abstract: BACKGROUND: Whether the choice of dialysis modality in @entity1 with @entity454 may impact mortality is undecided. No randomized controlled trial has properly addressed this issue. Propensity-matched observational studies could give important insight into the independent effect of peritoneal ( @entity1726 ) opposed to haemodialysis (HD) on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. METHODS: To correct for case-mix differences between @entity1 treated with @entity1726 and HD, propensity-matched analyses were utilized in all @entity1 who initiated dialysis as first renal replacement therapy in Norway in the period 2005-2012. @entity1726 @entity1 were matched in a 1:1 fashion with HD @entity1 , creating 692 pairs of @entity1 with comparable baseline variables. As-treated and intention-to treat analyses were undertaken to assess cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Interaction analyses were used to assess differences in the relationship between @entity1613 and mortality, between strata of age, gender and prevalent @entity6 . RESULTS: In the as-treated analyses, @entity1613 did not impact 2-year ( @entity1726 vs. HD: HR 0.87, 95  % CI 0.67-1.12) or 5-year all-cause mortality (HR 0.95, 95  % CI 0.77-1.17). In @entity1 younger than 65  years, @entity1726 was superior compared to HD with regard to both 2-year (HR 0.39, 95  % CI 0.19-0.81), and 5-year all-cause mortality (HR 0.49, 95  % CI 0.27-0.89). @entity65 was also lower in the younger @entity1 treated with @entity1726 (5-year HR 0.38, 95  % CI 0.15-0.96). @entity1726 was not associated with impaired prognosis in any of the prespecified subgroups compared to HD. The results were similar in the as-treated and intention-to-treat analyses. CONCLUSION: Survival in @entity1726 was not inferior to HD in any subgroup of @entity1 even after five years of follow-up. In @entity1 below 65  years, @entity1726 yielded superior survival rates compared to HD. Increased use of @entity1726 as @entity1613 in @entity454 @entity1 could be encouraged.

title: Impact of XXXX on mortality: a propensity-matched study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['initial dialysis modality']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular mortality']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['ESRD', 'end stage renal disease']

answer: @entity1613 :: (MESH:D011230,Disease) :: ['initial dialysis modality']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Extensive research exists on breaking bad news by clinicians. This study examines perspectives of @entity1 and those accompanying them at diagnosis-giving of subsequently sharing news of @entity2 with adult family/friends, and views of healthcare professionals, to inform development of a supportive intervention. METHODS: Qualitative interviews with 20 @entity1 , 17 accompanying @entity1 ; focus groups and interviews with 27 healthcare professionals from four Thoracic Oncology Units. Intervention development workshops with 24 healthcare professionals and six service users with experience of sharing a @entity5 diagnosis. Framework thematic analysis. RESULTS: @entity1 and accompanying @entity1 shared news of @entity2 whilst coming to terms with the diagnosis. They recalled general support from healthcare professionals but not support with sharing bad news. Six elements were identified providing a framework for a potential intervention: 1- @entity1 to be told, 2-information to be shared, 3-timing of sharing, 4-responsibility for sharing, 5-methods of telling others and 6-reactions of those told. CONCLUSION: This study identifies the challenge of sharing bad news and a potential framework to guide delivery of a supportive intervention tailored to individual needs of @entity1 . PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The identified framework could extend the portfolio of guidance on communication in @entity5 and potentially in other life-limiting conditions.

title: Sharing news of a XXXX diagnosis with adult family members and friends: a qualitative study to inform a supportive intervention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of Ticagrelor on intra- and @entity260 in @entity1 undergoing coronary bypass surgery. METHODS: For this study, @entity1 who underwent on-pump or off-pump coronary bypass surgery with preoperative @entity117 ( @entity7943 ) and Ticagrelor administration, between January 2014 and December 2014, were included. In the matched control group, continued dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) consisted of @entity1397 and @entity7943 . A total of 28 consecutive @entity1 (24 males; 73    6.6 years) with preoperative Ticagrelor intake underwent elective (n = 22), urgent (n = 2) or emergency (n = 4) cardiac bypass surgery. The @entity86 , red blood cell units given and intra- and @entity260 were documented. To evaluate the effect of Ticagrelor treatment on @entity548 during and after coronary bypass surgery in a non-randomized study, we used a case-matched analysis. RESULTS: Baseline parameters showed no important differences between the study group and the control group regarding the matching variables, left ventricular function, preoperative clinical status and risk stratification. The preoperative laboratory analysis showed no important differences regarding coagulation and blood cell count parameters. Overall @entity190 was significantly higher in the study group with a mean loss of 1028.8    735.5 ml (P = 0.0002). Accordingly, units of red blood cells administered were also significantly higher in the study group (P = 0.0002). In the Ticagrelor group, there were six rethoracotomies due to @entity86 with a @entity190 of more than 1200 ml in the first 3 h. With no rethoracotomies in the @entity1397 group, this also showed statistical significance for the postoperative course (P = 0.02). There were no differences found regarding ICU stay and ventilation time. Comparing the mean hospital stay, the study group presented a significantly longer stay than the control group (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Recent studies about @entity548 complications in @entity1 with Ticagrelor intake undergoing CABG in a real-life scenario presented inconsistent data. We were able to show in a case-matched analysis that Ticagrelor administration leads to significantly higher @entity190 , more red blood cell units transfused and a higher rate of rethoracotomies. The data also present a longer hospital stay to the disadvantage of the study group. Consequently, Ticagrelor intake before CABG procedures should be avoided or at least discontinued 3 days before cardiac surgery.

title: Preoperative Ticagrelor administration leads to a higher risk of XXXX during and after coronary bypass surgery in a case-matched analysis.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['Clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylsalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding complications']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding', 'postoperative blood loss']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: Between March 1981 and March 1985, 76 @entity1 with @entity3052 were treated with @entity786 (120 mg/kg), 12 or 14 @entity348 , and an HLA-identical sibling marrow transplant. Forty-seven @entity1 had @entity981 ( @entity981 ) and 29 had @entity981 ( @entity981 ). Forty-one were transplanted during first remission and 28 during or after first relapse of their disease. An additional six @entity1 were transplanted because their @entity1778 was refractory to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, and one was transplanted as initial therapy. Actuarial 42 month survival for those transplanted during first remission was 47% and for those transplanted in first relapse or later it was 22% (p = 0.02). There was no difference in either group between those with @entity981 and those with @entity981 . Two of the six @entity1 with @entity1778 are alive more than 22 and more than 15 months after the transplant. The incidence of @entity2132 and @entity401 was 90% and 39%, respectively, for the first remission group, and 96% and 37% for those transplanted in first relapse or later. There was no significant difference in transplant-related mortality between the two groups (29% and 43%, respectively). The @entity1778 recurrence rate, however, was 13% for those transplanted in first remission and 67% for those transplanted in first relapse or later (p = 0.0003). Thus, the major factor determining the incidence of @entity1778 recurrence and survival after transplant was the status of the @entity1778 at the time of transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The impact of XXXX status at the time of HLA-identical sibling marrow transplantation on subsequent complication rate and survival of adults with @entity3052 .

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'ANLL']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['refractory leukemia', 'leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['acute graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['Gy total body irradiation']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial pneumonitis']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: Between March 1981 and March 1985, 76 @entity1 with @entity3052 were treated with @entity786 (120 mg/kg), 12 or 14 @entity348 , and an HLA-identical sibling marrow transplant. Forty-seven @entity1 had @entity981 ( @entity981 ) and 29 had @entity981 ( @entity981 ). Forty-one were transplanted during first remission and 28 during or after first relapse of their disease. An additional six @entity1 were transplanted because their @entity1778 was refractory to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, and one was transplanted as initial therapy. Actuarial 42 month survival for those transplanted during first remission was 47% and for those transplanted in first relapse or later it was 22% (p = 0.02). There was no difference in either group between those with @entity981 and those with @entity981 . Two of the six @entity1 with @entity1778 are alive more than 22 and more than 15 months after the transplant. The incidence of @entity2132 and @entity401 was 90% and 39%, respectively, for the first remission group, and 96% and 37% for those transplanted in first relapse or later. There was no significant difference in transplant-related mortality between the two groups (29% and 43%, respectively). The @entity1778 recurrence rate, however, was 13% for those transplanted in first remission and 67% for those transplanted in first relapse or later (p = 0.0003). Thus, the major factor determining the incidence of @entity1778 recurrence and survival after transplant was the status of the @entity1778 at the time of transplantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The impact of @entity1778 status at the time of HLA-identical sibling marrow transplantation on subsequent complication rate and survival of adults with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity794 ( @entity794 ) biofilm infections of indwelling medical devices are a major medical challenge due to their high prevalence and antibiotic resistance. As fibrin plays an important role in @entity794 biofilm formation, we hypothesize that coating with fibrinolytic agents on the surface of implants can be used as a new anti-biofilm prophylaxis. METHODS: The effect of tissue plasminogen activator ( @entity35311 ) coating on @entity794 biofilm formation was tested with in vitro microplate biofilm assays and an in vivo @entity19 model of @entity281 . RESULTS: @entity35311 coating efficiently inhibited biofilm formation by various @entity794 strains. The effect was dependent on plasminogen activation by @entity35311 , leading to subsequent local fibrin cleavage. @entity35311 coating on implant surfaces prevented both the early adhesion and the later biomass accumulation. Furthermore, @entity35311 coating increased susceptibility of biofilm infections to antibiotics. In vivo, significantly less bacteria were detected on the surface of implants coated with @entity35311 compared to control implants from @entity19 treated with @entity5152 . CONCLUSIONS: Fibrinolytic coatings (e.g. with @entity35311 ) reduce @entity794 biofilm formation both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a novel concept to prevent @entity2348 on indwelling medical devices.

title: Tissue plasminogen activator coating on surface of implants reduces XXXX biofilm formation.

