abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of procedure for prolapse and @entity6713 (PPH) with Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy (MMH) in the treatment of @entity6713 . METHODS: All the randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing PPH with MMH in the treatment of @entity6713 published between January 1998 and January 2015 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, Wangfang, @entity3549 databases. Hand search was applied in Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chinese Journal of Coloproctology and Journal of Colorectal and Anal Surgery from the library of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Associated reference documents in enrolled trials were reviewed. The methodological quality of enrolled trials was evaluated according to the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULT: Sixteen RCTs recruiting 1411 @entity1 were identified. Among them, 702 @entity1 underwent PPH, and other 709 @entity1 MMH. Meta-analysis showed that as compared to MMH, PPH had shorter operating time(WMD=-12.34, 95% CI:-17.87 to -6.80, P=0.000], shorter hospital stay (WMD=-1.48, 95% CI: -1.81 to -1.14, P=0.000) and shorter time to recover normal activity (WMD=-14.11, 95% CI: -24.51 to -3.70, P=0.008). @entity1 in PPH group experienced less @entity158 at postoperative 24 h, postoperative 1 week and the first postoperative bowel movement (all P<0.01). PPH was more ascendant in terms of the requirement for analgesics(P<0.01). PPH group had higher ratio of wound-healing 2 weeks after surgery (RR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.51, P=0.001), lower ratio of @entity86 (RR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.99, P=0.050) and lower ratio of anal @entity322 (RR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.01, P=0.050), but higher ratio of recurrent disease after 1 year (RR=2.54, 95% CI: 1.21 to 5.31, P=0.010). No significant differences in ratios of @entity86 , urinary retention, and postoperative morbidity of complication were found(all P>0.05). Satisfaction degree of @entity1 in PPH group was better than that in MMH group (OR=2.36, 95% CI:1.36 to 4.07, P=0.002). CONCLUSION: Procedure for prolapse and @entity6713 offers some short-term benefits over Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy, but is associated with a higher rate of recurrent disease.

title: [Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing procedure for prolapse and XXXX with Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of @entity6713 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding', 'postoperative anal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity6713 :: ('MESH:D006484', 'Disease') :: ['prolapsed hemorrhoids', 'hemorrhoids']

answer: @entity6713 :: (MESH:D006484,Disease) :: ['hemorrhoids']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of procedure for prolapse and @entity6713 (PPH) with Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy (MMH) in the treatment of @entity6713 . METHODS: All the randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing PPH with MMH in the treatment of @entity6713 published between January 1998 and January 2015 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, Wangfang, @entity3549 databases. Hand search was applied in Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Chinese Journal of Coloproctology and Journal of Colorectal and Anal Surgery from the library of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Associated reference documents in enrolled trials were reviewed. The methodological quality of enrolled trials was evaluated according to the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULT: Sixteen RCTs recruiting 1411 @entity1 were identified. Among them, 702 @entity1 underwent PPH, and other 709 @entity1 MMH. Meta-analysis showed that as compared to MMH, PPH had shorter operating time(WMD=-12.34, 95% CI:-17.87 to -6.80, P=0.000], shorter hospital stay (WMD=-1.48, 95% CI: -1.81 to -1.14, P=0.000) and shorter time to recover normal activity (WMD=-14.11, 95% CI: -24.51 to -3.70, P=0.008). @entity1 in PPH group experienced less @entity158 at postoperative 24 h, postoperative 1 week and the first postoperative bowel movement (all P<0.01). PPH was more ascendant in terms of the requirement for analgesics(P<0.01). PPH group had higher ratio of wound-healing 2 weeks after surgery (RR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.51, P=0.001), lower ratio of @entity86 (RR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.99, P=0.050) and lower ratio of anal @entity322 (RR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.01, P=0.050), but higher ratio of recurrent disease after 1 year (RR=2.54, 95% CI: 1.21 to 5.31, P=0.010). No significant differences in ratios of @entity86 , urinary retention, and postoperative morbidity of complication were found(all P>0.05). Satisfaction degree of @entity1 in PPH group was better than that in MMH group (OR=2.36, 95% CI:1.36 to 4.07, P=0.002). CONCLUSION: Procedure for prolapse and @entity6713 offers some short-term benefits over Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy, but is associated with a higher rate of recurrent disease.

title: [Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing procedure for prolapse and @entity6713 with Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of XXXX ].

answer: @entity6713 :: (MESH:D006484,Disease) :: ['prolapsed hemorrhoids']


abstract: We report the long-term follow-up of 12 pediatric-aged @entity1 with @entity1117 ( @entity1117 ). The mean age at the onset of @entity281 was 5 months with a median delay in diagnosis of 2.5 years. Bacille Calmette-Gu  rin @entity3298 was the most common presenting @entity281 (6) followed by suppurative @entity3298 (4), @entity5572 (1), or @entity295 (1). Prophylaxis with @entity799 was recommended to all @entity1 . During the mean follow-up of 10 years (range, 4-23 years) @entity55 was the most prevalent @entity281 (91%) followed by @entity3298 (83%), @entity3136 (58%), and @entity5572 (25%). Seven (58%) @entity1 developed @entity1030 due to grossly delayed diagnosis (3) or poor compliance with antimicrobial prophylaxis (4). Five (41%) @entity1 died during the second decade of life of @entity2381 (3) or @entity1030 (2). Probability of survival into the third decade of life was estimated to be only 19%. We argue that HLA-identical bone marrow transplantation (BMT), if possible, should be attempted at early age because of significant morbidity and mortality in adolescence. BMT also should be considered in @entity1 who suffer severe @entity281 despite antimicrobial prophylaxis or @entity1 with evidence of @entity1030 . Possibility of elective BMT from unrelated donors remains to be carefully evaluated.

title: Long-term follow-up and prognosis of XXXX in Yugoslavia: is there a role for early bone marrow transplantation?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5572 :: ('MESH:D008100', 'Disease') :: ['liver abscess', 'liver abscesses']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['Salmonella sepsis']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['aphtous stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['cotrimoxazole']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity2381 :: ('MESH:D001228', 'Disease') :: ['aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lung disease']

entities_list: @entity1117 :: ('MESH:D006105', 'Disease') :: ['chronic granulomatous disease', 'CGD']

entities_list: @entity3298 :: ('MESH:D008199', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenitis']

answer: @entity1117 :: (MESH:D006105,Disease) :: ['chronic granulomatous disease']


abstract: @entity2102 is a serious obstetrical complication that tends to occur in the second half of pregnancy that complicates six promiles of pregnancies. The term @entity2102 is derived from the beginning letters of the English words indicating laboratory changes, which is occurs as a specific illness in pregnancy. There is hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and a decreased platelet count. It can present itself with @entity1468 or without it. The most serious complications are disseminated @entity5642 , @entity409 or various organ failures. The pathogenesis at the moment is not completely known. The basic approach to care is delivery at the earliest possible term. @entity2102 generally arises in the second or third trimester of pregnancy, but can also occur after delivery. It has typical signs, which can also arise due to other @entity409 , but more frequently in @entity1085 , which in pregnancy given the physiological changes in the body of the pregnant @entity1 is also predisposed. In this context, @entity1 with this problem can seek out other physicians than obstetricians. In our case, we wanted to refer to the needs of early diagnosis of this frequently diagnosed illness, since in the case of late diagnosis and a @entity1 not sent to the obstetrical department can lead to a serious life threatening state for the mother and @entity1 .

title: [A delay in the XXXX diagnosis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['diseases of the gall bladder']

entities_list: @entity2102 :: ('MESH:D017359', 'Disease') :: ['HELLP syndrome']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver diseases', 'liver rupture']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['intravascular coagulation']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

answer: @entity2102 :: (MESH:D017359,Disease) :: ['HELLP syndrome']


abstract: We present a case of a 54 years old female @entity1 after anterior wall left ventricular @entity583 in 2005 who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery requiring cannulation of the right internal jugular vein (IJV). She was admitted to a Department of @entity358 with left @entity3127 ( @entity3127 ) following 7 day treatment, with hemoptysis, dyspnoea and fevers. Duplex ultrasound (DUS) was used to diagnose flapping @entity715 in the right IJV, severe @entity882 and, in addition, progressing multiple infiltrates on X-ray a few days later. We empirically adjusted the treatment initiated in primary care and observed deterioration of the severe @entity882 during treatment with low molecular weight heparine. We diagnosed @entity882 ( @entity882 ) and, even though this indication was not included in our drug formulary, we initiated treatment with Arixtra (fondaparinux) 2.5 mg s.c. daily. Intensive conservative treatment was associated with significant clinical and laboratory improvement of the condition, significant regression of the IJV @entity715 as well as the finding on X-ray. The final effective antibiotic treatment lasted 20 ( @entity115 + @entity798 ) and 10 (clindamycin) days, respectively. Treatment with Arixtra (fondaparinux) continued in primary care and lasted a total of 65 days until normal thrombocyte levels were achieved, with gradual transition to oral anticoagulation treatment. The @entity1 was discharged to primary care on the 23rd day of hospitalization when she was stabilized, a febrile and her cardiopulmonary functions were compensated. We did not identify any case of treatment of jugular @entity715 and concurrent @entity882 with fondaparin anywhere in the international literature.

title: [A case of a flapping infected XXXX in the internal jugular vein, septic pneumonias and heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia].

