abstract: Insulin rapidly stimulates @entity669 kinase activity of its receptor resulting in phosphorylation of its cytosolic substrate @entity8277 substrate 1 ( @entity10175 ), which in turn associates with and activates the enzyme @entity4357 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). In the present study we have examined these three initial steps in insulin action during the differentiation of 3T3-F442A adipocytes and after treatment with @entity619 or insulin. The differentiation of 3T3-F442A cells was characterized by a 13-fold increase in @entity8277 protein, a 9-fold increase in @entity10175 , and a 10- and 4.5-fold increase in their insulin-stimulated phosphorylation, respectively. The mRNA expression of these two proteins showed a similar 8-fold increase during differentiation. In addition there was a 3.5-fold increase in PI 3-kinase protein [85 kilodalton (kDa) subunit] and a 16-fold increase in @entity10175 -associated PI 3-kinase activity between day 0 and day 8 of differentiation. @entity619 (1 microM) treatment of differentiated cells induced a further 48% (P < 0.05) increase in @entity8277 level, but the autophosphorylation of the receptor was decreased by 31 +/- 1% (P < 0.02). At the same time there was a decrease by 56 +/- 4% (P < 0.005) in @entity10175 protein and by 31 +/- 1% (P < 0.001) in @entity10175 phosphorylation. The expression of @entity8277 mRNA was unchanged, but the expression of @entity10175 mRNA was decreased by approximately 75% after @entity619 . By contrast, @entity619 induced a 69% increase in the level of PI 3-kinase as determined by immunoblotting. The combined effect of decreased @entity10175 phosphorylation and increased PI 3-kinase protein was a minimal change (15% decrease) in the association/activation between @entity10175 and PI 3-kinase. Chronic treatment with 100 nM insulin induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in @entity8277 and @entity10175 protein levels reaching a nadir of 34 +/- 5% (P < 0.005) and 39 +/- 5% (P < 0.01) of control levels after 24 h, respectively. There was an even more marked decrease in the phosphorylation level of these proteins. Chronic insulin treatment also produced a 30% decrease in PI 3-kinase protein levels and a approximately 50% decrease in the association/activation between @entity10175 /PI 3-kinase. The expression of @entity8277 and @entity10175 mRNA was unchanged during chronic insulin treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Regulation of XXXX , @entity8277 substrate-1 and @entity4357 3-kinase in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Effects of differentiation, insulin, and @entity619 .

answer: @entity8277 :: (3643,Gene) :: ['insulin receptor']


abstract: Insulin rapidly stimulates @entity669 kinase activity of its receptor resulting in phosphorylation of its cytosolic substrate @entity8277 substrate 1 ( @entity10175 ), which in turn associates with and activates the enzyme @entity4357 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). In the present study we have examined these three initial steps in insulin action during the differentiation of 3T3-F442A adipocytes and after treatment with @entity619 or insulin. The differentiation of 3T3-F442A cells was characterized by a 13-fold increase in @entity8277 protein, a 9-fold increase in @entity10175 , and a 10- and 4.5-fold increase in their insulin-stimulated phosphorylation, respectively. The mRNA expression of these two proteins showed a similar 8-fold increase during differentiation. In addition there was a 3.5-fold increase in PI 3-kinase protein [85 kilodalton (kDa) subunit] and a 16-fold increase in @entity10175 -associated PI 3-kinase activity between day 0 and day 8 of differentiation. @entity619 (1 microM) treatment of differentiated cells induced a further 48% (P < 0.05) increase in @entity8277 level, but the autophosphorylation of the receptor was decreased by 31 +/- 1% (P < 0.02). At the same time there was a decrease by 56 +/- 4% (P < 0.005) in @entity10175 protein and by 31 +/- 1% (P < 0.001) in @entity10175 phosphorylation. The expression of @entity8277 mRNA was unchanged, but the expression of @entity10175 mRNA was decreased by approximately 75% after @entity619 . By contrast, @entity619 induced a 69% increase in the level of PI 3-kinase as determined by immunoblotting. The combined effect of decreased @entity10175 phosphorylation and increased PI 3-kinase protein was a minimal change (15% decrease) in the association/activation between @entity10175 and PI 3-kinase. Chronic treatment with 100 nM insulin induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in @entity8277 and @entity10175 protein levels reaching a nadir of 34 +/- 5% (P < 0.005) and 39 +/- 5% (P < 0.01) of control levels after 24 h, respectively. There was an even more marked decrease in the phosphorylation level of these proteins. Chronic insulin treatment also produced a 30% decrease in PI 3-kinase protein levels and a approximately 50% decrease in the association/activation between @entity10175 /PI 3-kinase. The expression of @entity8277 and @entity10175 mRNA was unchanged during chronic insulin treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Regulation of @entity8277 , @entity8277 substrate-1 and @entity4357 3-kinase in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Effects of differentiation, insulin, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8277 :: ('3643', 'Gene') :: ['insulin receptor']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone', 'dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: Insulin rapidly stimulates @entity669 kinase activity of its receptor resulting in phosphorylation of its cytosolic substrate @entity8277 substrate 1 ( @entity10175 ), which in turn associates with and activates the enzyme @entity4357 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). In the present study we have examined these three initial steps in insulin action during the differentiation of 3T3-F442A adipocytes and after treatment with @entity619 or insulin. The differentiation of 3T3-F442A cells was characterized by a 13-fold increase in @entity8277 protein, a 9-fold increase in @entity10175 , and a 10- and 4.5-fold increase in their insulin-stimulated phosphorylation, respectively. The mRNA expression of these two proteins showed a similar 8-fold increase during differentiation. In addition there was a 3.5-fold increase in PI 3-kinase protein [85 kilodalton (kDa) subunit] and a 16-fold increase in @entity10175 -associated PI 3-kinase activity between day 0 and day 8 of differentiation. @entity619 (1 microM) treatment of differentiated cells induced a further 48% (P < 0.05) increase in @entity8277 level, but the autophosphorylation of the receptor was decreased by 31 +/- 1% (P < 0.02). At the same time there was a decrease by 56 +/- 4% (P < 0.005) in @entity10175 protein and by 31 +/- 1% (P < 0.001) in @entity10175 phosphorylation. The expression of @entity8277 mRNA was unchanged, but the expression of @entity10175 mRNA was decreased by approximately 75% after @entity619 . By contrast, @entity619 induced a 69% increase in the level of PI 3-kinase as determined by immunoblotting. The combined effect of decreased @entity10175 phosphorylation and increased PI 3-kinase protein was a minimal change (15% decrease) in the association/activation between @entity10175 and PI 3-kinase. Chronic treatment with 100 nM insulin induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in @entity8277 and @entity10175 protein levels reaching a nadir of 34 +/- 5% (P < 0.005) and 39 +/- 5% (P < 0.01) of control levels after 24 h, respectively. There was an even more marked decrease in the phosphorylation level of these proteins. Chronic insulin treatment also produced a 30% decrease in PI 3-kinase protein levels and a approximately 50% decrease in the association/activation between @entity10175 /PI 3-kinase. The expression of @entity8277 and @entity10175 mRNA was unchanged during chronic insulin treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Regulation of @entity8277 , @entity8277 substrate-1 and XXXX 3-kinase in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Effects of differentiation, insulin, and @entity619 .

answer: @entity4357 :: (MESH:D010716,Chemical) :: ['phosphatidylinositol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate the antitumor effects and @entity137 of @entity470 ( @entity470 )- @entity669 kinase inhibitor @entity4562 (Iressa) in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: From December 2002 to August 2003, 39 @entity1 with unresectable @entity1149 were enrolled for 250 mg once-daily oral treatment with @entity4562 . Clinical data was analysed using chi-square test, t test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Quality of Life (QoL) was analyzed using Chinese Version of European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) core questionnaire QLQ-C30 and @entity2 related questionnaire QLQ-LC13. RESULTS: @entity5 response rate (complete response and partial response) was 28.2% . Disease control rate, which included both @entity5 responses and stable disease, was 59.0%. Objective @entity5 response was correlated with gender and pathological type. Time to progress was (6.6  1.6) months (95% CI, 3.4-9.7), and 1 year survival rate was 54.3%. Response rate of @entity2 -related symptom scales were 34.8%, 65.2% and 73.9% respectively. The @entity4562 of 250 mg/d was well tolerated by @entity1 . The majority of adverse events were grade I or grade II @entity1910 and @entity294 , which were manageable and reversible. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4562 offers a new treatment option providing meaningful @entity5 control and symptom relief for many @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: [ @entity4562 (Iressa) in the treatment of XXXX @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['global, functional and lung cancer', 'lung cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate the antitumor effects and @entity137 of @entity470 ( @entity470 )- @entity669 kinase inhibitor @entity4562 (Iressa) in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: From December 2002 to August 2003, 39 @entity1 with unresectable @entity1149 were enrolled for 250 mg once-daily oral treatment with @entity4562 . Clinical data was analysed using chi-square test, t test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Quality of Life (QoL) was analyzed using Chinese Version of European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) core questionnaire QLQ-C30 and @entity2 related questionnaire QLQ-LC13. RESULTS: @entity5 response rate (complete response and partial response) was 28.2% . Disease control rate, which included both @entity5 responses and stable disease, was 59.0%. Objective @entity5 response was correlated with gender and pathological type. Time to progress was (6.6  1.6) months (95% CI, 3.4-9.7), and 1 year survival rate was 54.3%. Response rate of @entity2 -related symptom scales were 34.8%, 65.2% and 73.9% respectively. The @entity4562 of 250 mg/d was well tolerated by @entity1 . The majority of adverse events were grade I or grade II @entity1910 and @entity294 , which were manageable and reversible. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4562 offers a new treatment option providing meaningful @entity5 control and symptom relief for many @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: [ XXXX (Iressa) in the treatment of @entity1149 @entity1 ].

