abstract: BACKGROUND: Obese @entity1 have myocardial structural and functional alterations related to @entity2690 resistance. HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of @entity6170 , an @entity2690 sensitizer agent, on cardiac morphometry and functioning. METHODS: In 2 groups of sex- and age-matched, nondiabetic, @entity28 @entity1 (5 @entity1 and 7 @entity1 , age 19-51 y; group A: body mass index [BMI] 40.6 +/- 3.4 kg/m(2); group B: BMI 42.6 +/- 2.7 kg/m(2)), we evaluated the basal @entity2690 sensitivity index (HOMA[IS]), body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis and 24-h blood pressure monitoring. Furthermore, all @entity1 underwent conventional 2-Dimensional and color Doppler echocardiography, and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). After the baseline evaluation, all @entity1 were put on a hypocaloric diet (70% basal metabolic rate) plus placebo if they were in group A, or plus @entity6170 (4 mg twice daily; Avandia [GlaxoSmithKline plc., Brentford, Middlesex, United Kingdom]) if they were in group B, for 6 mo. RESULTS: Significant decreases in body weight, total fat mass, BMI, and systolic blood pressure were registered in both groups. @entity6170 administration appeared more efficient in improving HOMA(IS) (mean difference: 0.30 +/- 0.19 versus 0.11 +/- 0.21, p < 0.05). Left ventricular (LV) diastolic diameter (49.4 +/- 7.7 versus 52.3 +/- 5.4 mm, p < 0.05) and E wave (0.89 +/- 0.18 versus 0.99 +/- 0.20 m/sec, p < 0.05) increased in the @entity6170 group due to a rise in preload and water content without peripheral @entity4 . The increase in systolic (Sa) wave velocity in both groups was probably a result of the general improvement in @entity2690 metabolism and the decrease in blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the positive effect of @entity6170 on @entity413 metabolism in @entity28 , nondiabetic @entity1 , but changes in @entity2690 sensitivity did not explain the cardiac effects produced by further mechanisms.

title: Evaluation of XXXX administration on cardiovascular function in severe @entity28 .

answer: @entity6170 :: (MESH:C089730,Chemical) :: ['rosiglitazone']


abstract: The role of tissue expansion for coverage of soft-tissue defects of the face following @entity3292 has been briefly described previously with good results but limited follow-up. Recent scientific evidence has arisen that @entity3292 adversely affect the rheological properties of normal surrounding skin resulting in hyper-extensibility of dermal elements. In this context, we believe that long-term outcomes of tissue expansion for treatment of soft-tissue defects in @entity1 with craniofacial @entity4786 would demonstrate suboptimal results because of loss of contour. Between June 1981 and June 2011, two @entity1 underwent five tissue expander placements during the course of treatment for craniofacial @entity4786 at our institution. In both @entity1 , tissue expansion was used to recruit tissue for fascio-cutaneous flaps following radical excision of adjacent @entity3292 . Three cervical expansions were performed for cheek and lateral face recontouring. One forehead expansion was used for nasal reconstruction and a second forehead expansion was performed for temporo-orbital recontouring. No perioperative complications occurred related to the tissue expander placement, expansions or radical excisions. Photographic follow-up of 15 years is available in each case. Cervical tissue expanded to provide cheek coverage demonstrated early loss of contour. Loss of lateral cheek contour resulted in increased morbidity from lateral and caudal displacement of the mid-face and orbital tissues requiring multiple revisional procedures. Tissue expansion of the forehead for both nasal reconstruction and temporo-orbital reconstruction demonstrated excellent long-lasting results.

title: Craniofacial XXXX and tissue expansion: long-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3292 :: ('MESH:D009455', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibroma resection', 'neurofibromas']

entities_list: @entity4786 :: ('MESH:D017253', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibromatosis']

answer: @entity4786 :: (MESH:D017253,Disease) :: ['neurofibromatosis']


abstract: Porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) was shown to be an effective bioscaffold in enhancing the mechanical properties of healing @entity10036 ( @entity10036 ). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are corresponding improvements in morphology and tissue compositions. Fourteen @entity95 were equally divided into two groups. In the SIS-treated group, a 6 mm gap was surgically created in the right @entity10036 and a layer of SIS was sutured covering the gap. For the nontreated group, the gap-injured MCLs remained untreated. All the left MCLs were sham operated and used as controls. At 12 weeks, the status of collagen types I and V was evaluated with immunofluorescent staining. The collagen type V/I ratios were obtained using @entity214 -PAGE. Collagen fibril diameters were calculated from the transmission electron micrographs. The results revealed that in the SIS-treated group, the collagen fibers were more regularly aligned as were the cell nuclei. The collagen fibril diameters were 22.2% larger and the ratio of collagen type V/I was 28.4% lower than those for the nontreated group (p < 0.05). These improvements in the morphological characteristics and biochemical constituents of healing MCLs following SIS treatment are the likely reasons for improved mechanical properties.

title: Treatment with bioscaffold enhances the the fibril morphology and the collagen composition of healing medial collateral ligament in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10036 :: ('MESH:D020423', 'Disease') :: ['MCL', 'medial collateral ligaments']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of @entity4941 manifesting as a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 . METHODS: We describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings in a @entity1 with an unusual clinical course of @entity4941 . RESULTS: A 65-year-old @entity1 presented with a hoarse voice and an enlarging tender mass in the right side of the neck. On admission, thyroid function was consistent with @entity2743 from @entity4941 . Laboratory studies showed a corrected serum @entity460 concentration of 11.4 mg/dL, intact parathyroid hormone of 125 pg/mL, @entity14257 of 12 ng/mL, and @entity1011 of 1.8 mg/dL. Computed tomography of the neck without use of a contrast agent showed a heterogeneous mass in the right side of the neck in conjunction with deviation of the @entity825 from right to left but without invasion of the @entity825 . Thyroid ultrasonography disclosed a heterogeneous mass in the right thyroid lobe measuring 4.7 cm by 5.5 cm by 4.5 cm. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed right @entity3746 . Treatment with a course of @entity229 yielded normalization of the serum @entity460 level, improvement in her voice, and a decrease in size of the @entity1374 . Four months after initial presentation of the @entity1 , @entity6145 levels became normal, she was clinically euthyroid, and she had a full recovery of her voice. Her serum @entity460 concentration was normal (9.8 mg/dL) in association with a near-normal parathyroid hormone level of 90 pg/mL. The @entity14257 and @entity1011 values were also normal. Repeated thyroid ultrasonography showed a smaller right thyroid lobe with a dominant nodule measuring 2.0 cm by 1.3 cm by 1.4 cm in the right upper pole. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates that @entity4941 can have the unusual initial manifestations of a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 . In similar @entity1 , a trial of corticosteroid therapy may be warranted in an effort to improve clinical symptoms and thus avoid unnecessary surgical treatment.

title: @entity4941 manifesting as a @entity1374 , XXXX , and @entity2741 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity4941 :: ('MESH:D013968', 'Disease') :: ['subacute thyroiditis']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ['thyrotoxicosis']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity14257 :: ('MESH:C104450', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3746 :: ('MESH:D014826', 'Disease') :: ['vocal cord paralysis']

entities_list: @entity6145 :: ('CHEBI:60311', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroid hormone']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid mass']

answer: @entity3746 :: (MESH:D014826,Disease) :: ['vocal cord paralysis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of @entity4941 manifesting as a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 . METHODS: We describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings in a @entity1 with an unusual clinical course of @entity4941 . RESULTS: A 65-year-old @entity1 presented with a hoarse voice and an enlarging tender mass in the right side of the neck. On admission, thyroid function was consistent with @entity2743 from @entity4941 . Laboratory studies showed a corrected serum @entity460 concentration of 11.4 mg/dL, intact parathyroid hormone of 125 pg/mL, @entity14257 of 12 ng/mL, and @entity1011 of 1.8 mg/dL. Computed tomography of the neck without use of a contrast agent showed a heterogeneous mass in the right side of the neck in conjunction with deviation of the @entity825 from right to left but without invasion of the @entity825 . Thyroid ultrasonography disclosed a heterogeneous mass in the right thyroid lobe measuring 4.7 cm by 5.5 cm by 4.5 cm. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed right @entity3746 . Treatment with a course of @entity229 yielded normalization of the serum @entity460 level, improvement in her voice, and a decrease in size of the @entity1374 . Four months after initial presentation of the @entity1 , @entity6145 levels became normal, she was clinically euthyroid, and she had a full recovery of her voice. Her serum @entity460 concentration was normal (9.8 mg/dL) in association with a near-normal parathyroid hormone level of 90 pg/mL. The @entity14257 and @entity1011 values were also normal. Repeated thyroid ultrasonography showed a smaller right thyroid lobe with a dominant nodule measuring 2.0 cm by 1.3 cm by 1.4 cm in the right upper pole. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates that @entity4941 can have the unusual initial manifestations of a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 . In similar @entity1 , a trial of corticosteroid therapy may be warranted in an effort to improve clinical symptoms and thus avoid unnecessary surgical treatment.

title: XXXX manifesting as a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 .