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity5152 :: ('MESH:D003023', 'Chemical') :: ['cloxacillin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial biofilm infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['biofilm infection']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: The present study was to investigate the effects of @entity5261 (Agm) on free intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]( i )) of isolated @entity35 ventricular myocytes. [ @entity141 ]( i ) was measured by confocal microscopy in single @entity35 ventricular myocytes which were dissociated by enzymatic dissociation method and loaded with @entity3576 . The changes in [ @entity141 ]( i ) were represented by fluorescence intensity (FI) or relative fluorescence intensity (F/F(0)%). The results showed that the control level of FI value of single @entity35 ventricular myocytes was 128.8+/-13.8 and 119.6+/-13.6 in the presence of normal Tyrode's solution containing @entity141 1.0 mmol/L and @entity141 -free Tyrode's solution, respectively. There was no difference between these two groups (P>0.05). Agm 0.1, 1, and 10 mmol/L significantly reduced the [ @entity141 ]( i ) in both extracellular solutions in a concentration-dependent manner. The similar effect of Agm on [ @entity141 ]( i ) was also observed in the presence of EGTA 3 mmol/L. KCl 60 mmol/L, PE 30 micromol/L, and @entity9898 10 micromol/L, all these substances induced [ @entity141 ]( i ) elevations in ventricular myocytes. Agm (0.1, 1, and 10 mmol/L) markedly inhibited the increase in [ @entity141 ]( i ) induced by @entity4338 , @entity2647 (PE), and @entity9898 . When @entity141 waves were produced by increasing extracellular @entity141 concentration from 1 to 10 mmol/L, 1 mmol/L Agm could block the propagating waves of elevated [ @entity141 ]( i ), and reduce the velocity and duration of propagating waves. These results suggest that Agm possesses an inhibitory effects on [ @entity141 ]( i ) via blocking voltage-dependent @entity141 channel, and possibly by alleviating @entity460 release from SR in single isolated @entity35 ventricular myocytes.

title: Effect of XXXX on intracellular free @entity460 concentration in isolated @entity35 ventricular myocytes.

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity5261 :: ('MESH:D000376', 'Chemical') :: ['agmatine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity5261 :: (MESH:D000376,Chemical) :: ['agmatine']


abstract: The present study was to investigate the effects of @entity5261 (Agm) on free intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]( i )) of isolated @entity35 ventricular myocytes. [ @entity141 ]( i ) was measured by confocal microscopy in single @entity35 ventricular myocytes which were dissociated by enzymatic dissociation method and loaded with @entity3576 . The changes in [ @entity141 ]( i ) were represented by fluorescence intensity (FI) or relative fluorescence intensity (F/F(0)%). The results showed that the control level of FI value of single @entity35 ventricular myocytes was 128.8+/-13.8 and 119.6+/-13.6 in the presence of normal Tyrode's solution containing @entity141 1.0 mmol/L and @entity141 -free Tyrode's solution, respectively. There was no difference between these two groups (P>0.05). Agm 0.1, 1, and 10 mmol/L significantly reduced the [ @entity141 ]( i ) in both extracellular solutions in a concentration-dependent manner. The similar effect of Agm on [ @entity141 ]( i ) was also observed in the presence of EGTA 3 mmol/L. KCl 60 mmol/L, PE 30 micromol/L, and @entity9898 10 micromol/L, all these substances induced [ @entity141 ]( i ) elevations in ventricular myocytes. Agm (0.1, 1, and 10 mmol/L) markedly inhibited the increase in [ @entity141 ]( i ) induced by @entity4338 , @entity2647 (PE), and @entity9898 . When @entity141 waves were produced by increasing extracellular @entity141 concentration from 1 to 10 mmol/L, 1 mmol/L Agm could block the propagating waves of elevated [ @entity141 ]( i ), and reduce the velocity and duration of propagating waves. These results suggest that Agm possesses an inhibitory effects on [ @entity141 ]( i ) via blocking voltage-dependent @entity141 channel, and possibly by alleviating @entity460 release from SR in single isolated @entity35 ventricular myocytes.

title: Effect of @entity5261 on intracellular free XXXX concentration in isolated @entity35 ventricular myocytes.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: The present study was to investigate the effects of @entity5261 (Agm) on free intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]( i )) of isolated @entity35 ventricular myocytes. [ @entity141 ]( i ) was measured by confocal microscopy in single @entity35 ventricular myocytes which were dissociated by enzymatic dissociation method and loaded with @entity3576 . The changes in [ @entity141 ]( i ) were represented by fluorescence intensity (FI) or relative fluorescence intensity (F/F(0)%). The results showed that the control level of FI value of single @entity35 ventricular myocytes was 128.8+/-13.8 and 119.6+/-13.6 in the presence of normal Tyrode's solution containing @entity141 1.0 mmol/L and @entity141 -free Tyrode's solution, respectively. There was no difference between these two groups (P>0.05). Agm 0.1, 1, and 10 mmol/L significantly reduced the [ @entity141 ]( i ) in both extracellular solutions in a concentration-dependent manner. The similar effect of Agm on [ @entity141 ]( i ) was also observed in the presence of EGTA 3 mmol/L. KCl 60 mmol/L, PE 30 micromol/L, and @entity9898 10 micromol/L, all these substances induced [ @entity141 ]( i ) elevations in ventricular myocytes. Agm (0.1, 1, and 10 mmol/L) markedly inhibited the increase in [ @entity141 ]( i ) induced by @entity4338 , @entity2647 (PE), and @entity9898 . When @entity141 waves were produced by increasing extracellular @entity141 concentration from 1 to 10 mmol/L, 1 mmol/L Agm could block the propagating waves of elevated [ @entity141 ]( i ), and reduce the velocity and duration of propagating waves. These results suggest that Agm possesses an inhibitory effects on [ @entity141 ]( i ) via blocking voltage-dependent @entity141 channel, and possibly by alleviating @entity460 release from SR in single isolated @entity35 ventricular myocytes.

title: Effect of @entity5261 on intracellular free @entity460 concentration in isolated XXXX ventricular myocytes.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Faecal microbiota transplantation is a successful therapy for @entity1 with refractory @entity2718 infections. It has also been suggested as a treatment option for @entity29 , given the role of the intestinal microbiota in this disease. We assessed the impact of faecal microbiota transplantation in @entity1 with @entity29 and studied predictors of clinical (non-)response in microbial profiles of donors and @entity1 . METHODS: Fourteen refractory @entity1 (8 with @entity31 and 6 with @entity30 ) underwent ileocolonoscopy with faecal microbiota transplantation through a nasojejunal (n = 9) or rectal (n = 5) tube. Efficacy was assessed by endoscopic healing at week 8, clinical activity scores and @entity1851 measurement. Faecal microbiota was analysed by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. RESULTS: There was no significant improvement among the 6 @entity1 with @entity30 at week 8 following faecal microbiota transplantation. One @entity1 experienced temporary clinical remission for 6 weeks. In contrast, 2/8 @entity1 with @entity31 had endoscopic remission at week 8, and of the 6 remaining @entity1 with @entity31 , 1 reported temporary remission for 6 weeks. The donor microbiota richness and the number of transferred phylotypes were associated with treatment success. Persistent increased @entity1851 2 weeks after transplantation was predictive of failure of response. CONCLUSION: Faecal microbiota transplantation led to endoscopic and long-term (>2 years) remission in 2 out of 8 @entity31 @entity1 . Higher donor richness was associated with successful transplant. Therefore, faecal microbiota transplantation with donor prescreening could be a treatment option for selected refractory @entity31 @entity1 .

title: Donor Species Richness Determines Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Success in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium difficile']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['Inflammatory Bowel Disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In subjects with @entity1316 , positron emission tomography (PET) with @entity419 has shown prefrontal cortical @entity209 , including in a subgenual region in subjects with @entity221 . The authors applied a dl- @entity4899 challenge method to study metabolic response in this region to serotonergic challenge in @entity308 . METHOD: The study group consisted of 19 @entity308 subjects with major @entity308 or @entity162 , all of whom had at least one first-degree relative with history of @entity308 , and 10 healthy volunteers with similar age and gender distributions. PET images were acquired under placebo and challenge conditions, and volumetric MRI scans were also obtained. Group comparisons of metabolic and volumetric data were performed. Ratings of acute mood change during serotonergic challenge were compared with the imaging data. RESULTS: Within Brodmann's area 32, a @entity413 metabolism deficit in the @entity308 subjects on placebo day was observed by voxel-level analysis, but no volumetric deficit was found in the subgenual regions examined. Under challenge, both groups suppressed metabolism similarly. Within the @entity1 group, the correlation between acute mood improvement during challenge and greater metabolic suppression approached significance. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1316 , a ventromedial prefrontal cortical @entity209 is not due to altered structural volume, and the response to serotonergic challenge appears predictive of acute mood response. The potential to predict treatment response can be tested by a combined challenge and treatment study.

