abstract: PURPOSE: To determine technical success with percutaneous abscess drainage (PAD) in @entity1 with @entity30 during 14 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 32 @entity1 with @entity30 who underwent PAD from 1985 to 1999 were reviewed. Results of abscess drainage and nature of subsequent surgical procedures were recorded. Factors assessed included postoperative or spontaneous nature of the abscess, documentation of a proved @entity292 , history of occurrence of prior @entity733 , duration of @entity30 , and use of @entity134 treatment. Technical success was defined as complete abscess drainage. Short-term success was defined as avoidance of surgery within 60 days of drainage. Long-term success was defined as avoidance of surgery beyond the initial 60-day period. Short-term avoidance of surgery was assessed as a predictor of the need for surgery in the long term. Statistical analysis was performed with the chi(2) test to evaluate predictors of short-term success and to assess short-term success as a predictor of long-term success. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 96%. In 16 (50%) of 32 @entity1 , the need for surgery in the short term was avoided, and surgery was more likely to be avoided in @entity1 with postoperative @entity733 than in those with spontaneous @entity733 (P =.07). At long-term follow-up, short-term avoidance of surgery did not significantly increase the likelihood of need for surgery in the long term, which occurred in nine of 16 short-term successes versus five of 15 short-term failures (P =.55). Recurrent @entity733 occurred in seven (22%) @entity1 , a rate comparable to that with surgical abscess drainage; four (44%) of nine cases of re-drainage were successful. CONCLUSION: PAD has a high technical success rate of 96%. Half of @entity1 may avoid surgery in the short term.

title: Percutaneous abscess drainage in XXXX : technical success and short- and long-term outcomes during 14 years.

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['abscesses']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['Crohn disease']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn disease']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive power of 201TI scintigraphy in the midcourse of chemotherapy for the final @entity5 response to chemotherapy in malignant bone and soft-tissue @entity5 . METHODS: The 21 @entity1 studied with 201TI scintigraphy were 14 males and 7 females (average age 39.8+/-22.1 yr; age range 8-74 yr). Planar scintigraphy was performed 15 min after injection of 111 MBq 201TI before chemotherapy, after the third chemotherapy cycle (midcourse) in all 21 @entity1 and after the final chemotherapy cycle but before surgery in 11 @entity1 . The 201TI uptake ratio was calculated by dividing the count density of the lesion by that of the contralateral normal area. The percent reduction of the 201TI uptake ratio calculated by 100 x [(prechemotherapy ratio - postchemotherapy ratio)/prechemotherapy ratio] in the midcourse was compared with that after the final course of chemotherapy, and it also was compared with the histologic response. RESULTS: In @entity1 with histologically complete response [(CR), n=6] and with partial response [(PR), n=5], the percent reduction in 201TI uptake ratio after three cycles of chemotherapy was 64.1%+/-14.4% and 50.9% +/-10.5%, respectively. In @entity1 with histologically no change [(NC), n=10], the percent reduction was 0.40%+/-18.2% after the third cycle; -5.3%+/-20.9% in four @entity1 with full courses of chemotherapy (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.005 compared with the CR and PR groups, respectively). After the final cycle of chemotherapy, the percent reduction in 201TI uptake ratio was 68.6%+/-14.7%, 56.2%+/-6.1% and -0.3%+/-17.2% in the CR, PR and NC groups, respectively (NC versus CR, p < 0.0005; NC versus PR, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Thallium-201 scintigraphy performed in the midcourse of chemotherapy is predictive of the final response to chemotherapy that can be demonstrated histologically. Serial 201TI scintigraphy in the midcourse of chemotherapy is useful in assessing final chemotherapeutic response in the early stage of chemotherapy, and it helps clinicians when choosing the most appropriate treatment strategies in @entity1 with bone and soft-tissue @entity5 .

title: Midcourse thallium-201 scintigraphy to predict XXXX response in bone and soft-tissue @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive power of 201TI scintigraphy in the midcourse of chemotherapy for the final @entity5 response to chemotherapy in malignant bone and soft-tissue @entity5 . METHODS: The 21 @entity1 studied with 201TI scintigraphy were 14 males and 7 females (average age 39.8+/-22.1 yr; age range 8-74 yr). Planar scintigraphy was performed 15 min after injection of 111 MBq 201TI before chemotherapy, after the third chemotherapy cycle (midcourse) in all 21 @entity1 and after the final chemotherapy cycle but before surgery in 11 @entity1 . The 201TI uptake ratio was calculated by dividing the count density of the lesion by that of the contralateral normal area. The percent reduction of the 201TI uptake ratio calculated by 100 x [(prechemotherapy ratio - postchemotherapy ratio)/prechemotherapy ratio] in the midcourse was compared with that after the final course of chemotherapy, and it also was compared with the histologic response. RESULTS: In @entity1 with histologically complete response [(CR), n=6] and with partial response [(PR), n=5], the percent reduction in 201TI uptake ratio after three cycles of chemotherapy was 64.1%+/-14.4% and 50.9% +/-10.5%, respectively. In @entity1 with histologically no change [(NC), n=10], the percent reduction was 0.40%+/-18.2% after the third cycle; -5.3%+/-20.9% in four @entity1 with full courses of chemotherapy (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.005 compared with the CR and PR groups, respectively). After the final cycle of chemotherapy, the percent reduction in 201TI uptake ratio was 68.6%+/-14.7%, 56.2%+/-6.1% and -0.3%+/-17.2% in the CR, PR and NC groups, respectively (NC versus CR, p < 0.0005; NC versus PR, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Thallium-201 scintigraphy performed in the midcourse of chemotherapy is predictive of the final response to chemotherapy that can be demonstrated histologically. Serial 201TI scintigraphy in the midcourse of chemotherapy is useful in assessing final chemotherapeutic response in the early stage of chemotherapy, and it helps clinicians when choosing the most appropriate treatment strategies in @entity1 with bone and soft-tissue @entity5 .

title: Midcourse thallium-201 scintigraphy to predict @entity5 response in bone and soft-tissue XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: Cells that overexpress the @entity1262 gene have decreased steady-state accumulation and increased efflux of many anticancer drugs including @entity8253 and @entity17074 . The mechanism(s) of @entity1262 -mediated efflux of drugs is (are) still poorly understood. In an attempt to identify mechanism(s) by which multidrug resistance can be circumvented, the cellular accumulation has been examined of @entity7765 , @entity632 and @entity8779 alone and in conjunction with four vinca alkaloid derivatives-- @entity5713 , @entity1206 , @entity7324 and @entity1891 . The present study was performed using a spectrofluorometric method with which it is possible to follow continuously the uptake and release of fluorescent molecules by living cells, as the incubation of the cells with the drug proceeds. @entity6007 K562 cell lines were used. It has been shown that the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of these three @entity8253 can be inhibited by @entity17074 derivatives. At pH 7.2, 50% of the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of @entity5699 and @entity8779 was inhibited by about 40 +/- 10 microM @entity5713 and that of @entity7765 by 10 +/- 2 microM @entity5713 . The @entity5713 concentration required to inhibit 50% of the active efflux of these @entity8253 did not depend on the @entity4349 concentrations used, indicating that the inhibition was non competitive. The ability of @entity1206 , @entity1891 and @entity7324 to inhibit the active efflux of @entity7765 was also checked; 15 +/- 3 microM @entity1206 are required to inhibit 50% of the active efflux but at concentrations lower than 100 microM, neither @entity1891 nor @entity7324 were able to inhibit this efflux, indicating that the @entity17074 compounds which are the most efficient are the most lipophilic. For the four @entity17074 , the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the efflux was lower as the pH was higher. A detailed kinetics analysis of the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of @entity7765 in the presence of @entity5713 indicates a non competitive inhibition with K(I) = 12 +/- 2 microM.

title: Kinetic analysis in living cells of the inhibition of the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of @entity8253 by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity7765 :: ('MESH:C027260', 'Chemical') :: ['pirarubicin']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['vindesine']

entities_list: @entity5699 :: ('MESH:D003630', 'Chemical') :: ['daunorubicin']

entities_list: @entity17074 :: ('MESH:D014748', 'Chemical') :: ['vinca alkaloids']

entities_list: @entity8779 :: ('MESH:D015255', 'Chemical') :: ['idarubicin']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['navelbine']

entities_list: @entity6007 :: ('MESH:D004915', 'Disease') :: ['Erythroleukemia']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity17074 :: (MESH:D014748,Chemical) :: ['vinca alkaloids']


abstract: Cells that overexpress the @entity1262 gene have decreased steady-state accumulation and increased efflux of many anticancer drugs including @entity8253 and @entity17074 . The mechanism(s) of @entity1262 -mediated efflux of drugs is (are) still poorly understood. In an attempt to identify mechanism(s) by which multidrug resistance can be circumvented, the cellular accumulation has been examined of @entity7765 , @entity632 and @entity8779 alone and in conjunction with four vinca alkaloid derivatives-- @entity5713 , @entity1206 , @entity7324 and @entity1891 . The present study was performed using a spectrofluorometric method with which it is possible to follow continuously the uptake and release of fluorescent molecules by living cells, as the incubation of the cells with the drug proceeds. @entity6007 K562 cell lines were used. It has been shown that the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of these three @entity8253 can be inhibited by @entity17074 derivatives. At pH 7.2, 50% of the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of @entity5699 and @entity8779 was inhibited by about 40 +/- 10 microM @entity5713 and that of @entity7765 by 10 +/- 2 microM @entity5713 . The @entity5713 concentration required to inhibit 50% of the active efflux of these @entity8253 did not depend on the @entity4349 concentrations used, indicating that the inhibition was non competitive. The ability of @entity1206 , @entity1891 and @entity7324 to inhibit the active efflux of @entity7765 was also checked; 15 +/- 3 microM @entity1206 are required to inhibit 50% of the active efflux but at concentrations lower than 100 microM, neither @entity1891 nor @entity7324 were able to inhibit this efflux, indicating that the @entity17074 compounds which are the most efficient are the most lipophilic. For the four @entity17074 , the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the efflux was lower as the pH was higher. A detailed kinetics analysis of the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of @entity7765 in the presence of @entity5713 indicates a non competitive inhibition with K(I) = 12 +/- 2 microM.