answer: @entity4941 :: (MESH:D013968,Disease) :: ['Subacute thyroiditis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of @entity4941 manifesting as a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 . METHODS: We describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings in a @entity1 with an unusual clinical course of @entity4941 . RESULTS: A 65-year-old @entity1 presented with a hoarse voice and an enlarging tender mass in the right side of the neck. On admission, thyroid function was consistent with @entity2743 from @entity4941 . Laboratory studies showed a corrected serum @entity460 concentration of 11.4 mg/dL, intact parathyroid hormone of 125 pg/mL, @entity14257 of 12 ng/mL, and @entity1011 of 1.8 mg/dL. Computed tomography of the neck without use of a contrast agent showed a heterogeneous mass in the right side of the neck in conjunction with deviation of the @entity825 from right to left but without invasion of the @entity825 . Thyroid ultrasonography disclosed a heterogeneous mass in the right thyroid lobe measuring 4.7 cm by 5.5 cm by 4.5 cm. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed right @entity3746 . Treatment with a course of @entity229 yielded normalization of the serum @entity460 level, improvement in her voice, and a decrease in size of the @entity1374 . Four months after initial presentation of the @entity1 , @entity6145 levels became normal, she was clinically euthyroid, and she had a full recovery of her voice. Her serum @entity460 concentration was normal (9.8 mg/dL) in association with a near-normal parathyroid hormone level of 90 pg/mL. The @entity14257 and @entity1011 values were also normal. Repeated thyroid ultrasonography showed a smaller right thyroid lobe with a dominant nodule measuring 2.0 cm by 1.3 cm by 1.4 cm in the right upper pole. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates that @entity4941 can have the unusual initial manifestations of a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 . In similar @entity1 , a trial of corticosteroid therapy may be warranted in an effort to improve clinical symptoms and thus avoid unnecessary surgical treatment.

title: @entity4941 manifesting as a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and XXXX .

answer: @entity2741 :: (MESH:D006934,Disease) :: ['hypercalcemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of @entity4941 manifesting as a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 . METHODS: We describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings in a @entity1 with an unusual clinical course of @entity4941 . RESULTS: A 65-year-old @entity1 presented with a hoarse voice and an enlarging tender mass in the right side of the neck. On admission, thyroid function was consistent with @entity2743 from @entity4941 . Laboratory studies showed a corrected serum @entity460 concentration of 11.4 mg/dL, intact parathyroid hormone of 125 pg/mL, @entity14257 of 12 ng/mL, and @entity1011 of 1.8 mg/dL. Computed tomography of the neck without use of a contrast agent showed a heterogeneous mass in the right side of the neck in conjunction with deviation of the @entity825 from right to left but without invasion of the @entity825 . Thyroid ultrasonography disclosed a heterogeneous mass in the right thyroid lobe measuring 4.7 cm by 5.5 cm by 4.5 cm. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed right @entity3746 . Treatment with a course of @entity229 yielded normalization of the serum @entity460 level, improvement in her voice, and a decrease in size of the @entity1374 . Four months after initial presentation of the @entity1 , @entity6145 levels became normal, she was clinically euthyroid, and she had a full recovery of her voice. Her serum @entity460 concentration was normal (9.8 mg/dL) in association with a near-normal parathyroid hormone level of 90 pg/mL. The @entity14257 and @entity1011 values were also normal. Repeated thyroid ultrasonography showed a smaller right thyroid lobe with a dominant nodule measuring 2.0 cm by 1.3 cm by 1.4 cm in the right upper pole. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates that @entity4941 can have the unusual initial manifestations of a @entity1374 , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 . In similar @entity1 , a trial of corticosteroid therapy may be warranted in an effort to improve clinical symptoms and thus avoid unnecessary surgical treatment.

title: @entity4941 manifesting as a XXXX , @entity3746 , and @entity2741 .

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid mass']


abstract: PURPOSE: Recently, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway manipulation has been proposed as a new strategy to control cytokine production in @entity295 . We investigated whether hypercytokinemia can be controlled via this pathway in an animal model of @entity295 , with concomitant monitoring of autonomic nervous activity involving heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of electrocardiographic R-R intervals. METHODS: Sixty-eight adult male @entity35 were used (28 for examination of cytokine production and autonomic nervous activity; 40 for survival analysis). Each part of the study involved four animal groups, including two control groups without drug administration. @entity295 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). @entity36726 , a peripheral, non-selective cholinesterase inhibitor (0.01mg/kg), was administered subcutaneously 90 min after surgery. Continuous electrocardiograms were recorded for 5 min before and after surgery (at intervals of 5h) in CLP and sham-operated animals for HRV analysis. Blood samples were collected 20 h after surgery for serum cytokine and @entity2922 assay. RESULTS: On HRV analysis, @entity36726 inhibited reduction of total power and high-frequency components in CLP animals (P<0.05). @entity36726 significantly inhibited cytokine induction ( @entity568 and @entity13358 ) (P<0.01) as well as increase in serum levels of @entity1063 and @entity935 (P<0.05). @entity36726 did not significantly improve CLP animal survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: The cholinesterase inhibitor @entity36726 inhibited induction of inflammatory cytokines and @entity2661 as well as HRV suppression in a @entity35 CLP model, suggesting that an agent modulating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can control excess cytokine production involved in the pathogenesis of severe @entity295 / @entity326 .

title: Effects of a peripheral cholinesterase inhibitor on cytokine production and autonomic nervous activity in a @entity35 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity36726 :: ('MESH:C084645', 'Chemical') :: ['distigmine', 'Distigmine', 'Distigmine bromide']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Recently, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway manipulation has been proposed as a new strategy to control cytokine production in @entity295 . We investigated whether hypercytokinemia can be controlled via this pathway in an animal model of @entity295 , with concomitant monitoring of autonomic nervous activity involving heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of electrocardiographic R-R intervals. METHODS: Sixty-eight adult male @entity35 were used (28 for examination of cytokine production and autonomic nervous activity; 40 for survival analysis). Each part of the study involved four animal groups, including two control groups without drug administration. @entity295 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). @entity36726 , a peripheral, non-selective cholinesterase inhibitor (0.01mg/kg), was administered subcutaneously 90 min after surgery. Continuous electrocardiograms were recorded for 5 min before and after surgery (at intervals of 5h) in CLP and sham-operated animals for HRV analysis. Blood samples were collected 20 h after surgery for serum cytokine and @entity2922 assay. RESULTS: On HRV analysis, @entity36726 inhibited reduction of total power and high-frequency components in CLP animals (P<0.05). @entity36726 significantly inhibited cytokine induction ( @entity568 and @entity13358 ) (P<0.01) as well as increase in serum levels of @entity1063 and @entity935 (P<0.05). @entity36726 did not significantly improve CLP animal survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: The cholinesterase inhibitor @entity36726 inhibited induction of inflammatory cytokines and @entity2661 as well as HRV suppression in a @entity35 CLP model, suggesting that an agent modulating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can control excess cytokine production involved in the pathogenesis of severe @entity295 / @entity326 .

title: Effects of a peripheral cholinesterase inhibitor on cytokine production and autonomic nervous activity in a XXXX model of @entity295 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity8999 allograft @entity8 (BKVAN) is a rising complication in kidney transplant recipients. Reducing immunosuppression has been the initial form of therapy in most cases, but is not always associated with improvement in graft function. Anti-viral therapy with low-dose @entity7076 (0.25-0.42 mg/kg/dose) has been used successfully in some @entity1 , but dose-related nephrotoxicity has limited its use. We present our experience with 3 kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with BKVAN who received intermediate-dose @entity7076 (0.75-1.0 mg/kg/dose) without probenecid, and without concomitant nephrotoxicity. Three female @entity1 , ages 8, 19 and 20 yr, presented with elevated serum @entity1011 (SCr) values, @entity8999 stain positive on renal biopsy and high plasma BK viral loads. As a result of viral loads being >2 million copies/ml in two @entity1 and a lack of response to reduction in immunosuppression in the third, we initiated therapy with low-dose @entity7076 . Because of persistent positive BK stain and positive plasma viral load, we then administered intermediate-dose @entity7076 , without probenecid, for several subsequent doses (seven to 15 infusions till date). All @entity1 tolerated the intermediate-dose @entity7076 with no significant rise in SCr during the course of the infusions. The most recent SCr values in all three @entity1 were improved from those at the initial diagnosis of BKVAN. All three @entity1 showed a marked drop in BK viral loads when on intermediate-dose @entity7076 , with complete clearing of @entity646 in two @entity1 . In our experience, intermediate-dose @entity7076 without probenecid, used judiciously, is not associated with additional nephrotoxicity and may provide an additional alternative for treatment.

title: Intermediate-dose @entity7076 without probenecid in the treatment of @entity8999 allograft XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity7076 :: ('MESH:C059262', 'Chemical') :: ['cidofovir']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['nephropathy']


abstract: @entity8999 allograft @entity8 (BKVAN) is a rising complication in kidney transplant recipients. Reducing immunosuppression has been the initial form of therapy in most cases, but is not always associated with improvement in graft function. Anti-viral therapy with low-dose @entity7076 (0.25-0.42 mg/kg/dose) has been used successfully in some @entity1 , but dose-related nephrotoxicity has limited its use. We present our experience with 3 kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with BKVAN who received intermediate-dose @entity7076 (0.75-1.0 mg/kg/dose) without probenecid, and without concomitant nephrotoxicity. Three female @entity1 , ages 8, 19 and 20 yr, presented with elevated serum @entity1011 (SCr) values, @entity8999 stain positive on renal biopsy and high plasma BK viral loads. As a result of viral loads being >2 million copies/ml in two @entity1 and a lack of response to reduction in immunosuppression in the third, we initiated therapy with low-dose @entity7076 . Because of persistent positive BK stain and positive plasma viral load, we then administered intermediate-dose @entity7076 , without probenecid, for several subsequent doses (seven to 15 infusions till date). All @entity1 tolerated the intermediate-dose @entity7076 with no significant rise in SCr during the course of the infusions. The most recent SCr values in all three @entity1 were improved from those at the initial diagnosis of BKVAN. All three @entity1 showed a marked drop in BK viral loads when on intermediate-dose @entity7076 , with complete clearing of @entity646 in two @entity1 . In our experience, intermediate-dose @entity7076 without probenecid, used judiciously, is not associated with additional nephrotoxicity and may provide an additional alternative for treatment.

title: Intermediate-dose @entity7076 without probenecid in the treatment of XXXX allograft @entity8 .

