abstract: Intellectual deterioration may be observed in the course of @entity191 . Since it had been reported that central cholinergic systems degenerate in @entity195 and @entity195 , we measured the activity of @entity1877 acetyltransferase (C.A.T.) and the number of muscarinic receptors in various cortical regions of 12 control subjects and 20 @entity1 and compared these biochemical results with clinical and neuropathological data concerning the @entity1 . Thirteen of the @entity191 @entity1 showed signs of intellectual decline (moderate in 8, severe in 5) and neuropathological examination of the cortex revealed in 10 cases large number of @entity195 changes extending beyond the hippocampus. C.A.T. activity was decreased in the cerebral cortex in every @entity1 . The decrease was greater in intellectually deteriorated @entity1 and in the group with numerous senile changes in the cortex. The number of muscarinic receptors was increased in @entity1 that had been treated with anticholinergic drugs until they died, but also in those who had not received these drugs, suggesting and underlying denervation @entity56 . In the caudate nucleus, however, neither C.A.T. activity nor muscarinic receptor number was altered, indicating that the cortical cholinergic lesion was specific. Although in most cases @entity303 in @entity191 was of the Alzheimer type, the case of a @entity191 @entity1 in whom cortical C.A.T. activity was severely decreased, in spite of the absence of cortical histopathological evidence characteristic of @entity195 , suggests that a @entity191 different from the Alzheimer type also exists. In @entity191 as in @entity195 . activity in the cerebral cortex results from degeneration of the cholinergic neurones in the nucleus of Meynert which projects to the cortex. Although the severity of @entity2026 seems in relationship with the extent of degeneration, this could already begin before intellectual impairment is apparent.

title: [ @entity303 and XXXX : biochemical and anatomo-clinical correlation].

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['demented parkinsonian', "Parkinson's disease", 'parkinsonian dementia', 'parkinsonian']

entities_list: @entity2026 :: ('MESH:D001037', 'Disease') :: ['intellectual deterioration']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer type senile', "Alzheimer's disease", "Alzheimer's disease the decrease in C.A.T", 'senile dementia']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: Intellectual deterioration may be observed in the course of @entity191 . Since it had been reported that central cholinergic systems degenerate in @entity195 and @entity195 , we measured the activity of @entity1877 acetyltransferase (C.A.T.) and the number of muscarinic receptors in various cortical regions of 12 control subjects and 20 @entity1 and compared these biochemical results with clinical and neuropathological data concerning the @entity1 . Thirteen of the @entity191 @entity1 showed signs of intellectual decline (moderate in 8, severe in 5) and neuropathological examination of the cortex revealed in 10 cases large number of @entity195 changes extending beyond the hippocampus. C.A.T. activity was decreased in the cerebral cortex in every @entity1 . The decrease was greater in intellectually deteriorated @entity1 and in the group with numerous senile changes in the cortex. The number of muscarinic receptors was increased in @entity1 that had been treated with anticholinergic drugs until they died, but also in those who had not received these drugs, suggesting and underlying denervation @entity56 . In the caudate nucleus, however, neither C.A.T. activity nor muscarinic receptor number was altered, indicating that the cortical cholinergic lesion was specific. Although in most cases @entity303 in @entity191 was of the Alzheimer type, the case of a @entity191 @entity1 in whom cortical C.A.T. activity was severely decreased, in spite of the absence of cortical histopathological evidence characteristic of @entity195 , suggests that a @entity191 different from the Alzheimer type also exists. In @entity191 as in @entity195 . activity in the cerebral cortex results from degeneration of the cholinergic neurones in the nucleus of Meynert which projects to the cortex. Although the severity of @entity2026 seems in relationship with the extent of degeneration, this could already begin before intellectual impairment is apparent.

title: [ XXXX and @entity191 : biochemical and anatomo-clinical correlation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['Dementia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of chemomechanical caries removal on bond strengths of three adhesive systems to caries-affected @entity1 dentine. METHODS: 45 extracted @entity1 third molars with occlusal moderate caries were used. One half of each cavity was prepared with chemomechanical method and the other half with bur as the control. Three adhesive systems, Prime_Bond NT (Dentsply, Germany) without any previous conditioning, an etch-and-rinse adhesive (One-Step, Bisco, USA) and a self-etching adhesive (Adper Prompt-L-Pop, 3M ESPE, USA), were applied. The compomer or resin crowns were, then, built up. The prepared specimens were sectioned for @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ) examination and microtensile bond strength (MTBS) testing. Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA with subsequent application of Student-Newman-Keuls test at p<0.05. RESULTS: Opened dentinal tubules and less smear layer were visible by @entity4653 after chemomechanical caries removal, whilst an obvious smear layer covering the dentine surface with occluded tubules was exhibited after bur excavation. Resin tags were seen only in specimens with chemomechanical excavation when Prime_Bond NT system was applied. Statistical analysis of the values of MTBS failed to show significant difference between caries removal methods. However, the values of MTBS for One-Step system achieved with two caries removal methods were both significant higher than other adhesive systems. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1547 removal did not influence the bond strengths of the adhesive systems used in this study to caries-affected @entity1 dentine. Highest bond strength was achieved with application of etch-and-rinse adhesive system.

title: Morphological and microtensile bond strength evaluation of three adhesive systems to caries-affected XXXX dentine with chemomechanical caries removal.

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['Chemomechanical caries']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'scanning electron microscopy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The noradrenergic innervation of the @entity35 thymus during pregnancy and the post partum period was examined by a sucrose @entity11571 method for @entity2661 , and by high pressure liquid chromatography. Fluorescent nerves decreased in number throughout pregnancy when there was an overall loss in thymic weight due to cortical involution. These changes are maximal by parturition. There was a dramatic increase in nerves between d 21 of pregnancy and d 1 after parturition, especially in the capsule and around blood vessels in the connective tissue septa. The neonates were removed at parturition and thymic weight was rapidly regained. The increased numbers of nerves remained throughout this post partum period. @entity1063 levels in the thymus altered in a similar pattern throughout pregnancy and the post partum period, but did not parallel thymic weight changes. The mean @entity1063 concentration in the virgin thymus was 1063 +/- 107 pg/mg protein. Levels remained similar during early pregnancy and increased significantly at d 16. Virgin levels were regained by d 21. Values peaked after parturition but rapidly decreased over the next 3 days, and remained at or below virgin levels to d 28 except for a transient rise at d 10 post partum. Adrenaline values were consistently below detection levels. This study shows that there are variations in both nerves visualised, and in neurotransmitter ( @entity1063 ) content in the thymus during the course of pregnancy and the post partum period. Thus thymic function could be influenced by central events (levels of @entity2661 in peripheral blood) as well as local events mediated by transmitter changes in nerves.

title: The noradrenergic innervation of the XXXX thymus during pregnancy and in the post partum period.

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Noradrenaline', 'noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity11571 :: ('MESH:C031150', 'Chemical') :: ['glyoxylic acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dermatosurgery has been gaining in importance in recent years. STUDY AIMS: The aim of our study was to describe this activity to increase its value and to inform the other specialists and the general public. @entity1 AND METHODS: We performed a national prospective study during one month in the hospital centers and university teaching hospitals in France and among the members of the Surgical Group of the Soci  t   fran  aise de dermatologie. Data were collected with a pre-established questionnaire. They were captured on EpiData 3.1 and Excel software package and were analysed using the SPSS 15.0 software package. RESULTS: The participation of dermatology departments in hospital was 66.7 %. For the members of the surgical group, it was 43.1 %. A total of 2308 dermatological surgical procedures was performed. The mean age was 55.5 years    20.7. Three hundred and thirty-six (14.6 %) procedures were performed with antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants. The excisions of @entity1489 were carry out with no previous biopsy in 71.3 % of cases. We described repairs in one time in the majority of cases (92.2 %), and the most frequent type of procedure was direct closure (83.4 %). Complete excision was obtained directly in 95.2 % of cases and the clinicopathological correlation was also excellent (89.5 %). Three percent of @entity1 suffered complications during or following surgery and these complications were more frequent with the @entity1 treated by antithrombotic medications. CONCLUSION: This is, in our knowledge, the first prospective study on dermatosurgery activity practised by dermatologists in France. The important rate of participation exemplified the implications of dermatologists in the treatment of @entity1489 with an optimal follow-up.

title: [Evaluation of the activity of XXXX 's excision in dermatology (France, 2009)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancers']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['skin tumor']


abstract: A prospective study investigated the effect of local anesthesia, eyelid @entity4 and superior @entity121 on @entity86 . @entity1 were randomized into four groups to study these effects. Group A received a Van Lint eyelid block and a superior rectus bridle suture. Group B received a Van Lint block and an episcleral retraction suture. Group C received a Nadbath @entity616 and a superior rectus bridle suture. Group D received a Nadbath block and an episcleral retraction suture. Results of the study indicate that @entity86 can be significantly reduced by varying our operative techniques. @entity86 was significantly increased in group A and reduced in group D. It appears that @entity130 to the superior rectus muscle complex is the most critical factor in @entity86 . Fifty five and one-half percent of the population entered the study with @entity1736 . @entity1736 had no effect on @entity86 . Lid crease, superior sulcus fullness and lash rotation are poor anatomical landmarks of levator insertion in the elderly population, both preoperatively and postoperatively.