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['HIT', 'heparin-induced thrombocytopenia', 'thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanate']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary Diseases']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity3127 :: ('MESH:D001996', 'Disease') :: ['BPN', 'bronchopneumonia']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Infantile @entity2473 are @entity410 associated with a severe @entity302 presenting in the first 2 years of life, and optimal treatment continues to be debated. This study evaluates early and sustained response to initial treatments and addresses both clinical remission and electrographic resolution of @entity739 . Secondarily, it assesses whether response to treatment differs by etiology or developmental status. METHODS: The National @entity739 Consortium established a multicenter, prospective database enrolling @entity1 with new diagnosis of @entity739 . @entity1 were considered responders if there was clinical remission and resolution of @entity739 that was sustained at 3 months after first treatment initiation. Standard treatments of @entity4545 ( @entity4545 ), oral @entity288 , and @entity5305 were considered individually, and all other nonstandard therapies were analyzed collectively. Developmental status and etiology were assessed. We compared response rates by treatment group using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty @entity1 were enrolled from 22 centers. Overall, 46% of @entity1 receiving standard therapy responded, compared to only 9% who responded to nonstandard therapy (p   <   0.001). Fifty-five percent of @entity1 receiving @entity4545 as initial treatment responded, compared to 39% for oral @entity288 , 36% for @entity5305 , and 9% for other (p   <   0.001). Neither etiology nor development significantly modified the response pattern by treatment group. INTERPRETATION: Response rate varies by treatment choice. Standard therapies should be considered as initial treatment for @entity739 , including those with impaired development or known structural or genetic/metabolic etiology. @entity4545 appeared to be more effective than other standard therapies. Ann Neurol 2016.

title: Response to treatment in a prospective national XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity4545 :: ('5443', 'Gene') :: ['ACTH', 'adrenocorticotropic hormone']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity5305 :: ('MESH:D020888', 'Chemical') :: ['vigabatrin']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['Infantile Spasms', 'hypsarrhythmia', 'infantile spasms']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity739 :: (MESH:D013036,Disease) :: ['infantile spasms cohort']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to examine barriers to @entity5 screening among @entity1 who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and accessed domestic violence shelters, to compare barriers among those up-to-date (UTD) and not UTD on screening, and to evaluate acceptability of @entity1082 self-sampling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey in which domestic violence shelters in Ohio were identified and @entity1 completed an anonymous survey assessing UTD screening status, barriers related to screening, history of IPV, intention to follow up on abnormal screening, and acceptability of self-sampling. Characteristics of UTD and not UTD @entity1 were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: A total of 142 @entity1 from 11 shelters completed the survey. Twenty-three percent of @entity1 were not UTD. @entity1 who were not UTD reported more access-related barriers (mean = 2.2 vs 1.8; p = .006). There was no difference in reported IPV-related barriers between @entity1 who were not UTD and those who are UTD (mean = 2.51 in not UTD vs 2.24 in UTD; p = .13). Regarding future screening, of the @entity1 who expressed a preference, more @entity1 not UTD preferred self-sampling than UTD @entity1 (32% vs 14%; p = .05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, access-related barriers were more commonly reported among @entity1 not UTD with screening. Addressing these barriers at domestic violence shelters may improve screening among not UTD @entity1 . Self-sampling may also be one feasible approach to support screening in this population.

title: Intimate Partner Violence and Barriers to XXXX Screening: A Gynecologic Oncology Fellow Research Network Study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cervical Cancer']


abstract: Substantially less development to the blastocyst stage occurs in vitro than in vivo and this may be due to @entity942 . Although a large proportion of @entity291 oocytes undergo spontaneous nuclear maturation, less is known about requirements for proper cytoplasmic maturation. Commonly, supraphysiological concentrations of FSH and LH are added to maturation media to improve cumulus expansion, fertilization and embryonic development. Therefore, various concentrations of porcine FSH (pFSH) and recombinant @entity1 FSH (rhFSH) were investigated for their effect on @entity291 cumulus expansion in vitro. Expression of @entity44503 , LHr and @entity13509 mRNAs was determined in cumulus-oocyte complexes to determine whether they would be useful markers of oocyte competence. In serum-free media, only 1000 ng/ml pFSH induced marked cumulus expansion, but the effect of 100 ng/ml pFSH was amplified in the presence of 10% serum. In contrast, cumulus expansion occurred with 1 ng/ml rhFSH in the absence of serum. @entity44503 mRNA was highest at 0-6 h of maturation, then abundance decreased. Similarly, @entity13509 mRNA expression was highest from 0-6 h but decreased by 24 h of maturation. However, the relative abundance of LHr mRNA did not change from 6-24 h of maturation. Decreased levels of @entity44503 , LHr and @entity13509 mRNAs were detected in COCs of poorer quality. In conclusion, expansion of @entity291 cumulus occurred at low doses of rhFSH in serum-free media. In summary, @entity44503 , LHr and @entity13509 mRNA abundance reflects COC quality and @entity44503 and @entity13509 mRNA expression changes during in vitro maturation; these genes may be useful markers of oocyte developmental competence.

title: Responsiveness of XXXX cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COC) to porcine and recombinant @entity1 FSH, and the effect of COC quality on gonadotropin receptor and Cx43 marker gene mRNAs during maturation in vitro.

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies in oocyte competence']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Substantially less development to the blastocyst stage occurs in vitro than in vivo and this may be due to @entity942 . Although a large proportion of @entity291 oocytes undergo spontaneous nuclear maturation, less is known about requirements for proper cytoplasmic maturation. Commonly, supraphysiological concentrations of FSH and LH are added to maturation media to improve cumulus expansion, fertilization and embryonic development. Therefore, various concentrations of porcine FSH (pFSH) and recombinant @entity1 FSH (rhFSH) were investigated for their effect on @entity291 cumulus expansion in vitro. Expression of @entity44503 , LHr and @entity13509 mRNAs was determined in cumulus-oocyte complexes to determine whether they would be useful markers of oocyte competence. In serum-free media, only 1000 ng/ml pFSH induced marked cumulus expansion, but the effect of 100 ng/ml pFSH was amplified in the presence of 10% serum. In contrast, cumulus expansion occurred with 1 ng/ml rhFSH in the absence of serum. @entity44503 mRNA was highest at 0-6 h of maturation, then abundance decreased. Similarly, @entity13509 mRNA expression was highest from 0-6 h but decreased by 24 h of maturation. However, the relative abundance of LHr mRNA did not change from 6-24 h of maturation. Decreased levels of @entity44503 , LHr and @entity13509 mRNAs were detected in COCs of poorer quality. In conclusion, expansion of @entity291 cumulus occurred at low doses of rhFSH in serum-free media. In summary, @entity44503 , LHr and @entity13509 mRNA abundance reflects COC quality and @entity44503 and @entity13509 mRNA expression changes during in vitro maturation; these genes may be useful markers of oocyte developmental competence.

title: Responsiveness of @entity291 cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COC) to porcine and recombinant XXXX FSH, and the effect of COC quality on gonadotropin receptor and Cx43 marker gene mRNAs during maturation in vitro.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Heme oxygenase (HO) has been primarily regarded as the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of @entity1446 . However it has recently been proposed that the inducible isoform, @entity13975 (EC 1.14.99.3), functions as a stress-responsive antioxidant enzyme, with the capacity to protect against oxidant-mediated @entity1317 . This study used an in vitro model of endothelial permeability to determine the effects of the @entity13975 -inducing agent hemin on noncytotoxic endothelial injury mediated by acute oxidant stress. Effects of hemin on oxidant-mediated @entity137 in a number of endothelial cell types were also investigated. A 20-min exposure of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers to @entity274 resulted in a significant concentration-dependent increase in permeability, which was reversible 48 h later. Pretreatment of monolayers with hemin for 2 h followed by 18 h in complete medium resulted in @entity13975 induction and the attenuation of @entity274 -mediated increases in endothelial permeability, and significantly improved the restoration of endothelial barrier function 48 h later. In HUVEC and in the @entity1 microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1, hemin treatment as above resulted in protection against @entity137 , but not in @entity291 aortic endothelial cells (BAECs), where such @entity137 was potentiated. This potentiation was inhibited by incubation with the HO inhibitor @entity44024 , supporting a role for @entity13975 in the potentiation of the cytotoxic response. When the exposure time of BAEC to hemin was extended to 24 h, @entity274 -mediated @entity137 was attenuated. We conclude that hemin treatment is cytoprotective against noncytotoxic endothelial injury in vitro, under conditions that may not offer global protection against cytotoxic @entity1317 . This would indicate that @entity13975 induction associated with @entity137 in vivo is not always beneficial and therefore that the use of hemin as a therapeutic agent to offset oxidant injury in vascular endothelium should be undertaken with caution.

title: Role of hemin in the modulation of XXXX -mediated endothelial cell injury.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxic injury', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity44024 :: ('MESH:C032628', 'Chemical') :: ['tin protoporphyrin IX']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury', 'injury to vascular endothelium']

answer: @entity274 :: (CHEBI:16240,Chemical) :: ['H2O2']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this randomized prospective study, we evaluated postoperative morbidity after use of the Harmonic Scalpel (HS), an ultrasonic dissector coagulator (Ethicon Endo-Surgery Inc, Cincinnati, @entity2145 ), or conventional electrocautery (EC) during tonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Pediatric subjects at 2 sites were randomized and underwent tonsillectomy. Intraoperative @entity190 and operation duration were recorded. Postoperative parameters and complications were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen subjects completed the study. For the HS group, mean operative time was significantly longer (P < 0.001), but intraoperative @entity190 was equivalent (P = 1.000). HS subjects slept soundly on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, and 14 (P = 0.041, 0.013, 0.022, and 0.038, respectively, compared with EC group). Mean @entity282 scores trended lower for HS subjects on postoperative days 2, 3, and 4. CONCLUSION: The use of the HS in pediatric tonsillectomy showed no increase in intraoperative or postoperative @entity190 compared with the use of EC, and HS provided possible clinical advantages over EC in @entity1 comfort. SIGNIFICANCE: Tonsillectomy subjects in the HS group showed a statistically significant ability to sleep soundly, suggesting that the subjects experienced less @entity158 . These data correlate with the observed decrease in @entity158 scores.

title: Harmonic scalpel tonsillectomy in XXXX : a randomized prospective study.

