abstract: BACKGROUND: Lower @entity360 is usually self-limiting in about 80% of cases; however, surgical treatment may be required in selected cases. Preoperative precise identification of the @entity548 source is crucial for a successful outcome. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most frequent diagnoses, as well as short and long-term results in a series of @entity1 who underwent a surgical procedure for lower @entity360 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 39 @entity1 operated upon for lower @entity360 from 1979 through 1997 in a referral center. Demographic data, history, physical examination, laboratory tests, resuscitative measures, preoperative work-up for identification of @entity548 source, definitive cause of @entity548 , surgical procedure, operative morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term status and recurrence of @entity548 were recorded. RESULTS: There were 54% @entity1 and 46% @entity1 . Mean age was 56 years (range, 15-92). Most @entity1 presented @entity360 (69%). Colonoscopy was the most used diagnostic procedure (69%). The @entity548 source was located in 90% of @entity1 . @entity66 was the most frequent cause of @entity548 . A segmental bowel resection was the treatment in 97% of cases. Morbidity was 23% with 18% of mortality. Recurrence occurred in 9% of survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity and mortality were high. @entity1 who require a surgical operation should be carefully selected and evaluated with a complete work-up to determine the site and cause of @entity548 .

title: [Surgical treatment of lower digestive tract XXXX . Experience at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M  dicas y Nutrici  n Salvador Zubir  n].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding', 'hematochezia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Diverticular disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are not much data available on the use of newer antimetabolites as an initial treatment modality in @entity995 , or their effect on vitreous seedings and de novo foci, especially in the Indian subcontinent. METHODS: To evaluate the efficacy of newer agents as induction chemotherapy, 34 @entity5 in 22 eyes of 19 @entity1 with @entity995 were treated with 2 cycles of @entity3003 , @entity2879 , @entity1891 , and @entity786 ; each cycle was of 1 month duration. The @entity5 response was evaluated at 2 months and adjuvant salvage modalities (ie, cryotherapy, laser, and/or external beam radiotherapy) were added as needed. The cycles were continued and ophthalmoscopic and ultrasonographic monitorings were performed to determine further @entity5 response, @entity5 height regression, effect on vitreous seeds, and other ocular changes. RESULTS: Mean @entity5 height at presentation was 4.2 mm, which regressed to 2.61 mm at 6 months (P=0.000). The biggest @entity5 to respond was 12.5 mm, although smaller multiple @entity5 regressed better. Adjuvant modalities were used in 28 @entity5 foci in 16 eyes. A follow up of 6 to 24 months (mean, 12.8+/-6.21 months), showed complete regression in 12/34 @entity5 , partial regression in 15/34, stable disease in 6/34, and 1 @entity5 progressed despite all therapy. Results in all 6 eyes with vitreous seeds were most gratifying; at 1 year vitreous seeds disappeared in 4 eyes and showed complete calcification in 2. Fresh new lesions were not seen in any eye with complete response after the first 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Recurrences were nil and complications minor. CONCLUSIONS: The overall @entity5 response (complete and partial) of more than 80% indicates that chemoreduction is an effective modality alone and combined with adjuvant salvage modalities. The results with our treatment regime, even in cases with @entity995 , are encouraging.

title: Efficacy of induction chemotherapy in XXXX , alone or combined with other adjuvant modalities.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral retinoblastoma', 'advanced intraocular retinoblastoma', 'retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['retinoblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine serum and synovial fluid (SF) concentrations of soluble @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) and @entity4105 ( @entity4105 ) in @entity1 with active @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ) and in paediatric controls and correlate them with clinical and laboratory variables. METHODS: Total of'30 @entity4932 @entity1 were evaluated: 15 with @entity66 ( @entity4932 -poly) and 15 with @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ). Paediatric age-matched control groups consisted of 11 Henoch-Sch  nlein purpura (HSP) and 10 febrile @entity1 (FC) and 28 healthy @entity1 (HC). Current medication, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity1851 (CRP) and full blood count (FBC) were recorded. Soluble @entity2071 and @entity4105 in serum and SF were measured by a sandwich ELISA kit. RESULTS: In the @entity4932 -poly group the concentration of @entity2071 was significantly higher than in healthy (p < 0.01), but notfebrile controls. Both @entity2071 and @entity4105 correlated with the active joint count (p < 0.01). In 13 @entity4932 @entity1 no correlanon was found between SF @entity2071 and @entity4105 levels and the SF leucocyte counts. No significant differences were seen in the disease control and @entity4932 groups compared to HC. A significant negative correlation with age was observed for the group as a whole ( @entity2071 : p < 0.05, @entity4105 : p < 0.01); @entity4105 correlated with the leucocyte and thrombocyte counts (p < 0.01), and both molecules with CRP (p < 0.05) and with each other (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A high concentration of soluble @entity2071 in @entity4932 @entity1 with @entity625 is reported here for the first time. None of the @entity1 showed signs of injection or @entity1333 , where generalised endothelial activation could be its main source. Our finding of correlations between both @entity2071 and @entity4105 levels and joint counts supports the hypothesis of their synovial origin. ICAM- I and @entity4105 could serve as a marker of @entity146 , but their predictive value needs to be further studied.

title: Soluble adhesion molecules XXXX and @entity4105 in @entity625 : clinical and laboratory correlations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['polyarticular disease course']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['polyarthritis']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive disease']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['oligoarthritis', 'JIA', 'juvenile idiopathic arthritis', 'JIA-oligo']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity2071 :: (3383,Gene) :: ['ICAM-1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine serum and synovial fluid (SF) concentrations of soluble @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) and @entity4105 ( @entity4105 ) in @entity1 with active @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ) and in paediatric controls and correlate them with clinical and laboratory variables. METHODS: Total of'30 @entity4932 @entity1 were evaluated: 15 with @entity66 ( @entity4932 -poly) and 15 with @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ). Paediatric age-matched control groups consisted of 11 Henoch-Sch  nlein purpura (HSP) and 10 febrile @entity1 (FC) and 28 healthy @entity1 (HC). Current medication, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity1851 (CRP) and full blood count (FBC) were recorded. Soluble @entity2071 and @entity4105 in serum and SF were measured by a sandwich ELISA kit. RESULTS: In the @entity4932 -poly group the concentration of @entity2071 was significantly higher than in healthy (p < 0.01), but notfebrile controls. Both @entity2071 and @entity4105 correlated with the active joint count (p < 0.01). In 13 @entity4932 @entity1 no correlanon was found between SF @entity2071 and @entity4105 levels and the SF leucocyte counts. No significant differences were seen in the disease control and @entity4932 groups compared to HC. A significant negative correlation with age was observed for the group as a whole ( @entity2071 : p < 0.05, @entity4105 : p < 0.01); @entity4105 correlated with the leucocyte and thrombocyte counts (p < 0.01), and both molecules with CRP (p < 0.05) and with each other (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A high concentration of soluble @entity2071 in @entity4932 @entity1 with @entity625 is reported here for the first time. None of the @entity1 showed signs of injection or @entity1333 , where generalised endothelial activation could be its main source. Our finding of correlations between both @entity2071 and @entity4105 levels and joint counts supports the hypothesis of their synovial origin. ICAM- I and @entity4105 could serve as a marker of @entity146 , but their predictive value needs to be further studied.

title: Soluble adhesion molecules @entity2071 and @entity4105 in XXXX : clinical and laboratory correlations.

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['juvenile arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine serum and synovial fluid (SF) concentrations of soluble @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) and @entity4105 ( @entity4105 ) in @entity1 with active @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ) and in paediatric controls and correlate them with clinical and laboratory variables. METHODS: Total of'30 @entity4932 @entity1 were evaluated: 15 with @entity66 ( @entity4932 -poly) and 15 with @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ). Paediatric age-matched control groups consisted of 11 Henoch-Sch  nlein purpura (HSP) and 10 febrile @entity1 (FC) and 28 healthy @entity1 (HC). Current medication, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity1851 (CRP) and full blood count (FBC) were recorded. Soluble @entity2071 and @entity4105 in serum and SF were measured by a sandwich ELISA kit. RESULTS: In the @entity4932 -poly group the concentration of @entity2071 was significantly higher than in healthy (p < 0.01), but notfebrile controls. Both @entity2071 and @entity4105 correlated with the active joint count (p < 0.01). In 13 @entity4932 @entity1 no correlanon was found between SF @entity2071 and @entity4105 levels and the SF leucocyte counts. No significant differences were seen in the disease control and @entity4932 groups compared to HC. A significant negative correlation with age was observed for the group as a whole ( @entity2071 : p < 0.05, @entity4105 : p < 0.01); @entity4105 correlated with the leucocyte and thrombocyte counts (p < 0.01), and both molecules with CRP (p < 0.05) and with each other (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A high concentration of soluble @entity2071 in @entity4932 @entity1 with @entity625 is reported here for the first time. None of the @entity1 showed signs of injection or @entity1333 , where generalised endothelial activation could be its main source. Our finding of correlations between both @entity2071 and @entity4105 levels and joint counts supports the hypothesis of their synovial origin. ICAM- I and @entity4105 could serve as a marker of @entity146 , but their predictive value needs to be further studied.

title: Soluble adhesion molecules @entity2071 and XXXX in @entity625 : clinical and laboratory correlations.

