abstract: OBJECTIVE: Acute @entity4854 stimulates somatostatin (SRIH) release by the hypothalamus which, in turn, suppresses @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. Although it has been suggested that the cholinergic pathway mediates @entity413 -induced SRIH release, other regulatory systems have not been examined. Therefore, we investigated whether blocking or activating the beta-adrenergic pathway alters @entity413 -mediated inhibition of @entity2124 release. DESIGN AND METHODS: One set of experiments was performed with a beta-adrenergic antagonist, @entity1169 , and the other set with a beta-adrenergic agonist, @entity3044 . Each set of experiments was performed in ten healthy subjects and consisted of four tests. @entity5482 , a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min; test 2, 100 g @entity413 orally at -30 min, followed by a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus at 0 min; test 3, after a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min, a continuous infusion of @entity1169 (0.2 mg/kg) or @entity3044 (0.012 microg/kg) was administered between 0 and 120 min; test 4, after a 100 g @entity413 oral load at -30 min, and a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min, a continuous infusion of @entity1169 (0.2 mg/kg) or @entity3044 (0.012 microg/kg) was administered between 0 and 120 min. Blood was drawn every 10 min from -30 min to 120 min to measure @entity2124 and @entity413 concentrations. RESULTS: Pretreatment with @entity413 significantly suppressed @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion. @entity1169 infusion significantly increased the @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion, but it did not block @entity413 -induced suppression of @entity2124 secretion. @entity3044 infusion alone significantly suppressed @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion and augmented the inhibitory action of @entity413 on @entity2124 release. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that @entity413 -induced suppression of @entity7704 -stimulated @entity2124 release is independent of beta-adrenergic tone. Since previous data supports a role for SRIH in both @entity413 and beta-adrenergic suppression of @entity2124 release, the current results suggest that subsets of SRIH neurons are differentially responsive to these external cues. Therefore, a combined @entity413 and @entity3044 test may provide a useful assessment of hypothalamic somatostatinergic activity.

title: Acute XXXX and activation of the beta-adrenergic system exhibit synergistic inhibitory actions on @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) releasing hormone-induced GH release.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol', 'Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoproterenol', 'isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Acute @entity4854 stimulates somatostatin (SRIH) release by the hypothalamus which, in turn, suppresses @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. Although it has been suggested that the cholinergic pathway mediates @entity413 -induced SRIH release, other regulatory systems have not been examined. Therefore, we investigated whether blocking or activating the beta-adrenergic pathway alters @entity413 -mediated inhibition of @entity2124 release. DESIGN AND METHODS: One set of experiments was performed with a beta-adrenergic antagonist, @entity1169 , and the other set with a beta-adrenergic agonist, @entity3044 . Each set of experiments was performed in ten healthy subjects and consisted of four tests. @entity5482 , a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min; test 2, 100 g @entity413 orally at -30 min, followed by a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus at 0 min; test 3, after a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min, a continuous infusion of @entity1169 (0.2 mg/kg) or @entity3044 (0.012 microg/kg) was administered between 0 and 120 min; test 4, after a 100 g @entity413 oral load at -30 min, and a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min, a continuous infusion of @entity1169 (0.2 mg/kg) or @entity3044 (0.012 microg/kg) was administered between 0 and 120 min. Blood was drawn every 10 min from -30 min to 120 min to measure @entity2124 and @entity413 concentrations. RESULTS: Pretreatment with @entity413 significantly suppressed @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion. @entity1169 infusion significantly increased the @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion, but it did not block @entity413 -induced suppression of @entity2124 secretion. @entity3044 infusion alone significantly suppressed @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion and augmented the inhibitory action of @entity413 on @entity2124 release. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that @entity413 -induced suppression of @entity7704 -stimulated @entity2124 release is independent of beta-adrenergic tone. Since previous data supports a role for SRIH in both @entity413 and beta-adrenergic suppression of @entity2124 release, the current results suggest that subsets of SRIH neurons are differentially responsive to these external cues. Therefore, a combined @entity413 and @entity3044 test may provide a useful assessment of hypothalamic somatostatinergic activity.

title: Acute @entity4854 and activation of the beta-adrenergic system exhibit synergistic inhibitory actions on XXXX ( @entity2124 ) releasing hormone-induced GH release.

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Acute @entity4854 stimulates somatostatin (SRIH) release by the hypothalamus which, in turn, suppresses @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. Although it has been suggested that the cholinergic pathway mediates @entity413 -induced SRIH release, other regulatory systems have not been examined. Therefore, we investigated whether blocking or activating the beta-adrenergic pathway alters @entity413 -mediated inhibition of @entity2124 release. DESIGN AND METHODS: One set of experiments was performed with a beta-adrenergic antagonist, @entity1169 , and the other set with a beta-adrenergic agonist, @entity3044 . Each set of experiments was performed in ten healthy subjects and consisted of four tests. @entity5482 , a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min; test 2, 100 g @entity413 orally at -30 min, followed by a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus at 0 min; test 3, after a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min, a continuous infusion of @entity1169 (0.2 mg/kg) or @entity3044 (0.012 microg/kg) was administered between 0 and 120 min; test 4, after a 100 g @entity413 oral load at -30 min, and a 100 microg @entity7704 bolus i.v. at 0 min, a continuous infusion of @entity1169 (0.2 mg/kg) or @entity3044 (0.012 microg/kg) was administered between 0 and 120 min. Blood was drawn every 10 min from -30 min to 120 min to measure @entity2124 and @entity413 concentrations. RESULTS: Pretreatment with @entity413 significantly suppressed @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion. @entity1169 infusion significantly increased the @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion, but it did not block @entity413 -induced suppression of @entity2124 secretion. @entity3044 infusion alone significantly suppressed @entity7704 -induced @entity2124 secretion and augmented the inhibitory action of @entity413 on @entity2124 release. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that @entity413 -induced suppression of @entity7704 -stimulated @entity2124 release is independent of beta-adrenergic tone. Since previous data supports a role for SRIH in both @entity413 and beta-adrenergic suppression of @entity2124 release, the current results suggest that subsets of SRIH neurons are differentially responsive to these external cues. Therefore, a combined @entity413 and @entity3044 test may provide a useful assessment of hypothalamic somatostatinergic activity.

title: Acute @entity4854 and activation of the beta-adrenergic system exhibit synergistic inhibitory actions on @entity2124 ( XXXX ) releasing hormone-induced GH release.

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['GH']


abstract: We studied atrial activation during sinus rhythm by combining 12-lead ECG and multipolar esophageal recordings in 30 @entity1 after electrical cardioversion of persistent @entity955 . The primary endpoint was to establish a correlation between atrial activation evaluated by the two methods. Total P wave duration and morphology in inferior leads identified three patterns: normal P wave, late-positive P wave, and late-negative P wave. Proximal and distal esophageal recording characterized the longitudinal direction of activation of the posterior left atrium. We distinguished three activation patterns: normal activation when the interatrial conduction time is normal and depolarizes in craniocaudal direction, delayed activation when the interatrial conduction time is prolonged and the craniocaudal activation is maintained, and finally reversed activation when the posterior left atrium depolarizes in a reversed caudocranial direction. Four @entity1 showed a normal P wave and also had a normal esophageal activation. Twelve @entity1 showed a prolonged P wave (associated with delayed esophageal activation in 10 @entity1 and reversed activation in 2 @entity1 ); 14 @entity1 had a late-negative P wave (all associated with a reversed esophageal activation). A high correlation existed between each pattern obtained by surface ECG and esophageal recording (P < 0.001) and between surface P wave duration and interatrial conduction time (R2 = 0.64, P < 0.001). Much information concerning atrial activation can be obtained by meticulous analysis of the P wave, particularly its terminal part. Multipolar esophageal recording can be used when surface ECG appears unclear.

title: Atrial activation analysis by surface P wave and multipolar esophageal recording after cardioversion of persistent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Despite recent advances in the management of @entity326 , mortality rates are still unacceptably high. Early identification of the high-mortality risk group for early intervention remains an issue under exploration. @entity7 ( @entity7 ), soluble @entity7 receptor-1 (sVEGFR1) and @entity2290 have diverse effects in the pathogenesis of @entity295 , which involve @entity32 , anti- @entity32 , endothelial cell repair, and vascular permeability change. Their roles in predicting @entity881 remain to be clarified. METHODS: Pneumonia-related @entity326 @entity1 from medical intensive care units were enrolled for this prospective observational study. We also included 20 @entity1 with @entity55 without @entity881 for comparison. Plasma levels of @entity7 and sVEGFR1 and @entity2290 activity within 24 hours of shock onset were measured. We compared plasma levels of these biomarkers with APACHE II scores between subgroups of @entity1 , and evaluated their predictive value for 28-day @entity881 . RESULTS: A total of 101 @entity1 , including 81 with @entity55 -related @entity326 and 20 with @entity55 without @entity881 , were enrolled. Non-survivors of @entity326 had significantly higher plasma sVEGFR1 levels (659.3    1022.8 vs. 221.1    268.9 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.001) and @entity2290 activity (47.2    40.6 vs. 27.6    17.2 units, respectively, P = 0.001) when compared with those of the survivors. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated significantly higher mortality in @entity1 with higher levels of sVEGFR1 (P < 0.001) and @entity2290 activity (P = 0.031). In Cox regression analysis, plasma sVEGFR1 level was independently associated with, and best predicted, the 28-day mortality of @entity326 (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05-2.30). Plasma sVEGFR1 level and @entity2290 activity had good correlation with @entity8 , @entity520 , and @entity1503 ; their levels significantly increased when the number of organ dysfunctions increased. In multivariate analysis, plasma sVEGFR1 level (HR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.17-6.81) and @entity2290 activity (HR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.06-7.13) were independent predictors of the presence of concomitant multi- @entity881 . The predictive value of @entity7 for @entity881 was limited in @entity55 -related @entity326 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: High plasma sVEGFR1 level in the early stage of @entity55 -related @entity326 independently predicted 28-day mortality and multi- @entity881 .