title: Kinetic analysis in living cells of the inhibition of the XXXX -mediated efflux of @entity8253 by @entity17074 .

answer: @entity1262 :: (5243,Gene) :: ['P-glycoprotein']


abstract: Cells that overexpress the @entity1262 gene have decreased steady-state accumulation and increased efflux of many anticancer drugs including @entity8253 and @entity17074 . The mechanism(s) of @entity1262 -mediated efflux of drugs is (are) still poorly understood. In an attempt to identify mechanism(s) by which multidrug resistance can be circumvented, the cellular accumulation has been examined of @entity7765 , @entity632 and @entity8779 alone and in conjunction with four vinca alkaloid derivatives-- @entity5713 , @entity1206 , @entity7324 and @entity1891 . The present study was performed using a spectrofluorometric method with which it is possible to follow continuously the uptake and release of fluorescent molecules by living cells, as the incubation of the cells with the drug proceeds. @entity6007 K562 cell lines were used. It has been shown that the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of these three @entity8253 can be inhibited by @entity17074 derivatives. At pH 7.2, 50% of the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of @entity5699 and @entity8779 was inhibited by about 40 +/- 10 microM @entity5713 and that of @entity7765 by 10 +/- 2 microM @entity5713 . The @entity5713 concentration required to inhibit 50% of the active efflux of these @entity8253 did not depend on the @entity4349 concentrations used, indicating that the inhibition was non competitive. The ability of @entity1206 , @entity1891 and @entity7324 to inhibit the active efflux of @entity7765 was also checked; 15 +/- 3 microM @entity1206 are required to inhibit 50% of the active efflux but at concentrations lower than 100 microM, neither @entity1891 nor @entity7324 were able to inhibit this efflux, indicating that the @entity17074 compounds which are the most efficient are the most lipophilic. For the four @entity17074 , the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the efflux was lower as the pH was higher. A detailed kinetics analysis of the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of @entity7765 in the presence of @entity5713 indicates a non competitive inhibition with K(I) = 12 +/- 2 microM.

title: Kinetic analysis in living cells of the inhibition of the @entity1262 -mediated efflux of XXXX by @entity17074 .

answer: @entity8253 :: (MESH:D018943,Chemical) :: ['anthracyclines']


abstract: The clinical records of 24 of the 31 @entity1 who underwent thymectomy for @entity1737 from January 1991 to December 1995 were reviewed. The mean age of @entity1 was 36.5 years, with a male : female ratio of 1 : 5. The average duration of symptoms prior to consultation was 16.6 months. Most of the @entity1 presented @entity892 with clinical stage IIA prior to surgery. The most common procedure utilized was thymectomy via a median sternotomy under general anesthesia-epidural anesthesia. Five of the 24 @entity1 (21%) were immediately extubated postoperatively while 19 remained intubated, with 12 @entity1 attached to a ventilator. Extubation ranged from the first postoperative day up to more than two weeks postoperatively. The average length of ICU stay was 8.1 days and the average length of hospital stay was 31.1 days. The most common morbidity was @entity55 (38%). One @entity1 had a brief reactive @entity716 and another @entity1 had @entity128 which manifested 2 weeks postoperatively. The average length of follow-up was 14.8 months and the mean follow-up period was 24.5 months. There was a general trend of decrease in the dose of medication. However, there was an increase in the medication in 3 @entity1 with 2 showing clinical improvement.

title: Thymectomy for XXXX : outcome of treatment in a tertiary hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['myasthenia gravis']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['phrenic nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

answer: @entity1737 :: (MESH:D009157,Disease) :: ['myasthenia gravis']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity49 and @entity887 has been the target of intensive investigation in recent years. The growing importance of mortality and morbidity due to @entity1211 led to new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. The clinical diagnosis may be misleading and both false-negative and false-positive diagnoses are common, when only clinical signs and symptoms are considered. METHODS: A major problem in the care of the @entity1 is to establish the correct diagnosis. Studies show, that only Venography or Duplexsonography can clearify diagnosis. Risk factors for @entity1211 , propability calculations and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and therapy are presented. RESULTS: Diagnosis. Diagnosis of @entity1150 must be established by Duplexultrasound and/or venography. Special situations may need further investigation by CT-scan or NMR-tomography. No single clinical sign or combination of signs give enough sensitivity and specificity. In @entity1 with @entity1031 without clear etiology, @entity49 , @entity5 , compression syndroms, vascultides and other conditions have to be excluded. THERAPY: Heparins are the standard-therapy. Low-molecular weight heparins may have some benefits over standard heparins in terms of side effects and handling. @entity1524 therapy can be started immediately, if no invasive procedures are necessary and have to be continued for 4-12 months, in recurred events and/or @entity49 even life-long. Thrombolysis is restricted to very few @entity1 ( @entity1 under the age of 50 with large @entity715 not older than 3-7 days and no contraindications). @entity954 is even more restricted. Compression therapy should be obligatory in all @entity1 with @entity1031 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1031 is mainly a diagnostic challenge. The immediate start of the appropriate treatment may reduce @entity887 and @entity715 formation, induce recanalisation and prevent post-thrombotic syndrom.

title: [ XXXX --a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1524 :: ('MESH:C030123', 'Chemical') :: ['Coumarin']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulability', 'Venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'Thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['Surgical thrombectomy']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity49 :: (MESH:D019851,Disease) :: ['Venous thrombosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To estimate the frequencies of radiation- (low and high LET) induced @entity2008 in @entity3569 splenocytes by two-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization using DNA painting probes specific for chromosomes 2, 3, 8, X and Y and to determine (1) the ratio of radiation-induced translocations and dicentrics; (2) the spectrum of exchange aberrations induced by X-rays and neutrons; and (3) the relative involvement of the different chromosomes in the formation of aberrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolated splenocytes from the @entity3569 were irradiated in vitro with different doses of 200 kV X-rays (0.75, 1.5, 3.0 Gy) and 1 MeV fast neutrons (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 Gy). Conventional analysis of @entity2008 was carried out in Giemsa-stained preparations. @entity2008 involving chromosomes 2, 3, 8, X and Y were analysed in first division metaphases using two-colour FISH. RESULTS: The results indicate that when all types of translocations are taken into account both X-rays and neutrons induce more translocations than dicentrics, the ratio between the two types of exchanges being 1.4 and 1.8 respectively. The ratio of 'apparently simple' reciprocal translocations and reciprocal complete dicentrics was close to 1 for both types of radiation. The RBE of neutrons for induction of exchanges was found to be between 5 and 8. Neutron irradiation was more efficient at inducing insertions. Among the chromosomes studied, an increased involvement was observed for chromosome 8 in dicentrics and translocations than that expected on the basis of its chromosome length. The high content of interstitial telomeric sequences in chromosome 8 may be responsible for the observed sensitivity of this chromosome. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study indicate that: (1) more translocations are found than dicentrics; (2) heterogeneity exists among @entity3569 chromosomes for involvement in radiation-induced exchanges; (3) the spectrum and distribution of exchange aberrations are different between X-rays and neutrons; and (4) the relative frequencies of insertions could be used as a 'fingerprint' for exposure to high LET radiation.

title: Frequencies and types of exchange aberrations induced by X-rays and neutrons in XXXX splenocytes detected by FISH using chromosome-specific DNA libraries.

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['Chromosome aberrations', 'chromosome aberrations']

entities_list: @entity3569 :: ('10029', 'Species') :: ['Chinese hamster']

answer: @entity3569 :: (10029,Species) :: ['Chinese hamster']


abstract: A population-based case-control study of @entity1358 was conducted in Minnesota between 1988 and 1990. It included 690 histologically confirmed incident cases identified through the state @entity5 surveillance system, and 707 age and sex frequency-matched controls. In this paper, the authors present estimates of the proportion of @entity1358 cases attributable (or population attributable risk (PAR)) to 1) well-established risk factors, namely smoking, excess weight, and @entity101 , and 2) more speculative risk factors, namely elevated protein intake, history of @entity8 (i.e., stone, injury, or @entity281 ) and high parity among @entity1 . These estimates were based on information obtained from directly interviewed subjects (65% of cases and 100% of controls). The PARs for the three main risk factors were 21% for @entity101 (defined by a reported personal history of @entity101 or of treatment with antihypertensive or diuretic drugs), 21% for excess weight (defined by an elevation of the usual body mass index above the first quartile), and 18% for smoking (past and current). Overall, these three factors accounted for 49% of cases. The proportion increased to 60% when the three more speculative risk factors were considered as well. Sex-specific analyses revealed a greater impact of smoking among @entity1 mainly due to a higher prevalence of past smoking. In contrast, the impact of @entity101 and excess weight was greater among @entity1 due to higher relative risks. These results suggest that 1) intervention measures aimed at reducing smoking, excess weight, and @entity101 could substantially lower the overall incidence of @entity1358 , and 2) intervention measures may have to be sex-specific. Conversely, because at least 40% of cases remain unexplained by the risk factors under study, further etiologic research is needed into @entity1358 , an increasingly common form of @entity5 .

