abstract: PURPOSE: To study straylight testing as a screening method for @entity410 after refractive surgery in demanding professions and to determine the distribution of elevations in straylight as a result of refractive surgery in a non-research setting in contrast with earlier reports in research settings. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. @entity1 AND CONTROLS: The refractive surgery population consisted of 373 eyes in 198 subjects with a history of refractive surgery. The reference population consisted of 402 eyes in 214 young individuals without a history of refractive surgery. METHODS: Data were collected as part of routine testing at The Queen Astrid Military Hospital (Belgium), an independent military institution responsible for medical fitness examinations. Intraocular straylight was measured with the commercially available C-Quant instrument (Oculus Optikger  te GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), using the psychophysical compensation comparison (CC) method. Fellow eyes were compared to evaluate methodological aspects. The prevalence of impairment was evaluated for 2 age-independent cutoff criteria, a 2.0-fold and 3.2-fold increase, and an age-dependent cutoff criterion corresponding to an increase of 0.20 log units. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Methodological aspects such as repeatability, systematic differences, and distance to impaired scores, and prevalence of impaired straylight values after refractive surgery using proposed cutoff criteria. RESULTS: The CC method exhibited good repeatability, and the chance of impaired scores due to variability in measurement was small. The prevalence of impaired straylight values was minimal in the reference population. In the refractive population, 9% (33/373) of values were above the @entity8876 .0 criterion, 2% (7/373) were above the factor 3.2 criterion, and 12% (45/373) were 0.20 log units above the age reference. CONCLUSIONS: Straylight testing is a viable screening method for @entity410 after refractive surgery. @entity1 from the general population who have undergone refractive surgery have significant elevations more frequently than surgery populations from high-quality research centers.

title: Straylight values after refractive surgery: screening for XXXX in demanding professions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['ocular fitness']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['ocular fitness']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The prognosis after @entity9144 ( @entity9144 ) is debated. The aim of this study was to assess health-related Quality of Life (QoL) and @entity16 30 months after treatment in European @entity1 with @entity9144 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective case-control designed study, we investigated 50 well-characterized @entity1 with @entity9144 who had participated in a treatment trial for @entity9144 30 months earlier and 50 matched control @entity1 with the health QoL questionnaire Short-Form 36 (SF-36), the @entity3777 ( @entity3777 ), the Montgomery and   sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ), and the Mini Mental State (MMS). Clinical and demographic data were collected by semi-structured interviews and clinical neurological examination. RESULTS: @entity9144 -treated @entity1 scored lower than control @entity1 in the SF-36 domains physical component summary (PCS) (44 vs 51 P < 0.001) and mental component summary (MCS) (49 vs 54 P = 0.010). They also scored lower than control @entity1 in all the SF-36 subscales, except for @entity158 , and on @entity3777 (3.5 vs 2.1 P < 0.001), but not on MMS (28 vs 29 P = 0.106). There was a difference in MADRS (3.1 vs 0. 8 P = 0.003) and @entity2653 (13 vs 11 P = 0.016), but the scores were low in both groups. Fatigue was the most frequently reported symptom among @entity9144 -treated @entity1 (50%). @entity1 who reported complete recovery (56%) after @entity9144 had similar QoL scores as the controls. CONCLUSION: European @entity1 treated for @entity9144 have poorer health-related QoL and have more @entity1295 than @entity1 without @entity9144 .

title: XXXX : quality of life 30 months after treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['Starkstein Apathy Scale', 'SAS']

entities_list: @entity9144 :: ('MESH:D020852', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme neuroborreliosis', 'LNB']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity3777 :: ('MESH:D005222', 'Disease') :: ['Fatigue Severity Scale', 'FSS']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['bodily pain']

answer: @entity9144 :: (MESH:D020852,Disease) :: ['European neuroborreliosis']


abstract: The dispersion of an inert bolus of helium (He) or @entity9809 ( @entity13102 ) was used as a direct, non-invasive measure of longitudinal gas mixing in the conducting airways of three @entity1 subjects. Penetration volume was determined as the milliliters of air inspired after bolus injection, and by computing the increase in mixing between bolus penetrations of 30 and 90 ml, mixing was characterized in the intervening upper airway compartment. Mixing in a central airway compartment was similarly evaluated as the increased mixing between bolus penetrations of 90 and 150 ml. To investigate mixing mechanisms during inspiration, inspiratory flow rate was varied between 0.2 and 1.8 L . @entity8639 while the expiratory flow rate was held constant at 0.4 L . @entity8639 and conversely, expiratory mixing mechanisms were studied at a fixed inspiratory flow of 0.4 L . @entity8639 by varying expiratory flow from 0.2 to 2.4 L . @entity8639 . Under all eight experimental conditions (i.e. two inert gases X two airway compartments X two variable flow half-cycles), the extent of SF6 mixing was found to be three times that of He, and this is indicative of a dispersion process in which radial diffusion limits longitudinal mixing. This was further supported by the positive correlation between mixing and expiratory flow in the upper airway compartment. Mixing in this compartment did not vary with inspiratory flow, possibly because of the influence of turbulence generated by the glottis. In the central airways, the effect of changes in both inspiratory and expiratory flow was insignificant.

title: Inert gas mixing in the upper and central airways of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9809 :: ('MESH:D013459', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfur hexafluoride']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A lumbar disc prolapse is commonly seen in the adult population and as a result, the signs and symptoms are well recognised and easily treated. A disc prolapse, in the adolescent and particularly the paediatric age group, is very rare indeed. The signs and symptoms are atypical in this age group, and there is often difficulty in recognising the pathology. This can lead to delays in the diagnosis and treatment of a @entity158 . DISCUSSION: @entity890 in very young @entity1 can be hard to diagnose. There is limited information currently available in the literature on the topic of @entity890 in very young @entity1 . Overall, the surgical option in these @entity1 appears to have a favourable outcome. ILLUSTRATIVE CASE: This case highlights an 18-month-old @entity1 who was not able to walk, following a fall. The @entity1 had a normal neurological examination and normal bladder and bowel function. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of her lumbar sacral spine indicated a large right paracentral L4/5 disc prolapse indenting the right anterolateral margin of the thecal sac and abutting the right L5 nerve root. She subsequently underwent a laminoplasty and excision of a sub-ligamentous L4/5 disc prolapse under an operating microscope. CONCLUSIONS: This case report highlights the problems in diagnosing an @entity697 prolapse in an 18-month-old @entity1 and reviews the current literature dealing with an acute disc prolapse in very young @entity1 .

title: XXXX in the very young: a case-based update.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute lumbar disc']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['very painful condition']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar disc herniation', 'Lumbar disc herniation']

answer: @entity890 :: (MESH:D007405,Disease) :: ['Paediatric lumbar disc herniation']


abstract: A cross-sectional sero-survey, using a two-stage cluster sampling design, was conducted between 2002 and 2003 in ten administrative regions of central and southern Somalia, to estimate the seroprevalence and geographic distribution of @entity72329 ( @entity72329 ) in the study area, as well as to identify potential risk factors for the observed seroprevalence distribution. The study was also used to test the feasibility of the spatially integrated investigation technique in nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral systems. In the absence of a systematic list of livestock holdings, the primary sampling units were selected by generating random map coordinates. A total of 9,216 serum samples were collected from @entity291 aged 12 to 36 months at 562 sampling sites. Two apparent clusters of @entity72329 seroprevalence were detected. Four potential risk factors associated with the observed seroprevalence were identified: the mobility of @entity291 herds, the @entity291 population density, the proximity of @entity291 herds to @entity291 trade routes and @entity291 herd size. Risk maps were then generated to assist in designing more targeted surveillance strategies. The observed seroprevalence in these areas declined over time. In subsequent years, similar seroprevalence studies in neighbouring areas of Kenya and Ethiopia also showed a very low seroprevalence of @entity72329 or the absence of antibodies against @entity72329 . The progressive decline in @entity72329 antibody prevalence is consistent with virus extinction. Verification of freedom from @entity281 in the Somali ecosystem is currently in progress.

title: A sero-survey of XXXX in nomadic pastoral systems in central and southern Somalia from 2002 to 2003, using a spatially integrated random sampling approach.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['RP infection']

answer: @entity72329 :: (MESH:D012301,Disease) :: ['rinderpest']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Symptomatic @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) is a common @entity409 . It is often associated with @entity1887 ( @entity1887 ). Optimum therapy for this condition was recently shown to be in-clinic @entity227 ( @entity227 ). More scientific studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of @entity227 and verify these evidence-based results. METHODS: Fifty-seven @entity1 aged 9-13 years were diagnosed with symptomatic @entity1319 (n = 27) or combined symptomatic @entity1319 and @entity1887 (n = 30). They were independently divided into a treatment and a control group, matched by age and gender. The treatment group received 12 weeks of @entity227 while the control group received no therapy. A quality of life instrument documented the symptomatic @entity1 and charted improvement in symptoms after therapy. Clinical aspects were also assessed to determine the treatment effects on clinical findings. Twenty @entity1 in the treatment group completed a 1 year follow-up examination. RESULTS: Symptom scores and clinical measures of the treatment and control groups were not significantly different at baseline (p > 0.05), but showed significant differences after completion of 12 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001). No significant changes of either symptoms or signs were evident for the control group. One year follow-up examination revealed that most @entity1 maintained the improved symptom and clinical measures after @entity227 . CONCLUSION: This study supports the notion that @entity227 is a successful method of treating @entity1319 and @entity1319 combined with @entity1887 .

title: Effectiveness of @entity227 for convergence dysfunctions and long-term stability after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['vision therapy', 'VT']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['accommodative insufficiency', 'AI']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['binocular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['convergence insufficiency', 'CI']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['vision therapy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Symptomatic @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) is a common @entity409 . It is often associated with @entity1887 ( @entity1887 ). Optimum therapy for this condition was recently shown to be in-clinic @entity227 ( @entity227 ). More scientific studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of @entity227 and verify these evidence-based results. METHODS: Fifty-seven @entity1 aged 9-13 years were diagnosed with symptomatic @entity1319 (n = 27) or combined symptomatic @entity1319 and @entity1887 (n = 30). They were independently divided into a treatment and a control group, matched by age and gender. The treatment group received 12 weeks of @entity227 while the control group received no therapy. A quality of life instrument documented the symptomatic @entity1 and charted improvement in symptoms after therapy. Clinical aspects were also assessed to determine the treatment effects on clinical findings. Twenty @entity1 in the treatment group completed a 1 year follow-up examination. RESULTS: Symptom scores and clinical measures of the treatment and control groups were not significantly different at baseline (p > 0.05), but showed significant differences after completion of 12 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001). No significant changes of either symptoms or signs were evident for the control group. One year follow-up examination revealed that most @entity1 maintained the improved symptom and clinical measures after @entity227 . CONCLUSION: This study supports the notion that @entity227 is a successful method of treating @entity1319 and @entity1319 combined with @entity1887 .

title: Effectiveness of XXXX for convergence dysfunctions and long-term stability after @entity227 .

