abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of skin manifestations, including the @entity6 , in young @entity1723 @entity1 . In addition, we studied the relation of the cutaneous manifestations to @entity6 duration, glycemic control, and microvascular complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The frequency of skin manifestations, including the @entity6 , were examined in 238 @entity1723 @entity1 (disease duration > 5 years) and 122 healthy control subjects in a cross-sectional study. In addition, we studied the relation of the cutaneous manifestations with @entity6 duration, glycemic control, BMI, microvascular complications, and stratum corneum hydration using a stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: @entity6 skin manifestations were detected in 168 of 238 (71%) @entity1723 @entity1 and in 18 of 122 (14%) of the control subjects. Ichthyosiform skin changes of the shins, @entity2631 -like skin changes, @entity14654 , and @entity2133 were detected in 48 vs. 7%, 39 vs. 0%, 32 vs. 7%, and 21 vs. 0.8% of the @entity1 and control subjects, respectively. In the @entity6 @entity1 , a significant association was found between @entity5657 of the shins and @entity2631 -like skin changes of the hand (P < 0.001) and between @entity2631 -like skin changes and the skin dryness of the palms (P < 0.0001). When @entity6 risk factors were considered, @entity6 duration was significantly associated with @entity2631 -like skin changes and @entity5657 of the shins (P < 0.0001). The latter was also found to be related to @entity6 (P < 0.0001). @entity27301 was present in 21% of the @entity1 versus 9% in control subjects and was found to be exclusively associated with high BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Acquired @entity5657 is a common finding and the most prevalent skin manifestation in young @entity1723 @entity1 . The development of several skin manifestations in insulin-dependent @entity1 seems to be related to duration of @entity6 and to development of @entity2412 .

title: The prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in @entity1723 @entity1 and their association with XXXX .

answer: @entity2412 :: (MESH:D048909,Disease) :: ['diabetes risk factors and microvascular complications']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of skin manifestations, including the @entity6 , in young @entity1723 @entity1 . In addition, we studied the relation of the cutaneous manifestations to @entity6 duration, glycemic control, and microvascular complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The frequency of skin manifestations, including the @entity6 , were examined in 238 @entity1723 @entity1 (disease duration > 5 years) and 122 healthy control subjects in a cross-sectional study. In addition, we studied the relation of the cutaneous manifestations with @entity6 duration, glycemic control, BMI, microvascular complications, and stratum corneum hydration using a stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: @entity6 skin manifestations were detected in 168 of 238 (71%) @entity1723 @entity1 and in 18 of 122 (14%) of the control subjects. Ichthyosiform skin changes of the shins, @entity2631 -like skin changes, @entity14654 , and @entity2133 were detected in 48 vs. 7%, 39 vs. 0%, 32 vs. 7%, and 21 vs. 0.8% of the @entity1 and control subjects, respectively. In the @entity6 @entity1 , a significant association was found between @entity5657 of the shins and @entity2631 -like skin changes of the hand (P < 0.001) and between @entity2631 -like skin changes and the skin dryness of the palms (P < 0.0001). When @entity6 risk factors were considered, @entity6 duration was significantly associated with @entity2631 -like skin changes and @entity5657 of the shins (P < 0.0001). The latter was also found to be related to @entity6 (P < 0.0001). @entity27301 was present in 21% of the @entity1 versus 9% in control subjects and was found to be exclusively associated with high BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Acquired @entity5657 is a common finding and the most prevalent skin manifestation in young @entity1723 @entity1 . The development of several skin manifestations in insulin-dependent @entity1 seems to be related to duration of @entity6 and to development of @entity2412 .

title: The prevalence of cutaneous manifestations in @entity1723 XXXX and their association with @entity2412 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity14654 :: ('MESH:D014008', 'Disease') :: ['tinea pedis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetic retinopathy', 'diabetic hand syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['dry scaly palms']

entities_list: @entity27301 :: ('MESH:C537412', 'Disease') :: ['Keratosis pilaris']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic microvascular complications']

entities_list: @entity5657 :: ('MESH:D007057', 'Disease') :: ['ichthyosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of endogenous @entity172 and @entity7828 on the IGF-system during the normal menstrual cycle in healthy premenopausal @entity1 not using contraceptive drugs. METHODS: Nine @entity1 had fasting blood samples obtained at 2-3 days intervals during a 5 week study period. Plasma levels of @entity442 , @entity5100 , IGFBP-I, @entity2301 , @entity53 and @entity1420 were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in each sample. @entity2301 was also evaluated by Western ligand blot (WLB) and immunoblot. Any differences between the menstrual phase (defined as day 1-5), follicular and luteal phases (separation based on plasma @entity53 and @entity1420 values) were evaluated by the Friedman test. RESULTS: A small but significant difference in plasma levels of @entity442 (P < 0.01) and IGFBP-d (P < 0.05) measured by RIA between the three phases were seen with the highest levels found during the follicular phase. No change in plasma levels of @entity10116 and @entity5100 was found and immunoblots did not reveal any alteration in the ratio of fragmented to intact @entity2301 during the menstrual cycle. A positive correlation between plasma levels of @entity442 and @entity53 was seen in 8 out of 9 @entity1 (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The finding of a slight but significant higher level of plasma @entity442 in the follicular and luteal phases compared with the menstrual phase suggests plasma @entity53 may influence the level of this growth factor. This hypothesis is further supported by the finding of a correlation between plasma levels of @entity442 and @entity53 but not @entity1420 in individual @entity1 at different times during the menstrual cycle.

title: Alterations in the insulin-like growth factor system during the menstrual cycle in normal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogens']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity7828 :: ('MESH:D011372', 'Chemical') :: ['progestins']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Allogeneic bone marrow donors can be incompatible at different levels. Even HLA-identical pairs will be still incompatible for numerous minor histocompatibility antigens (mHag). Nevertheless, some incompatibilities are found to be associated with an increased risk of @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ), which could be related to the way the immune system recognizes these antigens. METHODS: We determined the specificity of cytotoxic T-cell clones isolated during acute @entity2132 or during bone marrow graft rejection in @entity1 (n=14) transplanted with marrow from donors who were histoincompatible for different minor and/or major histocompatibility antigens. RESULTS: We found a clear hierarchy among the different types of histoincompatibilities. In three combinations mismatched for a class I allele, all 27 clones isolated during @entity2132 were specific for the incompatible HLA molecule. In the 11 class I-identical combinations, 14 different mHags were recognized. The mHag HA-1, known to have a significant impact on the development of @entity2132 , was recognized in the two HA-1-incompatible combinations. In one of these combinations, which was sex mismatched, all 56 clones analyzed were directed against HA-1, demonstrating the dominance of this mHag. In the four HA-1-compatible, sex-mismatched combinations, the anti-H-Y response was directed against one immunodominant epitope rather than against multiple Y-chromosome-encoded epitopes. All male specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (n=15) recognized the same high-performance liquid chromatography-purified peptide fraction presented by T2 cells. Moreover, all cytotoxic T lymphocytes tested (n=6) were specific for the @entity69555 -derived peptide FIDSYICQV, originally described as being the H-Y epitope recognized in the context of HLA-A*0201. CONCLUSIONS: Some histocompatibility antigens are recognized in an immunodominant fashion and will therefore be recognized in the majority of mismatched combinations. Only for such antigens, correlations between mismatches and the occurrence of @entity2132 or graft rejections will be found.

title: HA-1 and the XXXX -derived peptide FIDSYICQV (H-Y) are immunodominant minor histocompatibility antigens after bone marrow transplantation.

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['graft-versus-host disease', 'GVHD']

answer: @entity69555 :: (8284,Gene) :: ['SMCY']


abstract: The objective of the study contained herein was to evaluate the clinical use of the Berg Balance Scale in a heterogeneous acute inpatient rehabilitation population and to assess the relationship between balance scores at admission and rehabilitation outcomes, including functional gain and length of stay. This was a prospective study of 45 @entity1 with diagnoses including @entity64 (n = 15), @entity131 (n = 19), and other impairments (n = 11) who were admitted for acute inpatient rehabilitation. Functional ability was evaluated with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) instrument, and balance was measured using the 14-item Berg Balance Scale. These measures were assessed both at admission to and discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between balance and functional ability scores at admission and rehabilitation outcomes at discharge, including length of stay, functional gain, and efficiency. Analyses of variance comparing impairment groups indicated that @entity1 with @entity131 were younger than the @entity64 and other groups, but there were no group differences on FIM or balance scores at admission or discharge. There were no significant group differences for any of the outcome measures. When the impairment groups were collapsed into a single heterogeneous group, multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the sitting unsupported item score at admission accounted for 27% of the variation in length of stay, once demographic influences were controlled. The FIM efficiency score was predicted best by the total Berg Balance Scale score, with 22% of the variance accounted for. In contrast, balance scores did not provide predictive information about the FIM gain score beyond that already provided by the FIM-Total score at admission, which accounted for 10% of the variance once demographics were controlled. Balance scores collected at admission to inpatient rehabilitation, in whole and in part, were shown to account for moderate amounts of variation in length of stay and the FIM efficiency score. For several of the rehabilitation outcomes, balance scores at admission accounted for more variation than scores on the FIM instrument. These findings suggest that routine assessment of balance at admission to inpatient rehabilitation may enhance the ability to predict rehabilitation outcomes beyond that provided by assessment of functional status alone.