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: In this study, we analyzed the influence of cell cycle status manipulations of @entity1778 cells on Fas-mediated apoptosis using the @entity2841 -dependent @entity1 @entity2800 cell line AML-193 as a model. @entity2841 and long-term treatment with @entity379 ( @entity379 ) or interferon-alpha ( @entity3027 ) were used to manipulate the cell cycle status. Control cells were @entity2841 deprived, nonproliferating cells. @entity379 or @entity3027 treatment did not induce proliferation in control cells, but resulted in recruitment of cells from resting G(0) phase into activated G(1) phase. Using agonistic anti-Fas antibodies (FAS18), we demonstrated that this shift from G(0) to G(1) was accompanied by a 2.5-fold increase in Fas sensitivity. A similar increase in sensitivity to FAS18 could be obtained by induction of proliferation with @entity2841 . Quantitative FACS analysis of surviving cells after FAS18-induced apoptosis showed deletion of the G(1) compartment, but complete protection of resting G(0) cells. Cells in S or G(2)/M phase were relatively protected against Fas induction. In conclusion, sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis was restricted to cells in G(1) phase of the cell cycle, and can be increased by treatment of cells with interferons. By this mechanism, interferon treatment may render @entity1778 cells more susceptible to lysis by T cells during immunotherapeutic interventions.

title: High susceptibility of @entity1 XXXX cells to Fas-induced apoptosis is restricted to G1 phase of the cell cycle and can be increased by interferon treatment.

entities_list: @entity2800 :: ('MESH:D007951', 'Disease') :: ['myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon-gamma']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemic']


abstract: In this study, we analyzed the influence of cell cycle status manipulations of @entity1778 cells on Fas-mediated apoptosis using the @entity2841 -dependent @entity1 @entity2800 cell line AML-193 as a model. @entity2841 and long-term treatment with @entity379 ( @entity379 ) or interferon-alpha ( @entity3027 ) were used to manipulate the cell cycle status. Control cells were @entity2841 deprived, nonproliferating cells. @entity379 or @entity3027 treatment did not induce proliferation in control cells, but resulted in recruitment of cells from resting G(0) phase into activated G(1) phase. Using agonistic anti-Fas antibodies (FAS18), we demonstrated that this shift from G(0) to G(1) was accompanied by a 2.5-fold increase in Fas sensitivity. A similar increase in sensitivity to FAS18 could be obtained by induction of proliferation with @entity2841 . Quantitative FACS analysis of surviving cells after FAS18-induced apoptosis showed deletion of the G(1) compartment, but complete protection of resting G(0) cells. Cells in S or G(2)/M phase were relatively protected against Fas induction. In conclusion, sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis was restricted to cells in G(1) phase of the cell cycle, and can be increased by treatment of cells with interferons. By this mechanism, interferon treatment may render @entity1778 cells more susceptible to lysis by T cells during immunotherapeutic interventions.

title: High susceptibility of XXXX @entity1778 cells to Fas-induced apoptosis is restricted to G1 phase of the cell cycle and can be increased by interferon treatment.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The chromosomal translocation t(8;14)(q24;q32) represents a characteristic marker for @entity2109 ( @entity2109 ). This translocation involves the MYC oncogene on chromosome 8 and the @entity7639 ( @entity7639 ) locus on chromosome 14. Since the translocation does not produce a fusion gene, we established a long-distance polymerase chain reaction (LD-PCR) assay that can detect the t(8;14) at the genomic level. The sensitivity of the LD-PCR was 10(-4). We used the LD-PCR assay to prospectively study 78 @entity2109 @entity1 and found a specific PCR product in 52 of them. Among the 52 positive @entity1 , we could test both the @entity5 and the bone marrow (BM) at diagnosis in 33 and determined the prevalence of @entity66 ( @entity66 ) at diagnosis. In 12/33 @entity1 , BM was positive by LD-PCR and in 10 of them we conducted a study of @entity41 ( @entity41 ). Eight out of 10 @entity1 showed a clearance of @entity41 after one cycle of chemotherapy. The only two @entity1 who did not achieve a negative @entity41 status died of disease progression. The comparative analysis of sensitivity of BM aspirate, BM biopsy and LD-PCR in t(8;14)-positive @entity1 demonstrated a superiority of the molecular method in the assessment of @entity66 . The LD-PCR for t(8;14) is an important tool to study minimal BM infiltration at diagnosis and to determine its response kinetics in @entity2109 .

title: Prospective analysis of minimal bone marrow infiltration in pediatric XXXX by long-distance polymerase chain reaction for t(8;14)(q24;q32).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['MDD', 'minimal disseminated disease']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['MRD', 'minimal residual disease']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['BL', "Burkitt's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity7639 :: ('3495', 'Gene') :: ['immunoglobulin heavy-chain', 'IgH']

answer: @entity2109 :: (MESH:D002051,Disease) :: ['Burkitt's lymphomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that angiotensin peptides stimulate the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors in vitro, promote survival after exposure to lethal irradiation as well as accelerate the recovery of @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ), i.e., lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, and platelets. These changes in the level of formed elements in the blood after irradiation was thought to be due to increases in the numbers of bone marrow progenitors including myeloid, erythroid and megakaryocyte progenitors by the action of angiotensin peptides. In view of these findings, the effect of angiotensin peptides on recovery after chemotherapy was assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of @entity53238 ( @entity53238 ) and angiotensin(1-7) (A1-7) on the recovery of @entity1503 and platelets in the blood, as well as the number of myeloid, erythroid and megakaryocyte progenitors in the bone marrow and the number of myeloid progenitors in the blood after intravenous administration of chemotherapeutic drugs was assessed in a @entity19 model. RESULTS. In initial studies, subcutaneous administration of 10 or 100 microg/kg per day of @entity53238 starting either 2 days before or 2 days after intravenous administration of @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) accelerated @entity1503 recovery (return to baseline between 7 and 14 days). Further, consistent with previous observations, the number of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow and blood was increased after systemic administration of angiotensin peptides. The comparability of A(1-7) and @entity53238 in their effect on hematopoietic recovery after chemotherapy was shown in subsequent studies. Daily administration of both @entity53238 and A(1-7) @entity1423 in the peripheral blood and myeloid, erythroid and megakaryocyte progenitors in the bone marrow. As 5FU is not a stem cell toxin, these studies were repeated with administration of A(1-7) initiated before or after intravenous @entity786 . Following treatment with A(1-7) before @entity786 the numbers of circulating @entity1503 initially increased and then decreased starting on day 14. Following treatment with A(1-7) 2 days after @entity786 the numbers of @entity1503 and the numbers of myeloid progenitors increased in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that angiotensin peptides accelerate hematopoietic recovery in multiple cellular lineages after chemotherapy, perhaps through an increase in the number of early hematopoietic progenitors.

title: Effect of XXXX and angiotensin(1-7) on hematopoietic recovery after intravenous chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['increased platelet numbers']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['white blood cells', 'WBC']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5FU', '5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity53238 :: (11847(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['angiotensin II']


abstract: A report is presented of 93 @entity1 referred for specialist management of @entity764 in the 5-year period 1973-1978. Penetrating @entity130 to the thorax had been sustained by 18 @entity1 and blunt @entity130 by 75. Falls and traffic accidents were the most common causes (32 and 35 cases). @entity174 were the most frequent lesions, and 10 of these 67 @entity1 had flail chest. Hemothorax and/or pneumothorax were found in four-fifths of the @entity1 . The diaphragm was torn in five cases. Three had lesions of the heart and/or pericardium and one @entity1 had a @entity75 . Closed pleural drainage was the most commonly used treatment. Thoracotomy was performed in 10 of the 93 @entity1 . The mortality rate in the series (10%) agreed with findings from other, similar studies.

title: XXXX . A review of 93 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['Rib fractures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal lesion']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic injuries']

answer: @entity764 :: (MESH:D013898,Disease) :: ['Thoracic injuries']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) on @entity1 @entity1619 MOLT-4 cells and @entity7895 -expressing @entity5699 -resistant MOLT-4 (MOLT-4/DNR) cells. METHODS: Cell growth was measured by an @entity98 assay. Cell viability was determined by a dye exclusion test. The level of @entity7895 expression was estimated using @entity10876 -conjugated anti- @entity7895 monoclonal antibody 17F9. The function of @entity7895 was evaluated in terms of @entity3514 ( @entity3514 ) efflux. The percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry after staining with annexin V- @entity2823 and @entity2667 . RESULTS: @entity9188 inhibited the growth and survival of MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of @entity9188 (IC(50)) against the growth of these cell lines were 5.1 micromol/l and 5.0 micromol/l, respectively, when the cells were treated with @entity9188 for 96 h. @entity9188 induced an apoptotic morphology in both MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cell lines. These effects of @entity9188 were time- and dose-dependent when the two cell lines were incubated in the presence of 1-8 micromol/l of @entity9188 for 3-144 h. @entity9188 treatment for 3 to 24 h at 5.0 micromol/l did not change the percentage of @entity7895 -expressing cells or the efflux ability of MOLT-4/DNR cells. CONCLUSION: @entity9188 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis equally in MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cells, and this suppressive effect did not influence @entity7895 expression or function in MOLT-4/DNR cells.

title: @entity4447 induces apoptosis equally in XXXX MOLT-4 cells and @entity7895 -expressing @entity5699 -resistant MOLT-4 cells.

