abstract: Twenty-seven @entity1 with soft tissue @entity242 had preoperative radiotherapy, limb-sparing marginal surgical resection and whole-mount @entity5 histologic analysis. Incisional biopsy specimens before radiotherapy were reviewed for @entity5 type, grade, and extent of @entity39 . Preoperative radiotherapy was given in either of two regimens: 13 @entity1 received a mean total dose of 5250 cGy in one daily 180 to 200 cGy fractions and 14 @entity1 a mean total dose of 4770 cGy in two daily fractions of 180 to 200 cGy separated by 4 hours. Twenty-one specimens had at least 80% @entity39 or severely altered cells, a 3+ to 4+ response. Grade and size of the @entity5 appeared to be indicators of response to treatment rather than histologic type. Three of five @entity1 (60%) with Grade 1, eight of 11 @entity1 (73%) with Grade 2 lesions, and ten of 11 @entity1 (91%) with Grade 3 @entity5 had 80% or greater @entity39 or severely altered cells. For @entity5 10 cm or less in greatest diameter, the 3+ to 4+ histologic response was seen in 12 of 14 @entity1 (86%) whereas for lesions greater than 10 cm, this response was observed in nine of 13 @entity1 (69%). For @entity1 with Grade 2 or 3 soft tissue @entity242 , 13 of 14 @entity1 (93%) treated with two fractions per day and two of four @entity1 (50%) receiving one fraction per day exhibited significant response. All six @entity1 treated twice daily for lesions greater than 10 cm had 3+ to 4+ histologic response compared to three of seven (43%) @entity1 treated once per day. Therefore, grade and size of soft tissue @entity242 are important predictors of response to radiotherapy and preoperative twice daily radiotherapy may more likely permit the conservative surgical excision of @entity242 of borderline resectability.

title: The histologic response of soft tissue XXXX to radiation therapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcoma']


abstract: Multiple colposcopic biopsy specimens were collected from 160 @entity1 , with sampling of principal @entity6068 as well as secondary areas of either minor acetowhitening or normal epithelium. Papillomaviral @entity3141 was detected by Southern blot hybridization in 197 (90%) of the 218 principal biopsy specimens and 93 (46%) of 198 secondary biopsy specimens. Although different papillomaviruses were found at different sites in 31 @entity1 , only six of 416 specimens contained multiple types within the same sample. Specific viral types were associated with specific disease patterns. Only one of 80 type 6 or 11 @entity281 had a diagnosis greater than @entity3146 , grade 2. In contrast, 42 of 48 (90%) biopsy specimens of @entity3146 , grade 3, or invasive @entity5 contained type 16, 18, or 31. Nonetheless, 12 of 124 (10%) cases of @entity6205 and @entity3146 , grade 1, were associated with types 16, 18, and 31 @entity281 . Of 58 @entity1 with @entity66 , 46 had positive hybridizations for both @entity6068 (32 showing the same type in both samples and 14 showing different viruses). Differing patterns of papillomavirus-induced disease arise partly from the predilection of specific viral types for certain anatomic sites and partly through variations in host response. Detection of viral deoxyribonucleic acid in 46% of the secondary biopsy specimens suggests that disease expression may represent focal breakdown of host surveillance within a field of latent @entity281 .

title: Sexually transmitted XXXX . I. The anatomic distribution and pathologic grade of neoplastic lesions associated with different viral types.

entities_list: @entity3141 :: ('CHEBI:16991', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxyribonucleic acid']

entities_list: @entity6205 :: ('MESH:D062688', 'Disease') :: ['condyloma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multicentric disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['papillomaviral infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity6068 :: ('MESH:D014845', 'Disease') :: ['cervical and vulvar lesions']

entities_list: @entity3146 :: ('MESH:D018290', 'Disease') :: ['cervical intraepithelial neoplasia']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['papillomaviral infections']


abstract: A new mechanism for activation of the proactivator of procollagenase [Vater, Nagase _ Harris (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9374-9382] has been found. Collagenolytic and other proteolytic enzyme activities in the medium of cultured @entity95 synovial fibroblasts were found to be activated by a new mechanism: short-term incubation at 37 degrees C performed in the presence of @entity4527 followed by replacement of @entity141 during enzyme assay. The crucial event in procollagenase activation is the production of a functional activator enzyme. Activation of procollagenase in the culture medium did not occur when proactivator was removed by immunoprecipitation. Proteolytic activity of proactivator was fully activated, whereas procollagenase alone could not be activated by the same sequence. @entity4527 treatment of the culture medium at 0 degrees C did not result in enzyme activation if @entity141 was replaced before incubation at 37 degrees C. Certain other bivalent metal ions (e.g. @entity23618 , @entity3280 , @entity8862 and @entity3281 ) could substitute for @entity141 to stabilize the proactivator as a zymogen and therefore prevent the appearance of proteolytic activity in culture medium. Isolation of proactivator and procollagenase from @entity4527 -treated radiolabelled culture medium by immunoprecipitation and subsequent analyses by fluorography revealed that a time-dependent proteolysis of both molecules occurred after replacement of @entity141 and incubation at 37 degrees C. However, comparison of enzyme activity with fluorographic analyses showed that the maximal activation of both enzymes was achieved before any detectable decrease in Mr. The results suggest that the activation of proactivator and the subsequent activation of procollagenase may be initiated by conformational changes in structure of the proactivator molecule produced by removal of stabilizing bivalent metal ions.

title: Proactivator-dependent activation of procollagenase induced by treatment with XXXX .

answer: @entity4527 :: (MESH:D004533,Chemical) :: ['EGTA']


abstract: A single treatment of @entity1300 ( @entity1300 ) (50 micrograms/kg) produced two distinct effects on adrenal steroidogenesis in @entity35 13 days post-treatment. In unstressed @entity35 , the very low @entity2819 levels early in the light phase (AM) increased 4-fold relative to @entity23 ( @entity23 ) @entity35 , but the peak level of @entity2819 that is seen late in the light phase (PM) decreased up to 40% relative to @entity23 @entity35 . The AM stimulation was also observed in @entity35 pair-fed to compensate for the diminished feed intake of @entity1300 -treated animals, indicating that the change results from nutritional deprivation. The PM suppression, however, was not observed in pair-fed @entity35 . In @entity35 given a lower dose of @entity1300 (15 micrograms/kg), there was no AM stimulation, whereas the suppression of the PM diurnal peak of @entity2819 was retained. Plasma @entity3317 (ACTH) levels and adrenal size were not changed by these treatments, indicating that @entity1300 affects adrenal responsiveness. @entity1300 did not, however, have a significant effect on @entity2819 secretion in @entity35 receiving high doses of ACTH. In control animals, the availability of @entity165 to @entity7816 limits the rate of steroidogenesis. While the specific content of the cytochrome was unaffected by @entity1300 , @entity165 turnover by this enzyme appeared to be affected following @entity1300 treatment, as evidenced by small increases in the mitochondrial levels of free @entity165 , reactive @entity165 , and in the proportion of @entity7816 complexed with @entity165 relative to both ad libitum- and pair-fed controls. This accumulation of mitochondrial @entity165 following @entity1300 treatment is consistent with an inhibition of @entity165 metabolism at @entity7816 in vivo that is removed upon isolation of the mitochondria. These @entity1300 -induced increases were enhanced substantially in ACTH-stimulated @entity35 , probably because ACTH enhances @entity165 influx into the mitochondria. Normally, substrate availability is rate limiting in @entity165 side-chain cleavage, and the AM stimulation of steroidogenesis by @entity1300 may result from such increased @entity165 transfer. The inhibition of @entity165 side-chain cleavage resulting from @entity1300 treatment may, however, only become rate limiting for @entity2819 synthesis when @entity165 transfer is more substantially activated, as for peak PM secretion.

title: Altered regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis in XXXX -treated @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['ALC', 'ad libitum-fed control']

entities_list: @entity3317 :: ('MESH:D000324', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenocorticotropin']

entities_list: @entity1300 :: ('MESH:D013749', 'Chemical') :: ['TCDD', '2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1300 :: (MESH:D013749,Chemical) :: ['2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin']


abstract: A single treatment of @entity1300 ( @entity1300 ) (50 micrograms/kg) produced two distinct effects on adrenal steroidogenesis in @entity35 13 days post-treatment. In unstressed @entity35 , the very low @entity2819 levels early in the light phase (AM) increased 4-fold relative to @entity23 ( @entity23 ) @entity35 , but the peak level of @entity2819 that is seen late in the light phase (PM) decreased up to 40% relative to @entity23 @entity35 . The AM stimulation was also observed in @entity35 pair-fed to compensate for the diminished feed intake of @entity1300 -treated animals, indicating that the change results from nutritional deprivation. The PM suppression, however, was not observed in pair-fed @entity35 . In @entity35 given a lower dose of @entity1300 (15 micrograms/kg), there was no AM stimulation, whereas the suppression of the PM diurnal peak of @entity2819 was retained. Plasma @entity3317 (ACTH) levels and adrenal size were not changed by these treatments, indicating that @entity1300 affects adrenal responsiveness. @entity1300 did not, however, have a significant effect on @entity2819 secretion in @entity35 receiving high doses of ACTH. In control animals, the availability of @entity165 to @entity7816 limits the rate of steroidogenesis. While the specific content of the cytochrome was unaffected by @entity1300 , @entity165 turnover by this enzyme appeared to be affected following @entity1300 treatment, as evidenced by small increases in the mitochondrial levels of free @entity165 , reactive @entity165 , and in the proportion of @entity7816 complexed with @entity165 relative to both ad libitum- and pair-fed controls. This accumulation of mitochondrial @entity165 following @entity1300 treatment is consistent with an inhibition of @entity165 metabolism at @entity7816 in vivo that is removed upon isolation of the mitochondria. These @entity1300 -induced increases were enhanced substantially in ACTH-stimulated @entity35 , probably because ACTH enhances @entity165 influx into the mitochondria. Normally, substrate availability is rate limiting in @entity165 side-chain cleavage, and the AM stimulation of steroidogenesis by @entity1300 may result from such increased @entity165 transfer. The inhibition of @entity165 side-chain cleavage resulting from @entity1300 treatment may, however, only become rate limiting for @entity2819 synthesis when @entity165 transfer is more substantially activated, as for peak PM secretion.

