abstract: OBJECTIVE: To validate that, using @entity1 demographics and other risk factors readily obtained from computerized databases, one can predict a priori the risk for developing a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) associated @entity360 prior to exposing @entity1 to therapy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using computer-stored information from a large group-model health maintenance organization. All @entity1 who received one or more prescriptions for a single NSAID over a 9 month period were eligible. Historical and risk factor data was obtained for age, sex, prior @entity360 , use of GI medications, @entity229 use, and use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD). We tested a model (eSCORE) that is based on a previous risk stratification method. The primary outcome was a hospital admission for a @entity360 (GI event). RESULTS: A total of 303,211 NSAID @entity1 -users met eligibility requirements. Serious GI events occurred in 302 @entity1 , for a rate of 0.68% (0.68 events per 100 @entity1 -years' exposure). All the risk factors except DMARD use were associated with a significant increase in the GI event rate. Higher eSCORE points were associated with increased GI event rates. CONCLUSION: The study supports the concept that the rate of GI events can be predicted by a defined set of easily assessed @entity1 criteria using the eSCORE. Stratification of @entity1 by risk score can guide the physician to appropriate therapeutic options, with the potential of protecting @entity1 at greatest risk for a GI event.

title: Predicting the risk of XXXX due to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: NSAID electronic assessment of risk.

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['GI bleed', 'gastrointestinal (GI) bleed', 'GI bleeds']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']


abstract: @entity1118 , like that inflicted by @entity239 , is not much known, unpredictable and can emerge everywhere in the body. Yet 2 to 4% of the population suffer from this disease, of which 73 to 88% are @entity1 . In fact @entity239 is more wide spread than the more known @entity309 . This research work presents the experience of @entity1 in their struggle against this incurable disease and the progress made in the fight against it. The @entity102 Trajectory by Corbin and Strauss (1992) is used as a theoretical framework. Six @entity1 , over fifty years of age and suffering from @entity239 for over ten years, were interviewed. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and analysed using the grounded theory methodology. The instability during disease development, referred to in this paper as "up and down", is an important phenomenon. Along with the @entity158 " goes the feeling of "not being taken seriously". Results have proven that an interdisciplinary approach is the best way to help those that cope with @entity239 .

title: [Up and down--the experience of XXXX with the rheumatic illness fibromyalgia].

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['fibromyalgia']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic Illness']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain and "defencelessness']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Stool cultures of 188 @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1902 in a two-year period (1981-1982) yielded Salmonella in 25.5%, Campylobacter in 16.0%, and @entity2820 in 3.7% of cases. Rotavirus was identified in 22.3% of cases. Out of 82 @entity1132 -positive microorganisms isolated from as many cases, three (one @entity526 and two @entity4005 ) produced heat-labile enterotoxin and two @entity526 strains a "cytotoxic" toxin (in an HEp-2 in vitro model); two other @entity526 strains possessed adhesive properties for HEp-2 cells in vitro; none revealed enteroinvasive for HEp-2 cells. Two out of 70 @entity526 strains were EPEC. From stools of 643 childhood out- @entity1 Salmonella was isolated in 9.6% of cases; Campylobacter and @entity2820 in 9.0% and in 0.6% of cases respectively. Rotavirus was not looked for. Shigella strains were not isolated. Among 622 @entity1 without gastrointestinal symptoms, five (0.8%) excreted campylobacters and one (0.16%) salmonella. @entity1 of 18-24 months of age were significantly more often infected with Campylobacter. Gross blood in feces, body temperature greater than 38 degrees C, and @entity1897 were significantly more often associated with @entity5746 and absence of @entity1503 with @entity6425 . Other features were not significantly associated with the etiological agent of the illness. Except for @entity5746 , the @entity1681 cases did not show any pronounced seasonal pattern.

title: A prospective etiological and clinical study on XXXX in Italian @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['blood in stools and of leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity5746 :: ('MESH:D012480', 'Disease') :: ['Salmonella infection; vomiting', 'Salmonella infections']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity1681 :: ('MESH:D004751', 'Disease') :: ['enteritis']

entities_list: @entity6425 :: ('MESH:D012400', 'Disease') :: ['rotavirus infection']

entities_list: @entity2820 :: ('630', 'Species') :: ['Y. enterocolitica']

answer: @entity1902 :: (MESH:D005759,Disease) :: ['gastroenteritis']


abstract: Stool cultures of 188 @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1902 in a two-year period (1981-1982) yielded Salmonella in 25.5%, Campylobacter in 16.0%, and @entity2820 in 3.7% of cases. Rotavirus was identified in 22.3% of cases. Out of 82 @entity1132 -positive microorganisms isolated from as many cases, three (one @entity526 and two @entity4005 ) produced heat-labile enterotoxin and two @entity526 strains a "cytotoxic" toxin (in an HEp-2 in vitro model); two other @entity526 strains possessed adhesive properties for HEp-2 cells in vitro; none revealed enteroinvasive for HEp-2 cells. Two out of 70 @entity526 strains were EPEC. From stools of 643 childhood out- @entity1 Salmonella was isolated in 9.6% of cases; Campylobacter and @entity2820 in 9.0% and in 0.6% of cases respectively. Rotavirus was not looked for. Shigella strains were not isolated. Among 622 @entity1 without gastrointestinal symptoms, five (0.8%) excreted campylobacters and one (0.16%) salmonella. @entity1 of 18-24 months of age were significantly more often infected with Campylobacter. Gross blood in feces, body temperature greater than 38 degrees C, and @entity1897 were significantly more often associated with @entity5746 and absence of @entity1503 with @entity6425 . Other features were not significantly associated with the etiological agent of the illness. Except for @entity5746 , the @entity1681 cases did not show any pronounced seasonal pattern.

title: A prospective etiological and clinical study on @entity1902 in Italian XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: Two widely used tensionless mid urethral slings currently available are the @entity9618 @entity7502 sling (American Medical Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota) and the TVT (tensionless vaginal tape, Ethicon, New Brunswick, New Jersey). As with the TVT system, the @entity9618 has been suggested as an outpatient procedure. We present the early complications of our first 140 slings, based on which we recommend that observation of all @entity1 overnight following the @entity9618 sling be considered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of the first 140 @entity1 who received the @entity9618 @entity7502 pubovaginal sling at our institution to evaluate for early complications requiring intervention. Because we wished to evaluate for @entity548 , we checked the hematocrit on postoperative day 1 in the last 57 @entity1 regardless of @entity190 in the operating room. RESULTS: A total of 6 @entity1 required intervention in the early postoperative period, including transfusion in 4 immediately postoperatively for @entity548 . One @entity1 had presented with pelvic @entity158 1 week postoperatively and was found to have a large retropubic @entity1410 that required percutaneous drainage. The final @entity1 was discharged home on postoperative day 1 in stable condition but presented on postoperative day 4 with drainage from a suprapubic incision. She had a perforation through a loop of small bowel that required resection of a short segment of the bowel and removal of the sling. The mean decrease in hematocrit from preoperative to postoperative day 1 was 7.1% (range 1% to 14%) despite a mean intraoperative @entity190 in this group of 170 cc (range less than 50 to 700). CONCLUSIONS: We recommend caution with any @entity1 who receives a sling that requires passage of needles through the retropubic space, which can result in occult @entity548 , and dilation of the tract. While visceral injury is exceedingly rare, it must be discussed as a possible risk of the surgery. We continue to advocate @entity9618 as an excellent sling option but we caution surgeons of the potential complications and urge careful postoperative monitoring. We recommend that @entity9618 not routinely be considered as an outpatient procedure.

title: Perioperative complications: the first 140 XXXX pubovaginal slings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['occult bleeding', 'retropubic bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain and vaginal bleeding']

answer: @entity7502 :: (MESH:D011126,Chemical) :: ['polypropylene']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of lymph node and @entity43 in newly diagnosed @entity1822 ( @entity1822 ), and to describe possible predictive factors. METHODS: We used our prospectively acquired databases to identify 275 consecutive @entity1 with uterine @entity1822 treated from 7/82 to 12/01. @entity1 were included if there was clear documentation of lymph nodes and/or ovarian tissue in the pathologic reports. Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records. Statistical analysis using the Fisher exact test was used to determine prognostic factors. RESULTS: There were 108 @entity1 (39.2%) identified in whom an oophorectomy and 37 @entity1 (13.5%) in whom lymph node sampling was performed as part of the initial surgical management of uterine @entity1822 . Bilateral oophorectomy was performed in 102 (94.4%) of the 108 @entity1 . The median numbers of pelvic, para-aortic, and total lymph nodes acquired were 5 (range, 1-27), 3 (range, 1-9), and 6 (range, 1-34), respectively. Ovarian @entity3 were found in 4 (3.9%) out of 108 @entity1 . Two (2.8%) of the 71 @entity1 with disease confined to the uterus and/or cervix (stage I/II) and 2 (5.4%) of the 37 @entity1 with gross extrauterine disease had @entity43 (P = 0.43). Positive lymph nodes were seen in 3 (8.1%) of 37 @entity1 . No @entity1 with stage I/II disease had positive lymph nodes (P = 0.015). None of the factors analyzed predicted for @entity3 to the ovary. Only the presence or absence of gross extrauterine disease correlated with lymph node @entity3 . In addition, all three of these cases had clinically suspicious (enlarged) lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ovarian and lymph node @entity3 in uterine @entity1822 is very low and is most commonly associated with extrauterine disease. Lymph node dissection for uterine @entity1822 should be reserved for @entity1 with clinically suspicious nodes.