answer: @entity8999 :: (10629,Species) :: ['BK virus']


abstract: @entity8999 allograft @entity8 (BKVAN) is a rising complication in kidney transplant recipients. Reducing immunosuppression has been the initial form of therapy in most cases, but is not always associated with improvement in graft function. Anti-viral therapy with low-dose @entity7076 (0.25-0.42 mg/kg/dose) has been used successfully in some @entity1 , but dose-related nephrotoxicity has limited its use. We present our experience with 3 kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with BKVAN who received intermediate-dose @entity7076 (0.75-1.0 mg/kg/dose) without probenecid, and without concomitant nephrotoxicity. Three female @entity1 , ages 8, 19 and 20 yr, presented with elevated serum @entity1011 (SCr) values, @entity8999 stain positive on renal biopsy and high plasma BK viral loads. As a result of viral loads being >2 million copies/ml in two @entity1 and a lack of response to reduction in immunosuppression in the third, we initiated therapy with low-dose @entity7076 . Because of persistent positive BK stain and positive plasma viral load, we then administered intermediate-dose @entity7076 , without probenecid, for several subsequent doses (seven to 15 infusions till date). All @entity1 tolerated the intermediate-dose @entity7076 with no significant rise in SCr during the course of the infusions. The most recent SCr values in all three @entity1 were improved from those at the initial diagnosis of BKVAN. All three @entity1 showed a marked drop in BK viral loads when on intermediate-dose @entity7076 , with complete clearing of @entity646 in two @entity1 . In our experience, intermediate-dose @entity7076 without probenecid, used judiciously, is not associated with additional nephrotoxicity and may provide an additional alternative for treatment.

title: Intermediate-dose XXXX without probenecid in the treatment of @entity8999 allograft @entity8 .

answer: @entity7076 :: (MESH:C059262,Chemical) :: ['cidofovir']


abstract: Haemodialysis @entity1 are at higher risk of developing active @entity378 . However, @entity272 ( @entity272 ) have limitations and the diagnostic usefulness of interferon-y-release assays (IGRAs) remains unclear in immunocompromised hosts including haemodialysis @entity1 . Haemodialysis @entity1 were enrolled from a dialysis centre in Korea, an intermediate TB-burden country with a high bacille Calmette-Gu  rin (BCG) vaccination rate. The QuantiFERON-Gold TB In tube test (QFT) and the T-SPOT TB test (TSPOT) were performed, along with the @entity272 . We stratified @entity1 to low- and high-risk groups, according to the risk factors for @entity9178 . Association between each of the three diagnostic @entity1062 and the risk of @entity9178 was analysed. One hundred and sixty-seven @entity1 were enrolled. The positive rates for the @entity272 , the QFT and TSPOT were 23.5, 45.9 and 60.4%, respectively. Previous BCG vaccination increased the @entity272 -positive rate in the low-risk group (OR 4.438), whereas it affected neither QFT nor TSPOT. The positive QFT rates were 41.2 and 62.5% in the low- and high-risk groups, respectively. The QFT was associated with the high-risk group (OR 2.578), whereas the @entity272 was not. The positive TSPOT rates were 58.9 and 65.7% in the low- and high-risk groups, respectively. The frequency of indeterminate results was higher for the QFT (12.6%) compared with the TSPOT (4.8%). In conclusion, the IGRAs can be useful for the diagnosis of @entity9178 in haemodialysis @entity1 .

title: Validity of interferon-y-release assays for the diagnosis of XXXX in haemodialysis @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity9178 :: ('MESH:D055985', 'Disease') :: ['latent TB infection', 'latent TB']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculin skin tests', 'TST']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis (TB) infection']

answer: @entity9178 :: (MESH:D055985,Disease) :: ['latent tuberculosis']


abstract: Haemodialysis @entity1 are at higher risk of developing active @entity378 . However, @entity272 ( @entity272 ) have limitations and the diagnostic usefulness of interferon-y-release assays (IGRAs) remains unclear in immunocompromised hosts including haemodialysis @entity1 . Haemodialysis @entity1 were enrolled from a dialysis centre in Korea, an intermediate TB-burden country with a high bacille Calmette-Gu  rin (BCG) vaccination rate. The QuantiFERON-Gold TB In tube test (QFT) and the T-SPOT TB test (TSPOT) were performed, along with the @entity272 . We stratified @entity1 to low- and high-risk groups, according to the risk factors for @entity9178 . Association between each of the three diagnostic @entity1062 and the risk of @entity9178 was analysed. One hundred and sixty-seven @entity1 were enrolled. The positive rates for the @entity272 , the QFT and TSPOT were 23.5, 45.9 and 60.4%, respectively. Previous BCG vaccination increased the @entity272 -positive rate in the low-risk group (OR 4.438), whereas it affected neither QFT nor TSPOT. The positive QFT rates were 41.2 and 62.5% in the low- and high-risk groups, respectively. The QFT was associated with the high-risk group (OR 2.578), whereas the @entity272 was not. The positive TSPOT rates were 58.9 and 65.7% in the low- and high-risk groups, respectively. The frequency of indeterminate results was higher for the QFT (12.6%) compared with the TSPOT (4.8%). In conclusion, the IGRAs can be useful for the diagnosis of @entity9178 in haemodialysis @entity1 .

title: Validity of interferon-y-release assays for the diagnosis of @entity9178 in haemodialysis XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Understanding the effect of herpes zoster and zoster-related @entity158 should inform care to improve health-related quality of life in elderly @entity1 . A 12-month, longitudinal, prospective, multicenter observational study conducted in primary care in France enrolled @entity1 aged >=  50 years with @entity697 . @entity1 -reported zoster-related @entity158 was assessed by validated questionnaires (Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions [DN4], Zoster Brief @entity158 Inventory [ZBPI], and @entity9 Symptom Inventory [NPSI]) on days 0 and 15, and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Health-related quality of life was assessed by the 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12) and the Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 scale on day 0 and at months 3, 6, and 12. Of 1358 @entity1 included, 1032 completed follow-up. Mean    standard deviation age was 67.7    10.7 (range, 50-95) years; 62.2% were @entity1 . Most @entity1 (94.1%) were prescribed antiviral drugs. The prevalence of zoster-related @entity158 on day 0 and at months 3, 6, 9, and 12 was 79.6%, 11.6%, 8.5%, 7.4%, and 6.0%, respectively. @entity1 with persistent @entity158 had lower scores on the physical and mental component summaries of the SF-12 and the ZBPI interference score than those without @entity158 . By logistic regression analysis, main predictive factors on day 0 for @entity14000 at month 3 were age, male sex, ZBPI interference score, Physical Component Summary score of the SF-12, and @entity1109 of @entity158 (DN4 score >=  4). Despite early diagnosis and treatment with antiviral agents, many @entity1 with herpes zoster experience persistent @entity158 and marked long-term reduction in health-related quality of life.

title: XXXX perspective on herpes zoster and its complications: an observational prospective study in @entity1 aged over 50 years in general practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute eruptive herpes zoster']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic quality']

entities_list: @entity14000 :: ('MESH:D051474', 'Disease') :: ['postherpetic neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['Neuropathic Pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: Understanding the effect of herpes zoster and zoster-related @entity158 should inform care to improve health-related quality of life in elderly @entity1 . A 12-month, longitudinal, prospective, multicenter observational study conducted in primary care in France enrolled @entity1 aged >=  50 years with @entity697 . @entity1 -reported zoster-related @entity158 was assessed by validated questionnaires (Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions [DN4], Zoster Brief @entity158 Inventory [ZBPI], and @entity9 Symptom Inventory [NPSI]) on days 0 and 15, and at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Health-related quality of life was assessed by the 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12) and the Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 scale on day 0 and at months 3, 6, and 12. Of 1358 @entity1 included, 1032 completed follow-up. Mean    standard deviation age was 67.7    10.7 (range, 50-95) years; 62.2% were @entity1 . Most @entity1 (94.1%) were prescribed antiviral drugs. The prevalence of zoster-related @entity158 on day 0 and at months 3, 6, 9, and 12 was 79.6%, 11.6%, 8.5%, 7.4%, and 6.0%, respectively. @entity1 with persistent @entity158 had lower scores on the physical and mental component summaries of the SF-12 and the ZBPI interference score than those without @entity158 . By logistic regression analysis, main predictive factors on day 0 for @entity14000 at month 3 were age, male sex, ZBPI interference score, Physical Component Summary score of the SF-12, and @entity1109 of @entity158 (DN4 score >=  4). Despite early diagnosis and treatment with antiviral agents, many @entity1 with herpes zoster experience persistent @entity158 and marked long-term reduction in health-related quality of life.

title: @entity1 perspective on herpes zoster and its complications: an observational prospective study in XXXX aged over 50 years in general practice.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) results in @entity1 whose spouses had deployed during or after pregnancy vs. those whose spouses had not. STUDY DESIGN: A chart review of 6-week postpartum visits of @entity1 with active-duty spouses was conducted over 10 months. Associations between military deployments and EPDS score were examined by Student's t test, and rates of positive screens (with a cutoff of 12) between groups were compared by odds ratio (OR). Linear regression was used to calculate predictors of EPDS score. RESULTS: A total of 415 charts were analyzed. The average EPDS score of @entity1 whose partner did deploy during the pregnancy was 7.36 compared to 4.81 for those whose partners did not (p < 0.001). The percentage of positive screens for @entity1 whose partner deployed during the pregnancy was 25.27% compared with 10.94% for an OR of 2.75 (p < 0.001). Linear regression showed partner's deployment during pregnancy to be an independent predictor of EPDS score (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Deployment of a spouse during pregnancy may be a risk factor for @entity308 . Aggressive screening of this at-risk population is recommended.