title: Altered regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis in @entity1300 -treated XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: In view of the reports of possible beneficial effects of @entity1510 in @entity303 , rationales and strategies for studying endogenous opiate systems are reviewed. Important considerations in the design and interpretation of clinical investigations using @entity1510 are also reviewed. The nature and distribution of endogenous opiate systems are summarized from an historical perspective. Endogenous opiate systems are distributed throughout the central nervous system and play important roles in a variety of brain functions, including memory and learning. In view of this, several rationales are evident for studying endogenous opiate systems in @entity303 , since it is a syndrome in which structures known to contain opiate systems are disturbed, functions modulated by opiate systems are disturbed, and other neurotransmitter systems (functionally linked to endogenous opiate systems) are disturbed. Different strategies for studying endogenous opiate systems are reviewed, including examination of body fluids and pharmacologic challenge studies. @entity1510 , a competitive opiate receptor antagonist, is a commonly used pharmacologic agent. The design of a multidose @entity1510 study of 12 @entity303 @entity1 is discussed, with reference to the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and specificity of @entity1510 as well as to the nature of the dependent measures selected for this study. No cognitive benefit was observed in this study. Behavioral arousal was observed at @entity1510 doses, with more evident psychomotor retardation at higher doses. These findings are contrasted with the results of @entity1510 challenges in other studies. The varying effects of @entity1510 within and across populations can be conceptualized in terms of the basic and clinical considerations previously discussed. The importance of dose-finding studies is stressed for this and other drug trials.

title: Design and interpretation of opiate antagonist trials in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone hydrochloride', 'naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: Beta adrenergic relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, mediated by @entity1919 , is blunted with age in a variety of experimental animals. The applicability of these observations to @entity1 is uncertain. The dorsal hand vein technique provides an excellent method to examine the direct effects of aging on vascular responsiveness. Thirty-nine healthy male volunteers over the age range of 19 to 79 were studied. No differences in vascular responsiveness to @entity2647 , an alpha adrenergic agonist, were found for either the ED50 (dose producing 50% vasoconstriction) or Emax (maximum vasoconstriction attained). In marked contrast, vascular relaxation induced by @entity3044 , @entity477 adrenergic agonist, was significantly different in both the ED50 (dose producing 50% of maximum relaxation from a preconstricted state) and Emax (maximum relaxation attained). ED50 +/- S.E.M. for the youngest and oldest deciles were 8.9 +/- 2.3 and 60 +/- 17.0 ng/min, respectively (P less than .05); Emax +/- S.E.M. were 96.7 +/- 3.3 and 37.7 +/- 8.7%, respectively (P less than .001). @entity1242 , a smooth muscle relaxant whose effects are not mediated through the @entity1919 system, was also used to examine the specificity of this blunted response to @entity3044 . Almost complete relaxation was achieved with the infusion of @entity1242 in the older group. These results suggest that aging is associated with a specific decrease in beta adrenoreceptor-mediated vascular relaxation.

title: Decline in beta adrenergic receptor-mediated vascular relaxation with aging in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitroglycerin', 'nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of @entity1547 and risk factors in outpatients of the Pediatric Ambulatory of the Pedro Ernesto University Hospital aging up to 36 months. After signing informed consent forms, the parents answered a structured questionnaire in order to evaluate risk factors for @entity1547 , including socioeconomic status, oral hygiene and dietary habits. A single investigator carried out the dental examination which assessed the presence of @entity1547 , biofilm and @entity548 . The data were analyzed by means of the Epi Info program, utilizing the chi-squared test. The @entity1 's mean age was 22.9 months. The prevalence of @entity1547 , including @entity62 , was 41.6%, and the mean def-s was 1.7 (+/- 2.5). The most affected teeth were the maxillary incisors, and the most common lesion was the white spot. No significant associations were found between the prevalence of @entity1547 and socioeconomic status, frequency of oral hygiene, nocturnal bottle- and breast-feeding or cariogenic food and beverage intake during the day. However, the association between @entity1547 and @entity1697 (dental biofilm) was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The results suggest that the presence of a thick biofilm was the most important factor for the occurrence of early childhood @entity1547 in the evaluated sample.

title: Caries prevalence and risk factors among XXXX aged 0 to 36 months.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['oral hygiene quality']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['gingival bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['caries', 'dental caries']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white spot lesions']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Our objective was to study the coexistence of lower thoracic-spine disc changes in @entity1 with @entity1643 using a large field of view (FOV) in lumbar spine MR imaging. One hundred fifty @entity1 with @entity1643 were referred to an MR examination. All @entity1 were studied with a large FOV (27 cm), covering from the coccyx to at least the body of T11. Discs were coded as normal, protrusion, and extrusion (either epiphyseal or intervertebral). The relationship between @entity66 and level was established with the Pearson chi(2) test. The T11-12 was the most commonly affected level of the lower thoracic spine with 58 disc cases rated as abnormal. Abnormalities of T11-12 and T12-L1 discs were significantly related only to L1-L2 disease ( p=0.001 and p=0.004, respectively) but unrelated to other @entity66 , @entity1 's gender, and age. No correlation was found between other discs. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine can detect a great amount of lower thoracic disease, although its clinical significance remains unknown. A statistically significant relation was found within the thoracolumbar junctional region (T11-L2), reflecting common pathoanatomical changes. The absence of relation with lower lumbar spine discs is probably due to differences in their pathomechanisms.

title: Concomitant lower thoracic spine XXXX in lumbar spine MR imaging studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['disc disease']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['disc disease']


abstract: The aetiology of cavitating @entity5719 (cPVL) involves pre and perinatal factors. Early postnatal @entity619 has been associated with an increase in @entity306 but its role in the development of PVL remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: (1) Reevaluate major factors associated with cPVL, (2) Evaluate the potential effect of early postnatal @entity619 . METHOD: This retrospective case-control study (matched for gestational age, birth weight, twin pregnancy and date of birth) compared 50 premature @entity1 with cPVL diagnosed between D7 and D45 from 1995 to 2000 and 50 matched control newborns with normal serial neurosonograms. A data base with 97 selected perinatal variables was used to perform logistic regression analysis in controlling confounding variables, the results are expressed as adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The two populations were comparable for gestational age (median: 29.3 weeks, range: 24.4-34.7) and birth-weight (1297 g, 645-2130 g). The annual incidence of cPVL in preterm @entity1 with a gestational age < 33 weeks varied from 1995 to 2000: 1.3%, 4.5%, 13.4%, 2.1%, 3%, 2.9%. Early postnatal @entity619 was used in 23 of the newborns who developed cPVL (between november 1996 and march 1998). The only antenatal factor associated with cPVL was cardiac decelerations (28% vs 14%, OR = 3.4, 1.1-11.3). The postnatal risk factors were @entity649 requiring the use of rescue surfactant (78% vs 38%, OR = 4.2, 1.4-11.9) and early postnatal @entity619 at the time it was used (78% vs 17%, OR = 17.1, 3.9-73). CONCLUSION: The use of rescue surfactant and of early postnatal @entity619 in preterm @entity1 with @entity649 were independently associated with the subsequent occurrence of cPVL. Cardiac deceleration was the only antenatal factor associated with cPVL.

title: [ @entity649 , early postnatal corticoid therapy and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity5719 :: ('MESH:D007969', 'Disease') :: ['periventricular leukomalacia']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity5719 :: (MESH:D007969,Disease) :: ['periventricular leukomalacia']


abstract: The aetiology of cavitating @entity5719 (cPVL) involves pre and perinatal factors. Early postnatal @entity619 has been associated with an increase in @entity306 but its role in the development of PVL remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES: (1) Reevaluate major factors associated with cPVL, (2) Evaluate the potential effect of early postnatal @entity619 . METHOD: This retrospective case-control study (matched for gestational age, birth weight, twin pregnancy and date of birth) compared 50 premature @entity1 with cPVL diagnosed between D7 and D45 from 1995 to 2000 and 50 matched control newborns with normal serial neurosonograms. A data base with 97 selected perinatal variables was used to perform logistic regression analysis in controlling confounding variables, the results are expressed as adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The two populations were comparable for gestational age (median: 29.3 weeks, range: 24.4-34.7) and birth-weight (1297 g, 645-2130 g). The annual incidence of cPVL in preterm @entity1 with a gestational age < 33 weeks varied from 1995 to 2000: 1.3%, 4.5%, 13.4%, 2.1%, 3%, 2.9%. Early postnatal @entity619 was used in 23 of the newborns who developed cPVL (between november 1996 and march 1998). The only antenatal factor associated with cPVL was cardiac decelerations (28% vs 14%, OR = 3.4, 1.1-11.3). The postnatal risk factors were @entity649 requiring the use of rescue surfactant (78% vs 38%, OR = 4.2, 1.4-11.9) and early postnatal @entity619 at the time it was used (78% vs 17%, OR = 17.1, 3.9-73). CONCLUSION: The use of rescue surfactant and of early postnatal @entity619 in preterm @entity1 with @entity649 were independently associated with the subsequent occurrence of cPVL. Cardiac deceleration was the only antenatal factor associated with cPVL.

