53 in KT; 66.81    31.39 in @entity740 1-4; 62.16    32.84 in HD; p = 0.192). The lowest results appeared in the <General Health> scale (39.92    19.12 in @entity740 ; 45.95    21.56 in HD; 47.13    23.15 in KT; 51.79    18.89 in @entity298 ; p = 0.321). Peritoneal dialysis @entity1 achieved the best results in the Physical Health Component, but this difference disappeared after adjustment to confounding factors. Age, gender and haemoglobin level were the variables related with QOL. However, @entity298 @entity1 obtained better scores comparing to HD @entity1 in the following KDQOL-SF scales: <Effects of @entity8 >, <Burden of @entity8 > and < @entity1 satisfaction> (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Health-related QOL was better in @entity298 @entity1 comparing to haemodialysis @entity1 in specific scales of @entity740 . Age, gender and haemoglobin level interfered with health-related QOL.

title: Quality of life in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['chronic kidney disease']


abstract: Balloon esophageal dilatation offers many theoretical advantages (safety, speed, and @entity1 comfort) over dilatation with @entity349 -filled bougies or with the Eder-Puestow system. The authors used balloon dilators in 22 @entity1 with @entity1282 secondary to benign or malignant strictures. Dilatation was performed with fluoroscopic guidance, blindly, or by a combination of these techniques. For "blind" @entity384 , an Eder-Puestow spring-tipped guide wire is placed into the stomach using a fiberoptic endoscope. The distance from the incisor teeth to the stricture is measured, and the balloon shaft is marked to indicate when the middle of the balloon is within the stricture. Dilatation is then performed using the antegrade or, the preferred, retrograde technique. Finally, the dilated stricture is calibrated by pulling an inflated balloon through the previously strictured area without difficulty. An attempt was made to achieve an esophageal diameter of 15 mm at the initial dilatation episode, and @entity1 discomfort was used as a guide as to the final diameter. The balloon dilatation technique was highly successful, and a stricture diameter of 15 mm (45-47 French) was achieved at the initial dilatation in most instances. Malignant strictures were easily dilated. @entity384 is convenient, effective, quick, and potentially safer than the previous Eder-Puestow or @entity349 -filled bougie techniques.

title: @entity384 of benign and malignant esophageal strictures. XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['stricture dilatation', 'Balloon dilatation']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['Blind retrograde balloon dilatation']


abstract: Balloon esophageal dilatation offers many theoretical advantages (safety, speed, and @entity1 comfort) over dilatation with @entity349 -filled bougies or with the Eder-Puestow system. The authors used balloon dilators in 22 @entity1 with @entity1282 secondary to benign or malignant strictures. Dilatation was performed with fluoroscopic guidance, blindly, or by a combination of these techniques. For "blind" @entity384 , an Eder-Puestow spring-tipped guide wire is placed into the stomach using a fiberoptic endoscope. The distance from the incisor teeth to the stricture is measured, and the balloon shaft is marked to indicate when the middle of the balloon is within the stricture. Dilatation is then performed using the antegrade or, the preferred, retrograde technique. Finally, the dilated stricture is calibrated by pulling an inflated balloon through the previously strictured area without difficulty. An attempt was made to achieve an esophageal diameter of 15 mm at the initial dilatation episode, and @entity1 discomfort was used as a guide as to the final diameter. The balloon dilatation technique was highly successful, and a stricture diameter of 15 mm (45-47 French) was achieved at the initial dilatation in most instances. Malignant strictures were easily dilated. @entity384 is convenient, effective, quick, and potentially safer than the previous Eder-Puestow or @entity349 -filled bougie techniques.

title: XXXX of benign and malignant esophageal strictures. @entity384 .

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['Balloon dilatation']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 ( @entity3529 ( @entity855 )) channels insensitive to @entity855 inhibition @entity6 . In @entity19 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity460 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity19 that become @entity6 after induction of @entity855 -insensitive @entity5002 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity3529 ( @entity855 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity413 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity460 activity ([ @entity141 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity5736 and @entity10406 stimulated increased [ @entity141 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity141 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity413 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity5736 - and @entity10406 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity141 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity413 -dependent [ @entity141 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity3529 ( @entity855 )-induced @entity6 is failure of @entity413 metabolism to elevate [ @entity141 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity413 metabolism. @entity2383 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity413 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, @entity413 metabolism and insulin secretion in a @entity19 model of XXXX ( @entity855 ) channel-induced @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['cause neonatal diabetes mellitus', 'diabetic', 'neonatal diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity5736 :: ('D013453', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylurea', 'sulfonylureas']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['Loss of insulin content and mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity3529 :: (D011188,Chemical) :: ['K']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 ( @entity3529 ( @entity855 )) channels insensitive to @entity855 inhibition @entity6 . In @entity19 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity460 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity19 that become @entity6 after induction of @entity855 -insensitive @entity5002 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity3529 ( @entity855 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity413 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity460 activity ([ @entity141 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity5736 and @entity10406 stimulated increased [ @entity141 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity141 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity413 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity5736 - and @entity10406 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity141 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity413 -dependent [ @entity141 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity3529 ( @entity855 )-induced @entity6 is failure of @entity413 metabolism to elevate [ @entity141 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity413 metabolism. @entity2383 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity413 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, @entity413 metabolism and insulin secretion in a @entity19 model of @entity3529 ( @entity855 ) channel-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['neonatal diabetes mellitus']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 ( @entity3529 ( @entity855 )) channels insensitive to @entity855 inhibition @entity6 . In @entity19 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity460 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity19 that become @entity6 after induction of @entity855 -insensitive @entity5002 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity3529 ( @entity855 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity413 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity460 activity ([ @entity141 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity5736 and @entity10406 stimulated increased [ @entity141 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity141 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity413 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity5736 - and @entity10406 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity141 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity413 -dependent [ @entity141 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity3529 ( @entity855 )-induced @entity6 is failure of @entity413 metabolism to elevate [ @entity141 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity413 metabolism. @entity2383 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity413 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, @entity413 metabolism and insulin secretion in a @entity19 model of @entity3529 ( XXXX ) channel-induced @entity6 .

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 ( @entity3529 ( @entity855 )) channels insensitive to @entity855 inhibition @entity6 . In @entity19 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity460 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity19 that become @entity6 after induction of @entity855 -insensitive @entity5002 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity3529 ( @entity855 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity413 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity460 activity ([ @entity141 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity5736 and @entity10406 stimulated increased [ @entity141 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity141 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity413 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity5736 - and @entity10406 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity141 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity413 -dependent [ @entity141 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity3529 ( @entity855 )-induced @entity6 is failure of @entity413 metabolism to elevate [ @entity141 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity413 metabolism. @entity2383 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity413 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, @entity413 metabolism and insulin secretion in a XXXX model of @entity3529 ( @entity855 ) channel-induced @entity6 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Mutations that render @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 ( @entity3529 ( @entity855 )) channels insensitive to @entity855 inhibition @entity6 . In @entity19 , these mutations cause insulin secretion to be lost initially and, as the disease progresses, beta cell mass and insulin content also disappear. We investigated whether defects in @entity460 signalling alone are sufficient to explain short-term and long-term islet dysfunction. METHODS: We examined the metabolic, electrical and insulin secretion response in islets from @entity19 that become @entity6 after induction of @entity855 -insensitive @entity5002 expression. To separate direct effects of @entity3529 ( @entity855 ) overactivity on beta cell function from indirect effects of prolonged hyperglycaemia, normal glycaemia was maintained by protective exogenous islet transplantation. RESULTS: In endogenous islets from protected animals, @entity413 -dependent elevations of intracellular free- @entity460 activity ([ @entity141 ](i)) were severely blunted. Insulin content of these islets was normal, and @entity5736 and @entity10406 stimulated increased [ @entity141 ](i). In the absence of transplant protection, [ @entity141 ](i) responses were similar, but @entity413 metabolism and redox state were dramatically altered; @entity5736 - and @entity10406 -stimulated insulin secretion was also lost, because of systemic effects induced by long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia. In both cases, [ @entity141 ](i) dynamics were synchronous across the islet. After reduction of gap-junction coupling, @entity413 -dependent [ @entity141 ](i) and insulin secretion was partially restored, indicating that excitability of weakly expressing cells is suppressed by cells expressing mutants, via gap-junctions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The primary defect in @entity3529 ( @entity855 )-induced @entity6 is failure of @entity413 metabolism to elevate [ @entity141 ](i), which suppresses insulin secretion and mildly alters islet @entity413 metabolism. @entity2383 are secondary to the long-term hyperglycaemia and/or hypoinsulinaemia that result from the absence of @entity413 -dependent insulin secretion.