title: Spousal military deployment as a risk factor for postpartum XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: Most physicians believe that @entity1 who have @entity221 within 24 hours of the planned date of discharge should be kept in the hospital until the @entity221 resolves. A search of the literature revealed very few articles addressing this topic. The object of this study was to review a number of @entity1 discharges from the surgical service and to document the presence or absence of @entity221 within 24 hours of the time of discharge. The primary end point of the study was to determine the rate of readmission for both @entity1 discharged with @entity221 and those discharged without @entity221 . Secondary end points were to determine whether the readmission was related to the original discharge diagnosis or the presence of @entity221 at the time of discharge. The records of all adult @entity1 with a hospital length of stay of > or = 5 days discharged from the surgical and gynecology services from April through July of 2007 were reviewed. Deaths were excluded. The following data elements were recorded: primary discharge diagnosis; age; highest recorded temperature within 24 hours of discharge; date time and cause of readmission within 30 days; and outcome. Fever was defined as a temperature of > or = 100 degrees F. Data were entered into an Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) spreadsheet, and statistical analysis was performed using chi2 and Fisher's exact tests using Primer of Biostatistics (McGraw-Hill, New York, NY). The records of 300 consecutive @entity1 were reviewed. Follow-up was available for 86.7 per cent of the @entity1 , 84.4 per cent of the febrile @entity1 , and 87.1 per cent of the nonfebrile @entity1 . A @entity221 of > or = 100 degrees within 24 hours of discharge was noted in 45 (15.0%) @entity1 . The mean @entity221 was 100.5 degrees, with a range of 100 degrees to 102.1 degrees. There were 38 readmissions. Of the 45 @entity1 with @entity221 , seven (15.6%) were readmitted. Of those seven, four readmissions were related to the previous admitting diagnosis. Of the @entity1 who were discharged without @entity221 , 31 (12.2%) were readmitted with 24 of those readmissions for diagnoses related to the first admission. The rate of readmission for @entity221 and nonfever @entity1 was not statistically significantly different (P = 0.697). Similarly, the rate of related versus nonrelated diagnoses in both the @entity221 and nonfever groups was not statistically significantly different (P = 0.351). The presence or absence of @entity221 within 24 hours of @entity1 discharge seems to have no impact on the rate of readmission within 30 days.

title: Does XXXX at the time of discharge have any impact on the incidence of readmission?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['fever']


abstract: Traumatic experiences have dire consequences for the mental health of young @entity1 . Despite high rates of traumatic experiences in some African cities, there are no reports for Nigerian youth. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pattern of traumatic events and their association with @entity308 among youth in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of randomly selected youth in urban and rural schools in Southwest Nigeria. They completed self-reports on traumatic events and @entity308 using the Street @entity1 's Project Questionnaire and the Youth DISC Predictive Scale (DPS). RESULTS: Of the 1,768 responses (88.4% response rate) entered into the analysis, 34% reported experiencing a traumatic situation. Following interpretative phenomenological analysis, 13 themes emerged. Frequently occurring traumatic events were 'road traffic accidents' (33.0%), 'sickness' (17.1%), 'lost or trapped' (11.2%) and 'armed robbery attack' (9.7%). A bad dream was described by 3.7%. Traumatic experiences were commoner in males (36.2%) than in females (31.6%) (x2 = 4.2; p = .041). Experiencing a traumatic event was associated with @entity308 (X2 = 37.98; p < .001), especially when the event directly affected the youth as in @entity458 . CONCLUSIONS: One-third of youth in Southwest Nigeria have described an experienced traumatic event. Road traffic accidents, armed robbery attacks, and communal disturbances depict the prevailing social environment, whereas 'bad dreams' revealed the influence of cultural beliefs. Policy makers must be aware of the social issues making an impact on the health of youth. Multi-agency interventions to improve the social environment and provide mental health services for traumatized young @entity1 are essential.

title: Traumatic events and XXXX among youth in Southwest Nigeria: a qualitative analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Children', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual assault or physical abuse']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depressive symptoms']


abstract: At the Department of Radiation Oncology, Westmead Hospital, between 1980 and 2000, 60 @entity1 with @entity957 of anal canal or margin (including 15 with Stage IIIA or IIIB) were treated radically; 55 received chemoradiation (89% were prescribed @entity1138 and @entity1487 ). Five-year overall survival was 64% (95% confidence interval (CI): 48-79%), with a median survival of 9.75 years (median follow up 5.6 years, range 5 months to 22.5 years). Ten @entity1 have died of disease. At 2 years the local control rate was 86%, and colostomy-free survival was 83%. Relapse after 2 years was uncommon. @entity5 size was the main factor driving outcomes, especially survival. @entity1 with @entity5 (T > 4 cm) had a hazard ratio for survival of 5.7 (95% CI: 1.8-17). Fourteen (24%) @entity1 experienced treatment interruptions as a result of acute @entity137 , including one @entity204 from @entity1398 . Seven (12%) @entity1 , in total, experienced one or more late toxicities, grade 3 or above, including four @entity1 (all postmenopausal) who developed a radiation-induced @entity79 . Most @entity1 with @entity5 can expect to retain a functional sphincter after chemoradiation/radiation. Further studies are in progress to determine the optimal chemoradiation protocol.

title: The bottom line: outcomes after conservation treatment in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'larger tumours', 'anal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone injury']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic sepsis']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['anal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is clinical evidence that very low and safe levels of amplitude-modulated electromagnetic fields administered via an intrabuccal spoon-shaped probe may elicit therapeutic responses in @entity1 with @entity5 . However, there is no known mechanism explaining the anti-proliferative effect of very low intensity electromagnetic fields. METHODS: To understand the mechanism of this novel approach, @entity157 ( @entity157 ) cells were exposed to 27.12 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields using in vitro exposure systems designed to replicate in vivo conditions. @entity5 cells were exposed to @entity5 -specific modulation frequencies, previously identified by biofeedback methods in @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity5 . Control modulation frequencies consisted of randomly chosen modulation frequencies within the same 100 Hz-21 kHz range as @entity5 -specific frequencies. RESULTS: The growth of @entity157 and @entity0 cells was significantly decreased by @entity157 -specific and @entity0 -specific modulation frequencies, respectively. However, the same frequencies did not affect proliferation of nonmalignant hepatocytes or breast epithelial cells. Inhibition of @entity157 cell proliferation was associated with downregulation of @entity65986 and @entity71512 . Furthermore, @entity157 -specific modulation frequencies disrupted the mitotic spindle. CONCLUSION: These findings uncover a novel mechanism controlling the growth of @entity5 cells at specific modulation frequencies without affecting normal tissues, which may have broad implications in oncology.

title: XXXX cell proliferation is inhibited by specific modulation frequencies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2318 ( @entity2318 ) are benign breast lesions that have been implicated as independent risk factors for @entity0 ( @entity0 ). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 9556 @entity1 who underwent biopsy between 1950-1986 and enrolled in the Nashville Breast Cohort was performed to investigate the association between @entity2318 in a benign breast biopsy and the risk of @entity0 . The risk associated with @entity2318 and coexistent @entity66 ( @entity66 ) was assessed adjusting for age at biopsy using a Cox hazards regression analysis with time-dependent covariates. RESULTS: @entity2318 were identified in 880 @entity1 (9.2%). The average follow-up time was 20.4 years. Sixty-two @entity1 (7.0%) with @entity2318 developed @entity0 compared with 5.5% of controls. The relative risk of @entity0 associated with @entity2318 was 1.82 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.2-2.7) at 10 years. Restricting the analysis to @entity1 age > 49 years increased the risk to 2.14 (95% CI, 0.6-2.8). These risks decreased with increasing years of follow-up. Approximately 92% of @entity1 with @entity2318 also had @entity66 , but @entity2318 were present in only 1.3% of biopsies without @entity66 . Analyses stratifying relative risk with regard to @entity66 found @entity2318 to minimally elevate the relative risk of subsequent @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2318 in the absence of @entity66 is uncommon. Although the presence of @entity2318 in a benign breast biopsy mildly elevates the risk of @entity0 risk, the current analysis indicated that this risk can be largely attributed to the category of coexistent @entity66 . In @entity1 with both @entity2318 and @entity1373 , recommendations for interventions beyond biopsy should be based on the extent of @entity1373 .

title: Interdependence of radial scar and proliferative disease with respect to XXXX risk in @entity1 with benign breast biopsies.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['invasive breast carcinoma', 'IBC']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'proliferative disease']

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['Radial scars', 'RS']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['atypical hyperplasia']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['invasive breast carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2318 ( @entity2318 ) are benign breast lesions that have been implicated as independent risk factors for @entity0 ( @entity0 ). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 9556 @entity1 who underwent biopsy between 1950-1986 and enrolled in the Nashville Breast Cohort was performed to investigate the association between @entity2318 in a benign breast biopsy and the risk of @entity0 . The risk associated with @entity2318 and coexistent @entity66 ( @entity66 ) was assessed adjusting for age at biopsy using a Cox hazards regression analysis with time-dependent covariates. RESULTS: @entity2318 were identified in 880 @entity1 (9.2%). The average follow-up time was 20.4 years. Sixty-two @entity1 (7.0%) with @entity2318 developed @entity0 compared with 5.5% of controls. The relative risk of @entity0 associated with @entity2318 was 1.82 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.2-2.7) at 10 years. Restricting the analysis to @entity1 age > 49 years increased the risk to 2.14 (95% CI, 0.6-2.8). These risks decreased with increasing years of follow-up. Approximately 92% of @entity1 with @entity2318 also had @entity66 , but @entity2318 were present in only 1.3% of biopsies without @entity66 . Analyses stratifying relative risk with regard to @entity66 found @entity2318 to minimally elevate the relative risk of subsequent @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2318 in the absence of @entity66 is uncommon. Although the presence of @entity2318 in a benign breast biopsy mildly elevates the risk of @entity0 risk, the current analysis indicated that this risk can be largely attributed to the category of coexistent @entity66 . In @entity1 with both @entity2318 and @entity1373 , recommendations for interventions beyond biopsy should be based on the extent of @entity1373 .

