abstract: A clinical trial of the drug "Rocaltrol" was carried out on 16 @entity1 with @entity170 , II of them with menopause @entity170 and 5 with @entity134 -induced @entity170 . The mean age of the @entity1 was 53.1 +/- 11.1 years. The mean daily dose of the drug was 0.46 +/- 0.08 mg/24h. The treatment lasted 6 months. All @entity1 showed improvement of the general condition and of @entity460 balance. Reliable increase of the total @entity460 and @entity3151 levels and of the 24-hour @entity460 urine excretion were established, the maximal values being at the end of the third month. The X-ray examination showed stabilization of the bone changes and lack of new @entity3814 . It is supposed that the drug improves the intestinal resorption of @entity460 and @entity3151 and suppresses the bone resorption. This is proved by the reliable decrease of serum alkaline phosphatase level after the 6 month treatment. In all @entity1 clinical improvement was established with diminishing of the bone aches and retaining the body height before and after the treatment.

title: [Treatment of XXXX with @entity170 and @entity134 -induced @entity170 with the preparation Rocaltrol (1,25/OH/2 vitamin D3)].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The interactions of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and acetylated high density lipoprotein ( @entity16374 -HDL) with isolated @entity35 sinusoidal liver cells have been investigated. Cellular binding of 125I- @entity16374 -HDL at 0 degrees C demonstrated the presence of a specific, saturable membrane-associated receptor. This receptor was affected neither by @entity406 -treated albumin nor by low density lipoprotein modified either by acetylation or @entity1234 , ligands known to undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis by the cells, indicating that the receptor for @entity16374 -HDL constitutes a distinct class among the scavenger receptors for chemically modified proteins. Parallel binding experiments using 125I-HDL also revealed the presence on these cells of a receptor for unmodified HDL. The ligand specificities of these two receptors were similar to each other except that the @entity16374 -HDL receptor was sensitive to polyanions such as dextran @entity597 and @entity29947 . Interaction of HDL with the cells at 37 degrees C was totally different from that of @entity16374 -HDL. Cellular binding of HDL was not accompanied by subsequent intracellular degradation of its apoprotein moiety, whereas its @entity165 moiety was significantly transferred to the cells. In contrast, @entity16374 -HDL was endocytosed and underwent lysosomal degradation as a holoparticle. This shift in receptor-recognition from the HDL receptor to the @entity16374 -HDL receptor was accomplished by acetylation of approximately 8% of the total @entity376 residues of HDL apoprotein. This unique difference in endocytic behavior between HDL and @entity16374 -HDL suggests a potential link of the HDL receptor to HDL-mediated @entity165 transfer in sinusoidal liver cells.

title: Distinction in the mode of receptor-mediated endocytosis between high density lipoprotein and acetylated high density lipoprotein: evidence for high density lipoprotein receptor-mediated XXXX transfer.

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: 145 @entity1 showing clinical and radiological signs of @entity170 of the spine were biopsed at the ilium for histomorphometric analysis of bone mass including trabecular bone volume and parameters reflecting the spatial distribution of bony elements (mean trabecular plate thickness, density and separation). Results were compared with an age-matched population of 22 healthy females. Postmenopausal osteoporotics (i.e. younger than 75 years) were characterized by a significant reduction in trabecular bone volume, plate density and thickness, while senile osteoporotics (i.e. older than 75 years) did not exhibit any difference with controls. 51% of the @entity3604 @entity1 had a trabecular bone volume higher than the spontaneous vertebral crush threshold defined by Meunier. @entity3604 @entity1 with trabecular bone volume under the vertebral crush threshold had a significant decrease in all trabecular parameters. On the opposite, @entity1 with trabecular bone volume above the vertebral crush threshold had only a significant decrease in the number of trabeculae. A negative correlation was found between age and plate density in both @entity3604 @entity1 and controls. A linear correlation was found between trabecular bone volume and plate density, but thickness and density of trabecular plates were not correlated. This study confirms that @entity170 is not only a decreased bone @entity74 . A modified spatial distribution of trabeculae or a mechanically less resistant bone matrix could be additional factors.

title: Spatial distribution of trabeculae in iliac bone from 145 XXXX females.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['involutional osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['mass disorder']

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporotic', 'osteoporotic']

answer: @entity3604 :: (MESH:D058866,Disease) :: ['osteoporotic']


abstract: Time above MIC for free drug concentrations is the important PK-PD parameter correlating with the efficacy of @entity3405 antibiotics. The duration of time plasma concentrations needed to exceed the MIC is relatively similar for most organisms except staphylococci. Neutrophils contribute very little to the overall activity of @entity7660 . The appearance of increasing antimicrobial resistance can challenge the efficacy of these drugs when concentrations do not exceed the MIC for 40% to 50% of the dosing interval. Time above MIC with oral @entity115 and @entity115 - @entity798 can be enhanced with high-dose formulations. Time above MIC with parenteral preparations can be enhanced by longer intravenous infusions or even continuous infusion. The 24-hour AUC-MIC is probably the important PK-PD parameter correlating with the efficacy of @entity2176 and @entity11248 . It clearly is the important parameter for the efficacy of @entity5136 . Usual doses of these drugs generally provide adequate plasma concentrations to treat effectively infections in which plasma concentrations are predictive of tissue concentrations. Penetration of these drugs into respiratory secretions, such as ELF, is enhanced for linezolid and reduced for @entity2176 . This may give linezolid an advantage over @entity2176 in certain @entity1729 .

title: Basic pharmacodynamics of antibacterials with clinical applications to the use of XXXX , glycopeptides, and linezolid.

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity7660 :: ('MESH:D047090', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactams']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanate']

entities_list: @entity11248 :: ('MESH:D017334', 'Chemical') :: ['teicoplanin']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity5136 :: ('MESH:C098010', 'Chemical') :: ['linezolid']

answer: @entity7660 :: (MESH:D047090,Chemical) :: ['beta-lactams']


abstract: We aimed to determine the value of maternal erythrocyte @entity1234 levels in the prediction of @entity1468 . 110 healthy @entity1 were included in this prospective study. Maternal erythrocyte @entity1234 levels were measured at each trimester of pregnancy (10-14, 20-25 and 30-35 gestational weeks). On follow-up, @entity1 were assigned to two groups as normotensive @entity1 and preeclamptic @entity1 . @entity1468 had developed in eight (8.9%) of the 90 pregnant @entity1 who completed the study. Preeclamptic @entity1 were diagnosed between 36 and 39 gestational weeks (36.8 +/- 1.0 weeks). @entity1234 levels of preeclamptic @entity1 increased significantly in the third trimester (p < 0.05), while there was no difference between values of @entity1234 in the first and second trimester. @entity1234 levels were significantly higher in the @entity1 who developed @entity1468 than in those who did not in the third trimester (p < 0.05). With the use of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) 35.98 nmol @entity1234 /gm hemoglobin was found to be a cut-off value predictive for the development of @entity1468 in the third trimester. However, cut-off values in the first and second trimesters could not be found. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 89, 75, 29 and 98%, respectively. @entity1468 risk was found to increase nearly 24 times in values above 35.98 nmol @entity1234 / gm hemoglobin. Our results showed that maternal erythrocyte @entity1234 could predict @entity1 within a few weeks prior to onset of clinical symptoms of @entity1468 in the third trimester. There is no evidence of enhanced early lipid peroxidation in pregnancies with late onset @entity1468 .

title: Maternal erythrocyte XXXX level in @entity1468 prediction: a longitudinal study.

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['Malondialdehyde', 'malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia', 'Preeclampsia']

answer: @entity1234 :: (MESH:D008315,Chemical) :: ['malondialdehyde']


abstract: We aimed to determine the value of maternal erythrocyte @entity1234 levels in the prediction of @entity1468 . 110 healthy @entity1 were included in this prospective study. Maternal erythrocyte @entity1234 levels were measured at each trimester of pregnancy (10-14, 20-25 and 30-35 gestational weeks). On follow-up, @entity1 were assigned to two groups as normotensive @entity1 and preeclamptic @entity1 . @entity1468 had developed in eight (8.9%) of the 90 pregnant @entity1 who completed the study. Preeclamptic @entity1 were diagnosed between 36 and 39 gestational weeks (36.8 +/- 1.0 weeks). @entity1234 levels of preeclamptic @entity1 increased significantly in the third trimester (p < 0.05), while there was no difference between values of @entity1234 in the first and second trimester. @entity1234 levels were significantly higher in the @entity1 who developed @entity1468 than in those who did not in the third trimester (p < 0.05). With the use of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) 35.98 nmol @entity1234 /gm hemoglobin was found to be a cut-off value predictive for the development of @entity1468 in the third trimester. However, cut-off values in the first and second trimesters could not be found. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 89, 75, 29 and 98%, respectively. @entity1468 risk was found to increase nearly 24 times in values above 35.98 nmol @entity1234 / gm hemoglobin. Our results showed that maternal erythrocyte @entity1234 could predict @entity1 within a few weeks prior to onset of clinical symptoms of @entity1468 in the third trimester. There is no evidence of enhanced early lipid peroxidation in pregnancies with late onset @entity1468 .

title: Maternal erythrocyte @entity1234 level in XXXX prediction: a longitudinal study.