answer: @entity4105 :: (6401,Gene) :: ['E-selectin']


abstract: In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemically the time-course alterations in @entity172 receptor alpha (ER) expression and cell proliferating activity in the developing uteri of Donryu @entity35 exposed neonatally to a high dose @entity44116 (OP), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). OP-treatment (sc injections of 100 mg/kg, every other day from postnatal days 1 to 15) induced an early and enhanced ER expression in the luminal epithelium compared with age-matched controls from postnatal day (PND) 10, and increased @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ) positive cells up to PND21. At PND28, ER expression in the luminal epithelium of the OP-treated group was decreased, in association with decline in the luminal epithelial areas. PND14, the second week of life, is coincident with the normal time for differentiation when the luminal epithelium invaginates into the stroma to form uterine glands. OP-treatment, however, delayed and inhibited gland-formation, and suppressed ER expression in the @entity7944 at this time. These results indicate that ER expression in these sites is strongly linked with cell proliferating activity. In stromal cells, ER was expressed from PND6 in both groups without any @entity1975 positive cells, but significantly lower values were noted in the OP-treated group up to PND10. Our immunohistochemical investigation did not reveal any abnormalities in expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos, mitotic inhibitor @entity7504 , or epidermal growth factor antigen, although the apoptotic index in the luminal epithelium was slightly increased in the OP-treated group. These results demonstrate neonatal effects of a high dose of OP, already detectable at PND10, with early and enhanced ER expression, resulting in increase of cell proliferative activity in the luminal epithelium, though expression in the glandular epithelium was suppressed in relation to inhibited gland-genesis. The present study thus suggests that neonatal exposure to high doses of EDCs with estrogenic activity can induce abnormal differentiation in the developing @entity35 uteri via abnormal ER expression and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity.

title: Neonatal exposure to XXXX causes abnormal expression of @entity172 receptor alpha and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity in the developing Donryu @entity35 uterus.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity7944 :: ('MESH:C536309', 'Disease') :: ['invaginated-luminal and glandular epithelium']

entities_list: @entity1975 :: ('25737(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PCNA', 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen']

entities_list: @entity44116 :: ('MESH:C105260', 'Chemical') :: ['p-tert-octylphenol']

answer: @entity44116 :: (MESH:C105260,Chemical) :: ['p-tert-octylphenol']


abstract: In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemically the time-course alterations in @entity172 receptor alpha (ER) expression and cell proliferating activity in the developing uteri of Donryu @entity35 exposed neonatally to a high dose @entity44116 (OP), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). OP-treatment (sc injections of 100 mg/kg, every other day from postnatal days 1 to 15) induced an early and enhanced ER expression in the luminal epithelium compared with age-matched controls from postnatal day (PND) 10, and increased @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ) positive cells up to PND21. At PND28, ER expression in the luminal epithelium of the OP-treated group was decreased, in association with decline in the luminal epithelial areas. PND14, the second week of life, is coincident with the normal time for differentiation when the luminal epithelium invaginates into the stroma to form uterine glands. OP-treatment, however, delayed and inhibited gland-formation, and suppressed ER expression in the @entity7944 at this time. These results indicate that ER expression in these sites is strongly linked with cell proliferating activity. In stromal cells, ER was expressed from PND6 in both groups without any @entity1975 positive cells, but significantly lower values were noted in the OP-treated group up to PND10. Our immunohistochemical investigation did not reveal any abnormalities in expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos, mitotic inhibitor @entity7504 , or epidermal growth factor antigen, although the apoptotic index in the luminal epithelium was slightly increased in the OP-treated group. These results demonstrate neonatal effects of a high dose of OP, already detectable at PND10, with early and enhanced ER expression, resulting in increase of cell proliferative activity in the luminal epithelium, though expression in the glandular epithelium was suppressed in relation to inhibited gland-genesis. The present study thus suggests that neonatal exposure to high doses of EDCs with estrogenic activity can induce abnormal differentiation in the developing @entity35 uteri via abnormal ER expression and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity.

title: Neonatal exposure to @entity44116 causes abnormal expression of XXXX receptor alpha and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity in the developing Donryu @entity35 uterus.

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemically the time-course alterations in @entity172 receptor alpha (ER) expression and cell proliferating activity in the developing uteri of Donryu @entity35 exposed neonatally to a high dose @entity44116 (OP), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). OP-treatment (sc injections of 100 mg/kg, every other day from postnatal days 1 to 15) induced an early and enhanced ER expression in the luminal epithelium compared with age-matched controls from postnatal day (PND) 10, and increased @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ) positive cells up to PND21. At PND28, ER expression in the luminal epithelium of the OP-treated group was decreased, in association with decline in the luminal epithelial areas. PND14, the second week of life, is coincident with the normal time for differentiation when the luminal epithelium invaginates into the stroma to form uterine glands. OP-treatment, however, delayed and inhibited gland-formation, and suppressed ER expression in the @entity7944 at this time. These results indicate that ER expression in these sites is strongly linked with cell proliferating activity. In stromal cells, ER was expressed from PND6 in both groups without any @entity1975 positive cells, but significantly lower values were noted in the OP-treated group up to PND10. Our immunohistochemical investigation did not reveal any abnormalities in expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos, mitotic inhibitor @entity7504 , or epidermal growth factor antigen, although the apoptotic index in the luminal epithelium was slightly increased in the OP-treated group. These results demonstrate neonatal effects of a high dose of OP, already detectable at PND10, with early and enhanced ER expression, resulting in increase of cell proliferative activity in the luminal epithelium, though expression in the glandular epithelium was suppressed in relation to inhibited gland-genesis. The present study thus suggests that neonatal exposure to high doses of EDCs with estrogenic activity can induce abnormal differentiation in the developing @entity35 uteri via abnormal ER expression and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity.

title: Neonatal exposure to @entity44116 causes abnormal expression of @entity172 receptor alpha and subsequent alteration of cell proliferating activity in the developing Donryu XXXX uterus.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of a group of Turkish @entity39357 @entity1 who benefited from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and to study which factors this treatment model changes. Twenty-eight couples who applied to Psychiatry Clinic of Hacettepe University Hospital, Ankara, for treatment of @entity39357 within the 6-month period participated in the study. Fourteen subjects quit the therapy after the initial assessment sessions. Other couples successfully completed the treatment. We assessed all the couples that completed the CBT at three times: during the initial session, at the end of the treatment, and during the follow-up session (4 weeks after the end of the treatment). In terms of anxiety levels, and quality of marital and sexual relationships, the characteristics of the couples that quit the therapy could not be identified. But we found that all of the @entity1 were treated effectively by CBT. At the end of the therapy, anxiety levels of the @entity1 decreased. There also were improvements on parameters related to marital harmony and overall sexual functioning of the @entity1 . We discuss the findings of our study within a cultural perspective.

title: Who benefits from cognitive behavioral therapy for XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity39357 :: ('MESH:D052065', 'Disease') :: ['vaginismus']

answer: @entity39357 :: (MESH:D052065,Disease) :: ['vaginismus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The formation of angiotensin-(1-7) from either angiotensin (Ang) I or Ang II in failing @entity1 hearts is not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Angiotensinase activity in left and right ventricular membranes from 14 @entity1000 ( @entity1000 ), 8 @entity120 ( @entity120 ), and 13 nonfailing @entity1 hearts was measured with either 125I-Ang I or 125I-Ang II as substrate. Ang-(1-7)-forming activity from 125I-Ang I was inhibited by @entity12064 . With 125I-Ang II as substrate, Ang-(1-7) formation was inhibited by the @entity15505 -specific inhibitor C16. Western blotting with an anti- @entity15505 antibody confirmed the presence of @entity15505 . Angiotensinase activity with 125I-Ang I as substrate was increased in failing @entity1000 left ventricles (LVs) compared with nonfailing LVs (P<0.001). Ang-(1-7)-forming activity with 125I-Ang II as substrate was increased in both failing LVs and right ventricles (RVs) of @entity1000 hearts and only in failing RVs of @entity120 hearts ( @entity120 LV, 51.12+/-5.25; @entity120 RV, 89.97+/-11.21; @entity1000 LV, 139.7+/-21.96; and @entity1000 RV, 192.7+/-5.43; NF LV, 32.89+/-5.38; NF RV 40.49+/-10.66 fmol/min per milligram (P<0.05 @entity120 RV versus @entity120 LV; P<0.05 @entity120 RV versus NF RV; P<0.001 @entity1000 LV versus NF LV; P<0.001 @entity1000 RV versus NF RV). CONCLUSIONS: Ang-(1-7)-forming activity from both Ang I and Ang II was increased in failing @entity1 heart ventricles but was mediated by at least two different angiotensinases. The first, which demonstrated substrate preference for Ang I, was @entity2282 ( @entity2282 )-like. The second was @entity15505 , as demonstrated by Western blotting and inhibition of activity with C16.

