abstract: Plasma level of @entity1425 has been reported to be elevated in borderline @entity101 . However, its role in developing and maintaining @entity101 is still not completely understood. This study aimed to estimate the role of plasma @entity1425 in developing @entity101 . Ten @entity1 with borderline @entity101 (BHT) and 10 age-matched normotensive subjects were included. We infused at least three graded doses of @entity2647 , an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, into the antecubital vein of subjects lying quietly in a supine position. Mean blood pressure was measured continuously through the right radial artery. Cardiac output was measured by the thermodilution method before and after the administration of each dose of @entity2647 infusion. We obtained dose-response curves for mean blood pressure and total peripheral resistance to @entity2647 . Baroreflex sensitivity was calculated by plotting the longest R-R intervals against the elevated peak mean blood pressure after the infusion of each dose of @entity2647 . Plasma @entity1063 and @entity1425 concentrations at rest were measured by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with @entity34865 fluorimetric detection. The plasma @entity1425 level at rest was higher in @entity1 with BHT than in normotensive subjects. With graded infusion of @entity2647 , both the pressor responses and the changes in total peripheral resistance were greater in @entity1 with BHT than in normotensive subjects. The plasma @entity1425 level was positively correlated with the slope of dose response curves for the increments of mean blood pressure to @entity2647 (r = 0.60, p < 0.01). Baroreflex sensitivity was reduced in @entity1 with BHT as compared with normotensive subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Plasma @entity1425 modulates alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediated pressor responses and the baroreflex control in XXXX with borderline @entity101 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The effects of intermittent and stepwise administration of @entity5543 -adrenergic agonist, L644,969 on @entity35 growth performance and skeletal muscle growth were investigated in two studies. In experiment 1, 34 juvenile male @entity35 were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: (1) control, 0 ppm L644,969 for 21 days; (2) BL10, 10 ppm of L644,969 for 7 days, then 0 ppm L644,969 for another 7 days, plus 10 ppm of L644,969 for the final 7 days. L644,969 increased (P < 0.05) @entity1017 during the 7 day initial administration period. When L644,969 was withdrawn, no difference in @entity1017 was observed between the two groups. Re-administration of L644,969 after the withdrawal period increased (P < 0.01) @entity1017 up to 3 days of re-administration, but no effect was observed thereafter. In experiment 2, 18 juvenile female @entity35 were divided into three groups: (1) control, 0 ppm L644,969 for 22 days; (2) BL10, 10 ppm L644,969 for 22 days; (3) BL10-60, 10 ppm L644,969 for 11 days, then 60 ppm L644,969 for another 11 days. Feeding 10 ppm L644,969 increased (P < 0.05) the rate of @entity1017 up to 11 days, but not thereafter. Raising the dose of L644,969 from 10 to 60 ppm increased body @entity1017 during the initial 8 day period, but no effect was observed thereafter. Weights of skeletal muscles and heart were significantly increased by 10 ppm L644,969. Raising the dose to 60 ppm increased the mean skeletal muscle weights without statistical significance. Muscular concentration of @entity268 was significantly decreased by the long-term administration of L644,969.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of intermittent and stepwise administration of XXXX -adrenergic agonist, L644,969, on @entity35 growth performance and skeletal muscles.

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity5543 :: (54226(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['a beta']


abstract: The effects of intermittent and stepwise administration of @entity5543 -adrenergic agonist, L644,969 on @entity35 growth performance and skeletal muscle growth were investigated in two studies. In experiment 1, 34 juvenile male @entity35 were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: (1) control, 0 ppm L644,969 for 21 days; (2) BL10, 10 ppm of L644,969 for 7 days, then 0 ppm L644,969 for another 7 days, plus 10 ppm of L644,969 for the final 7 days. L644,969 increased (P < 0.05) @entity1017 during the 7 day initial administration period. When L644,969 was withdrawn, no difference in @entity1017 was observed between the two groups. Re-administration of L644,969 after the withdrawal period increased (P < 0.01) @entity1017 up to 3 days of re-administration, but no effect was observed thereafter. In experiment 2, 18 juvenile female @entity35 were divided into three groups: (1) control, 0 ppm L644,969 for 22 days; (2) BL10, 10 ppm L644,969 for 22 days; (3) BL10-60, 10 ppm L644,969 for 11 days, then 60 ppm L644,969 for another 11 days. Feeding 10 ppm L644,969 increased (P < 0.05) the rate of @entity1017 up to 11 days, but not thereafter. Raising the dose of L644,969 from 10 to 60 ppm increased body @entity1017 during the initial 8 day period, but no effect was observed thereafter. Weights of skeletal muscles and heart were significantly increased by 10 ppm L644,969. Raising the dose to 60 ppm increased the mean skeletal muscle weights without statistical significance. Muscular concentration of @entity268 was significantly decreased by the long-term administration of L644,969.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of intermittent and stepwise administration of @entity5543 -adrenergic agonist, L644,969, on XXXX growth performance and skeletal muscles.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Short-term effects of bilateral castration, @entity3429 and unilateral efferent duct ligation on intraluminal pressures and spontaneous @entity2472 in different regions of the epididymis were studied in the @entity35 . Ligation of the efferent ducts for 5 days did not alter pressures or spontaneous @entity2472 in any region of the epididymis. However, bilateral castration produced time-dependent changes in pressures and @entity2472 in different segments. In the caput, the amplitude, but not the basal pressure or the frequency, of spontaneous @entity2472 increased by Day 1 after operation. In the corpus, increments in the basal pressure and the amplitude of @entity2472 occurred by Day 5 whilst the frequency of @entity2472 was not changed. Similar effects were observed in the cauda by 3 days after castration. Changes in all regions of the epididymis were also mimicked by @entity3429 treatment (10 mg/ @entity35 per day, s.c. for 21 days). In addition, this drug increased the amplitude of @entity2472 in the cauda. The effect of castration was abolished by @entity3033 (0.2 mg/kg per day, i.m. for 5 days). The results support the suggestion that an enhancement of sperm transport through the @entity35 epididymis occurs shortly after castration. The results also suggest that, in normal @entity35 , @entity3800 suppress the contractility of the epididymal tubule to ensure an optimal rate of sperm transport.

title: Short-term effect of androgen deprivation on intraluminal pressure and contractility of the XXXX epididymis.

entities_list: @entity3033 :: ('MESH:D043343', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone propionate']

entities_list: @entity3429 :: ('MESH:D017373', 'Chemical') :: ['cyproterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['contractions']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) @entity23355 mutation was identified in 22 unrelated @entity1 . The probands and their relatives were assessed clinically and by quantitative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis. While 10 probands had clinical features consistent with the syndrome of mitochondrial @entity20066 ( @entity20066 ), usually associated with this mutation, 12 probands had other phenotypes including other @entity75 , @entity3914 ( @entity3914 ), @entity27379 ( @entity27379 ), @entity121 alone and @entity6 and @entity2319 . Histochemical analyses of muscle biopsies showed a higher proportion of cytochrome oxidase (COX) negative fibres, but fewer strongly COX reactive fibres, in @entity1 with @entity3914 compared with those with @entity20066 . The proportion of mutant mtDNA present in blood was significantly greater in symptomatic than asymptomatic subjects, and was correlated with age in both. This correlation was not observed in @entity1 with the tRNALys @entity36611 mutation. The proportion of mutant mtDNA @entity23355 in muscle was always greater than that in blood. Significant correlations between proportion of mutant mtDNA in blood and both age of onset of disease and a clinical severity score were observed. However, the proportion of mutant mtDNA in blood in affected and unaffected cases overlapped, preventing use of the genetic-clinical correlation for prognostic or predictive purposes. The presence of intrafamilial clustering of phenotypes and the imperfect relationship between proportion of mutant mtDNA and the presence or absence of disease suggests that other factors may determine the phenotype. To investigate this possibility further, the tRNALeu(UUR) gene was sequenced in 23 probands and six relatives. In 28 @entity1 the sequence was normal apart from the 3243 mutation, but in members of one family there was a homoplasmic @entity73269 which was not found in 140 controls or 50 other @entity1 with @entity3055 . The family with this transition had high levels of mutant mtDNA @entity23355 , with a unique phenotype of predominant @entity121 , suggesting that this second base change in tRNALeu(UUR) may influence the clinical phenotype.