entities_list: @entity4447 :: ('MESH:C006632', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic trioxide']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['T-lymphoblastoid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5699 :: ('MESH:D003630', 'Chemical') :: ['daunorubicin']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity10876 :: ('MESH:D010799', 'Chemical') :: ['phycoerythrin']

answer: @entity1619 :: (MESH:D015458,Disease) :: ['T lymphoblastoid leukemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) on @entity1 @entity1619 MOLT-4 cells and @entity7895 -expressing @entity5699 -resistant MOLT-4 (MOLT-4/DNR) cells. METHODS: Cell growth was measured by an @entity98 assay. Cell viability was determined by a dye exclusion test. The level of @entity7895 expression was estimated using @entity10876 -conjugated anti- @entity7895 monoclonal antibody 17F9. The function of @entity7895 was evaluated in terms of @entity3514 ( @entity3514 ) efflux. The percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry after staining with annexin V- @entity2823 and @entity2667 . RESULTS: @entity9188 inhibited the growth and survival of MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of @entity9188 (IC(50)) against the growth of these cell lines were 5.1 micromol/l and 5.0 micromol/l, respectively, when the cells were treated with @entity9188 for 96 h. @entity9188 induced an apoptotic morphology in both MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cell lines. These effects of @entity9188 were time- and dose-dependent when the two cell lines were incubated in the presence of 1-8 micromol/l of @entity9188 for 3-144 h. @entity9188 treatment for 3 to 24 h at 5.0 micromol/l did not change the percentage of @entity7895 -expressing cells or the efflux ability of MOLT-4/DNR cells. CONCLUSION: @entity9188 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis equally in MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cells, and this suppressive effect did not influence @entity7895 expression or function in MOLT-4/DNR cells.

title: XXXX induces apoptosis equally in @entity1619 MOLT-4 cells and @entity7895 -expressing @entity5699 -resistant MOLT-4 cells.

answer: @entity4447 :: (MESH:C006632,Chemical) :: ['Arsenic trioxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) on @entity1 @entity1619 MOLT-4 cells and @entity7895 -expressing @entity5699 -resistant MOLT-4 (MOLT-4/DNR) cells. METHODS: Cell growth was measured by an @entity98 assay. Cell viability was determined by a dye exclusion test. The level of @entity7895 expression was estimated using @entity10876 -conjugated anti- @entity7895 monoclonal antibody 17F9. The function of @entity7895 was evaluated in terms of @entity3514 ( @entity3514 ) efflux. The percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry after staining with annexin V- @entity2823 and @entity2667 . RESULTS: @entity9188 inhibited the growth and survival of MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of @entity9188 (IC(50)) against the growth of these cell lines were 5.1 micromol/l and 5.0 micromol/l, respectively, when the cells were treated with @entity9188 for 96 h. @entity9188 induced an apoptotic morphology in both MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cell lines. These effects of @entity9188 were time- and dose-dependent when the two cell lines were incubated in the presence of 1-8 micromol/l of @entity9188 for 3-144 h. @entity9188 treatment for 3 to 24 h at 5.0 micromol/l did not change the percentage of @entity7895 -expressing cells or the efflux ability of MOLT-4/DNR cells. CONCLUSION: @entity9188 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis equally in MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cells, and this suppressive effect did not influence @entity7895 expression or function in MOLT-4/DNR cells.

title: @entity4447 induces apoptosis equally in @entity1619 MOLT-4 cells and @entity7895 -expressing XXXX -resistant MOLT-4 cells.

answer: @entity5699 :: (MESH:D003630,Chemical) :: ['daunorubicin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) on @entity1 @entity1619 MOLT-4 cells and @entity7895 -expressing @entity5699 -resistant MOLT-4 (MOLT-4/DNR) cells. METHODS: Cell growth was measured by an @entity98 assay. Cell viability was determined by a dye exclusion test. The level of @entity7895 expression was estimated using @entity10876 -conjugated anti- @entity7895 monoclonal antibody 17F9. The function of @entity7895 was evaluated in terms of @entity3514 ( @entity3514 ) efflux. The percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry after staining with annexin V- @entity2823 and @entity2667 . RESULTS: @entity9188 inhibited the growth and survival of MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of @entity9188 (IC(50)) against the growth of these cell lines were 5.1 micromol/l and 5.0 micromol/l, respectively, when the cells were treated with @entity9188 for 96 h. @entity9188 induced an apoptotic morphology in both MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cell lines. These effects of @entity9188 were time- and dose-dependent when the two cell lines were incubated in the presence of 1-8 micromol/l of @entity9188 for 3-144 h. @entity9188 treatment for 3 to 24 h at 5.0 micromol/l did not change the percentage of @entity7895 -expressing cells or the efflux ability of MOLT-4/DNR cells. CONCLUSION: @entity9188 inhibited growth and induced apoptosis equally in MOLT-4 and MOLT-4/DNR cells, and this suppressive effect did not influence @entity7895 expression or function in MOLT-4/DNR cells.

title: @entity4447 induces apoptosis equally in @entity1619 MOLT-4 cells and XXXX -expressing @entity5699 -resistant MOLT-4 cells.

answer: @entity7895 :: (283871,Gene) :: ['P-gp']


abstract: Chest wall compartment kinematics and respiratory muscle coordinate activity, during either @entity2944 or @entity519 , have not been comparatively assessed in healthy @entity1 . We assessed the displacement volume of the chest wall (Vcw) in 5 normal subjects during @entity519 -normocapnic and hypercapnic-hyperoxic rebreathing by using linearized magnetometers. Vcw was divided into displacement volumes of the rib cage (Vrc) and the abdomen (Vab). Esophageal (Pes) and gastric ( @entity6987 ) pressures were simultaneously recorded and transdiaphragmatic pressure ( @entity13091 ) was calculated by subtracting Pes from Pga. Pressure swings (sw) from end expiration (EE) to end inspiration (EI) were also calculated. During both @entity519 and @entity2944 , from quiet breathing to 40 L/min VE, Vrc,EI increased consistently but Vrc,EE, and Vab,EI did not. Moreover, Vab,EE decreased significantly during @entity2944 and remained unchanged during @entity519 . PesEI decreased (more negative values) and PesEE increased (less negative values) during either stimulus, while PgaEE increased with @entity2944 . Pdisw, calculated as the difference between PdiEE and PdiEI, increased significantly with both @entity2944 and @entity519 ( p = 0.002 for both). On the plot of Pes vs Pga, the slope of a line from end expiratory to end inspiratory lung volume between 20 and 40 L/min VE progressively increased during @entity2944 indicating increasing @entity121 ( @entity121 ) contribution to inspiratory pressure swings relative to the diaphragm. From these results we conclude that in healthy @entity1 : (i) with both chemical stimuli @entity121 contribution accounts for increase in Vrc displacement; (ii) with @entity2944 , the decrease in Vab,EE displacement indicates abdominal muscle (ABM) contribution to tidal volume; (iii) @entity121 and ABM assist the diaphragmatic function during hypercapnic stimulation.

title: Chest wall kinematics during chemically stimulated breathing in healthy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2944 :: ('MESH:D006935', 'Disease') :: ['hypercapnia']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['rib cage muscle', 'RCM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: During the period of November 1976 through October 1984, we have treated 46 @entity1 with @entity189 at the confluence of the major hepatic ducts. Curative resection of the @entity5 (where no @entity189 cells at the margin of the resected portion were found macroscopically and microscopially), was performed upon ten @entity1 , palliative resections were done in 11, palliative resection and intraoperative radiotherapy (IOR) in ten, bile duct drainage and IOR in three, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage in 12. Among the ten @entity1 who underwent curative operation, five are living six to 104 months after operation while the remaining five died four to 72 months postoperatively. Of the 11 @entity1 who underwent palliative resection, five are alive two to 22 months after operation and six died between four and 20 months after operation. For the ten @entity1 with @entity189 in the advanced stages, palliative resection with IOR was performed. Eight @entity1 died 20 days to 16 months after operation while two @entity1 are alive 13 and 14 months after the procedure. Of the three @entity1 who underwent drainage of the bile duct and IOR, two died three months after operation and one @entity1 survived 34 months. Twelve @entity1 underwent drainage of the bile duct only and all died after 13 months. To perform a curative operation for @entity189 located at the confluence of major hepatic ducts, it is necessary to resect the right or left lobe, including the caudate lobe, in many instances. For the @entity1 with @entity189 in the advanced stages, the possibility of long term survival period after operation exists through the use of the combined techniques of IOR and palliative resection of the @entity5 .

title: Surgical treatment for XXXX at the confluence of the major hepatic ducts.