title: Incidence of lymph node and @entity43 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian metastases']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['uterine leiomyosarcoma', 'LMS']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity1822 :: (MESH:D007890,Disease) :: ['leiomyosarcoma of the uterus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of lymph node and @entity43 in newly diagnosed @entity1822 ( @entity1822 ), and to describe possible predictive factors. METHODS: We used our prospectively acquired databases to identify 275 consecutive @entity1 with uterine @entity1822 treated from 7/82 to 12/01. @entity1 were included if there was clear documentation of lymph nodes and/or ovarian tissue in the pathologic reports. Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records. Statistical analysis using the Fisher exact test was used to determine prognostic factors. RESULTS: There were 108 @entity1 (39.2%) identified in whom an oophorectomy and 37 @entity1 (13.5%) in whom lymph node sampling was performed as part of the initial surgical management of uterine @entity1822 . Bilateral oophorectomy was performed in 102 (94.4%) of the 108 @entity1 . The median numbers of pelvic, para-aortic, and total lymph nodes acquired were 5 (range, 1-27), 3 (range, 1-9), and 6 (range, 1-34), respectively. Ovarian @entity3 were found in 4 (3.9%) out of 108 @entity1 . Two (2.8%) of the 71 @entity1 with disease confined to the uterus and/or cervix (stage I/II) and 2 (5.4%) of the 37 @entity1 with gross extrauterine disease had @entity43 (P = 0.43). Positive lymph nodes were seen in 3 (8.1%) of 37 @entity1 . No @entity1 with stage I/II disease had positive lymph nodes (P = 0.015). None of the factors analyzed predicted for @entity3 to the ovary. Only the presence or absence of gross extrauterine disease correlated with lymph node @entity3 . In addition, all three of these cases had clinically suspicious (enlarged) lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ovarian and lymph node @entity3 in uterine @entity1822 is very low and is most commonly associated with extrauterine disease. Lymph node dissection for uterine @entity1822 should be reserved for @entity1 with clinically suspicious nodes.

title: Incidence of lymph node and XXXX in @entity1822 .

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian metastases']


abstract: PURPOSE: To analyze the long-term outcomes and pattern of failures for @entity5 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective review of all @entity1 with @entity5 presented to our institution between 1978 and 1993 was performed. One hundred ten @entity1 were eligible and form the basis of this analysis. Fifty-seven @entity1 were male. The median age was 57 years (range: 21-82 years). The treatments were as follows: chemotherapy alone ( @entity4740 ), 39 @entity1 ; combined modality with @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ), 69; radiation therapy alone, 2. Radiation therapy fields were as follows: regional, 13 @entity1 ; extended, 6; subtotal, 44; and central lymphatic, 8. The median number of chemotherapy cycles was 8, and 98 @entity1 received @entity632 -containing regimens. Enough information was available to calculate the International Prognostic Index for 107 @entity1 . The following prognostic factors were examined for predictive value in @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and freedom from progression (FFP) by univariate and multivariate analyses: International Prognostic Index, gender, @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) (normal vs. elevated), B symptoms, performance status, @entity2262 , presence or absence of a bulky disease, age (</= vs. >60 years), number of sites of involvement, treatment ( @entity4740 vs. @entity1161 ), and pathology. To minimize @entity1 selection biases given the nature of the retrospective analysis, the patterns of relapse were analyzed only for the @entity1 who achieved a complete response. RESULTS: The median follow-up for the alive @entity1 was 9.5 years (range: 1.1-19.5 years). Complete response was achieved in 80 @entity1 : 24 of 39 @entity1 in the @entity4740 group (62%), 54 of 69 @entity1 in the @entity1161 group (78%), and 2 of 2 @entity1 in the radiation therapy alone group. The actuarial 5- and 10-year @entity1349 rates were 65% and 42%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year FFP was 42% and 26%, respectively. Significant prognostic factors by multivariate analyses were age and LDH for @entity1349 and LDH for FFP. For complete responders, 5-year freedom from recurrence in the original sites of involvement (with or without recurrence in the new sites) was 43% for @entity4740 and 60% for @entity1161 @entity1 (p = 0.03, Wilcoxon). Five-year freedom from isolated recurrence in the original sites of involvement was 60% for @entity4740 and 69% for @entity1161 @entity1 (p = 0.17). The 5-year overall FFP was 43% for @entity4740 @entity1 and 56% for @entity1161 @entity1 (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Combined modality treatment seems to give an advantage in terms of disease control in the primary sites compared to chemotherapy alone, though the advantages in @entity1349 and FFP were not statistically significant in our @entity1 population. By multivariate analyses, LDH was a significant prognostic indicator for @entity1349 and FFP, whereas age was for @entity1349 .

title: XXXX : long-term follow-up and patterns of failure.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stage III follicular lymphomas', 'Stage III follicular lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['chemotherapy and radiation therapy', 'CMT']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta-2 microglobulin']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Stage III follicular lymphoma']


abstract: Spontaneously occurring abnormal behaviors in animals have recently received considerable attention, both in veterinary medicine and as a potential model for @entity146 in several @entity1 @entity146 . Stereotypies are abnormal repetitive, unvarying, and functionless behaviors that are often performed by captive and domesticated animals housed in barren environments. They closely resemble the stereotypies of @entity2438 and @entity1032 @entity1 , stereotypies of unmedicated chronic @entity161 @entity1 , certain classes of simple tic in @entity4676 , and several drug-induced behaviors. However, evidence for a common mechanism has been lacking. Stereotypies in @entity1 @entity146 are indicative of profound @entity75 involving the basal ganglia, and are associated with pervasive @entity73 and @entity458 . Here we show that stereotypy in captive Orange-Wing Amazon Parrots (Amazona amazonica) is correlated with poor performance on the same psychiatric task (the 'gambling task') as stereotypy in @entity2438 and @entity161 @entity1 . The task measures recurrent perseveration-the tendency to inappropriately repeat responses. Thus, the more stereotypy a parrot performed, the more likely it was to inappropriately repeat itself from trial-to-trial on the task; and the more rapidly it made repeated, but not switched, responses. These results parallel the executive @entity73 seen in @entity1 @entity1 , and therefore suggest that, like in @entity1 @entity1 , stereotypy in caged parrots reflects a general disinhibition of the behavioral control mechanisms of the dorsal basal ganglia. If this result holds true in other laboratory species, stereotypic animals are likely to be of questionable utility in behavior, neuroscience, and neuropharmacological experiments. In @entity1 , stereotypies and @entity3119 are considered to be mutually exclusive categories of behavior, with different neural substrates, and different treatment strategies. These results, therefore, suggest that the pharmacological treatment of stereotypies in veterinary medicine based on the assumption that they are equivalent to @entity1 @entity3119 may be inappropriate. As stereotypies in captive animals develop in response to the captive environment, these results also emphasize the role that the environment may play in eliciting or exacerbating stereotypy in @entity1 @entity1 . Finally, by parallel to @entity1 @entity1 , there is a potential @entity458 in animals showing these behaviors.

title: Stereotypies in caged parrots, @entity161 and XXXX : evidence for a common mechanism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mentally retarded']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders', 'abnormal behavior']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['motor impairments', 'voluntary-motor impairments']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive-compulsive behaviors', 'Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder']

entities_list: @entity4676 :: ('MESH:D005879', 'Disease') :: ["Tourette's syndrome"]

answer: @entity2438 :: (MESH:D001321,Disease) :: ['autism']


abstract: Spontaneously occurring abnormal behaviors in animals have recently received considerable attention, both in veterinary medicine and as a potential model for @entity146 in several @entity1 @entity146 . Stereotypies are abnormal repetitive, unvarying, and functionless behaviors that are often performed by captive and domesticated animals housed in barren environments. They closely resemble the stereotypies of @entity2438 and @entity1032 @entity1 , stereotypies of unmedicated chronic @entity161 @entity1 , certain classes of simple tic in @entity4676 , and several drug-induced behaviors. However, evidence for a common mechanism has been lacking. Stereotypies in @entity1 @entity146 are indicative of profound @entity75 involving the basal ganglia, and are associated with pervasive @entity73 and @entity458 . Here we show that stereotypy in captive Orange-Wing Amazon Parrots (Amazona amazonica) is correlated with poor performance on the same psychiatric task (the 'gambling task') as stereotypy in @entity2438 and @entity161 @entity1 . The task measures recurrent perseveration-the tendency to inappropriately repeat responses. Thus, the more stereotypy a parrot performed, the more likely it was to inappropriately repeat itself from trial-to-trial on the task; and the more rapidly it made repeated, but not switched, responses. These results parallel the executive @entity73 seen in @entity1 @entity1 , and therefore suggest that, like in @entity1 @entity1 , stereotypy in caged parrots reflects a general disinhibition of the behavioral control mechanisms of the dorsal basal ganglia. If this result holds true in other laboratory species, stereotypic animals are likely to be of questionable utility in behavior, neuroscience, and neuropharmacological experiments. In @entity1 , stereotypies and @entity3119 are considered to be mutually exclusive categories of behavior, with different neural substrates, and different treatment strategies. These results, therefore, suggest that the pharmacological treatment of stereotypies in veterinary medicine based on the assumption that they are equivalent to @entity1 @entity3119 may be inappropriate. As stereotypies in captive animals develop in response to the captive environment, these results also emphasize the role that the environment may play in eliciting or exacerbating stereotypy in @entity1 @entity1 . Finally, by parallel to @entity1 @entity1 , there is a potential @entity458 in animals showing these behaviors.

title: Stereotypies in caged parrots, XXXX and @entity2438 : evidence for a common mechanism.