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['vision therapy']


abstract: AIM: The study aims to evaluate the association of oesophageal damage with clinical data and feeding practices in @entity1 who suffered a caustic substance ingestion (CSI). METHODS: Cross-sectional design was used in this study. The setting was at a paediatric referral hospital in 2006. Ninety-four @entity1 with CSI were used as study samples, with mean age of 38.4 months, and 37.2% were females. The independent variable was oesophageal damage; the dependent variables were clinical data and feeding practices. RESULTS: Main symptoms included salivation, oropharyngeal burns and @entity391 . On endoscopy, 84.6% had second- or third-degree burns. Oesophageal stricture occurred in 48.9%. Severe burns were associated with oesophageal stricture and ingestion of alkaline products; @entity1282 was associated with oesophageal stricture. In about one fourth of the cases, a nutritional intervention with complete and balanced liquid diets was required to maintain the adequate daily recommended intake (DRI). CONCLUSIONS: Alkali ingestion was associated with severe burns and oesophageal stricture. The presence of oesophageal strictures and @entity1282 required changes in the feeding practices in order to maintain an adequate nutritional status and/or to complete their DRI.

title: Caustic ingestion and oesophageal damage in XXXX : Clinical spectrum and feeding practices.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study was carried out in two institutions to determine serial changes in the pattern, distribution, and extent of @entity401 ( @entity401 ) associated with @entity6558 ( @entity6558 )- @entity6017 ( @entity6017 ) using HRCT. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with @entity6558 - @entity6017 and clinical suspicion of @entity401 who underwent at least two serial HRCT examinations were retrospectively evaluated by two readers. @entity1 were classified according to the dominant CT pattern which was correlated with clinical evolution and underlying histology when available (n=6). RESULTS: @entity1 were classified into four groups according to the dominant pattern: ground-glass attenuation and reticulation (group 1, n=9); honeycombing (group 2, n=4); airspace consolidation (group 3, n=4), and normal or almost normal lung (group 4, n=3). Under medical treatment, serial HRCT showed that the extent of areas of ground-glass opacities (group 1) decreased in five @entity1 , stabilized in two, and increased in two. Pathologic findings demonstrated @entity2416 ( @entity2416 ) in two cases and unspecified @entity401 in one. In group 2, extent of honeycombing increased in three cases and stabilized in one. In group 3, dramatic resolution of airspace consolidation occurred in three cases. Clinical deterioration with extensive consolidation at CT and @entity16 ( @entity16 ) at histology occurred in one @entity1 of each of the three previous groups. Lesions stayed invisible or progressed slightly in the fourth group. CONCLUSION: In @entity401 associated with @entity6558 - @entity6017 , clinical deterioration and @entity16 in the follow-up can be observed whatever the HRCT pattern. However, unfavorable evolution is constant when honeycombing is present at the initial CT.

title: Serial chest CT findings in @entity401 associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6017 :: ('MESH:D003882', 'Disease') :: ['dermatomyositis', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse alveolar damage', 'DAD']

entities_list: @entity2416 :: ('MESH:D054990', 'Disease') :: ['UIP', 'usual interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['ILD', 'interstitial lung disease', 'interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity6558 :: ('MESH:D017285', 'Disease') :: ['PM', 'polymyositis']

answer: @entity6017 :: (MESH:D003882,Disease) :: ['polymyositis-dermatomyositis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study was carried out in two institutions to determine serial changes in the pattern, distribution, and extent of @entity401 ( @entity401 ) associated with @entity6558 ( @entity6558 )- @entity6017 ( @entity6017 ) using HRCT. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with @entity6558 - @entity6017 and clinical suspicion of @entity401 who underwent at least two serial HRCT examinations were retrospectively evaluated by two readers. @entity1 were classified according to the dominant CT pattern which was correlated with clinical evolution and underlying histology when available (n=6). RESULTS: @entity1 were classified into four groups according to the dominant pattern: ground-glass attenuation and reticulation (group 1, n=9); honeycombing (group 2, n=4); airspace consolidation (group 3, n=4), and normal or almost normal lung (group 4, n=3). Under medical treatment, serial HRCT showed that the extent of areas of ground-glass opacities (group 1) decreased in five @entity1 , stabilized in two, and increased in two. Pathologic findings demonstrated @entity2416 ( @entity2416 ) in two cases and unspecified @entity401 in one. In group 2, extent of honeycombing increased in three cases and stabilized in one. In group 3, dramatic resolution of airspace consolidation occurred in three cases. Clinical deterioration with extensive consolidation at CT and @entity16 ( @entity16 ) at histology occurred in one @entity1 of each of the three previous groups. Lesions stayed invisible or progressed slightly in the fourth group. CONCLUSION: In @entity401 associated with @entity6558 - @entity6017 , clinical deterioration and @entity16 in the follow-up can be observed whatever the HRCT pattern. However, unfavorable evolution is constant when honeycombing is present at the initial CT.

title: Serial chest CT findings in XXXX associated with @entity6017 .

answer: @entity401 :: (MESH:D017563,Disease) :: ['interstitial lung disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the mydriatic effect of intracamerally injected @entity3044 plus @entity2647 to @entity2647 alone and to @entity1425 in a porcine eye model, aiming to eventually find the best combination of adrenergic substances for surgical @entity5564 in @entity1 . METHODS: In this study, we used 89 intact eyes from newly slaughtered @entity1707 , pretreated with 2.0 mg of intracameral @entity934 . After waiting 60 seconds for miosis to develop, 0.15 ml 0.3% @entity3044 and 0.15 ml 3.0% @entity2647 were injected sequentially with a 90-second interval in 21 eyes. In another 22 eyes, the same substances were given in the reverse order. In 20 eyes, 0.15 ml of 0.025% @entity1425 was injected, and as a negative control 0.15 ml of balanced salt solution was injected in 26 eyes. The pupils were filmed during the treatments, and the mean pupil diameters were measured every 15 seconds from the video recordings. RESULTS: @entity2647 injected after @entity3044 had a larger mydriatic effect than @entity1425 (p < 0.01). Without @entity3044 pretreatment, the mydriatic effect of @entity2647 was significantly smaller than that of @entity1425 (p < 0.05). @entity3044 also exhibited a small mydriatic effect of its own. CONCLUSIONS: The b-receptor stimulator @entity3044 enhances the mydriatic effect of intracameral @entity2647 , indicating a role for the b-receptor in the mydriatic response. Mydriasis mediated by b-receptors may explain why nonspecific adrenergic stimulators such as @entity14524 and @entity1425 can have larger mydriatic effects than the specific a(1)-receptor stimulator @entity2647 .

title: Stimulation of adrenergic b-receptors enhances XXXX in a porcine eye model.

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine', 'Phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoprenaline', 'isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity5564 :: ('MESH:D015878', 'Disease') :: ['mydriasis']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity5564 :: (MESH:D015878,Disease) :: ['mydriasis']


abstract: @entity3204 is an important zoonotic parasite infecting about one third of the world population, causing @entity5517 . @entity3204 perforin-like protein 1 (TgPLP1) is believed to be involved in the acute virulence of @entity3204 in @entity19 , and is therefore of interest as a vaccine candidate. In this study, we constructed a DNA vaccine expressing TgPLP1, and evaluated the immune response in Kunming @entity19 . The gene sequence encoding TgPLP1 was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX I, and Kunming @entity19 were immunized intramuscularly with the plasmid. After immunization, we evaluated the immune response using lymphoproliferative assay, cytokine and antibody measurements, and the survival times of @entity19 challenged lethally with 1 10(3) tachyzoites of the virulent @entity27774 . The results showed that pVAX/TgPLP1 alone or with pVAX/ @entity6026 developed specific anti-TLA (T. gondii lysate antigen) antibodies and specific lymphocyte proliferative responses. Co-injection of pVAX/ @entity6026 significantly increased the production of IFN-y and @entity2047 . Further, challenge experiments showed that co-immunization of pVAX/TgPLP1 with pVAX/ @entity6026 significantly (P<0.05) increased survival time (12.7  1.2days) of immunized @entity19 , compared with pVAX/TgPLP1 alone (11.3  0.9days). These results demonstrate that TgPLP1 is a potential vaccine candidate against @entity3252 , worth further evaluation in other animal hosts. @entity6026 could enhance the immune effect of TgPLP1, prolonging the survival time of immunized @entity19 .