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['preeclampsia']


abstract: A 31-year-old Japanese pregnant @entity1 had no remarkable previous medical and family histories except for artificial abortion in 1993. A full-term normal @entity1 was subsequently delivered in 1998. In this pregnancy, she began to experience general fatigability with a hemoglobin concentration of 8.5 g/dl at 19 weeks of gestation. Although she had been treated with intravenous @entity68 , the hemoglobin decreased to 6.0 g/dl. She was referred to our hospital at 34 weeks of gestation. The laboratory data were as follows on this admission; hemoglobin 5.1 g/dl, RBC 128 x 10(4)/l, reticulocytes 1.1%, WBC 7.1 x 10(9)/l, platelet count 229 x 10(9)/l, @entity1501 5.6 ng/ml, serum @entity2186 200 pg/ml, ferritin 184 ng/ml, @entity8344 (-). A bone marrow aspiration revealed normal granulopoiesis and megakaryocytes, but almost complete absence of erythropoietic precursors. A diagnosis of pure @entity1308 was made due to these findings. Treatment with @entity229 (50 mg/day) and blood transfusion was started before delivery. She was delivered transvaginally at 37 weeks of gestation. The neonate was a normal female @entity1 without @entity417 (hemoglobin 17.9 g/dl) and the 1 minute Apgar score was 8. Her hemoglobin level rose to 12.1 g/dl spontaneously two weeks after delivery.

title: Pregnancy complicated with pure XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity1308 :: ('MESH:D012010', 'Disease') :: ['red cell aplasia']

answer: @entity1308 :: (MESH:D012010,Disease) :: ['red cell aplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study explored the value of preoperative self-reported assessment for @entity308 and @entity148 in @entity1 who had undergone heart transplantation (HTx). The initial sample was divided into subgroups of @entity1 with @entity63 (ICMP) and @entity384 ( @entity384 ). @entity1 @entity308 and @entity148 scores were measured in both subgroups and their impact on pre- and postoperative mortality investigated. METHOD: An initial sample of 152 @entity1 with either ICMP (N = 57) or @entity384 (N = 95) and end-stage @entity299 awaiting heart transplantation were assessed in a multidimensional longitudinal study, including psychological and somatic variables. One hundred and three @entity1 received a HTx and were followed up for a mean of 4.4 years. Proportional hazard models were computed to test for the influence of psychosocial and somatic factors on outcome. RESULTS: Preoperative @entity308 and state @entity148 scores were significantly higher in the ICMP group. In addition to donor and recipient age, ICMP @entity1 in the preoperative high @entity308 group also showed a significantly higher mortality after HTx. This result remained significant even after controlling for sociodemographic and somatic variables. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 self-reported @entity308 , but not @entity148 , can contribute to the identification of subgroups of @entity1 with an unfavorable outcome after HTx. It therefore may be helpful to screen for @entity308 , particularly in @entity1 with an @entity63 cause of their end-stage @entity299 . Specific intervention programs should be further developed and evaluated.

title: Effect of XXXX on survival after heart transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['DCMP', 'dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depressive symptoms']


abstract: @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) is an important cause of preventable @entity204 in older @entity1 . Persistently high rupture mortality rates indicate that these deaths can be prevented only by early detection and treatment of @entity1028 . In an effort to develop an effective and efficient program of @entity1028 detection, we selectively screened a high-risk population. @entity1 aged 60 to 75 years with @entity101 and/or @entity453 were randomly selected from a general medicine clinic and screened with physical examination and ultrasound. Eighteen previously unsuspected @entity439 , 3.6 to 5.9 cm in size (mean, 4.4 cm), were detected in 201 @entity1 , for a prevalence of 9% (95% confidence interval: 4.7% to 13.3%). The specificity and positive predictive value of ultrasound were each 100%. Abdominal palpation detected only half of these @entity439 , but missed none in @entity1 with an abdominal girth less than 100 cm (n = 6). This degree of sensitivity did not occur with "routine" examinations and requires that the examination be directed specifically toward @entity1028 detection. We conclude that undiagnosed AAAs are common in this large subgroup of the clinic population, that ultrasound is an excellent screening test for AAAs, and that physical examination may be adequate for screening thin @entity1 . We recommend that every two or three years @entity1 over the age of 50 years undergo careful abdominal palpation aimed at detecting AAAs, as part of the periodic health examination. We further recommend that obese older @entity1 at high risk for @entity1028 have at least one-time screening with abdominal ultrasound, regardless of findings on physical examination.

title: Selective screening for XXXX with physical examination and ultrasound.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Men', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'AAA']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']


abstract: @entity3541 is the most common @entity4216 and idiopathic @entity3541 ( @entity4401 ) the most common seventh nerve disease electromyographers may be asked to evaluate. The electrophysiologic method of choice to assess the facial nerve is side-to-side evoked amplitude comparison with the affected side expressed as a percentage of the nonaffected side. This examination should be performed on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 after onset of @entity912 . If the percentage of surviving axons falls below 10% within the first 14 days, an incomplete recovery is suggested. Electromyography may assist in prognosticating a functional return, determining neural conduction across the site of injury and following reinervation in the recovery period. The persistence or early return of an absent R1 component of the blink reflex may qualitatively suggest a satisfactory functional outcome in @entity3541 . @entity2103 at the stylomastoid foramen and comparing the clinical response on the affected and nonaffected side, maximum stimulation test, can also predict @entity2103 . Observing a minimal twitch, utilizing the nerve excitability test or measuring the facial nerve latency have yielded poor correlations with functional return and are of limited usefulness in the prognostication of @entity697 . Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials can be employed to evaluate the status of the trigeminal nerve as approximately 50% of @entity1 with @entity4401 also have lesions involving the fifth nerve. Side-to-side amplitude comparison and electromyography are the two most valuable electrophysiologic methods of assessing @entity2103 .

title: Electrophysiologic evaluation of the XXXX . A review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute facial palsies']

entities_list: @entity4401 :: ('MESH:D020330', 'Disease') :: ["Bell's palsy"]

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['Supramaximally exciting the facial nerve', 'facial nerve functioning', 'eventual seventh nerve return']

entities_list: @entity4216 :: ('MESH:D020422', 'Disease') :: ['mononeuropathy']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['Facial nerve paralysis', 'facial paralysis']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity4401 :: (MESH:D020330,Disease) :: ['facial nerve in Bell's palsy']


abstract: @entity460 antagonist drugs under clinical development are of the Type I ( @entity1855 , @entity3988 -like) and Type II ( @entity594 -like) classes. @entity7220 , the only Type I drug currently available, is a high clearance, widely distributed drug which undergoes extensive presystemic elimination. Pharmacokinetically it is quite similar to @entity1855 ; however, it does have increased biliary excretion and decreased binding to plasma proteins. Eight Type II ( @entity7236 ) drugs are reviewed. Seven of these drugs ( @entity10202 , @entity4768 , @entity3360 , @entity17425 , @entity3931 , @entity10129 and @entity9805 ) are pharmacokinetically similar to @entity594 , with high clearance, extensive distribution, and significant presystemic elimination. @entity3591 has lower clearance, even greater peripheral distribution, and greatly decreased presystemic elimination. Three of the 8 @entity19346 have been reported to have plasma protein binding greater than 90%. Unlike @entity594 , each @entity7236 drug under development has an asymmetric centre; therefore each in fact is a racemic mixture. @entity1 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data have not been reported for any of the racemates. Each of the drugs has been studied in @entity1 with @entity8 . Predictably, @entity1 with severe @entity99 have decreased presystemic clearance and, in some cases decreased clearance after intravenous administration of the @entity19346 , although @entity177 has little influence on their pharmacokinetics. Unfortunately, disease-drug interaction studies of this class of drugs do not generally report plasma protein binding. The effect of age on the disposition of 2 of the @entity19346 has been reported; however, only for @entity3360 can a conclusion be drawn, namely that volume of distribution may increase with age and clearance may remain unchanged. A variety of potential drug-drug interactions have been evaluated, most commonly the effect of these drugs on cardiac glycoside disposition and effect, and the effect of @entity4444 on the disposition of @entity19346 . @entity7220 , like @entity1855 , impairs digoxin clearance significantly. Among the @entity19346 , although minor pharmacokinetic effects have in some cases been reported, the magnitude of the interactions suggest they have limited clinical importance. From drugs currently under development, it is clear that a large number of @entity460 antagonists will soon be introduced into clinical use. Only 1 of the newer drugs, @entity3591 , has significant pharmacokinetic differences from the agents currently in use, although possible pharmacodynamic differences among the drugs have been suggested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Pharmacokinetics of XXXX antagonists under development.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic and renal disease']

entities_list: @entity7236 :: ('MESH:C038806', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydropyridine']

entities_list: @entity7220 :: ('MESH:D013976', 'Chemical') :: ['Tiapamil']

entities_list: @entity19346 :: ('MESH:D004095', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydropyridines']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity10202 :: ('MESH:D015736', 'Chemical') :: ['felodipine']

entities_list: @entity17425 :: ('MESH:C035100', 'Chemical') :: ['nilvadipine']

entities_list: @entity9805 :: ('MESH:D009568', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrendipine']

entities_list: @entity3931 :: ('MESH:D009553', 'Chemical') :: ['nimodipine']