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: The effects of botulinum A neurotoxin and @entity116 toxin were studied in cultured @entity19 spinal cord neurons. In approximately 60% of the neurons (n = 150), botulinum A neurotoxin caused paroxysmal depolarizing events. In two cells hyperpolarizing shifts were observed. The pattern of the burst-like activity varied in shape and frequency in individual cells. Between the paroxysmal events, ongoing synaptic activity could be recorded. The other 40% of the treated neurons did not develop a characteristic pattern of bursts, but there was a decrease in frequency of synaptically generated events. In contrast to botulinum A neurotoxin, @entity116 toxin invariably produced well organized paroxysmal events without any synaptic activity between them. At later stages botulinum A neurotoxin and @entity116 toxin blocked inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials in all neurons studied. These results have demonstrated, for the first time using electrophysiological techniques, that botulinum A @entity616 both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the @entity1 central nervous system. There are however differences between these effects of botulinum A neurotoxin and the actions of @entity116 toxin on these cells. It is suggested that at the femtomolar range @entity116 toxin blocks selectively central inhibitory systems and botulinum A neurotoxin the motor endplate. At the @entity11849 affect many if not all, transmitter systems.

title: Botulinum A neurotoxin inhibits non-cholinergic synaptic transmission in XXXX spinal cord neurons in culture.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity11849 :: ('MESH:D065766', 'Disease') :: ['picomolar range both toxins']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxin blocks']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Owing to the advent of refined chest computed tomography (CT) images with higher resolution and CT screening programs, more faint and @entity2 are being discovered. These include small-sized @entity2 such as those with a subcentimeter diameter, which had never been picked up on the routine chest roentgenogram films. However their clinicopathological characteristics with special reference to the proper surgical mode are not fully described so far. METHODS: During a 10-year period from 1991 through 2000 a total of 1,769 @entity2 were resected at the National @entity5 Center Hospital, Tokyo. According to the pathology files of these @entity1 , 51 @entity1 had a @entity5 with the diameter of 1 cm or less. Three @entity5 arising in the bronchial lumina of hilum with a @entity957 histology were excluded and the remaining 48 @entity5 of peripheral origin were studied. The clinicopathological features were analyzed according to three types of appearance on high-resolution CT: non-solid ground glass opacity (GGO) type (n = 19); part-solid GGO type (n = 9); and solid type (n = 20). Non-solid GGO is made up of homogeneous moderate increased density on CT, which cannot obscure the bronchovascular structure, whereas partly solid GGO contains a mere solid part but did not exceed 50% of the whole area (n = 9). All other lesions were considered solid type. RESULTS: For the three types of lesions, the distribution of age and sex was similar with the average age of 61 years and an almost even distribution of male/female @entity1 . Although 6 @entity1 had symptoms, the symptoms were not associated with the nodule itself. Twenty-six @entity1 (54%) were screen-detected (16 chest roentgenogram films and 10 CT scans) and the others were detected by incidentally taken chest roentgenogram film or CT for other reasons than nodules detected. Two @entity957 were positive for sputum cytology. Preoperative cytologic/histologic diagnosis was given in 14 @entity1 (29%). The histologic type of GGO lesion was @entity133 in all 28 cases. In solid lesions, besides 16 @entity420 2 cases of @entity957 , 1 case each of @entity4153 and @entity5 was seen. Lymph node involvement was seen only in 3 @entity1 with solid lesions (N1 in 2 @entity1 , N2 in 1 @entity1 ). As for operative mode, the limited resection was performed for 15 @entity75 (54%) and 4 solid lesions (20%). @entity5 recurrence was seen in 2 @entity1 with solid lesions-1 in bone and the other in locoregional lymph node, and the former died of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Among @entity2 , @entity75 (both non-solid and part-solid) constitute @entity2 . Since they have minimal or no invasive growth, limited resection for cure is justified. Conversely the solid lesion had significant invasive features such as lymph node @entity3 . Lobectomy should remain as the standard mode of surgery despite such small size.

title: A clinicopathological study of resected XXXX : a favorable prognosis for ground glass opacity lesions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumor', 'primary tumor', 'Cancer', 'carcinoid tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['GGO lesions']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['subcentimeter lung cancers', 'lung tumors', 'lung cancers', 'true early lung cancers', 'smaller lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['bronchioloalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['subcentimeter lung cancers']


abstract: We report two cases of prenatally diagnosed cystic @entity521 (PDCN). In the first case, prenatal ultrasonography (US) at 33 weeks' gestation showed a 30 x 20 mm cyst at the upper pole of the right kidney. The size and content of the mass demonstrated no change during pregnancy. Postnatal US showed no change in the @entity3928 4 weeks after birth compared to the prenatal findings. The @entity1 underwent total resection of the @entity5 at 28 days of age. In the second case, a left @entity3928 measuring 50 x 40 mm was detected in a fetus in the 37th week of pregnancy. Postnatal US showed a @entity3928 in the left adrenal gland. The US findings showed no change 18 days after birth and the @entity1 underwent total resection of the @entity5 at 19 days of age. In both cases, pathological examination revealed a @entity521 and all of the biological prognostic factors were favourable. Surgical intervention was necessary for a final histological and biological diagnosis to be made. We recommend that prenatally suspected @entity521 should normally undergo surgical intervention, unless @entity5 size decreases within about 1 month after birth.

title: Prenatally diagnosed cystic XXXX : a report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity3928 :: ('MESH:C536030', 'Disease') :: ['cystic mass']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastomas', 'neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) @entity137 mediated by dual @entity9859 and @entity2247 inhibition of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause serious alterations of mucosal integrity or, more commonly, intolerable @entity344 that may necessitate discontinuation of therapy. Unlike NSAIDs, @entity13586 targets only the @entity2247 isoform. OBJECTIVE: To assess the tolerability of @entity13586 compared with @entity1623 for treatment of @entity571 . DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: 600 office and clinical research sites. @entity1 : 5557 @entity1 (mean age, 63 years) with a baseline diagnosis of @entity571 of the knee, hip, hand, or spine. INTERVENTION: @entity13586 , 25 mg/d, or @entity1623 , 500 mg twice daily. Use of routine medications, including @entity117 , was permitted. MEASUREMENTS: Discontinuation due to GI adverse events (primary end point) and use of concomitant medication to treat @entity344 (secondary end point). Efficacy was determined by @entity1 -reported global assessment of disease status and the Australian/Canadian @entity571 Hand Index, as well as discontinuations due to lack of efficacy. @entity1 were evaluated at baseline and at weeks 6 and 12. RESULTS: Rates of cumulative discontinuation due to GI adverse events were statistically significantly lower in the @entity13586 group than in the @entity1623 group (5.9% vs. 8.1%; relative risk, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.60 to 0.92]; P = 0.005), as were rates of cumulative use of medication to treat @entity344 (9.1% vs. 11.2%; relative risk, 0.79 [CI, 0.66 to 0.96]; P = 0.014]). Subgroup analysis of @entity1 who used low-dose @entity117 (13%) and those who previously discontinued using @entity625 medication because of @entity344 (15%) demonstrated a relative risk similar to the overall sample for discontinuation due to GI adverse events (relative risk, 0.56 [CI, 0.31 to 1.01] and 0.53 [CI, 0.34 to 0.84], respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed between treatments for efficacy in treating @entity571 or for occurrence of other adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity571 treated for 12 weeks, @entity13586 , 25 mg/d, was as effective as @entity1623 , 500 mg twice daily, but had statistically significantly superior GI tolerability and led to less use of concomitant GI medications. Benefits of @entity13586 in subgroup analyses were consistent with findings in the overall sample.

title: Gastrointestinal tolerability and effectiveness of XXXX versus @entity1623 in the treatment of @entity571 : a randomized, controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity13586 :: ('MESH:C116926', 'Chemical') :: ['rofecoxib', 'Rofecoxib']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['GI symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1623 :: ('MESH:D009288', 'Chemical') :: ['naproxen']

answer: @entity13586 :: (MESH:C116926,Chemical) :: ['rofecoxib']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) @entity137 mediated by dual @entity9859 and @entity2247 inhibition of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause serious alterations of mucosal integrity or, more commonly, intolerable @entity344 that may necessitate discontinuation of therapy. Unlike NSAIDs, @entity13586 targets only the @entity2247 isoform. OBJECTIVE: To assess the tolerability of @entity13586 compared with @entity1623 for treatment of @entity571 . DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: 600 office and clinical research sites. @entity1 : 5557 @entity1 (mean age, 63 years) with a baseline diagnosis of @entity571 of the knee, hip, hand, or spine. INTERVENTION: @entity13586 , 25 mg/d, or @entity1623 , 500 mg twice daily. Use of routine medications, including @entity117 , was permitted. MEASUREMENTS: Discontinuation due to GI adverse events (primary end point) and use of concomitant medication to treat @entity344 (secondary end point). Efficacy was determined by @entity1 -reported global assessment of disease status and the Australian/Canadian @entity571 Hand Index, as well as discontinuations due to lack of efficacy. @entity1 were evaluated at baseline and at weeks 6 and 12. RESULTS: Rates of cumulative discontinuation due to GI adverse events were statistically significantly lower in the @entity13586 group than in the @entity1623 group (5.9% vs. 8.1%; relative risk, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.60 to 0.92]; P = 0.005), as were rates of cumulative use of medication to treat @entity344 (9.1% vs. 11.2%; relative risk, 0.79 [CI, 0.66 to 0.96]; P = 0.014]). Subgroup analysis of @entity1 who used low-dose @entity117 (13%) and those who previously discontinued using @entity625 medication because of @entity344 (15%) demonstrated a relative risk similar to the overall sample for discontinuation due to GI adverse events (relative risk, 0.56 [CI, 0.31 to 1.01] and 0.53 [CI, 0.34 to 0.84], respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed between treatments for efficacy in treating @entity571 or for occurrence of other adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity571 treated for 12 weeks, @entity13586 , 25 mg/d, was as effective as @entity1623 , 500 mg twice daily, but had statistically significantly superior GI tolerability and led to less use of concomitant GI medications. Benefits of @entity13586 in subgroup analyses were consistent with findings in the overall sample.

