abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity4128 ventricular @entity1141 / @entity296 ( @entity4128 /C) is characterized by high incidence of @entity943 . Overt @entity4128 /C is preceded by a subclinical stage with lack of detectable ECG and structural abnormalities. Activation delay is present before structural abnormalities and is a hallmark of arrhythmogenesis. Deformation imaging may unmask activation delay in the subclinical stage. METHODS: Three groups were compared: (1) mutation-positive definite @entity4128 /C- @entity1 fulfilling 2010 Task Force criteria (TFC) (n = 44); (2) asymptomatic mutation carriers not fulfilling TFC and without history of @entity943 (n = 31); and (3) controls (n = 30). All underwent ECG and echocardiographic deformation imaging. As a surrogate for local activation delay the electromechanical interval (EMI) was measured, defined as time between onset-QRS and onset of shortening. Arrhythmic outcome (PVC-count, VT) of asymptomatic mutation carriers was correlated with EMI and ECG TFC. RESULTS: In definite @entity4128 /C- @entity1 , EMI was prolonged in all lateral RV segments. In asymptomatic mutation carriers, prolonged EMI was detected in the subtricuspid area in 14/31. Terminal activation duration >= 55 milliseconds (definition: supporting information) was the only ECG abnormality in this group (8/31). After a mean follow-up of 4.2    3.1 years 10/31 asymptomatic mutation carriers experienced arrhythmic outcome. Prolonged subtricuspid EMI was the only parameter significantly associated with arrhythmogenesis during follow-up. CONCLUSION: In @entity4128 /C- @entity1 , EMI prolongation was present throughout the RV. In asymptomatic mutation carriers, prolonged EMI in the subtricuspid area is often detected without any additional abnormalities. These preliminary results indicate that prolonged EMI is a new parameter unmasking activation delay in the subclinical stage and may contribute to risk stratification.

title: Prolonged Electromechanical Interval Unmasks Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/ XXXX in the Subclinical Stage.

entities_list: @entity4128 :: ('MESH:D019571', 'Disease') :: ['ARVD', 'Arrhythmogenic right']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['Cardiomyopathy']


abstract: In up to 75% of cases, advanced @entity0 @entity1 eventually develop bone metastases with often debilitating skeletal-related events (SREs). Osteoclast inhibitors are commonly used as therapeutic mainstay with clinical studies showing superiority of denosumab over @entity171 (e.g., @entity4381 ) for the prevention of SREs. The present review discusses the adverse event profile of these agents, and addresses the prevention and management of untoward side effects. Adverse events associated with osteoclast inhibitors comprise @entity2530 of the jaw and @entity3747 . @entity3747 is more common with denosumab, particularly in severe @entity8 . During therapy, the appropriate prevention of these adverse events includes close attention to dental health, avoidance of invasive dental procedures, supplementation with @entity460 and @entity560 unless @entity1 are hypercalcemic, and regular monitoring of relevant serum values. Relating to the risk of nephrotoxicity, @entity171 but not denosumab have been incriminated. Therefore, serum @entity1011 levels should be checked prior to each dose of @entity4381 , and in severe @entity8 ( @entity1011 clearance < 30 ml/min) @entity4381 is contraindicated anyway. Acute-phase reactions are particularly linked to @entity171 . Consequently, if these adverse events predominate, switching to denosumab is recommended.

title: Side effects of bone-targeted therapies in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['Hypocalcemia', 'hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity4381 :: ('MESH:C088658', 'Chemical') :: ['zoledronate']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In Chile, mortality from @entity14 ( @entity14 ) has increased rapidly. To help address this issue, the Prevention Project for @entity5 of the Colon and Rectum (PRENEC) program was initiated in 2012 with intensive support from @entity910 ( @entity910 ) in Tokyo, Japan, as part of an international collaboration. METHODS: From June 2012 to July 2014, a total of 10,575 asymptomatic @entity1 were enrolled in PRENEC. @entity1 with positive immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) results or a family history of @entity14 underwent colonoscopy. The colonoscopy results from a similar, previous project in Chile (PREVICOLON) were compared with those from PRENEC. Furthermore, the initial colonoscopies of 1562 @entity1 in PRENEC were analyzed according to whether the colonoscopists were from @entity910 or Chile. RESULTS: The complete colonoscopy, @entity652 , and @entity5 detection rates were 88.0%, 26.7%, and 1.1%, respectively, in PREVICOLON, while the corresponding values were 94.4%, 41.8%, and 6.0%, respectively, in PRENEC. In PRENEC, 107 cases of @entity14 were detected, amounting for 1.0% of all @entity1 . Considering initial colonoscopies in PRENEC, the complete colonoscopy, @entity652 , and @entity5 detection rates were 97.4%, 45.3%, and 9.3%, respectively, for physicians at @entity910 and 93.3%, 41.5%, and 5.1%, respectively for Chilean physicians. The detection rates of @entity5 were 7.3% and 3.7%, respectively, for @entity910 and Chilean physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Quality indicators of colonoscopy substantially improved from PREVICOLON to PRENEC. The assessments made by Chilean physicians alone were improved in PRENEC, but remained better in the @entity910 group. Moreover, physicians from @entity910 detected more CRCs than Chilean physicians, especially at earlier stages. @entity5 2015.    2015 American @entity5 Society.

title: International collaboration between Japan and Chile to improve detection rates in XXXX screening.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intramucosal cancer', 'cancer', 'Neoplasia', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['TMDU', 'Tokyo Medical and Dental University']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma detection']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In @entity263 , reactive @entity26 species (ROS) are elevated and @entity141 signaling is impaired. Thus, several novel therapeutic strategies have been developed to target  altered ROS and @entity141 signaling pathways in @entity263 . Here, we investigate alterations of intracellular @entity141 and inhibition of cell viability caused by ROS in primary @entity1 prostate epithelial cells (hPECs) from healthy tissue and @entity263 cell lines (LNCaP, DU145, and @entity11620 ). In hPECs, LNCaP and DU145 @entity5568 induces an initial @entity141 increase, which in @entity263 cells is blocked at high concentrations of @entity5568 . Upon depletion of intracellular @entity141 stores, store-operated @entity141 entry (SOCE) is activated. SOCE channels can be formed by hexameric @entity7011 channels; however, @entity7011 can form heteromultimers with its homolog, @entity40031 . Since the redox sensor of @entity7011 ( @entity2569 -195) is absent in @entity40031 , the @entity7011 / @entity40031 ratio in T  cells determines the redox sensitivity of SOCE and cell viability. In @entity263 cells, SOCE is blocked at lower concentrations of @entity5568 compared with hPECs. An analysis of data from hPECs, LNCaP, DU145, and @entity11620 , as well as previously published data from naive and effector TH cells, demonstrates a strong correlation between the @entity7011 / @entity40031 ratio and the SOCE redox sensitivity and cell viability. Therefore, our data support the concept that store-operated @entity141 channels in hPECs and @entity263 cells are heteromeric @entity7011 / @entity40031 channels with an increased @entity7011 / @entity40031 ratio in cells derived from @entity263 @entity5 . In addition, ROS-induced alterations in @entity141 signaling in @entity263 cells may contribute to the higher sensitivity of these cells to ROS.

title: Differential Redox Regulation of XXXX Signaling and Viability in Normal and Malignant Prostate Cells.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca(2+)']


abstract: @entity35 @entity45697 @entity11 cells were grown on a sponge foam matrix in an organ culture system and the cell cycle parameters, including the growth fraction (GF), were assessed after autoradiography. The zones of growth consisted of a compact upper layer (UL) at the gaseous interface, a central @entity39 and a deeper lower layer (LL) which invaded the matrix. The fraction of continuously labeled mitoses (FCLM) was similar in both the UL and LL cells. The derivatives of the FCLM curves obtained in three experiments gave an average modal TG2 of 5 hr. A mathematical model relating GF, TG2, TC and labeling index as a function of time, @entity3162 (t), was devised for cells in a steady state exposed continuously to tritiated @entity1014 and was applied to data obtained from UL cells. A mean GF of 9% (range: 8-10%) and a mean cell cycle time (TC') of 27 hr (range: 13-47 hr) were obtained. The mean @entity1950 was calculated to be 11 hr (range: 8-16 hr) by the method of grain counts per mitotic figure or grain index (GI). Knowledge of @entity1950 permitted alternative calculation of the cell cycle time from the equation Ts/TC = @entity3162 (0)/GF:this gave a mean cell cycle time (TC") of 29 hr (range: 20-45hr). Except for the GF, the cell kinetics were comparable to those of the same cell line grown in monolayer culture. The GF in the in vitro system described is in the lower range reported in some @entity1 @entity11 in vivo.

title: @entity35 XXXX @entity11 cells maintained in an organ culture system: a study of kinetic parameters.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic layer']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'malignant gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

answer: @entity45697 :: (24237(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['C-6']


abstract: @entity35 @entity45697 @entity11 cells were grown on a sponge foam matrix in an organ culture system and the cell cycle parameters, including the growth fraction (GF), were assessed after autoradiography. The zones of growth consisted of a compact upper layer (UL) at the gaseous interface, a central @entity39 and a deeper lower layer (LL) which invaded the matrix. The fraction of continuously labeled mitoses (FCLM) was similar in both the UL and LL cells. The derivatives of the FCLM curves obtained in three experiments gave an average modal TG2 of 5 hr. A mathematical model relating GF, TG2, TC and labeling index as a function of time, @entity3162 (t), was devised for cells in a steady state exposed continuously to tritiated @entity1014 and was applied to data obtained from UL cells. A mean GF of 9% (range: 8-10%) and a mean cell cycle time (TC') of 27 hr (range: 13-47 hr) were obtained. The mean @entity1950 was calculated to be 11 hr (range: 8-16 hr) by the method of grain counts per mitotic figure or grain index (GI). Knowledge of @entity1950 permitted alternative calculation of the cell cycle time from the equation Ts/TC = @entity3162 (0)/GF:this gave a mean cell cycle time (TC") of 29 hr (range: 20-45hr). Except for the GF, the cell kinetics were comparable to those of the same cell line grown in monolayer culture. The GF in the in vitro system described is in the lower range reported in some @entity1 @entity11 in vivo.

title: @entity35 @entity45697 XXXX cells maintained in an organ culture system: a study of kinetic parameters.