title: Response of cortical metabolic deficits to serotonergic challenge in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4899 :: ('MESH:D005277', 'Chemical') :: ['fenfluramine']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder', 'familial major depression', 'depressed', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['[(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['familial mood disorders', 'mood disorders']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['deficit in baseline metabolism', 'metabolism deficits']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['familial illness']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1316 :: (MESH:D019964,Disease) :: ['familial mood disorders']


abstract: The effect of @entity5230 , a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on a transplantable @entity420 in Fischer @entity35 was studied. Forty male Fischer @entity35 were injected with 1 X 10(6) DMH-F317 @entity420 cells, and after 2 weeks were assigned to be treated with @entity5230 or carrier solution. The groups were as follows: Group 1, control; Group 2, 4.0 mg/kg @entity5230 ; Group 3, 6.0 mg/kg @entity5230 ; and Group 4, 8.0 mg/kg @entity5230 . Thirty-nine of forty @entity35 developed measurable @entity5 during this study. At the conclusion, 60% (6/10) of the @entity35 in Group 2 were @entity5 free compared to 0/10 controls, 0/10 Group 3 @entity35 , and 1/8 Group 4 @entity35 . (P less than 0.005, chi 2). Mean @entity5 volumes (mm3) were calculated for each group and converted to log10. At Week 6, the mean log10 @entity5 volume (+/- SEM) for Group 2 was 1.5 +/- 0.6 vs 4.1 +/- 0.1 for Group 1 (P less than 0.05). The mean log10 volume for Group 3 was 3.8 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.05 vs Group 2). The mean log10 volume for Group 4 was 3.4 +/- 0.05 and was not significantly different from that for Group 2 (P greater than 0.05). Plasma @entity1421 levels for each treatment group were determined at the conclusion of the study and no statistical difference between treatment groups was found. It is concluded that @entity5230 inhibits @entity5 growth in this model, and may have a role as a biological response modifier in @entity5 therapy.

title: XXXX inhibits the growth of an @entity420 isograft in Fischer @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity5230 :: ('MESH:D010894', 'Chemical') :: ['piroxicam']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5230 :: (MESH:D010894,Chemical) :: ['Piroxicam']


abstract: The effect of @entity5230 , a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on a transplantable @entity420 in Fischer @entity35 was studied. Forty male Fischer @entity35 were injected with 1 X 10(6) DMH-F317 @entity420 cells, and after 2 weeks were assigned to be treated with @entity5230 or carrier solution. The groups were as follows: Group 1, control; Group 2, 4.0 mg/kg @entity5230 ; Group 3, 6.0 mg/kg @entity5230 ; and Group 4, 8.0 mg/kg @entity5230 . Thirty-nine of forty @entity35 developed measurable @entity5 during this study. At the conclusion, 60% (6/10) of the @entity35 in Group 2 were @entity5 free compared to 0/10 controls, 0/10 Group 3 @entity35 , and 1/8 Group 4 @entity35 . (P less than 0.005, chi 2). Mean @entity5 volumes (mm3) were calculated for each group and converted to log10. At Week 6, the mean log10 @entity5 volume (+/- SEM) for Group 2 was 1.5 +/- 0.6 vs 4.1 +/- 0.1 for Group 1 (P less than 0.05). The mean log10 volume for Group 3 was 3.8 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.05 vs Group 2). The mean log10 volume for Group 4 was 3.4 +/- 0.05 and was not significantly different from that for Group 2 (P greater than 0.05). Plasma @entity1421 levels for each treatment group were determined at the conclusion of the study and no statistical difference between treatment groups was found. It is concluded that @entity5230 inhibits @entity5 growth in this model, and may have a role as a biological response modifier in @entity5 therapy.

title: @entity5230 inhibits the growth of an XXXX isograft in Fischer @entity35 .

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: The effect of @entity5230 , a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, on a transplantable @entity420 in Fischer @entity35 was studied. Forty male Fischer @entity35 were injected with 1 X 10(6) DMH-F317 @entity420 cells, and after 2 weeks were assigned to be treated with @entity5230 or carrier solution. The groups were as follows: Group 1, control; Group 2, 4.0 mg/kg @entity5230 ; Group 3, 6.0 mg/kg @entity5230 ; and Group 4, 8.0 mg/kg @entity5230 . Thirty-nine of forty @entity35 developed measurable @entity5 during this study. At the conclusion, 60% (6/10) of the @entity35 in Group 2 were @entity5 free compared to 0/10 controls, 0/10 Group 3 @entity35 , and 1/8 Group 4 @entity35 . (P less than 0.005, chi 2). Mean @entity5 volumes (mm3) were calculated for each group and converted to log10. At Week 6, the mean log10 @entity5 volume (+/- SEM) for Group 2 was 1.5 +/- 0.6 vs 4.1 +/- 0.1 for Group 1 (P less than 0.05). The mean log10 volume for Group 3 was 3.8 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.05 vs Group 2). The mean log10 volume for Group 4 was 3.4 +/- 0.05 and was not significantly different from that for Group 2 (P greater than 0.05). Plasma @entity1421 levels for each treatment group were determined at the conclusion of the study and no statistical difference between treatment groups was found. It is concluded that @entity5230 inhibits @entity5 growth in this model, and may have a role as a biological response modifier in @entity5 therapy.

title: @entity5230 inhibits the growth of an @entity420 isograft in Fischer XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity221 during @entity1398 before engraftment was studied in 86 consecutively treated @entity1 undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Eighty-four of the 86 @entity1 experienced 132 febrile episodes. Only 26% of the @entity1 had one fever which resolved with antibiotics. The rest required modification of antimicrobial therapy because of refractory fever (32%) or recurrent fevers (42%). The 121 fevers which occurred during @entity1398 were analyzed to determine differences between first and subsequent fevers (79 and 42 episodes, respectively). The frequency of @entity295 (23%) and defervescence (64%) did not differ between first and subsequent fevers. @entity281 ( @entity281 ) was identified in 75% of first fever but in only 28% of subsequent fevers (P = 0.000002). Of the @entity281 identified, oropharyngeal mucosal disease accounted for 68% during first fever but only 38% during subsequent fevers (P = 0.02). Although @entity295 in first fever was more frequently associated with @entity281 than @entity295 in subsequent fevers (61% versus 10%, P = 0.01), overall, @entity1 with @entity281 had a lower frequency of @entity295 than those without (17% versus 32%, P = 0.04). Gram-negative pathogens were uniformly @entity801 sensitive in @entity295 during first fever but were mostly @entity801 -resistant in @entity295 during subsequent fevers (P = 0.01).

title: Differences between first and subsequent fevers during prolonged XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['PLI', 'Presumed localized infection']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

answer: @entity1398 :: (MESH:D009503,Disease) :: ['neutropenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The etiology of the @entity66 ( @entity66 ) has remained obscured. There have been studies to show the association of @entity281 like herpes simplex, @entity99 , and @entity8344 however, the findings are rather controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected 55 @entity1 with the best matched symptoms of @entity66 and measured the loads of @entity8344 DNA in their plasma by quantitative real time PCR and verified their seropositivity by ELISA. All findings were compared to the results from 42 healthy @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity1 showed a wide spectrum of @entity66 symptoms. Serologic studies showed high prevalence of @entity8344 IgG among the tested @entity1 which was not statistically different with the healthy population (72.7% vs. 85.7%, respectively). Similarly, the prevalence of @entity8344 IgM between @entity1 and controls was not different (18% vs. 11.9%, respectively). No correlation was found between the presence of anti- @entity8344 antibodies and the clinical observations. Only one @entity1 from the @entity1 and control groups had detectable levels of @entity8344 DNA without any difference or correlation with the disease symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our data could not establish an association between @entity8344 parvovirus infection and @entity66 , although there have been reports of such correlation. Nevertheless, there might be indirect relation in genetically susceptible individuals after @entity1800 . More studies on designed animal models and surveys on @entity1 should be done to resolve this controversy.

title: No Definite Association between XXXX Infection and Beh  et Disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Beh  et disease', 'BD']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['BD to infections']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity8344 :: (10798,Species) :: ['Human Parvovirus B19']


abstract: @entity590 is a potentially lethal syndrome that can be triggered by inhaled anesthetics. Thus, it may be appropriate to utilize equipment that minimizes exposure of susceptible @entity1 to inhaled anesthetics. The rate of release of anesthetic stored in anesthesia delivery systems is unknown. To determine residual anesthetic concentrations, the washout rates of @entity1508 and @entity5161 were compared, and the effects of a 1-l/min and a 10-l/min fresh gas flow were evaluated. @entity1508 concentrations were also measured in samples taken from the fresh gas outlet and the Y-piece of the circle system during four separate studies in which various components of the anesthesia system were replaced. In each study an Ohio Modulus anesthesia machine equipped with an Air-Shields ventilator was exposed to 2% @entity1508 for 18 h. Anesthetic concentrations were determined by a gas chromatograph having a sensitivity of 0.1 ppm. @entity5161 washed out 3-4 times faster than @entity1508 . Residual @entity1508 concentration was approximately equal to tenfold greater when the fresh gas flow was 1 l/min rather than 10 l/min: 194 versus 19 ppm after 1 h of washout. Using a 10-l/min fresh gas flow, @entity1508 concentrations in samples obtained from the Y-piece were similar with original or fresh soda lime but were more than tenfold lower after the fresh gas outlet hose and circle system were replaced (approximately equal to 50 ppm vs. approximately equal to 5 ppm after 5 min of washout).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Preparation of anesthesia machines for XXXX susceptible to malignant hyperthermia.