title: Admission balance and outcomes of XXXX admitted for acute inpatient rehabilitation.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: 1. Three experiments were performed to assess the effects of decreasing protein concentration in the finishing diets for growing @entity22157 (8 to 12 weeks of age) by adding 4 essential @entity1522 ( @entity4556 , @entity376 , @entity1853 , @entity1889 and @entity2340 ). Experimental diets with @entity1131 ( @entity1131 ) contents from 105 to 142 g/kg, were compared with control diets providing 150 to 160 g/kg @entity1131 . In each trial, all diets were isocaloric. No significant modification in growth or carcase quality was observed when @entity1131 was greater than 124 g/kg in diets supplemented with the 4 essential @entity4556 . 2. There was no advantages in supplying more than 4.3 g of digestible @entity376 per kg of diet (12.75 MJ ME/kg). When @entity1889 was not added, breast yield decreased significantly (-4.3%), while omitting @entity2340 supplementation did not influence performance. 3. Furthermore, the experiments confirmed that reducing @entity1131 had little or no effect on food conversion efficiency and fatness in @entity22157 ducklings, unlike the observed situation in broiler @entity1573 .

title: Use of industrial XXXX to allow low protein concentrations in finishing diets for growing @entity22157 .

entities_list: @entity22157 :: ('8855', 'Species') :: ['Muscovy ducks', 'Muscovy']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1131 :: ('MESH:D011488', 'Disease') :: ['CP', 'crude protein']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: 1. Three experiments were performed to assess the effects of decreasing protein concentration in the finishing diets for growing @entity22157 (8 to 12 weeks of age) by adding 4 essential @entity1522 ( @entity4556 , @entity376 , @entity1853 , @entity1889 and @entity2340 ). Experimental diets with @entity1131 ( @entity1131 ) contents from 105 to 142 g/kg, were compared with control diets providing 150 to 160 g/kg @entity1131 . In each trial, all diets were isocaloric. No significant modification in growth or carcase quality was observed when @entity1131 was greater than 124 g/kg in diets supplemented with the 4 essential @entity4556 . 2. There was no advantages in supplying more than 4.3 g of digestible @entity376 per kg of diet (12.75 MJ ME/kg). When @entity1889 was not added, breast yield decreased significantly (-4.3%), while omitting @entity2340 supplementation did not influence performance. 3. Furthermore, the experiments confirmed that reducing @entity1131 had little or no effect on food conversion efficiency and fatness in @entity22157 ducklings, unlike the observed situation in broiler @entity1573 .

title: Use of industrial @entity1522 to allow low protein concentrations in finishing diets for growing XXXX .

answer: @entity22157 :: (8855,Species) :: ['Muscovy ducks']


abstract: This is a retrospective study analysing 5264 @entity1 treated in the burn centre at G  lhane Military Medical Academy from 1 January 1986 to 31 December 1995. Our burn centre is not only the first, but one of the best established and supported in @entity233 . Our present study has the largest @entity1 group of other previously published studies from @entity233 . Of the total @entity1 studied, 4464 @entity1 had minor burns and were treated on an outpatient basis and 800 @entity1 had moderate to major burns. Although our centre is in a military area in Ankara, only 1047 (20 per cent) @entity1 were military personnel and the military-related burn causes comprised only 6 per cent of the total. The remaining 4217 (80 per cent of the total @entity1 ) were civilians. @entity130 were also more frequent in military @entity1 than civilians. Minor burns were most common in the age group 0-10 years old (40 per cent) and moderate to major burns in the age group 21-30 years (54 per cent). Scalds were the main cause of paediatric burns. Male @entity1 were dominant. The overall mortality among inpatients was 18.2 per cent and mean total body surface area (TBSA) was 57.6 per cent in @entity1 who died. 134 @entity1 demonstrated @entity130 and 82 per cent of these @entity1 died. The epidemiological pattern of our @entity1 is similar to that in other studies from developed countries, although some ethnic causative factors could be found. Our study indicates that emergency measures should be taken to prevent @entity130 at military barracks and industrial workplaces and scalding accidents to @entity1 at home and throughout the country.

title: The last 10 years in a burn centre in Ankara, XXXX : an analysis of 5264 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['inhalation injury', 'flame injuries', 'Flame injuries']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: AIMS: To detail the clinical and angiographic profile, and long-term outcome in consecutive @entity1 with @entity850 of the left anterior descending coronary artery undergoing bypass surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study of all @entity1 (n = 301) (January 1984-December 1990) and undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting for isolated left anterior descending disease, in the Irish Republic, was performed. Survival was compared with that of an exact age- and gender-matched cohort. RESULTS: Mean age was 53 (+/- 9.3) years. There were 238 (79%) males. In 241 (80%) @entity1 an internal thoracic arterial bypass graft was used. Operative mortality was 1.3%. Of the 280 (93%) @entity1 alive (16 @entity204 ) at 7.1 (+/- 1.9) years, 105 (35%) had @entity951 , 26 (9%) suffered an interval @entity583 , and repeat revascularization was required on 29 (10%). Female gender (P = 0.002), pre-operative @entity583 (P = 0.02), significant diagonal disease (P = 0.04) and @entity583 (P = 0.0001) were independently associated with survival. Females were more likely to develop @entity712 (P = 0.03) than their male counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Survivorship (97%) and event-free survival (96%) at 5 years following coronary artery bypass grafting for isolated left anterior descending coronary artery disease is excellent and equivalent to an age-matched and gender-matched cohort.

title: Long-term clinical outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting for XXXX of the left anterior descending coronary artery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive cardiac failure (P = 0.01) or postoperative angina']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'postoperative myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['isolated stenosis']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac deaths']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['isolated stenosis']


abstract: @entity281 is restricted by the expression of a viral receptor on the surface of the target cell. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer is therefore not possible in cells that fail to express sufficient levels of the appropriate receptor, representing one major obstacle to the use of recombinant retroviruses in experimental and clinical applications. In this study, we utilized an adenoviral vector to express transiently the receptor for the ecotropic @entity19 @entity1778 virus in a panel of @entity1 cell lines. Following @entity281 , the susceptibility to ecotropic retroviral particles of A549, HeLa, RC39 and Meso 33 cells, derived from @entity1 lung epithelium, cervical epithelium, kidney and mesothelium, respectively, was measured on a single-cell basis by the detection of a cell surface marker encoded by the recombinant retrovirus. The marker, termed @entity9953 , was found in 10-30%, 25-50% and 50-90% of cells infected at 5, 50 and 250 adenovirus multiplicity of infection, respectively. Southern blot analysis demonstrated the integration of intact retroviral DNA. The integrated vector copy number increased with the adenoviral multiplicity of infection, suggesting that @entity8669 is proportional to receptor expression by the target cell, albeit not in a linear fashion. Susceptibility to ecotropic @entity281 was maintained undiminished for at least 3 days, indicating the persistent expression of ecotropic receptor by the adenovirus-transduced cells in that time period and the lack of a major cellular defense triggered by adenovirus infection against the subsequent @entity281 . Thus, the infection of @entity1 cells of various tissues with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the ecotropic @entity19 @entity1778 virus receptor generates a window of susceptibility where a high @entity281 rate can be achieved. Increased efficiency of @entity281 obtained in this fashion is amenable to specific regulation via the controlled expression of the adenovirus-encoded retroviral receptor.

title: Adenovirus facilitated infection of XXXX cells with ecotropic retrovirus.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Retroviral infection', 'retroviral infection', 'adenoviral infection']

entities_list: @entity8669 :: ('MESH:D012192', 'Disease') :: ['retrovirus infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Descending @entity39 @entity1764 (DNM) is uncommon, and may be lethal if not treated adequately and promptly. Delayed diagnosis of the disease is sometimes encountered in clinical practice. METHODS: Eight consecutive @entity1 with acute DNM were identified between 1991 and 1995, including five @entity1 and three @entity1 . The mean age was 45.8 years (range, 22-71 years). The infectious sources consisted of six esophageal perforations, one cervical cutting @entity130 . The clinical presentations were evaluated. Diagnostic procedures including chest radiograph, sonogram and computerized tomography scans of the chest and neck were examined. Diagnosis and treatment, including culture results from drained fluids and debrided tissues, and antibiotic and supportive therapies were reviewed. RESULTS: Six @entity1 who underwent aggressive surgical treatment recovered well. Two @entity1 who received supportive treatment died of @entity295 alone. The cultured bacteria included: @entity7101 , @entity794 , Trichosporum and other mixed @entity1697 flora. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and adequate antibiotic and support therapies are essential to achieve good @entity1 outcomes in acute descending @entity1764 . Adequate drainage and debridement, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and sufficient nutritional and respiratory support are the main treatment elements.

title: Management of descending @entity39 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['oral cavity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity1764 :: ('MESH:D008480', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinitis']

entities_list: @entity7101 :: ('571', 'Species') :: ['Klebsiella oxytoca']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury and one tonsillitis']

answer: @entity1764 :: (MESH:D008480,Disease) :: ['mediastinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Descending @entity39 @entity1764 (DNM) is uncommon, and may be lethal if not treated adequately and promptly. Delayed diagnosis of the disease is sometimes encountered in clinical practice. METHODS: Eight consecutive @entity1 with acute DNM were identified between 1991 and 1995, including five @entity1 and three @entity1 . The mean age was 45.8 years (range, 22-71 years). The infectious sources consisted of six esophageal perforations, one cervical cutting @entity130 . The clinical presentations were evaluated. Diagnostic procedures including chest radiograph, sonogram and computerized tomography scans of the chest and neck were examined. Diagnosis and treatment, including culture results from drained fluids and debrided tissues, and antibiotic and supportive therapies were reviewed. RESULTS: Six @entity1 who underwent aggressive surgical treatment recovered well. Two @entity1 who received supportive treatment died of @entity295 alone. The cultured bacteria included: @entity7101 , @entity794 , Trichosporum and other mixed @entity1697 flora. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and adequate antibiotic and support therapies are essential to achieve good @entity1 outcomes in acute descending @entity1764 . Adequate drainage and debridement, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and sufficient nutritional and respiratory support are the main treatment elements.

title: Management of descending XXXX @entity1764 .