title: Increased angiotensin-(1-7)-forming activity in failing @entity1 heart ventricles: evidence for upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme Homologue XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12064 :: ('MESH:D015244', 'Chemical') :: ['thiorphan']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['PPH', 'primary pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2282 :: ('4311', 'Gene') :: ['NEP', 'neutral endopeptidase']

entities_list: @entity1000 :: ('MESH:C536277', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy', 'IDC']

answer: @entity15505 :: (59272,Gene) :: ['ACE2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The formation of angiotensin-(1-7) from either angiotensin (Ang) I or Ang II in failing @entity1 hearts is not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Angiotensinase activity in left and right ventricular membranes from 14 @entity1000 ( @entity1000 ), 8 @entity120 ( @entity120 ), and 13 nonfailing @entity1 hearts was measured with either 125I-Ang I or 125I-Ang II as substrate. Ang-(1-7)-forming activity from 125I-Ang I was inhibited by @entity12064 . With 125I-Ang II as substrate, Ang-(1-7) formation was inhibited by the @entity15505 -specific inhibitor C16. Western blotting with an anti- @entity15505 antibody confirmed the presence of @entity15505 . Angiotensinase activity with 125I-Ang I as substrate was increased in failing @entity1000 left ventricles (LVs) compared with nonfailing LVs (P<0.001). Ang-(1-7)-forming activity with 125I-Ang II as substrate was increased in both failing LVs and right ventricles (RVs) of @entity1000 hearts and only in failing RVs of @entity120 hearts ( @entity120 LV, 51.12+/-5.25; @entity120 RV, 89.97+/-11.21; @entity1000 LV, 139.7+/-21.96; and @entity1000 RV, 192.7+/-5.43; NF LV, 32.89+/-5.38; NF RV 40.49+/-10.66 fmol/min per milligram (P<0.05 @entity120 RV versus @entity120 LV; P<0.05 @entity120 RV versus NF RV; P<0.001 @entity1000 LV versus NF LV; P<0.001 @entity1000 RV versus NF RV). CONCLUSIONS: Ang-(1-7)-forming activity from both Ang I and Ang II was increased in failing @entity1 heart ventricles but was mediated by at least two different angiotensinases. The first, which demonstrated substrate preference for Ang I, was @entity2282 ( @entity2282 )-like. The second was @entity15505 , as demonstrated by Western blotting and inhibition of activity with C16.

title: Increased angiotensin-(1-7)-forming activity in failing XXXX heart ventricles: evidence for upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme Homologue @entity15505 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several diagnostic strategies using ultrasound imaging, measurement of D-dimer, and assessment of clinical probability of disease have proved safe in @entity1 with suspected @entity1150 , but they have not been compared in randomized trials. METHODS: Outpatients presenting with suspected @entity1150 were potentially eligible. Using a clinical model, physicians evaluated the @entity1 and categorized them as likely or unlikely to have @entity1150 . The @entity1 were then randomly assigned to undergo ultrasound imaging alone (control group) or to undergo D-dimer testing (D-dimer group) followed by ultrasound imaging unless the D-dimer test was negative and the @entity1 was considered clinically unlikely to have @entity1150 , in which case ultrasound imaging was not performed. RESULTS: Five hundred thirty @entity1 were randomly assigned to the control group, and 566 to the D-dimer group. The overall prevalence of @entity1150 or @entity1151 was 15.7 percent. Among @entity1 for whom @entity1150 had been ruled out by the initial diagnostic strategy, there were two confirmed venous @entity1031 in the D-dimer group (0.4 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.05 to 1.5 percent) and six events in the control group (1.4 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 2.9 percent; P=0.16) during three months of follow-up. The use of D-dimer testing resulted in a significant reduction in the use of ultrasonography, from a mean of 1.34 tests per @entity1 in the control group to 0.78 in the D-dimer group (P=0.008). Two hundred eighteen @entity1 (39 percent) in the D-dimer group did not require ultrasound imaging. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1150 can be ruled out in a @entity1 who is judged clinically unlikely to have @entity1150 and who has a negative D-dimer test. Ultrasound testing can be safely omitted in such @entity1 .

title: Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep-vein thrombosis', 'lower-extremity deep-vein thrombosis', 'Deep-vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic events']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep-vein thrombosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite the long-standing clinical assumption that stress and @entity565 morbidity are associated, convincing experimental evidence on mechanisms has been unavailable. A wide range of immunological, endocrinological, and neuronal pathways are known to mediate and modulate a systemic stress response. Interestingly, most of these mediators play a crucial role in initiating and perpetuating symptoms associated with @entity565 . To explore potential mechanisms linking stress to @entity565 exacerbation we developed an animal model that combines allergic airway @entity32 and exposure to stress. METHODS: CBA/J @entity19 were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of @entity10328 (OVA) and challenged with OVA aerosol via the airways. Additionally, some @entity19 were stressed by exposure to an ultrasonic stressor. @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ) was measured in vitro by electric field stimulation (EFS) of tracheal smooth muscle elements. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was obtained and cell numbers determined. Cytokine levels of @entity58 , @entity59 , and @entity60 in BAL were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that exogenously applied stress dramatically enhances airway reactivity in OVA-sensitized and challenged @entity19 . Further, stress significantly increases allergen-induced airway @entity32 identified by increased leukocyte (ie, eosinophil) numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. CONCLUSIONS: We found further evidence that stress can indeed exacerbate @entity1224 and airway @entity32 in an animal model of allergic @entity565 and now introduce a novel @entity19 model to identify stress-triggered pathways, including mediators as neurohormones, neuropeptides, and markers of @entity32 .

title: Stress enhances airway reactivity and airway XXXX in an animal model of allergic @entity565 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['AHR', 'Airway hyperreactivity', 'airway hyperreactivity']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite the long-standing clinical assumption that stress and @entity565 morbidity are associated, convincing experimental evidence on mechanisms has been unavailable. A wide range of immunological, endocrinological, and neuronal pathways are known to mediate and modulate a systemic stress response. Interestingly, most of these mediators play a crucial role in initiating and perpetuating symptoms associated with @entity565 . To explore potential mechanisms linking stress to @entity565 exacerbation we developed an animal model that combines allergic airway @entity32 and exposure to stress. METHODS: CBA/J @entity19 were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of @entity10328 (OVA) and challenged with OVA aerosol via the airways. Additionally, some @entity19 were stressed by exposure to an ultrasonic stressor. @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ) was measured in vitro by electric field stimulation (EFS) of tracheal smooth muscle elements. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was obtained and cell numbers determined. Cytokine levels of @entity58 , @entity59 , and @entity60 in BAL were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that exogenously applied stress dramatically enhances airway reactivity in OVA-sensitized and challenged @entity19 . Further, stress significantly increases allergen-induced airway @entity32 identified by increased leukocyte (ie, eosinophil) numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. CONCLUSIONS: We found further evidence that stress can indeed exacerbate @entity1224 and airway @entity32 in an animal model of allergic @entity565 and now introduce a novel @entity19 model to identify stress-triggered pathways, including mediators as neurohormones, neuropeptides, and markers of @entity32 .

title: Stress enhances airway reactivity and airway @entity32 in an animal model of allergic XXXX .

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma']


abstract: Floating beads were prepared from a @entity14917 solution containing @entity16415 or @entity5993 as gas-forming agents. The solution was dropped to 1% @entity3282 solution containing 10% @entity1543 for @entity515 gas and gel formation. The effects of gas-forming agents on bead size and floating properties were investigated. As gas-forming agents increased, the size and floating properties increased. Bead porosity and volume average pore size, as well as the surface and cross-sectional morphology of the beads were examined with @entity349 porosimetry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. @entity5993 significantly increased porosity and pore diameter than @entity16415 . Incorporation of @entity16415 into alginate solution resulted in smoother beads than those produced with @entity5993 . Gel strength analysis indicated that bead strength decreased with increasing gas-forming agent from 9 to 4 N. Beads incorporating @entity16415 exhibited significantly increased gel strength over control and @entity5993 -containing samples. Release characteristics of @entity8728 as a model drug were studied in vitro. Release rate of @entity8728 increased proportionally with addition of @entity5993 . However, increasing weight ratios of @entity16415 did not appreciably accelerate drug release. The results of these studies indicate that @entity16415 is superior to @entity5993 as a gas forming agent in alginate bead preparations. The enhanced buoyancy and sustained release properties of @entity16415 -containing beads make them an excellent candidate for floating drug dosage systems (FDDS).

title: Preparation of alginate beads for floating drug delivery system: effects of XXXX gas-forming agents.

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['Mercury']

entities_list: @entity14917 :: ('MESH:C008970', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium alginate']

entities_list: @entity8728 :: ('MESH:D012256', 'Chemical') :: ['riboflavin']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity515 :: (CHEBI:29334,Chemical) :: ['CO(2)']


abstract: Here we review and extend a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of @entity170 that identifies @entity172 (E) as the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and E deficiency as the major cause of age-related @entity604 in both sexes. Also, both E and @entity251 (T) are key regulators of skeletal growth and maturation, and E, together with GH and @entity442 , initiate a 3- to 4-yr pubertal growth spurt that doubles skeletal mass. Although E is required for the attainment of maximal peak bone mass in both sexes, the additional action of T on stimulating periosteal apposition accounts for the larger size and thicker cortices of the adult male skeleton. Aging @entity1 undergo two phases of @entity604 , whereas aging @entity1 undergo only one. In @entity1 , the menopause initiates an accelerated phase of predominantly cancellous @entity604 that declines rapidly over 4-8 yr to become asymptotic with a subsequent slow phase that continues indefinitely. The accelerated phase results from the loss of the direct restraining effects of E on bone turnover, an action mediated by E receptors in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In the ensuing slow phase, the rate of cancellous @entity604 is reduced, but the rate of cortical @entity604 is unchanged or increased. This phase is mediated largely by @entity3528 that results from the loss of E actions on extraskeletal @entity460 metabolism. The resultant external @entity460 losses increase the level of dietary @entity460 intake that is required to maintain bone balance. @entity73 due to E deficiency, aging, or both also contributes to the slow phase of @entity604 . Although both serum bioavailable (Bio) E and Bio T decline in aging @entity1 , Bio E is the major predictor of their @entity604 . Thus, both sex @entity230 are important for developing peak bone mass, but E deficiency is the major determinant of age-related @entity604 in both sexes.

