abstract: OBJECTIVES: To present the technique and short-term results of retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal cryoablation. METHODS: Ten @entity1 underwent laparoscopic renal cryoablation of 11 exophytic @entity703 ranging in size from 1.5 to 3 cm identified on computed tomography. @entity5 were located at the upper (3), middle (5), or lower (3) pole of the kidney. Three @entity1 had a solitary kidney. A 3-port retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach was used to create renal cryolesions. Puncture cryoablation was performed with a 4.8-mm cryoprobe. Real-time, endoscopic, steerable, color Doppler ultrasound was used to monitor the evolving cryolesion. All @entity1 have completed a minimum follow-up of 3 months (mean 5.5, range 3 to 9). RESULTS: Cryoablation was technically successful in all 10 @entity1 (11 @entity5 ). Under ultrasound guidance, the ice ball was intentionally created up to 1 cm beyond the @entity5 edge with the aim of achieving negative margins. Mean surgical time was 2.4 hours, cryoablation (double freeze-thaw) time 12.9 minutes, cryoprobe tip temperature -186 degrees C, and @entity190 75 mL. Systemic temperature remained unaltered. Hospital stay was less than 23 hours in 9 of 10 @entity1 . Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at 1 day and 1, 2, and 3 months identified the punched-out, nonenhancing, spontaneously resorbing, renal cryolesion. Follow-up biopsies of the cryoablated @entity5 site were negative for @entity5 in the 3 @entity1 who have undergone the biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The initial series of laparoscopic renal cryoablation is presented. The retroperitoneoscopic approach, by avoiding the peritoneal cavity, minimizes the chances of the bowel coming in contact with the evolving cryolesion, and the potential sequelae thereof. @entity8 is currently developmental and long-term data are awaited. Nevertheless, it is potentially an attractive addition to available nephron-sparing surgical techniques.

title: XXXX : initial clinical series.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Laparoscopic renal cryoablation']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal tumors']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Laparoscopic renal cryoablation']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity359 ( @entity359 ) is a @entity703 that may require treatment because of associated local complications. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in the management of @entity8 , with respect to the long-term preservation of renal function and absence of @entity5 recurrence. METHODS: From 1980 to 1997, 27 @entity1 underwent NSS for treatment of @entity8 . The clinical presentation, surgical approach, and outcome in these @entity1 were analyzed. Surgical treatment for @entity8 was indicated because of associated symptoms, size of 4.5 cm or greater, and/or suspicion of @entity8 . RESULTS: In symptomatic @entity1 (52%) the most common presenting signs or symptoms were @entity158 (50%), @entity548 or @entity1457 (43%), @entity811 (36%), @entity101 (7%), palpable mass (7%), and @entity417 (7%). Two @entity1 had @entity2916 . Fifteen @entity1 had a solitary functioning kidney (group I), 6 @entity1 had an @entity8 (group II), and 6 @entity1 had a normal contralateral kidney (group III). All operations were performed in situ. There were no operative deaths. All operated kidneys functioned postoperatively, and no @entity1 required dialysis. The mean postoperative serum @entity1011 level in groups I, II, and III was 1.81, 0.98, and 0.97 mg/dL, respectively. No @entity1 have developed recurrent @entity359 , related symptoms, or required dialysis with follow-up to 177 months (median 39). CONCLUSIONS: When surgical treatment for @entity8 is indicated, NSS can be performed with a high success rate even in @entity1 with a very large @entity5 involving a solitary kidney.

title: Nephron-sparing surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired contralateral kidney', 'renal malignancy', 'renal AML']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2916 :: ('MESH:D014402', 'Disease') :: ['tuberous sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity359 :: ('MESH:D018207', 'Disease') :: ['AML', 'Angiomyolipoma']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['benign renal tumor']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal angiomyolipoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The strict definition of Stage @entity263 is that the @entity5 is not palpable on digital rectal examination (DRE) or seen on imaging studies such as ultrasound. The inclusion of ultrasound imaging was brought about without an understanding of the relationship between ultrasound upstaging and prognosis. We have also noticed that in clinical practice, treatment decisions are made on the basis of the finding of bilateral versus unilateral biopsy positivity. The objectives in this study were to determine the prognostic significance of upstaging by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) to @entity3837 or uT3, and unilateral versus bilateral biopsy positivity in @entity1 with Stage T1c @entity5 as determined by DRE (DRE-Stage T1c @entity1 ). METHODS: Between 1987 and 1995 there were 643 @entity1 with @entity5 treated with external beam radiotherapy; 24 had T1a, 76 had T1b, 183 had T1c, 133 had T2a, 168 had T2b, and 59 had T2c. Of these, 135 DRE-Stage T1c @entity1 underwent ultrasound staging and 122 underwent bilateral prostate biopsies. All had pretreatment prostate-specific antigen values (PSAs) available and no @entity1 received adjuvant @entity342 ablation. The median pretreatment PSA was 9.1 ng/mL, median radiotherapy dose was 66.0 Gy, and median follow-up was 41 months. Post-treatment failure was defined as disease recurrence and/or two elevations in PSA on consecutive follow-up visits. RESULTS: The 5-year freedom from failure rate for DRE-Stage T1c @entity1 (71%) was not significantly different from that of DRE-Stage T1b (65%) or DRE-Stage T2a (71%) @entity1 . There was a trend (P = 0.1) toward a worse outcome for DRE-Stage T2b/T2c @entity1 compared with DRE-Stage T1b/T1c/T2a @entity1 . The distribution of DRE-Stage T1c @entity1 by ultrasound staging was 29 with uT1c, 88 with @entity3837 , and 18 with uT3 findings. Twenty percent of @entity1 had bilateral positive biopsy specimens. In univariate and multivariate analyses, the only correlates of @entity1 outcome were pretreatment PSA (P < or = 0.002) and isocenter dose (P = 0.03). TRUS upstaging had no effect on freedom from failure; uT1c @entity1 had about the same risk of relapse or a rising PSA as @entity3837 or uT3 @entity1 . @entity1 with bilateral positive prostate biopsy specimens had about the same prognosis as those with unilateral positive biopsy specimens. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 with DRE-Stage @entity263 , the data indicate that ultrasound staging and bilateral biopsy positivity are not predictive of outcome for @entity1 treated with external beam radiotherapy and treatment decisions should not be based on these parameters.

title: Relationship of ultrasound staging and bilateral biopsy positivity to outcome in stage XXXX treated with radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['T1c prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'DRE-Stage T1-T2 prostate cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['T1c prostate cancer']


abstract: Involvement of the nervous system in @entity3001 may occur with or without @entity8831 and it may present with a variety of @entity16 . In this study we analysed phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 40 Borrelia strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 38 Slovenian @entity1 with different clinical manifestations of @entity3001 . In seven of the @entity1 , Borreliae were also isolated from @entity272 . Species identification and plasmid profiles were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and protein profiles by SDS-PAGE. MluI digestion profiles of @entity2069 sensu lato DNA showed that 25 (62.5%) isolates were @entity25974 , 14 (35%) @entity21786 , and one (2.5%) @entity2069 . All strains, except one, possessed a large plasmid and a varying number of smaller plasmids. Three (7.5%) isolates exhibited an unusual plasmid profile, with a large plasmid dimer or three copies of the large plasmid. In protein analyses, all strains expressed OspA protein. OspB was present significantly more often in @entity21786 than @entity25974 strains (p=0.0000), while OspC was more often present in @entity25974 than @entity21786 strains (p=0.0052). In the seven @entity1 with Borreliae isolated also from the skin, the CSF and skin isolates were identical, either @entity25974 (six @entity1 ) or @entity21786 (one @entity1 ). Species and plasmid heterogeneity as well as antigen diversity could play a role in the pathogenesis of the @entity281 . When combined with our own earlier data, the results suggest species-related organotropism.

title: Analysis of XXXX sensu lato isolated from cerebrospinal fluid.

entities_list: @entity3001 :: ('MESH:D008193', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme borreliosis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity2069 :: ('139', 'Species') :: ['B. burgdorferi sensu stricto', 'Borrelia burgdorferi']

entities_list: @entity8831 :: ('MESH:C538499', 'Disease') :: ['erythema migrans']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

answer: @entity2069 :: (139,Species) :: ['Borrelia burgdorferi']


abstract: AIMS: A recent survey of UK general surgeons showed that almost 90% prefer to manage @entity1 with acute @entity2679 by initial conservative management and delayed cholecystectomy (DC). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this management policy in a large university hospital. @entity1 AND METHODS: All @entity1 admitted with acute @entity2679 between January 1997 and June 1999 who went on to have a cholecystectomy were identified. @entity1 were required to have right upper @entity158 for > 12 h, a raised white cell count and findings consistent with acute @entity2679 on ultrasound to be included in the study. RESULTS: 109 @entity1 were admitted with acute @entity2679 (76 female, 33 male) with a median age of 62 years (range, 22-88 years). Conservative management failed in 16 @entity1 (14.7%) who underwent emergency cholecystectomy due to continuing symptoms (9), @entity3509 (4) and @entity298 (3). Symptoms settled in 93 @entity1 and delayed cholecystectomy was performed without further problems in 66 (60.6%). 27 @entity1 were re-admitted with further symptoms before their elective surgery and, of these, 3 were admitted for a third time before surgical intervention. Ten of the 30 re-admission episodes (33%) occurred within 3 weeks of discharge but 15 (56%) occurred more than 2 months after discharge. Elective surgery was undertaken at a median of 10 weeks post-discharge with 67% of operations occurring within 3 months. Mean total hospital stay (days) +/- SEM, for the three groups were: emergency surgery group, 10.21 +/- 0.85; uncomplicated DC group, 12.48 +/- 0.37; re-admitted group, 14.75 +/- 0.71. CONCLUSIONS: The policy of conservative management and DC was successful in 60.6% of cases but 14.7% of @entity1 required emergency surgery and 24.8% were re-admitted prior to elective surgery with a resultant increase in total hospital stay. Performing elective surgery within 2 months of discharge in all cases would have reduced the re-admission rate by 56% and this along with the increased use of early cholecystectomy during the first admission are areas where the treatment of acute @entity2679 could be significantly improved.

