abstract: @entity191 is a common @entity179 primarily characterized by @entity2003 , @entity400 and @entity2845 . @entity73 and @entity146 are frequent in @entity191 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity303 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity194 on MRI in @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 ( @entity3602 , n = 26), @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 (n = 31), @entity195 @entity1 (n = 28), @entity1 with @entity1832 ( @entity1832 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity3602 @entity1 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity194 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity3602 @entity1 compared with @entity191 @entity1 . In addition, significant @entity1315 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity195 relative to @entity3602 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity3602 compared with @entity1832 . Thus, @entity191 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity3602 , this extends to temporal, @entity542 , with @entity194 in @entity3602 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity194 in @entity191 and @entity3602 .

title: @entity194 in @entity191 with and without @entity303 : a comparison with XXXX , @entity1832 and controls.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychiatric symptoms']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['occipital and subcortical areas']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2845 :: ('MESH:D018476', 'Disease') :: ['bradykinesia']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorder']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral atrophy', 'matter atrophy', 'occipital atrophy']

entities_list: @entity1832 :: ('MESH:D020961', 'Disease') :: ['dementia with Lewy bodies', 'DLB']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe atrophy']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: @entity191 is a common @entity179 primarily characterized by @entity2003 , @entity400 and @entity2845 . @entity73 and @entity146 are frequent in @entity191 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity303 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity194 on MRI in @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 ( @entity3602 , n = 26), @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 (n = 31), @entity195 @entity1 (n = 28), @entity1 with @entity1832 ( @entity1832 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity3602 @entity1 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity194 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity3602 @entity1 compared with @entity191 @entity1 . In addition, significant @entity1315 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity195 relative to @entity3602 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity3602 compared with @entity1832 . Thus, @entity191 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity3602 , this extends to temporal, @entity542 , with @entity194 in @entity3602 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity194 in @entity191 and @entity3602 .

title: XXXX in @entity191 with and without @entity303 : a comparison with @entity195 , @entity1832 and controls.

answer: @entity194 :: (MESH:D001284,Disease) :: ['Cerebral atrophy']


abstract: @entity191 is a common @entity179 primarily characterized by @entity2003 , @entity400 and @entity2845 . @entity73 and @entity146 are frequent in @entity191 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity303 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity194 on MRI in @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 ( @entity3602 , n = 26), @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 (n = 31), @entity195 @entity1 (n = 28), @entity1 with @entity1832 ( @entity1832 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity3602 @entity1 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity194 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity3602 @entity1 compared with @entity191 @entity1 . In addition, significant @entity1315 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity195 relative to @entity3602 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity3602 compared with @entity1832 . Thus, @entity191 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity3602 , this extends to temporal, @entity542 , with @entity194 in @entity3602 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity194 in @entity191 and @entity3602 .

title: @entity194 in XXXX with and without @entity303 : a comparison with @entity195 , @entity1832 and controls.

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: @entity191 is a common @entity179 primarily characterized by @entity2003 , @entity400 and @entity2845 . @entity73 and @entity146 are frequent in @entity191 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity303 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity194 on MRI in @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 ( @entity3602 , n = 26), @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 (n = 31), @entity195 @entity1 (n = 28), @entity1 with @entity1832 ( @entity1832 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity3602 @entity1 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity194 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity3602 @entity1 compared with @entity191 @entity1 . In addition, significant @entity1315 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity195 relative to @entity3602 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity3602 compared with @entity1832 . Thus, @entity191 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity3602 , this extends to temporal, @entity542 , with @entity194 in @entity3602 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity194 in @entity191 and @entity3602 .

title: @entity194 in @entity191 with and without XXXX : a comparison with @entity195 , @entity1832 and controls.

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: @entity191 is a common @entity179 primarily characterized by @entity2003 , @entity400 and @entity2845 . @entity73 and @entity146 are frequent in @entity191 , with a 70% cumulative incidence of @entity303 . The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the pattern of @entity194 on MRI in @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 . We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to provide an unbiased means of investigating brain volume loss. Whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans from @entity191 @entity1 with @entity303 ( @entity3602 , n = 26), @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 (n = 31), @entity195 @entity1 (n = 28), @entity1 with @entity1832 ( @entity1832 , n = 17) and control subjects (n = 36) were acquired. Images were analysed using SPM99 and the optimized method of VBM. Reduced grey matter volume in @entity3602 @entity1 compared with controls was observed bilaterally in the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, and in the occipital lobe, the right frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe, as well as some subcortical regions. @entity191 @entity1 without @entity303 showed reduced grey matter volume in the frontal lobe compared with control subjects. There was significant grey @entity194 bilaterally in the occipital lobe of @entity3602 @entity1 compared with @entity191 @entity1 . In addition, significant @entity1315 , including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was detected in @entity195 relative to @entity3602 . No significant volumetric differences were observed in @entity3602 compared with @entity1832 . Thus, @entity191 involves grey matter loss in frontal areas. In @entity3602 , this extends to temporal, @entity542 , with @entity194 in @entity3602 being the only difference between the two groups. This provides important information about the pattern of @entity194 in @entity191 and @entity3602 .

title: @entity194 in @entity191 with and without @entity303 : a comparison with @entity195 , XXXX and controls.

answer: @entity1832 :: (MESH:D020961,Disease) :: ['dementia with Lewy bodies']


abstract: A double-blind crossover trial comparing @entity3988 (360 mg/day) and @entity594 (120 mg/day) for treatment of @entity5749 was conducted in 21 of 27 @entity1 with proven @entity453 who completed the trial. All @entity1 started with a 2 week placebo period followed by a random assignment to either drug treatment for 3 weeks and subsequent crossover to the other treatment. The two drug treatment periods were separated by a 1 week placebo washout phase and the study was completed with a 1 week placebo phase. There were no significant differences between @entity1 ' responses to @entity3988 and @entity594 in relation to time to onset of @entity951 , ST @entity308 responses to exercise, @entity551 . A total of 37 adverse effects were reported with @entity594 compared with 9 with @entity3988 in the 22 @entity1 in whom drug safety was analyzed. Additionally, two @entity1 treated with @entity594 were withdrawn from study participation before crossover. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference with respect to incidence of @entity4 (7 of 22 @entity1 taking @entity594 , 1 of 22 taking @entity3988 ) and dizziness (7 of 22 @entity1 taking @entity594 , 0 of 22 taking @entity3988 ). The most frequent adverse effect reported with @entity3988 was rash (3 of 22 @entity1 ). Severe adverse effects were reported in four @entity1 : in one with @entity3988 (rash) and in three with @entity594 (palpitation in two and @entity10 in one). A reduction in prescribed dosage was required in 37% of @entity594 -treated compared with 6% of @entity3988 -treated @entity1 . Efficacy measures were significantly improved above placebo levels by both @entity3988 and @entity594 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A randomized double-blind comparison of @entity3988 and @entity594 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity5749 :: ('MESH:D060050', 'Disease') :: ['stable angina']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['heart rate or systolic or diastolic blood pressure']

answer: @entity5749 :: (MESH:D060050,Disease) :: ['stable angina']


abstract: A double-blind crossover trial comparing @entity3988 (360 mg/day) and @entity594 (120 mg/day) for treatment of @entity5749 was conducted in 21 of 27 @entity1 with proven @entity453 who completed the trial. All @entity1 started with a 2 week placebo period followed by a random assignment to either drug treatment for 3 weeks and subsequent crossover to the other treatment. The two drug treatment periods were separated by a 1 week placebo washout phase and the study was completed with a 1 week placebo phase. There were no significant differences between @entity1 ' responses to @entity3988 and @entity594 in relation to time to onset of @entity951 , ST @entity308 responses to exercise, @entity551 . A total of 37 adverse effects were reported with @entity594 compared with 9 with @entity3988 in the 22 @entity1 in whom drug safety was analyzed. Additionally, two @entity1 treated with @entity594 were withdrawn from study participation before crossover. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference with respect to incidence of @entity4 (7 of 22 @entity1 taking @entity594 , 1 of 22 taking @entity3988 ) and dizziness (7 of 22 @entity1 taking @entity594 , 0 of 22 taking @entity3988 ). The most frequent adverse effect reported with @entity3988 was rash (3 of 22 @entity1 ). Severe adverse effects were reported in four @entity1 : in one with @entity3988 (rash) and in three with @entity594 (palpitation in two and @entity10 in one). A reduction in prescribed dosage was required in 37% of @entity594 -treated compared with 6% of @entity3988 -treated @entity1 . Efficacy measures were significantly improved above placebo levels by both @entity3988 and @entity594 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A randomized double-blind comparison of XXXX and @entity594 in @entity5749 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['diltiazem']


abstract: A double-blind crossover trial comparing @entity3988 (360 mg/day) and @entity594 (120 mg/day) for treatment of @entity5749 was conducted in 21 of 27 @entity1 with proven @entity453 who completed the trial. All @entity1 started with a 2 week placebo period followed by a random assignment to either drug treatment for 3 weeks and subsequent crossover to the other treatment. The two drug treatment periods were separated by a 1 week placebo washout phase and the study was completed with a 1 week placebo phase. There were no significant differences between @entity1 ' responses to @entity3988 and @entity594 in relation to time to onset of @entity951 , ST @entity308 responses to exercise, @entity551 . A total of 37 adverse effects were reported with @entity594 compared with 9 with @entity3988 in the 22 @entity1 in whom drug safety was analyzed. Additionally, two @entity1 treated with @entity594 were withdrawn from study participation before crossover. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) difference with respect to incidence of @entity4 (7 of 22 @entity1 taking @entity594 , 1 of 22 taking @entity3988 ) and dizziness (7 of 22 @entity1 taking @entity594 , 0 of 22 taking @entity3988 ). The most frequent adverse effect reported with @entity3988 was rash (3 of 22 @entity1 ). Severe adverse effects were reported in four @entity1 : in one with @entity3988 (rash) and in three with @entity594 (palpitation in two and @entity10 in one). A reduction in prescribed dosage was required in 37% of @entity594 -treated compared with 6% of @entity3988 -treated @entity1 . Efficacy measures were significantly improved above placebo levels by both @entity3988 and @entity594 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A randomized double-blind comparison of @entity3988 and XXXX in @entity5749 .