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of @entity24772 . STUDY DESIGN: This was an open-label, randomised, 3 x 3 crossover study with 4 study days, separated by washout periods of 7 days. SUBJECTS: Subjects comprised 6 healthy young @entity1 (aged 20-27 years) and 12 healthy older @entity1 and @entity1 (aged 56-70 years). METHODS: All subjects received a 2mg intravenous infusion of @entity18422 over 10 minutes followed, in randomised sequence, by a 20 mg immediate-release tablet of @entity24772 with breakfast, a 20 mg immediate-release tablet of @entity24772 while fasting, and a 7.5 mg subcutaneous injection of @entity24772 . The primary variables were the plasma concentration of @entity18422 , the active form of @entity24772 , and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), an ex vivo coagulation time measurement used to demonstrate inhibition of @entity556 . RESULTS: After oral and subcutaneous administration, @entity24772 was rapidly absorbed and biotransformed to @entity18422 , its active form and the dominant compound in plasma. The metabolite pattern in plasma and urine was similar in young and older subjects after both oral and subcutaneous administration of @entity24772 clearance of @entity18422 was correlated with renal function, resulting in about 40% (after intravenous @entity18422 ) to 60% (after oral and subcutaneous @entity24772 ) higher @entity18422 exposure in the older than in the young subjects. Renal clearance of @entity18422 , was 7.7 L/h and 4.9 L/h in the younger and older subjects, respectively. The interindividual variability inn the area under the @entity18422 plasma concentration-time curve was low following all regimens (coefficient variation 12-25%). The mean bioavailability of @entity18422 in young and older subjects was approximately 18 and 12% , respectively, following oral administration of ximalagratan, and 38 and 45%, respectively, following subcutaneous administration of @entity24772 . The bioavailability of @entity18422 following oral administration of @entity24772 was unaffected by whether subjects were fed or fasting, although the plasma concentration of @entity18422 peaked about 1 hour later under fed than fasting conditions, due to gastric emptying of the immediate-release tablet formulation used. The APTT as prolonged with increasing @entity18422 plasma concentration-effect relationship was independent of age. CONCLUSIONS: There were no age-dependent differences in the absorption and biotransformation of @entity24772 , and the observed differences in exposure to @entity18422 can be explained by differences in renal function between the young and older subjects.

title: Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of XXXX , an oral direct @entity556 inhibitor.

entities_list: @entity18422 :: ('MESH:C109573', 'Chemical') :: ['melagatran']

entities_list: @entity24772 :: ('MESH:C426686', 'Chemical') :: ['ximelagatran']

answer: @entity24772 :: (MESH:C426686,Chemical) :: ['ximelagatran']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of @entity24772 . STUDY DESIGN: This was an open-label, randomised, 3 x 3 crossover study with 4 study days, separated by washout periods of 7 days. SUBJECTS: Subjects comprised 6 healthy young @entity1 (aged 20-27 years) and 12 healthy older @entity1 and @entity1 (aged 56-70 years). METHODS: All subjects received a 2mg intravenous infusion of @entity18422 over 10 minutes followed, in randomised sequence, by a 20 mg immediate-release tablet of @entity24772 with breakfast, a 20 mg immediate-release tablet of @entity24772 while fasting, and a 7.5 mg subcutaneous injection of @entity24772 . The primary variables were the plasma concentration of @entity18422 , the active form of @entity24772 , and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), an ex vivo coagulation time measurement used to demonstrate inhibition of @entity556 . RESULTS: After oral and subcutaneous administration, @entity24772 was rapidly absorbed and biotransformed to @entity18422 , its active form and the dominant compound in plasma. The metabolite pattern in plasma and urine was similar in young and older subjects after both oral and subcutaneous administration of @entity24772 clearance of @entity18422 was correlated with renal function, resulting in about 40% (after intravenous @entity18422 ) to 60% (after oral and subcutaneous @entity24772 ) higher @entity18422 exposure in the older than in the young subjects. Renal clearance of @entity18422 , was 7.7 L/h and 4.9 L/h in the younger and older subjects, respectively. The interindividual variability inn the area under the @entity18422 plasma concentration-time curve was low following all regimens (coefficient variation 12-25%). The mean bioavailability of @entity18422 in young and older subjects was approximately 18 and 12% , respectively, following oral administration of ximalagratan, and 38 and 45%, respectively, following subcutaneous administration of @entity24772 . The bioavailability of @entity18422 following oral administration of @entity24772 was unaffected by whether subjects were fed or fasting, although the plasma concentration of @entity18422 peaked about 1 hour later under fed than fasting conditions, due to gastric emptying of the immediate-release tablet formulation used. The APTT as prolonged with increasing @entity18422 plasma concentration-effect relationship was independent of age. CONCLUSIONS: There were no age-dependent differences in the absorption and biotransformation of @entity24772 , and the observed differences in exposure to @entity18422 can be explained by differences in renal function between the young and older subjects.

title: Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of @entity24772 , an oral direct XXXX inhibitor.

answer: @entity556 :: (2147,Gene) :: ['thrombin']


abstract: The cytogenetic features (ploidy, complexity, breakpoints, imbalances) were ascertained in 783 abnormal @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) cases to identify frequently involved chromosomal regions as well as a possible impact of age/sex. The series included @entity1582 @entity1 from the Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations in @entity5 and from our own laboratory. Hyperdiploidy was most common, followed by hypodiploidy, pseudodiploidy and tri-/tetraploidy. Most cases were complex, with a median of eight changes per @entity1 . The distribution of modal numbers differed between younger and older @entity1 , but was not related to sex. No sex- or age-related differences regarding the number of anomalies were found. The most frequent genomic breakpoints were 14q32, 11q13, 1q10, 8q24, 1p11, 1q21, 22q11, 1p13, 1q11, 19q13, 1p22, 6q21 and 17p11. Breaks in 1p13, 6q21 and 11q13 were more common in the younger age group. The most frequent imbalances were + 9, - 13, + 15, + 19, + 11 and - Y. @entity1692 were more common among @entity1 , while -X was more frequent among @entity1 . Loss of Y as the sole change and + 5 were more common in elderly @entity1 , and - 14 was more frequent in the younger age group. The present findings strongly suggest that some karyotypic features of @entity1582 are influenced by endogenous and/or exogenous factors.

title: A pooled analysis of karyotypic patterns, breakpoints and imbalances in 783 cytogenetically abnormal XXXX reveals frequently involved chromosome segments as well as significant age- and sex-related differences.

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1692 :: ('MESH:C538041', 'Disease') :: ['Trisomy 11 and monosomy 16']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myelomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy (XRT) after radical surgery for uterine @entity5 may cause various (mainly gastrointestinal) side effects capable of affecting a @entity1 's lifestyle. This prospective study used a diary card to evaluate @entity137 and daily quality of life changes in uterine @entity5 @entity1 given postoperative pelvic radiotherapy. METHODS: The self-completed diary card listed 12 items concerning lifestyle changes and side effects. The @entity1 were stratified by age (</=65 vs >65 years). RESULTS: Twenty-five @entity1 were evaluable, and a total of 848 days were assessed (82.6% of the 1027 days of XRT). The mean number of daily stools progressively increased during treatment (P < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed in terms of @entity390 or @entity158 . There was a significant decrease in appetite (P < 0.01). Vaginal symptom scores did not significantly change during treatment, and no significant differences were found in terms of @entity148 , daily activities, or compliance to therapy. The subjective perception of overall well-being and the quality of life score progressively and significantly decreased over time (P < 0.01). The younger @entity1 had significantly more @entity717 , less appetite, more @entity3556 , more @entity148 , a greater reduction in daily activities and therapeutic compliance, a poorer subjective perception of overall well-being, and a lower quality of life score. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a diary card may be an adequate means of detecting the extent of treatment-related changes in the lifestyle of uterine @entity5 @entity1 receiving postoperative radiotherapy.

title: Physical side effects and quality of life during postoperative radiotherapy for uterine XXXX . Prospective evaluation by a diary card.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['pain and vaginal burning, less vaginal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['bowel movements']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In addition to lower operative mortality, @entity1 undergoing selected @entity5 operations at high volume centers have improved longterm survival. We sought to determine the overall effect of hospital volume on life expectancy after @entity5 surgery. STUDY DESIGN: We used a Markov decision analysis model to estimate life expectancy for @entity1 undergoing resection for @entity694 . Model inputs included probabilities of operative mortality and longterm survival. For input data, we examined operative mortality (in-hospital or within 30 days) stratified by volume in over 400,000 @entity1 undergoing resection for these three @entity5 using the national Medicare database (1994-1999). Risks of late mortality were abstracted from published studies (MEDLINE, 1966 to present) to model the effect of hospital volume on longterm survival. In analysis, we first calculated life expectancy for @entity1 undergoing surgery at very low, low, medium, high, and very high volume hospitals. We then explored the effects of various regionalization strategies. RESULTS: Life expectancy increased steadily with hospital volume for all three @entity5 . Life expectancy after @entity788 resection increased linearly with hospital volume: from 1.9 years at very low volume centers to 3.6 years at very high volume centers. For @entity2 , life expectancy ranged from 5.4 to 6.6 years. Increases in life expectancy for @entity694 were not as dramatic: from 6.8 at very low volume hospitals to 7.4 years at very high volume hospitals. Differences in life expectancy across volume strata were largely attributable to differences in longterm survival, not operative mortality. From a policy perspective, regionalizing surgery for @entity694 would produce the greatest overall life-expectancy gains, but it would require moving most @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 aged 65 and older with pancreatic, lung, and @entity694 have substantially greater life expectancy after @entity5 resection at higher volume hospitals. Further work is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying differences in performance across hospitals in @entity5 care.

title: Effects of hospital volume on life expectancy after selected XXXX operations in older adults: a decision analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer', 'pancreatic, lung, or colon cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Heavy ion radiotherapy is a promising modality because of its excellent dose localization and high biological effect on @entity5 . Using @entity505 beams, a dose escalation study was conducted for the treatment of stage I @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) to determine the optimal dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The first stage phase I/II trial using 18 fractions over 6 weeks for 47 @entity1 and the second one using nine fractions over 3 weeks for 34 @entity1 were conducted by the dose escalation method from 59.4 to 95.4 Gray equivalents (GyE) in incremental steps of 10% and from 68.4 to 79.2 GyE in 5% increments, respectively. The local control and survival rates were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Radiation @entity55 at grade III occurred in three of 81 @entity1 , but they fully recovered. This was not a dose-limiting factor. The local control rates in the first and second trials were 64% and 84%, respectively. The total recurrence rate in both trials was 23.2%. The infield local recurrence in the first trial was significantly dependent on @entity505 dose. The doses greater than 86.4 GyE at 18 fractions and 72 GyE at nine fractions achieved a local control of 90% and 95%, respectively. The 5 year overall and cause-specific survivals in 81 @entity1 were 42% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With our dose escalation study, the optimum safety and efficacy dose of @entity505 beams was determined. @entity505 beam therapy attained almost the same results as surgery for stage I @entity1149 although this was a I/II study.

title: @entity505 ion radiotherapy for stage I XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity505 :: ('MESH:D002244', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon', 'Carbon']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Heavy ion radiotherapy is a promising modality because of its excellent dose localization and high biological effect on @entity5 . Using @entity505 beams, a dose escalation study was conducted for the treatment of stage I @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) to determine the optimal dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The first stage phase I/II trial using 18 fractions over 6 weeks for 47 @entity1 and the second one using nine fractions over 3 weeks for 34 @entity1 were conducted by the dose escalation method from 59.4 to 95.4 Gray equivalents (GyE) in incremental steps of 10% and from 68.4 to 79.2 GyE in 5% increments, respectively. The local control and survival rates were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Radiation @entity55 at grade III occurred in three of 81 @entity1 , but they fully recovered. This was not a dose-limiting factor. The local control rates in the first and second trials were 64% and 84%, respectively. The total recurrence rate in both trials was 23.2%. The infield local recurrence in the first trial was significantly dependent on @entity505 dose. The doses greater than 86.4 GyE at 18 fractions and 72 GyE at nine fractions achieved a local control of 90% and 95%, respectively. The 5 year overall and cause-specific survivals in 81 @entity1 were 42% and 60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With our dose escalation study, the optimum safety and efficacy dose of @entity505 beams was determined. @entity505 beam therapy attained almost the same results as surgery for stage I @entity1149 although this was a I/II study.

title: XXXX ion radiotherapy for stage I @entity1149 .