title: Acute XXXX --room for improvement?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['quadrant pain']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity2679 :: (MESH:D002764,Disease) :: ['cholecystitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The diagnosis and management of @entity1690 are controversial issues. Both surgical and endoscopic series report modest success in the treatment of this condition. There is evidence from endoscopic series that the Milwaukee classification could predict the clinical outcome after sphincterotomy. We reviewed our long-term results of surgical sphincter ablation for @entity1690 , in order to correlate outcome with underlining pathology (biliary versus pancreatic) and Milwaukee biliary group classification. @entity1 AND METHODS: During a 10 year period (1987-1996), 36 @entity1 with either biliary (n = 26) or pancreatic (n = 10) presentation of suspected @entity1690 were selected for surgery according to a standard protocol of investigation and management. All @entity1 were classified according to the Milwaukee classification for the biliary group or its version for the pancreatic group and had transduodenal sphincteroplasty and transampullary septectomy. RESULTS: Despite a trend towards a better outcome in the biliary group (good result 62%, moderate 23%, poor 15%) compared to the pancreatic (good result 40%, moderate 40%, poor 20%) the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.48). Milwaukee classification for the biliary group correlated well with a favourable outcome (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The modest outcome despite careful @entity1 selection for surgery emphasises the need for more objective diagnostic tools. Milwaukee classification appears to be of good predictive value, and a good result can be anticipated in type I or even type II @entity1 . The trend towards a better outcome in the biliary group may reflect the weakness of a drainage procedure to treat @entity1 with parenchymal @entity660 .

title: Transduodenal sphincteroplasty and transampullary septectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic disease']

answer: @entity1690 :: (MESH:D046628,Disease) :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction']


abstract: Symptomatic clavicular @entity174 non-union is rare. When it does occur, however, it may pose a difficult problem causing @entity2531 . The emphasis of this paper is on preopertive disabilities and the postoperative outcome and complications. Twenty @entity1 with clavicular non-union treated operatively from 1989 to 1997 were reviewed, the average follow up was thirty-four months. Eleven @entity174 were midshaft, eight were lateral third and one medial third. A detailed proforma was completed with the @entity1 documenting preoperative symptoms, outcome after surgery and complications. A literature search was carried out to find out the incidence of complications related to operating on post-traumatic clavicular non-union. All of the twenty @entity174 non-unions duly united after surgical intervention although three required early adjustment or change of metal work. The subjective and objective outcomes were good in 19 cases and poor in one. The postoperative complications included three implant failures, one stiff shoulder, two @entity1 with numbness below the scar and one @entity1 with an infected donor site wound. The literature search revealed that from 24 publications and 301 @entity1 who had operations for clavicular non-union ther were 18 (6%) reported complications related to metal work, 45 (15%) reported complications related to soft tissues, seven (2%) complications related to the scar and 24 (8%) failures of union. Symptomatic clavicular non-union can cause severe disabilities. Good outcome, at low risk, can be expected from internal fixation and bone grafting of midshaft non-unions. Although there are only eight cases of lateral third clavicular non-unions, this is the largest series in the literature. Furthermore, the study clearly demonstrates both the difficulties treating this @entity174 surgically and a procedure to be avoided (acromio-clavicular bridging), which, again has not been previously addressed.

title: XXXX non-union surgical outcome and complications.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2531 :: ('MESH:D013001', 'Disease') :: ['pain and functional impairment']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['Clavicular fracture']


abstract: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated @entity1333 is a relapsing-remitting disease, which is treated with @entity288 (CS) in combination with @entity786 . One of the major side-effects of this treatment is @entity170 , which may result in the increased occurrence of @entity174 . In the present study we measured the prevalence of reduced @entity79 ( @entity79 ) in a cross-sectional cohort of @entity1 and correlated @entity79 findings with cumulative doses of CS and/or @entity786 . @entity79 was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine, radius and proximal femur between January 1998 and December 1999. Cumulative doses of CS and @entity786 were calculated by chart review. Ninety-nine consecutive @entity1 (48 @entity1 , 51 @entity1 ) aged 55 +/- 16 years (mean +/- SD) were studied 50 months (median; range 0-400 months) after a diagnosis of @entity19417 had been made. Sixty-nine @entity1 were treated with 10.7 g (median cumulative dose; range 0.4-67.2 g) of CS, and 88 @entity1 were treated with 34.1 g (median cumulative dose; range 0.8-324.3 g) of @entity786 . Fifty-seven percent of the @entity1 had @entity2331 (T-score: -1 to -2.5 SD), and 21% had @entity170 (T-score: <-2.5 SD) at least at one site. Thirty-four of 37 (92%) postmenopausal @entity1 , 9 of 14 (64%) premenopausal @entity1 , and 34 of 48 (71%) @entity1 had either @entity2331 or @entity170 . The mean age- and sex-adjusted @entity79 (Z-score) of the proximal femur in @entity1 was found to be significantly lower than zero. Cumulative dose of CS therapy showed an inverse relation with Z-scores at the lumbar spine (p = 0.035) and proximal femur (p = 0.011). Cumulative dose of @entity786 was not correlated with Z-scores. @entity2331 and @entity170 are thus frequently observed in @entity1 with ANCA-associated vasculities. However, only in @entity1 is the mean Z-score significantly lower than zero. Cumulative dose of CS therapy is significantly associated with @entity604 at the spine and femur.

title: Prevalence of reduced @entity79 in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated XXXX and the role of immunosuppressive therapy: a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia', 'Osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity19417 :: ('MESH:D056648', 'Disease') :: ['ANCA-associated vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1333 :: (MESH:D014657,Disease) :: ['vasculitis']


abstract: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated @entity1333 is a relapsing-remitting disease, which is treated with @entity288 (CS) in combination with @entity786 . One of the major side-effects of this treatment is @entity170 , which may result in the increased occurrence of @entity174 . In the present study we measured the prevalence of reduced @entity79 ( @entity79 ) in a cross-sectional cohort of @entity1 and correlated @entity79 findings with cumulative doses of CS and/or @entity786 . @entity79 was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine, radius and proximal femur between January 1998 and December 1999. Cumulative doses of CS and @entity786 were calculated by chart review. Ninety-nine consecutive @entity1 (48 @entity1 , 51 @entity1 ) aged 55 +/- 16 years (mean +/- SD) were studied 50 months (median; range 0-400 months) after a diagnosis of @entity19417 had been made. Sixty-nine @entity1 were treated with 10.7 g (median cumulative dose; range 0.4-67.2 g) of CS, and 88 @entity1 were treated with 34.1 g (median cumulative dose; range 0.8-324.3 g) of @entity786 . Fifty-seven percent of the @entity1 had @entity2331 (T-score: -1 to -2.5 SD), and 21% had @entity170 (T-score: <-2.5 SD) at least at one site. Thirty-four of 37 (92%) postmenopausal @entity1 , 9 of 14 (64%) premenopausal @entity1 , and 34 of 48 (71%) @entity1 had either @entity2331 or @entity170 . The mean age- and sex-adjusted @entity79 (Z-score) of the proximal femur in @entity1 was found to be significantly lower than zero. Cumulative dose of CS therapy showed an inverse relation with Z-scores at the lumbar spine (p = 0.035) and proximal femur (p = 0.011). Cumulative dose of @entity786 was not correlated with Z-scores. @entity2331 and @entity170 are thus frequently observed in @entity1 with ANCA-associated vasculities. However, only in @entity1 is the mean Z-score significantly lower than zero. Cumulative dose of CS therapy is significantly associated with @entity604 at the spine and femur.

title: Prevalence of reduced XXXX in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated @entity1333 and the role of immunosuppressive therapy: a cross-sectional study.