answer: @entity4562 :: (MESH:C419708,Chemical) :: ['ZD1839']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate the antitumor effects and @entity137 of @entity470 ( @entity470 )- @entity669 kinase inhibitor @entity4562 (Iressa) in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: From December 2002 to August 2003, 39 @entity1 with unresectable @entity1149 were enrolled for 250 mg once-daily oral treatment with @entity4562 . Clinical data was analysed using chi-square test, t test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Quality of Life (QoL) was analyzed using Chinese Version of European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) core questionnaire QLQ-C30 and @entity2 related questionnaire QLQ-LC13. RESULTS: @entity5 response rate (complete response and partial response) was 28.2% . Disease control rate, which included both @entity5 responses and stable disease, was 59.0%. Objective @entity5 response was correlated with gender and pathological type. Time to progress was (6.6  1.6) months (95% CI, 3.4-9.7), and 1 year survival rate was 54.3%. Response rate of @entity2 -related symptom scales were 34.8%, 65.2% and 73.9% respectively. The @entity4562 of 250 mg/d was well tolerated by @entity1 . The majority of adverse events were grade I or grade II @entity1910 and @entity294 , which were manageable and reversible. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4562 offers a new treatment option providing meaningful @entity5 control and symptom relief for many @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: [ @entity4562 (Iressa) in the treatment of @entity1149 XXXX ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Studies using pancreas perfusion techniques point to a physiological inhibition of glucagon release by insulin which should be mediated by A cell-residing insulin receptors. In this study, we have characterized the insulin receptors expressed in a hamster @entity12983 A cell line (INR1G9 cells) which is an accepted tool for A cell studies. In receptor binding assays 125I-insulin was displaced with a Kd of 3 nmol/l. Binding was also dependent upon time, temperature and cell number. Insulin concentration-dependently inhibited glucagon secretion (1 mumol: 59%, 100 nmol/l: 71%, 10 nmol/l: 86% of controls). In transient transfection experiments insulin inhibited proglucagon gene transcription (controls: 100%, 100 nmol/l: 54%, 10 nmol/l: 57%, 1 nmol/l: 72%, 100 pmol/l: 96%). Treatment of INR1G9 cells with insulin for 20 h induced a strong downregulation of insulin receptors (controls: 100%, 100 nmol/l: 30%, 10 nmol/l: 70%, 1 nmol/l: 73%, 100 pmol/l: 75%) and of @entity8277 mRNA levels (controls: 100%, 100 nmol/l: 42%, 10 nmol/l: 82%, 1 nmol/l: 84%, 100 pmol/l: 90%). When INR1G9 cells were transiently transfected with a hybrid gene containing the promotor/enhancer region of the @entity1 @entity8277 promotor (1,462 bp) linked to the transcriptional reporter gene @entity2755 acetyltransferase and were treated with insulin it was demonstrated that insulin did not affect the @entity8277 gene transcription. In conclusion, INR1G9 cells express specific receptors for insulin. Insulin inhibits glucagon secretion and proglucagon gene expression via an inhibition of proglucagon gene transcription. Ligand-induced downregulation of the @entity8277 is not mediated by changes of @entity8277 gene transcription and is most likely regulated by posttranscriptional mechanisms, e.g. destabilization of @entity8277 mRNA.

title: Molecular and functional characterization of insulin receptors present on hamster XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

entities_list: @entity12983 :: ('MESH:D005935', 'Disease') :: ['glucagonoma']

answer: @entity12983 :: (MESH:D005935,Disease) :: ['glucagonoma']


abstract: The neurotransmitter responsible for neurogenic vasodilation in @entity1 skin during body heating is unknown. We sought to determine whether the vasodilating substance @entity842 (NO) is involved in this phenomenon. Six subjects were heated for 50 min by use of a water-perfused suit while forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured with plethysmography and skin blood flow (SkBF) was measured by the laser-Doppler method in both arms. In one forearm, @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ), an NO synthase blocker, was infused into the brachial artery. Bolus doses of @entity7293 (< or = 4 mg/min) for 5 min were given to blunt NO-mediated vasodilator responses to @entity934 ( @entity1617 , 64 micrograms/min). A continuous infusion of @entity7293 (< or = 1.0 mg/min) was used during body heating to maintain NO synthase blockade. In the forearm receiving @entity7293 , FBF was 1.8 +/- 0.3 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 before drug infusion and rose to 9.5 +/- 1.3 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 with @entity1617 . After @entity7293 infusion, FBF was 1.3 +/- 0.2 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 and rose to 2.6 +/- 0.4 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 with @entity1617 (both P < 0.05 vs. pre- @entity7293 ). Similar changes in SkBF were seen with @entity1617 and @entity7293 , confirming that the drugs reached cutaneous vessels. With body heating, oral temperature increased by 1.2 degrees C, heart rate increased by 34 beats/min, and mean arterial pressure remained constant at approximately 75 mmHg. FBF in the treated forearm rose to 11.5 +/- 2.1 vs. 12.6 +/- 1.7 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 in the control forearm (P > 0.05, control vs. treated response).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Is XXXX involved in cutaneous vasodilation during body heating in @entity1 ?

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'NG-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: The neurotransmitter responsible for neurogenic vasodilation in @entity1 skin during body heating is unknown. We sought to determine whether the vasodilating substance @entity842 (NO) is involved in this phenomenon. Six subjects were heated for 50 min by use of a water-perfused suit while forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured with plethysmography and skin blood flow (SkBF) was measured by the laser-Doppler method in both arms. In one forearm, @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ), an NO synthase blocker, was infused into the brachial artery. Bolus doses of @entity7293 (< or = 4 mg/min) for 5 min were given to blunt NO-mediated vasodilator responses to @entity934 ( @entity1617 , 64 micrograms/min). A continuous infusion of @entity7293 (< or = 1.0 mg/min) was used during body heating to maintain NO synthase blockade. In the forearm receiving @entity7293 , FBF was 1.8 +/- 0.3 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 before drug infusion and rose to 9.5 +/- 1.3 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 with @entity1617 . After @entity7293 infusion, FBF was 1.3 +/- 0.2 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 and rose to 2.6 +/- 0.4 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 with @entity1617 (both P < 0.05 vs. pre- @entity7293 ). Similar changes in SkBF were seen with @entity1617 and @entity7293 , confirming that the drugs reached cutaneous vessels. With body heating, oral temperature increased by 1.2 degrees C, heart rate increased by 34 beats/min, and mean arterial pressure remained constant at approximately 75 mmHg. FBF in the treated forearm rose to 11.5 +/- 2.1 vs. 12.6 +/- 1.7 ml.100 ml-1.min-1 in the control forearm (P > 0.05, control vs. treated response).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Is @entity842 involved in cutaneous vasodilation during body heating in XXXX ?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: AIM: Gastric vagal afferents are activated in response to mechanical stimulation, an effect attenuated by @entity47343 (NPW) in 20-week-old female @entity19 . In this study we aimed to determine whether there were age and sex dependent effects of NPW on gastric vagal afferent mechanosensitivity. METHODS: An in vitro gastro-oesophageal preparation was used to determine the effect of NPW on gastric vagal afferent mechanosensitivity from 8 and 20-week-old male and female C57BL/6 @entity19 . Retrograde tracing and laser capture microdissection were used to selectively collect gastric vagal afferent cell bodies. Expression of NPW in the gastric mucosa and its receptor, @entity47344 , in gastric vagal afferent cell bodies was determined using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: NPW inhibited gastric tension sensitive vagal afferents from 20-week-old male and female @entity19 , but not 8-week-old @entity19 . In contrast, NPW inhibited the mechanosensitivity of gastric mucosal vagal afferents in 8-week-old male and female @entity19 , but not 20-week-old @entity19 . NPW mRNA expression in the gastric mucosa was higher in 20-week-old male @entity19 compared to 8-week-old male @entity19 . @entity47344 mRNA expression in vagal afferent neurons innervating the gastric muscular layers was higher in 20-week-old @entity19 compared to 8-week-old @entity19 in both sexes. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of NPW on gastric tension sensitive and mucosal vagal afferents is age but not sex-dependent. These findings suggest that the physiological role of NPW varies depending on the age of the @entity19 .

title: XXXX modulation of gastric vagal afferent mechanosensitivity: Impact of age and sex.

answer: @entity47343 :: (381073(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Neuropeptide W']


abstract: Evaluation and treatment of @entity299 ( @entity299 ) suffer from lack of sensitive and easily repeatable markers of disease activity. We studied measurements of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T or troponin I (hs- @entity10020 /I) taken at presentation and during treatment in 62 @entity1 with new-onset @entity299 (48 @entity1 , mean age 49 years). Hs- @entity10020 was measured in 50 @entity1 and was elevated (>13 ng/L) at presentation in 26 of them (52%). Hs- @entity6949 was measured in the remaining 12 @entity1 and was elevated (>0.04 ng/mL) in 7 of them (58%). Left ventricular ejection fraction averaged 43    14% in association with elevated hs- @entity10020 /I (n = 33) versus 53    10% with normal hs- @entity10020 /I (n = 29; p = 0.001). Hs- @entity10020 /I was remeasured after 4 weeks of @entity479 therapy in 38 @entity1 and was normalized in 16 of the 24 (67%) with an elevated pretreatment concentration and remained normal in the rest of the 14 @entity1 (p <0.001). During follow-up (median, 17 months), @entity204 (n = 2), aborted @entity944 (n = 5), sustained @entity1165 (n = 8), or new complete @entity713 (n = 1) was recorded in 11 of 33 @entity1 with elevated hs- @entity10020 /I versus in 5 of 29 with normal hs- @entity10020 /I (log-rank p = 0.068). Two-year event-free Kaplan-Meier cardiac survival estimate (95% confidence interval) was 67% (48% to 81%) with elevated hs- @entity10020 /I versus 93% (76% to 99%) with normal hs- @entity10020 /I. In @entity299 , circulating hs- @entity10020 /I may help clinicians evaluate disease activity and treatment response. Their prognostic value remains tentative pending more follow-up data.