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['Carbon']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to determine the natural history of untreated @entity1297 . Although there are reports on the natural history of @entity1653 , most series contain only a few cases of @entity1653 involving the skull base. Natural history information is important when recommending treatment and evaluating results. METHODS: The case records and imaging studies of 40 @entity1 with @entity1297 from a single practice were reviewed. These @entity1 either did not receive treatment or there was a long delay from the onset of symptoms to the initiation of treatment. RESULTS: Skull base @entity1653 may be very indolent @entity5 . @entity1 with these @entity5 have lived long, comfortable, and relatively productive lives without treatment or with delayed treatment. Impairment may be much less than imaging studies would suggest. CONCLUSION: The authors are not advocating that @entity1297 not receive treatment. However, their unique experience with this group of @entity1 provides convincing evidence that the indolent behavior of some @entity1297 must be considered when recommending various surgical and radiation procedures and interpreting their results in relationship to the functional outcome of the @entity1 .

title: The natural history of untreated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity1297 :: ('MESH:D019292', 'Disease') :: ['skull base meningiomas']

answer: @entity1297 :: (MESH:D019292,Disease) :: ['skull base meningiomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity148 , fear, @entity158 , and treatment with @entity1286 might compromise the ability of @entity1 to comprehend information about, and give informed consent for, participation in clinical trials. We aimed to assess whether @entity1 with @entity583 could understand written and verbal information and whether they were competent to give autonomous informed consent to participate in a clinical trial. METHODS: We prospectively studied 399 @entity1 with @entity583 in 16 hospitals in New Zealand and Australia who were eligible for participation in the @entity432 ( @entity432 )-2 trial. We assessed readability of @entity1 information sheets, @entity1 ' educational status, their views of the consent process, comprehension of verbal and written information, and competence to give consent. FINDINGS: The @entity1 information sheet needed a year 13 (age 18) educational level for comprehension, although only 75 of 345 @entity1 (22%) had been educated beyond secondary school. Only 63 of 346 (18%) read the @entity1 information sheet before giving or refusing consent to participate. @entity1 who gave consent were more likely to report good or partial comprehension of the information provided than were those who refused consent (272 [89%] vs 14 [70%], respectively; p=0.009). In an assessment of competence to make an autonomous decision, 75 of 145 (52%) were ranked at the lowest grade and 26 (18%) were not competent to consent. INTERPRETATION: Although the consent process for @entity432 -2 met regulatory requirements for clinical trials, it was inappropriate for the needs of most @entity1 . The @entity1 ' comprehension of the information provided and their competence to autonomously give consent was less than optimum.

title: Informed consent during the clinical emergency of @entity583 ( XXXX -2 consent substudy): a prospective observational study.

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['Hirulog and Early Reperfusion or Occlusion', 'HERO']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['HERO']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity148 , fear, @entity158 , and treatment with @entity1286 might compromise the ability of @entity1 to comprehend information about, and give informed consent for, participation in clinical trials. We aimed to assess whether @entity1 with @entity583 could understand written and verbal information and whether they were competent to give autonomous informed consent to participate in a clinical trial. METHODS: We prospectively studied 399 @entity1 with @entity583 in 16 hospitals in New Zealand and Australia who were eligible for participation in the @entity432 ( @entity432 )-2 trial. We assessed readability of @entity1 information sheets, @entity1 ' educational status, their views of the consent process, comprehension of verbal and written information, and competence to give consent. FINDINGS: The @entity1 information sheet needed a year 13 (age 18) educational level for comprehension, although only 75 of 345 @entity1 (22%) had been educated beyond secondary school. Only 63 of 346 (18%) read the @entity1 information sheet before giving or refusing consent to participate. @entity1 who gave consent were more likely to report good or partial comprehension of the information provided than were those who refused consent (272 [89%] vs 14 [70%], respectively; p=0.009). In an assessment of competence to make an autonomous decision, 75 of 145 (52%) were ranked at the lowest grade and 26 (18%) were not competent to consent. INTERPRETATION: Although the consent process for @entity432 -2 met regulatory requirements for clinical trials, it was inappropriate for the needs of most @entity1 . The @entity1 ' comprehension of the information provided and their competence to autonomously give consent was less than optimum.

title: Informed consent during the clinical emergency of XXXX ( @entity432 -2 consent substudy): a prospective observational study.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: Eight cases of @entity6583 were encountered at the two major @entity16 affiliated with McGill University in Montreal in 4 years. All @entity1 were immigrants who had been in Canada for a period of 1 to 18 years and came from South America (three cases), Haiti (three cases), and Greece (two cases). Five @entity1 had parenchymal cysts and presented with @entity302 ; three had the racemose form and presented with @entity1276 . Four @entity1 with parenchymal cysts were treated by removal of the cysticercus and did well. One @entity1 with numerous cysts was treated with @entity2039 with good clinical and radiological results. Two @entity1 with the racemose form were treated by cyst aspiration, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion, and @entity2039 and did well. Another @entity1 with the racemose form, seen before the advent of @entity2039 , died of @entity281 . @entity6583 is not uncommon in the immigrant population of large North American cities. Single symptomatic cysts can be evacuated surgically with good results; multiple parenchymatous cysts can be treated with @entity2039 . @entity1 with the racemose form who are treated with CSF diversion and @entity2039 do well, although those who are only treated surgically die of their disease.

title: XXXX : surgical and medical management with @entity2039 .

entities_list: @entity6583 :: ('MESH:D020019', 'Disease') :: ['neurocysticercosis', 'Neurocysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological centers']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['cysticercosis infection']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2039 :: ('MESH:D011223', 'Chemical') :: ['praziquantel']

answer: @entity6583 :: (MESH:D020019,Disease) :: ['Neurocysticercosis']


abstract: Eight cases of @entity6583 were encountered at the two major @entity16 affiliated with McGill University in Montreal in 4 years. All @entity1 were immigrants who had been in Canada for a period of 1 to 18 years and came from South America (three cases), Haiti (three cases), and Greece (two cases). Five @entity1 had parenchymal cysts and presented with @entity302 ; three had the racemose form and presented with @entity1276 . Four @entity1 with parenchymal cysts were treated by removal of the cysticercus and did well. One @entity1 with numerous cysts was treated with @entity2039 with good clinical and radiological results. Two @entity1 with the racemose form were treated by cyst aspiration, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion, and @entity2039 and did well. Another @entity1 with the racemose form, seen before the advent of @entity2039 , died of @entity281 . @entity6583 is not uncommon in the immigrant population of large North American cities. Single symptomatic cysts can be evacuated surgically with good results; multiple parenchymatous cysts can be treated with @entity2039 . @entity1 with the racemose form who are treated with CSF diversion and @entity2039 do well, although those who are only treated surgically die of their disease.

title: @entity6583 : surgical and medical management with XXXX .

answer: @entity2039 :: (MESH:D011223,Chemical) :: ['praziquantel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Management strategies for @entity1 carrying @entity6069 mutations are becoming clearer and predictive testing for a known family mutation is commonly undertaken. Implications for @entity1 are not as clear and they participate less frequently. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 from 10 extended families underwent predictive testing. Their motivation, reaction and outcome were studied. Subjects had appropriate pre- and post-test counselling. Informed consent was obtained before predictive testing for known deleterious mutations. DNA analysis followed standard procedures. RESULTS: Eighteen tested positive and eight negative. Four had adverse psychological reactions and three reneged on their commitments to impart results. The spouse of another @entity1 had an adverse psychological reaction to the disclosure of his positive result. Two, already suffering from @entity263 , were phenocopies and paternal lineage transmission was unexpectedly determined in another. Risk was removed from 33 offspring and confirmed for 56. CONCLUSIONS: Complex themes associated with genetic testing are confirmed and the spectrum extended. @entity1 appear to understand the importance of participating in this process. Methods of avoiding adverse reactions merit further study along with other aspects of the process.