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['bone mineral density']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We aimed to explore the prevalence and factor structure of @entity1109 in a sample of Australian twins; to investigate phenotypic associations between reported @entity1109 , personality and reproductive dimensions; and to identify the relative contributions of genes and environment to @entity1109 and the extent of genetic and environmental covariation with the personality trait Neuroticism and lifetime major @entity308 . METHOD: Seven hundred and twenty female twin pairs (454 monozygotic and 266 dizygotic) from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Twin Register reported on experience of 17 @entity1109 during the previous 12 months. In the same questionnaire twins also responded to questions on symptom states, and personality dimensions including @entity663 . Interview data enabling diagnosis of lifetime history of DSM-IV major @entity308 were also available. We fitted univariate and multivariate genetic models to the data. RESULTS: Most frequently reported symptoms were breast tenderness/ @entity158 and bloating/weight gain, followed by affective symptoms. Twelve-month prevalence was 24% for the combination of symptoms and functional interference meeting a very rough approximation of DSM-III-R criteria for late @entity74 . Principal factor analysis identified a single @entity3010 ( @entity3010 ) factor. @entity74 (44% of total variance) were identified for @entity3010 . Although we found genetic correlations of 0.62 between reported @entity3010 and @entity663 , and 0 70 with lifetime major @entity308 , 39 % of the genetic variance of @entity3010 was not explained by these factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the existence of genetic influences on @entity1109 , but we were unable to distinguish between liability to symptom experience and symptom reporting. Retrospective reporting may have contributed to our finding that @entity3010 genes were shared in part with @entity663 and liability to lifetime major @entity308 .

title: Genetic and environmental influences on XXXX in an Australian twin sample.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['premenstrual symptoms']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Additive genetic influences', 'luteal dysphoric disorder']

entities_list: @entity663 :: ('MESH:C564323', 'Disease') :: ['neuroticism']

entities_list: @entity3010 :: ('MESH:D011293', 'Disease') :: ['premenstrual', 'PMS']

answer: @entity1109 :: (MESH:D012678,Disease) :: ['premenstrual symptoms']


abstract: OBJECT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and limitations of @entity1104 ( @entity1104 ) in the treatment of brain @entity3 from @entity320 . METHODS: Imaging and clinical outcomes in 45 @entity1 treated for 92 brain @entity3 from @entity320 between October 1989 and October 1999 were retrospectively analyzed. Follow-up imaging studies were available in 35 @entity1 with 66 treated lesions. Twenty-four percent of the lesions disappeared, 35% shrank, 23% remained unchanged, and 18% increased in size. No undue radiation-induced changes were observed in the surrounding brain. Clinical data were available in all @entity1 . No @entity204 or @entity16 related to @entity1104 was observed. The median survival time, calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, was 10.4 months from the time of @entity1104 . In both univariate and multivariate @entity797 regression analyses, a single @entity75 and lack of visceral @entity3 were statistically predictive of a better prognosis. Six of eight @entity1 with solitary metastasis (that is, a single brain metastasis with no primary @entity5 ) were still alive at the close of the study, none of them with disease progression, with a follow-up period ranging between 14 and 82 months. Sixteen @entity1 in this series received adjunctive whole-brain radiation therapy, which had no impact on their survival time or local and distant control of the @entity75 . CONCLUSIONS: Gamma surgery is effective in treating @entity320 @entity3 in the brain. It appears that the radiobiology of a single high dose overcomes the radioresistance barrier, yielding better results than fractionated radiation.

title: Gamma surgery for XXXX @entity3 in the brain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesion', 'brain disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['visceral tumor']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological morbidity']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1104 :: ('MESH:D000267', 'Disease') :: ['GS', 'gamma surgery']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: OBJECT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and limitations of @entity1104 ( @entity1104 ) in the treatment of brain @entity3 from @entity320 . METHODS: Imaging and clinical outcomes in 45 @entity1 treated for 92 brain @entity3 from @entity320 between October 1989 and October 1999 were retrospectively analyzed. Follow-up imaging studies were available in 35 @entity1 with 66 treated lesions. Twenty-four percent of the lesions disappeared, 35% shrank, 23% remained unchanged, and 18% increased in size. No undue radiation-induced changes were observed in the surrounding brain. Clinical data were available in all @entity1 . No @entity204 or @entity16 related to @entity1104 was observed. The median survival time, calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, was 10.4 months from the time of @entity1104 . In both univariate and multivariate @entity797 regression analyses, a single @entity75 and lack of visceral @entity3 were statistically predictive of a better prognosis. Six of eight @entity1 with solitary metastasis (that is, a single brain metastasis with no primary @entity5 ) were still alive at the close of the study, none of them with disease progression, with a follow-up period ranging between 14 and 82 months. Sixteen @entity1 in this series received adjunctive whole-brain radiation therapy, which had no impact on their survival time or local and distant control of the @entity75 . CONCLUSIONS: Gamma surgery is effective in treating @entity320 @entity3 in the brain. It appears that the radiobiology of a single high dose overcomes the radioresistance barrier, yielding better results than fractionated radiation.

title: Gamma surgery for @entity320 XXXX in the brain.

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: This study investigated the effect of water temperature on the synthesis of the @entity535 neurotransmitter @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ). In @entity2083 , @entity1246 stimulates the release of pituitary gonadotropin-II (GTH-II), which regulates gonadal function. Fish were maintained in water of 11, 18, or 24 degrees. In the female and male @entity2083 , @entity1246 synthesis rates estimated following inhibition of @entity1246 catabolism by @entity5305 (GVG) in both the telencephalon (TEL) and the @entity2339 ( @entity2339 ) were increased in fish held at 24 degrees compared to those at either 11 or 18 degrees (P < 0.05). Additionally, @entity1246 synthesis rates in the pituitary increased in a temperature-dependent manner. @entity2227 is the precursor for @entity1246 synthesis; however, no consistent pattern was seen between @entity2227 and @entity1246 synthesis rates, indicating that @entity2227 is not a limiting factor in @entity1246 synthesis. Both water temperature and GVG administration increased serum GTH-II levels in female @entity2083 . However, in male @entity2083 water temperature had no significant effect on serum GTH-II levels, and GVG injection increased serum GTH-II levels only in fish maintained at 24 degrees. The effects of temperature on the levels of mRNA expression of the @entity1246 -synthesizing enzymes @entity2227 decarboxylase 65 (GAD(65)) and GAD(67) were measured by semiquantitative PCR. In the TEL and @entity2339 of female @entity2083 , GAD(65) was not affected, whereas temperature change from 11 to 18 degrees increased (P < 0.05) GAD(67) mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that central GABAergic systems in the @entity2083 are temperature sensitive.

title: The effect of water temperature on the GABAergic and reproductive systems in female and male XXXX ( @entity2083 ).

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate', 'Glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity5305 :: ('MESH:D020888', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-vinyl GABA']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['HYP', 'hypothalamus']

answer: @entity2083 :: (7957,Species) :: ['goldfish']


abstract: This study investigated the effect of water temperature on the synthesis of the @entity535 neurotransmitter @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ). In @entity2083 , @entity1246 stimulates the release of pituitary gonadotropin-II (GTH-II), which regulates gonadal function. Fish were maintained in water of 11, 18, or 24 degrees. In the female and male @entity2083 , @entity1246 synthesis rates estimated following inhibition of @entity1246 catabolism by @entity5305 (GVG) in both the telencephalon (TEL) and the @entity2339 ( @entity2339 ) were increased in fish held at 24 degrees compared to those at either 11 or 18 degrees (P < 0.05). Additionally, @entity1246 synthesis rates in the pituitary increased in a temperature-dependent manner. @entity2227 is the precursor for @entity1246 synthesis; however, no consistent pattern was seen between @entity2227 and @entity1246 synthesis rates, indicating that @entity2227 is not a limiting factor in @entity1246 synthesis. Both water temperature and GVG administration increased serum GTH-II levels in female @entity2083 . However, in male @entity2083 water temperature had no significant effect on serum GTH-II levels, and GVG injection increased serum GTH-II levels only in fish maintained at 24 degrees. The effects of temperature on the levels of mRNA expression of the @entity1246 -synthesizing enzymes @entity2227 decarboxylase 65 (GAD(65)) and GAD(67) were measured by semiquantitative PCR. In the TEL and @entity2339 of female @entity2083 , GAD(65) was not affected, whereas temperature change from 11 to 18 degrees increased (P < 0.05) GAD(67) mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that central GABAergic systems in the @entity2083 are temperature sensitive.

title: The effect of water temperature on the GABAergic and reproductive systems in female and male @entity2083 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity2083 :: (7957,Species) :: ['Carassius auratus']


abstract: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is effective in the treatment of acute @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) in adults. This has not been demonstrated for one LMWH alone. The relationship between venographic changes due to LMWH therapy and clinical outcome in the initial treatment period has not been reported. A pooled analysis of two clinical trials was performed. The trials compared a fixed-dose, body weight-independent, subcutaneous LMWH, @entity37484 (8000 antifactor Xa [aXa] U twice a day [b.i.d.]), with an adjusted-dose intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) with respect to venographic changes expressed as Marder score and occurrence of recurrent @entity1211 , major @entity548 , and mortality. The Marder score was 23.2 +/- 8.4 in @entity1 randomized to LMWH (n = 299 paired phlebograms) and 23.9 +/- 8.9 in @entity1 allocated to UFH (n = 297 paired phlebograms) at entry (2p = 0.23) and 18.9 +/- 9.7 and 20.5 +/- 9.9 at the end of the initial therapy (2p = 0.04), respectively. The composite outcome of recurrent @entity1211 , major @entity548 , and mortality occurred less frequently during treatment with LMWH (n = 393) than it did with UFH (n = 404, 1.3% versus 5.0%, risk reduction [RR] 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11 to 0.63, 2p = 0.004). Single events of recurrent @entity1031 (2p = 0.12), major @entity548 (2p = 0.03), and mortality (2p = 0.12) were observed less frequently with LMWH. A trend toward a lack of regression of @entity715 size was observed in recurrent @entity1211 (2p = 0.08). Body weight-independent LMWH significantly reduces @entity715 size and the incidence of composite outcome during the initial treatment of acute proximal @entity49 compared with adjusted dose intravenous UFH. The data indicate a relation between an unimproved Marder score and a recurrent @entity1211 .

title: Reduction in XXXX extension and clinical end points in @entity1 after initial treatment for @entity1150 with the fixed-dose body weight-independent low molecular weight heparin certoparin.