title: Usefulness of Cardiac Troponins as Markers of Early Treatment Response in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac sarcoidosis', 'CS']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['Cardiac Sarcoidosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare endothelial microparticles values in eclamptic, preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 were selected among those who assisted to Obstetrics Emergency at Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. There were included 30 @entity1 with mild @entity1468 (group A), 30 @entity1 with severe @entity1468 (group B) and 30 @entity1 with @entity3036 (group C). A control group was selected for having similar age and body mass index to studied groups and consisted in 35 healthy pregnant @entity1 (group D). There were included only nuliparous @entity1 . Blood samples were collected in all @entity1 before delivery and in studied groups immediately after diagnosis for endothelial microparticles determination. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in gestational age between groups B and C compared with controls (P<.05). Higher values of endothelial microparticles were observed in eclamptic @entity1 together with severe preeclamptic @entity1 . Lower values were found in mild preeclamptic @entity1 . Studied groups presented significant higher values of endothelial microparticles compared with controls (P<.05). When linear regression was performed, factors that significantly affected endothelial microparticles values were: @entity414 , 24-hour @entity644 , transaminases and platelet count (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this research showed that eclamptic and preeclamptic @entity1 had higher endothelial microparticles values than normotensive pregnant @entity1 .

title: [Endothelial microparticles in @entity1468 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity3036 :: ('MESH:D004461', 'Disease') :: ['eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity3036 :: (MESH:D004461,Disease) :: ['eclampsia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare endothelial microparticles values in eclamptic, preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 were selected among those who assisted to Obstetrics Emergency at Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela. There were included 30 @entity1 with mild @entity1468 (group A), 30 @entity1 with severe @entity1468 (group B) and 30 @entity1 with @entity3036 (group C). A control group was selected for having similar age and body mass index to studied groups and consisted in 35 healthy pregnant @entity1 (group D). There were included only nuliparous @entity1 . Blood samples were collected in all @entity1 before delivery and in studied groups immediately after diagnosis for endothelial microparticles determination. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in gestational age between groups B and C compared with controls (P<.05). Higher values of endothelial microparticles were observed in eclamptic @entity1 together with severe preeclamptic @entity1 . Lower values were found in mild preeclamptic @entity1 . Studied groups presented significant higher values of endothelial microparticles compared with controls (P<.05). When linear regression was performed, factors that significantly affected endothelial microparticles values were: @entity414 , 24-hour @entity644 , transaminases and platelet count (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this research showed that eclamptic and preeclamptic @entity1 had higher endothelial microparticles values than normotensive pregnant @entity1 .

title: [Endothelial microparticles in XXXX and @entity3036 ].

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['preeclampsia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The optimal hemodynamic management of @entity1 with early AKI is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between hemodynamic parameters in early AKI and progression to severe AKI and hospital mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, @entity1 , _ MEASUREMENTS: This study retrospectively analyzed the data of all @entity1 admitted to the adult intensive care unit in a tertiary care center between July 2007 and June 2009 and identified those with stage 1 AKI (AKI I) per the AKI Network classification. In @entity1 in whom hemodynamic monitoring was performed within 12 hours of AKI I, hemodynamic parameters in the first 12 hours of AKI I and on the day of AKI III (if AKI III developed) or 72 hours after AKI I (if AKI III did not develop) were recorded. Risk factors for AKI III and mortality were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Among 790 @entity1 with AKI I, 210 (median age 70 years; 138 @entity1 ) had hemodynamic monitoring within 12 hours of AKI I; 85 @entity1 (41.5%) progressed to AKI III and 91 (43%) died in the hospital. AKI progressors had a significantly higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (8.0 versus 9.6; P<0.001), lower indexed systemic @entity26 delivery (DO2I) (median 325 versus 405 ml/min per m(2); P<0.001), higher central venous pressure (16 versus 13; P=0.02), and lower mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (median 71 versus 74 mmHg; P=0.01) in the first 12 hours of AKI I compared with nonprogressors. Multivariate analysis confirmed that raised @entity880 , central venous pressure, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score as well as mechanical ventilation were independently associated with progression to AKI III; higher DO2I and MAP were independently associated with a lower risk of AKI III but not survival. The associations were independent of @entity295 , @entity299 , recent cardiac surgery, or chronic @entity101 . CONCLUSIONS: Higher DO2I and MAP in early AKI were independently associated with a lower risk of progression.

title: Low Systemic XXXX Delivery and BP and Risk of Progression of Early AKI.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['Oxygen']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular risk assessment is an accepted practice in adults and correlates with early changes in carotid structure and function. Its clinical use in pediatrics is less common. We sought to determine whether a simple method of clustering cardiovascular risks could detect early atherosclerotic changes in youth. In addition, we compared risk clustering with the accepted Patholobiological @entity731 in Youth score to assess its utility for predicting @entity455 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We collected demographic, anthropometric, laboratory, and vascular measures in a cross-sectional study. The study population (n = 474; mean age: 18 years) was divided into low-risk (0-1) or high-risk (>=  2) groups on the basis of the number of cardiovascular risk factors present at evaluation. Group differences and vascular outcomes were compared. General linear models were used to compare clustering cardiovascular risks with the Patholobiological @entity731 in Youth score. RESULTS: The high-risk group had higher vascular thickness and @entity2693 compared with the low-risk group (P < .05). @entity2357 models found that clustering cardiovascular risks is associated with abnormal vascular structure and function after adjustment for age, race, and gender. The Patholobiological @entity731 in Youth score also is associated with abnormal vascular structure and function but with lower R(2) values (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk clustering is a reliable tool for assessing abnormal vascular function. Its simplicity, compared with the Patholobiological @entity731 in Youth score, provides an advantageous tool for the practicing clinician to identify those youth who are at higher risk for early @entity65 .

title: Clustering of risk factors: a simple method of detecting XXXX in youth.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['early vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['Regression']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Determinants of Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity2693 :: ('MESH:C566112', 'Disease') :: ['stiffness']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: A retrospective review was done on medical records of 13 @entity1 with persistent post-dural- @entity9737 headaches after one or more epidural blood patches. @entity10 occurred in nine @entity1 with @entity6413 after "wet taps" while performing epidural blocks. In two @entity1 post-dural- @entity9737 @entity10 appeared after long term implanted intrathecal catheters were removed. In two other cases @entity10 developed after spinal anesthesia. Treatment included bed rest, intravenous hydration and at least one epidural blood patch; three @entity1 were given 60 milliliters of epidural saline, without success. Eight epidural catheters were inserted through the lumbar access and five through the caudal approach. Initially, a bolus of 20 milliliters of dextran-40 was given followed by an infusion of 3 mL/hr, until 12 hours after the @entity10 and any other related symptoms subsided. In all @entity1 the @entity10 disappeared within 20 hours after initiating therapy (9.55 mean hours, SD +/- 0.79). In five @entity1 @entity10 ceased in less than five hours. Nausea and photo- @entity913 subsided earlier. @entity1 with post-dural- @entity9737 @entity10 resistant to other treatments, including at least one epidural blood patch, were successfully treated by a bolus followed by continuous epidural infusion of dextran-40.

title: Persistent post-dural- @entity9737 XXXX treated with epidural infusion of dextran.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['head pain', 'headache', 'Headache']

entities_list: @entity6413 :: ('MESH:D038223', 'Disease') :: ['post-laminectomy syndrome']

answer: @entity10 :: (MESH:D006261,Disease) :: ['headache']


abstract: A retrospective review was done on medical records of 13 @entity1 with persistent post-dural- @entity9737 headaches after one or more epidural blood patches. @entity10 occurred in nine @entity1 with @entity6413 after "wet taps" while performing epidural blocks. In two @entity1 post-dural- @entity9737 @entity10 appeared after long term implanted intrathecal catheters were removed. In two other cases @entity10 developed after spinal anesthesia. Treatment included bed rest, intravenous hydration and at least one epidural blood patch; three @entity1 were given 60 milliliters of epidural saline, without success. Eight epidural catheters were inserted through the lumbar access and five through the caudal approach. Initially, a bolus of 20 milliliters of dextran-40 was given followed by an infusion of 3 mL/hr, until 12 hours after the @entity10 and any other related symptoms subsided. In all @entity1 the @entity10 disappeared within 20 hours after initiating therapy (9.55 mean hours, SD +/- 0.79). In five @entity1 @entity10 ceased in less than five hours. Nausea and photo- @entity913 subsided earlier. @entity1 with post-dural- @entity9737 @entity10 resistant to other treatments, including at least one epidural blood patch, were successfully treated by a bolus followed by continuous epidural infusion of dextran-40.

title: Persistent post-dural- XXXX @entity10 treated with epidural infusion of dextran.