title: Plasma soluble XXXX receptor-1 levels predict outcomes of @entity55 -related @entity326 @entity1 : a prospective observational study.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'pro-inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF', 'Vascular endothelial growth factor']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['mortality and organ dysfunction', 'organ dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2290 :: ('5328', 'Gene') :: ['urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)', 'uPA']

answer: @entity7 :: (7422,Gene) :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Despite recent advances in the management of @entity326 , mortality rates are still unacceptably high. Early identification of the high-mortality risk group for early intervention remains an issue under exploration. @entity7 ( @entity7 ), soluble @entity7 receptor-1 (sVEGFR1) and @entity2290 have diverse effects in the pathogenesis of @entity295 , which involve @entity32 , anti- @entity32 , endothelial cell repair, and vascular permeability change. Their roles in predicting @entity881 remain to be clarified. METHODS: Pneumonia-related @entity326 @entity1 from medical intensive care units were enrolled for this prospective observational study. We also included 20 @entity1 with @entity55 without @entity881 for comparison. Plasma levels of @entity7 and sVEGFR1 and @entity2290 activity within 24 hours of shock onset were measured. We compared plasma levels of these biomarkers with APACHE II scores between subgroups of @entity1 , and evaluated their predictive value for 28-day @entity881 . RESULTS: A total of 101 @entity1 , including 81 with @entity55 -related @entity326 and 20 with @entity55 without @entity881 , were enrolled. Non-survivors of @entity326 had significantly higher plasma sVEGFR1 levels (659.3    1022.8 vs. 221.1    268.9 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.001) and @entity2290 activity (47.2    40.6 vs. 27.6    17.2 units, respectively, P = 0.001) when compared with those of the survivors. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated significantly higher mortality in @entity1 with higher levels of sVEGFR1 (P < 0.001) and @entity2290 activity (P = 0.031). In Cox regression analysis, plasma sVEGFR1 level was independently associated with, and best predicted, the 28-day mortality of @entity326 (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05-2.30). Plasma sVEGFR1 level and @entity2290 activity had good correlation with @entity8 , @entity520 , and @entity1503 ; their levels significantly increased when the number of organ dysfunctions increased. In multivariate analysis, plasma sVEGFR1 level (HR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.17-6.81) and @entity2290 activity (HR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.06-7.13) were independent predictors of the presence of concomitant multi- @entity881 . The predictive value of @entity7 for @entity881 was limited in @entity55 -related @entity326 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: High plasma sVEGFR1 level in the early stage of @entity55 -related @entity326 independently predicted 28-day mortality and multi- @entity881 .

title: Plasma soluble @entity7 receptor-1 levels predict outcomes of @entity55 -related XXXX @entity1 : a prospective observational study.

answer: @entity326 :: (MESH:D012772,Disease) :: ['septic shock']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Despite recent advances in the management of @entity326 , mortality rates are still unacceptably high. Early identification of the high-mortality risk group for early intervention remains an issue under exploration. @entity7 ( @entity7 ), soluble @entity7 receptor-1 (sVEGFR1) and @entity2290 have diverse effects in the pathogenesis of @entity295 , which involve @entity32 , anti- @entity32 , endothelial cell repair, and vascular permeability change. Their roles in predicting @entity881 remain to be clarified. METHODS: Pneumonia-related @entity326 @entity1 from medical intensive care units were enrolled for this prospective observational study. We also included 20 @entity1 with @entity55 without @entity881 for comparison. Plasma levels of @entity7 and sVEGFR1 and @entity2290 activity within 24 hours of shock onset were measured. We compared plasma levels of these biomarkers with APACHE II scores between subgroups of @entity1 , and evaluated their predictive value for 28-day @entity881 . RESULTS: A total of 101 @entity1 , including 81 with @entity55 -related @entity326 and 20 with @entity55 without @entity881 , were enrolled. Non-survivors of @entity326 had significantly higher plasma sVEGFR1 levels (659.3    1022.8 vs. 221.1    268.9 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.001) and @entity2290 activity (47.2    40.6 vs. 27.6    17.2 units, respectively, P = 0.001) when compared with those of the survivors. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated significantly higher mortality in @entity1 with higher levels of sVEGFR1 (P < 0.001) and @entity2290 activity (P = 0.031). In Cox regression analysis, plasma sVEGFR1 level was independently associated with, and best predicted, the 28-day mortality of @entity326 (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05-2.30). Plasma sVEGFR1 level and @entity2290 activity had good correlation with @entity8 , @entity520 , and @entity1503 ; their levels significantly increased when the number of organ dysfunctions increased. In multivariate analysis, plasma sVEGFR1 level (HR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.17-6.81) and @entity2290 activity (HR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.06-7.13) were independent predictors of the presence of concomitant multi- @entity881 . The predictive value of @entity7 for @entity881 was limited in @entity55 -related @entity326 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: High plasma sVEGFR1 level in the early stage of @entity55 -related @entity326 independently predicted 28-day mortality and multi- @entity881 .

title: Plasma soluble @entity7 receptor-1 levels predict outcomes of XXXX -related @entity326 @entity1 : a prospective observational study.

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Despite recent advances in the management of @entity326 , mortality rates are still unacceptably high. Early identification of the high-mortality risk group for early intervention remains an issue under exploration. @entity7 ( @entity7 ), soluble @entity7 receptor-1 (sVEGFR1) and @entity2290 have diverse effects in the pathogenesis of @entity295 , which involve @entity32 , anti- @entity32 , endothelial cell repair, and vascular permeability change. Their roles in predicting @entity881 remain to be clarified. METHODS: Pneumonia-related @entity326 @entity1 from medical intensive care units were enrolled for this prospective observational study. We also included 20 @entity1 with @entity55 without @entity881 for comparison. Plasma levels of @entity7 and sVEGFR1 and @entity2290 activity within 24 hours of shock onset were measured. We compared plasma levels of these biomarkers with APACHE II scores between subgroups of @entity1 , and evaluated their predictive value for 28-day @entity881 . RESULTS: A total of 101 @entity1 , including 81 with @entity55 -related @entity326 and 20 with @entity55 without @entity881 , were enrolled. Non-survivors of @entity326 had significantly higher plasma sVEGFR1 levels (659.3    1022.8 vs. 221.1    268.9 pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.001) and @entity2290 activity (47.2    40.6 vs. 27.6    17.2 units, respectively, P = 0.001) when compared with those of the survivors. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated significantly higher mortality in @entity1 with higher levels of sVEGFR1 (P < 0.001) and @entity2290 activity (P = 0.031). In Cox regression analysis, plasma sVEGFR1 level was independently associated with, and best predicted, the 28-day mortality of @entity326 (HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.05-2.30). Plasma sVEGFR1 level and @entity2290 activity had good correlation with @entity8 , @entity520 , and @entity1503 ; their levels significantly increased when the number of organ dysfunctions increased. In multivariate analysis, plasma sVEGFR1 level (HR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.17-6.81) and @entity2290 activity (HR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.06-7.13) were independent predictors of the presence of concomitant multi- @entity881 . The predictive value of @entity7 for @entity881 was limited in @entity55 -related @entity326 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: High plasma sVEGFR1 level in the early stage of @entity55 -related @entity326 independently predicted 28-day mortality and multi- @entity881 .

title: Plasma soluble @entity7 receptor-1 levels predict outcomes of @entity55 -related @entity326 XXXX : a prospective observational study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Genetic susceptibility to primary sclerosing @entity255 is associated with several different HLA haplotypes, though a single "shared" susceptibility allele has yet to be identified. Most recently, attention has focussed on the @entity1531 alleles in close proximity to the HLA class I, B locus. However, although there are strong associations with @entity1531 *008, implicating this or a closely linked allele as major risk factors, this explanation alone does not account for all of the MHC-encoded susceptibility and resistance to @entity991 . The present study re-examines HLA class II associations in a large single centre series of well-characterised @entity991 @entity1 . The specific aims of the study were to test existing associations and to develop hypotheses which together may account for all, or the majority, of the MHC-encoded susceptibility in @entity991 . METHODS: A total of 148 adult white northern European @entity1 and 134 control subjects were studied. HLA @entity1533 , @entity8167 , @entity3098 alleles and @entity1533 *04, @entity1533 *13 and DRB3 subtypes were determined by standard PCR-genotyping. RESULTS: The primary associations with the DRB3*0101-- @entity1533 *0301-- @entity8167 *0501-- @entity3098 *0201 and @entity1533 *1301-- @entity8167 *0103-- @entity3098 *0603 haplotypes were confirmed (O.R. = 2.69, p < 0.0000025 and O.R. = 3.8, p < 0.0005). In addition the strong protective influence of the @entity1533 *04-- @entity3098 *0302 haplotype was reaffirmed (O.R. = 0.26, p < 0.000025) and a previously unreported negative (i.e. protective) association with the @entity1533 *0701-- @entity3098 *0303 haplotype was also demonstrated (O.R. = 0.15, p < 0.005). Further analysis suggested that susceptibility/resistance encoded by the second and third susceptibility haplotypes and by the two resistance haplotypes may be determined by specific @entity1522 at DQbeta-87 and DQbeta-55, respectively.