title: XXXX and cataract surgery. A multivariant computer analysis of a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative ptosis', 'postoperative ptosis']

entities_list: @entity1736 :: ('MESH:D001763', 'Disease') :: ['Preoperative ptosis', 'preoperative ptosis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['rectus muscle injury']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['retroauricular facial nerve block']

answer: @entity1736 :: (MESH:D001763,Disease) :: ['Ptosis']


abstract: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastropathy is an important clinical entity, most commonly encountered in elderly female @entity1 . The expanding use of NSAIDs in the elderly population has led to an increased incidence of NSAID-induced gastropathy. The risk of @entity356 in these @entity1 is 7-fold higher than in the younger population. Long term NSAID therapy in the elderly is apparently associated with failure of normal gastric mucosal adaptation. Silent unidentified @entity1819 are likely to be common with long term NSAID therapy, as symptomatology does not parallel pathological progression. This gastropathy, in contrast to peptic @entity1066 , is responsive to @entity2918 and other cytoprotective agents. A new generation of prostaglandin-sparing NSAIDs (e.g. @entity2852 ), in addition to the older nonacetylated salicylates, may represent less gastrotoxic alternatives. Therefore, these agents may substantially reduce the risk of NSAID-induced gastropathy. The debate continues as to whether to use NSAIDs, and under which circumstances. More importantly, the cost-benefit implications and justification for concomitant therapy with gastroprotective agents cloud the picture. Currently, there is a definite consensus that NSAIDs should not be casually used on a chronic basis, especially in @entity1 at risk for serious gastropathy complications. In all cases, where possible, gastric prostaglandin-sparing NSAIDs or nonacetylated salicylates should be used in lowest effective dosages. In special circumstances, gastroprotective co-therapy can be considered. NSAID therapy probably should not be used or continued in elderly @entity1 with a history of bleeding @entity1066 or recent major gastric ulcer activity.

title: From peptic XXXX to NSAID gastropathy. An evolving nosology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2852 :: ('MESH:C035605', 'Chemical') :: ['nabumetone']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric lesions']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer disease', 'ulcers']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric bleeding']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer disease']


abstract: C1 and C3 activation, measured as C1r-C1s-C1 inactivator C1s-C1r-C1IA complexes in serum and circulating @entity8428 were studied in serial samples from 33 @entity1 with @entity1252 . All @entity1 demonstrated exacerbations during observation periods of 10-30 months and were divided into groups according to principal clincal features (mild @entity1252 , severe extra-renal @entity1252 , and @entity1988 ). Increased C1 activation was consistently found during exacerbation. @entity8428 in plasma was a feature associated with severe disease flares. Activation of C1, but not of C3, was documented before flare-ups of disease activity, but such predictive information was mostly restricted to @entity1 with @entity8 . C2 cleavage in plasma, studied serially in a few @entity1 , appeared to be closely associated with C1 activation. Circulating immune complexes, measured with solid-phase @entity6300 assay, did not always increase before development of clinical manifestations. Remission of symptoms was paralleled by decreasing concentrations of C1r-C1s-C1IA and of, when present, @entity8428 . Similar findings were made for immune complexes but only in severe disease. Persisting @entity8428 was observed in 3 @entity1 , who subsequently developed @entity177 . @entity6300 levels were transiently low during flare-ups of @entity1988 , but otherwise the concentrations of @entity6300 , C4 and C3 did not show consistent patterns of variation in relation to disease activity.

title: Sequential studies of complement activation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['extra-renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: The coexistence of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and @entity704 is rare. We describe 2 female @entity1 with this combination. A 48-year-old @entity1 presented with @entity1353 due to a left @entity1143 . Her past history revealed over the previous 3 years the development of @entity417 , @entity882 , @entity1665 , @entity2294 and @entity644 . Four months prior to this hospitalization, the @entity1 was first admitted due to @entity4125 . At that time, laboratory tests revealed an elevated sedimentation rate, elevated titers of ANA and anti-DNA. Chest X-ray demonstrated a widened mediastinum, and upon operation an encapsulated @entity704 was excised. Four months following the thymectomy, the @entity1 is unresponsive despite high dose @entity134 therapy. Another @entity1 , a 30-year-old @entity1 , presented with @entity1252 (cutaneous, @entity625 , @entity417 , positive ANA and high titers of anti-DNA) and @entity704 simultaneously. Six years after thymectomy the @entity1 is in @entity1252 remission. Thymectomy in @entity19 prone to autoimmunity (NZB/W @entity19 ) has been shown to accelerate the autoimmune manifestations. Conversely, the opposite effect is seen in MRL/lpr @entity19 . The immunological effect of adult thymectomy on the course of @entity1 @entity1252 remains to be established, on a larger series of @entity1 . It seems that the heterogenicity of @entity1 @entity1 is exemplified by the contrasting effects of thymectomy for @entity704 in @entity1252 @entity1 .

title: XXXX and @entity704 --a double-edged sword.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['Systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: The coexistence of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and @entity704 is rare. We describe 2 female @entity1 with this combination. A 48-year-old @entity1 presented with @entity1353 due to a left @entity1143 . Her past history revealed over the previous 3 years the development of @entity417 , @entity882 , @entity1665 , @entity2294 and @entity644 . Four months prior to this hospitalization, the @entity1 was first admitted due to @entity4125 . At that time, laboratory tests revealed an elevated sedimentation rate, elevated titers of ANA and anti-DNA. Chest X-ray demonstrated a widened mediastinum, and upon operation an encapsulated @entity704 was excised. Four months following the thymectomy, the @entity1 is unresponsive despite high dose @entity134 therapy. Another @entity1 , a 30-year-old @entity1 , presented with @entity1252 (cutaneous, @entity625 , @entity417 , positive ANA and high titers of anti-DNA) and @entity704 simultaneously. Six years after thymectomy the @entity1 is in @entity1252 remission. Thymectomy in @entity19 prone to autoimmunity (NZB/W @entity19 ) has been shown to accelerate the autoimmune manifestations. Conversely, the opposite effect is seen in MRL/lpr @entity19 . The immunological effect of adult thymectomy on the course of @entity1 @entity1252 remains to be established, on a larger series of @entity1 . It seems that the heterogenicity of @entity1 @entity1 is exemplified by the contrasting effects of thymectomy for @entity704 in @entity1252 @entity1 .

title: @entity1252 and XXXX --a double-edged sword.

answer: @entity704 :: (MESH:D013945,Disease) :: ['thymoma']


abstract: The clinical features and treatment of @entity956 in eight @entity1 (four male and four female) less than 2 months of age are presented. @entity956 was noted during the first week of life in six of the @entity1 and between 6 and 8 weeks of life in the other two @entity1 . Four of the eight @entity1 had associated structural or functional @entity65 , and in three @entity1 a central venous pressure catheter was present in the atrium at the time @entity956 was diagnosed. Classic flutter waves were apparent on 12-lead ECGs in only two @entity1 . In six @entity1 , flutter waves were not obvious on standard ECGs, but transesophageal electrogram recordings demonstrated the presence of @entity956 with second degree @entity713 . The atrial cycle length during flutter ranged from 135 to 180 ms (mean 149 ms; mean atrial rate 403 beats per minute); there was a 2:1 ventricular response to @entity956 . Successful termination of @entity956 was accomplished using three modes of electrical cardioversion in seven of the eight @entity1 : direct current cardioversion in one, transvenous atrial pacing in one, and transesophageal atrial pacing in five. One asymptomatic @entity1 converted to normal sinus rhythm 24 hours following digoxin administration. One @entity1 had multiple @entity956 and required chronic @entity1818 therapy. In seven of the eight @entity1 , no recurrences have been noted in 6 months to 3 1/2 years of follow-up. These results demonstrate that @entity956 may be difficult to diagnose in @entity1 with @entity591 unless transesophageal electrogram recording is utilized for evaluation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX in infancy: diagnosis, clinical features, and treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infant', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity956 :: ('MESH:D001282', 'Disease') :: ['atrial flutter', 'atrial flutter recurrences', 'Atrial flutter']

entities_list: @entity1818 :: ('MESH:D011342', 'Chemical') :: ['procainamide']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity956 :: (MESH:D001282,Disease) :: ['Atrial flutter']


abstract: Spatial alterations in blood flow during the development of @entity3137 induced by @entity63 -reperfusion in @entity35 were determined with a two-dimensional laser Doppler tissue perfusion imager. The @entity35 were anesthetized with @entity4485 , and the stomach was exteriorized on a stage; the mucosa was then sequentially scanned. The mucosa was constantly superfused with 0.1 N @entity5828 in physiological saline. Systemic arterial pressure was continuously monitored and blood was stepwisely withdrawn from the femoral artery by 20-mmHg stage and then maintained at 20 mmHg for 20 min. The shed blood was reinfused and the stomach was removed 30 min later. Under control conditions, the average perfusion of the forestomach was usually greater than that in the glandular stomach. When systemic blood pressure was stepwisely decreased, the extent of @entity551 perfusion unit was always greater than that in systemic blood pressure, but mucosal perfusion appeared to be uniformly decreased throughout the stomach. Ten min after reperfusion, a hypoperfused area began to appear in the corpus near the greater curvature, and this area subsequently increased. The area of @entity1066 formation corresponded with the hypoperfused area in the gastric mucosa 30 min after reperfusion. Pretreatment with @entity37532 , a platelet-activating factor antagonist, significantly attenuated the hypoperfusion induced by reperfusion and also prevented @entity1819 . Our results suggest that hypoperfusion in the mucosal microcirculation is indeed an important factor contributing to the localized occurrence of @entity3137 and that the laser Doppler perfusion imager is useful for the detection of local hypoperfused areas in the gastric mucosa.

