abstract: BACKGROUND: The comparatively high acquisition costs of the newer antipsychotic medications have caused the mental health community to look closely at their potential benefits. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to perform a naturalistic analysis of changes in mental health service utilization, economic costs, and clinical outcomes after the initiation of @entity1037 therapy for @entity716 in an indigent @entity1 population from a large county-operated mental health care system. METHODS: This was a prospective, uncontrolled investigation using a mirror-image cohort design. All captured costs from @entity1 who began @entity1037 therapy between November 1, 1996, and April 30, 1998, were analyzed in an intent-to-treat fashion to compare resource utilization in the 12 months immediately before and after the intervention. Clinical function was assessed at baseline and 6 months using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In a subgroup analysis, the baseline characteristics of @entity1 who completed 12 months of @entity1037 treatment were compared with those of @entity1 who (1) changed medication or (2) changed pay or source or were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-nine @entity1 were started on @entity1037 treatment during the 18-month study entry phase. @entity1 were primarily male (63.5%) and had a mean age of 35.9 years. Most (66.3%) had a formal diagnosis of thought disorder. Fifty-six @entity1 received @entity1037 for 12 consecutive months, and 22 were switched to other psychotropic medications. Of the remaining 111 @entity1 , 70 changed payors (ie, qualified for Medicaid), and 41 were lost to follow-up. In the subgroup analysis, @entity1 who completed 12 months of treatment (ie, responders) had significantly lower mean PANSS total scores at baseline compared with those who changed payors or were lost to follow-up (P = 0.047), and were significantly more likely to have a formal diagnosis of thought disorder (P = 0.039). Responders demonstrated a significant reduction in PANSS total and negative subscale scores at 6-month follow-up (both measures, P < 0.001). In the intent-to-treat analysis of resource utilization in all @entity1 with complete data sets (n = 78), hospitalization costs and crisis costs decreased significantly during the 12-month follow-up period (P = 0.003 and P = 0.009, respectively), and both outpatient and medication costs increased significantly (P = 0.035 and P < 0.001, respectively). Overall, the change in total annual resource utilization during the 12 months after initiation of @entity1037 was not statistically significant (mean decrease per @entity1 ,  1,991; 95% CI, - 5,258 to  1,122). CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of @entity1037 therapy was associated with favorable clinical outcomes in this population, particularly in @entity1 with a formal diagnosis of thought disorder. Overall, there was a cost shift away from hospital and crisis costs toward medication and outpatient services costs. The decline in total resource utilization was not statistically significant, although it may be of practical importance.

title: Clinical and economic outcomes associated with XXXX for the treatment of @entity716 in a county mental health population.

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic symptoms']

answer: @entity1037 :: (MESH:C076029,Chemical) :: ['olanzapine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The comparatively high acquisition costs of the newer antipsychotic medications have caused the mental health community to look closely at their potential benefits. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to perform a naturalistic analysis of changes in mental health service utilization, economic costs, and clinical outcomes after the initiation of @entity1037 therapy for @entity716 in an indigent @entity1 population from a large county-operated mental health care system. METHODS: This was a prospective, uncontrolled investigation using a mirror-image cohort design. All captured costs from @entity1 who began @entity1037 therapy between November 1, 1996, and April 30, 1998, were analyzed in an intent-to-treat fashion to compare resource utilization in the 12 months immediately before and after the intervention. Clinical function was assessed at baseline and 6 months using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In a subgroup analysis, the baseline characteristics of @entity1 who completed 12 months of @entity1037 treatment were compared with those of @entity1 who (1) changed medication or (2) changed pay or source or were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-nine @entity1 were started on @entity1037 treatment during the 18-month study entry phase. @entity1 were primarily male (63.5%) and had a mean age of 35.9 years. Most (66.3%) had a formal diagnosis of thought disorder. Fifty-six @entity1 received @entity1037 for 12 consecutive months, and 22 were switched to other psychotropic medications. Of the remaining 111 @entity1 , 70 changed payors (ie, qualified for Medicaid), and 41 were lost to follow-up. In the subgroup analysis, @entity1 who completed 12 months of treatment (ie, responders) had significantly lower mean PANSS total scores at baseline compared with those who changed payors or were lost to follow-up (P = 0.047), and were significantly more likely to have a formal diagnosis of thought disorder (P = 0.039). Responders demonstrated a significant reduction in PANSS total and negative subscale scores at 6-month follow-up (both measures, P < 0.001). In the intent-to-treat analysis of resource utilization in all @entity1 with complete data sets (n = 78), hospitalization costs and crisis costs decreased significantly during the 12-month follow-up period (P = 0.003 and P = 0.009, respectively), and both outpatient and medication costs increased significantly (P = 0.035 and P < 0.001, respectively). Overall, the change in total annual resource utilization during the 12 months after initiation of @entity1037 was not statistically significant (mean decrease per @entity1 ,  1,991; 95% CI, - 5,258 to  1,122). CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of @entity1037 therapy was associated with favorable clinical outcomes in this population, particularly in @entity1 with a formal diagnosis of thought disorder. Overall, there was a cost shift away from hospital and crisis costs toward medication and outpatient services costs. The decline in total resource utilization was not statistically significant, although it may be of practical importance.

title: Clinical and economic outcomes associated with @entity1037 for the treatment of XXXX in a county mental health population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychotic symptoms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted a 3-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to determine whether the positive effects of hormone/ @entity172 replacement therapy (H/ERT) on postcranial bone density are accompanied by similar positive effects on oral bone mass. METHODS: A total of 135 postmenopausal @entity1 (aged 41-70 years) with no evidence of moderate or severe @entity2520 were randomized to receive daily oral conjugated @entity172 ( @entity17916 ; 0.625 mg) alone or in combination with @entity11796 (Prempro; 0.625 and 2.5 mg, respectively) or placebo. All subjects received @entity4959 (1000 mg/d) and @entity3875 (400 [corrected] IU/d) supplements. The primary efficacy end points were the changes in @entity4067 height and alveolar bone density. @entity4067 height was measured on bite-wing radiographs, and changes in alveolar bone mass were assessed by means of digital-subtraction radiography. Postcranial bone density was measured in the lumbar spine and left proximal femur by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: @entity9646 / @entity172 replacement therapy significantly increased alveolar bone mass compared with placebo (+1.84% vs +0.95% [P =.04]), and tended to improve @entity4067 height (+4.83% vs +3.46% [P =.34]). Bone mineral density of the proximal femur significantly increased in the H/ERT compared with the placebo group (total proximal femur, +3.59% vs +0.22% [P =.001]; neck, +2.05% vs -0.34% [P =.02]; trochanter, +3.49% vs +0.08% [P<.001]), but not the lumbar spine (+1.01% vs +0.17% [P =.39]). Changes in alveolar bone mass correlated with bone density changes in the total femur (r = 0.28 [P =.02]) and femoral trochanter (r = 0.25 [P =.04]) in the H/ERT but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Postcranial and oral bone mass were increased in postmenopausal @entity1 receiving H/ERT. Improvement in oral bone health constitutes an additional benefit of H/ERT.

title: Alveolar and postcranial bone density in postmenopausal @entity1 receiving hormone/ XXXX replacement therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['periodontal disease']

entities_list: @entity3875 :: ('MESH:D002762', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecalciferol']

entities_list: @entity4067 :: ('MESH:D017675', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar crest', 'Alveolar crest']

entities_list: @entity4959 :: ('MESH:D002119', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium carbonate']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted a 3-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to determine whether the positive effects of hormone/ @entity172 replacement therapy (H/ERT) on postcranial bone density are accompanied by similar positive effects on oral bone mass. METHODS: A total of 135 postmenopausal @entity1 (aged 41-70 years) with no evidence of moderate or severe @entity2520 were randomized to receive daily oral conjugated @entity172 ( @entity17916 ; 0.625 mg) alone or in combination with @entity11796 (Prempro; 0.625 and 2.5 mg, respectively) or placebo. All subjects received @entity4959 (1000 mg/d) and @entity3875 (400 [corrected] IU/d) supplements. The primary efficacy end points were the changes in @entity4067 height and alveolar bone density. @entity4067 height was measured on bite-wing radiographs, and changes in alveolar bone mass were assessed by means of digital-subtraction radiography. Postcranial bone density was measured in the lumbar spine and left proximal femur by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: @entity9646 / @entity172 replacement therapy significantly increased alveolar bone mass compared with placebo (+1.84% vs +0.95% [P =.04]), and tended to improve @entity4067 height (+4.83% vs +3.46% [P =.34]). Bone mineral density of the proximal femur significantly increased in the H/ERT compared with the placebo group (total proximal femur, +3.59% vs +0.22% [P =.001]; neck, +2.05% vs -0.34% [P =.02]; trochanter, +3.49% vs +0.08% [P<.001]), but not the lumbar spine (+1.01% vs +0.17% [P =.39]). Changes in alveolar bone mass correlated with bone density changes in the total femur (r = 0.28 [P =.02]) and femoral trochanter (r = 0.25 [P =.04]) in the H/ERT but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Postcranial and oral bone mass were increased in postmenopausal @entity1 receiving H/ERT. Improvement in oral bone health constitutes an additional benefit of H/ERT.

