abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse the quality of the prescription of home @entity26 therapy (OT) in a health area of Murcia. METHODS: A prospective study of 125 @entity1 in a respiratory therapy clinic, evaluated with a questionnaire and blood-gas analysis while breathing ambient air. Related respiratory therapy was also assessedin @entity1030 and @entity565 @entity1 . RESULTS: We studied 125 cases in the 3 months following the prescription of home @entity26 therapy in 72 @entity1 (58%) and 53 @entity1 (42%) with a mean age of 77.2    11.6. The most common type of home OT prescribed was for palliative cases in 45 @entity1 (36%), followed by @entity1030 in 42 (33.6%). In 88 (92%) of the 96 medical reports that we evaluated, insufficient data as to how to administer @entity26 were available. Twenty-five percent of home OT prescriptions were given without blood-gas analyses, and in the 65 cases with a blood-gas analysis only 11 (17%) met @entity26 value criteria for home OT as per regulations. @entity26 desaturation was not present in 31% of the palliative care home OT cases. The analysis of blood-gases during the clinic visit in non-palliative care cases demonstrated that 61% did not meet the blood-gas criteria to continue on home OT. Eighty percent of @entity1030 and @entity565 @entity1 on home OT did not receive the correct respiratory therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Quality problems in the prescription of home OT exist in our area. Palliative care is the principal reason for home OT prescriptions. In @entity1030 and @entity565 @entity1 who receive home OT, related respiratory therapy is not ideal.

title: [Quality of initial prescription of home XXXX therapy in a healthcare area of the Murcia Region (Spain)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is considered a biomarker of @entity1 aging and based on cross-sectional studies it shortens with age. However, longitudinal studies reported that many adults display LTL lengthening. METHODS: Using Southern blots, we compared cross-sectional rates of age-related LTL change across a    20 year age range with those based on longitudinal evaluations in three surveys (S1, S2, and S3) with three time intervals: S1-S2 (5.8 years), S2-S3 (6.6 years), and S1-S3 (12.4 years). @entity3628 was used to explore LTL dynamics using LTL data from S1, S2, and S3. RESULTS: Cross-sectionally, mean LTL shortenings were 24.6, 25.4, and 23.6 bp/y at S1, S2, and S3, respectively. Longitudinally, more variation was observed in the rate of LTL change during the shorter than longer follow-up periods. Furthermore, using simple differences in LTL, 14.4% and 10.7% of individuals displayed LTL lengthening during S1-S2 and S2-S3, respectively, but only 1.5% during S1-S3 (p < 0.001). The estimated mean rate of LTL @entity3207 based on averaging empirical Bayes' estimates of LTL from a parsimonious @entity3628 was 31 bp/y with a range from 23 to 47 bp/y with none of the @entity1 showing LTL lengthening over the average 12.4 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: As aging displays a unidirectional progression, it is unlikely that LTL elongates with age. LTL elongation in longitudinal studies primarily reflects measurement errors of LTL in relation to the duration of follow-up periods.

title: Longitudinal versus cross-sectional evaluations of leukocyte telomere length dynamics: age-dependent telomere XXXX is the rule.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'human']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

entities_list: @entity3628 :: ('MESH:D004195', 'Disease') :: ['Hierarchical linear modeling', 'hierarchical linear modeling model']

answer: @entity3207 :: (MESH:C535850,Disease) :: ['shortening']


abstract: Groups of male and female Fischer 344 @entity35 , B6C3F1 @entity19 , and Hartley @entity840 were exposed once for 6 hr to mean concentrations of 10.5, 5.4, 2.4, 1.0, or 0 (control) ppm of @entity36419 ( @entity29154 ) vapor. @entity35 and @entity19 were also exposed to 20.4 ppm of MIC. No @entity204 occurred in animals exposed to 2.4 or 1.0 ppm. The majority of @entity204 for the 20.4- and 10.5-ppm groups occurred during postexposure Days 1 through 3, while at 5.4 ppm @entity204 were observed throughout the 14-day postexposure period. The 6-hr LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) were 6.1 (4.6 to 8.2) ppm for @entity35 , 12.2 (8.4 to 17.5) ppm for @entity19 , and 5.4 (4.4 to 6.7) ppm for @entity840 . Notable clinical observations during and immediately following MIC exposure were lacrimation, perinasal/perioral wetness, @entity1576 (e.g., mouth breathing), decreased activity, @entity2055 , and @entity2332 . The frequency of clinical signs decreased during the second postexposure week. Body weight losses were common in all species following MIC exposures of 2.4 ppm or greater. At 1.0 ppm, only female @entity19 had body weight @entity308 . Recovery of body weight loss was observed in the 5.4- ( @entity840 only), 2.4- and 1.0-ppm concentration groups. The lungs of all animals that died were discolored. Following microscopic examination of the respiratory tract, @entity204 were attributed to @entity3126 and @entity384 . In a separate study, Fischer 344 @entity35 and Hartley @entity840 were exposed once for 4 hr to mean concentrations of 36.1, 25.6, 15.2, or 5.2 ppm of MIC vapor. In general, the results were similar to those of the single 6-hr exposure study.

title: Acute inhalation studies with @entity36419 vapor. I. Methodology and LC50 determinations in @entity840 , XXXX , and @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['congestion']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory difficulty']

entities_list: @entity36419 :: ('MESH:C008461', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl isocyanate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Groups of male and female Fischer 344 @entity35 , B6C3F1 @entity19 , and Hartley @entity840 were exposed once for 6 hr to mean concentrations of 10.5, 5.4, 2.4, 1.0, or 0 (control) ppm of @entity36419 ( @entity29154 ) vapor. @entity35 and @entity19 were also exposed to 20.4 ppm of MIC. No @entity204 occurred in animals exposed to 2.4 or 1.0 ppm. The majority of @entity204 for the 20.4- and 10.5-ppm groups occurred during postexposure Days 1 through 3, while at 5.4 ppm @entity204 were observed throughout the 14-day postexposure period. The 6-hr LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) were 6.1 (4.6 to 8.2) ppm for @entity35 , 12.2 (8.4 to 17.5) ppm for @entity19 , and 5.4 (4.4 to 6.7) ppm for @entity840 . Notable clinical observations during and immediately following MIC exposure were lacrimation, perinasal/perioral wetness, @entity1576 (e.g., mouth breathing), decreased activity, @entity2055 , and @entity2332 . The frequency of clinical signs decreased during the second postexposure week. Body weight losses were common in all species following MIC exposures of 2.4 ppm or greater. At 1.0 ppm, only female @entity19 had body weight @entity308 . Recovery of body weight loss was observed in the 5.4- ( @entity840 only), 2.4- and 1.0-ppm concentration groups. The lungs of all animals that died were discolored. Following microscopic examination of the respiratory tract, @entity204 were attributed to @entity3126 and @entity384 . In a separate study, Fischer 344 @entity35 and Hartley @entity840 were exposed once for 4 hr to mean concentrations of 36.1, 25.6, 15.2, or 5.2 ppm of MIC vapor. In general, the results were similar to those of the single 6-hr exposure study.

title: Acute inhalation studies with XXXX vapor. I. Methodology and LC50 determinations in @entity840 , @entity35 , and @entity19 .

answer: @entity36419 :: (MESH:C008461,Chemical) :: ['methyl isocyanate']


abstract: Groups of male and female Fischer 344 @entity35 , B6C3F1 @entity19 , and Hartley @entity840 were exposed once for 6 hr to mean concentrations of 10.5, 5.4, 2.4, 1.0, or 0 (control) ppm of @entity36419 ( @entity29154 ) vapor. @entity35 and @entity19 were also exposed to 20.4 ppm of MIC. No @entity204 occurred in animals exposed to 2.4 or 1.0 ppm. The majority of @entity204 for the 20.4- and 10.5-ppm groups occurred during postexposure Days 1 through 3, while at 5.4 ppm @entity204 were observed throughout the 14-day postexposure period. The 6-hr LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) were 6.1 (4.6 to 8.2) ppm for @entity35 , 12.2 (8.4 to 17.5) ppm for @entity19 , and 5.4 (4.4 to 6.7) ppm for @entity840 . Notable clinical observations during and immediately following MIC exposure were lacrimation, perinasal/perioral wetness, @entity1576 (e.g., mouth breathing), decreased activity, @entity2055 , and @entity2332 . The frequency of clinical signs decreased during the second postexposure week. Body weight losses were common in all species following MIC exposures of 2.4 ppm or greater. At 1.0 ppm, only female @entity19 had body weight @entity308 . Recovery of body weight loss was observed in the 5.4- ( @entity840 only), 2.4- and 1.0-ppm concentration groups. The lungs of all animals that died were discolored. Following microscopic examination of the respiratory tract, @entity204 were attributed to @entity3126 and @entity384 . In a separate study, Fischer 344 @entity35 and Hartley @entity840 were exposed once for 4 hr to mean concentrations of 36.1, 25.6, 15.2, or 5.2 ppm of MIC vapor. In general, the results were similar to those of the single 6-hr exposure study.

title: Acute inhalation studies with @entity36419 vapor. I. Methodology and LC50 determinations in XXXX , @entity35 , and @entity19 .