title: Defects in beta cell Ca  + signalling, XXXX metabolism and insulin secretion in a @entity19 model of @entity3529 ( @entity855 ) channel-induced @entity6 .

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: Disease directly caused by immune system action is known as immunopathology. Many factors may lead the immune system to cause rather than cure disease, and autoimmune, @entity56 , and infection-related @entity66 affect millions of @entity1 worldwide. This review presents an analysis of T-helper cell mediated, infection-related immunopathology within the framework of evolutionary ecology. A proximate cause of infection-related immunopathology is an error in the type of T-helper response induced. Distinct subsets of T-helper cells enable different effector mechanisms and therefore work optimally against different types of parasites (e.g., extracellular versus intracellular parasites). Immune responses that cure rather than cause disease require that the T-helper subset be tailored to the parasite. It is thus critical for the immunophenotype to match the "environment" of the @entity281 . As in other cases of adaptive plasticity, a mismatch between an organism's phenotype and the selective environment can decrease @entity410 . T-helper response induction may be confounded by coinfection of a single host by multiple parasite species. Because of normally adaptive feedback loops that lend to polarize T-helper responses, it can become impossible for the immune system to mount effective, conflicting responses concurrently. Immunophenotype-environment mismatches may thus be inevitable when simultaneous, conflicting immune responses are required. An ultimate cause of infection-related immunopathology in a multiparasite selection regime is the T-helper response polarization that can propagate response errors and constrain the ability of the immune system to resolve conflicting response requirements. A case study is used to illustrate how coinfection can exacerbate immunopathology and to frame testable predictions about optimal responses to coinfection (e.g., is the observed joint response to coinfection accurately predicted by the average of the component single-infection optimal responses, where the single-infection optima are weighted by the contribution of each to @entity410 ). The case study includes immunological and pathological data from @entity19 infected by @entity380 alone and by @entity383 in combination with @entity3204 . Such data can inform hypothesis tests of evolutionary ecological principles, and ecological analysis can in turn clarify assumptions about responses to coinfection for a greater understanding of the immune system. The synthesis of evolutionary ecology and immunology could therefore be of mutual benefit to the two disciplines.

title: When T-helper cells don't help: immunopathology during XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['immunopathological diseases']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic infection']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

entities_list: @entity3204 :: ('5811', 'Species') :: ['Toxoplasma gondii']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['concomitant infection']


abstract: The effects of four dietary proteins on plasma @entity535 ( @entity3880 ) levels in portal vein and aorta and on hepatic @entity1423 were investigated in @entity35 fed 10% protein diets ad libitum. Proteins studied were beef, casein, rapeseed and @entity1460 . Measurements were made at 2000, 2300, 0200, 0500 and 0800 h. Portoaortic differences in essential @entity1522 (EAA) in plasma were calculated and compared to dietary EAA to verify the time-dependent changes in their intestinal absorption. Each protein generated different variations in portal and aortic @entity3880 levels. Rapeseed produced the lowest plasma concentrations of EAA, but its portoaortic differences were as large as those of the other proteins. With each protein, proportions of EAA in plasma (in contrast to concentrations) tended to remain constant in portal vein and aorta over the 12-h period. Significant correlations between portoaortic differences and dietary EAA were found in all groups, but at varying times, indicating that the kinetics of intestinal absorption were dependent on the protein fed. So were variations in liver polysome distribution. For rapeseed and @entity1460 , times of most active protein synthesis were 0200 and 0500 h; with beef and casein, variations between sampling times were not significant. No direct relationship was found between magnitude and composition of @entity3880 portoaortic differences and @entity1423 . Thus these two parameters were both affected by dietary proteins, but no synchrony was evidenced between them.

title: Effect of dietary proteins on time-dependent changes in plasma XXXX levels and on liver protein synthesis in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['ribosome aggregation']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: The effects of four dietary proteins on plasma @entity535 ( @entity3880 ) levels in portal vein and aorta and on hepatic @entity1423 were investigated in @entity35 fed 10% protein diets ad libitum. Proteins studied were beef, casein, rapeseed and @entity1460 . Measurements were made at 2000, 2300, 0200, 0500 and 0800 h. Portoaortic differences in essential @entity1522 (EAA) in plasma were calculated and compared to dietary EAA to verify the time-dependent changes in their intestinal absorption. Each protein generated different variations in portal and aortic @entity3880 levels. Rapeseed produced the lowest plasma concentrations of EAA, but its portoaortic differences were as large as those of the other proteins. With each protein, proportions of EAA in plasma (in contrast to concentrations) tended to remain constant in portal vein and aorta over the 12-h period. Significant correlations between portoaortic differences and dietary EAA were found in all groups, but at varying times, indicating that the kinetics of intestinal absorption were dependent on the protein fed. So were variations in liver polysome distribution. For rapeseed and @entity1460 , times of most active protein synthesis were 0200 and 0500 h; with beef and casein, variations between sampling times were not significant. No direct relationship was found between magnitude and composition of @entity3880 portoaortic differences and @entity1423 . Thus these two parameters were both affected by dietary proteins, but no synchrony was evidenced between them.

title: Effect of dietary proteins on time-dependent changes in plasma @entity535 levels and on liver protein synthesis in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Based on multiple randomized controlled trials performed in the last 20 years, drugs form the basis of treatment for @entity712 with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF). Despite solid evidence for their efficacy and safety and publication of detailed national and international guidelines many @entity1 with HFREF remain, who are not at all or only insufficiently treated. Treatment goals include reduction of mortality and hospitalizations, improvement of symptoms and exercise tolerance as well as prevention of disease progression. @entity1289 -inhibitors and beta-adrenergic receptor blockers exert beneficial effects on all treatment goals and are therefore indicated in all @entity1 with HFREF if tolerated. Diuretics allow control of fluid retention and maintenance of "euvolemia". Low-dose @entity1482 can be considered in persistent moderate to severe (NYHA 3 - 4) HFREF despite treatment. Angiotensin receptor blockers are indicated for @entity1289 -inhibitor intolerance or in addition to @entity1289 -inhibitors and beta-adrenergic receptor blockers in case of persistent symptoms. Triple combination of @entity1289 -inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and @entity1369 antagonists should be avoided in view of the substantial risk of @entity4144 . In current praxis digoxin is mainly used as an adjunctive agent for rate control of @entity955 in combination with beta-adrenergic receptor blockers. Titration and maintenance of @entity712 treatment requires continuous control of clinical parameters, renal function and electrolytes. It is recommended to use drugs and dosest hat have been shown to be effective in clinial trials. Despite the fact that @entity712 is mainly a disease of the elderly, this population is underrepresented in clinical trials. The risk of side effects and drug-drug interactions is increased in elderly @entity1 because of physiologic changes with age and frequent comorbidities with resultant polypharmacy.