title: Alveolar and postcranial bone density in postmenopausal XXXX receiving hormone/ @entity172 replacement therapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4327 is a collection of pus between the lungs and the chest wall. Approximately 50% of cases complicate @entity55 . There are a variety of treatment options ranging from intravenous antibiotics alone to open thoracotomy and debridement, depending in part on the stage of the @entity3509 and the severity. The condition changes with time, becoming loculated and more difficult to drain. There is much debate about the most appropriate therapy particularly with the advent of new treatments such as fibrinolytic enzymes (e.g. streptokinase, urokinase) and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). OBJECTIVES: To determine which is more effective for the management of @entity3509 : surgical (e.g. thoracoscopy, thoracotomy) or non-surgical techniques (e.g. thoracocentesis, chest tube drainage) and to establish whether there is an optimum time for intervention. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and DARE database were searched in addition to the Cochrane Acute @entity1729 Group's own register of trials. A specialised topic search with no language restrictions was used to search MEDLINE and EMBASE using Silverplatter. Bibliographies and the reference lists of identified studies and review articles were handsearched. Personal communication with authors and experts in the field is ongoing. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of surgical techniques versus non-surgical approaches for treatment of pus in the @entity1143 in @entity1 and adults but not neonates. Studies of @entity3509 associated with @entity378 or @entity5 were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality was assessed using Jadad criteria as recommended by the ARI group (Jadad 1996). The primary outcomes were @entity204 or resolution of the @entity3509 . Secondary outcomes addressed length of time chest tubes were required, @entity158 , hospital stay and any complications. MAIN RESULTS: Only one small randomised study was identified which met the inclusion criteria. It was conducted in a university thoracic surgery department. There were some methodological quality considerations which cast some doubt on validity ( @entity1 selection, unclear allocation concealment and outcome assessor blinding) and it scored 'B' overall (Jadad score 3). The main results of the study were that when compared with chest tube drainage combined with streptokinase, the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) group had a significantly higher primary treatment success and spent less time in hospital. Each group suffered one mortality. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: It would appear that for large, loculated @entity4327 VATS is superior to chest tube drainage with streptokinase in terms of duration of chest tubes and hospital stay. However there are questions about validity and the study is also too small to draw conclusions. There are risks of complications (associated with all treatments) which may not apparent with small numbers. VATS is performed under general anaesthetic and one lung ventilation. Fibrinolytics are also associated with side effects. Further larger multicentre studies need to be conducted.

title: Surgical versus non-surgical management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural cavity']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['Respiratory Infections']

entities_list: @entity4327 :: ('MESH:D016724', 'Disease') :: ['pleural empyemas', 'Pleural empyema']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity4327 :: (MESH:D016724,Disease) :: ['pleural empyema']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity158 is a frequently reported condition in active adults. A wide variety of conservative treatment strategies have been described. As yet, no optimal strategy has been identified. Application of orthotic devices e.g. knee braces, knee straps, forms of taping of the knee, active training devices, knee sleeves and in-shoe orthotics to support the foot have been advocated to treat this condition. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of foot and knee orthotics for treatment of @entity158 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register (December 2001), the Cochrane Controlled Trials register (Issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2000; EMBASE (January 1988 to March 2000); CINAHL (January 1982 to March 2000) and PEDro (up to March 2000). Relevant orthotic companies were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing the effectiveness of knee or foot orthotics for treatment of @entity158 were selected. Trials describing the use of orthotic devices in conjunction with operative treatment were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three reviewers independently assessed methodological quality of the identified trials by use of a modified version of the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group assessment tool, consisting 11 items. Two reviewers extracted data without blinding. Trialists were contacted to obtain missing data. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials involving 362 @entity1 were included in this review. Five other trials await possible inclusion if further information can be obtained and one awaits further assessment. Due to clinical heterogeneity, we refrained from statistical pooling and conducted analysis by grading the strength of scientific evidence. The level of obtained research-based evidence was graded as limited as all trials were of low methodological quality. This limited research-based evidence showed the Protonics orthosis at six week follow-up was significantly more effective for decrease in @entity158 ( @entity353 ( @entity353 ) between groups 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8 to 3.6), functional improvement on the Kujala score ( @entity353 45.6; 95% CI 43.4 to 47.7) and change in patellofemoral congruence angle ( @entity353 17.2; 95% CI 14.1 to 20.3) when compared to no treatment. A comprehensive programme including tape application was significantly superior to a monitored exercise programme without tape application for decrease in worst @entity158 ( @entity353 1.6; 95% CI 0.4 to 2.8) and @entity158 ( @entity353 1.2; 95% CI 0.2 to 2.1), and clinical change and functional improvement questionnaire scores ( @entity353 10, 95% CI 2.07 to 17.93) at four weeks follow-up. The trials reported statistically significant differences in @entity1 satisfaction after applied therapy ( @entity353 3.3; 95% CI 0.5 to 6.1) in favour of the McConnell regimen compared with the Coumans bandage at six weeks follow-up. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from randomised controlled trials is currently too limited to draw definitive conclusions about the use of knee and foot orthotics for the treatment of @entity158 . Future high quality trials in this field are warranted.

title: Orthotic devices for treating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['WMD', 'weighted mean difference']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Patellofemoral pain syndrome', 'patellofemoral pain syndrome', 'pain', 'usual pain', 'patellofemoral pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['patellofemoral pain syndrome']


abstract: Studies regarding extinction and spontaneous recovery of the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs are limited. Eight @entity35 were initially trained to discriminate @entity1239 (0.4 mg/kg) vs. @entity1068 (800 mg/kg). For four @entity35 , itraperitaneal (IP) administrations of @entity1239 fifteen minutes prior to fifteen-minute training sessions served as a discriminative stimulus (SD) for predicting food-reinforced lever pressing (VI-1 min). On other sessions @entity1068 functioned in predicting nonreinforcement (SA). The stimulus roles of the drugs were counterbalanced for the remaining four @entity35 . SA and SD sessions alternated quasi-randomly with two daily sessions at 1000 and 1400 hours. Discriminative control was not disrupted following ten extinction sessions under a non-drug/saline condition, but was disrupted following extinction sessions under the original training drugs. Instances of spontaneous recovery (SR) occurred throughout extinction under the drug condtions. There was no evidence for SR two weeks following extinction, but partial recovery four weeks following the final extinction phase. Contextual status (context renewal) had neither a restorative or disruptive impact on extinguished or discriminated responding, respectively. These results support and extend the limited number of other studies by demonstrating extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding discriminated by two distinct drugs. Some theoretical interpretations regarding history effects and training in the context of drug discrimination are entertained.

title: XXXX vs. @entity1068 discrimination: extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding.

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

answer: @entity1239 :: (MESH:D009538,Chemical) :: ['Nicotine']


abstract: Studies regarding extinction and spontaneous recovery of the discriminative stimulus effects of drugs are limited. Eight @entity35 were initially trained to discriminate @entity1239 (0.4 mg/kg) vs. @entity1068 (800 mg/kg). For four @entity35 , itraperitaneal (IP) administrations of @entity1239 fifteen minutes prior to fifteen-minute training sessions served as a discriminative stimulus (SD) for predicting food-reinforced lever pressing (VI-1 min). On other sessions @entity1068 functioned in predicting nonreinforcement (SA). The stimulus roles of the drugs were counterbalanced for the remaining four @entity35 . SA and SD sessions alternated quasi-randomly with two daily sessions at 1000 and 1400 hours. Discriminative control was not disrupted following ten extinction sessions under a non-drug/saline condition, but was disrupted following extinction sessions under the original training drugs. Instances of spontaneous recovery (SR) occurred throughout extinction under the drug condtions. There was no evidence for SR two weeks following extinction, but partial recovery four weeks following the final extinction phase. Contextual status (context renewal) had neither a restorative or disruptive impact on extinguished or discriminated responding, respectively. These results support and extend the limited number of other studies by demonstrating extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding discriminated by two distinct drugs. Some theoretical interpretations regarding history effects and training in the context of drug discrimination are entertained.

title: @entity1239 vs. XXXX discrimination: extinction and spontaneous recovery of responding.

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare linear array endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and helical computed tomography (CT) scan in the preoperative local staging evaluation of @entity1 with @entity5 . METHODS: @entity1 evaluated with EUS and CT for suspected @entity5 from 1996 to 2000 were analyzed. Surgical/pathology staging results were the reference standard. RESULTS: Forty-eight @entity1 (28 @entity1 and 20 @entity1 ; mean age, 62 +/- 4.9 years; range, 18-90 years) were identified. @entity5 was histologically confirmed in 44 @entity1 . Parameters evaluated included @entity5 size, lymph node @entity3 , and major vascular invasion. EUS was significantly more sensitive (100%), specific (75%), and accurate (98%) than helical CT (68%, 50%, and 67%, respectively) for evaluation of the periampullary mass (P <.05). In addition, EUS detected regional lymph node @entity3 in more @entity1 than helical CT. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of EUS were 61%, 100%, and 84%, in comparison to 33%, 92%, and 68%, respectively, with CT. Major vascular involvement was noted in 9 of 44 @entity1 . EUS correctly identified vascular involvement in 100% compared with 45% with CT (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Linear array EUS was consistently superior to helical CT in the preoperative local staging of @entity5 .