title: Sex XXXX and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Impaired osteoblast function']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['involutional osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity3528 :: ('MESH:D006962', 'Disease') :: ['secondary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroids']


abstract: We have previously identified a novel interferon (IFN)-stimulated cis-acting enhancer element, gamma-IFN-activated transcriptional element (GATE). GATE differs from the known IFN-stimulated elements in its primary sequence. Preliminary analysis has indicated that the GATE-dependent transcriptional response requires the binding of novel transacting factors. A cDNA expression library derived from an @entity60 -stimulated @entity19 macrophage cell line was screened with a @entity7263 -labeled GATE probe to identify the potential GATE-binding factors. A cDNA coding for a novel transcription-activating factor was identified. Based on its discovery, we named it as @entity38919 ( @entity38919 ). @entity38919 homologs are present in @entity19 , @entity1 , monkey, and @entity238 . It activates transcription from reporter genes carrying GATE. It possesses a strong transactivating activity but has a weak DNA binding property. @entity38919 is expressed in most tissues with relatively higher steady-state levels in heart, liver, kidney, and brain. Its expression is induced by @entity60 treatment. @entity38919 is present in both cytosolic and nuclear compartments. These studies thus identify a novel transactivating factor in IFN signaling pathways.

title: A novel transactivating factor that regulates XXXX -dependent gene expression.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity60 :: (15978(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interferon-gamma']


abstract: Germline loss-of-function mutations of @entity5010 ( @entity5010 ) gene have been described in families with partial or complete TSH resistance. Large TSH elevations were generally found in the @entity1 with homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations. In this study, we sequenced the entire @entity5010 gene in a series of 10 unrelated @entity1 with slight (6.6-14.9 mU/liter) to moderate (24-46 mU/liter) elevations of serum TSH, associated with definitely normal free thyroid hormone concentrations. Thyroid volume was normal in all @entity1 , except two with a modest @entity509 . @entity1669 was excluded in all @entity1 on the basis of clinical and biochemical parameters. Eight @entity1 had at least one first-degree relative bearing the same biochemical picture. @entity5010 mutations were detected in 4 of 10 cases by analyzing DNA from peripheral leukocytes. A compound heterozygosity ( @entity63875 on maternal allele, and the novel mutation @entity70898 on the paternal one) was found in the @entity1 with the highest TSH levels. Only one @entity5010 allele was mutated in the remaining three cases, and no alterations in @entity5010 gene promoter were detected in all of these probands. A novel mutation ( @entity70899 ) was detected on the maternal allele in one @entity1 and in her monozygotic twin. Previously described inactive mutants, T655Delta and @entity70900 , were detected in the other two cases. When tested on several occasions, circulating TSH values fluctuating above the upper limit of the normal range could be shown in heterozygous subjects of these families. A dominant mode of inheritance of the biochemical alterations was detected in these cases. Mutant TSHRs were studied during transient expression in COS7 and HEK293T cells. Their TSH-independent @entity268 accumulation activities were very low or similar to mock-transfected cells, and no increases were seen after maximal hormone stimulation. Flow cytometry experiments showed a poor level of expression of all mutant TSHRs at the cell membrane. In conclusion, we found several loss-of-function mutations of @entity5010 , including two novel ones, in a series of unrelated @entity1 with slightly elevated TSH levels. Therefore, partial resistance to TSH action is a frequent finding among @entity1 with slight hyperthyrotropinemia of nonautoimmune origin. Germline mutations of @entity5010 may be associated with serum TSH values fluctuating above the upper limit of the normal range, also in the heterozygous state.

title: Germline mutations of XXXX gene as cause of nonautoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity70900 :: ('p|SUB|C|41|S', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['C41S']

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['Autoimmune thyroid disease']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

answer: @entity5010 :: (7253,Gene) :: ['TSH receptor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine lateral perceptual bias, an index of right hemisphere function, and its relation to performance on a standard facial perception test and to clinical variables in a large sample of first episode and chronic @entity161 . BACKGROUND: Judgments made on chimeric faces reliably elicit a perceptual bias to the left hemispace, presumed to be a result of right hemisphere dominance for spatial attention. Recent studies have suggested that this bias is reduced or absent in @entity1 with @entity161 . METHODS: Fifty first-episode and 50 @entity1 with chronic @entity161 and 50 control subjects were given a brief neuropsychologic battery that included a Happy-Sad Chimeric Face test and the Benton Facial Recognition Test. All @entity1 were rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale of @entity161 after 4 weeks of neuroleptic treatment. All were right handed RESULTS: The @entity1 with @entity161 showed a significantly weaker perceptual left hemispatial bias compared with controls. In fact the mean bias was in the opposite direction in the chronic group. There was no correlation between left hemispatial bias and either positive or negative symptoms, current medication dose, or mood. Results from the Benton test revealed a performance deficit among the @entity1 with @entity161 compared with controls but was not correlated with performance on the chimeric faces test in the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm a specific deficit in right hemisphere attentional functions in @entity161 , which is separate from a general impairment in facial processing. The deficit is most marked in chronic @entity1 but further study is required to determine whether this is a consequence of prolonged illness.

title: The perception of emotional chimeric faces in XXXX : further evidence of right hemisphere dysfunction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic', 'Schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: PURPOSE: We characterized the electrical events underlying spontaneous contractions of the stroma of the @entity840 prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Membrane potential of the stroma was recorded using standard electrophysiological recording techniques. The structure of the prostate was viewed using confocal or electron microscopy. RESULTS: In stromal cells spontaneous depolarizing membrane transients (12 mV. in amplitude) occurred at 5 minutes-1 and triggered 1 or more spikes. The membrane potential, and frequency and duration of the potential transients were not affected by the @entity460 channel blocker @entity594 (1 microM. for greater than 5 minutes), or blockers of neuronal propagation ( @entity1022 ), and the effects of cholinergic ( @entity3897 ), adrenergic ( @entity2997 or @entity3159 ) and sensory blockers (capsaicin) of neurotransmission. However, the amplitude of the superimposed spikes was significantly reduced by @entity594 . A network of c-Kit immunoreactive cells was evident in the interstitial layer between the stroma and glandular lined lumen. These prostatic interstitial cells contained many morphological features distinguishing interstitial cells of Cajal, the pacemaker cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Prostatic interstitial cells formed close appositions with each other, with neighboring smooth muscle cells and with varicose axon bundles. CONCLUSIONS: Movement of the contents of the peripheral prostatic acini into the minor and major prostatic ducts is likely to occur via spontaneous contractions triggered by myogenic slow wave activity in the stromal wall. By analogy with the intestine and urethra prostatic interstitial cells may well act as the pacemaker for prostatic slow waves as well as form an intercellular communication network interacting with the intrinsic nerves and stromal cells.

title: Spontaneous slow wave and contractile activity of the XXXX prostate.

entities_list: @entity2997 :: ('MESH:D006145', 'Chemical') :: ['guanethidine']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: The most problematic area in pulmonary oncology is the chemotherapy of @entity1149 and its place in the therapeutic strategy. Chemotherapy based on the earlier alkylating agents worsened survival of NSCLC @entity1 . That was the reason for the nihilistic approach by many colleagues toward chemotherapy in NSCLC. Today this question has been resolved. @entity902 based combined chemotherapy significantly prolongs survival and improves quality of life. Other possibilities are to incorporate the new chemotherapeutic agents ( @entity6023 , @entity136 , @entity1206 , @entity2600 ) into the chemotherapeutic regimens. These agents improve the response rate and the quality of life and can be safely administered in outpatient bases, although in comparison to the earlier agents the survival gain is moderate. In early stages the role of adjuvant chemotherapy is questionable. Chemotherapy, surgery and postoperative irradiation may all have a role in the case of N2 disease.In locally advanced disease the use of radiochemotherapy is recommended. In advanced NSCLC chemotherapy is suggested in good performance status. The author summarises the role of chemotherapy in NSCLC, based on literature and on his own experience.

title: [The big dilemma: the chemotherapy of XXXX ]

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['Irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['Platinum']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['Vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['Gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We describe a new technique for @entity5 repair in which the urethral plate is divided proximally at the time of the first stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 14 @entity1 with proximal @entity2650 associated with severe chordee were operated on using a new staged technique. At the time of the first stage the urethral plate was divided proximally at the level of the hypospadiac meatus. In 8 of 14 @entity1 the intact plate was then incised and tubularized with the Snodgrass technique. In 6 @entity1 the plate was tubularized at the time of the second stage. Correction of chordee was accomplished with dorsal plication and/or corporal body grafting. Byar's flaps were used to fill in the residual gap between the proximal hypospadiac meatus and the newly tubularized neourethra. The transposed flaps in the area of the @entity5331 were then tubularized at the second stage. RESULTS: Followup ranged from 6 months to 3 years. Complications included a proximal pinpoint fistula and diverticulum in 1 case. An additional @entity1 also had formation of a mild diverticulum that has not required surgical revision. No @entity1 have had any evidence of distal urethral stricture formation. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal division of the urethral plate and application of the Snodgrass procedure to the staged repair of @entity2650 have resulted in improved functional and cosmetic results. The major advantage of this new technique is preservation and use of the native urethral plate in the glans and subcoronal area. When complications occur with this technique, they are less severe compared to those of the traditional staged approach.