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pigs']


abstract: Groups of male and female Fischer 344 @entity35 , B6C3F1 @entity19 , and Hartley @entity840 were exposed once for 6 hr to mean concentrations of 10.5, 5.4, 2.4, 1.0, or 0 (control) ppm of @entity36419 ( @entity29154 ) vapor. @entity35 and @entity19 were also exposed to 20.4 ppm of MIC. No @entity204 occurred in animals exposed to 2.4 or 1.0 ppm. The majority of @entity204 for the 20.4- and 10.5-ppm groups occurred during postexposure Days 1 through 3, while at 5.4 ppm @entity204 were observed throughout the 14-day postexposure period. The 6-hr LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) were 6.1 (4.6 to 8.2) ppm for @entity35 , 12.2 (8.4 to 17.5) ppm for @entity19 , and 5.4 (4.4 to 6.7) ppm for @entity840 . Notable clinical observations during and immediately following MIC exposure were lacrimation, perinasal/perioral wetness, @entity1576 (e.g., mouth breathing), decreased activity, @entity2055 , and @entity2332 . The frequency of clinical signs decreased during the second postexposure week. Body weight losses were common in all species following MIC exposures of 2.4 ppm or greater. At 1.0 ppm, only female @entity19 had body weight @entity308 . Recovery of body weight loss was observed in the 5.4- ( @entity840 only), 2.4- and 1.0-ppm concentration groups. The lungs of all animals that died were discolored. Following microscopic examination of the respiratory tract, @entity204 were attributed to @entity3126 and @entity384 . In a separate study, Fischer 344 @entity35 and Hartley @entity840 were exposed once for 4 hr to mean concentrations of 36.1, 25.6, 15.2, or 5.2 ppm of MIC vapor. In general, the results were similar to those of the single 6-hr exposure study.

title: Acute inhalation studies with @entity36419 vapor. I. Methodology and LC50 determinations in @entity840 , @entity35 , and XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Although a similar prevalence of smoking is evident among @entity1 with @entity565 and the general population, little is known about the impact of cigarette smoke on the immune inflammatory processes elicited by common environmental allergens. We investigated the impact of exposure to cigarette smoke on house dust mite (HDM)-induced @entity56 @entity32 and its consequences for tissue remodeling and lung physiology in @entity19 . BALB/c @entity19 received intranasal HDMs daily, 5 days per week, for 3 weeks to establish chronic @entity32 . Subsequently, @entity19 were concurrently exposed to HDMs plus cigarette smoke, 5 days per week, for 2 weeks (HDMs + smoke). We observed significantly attenuated @entity1712 in the bronchoalveolar lavage of @entity19 exposed to HDMs + smoke, compared with animals exposed only to HDMs. A similar activation of CD4 T cells and expression of @entity59 , @entity1312 was observed between HDM-treated and HDM + smoke-treated animals. Consistent with an effect on eosinophil trafficking, HDMs + smoke exposure attenuated the HDM-induced expression of @entity6580 , whereas the survival of eosinophils and the numbers of blood eosinophils were not affected. Exposure to cigarette smoke also reduced the activation of B cells and the concentrations of serum IgE. Although the production of mucus decreased, collagen deposition significantly increased in animals exposed to HDMs + smoke, compared with animals exposed only to HDMs. Although airway resistance was unaffected, tissue resistance was significantly decreased in @entity19 exposed to HDMs + smoke. Our findings demonstrate that cigarette smoke affects eosinophil migration without affecting airway resistance or modifying Th2 cell adaptive immunity in a @entity19 model of HDM-induced @entity565 .

title: Cigarette smoke differentially affects XXXX and remodeling in a model of house dust mite @entity565 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity6580 :: ('22329(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['eotaxin-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity1312 :: ('16163(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IL-13, and transforming growth factor-b']

answer: @entity1712 :: (MESH:D004802,Disease) :: ['eosinophilia']


abstract: Although a similar prevalence of smoking is evident among @entity1 with @entity565 and the general population, little is known about the impact of cigarette smoke on the immune inflammatory processes elicited by common environmental allergens. We investigated the impact of exposure to cigarette smoke on house dust mite (HDM)-induced @entity56 @entity32 and its consequences for tissue remodeling and lung physiology in @entity19 . BALB/c @entity19 received intranasal HDMs daily, 5 days per week, for 3 weeks to establish chronic @entity32 . Subsequently, @entity19 were concurrently exposed to HDMs plus cigarette smoke, 5 days per week, for 2 weeks (HDMs + smoke). We observed significantly attenuated @entity1712 in the bronchoalveolar lavage of @entity19 exposed to HDMs + smoke, compared with animals exposed only to HDMs. A similar activation of CD4 T cells and expression of @entity59 , @entity1312 was observed between HDM-treated and HDM + smoke-treated animals. Consistent with an effect on eosinophil trafficking, HDMs + smoke exposure attenuated the HDM-induced expression of @entity6580 , whereas the survival of eosinophils and the numbers of blood eosinophils were not affected. Exposure to cigarette smoke also reduced the activation of B cells and the concentrations of serum IgE. Although the production of mucus decreased, collagen deposition significantly increased in animals exposed to HDMs + smoke, compared with animals exposed only to HDMs. Although airway resistance was unaffected, tissue resistance was significantly decreased in @entity19 exposed to HDMs + smoke. Our findings demonstrate that cigarette smoke affects eosinophil migration without affecting airway resistance or modifying Th2 cell adaptive immunity in a @entity19 model of HDM-induced @entity565 .

title: Cigarette smoke differentially affects @entity1712 and remodeling in a model of house dust mite XXXX .

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: The value of 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) in @entity1 with suspected ascending @entity1580 was assessed. During a 5.5-year period, 56 consecutive @entity1 underwent bedside 2-D echo for unexplained @entity662 possibly due to ascending @entity1580 . @entity1 with obvious @entity1580 who proceeded directly to aortography were excluded and in all 56 study cases, 2-D echo was the initial diagnostic test. Using standard criteria, 2-D echo correctly identified all 13 @entity1 with ascending @entity1580 . There were 5 false-positive study results and 38 true-negative results, yielding a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 88% and overall diagnostic accuracy of 91%. In the group of 13 @entity1 with confirmed ascending @entity1580 , 2-D echo identified 4 with pericardial fluid, and 3 of these @entity1 (75%) died within 24 hours. In comparison, 7 @entity1 in the group of 43 without confirmed dissection had pericardial fluid by 2-D echo and only 1 died (p less than 0.001). Finally, in the group of 38 @entity1 with true-negative results, 2-D echo provided useful information in 16 (42%) that assisted or was essential in establishing an alternative diagnosis. However, 5 @entity1 in this group had type III dissection and in none was it identified by 2-D echo. Thus, our data indicate that 2-D echo represents a reliable noninvasive method for rapidly diagnosing ascending @entity1580 at the bedside; offers important prognostic information which is directly related to the presence of pericardial fluid, and provides useful additional information which assists or establishes an alternative diagnosis when ascending @entity1580 is absent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Utility of two-dimensional echocardiography in suspected ascending XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissection']

answer: @entity1580 :: (MESH:C562834,Disease) :: ['aortic dissection']


abstract: Little comparative data exist for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ). Two hundred twenty-eight @entity1 were studied: 114 received @entity6541 (TI) and 114 received abciximab (AB) for either @entity1459 ( @entity1459 ) or @entity583 ( @entity583 ). All @entity1 received @entity117 , heparin, and @entity1396 or @entity1397 . Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups for admitting diagnosis ( @entity1459 vs @entity583 ), age, gender, ejection fraction, @entity6 , prior @entity453 , prior @entity583 ( @entity583 ), prior bypass surgery, @entity101 , @entity712 , @entity407 , @entity583 type (Q vs non-Q), or location. Drug administration time (mean) was 13 hours (AB) and 24 hours (TI). All AB was administered in the catheterization laboratory as compared to TI (34% in laboratory and 66% before laboratory). More AB @entity1 received angioplasty or stent (92% vs 80%, p = 0.008) while more TI @entity1 had CABG (10% vs 3%, p = 0.027). In-hospital complications including @entity204 , @entity583 , urgent revascularization, @entity64 or transient @entity63 attacks, and access site @entity548 were similar (p = NS). Multivariate predictors of events (odds ratios) were prior coronary artery bypass graft (2.3), @entity6 (1.7), and prior percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (1.7), but not the agent used. Over a mean follow-up of 13 months, the individual endpoints of @entity204 , @entity583 , revascularization, or hospitalization were similar for both groups. The AB @entity1 had improved freedom from revascularization (100% vs 81%, p = 0.015) in an emergent setting and TI @entity1 had improved freedom from revascularization (93% vs 77%, p = 0.038) with elective procedures. Tirofiban and abciximab appear effective and safe when used for @entity1187 when recommended dosing and precautions are followed. Major adverse outcomes are rare and @entity548 complications uncommon.

title: Differential benefits and outcomes of tirofiban vs abciximab for XXXX in current clinical practice.