title: Evaluation of the role of MHC class II alleles, haplotypes and selected amino acid sequences in primary sclerosing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity255 :: (MESH:D002761,Disease) :: ['cholangitis']


abstract: Many vertebrate and insect viruses possess antiapoptotic genes that are required for their infectivity. This led to the hypothesis that apoptosis is an innate immunoresponse important for limiting @entity778 . The role of apoptosis may be especially important in insect antiviral defense because of the lack of adaptive immunity. However, the cellular mechanism that elicits apoptosis in response to @entity1800 in insects has not been determined. Using an in vivo @entity281 system with the mosquito baculovirus CuniNPV ( @entity23439 ), we demonstrated that michelob_x (mx), the mosquito ortholog of @entity238 proapoptotic gene reaper, is specifically induced in larval midgut cells following @entity1800 . Interestingly, the dynamics of mx induction corresponds with the outcome of the @entity281 . In the permissive mosquito @entity2957 , a slow induction of mx failed to induce prompt apoptosis, and the infected cells eventually undergo @entity39 with heavy loads of encapsulated viruses. In contrast, in the refractory mosquito @entity4224 , a rapid induction of mx within 30    min p.i. is followed by apoptosis within 2-6    h p.i., suggesting a possible role for apoptosis in limiting @entity1800 . When the execution of apoptosis was delayed by caspase inhibitors, viral gene expression became detectable in the A. aegypti larvae.

title: Induction of reaper ortholog mx in mosquito midgut cells following baculovirus XXXX .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infections']

entities_list: @entity4224 :: ('7159', 'Species') :: ['Aedes aegypti']

entities_list: @entity23439 :: ('130556', 'Species') :: ['Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity2957 :: ('7176', 'Species') :: ['C. quinquefasciatus']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: @entity796 is a gram-negative bacterium that causes both @entity358 in susceptible @entity1 populations. @entity796 secretes numerous proteins and secondary metabolites, many of which have biological effects that likely contribute to disease pathogenesis. An unidentified small-molecular-weight factor was previously reported to increase IL-8 release both in vitro and in vivo. To identify this factor, we subjected the <3-kDa fraction from @entity796 -conditioned medium to HPLC analysis. A peak fraction that stimulated IL-8 release was found by mass spectrometry to have a molecular mass (MM) of 224 Da. On the basis of this MM and other biochemical properties, we hypothesized that the factor was @entity11097 ( @entity4901 ). Subsequent studies and comparison with purified @entity4901 confirmed this hypothesis. Purified @entity4901 exhibited a number of biological effects in @entity1 airway epithelial cells, including increasing IL-8 release and @entity2071 expression, as well as decreasing @entity5737 and @entity2842 ( @entity2842 ) release. @entity4901 also increased intracellular oxidant formation as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance and by an intracellular oxidant-sensitive probe. Antioxidants inhibited @entity4901 -dependent increases in IL-8 and @entity2071 , suggesting that oxidants contributed to these effects. However, in contrast to the related @entity11098 compound @entity24206 , @entity4901 did not oxidize @entity1110 at physiologically relevant pH, providing preliminary evidence that @entity4901 and @entity24206 may have distinct redox chemistries within the cell. Thus @entity4901 is a biologically active factor secreted by @entity796 that has several activities that could alter the host immune and inflammatory response and thereby contribute to @entity4577 pathogenesis.

title: XXXX , a secondary metabolite of @entity796 , alters expression of immunomodulatory proteins by @entity1 airway epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity24206 :: ('MESH:D011710', 'Chemical') :: ['pyocyanin']

entities_list: @entity11097 :: ('MESH:C037165', 'Chemical') :: ['phenazine-1-carboxylic acid']

entities_list: @entity11098 :: ('CHEBI:36674', 'Chemical') :: ['phenazine']

entities_list: @entity2842 :: ('6347', 'Gene') :: ['MCP-1', 'monocyte chemoattractant protein-1']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['acute and chronic lung disease']

entities_list: @entity4577 :: ('MESH:D017192', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial disease']

answer: @entity11097 :: (MESH:C037165,Chemical) :: ['Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid']


abstract: @entity796 is a gram-negative bacterium that causes both @entity358 in susceptible @entity1 populations. @entity796 secretes numerous proteins and secondary metabolites, many of which have biological effects that likely contribute to disease pathogenesis. An unidentified small-molecular-weight factor was previously reported to increase IL-8 release both in vitro and in vivo. To identify this factor, we subjected the <3-kDa fraction from @entity796 -conditioned medium to HPLC analysis. A peak fraction that stimulated IL-8 release was found by mass spectrometry to have a molecular mass (MM) of 224 Da. On the basis of this MM and other biochemical properties, we hypothesized that the factor was @entity11097 ( @entity4901 ). Subsequent studies and comparison with purified @entity4901 confirmed this hypothesis. Purified @entity4901 exhibited a number of biological effects in @entity1 airway epithelial cells, including increasing IL-8 release and @entity2071 expression, as well as decreasing @entity5737 and @entity2842 ( @entity2842 ) release. @entity4901 also increased intracellular oxidant formation as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance and by an intracellular oxidant-sensitive probe. Antioxidants inhibited @entity4901 -dependent increases in IL-8 and @entity2071 , suggesting that oxidants contributed to these effects. However, in contrast to the related @entity11098 compound @entity24206 , @entity4901 did not oxidize @entity1110 at physiologically relevant pH, providing preliminary evidence that @entity4901 and @entity24206 may have distinct redox chemistries within the cell. Thus @entity4901 is a biologically active factor secreted by @entity796 that has several activities that could alter the host immune and inflammatory response and thereby contribute to @entity4577 pathogenesis.

title: @entity11097 , a secondary metabolite of XXXX , alters expression of immunomodulatory proteins by @entity1 airway epithelial cells.

answer: @entity796 :: (287,Species) :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']


abstract: @entity796 is a gram-negative bacterium that causes both @entity358 in susceptible @entity1 populations. @entity796 secretes numerous proteins and secondary metabolites, many of which have biological effects that likely contribute to disease pathogenesis. An unidentified small-molecular-weight factor was previously reported to increase IL-8 release both in vitro and in vivo. To identify this factor, we subjected the <3-kDa fraction from @entity796 -conditioned medium to HPLC analysis. A peak fraction that stimulated IL-8 release was found by mass spectrometry to have a molecular mass (MM) of 224 Da. On the basis of this MM and other biochemical properties, we hypothesized that the factor was @entity11097 ( @entity4901 ). Subsequent studies and comparison with purified @entity4901 confirmed this hypothesis. Purified @entity4901 exhibited a number of biological effects in @entity1 airway epithelial cells, including increasing IL-8 release and @entity2071 expression, as well as decreasing @entity5737 and @entity2842 ( @entity2842 ) release. @entity4901 also increased intracellular oxidant formation as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance and by an intracellular oxidant-sensitive probe. Antioxidants inhibited @entity4901 -dependent increases in IL-8 and @entity2071 , suggesting that oxidants contributed to these effects. However, in contrast to the related @entity11098 compound @entity24206 , @entity4901 did not oxidize @entity1110 at physiologically relevant pH, providing preliminary evidence that @entity4901 and @entity24206 may have distinct redox chemistries within the cell. Thus @entity4901 is a biologically active factor secreted by @entity796 that has several activities that could alter the host immune and inflammatory response and thereby contribute to @entity4577 pathogenesis.

title: @entity11097 , a secondary metabolite of @entity796 , alters expression of immunomodulatory proteins by XXXX airway epithelial cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the most efficient time point and concentration of topical corticosteroids in @entity5132 keratitis treated with @entity2380 . METHODS: Corneas of 105 @entity95 were infected with viable @entity375 cells of @entity5132 (2.5 x 10(5)). After a 48-hour incubation period, seven groups of animals were treated for 21 days with @entity2380 , with group I acting as a control, and groups II to VII receiving adjunct therapy with the corticosteroid @entity617 (5 or 10 times daily; 3, 9, or 15 days after @entity281 ). The degree of @entity2687 , ulceration, corneal clouding, hypopyon, @entity2024 , @entity2295 , and corneal perforation was monitored over a 24-day period, as well as recultivation and resistance to @entity2380 of the @entity5132 pathogen. RESULTS: The control group showed the highest level of corneal clouding and @entity2295 . In comparison, by day 24, the majority of groups also treated with @entity617 displayed significantly less corneal clouding and @entity2295 . An immediate decrease in corneal clouding was observed in groups treated with additional low- or high-dose @entity617 from day 9 after inoculation. After additional @entity617 treatment from day 9 or 15 after inoculation, no significant difference was detected in the recultivation rate of @entity5132 compared with the control. Early administration of @entity617 (day 3, low and high dose) resulted in the recultivation of significantly more @entity5132 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2380 plus adjunct high-dose @entity617 treatment was most effective when administered 9 days after @entity281 . The delayed application of corticosteroids after treatment with antimycotic drugs in cases of @entity364 is therefore not contraindicated and may be beneficial in @entity1 .