title: Predictive testing for XXXX mutations: a male contribution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PATIENTS', 'Men', 'man', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

answer: @entity6069 :: (672;675,Gene) :: ['BRCA1 and 2']


abstract: The physiological roles of menin, the product of the @entity7582 gene, are not known. Homozygous menin knockout @entity19 exhibit @entity129 . We, therefore, investigated the role of menin in the regulation of osteoblastic differentiation. Menin antisense oligonucleotides (AS-oligo) reduced endogenous menin expression in the C3H10T1/2 (10T1/2) @entity19 mesenchymal stem cells and antagonized alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of type I collagen, @entity2447 / @entity2447 ( @entity2447 ), and @entity2450 ( @entity2450 ) induced by @entity8385 ( @entity8385 ). AS-oligo did not affect adipogenic markers (Oil red staining and @entity12097 expression) and chondrogenic markers (Alcian blue staining and type IX collagen) induced by @entity8385 in 10T1/2 cells. Menin co-immunoprecipitated with @entity14901 and @entity21602 , and inactivation of menin antagonized @entity8385 -induced transcriptional activity of @entity8386 . In osteoblastic @entity19 cells, AS-oligo affected neither @entity8385 -stimulated ALP activity nor the expression of @entity2447 and @entity2450 . Stable inactivation of menin in @entity19 cells increased ALP activity, mineralization, and the expression of type I collagen and @entity2450 . In 21-day cultures of @entity19 cells and @entity8385 -treated 10T1/2 cells, endogenous menin expression increased up to day 14 and declined thereafter. These data indicate that menin inactivation specifically inhibits the commitment of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells to the osteoblast lineage, mediated by menin and @entity8386 interactions. Menin is important for both early differentiation of osteoblasts and inhibition of their later differentiation, and it might be crucial for intramembranous ossification.

title: Inactivation of menin, the product of the XXXX gene, inhibits the commitment of multipotential mesenchymal stem cells into the osteoblast lineage.

entities_list: @entity7582 :: ('MESH:D018761', 'Disease') :: ['multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial and facial hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity8385 :: ('12156(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['bone morphogenetic protein 2', 'BMP-2']

answer: @entity7582 :: (MESH:D018761,Disease) :: ['multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1']


abstract: A comprehensive program review of Indonesia's @entity5163 ( @entity5163 ) program conducted in 1983 indicated that considerable success has been achieved in this area. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is widely available, there has been community involvement, a strong managerial structure has developed, baseline data on @entity294 morbidity and mortality are being collected, and staff have received adequate training. At the same time, there have been some problems: inadequate use of ORS, a lack of coordination among @entity5163 programs, insufficient surveillance, budgetary problems, and a lack of laboratory support. During the last 10 years, @entity294 mortality in Indonesia has been reduced by 50-70%, to about 20,000 (20% of @entity1 mortality). The Government has established the goal of reducing mortality from @entity294 to less than 1% of @entity1 deaths by the year 2000. A major strategy for achieving this goal is integrating family planning, nutrition, maternal- @entity1 health, immunization, and @entity5163 programs. Another strategy involves improving research in this area. Areas for further research include: epidemiologic studies, rehydration treatment, antidiarrheal agents, social aspects, immunity and vaccine development, and laboratory examination. The cause of @entity5163 is not only enteric @entity281 , it is indirectly caused by acute @entity1729 , @entity3147 , measles and other @entity281 as well as the health knowledge and education of the mother. Priority is to be given to 7 areas of research: 1) the use of home-prepared rehydration fluids, 2) feeding practices during acute @entity294 that can prevent chronic @entity294 and @entity3147 , 3) the determinants of progression to chronic @entity294 , 4) the impact of simple health information on hygienic and feeding practices on mortality, 5) the potential of using traditional birth attendants in ORS campaigns, 6) traditional attitudes and practices, and 7) the effectiveness of traditional medicines in @entity294 treatment.

title: Research priorities on diarrhoeal diseases to support the Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases ( XXXX ) programme in Indonesia.

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'systemic infection']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infection']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity5163 :: ('MESH:D004403', 'Disease') :: ['Control of Diarrheal Diseases', 'CDD', 'diarrheal diseases']

answer: @entity5163 :: (MESH:D004403,Disease) :: ['CDD']


abstract: Although @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) can be potentially stabilized by inhibiting inflammatory cell recruitment and their release of proteolytic enzymes, active @entity1028 regression is not possible without regeneration of new elastic matrix structures. Unfortunately, postneonatal vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), healthy, and likely more so, diseased cells, poorly synthesize or remodel elastic fibers, impeding any effort directed at regenerative @entity1028 treatment. Previously, we determined the eleastogenic benefits of oligomers (HA-o; 4-6 mers) of the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA) and @entity1810 ( @entity1810 ) to healthy SMCs. Since AAAs are often diagnosed only late in development when matrix disruption is severe, we now determine if elastogenic upregulation of SMCs from late-stage AAAs (>100% diameter increase) is possible. AAAs were induced by perfusion of @entity35 infrarenal aortae with porcine pancreatic elastase. Elastic matrix degradation, vessel expansion (   120%), @entity32 , and enhanced activity of matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs) 2 and 9 resulted, paralleling @entity1 AAAs. Aneurysmal SMCs (EaRASMCs) maintained a diseased phenotype in 2D cell culture and exhibited patterns of gene expression different from healthy @entity35 aortic SMCs (RASMCs). Relative to passage-matched healthy RASMCs, unstimulated EaRASMCs produced far less tropoelastin and matrix elastin. Exogenous @entity1810 and HA-o (termed "factors") significantly decreased EaRASMC proliferation and enhanced tropoelastin synthesis, though only at the highest provided dose combination (20   mg/mL of HA-o, 10   ng/mL of @entity1810 ); despite such enhancement, tropoelastin amounts were only    40% of amounts synthesized by healthy RASMC cultures. Differently, elastic matrix synthesis was enhanced beyond amounts synthesized by healthy RASMCs (112%), even at lower doses of factors (2   mg/mL of HA-o and 5   ng/mL of @entity1810 ). The factors also enhanced elastic fiber deposition over untreated EaRASMC cultures and restored several genes whose expression was altered in EaRASMC cultures back to levels expressed by healthy RASMCs. However, the activity of MMPs 2 and 9 generated by EaRASMC cultures was unaffected by the factors/factor dose. The study confirms that SMCs from advanced AAAs can be elastogenically induced, although much higher doses of elastogenic factors are required for induction relative to healthy SMCs. Also, the factors do not appear to inhibit MMP activity, vital to preserve existing elastic matrix structures that serve as nucleation sites for new elastic fiber deposition. Thus, to enhance net accumulation of newly regenerated elastic matrix, toward possibly regressing AAAs, codelivery of MMP inhibitors may be necessitated.

title: Elastogenic inductability of smooth muscle cells from a @entity35 model of late stage XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory cell infiltration']

entities_list: @entity1810 :: ('59086(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-b1', 'TGF-b', 'TGF-b1']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'AAA']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']


abstract: Although @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) can be potentially stabilized by inhibiting inflammatory cell recruitment and their release of proteolytic enzymes, active @entity1028 regression is not possible without regeneration of new elastic matrix structures. Unfortunately, postneonatal vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), healthy, and likely more so, diseased cells, poorly synthesize or remodel elastic fibers, impeding any effort directed at regenerative @entity1028 treatment. Previously, we determined the eleastogenic benefits of oligomers (HA-o; 4-6 mers) of the glycosaminoglycan, hyaluronan (HA) and @entity1810 ( @entity1810 ) to healthy SMCs. Since AAAs are often diagnosed only late in development when matrix disruption is severe, we now determine if elastogenic upregulation of SMCs from late-stage AAAs (>100% diameter increase) is possible. AAAs were induced by perfusion of @entity35 infrarenal aortae with porcine pancreatic elastase. Elastic matrix degradation, vessel expansion (   120%), @entity32 , and enhanced activity of matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs) 2 and 9 resulted, paralleling @entity1 AAAs. Aneurysmal SMCs (EaRASMCs) maintained a diseased phenotype in 2D cell culture and exhibited patterns of gene expression different from healthy @entity35 aortic SMCs (RASMCs). Relative to passage-matched healthy RASMCs, unstimulated EaRASMCs produced far less tropoelastin and matrix elastin. Exogenous @entity1810 and HA-o (termed "factors") significantly decreased EaRASMC proliferation and enhanced tropoelastin synthesis, though only at the highest provided dose combination (20   mg/mL of HA-o, 10   ng/mL of @entity1810 ); despite such enhancement, tropoelastin amounts were only    40% of amounts synthesized by healthy RASMC cultures. Differently, elastic matrix synthesis was enhanced beyond amounts synthesized by healthy RASMCs (112%), even at lower doses of factors (2   mg/mL of HA-o and 5   ng/mL of @entity1810 ). The factors also enhanced elastic fiber deposition over untreated EaRASMC cultures and restored several genes whose expression was altered in EaRASMC cultures back to levels expressed by healthy RASMCs. However, the activity of MMPs 2 and 9 generated by EaRASMC cultures was unaffected by the factors/factor dose. The study confirms that SMCs from advanced AAAs can be elastogenically induced, although much higher doses of elastogenic factors are required for induction relative to healthy SMCs. Also, the factors do not appear to inhibit MMP activity, vital to preserve existing elastic matrix structures that serve as nucleation sites for new elastic fiber deposition. Thus, to enhance net accumulation of newly regenerated elastic matrix, toward possibly regressing AAAs, codelivery of MMP inhibitors may be necessitated.

title: Elastogenic inductability of smooth muscle cells from a XXXX model of late stage @entity1028 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: AIMS. Blood pressure control is influenced by various genetic and environmental factors, and genetic susceptibility is important in the development of essential @entity101 . Because the renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system (RAAS) has a key role in vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and @entity1372 and electrolyte balance, it is central in blood pressure control and so is an appropriate target in @entity101 treatments. The present study assessed the association of RAAS-related genes with blood pressure and @entity101 in a Korean population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, n = 114) in nine RAAS-related genes ( @entity2178 , @entity916 , @entity1289 , @entity15505 , @entity7743 , @entity6330 , @entity23229 , @entity72586 , and @entity3920 ) were assessed for their correlation with blood pressure and @entity101 using genotype data of 8842 individuals from the Korea Association Resource subject pool. MAJOR FINDINGS. Linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association with blood pressure of 10 SNPs in six genes ( @entity1289 , @entity15505 , @entity6330 , @entity23229 , @entity72586 , and @entity3920 ). An additional @entity101 case-control study identified 10 SNPs in @entity23229 and @entity1289 that were linked to @entity101 . PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION. Three SNPs ( @entity72587 , @entity72588 , and @entity72589 ) in @entity23229 correlate with both blood pressure and @entity101 . Genetic polymorphisms in RAAS-related genes appear to be associated with @entity101 in a Korean population.

title: Association between renin-angiotensin- XXXX system-related genes and blood pressure in a Korean population.