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrotizing']


abstract: @entity662 in the athlete has a wide differential diagnosis. @entity158 may originate from structures within the thorax, such as the heart, lungs or oesophagus. However, musculoskeletal causes of @entity662 must be considered. The aim of this review is to help the clinician to diagnose chest wall @entity158 in @entity2587 by identifying the possible causes, as reported in the literature. Musculoskeletal problems of the chest wall can occur in the ribs, sternum, articulations or @entity2383 . The cause is usually evident in the case of direct trauma. Additionally, @entity2587 ' bodies may be subjected to sudden large indirect forces or overuse, and stress fractures of the ribs caused by sporting activity have been extensively reported. These have been associated with golf, rowing and baseball pitching in particular. @entity1642 of the sternum reported in wrestlers cause @entity158 and tenderness of the sternum, as expected. Diagnosis is by bone scan and limitation of activity usually allows healing to occur. The @entity17339 causes intermittent @entity158 related to posture or movement, and may be diagnosed by the 'hooking manoeuvre', which reproduces @entity158 and sometimes a click. If reassurance and postural advice fail, good results are possible with resection of the mobile rib. The @entity158 is a rare condition that causes @entity158 and tenderness of the xiphoid and is self-limiting. Costochondritis is a self-limiting condition of unknown aetiology that typically presents with @entity158 around the second to fifth @entity2720 . It can be differentiated from @entity12391 in which there is swelling and @entity158 . Both conditions eventually settle spontaneously although a corticosteroid injection may be useful in particularly troublesome cases. The intercostal muscles may be injured causing tenderness between the ribs. Other conditions that should be considered include @entity6696 , precordial catch syndrome and @entity158 from the thoracic spine.

title: Musculoskeletal problems of the chest wall in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['Chest pain', 'chest pain']

entities_list: @entity12391 :: ('MESH:D013991', 'Disease') :: ["Tietze's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'referred pain', 'pain of the articulation', 'pain', 'costal margin pain', 'painful xiphoid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['costochondral joints']

entities_list: @entity6696 :: ('MESH:D011000', 'Disease') :: ['epidemic myalgia']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['Stress fractures']

entities_list: @entity17339 :: ('MESH:C537613', 'Disease') :: ['slipping rib syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['myofascial structures']

answer: @entity2587 :: (MESH:D001265,Disease) :: ['athletes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Forty-seven @entity1 with long-term @entity1032 were transferred to the community following the closure of a @entity146 hospital in Sydney. This 6-year evaluation is an extension of a detailed clinical, ethnographic and economic study of the initial 2-years of community transition. METHOD: Quantitative evaluation was conducted using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Life Skills Profile, Social Behaviour Scale, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale and Quality Of Life measures. Assessments were completed prior to discharge and at two- and 6-year intervals following community transfer. Repeated measures analysis was utilized to determine changes in outcome variables over time. The residents' perception of 6-years of community living was explored in qualitative semistructured interviews. Details of accommodation, level of care, readmissions, incidents and medication were also documented. RESULTS: During the 6 years following community relocation a total of seven residents returned to hospital for long-term care, three residents died from medical causes and one resident required detention in a corrective services facility. The 36 residents who remained in the community at the 6-year follow-up no longer required intensive 24-h supervision. Living semi-independently, 23 residents resided in two to three @entity1 accommodation with either daily or weekly case manager visits. Clinically, community residents remained stable over the 6 years without significant changes in @entity146 symptoms, @entity308 , living skills or social behaviour problems. Clinical stability was achieved with significant reduction in medication levels over the 6 years. Community-based residents continued to experience improved quality of life and reported their marked preference for living in the community. CONCLUSION: The residents maintained community tenure with significant improvement in quality of life and a reduction in medication, supported by a mental health system with adequate community resources. Issues regarding continuing rehabilitation and social integration need to be addressed. Further deinstitutionalization will require 24-h supervision for most initially and for some on a continuing basis. An ageing population will require specific age related medical and @entity146 services.

title: Deinstitutionalization for long-term XXXX : a 6-year evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity1032 :: (MESH:D008607,Disease) :: ['mental illness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Levels of an immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine @entity688 are reduced in asthmatic airways, potentially contributing to more intense @entity32 . @entity2713 has anti-inflammatory properties and the anti-inflammatory effects of @entity5203 and @entity6410 have been discussed. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to define the effect of treatment with @entity2713 , @entity5203 and @entity6410 on the serum level of @entity688 , eosinophil blood counts, eosinophil cationic response (ECP) and clinical parameters (symptom score, FEV1 and PC20H) in @entity1 with moderate @entity565 . METHODS: An 8-week, placebo-controlled and randomized, double-blind trial was carried out. The subjects were 91 @entity1 with moderate @entity12131 who were @entity56 to dust mite. @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive 400 microg @entity2713 (n = 19), 5 or 10 mg (according to age) @entity5203 (n = 18), 24 microg @entity6410 (n = 18) or placebo (n = 36). RESULTS: Seventy-nine @entity1 completed the study. After treatment with @entity2713 and @entity5203 the level of @entity688 in blood serum significantly increased, eosinophil blood counts and ECP levels significantly decreased and all clinical parameters improved; treatment with @entity6410 had no effect on @entity688 level, eosinophil blood counts in serum and bronchial hyper-reactivity; ECP level significantly decreased after treatment and @entity565 symptoms and FEV1 improved significantly. Mean @entity688 levels in serum before and after treatment with @entity2713 were 7.23 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.74 -7.72% and 14.24 pg/mL with 95% CI, 11.6-16.88%, respectively (P < 0.001); with @entity5203 they were 6.59 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.26-7.23% and 10.94 pg/mL with 95% CI, 8.24-12.65%, respectively (P < 0.002); with @entity6410 they were 7.06 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.61-7.52% and 7.04 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.15-7.93%. We found statistically significant correlations between serum level of @entity688 and serum level of ECP after treatment with @entity2713 and @entity5203 . CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that one possible way by which @entity2713 and @entity5203 contribute to inhibition of @entity32 is by increasing @entity688 levels.

title: A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of glucocorticoid, antileukotriene and beta-agonist treatment on @entity688 serum levels in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity12131 :: ('MESH:C565292', 'Disease') :: ['atopic asthma']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity6410 :: ('MESH:C012629', 'Chemical') :: ['formoterol']

entities_list: @entity5203 :: ('MESH:C093875', 'Chemical') :: ['montelukast']

entities_list: @entity2713 :: ('MESH:D014221', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone', 'Triamcinolone']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Levels of an immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine @entity688 are reduced in asthmatic airways, potentially contributing to more intense @entity32 . @entity2713 has anti-inflammatory properties and the anti-inflammatory effects of @entity5203 and @entity6410 have been discussed. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to define the effect of treatment with @entity2713 , @entity5203 and @entity6410 on the serum level of @entity688 , eosinophil blood counts, eosinophil cationic response (ECP) and clinical parameters (symptom score, FEV1 and PC20H) in @entity1 with moderate @entity565 . METHODS: An 8-week, placebo-controlled and randomized, double-blind trial was carried out. The subjects were 91 @entity1 with moderate @entity12131 who were @entity56 to dust mite. @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive 400 microg @entity2713 (n = 19), 5 or 10 mg (according to age) @entity5203 (n = 18), 24 microg @entity6410 (n = 18) or placebo (n = 36). RESULTS: Seventy-nine @entity1 completed the study. After treatment with @entity2713 and @entity5203 the level of @entity688 in blood serum significantly increased, eosinophil blood counts and ECP levels significantly decreased and all clinical parameters improved; treatment with @entity6410 had no effect on @entity688 level, eosinophil blood counts in serum and bronchial hyper-reactivity; ECP level significantly decreased after treatment and @entity565 symptoms and FEV1 improved significantly. Mean @entity688 levels in serum before and after treatment with @entity2713 were 7.23 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.74 -7.72% and 14.24 pg/mL with 95% CI, 11.6-16.88%, respectively (P < 0.001); with @entity5203 they were 6.59 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.26-7.23% and 10.94 pg/mL with 95% CI, 8.24-12.65%, respectively (P < 0.002); with @entity6410 they were 7.06 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.61-7.52% and 7.04 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.15-7.93%. We found statistically significant correlations between serum level of @entity688 and serum level of ECP after treatment with @entity2713 and @entity5203 . CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that one possible way by which @entity2713 and @entity5203 contribute to inhibition of @entity32 is by increasing @entity688 levels.

title: A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of glucocorticoid, antileukotriene and beta-agonist treatment on XXXX serum levels in @entity1 with @entity565 .

answer: @entity688 :: (3586,Gene) :: ['IL-10']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Levels of an immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine @entity688 are reduced in asthmatic airways, potentially contributing to more intense @entity32 . @entity2713 has anti-inflammatory properties and the anti-inflammatory effects of @entity5203 and @entity6410 have been discussed. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to define the effect of treatment with @entity2713 , @entity5203 and @entity6410 on the serum level of @entity688 , eosinophil blood counts, eosinophil cationic response (ECP) and clinical parameters (symptom score, FEV1 and PC20H) in @entity1 with moderate @entity565 . METHODS: An 8-week, placebo-controlled and randomized, double-blind trial was carried out. The subjects were 91 @entity1 with moderate @entity12131 who were @entity56 to dust mite. @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive 400 microg @entity2713 (n = 19), 5 or 10 mg (according to age) @entity5203 (n = 18), 24 microg @entity6410 (n = 18) or placebo (n = 36). RESULTS: Seventy-nine @entity1 completed the study. After treatment with @entity2713 and @entity5203 the level of @entity688 in blood serum significantly increased, eosinophil blood counts and ECP levels significantly decreased and all clinical parameters improved; treatment with @entity6410 had no effect on @entity688 level, eosinophil blood counts in serum and bronchial hyper-reactivity; ECP level significantly decreased after treatment and @entity565 symptoms and FEV1 improved significantly. Mean @entity688 levels in serum before and after treatment with @entity2713 were 7.23 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.74 -7.72% and 14.24 pg/mL with 95% CI, 11.6-16.88%, respectively (P < 0.001); with @entity5203 they were 6.59 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.26-7.23% and 10.94 pg/mL with 95% CI, 8.24-12.65%, respectively (P < 0.002); with @entity6410 they were 7.06 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.61-7.52% and 7.04 pg/mL with 95% CI, 6.15-7.93%. We found statistically significant correlations between serum level of @entity688 and serum level of ECP after treatment with @entity2713 and @entity5203 . CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that one possible way by which @entity2713 and @entity5203 contribute to inhibition of @entity32 is by increasing @entity688 levels.