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoflurane', 'isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity590 :: ('MESH:D008305', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['Halothane', 'halothane']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The @entity460 antagonists @entity3988 , @entity594 and @entity1855 are widely used in the treatment of @entity301 , arterial @entity101 , certain supraventricular @entity591 and obstructive @entity1121 . During recent years their pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism have been studied in more detail. Although these 3 @entity460 antagonists exhibit great diversity in chemical structure, they exhibit common pharmacokinetic properties. These drugs are extensively metabolised and only traces of unchanged drugs are eliminated in urine. Their systemic plasma clearances are high and dependent on liver blood flow. Therefore, their bioavailabilities ( @entity3988 40 to 50%; @entity594 40 to 50%; @entity1855 10 to 30%) are low despite almost complete absorption following oral administration. During long term treatment, oral clearance decreases and bioavailability increases due to saturation of hepatic first-pass metabolism. Pronounced intra- and inter-individual variations in clearance and bioavailability are observed. In @entity1 with @entity1575 the various pharmacokinetic parameters are grossly altered. Clearance decreases, elimination half-life is substantially prolonged, and bioavailability more than doubles. In addition, the volume of distribution increases. Whereas @entity8 has no impact on the pharmacokinetics of @entity3988 and @entity1855 , elimination half-life of @entity594 increases in relation to the degree of @entity8 due to an increase in volume of distribution. Systemic clearance, however, remains unchanged. The data so far available indicate that the plasma concentrations of these drugs correlate with both their electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects. However, no effective therapeutic plasma concentration range has been firmly established. As reliable clinical end-points are available for dose titration of @entity460 antagonists, it is doubtful whether therapeutic drug monitoring will be of great value. @entity460 antagonists are often administered in combination with a variety of other drugs. Thus, the potential for both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interaction exists. The interaction between @entity6838 and these drugs is of clinical importance. @entity1855 and @entity3988 cause a significant increase in plasma @entity6838 concentrations. In contrast, @entity594 does not lead to a significant increase in the plasma @entity6838 concentration. The mechanism responsible for this interaction is inhibition of both renal and non-renal @entity6838 clearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Clinical pharmacokinetics of XXXX , @entity594 and @entity3988 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil', 'Verapamil']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']

answer: @entity1855 :: (MESH:D014700,Chemical) :: ['verapamil']


abstract: The @entity460 antagonists @entity3988 , @entity594 and @entity1855 are widely used in the treatment of @entity301 , arterial @entity101 , certain supraventricular @entity591 and obstructive @entity1121 . During recent years their pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism have been studied in more detail. Although these 3 @entity460 antagonists exhibit great diversity in chemical structure, they exhibit common pharmacokinetic properties. These drugs are extensively metabolised and only traces of unchanged drugs are eliminated in urine. Their systemic plasma clearances are high and dependent on liver blood flow. Therefore, their bioavailabilities ( @entity3988 40 to 50%; @entity594 40 to 50%; @entity1855 10 to 30%) are low despite almost complete absorption following oral administration. During long term treatment, oral clearance decreases and bioavailability increases due to saturation of hepatic first-pass metabolism. Pronounced intra- and inter-individual variations in clearance and bioavailability are observed. In @entity1 with @entity1575 the various pharmacokinetic parameters are grossly altered. Clearance decreases, elimination half-life is substantially prolonged, and bioavailability more than doubles. In addition, the volume of distribution increases. Whereas @entity8 has no impact on the pharmacokinetics of @entity3988 and @entity1855 , elimination half-life of @entity594 increases in relation to the degree of @entity8 due to an increase in volume of distribution. Systemic clearance, however, remains unchanged. The data so far available indicate that the plasma concentrations of these drugs correlate with both their electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects. However, no effective therapeutic plasma concentration range has been firmly established. As reliable clinical end-points are available for dose titration of @entity460 antagonists, it is doubtful whether therapeutic drug monitoring will be of great value. @entity460 antagonists are often administered in combination with a variety of other drugs. Thus, the potential for both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interaction exists. The interaction between @entity6838 and these drugs is of clinical importance. @entity1855 and @entity3988 cause a significant increase in plasma @entity6838 concentrations. In contrast, @entity594 does not lead to a significant increase in the plasma @entity6838 concentration. The mechanism responsible for this interaction is inhibition of both renal and non-renal @entity6838 clearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Clinical pharmacokinetics of @entity1855 , @entity594 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['diltiazem']


abstract: The @entity460 antagonists @entity3988 , @entity594 and @entity1855 are widely used in the treatment of @entity301 , arterial @entity101 , certain supraventricular @entity591 and obstructive @entity1121 . During recent years their pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism have been studied in more detail. Although these 3 @entity460 antagonists exhibit great diversity in chemical structure, they exhibit common pharmacokinetic properties. These drugs are extensively metabolised and only traces of unchanged drugs are eliminated in urine. Their systemic plasma clearances are high and dependent on liver blood flow. Therefore, their bioavailabilities ( @entity3988 40 to 50%; @entity594 40 to 50%; @entity1855 10 to 30%) are low despite almost complete absorption following oral administration. During long term treatment, oral clearance decreases and bioavailability increases due to saturation of hepatic first-pass metabolism. Pronounced intra- and inter-individual variations in clearance and bioavailability are observed. In @entity1 with @entity1575 the various pharmacokinetic parameters are grossly altered. Clearance decreases, elimination half-life is substantially prolonged, and bioavailability more than doubles. In addition, the volume of distribution increases. Whereas @entity8 has no impact on the pharmacokinetics of @entity3988 and @entity1855 , elimination half-life of @entity594 increases in relation to the degree of @entity8 due to an increase in volume of distribution. Systemic clearance, however, remains unchanged. The data so far available indicate that the plasma concentrations of these drugs correlate with both their electrophysiological and haemodynamic effects. However, no effective therapeutic plasma concentration range has been firmly established. As reliable clinical end-points are available for dose titration of @entity460 antagonists, it is doubtful whether therapeutic drug monitoring will be of great value. @entity460 antagonists are often administered in combination with a variety of other drugs. Thus, the potential for both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic drug interaction exists. The interaction between @entity6838 and these drugs is of clinical importance. @entity1855 and @entity3988 cause a significant increase in plasma @entity6838 concentrations. In contrast, @entity594 does not lead to a significant increase in the plasma @entity6838 concentration. The mechanism responsible for this interaction is inhibition of both renal and non-renal @entity6838 clearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Clinical pharmacokinetics of @entity1855 , XXXX and @entity3988 .

answer: @entity594 :: (MESH:D009543,Chemical) :: ['nifedipine']


abstract: OBJECT: The technical advances associated with the model C gamma knife include a robotized system enabling automatic positioning of the stereotactic coordinates. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical impact of this technical modification. METHODS: The authors studied a sample of @entity1 with @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ). This sample included three groups treated using gamma knife radiosurgery. Group I comprised 21 @entity1 with @entity5513 treated just before the installation of the @entity262 ( @entity262 ). Group II included @entity1 in Group I with new dose plans created using the @entity262 (in other words, simulated dose plans). Group III consisted of a control group of 20 @entity1 matched for @entity5 grade with the previous group and treated recently with the @entity262 . Treatment times were calculated after correcting the time for each shot according to the age of the sources after reloading. The treatment times, including total time, irradiation time, and duration of the neurosurgical procedure, were analyzed. In addition, dose planning including number of isocenters, number of different collimators, malfunctions, and the conformity and selectivity indices were recorded. The trend was to reduce the mean number of collimator runs from 7.9 to 1.2 and to increase the mean number of shots from 7.9 to 15.6, mostly by using the 4-mm collimator exclusively. The @entity262 -related conformity and selectivity were improved from 95 to 97% and from 78 to 84%, respectively. The total treatment time was reduced by 53%, and time required to interact with the @entity1 in the room was considerably reduced (75%), giving the neurosurgeon greater freedom to perform other tasks during the treatment period. The reduction of the time spent by the neurosurgeon at work in the room was 84%. The total radiation time was increased by 54%. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results of this study indicate that the robotization of the gamma knife is likely a major advance in radiosurgery.