title: Spatial heterogeneity of mucosal blood flow during XXXX -reperfusion injury of @entity35 stomach investigated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in the mucosal blood']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal injury', 'gastric mucosal lesions']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: Spatial alterations in blood flow during the development of @entity3137 induced by @entity63 -reperfusion in @entity35 were determined with a two-dimensional laser Doppler tissue perfusion imager. The @entity35 were anesthetized with @entity4485 , and the stomach was exteriorized on a stage; the mucosa was then sequentially scanned. The mucosa was constantly superfused with 0.1 N @entity5828 in physiological saline. Systemic arterial pressure was continuously monitored and blood was stepwisely withdrawn from the femoral artery by 20-mmHg stage and then maintained at 20 mmHg for 20 min. The shed blood was reinfused and the stomach was removed 30 min later. Under control conditions, the average perfusion of the forestomach was usually greater than that in the glandular stomach. When systemic blood pressure was stepwisely decreased, the extent of @entity551 perfusion unit was always greater than that in systemic blood pressure, but mucosal perfusion appeared to be uniformly decreased throughout the stomach. Ten min after reperfusion, a hypoperfused area began to appear in the corpus near the greater curvature, and this area subsequently increased. The area of @entity1066 formation corresponded with the hypoperfused area in the gastric mucosa 30 min after reperfusion. Pretreatment with @entity37532 , a platelet-activating factor antagonist, significantly attenuated the hypoperfusion induced by reperfusion and also prevented @entity1819 . Our results suggest that hypoperfusion in the mucosal microcirculation is indeed an important factor contributing to the localized occurrence of @entity3137 and that the laser Doppler perfusion imager is useful for the detection of local hypoperfused areas in the gastric mucosa.

title: Spatial heterogeneity of mucosal blood flow during @entity63 -reperfusion injury of XXXX stomach investigated by laser Doppler perfusion imaging.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: 1. The effects of the anticonvulsant, @entity3174 , have been examined on @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor-mediated population spikes in the @entity1249 region of the @entity35 hippocampus in vitro. 2. The 'conventional' ( @entity140 receptor-mediated) @entity1249 population spike, evoked by electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway, was abolished by 5 min treatment with 5 x 10(-6) M @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ), after which superfusion with a nominally @entity1025 -free Krebs solution (containing 5 x 10(-6) M CNQX) led to the appearance of an epileptiform population spike which was fully developed by 30-40 min. 3. The epileptiform population spike was abolished by the non-competitive @entity143 antagonist, @entity3390 (1 x 10(-6) M, 20-30 min) and inhibited by the competitive @entity143 receptor antagonist, @entity73273 (IC50 for reducing the amplitude of the first spike in the train = 8.3 x 10(-7) M), demonstrating that the response was mediated by activation of @entity143 receptors and validating its use as an assay for antagonists acting at the @entity143 receptor/channel complex. 4. @entity3174 (0.1, 0.3 and 1 x 10(-4) M applied cumulatively for 30 min at each concentration) failed to inhibit the @entity143 receptor-mediated epileptiform population response (n = 7 slices). 5. @entity3174 (3 x 10-6 M to 1 x 10-4M) attenuated the effects of the @entity1372 channel activator, @entity13981 (2 x 10-6 M), on the CAl population spike amplitude (recorded in normal Krebs solution),indicating that the previously observed lack of effect of @entity3174 on the @entity143 receptor-mediated response was not due to impaired access of @entity3174 to the biophase.6. These data support the conclusion that antagonism of @entity143 receptor-mediated events is not a pharmacological property of @entity3174 and that such an action is therefore unlikely to contribute to the anticonvulsant activity of this drug.

title: Electrophysiological actions of @entity3174 on XXXX receptor-mediated responses in @entity35 hippocampus in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity13981 :: ('MESH:D014701', 'Chemical') :: ['veratridine']

entities_list: @entity1023 :: ('MESH:D018750', 'Chemical') :: ['CNQX', '6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin', 'Phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity3390 :: ('MESH:D016291', 'Chemical') :: ['dizocilpine']

answer: @entity1024 :: (CHEBI:31882,Chemical) :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']


abstract: 1. The effects of the anticonvulsant, @entity3174 , have been examined on @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor-mediated population spikes in the @entity1249 region of the @entity35 hippocampus in vitro. 2. The 'conventional' ( @entity140 receptor-mediated) @entity1249 population spike, evoked by electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway, was abolished by 5 min treatment with 5 x 10(-6) M @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ), after which superfusion with a nominally @entity1025 -free Krebs solution (containing 5 x 10(-6) M CNQX) led to the appearance of an epileptiform population spike which was fully developed by 30-40 min. 3. The epileptiform population spike was abolished by the non-competitive @entity143 antagonist, @entity3390 (1 x 10(-6) M, 20-30 min) and inhibited by the competitive @entity143 receptor antagonist, @entity73273 (IC50 for reducing the amplitude of the first spike in the train = 8.3 x 10(-7) M), demonstrating that the response was mediated by activation of @entity143 receptors and validating its use as an assay for antagonists acting at the @entity143 receptor/channel complex. 4. @entity3174 (0.1, 0.3 and 1 x 10(-4) M applied cumulatively for 30 min at each concentration) failed to inhibit the @entity143 receptor-mediated epileptiform population response (n = 7 slices). 5. @entity3174 (3 x 10-6 M to 1 x 10-4M) attenuated the effects of the @entity1372 channel activator, @entity13981 (2 x 10-6 M), on the CAl population spike amplitude (recorded in normal Krebs solution),indicating that the previously observed lack of effect of @entity3174 on the @entity143 receptor-mediated response was not due to impaired access of @entity3174 to the biophase.6. These data support the conclusion that antagonism of @entity143 receptor-mediated events is not a pharmacological property of @entity3174 and that such an action is therefore unlikely to contribute to the anticonvulsant activity of this drug.

title: Electrophysiological actions of XXXX on @entity1024 receptor-mediated responses in @entity35 hippocampus in vitro.

answer: @entity3174 :: (MESH:D010672,Chemical) :: ['phenytoin']


abstract: 1. The effects of the anticonvulsant, @entity3174 , have been examined on @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor-mediated population spikes in the @entity1249 region of the @entity35 hippocampus in vitro. 2. The 'conventional' ( @entity140 receptor-mediated) @entity1249 population spike, evoked by electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral/commissural pathway, was abolished by 5 min treatment with 5 x 10(-6) M @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ), after which superfusion with a nominally @entity1025 -free Krebs solution (containing 5 x 10(-6) M CNQX) led to the appearance of an epileptiform population spike which was fully developed by 30-40 min. 3. The epileptiform population spike was abolished by the non-competitive @entity143 antagonist, @entity3390 (1 x 10(-6) M, 20-30 min) and inhibited by the competitive @entity143 receptor antagonist, @entity73273 (IC50 for reducing the amplitude of the first spike in the train = 8.3 x 10(-7) M), demonstrating that the response was mediated by activation of @entity143 receptors and validating its use as an assay for antagonists acting at the @entity143 receptor/channel complex. 4. @entity3174 (0.1, 0.3 and 1 x 10(-4) M applied cumulatively for 30 min at each concentration) failed to inhibit the @entity143 receptor-mediated epileptiform population response (n = 7 slices). 5. @entity3174 (3 x 10-6 M to 1 x 10-4M) attenuated the effects of the @entity1372 channel activator, @entity13981 (2 x 10-6 M), on the CAl population spike amplitude (recorded in normal Krebs solution),indicating that the previously observed lack of effect of @entity3174 on the @entity143 receptor-mediated response was not due to impaired access of @entity3174 to the biophase.6. These data support the conclusion that antagonism of @entity143 receptor-mediated events is not a pharmacological property of @entity3174 and that such an action is therefore unlikely to contribute to the anticonvulsant activity of this drug.

title: Electrophysiological actions of @entity3174 on @entity1024 receptor-mediated responses in XXXX hippocampus in vitro.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the localization of the anti- @entity2355 mucin monoclonal antibody (mAb) NCRC48 to @entity150 following intravesical administration. @entity1 AND METHODS: mAb NCRC48 (330-500 micrograms) radiolabelled with 111indium (11-17 MBq) was administered intravesically to 12 unselected @entity1 with radiological evidence of @entity150 . Tumour localization was assessed by gamma-camera imaging and by tissue biodistribution studies on biopsies obtained at cystoscopy at about 2 or 24 h after the procedure. After 24 h, whole blood radioactivity was measured and 3 weeks after the procedure the serum level of human anti-mouse antibodies was estimated using an ELISA method. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 had @entity5 confirmed at cystoscopy (grades 1-3, stages pTa-pT2). The mean uptake of NCRC48 by @entity5 and by normal urothelium (expressed as the percentage of the instilled dose/g x 10(3) +/- SD) at 2 h was 3.42 +/- 3.68 and 0.41 +/- 0.77 (P < 0.05). After 24 h, the values for @entity5 and normal urothelium were 1.17 +/- 1.18 and 0.17 +/- 0.11, respectively. Areas of increased activity on the scintigrams were consistent with the position of the @entity5 at cystoscopy. No radioactivity was detected in blood at 24 h and there was no evidence of a human anti-mouse antibody response. CONCLUSION: The @entity2355 mucin may be a suitable antigen to study the potential of therapeutic strategies based on monoclonal antibody targeting of superficial @entity150 and may allow the development of more effective agents in the treatment of this condition.