entities_list: @entity3360 :: ('MESH:D009529', 'Chemical') :: ['nicardipine']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity10129 :: ('MESH:D015737', 'Chemical') :: ['nisoldipine']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine', 'Amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium', 'calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity4768 :: ('MESH:D017275', 'Chemical') :: ['isradipine']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic disease']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: The heterogeneity of serum lipoproteins (excluding very low density (VLDL) and intermediate density (IDL) lipoproteins) and that of lipoproteins secreted by HepG2 cells has been studied by immunoblot analysis of the apolipoprotein composition of the particles separated by @entity2975 gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) under nondenaturing conditions. The reactions of antibodies to @entity1675 , @entity3294 , @entity2204 , @entity755 , @entity16990 , and @entity15783 have revealed discrete bands of particles which differ widely in size and apolipoprotein composition. GGE of native serum lipoproteins demonstrated that @entity3294 is present in lipoproteins of limited size heterogeneity (apparent molecular mass 345,000 to 305,000) and that @entity755 is present in low density lipoproteins (LDL) and absent from all smaller or denser lipoproteins. In contrast, serum @entity1675 , E, D, and A-IV are present in very heterogeneous particles. Serum @entity1675 is present mainly in particles of 305 to 130 kDa where it is associated with @entity3294 , and in decreasing order of immunoreactivity in particles of 130-90 kDa, 56 kDa, 815-345 kDa, and finally within the size range of LDL, all regions where there is little detectable @entity3294 . Serum @entity2204 is present in three defined fractions, one within the size range of LDL, one containing heterogeneous particles between 640 and 345 kDa, and one defined fraction at 96 kDa. Serum @entity16990 is also present in three defined fractions, one comigrating with LDL, one containing heterogeneous particles between 390 and 150 kDa, and one band on the migration front. Most of serum @entity15783 is contained in a band comigrating with albumin. GGE of centrifugally prepared LDL shows the presence of @entity755 , @entity2204 , and @entity16990 , but not that of @entity1675 . However, the particles containing @entity1675 , which, in serum, migrated within the LDL size range and as bands of 815 to 345 kDa, were recovered upon centrifugation in the d greater than 1.21 g/ml fraction. GGE of high density lipoproteins (HDL) indicated that most of @entity1675 , @entity5704 , and A-IV were present in lipoproteins of the same apparent molecular mass (390-152 kDa). @entity16990 tended to be associated with large HDL, and this was also significant for HDL @entity2204 , which is present in lipoproteins ranging from 640 to 275 kDa. GGE of very high density lipoproteins (VHDL) presented some striking features, one of which was the occurrence of apolipoproteins in very discrete bands of different molecular mass. @entity3294 was bimodally distributed at 250-175 kDa and 175-136 kDa, the latter fraction also containing @entity1675 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Apolipoprotein distribution in human lipoproteins separated by XXXX gradient gel electrophoresis.

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity2975 :: (CHEBI:51135,Chemical) :: ['polyacrylamide']


abstract: The mature nervous system contains functional synaptic networks composed of neuronal sets and subsets whose identity and maintenance may rely on external surface molecules specific for these neuronal subdivisions. Such molecules may reside permanently on specific neurons, serving to identify those neurons within a complex population. From a collection of monoclonal antibodies made to the Torpedo cholinergic synaptosome preparation, we have identified several antibodies that bind the surface of some, but not all, neurons of the mature @entity35 brain (Kushner and Stephenson, 1983; Kushner, 1984). In the present study we catalog which neurons of the entire @entity35 brain and spinal cord are immunopositive for one of these antibodies, Tor 23. The atlas we have compiled can be used (1) on a practical level to guide affinity purifications and neuronal cell sorting, and (2) more esoterically to address whether surface antigenic sets of neurons share or define a common functional property. In the forebrain, Tor 23-positive neurons predominate as a rare cell type of the inner cortical laminae. In the midbrain, few cells stain. In the hindbrain, labeled neurons are dispersed among several nuclei. The exceptions to these observations, areas that almost exclusively contain Tor 23-immunopositive neurons, are the spinal cord ventral horn, the @entity76 , some cerebellar-related nuclei, selected auditory nuclei, the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the @entity1250 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. The neurons that bind Tor 23 are related biochemically by virtue of that shared epitope alone. Whether they are related in a functional manner is a separate issue. Tor 23 demarks many motor-related structures, specifically, the ventral horn motor lamina, the orofacial motor nuclei 5 and 7, the ambiguus nucleus, the @entity76 , the pontine reticulotegmental nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, the red nucleus, and neurons within the motor and somatosensory cortices. The overlap of Tor 23 with motor structures suggests that Tor 23 is a motor system marker.

title: An atlas of a rare neuronal surface antigen in the XXXX central nervous system.

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['deep cerebellar nuclei']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: High levels of @entity4259 and @entity2041 peroxidase ( @entity2197 -Px) were found in bull seminal plasma but low concentrations in @entity1 seminal plasma. In @entity1 the seminal plasma @entity4259 was associated with two macromolecules separable by gel filtration, but no @entity2197 -Px was found in the same fractions. @entity4259 in bull seminal plasma was associated with two proteins, which could be separated by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Both macromolecules coeluted with @entity2197 -Px activity and had identical optima at pH 7.0. Their responses to thermal treatment, however, differed. Seminal vesicle secretory fluid in the bull contained both these proteins, while the larger molecule was also found in fractionations of ampulla, prostate and Cowper's glands. The larger enzyme form is evidently a tetramer of the smaller one. Both enzyme forms were extremely sensitive to heavy metals and some divalent metal ions. @entity2197 caused an activation while other reducing agents were suppressive. Triton X-100 had no effect, while @entity6743 was inhibitory. These properties are typical for a phospholipid hydroperoxide @entity2197 -Px. It is concluded that this @entity4259 -dependent enzyme may be important in the protection of @entity291 spermatozoa against damage caused by @entity26 radicals, while in @entity1 such a mechanism is not functional.

title: XXXX and @entity2041 peroxidase in seminal plasma of @entity1 and bulls.

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['Selenium', 'selenium']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity6743 :: ('MESH:D003840', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium deoxycholate']

answer: @entity4259 :: (MESH:D012643,Chemical) :: ['Selenium']


abstract: High levels of @entity4259 and @entity2041 peroxidase ( @entity2197 -Px) were found in bull seminal plasma but low concentrations in @entity1 seminal plasma. In @entity1 the seminal plasma @entity4259 was associated with two macromolecules separable by gel filtration, but no @entity2197 -Px was found in the same fractions. @entity4259 in bull seminal plasma was associated with two proteins, which could be separated by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Both macromolecules coeluted with @entity2197 -Px activity and had identical optima at pH 7.0. Their responses to thermal treatment, however, differed. Seminal vesicle secretory fluid in the bull contained both these proteins, while the larger molecule was also found in fractionations of ampulla, prostate and Cowper's glands. The larger enzyme form is evidently a tetramer of the smaller one. Both enzyme forms were extremely sensitive to heavy metals and some divalent metal ions. @entity2197 caused an activation while other reducing agents were suppressive. Triton X-100 had no effect, while @entity6743 was inhibitory. These properties are typical for a phospholipid hydroperoxide @entity2197 -Px. It is concluded that this @entity4259 -dependent enzyme may be important in the protection of @entity291 spermatozoa against damage caused by @entity26 radicals, while in @entity1 such a mechanism is not functional.

title: @entity4259 and XXXX peroxidase in seminal plasma of @entity1 and bulls.

answer: @entity2041 :: (MESH:D005978,Chemical) :: ['glutathione']


abstract: High levels of @entity4259 and @entity2041 peroxidase ( @entity2197 -Px) were found in bull seminal plasma but low concentrations in @entity1 seminal plasma. In @entity1 the seminal plasma @entity4259 was associated with two macromolecules separable by gel filtration, but no @entity2197 -Px was found in the same fractions. @entity4259 in bull seminal plasma was associated with two proteins, which could be separated by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Both macromolecules coeluted with @entity2197 -Px activity and had identical optima at pH 7.0. Their responses to thermal treatment, however, differed. Seminal vesicle secretory fluid in the bull contained both these proteins, while the larger molecule was also found in fractionations of ampulla, prostate and Cowper's glands. The larger enzyme form is evidently a tetramer of the smaller one. Both enzyme forms were extremely sensitive to heavy metals and some divalent metal ions. @entity2197 caused an activation while other reducing agents were suppressive. Triton X-100 had no effect, while @entity6743 was inhibitory. These properties are typical for a phospholipid hydroperoxide @entity2197 -Px. It is concluded that this @entity4259 -dependent enzyme may be important in the protection of @entity291 spermatozoa against damage caused by @entity26 radicals, while in @entity1 such a mechanism is not functional.

title: @entity4259 and @entity2041 peroxidase in seminal plasma of XXXX and bulls.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: The assessment of @entity1 exposure to an environmental contaminant requires the measurement of levels present in each pathway of possible contact. In this paper, the design considerations and Phase I results of a @entity1 exposure study focused on @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) are discussed. This study site, located in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, is a city that contains a metal pipe foundry, which is a suspected major source of @entity3015 . Three outdoor PM-10 samplers (used to collect @entity3015 -containing particles with an aerodynamic size of less than or equal to 10 micron) were located in residential areas surrounding the foundry. Ten homes were sampled indoors for PM-10. Some homes have indoor combustion sources, e.g., cigarette smoke or a @entity4808 . The indoor and outdoor samples were 24 hr in duration. The mean outdoor concentration of @entity3015 was 0.9 ng/m3, and the indoor concentrations ranged from 0.1-8.1 ng/m3. Food samples were acquired from family meals each day. They represented a one-third portion of each meal eaten at home. The range of @entity3015 per gram of wet weight of food was between 0.004 and 1.2 ng/g. Of the 20 wk of exposure (10 x 2 wk), 10 had higher food exposures and the other 10 had higher inhalation exposures. Of the two groups, the higher food exposures usually had a greater number of ng of @entity3015 /wk. The dominance of one or the other pathway appeared to depend upon personal eating habits and indoor combustion source use. In some instances, outdoor air pollution led to a major portion of indoor air @entity3015 exposures. Water appears to be a minor source of @entity3015 exposures in the study area.

title: The Total @entity1 Environmental Exposure Study (THEES) to XXXX : comparison of the inhalation and food pathways.