answer: @entity9737 :: (MESH:D051299,Disease) :: ['puncture']


abstract: A three-year longitudinal study was carried out with a group of @entity1 , initially aged 11-15, residing in non-fluoridated rural communities in south-central Michigan. This report analyzes the relation between caries increment and consumption of @entity3363 from all sources to see if accepted relationships have changed with the caries decline in the United States. There were 499 @entity1 who provided three or more 24-hour dietary recall interviews, and who received dental examinations at baseline and after three years. Caries increment averaged 2.91 DMFS over the three years, with 81% of new lesions on pit-and-fissure surfaces. Consumption of @entity3363 from all sources averaged 156 g per day for males and 127 g per day for females, an average of 52 kg per @entity1 per year. @entity3363 constituted one-quarter of total caloric intake for both @entity1 and @entity1 , and the average number of eating occasions per day was 4.3. @entity1 who consumed a higher proportion of their total energy intake as @entity3363 had a higher increment of approximal caries, though there was little relation to pit-and-fissure caries. The average number of daily eating occasions was not related to caries increment, nor was the average number of sugary snacks (defined as foods with 15% or more of @entity3363 ) consumed between meals, but the average consumption of between-meal @entity3363 was related to the approximal caries increment. When @entity1 were categorized by high caries increment compared with no caries increment, a tendency toward more frequent snacks was seen in the high-caries @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The effects of XXXX intake and frequency of ingestion on dental caries increment in a three-year longitudinal study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'girls', 'person', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['sugars', 'Sugars']

answer: @entity3363 :: (MESH:D002241,Chemical) :: ['sugars']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate microvascular reconstruction of a vertical hemipharyngolaryngectomy (VHPL) defect for @entity957 . DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of medical records. SETTING: Tertiary care referral center. @entity1 : Thirty-two @entity1 who underwent a VHPL. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Assess the surgical technique and safety of VHPL and review the functional parameters of swallowing and decannulation. RESULTS: The classification was composed of 3 types of VHPL according to the extent of resection: limited VHPL (type I), resection at the lateral border of the conus elasticus to preserve both vocal cords (n = 10); total VHPL (type II), removal of a vertical section of the thyroid cartilage through the anterior commissure to the upper border of the cricoid cartilage with preservation of 1 vocal cord (n = 12); and extended VHPL (type III), inclusion of a supraglottic laryngectomy (type IIIa) (n = 6) or partial cricoid cartilage resection (type IIIb) (n = 4). A radial forearm free flap that included the @entity924 was used for reconstruction in 31 @entity1 , and an anterolateral thigh flap was used in 1 @entity1 . There was no perioperative mortality, and there was 100% free flap survival. Oral realimentation and tracheotomy weaning were achieved a mean of 33 and 32 days postoperatively, respectively. In 25 @entity1 observed for longer than 6 months, the recurrence rate was 28% (7 of 25), and 5-year disease-specific survival was 64%. CONCLUSION: Microvascular reconstruction of VHPL offers a wider resection with promising functional results for @entity189 .

title: A classification system for the reconstruction of vertical hemipharyngolaryngectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['palmaris longus tendon']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['hypopharyngeal carcinoma']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: The present investigation was conducted in order to examine the feasibility of isolating and growing @entity11 -infiltrating lymphocytes in vitro as possible effector cells for use in new adoptive immunotherapy. Eight surgical specimens obtained from @entity1 with malignant @entity816 were treated by enzyme dispersion; the cells were separated on a density gradient and grown in the presence of @entity1 recombinant @entity1199 . The cultured lymphocytes were tested for cell-surface markers by using monoclonal antibodies in a flow cytometric analysis. In all cases the @entity11 -derived lymphocytes were grown in culture for several weeks with substantial increases in cell numbers (at least 5 X 10(8) cells). The mature T cell population (CD3, 89%) was found to have an increased proportion of the cytotoxic/suppressor phenotype @entity405 (55%) as compared to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's). Eighty-six percent of the cultivated lymphocytes expressed HLA-DR. The @entity3647 was predominantly expressed on the helper subset ( @entity404 -positive). Otherwise, anti- @entity4071 , which specifically reacts with natural killer (NK) cells, did not stain significantly more of the cultured gliomaderived lymphocytes compared with lymphocyte-activated PBL's. These results corroborate the observations made with conventional immunohistochemical examination. It has been demonstrated that T lymphocytes isolated from @entity1 @entity5 are enriched for specific reactivity to their autochthonous @entity5 cells. These experiments support the possible use of @entity11 -infiltrating lymphocytes as a new treatment for @entity1 with @entity11 .

title: Isolation and in vitro growth of XXXX -infiltrating lymphocytes, and an analysis of their surface phenotypes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'glioma']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: The posterior capsule has an important effect on the risk of postoperative @entity3225 . In order to investigate whether the posterior capsule inhibited the spread of infection into the vitreous we performed extracapsular @entity231 extraction in both eyes of 10 primates. In one eye of each primate the posterior capsule was left intact and in the other eye a large posterior capsulectomy was performed. When the anterior chambers were challenged with equivalent inocula of @entity794 , one of 10 eyes with an intact posterior capsule developed @entity281 . In contrast, nine of 10 eyes with a large posterior capsulectomy developed @entity281 . In a second experiment we investigated the effect of an intraocular lens on the barrier effect. Ten primates received extracapsular @entity231 extraction in both eyes and @entity737 . In one eye of each primate the posterior capsule was left intact and a J-loop monoplanar lens was implanted in the ciliary sulcus. In the other eye of each primate a large posterior capsulectomy was followed by implantation of a monoplanar, non-vaulted pseudophakos into the anterior chamber. None of the 10 eyes with a posterior capsule intact and a posterior chamber lens in place developed positive vitreous cultures or histopathological evidence of @entity281 . Thus the presence of a posterior chamber lens did not appreciably compromise the barrier effect of the intact posterior capsule. 40% of the eyes with a large posterior capsulectomy and a non-vaulted pseudophakos in the anterior chamber developed @entity281 , and 60% of the eyes showed histopathological evidence of @entity281 .

title: Role of the posterior capsule in the prevention of postoperative XXXX : experimental primate studies and clinical implications.

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['pseudophakic implantation']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['culture-positive vitreous infection', 'vitreous infection']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial endophthalmitis']

answer: @entity3225 :: (MESH:D009877,Disease) :: ['bacterial endophthalmitis']


abstract: @entity1753 ( @entity1753 ) is a T-cell-dependent @entity35 model of @entity309 ( @entity309 ) that is induced by injection of collagen type II in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. @entity2295 within the synovium is a prominent feature of @entity1753 and @entity309 . The novel angiogenesis inhibitor @entity10822 and the microtubule-stabilizing agent Taxol represent two new classes of agents with specific mechanisms of action. @entity10822 inhibits fibroblast growth factor-induced stimulation of endothelial cell migration, endothelial cell proliferation, and capillary tube formation, resulting in effective suppression of new blood vessel formation. By enhancing microtubule polymerization, Taxol interferes with normal microtubule function in cell mitosis, migration, chemotaxis, and intracellular transport. Using a suppression protocol in established @entity1753 , the effects of @entity10822 and Taxol as single agents and in combination were evaluated. Combination therapy significantly reduced clinical @entity625 compared to control @entity35 (P < 0.00001). The combination therapy group also experienced earlier and significantly greater reduction of clinical @entity625 compared to either single agent-treated groups (P < 0.05). Blinded radiographic scores at the end of the study demonstrated less soft tissue swelling and joint destruction using combination therapy than either single agent. This is the first use of @entity10822 and @entity1311 in combination therapy. Further study of agents with distinct mechanisms of action may lead to more effective treatment options in chronic @entity625 and to a better understanding of the pathophysiologic processes of @entity2070 formation.

title: Suppression of collagen-induced XXXX using an angiogenesis inhibitor, @entity10822 , and a microtubule stabilizer, @entity1311 .

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis', 'inflammatory arthritis']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['Neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity1753 :: ('MESH:D001169', 'Disease') :: ['Collagen-induced arthritis', 'CIA']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: @entity1753 ( @entity1753 ) is a T-cell-dependent @entity35 model of @entity309 ( @entity309 ) that is induced by injection of collagen type II in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. @entity2295 within the synovium is a prominent feature of @entity1753 and @entity309 . The novel angiogenesis inhibitor @entity10822 and the microtubule-stabilizing agent Taxol represent two new classes of agents with specific mechanisms of action. @entity10822 inhibits fibroblast growth factor-induced stimulation of endothelial cell migration, endothelial cell proliferation, and capillary tube formation, resulting in effective suppression of new blood vessel formation. By enhancing microtubule polymerization, Taxol interferes with normal microtubule function in cell mitosis, migration, chemotaxis, and intracellular transport. Using a suppression protocol in established @entity1753 , the effects of @entity10822 and Taxol as single agents and in combination were evaluated. Combination therapy significantly reduced clinical @entity625 compared to control @entity35 (P < 0.00001). The combination therapy group also experienced earlier and significantly greater reduction of clinical @entity625 compared to either single agent-treated groups (P < 0.05). Blinded radiographic scores at the end of the study demonstrated less soft tissue swelling and joint destruction using combination therapy than either single agent. This is the first use of @entity10822 and @entity1311 in combination therapy. Further study of agents with distinct mechanisms of action may lead to more effective treatment options in chronic @entity625 and to a better understanding of the pathophysiologic processes of @entity2070 formation.

title: Suppression of collagen-induced @entity625 using an angiogenesis inhibitor, XXXX , and a microtubule stabilizer, @entity1311 .

answer: @entity10822 :: (MESH:C066515,Chemical) :: ['AGM-1470']


abstract: @entity1753 ( @entity1753 ) is a T-cell-dependent @entity35 model of @entity309 ( @entity309 ) that is induced by injection of collagen type II in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. @entity2295 within the synovium is a prominent feature of @entity1753 and @entity309 . The novel angiogenesis inhibitor @entity10822 and the microtubule-stabilizing agent Taxol represent two new classes of agents with specific mechanisms of action. @entity10822 inhibits fibroblast growth factor-induced stimulation of endothelial cell migration, endothelial cell proliferation, and capillary tube formation, resulting in effective suppression of new blood vessel formation. By enhancing microtubule polymerization, Taxol interferes with normal microtubule function in cell mitosis, migration, chemotaxis, and intracellular transport. Using a suppression protocol in established @entity1753 , the effects of @entity10822 and Taxol as single agents and in combination were evaluated. Combination therapy significantly reduced clinical @entity625 compared to control @entity35 (P < 0.00001). The combination therapy group also experienced earlier and significantly greater reduction of clinical @entity625 compared to either single agent-treated groups (P < 0.05). Blinded radiographic scores at the end of the study demonstrated less soft tissue swelling and joint destruction using combination therapy than either single agent. This is the first use of @entity10822 and @entity1311 in combination therapy. Further study of agents with distinct mechanisms of action may lead to more effective treatment options in chronic @entity625 and to a better understanding of the pathophysiologic processes of @entity2070 formation.

title: Suppression of collagen-induced @entity625 using an angiogenesis inhibitor, @entity10822 , and a microtubule stabilizer, XXXX .