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular accidents']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1396 :: ('MESH:D013988', 'Chemical') :: ['ticlopidine']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity6541 :: ('CHEBI:9605', 'Chemical') :: ['tirofiban']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina', 'UA']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['acute coronary syndromes']


abstract: It has not previously been possible to study the in vitro effects of reperfusion on severely injured isolated perfused hearts because of the development of the no-reflow phenomenon, concomitant with the onset of irreversible @entity296 . A new model of @entity63 which utilizes an intraventricular balloon to allow uniform reperfusion of irreversibly damaged hearts is described. The effects of reperfusion were studied in Langendorff perfused @entity35 hearts after no-flow @entity63 for 60 and 150 minutes at 37 C. Uniform reflow was facilitated by maintaining the left ventricle at an isovolumic diastolic volume with a balloon during @entity63 and removal of the balloon prior to reflow. Reperfusion was with 1) anoxic media, 2) oxygenated media, 3) oxygenated media in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitor Amytal, or 4) an initial anoxic reperfusion followed by oxygenated media. Injury was monitored by the assay of released @entity908 kinase (CK) and @entity10943 (Myo), by light-microscopic estimates of the percent of cells containing contraction bands, and by ultrastructural changes. CK and Myo were released with anoxic reperfusion, but larger releases occurred with oxygenated reperfusion. Amytal inhibited the @entity26 but not the @entity1568 component of release. Contraction bands occurred following oxygenated, but not anoxic, reperfusions and were inhibited by Amytal. Following an initial anoxic reperfusion, @entity26 caused additional CK and Myo release and produced an increase in the percent of cells with contraction bands, compared with that with @entity26 alone. The response of cells to injury was heterogeneous, and the hearts contained cells with a spectrum of ultrastructural changes. Anoxic reperfusion was associated with cellular swelling and oxygenated reperfusion with contraction band @entity39 .

title: Effects of anoxic or oxygenated reperfusion in globally XXXX , isovolumic, perfused @entity35 hearts.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial cell injury']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: It has not previously been possible to study the in vitro effects of reperfusion on severely injured isolated perfused hearts because of the development of the no-reflow phenomenon, concomitant with the onset of irreversible @entity296 . A new model of @entity63 which utilizes an intraventricular balloon to allow uniform reperfusion of irreversibly damaged hearts is described. The effects of reperfusion were studied in Langendorff perfused @entity35 hearts after no-flow @entity63 for 60 and 150 minutes at 37 C. Uniform reflow was facilitated by maintaining the left ventricle at an isovolumic diastolic volume with a balloon during @entity63 and removal of the balloon prior to reflow. Reperfusion was with 1) anoxic media, 2) oxygenated media, 3) oxygenated media in the presence of the mitochondrial inhibitor Amytal, or 4) an initial anoxic reperfusion followed by oxygenated media. Injury was monitored by the assay of released @entity908 kinase (CK) and @entity10943 (Myo), by light-microscopic estimates of the percent of cells containing contraction bands, and by ultrastructural changes. CK and Myo were released with anoxic reperfusion, but larger releases occurred with oxygenated reperfusion. Amytal inhibited the @entity26 but not the @entity1568 component of release. Contraction bands occurred following oxygenated, but not anoxic, reperfusions and were inhibited by Amytal. Following an initial anoxic reperfusion, @entity26 caused additional CK and Myo release and produced an increase in the percent of cells with contraction bands, compared with that with @entity26 alone. The response of cells to injury was heterogeneous, and the hearts contained cells with a spectrum of ultrastructural changes. Anoxic reperfusion was associated with cellular swelling and oxygenated reperfusion with contraction band @entity39 .

title: Effects of anoxic or oxygenated reperfusion in globally @entity63 , isovolumic, perfused XXXX hearts.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: This study was undertaken to help define how one episode of @entity8 , insufficient to cause @entity810 , influences the susceptibility of the kidney to a second more severe @entity63 event. Female @entity35 underwent either 15 min of bilateral @entity432 ( @entity432 ) or sham @entity432 . They were subjected 30 min, 3.5 h, or 24 h later to 25 min of @entity432 . Renal function (GFR, BUN, @entity1011 ), histology, and @entity1708 concentrations were compared before and after the 25-min @entity63 event. Only the @entity35 with a 30-min hiatus between the 15- and 25-min bouts of @entity432 had significantly worse @entity177 than controls subjected to a single 25-min @entity63 event. Three findings were noted only in the @entity35 with increased susceptibility: tubular cell swelling and luminal membrane injury prior to 25 min of @entity432 and a relative failure of @entity855 formation immediately following 25 min of @entity432 . Susceptibility to 25 min of @entity432 did not correlate with preischemia @entity855 content. CONCLUSION: prior mild @entity63 transiently lowers renal resistance to a second @entity63 event. Normal resistance is rapidly restored once improvements in prior cell membrane injury, cell volume regulation, and cellular energetics occur. However, resistance to additional @entity63 can be normal despite persisting @entity308 in renal @entity855 content.

title: Responses of the normal @entity35 kidney to sequential XXXX events.

entities_list: @entity1708 :: ('CHEBI:61293', 'Chemical') :: ['adenine nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischemia']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressions']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury', 'ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery occlusion', 'RAO']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: This study was undertaken to help define how one episode of @entity8 , insufficient to cause @entity810 , influences the susceptibility of the kidney to a second more severe @entity63 event. Female @entity35 underwent either 15 min of bilateral @entity432 ( @entity432 ) or sham @entity432 . They were subjected 30 min, 3.5 h, or 24 h later to 25 min of @entity432 . Renal function (GFR, BUN, @entity1011 ), histology, and @entity1708 concentrations were compared before and after the 25-min @entity63 event. Only the @entity35 with a 30-min hiatus between the 15- and 25-min bouts of @entity432 had significantly worse @entity177 than controls subjected to a single 25-min @entity63 event. Three findings were noted only in the @entity35 with increased susceptibility: tubular cell swelling and luminal membrane injury prior to 25 min of @entity432 and a relative failure of @entity855 formation immediately following 25 min of @entity432 . Susceptibility to 25 min of @entity432 did not correlate with preischemia @entity855 content. CONCLUSION: prior mild @entity63 transiently lowers renal resistance to a second @entity63 event. Normal resistance is rapidly restored once improvements in prior cell membrane injury, cell volume regulation, and cellular energetics occur. However, resistance to additional @entity63 can be normal despite persisting @entity308 in renal @entity855 content.

title: Responses of the normal XXXX kidney to sequential @entity63 events.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The history of the severity of @entity56 is often obtained post-seasonally as a retrospective assessment. Correct rating is essential when determining the efficacy of pharmaceutical treatment, indications for @entity6542 ( @entity6542 ), or inclusion into controlled clinical studies. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the agreement between in- and post-seasonal ratings of seasonal symptoms, and to investigate whether the effect of @entity6542 could be detected retrospectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five birch pollen- @entity56 @entity1 were allocated to @entity6542 or placebo in a double-blind study. Assessment of severity of symptoms from the nose, eyes and lungs were performed daily during the season 2000, and post-seasonally 6 months after the season in 1999 and 2000. A four-point verbal descriptor scale (VDS-4) was used at all occasions. A mean in-seasonal symptom rating was calculated for four periods: the day, the week and the 2 weeks with the highest symptoms score, and the arithmetic season (the period covering the mid-90% of the accumulated pollen count). In- and post-seasonal ratings were compared with Cohen's weighted kappa (kappaw). RESULTS: Agreement between in-seasonal and retrospective ratings was fair to moderate (kappaw: 0.30-0.60). Post-seasonal ratings were most related to symptoms experienced in the week with the highest symptom scores, and least related to the arithmetic season. The post-seasonal ratings were significantly skewed towards higher symptom scores than the mean of in-seasonal ratings in periods >or= 2 weeks. Despite being comparable before intervention, only in the @entity6542 -treated group was a significant decrease in post-season ratings of severity of @entity7370 apparent (P < 0.05). @entity565 scores were not reduced but fewer @entity1 in the @entity6542 group reported lung symptoms (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Post-seasonal assessment of @entity56 generally describes a shorter period than the arithmetic season. Post-season assessment tends to over-rate average symptom severity, but appears sufficiently sensitive to detect treatment efficacy.

title: Retrospective assessment of XXXX : over-rating but useful.

entities_list: @entity6542 :: ('MESH:C562465', 'Disease') :: ['allergen-specific immunotherapy', 'SIT']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7370 :: ('OMIM:613207', 'Disease') :: ['rhinoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic', 'seasonal allergic symptoms']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['seasonal allergic symptoms']


abstract: It is assumed that the mild @entity1337 produced by @entity117 ( @entity1281 ) and @entity3352 is due to a common mode of action, namely inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction in the synthesis of @entity2918 . It has, however, been difficult to separate the influence of the anti-inflammatory activity from pure @entity1337 in standard animal tests using a fully developed inflammatory state. In the present experiments a modification of the @entity406 test in @entity19 is used. Licking of the injected paw is recorded after the injection of a small nociceptive amount of @entity406 (20 microliters, 1%). The results show that the response to @entity406 is biphasic with an early (0-5 min) and a late (20-30 min) phase of high licking activity. @entity1281 had a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect during both the early and the late phases. In contrast, antinociceptive effect of @entity3352 was found only during the late phase. On the basis of these results it may be suggested that inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction has no major effect on the early phase in the @entity406 test. This also suggests that @entity1281 and @entity3352 are antinociceptive through partially different modes of action. In addition to an anti-inflammatory effect common to both drugs, @entity1281 may have a direct antinociceptive action.

title: Dissociation between antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of XXXX and @entity3352 in the @entity406 test.