title: [Drug treatment for chronic XXXX with reduced ejection fraction].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

entities_list: @entity4144 :: ('MESH:D006947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemia']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: Apoptosis mediated by the interaction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte with blast cell via Fas receptor/ @entity12 ( @entity12 ) pathway is a one of the mechanisms of immunological @entity1778 surveillance. There is few data on possible blocking of Fas receptor by soluble form of Fas (sFasL) present in serum and the role of blast cells as the source of this ligand. Forty-eight @entity1 with de novo diagnosis of @entity3052 , 32 with myeloblastic (AML) and 16 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ) were studied. Fas expression on bone marrow @entity1778 was determined by flow cytomertic immunofluorescent analysis and serum concentration of sFasL assessed at presentation, in remission and in relapse. Blasts of all @entity1 expressed Fas at variable degree (0.8 to 100%). Fas expression was significantly higher on myelo--than on lymphoblasts. There was no relation between degree of Fas expression at diagnosis and remission rate. Concentration of sFasL in @entity3052 @entity1 at diagnosis was significantly higher than in healthy control group, decreased to normal values in remission and rose again in relapse. There was a negative correlation between Fas expression on blasts and sFasL concentration at the time of diagnosis. Results obtained suggest that blast cells could be the source of soluble @entity12 in @entity3052 @entity1 and that sFasL serum concentration could be used for monitoring of disease activity.

title: [Expression of Fas receptor and soluble XXXX (sFasL) concentration in @entity3052 ].

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemic blasts', 'leukemia']

answer: @entity12 :: (356,Gene) :: ['Fas ligand']


abstract: Apoptosis mediated by the interaction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte with blast cell via Fas receptor/ @entity12 ( @entity12 ) pathway is a one of the mechanisms of immunological @entity1778 surveillance. There is few data on possible blocking of Fas receptor by soluble form of Fas (sFasL) present in serum and the role of blast cells as the source of this ligand. Forty-eight @entity1 with de novo diagnosis of @entity3052 , 32 with myeloblastic (AML) and 16 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ) were studied. Fas expression on bone marrow @entity1778 was determined by flow cytomertic immunofluorescent analysis and serum concentration of sFasL assessed at presentation, in remission and in relapse. Blasts of all @entity1 expressed Fas at variable degree (0.8 to 100%). Fas expression was significantly higher on myelo--than on lymphoblasts. There was no relation between degree of Fas expression at diagnosis and remission rate. Concentration of sFasL in @entity3052 @entity1 at diagnosis was significantly higher than in healthy control group, decreased to normal values in remission and rose again in relapse. There was a negative correlation between Fas expression on blasts and sFasL concentration at the time of diagnosis. Results obtained suggest that blast cells could be the source of soluble @entity12 in @entity3052 @entity1 and that sFasL serum concentration could be used for monitoring of disease activity.

title: [Expression of Fas receptor and soluble @entity12 (sFasL) concentration in XXXX ].

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute leukemia']


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity167 and @entity4185 . @entity19 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity167 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity8336 (300-5400 ppm), @entity1508 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity9537 ( @entity4966 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6720 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity167 -lever responding were observed with @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity6720 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity167 indicate that some @entity4185 share pharmacological properties with @entity167 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4485 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity167 and barbiturates.

title: @entity8336 , @entity1508 , XXXX and @entity6720 produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity4185 :: ('MESH:D058545', 'Disease') :: ['volatile inhalants']

entities_list: @entity6720 :: ('MESH:D010076', 'Chemical') :: ['Oxazepam', 'oxazepam']

entities_list: @entity9537 :: ('MESH:C024566', 'Chemical') :: ['1,1,1,-trichloroethane']

answer: @entity9537 :: (MESH:C024566,Chemical) :: ['1,1,1-trichloroethane']


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity167 and @entity4185 . @entity19 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity167 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity8336 (300-5400 ppm), @entity1508 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity9537 ( @entity4966 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6720 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity167 -lever responding were observed with @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity6720 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity167 indicate that some @entity4185 share pharmacological properties with @entity167 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4485 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity167 and barbiturates.

title: @entity8336 , XXXX , @entity9537 and @entity6720 produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 .

answer: @entity1508 :: (MESH:D006221,Chemical) :: ['halothane']


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity167 and @entity4185 . @entity19 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity167 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity8336 (300-5400 ppm), @entity1508 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity9537 ( @entity4966 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6720 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity167 -lever responding were observed with @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity6720 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity167 indicate that some @entity4185 share pharmacological properties with @entity167 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4485 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity167 and barbiturates.

title: @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity9537 and XXXX produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 .

answer: @entity6720 :: (MESH:D010076,Chemical) :: ['oxazepam']


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity167 and @entity4185 . @entity19 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity167 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity8336 (300-5400 ppm), @entity1508 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity9537 ( @entity4966 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6720 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity167 -lever responding were observed with @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity6720 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity167 indicate that some @entity4185 share pharmacological properties with @entity167 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4485 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity167 and barbiturates.

title: XXXX , @entity1508 , @entity9537 and @entity6720 produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 .

answer: @entity8336 :: (MESH:D014050,Chemical) :: ['Toluene']


abstract: Drug discrimination procedures were used to compare the discriminative stimulus properties of @entity167 and @entity4185 . @entity19 were trained to discriminate between i.p. injections of @entity167 (1 g/kg) and saline in a two-lever operant task. Stimulus generalization was examined after 20-min inhalation exposures to @entity8336 (300-5400 ppm), @entity1508 (500-8000 ppm) and @entity9537 ( @entity4966 ; 125-14000 ppm). @entity6720 (10-30 mg/kg i.p.) also was tested. Concentration- or dose-related increases in @entity167 -lever responding were observed with @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity6720 . Shared discriminative stimulus properties among @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity4966 and @entity167 indicate that some @entity4185 share pharmacological properties with @entity167 . Previous research has shown that these inhalants also produce @entity4485 -like discriminative stimulus effects in @entity19 . Thus, at least some inhaled anesthetics and abused solvents have behavioral effects in common with abused central nervous system depressant drugs such as @entity167 and barbiturates.