title: XXXX : protective immunity against experimental @entity3252 induced by a DNA vaccine encoding the perforin-like protein 1.

entities_list: @entity5517 :: ('MESH:D015817', 'Disease') :: ['congenital infections and eye disease']

entities_list: @entity27774 :: ('383379', 'Species') :: ['T. gondii RH strain']

entities_list: @entity3252 :: ('MESH:D014123', 'Disease') :: ['toxoplasmosis']

entities_list: @entity3204 :: ('5811', 'Species') :: ['T. gondii', 'Toxoplasma gondii']

answer: @entity3204 :: (5811,Species) :: ['Toxoplasma gondii']


abstract: @entity3204 is an important zoonotic parasite infecting about one third of the world population, causing @entity5517 . @entity3204 perforin-like protein 1 (TgPLP1) is believed to be involved in the acute virulence of @entity3204 in @entity19 , and is therefore of interest as a vaccine candidate. In this study, we constructed a DNA vaccine expressing TgPLP1, and evaluated the immune response in Kunming @entity19 . The gene sequence encoding TgPLP1 was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX I, and Kunming @entity19 were immunized intramuscularly with the plasmid. After immunization, we evaluated the immune response using lymphoproliferative assay, cytokine and antibody measurements, and the survival times of @entity19 challenged lethally with 1 10(3) tachyzoites of the virulent @entity27774 . The results showed that pVAX/TgPLP1 alone or with pVAX/ @entity6026 developed specific anti-TLA (T. gondii lysate antigen) antibodies and specific lymphocyte proliferative responses. Co-injection of pVAX/ @entity6026 significantly increased the production of IFN-y and @entity2047 . Further, challenge experiments showed that co-immunization of pVAX/TgPLP1 with pVAX/ @entity6026 significantly (P<0.05) increased survival time (12.7  1.2days) of immunized @entity19 , compared with pVAX/TgPLP1 alone (11.3  0.9days). These results demonstrate that TgPLP1 is a potential vaccine candidate against @entity3252 , worth further evaluation in other animal hosts. @entity6026 could enhance the immune effect of TgPLP1, prolonging the survival time of immunized @entity19 .

title: @entity3204 : protective immunity against experimental XXXX induced by a DNA vaccine encoding the perforin-like protein 1.

answer: @entity3252 :: (MESH:D014123,Disease) :: ['toxoplasmosis']


abstract: The development of the positive endocochlear potential (EP), the negative anoxic EP, and the organ of Corti potential were measured at various postnatal ages in the Mongolian gerbil, beginning at 8 @entity600 ( @entity600 ). The organ of Corti potential (OCP) was present at 8 @entity600 but averaged 21% less than the adult value. OCP increased regularly with age, reaching adult values of -90 mV by 14 @entity600 . The positive EP was first observed at 10 @entity600 , at which age it averaged only 2-3 mV. This potential increased monotonically between 10 and 20 @entity600 , by which time it had reached the adult value of 75 mV. @entity519 did not result in a negative EP until 12 @entity600 , at which age this potential averaged -7 mV. The negative anoxic EP matured more rapidly than the positive EP, achieving the adult value of 40 mV by 18 @entity600 . During development the positive EP appeared to closely parallel the maturation of @entity413 metabolism in the stria vascularis. The negative anoxic EP was more closely related temporally to the development of @entity18129 ( @entity18129 ) thresholds. It is hypothesized that changes which occur between 10 and 16 @entity600 in the apical membranes of the cochlear hair cells contribute to the maturation of both @entity18129 and the negative anoxic EP.

title: Development of mammalian endocochlear potential: normal ontogeny and effects of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity18129 :: ('MESH:D015834', 'Disease') :: ['cochlear microphonic potential', 'CM']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['days after birth', 'DAB']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['anoxia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity943 is an important cause of late @entity204 in @entity1 with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF). By using an rTOF @entity235 model, we investigated the role of repolarization alternans and its electrophysiological mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six @entity235 received right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) transannular patch, @entity338 , and right bundle branch ablation to simulate rTOF. After 1 year, we performed high-resolution dual-voltage and @entity460 optical mapping to record action potentials and @entity460 transients on the excised right ventricular outflow tract wedges. Another 6 @entity235 without operation served as control. The rTOF group was more susceptible to action potential duration alternans (APD-ALT) and spatially discordant APD-ALT than control (threshold for APD-ALT: 516  36 vs 343  36 ms; P=0.017; threshold for discordant APD-ALT: 387  30 vs 310  14 ms; P=0.046). We detected 2 episodes of @entity1165 in the rTOF group, but none in the control. Expressions of Kv4.3 and @entity52742 decreased in the rTOF group. Expression of connexin 43 also decreased in the rTOF group with a corresponding decrease of conduction velocity and might contribute to spatially discordant APD-ALT. We also found distinct electrophysiological features of the RVOT, including biphasic relationship between magnitude of APD-ALT and pacing cycle length, uncoupling of APD-ALT, and @entity460 transients alternans, and shortened APD, but unchanged, APD restitution in rTOF. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated novel electrophysiological properties of the RVOT. In an rTOF model, the RVOT exhibits increased susceptibility to temporal and spatially discordant APD-ALT, which was not totally dependent on @entity460 transient alternans.

title: Repolarization Alternans and XXXX in a Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot Animal Model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary valve destruction']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular arrhythmia']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['Ventricular Arrhythmia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Few studies have reported the free right internal thoracic artery (RITA) being used in an aorto-coronary fashion. This study aimed to evaluate the free RITA with modified proximal @entity254 in an aorto-coronary fashion. METHODS: Between January 2000 and December 2012, 282 @entity1 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with bilateral internal thoracic arteries for complete revascularization of the left coronary system at our institution. The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was anastomosed to the @entity6128 ( @entity6128 ) and the RITA was anastomosed to the left circumflex branches (LCX). The RITA was used as a free graft in 213 @entity1 (free group) and as an in situ graft in 69 @entity1 (in situ group). Proximal @entity254 of the free RITA onto the ascending aorta was performed in two different ways. We compared early and late results and graft patency of the free RITA with those of the in situ RITA retrospectively. RESULTS: The numbers of anastomoses per @entity1 and anastomoses of the RITA were larger in the free group than in the in situ group (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in postoperative survival between the groups (free group: 93.3% vs in situ group: 90.0%, P = 0.82). The 5-year patency of the free RITA was higher than that of the in situ RITA (97.0 vs 80.3%, P = 0.01). The 5-year patency of the free RITA was comparable with that of the in situ LITA anastomosed to the @entity6128 (97.0 vs 92.9%, P = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The free RITA anastomosed to the LCX might have better late patency than the in situ RITA. The free RITA with modified proximal @entity254 in an aorto-coronary fashion enables complete revascularization of the left coronary system with the in situ LITA to the @entity6128 .

title: Effect of modified proximal XXXX of the free right internal thoracic artery: piggyback and foldback techniques.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6128 :: ('MESH:D020243', 'Disease') :: ['left anterior descending artery', 'LAD']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: OBJECT: To introduce a novel distraction technique for the treatment of @entity3473 ( @entity3473 ) @entity3029 ( @entity3029 ) via a posterior-only approach. METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive @entity1 with @entity3473 and @entity3029 who underwent posterior distraction reduction and occipitocervical fixation between January 2009 and June 2013 were enrolled in the present study. This novel distraction technique included two steps. First, the distraction between the occipitocervical junction of the rod (OCJR) and the occipital screws was performed to achieve horizontal and partial vertical reduction. Secondly, the distraction was performed between the C2 screws and OCJR to achieve complete vertical reduction. The pre- and postoperative JOA score, the extent of reduction, the fusion status, and the complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 18.3 months with a range of 10-32 months. No @entity1 incurred @entity531 during surgery. The mean JOA score at the last follow-up (15.4) showed significant improvement (P<0.01) compared with the pre-operative parameters (11.2). Complete horizontal reduction was achieved in 18 @entity1 (85.7%), and complete vertical reduction was achieved in 17 @entity1 (80.9%). The rest @entity1 are all received greater than 50% horizontal and vertical reduction. Solid fusion was achieved in 20 @entity1 (95.2%). Mild @entity1282 was observed in two @entity1 . One @entity1 suffered from @entity86 and @entity358 . CONCLUSION: This novel distraction technique may provide satisfactory reduction via a posterior-only approach without exposure of the C1/2 facet joint. Therefore, it is a safe and effective method for the treatment of @entity3473 with @entity3029 .

title: Posterior distraction reduction and occipitocervical fixation for the treatment of @entity3473 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative fever']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity3473 :: ('MESH:D007443', 'Disease') :: ['BI', 'basilar invagination']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular injury']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['AAD', 'and atlantoaxial dislocation']

answer: @entity3029 :: (MESH:D004204,Disease) :: ['and atlantoaxial dislocation']


abstract: OBJECT: To introduce a novel distraction technique for the treatment of @entity3473 ( @entity3473 ) @entity3029 ( @entity3029 ) via a posterior-only approach. METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive @entity1 with @entity3473 and @entity3029 who underwent posterior distraction reduction and occipitocervical fixation between January 2009 and June 2013 were enrolled in the present study. This novel distraction technique included two steps. First, the distraction between the occipitocervical junction of the rod (OCJR) and the occipital screws was performed to achieve horizontal and partial vertical reduction. Secondly, the distraction was performed between the C2 screws and OCJR to achieve complete vertical reduction. The pre- and postoperative JOA score, the extent of reduction, the fusion status, and the complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 18.3 months with a range of 10-32 months. No @entity1 incurred @entity531 during surgery. The mean JOA score at the last follow-up (15.4) showed significant improvement (P<0.01) compared with the pre-operative parameters (11.2). Complete horizontal reduction was achieved in 18 @entity1 (85.7%), and complete vertical reduction was achieved in 17 @entity1 (80.9%). The rest @entity1 are all received greater than 50% horizontal and vertical reduction. Solid fusion was achieved in 20 @entity1 (95.2%). Mild @entity1282 was observed in two @entity1 . One @entity1 suffered from @entity86 and @entity358 . CONCLUSION: This novel distraction technique may provide satisfactory reduction via a posterior-only approach without exposure of the C1/2 facet joint. Therefore, it is a safe and effective method for the treatment of @entity3473 with @entity3029 .