title: Interdependence of radial scar and proliferative disease with respect to @entity0 risk in XXXX with benign breast biopsies.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the survival of @entity1 with @entity791 ( @entity791 ). The German @entity791 Study Group investigated whether HAART administered concomitantly with @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 ( @entity3726 ) chemotherapy compromised the course of immune parameters during and after chemotherapy and exerted a positive effect on remission and survival. METHODS: From 1997 to 2001, 72 @entity1 with @entity791 were stratified prospectively into a standard-risk group (n = 48 @entity1 ) and a high-risk group (n = 24 @entity1 ) with either 0-1 or 2-3 of the following risk factors: @entity404 < 50/microL, prior @entity1292 , and/or a World Health Organization performance status > or = 3. @entity1 in the high-risk group received > or =75% of the @entity3726 regimen. RESULTS: In the standard-risk group ( @entity404 = 223/muL; age-adjusted International Prognostic Index [aaIPI], 38% > or = 2), the complete remission (CR) rate was 79%, and median survival was not reached after a median 47 months of follow-up. @entity404 counts did not change from baseline to 4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy (206/microL). In the high-risk group ( @entity404 = 34/muL; aaIPI, 88% > or = 2), the CR rate was 29%, and the median survival was 7.2 months (3 @entity1 survived for > 3 yrs). @entity137 was moderate: @entity1431 Grade 3 or 4 occurred in 100 of 249 chemotherapy cycles (40%) in the standard-risk group and in 70 of 102 cycles (69%) in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the aaIPI, the survival of @entity1 in the standard-risk group was very similar to that achieved by @entity778 @entity1 who had @entity146 . Concurrent @entity3726 plus HAART can be administered in an outpatient setting. Thus, the authors recommend using this modality as first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity791 .

title: @entity791 : simultaneous treatment with combined @entity786 , XXXX , @entity1891 , and @entity229 chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy is safe and improves survival--results of the German Multicenter Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['nonhuman immunodeficiency virus-infected']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['Leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infection']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['ARL', 'acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the survival of @entity1 with @entity791 ( @entity791 ). The German @entity791 Study Group investigated whether HAART administered concomitantly with @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 ( @entity3726 ) chemotherapy compromised the course of immune parameters during and after chemotherapy and exerted a positive effect on remission and survival. METHODS: From 1997 to 2001, 72 @entity1 with @entity791 were stratified prospectively into a standard-risk group (n = 48 @entity1 ) and a high-risk group (n = 24 @entity1 ) with either 0-1 or 2-3 of the following risk factors: @entity404 < 50/microL, prior @entity1292 , and/or a World Health Organization performance status > or = 3. @entity1 in the high-risk group received > or =75% of the @entity3726 regimen. RESULTS: In the standard-risk group ( @entity404 = 223/muL; age-adjusted International Prognostic Index [aaIPI], 38% > or = 2), the complete remission (CR) rate was 79%, and median survival was not reached after a median 47 months of follow-up. @entity404 counts did not change from baseline to 4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy (206/microL). In the high-risk group ( @entity404 = 34/muL; aaIPI, 88% > or = 2), the CR rate was 29%, and the median survival was 7.2 months (3 @entity1 survived for > 3 yrs). @entity137 was moderate: @entity1431 Grade 3 or 4 occurred in 100 of 249 chemotherapy cycles (40%) in the standard-risk group and in 70 of 102 cycles (69%) in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the aaIPI, the survival of @entity1 in the standard-risk group was very similar to that achieved by @entity778 @entity1 who had @entity146 . Concurrent @entity3726 plus HAART can be administered in an outpatient setting. Thus, the authors recommend using this modality as first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity791 .

title: @entity791 : simultaneous treatment with combined @entity786 , @entity632 , XXXX , and @entity229 chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy is safe and improves survival--results of the German Multicenter Trial.

answer: @entity1891 :: (MESH:D014750,Chemical) :: ['vincristine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the survival of @entity1 with @entity791 ( @entity791 ). The German @entity791 Study Group investigated whether HAART administered concomitantly with @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 ( @entity3726 ) chemotherapy compromised the course of immune parameters during and after chemotherapy and exerted a positive effect on remission and survival. METHODS: From 1997 to 2001, 72 @entity1 with @entity791 were stratified prospectively into a standard-risk group (n = 48 @entity1 ) and a high-risk group (n = 24 @entity1 ) with either 0-1 or 2-3 of the following risk factors: @entity404 < 50/microL, prior @entity1292 , and/or a World Health Organization performance status > or = 3. @entity1 in the high-risk group received > or =75% of the @entity3726 regimen. RESULTS: In the standard-risk group ( @entity404 = 223/muL; age-adjusted International Prognostic Index [aaIPI], 38% > or = 2), the complete remission (CR) rate was 79%, and median survival was not reached after a median 47 months of follow-up. @entity404 counts did not change from baseline to 4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy (206/microL). In the high-risk group ( @entity404 = 34/muL; aaIPI, 88% > or = 2), the CR rate was 29%, and the median survival was 7.2 months (3 @entity1 survived for > 3 yrs). @entity137 was moderate: @entity1431 Grade 3 or 4 occurred in 100 of 249 chemotherapy cycles (40%) in the standard-risk group and in 70 of 102 cycles (69%) in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the aaIPI, the survival of @entity1 in the standard-risk group was very similar to that achieved by @entity778 @entity1 who had @entity146 . Concurrent @entity3726 plus HAART can be administered in an outpatient setting. Thus, the authors recommend using this modality as first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity791 .

title: @entity791 : simultaneous treatment with combined XXXX , @entity632 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy is safe and improves survival--results of the German Multicenter Trial.

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the survival of @entity1 with @entity791 ( @entity791 ). The German @entity791 Study Group investigated whether HAART administered concomitantly with @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 ( @entity3726 ) chemotherapy compromised the course of immune parameters during and after chemotherapy and exerted a positive effect on remission and survival. METHODS: From 1997 to 2001, 72 @entity1 with @entity791 were stratified prospectively into a standard-risk group (n = 48 @entity1 ) and a high-risk group (n = 24 @entity1 ) with either 0-1 or 2-3 of the following risk factors: @entity404 < 50/microL, prior @entity1292 , and/or a World Health Organization performance status > or = 3. @entity1 in the high-risk group received > or =75% of the @entity3726 regimen. RESULTS: In the standard-risk group ( @entity404 = 223/muL; age-adjusted International Prognostic Index [aaIPI], 38% > or = 2), the complete remission (CR) rate was 79%, and median survival was not reached after a median 47 months of follow-up. @entity404 counts did not change from baseline to 4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy (206/microL). In the high-risk group ( @entity404 = 34/muL; aaIPI, 88% > or = 2), the CR rate was 29%, and the median survival was 7.2 months (3 @entity1 survived for > 3 yrs). @entity137 was moderate: @entity1431 Grade 3 or 4 occurred in 100 of 249 chemotherapy cycles (40%) in the standard-risk group and in 70 of 102 cycles (69%) in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the aaIPI, the survival of @entity1 in the standard-risk group was very similar to that achieved by @entity778 @entity1 who had @entity146 . Concurrent @entity3726 plus HAART can be administered in an outpatient setting. Thus, the authors recommend using this modality as first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity791 .

title: XXXX : simultaneous treatment with combined @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy is safe and improves survival--results of the German Multicenter Trial.

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the survival of @entity1 with @entity791 ( @entity791 ). The German @entity791 Study Group investigated whether HAART administered concomitantly with @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 ( @entity3726 ) chemotherapy compromised the course of immune parameters during and after chemotherapy and exerted a positive effect on remission and survival. METHODS: From 1997 to 2001, 72 @entity1 with @entity791 were stratified prospectively into a standard-risk group (n = 48 @entity1 ) and a high-risk group (n = 24 @entity1 ) with either 0-1 or 2-3 of the following risk factors: @entity404 < 50/microL, prior @entity1292 , and/or a World Health Organization performance status > or = 3. @entity1 in the high-risk group received > or =75% of the @entity3726 regimen. RESULTS: In the standard-risk group ( @entity404 = 223/muL; age-adjusted International Prognostic Index [aaIPI], 38% > or = 2), the complete remission (CR) rate was 79%, and median survival was not reached after a median 47 months of follow-up. @entity404 counts did not change from baseline to 4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy (206/microL). In the high-risk group ( @entity404 = 34/muL; aaIPI, 88% > or = 2), the CR rate was 29%, and the median survival was 7.2 months (3 @entity1 survived for > 3 yrs). @entity137 was moderate: @entity1431 Grade 3 or 4 occurred in 100 of 249 chemotherapy cycles (40%) in the standard-risk group and in 70 of 102 cycles (69%) in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the aaIPI, the survival of @entity1 in the standard-risk group was very similar to that achieved by @entity778 @entity1 who had @entity146 . Concurrent @entity3726 plus HAART can be administered in an outpatient setting. Thus, the authors recommend using this modality as first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity791 .

title: @entity791 : simultaneous treatment with combined @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 , and XXXX chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy is safe and improves survival--results of the German Multicenter Trial.

answer: @entity229 :: (MESH:D011241,Chemical) :: ['prednisone']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study about @entity5478 infections after Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) instrumentation. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the significance of @entity5478 -positive deep samples after CD. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The diagnosis of spinal infections to @entity5478 after CD is difficult. METHODS: @entity1 with revision surgery and at least 1 @entity5478 -positive deep sample, between 2000 and 2006 were included. Group A had 1 revision surgery and group B had 2 successive revision surgeries, with @entity5478 -positive deep samples. Group A was divided into 2 subgroups according to the peroperative macroscopic aspect, subgroup A1 with septic tissues, subgroup A2 without septic tissues. The biologic characteristics of the @entity1 and the surgical and medical treatments were assessed. RESULTS: Sixty-eight @entity1 were included, 60 in group A (A1 = 33, A2 = 27) and 8 in group B. Group A: 26 @entity1 had 1 or 2 @entity5478 -positive samples and 34 had at least 3 @entity5478 -positive samples. Histology showed chronic inflammatory changes. @entity1851 value median rate was 42 (A1) and 5 mg/L (A2). Twenty-two @entity1 had a complete implant removal (14 with antibiotics, A1 = 12, A2 = 2). Nine @entity1 had a total implant replacement (7 with antibiotics). Twenty-two @entity1 had a partial implant removal (17 with antibiotics, A1 = 5, A2 = 12). Seven A1 @entity1 had an irrigation and debridement (6 with antibiotics). The evolution was favorable for 28 @entity1 . Seven @entity1 had a documented @entity295 . Group B: during the first revision, 8 @entity1 had a partial implant removal (2 with antibiotics); during the second revision, all patients received antibiotics 4 of whom had a total implant removal. The long-term evolution was favorable for 6 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: @entity5478 infection of spinal instrumentation is difficult to diagnose. Results of at least 4 deep sample cultures, histology, and @entity1851 values must be compared to the peroperative macroscopic aspect.

title: Significance of XXXX -positive samples in spinal instrumentation.