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: @entity35 @entity45697 @entity11 cells were grown on a sponge foam matrix in an organ culture system and the cell cycle parameters, including the growth fraction (GF), were assessed after autoradiography. The zones of growth consisted of a compact upper layer (UL) at the gaseous interface, a central @entity39 and a deeper lower layer (LL) which invaded the matrix. The fraction of continuously labeled mitoses (FCLM) was similar in both the UL and LL cells. The derivatives of the FCLM curves obtained in three experiments gave an average modal TG2 of 5 hr. A mathematical model relating GF, TG2, TC and labeling index as a function of time, @entity3162 (t), was devised for cells in a steady state exposed continuously to tritiated @entity1014 and was applied to data obtained from UL cells. A mean GF of 9% (range: 8-10%) and a mean cell cycle time (TC') of 27 hr (range: 13-47 hr) were obtained. The mean @entity1950 was calculated to be 11 hr (range: 8-16 hr) by the method of grain counts per mitotic figure or grain index (GI). Knowledge of @entity1950 permitted alternative calculation of the cell cycle time from the equation Ts/TC = @entity3162 (0)/GF:this gave a mean cell cycle time (TC") of 29 hr (range: 20-45hr). Except for the GF, the cell kinetics were comparable to those of the same cell line grown in monolayer culture. The GF in the in vitro system described is in the lower range reported in some @entity1 @entity11 in vivo.

title: XXXX @entity45697 @entity11 cells maintained in an organ culture system: a study of kinetic parameters.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: Meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate whether zero-profile anchored spacer (Zero-P) could reduce complication rates, while maintaining similar clinical outcomes compared to plate-cage construct (PCC) in the treatment of @entity4720 . METHODS: All prospective and retrospective comparative studies published up to May 2015 that compared the clinical outcomes of Zero-P versus PCC in the treatment of @entity4720 were acquired by a comprehensive search in PubMed and EMBASE. Exclusion criteria were non-English studies, noncomparative studies, hybrid surgeries, revision surgeries, and surgeries with less than a 12-month follow-up period. The main end points including Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) and @entity717 ( @entity717 ) scores, cervical @entity1515 , fusion rate, subsidence, and @entity1282 were analyzed. All studies were analyzed with the RevMan 5.2.0 software. Publication biases of main results were examined using Stata 12.0. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis. No statistical difference was observed with regard to preoperative or postoperative JOA and @entity717 scores, cervical @entity1515 , and fusion rate. The Zero-P group had a higher subsidence rate than the PCC group (P<0.05, risk difference =0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00-0.26). However, the Zero-P group had a significantly lower postoperative @entity1282 rate than the PCC group within the first 2 weeks (P<0.05, odds ratio [OR] =0.64, 95% CI 0.45-0.91), at the 6th month [P<0.05, OR =0.20, 95% CI 0.04-0.90], and at the final follow-up time [P<0.05, OR =0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.45]. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggested that surgical treatments of single or multiple levels of @entity4720 using Zero-P and PCC were similar in terms of JOA score, @entity717 score, cervical @entity1515 , and fusion rate. Although the Zero-P group had a higher subsidence rate than the PCC group, Zero-P had a lower postoperative @entity1282 rate and might have a lower adjacent-level ossification rate.

title: Comparison of zero-profile anchored spacer versus plate-cage construct in treatment of XXXX with regard to clinical outcomes and incidence of major complications: a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Neck Disability Index', 'NDI']

entities_list: @entity4720 :: ('MESH:D055009', 'Disease') :: ['cervical spondylosis']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity4720 :: (MESH:D055009,Disease) :: ['cervical spondylosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulmonary metastasectomies are performed for a variety of @entity5 , though few reports have examined their merit for @entity135 . This study examined the relationship between clinical and pathological characteristics and survival after resection of lung metastases of these @entity5 . METHODS: Between 1986 and 2013, 34 @entity1 presenting with pulmonary metastases of primary @entity135 underwent surgical resections at our institution. We retrospectively analyzed their clinical and pathological characteristics and the @entity1 ' survival after metastasectomy in search of adverse prognostic factors. RESULTS: The primary sites of @entity5 were: the tongue in eight @entity1 , the pharynx and salivary glands each in seven, the larynx in five, and miscellaneous sites in seven @entity1 . @entity957 ( @entity957 ) was present in 19, @entity2347 in 10, and other diagnoses in five @entity1 . The median disease-free interval (DFI) between the initial surgery and the metastasectomies was 40 months. The overall five-year survival rate was 57.9%, and median survival time was 77 months. By single variable analysis, a DFI of  <=26 months, age >= 60 years, and histology of @entity957 were predictors; by multiple variable analysis, a short DFI (P = 0.018) and older age (P = 0.046) remained independent predictors of poor clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Young age and a long DFI are factors in favor of pulmonary metastasectomy after surgical treatment of primary @entity135 .

title: Survival predictors after resection of lung metastases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head or neck cancers', 'head and neck cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['SCC', 'Squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head or neck cancers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Approximately, 1 in 3 @entity1 in dermatology settings has @entity146 comorbidity. Thus, we conducted a survey in @entity233 to explore the awareness, knowledge, practicing patterns, and attitudes of dermatologists toward @entity74 . METHOD: The questionnaire-based study was performed from @entity3490 , 2013, to May 20, 2013. Study @entity1 included 115 dermatologists. The questionnaire consisted of 9 multiple-choice questions and 2 open-ended questions. RESULTS: Of the 115 dermatologists in the study, 38 were @entity1 and 77 were @entity1 . More than 85% of dermatologists indicated that they examine > 30 @entity1 per week in their practice, while only 2% saw < 10 @entity1 per week. The most frequent @entity558 associated with @entity146 involvement seen by dermatologists was acne (49.1%). The top 3 diagnoses referred by dermatologists to psychiatrists were @entity1569 (42.6%), @entity1665 areata (38.2%), and @entity111 (27.8%). CONCLUSIONS: A need for collaboration between primary care, psychiatry, and dermatology disciplines in handling @entity1 with psychocutaneous conditions is widely accepted. Investigating the knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of dermatologists about @entity74 might contribute to the development of new educational strategies and elicit qualified biopsychosocial approaches.

title: Psychodermatology: Knowledge, Awareness, Practicing Patterns, and Attitudes of Dermatologists in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['dermatologic condition']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['psychocutaneous disorders']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: There are no specific antivirals designed for many @entity1800 . @entity14572 pranobex (PI) is a @entity19311 that is involved in a wide variety of intracellular biochemical processes. The mechanism of action in @entity1 body is still unclear but numerous studies have demonstrated that this drug inhibits viral replication and exhibit pleiotropic effect. We evaluated in vitro effect of @entity14572 pranobex (PI) on replication of @entity1 viruses: @entity15609 viruses ( @entity38545 , @entity38545 ), entroviruses A (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses C (HAdV-2, HAdV-5). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, cytotoxic effect of @entity14572 pranobex was assessed using A549 cell line exposed to different concentrations of compound (PI: 50-800 ig/mL) for 48 hours. @entity137 effect of @entity14572 pranobex was assessed visually using light, inverted microscopy Olympus CK2 under 400x magnification and by the @entity98 colorimetric assay. Antiviral effect was estimated according to the reduction of virus titer. The yield reduction assay (YRA), which evaluates the ability of the PI (50-800   g/mL) to inhibit virus multiplication in cell cultures, was applied. The @entity778 was evaluated 48 h after infection ofA549 cell cultures with viruses by means of light, inverted microscopy. The Reed-Muench statistical method was used to determine the 50% end point (IC50) (yield reduction assay, YRA) in the presence of @entity14572 pranobex with the controlled one. RESULTS: There were no morphological changes, as assessed visually, in cell cultures treated with PI. @entity98 @entity137 assay confirmed microscopic observations. The viability of cells in the presence of the tested compounds was average 98, 36 %. After conducting the experiments and analyzing the results we noticed that higher concentrations of PI strongly inhibited multiplication of all viruses. PI weakly reduced the titer of infectious enteroviruses and @entity38545 as compared with the control. Adenoviruses showed the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of PI, however, increasing concentrations of PI up to 800   g /ml slightly enhanced the antiviral activity of 400   g/ml PI. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that @entity14572 pranobex shows no cytotoxic activity on the A549 cell line. In conducted study was observed that adenoviruses (HAdV-2 and HAdV-5) and @entity38545 have the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of @entity14572 pranobex from all tested viral strains.

title: [Inosine pranobex - cytotoxic activities and effect of on replication of @entity1 XXXX viruses ( @entity38545 , @entity38545 ), entroviruses (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses (HAdV-2, HAdV-5) in vitro].