entities_list: @entity37484 :: ('MESH:C403769', 'Chemical') :: ['certoparin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombus']


abstract: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is effective in the treatment of acute @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) in adults. This has not been demonstrated for one LMWH alone. The relationship between venographic changes due to LMWH therapy and clinical outcome in the initial treatment period has not been reported. A pooled analysis of two clinical trials was performed. The trials compared a fixed-dose, body weight-independent, subcutaneous LMWH, @entity37484 (8000 antifactor Xa [aXa] U twice a day [b.i.d.]), with an adjusted-dose intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) with respect to venographic changes expressed as Marder score and occurrence of recurrent @entity1211 , major @entity548 , and mortality. The Marder score was 23.2 +/- 8.4 in @entity1 randomized to LMWH (n = 299 paired phlebograms) and 23.9 +/- 8.9 in @entity1 allocated to UFH (n = 297 paired phlebograms) at entry (2p = 0.23) and 18.9 +/- 9.7 and 20.5 +/- 9.9 at the end of the initial therapy (2p = 0.04), respectively. The composite outcome of recurrent @entity1211 , major @entity548 , and mortality occurred less frequently during treatment with LMWH (n = 393) than it did with UFH (n = 404, 1.3% versus 5.0%, risk reduction [RR] 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11 to 0.63, 2p = 0.004). Single events of recurrent @entity1031 (2p = 0.12), major @entity548 (2p = 0.03), and mortality (2p = 0.12) were observed less frequently with LMWH. A trend toward a lack of regression of @entity715 size was observed in recurrent @entity1211 (2p = 0.08). Body weight-independent LMWH significantly reduces @entity715 size and the incidence of composite outcome during the initial treatment of acute proximal @entity49 compared with adjusted dose intravenous UFH. The data indicate a relation between an unimproved Marder score and a recurrent @entity1211 .

title: Reduction in @entity715 extension and clinical end points in @entity1 after initial treatment for XXXX with the fixed-dose body weight-independent low molecular weight heparin certoparin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep vein thrombosis']


abstract: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is effective in the treatment of acute @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) in adults. This has not been demonstrated for one LMWH alone. The relationship between venographic changes due to LMWH therapy and clinical outcome in the initial treatment period has not been reported. A pooled analysis of two clinical trials was performed. The trials compared a fixed-dose, body weight-independent, subcutaneous LMWH, @entity37484 (8000 antifactor Xa [aXa] U twice a day [b.i.d.]), with an adjusted-dose intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) with respect to venographic changes expressed as Marder score and occurrence of recurrent @entity1211 , major @entity548 , and mortality. The Marder score was 23.2 +/- 8.4 in @entity1 randomized to LMWH (n = 299 paired phlebograms) and 23.9 +/- 8.9 in @entity1 allocated to UFH (n = 297 paired phlebograms) at entry (2p = 0.23) and 18.9 +/- 9.7 and 20.5 +/- 9.9 at the end of the initial therapy (2p = 0.04), respectively. The composite outcome of recurrent @entity1211 , major @entity548 , and mortality occurred less frequently during treatment with LMWH (n = 393) than it did with UFH (n = 404, 1.3% versus 5.0%, risk reduction [RR] 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11 to 0.63, 2p = 0.004). Single events of recurrent @entity1031 (2p = 0.12), major @entity548 (2p = 0.03), and mortality (2p = 0.12) were observed less frequently with LMWH. A trend toward a lack of regression of @entity715 size was observed in recurrent @entity1211 (2p = 0.08). Body weight-independent LMWH significantly reduces @entity715 size and the incidence of composite outcome during the initial treatment of acute proximal @entity49 compared with adjusted dose intravenous UFH. The data indicate a relation between an unimproved Marder score and a recurrent @entity1211 .

title: Reduction in @entity715 extension and clinical end points in XXXX after initial treatment for @entity1150 with the fixed-dose body weight-independent low molecular weight heparin certoparin.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The distinction of a primary @entity2 from a @entity3 is important, because the treatment and prognosis differ for @entity1 with these @entity5 . Such a distinction can be difficult because of overlapping cytologic features. It has been shown that antibodies to @entity7457 ( @entity7457 ) and PE-10 are fairly specific markers for primary @entity2 in histologic specimens. @entity7457 regulates the expression of surfactant protein production, and PE-10 is a monoclonal antibody against components of @entity1 surfactant proteins. The combination of @entity5822 ( @entity5822 ) and @entity2225 ( @entity2225 ) immunoprofiling has been helpful in the identification of the primary site of origin of @entity2 . METHODS: In the current study, the authors evaluated the utility of @entity7457 and PE-10 immunostaining and also compared the staining with expression of @entity5822 and @entity2225 in the discrimination between primary @entity2 and metastatic lesions in 55 specimens from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of the lung. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded cell blocks from 35 primary @entity2 (16 @entity420 , @entity957 , 6 large cell @entity189 , and 5 @entity4153 ) and 20 metastatic @entity189 (6 breast lesions, 6 @entity1049 , 3 urinary bladder lesions, 2 kidney lesions, 1 biliary tract lesion, 1 endometrial lesion, and 1 @entity1374 ) were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to @entity7457 , PE-10, @entity5822 , and @entity2225 . Positive immunostaining for @entity5822 , @entity2225 , and PE-10 was based on cytoplasmic staining, whereas @entity7457 positive staining was based on nuclear staining of the neoplastic cells. RESULTS: Positive immunostaining with @entity7457 and PE-10 was noted in six primary @entity2 (17%). One @entity3 (5%) and two metastatic lesions (10%) were positive for @entity7457 and PE-10, respectively. The @entity5822 positive/ @entity2225 negative immunophenotype was noted in 30 primary @entity2 (86%) and in 11 metastatic lesions (55%). The @entity5822 negative/ @entity2225 negative immunophenotype was seen in four metastatic lesions and in the remaining five primary @entity2 . The @entity5822 negative/ @entity2225 positive and @entity5822 positive/ @entity2225 positive immunophenotypes were seen in two and three metastatic lesions, respectively, but in none of the primary @entity2 . When a @entity5822 positive/ @entity2225 negative @entity420 also demonstrated either @entity7457 positive or PE-10 positive staining, it was likely that the @entity420 was of pulmonary origin (P < 0.035; Fisher exact test). The specificity of such a combination for discriminating between primary and metastatic @entity420 was 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that @entity7457 , PE-10, or @entity5822 / @entity2225 alone did not distinguish reliably between primary @entity2 and metastatic neoplasms of the lung in FNA biopsy specimens because of low sensitivity and specificity. The use of a panel of antibodies that includes @entity5822 / @entity2225 , @entity7457 , and PE-10 may be helpful in discriminating between primary and metastatic @entity420 of the lung. An @entity420 is likely a primary @entity2 when it is of the @entity5822 positive/ @entity2225 negative phenotype and demonstrates either @entity7457 positive or PE-10 positive staining.

title: Use of XXXX , PE-10, and cytokeratins 7 and 20 in discriminating between primary @entity2 and metastatic lesions in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['8 squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung carcinoma', 'pulmonary tumors carcinomas', 'lung tumor', 'lung tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'undifferentiated carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colon lesions']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic lesion']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7457 :: ('7080', 'Gene') :: ['TTF-1', 'thyroid transcription factor 1']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid lesion']

answer: @entity7457 :: (7080,Gene) :: ['thyroid transcription factor 1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The distinction of a primary @entity2 from a @entity3 is important, because the treatment and prognosis differ for @entity1 with these @entity5 . Such a distinction can be difficult because of overlapping cytologic features. It has been shown that antibodies to @entity7457 ( @entity7457 ) and PE-10 are fairly specific markers for primary @entity2 in histologic specimens. @entity7457 regulates the expression of surfactant protein production, and PE-10 is a monoclonal antibody against components of @entity1 surfactant proteins. The combination of @entity5822 ( @entity5822 ) and @entity2225 ( @entity2225 ) immunoprofiling has been helpful in the identification of the primary site of origin of @entity2 . METHODS: In the current study, the authors evaluated the utility of @entity7457 and PE-10 immunostaining and also compared the staining with expression of @entity5822 and @entity2225 in the discrimination between primary @entity2 and metastatic lesions in 55 specimens from fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of the lung. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded cell blocks from 35 primary @entity2 (16 @entity420 , @entity957 , 6 large cell @entity189 , and 5 @entity4153 ) and 20 metastatic @entity189 (6 breast lesions, 6 @entity1049 , 3 urinary bladder lesions, 2 kidney lesions, 1 biliary tract lesion, 1 endometrial lesion, and 1 @entity1374 ) were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to @entity7457 , PE-10, @entity5822 , and @entity2225 . Positive immunostaining for @entity5822 , @entity2225 , and PE-10 was based on cytoplasmic staining, whereas @entity7457 positive staining was based on nuclear staining of the neoplastic cells. RESULTS: Positive immunostaining with @entity7457 and PE-10 was noted in six primary @entity2 (17%). One @entity3 (5%) and two metastatic lesions (10%) were positive for @entity7457 and PE-10, respectively. The @entity5822 positive/ @entity2225 negative immunophenotype was noted in 30 primary @entity2 (86%) and in 11 metastatic lesions (55%). The @entity5822 negative/ @entity2225 negative immunophenotype was seen in four metastatic lesions and in the remaining five primary @entity2 . The @entity5822 negative/ @entity2225 positive and @entity5822 positive/ @entity2225 positive immunophenotypes were seen in two and three metastatic lesions, respectively, but in none of the primary @entity2 . When a @entity5822 positive/ @entity2225 negative @entity420 also demonstrated either @entity7457 positive or PE-10 positive staining, it was likely that the @entity420 was of pulmonary origin (P < 0.035; Fisher exact test). The specificity of such a combination for discriminating between primary and metastatic @entity420 was 94%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that @entity7457 , PE-10, or @entity5822 / @entity2225 alone did not distinguish reliably between primary @entity2 and metastatic neoplasms of the lung in FNA biopsy specimens because of low sensitivity and specificity. The use of a panel of antibodies that includes @entity5822 / @entity2225 , @entity7457 , and PE-10 may be helpful in discriminating between primary and metastatic @entity420 of the lung. An @entity420 is likely a primary @entity2 when it is of the @entity5822 positive/ @entity2225 negative phenotype and demonstrates either @entity7457 positive or PE-10 positive staining.

title: Use of @entity7457 , PE-10, and cytokeratins 7 and 20 in discriminating between primary XXXX and metastatic lesions in fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimens.