title: Posterior distraction reduction and occipitocervical fixation for the treatment of XXXX @entity3029 .

answer: @entity3473 :: (MESH:D007443,Disease) :: ['basilar invagination']


abstract: Rapid, nongenomic effects of @entity53 (E(2)) in endothelial cells are postulated to arise from membrane-associated @entity172 receptors (ERs), which have not been visualized in vascular tissue. To identify membrane ERs, we used multiple site-directed @entity7605 or @entity12209 antibodies to label en face @entity35 cerebral and coronary arterial endothelia. Western blots revealed a novel 55-kDa @entity7605 isoform. Three-dimensional images of cells labeled with these antibodies and markers for the nucleus and caveolin-1 were acquired with a wide-field microscope, deconvolved, and numerically analyzed. We found @entity7605 in the nucleus and cell periphery, where one-third colocalized with caveolin-1. The receptor location was dependent on the epitope of the antibody. Human ovarian surface epithelium produced similar results; but in @entity35 myometrium, the distribution was epitope independent and nuclear. @entity12209 distribution was predominantly intranuclear and epitope independent. A small amount of @entity7605 colocalized with @entity12209 within the nucleus. The results were identical in both arterial preparations and insensitive to E(2). We postulate that the different @entity7605 conformations at the membrane, in the nucleus, and between different cell types allow E(2) to trigger cell- and location-specific signaling cascades.

title: Epitope-dependent localization of XXXX receptor-alpha, but not -beta, in en face arterial endothelium.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17 beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many clinicians believe that after @entity174 of the hook of the hamate, nonunions are the rule rather than the exception. PURPOSE: To describe a previously unreported condition in which the fractured hook of the hamate unites only along its ulnar column and causes @entity158 similar to that in cases of nonunion. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Eight @entity1 who had sustained a hook of the hamate @entity174 were identified, on the basis of their persistent @entity158 , as having achieved only partial union. This diagnosis was made despite evidence on computed tomography of healed bone across a significant portion of the @entity174 . All eight @entity1 underwent subperiosteal excision of the hamulus because of persistent @entity158 . At an average of 4 years after excision, each @entity1 was evaluated by dynamometer grip strength testing and a subjective outcome assessment. RESULTS: All @entity1 were able to return to their preinjury level of sports participation at an average 8 weeks after excision of the hook of the hamate. Grip strength was not adversely affected in any @entity1 . Subjective evaluation of each @entity1 revealed no residual @entity158 . CONCLUSIONS: Chronic or unresolved @entity158 on the ulnar side of the wrist after hook of the hamate @entity174 can be due to partial union. This condition should be managed no differently from a symptomatic nonunion, with excision of the hook of the hamate and repair of the ligament attachments.

title: Symptomatic, partial union of the hook of the hamate XXXX in athletes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fracture']


abstract: PURPOSE: Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) is currently the favored reconstructive procedure after resection of @entity2941 . Hepaticoduodenostomy (HD) has been argued to be more physiologically and technically easier but is feared to have associated complications. Here we compare outcomes of the 2 procedures. METHODS: A retrospective chart review identified 59 @entity1 who underwent @entity2941 resection within our institution from 1999 to 2009. Demographic and outcome data were compared using t tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Pearson   (2) tests. RESULTS: Fifty-nine @entity1 underwent repair of @entity2941 . Biliary continuity was restored by HD in 39 (66%) and by HJ in 20 (34%). Open HD @entity1 required less total operative time than HJ @entity1 (3.9 vs 5.1 hours, P = .013), tolerated a diet faster (4.8 days compared with 6.1 days, P = .08), and had a shorter hospital stay (7.05 days for HD vs 9.05 days for HJ, P = .12). Complications were more common in HJ (HD = 7.6%, HJ = 20%, P = .21). Three @entity1 required reoperation after HJ, but only one @entity1 required reoperation after HD for a stricture (HD = 2.5%, HJ = 20%, P = .037). CONCLUSIONS: In this series, HD required less operative time, allowed faster recovery of bowel function, and produced fewer complications requiring reoperation.

title: Hepaticoduodenostomy vs hepaticojejunostomy for reconstruction after resection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2941 :: ('MESH:D015529', 'Disease') :: ['choledochal cyst', 'choledochal cysts']

answer: @entity2941 :: (MESH:D015529,Disease) :: ['choledochal cyst']


abstract: Macrophages and dendritic cells play an important role in regulating B-cell responses, including proliferation to antigens such as @entity7430 (TNP)-Ficoll and TNP- @entity6469 . However, the mechanisms and molecule(s) that regulate these processes are relatively undefined. In this report, we show that @entity1 macrophages generated in vitro strongly costimulate proliferation of dense @entity1 tonsillar B cells ligated via their @entity25128 ( @entity25128 ) but not proliferation via @entity2936 . Similarly, dendritic cells also markedly enhance @entity25128 -activated B-cell proliferation. Soluble molecule(s) are required for @entity1 macrophages to costimulate proliferation of B cells triggered via their @entity25128 . Importantly, a TACI (trans-membrane activator and @entity48890 interactor)-Fc fusion protein inhibits both macrophage- and dendritic cell (DC)-dependent @entity25128 -activated B-cell proliferation, indicating a requirement for at least one of the known TACI ligands, @entity8410 and/or @entity32969 . Consistent with a major role for @entity8410 , macrophages release @entity8410 at levels sufficient to potently costimulate @entity25128 -induced B-cell proliferation. In addition, @entity8410 is more than 100-fold more potent than @entity32969 in enhancing @entity25128 -mediated @entity1 B-cell proliferation. Furthermore, immunodepletion of @entity32969 under conditions that prevent @entity32969 -mediated B-cell costimulation does not block macrophage enhancement of B-cell proliferation. Finally, there is no correlation between the high levels of @entity32969 ( @entity32969 ) expressed by macrophages compared with DCs and the similar abilities of macrophages and DCs to enhance @entity25128 -stimulated B-cell proliferation. In summary, our results suggest that macrophage- and DC-derived B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family ( @entity8410 ) represents a key molecule by which macrophages and DCs directly regulate @entity1 B-cell proliferative responses to T-cell-independent stimuli.

title: Macrophage- and dendritic cell--dependent regulation of @entity1 B-cell proliferation requires the TNF family ligand XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7430 :: ('CHEBI:53067', 'Chemical') :: ['trinitrophenyl']

entities_list: @entity25128 :: ('613', 'Gene') :: ['B-cell antigen receptor', 'BCR']

entities_list: @entity32969 :: ('8741', 'Gene') :: ['a proliferation-inducing ligand', 'APRIL']

entities_list: @entity6469 :: ('235', 'Species') :: ['Brucella abortus']

answer: @entity8410 :: (10673,Gene) :: ['BAFF']


abstract: Macrophages and dendritic cells play an important role in regulating B-cell responses, including proliferation to antigens such as @entity7430 (TNP)-Ficoll and TNP- @entity6469 . However, the mechanisms and molecule(s) that regulate these processes are relatively undefined. In this report, we show that @entity1 macrophages generated in vitro strongly costimulate proliferation of dense @entity1 tonsillar B cells ligated via their @entity25128 ( @entity25128 ) but not proliferation via @entity2936 . Similarly, dendritic cells also markedly enhance @entity25128 -activated B-cell proliferation. Soluble molecule(s) are required for @entity1 macrophages to costimulate proliferation of B cells triggered via their @entity25128 . Importantly, a TACI (trans-membrane activator and @entity48890 interactor)-Fc fusion protein inhibits both macrophage- and dendritic cell (DC)-dependent @entity25128 -activated B-cell proliferation, indicating a requirement for at least one of the known TACI ligands, @entity8410 and/or @entity32969 . Consistent with a major role for @entity8410 , macrophages release @entity8410 at levels sufficient to potently costimulate @entity25128 -induced B-cell proliferation. In addition, @entity8410 is more than 100-fold more potent than @entity32969 in enhancing @entity25128 -mediated @entity1 B-cell proliferation. Furthermore, immunodepletion of @entity32969 under conditions that prevent @entity32969 -mediated B-cell costimulation does not block macrophage enhancement of B-cell proliferation. Finally, there is no correlation between the high levels of @entity32969 ( @entity32969 ) expressed by macrophages compared with DCs and the similar abilities of macrophages and DCs to enhance @entity25128 -stimulated B-cell proliferation. In summary, our results suggest that macrophage- and DC-derived B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family ( @entity8410 ) represents a key molecule by which macrophages and DCs directly regulate @entity1 B-cell proliferative responses to T-cell-independent stimuli.