title: [ XXXX , early postnatal corticoid therapy and @entity5719 ].

answer: @entity649 :: (MESH:D012128,Disease) :: ['Respiratory distress syndrome']


abstract: Many hormones and neurotransmitters exert their biological effects by increasing the levels of @entity141 and @entity11396 in their target cells. Major agonists that act in this way are @entity1425 and @entity1063 , @entity934 , @entity1951 , @entity8586 , and @entity2178 . These and other @entity141 -mobilizing agonists may also produce effects that are not mediated by @entity141 or @entity2366 , but involve separate receptors and an increase or decrease in @entity1919 . The general mechanisms by which @entity141 -mobilizing agonists induce their physiological responses are depicted in Fig. 12. These responses appear to involve an initial mobilization of @entity141 from endoplasmic reticulum and perhaps other intracellular @entity141 stores, followed by alterations in the flux of @entity141 across the plasma membrane. The @entity141 changes are consistently associated with increased turnover of cellular phosphoinositides. The most rapid response is breakdown of @entity4357 4,5-P2 in the plasma membrane, and there is much evidence that this involves a @entity2774 - @entity377 -binding regulatory protein similar to those involved in the regulation of adenylate cyclase. Myo- @entity8580 1,4,5-P3 produced by @entity4357 4,5-P2 breakdown rapidly releases @entity141 from endoplasmic reticulum, and it is likely that it is the long-sought second message for the @entity141 -dependent hormones. @entity11396 , the other product of @entity4357 4,5-P2 breakdown, also acts as a second message in that it activates protein kinase C, a @entity141 -phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, by lowering its requirement for @entity141 . The cellular substrates for protein kinase C and its role in the different physiological responses to the @entity141 -mediated agonists are currently being defined. The major intracellular target for @entity141 is the @entity141 -dependent regulatory protein calmodulin. This binds @entity141 with high affinity, and the resulting complex interacts with a variety of enzymes and other cellular proteins, modifying their activities. A major target is the multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase that phosphorylates and alters the activities of many proteins, for example, glycogen synthase and @entity669 hydroxylase. @entity460 ions may also stimulate calmodulin-dependent protein kinases that are more specific, such as phosphorylase kinase and @entity19077 . Other important @entity141 -calmodulin targets are the microtubule-associated proteins, but it is likely that many more will be found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Mechanisms involved in XXXX -mobilizing agonist responses.

entities_list: @entity2366 :: ('CHEBI:41847', 'Chemical') :: ['diacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol']

entities_list: @entity19077 :: ('4638', 'Gene') :: ['myosin light-chain kinase']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity1951 :: ('MESH:D014667', 'Chemical') :: ['vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity11396 :: ('MESH:C011439', 'Chemical') :: ['1,2-Diacylglycerol', '1,2-diacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal stability and time course of postoperative changes after surgical correction of skeletal @entity3233 . Combined maxillary and mandibular procedures were performed in 40 consecutive @entity1 . Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy stabilized with wire osteosynthesis for mandibular setback and low-level Le Fort I osteotomy stabilized with plates and screws for maxillary advancement were performed. Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) was in place for 6 weeks. Lateral cephalograms were taken before surgery, immediately postoperatively, 8 weeks after surgery, and 1 year postoperatively. @entity1 were divided into 2 groups according to vertical maxillary movement at surgery: a maxilla-up group with upward movement of the posterior nasal spine of 2 mm or more (group 1, n = 22), and a minimal vertical change group with less than 2 mm of vertical repositioning (group 2, n = 18). The results indicate that surgical correction of @entity3233 with combined maxillary and mandibular osteotomies appears to be fairly stable. One year postsurgery, maxillary stability was excellent, with a mean horizontal relapse at point A that represented 10.7% of maxillary advancement in group 1 and 13.4% in group 2. In the vertical plane, maxillary stability was also excellent, with a mean of 0.18 mm of superior repositioning at point A for group 1 and 1.19 mm for group 2. The mandible relapsed a mean of 2.97 mm horizontally at pogonion in group 1 (62% of mandibular setback) and 3.41 mm (49.7% of setback) in group 2. Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy with wire osteosynthesis and @entity2098 was not as stable as maxillary advancement and accounted for most of the total horizontal relapse (almost 85%) observed. A trend to relapse was observed for maxillary advancement greater than 6 mm, while the single variable accounting for mandibular relapse in group 1 was the amount of surgical setback. Clockwise rotation of the ascending ramus at surgery was not correlated with mandibular relapse in relation to the type of fixation performed and therefore does not seem to be responsible for relapse.

title: Stability of skeletal XXXX after combined maxillary and mandibular procedures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity3233 :: ('MESH:D008313', 'Disease') :: ['Class III malocclusion']

answer: @entity3233 :: (MESH:D008313,Disease) :: ['Class III malocclusion']


abstract: Relapse to drug use following prolonged periods of abstinence results, in part, from the ability of contextual cues paired previously with self-administered drug to elicit drug craving and -seeking behavior. Given the popularity of the @entity19 for the genetic analysis of drug-induced behaviors, a place conditioning model of drug-seeking behavior was used to examine the ability of @entity2072 ( @entity11718 ) to reinstate extinguished conditioned reward in @entity19 . In a series of experiments, @entity11718 place conditioning was produced in male C57BL/6 (B6) @entity19 by four pairings of @entity11718 (15 or 25 mg/kg, IP) with the non-preferred compartment of a two-compartment place conditioning apparatus. Following a post-conditioning test (Post-Test), place conditioning was extinguished by repeated testing. The @entity19 were then challenged with one of five @entity11718 doses (0, 5, 10, 15 or 25 mg/kg, IP) and allowed free access to both environments. Following extinction, @entity11718 injections reinstated place conditioning to 100% or greater, relative to the Post-Test. In a control experiment, @entity19 received either @entity11718 or @entity2697 paired with non-preferred compartment and were then challenged with either @entity11718 (15 mg/kg, IP) or @entity2697 on the Post-Test. @entity11718 -conditioned, but not @entity2697 -conditioned, @entity19 exhibited place conditioning when tested in a @entity11718 -free state. Interestingly, @entity11718 injection on the Post-Test elicited an increase in approach behavior in both @entity2697 - and @entity11718 -conditioned @entity19 and this increase was equivalent to that produced by @entity11718 conditioning alone. No direct relationships were observed between the magnitude of place conditioning and either @entity11718 -induced or -conditioned locomotor hyperactivity in the non-preferred compartment. Thus, at least two independent processes appear to underlie the ability of a @entity11718 injection to elicit approach behavior towards the non-preferred compartment of a biased place conditioning apparatus in @entity19 -reactivation of the conditioned incentive motivational properties of @entity11718 -paired cues and elicitation of unconditioned behavioral disinhibition. One or both of these processes sensitizes with the passage of time, increasing the propensity of B6 @entity19 to approach non-preferred environments upon @entity11718 re-administration.

title: Unconditioned and conditioned factors contribute to the 'reinstatement' of XXXX place conditioning following extinction in C57BL/6 @entity19 .

answer: @entity2072 :: (MESH:D003042,Chemical) :: ['cocaine']


abstract: Relapse to drug use following prolonged periods of abstinence results, in part, from the ability of contextual cues paired previously with self-administered drug to elicit drug craving and -seeking behavior. Given the popularity of the @entity19 for the genetic analysis of drug-induced behaviors, a place conditioning model of drug-seeking behavior was used to examine the ability of @entity2072 ( @entity11718 ) to reinstate extinguished conditioned reward in @entity19 . In a series of experiments, @entity11718 place conditioning was produced in male C57BL/6 (B6) @entity19 by four pairings of @entity11718 (15 or 25 mg/kg, IP) with the non-preferred compartment of a two-compartment place conditioning apparatus. Following a post-conditioning test (Post-Test), place conditioning was extinguished by repeated testing. The @entity19 were then challenged with one of five @entity11718 doses (0, 5, 10, 15 or 25 mg/kg, IP) and allowed free access to both environments. Following extinction, @entity11718 injections reinstated place conditioning to 100% or greater, relative to the Post-Test. In a control experiment, @entity19 received either @entity11718 or @entity2697 paired with non-preferred compartment and were then challenged with either @entity11718 (15 mg/kg, IP) or @entity2697 on the Post-Test. @entity11718 -conditioned, but not @entity2697 -conditioned, @entity19 exhibited place conditioning when tested in a @entity11718 -free state. Interestingly, @entity11718 injection on the Post-Test elicited an increase in approach behavior in both @entity2697 - and @entity11718 -conditioned @entity19 and this increase was equivalent to that produced by @entity11718 conditioning alone. No direct relationships were observed between the magnitude of place conditioning and either @entity11718 -induced or -conditioned locomotor hyperactivity in the non-preferred compartment. Thus, at least two independent processes appear to underlie the ability of a @entity11718 injection to elicit approach behavior towards the non-preferred compartment of a biased place conditioning apparatus in @entity19 -reactivation of the conditioned incentive motivational properties of @entity11718 -paired cues and elicitation of unconditioned behavioral disinhibition. One or both of these processes sensitizes with the passage of time, increasing the propensity of B6 @entity19 to approach non-preferred environments upon @entity11718 re-administration.