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['cytopathic effect of the virus']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxic', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity14572 :: ('MESH:D007288', 'Chemical') :: ['Inosine', 'inosine']

entities_list: @entity15609 :: ('MESH:D018184', 'Disease') :: ['parainfluenza']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity19311 :: ('CHEBI:26394', 'Chemical') :: ['purine nucleoside']

answer: @entity15609 :: (MESH:D018184,Disease) :: ['parainfluenza']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: There are no specific antivirals designed for many @entity1800 . @entity14572 pranobex (PI) is a @entity19311 that is involved in a wide variety of intracellular biochemical processes. The mechanism of action in @entity1 body is still unclear but numerous studies have demonstrated that this drug inhibits viral replication and exhibit pleiotropic effect. We evaluated in vitro effect of @entity14572 pranobex (PI) on replication of @entity1 viruses: @entity15609 viruses ( @entity38545 , @entity38545 ), entroviruses A (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses C (HAdV-2, HAdV-5). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, cytotoxic effect of @entity14572 pranobex was assessed using A549 cell line exposed to different concentrations of compound (PI: 50-800 ig/mL) for 48 hours. @entity137 effect of @entity14572 pranobex was assessed visually using light, inverted microscopy Olympus CK2 under 400x magnification and by the @entity98 colorimetric assay. Antiviral effect was estimated according to the reduction of virus titer. The yield reduction assay (YRA), which evaluates the ability of the PI (50-800   g/mL) to inhibit virus multiplication in cell cultures, was applied. The @entity778 was evaluated 48 h after infection ofA549 cell cultures with viruses by means of light, inverted microscopy. The Reed-Muench statistical method was used to determine the 50% end point (IC50) (yield reduction assay, YRA) in the presence of @entity14572 pranobex with the controlled one. RESULTS: There were no morphological changes, as assessed visually, in cell cultures treated with PI. @entity98 @entity137 assay confirmed microscopic observations. The viability of cells in the presence of the tested compounds was average 98, 36 %. After conducting the experiments and analyzing the results we noticed that higher concentrations of PI strongly inhibited multiplication of all viruses. PI weakly reduced the titer of infectious enteroviruses and @entity38545 as compared with the control. Adenoviruses showed the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of PI, however, increasing concentrations of PI up to 800   g /ml slightly enhanced the antiviral activity of 400   g/ml PI. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that @entity14572 pranobex shows no cytotoxic activity on the A549 cell line. In conducted study was observed that adenoviruses (HAdV-2 and HAdV-5) and @entity38545 have the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of @entity14572 pranobex from all tested viral strains.

title: [Inosine pranobex - cytotoxic activities and effect of on replication of @entity1 @entity15609 viruses ( XXXX , @entity38545 ), entroviruses (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses (HAdV-2, HAdV-5) in vitro].

answer: @entity38545 :: (11212,Species) :: ['HPIV-2']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: There are no specific antivirals designed for many @entity1800 . @entity14572 pranobex (PI) is a @entity19311 that is involved in a wide variety of intracellular biochemical processes. The mechanism of action in @entity1 body is still unclear but numerous studies have demonstrated that this drug inhibits viral replication and exhibit pleiotropic effect. We evaluated in vitro effect of @entity14572 pranobex (PI) on replication of @entity1 viruses: @entity15609 viruses ( @entity38545 , @entity38545 ), entroviruses A (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses C (HAdV-2, HAdV-5). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, cytotoxic effect of @entity14572 pranobex was assessed using A549 cell line exposed to different concentrations of compound (PI: 50-800 ig/mL) for 48 hours. @entity137 effect of @entity14572 pranobex was assessed visually using light, inverted microscopy Olympus CK2 under 400x magnification and by the @entity98 colorimetric assay. Antiviral effect was estimated according to the reduction of virus titer. The yield reduction assay (YRA), which evaluates the ability of the PI (50-800   g/mL) to inhibit virus multiplication in cell cultures, was applied. The @entity778 was evaluated 48 h after infection ofA549 cell cultures with viruses by means of light, inverted microscopy. The Reed-Muench statistical method was used to determine the 50% end point (IC50) (yield reduction assay, YRA) in the presence of @entity14572 pranobex with the controlled one. RESULTS: There were no morphological changes, as assessed visually, in cell cultures treated with PI. @entity98 @entity137 assay confirmed microscopic observations. The viability of cells in the presence of the tested compounds was average 98, 36 %. After conducting the experiments and analyzing the results we noticed that higher concentrations of PI strongly inhibited multiplication of all viruses. PI weakly reduced the titer of infectious enteroviruses and @entity38545 as compared with the control. Adenoviruses showed the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of PI, however, increasing concentrations of PI up to 800   g /ml slightly enhanced the antiviral activity of 400   g/ml PI. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that @entity14572 pranobex shows no cytotoxic activity on the A549 cell line. In conducted study was observed that adenoviruses (HAdV-2 and HAdV-5) and @entity38545 have the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of @entity14572 pranobex from all tested viral strains.

title: [Inosine pranobex - cytotoxic activities and effect of on replication of @entity1 @entity15609 viruses ( @entity38545 , XXXX ), entroviruses (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses (HAdV-2, HAdV-5) in vitro].

answer: @entity38545 :: (11212,Species) :: ['HPIV-4']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: There are no specific antivirals designed for many @entity1800 . @entity14572 pranobex (PI) is a @entity19311 that is involved in a wide variety of intracellular biochemical processes. The mechanism of action in @entity1 body is still unclear but numerous studies have demonstrated that this drug inhibits viral replication and exhibit pleiotropic effect. We evaluated in vitro effect of @entity14572 pranobex (PI) on replication of @entity1 viruses: @entity15609 viruses ( @entity38545 , @entity38545 ), entroviruses A (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses C (HAdV-2, HAdV-5). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, cytotoxic effect of @entity14572 pranobex was assessed using A549 cell line exposed to different concentrations of compound (PI: 50-800 ig/mL) for 48 hours. @entity137 effect of @entity14572 pranobex was assessed visually using light, inverted microscopy Olympus CK2 under 400x magnification and by the @entity98 colorimetric assay. Antiviral effect was estimated according to the reduction of virus titer. The yield reduction assay (YRA), which evaluates the ability of the PI (50-800   g/mL) to inhibit virus multiplication in cell cultures, was applied. The @entity778 was evaluated 48 h after infection ofA549 cell cultures with viruses by means of light, inverted microscopy. The Reed-Muench statistical method was used to determine the 50% end point (IC50) (yield reduction assay, YRA) in the presence of @entity14572 pranobex with the controlled one. RESULTS: There were no morphological changes, as assessed visually, in cell cultures treated with PI. @entity98 @entity137 assay confirmed microscopic observations. The viability of cells in the presence of the tested compounds was average 98, 36 %. After conducting the experiments and analyzing the results we noticed that higher concentrations of PI strongly inhibited multiplication of all viruses. PI weakly reduced the titer of infectious enteroviruses and @entity38545 as compared with the control. Adenoviruses showed the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of PI, however, increasing concentrations of PI up to 800   g /ml slightly enhanced the antiviral activity of 400   g/ml PI. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that @entity14572 pranobex shows no cytotoxic activity on the A549 cell line. In conducted study was observed that adenoviruses (HAdV-2 and HAdV-5) and @entity38545 have the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of @entity14572 pranobex from all tested viral strains.

title: [Inosine pranobex - cytotoxic activities and effect of on replication of XXXX @entity15609 viruses ( @entity38545 , @entity38545 ), entroviruses (CA16, EV71) and adenoviruses (HAdV-2, HAdV-5) in vitro].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1661 continues to be a major cause of @entity130 admissions all over the world and contributes significantly to high morbidity and mortality. A descriptive prospective study was conducted at Bugando Medical Centre in north-western Tanzania to describe our experience on the management of @entity1661 outlining the causes, injury characteristics and treatment outcome of these @entity1 . Statistical data analysis was done using SPSS programme. A total of 396 @entity1 were studied. Male to female ratio was 3.2: 1. The median age was 28 years. More than three quarter of @entity1 sustained blunt @entity3511 . Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were the most common cause of injury accounting for 64.9% of cases. None of our @entity1 received any pre-hospital care. The spleen was the most common injured organ in blunt @entity1661 occurring in 176 (75.9%) @entity1 , while in penetrating @entity344 was the most common in 24 (10.3%) @entity1 . One hundred twenty-four (31.3%) @entity1 had associated extra- @entity3511 of which the head/neck region (46.8%) was commonly affected. A total of 232 (58.6%) @entity1 were treated surgically with a negative laparotomy rate of 7.8%. Complication and mortality rates were 20.7% and 17.9% respectively. The age of @entity1 , presence of associated extra- @entity3511 , severity of injury (Kampala Trauma Score II  <= 6), admission Systolic Blood Pressure < 90mnHg, injury-arrival time > 24 hours and presence of postoperative complications mainly surgical site infections significantly predicted mortality (p < 0.001). The overall median length of hospital stay was 12 days. @entity1 who had severe @entity130 (KTS II  <= 6) and those with associated @entity130 stayed longer in the hospital (p < 0.001). @entity1661 resulting from RTAs is still rampant in our environment and remains a major source of morbidity and mortality. Preventive strategies should be focused on reduction of road traffic accidents, violent crimes and social conflicts.