title: @entity8336 , @entity1508 , @entity9537 and @entity6720 produce ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: In earlier experiments using interactive computer animation with healthy subjects, it was found that displaying compulsive-like repeated checking behavior affects memory. That is, checking does not alter actual memory accuracy, but it does affect 'meta-memory': as checking continues, recollections are experienced as less vivid and less detailed while confidence in memory is undermined. This procedure provides a model of @entity3119 checking and suggests that checking is a counterproductive strategy to reduce memory distrust. The present experiment was carried out to specify the phenomenological quality of memory distrust after checking and to see if repeated checking produces a shift in the memory source that is used to decide about the outcome of checking: from 'remembering' to 'knowing' (Tulving, 1985). Using the same interactive computer-animation, the earlier findings on vividness, detail and confidence were replicated. In addition, it was found that checking made @entity1 endorse quotations from @entity3119 @entity1 (Reed, 1985) expressing a specific ambivalence about memory: 'It is as though the memory is there, but is isn't definite enough', 'I remember doing it in a way, but it's all fuzzy....' And 'I can remember that I've done it. But the memory isn't clear somehow'. This finding adds to the validity of the experimental model. Furthermore, after checking subjects' beliefs about the outcome of checking became based on (general) knowing instead of (specific) remembering. It is suggested that @entity3119 checkers feel a general and relatively strong need to be certain about the veracity of recollections and that they have high standards for memory performance. This may explain earlier findings that @entity3119 checkers have a general tendency to distrust their episodic memory. A need for certainty and a critical attitude towards memory performance may not be problematic or abnormal. It is suggested that clinical problems arise when the @entity1 tries to fight memory distrust by repeated checking. The latter does not reduce distrust but rather increases distrust and the @entity1 may get trapped in a spiral of mutually reinforcing checking behavior and memory distrust.

title: Phenomenological validity of an XXXX -memory model and the remember/know distinction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity3119 :: (MESH:D009771,Disease) :: ['OCD']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To quantify medical costs associated with bone @entity3 in @entity1 with @entity263 . Bone @entity3 in @entity1 with @entity263 are associated with considerable morbidity, negatively impact quality of life, and can add substantially to medical costs, given a median survival of 30-35 months from diagnosis of bone @entity3 . METHODS: A retrospective cost analysis from both a community and university hospital in The Netherlands was conducted. Twenty-eight @entity1 records (14 from each hospital) were investigated to assess the impact of skeletal-related events (SREs), including @entity174 , @entity1745 , and radiotherapy, on total direct medical costs and cost of hospitalization. Costs are given in @entity7634 ( @entity7634 ). RESULTS: The average total cost of treatment was @entity7634 13,051 per @entity1 over the 24-month follow-up period, which includes an average cost of @entity7634 6973 per @entity1 to treat SREs. Treatment of SREs more than doubled total treatment costs. @entity1 in this analysis experienced, on average, one SRE per year, and the cost of SREs varied from @entity7634 1187 to @entity7634 40,948. CONCLUSIONS: Occurrence of SREs contributes significantly to the cost of care for @entity1 with @entity263 . These data suggest that @entity171 , which can reduce @entity158 and SREs, may reduce healthcare costs.

title: Costs of XXXX , metastatic to the bone, in the Netherlands.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'advanced prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, over a 10-year period, the feasibility, efficacy, duration of action and adverse effects of intermittent hormonal therapy (IHT) in @entity1 with advanced @entity263 or biochemical recurrence after radical treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-three @entity1 with @entity263 have been included in an IHT protocol since 1992. Fifty-five @entity1 had already been treated by radical prostatectomy (group A), 35 @entity1 had received radiotherapy or a treatment with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) (group B) and 143 @entity1 had not received any previous treatment (group C). Three-monthly injection of LHRH analogue combined with a non-steroidal antiandrogen was administered during the treatment phase ("on" phase). Treatment was stopped ("off" phase) when the PSA level fell below 4 ng/ml, regardless of the duration of the "on" phase. Criteria for resumption of hormonal therapy were PSA >20 ng/ml, PSA progression slope over the previous three months >5 ng/ml per month or recurrence of @entity158 or urinary symptoms. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 34.9 months (range: 13-151) and the median initial PSA was 28 ng/ml (range: 1-433). Five cycles were performed in the @entity1 with the longest follow-up. The mean duration of cycles was gradually decreased from 19.6 months to 11.8 months. The "on/off" ratio was close to 30% regardless of the cycle or @entity1 group. Ten @entity1 (4%) died from their @entity5 during the study, with a median survival of 42.2 months. Six @entity1 (2.5%) developed @entity158 symptoms during IHT. CONCLUSIONS: IHT ensures medium-term (three years) control of the disease, using a treatment resumption criteria of PSA >20 ng/ml and was not associated with major complications.

title: A 10-year clinical experience with intermittent hormonal therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: In vitro experiments were carried out to study the effects of "respiratory" and "metabolic" acid-base alterations on @entity235 coronary arteries precontracted by high @entity972 . @entity5838 (pH 7.70 +/- 0.02) increased the coronary tone by 33 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05) and @entity520 (pH 7.10 +/- 0.01) decreased it by 30 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). The tension stabilized in approximately 15 mins and its variation was of similar extent whether changes in extracellular pH were produced by changes in PCO2 or in @entity3157 concentration. The contractile changes were not abolished neither by alpha or beta adrenergic blockade nor by endothelium denudation. The effect of pH could not be offset by altering extracellular @entity972 or @entity460 when the plateau of the relationship between contractility of the smooth muscle and concentration of these ions was reached. When tonus developed by the strips and [Ca2+]0 were plotted reciprocally, DTmax significantly increased in @entity5838 and decreased in @entity520 . No significant changes in Ca50 ([ @entity141 ]0 necessary to obtain 50% of maximal force) were detected. pH changes did not modify @entity141 influx but a relaxation of similar extent induced by @entity594 produced a detectable decrease in @entity141 influx. @entity141 efflux was augmented in @entity520 and @entity308 in @entity5838 . Our data do not support the hypothesis of @entity3884 ion changes inducing @entity460 influx alterations in a competitive fashion as the mechanism involved to contract or relax conduit coronary arteries. On the contrary, they suggest that acid-base variations alter the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle by modulating @entity141 efflux.

title: Interaction between XXXX and @entity3884 ions in @entity235 coronary arteries.

entities_list: @entity5838 :: ('MESH:D000471', 'Disease') :: ['Alkalosis', 'alkalosis']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: In vitro experiments were carried out to study the effects of "respiratory" and "metabolic" acid-base alterations on @entity235 coronary arteries precontracted by high @entity972 . @entity5838 (pH 7.70 +/- 0.02) increased the coronary tone by 33 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05) and @entity520 (pH 7.10 +/- 0.01) decreased it by 30 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). The tension stabilized in approximately 15 mins and its variation was of similar extent whether changes in extracellular pH were produced by changes in PCO2 or in @entity3157 concentration. The contractile changes were not abolished neither by alpha or beta adrenergic blockade nor by endothelium denudation. The effect of pH could not be offset by altering extracellular @entity972 or @entity460 when the plateau of the relationship between contractility of the smooth muscle and concentration of these ions was reached. When tonus developed by the strips and [Ca2+]0 were plotted reciprocally, DTmax significantly increased in @entity5838 and decreased in @entity520 . No significant changes in Ca50 ([ @entity141 ]0 necessary to obtain 50% of maximal force) were detected. pH changes did not modify @entity141 influx but a relaxation of similar extent induced by @entity594 produced a detectable decrease in @entity141 influx. @entity141 efflux was augmented in @entity520 and @entity308 in @entity5838 . Our data do not support the hypothesis of @entity3884 ion changes inducing @entity460 influx alterations in a competitive fashion as the mechanism involved to contract or relax conduit coronary arteries. On the contrary, they suggest that acid-base variations alter the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle by modulating @entity141 efflux.

title: Interaction between @entity460 and XXXX ions in @entity235 coronary arteries.