title: Targeting of XXXX with monoclonal antibody NCRC48--a possible approach for intravesical therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: Seven @entity1 (five @entity1 and two @entity1 ) with anal @entity322 in whom previous surgery had failed, were treated by bilateral gluteus maximus transposition. All @entity1 were incontinent to solid stool. Previous surgery was postanal repair in four @entity1 and secondary overlapping suture for obstetric tear in one. The two @entity1 were treated in childhood for anal @entity1146 . No covering stoma was used. @entity2737 occurred in three @entity1 , requiring surgical drainage in two. After follow-up of more than 1 year three @entity1 experienced improved continence but in four continence was unchanged. Anorectal physiology studies showed moderately increased resting and squeeze pressures in @entity1 who were improved by the operation, but none could retain more than 200 ml of viscous fluid instilled into the rectum. No change in rectal sensitivity or volume tolerance was found. This preliminary series does not indicate that better results are obtained by gluteus maximus transposition than by unstimulated graciloplasty.

title: Bilateral gluteus maximus transposition for anal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['Wound infection']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: 1. The effects of sympathetic stimulation and close arterial injection of @entity1063 were tested on cutaneous myelinated-fiber (A delta) mechanical nociceptors [high-threshold mechanoreceptors-(MyHTMs)] from normal and from partially transsected nerves. 2. Neither sympathetic stimulation nor close arterial injection of @entity1063 (200 ng) excited MyHTMs (18) recorded from the uninjured great auricular nerve of adult @entity95 . 3. MyHTMs (58) conducting across the site of partial cut lesions, made 2 to 28 days previously, had threshold and responsiveness to mechanical stimuli, receptive field organization, and absence of background discharge typical of such elements in normal nerve. 4. Four MyHTMs recorded from the injured nerves were excited by sympathetic stimulation and/or @entity1063 injection but only one gave more than two impulses within 60 s to either form of stimulation. 5. The meagerness of the sympathetic and adrenergic excitation of MyHTMs after @entity128 contrasts with that observed under similar conditions for @entity7183 polymodal nociceptors. Therefore, induction of adrenergic responsiveness in nociceptors after partial denervation in cutaneous MyHTMs appears to be less important for mechanisms related to pathogenic @entity158 than alterations in certain @entity7183 nociceptors.

title: Effects of XXXX on sympathetic excitation of A delta mechanical nociceptors.

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity128 :: (MESH:D020209,Disease) :: ['nerve injury']


abstract: Enrichment of lipoproteins with @entity1718 derived from animal and/or plant fats may modify the oxidizability of lipoproteins and their effects on endothelial barrier function. To test this hypothesis, @entity95 were fed for 30 days diets containing 2 g @entity4336 oil/100 g diet (low fat diet) or low fat supplemented with 16 g/100 g diet of @entity4336 oil, @entity4336 oil with added @entity165 , milk fat, @entity1573 fat, beef tallow or lard. Compared with those fed the low fat, serum and LDL @entity165 concentrations were significantly lower in @entity95 fed @entity4336 oil and greater in animals fed @entity4336 oil with added @entity165 or @entity1573 fat. In contrast to the @entity165 data, lipid @entity273 levels were highest in oxidized LDL derived from @entity95 fed @entity4336 oil or lard. LDL @entity270 levels were highest in @entity95 fed @entity4336 oil with added @entity165 . The significant elevations in @entity4722 [18:2(n-6)] in serum and LDL may partially explain the high oxidizability of LDL in @entity95 fed @entity4336 oil. LDL isolated from animals fed @entity4336 oil, lard or milk fat had significantly greater albumin transfer across cultured endothelial monolayers compared with those of the low fat diet group. Their oxidative modification further contributed to endothelial barrier dysfunction. Dietary @entity165 supplementation to the @entity4336 oil diet decreased oxidizability of LDL and partially protected the oxidized LDL-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction as compared with the @entity4336 oil diet group. These data suggest that beef tallow and @entity1573 fat are the least atherogenic fats if oxidative modification of LDL is a critical issue in @entity731 .

title: Animal and plant fats selectively modulate oxidizability of XXXX LDL and LDL-mediated disruption of endothelial barrier function.

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroperoxide']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Resistance and flow across compliant coronary stenoses may be altered by changes in intraluminal pressure. The effects of a distal circumflex @entity3979 on a proximal compliant circumflex @entity850 were evaluated in 17 open-chest @entity235 . In ten @entity235 , both stenoses were produced with external snares. As the distal @entity850 was tightened, a point was reached at which flow through the circumflex coronary artery paradoxically increased (8 +/- 1 to 11 +/- 1 ml/min; p less than 0.001). At the point of flow increase, there was an increase in intraluminal pressure between the stenoses (35 +/- 4 to 61 +/- 5 mmHg; p less than 0.001), and a decrease in pressure gradient (69 +/- 5 to 43 +/- 4 mmHg; p less than 0.001) and resistance (10.5 +/- 2.7 to 4.7 +/- 0.8 units; p less than 0.025) across the proximal @entity850 . A similar increase in circumflex blood flow was found in @entity235 in which the @entity850 was produced with an intraluminal balloon. In six additional @entity235 in which the proximal @entity850 was produced with fixed noncompliant plastic tubing, tightening the distal snare did not result in an increase in circumflex blood flow. Thus, the increase in flow occurred only when the proximal @entity850 was compliant. Increasing the severity of the distal @entity850 caused an increase in intraluminal pressure in the area of the proximal @entity850 and may have passively distended the compliant proximal @entity850 decreasing its severity. Therefore, in the presence of compliant coronary stenoses in series, increasing severity of the distal @entity850 may cause a paradoxical increase in flow through the stenotic artery.

title: Interaction of compliant coronary stenoses in series in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['proximal compliant stenosis', 'stenosis']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Using the @entity11061 @entity11061 as a model system, we have investigated the effects of potential neuromodulators on freely behaving animals. Of interest is the modulatory effect of a number of drugs on three rhythmic behaviors of the @entity11061 : courtship display (CD) of the male crab, sideways swimming and backward swimming. The drugs tested were @entity70618 , @entity935 , @entity11879 , @entity750 , and @entity1063 . Injection of each drug elicited a unique posture or combination of limb movements. These experiments showed two results pertinent to CD behavior: A posture identical to the CD posture was displayed after @entity935 injection; and rhythmic leg waving similar to CD was evoked by @entity70618 . An unusual combination of flexion and extension of all limbs and movements of some limbs occurred after @entity750 injection. Injection of @entity11879 led to a posture antagonistic to CD posture. The effects of these drugs were concentration- and time-dependent. Injection of @entity935 , @entity11879 , or @entity750 produced effects that were seasonally-dependent, and the influence of @entity70618 proved to be dependent on developmental stage. Quantitative analysis of leg waving movements after @entity70618 injection allowed for comparison of these movements to naturally-occurring behavior.

title: Modulation of behavior by biogenic amines and peptides in the XXXX , @entity11061 .

entities_list: @entity11061 :: ('6763', 'Species') :: ['Callinectes sapidus', 'blue crab']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity70618 :: ('MESH:C011536', 'Chemical') :: ['proctolin']

entities_list: @entity11879 :: ('MESH:D009655', 'Chemical') :: ['octopamine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity11061 :: (6763,Species) :: ['blue crab']


abstract: Using the @entity11061 @entity11061 as a model system, we have investigated the effects of potential neuromodulators on freely behaving animals. Of interest is the modulatory effect of a number of drugs on three rhythmic behaviors of the @entity11061 : courtship display (CD) of the male crab, sideways swimming and backward swimming. The drugs tested were @entity70618 , @entity935 , @entity11879 , @entity750 , and @entity1063 . Injection of each drug elicited a unique posture or combination of limb movements. These experiments showed two results pertinent to CD behavior: A posture identical to the CD posture was displayed after @entity935 injection; and rhythmic leg waving similar to CD was evoked by @entity70618 . An unusual combination of flexion and extension of all limbs and movements of some limbs occurred after @entity750 injection. Injection of @entity11879 led to a posture antagonistic to CD posture. The effects of these drugs were concentration- and time-dependent. Injection of @entity935 , @entity11879 , or @entity750 produced effects that were seasonally-dependent, and the influence of @entity70618 proved to be dependent on developmental stage. Quantitative analysis of leg waving movements after @entity70618 injection allowed for comparison of these movements to naturally-occurring behavior.

title: Modulation of behavior by biogenic amines and peptides in the @entity11061 , XXXX .

answer: @entity11061 :: (6763,Species) :: ['Callinectes sapidus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible clinical and symptomatological determinants of social outcome in @entity161 @entity1 . METHOD: 40 @entity161 @entity1 (DSMIII-R), 21 males and 19 females, mean age 4 +/- 5 years, have been evaluated in the present retrospective study. All of them had first undergone @entity146 hospitalization between 1978 and 1981. The following data have been collected: socio-anagraphic features and course of the @entity221 (AMDP), contacts with community health centre and pharmacological compliance. @entity717 has been investigated by means of a semi-structured interview developed from the "Disability Assessment Schedule" named "Accertamento Disabilit   e Carico Familiare" (ADC), which has been administered to the main carer, usually a cohabitant relative. Presence and level of social support have also been evaluated. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), "t" test with Bonferroni correction and Pearson Correlation test have been used for data analysis. RESULTS: @entity1 with less severe @entity717 (lower scores at ADC) were mainly those with recurrent @entity221 without residual symptoms or remitted ones (p = 0.0001), better pharmacological compliance (p = 0.004), more frequent and regular contacts with community health centres (p = 0.0001) and better social support (p = 0.01). On the contrary, score at ADC resulted positively correlated with number of hospitalizations (r = 0.57, p = 0.01), number of compulsory admission (r = 0.32, p = 0.01) and length of @entity221 (r = 0.40, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Although in our study the influence of severity of @entity221 on @entity717 has been confirmed, suggestive evidence about importance of other factors, such as compliance or social support, may be drawn.