title: A randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of glucocorticoid, antileukotriene and beta-agonist treatment on @entity688 serum levels in XXXX with @entity565 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: We have recently identified a gene (the @entity70739 gene) on @entity1 chromosome 16 (16p13.3) that encodes a secreted protein containing WAP-type, Follistatin/ Kazal type, Kunitz-type and NTR-type protease-inhibitory modules and an Immunoglobulin domain [Trexler et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001), 3705 - 3709]. In the present work we show that a gene on chromosome 17 encodes a @entity70740 ( @entity70740 ) that has the same domain organization as the @entity70739 protein. The exon-intron structure of the two genes is also similar as both genes have a single phase 0 intron that splits their WAP domains in equivalent positions. In view of the presence of several protease inhibitory modules in these proteins it seems likely that they serve to control the action of multiple types of proteases. The tissue expression pattern of the two proteins, however, is markedly different suggesting that they have distinct biological roles. Whereas the @entity70739 gene is expressed primarily in adult pancreas, liver and thymus but not in brain and ovary, significant expression of the @entity70740 gene is observed in ovary, testis and brain, but not in liver. Pronounced differences could also be seen in the case of fetal tissues: expression of the @entity70739 gene was highest in the lung, skeletal muscle and liver, whereas the @entity70740 gene was expressed primarily in brain, skeletal muscle, thymus and kidney.

title: Distinct expression pattern of two related XXXX proteins containing multiple types of protease-inhibitory modules.

entities_list: @entity70740 :: ('124857', 'Gene') :: ['WFIKKNRP', 'WFIKKN-related protein']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: Bacterial infections of the air sac have been reported in many nonhuman primates. Approaches to the management of airsacculitis have included combinations of medical and surgical therapies. These strategies have often required repeated attempts to drain exudate from the affected air sac, as well as necessitating that the animal endure isolation or undergo intensive postoperative care before returning to its social group. METHODS: A stoma was created via deliberate apposition of the air sac lining and skin to allow continuous drainage. Antibiotic therapy based on culture and antimicrobial susceptibility of the air sac contents was administered while the @entity831 remained in its social group. RESULTS: We were able to attain complete resolution of the @entity281 after a course of oral antibiotic therapy. The stoma closed gradually over a three-week period, and the @entity831 has remained free of @entity281 since that time. CONCLUSION: Despite the severity of the air sac @entity281 in this @entity831 , we were able to resolve the @entity281 easily, using a simple surgical technique. This method allowed treatment without interfering with social standing or subjection to repeated anesthetic and treatment episodes. This method could be a simple, useful alternative for managing airsacculitis in nonhuman primates.

title: Surgical technique for ambulatory management of airsacculitis in a XXXX ( @entity831 ).

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity831 :: ('9598', 'Species') :: ['chimpanzee']

answer: @entity831 :: (9598,Species) :: ['chimpanzee']


abstract: PURPOSE: Bacterial infections of the air sac have been reported in many nonhuman primates. Approaches to the management of airsacculitis have included combinations of medical and surgical therapies. These strategies have often required repeated attempts to drain exudate from the affected air sac, as well as necessitating that the animal endure isolation or undergo intensive postoperative care before returning to its social group. METHODS: A stoma was created via deliberate apposition of the air sac lining and skin to allow continuous drainage. Antibiotic therapy based on culture and antimicrobial susceptibility of the air sac contents was administered while the @entity831 remained in its social group. RESULTS: We were able to attain complete resolution of the @entity281 after a course of oral antibiotic therapy. The stoma closed gradually over a three-week period, and the @entity831 has remained free of @entity281 since that time. CONCLUSION: Despite the severity of the air sac @entity281 in this @entity831 , we were able to resolve the @entity281 easily, using a simple surgical technique. This method allowed treatment without interfering with social standing or subjection to repeated anesthetic and treatment episodes. This method could be a simple, useful alternative for managing airsacculitis in nonhuman primates.

title: Surgical technique for ambulatory management of airsacculitis in a @entity831 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity831 :: (9598,Species) :: ['Pan troglodytes']


abstract: @entity70134 (PE) production and accumulation in Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth. is associated with flowering. PE content per plant remains fairly constant during the primary growth phase of the plant and only begins to increase significantly above amounts found in the seed once the development of the flower stalk has begun. Both content and concentration increase concomitantly from this point. Distributions in individual plants also associated the highest levels of PE accumulation with the reproductive tissues. This substantiates the association of PE with tissues of greatest fitness value and therefore the hypothesis that they contribute to defence. Analysis of extracts of L. alba tissues by reversed-phase HPLC coupled with ecdysteroid-specific RIA was used to monitor ecdysteroid profiles. RIA-positive peaks co-chromatographing with @entity11088 , @entity4080 and @entity27768 were detected and several tissues also contain PE conjugates. Seedmeal of L. alba appears to be a convenient and promising source for the commercial isolation of the potent PE @entity27768 .

title: XXXX levels and distribution during development in Limnanthes alba Hartw. ex Benth. (Limnanthaceae).

entities_list: @entity27768 :: ('MESH:C008999', 'Chemical') :: ['ponasterone A']

entities_list: @entity4080 :: ('MESH:D004440', 'Chemical') :: ['ecdysone']

entities_list: @entity11088 :: ('MESH:D004441', 'Chemical') :: ['20-hydroxyecdysone']

entities_list: @entity70134 :: ('CHEBI:26118', 'Chemical') :: ['Phytoecdysteroid']

answer: @entity70134 :: (CHEBI:26118,Chemical) :: ['Phytoecdysteroid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sub-Tenon anesthesia for @entity1347 . METHODS: Thirty-two @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1713 were treated with @entity1347 under sub-Tenon anesthesia. After topical anesthesia, a buttonhole was made through the conjuntiva and Tenon's capsule 4 mm posterior to the limbus. Four milliliters of anesthetic solution was then delivered into the posterior sub-Tenon space using a blunt cannula. The buckling procedure was done immediately after the completion of anesthesia. We evaluated @entity910 and recorded the @entity158 with a visual analogue scale after surgery. RESULTS: There were no anesthesia related complications. Twenty-two @entity1 (69%) reported no @entity158 during surgery. Nine @entity1 (28%) felt @entity158 during surgery. However, the @entity158 was tolerable and the surgeries were finished smoothly with or without a supplemental anesthetic solution. One @entity1 (3%) experienced uncomfortable @entity158 and needed an additional retrobulbar block. Five @entity1 (16%) retained @entity1319 5 min after anesthesia, and only 4 @entity1 (13%) experienced total @entity910 . At the end of the surgery, 16 @entity1 (50%) had total @entity910 and 2 @entity1 (6%) retained @entity1319 . CONCLUSIONS: Sub-Tenon anesthesia is efficient and safe in @entity1347 . It can prevent the complications of peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia and is a good alternative to both methods of anesthesia, especially in highly myopic eyes.

title: Sub-tenon anesthesia for XXXX and assessment of postoperative pain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['rhegmatogenous retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['segmental scleral buckling']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['akinesia']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['complete eye movement']

answer: @entity1347 :: (MESH:C537775,Disease) :: ['segmental scleral buckling']


abstract: A treatment policy must be established for primary @entity4797 . We have treated five @entity1 with this entity during 18 years. All our @entity1 presented with a bulky mass as is usual for this disease. Our first @entity1 was treated surgically and then with radiation, but developed recurrences and died 11 years after the initial diagnosis. Three subsequent @entity1 , one with multiple lymph node @entity3 , were treated with radiation followed by @entity900 . Our most recent @entity1 received two courses of @entity632 -reinforced PVB, and then radiation for consolidation, followed by another course of chemotherapy. For these five @entity1 , the 5- and 10-year survival rates were both 100%. A review of the literature emphasized the fact that either radiation or surgery has recently been replaced by chemotherapy as the front-line treatment of this rare @entity5 in light of a better response to the latter form of treatment. We fully agree with this policy. Based on the favorable long-term results of our @entity1 we conclude that chemo-radiotherapy can cure primary @entity4797 , even in its extended form, without surgery. An initial three courses of @entity900 -based chemotherapy like @entity632 -reinforced @entity7297 or BEP should be followed by radiation of up to 4,000 cGy for consolidation. Surgery may play a limited role for @entity5 that are small at presentation, or for any possible viable residue seen on roentgenograms following chemo-radiotherapy.