title: Gastrointestinal tolerability and effectiveness of @entity13586 versus XXXX in the treatment of @entity571 : a randomized, controlled trial.

answer: @entity1623 :: (MESH:D009288,Chemical) :: ['naproxen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) @entity137 mediated by dual @entity9859 and @entity2247 inhibition of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause serious alterations of mucosal integrity or, more commonly, intolerable @entity344 that may necessitate discontinuation of therapy. Unlike NSAIDs, @entity13586 targets only the @entity2247 isoform. OBJECTIVE: To assess the tolerability of @entity13586 compared with @entity1623 for treatment of @entity571 . DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: 600 office and clinical research sites. @entity1 : 5557 @entity1 (mean age, 63 years) with a baseline diagnosis of @entity571 of the knee, hip, hand, or spine. INTERVENTION: @entity13586 , 25 mg/d, or @entity1623 , 500 mg twice daily. Use of routine medications, including @entity117 , was permitted. MEASUREMENTS: Discontinuation due to GI adverse events (primary end point) and use of concomitant medication to treat @entity344 (secondary end point). Efficacy was determined by @entity1 -reported global assessment of disease status and the Australian/Canadian @entity571 Hand Index, as well as discontinuations due to lack of efficacy. @entity1 were evaluated at baseline and at weeks 6 and 12. RESULTS: Rates of cumulative discontinuation due to GI adverse events were statistically significantly lower in the @entity13586 group than in the @entity1623 group (5.9% vs. 8.1%; relative risk, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.60 to 0.92]; P = 0.005), as were rates of cumulative use of medication to treat @entity344 (9.1% vs. 11.2%; relative risk, 0.79 [CI, 0.66 to 0.96]; P = 0.014]). Subgroup analysis of @entity1 who used low-dose @entity117 (13%) and those who previously discontinued using @entity625 medication because of @entity344 (15%) demonstrated a relative risk similar to the overall sample for discontinuation due to GI adverse events (relative risk, 0.56 [CI, 0.31 to 1.01] and 0.53 [CI, 0.34 to 0.84], respectively). No statistically significant difference was observed between treatments for efficacy in treating @entity571 or for occurrence of other adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity571 treated for 12 weeks, @entity13586 , 25 mg/d, was as effective as @entity1623 , 500 mg twice daily, but had statistically significantly superior GI tolerability and led to less use of concomitant GI medications. Benefits of @entity13586 in subgroup analyses were consistent with findings in the overall sample.

title: Gastrointestinal tolerability and effectiveness of @entity13586 versus @entity1623 in the treatment of XXXX : a randomized, controlled trial.

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: @entity11 formation is associated with characteristic genetic alterations, although epigenetic mechanisms may contribute in tumorigenesis. Until recently, our knowledge has mainly been based on chromosomal and molecular studies performed in the last two decades. This has increased tremendously with the advent of new technologies, in particular expression arrays for simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes. Consequently, gene therapy of @entity11 may aim at molecular interference with 'gain of function' genes (oncogenes) or replacement of 'loss of function' genes ( @entity5 suppressor genes). Such approaches require transgene expression in whole @entity5 cell populations (if not other mechanisms come into play) which cannot be achieved with current vector systems. Hence other strategies have been pursued which may be independent of genes actually involved in tumorigenesis. Microbial genes (e.g. herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase) may be transferred into the @entity5 allowing for prodrug activation (e.g. @entity4540 ). Furthermore, cytokines or other immunomodulatory genes may be used for vaccination purposes which frequently involves ex vivo transfection of autologous @entity5 cells with such genes. These approaches proved promising in preclinical studies performed in cell culture and different @entity2618 . A considerable number of clinical trials have been initiated based on these approaches. Although most therapeutic strategies proved safe, clinical responses fell short of expectations raised by preclinical results. This, to a large extent, has to be attributed to a lag in the development of efficient vector systems. Although much effort has been put into this area of research, neuro-oncologists are still in await of a vector system allowing for selective and efficient @entity5 cell transduction. This has led to increased interest in distinct but related strategies, e.g. oncolytic viruses or direct intra-tumoral delivery of anti-sense oligonucleotides.

title: Gene therapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity4540 :: ('MESH:D015774', 'Chemical') :: ['ganciclovir']

entities_list: @entity2618 :: ('MESH:D012376', 'Disease') :: ['inbred rodent models']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['gliomas']


abstract: A rapid light-induced decrease in @entity6708 is thought to play a role in regulating the permeability or light sensitivity of photoreceptor membranes. Photo-excited @entity8695 activates a @entity6370 -binding protein (G-protein) by catalyzing the exchange of bound @entity3006 for @entity3007 . This G-protein X @entity3007 complex activates the phosphodiesterase resulting in a decrease in @entity6708 concentration. We have observed two processes in vitro which may be relevant for the regulation of G-protein activation. First, we have found that free @entity3006 binds to G-protein with an affinity similar to that of @entity3007 . These two nucleotides appear to compete for a common site. Since G-protein X @entity3006 does not activate phosphodiesterase, light-induced changes in the @entity3007 / @entity3006 ratio known to occur on illumination may serve to reduce G-protein activation and hence reduce phosphodiesterase activation. Second, addition of @entity6708 in the presence of equimolar @entity3007 and @entity3006 causes @entity3007 binding to G-protein to be enhanced compared to @entity3006 binding. This effect increases as the @entity6708 concentration is increased from 0.05 to 2 mM. Thus, light-induced decreases in @entity6708 concentration may also act as a feedback control in reducing G-protein activation. One or both of these processes may be involved in the desensitization (light adaptation) of rod photoreceptors.

title: @entity6708 influences XXXX binding to frog photoreceptor G-protein.

entities_list: @entity6370 :: ('CHEBI:61292', 'Chemical') :: ['guanine nucleotide']

answer: @entity6370 :: (CHEBI:61292,Chemical) :: ['guanine nucleotide']


abstract: A rapid light-induced decrease in @entity6708 is thought to play a role in regulating the permeability or light sensitivity of photoreceptor membranes. Photo-excited @entity8695 activates a @entity6370 -binding protein (G-protein) by catalyzing the exchange of bound @entity3006 for @entity3007 . This G-protein X @entity3007 complex activates the phosphodiesterase resulting in a decrease in @entity6708 concentration. We have observed two processes in vitro which may be relevant for the regulation of G-protein activation. First, we have found that free @entity3006 binds to G-protein with an affinity similar to that of @entity3007 . These two nucleotides appear to compete for a common site. Since G-protein X @entity3006 does not activate phosphodiesterase, light-induced changes in the @entity3007 / @entity3006 ratio known to occur on illumination may serve to reduce G-protein activation and hence reduce phosphodiesterase activation. Second, addition of @entity6708 in the presence of equimolar @entity3007 and @entity3006 causes @entity3007 binding to G-protein to be enhanced compared to @entity3006 binding. This effect increases as the @entity6708 concentration is increased from 0.05 to 2 mM. Thus, light-induced decreases in @entity6708 concentration may also act as a feedback control in reducing G-protein activation. One or both of these processes may be involved in the desensitization (light adaptation) of rod photoreceptors.

title: XXXX influences @entity6370 binding to frog photoreceptor G-protein.

answer: @entity6708 :: (CHEBI:16356,Chemical) :: ['cGMP']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Genotype x environment interaction (G x E) arises when genes influence sensitivity to the environment. G x E is easily recognized in experimental organisms that permit randomization of genotypes over fixed environmental treatments. Genotype-environment correlation (rGE) arises when genetic effects create or evoke exposure to environmental differences. Simultaneous analysis of G x E and such 'active' or 'evocative' rGE in @entity1 is intractable with linear structural models widely used in behavioral genetics because environments are random effects often correlated with genotype. The causes of the environmental variation, therefore, need to be modeled at the same time as the primary outcome. METHODS: A Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach is used to resolve three distinct pathways involving genes and life events affecting the development of @entity308 in female twins and its relationship to pre-pubertal @entity148 : 1) the main of genes and environment; 2) the interaction of genes and environment (G x E); and 3) genotype-environment correlation (rGE). RESULTS: A model including G x E and rGE in addition to the main effects of genes and environment yields significant estimates of the parameters reflecting G x E and rGE. Omission of either G x E or rGE leads to overestimation of the effects of the measured environment and the unique random environment within families. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Genetic differences in @entity148 create later genetic differences in @entity308 ; 2) genes that affect early @entity148 increase sensitivity (G x E) to adverse life events; 3) genes that increase risk to early @entity148 increase exposure to depressogenic environmental influences (rGE). Additional genetic effects, specific to @entity308 , further increase sensitivity to adversity. Failure to take into account the effects of G x E and rGE will lead to misunderstanding how genes and environment affect complex behavior.