title: Unconditioned and conditioned factors contribute to the 'reinstatement' of @entity2072 place conditioning following extinction in C57BL/6 XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Slices of @entity35 dorsal neostriatum were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium and the release of @entity8586 -like immunoreactivity (CCK-IR) was induced by @entity13981 or high concentrations of K+. It was investigated whether drugs which act at receptors for @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) affected the release. The GABAA-receptor agonists @entity6341 and @entity11359 enhanced the @entity13981 -induced release of CCK-IR. This effect was abolished by the GABAA-receptor antagonist, @entity1027 . When used alone, @entity1027 decreased the release. The GABAB-receptor agonist, @entity1772 , decreased the @entity13981 -induced release of CCK-IR. The stereoisomer @entity1772 , which has low intrinsic activity, had no effect when used alone, but antagonized the effect of @entity1772 as did @entity53958 , another antagonist at GABAB-receptors. When the release of CCK-IR was stimulated by K+ (40 mM) in the presence of @entity1022 , it was no longer affected by GABAA-receptor agonists or antagonists. Thus, their sites of action were probably not in the immediate vicinity of the nerve-endings which release CCK-IR. Under these conditions, stimulation of GABAB-receptors still reduced the release of CCK-IR. Therefore, it is concluded that these receptors are in the immediate vicinity of or even on the terminals which release CCK-IR.

title: Stimulation of receptors of @entity1246 modulates the release of XXXX -like immunoreactivity from slices of @entity35 neostriatum.

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity53958 :: ('CHEBI:15887', 'Chemical') :: ['delta-amino-n-valeric acid']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity13981 :: ('MESH:D014701', 'Chemical') :: ['veratridine']

entities_list: @entity11359 :: ('MESH:C015300', 'Chemical') :: ['isoguvacine']

answer: @entity8586 :: (MESH:D002766,Chemical) :: ['cholecystokinin']


abstract: Slices of @entity35 dorsal neostriatum were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium and the release of @entity8586 -like immunoreactivity (CCK-IR) was induced by @entity13981 or high concentrations of K+. It was investigated whether drugs which act at receptors for @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) affected the release. The GABAA-receptor agonists @entity6341 and @entity11359 enhanced the @entity13981 -induced release of CCK-IR. This effect was abolished by the GABAA-receptor antagonist, @entity1027 . When used alone, @entity1027 decreased the release. The GABAB-receptor agonist, @entity1772 , decreased the @entity13981 -induced release of CCK-IR. The stereoisomer @entity1772 , which has low intrinsic activity, had no effect when used alone, but antagonized the effect of @entity1772 as did @entity53958 , another antagonist at GABAB-receptors. When the release of CCK-IR was stimulated by K+ (40 mM) in the presence of @entity1022 , it was no longer affected by GABAA-receptor agonists or antagonists. Thus, their sites of action were probably not in the immediate vicinity of the nerve-endings which release CCK-IR. Under these conditions, stimulation of GABAB-receptors still reduced the release of CCK-IR. Therefore, it is concluded that these receptors are in the immediate vicinity of or even on the terminals which release CCK-IR.

title: Stimulation of receptors of XXXX modulates the release of @entity8586 -like immunoreactivity from slices of @entity35 neostriatum.

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid']


abstract: Slices of @entity35 dorsal neostriatum were incubated in Krebs-Henseleit medium and the release of @entity8586 -like immunoreactivity (CCK-IR) was induced by @entity13981 or high concentrations of K+. It was investigated whether drugs which act at receptors for @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) affected the release. The GABAA-receptor agonists @entity6341 and @entity11359 enhanced the @entity13981 -induced release of CCK-IR. This effect was abolished by the GABAA-receptor antagonist, @entity1027 . When used alone, @entity1027 decreased the release. The GABAB-receptor agonist, @entity1772 , decreased the @entity13981 -induced release of CCK-IR. The stereoisomer @entity1772 , which has low intrinsic activity, had no effect when used alone, but antagonized the effect of @entity1772 as did @entity53958 , another antagonist at GABAB-receptors. When the release of CCK-IR was stimulated by K+ (40 mM) in the presence of @entity1022 , it was no longer affected by GABAA-receptor agonists or antagonists. Thus, their sites of action were probably not in the immediate vicinity of the nerve-endings which release CCK-IR. Under these conditions, stimulation of GABAB-receptors still reduced the release of CCK-IR. Therefore, it is concluded that these receptors are in the immediate vicinity of or even on the terminals which release CCK-IR.

title: Stimulation of receptors of @entity1246 modulates the release of @entity8586 -like immunoreactivity from slices of XXXX neostriatum.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In a @entity1 @entity151 cell line, GLC4, @entity632 (ADR) resistance was induced. In the resistant cell line, GLC4/ADR, a 45% decreased intracellular ADR level was found compared to GLC4, but this could not fully explain the resistance. Evaluation of DNA damage in both cell lines after incubation with ADR by alkaline and neutral elution revealed single-strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, and @entity6724 ( @entity6724 ). At all incubation concentrations there was a decreased amount of all types of DNA damage in GLC4/ADR. The number of @entity6724 was decreased also when corrected for the decreased intracellular concentration. This can at least partly be explained by the decreased stability of ADR induced @entity6724 . After removal of ADR, 80% of @entity6724 was repaired in 1 h in GLC4/ADR against no repair in GLC4. X-ray induced DSBs were also repaired faster: in GLC4/ADR t1/2 = 10 min and in GLC4 t1/2 = 23 min. Ratios for single strand breaks/DSBs and single strand breaks/DNA-protein cross-links between GLC4 and GLC4/ADR after exposure to ADR differed; these differences were compatible with differences in the distribution of the various types of DNA damage induced in the cell lines due to an altered ADR-topoisomerase II interaction. In this @entity1 @entity151 cell line the resistance is multifactorial with decreased intracellular ADR levels, increased DNA repair, and altered ADR-topoisomerase interaction.

title: Multifactorial drug resistance in an @entity632 -resistant @entity1 XXXX cell line.

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity6724 :: ('MESH:D019457', 'Disease') :: ['double-strand breaks', 'DSB']

answer: @entity151 :: (MESH:D055752,Disease) :: ['small cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: In a @entity1 @entity151 cell line, GLC4, @entity632 (ADR) resistance was induced. In the resistant cell line, GLC4/ADR, a 45% decreased intracellular ADR level was found compared to GLC4, but this could not fully explain the resistance. Evaluation of DNA damage in both cell lines after incubation with ADR by alkaline and neutral elution revealed single-strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, and @entity6724 ( @entity6724 ). At all incubation concentrations there was a decreased amount of all types of DNA damage in GLC4/ADR. The number of @entity6724 was decreased also when corrected for the decreased intracellular concentration. This can at least partly be explained by the decreased stability of ADR induced @entity6724 . After removal of ADR, 80% of @entity6724 was repaired in 1 h in GLC4/ADR against no repair in GLC4. X-ray induced DSBs were also repaired faster: in GLC4/ADR t1/2 = 10 min and in GLC4 t1/2 = 23 min. Ratios for single strand breaks/DSBs and single strand breaks/DNA-protein cross-links between GLC4 and GLC4/ADR after exposure to ADR differed; these differences were compatible with differences in the distribution of the various types of DNA damage induced in the cell lines due to an altered ADR-topoisomerase II interaction. In this @entity1 @entity151 cell line the resistance is multifactorial with decreased intracellular ADR levels, increased DNA repair, and altered ADR-topoisomerase interaction.

title: Multifactorial drug resistance in an XXXX -resistant @entity1 @entity151 cell line.

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['adriamycin']


abstract: In a @entity1 @entity151 cell line, GLC4, @entity632 (ADR) resistance was induced. In the resistant cell line, GLC4/ADR, a 45% decreased intracellular ADR level was found compared to GLC4, but this could not fully explain the resistance. Evaluation of DNA damage in both cell lines after incubation with ADR by alkaline and neutral elution revealed single-strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, and @entity6724 ( @entity6724 ). At all incubation concentrations there was a decreased amount of all types of DNA damage in GLC4/ADR. The number of @entity6724 was decreased also when corrected for the decreased intracellular concentration. This can at least partly be explained by the decreased stability of ADR induced @entity6724 . After removal of ADR, 80% of @entity6724 was repaired in 1 h in GLC4/ADR against no repair in GLC4. X-ray induced DSBs were also repaired faster: in GLC4/ADR t1/2 = 10 min and in GLC4 t1/2 = 23 min. Ratios for single strand breaks/DSBs and single strand breaks/DNA-protein cross-links between GLC4 and GLC4/ADR after exposure to ADR differed; these differences were compatible with differences in the distribution of the various types of DNA damage induced in the cell lines due to an altered ADR-topoisomerase II interaction. In this @entity1 @entity151 cell line the resistance is multifactorial with decreased intracellular ADR levels, increased DNA repair, and altered ADR-topoisomerase interaction.