title: Primary XXXX . Efficacy of chemo-radiotherapy alone.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinal seminoma']

answer: @entity4797 :: (MESH:D018239,Disease) :: ['mediastinal seminoma']


abstract: An 84-year-old @entity1 was admitted to Ehime University hospital because of fever and generalized swelling of lymph nodes. On admission, she did not have any @entity79 . The laboratory data included a WBC count of 60,900/microliter, with 80.5% atypical plasma cells in the peripheral blood and 26.4% in the bone marrow. The patient's serum total protein was 9.3 g/dl with increased polyclonal gamma-globulin (62.4%). Serum levels of LDH (1,986 IU/l) and @entity650 (34.3 pg/dl) were also elevated. Immunofixation-electrophoresis detected a monoclonal band defined as IgA-lambda type, with a broad band of polyclonal immunoglobulin. Southern blotting analysis demonstrated rearranged monoclonal bands in the JH and J lambda genes. Based on these findings, @entity9865 (IgA-lambda type) was diagnosed. The @entity1 was treated with combination chemotherapy for @entity981 and achieved complete remission. However, she died of @entity295 two months after admission. After chemotherapy, the patients IgG and IgM levels normalized but IgA still showed a slight increase. @entity650 also decreased, from 34.3 pg/dl to 10.2 pg/dl. To our knowledge, this report is the first in the literature concerning a case of @entity9865 with @entity4754 .

title: [ @entity9865 (IgA-lambda type) with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['aspergillus sepsis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone diseases']

entities_list: @entity4754 :: ('MESH:D006942', 'Disease') :: ['polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia']

entities_list: @entity9865 :: ('MESH:D007952', 'Disease') :: ['plasma cell leukemia']

answer: @entity4754 :: (MESH:D006942,Disease) :: ['polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia']


abstract: An 84-year-old @entity1 was admitted to Ehime University hospital because of fever and generalized swelling of lymph nodes. On admission, she did not have any @entity79 . The laboratory data included a WBC count of 60,900/microliter, with 80.5% atypical plasma cells in the peripheral blood and 26.4% in the bone marrow. The patient's serum total protein was 9.3 g/dl with increased polyclonal gamma-globulin (62.4%). Serum levels of LDH (1,986 IU/l) and @entity650 (34.3 pg/dl) were also elevated. Immunofixation-electrophoresis detected a monoclonal band defined as IgA-lambda type, with a broad band of polyclonal immunoglobulin. Southern blotting analysis demonstrated rearranged monoclonal bands in the JH and J lambda genes. Based on these findings, @entity9865 (IgA-lambda type) was diagnosed. The @entity1 was treated with combination chemotherapy for @entity981 and achieved complete remission. However, she died of @entity295 two months after admission. After chemotherapy, the patients IgG and IgM levels normalized but IgA still showed a slight increase. @entity650 also decreased, from 34.3 pg/dl to 10.2 pg/dl. To our knowledge, this report is the first in the literature concerning a case of @entity9865 with @entity4754 .

title: [ XXXX (IgA-lambda type) with @entity4754 ].

answer: @entity9865 :: (MESH:D007952,Disease) :: ['Plasma cell leukemia']


abstract: An outbreak of food @entity4968 involving most autonomous Spanish communities was detected in the first half of 1994. The causative food was @entity1 formula milk contaminated by @entity1132 -fermenting Salmonella virchow. It was not possible to isolate the causative strain from the manufacturer's facilities. During the same period of time, there was a significant increase in @entity1132 -non-fermenting Salmonella virchow strains compared with the same period in previous years. Simultaneously, @entity1132 -non-fermenting strains were recovered from clinical samples from @entity1 and from some milk samples that were involved in the outbreak. Therefore, it was speculated that the outbreak might be more extensive than initially thought. The following epidemiological markers were used for typing the Salmonella virchow strains involved in the outbreak: (i) phage typing: (ii) ribotyping, using a set of 20 different endonucleases: and (iii) pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, using three different endonucleases. The most useful markers for this serotype were phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, since ribotyping was not able to distinguish all strains tested. The results obtained revealed that the outbreak was caused by at least two strains: one presenting phage type 4-4a and pulsed-field patterns A1 or A2 and L+ or L-, and another presenting phage type 2 and pulsed-field patterns A1 or A2 and L+ or L-. The results indicate that the outbreak was more extensive than initially thought and that the Virchow serotype is very clonal in Spain.

title: Multiple analysis of a foodborne outbreak caused by XXXX formula contaminated by an atypical Salmonella virchow strain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infant']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the structure of resistive arteries assessed from minimal vascular resistance in the forearm and the @entity291 and on left ventricular mass index of elderly @entity101 subjects with @entity4346 . DESIGN AND METHODS: We evaluated 23 elderly @entity1 [12 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 , aged 70 +/- 1 years (mean +/- SEM)] with essential @entity101 assessed with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and @entity4346 before and at the end of 6 months' treatment with @entity9383 . Minimal vascular resistance was calculated as the ratio of mean arterial pressure to regional blood flow measured upon restoration of circulation after 13 min of ischaemia combined with exercise and taken as an index of resistive vessel structure (i.e. media:lumen ratio). RESULTS: Daytime ambulatory blood pressure had decreased from 164 +/- 2/95 +/- 1 to 147 +/- 3/86 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.001) and left ventricular mass index decreased from 138 +/- 4 to 120 +/- 5 g/m2 (P < 0.001) at the end of treatment. Minimal vascular resistance in the forearm had decreased from 3.1 +/- 0.3 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 mmHg/ml per 100 ml per min (P < 0.01) whereas we observed no change in minimal vascular resistance in the @entity291 after treatment (4.6 +/- 0.7 versus 4.2 +/- 0.4 mmHg/ml per 100 ml per min, NS). The decrease in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm was correlated significantly to the fall in 24 h ambulatory mean arterial pressure (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). Changes in left ventricular mass index were not correlated to those in ambulatory blood pressure or to those in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-month reduction in blood pressure under @entity9383 treatment was associated with decreases in @entity4346 and in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm of elderly @entity101 @entity1 . Absence of structural changes in leg vasculature could be related to the greater arterial pressure prevalent in the lower limbs while @entity1 stood upright and, consequently, a proportionately smaller decrease in blood pressure, as well as greater structural changes and fibrous damage than those of the upper limbs.

title: Vascular structure in the forearm and @entity291 after 6 months of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in elderly @entity101 subjects with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity9383 :: ('MESH:C041125', 'Chemical') :: ['quinapril']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

answer: @entity4346 :: (MESH:D017379,Disease) :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the structure of resistive arteries assessed from minimal vascular resistance in the forearm and the @entity291 and on left ventricular mass index of elderly @entity101 subjects with @entity4346 . DESIGN AND METHODS: We evaluated 23 elderly @entity1 [12 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 , aged 70 +/- 1 years (mean +/- SEM)] with essential @entity101 assessed with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and @entity4346 before and at the end of 6 months' treatment with @entity9383 . Minimal vascular resistance was calculated as the ratio of mean arterial pressure to regional blood flow measured upon restoration of circulation after 13 min of ischaemia combined with exercise and taken as an index of resistive vessel structure (i.e. media:lumen ratio). RESULTS: Daytime ambulatory blood pressure had decreased from 164 +/- 2/95 +/- 1 to 147 +/- 3/86 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.001) and left ventricular mass index decreased from 138 +/- 4 to 120 +/- 5 g/m2 (P < 0.001) at the end of treatment. Minimal vascular resistance in the forearm had decreased from 3.1 +/- 0.3 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 mmHg/ml per 100 ml per min (P < 0.01) whereas we observed no change in minimal vascular resistance in the @entity291 after treatment (4.6 +/- 0.7 versus 4.2 +/- 0.4 mmHg/ml per 100 ml per min, NS). The decrease in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm was correlated significantly to the fall in 24 h ambulatory mean arterial pressure (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). Changes in left ventricular mass index were not correlated to those in ambulatory blood pressure or to those in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-month reduction in blood pressure under @entity9383 treatment was associated with decreases in @entity4346 and in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm of elderly @entity101 @entity1 . Absence of structural changes in leg vasculature could be related to the greater arterial pressure prevalent in the lower limbs while @entity1 stood upright and, consequently, a proportionately smaller decrease in blood pressure, as well as greater structural changes and fibrous damage than those of the upper limbs.

title: Vascular structure in the forearm and XXXX after 6 months of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in elderly @entity101 subjects with @entity4346 .

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['calf']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the structure of resistive arteries assessed from minimal vascular resistance in the forearm and the @entity291 and on left ventricular mass index of elderly @entity101 subjects with @entity4346 . DESIGN AND METHODS: We evaluated 23 elderly @entity1 [12 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 , aged 70 +/- 1 years (mean +/- SEM)] with essential @entity101 assessed with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and @entity4346 before and at the end of 6 months' treatment with @entity9383 . Minimal vascular resistance was calculated as the ratio of mean arterial pressure to regional blood flow measured upon restoration of circulation after 13 min of ischaemia combined with exercise and taken as an index of resistive vessel structure (i.e. media:lumen ratio). RESULTS: Daytime ambulatory blood pressure had decreased from 164 +/- 2/95 +/- 1 to 147 +/- 3/86 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.001) and left ventricular mass index decreased from 138 +/- 4 to 120 +/- 5 g/m2 (P < 0.001) at the end of treatment. Minimal vascular resistance in the forearm had decreased from 3.1 +/- 0.3 to 2.4 +/- 0.2 mmHg/ml per 100 ml per min (P < 0.01) whereas we observed no change in minimal vascular resistance in the @entity291 after treatment (4.6 +/- 0.7 versus 4.2 +/- 0.4 mmHg/ml per 100 ml per min, NS). The decrease in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm was correlated significantly to the fall in 24 h ambulatory mean arterial pressure (r = 0.58, P < 0.01). Changes in left ventricular mass index were not correlated to those in ambulatory blood pressure or to those in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm. CONCLUSIONS: A 6-month reduction in blood pressure under @entity9383 treatment was associated with decreases in @entity4346 and in minimal vascular resistance in the forearm of elderly @entity101 @entity1 . Absence of structural changes in leg vasculature could be related to the greater arterial pressure prevalent in the lower limbs while @entity1 stood upright and, consequently, a proportionately smaller decrease in blood pressure, as well as greater structural changes and fibrous damage than those of the upper limbs.

title: Vascular structure in the forearm and @entity291 after 6 months of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in elderly XXXX subjects with @entity4346 .