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

entities_list: @entity5478 :: ('1747', 'Species') :: ['P. acnes', 'Propionibacterium acnes']

answer: @entity5478 :: (1747,Species) :: ['Propionibacterium acnes']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: This is an in vitro biomechanical study. OBJECTIVE: The current investigation was performed to evaluate adjacent level kinematic change following unilateral and bilateral facet violation and laminectomy following 1-, 2-, and 3-level reconstruction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The incidence of superior-segment facet violation with lumbar transpedicular fixation has been reported as high as 35%; however, its contribution to biomechanical instability at the supradjacent level is unknown. In addition, superior-segment laminectomy has been implicated as a risk factor for the development of adjacent level disease. The authors assess the acute biomechanical effects of proximal facet violation and subsequent laminectomy in an instrumented posterior fusion model in 10 cadaveric specimens. METHODS: Biomechanical testing was performed on 10 @entity1 cadaveric spines under @entity717 ( @entity717 ), flexion-extension (FE), and lateral bending (LB) loading. After intact analysis, pedicle screws were inserted from L5-S1 and testing repeated with: (1) preserved L4-L5 facets, (2) unilateral facet breach, (3) bilateral breach, and (4) L5 laminectomy. Following biomechanical analysis, instrumentation was extended to @entity14331 and biomechanical testing repeated. Full range of motion (ROM) at the proximal adjacent levels were recorded and normalized to intact (100%). RESULTS: Supradjacent level ROM was increased for all groups under all loading methods relative to intact (P < 0.05). However, @entity717 testing revealed progressive instability at the adjacent level in groups 3 and 4, relative to group 1, following 1-, 2- and 3-level fixation (P < 0.05). During FE, supradjacent level ROM was significantly increased for group 4 specimens compared with group 1 after L5-S1 fixation (P < 0.05), and was greater than all other groups for L3-S1 constructs (P < 0.05). Interestingly, under lateral bending, facet joint destabilization did not change adjacent segment ROM. CONCLUSION: There were significant changes in proximal level ROM immediately after posterior stabilization. However, an additional increase in supradjacent segment ROM was recorded during @entity717 after bilateral facet breach.Subsequent complete laminectomy at the uppermostfixation level further destabilized the supradjacent segment in FE and @entity717 . Therefore, meticulous preservation of the cephalad-most segment facet joints-is paramount to ensure stability.

title: Does superior-segment facet violation or laminectomy destabilize the adjacent level in lumbar transpedicular fixation? An in vitro XXXX cadaveric assessment.

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['AR', 'axial rotation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2466 include @entity5 ranging from benign-appearing cells with widespread @entity3558 deposits to @entity146 poorly differentiated signet ring cell @entity420 . Traditionally, these @entity5 are treated with cytoreductive surgery followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. For some @entity1 , cytoreductive surgery is not an option, and minimal published data exist in the management and outcome of these @entity1 . A retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the benefit of modern systemic chemotherapy in @entity1 with disseminated @entity2466 who were not considered optimal candidates for cytoreductive surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted using The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center @entity5 registry between January 2000 and July 2005. Response was determined by radiographic response and/or overall clinical benefit. RESULTS: Of 186 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity2466 , 54 (29%) @entity1 considered to be suboptimal surgical candidates received > or =2 cycles of systemic chemotherapy. Thirty (55.6%) @entity1 had a disease control rate noted as a complete response, partial response, or stable disease. After a median follow-up of 24 months, the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were determined to be 7.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 4-11) and 56 months (95% CI, 36-not applicable), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic chemotherapy has a role in @entity2466 @entity1 who are suboptimal candidates for cytoreductive surgery. The intermediate PFS indicates the challenges that exist for @entity2466 @entity1 in this setting. Prospective randomized trials including systemic chemotherapy are needed to provide further insight into this malignancy, for which no standard exists.

title: Modern systemic chemotherapy in surgically unresectable XXXX of appendiceal origin: a single-institution experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2466 :: ('MESH:D001063', 'Disease') :: ['Appendiceal neoplasms', 'appendiceal neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasms']


abstract: The diagnosis of a chronic @entity281 ( @entity281 ) is challenging, and no consensus exists regarding how best to define the criteria required for microbiological identification. A general view is that culture of periprosthetic biopsies suffers from inadequate sensitivity. Recently, molecular analyses have been employed in some studies but the specificity of molecular analyses has been questioned, mainly due to contamination issues. In a prospective study of 54 @entity1 undergoing revision surgery due to @entity2720 , we focused on two aspects of microbiological diagnosis of chronic @entity281 . First, by collecting diagnostic specimens in a highly standardized manner, we aimed at investigating the adequacy of various specimens by performing quantitative bacteriological culture. Second, we designed and performed real-time 16S rRNA gene PCR analysis with particular emphasis on minimizing the risk of false-positive PCR results. The specimens analysed included synovial fluid, periprosthetic biopsies from the joint capsule and the interface membrane, and specimens from the surface of the explanted prosthesis rendered accessible by scraping and sonication. No antibiotics were given prior to specimen collection. Based on five diagnostic criteria recently suggested, we identified 18 PJIs, all of which fulfilled the criterion of >= 2 positive cultures of periprosthetic specimens. The rate of culture-positive biopsies from the interface membrane was higher compared to specimens from the joint capsule and synovial fluid, and the interface membrane contained a higher bacterial load. Interpretational criteria were applied to differentiate a true-positive PCR from potential bacterial DNA contamination derived from the reagents used for DNA extraction and amplification. The strategy to minimize the risk of false-positive PCR results was successful as only two PCR results were false-positive out of 216 negative periprosthetic specimens. Although the PCR assays themselves were very sensitive, three @entity1 with low bacterial numbers in periprosthetic specimens tested negative by real-time PCR. This overall lowered sensitivity is most likely due to the reduced specimen volume used for PCR analysis compared to culture and may also be due to interference from @entity1 DNA present in tissue specimens. According to the protocol in the present study, 16S rRNA gene real-time PCR did not identify more cases of septic prosthetic loosening than did culture of adequate periprosthetic biopsies.

title: A comprehensive microbiological evaluation of fifty-four @entity1 undergoing revision surgery due to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic joint infection', 'PJI']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic joint loosening']

answer: @entity2720 :: (MESH:D007592,Disease) :: ['prosthetic joint loosening']


abstract: The diagnosis of a chronic @entity281 ( @entity281 ) is challenging, and no consensus exists regarding how best to define the criteria required for microbiological identification. A general view is that culture of periprosthetic biopsies suffers from inadequate sensitivity. Recently, molecular analyses have been employed in some studies but the specificity of molecular analyses has been questioned, mainly due to contamination issues. In a prospective study of 54 @entity1 undergoing revision surgery due to @entity2720 , we focused on two aspects of microbiological diagnosis of chronic @entity281 . First, by collecting diagnostic specimens in a highly standardized manner, we aimed at investigating the adequacy of various specimens by performing quantitative bacteriological culture. Second, we designed and performed real-time 16S rRNA gene PCR analysis with particular emphasis on minimizing the risk of false-positive PCR results. The specimens analysed included synovial fluid, periprosthetic biopsies from the joint capsule and the interface membrane, and specimens from the surface of the explanted prosthesis rendered accessible by scraping and sonication. No antibiotics were given prior to specimen collection. Based on five diagnostic criteria recently suggested, we identified 18 PJIs, all of which fulfilled the criterion of >= 2 positive cultures of periprosthetic specimens. The rate of culture-positive biopsies from the interface membrane was higher compared to specimens from the joint capsule and synovial fluid, and the interface membrane contained a higher bacterial load. Interpretational criteria were applied to differentiate a true-positive PCR from potential bacterial DNA contamination derived from the reagents used for DNA extraction and amplification. The strategy to minimize the risk of false-positive PCR results was successful as only two PCR results were false-positive out of 216 negative periprosthetic specimens. Although the PCR assays themselves were very sensitive, three @entity1 with low bacterial numbers in periprosthetic specimens tested negative by real-time PCR. This overall lowered sensitivity is most likely due to the reduced specimen volume used for PCR analysis compared to culture and may also be due to interference from @entity1 DNA present in tissue specimens. According to the protocol in the present study, 16S rRNA gene real-time PCR did not identify more cases of septic prosthetic loosening than did culture of adequate periprosthetic biopsies.

title: A comprehensive microbiological evaluation of fifty-four XXXX undergoing revision surgery due to @entity2720 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The directionality of hair cell stimulation combined with the vibration of the basilar membrane causes the auditory nerve fiber action potentials, in response to low-frequency stimuli, to occur at a particular phase of the stimulus waveform. Because direct mechanical measurements at the cochlear apex are difficult, such phase locking has often been used to indirectly infer the basilar membrane motion. Here, we confirm and extend earlier data from mammals using sine wave stimulation over a wide range of sound levels (up to 90 dB sound pressure level). We recorded phase-locked responses to pure tones over a wide range of frequencies and sound levels of a large population of auditory nerve fibers in the anesthetized @entity840 . The results indicate that, for a constant frequency of stimulation, the phase lag decreases with increases in the @entity2198 ( @entity2198 ) of the nerve fiber. The phase lag decreases up to a @entity2198 above the stimulation frequency, beyond which it decreases at a much slower rate. Such phase changes are consistent with known basal cochlear mechanics. Measurements from individual fibers showed smaller but systematic variations in phase with sound level, confirming previous reports. We found a "null" stimulation frequency at which little variation in phase occurred with sound level. This null frequency was often not at the @entity2198 . At stimulation frequencies below the null, there was a progressive lag with sound level and a progressive lead for stimulation frequencies above the null. This was maximally 0.2 cycles.

title: Variation in the phase of response to low-frequency pure tones in the XXXX auditory nerve as functions of stimulus level and frequency.