title: Combined topical XXXX and corticosteroid treatment for experimental @entity5132 keratomycosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluconazole', 'fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal keratitis']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal infiltration']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity2380 :: (MESH:D015725,Chemical) :: ['fluconazole']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the most efficient time point and concentration of topical corticosteroids in @entity5132 keratitis treated with @entity2380 . METHODS: Corneas of 105 @entity95 were infected with viable @entity375 cells of @entity5132 (2.5 x 10(5)). After a 48-hour incubation period, seven groups of animals were treated for 21 days with @entity2380 , with group I acting as a control, and groups II to VII receiving adjunct therapy with the corticosteroid @entity617 (5 or 10 times daily; 3, 9, or 15 days after @entity281 ). The degree of @entity2687 , ulceration, corneal clouding, hypopyon, @entity2024 , @entity2295 , and corneal perforation was monitored over a 24-day period, as well as recultivation and resistance to @entity2380 of the @entity5132 pathogen. RESULTS: The control group showed the highest level of corneal clouding and @entity2295 . In comparison, by day 24, the majority of groups also treated with @entity617 displayed significantly less corneal clouding and @entity2295 . An immediate decrease in corneal clouding was observed in groups treated with additional low- or high-dose @entity617 from day 9 after inoculation. After additional @entity617 treatment from day 9 or 15 after inoculation, no significant difference was detected in the recultivation rate of @entity5132 compared with the control. Early administration of @entity617 (day 3, low and high dose) resulted in the recultivation of significantly more @entity5132 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2380 plus adjunct high-dose @entity617 treatment was most effective when administered 9 days after @entity281 . The delayed application of corticosteroids after treatment with antimycotic drugs in cases of @entity364 is therefore not contraindicated and may be beneficial in @entity1 .

title: Combined topical @entity2380 and corticosteroid treatment for experimental XXXX keratomycosis.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity5132 :: (5476,Species) :: ['Candida albicans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Evulsion of the optic nerve is a rare form of @entity1781 . It is a rupture of the optic nerve at the disc without damage of its sheaths occurring in association with a blunt skull @entity130 or a blunt @entity130 . METHOD: We report on a 13-year old @entity1 with complete evulsion of the optic nerve after blunt @entity130 and give a literature review. RESULTS: While swinging on a liana the @entity1 had crashed into a tree. The initial examination 3 hours after the accident revealed at the right eye an @entity1939 without any afferent reaction of the pupil to light. Ophthalmoscopy displayed a @entity548 at the optic disc, peripapillar white retina and interruption of the blood flow of all visible retinal vessels. Fluorescein angiogram showed no retinal perfusion and a detatched retina above the disc. Echographic examination revealed a @entity548 at the disc shaped like a mushroom. From the eighth day, examination of the retina became impossible due to disseminating @entity548 . After 8 months @entity548 had disappeared revealing a white @entity82 at the area of the optic disc. Since first histological description of an optic nerve evulsion by His in 1856, 42 @entity1 with complete and 23 with partial evulsion of the optic nerve were reported in the literature. In our review different mechanisms of injury are discussed. CONCLUSION: Evulsion of the optic nerve is rarely reported. It is possible that it may occur more frequently, because it cannot be seen in blunt or also penetrating @entity130 with severe intraocular cloudiness.

title: [Evulsion of the optic nerve following blunt XXXX . Case report and review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['vitreous haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['amaurosis']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['bulbar traumas', 'bulbar trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['bulbar trauma']


abstract: @entity5872 eggs were injected with @entity4743 (0.9-1,000 micrograms) dissolved in 50-microliter of @entity4336 oil on day 1 of incubation. Higher doses of @entity4743 (250-1,000 micrograms) reduced hatchability to 37-33% compared to 61% for @entity4336 oil-injected controls. Lower doses of @entity4743 (0.9-125 micrograms) had no effects on hatchability. In a second study, eggs were injected with 0.9 or 1.9 micrograms of @entity4743 and the survivors were assessed up to 12 weeks posthatch. @entity4743 did not affect hatchability, but did increase mortality during the first 4 weeks posthatch. Females were affected more than males. At 10 days of age, open-field activity of some birds was examined. The acquisition and reversal of a visual discrimination task was studied at 6 weeks of age. @entity4743 had no effect on these measurements. Ten females from each group were chosen randomly to determine egg production over a single 28-day period beginning at 6 weeks of age. Exposure to @entity4743 blocked egg production in these birds. The oviduct weights of 12-week-old females were decreased by 50%, but ovarian weights were not affected. Testicular weights were not affected. In a third study reproductive behaviors and social-dominance behaviors of males were markedly attenuated in birds exposed to 0.48 or 1.9 micrograms @entity4743 in ovo.

title: Injection of diethylstilbestrol on the first day of incubation affects morphology of sex glands and reproductive behavior of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5872 :: ('93934', 'Species') :: ['Japanese quail']

answer: @entity5872 :: (93934,Species) :: ['Japanese quail']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate expression and significance of @entity983 gene in primary @entity157 ( @entity157 ). METHODS: Immunohistochemical peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (SP) method was used to detect expression of @entity983 gene in 120 cases of primary @entity157 and its adjacent tissue 10 cases of normal liver tissue. The relationship between expression of @entity5 suppressor gene of @entity983 and the percentage of lymph node @entity3 of @entity157 was analyzed. RESULTS: It was shown that @entity983 gene was expressed in all 10 cases of normal liver tissues and paracancerous liver tissues. The staining was localized mainly in cytoplasm. Expression of @entity983 in 120 cases of @entity157 were as follows: 12.5% were negative, 17.5% were weak positive, and 70% were strong positive. At time of diagnosis, 33/120 (27.5%) presented lymph node @entity3 . Lymph node @entity3 were present in 80% (12 out of 15) @entity983 negative @entity157 , 57.14% (12 out of 21) @entity983 weak positive @entity157 and only 10.71% (9 out of 84) @entity983 intense positive @entity157 , (P<0.05). Therefore, @entity983 @entity5 suppressor gene malfunction seems to be involved in metastasing capacity of @entity157 . CONCLUSION: This study suggests that @entity983 gene was deleted or weakly expressed in primary @entity157 , which is probably related to its tumorigenesis.

title: Expression and significance of new XXXX suppressor gene @entity983 in primary liver cancer.

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate expression and significance of @entity983 gene in primary @entity157 ( @entity157 ). METHODS: Immunohistochemical peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (SP) method was used to detect expression of @entity983 gene in 120 cases of primary @entity157 and its adjacent tissue 10 cases of normal liver tissue. The relationship between expression of @entity5 suppressor gene of @entity983 and the percentage of lymph node @entity3 of @entity157 was analyzed. RESULTS: It was shown that @entity983 gene was expressed in all 10 cases of normal liver tissues and paracancerous liver tissues. The staining was localized mainly in cytoplasm. Expression of @entity983 in 120 cases of @entity157 were as follows: 12.5% were negative, 17.5% were weak positive, and 70% were strong positive. At time of diagnosis, 33/120 (27.5%) presented lymph node @entity3 . Lymph node @entity3 were present in 80% (12 out of 15) @entity983 negative @entity157 , 57.14% (12 out of 21) @entity983 weak positive @entity157 and only 10.71% (9 out of 84) @entity983 intense positive @entity157 , (P<0.05). Therefore, @entity983 @entity5 suppressor gene malfunction seems to be involved in metastasing capacity of @entity157 . CONCLUSION: This study suggests that @entity983 gene was deleted or weakly expressed in primary @entity157 , which is probably related to its tumorigenesis.

title: Expression and significance of new @entity5 suppressor gene XXXX in primary liver cancer.

answer: @entity983 :: (5728,Gene) :: ['PTEN']


abstract: The level of @entity493 aminotransferase (ALT) in blood donors has been related to the frequency of posttransfusion @entity99 in recipients. Sixty-seven donors with elevated ALT levels were evaluated to define the duration and significance of the elevation. The ALT level remained elevated in 41 donors (61%) for a mean interval of 9 months. The ALT level was greater than the @entity492 aminotransferase in all of the donors. @entity167 intake did not correlate with ALT level. Donors with persistently elevated ALT levels had a significantly higher mean percent ideal body weight (128 +/- 3.9) than donors whose ALT level became normal (116 +/- 3.1). Nine donors with elevated ALT levels for at least 6 months had needle biopsies of the liver. Seven had prominent fatty vacuolization of hepatocytes without evidence of @entity99 . One biopsy demonstrated chronic persistent @entity99 . No other cause for the elevated ALT levels could be identified. An overweight male donor with an isolated ALT elevation may need no further investigation unless clinical evaluation suggests a source of @entity99 .

title: The persistence and significance of elevated XXXX aminotransferase levels in blood donors.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic hepatitis', 'liver injury', 'hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity493 :: (CHEBI:16449,Chemical) :: ['alanine']


abstract: Flickering light stimulation of retinal photoreceptors induces @entity384 in @entity1 . In the present study the effect of high blood @entity413 levels on this neuro-vascular mechanism was investigated in 12 healthy young male subjects. Blood @entity413 levels were consecutively increased during 30 min to 100, 200 and 300 mg/dl and kept at the respective level for the following 30 min using hyperglycemic insulin clamps. Eight Hertz flickering light was applied to the fundus at the end of each @entity413 plateau during continuous retinal vessel diameter measurements with the Zeiss retinal vessel analyser (RVA). During normoglycemia (100 mg/dl) flickering light induced a significant vasodilation of @entity5995 arteries (+2.8+/-0.4%, p<0.0001) and veins (+2.6+/-0.4%, p<0.0001). At 300 mg/dl blood @entity413 the flicker response in retinal veins was significantly decreased by 55% (p=0.015 versus 100 mg/dl). The modified RVA employed in the present study provides high sensitivity and is capable of studying flicker-induced @entity2479 . Using this technique the present study confirms that flickering light stimulation of the @entity1 retina induces vasodilation in retinal vessels in healthy subjects. In addition, our data indicate that the retinal vessel response to flickering light stimulation is significantly reduced during @entity4854 in @entity1 . The relevance of this finding for @entity6 remains to be shown.