title: Population attributable risk of XXXX in Minnesota.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell cancer']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell cancer']


abstract: @entity497 ( @entity497 ) is responsible for an average of 4.5 million visits annually to physicians' offices, emergency departments, and outpatient clinics. However, there have been few studies using national data on the costs of treating @entity497 . Without such data, it is difficult to assess whether new therapies and treatment strategies are needed to improve @entity1 outcomes. We conducted a retrospective analysis based on national incidence data and paid claims data for @entity1 treated for @entity497 to assess the frequency of services rendered and costs to the health-care system. Records were selected for the study based on a primary diagnosis of @entity497 according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision. Incidence data were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Medicare was the primary source of data for @entity1 aged > or =65 years. Data from the National Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were used to determine the cost of treating @entity1 aged <65 years. We arrived at a total cost of  4.8 billion for treating @entity1 aged > or =65 years and  3.6 billion for treating @entity1 aged <65 years. These calculations were based on the following: 1.1 million hospital discharges resulting in inpatient costs of  4.4 billion (52.4% of the  8.4 billion) for the 0.6 million @entity1 aged > or =65 years and  3.1 billion (36.9% of the  8.4 billion) for the 0.5 million @entity1 aged <65 years. The average hospital length of stay was 7.8 days with an average cost of  7166 for @entity1 aged > or =65 years and 5.8 days with an average cost of  6042 for younger @entity1 . Room and board represented the largest percentage of the average hospital bill for @entity1 with @entity497 . Inpatient physician service costs were  305 million and  192 million for the > or =65 and <65 groups, respectively. Based on 1.1 million outpatient office visits for those aged > or =65 years and 3.3 million visits for those aged <65, total outpatient costs were  119 million and  266 million, respectively. Given the overwhelming cost burden for @entity497 in the hospital setting, any new therapy that allows @entity1 to be treated in the outpatient setting could result in significant savings, especially for @entity1 aged > or =65 years.

title: The cost of treating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['Community-acquired pneumonia', 'CAP']

answer: @entity497 :: (MESH:D003147,Disease) :: ['community-acquired pneumonia']


abstract: @entity67 at high heart rates may be associated with increased myocardial energy consumption. Frequency-dependent changes of isometric force and @entity26 consumption (MVO2) were investigated in strip preparations from endstage failing @entity1 hearts exhibiting various degrees of @entity67 . MVO2 was determined by a new method which was validated. When stimulation rate was increased from 40 to 200 min-1 (n=7), developed force decreased from 16.5+/-4.3 to 7.9+/-2.9 mN/mm2 (P<0.01), diastolic force increased from 15.9+/-3.2 to 22.0+/-3.0 mN/mm2 (P<0.01), and total MVO2 increased from 2.6+/-0.6 to 4.7+/-0.9 ml/min/100 g (P<0.025). Resting MVO2 and resting force were 1.8+/-0.4 ml/min/100 g and 15.9+/-3.0 mN/mm2, respectively. After addition of 30 mm @entity15480 (BDM) to inhibit crossbridges, resting MVO2 and resting force decreased by 46% (P<0.05) and 15% (P<0.01), respectively, indicating the presence of active force generation in unstimulated failing @entity1 myocardium. In each muscle preparation, there was a significant correlation between @entity1054 ( @entity1054 ) and total MVO2 (r=0.96+/-0.01). The strength of these correlations did not vary with the contribution of diastolic @entity1054 to total @entity1054 . The ratio of activity related MVO2 to developed @entity1054 , an inverse index of the economy of contraction, increased depending on the rise of diastolic @entity1054 at higher stimulation rates. In conclusion, in failing @entity1 myocardium, diastolic force development is occurring at the same energy expenditure as systolic force generation. Therefore, in muscle preparations with disturbed diastolic function economy of contraction decreases with higher stimulation rates, depending on the rise of diastolic force.

title: Frequency-dependence of myocardial energetics in failing @entity1 myocardium as quantified by a new method for the measurement of XXXX consumption in muscle strip preparations.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity15480 :: ('MESH:C004717', 'Chemical') :: ['2,3-butanedione monoxime']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['Diastolic dysfunction', 'diastolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1054 :: ('MESH:D000377', 'Disease') :: ['FTI', 'force-time integral']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: @entity67 at high heart rates may be associated with increased myocardial energy consumption. Frequency-dependent changes of isometric force and @entity26 consumption (MVO2) were investigated in strip preparations from endstage failing @entity1 hearts exhibiting various degrees of @entity67 . MVO2 was determined by a new method which was validated. When stimulation rate was increased from 40 to 200 min-1 (n=7), developed force decreased from 16.5+/-4.3 to 7.9+/-2.9 mN/mm2 (P<0.01), diastolic force increased from 15.9+/-3.2 to 22.0+/-3.0 mN/mm2 (P<0.01), and total MVO2 increased from 2.6+/-0.6 to 4.7+/-0.9 ml/min/100 g (P<0.025). Resting MVO2 and resting force were 1.8+/-0.4 ml/min/100 g and 15.9+/-3.0 mN/mm2, respectively. After addition of 30 mm @entity15480 (BDM) to inhibit crossbridges, resting MVO2 and resting force decreased by 46% (P<0.05) and 15% (P<0.01), respectively, indicating the presence of active force generation in unstimulated failing @entity1 myocardium. In each muscle preparation, there was a significant correlation between @entity1054 ( @entity1054 ) and total MVO2 (r=0.96+/-0.01). The strength of these correlations did not vary with the contribution of diastolic @entity1054 to total @entity1054 . The ratio of activity related MVO2 to developed @entity1054 , an inverse index of the economy of contraction, increased depending on the rise of diastolic @entity1054 at higher stimulation rates. In conclusion, in failing @entity1 myocardium, diastolic force development is occurring at the same energy expenditure as systolic force generation. Therefore, in muscle preparations with disturbed diastolic function economy of contraction decreases with higher stimulation rates, depending on the rise of diastolic force.

title: Frequency-dependence of myocardial energetics in failing XXXX myocardium as quantified by a new method for the measurement of @entity26 consumption in muscle strip preparations.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Two cases involving a @entity1756 in a choroidal branch of the posterior @entity5487 are reported here. Case 1: A 61-year-old @entity1 was admitted after an episode of severe @entity10 with persistent @entity391 . A CT revealed an @entity548 within the fourth ventricle. An angiography showed an aneurysmal shadow in the choroidal artery branching from the telovelotonsillar segment of the distal posterior @entity5487 (PICA). The operation disclosed a @entity439 in the choroidal artery which was successfully trapped using Yasargil's mini-clips. The postoperative course was uneventful and the @entity1 was discharged without any @entity51 . Case 2: A 64-year-old @entity1 became unresponsive after complaining of a severe @entity10 . On admission, she was semicomatose with positive bilateral Babinski's sign. A CT scan showed that the fourth and third ventricles were packed and dilated by a massive @entity1410 . An angiography demonstrated an aneurysmal shadow in a branch from the PICA with an occlusion of the right vertebral artery. Furthermore, the left vertebral artery was also occluded and the basilar artery was fed by collateral circulation. The @entity1 underwent an operation immediately. The @entity439 was resected after ligation. Her postoperative course was satisfactory. She was able to go home without @entity51 . There has been only one article about "pure" @entity438 , reported by Uranishi, et. al in 1994. They suggested that the pathogenesis of this lesion could be due to hemodynamic stress. Our two cases also present the same characteristics, in the shape of the @entity439 as well as in the anomalous structures in the posterior circulation. Our results offer further evidence concerning the pathogenesis of that type of lesion.

title: [ XXXX presented with fourth @entity548 : report of 2 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal artery aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'fusiform aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity5487 :: ('MESH:D014854', 'Disease') :: ['inferior cerebellar artery']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured aneurysm']

answer: @entity5487 :: (MESH:D014854,Disease) :: ['Choroidal artery aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery']


abstract: Two cases involving a @entity1756 in a choroidal branch of the posterior @entity5487 are reported here. Case 1: A 61-year-old @entity1 was admitted after an episode of severe @entity10 with persistent @entity391 . A CT revealed an @entity548 within the fourth ventricle. An angiography showed an aneurysmal shadow in the choroidal artery branching from the telovelotonsillar segment of the distal posterior @entity5487 (PICA). The operation disclosed a @entity439 in the choroidal artery which was successfully trapped using Yasargil's mini-clips. The postoperative course was uneventful and the @entity1 was discharged without any @entity51 . Case 2: A 64-year-old @entity1 became unresponsive after complaining of a severe @entity10 . On admission, she was semicomatose with positive bilateral Babinski's sign. A CT scan showed that the fourth and third ventricles were packed and dilated by a massive @entity1410 . An angiography demonstrated an aneurysmal shadow in a branch from the PICA with an occlusion of the right vertebral artery. Furthermore, the left vertebral artery was also occluded and the basilar artery was fed by collateral circulation. The @entity1 underwent an operation immediately. The @entity439 was resected after ligation. Her postoperative course was satisfactory. She was able to go home without @entity51 . There has been only one article about "pure" @entity438 , reported by Uranishi, et. al in 1994. They suggested that the pathogenesis of this lesion could be due to hemodynamic stress. Our two cases also present the same characteristics, in the shape of the @entity439 as well as in the anomalous structures in the posterior circulation. Our results offer further evidence concerning the pathogenesis of that type of lesion.

title: [ @entity5487 presented with fourth XXXX : report of 2 cases].