title: Multifactorial drug resistance in an @entity632 -resistant XXXX @entity151 cell line.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether supplemental amounts of a polysaccharide/oligosaccharide complex obtained from a @entity18277 ( @entity18277 ) would lower the @entity1486 (PSA) level in @entity1 with @entity263 . METHODS: A total of 62 @entity1 (mean age 73.2 years, range 53.6 to 85.5) with histologically proven @entity263 who had two consecutive elevated PSA readings were accrued to the study during a 3-month period. This was an open-label study in which the @entity1 received oral administration of capsules containing @entity18277 given three times daily for 6 months. The endpoint for the trial was the lowering of the PSA levels. RESULTS: Of the 62 @entity1 enrolled in the study, 61 were assessable. At 4 months, 1 @entity1 withdrew because of unrelated surgery and 7 withdrew because of disease progression; none had responded with a decrease of greater than 50% in the PSA level. By 6 months, a total of 23 @entity1 had progression and none had responded. Thirty-eight @entity1 had stable PSA levels after 6 months. Although not the primary endpoint of the study, in other studies these @entity1 could have been included as responders. When the @entity1 ' rates of PSA rise before study entry were analyzed, 4 (7%) had stabilized disease while taking @entity18277 . Thus, the final results for our study @entity1 were 0 with a complete response, 0 with a partial response, 4 (7%) with stable disease, and 23 of 61 with progression while taking @entity18277 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity18277 alone is ineffective in the treatment of @entity263 .

title: Effects of a mushroom mycelium extract on the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity18277 :: ('MESH:D009145', 'Disease') :: ['SME', 'shiitake mushroom extract']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'clinical prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: There are four lines of evidence for or against a role of neuropeptides in @entity302 : Administration of a variety of opiate agonists into the ventricles or brain of animals produces a constellation of electrical and behavioral changes, seemingly receptor-specific, both sensitive to the specific opiate antagonist @entity1510 as well as certain anticonvulsant drugs. The primary reservation concerning these data in terms of their relevance to @entity302 regards the fact that the peptides are exogenously administered in relatively high doses. Hence, these data may reflect @entity2359 effects of peptides rather than physiologic function. A variety of opiate agonists are anticonvulsant and @entity1510 shortens the postictal state in some experimental @entity410 models. One could attempt to reconcile these data with those in No. 1 by hypothesizing that the spikes and behavioral changes examined in the latter experimental parodynes represented a sort of isolated model of the postictal state. @entity1510 has little effect in clinical @entity302 . These data are far from conclusive for two reasons. First, few @entity1 have been studied. Second, because of the issue of opiate receptor heterogeneity and the high doses of @entity1510 needed experimentally to block non-mu opiate effects, the doses of @entity1510 used clinically to date are too low to rule out possible delta- or epsilon-mediated effects. The negative clinical data are illustrative of the dangers and difficulties of extrapolating data generated in animal models of @entity410 to the @entity1 condition. ACTH, a peptide that is derived from the same precursor molecule as @entity4545 , is clearly an effective anticonvulsant in certain childhood @entity410 states. However, whether this is due to a direct or indirect (that is, @entity701 ) effect on brain is far from clear. Paradoxically, in contradistinction to other data concerning pro- and anticonvulsant properties of various opioid peptides, there is no animal model of @entity739 to help resolve this important question.

title: Neuropeptides and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone', 'naloxone']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['infantile spasms']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizures']


abstract: The complement system is indispensable for host defence. Unregulated activation, however, is related to @entity66 . In order to elucidate the significance of complement, methodology that disrupts the complement system is essential. Advances in molecular genetics made direct modulations of the genes of complement components and their regulatory proteins feasible. One method is disruption of genes that encode complement components. Several studies have been conducted with these @entity19 in models such as nephrotoxic serum (NTS) @entity1310 , ischaemia reperfusion and immune complex-mediated @entity631 . These studies all showed that depletion of complement components ameliorated the severity of the diseases. Complement regulatory protein serves a regulatory role in the complement system. Genetically engineered animals that overexpress these proteins have been employed to elucidate their biological roles. @entity19 overexpressing soluble complement regulatory proteins were protected from the lesion of both NTS and the glomerular endothelial injury model. In contrast, knockout @entity19 that lack expression of @entity18544 ( @entity18544 ), a complement regulatory protein, developed severe @entity8 when subnephritogenic doses of NTS were administered. These genetically engineered animals shed light on the mechanism of initiation and progression of @entity8 .

title: Contribution of genetically engineered animals to the analyses of complement in the pathogenesis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney disease', 'glomerular lesions']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['various diseases']

entities_list: @entity18544 :: ('13136(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['DAF', 'decay-accelerating factor']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity1310 :: (MESH:D009393,Disease) :: ['nephritis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In Spain there is little information available about @entity662 units for the treatment of @entity1 of low-to-medium risk with suspected @entity1187 . @entity1 AND METHOD: A prospective study was performed among emergency room @entity1 who complained about @entity662 and were suspected of suffering an @entity1187 with a normal or unspecific initial evaluation. They underwent an early submaximum stress test to decide on possible hospitalization. The follow-up time was 1 year. RESULTS: Of 472 emergency room @entity1 with suspected @entity1187 , 179 performed the stress-test during the first hours of the triggering @entity662 episode. None met the high-risk criteria for @entity1459 . In 78.8% of the cases, the test results were negative and the @entity1 were discharged. The results were positive in 15.1% and inconclusive in 6.1%; there were no complications during the procedure. @entity1 with a negative stress test had a more favorable outcome than the rest, with fewer following visits to the emergency room (11% vs 22%, p<0.001). One @entity1 with a negative stress test died of a @entity65 . None of the @entity1 suffered @entity583 during follow-up and 89% of the @entity1 with negative stress test had a favorable outcome (in terms of visits to the emergency room, @entity1459 , @entity583 , or @entity65 ). CONCLUSIONS: @entity662 units for the care of low-to-medium risk @entity1 with @entity662 allow a fast and safe hospital release with a favorable mid-term outcome.

title: [ XXXX unit: one-year follow-up].

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['acute chest pain', 'Chest pain', 'chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['non-cardiovascular complication', 'cardiovascular death']

answer: @entity662 :: (MESH:D002637,Disease) :: ['Chest pain']


abstract: We have measured by radioimmunoassay the amount of total, free, and bound forms of @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) within the abdominal ganglion and in five identified cell bodies of neurons from @entity11066 . In the abdominal ganglion the unbound (free) @entity268 levels comprised approximately 25-30% of the total @entity268 content under the unstimulated condition, i.e., bathed in high- @entity1760 saline. Under pharmacological conditions that blocked endogenous phosphodiesterase and activated @entity1920 cyclase, ganglionic free @entity268 levels were elevated more than fourfold, while bound @entity268 levels more than doubled. Freeze-substitution techniques were employed to facilitate isolation of individual cell bodies either before or after pharmacological manipulation of @entity268 levels. The basal, free @entity268 content of cells R2, LP1, R15, L11, and L2-L6 was in the range of 10-40 pmol/mg of cell protein, which accounted for approximately one-half of the total @entity268 content per cell body. Determinations of individual cell volumes indicated that the basal, free @entity268 concentrations ranged from 1 to 6 microM. Under the same pharmacological conditions that elevated ganglionic @entity268 in levels, no changes were measured in either the free or the bound forms of @entity268 in isolated cell bodies. Our results indicate that the @entity268 elevation was compartmentalized within the neuropilar region of the ganglion, most likely within the processes of the nerve cells. Previous results demonstrated that @entity268 injections into the same Aplysia neurons studied here induced a @entity268 -activated @entity1372 current, INa ( @entity268 ). In this report we discuss the possibility that pharmacological elevation of @entity268 within neuronal processes may reach concentrations similar to those produced by @entity268 injections into somata.

title: Compartmentalization of XXXX elevation in neurons of @entity11066 .

entities_list: @entity1920 :: ('CHEBI:16027', 'Chemical') :: ['adenylate']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity11066 :: ('6500', 'Species') :: ['Aplysia californica']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity1919 :: (MESH:D000242,Chemical) :: ['cyclic AMP']


abstract: We have measured by radioimmunoassay the amount of total, free, and bound forms of @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) within the abdominal ganglion and in five identified cell bodies of neurons from @entity11066 . In the abdominal ganglion the unbound (free) @entity268 levels comprised approximately 25-30% of the total @entity268 content under the unstimulated condition, i.e., bathed in high- @entity1760 saline. Under pharmacological conditions that blocked endogenous phosphodiesterase and activated @entity1920 cyclase, ganglionic free @entity268 levels were elevated more than fourfold, while bound @entity268 levels more than doubled. Freeze-substitution techniques were employed to facilitate isolation of individual cell bodies either before or after pharmacological manipulation of @entity268 levels. The basal, free @entity268 content of cells R2, LP1, R15, L11, and L2-L6 was in the range of 10-40 pmol/mg of cell protein, which accounted for approximately one-half of the total @entity268 content per cell body. Determinations of individual cell volumes indicated that the basal, free @entity268 concentrations ranged from 1 to 6 microM. Under the same pharmacological conditions that elevated ganglionic @entity268 in levels, no changes were measured in either the free or the bound forms of @entity268 in isolated cell bodies. Our results indicate that the @entity268 elevation was compartmentalized within the neuropilar region of the ganglion, most likely within the processes of the nerve cells. Previous results demonstrated that @entity268 injections into the same Aplysia neurons studied here induced a @entity268 -activated @entity1372 current, INa ( @entity268 ). In this report we discuss the possibility that pharmacological elevation of @entity268 within neuronal processes may reach concentrations similar to those produced by @entity268 injections into somata.

title: Compartmentalization of @entity1919 elevation in neurons of XXXX .