title: Comparison of linear array endoscopic ultrasound and helical computed tomography for the staging of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'periampullary tumors', 'periampullary malignancies', 'Malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['periampullary malignancies']


abstract: The muscular-hydrostat model of tongue function proposes a constant interaction of extrinsic (external bony attachment, insertion into base of tongue) and intrinsic (origin and insertion within the tongue) tongue muscles in all tongue movements (Kier WM and Smith KK. Zool J Linn Soc 83: 207-324, 1985). Yet, research that examines the respiratory-related effects of tongue function in mammals continues to focus almost exclusively on the respiratory control and function of the extrinsic tongue protrusor muscle, the genioglossus muscle. The respiratory control and function of the intrinsic tongue muscles are unknown. Our purpose was to determine whether intrinsic tongue muscles have a respiration-related activity pattern and whether intrinsic tongue muscles are coactivated with extrinsic tongue muscles in response to respiratory-related sensory stimuli. Esophageal pressure and electromyographic (EMG) activity of an extrinsic tongue muscle (hyoglossus), an intrinsic tongue muscle (superior longitudinal), and an external intercostal muscle were studied in anesthetized, tracheotomized, spontaneously breathing @entity35 . Mean inspiratory EMG activity was compared at five levels of inspired @entity515 . Intrinsic tongue muscles were often quiescent during eupnea but active during @entity2944 , whereas extrinsic tongue muscles were active in both eupnea and @entity2944 . During @entity2944 , the activities of the airway muscles were largely coincident, although the onset of extrinsic muscle activity generally preceded the onset of intrinsic muscle activation. Our findings provide evidence, in an in vivo rodent preparation, of respiratory modulation of motoneurons supplying intrinsic tongue muscles. Distinctions noted between intrinsic and extrinsic activities could be due to differences in motoneuron properties or the central, respiration-related control of each motoneuron population.

title: Coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles during spontaneous breathing in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2944 :: ('MESH:D006935', 'Disease') :: ['hypercapnia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to explore whether gender differences exist in health-related quality of life for older adult @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity712 . DESIGN: A secondary data analysis was conducted on an existing dataset of @entity712 @entity1 . The original study used an exploratory, correlational longitudinal design. SUBJECTS: 138 subjects (69 @entity1 and 69 @entity1 ) with @entity712 completed both data points of the study. RESULTS: @entity1 and @entity1 were similar on the number and types of @entity712 -related symptoms they experienced. Twenty-seven percent of the subjects could be classified as depressed. The @entity1 had better physical functioning than the @entity1 did with gender making a greater contribution to physical functioning than age or marital status. Twenty-three percent of the subjects were rehospitalized 4 to 6 weeks after the initial hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the health related quality of life for older @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity712 is significantly impacted by @entity712 . Older @entity1 and @entity1 have similar @entity712 , @entity308 , and rehospitalization following a hospital admission for @entity712 . Both older @entity1 and older @entity1 with @entity712 have impairments in their physical functioning with older @entity1 more physically impaired than older @entity1 .

title: Gender differences in the health related quality of life of older adults with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure symptoms', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze 2 sizes of expanded @entity736 ( @entity736 ) upper arm grafts for dialysis: 8 millimeters, tapered to 6 mm at the arterial side, and 6 millimeters. All upper arm PTFE grafts (Gore-Tex(R)) were performed between January 1981 and April 1997. @entity1 characteristics, complication rate, and patency rates were compared for both kind of grafts. Five hundred and seven PTFE grafts were analyzed (183 6-mm grafts and 324 6- to 8-mm grafts). Early failure was found in 5 grafts (2.7%) in 6-mm grafts, and in 5 grafts (1.5%) in 8-mm grafts (not significant). @entity3526 was found in 1 @entity1 (0.5%) of the 6-mm group, and in 11 (3.4%) of the 8-mm grafts (p=0.085). The rate of late complications requiring surgical repair was 0.56 episode per graft-year in the 6-mm grafts group, and 0.33 in the 8-mm grafts (p<0.001). Primary patency rates of 6-mm grafts were 72%, 33%, and 19% at 1, 3, and 5 years; and secondary patency rates were 86%, 68%, 56%, and 44% at 1, 3, 5, and 6 years, respectively. In the 8-mm grafts group, primary patency rates were 77%, 52%, and 39% at 1, 3, and 5 years; and secondary patency rates were 92%, 84%, 73%, and 66% at 1, 3, 5, and 6 years, respectively. Comparison of patency rates of 6-mm and 8-mm grafts were statistically significant (p<0.001) for both primary and secondary curves. However, secondary survival curves were similar for both kind of grafts in a subpopulation of @entity6 @entity1 . The authors conclude that the 8-mm graft, tapered to 6 mm at the arterial side, is a dialysis graft with fewer complications and a better patency rate than grafts of 6 mm placed in the same anatomical position, at least in a population of nondiabetic @entity1 . @entity3526 was observed in some cases of @entity6 and older @entity1 with a large-bore graft. Thus, this kind of prosthesis should be avoided in this population. On the other hand, this is not a prospective, randomized study made with any intention for comparison. Therefore, the aforementioned conclusions must be cautiously considered.

title: Upper arm XXXX grafts for dialysis access. Analysis of two different graft sizes: 6 mm and 6-8 mm.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['PTFE', 'polytetrafluoroethylene']

entities_list: @entity3526 :: ('MESH:D013349', 'Disease') :: ['Steal syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

answer: @entity736 :: (CHEBI:53251,Chemical) :: ['polytetrafluoroethylene']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find the incidence of @entity625 according to the ILAR and EULAR criteria within defined areas in the Nordic countries, and to study the validity of the ILAR and EULAR criteria from this perspective. METHOD: A longitudinal, prospective, population based study with @entity1 enrolled according to the ILAR and EULAR criteria. Twenty doctors in Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland collected data from the incidence cases within their catchment areas over a period of 1.5 years, beginning July 1, 1997. Clinical and serological data from the first year of the disease were collected. RESULTS: In the whole group of 315 @entity1 , the incidence rate was 15 per 100,000 @entity1 /year (95% CI 13-17) according to the ILAR criteria, varying from 7 (1-13) in Iceland, 19 (7-31) and 23 (10-36) from 2 different regions in Norway, and 9 (5-12) and 16 (9-23) from 2 different areas in Denmark, to 15 (12-18) in Sweden and 21/100,000/year (15-26) in the Helsinki region in Finland. An early peak in distribution for age of onset was found in @entity1 but not in @entity1 . The number of antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive @entity1 in the whole group, made up of @entity1 who had undergone at least one analyzed ANA test, was 123/315 (39%). @entity1 were ANA positive in 83/197 (42%) and @entity1 in 40/118 (34%). @entity1596 developed in 27/315 (8.6%) @entity1 during the first 6 months of the disease. CONCLUSION: Incidence rates of @entity625 for areas within the Nordic countries were in accord with previous data. The ILAR criteria present slightly higher incidence rates, with a @entity66 duration for inclusion, compared to the EULAR criteria. @entity1 in one subgroup in either of the criteria sets do not necessarily belong to the expected subgroup in the other set of criteria; e.g., for juvenile @entity1691 (EULAR) and @entity4932 related @entity625 (ILAR). Our epidemiological findings are a reminder to be aware of possible new subgroups in @entity1 with @entity625 .

title: Incidence of XXXX in the Nordic countries. A population based study with special reference to the validity of the ILAR and EULAR criteria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['shorter disease']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['enthesitis']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']

answer: @entity4932 :: (MESH:D001171,Disease) :: ['juvenile idiopathic arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To grade prostatic @entity189 according to the Gleason's Grading System and see whether the frequency of incidental @entity189 is significant. METHOD: Retrospective study of all consecutive cases of @entity263 diagnosed at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) between January 1st, 1996 and December 31st, 1999. SETTING: The histopathology section of AKUH, Karachi. OBSERVATION: @entity263 comprised 14.2% of all prostate specimens. There were 3 types of specimens i.e. transurethral resection, suprapubic prostatectomies and core biopsies. The mean age was 72.1 years; 68.1% @entity1 were 65 years or older. The majority of the @entity5 were moderately differentiated (Gleason's scores 5,6 or 7). Grading was not possible in most core biopsies. The frequency of incidental @entity189 was 31.4%. CONCLUSION: Majority of @entity5 were moderate to poorly differentiated, indicating that @entity263 is an aggressive disease. The frequency of incidental @entity189 was also high emphasizing need for more aggressive prostatic evaluation in the vulnerable age group.

title: XXXX with emphasis on Gleason's Grading: an institution based experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['Prostatic adenocarcinomas', 'prostatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostatic carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle involvement has been well documented in @entity1 with @entity573 nodosa (PAN), and symptoms referable to skeletal muscle are not uncommon. However, @entity6558 as a mode of presentation of PAN is uncommon. This unusual presentation of PAN has been reported only once previously in the English literature. OBJECTIVE: This study describes a @entity1 who had diffuse weakness, @entity925 , and markedly elevated serum @entity1011 phosphokinase, mimicking @entity6558 . The literature dealing with the clinical aspects of muscle involvement in PAN is reviewed. RESULTS: A 24-year-old @entity1 was admitted to the hospital with a 1-month history of @entity221 , @entity925 , and @entity425 . @entity1333 was shown on subsequent muscle biopsy, consistent with PAN. Literature review indicated that muscle involvement is common in PAN, as has been shown by the frequency of muscular symptoms and by histologic evidence obtained from both clinical and autopsy studies. Nineteen percent of @entity1 with PAN had documented @entity121 , and autopsy series have shown skeletal muscle involvement in 30% to 48% of cases. However, @entity6558 as a mode of presentation of PAN is rare. We found only 1 other @entity1 with PAN who had elevated @entity1011 phosphokinase and diffuse @entity121 suggestive of @entity6558 . CONCLUSIONS: PAN should be suspected in cases of focal or diffuse @entity121 , especially in the context of a @entity262 . Biopsy of symptomatic muscles or EMG-directed biopsies can be helpful in establishing a diagnosis of PAN to allow the physician to provide early treatment.

