abstract: From 1963 to 1993, 157 @entity1 with primary @entity957 were treated by radical surgery at the University of Kentucky Medical Center. There were 84 unilateral lesions confined to the labium majus or labium minus. Thirty-seven @entity1 had T1 lesions, median diameter 1.5 cm (range 0.5-2.0 cm), and 47 @entity1 had T2 lesions, median diameter 3.4 cm (range 2.2-9.0 cm). Radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy was performed in 56 @entity1 and radical hemivulvectomy with selective inguinal lymphadenectomy in 28 @entity1 . An average of 8 nodes was removed with superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy and 13 nodes with superficial and deep inguinal lymphadenectomy. Deep inguinal lymph node @entity3 occurred only in @entity1 with positive superficial inguinal lymph nodes. There were no contralateral inguinal lymph node @entity3 in any lateral T1 or T2 lesion. Following surgery, @entity1 were followed 1-15 years (mean 5.0 years) and none have been lost to follow-up. Nine @entity1 developed @entity717 , but no contralateral recurrences were noted. Seven of these @entity1 developed local recurrences to the ipsilateral vulvar skin and were cured by reexcision. Two @entity1 (2.4%), both of whom had positive ipsilateral superficial and deep inguinal lymph node @entity3 at the time of initial surgery, developed distant @entity3 and died of disease 10 and 11 months after treatment. These data suggest that deep inguinal lymph nodal @entity3 occurred only in @entity1 with superficial inguinal node involvement. Contralateral inguinal lymph nodal @entity3 are extremely rare in lateral T1 and T2 @entity957 . Radical hemivulvectomy is as effective as radical vulvectomy in the treatment of lateral T1 and T2 @entity1544 .

title: Therapeutic implications of lymph nodal spread in lateral T1 and T2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva', 'vulvar squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['vulvar squamous cell cancers']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral recurrences']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva']


abstract: After a private testing laboratory had reported mortality, @entity2359 , and @entity146 in @entity19 exposed to emissions from heated carpet in a modified application of the sensory irritation test (ASTM E981-84), the studies reported in this paper were conducted to evaluate the method used in testing for carpet @entity137 and to see if the reported findings were reproducible. @entity19 were exposed head-only to offgasses generated by heating carpet (AT #3) to temperatures that ranged from 37 to 70 degrees C. Control @entity19 were simultaneously exposed to heated air. The animals were evaluated for mortality, clinical signs and @entity146 . @entity2359 was evaluated using functional observational battery and motor activity monitoring. Pathological evaluations of organs and tissues, including the nervous system, were also conducted. The carpet samples heated to higher temperatures produced greater concentrations of total volatile organic compounds than those heated to 37 degrees C. Both carpet-exposed and control @entity19 displayed some effects, such as body weight loss, mortality and pathological lesions, that were due to the exposure system. There was no mortality or @entity2359 , nor were there clinical signs or pathological lesions as a result of carpet exposures. @entity19 exposed to carpet heated to 70 degrees C had slightly decreased respiratory rates and an increased incidence of breathing patterns indicative of sensory irritation. Therefore, none of the results reported by the private testing laboratory could be reproduced when this carpet was heated to temperatures below 70 degrees C, and slight sensory irritation was the only effect observed at the 70 degrees C test conditions. Effects from the exposure system itself made interpretation of results difficult, and concurrent controls were considered essential for interpretation of data.

title: Evaluation of a method used to test for potential XXXX of carpet emissions.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity', 'Neurotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory irritation']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: We reviewed 87 @entity5 from Chinese @entity1 and typed them according to the Marino and M  ller-Hermelink classification as updated by Kirschner and M  ller-Hermelink in 1989. Related categories were grouped for statistical analyses: group 1, @entity704 and @entity704 ; group 2, cortical predominant @entity704 ; group 3, @entity704 and @entity704 ; group 4, other @entity704 ; and group 5, unclassified. Group 3 @entity5 were more frequently associated with the @entity1737 compared with group 1 @entity5 (P = 0.001). They also presented at a more advanced stage. Groups 1 and 2 showed an excellent prognosis (100% survival at 10 years). The 10-year survival for groups 3 and 4 @entity1 was 40% and 30% respectively. Pure @entity704 made up a higher proportion of our cases (10.3%) than those of a similar Caucasian study (5.3%). The eight @entity704 (group 4) included two @entity6732 . We conclude that the histogenetic classification evaluated shows a clear correlation with prognosis and clinical features, even when tested on separate geographic groups, where pathogenetic factors may be different. A common approach to classification of @entity5 would greatly facilitate future studies on these possible differences.

title: Evaluation of a histogenetic classification for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity704 :: ('MESH:D013945', 'Disease') :: ['thymoma', 'well-differentiated thymic carcinoma', 'thymic carcinomas', 'mixed thymoma', 'cortical thymoma', 'medullary thymoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['thymic epithelial tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['myasthenia gravis syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6732 :: ('MESH:D013953', 'Disease') :: ['thymic lymphoepitheliomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['thymic epithelial tumours']


abstract: @entity1391 plays a central role in many of the basic processes essential to the cell and organism. In particular, skeletal mineralisation is dependent on the appropriate regulation of @entity1391 in the body, and any disturbances in @entity1391 homeostasis can have severe repercussions on the integrity of bone. The kidney regulates the serum levels of @entity1391 by tubular mechanisms which are not fully understood. Furthermore, the processes involved in regulating renal tubular @entity1391 reabsorption are complex, and involve a large number of factors. It is not surprising therefore that defects in renal @entity1391 handling result in a failure of bone mineralisation. There are three well characterised conditions which are associated with @entity8 resulting in a @entity1391 leak, with consequent @entity79 . Two are familial, @entity11089 ( @entity11089 ), and @entity12233 ( @entity12233 ). The third is acquired via a @entity5 , @entity4771 ( @entity4771 ), and may well have relevance to the @entity74 . Recent advances in molecular genetics are permitting the identification of genes involved in @entity1 diseases from their chromosomal location. These approaches are now being applied to the analysis of the hypophosphataemias. The isolation of the genes responsible for the @entity8 will be an important achievement. Ultimately this will help to increase our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control of @entity1391 handling in the body.

title: Molecular biology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal tubulopathies']

entities_list: @entity11089 :: ('MESH:D012279', 'Disease') :: ['HYP', 'hypophosphataemic rickets']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity4771 :: ('MESH:C537751', 'Disease') :: ['OHO', 'oncogenic hypophosphataemic osteomalacia']

entities_list: @entity12233 :: ('MESH:C562793', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary hypophosphataemic rickets with hypercalciuria', 'HHRH']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone disease']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate', 'Phosphate']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited hypophosphataemias']

answer: @entity4771 :: (MESH:C537751,Disease) :: ['hypophosphataemic rickets and oncogenic osteomalacia']


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the preoperative staging of @entity189 by intrarectal ultrasonography using linear probe or curved array transducer. Between October 1991 and July 1993, preoperative staging with endoscopic ultrasound was performed in 45 @entity1 with @entity189 . Twenty-four received preoperative radiation therapy. For @entity189 of the middle and the lower part of rectum, the distance between the inferior pole of the @entity5 and the levator ani muscle was systematically measured. The ultrasound results were compared with histological and surgical findings. The staging was accurately predicted in 82.2% of cases. The depth of @entity5 invasion was correct in 93.3% (95.2% when preoperative radiation therapy was not applied and 79.1% after radiation therapy). Presence or absence of lymph nodes metastasis was correctly determined in 84.4% (90.5% when preoperative radiation therapy was not applied and 79.1% after radiation therapy). The distance between the inferior pole of the @entity5 and the levator ani muscle was correctly determined in 29/31 @entity189 of the middle and the lower part of rectum. While the linear and sectorial technique is more difficult when the @entity5 was circular, the staging of the lower part of @entity188 and anal canal was easier.

title: [Linear electronic intrarectal ultrasonography and XXXX . Results in 45 @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['rectum carcinoma']

answer: @entity188 :: (MESH:D012004,Disease) :: ['cancer of the rectum']


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the preoperative staging of @entity189 by intrarectal ultrasonography using linear probe or curved array transducer. Between October 1991 and July 1993, preoperative staging with endoscopic ultrasound was performed in 45 @entity1 with @entity189 . Twenty-four received preoperative radiation therapy. For @entity189 of the middle and the lower part of rectum, the distance between the inferior pole of the @entity5 and the levator ani muscle was systematically measured. The ultrasound results were compared with histological and surgical findings. The staging was accurately predicted in 82.2% of cases. The depth of @entity5 invasion was correct in 93.3% (95.2% when preoperative radiation therapy was not applied and 79.1% after radiation therapy). Presence or absence of lymph nodes metastasis was correctly determined in 84.4% (90.5% when preoperative radiation therapy was not applied and 79.1% after radiation therapy). The distance between the inferior pole of the @entity5 and the levator ani muscle was correctly determined in 29/31 @entity189 of the middle and the lower part of rectum. While the linear and sectorial technique is more difficult when the @entity5 was circular, the staging of the lower part of @entity188 and anal canal was easier.