answer: @entity3884 :: (MESH:D006859,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen']


abstract: In vitro experiments were carried out to study the effects of "respiratory" and "metabolic" acid-base alterations on @entity235 coronary arteries precontracted by high @entity972 . @entity5838 (pH 7.70 +/- 0.02) increased the coronary tone by 33 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05) and @entity520 (pH 7.10 +/- 0.01) decreased it by 30 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05). The tension stabilized in approximately 15 mins and its variation was of similar extent whether changes in extracellular pH were produced by changes in PCO2 or in @entity3157 concentration. The contractile changes were not abolished neither by alpha or beta adrenergic blockade nor by endothelium denudation. The effect of pH could not be offset by altering extracellular @entity972 or @entity460 when the plateau of the relationship between contractility of the smooth muscle and concentration of these ions was reached. When tonus developed by the strips and [Ca2+]0 were plotted reciprocally, DTmax significantly increased in @entity5838 and decreased in @entity520 . No significant changes in Ca50 ([ @entity141 ]0 necessary to obtain 50% of maximal force) were detected. pH changes did not modify @entity141 influx but a relaxation of similar extent induced by @entity594 produced a detectable decrease in @entity141 influx. @entity141 efflux was augmented in @entity520 and @entity308 in @entity5838 . Our data do not support the hypothesis of @entity3884 ion changes inducing @entity460 influx alterations in a competitive fashion as the mechanism involved to contract or relax conduit coronary arteries. On the contrary, they suggest that acid-base variations alter the contractile activity of vascular smooth muscle by modulating @entity141 efflux.

title: Interaction between @entity460 and @entity3884 ions in XXXX coronary arteries.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This research aims to describe the effect of standard care (control) versus a clinical management pathway (intervention) on @entity1 length of stay and admission rates during a public health emergency at one Australian ED. METHODS: A retrospective audit of hospital records for @entity1 who presented in May 2013 with @entity1902 -like symptoms was undertaken following a surge in @entity1 presentations from a @entity5746 outbreak. @entity1 who presented with @entity1902 -like symptoms between 15 and 19 May 2013 received care according to a clinical management pathway (intervention). The focus of the intervention was based on symptom management, including a standardised approach to @entity1337 , anti-emetics and rehydration. @entity1 characteristics, such as age and gender are described using descriptive statistics. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous data, and a Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical data, between the two groups. RESULTS: Over an 8 day period, 110 @entity1 presented with @entity1902 -like symptoms. The median length of stay was statistically different between the two groups (P   <   0.001). More @entity1 were admitted to hospital from the control group (n   =   5) when compared with the intervention group (n   =   0); however, given the small number of @entity1 in these groups, inferential statistical analysis was not a reasonable consideration. CONCLUSION: The length of stay for @entity1 between the two groups was statistically different, suggesting that the implementation of a clinical management pathway for @entity1 with @entity1902 -like symptoms reduced the ED length of stay. This finding is useful in future planning for similar public health emergency responses and/or for use when @entity1 present with @entity1902 -like symptoms on a daily basis.

title: Impact of a pilot pathway for the management of @entity1902 -like symptoms in an emergency department: A case study following a XXXX outbreak.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity5746 :: ('MESH:D012480', 'Disease') :: ['Salmonella']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis']

answer: @entity5746 :: (MESH:D012480,Disease) :: ['Salmonella']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This research aims to describe the effect of standard care (control) versus a clinical management pathway (intervention) on @entity1 length of stay and admission rates during a public health emergency at one Australian ED. METHODS: A retrospective audit of hospital records for @entity1 who presented in May 2013 with @entity1902 -like symptoms was undertaken following a surge in @entity1 presentations from a @entity5746 outbreak. @entity1 who presented with @entity1902 -like symptoms between 15 and 19 May 2013 received care according to a clinical management pathway (intervention). The focus of the intervention was based on symptom management, including a standardised approach to @entity1337 , anti-emetics and rehydration. @entity1 characteristics, such as age and gender are described using descriptive statistics. A Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous data, and a Fisher's exact test was used to compare categorical data, between the two groups. RESULTS: Over an 8 day period, 110 @entity1 presented with @entity1902 -like symptoms. The median length of stay was statistically different between the two groups (P   <   0.001). More @entity1 were admitted to hospital from the control group (n   =   5) when compared with the intervention group (n   =   0); however, given the small number of @entity1 in these groups, inferential statistical analysis was not a reasonable consideration. CONCLUSION: The length of stay for @entity1 between the two groups was statistically different, suggesting that the implementation of a clinical management pathway for @entity1 with @entity1902 -like symptoms reduced the ED length of stay. This finding is useful in future planning for similar public health emergency responses and/or for use when @entity1 present with @entity1902 -like symptoms on a daily basis.

title: Impact of a pilot pathway for the management of XXXX -like symptoms in an emergency department: A case study following a @entity5746 outbreak.

answer: @entity1902 :: (MESH:D005759,Disease) :: ['gastroenteritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many older Americans are overweight or @entity28 , but it is unclear whether @entity28 is associated with other nutritional risk indicators. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated sex-associated differences in nutritional risk among community-dwelling, rural older adults and determined whether weight status [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and waist circumference] was related to other measures of nutritional risk. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study explored relations between weight status and nutritional risk, which was determined on the basis of the Level II Screen, overall diet quality, nutrient intakes, and plasma biomarkers. RESULTS: Of the 179 subjects, 44% were overweight (BMI 25-29.9) and 35% were @entity28 (BMI > 30). There were few differences in nutrient intakes between older @entity1 and @entity1 after we controlled for energy intake. In @entity1 , BMI was directly associated with multiple additional nutritional risk indicators, including the number of Level II items (r = 0.30), intakes of fat (r = 0.26) and saturated fat (r = 0.21), and @entity1255 concentration (r = 0.25). Weight status in @entity1 was inversely associated with intakes of @entity3363 (r = -0.25), fiber (r = -0.35), @entity1501 (r = -0.24), @entity1760 (r = -0.29), @entity68 (r = -0.22), and @entity219 (r = -0.23); Healthy Eating Index scores (r = -0.22); and plasma @entity2707 (r = -0.30). Associations with waist circumference were similar. In @entity1 , weight status was associated only with plasma @entity2186 (r = -0.33 for BMI) and @entity2707 (r = -0.24 for waist circumference). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and @entity28 older @entity1 , particularly those living alone, may be at greater nutritional risk than are @entity1 with a high BMI. Targeted nutritional intervention emphasizing nutrient-dense food choices to improve dietary patterns may be warranted.

title: Nutritional risk assessment and XXXX in rural older adults: a sex difference.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity2707 :: ('MESH:D011732', 'Chemical') :: ["pyridoxal 5' phosphate"]

entities_list: @entity2186 :: ('MESH:D014805', 'Chemical') :: ['cobalamin']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence of a preventive effect of whole grain against @entity164 2 @entity6 is mainly based on data from @entity1 . Information specific to @entity1 and @entity1 is needed. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the relation between the intake of whole grain and fiber and the subsequent incidence of @entity164 2 @entity6 . DESIGN: The design was a cohort study of 2286 @entity1 and 2030 @entity1 aged 40-69 y and initially free of @entity6 . Food consumption data were collected from 1966 through 1972 with the use of a dietary history interview covering the habitual diet during the previous year. During a 10-y follow-up, incident @entity164 2 @entity6 cases were identified in 54 @entity1 and 102 @entity1 from a nationwide register. RESULTS: Whole-grain consumption was associated with a reduced risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 . The relative risk (adjusted for age, sex, geographic area, smoking status, body mass index, energy intake, and intakes of vegetables, fruit, and berries) between the highest and lowest quartiles of whole-grain consumption was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.18; P for trend = 0.02). Cereal fiber intake was also associated with a reduced risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 . The relative risk between the extreme quartiles of cereal fiber intake was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.77; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: An inverse association between whole-grain intake and the risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 was found. The similar result for cereal fiber intake suggests that the whole-grain association is due to cereal fiber or another factor related to cereal fiber intake.