answer: @entity11066 :: (6500,Species) :: ['Aplysia californica']


abstract: Eight Vero cell sublines ( @entity1619 ) persistently infected with wild type @entity35688 replicated in different hosts were established. In order to unravel the mechanism involved in the initiation and maintenance of persistence, the properties of virus shed by the sublines and the presence of interfering particles (IP) were analyzed. During the course of @entity281 , persistent virus (Tac-pi) underwent mutations although no consistent pattern of virus evolution was observed. ts mutants were isolated from two @entity1619 sublines, whereas a slow growth variant was shed by another. The remaining sublines released virus resembling wt parental virus. Except for Vero T1 sublines, @entity1619 cultures shed no detectable IP. These results emphasize the point that neither the emergence of virus mutants nor the synthesis of IP is essential for the maintenance of the persistent state. To define the role of IP in the initiation of persistence, coinfection experiments with a characterized inoculum were performed. For that purpose, attempts were made to obtain IP stocks free from pfu by serial transfers of undiluted virus. Neither enrichment nor amplification of IP occurred, and virus stocks were freed of infectious virus by UV irradiation. If normal Vero cells were infected with Tac-pi virus released by Vero T2, Vero T3, Vero T4, Vero T5, Vero T6, Vero T7 and Vero T10 sublines, a complete destruction of the monolayer without cell recovery was observed. In contrast, parental and Vero T1 viruses always originated persistently infected sublines. Similarly, the addition of IP to @entity778 constituted by Tac-pi viruses released by Vero T2, Vero T3, Vero T4, Vero T5, Vero T6, Vero T7 and Vero T10 sublines gave rise to persistently infected cultures. These results suggest that although IP are not important by themselves in the maintenance of persistence, they play a major role in initiation.

title: Vero cells persistently infected with XXXX : role of interfering particles in the establishment of the @entity281 .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus inocula']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity35688 :: ('11631', 'Species') :: ['Tacaribe virus']

answer: @entity35688 :: (11631,Species) :: ['Tacaribe virus']


abstract: Eight Vero cell sublines ( @entity1619 ) persistently infected with wild type @entity35688 replicated in different hosts were established. In order to unravel the mechanism involved in the initiation and maintenance of persistence, the properties of virus shed by the sublines and the presence of interfering particles (IP) were analyzed. During the course of @entity281 , persistent virus (Tac-pi) underwent mutations although no consistent pattern of virus evolution was observed. ts mutants were isolated from two @entity1619 sublines, whereas a slow growth variant was shed by another. The remaining sublines released virus resembling wt parental virus. Except for Vero T1 sublines, @entity1619 cultures shed no detectable IP. These results emphasize the point that neither the emergence of virus mutants nor the synthesis of IP is essential for the maintenance of the persistent state. To define the role of IP in the initiation of persistence, coinfection experiments with a characterized inoculum were performed. For that purpose, attempts were made to obtain IP stocks free from pfu by serial transfers of undiluted virus. Neither enrichment nor amplification of IP occurred, and virus stocks were freed of infectious virus by UV irradiation. If normal Vero cells were infected with Tac-pi virus released by Vero T2, Vero T3, Vero T4, Vero T5, Vero T6, Vero T7 and Vero T10 sublines, a complete destruction of the monolayer without cell recovery was observed. In contrast, parental and Vero T1 viruses always originated persistently infected sublines. Similarly, the addition of IP to @entity778 constituted by Tac-pi viruses released by Vero T2, Vero T3, Vero T4, Vero T5, Vero T6, Vero T7 and Vero T10 sublines gave rise to persistently infected cultures. These results suggest that although IP are not important by themselves in the maintenance of persistence, they play a major role in initiation.

title: Vero cells persistently infected with @entity35688 : role of interfering particles in the establishment of the XXXX .

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Axillary lymph node status is important for staging and planning therapy prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 (LABC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of axillary ultrasonography coupled with fine needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) to determine lymph node status prior to initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: @entity1 with a LABC, defined as a @entity0 clinically larger than 3.0 cm or a cytology positive axillary lymph node, were evaluated by clinical examination followed by ultrasonographic evaluation. Lymph nodes were categorized as suspicious for @entity5 based on size >1.0 cm, decrease in the fatty hilum, or parenchymal echogenicity. US-FNAB was performed on all @entity1 . Most @entity1 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by definitive surgery. Axillary surgery consisted of axillary lymph node dissection. Axillary status by clinical examination and US-FNAB was compared with that obtained by axillary node dissection. RESULTS: From January 1998 to May 2001, 26 @entity1 (27 axillae) presented with LABC to our institution. The median age of these @entity1 was 48 years. The sensitivity and specificity of US-FNAB for evaluating axillary metastatic disease in @entity1 with LABC were 100% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 , axillary ultrasonography coupled with fine needle aspiration biopsy can accurately stage the axilla. It is particularly useful and should be used more frequently in @entity1 undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The use of ultrasonography to stage the axilla in @entity1 who present with small @entity0 should be explored.

title: Axillary staging using ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in locally advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Tuberomammillary @entity112 neurons (TM) of the posterior hypothalamus exclusively express alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBgt) sensitive nicotinic receptors, providing a unique model system for studying physiological properties of native alpha7-like receptors. Here the properties of alphaBgt-sensitive receptors were investigated using the patch-clamp technique and rapid application of @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) or the alpha7-selective agonists, @entity55383 ( @entity55383 ), and @entity1877 . Alpha-Bgt-sensitive receptor responses to rapid application of high agonist concentrations were characterized by a transient current which rapidly decayed in a voltage-independent concentration-dependent manner to a relatively sustained slow current. Upon agonist removal, current persisted for several milliseconds (or longer) and increased above the level of the slow current (rebound). Lower agonist concentrations did not produce a rebound. Our analysis suggests that the current rebound represents a recovery phase from a low potency inhibition. This inhibition was voltage-dependent for @entity1617 and @entity1877 but voltage-independent for @entity55383 . A slow form of desensitization was present which was relatively agonist-independent and was faster than the rate of @entity55383 unbinding. Kinetic analysis revealed that the concentration dependence of the transient response amplitudes was compromised by solution exchange; net charge measurements over the late response phases were chosen as an alternative measure of concentration/response function. Our data suggest that low agonist concentrations can evoke a prolonged or tonic-like receptor activation. Functioning in this modality, receptors would regulate @entity460 homeostasis over a narrow, but therapeutically important, range of intracellular @entity460 concentrations. This could then provide the basis for cytoprotective effects of @entity55383 and other nicotinic agonists, mediating trophic and neuromodulatory functions.

title: Activation and inhibition of native neuronal alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic XXXX receptors.

entities_list: @entity55383 :: ('MESH:C116666', 'Chemical') :: ['3-(4-hydroxy,2-methoxybenzylidene)anabaseine', '4OH-GTS-21']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1617 :: (CHEBI:22614,Chemical) :: ['ACh']


abstract: A spontaneously @entity5 of hamsters and cell lines derived from its in vivo metastatic deposits, or from in vitro cloning were compared for immunobiological and genotypic variation and correlation sought with regard to metastatic potential. Cell lines were established from seven individual lung metastases following primary @entity5 resection of the parent ( @entity1704 -333-2-26) cell line. When inoculated subcutaneously, and upon resection of the subsequent @entity5 mass, four cell lines (MetA, MetB, MetE and MetF) demonstrated greater, one similar (MetG) and two (MetC and MetD) less metastatic capacity compared with the parent @entity5 line. In further studies cell lines were established in vitro by single cell cloning of the parent @entity5 either by limiting dilution or soft agar cloning. In vivo @entity5 resection experiments showed eight cell lines (S4, S7, @entity71017 , @entity71018 , @entity41354 , C1.4 and @entity10779 ) to have an increased metastatic potential and five cell lines (S8, S9, S8B, @entity71019 and @entity71020 ) a decreased metastatic potential compared to the parental line. Karyotypic analysis of the cells revealed that all highly metastatic cell lines were of a near diploid genotype, whilst non- and weakly metastatic cell lines, including the parental line, were @entity2007 or near tetraploid. The immunobiological characteristics of these cell lines was studied. Assessment of in vivo immunogenicity showed that eight clones (MetA, MetB, MetE, MetF, @entity71018 , @entity41354 , C1.4 and @entity10779 ) were non-immunogenic whilst the parental @entity5 line and three clones (MetC, MetD and MetG) exhibited a strong transplantation rejection antigen; immunogenicity showed an inverse correlation with metastatic potential. Susceptibility to NK cytolysis was demonstrated for cell lines exhibiting a weak or non-metastatic/immunogenic phenotype. The origin of metastatic variants and their association with genotype and immunobiological properties is discussed.

title: Metastatic heterogeneity in a spontaneously metastatic XXXX induced hamster fibrosarcoma: association of phenotypic and genotypic properties with metastatic potential.

entities_list: @entity71020 :: ('p|SUB|S|9|E', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['S9E']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploid']

entities_list: @entity71019 :: ('p|SUB|S|9|D', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['S9D']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity71017 :: ('p|SUB|S|4|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['S4A']

entities_list: @entity71018 :: ('p|SUB|S|7|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['S7A']

answer: @entity1704 :: (10310,Species) :: ['HSV-2']


abstract: The @entity377 sequence of a 2.9-kilobase @entity3881 DNA fragment containing the entire coding region of aspartokinase II and adjacent chromosomal regions (Bondaryk, R. P., and Paulus, H. (1985a) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 585-591) has been determined. The results confirmed the earlier prediction that the two subunits of aspartokinase II, alpha and beta, are encoded by in-phase overlapping genes. The @entity377 sequence showed strong ribosome binding sites before the translation initiation codons of the alpha and beta subunits. Deletion of most of the coding region unique to the alpha subunit had no effect on the synthesis of the smaller beta subunit, demonstrating that the beta subunit is indeed the product of independent translation. The site of transcription initiation of the aspartokinase gene was found to be more than 300 @entity2036 upstream from the translation start of the alpha subunit. The intervening region contained a short reading frame capable of encoding a 24-residue @entity376 -rich polypeptide, which overlaps a region of extensive dyad symmetry culminating in a rho-independent transcription terminator. This region may be an attenuator control element that regulates the expression of the aspartokinase gene in response to the availability of @entity376 , the end product of the pathway. The coding sequence of the aspartokinase II subunits was immediately followed by a rho-independent transcription terminator. This termination site has an unusual symmetry, which allows it also to serve as transcription terminator for a gene that converges on the aspartokinase II gene from the opposite direction, an interesting example of genetic economy. The deduced @entity535 sequence of @entity3881 aspartokinase II was compared with the sequences of the three aspartokinases from @entity526 (Cassan, M., Parsot, C., Cohen, G. N., and Patte, J. C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 1052-1057). Significant sequence similarities suggest a close evolutionary relationship between the four enzymes.

title: @entity377 sequence of the overlapping genes for the subunits of XXXX aspartokinase II and their control regions.