title: Impact of the model C and @entity262 on gamma knife radiosurgery: an evaluation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VS', 'vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['APS', 'Automatic Positioning System']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannomas']


abstract: OBJECT: The technical advances associated with the model C gamma knife include a robotized system enabling automatic positioning of the stereotactic coordinates. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical impact of this technical modification. METHODS: The authors studied a sample of @entity1 with @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ). This sample included three groups treated using gamma knife radiosurgery. Group I comprised 21 @entity1 with @entity5513 treated just before the installation of the @entity262 ( @entity262 ). Group II included @entity1 in Group I with new dose plans created using the @entity262 (in other words, simulated dose plans). Group III consisted of a control group of 20 @entity1 matched for @entity5 grade with the previous group and treated recently with the @entity262 . Treatment times were calculated after correcting the time for each shot according to the age of the sources after reloading. The treatment times, including total time, irradiation time, and duration of the neurosurgical procedure, were analyzed. In addition, dose planning including number of isocenters, number of different collimators, malfunctions, and the conformity and selectivity indices were recorded. The trend was to reduce the mean number of collimator runs from 7.9 to 1.2 and to increase the mean number of shots from 7.9 to 15.6, mostly by using the 4-mm collimator exclusively. The @entity262 -related conformity and selectivity were improved from 95 to 97% and from 78 to 84%, respectively. The total treatment time was reduced by 53%, and time required to interact with the @entity1 in the room was considerably reduced (75%), giving the neurosurgeon greater freedom to perform other tasks during the treatment period. The reduction of the time spent by the neurosurgeon at work in the room was 84%. The total radiation time was increased by 54%. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary results of this study indicate that the robotization of the gamma knife is likely a major advance in radiosurgery.

title: Impact of the model C and XXXX on gamma knife radiosurgery: an evaluation in @entity5513 .

answer: @entity262 :: (MESH:D034721,Disease) :: ['Automatic Positioning System']


abstract: OBJECT: Radiosurgery is commonly used for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity11 . The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of radiosurgery in the management of @entity1 with @entity3271 ( @entity3271 ) or mixed @entity816 ( @entity816 ). METHODS: A retrospective chart review of @entity1 treated between May 1990 and January 2000 identified 18 @entity1 (21 @entity5 ) with either an ODG (10) or a mixed @entity10814 (11) who had undergone radiosurgery. The median @entity1 age was 43 years (range 23-67 years). Sixteen @entity1 had undergone one or more @entity5 resections before radiosurgery; in two @entity1 biopsy sampling alone had been performed. @entity5 grades at the most recent operation were Grade I (one), Grade 2 (one), Grade 3 (12), and Grade 4 (seven @entity1 ). Seventeen @entity1 had undergone prior radiotherapy; 11 were treated with chemotherapy before radiosurgery, and one had undergone a prior linear accelerator-based radiosurgery treatment. The median @entity5 volume was 8.2 cm3 (range 1.9-47.7 cm3); the median margin dose was 15 Gy (range 12-20 Gy); and the median maximum dose was 32 Gy (range 24-50 Gy). In this heterogeneous group, 12 @entity1 died whereas six remain alive. Survival after radiosurgery was 78%, 61%, and 44% at 12, 24, and 48 months, respectively. Factors associated with an improved survival rate included younger age and smaller @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 with @entity5 that have failed to respond to conventional therapies, radiosurgery may provide some survival benefit. Further study is needed to determine which subpopulation of these @entity1 will have the best chances of enhanced survival from this treatment.

title: Evaluation of gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of XXXX and mixed oligodendroastrocytomas.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'oligoastroglial tumors', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['oligoastrocytomas', 'OGAs']

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendrogliomas', 'ODGs']

answer: @entity3271 :: (MESH:D009837,Disease) :: ['oligodendrogliomas']


abstract: OBJECT: The aim of this study was to compare quantitatively the methods of preoperative magnetic source (MS) imaging and intraoperative electrophysiological cortical mapping (ECM) in the localization of sensorimotor cortex in @entity1 with intraaxial @entity1313 . METHODS: Preoperative magnetoencephalography (MEG) was performed while @entity1 received painless tactile somatosensory stimulation of the lip, hand, and foot. The early somatosensory evoked field was modeled using a single equivalent current dipole approach to estimate the spatial source of the response. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance image volume data sets with fiducials were coregistered with the MEG recordings to form the MS image. These individualized functional brain maps were integrated into a neuronavigation system. Intraoperative mapping of somatosensory and/or motor cortex was performed and sites were compared. In two subgroups of @entity1 we compared intraoperative somatosensory and motor stimulation sites with MS imaging-based somatosensory localizations. Mediolateral projection of the MS imaging source localizations to the cortical surface reduced systematic intermodality discrepancies. The distance between two corresponding points determined using MS imaging and ECM was 12.5 +/- 1.3 mm for somatosensory-somatosensory and 19 +/- 1.3 mm for somatosensory-motor comparisons. The observed 6.5 mm increase in site separation was systematically demonstrated in the anteroposterior direction, as expected from actual anatomy. In fact, intraoperative sites at which stimulation evoked the same @entity1 response exhibited a spatial variation of 10.7 +/- 0.7 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative MS imaging and intraoperative ECM show a favorable degree of quantitative correlation. Thus, MS imaging can be considered a valuable and accurate planning adjunct in the treatment of @entity1 with intraaxial @entity1313 .

title: Preoperative magnetic source imaging for XXXX surgery: a quantitative comparison with intraoperative sensory and motor mapping.

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumor']


abstract: @entity146 induced by drugs are of most concern when they occur in the context of therapeutic use of a drug. Such iatrogenic @entity146 may interfere considerably with the treatment of the primary illness and may cause concern to @entity1 , their relatives and the medical staff. Because many drugs are often used simultaneously in seriously ill @entity1 , it may be difficult to be sure which drug may have been responsible. The best procedure is to remove those drugs which are most probable causes of the @entity146 as well as any drugs that are not truly essential for the treatment of the @entity1 . Problems involved in evaluating the relationship between use of drugs and @entity146 are considerable. Many reports are isolated cases and the denominators which might provide some idea of the potential risk are unknown. Many relationships are still controversial, such as the association of @entity308 with sedatives, antihypertensives and oral contraceptives. Areas of uncertainty are great. @entity1155 may be caused by a drug that can alter consciousness, or any drugs that can produce more delineated @entity146 syndromes. Sedative drugs are those most commonly associated with @entity1155 , and may include psychotherapeutic drugs, sedative antihistamines, narcotic analgesics and, of course, the widely used social drug, @entity167 . Delirious states are most often associated with drugs that possess central anticholinergic actions. These include not only drugs clearly identified as anticholinergics, but also tricyclic antidepressants and anti-Parkinson drugs. @entity4444 , which is often used parenterally in seriously ill @entity1 , is also a prominent cause. @entity933 is most often seen in elderly @entity1 and in those who have received rather large doses of drugs. The association of @entity161 -like @entity914 with dopaminomimetic drugs tends to support the prevailing @entity935 hypothesis of @entity161 . Levodopa, the @entity935 precursor, and @entity2847 , a direct @entity935 agonist, are examples of such relationships. Abuse of social drugs has also been thought to provide a useful model of @entity161 . Hallucinogens are probably a rather poor model, abuse of @entity889 may provide a better model, and possibly the best is the @entity716 state elicited by @entity12781 . @entity162 reactions are clinically difficult to differentiate from @entity161 -like @entity914 and are often produced by similar drugs. @entity288 may produce either @entity162 , as well as occasionally confusion and @entity308 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Drug-induced XXXX and their management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['Cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['manic or schizophrenic-like disorders', 'Manic']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disturbances', 'psychiatric', 'Psychiatric disorders', 'psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity12781 :: ('MESH:D010622', 'Chemical') :: ['phencyclidine']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['psychoses']

entities_list: @entity889 :: ('MESH:D000662', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamines']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic', 'schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic']

entities_list: @entity1155 :: ('MESH:D011596', 'Disease') :: ['Psychomotor impairment', 'psychomotor impairment']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['Delirium']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['Corticosteroids']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric disorders']


abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the prognosis of @entity565 in childhood in Hungary. One hundred and forty five adults (96 @entity1 and 49 @entity1 ) with a clinical history of childhood @entity565 were examined at the age of 28 years or above (mean age 37.6, SD 5.9 years). The @entity1 completed questionnaires concerning their @entity748 and accompanying @entity56 in childhood, at the age of 18 and at present. They were all prick-tested with 12 inhalant allergens. The results showed that 42.8% of the @entity1 had become symptom-free, but 57.2% still had intermittent or persisting @entity748 symptoms in adulthood. More @entity1 had intermittent day-time (59%) and night-time (67%) @entity748 symptoms than persistent symptoms (41% and 33%). Accompanying @entity56 ( @entity2490 , @entity2024 , dermal and @entity344 , and @entity56 ) in childhood did not definitely affect the prognosis of the @entity565 . The proportion of females with @entity56 increased, and among @entity1 with @entity272 it was significantly higher than the proportion of affected males. At the age of 18, @entity2023 was more frequent than in childhood. The frequencies of other @entity56 did not change significantly. In the @entity1 with @entity748 symptoms, molds and cat-hair @entity566 were more frequent than in the symptom-free group. The long-term prognosis of @entity565 in childhood in Hungary is relatively good, but fewer than half of the @entity1 became symptom-free. The complaints of most of the @entity1 were mild, but one in seven of all the adults suffered from moderate or serious @entity565 . Household allergens may contribute to the persistence of @entity748 symptoms.