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzo(a)pyrene']

entities_list: @entity4808 :: ('MESH:D002056', 'Disease') :: ['coal burning stove']

answer: @entity3014 :: (MESH:D001564,Chemical) :: ['benzo(a)pyrene']


abstract: The assessment of @entity1 exposure to an environmental contaminant requires the measurement of levels present in each pathway of possible contact. In this paper, the design considerations and Phase I results of a @entity1 exposure study focused on @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) are discussed. This study site, located in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, is a city that contains a metal pipe foundry, which is a suspected major source of @entity3015 . Three outdoor PM-10 samplers (used to collect @entity3015 -containing particles with an aerodynamic size of less than or equal to 10 micron) were located in residential areas surrounding the foundry. Ten homes were sampled indoors for PM-10. Some homes have indoor combustion sources, e.g., cigarette smoke or a @entity4808 . The indoor and outdoor samples were 24 hr in duration. The mean outdoor concentration of @entity3015 was 0.9 ng/m3, and the indoor concentrations ranged from 0.1-8.1 ng/m3. Food samples were acquired from family meals each day. They represented a one-third portion of each meal eaten at home. The range of @entity3015 per gram of wet weight of food was between 0.004 and 1.2 ng/g. Of the 20 wk of exposure (10 x 2 wk), 10 had higher food exposures and the other 10 had higher inhalation exposures. Of the two groups, the higher food exposures usually had a greater number of ng of @entity3015 /wk. The dominance of one or the other pathway appeared to depend upon personal eating habits and indoor combustion source use. In some instances, outdoor air pollution led to a major portion of indoor air @entity3015 exposures. Water appears to be a minor source of @entity3015 exposures in the study area.

title: The Total XXXX Environmental Exposure Study (THEES) to @entity3014 : comparison of the inhalation and food pathways.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: We have previously described a model for predicting individual daily @entity22 ( @entity22 ) requirements of @entity1229 24 h after the administration of a single dose. This model relies on measurement of the initial anticoagulant response as the 24 h percentage fall in plasma clotting factor VII activity. It permits prediction of the individual @entity22 given the size of the initial dose, a baseline and desired maintenance value of the @entity556 ratio, and a baseline and 24 h plasma level of factor VII activity. We now present the results of a prospective clinical trial of the method. Data from 65 @entity1 were suitable for analysis. The mean daily @entity22 of @entity1229 was 4.0 mg (range 1-10 mg). There was a moderately strong linear relationship between predicted and actual MDs of @entity1229 (r = 0.66, P less than 0.001). Actual vs predicted MDs in individual @entity1 were not significantly different. The mean difference was 0.39 mg. The results of this prospective trial suggest that our model predicts @entity1229 @entity22 requirements with reasonable accuracy. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the model is not sufficient to replace careful clinical and haematological monitoring of each @entity1 commencing @entity1229 therapy.

title: XXXX dosage requirements: prospective clinical trial of a method for prediction from the response to a single dose.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['maintenance dosage', 'MD']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['Warfarin']


abstract: With the use of immunohistochemical techniques, seven mouse monoclonal antibodies and the lectin from Ulex europaeus, detecting blood group antigens of the @entity20604 and Lewis systems, have been used to define the distribution of these antigenic structures in germ cell @entity5 . The reagents used recognize the following blood group antigens: A, B, H, Lewisa, Lewisb, X (Lewisx), Y (Lewisy), and type I precursor antigen. @entity5 from 29 @entity1 were studied. @entity5 studied consisted of pure @entity189 for eight @entity1 , pure @entity2970 for two @entity1 , @entity189 plus @entity2970 in one @entity1 , and yolk sac @entity5 in one @entity1 . Also studied were nine classic @entity4797 and a group of six @entity1 with @entity5 classified as @entity4797 that exhibited atypical histological features. One @entity1 had an @entity189 arising from the mediastinum which could not be conclusively identified as a germ cell @entity5 morphologically and was analyzed separately. All @entity189 and @entity2970 exhibited strong positivity for type I precursor structure as detected by the K-21 monoclonal antibody. In marked contrast, there was non staining in classic @entity4797 but heterogeneous staining in five of six @entity4797 . The majority of @entity189 and all @entity2970 studied demonstrated strong positivity for blood group antigen H. For @entity4797 , however, only one of the atypical cases and two of the classic cases (occasional cells) stained for H. Focal expression of the Y antigen was identified in 5 of 17 @entity4797 and in the majority of @entity189 and @entity2970 . Two @entity2970 and two classic @entity4797 expressed blood group X. The remaining blood group antigens were not expressed by @entity4797 while they were variably expressed by @entity189 and @entity2970 . These data suggest that K-21 and blood group antigen H may be distinguishing markers of @entity10711 . If so, it is possible that the heterogeneous expression of blood group substances in @entity4797 with atypical histologies is an indication of differentiation towards @entity10711 .

title: Blood group-related antigens in @entity1 germ cell XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumor plus seminoma', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2970 :: ('MESH:D018240', 'Disease') :: ['yolk sac tumors', 'yolk sac tumor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal carcinomas', 'embryonal carcinoma', 'anaplastic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity10711 :: ('MESH:C537844', 'Disease') :: ['nonseminomatous germ cell tumor', 'nonseminomatous germ cell tumor versus seminoma']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['atypical seminomas', 'seminomas', 'seminoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: With the use of immunohistochemical techniques, seven mouse monoclonal antibodies and the lectin from Ulex europaeus, detecting blood group antigens of the @entity20604 and Lewis systems, have been used to define the distribution of these antigenic structures in germ cell @entity5 . The reagents used recognize the following blood group antigens: A, B, H, Lewisa, Lewisb, X (Lewisx), Y (Lewisy), and type I precursor antigen. @entity5 from 29 @entity1 were studied. @entity5 studied consisted of pure @entity189 for eight @entity1 , pure @entity2970 for two @entity1 , @entity189 plus @entity2970 in one @entity1 , and yolk sac @entity5 in one @entity1 . Also studied were nine classic @entity4797 and a group of six @entity1 with @entity5 classified as @entity4797 that exhibited atypical histological features. One @entity1 had an @entity189 arising from the mediastinum which could not be conclusively identified as a germ cell @entity5 morphologically and was analyzed separately. All @entity189 and @entity2970 exhibited strong positivity for type I precursor structure as detected by the K-21 monoclonal antibody. In marked contrast, there was non staining in classic @entity4797 but heterogeneous staining in five of six @entity4797 . The majority of @entity189 and all @entity2970 studied demonstrated strong positivity for blood group antigen H. For @entity4797 , however, only one of the atypical cases and two of the classic cases (occasional cells) stained for H. Focal expression of the Y antigen was identified in 5 of 17 @entity4797 and in the majority of @entity189 and @entity2970 . Two @entity2970 and two classic @entity4797 expressed blood group X. The remaining blood group antigens were not expressed by @entity4797 while they were variably expressed by @entity189 and @entity2970 . These data suggest that K-21 and blood group antigen H may be distinguishing markers of @entity10711 . If so, it is possible that the heterogeneous expression of blood group substances in @entity4797 with atypical histologies is an indication of differentiation towards @entity10711 .

title: Blood group-related antigens in XXXX germ cell @entity5 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: 1. Two experiments were carried out. The first with five normal male subjects was placebo controlled and single blind, each subject being studied on two occasions. Lower body subatmospheric pressure (LBSP) was used to assess the cardiovascular effects of graded hypovolaemia before and during either a hyperinsulinaemic, euglycaemic clamp or a placebo clamp using 0.9% (w/v) @entity1219 only. 2. During hyperinsulinaemia, resting systolic blood pressure rose and was accompanied by forearm vasodilatation. @entity450 ( @entity450 ) and heart rate (HR) were higher at each level of LBSP during than before hyperinsulinaemia. In addition, hyperinsulinaemia was accompanied by a small increase in @entity1063 , but packed cell volume did not change. 3. In the second experiment, the effects of a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp on the cardiovascular responses to LBSP were assessed in seven @entity6 subjects with @entity1897 . 4. In contrast to the normal subjects, there was a slight fall in systolic blood pressure during the clamp but no effect was noted on HR or @entity450 . Mean arterial blood pressure was lower at each level of LBSP during hyperinsulinaemia compared with the pre-clamp period. Packed cell volume fell during the clamp and plasma @entity1063 rose. In one of the @entity6 subjects, a @entity551 occurred during hyperinsulinaemia when LBSP of 10 mmHg (1.3 kPa) was applied, this manoeuvre having been well tolerated before the clamp. 5. The mode of action of hyperinsulinaemia is not clear, but there was, however, no evidence that a fall in plasma volume had occurred.