title: XXXX affects flicker-induced vasodilation in the retina of healthy subjects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes-related eye disease']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vasodilation']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vessel dilation']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['Hyperglycemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity788 is a rare cause of @entity490 in childhood. Advances in imaging techniques for @entity660 have enabled earlier clinical and etiological diagnosis, thus improving treatment possibilities. The aim of this study was to analyze the etiology, diagnostic methods, and management in @entity1 with @entity788 diagnosed in our hospital in the last 10 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the @entity1 aged 0-16 years with a diagnosis of @entity788 admitted to our hospital between 1990 and 2000. Diagnostic criteria were symptoms suggestive of @entity788 and @entity12828 . RESULTS: There were 8 females and 1 male. The median age was 11.5 years (range: 7-16 years). Laboratory findings were as follows: mean amylase level was 1601 U/l and mean lipase level was 506 U/l. Imaging tests: ultrasonography, abdominal computed tomography (CT), and @entity10747 ( @entity10747 ) were performed in 1 @entity1 , and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) was performed in 2. Etiology was @entity2963 (2 @entity1 ), secondary to anti-oncological therapy (3 @entity1 ), @entity1007 (1 @entity1 ), and idiopathic (3 @entity1 ). Medical treatment consisted of diet, @entity1337 , and octreotide in 1 patient, and antioxidants in 1 @entity1 . Surgery was required in 2 @entity1 . Complications consisted of @entity9007 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of childhood @entity788 is low. In our series, mainly teenage @entity1 were affected. The main causes were @entity137 . Diagnosis was given by elevated amylase and lipase levels in blood and by imaging tests (ultrasonography, abdominal CT, @entity10747 , MRCP, depending on the @entity1 ). Basic treatment consisted of support measures (fasting and @entity1337 ) together with @entity2390 , antioxidants or surgical treatment, depending on etiology.

title: [ XXXX : review of our casuistics in the last 10 years].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatitis', 'pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity10747 :: ('MESH:D012183', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography', 'ERCP']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic and toxic']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic pseudocyst in 2']

entities_list: @entity2390 :: ('MESH:D015282', 'Chemical') :: ['octreotide']

entities_list: @entity12828 :: ('MESH:D034321', 'Disease') :: ['hyperamylasemia']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Pancreatitis']


abstract: This study evaluates the feasibility of producing a composite engineered tracheal equivalent composed of cylindrical @entity2383 with lumens lined with nasal epithelial cells. Chondrocytes and epithelial cells isolated from @entity742 nasal septum were cultured in Ham's F12 media. After 2 wk, chondrocyte suspensions were seeded onto a matrix of @entity6886 . Cell-polymer constructs were wrapped around @entity6619 tubes and cultured in vitro for 1 wk, followed by implanting into subcutaneous pockets on the backs of @entity19 . After 6 wk, epithelial cells were suspended in a hydrogel and injected into the embedded @entity705 following removal of the @entity6619 tube. Implants were harvested 4 wk later and analyzed. The morphology of implants resembles that of native @entity742 @entity825 . H_E staining shows the presence of mature cartilage and formation of a pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, with a distinct interface between tissue-engineered cartilage and epithelium. Safranin-O staining shows that tissue-engineered cartilage is organized into lobules with round, angular lacunae, each containing a single chondrocyte. @entity72499 and @entity720 contents are similar to native cartilage. This study demonstrates the feasibility of recreating the cartilage and epithelial portion of the @entity825 using tissue harvested in a single procedure. This has the potential to facilitate an autologous repair of segmental tracheal defects.

title: A composite tissue-engineered @entity825 using XXXX nasal chondrocyte and epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity705 :: ('MESH:D015831', 'Disease') :: ['cartilaginous cylinders']

entities_list: @entity72499 :: ('MESH:D011509', 'Chemical') :: ['Proteoglycan']

entities_list: @entity6886 :: ('CHEBI:53492', 'Chemical') :: ['polyglycolic acid']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['cartilaginous structures']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: This study evaluates the feasibility of producing a composite engineered tracheal equivalent composed of cylindrical @entity2383 with lumens lined with nasal epithelial cells. Chondrocytes and epithelial cells isolated from @entity742 nasal septum were cultured in Ham's F12 media. After 2 wk, chondrocyte suspensions were seeded onto a matrix of @entity6886 . Cell-polymer constructs were wrapped around @entity6619 tubes and cultured in vitro for 1 wk, followed by implanting into subcutaneous pockets on the backs of @entity19 . After 6 wk, epithelial cells were suspended in a hydrogel and injected into the embedded @entity705 following removal of the @entity6619 tube. Implants were harvested 4 wk later and analyzed. The morphology of implants resembles that of native @entity742 @entity825 . H_E staining shows the presence of mature cartilage and formation of a pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, with a distinct interface between tissue-engineered cartilage and epithelium. Safranin-O staining shows that tissue-engineered cartilage is organized into lobules with round, angular lacunae, each containing a single chondrocyte. @entity72499 and @entity720 contents are similar to native cartilage. This study demonstrates the feasibility of recreating the cartilage and epithelial portion of the @entity825 using tissue harvested in a single procedure. This has the potential to facilitate an autologous repair of segmental tracheal defects.

title: A composite tissue-engineered XXXX using @entity742 nasal chondrocyte and epithelial cells.

answer: @entity825 :: (MESH:D055090,Disease) :: ['trachea']


abstract: G protein-coupled receptors are ubiquitous in neurons, as well as other cell types. Activation of receptors by hormones or neurotransmitters splits the G protein heterotrimer into @entity17535 and Gbetagamma subunits. It is now clear that Gbetagamma directly inhibits @entity141 channels, putting them into a reluctant state. The effects of Gbetagamma depend on the specific beta and gamma subunits present, as well as the beta subunit isoform of the N-type @entity141 channel. We describe a minimal mathematical model for the effects of G protein action on the dynamics of synaptic transmission. The model is calibrated by data obtained by transfecting G protein and @entity141 channel subunits into tsA-201 cells. We demonstrate with numerical simulations that G protein action can provide a mechanism for either short-term synaptic facilitation or @entity308 , depending on the manner in which G protein-coupled receptors are activated. The G protein action performs high-pass filtering of the presynaptic signal, with a filter cutoff that depends on the combination of G protein and @entity141 channel subunits present. At stimulus frequencies above the cutoff, trains of single spikes are transmitted, while only doublets are transmitted at frequencies below the cutoff. Finally, we demonstrate that relief of G protein inhibition can contribute to paired-pulse facilitation.

title: A minimal model for G protein-mediated synaptic facilitation and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1092 use in young @entity1 has been associated with the adverse endocrinological effects of @entity1017 and @entity3428 . Furthermore, @entity3610 and @entity3190 have been described in adult @entity1 . In @entity1 and young @entity1 , however, the possible adverse endocrinological effects of @entity1092 have scarcely been analyzed. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of @entity1092 treatment on pubertal development, especially the possible hyperandrogenic effects, in @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity302 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-three @entity1 and 15 @entity1 (aged 8-16 years old) who were undergoing @entity1092 treatment for @entity302 were compared with 15 control @entity1 and 10 control @entity1 of the same age range. Anthropometric indexes, sexual maturation, and @entity3427 scores were evaluated. Serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), @entity251 , @entity2671 , @entity2494 , @entity53 , and insulin were measured. Ultrasound examination of ovaries and estimation of bone age through X-ray of the left hand were also performed. RESULTS: @entity1092 did not affect pubertal development in the study group. No @entity3427 or @entity3610 were found. Increases in weight, relative weight, and body mass index were observed in the group undergoing @entity1092 treatment, but no statistically significant differences compared with the control group were found. Plasma @entity251 was higher in @entity1092 -treated @entity1 (0.71 0.51 ng/ml) than in control @entity1 (0.35 0.15) (p 0.001). This finding was independent of @entity1092 dose and treatment duration. @entity3428 was not found in @entity1092 -treated @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1092 may induce @entity3428 in @entity302 @entity1 but not in @entity1 . This is an early adverse effect and is independent of the dose used. No changes in normal pubertal development or physical repercussions were found in @entity302 @entity1 .

title: [Effects of XXXX on sexual development].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovaries']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity3428 :: ('MESH:D017588', 'Disease') :: ['hyperandrogenism', 'Hyperandrogenism']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate', 'Valproate']

entities_list: @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['dehydroepiandrosterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinism']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

entities_list: @entity3427 :: ('MESH:D006628', 'Disease') :: ['hirsutism']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['valproate']


abstract: Juvenile distal @entity2806 has been attributed to small @entity731 (Arnold, Benoit, Merlen, Dobbelaere, Delandsheer, 1979), based on clinicopathologic findings in one male @entity1 and results of big toe pulp biopsy in three other cases. Pathological findings were obstruction of small artery lumens by @entity1184 endothelium and loose fibrocellular bands, their origin being the result possibly of partial intimalization of media by elastic neogenesis. Appearances were similar to those described by Dahl in @entity1 @entity4522 in 1976, and approached those of the initial stages of experimental @entity1856 (Ross, Glomset, 1976). Arterial exiguity was also present in the 4 cases. Results of biologic, metabolic, inflammatory and immunologic examinations were negative. The present study concerns 4 additional cases of juvenile distal encephalic @entity63 . One case in a female @entity1 not on oral contraceptives confirmed the hypothesis of intimalization of media of arterioles of big toe pulp. Elastic neogenesis was present in the tunica media in areas where there was a change of direction of myocytes, and was apparent at a distance from the internal elastic layer. The latter was fragmented, sometimes doubles and of variable color. In another case, a @entity1 taking oral contraceptives, there was almost total obstruction of the pulp arteriolar lumens with a very thin tunica media. Elastic neogenesis encircled two very narrow lumens in the center of the vessel and there were also elastic changes common to both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Juvenile distal XXXX : value of pulp biopsy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['artery atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity4522 :: ('MESH:D002537', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['cerebral ischemia']


abstract: A retrospective analysis of 96 @entity1 who underwent an epiphysiodesis procedure for @entity3656 was performed. Forty @entity1 were identified who had an open Phemister-type epiphysiodesis. Fifty-six @entity1 underwent a percutaneous epiphysiodesis procedure. All @entity1 ' medical records and radiographs were reviewed for complications. No @entity85 or epiphysiodesis failures occurred in the open group; however, one @entity281 requiring intravenous antibiotics and serial surgical debridement was successfully treated. Five complications occurred in the percutaneous group. The complications included two superficial infections, two failures of @entity1167 , and one @entity86 . The occurrence of complications in the two groups was not statistically significant. Regular follow-up and radiographic evaluation of @entity1 who have undergone a percutaneous epiphysiodesis is essential. Failure of @entity1167 and @entity85 are rare in this @entity1 population, but they can occur.