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylsalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['acetylsalicylic acid']


abstract: It is assumed that the mild @entity1337 produced by @entity117 ( @entity1281 ) and @entity3352 is due to a common mode of action, namely inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction in the synthesis of @entity2918 . It has, however, been difficult to separate the influence of the anti-inflammatory activity from pure @entity1337 in standard animal tests using a fully developed inflammatory state. In the present experiments a modification of the @entity406 test in @entity19 is used. Licking of the injected paw is recorded after the injection of a small nociceptive amount of @entity406 (20 microliters, 1%). The results show that the response to @entity406 is biphasic with an early (0-5 min) and a late (20-30 min) phase of high licking activity. @entity1281 had a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect during both the early and the late phases. In contrast, antinociceptive effect of @entity3352 was found only during the late phase. On the basis of these results it may be suggested that inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction has no major effect on the early phase in the @entity406 test. This also suggests that @entity1281 and @entity3352 are antinociceptive through partially different modes of action. In addition to an anti-inflammatory effect common to both drugs, @entity1281 may have a direct antinociceptive action.

title: Dissociation between antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of @entity117 and XXXX in the @entity406 test.

answer: @entity3352 :: (MESH:D007213,Chemical) :: ['indomethacin']


abstract: It is assumed that the mild @entity1337 produced by @entity117 ( @entity1281 ) and @entity3352 is due to a common mode of action, namely inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction in the synthesis of @entity2918 . It has, however, been difficult to separate the influence of the anti-inflammatory activity from pure @entity1337 in standard animal tests using a fully developed inflammatory state. In the present experiments a modification of the @entity406 test in @entity19 is used. Licking of the injected paw is recorded after the injection of a small nociceptive amount of @entity406 (20 microliters, 1%). The results show that the response to @entity406 is biphasic with an early (0-5 min) and a late (20-30 min) phase of high licking activity. @entity1281 had a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect during both the early and the late phases. In contrast, antinociceptive effect of @entity3352 was found only during the late phase. On the basis of these results it may be suggested that inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase reaction has no major effect on the early phase in the @entity406 test. This also suggests that @entity1281 and @entity3352 are antinociceptive through partially different modes of action. In addition to an anti-inflammatory effect common to both drugs, @entity1281 may have a direct antinociceptive action.

title: Dissociation between antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of @entity117 and @entity3352 in the XXXX test.

answer: @entity406 :: (MESH:D005557,Chemical) :: ['formalin']


abstract: @entity4037 represent a significant challenge to surgeons. We hypothesized that a wide underlay technique in combination with a novel biologic mesh would result in repair with a low recurrence rate. Medical records of @entity1 undergoing ventral herniorrhaphy with XenMatrix biologic mesh were evaluated. All @entity1 were evaluated for @entity547 immediately and after 2 to 3 years. There were 57 @entity1 included in the study. The overall recurrence rate was 7.2 per cent; however, all recurrences were early and were likely technical failures. The average duration of follow-up was 30.6 months with no further recurrences after the early technical failures. The average number of previous recurrences was 1.5. Fascial closure was obtained over the mesh in 84 per cent of @entity1 , with component separation being necessary in 36 per cent of @entity1 . Lack of fascial reapproximation over the mesh was associated with early recurrence (0 vs 55%, P < 0.0001). @entity4037 can be repaired with a low recurrence rate. Our technique in combination with the XenMatrix biologic mesh provides for durable repair. Whenever possible, the fascia should be closed above the underlay mesh, because this technique provides a more durable repair than using the mesh as a "fascial bridge".

title: Repair of high-risk incisional XXXX and traumatic abdominal wall defects with porcine mesh.

entities_list: @entity4037 :: ('MESH:D006555', 'Disease') :: ['Complex ventral hernias']

entities_list: @entity547 :: ('MESH:D006547', 'Disease') :: ['hernia recurrence both']

answer: @entity547 :: (MESH:D006547,Disease) :: ['hernias']


abstract: Low-dose @entity251 has been found to preserve the growth potential of hypogonadal @entity1 requiring anabolic or androgenic therapy. Five @entity1 with @entity2689 were treated when their chronologic ages were 13 to 14 years and their bone ages were 10.6 to 12.75 years; six hypogonadal @entity1 were treated when their chronologic ages were 11 to 15 years and their bone ages were 10.9 to 14.2 years. Depot @entity251 was given as an anabolic agent in an average dose of 28 mg/m2/mo for 6 months to the @entity1 with @entity2689 and was given to initiate puberty in an average dose of 44 mg/m2/mo for 6 months to the hypogonadal @entity1 . Growth rate doubled on these doses of @entity251 , and bone age did not advance disproportionately. Consequently, height potential was preserved. Pubic hair advanced one Tanner stage during the 6-month treatment. @entity1184 was observed in only one of the five @entity1 with @entity2689 and regressed when @entity251 therapy was discontinued. Four hypogonadal @entity1 were continued on low-dose @entity251 until their bone ages passed 14 years of age and their growth rate waned. Then, the @entity251 dosage was increased in increments to 100 to 200 mg/m2/mo. This group reached a height of 100.3 +/- 0.8% of the height initially predicted. In addition, all attained an adult height at least 15 percentiles greater than that before therapy. These studies indicate that @entity251 in very low doses resembles " @entity21668 " in that growth is stimulated without an inordinate androgenic effect. Furthermore, these studies show that institution of low-dose therapy in the early teenage years stimulates pubertal growth normally without loss of height potential.

title: Low-dose XXXX effect on somatic growth.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['Clitoral hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ['Turner syndrome']

entities_list: @entity21668 :: ('MESH:D016114', 'Disease') :: ['anabolic steroids']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['testosterone']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity148 and @entity308 are common among medical inpatients. While their relation to the severity of illness is often discussed, the feeling of such severity by the @entity1 and his/her prospects of improvement can be influenced by @entity148 and @entity308 . @entity1 AND METHOD: @entity1 admitted in an internal medicine ward. Sociodemographic characteristics, State-Trait @entity148 Inventory, Hospital @entity148 and @entity308 Scale (HAD), Beck @entity308 Inventory (BDI), APACHE II, illness severity and reversibility self-evaluation were recorded. The HAD cut-off for @entity148 or @entity308 was 10. RESULTS: We included 260 admissions: 66.2% @entity1 , mean age 64.1 years. @entity148 was detected in 39.8% of @entity1 and 21.5% of @entity1 (p = 0.003); 31.8% of @entity1 and 16.3% of @entity1 had @entity308 (p = 0.006). Anxious and @entity308 subjects did not score high in APACHE. Anxious @entity1 had a worse knowledge of the medical diagnosis. @entity308 @entity1 were older, had a lower educational level and a greater physical impairment. @entity1 with a higher perception of severity displayed higher scores both on @entity148 and @entity308 scales. @entity1 with @entity221 reversibility self-evaluation had more @entity148 and @entity308 , and more illness severity as well. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity148 and @entity308 in hospitalized medical @entity1 is high, occurs mainly in @entity1 , and no relation to illness severity is observed. @entity148 and @entity308 are associated with both illness perception of greater severity and less improvement.

title: [ XXXX and @entity308 levels in medical inpatients and their relation to the severity of illness].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Anxiety', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['lower illness']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'Depressive', 'depression', 'depressive']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['Anxiety']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity148 and @entity308 are common among medical inpatients. While their relation to the severity of illness is often discussed, the feeling of such severity by the @entity1 and his/her prospects of improvement can be influenced by @entity148 and @entity308 . @entity1 AND METHOD: @entity1 admitted in an internal medicine ward. Sociodemographic characteristics, State-Trait @entity148 Inventory, Hospital @entity148 and @entity308 Scale (HAD), Beck @entity308 Inventory (BDI), APACHE II, illness severity and reversibility self-evaluation were recorded. The HAD cut-off for @entity148 or @entity308 was 10. RESULTS: We included 260 admissions: 66.2% @entity1 , mean age 64.1 years. @entity148 was detected in 39.8% of @entity1 and 21.5% of @entity1 (p = 0.003); 31.8% of @entity1 and 16.3% of @entity1 had @entity308 (p = 0.006). Anxious and @entity308 subjects did not score high in APACHE. Anxious @entity1 had a worse knowledge of the medical diagnosis. @entity308 @entity1 were older, had a lower educational level and a greater physical impairment. @entity1 with a higher perception of severity displayed higher scores both on @entity148 and @entity308 scales. @entity1 with @entity221 reversibility self-evaluation had more @entity148 and @entity308 , and more illness severity as well. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity148 and @entity308 in hospitalized medical @entity1 is high, occurs mainly in @entity1 , and no relation to illness severity is observed. @entity148 and @entity308 are associated with both illness perception of greater severity and less improvement.

title: [ @entity148 and XXXX levels in medical inpatients and their relation to the severity of illness].