title: [Clinical course and social outcome in XXXX . Results from a retrospective study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Social disability', 'social disability']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['course of illness', 'illness']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: @entity548 in the adult disrupts cellular function, resulting in a redistribution of fluids and electrolytes. There is little data about the effects of @entity548 on body fluids in the neonate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of @entity548 on cardiovascular function, coronary blood flow, @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ), plasma volume (PV), and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume in newborn @entity235 . Group 1 consisted of 88 @entity235 , 1-20 days old, and group 2 was 81 @entity235 , 3-6 wk old. There is a significantly higher ECF volume in younger (256 +/- 10 ml/kg) compared with older puppies (121 +/- 5 ml/kg). A 40% @entity548 caused ECF to fall less in the younger (-27%) than in the older puppies (-51%), whereas PV and @entity1503 decreased to a similar extent in both groups. After returning shed blood, PV and @entity1503 returned to prehemorrhage values, but there was a 12% deficit in functional ECF volume in both groups. A similar degree of @entity1168 , @entity296 , and @entity520 occurred in both groups during shock and after returning shed blood. Cardiac output and coronary blood flow, measured only in group 2, fell significantly in shock (-60 and -50%, respectively; P less than 0.05) and remained below control values after returning shed blood. Our data indicate that inadequate perfusion of the myocardium and persistent @entity520 impairs cardiac function in newborn shock.

title: Cardiovascular function and fluid compartments in newborn @entity235 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial depression']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'Hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['RBCM', 'red blood cell mass']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']


abstract: @entity548 in the adult disrupts cellular function, resulting in a redistribution of fluids and electrolytes. There is little data about the effects of @entity548 on body fluids in the neonate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of @entity548 on cardiovascular function, coronary blood flow, @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ), plasma volume (PV), and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume in newborn @entity235 . Group 1 consisted of 88 @entity235 , 1-20 days old, and group 2 was 81 @entity235 , 3-6 wk old. There is a significantly higher ECF volume in younger (256 +/- 10 ml/kg) compared with older puppies (121 +/- 5 ml/kg). A 40% @entity548 caused ECF to fall less in the younger (-27%) than in the older puppies (-51%), whereas PV and @entity1503 decreased to a similar extent in both groups. After returning shed blood, PV and @entity1503 returned to prehemorrhage values, but there was a 12% deficit in functional ECF volume in both groups. A similar degree of @entity1168 , @entity296 , and @entity520 occurred in both groups during shock and after returning shed blood. Cardiac output and coronary blood flow, measured only in group 2, fell significantly in shock (-60 and -50%, respectively; P less than 0.05) and remained below control values after returning shed blood. Our data indicate that inadequate perfusion of the myocardium and persistent @entity520 impairs cardiac function in newborn shock.

title: Cardiovascular function and fluid compartments in newborn XXXX @entity548 .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Usually, physicians base their practice on guidelines, but recommendations on the same topic may vary across guidelines. Given the uncertainties regarding @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) screening, physicians should be able to identify systematically and transparently developed recommendations. We performed a systematic review of @entity1028 screening guidelines to assist physicians in their choice of recommendations. METHODS: Guidelines in English published between January 1, 2003 and February 26, 2010 were retrieved using MEDLINE, CINAHL, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, the National Library for Health, the Canadian Medication Association Infobase, and the G-I-N International Guideline Library. Guidelines developed by national and international medical societies from Western countries, containing recommendations on @entity1028 screening were included. Three reviewers independently assessed rigor of guideline development using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument. Two independent reviewers performed extraction of recommendations. RESULTS: Of 2415 titles identified, seven guidelines were included in this review. Three guidelines were less rigorously developed based on AGREE scores below 40%. All seven guidelines contained a recommendation for one-time screening of elderly @entity1 by ultrasonography to select AAAs >=  5.5 cm for elective surgical repair. Four guidelines, of which three were less rigorously developed, contained disparate recommendations on screening of @entity1 and middle-aged @entity1 at elevated risk. There was no agreement on the management of smaller AAAs. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus exists across guidelines on one-time screening of elderly @entity1 to detect and treat AAAs >=  5.5 cm. For other target groups and management of small AAAs, prediction models and cost-effectiveness analyses are needed to provide guidance.

title: Systematic review of guidelines on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['AAA', 'abdominal aortic aneurysm']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm screening']


abstract: PURPOSE: To explore the response and @entity137 of advanced non-metastatic @entity957 of upper aerodigestive tract (SCC-UADT) to a combination of cetuximab concomitant with @entity136 and radiotherapy. METHODS: We managed @entity1 with concomitant treatment of cetuximab (400 mg/m(2) as uploading dose, then 250 mg/m(2), IV) concomitant with @entity136 (50 mg/m(2)) weekly for seven courses, and radiotherapy in classical fractionation until completion of 70 Gy. Primary endpoints were complete response (CR) to treatment and @entity137 . We evaluated @entity1 for @entity137 on a weekly basis; evaluation of response included physical examination, endoscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan and biopsy when indicated, and was performed 6 weeks after completion of radiotherapy. Additional evaluations were done every 3 months to document disease status. Between November 2004 and November 2005, 20 @entity1 were included. RESULTS: CR was 82.4%, overall response was 100%. @entity135 reached CR in 61.5% and partial in 38.5% of @entity1 . The main @entity137 were @entity390 , @entity2905 , @entity1398 and @entity33 . Grade 3 and 4 side effects were presented in 70.6% of @entity1 , but @entity33 , and @entity2905 without clinical repercussions, occurred in 88.2% of @entity1 . Gastrostomy was required in 11.8% of @entity1 to maintain nutrition. Radioepithelitis developed in 76.5%, but only three of these (23.1%) were grade III. Median overall survival was 53 months (range 6-55 months) and median progression-free survival has not yet been reached at the time of evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity137 is important, this approach has interesting activity and deserves further investigation.

title: Cetuximab concomitant with @entity136 and radiotherapy in advanced XXXX of upper aerodigestive tract: a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['Neck disease']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2905 :: ('MESH:D008231', 'Disease') :: ['lymphopenia']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: To explore the response and @entity137 of advanced non-metastatic @entity957 of upper aerodigestive tract (SCC-UADT) to a combination of cetuximab concomitant with @entity136 and radiotherapy. METHODS: We managed @entity1 with concomitant treatment of cetuximab (400 mg/m(2) as uploading dose, then 250 mg/m(2), IV) concomitant with @entity136 (50 mg/m(2)) weekly for seven courses, and radiotherapy in classical fractionation until completion of 70 Gy. Primary endpoints were complete response (CR) to treatment and @entity137 . We evaluated @entity1 for @entity137 on a weekly basis; evaluation of response included physical examination, endoscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan and biopsy when indicated, and was performed 6 weeks after completion of radiotherapy. Additional evaluations were done every 3 months to document disease status. Between November 2004 and November 2005, 20 @entity1 were included. RESULTS: CR was 82.4%, overall response was 100%. @entity135 reached CR in 61.5% and partial in 38.5% of @entity1 . The main @entity137 were @entity390 , @entity2905 , @entity1398 and @entity33 . Grade 3 and 4 side effects were presented in 70.6% of @entity1 , but @entity33 , and @entity2905 without clinical repercussions, occurred in 88.2% of @entity1 . Gastrostomy was required in 11.8% of @entity1 to maintain nutrition. Radioepithelitis developed in 76.5%, but only three of these (23.1%) were grade III. Median overall survival was 53 months (range 6-55 months) and median progression-free survival has not yet been reached at the time of evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity137 is important, this approach has interesting activity and deserves further investigation.

title: Cetuximab concomitant with XXXX and radiotherapy in advanced @entity957 of upper aerodigestive tract: a pilot study.

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Preterm birth occurs in 5%-13% of pregnancies. It is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity and has adverse long-term consequences for the health of the @entity1 . Because of the role @entity4259 plays in @entity32 , and because low concentrations of @entity4259 have been found in @entity1 with @entity1468 , we hypothesized that low maternal @entity4259 status during early gestation would increase the risk of @entity600 . METHODS: White Dutch @entity1 with a singleton pregnancy (n = 1197) were followed prospectively from 12 weeks' gestation. @entity1 with @entity1374 or @entity164 1 @entity6 were excluded. At delivery, 1129 @entity1 had complete birth-outcome data. Serum concentrations of @entity4259 were measured during the 12th week of pregnancy. Deliveries were classified as preterm or term, and preterm births were subcategorized as iatrogenic, spontaneous or the result of premature @entity397 . RESULTS: Of the 60 @entity1 (5.3%) who had a @entity600 , 21 had premature @entity397 and 13 had @entity1468 . The serum @entity4259 concentration at 12 weeks' gestation was significantly lower among @entity1 who had a @entity600 than among those who delivered at term (mean 0.96 [standard deviation (SD) 0.14]  mol/L v. 1.02 [SD 0.13]  mol/L; t = 2.9, p = 0.001). @entity1 were grouped by quartile of serum @entity4259 concentration at 12 weeks' gestation. The number of @entity1 who had a @entity600 significantly differed by quartile (     = 8.01, 3 degrees of freedom], p < 0.05). @entity1 in the lowest quartile of serum @entity4259 had twice the risk of @entity600 as @entity1 in the upper three quartiles, even after adjustment for the occurrence of @entity1468 (adjusted odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.25-3.77). INTERPRETATION: Having low serum @entity4259 at the end of the first trimester was related to @entity600 and was independent of the mother having @entity1468 . Low maternal @entity4259 status during early gestation may increase the risk of preterm premature @entity397 , which is a major cause of @entity600 .