title: Polyarteritis nodosa presenting as XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathy']

entities_list: @entity573 :: ('MESH:C537014', 'Disease') :: ['polyarteritis']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['Necrotizing vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['myalgias', 'myalgia']

entities_list: @entity6558 :: ('MESH:D017285', 'Disease') :: ['polymyositis']

answer: @entity6558 :: (MESH:D017285,Disease) :: ['polymyositis']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity9727 , such as that resulting from @entity1146 or web, routinely has been corrected by laparotomy and duodenoduodenostomy. Until recently, no one has reported on the use of minimally invasive techniques to correct this @entity154 . Over the last 6 months we have approached 4 @entity1 , 3 with @entity1146 and one with a web, laparoscopically. Three were newborns, and one was 8 months old. METHODS: All procedures were performed with 3-mm instruments and scopes. RESULTS: Operating time in all cases was less then 90 minutes. Visualization was excellent, and there were no intraoperative complications. Feedings were started on postoperative day 5 in @entity5953 neonates and day 3 in the @entity1 . All 4 were on full feedings after 3 days. Follow-up upper gastrointestinal tests show no evidence of @entity850 . CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy provides an excellent way to evaluate and treat @entity9727 .

title: Laparoscopic duodenoduodenostomy for XXXX in @entity1 and @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomaly']

entities_list: @entity9727 :: ('MESH:D004380', 'Disease') :: ['Duodenal obstruction', 'congenital duodenal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stricture or obstruction']

answer: @entity9727 :: (MESH:D004380,Disease) :: ['duodenal obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity9727 , such as that resulting from @entity1146 or web, routinely has been corrected by laparotomy and duodenoduodenostomy. Until recently, no one has reported on the use of minimally invasive techniques to correct this @entity154 . Over the last 6 months we have approached 4 @entity1 , 3 with @entity1146 and one with a web, laparoscopically. Three were newborns, and one was 8 months old. METHODS: All procedures were performed with 3-mm instruments and scopes. RESULTS: Operating time in all cases was less then 90 minutes. Visualization was excellent, and there were no intraoperative complications. Feedings were started on postoperative day 5 in @entity5953 neonates and day 3 in the @entity1 . All 4 were on full feedings after 3 days. Follow-up upper gastrointestinal tests show no evidence of @entity850 . CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy provides an excellent way to evaluate and treat @entity9727 .

title: Laparoscopic duodenoduodenostomy for @entity9727 in XXXX and @entity1 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity9727 , such as that resulting from @entity1146 or web, routinely has been corrected by laparotomy and duodenoduodenostomy. Until recently, no one has reported on the use of minimally invasive techniques to correct this @entity154 . Over the last 6 months we have approached 4 @entity1 , 3 with @entity1146 and one with a web, laparoscopically. Three were newborns, and one was 8 months old. METHODS: All procedures were performed with 3-mm instruments and scopes. RESULTS: Operating time in all cases was less then 90 minutes. Visualization was excellent, and there were no intraoperative complications. Feedings were started on postoperative day 5 in @entity5953 neonates and day 3 in the @entity1 . All 4 were on full feedings after 3 days. Follow-up upper gastrointestinal tests show no evidence of @entity850 . CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy provides an excellent way to evaluate and treat @entity9727 .

title: Laparoscopic duodenoduodenostomy for @entity9727 in @entity1 and XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: In July 2001, @entity146 ( @entity146 ) were investigated in Japan using a questionnaire to clarify current and recent problems in 79 @entity146 . The questionnaires were sent to wards, @entity1 and psychiatrists and were returned by 72.2% overall. The number of admissions per ward was calculated as 21 @entity1 per one month, and comprised half of all admissions to the hospital. 50% were @entity161 , 17% were affective disordes and 16% involved @entity734 . Seventeen @entity1 were discharged from @entity146 per one month, and comprised 43% of all @entity1 discharged from the hospital. These results indicate that both 21 @entity1 admitted and 17 @entity1 discharged per month and needs to maintain the essential standard for @entity146 and the standard should be come more flexible as admission from the other unit of ward than @entity146 . As rate of re-admission within 3 months after discharge was around 10% of the total number of @entity1 in the ward, 3 months was considered suitable length of acute treatment in the field of psychiatry in Japan. There was one psychiatrist working in @entity146 , and specialized psychiatrists had 17.4 @entity1 , the most number of @entity1 among types of psychiatrist. Simulations of one psychiatrist to 16 and to 32 @entity1 in @entity146 were performed to determine how many psychiatrists were needed for a ward. When the ratio was 32 @entity1 to 1 psychiatrist, it was necessary to increase the number of psychiatrists to a ward by 1, and in the case of 16 @entity1 , 1-3 psychiatrists were needed. These indicate the standard number of psychiatrists for @entity146 should be at most one psychiatrist for the ward or all of the psychiatrists working in @entity146 should be allowed to work simultaneously in other wards. Preparing wards to treat acute phase @entity146 @entity1 is a very important role of each @entity146 hospital, the standard for @entity146 should include not only a high level of medical staff, but also preparing easy criteria for each hospital.

title: [Investigation of recent problems in an acute care XXXX ward considering the number psychiatrists working in the ward].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'PWAT', 'psychiatric wards for acute treatments']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: The implementation of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is the result of advances in imaging, radiotherapy planning technologies, and computer-controlled linear accelerators. IMRT allows both conformal treatment of @entity5 and conformal avoidance of the surrounding normal structures. The first @entity1 treated with Peacock IMRT at Baylor College of Medicine took place in March 1994. To date, more than 1500 @entity1 have been treated with IMRT; more than 700 @entity1 were treated for @entity263 . Our experience in treating @entity263 with IMRT was reviewed. @entity1 and prostate motions are important issues to address in delivering IMRT. The Vac-Lok bag-and-box system, as well as rectal balloon for immobilization of @entity1 and prostate gland, respectively, are employed. Treatment planning also plays a very important role. IMRT as a boost after conventional external beam radiotherapy is not our treatment strategy. To derive maximal benefits with this new technology, all @entity1 received full course IMRT. Three separate groups of @entity1 receiving (1) primary IMRT, (2) combined radioactive seed implant and IMRT, and (3) post-prostatectomy IMRT were addressed. Overall, @entity137 profiles in these @entity1 were very favorable. IMRT has the potential to improve treatment outcome with dose escalation while minimizing treatment-related @entity137 .

title: Clinical experience with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for XXXX with the use of rectal balloon for prostate immobilization.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: Eight @entity1 with @entity5513 were treated using a novel method developed at our institution for delivering fractionated stereotactic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (FS-IMRT). We present treatment parameters, dosimetry analysis, and preliminary clinical outcome. The method incorporates high-precision invasive fixation, obliquely-oriented tomotherapy arcs, and reduced dimension pencil beams. The delivered dose distributions for the 8 @entity1 treated from April 1999 to May 2001 were assessed for dose conformality, homogeneity, and doses to organs at risk. Total doses prescribed were 54 Gy in daily doses of 1.8 Gy. Results show that the median planning target volume (gross @entity5 volume plus a safety margin of 2 mm) was 2.48 cm3 (1.64 to 16.86 cm3) and that the median conformality and homogeneity indices were 1.69 (1.56 to 2.16) and 1.12 (1.09 to 1.19), respectively. The respective average mean and maximum doses to the brain stem were 12.67 Gy and 53.86 Gy. The treatment parameters for the novel FS-IMRT method developed here document excellent dose conformality and normal tissue sparing. Preliminary short-term follow-up (mean 17, median 18.5 months) revealed a 100% local control and hearing preservation rate. No new persistent @entity21591 was observed. Our current follow-up experience indicates a reasonable potential for achieving outcomes comparable to established stereotactic radiotherapy techniques.

title: Fractionated stereotactic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (FS-IMRT) for small XXXX .

entities_list: @entity21591 :: ('MESH:D020433', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of facial and trigeminal nerve']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['acoustic neuromas']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['acoustic neuromas']


abstract: The effects of a radial head component on @entity348 kinematics and stability were evaluated using an anatomic design unlinked total elbow prosthesis. An electromagnetic tracking device recorded motion and varus and @entity572 under various conditions in 10 cadaveric elbows. The motion patterns of the intact elbows and the Sorbie-Questor total elbow prostheses with a radial head component were similar, as both tended to have a valgus position in extension, varus at midflexion, and more valgus toward full flexion. Under conditions of simulated muscle loading, the maximum valgus and varus laxity of the elbow prosthesis was, on average, 8.6 degrees +/- 4.0 degrees greater than normal. Without the radial head component, however, significant @entity132 and instabilities were seen. The varus and @entity572 were 13.3 degrees +/- 5.5 degrees greater than the intact elbows. One @entity348 without a radial head dislocated during testing. Increasing the muscle loading across the elbow significantly enhanced dynamic stability of the total elbow arthroplasties, especially in the extension half of elbow motion where instability is greatest. However, this dynamic enhancement of stability was seen only in those elbows in which the radial head component had been implanted. The radial head component is an important stabilizer, particularly in extension for this prosthesis, and possibly for other unlinked total elbow prostheses. Although instability of unlinked prostheses depends on the prosthetic design, the use of a radial head replacement may be an important factor in preventing such instability. Perhaps even more importantly, a radial head component balances the load distribution across the articulation, which could decrease stress on the ulnohumeral articulation and therefore possibly reduce @entity691 wear, @entity3061 , and loosening.