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Exacerbation of @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is one of the most frequent causes of hospital admission. We examined the results and feasibility of two programs conducted by a hospital respiratory unit aimed to reduce both the length of hospital stay and the number of hospital admissions for @entity1030 acute exacerbation. @entity1 AND METHOD: a) Assisted hospital discharge program: @entity1 admitted for acute exacerbation who met our criteria for early discharge were sent home with the support of a respiratory nurse. Home visits were carried out and direct phone contact with the nurse and physician was provided during a limited period of 6 weeks. Outcome variables studied were length of hospital admission and need for hospital reentry. b) Exacerbation prevention program: A group of @entity1 with severe @entity1030 and at least 3 hospital admissions for exacerbation during the previous year were included. These @entity1 underwent an educational program and were given unlimited direct phone access to the respiratory nurse and physician. When necessary, home visits were carried out. The main outcome variable of this program was the number of hospital admissions. RESULTS: a) Assisted hospital discharge program: A total of 97 @entity1 were included. The mean length of hospital stay was 5.4 1.7 days, which was significantly shorter than the previous average length of stay in our respiratory unit for a diagnosis of @entity1030 (8.52 days). The rate of hospital reentry was 17% (within the first 3 months). b) Exacerbation prevention program: 23 @entity1 were enrolled. In this group, the number of hospital admissions decreased significantly from 5.0 1.8 to 1.7 2.4 per year (p = 0.001). Visits to the emergency department were also decreased, from 1.2 1.6 to 0.4 1.6 per @entity1 (p = 0.05). Finally, the length of hospital stay decreased from 38 17 to 16 20 days (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A combined use of hospital resources and home care programs which are specifically addressed to severe @entity1030 @entity1 can reduce the need for hospital admission.

title: [Results of a preventive program and assisted hospital discharge for XXXX . A feasibility study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD exacerbation', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD exacerbation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 , very common in females of the developing world, has a long premalignant period. Primary and secondary prevention can reduce the incidence. The @entity975 smear is the main screening modality in Thailand but the coverage is rather poor. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical workers in Naresuan university hospital who met the WHO guidelines for screening. METHODS: A questionnaire covering general characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices about @entity5 screening was administered and the data obtained were analyzed with SPSS version 16. RESULTS: The majority of the 78 included @entity1 were nurses with an education mostly more than diploma level. Knowledge about the importance of the @entity975 smear, early detection and the treatment of early stage @entity5 was adequate (90.9 % and 81.6%, respectively) but awarness of @entity5 risk factors was quite low. The most frequent reasons for avoiding @entity975 smear screening were fear of vaginal examination (27.6%), embarrassment (26.3%), lack of any symptoms (22.4%) and being busy (17%). CONCLUSION: The @entity975 smear is appropriate for detection of @entity5 in Thailand but the coverage is still low. Although this study was performed with medical workers, their compliance with screening recommendations was still low. If we can improve the knowledge and attitudes about @entity975 smear @entity5 screening in such experts, they should be able to readily provide appropriate and accurate information to the population to motivate the general population to join screening programs.

title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices about the XXXX smear among medical workers in Naresuan University Hospital, Thailand.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer', 'premalignant lesions of cervical cancer', 'Cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

answer: @entity975 :: (5068,Gene) :: ['Pap']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the utility and limitations of D-dimer testing for the evaluation of @entity1211 in hospitalized @entity1 . METHODS: We performed D-dimer testing by four different methods in unselected inpatients undergoing radiologic evaluation for possible @entity1211 . We included @entity1 with a history of @entity5 , recent surgery, @entity715 , and anticoagulation treatment. @entity1851 levels were assayed as a measure of @entity32 . RESULTS: Of 45 @entity1 with radiographically proven proximal @entity1150 or @entity1151 , 43 had elevated D-dimer levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (sensitivity, 96%); the specificity of the test was 23% (36/157). The qualitative non-ELISA tests had higher specificities, but their sensitivities were <70%. Nineteen @entity1 (42%) with @entity715 had false-negative D-dimer tests by at least one assay. The specificity of the tests decreased with increasing duration of hospitalization, increasing age, and increasing @entity1851 levels. D-dimer testing had little or no utility in distinguishing @entity1 with @entity715 from those without in @entity1 who had been hospitalized for more than 3 days, were older than 60 years, or had @entity1851 levels in the highest quartile. CONCLUSION: In unselected inpatients, D-dimer testing has limited clinical utility because of its poor specificity. This is particularly true for older @entity1 , those who have undergone prolonged hospitalization, and those with markedly elevated @entity1851 levels. In some @entity1 subsets, a negative non-ELISA D-dimer test cannot discriminate between inpatients with and without @entity715 .

title: Limitations of D-dimer testing in unselected inpatients with suspected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous thromboembolism']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of smoking on disease outcome in a large cohort of @entity1 with early @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: Between 1996 and 2004, 1787 adult @entity1 (disease duration  <= 1 year) were included in the BARFOT early @entity309 study in Sweden. Smoking status was recorded at inclusion in the study. Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28), @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), general health (GH) and @entity158 visual analogue scales (VAS), and drug treatment were registered at inclusion and at follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months. European League Against @entity627 (EULAR) response and remission criteria were applied at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The proportion of @entity1 who smoked at inclusion in the study fell from 29% in 1996 to 20% in 2004. There were no significant differences in disease activity at inclusion stratified according to smoking status. At 12 months of follow-up, 18% of current smokers at inclusion, 12% of previous smokers, and 11% of never smokers had high disease activity (DAS28 > 5.1, p = 0.005). Significantly fewer current smokers were in remission at 12 months (33%) compared to never smokers (36%) and previous smokers (42%) (p = 0.013). Current smoking at inclusion independently predicted poor EULAR response up to 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The present study gives some support to earlier data indicating that @entity309 @entity1 who smoke have a more active disease but further studies are needed to confirm this.

title: Smoking at onset of @entity309 ( @entity309 ) and its effect on disease activity and functional status: experiences from BARFOT, a long-term observational study on early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatism']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['RA']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of smoking on disease outcome in a large cohort of @entity1 with early @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: Between 1996 and 2004, 1787 adult @entity1 (disease duration  <= 1 year) were included in the BARFOT early @entity309 study in Sweden. Smoking status was recorded at inclusion in the study. Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28), @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), general health (GH) and @entity158 visual analogue scales (VAS), and drug treatment were registered at inclusion and at follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months. European League Against @entity627 (EULAR) response and remission criteria were applied at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The proportion of @entity1 who smoked at inclusion in the study fell from 29% in 1996 to 20% in 2004. There were no significant differences in disease activity at inclusion stratified according to smoking status. At 12 months of follow-up, 18% of current smokers at inclusion, 12% of previous smokers, and 11% of never smokers had high disease activity (DAS28 > 5.1, p = 0.005). Significantly fewer current smokers were in remission at 12 months (33%) compared to never smokers (36%) and previous smokers (42%) (p = 0.013). Current smoking at inclusion independently predicted poor EULAR response up to 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The present study gives some support to earlier data indicating that @entity309 @entity1 who smoke have a more active disease but further studies are needed to confirm this.

title: Smoking at onset of XXXX ( @entity309 ) and its effect on disease activity and functional status: experiences from BARFOT, a long-term observational study on early @entity309 .

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of smoking on disease outcome in a large cohort of @entity1 with early @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: Between 1996 and 2004, 1787 adult @entity1 (disease duration  <= 1 year) were included in the BARFOT early @entity309 study in Sweden. Smoking status was recorded at inclusion in the study. Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28), @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score, rheumatoid factor (RF), antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP), general health (GH) and @entity158 visual analogue scales (VAS), and drug treatment were registered at inclusion and at follow-up at 3, 6, and 12 months. European League Against @entity627 (EULAR) response and remission criteria were applied at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: The proportion of @entity1 who smoked at inclusion in the study fell from 29% in 1996 to 20% in 2004. There were no significant differences in disease activity at inclusion stratified according to smoking status. At 12 months of follow-up, 18% of current smokers at inclusion, 12% of previous smokers, and 11% of never smokers had high disease activity (DAS28 > 5.1, p = 0.005). Significantly fewer current smokers were in remission at 12 months (33%) compared to never smokers (36%) and previous smokers (42%) (p = 0.013). Current smoking at inclusion independently predicted poor EULAR response up to 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The present study gives some support to earlier data indicating that @entity309 @entity1 who smoke have a more active disease but further studies are needed to confirm this.

title: Smoking at onset of @entity309 ( XXXX ) and its effect on disease activity and functional status: experiences from BARFOT, a long-term observational study on early @entity309 .

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['RA']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of unilateral condylectomy on @entity432 in @entity468 . METHODS: Twelve feline cadaver heads were randomly submitted to either a right or left unilateral condylectomy of the temporo-mandibular joint. The distance between the mandibular and maxillary @entity235 tooth was measured before (B0) and after the unilateral condylectomy (P0). A right or left latero--lateral standardised force (4 N) was applied to the mandibular mentus area before and after the surgical procedure. These measurements were analysed with a linear model for repeated measures. RESULTS: The comparative analysis between pre- and postsurgical values indicated no significant variation in teeth displacement following condylectomy between B0 and P0 measurements. Statistically significant differences were detected after either left or right condylectomy with respect to all measurements after application of the standardised forces. Occlusion changes are significant when comparing bites before and after surgery. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Unilateral condylectomy causes a significant increase in latero-lateral amplitude of @entity89 which might clinically affect feline @entity432 . Clinical studies are required to determine the effect of unilateral condylectomies on mastication and @entity432 in feline @entity1 .

title: Temporo-mandibular joint condylectomy and its effect over occlusion in XXXX : cadaveric study.

entities_list: @entity89 :: ('MESH:D007571', 'Disease') :: ['jaw movement']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['dental occlusion']

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In general, elderly @entity1 with @entity978 ( @entity978 ) have a less favorable prognosis than do younger ones. Inadequate therapy, often due to decreased tolerance to treatment, contributes to the poor outcome. This study was undertaken to evaluate potential clinical factors of importance for prognosis with special reference to relative dose intensity (RDI) of chemotherapy (CT). DESIGN AND METHODS: Eighty-eight consecutive elderly (>60 years) @entity978 @entity1 diagnosed between 1973-1994 who received up-front @entity7730 ( @entity7730 ) were included (median age 72 years, range 60-92; median follow-up time 78 months, range 49-206). The calculations of RDI of CT were based on Hryniuk's model. RESULTS: The 5-year overall (OS) and cause-specific (CSS) survival was 39% and 51%, respectively, in @entity1 who received CT+/- @entity7730 . Nine of the 14 @entity1 who only received 1 cycle of CT died within 6 months from diagnosis without achieving complete remission (CR). However, the remaining 5 @entity1 in this group survived 14-97+ months. @entity1 with a RDI >65% had a significantly better OS (p=0.029) and CSS (p=0.024) than those with a RDI 65%. @entity1 who received ABVD-based CT with a RDI >65% had a significantly better OS (p=0.0011) than those who were treated with ABVD-based CT with a RDI 65%, or MOPP-like therapy, irrespective of received RDI. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis remains heterogeneous and the significance of established prognostic factors is limited in elderly @entity978 @entity1 . @entity1 who received a low RDI of CT and those receiving non-ABVD-based treatment fared worse. However, also elderly @entity1 can enjoy long-standing complete remission following minimal treatment.