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['ventricular hemorrhage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity788 ( @entity788 ) is being performed with increasing frequency as a prerequisite to interventional measures in the pancreatic duct. The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity788 with regard to technique, success, complications, and mortality in @entity1 with @entity1689 . METHODS: Between January 1989 and September 1996, the results of all consecutive EPSs in @entity1 with @entity1689 were documented in a standardized form. @entity1 were followed by clinical investigation and blood sample analysis at 4, 24, and 48 hours after @entity788 . Complications were classified according to commonly accepted criteria. RESULTS: @entity788 was performed in 118 @entity1 with @entity1689 ( @entity1 75%, @entity1 25%, 48+/-10 years). Ninety-four @entity1 (80%) underwent guidewire-assisted @entity788 , and 24 @entity1 (20%) underwent needle-knife @entity788 . Seventy-seven @entity788 procedures (65%) were primarily successful (guidewire @entity788 : 60 of 94, 64%; needle-knife @entity788 : 17 of 24, 71%). Additional endoscopic cutting techniques (needle-knife papillotomy, biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy) were required in 41 @entity1 (35%). In total, @entity788 was successful in 116 @entity1 (98%). The complication rate was 4.2% (4 cases of moderate @entity788 , 1 severe @entity548 , no deaths). All complications were managed nonoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity1689 , @entity788 with a standard sphincterotome or with a needle-knife offers an effective and reliable approach to the pancreatic duct system. Additional cutting techniques may be necessary in approximately one third of cases before an @entity788 can be successfully performed. The complication rate of @entity788 in @entity1 with @entity1689 appears to be lower than the complication rate of biliary sphincterotomy for other indications.

title: Safety and efficacy of pancreatic sphincterotomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'EPS', 'Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy']

entities_list: @entity1689 :: ('MESH:D050500', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity1689 :: (MESH:D050500,Disease) :: ['chronic pancreatitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare modified Gianturco metal stents with plastic @entity5274 in the palliation of @entity5 . DESIGN: @entity1 single-blind, multi-centre prospective, randomized trial. SETTING: Three district general hospitals in the Wessex region. @entity1 : Thirty one consecutive @entity1 with inoperable @entity5 causing @entity1282 and suitable for treatment with an endoprosthesis. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomized to receive either a modified Gianturco metal stent or a plastic Atkinson tube. Sedation was similar and @entity1 were given identical dietary advice. Data were collected after insertion until the @entity1 ' @entity204 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Procedural mortality/morbidity; hospital stay; weight loss; quality of life (Nottingham Health Profile, Spitzer QL index and specific questions about @entity1282 and enjoyment of food); duration of survival after insertion; cost effectiveness of each intervention. RESULTS: Overall complication rates were similar in the two groups. Compared with @entity5274 , @entity1 with Gianturco stents had better palliation of @entity1282 (median @entity1282 score 1 vs 2, P = 0.04), maintained their weight longer (median percent weight loss 0.66 vs 6.51, P = 0.007), enjoyed food more (enjoyment score 2 vs 1, P = 0.03) and survived longer (log rank P < 0.025). @entity1 with metal stents were discharged from hospital earlier (Gianturco 4 days, Atkinson 10 days, P = 0.001), and initial treatment cost was lower if the cost of hospital stay exceeded pound sterling 120 per day. CONCLUSION: Gianturco stents are superior to @entity5274 in the palliation of @entity5 .

title: Metal stents improve XXXX , nutrition and survival in @entity5 : a randomized controlled trial comparing modified Gianturco Z-stents with plastic @entity5274 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant dysphagia', 'malignant oesophageal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['Atkinson tubes']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity1282 :: (MESH:D003680,Disease) :: ['dysphagia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare modified Gianturco metal stents with plastic @entity5274 in the palliation of @entity5 . DESIGN: @entity1 single-blind, multi-centre prospective, randomized trial. SETTING: Three district general hospitals in the Wessex region. @entity1 : Thirty one consecutive @entity1 with inoperable @entity5 causing @entity1282 and suitable for treatment with an endoprosthesis. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomized to receive either a modified Gianturco metal stent or a plastic Atkinson tube. Sedation was similar and @entity1 were given identical dietary advice. Data were collected after insertion until the @entity1 ' @entity204 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Procedural mortality/morbidity; hospital stay; weight loss; quality of life (Nottingham Health Profile, Spitzer QL index and specific questions about @entity1282 and enjoyment of food); duration of survival after insertion; cost effectiveness of each intervention. RESULTS: Overall complication rates were similar in the two groups. Compared with @entity5274 , @entity1 with Gianturco stents had better palliation of @entity1282 (median @entity1282 score 1 vs 2, P = 0.04), maintained their weight longer (median percent weight loss 0.66 vs 6.51, P = 0.007), enjoyed food more (enjoyment score 2 vs 1, P = 0.03) and survived longer (log rank P < 0.025). @entity1 with metal stents were discharged from hospital earlier (Gianturco 4 days, Atkinson 10 days, P = 0.001), and initial treatment cost was lower if the cost of hospital stay exceeded pound sterling 120 per day. CONCLUSION: Gianturco stents are superior to @entity5274 in the palliation of @entity5 .

title: Metal stents improve @entity1282 , nutrition and survival in XXXX : a randomized controlled trial comparing modified Gianturco Z-stents with plastic @entity5274 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant oesophageal stenosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare modified Gianturco metal stents with plastic @entity5274 in the palliation of @entity5 . DESIGN: @entity1 single-blind, multi-centre prospective, randomized trial. SETTING: Three district general hospitals in the Wessex region. @entity1 : Thirty one consecutive @entity1 with inoperable @entity5 causing @entity1282 and suitable for treatment with an endoprosthesis. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomized to receive either a modified Gianturco metal stent or a plastic Atkinson tube. Sedation was similar and @entity1 were given identical dietary advice. Data were collected after insertion until the @entity1 ' @entity204 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Procedural mortality/morbidity; hospital stay; weight loss; quality of life (Nottingham Health Profile, Spitzer QL index and specific questions about @entity1282 and enjoyment of food); duration of survival after insertion; cost effectiveness of each intervention. RESULTS: Overall complication rates were similar in the two groups. Compared with @entity5274 , @entity1 with Gianturco stents had better palliation of @entity1282 (median @entity1282 score 1 vs 2, P = 0.04), maintained their weight longer (median percent weight loss 0.66 vs 6.51, P = 0.007), enjoyed food more (enjoyment score 2 vs 1, P = 0.03) and survived longer (log rank P < 0.025). @entity1 with metal stents were discharged from hospital earlier (Gianturco 4 days, Atkinson 10 days, P = 0.001), and initial treatment cost was lower if the cost of hospital stay exceeded pound sterling 120 per day. CONCLUSION: Gianturco stents are superior to @entity5274 in the palliation of @entity5 .

title: Metal stents improve @entity1282 , nutrition and survival in @entity5 : a randomized controlled trial comparing modified Gianturco Z-stents with plastic XXXX .

answer: @entity5274 :: (MESH:D005184,Disease) :: ['Atkinson tubes']


abstract: Increased susceptibility to @entity378 occurs in the alcoholic. One explanation for the altered susceptibility is a change in T-lymphocyte modulation. To evaluate this, 24 male and 24 female @entity35 were treated with either a Lieber-type liquid @entity1068 diet (LED) or an isocaloric control ( @entity12541 ). After 2 weeks, half the subjects were infected with BCG (10(8) colony-forming units) and sacrificed after 42 days. Splenic helper ( @entity11264 ) and suppressor/cytoxic (CD8) cells were quantitated by flow cytometry. By three-way analysis of variance, splenic cellularity was significantly increased by infection (p < 0.0001) but suppressed by LED (p = 0.0002). There was a marginal sexual difference (p = 0.065) with females exhibiting a 35% lower response while on @entity167 . Examining lymphocyte subsets, the most significant changes were observed after infection (BCG) and @entity167 treatment (LED). @entity11264 levels were diminished by LED (p = 0.0002) but markedly increased by infection (p < 0.0001), producing a highly significant interaction that affected both absolute number (p < 0.0001) and relative percent present (p = 0.0078). CD8 was influenced only by infection (p < 0.0001). This resulted in a infection-related increase in the @entity11264 /CD8 ratio which was lower with LED (p = 0.0032). Splenic T-lymphocytes, predominately @entity11264 , are involved in the host response to BCG @entity99 and are adversely influenced by LED, which may contribute to increased susceptibility.

title: Host response to mycobacterial infection in the alcoholic XXXX : male and female dimorphism.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We compared the incidence of early @entity547 recurrence in nonrandomized but consecutive @entity1 undergoing laparoscopic repair of @entity357 (LRPH) without and with excision of the @entity547 sac. METHODS: LRPH was completed in 55 of 58 @entity1 . In the first 25 @entity1 , the sac was not excised. Total sac excision was performed in the subsequent 30 @entity1 . All @entity1 had crural repair with or without fundoplication, or gastropexy. RESULTS: Mean age of @entity1 was 68 years (range, 34-95). There were three conversions; one @entity1 died postoperatively. Mean operative time was 225 min in the first group and 190 min in the sac excision group. Median length of stay was 2 days (range, 1-15) for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: A precise method of total sac excision simplified dissection. It also ensured complete reduction of the @entity547 and availability of adequate esophageal length. Operative time was not increased, and no subsequent early recurrences were observed (p < 0.05).

title: Sac excision is essential to adequate laparoscopic repair of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['paraesophageal hernia']

answer: @entity357 :: (MESH:D006551,Disease) :: ['paraesophageal hernia']


abstract: A systematic technique for the resection of @entity157 ( @entity157 ) prevents the dissemination of @entity5 cells through the portal vein of the remnant liver. We successfully performed a systematic laparoscopic left lateral segmentectomy in a 62-year-old @entity1 with @entity157 . The @entity5 was located in the left lateral segment of the liver, and measured approximately 4 cm in diameter. Since no other @entity5 were detected in the liver or in any distant organs, the @entity1 was considered to be a candidate for surgery. A laparoscopic hepatic resection was selected as the procedure of choice. Prior to dissection of the liver parenchyma, the arteries and branches of the portal vein feeding the left lateral segment were divided and dissected, together with the branches of the biliary tree in the umbilical portion of the left pedicle of Glisson's capsule. The liver parenchyma was then dissected and the left hepatic vein divided and dissected, and transection of the left lateral segment was completed. The @entity1 's postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged on postoperative days 14. No evidence of recurrence has been noted in the 22 months after surgery (the time of this report). This less invasive surgery, taking into consideration the pathogenesis of @entity157 , may be a useful new approach in selected @entity1 with this @entity5 .