title: Importance of a radial head component in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['kinematic disturbances']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['valgus displacements']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['total elbow arthroplasty']

answer: @entity348 :: (MESH:C535338,Disease) :: ['Sorbie unlinked total elbow arthroplasty']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A pooled analysis of randomized trials has shown that oral anticoagulation therapy reduces the risk of @entity64 with 68% in @entity1 with @entity955 . We examined the effectiveness of oral anticoagulation on risk of @entity64 of any nature (fatal and nonfatal ischaemic and/or @entity548 ) in @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 or @entity5069 living in the County of North Jutland, Denmark. DESIGN: Cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used the Hospital Discharge Registry covering the county (490 000 inhabitants) from 1991 to 1998 to identify 2699 @entity1 and 2425 @entity1 with @entity955 or @entity5069 , aged 60-89 years. Data on prescriptions of anticoagulation were obtained from the National Health Service. We defined use of oral anticoagulation as date of prescription or reiteration plus 90 days. @entity1 were followed in the County Hospital Discharge Registry until a diagnosis of @entity64 (fatal and nonfatal ischaemic and/or @entity548 ), emigration, @entity204 or the end of 1998. We used Cox regression analyses to estimate the relative risk of @entity64 associated with use of oral anticoagulation compared with no use, adjusted for age, @entity6 and underlying @entity65 . RESULTS: Eight hundred and thirty-eight of 2699 @entity1 (31%) and 552 of 2425 @entity1 (23%) with @entity955 had one or more recorded prescriptions of oral anticoagulation. The incidence rates of @entity64 were 31 per 1000 @entity1 -years of follow-up in @entity1 , and 30 per 1000 @entity1 -years of follow-up in @entity1 . The adjusted relative risks of @entity64 during anticoagulation were 0.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-1.0] in @entity1 , and 1.0 (95% CI 0.7-1.6) in @entity1 compared with nonuse periods. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in clinical practice may be lesser than the efficacy of oral anticoagulation reported from randomized trials.

title: @entity955 or @entity5069 and XXXX : a Danish population-based study of the effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in clinical practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic stroke']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A pooled analysis of randomized trials has shown that oral anticoagulation therapy reduces the risk of @entity64 with 68% in @entity1 with @entity955 . We examined the effectiveness of oral anticoagulation on risk of @entity64 of any nature (fatal and nonfatal ischaemic and/or @entity548 ) in @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 or @entity5069 living in the County of North Jutland, Denmark. DESIGN: Cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used the Hospital Discharge Registry covering the county (490 000 inhabitants) from 1991 to 1998 to identify 2699 @entity1 and 2425 @entity1 with @entity955 or @entity5069 , aged 60-89 years. Data on prescriptions of anticoagulation were obtained from the National Health Service. We defined use of oral anticoagulation as date of prescription or reiteration plus 90 days. @entity1 were followed in the County Hospital Discharge Registry until a diagnosis of @entity64 (fatal and nonfatal ischaemic and/or @entity548 ), emigration, @entity204 or the end of 1998. We used Cox regression analyses to estimate the relative risk of @entity64 associated with use of oral anticoagulation compared with no use, adjusted for age, @entity6 and underlying @entity65 . RESULTS: Eight hundred and thirty-eight of 2699 @entity1 (31%) and 552 of 2425 @entity1 (23%) with @entity955 had one or more recorded prescriptions of oral anticoagulation. The incidence rates of @entity64 were 31 per 1000 @entity1 -years of follow-up in @entity1 , and 30 per 1000 @entity1 -years of follow-up in @entity1 . The adjusted relative risks of @entity64 during anticoagulation were 0.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-1.0] in @entity1 , and 1.0 (95% CI 0.7-1.6) in @entity1 compared with nonuse periods. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in clinical practice may be lesser than the efficacy of oral anticoagulation reported from randomized trials.

title: @entity955 or XXXX and @entity64 : a Danish population-based study of the effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in clinical practice.

answer: @entity5069 :: (MESH:D054141,Disease) :: ['flutter']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A pooled analysis of randomized trials has shown that oral anticoagulation therapy reduces the risk of @entity64 with 68% in @entity1 with @entity955 . We examined the effectiveness of oral anticoagulation on risk of @entity64 of any nature (fatal and nonfatal ischaemic and/or @entity548 ) in @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 or @entity5069 living in the County of North Jutland, Denmark. DESIGN: Cohort study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used the Hospital Discharge Registry covering the county (490 000 inhabitants) from 1991 to 1998 to identify 2699 @entity1 and 2425 @entity1 with @entity955 or @entity5069 , aged 60-89 years. Data on prescriptions of anticoagulation were obtained from the National Health Service. We defined use of oral anticoagulation as date of prescription or reiteration plus 90 days. @entity1 were followed in the County Hospital Discharge Registry until a diagnosis of @entity64 (fatal and nonfatal ischaemic and/or @entity548 ), emigration, @entity204 or the end of 1998. We used Cox regression analyses to estimate the relative risk of @entity64 associated with use of oral anticoagulation compared with no use, adjusted for age, @entity6 and underlying @entity65 . RESULTS: Eight hundred and thirty-eight of 2699 @entity1 (31%) and 552 of 2425 @entity1 (23%) with @entity955 had one or more recorded prescriptions of oral anticoagulation. The incidence rates of @entity64 were 31 per 1000 @entity1 -years of follow-up in @entity1 , and 30 per 1000 @entity1 -years of follow-up in @entity1 . The adjusted relative risks of @entity64 during anticoagulation were 0.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-1.0] in @entity1 , and 1.0 (95% CI 0.7-1.6) in @entity1 compared with nonuse periods. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in clinical practice may be lesser than the efficacy of oral anticoagulation reported from randomized trials.

title: XXXX or @entity5069 and @entity64 : a Danish population-based study of the effectiveness of oral anticoagulation in clinical practice.

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['Atrial fibrillation']


abstract: Daily transabdominal ultrasound-directed localization has proven valuable in correcting for setup error and organ motion in the treatment of @entity263 with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT). The present study sought to determine whether this transabdominal ultrasound technology could also be reliably applied in the post-operative adjuvant or salvage setting to improve the reproducibility of coverage of the intended volumes and to enhance conformal avoidance of adjacent normal structures. Sixteen consecutive @entity1 who received external beam radiotherapy underwent daily localization using an optically guided 3D-ultrasound target localization system (SonArray, Zmed, Inc., Ashland, MA). Six of the above @entity1 were treated in a @entity10281 , either adjuvantly or for salvage, while the remaining 10 with intact prostates were treated definitively. Because the @entity1494 generally approximates the postoperative prostatic fossa, it was used during ultrasound localization as the primary reference structure for the @entity8447 @entity1 . For @entity1 treated definitively, the prostate was the primary reference structure. Daily shifts were recorded and port films were taken weekly immediately after ultrasound-based repositioning. By comparing port films taken after ultrasound localization, which evaluates for both set-up error and internal shift, with the original digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs), which represents a zero clinical set-up error situation, the degree of variability in organ position was determined. The average absolute, ultrasound-based shifts from the clinical set-up position in the anterior/posterior, lateral, and cranial/caudal directions for the @entity8447 @entity1 were 5 +/- 4 mm SD, 3 +/- 3 mm SD, and 3 +/- 4 mm SD over the entire course of treatment, respectively. The average vector length shift was 8 +/- 4 mm SD. For @entity1 treated with an intact prostate, the analogous average absolute shifts in the anterior/posterior, lateral, and cranial/caudal directions were 4 +/- 3 mm SD, 4 +/- 3 mm SD, and 4 +/- 3 mm SD over the entire course of treatment. The average vector length shift was 7 +/- 4 mm SD. Vector length shifts representing interfraction internal motion were estimated by comparing post-ultrasound port films with DRRs. These were 5 +/- 3 mm SD and 4 +/- 4mm SD for @entity8447 and intact prostate @entity1 , respectively. These ultrasound-based displacements were not statistically different in @entity1 with an intact prostate versus @entity1 @entity8447 (p > 0.1). In conclusion, daily transabdominal 3D-ultrasound localization proved to be a clinically feasible method of correcting for set-up and internal motion displacements. The @entity1494 , which serves as an adequate localization reference structure for the prostatic fossa, could be readily ultrasound imaged and repositioned as necessary. Daily internal motion errors that would have occurred if only pre-treatment port films were used were similar in magnitude to those observed for the @entity1 with intact prostates and were of sufficient magnitude to support the use of daily pre-treatment ultrasound localization in the @entity10281 .