title: Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of XXXX 2 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence of a preventive effect of whole grain against @entity164 2 @entity6 is mainly based on data from @entity1 . Information specific to @entity1 and @entity1 is needed. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to study the relation between the intake of whole grain and fiber and the subsequent incidence of @entity164 2 @entity6 . DESIGN: The design was a cohort study of 2286 @entity1 and 2030 @entity1 aged 40-69 y and initially free of @entity6 . Food consumption data were collected from 1966 through 1972 with the use of a dietary history interview covering the habitual diet during the previous year. During a 10-y follow-up, incident @entity164 2 @entity6 cases were identified in 54 @entity1 and 102 @entity1 from a nationwide register. RESULTS: Whole-grain consumption was associated with a reduced risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 . The relative risk (adjusted for age, sex, geographic area, smoking status, body mass index, energy intake, and intakes of vegetables, fruit, and berries) between the highest and lowest quartiles of whole-grain consumption was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.18; P for trend = 0.02). Cereal fiber intake was also associated with a reduced risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 . The relative risk between the extreme quartiles of cereal fiber intake was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.77; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: An inverse association between whole-grain intake and the risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 was found. The similar result for cereal fiber intake suggests that the whole-grain association is due to cereal fiber or another factor related to cereal fiber intake.

title: Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of @entity164 2 XXXX .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: @entity4581 is a relatively new antibiotic of the macrolide family heralded for an improved side effect profile, dosing schedule, and microbiological activity relative to its parent compound, @entity2929 . We review the literature on @entity4581 -induced @entity2359 in adults and present an illustrative case. A total of 38 @entity1 with @entity4581 -induced @entity2359 have been reported. The average age of @entity1 was 51.3 years (range: 19-87 years) with females comprising 52.6% of @entity1 . @entity146 was the most common comorbidity, while only two @entity1 had @entity177 . @entity4581 had been prescribed for @entity1729 in most @entity1 , and only two @entity1 were receiving more than 1000 mg/day of antibiotic. The symptoms started 1 day to 10 days after starting @entity4581 (mean: 5 days). A total of 71% of @entity1 were under treatment with concomitant medication, and eight @entity1 were undergoing treatment with psychoactive drugs. @entity1 had a very good outcome after @entity4581 was discontinued, but medication with neuroleptics or @entity1245 was required for 58% of @entity1 in the acute phase. Only four @entity1 underwent an electroencephalogram (EEG). Our illustrative @entity1 was a 74-year-old @entity1 with @entity4581 -induced @entity933 due to @entity159 ( @entity159 ). Her clinical symptoms and electroencephalogram (EEG) readings dramatically improved after discontinuation of @entity4581 . The mechanism underlying the central nervous system side effects remains unclear. We suggest including an EEG in the diagnostic procedures of @entity1 under treatment with @entity4581 who develop features of @entity2359 because an EEG can help to differentiate @entity1 with @entity146 from those with @entity75 or @entity302 . Because of the widespread use of @entity4581 , clinicians should be aware of its @entity2359 . Early detection of @entity4581 -induced @entity2359 and discontinuation of the drug may result in full recovery.

title: XXXX -induced @entity2359 in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric illness', 'Psychiatric illness']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity4581 :: ('MESH:D017291', 'Chemical') :: ['Clarithromycin', 'clarithromycin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['NCSE', 'non-convulsive status epilepticus']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity4581 :: (MESH:D017291,Chemical) :: ['Clarithromycin']


abstract: @entity4581 is a relatively new antibiotic of the macrolide family heralded for an improved side effect profile, dosing schedule, and microbiological activity relative to its parent compound, @entity2929 . We review the literature on @entity4581 -induced @entity2359 in adults and present an illustrative case. A total of 38 @entity1 with @entity4581 -induced @entity2359 have been reported. The average age of @entity1 was 51.3 years (range: 19-87 years) with females comprising 52.6% of @entity1 . @entity146 was the most common comorbidity, while only two @entity1 had @entity177 . @entity4581 had been prescribed for @entity1729 in most @entity1 , and only two @entity1 were receiving more than 1000 mg/day of antibiotic. The symptoms started 1 day to 10 days after starting @entity4581 (mean: 5 days). A total of 71% of @entity1 were under treatment with concomitant medication, and eight @entity1 were undergoing treatment with psychoactive drugs. @entity1 had a very good outcome after @entity4581 was discontinued, but medication with neuroleptics or @entity1245 was required for 58% of @entity1 in the acute phase. Only four @entity1 underwent an electroencephalogram (EEG). Our illustrative @entity1 was a 74-year-old @entity1 with @entity4581 -induced @entity933 due to @entity159 ( @entity159 ). Her clinical symptoms and electroencephalogram (EEG) readings dramatically improved after discontinuation of @entity4581 . The mechanism underlying the central nervous system side effects remains unclear. We suggest including an EEG in the diagnostic procedures of @entity1 under treatment with @entity4581 who develop features of @entity2359 because an EEG can help to differentiate @entity1 with @entity146 from those with @entity75 or @entity302 . Because of the widespread use of @entity4581 , clinicians should be aware of its @entity2359 . Early detection of @entity4581 -induced @entity2359 and discontinuation of the drug may result in full recovery.

title: @entity4581 -induced XXXX in adults.

answer: @entity2359 :: (MESH:D020258,Disease) :: ['neurotoxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A high birth weight has been suggested to increase the later risk of @entity28 , as measured by body mass index, but, paradoxically, to decrease the later propensity to @entity65 . Programming of more lean tissue rather than fat mass by a high birth weight might explain this paradox and also explain the association of birth weight with later body mass index. This concept has been inadequately tested. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that a high birth weight programs a greater proportion of lean mass in @entity1 and adolescents. DESIGN: Body fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by both skinfold-thickness measurement and bioelectrical impedance analysis in adolescents aged 13-16 y (n = 78) who were part of a study that investigated the early origins of @entity65 . Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a separate group of younger @entity1 . RESULTS: An increase in birth weight of 1 SD was significantly associated with a 0.9-1.4-kg (2-3%) increase in fat-free mass in adolescents but not with an increase in fat mass. This association was independent of age, sex, height, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Similar observations were made in younger @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that fetal growth, measured by birth weight, programs lean mass later in life. Our observations may therefore explain the association of birth weight with body mass index and have implications for the early origins of both @entity28 and @entity65 .

title: Programming of lean body mass: a link between birth weight, @entity28 , and XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A high birth weight has been suggested to increase the later risk of @entity28 , as measured by body mass index, but, paradoxically, to decrease the later propensity to @entity65 . Programming of more lean tissue rather than fat mass by a high birth weight might explain this paradox and also explain the association of birth weight with later body mass index. This concept has been inadequately tested. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that a high birth weight programs a greater proportion of lean mass in @entity1 and adolescents. DESIGN: Body fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by both skinfold-thickness measurement and bioelectrical impedance analysis in adolescents aged 13-16 y (n = 78) who were part of a study that investigated the early origins of @entity65 . Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a separate group of younger @entity1 . RESULTS: An increase in birth weight of 1 SD was significantly associated with a 0.9-1.4-kg (2-3%) increase in fat-free mass in adolescents but not with an increase in fat mass. This association was independent of age, sex, height, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, and physical activity. Similar observations were made in younger @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the hypothesis that fetal growth, measured by birth weight, programs lean mass later in life. Our observations may therefore explain the association of birth weight with body mass index and have implications for the early origins of both @entity28 and @entity65 .

title: Programming of lean body mass: a link between birth weight, XXXX , and @entity65 ?