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['taxol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the combined role of axillary ultrasound (Ax US), fine needle aspiration (FNAC) and intraoperative frozen section analysis of the sentinel node (FS SN) in a practical, time efficient algorithm to reduce the requirement for reoperation for axillary clearance in @entity0 in a busy tertiary unit. METHODS: Between October 2007 and June 2009 188 @entity1 underwent Ax US as a first investigation for nodal status. Suspicious nodes were biopsied, negative axillae proceeded to FS SN at time of primary breast surgery. All confirmed positive cases proceeded to immediate axillary clearance. RESULTS: 93 @entity1 had positive axillary nodes at final histology. Ax US + FNAC identified 59 positive axillae and had a sensitivity of 63.4% and specificity of 100%. FS SN identified a further 26 cases with a sensitivity of 76.5% and specificity of 100%. Overall, only 8 @entity1 required reoperation for axillary clearance. Sensitivity for the combined procedures was 91.4%. Commencement of adjuvant therapy was significantly less in those @entity1 identified earlier compared to those requiring a second operation (23.3 days vs 49.0 days, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: 95.7% of cases were diagnosed accurately in the perioperative period, preventing delay to triage to definitive oncological care and reducing requirement for costly reoperation.

title: Perioperative diagnosis of the positive axilla in XXXX : a safe, time efficient algorithm.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess inter-observer reliability in US detection of tendon inflammatory and structural changes at wrists and ankles in @entity309 @entity1 . METHODS: Fourteen consecutive @entity309 @entity1 underwent bilateral US assessment of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECUT) and tibialis posterior tendons (TPTs) by two blinded rheumatologists, with different level of experience in musculoskeletal (MS) US. Grey scale and power Doppler (PD) US assessment was focused on detection of @entity2762 , @entity924 signal and structural lesions (i.e. @entity924 , @entity924 , partial or total @entity397 ). RESULTS: The frequency of US findings detected by Investigator 1 was 28.6% for inflammatory changes and 51.8% for structural damage changes while Investigator 2 detected 34 and 53.6% for the corresponding abnormalities. A high overall agreement (82.7%) was found for inflammatory pathology and 89.7% for structural lesions in all tendons. Mean kappa (k) values for all tendons and pathology was moderate (k = 0.42), with fair level of agreement for the wrist region (0.27-0.34) and moderate to good values for the ankle region (k = 0.47-0.62). @entity854 were detected in 37.5% of the tendons by Investigator 1 and 28.6% of the tendons by Investigator 2. CONCLUSIONS: MSUS showed high overall agreement and fair to moderate inter-observer k-values between investigators with different levels of experience in detection of tendon pathology at the wrist and ankle in @entity309 @entity1 . Further standardization of scanning method and pathology definitions may improve MSUS reproducibility.

title: Inter-observer reliability of ultrasound detection of tendon abnormalities at the wrist and ankle in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tenosynovial and intra-tendon PD', 'tendinosis', 'tendon erosion']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Subclinical abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2762 :: ('MESH:D013717', 'Disease') :: ['tenosynovitis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess inter-observer reliability in US detection of tendon inflammatory and structural changes at wrists and ankles in @entity309 @entity1 . METHODS: Fourteen consecutive @entity309 @entity1 underwent bilateral US assessment of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECUT) and tibialis posterior tendons (TPTs) by two blinded rheumatologists, with different level of experience in musculoskeletal (MS) US. Grey scale and power Doppler (PD) US assessment was focused on detection of @entity2762 , @entity924 signal and structural lesions (i.e. @entity924 , @entity924 , partial or total @entity397 ). RESULTS: The frequency of US findings detected by Investigator 1 was 28.6% for inflammatory changes and 51.8% for structural damage changes while Investigator 2 detected 34 and 53.6% for the corresponding abnormalities. A high overall agreement (82.7%) was found for inflammatory pathology and 89.7% for structural lesions in all tendons. Mean kappa (k) values for all tendons and pathology was moderate (k = 0.42), with fair level of agreement for the wrist region (0.27-0.34) and moderate to good values for the ankle region (k = 0.47-0.62). @entity854 were detected in 37.5% of the tendons by Investigator 1 and 28.6% of the tendons by Investigator 2. CONCLUSIONS: MSUS showed high overall agreement and fair to moderate inter-observer k-values between investigators with different levels of experience in detection of tendon pathology at the wrist and ankle in @entity309 @entity1 . Further standardization of scanning method and pathology definitions may improve MSUS reproducibility.

title: Inter-observer reliability of ultrasound detection of tendon abnormalities at the wrist and ankle in XXXX with @entity309 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The anti- @entity1066 drug @entity73223 (SOS) binds to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), proteins which stimulate the growth and differentiation of several cell types, including stomach epithelial cells. It is believed that SOS stabilizes FGFs against acid denaturation in the stomach, thus enhancing their ability to stimulate healing of ulcerated tissue. SOS binds to the same site on FGF as heparin and other proteoglycans; in vivo, FGF must bind to cell-surface proteoglycans or to heparin before it can interact with FGF receptors and stimulate growth. The details of this process are not understood. RESULTS: We report the crystal structure of a 1:1 complex between @entity6898 ( @entity6898 ) and SOS at 2.7 A resolution. SOS binds to a positively charged region of @entity6898 , largely composed of residues 112-127, and makes contacts primarily with Lys112, @entity534 116, Lys118, and @entity534 122. This region is also important in binding heparin. The overall conformation of @entity6898 is not changed by binding SOS, although the positions of some side chains in the binding site shift by as much as 6 A. CONCLUSION: The SOS-FGF crystal structure is consistent with the model that SOS stabilizes FGF by neutralizing several positively charged residues that would destabilize the native structure by electrostatic repulsion. On the basis of this structure, we provide a model for the complex of heparin with an FGF dimer. Such interactions may facilitate FGF receptor dimerization, which may be important in receptor signaling.

title: Structural studies of the binding of the anti- XXXX drug @entity73223 to acidic fibroblast growth factor.

entities_list: @entity73223 :: ('MESH:C053081', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose octasulfate']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The anti- @entity1066 drug @entity73223 (SOS) binds to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), proteins which stimulate the growth and differentiation of several cell types, including stomach epithelial cells. It is believed that SOS stabilizes FGFs against acid denaturation in the stomach, thus enhancing their ability to stimulate healing of ulcerated tissue. SOS binds to the same site on FGF as heparin and other proteoglycans; in vivo, FGF must bind to cell-surface proteoglycans or to heparin before it can interact with FGF receptors and stimulate growth. The details of this process are not understood. RESULTS: We report the crystal structure of a 1:1 complex between @entity6898 ( @entity6898 ) and SOS at 2.7 A resolution. SOS binds to a positively charged region of @entity6898 , largely composed of residues 112-127, and makes contacts primarily with Lys112, @entity534 116, Lys118, and @entity534 122. This region is also important in binding heparin. The overall conformation of @entity6898 is not changed by binding SOS, although the positions of some side chains in the binding site shift by as much as 6 A. CONCLUSION: The SOS-FGF crystal structure is consistent with the model that SOS stabilizes FGF by neutralizing several positively charged residues that would destabilize the native structure by electrostatic repulsion. On the basis of this structure, we provide a model for the complex of heparin with an FGF dimer. Such interactions may facilitate FGF receptor dimerization, which may be important in receptor signaling.

title: Structural studies of the binding of the anti- @entity1066 drug XXXX to acidic fibroblast growth factor.

answer: @entity73223 :: (MESH:C053081,Chemical) :: ['sucrose octasulfate']


abstract: @entity1486 (PSA) is believed to be a highly specific marker for normal or cancerous prostatic tissue. We recently found that immunoreactive PSA (IR-PSA) is present in 30% of @entity0 cytosols (from 525 @entity0 @entity1 ). In this paper we analyzed a new series of 750 @entity0 cytosols, obtained from 744 @entity1 and six @entity1 , for IR-PSA. The positivity rates in the old and new series were very similar (approximately 30%). Combining the two series of @entity0 @entity1 , we examined the associations between IR-PSA and @entity172 (ER) or @entity1420 (PR) receptors, or @entity1 age. We found that IR-PSA positivity rate declines with age. @entity263 were highly associated with either ER-positive or PR-positive @entity5 alone. However, analysis in a subset of @entity5 that combine the two receptors, ER(-)/PR(-), ER(+)/PR(-), ER(-)/PR(+), and ER(+)/PR(+), revealed that IR-PSA was only associated with PR, and no relationship was found between IR-PSA and ER. We speculate that the presence of IR-PSA in @entity0 may be associated with the PR action and that the association between PSA and ER is indirect due to the known association between ER and PR. As five of the six @entity2675 were found negative for IR-PSA, it is suggested that @entity342 may not be involved in the presence of IR-PSA in @entity0 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Immunoreactive XXXX levels in female and @entity2675 and its association with steroid hormone receptors and @entity1 age.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['PSA-positive tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumor']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity2675 :: ('MESH:D018567', 'Disease') :: ['male breast tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['Prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity1486 :: (354,Gene) :: ['prostate-specific antigen']


abstract: @entity1486 (PSA) is believed to be a highly specific marker for normal or cancerous prostatic tissue. We recently found that immunoreactive PSA (IR-PSA) is present in 30% of @entity0 cytosols (from 525 @entity0 @entity1 ). In this paper we analyzed a new series of 750 @entity0 cytosols, obtained from 744 @entity1 and six @entity1 , for IR-PSA. The positivity rates in the old and new series were very similar (approximately 30%). Combining the two series of @entity0 @entity1 , we examined the associations between IR-PSA and @entity172 (ER) or @entity1420 (PR) receptors, or @entity1 age. We found that IR-PSA positivity rate declines with age. @entity263 were highly associated with either ER-positive or PR-positive @entity5 alone. However, analysis in a subset of @entity5 that combine the two receptors, ER(-)/PR(-), ER(+)/PR(-), ER(-)/PR(+), and ER(+)/PR(+), revealed that IR-PSA was only associated with PR, and no relationship was found between IR-PSA and ER. We speculate that the presence of IR-PSA in @entity0 may be associated with the PR action and that the association between PSA and ER is indirect due to the known association between ER and PR. As five of the six @entity2675 were found negative for IR-PSA, it is suggested that @entity342 may not be involved in the presence of IR-PSA in @entity0 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Immunoreactive @entity1486 levels in female and XXXX and its association with steroid hormone receptors and @entity1 age.