title: The mitochondrial DNA transfer RNALeu(UUR) XXXX mutation. A clinical and genetic study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity20066 :: ('MESH:D017241', 'Disease') :: ['myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes', 'MELAS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathies']

entities_list: @entity3914 :: ('MESH:D017246', 'Disease') :: ['CPEO', 'chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia']

entities_list: @entity3055 :: ('MESH:D017240', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial myopathy']

entities_list: @entity73269 :: ('c|SUB|T|3290|C', 'DNAMutation') :: ['T-->C transition at position 3290']

entities_list: @entity27379 :: ('MESH:D017243', 'Disease') :: ['MERRF', 'myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibres']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathy', 'skeletal myopathy']

answer: @entity23355 :: (c|SUB|A|3243|G,DNAMutation) :: ['A-->G(3243)']


abstract: To prevent an endless debate between those supporting an intrinsic deficit versus an environmental deficit, the adolescent's problem has been seen here as both an individual problem and the metaphorical expression of a family problem. The intricacy of this two-faceted problem appears vividly with borderline and immature adolescents. Both the adolescent and family have, among other problems, difficulty separating. The approach described here focuses on that particular aspect; each therapeutic step is geared toward the adolescent's separation-individuation. Concerning the course of therapy, restructuring is perceived as the first therapeutic step and a prerequisite to work on such issues as delineating personal and family problems and improving communications. The approach is not, though, a panacea for the treatment of all @entity1314 in adolescence and should not preempt the use of other approaches. As reported by Esman (1989) in regard to borderline adolescents, there is enough variation in the syndrome to allow the use of a variety of treatment approaches. Involving the family may not be feasible, and the adolescent sometimes must be removed from a detrimental family situation. The family of the immature or borderline adolescent is often seen as untreatable but what the therapist wants to accomplish and is ready to share often paves the way to effective intervention (Offer and Vanderstoep, 1974). The therapist must be ready to struggle with the family and with himself. The therapist has to be courageous, @entity1 , and optimistic. The intervention is usually done on a middle-term basis with encouragement to the family to consult again if needed. The approach may thus appear obsolete at a time of a "quick- @entity4682 " culture. Family therapy can be a powerful tool with very disturbed, personality-disordered adolescents. The family approach must be flexible and based on a psychodynamic understanding of the problems. As so many of these cases fail to respond to the usual treatment and make therapists and institutions feel powerless, looking at the intervention from another angle can be refreshing. The experience can be rewarding for the adolescent, as she is becoming emancipated from the family, and for the parents, who facilitate the process. Working with these families is difficult but can also be rewarding for the clinician. Hours spent with them gives access to the subjective experiential reality that makes the substance of behavior and may allow the exploration of shadowy areas of the @entity1 condition. Family therapy becomes, then, a journey full of @entity158 , uncertainties, and wonder for both the family and the clinician.

title: Family therapy and some XXXX in adolescence.

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality disorders']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

answer: @entity1314 :: (MESH:D010554,Disease) :: ['personality disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We reviewed our series of epidermoid @entity5 to determine the predictive index of lymph node invasion and the incidence of @entity5372 in these @entity1 . METHODS: We reviewed the records of 11 @entity1 with epidermoid @entity5 . Six @entity1 had been evaluated according to a protocol that included preoperative biopsy of the lesion, penile and abdominal ultrasound evaluation, CT and diagnostic lymphadenectomy for those cases suspected as having lymph node invasion. The predictive index (PI) was determined in relation to the grading of cell differentiation (G) and @entity5 stage (S) [PI = G+T] and the incidence of @entity5372 was sought during the interview. RESULTS: Lymph node invasion was confirmed in 2 @entity1 with PI = 6 and in 1 @entity1 with PI = 5. Diagnostic lymphadenectomy showed no evidence of lymphatic spread in 1 @entity1 with PI = 3 and in another @entity1 with PI = 4. The remaining 6 @entity1 with @entity21912 did not undergo lymphadenectomy. Phimosis was associated in 73% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: PI is a reliable index for lymph node invasion. @entity1 with @entity38605 do not require therapeutic lymphadenectomy. Phimosis should be operated early in childhood.

title: [Epidermoid XXXX : our experience].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer of the penis', 'penile cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer of the penis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity957 of the male @entity18485 is a rare @entity5 that accounts for 70% of primary @entity5 of the @entity18485 . The present study reviews our experience of 5 years in the diagnosis and treatment of this @entity5 type. METHODS: From 1991 to 1994, we diagnosed and treated 5 male @entity1 with @entity957 of the @entity18485 ; mean age 58 years (range 43 to 76 years). The @entity5 was localized in the bulbomembranous @entity18485 in 3 cases (60%) and in the penile @entity18485 in the remaining 2 cases (40%). All @entity1 presented with @entity3832 following treatment (internal urethrotomy and dilatation). The @entity5 of the posterior @entity18485 were Levine stage C and D at the time of diagnosis, while those of the anterior @entity18485 were Levine stage B and C. RESULTS: Two @entity1 with @entity5 in the posterior @entity18485 underwent radical cystoprostatourethrectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy, whereas the remaining @entity1 underwent emasculation or urethrectomy. @entity1 survival has ranged from 1 to 2.5 years at the present time. One @entity1 with @entity5 in the bulbous @entity18485 has died despite postoperative radio and chemotherapy, the outcome has been poor in another @entity1 with @entity5 in the posterior @entity18485 and no progression has been observed in the remaining @entity1 at present. CONCLUSIONS: a) @entity3832 with a torpid course and localized complications ( @entity292 , @entity733 , etc.) following standard therapy have been the only widely accepted etiologic factors that we have observed in our @entity1 ; b) This @entity5 type must be suspected since treatment by radical surgery will have some likelihood of success if the @entity189 is diagnosed early, while it is still localized; c) To date, radio and chemotherapy have achieved poor results, the former being effective in @entity5 of the penile @entity18485 only when given at a high dose; d) @entity1 generally die from localized complications, @entity5 recurrence, or lymph node @entity3 ( @entity295 , @entity548 , etc.).

title: [ XXXX of the male @entity18485 . Our experience in 5 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Epidermoid carcinoma', 'epidermoid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['periurethral abscess']

entities_list: @entity3832 :: ('MESH:D014525', 'Disease') :: ['urethral stricture and complications', 'Urethral stricture']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['Epidermoid carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity957 of the male @entity18485 is a rare @entity5 that accounts for 70% of primary @entity5 of the @entity18485 . The present study reviews our experience of 5 years in the diagnosis and treatment of this @entity5 type. METHODS: From 1991 to 1994, we diagnosed and treated 5 male @entity1 with @entity957 of the @entity18485 ; mean age 58 years (range 43 to 76 years). The @entity5 was localized in the bulbomembranous @entity18485 in 3 cases (60%) and in the penile @entity18485 in the remaining 2 cases (40%). All @entity1 presented with @entity3832 following treatment (internal urethrotomy and dilatation). The @entity5 of the posterior @entity18485 were Levine stage C and D at the time of diagnosis, while those of the anterior @entity18485 were Levine stage B and C. RESULTS: Two @entity1 with @entity5 in the posterior @entity18485 underwent radical cystoprostatourethrectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy, whereas the remaining @entity1 underwent emasculation or urethrectomy. @entity1 survival has ranged from 1 to 2.5 years at the present time. One @entity1 with @entity5 in the bulbous @entity18485 has died despite postoperative radio and chemotherapy, the outcome has been poor in another @entity1 with @entity5 in the posterior @entity18485 and no progression has been observed in the remaining @entity1 at present. CONCLUSIONS: a) @entity3832 with a torpid course and localized complications ( @entity292 , @entity733 , etc.) following standard therapy have been the only widely accepted etiologic factors that we have observed in our @entity1 ; b) This @entity5 type must be suspected since treatment by radical surgery will have some likelihood of success if the @entity189 is diagnosed early, while it is still localized; c) To date, radio and chemotherapy have achieved poor results, the former being effective in @entity5 of the penile @entity18485 only when given at a high dose; d) @entity1 generally die from localized complications, @entity5 recurrence, or lymph node @entity3 ( @entity295 , @entity548 , etc.).

title: [ @entity957 of the male XXXX . Our experience in 5 cases].

answer: @entity18485 :: (MESH:D014523,Disease) :: ['urethra']


abstract: The effect of surgery on the pharmacokinetics of @entity801 in hospitalized @entity1 was studied. @entity1 with @entity5 undergoing surgery of the head and neck were given @entity801 in doses calculated to achieve peak serum concentrations of 6-8 micrograms/mL and trough concentrations of 1-2 micrograms/mL. Each @entity1 received a loading dose at the time of @entity954 , followed by five maintenance doses at eight-hour intervals. Steady-state peak and trough serum @entity801 concentrations were predicted using a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model and literature values for volume of distribution (V) and first-order elimination rate constant (k). Serum @entity801 concentrations were measured 0.25 hours before and at 0.5, 3.5, and 6.5 hours after completion of infusion of the second maintenance dose. Peak and trough serum concentrations were obtained by extrapolation from these measured concentrations using weighted, nonlinear least squares regression. Predicted versus measured serum @entity801 concentrations and estimated versus observed values for V and k were compared. Eight @entity1 and seven @entity1 had evaluable serum @entity801 concentrations. @entity1 received a mean calculated maintenance dose of 4.4 +/- 0.7 mg/kg/day. Mean extrapolated peak and trough serum @entity801 concentrations were significantly lower than predicted, and observed values of V and k were significantly greater than estimated values. @entity801 dosages calculated using standard pharmacokinetic variable values may not produce therapeutic concentrations in @entity1 undergoing surgery. Monitoring of serum concentrations with dosage adjustment when indicated is necessary for optimal therapy in these @entity1 .