title: Resolving multiple epigenetic pathways to adolescent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'post-pubertal depression']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: A sensitive immunoradiometric assay for recombinant alpha-2 interferon ( @entity4020 ; @entity69648 ) was developed by using the monoclonal antibody @entity10125 . A @entity852 bead with polyclonal sheep anti-human @entity4020 (Hu @entity4020 ) antibody adsorbed to it formed the solid phase of the assay. The monoclonal antibody, labeled with 125I, reacted with the @entity4020 which bound to the polyclonal antibody on the bead. The assay was sensitive, capable of measuring less than 5 IU/ml, and it was precise. Coefficients of variation were less than 10%, often less than 5%. Interassay coefficients of variation for the same sample were also less than 10%. Specificity of the monoclonal antibody for @entity4020 was greater than for Hu @entity4020 produced by leukocytes. In specificity studies it was necessary to add at least 200 IU of Hu @entity4020 per ml to 25 IU of @entity4020 per ml before the Hu @entity4020 affected the accuracy of the assay of @entity4020 . Accuracy as determined by correlation studies with the antiviral cytopathic effect assay was very high. Results of the two assays usually agreed within 15%. This correlation was maintained in studies of @entity4020 after storage under accelerated degradation conditions, when the IFN was cleaved into smaller sequences of @entity1522 by @entity13518 and when the IFN was carboxymethylated.

title: Immunoradiometric assay of a recombinant human alpha-2 interferon ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity13518 :: ('MESH:D003488', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanogen bromide']

answer: @entity69648 :: (MESH:C554127,Chemical) :: ['SCH 30500']


abstract: @entity1909 is a multifactorial @entity272 in which skin barrier impairment is involved in the pathogenesis. The development of topical agents that improve skin barrier function is therefore a promising approach for the management of hand @entity1909 . Topically applied lipids may interfere with skin barrier function, and emollients containing skin-related lipids have been suggested to facilitate repair of the skin barrier. However, evidence for the superiority of emollients containing skin-related lipids over the more traditional emollients is still lacking. The aim of this study was to compare an emollient containing skin-related lipids (Locobase Repair) with a traditional petrolatum-based emollient for the management of hand @entity1909 . Adult males and females (n = 30) with mild to moderate @entity9335 were treated twice daily for 2 months either with an emollient containing skin-related lipids or with a pet.-based emollient. In the case of exacerbation, the @entity1 of both treatment groups were allowed to use a mild corticosteroid according to instructions. Both treatment regimes significantly improved clinical signs of hand @entity1909 as assessed by the investigator global assessment, hand @entity484 area and severity score. We did not observe significant differences in the improvement of clinical signs, @entity111 , @entity1 ' assessment of efficacy, cosmetic acceptability or usage of topical corticosteroids between both treatment groups. In conclusion, this study confirms that the frequent use of emollients may be useful in the therapy of hand @entity1909 . However, we could not demonstrate the superiority of this particular emollient containing skin-related lipids in @entity1 with @entity9335 .

title: A randomized comparison of an emollient containing skin-related lipids with a petrolatum-based emollient as adjunct in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9335 :: ('MESH:D010787', 'Disease') :: ['chronic hand dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorder']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['Hand dermatitis', 'dermatitis']

answer: @entity9335 :: (MESH:D010787,Disease) :: ['chronic hand dermatitis']


abstract: A plasmid marker rescue system based on restoration of the nptII gene was established in @entity9190 to study the transfer of bacterial and transgenic plant DNA by transformation. In vitro studies revealed that the marker rescue efficiency depends on the type of donor DNA. Plasmid and chromosomal DNA of bacteria as well as DNA of transgenic @entity415 were transferred with efficiencies ranging from 8.1 x 10(-6) to 5.8 x 10(-7) transformants per nptII gene. Using a 792-bp amplification product of nptII the efficiency was strongly decreased (9.8 x 10(-9)). In blood sausage, marker rescue using plasmid DNA was detectable (7.9 x 10(-10)), whereas in milk @entity70929 ( @entity70929 ) had to be added to obtain an efficiency of 2.7 x 10(-11). No marker rescue was detected in extracts of transgenic @entity415 despite addition of @entity70929 . In vivo transformation of @entity9190 LTH 5597 was studied in monoassociated @entity35 by using plasmid DNA. No marker rescue could be detected in vivo, although transformation was detected in the presence of saliva and fecal samples supplemented with @entity70929 . It was also shown that plasmid DNA persists in @entity35 saliva permitting transformation for up to 6 h of incubation. It is suggested that the lack of marker rescue is due to the absence of competence-stimulating factors such as serum proteins in @entity35 saliva.

title: Marker rescue studies of the transfer of recombinant DNA to XXXX in vitro, in foods and gnotobiotic @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity70929 :: ('MESH:D006734', 'Disease') :: ['heat-inactivated horse serum', 'HHS']

entities_list: @entity9190 :: ('1302', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus gordonii', 'S. gordonii']

answer: @entity9190 :: (1302,Species) :: ['Streptococcus gordonii']


abstract: A plasmid marker rescue system based on restoration of the nptII gene was established in @entity9190 to study the transfer of bacterial and transgenic plant DNA by transformation. In vitro studies revealed that the marker rescue efficiency depends on the type of donor DNA. Plasmid and chromosomal DNA of bacteria as well as DNA of transgenic @entity415 were transferred with efficiencies ranging from 8.1 x 10(-6) to 5.8 x 10(-7) transformants per nptII gene. Using a 792-bp amplification product of nptII the efficiency was strongly decreased (9.8 x 10(-9)). In blood sausage, marker rescue using plasmid DNA was detectable (7.9 x 10(-10)), whereas in milk @entity70929 ( @entity70929 ) had to be added to obtain an efficiency of 2.7 x 10(-11). No marker rescue was detected in extracts of transgenic @entity415 despite addition of @entity70929 . In vivo transformation of @entity9190 LTH 5597 was studied in monoassociated @entity35 by using plasmid DNA. No marker rescue could be detected in vivo, although transformation was detected in the presence of saliva and fecal samples supplemented with @entity70929 . It was also shown that plasmid DNA persists in @entity35 saliva permitting transformation for up to 6 h of incubation. It is suggested that the lack of marker rescue is due to the absence of competence-stimulating factors such as serum proteins in @entity35 saliva.

title: Marker rescue studies of the transfer of recombinant DNA to @entity9190 in vitro, in foods and gnotobiotic XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to describe the prognosis after hospitalization after exacerbation of @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 300 consecutively admitted @entity1 with exacerbation of @entity1030 in three departments of internal medicine with special interest in respiratory medicine. Data were collected from @entity1 charts. RESULTS: The mean age was 71.3 years. 59.7% were @entity1 and 60.9% had cor pulmonale. In 44% of the @entity1 @entity519 was documented at the time of admission. Twentysix(9%) @entity1 died during hospitalization. After three and 12 months mortality was 19% and 36%, respectively. Age, cor pulmonale and @entity519 at the time of admission were associated with increased mortality, whereas @entity73 , long term @entity26 treatment, and a record of hospitalization with the same diagnosis in the previous 30 days were associated with increased mortality in univariate analysis, but not when adjusted for age, gender, and @entity519 at admission. The risk of readmission was increased in cor pulmonale, while cessation of smoking during hospitalization reduced this risk. DISCUSSION: @entity1 who have been hospitalized with exacerbation of @entity1030 has a high mortality and a high risk of readmission.

title: [ XXXX . Admission, course and prognosis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired lung function']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: @entity93 : @entity2945 cytidylyltranferase (CCT) regulates @entity2434 (PC) biosynthesis. Its activity is controlled by reversible interactions with membrane lipids, mediated by an internal segment referred to as domain M. Although domain M peptides adopt an amphipathic alpha-helical structure when membrane bound, the structure of this domain in the context of the whole enzyme in the lipid-free and lipid-bound state is unknown. Here we derive lipid-induced secondary structural changes in @entity13607 using circular dichroism and three deconvolution programs. The analysis of two fragments, CCT236 (CCT1-236, housing the catalytic domain) and a synthetic domain M peptide (CCT237-293) aided the assignment of structural change to specific domains. To carry out this study, we developed a micellar lipid activating system that would avoid generation of CCT-induced lipid vesicle aggregates that interfere with the CD analysis. @entity6579 / @entity3634 (LPC/PG) mixed micelles supported full activation of CCT and caused an increase in the alpha-helix content of full-length CCT from 25 to 41%, at the expense of all other conformations. LPC/PG also induced an increase in alpha-helix content of the domain M peptide from 7 to 85% at the expense of all other conformers. This lipid system did not significantly affect the secondary structure of CCT236, nor did it affect the @entity1949 pattern of this region within full-length CCT, suggesting that the region containing the catalytic domain changes very little upon membrane activation of CCT. Our data suggest that lipids trigger a conformational switch in domain M from a mixed structure to an alpha-helix, thus creating a hydrophobic face for membrane insertion. Our results negate the idea that domain M is entirely helical in both the soluble and membrane-bound forms of CCT.

title: Lipid-induced conformational switch in the membrane binding domain of @entity93 : XXXX cytidylyltransferase: a circular dichroism study.