title: Maternal XXXX status during early gestation and risk for @entity600 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'child']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['attenuating inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['rupture of the membranes']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid disease']

answer: @entity4259 :: (MESH:D012643,Chemical) :: ['selenium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Preterm birth occurs in 5%-13% of pregnancies. It is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity and has adverse long-term consequences for the health of the @entity1 . Because of the role @entity4259 plays in @entity32 , and because low concentrations of @entity4259 have been found in @entity1 with @entity1468 , we hypothesized that low maternal @entity4259 status during early gestation would increase the risk of @entity600 . METHODS: White Dutch @entity1 with a singleton pregnancy (n = 1197) were followed prospectively from 12 weeks' gestation. @entity1 with @entity1374 or @entity164 1 @entity6 were excluded. At delivery, 1129 @entity1 had complete birth-outcome data. Serum concentrations of @entity4259 were measured during the 12th week of pregnancy. Deliveries were classified as preterm or term, and preterm births were subcategorized as iatrogenic, spontaneous or the result of premature @entity397 . RESULTS: Of the 60 @entity1 (5.3%) who had a @entity600 , 21 had premature @entity397 and 13 had @entity1468 . The serum @entity4259 concentration at 12 weeks' gestation was significantly lower among @entity1 who had a @entity600 than among those who delivered at term (mean 0.96 [standard deviation (SD) 0.14]  mol/L v. 1.02 [SD 0.13]  mol/L; t = 2.9, p = 0.001). @entity1 were grouped by quartile of serum @entity4259 concentration at 12 weeks' gestation. The number of @entity1 who had a @entity600 significantly differed by quartile (     = 8.01, 3 degrees of freedom], p < 0.05). @entity1 in the lowest quartile of serum @entity4259 had twice the risk of @entity600 as @entity1 in the upper three quartiles, even after adjustment for the occurrence of @entity1468 (adjusted odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.25-3.77). INTERPRETATION: Having low serum @entity4259 at the end of the first trimester was related to @entity600 and was independent of the mother having @entity1468 . Low maternal @entity4259 status during early gestation may increase the risk of preterm premature @entity397 , which is a major cause of @entity600 .

title: Maternal @entity4259 status during early gestation and risk for XXXX .

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['preterm birth']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the literature and identify alternatives to @entity20611 for use in the Wada test. DATA SOURCES: A search of PubMed (1960-October 2010) was performed using the following key words alone or in combination: Wada test, intracarotid amobarbital procedure, intracarotid, intraarterial, @entity20611 , @entity3694 , Brevital, @entity4485 , @entity4671 , @entity1875 , and alternative anesthetics. References of the identified articles were reviewed for relevant information. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All articles in English identified from the data sources were evaluated. Review included comparative, prospective, and retrospective studies along with case series and case reports. DATA SYNTHESIS: @entity3694 , @entity4485 , @entity4671 , and @entity1875 have all been studied as alternatives to @entity20611 in the Wada test. Four controlled experimental trials, 1 uncontrolled experimental trial, 6 retrospective chart reviews, and 2 case reports were reviewed. @entity3694 , @entity4485 , and @entity1875 required a second injection due to their short duration of action. @entity4671 was studied as a bolus injection followed by a continuous infusion until the critical speech and memory tests were administered, which differed from the standard Wada test procedure. @entity1 had an increased risk of @entity410 with @entity3694 , whereas 1 @entity1 developed transient @entity1576 immediately after receiving @entity4485 . Furthermore, @entity1875 caused increased tone with twitching and rhythmic movements, which interfered with the completion of the Wada test for 1 @entity1 . All authors concluded that these agents were equivalent to amobarbital for the Wada test. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3694 , @entity4485 , @entity4671 , and @entity1875 are viable alternatives to @entity20611 for use in the Wada test, but each has shortcomings.

title: Alternatives to XXXX in the Wada test.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity4671 :: ('MESH:D005045', 'Chemical') :: ['etomidate', 'Etomidate']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity20611 :: ('MESH:D000654', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium amobarbital']

entities_list: @entity3694 :: ('MESH:D008723', 'Chemical') :: ['Methohexital', 'methohexital']

answer: @entity20611 :: (MESH:D000654,Chemical) :: ['sodium amobarbital']


abstract: The @entity6 Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) has demonstrated that intensive @entity6 treatment delays the onset and slows the progression of @entity989 , @entity8 , and @entity16 in @entity1 with @entity1723 . A detailed description of the effects of this treatment on @entity2316 is presented here. In the primary prevention cohort, intensive treatment reduced the mean adjusted risk of the cumulative incidence of microalbuminuria (> or = 28 micrograms/min) by 34% (95% CI 2, 56%; P = 0.04). Furthermore, intensive treatment decreased the albumin excretion rate (AER) by 15% after the first year of therapy (6.5 vs. 7.7 micrograms/min, P < 0.001). Thereafter the rates of change for AER within each treatment group were no different from zero, retaining a constant difference in AER between groups in the trial. In the secondary intervention cohort with baseline AER < 28 micrograms/min, intensive therapy reduced the mean adjusted risk of microalbuminuria (> or = 28 micrograms/min) by 43% (95% CI 21, 58%; P < 0.0001); the risk of a more advanced level of microalbuminuria (> or = 70 micrograms/min) by 56% (95% CI 26, 74%; P = 0.002); and the risk of clinical @entity633 (> or = 208 micrograms/min) by 56% (95% CI 18, 76%; P < 0.01). In the secondary intervention cohort, values for AER at year 1 were identical at 9 micrograms/min, but the 6.5% change per year in the conventional group greatly exceeded the rate of change of -0.3% in the intensive group (P < 0.001). Among the 73 secondary cohort subjects with AER levels > or = 28 micrograms/min but < or = 139 micrograms/min at baseline, the reduction of progression to clinical @entity633 with intensive therapy was not statistically significant. The longitudinal treatment effect of conventional versus intensive therapy (11.0% vs. 2.5% per year, respectively, P = 0.087) was similar in magnitude to that among @entity1 with AER < 28 micrograms/min at baseline. For the primary, secondary and combined cohorts, there were no significant differences in the rates of change in @entity1011 clearance (CCr) between treatment groups during the study. Only seven subjects in the entire study (2 intensive, 5 conventional) developed urinary AER > or = 208 micrograms/min coupled with a CCr < 70 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m2. Neither the rate of change of blood pressure nor the appearance of @entity101 (BP > 140/90 mm Hg) differed significantly between treatment groups in the primary, secondary or combined cohorts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of @entity2316 in the @entity6 Control and Complications Trial. The XXXX Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: The @entity6 Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) has demonstrated that intensive @entity6 treatment delays the onset and slows the progression of @entity989 , @entity8 , and @entity16 in @entity1 with @entity1723 . A detailed description of the effects of this treatment on @entity2316 is presented here. In the primary prevention cohort, intensive treatment reduced the mean adjusted risk of the cumulative incidence of microalbuminuria (> or = 28 micrograms/min) by 34% (95% CI 2, 56%; P = 0.04). Furthermore, intensive treatment decreased the albumin excretion rate (AER) by 15% after the first year of therapy (6.5 vs. 7.7 micrograms/min, P < 0.001). Thereafter the rates of change for AER within each treatment group were no different from zero, retaining a constant difference in AER between groups in the trial. In the secondary intervention cohort with baseline AER < 28 micrograms/min, intensive therapy reduced the mean adjusted risk of microalbuminuria (> or = 28 micrograms/min) by 43% (95% CI 21, 58%; P < 0.0001); the risk of a more advanced level of microalbuminuria (> or = 70 micrograms/min) by 56% (95% CI 26, 74%; P = 0.002); and the risk of clinical @entity633 (> or = 208 micrograms/min) by 56% (95% CI 18, 76%; P < 0.01). In the secondary intervention cohort, values for AER at year 1 were identical at 9 micrograms/min, but the 6.5% change per year in the conventional group greatly exceeded the rate of change of -0.3% in the intensive group (P < 0.001). Among the 73 secondary cohort subjects with AER levels > or = 28 micrograms/min but < or = 139 micrograms/min at baseline, the reduction of progression to clinical @entity633 with intensive therapy was not statistically significant. The longitudinal treatment effect of conventional versus intensive therapy (11.0% vs. 2.5% per year, respectively, P = 0.087) was similar in magnitude to that among @entity1 with AER < 28 micrograms/min at baseline. For the primary, secondary and combined cohorts, there were no significant differences in the rates of change in @entity1011 clearance (CCr) between treatment groups during the study. Only seven subjects in the entire study (2 intensive, 5 conventional) developed urinary AER > or = 208 micrograms/min coupled with a CCr < 70 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m2. Neither the rate of change of blood pressure nor the appearance of @entity101 (BP > 140/90 mm Hg) differed significantly between treatment groups in the primary, secondary or combined cohorts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of @entity2316 in the XXXX Control and Complications Trial. The @entity6 Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: The @entity6 Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) has demonstrated that intensive @entity6 treatment delays the onset and slows the progression of @entity989 , @entity8 , and @entity16 in @entity1 with @entity1723 . A detailed description of the effects of this treatment on @entity2316 is presented here. In the primary prevention cohort, intensive treatment reduced the mean adjusted risk of the cumulative incidence of microalbuminuria (> or = 28 micrograms/min) by 34% (95% CI 2, 56%; P = 0.04). Furthermore, intensive treatment decreased the albumin excretion rate (AER) by 15% after the first year of therapy (6.5 vs. 7.7 micrograms/min, P < 0.001). Thereafter the rates of change for AER within each treatment group were no different from zero, retaining a constant difference in AER between groups in the trial. In the secondary intervention cohort with baseline AER < 28 micrograms/min, intensive therapy reduced the mean adjusted risk of microalbuminuria (> or = 28 micrograms/min) by 43% (95% CI 21, 58%; P < 0.0001); the risk of a more advanced level of microalbuminuria (> or = 70 micrograms/min) by 56% (95% CI 26, 74%; P = 0.002); and the risk of clinical @entity633 (> or = 208 micrograms/min) by 56% (95% CI 18, 76%; P < 0.01). In the secondary intervention cohort, values for AER at year 1 were identical at 9 micrograms/min, but the 6.5% change per year in the conventional group greatly exceeded the rate of change of -0.3% in the intensive group (P < 0.001). Among the 73 secondary cohort subjects with AER levels > or = 28 micrograms/min but < or = 139 micrograms/min at baseline, the reduction of progression to clinical @entity633 with intensive therapy was not statistically significant. The longitudinal treatment effect of conventional versus intensive therapy (11.0% vs. 2.5% per year, respectively, P = 0.087) was similar in magnitude to that among @entity1 with AER < 28 micrograms/min at baseline. For the primary, secondary and combined cohorts, there were no significant differences in the rates of change in @entity1011 clearance (CCr) between treatment groups during the study. Only seven subjects in the entire study (2 intensive, 5 conventional) developed urinary AER > or = 208 micrograms/min coupled with a CCr < 70 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m2. Neither the rate of change of blood pressure nor the appearance of @entity101 (BP > 140/90 mm Hg) differed significantly between treatment groups in the primary, secondary or combined cohorts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of XXXX in the @entity6 Control and Complications Trial. The @entity6 Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group.