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: Incident reporting is an effective tool for continuous quality improvement in clinical practice. A prospective study on @entity2798 reporting in @entity158 management was conducted at a major teaching hospital in Hong Kong. Over a 12-month period, 53 incidents were reported in 1275 @entity1 who received @entity158 relief treatments which were supervised by the acute @entity158 service. The majority of the incidents were first detected by the @entity158 team. The most common incidents involved delivery circuits, delivery pump and drug administration. A large proportion (81.4%) of the incidents were thought to be preventable. @entity1 factors were involved in 41.9% of the @entity1 reported, most commonly associated with unfamiliar technique/inexperience, inattention and inadequate communication. Four @entity1 developed major morbidity of which two were attributed to inadequate @entity1337 , while three others had major physiological changes without morbidity. Strategies have been formulated to prevent further occurrence of these incidents. We propose that incident reporting is a potentially useful tool in identifying and preventing adverse events in @entity282 management.

title: Incident reporting in acute XXXX management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary incident']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Visual acuity and vision related quality of life outcomes in @entity231 surgery were evaluated in a population based survey in two geographic zones in Nepal. METHODS: Case finding was based on random sampling using a stratified cluster design with door to door enumeration of @entity1 aged > or = 45 years followed by eye examinations at village sites. All aphakics/pseudophakics, those with visual acuity less than 6/60 in either eye, and a sample of those with normal visual acuity were administered @entity227 ( @entity227 ) and quality of life (QOL) questionnaires. RESULTS: 15% of the 159 @entity231 operated cases had presenting visual acuity > or = 6/18 in both eyes, 38% with best corrected visual acuity. 21% were still blind with presenting visual acuity < 6/60 in both eyes, 7% with best correction. On a 0-100 scale, mean @entity227 and QOL scores were 87.2 and 93.9 respectively in normally sighted unoperated individuals, dropping to 15.6 and 29.5 for those severely blind (< 3/60). Among the @entity231 operated, mean @entity227 and QOL scores were 47.5 and 55.4, respectively. @entity227 and QOL scores correlated with vision status at statistically significant levels (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: @entity231 surgery outcomes, whether measured by traditional visual acuity or by @entity1 reported @entity227 /QOL, are at levels many would consider unacceptably low. It is apparent that in the quest to reduce @entity231 much more attention must be given to improving surgery outcomes.

title: Visual functioning and quality of life outcomes among XXXX operated and unoperated blind populations in Nepal.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual functioning', 'VF']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract blindness', 'Cataract', 'cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: AIMS: To compare the effectiveness of @entity618 ( @entity2098 ), @entity205 ( @entity870 ), and both in combination, in preventing rejection following corneal transplantations. METHODS: @entity35 of the inbred strains Brown Norway and Lewis were used as donors and recipients respectively. @entity2098 was administered orally in both monotherapy and combination therapy for 14 days in a dosage of 40 mg/kg body weight, and @entity870 was administered, likewise for 14 days, in an intramuscular dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight. The transplants were examined every third day by slit lamp microscopy. Every transplant was subjected to histological or immunohistological evaluation. RESULTS: The average transplant survival rate in the allogenic strain combination was 7.9 days (SEM 1.1). Monotherapy with @entity2098 led to a statistically significant prolongation of transplant survival to 11.6 days (SEM 0.9, p < 0.05). Monotherapy with @entity870 delayed transplant rejection statistically significantly longer than @entity2098 (21 days, 0.0, p < 0.05). The combination therapy with @entity870 and @entity2098 was statistically significantly superior to the monotherapy with @entity2098 (22.3 days, 0.5, p < 0.05). The combination therapy prolonged transplant survival compared with the @entity870 monotherapy, albeit not to a statistically significant extent. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we were able to prove the immunosuppressive effect of oral @entity2098 on acute rejection following corneal transplantation. Double drug therapy with @entity870 and @entity2098 conferred a marginal benefit without a higher incidence of complications related to @entity137 or overimmunosuppression.

title: Effect of @entity618 , XXXX , and both in combination in a murine corneal graft rejection model.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['drug toxicity']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporin A']


abstract: AIMS: To compare the effectiveness of @entity618 ( @entity2098 ), @entity205 ( @entity870 ), and both in combination, in preventing rejection following corneal transplantations. METHODS: @entity35 of the inbred strains Brown Norway and Lewis were used as donors and recipients respectively. @entity2098 was administered orally in both monotherapy and combination therapy for 14 days in a dosage of 40 mg/kg body weight, and @entity870 was administered, likewise for 14 days, in an intramuscular dosage of 10 mg/kg body weight. The transplants were examined every third day by slit lamp microscopy. Every transplant was subjected to histological or immunohistological evaluation. RESULTS: The average transplant survival rate in the allogenic strain combination was 7.9 days (SEM 1.1). Monotherapy with @entity2098 led to a statistically significant prolongation of transplant survival to 11.6 days (SEM 0.9, p < 0.05). Monotherapy with @entity870 delayed transplant rejection statistically significantly longer than @entity2098 (21 days, 0.0, p < 0.05). The combination therapy with @entity870 and @entity2098 was statistically significantly superior to the monotherapy with @entity2098 (22.3 days, 0.5, p < 0.05). The combination therapy prolonged transplant survival compared with the @entity870 monotherapy, albeit not to a statistically significant extent. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we were able to prove the immunosuppressive effect of oral @entity2098 on acute rejection following corneal transplantation. Double drug therapy with @entity870 and @entity2098 conferred a marginal benefit without a higher incidence of complications related to @entity137 or overimmunosuppression.

title: Effect of XXXX , @entity205 , and both in combination in a murine corneal graft rejection model.

answer: @entity618 :: (MESH:C063008,Chemical) :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Historical cohort studies in England have found that @entity1729 in early childhood are associated with lower levels of lung function in late adult life. These relations are investigated in a similar study in Scotland. METHODS: In 1985-86 a follow up study was carried out of 1070 @entity1 who had been born in St Andrew's from 1921 to 1935 and followed from birth to 14 years of age by the Mackenzie Institute for Medical Research. Recorded information included birth weight and @entity1576 . The lung function of 239 of these individuals was measured. RESULTS: There was no association between birth weight and lung function. Pneumonia before two years of age was associated with a difference in mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of -0.39 litres (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.67, -0.11; p = 0.007) and in mean forced vital capacity (FVC) of -0.60 litres (95% CI -0.92, -0.28; p < 0.001), after controlling for age, sex, height, smoking, type of spirometer, and other illnesses before two years. Similar reductions were seen in @entity1 and @entity1 . @entity3617 before two years was associated with smaller deficits in FEV1 and FVC. @entity565 or wheeze at two years and older and cough after five years were also associated with a reduction in FEV1. CONCLUSIONS: The relation between impaired fetal growth and lower lung function in late adult life seen in previous studies was not confirmed in this cohort. The deficits in FEV1 and FVC associated with @entity55 and @entity3617 in the first two years of life are consistent with a causal relation.

title: Birth weight, XXXX , and adult lung function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3617 :: ('MESH:D001991', 'Disease') :: ['bronchitis', 'Bronchitis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory illnesses']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['impaired fetal growth and lower respiratory tract infections']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['childhood lower respiratory tract infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Antioxidant enzymes are an important part of the defence mechanisms against free @entity16 . Little is known, however, about the relationship between sex @entity134 hormones and cellular antioxidant systems. We have investigated the effect of physiological sex steroid changes on the erythrocyte antioxidant @entity2041 peroxidase ( @entity2197 -Px) activity during the menstrual cycle in a population of healthy normomenorrhoic @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective, controlled. @entity1 : Ten normally cycling @entity1 (age range: 19-28 years; mean: 23.3 years) were recruited for alternate-day blood sampling from the first day of one menstrual bleed until the first day of the subsequent menstrual phase. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma was analysed for LH, FSH, @entity53 (E2) and @entity1420 (P4) concentrations. Erythrocyte @entity2197 -Px activity was evaluated on the same days in all subjects. Pyruvate-kinase (PK) activity, as an index of red blood cell population age, was also determined. RESULTS: All the @entity1 examined had a normal ovulatory cycle, as indicated by the hormone plasma pattern. Cycle length was standardized on the basis of the preovulatory E2 peak. Significant cycle phase-related changes in @entity2197 -Px (P < 0.03) were observed, with higher @entity2197 -Px activity levels being found from the later follicular to early luteal phase as compared to early follicular phase (chi 2 = 8.53, P < 0.001 and chi 2 = 5.54, P < 0.002, respectively). A significant positive correlation was observed between mean E2 and @entity2197 -Px cycle-related changes (r = 0.78, P = 0.001). Conversely, no significant cycle phase-dependent variations were detected in PK. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the hypothesis that physiological ovarian E2 production during the menstrual cycle may play an important role in regulating erythrocyte @entity2041 peroxidase activity.