title: The prognosis of XXXX in childhood in Hungary: a long-term follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergies']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin diseases']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic disorders', 'allergic diseases', 'drug andfood allergies', 'allergic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma']


abstract: The @entity7311 -anaphylatoxin which is generated by limited proteolysis upon activation of the fifth component of complement may be induced by the classical, the alternative or the lectin pathway. @entity7311 has been shown, under normal conditions, to induce the release of @entity2918 from Kupffer cells (KC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and thereby indirectly to increase @entity413 output from hepatocytes (HC). A direct action of @entity7311 on HC would require the expression of the specific @entity19886 ( @entity19886 ). In studies using quantitative RT-PCR it was shown that non-stimulated HC lack @entity19886 , in contrast to KC, HSC and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) all of which contained mRNA for the @entity19886 in decreasing amounts. FACS analyses, immunohisto- and immunocytochemistry as well as functional analyses confirmed the results of the RT-PCR assays. Under inflammatory situations the @entity19886 was found to be upregulated in various organs and tissues which included the liver. @entity568 ( @entity568 ) as a main inflammatory mediator in the liver induced a de novo expression of functional @entity19886 in HC in-vitro and in-vivo. In contrast, @entity558 failed to induce @entity19886 directly in cultured HC in-vitro but induced @entity19886 in HC in vivo and in co-cultures of HC and KC which release @entity568 upon stimulation with @entity558 . So far, the only known effector function of @entity7311 on HSC was the induction of prostanoid release. In an approach to reveal new functions of @entity19886 in HSC, the cells responsible for liver @entity82 , it could be shown that @entity7311 upregulated fibronectin-specific mRNA five-fold whereas @entity45846 , collagen IV and the structure protein smooth muscle actin were not affected. In addition, @entity7311 did not upregulate specific mRNA for the profibrotic cytokine @entity1810 in either isolated KC or HSC. Thus, @entity7311 alone appears to have only a limited role in the induction of liver @entity82 .

title: Expression and induction of anaphylatoxin XXXX receptors in the rat liver.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostanoids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity7311 :: (362119(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['C5a']


abstract: The @entity1246 / @entity2228 -mediated inhibitory activity in the substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the spinal cord is critical in the control of nociceptive transmission. We examined whether and how SG inhibitory activity might be regulated by neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). Patch-clamp recordings were performed in SG neurons of spinal slice preparations from adult @entity35 . We provided electrophysiological evidence that inhibitory presynaptic terminals in the SG expressed nAChRs and their activation resulted in large increases in the frequency of spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs and mIPSCs) in over 90% SG neurons tested. The enhancement of inhibitory activity was mediated by increases in the release of @entity1246 / @entity2228 , and direct @entity141 entry through SG presynaptic nAChRs appeared to be involved. Miniature IPSC frequency could be enhanced by the nAChR agonists @entity1239 or @entity10446 . @entity1239 could still elicit large increases in mIPSC frequency in the presence of the alpha4beta2 nAChR antagonist @entity6325 (5 microM) and the alpha7 nAChR-selective antagonist @entity2512 (40 nM). However, @entity1239 did not produce a significant enhancement of mIPSC frequency in the presence of the broad spectrum nAChR antagonist @entity6959 (5 microM). Nicotinic agonist-evoked whole-cell currents from SG neurons and the antagonist profiles also indicated the presence of a subtype of nAChRs, which were different from the major central nervous system nAChR subtypes, i.e. alpha4beta2* or alpha7 nAChRs. Together, our results suggest that a subtype of nAChR, possibly alpha3beta4* nAChR or a new nAChR type, is highly expressed at the inhibitory presynaptic terminals in SG of adult @entity35 and play a role in the control of inhibitory activity in SG.

title: Modulation of inhibitory synaptic activity by a non-alpha4beta2, non-alpha7 subtype of nicotinic receptors in the substantia gelatinosa of adult XXXX spinal cord.

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity2512 :: ('MESH:C054634', 'Chemical') :: ['methyllycaconitine']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine', 'nicotine']

entities_list: @entity6959 :: ('MESH:D008464', 'Chemical') :: ['mecamylamine']

entities_list: @entity6325 :: ('MESH:D004079', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydro-beta-erythroidine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Torpor was monitored daily in adult male and female European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) induced to hibernate by exposure to a cold environment (6 degrees C). The effect of photoperiodic manipulations or administration of exogenous gonadal @entity230 was examined in gonadectomized or intact hamsters. 1. Gonadal regression occurred in all short day, but only in some long day, cold-exposed hamsters. Entry into hibernation was not observed until reproductive regression had occurred. Thus, @entity194 appears to be a necessary precondition for hibernation. 2. Castrated hamsters in the short day cold condition showed a significantly greater incidence of torpor than those in the long day cold condition. Hence, photoperiod affected torpor independently of its effect on the gonadal cycle. 3. @entity251 , when administered via silastic capsules at near physiological levels, completely inhibited torpor in gonadectomized male and female hamsters hibernating in the short day cold condition. 4. In ovariectomized females, torpor was unaffected by @entity1420 treatment, but partially inhibited by @entity53 . A greater inhibition of torpor was observed when @entity53 -primed females were administered both @entity53 and @entity1420 simultaneously. Thus, the effect of both hormones may be functionally comparable to that of the single testicular hormone. 5. @entity53 inhibited torpor to a greater extent in intact and ovariectomized female hamsters hibernating in long days than those in short days, suggesting an effect of photoperiod on responsiveness to @entity53 . These results indicate an inverse relationship between the gonadal and hibernation cycles, and a probable role for gonadal @entity230 to influence the timing of the hibernation season. However, non-gonadal factors must also be involved in controlling hibernation, since photoperiod affected the incidence of torpor in gonadectomized animals and because hamsters were able to terminate hibernation in the absence of gonadal hormones.

title: Influence of photoperiod and gonadal XXXX on hibernation in the European hamster.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['Testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal atrophy']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroids']


abstract: Current techniques for treating chronic @entity66 caused by @entity1211 all @entity942 . A need exists for a simple technique to restore competence to the diseased valves at multiple sites in the venous system. The Venocuff is an implantable device developed to restore venous valve competence by reducing the vein circumference. Two animal models are described that are useful in the study of @entity1211 ; the device was tested in these two models in the jugular vein of @entity742 . The first model was of naturally incompetent valves. The device was implanted around 11 completely incompetent and seven partially incompetent valves in 18 veins of 11 @entity742 . After implantation competence was restored or improved in all valves. The second model made use of an @entity2548 to produce @entity337 in the jugular vein in four @entity742 . The implant increased the pressure difference across the valve from 16 to 68 mm Hg. The Venocuff implant was thus effective at restoring valvular competence in the two animal models studied. There is evidence that @entity340 in these models and the results observed may be applicable in some cases of chronic @entity66 in @entity1 .

title: Repair of incompetent XXXX : a new technique.

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular incompetence']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['venous disease']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['incompetence']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous fistula']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous valve incompetence']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['have deficiencies']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous valves']


abstract: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) 22861 randomised trial established that combined radiochemotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced @entity5 . This EORTC phase II study (#22953) tests the feasibility of reducing the gap between sequences to 2 weeks, to deliver @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) in each radiotherapy sequence and @entity1487 continuously during the treatment. The first sequence consisted of 36 Gy over 4 weeks. @entity1487 200 mg/m(2)/days 1-26, @entity1139 10 mg/m(2)/day 1 gap 16 days. Then a second sequence of 23.4 Gy over 17 days, @entity1487 200 mg/m(2)/days 1-17 and, @entity1139 10 mg/m(2)/day 1 was given. 43 @entity1 with a World Health Organization (WHO) status of 0 (n=27) or 1 (n=16) and with T2-T4, N0-3 @entity5 were included. Compliance with the planned treatment, doses and duration was 93%. The complete response rate was 90.7%. Grade 3 @entity137 of 28, 12 and 2% were observed for skin, @entity294 and haematological @entity137 , respectively. The 3-year estimated rates for trials 22861 and 22953 are: 68 and 88% for local control; 72 and 81% for colostomy-free interval, 62 and 84% for severe late @entity137 -free interval, and 70 and 81% for survival, respectively. The 22953 scheme is feasible and the results are promising. This is now considered as the new standard scheme by the EORTC.

title: Shortened irradiation scheme, continuous infusion of @entity1487 and fractionation of XXXX in locally advanced anal carcinomas. Results of a phase II study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 . Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['anal cancer', 'tumours', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['Mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin C']


abstract: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) 22861 randomised trial established that combined radiochemotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced @entity5 . This EORTC phase II study (#22953) tests the feasibility of reducing the gap between sequences to 2 weeks, to deliver @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) in each radiotherapy sequence and @entity1487 continuously during the treatment. The first sequence consisted of 36 Gy over 4 weeks. @entity1487 200 mg/m(2)/days 1-26, @entity1139 10 mg/m(2)/day 1 gap 16 days. Then a second sequence of 23.4 Gy over 17 days, @entity1487 200 mg/m(2)/days 1-17 and, @entity1139 10 mg/m(2)/day 1 was given. 43 @entity1 with a World Health Organization (WHO) status of 0 (n=27) or 1 (n=16) and with T2-T4, N0-3 @entity5 were included. Compliance with the planned treatment, doses and duration was 93%. The complete response rate was 90.7%. Grade 3 @entity137 of 28, 12 and 2% were observed for skin, @entity294 and haematological @entity137 , respectively. The 3-year estimated rates for trials 22861 and 22953 are: 68 and 88% for local control; 72 and 81% for colostomy-free interval, 62 and 84% for severe late @entity137 -free interval, and 70 and 81% for survival, respectively. The 22953 scheme is feasible and the results are promising. This is now considered as the new standard scheme by the EORTC.

title: Shortened irradiation scheme, continuous infusion of XXXX and fractionation of @entity1138 in locally advanced anal carcinomas. Results of a phase II study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 . Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups.