title: XXXX experience over a two-year period at a tertiary hospital in north-western Tanzania: a prospective review of 396 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma', 'Abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['injury; gastrointestinal tract']

entities_list: @entity3511 :: ('MESH:D000007', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1661 :: (MESH:D000008,Disease) :: ['Abdominal trauma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity356 studies show improved survival for Asians but have not reported stage-specific @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) or @entity66 ( @entity66 ) by race. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was queried for cases of @entity356 between 1998 and 2008. We evaluated @entity1349 and @entity66 by race and stage. Number of assessed lymph nodes was compared among surgical @entity1 . Of 49,058 @entity1 with complete staging data, 35,300 were white, 7709 were Asian, and 6049 were black. Asians had significantly better @entity1349 for all stages (P < 0.001) and significantly better @entity66 for Stages I (P < 0.0001) and II (P = 0.0006). As compared with blacks, whites had significantly better @entity66 for Stages I (P < 0.0001), II (P = 0.0055), III (P = 0.0165), and IV (P < 0.0001). Among the 28,133 (57%) surgical @entity1 , average number of evaluated lymph nodes was highest for Asians (P < 0.0001). Among surgical @entity1 with 15 or more nodes evaluated, @entity66 was worse in blacks with Stage I disease (P < 0.05). Blacks with @entity356 have a worse @entity66 , which disappears when surgical treatment includes adequate lymphadenectomy. Race-associated survival differences for @entity356 might simply reflect variations in surgical staging techniques and socioeconomic factors.

title: Race Influences Stage-specific Survival in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['Gastric adenocarcinoma', 'gastric adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['DSS', 'disease-specific survival']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['Gastric Cancer']


abstract: In a series of 50 @entity1 with @entity2649 who have undergone the procedure of neural arch resection, the @entity1 were predominantly in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Females exceeded males 3:2. Long histories and previous surgical treatment were characteristic, with unilateral symptoms predominating. However, physical examination demonstrated the reverse, i.e., bilateral signs and @entity66 . Lumbosacral radiographs suggested the stenotic condition and myelography was corroborative. The definitive test was axial tomography. Neural arch resection removes, bilaterally, the spinous processes, laminae, articular processes and the pedicles, if the latter are hypertrophied or narrowly placed. Resection must be accomplished at all levels of disease for optimum results. Fusion has not been required. Half of the group of 50 totally disabled @entity1 have been returned to full function and comfort, one-fourth to perform acts of daily living with some @entity158 , and one-fourth remain disabled. Complications include @entity281 in six and one case of postoperative spondylolisthesis. Neural arch resection is a procedure for the management of @entity2649 and its elemental categories. The results indicate at least a 50% expectation of return to function in comfort, provided that the principles of surgery as to extent and @entity66 at all levels are followed, and that the @entity1 participate in a back rehabilitation and conditioning program.

title: Neural arch resection for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['removal of disease', 'multisegmental disease']

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar stenosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

answer: @entity2649 :: (MESH:C563613,Disease) :: ['lumbar spinal stenosis']


abstract: @entity5132 is an opportunistic dimorphic fungus that inhabits various host mucosal sites. It can cause both superficial and serious @entity262 . Conversion from the @entity375 to the hyphal form has been associated with increased virulence and mucosal invasiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity3522 and @entity117 on germs tube formation of different @entity5132 strains. @entity2918 may play an important role in fungal colonization. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes. These drugs specifically block the biosynthesis of @entity1 prostaglandins by inhibiting one or both of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes. In tests for germ tube formation @entity3522 reduced the filamentation to the 12.5%- 5.1%. In the presence of @entity117 the filamentation was reduced up to 85-45% depending on the tested strain. Our results suggest that cyclooxygenase-depending synthesis of fungal @entity2918 is important for morphogenesis and fungal virulence. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase isoensymes ( @entity117 and @entity3522 ) are effective in decreasing germ tube formation of @entity5132 .

title: Treatment with some anti-inflammatory drugs reduces germ tube formation in XXXX strains.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity3522 :: ('MESH:D004008', 'Chemical') :: ['diclofenac', 'sodium diclofenac']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins', 'Prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans']

answer: @entity5132 :: (5476,Species) :: ['Candida albicans']


abstract: Andr   Lwoff, Jacques Monod, and Fran  ois Jacob, the leaders of the French school of molecular biology, greatly contributed between 1937 and 1965 to its development and triumph. The main discovery of Lwoff was the elucidation of the mechanism of bacteriophage induction, the phenomenon of lysogeny, that led to the model of genetic regulation uncovered later by Jacob and Monod. Working on bacterial growth, Monod discovered in 1941 the phenomenon of diauxy and uncovered the nature of enzyme induction. By combining genetic and biochemical approaches, Monod brought to light the structure and functions of the @entity526 @entity1132 system, comprising the genes necessary for @entity1132 metabolism, i.e., b-galactosidase and @entity1132 permease, a pump responsible for accumulation of @entity46272 into the cells. An additional genetic factor (the i gene) determines the inducibility and constitutivity of enzyme synthesis. Around the same time, Fran  ois Jacob and Elie Wollman dissected the main events of bacterial conjugation that enabled them to construct a map of the @entity526 chromosome and to demonstrate its circularity. The genetic analysis of the @entity1132 system led Monod and Jacob to elucidate the mechanism of the regulation of gene expression and to propose the operon model: a unit of coordinate transcription. One of the new concepts that emerged from the operon model was messenger RNA. In 1963, Monod developed one of the most elegant concepts of molecular biology, the theory of allostery. In 1965, Lwoff, Monod and Jacob were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

title: XXXX and the French School of Molecular Biology.

entities_list: @entity46272 :: ('MESH:D005697', 'Chemical') :: ['galactosides']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Amblyopia is an acquired @entity3641 caused by abnormal visual experience that occurs during childhood. Since early diagnosis is important in preventing further irreparable effects, the aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of @entity4457 screening in @entity1 . METHODS: Data from the @entity4457 screening program in the Welfare Department of Bandar Abbas during 2011-2012 were used. Suspected cases were referred to specialists in the Optometry clinic for screening purposes. Subsequently, @entity1 who suffered from strabismus, @entity4457 , or @entity2516 were referred to ophthalmologists. SPSS version16 was used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Of the 16,599 @entity1 examined in 2012, 2486 suspected cases of @entity4457 were diagnosed and 168 being diagnosed with @entity4457 after visit with ophthalmologist. The prevalence rate of @entity4457 was 1.01%. In 2011, of 17,733 cases, 2013 @entity1 were diagnosed as suspected cases and 171 @entity1 were diagnosed to be amblyopic finally. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity4457 in this study was 0.96% and 1.01% in years 2011 and 2012 respectively, which was consistent with the results of studies in other countries. By considering the importance of diagnosing the prevalence of @entity4457 on time in preschool and in order to prevent @entity1 s @entity4064 or @entity1939 in future, it is essential to increase the quality of the examinations that are conducted by the trainers.

title: Amblyopia screening in XXXX in Bandar Abbas (Iran) during 2011-2012.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive errors']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity4064 :: ('MESH:D015354', 'Disease') :: ['low vision']

entities_list: @entity3641 :: ('MESH:D003117', 'Disease') :: ['defect of vision']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare outcomes of early tracheostomy ( <=10 days after translaryngeal intubation) with late tracheostomy (> 10 days after translaryngeal intubation) in @entity3124 @entity1 with prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV). METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from inception to April 2014. We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared early tracheostomy (ET) with late tracheostomy (LT) in @entity3124 @entity1 . There was no language restriction. Two authors extracted data and conducted a quality assessment. Meta-analyses using the fixed-effects or random-effects model were conducted for mortality, incidence of @entity2489 ( @entity2489 ), duration of MV and sedation, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. RESULTS: We enrolled nine studies, in which a total of 2040 @entity1 were randomized to either ET group (N=1018) or LT group (N=1022). ET might reduce the duration of sedation (weighted mean difference [WMD]=-5.99 days; 95% confidence intervals [CI]=-11.41- -0.57 days; p=0.03). ET did not significantly alter the mortality (relative risk [RR]=0.88; 95% CI=0.76-1.00; p=0.06), incidence of @entity2489 (RR=0.84; 95% CI=0.66-1.08; p=0.17), duration of MV (WMD=-4.46 days; 95% CI=-12.61-3.69 days; p=0.28) and length of ICU stay (WMD=-7.57 days; 95% CI=-15.42-0.29 days; p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggested that ET might be able to reduce the duration of sedation but did not significantly alter the mortality, incidence of @entity2489 , duration of MV and length of ICU stay.

title: Early Versus Late XXXX @entity1 : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity2489 :: ('MESH:D053717', 'Disease') :: ['VAP', 'ventilator-associated pneumonia']

answer: @entity3124 :: (MESH:D016638,Disease) :: ['Tracheostomy in Critically Ill']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare outcomes of early tracheostomy ( <=10 days after translaryngeal intubation) with late tracheostomy (> 10 days after translaryngeal intubation) in @entity3124 @entity1 with prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV). METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from inception to April 2014. We included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared early tracheostomy (ET) with late tracheostomy (LT) in @entity3124 @entity1 . There was no language restriction. Two authors extracted data and conducted a quality assessment. Meta-analyses using the fixed-effects or random-effects model were conducted for mortality, incidence of @entity2489 ( @entity2489 ), duration of MV and sedation, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. RESULTS: We enrolled nine studies, in which a total of 2040 @entity1 were randomized to either ET group (N=1018) or LT group (N=1022). ET might reduce the duration of sedation (weighted mean difference [WMD]=-5.99 days; 95% confidence intervals [CI]=-11.41- -0.57 days; p=0.03). ET did not significantly alter the mortality (relative risk [RR]=0.88; 95% CI=0.76-1.00; p=0.06), incidence of @entity2489 (RR=0.84; 95% CI=0.66-1.08; p=0.17), duration of MV (WMD=-4.46 days; 95% CI=-12.61-3.69 days; p=0.28) and length of ICU stay (WMD=-7.57 days; 95% CI=-15.42-0.29 days; p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggested that ET might be able to reduce the duration of sedation but did not significantly alter the mortality, incidence of @entity2489 , duration of MV and length of ICU stay.