answer: @entity2675 :: (MESH:D018567,Disease) :: ['male breast tumors']


abstract: @entity1486 (PSA) is believed to be a highly specific marker for normal or cancerous prostatic tissue. We recently found that immunoreactive PSA (IR-PSA) is present in 30% of @entity0 cytosols (from 525 @entity0 @entity1 ). In this paper we analyzed a new series of 750 @entity0 cytosols, obtained from 744 @entity1 and six @entity1 , for IR-PSA. The positivity rates in the old and new series were very similar (approximately 30%). Combining the two series of @entity0 @entity1 , we examined the associations between IR-PSA and @entity172 (ER) or @entity1420 (PR) receptors, or @entity1 age. We found that IR-PSA positivity rate declines with age. @entity263 were highly associated with either ER-positive or PR-positive @entity5 alone. However, analysis in a subset of @entity5 that combine the two receptors, ER(-)/PR(-), ER(+)/PR(-), ER(-)/PR(+), and ER(+)/PR(+), revealed that IR-PSA was only associated with PR, and no relationship was found between IR-PSA and ER. We speculate that the presence of IR-PSA in @entity0 may be associated with the PR action and that the association between PSA and ER is indirect due to the known association between ER and PR. As five of the six @entity2675 were found negative for IR-PSA, it is suggested that @entity342 may not be involved in the presence of IR-PSA in @entity0 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Immunoreactive @entity1486 levels in female and @entity2675 and its association with steroid hormone receptors and XXXX age.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: In an effort to evaluate the influence of the oviduct on sperm capacitation, in vitro fertilization of freshly-ovulated @entity95 ova was used to assay the fertilizing ability of @entity12179 . New Zealand white @entity95 were used. 9 1/2 hours after injection of @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin half the animals had fimbriae of both tubes resected; 2 hours later, the ovaries were excised and the ova in cumulus removed from the surface of the ovaries. Half the animals serving as donors of uterine @entity12179 had their oviducts removed; half were intact. Both had @entity12179 recovered from their uteri 6-48 hours after mating. Study technique is detailed. Studies of 617 ova showed best fertilization rates when @entity12179 had remained in the uteri 16-18 hours. Spermatozoa recovered from capacitators without oviducts produced similar cleavage rates as those with intact oviducts. Results indicate that @entity12179 can be capacitated in the uterus of @entity95 without oviducts but it is possible that part of the capacitation normally takes place in the oviducts. Others have shown capacitation takes longer by several hours with the uterotubal junction ligated than when this junction is patent. Ova were fertilized by @entity12179 recovered from the uterus after 8 hours but not by those recovered after 6 hours. In the present experiment @entity12179 recovered from the uterus 36 hours postcoitus were still able to fertilize ova.

title: Influence of the oviduct on sperm capacitation in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12179 :: ('OMIM:102530', 'Disease') :: ['spermatozoa']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit', 'rabbits']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The surgical management of grade I intramedullary @entity79 remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data to determine the oncologic outcomes of intralesional versus wide resection for grade I intramedullary @entity511 . METHODS: Literature searches were performed through Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database. Cohort studies in which one @entity1 group with grade I @entity511 underwent wide resection and one underwent intralesional curettage were included. Two reviewers independently assessed all eligible papers with the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for Cohort Studies. The outcome measures were the pooled odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of local recurrence and @entity3 calculated through the random-effects method. RESULTS: Five eligible studies were identified including a total of 190 @entity1 , 78 of whom underwent intralesional resection and 112 of whom underwent wide resection. Only one pelvic lesion was identified, which underwent wide resection. There were a total of five local recurrences and three @entity3 . The risk for local recurrence and @entity3 did not differ significantly between the two groups, with an odds ratio for intralesional resection of 2.26 (95% confidence interval, 0.41-12.62) and 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.04-5.21) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intralesional curettage as an alternative to wide resection for extrapelvic grade I @entity79 does not greatly increase the risk for local recurrence or @entity3 . Overall effect estimates, however, should be interpreted with caution as a result of the relatively small number of events.

title: A systematic review and meta-analysis of intralesional versus wide resection for intramedullary grade I XXXX of the extremities.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma of bone']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity511 :: (MESH:D002813,Disease) :: ['chondrosarcoma']


abstract: A new quantitation method for @entity2996 ( @entity2996 ) with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been developed. In this method, drug concentrations were determined by tissue homogenization of five 10   m tissue sections adjacent to those analyzed by @entity2996 . Drug levels in tissue extracts were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ @entity15 / @entity15 ). The integrated @entity2996 response was correlated to the LC/ @entity15 / @entity15 drug concentrations to determine the amount of drug detected per @entity2996 ion count. The study reported here evaluates @entity1037 in liver tissue. Tissue samples containing a range of concentrations were created from liver harvested from @entity35 administered a single dose of @entity1037 at 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, 30, or 100 mg/kg. The liver samples were then analyzed by MALDI- @entity2996 and LC/ @entity15 / @entity15 . The MALDI- @entity2996 and LC/ @entity15 / @entity15 correlation was determined for tissue concentrations of ~300 to 60,000 ng/g and yielded a linear relationship over two orders of magnitude (R(2) = 0.9792). From this correlation, a conversion factor of 6.3    0.23 fg/ion count was used to quantitate @entity2996 responses at the pixel level (100   m). The details of the method, its importance in pharmaceutical analysis, and the considerations necessary when implementing it are presented.

title: A quantitation method for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity2996 :: ('MESH:C564543', 'Disease') :: ['mass spectrometry imaging', 'MSI']

answer: @entity2996 :: (MESH:C564543,Disease) :: ['mass spectrometry imaging']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Research suggests that the majority of mild @entity131 (mTBI) @entity1 exhibit both @entity73 within the first weeks of @entity130 , followed by symptom resolution 3-6 months postinjury. The neuronal correlates of said dysfunction are difficult to detect with standard clinical neuroimaging, complicating differential diagnosis and early identification of @entity1 who may not recover. This study examined whether resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides objective markers of @entity130 and predicts @entity73 in mTBI @entity1 semiacutely (<3 weeks postinjury) and in late recovery (3-5 month) phases. METHODS: Twenty-seven semiacute mTBI @entity1 and 26 gender, age, and education-matched controls were studied. Fifteen of 27 @entity1 returned for a follow-up visit 3-5 months postinjury. The main dependent variables were spontaneous fluctuations (temporal correlation) in the default-mode ( @entity1233 ) and fronto-parietal task-related networks as measured by fMRI. RESULTS: Significant differences in self-reported @entity73 were observed (all P < 0.05), despite normal clinical (T1 and T2) imaging and neuropsychological testing results. Mild @entity131 @entity1 demonstrated decreased functional connectivity within the @entity1233 and hyper-connectivity between the @entity1233 and lateral prefrontal cortex. Measures of functional connectivity exhibited high levels of sensitivity and specificity for @entity1 classification and predicted @entity73 in the semi-acute @entity130 stage. However, no changes in functional connectivity were observed across a 4-month recovery period. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal connectivity between the @entity1233 and frontal cortex may provide objective biomarkers of mTBI and underlie @entity73 .

title: Functional connectivity in mild XXXX .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive complaints', 'cognitive impairment', 'cognitive and emotional dysfunction', 'cognitive, emotional, and somatic complaints']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: @entity4676 ( @entity4676 ) is a developmental @entity146 characterized by motor and vocal tics as well as @entity146 comorbidities. Disturbances of the fronto-striatal-thalamic pathways responsible for motor control and impulse inhibition have been previously described in other studies. Although differences in motor performance are well recognized, imaging data elucidating the neuronal correlates are scarce. Here, we examined 19 adult @entity4676 @entity1 (13 @entity1 , aged 22-52 years, mean = 34.3 years) and 18 age- and sex-matched controls (13 @entity1 , aged 24-57 years, mean = 37.6 years) in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study at 1.5 T. We corrected for possible confounds introduced by tics, motion, and brain-structural differences as well as age, sex, comorbidities, and medication. @entity1 and controls were asked to perform a sequential finger-tapping task using their right, left, and both hands, respectively. Task performance was monitored by simultaneous MR-compatible video recording. Although behavioral data obtained during scanning did not show significant differences across groups, we observed differential neuronal activation patterns depending on both handedness (dominant vs. nondominant) and tapping frequency in frontal, parietal, and subcortical areas. When controlling for open motor performance, a failure of deactivation in easier task conditions was found in the subgenual cingulate cortex in the @entity4676 @entity1 . In addition, performance-related functional connectivity of lower- and higher-order motor networks differed between @entity1 and controls. In summary, although open performance was comparable, @entity1 showed different @entity528 and connectivity patterns when performing increasingly demanding tasks, further illustrating the impact of the disease on the motor system.