answer: @entity594 :: (MESH:D009543,Chemical) :: ['nifedipine']


abstract: Since the late 1970s there has been a decline in cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands. In recent years, the number of hospital admissions due to @entity65 has decreased, whereas short-stay admissions and outpatients' visits are increasing. One explanation for this phenomenon, suggested by Koek et al. in this issue, is the limited availability and closure of hospital beds in recent years. However, there are other possible reasons for the decrease in cardiovascular mortality. First of all, there has been a substantial improvement in survival following acute @entity583 , mainly as a result of advances in the treatment. As all @entity1 with an acute @entity583 are admitted anyway, the observed decrease in hospital admissions due to acute @entity583 reflects a decrease in the incidence as opposed to a decrease in the availability of hospital beds. Secondly, primary preventive measures aimed at modifying risk factors have been shown to result in a clear decrease in cardiovascular mortality. Lastly, mortality and morbidity due to chronic @entity65 , such as @entity712 , have decreased significantly. The range of options to adequately treat this category of @entity1 has expanded considerably with, for example, the introduction of new drugs and biventricular pacemakers. There are many factors, other than the closure of hospital beds, which could explain the observed decline in the number of admissions due to @entity65 .

title: [Decrease in hospital admissions due to XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular diseases']


abstract: @entity1 normal and neoplastic adrenocortical cells were incubated under stimulation with ACTH and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Cultured normal adrenocortical cells gathered into small clusters, each cell of which had a polarity or orientation evidenced by two different aspects. In one aspect, the cell surface rounded up and microvilli protruded vertically. Pits were found among or close to the groups of microvilli. In the other aspect, the cell surface was flattened and well-developed microvilli ran horizontally. These two aspects of the cultured cells were thought to correspond to the cell surface facing the intercellular space and that facing the perisinusoidal space, respectively. In incubated cell clusters of @entity822 with @entity1368 , most cells lost this polarity or orientation and unstimulated cells existed as unit of the clusters, but all @entity652 cells reacted to ACTH in the same manner. Microvilli were distributed unevenly. Filopodia were noticed in some cells. Bleb-like structures appeared frequently and some of them were about to be extricated from the cell surface as in normal adrenocortical cells. @entity822 with @entity699 showed remarkable responses to ACTH. Their cell surface was unclean with the adherence of fragmented cytoplasm and bleb-like structures. Horizontally running elongated microvilli were almost indistinguishable from collagen fibrils. Moreover, collagen fibrils were entangled with microvilli.

title: XXXX normal and neoplastic adrenocortical cells in tissue culture observed by scanning electron microscopy.

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity822 :: ('MESH:D018246', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical adenomas', 'Adrenocortical adenomas']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ["Conn's syndrome"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: PROBLEM: In the @entity1 , lymphocyte alloimmunization immunotherapy (IT) has been proposed as a treatment for recurrent @entity2208 (RSA). This treatment has been the subject of debate for a long period of time. Recently, it has been proposed to extend such a treatment for implantation failure in @entity1 , and I was asked to express my opinion on this topic. METHODS: I reviewed the evolution and theories and current paradigms in Reproductive Immunology and rationales proposed for IT. New discoveries show the complexity of implantation as a step by step developmental event, in @entity19 and @entity1 , and as such led me to re-examine paradigms currently evoked for extension of IT to implantation. Such a re-examination obviously leads me to re-question the basis of IT for RSA itself. CONCLUSIONS: I conclude that the @entity1198 /Th2 paradigm, evoked as the current basis for IT, and as useful as it has been to explain pregnancy, is no longer sufficient. It is especially insufficient to explain the process of implantation, which involves inflammatory molecules and cannot fit in such a scheme. It ensues that alloimmunization has no scientific rationale for the treatment of @entity1 implantation as a whole, and should not be applied broadly at such a stage of pregnancy. Furthermore, its use in RSA should be re-examined.

title: Should we re-examine the status of lymphocyte alloimmunization therapy for recurrent XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous abortion']

answer: @entity2208 :: (MESH:D000022,Disease) :: ['spontaneous abortion']


abstract: This retrospective study of impairments in a decentralized and integrated, routine @entity1201 ( @entity1201 ) programme was done on a cohort of all new @entity1 detected in Rond  nia state from 1996 to 1999. It shows that the dynamics of impairments during treatment in Rond  nia are similar to what has been published in other recent studies from Africa and Asia. Data about impairments at detection and at release from treatment (cure), the prescription of @entity230 , and epidemiological information are provided. Of the original 5350 new @entity1 , 4230 @entity1 (80%) completed multidrug therapy (MDT) and had complete data about their impairment status. At the start of treatment, 9% of the paucibacillary (PB) and 26% of the @entity1202 ( @entity1202 ) @entity1 had WHO grade 1 impairment. Three percent of the PB and 11% of the @entity1202 @entity1 had @entity85 (WHO grade 2 impairment). Of the @entity1 without impairments (grade 0) at the start of treatment, 5% of the PB and 20% of the @entity1202 @entity1 developed impairments during treatment. Of the PB @entity1 with a WHO impairment grade 1 at start of treatment, 34% improved and 6% got worse. Of the @entity1202 @entity1 34% improved and 12% became worse. In a separate study of @entity1 from the 1997 intake, 17% of the PB and 58% of the @entity1202 @entity1 were treated at least once with a course of @entity230 or @entity2816 during MDT treatment. It is noted in the literature that the percentage of @entity1 with @entity73 (NFI), nerve @entity158 or @entity925 and/or reaction reactions differs between projects. This may reflect real differences or may be caused by differences in routine monitoring and/or criteria and methods of treatment. The use of the WHO maximum score, particularly for the @entity1 with grade 2, is not as sensitive to change as utilizing the summary of Eye, Hand and Foot (EHF) scores. If @entity73 figures are given, the proportions of @entity1202 @entity1 may define the differences between projects, therefore it is important to analysis and present the results of PB and @entity1202 @entity1 separately. The most simple (outcome) indicator to estimate the effectiveness of @entity1 management would be the proportions of @entity1 with impairment grade 0 at start of treatment who develop either grade 1 or 2 impairments during treatment. An additional (outcome) indicator could be the proportion of @entity1 with impairment grade 1 at start of treatment who develop grade 2 impairments during treatment. Currently, no operational targets or acceptable level of performance for @entity1 management have been set. This would be important to enable programme managers to determine if adequate @entity1 education, treatment and follow up have been provided after the disease detection to prevent and/or minimize problems associated with the disease. The available evidence strongly suggests that reactions and impairments related to @entity1201 will continue to occur in large numbers, requiring the development of adequate infrastructures and sustainable services to detect and to manage problems associated with @entity1201 during and after MDT treatment.

title: Impairments and XXXX control in Rond  nia state, Amazon region of Brazil.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['overall impairment', 'recent nerve function impairment']

entities_list: @entity2816 :: ('MESH:D013792', 'Chemical') :: ['thalidomide']

entities_list: @entity1202 :: ('MESH:D056006', 'Disease') :: ['MB', 'multibacillary']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['visible deformities']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['tenderness']

entities_list: @entity1201 :: ('MESH:D007918', 'Disease') :: ['HD', "Hansen's disease"]