title: Macrophage- and dendritic cell--dependent regulation of XXXX B-cell proliferation requires the TNF family ligand @entity8410 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In August 1988 a randomised phase III multicenter trial was started in order to compare @entity900 / @entity21193 (PT) with standard @entity900 / @entity786 (PC) in advanced @entity43 , aiming at lower @entity137 and maintained efficiency. @entity1 AND METHODS: Five hundred and nineteen @entity1 were enrolled into the protocol. Final evaluation after a median observation time of more than five years was made in July 1996 and included 398 eligible @entity1 , of whom 366 were evaluable regarding efficiency and 290 in respect of @entity137 . The @entity5 stages were classified as FIGO II in 53, FIGO III in 244 and FIGO IV in 68 @entity1 . The @entity1 were stratified regarding post-operative @entity5 burden. RESULTS: Hematological and gastrointestinal @entity137 WHO > = 3 were comparable between the two study arms though a significant difference could be demonstrated regarding alopecia (PT 8% vs. PC 47% after six cycles). The median time to progression as the main efficiency item was in favour of the study schedule (PT 20.6 vs. PC 15.1 months) while significant differences were neither observed in the whole study group nor in the analysed subgroups (R0, < 2 cm, > = 2 cm). The same held true for overall survival. CONCLUSION: PT may be recommended as a less toxic substitute for the former standard PC. After the acceptance of @entity1311 / @entity900 as a new standard, the role of @entity21193 should be investigated regarding adjuvant therapy in @entity1 without @entity41 , as a potential partner in triple or sequential treatment and in second-line treatment.

title: XXXX in the treatment of advanced @entity43 : a randomised co-operative multicentre phase III-study.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'cisplatinum']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity21193 :: ('MESH:C018404', 'Chemical') :: ['treosulfan']

answer: @entity21193 :: (MESH:C018404,Chemical) :: ['Treosulfan']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In August 1988 a randomised phase III multicenter trial was started in order to compare @entity900 / @entity21193 (PT) with standard @entity900 / @entity786 (PC) in advanced @entity43 , aiming at lower @entity137 and maintained efficiency. @entity1 AND METHODS: Five hundred and nineteen @entity1 were enrolled into the protocol. Final evaluation after a median observation time of more than five years was made in July 1996 and included 398 eligible @entity1 , of whom 366 were evaluable regarding efficiency and 290 in respect of @entity137 . The @entity5 stages were classified as FIGO II in 53, FIGO III in 244 and FIGO IV in 68 @entity1 . The @entity1 were stratified regarding post-operative @entity5 burden. RESULTS: Hematological and gastrointestinal @entity137 WHO > = 3 were comparable between the two study arms though a significant difference could be demonstrated regarding alopecia (PT 8% vs. PC 47% after six cycles). The median time to progression as the main efficiency item was in favour of the study schedule (PT 20.6 vs. PC 15.1 months) while significant differences were neither observed in the whole study group nor in the analysed subgroups (R0, < 2 cm, > = 2 cm). The same held true for overall survival. CONCLUSION: PT may be recommended as a less toxic substitute for the former standard PC. After the acceptance of @entity1311 / @entity900 as a new standard, the role of @entity21193 should be investigated regarding adjuvant therapy in @entity1 without @entity41 , as a potential partner in triple or sequential treatment and in second-line treatment.

title: @entity21193 in the treatment of advanced XXXX : a randomised co-operative multicentre phase III-study.

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Retrospective cost-effectiveness analyses of vaccination programs using routinely collected post-implementation data are sparse by comparison with pre-program analyses. We performed a retrospective economic evaluation of the childhood 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) program in Australia. METHODS: We developed a deterministic multi-compartment model that describes health states related to invasive and non- @entity3 . Costs (Australian dollars, A ) and health effects (quality-adjusted life years, QALYs) were attached to model states. The perspective for costs was that of the healthcare system and government. Where possible, we used observed changes in the disease rates from national surveillance and healthcare databases to estimate the impact of the PCV7 program (2005-2010). We stratified our cost-effectiveness results into alternative scenarios which differed by the outcome states included. Parameter uncertainty was explored using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: The PCV7 program was estimated to have prevented    5900 hospitalisations and    160 deaths from @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Approximately half of these were prevented in adults via herd protection. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was    A 161,000 per QALY gained when including only @entity3 -related outcomes. The cost-effectiveness of PCV7 remained in the range A 88,000- 122,000 when changes in various non-invasive disease states were included. The inclusion of observed changes in adult non-invasive @entity55 deaths substantially improved cost-effectiveness (   A 9000 per QALY gained). CONCLUSION: Using the initial vaccine price negotiated for Australia, the PCV7 program was unlikely to have been cost-effective (at conventional thresholds) unless observed reductions in non-invasive @entity55 deaths in the elderly are attributed to it. Further analyses are required to explore this finding, which has significant implications for the incremental benefit achievable by adult @entity1485 programs.

title: Retrospective economic evaluation of childhood 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Australia: Uncertain herd impact on XXXX critical.

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['IPD', 'invasive pneumococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']


abstract: Because of widespread latex manufacturing in the last decades, exposure to latex has become ever greater, as has the incidence of @entity2144 among the general population as well as the high-risk groups. Clinical manifestations range from local reactions ( @entity4 , @entity111 , erythema, and papulae), rhino- @entity2024 , @entity565 , @entity4 , to severe systemic reactions such as anaphylactic shock (from parenteral exposure especially during medical examinations or surgical procedures). Diagnosis is formulated on the basis of the personal history and an accurate allergological evaluation. @entity1 usually have a history of food intolerance or adverse reactions during medical or surgical procedures, which are believed to be the result of anesthetics or other drugs. In vivo tests are prick and patch tests and challenge tests. Challenge tests (nasal, conjunctival, bronchial, intravaginal, sublingual, oral, and cutaneous tests) are important for confirming the diagnosis, for evaluating a @entity1 's response to the different kinds of latex exposure, and for verifying the effects of desensitizing treatments on the various organs involved in @entity2144 . The most important in vitro test is the specific anti-natural rubber latex IgE assay. The only effective resolution to the @entity2144 seems to be desensitization. The criteria of effectiveness are the capability to use latex items, to undergo medical examinations (even invasive), and to remain in an environment where latex particles can be inhaled (such as surgical departments), without symptoms. The first attempts were performed by subcutaneous administration of latex, but this protocol seems to be delicate to perform because of the side effects. Two different alternative methods (percutaneous and sublingual) were successfully performed and proved to be safer and more effective, even though further studies on a larger group of @entity1 are needed.

title: New insights on XXXX and treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['pharyngeal edema', 'edema']

entities_list: @entity2144 :: ('MESH:D020315', 'Disease') :: ['latex allergy', 'latex allergy problem']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

answer: @entity2144 :: (MESH:D020315,Disease) :: ['latex allergy diagnosis']


abstract: Sensitization to domestic mites is common in Germany. The main objectives of this study were (1) to establish the rate of skin test sensitivity to @entity7130 , Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae in 512 consecutive @entity1 evaluated for @entity1729 ; (2) to verify how many of the @entity1 with a positive skin test to at least one of the three storage mites were also skin test positive to @entity7130 ; and (3) to verify how many of the @entity1 with at least one positive skin test to one of the storage mites previously mentioned were also sensitized, in vitro, to other mite species. A total of 512 consecutive @entity1 with @entity2490 and/or @entity565 , living in urban or rural areas of central Germany were skin tested with extracts of @entity7130 , A. siro, L. destructor, and T. putrescentiae. In addition, specific IgE determinations to Euroglyphus maynei, Blomia tropicalis, Blomia tjibodas, Blomia kulagini, and Gohieria fusca were conducted in those individuals with a positive skin test to at least one of the storage mites used in skin testing. Of the 512 @entity1 , 103 (20.1%; 77 urban dwellers and 26 farmers) reacted to at least one of the storage mites. From this latter group, 88 individuals (85.4%) also skin tested positive to @entity7130 . In vitro specific IgE determinations revealed a high rate of sensitization to the other mite species studied. We conclude that sensitization to storage mites in Germany is frequently associated with sensitivity to @entity7130 . Overall, skin test sensitivity to storage mites was greater in rural than in city dwellers. In vitro sensitization to B. tjibodas was also significantly greater in rural than in city dwellers.

title: In vivo and in vitro sensitization to domestic mites in German urban and rural allergic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7130 :: ('6956', 'Species') :: ['Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus', 'D. pteronyssinus']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper and/or lower respiratory complaints']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We have examined effects of chronic reduction of intraluminal @entity4095 on blood flow through vasa vasorum, by comparing large arteries and veins, and effects of acute @entity519 on flow through vasa. Microspheres were used to measure flow in anesthetized @entity235 . Values obtained with different sizes of microspheres suggest that spheres 9 and 15 micron in diam, but not 50 micron, are appropriate for measurement of blood flow through vasa vasorum. Flow [expressed as ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 (SE)] through medial vasa was similar in the aorta (9.0 +/- 2.1) and pulmonary artery (9.3 +/- 1.1) although, on the basis of wall thickness and number of lamellae, one would predict much higher levels of flow to aortic media. Two veins that we studied have a thick muscular wall. Both veins had high levels of flow through medial vasa: 33 +/- 4.4 to the subdiaphragmatic inferior vena cava and 18 +/- 5.4 to the portal vein. Two other veins are apparently conduit vessels, with dense connective tissue and minimal smooth muscle. Both veins had minimal flow through medial vasa: 2.4 +/- 1.0 to superior vena cava, and 1.9 +/- 0.8 to supradiaphragmatic inferior vena cava. Thus, because flow through vasa differs greatly in different veins, structure of the vessel (as well as intraluminal @entity4095 ) is an important determinant of flow through vasa. Acute @entity519 increased conductance of medial vasa vasorum of arteries and veins when neurohumoral constrictor effects were blocked by @entity5333 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Blood flow through vasa vasorum in arteries and veins: effects of luminal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5333 :: ('MESH:D010643', 'Chemical') :: ['phenoxybenzamine']

answer: @entity4095 :: (MESH:C093415,Chemical) :: ['PO2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aims to assess the mortality associated with @entity173 at 5 years in a geriatric population, and evaluate the influence of age, cognitive state, mobility and residential status on long term survival after @entity173 . METHODS: A prospective audit was carried out of all @entity1 with a @entity173 admitted to a university hospital over a 4 year period. Data from 2640 @entity1 were analysed and multivariate analysis used to indicate the important variables predicting mortality. @entity1 fulfilling the criteria of age<80 years, Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMT)>= 7/10, independently mobile and admitted from own home were put into group A (low risk group). @entity1 not meeting the criteria were placed into group B (high risk group). RESULTS: 2640 @entity1 fitted the inclusion criteria, 482 in group A and 2158 in group B. 850 @entity1 (43.1%) died in their first year following @entity173 . 302 @entity1 (63%) of group A were still alive at 5 years in comparison with only 367 (17%) of group B. Overall, 669 (25%) @entity1 survived for 5 years. Increased survival was shown for the following variables: age<80 years RR 5.27 (p<0.01), AMT>= 7/10 RR 6.03 (p<0.01), independent mobility RR 2.63 (p<0.01) and admitted from own home RR 4.52 (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings will allow for early recognition of those @entity1 with an increased chance of long-term survival following @entity173 . Such @entity1 may be suitable for surgical treatment, such as total hip replacement, which has a good long-term outcome.