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate feasibility and results of automated perimetry in veterans with combat blast neurotrauma. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal, observational case series. @entity1 : Sixty-one @entity1 in a Veterans Affairs Polytrauma Center diagnosed with @entity131 ( @entity131 ) from combat blast exposure. METHODS: Study @entity1 underwent automated perimetry at baseline (median interval, 2 months after injury) (Humphrey Field Analyzer, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm 30-2 Standard or Fast), and 36 of them were followed up (median interval, 10 months after baseline). Presence of significant mean deviation and pattern standard deviation was determined for testing with reliability indices  <=20% for fixation loss, 15% for false-positives, and 33% for false-negatives. Test-retest stability of global visual field indices was assessed for tests with these cutoffs or with elevated fixation loss. Associations between global @entity227 and predictors were examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Global visual field indices (mean deviation and pattern standard deviation). RESULTS: Among 61 study @entity1 (109 study eyes) with baseline testing, a field that met reliability cutoffs was obtained for 48 @entity1 (79%) and 78 eyes (72%). Fixation loss was found in 29% of eyes in initial testing. Nine study @entity1 (15%) demonstrated @entity1805 or @entity1805 , and an additional 36% had an abnormal global visual field index. Global indices were relatively stable at follow-up testing for tests meeting fixation-loss cutoffs and tests that did not. @entity227 due to post-chiasmal lesions were associated with moderate to severe @entity131 or penetrating @entity542 , but other @entity227 were prevalent across the range of mild to severe @entity131 . @entity4858 to the retina or choroid, poorer visual acuity, and @entity2300 were associated with @entity227 . @entity1 with @entity227 reported lower visual quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Reliable automated perimetry can be accomplished in most @entity1 with @entity131 from combat blast exposure and reveals high rates of @entity227 , indicating that blast forces may significantly affect the eye and visual pathways.

title: Automated Perimetry and Visual Dysfunction in Blast-Related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field deficits', 'depressed visual field sensitivity', 'Visual scotomas', 'visual field defects']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity4858 :: ('MESH:D005131', 'Disease') :: ['Ocular injury']

entities_list: @entity1805 :: ('MESH:D006423', 'Disease') :: ['hemianopia', 'quadrantanopia']

entities_list: @entity2300 :: ('MESH:D011681', 'Disease') :: ['pupillary defect']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['Traumatic Brain Injury']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Normalization of data, by choosing the appropriate reference genes (RGs), is fundamental for obtaining reliable results in reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In this study, we assessed Actinidia deliciosa leaves inoculated with two doses of @entity3437 . actinidiae during a period of 13 days for the expression profile of nine candidate RGs. Their expression stability was calculated using four algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the deltaCt method. @entity16335 dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were the most stable genes, while b-tubulin and 7s-globulin were the less stable. Expression analysis of three target genes, chosen for RGs validation, encoding the reactive @entity26 species scavenging enzymes @entity9050 peroxidase (APX), @entity224 dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) indicated that a combination of stable RGs, such as GAPDH and PP2A, can lead to an accurate quantification of the expression levels of such target genes. The APX level varied during the experiment time course and according to the inoculum doses, whereas both SOD and CAT resulted down-regulated during the first four days, and up-regulated afterwards, irrespective of inoculum dose. These results can be useful for better elucidating the molecular interaction in the A. deliciosa/P. s. pv. actinidiae pathosystem and for RGs selection in bacteria-plant pathosystems.

title: Reference gene selection for normalization of RT-qPCR gene expression data from Actinidia deliciosa leaves infected with XXXX pv. actinidiae.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3437 :: ('317', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas syringae pv']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity9050 :: ('CHEBI:38290', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbate']

entities_list: @entity16335 :: ('MESH:D005986', 'Chemical') :: ['Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate']

answer: @entity3437 :: (317,Species) :: ['Pseudomonas syringae']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the demonstration of the pearl necklace sign at magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in @entity1 with proven adenomyomatosis and @entity1086 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRCP findings and those of a combination of unenhanced and arterial phase computed tomography (CT) and arterial phase MR imaging were retrospectively compared in 29 @entity1 who were pathologically proven to have @entity1085 and in 18 @entity1 with pathologically proven @entity1086 . Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used with a five-point confidence scale. The relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each imaging modality were also calculated. The pearl necklace sign was defined on MRCP images as small round foci, with the same markedly high signal intensity as bile, within the thickened wall of the gallbladder. RESULTS: The mean area under the ROC curve of MRCP alone and that of the combination of MRCP and arterial phase MR imaging was significantly higher than that of combined CT (unenhanced and arterial phase) and arterial phase MR imaging alone (P <.01). The relative sensitivities in the diagnosis of @entity1085 were 24% for the combined CT, 29% for arterial phase MR imaging, 62% for MRCP, and 57% for the combination of MRCP and arterial phase MR imaging. The mean relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the pearl necklace sign on MRCP images were 62%, 92%, and 74%, respectively. In eight (28%) of 29 @entity1 with @entity1085 , the pearl necklace sign was not identified by all three readers on the MRCP images. CONCLUSION: The pearl necklace sign, which indicates the presence of @entity26128 within the thickened gallbladder wall, was specifically detected at MRCP for @entity1085 .

title: The pearl necklace sign: an imaging sign of XXXX at MR cholangiopancreatography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder']

entities_list: @entity26128 :: ('MESH:C535869', 'Disease') :: ['Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the gallbladder', 'gallbladder carcinoma']

answer: @entity1085 :: (MESH:D005705,Disease) :: ['adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features in @entity1 with proved @entity2869 and to compare these features with those in a matched group of @entity1 with proved @entity292 in ano to determine the accuracy with which MR imaging can be used to distinguish between the two diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven @entity1 with @entity2869 underwent MR imaging with a body coil. The site and morphology of @entity295 were noted, with particular reference to natal @entity2419 and @entity295 , including intersphincteric anal canal @entity295 and any enteric communication. Comparison was made with 14 age- and sex-matched @entity1 with @entity292 in ano. Categoric frequencies were compared to calculate differences between the groups and sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values. RESULTS: All @entity1 with @entity2869 had natal @entity2419 , but five (71%) had @entity295 at deep-seated sites more characteristic of @entity292 in ano. Eight @entity1 with @entity292 in ano (57%) had natal @entity2419 that was thought characteristic of @entity2869 . No @entity1 with @entity2869 had @entity295 or an enteric communication, in contrast to all @entity1 with @entity292 in ano having both (P <.001). Natal @entity2419 reached the subcutaneous tissues overlying the coccyx and sacrum in only one @entity1 with @entity292 (7%), in contrast to six (86%) with @entity2869 (P <.001). MR imaging had a sensitivity of 86% (six of seven), specificity of 100% (14 of 14), positive predictive value of 100% (six of six), and negative predictive value of 93% (14 of 15) for diagnosis of @entity2869 . CONCLUSION: MR imaging features of @entity295 , characteristic of @entity292 in ano, are also found in @entity1 with @entity2869 , but the absence of @entity295 or enteric opening allows reliable MR imaging distinction between the two.