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['Hansen's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of chronic @entity1244 with @entity1412 is still an enigma; however, the molecular biology of this disease is beginning to become unraveled and the proinflammatory cytokines and the message and the product of these cytokines have all been identified in @entity480 . However, the initial trigger that causes @entity32 of the lateral wall of the nose to up-regulate lymphocytes and eosinophils is still unknown. METHODS: Thirteen @entity1 with massive @entity1412 were studied. The mucus of the nasal cavities surrounding the @entity480 was studied for both @entity364 . The lymphocytes of the @entity480 were extracted and evaluated for the T-cell receptor, particularly, the variable beta region of this receptor. Enterotoxins (superantigens) of the bacteria were studied. Finally, the histopathology of @entity480 was studied. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of the @entity1 had toxin-producing @entity794 in the nasal mucus adjacent to the @entity1127 . Three different enterotoxins were isolated, including @entity794 enterotoxin A, @entity794 enterotoxin B, and @entity137 toxin 1. The variable B specificity for these superantigens was identified also in the polyp lymphocyte T-cell receptor. CONCLUSION: A superantigen hypothesis for massive @entity1412 is suggested because the most common bacterial species found in the nasal mucus is @entity794 . These bacteria produce enterotoxins in all of the cases studied and the corresponding variable beta region of the T-cell receptor also was up-regulated in the polyp lymphocytes in cases studied thus far. These data taken together suggest that the @entity130 to the lateral wall of the nose may be the result of toxin-producing Staphylococci. Superantigens (enterotoxins) may up-regulate lymphocytes to produce cytokines that are responsible for the massive up-regulation of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages, the three most common inflammatory cells found in @entity1412 .

title: A superantigen hypothesis for the pathogenesis of chronic @entity1244 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxic shock syndrome']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'Staphylococcus']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial and fungal species']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['polyposis', 'massive nasal polyposis']

entities_list: @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyps']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['initial injury']

answer: @entity1412 :: (MESH:D011125,Disease) :: ['massive nasal polyposis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of chronic @entity1244 with @entity1412 is still an enigma; however, the molecular biology of this disease is beginning to become unraveled and the proinflammatory cytokines and the message and the product of these cytokines have all been identified in @entity480 . However, the initial trigger that causes @entity32 of the lateral wall of the nose to up-regulate lymphocytes and eosinophils is still unknown. METHODS: Thirteen @entity1 with massive @entity1412 were studied. The mucus of the nasal cavities surrounding the @entity480 was studied for both @entity364 . The lymphocytes of the @entity480 were extracted and evaluated for the T-cell receptor, particularly, the variable beta region of this receptor. Enterotoxins (superantigens) of the bacteria were studied. Finally, the histopathology of @entity480 was studied. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of the @entity1 had toxin-producing @entity794 in the nasal mucus adjacent to the @entity1127 . Three different enterotoxins were isolated, including @entity794 enterotoxin A, @entity794 enterotoxin B, and @entity137 toxin 1. The variable B specificity for these superantigens was identified also in the polyp lymphocyte T-cell receptor. CONCLUSION: A superantigen hypothesis for massive @entity1412 is suggested because the most common bacterial species found in the nasal mucus is @entity794 . These bacteria produce enterotoxins in all of the cases studied and the corresponding variable beta region of the T-cell receptor also was up-regulated in the polyp lymphocytes in cases studied thus far. These data taken together suggest that the @entity130 to the lateral wall of the nose may be the result of toxin-producing Staphylococci. Superantigens (enterotoxins) may up-regulate lymphocytes to produce cytokines that are responsible for the massive up-regulation of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages, the three most common inflammatory cells found in @entity1412 .

title: A superantigen hypothesis for the pathogenesis of chronic XXXX with @entity1412 .

answer: @entity1244 :: (MESH:D012852,Disease) :: ['hyperplastic sinusitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adjunctive use of @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) would increase the success rate of primary nonpenetrating @entity2632 with collagen implant. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 (26 eyes) with primary @entity1538 uncontrolled with maximally tolerated medical therapy were randomly assigned to undergo nonpenetrating @entity2632 and collagen implant, either with (13 eyes) or without (13 eyes) 0.3 mg/mL of adjunctive @entity1139 for 3 minutes. @entity2790 ( @entity2790 ), number of @entity726 medications, and visual acuity were assessed before and 12 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean age of the study @entity1 was similar in both groups ( @entity1139 = 68.1 +/- 8 years, control = 65.8 +/- 6.8 years). At the 12- and 24-month follow-up visits, the mean @entity2790 with or without medications was lower in the @entity1139 group than in the control group (15.6 +/- 3.5 vs 17.2 +/- 3.9 mm Hg at 12 months and 15.8 +/- 5.6 vs 17.8 +/- 2.8 mm Hg at 24 months, respectively). The @entity2790 with or without medications significantly decreased after surgery in both groups (P < .05). Twelve months after surgery, the @entity2790 decreased by 48% in the @entity1139 group and by 35% in the control group. At the end of follow-up (24 months), the @entity2790 decreased by 48% in the @entity1139 group and by 32% in the control group (P = .01). The mean number of @entity726 medications decreased after surgery, there was no significant difference in complications ( @entity5891 and @entity548 ), and visual acuity was unchanged throughout the study in both groups. CONCLUSION: The use of @entity1139 in nonpenetrating @entity2632 with collagen implant is safe and improves surgical results.

title: Nonpenetrating @entity2632 with the use of adjunctive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['suprachoroidal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2632 :: ('MESH:D057887', 'Disease') :: ['deep sclerectomy']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['Intraocular pressure', 'IOP']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin C']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adjunctive use of @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) would increase the success rate of primary nonpenetrating @entity2632 with collagen implant. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 (26 eyes) with primary @entity1538 uncontrolled with maximally tolerated medical therapy were randomly assigned to undergo nonpenetrating @entity2632 and collagen implant, either with (13 eyes) or without (13 eyes) 0.3 mg/mL of adjunctive @entity1139 for 3 minutes. @entity2790 ( @entity2790 ), number of @entity726 medications, and visual acuity were assessed before and 12 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean age of the study @entity1 was similar in both groups ( @entity1139 = 68.1 +/- 8 years, control = 65.8 +/- 6.8 years). At the 12- and 24-month follow-up visits, the mean @entity2790 with or without medications was lower in the @entity1139 group than in the control group (15.6 +/- 3.5 vs 17.2 +/- 3.9 mm Hg at 12 months and 15.8 +/- 5.6 vs 17.8 +/- 2.8 mm Hg at 24 months, respectively). The @entity2790 with or without medications significantly decreased after surgery in both groups (P < .05). Twelve months after surgery, the @entity2790 decreased by 48% in the @entity1139 group and by 35% in the control group. At the end of follow-up (24 months), the @entity2790 decreased by 48% in the @entity1139 group and by 32% in the control group (P = .01). The mean number of @entity726 medications decreased after surgery, there was no significant difference in complications ( @entity5891 and @entity548 ), and visual acuity was unchanged throughout the study in both groups. CONCLUSION: The use of @entity1139 in nonpenetrating @entity2632 with collagen implant is safe and improves surgical results.

title: Nonpenetrating XXXX with the use of adjunctive @entity1138 .

answer: @entity2632 :: (MESH:D057887,Disease) :: ['deep sclerectomy']


abstract: Medullo-radicular and neuro-muscular involvements of @entity1691 , often reported in an analytic fashion in the literature, deserve to be the subject of a critical study. Various neurological manifestations secondary to exceptional atlo-occipital and sometimes @entity7194 and medullary lesions as well as @entity1971 . The medullary lesions have an epidural origin (3 cases in the literature, 2 cases from the authors) or are secondary to a @entity1512 (4 cases in the literature) or secondary to both (1 case reported by the authors). As for @entity1971 the authors report 3 cases to be added to the 55 published previously. It concerns always old @entity24099 . The lesions combine posterior diverticula and lesions of the lamina. The treatment is usually ineffective. A special case is represented by forms with @entity74 . More debatable are the radicular lesions, which, except for @entity158 , should be linked to @entity158 . @entity854 are of no significance. Alterations of the paravertebral muscles viewed on the scanner X have, for now, an uncertain significance. Finally, various associations, without significance such as @entity15 , @entity121 and the classic spondylotic pseudo- @entity28270 , should be rejected.

title: [Critical study of radiculomedullary and neuromuscular complications of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse muscular lesions']

entities_list: @entity1512 :: ('MESH:D015299', 'Disease') :: ['spondylodiscitis']

entities_list: @entity7194 :: ('MESH:D007906', 'Disease') :: ['axis-atlas subluxations']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosing spondylarthritis']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Electromyographic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['trophic disorders']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['local pain', 'intercostal pain']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1971 :: ('MESH:D011128', 'Disease') :: ['syndromes of the cauda equina']

entities_list: @entity24099 :: ('MESH:D025241', 'Disease') :: ['spondylarthritis']

answer: @entity1691 :: (MESH:D013167,Disease) :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: In C5 and C6 @entity5300 , elbow flexion, shoulder abduction, and external rotation are the functions that need to be restored. Because the proximal stumps are not available for grafting, surgical repair is based on nerve transfers. The purpose of this study was to describe and report the results of the use of multiple nerve transfers in the reconstruction of these @entity130 . METHODS: Ten @entity1 had @entity129 , ulnar nerve fascicles to the biceps motor branch, and triceps long or lateral head motor branch to the axillary nerve. Triceps branch transfer was performed through a posterior arm incision. RESULTS: Two years after surgery, all the @entity1 had recovered full elbow flexion; 7 scored M4 and 3 scored M3+ according to Medical Research Council scoring. All the @entity1 had recovered active abduction and external rotation. Abduction recovery averaged 92 degrees (range, 65 degrees-120 degrees) and external rotation, measured from full internal rotation, averaged 93 degrees (range, 80 degrees-120 degrees). Shoulder abduction strength was graded M4 in 3 @entity1 and M3 in the remaining 7 @entity1 . Shoulder external rotation strength was graded M4 in 2 @entity1 , M3 in 5 @entity1 , and M2 in 3 @entity1 . No donor site deficits were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed nerve transfers constitute a valid strategy in C5-C6 @entity130 reconstruction.

title: Reconstruction of C5 and C6 brachial plexus XXXX by multiple nerve transfers: spinal accessory to suprascapular, ulnar fascicles to biceps branch, and triceps long or lateral head branch to axillary nerve.