title: 3D-ultrasound guided radiation therapy in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder neck']

entities_list: @entity10281 :: ('MESH:D020920', 'Disease') :: ['post-prostatectomy setting']

entities_list: @entity8447 :: ('MESH:D017169', 'Disease') :: ['post-prostatectomy']

answer: @entity10281 :: (MESH:D020920,Disease) :: ['post-prostatectomy setting']


abstract: Platelet P2 receptors-- @entity23998 , @entity33507 , and P2X1--constitute the means by which @entity3211 can activate platelets. Coactivation of the Galphaq-coupled @entity23998 and @entity11940 -coupled @entity33507 receptors is necessary for @entity857 -mediated platelet activation, which forms the basis of using P2 antagonists as antithrombotic drugs. @entity23998 antagonists inhibit platelet activation, while @entity23998 knockout @entity19 show longer bleeding times than normal @entity19 but few other problems; however, its ubiquitous expression in other tissues renders @entity23998 questionable as an antithrombotic target. The @entity33507 receptor is expressed nearly exclusively in platelets and brain, making it an attractive antithrombotic target. Antagonists for the @entity33507 receptor have been developed that either require metabolic activation to covalently inhibit @entity33507 and are irreversible, or simply are competitive in nature and thus reversible. @entity1396 and @entity1397 are irreversible @entity33507 antagonists and have been repeatedly proven as clinical antithrombotic agents. In addition, a recently reported @entity33507 antagonist, @entity3076 , shows promise as a future antithrombotic drug. The AR-C series of compounds represent reversible @entity33507 antagonists and have been used extensively to characterize the function of @entity33507 in platelets. Clinical studies show that AR-C69931MX is as effective as @entity1397 ; furthermore, the combination of @entity37502 (cangrelor) and @entity1397 confers greater antagonism of @entity33507 than either antagonist alone. The @entity54154 is a @entity460 channel that functions to potentiate agonist-induced platelet shape change, and its inhibition or loss has little if any effect on hemostasis. A combination of @entity23998 and @entity33507 antagonists may represent an additional course of antithrombotic treatment.

title: XXXX receptors--targets for developing antithrombotic agents.

entities_list: @entity1396 :: ('MESH:D013988', 'Chemical') :: ['Ticlopidine']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3211 :: ('MESH:D000227', 'Chemical') :: ['adenine nucleotides']

answer: @entity857 :: (MESH:D000244,Chemical) :: ['ADP']


abstract: @entity2661 act as neurotransmitters and hormones. Studies conducted to understand the synthesis and metabolism of these @entity1154 during stress have been the main concern of many authors. This work proposes to investigate the time course of changes in @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentration in adrenal gland obtained from @entity35 submitted to acute immobilization stress. The results of the present study indicate that acute immobilization stress during 5 and 15 min did not provoke changes in @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentrations in adrenal gland in relation to the control group. Such results are justified due to the short time of the stress, showing that the stress did not provoke physiological alteration. The @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentrations in adrenal gland increased significantly after the immobilization session in stressed groups during 30 and 50 min as compared to control group. This increase probably is due to the emotional component of the immobilization stress. In this way, we suggested that the immobilization stress provoke increase in the biosynthesis of @entity2661 in the adrenal gland from @entity35 . However, the results shows that a maximum increase is reached at 30 min of immobilization stress and then a decrement of @entity2661 levels starts at 50 min of the experimental design. This decline in @entity2661 level may be consequence of adaptation to stress situations, an increase of the activity of the uptake systems and/or metabolization of @entity2661 . In conclusion, these results suggest an effective participation of the adrenal glands to maintain the homeostasis of organism to the stressful conditions.

title: Changes in XXXX and @entity1425 concentrations in adrenal gland of the @entity35 submitted to acute immobilization stress.

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamines']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines', 'Catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: @entity2661 act as neurotransmitters and hormones. Studies conducted to understand the synthesis and metabolism of these @entity1154 during stress have been the main concern of many authors. This work proposes to investigate the time course of changes in @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentration in adrenal gland obtained from @entity35 submitted to acute immobilization stress. The results of the present study indicate that acute immobilization stress during 5 and 15 min did not provoke changes in @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentrations in adrenal gland in relation to the control group. Such results are justified due to the short time of the stress, showing that the stress did not provoke physiological alteration. The @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentrations in adrenal gland increased significantly after the immobilization session in stressed groups during 30 and 50 min as compared to control group. This increase probably is due to the emotional component of the immobilization stress. In this way, we suggested that the immobilization stress provoke increase in the biosynthesis of @entity2661 in the adrenal gland from @entity35 . However, the results shows that a maximum increase is reached at 30 min of immobilization stress and then a decrement of @entity2661 levels starts at 50 min of the experimental design. This decline in @entity2661 level may be consequence of adaptation to stress situations, an increase of the activity of the uptake systems and/or metabolization of @entity2661 . In conclusion, these results suggest an effective participation of the adrenal glands to maintain the homeostasis of organism to the stressful conditions.

title: Changes in @entity1063 and XXXX concentrations in adrenal gland of the @entity35 submitted to acute immobilization stress.

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['epinephrine']


abstract: @entity2661 act as neurotransmitters and hormones. Studies conducted to understand the synthesis and metabolism of these @entity1154 during stress have been the main concern of many authors. This work proposes to investigate the time course of changes in @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentration in adrenal gland obtained from @entity35 submitted to acute immobilization stress. The results of the present study indicate that acute immobilization stress during 5 and 15 min did not provoke changes in @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentrations in adrenal gland in relation to the control group. Such results are justified due to the short time of the stress, showing that the stress did not provoke physiological alteration. The @entity1425 and @entity1063 concentrations in adrenal gland increased significantly after the immobilization session in stressed groups during 30 and 50 min as compared to control group. This increase probably is due to the emotional component of the immobilization stress. In this way, we suggested that the immobilization stress provoke increase in the biosynthesis of @entity2661 in the adrenal gland from @entity35 . However, the results shows that a maximum increase is reached at 30 min of immobilization stress and then a decrement of @entity2661 levels starts at 50 min of the experimental design. This decline in @entity2661 level may be consequence of adaptation to stress situations, an increase of the activity of the uptake systems and/or metabolization of @entity2661 . In conclusion, these results suggest an effective participation of the adrenal glands to maintain the homeostasis of organism to the stressful conditions.

title: Changes in @entity1063 and @entity1425 concentrations in adrenal gland of the XXXX submitted to acute immobilization stress.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity18943 ( @entity9984 ) is growth inhibitory both in vitro and in vivo, at doses non-toxic to non- @entity5 cells. Chemotherapeutic agents have limited activity in @entity788 . Interactions between @entity9984 and cytotoxic drugs have not previously been investigated; any synergy might improve the therapeutic effect of these agents. AIM: To investigate possible interactions between @entity9984 and @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) or @entity136 against @entity788 cell lines in vitro. METHODS: Two @entity788 cell lines were exposed to @entity9984 alone and in combination with @entity1487 or @entity136 . Residual viable biomass was measured using the @entity98 assay and the results analysed by the median effect method of Chou and Talalay [Adv Enzyme Regul 1984;22:27-55]. RESULTS: @entity9984 concentrations of 3.9- 125 microg/ml had a synergistic or additive growth inhibitory effect on all tested concentrations of @entity136 . Synergism was demonstrated between @entity9984 and @entity1487 only at concentrations of 62.5-125 microg/ml of @entity1487 . CONCLUSION: @entity9984 has a synergistic effect with @entity136 at concentrations that correspond to in vivo therapeutic doses. @entity9984 with @entity1487 is synergistic only at a tight range of high concentrations of @entity1487 . @entity9984 lacks toxic side effects and may be useful in combination with @entity136 .

title: Synergistic activity of @entity18943 and cytotoxic drugs against XXXX cell lines.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity18943 :: ('MESH:D017965', 'Chemical') :: ['Gamma-linolenic acid']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity18943 ( @entity9984 ) is growth inhibitory both in vitro and in vivo, at doses non-toxic to non- @entity5 cells. Chemotherapeutic agents have limited activity in @entity788 . Interactions between @entity9984 and cytotoxic drugs have not previously been investigated; any synergy might improve the therapeutic effect of these agents. AIM: To investigate possible interactions between @entity9984 and @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) or @entity136 against @entity788 cell lines in vitro. METHODS: Two @entity788 cell lines were exposed to @entity9984 alone and in combination with @entity1487 or @entity136 . Residual viable biomass was measured using the @entity98 assay and the results analysed by the median effect method of Chou and Talalay [Adv Enzyme Regul 1984;22:27-55]. RESULTS: @entity9984 concentrations of 3.9- 125 microg/ml had a synergistic or additive growth inhibitory effect on all tested concentrations of @entity136 . Synergism was demonstrated between @entity9984 and @entity1487 only at concentrations of 62.5-125 microg/ml of @entity1487 . CONCLUSION: @entity9984 has a synergistic effect with @entity136 at concentrations that correspond to in vivo therapeutic doses. @entity9984 with @entity1487 is synergistic only at a tight range of high concentrations of @entity1487 . @entity9984 lacks toxic side effects and may be useful in combination with @entity136 .

title: Synergistic activity of XXXX and cytotoxic drugs against @entity788 cell lines.

answer: @entity18943 :: (MESH:D017965,Chemical) :: ['gamma-linolenic acid']


abstract: @entity299 ( @entity299 ) is still an essential health problem in many countries. In Poland it is one of the leading causes of @entity204 , while in western countries and in the USA mortality rate due to @entity299 decreases. The prevention of @entity301 is a long and a hard process. There is a need to start an early prophylactic action. The programs of primary and secondary prevention should be directed to as many @entity1 as possible. In individual strategy any action should be based on the assessment of the degree of complete risk with regard to every single @entity1 . Directives and standards elaborated by the Committee of Prophylaxis are helpful. In this research the group of 105 health service female workers were prepared to carry out further preventive searches towards the @entity299 danger. The following factors were taken into account: the level of total @entity165 (LDL, HDL and @entity1674 level), @entity101 , cigarette smoking, overweight and @entity28 , @entity6 . The factors mentioned above defined as global risk elements were examined among three age groups: 35-39 years, 40-45 years, 46-50 years. Coronary hazard was established in accordance with the Card of Prophylaxis @entity299 of Polish Cardiological Society. The main purpose of this research was to identify the @entity299 risk factors as well as to evaluate its danger among @entity1 .