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung carcinomas']


abstract: Death is an inevitable reality but the causes leading to @entity204 may vary from individual to individual. In the past, @entity204 was considered to be a simple and straightforward phenomenon. The general practitioner would issue the @entity204 certificate once he was convinced that there was cessation or absence of spontaneous life in the @entity1 . This meant that the @entity1 had stopped @entity1353 , his heart had stopped beating, there was unresponsiveness, his body had turned cold and finally @entity5084 had set in. With the successful accomplishment of heart transplants, it became obvious that a process of rethinking on how @entity204 could be determined had to be instituted. Cessation of heartbeat is no longer considered evidence of @entity204 since the heart is now able to be substituted with that of a just-deceased donor or with that of a @entity3474 or even with a mechanical one. Moreover, modern biomedical innovations like the resuscitator and cardiac pacemaker have made it imperative to establish a set of criteria by which the moment of @entity204 could be identified. Diagnosis of @entity204 is relevant to the issue of retrieving viable vital organs, i.e. heart, lung, liver and kidney, for transplantation purposes. The Holy Qur'an emphasizes the universality of @entity204 and from its teachings one gathers that the moment of @entity204 would be at the time when the soul is separated from the body. However, one has to concede that the Qur'an does not in any way tell us anything about the nature of the soul nor of its location in the @entity1 body, hence the dilemma of Muslims insofar as @entity1620 is concerned. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse the deliberations of the classical and contemporary Muslim scholars on the end of @entity1 life with the aim of determining whether brain stem @entity204 could in effect be regarded by Muslims as the end of @entity1 life and if not why?

title: Islamic jurisprudence and the end of XXXX life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity1620 :: ('MESH:D001926', 'Disease') :: ['brain death']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['brainstem death', 'death']

entities_list: @entity5084 :: ('MESH:D012298', 'Disease') :: ['rigor mortis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment of @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) with endovascular stent-graft prostheses is receiving increasing attention as an alternative to major abdominal surgery. Numerous systems are under clinical investigations. We report our preliminary clinical results with the new Talent straight and bifurcated endografts. METHOD: We treated 5 @entity1 with 3 straight and 2 bifurcated stent-grafts implanted by surgical femoral arteriotomies and placed under fluoroscopic guidance. Control CT and angiographic examinations were performed during an average follow-up of 5.3 months. RESULTS: In the first @entity1 the procedure had to be converted to an open surgical operation to repo sition the distal end of the prosthesis. We had no mortality, or major systemic complication. Three @entity1 had a @entity751 . All @entity439 showed a decreased size at 3 months, in spite of 3 small persisting leaks. CONCLUSION: The Talent endograft is safe, and efficacious in the endovascular treatment of @entity1028 . This method requires a good cooperation between the vascular surgeon and the interventional radiologist. Learning curves influence preliminary results.

title: [Endovascular treatment of XXXX . Preliminary experiences with the Talent endoprosthesis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'AAA']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['postimplantation syndrome']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: AIM: We demonstrate the management and treatment of dislocation of the knee associated with @entity1317 . The goal of the treatment is to avoid complications due to @entity63 . The injured vessel can be repaired either by direct suture or by interposition of a saphenous vein graft. Capsule and ligaments should be reconstructed secondarily. @entity1 AND METHODS: The charts of ten @entity1 treated in the Division of Traumatology of the University of Zurich between 1979 and 1996 have been retrospectively checked. RESULTS: In eight of ten @entity1 the injured vessel has been reconstructed with a saphenous vein graft, in one @entity1 the artery has been repaired by direct suture. In one @entity1 a flap of the intima has been refixed by endarterectomy. In five @entity1 the knee has been stabilised with a transfixation (external fixation). In two @entity1 the ligaments and the capsule were reconstructed at the time of vascular repair, in seven @entity1 the reconstruction has been performed secondary. CONCLUSIONS: In case of a dislocation of the knee the examination of the vessels is mandatory. In case of a critical perfusion the "on table"--angiography is the procedure of choice. As an alternative method duplex sonography has been established. The vascular reconstruction is performed by saphenous vein graft interposition. We recommend to reconstruct ligamentous and capsular structures secondary.

title: [Diagnosis and therapy of XXXX in posterior knee dislocation].

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity1317 :: (MESH:D057772,Disease) :: ['vascular injuries']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and economic impact of a pharmacy-based @entity165 management program in @entity1 with @entity65 . STUDY DESIGN: Demonstration project. @entity1 AND METHODS: From January 1, 1999, through June 30, 1999, 300 @entity1 with a documented history of @entity65 were enrolled in a pharmacy-based @entity165 program. A similar group of 150 randomly selected @entity1 receiving usual care during the same period served as the comparator group. The following were collected for both groups: @entity1 demographics, comorbidities, fasting lipid profiles, @entity165 medication, cost of medication, and cardiovascular events. The McNemar symmetry chi2 test was used to compare appropriate laboratory monitoring, receipt of @entity165 medication, and achievement of target low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels at baseline and 1 year for both groups. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to compare the cost of therapy for both groups at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD age of program and usual care @entity1 was 67 +/- 10 and 69 +/- 11 years, respectively. At 1 year, >95% of program @entity1 were receiving appropriate laboratory monitoring. In 1 year, the percentage of @entity1 reaching target low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels increased from 45% to 72% (P< .01) and from 33% to 43% (P = .26) in program and usual care @entity1 , respectively. Despite increased medication use among program @entity1 , their cost per @entity1 per month was lower at 1-year follow-up vs baseline. CONCLUSION: Regular @entity1 interaction and close @entity1 monitoring allowed the pharmacy-based lipid management program to improve @entity165 management in @entity1 with @entity65 .

title: A pharmacy-based approach to XXXX management.

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To illustrate the current cost of treating @entity571 ( @entity571 ) of the knee and to demonstrate potential savings associated with the new treatment modality of viscosupplementation in a managed care setting. STUDY DESIGN: Pharmacoeconomic model with inputs obtained from peer-reviewed medical literature, clinical trial data, clinical expert opinion, and claims data. METHODS: A spreadsheet-based model was developed to define a treatment pathway for @entity571 of the knee, illustrate the current costs of treating @entity1 with the condition, and demonstrate the potential savings associated with introduction of Hylan G-F 20. A hypothetical cohort of @entity1 categorized as having mild, moderate, or severe @entity571 of the knee was followed over a 3-year time period. The analysis was conducted from the perspective of a managed care plan with a large Medicare population. RESULTS: The 3-year savings associated with adding 1 or more courses of Hylan G-F 20 therapy to the standard treatment pathway for @entity571 of the knee was  8,810,771. The total savings per @entity571 @entity1 receiving Hylan G-F 20 was  4706. The number of total knee replacements (TKRs) avoided was 808. The model was highly sensitive to the durability of Hylan G-F 20; increasing and decreasing durability within a reasonable range resulted in 3-year savings of  9,131,879 and  2,012,082, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hylan G-F 20 has proven to be an effective treatment for @entity1 with @entity571 of the knee. Appropriate use of Hylan G-F 20 could delay the need for TKRs and generate savings in the managed care setting.

title: Cost implications of introducing an alternative treatment for XXXX with osteoarthritis of the knee in a managed care setting.

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of thymectomy in @entity1 with @entity6732 and to identify clinical and histopathological factors associated with improved long-term outcome of surgery. METHODS: We treated 74 @entity1 between February 1987 and July 1993. There were 29 total and 36 simple thymectomies. These last cases, all non-myasthenic, had @entity704 (n=30) but 6 had @entity704 . Nine @entity5 were no-resected (5 @entity704 ). Minimum follow-up by Department of Thoracic Surgery Istituto Nazionale Tumori was 60 months after thymectomy. We divided the specimens according to Marino and Muller-Hermelink's classification: 54 @entity704 , 18 @entity704 and 2 no-diagnosis specify @entity704 . There were 53 stage I, 1 stage II, 13 stage III, 5 stage IVa and 2 stage IVb according to Masaoka. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 with treated @entity704 were alive without disease at the end of follow-up, the remaining 8 died from recurrence in 6, a new @entity5 in 1 and a @entity299 in the last. Of 18 @entity704 9 were alive at the end of follow-up (1 with recurrence), only 4 dead from recurrence. The actuarial survival of @entity1 with @entity704 was 88.5% at 5 years, (73.6% in cortical type, 85.7% in medullary type, 93.9% in mixed type, 100% in predominantly cortical type). @entity1737 didn't influence the survival: 87.3 (no MG) vs 90%. Advanced stage @entity704 significantly increased the risk of @entity204 from early stage I: 32.4 vs 100% at 5 years. In @entity704 @entity1 with @entity704 ( @entity704 ) died less than others: the actuarial probability of survival at 5 years was 90 vs 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Thymectomy was the best treatment to long term outcome. In our experience, survival was related to histotype and to local extension of @entity5 .