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity3881 :: ('1423', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus subtilis', 'B. subtilis']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity3881 :: (1423,Species) :: ['Bacillus subtilis']


abstract: The @entity377 sequence of a 2.9-kilobase @entity3881 DNA fragment containing the entire coding region of aspartokinase II and adjacent chromosomal regions (Bondaryk, R. P., and Paulus, H. (1985a) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 585-591) has been determined. The results confirmed the earlier prediction that the two subunits of aspartokinase II, alpha and beta, are encoded by in-phase overlapping genes. The @entity377 sequence showed strong ribosome binding sites before the translation initiation codons of the alpha and beta subunits. Deletion of most of the coding region unique to the alpha subunit had no effect on the synthesis of the smaller beta subunit, demonstrating that the beta subunit is indeed the product of independent translation. The site of transcription initiation of the aspartokinase gene was found to be more than 300 @entity2036 upstream from the translation start of the alpha subunit. The intervening region contained a short reading frame capable of encoding a 24-residue @entity376 -rich polypeptide, which overlaps a region of extensive dyad symmetry culminating in a rho-independent transcription terminator. This region may be an attenuator control element that regulates the expression of the aspartokinase gene in response to the availability of @entity376 , the end product of the pathway. The coding sequence of the aspartokinase II subunits was immediately followed by a rho-independent transcription terminator. This termination site has an unusual symmetry, which allows it also to serve as transcription terminator for a gene that converges on the aspartokinase II gene from the opposite direction, an interesting example of genetic economy. The deduced @entity535 sequence of @entity3881 aspartokinase II was compared with the sequences of the three aspartokinases from @entity526 (Cassan, M., Parsot, C., Cohen, G. N., and Patte, J. C. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 1052-1057). Significant sequence similarities suggest a close evolutionary relationship between the four enzymes.

title: XXXX sequence of the overlapping genes for the subunits of @entity3881 aspartokinase II and their control regions.

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['Nucleotide']


abstract: Conventional monitoring strategies for @entity1582 are not sufficiently sensitive to identify @entity1 likely to benefit from further therapy immediately after transplantation. We have used a sensitive flow cytometry assay that quantitates normal and neoplastic plasma cells to monitor the bone marrow of 45 @entity1 undergoing high-dose chemotherapy. Neoplastic plasma cells were detectable at 3 months after transplantation in 42% of @entity1 . Once detected, neoplastic cell levels increased steadily until clinical progression: these @entity1 had a significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) (median, 20 months) than those with no detectable disease (median, longer than 35 months; P =.003). Neoplastic plasma cells were detectable in 27% (9 of 33) of immunofixation-negative complete-remission @entity1 . These @entity1 had a significantly shorter PFS than immunofixation-negative @entity1 with no detectable neoplastic plasma cells (P =.04). Normal plasma cells were present in 89% of @entity1 immediately after transplantation, but were not sustained in most cases. @entity1 with only normal phenotype plasma cells present at 3 months after transplantation and also at second assessment had a low risk of disease progression. @entity1 with neoplastic plasma cells present at 3 months after transplantation, or with only normal plasma cells present at first assessment and only neoplastic plasma cells at second assessment, had a significantly higher risk of early disease progression (P <.0001) with a 5-year survival of 54% for the high-risk group, compared with 100% in the low-risk group (P =.036). Analysis of normal and neoplastic plasma cell levels is more sensitive than immunofixation and can identify which @entity1 may benefit from additional treatment strategies at an early stage after transplantation.

title: Flow cytometric disease monitoring in multiple XXXX : the relationship between normal and neoplastic plasma cells predicts outcome after transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['myeloma']


abstract: A single-strand-specific nuclease from germinating @entity3587 seeds has been purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure includes affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose and gel filtration. The nuclease exhibits its activity at neutral pH and does not have an absolute requirement for a divalent cation. The purified nuclease also possesses a 3'-nucleotidase activity and is a glycoprotein containing about 20% @entity1735 . On native @entity2975 gels the nuclease activity comigrates with the nucleotidase. Sodium dodecyl @entity597 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis showed the presence of two subunits in the native enzyme. The nuclease and nucleotidase activities show differential rates of thermal inactivation, the latter following simple first order kinetics and the former exhibiting a more complex reaction. The nucleotidase was also found to be stimulated by DNA, the increase being greater with native DNA than with denatured DNA. These properties are possibly accounted for by the dimeric structure of the enzyme where the nucleotidase catalytic site resides in one subunit while the nuclease site is formed by interaction of both subunits. The enzyme also hydrolyzes double-stranded alkylated DNA and depurinated DNA at a higher rate than native DNA. Experimental evidence suggests that depurinated DNA is hydrolyzed in the region of apurinic sites.

title: Single-strand-specific nuclease of XXXX seeds: glycoprotein nature and associated nucleotidase activity.

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity3587 :: (3888,Species) :: ['pea']


abstract: @entity1 neutrophils contain a family of microbicidal peptides known as defensins. One of these defensins, @entity1 @entity38675 , was purified, and its ability to directly inactivate several viruses was extensively tested. @entity778 and 2, @entity8310 virus, and influenza virus A/ @entity20622 were inactivated by incubation with @entity38675 . Two nonenveloped viruses, echovirus type 11 and @entity5765 , were resistant to inactivation. Purified homologous peptides @entity778 and HNP-3 were found to have @entity3307 -neutralizing activities approximately equal to that of @entity38675 . Inactivation of @entity3307 by @entity38675 depended on the time, temperature, and pH of incubation. Antiviral activity was abrogated by low temperature or prior reduction and alkylation of the defensins. Addition of serum or serum albumin to the incubation mixtures inhibited neutralization of @entity3307 by @entity38675 . We used density gradient sedimentation techniques to demonstrate that @entity38675 bound to @entity3307 in a temperature-dependent manner. We speculate that binding of defensin peptides to certain viruses may impair their ability to infect cells.

title: Direct inactivation of viruses by XXXX granulocyte defensins.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1', 'HNP-2']

entities_list: @entity8310 :: ('MESH:D054243', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus, vesicular stomatitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Extracellular molecules regulate gene expression in eucaryotes. Exogenous @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) affects the expression of a large number of developmentally regulated genes in @entity4328 . Here, we determine the specificity of the receptor(s) which mediates gene expression by using analogs of @entity268 . The order of potency with which these analogs affect the expression of specific genes is consistent with the specificity of their binding to a cell surface receptor and is distinct from their affinity for intracellular @entity268 -dependent protein kinase. Dose-response curves with @entity268 and @entity10995 , a nonhydrolyzable analog, revealed that the requirement for high concentrations of exogenous @entity268 for regulating gene expression is due to the rapid degradation of @entity268 by phosphodiesterase. The addition of low concentrations of @entity268 (100 nM) or analogs in pulses also regulates gene expression. Both the genes that are positively regulated by exogenous @entity268 and the discoidin gene, which is negatively regulated, respond to @entity268 analogs to the same degree. Genes expressed in prespore or prestalk cells are also similarly regulated. These data suggest that the effects are mediated through the same receptor. The specificity of this receptor is indistinguishable from that of the well-characterized cell surface @entity268 receptor.

title: Pharmacological characterization of XXXX receptors mediating gene regulation in @entity4328 .

entities_list: @entity4328 :: ('44689', 'Species') :: ['Dictyostelium discoideum']

entities_list: @entity10995 :: ('MESH:C016957', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 3',5'-monophosphorothioate"]

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

answer: @entity1919 :: (MESH:D000242,Chemical) :: ['cyclic AMP']


abstract: Extracellular molecules regulate gene expression in eucaryotes. Exogenous @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) affects the expression of a large number of developmentally regulated genes in @entity4328 . Here, we determine the specificity of the receptor(s) which mediates gene expression by using analogs of @entity268 . The order of potency with which these analogs affect the expression of specific genes is consistent with the specificity of their binding to a cell surface receptor and is distinct from their affinity for intracellular @entity268 -dependent protein kinase. Dose-response curves with @entity268 and @entity10995 , a nonhydrolyzable analog, revealed that the requirement for high concentrations of exogenous @entity268 for regulating gene expression is due to the rapid degradation of @entity268 by phosphodiesterase. The addition of low concentrations of @entity268 (100 nM) or analogs in pulses also regulates gene expression. Both the genes that are positively regulated by exogenous @entity268 and the discoidin gene, which is negatively regulated, respond to @entity268 analogs to the same degree. Genes expressed in prespore or prestalk cells are also similarly regulated. These data suggest that the effects are mediated through the same receptor. The specificity of this receptor is indistinguishable from that of the well-characterized cell surface @entity268 receptor.