title: Early Versus Late @entity3124 XXXX : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1 and experimental @entity694 are enhanced by a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Pharmacologically driven chemopreventive agents and dietary variables are hypothesized to have future roles in the prevention of @entity694 by targeting these processes. The current study was designed to determine the ability of dietary lyophilized strawberries to inhibit inflammation-promoted @entity694 in a preclinical animal model. @entity19 were given a single i.p. injection of azoxymethane (10 mg kg-1 body weight). One week after injection, @entity19 were administered 2% (w/v) dextran sodium sulfate in drinking water for seven days and then an experimental diet containing chemically characterized lyophilized strawberries for the duration of the bioassay. @entity19 fed control diet, or experimental diet containing 2.5%, 5.0% or 10.0% strawberries displayed @entity5 incidence of 100%, 64%, 75% and 44%, respectively (p < 0.05). The mechanistic studies demonstrate that strawberries reduced expression of proinflammatory mediators, suppressed nitrosative stress and decreased phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, @entity1994 , extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa B. In conclusion, strawberries target proinflammatory mediators and oncogenic signaling for the preventive efficacies against @entity694 in @entity19 . This works supports future development of fully characterized and precisely controlled functional foods for testing in @entity1 clinical trials for this disease.

title: Strawberry Phytochemicals Inhibit Azoxymethane/Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Crj: CD-1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinogenesis', 'colon cancer']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare postnatal outcomes in pregnancies managed expectantly after previable preterm @entity4942 ( @entity4942 ) in relation to amniotic fluid volume. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed in 92 @entity1 with amniotic fluid leakage for more than a week after previable preterm @entity4942 (gestational age 14 1/7-24 0/7 weeks) who delivered a liveborn neonate at or after 24 1/7 weeks of gestation from 2002 to 2014. Short-term ( @entity295 , @entity1779 , @entity989 , @entity649 , @entity2107 ) and long-term ( @entity306 and @entity245 ) outcomes were compared between @entity1 with (n=58) and without persistent @entity2906 (n=34), defined as maximal vertical pocket less than 2 cm or amniotic fluid index less than 5 cm. We analyzed discrete data using the    or Fisher's exact test and continuous variables using Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test. We also performed multivariable analyses. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in survival rate at discharge (44/58 [75.9%] compared with 34/34 [100%], P=.001) and @entity245 at a median age of 4 years after performing multiple regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 70.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9-1,719.9, P=.009) between @entity1 with persistent @entity2906 and @entity1 with normal amniotic fluid volume. A multiple regression analysis, performed to control for confounders, revealed that gestational age at delivery (adjusted OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.7, P=.008) and breech presentation (adjusted OR 90.8, 95% CI 2.2-3,778.1, P=.018) were significant factors affecting survival of @entity1 with persistent @entity2906 . CONCLUSION: The postnatal survival rate after previable preterm @entity4942 was lower and @entity245 more frequent in @entity1 with persistent @entity2906 than in @entity1 with normal amniotic fluid volume. Even so, most neonates born alive after previable preterm @entity4942 and persistent @entity2906 survived to discharge and were developmentally normal. The overall survival rate was higher than in previous studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

title: Short-Term and Long-Term Postnatal Outcomes of Expectant Management After Previable Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes With and Without Persistent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'children']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity2107 :: ('MESH:D001997', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopulmonary dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity2906 :: ('MESH:D016104', 'Disease') :: ['oligohydramnios']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy of prematurity']

entities_list: @entity4942 :: ('MESH:D005322', 'Disease') :: ['premature rupture of membranes', 'PROM']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity2906 :: (MESH:D016104,Disease) :: ['Oligohydramnios']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: All medical staff and travellers to the Arabian Peninsula should be aware of a new epidemic caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which has emerged in the Arabian Peninsula (2012), secondary cases have been seen in Africa, Europe, Asia and the United States. It seems likely that the outbreak will continue with sporadic adventive cases occurring outside the Middle East, including Poland. Polish medical literature on MERS-CoV is rather scant. Therefore, the article describes etiology, epidemiology, symptoms and diagnostic methods of MERS-CoV @entity281 which are available in Poland. Selected cases of @entity1 infected with MERS-CoV are also presented followed by preventive methods. Comparisons between MERS-CoV and @entity6723 -CoV are briefly described. Epidemiological and genetic studies point at zoonotic transmission of MERS-CoV from @entity20770 and possibly bats. Infection is characterized by severe @entity1576 with a high fatality rate and the ability to spread from @entity1 to @entity1 ; health care-associated outbreaks have been described. No known vaccine or antiviral therapy has been developed for MERS. The diagnosis is made by demonstrating the MERS-CoV in lower respiratory secretions by RT PCR. General hygiene measures such as regular hand washing before and after touching animals and avoiding contact with sick animals in the epidemic areas, should be adhered to. Health-care workers should always apply standard precautions consistently with all @entity1 , regardless of their diagnosis due to non-specific symptoms of MERS-CoV in the early stage of @entity281 .

title: [Etiological, epidemiological and clinical aspects of coronavirus XXXX MERS-CoV].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory failure']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The optimal management of @entity174 remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the radiographic and functional outcomes of 318 @entity1 who underwent k-wire fixation or volar plating for @entity174 of the distal radius. @entity1 were aged between 20 and 65 years and followed for a mean of 32 months. The mean values for volar tilt, radial inclination, radial length and ulnar variance were all significantly better in the volar plate group. Malunion occurred in 13.2% of @entity1 undergoing k-wiring and 4% of @entity1 treated with a volar plate (p<0.007). Higher values for radial inclination, radial length and volar tilt correlated with better functional outcome as measured by disabilities of the arm shoulder and hand (DASH) and @entity1 rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) scores. Lower values for ulnar variance correlated with better functional outcome. Although volar plate treatment resulted in a superior radiological outcome, there was no evidence that this translated into a superior functional outcome (DASH 13.12 vs. 11.25, p=0.28) (PRWE 17.56 vs. 16.31, p=0.69). The k-wiring procedure remains a suitable inexpensive option for simple @entity174 . Volar plating should be reserved for complex @entity174 that cannot be reduced by closed means.

title: Volar plate versus k-wire fixation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'distal radius fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['distal radius fractures']


abstract: 1. The responses to stimulation of the sciatic and saphenous nerves have been studied in 65 pairs of spinal dorsal horn neurons simultaneously recorded at the L2 and L5-L6 lumbar segments of the @entity35 's spinal cord. The neurons were recorded in anesthetized and paralyzed animals. 2. Five- or seven-barreled micropipettes were utilized for recording and for the application of drugs with iontophoresis or micropressure techniques. The drugs used were: @entity1026 , as a selective antagonist at @entity2228 receptors; @entity5542 and @entity1024 ( @entity143 ), as agonists at excitatory glutamatergic receptors; @entity2228 , as an agonist at the inhibitory @entity2228 receptor; and the local anesthetic @entity3303 , as a reversible local conduction blocker both in the periphery and in the spinal cord. 3. All neurons had cutaneous receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw. Neurons responding exclusively to saphenous stimulation in L2 and to sciatic stimulation in L5-L6 were selected for this study. The responses consisted of bursts of > or = 5 spikes, often partially inserted in a field potential, with latencies of 5.0 +/- 1.1 (SD) and 5.2 +/- 1.2 ms, respectively. The thresholds of stimulation and the response latencies were controlled to be stable throughout the experiments. 4. Eighty-five percent (29 of 35) of the neurons tested in L5-L6 exhibited responses to saphenous stimulation during @entity1026 microejection in the recorded neurons. The neurons became again unresponsive to saphenous stimulation shortly after the end of @entity1026 ejection. 5. All the neurons tested in L5-L6 (n = 14) showed a significant increase in background activity and remained unresponsive to saphenous stimulation during @entity2227 microejection on the recorded neurons. 6. All the neurons tested in L5-L6 (n = 17) showed responses to saphenous stimulation after sciatic nerve block with local anesthetic. The responses to saphenous stimulation disappeared after the effect of local anesthetic ceased. 7. All the neurons tested in L5-L6 (n = 6), in @entity35 with a @entity1930 , showed a reversible increase in the background activity during @entity143 microejection in the spinal saphenous area at L2. 8. In @entity35 with a @entity1930 , the responses evoked in L5-L6 neurons (n = 12) by saphenous stimulation were reduced both in field potential amplitude and in number of spikes during microejection of @entity2228 , and were suppressed during microejection of @entity3303 in the spinal saphenous area in L2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Evidence that inhibitory mechanisms mask inappropriate somatotopic connections in the spinal cord of normal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1026 :: ('MESH:D013331', 'Chemical') :: ['strychnine']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity5542 :: ('CHEBI:64243', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['local block of the sciatic nerve']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Until recently, the inability to demonstrate neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve preoperatively resulted in surgery being offered only in cases of severe @entity4254 ( @entity4254 ), frequently after a prolonged trial of medical treatment and following less invasive procedures, despite the fact that posterior fossa microvascular decompression gives long-term @entity158 relief in 80% to 90% of cases. To assess whether @entity2850 of the nerve could be demonstrated preoperatively, high definition magnetic resonance tomographic angiography (MRTA) was performed in 50 consecutive @entity1 , five of whom had bilateral @entity4254 , prior to posterior fossa surgery. The imaging results were compared with the operative findings in all @entity1 , including two @entity1 who underwent bilateral exploration. Vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve was identified in 42 of 45 @entity1 with unilateral symptoms and on both sides in four @entity1 with bilateral @entity4254 . In the last @entity1 with bilateral @entity4254 , neurovascular compression was identified on one side, and on the other side the compressing superior cerebellar artery was separated from the nerve by a sponge placed during previous surgery. There was full agreement regarding the presence or absence of neurovascular compression demonstrated by MRTA in 50 of 52 explorations, but MRTA misclassified four vessels compressing the trigeminal nerve as arteries rather than veins. In two cases, there was disagreement between the surgical and MRTA findings. In the first of these cases, surgery revealed distortion of the nerve at the pons by a vein that MRTA had predicted to lie 6 mm remote from this point. In the second @entity1 , venous compression was missed; however, this @entity1 was investigated early in the series and did not have @entity2287 -enhanced imaging. In nine cases, MRTA correctly identified neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve by two arteries. Moreover, MRTA successfully guided surgical reexploration in one @entity1 in whom a compressing vessel was missed during earlier surgery and also prompted exploration of the posterior fossa in two @entity1 with @entity15 and one @entity1 with @entity5108 , in whom neurovascular compression was identified preoperatively. It is concluded that MRTA is an extremely sensitive and specific method for demonstrating @entity2850 in @entity4254 . As a result, open surgical procedures can be recommended with confidence, and microvascular decompression is now the treatment of choice for @entity4254 at the authors' unit. They propose MRTA as the definitive investigation in such @entity1 in whom surgery is contemplated.