title: [Linear electronic intrarectal ultrasonography and @entity188 . Results in 45 XXXX ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the ultrasonographic abnormalities of the rectal wall and surrounding structures in @entity1 with @entity82 and to correlate these findings with endoscopy. From November 1992 to May 1993, 53 cirrhotic @entity1 and 30 control subjects were examined by transrectal ultrasonography and rectoscopy. In addition to rectoscopy and transrectal ultrasonography, @entity1 with @entity82 underwent an upper @entity344 . Ultrasonography @entity188 were detected in 32 cases of @entity82 (60.5%): a) in 21 cases the rectal wall thickness was greater than 5 mm and the sub-mucosa was thickened ( > or = 2 mm) and dissected by thin echo-free elements; b) the remaining 11 @entity1 presented, in addition to the previously described abnormalities, rounded elongated echo-free structures surrounding the rectum which were not found in the control group. All these 11 @entity1 had rectal varices at rectoscopy. In the group of cirrhotic @entity1 , rectoscopy showed abnormal dilated veins in 23 cases (43.5%) and rectal varices in 11 cases. Ultrasonographic and endoscopic @entity188 were more often visualized in the group of cirrhotic @entity1 than in the control group (P < 0.001). In @entity1 with @entity82 , the demonstration of rectal varices was associated with transrectal ultrasound abnormalities (P < 0.01), and in particular peri-rectal vascular formations. In cases of @entity82 the @entity5584 were not associated with @entity2312 at endoscopic inspection but were linked with large esophageal varices or @entity1819 demonstrated on endoscopy (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Ultrasonographic aspect of the rectal wall in liver XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal endoscopy']

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of the rectum']

entities_list: @entity5584 :: ('MESH:D012002', 'Disease') :: ['rectal wall abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2312 :: ('MESH:D004932', 'Disease') :: ['gastric varices']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['cirrhosis']


abstract: We have previously purified to homogeneity from @entity35 liver plasma membranes a 90-kDa glycoprotein with @entity71232 -stimulated ATPase activity and other properties which identify it as the multispecific organic anion transporter (MOAT) specific for the transport into bile of non- @entity6741 organic anions (Pikula, S., Hayden, J. B., Awasthi, S., Awasthi, Y. C., and Zimniak, P. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 27566-27573). In the present communication, we report the functional reconstitution of this protein into artificial proteoliposomes. The reconstituted protein catalyzed time- and concentration-dependent uptake of @entity71232 into the vesicles. The transport required the presence of @entity855 . Phosphorylation of the 90-kDa protein by protein kinase C prior to reconstitution more than tripled the Vmax of transport but did not change the Km for @entity71232 . The protein created and, at steady state, maintained a more than 200-fold and 500-fold @entity71232 gradient across the membrane for the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated form, respectively. The transport activity of the 90-kDa protein is sufficient to account for the hepatic secretory maximum of non- @entity6741 organic anions in the @entity35 .

title: Organic anion-transporting ATPase of XXXX liver. II. Functional reconstitution of active transport and regulation by phosphorylation.

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

entities_list: @entity71232 :: ('MESH:C030190', 'Chemical') :: ['S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In a preliminary open bioequivalence investigation of orientating character (n =4) a single 100 mg dose of @entity1482 (study I) led to maximum @entity62944 plasma levels (determined by HPLC) of 126.5 +/- 28.4 ng/ml (standard formulation 1) and 130 +/- 13.1 ng/ml (test formulation 2). The corresponding values for the sum of the fluorogenic metabolites were 418.9 +/- 43.5 ng (eq)/ml formulation 1 and 469.9 +/- 80.3 ng (eq)/ml formulation 2. A comparison of AUCs for both total fluorogenic metabolites and @entity62944 showed no marked differences. In a 2nd cross-over bioequivalence study with multiple dosing, mean minimum steady-state levels of 102.5 +/- 14 ng/ml (formulation 1) and 98.1 +/- 14.1 ng/ml (formulation 2) were obtained for @entity62944 , and 389 +/- 35.8 ng (eq)/ml (formulation 1) and 391.4 +/- 18.9 ng (eq)/ml (formulation 2) for total fluorescence. The AUCs for post-steady-state elimination, starting with the final @entity1482 dose on day 10, were comparable. They were calculated to be 13226 +/-828 ng (eq)/ml . h (formulation 1) and 13858 +/- 651 ng (eq)/ml . h (formulation 2) for total fluorescence, and 3222 +/- 217 ng/ml (formulation 1) and 3167 +/- 195 ng/ml (formulation 2) for @entity62944 . Both @entity1482 formulations can be considered as bioequivalent. The elimination half-lives (t 1/2) after a single 100 mg dose of @entity1482 are (Study I) 16.4--19.1 h for @entity62944 and 13.6--14.0 h for the sum of the active (i.e., antagonistic to @entity1369 ) metabolites. Certain therapeutic conditions (e.g. multiple dosing of 100 mg @entity1482 with tau = 12 h, Study II) can lead to slightly increased t 1/2 values for both @entity62944 (18.6--21.4 (h)) and total fluorogenic metabolites (15.8--16.9 (h)). The steady-state level for both formulations is reached by the third day of treatment.

title: [Bioavailability studies of two XXXX -preparations (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity62944 :: ('MESH:D002192', 'Chemical') :: ['canrenone']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

answer: @entity1482 :: (MESH:D013148,Chemical) :: ['spironolactone']


abstract: Kinetochores are structures that assemble on centromeric DNA and mediate the attachment of chromosomes to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The protein components of kinetochores are poorly understood, but the simplicity of the @entity375 kinetochore makes it an attractive candidate for molecular dissection. Mutations in genes encoding @entity18682 and @entity67444 , proteins that bind to @entity375 centromeres, interfere with chromosome segregation in vivo. To determine the roles played by these factors and by various regions of centromeric DNA in kinetochore function, we have developed a method to partially reassemble kinetochores on exogenous centromeric templates in vitro and to visualize the attachment of these reassembled kinetochore complexes to microtubules. In this assay, single reassembled complexes appear to mediate microtubule binding. We find that @entity67444 is absolutely essential for this attachment but, contrary to previous reports (Hyman, A. A., K. Middleton, M. Centola, T.J. Mitchison, and J. Carbon. 1992. Microtubule-motor activity of a @entity375 centromere-binding protein complex. Nature (Lond.). 359:533-536) is not sufficient. Additional cellular factors interact with @entity67444 to form active microtubule-binding complexes. This is mediated primarily by the CDEIII region of centromeric DNA but CDEII plays an essential modulatory role. Thus, the attachment of kinetochores to microtubules appears to involve a hierarchy of interactions by factors that assemble on a core complex consisting of DNA-bound @entity67444 .

title: Factors required for the binding of reassembled XXXX kinetochores to microtubules in vitro.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['S. cerevisiae', 'yeast']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: The @entity59762 gene is known to be required for normal polarized cell growth in the budding @entity375 @entity375 . We now show that @entity59762 is identical to the previously identified BEM2 gene. bem2 mutants are defective in bud site selection at 26 degrees C and localized cell surface growth and organization of the actin cytoskeleton at 37 degrees C. BEM2 encodes a protein with a @entity1473 -terminal domain homologous to sequences found in several GTPase-activating proteins, including @entity1 Bcr. The @entity41082 -domain from the Bem2 protein (Bem2p) or @entity1 Bcr can functionally substitute for Bem2p. The Rho1 and Rho2 GTPases are the likely in vivo targets of Bem2p because bem2 mutant phenotypes can be partially suppressed by increasing the gene dosage of RHO1 or RHO2. CDC55 encodes the putative regulatory B subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, and mutations in BEM2 have previously been identified as suppressors of the cdc55-1 mutation. We show here that mutations in the previously identified GRR1 gene can suppress bem2 mutations. grr1 and cdc55 mutants are both elongated in shape and cold-sensitive for growth, and cells lacking both GRR1 and CDC55 exhibit a synthetic lethal phenotype. bem2 mutant phenotypes also can be suppressed by the @entity71233 -vl (also known as SRK1) mutation, which was shown previously to suppress mutations in the protein phosphatase-encoding SIT4 gene. Cells lacking both BEM2 and SIT4 exhibit a synthetic lethal phenotype even in the presence of the @entity71233 -v1 suppressor. These genetic interactions together suggest that protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play an important role in the BEM2-mediated process of polarized cell growth.

title: Control of cellular morphogenesis by the Ip12/Bem2 XXXX : possible role of protein phosphorylation.

entities_list: @entity41082 :: ('29127', 'Gene') :: ['GTPase-activating protein']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity41082 :: (29127,Gene) :: ['GTPase-activating protein']


abstract: Normal growth of the fetal lung is dependent upon fetal breathing movements. We have previously demonstrated that mechanical strain, simulating fetal breathing movements, stimulated DNA synthesis and cell division by reaggregated alveolar-like structures of fetal @entity35 lung cells. Herein, we report that both intracellular and extracellular @entity460 modulate strain-induced proliferative activity. Strain-induced cell proliferation was inhibited by @entity18650 /AM, an intracellular @entity460 chelator. The intracellular @entity460 modulators, @entity19643 and @entity62838 , increased DNA synthesis of unstrained cultures and partially reduced strain-induced cell growth activity. A similar effect was noted with the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 . Extracellular @entity141 increased DNA synthesis in unstrained cultures in a concentration-dependent fashion. The stimulatory effect of strain on DNA synthesis was also dependent on the @entity460 concentration in the medium. Furthermore, strain-enhanced DNA synthesis was inhibited by the presence of a divalent ion chelator, EGTA, in the medium. Mechanical strain increased 45Ca2+ influx within 1 min after the onset of strain. This rapid entry of @entity460 was not affected by @entity460 channel blockers, such as @entity1855 or @entity3411 . @entity460 channel blockers @entity1855 , @entity594 , @entity3411 , @entity515 , or @entity11329 also did not inhibit strain-induced cell growth activity. In contrast, @entity2287 , a stretch-activated channel blocker, inhibited strain-induced 45Ca2+ influx and suppressed strain-enhanced DNA synthesis. We conclude that the entry of @entity460 into cells through stretch-activated ion channels plays a critical role in strain-induced fetal lung cell proliferation.

title: Inhibition of mechanical strain-induced fetal @entity35 lung cell proliferation by XXXX , a stretch-activated channel blocker.