title: Altered XXXX pharmacokinetics during the perioperative period.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin', 'gentamicin sulfate', 'Gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['surgical incision']

answer: @entity801 :: (MESH:D005839,Chemical) :: ['gentamicin']


abstract: One-hundred and three @entity1 with Stage II and III sacral pressure @entity1066 were enrolled in a prospective, controlled, multi-center clinical study to evaluate and compare dressing performance, safety and efficacy. Fifty-two @entity1 were randomized to treatment with a triangle-shaped hydrocolloid border dressing and 51 @entity1 were randomized to a different, oval shape, hydrocolloid dressing. The majority of @entity1 (70 percent) utilized a pressure reducing mattress or bed. Most @entity1066 were Stage II, had existed for < 1 month and exhibited no change utilizing previous treatments. @entity1 and wounds were similarly distributed among treatment groups. @entity1 in the oval dressing group were more likely to exhibit a product related adverse reaction resulting in discontinuation of treatment as compared to @entity1 treated with the triangle border dressing (p = 0.057, Fisher's Exact Test). Wear time was longest for wounds dressed with the triangle dressing applied point down. @entity322 reduced the interval between dressing changes in both groups. Healing was more likely to occur in wounds dressed with the triangle border dressing. These @entity1066 showed a greater reduction in ulcer width as compared to wounds dressed with the oval dressing (p < 0.03, Fisher's Exact Test).

title: Managing sacral pressure XXXX with hydrocolloid dressings: results of a controlled, clinical study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['Incontinence']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcers']


abstract: The formation of @entity934 receptor (AChR) clusters at the neuromuscular junction was investigated by observing the sequential changes in AChR cluster distribution on cultured @entity1238 muscle cells. AChRs were labeled with @entity8008 -conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin (TMR-alpha BT). Before innervation AChRs were distributed over the entire surface of muscle cells with occasional spots of high density ( @entity1867 ). When the nerve contacted the muscle cell, the large existing @entity1867 disappeared and small AChR clusters (less than 1 micron in diameter) initially emerged from the background along the area of nerve contact. They grew in size, increased in number, and fused to form larger clusters over a period of 1 or 2 days. Receptor clusters did not migrate as a whole as observed during "cap" formation in B lymphocytes. The rate of recruitment of AChRs at the nerve-muscle junction varied from less than 50 binding sites to 1000 sites/hr for alpha BT. In this study the diffusion-trap mechanism was tested for the nerve-induced receptor accumulation. The diffusion coefficient of diffusely distributed AChRs was measured using the fluorescence photobleaching recovery method and found to be 2.45 X 10(-10) cm2/sec at 22 degrees C. There was no significant difference in these values among the muscle cells cultured without nerve, the non-nerve-contacted muscle cells in nerve-muscle cultures, and the nerve-contacted muscle cells. It was found that the diffusion of receptors in the membrane is not rate-limiting for AChR accumulation.

title: Formation of @entity934 receptor clusters at neuromuscular junction in XXXX cultures.

entities_list: @entity8008 :: ('CHEBI:52282', 'Chemical') :: ['tetramethylrhodamine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus']


abstract: The formation of @entity934 receptor (AChR) clusters at the neuromuscular junction was investigated by observing the sequential changes in AChR cluster distribution on cultured @entity1238 muscle cells. AChRs were labeled with @entity8008 -conjugated alpha-bungarotoxin (TMR-alpha BT). Before innervation AChRs were distributed over the entire surface of muscle cells with occasional spots of high density ( @entity1867 ). When the nerve contacted the muscle cell, the large existing @entity1867 disappeared and small AChR clusters (less than 1 micron in diameter) initially emerged from the background along the area of nerve contact. They grew in size, increased in number, and fused to form larger clusters over a period of 1 or 2 days. Receptor clusters did not migrate as a whole as observed during "cap" formation in B lymphocytes. The rate of recruitment of AChRs at the nerve-muscle junction varied from less than 50 binding sites to 1000 sites/hr for alpha BT. In this study the diffusion-trap mechanism was tested for the nerve-induced receptor accumulation. The diffusion coefficient of diffusely distributed AChRs was measured using the fluorescence photobleaching recovery method and found to be 2.45 X 10(-10) cm2/sec at 22 degrees C. There was no significant difference in these values among the muscle cells cultured without nerve, the non-nerve-contacted muscle cells in nerve-muscle cultures, and the nerve-contacted muscle cells. It was found that the diffusion of receptors in the membrane is not rate-limiting for AChR accumulation.

title: Formation of XXXX receptor clusters at neuromuscular junction in @entity1238 cultures.

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: The efficacy of a combination treatment with interferon alpha-2a and photochemotherapy was investigated in 16 @entity1 with @entity784 . During the initial treatment, interferon alpha-2a was given subcutaneously at maximum dose of 9 million IU. Simultaneously, photo-chemotherapy with a maximum single dose of 3.0 J/cm2 was applied. After a complete or partial remission had been achieved, the dose of interferon was continued as permanent treatment at 3-9 million IU a week. Photochemotherapy was maintained twice a week for a minimum of 2 months and then stopped depending on the course of the disease. The combination treatment was well tolerated and all @entity1 responded to the initial therapy. Three @entity1 were withdrawn at an early stage of therapy, as they developed erythrodermia after photochemotherapy. The permanent treatment led to a complete remission in ten out of 13 @entity1 and to a partial remission in three @entity1 . During the follow-up period (now 10-40 months), therapy was stopped in four @entity1 because of progression and in one @entity1 because of newly diagnosed @entity978 . In another three @entity1 , who developed local recurrences, a repetition of the initial treatment schedule was necessary to keep them in remission.

title: Combination therapy of XXXX with interferon alpha-2a and photochemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous T cell lymphoma']

answer: @entity784 :: (MESH:D016399,Disease) :: ['cutaneous T cell lymphoma']


abstract: Among the systemic @entity281 , @entity6831 is the most frequent and is constantly on the increase. Candidiasis occurs in @entity1 with particular risks, i.e., in oncologic @entity1398 @entity1 and in surgical @entity1 after intraabdominal surgery. Independent predictive factors are multiple prior antibiotic therapy, the presence of intravascular devices and previous colonization by Candida, as well as the @entity397 of skin or cutaneous anatomical barriers. @entity5132 is still the predominant species. Diagnosis of @entity6831 is difficult and sometimes delayed. It relies essentially on a high index of suspicion, on blood cultures and the analysis of other samples (biopsies) by a combination of microbiological and anatomopathological procedures. The detection of Candida antigens, antibodies or metabolites still suffers from suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. Molecular diagnosis by amplification (PCR) is promising. The reservoir of Candida is mainly the @entity1 digestive tract, and a colonization stage usually precedes an established @entity281 . Transmission of Candida by @entity1 carriage or through the environment could play an important role, particularly in intensive care units.

title: [Systemic XXXX : epidemiology and diagnostic criteria].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6831 :: ('MESH:D004673', 'Disease') :: ['disseminated candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['mycotic infections', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['mycotic infections']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lifetime prevalence and risk factors for @entity7184 in high school @entity2587 currently participating in long-distance running and provide recommendations for injury prevention strategies. DESIGN: Retrospective study design. SETTING: Twenty-eight high schools in the San Francisco Bay Area. @entity1 : A total of 442 female and 306 male @entity2587 , ages 13-18 years, who are on cross-country and track and field teams. METHODS: Online survey with questions that detailed previous injuries sustained and risk factors for injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Previous @entity7184 and association of risk factors to injury (including training variables, dietary patterns, and, in @entity1 , @entity1866 ). RESULTS: Previous injuries were reported by 68% of female subjects and 59% of male subjects. More @entity130 were seen in @entity1 (1.2    1.1 versus 1.0    1.0, P < .01). Both genders had similar participation in running (2.5    2.2 versus 2.3    2.1 years), and previous injury prevalence followed a similar pattern: tibial stress injury ( @entity1 , 41%; @entity1 , 34%), @entity3681 ( @entity1 , 32%; @entity1 , 28%), @entity158 ( @entity1 , 21%; @entity1 , 16%), @entity924 ( @entity1 , 9%; @entity1 , 6%), @entity23223 ( @entity1 , 7%; @entity1 , 5%), and @entity3444 ( @entity1 , 5%; @entity1 , 3%). Higher weekly mileage was associated with previous injuries in @entity1 , (17.1    11.9 versus 14.1    11.5, P < .05) but not in @entity1 (14.4    10.2 versus 12.6    11.8, not significant). A strong association between higher mileage and faster performances was seen in both groups. No association between previous injury and current dietary patterns (including @entity1277 and @entity460 intake) or @entity1866 was seen. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of @entity2587 currently participating in high school cross-country and track and field have a history of sustaining an @entity7184 , with @entity1 having a higher prevalence of injury. A modest mileage reduction may represent a modifiable risk factor for @entity130 . Future research is needed to evaluate the effects of incorporating a comprehensive strength training program on the prospective development of @entity7184 and performance in this population.