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus avulsion lesions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['multiple nerve transfers: cranial nerve XI to the suprascapular nerve']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion injuries', 'avulsion injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['avulsion injury']


abstract: There is no curative therapy for metastatic or recurrent @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). Almost three-quarters of such @entity1 die of their malignancy in 1 year and less than 5% of such @entity1 are alive at 3 years. Few @entity1 respond to hormonal therapy or chemotherapy, and when responses occur, they are usually brief and partial with little impact on survival. Interferon therapy in metastatic @entity1358 has been associated with response rates of approximately 15-20%, and @entity5 regression has been demonstrated in @entity1 treated with both partially purified and, more recently, recombinant interferon. Analysis of published trials shows no clear dose-response relationship; however, the highest therapeutic index appears associated with a daily dosage of 5-10 million units. The time to response is variable and may occasionally be prolonged; however, some @entity1 have durations of response exceeding 12 months. Although nephrectomy may be associated with higher response rates, review of available data indicates that nephrectomy has frequently been an eligibility criteria, and indeed there are adequate descriptions of responses in @entity1 that have not undergone this procedure. @entity1 with pulmonary metastases have the highest response rate. Recently, laboratory and clinical investigations of interferons and several chemotherapeutic agents, notably @entity5713 , suggest synergy, but further data is needed to confirm these findings. The role of interferon therapy in improving survival is unknown. There is little doubt, however, that symptomatic @entity1 who respond to interferon therapy may show improvement in their quality of life and prolongation of survival.

title: Interferon therapy of metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the objective response rate and @entity137 associated with alternating @entity6303 (MA) and @entity440 (T) in @entity1 with @entity1204 . METHODS: Consenting @entity1 with measurable recurrent or advanced @entity1204 were eligible if they had not received prior cytotoxic or hormonal treatment. MA 80 mg @entity5353 x 3 weeks alternating with T 20 mg @entity5353 x 3 weeks orally was given. RESULTS: Of 61 @entity1 entered, 56 eligible @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 and response. Fifteen @entity1 responded (12 complete, 3 partial) for an overall response rate of 27% (90% Confidence Interval: 17-38%). In 8 of 15 (53%) responders, response duration exceeded 20 months. The response rate was 38% in @entity1 with histologic grade 1 @entity5 (n = 16), 24% in those with grade 2 disease (n = 17), and 22% among @entity1 with grade 3 disease (n = 23). @entity1 less than or equal to 60 years (n = 16) appear to have a better response rate than those >60 years (n = 40), 44% versus 20%. The response rate in @entity1 with extra @entity530 (n = 42) was 31% as compared to 14% in those with strictly pelvic and/or @entity8218 (n = 14). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.7 months and median overall survival was 14.0 months. Two @entity1 experienced a grade 4 @entity1031 event. Additional @entity137 included one of each grade 3 gastrointestinal, grade 3 neurologic, and grade 3 genitourinary. CONCLUSION: A regimen of alternating @entity6303 and @entity440 is active in treating @entity1204 and may result in a prolonged complete response (CR) in some @entity1 .

title: Phase II trial of alternating courses of @entity6303 and XXXX in advanced @entity1204 : a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen citrate', 'tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic disease']

entities_list: @entity6303 :: ('MESH:D019290', 'Chemical') :: ['megestrol acetate']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity8218 :: ('MESH:D014623', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal disease']

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['tamoxifen']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the objective response rate and @entity137 associated with alternating @entity6303 (MA) and @entity440 (T) in @entity1 with @entity1204 . METHODS: Consenting @entity1 with measurable recurrent or advanced @entity1204 were eligible if they had not received prior cytotoxic or hormonal treatment. MA 80 mg @entity5353 x 3 weeks alternating with T 20 mg @entity5353 x 3 weeks orally was given. RESULTS: Of 61 @entity1 entered, 56 eligible @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 and response. Fifteen @entity1 responded (12 complete, 3 partial) for an overall response rate of 27% (90% Confidence Interval: 17-38%). In 8 of 15 (53%) responders, response duration exceeded 20 months. The response rate was 38% in @entity1 with histologic grade 1 @entity5 (n = 16), 24% in those with grade 2 disease (n = 17), and 22% among @entity1 with grade 3 disease (n = 23). @entity1 less than or equal to 60 years (n = 16) appear to have a better response rate than those >60 years (n = 40), 44% versus 20%. The response rate in @entity1 with extra @entity530 (n = 42) was 31% as compared to 14% in those with strictly pelvic and/or @entity8218 (n = 14). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.7 months and median overall survival was 14.0 months. Two @entity1 experienced a grade 4 @entity1031 event. Additional @entity137 included one of each grade 3 gastrointestinal, grade 3 neurologic, and grade 3 genitourinary. CONCLUSION: A regimen of alternating @entity6303 and @entity440 is active in treating @entity1204 and may result in a prolonged complete response (CR) in some @entity1 .

title: Phase II trial of alternating courses of @entity6303 and @entity440 in advanced XXXX : a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the objective response rate and @entity137 associated with alternating @entity6303 (MA) and @entity440 (T) in @entity1 with @entity1204 . METHODS: Consenting @entity1 with measurable recurrent or advanced @entity1204 were eligible if they had not received prior cytotoxic or hormonal treatment. MA 80 mg @entity5353 x 3 weeks alternating with T 20 mg @entity5353 x 3 weeks orally was given. RESULTS: Of 61 @entity1 entered, 56 eligible @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 and response. Fifteen @entity1 responded (12 complete, 3 partial) for an overall response rate of 27% (90% Confidence Interval: 17-38%). In 8 of 15 (53%) responders, response duration exceeded 20 months. The response rate was 38% in @entity1 with histologic grade 1 @entity5 (n = 16), 24% in those with grade 2 disease (n = 17), and 22% among @entity1 with grade 3 disease (n = 23). @entity1 less than or equal to 60 years (n = 16) appear to have a better response rate than those >60 years (n = 40), 44% versus 20%. The response rate in @entity1 with extra @entity530 (n = 42) was 31% as compared to 14% in those with strictly pelvic and/or @entity8218 (n = 14). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.7 months and median overall survival was 14.0 months. Two @entity1 experienced a grade 4 @entity1031 event. Additional @entity137 included one of each grade 3 gastrointestinal, grade 3 neurologic, and grade 3 genitourinary. CONCLUSION: A regimen of alternating @entity6303 and @entity440 is active in treating @entity1204 and may result in a prolonged complete response (CR) in some @entity1 .

title: Phase II trial of alternating courses of XXXX and @entity440 in advanced @entity1204 : a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

answer: @entity6303 :: (MESH:D019290,Chemical) :: ['megestrol acetate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the morbidity and efficacy of radical parametrectomy (RP) performed following extrafascial hysterectomy in @entity1 with @entity2622 . METHODS: An IRB approved retrospective chart review identified 23 @entity1 that underwent RP with pelvic and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomy and upper vaginectomy. Data were collected on demographics, @entity5 stage, grade, histology, indication for hysterectomy, surgical findings, complications, recurrence, and survival. RESULTS: Of the 23 @entity1 , 2 @entity1 had a stage IA(2) lesion while 21 @entity1 had a stage IB(1) lesion. There were 5 @entity1 with a grade 1 @entity5 , 10 with grade 2, 4 with grade 3, and 4 with unknown grade. Median age was 41 years (range 27-59). The most common indication (48%) for extrafascial hysterectomy was CIS of the cervix. Four @entity1 (17%) had @entity3 to pelvic nodes or evidence of @entity5 at the margin at the time of RP. Three of these 4 @entity1 with a positive specimen received adjuvant radiation and all are alive (mean follow-up 66 months). One @entity1 declined radiation and is alive at 42 months. There were 7 (30%) operative complications: Most notably 4 @entity1 received blood transfusions. Two of 19 @entity1 (11%) with no @entity41 in RP specimen recurred and 1 @entity1 was salvaged with radiation (follow-up 103 months). With a median follow-up of 61 months (range 9-103), overall 5-year survival is 96%. CONCLUSIONS: RP is an acceptable option for @entity1 diagnosed with an @entity2622 at the time of extrafascial hysterectomy. Careful selection of RP for @entity1 unlikely to have @entity41 will obviate the need for radiation in most instances.