title: Clinical and pathologic predictors of survival in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity704 :: ('MESH:D013945', 'Disease') :: ['thymic carcinoma', 'benign thymomas', 'thymoma', 'well-differentiated thymic carcinoma', 'thymomas', 'thymic carcinomas', 'thymomas and 4 thymic carcinomas', 'WDTC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['Myasthenia gravis']

entities_list: @entity6732 :: ('MESH:D013953', 'Disease') :: ['thymic neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart attack']

answer: @entity6732 :: (MESH:D013953,Disease) :: ['thymic tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of thymectomy in @entity1 with @entity6732 and to identify clinical and histopathological factors associated with improved long-term outcome of surgery. METHODS: We treated 74 @entity1 between February 1987 and July 1993. There were 29 total and 36 simple thymectomies. These last cases, all non-myasthenic, had @entity704 (n=30) but 6 had @entity704 . Nine @entity5 were no-resected (5 @entity704 ). Minimum follow-up by Department of Thoracic Surgery Istituto Nazionale Tumori was 60 months after thymectomy. We divided the specimens according to Marino and Muller-Hermelink's classification: 54 @entity704 , 18 @entity704 and 2 no-diagnosis specify @entity704 . There were 53 stage I, 1 stage II, 13 stage III, 5 stage IVa and 2 stage IVb according to Masaoka. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 with treated @entity704 were alive without disease at the end of follow-up, the remaining 8 died from recurrence in 6, a new @entity5 in 1 and a @entity299 in the last. Of 18 @entity704 9 were alive at the end of follow-up (1 with recurrence), only 4 dead from recurrence. The actuarial survival of @entity1 with @entity704 was 88.5% at 5 years, (73.6% in cortical type, 85.7% in medullary type, 93.9% in mixed type, 100% in predominantly cortical type). @entity1737 didn't influence the survival: 87.3 (no MG) vs 90%. Advanced stage @entity704 significantly increased the risk of @entity204 from early stage I: 32.4 vs 100% at 5 years. In @entity704 @entity1 with @entity704 ( @entity704 ) died less than others: the actuarial probability of survival at 5 years was 90 vs 68%. CONCLUSIONS: Thymectomy was the best treatment to long term outcome. In our experience, survival was related to histotype and to local extension of @entity5 .

title: Clinical and pathologic predictors of survival in XXXX with @entity6732 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to present a conservative condylectomy technique (condylectomy performed below the condylar head but high in the condylar neck) and articular disc repositioning as the surgical treatment approach for management of @entity705 of the head of the mandibular condyle. @entity1 AND METHODS: Six @entity1 (4 females and 2 males) with an average age of 22.3 years (range, 13 to 32 years) and with an @entity705 of the mandibular condyle were treated with conservative condylectomy. The remaining condylar neck stump was recontoured, and the articular disc was repositioned and stabilized over the "new" condyle. Any indicated orthognathic surgical procedures were then performed to optimize occlusion, function, and aesthetics. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed before surgery (T1), immediately after surgery (T2), and at the longest follow-up (T3). RESULTS: Average follow-up for the @entity1 was 51 months (range, 22 to 108 months). No recurrence of the @entity5 was encountered in any of the cases. Subjective and objective evaluations of postsurgical temporomandibular joint function and range of mandibular motion were normal. Associated maxillary and/or mandibular orthognathic procedures were found to be stable in the long term. CONCLUSION: Conservative condylectomy with recontouring of the residual condylar neck to function as a condyle and repositioning of the articular disc is a viable option for treatment of @entity705 of the mandibular condyle. The use of this method of treatment permits effective removal of the @entity5 and eliminates the need for autogenous grafts or total joint prostheses for temporomandibular joint reconstruction.

title: Use of conservative condylectomy for treatment of XXXX of the mandibular condyle.

entities_list: @entity705 :: ('MESH:D015831', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondromas', 'osteochondroma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

answer: @entity705 :: (MESH:D015831,Disease) :: ['osteochondroma']


abstract: Twenty young Kirdi (West African Dwarf) rams, averaging 22 kg live weight and 15 months of age, were randomly assigned to four feeding groups of 5 animals each. The groups were subjected to an 8-week feeding trial to determine the effect of different protein supplements on their @entity2798 of @entity579 straw and on their performance. The animals in one of the groups were maintained on a daily basal diet of @entity579 straw given ad libitum and 250 g of @entity579 bran per animal (control). Other groups were fed the basal diet, supplemented with 300 g of groundnut haulms (GH diet), 45 g of @entity2708 seed cake (CSC diet) or 210 g of chopped @entity11314 vines ( @entity24715 diet) per animal per day. The average daily weight gains of the animals feeding on the control, GH, CSC and @entity24715 diets were 20.00, 48.93, 52.14 and 49.29 g, respectively. The gains in live weight of the supplemented groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), but there was a difference (p < 0.05) in live @entity1017 between the supplemented groups and the control. The differences in intake of @entity579 straw among the groups were highly significant (p < 0.01). @entity2708 seed cake increased (p < 0.01) the intake, while feeding crop residues tended to depress the intake of @entity579 straw. Variations in the height at withers, @entity299 and scapulo-ischial length did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the groups. In terms of live @entity1017 and intake of @entity579 straw, @entity2708 seed cake was the most effective supplement, but, since the crop residues are more readily available to farmers in this area of the country, they merit more attention.

title: Effect of supplementation with leguminous crop residues or concentrates on the XXXX and performance of Kirdi sheep.

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart girth']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary intake']

answer: @entity2798 :: (MESH:D009155,Disease) :: ['voluntary intake']


abstract: While liver @entity2695 and @entity4383 are not considered an indication for surgery in asymptomatic @entity1 resection has been recommended for hepatocellular @entity652 because of the risk of @entity397 and malignant transformation. Problems arise from differential diagnosis and the appropriate surgical radicality including the indication for liver transplantation. This retrospective analysis deals with 58 @entity1 who underwent surgery for hepatocellular @entity652 : resection of different extension: n = 54, liver transplantation n = 4. In 39.6% of the @entity1 the @entity5 was an incidental finding. In 62.0% of the character of the lesion was unclear prior to surgery. @entity5 and @entity548 occurred in 17.2%, malignant transformation in 6.9%. Surgical morbidity was 27.6%, mortality 5.2% with the transplant @entity1 alive for 1.5, 7, 9 and 10 years. Two and five years after resection 2 @entity1 developed @entity157 in the liver remnant. The results confirm the indication for surgery in hepatocellular @entity652 . Diagnostic approach for solid @entity96 without serum increase of @entity5 markers should rule out FNH and @entity2695 . In all other @entity1 surgery should be considered whenever possible with the radicality of @entity5 . Liver transplantation can be discussed even in asymptomatic @entity1 with multiple @entity652 .

title: [Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant disease', 'Tumor rupture']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['focal nodular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['adenoma']


abstract: CONTEXT: A successful immunosuppression regimen for combined kidney and pancreas transplants is @entity1140 , @entity618 , and @entity229 . However, not all @entity1 tolerate these immunosuppressants especially @entity1140 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of @entity205 as a rescue agent for @entity1140 @entity137 in combined kidney and pancreas transplants. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Single center. @entity1 : Thirty-five combined kidney and pancreas transplants were performed between July 1994 and January 1999. All @entity1 were insulin dependent @entity6 with @entity454 . Twenty-eight (mean age: 36 years and 57% female) were available with at least 12 month follow-up. INTERVENTIONS: Conversion to @entity205 following renal (biopsy proven) or @entity660 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity137 , rejection rate, and @entity1 /transplant organ survival. RESULTS: Nineteen transplant recipients (68%) were continuously maintained on @entity1140 while nine (32%) required conversion to @entity205 75 +/- 20 days post-transplant. Reasons for conversion included: @entity4854 (n=2), @entity1381 (n=1), and severe @entity1140 nephrotoxicity (n=6). By 12 months post-transplant, the 19 @entity1 maintained on @entity1140 had 5 rejections (26%). Three of the 9 @entity1 (33%) converted to @entity205 had an acute rejection prior to conversion. Seven of these 9 @entity1 (78%; P=0.017 vs. @entity1 maintained on @entity1140 ) had rejections an average of 25 +/- 4 days post-conversion. Four of the 7 @entity1 had no previous rejections prior to conversion. In spite of increased rejections, the 1- and 2-year @entity1 /graft survivals were unchanged by converting. CONCLUSIONS: Converting to @entity205 from @entity1140 was associated with an increased risk of acute rejection especially within the first 30 days post conversion.

title: Increased early rejection rate after conversion from XXXX in kidney and pancreas transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

entities_list: @entity1381 :: ('MESH:D006463', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic-uremic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity1140 :: (MESH:D016559,Chemical) :: ['tacrolimus']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Semistructured interviews, group discussions, and a mailed survey. OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers to the use of @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ) and to design an intervention to improve the use of @entity3457 by @entity1 with @entity1643 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity3457 was introduced in Norway in 1993 to encourage @entity1 on sick leave to return to modified work. With @entity3457 the National Insurance Administration (NIA) pays 100% of wages, thereby allowing the employer to engage a substitute worker at no extra cost, in addition to the worker on @entity3457 . Arranging @entity3457 requires cooperation between the general practitioner (GP), employer, local NIA staff, and the @entity1 , which may explain why @entity3457 was used in less than 1% of the eligible sick leave cases in 1995, despite strong support from all players. METHODS: The authors conducted five in-depth interviews at a workplace where @entity3457 was successfully implemented. Questionnaires were sent to 89 GPs, 102 workplace representatives, and 22 local NIA officers in three counties. Five @entity1 with @entity615 who had used @entity3457 were interviewed in a focus group, and 10 @entity1 with @entity615 who had not used @entity3457 were interviewed using a structured guide. Five workplaces participated in a dialogue conference. Data collection and analysis were iterative, and new data were constantly compared with the previously analyzed materials. RESULTS: About 80% of the GPs, employers, and NIA officers believed @entity3457 is effective in reducing long-term sick leave. Among the barriers identified were lack of information, lack of time, and work flow barriers such as poor communication and coordination of activities between the players required to carry out @entity3457 . Two strategies were designed to improve the workflow between them. A passive implementation strategy was designed to require a minimum amount of economic and administrative support. It included targeted information, clinical guidelines for @entity1643 , a reminder to GPs in the sick leave form, and a standardized agreement. A proactive strategy included the same four elements plus a kick-off continuing education seminar for GPs and a trained resource @entity1 to facilitate the use of @entity3457 . CONCLUSIONS: Having all the players onside may be essential, but it is not sufficient to bring about action in workplace strategies for @entity1 with @entity1643 . If early return to modified work is effective, implementing it may require interventions targeted at identified barriers.