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['proteolytic fragmentation']

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['Lysophosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity2945 :: ('MESH:D010767', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphocholine']

entities_list: @entity3634 :: ('MESH:D010715', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylglycerol']

answer: @entity2945 :: (MESH:D010767,Chemical) :: ['phosphocholine']


abstract: @entity93 : @entity2945 cytidylyltranferase (CCT) regulates @entity2434 (PC) biosynthesis. Its activity is controlled by reversible interactions with membrane lipids, mediated by an internal segment referred to as domain M. Although domain M peptides adopt an amphipathic alpha-helical structure when membrane bound, the structure of this domain in the context of the whole enzyme in the lipid-free and lipid-bound state is unknown. Here we derive lipid-induced secondary structural changes in @entity13607 using circular dichroism and three deconvolution programs. The analysis of two fragments, CCT236 (CCT1-236, housing the catalytic domain) and a synthetic domain M peptide (CCT237-293) aided the assignment of structural change to specific domains. To carry out this study, we developed a micellar lipid activating system that would avoid generation of CCT-induced lipid vesicle aggregates that interfere with the CD analysis. @entity6579 / @entity3634 (LPC/PG) mixed micelles supported full activation of CCT and caused an increase in the alpha-helix content of full-length CCT from 25 to 41%, at the expense of all other conformations. LPC/PG also induced an increase in alpha-helix content of the domain M peptide from 7 to 85% at the expense of all other conformers. This lipid system did not significantly affect the secondary structure of CCT236, nor did it affect the @entity1949 pattern of this region within full-length CCT, suggesting that the region containing the catalytic domain changes very little upon membrane activation of CCT. Our data suggest that lipids trigger a conformational switch in domain M from a mixed structure to an alpha-helix, thus creating a hydrophobic face for membrane insertion. Our results negate the idea that domain M is entirely helical in both the soluble and membrane-bound forms of CCT.

title: Lipid-induced conformational switch in the membrane binding domain of XXXX : @entity2945 cytidylyltransferase: a circular dichroism study.

answer: @entity93 :: (MESH:D003570,Chemical) :: ['CTP']


abstract: Male Vietnam veterans have repeatedly expressed concern that exposure to herbicides in Vietnam may have caused @entity600 in their offspring. The second most used herbicide was a mixture of @entity14462 and picloram called Agent White. This study is an investigation into the possible male-mediated reproductive toxicology of this herbicide. Male @entity35 were gavaged for 5 days per week for 9 weeks with a mixture of @entity14462 and picloram called Tordon 75D(R) (the Australian derivative of Agent White). Three doses were tested; the high dose was considered the maximum tolerated dose. Each male was mated with two untreated females during weeks 2 and 3, 4 and 5, and 8 and 9 of treatment, and with four untreated females after an 11-week recovery period. Negative controls were males dosed with distilled water, and positive controls were males dosed with @entity786 at 5.1 mg/kg/day. All mated females were killed on day 20 of gestation, and the fetuses were weighed and examined for either structural @entity600 or skeletal development. Litter size, fetal weight, and @entity600 rate were all unaffected by treatment. The @entity786 positive controls showed the expected large increase in postimplantation loss. In general, within the limitations of the power of the study, the results did not show any evidence that exposure to a herbicide formulation containing @entity14462 and @entity4642 is likely to cause male-mediated @entity600 or other adverse reproductive outcomes.

title: A study of the potential for a herbicide formulation containing XXXX and picloram to cause male-mediated developmental toxicity in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity4642 :: ('MESH:D010846', 'Chemical') :: ['picloram']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations', 'malformation', 'birth defects']

answer: @entity14462 :: (MESH:D015084,Chemical) :: ['2,4-d']


abstract: Male Vietnam veterans have repeatedly expressed concern that exposure to herbicides in Vietnam may have caused @entity600 in their offspring. The second most used herbicide was a mixture of @entity14462 and picloram called Agent White. This study is an investigation into the possible male-mediated reproductive toxicology of this herbicide. Male @entity35 were gavaged for 5 days per week for 9 weeks with a mixture of @entity14462 and picloram called Tordon 75D(R) (the Australian derivative of Agent White). Three doses were tested; the high dose was considered the maximum tolerated dose. Each male was mated with two untreated females during weeks 2 and 3, 4 and 5, and 8 and 9 of treatment, and with four untreated females after an 11-week recovery period. Negative controls were males dosed with distilled water, and positive controls were males dosed with @entity786 at 5.1 mg/kg/day. All mated females were killed on day 20 of gestation, and the fetuses were weighed and examined for either structural @entity600 or skeletal development. Litter size, fetal weight, and @entity600 rate were all unaffected by treatment. The @entity786 positive controls showed the expected large increase in postimplantation loss. In general, within the limitations of the power of the study, the results did not show any evidence that exposure to a herbicide formulation containing @entity14462 and @entity4642 is likely to cause male-mediated @entity600 or other adverse reproductive outcomes.

title: A study of the potential for a herbicide formulation containing @entity14462 and picloram to cause male-mediated developmental toxicity in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of operations for distantly metastatic well-differentiated @entity259 (DTC) is poorly defined. We review the indications for operation for metastatic DTC. METHODS: This study consists of 260 @entity1 treated between 1941 and 2000 for metastatic DTC, of which 59 (23%) underwent operations. Median follow-up was 7 years (range, 1 to 49 years). @entity3 were identified clinically in 157 (60%) and radiologically in 103 (40%) @entity1 . The disease-specific survival was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Twenty-four @entity1 (9%) were disease-free with resection. Palliative resection was indicated for @entity158 , pathologic @entity174 , or symptomatic @entity602 (35/260, 14%). @entity1 who could undergo complete metastasectomy survived longer than those having incomplete/palliative resection or nonoperative treatment for metastatic @entity9856 (5-year disease-specific survival, 78% vs 43% vs 46%, P =.03). CONCLUSIONS: Solitary distant @entity3 of DTC amenable to complete resection is infrequent. Complete metastasectomy may be associated with improved survival for localized distant disease. Palliative resection is indicated to improve quality of life for symptomatic distant @entity3 .

title: The role of operations for distantly metastatic well-differentiated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord involvement']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful bone metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'Metastases']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinoma']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: Between 6/81 and 6/83, 73 @entity1 with small cell @entity2 were treated according to a prospective protocol in which @entity786 , @entity632 , and @entity1891 ( @entity3895 ) were given concurrently with prophylactic craniocervical irradiation to the level of C5. Both limited and @entity66 @entity1 with normal computed tomography of the brain received 25 Gy in 10 fractions in 2 weeks. Complete responders to @entity3895 received consolidative thoracic irradiation (CTI) to the local-regional primary (37.5 Gy in 15 fractions in 3 weeks), the first 25 Gy in 10 fractions serving as prophylaxis of the C6 to T12 spinal cord. The neuraxis from L1 to S2 then received 25 Gy in 10 fractions in 2 weeks. Consolidative irradiation of localizable metastatic sites was given in @entity66 @entity1 . Partial and nonresponders to @entity3895 received 50-60 Gy in 5-6 weeks to local-regional disease. With a median followup of 29 months, survival was significantly better (p less than .01) in @entity1 receiving CTI to the chest after complete response to @entity3895 (both limited disease and @entity66 ) than without CTI. Of 41 @entity1 completing the protocol and without central nervous system (CNS) involvement at presentation, four (9%) failed initially in the CNS (two brain, two @entity4681 ); CNS failure was the cause of death in all four @entity1 with no other sites of @entity3 at death in two of these. Failure to complete protocol treatment was due to disease progression during chemotherapy in 25/73 (34%) and chemotherapy related complications (three @entity295 , one @entity360 ) in four of 73 (5.5%) @entity1 . CTI and prophylactic neuraxis irradiation did not increase morbidity or result in mortality in the sequence utilized; prophylactic neuraxis irradiation appears to reduce the CNS relapse rate, and CTI benefits survival.

title: Multiagent chemotherapy, prophylactic neuraxis irradiation, and consolidative irradiation for small cell XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['extensive disease']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['spinal axis']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleed']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the lung']


abstract: In order to assess the seroprevalence of @entity2069 in Romania and to define associated risk factors, a cross-sectional, observational study was performed in 13 districts during 1999. Sera from healthy blood donors (1,598) and from forestry workers (1,048) were tested. A two-step testing strategy was used in which sera were tested for anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies by a commercially available @entity400 ( @entity400 ). All @entity400 positive sera were then evaluated by Western blot IgG. Demographic data regarding age, sex, profession, work place/residence, duration of employment (forestry workers), animals in the environment, and tick bites history were collected using a questionnaire. Data obtained from serological study were matched with that obtained from the questionnaire. The seroprevalence of @entity2069 in blood donors was of 4.3% (range 1.4-8.7%) and 9.3% (range 2.8-31.7%) in forestry workers. Seroprevalence was higher in forestry workers with a tick bite history (10.7 vs. 4.3%, p < 0.05). The highest seroprevalence in blood donors (8.7%) was noted in Maramures, a northern district of the country, whereas in forestry workers the highest seroprevalence (31.7%) was observed in a western district (Arad), where a previous study in entomology has demonstrated the highest density of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Romania.

title: Seroprevalence of XXXX in Romania.

entities_list: @entity2069 :: ('139', 'Species') :: ['Borrelia burgdorferi', 'B. burgdorferi']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['passive hemagglutination assays', 'PHA']

answer: @entity2069 :: (139,Species) :: ['Borrelia burgdorferi']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity226 is one of the most important emergency situations in ophthalmology. METHOD: Recommendations of the literature how to diagnose and how to treat the disease are described. RESULTS: The basic diagnostic steps such as the "Five Criteria Classification" together with certain exceptions of the classification criteria and the recognition of different facets of the varying clinical picture are emphasised. Special @entity455 should be noted and identified. It is pointed out that an @entity3468 without @entity10 is of great clinical importance, known as occult @entity3468 , because of the lack of classical symptoms, often leading to a wrong diagnosis. @entity1781 ( @entity1781 ) is the most frequent cause of @entity1939 . Differential diagnosis between non-arteritic and arteritic @entity1781 is emphasised. The different arguments concerning the performance of unilateral or bilateral arterial resection ("biopsy") and the findings of colour duplex ultrasonography in comparison to the histological results are discussed. It is also pointed out that some new diagnostic procedures such as the MRI examination with @entity2287 and the PET-Scan examination may be helpful in supporting the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: @entity226 is more often diagnosed in recent years. The diagnosis should be made in cooperation by the ophthalmologist and internists and neurologists. Blindness caused by @entity226 is preventable in the majority of @entity1 if diagnosed early and treated properly. For decades of clinical experience it has been well established that early diagnosis and systemic treatment with high doses of systemic @entity288 are essential in preventing @entity735 .

title: [ XXXX - An Overview].