title: Predictors of 5 year survival following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fracture']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Resection of @entity5 invading the anterior cranial base is performed with craniofacial resection (CFR) with acceptable results in complication rates and oncologic outcomes. However, still there are series with major morbidity in up to 40% of @entity1 , and mortality of 5%. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the results in terms of morbidity, mortality, function and aesthetics using a median fronto orbital flap (MFOF). METHODS: The MFOF was used in 28 consecutive @entity1 who presented to the Head and Neck Service from 1992 to 1999, in the Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog  a, Mexico City, and was combined with a superior rhinotomy for en bloc resection of the ethmoid complex in the last 12 cases. 89% of @entity1 had @entity5 . RESULTS: 1 @entity204 occurred in this series (3%) and the global morbidity was 35%. Aesthetics and function were good to excellent. Percentages of @entity5 -free survival for malignant lesions was 76% and 41% at 2 and 5 years follow up, respectively. CONCLUSION: CFR is a safe approach for treatment of @entity5 of the anterior skull base. MFOF mobilization decreases complication rates and gives superb exposure for en bloc resection of @entity5 invading the ethmoidomaxillary complex specially when combined with a superior rhinotomy. A positive impact on quality of life was obtained.

title: [Use of median fronto-naso-orbital flap to decrease the incidence of complications in XXXX undergoing craniofacial resection].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'malignant neoplasms', 'neoplasms']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A study was undertaken on 176 @entity1 with @entity6583 to determine the clinical behaviour and long-term outcome of cases. The @entity1 were followed up prospectively in the paediatric neurology clinic for 6 years. Diagnosis was based primarily on CT scans. All the CT lesions were parenchymal and mostly single (87%) with ring enhancement and peri-lesional @entity4 . Partial @entity410 was the predominant presenting @entity410 type. About 65% of cases had recurrences at varying intervals during treatment. Albendazole therapy given to some cases did not appear to have any beneficial effect on @entity410 control. Repeat CTs done at varying intervals after the first @entity410 showed disappearance of the lesions in about 50% of cases. The majority of lesions disappeared without the use of @entity3753 . Recurrence of @entity410 after withdrawal of anti- @entity302 medication was observed in 19% of the cases. @entity6583 in @entity1 commonly presents with partial @entity410 and @entity75 on CT. The disease can be managed well by anti- @entity302 medication alone and the prognosis is good.

title: XXXX in @entity1 : clinical characteristics and outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity6583 :: ('MESH:D020019', 'Disease') :: ['neurocysticercosis', 'Parenchymal neurocysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['ring lesions']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

answer: @entity6583 :: (MESH:D020019,Disease) :: ['Neurocysticercosis']


abstract: A study was undertaken on 176 @entity1 with @entity6583 to determine the clinical behaviour and long-term outcome of cases. The @entity1 were followed up prospectively in the paediatric neurology clinic for 6 years. Diagnosis was based primarily on CT scans. All the CT lesions were parenchymal and mostly single (87%) with ring enhancement and peri-lesional @entity4 . Partial @entity410 was the predominant presenting @entity410 type. About 65% of cases had recurrences at varying intervals during treatment. Albendazole therapy given to some cases did not appear to have any beneficial effect on @entity410 control. Repeat CTs done at varying intervals after the first @entity410 showed disappearance of the lesions in about 50% of cases. The majority of lesions disappeared without the use of @entity3753 . Recurrence of @entity410 after withdrawal of anti- @entity302 medication was observed in 19% of the cases. @entity6583 in @entity1 commonly presents with partial @entity410 and @entity75 on CT. The disease can be managed well by anti- @entity302 medication alone and the prognosis is good.

title: @entity6583 in XXXX : clinical characteristics and outcome.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: After analysing 1929 cases of resection for @entity2 under the classification of adjuvant therapy, histology, stage and chronology, we learned positive points of adjuvant chemotherapy and its problems. The five year survival rate of 45 cases of @entity4153 @entity4318 .9% (oat cell 18.5%, intermediate 28.6%). Long-term survivors are always found among the stage I @entity1 , however, better results (14.7%-60.6%) have been shown since 1980. This fact must be derived from recent achievements of chemotherapy. Seven cases of adjuvant surgery for @entity4153 shows needs of chemotherapy. The randomized controlled study by using @entity7324 for @entity4153 , stage III, and also other studies showed no signs of effectiveness of chemotherapy on @entity4153 . Clinical application of clonogenic cell assay has made an advance in selecting types of chemotherapy. The problems are, however, administration of drugs, i.e. selection of drugs, time and period to administrated, accurate diagnoses and precise judgement of clinical stage and drug tolerance of @entity1 . We expect more effective drugs to come in the near future.

title: [Adjuvant chemotherapy for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['vindesine']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma', 'non-small cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: To establish a more reasonable therapeutic guide line for large and/or invasive @entity977 , 257 cases of @entity977 were analyzed. Among 83 cases with slight or moderate suprasellar extension (Wilson's Grade II-A _ B) in the pre-CT era, 57 @entity1 were alive at the time of follow-up (mean follow-up period: 12.7 years). Death of unspecified causes other than @entity5 , @entity583 , etc. were reported in nine @entity1 . Among 60 cases of Grade II-A _ B in the post-CT era, 59 @entity1 were alive (mean follow-up: 3.4 years). Comparing these groups, cases with huge suprasellar extension (Grade C) had much worse prognosis. Only two @entity1 were alive among 14 cases of Group C in the pre-CT era. Seven cases of @entity204 with unspecified causes were reported. In the 13 cases of Group C in the post-CT era, 12 @entity1 were alive but at least four of them were severely handicapped. In 10 cases with @entity3 (Grade IV) in the pre-CT era, only two were alive. In the group of Grade IV in the post-CT era, one @entity1 died and three @entity1 were operated repeatedly. Severe complications of irradiation therapy occurred in seven @entity1 (mean interval: 6.6 years) among 120 cases of irradiated @entity977 in every category. Among six cases with histological malignancy, three were operated repeatedly; among the latter group, two @entity1 died and the third showed intracranial @entity3 . The present data indicate that large and/or invasive @entity977 have a pessimistic prognosis, although @entity652 with mild or moderate simple suprasellar extension have fairly good prognosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinical analysis of large and/or invasive XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas', 'pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'sphenoid invasion']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: Most of "so-called" posterior communicating @entity438 previously reported, originated from the internal carotid-posterior communicating junction. @entity439 arising from the posterior communicating artery itself are very rare. The @entity2896 caused by @entity438 is also very rare. We are reporting a case with the @entity439 arising directly from the distal half of the posterior communicating artery presenting the @entity2896 . This 73-year-old @entity1 who had no treatment with @entity101 for several years was admitted for sudden onset of severe @entity10 , @entity391 and unconsciousness on @entity3490 , 1984. She opened her eyes when addressed and had disorientation, @entity322 , @entity1269 and @entity2896 . A 4-vessel angiography revealed the @entity439 originating directly from the distal half of the posterior communicating artery. The @entity1 underwent left-frontotemporal craniotomy on the 27th day after @entity510 under Hunt _ Kosnic Grade 3. The @entity439 originated directly from the distal half of the posterior communicating artery and directed inferior-posterior-laterally below the oculomotor nerve. The neck was successfully clipped. Immediate post-operative course was uneventful until the 7th day after surgery. On the 8th day she had hypertensive @entity548 and expired. The autopsy could not be obtained. The saccular "true" posterior communicating @entity438 with isolated unilateral @entity2896 as seen in our case has not been reported. Considering the operative findings, we thought the aneurysmal dome contacted directly with the abducens nerve.

title: ["True" posterior communicating @entity438 presenting the XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['right-hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomitting']

entities_list: @entity2896 :: ('MESH:D020434', 'Disease') :: ['left-abducens nerve palsy', 'abducens nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['saccular aneurysm', 'aneurysm', 'Aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['artery aneurysms', 'artery aneurysm', 'cerebral aneurysm']

answer: @entity2896 :: (MESH:D020434,Disease) :: ['abducens nerve palsy']


abstract: Most of "so-called" posterior communicating @entity438 previously reported, originated from the internal carotid-posterior communicating junction. @entity439 arising from the posterior communicating artery itself are very rare. The @entity2896 caused by @entity438 is also very rare. We are reporting a case with the @entity439 arising directly from the distal half of the posterior communicating artery presenting the @entity2896 . This 73-year-old @entity1 who had no treatment with @entity101 for several years was admitted for sudden onset of severe @entity10 , @entity391 and unconsciousness on @entity3490 , 1984. She opened her eyes when addressed and had disorientation, @entity322 , @entity1269 and @entity2896 . A 4-vessel angiography revealed the @entity439 originating directly from the distal half of the posterior communicating artery. The @entity1 underwent left-frontotemporal craniotomy on the 27th day after @entity510 under Hunt _ Kosnic Grade 3. The @entity439 originated directly from the distal half of the posterior communicating artery and directed inferior-posterior-laterally below the oculomotor nerve. The neck was successfully clipped. Immediate post-operative course was uneventful until the 7th day after surgery. On the 8th day she had hypertensive @entity548 and expired. The autopsy could not be obtained. The saccular "true" posterior communicating @entity438 with isolated unilateral @entity2896 as seen in our case has not been reported. Considering the operative findings, we thought the aneurysmal dome contacted directly with the abducens nerve.

title: ["True" posterior communicating XXXX presenting the @entity2896 ].