title: Effects of hyperinsulinaemia on the cardiovascular responses to graded hypovolaemia in normal and XXXX subjects.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['Forearm blood flow', 'FABF']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['precipitous fall in blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral and autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: @entity227 is a global problem which is more pronounced in developing countries. There are an estimated 40-45 million blind in the world today, equivalent to a 1% prevalence of @entity1939 . More than 80% of @entity1939 is either preventable or curable by simple techniques, if done in time. Blindness in Southeast Asian countries varies from about .3% in Korea to about 2.0% in bangladesh or Myanmar and 1.5% in India. The causes of @entity227 and @entity1939 include @entity281 such as @entity11738 , @entity130 , @entity3147 (particularly @entity904 deficiency) and @entity154 including muscle imbalance. @entity1939 is common in almost all the developing countries, but it is not problem in @entity3595 Lanka, Myanmar, and Korea. Various control and nutritional measures undertaken by national governments have significantly reduced the prevalence of @entity11738 . It is a serious problem in Bangladesh and some parts of India. While socioeconomic factors contribute to its prevalence, attacks of @entity294 or @entity697 add to its gravity. @entity4858 or @entity130 are common in developing countries. Blindness is not a public health problem alone, but low educational, socioeconomic status, unscientific cultural practices, and poor environmental status play a major role. Health education for eye care in the community and primary intervention can control causes like @entity281 , @entity130 , or @entity3147 , while visual aids such as spectacles have to be used for the correction of @entity154 . The problem of @entity227 per se and in @entity1 in particular can be overcome with concerted efforts. The countries affected have initiated control efforts to modify @entity1 's socioeconomic status. Voluntary organizations collaborating with governments have also produced good results. The education of @entity1 about eye health and training of school teachers in early detection of visual problems can be effective.

title: Problem of XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'people']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['refractive anomalies']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['Visual impairment', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute infections']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin A']

entities_list: @entity4858 :: ('MESH:D005131', 'Disease') :: ['Eye injuries']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['global blindness', 'Nutrition blindness', 'blindness']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['visual impairment']


abstract: @entity227 is a global problem which is more pronounced in developing countries. There are an estimated 40-45 million blind in the world today, equivalent to a 1% prevalence of @entity1939 . More than 80% of @entity1939 is either preventable or curable by simple techniques, if done in time. Blindness in Southeast Asian countries varies from about .3% in Korea to about 2.0% in bangladesh or Myanmar and 1.5% in India. The causes of @entity227 and @entity1939 include @entity281 such as @entity11738 , @entity130 , @entity3147 (particularly @entity904 deficiency) and @entity154 including muscle imbalance. @entity1939 is common in almost all the developing countries, but it is not problem in @entity3595 Lanka, Myanmar, and Korea. Various control and nutritional measures undertaken by national governments have significantly reduced the prevalence of @entity11738 . It is a serious problem in Bangladesh and some parts of India. While socioeconomic factors contribute to its prevalence, attacks of @entity294 or @entity697 add to its gravity. @entity4858 or @entity130 are common in developing countries. Blindness is not a public health problem alone, but low educational, socioeconomic status, unscientific cultural practices, and poor environmental status play a major role. Health education for eye care in the community and primary intervention can control causes like @entity281 , @entity130 , or @entity3147 , while visual aids such as spectacles have to be used for the correction of @entity154 . The problem of @entity227 per se and in @entity1 in particular can be overcome with concerted efforts. The countries affected have initiated control efforts to modify @entity1 's socioeconomic status. Voluntary organizations collaborating with governments have also produced good results. The education of @entity1 about eye health and training of school teachers in early detection of visual problems can be effective.

title: Problem of @entity227 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: @entity856 -modulated attenuation of transcription is involved in regulating the synthesis of @entity17450 in @entity526 . Thus, expression of two genes, pyrBI and pyrE, was shown to be under this type of control. The genes encode the two subunits of @entity492 transcarbamylase and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase respectively. The levels of these enzymes are inversely correlated with the intracellular concentration of @entity856 . Modulation of attenuation seems to be a consequence of the effect of @entity856 concentration on the mRNA chain growth rate. Reducing the @entity856 pool retards RNA polymerase movement. Mechanistically this will couple the ribosomes translating a leader peptide gene more tightly to the elongating RNA polymerase. The ribosomes will then be more prone to prevent the folding of the mRNA chains into terminating hairpin structures when RNA polymerase is at the attenuator and has to decide whether transcription should terminate or continue into the structural genes. This paper described a study of pyrBI and pyrE gene regulation in cells where the ribosomes move slowly as a result of mutation in rpsL. It appears that expression of the two genes is hyper-regulated by the @entity856 pool in this type of cells. Furthermore, the attenuator model can only account for the results if it is assumed that @entity856 -concentration-dependent pausing of transcription occurs in vivo in the two pyr gene leaders such that RNA polymerase waits for the coupled ribosomes before transcribing into the attenuator regions.

title: Hyper-regulation of pyr gene expression in XXXX cells with slow ribosomes. Evidence for RNA polymerase pausing in vivo?

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity17450 :: ('MESH:D011742', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine nucleotides']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: To determine the effectiveness of @entity1239 polacrilex combined with self-administered relapse prevention materials in maintaining smoking cessation, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Volunteers aged 18 to 65 years responding to media announcements were required to quit smoking for 48 hours without assistance. Of 1844 potential @entity1 , 136 were medically excluded, 535 declined to make a quit attempt, and 573 were unable to quit, leaving 600 @entity1 (35%) who were randomized. Eight self-help relapse prevention modules were mailed weekly. Gum was used either ad lib for smoking urges or on a fixed, hourly schedule (12 pieces per day). Only 15% of the subjects in each gum group stopped using the gum altogether because of side effects, but only 20% of the ad lib groups and 40% of the fixed-dosage group used at least eight pieces of gum per day during the first week. The abstinence rates (for at least seven days) at the six-month follow-up were 31% in both active gum groups and 22% in the placebo and no gum groups. Relapse rates in the two active gum groups were about half those in the placebo and no gum groups. @entity1239 polacrilex may be a useful adjunct to minimal contact smoking cessation formats, which have broad appeal. Also, minimal contact relapse prevention programs may assist physicians in helping @entity1 to maintain smoking cessation using @entity1239 polacrilex.

title: Minimal contact treatment for smoking cessation. A placebo controlled trial of XXXX polacrilex and self-directed relapse prevention: initial results of the Stanford Stop Smoking Project.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine', 'nicotine']

answer: @entity1239 :: (MESH:D009538,Chemical) :: ['nicotine']


abstract: The deeply rooted tradition of widow inheritance is a determinant of sex among the Luo which is widely practiced by Luo groups in Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire, and Sudan. This practice of sexual networking whereby @entity1 who inherit widows have multiple sex partners, high frequency of exchange between widows, and low levels of condom use, however, encourages the spread of @entity645 . The authors interviewed 92 widows of mean age 34 years to investigate this traditional behavior among the Luo in South Nyanza District, Kenya. Subjects were widows of Luo @entity1 who had died of a @entity102 between November 1991 and October 1992. 47 had already been inherited and 34 were planning to be, while 11 refused to be inherited for fear of spreading @entity645 . Of the @entity1 who inherited them, 80% were married, one third had histories of inheriting other widows, and some were paid to take on their new responsibilities. Only two widows reported ever using condoms since the demise of their spouse even though sexual intercourse is an essential component of widow inheritance. The lack of condom use corresponds with the lack of knowledge about the ability of condoms to prevent the spread of @entity645 ; only 9% reported being aware of this condom attribute. 87% of the widows, however, reported that sexual intercourse with multiple partners can lead to the transmission of @entity645 . 70% felt that monogamy and avoiding prostitutes can prevent the spread of @entity645 . These findings point to the urgent need for community based @entity791 education targeting elders, @entity1 , and youth.

title: Influence of widow inheritance on the epidemiology of XXXX in Africa.