title: Altered motor network activation and functional connectivity in adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal networks']

entities_list: @entity4676 :: ('MESH:D005879', 'Disease') :: ['TS', "Tourette's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'neuropsychiatric disorder']

answer: @entity4676 :: (MESH:D005879,Disease) :: ['Tourette's syndrome']


abstract: In the @entity21100 -transfer reaction catalyzed by @entity7222 transcarbamoylase, an @entity369 residue in the active site of the @entity526 enzyme has been suggested to bind the @entity1391 moiety of the substrate @entity12116 . With the application of site-specific mutagenesis, the most likely @entity369 residue among three candidates at the binding site of @entity12116 , @entity534 -57, has been replaced with a @entity2228 . The resultant @entity4022 -57 mutant enzyme is drastically inefficient in catalysis. In the synthesis of @entity7792 from @entity12116 and @entity10608 with the release of inorganic @entity1391 , the turnover rate of the mutant is 21,000-fold lower than that of the wild type. However, the mutation of @entity534 -57 affects only moderately the binding of @entity12116 ; the dissociation constant of this substrate, measured under steady-state turnover condition, is increased from 0.046 to 3.2 mM by the mutation. On the other hand, @entity7222 binding is substantially affected as estimated by the change in the dissociation constant of its analogue @entity68881 . The dissociation constant of @entity68881 increases about 500-fold from 54 microM for the wild type to 25 mM for the mutant. Since @entity534 -57 is expected to be distal from the @entity7222 site and the @entity535 (both @entity7222 and @entity2684 ) binds only after @entity12116 in the wild-type reaction, the poor norvaline affinity to the mutant suggests that @entity534 -57 is involved in interactions essential for productive addition of the @entity535 . This interpretation is supported by difference ultraviolet absorption spectra which show that the conformational changes induced in the wild type by @entity12116 upon binding are absent in the mutant. Furthermore, steady-state kinetic data reveal that the ordered binding mechanism of the wild-type enzyme is transformed into a random binding mechanism in the mutant. Thus, the presence of @entity12116 in the mutant active site is no longer a requisite for @entity7222 binding. In the 5-50 degrees C temperature range, transcarbamoylation catalyzed by either the wild type or the mutant observes the Arrhenius rate law with almost identical enthalpies of activation, 11 and 10 kcal/mol, respectively. The entropy of activation is -5.5 eu for the wild-type reaction and -29 eu for the mutant reaction, accounting for a loss of 6-7 kcal/mol in the rate-determining step of the enzymic reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Site-directed mutagenesis of XXXX @entity7222 transcarbamoylase: role of @entity369 -57 in substrate binding and catalysis.

entities_list: @entity7792 :: ('CHEBI:16349', 'Chemical') :: ['L-citrulline']

entities_list: @entity12116 :: ('MESH:D002221', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamoyl phosphate']

entities_list: @entity2684 :: ('CHEBI:19475', 'Chemical') :: ['norvaline']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity68881 :: ('CHEBI:18314', 'Chemical') :: ['L-norvaline']

entities_list: @entity7222 :: ('CHEBI:18257', 'Chemical') :: ['ornithine']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity21100 :: ('CHEBI:23004', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamoyl']

entities_list: @entity10608 :: ('CHEBI:15729', 'Chemical') :: ['L-ornithine']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: In the @entity21100 -transfer reaction catalyzed by @entity7222 transcarbamoylase, an @entity369 residue in the active site of the @entity526 enzyme has been suggested to bind the @entity1391 moiety of the substrate @entity12116 . With the application of site-specific mutagenesis, the most likely @entity369 residue among three candidates at the binding site of @entity12116 , @entity534 -57, has been replaced with a @entity2228 . The resultant @entity4022 -57 mutant enzyme is drastically inefficient in catalysis. In the synthesis of @entity7792 from @entity12116 and @entity10608 with the release of inorganic @entity1391 , the turnover rate of the mutant is 21,000-fold lower than that of the wild type. However, the mutation of @entity534 -57 affects only moderately the binding of @entity12116 ; the dissociation constant of this substrate, measured under steady-state turnover condition, is increased from 0.046 to 3.2 mM by the mutation. On the other hand, @entity7222 binding is substantially affected as estimated by the change in the dissociation constant of its analogue @entity68881 . The dissociation constant of @entity68881 increases about 500-fold from 54 microM for the wild type to 25 mM for the mutant. Since @entity534 -57 is expected to be distal from the @entity7222 site and the @entity535 (both @entity7222 and @entity2684 ) binds only after @entity12116 in the wild-type reaction, the poor norvaline affinity to the mutant suggests that @entity534 -57 is involved in interactions essential for productive addition of the @entity535 . This interpretation is supported by difference ultraviolet absorption spectra which show that the conformational changes induced in the wild type by @entity12116 upon binding are absent in the mutant. Furthermore, steady-state kinetic data reveal that the ordered binding mechanism of the wild-type enzyme is transformed into a random binding mechanism in the mutant. Thus, the presence of @entity12116 in the mutant active site is no longer a requisite for @entity7222 binding. In the 5-50 degrees C temperature range, transcarbamoylation catalyzed by either the wild type or the mutant observes the Arrhenius rate law with almost identical enthalpies of activation, 11 and 10 kcal/mol, respectively. The entropy of activation is -5.5 eu for the wild-type reaction and -29 eu for the mutant reaction, accounting for a loss of 6-7 kcal/mol in the rate-determining step of the enzymic reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Site-directed mutagenesis of @entity526 XXXX transcarbamoylase: role of @entity369 -57 in substrate binding and catalysis.

answer: @entity7222 :: (CHEBI:18257,Chemical) :: ['ornithine']


abstract: In the @entity21100 -transfer reaction catalyzed by @entity7222 transcarbamoylase, an @entity369 residue in the active site of the @entity526 enzyme has been suggested to bind the @entity1391 moiety of the substrate @entity12116 . With the application of site-specific mutagenesis, the most likely @entity369 residue among three candidates at the binding site of @entity12116 , @entity534 -57, has been replaced with a @entity2228 . The resultant @entity4022 -57 mutant enzyme is drastically inefficient in catalysis. In the synthesis of @entity7792 from @entity12116 and @entity10608 with the release of inorganic @entity1391 , the turnover rate of the mutant is 21,000-fold lower than that of the wild type. However, the mutation of @entity534 -57 affects only moderately the binding of @entity12116 ; the dissociation constant of this substrate, measured under steady-state turnover condition, is increased from 0.046 to 3.2 mM by the mutation. On the other hand, @entity7222 binding is substantially affected as estimated by the change in the dissociation constant of its analogue @entity68881 . The dissociation constant of @entity68881 increases about 500-fold from 54 microM for the wild type to 25 mM for the mutant. Since @entity534 -57 is expected to be distal from the @entity7222 site and the @entity535 (both @entity7222 and @entity2684 ) binds only after @entity12116 in the wild-type reaction, the poor norvaline affinity to the mutant suggests that @entity534 -57 is involved in interactions essential for productive addition of the @entity535 . This interpretation is supported by difference ultraviolet absorption spectra which show that the conformational changes induced in the wild type by @entity12116 upon binding are absent in the mutant. Furthermore, steady-state kinetic data reveal that the ordered binding mechanism of the wild-type enzyme is transformed into a random binding mechanism in the mutant. Thus, the presence of @entity12116 in the mutant active site is no longer a requisite for @entity7222 binding. In the 5-50 degrees C temperature range, transcarbamoylation catalyzed by either the wild type or the mutant observes the Arrhenius rate law with almost identical enthalpies of activation, 11 and 10 kcal/mol, respectively. The entropy of activation is -5.5 eu for the wild-type reaction and -29 eu for the mutant reaction, accounting for a loss of 6-7 kcal/mol in the rate-determining step of the enzymic reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Site-directed mutagenesis of @entity526 @entity7222 transcarbamoylase: role of XXXX -57 in substrate binding and catalysis.

answer: @entity369 :: (CHEBI:29016,Chemical) :: ['arginine']


abstract: @entity12812 ( @entity12812 ) gene 'knock-out' @entity19 ( @entity73224 ) were primed with purified H-2Kb and H-2Db molecules and spleen cells from immunized @entity19 were used to generate monoclonal antibody secreting B-cell hybridomas. Approximately 0.2% of the Ig-secreting primary microcultures contained H-2b binding antibodies. Three stable anti-MHC class I (MHC-I) antibody secreting hybridoma clones were established and subcloned. All three MoAbs precipitated radiolabelled @entity8200 molecules as analysed by SDS PAGE, and all three MoAbs stained H-2b, @entity8022 , as well as H-2k cells by @entity10062 analysis. The MoAbs stained to two @entity12812 loss mutant cell lines, C4.4-25- and R1E, suggesting that some MHC-I heavy chain is exported to the cell surface even in the absence of endogenous @entity12812 . Staining of @entity19 cell lines kept under serum-free culture conditions was strongly influenced by the addition of @entity291 or human serum as a source of exogenous @entity12812 suggesting that xenogeneic @entity12812 affects the conformation of class I molecules. Furthermore, all three MoAbs strongly stained the peptide transporter deficient cell line, RMA-S, when cultured at 26 degrees C, however, staining was reduced five-fold when RMA-S cells were cultured at 37 degrees C. In total, these observations suggest that the MoAbs recognize conformational, presumably @entity12812 and peptide dependent, self epitopes on MHC-class I. One of the three MoAbs stained @entity35 blood mononuclear blood cells (BMC), all three MoAbs stained hamster BMC, whereas two of the MoAbs stained @entity1 cells. These data suggest that the MoAbs recognize determinants which are conserved between species. All three antibodies strongly inhibited the development of CTLs generated in an allogeneic one-way MLC, provided that the MoAbs were present during the first 24 h of culture. It is concluded that MoAbs reacting with monomorphic self epitopes may be generated using animals deleted of the gene of interest. The implications may be far reaching since such MoAbs potentially identify evolutionary conserved and physiologically important epitopes.