title: Demonstration of neurovascular compression in XXXX with magnetic resonance imaging. Comparison with surgical findings in 52 consecutive operative cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5108 :: ('MESH:D002607', 'Disease') :: ['Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4254 :: ('MESH:D014277', 'Disease') :: ['TGN', 'trigeminal neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['vascular compression']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity4254 :: (MESH:D014277,Disease) :: ['trigeminal neuralgia']


abstract: To reveal the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of feeding, the levels of @entity1130 ( @entity5581 ), a metabolite of @entity750 , in the striatum and the @entity2339 were continuously monitored by an in vivo microdialysis technique. Intake of 20% casein diet did not induce significant changes in the @entity5581 level in these regions. When @entity35 were fed on 5% casein diet (83.5% @entity1735 diet) for 2 h, the level of @entity5581 in the striatum gradually increased and reached a maximum (226 +/- 44% of basal level, M +/- SEM, n = 7) at 4 h after stopping the diet. In the medial @entity2339 , its level also increased to 183 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. On the other hand, a 60% casein diet increased the level of @entity5581 in the lateral @entity2339 to 138 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. The intravenous infusion of each of these nutrients, @entity413 , @entity535 mixture or lipid, produced more rapid elevation of the @entity5581 level than oral intake of the diets. When @entity35 were infused with @entity413 , its level in the striatum continued to be elevated. In the medial @entity2339 , @entity413 infusion increased @entity5581 to the maximum (189 +/- 38%, n = 7) at 4 h after starting infusion. In contrast, serotonergic neurons in the lateral @entity2339 seemed to respond only to infusion of the @entity535 mixture, and the level of @entity5581 reached 163 +/- 14% (n = 5) of the basal level at 1 h after starting the infusion. These results suggest that rapid elevation of @entity413 or @entity1522 may independently stimulate @entity750 metabolism in these brain areas, participating in the feedback regulation of nutrient intake.

title: XXXX and @entity413 differentially increased extracellular @entity1130 in the @entity35 brain.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1130 :: ('CHEBI:27823', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['Amino acids']


abstract: To reveal the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of feeding, the levels of @entity1130 ( @entity5581 ), a metabolite of @entity750 , in the striatum and the @entity2339 were continuously monitored by an in vivo microdialysis technique. Intake of 20% casein diet did not induce significant changes in the @entity5581 level in these regions. When @entity35 were fed on 5% casein diet (83.5% @entity1735 diet) for 2 h, the level of @entity5581 in the striatum gradually increased and reached a maximum (226 +/- 44% of basal level, M +/- SEM, n = 7) at 4 h after stopping the diet. In the medial @entity2339 , its level also increased to 183 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. On the other hand, a 60% casein diet increased the level of @entity5581 in the lateral @entity2339 to 138 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. The intravenous infusion of each of these nutrients, @entity413 , @entity535 mixture or lipid, produced more rapid elevation of the @entity5581 level than oral intake of the diets. When @entity35 were infused with @entity413 , its level in the striatum continued to be elevated. In the medial @entity2339 , @entity413 infusion increased @entity5581 to the maximum (189 +/- 38%, n = 7) at 4 h after starting infusion. In contrast, serotonergic neurons in the lateral @entity2339 seemed to respond only to infusion of the @entity535 mixture, and the level of @entity5581 reached 163 +/- 14% (n = 5) of the basal level at 1 h after starting the infusion. These results suggest that rapid elevation of @entity413 or @entity1522 may independently stimulate @entity750 metabolism in these brain areas, participating in the feedback regulation of nutrient intake.

title: @entity1522 and @entity413 differentially increased extracellular XXXX in the @entity35 brain.

answer: @entity1130 :: (CHEBI:27823,Chemical) :: ['5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid']


abstract: To reveal the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of feeding, the levels of @entity1130 ( @entity5581 ), a metabolite of @entity750 , in the striatum and the @entity2339 were continuously monitored by an in vivo microdialysis technique. Intake of 20% casein diet did not induce significant changes in the @entity5581 level in these regions. When @entity35 were fed on 5% casein diet (83.5% @entity1735 diet) for 2 h, the level of @entity5581 in the striatum gradually increased and reached a maximum (226 +/- 44% of basal level, M +/- SEM, n = 7) at 4 h after stopping the diet. In the medial @entity2339 , its level also increased to 183 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. On the other hand, a 60% casein diet increased the level of @entity5581 in the lateral @entity2339 to 138 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. The intravenous infusion of each of these nutrients, @entity413 , @entity535 mixture or lipid, produced more rapid elevation of the @entity5581 level than oral intake of the diets. When @entity35 were infused with @entity413 , its level in the striatum continued to be elevated. In the medial @entity2339 , @entity413 infusion increased @entity5581 to the maximum (189 +/- 38%, n = 7) at 4 h after starting infusion. In contrast, serotonergic neurons in the lateral @entity2339 seemed to respond only to infusion of the @entity535 mixture, and the level of @entity5581 reached 163 +/- 14% (n = 5) of the basal level at 1 h after starting the infusion. These results suggest that rapid elevation of @entity413 or @entity1522 may independently stimulate @entity750 metabolism in these brain areas, participating in the feedback regulation of nutrient intake.

title: @entity1522 and XXXX differentially increased extracellular @entity1130 in the @entity35 brain.

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: To reveal the role of serotonergic neurons in the regulation of feeding, the levels of @entity1130 ( @entity5581 ), a metabolite of @entity750 , in the striatum and the @entity2339 were continuously monitored by an in vivo microdialysis technique. Intake of 20% casein diet did not induce significant changes in the @entity5581 level in these regions. When @entity35 were fed on 5% casein diet (83.5% @entity1735 diet) for 2 h, the level of @entity5581 in the striatum gradually increased and reached a maximum (226 +/- 44% of basal level, M +/- SEM, n = 7) at 4 h after stopping the diet. In the medial @entity2339 , its level also increased to 183 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. On the other hand, a 60% casein diet increased the level of @entity5581 in the lateral @entity2339 to 138 +/- 19% (n = 10) at 2 h after starting the diet. The intravenous infusion of each of these nutrients, @entity413 , @entity535 mixture or lipid, produced more rapid elevation of the @entity5581 level than oral intake of the diets. When @entity35 were infused with @entity413 , its level in the striatum continued to be elevated. In the medial @entity2339 , @entity413 infusion increased @entity5581 to the maximum (189 +/- 38%, n = 7) at 4 h after starting infusion. In contrast, serotonergic neurons in the lateral @entity2339 seemed to respond only to infusion of the @entity535 mixture, and the level of @entity5581 reached 163 +/- 14% (n = 5) of the basal level at 1 h after starting the infusion. These results suggest that rapid elevation of @entity413 or @entity1522 may independently stimulate @entity750 metabolism in these brain areas, participating in the feedback regulation of nutrient intake.

title: @entity1522 and @entity413 differentially increased extracellular @entity1130 in the XXXX brain.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and force generating capacity occurs with aging. @entity19 are commonly used in the study of aging-associated changes in muscle size and strength, with most models of aging demonstrating 15-35% reductions in muscle mass, cross-sectional area ( @entity33110 ), maximum isometric force production (Po) and specific force (sPo), which is Po/ @entity33110 . The lumbrical muscle of the @entity19 forepaw is exceptionally small, with corresponding short diffusion distances that make it ideal for in vitro pharmacological studies and measurements of contractile properties. However, the aging-associated changes in lumbrical function have not previously been reported. To address this, we tested the hypothesis that compared to adult (12month old) @entity19 , the forepaw lumbrical muscles of old (30month old) @entity19 exhibit aging-related declines in size and force production similar to those observed in larger limb muscles. We found that the forepaw lumbricals were composed exclusively of fibers with type II myosin heavy chain isoforms, and that the muscles accumulated connective tissue with aging. There were no differences in the number of fibers per whole-muscle cross-section or in muscle fiber @entity33110 . The whole muscle @entity33110 in old @entity19 was increased by 17%, but the total @entity33110 of all muscle fibers in a whole-muscle cross-section was not different. No difference in Po was observed, and while sPo normalized to total muscle @entity33110 was decreased in old @entity19 by 22%, normalizing Po by the total muscle fiber @entity33110 resulted in no difference in sPo. Combined, these results indicate that forepaw lumbrical muscles from 30month old @entity19 are largely protected from the aging-associated declines in size and force production that are typically observed in larger limb muscles.