title: Variations in erythrocyte antioxidant XXXX peroxidase activity during the menstrual cycle.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['radical damage']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity2041 :: (MESH:D005978,Chemical) :: ['glutathione']


abstract: We investigated whether @entity5815 ( @entity5815 ) @entity1 have physical and/or cardiovascular de-conditioning, in 273 @entity5815 @entity1 and 72 healthy controls. We used laboratory tests to assess haematological, biochemical, endocrinological and immunological systems. The cardiovascular system was assessed by echocardiography and carotid echography. Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). @entity5815 @entity1 had smaller left ventricular end systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p = 0.008) dimensions but thinner posterior walls (p = 0.02) than corresponding values in healthy controls. Left ventricular mass was also reduced in @entity5815 @entity1 (p = 0.006). Both maximum (p < 0.001) and minimum (p < 0.008) diameter of the carotid artery were smaller in @entity5815 @entity1 . The laboratory screening tests showed significant differences in serum albumin (p = 0.05), @entity1391 (p = 0.02), HDL- @entity165 (p = 0.03), HDL:total @entity165 ratio (p = 0.01), @entity1674 (p = 0.02), neutrophils (p = 0.01) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (p = 0.04) between @entity5815 @entity1 and controls. Male @entity5815 @entity1 had an increased percentage of fat mass compared with healthy male subjects (p = 0.02). This large group of @entity5815 @entity1 had evidence of physical and cardiovascular de-conditioning, suggesting that in these @entity1 a graded exercise programme could lead to physical reconditioning and could increase their ability to perform physical activities.

title: XXXX : physical and cardiovascular deconditioning.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity5815 :: ('MESH:D015673', 'Disease') :: ['chronic fatigue syndrome', 'CFS']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity5815 :: (MESH:D015673,Disease) :: ['Chronic fatigue syndrome']


abstract: @entity11529 ( @entity11529 ) is a condition of young @entity1 characterized by recurrent episodes of pruritic vesicles and pustules in an acral distribution. Several reports describe @entity1 with @entity1908 prior to the diagnosis of @entity11529 , although the relationship between the two remains unclear. Furthermore, optimal therapy is controversial. We reviewed the history of @entity1908 and response to therapy in 21 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity11529 at two institutions between 1983 and 1997. A history of prior treatment for @entity1908 was noted in 14 @entity1 , although only two had mites, feces, or ova detected on microscopic examination for diagnostic verification. All @entity1 were treated with topical corticosteroids (4 with class I, 12 with class II, 3 with class III, 1 with class IV, and 1 with class VI). All 18 @entity1 who returned for follow-up experienced significant improvement or cleared completely with treatment. There were no observed cutaneous or systemic side effects from corticosteroid therapy. We conclude that a history of preceding @entity1908 is common in @entity1 with @entity11529 , but often this diagnosis is made without microscopic confirmation. We also demonstrate that mid- to high-potency topical corticosteroids are a safe and effective first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity11529 .

title: @entity11529 revisited: history of XXXX and response to topical corticosteroids.

entities_list: @entity11529 :: ('MESH:D020936', 'Disease') :: ['IA', 'Infantile acropustulosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1908 :: ('MESH:D012532', 'Disease') :: ['scabies infestation', 'scabies']

answer: @entity1908 :: (MESH:D012532,Disease) :: ['scabies']


abstract: @entity11529 ( @entity11529 ) is a condition of young @entity1 characterized by recurrent episodes of pruritic vesicles and pustules in an acral distribution. Several reports describe @entity1 with @entity1908 prior to the diagnosis of @entity11529 , although the relationship between the two remains unclear. Furthermore, optimal therapy is controversial. We reviewed the history of @entity1908 and response to therapy in 21 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity11529 at two institutions between 1983 and 1997. A history of prior treatment for @entity1908 was noted in 14 @entity1 , although only two had mites, feces, or ova detected on microscopic examination for diagnostic verification. All @entity1 were treated with topical corticosteroids (4 with class I, 12 with class II, 3 with class III, 1 with class IV, and 1 with class VI). All 18 @entity1 who returned for follow-up experienced significant improvement or cleared completely with treatment. There were no observed cutaneous or systemic side effects from corticosteroid therapy. We conclude that a history of preceding @entity1908 is common in @entity1 with @entity11529 , but often this diagnosis is made without microscopic confirmation. We also demonstrate that mid- to high-potency topical corticosteroids are a safe and effective first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity11529 .

title: XXXX revisited: history of @entity1908 and response to topical corticosteroids.

answer: @entity11529 :: (MESH:D020936,Disease) :: ['Infantile acropustulosis']


abstract: Previous angioplasty studies have used angiography and intravascular ultrasound to obtain vascular dimensions. These imaging methods do not always provide reliable measurements due to limitations in image orientation and resolution. In this study, high-resolution (0.1 x 0.1 x 0.5 mm) transverse CT slices were obtained from @entity1 common-iliac arteries in vitro to study their elastic response pre- and @entity8447 . Seven iliacs from five @entity1 were imaged over the physiological pressure range both pre- and @entity8447 . Contrast was obtained with humidified air surrounding the artery. Angioplasty was done with 10 or 12 mm diameter Medi-Tech balloon catheters with a balloon pressure of 300 kPa held for 30 s. Lumen circumference, c, measured from the images, was plotted against pressure, P, and curve fitting showed c = A(1 - e(-KP)) + B where A, K, and B are fitting parameters. Six lesions appeared soft and were compressed, while one was calcified and partially lifted off the wall. Normalized changes in parameters B and K were much higher @entity8447 in the @entity75 , and were over 3 standard deviations from the means of the normalized changes in the six compressed lesions. Balloon/stenosed lumen diameter ratios greater than 1.2 produced a lumen area increase of 38.6 +/- 4.1%(S.D.)(n = 3); ratios less than 1.2 produced an increase of 4.4 +/- 5.1%(S.D.)(n = 4). There was no correlation between area increase and balloon/normal lumen diameter ratio (the value used clinically). Arteries with lesions containing stiffer plaques that tear from the artery wall during angioplasty appear more distensible over the physiological pressure range @entity8447 .

title: Elastic response of XXXX iliac arteries in-vitro to balloon angioplasty using high-resolution CT.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8447 :: ('MESH:D017169', 'Disease') :: ['post-angioplasty']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['calcified lesion']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity8498 is activated by the @entity6057 ( @entity6057 ) and then co-ordinates important signaling pathways for T lymphocyte activation. Effector pathways for this @entity6370 binding protein in T cells are mediated by the @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase @entity10242 and the Ras-related GTPase @entity5180 . In fibroblasts, an important effector for the Ras oncogene is @entity4357 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-kinase). Activation of this lipid kinase is able to induce critical @entity5180 signaling pathways and can couple @entity8498 to cell survival mechanisms via the @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase @entity584 . The role of PtdIns 3-kinase in Ras signaling in T cells has not been explored. In the present study, we examined the ability of PtdIns 3-kinase to initiate the @entity5180 signaling pathways important for T cell activation. We also examined the possibility that @entity584 is regulated by Ras signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. The results show that Ras can initiate a @entity5180 mediated pathway that regulates the transcriptional function of AP-1 complexes. @entity4357 3-kinase signals cannot mimic @entity8498 and induce the Rac mediated responses of AP-1 transcriptional activation. Moreover, neither @entity6057 or Ras activation of AP-1 is dependent on PtdIns 3-kinase. @entity584 is activated in response to triggering of the @entity6057 ; PtdIns 3-kinase activity is both required and sufficient for this @entity6057 response. In contrast, @entity8498 signals are unable to induce @entity584 activity in T cell nor is Ras function required for @entity584 activation in response to the @entity6057 . The present data thus highlight that PtdIns 3-kinase and @entity584 are not universal Ras effector molecules. Ras can initiate @entity5180 regulated signaling pathways in the context of @entity6057 function independently of PtdIns 3-kinase activity.

title: XXXX initiates @entity5180 but not @entity4357 3 kinase/ @entity584 , mediated signaling pathways in T lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity6370 :: ('CHEBI:61292', 'Chemical') :: ['guanine nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity6057 :: ('6962', 'Gene') :: ['T cell antigen receptor', 'TCR']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['Phosphatidylinositol', 'PtdIns']

answer: @entity8498 :: (3265,Gene) :: ['p21ras']


abstract: @entity8498 is activated by the @entity6057 ( @entity6057 ) and then co-ordinates important signaling pathways for T lymphocyte activation. Effector pathways for this @entity6370 binding protein in T cells are mediated by the @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase @entity10242 and the Ras-related GTPase @entity5180 . In fibroblasts, an important effector for the Ras oncogene is @entity4357 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-kinase). Activation of this lipid kinase is able to induce critical @entity5180 signaling pathways and can couple @entity8498 to cell survival mechanisms via the @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase @entity584 . The role of PtdIns 3-kinase in Ras signaling in T cells has not been explored. In the present study, we examined the ability of PtdIns 3-kinase to initiate the @entity5180 signaling pathways important for T cell activation. We also examined the possibility that @entity584 is regulated by Ras signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. The results show that Ras can initiate a @entity5180 mediated pathway that regulates the transcriptional function of AP-1 complexes. @entity4357 3-kinase signals cannot mimic @entity8498 and induce the Rac mediated responses of AP-1 transcriptional activation. Moreover, neither @entity6057 or Ras activation of AP-1 is dependent on PtdIns 3-kinase. @entity584 is activated in response to triggering of the @entity6057 ; PtdIns 3-kinase activity is both required and sufficient for this @entity6057 response. In contrast, @entity8498 signals are unable to induce @entity584 activity in T cell nor is Ras function required for @entity584 activation in response to the @entity6057 . The present data thus highlight that PtdIns 3-kinase and @entity584 are not universal Ras effector molecules. Ras can initiate @entity5180 regulated signaling pathways in the context of @entity6057 function independently of PtdIns 3-kinase activity.

title: @entity8498 initiates XXXX but not @entity4357 3 kinase/ @entity584 , mediated signaling pathways in T lymphocytes.