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: Tunisia, the smallest North African country in size, has recently published the results of its part of the @entity249 ( @entity249 ) taken in 1978. About 1/2 of this Missouri-sized country consists of arid and semiarid desert, with well-irrigated fertile areas in the north. The country, which has a population of about 7 million, must import large quantities of food each year and also suffers from widespread unemployment. In 1964, the government was among the earliest to announce a policy to reduce the rate of population growth and Tunisia now has 1 of the lowest birth rates of the African continent (33 births/1000 population) although it is still moderately high. Part of the reason for the birth rate decline has been a risking age at marriage; the legal minimum was fixed at 17 years for @entity1 and 20 for @entity1 by a 1964 law. The Tunisia @entity249 indicates that, of @entity1 20-24 in 1978, 56% had not yet married, a large increase from the 27% of 1966. The mean age at 1st marriage for females was 24 in 1978, very high by less developed country standards. It may be that the fertility-lowering impetus from rising age at marriage has been spent (this measure cannot rise indefinitely): Tunisia's total fertility rate (TFR), the average number of @entity1 / @entity1 , dropped from 7.1 @entity1 in 1966 to 5.7 in 1976, but the decrease has tapered off somewhat since. The TFR appears to have dropped to 5.2 as of 1981. When asked how many @entity1 they would like to have, the @entity1 surveyed gave 4.2 @entity1 , on average, as their "ideal" number. This number is, of course, considerably above that needed to ultimately stop population growth (about 2.1-2.5 @entity1 / @entity1 ). Contraceptive use in Tunisia is quite high by developing country standards; much of this is due to the efficient network of government-sponsored clinics. About 44% of the @entity1 exposed to pregnancy were practicing an efficient form of family planning with the pill or sterilization accounting for most of that number (22 and 20% respectively). Nonetheless, traditions which still favor 3-5 @entity1 and some possible loss of momentum from a rising age at marriage may cause future fertility declines to be slower than in the recent past. Tunisia does present an interesting case of a country maintaining a government program to reduce population growth as an overall part of the country's development efforts.

title: Tunisia @entity249 [ XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'woman', 'men']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['WFS', 'World Fertility Survey']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['World Fertility Survey']


abstract: Tunisia, the smallest North African country in size, has recently published the results of its part of the @entity249 ( @entity249 ) taken in 1978. About 1/2 of this Missouri-sized country consists of arid and semiarid desert, with well-irrigated fertile areas in the north. The country, which has a population of about 7 million, must import large quantities of food each year and also suffers from widespread unemployment. In 1964, the government was among the earliest to announce a policy to reduce the rate of population growth and Tunisia now has 1 of the lowest birth rates of the African continent (33 births/1000 population) although it is still moderately high. Part of the reason for the birth rate decline has been a risking age at marriage; the legal minimum was fixed at 17 years for @entity1 and 20 for @entity1 by a 1964 law. The Tunisia @entity249 indicates that, of @entity1 20-24 in 1978, 56% had not yet married, a large increase from the 27% of 1966. The mean age at 1st marriage for females was 24 in 1978, very high by less developed country standards. It may be that the fertility-lowering impetus from rising age at marriage has been spent (this measure cannot rise indefinitely): Tunisia's total fertility rate (TFR), the average number of @entity1 / @entity1 , dropped from 7.1 @entity1 in 1966 to 5.7 in 1976, but the decrease has tapered off somewhat since. The TFR appears to have dropped to 5.2 as of 1981. When asked how many @entity1 they would like to have, the @entity1 surveyed gave 4.2 @entity1 , on average, as their "ideal" number. This number is, of course, considerably above that needed to ultimately stop population growth (about 2.1-2.5 @entity1 / @entity1 ). Contraceptive use in Tunisia is quite high by developing country standards; much of this is due to the efficient network of government-sponsored clinics. About 44% of the @entity1 exposed to pregnancy were practicing an efficient form of family planning with the pill or sterilization accounting for most of that number (22 and 20% respectively). Nonetheless, traditions which still favor 3-5 @entity1 and some possible loss of momentum from a rising age at marriage may cause future fertility declines to be slower than in the recent past. Tunisia does present an interesting case of a country maintaining a government program to reduce population growth as an overall part of the country's development efforts.

title: Tunisia XXXX [ @entity249 ].

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['WFS']


abstract: A case-control study of the relationship between oral contraceptive (OC) use and @entity0 in @entity1 aged 45 and under is currently underway in 4 @entity5 centers, a public assistance hospital, and 3 private clinics in France. The preliminary analysis is presented of 240 cases of @entity0 , 68 controls with @entity5 , and 246 controls with nonmalignant conditions except @entity1558 and moderate or @entity3799 . 46% of controls had benign and 7% had malignant thyroid conditions, 4% had @entity42 , 3% had uterine @entity81 , 6% had other gynecological conditions, 9% had other types of conditions, and 10% were hospital personnel, visitors, or @entity1 having routine examinations. The mean duration of OC use was not significantly different among different groups of controls. 3 factors were found to raise the risk of @entity0 significantly in the study population: a family history of @entity0 raised relative risk to 1.75, having 3 or fewer @entity1 raised it to 2.16, and having 2 or more induced abortions raised it to 1.75. Occupational status, marital status, age at menarche, age at 1st birth, number of @entity2208 , and @entity1558 were not associated with @entity0 . There was no association between @entity0 and duration of OC use or OC use before or after the 1st pregnancy or age 25. @entity1 beginning OC use before age 25 had a relative risk of .55 compared to other @entity1 . No increased risk of @entity0 was seen when various types of OCs, including combined, biphasic, sequential, or low or higher dosed @entity3942 only formulations were analyzed separetely, and users of progestagen only pills had a decreased incidence. There was no relationship between risk of @entity5 and @entity172 dose of combined, sequential, or biphasic pills. 4 factors were related to @entity5 : high occupational status, number of @entity1 , number of induced abortions, and history of @entity1558 . OC use was not significantly related to @entity5 . The relative risk of @entity5 was less than unity through 5 years of use and increased to 1.39 after 9 years, but still failed to attain statistical significance. The risk of @entity5 was found to increase with use of OCs for more than 7 years beginning after age 25. The sample size was too small to permit separate analysis for different types of OCs.

title: [A study on the association between the use of oral contraception and XXXX : preliminary findings of a French study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous abortions']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'cancer of the breast or cervix', 'breast cancer, 84 of cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cervical cancer', 'brest cancer', 'nongynecological cancers']

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cysts']

entities_list: @entity3942 :: ('CHEBI:50745', 'Chemical') :: ['progestagen']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['severe cervical dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity81 :: ('MESH:D005350', 'Disease') :: ['fibromas']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['benign breast disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['cancer of the breast or cervix']


abstract: Megakaryocytes from normal routine @entity1 bone marrow aspirates were analyzed by flow cytometry for size, fine cell structure and granularity, membrane expression of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa and ploidy. Marrow cells were initially enriched for megakaryocytes by a Percoll density gradient and megakaryocytes were labeled with a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody directed to the @entity1427 /IIIa complex. The cells were fixed with @entity1604 and stained with @entity2667 (PI) for DNA quantitation. Using two-color flow cytometry, megakaryocytes were identified by their high membrane immunofluorescence and their ploidy was determined according to the relative fluorescence intensity of the PI. Forward light scatter (FSC), correlating with cell size, 90 degrees side light scatter (SSC), reflecting primarily cell internal fine structure and granularity, and total cell membrane fluorescence were examined. To evaluate independently the relationship between size and cell membrane fluorescence obtained by flow cytometry, megakaryocytes were sorted directly on slides and analyzed by a laser-based anchored cell analyzer (ACAS). There was a strong correlation among size, SSC, and the level of membrane fluorescence. The mean diameter of megakaryocytes was 28.1 +/- 12.3 micron. The modal ploidy distribution was 16N with approximately one-fifth of the cells less than or equal to 4N. The mean FSC and SSC levels increased with increasing ploidy. However, the marked overlap observed between the ranges of these parameters in adjacent ploidy classes suggested that size and SSC increase continuously rather than by discrete steps as is characteristic for ploidy. The total surface membrane fluorescence was correlated with cell size (r = 0.98) as measured by FSC or directly by the ACAS (r = 0.85), and with cell ploidy (r = 0.99) indicating an augmentation in total membrane @entity1427 /IIIa expression with an increase in cell size and ploidy. However, estimated @entity1427 /IIIa fluorescence density was inversely correlated with FSC suggesting that the @entity1427 /IIIa surface epitope density is decreased with increasing cell maturity. We conclude that flow cytometry is a useful technique for the rapid analysis of @entity1 megakaryocytes obtained by marrow aspiration, and should be applicable to studies of pathologic states.

title: Flow cytometric analysis of normal XXXX megakaryocytes.

entities_list: @entity1604 :: ('MESH:C003043', 'Chemical') :: ['paraformaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Hemophilus influenzae is an important pathogen that is responsible for invasive and @entity3 in both @entity1 and adults. This study aims to assess the relationship of biotypes to the sites of @entity281 , serotypes, antimicrobial susceptibility, beta-lactamase production and age. METHODS: A total of 200 isolates of @entity327 were obtained from clinical specimens over a period of 12 months from January 2001 through to January 2002 from King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: Most of the strains were non-typable and were isolated from @entity1 with @entity3 . The typable isolates from invasive @entity281 mostly serotype b were isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid and hip joint aspirate. Biotype II accounted for 37% of the isolates followed by biotypes III and I (29.5% and 23%). The remaining 10.5% were made up of biotypes IV, V, VI and VII. A significantly high resistance to @entity799 (33.5%) and @entity869 (19%) was observed. Two point five percent of the isolates were resistant to @entity2755 . All the isolates resistant to @entity869 were beta-lactamase producers and susceptible to @entity2261 , @entity2756 , @entity2177 and @entity1215 . CONCLUSION: This study revealed that biotypes II and III are the predominant biotypes of @entity327 found in @entity3 . There is an apparent relationship between biotype and site of @entity281 which could be useful as an epidemiological marker.

title: Prevalence of XXXX biotypes and their clinical significance in a University Hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2261 :: ('MESH:D002444', 'Chemical') :: ['cefuroxime']

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

entities_list: @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['cotrimoxazole']