title: XXXX in high school runners: lifetime prevalence and prevention strategies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girls', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity7184 :: ('MESH:D012090', 'Disease') :: ['overuse injury', 'overuse injuries']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['ankle sprain']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['Achilles tendonitis']

entities_list: @entity3444 :: ('MESH:D036981', 'Disease') :: ['plantar fasciitis']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual irregularities']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['disordered eating']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['patellofemoral pain']

entities_list: @entity23223 :: ('MESH:D058745', 'Disease') :: ['iliotibial band syndrome']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury types', 'injury reduction']

answer: @entity7184 :: (MESH:D012090,Disease) :: ['Overuse injuries']


abstract: In @entity1 @entity1779 , extrastriate @entity16 produces a @entity1018 , with relative sparing of non-chromatic vision. The critical lesion appears to be in a medial occipito-temporal area, occupying the lingual and caudal fusiform gyri; positron emission tomography has shown that this cortical region is one of several activated in normal @entity1 observers during colour vision tasks. Attempts to find an analogous 'colour centre' in the cortex of monkeys have not been successful. In particular, ablation of cortical area V4, sometimes thought on physiological grounds to be more involved in wavelength and colour coding than any other visual cortical area, produces only mild @entity1650 . In the present study we tested the colour vision of monkeys after cortical ablations that mainly or entirely spared area V4. One group of monkeys (group AT) received ablations in the temporal lobe anterior to area V4, and a second group (group MOT) received ablations in a medial occipito-temporal area roughly corresponding in cranial location to the lesion that produces @entity1 @entity1779 . The animals in group MOT showed no @entity227 . Group AT, in contrast, had a severe @entity227 , with a relative sparing of non-chromatic vision. Their behaviour was indistinguishable from that of a @entity1 @entity1 with total cerebral @entity3641 who had been tested on the same tasks. These results show that area V4 in macaque monkeys is not analogous, and probably not homologous, to the @entity1 colour centre. Instead, they suggest that the area of the monkey's brain corresponding to the colour area in the @entity1 brain is in the temporal cortex, anterior to area V4.

title: XXXX in monkeys.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['severe or complete loss of colour vision']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of their colour vision', 'impairment in chromatic vision']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cortical damage']

entities_list: @entity1650 :: ('MESH:D001308', 'Disease') :: ['impairments in colour discrimination']

entities_list: @entity3641 :: ('MESH:D003117', 'Disease') :: ['achromatopsia']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral achromatopsia']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['Cerebral achromatopsia']


abstract: PURPOSE: In this retrospective study we evaluated the efficacy and complications of the Argus   adjustable sling for the treatment of various degrees of male stress urinary @entity322 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospectively we evaluated continence and complications in 100 @entity1 with stress urinary @entity322 consecutively treated with the Argus between April 2005 and October 2008. Incontinence was defined as mild (1 to 2 pads per 24 hours), moderate (3 to 5 pads per 24 hours) and severe (more than 5 pads per 24 hours). @entity1 evaluation included medical history, pad count, a quality of life score, @entity1 Global Impression of Improvement and visual analog scale measurements to determine satisfaction with continence and with treatment. Results and complications were evaluated 6 weeks after surgery and in December 2009. RESULTS: After a median followup of 27 months (range 14 to 57) the Argus was successful in 72% of @entity1 (68 of 95). Mild @entity322 was treated in 13, moderate @entity322 in 46 and severe @entity322 in 41 @entity1 . Success rates stratified to degree of @entity322 were 92% (12 of 13), 67% (29 of 43) and 67% (26 of 39), respectively. Complications occurred in 55% of @entity1 and most were Clavien grade I to II. Visual analog scale measurements on continence and quality of life showed significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The Argus adjustable male sling is a valuable adjunct in the treatment of all degrees of stress urinary @entity322 . Complications are not uncommon but are mostly Clavien grade I to II. @entity1 report significantly improved continence and quality of life after treatment.

title: An adjustable sling for the treatment of all degrees of male stress urinary XXXX : retrospective evaluation of efficacy and complications after a minimal followup of 14 months.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The treatment of burns remains a challenge. Besides the administration of physiological saline, local disinfection and symptomatic medications, no causal therapy is known to accelerate angiogenesis and wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of dilatative and anti-inflammatory acting drugs on microcirculation, angiogenesis and leukocyte behavior, which had shown positive effects in former burn studies. METHODS: The ears of male hairless @entity19 (n=47) were inflicted with full thickness burns using a hot air jet. Then the affects of five intraperitoneal injections of either @entity117 ( @entity1281 ), @entity3763 , @entity5015 ( @entity5015 ) or @entity2827 (each administered to one of four corresponding study groups), on microcirculation, leukocyte-endothelial interaction and angiogenesis were investigated over a 12 day period using intravital fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS: Angiogenesis was slightly improved by @entity5015 (0.3 vs. 1.3% non-perfused area in other groups on day 12, p=0.029). Additionally, blood flow increased and rolling leukocytes decreased compared to other groups. The ASA-group showed best functional vessel density and lowest leukocyte-adhesion. The often described posttraumatic expansion of tissue damage could not be observed in either group. CONCLUSION: @entity5015 improved angiogenesis, increased the blood flow and reduced the number of rolling leukocytes. ASA had positive influences on functional vessel density, @entity4 formation and the number of sticking leukocytes. However, it reduced the blood flow. Overall, out of all the drugs tested, @entity3009 seems to have the greatest positive impact on microcirculation and angiogenesis in burns.

title: Influence of anti-inflammatory and vasoactive drugs on microcirculation and angiogenesis after burn in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3763 :: ('MESH:D007548', 'Chemical') :: ['isosorbide dinitrate']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylsalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity5015 :: ('MESH:D000527', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E1', 'Prostaglandin E1', 'PGE1']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: QT interval prolongation, predisposing to @entity1165 , has frequently been observed in @entity1 with @entity1575 . During liver transplantation (LT) surgery, electrolyte imbalance and @entity1344 may affect QT interval changes. We evaluated the alterations in QT parameters at each stage of LT surgery. METHODS: We assessed 50 living donor LT recipients without overt @entity299 for the corrected QT (QTc) and the interval from peak to the end of the T wave (T(p-e)) automatically using Bazett's formula with LabChart software. QT parameters, laboratory and hemodynamic data were simultaneously collected in the following stages of LT: before anesthetic induction (baseline), pre-anhepatic, anhepatic, 1 hour postreperfusion, and after hepatic artery @entity254 . Recipients were allocated into 2 groups according to their baseline QTc: >= 440 versus <440 msec. RESULTS: QTc progressively rose from the pre-anhepatic stage remaining prolonged in each stage of LT surgery compared with the baseline. In the anhepatic stage, 54% of recipients showed marked prolongation of QTc >= 500 msec (522    14), which indicated the potential for a fatal @entity943 : 77% and 36% in groups with QTc >= 440 and <440 msec, respectively. As opposed to changes in QTc, T(p-e) in the anhepatic stage decreased significantly; however, it returned to the baseline level in the neohepatic stage. CONCLUSION: A @entity1162 (>= 500 msec) was frequently observed throughout the procedure of LT, even among @entity1 with baseline QTc <440 msec, emphasizing the importance of optimizing electrolyte balance and hemodynamic status to reduce greater risk of perioperative @entity943 .

title: Alterations in QT interval in XXXX undergoing living donor liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['hemodynamic instability']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachyarrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['prolonged QTc interval']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'ventricular dysrhythmia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prognostic implications of diuretics dose are not completely understood. We aim to study the association between diuretic doses and long-term prognosis in @entity1 with chronic stable @entity712 ( @entity712 ). METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 244 @entity1 followed at an outpatient @entity712 clinic. Admission criteria were clinical stability in the previous 3 months and optimized medical therapy. Demographic characteristics, clinical, and laboratory parameters were recorded. @entity1 were followed for 2 years and the outcome was defined as all-cause @entity204 or hospital admission due to @entity712 worsening. @entity1 on  <= 80 mg @entity1483 were compared with those on higher doses. @entity1 were grouped according to @entity1483 dose ( <= 80 mg and >80 mg/d) and according to volemia as assessed by the @entity1372 retention score: <3 (euvolemia) versus >=  3 (hypervolemia). @entity1 on higher diuretic doses (n = 79) were older, more hypervolemic, and more symptomatic. @entity1 on >80 mg @entity1483 had a higher risk of @entity204 or hospital admission (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-3.1). For each 40-mg @entity1483 tablet, there was a 67% increase in risk of an adverse outcome within 2 years. The increase in risk was independent of other variables crudely associated with prognosis. Among euvolemic @entity1 , those on  <= 80 mg/d @entity1483 performed better than those on higher doses. Among hypervolemic @entity1 , the diuretic dose had no prognostic implications. CONCLUSIONS: Higher diuretic doses associated strongly and independently with adverse long-term outcome in chronic @entity712 . Possibly, in euvolemic @entity1 , efforts should be made to reduce diuretic dose.

title: Prognostic implications of diuretic dose in chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: Contrary to the T-helper (Th)-2 bias and eosinophil-dominated @entity32 encountered in most asthmatic subjects, other @entity1 may exhibit neutrophil-predominant @entity565 subphenotypes, along with Th-1 and Th-17 cells. However, the etiology of many neutrophil-dominated @entity565 subphenotypes remains ill-understood, in part due to a lack of appropriate experimental models. To better understand the distinct immune-pathological features of eosinophilic vs. neutrophilic @entity565 types, we developed an ovalbumin (OVA)-based @entity19 model of neutrophil-dominated @entity55 . Consequently, we probed for particular inflammatory signatures and checkpoints underlying the immune pathology in this new model, as well as in a conventional, eosinophil-dominated @entity565 model. Briefly, @entity19 were OVA sensitized using either @entity13923 (alum) or complete Freund's adjuvants, followed by OVA aerosol challenge. T-cell, granulocyte, and inflammatory mediator profiles were determined, along with alveolar macrophage genomewide transcriptome profiling. In contrast to the Th-2-dominated phenotype provoked by alum, OVA/ complete Freund's adjuvants adjuvant-based sensitization, followed by allergen challenge, elicited a @entity55 that was poorly controlled by @entity619 , and in which Th-1 and Th-17 cells additionally participated. Analysis of the overall pulmonary and alveolar macrophage inflammatory mediator profiles revealed remarkable similarities between both models. Nevertheless, we observed pronounced differences in the IL-12/IFN-y axis and its control by @entity6026 and @entity6026 binding protein, but also in macrophage @entity1426 metabolism and expression of T-cell instructive ligands. These differential signatures, superimposed onto a generic inflammatory signature, denote distinctive inflammatory checkpoints potentially involved in orchestrating neutrophil-dominated @entity565 .