title: Pharmacological characterization of @entity1919 receptors mediating gene regulation in XXXX .

answer: @entity4328 :: (44689,Species) :: ['Dictyostelium discoideum']


abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine whether relaxation of the opossum isolated lower esophageal sphincter (LES), induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) or various pharmacological agents, is associated with changes in cyclic @entity377 content. EFS relaxed the LES in a frequency-dependent manner with 0.7 Hz producing half-maximal relaxation. Control tissues and tissues stimulated at various frequencies were clamp-frozen and assayed for cyclic @entity377 content. EFS had no effect on @entity268 ( @entity268 ) content but increased @entity6708 ( @entity6708 ) content in a frequency-dependent manner. @entity1022 eliminated both the relaxation and @entity6708 accumulation in response to EFS. @entity3549 ( @entity3549 ) relaxed the LES with an EC50 of 0.1 microM. In contrast to the results with EFS, @entity3549 enhanced @entity268 content but had no effect on @entity6708 content. Relaxation of the LES produced by @entity1854 or atriopeptin II was accompanied by an increase in @entity6708 accumulation, whereas @entity3044 - and @entity935 -induced relaxation was accompanied by an increase in @entity268 content. The data indicate that, depending on the stimulus, increases in either @entity268 or @entity6708 content can accompany LES relaxation. These results are consistent with the proposed role of @entity8613 as second messengers mediating LES relaxation.

title: Lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is associated with increased cyclic XXXX content.

entities_list: @entity268 :: ('CHEBI:17489', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate", 'cAMP']

entities_list: @entity6708 :: ('CHEBI:16356', 'Chemical') :: ['cGMP', "guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity3549 :: ('7432', 'Gene') :: ['Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide', 'VIP']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity8613 :: ('MESH:D009712', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: The alkalinizing effect of @entity1792 , @entity598 , @entity4919 , @entity12742 , L and DL- @entity880 were compared in healthy neonatal @entity291 . The @entity291 were infused for a 3.5 hour period with 150 mmol/L solutions of the @entity1372 salts of the various bases. Blood pH, base excess, and metabolite concentrations were measured and the responses compared with @entity4388 and @entity2827 infusion. @entity12742 and @entity6853 had poor alkalinizing abilities and accumulated in blood during infusion suggesting that they are poorly metabolized by the @entity291 . @entity598 , @entity5097 and @entity4919 had alkalinizing effects similar to @entity3157 , although those of @entity598 had a slightly better alkalinizing effect than @entity5097 . @entity598 was more effectively metabolized because blood @entity598 concentrations were lower than @entity5097 concentrations. There was a tendency for a small improvement in metabolism of @entity598 and @entity880 with age. @entity4958 infusion produced signs of @entity3747 , presumably because it removed ionized @entity460 from the circulation. @entity12742 , @entity6853 and @entity1792 are unsuitable for use as alkalinizing agents in intravenous fluids. @entity4919 , @entity598 and @entity5097 are all good alkalinizing agents in healthy @entity291 but will not be as effective in situations where tissue metabolism is impaired.

title: The alkalinizing effects of metabolizable bases in the healthy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity4958 :: ('MESH:C102006', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium citrate']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate', 'Propionate']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetate', 'acetate']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity6853 :: ('CHEBI:16004', 'Chemical') :: ['D-lactate']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity12742 :: ('MESH:C030691', 'Chemical') :: ['D-gluconate', 'gluconate']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity5097 :: ('CHEBI:16651', 'Chemical') :: ['L-lactate']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['calf']


abstract: Future offenders have more ratings than controls on variables indicating psychopathology. The characteristics which most consistently and significantly discriminate between preoffenders and controls, and which also turned out to be the best predictors of future criminality, are those which previously have been observed in subjects with serious @entity146 . The results indicate that the high degree of psychopathology in subsequent offenders is associated with distortion of body image and with poor reality orientation, i.e. that the most prominent characteristics of future offenders are related to a weakness of the ego. Future offenders seem to have a sufficiently developed ego to handle common tasks. However, their ego fails when they are confronted with unfamiliar and frustrating situations. The inability of subsequent offenders to complete a task properly, with failure on difficult and provocative tasks, shows that they have not developed adequate defence mechanisms and that they have a low tolerance for frustration. They are emotionally immature, instable and impulsive. In short, they are dominated by id impulses. There is no indication of gender @entity911 (homosexuality) in subsequent offenders. However, there are marked differences between the drawings by cases and by controls regarding characteristics related to sexuality. These findings are interpreted as an exaggeration of masculinity and an abnormal preoccupation with sexuality combined with @entity148 for the opposite sex. It is possible that severe criminality, contrary to milder forms of lawbreaking, is associated with elevated self-esteem and extroversion. There are indications that ultimate offenders experience @entity1 beings (others or themselves) as deviant, monstrous and inhuman, features which indicate that distorted self-concept and distorted self-perception are characteristics of preoffenders. The findings regarding aggression are inconsistent, just as they were in prior projects. The Draw-A- @entity1 Test (DAP) and Colour Slide Test (CST) findings indicate that preoffenders are more aggressive and destructive than controls, whereas the @entity1062 ( @entity1062 ) shows neither more aggression nor more acting-out tendencies in future offenders than in controls. The literature offers conflicting findings regarding @entity308 . The CST results indicate that @entity308 is more common in preoffenders than in controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX who became offenders. A follow-up study of 2203 @entity1 tested with projective methods.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Person', 'human']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Boys']


abstract: Future offenders have more ratings than controls on variables indicating psychopathology. The characteristics which most consistently and significantly discriminate between preoffenders and controls, and which also turned out to be the best predictors of future criminality, are those which previously have been observed in subjects with serious @entity146 . The results indicate that the high degree of psychopathology in subsequent offenders is associated with distortion of body image and with poor reality orientation, i.e. that the most prominent characteristics of future offenders are related to a weakness of the ego. Future offenders seem to have a sufficiently developed ego to handle common tasks. However, their ego fails when they are confronted with unfamiliar and frustrating situations. The inability of subsequent offenders to complete a task properly, with failure on difficult and provocative tasks, shows that they have not developed adequate defence mechanisms and that they have a low tolerance for frustration. They are emotionally immature, instable and impulsive. In short, they are dominated by id impulses. There is no indication of gender @entity911 (homosexuality) in subsequent offenders. However, there are marked differences between the drawings by cases and by controls regarding characteristics related to sexuality. These findings are interpreted as an exaggeration of masculinity and an abnormal preoccupation with sexuality combined with @entity148 for the opposite sex. It is possible that severe criminality, contrary to milder forms of lawbreaking, is associated with elevated self-esteem and extroversion. There are indications that ultimate offenders experience @entity1 beings (others or themselves) as deviant, monstrous and inhuman, features which indicate that distorted self-concept and distorted self-perception are characteristics of preoffenders. The findings regarding aggression are inconsistent, just as they were in prior projects. The Draw-A- @entity1 Test (DAP) and Colour Slide Test (CST) findings indicate that preoffenders are more aggressive and destructive than controls, whereas the @entity1062 ( @entity1062 ) shows neither more aggression nor more acting-out tendencies in future offenders than in controls. The literature offers conflicting findings regarding @entity308 . The CST results indicate that @entity308 is more common in preoffenders than in controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: @entity1 who became offenders. A follow-up study of 2203 XXXX tested with projective methods.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['boys']


abstract: AIM: We studied the use of premixed @entity3810 and @entity26 in 80 @entity1 with @entity16 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Mean ages ranged 10 +/- 5 yrs. Twenty-three @entity1 (29%) were @entity1032 among which 17 of them presented with severe @entity302 . @entity158 procedures consisted of: lumbar punctures (80%), intravenous access (7), @entity356 (6), skin biopsy (4), @entity5274 management (3). High-risk @entity1 were continuously monitored using ECG, non invasive blood pressure and transcutaneous @entity26 saturation. We studied acceptation of the inhalation, vital signs, satisfaction of @entity1 , parents, medical and nursing staffs; side effects were compared with a group of healthy @entity1 undergoing venous access before induction of anesthesia. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Acceptation increased with age. No significant changes in vital signs variables were observed. Satisfaction rate regarding the method was 88% for all @entity1 , parents, physicians and nurses. No serious undesirable event (as @entity1576 , @entity410 , inhalation of gastric content) occurred in these @entity1 . The more frequent side-effects were: drowsiness during and after inhalation (35 and 9% respectively in the handicapped @entity1 ); @entity390 and @entity391 (8%), @entity10 (3%), were more frequent than reported in literature but there were 25% of @entity693 among our @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Premixed @entity3810 and @entity26 was effective for reducing procedural @entity158 and @entity148 in @entity1 with @entity16 , even in severely handicapped @entity1 , with minor side-effects.

title: [Efficacy and safety of inhalation premixed @entity3810 and XXXX for the management of procedural diagnostic @entity158 in neuropediatrics].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mentally retardated']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic diseases', 'neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['gastrostomy tube']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Painful', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric endoscopy']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']