title: Proximal division of the urethral plate in XXXX repair.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['staged hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5331 :: ('MESH:D014522', 'Disease') :: ['urethral defect']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['staged hypospadias']


abstract: PURPOSE: We present our long-term results in 17 @entity1 with myelomeningocele undergoing autoaugmentation by vesicomyotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgery was performed from 1990 to 1994 on 17 @entity1 with @entity1494 due to @entity3570 . Indications for autoaugmentation included @entity1729 and/or @entity322 secondary to hypperreflexia, hypocompliance or low bladder volume. All @entity1 had failed to respond to conservative medical and pharmacological treatments. Median @entity1 age at surgery was 10.2 years (range 2.2 to 13.2). Outcomes were evaluated retrospectively according to changes in upper tract status, continence and urodynamic parameters. Median clinical and urodynamic followup is 75 months (range 4 to 126). RESULTS: Progressive @entity3041 developed in 5 @entity1 , which required subsequent enterocystoplasty in 4. Of 13 @entity1 8 (62%) remain incontinent. Of the 17 cases 12 (71%) were considered clinical failures on the basis of @entity1729 and/or ongoing @entity322 . There were few clinically significant improvements in urodynamic parameters, as 14 of 15 cases (93%) were considered urodynamic failures on the basis of persistent hypocompliance and/or less than expected gains in safe bladder capacity with somatic growth. CONCLUSIONS: Although short-term reports of autoaugmentation have been promising, they do not appear durable. This procedure cannot be endorsed for the management of congenital @entity1973 .

title: Autoaugmentation by detrusor myotomy: its lack of effectiveness in the management of congenital XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spinal dysraphism']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic bladder']

entities_list: @entity1973 :: ('MESH:D001750', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic bladder']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper tract deterioration']

answer: @entity1973 :: (MESH:D001750,Disease) :: ['neuropathic bladder']


abstract: PURPOSE: We determine whether the finding of a nonpalpable left testis and @entity1184 (2 cc or greater) right testis is predictive of an atrophic (perinatal torsion) left testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospectively, all @entity1 with a nonpalpable left testis and @entity1184 right testis seen between May 2000 and May 2002 were included in the study. Testicular measurement was performed preoperatively with an orchidometer. In 19 of 22 @entity1 size was also confirmed intraoperatively. Surgical exploration was done initially through a scrotal incision. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed in @entity1 in whom intrascrotal tissue that was consistent with a "nubbin" was not found. All tissue removed was submitted for histological evaluation. RESULTS: In 19 of 22 @entity1 tissue was found in the left hemiscrotum that was clinically consistent with a scrotal nubbin, and histological confirmation was absolute in 18. In 1 @entity1 a hollow oval mass attached to a cord extending to the external inguinal ring was found without the other classic histological features of torsion. In 3 cases scrotal exploration was negative and diagnostic laparoscopy was performed. Of this group the pathognomonic findings of a closed internal ring with hypoplastic vas and vessels were noted in 2 cases, and normal vas and vessels were seen to exit an open internal inguinal ring in 1. Inguinal exploration demonstrated an enlarged intracanalicular testis measuring 3 cc in volume, comparable in size to the descended right testicle. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a nonpalpable left testis and an enlarged right testis is highly predictive of perinatal testicular torsion. When both criteria were met 20 of 22 (91%) consecutive @entity1 had histological or laparoscopically confirmed perinatal torsion and 1 had only clinical features. This finding supports the concept of scrotal exploration as the initial procedure in the @entity1 who has an empty left hemiscrotum and @entity1184 descended right testis. Laparoscopy should be reserved for @entity1 in whom a distinct remnant is not found on scrotal exploration.

title: Is an empty left hemiscrotum and XXXX right descended testis predictive of perinatal torsion?

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophied']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'boys', 'patient', 'child']

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['hypertrophied']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) of the kidney is a rare variant that is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. We report our experience with this variety of @entity5 in the last 9 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1993 to 2002, 9 @entity1 with @entity1358 were treated at our institution. The diagnosis of @entity1358 was made by a nephrectomy specimen in 8 cases and by renal biopsy in 1. Tumor characteristics, and @entity1 treatment and outcome are reported. RESULTS: At presentation 1 T1N0M0, 1 T3N0M0, 3 T3N+M0 and 4 T3N+M+ @entity5 were seen. Mean followup was 13.6 months. Five @entity1 received no complementary treatment. The @entity1 with the T1N0M0 @entity5 remained free of disease 13 months after nephrectomy and the one with T3N0M0 @entity5 remained free of disease at 17 months. A @entity1 with a T3N+M+ @entity5 experienced progression at 1 month, local recurrence at 17 months and was then lost to followup. The 2 other @entity1 with T3N+M0 and T3N+M+ disease, respectively, progressed rapidly and were lost to followup after 5 months. One @entity1 with a T3N+M0 @entity5 received immunotherapy and died after 24 months, while the other with T3N+M0 disease was treated with oral @entity617 and died after 5 months. Finally, 2 @entity1 with T3N+M+ disease received chemotherapy, consisting of 1,250 mg/m2 gemcitabine on days 1 and 8, and 70 mg/m2 @entity900 on day 1. Each @entity1 achieved an objective response after 3 chemotherapy cycles and remained disease-free 27 and 9 months after nephrectomy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1358 is an aggressive @entity703 that is often associated with nodal and visceral metastases at presentation. Our data suggest that combined @entity136 and @entity900 chemotherapy may be the best therapeutic option for @entity1 with this @entity5 .

title: XXXX of the kidney: a clinicopathological study of 9 cases.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['CDC', 'Collecting duct carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['variety of kidney neoplasm']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['Collecting duct carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: A combination of nuclear medicine, ultrasound and voiding cystourethrography is typically used to investigate @entity3041 in @entity1 . A major problem is the lack of an accepted gold standard to assess obstruction. In some cases the anatomy is unclear. By combining anatomical and functional information in one study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential of providing superior information regarding @entity3041 . We evaluate the role of dynamic enhanced MRI and compare it to other imaging modalities in the investigation of pediatric @entity3041 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred dynamic contrast enhanced MRIs were performed in 96 @entity1 (35 @entity1 and 61 @entity1 , mean age 4 years [range 1 month to 17 years]). The information from the various imaging modalities was compared. RESULTS: The MRI protocol was acceptable to all families and was performed without complications in all @entity1 . The morphological imaging with MRI was superior to conventional imaging in all cases. The split renal function as calculated by nuclear and MRI scans was compared in 71 cases, and the correlation coefficient was r2 = 0.93. The combination of ultrasound and a nuclear medicine study correlated with the final diagnosis of the MRI in 50 of 64 studies (78%). Of the 14 studies that differed 8 were obstructed on MRI but not on the nuclear studies, and 5 were not obstructed on MRI but were obstructed on the nuclear studies. One @entity1 believed to have @entity4145 on nuclear medicine scan had @entity4145 on MRI. The final diagnoses by MRI were @entity4145 in 26 @entity1 , primary @entity4145 in 14, dilated but not obstructed systems in 35, duplex systems in 13, @entity15740 in 5, unilateral small scarred kidney in 1, acute @entity2885 in 2, renal mass in 1, bilateral @entity8767 in 1 and normal study in 9. Sedation was administered safely without any complications. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI provides equivalent information about renal function but superior information regarding morphology in a single study without ionizing radiation. MRI has the potential to replace the currently used combination of other imaging modalities in the investigation of @entity3041 in @entity1 .

title: A prospective study comparing ultrasound, nuclear scintigraphy and dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity15740 :: ('MESH:D021782', 'Disease') :: ['multicystic dysplastic kidneys']

entities_list: @entity8767 :: ('MESH:D007690', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic kidneys']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity4145 :: ('MESH:C537373', 'Disease') :: ['ureteropelvic junction obstruction', 'ureterovesical junction obstruction']

answer: @entity3041 :: (MESH:D006869,Disease) :: ['hydronephrosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1423 contributes to @entity548 tendency in @entity697 . Particle counting by new laser light-scattering methods more accurately quantifies changes in the number of different-sized platelet aggregates than do conventional optical density methods. We studied @entity1423 kinetics and patterns of aggregation deficiency in acute-phase @entity1580 with laser light scattering. METHODS: Blood from 20 @entity697 @entity1 undergoing surgery was sampled during acute (9.1 +/- 6.8 hours from onset) and chronic (postoperative day 20, control) phases of @entity1580 . Platelet count and aggregability were assessed by optical density and laser light-scattering methods after aggregation was induced (addition of 2.0 microg/mL collagen to samples). RESULTS: Optical density showed significant reduction in acute-phase @entity1423 (acute vs chronic: 65 +/- 27% vs 77 +/- 17%, P <.03). Laser light scattering showed significant reduction in medium (25-50 microm) and large (50-70 microm) but not small aggregate (9-25 microm) generation (acute vs chronic: small, 1.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(7) vs 1.5 +/- 1.0 x 10(7), NS; medium, 0.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) vs 1.1 +/- 0.5 x 10(7), P <.001; large, 1.4 +/- 1.2 x 10(7) vs 2.6 +/- 1.7 x 10(7), P <.001). Acute- versus chronic-phase platelet counts were significantly decreased (1.7 +/- 0.1 x 10(5)/microL vs 3.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(5)/microL, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Platelet aggregation is suppressed in acute-phase @entity1580 . This suppression does not occur in the initial phase of small aggregate formation; rather, it occurs during the conglomeration of small aggregates into larger aggregates.