entities_list: @entity62838 :: ('MESH:C019359', 'Chemical') :: ['2,5-di-(tert-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity19643 :: ('MESH:C000543', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopiazonic acid']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity2287 :: (MESH:D005682,Chemical) :: ['gadolinium']


abstract: Normal growth of the fetal lung is dependent upon fetal breathing movements. We have previously demonstrated that mechanical strain, simulating fetal breathing movements, stimulated DNA synthesis and cell division by reaggregated alveolar-like structures of fetal @entity35 lung cells. Herein, we report that both intracellular and extracellular @entity460 modulate strain-induced proliferative activity. Strain-induced cell proliferation was inhibited by @entity18650 /AM, an intracellular @entity460 chelator. The intracellular @entity460 modulators, @entity19643 and @entity62838 , increased DNA synthesis of unstrained cultures and partially reduced strain-induced cell growth activity. A similar effect was noted with the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 . Extracellular @entity141 increased DNA synthesis in unstrained cultures in a concentration-dependent fashion. The stimulatory effect of strain on DNA synthesis was also dependent on the @entity460 concentration in the medium. Furthermore, strain-enhanced DNA synthesis was inhibited by the presence of a divalent ion chelator, EGTA, in the medium. Mechanical strain increased 45Ca2+ influx within 1 min after the onset of strain. This rapid entry of @entity460 was not affected by @entity460 channel blockers, such as @entity1855 or @entity3411 . @entity460 channel blockers @entity1855 , @entity594 , @entity3411 , @entity515 , or @entity11329 also did not inhibit strain-induced cell growth activity. In contrast, @entity2287 , a stretch-activated channel blocker, inhibited strain-induced 45Ca2+ influx and suppressed strain-enhanced DNA synthesis. We conclude that the entry of @entity460 into cells through stretch-activated ion channels plays a critical role in strain-induced fetal lung cell proliferation.

title: Inhibition of mechanical strain-induced fetal XXXX lung cell proliferation by @entity2287 , a stretch-activated channel blocker.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) show new characteristics compared to the corresponding bulk material. These nanoscale properties make them interesting for various applications in biomedicine and life sciences. One field of application is the use of magnetic NPs to support regeneration in the nervous system. Drug delivery requires a functionalization of NPs with bio-functional molecules. In our study, we functionalized self-made @entity8681 -coated @entity1933 NPs with nerve @entity2140 (NGF) and @entity10157 ( @entity10157 ). Next, we tested the bio-functionality of NGF in a @entity35 @entity1911 cell line (PC12) and the bio-functionality of @entity10157 in an organotypic spinal cord culture. Covalent binding of NGF to @entity8681 -NPs impaired bio-functionality of NGF, but non-covalent approach differentiated PC12 cells reliably. Non-covalent binding of @entity10157 showed a satisfying bio-functionality of @entity10157 : @entity8681 -NPs, but turned out to be unstable in conjugation to the @entity8681 -NPs. Taken together, our study showed the importance of assessing bio-functionality and binding stability of functionalized growth factors using proper biological models. It also shows that successful functionalization of magnetic NPs with growth factors is dependent on the used binding chemistry and that it is hardly predictable. For use as therapeutics, functionalization strategies have to be reproducible and future studies are needed.

title: XXXX choice is critical for successful functionalization of nanoparticles.

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

entities_list: @entity10157 :: ('25453(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['GDNF', 'glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor']

answer: @entity2140 :: (79215(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Growth factor']


abstract: Experimental chemotherapy with @entity1466 transplanted in @entity19 has been studying to improve the prognosis of drug resistant @entity1466 . In this paper the characteristics of transplanted @entity5 were presented. Two @entity5 , CC-HM-I (HM) and @entity71234 ( @entity71234 ), were used. The characteristics of the @entity5 were studied in macroscopical findings, histological findings, growth curves, DNA amount analysis, LDH activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and their isozyme patterns. Both @entity5 well maintained the characteristics of original and/or the beginning ones. Some differences between two @entity5 were pointed out. In morphology, HM was yellowish and hard @entity5 and the growth rate was rather slow. While, @entity71234 was dark and soft @entity5 and contained a lot of bleeding and @entity39 tissue. Its growth rate was quick and all of @entity19 with @entity71234 died of @entity5 around 50 days after transplantation. The serum level of HCG of HM was 75.8 +/- 2.8 ng/ml/g @entity5 and that of @entity71234 was 117.4 +/- 6.2 ng/ml/g @entity5 . The good correlation between the @entity5 weight and the serum level of HCG was obtained in both groups. The activities of LDH and alkaline phosphatase in the tissues of @entity71234 were about 3 times as higher as the one of HM. It was confirmed that the transplanted @entity1466 in @entity19 was useful model for the study the nature of @entity1 @entity1466 and it will contribute to the establishment of the rational chemotherapy for drug resistant @entity1466 .

title: [Characteristics of XXXX @entity1466 transplanted in @entity19 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity1466 :: ('MESH:D002822', 'Disease') :: ['choriocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Experimental chemotherapy with @entity1466 transplanted in @entity19 has been studying to improve the prognosis of drug resistant @entity1466 . In this paper the characteristics of transplanted @entity5 were presented. Two @entity5 , CC-HM-I (HM) and @entity71234 ( @entity71234 ), were used. The characteristics of the @entity5 were studied in macroscopical findings, histological findings, growth curves, DNA amount analysis, LDH activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and their isozyme patterns. Both @entity5 well maintained the characteristics of original and/or the beginning ones. Some differences between two @entity5 were pointed out. In morphology, HM was yellowish and hard @entity5 and the growth rate was rather slow. While, @entity71234 was dark and soft @entity5 and contained a lot of bleeding and @entity39 tissue. Its growth rate was quick and all of @entity19 with @entity71234 died of @entity5 around 50 days after transplantation. The serum level of HCG of HM was 75.8 +/- 2.8 ng/ml/g @entity5 and that of @entity71234 was 117.4 +/- 6.2 ng/ml/g @entity5 . The good correlation between the @entity5 weight and the serum level of HCG was obtained in both groups. The activities of LDH and alkaline phosphatase in the tissues of @entity71234 were about 3 times as higher as the one of HM. It was confirmed that the transplanted @entity1466 in @entity19 was useful model for the study the nature of @entity1 @entity1466 and it will contribute to the establishment of the rational chemotherapy for drug resistant @entity1466 .

title: [Characteristics of @entity1 XXXX transplanted in @entity19 (author's transl)].

answer: @entity1466 :: (MESH:D002822,Disease) :: ['choriocarcinoma']


abstract: Experimental chemotherapy with @entity1466 transplanted in @entity19 has been studying to improve the prognosis of drug resistant @entity1466 . In this paper the characteristics of transplanted @entity5 were presented. Two @entity5 , CC-HM-I (HM) and @entity71234 ( @entity71234 ), were used. The characteristics of the @entity5 were studied in macroscopical findings, histological findings, growth curves, DNA amount analysis, LDH activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and their isozyme patterns. Both @entity5 well maintained the characteristics of original and/or the beginning ones. Some differences between two @entity5 were pointed out. In morphology, HM was yellowish and hard @entity5 and the growth rate was rather slow. While, @entity71234 was dark and soft @entity5 and contained a lot of bleeding and @entity39 tissue. Its growth rate was quick and all of @entity19 with @entity71234 died of @entity5 around 50 days after transplantation. The serum level of HCG of HM was 75.8 +/- 2.8 ng/ml/g @entity5 and that of @entity71234 was 117.4 +/- 6.2 ng/ml/g @entity5 . The good correlation between the @entity5 weight and the serum level of HCG was obtained in both groups. The activities of LDH and alkaline phosphatase in the tissues of @entity71234 were about 3 times as higher as the one of HM. It was confirmed that the transplanted @entity1466 in @entity19 was useful model for the study the nature of @entity1 @entity1466 and it will contribute to the establishment of the rational chemotherapy for drug resistant @entity1466 .

title: [Characteristics of @entity1 @entity1466 transplanted in XXXX (author's transl)].

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['nude mice']


abstract: The @entity876 protein, a negative regulator of cell growth, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many @entity1 @entity5 following gene mutation and/or deletion. We screened a large number of @entity5 for @entity876 protein accumulation suggestive of gene mutation. Samples were divided into benign @entity652 (n = 95) and invasive @entity5 with local or distant invasion (n = 26). All main @entity5 classes were represented. Putative @entity876 mutations were detected by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections using polyclonal CM-1 and monoclonal DO-7 and PAb1801 antibodies. Results were compared to normal post-mortem pituitary tissue controls (n = 17). @entity876 protein accumulation was detected in invasive @entity5 (16%), but only in corticotrophinomas (2/4) and @entity5 (4/15). In non-invasive @entity652 , protein accumulation was observed only in ACTH-secreting @entity5 where 50% were positive (16/32). No protein accumulation was identified in any control tissue. These results indicate that @entity876 protein accumulation may play a role in the development of @entity652 and in the progression of @entity5 to the invasive state.

title: @entity876 Protein accumulates in @entity652 and invasive non-functional XXXX .

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Cushings adenomas', 'adenomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['sporadic pituitary tumours', 'non-functional tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['adenomas']


abstract: The @entity876 protein, a negative regulator of cell growth, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many @entity1 @entity5 following gene mutation and/or deletion. We screened a large number of @entity5 for @entity876 protein accumulation suggestive of gene mutation. Samples were divided into benign @entity652 (n = 95) and invasive @entity5 with local or distant invasion (n = 26). All main @entity5 classes were represented. Putative @entity876 mutations were detected by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections using polyclonal CM-1 and monoclonal DO-7 and PAb1801 antibodies. Results were compared to normal post-mortem pituitary tissue controls (n = 17). @entity876 protein accumulation was detected in invasive @entity5 (16%), but only in corticotrophinomas (2/4) and @entity5 (4/15). In non-invasive @entity652 , protein accumulation was observed only in ACTH-secreting @entity5 where 50% were positive (16/32). No protein accumulation was identified in any control tissue. These results indicate that @entity876 protein accumulation may play a role in the development of @entity652 and in the progression of @entity5 to the invasive state.

title: @entity876 Protein accumulates in XXXX and invasive non-functional @entity652 .