title: Active sick leave for @entity1 with XXXX : all the players onside, but still no action.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person', 'people']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['active sick leave', 'ASL']

answer: @entity615 :: (MESH:D001416,Disease) :: ['back pain']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Semistructured interviews, group discussions, and a mailed survey. OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers to the use of @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ) and to design an intervention to improve the use of @entity3457 by @entity1 with @entity1643 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity3457 was introduced in Norway in 1993 to encourage @entity1 on sick leave to return to modified work. With @entity3457 the National Insurance Administration (NIA) pays 100% of wages, thereby allowing the employer to engage a substitute worker at no extra cost, in addition to the worker on @entity3457 . Arranging @entity3457 requires cooperation between the general practitioner (GP), employer, local NIA staff, and the @entity1 , which may explain why @entity3457 was used in less than 1% of the eligible sick leave cases in 1995, despite strong support from all players. METHODS: The authors conducted five in-depth interviews at a workplace where @entity3457 was successfully implemented. Questionnaires were sent to 89 GPs, 102 workplace representatives, and 22 local NIA officers in three counties. Five @entity1 with @entity615 who had used @entity3457 were interviewed in a focus group, and 10 @entity1 with @entity615 who had not used @entity3457 were interviewed using a structured guide. Five workplaces participated in a dialogue conference. Data collection and analysis were iterative, and new data were constantly compared with the previously analyzed materials. RESULTS: About 80% of the GPs, employers, and NIA officers believed @entity3457 is effective in reducing long-term sick leave. Among the barriers identified were lack of information, lack of time, and work flow barriers such as poor communication and coordination of activities between the players required to carry out @entity3457 . Two strategies were designed to improve the workflow between them. A passive implementation strategy was designed to require a minimum amount of economic and administrative support. It included targeted information, clinical guidelines for @entity1643 , a reminder to GPs in the sick leave form, and a standardized agreement. A proactive strategy included the same four elements plus a kick-off continuing education seminar for GPs and a trained resource @entity1 to facilitate the use of @entity3457 . CONCLUSIONS: Having all the players onside may be essential, but it is not sufficient to bring about action in workplace strategies for @entity1 with @entity1643 . If early return to modified work is effective, implementing it may require interventions targeted at identified barriers.

title: Active sick leave for XXXX with @entity615 : all the players onside, but still no action.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Fistulous communications between the @entity99 ( @entity99 ), gastroduodenal (GD), and superior mesenteric (SMA) arteries and the portal vein (PV) may represent a contraindication for liver transplantation (LT). MATERIAL: A @entity1 with @entity3531 -related liver @entity82 and progressive @entity409 underwent preoperative LT work-up. Doppler ultrasound (DU), Angiography and MRI revealed arteroportal fistulas (APF) and diversion of mesenteric-splenoportal flow through spontaneous splenorenal shunts (SSRS) in the systemic circulation. The @entity1 was transplanted and the @entity99 and @entity235 were distally sectioned; the HA was anastomosed to the donor HA; the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) was detached from the splenopancreatic venous bed by sectioning and ligating the Henle trunk, by ligating an posterior-inferior pancreatic vein and, finally, by positioning an iliac vein interposition graft between the SMV and the donor PV. The postanastomotic SMV trunk and recipient PV were ligated below and above the pancreatic head, respectively. RESULTS: Reperfusion and late liver function were good. DU and MRI studies showed an effective portal flow and the maintenance of a normal splenopancreatic vein outflow through the SSRS. DISCUSSION: APF represent a serious clinical problem, particularly in @entity1 who need LT. The persistence of arterial flow into the PV is dangerous for the long-term liver function. A particular surgical strategy, strictly tailored to the hemodynamic conditions, has to be planned. CONCLUSIONS: Extrahepatic multiple APF would no longer to represent a contraindication to LT, although this claim needs to be confirmed in the light of further experience and a longer-term follow-up.

title: Arteroportal fistulas between the XXXX , gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries and portal vein: a difficult technical problem to overcome in liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver decompensation']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['ARHA', 'accessory right hepatic']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['accessory right hepatic']


abstract: The individually different effects of exposure to comparable levels of chemicals might be partly explained by dissimilar response sensitivity towards chemicals. @entity18212 ( @entity18212 ) might be the clinical endpoint of this altered sensitivity. Concerning a subclinical range of chemical sensitivity, 'challenge studies' with @entity1 reporting chemical sensitivity are needed to improve the knowledge about such differences. The chemical and general environmental sensitivity questionnaire (CGES) is a standardized screening tool for the selection of this group. In the present study 24 healthy male volunteers, half of them classified as sMCS-subjects, were experimentally exposed to @entity11575 and @entity18008 at different levels (TLV-level vs. odor threshold). The strength of self-reported sensory irritations (nasal and ocular) and symptoms of bad smell were assessed, prior, during, and after the 4 hours of exposure. The time courses of sensory irritations were affected by sMCS. Across all exposure periods sMCS-subjects showed increasing symptom scores while control-subjects did not. Symptoms of bad smell were affected by three exposure-related factors (substance, level, duration) without any additional influence from the sMCS factor. Starting from these results it could be concluded that the time-depending influence of reported chemical sensitivity is most prominent for subjective data of sensory irritations.

title: Time courses of sensory irritations due to XXXX and @entity18008 exposure: influences of self-reported multiple chemical sensitivity (sMCS).

entities_list: @entity18212 :: ('MESH:D018777', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple chemical sensitivity', 'MCS']

entities_list: @entity18008 :: ('MESH:C004912', 'Chemical') :: ['ethyl benzene']

answer: @entity11575 :: (MESH:C005222,Chemical) :: ['2-butanone']


abstract: The individually different effects of exposure to comparable levels of chemicals might be partly explained by dissimilar response sensitivity towards chemicals. @entity18212 ( @entity18212 ) might be the clinical endpoint of this altered sensitivity. Concerning a subclinical range of chemical sensitivity, 'challenge studies' with @entity1 reporting chemical sensitivity are needed to improve the knowledge about such differences. The chemical and general environmental sensitivity questionnaire (CGES) is a standardized screening tool for the selection of this group. In the present study 24 healthy male volunteers, half of them classified as sMCS-subjects, were experimentally exposed to @entity11575 and @entity18008 at different levels (TLV-level vs. odor threshold). The strength of self-reported sensory irritations (nasal and ocular) and symptoms of bad smell were assessed, prior, during, and after the 4 hours of exposure. The time courses of sensory irritations were affected by sMCS. Across all exposure periods sMCS-subjects showed increasing symptom scores while control-subjects did not. Symptoms of bad smell were affected by three exposure-related factors (substance, level, duration) without any additional influence from the sMCS factor. Starting from these results it could be concluded that the time-depending influence of reported chemical sensitivity is most prominent for subjective data of sensory irritations.

title: Time courses of sensory irritations due to @entity11575 and XXXX exposure: influences of self-reported multiple chemical sensitivity (sMCS).

answer: @entity18008 :: (MESH:C004912,Chemical) :: ['ethyl benzene']


abstract: We describe procedures for isolating and culturing airway epithelial cells from chronically infected @entity1 lungs. Experience in our laboratory demonstrated the need to balance pathogen eradication against antibiotic toxicity to epithelial cells. To provide a logical basis for antibiotic selection and dose, we systematically analyzed the @entity137 of antibiotics useful against typical pathogens. Alone, @entity3273 , @entity2177 , @entity3403 , and @entity2890 were moderately toxic at concentrations close to those used in cell culture, whereas @entity2379 , @entity5505 , @entity2755 , @entity2892 , @entity2889 , @entity3400 , @entity207 / @entity206 , and @entity2176 were nontoxic even at concentrations many times the antimicrobial level. Epithelial @entity137 of combined antibiotics was additive, with no evidence of competition or synergism. Antibiotics had little effect on initial cell attachment and did not acutely lyse cells, but inhibited subsequent growth. Interestingly, @entity137 decreased markedly with increasing epithelial cell density. @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) and non- @entity1577 epithelial cells showed no differences in sensitivity to the antibiotics tested and initial exposure to antibiotics did not affect the electrophysiologic properties of resistance or short circuit current in well-differentiated cells. Tailored combinations of antibiotics at appropriate doses killed even multidrug-resistant bacteria. Thus, epithelial cells can usually be cultured from chronically infected @entity1577 airways.

title: Isolation and culture of airway epithelial cells from chronically infected XXXX lungs.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity3273 :: ('MESH:D003091', 'Chemical') :: ['colistin']

entities_list: @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['tobramycin']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin']