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) 22861 randomised trial established that combined radiochemotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced @entity5 . This EORTC phase II study (#22953) tests the feasibility of reducing the gap between sequences to 2 weeks, to deliver @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) in each radiotherapy sequence and @entity1487 continuously during the treatment. The first sequence consisted of 36 Gy over 4 weeks. @entity1487 200 mg/m(2)/days 1-26, @entity1139 10 mg/m(2)/day 1 gap 16 days. Then a second sequence of 23.4 Gy over 17 days, @entity1487 200 mg/m(2)/days 1-17 and, @entity1139 10 mg/m(2)/day 1 was given. 43 @entity1 with a World Health Organization (WHO) status of 0 (n=27) or 1 (n=16) and with T2-T4, N0-3 @entity5 were included. Compliance with the planned treatment, doses and duration was 93%. The complete response rate was 90.7%. Grade 3 @entity137 of 28, 12 and 2% were observed for skin, @entity294 and haematological @entity137 , respectively. The 3-year estimated rates for trials 22861 and 22953 are: 68 and 88% for local control; 72 and 81% for colostomy-free interval, 62 and 84% for severe late @entity137 -free interval, and 70 and 81% for survival, respectively. The 22953 scheme is feasible and the results are promising. This is now considered as the new standard scheme by the EORTC.

title: Shortened irradiation scheme, continuous infusion of @entity1487 and fractionation of @entity1138 in locally advanced anal carcinomas. Results of a phase II study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of XXXX . Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: From January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1985, 473 @entity1 underwent valve replacement with an Ionescu-Shiley valve. Overall hospital mortality was 7.8%. Major associated procedures and preoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classes IV and V influenced hospital mortality significantly. The mean follow-up was 2.6 +/- 1.3 years. Late mortality was 5.9%. Overall actuarial survival was 81% at 5 years. A chief cause of reoperation was cusp rupture of a mitral prosthesis in 5 @entity1 (all after aortic and mitral valve replacement). The overall actuarial reoperation-free incidence was 93% at 5 years. @entity1031 ( @entity1031 ) phenomena occurred at a linear incidence of 1.4 +/- 0.3% per @entity1 -year or an actuarial @entity1031 -free incidence of 92% at 5 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that postoperative NYHA Class, rhythm at follow-up, and anticoagulant therapy significantly influenced the incidence of TE phenomena.

title: The Ionescu-Shiley pericardial valve: results in 473 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'Thromboembolic', 'TB']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In an effort to locate medullary structures that mediate the renal-sympathetic reflex, the effect, on the excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) components of that reflex, of certain drugs applied to the ventral surface of the medulla was investigated in @entity4774 -anesthetized and vagotomized @entity95 . Application of @entity1027 , a @entity1246 receptor antagonist, selectively abolished the I component of the renal-sympathetic reflex as well as the sympathoinhibition elicited by stimulation of the aortic nerve. The E component, on the other hand, was specifically eliminated by @entity5373 , a @entity2227 receptor antagonist. @entity1026 or @entity3897 did not affect either reflex appreciably. Subsequently, within the region of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) subjacent to the site of drug applications, we searched for neurons which responded to stimulation of the @entity8 . Of 68 responsive VLM neurons found, 50 (73.5%) responded to stimulation of both nerves. Of the 50 neurons, 40 were tested for their antidromic activation to stimulation of the spinal cord. Twenty-four neurons (60%) were antidromically activated. Responses of these reticulospinal neurons to stimulation of the renal nerve preceded that of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) by about 100 ms. All the antidromically activated, VLM neurons which responded to stimulation of the renal nerve also responded to stimulation of the aortic nerve. In conclusion, the renal-sympathetic reflex appears to be mediated by the same pool of bulbospinal neurons in the ventrolateral medulla that mediates the arterial baroreceptor reflex, and the E and I components of that reflex can be selectively abolished by pharmacological intervention of the subjacent ventral surface of the medulla.

title: Participation of ventrolateral medullary neurons in the renal-sympathetic reflex in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1026 :: ('MESH:D013331', 'Chemical') :: ['Strychnine']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal nerve and/or the aortic nerve', 'RNA', 'renal nerve activity']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine sulfate']

entities_list: @entity5373 :: ('MESH:D007736', 'Chemical') :: ['kynurenic acid']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The role of reproductive factors, such as parental age, in the pathogenesis of @entity1778 is being intensively examined; the results of individual studies are controversial. This meta-analysis aims to quantitatively synthesize the published data on the association between parental age and risk of two major distinct @entity1778 in the offspring. Eligible studies were identified and pooled relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated using random-effects models, separately for childhood @entity981 ( @entity981 ) and @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ). Subgroup analyses were performed by study design, geographical region, adjustment factors; sensitivity analyses and meta-regression analyses were also undertaken. 77 studies (69 case-control and eight cohort) were deemed eligible. Older maternal and paternal age were associated with increased risk for @entity981 (pooled RR  =  1.05, 95  % CI 1.01-1.10; pooled RR  =  1.04, 95  % CI 1.00-1.08, per 5  year increments, respectively). The association between maternal age and risk of @entity3052 showed a U-shaped pattern, with symmetrically associated increased risk in the oldest (pooled RR  =  1.23, 95  % CI 1.06-1.43) and the youngest (pooled RR  =  1.23, 95  % CI 1.07-1.40) extremes. Lastly, only younger fathers were at increased risk of having a @entity1 with @entity3052 (pooled RR  =  1.28, 95  % CI 1.04-1.59). In conclusion, maternal and paternal age represents a meaningful risk factor for @entity1778 , albeit of different effect size by @entity1778 subtype. Genetic and socio-economic factors may underlie the observed associations. Well-adjusted studies, scheduled by large consortia, are anticipated to satisfactorily address methodological issues, whereas the potential underlying genetic mechanisms should be elucidated by basic research studies.

title: Risk for XXXX associated with maternal and paternal age.

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia', 'childhood leukemia types', 'childhood leukemias', 'childhood leukemia']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['childhood ALL', 'ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML', 'childhood AML']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['childhood leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and causes of preterm @entity2670 (menopause before 40 years of age) and @entity7793 (menopause between 40 and 45 years). DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Menopause clinics in Italy. POPULATION: @entity1 attending menopause clinics in Italy. METHODS: Between 1997 and 1999 we conducted a large cross sectional study on the characteristics of @entity1 around menopause attending a network of first-level outpatient menopause clinics in Italy for general counselling about menopause or treatment of menopausal symptoms. Eligible for the study were all @entity1 aged 45-75 years consecutively observed for the first time at the participating centres on randomly selected days during the study period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Factors associated with preterm @entity2670 . RESULTS: Out of 15,253 @entity1 aged 55 years or more with spontaneous menopause who entered the study, 269 (1.8%) reported preterm @entity2670 , and 1085 (7.1%) reported spontaneous menopause at age 40-45 years. The risk of preterm @entity2670 and of @entity7793 was higher in @entity1 reporting lifelong irregular menstrual cycles: in comparison with @entity1 reporting menopause at age > or =45 years, the OR (irregular vs regular menstrual cycles) of preterm @entity2670 was 1.3 (95% CI 1.0-1.7) and of @entity7793 of 1.2 (95% CI 1.0-1.5). Parous @entity1 reported less frequently preterm @entity2670 (chi(2) trend P < 0.05) and @entity7793 (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-1.0). No significant association emerged between risk of preterm @entity2670 or menopause at age 40 to <45 and education, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use and smoking habits. CONCLUSION: Nulliparity and lifelong irregular menstrual cycles are associated with an increased risk of preterm @entity2670 .

title: Premature ovarian failure: frequency and risk factors among XXXX attending a network of menopause clinics in Italy.

entities_list: @entity7793 :: ('MESH:D008594', 'Disease') :: ['early menopause']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian failure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In healthy individuals, intraduodenal whey protein load-dependently modulates gastrointestinal motor and hormonal functions and suppresses energy intake. The effect of oral whey, particularly the impact of load, has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to quantify gastric emptying of 30 and 70 g of oral whey protein loads and their relation to gastrointestinal hormone, glycemic, and appetitive responses. DESIGN: On 3 separate occasions in a randomized, double-blind order, 18 lean @entity1 [mean    SEM age: 24.8    1.4 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 21.6    0.5] received iso-osmolar, equally palatable drinks (   450 mL) containing 30 g pure whey protein isolate (L), 70 g pure whey protein isolate (H), or saline (control). Gastric emptying (with the use of 3-dimensional ultrasound), plasma @entity8586 , glucagon-like peptide 1, @entity413 -dependent insulinotropic peptide, @entity2690 , glucagon, total @entity1522 , and blood @entity413 were measured for 180 min after consumption of the drinks, and energy intake at a buffet-style lunch was quantified. RESULTS: Gastric emptying of the L and H drinks was comparable when expressed in kilocalories per minute (L: 2.6    0.2 kcal/min; H: 2.9    0.3 kcal/min) and related between individuals (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). Gastrointestinal hormone, @entity2690 , and glucagon responses to the L and H drinks were comparable until    45-60 min after ingestion, after which time the responses became more differentiated. Blood @entity413 was modestly reduced after the H drink between t = 45 and 150 min when compared with the L drink (all P < 0.05). Energy intake was suppressed by both L and H drinks compared with control (P < 0.05) (control: 1174    91 kcal; L: 1027    81 kcal; and H: 997    71 kcal). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that, in healthy lean @entity1 , the rate of gastric emptying of whey protein is independent of load and determines the initial gastrointestinal hormone response. This study was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as 12611000706976.