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['Cushings adenomas']


abstract: The @entity876 protein, a negative regulator of cell growth, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many @entity1 @entity5 following gene mutation and/or deletion. We screened a large number of @entity5 for @entity876 protein accumulation suggestive of gene mutation. Samples were divided into benign @entity652 (n = 95) and invasive @entity5 with local or distant invasion (n = 26). All main @entity5 classes were represented. Putative @entity876 mutations were detected by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections using polyclonal CM-1 and monoclonal DO-7 and PAb1801 antibodies. Results were compared to normal post-mortem pituitary tissue controls (n = 17). @entity876 protein accumulation was detected in invasive @entity5 (16%), but only in corticotrophinomas (2/4) and @entity5 (4/15). In non-invasive @entity652 , protein accumulation was observed only in ACTH-secreting @entity5 where 50% were positive (16/32). No protein accumulation was identified in any control tissue. These results indicate that @entity876 protein accumulation may play a role in the development of @entity652 and in the progression of @entity5 to the invasive state.

title: XXXX Protein accumulates in @entity652 and invasive non-functional @entity652 .

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: Seventy-seven cases of @entity420 of unknown origin were studied retrospectively. @entity158 was the most common presenting symptom and @entity3329 was the most common finding on physical examination. @entity5 involved several organs in two thirds of the @entity1 , the lung being the most frequently involved. Complete surgical resection was possible in only four of 27 @entity1 with single organ involvement. All four @entity1 had lymph node dissections and remain free of disease after one to three years. Four @entity1 with @entity5 confined to the liver received infusion of antitumor agents through the hepatic artery which resulted in objective @entity5 regression in all, and regression of greater than 50% in two. Forty-three trials of systemic intravenous chemotherapy were administered to 38 @entity1 with nonresectable @entity5 resulting in greater than 50% @entity5 regression in eight. Responses were more frequent with regimens containing @entity632 plus either @entity786 or @entity900 . Median survival of all @entity1 in the study was 31 weeks. @entity1 who received chemotherapy survived significantly longer (median 41 vs 26 weeks, P = 0.005). Similarly, @entity1 who responded to chemotherapy survived significantly longer than nonresponders (median 54 vs 27 weeks, P less than 0.02). Our results indicate that early treatment of @entity1 with @entity420 of unknown origin improves their prognosis.

title: XXXX of unknown primary origin: impact of chemotherapy on survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cis-platinum']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['Adenocarcinoma']


abstract: VO2 max, as obtained by five cycloergometric test protocols, was studied in 14 normal sedentary subjects: seven @entity1 (from 21--35 years) and seven @entity1 (from 21--48 years) who carried out four (n = 14) or five (n = 8) of the following exercise programmes: triangular tests, which consist of increasing the load (1) 20 W/min; (2) 30 W/3 min, rectangular tests at constant load; (3) the highest load which the subject could maintain for about 10 min (MSP + 20 W); (4) maximal supported power (MSP) during 20 min; (5) trapezoidal test, consisting of a rectangular exercise of 40 W (10 min), followed test no. 2. Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer, while VE, VO2, VCO2, f and fH were continuously measured with an open circuit system. In @entity1 , the VO2 max (mean +/- SEM) was lower (36.5 +/- 2.1 ml . kg-1 . @entity1009 ) than in @entity1 (48.7 +/- 3.6 ml . kg-1 . @entity1009 ). The highest ventilation rate observed during exercise for the whole group (VE = 101 + 13 l . @entity1009 ) was always lower than the maximal @entity2798 (MVV = 144 +/- 131 . @entity1009 , p less than 0.001). VO2 max strongly correlated with lean body weight, VC, FEV1, and MVV. In spite of the significant differences between the maximal load level sustained with the first three tests, the VO2 max values were not significantly different. Moreover, there exists an excellent correlation between them. It appears that neither the absolute load sustained in the tests, nor the duration nor intensity of the submaximal load which preceded the maximal level (tests 1, 2, and 5), influence the value of VO2 max.

title: VO2 max during progressive and constant bicycle exercise in sedentary XXXX and @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary ventilation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: VO2 max, as obtained by five cycloergometric test protocols, was studied in 14 normal sedentary subjects: seven @entity1 (from 21--35 years) and seven @entity1 (from 21--48 years) who carried out four (n = 14) or five (n = 8) of the following exercise programmes: triangular tests, which consist of increasing the load (1) 20 W/min; (2) 30 W/3 min, rectangular tests at constant load; (3) the highest load which the subject could maintain for about 10 min (MSP + 20 W); (4) maximal supported power (MSP) during 20 min; (5) trapezoidal test, consisting of a rectangular exercise of 40 W (10 min), followed test no. 2. Exercises were performed on a cycle ergometer, while VE, VO2, VCO2, f and fH were continuously measured with an open circuit system. In @entity1 , the VO2 max (mean +/- SEM) was lower (36.5 +/- 2.1 ml . kg-1 . @entity1009 ) than in @entity1 (48.7 +/- 3.6 ml . kg-1 . @entity1009 ). The highest ventilation rate observed during exercise for the whole group (VE = 101 + 13 l . @entity1009 ) was always lower than the maximal @entity2798 (MVV = 144 +/- 131 . @entity1009 , p less than 0.001). VO2 max strongly correlated with lean body weight, VC, FEV1, and MVV. In spite of the significant differences between the maximal load level sustained with the first three tests, the VO2 max values were not significantly different. Moreover, there exists an excellent correlation between them. It appears that neither the absolute load sustained in the tests, nor the duration nor intensity of the submaximal load which preceded the maximal level (tests 1, 2, and 5), influence the value of VO2 max.

title: VO2 max during progressive and constant bicycle exercise in sedentary @entity1 and XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to assess the determinants of change of total @entity165 and high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) change in an adult population. METHODS: The prospective cohort was examined at baseline and eight years later. A total of 2,222 @entity1 and 2,677 @entity1 age 20-79 years at baseline were included. Analyses were performed in 15-year age groups, and @entity1 with @entity65 or @entity5 during the observation period were excluded. RESULTS: In longitudinal analyses, body mass index (BMI) and plasma total @entity165 levels of each rose in concert among younger age groups, whereas levels declined in older individuals. Mean levels of BMI and total @entity165 peaked at a later age in @entity1 than in @entity1 . The corresponding changes in HDL-C were negative at all ages, and greater declines were seen in the elderly. A decrease in plasma total @entity165 was highly associated with greater age and a decrease in body mass index over the study interval, whereas the decline in HDL-C was proportional to change in body mass index. These changes remained significant after adjustment for baseline age and change in @entity167 intake, cigarette consumption, diuretic use, and oral @entity172 use. CONCLUSIONS: The rise in plasma total @entity165 among apparently healthy young @entity1 and @entity1 and its fall in the elderly are significantly associated with similar trends for @entity28 . The key determinants of a decline in HDL-C are an increase in @entity28 and advancing age itself. A decline in total @entity165 and in HDL-C is particularly common among the elderly, and it can be expected to occur without specific dietary or pharmacologic intervention.

title: Determinants of change in total XXXX and HDL-C with age: the Framingham Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: @entity1425 (A) administered in doses of 10, 50 and 100 micrograms/ @entity35 into the right lateral ventricle of the brain (i.v.c.) in @entity35 reduced the spontaneous and exploratory locomotor activity, decreased the body temperature, and increased the effects of narcotics. The reduction of the locomotor activity after A was antagonized by @entity5831 , alpha-MT, and @entity3160 . Total chemical destruction of catecholaminergic neurons and selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons caused increase in A-induced locomotor activity. A had no effect on the locomotor activity in @entity35 subjected to the action of @entity2515 , @entity2515 with @entity2955 , and @entity5333 or @entity1169 . In @entity35 treated with @entity5333 , @entity1169 , @entity11054 or subjected to selective destruction of noradrenalinergic neurons adrenaline decreased significantly the locomotor activity. A (10 micrograms) increased and in higher doses inhibited @entity4944 -induced @entity2915 . It potentiated @entity4944 and @entity3826 stereotypy and antagonized @entity8364 induced with @entity1767 or @entity1768 . In the despair test adrenaline reduced the duration of @entity910 . In doses of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 micrograms/kg i.v. A increased slightly the flexor reflex of the hind paw of spinal @entity35 . This action was antagonized by @entity5521 as well as by @entity1169 . In biochemical investigations it was demonstrated that A decreased the level of @entity935 in @entity35 brain but had no effect on its utilization. The obtained results indicate that A i.v.c. stimulated catecholaminergic receptors.

title: Central action of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity2515 :: ('MESH:D012110', 'Chemical') :: ['reserpine']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['Adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity11054 :: ('MESH:D013134', 'Chemical') :: ['spiroperidol']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['akinesia']

entities_list: @entity5333 :: ('MESH:D010643', 'Chemical') :: ['phenoxybenzamine']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity8364 :: ('MESH:D002375', 'Disease') :: ['catalepsy']

entities_list: @entity1768 :: ('MESH:D005476', 'Chemical') :: ['fluphenazine']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity5831 :: ('MESH:D009526', 'Chemical') :: ['nialamide']