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2889 :: ('MESH:C059500', 'Chemical') :: ['meropenem']

entities_list: @entity3400 :: ('MESH:D010878', 'Chemical') :: ['piperacillin']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftazidime']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['Cystic fibrosis', 'CF']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Currently, no effective treatment is available for the nonlymphoid blast crisis (BC) of @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) and because of this the prognosis for such @entity1 remains invariably poor. In an attempt to determine the results provided by palliative treatment with oral @entity4446 ( @entity7275 ) in the above @entity1503 , 30 such @entity1 were analyzed for hospital stay, days of intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics, transfusion requirements, response rate, and survival. Thirty @entity1 with nonlymphoid BC matched for their initial characteristics and treated with different i.v. regimens were used for comparison purposes. @entity1 managed with @entity7275 spent less days in hospital (median: 9, range: 0-46 vs median: 42, range: 5-140; P<0.0001), needed antibiotics for less days (median: 0. range: 0-46 vs median: 20, range: 0-57; P<0.0001), and received less platelet transfusions (median: 0, range: 0-20 vs median: 6, range: 0-63; P=0.004) than those treated with i.v. chemotherapy. Although no complete or partial remission was achieved by @entity1 receiving @entity7275 vs six in the i.v. chemotherapy group, no significant difference was observed when the survival of both groups was compared (median: 4.7 months, range: 0.1-22.7 vs median: 3.8 months, range: 0.2-12, respectively). These results indicate that @entity7275 therapy constitutes a good palliative treatment for @entity1 with nonlymphoid BC of @entity1860 . However, new treatment strategies for this @entity1503 are required.

title: Single-agent therapy with oral @entity4446 for nonlymphoid blast crisis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4446 :: ('MESH:D015122', 'Chemical') :: ['6-mercaptopurine']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematological condition']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukemia']

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['chronic myeloid leukemia']


abstract: Currently, no effective treatment is available for the nonlymphoid blast crisis (BC) of @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) and because of this the prognosis for such @entity1 remains invariably poor. In an attempt to determine the results provided by palliative treatment with oral @entity4446 ( @entity7275 ) in the above @entity1503 , 30 such @entity1 were analyzed for hospital stay, days of intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics, transfusion requirements, response rate, and survival. Thirty @entity1 with nonlymphoid BC matched for their initial characteristics and treated with different i.v. regimens were used for comparison purposes. @entity1 managed with @entity7275 spent less days in hospital (median: 9, range: 0-46 vs median: 42, range: 5-140; P<0.0001), needed antibiotics for less days (median: 0. range: 0-46 vs median: 20, range: 0-57; P<0.0001), and received less platelet transfusions (median: 0, range: 0-20 vs median: 6, range: 0-63; P=0.004) than those treated with i.v. chemotherapy. Although no complete or partial remission was achieved by @entity1 receiving @entity7275 vs six in the i.v. chemotherapy group, no significant difference was observed when the survival of both groups was compared (median: 4.7 months, range: 0.1-22.7 vs median: 3.8 months, range: 0.2-12, respectively). These results indicate that @entity7275 therapy constitutes a good palliative treatment for @entity1 with nonlymphoid BC of @entity1860 . However, new treatment strategies for this @entity1503 are required.

title: Single-agent therapy with oral XXXX for nonlymphoid blast crisis of @entity1860 .

answer: @entity4446 :: (MESH:D015122,Chemical) :: ['mercaptopurine']


abstract: @entity64 ( @entity64 ), or @entity64 , afflict 731,000 Americans each year, with 165,000 of these individuals dying. @entity64 is a major cause of @entity204 and disability throughout the world, including southern Africa. @entity731 -related formation of thrombi and emboli at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and proximal internal carotid artery represents a common cause of @entity64 . The detection of @entity2998 by dentists using panoramic radiographs recently has been presented to the public through television news stories and the press, but many dentists still do not know how to interpret panoramic radiographs for detection of this condition. This communication illustrates examples in which @entity2998 was detected using panoramic radiography. Differential diagnoses are presented. Since not every carotid plaque calcifies, panoramic radiography should never be used alone to exclude the possibility of @entity2998 . It should also be remembered that the mere presence of calcified carotid plaque is not necessarily a reflection on the degree of @entity543 . Definitive diagnosis and treatment requires referral of @entity1 deemed to be at risk to an appropriate physician. A variety of advanced diagnostic methods, including @entity2287 -enhanced MRI, Duplex Doppler sonography and angiography are used to confirm @entity543 .

title: The role of the dentist in detection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebrovascular accidents', 'stroke', 'Stroke', 'CVA']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

answer: @entity2998 :: (MESH:D002340,Disease) :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3814 related to @entity170 may cause persistent @entity158 which impairs mobility and reduces the quality of life. Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a therapeutic interventional radiology procedure which is used in the management of @entity158 relief in such @entity174 . It involves the injection of bone cement [polymethylmethacrylate ( @entity4625 )] into the collapsed vertebrae under radiological guidance. This provides @entity158 relief as well as increases the strength and stability of the vertebra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 16 @entity1 with 17 @entity3814 which were treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty over an 18-month period were studied. There were all @entity1 with the exception of 1 male @entity1 . Their ages ranged from 61 to 87 years. The @entity174 sites were at the thoracolumbar junction from T12 to L3 levels. The majority of cases only required a unipedicular injection, with bipedicular injections in 3 cases. All cases were performed in the angiographic suite in the radiology departments, with biplanar fluoroscopy in one hospital. @entity4625 was injected in a semi-solid state under radiological guidance and screening into the collapsed vertebrae. RESULTS: All cases showed good technical success with no mortality or major complications. Only 2 cases had minor complications of cement leakage into the soft tissues of the back and adjacent disc space, respectively. There was sufficient @entity158 relief in all @entity1 and they were well enough to be discharged within 1 to 5 days after the procedure. @entity1 were followed up to evaluate the degree of long-term @entity158 relief as well as analgesic usage. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a new and minimally-invasive modality of treating @entity158 in @entity1 with @entity3814 who are refractory to medical therapy. Under adequate imaging guidance, the risks of complications are minimal while the potential benefit to @entity1 and their care-givers are significant.

title: Percutaneous vertebroplasty in the management of XXXX : initial experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity3814 :: ('MESH:D050815', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic compression fractures', 'Vertebral compression fractures']

answer: @entity3814 :: (MESH:D050815,Disease) :: ['osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Elderly @entity1 presenting with backache and @entity891 are a diagnostic challenge. Plain X-rays, computed tomography and radionuclide bone scans have not always reliably distinguished between benign and malignant causes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be able to do so. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 who underwent MRI evaluation for @entity891 were retrospectively studied. Over a 21-month period from January 1995 to September 1996, 47 @entity1 with 58 vertebral collapses were studied. Benign and malignant aetiologies were established by serial imaging, clinical outcome and histology. Imaging was performed with T1 and T2-weighted sequences, with contrast enhancement in some @entity1 . Collapsed vertebrae were examined for appearance of marrow on T1 and T2-weighted sequences and after contrast administration, signal intensity of adjacent discs, degree of @entity236 , involvement of posterior elements, presence or absence of paraspinal mass and end-plate integrity. Agreement between the final and radiological diagnosis was evaluated. RESULTS: There were 36 benign vertebral collapses (20 @entity3604 , 7 post-traumatic, 9 infective) and 22 malignant ones (20 metastatic @entity189 , 2 multiple @entity1582 ). Features which pointed to malignant cause were hypointense marrow on T1-weighted images, marrow enhancement after intravenous contrast, greater than 50% @entity236 and involvement of posterior elements. Of the vertebral collapses due to @entity281 , 78% showed end-plate disruption. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that MRI can be used to accurately differentiate between benign and malignant causes of @entity891 . Further differentiation between an @entity3604 , traumatic or infective cause can be done with the help of clinical history and evaluation of end-plate integrity.

title: Differentiation of malignant @entity891 from XXXX and other benign causes using magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral collapse']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['marrow involvement']

answer: @entity3604 :: (MESH:D058866,Disease) :: ['osteoporotic']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Elderly @entity1 presenting with backache and @entity891 are a diagnostic challenge. Plain X-rays, computed tomography and radionuclide bone scans have not always reliably distinguished between benign and malignant causes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be able to do so. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 who underwent MRI evaluation for @entity891 were retrospectively studied. Over a 21-month period from January 1995 to September 1996, 47 @entity1 with 58 vertebral collapses were studied. Benign and malignant aetiologies were established by serial imaging, clinical outcome and histology. Imaging was performed with T1 and T2-weighted sequences, with contrast enhancement in some @entity1 . Collapsed vertebrae were examined for appearance of marrow on T1 and T2-weighted sequences and after contrast administration, signal intensity of adjacent discs, degree of @entity236 , involvement of posterior elements, presence or absence of paraspinal mass and end-plate integrity. Agreement between the final and radiological diagnosis was evaluated. RESULTS: There were 36 benign vertebral collapses (20 @entity3604 , 7 post-traumatic, 9 infective) and 22 malignant ones (20 metastatic @entity189 , 2 multiple @entity1582 ). Features which pointed to malignant cause were hypointense marrow on T1-weighted images, marrow enhancement after intravenous contrast, greater than 50% @entity236 and involvement of posterior elements. Of the vertebral collapses due to @entity281 , 78% showed end-plate disruption. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that MRI can be used to accurately differentiate between benign and malignant causes of @entity891 . Further differentiation between an @entity3604 , traumatic or infective cause can be done with the help of clinical history and evaluation of end-plate integrity.

title: Differentiation of malignant XXXX from @entity3604 and other benign causes using magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity891 :: (MESH:D001261,Disease) :: ['vertebral collapse']