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity1369 :: (MESH:D000450,Chemical) :: ['aldosterone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The induction dose of hypnotic agents should be reduced in the elderly, but it is not well studied whether thiopental or @entity1875 should be preferred in this group of @entity1 . The aim of this study was to compare onset time, hypnosis level and the haemodynamic response after thiopental vs. @entity1875 for induction of anaesthesia. Our primary hypothesis was that in the elderly, thiopental had a shorter onset time than @entity1875 , defined as time to bispectral index (BIS) <50. METHODS: In this randomized and double-blinded study, we included 78 @entity1 . @entity1 were eligible, if they were scheduled for elective surgery with general anaesthesia and aged 60 or older. @entity1 received @entity680 10  g/kg and either thiopental 2.5 mg/kg or @entity1875 1.0 mg/kg, and depth of anaesthesia was determined with BIS the following 120 s along with clinical assessment of anaesthetic depth. The primary endpoint was the time from start of injection of the hypnotic to a BIS value below 50. RESULTS: Time to BIS <50 was significantly shorter in @entity1 receiving thiopental, where onset time was 52 s (median value) compared with 65 s in the @entity1875 group (P=0.01). Mean arterial pressure decreased 25.6 mmHg in the @entity1875 group and 15.6 mmHg in the thiopental group (P=0.003) within 120 s. Heart rate decreased 9.1 b.p.m. within 120 s in the @entity1 receiving @entity1875 compared with a decrease of 5.1 b.p.m. in @entity1 receiving thiopental (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: Thiopental was found to have a faster onset than @entity1875 in elderly surgical @entity1 .

title: Onset time and haemodynamic response after thiopental vs. XXXX in the elderly: a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity680 :: ('MESH:D015760', 'Chemical') :: ['alfentanil']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if the type of operative incision influences the adequacy of surgical staging in @entity1 with uterine @entity5 . METHODS: All @entity1 with uterine @entity5 referred to the Swedish Medical Center @entity5 Institute for adjuvant radiotherapy between June 1, 1989, and June 1, 1999, who underwent comprehensive surgical staging and for whom complete records could be obtained were eligible. Data on type of incision, weight, medical comorbidities, histology, total number and distribution of @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ), estimated @entity190 , complications, and length of stay were abstracted retrospectively. Statistical analysis with two-tailed Student t test, chi(2), Fisher's exact, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were performed. RESULTS: Five hundred four @entity1 with @entity5 were referred to the @entity5 Institute with 332 meeting inclusion criteria. A vertical midline incision (ML) was used in 236 (72%) while 96 (28%) received a Pfannenstiel incision (PI). No panniculectomies were performed. There were no statistically significant differences in age, weight, stage, histology, comorbidities, or estimated @entity190 between the ML and PI groups. ML was associated with significantly more @entity260 (34 vs. 7; P = 0.003). When compared to ML a greater number of total @entity1600 (21.0 vs. 16.8; P = 0.001) and a comparable number of pelvic @entity1600 (13.7 vs. 12.2; P = 0.14) were procured through a PI. More @entity1 with a ML (72% vs. 63%; P = 0.13) had para-aortic @entity1600 (PALN) dissected; however, when obtained equivalent numbers of nodes were removed (3.52 vs. 4.36; P = 0.14). Overall, the median length of stay was statistically shorter for those @entity1 operated on via a PI (4 vs. 3 days; P = 0.007). The projected 5-year disease-free (83% vs. 85%) and disease-specific (87% vs. 85%) survival was unaffected by incision. In the heaviest quartile of @entity1 (>180 lb), a statistically greater number of total @entity1600 (23.3 vs. 16.5; P = 0.005) and pelvic @entity1600 (16.7 vs. 11.5; P = 0.05) were obtained with a PI. Again, PALN were sampled more frequently (67% vs. 56%; P = 0.45) in @entity1 with a ML, but the mean @entity1600 yield was no different (3.91 vs. 5.20; P = 0.37). Likewise, in this heaviest quartile, there were no statically significant differences in operative complications (7 vs. 1; P = 0.43) with either incision. CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive surgical staging for @entity5 can be adequately performed through a PI without greater morbidity or mortality. By using this surgical approach, @entity1 with uterine @entity5 can benefit from the inherent benefits previously described for PI. Appropriate @entity1 selection, however, is necessary.

title: Adequate staging for uterine XXXX can be performed through Pfannenstiel incisions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['uterine cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['LN', 'lymph nodes']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative and postoperative complications']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: This study aimed to identify suitable siRNA delivery systems based on flexible generation 2-4 @entity21750 dendrimers by correlating physico-chemical and biological in vitro and in vivo properties of the complexes with thermodynamic parameters calculated using molecular modeling. The siRNA binding properties of the dendrimers and @entity8681 25 kDa were simulated, binding and stability were measured in SYBR Gold assays, and hydrodynamic diameters, zeta potentials, and @entity137 were quantified. These parameters were compared with cellular uptake of the complexes and their ability to mediate RNAi. Radiolabeled complexes were administered intravenously, and pharmacokinetic profiles and biodistribution of these polyplexes were assessed both invasively and non-invasively. All flexible @entity21750 dendrimers formed thermodynamically more stable complexes than @entity8681 . While @entity8681 and the generation 4 dendrimer interacted more superficially with siRNA, generation 2 and 3 virtually coalesced with siRNA, forming a tightly intertwined structure. These dendriplexes were therefore more efficiently charge-neutralized than @entity8681 complexes, reducing agglomeration. This behavior was confirmed by results of hydrodynamic diameters (72.0 nm-153.5 nm) and zeta potentials (4.9 mV-21.8 mV in 10 mM HEPES) of the dendriplexes in comparison to @entity8681 complexes (312.8 nm-480.0 nm and 13.7 mV-17.4 mV in 10 mM @entity7482 ). All dendrimers, even generation 3 and 4, were less toxic than @entity8681 . All dendriplexes were efficiently endocytosed and showed significant and specific luciferase knockdown in HeLa/Luc cells. Scintillation counting confirmed that the generation 2 @entity21750 complexes showed more than twofold prolonged circulation times as a result of their good thermodynamic stability. Conversely, generation 3 complexes dissociated in vivo, and generation 4 complexes were captured by the reticulo-endothelial system due to their increased surface charge. Molecular modeling proves very valuable for rationalizing experimental parameters based on the dendrimers' structural properties. Non-invasive molecular imaging predicted the in vivo fate of the complexes. Therefore, both techniques effectively promote the rapid development of safe and efficient siRNA formulations that are stable in vivo.

title: Molecular modeling and in vivo imaging can identify successful flexible XXXX dendrimer-based siRNA delivery systems.

entities_list: @entity21750 :: ('CHEBI:38056', 'Chemical') :: ['triazine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity21750 :: (CHEBI:38056,Chemical) :: ['triazine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity901 plus @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) and @entity4181 (LV) in @entity1 with @entity0 ( @entity0 ) previously treated with @entity8253 and @entity6023 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty @entity4349 - and @entity3907 -pretreated @entity0 @entity1 were treated with @entity901 85 mg/m(2) as a 2-h infusion on day 1, LV 200 mg/m(2)/day as a 2-h infusion followed by bolus @entity1487 400 mg/m(2)/day and a 22-h infusion of @entity1487 600 mg/m(2)/day for 2 consecutive days. Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks. @entity1 were evaluated for response every two cycles. RESULTS: The median age was 51 years (range 34-75). Twenty @entity1 (40%) had received three or more chemotherapeutic regimens, 64% had three or four metastatic sites and 78% had visceral metastases. All @entity1 had prior exposure to @entity8253 and @entity6023 . Based on an intention-to-treat analysis, one @entity1 (2%) achieved a complete response and 16 (32%) a partial response, for a 34% overall response rate. Twenty-one @entity1 (42%) had stable disease and 12 (24%) progressive disease. The median time to @entity5 progression was 5.3 months (range 0.5-12.8) and the median overall survival was 12.3 months (range 0.5-19.2). @entity137 was mild to moderate. Grade 3/4 @entity1398 and @entity882 occurred in 32% and 18%, respectively. @entity1398 was experienced by three @entity1 (6%), who were successfully treated. Grade 3/4 @entity2359 was reported in 14% of the @entity1 and gradually declined after treatment discontinuation. Cycle delays were reported in 28% of @entity1 and dose reductions in 26%. @entity1665 , @entity1209 , @entity294 and @entity33 were not significant. There were no treatment-related @entity204 . CONCLUSION: The combination of @entity901 plus @entity1487 /LV seems to be an active regimen in @entity1 with @entity0 and prior exposure to @entity8253 and @entity6023 with a good safety profile. The incidence of severe @entity137 was quite low and the compliance of @entity1 to the treatment was satisfactory. The results obtained with this regimen could be considered encouraging in this heavily pretreated group of @entity0 @entity1 with a high incidence of visceral metastases.

title: @entity901 plus high-dose @entity4181 and XXXX in pretreated @entity0 : a phase II study.

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity', 'toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'metastatic breast cancer', 'MBC']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'Febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea-vomiting']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']