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['artery aneurysm']


abstract: Although graft-versus-host (GVH) disease (GVHD) is usually associated with graft versus @entity1778 (GVL), GVL can occur in the absence of clinical GVHD. There is evidence to suggest that GVL and GVH are mediated by different clones of T cells. The objective of this study was to identify the two types of T cells based on their receptor sequences. To this end we used irradiated nonleukemic cells from recipients as stimulator cells in a primary mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). The activated @entity404 (+) donor T cells that expressed @entity2902 were purified by cell sorting. To prepare GVL-specific T cells, alloreactive T cells in the primary MLR were first depleted with an anti- @entity2902 immunotoxin. The remaining T cells had negligible alloreactivity in a secondary MLR. The allodepleted cells were then stimulated by using purified @entity1778 cells from the same individual as stimulator cells, and the @entity2902 (+)-activated cells were purified by cell sorting. The GVL- and GVH-specific T cells were analyzed for their T cell receptor (TCR) clonality by using anchored RT-PCR of all the @entity11112 locus complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sequences. By comparing @entity11112 CDR3 sequences from transformed bacterial colonies, we were able to demonstrate that T cells mediating GVH were different from those mediating GVL in each of the eight HLA-mismatched and one HLA-matched donor/recipient pairs. By using the appropriate @entity11112 CDR3-specific primers and probes, the GVH- and GVL-specific clones were monitored in a recipient undergoing an allogeneic stem cell transplant from her HLA-matched related donor.

title: Definitive separation of graft-versus-leukemia- and graft-versus-host-specific XXXX + T cells by virtue of their receptor beta loci sequences.

answer: @entity404 :: (920,Gene) :: ['CD4']


abstract: @entity3760 around orthodontic appliances is a problem. Suboptimal oral hygiene, long intervals between appointments, and potentially poor @entity1 cooperation with using @entity1388 dentifrices and mouth rinses necessitate a compliance-free means of preventing @entity1547 . The hypothesis of this study was that @entity1388 released by glass ionomer cement inhibits the formation of @entity1547 around orthodontic brackets in vivo. Brackets were bonded on 2 first premolars in 21 randomized, consecutively selected @entity1 11 to 18 years old. Eleven test-group subjects were bonded with @entity1388 -releasing glass ionomer cement, and 10 control subjects were bonded with composite resin (no @entity1388 ). The teeth were extracted after 4 weeks, sectioned, and evaluated quantitatively by cross-sectional microhardness testing. @entity1388 levels in @entity1 saliva were measured by the Taves diffusion method in samples taken at days 0 (baseline), 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to determine whether @entity1388 from the glass ionomer cement influenced the overall intraoral @entity1388 levels. The results demonstrated significantly more @entity3760 around the brackets of the control @entity1 (P <.01, Wilcoxon signed rank test). For whole-mouth salivary @entity1388 levels, no significant overall difference between the groups (P >.05) and no noticeable trend within groups (P >.05) were found. These results indicate that using @entity1388 -releasing glass ionomer cement for bonding orthodontic brackets successfully inhibited caries in vivo. This cariostatic effect was localized to the area around the brackets and was statistically significant after 4 weeks.

title: In vivo inhibition of XXXX around orthodontic brackets.

entities_list: @entity3760 :: ('MESH:D017001', 'Disease') :: ['demineralization', 'Demineralization']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['carious lesions', 'tooth decay']

entities_list: @entity1388 :: ('MESH:D005459', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoride', 'Fluoride']

answer: @entity3760 :: (MESH:D017001,Disease) :: ['demineralization']


abstract: PURPOSE: Despite their preclinical promise, previous @entity8047 inhibitors have shown little benefit for @entity1 . This likely reflects the narrow therapeutic window for @entity8047 inhibitors due to the essential role of the @entity3903 /44 MAPK pathway in many nontumor tissues. @entity5459 is a potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of the @entity12363 and @entity29343 ( @entity72330 ) enzymes with promising antitumor activity in a phase I clinical trial (ASCO 2010). Our studies characterize @entity5459 ' enzymatic, cellular, and in vivo activities, describing its unusually long circulating half-life. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Enzymatic studies were conducted to determine @entity5459 inhibition of recombinant @entity8047 , following or preceding RAF kinase activation. Cellular studies examined @entity5459 inhibition of @entity1366 phosphorylation (p- @entity1366 ) as well as @entity72330 phosphorylation and activation. Further studies explored the sensitivity of @entity5 cell lines, and drug pharmacokinetics and efficacy in multiple @entity5 xenograft models. RESULTS: In enzymatic and cellular studies, @entity5459 inhibits @entity72330 kinase activity and prevents Raf-dependent @entity8047 phosphorylation (S217 for @entity12363 ), producing prolonged p- @entity1366 inhibition. Potent cell growth inhibition was evident in most @entity5 lines with mutant @entity817 or Ras. In xenografted @entity5 models, @entity5459 orally dosed once daily had a long circulating half-life and sustained suppression of p- @entity1366 for more than 24 hours; @entity5459 also reduced @entity5 Ki67, increased @entity993 ( @entity13525 / @entity13525 ), and caused @entity5 growth inhibition in multiple @entity5 models. The largest antitumor effect was among @entity5 harboring mutant @entity817 or Ras. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5459 combines high potency, selectivity, and long circulating half-life, offering promise for successfully targeting the narrow therapeutic window anticipated for clinical @entity8047 inhibitors.

title: XXXX ( @entity5459 ) is an inhibitor of @entity8047 activity and activation with favorable pharmacokinetic properties for sustained in vivo pathway inhibition.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer']

answer: @entity5459 :: (MESH:C560077,Chemical) :: ['GSK1120212']


abstract: PURPOSE: Despite their preclinical promise, previous @entity8047 inhibitors have shown little benefit for @entity1 . This likely reflects the narrow therapeutic window for @entity8047 inhibitors due to the essential role of the @entity3903 /44 MAPK pathway in many nontumor tissues. @entity5459 is a potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of the @entity12363 and @entity29343 ( @entity72330 ) enzymes with promising antitumor activity in a phase I clinical trial (ASCO 2010). Our studies characterize @entity5459 ' enzymatic, cellular, and in vivo activities, describing its unusually long circulating half-life. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Enzymatic studies were conducted to determine @entity5459 inhibition of recombinant @entity8047 , following or preceding RAF kinase activation. Cellular studies examined @entity5459 inhibition of @entity1366 phosphorylation (p- @entity1366 ) as well as @entity72330 phosphorylation and activation. Further studies explored the sensitivity of @entity5 cell lines, and drug pharmacokinetics and efficacy in multiple @entity5 xenograft models. RESULTS: In enzymatic and cellular studies, @entity5459 inhibits @entity72330 kinase activity and prevents Raf-dependent @entity8047 phosphorylation (S217 for @entity12363 ), producing prolonged p- @entity1366 inhibition. Potent cell growth inhibition was evident in most @entity5 lines with mutant @entity817 or Ras. In xenografted @entity5 models, @entity5459 orally dosed once daily had a long circulating half-life and sustained suppression of p- @entity1366 for more than 24 hours; @entity5459 also reduced @entity5 Ki67, increased @entity993 ( @entity13525 / @entity13525 ), and caused @entity5 growth inhibition in multiple @entity5 models. The largest antitumor effect was among @entity5 harboring mutant @entity817 or Ras. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5459 combines high potency, selectivity, and long circulating half-life, offering promise for successfully targeting the narrow therapeutic window anticipated for clinical @entity8047 inhibitors.

title: @entity5459 ( XXXX ) is an inhibitor of @entity8047 activity and activation with favorable pharmacokinetic properties for sustained in vivo pathway inhibition.

answer: @entity5459 :: (MESH:C560077,Chemical) :: ['JTP-74057']


abstract: PURPOSE: Despite their preclinical promise, previous @entity8047 inhibitors have shown little benefit for @entity1 . This likely reflects the narrow therapeutic window for @entity8047 inhibitors due to the essential role of the @entity3903 /44 MAPK pathway in many nontumor tissues. @entity5459 is a potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of the @entity12363 and @entity29343 ( @entity72330 ) enzymes with promising antitumor activity in a phase I clinical trial (ASCO 2010). Our studies characterize @entity5459 ' enzymatic, cellular, and in vivo activities, describing its unusually long circulating half-life. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Enzymatic studies were conducted to determine @entity5459 inhibition of recombinant @entity8047 , following or preceding RAF kinase activation. Cellular studies examined @entity5459 inhibition of @entity1366 phosphorylation (p- @entity1366 ) as well as @entity72330 phosphorylation and activation. Further studies explored the sensitivity of @entity5 cell lines, and drug pharmacokinetics and efficacy in multiple @entity5 xenograft models. RESULTS: In enzymatic and cellular studies, @entity5459 inhibits @entity72330 kinase activity and prevents Raf-dependent @entity8047 phosphorylation (S217 for @entity12363 ), producing prolonged p- @entity1366 inhibition. Potent cell growth inhibition was evident in most @entity5 lines with mutant @entity817 or Ras. In xenografted @entity5 models, @entity5459 orally dosed once daily had a long circulating half-life and sustained suppression of p- @entity1366 for more than 24 hours; @entity5459 also reduced @entity5 Ki67, increased @entity993 ( @entity13525 / @entity13525 ), and caused @entity5 growth inhibition in multiple @entity5 models. The largest antitumor effect was among @entity5 harboring mutant @entity817 or Ras. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5459 combines high potency, selectivity, and long circulating half-life, offering promise for successfully targeting the narrow therapeutic window anticipated for clinical @entity8047 inhibitors.