title: [Occurrence of risk factors for ischemic heart disease among XXXX --health service workers].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'person']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary vessels diseases']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Ischaemic Heart Disease', 'heart diseases', 'IHD']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac deaths']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity364 of the ear are mostly described as mycoses of the auditory canal. The aim of our investigations was to find out how fungi colonize the ear in immunocompetent @entity1 . In the years from 1993 to 2000, 128 @entity1 suspected of having @entity22815 were examined. Of these 115 @entity1 suffered from @entity102 media with persisting tympanum perforation and @entity2972 . A further 13 @entity1 had clinical signs of @entity2346 externa only. In 54 out of 139 samples, fungi were found in the auditory canal, in five on the tympanic membrane, and in five in the middle ear. Two-thirds were isolated as moulds and one-third as @entity375 . Dominating species were @entity11150 and @entity7409 . Samples of 15 @entity1 suspected of having @entity2267 or @entity3540 were examined histologically. Fungal hyphae were observed in the @entity2172 and/or between horny lamellae of @entity3540 in 4 @entity1 . In the middle ear of immunocompetent @entity1 @entity1127 was detected with increased production of mucus, which probably promotes the colonization with pathogenic fungi as in the middle ear just like in the auditory canal.

title: [Histologic studies on XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2172 :: ('MESH:D010033', 'Disease') :: ['middle ear cavity']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['chronic-hyperplastic (polypous) inflammation']

entities_list: @entity11150 :: ('5061', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus niger']

entities_list: @entity22815 :: ('MESH:D059249', 'Disease') :: ['otomycosis']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic otitis']

entities_list: @entity7409 :: ('5480', 'Species') :: ['Candida parapsilosis']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['Fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity3540 :: ('MESH:D002781', 'Disease') :: ['cholesteatoma']

entities_list: @entity2267 :: ('MESH:D008417', 'Disease') :: ['mastoiditis']

answer: @entity22815 :: (MESH:D059249,Disease) :: ['otomycosis']


abstract: An 80-year-old @entity1 was admitted with @entity1455 ; she arrived in a deep @entity772 with systolic blood pressure of 44 mmHg. An electrocardiogram showed ST elevation in I, aVL, V5 and V6, suggesting @entity583 in the lateral area of the left ventricle. A chest roentgenogram showed right @entity3126 without @entity1283 . Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms revealed severe @entity339 and a flailing anterior mitral valve leaflet, suggesting a @entity1377 muscle. The @entity1 was initially treated with high-dose @entity935 , @entity452 and @entity1063 . Intraaortic balloon pumping was initiated after the @entity1 's condition stabilized. She underwent emergency mitral valve replacement with a prosthetic valve. @entity397 of the anterior papillary muscle was confirmed. Histological examination revealed @entity39 of the anterior papillary muscle with inflammatory changes. She recovered uneventfully. Postoperative coronary angiography demonstrated @entity432 of the first diagonal branch, and left ventriculography demonstrated akinesis of the lateral segment. This was a rare case in which @entity432 of the first diagonal branch caused @entity397 of an anterior papillary muscle leading to severe @entity339 .

title: A survival case of @entity339 and XXXX caused by @entity432 of the first diagonal branch.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured papillary']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomegaly']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['Complete rupture', 'rupture']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['subtotal occlusion']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity1455 :: (MESH:D012770,Disease) :: ['cardiogenic shock']


abstract: An 80-year-old @entity1 was admitted with @entity1455 ; she arrived in a deep @entity772 with systolic blood pressure of 44 mmHg. An electrocardiogram showed ST elevation in I, aVL, V5 and V6, suggesting @entity583 in the lateral area of the left ventricle. A chest roentgenogram showed right @entity3126 without @entity1283 . Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms revealed severe @entity339 and a flailing anterior mitral valve leaflet, suggesting a @entity1377 muscle. The @entity1 was initially treated with high-dose @entity935 , @entity452 and @entity1063 . Intraaortic balloon pumping was initiated after the @entity1 's condition stabilized. She underwent emergency mitral valve replacement with a prosthetic valve. @entity397 of the anterior papillary muscle was confirmed. Histological examination revealed @entity39 of the anterior papillary muscle with inflammatory changes. She recovered uneventfully. Postoperative coronary angiography demonstrated @entity432 of the first diagonal branch, and left ventriculography demonstrated akinesis of the lateral segment. This was a rare case in which @entity432 of the first diagonal branch caused @entity397 of an anterior papillary muscle leading to severe @entity339 .

title: A survival case of XXXX and @entity1455 caused by @entity432 of the first diagonal branch.

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['acute mitral regurgitation']


abstract: An 80-year-old @entity1 was admitted with @entity1455 ; she arrived in a deep @entity772 with systolic blood pressure of 44 mmHg. An electrocardiogram showed ST elevation in I, aVL, V5 and V6, suggesting @entity583 in the lateral area of the left ventricle. A chest roentgenogram showed right @entity3126 without @entity1283 . Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms revealed severe @entity339 and a flailing anterior mitral valve leaflet, suggesting a @entity1377 muscle. The @entity1 was initially treated with high-dose @entity935 , @entity452 and @entity1063 . Intraaortic balloon pumping was initiated after the @entity1 's condition stabilized. She underwent emergency mitral valve replacement with a prosthetic valve. @entity397 of the anterior papillary muscle was confirmed. Histological examination revealed @entity39 of the anterior papillary muscle with inflammatory changes. She recovered uneventfully. Postoperative coronary angiography demonstrated @entity432 of the first diagonal branch, and left ventriculography demonstrated akinesis of the lateral segment. This was a rare case in which @entity432 of the first diagonal branch caused @entity397 of an anterior papillary muscle leading to severe @entity339 .

title: A survival case of @entity339 and @entity1455 caused by XXXX of the first diagonal branch.

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['subtotal occlusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) is related to a worse degree of target organ damage in @entity101 with this feature than in those without. Moreover, the presence of cerebral @entity62 ( @entity62 ) is considered to be an early marker of @entity75 in essential @entity101 . The aim of this study was to assess the association between the presence of silent @entity62 and left ventricular mass and geometry in middle-aged individuals with @entity101 that had never been treated. METHODS: A total of 62 @entity1 (39 @entity1 , 23 @entity1 , aged 50 to 60 years, mean age 54.4 +/- 3.2 years) with never-treated essential @entity101 and without clinical evidence of target organ damage were studied. All @entity1 underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of @entity62 . Echocardiography measuring @entity121 ( @entity121 ), @entity22286 ( @entity22286 ) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was also performed. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated using the Penn convention criteria, and @entity121 ( @entity121 ) was estimated by the standard formula: 2 x @entity121 /LVEDD. RESULTS: @entity101 @entity1 with @entity62 exhibited significantly higher @entity121 , @entity22286 , LVMI, and @entity121 when compared with @entity101 @entity1 without @entity62 . In addition, 23 of 26 @entity101 @entity1 with @entity62 showed echocardiographic criteria for @entity4346 that was significantly higher than that observed in @entity101 @entity1 without @entity62 (21 of 36; P = .01). @entity1184 ( @entity4346 and @entity121 > or = 0.45) was present in 14 @entity101 @entity1 with @entity62 and in only four @entity1 without @entity62 (P = .002). CONCLUSION: There is a close association between cerebral @entity62 and concentric @entity4346 in asymptomatic middle-aged @entity101 @entity1 , independent of blood pressure values.

title: Correlation between silent cerebral XXXX and left ventricular mass and geometry in essential @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'Hypertensive', 'hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['Concentric hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity22286 :: ('MESH:C563239', 'Disease') :: ['IVST', 'interventricular septum thickness']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['LVH', 'concentric left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter lesions', 'WMLs']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['PWT', 'posterior wall thickness', 'relative wall thickness ratio', 'RWT']

answer: @entity62 :: (MESH:D056784,Disease) :: ['white matter lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) is related to a worse degree of target organ damage in @entity101 with this feature than in those without. Moreover, the presence of cerebral @entity62 ( @entity62 ) is considered to be an early marker of @entity75 in essential @entity101 . The aim of this study was to assess the association between the presence of silent @entity62 and left ventricular mass and geometry in middle-aged individuals with @entity101 that had never been treated. METHODS: A total of 62 @entity1 (39 @entity1 , 23 @entity1 , aged 50 to 60 years, mean age 54.4 +/- 3.2 years) with never-treated essential @entity101 and without clinical evidence of target organ damage were studied. All @entity1 underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and were classified into two groups according to the presence or absence of @entity62 . Echocardiography measuring @entity121 ( @entity121 ), @entity22286 ( @entity22286 ) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was also performed. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated using the Penn convention criteria, and @entity121 ( @entity121 ) was estimated by the standard formula: 2 x @entity121 /LVEDD. RESULTS: @entity101 @entity1 with @entity62 exhibited significantly higher @entity121 , @entity22286 , LVMI, and @entity121 when compared with @entity101 @entity1 without @entity62 . In addition, 23 of 26 @entity101 @entity1 with @entity62 showed echocardiographic criteria for @entity4346 that was significantly higher than that observed in @entity101 @entity1 without @entity62 (21 of 36; P = .01). @entity1184 ( @entity4346 and @entity121 > or = 0.45) was present in 14 @entity101 @entity1 with @entity62 and in only four @entity1 without @entity62 (P = .002). CONCLUSION: There is a close association between cerebral @entity62 and concentric @entity4346 in asymptomatic middle-aged @entity101 @entity1 , independent of blood pressure values.

title: Correlation between silent cerebral @entity62 and left ventricular mass and geometry in essential XXXX .