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['characteristic frequency', 'CF']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5505 is a third-generation cephalosporin almost entirely eliminated by glomerular filtration and dose reductions are essential in @entity1 with @entity8 . The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of @entity5505 make it susceptible to be eliminated by continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT), but there is little clinical information to guide the correct administration in @entity1 undergoing these techniques. METHODS: In vitro procedures were carried out in three different fluids, using @entity8606 or @entity2264 membranes. Four @entity1 entered the in vivo study. Two @entity1 received 1,000 mg every 6 h and the other two 2,000 mg every 6 h. Concentrations of @entity5505 were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: No differences were detected in thesieving coefficients (Sc) or saturation coefficients (Sa)between membranes during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHD). Sc-Sa values were close to 1 when Ringer's @entity880 was used as @entity5505 vehicle, but were lower in plasma samples (p < 0.05). In @entity1 , the Sc-Sa was 0.93 +/- 0.06 and correlated well with the unbound fraction (0.86 +/- 0.08). The contribution of CRRT to @entity5505 clearance was higher in anuric @entity1 than in nonanuric @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: No differences were shown in vitro in the Sc obtained with both membranes during CVVH or the Sa obtained during CVVHD. The contribution of clearance by CRRT to total clearance is clearly dependent on the renal function. The administration of @entity5505 every 6 h could be associated with unnecessarily high trough levels which increase the risk of drug nephrotoxicity. Nonanuric @entity1 undergoing CRRT need higher @entity5505 doses to reach adequate plasma concentrations against pathogens isolated in the critically ill.

title: In vitro XXXX and @entity2264 membrane permeability to @entity5505 and in vivo pharmacokinetics during continuous renal replacement therapies.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity2264 :: ('MESH:C017662', 'Chemical') :: ['polysulphone']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftazidime', 'Ceftazidime']

answer: @entity8606 :: (MESH:C016892,Chemical) :: ['AN69']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5505 is a third-generation cephalosporin almost entirely eliminated by glomerular filtration and dose reductions are essential in @entity1 with @entity8 . The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of @entity5505 make it susceptible to be eliminated by continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT), but there is little clinical information to guide the correct administration in @entity1 undergoing these techniques. METHODS: In vitro procedures were carried out in three different fluids, using @entity8606 or @entity2264 membranes. Four @entity1 entered the in vivo study. Two @entity1 received 1,000 mg every 6 h and the other two 2,000 mg every 6 h. Concentrations of @entity5505 were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: No differences were detected in thesieving coefficients (Sc) or saturation coefficients (Sa)between membranes during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHD). Sc-Sa values were close to 1 when Ringer's @entity880 was used as @entity5505 vehicle, but were lower in plasma samples (p < 0.05). In @entity1 , the Sc-Sa was 0.93 +/- 0.06 and correlated well with the unbound fraction (0.86 +/- 0.08). The contribution of CRRT to @entity5505 clearance was higher in anuric @entity1 than in nonanuric @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: No differences were shown in vitro in the Sc obtained with both membranes during CVVH or the Sa obtained during CVVHD. The contribution of clearance by CRRT to total clearance is clearly dependent on the renal function. The administration of @entity5505 every 6 h could be associated with unnecessarily high trough levels which increase the risk of drug nephrotoxicity. Nonanuric @entity1 undergoing CRRT need higher @entity5505 doses to reach adequate plasma concentrations against pathogens isolated in the critically ill.

title: In vitro @entity8606 and XXXX membrane permeability to @entity5505 and in vivo pharmacokinetics during continuous renal replacement therapies.

answer: @entity2264 :: (MESH:C017662,Chemical) :: ['polysulphone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5505 is a third-generation cephalosporin almost entirely eliminated by glomerular filtration and dose reductions are essential in @entity1 with @entity8 . The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of @entity5505 make it susceptible to be eliminated by continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT), but there is little clinical information to guide the correct administration in @entity1 undergoing these techniques. METHODS: In vitro procedures were carried out in three different fluids, using @entity8606 or @entity2264 membranes. Four @entity1 entered the in vivo study. Two @entity1 received 1,000 mg every 6 h and the other two 2,000 mg every 6 h. Concentrations of @entity5505 were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: No differences were detected in thesieving coefficients (Sc) or saturation coefficients (Sa)between membranes during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHD). Sc-Sa values were close to 1 when Ringer's @entity880 was used as @entity5505 vehicle, but were lower in plasma samples (p < 0.05). In @entity1 , the Sc-Sa was 0.93 +/- 0.06 and correlated well with the unbound fraction (0.86 +/- 0.08). The contribution of CRRT to @entity5505 clearance was higher in anuric @entity1 than in nonanuric @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: No differences were shown in vitro in the Sc obtained with both membranes during CVVH or the Sa obtained during CVVHD. The contribution of clearance by CRRT to total clearance is clearly dependent on the renal function. The administration of @entity5505 every 6 h could be associated with unnecessarily high trough levels which increase the risk of drug nephrotoxicity. Nonanuric @entity1 undergoing CRRT need higher @entity5505 doses to reach adequate plasma concentrations against pathogens isolated in the critically ill.

title: In vitro @entity8606 and @entity2264 membrane permeability to XXXX and in vivo pharmacokinetics during continuous renal replacement therapies.

answer: @entity5505 :: (MESH:D002442,Chemical) :: ['ceftazidime']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess the use of devices and caregiving among individuals with @entity6 and to evaluate the impact of visual acuity on use. METHODS: Data were collected using a questionnaire that included items on demographic and clinical characteristics and on the use of services, assistive devices, and caregiving. The study was approved by an institutional review board. Two ophthalmologists identified and invited @entity1 with @entity6 and provided best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). @entity1 provided informed consent. De-identified data were analysed in SAS(R). RESULTS: Of the 806 respondents, 55% were @entity1 ; mean age was 65 years. Respondents were classified into five categories based on BCVA. Few respondents used services such as transportation and counseling, but there was wide use of assistive devices. More than 20% of respondents used a cane, a hand-held magnifier, and/or special glasses. The mean number of devices used increased significantly as BCVA deteriorated, as did hours of caregiving. Annual costs for services, devices, and caregiving increased as BCVA deteriorated. CONCLUSIONS: There are substantial differences in the use and costs of assistive devices and caregiving among individuals with @entity6 with varying BCVA.

title: Impact of visual impairment on service and device use by individuals with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic retinopathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic retinopathy']


abstract: The incidence of @entity2008 in @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) differs according to geographical regions in Spain. We analyse 1,271 consecutive @entity1 diagnosed of @entity3052 between 1995 and 2002 in three different regions of Spain: northern, central and southern. There were 624 males (55%) and 505 females (45%). Age ranged between 1 month and 94 years with a median of 61 years. Abnormal karyotypes were observed in 64% of cases. @entity854 as sole cytogenetic changes were detected in 15% of @entity1 , while structural aberrations were present in 28% of cases, and both abnormalities were found in 22% of @entity1 . A significantly higher proportion of t(15;17) was observed in the south of Spain (21.6%) than in the central (17%) or northern regions (12.6%) (p=0.03). By contrast, @entity1 from the south of Spain showed lower incidence of t(8;21) (0%, compared to 1.6% and 3.6% in central and northern areas, respectively, p=0.04). These differences were maintained in the age-adjusted analysis. Trisomy 8 showed similar incidence in southern and central areas, while the incidence in the northern area was lower (14% and 10%, respectively, p=0.04). Other @entity2008 , such as inv(16) or 11q23 rearrangements, were found at similar frequencies in the three regions.

title: Geographic differences in the incidence of @entity2008 of @entity3052 ( XXXX ) in Spain.