answer: @entity5180 :: (5879,Gene) :: ['Rac-1']


abstract: @entity8498 is activated by the @entity6057 ( @entity6057 ) and then co-ordinates important signaling pathways for T lymphocyte activation. Effector pathways for this @entity6370 binding protein in T cells are mediated by the @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase @entity10242 and the Ras-related GTPase @entity5180 . In fibroblasts, an important effector for the Ras oncogene is @entity4357 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-kinase). Activation of this lipid kinase is able to induce critical @entity5180 signaling pathways and can couple @entity8498 to cell survival mechanisms via the @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase @entity584 . The role of PtdIns 3-kinase in Ras signaling in T cells has not been explored. In the present study, we examined the ability of PtdIns 3-kinase to initiate the @entity5180 signaling pathways important for T cell activation. We also examined the possibility that @entity584 is regulated by Ras signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. The results show that Ras can initiate a @entity5180 mediated pathway that regulates the transcriptional function of AP-1 complexes. @entity4357 3-kinase signals cannot mimic @entity8498 and induce the Rac mediated responses of AP-1 transcriptional activation. Moreover, neither @entity6057 or Ras activation of AP-1 is dependent on PtdIns 3-kinase. @entity584 is activated in response to triggering of the @entity6057 ; PtdIns 3-kinase activity is both required and sufficient for this @entity6057 response. In contrast, @entity8498 signals are unable to induce @entity584 activity in T cell nor is Ras function required for @entity584 activation in response to the @entity6057 . The present data thus highlight that PtdIns 3-kinase and @entity584 are not universal Ras effector molecules. Ras can initiate @entity5180 regulated signaling pathways in the context of @entity6057 function independently of PtdIns 3-kinase activity.

title: @entity8498 initiates @entity5180 but not XXXX 3 kinase/ @entity584 , mediated signaling pathways in T lymphocytes.

answer: @entity4357 :: (MESH:D010716,Chemical) :: ['phosphatidyl inositol']


abstract: @entity8498 is activated by the @entity6057 ( @entity6057 ) and then co-ordinates important signaling pathways for T lymphocyte activation. Effector pathways for this @entity6370 binding protein in T cells are mediated by the @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase @entity10242 and the Ras-related GTPase @entity5180 . In fibroblasts, an important effector for the Ras oncogene is @entity4357 3-kinase (PtdIns 3-kinase). Activation of this lipid kinase is able to induce critical @entity5180 signaling pathways and can couple @entity8498 to cell survival mechanisms via the @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase @entity584 . The role of PtdIns 3-kinase in Ras signaling in T cells has not been explored. In the present study, we examined the ability of PtdIns 3-kinase to initiate the @entity5180 signaling pathways important for T cell activation. We also examined the possibility that @entity584 is regulated by Ras signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. The results show that Ras can initiate a @entity5180 mediated pathway that regulates the transcriptional function of AP-1 complexes. @entity4357 3-kinase signals cannot mimic @entity8498 and induce the Rac mediated responses of AP-1 transcriptional activation. Moreover, neither @entity6057 or Ras activation of AP-1 is dependent on PtdIns 3-kinase. @entity584 is activated in response to triggering of the @entity6057 ; PtdIns 3-kinase activity is both required and sufficient for this @entity6057 response. In contrast, @entity8498 signals are unable to induce @entity584 activity in T cell nor is Ras function required for @entity584 activation in response to the @entity6057 . The present data thus highlight that PtdIns 3-kinase and @entity584 are not universal Ras effector molecules. Ras can initiate @entity5180 regulated signaling pathways in the context of @entity6057 function independently of PtdIns 3-kinase activity.

title: @entity8498 initiates @entity5180 but not @entity4357 3 kinase/ XXXX , mediated signaling pathways in T lymphocytes.

answer: @entity584 :: (207,Gene) :: ['PKB']


abstract: Many screening methods are available for detecting @entity6 . However, once @entity1 develop @entity989 , it is unclear as to what method should be used for their review. We describe a novel and integrated system for the screening and treatment of @entity6 using high street optometrists for primary screening and digital imaging as a secondary screening tool, with referral to a joint retinal clinic only where ophthalmological intervention may be required. Of 3586 @entity1 screened by optometrists, 328 were classified as having moderate/severe @entity989 or @entity6 . @entity1 with @entity989 (1% of the total) were recalled directly to the joint retinal clinic. A consecutive sample (281) of these @entity1 , together with a further 100 classified by the optometrists as having no or background @entity989 were compared using digital images and standard 35 mm colour transparencies. These, together with the original optometrist reports, were reviewed independently and individually by an ophthalmologist. A further sample of 124 @entity1 who had undergone both digital imaging and ophthalmologist slit-lamp examination were also compared. Comparison of 35 mm colour transparencies with optometrist reports showed the latter had a sensitivity for detecting sight-threatening @entity989 (STR) of 62%, a specificity of 84%, and a kappa score of 0.62. The results for digital images were 90%, 97%, and 0.90, respectively, although the extent of @entity989 was under-reported in 10 @entity1 . With ophthalmologist slit-lamp examination as the gold standard, the sensitivity of digital imaging was 90% with a substantial level of agreement between them (kappa 0.61). We conclude that digital images provide an efficient method for the follow-up of @entity1 with established or previously treated @entity989 .

title: Beyond retinal screening: digital imaging in the assessment and follow-up of @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic maculopathy', 'diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'pre-proliferative retinopathy', 'proliferative retinopathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic retinopathy']


abstract: Many screening methods are available for detecting @entity6 . However, once @entity1 develop @entity989 , it is unclear as to what method should be used for their review. We describe a novel and integrated system for the screening and treatment of @entity6 using high street optometrists for primary screening and digital imaging as a secondary screening tool, with referral to a joint retinal clinic only where ophthalmological intervention may be required. Of 3586 @entity1 screened by optometrists, 328 were classified as having moderate/severe @entity989 or @entity6 . @entity1 with @entity989 (1% of the total) were recalled directly to the joint retinal clinic. A consecutive sample (281) of these @entity1 , together with a further 100 classified by the optometrists as having no or background @entity989 were compared using digital images and standard 35 mm colour transparencies. These, together with the original optometrist reports, were reviewed independently and individually by an ophthalmologist. A further sample of 124 @entity1 who had undergone both digital imaging and ophthalmologist slit-lamp examination were also compared. Comparison of 35 mm colour transparencies with optometrist reports showed the latter had a sensitivity for detecting sight-threatening @entity989 (STR) of 62%, a specificity of 84%, and a kappa score of 0.62. The results for digital images were 90%, 97%, and 0.90, respectively, although the extent of @entity989 was under-reported in 10 @entity1 . With ophthalmologist slit-lamp examination as the gold standard, the sensitivity of digital imaging was 90% with a substantial level of agreement between them (kappa 0.61). We conclude that digital images provide an efficient method for the follow-up of @entity1 with established or previously treated @entity989 .

title: Beyond retinal screening: digital imaging in the assessment and follow-up of XXXX with @entity6 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Using three reference @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ) as a prototype of T-cell mediated organ-specific @entity792 , @entity1737 ( @entity1737 ) as a prototype of autoantibody-mediated organ-specific @entity792 and @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) as a prototype of non-organ-specific @entity792 --we have reached several conclusions: 1) All three diseases are associated with the presence of multiple autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells that recognize a large number of antigenic molecules. The apparent predominant role of certain antibodies in some diseases could relate to their functional properties such as @entity934 receptor (AChR) blockade for anti-AChR autoantibodies in @entity1737 or anti-dsDNA in @entity1252 . 2) Major target antigens are clustered in the target cell affected by organ-specific @entity792 : beta cells in @entity1723 , striated-muscle cells in @entity1737 , or apoptotic cells in the case of @entity1252 . 3) Antibodies and T cells recognize multiple epitopes in these molecules. 4) The most evident explanation for the observed clustering and diversity is autoantigen spreading. Spreading probably involves T cells secreting proinflammatory cytokines but also possibly antibodies as in the case of nucleosome autoantibodies in @entity1252 . 5) The counterpart of antigen spreading is bystander suppression in which regulatory cytokines deviate the immune response towards a protective response. 6) The mechanisms underlying the initiation of the autoimmune response and antigen spreading are still undetermined. They could imply a direct abnormality of the target cell in the case of organ-specific @entity792 (e.g. infection with a virus showing a selective tropism for the target cell in organ-specific @entity792 , or loss of physiological regulation of major histocompatibility complex molecule expression) or could be consequence of a ubiquitous cell abnormality such as increased apoptosis in @entity1252 . The respective roles of genetic and environmental factors in these triggering events remain to be determined.

title: Are there unique autoantigens triggering XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['MG', 'myasthenia gravis']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['IDDM', 'disease models--insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune diseases']


abstract: Vascular surgery or penile prosthesis implantation are the main surgical options for @entity323 . In this category, penile revascularization is the only causal therapy for selected @entity1 : males younger than 50 years of age at time of surgery, maximum of two risk factors, exclusion of @entity6 . Long-term success decreased to 53% to 55% in comparison to first encouraging reports of 80% success. Venous surgery resulted in an even more distinct decline of success the longer the elapse of time after surgery. Long-term success dropped under 40%, leaving only a few indications for penile venous ligation. In contrast, penile prosthesis implantation results in high satisfaction rates. Despite this, it is not generally recommended as first choice surgical management as it is linked to irreversible damage of the cavernosal bodies. Among numerous types of penile implants, preference is nowadays mostly given to the three-piece hydraulic models. However, such complications as defective or perforated cylinders in up to 35% after 5 years have arisen, depending on the type of implant. In a selected @entity1 group, vacuum constriction devices with a mean @entity1 acceptance of 75% (50% to 90%) seldom result in complications and are thus considered to be a well-established therapeutical option.

title: [Vascular surgery, implant surgery and vacuum erectile aids. Review-overview-prospects of 3 therapy options in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity323 :: (MESH:D007172,Disease) :: ['erectile dysfunction']