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['adrenaline']


abstract: The disposition of @entity900 was evaluated in 28 @entity1 and adolescents with @entity5 , as part of a phase II clinical trial. @entity1 received either 30 mg/m2 (11) or 90 mg/m2 (17) of @entity900 as a 6-h IV infusion. Serum samples and divided urine collections were obtained over 48 h following completion of the @entity900 infusion, and were assayed in duplicate for total @entity902 by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum samples obtained up to 4 h after three @entity900 infusions were assayed for parent (free) @entity900 following ultrafiltration. The mean (+/- SE) elimination half-life of free @entity900 in serum was 1.3 (+/- 0.4) h. Serial serum concentrations of total @entity902 following 90 mg/m2 dosages were adequately described by a biexponential equation. The mean (+/- SE) serum @entity8034 of total @entity902 was 0.42 (+/- 0.10) h and the mean (+/- SE) T 1/2 beta was 44.43 (+/- 8.24) h. The intercompartment distribution rate constants of a two-compartment kinetic model indicate extensive tissue accumulation of total @entity902 , with a rate of transport into tissue compartments (K12) that is about six times the rate of transport out of tissues (K21). The mean (+/- SE) renal clearance of total @entity902 from 0-3 h was 37.36 (+/- 11.96) ml/min/m2 and 35.8 (+/- 13.6) ml/min/m2 for the 30 mg/m2 and 90 mg/m2 groups, respectively. This value decreased to 3.25 (+/- 0.94) and 2.16 (+/- 0.4) ml/min/m2 for the two groups by the 6-12 h interval, and remained between 1 and 3 ml/min/m2 for the duration of the observation period. The ratio of total @entity902 clearance to @entity1011 clearance decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) beginning 3 h post-infusion. The change in renal clearance of total @entity902 is apparently a function of two independent first-order processes for renal clearance of parent drug and @entity900 metabolites.

title: XXXX disposition in @entity1 and adolescents with @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['Cisplatin']


abstract: The disposition of @entity900 was evaluated in 28 @entity1 and adolescents with @entity5 , as part of a phase II clinical trial. @entity1 received either 30 mg/m2 (11) or 90 mg/m2 (17) of @entity900 as a 6-h IV infusion. Serum samples and divided urine collections were obtained over 48 h following completion of the @entity900 infusion, and were assayed in duplicate for total @entity902 by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum samples obtained up to 4 h after three @entity900 infusions were assayed for parent (free) @entity900 following ultrafiltration. The mean (+/- SE) elimination half-life of free @entity900 in serum was 1.3 (+/- 0.4) h. Serial serum concentrations of total @entity902 following 90 mg/m2 dosages were adequately described by a biexponential equation. The mean (+/- SE) serum @entity8034 of total @entity902 was 0.42 (+/- 0.10) h and the mean (+/- SE) T 1/2 beta was 44.43 (+/- 8.24) h. The intercompartment distribution rate constants of a two-compartment kinetic model indicate extensive tissue accumulation of total @entity902 , with a rate of transport into tissue compartments (K12) that is about six times the rate of transport out of tissues (K21). The mean (+/- SE) renal clearance of total @entity902 from 0-3 h was 37.36 (+/- 11.96) ml/min/m2 and 35.8 (+/- 13.6) ml/min/m2 for the 30 mg/m2 and 90 mg/m2 groups, respectively. This value decreased to 3.25 (+/- 0.94) and 2.16 (+/- 0.4) ml/min/m2 for the two groups by the 6-12 h interval, and remained between 1 and 3 ml/min/m2 for the duration of the observation period. The ratio of total @entity902 clearance to @entity1011 clearance decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) beginning 3 h post-infusion. The change in renal clearance of total @entity902 is apparently a function of two independent first-order processes for renal clearance of parent drug and @entity900 metabolites.

title: @entity900 disposition in @entity1 and adolescents with XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The disposition of @entity900 was evaluated in 28 @entity1 and adolescents with @entity5 , as part of a phase II clinical trial. @entity1 received either 30 mg/m2 (11) or 90 mg/m2 (17) of @entity900 as a 6-h IV infusion. Serum samples and divided urine collections were obtained over 48 h following completion of the @entity900 infusion, and were assayed in duplicate for total @entity902 by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum samples obtained up to 4 h after three @entity900 infusions were assayed for parent (free) @entity900 following ultrafiltration. The mean (+/- SE) elimination half-life of free @entity900 in serum was 1.3 (+/- 0.4) h. Serial serum concentrations of total @entity902 following 90 mg/m2 dosages were adequately described by a biexponential equation. The mean (+/- SE) serum @entity8034 of total @entity902 was 0.42 (+/- 0.10) h and the mean (+/- SE) T 1/2 beta was 44.43 (+/- 8.24) h. The intercompartment distribution rate constants of a two-compartment kinetic model indicate extensive tissue accumulation of total @entity902 , with a rate of transport into tissue compartments (K12) that is about six times the rate of transport out of tissues (K21). The mean (+/- SE) renal clearance of total @entity902 from 0-3 h was 37.36 (+/- 11.96) ml/min/m2 and 35.8 (+/- 13.6) ml/min/m2 for the 30 mg/m2 and 90 mg/m2 groups, respectively. This value decreased to 3.25 (+/- 0.94) and 2.16 (+/- 0.4) ml/min/m2 for the two groups by the 6-12 h interval, and remained between 1 and 3 ml/min/m2 for the duration of the observation period. The ratio of total @entity902 clearance to @entity1011 clearance decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) beginning 3 h post-infusion. The change in renal clearance of total @entity902 is apparently a function of two independent first-order processes for renal clearance of parent drug and @entity900 metabolites.

title: @entity900 disposition in XXXX and adolescents with @entity5 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Urinary @entity2922 and @entity701 excretion was studied in a group of three-year-olds, their mothers and fathers during night rest, one day at home and one day at hospital. The stay in the hospital, which was part of a longitudinal study of the families, induced a pronounced rise in adrenaline excretion and a moderate increase in @entity1063 excretion in relation to the at-home level. Although the @entity2922 excretion in relation to body weight was much higher in the @entity1 , the magnitude of the increase at the hospital was about the same in all the family members. The adrenaline excretion was also affected by the diverse conditions at the hospital and showed, for example, a marked decrease during lunch hour. The @entity701 excretion at the hospital tended to be elevated only in fathers. On the average, mothers excreted about the same amount of @entity1425 as the fathers at the hospital, but significantly more @entity1063 . In earlier studies males have shown a greater adrenaline output than females during achievement-demanding situations. The findings of this study were interpreted within the context of the specific challenge that the situation represented to the mothers. The mothers also excreted more @entity1063 in the at-home condition. @entity2922 and @entity701 excretion levels within family members tended to be positively correlated, but the correlations were generally low.

title: XXXX and @entity701 excretion patterns in three-year-old @entity1 and their parents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine', 'Catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity2922 :: (CHEBI:33567,Chemical) :: ['Catecholamine']


abstract: Urinary @entity2922 and @entity701 excretion was studied in a group of three-year-olds, their mothers and fathers during night rest, one day at home and one day at hospital. The stay in the hospital, which was part of a longitudinal study of the families, induced a pronounced rise in adrenaline excretion and a moderate increase in @entity1063 excretion in relation to the at-home level. Although the @entity2922 excretion in relation to body weight was much higher in the @entity1 , the magnitude of the increase at the hospital was about the same in all the family members. The adrenaline excretion was also affected by the diverse conditions at the hospital and showed, for example, a marked decrease during lunch hour. The @entity701 excretion at the hospital tended to be elevated only in fathers. On the average, mothers excreted about the same amount of @entity1425 as the fathers at the hospital, but significantly more @entity1063 . In earlier studies males have shown a greater adrenaline output than females during achievement-demanding situations. The findings of this study were interpreted within the context of the specific challenge that the situation represented to the mothers. The mothers also excreted more @entity1063 in the at-home condition. @entity2922 and @entity701 excretion levels within family members tended to be positively correlated, but the correlations were generally low.

title: @entity2922 and XXXX excretion patterns in three-year-old @entity1 and their parents.

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['cortisol']


abstract: Urinary @entity2922 and @entity701 excretion was studied in a group of three-year-olds, their mothers and fathers during night rest, one day at home and one day at hospital. The stay in the hospital, which was part of a longitudinal study of the families, induced a pronounced rise in adrenaline excretion and a moderate increase in @entity1063 excretion in relation to the at-home level. Although the @entity2922 excretion in relation to body weight was much higher in the @entity1 , the magnitude of the increase at the hospital was about the same in all the family members. The adrenaline excretion was also affected by the diverse conditions at the hospital and showed, for example, a marked decrease during lunch hour. The @entity701 excretion at the hospital tended to be elevated only in fathers. On the average, mothers excreted about the same amount of @entity1425 as the fathers at the hospital, but significantly more @entity1063 . In earlier studies males have shown a greater adrenaline output than females during achievement-demanding situations. The findings of this study were interpreted within the context of the specific challenge that the situation represented to the mothers. The mothers also excreted more @entity1063 in the at-home condition. @entity2922 and @entity701 excretion levels within family members tended to be positively correlated, but the correlations were generally low.

title: @entity2922 and @entity701 excretion patterns in three-year-old XXXX and their parents.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: @entity1245 lessen @entity148 and improve comfort in @entity5 @entity1 . @entity1363 is an effective @entity1245 with a rapid onset and short duration of action, properties that could permit its use in outpatient areas or in short but stressful situations. Two consecutive trials were undertaken to study @entity1363 as an adjunct in patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy. Each studied @entity1363 given as a short infusion 30 min prior to chemotherapy at dose levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg. Trial I determined the safety, sedation, and dose of @entity1363 in @entity1 receiving chemotherapy of low to moderate emetic potential. Twenty-two @entity1 were entered. No significant @entity1576 or @entity26 desaturation was observed. At the optimal dose level (0.04 mg/kg), sedation began a median of 3 min following administration and continued for a median of 38 min. Sixty-four percent of @entity1 experienced mild sedation. Trial II studied the same doses of @entity1363 when used in combination with intravenous @entity1769 and @entity619 in @entity1 receiving @entity900 > or = 100 mg/m2. Nineteen @entity1 were entered; 79% experienced mild sedation. At the 0.04-mg/kg dose level, sedation began a median of 18 min following administration and continued for a median of 170 min. @entity1363 can be given safely to @entity1 receiving chemotherapy with and without concomitant antiemetics. The predictability and duration of its sedative effects suggest it can be used in outpatients.