title: XXXX and epiphysiodesis: review of 96 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3656 :: ('MESH:D007870', 'Disease') :: ['leg length discrepancy']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative angular deformity']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['physeal arrest']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['angular deformities']

answer: @entity3656 :: (MESH:D007870,Disease) :: ['Leg length inequality']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Doppler tissue echocardiography and color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity have proven useful in evaluating cross-sections of @entity1 with @entity1002 , but experience with serial changes is limited. PURPOSE AND METHODS: We tested their use by evaluating the temporal changes of LV function in a pacing-induced @entity712 model. Rapid ventricular pacing was initiated and maintained in 20 @entity235 for 4 weeks. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and weekly during brief pacing cessation. RESULTS: With rapid pacing, LV volume significantly increased and ejection fraction (57%-28%), @entity64 volume (37-18 mL), and mitral annulus systolic velocity (16.1-6.6 cm/s) by Doppler tissue echocardiography significantly decreased, with ejection fraction and mitral annulus systolic velocity closely correlated (r = 0.706, P <.0001). In contrast to the mitral inflow velocities, mitral annulus early diastolic velocity decreased steadily (12.3-7.3 cm/s) resulting in a dramatic decrease in mitral annulus early/late (1.22-0.57) diastolic velocity with no tendency toward pseudonormalization. The color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity also showed significant steady decrease (57-24 cm/s) throughout the pacing period. Multiple regression analysis chose mitral annulus systolic velocity (r = 0.895, P <.0001) and propagation velocity (r = 0.782, P <.0001) for the most important factor predicting LV systolic and diastolic function, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler tissue echocardiography and color M-mode Doppler flow could evaluate the serial deterioration in @entity1002 throughout the pacing period. These were more useful in quantifying progressive @entity1002 than conventional ehocardiographic techniques, and were probably relatively independent of preload. These techniques could be suitable for longitudinal evaluation in addition to the cross-sectional study.

title: An evaluation of the use of new Doppler methods for detecting longitudinal function abnormalities in a pacing-induced XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular (LV) dysfunction', 'LV dysfunction']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: 8 @entity1 with hospital diagnoses of @entity18822 were studied by repeated measurements of time estimation using the three different methods of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation and operative estimation (production) of short time intervals. Retrospective estimations of longer intervals were also studied. The diagnoses were evaluated according to @entity3354 . The degree of mental disturbance was rated with subscales of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Earlier findings had indicated that @entity162 @entity1 tend to overestimate short time intervals and that some @entity308 @entity1 underestimated time, but some investigators have reported different results. A longitudinal study could possibly support the earlier findings if the time estimations should vary with the clinical states of the @entity1 . Such a variation was suggested by the results of 5 of the 8 @entity1 . In several cases there were statistically significant correlations between the results of time estimations and the rating scores. This partly supports earlier findings. Associations between time estimations and changes in clinical state seem to be present in some cases of major @entity1316 . Operative estimations were best correlated with ratings in most cases.

title: Longitudinal changes in time estimation in XXXX : a preliminary study.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity3354 :: ('MESH:C565336', 'Disease') :: ['DSM III criteria']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity18822 :: ('MESH:C565111', 'Disease') :: ['major affective disorder']

answer: @entity1316 :: (MESH:D019964,Disease) :: ['affective disorders']


abstract: Previous work from our lab has used the Dutch @entity262 ( @entity262 ) to assess the cardiovascular responses and motility of large free-ranging species (e.g. @entity1641 ). To further examine the utility of using the @entity262 with non- @entity1 , a study investigating the heart rate (HR) and heart period variability (HRV) of a large @entity235 undergoing behavioral modification therapy was undertaken. This treatment emulated a restraint and tactile pressure technique that has previously been used in @entity1641 . Cardiovascular responses and motility were continuously measured pre-treatment (exposure to a stimulus @entity235 ), during treatment (in-box), and post-treatment. The treatment consisted of placing the @entity235 in a 110 cm (long) by 45 cm (wide) by 102 cm (height) wooden box that only covered the animals' torso and legs and allowed the head to be free. Once the @entity235 was in the box, the body was covered with a lightweight material (grain product) to effect restraint and tactile pressure, which was followed by a repeat exposure to the stimulus animal. Results indicated @entity1168 and an increased HRV during the intervention as compared to baseline with indices of motility changing in the expected directions. Estimates of respiratory frequency derived from the autoregressive spectral analysis indicated changes in respiration did not account for the cardiovascular effects. In conclusion, tactile pressure and restraint may be an important tool for behavioral modification in both @entity1 and animals, and the @entity262 is a useful tool for collecting cardiovascular data on a variety of species in a great many contexts.

title: Ambulatory monitoring of cardiovascular responses during behavioral modification of an aggressive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['AMS', 'Ambulatory Monitoring System']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['decreased heart rate']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: When one mentioned about aneurysmal rebleeding, timing and incidence of the @entity2142 ( @entity2142 ) have been mainly discussed in relation to long term prognosis. But it was rarely considered about necessity of emergency treatment based on timing and incidence of @entity2142 . In this study, clinical significance of @entity2142 especially in the early stage is discussed in relation to severity of the @entity1 's condition, timing of surgery, clinical results and so on. Three hundred sixty-eight cases of anterior communicating, internal carotid and middle @entity438 who were admitted on our hospital within 7 days after last attack were studied. Among them, 127 cases had 192 times of @entity2142 (1 @entity2142 : 83 cases, 2 RAs: 28 cases, 3 RAs: 12 cases, 4 RAs: 3 cases and 5 RAs: 1 case). Incidence of @entity2142 increased in the severe cases. Most frequent timing of second attack was within 6 hours after the first attack (40 cases, 31.5%). Fifty two cases (41%) had their second attack within 24 hours from the first attack. Successive attacks were also most frequent within 6 hours following the preceding one, even in the cases with long term interval period before it. Severity of the @entity1 was increased after @entity2142 especially in the cases with early repetitive attack. We experienced 56 cases who had more than two RAs within each 6 hours. 28 out of 56 cases were severe attack whose consciousness was disturbed more than semicoma and 27 cases died. Mortality and morbidity were higher in the cases with @entity2142 than single attack.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Rebleeding attack of the XXXX --clinical significance of the early aneurysmal rebleeding].

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['rebleeding attack', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['cerebral aneurysm']


abstract: A 39-year-old @entity1 presented with disturbed @entity1662 , left @entity1269 and @entity10 . CT scan revealed @entity548 in the right parietal region, which had lower density than usual intracerebral @entity548 and was associated with irregular perifocal @entity4 . Cerebral angiograms revealed narrowed cortical vein with irregular wall in the right parietal region, where delayed local blood flow into the deep cerebral veins through collateral vessels was noted. The diagnosis was @entity548 due to @entity715 of cortical vein. Her symptoms and @entity2657 were progressive. To reduce intracranial pressure, evacuation of the @entity1410 was performed. The @entity1410 which existed 1cm under the right parietal cortex was about 20g in weight. She remarkably improved soon after operation. Frequency of sinovenous @entity715 has been reported to be about 10% of all cerebral @entity63 , however, localized @entity49 is rare among them. This is because it is not always symptomatic and it is difficult to make accurate diagnosis. Six cases of localized @entity49 were reviewed, in which accurate diagnosis were established by cerebral angiograms, CT scan and/or autopsy. Clinical and radiological features of this case were presented.

title: [ XXXX of cortical vein: a case report].