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arteritic appearances of the facial artery, the occipital artery and the vertebral artery']

entities_list: @entity226 :: ('MESH:D013700', 'Disease') :: ['Cranial arteritis', 'cranial arteritis']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['blindness in one or both eyes']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['AION', 'Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity226 :: (MESH:D013700,Disease) :: ['Cranial arteritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in agricultural workers in a rural area of Tuscany and to relate them to some occupational risk factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was performed on a sample of 461 agricultural workers from two rural area of Tuscany. All subjects underwent to respiratory questionnaire, pulmonary function test and skin prick tests. Occupational risk factors were evaluated as response to questions related to 11 specific jobs, most of them related to @entity291 -shed works. RESULTS: Subjects had high mean age and a long work duration. Smoking habit was significantly associated with symptoms of chronic @entity3617 , while atopy was significantly associated with chronic cough, phlegm and @entity1353 . In comparison with a control group of workers which did not report any occupational risk factors (reference group), logistic analysis showed that most symptoms were significantly associated with some specific jobs related to animal breeding, taking into account differences due to age, smoking habit, atopy and district. Mean pulmonary function tests were in the normal range, without any significant relationship with different risk factors, except smoking habit. Increased work duration was associated with significant decrease of pulmonary function. CONCLUSION: Symptoms of chronic @entity3617 were frequent in this population of farmers of Middle Italy. The analysis of risk factors confirms a relevant role for some specific occupational risk factors, related to jobs in the @entity291 -shed, in the development of @entity1576 .

title: Risk factors for chronic XXXX in a sample of farmers in middle Italy.

entities_list: @entity3617 :: ('MESH:D001991', 'Disease') :: ['bronchitis']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory disorders']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['respiratory disorders']


abstract: PURPOSE: Budding at the invasive front of @entity5 has recently been thought to suggest greater malignant potential of the @entity14 . We examined whether budding is associated with poor prognosis after curative resection in Stage II and @entity5 . Furthermore, we examined whether budding is useful to select high-risk @entity1 in @entity5 . METHODS: Surgically resected specimens of 196 @entity5 were studied. All the resections were curative (R0), and the median postoperative follow-up was 75.5 months. Using @entity1710 - @entity1711 -stained sections, we determined the presence or absence of budding according to Morodomi's criteria. Routine pathologic findings were also recorded. RESULTS: Budding was detected significantly more frequently in lesions with lymph node @entity3 (Stage III) than in lesions without it (Stage II; P < 0.0001). @entity1 with budding-positive lesions had worse outcome than those with budding-negative lesions: 43 @entity1 (50.6 percent) with budding-positive lesions and 9 (8.1 percent) with budding-negative lesions developed recurrence (P < 0.0001). @entity1 with budding-positive lesions had a worse prognosis than @entity1 without it (P < 0.0001). Moreover, no significant difference in survival curves was observed between @entity1 with budding-positive @entity34 and those with @entity5 (P = 0.930). Multivariate analysis revealed budding as the significant prognostic cofactor of postoperative survival in Stage II and @entity5 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Budding is useful to select high-risk @entity1 in @entity5 .

title: Budding is useful to select high-risk XXXX in stage II well-differentiated or moderately differentiated colon adenocarcinoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stage II colon carcinoma', 'Stage III colon carcinoma', 'Stage III lesions', 'Stage II and Stage III colon carcinomas', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['Stage II lesions']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Single-subject case. OBJECTIVES: To describe the atypical presentation of a rare @entity5 and difficulties in diagnosis. SETTING: Spinal cord unit of a rehabilitation and care center in Ankara, @entity233 . METHODS: A 22-year-old male @entity1 with @entity451 was admitted to our center for rehabilitation. He underwent various diagnostic procedures to explain his clinical situation. RESULTS: Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a mass and vertebral destruction. The pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of @entity2828 . CONCLUSION: @entity1745 is an important complication of primary or metastatic @entity5 . Although it is a late complication in most cases, some @entity5 including @entity2828 may present with @entity451 . @entity130 may be found in the @entity1 's history. An atypical clinical course in a musculoskeletal or @entity16 should alert us to a possible underlying @entity5 .

title: @entity451 : an unusual presentation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant disease', 'malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

answer: @entity2828 :: (MESH:D012512,Disease) :: ['Ewing's sarcoma']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Single-subject case. OBJECTIVES: To describe the atypical presentation of a rare @entity5 and difficulties in diagnosis. SETTING: Spinal cord unit of a rehabilitation and care center in Ankara, @entity233 . METHODS: A 22-year-old male @entity1 with @entity451 was admitted to our center for rehabilitation. He underwent various diagnostic procedures to explain his clinical situation. RESULTS: Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a mass and vertebral destruction. The pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of @entity2828 . CONCLUSION: @entity1745 is an important complication of primary or metastatic @entity5 . Although it is a late complication in most cases, some @entity5 including @entity2828 may present with @entity451 . @entity130 may be found in the @entity1 's history. An atypical clinical course in a musculoskeletal or @entity16 should alert us to a possible underlying @entity5 .

title: XXXX : an unusual presentation of @entity2828 .

answer: @entity451 :: (MESH:C536857,Disease) :: ['Paraplegia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Moderate to severe irreversible @entity339 secondary to @entity583 is an independent risk factor for reduced long-term survival. Late effects of correction of @entity339 concomitant with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are less well known and the choice of mitral valve procedure is still debated. METHODS: From 1988 to 1998, 93 consecutive @entity1 (mean age 63+/-9 years) were treated for moderate to severe irreversible @entity339 secondary to @entity583 ; 84 were in NYHA functional class III-IV and 19 were in @entity1455 . Thirty-seven @entity1 underwent emergency surgery. Perioperative intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) was necessary in 33 @entity1 . Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 12 years (mean 51 months+/-41). RESULTS: Mitral valve was repaired in 30 @entity1 and replaced in 63. Replacement was preferably performed in @entity1 with major displacement of papillary muscle and in @entity1 with acute @entity121 . CABG (3.4 distal anastomoses) was performed in all @entity1 and was complete in 92%. Early mortality was 15% (14/93). Multivariable analysis identified need for IABP (P=0.005) and @entity1030 (P=0.02) as risk factors for @entity204 . Emergency surgery had only a trend (P=0.15) for increased mortality; age, low ejection fraction, repair vs. replacement had no influence. Actuarial survival rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 81, 65 and 56%, respectively. Late survival was similar in @entity1 with replacement or repair (P=0.46). At last follow-up, all but one @entity1 were in NYHA functional class I or II. CONCLUSIONS: Combined mitral valve procedure and myocardial revascularization, as complete as possible, for moderate to severe @entity339 secondary to @entity583 achieve satisfactory early and late outcome despite the increased operative mortality. Acute @entity121 , severe restriction of the mitral valve by major displacement of the papillary muscle are better managed by valve replacement.

title: Results of surgery for irreversible moderate to severe mitral valve regurgitation secondary to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral incompetence', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['papillary muscle rupture']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['early death']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the cause of acute @entity137 observed in the treatment of @entity135 with extended-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (EF-IMRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: EF-IMRT was used to treat @entity135 , with the gross target volume receiving 70 Gy and the clinical target volume 60 Gy. A thermoplastic mask covering the head, neck, and shoulder was used for immobilization. Dosimetric studies were conducted to investigate the possible causes of the skin reactions, such as the bolus effect of the mask, the use of multiple tangential beams with IMRT plans, and the way in which the physicians contoured the lymph nodes. The dose-volume histograms of conventional opposed-lateral fields were compared with that of the multiple tangential EF-IMRT fields. IMRT plans with neck nodes contoured up to and including the skin surface were compared with plans that contoured the neck nodes 5 mm away from the skin surface. In addition, IMRT plans defining the skin as a sensitive structure were compared with plans that did not define the skin as a sensitive structure. All plans were created using an anthropomorphic Rando phantom, and the skin doses were measured with and without the mask. In each measurement, 6 thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were placed at the lateral and medial surfaces of the neck. RESULTS: For all four plans, the measured skin doses with the mask were consistently higher than those without the mask. The average dose increase was about 18% owing to the bolus effect of the mask. Multiple tangential fields used in IMRT plans contributed to an increase in skin dose by about 19% and 27%, with and without the mask, respectively. If the skin of the neck was contoured as a sensitive structure for dose optimization, the volume of skin that received >45 Gy was further reduced by about 20%. Five @entity1 immobilized with head and shoulder masks were treated with EF-IMRT plans with the neck nodes carefully delineated away from the skin surface. The neck skin was identified as a sensitive structure for dose optimization. Grade 1 @entity137 was observed in 3 @entity1 , Grade 2 in 1 @entity1 , and Grade 3 in 1 @entity1 toward the end of treatment. CONCLUSION: Multiple factors contributed to the observed acute skin reaction for @entity135 @entity1 treated with EF-IMRT. By taking into consideration the skin as a sensitive structure during inverse planning, it was possible to reduce the skin dose to a tolerable level without compromising @entity5 target coverage.