title: Inflammatory signatures for eosinophilic vs. XXXX reveal critical regulatory checkpoints.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity13923 :: ('MESH:D000536', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminum hydroxide']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation', 'allergic pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['neutrophilic allergic pulmonary inflammation']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To examine extension mobility of the thoracic spine in young, asymptomatic adults, with particular reference to the influence of subject position and magnitude of the @entity1513 . BACKGROUND: Impairment of thoracic extension motion is commonly associated with mechanical @entity2531 in this region of the spine. Knowledge of normal thoracic mobility and the factors that may influence this motion is important in the evaluation and management of @entity2531 . METHODS: In 40 asymptomatic adults, the total and regional thoracic extension range of motion was measured using 2-dimensional photographic image analysis. Extension mobility was measured in standing, sitting, prone, and 4-point kneeling. The association between the magnitude of the @entity1513 and extension mobility was also examined. RESULTS: When measured from the habitual standing position, the mean range of flexion was 11.5   (3.7  ) and mean extension range was 8.7   (3.7  ). @entity1514 extension was significantly greater in unloaded positions compared to loaded positions (P<.001). The standing @entity1513 angle was significantly correlated with the end range thoracic extension angle in all positions (r = 0.63-0.79, P<.001). There was a poor correlation between the @entity1513 angle and thoracic extension range of motion in all positions (r = 0.11-0.34, P>.06). CONCLUSION: When measured from the habitual standing position, thoracic extension range of motion in young individuals is small and poorly correlated with the magnitude of the standing @entity1513 . Unloaded positions (4-point kneeling and prone), compared to positions that load the spine (standing and sitting), appear to promote a greater range of thoracic extension motion.

title: XXXX spine extension mobility in young adults: influence of subject position and spinal curvature.

entities_list: @entity1513 :: ('MESH:D007738', 'Disease') :: ['habitual thoracic kyphosis', 'thoracic kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity2531 :: ('MESH:D013001', 'Disease') :: ['pain disorders', 'thoracic pain disorders']

answer: @entity1514 :: (MESH:D013896,Disease) :: ['Thoracic']


abstract: Host responses to immune stimulation, including antigenic stimulation and @entity32 , have been described to involve the central neurotransmission, the @entity2339 , and the immune system. After antigenic stimulation, it has been hypothesized that the @entity2339 is involved in a feedback mechanism which limits lymphocyte expansion linked to the immune response. However, such a stimulation of the @entity2339 after immunization is not consistently reported in the literature. In the present experiments, we looked for a possible activation of the @entity2339 , as well as for the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system during primary and secondary antibody synthesis and cellular immunity. C3H female @entity19 were immunized with low or high doses of @entity742 red blood cells which induced @entity56 ( @entity56 ) or antibody synthesis, respectively. Plasma @entity2819 levels remained in normal ranges whether the animals developed primary or secondary humoral response or @entity56 . Splenic @entity1063 (NE) levels were unchanged during cellular immunity. During primary and secondary antibody responses splenic NE levels decreased, but no difference appeared between immunized animals and controls when the splenic NE content was expressed in milligrams per spleen because of a spleen enlargement in immunized animals. From these results, it can be concluded that immune responses, antibody synthesis and cellular immunity, in opposition to @entity32 , may be induced without any detectable stimulation of the @entity2339 or modification of the NE input in the spleen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: No change in plasma @entity2819 and splenic XXXX during humoral and cellular immune responses to @entity742 erythrocytes in C3H @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis', 'HPA axis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['DTH', 'delayed-type hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: Host responses to immune stimulation, including antigenic stimulation and @entity32 , have been described to involve the central neurotransmission, the @entity2339 , and the immune system. After antigenic stimulation, it has been hypothesized that the @entity2339 is involved in a feedback mechanism which limits lymphocyte expansion linked to the immune response. However, such a stimulation of the @entity2339 after immunization is not consistently reported in the literature. In the present experiments, we looked for a possible activation of the @entity2339 , as well as for the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system during primary and secondary antibody synthesis and cellular immunity. C3H female @entity19 were immunized with low or high doses of @entity742 red blood cells which induced @entity56 ( @entity56 ) or antibody synthesis, respectively. Plasma @entity2819 levels remained in normal ranges whether the animals developed primary or secondary humoral response or @entity56 . Splenic @entity1063 (NE) levels were unchanged during cellular immunity. During primary and secondary antibody responses splenic NE levels decreased, but no difference appeared between immunized animals and controls when the splenic NE content was expressed in milligrams per spleen because of a spleen enlargement in immunized animals. From these results, it can be concluded that immune responses, antibody synthesis and cellular immunity, in opposition to @entity32 , may be induced without any detectable stimulation of the @entity2339 or modification of the NE input in the spleen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: No change in plasma @entity2819 and splenic @entity1063 during humoral and cellular immune responses to XXXX erythrocytes in C3H @entity19 .

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: Host responses to immune stimulation, including antigenic stimulation and @entity32 , have been described to involve the central neurotransmission, the @entity2339 , and the immune system. After antigenic stimulation, it has been hypothesized that the @entity2339 is involved in a feedback mechanism which limits lymphocyte expansion linked to the immune response. However, such a stimulation of the @entity2339 after immunization is not consistently reported in the literature. In the present experiments, we looked for a possible activation of the @entity2339 , as well as for the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system during primary and secondary antibody synthesis and cellular immunity. C3H female @entity19 were immunized with low or high doses of @entity742 red blood cells which induced @entity56 ( @entity56 ) or antibody synthesis, respectively. Plasma @entity2819 levels remained in normal ranges whether the animals developed primary or secondary humoral response or @entity56 . Splenic @entity1063 (NE) levels were unchanged during cellular immunity. During primary and secondary antibody responses splenic NE levels decreased, but no difference appeared between immunized animals and controls when the splenic NE content was expressed in milligrams per spleen because of a spleen enlargement in immunized animals. From these results, it can be concluded that immune responses, antibody synthesis and cellular immunity, in opposition to @entity32 , may be induced without any detectable stimulation of the @entity2339 or modification of the NE input in the spleen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: No change in plasma XXXX and splenic @entity1063 during humoral and cellular immune responses to @entity742 erythrocytes in C3H @entity19 .

answer: @entity2819 :: (MESH:D003345,Chemical) :: ['corticosterone']


abstract: Host responses to immune stimulation, including antigenic stimulation and @entity32 , have been described to involve the central neurotransmission, the @entity2339 , and the immune system. After antigenic stimulation, it has been hypothesized that the @entity2339 is involved in a feedback mechanism which limits lymphocyte expansion linked to the immune response. However, such a stimulation of the @entity2339 after immunization is not consistently reported in the literature. In the present experiments, we looked for a possible activation of the @entity2339 , as well as for the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system during primary and secondary antibody synthesis and cellular immunity. C3H female @entity19 were immunized with low or high doses of @entity742 red blood cells which induced @entity56 ( @entity56 ) or antibody synthesis, respectively. Plasma @entity2819 levels remained in normal ranges whether the animals developed primary or secondary humoral response or @entity56 . Splenic @entity1063 (NE) levels were unchanged during cellular immunity. During primary and secondary antibody responses splenic NE levels decreased, but no difference appeared between immunized animals and controls when the splenic NE content was expressed in milligrams per spleen because of a spleen enlargement in immunized animals. From these results, it can be concluded that immune responses, antibody synthesis and cellular immunity, in opposition to @entity32 , may be induced without any detectable stimulation of the @entity2339 or modification of the NE input in the spleen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: No change in plasma @entity2819 and splenic @entity1063 during humoral and cellular immune responses to @entity742 erythrocytes in C3H XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare two topical eye anesthetics, @entity24505 and @entity6513 , for @entity158 of instillation and duration of activity. METHODS: Volunteers received both anesthetics in a prospective, randomized, double-masked protocol. The subjects were given one drop of a study solution in the lower lid fornix of the left eye. Immediately after receiving the medication, they rated the @entity158 of instillation on a previously validated visual-analog @entity158 scale. This procedure was then repeated in the right eye with the other study solution. @entity158 scales were quantified by making measurements to the nearest millimeter from the point of scale origin to the point marked by the @entity1 . The time interval until return of the corneal blink reflex was determined using a @entity2708 wisp. @entity158 scores and the time to return of corneal reflex were analyzed by the Sign test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, respectively, with significance defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects were available for analysis. Twenty subjects reported @entity24505 hurt less than @entity6513 , two felt the @entity158 was the same for the two agents, and only one reported that @entity24505 was more @entity158 . The mean @entity158 score for @entity6513 was 24 mm (100 mm maximum) higher than that for @entity24505 (p < 0.0002). @entity24505 lasted 1.3 minutes longer than @entity6513 , 10.7 minutes versus 9.4 minutes (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: @entity24505 eye drops cause less @entity158 than @entity6513 eye drops upon instillation. Anesthesia from @entity24505 last slightly longer. These properties make @entity24505 preferable to @entity6513 .