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['subcortical hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ['consciousness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['Thrombosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study reviews the results of acute repair of peripheral ulnar-sided triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) detachment associated with @entity7334 . TYPE OF STUDY: Two-year follow-up of @entity1 who had undergone acute TFCC repair. METHODS: Fifty-six @entity1 underwent arthroscopically assisted treatment of @entity7334 using external fixation and adjunctive percutaneous pinning between 1994 and 1998. Thirteen @entity1 with an acute, complete tear of the ulnar attachment of the TFCC were treated using arthroscopic repair of the TFCC in addition to stabilization of the radius fracture. All @entity1 were evaluated at a mean of 24 months (range, 17 to 35 months) with a physical examination, wrist radiographs, and a Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) module outcome assessment questionnaire. RESULTS: Average wrist flexion, extension, pronation, and supination were 67.3, 61.8, 79.1, and 86.8, respectively. The average grip strength was 78% of the uninjured side. The results of the Gartland and Werley grading system were good to excellent in 12 @entity1 and fair in 1 @entity1 . The DASH outcome scores revealed a mean functional score of 13 and a mean athletic score of 12. None of the @entity1 reported ulnar-sided @entity158 at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopically assisted TFCC repair in conjunction with distal radius fixation resulted in a high degree of @entity1 satisfaction and good to excellent clinical outcomes.

title: Results of acute arthroscopically repaired triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7334 :: ('MESH:D057072', 'Disease') :: ['intra-articular distal radius fractures']

answer: @entity7334 :: (MESH:D057072,Disease) :: ['intra-articular distal radius fractures']


abstract: AIMS: We present our preliminary experience with the use of ultrasound in aiding the diagnosis of @entity226 ( @entity226 ). Schmidt et al have previously described a hypoechoic or "halo" effect surrounding the walls of affected arteries on examination with ultrasound. We illustrate these features and explore the attributes and limitations of this technique. METHOD: Two groups of @entity1 were recruited: (1) @entity1 with suspected @entity226 awaiting temporal artery biopsy and (2) @entity1 with no history or symptoms of @entity226 of a similar age group. All the recruited @entity1 underwent ultrasound examination of both temporal arteries. The findings on ultrasound were compared with the results of the histological specimens in group 1. For this study, the histological findings alone were used to define if a @entity1 was suffering from @entity226 . No biopsies were taken in the @entity1 in group 2. RESULTS: Out of 26 @entity1 with suspected @entity226 , seven @entity1 were found to be positive on biopsy, of which six had been identified on ultrasound. Six @entity1 were found to be false positive on ultrasound, but all had moderate-to-severe features of @entity4288 on histology. A total of 13 @entity1 were found to be negative on ultrasound and negative on biopsy for @entity226 , two of these @entity1 had histological features of @entity4288 . In the group with no symptoms of @entity226 (12 @entity1 ), in two @entity1 hypoechoic areas were detected. The results presented give a sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 68%, and positive predictive value of 50% for the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of @entity226 . CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study indicates that this test may be helpful in those @entity1 with symptoms suggestive of @entity226 , but currently we cannot recommend any change of present practice.

title: The use of ultrasound as an aid in the diagnosis of XXXX : a pilot study comparing histological features with ultrasound findings.

entities_list: @entity226 :: ('MESH:D013700', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell arteritis', 'GCA']

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity226 :: (MESH:D013700,Disease) :: ['giant cell arteritis']


abstract: @entity3094 , @entity8697 , and @entity406 are important toxicants of cigarette smoke. Since @entity3094 is a toxicant common to both heavy @entity167 drinking and heavy cigarette smoking, protection studies were undertaken in @entity35 first against @entity3094 lethality and later against @entity8697 and @entity406 lethality. This paper summarizes findings from previously published studies. With @entity3094 (LD 90 dose/72 hrs.) protection studies were carried out by pretreatment with a high oral dose (2 mmoles/kg) of @entity462 and 17 other @entity599 compounds. Good protection (80% or more survivors) was obtained with @entity462 , @entity898 , @entity15854 . @entity5828 , @entity9732 , @entity42286 , and a combination (CTA) of @entity462 , @entity15854 . @entity5828 , and @entity620 . @entity898 , @entity42286 , and the combination CTA gave 100% protection (i.e. 100% survivors). With @entity8697 (LD 95 dose/72 hrs.), protection data showed 80% survivors with @entity462 and 95% with the combination CTA. With @entity406 (LD 95 dose/72 hrs.), protection resulted in 20% survivors with @entity462 and 55% with the combination CTA. However, protection against @entity406 lethality could be increased to 90% survivors by repeated dosing with @entity620 per se over a two day period prior to administration of @entity406 . Further animal experimentation is necessary before any extrapolation of these findings for @entity1 use can be considered. Due to current interest, the potential value of @entity898 as a protectant is also discussed.

title: Protective action of XXXX compounds against aldehyde toxicants of cigarette smoke.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['L-cysteine']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['L-ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylcysteine']

entities_list: @entity9732 :: ('MESH:C005200', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium metabisulfite']

entities_list: @entity42286 :: ('CHEBI:17285', 'Chemical') :: ['L-cysteic acid']

entities_list: @entity8697 :: ('MESH:D000171', 'Chemical') :: ['acrolein']

entities_list: @entity3094 :: ('MESH:D000079', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaldehyde', 'Acetaldehyde']

answer: @entity599 :: (MESH:D013455,Chemical) :: ['sulfur']


abstract: This is the first thorough study of refilling of a cortical @entity460 store in a secretory cell after stimulation in which we combined widely different methodologies. Stimulation of dense-core vesicle ("trichocysts") exocytosis in Paramecium involves a @entity141 -influx" superimposed to @entity141 -release from cortical stores ("alveolar sacs" (ASs)). In quenched-flow experiments, membrane fusion frequency rose with increasing [ @entity141 ](o) in the medium, from approximately 20-25% at [ @entity141 ](o) < or = 0.25 microM to 100% at [ @entity141 ](o) between 2 and 10 microM, i.e. close to the range of estimated local intracellular [ @entity141 ] during membrane fusion. Next, we analyzed @entity141 -specific fluorochrome signals during stimulation under different conditions. Treatment with actin-reactive drugs had no effect on @entity141 -signaling. In double trigger experiments, with @entity18650 in the second secretagogue application (BAPTA only for stimulation and analysis), the cortical @entity141 -signal (due solely to @entity141 released from cortical stores) recovered with t(1/2) approximately 65 min. When ASs were analyzed in situ by X-ray microanalysis after different trigger times (+ @entity141 (o)), t(1/2) for store refilling was similar, approximately 60 min. These values are similar to previously measured 45 @entity141 -uptake by isolated ASs. In sum we find, (i) exogenous @entity141 increases exocytosis/membrane fusion performance with EC(50)=0.7 microM, (ii) @entity141 -signaling in this system is not sensitive to actin-reactive drugs, and (iii) refilling of these cortical @entity460 stores goes on over hours and thus is much slower than expected.

title: Refilling of cortical XXXX stores in Paramecium cells: in situ analysis in correlation with store-operated @entity460 influx.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: This is the first thorough study of refilling of a cortical @entity460 store in a secretory cell after stimulation in which we combined widely different methodologies. Stimulation of dense-core vesicle ("trichocysts") exocytosis in Paramecium involves a @entity141 -influx" superimposed to @entity141 -release from cortical stores ("alveolar sacs" (ASs)). In quenched-flow experiments, membrane fusion frequency rose with increasing [ @entity141 ](o) in the medium, from approximately 20-25% at [ @entity141 ](o) < or = 0.25 microM to 100% at [ @entity141 ](o) between 2 and 10 microM, i.e. close to the range of estimated local intracellular [ @entity141 ] during membrane fusion. Next, we analyzed @entity141 -specific fluorochrome signals during stimulation under different conditions. Treatment with actin-reactive drugs had no effect on @entity141 -signaling. In double trigger experiments, with @entity18650 in the second secretagogue application (BAPTA only for stimulation and analysis), the cortical @entity141 -signal (due solely to @entity141 released from cortical stores) recovered with t(1/2) approximately 65 min. When ASs were analyzed in situ by X-ray microanalysis after different trigger times (+ @entity141 (o)), t(1/2) for store refilling was similar, approximately 60 min. These values are similar to previously measured 45 @entity141 -uptake by isolated ASs. In sum we find, (i) exogenous @entity141 increases exocytosis/membrane fusion performance with EC(50)=0.7 microM, (ii) @entity141 -signaling in this system is not sensitive to actin-reactive drugs, and (iii) refilling of these cortical @entity460 stores goes on over hours and thus is much slower than expected.

title: Refilling of cortical @entity460 stores in Paramecium cells: in situ analysis in correlation with store-operated XXXX influx.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To formulate a classification tool for early recognition of @entity1 admitted with acute @entity2885 (AP) who are at high risk for failure of treatment or for @entity204 . METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 225 @entity1 (102 @entity1 ) admitted with AP. We considered 13 potential risk factors in a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Recent hospitalization, previous use of antibiotics, and immunosuppression were found to be independent correlates of the prevalence of resistant pathogens in both sexes. Additional predictors included @entity1790 in @entity1 and a history of recurrent AP in @entity1 . Prolonged hospitalization should be expected for a @entity1 with @entity6 and long-term catheterization who is older than 65 years or for a @entity1 of any age with the same characteristics, when the initial treatment was changed according to the results of urine culture. For mortality prediction, we derived an integer-based scoring system with 6 points for shock, 4 for bedridden status, 4 for age greater than 65 years, and 3 for previous antibiotic treatment for @entity1 and 6 points for shock, 4 for bedridden status, 4 for age greater than 65 years, and 3 for immunosuppression for @entity1 . Among @entity1 with at least 11 points, the risk for in-hospital @entity204 was 100% for @entity1 and 91% for @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Simple variables available at presentation can be used for risk stratification of @entity1 with AP. The additional identification of certain risk factors by means of a carefully obtained history could contribute to early recognition of @entity1 infected by resistant bacteria and optimize the selection of antimicrobial agents.

title: Acute XXXX in adults: prediction of mortality and failure of treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patients', 'man', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1790 :: ('MESH:D053040', 'Disease') :: ['nephrolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

answer: @entity2885 :: (MESH:D011704,Disease) :: ['pyelonephritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of the antioxidant @entity14319 on the occurrence of @entity1468 and @entity1592 in primigravida @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 251 primigravida @entity1 were enrolled in this prospective, randomized controlled study in the second trimester. A total of 116 @entity1 were given oral @entity14319 (Group I) in a dose of 2 mg twice daily while 135 @entity1 were given a placebo (Group II) in the same dose until delivery. The criteria for recruitment included gestational age of 16-20 weeks, singleton pregnancy, absence of any medical complication and willingness on the part of the @entity1 to participate in the study. The @entity1 were followed-up until delivery for development of @entity1468 , mode of delivery and fetal outcome. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in their maternal characteristics. @entity1468 developed in significantly less @entity1 in the @entity14319 group than in the placebo group (8.6% vs. 17.7%, P=0.043 by chi-square test). Mean diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the placebo group (92.2+/-5.98 mmHg vs. 86.7+/-3.80 mmHg, P=0.012). Mean fetal weight was significantly higher in the @entity14319 group (2751.17+/-315.76 g vs. 2657+/-444.30 g, P=0.049). The incidence of @entity1592 was significantly lower in the @entity14319 group than in the placebo group (12% vs. 23.7%, P=0.033). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that the antioxidant @entity14319 reduces the development of @entity1468 and @entity1592 in primigravida @entity1 .

title: Effect of @entity14319 on XXXX and intra-uterine growth retardation in primigravidas.