title: XXXX due to intensity-modulated radiotherapy for @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head-and-neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'skin toxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['Skin toxicity']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the cause of acute @entity137 observed in the treatment of @entity135 with extended-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (EF-IMRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: EF-IMRT was used to treat @entity135 , with the gross target volume receiving 70 Gy and the clinical target volume 60 Gy. A thermoplastic mask covering the head, neck, and shoulder was used for immobilization. Dosimetric studies were conducted to investigate the possible causes of the skin reactions, such as the bolus effect of the mask, the use of multiple tangential beams with IMRT plans, and the way in which the physicians contoured the lymph nodes. The dose-volume histograms of conventional opposed-lateral fields were compared with that of the multiple tangential EF-IMRT fields. IMRT plans with neck nodes contoured up to and including the skin surface were compared with plans that contoured the neck nodes 5 mm away from the skin surface. In addition, IMRT plans defining the skin as a sensitive structure were compared with plans that did not define the skin as a sensitive structure. All plans were created using an anthropomorphic Rando phantom, and the skin doses were measured with and without the mask. In each measurement, 6 thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were placed at the lateral and medial surfaces of the neck. RESULTS: For all four plans, the measured skin doses with the mask were consistently higher than those without the mask. The average dose increase was about 18% owing to the bolus effect of the mask. Multiple tangential fields used in IMRT plans contributed to an increase in skin dose by about 19% and 27%, with and without the mask, respectively. If the skin of the neck was contoured as a sensitive structure for dose optimization, the volume of skin that received >45 Gy was further reduced by about 20%. Five @entity1 immobilized with head and shoulder masks were treated with EF-IMRT plans with the neck nodes carefully delineated away from the skin surface. The neck skin was identified as a sensitive structure for dose optimization. Grade 1 @entity137 was observed in 3 @entity1 , Grade 2 in 1 @entity1 , and Grade 3 in 1 @entity1 toward the end of treatment. CONCLUSION: Multiple factors contributed to the observed acute skin reaction for @entity135 @entity1 treated with EF-IMRT. By taking into consideration the skin as a sensitive structure during inverse planning, it was possible to reduce the skin dose to a tolerable level without compromising @entity5 target coverage.

title: @entity137 due to intensity-modulated radiotherapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head-and-neck carcinoma']


abstract: @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin, @entity70930 (commercial name; @entity70930 ) has been suspected to have induced in the workers some @entity137 signs such as collagen disease like @entity2631 or @entity6558 . Subacute @entity137 of this agent was studied in @entity35 following repeated oral administration. The agent was given orally at 5 dose levels (25 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per one dose) for periods ranging from 10 days to 4 weeks. After the completion of administration, clinico-biochemical tests and histopathological examinations were carried out. In a few cases, skeletal muscles and choroid plexus of the brain were examined by electronmicroscopy. Clinico-biochemical tests revealed some elevation of muscle-derived components such as GOT and CPK as seen in the @entity66 . Histologically, various degrees of @entity194 , degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers and a numerical increase of interstitial cells were observed in the skeletal muscles. Electronmicroscopical examination of the gastrocnemius muscle revealed intrasarcoplasmic osmiophilic round-shaped inclusion bodies, sometimes with lamellar structure, which were suggestive of some @entity37480 . The epithelial cells of choroid plexus in the brain ventricles represented various degrees of vacuolar changes lightmicroscopically, which were suggested to be dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum electronmicroscopically. Although @entity2631 -like changes were not observed in our experiments, the results suggest that this @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin could be one of the causative agents which induced @entity137 lesions like some collagen diseases including @entity121 in the workers. In addition, it is considered that the agent may have systemic @entity137 effects.

title: Clinico-pathological changes induced in @entity35 treated with @entity6115 -curing agent for XXXX resin, @entity70930 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxic']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['myopathic diseases']

entities_list: @entity70930 :: ('MESH:C026295', 'Chemical') :: ['bis(4-amino-3-methyl-cyclohexyl)methane', 'Laromin C']

entities_list: @entity6115 :: ('CHEBI:32952', 'Chemical') :: ['amine', 'Amine']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle lesions']

entities_list: @entity6558 :: ('MESH:D017285', 'Disease') :: ['polymyositis']

answer: @entity990 :: (CHEBI:30721,Chemical) :: ['epoxy']


abstract: @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin, @entity70930 (commercial name; @entity70930 ) has been suspected to have induced in the workers some @entity137 signs such as collagen disease like @entity2631 or @entity6558 . Subacute @entity137 of this agent was studied in @entity35 following repeated oral administration. The agent was given orally at 5 dose levels (25 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per one dose) for periods ranging from 10 days to 4 weeks. After the completion of administration, clinico-biochemical tests and histopathological examinations were carried out. In a few cases, skeletal muscles and choroid plexus of the brain were examined by electronmicroscopy. Clinico-biochemical tests revealed some elevation of muscle-derived components such as GOT and CPK as seen in the @entity66 . Histologically, various degrees of @entity194 , degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers and a numerical increase of interstitial cells were observed in the skeletal muscles. Electronmicroscopical examination of the gastrocnemius muscle revealed intrasarcoplasmic osmiophilic round-shaped inclusion bodies, sometimes with lamellar structure, which were suggestive of some @entity37480 . The epithelial cells of choroid plexus in the brain ventricles represented various degrees of vacuolar changes lightmicroscopically, which were suggested to be dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum electronmicroscopically. Although @entity2631 -like changes were not observed in our experiments, the results suggest that this @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin could be one of the causative agents which induced @entity137 lesions like some collagen diseases including @entity121 in the workers. In addition, it is considered that the agent may have systemic @entity137 effects.

title: Clinico-pathological changes induced in @entity35 treated with XXXX -curing agent for @entity990 resin, @entity70930 .

answer: @entity6115 :: (CHEBI:32952,Chemical) :: ['amine']


abstract: @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin, @entity70930 (commercial name; @entity70930 ) has been suspected to have induced in the workers some @entity137 signs such as collagen disease like @entity2631 or @entity6558 . Subacute @entity137 of this agent was studied in @entity35 following repeated oral administration. The agent was given orally at 5 dose levels (25 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per one dose) for periods ranging from 10 days to 4 weeks. After the completion of administration, clinico-biochemical tests and histopathological examinations were carried out. In a few cases, skeletal muscles and choroid plexus of the brain were examined by electronmicroscopy. Clinico-biochemical tests revealed some elevation of muscle-derived components such as GOT and CPK as seen in the @entity66 . Histologically, various degrees of @entity194 , degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers and a numerical increase of interstitial cells were observed in the skeletal muscles. Electronmicroscopical examination of the gastrocnemius muscle revealed intrasarcoplasmic osmiophilic round-shaped inclusion bodies, sometimes with lamellar structure, which were suggestive of some @entity37480 . The epithelial cells of choroid plexus in the brain ventricles represented various degrees of vacuolar changes lightmicroscopically, which were suggested to be dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum electronmicroscopically. Although @entity2631 -like changes were not observed in our experiments, the results suggest that this @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin could be one of the causative agents which induced @entity137 lesions like some collagen diseases including @entity121 in the workers. In addition, it is considered that the agent may have systemic @entity137 effects.

title: Clinico-pathological changes induced in @entity35 treated with @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin, XXXX .

answer: @entity70930 :: (MESH:C026295,Chemical) :: ['bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane']


abstract: @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin, @entity70930 (commercial name; @entity70930 ) has been suspected to have induced in the workers some @entity137 signs such as collagen disease like @entity2631 or @entity6558 . Subacute @entity137 of this agent was studied in @entity35 following repeated oral administration. The agent was given orally at 5 dose levels (25 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per one dose) for periods ranging from 10 days to 4 weeks. After the completion of administration, clinico-biochemical tests and histopathological examinations were carried out. In a few cases, skeletal muscles and choroid plexus of the brain were examined by electronmicroscopy. Clinico-biochemical tests revealed some elevation of muscle-derived components such as GOT and CPK as seen in the @entity66 . Histologically, various degrees of @entity194 , degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers and a numerical increase of interstitial cells were observed in the skeletal muscles. Electronmicroscopical examination of the gastrocnemius muscle revealed intrasarcoplasmic osmiophilic round-shaped inclusion bodies, sometimes with lamellar structure, which were suggestive of some @entity37480 . The epithelial cells of choroid plexus in the brain ventricles represented various degrees of vacuolar changes lightmicroscopically, which were suggested to be dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum electronmicroscopically. Although @entity2631 -like changes were not observed in our experiments, the results suggest that this @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin could be one of the causative agents which induced @entity137 lesions like some collagen diseases including @entity121 in the workers. In addition, it is considered that the agent may have systemic @entity137 effects.

title: Clinico-pathological changes induced in XXXX treated with @entity6115 -curing agent for @entity990 resin, @entity70930 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']