title: @entity1423 in XXXX evaluated by the laser light-scattering method.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute type A aortic dissection']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['Platelet dysfunction', 'platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissection']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute type A aortic dissection']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1423 contributes to @entity548 tendency in @entity697 . Particle counting by new laser light-scattering methods more accurately quantifies changes in the number of different-sized platelet aggregates than do conventional optical density methods. We studied @entity1423 kinetics and patterns of aggregation deficiency in acute-phase @entity1580 with laser light scattering. METHODS: Blood from 20 @entity697 @entity1 undergoing surgery was sampled during acute (9.1 +/- 6.8 hours from onset) and chronic (postoperative day 20, control) phases of @entity1580 . Platelet count and aggregability were assessed by optical density and laser light-scattering methods after aggregation was induced (addition of 2.0 microg/mL collagen to samples). RESULTS: Optical density showed significant reduction in acute-phase @entity1423 (acute vs chronic: 65 +/- 27% vs 77 +/- 17%, P <.03). Laser light scattering showed significant reduction in medium (25-50 microm) and large (50-70 microm) but not small aggregate (9-25 microm) generation (acute vs chronic: small, 1.2 +/- 0.6 x 10(7) vs 1.5 +/- 1.0 x 10(7), NS; medium, 0.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) vs 1.1 +/- 0.5 x 10(7), P <.001; large, 1.4 +/- 1.2 x 10(7) vs 2.6 +/- 1.7 x 10(7), P <.001). Acute- versus chronic-phase platelet counts were significantly decreased (1.7 +/- 0.1 x 10(5)/microL vs 3.6 +/- 0.3 x 10(5)/microL, P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Platelet aggregation is suppressed in acute-phase @entity1580 . This suppression does not occur in the initial phase of small aggregate formation; rather, it occurs during the conglomeration of small aggregates into larger aggregates.

title: XXXX in @entity697 evaluated by the laser light-scattering method.

answer: @entity1423 :: (MESH:D001791,Disease) :: ['Platelet dysfunction']


abstract: ' @entity5 ' represent a bulge underneath the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract whose etiology cannot be determined by gastrointestinal endoscopy or barium studies. Because many of these lesions do not arise from the submucosa, these abnormalities have been recently referred to as @entity75 . The aim of this review was to assess the value of EUS for the diagnosis and management of suspected @entity75 . Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is currently considered the investigative procedure of choice when a @entity75 has been detected. EUS can determine the intra- or extramural location of the lesion, can differentiate vascular, cystic and solid lesions, and can characterize the layer(s) of origin or ultrasound characteristics (size, borders, homogeneity, anechoic areas or echogenic foci). EUS cannot differentiate exactly between benign and @entity5 , but it can guide fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy or histologic needle biopsies, thus providing samples for cytology or histological analysis. EUS also offers valuable information on the clinical management, and helps to decide whether a lesion should be consequently followed, removed by endoscopy or by surgery. The introduction of EUS and endoscopic submucosal resection (ESMR) clearly changed the management of small @entity75 (less than 3 cm). A clinical decision algorithm was subsequently developed, taking into consideration the information offered by most of the reviews and case reports. However, further prospective studies will have to establish the value and indications of ESMR (used in association with EUS), for the treatment of @entity75 , as compared to surgery and follow-up.

title: Utility of endoscopic ultrasound for the diagnosis and treatment of XXXX of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Submucosal tumors', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['subepithelial lesion', 'subepithelial lesions']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['submucosal tumors']


abstract: @entity2269 ( @entity2269 ) is a benign and unusual form of @entity891 that has been described mostly in @entity1355 -exposed workers. This form of atelectasis manifests as a lung nodule and can be confused with @entity153 upon conventional radiologic examination. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the variation in contrast uptake in computed tomography for the identification of @entity1355 -related @entity2269 in Brazil. Between January 1998 and December 2000, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was performed in 1658 @entity1355 -exposed workers. The diagnosis was made in nine @entity1 based on a history of prior @entity1355 exposure, the presence of characteristic (HRCT) findings and lesions unchanged in size over 2 years or more. In three of them the diagnosis was confirmed during surgery. The dynamic contrast enhancement study was modified to evaluate nodules and pulmonary masses. All nine @entity1 with @entity2269 received @entity6893 contrast according to weight. The average enhancement after @entity6893 contrast was infused, reported as Hounsfield units (HU), increased from 62.5+/-9.7 to 125.4+/-20.7 (P < 0.05), with a mean enhancement of 62.5+/-19.7 (range 40 to 89) and with a uniform dense opacification. In conclusion, in this study all @entity1 with @entity2269 showed contrast enhancement with uniform dense opacification. The main clinical implication of this finding is that this procedure does not permit differentiation between @entity2269 and @entity2 .

title: Identification of rounded atelectasis in workers exposed to XXXX by contrast helical computed tomography.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pulmonary neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity2269 :: ('MESH:D058405', 'Disease') :: ['RA', 'Rounded atelectasis']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['subpleural lung collapse']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']

answer: @entity1355 :: (MESH:D001195,Disease) :: ['asbestos']


abstract: Epidemiological studies have identified a history of @entity542 as a risk factor for @entity195 . However, the neuropathological mechanism underlying this relationship is as yet unclear. Neuronal cytoskeletal changes in the form of @entity3072 and neuropil threads have recently been demonstrated in young @entity1 who had sustained repetitive @entity542 and subsequently died in their 20s. In addition, recent experimental studies have found accumulation of @entity528 and damaged axons following diffuse @entity1545 . We hypothesized that tau-immunoreactive tangles may be present in the brains of @entity1 who died after a single acute blunt @entity542 . A total of 45 cases of fatal @entity542 were immunostained for tau. They comprised nine groups (n=5 for each group) separated by age (0-19 years, 20-50 years, 50+ years) and survival time (<24 h, 24 h-1 week, 1 week-1 month) and were compared with age-matched controls. Subtle alterations in tau immunoreactivity, for example, in oligodendrocytes, were present in some @entity542 cases but not controls. However, @entity3072 did not appear more prevalent after @entity131 ( @entity131 ) when compared with age-matched controls. Although alterations in tau immunoreactivity may occur which warrant further study, @entity3072 were not more prevalent after a single fatal episode of @entity131 .

title: Tau immunohistochemistry in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity3072 :: ('MESH:C536599', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibrillary tangles']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['tau within neuronal somata']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['acute brain injury']


abstract: Many adhesion molecule pathways have been invoked as mediating leukocyte recruitment during immune complex-induced @entity32 . However the individual roles of these molecules have not been identified via direct visualization of an affected microvasculature. Therefore, to identify the specific adhesion molecules responsible for leukocyte rolling and adhesion in immune complex-dependent @entity32 we used intravital microscopy to examine postcapillary venules in the @entity19 cremaster muscle. Wild-type @entity19 underwent an intrascrotal reverse-passive Arthus model of immune complex-dependent @entity32 and subsequently, leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and P- and @entity24780 expression were assessed in cremasteric postcapillary venules. At 4 hours, the reverse-passive Arthus response induced a significant reduction in leukocyte rolling velocity and significant increases in adhesion and emigration. P-selectin expression was increased above constitutive levels whereas @entity24780 showed a transient induction of expression peaking between 2.5 to 4 hours and declining thereafter. While @entity24780 was expressed, rolling could only be eliminated by combined blockade of P- and @entity24780 . However, by 8 hours, all rolling was P-selectin-dependent. In contrast, inhibition of @entity6580 had a minimal effect on leukocyte rolling, but significantly reduced both adhesion and emigration. These observations demonstrate that immune complex-mediated leukocyte recruitment in the cremaster muscle involves overlapping roles for the endothelial selectins and @entity6580 .

title: Overlapping roles of endothelial selectins and XXXX in immune complex-induced leukocyte recruitment in the cremasteric microvasculature.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6580 :: ('22329(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1']

answer: @entity6580 :: (22329(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1']


abstract: The progression of a cell through the cell cycle is promoted by cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), which are positively regulated by cyclins and negatively regulated by CDK inhibitors. D type cyclins interact with @entity8985 and @entity14107 to drive the progression of a cell through early/mid-G(1)in response to mitogen stimulation. The association of cyclin E with @entity15308 forms an active complex in late G(1) that directs entry into S-phase. S-phase progression is directed by the @entity7596 / @entity15308 complex, and the complex of @entity7596 with @entity10610 (also known as @entity10610 ) is important for G(2) phase. Lastly, cyclin B/ @entity10610 complex is necessary for the entry into mitosis. To date only one class of substrates have been identified for cyclinD- @entity8985 and - @entity14107 complexes, those belonging to pRb family of proteins, whereas the list of cyclin E- @entity15308 substrates continues to lengthen. The tight regulation of cyclin E both at the transcriptional level and by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis indicates that it has a major role for the control of G(1)/S transition. The recent identification of key substrates for cyclin E- @entity15308 complex has increased our appreciation of how cyclin E overexpression seen in many @entity1 @entity5 can lead to genomic instability, a feature that leads the @entity5 to a more @entity146 state. In @entity0 , the identification of low molecular weight (LMW) forms of cyclin E generated specifically in @entity5 due to elastase mediated @entity1472 -terminal proteolytic processing opens new possibilities for a targeted treatment of @entity0 . These truncated forms of cyclin E have an increased cyclin E- @entity15308 kinase activity, which correlates in vivo with accelerated entry into S phase. Characterization of the biochemical properties of these LMW forms of cyclin E, in terms of substrate specificity, extent of their inhibition by the CDK inhibitors of the Cip/Kip family, their sensitivity to degradation, as well as elucidating their biological activities in the whole animal, should help us to better understand their role in @entity0 oncogenesis and help provide novels agents to target them.