title: XXXX in patients receiving anticancer chemotherapy and antiemetics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzodiazepines', 'benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['metoclopramide']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['Midazolam', 'midazolam']

answer: @entity1363 :: (MESH:D008874,Chemical) :: ['Midazolam']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Neurosurgeons are frequently involved in the management of @entity1 with @entity131 ; however, management options and operative techniques can vary significantly. In this study, the authors review the current literature and retrospectively review the clinical series at a single tertiary referral center. METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, the medical records and computed tomographic (CT) imaging of @entity1 whose @entity174 were treated surgically at the University of Utah were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic information, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, operative technique, and pattern of injury on CT were analyzed. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2012, 33 @entity1 underwent successful cranialization of the frontal sinus following @entity130 . The material used to obliterate the sinus varied. No @entity1 required immediate or delayed reoperation. Nasofrontal outflow tract obstruction, the importance of which has been emphasized in the plastic surgery literature, was apparent on either initial or retrospective review of the available CT imaging in 96%. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, we successfully surgically treated 33 @entity1 with @entity174 . The presence of @entity5173 , nasofrontal outflow tract injury, associated @entity13668 , and subsequent formation of communicating pathways and infection must be considered when constructing a treatment plan. The goals of treatment should be: (i) surgical repair of the defect and elimination of the conduit from the intracranial space to the outside and (ii) elimination of any cerebrospinal fluid pressure gradient that may develop across the surgical repair. We present a treatment algorithm focusing on the presence of nasofrontal outflow tract @entity130 , @entity85 , and @entity5173 .

title: Surgical management of XXXX : Case series from a single institution and literature review.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic frontal sinus injury']

entities_list: @entity13668 :: ('MESH:D020204', 'Disease') :: ['depressed skull fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['frontal sinus fractures', 'traumatic frontal sinus fractures']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal fluid leak']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['cosmetic deformity']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic injury', 'injury/obstruction']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['traumatic frontal sinus fractures']


abstract: SETTING: An urban slum in Kamrangirchar, Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: Among @entity1 aged 6-59 months seeking medical care from the two M  decins Sans Fronti  res-supported primary health centres, to determine 1) the prevalence of @entity697 ( @entity697 ) and @entity102 ( @entity102 ), and 2) the extent of overlap between @entity697 and @entity102 . DESIGN: In a retrospective record review, data were analysed from out- @entity1 registers on age, sex, height, weight and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of @entity1 attending for medical care from April to September 2011. @entity697 was defined as weight for height < -3 Z scores of the median and/or MUAC <115 mm. @entity102 was defined as height for age < -3 Z scores of the median. World Health Organization growth standards were used as reference. RESULTS: Data were complete in the records of 7318 (98%) @entity1 , of whom 322 (4%) had @entity697 and 1698 (23%) had @entity102 . Among the 322 @entity1 with @entity697 , 162 (50%) also had @entity102 . CONCLUSION: In an urban Bangladesh slum, @entity697 and @entity102 co-exist, with a predominance of @entity102 . The current national guidelines for severe @entity3147 , which focus on identification and management only for @entity697 , urgently need to be expanded to include @entity102 if substantial childhood morbidity and mortality are to be reduced.

title: XXXX in @entity1 presenting to health facilities in an urban slum in Bangladesh.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['SAM', 'severe acute malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['SCM', 'severe chronic malnutrition']

answer: @entity3147 :: (MESH:D044342,Disease) :: ['Severe malnutrition']


abstract: SETTING: An urban slum in Kamrangirchar, Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: Among @entity1 aged 6-59 months seeking medical care from the two M  decins Sans Fronti  res-supported primary health centres, to determine 1) the prevalence of @entity697 ( @entity697 ) and @entity102 ( @entity102 ), and 2) the extent of overlap between @entity697 and @entity102 . DESIGN: In a retrospective record review, data were analysed from out- @entity1 registers on age, sex, height, weight and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of @entity1 attending for medical care from April to September 2011. @entity697 was defined as weight for height < -3 Z scores of the median and/or MUAC <115 mm. @entity102 was defined as height for age < -3 Z scores of the median. World Health Organization growth standards were used as reference. RESULTS: Data were complete in the records of 7318 (98%) @entity1 , of whom 322 (4%) had @entity697 and 1698 (23%) had @entity102 . Among the 322 @entity1 with @entity697 , 162 (50%) also had @entity102 . CONCLUSION: In an urban Bangladesh slum, @entity697 and @entity102 co-exist, with a predominance of @entity102 . The current national guidelines for severe @entity3147 , which focus on identification and management only for @entity697 , urgently need to be expanded to include @entity102 if substantial childhood morbidity and mortality are to be reduced.

title: @entity3147 in XXXX presenting to health facilities in an urban slum in Bangladesh.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The hormone-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor must be bound to @entity1457 protein (hsp) 90 for it to have a high-affinity @entity134 binding conformation. We have recently demonstrated that @entity187 is required for cell-free assembly of the receptor. @entity23118 complex and concomitant activation of @entity134 binding activity (Hutchison, K.A., Dittmar, K.D., Czar, M.J., and Pratt, W. B. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 5043-5049). @entity23118 and @entity187 are known to exist together in a cytosolic complex containing several other proteins, and in this work we ask if all of the factors required for proper receptor folding and heterocomplex assembly are preassociated in this multiprotein complex. The multiprotein complex was immunoadsorbed to protein A-agarose from @entity95 reticulocyte lysate using the 3G3 monoclonal IgM directed against @entity23118 . When this immunopellet is mixed with immunadsorbed @entity19 glucocorticoid receptor and incubated at 30 degrees C with @entity855 /Mg2+ and @entity4338 , the receptor is converted to the @entity134 binding conformation. When the immunoadsorbed multiprotein @entity23118 complex is washed extensively, it loses a weakly bound protein (not @entity187 or @entity23118 ) that is required for receptor activation. This protein factor is contained in a Centricon C-100 filtrate of lysate which reconstitutes the receptor activating activity of the washed @entity23118 complex. The @entity23118 complex can be released from the 3G3 antibody, and in the presence of the protein factor in the Centricon C-100 filtrate it converts the receptor into a functional heterocomplex with @entity23118 . The results support the proposal that the various components of reticulocyte lysate that are required to refold the glucocorticoid receptor to the @entity134 binding state are preassociated with each other, acting as a self-sufficient protein folding machine.

title: All of the factors required for assembly of the glucocorticoid receptor into a functional heterocomplex with XXXX protein 90 are preassociated in a self-sufficient protein folding structure, a "foldosome".

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock']


abstract: Effects of @entity2951 and @entity39278 , which are pungent substances contained in Capsicum annuum L., were studied in 32 @entity9563 immobilized @entity468 . Single units were recorded from the medial thalamus using stainless steel microelectrodes. Of the 56 neurons recorded, 28 were responsive to both noxious (pinching) and non-noxious (hair and/or tapping) stimuli, while 16 were activated only by non-noxious stimuli. The remaining 12 neurons did not respond to any natural stimulus. Somatic receptive fields of nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons were found to be widely distributed over the whole body. Twenty-six of 28 nociceptive neurons were activated by an intra-arterial administration of @entity1812 , @entity2951 and @entity39278 . Fourteen of 16 non-nociceptive neurons were not activated by these substances. The mean latency and duration of @entity1812 were 8.7 and 12.5 sec, those of @entity2951 were 1.2 and 6.1 sec and those of @entity39278 were 1.3 and 5.0 sec, respectively. The increase of firing frequency produced by @entity2951 and @entity39278 was inhibited by @entity1286 and this inhibition was antagonized by @entity1510 . However, the activity of medial thalamic neurons with non-noxious stimuli was not affected by these drugs. These results suggest that the @entity158 -conducting fibers were selectively activated by @entity38853 as well as by @entity1812 .

title: Excitatory effects of XXXX on nociceptive neurons in the medial thalamus.

entities_list: @entity39278 :: ('MESH:C012906', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrocapsaicin']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity9563 :: ('MESH:D005703', 'Chemical') :: ['gallamine triethiodide']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity38853 :: ('CHEBI:46931', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicinoids']

answer: @entity39278 :: (MESH:C012906,Chemical) :: ['dihydrocapsaicin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the quality of life and functional outcome in @entity1 with @entity1544 treated with primary radiation vs. primary surgery. METHODS AND MATERIALS: At our institution, @entity1 with @entity5 are primarily treated either by radiation or surgery depending upon the philosophy of their primary physician. Primary radiation consists of 45-54 Gy external beam radiation followed by an 192Ir implant delivering an additional 20-30 Gy over 2-3 days. A neck dissection is done at the same time as the implant for those with involved nodes. Primary surgery consists of resection of the base of @entity5773 , neck dissection and postoperative radiation therapy. Because both groups have similar local control in our experience (80-90%), we used a subjective performance status scale for @entity135 @entity1 to assess the quality of life in these @entity1 (0-100, 0 = worst function, 100 = normal function). This scale measures ability to eat in public, understandability of speech, and normalcy of diet. There were 30 radiation @entity1 (21: T1-T2; nine: T3-T4) and ten surgery @entity1 (five: T1-T2; five: T3-T4) available for long-term quality of life assessment. RESULTS: @entity1 treated with radiation had consistently better performance status scores and quality of life according to our study. This was true for those with early ( @entity7279 ) as well as more advanced (T3-4) disease. For eating in public, @entity7279 @entity1 had scores of 85 vs. 75 (p = .31) and T3-4 @entity1 had scores of 82 vs. 35 (p < .0001) for radiation vs. surgery, respectively. For understandability of speech, @entity7279 @entity1 had scores of 92 vs. 65 (p = .0021), and T3-4 @entity1 had scores of 95 vs. 35 (p < .0001) for radiation vs. surgery, respectively. For normalcy of diet, @entity7279 @entity1 had scores of 74 vs. 50 (p = .047), and T3-4 @entity1 had scores of 78 vs. 32 (p = .0012) for radiation vs. surgery, respectively. In addition, we compared scores for early vs. @entity1442 treated by the same modality. For radiation, there was no difference in all three functional categories for @entity7279 vs. T3-4 (p = .84), showing that quality of life scores remain high for all stages. For surgery, functional status deteriorated significantly when comparing @entity7279 vs. T3-4 (p = .0014), consistent with the fact that @entity5 require more extensive operations. CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy provides a better performance status than surgery for @entity5 . This is true for both early and @entity1442 . Because radiation also provides similar local control and survival, our data suggests that radiation may be the preferred strategy. Functional scores remain high for all T stages treated with radiation, but deteriorate with more advanced T stages for @entity1 treated with surgery. Similar studies using objective criteria are needed to further compare these treatments.