title: XXXX in the elderly with special reference to type and intensity of chemotherapy in relation to prognosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['HL', "Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity7730 :: ('MESH:D064146', 'Disease') :: ['RT', 'CT+/-radiotherapy']

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: Overexpression of @entity56787 in bronchial epithelial cells is a marker for early metaplastic changes induced by various toxicants/carcinogens. Previously, we have shown that the transcriptional stimulation of @entity56787 expression by @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ) is mainly mediated by a -150/-94 bp enhancer harboring two critical @entity864 -responsive elements (TREs) and by @entity1178 . @entity5742 dimers. Here, we show that a region between -54 and -39 bp containing an ETS-binding site (EBS) and a GC box is essential for both basal and @entity4515 -inducible @entity56787 transcription. In vivo footprinting demonstrated binding of transcription factors to these elements. However, unlike enhancer TREs, exposure of cells to @entity4515 did not significantly alter the footprinting pattern at these elements. Mutations that crippled both the EBS and GC box suppressed both basal and @entity4515 -inducible @entity56787 transcription. Consistent with this, overexpression of EBS-binding proteins @entity18437 and @entity36612 significantly stimulated @entity56787 promoter activity. Furthermore, preceding @entity56787 transcription, @entity4515 up-regulated mRNA expression of ETS family members such as @entity18437 and @entity36612 . Although @entity18437 synergistically activated @entity1178 - and @entity4515 -enhanced @entity56787 transcription, coexpression of @entity3419 and @entity18437 showed no synergistic or additive effect on promoter activity, indicating an obligatory role for AP-1 proteins in such regulation. In support of this notion, deletion or mutation of two functional TREs inhibited @entity18437 - and @entity3419 -enhanced promoter activation. Thus, the interaction between @entity18437 and @entity3419 , and AP-1 proteins that bind to the proximal and distal promoter regions, respectively, play a critical role in the induction of squamous differentiation marker expression in bronchial epithelial cells.

title: Interplay between proximal and distal promoter elements is required for squamous differentiation marker induction in the bronchial epithelium: role for @entity18437 , XXXX , and AP-1 proteins.

entities_list: @entity1359 :: ('CHEBI:37537', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

answer: @entity3419 :: (6667,Gene) :: ['Sp1']


abstract: Overexpression of @entity56787 in bronchial epithelial cells is a marker for early metaplastic changes induced by various toxicants/carcinogens. Previously, we have shown that the transcriptional stimulation of @entity56787 expression by @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ) is mainly mediated by a -150/-94 bp enhancer harboring two critical @entity864 -responsive elements (TREs) and by @entity1178 . @entity5742 dimers. Here, we show that a region between -54 and -39 bp containing an ETS-binding site (EBS) and a GC box is essential for both basal and @entity4515 -inducible @entity56787 transcription. In vivo footprinting demonstrated binding of transcription factors to these elements. However, unlike enhancer TREs, exposure of cells to @entity4515 did not significantly alter the footprinting pattern at these elements. Mutations that crippled both the EBS and GC box suppressed both basal and @entity4515 -inducible @entity56787 transcription. Consistent with this, overexpression of EBS-binding proteins @entity18437 and @entity36612 significantly stimulated @entity56787 promoter activity. Furthermore, preceding @entity56787 transcription, @entity4515 up-regulated mRNA expression of ETS family members such as @entity18437 and @entity36612 . Although @entity18437 synergistically activated @entity1178 - and @entity4515 -enhanced @entity56787 transcription, coexpression of @entity3419 and @entity18437 showed no synergistic or additive effect on promoter activity, indicating an obligatory role for AP-1 proteins in such regulation. In support of this notion, deletion or mutation of two functional TREs inhibited @entity18437 - and @entity3419 -enhanced promoter activation. Thus, the interaction between @entity18437 and @entity3419 , and AP-1 proteins that bind to the proximal and distal promoter regions, respectively, play a critical role in the induction of squamous differentiation marker expression in bronchial epithelial cells.

title: Interplay between proximal and distal promoter elements is required for squamous differentiation marker induction in the bronchial epithelium: role for XXXX , @entity3419 , and AP-1 proteins.

answer: @entity18437 :: (1999,Gene) :: ['ESE-1']


abstract: Evaluation of the correlation of functional and morphologic assessments of @entity8 are obviously important to the toxicologic pathologist. All clinical assessments of the nephrotoxicity of drugs are based on renal function tests while preclinical assessments involve functional and/or morphologic assessments in laboratory animals. However, there are considerable concerns about the sensitivity of the tests available to monitor renal function. In an attempt to assess the relative sensitivity of functional and morphologic indicators of nephrotoxicity, three data bases were examined for their ability to rank the nephrotoxicity of the three most widely used @entity581 . The functional data base was comprised of reported comparative clinical trial data and the morphologic data base was composed of preclinical studies available in the literature which used morphology as the basis of comparison. A third data base involved biochemical or mechanistic comparisons of @entity581 and represented data that was not based on clinical function test results or morphologic analysis. When these three data bases were compared, it was obvious that clinical function tests could not discriminate between the nephrotoxic liability of the three @entity581 . The preclinical renal morphology data base and the biochemical mechanistic data base both clearly discriminated the drugs one from another and ranked the three @entity581 in the same order. Several conclusions were suggested by these results. Comparisons of the nephrotoxic potentials of drugs in @entity1 utilizing available renal function tests may be inconclusive primarily because clinical renal function tests are insensitive. Comparisons of the nephrotoxic liabilities of drugs in laboratory animals utilizing morphologic assessments of renal tissue damage may be the best comparison available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Functional-morphologic correlations in assessing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal toxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cytokines are essential mediators of the intestinal @entity32 during active episodes of @entity29 ( @entity29 ). Interleukin (IL)-12 and @entity4155 are potent immunoregulatory cytokines whose roles in the pathogenesis of @entity29 are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the colonic expression of IL-12 and @entity4155 genes in @entity29 . METHODS: Fifty-one @entity1 (22 with @entity31 ( @entity31 ), 17 with @entity30 ( @entity30 ), and 12 controls) who underwent colonoscopy were included. @entity29 disease activity was determined using a clinical grading scale. The degree of @entity32 , as well as the content of @entity404 + T cells (synthesizing @entity4155 ) and @entity469 + macrophages (synthesizing IL-12) in colonic biopsies, was determined. The amounts of IL-12 and @entity4155 mRNA were assessed by RT-PCR, using @entity7501 as an internal standard. RESULTS: In colonic specimens, @entity4155 mRNA expression was increased in moderately and severely active @entity31 (P = 0.03) and in all degrees of activity in @entity30 (P < 0.04). Levels of IL-12 mRNA were upregulated in both active @entity31 and active @entity30 compared to controls (P < 0.02). In cases of remission, IL-12 mRNA expression was similar to that found in control samples. Compared to controls, histological examination showed significant differences in signs of chronic and acute @entity32 in @entity31 (P < 0.01) and @entity30 (P < 0.02), revealing a high correlation between clinical disease activity and histological scoring (r2 = 0.92, P < 0.005). Whereas @entity404 + T cells were observed in lymphocyte aggregates located profound in the lamina propria, @entity469 + macrophages were primarily found just underneath the surface epithelium. The density of @entity404 + and @entity469 + cells correlated significantly with the amounts of @entity4155 and IL-12 mRNA, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of both IL-12 and @entity4155 mRNA is induced in active @entity31 and @entity30 and may thus be involved in sustaining the intestinal @entity32 in @entity29 . Inhibition of IL-12 or @entity4155 might be future therapeutic targets in @entity29 .

title: Upregulation of interleukin-12 and -17 in active XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', 'Crohn disease']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: Alternative forms of anesthesia in @entity0 @entity1 have been sought to reduce the untoward effects of general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare paravertebral block ( @entity7297 ) and general anesthesia (GA) in terms of @entity158 control, @entity1209 , and resumption of diet in @entity1 undergoing operations for @entity0 . A retrospective chart review was performed on all @entity1 (289) undergoing @entity0 surgery from May 1, 1999 through December 31, 2000 with @entity7297 or GA. The @entity7297 (n = 128) and GA (n = 100) groups had similar demographics. Postoperative narcotics were given to 80.8 and 93 per cent of @entity7297 and GA @entity1 , respectively (P < 0.01), after an average of 216 and 122 minutes from the end of surgery (P = 0.028). The @entity7297 group received 6.2 narcotic units compared with 10.1 in the GA group (P = 0.04). @entity1209 was present in 16.8 and 24 per cent of @entity1 in the @entity7297 and GA groups, respectively (P = 0.12). A diet was tolerated on the same day of surgery by 98.4 and 82 per cent of @entity7297 and GA @entity1 , respectively (P < 0.01). The complication rate of @entity7297 was 1.8 per cent. @entity7297 resulted in better @entity282 control and earlier resumption of diet compared with GA. The good success rate and low complication rate of @entity7297 make it well suited for @entity0 surgery and can eliminate the need for GA in @entity1 with serious comorbidities.