title: A comparison of @entity24505 and XXXX eye anesthetics.

entities_list: @entity24505 :: ('MESH:C005717', 'Chemical') :: ['proparacaine', 'Proparacaine']

entities_list: @entity6513 :: ('MESH:D013748', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracaine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain', 'painful']

answer: @entity6513 :: (MESH:D013748,Chemical) :: ['tetracaine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare two topical eye anesthetics, @entity24505 and @entity6513 , for @entity158 of instillation and duration of activity. METHODS: Volunteers received both anesthetics in a prospective, randomized, double-masked protocol. The subjects were given one drop of a study solution in the lower lid fornix of the left eye. Immediately after receiving the medication, they rated the @entity158 of instillation on a previously validated visual-analog @entity158 scale. This procedure was then repeated in the right eye with the other study solution. @entity158 scales were quantified by making measurements to the nearest millimeter from the point of scale origin to the point marked by the @entity1 . The time interval until return of the corneal blink reflex was determined using a @entity2708 wisp. @entity158 scores and the time to return of corneal reflex were analyzed by the Sign test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, respectively, with significance defined as p < 0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects were available for analysis. Twenty subjects reported @entity24505 hurt less than @entity6513 , two felt the @entity158 was the same for the two agents, and only one reported that @entity24505 was more @entity158 . The mean @entity158 score for @entity6513 was 24 mm (100 mm maximum) higher than that for @entity24505 (p < 0.0002). @entity24505 lasted 1.3 minutes longer than @entity6513 , 10.7 minutes versus 9.4 minutes (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: @entity24505 eye drops cause less @entity158 than @entity6513 eye drops upon instillation. Anesthesia from @entity24505 last slightly longer. These properties make @entity24505 preferable to @entity6513 .

title: A comparison of XXXX and @entity6513 eye anesthetics.

answer: @entity24505 :: (MESH:C005717,Chemical) :: ['proparacaine']


abstract: Antihypertensive treatment has been shown to slow down the decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with time. This has been most extensively studied in @entity1 with @entity2316 and, to some extent, with other forms of @entity8 . @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibition has been shown to be more effective in this regard than conventional antihypertensive therapy. This important aspect of antihypertensive treatment has not been studied previously in @entity1 with essential @entity101 . Preliminary results regarding the effects of two different antihypertensive therapies on the loss of GFR with time, determined with 51Cr- @entity1098 clearance after 6, 12, and 24 months of treatment, are presented here. The GFR was assessed in a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial in 257 @entity1 with essential @entity101 . All had a normal renal function, and none had @entity6 or @entity15157 . The two therapeutic modalities were the @entity1289 inhibitor @entity21261 and the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent @entity2165 . Both therapies were equally effective in lowering the systolic blood pressure. However, @entity2165 was slightly but significantly more effective in lowering the diastolic blood pressure after 6, 12, and 24 months. The decline in GFR with time was significantly smaller with @entity21261 than with @entity2165 . After 6 months, the reduction in GFR was 1.0 ( @entity21261 ) vs. 4.0 ( @entity2165 ) ml/min x 1.73 m2 (p < 0.01). After 12 months the corresponding changes were 2.0 vs. 4.5 ml/min x 1.73 m2 (p < 0.05) and after 24 months 3.0 vs. 4.0 ml/min x 1.73 m2 (n.s.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of XXXX inhibition versus conventional antihypertensive therapy on the glomerular filtration rate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity21261 :: ('MESH:D017315', 'Chemical') :: ['cilazapril']

entities_list: @entity15157 :: ('MESH:D006030', 'Disease') :: ['glucosuria']

entities_list: @entity2165 :: ('MESH:D001262', 'Chemical') :: ['atenolol']

answer: @entity1289 :: (1636,Gene) :: ['angiotensin-converting enzyme']


abstract: On the @entity30180 @entity73270 chromosome, the divergent coding sequences of the genes for the plasminogen activator streptokinase (skc) and a @entity368 -rich protein (lrp), the function of which is unknown, are separated by a 328 bp intrinsically bent DNA region rich in @entity1129 tracts. To begin to understand the expression control of these two genes, we mapped their transcriptional initiation sites by S1 nuclease analysis and studied the influence of the bent intergenic region on promoter strength, using promoter-reporter gene fusions of skc' and lrp' to 'lacZ from @entity526 . The major transcriptional start sites, in both @entity30180 and @entity526 , mapped 22 bases upstream of the ATG start site of lrp (G), and 24 and 32 bases upstream of the translational initiation codon of skc (A and G, respectively), indicating the existence of two overlapping canonical skc promoters arranged in tandem on opposite faces of the helix. The reporter gene fusions were cloned in @entity526 on a vector containing a 1.1 kb fragment of the @entity30180 dexB gene, thus allowing promoter strength to be measured in multiple plasmid-form copies in the heterologous host and in single-copy genomic form following integration into the skc region of the homologous host. In @entity30180 , skc'-'lacZ was expressed about 200-fold more strongly than the corresponding lrp'-'lacZ fusion. In contrast, in @entity526 , the corresponding levels of expression differed by only about 11-fold. Deletion of the 202 bp bent region upstream of the skc and lrp core promoters caused a 13-fold decrease in skc promoter activity in @entity30180 but did not alter lrp promoter strength in this host. In contrast, when studied in @entity526 , this deletion did not alter the strength of the skc-double promoter and even increased by 2.4- to 3-fold the activity of the lrp promoter. This comparative promoter analysis shows that skc has a complex promoter structure, the activity of which in the homologous genomic environment specifically depends on sequences upstream of the two core promoters. Thus, the skc promoter structure resembles that of an array of promoters involved in a transcriptional switch; however, the nature of the potential switch factor(s) remains unknown.

title: Complex transcriptional control of the streptokinase gene of @entity30180 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity30180 :: ('119602', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus equisimilis', 'S. equisimilis']

entities_list: @entity73270 :: ('p|SUB|H|46|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['H46A']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity73270 :: (p|SUB|H|46|A,ProteinMutation) :: ['H46A']


abstract: On the @entity30180 @entity73270 chromosome, the divergent coding sequences of the genes for the plasminogen activator streptokinase (skc) and a @entity368 -rich protein (lrp), the function of which is unknown, are separated by a 328 bp intrinsically bent DNA region rich in @entity1129 tracts. To begin to understand the expression control of these two genes, we mapped their transcriptional initiation sites by S1 nuclease analysis and studied the influence of the bent intergenic region on promoter strength, using promoter-reporter gene fusions of skc' and lrp' to 'lacZ from @entity526 . The major transcriptional start sites, in both @entity30180 and @entity526 , mapped 22 bases upstream of the ATG start site of lrp (G), and 24 and 32 bases upstream of the translational initiation codon of skc (A and G, respectively), indicating the existence of two overlapping canonical skc promoters arranged in tandem on opposite faces of the helix. The reporter gene fusions were cloned in @entity526 on a vector containing a 1.1 kb fragment of the @entity30180 dexB gene, thus allowing promoter strength to be measured in multiple plasmid-form copies in the heterologous host and in single-copy genomic form following integration into the skc region of the homologous host. In @entity30180 , skc'-'lacZ was expressed about 200-fold more strongly than the corresponding lrp'-'lacZ fusion. In contrast, in @entity526 , the corresponding levels of expression differed by only about 11-fold. Deletion of the 202 bp bent region upstream of the skc and lrp core promoters caused a 13-fold decrease in skc promoter activity in @entity30180 but did not alter lrp promoter strength in this host. In contrast, when studied in @entity526 , this deletion did not alter the strength of the skc-double promoter and even increased by 2.4- to 3-fold the activity of the lrp promoter. This comparative promoter analysis shows that skc has a complex promoter structure, the activity of which in the homologous genomic environment specifically depends on sequences upstream of the two core promoters. Thus, the skc promoter structure resembles that of an array of promoters involved in a transcriptional switch; however, the nature of the potential switch factor(s) remains unknown.

title: Complex transcriptional control of the streptokinase gene of XXXX @entity73270 .

answer: @entity30180 :: (119602,Species) :: ['Streptococcus equisimilis']


abstract: The @entity387 is often associated with the syndromes of daytime exhaustion and @entity25 . The cause is assumed to be fragmentary sleep resulting from night-time arousal. The central nervous activation reactions caused by @entity386 or @entity387 , respectively, and not the movement arousal determine the sleep structure. We have examined 10 male @entity1 in the age range 40-55 years (48 +/- 6 SD) before and during the first 3 nights of @entity3128 therapy. Cardiorespiratory polysomnography was performed in all four nights. Sleep way analyzed visually and differentiation was made between @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ) and movement arousal (MA). All 10 @entity1 had a pronounced @entity387 . Deep and dream sleep were reduced, significantly more @entity1576 arousals occurred than movement arousals. The @entity1807 latency was shortened in the first therapy night, the deep and dream sleep proportions increased and the @entity1576 decreased significantly. No further significant changes in the sleep parameters occurred during the second and third nights. We found that the number of @entity386 / @entity387 was not equal to the number of @entity1576 . When less arousal was recognized it was suggestive of a deficit of the diversion function while more @entity1576 was indicative of additional @entity1576 events, e.g. pharyngeal obstructions and hyperventilations which were not recognized as @entity386 or @entity387 . In addition to its role in the differential diagnosis of @entity25 , in particular @entity387 , arousal differentiation is also an important criterion for estimating the efficiency of @entity3128 therapy.

title: [Differentiation of arousal in sleep before and after XXXX therapy in @entity1 with pronounced @entity387 ].