title: The role of radical parametrectomy in the treatment of XXXX after extrafascial hysterectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['occult cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity2622 :: (MESH:D002583,Disease) :: ['occult cervical carcinoma']


abstract: Stereotaxic injections of 5% Fast Blue or 1% horseradish peroxidase- @entity3505 germ agglutinin conjugate (HRP-WGA) were made into various cytoarchitectonic or functional regions of the cerebral cortex of anesthetized adult albino or hooded @entity35 . Sections through the brainstems of these animals were then scrutinized for the presence of retrogradely labeled neurons. The data generated by this study indicate that at least 33 distinct nuclei or subnuclei within the brainstem reticular formation of the @entity35 project directly to the cerebral cortex. More than half of these ascending reticulocortical systems are probably aminergic. The strongest reticulocortical projections emanate from presumed aminergic reticular-cell groups located at isthmic levels: specifically, the rostral @entity750 -containing cell groups, as well as the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. However, relatively strong direct reticulocortical projections also originate from lower medullary cell groups which are probably catecholaminergic. Moderately strong reticulocortical projections emanate from cholinergic cell groups located at isthmic levels (the pars compacta of the pedunculopontine nucleus and the X area of Sakai). The most surprising finding in this study was that the classic isodendritic, nonaminergic central core of the brainstem gives rise to direct reticulocortical projections. The ventromedial areas of the medullary brainstem reticular formation give rise to the strongest nonaminergic ascending reticular projections, but all levels of the classic isodendritic reticular core give rise to direct reticulocortical projections. As a whole, cortically projecting reticular neurons are mostly small (10-25 microns in greatest diameter) or medium sized (26-35 microns in greatest diameter) neurons. Previous studies have shown that many of the cortically projecting reticular nuclei also project to the spinal cord, and within these nuclei, @entity528 often strongly resemble their reticulospinal counterparts with respect to details of neuronal morphology. This in turn suggests that some @entity528 may also project to spinal levels.

title: Nuclear origins of brainstem reticulocortical systems in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['reticulocortical neurons']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Several side effects and risks associated with @entity172 replacement therapy are known to stem from the hormone's impact on the liver. With oral administration, the enhanced action at hepatic, as compared with nonhepatic, sites is presumably related to the so-called first-pass effect. Attempts have been made to avoid this action by administering @entity172 nonorally, but heightened hepatic effects (comparable with those of other preparations) have nonetheless been seen with both @entity2082 and conjugated @entity1641 @entity172 given vaginally. We conducted a series of investigations aimed at evaluating the effects of @entity53 delivered via a transdermal patch. In a 50- @entity1 study of transcutaneous @entity53 (25, 50, 100, or 200 micrograms/day) versus placebo, a dose-dependent beneficial effect on objectively measured hot flashes was demonstrated. A second study was designed to compare the effects of these doses with those of 0.625 and 1.25 mg conjugated @entity1641 @entity172 administered orally. Effects on nonhepatic markers were similar for the 50 micrograms patch and 0.625 mg tablet, as well as for the 100 micrograms patch and 1.25 mg tablet. None of the doses of transdermal @entity53 exerted any measurable action on hepatic markers of @entity172 action, whereas both doses of conjugated @entity1641 @entity172 demonstrated actions on both hepatic protein and lipid synthesis. Our data clearly show that the transdermal administration of @entity53 circumvents the enhanced hepatic actions of the hormone. Possible explanations for these results are presented.

title: Efficacy of transdermal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens']

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinyl estradiol']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity53 :: (MESH:D004958,Chemical) :: ['estradiol']


abstract: Alveolar-macrophage-derived @entity12032 metabolites of @entity1426 (AA) are thought to be important mediators of @entity55 and injury. Inhibition of AA metabolism may be an important anti-inflammatory mechanism of glucocorticoid (GC) action. In the present study, we have examined the effect of @entity1667 (MP) on leukotriene (LT) B4 and LTC4 synthesis by cultured @entity35 alveolar macrophages (AMs) stimulated with the proinflammatory particle zymosan. Zymosan stimulation resulted in the formation of LTB4 greater than @entity7489 ( @entity3448 ) greater than LTC4 as assessed by both high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Sixteen hours of pretreatment with 1 microM MP maximally inhibited synthesis of @entity3448 by 76 +/- 4%, LTB4 by 83 +/- 3%, and LTC4 by 91 +/- 3%. The inhibition of @entity1813 was specific, as the sex hormones @entity1420 , @entity251 , and @entity10769 had no consistent effect. Inhibition was dose-dependent, with 50% inhibition of synthesis occurring at 10(-7) M for @entity3448 , but at 10(-8) M for both LTB4 and LTC4. Pretreatment with MP for only 1 h inhibited LTC4 production (42 +/- 3%) to a greater extent than either @entity3448 (25 +/- 1%) or LTB4 (14 +/- 7%). These data indicate that MP significantly and substantially inhibits zymosan-induced LTB4 and LTC4 synthesis. Furthermore, the greater degree, greater potency, and faster onset of action for MP inhibition of LT synthesis than of @entity3448 synthesis suggest the possibility that MP may exert postphospholipase effect(s) on LT synthesis. These results support the possibility that modulation of AM @entity3899 metabolism may represent an important anti-inflammatory mechanism of GC action in the lung.

title: Inhibition by XXXX of zymosan-induced leukotriene synthesis in alveolar macrophages.

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['lung inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity7489 :: ('MESH:D013929', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane B2']

entities_list: @entity3899 :: ('CHEBI:32395', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonate']

entities_list: @entity1813 :: ('MESH:D015777', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosanoids']

entities_list: @entity10769 :: ('CHEBI:16469', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity1667 :: (MESH:D008775,Chemical) :: ['methylprednisolone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The ability of sperm to interact with the zona pellucida (ZP) plays a critical role during the process of @entity1 fertilization. The aim of this study is to determine frequency of defective sperm-ZP interaction in oligozoospermic infertile @entity1 . METHODS: Sperm-ZP binding assays and the ZP-induced @entity137 ( @entity137 ) were performed in 72 infertile @entity1 with a sperm concentration <20 x 10(6)/ml. Oocytes that had previously failed to fertilize in a clinical IVF programme were used for the tests. Motile sperm (2 x 10(6)/ml) selected by swim-up from each semen sample were incubated with four oocytes for 2 h. The number of sperm bound per ZP and the ZP-induced @entity137 were assessed. Under these conditions, an average of < or =40 sperm bound/ZP was defined as low sperm-ZP binding and a ZP-induced @entity137 < or =16% was defined as low ZP-induced @entity137 . RESULTS: In the 72 oligozoospermic @entity1 , 28% (20/72) had low sperm-ZP binding. Of those with normal sperm-ZP binding, 69% (36/52) had low ZP-induced @entity137 . Overall, 78% (56/72) had either low ZP-binding or normal ZP binding but low ZP-induced @entity137 . This means that only 22% (16/72) had both normal sperm-ZP binding and normal ZP-induced @entity137 . CONCLUSION: Oligozoospermic @entity1 have a very high frequency of defective sperm-ZP interaction, consistent with their low natural fertility or low fertilization rate in conventional IVF. Infertile couples with oligozoospermic semen should be treated by ICSI rather than by conventional IVF.

title: High frequency of defective sperm-zona pellucida interaction in oligozoospermic infertile XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['acrosome reaction', 'AR']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pharmacologic agents currently approved for use in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 ( @entity2449 and insulin) are less than optimal for some @entity1 . We evaluated the use of a ketogenic, very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) in the treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a chart review of 20 @entity1 (mean age 14.5 +/- 0.4 years) who consumed a ketogenic VLCD in the treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 . Several response variables (BMI, blood pressure, HbA(1c), blood @entity413 , and treatment regimens) were examined before, during, and up to 2 years after the diet and compared with a matched @entity6 control group. RESULTS: Before starting the diet, 11 of 20 @entity1 were treated with insulin and 6 with @entity2449 . Mean daily blood @entity413 values fell from 8.9 +/- 1.1 to 5.5 +/- 0.38 mmol/l (P < 0.0001) in the first 3 days of the VLCD, allowing insulin and oral agents to be discontinued in all but one subject. BMI fell from 43.5 +/- 1.8 to 39.3 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2) (P < 0.0001) and HbA(1c) dropped from 8.8 +/- 0.6 to 7.4 +/- 0.6% (P < 0.005) as the diet was continued for a mean of 60 +/- 8 days (range 4-130 days), and none required resumption of antidiabetic medications. Sustained decreases in BMI and insulin requirements were observed in @entity1 remaining on the VLCD for at least 6 weeks when compared with those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The ketogenic VLCD is an effective short-term, and possibly long-term, therapy for pediatric @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Blood @entity413 control and BMI improve, allowing the discontinuation of exogenous insulin and other antidiabetic agents. This diet, although strict, has potential as an alternative to pharmacologic therapies for this emerging subset of @entity6 individuals.