title: @entity2869 : MR imaging distinction from XXXX in ano.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'perianal and deep-seated sepsis', 'intersphincteric sepsis', 'deep-seated sepsis']

entities_list: @entity2869 :: ('MESH:D010864', 'Disease') :: ['pilonidal sinus', 'pilonidal sinus disease']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['cleft sepsis']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistula']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features in @entity1 with proved @entity2869 and to compare these features with those in a matched group of @entity1 with proved @entity292 in ano to determine the accuracy with which MR imaging can be used to distinguish between the two diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven @entity1 with @entity2869 underwent MR imaging with a body coil. The site and morphology of @entity295 were noted, with particular reference to natal @entity2419 and @entity295 , including intersphincteric anal canal @entity295 and any enteric communication. Comparison was made with 14 age- and sex-matched @entity1 with @entity292 in ano. Categoric frequencies were compared to calculate differences between the groups and sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values. RESULTS: All @entity1 with @entity2869 had natal @entity2419 , but five (71%) had @entity295 at deep-seated sites more characteristic of @entity292 in ano. Eight @entity1 with @entity292 in ano (57%) had natal @entity2419 that was thought characteristic of @entity2869 . No @entity1 with @entity2869 had @entity295 or an enteric communication, in contrast to all @entity1 with @entity292 in ano having both (P <.001). Natal @entity2419 reached the subcutaneous tissues overlying the coccyx and sacrum in only one @entity1 with @entity292 (7%), in contrast to six (86%) with @entity2869 (P <.001). MR imaging had a sensitivity of 86% (six of seven), specificity of 100% (14 of 14), positive predictive value of 100% (six of six), and negative predictive value of 93% (14 of 15) for diagnosis of @entity2869 . CONCLUSION: MR imaging features of @entity295 , characteristic of @entity292 in ano, are also found in @entity1 with @entity2869 , but the absence of @entity295 or enteric opening allows reliable MR imaging distinction between the two.

title: XXXX : MR imaging distinction from @entity292 in ano.

answer: @entity2869 :: (MESH:D010864,Disease) :: ['Pilonidal sinus disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The efficacy of @entity5275 ( @entity5275 ) is sufficiently proven in @entity385 @entity1 of middle and older age by means of randomized controlled trials and large observational studies. However, data in young @entity64 @entity1  <=50   years are still scarce. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of @entity5275 in young adults aged 18-50   years. Data from a consecutive and prospective @entity64 registry was analyzed that covers a federal state with 10.8 million inhabitants in southwest Germany. METHODS: Our analysis comprises 51,735 @entity385 @entity1 aged 18-80   years and hospitalized from January 2008 to December 2012. Of these, 4,140 (8%) were aged 18-50   years and 7,529 (15%) underwent @entity5275 . Data on 8,439 @entity1 (16% of the study population) were missing for National Institutes of @entity64 severity score at admission and/or modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge and were excluded from outcome analysis. In sensitivity analysis, @entity1 with incomplete data were also examined. Binary logistic regression models were used adjusted for @entity1 , hospital, and procedural parameters and stratified by age group (18-50 and 51-80   years, subgroup analyses 18-30, 31-40, and 41-50   years) to assess the relationship between @entity5275 and mRS at discharge. RESULTS: @entity5275 appears equally effective in young adults 18-50   years (adjusted odds ratio 1.40, 95% confidence interval 1.12-1.75; p   =   0.003), compared to @entity1 51-80   years of age (1.33, 1.23-1.43; p   <   0.001). Age-stratified analyses suggest an inverse relation of age and effectiveness, which appears to be highest in very young @entity1 18-30   years of age (2.78, 1.10-7.05; p   =   0.03). DISCUSSION: @entity385 etiology, vascular dynamics, and recovery in young @entity1 differ from those of middle and older age. The evidence from routine hospital care in Germany indicates that @entity5275 in young @entity64 @entity1 appears to be at least equally effective as in the elderly.

title: Intravenous Thrombolysis is Effective in Young Adults: Results from the Baden-Wuerttemberg XXXX Registry.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['Health stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity5275 :: ('MESH:D015819', 'Disease') :: ['IVT', 'intravenous thrombolysis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke', 'Ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Induction of mixed or complete chimerism via hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from nonautoimmune donors could prevent or reverse @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ). In clinical settings, HLA-matched HCT is preferred to facilitate engraftment and reduce the risk for @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ). Yet autoimmune @entity1723 susceptibility is associated with certain HLA types. Therefore, we tested whether induction of mixed chimerism with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched donors could reverse @entity792 in the NOD @entity19 model of @entity1723 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Prediabetic wild-type or transgenic BDC2.5 NOD @entity19 were conditioned with a radiation-free @entity2132 preventative anti- @entity5168 /CD8 conditioning regimen and transplanted with bone marrow (BM) from MHC-matched or mismatched donors to induce mixed or complete chimerism. @entity1723 development and thymic deletion of host-type autoreactive T-cells in the chimeric recipients were evaluated. RESULTS: Induction of mixed chimerism with MHC-matched nonautoimmune donor BM transplants did not prevent @entity1723 in wild-type NOD @entity19 , although induction of complete chimerism did prevent the disease. However, induction of either mixed or complete chimerism with MHC-mismatched BM transplants prevented @entity1723 in such @entity19 . Furthermore, induction of mixed chimerism in transgenic BDC2.5-NOD @entity19 with MHC-matched or -mismatched @entity8200 (-/-) BM transplants failed to induce thymic deletion of de novo developed host-type autoreactive T-cells, whereas induction of mixed chimerism with mismatched BM transplants did. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of mixed chimerism with MHC-mismatched, but not matched, donor BM transplants re-establishes thymic deletion of host-type autoreactive T-cells and prevents @entity1723 , with donor antigen-presenting cell expression of mismatched @entity8200 molecules being required.

title: Induction of mixed chimerism with MHC-mismatched but not matched bone marrow transplants results in thymic deletion of host-type autoreactive T-cells in NOD XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['T1D', 'type 1 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft versus host disease']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Discontinuation of low-dose @entity117 ( @entity1281 ) therapy may increase the risk of @entity63 events. This study evaluated the risk of @entity385 ( @entity385 ) and @entity4905 after low-dose @entity1281 discontinuation in @entity1 with @entity65 or @entity66 . METHODS: The Health Improvement Network UK primary care database was used to identify a cohort of individuals aged 50-84 years with a first prescription for low-dose @entity1281 (75-300 mg/day) for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events in 2000-2007 (n = 39,512). Individuals were followed up for a mean of 3.4 years to identify cases of @entity385 / @entity4905 . Nested case-control analyses were used to assess risk factors for @entity385 / @entity4905 , including low-dose @entity1281 discontinuation. RESULTS: The overall incidence of @entity385 / @entity4905 was 5.0 per 1,000 @entity1 -years (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6-5.4). @entity385 / @entity4905 was significantly more common in @entity1 with a previous diagnosis of @entity66 (relative risk [RR] 2.79; 95% CI 2.05-3.80) or @entity955 ( @entity4736 .71; 95% CI 1.28-2.29) than in those without these conditions. Compared with current users of low-dose @entity1281 , those who discontinued treatment 31-180 days before the index date had a significantly increased overall risk of @entity385 / @entity4905 ( @entity4736 .40; 95% CI 1.03-1.92). The most common reason for discontinuation was @entity1 nonadherence. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 prescribed low-dose @entity1281 for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, discontinuation of low-dose @entity1281 was associated with a 40% increase in the risk of @entity385 / @entity4905 compared with continuation of therapy. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that discontinuation of low-dose @entity1281 is associated with a 40% increased risk of @entity64 within 31-180 days of discontinuation.

title: Increased risk of @entity64 after discontinuation of XXXX : a UK primary care study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylsalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke', 'IS']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['acetylsalicylic acid']