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Whipple surgery (pancreaticodeudenectomy) has a high complication rate. We aimed to evaluate whether adding Braun jejunojejunostomy (side-to-side @entity254 of afferent and efferent loops distal to the gastrojejunostomy site) to a standard Whipple procedure would reduce @entity260 . METHODS: We conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing @entity1 who underwent standard Whipple surgery (standard group) and @entity1 who underwent standard Whipple surgery with Braun jejunojejunostomy (Braun group). @entity1 were followed for 1 month after the procedure and @entity260 were recorded. RESULTS: Our study included 30 @entity1 : 15 in the Braun and 15 in the standard group. In the Braun group, 4 (26.7%) @entity1 experienced 6 complications, whereas in the standard group, 7 (46.7%) @entity1 experienced 11 complications (p = 0.14). Complications in the Braun group were @entity360 and wound @entity281 (n = 1 each) and @entity356 and @entity358 (n = 2 each). Complications in the standard group were @entity204 , pancreatic @entity254 leak and biliary @entity254 leak (n = 1 each); @entity360 (n = 2); and afferent @entity6124 and @entity356 (n = 3 each). There was no significant difference between groups in the subtypes of complications. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that adding Braun jejunojejunostomy to standard Whipple procedure was associated with lower rates of afferent @entity6124 and @entity356 . However, more studies are needed to define the role of Braun jejunojejunostomy in this regard. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT2014020316473N1 (www.irct.ir).

title: Effects of adding Braun jejunojejunostomy to standard Whipple procedure on reduction of afferent XXXX - a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infection']

entities_list: @entity6124 :: ('MESH:D001765', 'Disease') :: ['loop syndrome']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['delayed gastric emptying']

answer: @entity6124 :: (MESH:D001765,Disease) :: ['loop syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Overuse of computed tomography (CT) for minor @entity542 continues despite developed and rigorously validated clinical decision rules like the Canadian CT Head Rule (CCHR). Adherence to this sensitive and specific rule could decrease the number of CT scans performed in minor @entity542 by 35%. But in practice, the CCHR has failed to reduce testing, despite its accurate performance. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to identify nonclinical, @entity1 factors that promote or inhibit the appropriate use of CT in @entity1 presenting to the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) with minor @entity542 . METHODS: This was a qualitative study in three phases, each with interview guides developed by a multidisciplinary team. Subjects were recruited from @entity1 treated and released with minor @entity542 and providers in an urban academic @entity341 and a satellite community @entity341 . Focus groups of @entity1 (four groups, 22 subjects total) and providers (three groups, 22 subjects total) were conducted until thematic saturation was reached. The findings from the focus groups were triangulated with a cognitive task analysis, including direct observation in the @entity341 (>150  hours), and individual semistructured interviews using the critical decision method with four senior physician subject matter experts. These experts are recognized by their peers for their skill in safely minimizing testing while maintaining @entity1 safety and engagement. Focus groups and interviews were audio recorded and notes were taken by two independent note takers. Notes were entered into ATLAS.ti and analyzed using the constant comparative method of grounded theory, an iterative coding process to determine themes. Data were double-coded and examined for discrepancies to establish consensus. RESULTS: Five core domains emerged from the analysis: establishing trust, @entity148 ( @entity1 and provider), constraints related to @entity341 practice, the influence of others, and @entity1 expectations. Key themes within these domains included @entity1 engagement, provider confidence and experience, ability to identify and manage @entity1 @entity148 , time constraints, concussion knowledge gap, influence of health care providers, and @entity1 expectations to get a CT. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high-quality evidence informing use of CT in minor @entity542 , multiple factors influence the decision to obtain CT in practice. Identifying and disseminating approaches and designing systems that help clinicians establish trust and manage uncertainty within the @entity341 context could optimize CT use in minor @entity542 .

title: Understanding Overuse of Computed Tomography for Minor XXXX in the Emergency Department: A Triangulated Qualitative Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries', 'head injury']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['Head Injury']


abstract: IL-1 is a key cytokine that promotes @entity55 and @entity82 , as a result of its ability to stimulate lung fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, two hallmarks of @entity82 . The @entity18995 ( @entity18995 ) is an important natural inhibitor of IL-1-mediated functions. In models of @entity3794 induced by chemotherapeutic agents or noxious particles, administration of @entity18995 significantly ameliorates lung @entity82 . Lung tissue undergoing an inflammatory response shows elevations in @entity18995 , although it is not clear which pulmonary cells are responsible for the @entity18995 synthesis. The purpose of this research was to determine whether @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - subsets of @entity19 lung fibroblasts were capable of synthesizing @entity18995 . In this report, it is demonstrated for the first time that lung fibroblasts are capable of synthesizing @entity18995 . Both @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - parental lines and clones constitutively express @entity18995 mRNA. Quantitation of @entity18995 protein indicates that @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - fibroblasts secrete similar levels of secreted but not intracellular @entity18995 . @entity3512 - fibroblasts accumulate higher levels of @entity18995 intracellularly. Moreover, fibroblast-conditioned supernatants containing @entity18995 significantly suppress the mitogenic response of a T cell clone, D10G4.1, to concanavalin A and @entity635 . Overall, our observations indicate that @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - fibroblasts release @entity18995 and possess an IL-1-specific inhibitory activity in their supernatants. In vivo, fibroblast-derived @entity18995 may serve to regulate IL-1-mediated effects in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to maintain homeostasis in the pulmonary interstitium.

title: Synthesis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist by @entity3512 + and XXXX - @entity19 lung fibroblast subsets.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

answer: @entity3512 :: (21838(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Thy-1']


abstract: IL-1 is a key cytokine that promotes @entity55 and @entity82 , as a result of its ability to stimulate lung fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, two hallmarks of @entity82 . The @entity18995 ( @entity18995 ) is an important natural inhibitor of IL-1-mediated functions. In models of @entity3794 induced by chemotherapeutic agents or noxious particles, administration of @entity18995 significantly ameliorates lung @entity82 . Lung tissue undergoing an inflammatory response shows elevations in @entity18995 , although it is not clear which pulmonary cells are responsible for the @entity18995 synthesis. The purpose of this research was to determine whether @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - subsets of @entity19 lung fibroblasts were capable of synthesizing @entity18995 . In this report, it is demonstrated for the first time that lung fibroblasts are capable of synthesizing @entity18995 . Both @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - parental lines and clones constitutively express @entity18995 mRNA. Quantitation of @entity18995 protein indicates that @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - fibroblasts secrete similar levels of secreted but not intracellular @entity18995 . @entity3512 - fibroblasts accumulate higher levels of @entity18995 intracellularly. Moreover, fibroblast-conditioned supernatants containing @entity18995 significantly suppress the mitogenic response of a T cell clone, D10G4.1, to concanavalin A and @entity635 . Overall, our observations indicate that @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - fibroblasts release @entity18995 and possess an IL-1-specific inhibitory activity in their supernatants. In vivo, fibroblast-derived @entity18995 may serve to regulate IL-1-mediated effects in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to maintain homeostasis in the pulmonary interstitium.

title: Synthesis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist by XXXX + and @entity3512 - @entity19 lung fibroblast subsets.