title: Treatment of XXXX 2 @entity6 in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pharmacologic agents currently approved for use in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 ( @entity2449 and insulin) are less than optimal for some @entity1 . We evaluated the use of a ketogenic, very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) in the treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a chart review of 20 @entity1 (mean age 14.5 +/- 0.4 years) who consumed a ketogenic VLCD in the treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 . Several response variables (BMI, blood pressure, HbA(1c), blood @entity413 , and treatment regimens) were examined before, during, and up to 2 years after the diet and compared with a matched @entity6 control group. RESULTS: Before starting the diet, 11 of 20 @entity1 were treated with insulin and 6 with @entity2449 . Mean daily blood @entity413 values fell from 8.9 +/- 1.1 to 5.5 +/- 0.38 mmol/l (P < 0.0001) in the first 3 days of the VLCD, allowing insulin and oral agents to be discontinued in all but one subject. BMI fell from 43.5 +/- 1.8 to 39.3 +/- 1.8 kg/m(2) (P < 0.0001) and HbA(1c) dropped from 8.8 +/- 0.6 to 7.4 +/- 0.6% (P < 0.005) as the diet was continued for a mean of 60 +/- 8 days (range 4-130 days), and none required resumption of antidiabetic medications. Sustained decreases in BMI and insulin requirements were observed in @entity1 remaining on the VLCD for at least 6 weeks when compared with those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The ketogenic VLCD is an effective short-term, and possibly long-term, therapy for pediatric @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Blood @entity413 control and BMI improve, allowing the discontinuation of exogenous insulin and other antidiabetic agents. This diet, although strict, has potential as an alternative to pharmacologic therapies for this emerging subset of @entity6 individuals.

title: Treatment of @entity164 2 XXXX in childhood using a very-low-calorie diet.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: CONTEXT: Most @entity1 diagnosed as having @entity1778 become research subjects in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), but little is known about how randomization is explained to or understood by parents. OBJECTIVE: To investigate physicians' explanation and parental understanding of randomization in @entity1778 RCTs. DESIGN AND SETTING: A multisite study of the informed consent communication process for @entity1778 . Consecutive cases were recruited from pediatric oncology inpatient wards at 6 US @entity1 's hospitals associated with major academic medical centers from July 1, 1999, until December 31, 2001. The informed consent conferences were observed and audiotaped, and the information obtained was coded and analyzed. Parents were interviewed shortly after the conference to ascertain their understanding. @entity1 : Parents and members of the health care team who participated in 137 informed consent conferences for @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity3052 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Observed explanations of randomization and parental understanding of randomization after the consent conference. RESULTS: Randomization was explained by physicians in 83% of cases and a consent document was presented during the conference in 95% of cases. Interviews after the conference demonstrated that 68 (50%) of 137 parents did not understand randomization. Parents of racial minority and lower socioeconomic status were less likely to understand randomization (P<.001 for each). Discussion of specific clinical trial details and the presence of a nurse during the conference were associated with understanding. Eighty-four percent of @entity1 were enrolled in a @entity1778 trial. CONCLUSIONS: Despite oral and written explanation, half of the parents in this study did not understand randomization for @entity1778 trials. To make informed consent more effective, future research must seek to improve communication during this critical interchange.

title: Communication of randomization in XXXX trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['RCTs of childhood leukemia', 'leukemia', 'childhood leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['childhood leukemia']


abstract: In two open prospective studies, the efficacy and tolerance of @entity800 in the prevention of @entity281 in @entity1 with @entity4422 (n = 58) and in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic @entity4034 (n = 115) were examined. In the study with @entity4422 , @entity9244 occurred in only four cases (6.5%). During an observation period of at least 12 months, post-traumatic @entity4034 was seen in two @entity1 with III degree @entity4422 (9%), while in the groups with I degree and II degree @entity4422 no @entity79 could be found. Therefore, the rate of post-traumatic @entity4034 related to all @entity1 was 3.3%. In the second study with 115 @entity1 suffering from chronic post-traumatic @entity4034 141 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens were isolated. 73% were Gram-positive cocci with @entity794 in more than 50% of the cases. An elimination rate of more than 90% was found in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to a clinical cure in 85% and a recurrence of @entity281 in 5% of the cases. The tolerability of @entity800 was excellent. No @entity56 were observed. @entity294 and @entity10 occurred in less than 2% of @entity1 . With adequate surgical treatment, @entity800 proved to be a useful antimicrobial agent in the prevention and therapy of @entity79 .

title: Use of @entity800 in @entity4422 and in the treatment of post-traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4422 :: ('MESH:D005597', 'Disease') :: ['open fractures']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['Diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone infection']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['drug-related allergic reactions']

entities_list: @entity9244 :: ('MESH:D018461', 'Disease') :: ['bone and/or soft tissue infection']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['ofloxacin']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['osteomyelitis']


abstract: In two open prospective studies, the efficacy and tolerance of @entity800 in the prevention of @entity281 in @entity1 with @entity4422 (n = 58) and in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic @entity4034 (n = 115) were examined. In the study with @entity4422 , @entity9244 occurred in only four cases (6.5%). During an observation period of at least 12 months, post-traumatic @entity4034 was seen in two @entity1 with III degree @entity4422 (9%), while in the groups with I degree and II degree @entity4422 no @entity79 could be found. Therefore, the rate of post-traumatic @entity4034 related to all @entity1 was 3.3%. In the second study with 115 @entity1 suffering from chronic post-traumatic @entity4034 141 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens were isolated. 73% were Gram-positive cocci with @entity794 in more than 50% of the cases. An elimination rate of more than 90% was found in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to a clinical cure in 85% and a recurrence of @entity281 in 5% of the cases. The tolerability of @entity800 was excellent. No @entity56 were observed. @entity294 and @entity10 occurred in less than 2% of @entity1 . With adequate surgical treatment, @entity800 proved to be a useful antimicrobial agent in the prevention and therapy of @entity79 .

title: Use of @entity800 in XXXX and in the treatment of post-traumatic @entity4034 .

answer: @entity4422 :: (MESH:D005597,Disease) :: ['open fractures']


abstract: In two open prospective studies, the efficacy and tolerance of @entity800 in the prevention of @entity281 in @entity1 with @entity4422 (n = 58) and in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic @entity4034 (n = 115) were examined. In the study with @entity4422 , @entity9244 occurred in only four cases (6.5%). During an observation period of at least 12 months, post-traumatic @entity4034 was seen in two @entity1 with III degree @entity4422 (9%), while in the groups with I degree and II degree @entity4422 no @entity79 could be found. Therefore, the rate of post-traumatic @entity4034 related to all @entity1 was 3.3%. In the second study with 115 @entity1 suffering from chronic post-traumatic @entity4034 141 different Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens were isolated. 73% were Gram-positive cocci with @entity794 in more than 50% of the cases. An elimination rate of more than 90% was found in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, leading to a clinical cure in 85% and a recurrence of @entity281 in 5% of the cases. The tolerability of @entity800 was excellent. No @entity56 were observed. @entity294 and @entity10 occurred in less than 2% of @entity1 . With adequate surgical treatment, @entity800 proved to be a useful antimicrobial agent in the prevention and therapy of @entity79 .

title: Use of XXXX in @entity4422 and in the treatment of post-traumatic @entity4034 .

answer: @entity800 :: (MESH:D015242,Chemical) :: ['ofloxacin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity765 are mesenchymal nonmetastasizing @entity5 . Although rare in the general population, they are a common extracolonic manifestation of @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ). Because of high @entity5 recurrence rates, surgery has been less than satisfactory in the treatment of @entity765 . In the current study, high doses of @entity440 in combination with sulindac were used to treat severe @entity765 to avoid surgery. METHODS: Since 1992, 25 @entity1 at Heinrich Heine University (Dusseldorf, Germany) were treated with a combination of @entity440 and sulindac. In the current study, 17 @entity1 with @entity1412 -associated and 8 @entity1 with sporadic @entity765 received 120 mg of @entity440 and 300 mg of sulindac daily. Every 6 months, the protracted course of desmoid growth was measured by computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scans. @entity5 responses were characterized as @entity66 ( @entity66 ), partial regression (PR), and complete regression (CR). RESULTS: Of the group of @entity1 who received @entity440 and sulindac as a primary treatment, all three @entity1 with sporadic @entity765 demonstrated cessation of growth, and 10 of the 13 @entity1 with @entity1412 -associated @entity5 achieved either a PR or CR. In the @entity765 group, eight of nine @entity1 developed @entity5 recurrences after undergoing surgery at other institutions. Of these, two @entity1 had @entity66 and two @entity1 had a PR to CR. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity1 with @entity765 who were managed conservatively with high-dose @entity440 and sulindac had the best outcome. @entity765 recurrence after surgery was high and in the @entity1412 -associated @entity5 group, therapy with @entity440 and sulindac was found to be less successful. Based on this experience, the authors recommended high-dose @entity440 and sulindac as the primary treatment for @entity1 with @entity1412 -associated @entity765 . However, to our knowledge, the best approach after surgical intervention for @entity1 with sporadic @entity765 remains to be determined.

title: High-dose XXXX and sulindac as first-line treatment for @entity765 .