title: Acute load-dependent effects of oral whey protein on gastric emptying, gut hormone release, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in healthy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical value of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography for analyzing the left ventricular systolic function in @entity1 with @entity453 with normal wall motion (NWM-MVD). @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty-five NWM-MVD @entity1 and thirty-six subjects with low risk of @entity453 (control group) were enrolled in this study. Echocardiogram images of the short axis of the left ventricle and apical long axis were obtained. The Q-analysis software was used to analyze the peak systolic strain of the left @entity67 (GLS). We calculated the left ventricular global circumferential strain (GCS) and the radial strain (GRS), as well as the longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain of the basal (Bas-GLS, Bas-GCS, Bas-GRS), middle (Mid-GLS, Mid-GCS, Mid-GRS) and apical segments (Ap-GLS, Ap-GCS, Ap-GRS). RESULTS: (1) The @entity1563 or @entity432 were visible in 85.71% of the NWM-MVD @entity1 . (2) The heart rate of the NWM-MVD @entity1 was lower than that of the control group [(61.78    6.76) beats/min vs. (66.13    6.24) beats/min, p < 0.05]. The conventional ultrasonic measurement indices are similar between the NWM-MVD group and the control group (p > 0.05). (3) Compared with the control group, the GLS, Bas-GLS, Mid-GLS, Bas-GCS, Mid-GCS, GRS and Bas-GRS were lower in the NWM-MVD group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The longitudinal, circumferential and radial systolic functions of the NWM-MVD @entity1 were impaired at different degrees.

title: Assessment of the left ventricular systolic function in XXXX with normal wall motion by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['subtotal occlusion']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['multi-vessel coronary artery disease', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular segments and the global longitudinal strain']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['multi-vessel coronary artery disease']


abstract: Ultrasonography was used preoperatively in 21 @entity1 with @entity459 in an effort to locate enlarged parathyroid glands. It indicated the presence of a solitary mass compatible with a @entity3243 in 14 @entity1 . At operation, @entity652 were found at the location indicated by ultrasonography in 13 of the 14 @entity1 (93 per cent). In seven @entity1 , ultrasonography failed to reveal evidence of a mass of the parathyroid gland. At operation, three had @entity8611 and four had a solitary @entity652 . Of the four @entity1 with @entity652 undetected by ultrasonography, one @entity1 had an @entity652 which had undergone @entity1188 and three had coexisting nodular @entity1374 . We concluded that ultrasonography is valuable in the preoperative assessment of @entity1 with @entity459 . This is especially so in the absence of coexisting nodular @entity1374 . When positive, ultrasonography accurately locates @entity652 , and when negative, it strongly suggests the presence of @entity1373 . This may have clinical application in limiting the extent of dissection and, thereby, reducing the morbidity of parathyroid gland exploration.

title: The role of ultrasonography in the evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity8611 :: ('MESH:D010279', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid adenoma']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid gland disease']

answer: @entity459 :: (MESH:D049950,Disease) :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: AIM: For drug dosing adaptation, the KDIGO guidelines recommend using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with the CKD-EPI equation, after de-indexation to the body surface area (BSA). In pharmacology, the Cockcroft _ Gault (CG) equation is still recommended to adapt drug dosage. In the context of @entity28 , adjusted ideal body weight (AIBW) is sometimes preferred to actual body weight (ABW) for the CG equation. The aim of our study was to compare the performances of the different GFR estimating equations non-indexed or de-indexed by BSA for the purpose of drug-dosage adaptation in @entity28 @entity1 . METHODS: We analysed data from @entity1 with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 30 kg/m(2) who underwent a GFR measurement. eGFR was calculated with the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations,    de-indexed    by BSA, and the CG equation, using either ABW, AIBW or lean body weight (LBW) for the weight variable and compared with measured GFR, expressed in ml/min. RESULTS: In our population of @entity28 @entity1 , using the AIBW instead of the ABW in the CG equation, markedly improved the overall accuracy of this equation (57% for CGABW and 79% for CGAIBW (p   <   0.05)). For high BMI (over 40kg/m(2) ), accuracies of the CG equations are not different when using LBW than when using AIBW. The MDRD and CKD-EPI equations deindexed by the BSA also displayed good performances with an overall higher accuracy for the MDRD deindexed equation (80% and 76% respectively (p   <   0.05)). CONCLUSIONS: De-indexed MDRD appear the most suitable to estimate non-indexed GFR for the purpose of drug dosage adaptation in @entity28 @entity1 .

title: Creatinine-based equations for the adjustment of drug dosage in an XXXX population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody disease is a rare @entity792 characterized by rapidly progressive @entity631 caused by autoantibodies against the a3-chain of type IV collagen in the GBM. CASE PRESENTATION: An 8-year-old @entity1 with @entity811 and @entity644 due to anti-GBM @entity1310 was diagnosed with @entity811 and @entity644 during a school urine screening program. Her blood pressure and serum @entity1011 levels were normal. Her @entity811 and @entity644 persisted for several months. Since a spot urine protein to @entity1011 ratio was around 7  g/g Cre, a percutaneous renal biopsy was performed. Immnofluorescent staining demonstrated a linear pattern for immunoglobulin G along the entire GBM. Chest computed tomography was normal. Anti-GBM antibody assays were reported as slightly raised; thus, the diagnosis was @entity8 with normal renal function. Treatment included plasma exchange, intravenous high-dose @entity1667 , and @entity786 as a mainstay medication. The treatment was rapidly effective with an immediate decrease in anti-GBM titers and @entity644 . CONCLUSIONS: Cases of @entity8 with normal renal function in @entity1 are rare. Treatment in @entity1 has not been established; therefore, clinicians need to carefully select an effective treatment because the prognosis is poor.

title: Case report: anti- XXXX with normal renal function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girl']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['anti-GBM disease']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorder']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular basement membrane antibody disease']


abstract: Clinicopathologic findings from two golden retriever @entity235 with an inherited, progressive, @entity121 that were studied until 27 and 40 months of age are described. Initial clinical signs included stilted gait and simultaneous advancement of their pelvic limbs. Further gait restriction and muscle @entity1184 eventually occurred. Serum @entity908 kinase was dramatically elevated (greater than 10,000 U/L). There were persistent "spontaneous" high-frequency discharges ( @entity12296 ) on electromyographic evaluation. Features of both muscle fiber degeneration (hyaline fibers, myophagocytosis) and regeneration (small basophilic fibers) were seen on light microscopy. Similar ultrastructural changes (fiber hypercontraction, @entity101 ) were present. On morphometric histochemical evaluation, mean fiber diameter of both type 1 and 2 fibers was increased compared with controls in two of three muscles examined. There was no apparent fiber type predominance. Scattered ragged red fibers were seen, but this appeared to be a nonspecific finding of either muscle fiber regeneration or degeneration. These findings and potential contributing pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed in relation to @entity1555 .

title: Muscular dystrophy in a litter of golden retriever XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased myoblasts']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity12296 :: ('MESH:D020386', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomyotonia']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative muscle disease']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The goal of @entity565 management is to achieve disease control. Poorly controlled @entity565 is associated with an increased number of days lost from school, exacerbations and days in hospital. Furthermore, @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity565 have more frequent contacts with the health-care system. Recent studies have added new information about the effects of poorly controlled @entity565 on a range of important, but less studied outcomes, including risk of @entity28 , daily physical activity, @entity65 , stress, concentration and focused attention, @entity4207 and risk of @entity308 . From these studies it seems that poor @entity565 control may have a greater impact on the @entity1 than previously thought. This may have important long-term consequences for the @entity1 such as an increased risk of life-style associated diseases and poorer school performance. The level of control seems to be the most important determinant of these adverse effects and improvement in @entity565 control is associated with improvements in many of the outcomes. However, the improvement has to be maintained for a very long time (> 1 year). Accurate assessment of the level of @entity565 control is difficult. Various tools and scores have been developed. They are all based on various questionnaires, but their validation has been difficult because we have no golden standard to compare with. It seems as if the tests are most valuable when they suggest that the disease is poorly controlled because a large proportion of @entity1 in whom the tests suggest good @entity565 control may still have poorly controlled @entity565 when various objective outcomes are included in the assessment. A main reason for that seems to be that none of the tests accurately detects the @entity1 's adaptation in lifestyle. If you do not exercise you have fewer symptoms.

title: Asthma control in XXXX : Is it important and can we measure it?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['learning disabilities']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular fitness']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']