answer: @entity3512 :: (21838(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Thy-1']


abstract: IL-1 is a key cytokine that promotes @entity55 and @entity82 , as a result of its ability to stimulate lung fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis, two hallmarks of @entity82 . The @entity18995 ( @entity18995 ) is an important natural inhibitor of IL-1-mediated functions. In models of @entity3794 induced by chemotherapeutic agents or noxious particles, administration of @entity18995 significantly ameliorates lung @entity82 . Lung tissue undergoing an inflammatory response shows elevations in @entity18995 , although it is not clear which pulmonary cells are responsible for the @entity18995 synthesis. The purpose of this research was to determine whether @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - subsets of @entity19 lung fibroblasts were capable of synthesizing @entity18995 . In this report, it is demonstrated for the first time that lung fibroblasts are capable of synthesizing @entity18995 . Both @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - parental lines and clones constitutively express @entity18995 mRNA. Quantitation of @entity18995 protein indicates that @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - fibroblasts secrete similar levels of secreted but not intracellular @entity18995 . @entity3512 - fibroblasts accumulate higher levels of @entity18995 intracellularly. Moreover, fibroblast-conditioned supernatants containing @entity18995 significantly suppress the mitogenic response of a T cell clone, D10G4.1, to concanavalin A and @entity635 . Overall, our observations indicate that @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - fibroblasts release @entity18995 and possess an IL-1-specific inhibitory activity in their supernatants. In vivo, fibroblast-derived @entity18995 may serve to regulate IL-1-mediated effects in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to maintain homeostasis in the pulmonary interstitium.

title: Synthesis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist by @entity3512 + and @entity3512 - XXXX lung fibroblast subsets.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: AIM: Devise simplified formulae, using preoperative clinical data, to give risk estimates of (1) @entity177 and (2) @entity5442 ( @entity5442 ) following primary @entity1713 repair by vitrectomy. METHODS: 641 @entity1 were analysed as part of an RCT investigating use of @entity1487 and low-molecular-weight heparin. Treatment status had no effect on success rates and did not therefore form part of the analyses. Preoperative risk factors for surgical @entity177 and for @entity5442 within 6 months of @entity1713 surgery were identified, and a multiple variable logistic regression model developed. Further analyses were performed to devise a simple points system to produce risk estimates of @entity177 . RESULTS: Three risk factors were related to @entity177 -previous lens extraction (p=0.046), grade C @entity5442 (p=0.039) and extent of detachment (p<0.001). Three risk factors were also related to @entity177 due to @entity5442 -vitreous @entity548 (p=0.088), grade C @entity5442 (p=0.044) and extent of detachment (p<0.001). There was good agreement between risk estimates produced by the points system and those calculated directly using a multivariate regression model. The points-system model gave an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.658. The receiver operating characteristic curve for the @entity5442 model gave an area under the curve of 0.8399 suggesting greater diagnostic value. CONCLUSIONS: A simple points system may be used as a clinical guide to identify @entity1 at higher risk of @entity177 following @entity1713 repair by vitrectomy. This may help clinicians select appropriate surgical approaches and stratify cases in research and surgical training.

title: @entity1713 repair by vitrectomy: simplified formulae to estimate the risk of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5442 :: ('MESH:D009220', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative vitreoretinpathy', 'PVR']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['failure']


abstract: AIM: Devise simplified formulae, using preoperative clinical data, to give risk estimates of (1) @entity177 and (2) @entity5442 ( @entity5442 ) following primary @entity1713 repair by vitrectomy. METHODS: 641 @entity1 were analysed as part of an RCT investigating use of @entity1487 and low-molecular-weight heparin. Treatment status had no effect on success rates and did not therefore form part of the analyses. Preoperative risk factors for surgical @entity177 and for @entity5442 within 6 months of @entity1713 surgery were identified, and a multiple variable logistic regression model developed. Further analyses were performed to devise a simple points system to produce risk estimates of @entity177 . RESULTS: Three risk factors were related to @entity177 -previous lens extraction (p=0.046), grade C @entity5442 (p=0.039) and extent of detachment (p<0.001). Three risk factors were also related to @entity177 due to @entity5442 -vitreous @entity548 (p=0.088), grade C @entity5442 (p=0.044) and extent of detachment (p<0.001). There was good agreement between risk estimates produced by the points system and those calculated directly using a multivariate regression model. The points-system model gave an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.658. The receiver operating characteristic curve for the @entity5442 model gave an area under the curve of 0.8399 suggesting greater diagnostic value. CONCLUSIONS: A simple points system may be used as a clinical guide to identify @entity1 at higher risk of @entity177 following @entity1713 repair by vitrectomy. This may help clinicians select appropriate surgical approaches and stratify cases in research and surgical training.

title: XXXX repair by vitrectomy: simplified formulae to estimate the risk of @entity177 .

answer: @entity1713 :: (MESH:D012163,Disease) :: ['Retinal detachment']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1032 is one of the diseases that generates @entity717 worldwide, and it is estimated that one in four @entity1 has or has had this kind of illness during their lives. Since the beginning, @entity1032 has been frequently linked to stigma and prejudice, which has important implications for the exercise of their @entity1 rights, including the right to health, as these preconceptions can delay their early detection and timely treatment. Eliminating stigma requires multiple interventions, in which the participation of @entity1 with these illnesses can be very helpful. Social networks portray an alternative for them and for @entity1 interested in this topic, helping them interact, clarify some concerns and doubts, and perhaps even modify their exclusion status. METHOD: Describing the experience of the opinion and support group on Facebook called "Aceptando mentes dementes" ("Accepting Demented Minds"), created for @entity1 with mental illnesses, their families and any @entity1 interested in this matter, which seeks to make the impact and consequences that result from stigma more noticable. Analysis of qualitative and quantitative data collected over two and a half years of operation of the group, formed by 764 members from different countries. RESULTS: The aims of the group, as regards the spreading of information, interaction through shared experiences, and obtaining support were reached. CONCLUSIONS: Social networks allow the creation of communities that share specific needs, such as understanding and support, and all this at low cost. Knowing and being conscious about the stigma linked to @entity1032 helps raise awareness and generate options for change. To maintain and link it to other resources, the group will be included in the web site www.mentalpuntoapoyo.com.

title: ["Accepting Demented Minds". Opinion Group, Information and Support on Stigma of XXXX on Facebook].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'person', 'people']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['more disability']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['Mental illness', 'mental illness']

answer: @entity1032 :: (MESH:D008607,Disease) :: ['Mental Illness']


abstract: The endocannabinoid system in animals and @entity1 is involved in the onset of diverse diseases, including @entity28 and @entity2316 , which is a major @entity454 characterized by high @entity413 (HG)-induced apoptosis of mesangial cells. @entity12353 induce physiological and behavioral effects by activating two specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB(1)R) and @entity10027 (CB(2)R). However, the pathophysiology of CB(1)R in @entity2316 has not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of HG on CB(1)R expression and its signaling pathways in primary cultured @entity35 mesangial cells. HG significantly increased CB(1)R mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner and induced CB(1)R internalization. @entity4026 and @entity25308 ) were involved in the HG-induced increase in CB(1)R levels. Using a CB(1)R antagonist ( @entity14513 ) and CB(1) siRNA transfection, we showed that HG-induced CB(1)R is linked to apoptosis. Specifically, HG inhibited the expression of @entity21205 , but induced increases in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins, including phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase-like ER-associated kinase, p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2a, p-activating transcription factor-4, and C/EBP homologous protein. In addition, HG increased the @entity2310 / @entity1976 ratio and increased the amounts of cleaved @entity12874 polymerase and @entity4124 . These apoptotic effects were prevented by @entity14513 and by the downregulation of CB(1)R expression by small interfering RNA. We propose a mechanism by which blockade of CB(1)R attenuates HG-induced apoptosis in @entity35 mesangial cells. Our findings suggest that blockade of CB(1)R may be a potential therapy in @entity2316 .

title: Cannabinoid receptor 1 mediates high XXXX -induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress in primary cultured @entity35 mesangial cells.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity12874 :: ('MESH:D011064', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(ADP-ribose)']

entities_list: @entity12353 :: ('MESH:D063388', 'Chemical') :: ['Endocannabinoids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: The endocannabinoid system in animals and @entity1 is involved in the onset of diverse diseases, including @entity28 and @entity2316 , which is a major @entity454 characterized by high @entity413 (HG)-induced apoptosis of mesangial cells. @entity12353 induce physiological and behavioral effects by activating two specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB(1)R) and @entity10027 (CB(2)R). However, the pathophysiology of CB(1)R in @entity2316 has not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of HG on CB(1)R expression and its signaling pathways in primary cultured @entity35 mesangial cells. HG significantly increased CB(1)R mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner and induced CB(1)R internalization. @entity4026 and @entity25308 ) were involved in the HG-induced increase in CB(1)R levels. Using a CB(1)R antagonist ( @entity14513 ) and CB(1) siRNA transfection, we showed that HG-induced CB(1)R is linked to apoptosis. Specifically, HG inhibited the expression of @entity21205 , but induced increases in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins, including phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase-like ER-associated kinase, p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2a, p-activating transcription factor-4, and C/EBP homologous protein. In addition, HG increased the @entity2310 / @entity1976 ratio and increased the amounts of cleaved @entity12874 polymerase and @entity4124 . These apoptotic effects were prevented by @entity14513 and by the downregulation of CB(1)R expression by small interfering RNA. We propose a mechanism by which blockade of CB(1)R attenuates HG-induced apoptosis in @entity35 mesangial cells. Our findings suggest that blockade of CB(1)R may be a potential therapy in @entity2316 .

title: Cannabinoid receptor 1 mediates high @entity413 -induced apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress in primary cultured XXXX mesangial cells.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']