title: Performance status after treatment for XXXX --a comparison of primary radiation therapy versus primary surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity5773 :: ('MESH:D014060', 'Disease') :: ['tongue lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['base of tongue cancer', 'larger tumors']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancer of the base of tongue']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

answer: @entity1544 :: (MESH:D018307,Disease) :: ['squamous cell cancer of the base of tongue']


abstract: PURPOSE: A study was performed to determine the effectiveness of radical radiation therapy (RT) in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity978 who relapsed following initial treatment with chemotherapy alone. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective review of @entity1 treated at City of Hope National Medical Center between 1970 and 1987 revealed a total of 10 @entity1 who received radical RT with curative intent as salvage therapy. RESULTS: Complete remission was achieved in eight of the ten @entity1 . @entity1 had an overall 5-year actual survival of 60% and 10-year actuarial survival of 38%. Relapse-free survival was 30% at 5 years and at 10 years. For the five @entity1 with a disease-free interval (DFI) of at least 12 months prior to radical RT, overall actual survival at 5 years was 100% and relapse-free survival was 60%. Three of the ten @entity1 , all with a DFI > 12 months and in first relapse when undergoing radical RT, were long-term relapse-free survivors. CONCLUSION: Radical RT is an effective salvage regimen for select @entity1 with advanced stage @entity978 who relapse following initial treatment with chemotherapy alone provided that relapse is limited to sites which can be encompassed by radical RT fields and the DFI is greater than 12 months. Review of other published series supports DFI > 12 months as a favorable prognostic factor. Comparison to other salvage regimens such as autologous bone marrow transplantation is limited. Reviews of other treatment modalities should perform subset analysis on @entity1 with similar presentations to compare the relative effectiveness of various salvage approaches.

title: Radical radiotherapy as salvage treatment for relapse of XXXX initially treated by chemotherapy alone: prognostic significance of the disease-free interval.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: The investigations were carried out on 120 healthy @entity1707 , aged from 3 to 7 months, weighing from 40 to 70 kg. The @entity1707 were divided into 5 groups, 12 animals in each;, according to the agents administered intravenously. A similar arrangement of groups was adopted to determine the degree of @entity8600 retention. Group I served as control. Blood was collected from the anterior vena cava after 1 hour and 1, 3 and 7 days since the moment of administration of physiological solution (group I) or since the appearance of general anaesthesia (groups II-V). The following determinations were made in serum: content of total protein and protein fractions; activity of AspAT, AlAT and @entity8019 ; @entity648 and retention of @entity8600 ; content of @entity413 in blood. The results were analysed statistically by determining the mean, the standard deviation and the test of significance t Student. The investigations resulted in the following conclusions. Anaesthesia produced in healthy @entity1707 by the 4 preparations leads to considerable functional disturbances in the liver, expressed by increased activity of AspAT, AlAt and @entity8019 , decreased albumin content, increased content of gamma globulins, and increased retention of @entity8600 . The greatest changes were observed after @entity22292 and Nembutal. After Eunarcon, the changes were fairly high, but of short duration. The slightest and most transient disturbances were found after Brevinarcon. These results make it possible to conclude that the functional disturbances of the liver after general anaesthesia are due to @entity519 of this organ. In the present experiment, such disturbances were reversible, i.e. they receded after 7 days.

title: [Liver function in @entity1707 during general anesthesia induced by intravenous administration of XXXX , nembutal, eunarcon and brevinarcon].

entities_list: @entity8600 :: ('MESH:D013448', 'Chemical') :: ['bromsulphalein']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity22292 :: ('MESH:D002697', 'Chemical') :: ['chloral hydrate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity22292 :: (MESH:D002697,Chemical) :: ['chloral hydrate']


abstract: The investigations were carried out on 120 healthy @entity1707 , aged from 3 to 7 months, weighing from 40 to 70 kg. The @entity1707 were divided into 5 groups, 12 animals in each;, according to the agents administered intravenously. A similar arrangement of groups was adopted to determine the degree of @entity8600 retention. Group I served as control. Blood was collected from the anterior vena cava after 1 hour and 1, 3 and 7 days since the moment of administration of physiological solution (group I) or since the appearance of general anaesthesia (groups II-V). The following determinations were made in serum: content of total protein and protein fractions; activity of AspAT, AlAT and @entity8019 ; @entity648 and retention of @entity8600 ; content of @entity413 in blood. The results were analysed statistically by determining the mean, the standard deviation and the test of significance t Student. The investigations resulted in the following conclusions. Anaesthesia produced in healthy @entity1707 by the 4 preparations leads to considerable functional disturbances in the liver, expressed by increased activity of AspAT, AlAt and @entity8019 , decreased albumin content, increased content of gamma globulins, and increased retention of @entity8600 . The greatest changes were observed after @entity22292 and Nembutal. After Eunarcon, the changes were fairly high, but of short duration. The slightest and most transient disturbances were found after Brevinarcon. These results make it possible to conclude that the functional disturbances of the liver after general anaesthesia are due to @entity519 of this organ. In the present experiment, such disturbances were reversible, i.e. they receded after 7 days.

title: [Liver function in XXXX during general anesthesia induced by intravenous administration of @entity22292 , nembutal, eunarcon and brevinarcon].

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Genetic parameters of 7 claw health traits from Spanish dairy @entity291 were estimated and the predictive ability of linear and ordinal threshold models were compared and assessed. This study included data on @entity11536 (DE), sole ulcer (SU), @entity62 ( @entity62 ), @entity1373 ( @entity1373 ), @entity2688 (CL) collected between July 2012 and June 2013 from 834 dairy herds visited by 21 trained trimmers. An @entity74 ( @entity74 ) was also considered an indicator the absence or the presence of at least 1 of the 6 disorders. Claw health traits were scored as categorical traits with 3 degrees of severity (nonaffected, mild, and @entity146 ). Genetic parameters were estimated by fitting both a standard linear model and an ordinal threshold animal model. Around 21% of @entity291 had at least 1 @entity74 , and the most frequent disorders were SU, DE, @entity62 , and CL. Heritabilities of @entity74 estimated with a linear model ranged from 0.01 ( @entity2688 ) to 0.05 ( @entity74 ), whereas estimates from the ordinal threshold models ranged from 0.06 to 0.39 (for @entity2688 and @entity1373 , respectively). Repeatabilities of claw health estimated with the linear model varied from 0.03 to 0.18 and estimates with the ordinal threshold model ranged from 0.33 to 0.69. The global trait @entity74 was correlated with all disorders, except for @entity1373 and @entity2688 when the linear model was fitted. Two different genetic backgrounds of @entity74 were found. @entity11536 showed positive correlations with @entity1373 and @entity2688 , whereas SU was positively correlated with @entity62 and CL. The predictive ability of the models was assessed using mean squared error and Pearson correlation between the real observation and the corresponding prediction using cross-validation. Regardless of the claw health status, the linear model led to smaller mean squared error. However, differences in predictive ability were found when predicting nonaffected and affected animals. For most traits, healthy @entity291 were better predicted using the threshold model, whereas the linear model fitted affected @entity291 better. Correlations between the observed data and corresponding predictions support those results ranging from 0.01 to 0.34. Claw health traits showed enough genetic variance to be included in the selection goal for Spanish Holsteins to select animals with less susceptibility to claw health problems, and we suggest the linear model for implementing genetic evaluations of claw heath traits.

title: Models for genetic evaluations of claw health traits in Spanish dairy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11536 :: ('MESH:D058066', 'Disease') :: ['Digital dermatitis', 'interdigital and digital dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['severe disorder']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['IH', 'interdigital hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['IP', 'interdigital phlegmon (IP), and chronic laminitis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['OCD', 'overall claw disorder', 'claw disorders', 'claw disorder']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['WL', 'white line disease']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: A horseradish @entity25389 conjugated lectin from @entity1460 (soy bean agglutinin; SBA) was used to characterise the distribution of @entity10811 in the cochlear nucleus of the mongolian gerbil. SBA bound differentially to a variety of structures within the cochlear nucleus. Specific SBA labelling was associated with large non-granule neurones of variable size and shape throughout the cochlear nucleus. Compared to adjacent Nissl-stained sections 80% of the non-granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and more than 90% of the non-granule cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) bound SBA. The variation in location, size and shape as well as the high percentage of the labelled neurones suggest that cells of several, if not all, non-granule cell types, which have been described for the cochlear nucleus according to the usual Nissl schemes, are SBA positive. Granule cells did not bind @entity7902 because all SBA-labelled cells had diameters above 10 microns. Diffuse labelling, not systematically associated with cells or fibres, was high in the molecular and fusiform cell layers of the DCN and that part of the granule cell area located close to the surface of the VCN. Darkly labelled granules (up to 2 microns diameter) were prominent in the area of the VIIIth nerve root. After long SBA incubations, they were also present in VCN and to a lesser degree in DCN. The results are discussed with respect to findings in other brain areas and the possible co-localisation of @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ), parvalbumin and @entity10811 .

title: The distribution of @entity10811 in the cochlear nucleus of the gerbil revealed by lectin binding with XXXX agglutinin.