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep apnea syndrome', 'hypopnea', 'sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleeping disorders', 'involuntary daytime sleeping fits']

answer: @entity3128 :: (55835,Gene) :: ['CPAP']


abstract: The @entity387 is often associated with the syndromes of daytime exhaustion and @entity25 . The cause is assumed to be fragmentary sleep resulting from night-time arousal. The central nervous activation reactions caused by @entity386 or @entity387 , respectively, and not the movement arousal determine the sleep structure. We have examined 10 male @entity1 in the age range 40-55 years (48 +/- 6 SD) before and during the first 3 nights of @entity3128 therapy. Cardiorespiratory polysomnography was performed in all four nights. Sleep way analyzed visually and differentiation was made between @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ) and movement arousal (MA). All 10 @entity1 had a pronounced @entity387 . Deep and dream sleep were reduced, significantly more @entity1576 arousals occurred than movement arousals. The @entity1807 latency was shortened in the first therapy night, the deep and dream sleep proportions increased and the @entity1576 decreased significantly. No further significant changes in the sleep parameters occurred during the second and third nights. We found that the number of @entity386 / @entity387 was not equal to the number of @entity1576 . When less arousal was recognized it was suggestive of a deficit of the diversion function while more @entity1576 was indicative of additional @entity1576 events, e.g. pharyngeal obstructions and hyperventilations which were not recognized as @entity386 or @entity387 . In addition to its role in the differential diagnosis of @entity25 , in particular @entity387 , arousal differentiation is also an important criterion for estimating the efficiency of @entity3128 therapy.

title: [Differentiation of arousal in sleep before and after @entity3128 therapy in @entity1 with pronounced XXXX ].

answer: @entity387 :: (MESH:D012891,Disease) :: ['sleep apnea syndrome']


abstract: The @entity387 is often associated with the syndromes of daytime exhaustion and @entity25 . The cause is assumed to be fragmentary sleep resulting from night-time arousal. The central nervous activation reactions caused by @entity386 or @entity387 , respectively, and not the movement arousal determine the sleep structure. We have examined 10 male @entity1 in the age range 40-55 years (48 +/- 6 SD) before and during the first 3 nights of @entity3128 therapy. Cardiorespiratory polysomnography was performed in all four nights. Sleep way analyzed visually and differentiation was made between @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ) and movement arousal (MA). All 10 @entity1 had a pronounced @entity387 . Deep and dream sleep were reduced, significantly more @entity1576 arousals occurred than movement arousals. The @entity1807 latency was shortened in the first therapy night, the deep and dream sleep proportions increased and the @entity1576 decreased significantly. No further significant changes in the sleep parameters occurred during the second and third nights. We found that the number of @entity386 / @entity387 was not equal to the number of @entity1576 . When less arousal was recognized it was suggestive of a deficit of the diversion function while more @entity1576 was indicative of additional @entity1576 events, e.g. pharyngeal obstructions and hyperventilations which were not recognized as @entity386 or @entity387 . In addition to its role in the differential diagnosis of @entity25 , in particular @entity387 , arousal differentiation is also an important criterion for estimating the efficiency of @entity3128 therapy.

title: [Differentiation of arousal in sleep before and after @entity3128 therapy in XXXX with pronounced @entity387 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We describe five cases of @entity1347 ( @entity1347 ), formerly known as segmental mediolytic @entity3468 . @entity1347 occurs in epicardial coronary arteries and in the abdominal splanchnic arteries. @entity1 with abdominal @entity1347 are generally elderly, whereas coronary @entity1347 presents in neonates, @entity1 , and young adults. @entity1347 is initiated by mediolysis of the outer media, which can expand to involve the mid- and inner media. Accompanying alterations include @entity527 at the medial adventitial junction and replacement of the lysed muscle fibers by fibrin, erythrocytes, and granulation tissue. Transmural mediolysis results in arterial wall gaps frequently complicated by dissecting @entity1410 and @entity439 . @entity548 stem from these complications. @entity1347 involving abdominal splanchnic arteries clinically presents with @entity490 and distension, falling hematocrit, and shock. Simultaneous involvement of more than one abdominal artery is frequent, and branches of the @entity1593 are most commonly affected. Various disease states that provoke pathologic stimuli for endothelial mediated vasoconstriction occur in the immediate clinical background of @entity1 with @entity1347 . Certain morphologic features of @entity1347 suggest that this @entity455 is due to @entity2553 , which we putatively ascribe to focal endothelial paracrine dysfunction. Organization of uncomplicated @entity1347 lesions could resemble certain types of @entity4267 , suggesting that the genesis of such arterial lesions is related to @entity2553 .

title: Segmental arterial mediolysis: a precursor to XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial lesion']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['fibrinous linear deposits']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['celiac axis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['segmental arterial mediolysis', 'SAM']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity4267 :: ('MESH:D005352', 'Disease') :: ['fibromuscular dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

answer: @entity4267 :: (MESH:D005352,Disease) :: ['fibromuscular dysplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the overall complications, major as well as minor, in @entity1 treated for @entity5 as related to treatment parameters. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 167 consecutive @entity1 with @entity5 treated with preoperative radiotherapy and radical hysterectomy were investigated. Clinical data were collected from the medical files. RESULTS: Transient or permanent complications appeared in up to half of all @entity1 . Seven percent exhibited intraoperative complications and 35% suffered from early postoperative urinary tract problems; most frequently @entity293 . After one year, the urinary tract complications dominated; voidance difficulties and incontinence being most common. @entity344 occurred in 15% of @entity1 . @entity4269 appeared during the first year in 21% of the @entity1 but several of the mild or moderate cases improved after the first year. The relative risk of @entity4269 was increased with shorter duration of surgery, extensive preoperative irradiation to the bladder and after external postoperative irradiation. Some form of late sequelae remained in every fifth @entity1 , and every fourth @entity1 , aged 24-44 years, periodically suffered from vasomotor symptoms despite @entity172 replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: The complications after radiotherapy and radical hysterectomy in @entity5 suggest that attempts should be made to evaluate effective treatments designed to minimize risk to the @entity1 .

title: Complications after radiotherapy and radical hysterectomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['early-stage cervical carcinoma', 'early stage cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['Lymphedema', 'lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal complications']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['early-stage cervical carcinoma']


abstract: External beam radiotherapy is currently the commonest form of treatment for early @entity5 (T1/2) and @entity1374 is a well recognised complication of this treatment. @entity1375 is a specific @entity922 which in most @entity1 will be recognized and treated. The problems associated with @entity1375 (elevated TSH with normal T4), however, are only now being recognized and their management is to some extent still controversial. The aims of our study are to determine the incidence of clinical and @entity1375 in those who have been treated solely with curative radiotherapy for early @entity5 . We performed a retrospective observational study encompassing all @entity1 who underwent curative radiotherapy for T1/T2 @entity5 between 1998 and 2002. 33 @entity1 were identified (mean 66.85  years, range 48-93). 19 @entity1 had T1 lesions (58%), 14 had T2 lesions (42%) and 27 were N0 (82%). 23 @entity1 were euthyroid post treatment (70%), 2 became @entity1375 (6%) and 8 developed @entity1375 (24%). There was no association between @entity5 stage (p  =  0.97), nodal stage (p  =  0.46) and thyroid status, however, there was an association between increasing age and deteriorating thyroid function (p  =  0.01). Our study showed that of @entity1 with early @entity5 treated solely with curative radiotherapy 24% developed @entity1375 and 6% were @entity1375 (Elevated TSH and reduced T4). We feel @entity1 should receive regular thyroid function testing following completion of treatment and should be adequately counselled on the risk of @entity1374 following radiotherapy at pre-treatment visits.