title: XXXX forepaw lumbrical muscles are resistant to age-related declines in force production.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mouse']


abstract: @entity9847 , also termed 'glycogen storage disease @entity196 ', is a @entity121 carbohydrate metabolism caused by @entity74 of the muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP-MM). It is an @entity74 that is caused by mutations in the @entity71660 gene and typically presents with exercise intolerance, i.e. episodes of early exertional @entity1295 frequently accompanied by @entity5925 and @entity9958 . Muscle biopsies from affected individuals contain subsarcolemmal deposits of glycogen. Besides GP-MM, two other GP isoforms have been described: the liver (GP-LL) and brain ( @entity27038 ) isoforms, which are encoded by the @entity36191 and @entity27038 genes, respectively; @entity27038 is the main GP isoform found in @entity1 and @entity35 foetal tissues, including the muscle, although its postnatal expression is dramatically reduced in the vast majority of differentiated tissues with the exception of brain and heart, where it remains as the major isoform. We developed a cell culture model from knock-in @entity9847 @entity19 that mimics the glycogen accumulation and @entity4431 observed in skeletal muscle from individuals with @entity9847 . We treated @entity19 primary skeletal muscle cultures in vitro with sodium valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. After VPA treatment, myotubes expressed @entity27038 and a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen accumulation was also observed. Thus, this in vitro model could be useful for high-throughput screening of new drugs to treat this disease. The immortalization of these primary skeletal muscle cultures could provide a never-ending source of cells for this experimental model. Furthermore, VPA could be considered as a gene-expression modulator, allowing compensatory expression of @entity27038 and decreased glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of individuals with @entity9847 .

title: Sodium valproate increases the brain isoform of glycogen phosphorylase: looking for a compensation mechanism in XXXX using a @entity19 primary skeletal-muscle culture in vitro.

entities_list: @entity4431 :: ('MESH:C566000', 'Disease') :: ['GP-MM deficiency']

entities_list: @entity9958 :: ('MESH:D009212', 'Disease') :: ['myoglobinuria']

entities_list: @entity5925 :: ('MESH:D012206', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyolysis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomic recessive disorder', 'inherited deficiency']

entities_list: @entity9847 :: ('MESH:D006012', 'Disease') :: ['McArdle disease', 'McArdle']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['disorder of skeletal muscle']

answer: @entity9847 :: (MESH:D006012,Disease) :: ['McArdle disease']


abstract: @entity9847 , also termed 'glycogen storage disease @entity196 ', is a @entity121 carbohydrate metabolism caused by @entity74 of the muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP-MM). It is an @entity74 that is caused by mutations in the @entity71660 gene and typically presents with exercise intolerance, i.e. episodes of early exertional @entity1295 frequently accompanied by @entity5925 and @entity9958 . Muscle biopsies from affected individuals contain subsarcolemmal deposits of glycogen. Besides GP-MM, two other GP isoforms have been described: the liver (GP-LL) and brain ( @entity27038 ) isoforms, which are encoded by the @entity36191 and @entity27038 genes, respectively; @entity27038 is the main GP isoform found in @entity1 and @entity35 foetal tissues, including the muscle, although its postnatal expression is dramatically reduced in the vast majority of differentiated tissues with the exception of brain and heart, where it remains as the major isoform. We developed a cell culture model from knock-in @entity9847 @entity19 that mimics the glycogen accumulation and @entity4431 observed in skeletal muscle from individuals with @entity9847 . We treated @entity19 primary skeletal muscle cultures in vitro with sodium valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. After VPA treatment, myotubes expressed @entity27038 and a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen accumulation was also observed. Thus, this in vitro model could be useful for high-throughput screening of new drugs to treat this disease. The immortalization of these primary skeletal muscle cultures could provide a never-ending source of cells for this experimental model. Furthermore, VPA could be considered as a gene-expression modulator, allowing compensatory expression of @entity27038 and decreased glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of individuals with @entity9847 .

title: Sodium valproate increases the brain isoform of glycogen phosphorylase: looking for a compensation mechanism in @entity9847 using a XXXX primary skeletal-muscle culture in vitro.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognosis of penetrating keratoplasty after severe @entity11350 is uncertain. Beside of immune reactions the outcome is determined by surface problems. @entity1 AND METHODS: Between July 1991 and October 1993 in 15 @entity1 (16 eyes) with grade @entity11350 penetrating keratoplasties with large diameters (11-16 mm) were carried out. Cultured corneas were used with an intact epithelium. In 9 eyes hydrophilic bandage lenses (Geaflex 70, Fa. W  hlk, Kiel) were applied initially, in the remainder 7 eyes within 7 days postoperatively. RESULTS: The lens radius best suited was found out by trial, because corneal topography was not possible for many weeks. In 12 (75%) eyes the lens had to be fitted steep, with a radius from < or = 8.7. A change in lens radius during the healing course was rare. The frequent use of artificial tear drops was important, because many eyes showed clinical manifestations of @entity936 . Complications during soft contact lens wearing were rare. In 5 eyes microbiological examination was positive, but successfully treated. Under the protection of soft contact lenses 9 eyes maintained an intact epithelium. In the remainder eyes severe vascularisation with large persistent @entity2543 occurred mostly as a consequence of immune reactions. These keratoplasties developed on growth of inflammatory @entity2070 or progressive @entity1066 . The average of the follow-up time was 22 months. CONCLUSION: The use of large diameter keratoplasties in combination with hydrophilic bandage lenses proved to be successful to maintain the integrity of the epithelium in these high-risk keratoplasties. The prognosis of these transplants is, however, determined by immune reactions.

title: [Therapeutic hydrophilic bandage lenses after perforating keratoplasty in severe XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial defects']

entities_list: @entity936 :: ('MESH:D015352', 'Disease') :: ['dry eye syndrome']

entities_list: @entity11350 :: ('MESH:D005126', 'Disease') :: ['eye burns', 'IV eye burns']

answer: @entity11350 :: (MESH:D005126,Disease) :: ['eye chemical burns']


abstract: PURPOSE: To present a case of a @entity1 with @entity995 , who, despite of the continuing development of the disease, survived for twenty years. METHODS: Neoplasmatic lesions, diagnosed in the @entity1 's left eye at age of 2, were so advanced that it was necessary to enucleate the eyeball. Relatively late, i.e. after 7 years, the @entity5 appeared in the second eye. This eye was treated with xenon-arc photocoagulation and 60Co irradiation. RESULTS: In spite of many years of treatment the lesions were progressing. Enucleation of the second eye was much delayed due to the lack of consent of the parents. 15 months after enucleation a recurrence appeared in the eye socket. Surgical treatment was supplemented by irradiation of the eye socket and by chemotherapy. After 20 years of intensive treatment the @entity1 died because of generalized @entity66 . CONCLUSION: This case confirms the necessity of prolonged, careful observation of @entity1 with @entity995 .

title: [Twenty year observation of a severe case of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasmatic disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral retinoblastoma', 'retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['bilateral retinoblastoma']


abstract: Presynaptic ionotropic @entity2227 receptors (iGluRs) play important roles in the control of synaptogenesis and neurotransmitter release, yet their regulation is poorly understood. In particular, the contribution of transmembrane auxiliary proteins, which profoundly shape the trafficking and gating of somatodendritic iGluRs, is unknown. Here we examined the influence of transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) on presynaptic AMPARs in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs). @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ), a partial agonist at @entity11272 -associated AMPARs, enhanced spontaneous @entity1246 release in wild-type @entity19 but not in stargazer @entity19 that lack the prototypical @entity11272 stargazin (y-2). These findings were replicated in mechanically dissociated Purkinje cells with functional adherent synaptic boutons, demonstrating the presynaptic locus of modulation. In dissociated Purkinje cells from stargazer @entity19 , @entity140 was able to enhance mIPSC frequency, but only in the presence of the positive allosteric modulator @entity10640 . Thus, ordinarily, presynaptic AMPARs are unable to enhance spontaneous release without y-2, which is required predominantly for its effects on channel gating. Presynaptic AMPARs are known to reduce action potential-driven @entity1246 release from MLIs. Although a G-protein-dependent non-ionotropic mechanism has been suggested to underlie this inhibition, paradoxically we found that y-2, and thus AMPAR gating, was required. Following @entity2227 spillover from climbing fibers or application of @entity1023 , evoked @entity1246 release was reduced; in stargazer @entity19 such effects were markedly attenuated in acute slices and abolished in the dissociated Purkinje cell-nerve bouton preparation. We suggest that y-2 association, by increasing charge transfer, allows presynaptic AMPARs to depolarize the bouton membrane sufficiently to modulate both phasic and spontaneous release.