title: Systematic laparoscopic left lateral segmentectomy of the liver for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: @entity1086 a @entity344 with an extraordinarily poor prognosis. However, @entity146 surgery, with special reference to hepatic resection, may improve survival. To prove this, we performed a retrospective analysis over an 18-year period to investigate the experience of a center that began employing liver resection in @entity1 with @entity1086 in 1978. The analysis was based on @entity1 ' documentation and regular follow-up to January 1996. The standard procedures were extended cholecystectomy (cholecystectomy with lymphadenectomy and wedge hepatic resection), anatomic segmentectomy of segments IVa and V, and extended hepatectomy. Significance was assessed by the log-rank test. Thirty-nine @entity1 were resected, curatively in 41% (n = 22; group I) and palliatively in 31% (n = 17; group 2). In 28% (n = 15; group 3) a palliative or no operation was performed. Only curatively resected @entity1 were analyzed and followed up to January 1996. No @entity1 in group 1 died postoperatively. The actuarial 5-year survival rate of the @entity1 with curative resection was 55%. Four @entity1 had stage I, two had stage II, four had stage III, and two had stage IV disease according to TNM-classification. Six of the 16 @entity1 without lymph node @entity3 survived more than 5 years. A significant difference in long-term survival was recognised between stage II and stage IV @entity1 and between stage (pT1a)- and (look table 1b) (pT1b)- @entity1 (P < 0.01). Diagnostic efforts should focus on detecting early stages I and II @entity1086 . In advanced cases, @entity146 surgery, particularly with hepatic resection, is the method of choice and is successful even in @entity1 70 years and older.

title: Appraisal of surgical resection of XXXX with special reference to hepatic resection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoma of the gallbladder', 'gallbladder cancer']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['gallbladder carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The role of prophylactic antibiotics in otologic surgery continues to be debated and perhaps misused. Prior studies have provided conflicting evidence with regard to the benefit obtained from the use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery for chronic @entity2346 media. The current study was designed to evaluate the role of prophylactic antibiotics in the outcomes of surgery for @entity2169 . It was the authors' impression that there was no indication for prophylactic antibiotics in such surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized prospective study performed in a tertiary care facility. METHODS: @entity1 who met inclusion criteria (n = 146) were randomly assigned to an antibiotic treatment group or a control group receiving no prophylactic antibiotics. @entity1 in the antibiotic treatment group were given preoperative intravenous antibiotics followed by oral antibiotics for 5 days after surgery. @entity1 were followed postoperatively and observed for clinical evidence of infection and graft failure. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to the incidence of @entity86 or graft survival. CONCLUSIONS: The use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery for @entity2169 cannot be recommended based on the findings of this study.

title: Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity2169 :: ('MESH:D004427', 'Disease') :: ['chronic ear disease']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative infection']

answer: @entity2169 :: (MESH:D004427,Disease) :: ['chronic ear disease']


abstract: Laboratory tests and imaging studies are often ordered for asymptomatic @entity1 with @entity320 ( @entity320 ) in an effort to detect subclinical @entity3 . However, their sensitivity and specificity for detecting cryptic @entity3 are not well established. A review of the literature on laboratory tests and imaging studies for MM @entity3 was undertaken to address the usefulness of such investigations in asymptomatic @entity1 with MM in AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer system of classification) stages I, II, and III. A review of the pertinent literature since 1966 was conducted through MEDLINE, Medica, and Cancerlit. Laboratory tests and imaging studies revealed occult MM @entity3 in only a small number of the thousands of reported @entity1 with putative AJCC stage I, II, and III MM. However, for those diagnosed with limited @entity3 , surgical removal with or without immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy can lead to long-term remissions in some @entity1 . For @entity1 with asymptomatic AJCC stage I or II disease, chest roentgenograms (CXR) and blood lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels may be obtained at low cost and prove to be of benefit if @entity3 are identified. For @entity1 with @entity5 , computed tomographic (CT) scans of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis (especially when the primary cutaneous site of the @entity320 is below the waist) may be considered for detecting metastatic MM. Other tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain, may be ordered based on symptoms or physical findings. In the future, technologically improved techniques and newer methods may prove cost-effective for detecting treatable asymptomatic MM @entity3 . Furthermore, improvement in treatments will also influence the indications for the search for occult MM @entity3 . At this time there is a need for an international consensus conference on laboratory tests and imaging studies for occult @entity320 @entity3 .

title: Laboratory tests and imaging studies in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['AJCC stage III disease']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'malignant melanomas', 'MMs']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic disease']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['cutaneous malignant melanoma']


abstract: Laboratory tests and imaging studies are often ordered for asymptomatic @entity1 with @entity320 ( @entity320 ) in an effort to detect subclinical @entity3 . However, their sensitivity and specificity for detecting cryptic @entity3 are not well established. A review of the literature on laboratory tests and imaging studies for MM @entity3 was undertaken to address the usefulness of such investigations in asymptomatic @entity1 with MM in AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer system of classification) stages I, II, and III. A review of the pertinent literature since 1966 was conducted through MEDLINE, Medica, and Cancerlit. Laboratory tests and imaging studies revealed occult MM @entity3 in only a small number of the thousands of reported @entity1 with putative AJCC stage I, II, and III MM. However, for those diagnosed with limited @entity3 , surgical removal with or without immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy can lead to long-term remissions in some @entity1 . For @entity1 with asymptomatic AJCC stage I or II disease, chest roentgenograms (CXR) and blood lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels may be obtained at low cost and prove to be of benefit if @entity3 are identified. For @entity1 with @entity5 , computed tomographic (CT) scans of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis (especially when the primary cutaneous site of the @entity320 is below the waist) may be considered for detecting metastatic MM. Other tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain, may be ordered based on symptoms or physical findings. In the future, technologically improved techniques and newer methods may prove cost-effective for detecting treatable asymptomatic MM @entity3 . Furthermore, improvement in treatments will also influence the indications for the search for occult MM @entity3 . At this time there is a need for an international consensus conference on laboratory tests and imaging studies for occult @entity320 @entity3 .

title: Laboratory tests and imaging studies in XXXX with @entity320 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The advent of @entity1 @entity52 ( @entity52 ) over 30 years ago has made the oocyte and preimplantation embryo uniquely accessible. This accessibility has given rise to new micromanipulation techniques, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection for treatment of @entity4810 , as well as embryo biopsy for preimplantation diagnosis of both @entity74 and @entity2007 , a major cause of early embryo demise and @entity2208 . In the UK, average pregnancy rates after @entity52 and embryo transfer are < 25%, even after transfer of several embryos. Unfortunately, a third of these pregnancies involve multiple gestations. Research is currently focusing on methods to improve @entity52 success rates while reducing twin and triplet pregnancies and their associated increased morbidity and mortality. One approach is to develop screening methods to identify the most viable embryos, so that transfer of fewer healthy embryos will result in a higher proportion of singleton pregnancies. Screening methods include optimizing culture conditions for prolonged culture and selection of viable blastocysts for transfer, or embryo biopsy and @entity2007 screening. Assisted reproduction is also increasingly important in other branches of medicine: survival rates for @entity5 sufferers are improving continually and there is now a significant need for approaches to preserve fertility after sterilizing chemo-and radiotherapy treatment. Techniques for cryopreserving male and female gametes or gonadal tissue are being developed, although systems to grow and mature these gametes are in their infancy. Finally, there are also concerns regarding the safety of these new assisted reproductive technologies.

title: Future developments in assisted reproduction in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriage']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidy']

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['male infertility']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic disease']

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilization']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression and effects of isoforms of @entity6824 ( @entity6824 ) in @entity1 leukemic cell lines. METHODS: Three normal @entity1 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and 4 @entity1 myelomonocytic leukemic cell lines including J6-1, J6-2, K562 and HL-60 were studied using ABC immunoperoxidase assay, indirect immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, Western blot and reverse enzyme-linked DNA-protein interaction assay (reverse ELDIA). RESULTS: @entity6824 was noticed to be localized in the cytoplasm, nucleus and at the cell membrane in 4 @entity1 leukemic cell lines; expression of @entity6824 was not detected in normal @entity1 PBMCs without @entity8990 stimulation. @entity1 PBMCs stimulated by @entity8990 expressed a low level of @entity6824 . Frequencies of membrane bound @entity6824 expression in J6-1, J6-2, K562 and HL-60 were 71.6%, 69.7%, 42.7% and 57.4% respectively. Frequencies of cytoplasm and nucleus associated @entity6824 were 65.7%, 45.4%, 36.5% and 72.5% respectively. The cytosolic bound @entity6824 was expressed in J6-1 cell as four isoforms with a molecular @entity2198 . While nucleus associated @entity6824 expressed as two isoforms with a molecular weight of 16,000 and 20,000. Anti- @entity6824 monoclonal antibody could dramatically inhibit proliferation of leukemic cells and its inhibitory effect was related to the levels of membrane bound @entity6824 expression in leukemic cells. Reverse ELDIA showed that @entity6824 could bind with DNA in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of @entity6824 isoforms is heterogeneous and polymorphous in leukemic cells. Membrane bound @entity6824 is crucial for the proliferation of leukemic cells, which might be a DNA-bound protein and could be involved in the transformation and tumorigenesis of hematopoietic cells.

title: [The expression and effects of isoforms of macrophage colony stimulating factor in XXXX leukemic cell lines].