title: The incidence of XXXX following radiotherapy for early stage carcinoma of the larynx.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['subclinical hypothyroidism', 'overtly hypothyroid', 'Overt hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal cancer', 'laryngeal cancers', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinical disorder']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid dysfunction']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid dysfunction']


abstract: PURPOSE: Multiple cases and small series of @entity1 who have undergone splenectomy for metastatic @entity5 have been reported. This study examines the outcome of @entity1 with metastatic @entity5 to the spleen treated by splenectomy at a tertiary oncology centre and a review of cases published in the last 10  years. METHODS: The hospital histopathology database was searched over a 25-year period up to 2004 for @entity1 who had undergone splenectomy for non-haematological @entity5 . Medical records of these @entity1 were reviewed and clinical course was examined. The literature review was undertaken using a search of PubMed for the terms "splenectomy" and " @entity3 " from 2000 to 2010. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases at our institution were identified. The most common primary site of @entity5 was ovary (nine cases), followed by @entity320 (three) and pancreas (three). There were two cases of @entity3 from colonic primary and one each from renal, breast, nasopharyngeal and unknown @entity66 . There were two cases of long-term disease-free survival (both primary @entity43 ) and four cases of @entity1 who survived more than 4  years but had disease recurrence (ovarian and colonic primaries). The literature review provided a further 115 cases. CONCLUSIONS: More favorable outcomes were seen in @entity1 with @entity66 . There was a trend to improved outcome in ovarian and colorectal primaries over @entity320 . It is postulated that improved outcome may be seen in @entity1 for whom there were effective adjuvant chemotherapeutic options, low probability of other @entity3 and @entity5 biology. However, frequently the presentation is indicative of aggressive @entity66 with a poor prognosis.

title: Splenectomy for non-haematological metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian tumours']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['metachronous disease', 'widespread disease', 'primary disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'less aggressive tumour', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: It is important to differentiate pure and mixed @entity189 of the breast because the former have a more favorable prognosis. We correlate histopathologic findings with mammographic findings for 20 @entity1 with pure or mixed @entity189 to determine differential characteristics and their pathologic basis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched our pathology database of 2219 consecutive @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity0 and found that 31 (1.4%) had @entity189 . Eleven @entity1 were excluded because the mammograms (n = 6) or the microscopic slides (n = 5) were not available. The remaining 20 @entity1 , who were 37-92 years old (mean, 64 years), were the subjects of the study. Their clinical records, mammograms, and microscopic slides were reviewed. @entity5 size was based on the maximum mammographic diameter or measured diameter of the excised @entity5 . RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 (85%) had @entity5 that were mammographically apparent. Histopathologic review confirmed 15 pure @entity5 and five mixed @entity5 having an overall mean diameter of 3.4 cm. The pure- @entity5 group contained three incidentally detected @entity5 (all < or = 0.8 cm in diameter); six that had a circumscribed, lobular contour on mammograms (mean diameter, 3.6 cm); and six that had a poorly defined, irregular contour (mean diameter, 1.2 cm). One of the mammographically apparent small pure @entity5 contained histologically confirmed @entity1653 . All pure @entity5 had microscopically evident circumscribed margins that could have accounted for the circumscribed mammographic appearance of the larger masses. All mixed @entity5 had mammographically and histologically evident irregular margins because of the associated @entity82 and infiltrative margins of the nonmucinous component (mean diameter, 5.3 cm). CONCLUSION: There are differences in the mammographic appearances of pure and mixed @entity189 that have a histopathologic basis. Circumscribed, lobular margins on mammograms are characteristic of large pure @entity5 and are the result of their microscopically evident circumscribed margins and expansile growth pattern. Irregular margins on mammograms are more characteristic of mixed @entity5 , regardless of @entity5 size, and are attributable to the fibrotic and infiltrative nature of the nonmucinous component.

title: Pure and mixed XXXX of the breast: pathologic basis for differences in mammographic appearance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous tumors', 'tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['psammomatous microcalcifications']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['mucinous carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1137 is an infrequent benign lesion of the breast, defined as prominent @entity1373 of the lobules with @entity1463 of the interlobular stroma. It commonly presents as a tumorlike mass clinically. @entity1137 has been identified at biopsy at our institution with rare but increasing frequency. We reviewed the imaging features of 15 @entity1 with biopsy-proven @entity1137 to determine if a characteristic imaging pattern could suggest this diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mammograms and sonograms of all @entity1 with pathologically proved @entity1137 seen between January 1986 and June 1993 were retrospectively reviewed by two of the authors who were familiar with the pathologic diagnosis. Imaging findings that led to biopsy or were present on the preoperative studies were reviewed. The study included 15 @entity1 ranging in age from 21 to 46 years old, with a mean age of 32 years. Seven were black, and eight were white. All @entity1 had mammograms, three @entity1 had prior mammograms for comparison, and sonography was done in all but one case. Presenting symptoms included a recently discovered breast lump in eight @entity1 , breast tenderness in one @entity1 , and a clear nipple discharge in one @entity1 . The other five were asymptomatic and had screening mammograms. RESULTS: Eight @entity1 (53%) had a well-defined mass on mammography, varying in size from 1.0 cm to 8.0 cm (mean, 3.7 cm). In one of these @entity1 , the nodule was proved to be a @entity1557 ; @entity1137 was found only microscopically. Microcalcifications were present within the mass on mammography in one @entity1 . Mammograms in two @entity1 showed asymmetric increased density compared with the opposite breast, and in five cases, the mammographic findings were interpreted as normal. Sonograms showed a solid, well-defined mass with either homogeneous or mixed echoes in 10 of 14 @entity1 (71%). In only one of these nodules was acoustic enhancement present. In the other four @entity1 , sonograms were normal. No characteristic findings were identified that would suggest @entity1137 as a likely diagnosis preoperatively, and, in fact, in many cases a diagnosis of @entity1557 was considered most probable. CONCLUSION: The imaging findings of @entity1137 are not sufficiently characteristic to distinguish the lesion from @entity1557 and well-circumscribed @entity189 .

title: XXXX of the breast: imaging features in 15 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosing lobular hyperplasia', 'Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1557 :: ('MESH:D018226', 'Disease') :: ['fibroadenomas', 'fibroadenoma']

answer: @entity1137 :: (MESH:D018275,Disease) :: ['Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity130 is common, accounting for approximately a third of all injuries. The majority of injuries to @entity1 under five and @entity1 aged 75 and older occur at home. Multifactorial injury prevention interventions have been shown to reduce injuries in the home. However, few studies have focused specifically on the impact of physical adaptations to the home environment and the effectiveness of such interventions needs to be ascertained. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of modifications to the home environment on the @entity130 due to environmental hazards. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and other specialised databases. We also scanned conference proceedings and reference lists. We contacted the first author of all included randomised controlled trials. The searches were last updated to the end of December 2009, and were not restricted by language or publication status. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors screened all abstracts for relevance, outcome and design. Two authors independently assessed methodological quality and extracted data from each eligible study. We performed meta-analysis to combine effect measures, using a random-effects model. We assessed heterogeneity using an I(2) statistic and a Chi(2) test. MAIN RESULTS: We found 28 published studies and one unpublished study. Only two studies were sufficiently similar to allow pooling of data for statistical analyses. Studies were divided into three groups; @entity1 , older @entity1 and the general population/mixed age group. None of the studies focusing on @entity1 or older @entity1 demonstrated a reduction in injuries that were a direct result of environmental modification in the home. One study in older @entity1 demonstrated a reduction in falls and one a reduction in falls and injurious falls that may have been due to hazard reduction. One meta-analysis was performed which examined the effects on falls of multifactorial interventions consisting of home hazard assessment and modification, medication review, health and bone assessment and exercise (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.23). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to determine whether interventions focused on modifying environmental home hazards reduce injuries. Further interventions to reduce hazards in the home should be evaluated by adequately designed randomised controlled trials measuring injury outcomes. Recruitment of large study samples to measure effect must be a major consideration for future trials. Researchers should also consider using factorial designs to allow the evaluation of individual components of multifactorial interventions.

title: Modification of the home environment for the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'children']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Injury in the home', 'reduction of injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['reduction of injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4401 is an acute @entity912 of one side of the face of unknown aetiology. @entity4401 should only be used as a diagnosis in the absence of all other pathology. As the proposed pathophysiology is swelling and entrapment of the nerve, some surgeons suggest surgical decompression of the nerve as a possible management option. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of surgery in the management of @entity4401 and to compare this to outcomes of medical management. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity4094 Group Specialized Register (23 November 2010). We also searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (23 November in The Cochrane Library, Issue 4 2010). We adapted this strategy to search MEDLINE (January 1966 to November 2010) and EMBASE (January 1980 to November 2010). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials involving any surgical intervention for @entity4401 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed whether trials identified from the search strategy were eligible for inclusion. Two review authors assessed trial quality and extracted data independently. MAIN RESULTS: Two trials with a total of 69 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. The first study considered the treatment of 403 @entity1 but only included 44 in their surgical study. These were randomised into a surgical and non surgical group. The second study had 25 @entity1 which they randomly allocated into surgical or control groups.The nerves of all the surgical group @entity1 in both studies were decompressed using a retroauricular approach. The primary outcome was @entity3541 at 12 months. The first study showed that both the operated and non operated groups had comparable facial nerve recovery at nine months. This study did not statistically compare the groups but the scores and size of the groups suggested that statistically significant differences are unlikely.  The second study reported no statistically significant differences between their operated and control groups. One operated @entity1 in the first study had 20 dB @entity1274 and persistent vertigo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is only very low quality evidence from randomised controlled trials and this is insufficient to decide whether surgical intervention is beneficial or harmful in the management of @entity4401 .Further research into the role of surgical intervention is unlikely to be performed because spontaneous recovery occurs in most cases.

title: Surgical interventions for the early management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['Neuromuscular Disease']

entities_list: @entity4401 :: ('MESH:D020330', 'Disease') :: ["Bell's palsy"]

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['recovery of facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity4401 :: (MESH:D020330,Disease) :: ['Bell's palsy']