title: Cyclin E and its low molecular weight forms in @entity1 @entity5 and as targets for XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The progression of a cell through the cell cycle is promoted by cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), which are positively regulated by cyclins and negatively regulated by CDK inhibitors. D type cyclins interact with @entity8985 and @entity14107 to drive the progression of a cell through early/mid-G(1)in response to mitogen stimulation. The association of cyclin E with @entity15308 forms an active complex in late G(1) that directs entry into S-phase. S-phase progression is directed by the @entity7596 / @entity15308 complex, and the complex of @entity7596 with @entity10610 (also known as @entity10610 ) is important for G(2) phase. Lastly, cyclin B/ @entity10610 complex is necessary for the entry into mitosis. To date only one class of substrates have been identified for cyclinD- @entity8985 and - @entity14107 complexes, those belonging to pRb family of proteins, whereas the list of cyclin E- @entity15308 substrates continues to lengthen. The tight regulation of cyclin E both at the transcriptional level and by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis indicates that it has a major role for the control of G(1)/S transition. The recent identification of key substrates for cyclin E- @entity15308 complex has increased our appreciation of how cyclin E overexpression seen in many @entity1 @entity5 can lead to genomic instability, a feature that leads the @entity5 to a more @entity146 state. In @entity0 , the identification of low molecular weight (LMW) forms of cyclin E generated specifically in @entity5 due to elastase mediated @entity1472 -terminal proteolytic processing opens new possibilities for a targeted treatment of @entity0 . These truncated forms of cyclin E have an increased cyclin E- @entity15308 kinase activity, which correlates in vivo with accelerated entry into S phase. Characterization of the biochemical properties of these LMW forms of cyclin E, in terms of substrate specificity, extent of their inhibition by the CDK inhibitors of the Cip/Kip family, their sensitivity to degradation, as well as elucidating their biological activities in the whole animal, should help us to better understand their role in @entity0 oncogenesis and help provide novels agents to target them.

title: Cyclin E and its low molecular weight forms in @entity1 XXXX and as targets for @entity5 therapy.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The progression of a cell through the cell cycle is promoted by cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), which are positively regulated by cyclins and negatively regulated by CDK inhibitors. D type cyclins interact with @entity8985 and @entity14107 to drive the progression of a cell through early/mid-G(1)in response to mitogen stimulation. The association of cyclin E with @entity15308 forms an active complex in late G(1) that directs entry into S-phase. S-phase progression is directed by the @entity7596 / @entity15308 complex, and the complex of @entity7596 with @entity10610 (also known as @entity10610 ) is important for G(2) phase. Lastly, cyclin B/ @entity10610 complex is necessary for the entry into mitosis. To date only one class of substrates have been identified for cyclinD- @entity8985 and - @entity14107 complexes, those belonging to pRb family of proteins, whereas the list of cyclin E- @entity15308 substrates continues to lengthen. The tight regulation of cyclin E both at the transcriptional level and by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis indicates that it has a major role for the control of G(1)/S transition. The recent identification of key substrates for cyclin E- @entity15308 complex has increased our appreciation of how cyclin E overexpression seen in many @entity1 @entity5 can lead to genomic instability, a feature that leads the @entity5 to a more @entity146 state. In @entity0 , the identification of low molecular weight (LMW) forms of cyclin E generated specifically in @entity5 due to elastase mediated @entity1472 -terminal proteolytic processing opens new possibilities for a targeted treatment of @entity0 . These truncated forms of cyclin E have an increased cyclin E- @entity15308 kinase activity, which correlates in vivo with accelerated entry into S phase. Characterization of the biochemical properties of these LMW forms of cyclin E, in terms of substrate specificity, extent of their inhibition by the CDK inhibitors of the Cip/Kip family, their sensitivity to degradation, as well as elucidating their biological activities in the whole animal, should help us to better understand their role in @entity0 oncogenesis and help provide novels agents to target them.

title: Cyclin E and its low molecular weight forms in XXXX @entity5 and as targets for @entity5 therapy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical composite-tissue (hand) transplantation between genetically disparate individuals currently requires potent, nonspecific immunosuppressive agents that are neither completely successful in preventing acute episodes of rejection nor free from complications. The reliance on long-term immunosuppression has prompted this study to achieve donor-specific transplantation tolerance in adult recipients using a nontoxic, nonmyeloablative protocol. METHODS: Fully mismatched, 4- to 6-week-old ACI ( @entity10171 ) and @entity35 Furth (WF) @entity35 were used as donors and recipients, respectively. Recipients were administered @entity24084 -Ig at 2 mg/kg per day (alternate days) in combination with @entity1140 at 1 mg/kg per day (daily) from day 0 through day +10, antilymphocyte serum at 10 mg at day +10 (single dose), and total-body irradiation t 300 cGy (day 0) before bone-marrow transplantation (BMT) (day 0) with 100 x 10(6) T-cell-depleted bone marrow cells. Hindlimb transplants were performed 4 weeks postBMT. Multilineage donor hematopoiesis was determined pre- and posttransplant using flow cytometry. In vitro T-cell responses were evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reactivity assays. RESULTS: @entity24083 blockade in a transplant model of mixed chimerism effectively aborts T-cell clonal expansion in vitro and in vivo, inhibits the development of acute and chronic rejection of vascularized hindlimb allografts in @entity35 (ACI limbs to ACI-->WF chimeras, n=5; WF limbs to ACI-->WF chimeras, n=4), and subsequently leads to long-term survival of allogeneic skin grafts (n=9). Third-party (F344, n=4) transplants were uniformly rejected within 14 days posttransplant. Multilineage donor hematopoiesis was demonstrated pre- and posttransplant. Donor chimerism, present postBMT, increased throughout the study (pretransplant range 2-28%, mean 17%; posttransplant range 5-49%, mean 34%). Transplant recipients maintained full reactivity to respond to third-party antigens without harmful manifestations of @entity2132 . CONCLUSIONS: Although efforts have been made to induce tolerance to composite tissue allografts in adult recipients, thus far, none have succeeded without toxic, myeloablative host preconditioning. Our demonstration that tolerance can be achieved with minimal preconditioning provides a rationale for application to large animals and @entity1 and suggests that although composite tissue allografts may have a significant skin component (and are therefore felt to be highly antigenic), protocols used to induce tolerance to organ transplants may be equally applicable to composite-tissue allotransplantation.

title: Long-term acceptance of composite tissue allografts through mixed chimerism and XXXX blockade.

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

answer: @entity24083 :: (25660(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['CD28']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the tear function and ocular surface alterations in @entity1 with primary @entity8046 before and after treatment with topical @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: We describe seven @entity1 with unilateral @entity8046 treated with 0.04% topical @entity1139 three times daily until full eradication of the lesion. The @entity1 underwent tear and ocular surface examinations including Cochet-Bonnet corneal sensitivity measurements, tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer test, and Rose-Bengal staining before, at the time of resolution of the @entity8046 , and at the final follow-up. Conjunctival impression cytology was performed before treatment and at the last visit. RESULTS: The mean pretreatment corneal sensitivity was 30.3 +/- 7.4 mm and improved to 55 +/- 5 mm at the final visit (P < 0.05). There were no aqueous-deficient eyes. The BUT values and Rose-Bengal staining scores also showed significant improvement at the last follow-up compared with the pretreatment values (P < 0.05). Initial impression cytology specimens showed goblet cell loss, higher grades of @entity1544 , areas of isolated keratinized, binucleated, and actively mitotic disfigured epithelial cells in all @entity1 . The mean goblet cell density and @entity1544 grade were observed to improve significantly at the last visit (P < 0.05). @entity1139 -induced cytologic changes were seen to persist long after cessation of treatment in some @entity1 . All eyes remained free of recurrence and complications during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: We found 0.04% topical @entity1139 treatment tid until full eradication to be effective in the management of @entity8046 . The ocular surface disease of @entity8046 was characterized by disturbance of tear film stability, goblet cell loss, and @entity957 in all @entity1 . Impression cytology proved useful in attaining the diagnosis of @entity8046 , evaluating the effect of treatment, and showing @entity1139 -related long-term changes on the ocular surface.

title: Tear function and ocular surface changes with topical mitomycin ( XXXX ) treatment for primary corneal intraepithelial neoplasia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['increased squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous metaplasia']

answer: @entity1139 :: (CHEBI:27504,Chemical) :: ['MMC']


abstract: The International Prognostic Index (IPI) is widely used for risk stratification of @entity1 with @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ). However, even among @entity1 with low-risk disease, according to the IPI a substantial proportion of @entity1 ultimately succumb to their disease. Using mature population-based data from the Danish Lymphoma Group, we analyzed if prognostic clinical pretreatment factors could be identified in @entity1 with low-risk @entity1892 . One hundred seventy-seven @entity1 , all with a prognostic profile as favorable as possible according to the IPI and treated with @entity4349 -based combination chemotherapy (92%) or loco-regional radiotherapy/surgery (8%) with curative intent were included. The median age was 50 years and 170 achieved complete remission. The median follow-up time was 11 years. Twenty-six @entity1 relapsed, with a median time to relapse of 12.1 months. Overall survival at 5 years and 10 years was 85% and 75%, respectively. Stage II was associated with poor response to treatment (P=0.044). In a multivariate analysis, Stage II (P=0.001) and age >50 years (P=0.043) were independently associated with poor outcome. @entity1 without these adverse factors had an excellent prognosis, with a survival at 5 and 15 years of 90% and 80%, respectively. In contrast, @entity1 with both adverse factors had poor outcome, with survival at 5 and 15 years of 70% and 29%, respectively (P<0.001). The present data suggest that risk stratification of @entity1892 @entity1 with a favorable IPI score can be improved by the simple use of two clinical pretreatment factors.