entities_list: @entity6824 :: ('1435', 'Gene') :: ['M-CSF', 'macrophage colony-stimulating factor']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of @entity2269 . METHODS: Three cases of @entity2269 were evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The @entity1 were all adults, 2 males and 1 female, age range 46 - 62 years (mean 53 years). Clinically, the @entity5 presented as slowly growing painless masses, which were located in the deep soft tissue of the lower extremity, the subcutaneous tissue of the forearm and the ankle respectively. Grossly, they were well-circumscribed @entity5 with a firm consistency. Histologically, the @entity5 were composed of paucicellular spindle or stellate-shaped fibroblastic cells embedded in a densely fibrous or fibromyxoid stroma. The neoplastic fibroblastic cells resembled the reactive fibroblasts by containing fine chromatin and small distinct nucleoli without cellular atypia or mitotic figures. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells showed diffuse and strong immunoreactivity for @entity2277 , focal staining for alpha-SMA, @entity46574 and @entity2283 . CONCLUSION: @entity2269 is a benign fibroblastic @entity5 with distinctive clinical and pathological characteristics. It should be differentiated from a variety of reactive or low-grade fibroblastic lesions.

title: [The morphological characteristics of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2269 :: ('MESH:D058405', 'Disease') :: ['Desmoplastic fibroblastoma', 'desmoplastic fibroblastoma']

answer: @entity2269 :: (MESH:D058405,Disease) :: ['desmoplastic fibroblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of @entity519 and @entity519 -combined-exercise on @entity2478 and @entity6667 ( @entity6667 ) and its receptor @entity12186 of skeletal muscle in @entity35 . METHODS: Myosin-ATPase histochemistry was used to assay the size and @entity2478 of skeletal muscle. @entity6667 and its receptor @entity12186 were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Five-week @entity519 (simulated 5,000 m altitude) resulted in a decrease in cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fiber and an increase in @entity2478 ( @entity2478 ), but the capillary/fiber ratio (C/F) remained unchanged. After 5-week-exercise at high altitude (1 h/d, 6 d/w), the muscle fibers did not undergo @entity194 . At the same time, @entity2478 and C/F were increased. @entity6667 protein was found primarily in the matrix between muscle fibers; @entity6667 receptor- @entity12186 was shown mainly in endothelial cells of capillary. @entity6667 was more strongly stained in the skeletal muscle of @entity519 -combined-exercise @entity35 than the other two groups. CONCLUSION: @entity519 itself can not induce @entity2295 , while @entity519 -combined-exercise @entity35 show capillary proliferation in skeletal muscle. @entity6667 and its receptor might play roles in this process.

title: [Effects of XXXX alone or exercise combined on capillarization of @entity35 gastrocnemius muscle and its mechanism].

entities_list: @entity2478 :: ('MESH:D019559', 'Disease') :: ['CD', 'capillary density']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxia', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity6667 :: ('83785(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of @entity519 and @entity519 -combined-exercise on @entity2478 and @entity6667 ( @entity6667 ) and its receptor @entity12186 of skeletal muscle in @entity35 . METHODS: Myosin-ATPase histochemistry was used to assay the size and @entity2478 of skeletal muscle. @entity6667 and its receptor @entity12186 were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Five-week @entity519 (simulated 5,000 m altitude) resulted in a decrease in cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fiber and an increase in @entity2478 ( @entity2478 ), but the capillary/fiber ratio (C/F) remained unchanged. After 5-week-exercise at high altitude (1 h/d, 6 d/w), the muscle fibers did not undergo @entity194 . At the same time, @entity2478 and C/F were increased. @entity6667 protein was found primarily in the matrix between muscle fibers; @entity6667 receptor- @entity12186 was shown mainly in endothelial cells of capillary. @entity6667 was more strongly stained in the skeletal muscle of @entity519 -combined-exercise @entity35 than the other two groups. CONCLUSION: @entity519 itself can not induce @entity2295 , while @entity519 -combined-exercise @entity35 show capillary proliferation in skeletal muscle. @entity6667 and its receptor might play roles in this process.

title: [Effects of @entity519 alone or exercise combined on capillarization of XXXX gastrocnemius muscle and its mechanism].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical features and the histogenesis of clear cell @entity8 (CCSK). METHODS: CCSK specimens from 45 pediatric cases, including 31 male and 14 female with an age range from 3 months to 12 years (mean of 3.2 years), were retrieved. Routine pathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic methods were utilized to analyze the CCSK specimens. RESULTS: 35 of the 45 cases were followed from 6 to 192 months. 15 @entity1 presented with bone metastases, 6 had lung or liver metastases, 8 recurred and 20 died. Age and clinical stage at diagnosis correlated with the rate of survival. Histologically, the classic pattern of CCSK consisted of cells with pale cytoplasm, fine nuclear chromatin and indistinct nucleoli separated by an arborizing fibrovascular stroma. Other patterns were identified, including myxoid, spindle, palisading, epithelioid, sclerosing, cellular, cystic, and angiectatic. All @entity5 contained multiple patterns. Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for @entity2277 , but negative for EMA, CK, @entity2283 , actin, S-100, @entity3508 , @entity3778 , @entity2280 and LCA. Electron microscopy of 9 cases showed features of primitive cell conjunction and few organelles. CONCLUSION: CCSK is a common @entity703 of childhood. CCSK may arise from renal mesenchymal cells and has the propensity to metastasize to the bone with poor clinical outcome.

title: [A clinicopathological study of clear cell XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma of the kidney']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal neoplasm']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['sarcoma of the kidney']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the King's College Hospital (KCH) selection criteria for emergency liver transplantation in @entity1443 -induced @entity879 are widely used, strategies to improve sensitivity and facilitate earlier transplantation are required. We investigated the use of arterial blood @entity880 measurement for the identification of transplantation candidates. METHODS: In a single-centre study, we measured arterial blood @entity880 early (median 4 h) and after fluid resuscitation (median 12 h) in @entity1 admitted to a tertiary-referral intensive-care unit. Threshold values that best identified individuals likely to die without transplantation were derived in a retrospective initial sample of 103 @entity1 with @entity1443 -induced @entity879 and applied to a prospective validation sample of 107 @entity1 . Predictive value and speed of identification were compared with those of KCH criteria. FINDINGS: In the initial sample, median @entity880 was significantly higher in non-surviving @entity1 than in survivors both in the early samples (8.5 [range 1.7--21.0] vs 1.4 [0.53--7.9] mmol/L, p<0.0001) and after fluid resuscitation (5.5 [1.3--18.6] vs 1.3 [0.26--3.2], p<0.0001). Applied to the validation sample, a threshold value of 3.5 mmol/L early after admission had sensitivity 67%, specificity 95%, positive likelihood ratio 13, and negative likelihood ratio 0.35; the corresponding values for a threshold of 3.0 mmol/L after fluid resuscitation were 76%, 97%, 30, and 0.24. Combined early and postresuscitation @entity880 concentrations had similar predictive ability to KCH criteria but identified non-surviving @entity1 earlier (4 [3--13] vs 10 [3.5--19.5] h, p=0.01). Addition of postresuscitation @entity880 concentration to KCH criteria increased sensitivity from 76% to 91% and lowered negative likelihood ratio from 0.25 to 0.10. INTERPRETATION: Arterial blood @entity880 measurement rapidly and accurately identifies @entity1 who will die from @entity1443 -induced @entity879 . Its use could improve the speed and accuracy of selection of appropriate candidates for transplantation.

title: Blood @entity880 as an early predictor of outcome in XXXX -induced @entity879 : a cohort study.

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['acute liver failure']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['paracetamol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the King's College Hospital (KCH) selection criteria for emergency liver transplantation in @entity1443 -induced @entity879 are widely used, strategies to improve sensitivity and facilitate earlier transplantation are required. We investigated the use of arterial blood @entity880 measurement for the identification of transplantation candidates. METHODS: In a single-centre study, we measured arterial blood @entity880 early (median 4 h) and after fluid resuscitation (median 12 h) in @entity1 admitted to a tertiary-referral intensive-care unit. Threshold values that best identified individuals likely to die without transplantation were derived in a retrospective initial sample of 103 @entity1 with @entity1443 -induced @entity879 and applied to a prospective validation sample of 107 @entity1 . Predictive value and speed of identification were compared with those of KCH criteria. FINDINGS: In the initial sample, median @entity880 was significantly higher in non-surviving @entity1 than in survivors both in the early samples (8.5 [range 1.7--21.0] vs 1.4 [0.53--7.9] mmol/L, p<0.0001) and after fluid resuscitation (5.5 [1.3--18.6] vs 1.3 [0.26--3.2], p<0.0001). Applied to the validation sample, a threshold value of 3.5 mmol/L early after admission had sensitivity 67%, specificity 95%, positive likelihood ratio 13, and negative likelihood ratio 0.35; the corresponding values for a threshold of 3.0 mmol/L after fluid resuscitation were 76%, 97%, 30, and 0.24. Combined early and postresuscitation @entity880 concentrations had similar predictive ability to KCH criteria but identified non-surviving @entity1 earlier (4 [3--13] vs 10 [3.5--19.5] h, p=0.01). Addition of postresuscitation @entity880 concentration to KCH criteria increased sensitivity from 76% to 91% and lowered negative likelihood ratio from 0.25 to 0.10. INTERPRETATION: Arterial blood @entity880 measurement rapidly and accurately identifies @entity1 who will die from @entity1443 -induced @entity879 . Its use could improve the speed and accuracy of selection of appropriate candidates for transplantation.

title: Blood XXXX as an early predictor of outcome in @entity1443 -induced @entity879 : a cohort study.