title: Antibodies directed against monomorphic and evolutionary conserved self epitopes may be generated in 'knock-out' XXXX . Development of monoclonal antibodies directed against monomorphic MHC class I determinants.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of posterior @entity1171 fixation on the function of ankle in @entity1 with @entity1171 . METHODS: Between June 2007 and June 2009, 110 @entity1 with @entity1171 were treated with posterior @entity1171 fixation in 59 @entity1 (fixation group) or without fixation in 51 @entity1 (non-fixation group). In fixation group, there were 31 males and 28 females with an average age of 62.6 years (range, 19-75 years); the causes of injury included traffic accident (20 cases), falling (18 cases), and @entity6475 (21 cases) with a disease duration of 1-3 days (2.2 days on average); and the locations were left ankle in 32 cases and right ankle in 27 cases, including 6 cases of type I, 23 of type II, 19 of type III, and 11 of type IV according to the @entity1171 classification. In non-fixation group, there were 38 males and 13 females with an average age of 64.5 years (range, 16-70 years); the causes of injury included traffic accident (15 cases), falling (12 cases), and @entity6475 (24 cases) with a disease duration of 1-3 days (2.5 days on average); and the locations were left ankle in 22 cases and right ankle in 29 cases, including 8 cases of type I, 16 of type II, 19 of type III, and 8 of type IV according to the @entity1171 classification. There was no significant difference in general data between 2 groups (P > 0.05). RESULTS: All @entity1 of 2 groups achieved wound healing by first intention. The @entity1 were followed up 12-18 months (16 months on average). X-ray films showed that @entity174 healed at 8-12 weeks (10 weeks on average) in fixation group and at 10-14 weeks (12 weeks on average) in non-fixation group. There were significant differences in the clinical score (89.28 +/- 8.62 vs. 86.88 +/- 9.47, P < 0.05), postoperative reposition score (33.34 +/- 2.15 vs. 31.24 +/- 2.89, P < 0.05), and @entity571 score (13.22 +/- 1.66 vs. 12.46 +/- 2.03, P < 0.05) according to Phillips ankle scoring system between 2 groups at last follow-up. There was no significant difference in clinical score of type I and II @entity1 between 2 groups (P > 0.05), but significant differences were found in clinical score and @entity571 score of type III and IV @entity1 between 2 groups (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the postoperative reposition score between 2 groups in all types of @entity174 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The posterior @entity1171 fixation may provide satisfactory clinical functional outcomes for @entity1171 . Proper @entity174 classification and correct method of internal fixation are important for achieving good reduction and improving the long-term results.

title: [Effectiveness of posterior @entity1171 fixation in treating XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity1171 :: ('MESH:D064386', 'Disease') :: ['ankle fracture', 'malleolus']

answer: @entity1171 :: (MESH:D064386,Disease) :: ['ankle fracture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of posterior @entity1171 fixation on the function of ankle in @entity1 with @entity1171 . METHODS: Between June 2007 and June 2009, 110 @entity1 with @entity1171 were treated with posterior @entity1171 fixation in 59 @entity1 (fixation group) or without fixation in 51 @entity1 (non-fixation group). In fixation group, there were 31 males and 28 females with an average age of 62.6 years (range, 19-75 years); the causes of injury included traffic accident (20 cases), falling (18 cases), and @entity6475 (21 cases) with a disease duration of 1-3 days (2.2 days on average); and the locations were left ankle in 32 cases and right ankle in 27 cases, including 6 cases of type I, 23 of type II, 19 of type III, and 11 of type IV according to the @entity1171 classification. In non-fixation group, there were 38 males and 13 females with an average age of 64.5 years (range, 16-70 years); the causes of injury included traffic accident (15 cases), falling (12 cases), and @entity6475 (24 cases) with a disease duration of 1-3 days (2.5 days on average); and the locations were left ankle in 22 cases and right ankle in 29 cases, including 8 cases of type I, 16 of type II, 19 of type III, and 8 of type IV according to the @entity1171 classification. There was no significant difference in general data between 2 groups (P > 0.05). RESULTS: All @entity1 of 2 groups achieved wound healing by first intention. The @entity1 were followed up 12-18 months (16 months on average). X-ray films showed that @entity174 healed at 8-12 weeks (10 weeks on average) in fixation group and at 10-14 weeks (12 weeks on average) in non-fixation group. There were significant differences in the clinical score (89.28 +/- 8.62 vs. 86.88 +/- 9.47, P < 0.05), postoperative reposition score (33.34 +/- 2.15 vs. 31.24 +/- 2.89, P < 0.05), and @entity571 score (13.22 +/- 1.66 vs. 12.46 +/- 2.03, P < 0.05) according to Phillips ankle scoring system between 2 groups at last follow-up. There was no significant difference in clinical score of type I and II @entity1 between 2 groups (P > 0.05), but significant differences were found in clinical score and @entity571 score of type III and IV @entity1 between 2 groups (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the postoperative reposition score between 2 groups in all types of @entity174 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The posterior @entity1171 fixation may provide satisfactory clinical functional outcomes for @entity1171 . Proper @entity174 classification and correct method of internal fixation are important for achieving good reduction and improving the long-term results.

title: [Effectiveness of posterior XXXX fixation in treating @entity1171 ].

answer: @entity1171 :: (MESH:D064386,Disease) :: ['malleolus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical features of @entity1635 associated with @entity1645 in adolescent @entity1 , and to explore the validity and safety of one-stage posterior approach and vertebral column resection for the correction of severe @entity1635 . METHODS: Between October 2004 and August 2008, 17 adolescent @entity1 with @entity1635 associated with @entity1645 were treated with surgical correction through posterior approach and pedicle instrumentation. There were 9 males and 8 females with an average age of 15.1 years (range, 12-19 years). The MRI scanning showed that 16 of 17 @entity1 had @entity1644 in cervical or thoracic spinal cord. Apex vertebra of @entity1635 were located at T7-12. One-stage posterior vertebral column resection and instrumental correction were performed on 9 @entity1 whose Cobb angle of @entity1635 or @entity1513 was more than 90 degrees, or who was associated with apparent @entity51 (total spondylectomy group). Other 8 @entity1 underwent posterior instrumental correction alone (simple correction group). All @entity1 ' fixation and fusion segment ranged from upper thoracic spine to lumbar spine. RESULTS: The operative time and the @entity190 were (384 +/- 65) minutes and (4 160 +/- 336) mL in total spondylectomy group, and were (246 +/- 47) minutes and (1 450 +/- 213) mL in simple correction group; showing significant differences (P < 0.05). In total spondylectomy group, @entity3459 occurred in 1 case, pleural perforation in 4 cases, and @entity358 in 1 case. In simple correction group, pleural perforation occurred in 1 case. These @entity1 were improved after symptomatic treatment. All @entity1 were followed up 24-36 months (32.5 months on average). Bony healing was achieved at 6-12 months in total spondylectomy group. No breakage or pulling-out of internal fixator occurred. The angles of @entity1513 and @entity1635 were significantly improved at 1 week after operation (P < 0.01) when compared with those before operation. The correction rates of @entity1635 and @entity1513 (63.4% +/- 4.6% and 72.1% +/- 5.8%) in total spondylectomy group were better than those (69.4% +/- 17.6% and 48.8% +/- 19.3%) in simple correction group. CONCLUSION: Suboccipital decompression before spine deformity correction may not always be necessary in adolescent @entity1635 @entity1 associated with @entity1645 . In @entity1 with severe and rigid curve or apparente @entity51 , posterior vertebral column resection would provide the opportunity of satisfied deformity correction and decrease the risk of @entity16 connected with surgical correction.

title: [One-stage posterior approach and pedicle instrumentation for correction of @entity1635 associated with XXXX in adolescent].

entities_list: @entity1644 :: ('MESH:D013595', 'Disease') :: ['syringomyelia']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1645 :: ('MESH:D001139', 'Disease') :: ['Chiari I malformation']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological injury']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['coagulation disorder']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung infection']

answer: @entity1645 :: (MESH:D001139,Disease) :: ['Chiari I malformation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical features of @entity1635 associated with @entity1645 in adolescent @entity1 , and to explore the validity and safety of one-stage posterior approach and vertebral column resection for the correction of severe @entity1635 . METHODS: Between October 2004 and August 2008, 17 adolescent @entity1 with @entity1635 associated with @entity1645 were treated with surgical correction through posterior approach and pedicle instrumentation. There were 9 males and 8 females with an average age of 15.1 years (range, 12-19 years). The MRI scanning showed that 16 of 17 @entity1 had @entity1644 in cervical or thoracic spinal cord. Apex vertebra of @entity1635 were located at T7-12. One-stage posterior vertebral column resection and instrumental correction were performed on 9 @entity1 whose Cobb angle of @entity1635 or @entity1513 was more than 90 degrees, or who was associated with apparent @entity51 (total spondylectomy group). Other 8 @entity1 underwent posterior instrumental correction alone (simple correction group). All @entity1 ' fixation and fusion segment ranged from upper thoracic spine to lumbar spine. RESULTS: The operative time and the @entity190 were (384 +/- 65) minutes and (4 160 +/- 336) mL in total spondylectomy group, and were (246 +/- 47) minutes and (1 450 +/- 213) mL in simple correction group; showing significant differences (P < 0.05). In total spondylectomy group, @entity3459 occurred in 1 case, pleural perforation in 4 cases, and @entity358 in 1 case. In simple correction group, pleural perforation occurred in 1 case. These @entity1 were improved after symptomatic treatment. All @entity1 were followed up 24-36 months (32.5 months on average). Bony healing was achieved at 6-12 months in total spondylectomy group. No breakage or pulling-out of internal fixator occurred. The angles of @entity1513 and @entity1635 were significantly improved at 1 week after operation (P < 0.01) when compared with those before operation. The correction rates of @entity1635 and @entity1513 (63.4% +/- 4.6% and 72.1% +/- 5.8%) in total spondylectomy group were better than those (69.4% +/- 17.6% and 48.8% +/- 19.3%) in simple correction group. CONCLUSION: Suboccipital decompression before spine deformity correction may not always be necessary in adolescent @entity1635 @entity1 associated with @entity1645 . In @entity1 with severe and rigid curve or apparente @entity51 , posterior vertebral column resection would provide the opportunity of satisfied deformity correction and decrease the risk of @entity16 connected with surgical correction.

title: [One-stage posterior approach and pedicle instrumentation for correction of XXXX associated with @entity1645 in adolescent].

answer: @entity1635 :: (MESH:D012600,Disease) :: ['scoliosis']