title: Factors predicting long-term survival in low-risk XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['DLBCL', 'diffuse large B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

answer: @entity1892 :: (MESH:D016393,Disease) :: ['diffuse large B-cell lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the current study, the authors compared the incidence of subsequent primary @entity2 in @entity1 with @entity0 who received radiotherapy as part of their treatment and in those @entity1 who did not. The @entity1 were @entity1 in two large National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) @entity0 trials, B-04 and B-06, which prospectively randomized @entity1 to either undergo surgery alone or to undergo surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. METHODS: The NSABP trial B-04 (1971-1974) randomized @entity1 to undergo radical mastectomy versus total (simple) mastectomy and radiotherapy to the chest wall, axilla, and supraclavicular and internal mammary lymph node areas. For @entity1 with a clinically uninvolved axilla, there was a third randomization arm: total mastectomy without radiotherapy. The B-06 trial (1976-1984) randomized @entity1 between those undergoing total mastectomy versus lumpectomy versus those undergoing lumpectomy and breast irradiation, with all @entity1 undergoing an axillary lymph node dissection. The records of all @entity1 who developed a recurrence in the lung or a new primary @entity2 were reviewed to determine the incidence and laterality of confirmed and probable primary @entity2 . RESULTS: For the 1665 evaluable @entity1 on the NSABP B-04 trial (mean follow-up of 21.4 years), there was a total of 23 subsequent confirmed and probable @entity2 . In those @entity1 who had received comprehensive postmastectomy radiotherapy, there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of these new @entity5 (P = 0.029). With regard to the development of confirmed new primary @entity2 alone, the incidence was statistically significantly increased (P = 0.013) in those @entity1 who had received radiotherapy as part of their treatment, and when confirmed and probable @entity2 were analyzed, there was a strong trend toward a statistically significant increase in those @entity1 who had received radiotherapy (P = 0.066). For the 1850 evaluable @entity1 on the NSABP trial B-06 (mean follow-up of 19.0 years), there was a total of 30 second @entity2 but no increase in either @entity717 of the lung in those @entity1 who had received radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive postmastectomy irradiation of the chest wall and regional lymphatic node areas, with consequent exposure of a greater volume of lung to higher doses as administered in the NSABP B-04 trial compared with postlumpectomy breast irradiation in the NSABP B-06 trial, was associated with an increased incidence of subsequent primary @entity2 , both ipsilateral and contralateral.

title: The incidence of XXXX after surgery for @entity0 with and without postoperative radiotherapy. Results of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) clinical trials B-04 and B-06.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumors', 'ipsilateral lung carcinomas', 'ipsilateral lung carcinoma', 'lung tumor', 'lung carcinoma', 'primary lung carcinomas', 'ipsilateral or contralateral primary lung carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral or contralateral primary tumors']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the current study, the authors compared the incidence of subsequent primary @entity2 in @entity1 with @entity0 who received radiotherapy as part of their treatment and in those @entity1 who did not. The @entity1 were @entity1 in two large National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) @entity0 trials, B-04 and B-06, which prospectively randomized @entity1 to either undergo surgery alone or to undergo surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. METHODS: The NSABP trial B-04 (1971-1974) randomized @entity1 to undergo radical mastectomy versus total (simple) mastectomy and radiotherapy to the chest wall, axilla, and supraclavicular and internal mammary lymph node areas. For @entity1 with a clinically uninvolved axilla, there was a third randomization arm: total mastectomy without radiotherapy. The B-06 trial (1976-1984) randomized @entity1 between those undergoing total mastectomy versus lumpectomy versus those undergoing lumpectomy and breast irradiation, with all @entity1 undergoing an axillary lymph node dissection. The records of all @entity1 who developed a recurrence in the lung or a new primary @entity2 were reviewed to determine the incidence and laterality of confirmed and probable primary @entity2 . RESULTS: For the 1665 evaluable @entity1 on the NSABP B-04 trial (mean follow-up of 21.4 years), there was a total of 23 subsequent confirmed and probable @entity2 . In those @entity1 who had received comprehensive postmastectomy radiotherapy, there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of these new @entity5 (P = 0.029). With regard to the development of confirmed new primary @entity2 alone, the incidence was statistically significantly increased (P = 0.013) in those @entity1 who had received radiotherapy as part of their treatment, and when confirmed and probable @entity2 were analyzed, there was a strong trend toward a statistically significant increase in those @entity1 who had received radiotherapy (P = 0.066). For the 1850 evaluable @entity1 on the NSABP trial B-06 (mean follow-up of 19.0 years), there was a total of 30 second @entity2 but no increase in either @entity717 of the lung in those @entity1 who had received radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Extensive postmastectomy irradiation of the chest wall and regional lymphatic node areas, with consequent exposure of a greater volume of lung to higher doses as administered in the NSABP B-04 trial compared with postlumpectomy breast irradiation in the NSABP B-06 trial, was associated with an increased incidence of subsequent primary @entity2 , both ipsilateral and contralateral.

title: The incidence of @entity2 after surgery for XXXX with and without postoperative radiotherapy. Results of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) clinical trials B-04 and B-06.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is gaining acceptance as a treatment modality for several @entity5 types. However, its use in @entity1 with @entity0 remains investigational. The current study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of treating small @entity0 with RFA and to evaluate the postablation magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRI) and histologic findings. METHODS: @entity1 with core-needle biopsy-proven @entity189 (< 2 cm in greatest dimension) underwent ultrasound-guided RFA under local anesthesia. Surgical excision was undertaken 1-3 weeks later. All @entity1 had breast MRI scans performed before ablation and repeated within 24 hours of surgery. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 completed the treatment and experienced minimal or no discomfort. The mean @entity5 size was 1.2 cm (range, 0.8-1.6 cm). The mean time required for ablation was 13.8 minutes (range, 7-21 minutes). There were no treatment-related complications other than minimal breast ecchymosis. A pre-RFA MRI scan showed enhancing @entity5 in 9 of 10 (90%) @entity1 . A post-RFA MRI scan revealed no residual lesion enhancement in 8 of these 9 @entity1 (89%), and the zone of ablation was demonstrated in all @entity1 . One @entity1 had residual enhancement anteriorly consistent with @entity41 , which was confirmed histologically. Evaluation of the remaining ablated lesions revealed a spectrum of changes ranging from no @entity41 to @entity39 with recognizable malignant cells. Immunostains for @entity10585 /18 were negative in these recognizable malignant cells. CONCLUSIONS: RFA of small @entity0 can be performed under local anesthesia in an office-based setting. A postablation MRI scan appears to predict histologic findings, although @entity5 viability needs to be assessed in a long-term study.

title: Radiofrequency ablation of invasive XXXX followed by delayed surgical excision.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast malignancies']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['coagulation necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['invasive carcinoma']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: Mexico used @entity5979 ( @entity318 ) to control @entity311 until 1999, when it was replaced with @entity316 for mosquito control. Thus, we performed environmental and exposure assessments to @entity318 and @entity316 in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. In Chiapas, samples were obtained at the time when @entity318 was being used in the @entity311 control program, while in Oaxaca, samples were collected 2 years after the final spraying of @entity318 and 2 days after @entity316 application. Mean concentrations of @entity318 and @entity5980 ( @entity5980 ), as measured in whole blood, were 67.8 and 86.7 microg/L for @entity1 living in Chiapas and 27.1 and 60.8 microg/L for adults, respectively. As expected, @entity318 levels were lower 2 years after the final application in Oaxaca (20.4 and 13.2 microg/L for @entity1 and adults, respectively). Sprayers in Chiapas had the highest levels of exposure, with 165.5 and 188.4 microg/L of @entity318 and @entity5980 , respectively. @entity1 living in Chiapas and Oaxaca also had significantly higher blood levels of @entity318 and @entity5980 than those @entity1 living in areas where less @entity318 had been used. @entity316 exposure was assessed only in @entity1 living in Oaxaca; 50% of the exposed group had urinary levels of @entity70901 above the limit of detection (LOD) and 6% had levels above 25 microg/L (five times the LOD), with a negative trend with age (r=-0.33). In Chiapas we found higher @entity318 and @entity5980 levels in soil than in Oaxaca. In the latter location, large amounts of @entity318 and @entity5980 were found in sediment samples and @entity316 was detected in indoor soil samples. Considering the environmental data, the blood level results can be explained by soil/dust ingestion, @entity1 milk ingestion, and consumption of fish and other contaminated foods.

title: Levels of @entity5979 and XXXX in @entity1 and environmental samples in malarious areas of Mexico.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'human', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity5980 :: ('MESH:D003633', 'Chemical') :: ['DDE', 'Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene']

entities_list: @entity70901 :: ('MESH:C017618', 'Chemical') :: ['3-phenoxybenzoic acid']

entities_list: @entity316 :: ('MESH:C017180', 'Chemical') :: ['deltamethrin', 'Deltamethrin']

entities_list: @entity5979 :: ('CHEBI:16130', 'Chemical') :: ['dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane']

answer: @entity316 :: (MESH:C017180,Chemical) :: ['deltamethrin']