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['progressive disease, stable disease', 'SD']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'Tumor', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['Desmoid tumors', 'sporadic desmoid tumor', 'Desmoid tumor', 'desmoid tumors']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis', 'FAP']

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['tamoxifen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity765 are mesenchymal nonmetastasizing @entity5 . Although rare in the general population, they are a common extracolonic manifestation of @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ). Because of high @entity5 recurrence rates, surgery has been less than satisfactory in the treatment of @entity765 . In the current study, high doses of @entity440 in combination with sulindac were used to treat severe @entity765 to avoid surgery. METHODS: Since 1992, 25 @entity1 at Heinrich Heine University (Dusseldorf, Germany) were treated with a combination of @entity440 and sulindac. In the current study, 17 @entity1 with @entity1412 -associated and 8 @entity1 with sporadic @entity765 received 120 mg of @entity440 and 300 mg of sulindac daily. Every 6 months, the protracted course of desmoid growth was measured by computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging scans. @entity5 responses were characterized as @entity66 ( @entity66 ), partial regression (PR), and complete regression (CR). RESULTS: Of the group of @entity1 who received @entity440 and sulindac as a primary treatment, all three @entity1 with sporadic @entity765 demonstrated cessation of growth, and 10 of the 13 @entity1 with @entity1412 -associated @entity5 achieved either a PR or CR. In the @entity765 group, eight of nine @entity1 developed @entity5 recurrences after undergoing surgery at other institutions. Of these, two @entity1 had @entity66 and two @entity1 had a PR to CR. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity1 with @entity765 who were managed conservatively with high-dose @entity440 and sulindac had the best outcome. @entity765 recurrence after surgery was high and in the @entity1412 -associated @entity5 group, therapy with @entity440 and sulindac was found to be less successful. Based on this experience, the authors recommended high-dose @entity440 and sulindac as the primary treatment for @entity1 with @entity1412 -associated @entity765 . However, to our knowledge, the best approach after surgical intervention for @entity1 with sporadic @entity765 remains to be determined.

title: High-dose @entity440 and sulindac as first-line treatment for XXXX .

answer: @entity765 :: (MESH:D018222,Disease) :: ['desmoid tumors']


abstract: The research on substance ( @entity167 , @entity286 and drug) abuse and on self-perception was done by comparing a test group of physically disabled adolescents and a test group of non-disabled adolescents. The respondents of the experimental group were students of the only special high school for physically handicapped @entity1 in Croatia, Zagreb. The respondents of the control group were the students of two regular high schools in the capital of Croatia. The instrument used in this research was a self-reported, anonymous questionnaire. The respondents completed the questionnaire in the classroom. The data analysis regarding @entity167 abuse indicated that physically disabled adolescents drink more often and out of quite different motives than their non-disabled peers. Regarding the prevalence, frequency, quantity and motives for smoking, no statistically significant difference has been found between the tested groups. On the contrary, significant differences between handicapped and non-disabled adolescents were evident regarding drug abuse. Only one physically disabled examinee used a drug--marijuana, only a few times a year. On the other hand, almost one quarter of the non-disabled adolescents use at least one, five at the most, type of drug sometimes or often. The results on the self-perception scale show that adolescent with physical disabilities have a much more negative attitude toward themselves than non-disabled controls. Their self-esteem and self-confidence are seriously diminished. Described findings could have a mighty impact on ways of preventing @entity734 , and on ways of increasing self-esteem among disabled and non-disabled adolescents.

title: Comparative research on XXXX and self-perception among adolescents with physical handicap.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['substance abuse']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of Gram and @entity4014 with calcofluor white ( @entity3071 +CFW) stains in the diagnosis of early and advanced microbial @entity1036 , a retrospective analysis of comparative data from a prospectively collected database was done. METHODS: @entity1 with nonviral microbial @entity1036 seen at L.V. Prasad Eye Institute between February 1991 and December 1998 were included in the study. The type of bacteria seen on Gram stain was determined from 251 corneal scrapings from @entity1 with @entity1036 and 841 corneal scrapings from @entity1 with advanced @entity1036 . The presence of fungi in corneal scrapings was determined by @entity3071 +CFW stain of 114 and 363 scrapings from @entity1 with early and advanced @entity1036 , respectively. The smear findings were compared with culture results to analyze specificity, sensitivity, and predictive values of the staining techniques. RESULTS: The sensitivity of Gram stain in the detection of bacteria was 36.0% in early and 40.9% in advanced @entity1036 cases; however, the specificity was higher in both groups (84.9% and 87.1%, respectively). Comparatively, the sensitivity and specificity of fungal detection were higher using @entity3071 +CFW in early (61.1% and 99.0%, respectively) as well as advanced @entity1036 (87.7% and 83.7%, respectively). Predictive values were high for @entity3071 +CFW in fungus detection, while they were poor for Gram stain in bacteria detection. In advanced @entity1036 cases, the false positives were @entity364 (16.3%) than in bacterial detection (10.3%), while the false negatives were significantly higher in bacterial detection compared with fungal detection (59.1% versus 12.3%, p< 0.0001). In @entity1036 , on the other hand, both false positives and false negatives for bacterial detection were significantly higher than fungal detection. CONCLUSIONS: Decisions can reliably be based on @entity3071 +CFW stain of corneal scrapings for initiation of antifungal therapy in @entity1036 . The results of Gram stain, on the other hand, have limited value in therapeutic decisions for @entity1036 . Therefore, the search for a better modality for early and efficient diagnosis of @entity1036 needs to continue.

title: Evaluation of corneal scraping smear examination methods in the diagnosis of XXXX : a survey of eight years of laboratory experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['early keratitis', 'bacterial keratitis', 'mycotic keratitis', 'keratitis']

entities_list: @entity4014 :: ('MESH:C029943', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium hydroxide']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['higher in fungal detection']

answer: @entity364 :: (MESH:D009181,Disease) :: ['bacterial and fungal keratitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe whether deep lamellar keratectomy with a conjunctival flap is effective for the treatment of @entity19415 . METHODS: Two @entity1 (three eyes) had at least a 4-week history of @entity158 misdiagnosed as @entity1034 and @entity1036 . Both @entity1 were started on multiple topical antiamoebic drugs after @entity281 was confirmed. No improvement was observed after 3-4 weeks. Surgery was then performed. Peribulbar anesthesia was given, and the infected tissue was removed by deep lamellar keratectomy. A bipediculate conjunctival flap was put in place and secured with interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures. RESULTS: Both @entity1 experienced immediate @entity158 relief. The @entity281 was controlled and all medications were tapered. There were neither @entity39 nor retraction of the flap. Final examination revealed a Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/100 in each eye in the @entity1 described in case number one at 30 months, and 20/100 in the @entity1 described in case number two at 13 months. CONCLUSION: Deep lamellar keratectomy with a conjunctival flap is a suitable approach to help control the @entity281 and to help relieve @entity158 in @entity1 with advanced @entity19415 .

title: Treatment of advanced XXXX with deep lamellar keratectomy and conjunctival flap.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1034 :: ('MESH:D016849', 'Disease') :: ['herpetic keratitis']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial keratitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'Acanthamoeba infection']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful keratitis', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity19415 :: ('MESH:D015823', 'Disease') :: ['Acanthamoeba keratitis']

answer: @entity19415 :: (MESH:D015823,Disease) :: ['acanthamoeba keratitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation has been reported to be an optimal surgery for @entity5 . It minimizes local recurrence and @entity250 . The aim of this study was to assess the safety of total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in terms of voiding and sexual function in males with @entity5 . METHODS: We performed urine flowmetry using Urodyn and a standard questionnaire using the International Index of Erectile Function and the International Prostate Symptom Score before and after surgery in 68 males with @entity5 . RESULTS: Significant differences in mean maximal urinary flow rate and voided volume were seen before and after surgery (18.9 +/- 5.7 13.7 +/- 7.0, 240 +/- 91.9 143 +/- 78; < 0.05, < 0.05, respectively), but no differences in residual volume before and after surgery were apparent (4.4 +/- 2.6 8.1 +/- 4.4; > 0.05). The total International Prostate Symptom Score was increased after surgery from 6.2 +/- 5.8 to 9.8 +/- 5.9 ( < 0.05). There were no changes of score for one of each of seven International Prostate Symptom Score items in 49 @entity1 (73.5 percent) to 61 @entity1 (89.7 percent). Five International Index of Erectile Function domain scores (erectile function, intercourse satisfaction, orgasmic function, sexual desire, and overall satisfaction) were significantly decreased after surgery (18.2 +/- 9.3 13.5 +/- 9, 8.4 +/- 4.2 4.4 +/- 2.9, 5.8 +/- 2.9 4.4 +/- 2.9, 6.1 +/- 2.4 4.8 +/- 2, 6.1 +/- 2.2 4.5 +/- 2.3, respectively; < 0.05). Erection was possible in 55 @entity1 (80.9 percent); penetration ability was possible in 51 @entity1 (75 percent). Complete inability for erection and intercourse was observed in three @entity1 (5.5 percent). Retrograde ejaculation was noted in 9 @entity1 (13.2 percent). International Index of Erectile Function domains such as sexual desire and overall satisfaction were greatly decreased in 39 @entity1 (57.4 percent) and 43 @entity1 (63.2 percent), respectively. Multiple regression analysis of factors affecting postoperative @entity250 showed that age older than 60 years (sexual desire, P = 0.019), within six months (erectile function, P = 0.04; intercourse satisfaction, P = 0.011; orgasmic function, P = 0.03), lower @entity5 (erectile function, P = 0.02; intercourse satisfaction, P = 0.036; orgasmic function, P = 0.027) were significant factors adversely affecting sexual function. CONCLUSION: Total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation showed relative safety in preserving @entity458 . The International Prostate Symptom Score and International Index of Erectile Function questionnaires were useful in assessing urinary and sexual function.