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['pre-eclampsia', 'Pre-eclampsia']

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['pre-eclampsia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To observe the effect of the antioxidant @entity14319 on the occurrence of @entity1468 and @entity1592 in primigravida @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 251 primigravida @entity1 were enrolled in this prospective, randomized controlled study in the second trimester. A total of 116 @entity1 were given oral @entity14319 (Group I) in a dose of 2 mg twice daily while 135 @entity1 were given a placebo (Group II) in the same dose until delivery. The criteria for recruitment included gestational age of 16-20 weeks, singleton pregnancy, absence of any medical complication and willingness on the part of the @entity1 to participate in the study. The @entity1 were followed-up until delivery for development of @entity1468 , mode of delivery and fetal outcome. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in their maternal characteristics. @entity1468 developed in significantly less @entity1 in the @entity14319 group than in the placebo group (8.6% vs. 17.7%, P=0.043 by chi-square test). Mean diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the placebo group (92.2+/-5.98 mmHg vs. 86.7+/-3.80 mmHg, P=0.012). Mean fetal weight was significantly higher in the @entity14319 group (2751.17+/-315.76 g vs. 2657+/-444.30 g, P=0.049). The incidence of @entity1592 was significantly lower in the @entity14319 group than in the placebo group (12% vs. 23.7%, P=0.033). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that the antioxidant @entity14319 reduces the development of @entity1468 and @entity1592 in primigravida @entity1 .

title: Effect of XXXX on @entity1468 and intra-uterine growth retardation in primigravidas.

answer: @entity14319 :: (MESH:C015329,Chemical) :: ['lycopene']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6078 ( @entity6078 ) is an antibody deficiency treated with immunoglobulin; however, @entity1 can have noninfectious inflammatory conditions that lead to heightened morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: Modular analyses of RNA transcripts in whole blood previously identified an upregulation of many interferon-responsive genes. In this study we sought the cell populations leading to this signature. METHODS: Lymphoid cells were measured in peripheral blood of 55 @entity1 with @entity6078 (31 with and 24 without inflammatory/autoimmune complications) by using mass cytometry and flow cytometry. Surface markers, cytokines, and transcriptional characteristics of sorted innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were defined by using quantitative PCR. Gastrointestinal and lung biopsy specimens of subjects with @entity32 were stained to seek ILCs in tissues. RESULTS: The linage-negative, CD127(+), CD161(+) lymphoid population containing T-box transcription factor, @entity1968 -related orphan receptor (ROR) yt, @entity379 , @entity4155 , and @entity13236 , all hallmarks of type 3 innate lymphoid cells, were expanded in the blood of @entity1 with @entity6078 with inflammatory conditions (mean, 3.7% of PBMCs). ILCs contained detectable amounts of the transcription factors inhibitor of DNA binding 2, T-box transcription factor, and RORyt and increased mRNA transcripts for @entity14283 ( @entity14283 ) and @entity67570 , demonstrating inflammatory potential. In gastrointestinal and lung biopsy tissues of @entity1 with @entity6078 , numerous @entity379 (+)RORyt(+)CD3(-) cells were identified, suggesting a role in these mucosal inflammatory states. CONCLUSIONS: An expansion of this highly inflammatory ILC population is a characteristic of @entity1 with @entity6078 with @entity32 ; ILCs and the interferon signature are markers for the uncontrolled inflammatory state in these @entity1 .

title: Expansion of inflammatory innate lymphoid cells in XXXX with common variable immune deficiency.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity6078 :: ('MESH:D017074', 'Disease') :: ['Common variable immunodeficiency', 'CVID']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity is a known risk factor for the development of @entity85 ( @entity85 ), but @entity28 's effects on outcomes following @entity85 reconstruction are unknown. We hypothesized that @entity28 would negatively impact outcomes following joint-preserving stage II @entity85 reconstruction. METHODS: This retrospective study compared the outcomes of normal-weight (18.5 kg/m(2)  <= BMI < 25 kg/m(2)), overweight (25 kg/m(2)  <= BMI < 30 kg/m(2)), and @entity28 (BMI >=  30 kg/m(2)) @entity1 after @entity85 reconstruction. Clinical outcome measures included the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), Short-Form 12 (SF-12), and Numeric Rating Scale of @entity158 (NRS @entity158 ) administered preoperatively and at least 1 year postoperatively. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were taken preoperatively and at least 6 months postoperatively. Pre- to postoperative changes in outcome measures were assessed within BMI classes. Preoperative, postoperative, and pre- to postoperative changes in outcomes were compared among BMI classes. There were 41 normal-weight @entity1 , 39 overweight @entity1 , and 44 @entity28 @entity1 with a mean age of 56 years, FAOS follow-up of 2.9 years, and radiographic follow-up of 2.1 years. Demographics and reconstructive procedures were comparable among the 3 BMI classes. RESULTS: All outcomes significantly increased pre- to postoperatively in the 3 groups with the exception of the FAOS Symptoms subscale for normal-weight @entity1 (P = .340) and SF-12 Mental Component score for all 3 BMI classes (P > .999). Preoperatively, @entity28 @entity1 had more symptoms than normal-weight @entity1 , scoring 12 points lower on the FAOS Symptoms subscore (P = .008). @entity28 @entity1 also scored 11 points lower preoperatively on the SF-12 Overall score (P = .028) and had 31% greater @entity158 than normal-weight @entity1 (P = .003). There were no differences among the 3 BMI classes in any postoperative outcomes assessed. CONCLUSION: Although @entity28 @entity1 had significantly worse symptoms, overall health, and NRS @entity158 scores preoperatively, the short-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of stage II @entity85 reconstruction were similar for normal-weight, overweight, and @entity28 @entity1 . We suggest that joint-preserving reconstruction remains a viable alternative to fusion of the triple joint complex for the treatment of overweight and @entity28 stage II @entity85 @entity1 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

title: Effect of Obesity on Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes Following Reconstruction of Stage II Adult Acquired XXXX .

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['adult acquired flatfoot deformity', 'AAFD']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obese', 'obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['Flatfoot Deformity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This is a review of studies with two agents, @entity1160 and @entity52379 , which have been found to enhance recovery of cellular @entity855 ( @entity855 ) and @entity857 after @entity548 . METHODS: The studies used a sublethal (30 minutes) reservoir shock model in 300- to 350-g, male, @entity35 , using either @entity3652 - @entity4763 or @entity5161 anesthesia. @entity1160 was given as a 3% (21 mmol/L) solution in Ringer's @entity880 (630 mg/kg). @entity52379 was given as a 500 nmol/L solution in Ringer's @entity880 (2 mg/kg). RESULTS: Both @entity1160 and @entity52379 caused recovery of @entity855 to baseline levels (9.0 micromol/g) within 60 to 120 minutes after resuscitation. @entity3624 levels returned more rapidly to baseline (0.1 micromol/g). Both agents prevented the elevation in apoptosis seen in controls at 24 and 48 hours. CONCLUSION: @entity1160 is a metabolic substrate and a precursor of @entity855 synthesis. @entity52379 enhances @entity26 diffusivity in plasma. Both agents restore cellular energy stores to normal after @entity548 and produce a marked diminution in the extent of apoptosis postshock. Their mechanism of action probably involves prevention of @entity2383 .

title: Cellular energetics in XXXX : restoring @entity855 to the cells.

entities_list: @entity52379 :: ('MESH:C010561', 'Chemical') :: ['crocetin', 'Crocetin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutamine', 'glutamine']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['Xanthine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

entities_list: @entity4763 :: ('MESH:D014991', 'Chemical') :: ['xylazine']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity857 :: ('MESH:D000244', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine diphosphate']

entities_list: @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine triphosphate', 'ATP']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial damage']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This is a review of studies with two agents, @entity1160 and @entity52379 , which have been found to enhance recovery of cellular @entity855 ( @entity855 ) and @entity857 after @entity548 . METHODS: The studies used a sublethal (30 minutes) reservoir shock model in 300- to 350-g, male, @entity35 , using either @entity3652 - @entity4763 or @entity5161 anesthesia. @entity1160 was given as a 3% (21 mmol/L) solution in Ringer's @entity880 (630 mg/kg). @entity52379 was given as a 500 nmol/L solution in Ringer's @entity880 (2 mg/kg). RESULTS: Both @entity1160 and @entity52379 caused recovery of @entity855 to baseline levels (9.0 micromol/g) within 60 to 120 minutes after resuscitation. @entity3624 levels returned more rapidly to baseline (0.1 micromol/g). Both agents prevented the elevation in apoptosis seen in controls at 24 and 48 hours. CONCLUSION: @entity1160 is a metabolic substrate and a precursor of @entity855 synthesis. @entity52379 enhances @entity26 diffusivity in plasma. Both agents restore cellular energy stores to normal after @entity548 and produce a marked diminution in the extent of apoptosis postshock. Their mechanism of action probably involves prevention of @entity2383 .

title: Cellular energetics in @entity548 : restoring XXXX to the cells.

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['adenosine triphosphate']