title: @entity5459 ( @entity5459 ) is an inhibitor of XXXX activity and activation with favorable pharmacokinetic properties for sustained in vivo pathway inhibition.

answer: @entity8047 :: (5609,Gene) :: ['MEK']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity56 and those with @entity2023 (without @entity565 ) share many immunopathologic features but differ in the presence of lower airway symptoms in response to antigen. OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the airway inflammatory response to antigen in @entity1 with @entity12131 and @entity2023 . METHODS: Segmental bronchoprovocation with saline or ragweed antigen was performed in 9 @entity1 with @entity12131 and 9 @entity1 with @entity2023 without @entity565 . The antigen dose used in segmental bronchoprovocation was 10% of the dose that caused a 20% decrease in FEV1 in response to inhalation challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed from the saline- and antigen-challenged segments at 5 minutes and 48 hours after challenge. BAL fluid was analyzed for cell count and differential, distribution of lymphocytes, and concentration of soluble factors ( @entity112 , @entity225 , @entity1495 , tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and fibronectin). In addition, BAL cells were cultured ex vivo, and @entity225 , @entity379 , and @entity688 generation was measured. RESULTS: Antigen challenge led to similar patterns of cellular recruitment, mediator levels, and BAL cell cytokine generation in both groups; however, the dose of antigen required to promote comparable responses in the airway was significantly less in @entity1 with @entity565 . CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the pattern of acute airway inflammation in response to allergen does not by itself explain antigen-induced @entity1224 and @entity565 symptoms. We speculate that other factors, such as increased airway sensitivity to allergen or preexisting airway @entity130 , might explain why @entity1 with @entity565 and @entity2490 differ in their clinical and physiologic response to antigen exposure.

title: A comparison of the airway response to segmental antigen bronchoprovocation in XXXX and @entity2023 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity12131 :: ('MESH:C565292', 'Disease') :: ['atopic asthma']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury and remodeling']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity1495 :: ('4318', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase 9']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['lower airway obstruction']

answer: @entity12131 :: (MESH:C565292,Disease) :: ['atopic asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity56 and those with @entity2023 (without @entity565 ) share many immunopathologic features but differ in the presence of lower airway symptoms in response to antigen. OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the airway inflammatory response to antigen in @entity1 with @entity12131 and @entity2023 . METHODS: Segmental bronchoprovocation with saline or ragweed antigen was performed in 9 @entity1 with @entity12131 and 9 @entity1 with @entity2023 without @entity565 . The antigen dose used in segmental bronchoprovocation was 10% of the dose that caused a 20% decrease in FEV1 in response to inhalation challenge. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed from the saline- and antigen-challenged segments at 5 minutes and 48 hours after challenge. BAL fluid was analyzed for cell count and differential, distribution of lymphocytes, and concentration of soluble factors ( @entity112 , @entity225 , @entity1495 , tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and fibronectin). In addition, BAL cells were cultured ex vivo, and @entity225 , @entity379 , and @entity688 generation was measured. RESULTS: Antigen challenge led to similar patterns of cellular recruitment, mediator levels, and BAL cell cytokine generation in both groups; however, the dose of antigen required to promote comparable responses in the airway was significantly less in @entity1 with @entity565 . CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the pattern of acute airway inflammation in response to allergen does not by itself explain antigen-induced @entity1224 and @entity565 symptoms. We speculate that other factors, such as increased airway sensitivity to allergen or preexisting airway @entity130 , might explain why @entity1 with @entity565 and @entity2490 differ in their clinical and physiologic response to antigen exposure.

title: A comparison of the airway response to segmental antigen bronchoprovocation in @entity12131 and XXXX .

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: The cause of @entity204 due to toxin F7, an angusticeps-type toxin, isolated from the venom of Dendroaspis angusticeps was studied in anesthetized @entity19 . The carotid arterial blood pressure, the ECG and the @entity1576 were recorded. Within a few minutes after i.v. injection of F7 (1 mg/kg), both the rate and amplitude of the @entity1576 decreased and @entity1576 took place within 15 min in most cases. Before @entity1576 , marked @entity1168 with various types of @entity943 and oscillation of blood pressure were observed. Artificial ventilation could abolish these cardiovascular changes and maintain the blood pressure for a long period. Toxin F7 caused a transient and slight @entity101 which could be prevented by @entity4033 . Intracisternal application of F7 (1 mg/kg) caused a long-lasting @entity101 and @entity1168 and the @entity1576 time was significantly longer than after i.v. injection. A large dose (50 mg/kg i.p.) of @entity3897 , but not smaller doses (5-10 mg/kg), protected @entity19 against @entity1576 induced by F7. In @entity35 , the phrenic nerve discharge was prolonged during @entity1576 . Since F7 has a potent anticholinesterase activity, it is concluded that the @entity1576 induced by F7 is peripheral in origin, chiefly, if not entirely, due to its anticholinesterase activity.

title: A study on the cause of XXXX produced by angusticeps-type toxin F7 isolated from eastern green mamba venom.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'increase of arterial blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression', 'respiratory arrest', 'respiratory failure', 'respiratory movements']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: Histologic changes in gastric mucosal biopsies were assessed in @entity1 who 2 to 19 years previously had undergone surgery for duodenal @entity1066 . Six groups, each of 40 @entity1 , were studied. Surgery had been performed in four groups, viz. P  lya gastrojejunostomy, truncal vagotomy with antrectomy, truncal vagotomy with drainage (gastrojejunostomy or pyloroplasty) or proximal gastric vagotomy. One control group was medically treated for duodenal @entity1066 and another had no signs of @entity74 . The incidence of @entity4726 was significantly higher after the P  lya operation than after the other three procedures. However, truncal vagotomy with antrectomy and truncal vagotomy and drainage were associated with high incidence of @entity45 . Intramucosal cysts were not seen after proximal gastric vagotomy. Gastric stump @entity189 appeared in three @entity1 after P  lya gastrectomy, with origin in the gastroenterostomy area. The findings indicate vulnerability of that area. All the operations evoked pathologic changes, except for proximal gastric vagotomy, after which the incidence of @entity4726 was similar to that found in the control groups.

title: Histologic changes after elective surgery for duodenal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4726 :: ('MESH:D005757', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic gastritis']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['intramucosal cysts']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['gastroduodenal disorder']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reference intervals can vary based on age and gender. Proper partitioning is necessary to classify health status in different age groups. METHODS: Seven analytes; aldolase, amylase, ceruloplasmin, @entity908 kinase, pancreatic amylase, prealbumin and @entity414 ; were assayed on Roche Modular P analyzers using serum samples from 1765 @entity1 (867 females and 898 males; age range, 6 months to 17 y). Subjects 6 months up to 7 y were undergoing minor surgical procedures. @entity1 7 to 17 y were apparently healthy. Subjects with significant medical history or who were taking any medications were excluded. RESULTS: Separate reference intervals for @entity1 and @entity1 were required for 33% of the groups. Aldolase showed gender variation in the 6-8, 12-14, and 15-17 y. Amylase was the only analyte that showed no significant gender differences within any age group. Both ceruloplasmin and @entity414 had significant differences between the 12-14 and 15-17 y groups. @entity908 kinase exhibited statistically significant gender differences in all age groups with the exception of 6-8 y. CONCLUSION: We verified that when establishing pediatric reference intervals, partitioning by age and gender is frequently necessary.

title: Age and gender specific pediatric reference intervals for aldolase, amylase, ceruloplasmin, XXXX kinase, pancreatic amylase, prealbumin, and @entity414 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine', 'Creatine']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity908 :: (MESH:D003401,Chemical) :: ['creatine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reference intervals can vary based on age and gender. Proper partitioning is necessary to classify health status in different age groups. METHODS: Seven analytes; aldolase, amylase, ceruloplasmin, @entity908 kinase, pancreatic amylase, prealbumin and @entity414 ; were assayed on Roche Modular P analyzers using serum samples from 1765 @entity1 (867 females and 898 males; age range, 6 months to 17 y). Subjects 6 months up to 7 y were undergoing minor surgical procedures. @entity1 7 to 17 y were apparently healthy. Subjects with significant medical history or who were taking any medications were excluded. RESULTS: Separate reference intervals for @entity1 and @entity1 were required for 33% of the groups. Aldolase showed gender variation in the 6-8, 12-14, and 15-17 y. Amylase was the only analyte that showed no significant gender differences within any age group. Both ceruloplasmin and @entity414 had significant differences between the 12-14 and 15-17 y groups. @entity908 kinase exhibited statistically significant gender differences in all age groups with the exception of 6-8 y. CONCLUSION: We verified that when establishing pediatric reference intervals, partitioning by age and gender is frequently necessary.

title: Age and gender specific pediatric reference intervals for aldolase, amylase, ceruloplasmin, @entity908 kinase, pancreatic amylase, prealbumin, and XXXX .

answer: @entity414 :: (MESH:D014527,Chemical) :: ['uric acid']