title: Assessment of XXXX after total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in males with @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual and voiding function']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction', 'sexual and urinary dysfunction']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['sexual and voiding function']


abstract: PURPOSE: Total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation has been reported to be an optimal surgery for @entity5 . It minimizes local recurrence and @entity250 . The aim of this study was to assess the safety of total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in terms of voiding and sexual function in males with @entity5 . METHODS: We performed urine flowmetry using Urodyn and a standard questionnaire using the International Index of Erectile Function and the International Prostate Symptom Score before and after surgery in 68 males with @entity5 . RESULTS: Significant differences in mean maximal urinary flow rate and voided volume were seen before and after surgery (18.9 +/- 5.7 13.7 +/- 7.0, 240 +/- 91.9 143 +/- 78; < 0.05, < 0.05, respectively), but no differences in residual volume before and after surgery were apparent (4.4 +/- 2.6 8.1 +/- 4.4; > 0.05). The total International Prostate Symptom Score was increased after surgery from 6.2 +/- 5.8 to 9.8 +/- 5.9 ( < 0.05). There were no changes of score for one of each of seven International Prostate Symptom Score items in 49 @entity1 (73.5 percent) to 61 @entity1 (89.7 percent). Five International Index of Erectile Function domain scores (erectile function, intercourse satisfaction, orgasmic function, sexual desire, and overall satisfaction) were significantly decreased after surgery (18.2 +/- 9.3 13.5 +/- 9, 8.4 +/- 4.2 4.4 +/- 2.9, 5.8 +/- 2.9 4.4 +/- 2.9, 6.1 +/- 2.4 4.8 +/- 2, 6.1 +/- 2.2 4.5 +/- 2.3, respectively; < 0.05). Erection was possible in 55 @entity1 (80.9 percent); penetration ability was possible in 51 @entity1 (75 percent). Complete inability for erection and intercourse was observed in three @entity1 (5.5 percent). Retrograde ejaculation was noted in 9 @entity1 (13.2 percent). International Index of Erectile Function domains such as sexual desire and overall satisfaction were greatly decreased in 39 @entity1 (57.4 percent) and 43 @entity1 (63.2 percent), respectively. Multiple regression analysis of factors affecting postoperative @entity250 showed that age older than 60 years (sexual desire, P = 0.019), within six months (erectile function, P = 0.04; intercourse satisfaction, P = 0.011; orgasmic function, P = 0.03), lower @entity5 (erectile function, P = 0.02; intercourse satisfaction, P = 0.036; orgasmic function, P = 0.027) were significant factors adversely affecting sexual function. CONCLUSION: Total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation showed relative safety in preserving @entity458 . The International Prostate Symptom Score and International Index of Erectile Function questionnaires were useful in assessing urinary and sexual function.

title: Assessment of @entity458 after total mesorectal excision with pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in males with XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: Noncardiac @entity662 (NCCP) presents as a frequent diagnostic challenge, with @entity1 tending to use a disproportionate level of health care resources. @entity354 ( @entity354 ) is the most frequent cause of NCCP. GOALS: To test the efficacy of a potent acid-suppressing agent as a diagnostic test in the evaluation of NCCP and to compare it with three commonly used tests. STUDY: Eighteen @entity1 and 24 @entity1 , aged 22 to 77 years, who presented with recurrent @entity662 complaints of a noncardiac etiology, as determined by rest/stress perfusion imaging with technetium Tc99m sestamibi (MIBI), were enrolled in a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial using high-dose @entity4546 . Thirty-seven @entity1 completed both arms of the trial. Findings were compared with those of endoscopy, manometry, and ambulatory 24-hour two-channel esophageal pH monitoring. All @entity1 underwent initial diagnostic upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring. @entity1 were then randomly assigned to either placebo or @entity4546 (40 mg/d orally twice daily) for 14 days, washed out for 21 days, and then crossed over. @entity1 's symptoms were determined using a Visual Analogue Scale to measure the severity of @entity662 before and after each period. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of @entity1 in the @entity4546 arm reported improved @entity662 , whereas only 18% in the placebo arm did. Abnormal results on manometry (20%), 24-hour pH monitoring (42%), or endoscopy with visual evidence of @entity2910 (26%) were found less frequently. Combination of the three tests did not significantly increase their usefulness. In NCCP @entity1 with @entity354 , as defined by positive results on a 24-hour pH test or presence of @entity2910 on endoscopy, @entity4546 treatment led to a response in 95% of @entity1 , whereas 90% of @entity354 -positive @entity1 treated with placebo did not respond. Of NCCP @entity1 determined to be @entity354 negative, 39% responded to @entity4546 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity4546 as a first diagnostic tool in the evaluation of MIBI-negative NCCP is sensitive and specific for determining the cause of NCCP. Endoscopy, manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring were not only less sensitive in diagnosing NCCP, but they were significantly more expensive.

title: Short course of @entity4546 : a better first diagnostic approach to noncardiac XXXX than endoscopy, manometry, or 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['Gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'GERD']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole', 'Omeprazole']

answer: @entity662 :: (MESH:D002637,Disease) :: ['chest pain']


abstract: Noncardiac @entity662 (NCCP) presents as a frequent diagnostic challenge, with @entity1 tending to use a disproportionate level of health care resources. @entity354 ( @entity354 ) is the most frequent cause of NCCP. GOALS: To test the efficacy of a potent acid-suppressing agent as a diagnostic test in the evaluation of NCCP and to compare it with three commonly used tests. STUDY: Eighteen @entity1 and 24 @entity1 , aged 22 to 77 years, who presented with recurrent @entity662 complaints of a noncardiac etiology, as determined by rest/stress perfusion imaging with technetium Tc99m sestamibi (MIBI), were enrolled in a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial using high-dose @entity4546 . Thirty-seven @entity1 completed both arms of the trial. Findings were compared with those of endoscopy, manometry, and ambulatory 24-hour two-channel esophageal pH monitoring. All @entity1 underwent initial diagnostic upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring. @entity1 were then randomly assigned to either placebo or @entity4546 (40 mg/d orally twice daily) for 14 days, washed out for 21 days, and then crossed over. @entity1 's symptoms were determined using a Visual Analogue Scale to measure the severity of @entity662 before and after each period. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of @entity1 in the @entity4546 arm reported improved @entity662 , whereas only 18% in the placebo arm did. Abnormal results on manometry (20%), 24-hour pH monitoring (42%), or endoscopy with visual evidence of @entity2910 (26%) were found less frequently. Combination of the three tests did not significantly increase their usefulness. In NCCP @entity1 with @entity354 , as defined by positive results on a 24-hour pH test or presence of @entity2910 on endoscopy, @entity4546 treatment led to a response in 95% of @entity1 , whereas 90% of @entity354 -positive @entity1 treated with placebo did not respond. Of NCCP @entity1 determined to be @entity354 negative, 39% responded to @entity4546 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity4546 as a first diagnostic tool in the evaluation of MIBI-negative NCCP is sensitive and specific for determining the cause of NCCP. Endoscopy, manometry, and 24-hour pH monitoring were not only less sensitive in diagnosing NCCP, but they were significantly more expensive.

title: Short course of XXXX : a better first diagnostic approach to noncardiac @entity662 than endoscopy, manometry, or 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring.

answer: @entity4546 :: (MESH:D009853,Chemical) :: ['omeprazole']


abstract: GOAL: To review treatment approaches for temporary liver support of @entity1 with @entity879 ( @entity879 ). STUDY A MEDLINE: search of English language reports published between 1960 and 1999 and a manual search of bibliographies of relevant papers were performed. Studies of @entity1 in whom non-orthotopic liver transplant (OLT)-based approaches were used were reviewed, including case reports, case series, review articles describing unpublished cases, and controlled trials. Relevant clinical information was extracted with emphasis on improvement in liver function, successful bridging to OLT, recovery without OLT, and @entity204 . There was a lack of more than one controlled trial for each therapy, and most case reports were anecdotal in nature; therefore, no statistical analysis was attempted. Predefined outcomes from individual @entity1 were synthesized collectively into tables. RESULTS: Both cell-based and non-cell-based therapies for @entity879 appear promising. Preliminary experience has established the safety of these approaches, but current data are inadequate to evaluate efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of artificial liver support systems cannot be recommended at this time. However, the established safety of cell- and non-cell-based liver support devices warrants additional prospective (Phase III) controlled trials among @entity1 with @entity879 . We suggest an algorithm for management of @entity1 with @entity879 that incorporates recent data.

title: Temporary support for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['ALF', 'acute liver failure']

answer: @entity879 :: (MESH:D017114,Disease) :: ['acute liver failure']