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: A physiological model of @entity167 use is proposed, based on the observation that @entity1068 is a natural intracellular metabolite. It is suggested that @entity1068 synthesis is an intermediate step in the metabolic pathway of elimination of the excess of energy-releasing substrates from mitochondria and the cytosol when the cell does not require additional energy. The process is first of all important for elimination of @entity6625 from mitochondria. Ingested @entity167 passes across plasma and mitochondrial membranes by diffusion and follows the endogenous @entity1068 pathway but in the reverse direction. This pathway is used when the cell needs additional energy. In that case, exogenous @entity1068 supplies the respiratory chain with electrons via @entity2125 on the path of oxidation to @entity3094 and then to @entity598 by @entity167 and @entity264 dehydrogenases. After conversion to @entity6625 , it goes into the @entity1792 cycle and is thus used for energy production entirely. If @entity1792 cycle activity is decreased constitutionally, @entity6625 enters into @entity1792 cycle too slowly and energy deficit arises, @entity1068 compensates for the energy deficit. @entity598 then diffuses out of mitochondria. The less energy production in mitochondria, the more the cell is ready to accept @entity167 as an energy source. @entity1792 cycle activity can be @entity308 as a result of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes controlling some enzymes involved in the cycle, which influences the @entity167 requirement.

title: Physiological model of the stimulative effects of XXXX in low-to-moderate doses.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1792 :: ('MESH:D019343', 'Chemical') :: ['Citrate', 'citrate']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetate', 'acetate']

entities_list: @entity6625 :: ('MESH:D000105', 'Chemical') :: ['acetyl-CoA']

entities_list: @entity264 :: ('CHEBI:17478', 'Chemical') :: ['aldehyde']

entities_list: @entity3094 :: ('MESH:D000079', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaldehyde']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nasal obstruction may contribute to the development of @entity27 ( @entity27 ). Acoustic rhinometry (AR) measures nasal patency and congestion, which are useful parameters in objectively evaluating nasal obstruction. The nasal obstruction produced by @entity2023 may contribute to the development of @entity27 and can be easily assessed with AR. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to assess the degree of nasal obstruction seen in @entity56 @entity1 with and without @entity27 . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This study was a retrospective data analysis from a tertiary referral center. The AR data from 10 @entity1 with and 40 @entity1 without mild @entity27 were compared. RESULTS: The mean congestion factors at the first cross-sectional area (CSA1) on the AR graph were found to be significantly higher in the @entity27 group than in the non- @entity27 group (P = 0.03). The classification of change in congestion factors demonstrated significant differences at CSA1, @entity19833 , and CSA3 and in volume (t distributions <0.001, 0.0312, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). The non- @entity27 @entity1 noted a significant subjective improvement in nasal congestion after topical nasal decongestion, whereas the @entity27 @entity1 did not (P <or= 0.0001 and 0.064, respectively). CONCLUSION: Although the role of nasal obstruction in @entity27 is controversial, our study lends evidence to the thought that the nasal obstruction associated with @entity2023 is associated with the presence of mild @entity27 . SIGNIFICANCE: Whether @entity2023 is a direct cause of @entity27 is debatable, but we have shown that greater nasal congestion is related to the presence of @entity27 in a population of @entity1 with @entity2023 .

title: Acoustic rhinometry findings in XXXX with mild sleep apnea.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transmyocardial and percutaneous laser revascularization (TMR, PTMR) may reduce @entity951 and increase exercise tolerance in otherwise untreatable @entity951 @entity1 , although the mechanism is unknown and the placebo effect may be significant. One other proposed mechanism is cardiac denervation leading to silent @entity63 . METHODS: Electrocardiograms obtained during symptom-limited exercise (ETT, modified Bruce protocol) at baseline and 12 months were analyzed (blinded core laboratory) from 182 @entity1 randomized to TMR (n = 92) or medical therapy alone (MED(TMR), n = 90) and 219 @entity1 randomized to PTMR (n = 109) or medical therapy alone (MED(PTMR), n = 110). RESULTS: Exercise duration increased 1 year after TMR or PTMR relative to medically treated @entity1 (6.8 +/- 3.4 min vs 8.6 +/- 3.5 min for TMR; 7.3 +/- 3.1 min vs 9.1 +/- 3.6 min for PTMR, P <.05). At baseline, 20% of TMR and MED(TMR) subjects had ST @entity308 >1.0 mm, >80% had @entity951 during exercise, but only 3% had ST changes without @entity662 (silent @entity63 ). This did not change after TMR. In the PTMR group, more subjects exercised to >1.0 mm ST @entity308 (from 17% to 34%, P <.05), with no change in MED(PTMR), but the proportion with silent @entity63 did not change in either group. CONCLUSION: Exercise tolerance improved after TMR and after PTMR. Relative to PTMR, TMR more effectively suppressed @entity158 during exercise and @entity308 . However, neither TMR nor PTMR induced significant silent @entity63 . These results suggest that denervation may not be a significant factor contributing to @entity951 relief after these procedures. The contribution of the placebo effect was not determined by these results.

title: Do transmyocardial and percutaneous laser revascularization induce silent XXXX ? An assessment by exercise testing.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic ST depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether serum @entity414 , which is a marker of impaired oxidative metabolism, might correlate with @entity1002 in @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ). BACKGROUND: @entity414 levels, which are frequently elevated in @entity1 with @entity712 , correlate with leg vascular resistance. The effects of elevated levels of @entity414 on cardiac function in @entity1 with @entity712 have never been evaluated. METHODS: We studied 150 outpatients with @entity712 who came to our @entity712 clinic. @entity1 underwent a complete echo-Doppler examination, with measurement of mitral E wave and mitral A wave velocities, E/A ratio, E wave deceleration time (DtE), left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and @entity64 volume. A restrictive mitral filling pattern (RMFP) was defined as either @entity9400 <140 milliseconds. RESULTS: Mean age was 62.2 +/- 7.8 years (86% male); 24 @entity1 (16%) had an RMFP. @entity1 with an RMFP had significantly higher @entity414 levels compared with @entity1 without RMFP (0.48 +/- 0.14 mmol/L vs 0.38 +/- 0.08 mmol/L, respectively, P <.001). @entity414 levels correlated significantly with mitral E wave velocity (r =.22, P <.01), E/A ratio (r =.21, P <.05), DtE (r =.26, P <.01), and RMFP (P =.0001). There was no correlation between @entity414 and left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, or @entity64 volume. In a multivariate model, @entity414 predicted @entity52812 independently of renal function, diuretic dose, and left ventricular volumes. CONCLUSION: Elevated @entity414 levels are associated with @entity67 in @entity712 . Xanthine oxydase inhibition in @entity1 with @entity712 might theoretically result in an improvement of diastolic function.

title: Elevated serum @entity414 levels are associated with XXXX in @entity1 with dilated cardiomyopathy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure', 'heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['Uric acid', 'uric acid']

answer: @entity67 :: (MESH:D018754,Disease) :: ['diastolic dysfunction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether serum @entity414 , which is a marker of impaired oxidative metabolism, might correlate with @entity1002 in @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ). BACKGROUND: @entity414 levels, which are frequently elevated in @entity1 with @entity712 , correlate with leg vascular resistance. The effects of elevated levels of @entity414 on cardiac function in @entity1 with @entity712 have never been evaluated. METHODS: We studied 150 outpatients with @entity712 who came to our @entity712 clinic. @entity1 underwent a complete echo-Doppler examination, with measurement of mitral E wave and mitral A wave velocities, E/A ratio, E wave deceleration time (DtE), left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and @entity64 volume. A restrictive mitral filling pattern (RMFP) was defined as either @entity9400 <140 milliseconds. RESULTS: Mean age was 62.2 +/- 7.8 years (86% male); 24 @entity1 (16%) had an RMFP. @entity1 with an RMFP had significantly higher @entity414 levels compared with @entity1 without RMFP (0.48 +/- 0.14 mmol/L vs 0.38 +/- 0.08 mmol/L, respectively, P <.001). @entity414 levels correlated significantly with mitral E wave velocity (r =.22, P <.01), E/A ratio (r =.21, P <.05), DtE (r =.26, P <.01), and RMFP (P =.0001). There was no correlation between @entity414 and left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, or @entity64 volume. In a multivariate model, @entity414 predicted @entity52812 independently of renal function, diuretic dose, and left ventricular volumes. CONCLUSION: Elevated @entity414 levels are associated with @entity67 in @entity712 . Xanthine oxydase inhibition in @entity1 with @entity712 might theoretically result in an improvement of diastolic function.

title: Elevated serum XXXX levels are associated with @entity67 in @entity1 with dilated cardiomyopathy.

answer: @entity414 :: (MESH:D014527,Chemical) :: ['uric acid']