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['H.influenzae']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['non-invasive infections']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

answer: @entity327 :: (727,Species) :: ['H.influenzae']


abstract: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, usually in combination with an interval of @entity1167 , was used for the treatment of 211 @entity1 with extensive @entity2333 during a 17-year interval. Profound @entity2332 , distal perfusion, and intravenous @entity1667 and thiopental were used for neuroprotection. No other technique or other adjunctive agents were used. The 30-day mortality rate was 7.1% (15 @entity1 ). It was 40% (8 of 20) for @entity1 undergoing emergent operations for @entity1755 or acute dissection and 3.7% (7 of 191) for all other @entity1 (P<0.001). @entity451 occurred in 5 and paraparesis in 1 of the 205 operative survivors whose lower limb function could be assessed postoperatively (2.9%). Of the 121 survivors with @entity2333 , @entity451 occurred in 1 of 38 @entity1 with @entity66 (2.6%), 2 of 49 with type II (4.1%), and 2 of 34 with type III (5.9%). Paralysis developed in 1 (1.7%) of the 58 @entity1 who underwent aortic dissection. Renal dialysis was required in 6 (2.9%) of the 205 operative survivors, prolonged inotropic support (>48 hours) in 23 (11%), reoperation for @entity548 in 10 (5%), mechanical ventilation (>48 hours) in 50 (24%), and tracheostomy in 21 (10%). Four (1.9%) @entity1 sustained a @entity64 . Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass provides safe and substantial protection against @entity912 , and @entity177 that equals or exceeds that of other currently used techniques but without the need for other adjuncts.

title: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and XXXX in the management of extensive thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Crawford type I disease']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['aortic rupture']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal, cardiac, and visceral organ system failure']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory arrest']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['thoracoabdominal aortic disease', 'thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic disease']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['Paraplegia', 'paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['circulatory arrest']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: For many years, attempts have been made to find an easy, efficient and inexpensive method to screen @entity1 for amblyogenic @entity2516 . Wave-front analysis is a new way to determine the refractive state of the eye from a distance. This technique could be a useful tool for @entity1 screening. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was the evaluation of the efficacy of a commercially available wave-front analyzing autorefractometer (SureSight, software version 2.0, Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY 13153, U.S.A.) in detecting amblyogenic @entity2516 in @entity1 with and without cycloplegia. METHODS: 256 eyes (-28.25 D to +7.88 D spherical equivalent) of 128 @entity1 (1-81 years) were examined with the wave-front autorefractometer under cycloplegia. Prior to this investigation, 108 eyes (-21.38 D to 75 D) of 54 of these @entity1 (1-76 years) were refracted without cycloplegia. The readings of the wave-front autorefractometer were compared with the results of retinoscopy under cycloplegia. RESULTS: Without cycloplegia, the sensitivity in detecting any amblyogenic @entity2516 such as @entity9340 , @entity940 , @entity1714 or @entity3467 was 94%, while the specificity was 63%. Following cycloplegia, the sensitivity decreased to 87% and the specificity increased to 80%. CONCLUSION: Wave-front analyzing refractometry is highly applicable for @entity1 screening. At the present state of development, the efficacy in detecting amblyogenic @entity2516 is similar to that of other screening techniques and instruments that operate from distance. Cycloplegia enhances the sensitivity in detecting @entity3467 and decreases the sensitivity in detecting @entity940 .

title: Wave-front analysis as screening technique for amblyogenic XXXX with and without cycloplegia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['ametropia']

entities_list: @entity3467 :: ('MESH:D006956', 'Disease') :: ['hyperopia']

entities_list: @entity9340 :: ('MESH:D015858', 'Disease') :: ['anisometropia']

answer: @entity2516 :: (MESH:D012030,Disease) :: ['ametropia']


abstract: @entity311 has reemerged as a significant public health disease threat in Peru, especially within the Amazon Basin region. This resurgence of @entity1 cases caused by infection with @entity3964 and @entity3965 is thought to be associated with the spread of @entity20190 , the principal South American @entity311 vector, into new areas of the Amazon Basin. However, comprehensive studies of the distribution for this species have not been conducted in Peru for several years, nor are historical accounts accurate enough to determine if An. darlingi was actually present and not collected or misidentified. Therefore, the objective of this study is to define the distribution of An. darlingi as well as obtain data on distribution and abundance of other Anopheles species in this region. Mosquitoes were collected during 2001 in the Departments of Loreto and Ucayali, the two largest Amazonian Departments of Peru. A total of 60,585 specimens representing 12 species of the subgenera Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles were collected at 82 (88.2%) of 93 collecting sites. The majority of mosquitoes obtained were identified as An. benarrochi, comprising 70.7% of mosquitoes collected, followed by An. darlingi (24.0%), Anopheles mattogrosensis (2.4%), and Anopheles triannulatus (1.5%). @entity20190 was collected from 48.8% of sites, indicating that this species is established throughout central Loreto, including further west in the Amazon Basin than previously reported. These data suggest that this species is now found in areas of the Amazon Basin region where it has not been previously reported.

title: Geographical distribution of XXXX in the Amazon Basin region of Peru.

entities_list: @entity3965 :: ('5855', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium vivax']

entities_list: @entity20190 :: ('43151', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles darlingi']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria']

answer: @entity20190 :: (43151,Species) :: ['Anopheles darlingi']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim was to analyse the role of smoking and HbA1c level in @entity6730 ( @entity6730 ) and probing depths (PDs) among insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 . MATERIAL AND-METHODS: The study subjects were selected from a group of 149 insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 and included 64 @entity1 (39 @entity1 and 25 @entity1 ) aged 30 years or older. Data were obtained from @entity1 records and by clinical examination. The outcome variables were the number of sites with @entity6730 and PDs of 5-9 mm. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression models. RR was adjusted for the number of teeth, dental @entity1608 and age. RESULTS: RR for @entity6730 among the smokers was 4.15 (95% CI: 2.30-7.63) and that for @entity1726 among the smokers was 7.96 (95% CI: 4.91-13.19). HbA1c was not related to @entity6730 or @entity1726 . Among smokers with HbA1c > 8.5, RR for @entity6730 was 12.34 (95% CI: 4.14-39.35), but RR was not elevated for @entity1726 . CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the poor metabolic control together with smoking is extremely detrimental for @entity6730 .

title: Role of smoking and HbA1c level in periodontitis among insulin-dependent XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6730 :: ('MESH:D017622', 'Disease') :: ['attachment loss', 'AL']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim was to analyse the role of smoking and HbA1c level in @entity6730 ( @entity6730 ) and probing depths (PDs) among insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 . MATERIAL AND-METHODS: The study subjects were selected from a group of 149 insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 and included 64 @entity1 (39 @entity1 and 25 @entity1 ) aged 30 years or older. Data were obtained from @entity1 records and by clinical examination. The outcome variables were the number of sites with @entity6730 and PDs of 5-9 mm. Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression models. RR was adjusted for the number of teeth, dental @entity1608 and age. RESULTS: RR for @entity6730 among the smokers was 4.15 (95% CI: 2.30-7.63) and that for @entity1726 among the smokers was 7.96 (95% CI: 4.91-13.19). HbA1c was not related to @entity6730 or @entity1726 . Among smokers with HbA1c > 8.5, RR for @entity6730 was 12.34 (95% CI: 4.14-39.35), but RR was not elevated for @entity1726 . CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the poor metabolic control together with smoking is extremely detrimental for @entity6730 .

title: Role of smoking and HbA1c level in periodontitis among insulin-dependent @entity6 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6766 is a significant public health issue in most countries, including Australia. We examined the association between temperature and @entity5746 notifications, and compared these associations for 5 Australian cities. METHODS: Log-linear models describing monthly @entity5746 notifications in terms of calendar time and monthly average temperatures were fitted over the period 1991 to 2001 for each city. We used a negative binomial chance model to accommodate overdispersion in the counts. RESULTS: The long-term trend showed an @entity5746 in each of the 5 cities. There was a positive association between monthly @entity5746 notifications and mean monthly temperature of the previous month in every city. Seasonal patterns in @entity5746 notifications were fully explained by changes in temperature. DISCUSSION: The strength of the association, the consistency across 5 cities, and a plausible biologic pathway suggest that higher ambient temperatures are a cause of @entity5746 . The lag of 1 month suggests that temperature might be more influential earlier in the production process rather than at the food preparation stage. This knowledge can help to guide policy on food preparation and distribution. It also suggests a basis for an early warning system for increased risk from @entity5746 , and raises yet another possible health problem with global warming.

title: Does ambient temperature affect XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity5746 :: ('MESH:D012480', 'Disease') :: ['higher salmonellosis notifications', 'increase in salmonellosis notifications', 'salmonellosis']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['Foodborne illness']

answer: @entity6766 :: (MESH:D005517,Disease) :: ['foodborne disease']


abstract: Fifteen cases of @entity9279 are reported, on 1798 operations for non malignant diseases of the biliary tract (0.8%), carried out by the Authors in the last 11 years. Two cases were described separately, consisting respectively of an "eastern" hepatolithiasis, and a secondary form, due to stenosis of a choledochoduodenostomy, which had been performed after surgical injury of the common bile duct. The other 13 @entity1 had a "mixed" form. @entity1087 was present in 8 of these cases, @entity255 in 4. Intrahepatic stones were diagnosed preoperatively in 3 cases and intraoperatively in 10. A bilioenteric @entity254 was carried out in 9 cases, a sphincteroplasty in 3, and a T-tube drainage in a @entity1 with @entity255 . Two @entity1 died postoperatively, both from sepsis: the first in the early postoperative phase, after emergency operation for @entity255 ; the other, with "primitive" hepatolithiasis, 3 months after the operation. Clinical results are satisfactory after 1-11 years. On the basis of data from current literature, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are set forth, with specific reference to the mixed and secondary forms: the bilioenteric anastomoses seem to give better chances of success, but the need to have access to lobar ducts may sometimes impose hilar derivations. Spincteroplasty may have a few indications, solely in selected @entity1 .