answer: @entity880 :: (MESH:D019344,Chemical) :: ['lactate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the King's College Hospital (KCH) selection criteria for emergency liver transplantation in @entity1443 -induced @entity879 are widely used, strategies to improve sensitivity and facilitate earlier transplantation are required. We investigated the use of arterial blood @entity880 measurement for the identification of transplantation candidates. METHODS: In a single-centre study, we measured arterial blood @entity880 early (median 4 h) and after fluid resuscitation (median 12 h) in @entity1 admitted to a tertiary-referral intensive-care unit. Threshold values that best identified individuals likely to die without transplantation were derived in a retrospective initial sample of 103 @entity1 with @entity1443 -induced @entity879 and applied to a prospective validation sample of 107 @entity1 . Predictive value and speed of identification were compared with those of KCH criteria. FINDINGS: In the initial sample, median @entity880 was significantly higher in non-surviving @entity1 than in survivors both in the early samples (8.5 [range 1.7--21.0] vs 1.4 [0.53--7.9] mmol/L, p<0.0001) and after fluid resuscitation (5.5 [1.3--18.6] vs 1.3 [0.26--3.2], p<0.0001). Applied to the validation sample, a threshold value of 3.5 mmol/L early after admission had sensitivity 67%, specificity 95%, positive likelihood ratio 13, and negative likelihood ratio 0.35; the corresponding values for a threshold of 3.0 mmol/L after fluid resuscitation were 76%, 97%, 30, and 0.24. Combined early and postresuscitation @entity880 concentrations had similar predictive ability to KCH criteria but identified non-surviving @entity1 earlier (4 [3--13] vs 10 [3.5--19.5] h, p=0.01). Addition of postresuscitation @entity880 concentration to KCH criteria increased sensitivity from 76% to 91% and lowered negative likelihood ratio from 0.25 to 0.10. INTERPRETATION: Arterial blood @entity880 measurement rapidly and accurately identifies @entity1 who will die from @entity1443 -induced @entity879 . Its use could improve the speed and accuracy of selection of appropriate candidates for transplantation.

title: Blood @entity880 as an early predictor of outcome in @entity1443 -induced XXXX : a cohort study.

answer: @entity879 :: (MESH:D017114,Disease) :: ['acute liver failure']


abstract: We studied the effects of @entity602 ( @entity602 ) on @entity14000 ( @entity14000 ). Data of 28 @entity1 were prospectively investigated over a median period of 29 (quartiles 9--39) mo. In addition, four @entity1 with @entity12761 were studied simultaneously. After intractable @entity158 for more than 2 yr, long-term @entity158 relief was achieved in 23 (82%) @entity14000 @entity1 (median, 70 yr) during @entity602 treatment confirmed by a median decrease from 9 to 1 on the visual analog scale (P < 0.001). In five cases with serious comorbidity, the initial @entity158 alleviation could not be stabilized. Spontaneous improvement was always confirmed or excluded by @entity602 inactivation tests at quarterly intervals. Eight @entity1 discontinued @entity602 permanently because of complete @entity158 relief after stimulation periods of 3--66 mo, whereas 2 reestablished @entity602 because of recrudescence after 2 and 6 mo. Considerable impairments in everyday life, objectified by the @entity158 disability index, were also significantly improved (P < 0.001). In 4 @entity1 with acute @entity158 , @entity602 was promptly effective and after periods of 2.5 (quartiles 2--3) months the @entity158 had subsided. @entity602 seems to offer a therapeutic option for pharmacological nonresponders. IMPLICATIONS: In many @entity1 with @entity14000 and @entity12761 is not satisfactorily alleviated with pharmacological approaches. We report on 23 of 28 @entity1 with @entity14000 and 4 of 4 with acute herpes zoster whose @entity1118 was improved by electrical @entity602 .

title: Spinal cord stimulation in @entity14000 and in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord stimulation', 'SCS']

entities_list: @entity14000 :: ('MESH:D051474', 'Disease') :: ['PHN', 'postherpetic neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity12761 :: ('MESH:D059787', 'Disease') :: ['acute herpes zoster (HZ) pain', 'acute herpes zoster pain']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity12761 :: (MESH:D059787,Disease) :: ['acute herpes zoster pain']


abstract: We studied the effects of @entity602 ( @entity602 ) on @entity14000 ( @entity14000 ). Data of 28 @entity1 were prospectively investigated over a median period of 29 (quartiles 9--39) mo. In addition, four @entity1 with @entity12761 were studied simultaneously. After intractable @entity158 for more than 2 yr, long-term @entity158 relief was achieved in 23 (82%) @entity14000 @entity1 (median, 70 yr) during @entity602 treatment confirmed by a median decrease from 9 to 1 on the visual analog scale (P < 0.001). In five cases with serious comorbidity, the initial @entity158 alleviation could not be stabilized. Spontaneous improvement was always confirmed or excluded by @entity602 inactivation tests at quarterly intervals. Eight @entity1 discontinued @entity602 permanently because of complete @entity158 relief after stimulation periods of 3--66 mo, whereas 2 reestablished @entity602 because of recrudescence after 2 and 6 mo. Considerable impairments in everyday life, objectified by the @entity158 disability index, were also significantly improved (P < 0.001). In 4 @entity1 with acute @entity158 , @entity602 was promptly effective and after periods of 2.5 (quartiles 2--3) months the @entity158 had subsided. @entity602 seems to offer a therapeutic option for pharmacological nonresponders. IMPLICATIONS: In many @entity1 with @entity14000 and @entity12761 is not satisfactorily alleviated with pharmacological approaches. We report on 23 of 28 @entity1 with @entity14000 and 4 of 4 with acute herpes zoster whose @entity1118 was improved by electrical @entity602 .

title: Spinal cord stimulation in XXXX and in @entity12761 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity14000 :: (MESH:D051474,Disease) :: ['postherpetic neuralgia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1311 ( @entity1311 ) plus @entity3003 (PC) has shown activity in the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Non- @entity902 -containing combination chemotherapy, such as @entity1311 plus @entity136 (PG), has also demonstrated reasonable efficacy. Our aim here was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of PC versus PG in chemo-naive. advanced @entity1149 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Ninety (68 male, 22 female) @entity1 were enrolled from August 1999 to August 2000. The performance status was one in 29 @entity1 and two in 16 @entity1 of the PC group, and one in 24 @entity1 and two in 21 @entity1 of the PG group. Seventeen @entity1 had @entity5 and 28 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PC group: 18 @entity1 had @entity5 and 27 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PG group (New International Staging System). Treatment consisted of P 175 mg/m2 and C at AUC = 7 (predicted using measured clearances and the Calvert formula) intravenous infusion (i.v.) on day 1, or P 175 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1 and G 1000 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In all, 175 cycles of PC and 184 cycles of PG were given in the PC and PG groups, respectively. The median treatment cycle was four cycles in both groups. All the @entity1 were assessable for @entity137 and response measurement. There were three complete responses and 15 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PC group, and no complete response, but 18 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PG group. WHO grades 3/4 @entity1431 , @entity417 and @entity882 occurred in six (13.3%), seven (15.5%) and five @entity1 (11.1%) in the PC group; and in four (8.9%), six (13.3%) and 0 @entity1 in the PG group, respectively. Two @entity1 in each group suffered from grade 3 @entity1897 . Other @entity1503 were mild and few. Median survival time was 14.1 months in the PC group and 12.6 months in the PG group. One-year survival was 50.7% in the PC group and 53.3% in the PG group. The PG group had a higher total expense and expended more days undergoing treatment than the PC group (P = 0.034 and 0.069, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both PC and PG combination chemotherapy produce a similar efficacy in the treatment of @entity1149 . However, PC is more cost-effective than PG.

title: @entity1311 plus @entity3003 , compared with @entity1311 plus @entity136 , shows similar efficacy while more cost-effective: a randomized phase II study of combination chemotherapy against inoperable XXXX previously untreated.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage IIIb disease']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Paclitaxel', 'Taxol']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['non-hematological toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1311 ( @entity1311 ) plus @entity3003 (PC) has shown activity in the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Non- @entity902 -containing combination chemotherapy, such as @entity1311 plus @entity136 (PG), has also demonstrated reasonable efficacy. Our aim here was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of PC versus PG in chemo-naive. advanced @entity1149 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Ninety (68 male, 22 female) @entity1 were enrolled from August 1999 to August 2000. The performance status was one in 29 @entity1 and two in 16 @entity1 of the PC group, and one in 24 @entity1 and two in 21 @entity1 of the PG group. Seventeen @entity1 had @entity5 and 28 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PC group: 18 @entity1 had @entity5 and 27 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PG group (New International Staging System). Treatment consisted of P 175 mg/m2 and C at AUC = 7 (predicted using measured clearances and the Calvert formula) intravenous infusion (i.v.) on day 1, or P 175 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1 and G 1000 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In all, 175 cycles of PC and 184 cycles of PG were given in the PC and PG groups, respectively. The median treatment cycle was four cycles in both groups. All the @entity1 were assessable for @entity137 and response measurement. There were three complete responses and 15 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PC group, and no complete response, but 18 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PG group. WHO grades 3/4 @entity1431 , @entity417 and @entity882 occurred in six (13.3%), seven (15.5%) and five @entity1 (11.1%) in the PC group; and in four (8.9%), six (13.3%) and 0 @entity1 in the PG group, respectively. Two @entity1 in each group suffered from grade 3 @entity1897 . Other @entity1503 were mild and few. Median survival time was 14.1 months in the PC group and 12.6 months in the PG group. One-year survival was 50.7% in the PC group and 53.3% in the PG group. The PG group had a higher total expense and expended more days undergoing treatment than the PC group (P = 0.034 and 0.069, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both PC and PG combination chemotherapy produce a similar efficacy in the treatment of @entity1149 . However, PC is more cost-effective than PG.

title: @entity1311 plus XXXX , compared with @entity1311 plus @entity136 , shows similar efficacy while more cost-effective: a randomized phase II study of combination chemotherapy against inoperable @entity1149 previously untreated.