title: Paravertebral block: an alternative to general anesthesia in XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative nausea and vomiting', 'postoperative nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Delayed primary closure ( @entity9974 ) is an accepted method in the management of contaminated abdominal wounds. Clinical factors predicting its success have not been studied. Over a 14-year period 181 @entity1 presenting to a single surgeon with Class IV abdominal wounds were managed by a standardized protocol. Initial saline gauze packing was left undisturbed until the wound was visually inspected on postoperative day 3. Clean wounds were closed using SteriStrips. Visible purulence was managed by dressing changes. There were 103 males and 78 females with an average age of 48.5 years (range, 11-92 years). @entity9974 was performed on 144 @entity1 of whom four (2.8%) developed wound @entity281 . The factors associated with the development of wound pus before @entity9974 in the remaining @entity1 were: requirement for mechanical ventilation for more than 72 hours, presence of severe pre-existing @entity262 , and @entity130 . Other diagnoses, length and type of incision, and presence of shock had no effect on outcome. An @entity6177 developed in 11 @entity1 with early wound purulence versus none in those undergoing @entity9974 (P < 0.001). @entity9974 is a safe wound management technique that can be effectively applied in the large majority of @entity1 with dirty abdominal wounds. The appearance of wound purulence before @entity9974 is a harbinger that identifies those @entity1 at risk for late @entity1320 .

title: Factors influencing outcome in delayed primary closure of contaminated abdominal wounds: a prospective analysis of 181 consecutive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6177 :: ('MESH:D018784', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal abscess']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal infections']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Protein degradation is regulatory for the cell cycle, signal transduction and gene transcription. A critical step is the selective marking of the target protein, resulting in polyubiquitination by one of a large number of E3-ubiquitin ligases. Both target marking and E3-ubiquitin ligase activity are associated with common as well as unusual posttranslational modifications. For example, hydroxylation of Pro-residues and modification of @entity2734 -residues by high- @entity3913 sugar chains can target the modified proteins for rapid polyubiquitination in the @entity1 cytoplasm. Both @entity10783 hydroxylation and glycosylation also occur on @entity11066 , a subunit of the @entity6826 class of E3-ubiquitin ligases, from Dictyostelium. In this case, a pentasaccharide containing Gal, Fuc and N-acetyl-D-glucosmine ( @entity4826 ) is attached to the HyPro-residue. The @entity3363 are added sequentially by enzymes that reside in the cytoplasm rather than the secretory pathway. Two of the glycosyltransferases appear to be positioned in ancient evolutionary lineages that bridge prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The first, which attaches @entity4826 to HyPro, is related to enzymes that form @entity70164 - and @entity72449 -Ser/Thr linkages in the Golgi. @entity4826 is extended by a bifunctional glycosyltransferase that mediates the ordered addition of beta1,3-linked @entity19447 and alpha1,2-linked Fuc, using an architecture resembling that of two-domain prokaryotic glycosyltransferases involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Mutational and pharmacological perturbation of glycosylation alters the subcellular localization of Skpl and growth properties ofcells. @entity10783 hydroxylation and complex O-glycosylation provide the cell with new options for epigenetic regulation of protein turnover in its cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments.

title: Evolutionary and functional implications of the complex glycosylation of XXXX , a cytoplasmic/nuclear glycoprotein associated with polyubiquitination.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity70164 :: ('CHEBI:40356', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-GalNAc']

entities_list: @entity10783 :: ('CHEBI:26274', 'Chemical') :: ['Prolyl', 'prolyl']

entities_list: @entity72449 :: ('CHEBI:44278', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-GlcNAc']

answer: @entity11066 :: (6500,Gene) :: ['Skp1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the most efficient approach to managing an outbreak of serogroup C @entity7135 . An early planned @entity3928 ( @entity3928 ) was compared with a delayed programme implemented at the peak of a meningococcal outbreak. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cost-benefit model was constructed of meningococcal cases reported in Quebec, Canada, from 1990-1993, before and after the @entity3928 , during the winter of 1992-1993, when 84% of residents aged 6 months to 20 years were vaccinated. Epidemiological data from 1990-1993 were transposed to 2002-2003 under the assumption that Quebec is on the brink of an identical outbreak cycle. All Quebec residents aged 2 months to 20 years were assumed to be vaccinated, which required a total of 1.7 million doses of conjugated vaccine. Clinical and economic outcomes of both vaccination scenarios were compared. All costs were transformed to 2001 Canadian dollars ( Can), at an annual inflation rate of 3%. Future earnings due to @entity204 were discounted at 5% per year with a 3% increase in wages per year and a 9% unemployment rate. PERSPECTIVE: Ministry of Health and society. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of new cases avoided and the prevention of hospital and societal costs due to @entity7135 -attributed premature mortality and morbidity, and direct costs associated with implementation of a @entity3928 . RESULTS: When compared with a delayed @entity3928 over a 14-month period, an early planned @entity3928 would have prevented 112 new cases of @entity7135 (16 deaths, 21 major complications) while saving   Can 37.1 million in total direct costs to the Ministry of Health and an additional   Can 17.4 million in societal costs in the province of Quebec. CONCLUSION: An early planned @entity3928 implemented in Quebec in September 2001, should be cost beneficial compared with delaying mass immunisation until a meningococcal outbreak is underway. Although this conclusion is limited by the assumption that epidemiological trends in 2001 in absence of a @entity3928 would have been similar to that observed in the early 1990s prior to the @entity3928 , the analysis still indicates that an early @entity3928 in the 1990s would have been cost beneficial compared with a delayed @entity3928 .

title: Cost-benefit model comparing two alternative immunisation programmes against serogroup C XXXX : for Quebec residents aged 2 months to 20 years.

entities_list: @entity3928 :: ('MESH:C536030', 'Disease') :: ['mass immunisation programme', 'MIP']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['premature death']

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal disease']

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['meningococcal disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1270 is an acute, life threatening condition requiring early etiologic recognition and management to prevent serious morbidity/mortality. The most common cause is @entity6 ( @entity6 ). @entity347 ( @entity347 ) are inheritable disorders caused by defects in protein metabolism resulting in acid accumulation. @entity1 with metabolic decompensation usually present with @entity520 , with/without @entity4053 . @entity4854 is a very rare manifestation. At least 16 cases of @entity347 presenting with @entity4854 have been reported. Six of the 16 were diagnosed with isolated @entity2185 ( @entity2185 ) and three of the six passed away from late diagnosis. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 2-year-old Thai @entity1 who presented with @entity4854 , @entity520 and @entity1270 . She has underlying delayed development, @entity410 , @entity1952 and poor growth. An initial diagnosis of @entity6 was made and standard treatment was started. After 4 h of treatment, the @entity1 partially responded to treatment; blood sugar decreased but @entity520 and @entity1270 persisted. @entity4051 c was normal. Investigations to rule out @entity347 were performed. Markedly elevated urinary @entity15744 consistent with @entity2185 was observed. Molecular and enzyme analyses confirmed the diagnosis with @entity2185 . Specific treatment for @entity2185 including protein restriction, high caloric fluid, @entity6211 and @entity2186 was promptly started. Clinical improvement was seen 4 days after initiating specific treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Inherited @entity209 should be included in differential diagnosis in @entity4854 @entity1270 @entity1 who respond poorly to standard @entity6 treatment. Unusual findings, e.g. @entity3263 , @entity8193 , @entity3043 , abnormal basal ganglia in MRI or underlying delayed development may indicate underlying @entity347 . Determining the etiology of @entity1270 is important and can lead to good outcomes.

title: Isolated XXXX with unusual presentation mimicking @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patients', 'girl', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity1952 :: ('MESH:D009896', 'Disease') :: ['optic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic ketoacidosis', 'DKA']

entities_list: @entity6211 :: ('MESH:D002331', 'Chemical') :: ['carnitine']

entities_list: @entity2185 :: ('MESH:C537358', 'Disease') :: ['MMA', 'methylmalonic academia', 'isolated MMA']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity8193 :: ('MESH:D000140', 'Disease') :: ['lactic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity15744 :: ('MESH:D008764', 'Chemical') :: ['methylmalonic acid']

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1270 :: ('MESH:D007662', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic ketoacidosis', 'ketosis', 'ketonemia', 'Hyperglycemic ketoacidosis', 'ketoacidosis']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorders']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia', 'Hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity3263 :: ('MESH:D022124', 'Disease') :: ['hyperammonemia']

entities_list: @entity347 :: ('MESH:D019965', 'Disease') :: ['OAs', 'Organic acidemias']

answer: @entity2185 :: (MESH:C537358,Disease) :: ['methylmalonic acidemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1270 is an acute, life threatening condition requiring early etiologic recognition and management to prevent serious morbidity/mortality. The most common cause is @entity6 ( @entity6 ). @entity347 ( @entity347 ) are inheritable disorders caused by defects in protein metabolism resulting in acid accumulation. @entity1 with metabolic decompensation usually present with @entity520 , with/without @entity4053 . @entity4854 is a very rare manifestation. At least 16 cases of @entity347 presenting with @entity4854 have been reported. Six of the 16 were diagnosed with isolated @entity2185 ( @entity2185 ) and three of the six passed away from late diagnosis. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 2-year-old Thai @entity1 who presented with @entity4854 , @entity520 and @entity1270 . She has underlying delayed development, @entity410 , @entity1952 and poor growth. An initial diagnosis of @entity6 was made and standard treatment was started. After 4 h of treatment, the @entity1 partially responded to treatment; blood sugar decreased but @entity520 and @entity1270 persisted. @entity4051 c was normal. Investigations to rule out @entity347 were performed. Markedly elevated urinary @entity15744 consistent with @entity2185 was observed. Molecular and enzyme analyses confirmed the diagnosis with @entity2185 . Specific treatment for @entity2185 including protein restriction, high caloric fluid, @entity6211 and @entity2186 was promptly started. Clinical improvement was seen 4 days after initiating specific treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Inherited @entity209 should be included in differential diagnosis in @entity4854 @entity1270 @entity1 who respond poorly to standard @entity6 treatment. Unusual findings, e.g. @entity3263 , @entity8193 , @entity3043 , abnormal basal ganglia in MRI or underlying delayed development may indicate underlying @entity347 . Determining the etiology of @entity1270 is important and can lead to good outcomes.