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity10811 :: ('CHEBI:28800', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylgalactosamine']

answer: @entity1460 :: (3847,Species) :: ['soybean']


abstract: A horseradish @entity25389 conjugated lectin from @entity1460 (soy bean agglutinin; SBA) was used to characterise the distribution of @entity10811 in the cochlear nucleus of the mongolian gerbil. SBA bound differentially to a variety of structures within the cochlear nucleus. Specific SBA labelling was associated with large non-granule neurones of variable size and shape throughout the cochlear nucleus. Compared to adjacent Nissl-stained sections 80% of the non-granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and more than 90% of the non-granule cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) bound SBA. The variation in location, size and shape as well as the high percentage of the labelled neurones suggest that cells of several, if not all, non-granule cell types, which have been described for the cochlear nucleus according to the usual Nissl schemes, are SBA positive. Granule cells did not bind @entity7902 because all SBA-labelled cells had diameters above 10 microns. Diffuse labelling, not systematically associated with cells or fibres, was high in the molecular and fusiform cell layers of the DCN and that part of the granule cell area located close to the surface of the VCN. Darkly labelled granules (up to 2 microns diameter) were prominent in the area of the VIIIth nerve root. After long SBA incubations, they were also present in VCN and to a lesser degree in DCN. The results are discussed with respect to findings in other brain areas and the possible co-localisation of @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ), parvalbumin and @entity10811 .

title: The distribution of XXXX in the cochlear nucleus of the gerbil revealed by lectin binding with @entity1460 agglutinin.

answer: @entity10811 :: (CHEBI:28800,Chemical) :: ['N-acetylgalactosamine']


abstract: To evaluate the long-term effects of treatment with @entity3927 and to test its efficacy in @entity46 , a 3-month trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of daily administration (100 mg/day or approximately 2 mg/kg/day) on the functional activity of the reproductive axis, as well as implants, in @entity1 with symptomatic @entity530 . All @entity1 became amenorrhoeic and acyclic. However, ovarian suppression was incomplete. In 24 h sampling studies, mean luteinizing hormone (LH) and LH pulse amplitude were increased without a change in LH pulse frequency. Additionally, an antiglucocorticoid effect was demonstrated. Treatment resulted in improvement in @entity2371 in all subjects without significant changes in the extent of disease as evaluated by laparoscopy. We also attempted to reduce the growth of uterine fibroids by using 50 mg/day of @entity3927 for 3 months in 10 @entity1 . @entity1868 size decreased approximately 22% at 4 weeks, 39% at 8 weeks and 49% at 12 weeks. Serum concentrations of LH, @entity2671 and @entity251 increased in the first 3 weeks of treatment and then returned to baseline. In conclusion, daily administration of @entity3927 resulted in ovarian inhibition and menstrual acyclicity and in an improvement in the @entity158 associated with @entity530 and decreased the size of uterine fibroids. This ovarian inhibition was achieved without @entity2931 deprivation and may provide a novel long-term approach to the treatment of ovarian @entity134 -dependent disease processes.

title: Clinical efficacy of the antiprogesterone XXXX in the treatment of @entity46 and uterine fibroids.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

answer: @entity3927 :: (MESH:D015735,Chemical) :: ['RU486']


abstract: To evaluate the long-term effects of treatment with @entity3927 and to test its efficacy in @entity46 , a 3-month trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of daily administration (100 mg/day or approximately 2 mg/kg/day) on the functional activity of the reproductive axis, as well as implants, in @entity1 with symptomatic @entity530 . All @entity1 became amenorrhoeic and acyclic. However, ovarian suppression was incomplete. In 24 h sampling studies, mean luteinizing hormone (LH) and LH pulse amplitude were increased without a change in LH pulse frequency. Additionally, an antiglucocorticoid effect was demonstrated. Treatment resulted in improvement in @entity2371 in all subjects without significant changes in the extent of disease as evaluated by laparoscopy. We also attempted to reduce the growth of uterine fibroids by using 50 mg/day of @entity3927 for 3 months in 10 @entity1 . @entity1868 size decreased approximately 22% at 4 weeks, 39% at 8 weeks and 49% at 12 weeks. Serum concentrations of LH, @entity2671 and @entity251 increased in the first 3 weeks of treatment and then returned to baseline. In conclusion, daily administration of @entity3927 resulted in ovarian inhibition and menstrual acyclicity and in an improvement in the @entity158 associated with @entity530 and decreased the size of uterine fibroids. This ovarian inhibition was achieved without @entity2931 deprivation and may provide a novel long-term approach to the treatment of ovarian @entity134 -dependent disease processes.

title: Clinical efficacy of the antiprogesterone @entity3927 in the treatment of XXXX and uterine fibroids.

answer: @entity46 :: (MESH:D004715,Disease) :: ['endometriosis']


abstract: Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases (RNAP) I, II, and III are reported to be highly specific for the diagnosis of @entity2631 ( @entity785 , SSc). In the present study, the specificity of autoantibodies to RNAP I and III for SSc was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled proteins. However, we report here the previously unrecognized production of anti-RNAP II autoantibodies by 9-14% of @entity1 with @entity1252 and mixed @entity3928 . 12 out of 32 anti-RNAP II positive sera (group 1) immunoprecipitated a diffuse 220-240-kD band identified as the largest subunit of RNAP II whereas the remaining 20 (group 2) immunoprecipitated preferentially the 240-kD phosphorylated (IIo) form of the large subunit. After pulse labeling, group 1 sera immunoprecipitated only the 220-kD (IIa) RNAP II subunit, whereas the diffuse IIa/IIo band plus the 145-kD second largest RNAP II subunit (IIc) were immunoprecipitated after several hours of cold chase, suggesting that these sera recognized primarily the largest subunit of RNAP II. Group 2 sera recognized the IIc subunit after pulse labeling, and immunoprecipitated the IIc and IIo, but not the IIa, subunits after cold chase. Although it has been suggested that autoantibodies to RNAP II are usually accompanied by anti-RNAP I/III in SSc, all but one of the anti-RNAP II positive sera from @entity1252 or mixed @entity3928 @entity1 , as well as most of the SSc sera, were negative for anti-RNAP I/III. Moreover, in contrast to previous reports suggesting that anti-RNAP antibodies rarely coexist with other SSc subset marker antibodies, anti-RNAP II antibodies were often accompanied by anti-Ku, anti-nRNP, or anti-topoisomerase I autoantibodies in the present study. We conclude that autoantibodies to RNAP II are not a specific marker for SSc, whereas autoantibodies to RNAP I/III are associated primarily with SSc. In addition, we have identified two distinctive patterns of RNAP II antigen recognition by autoantibodies, one of them characterized by specific recognition of the transcriptionally active (phosphorylated) form of RNAP II. The clinical significance of these different patterns remains to be determined.

title: Autoantibodies to RNA polymerase II are common in XXXX . Specific recognition of the phosphorylated (IIO) form by a subset of @entity1 sera.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3928 :: ('MESH:C536030', 'Disease') :: ['connective tissue disease/overlap syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus and overlap syndrome']


abstract: Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases (RNAP) I, II, and III are reported to be highly specific for the diagnosis of @entity2631 ( @entity785 , SSc). In the present study, the specificity of autoantibodies to RNAP I and III for SSc was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled proteins. However, we report here the previously unrecognized production of anti-RNAP II autoantibodies by 9-14% of @entity1 with @entity1252 and mixed @entity3928 . 12 out of 32 anti-RNAP II positive sera (group 1) immunoprecipitated a diffuse 220-240-kD band identified as the largest subunit of RNAP II whereas the remaining 20 (group 2) immunoprecipitated preferentially the 240-kD phosphorylated (IIo) form of the large subunit. After pulse labeling, group 1 sera immunoprecipitated only the 220-kD (IIa) RNAP II subunit, whereas the diffuse IIa/IIo band plus the 145-kD second largest RNAP II subunit (IIc) were immunoprecipitated after several hours of cold chase, suggesting that these sera recognized primarily the largest subunit of RNAP II. Group 2 sera recognized the IIc subunit after pulse labeling, and immunoprecipitated the IIc and IIo, but not the IIa, subunits after cold chase. Although it has been suggested that autoantibodies to RNAP II are usually accompanied by anti-RNAP I/III in SSc, all but one of the anti-RNAP II positive sera from @entity1252 or mixed @entity3928 @entity1 , as well as most of the SSc sera, were negative for anti-RNAP I/III. Moreover, in contrast to previous reports suggesting that anti-RNAP antibodies rarely coexist with other SSc subset marker antibodies, anti-RNAP II antibodies were often accompanied by anti-Ku, anti-nRNP, or anti-topoisomerase I autoantibodies in the present study. We conclude that autoantibodies to RNAP II are not a specific marker for SSc, whereas autoantibodies to RNAP I/III are associated primarily with SSc. In addition, we have identified two distinctive patterns of RNAP II antigen recognition by autoantibodies, one of them characterized by specific recognition of the transcriptionally active (phosphorylated) form of RNAP II. The clinical significance of these different patterns remains to be determined.

title: Autoantibodies to RNA polymerase II are common in @entity1252 . Specific recognition of the phosphorylated (IIO) form by a subset of XXXX sera.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']