title: [Personal case series of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['suppurative cholangitis', 'cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity9279 :: ('MESH:D020347', 'Disease') :: ['intrahepatic lithiasis']

answer: @entity9279 :: (MESH:D020347,Disease) :: ['intrahepatic lithiasis']


abstract: We describe the whole cohort of @entity1 operated on laparoscopically for @entity4037 at our institution. Information on early results, complications, and long-term follow-up was collected prospectively. Of 90 operations attempted, five (5.8%) required conversion. Of the remaining 85 @entity1 , 65 (76%) had an incisional @entity547 , while 20 (24%) had primary defects. Three trocars were routinely employed (Hasson and two 5-mm). The prosthetic mesh used was ePTFE inserted through the first trocar and fixed using helicoidal staplers. @entity1 were periodically followed in the outpatient clinic for at least 12 months postoperatively and contacted at the time of this review. Mean operative time was 101 min. We had three small @entity130 repaired laparoscopically. @entity282 was limited. Bowel movements, deambulation, and discharge were prompt. We had six (7%) urinary retentions, eight (9%) seromas, three (3.5%) cases of @entity55 , two (2%) @entity1209 , and one (1%) prolonged ileus, which resolved spontaneously on postoperative day 2. Mean postoperative stay was 4 days. One @entity1 was readmitted after 4 weeks with @entity3885 , resolved conservatively. There were three recurrences (3.5%), which developed within 1 year of the operation, and a trocar-site herniation (1%). The technique appears safe and efficacious.

title: Recurrences after XXXX repair: results and critical review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4037 :: ('MESH:D006555', 'Disease') :: ['ventral hernias']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete obstruction']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['bowel injuries']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['cases of postoperative vomiting']

answer: @entity4037 :: (MESH:D006555,Disease) :: ['laparoscopic ventral hernia']


abstract: This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 0.02 mg/kg of @entity1425 (E) on @entity296 ( @entity296 ), myocardial @entity26 consumption (MVO2), and delivery (MDO2) when administered during CPR after 10-min @entity1167 . Five miniature @entity1707 were instrumented for @entity296 measurements using tracer microspheres. @entity2224 was induced. After 10 min, CPR was begun with a pneumatic compressor. Measurements of @entity296 , arterial, and coronary sinus blood gases were made. After 3 min of CPR, each animal received 0.02 mg/kg of E. The measurements were repeated and defibrillation was attempted. During CPR, MDO2 and MVO2 were 0.2 +/- 0.3 and 0.2 +/- 0.3 ml/min/100 g tissue, respectively. The myocardial @entity26 extraction ratio (ER) was 94.2 +/- 3.0%. After 0.02 mg/kg of E, MDO2 was 1.1 +/- 1.4, MVO2 was 1.0 +/- 1.3, and ER was 93.9 +/- 0.7% (p greater than .05). There were no successful defibrillations. These data indicate that MDO2 improves slightly during CPR after 0.02 mg/kg of E, but it does not meet the @entity26 demands of the fibrillating heart.

title: Effect of standard doses of @entity1425 on myocardial XXXX delivery and utilization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['MBF', 'myocardial blood flow']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary arrest']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 0.02 mg/kg of @entity1425 (E) on @entity296 ( @entity296 ), myocardial @entity26 consumption (MVO2), and delivery (MDO2) when administered during CPR after 10-min @entity1167 . Five miniature @entity1707 were instrumented for @entity296 measurements using tracer microspheres. @entity2224 was induced. After 10 min, CPR was begun with a pneumatic compressor. Measurements of @entity296 , arterial, and coronary sinus blood gases were made. After 3 min of CPR, each animal received 0.02 mg/kg of E. The measurements were repeated and defibrillation was attempted. During CPR, MDO2 and MVO2 were 0.2 +/- 0.3 and 0.2 +/- 0.3 ml/min/100 g tissue, respectively. The myocardial @entity26 extraction ratio (ER) was 94.2 +/- 3.0%. After 0.02 mg/kg of E, MDO2 was 1.1 +/- 1.4, MVO2 was 1.0 +/- 1.3, and ER was 93.9 +/- 0.7% (p greater than .05). There were no successful defibrillations. These data indicate that MDO2 improves slightly during CPR after 0.02 mg/kg of E, but it does not meet the @entity26 demands of the fibrillating heart.

title: Effect of standard doses of XXXX on myocardial @entity26 delivery and utilization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['epinephrine']


abstract: A group of @entity1 with diagnosed @entity459 ( @entity459 ) in Auckland between 1982 and 1986 is reviewed. Of the 119 @entity1 , 55 had pre-operative scanning, 36 had no scanning prior to surgery and 29 were managed conservatively. Of the 52 @entity1 who had pre-operative localization with ultrasound scanning, only 27 (52%) had their @entity652 correctly predicted upon neck exploration. Of the 14 @entity1 investigated with @entity3154 and @entity1136 ( @entity8034 ) subtraction scanning, 10 (71%) had their @entity652 positively identified in the predicted locations, whereas the cause of the parathyroid pathology was correctly identified in 33 of the 36 @entity1 (92%) who had surgery alone with no pre-operative scanning. In 11 @entity1 both ultrasound and @entity8034 subtraction scanning were employed. In eight @entity1 the results of the two scanning modalities agreed, and in seven of these eight @entity1 the @entity652 was correctly predicted (six single @entity652 and one with double @entity652 ). In the three @entity1 in whom the results of the two modalities differed, the @entity8034 subtraction scanning correctly predicted the site of the @entity652 in two @entity1 and in the third @entity1 (with a small 223 mg @entity652 ) both modalities were incorrect. Of the six @entity1 with histologically proven @entity3243 , only three had pre-operative localization with ultrasound alone, and all three had incorrect predictions (one false positive for @entity652 , and two false negative scans). Overall the results cast doubt over the usefulness of pre-operative scanning as a routine investigation prior to initial neck exploration for @entity459 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The use of pre-operative scan prior to neck exploration for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-99m']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['PHP', 'primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity459 :: (MESH:D049950,Disease) :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: PURPOSE: We sought to assess the diagnostic accuracy of routine chest radiography for the @entity697 (dissection, intramural @entity1410 , penetrating @entity1066 , or nondissecting @entity439 ). METHODS: During a 6-year period, 216 @entity1 (143 @entity1 , 73 @entity1 ; mean [+/- SD] age, 58 +/- 17 years) underwent chest radiography for suspected @entity697 . Chest films were re-evaluated blindly for @entity2333 , based on an overall impression using standard criteria such as widening of the aortic contour and mediastinal shadow. Findings were matched to tomographic images, anatomical inspection, or both, as the criterion standard; @entity2333 was confirmed in 109 (50%) of the @entity1 . RESULTS: Chest radiography had a sensitivity of 64% (70/109) and a specificity of 86% (92/107) for @entity2333 . Sensitivity was 67% (38/57) for overt aortic dissection, 61% (22/36) for nondissecting @entity439 , and 63% (10/16) for @entity548 or penetrating @entity1066 . However, sensitivity was lower for pathology confined to the proximal aorta (47% [21/45]) than for disease involving distal aortic segments (77% [49/64]). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of aortic diameters failed to identify a threshold for the diagnosis of @entity2333 . CONCLUSION: Chest radiography is of limited value for diagnosing the @entity697 , particularly for conditions confined to the ascending aorta. Since a definitive diagnosis is required in any @entity1 with clinically suspected @entity697 , routine chest radiography should be replaced by tomographic aortic imaging.

title: Chest radiography for the diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute aortic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intramural hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['aortic disease']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute aortic syndrome']


abstract: @entity293 caused by @entity526 are associated with a local and systemic antibody response. We have studied the serum and urine antibody responses to @entity526 in @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity2885 , @entity2335 , and asymptomatic @entity793 . Protein immunoblots consistently demonstrated serum antibody response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Anti-LPS antibody titres rose significantly and progressively when comparing acute with convalescent sera in those who have had their first @entity293 . For those with repeated @entity281 , high titre LPS antibodies were present and did not change significantly between acute and convalescent sera. Antibody responses to the major outer membrane proteins were present but did not differ significantly when compared with normal human serum. A specific anti-P pilus antibody response was demonstrated by immunoblotting. Anti-P pilus antibody was quantitated using ELISA and the titres were found to be very low. Three other techniques were also used to demonstrate the presence of serum antibody. Antibody was detectable by immunofluorescence, but the antigenic specificity of the antibody was more difficult to ascertain. Immunoprecipitation was more specific for determining the nature of the antibody response. Lastly, immunoelectron microscopy was valuable in demonstrating antipilus and antiflagellar antibodies. Immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting provided evidence that human antiserum to P pili was modestly cross-reactive and could bind heterologous P pili. These studies indicated that the major antibody response in @entity1 occurs after @entity2885 and is directed against LPS. An anti-P pilus response is frequently present and is cross-reactive to some extent with other P pili.

title: The human antibody response to uropathogenic XXXX : a review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'men']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['Urinary tract infections', 'urinary infection']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']