title: Isolated @entity2185 with unusual presentation mimicking XXXX .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic ketoacidosis']


abstract: @entity1 telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex that enables cells to maintain telomere length, allowing indefinite replicative capacity. The notion that telomerase is reactivated in 80-90% of @entity1 @entity5 has led to the proposal of telomerase as a promising therapeutic target for novel anticancer interventions. Due to its inherent accessibility to nucleic acids, telomerase appears an ideal target for strategies based on the use of antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes that target its RNA template. In this review a summary of the different antisense- and ribozyme-based approaches used thus far to inhibit telomerase activity in @entity1 @entity5 cells is provided. All these strategies significantly inhibited the enzyme's catalytic activity in in vitro and in @entity5 models. However, while in some studies @entity5 cell growth arrest was observed as a consequence of telomere @entity3207 after prolonged telomerase inhibition, other studies have shown that antisense- and ribozyme-based treatments targeting telomerase induced rapid loss (i.e. within a few days) of @entity5 cell viability with concomitant apoptosis. In the latter case it is unlikely that cell death was related to telomere @entity2681 since the cells would not have undergone enough divisions to significantly shorten their telomeres. A possible explanation is that telomerase inhibitors may induce apoptosis in @entity5 cells directly by interfering with the capping function of the enzyme. Overall, the available results indicate antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes as good tools to inhibit telomerase and suggest that abrogation of telomerase activity may affect @entity5 cell proliferation also through pathways that are not dependent on telomere @entity2681 .

title: Targeting XXXX telomerase by antisense oligonucleotides and ribozymes.

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'vivo tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Mitochondrial reactive @entity26 species (ROS) are proposed to play a central role in aging and age-associated disorders, although direct in vivo evidence is lacking. We recently generated a @entity19 mutant with mutated @entity66817 ( @entity66817 ) gene, which impairs the signal peptide sequence processing of mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c1 and @entity17864 dehydrogenase 2. The mitochondria from mutant @entity19 generate elevated levels of @entity224 ion and cause impaired fertility in both sexes. Here, we design experiments to examine the effects of excessive mitochondrial ROS generation on health span. We show that @entity66817 mutation increases oxidative stress in multiple organs such as the brain and the kidney, although expression of @entity224 dismutases in these tissues of the mutants is also increased. The mutants show multiple aging-associated phenotypes, including wasting, @entity6288 , loss of subcutaneous fat, @entity1513 , and @entity2055 , with female mutants showing earlier onset and more severe age-associated disorders than male mutants. The loss of body weight and fat was unrelated to food intake. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSC) from mutant @entity19 showed impaired proliferation capability, formed significantly less and smaller colonies in colony formation assays, although they retained adipogenic differentiation capability in vitro. This functional impairment was accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress. Our data showed that mitochondrial ROS is the driving force of accelerated aging and suggested that @entity75 to adult stem cells could be one of the mechanisms for age-associated disorders.

title: Mitochondrial peptidase XXXX mutation causes early onset of age-associated disorders and impairs adult stem cell self-renewal.

entities_list: @entity66817 :: ('93757(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Immp2l', 'inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase 2-like']

entities_list: @entity17864 :: ('CHEBI:26707', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol phosphate']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['ROS damage']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity6288 :: ('MESH:D055948', 'Disease') :: ['sarcopenia']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity66817 :: (93757(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IMMP2L']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic @entity490 occurs in about 10-30% of @entity1 presenting with chronic @entity490 . Entrapment of abdominal cutaneous nerves at the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle has been attributed as a cause of @entity490 . We report our experience of treating such @entity1 using ultrasound-guided abdominal cutaneous nerve infiltration. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective audit of abdominal cutaneous nerve infiltration performed in the period between September 2008 to August 2009 in our center. All @entity1 had received local anesthetic and @entity134 injection under ultrasound guidance. The response to the infiltration was evaluated in the post-procedure telephone review as well as in the follow-up clinic. Brief @entity158 inventory (BPI) and numerical rating scale @entity158 scores were collated from two points: the initial outpatient clinic and the follow up clinic up to 5 months following the injection. RESULTS: Nine @entity1 had abdominal cutaneous nerve injections under ultrasound guidance in the period under review. Six @entity1 reported 50% @entity158 relief or more (responders) while three @entity1 did not. @entity158 and BPI scores showed a decreasing trend in responders. The median duration of follow-up was 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound can reliably be used for infiltration of the abdominal cutaneous nerves. This will improve the safety as well as diagnostic utility of the procedure.

title: Chronic XXXX and ultrasound-guided abdominal cutaneous nerve infiltration: a case series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain', 'abdominal wall pain']

answer: @entity490 :: (MESH:D015746,Disease) :: ['abdominal wall pain']


abstract: Fine needle biopsies (FNB) of the thyroid were examined from 860 @entity1 . In 703 cases follicular cells without atypia were found and in this group of @entity1 the clinical diagnosis was @entity4383 . Operations were performed in 138 @entity1 and in 97 cases the cytological finding could be correlated to the histopathological diagnosis. In 33 of these @entity1 @entity259 was histologically verified. In 26 of the @entity189 cases cytologic examination showed grave atypia or changes indicating @entity189 . The cases in which the cytological diagnoses were falsely negative are discussed. Moderate cellular atypia occurred in one case with @entity1377 . In two cases the cytological examination gave a false positive diagnosis of @entity5 , both representing @entity1374 of the lymphoid type. The scintigrams in @entity1 with @entity259 are also presented. Cold nodules were found in 10/19 @entity1 and a hot nodule in .1 @entity1 . In 3 @entity1 the scintigrams were normal and in another 5 inconclusive. The results indicate that thyroid scintigrams can only be used as a supplement to the physical examination and a guidance for FNB. The contribution of FNB in the decision to operate is discussed and it is concluded that FNB is a valuable adjunct in preoperative diagnosis of @entity1374 . The best diagnostic results are obtained when there is a close cooperation between clinician, radiologist, cytologist and pathologist.

title: Fine needle biopsy and scintigram in the preoperative diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['nodular goitre']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroiditis', 'thyroid lesions']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the variability of crackle pitch and crackle rate during a single automated-auscultation session with a computerized 16-channel lung-sound analyzer. METHODS: Forty-nine @entity1 with @entity55 , 52 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ), and 18 with @entity3794 ( @entity3794 ) performed @entity1353 maneuvers in the following sequence: normal @entity1353 , deep @entity1353 , cough several times; deep @entity1353 , vital-capacity maneuver, and deep @entity1353 . From the auscultation recordings we measured the crackle pitch and crackle rate. RESULTS: Crackle pitch variability, expressed as a percentage of the average crackle pitch, was small in all @entity1 and in all maneuvers: @entity55 11%, @entity712 11%, @entity3794 7%. Crackle rate variability was also small: @entity55 31%, @entity712 32%, @entity3794 24%. Compared to the first deep- @entity1353 maneuver (100%), the average crackle pitch did not significantly change following coughing ( @entity55 100%, @entity712 103%, @entity3794 100%), the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity55 100%, @entity712 92%, @entity3794 104%), or during quiet @entity1353 ( @entity55 97%, @entity712 100%, @entity3794 104%). Similarly, the average crackle rate did not change significantly following coughing ( @entity55 105%, @entity712 110%, @entity3794 90%) or the vital-capacity maneuver ( @entity55 102%, @entity712 101%, @entity3794 99%). However, during normal @entity1353 the crackle rate was significantly lower in the @entity1 with @entity55 (74%, P < .001) and significantly higher in the @entity1 with @entity3794 (147%, P < .05) than it was during deep @entity1353 . In @entity1 with @entity712 the average crackle rate during normal @entity1353 was not significantly different from that during the first deep- @entity1353 maneuver (108%). CONCLUSIONS: Crackle pitch and rate were surprisingly stable in all 3 conditions. Neither crackle pitch nor crackle rate changed significantly from breath to breath or from one deep- @entity1353 maneuver to another, even when the maneuvers were separated by cough or the vital-capacity maneuver. The observation that crackle rate is a reproducible measurement during one automated-auscultation session suggests that crackle rate can be used to follow the course of cardiopulmonary illnesses such as @entity55 , @entity3794 , and @entity712 .

title: Crackle pitch and rate do not vary significantly during a single automated-auscultation session in @entity1 with @entity55 , XXXX , or @entity3794 .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis', 'interstitial pulmonary fibrosis', 'IPF']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']