title: Transmembrane AMPAR Regulatory Protein y-2 Is Required for the Modulation of XXXX Release by Presynaptic AMPARs.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1023 :: ('MESH:D018750', 'Chemical') :: ['6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione', 'CNQX']

entities_list: @entity10640 :: ('MESH:C004639', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclothiazide']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['GABA']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity14320 . lactis GCL2505 (B. lactis GCL2505) is able to survive passage through the intestines and proliferate. The daily dynamics of the intestinal bifidobacteria following ingestion of probiotics are not yet clear. Moreover, the effects of long-term ingestion of probiotics on the intestinal microbiota have not been well studied. Two experiments were performed in the present study. In Experiment 1, 53 healthy female volunteers received B. lactis GCL2505; @entity1335 GCL2080, which can survive but not proliferate in the intestine; or yogurt fermented with @entity6330 and @entity5858 for 2 weeks, and the daily dynamics of intestinal bifidobacteria were investigated. The number of fecal bifidobacteria significantly increased on day 1, and this was maintained until day 14 in the B. lactis GCL2505 ingestion group. However, no significant change in the number of fecal bifidobacteria was observed in the other groups throughout the ingestion period. In Experiment 2, 38 constipated volunteers received either B. lactis GCL2505 or a placebo for 8 weeks. Both the number of fecal bifidobacteria and the frequency of defecation significantly increased throughout the ingestion period in the B. lactis GCL2505 ingestion group. These results suggested that the proliferation of ingested bifidobacteria within the intestine contributed to a rapid increase in the amount of intestinal bifidobacteria and subsequent maintenance of these levels. Moreover, B. lactis GCL2505 improved the intestinal microbiota more effectively than non-proliferating bifidobacteria and @entity880 bacteria.

title: Short- and long-term dynamics in the intestinal microbiota following ingestion of XXXX . lactis GCL2505.

entities_list: @entity14320 :: ('28025', 'Species') :: ['Bifidobacterium animalis subsp']

entities_list: @entity6330 :: ('1585', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity5858 :: ('1308', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus thermophilus']

answer: @entity14320 :: (28025,Species) :: ['Bifidobacterium animalis subsp']


abstract: One unique feature of @entity311 parasites is the differential transcription of structurally distinct rRNA (rRNA) genes at different developmental stages: the A-type genes are transcribed mainly in asexual stages, whereas the S-type genes are expressed mostly in sexual or mosquito stages. Conclusive functional evidence of different rRNAs in regulating stage-specific parasite development, however, is still absent. Here we performed genetic crosses of @entity501 parasites with one parent having an @entity245 ( @entity245 ) phenotype and another producing normal oocysts to identify the gene(s) contributing to the @entity245 . The parent with @entity245 -characterized as having small oocysts and lacking infective sporozoites-was obtained after introduction of a plasmid with a green fluorescent protein gene into the parasite genome and subsequent passages in @entity19 . Quantitative trait locus analysis of genome-wide microsatellite genotypes of 48 progeny from the crosses linked an ~200-kb segment on chromosome 6 containing one of the S-type genes (D-type small subunit rRNA gene [D-ssu]) to the @entity245 . Fine mapping of the plasmid integration site, gene expression pattern, and gene knockout experiments demonstrated that disruption of the D-ssu gene caused the @entity245 phenotype. Interestingly, introduction of the D-ssu gene into the same parasite strain (self), but not into a different subspecies, significantly affected or completely ablated oocyst development, suggesting a stage- and subspecies (strain)-specific regulation of oocyst development by D-ssu. This study demonstrates that @entity501 D-ssu is essential for normal oocyst and sporozoite development and that variation in the D-ssu sequence can have dramatic effects on parasite development. IMPORTANCE: @entity311 parasites are the only known organisms that express structurally distinct rRNA genes at different developmental stages. The differential expression of these genes suggests that they play unique roles during the complex life cycle of the parasites. Conclusive functional proof of different rRNAs in regulating parasite development, however, is still absent or controversial. Here we functionally demonstrate for the first time that a stage-specifically expressed D-type small-subunit rRNA gene (D-ssu) is essential for oocyst development of the @entity311 parasite @entity501 in the mosquito. This study also shows that variations in D-ssu sequence and/or the timing of transcription may have profound effects on parasite oocyst development. The results show that in addition to protein translation, rRNAs of @entity311 parasites also regulate parasite development and differentiation in a strain-specific manner, which can be explored for controlling parasite transmission.

title: Regulation of XXXX Oocyst Development by Strain- and Stage-Specific Small-Subunit rRNA.

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['oocyst development defect', 'ODD']

entities_list: @entity501 :: ('5861', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium yoelii', 'P.  yoelii']

answer: @entity501 :: (5861,Species) :: ['Plasmodium yoelii']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity778 (HSV) strains previously have been shown to offer a potential therapeutic alternative to conventional treatment modalities for @entity1313 . Because HSV Type 1 strain 1716 has a deletion in the gamma 34.5 neurovirulence gene that renders it avirulent in the @entity19 central nervous system, we have assessed its potential to induce selective lysis of @entity5 cells versus neurons in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To do this, we studied parental @entity3307 17+ and strain 1716 using @entity1 @entity189 cells ( @entity70895 cells). These cells resemble neuronal progenitor cells and can be induced to differentiate into neurons (NT2N) with @entity1968 . Intracerebral grafts of @entity70895 cells into the brains of @entity19 resulted in lethal @entity1313 , and grafts of NT2N cells resulted in the integration of NT2N cells. RESULTS: In vitro studies showed that strain 1716 replicates in and spreads on monolayers of @entity70895 cells but not in NT2N cells. In vivo, strain 1716 replicated preferentially in @entity70895 @entity5 as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining for viral antigens, by in situ hybridization for HSV-specific transcripts, and by titration of virus from brains with @entity5 after intracranial injection of the virus into these @entity19 . The temporal regression of @entity70895 @entity5 in @entity19 treated with strain 1716 was demonstrated in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Electron microscopy and studies of DNA fragmentation suggested that regression of @entity70895 @entity1313 in strain 1716-treated @entity19 was mainly caused by a nonapoptotic, lytic mode of cell death. Finally, strain 1716-treated @entity70895 @entity5 -bearing @entity19 survived more than twice as long as mock-treated @entity5 -bearing @entity19 , and these differences in survival (25 vs. 9 weeks) were statistically significant (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude from these studies that strain 1716 induces regression of @entity1 @entity5 established in the brains of @entity19 , resulting in their prolonged survival.

title: Therapy of experimental @entity1 @entity1313 using a XXXX mutant.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['Engineered herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'neural tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['neuroattenuated herpes simplex virus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity778 (HSV) strains previously have been shown to offer a potential therapeutic alternative to conventional treatment modalities for @entity1313 . Because HSV Type 1 strain 1716 has a deletion in the gamma 34.5 neurovirulence gene that renders it avirulent in the @entity19 central nervous system, we have assessed its potential to induce selective lysis of @entity5 cells versus neurons in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To do this, we studied parental @entity3307 17+ and strain 1716 using @entity1 @entity189 cells ( @entity70895 cells). These cells resemble neuronal progenitor cells and can be induced to differentiate into neurons (NT2N) with @entity1968 . Intracerebral grafts of @entity70895 cells into the brains of @entity19 resulted in lethal @entity1313 , and grafts of NT2N cells resulted in the integration of NT2N cells. RESULTS: In vitro studies showed that strain 1716 replicates in and spreads on monolayers of @entity70895 cells but not in NT2N cells. In vivo, strain 1716 replicated preferentially in @entity70895 @entity5 as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining for viral antigens, by in situ hybridization for HSV-specific transcripts, and by titration of virus from brains with @entity5 after intracranial injection of the virus into these @entity19 . The temporal regression of @entity70895 @entity5 in @entity19 treated with strain 1716 was demonstrated in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Electron microscopy and studies of DNA fragmentation suggested that regression of @entity70895 @entity1313 in strain 1716-treated @entity19 was mainly caused by a nonapoptotic, lytic mode of cell death. Finally, strain 1716-treated @entity70895 @entity5 -bearing @entity19 survived more than twice as long as mock-treated @entity5 -bearing @entity19 , and these differences in survival (25 vs. 9 weeks) were statistically significant (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude from these studies that strain 1716 induces regression of @entity1 @entity5 established in the brains of @entity19 , resulting in their prolonged survival.

title: Therapy of experimental @entity1 XXXX using a @entity778 mutant.

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity778 (HSV) strains previously have been shown to offer a potential therapeutic alternative to conventional treatment modalities for @entity1313 . Because HSV Type 1 strain 1716 has a deletion in the gamma 34.5 neurovirulence gene that renders it avirulent in the @entity19 central nervous system, we have assessed its potential to induce selective lysis of @entity5 cells versus neurons in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: To do this, we studied parental @entity3307 17+ and strain 1716 using @entity1 @entity189 cells ( @entity70895 cells). These cells resemble neuronal progenitor cells and can be induced to differentiate into neurons (NT2N) with @entity1968 . Intracerebral grafts of @entity70895 cells into the brains of @entity19 resulted in lethal @entity1313 , and grafts of NT2N cells resulted in the integration of NT2N cells. RESULTS: In vitro studies showed that strain 1716 replicates in and spreads on monolayers of @entity70895 cells but not in NT2N cells. In vivo, strain 1716 replicated preferentially in @entity70895 @entity5 as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining for viral antigens, by in situ hybridization for HSV-specific transcripts, and by titration of virus from brains with @entity5 after intracranial injection of the virus into these @entity19 . The temporal regression of @entity70895 @entity5 in @entity19 treated with strain 1716 was demonstrated in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Electron microscopy and studies of DNA fragmentation suggested that regression of @entity70895 @entity1313 in strain 1716-treated @entity19 was mainly caused by a nonapoptotic, lytic mode of cell death. Finally, strain 1716-treated @entity70895 @entity5 -bearing @entity19 survived more than twice as long as mock-treated @entity5 -bearing @entity19 , and these differences in survival (25 vs. 9 weeks) were statistically significant (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude from these studies that strain 1716 induces regression of @entity1 @entity5 established in the brains of @entity19 , resulting in their prolonged survival.

title: Therapy of experimental XXXX @entity1313 using a @entity778 mutant.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']