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1311 ( @entity1311 ) plus @entity3003 (PC) has shown activity in the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Non- @entity902 -containing combination chemotherapy, such as @entity1311 plus @entity136 (PG), has also demonstrated reasonable efficacy. Our aim here was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of PC versus PG in chemo-naive. advanced @entity1149 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Ninety (68 male, 22 female) @entity1 were enrolled from August 1999 to August 2000. The performance status was one in 29 @entity1 and two in 16 @entity1 of the PC group, and one in 24 @entity1 and two in 21 @entity1 of the PG group. Seventeen @entity1 had @entity5 and 28 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PC group: 18 @entity1 had @entity5 and 27 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PG group (New International Staging System). Treatment consisted of P 175 mg/m2 and C at AUC = 7 (predicted using measured clearances and the Calvert formula) intravenous infusion (i.v.) on day 1, or P 175 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1 and G 1000 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In all, 175 cycles of PC and 184 cycles of PG were given in the PC and PG groups, respectively. The median treatment cycle was four cycles in both groups. All the @entity1 were assessable for @entity137 and response measurement. There were three complete responses and 15 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PC group, and no complete response, but 18 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PG group. WHO grades 3/4 @entity1431 , @entity417 and @entity882 occurred in six (13.3%), seven (15.5%) and five @entity1 (11.1%) in the PC group; and in four (8.9%), six (13.3%) and 0 @entity1 in the PG group, respectively. Two @entity1 in each group suffered from grade 3 @entity1897 . Other @entity1503 were mild and few. Median survival time was 14.1 months in the PC group and 12.6 months in the PG group. One-year survival was 50.7% in the PC group and 53.3% in the PG group. The PG group had a higher total expense and expended more days undergoing treatment than the PC group (P = 0.034 and 0.069, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both PC and PG combination chemotherapy produce a similar efficacy in the treatment of @entity1149 . However, PC is more cost-effective than PG.

title: XXXX plus @entity3003 , compared with @entity1311 plus @entity136 , shows similar efficacy while more cost-effective: a randomized phase II study of combination chemotherapy against inoperable @entity1149 previously untreated.

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1311 ( @entity1311 ) plus @entity3003 (PC) has shown activity in the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Non- @entity902 -containing combination chemotherapy, such as @entity1311 plus @entity136 (PG), has also demonstrated reasonable efficacy. Our aim here was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of PC versus PG in chemo-naive. advanced @entity1149 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Ninety (68 male, 22 female) @entity1 were enrolled from August 1999 to August 2000. The performance status was one in 29 @entity1 and two in 16 @entity1 of the PC group, and one in 24 @entity1 and two in 21 @entity1 of the PG group. Seventeen @entity1 had @entity5 and 28 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PC group: 18 @entity1 had @entity5 and 27 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PG group (New International Staging System). Treatment consisted of P 175 mg/m2 and C at AUC = 7 (predicted using measured clearances and the Calvert formula) intravenous infusion (i.v.) on day 1, or P 175 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1 and G 1000 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In all, 175 cycles of PC and 184 cycles of PG were given in the PC and PG groups, respectively. The median treatment cycle was four cycles in both groups. All the @entity1 were assessable for @entity137 and response measurement. There were three complete responses and 15 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PC group, and no complete response, but 18 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PG group. WHO grades 3/4 @entity1431 , @entity417 and @entity882 occurred in six (13.3%), seven (15.5%) and five @entity1 (11.1%) in the PC group; and in four (8.9%), six (13.3%) and 0 @entity1 in the PG group, respectively. Two @entity1 in each group suffered from grade 3 @entity1897 . Other @entity1503 were mild and few. Median survival time was 14.1 months in the PC group and 12.6 months in the PG group. One-year survival was 50.7% in the PC group and 53.3% in the PG group. The PG group had a higher total expense and expended more days undergoing treatment than the PC group (P = 0.034 and 0.069, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both PC and PG combination chemotherapy produce a similar efficacy in the treatment of @entity1149 . However, PC is more cost-effective than PG.

title: @entity1311 plus @entity3003 , compared with XXXX plus @entity136 , shows similar efficacy while more cost-effective: a randomized phase II study of combination chemotherapy against inoperable @entity1149 previously untreated.

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1311 ( @entity1311 ) plus @entity3003 (PC) has shown activity in the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Non- @entity902 -containing combination chemotherapy, such as @entity1311 plus @entity136 (PG), has also demonstrated reasonable efficacy. Our aim here was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of PC versus PG in chemo-naive. advanced @entity1149 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Ninety (68 male, 22 female) @entity1 were enrolled from August 1999 to August 2000. The performance status was one in 29 @entity1 and two in 16 @entity1 of the PC group, and one in 24 @entity1 and two in 21 @entity1 of the PG group. Seventeen @entity1 had @entity5 and 28 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PC group: 18 @entity1 had @entity5 and 27 @entity1 stage IV disease in the PG group (New International Staging System). Treatment consisted of P 175 mg/m2 and C at AUC = 7 (predicted using measured clearances and the Calvert formula) intravenous infusion (i.v.) on day 1, or P 175 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1 and G 1000 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In all, 175 cycles of PC and 184 cycles of PG were given in the PC and PG groups, respectively. The median treatment cycle was four cycles in both groups. All the @entity1 were assessable for @entity137 and response measurement. There were three complete responses and 15 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PC group, and no complete response, but 18 partial responses (overall 40%) in the PG group. WHO grades 3/4 @entity1431 , @entity417 and @entity882 occurred in six (13.3%), seven (15.5%) and five @entity1 (11.1%) in the PC group; and in four (8.9%), six (13.3%) and 0 @entity1 in the PG group, respectively. Two @entity1 in each group suffered from grade 3 @entity1897 . Other @entity1503 were mild and few. Median survival time was 14.1 months in the PC group and 12.6 months in the PG group. One-year survival was 50.7% in the PC group and 53.3% in the PG group. The PG group had a higher total expense and expended more days undergoing treatment than the PC group (P = 0.034 and 0.069, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both PC and PG combination chemotherapy produce a similar efficacy in the treatment of @entity1149 . However, PC is more cost-effective than PG.

title: @entity1311 plus @entity3003 , compared with @entity1311 plus XXXX , shows similar efficacy while more cost-effective: a randomized phase II study of combination chemotherapy against inoperable @entity1149 previously untreated.

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The origin of extragonadal @entity2971 remains controversial. Whether they develop primarily in the retroperitoneum or whether they are metastases of a primary @entity5 has long been debated. @entity1 AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 26 @entity1 treated as having primary extragonadal @entity2971 based upon the findings of testicular palpation by the referring physician. Testicular evaluation was then extended with ultrasonographical and histological examinations. RESULTS: Biopsy of the @entity5 was performed in 25 @entity1 , confirming diagnosis of @entity2971 . Prior to treatment @entity1 were clinically evaluated by several physicians and the testes were not considered suspicious for @entity5 . At urological workup, testes were found to be @entity3202 and/or indurated in 14 (54%) @entity1 , enlarged in one (4%) and unremarkable in 11 (42%). Ultrasound examination of the testes in 20 @entity1 showed pathological findings in all of them. Histology of the testis was available in 25 of 26 @entity1 and revealed @entity5 in three, intratubular germ cell @entity5 in four, scar tissue in 12, @entity1463 in three, @entity1463 and @entity82 in one, and @entity82 alone in two. CONCLUSIONS: So-called primary extragonadal germ cell @entity5 in the retroperitoneum are very likely a rare or non-existing entity and should be considered as metastases of a viable or burned-out @entity5 until proven otherwise. All of our @entity1 with histologically examined testes had pathological finding, 76% of which were either viable @entity5 or scars.

title: XXXX : evidence of origin in the testis.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal germ cell tumors', 'extragonadal retroperitoneal germ cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'extragonadal tumor', 'testicular tumor', 'testicular cancer', 'active tumor', 'neoplasia', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

answer: @entity2971 :: (MESH:D009373,Disease) :: ['Extragonadal retroperitoneal germ cell tumor']


abstract: To prevent @entity2720 , prophylactic treatment of @entity1 with severe @entity447 should be started before joint damage has occurred. However, treatment is expensive, and the burden of regular venipunctures in young @entity1 is high. With the aim of providing information on starting prophylaxis on the basis of individual @entity1 characteristics, the effect of postponing prophylaxis on long-term @entity2720 was studied in a cohort of 76 @entity1 with severe @entity447 born between 1965 and 1985. The median age at first @entity548 was 2.2 years (range, 0.2-5.8). Prophylaxis was started at a median age of 6 years (interquartile range [IQR], 4-9), and the median annual clotting factor use on prophylaxis was 1750 IU/kg/y (31 IU/kg/wk). @entity2720 was measured by the Pettersson score (maximum, 78 points). At a median age of 19 years, the median Pettersson score was 7 points (IQR, 0-17). After 2 decades of follow-up, the Pettersson score was 8% higher (95% confidence interval, 1%-16%) for every year prophylaxis was postponed after the first @entity548 . This effect was independent of age at Pettersson score, age at first @entity548 , and prophylactic dose used. In conclusion, most @entity1 have their first @entity548 after the age of 2 years. @entity1 who start prophylaxis soon after the first @entity548 @entity2720 in adulthood. The longer the start of prophylaxis is postponed after the first @entity548 , the higher the risk of developing @entity2720 .

title: The effects of postponing prophylactic treatment on long-term outcome in @entity1 with severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['Hemophilic arthropathy', 'hemophilic arthropathy', 'show little arthropathy', 'arthropathy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['joint bleed']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['hemophilia']

answer: @entity447 :: (MESH:D006467,Disease) :: ['hemophilia']