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Numerical abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['AML']


abstract: The incidence of @entity2008 in @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) differs according to geographical regions in Spain. We analyse 1,271 consecutive @entity1 diagnosed of @entity3052 between 1995 and 2002 in three different regions of Spain: northern, central and southern. There were 624 males (55%) and 505 females (45%). Age ranged between 1 month and 94 years with a median of 61 years. Abnormal karyotypes were observed in 64% of cases. @entity854 as sole cytogenetic changes were detected in 15% of @entity1 , while structural aberrations were present in 28% of cases, and both abnormalities were found in 22% of @entity1 . A significantly higher proportion of t(15;17) was observed in the south of Spain (21.6%) than in the central (17%) or northern regions (12.6%) (p=0.03). By contrast, @entity1 from the south of Spain showed lower incidence of t(8;21) (0%, compared to 1.6% and 3.6% in central and northern areas, respectively, p=0.04). These differences were maintained in the age-adjusted analysis. Trisomy 8 showed similar incidence in southern and central areas, while the incidence in the northern area was lower (14% and 10%, respectively, p=0.04). Other @entity2008 , such as inv(16) or 11q23 rearrangements, were found at similar frequencies in the three regions.

title: Geographic differences in the incidence of @entity2008 of XXXX ( @entity3052 ) in Spain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myelogenous leukemia']


abstract: The incidence of @entity2008 in @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) differs according to geographical regions in Spain. We analyse 1,271 consecutive @entity1 diagnosed of @entity3052 between 1995 and 2002 in three different regions of Spain: northern, central and southern. There were 624 males (55%) and 505 females (45%). Age ranged between 1 month and 94 years with a median of 61 years. Abnormal karyotypes were observed in 64% of cases. @entity854 as sole cytogenetic changes were detected in 15% of @entity1 , while structural aberrations were present in 28% of cases, and both abnormalities were found in 22% of @entity1 . A significantly higher proportion of t(15;17) was observed in the south of Spain (21.6%) than in the central (17%) or northern regions (12.6%) (p=0.03). By contrast, @entity1 from the south of Spain showed lower incidence of t(8;21) (0%, compared to 1.6% and 3.6% in central and northern areas, respectively, p=0.04). These differences were maintained in the age-adjusted analysis. Trisomy 8 showed similar incidence in southern and central areas, while the incidence in the northern area was lower (14% and 10%, respectively, p=0.04). Other @entity2008 , such as inv(16) or 11q23 rearrangements, were found at similar frequencies in the three regions.

title: Geographic differences in the incidence of XXXX of @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) in Spain.

answer: @entity2008 :: (MESH:D002869,Disease) :: ['cytogenetic abnormalities']


abstract: @entity67471 ( @entity67471 ) diseased seeds provide at seedling, @entity778 plants which are the only source of primary inoculum. @entity325 are bequeathed by aphids. The objective of this research is to study the development of the secondary @entity281 in field. Therefore, eight @entity11314 varieties with different seed contamination rate (0, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 5%) were used over consecutive four years. The infected plants were recorded every week from the tenth day after sowing and over seven weeks. In the same way, aphids' population were evaluated in plots 30 days after sowing. There was no difference for the incidence rate between the average of plots sown with virus free-seeds and those sown with infected seeds with a rate of 0, 5%. In any case, the disease progressed lowly leading to incidences less than 50% at the post-flowering period in spite of a relatively high initial contamination rate of seed. For this group of varieties, the low progression of the disease indicated a high level of resistance to the @entity281 . The high levels of @entity281 especially observed with the varieties with high level of virus transmission to seed, translated the need to reduce aphids' population density notably by the use of insecticides during @entity11314 growing cycle. The high number of aphids and inoculum availability in the neighbouring plots were undoubtedly at the source of this result. This situation laid out the problematic of the use of seeds then little or not contaminated by the virus.

title: Effect of XXXX seeds contamination rate by the @entity67471 on epidemics development.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infected']

entities_list: @entity67471 :: ('12199', 'Species') :: ['CABMV', 'Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['Secondary infections']

answer: @entity11314 :: (3917,Species) :: ['cowpea']


abstract: @entity67471 ( @entity67471 ) diseased seeds provide at seedling, @entity778 plants which are the only source of primary inoculum. @entity325 are bequeathed by aphids. The objective of this research is to study the development of the secondary @entity281 in field. Therefore, eight @entity11314 varieties with different seed contamination rate (0, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 5%) were used over consecutive four years. The infected plants were recorded every week from the tenth day after sowing and over seven weeks. In the same way, aphids' population were evaluated in plots 30 days after sowing. There was no difference for the incidence rate between the average of plots sown with virus free-seeds and those sown with infected seeds with a rate of 0, 5%. In any case, the disease progressed lowly leading to incidences less than 50% at the post-flowering period in spite of a relatively high initial contamination rate of seed. For this group of varieties, the low progression of the disease indicated a high level of resistance to the @entity281 . The high levels of @entity281 especially observed with the varieties with high level of virus transmission to seed, translated the need to reduce aphids' population density notably by the use of insecticides during @entity11314 growing cycle. The high number of aphids and inoculum availability in the neighbouring plots were undoubtedly at the source of this result. This situation laid out the problematic of the use of seeds then little or not contaminated by the virus.

title: Effect of @entity11314 seeds contamination rate by the XXXX on epidemics development.

answer: @entity67471 :: (12199,Species) :: ['Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus']


abstract: In @entity1 , @entity11057 (BAL) and the neurotransmitter @entity11224 ( @entity1246 ) are transaminated by a single aminotransferase enzyme. Apparently, @entity375 originally also had a single enzyme, but the corresponding gene was duplicated in the @entity40716 lineage. SkUGA1 encodes a homologue of @entity375 @entity1246 aminotransferase, and SkPYD4 encodes an enzyme involved in both BAL and @entity1246 transamination. SkPYD4 and SkUGA1 as well as @entity375 @entity71513 and @entity6739 @entity71513 were subcloned, over-expressed and purified. One discontinuous and two continuous coupled assays were used to characterize the substrate specificity and kinetic parameters of the four enzymes. It was found that the cofactor @entity2707 is needed for enzymatic activity and @entity15706 , and not @entity2388 , as the @entity1472 group acceptor. SkPyd4p preferentially uses BAL as the @entity1472 group donor (V(max)/K(m)=0.78 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)), but can also use @entity1246 (V(max)/K(m)=0.42 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)), while SkUga1p only uses @entity1246 (V(max)/K(m)=4.01 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)). SpUga1p and ScUga1p transaminate only @entity1246 and not BAL. While mammals degrade BAL and @entity1246 with only one enzyme, but in different tissues, @entity40716 and related @entity375 have two different genes/enzymes to apparently 'distinguish' between the two reactions in a single cell. It is likely that upon duplication approximately 200 million years ago, a specialized @entity71513 evolved into a 'novel' transaminase enzyme with broader substrate specificity.

title: A gene duplication led to specialized XXXX and @entity11057 aminotransferase in @entity375 .

entities_list: @entity11224 :: ('CHEBI:30566', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyrate']

entities_list: @entity6739 :: ('4896', 'Species') :: ['Schizosaccharomyces pombe']

entities_list: @entity40716 :: ('4934', 'Species') :: ['S. kluyveri', 'Saccharomyces kluyveri']

entities_list: @entity15706 :: ('MESH:C029743', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-ketoglutarate']

entities_list: @entity2707 :: ('MESH:D011732', 'Chemical') :: ["pyridoxal 5'-phosphate"]

entities_list: @entity11057 :: ('CHEBI:16958', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-alanine']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'yeasts', 'S. cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity11224 :: (CHEBI:30566,Chemical) :: ['gamma-aminobutyrate']


abstract: In @entity1 , @entity11057 (BAL) and the neurotransmitter @entity11224 ( @entity1246 ) are transaminated by a single aminotransferase enzyme. Apparently, @entity375 originally also had a single enzyme, but the corresponding gene was duplicated in the @entity40716 lineage. SkUGA1 encodes a homologue of @entity375 @entity1246 aminotransferase, and SkPYD4 encodes an enzyme involved in both BAL and @entity1246 transamination. SkPYD4 and SkUGA1 as well as @entity375 @entity71513 and @entity6739 @entity71513 were subcloned, over-expressed and purified. One discontinuous and two continuous coupled assays were used to characterize the substrate specificity and kinetic parameters of the four enzymes. It was found that the cofactor @entity2707 is needed for enzymatic activity and @entity15706 , and not @entity2388 , as the @entity1472 group acceptor. SkPyd4p preferentially uses BAL as the @entity1472 group donor (V(max)/K(m)=0.78 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)), but can also use @entity1246 (V(max)/K(m)=0.42 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)), while SkUga1p only uses @entity1246 (V(max)/K(m)=4.01 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)). SpUga1p and ScUga1p transaminate only @entity1246 and not BAL. While mammals degrade BAL and @entity1246 with only one enzyme, but in different tissues, @entity40716 and related @entity375 have two different genes/enzymes to apparently 'distinguish' between the two reactions in a single cell. It is likely that upon duplication approximately 200 million years ago, a specialized @entity71513 evolved into a 'novel' transaminase enzyme with broader substrate specificity.

title: A gene duplication led to specialized @entity11224 and XXXX aminotransferase in @entity375 .

answer: @entity11057 :: (CHEBI:16958,Chemical) :: ['beta-alanine']


abstract: In @entity1 , @entity11057 (BAL) and the neurotransmitter @entity11224 ( @entity1246 ) are transaminated by a single aminotransferase enzyme. Apparently, @entity375 originally also had a single enzyme, but the corresponding gene was duplicated in the @entity40716 lineage. SkUGA1 encodes a homologue of @entity375 @entity1246 aminotransferase, and SkPYD4 encodes an enzyme involved in both BAL and @entity1246 transamination. SkPYD4 and SkUGA1 as well as @entity375 @entity71513 and @entity6739 @entity71513 were subcloned, over-expressed and purified. One discontinuous and two continuous coupled assays were used to characterize the substrate specificity and kinetic parameters of the four enzymes. It was found that the cofactor @entity2707 is needed for enzymatic activity and @entity15706 , and not @entity2388 , as the @entity1472 group acceptor. SkPyd4p preferentially uses BAL as the @entity1472 group donor (V(max)/K(m)=0.78 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)), but can also use @entity1246 (V(max)/K(m)=0.42 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)), while SkUga1p only uses @entity1246 (V(max)/K(m)=4.01 U x mg(-1) x mm(-1)). SpUga1p and ScUga1p transaminate only @entity1246 and not BAL. While mammals degrade BAL and @entity1246 with only one enzyme, but in different tissues, @entity40716 and related @entity375 have two different genes/enzymes to apparently 'distinguish' between the two reactions in a single cell. It is likely that upon duplication approximately 200 million years ago, a specialized @entity71513 evolved into a 'novel' transaminase enzyme with broader substrate specificity.

title: A gene duplication led to specialized @entity11224 and @entity11057 aminotransferase in XXXX .

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']