abstract: Endothelins (ETs) are important regulators of growth and function in many endocrine tissues. This study was designed to verify the expression of ETs in a series of normal @entity1 pituitaries and @entity977 . We examined 13 normal pituitaries and 58 @entity977 for the presence of immunoreactive (ir) @entity6422 . No ir- @entity2232 was detected in any of the 13 normal pituitaries, whereas ir- @entity6423 was observed in 4 of 13 (31%) cases. In contrast, 48% (28 of 58) of @entity977 display immunoreactivity for @entity2232 , whereas 31% (18 of 58) show immunoreactivity for @entity6423 . With respect to the type of @entity5 , staining was as follows: nonfunctioning @entity652 : @entity2232 , 14 of 33; @entity6423 , 9 of 33; somatotropinomas: @entity2232 , 8 of 16; @entity6423 , 6 of 16; corticotropinomas: @entity2232 , 5 of 5; @entity6423 , 2 of 5; and @entity2013 ; @entity2232 , 1 of 4; @entity6423 , 1 of 4. Using double immunostaining, we found the colocalization of @entity6423 in normal pituitaries and of @entity6422 in pituitaries @entity652 in each hormone-secreting cell. In @entity652 , @entity2232 was coexpressed in corticotropic cells in all 5 cases (100%). In the same @entity5 , by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we investigated the presence of @entity6422 messenger @entity10731 and found that they are expressed, respectively, in 18 of 21 and 7 of 11 @entity5 examined. Our findings demonstrate that @entity977 frequently display @entity2232 as well as @entity6423 immunoreactivity, in contrast to normal pituitaries, in which only @entity6423 was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Endothelin expression in normal @entity1 anterior pituitaries and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['prolactinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity10731 :: ('CHEBI:33697', 'Chemical') :: ['ribonucleic acids']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Cushing adenomas', 'adenomas']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: Endothelins (ETs) are important regulators of growth and function in many endocrine tissues. This study was designed to verify the expression of ETs in a series of normal @entity1 pituitaries and @entity977 . We examined 13 normal pituitaries and 58 @entity977 for the presence of immunoreactive (ir) @entity6422 . No ir- @entity2232 was detected in any of the 13 normal pituitaries, whereas ir- @entity6423 was observed in 4 of 13 (31%) cases. In contrast, 48% (28 of 58) of @entity977 display immunoreactivity for @entity2232 , whereas 31% (18 of 58) show immunoreactivity for @entity6423 . With respect to the type of @entity5 , staining was as follows: nonfunctioning @entity652 : @entity2232 , 14 of 33; @entity6423 , 9 of 33; somatotropinomas: @entity2232 , 8 of 16; @entity6423 , 6 of 16; corticotropinomas: @entity2232 , 5 of 5; @entity6423 , 2 of 5; and @entity2013 ; @entity2232 , 1 of 4; @entity6423 , 1 of 4. Using double immunostaining, we found the colocalization of @entity6423 in normal pituitaries and of @entity6422 in pituitaries @entity652 in each hormone-secreting cell. In @entity652 , @entity2232 was coexpressed in corticotropic cells in all 5 cases (100%). In the same @entity5 , by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we investigated the presence of @entity6422 messenger @entity10731 and found that they are expressed, respectively, in 18 of 21 and 7 of 11 @entity5 examined. Our findings demonstrate that @entity977 frequently display @entity2232 as well as @entity6423 immunoreactivity, in contrast to normal pituitaries, in which only @entity6423 was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Endothelin expression in normal XXXX anterior pituitaries and @entity977 .

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Effective activation of T cells in immune responses depends on two signals, one from the @entity5168 /TCR complex and another from accessory cell surface proteins. Very late Ag-4 (VLA-4) can exert a costimulatory function upon binding with @entity6580 ( @entity6580 ). We investigated the effects of mAbs against @entity6580 and VLA-4 on cardiac allograft survival and humoral response to soluble Ags. BALB/c hearts were transplanted into C3H/He recipients. mAbs (100 micrograms/day) were administered i.p. for the first 6 days. Graft survival in @entity19 treated with M/ @entity12829 (anti- @entity6580 ; median survival: 20 days, n = 6) and those treated with PS/2 (anti-VLA-4; 30 days, n = 6) was greater than that in control @entity19 (8 days, n = 7). Eight of 18 @entity19 treated with both M/ @entity12829 accepted the grafts over 65 days, and five of them accepted the grafts over 100 days. Allografts treated with the two mAbs showed scattered infiltration of leukocytes without evidence of active rejection at 65 days. @entity19 with long-surviving cardiac grafts were challenged with skin grafts from donor and third-party (C57BL/6) strains. Survival of the donor-type skin was significantly greater than that of the third-party skin. One @entity19 specifically accepted the donor-type skin indefinitely (> 150 days). FACS analysis of splenocytes at 55 days after transplantation showed complete recovery of VLA-4 expression from a down-regulation observed at day 7. In addition, @entity19 immunized with heat-aggregated @entity1 gamma-globulin did not produce specific Ab, even after boost immunization, if PS/2 was administered at the time of the first immunization. This unresponsiveness to xenogeneic protein lasted for more than 50 days. These results indicate that in vivo administration of anti- @entity6580 and anti-VLA-4 mAbs induces specific immunosuppression to cardiac allografts and soluble Ags.

title: Immunosuppression to cardiac allografts and soluble antigens by anti- XXXX and anti-very late antigen-4 monoclonal antibodies.

entities_list: @entity6580 :: ('22329(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['VCAM-1', 'vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1']

answer: @entity6580 :: (22329(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the immediate and intermediate outcome in @entity6349 and doming @entity849 in @entity1 and to determine various factors associated with unsuccessful outcome. STUDY DESIGN: An interventional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The @entity1 's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from June 2006 to December 2012. METHODOLOGY: All @entity1 presenting with severe @entity849 were enrolled in the study. Balloon valvuloplasty was performed on all @entity1 . Successful outcome (residual gradient < 36 mmHg) was compared with matched doming @entity849 control group valvuloplasty. Difference in various quantitative variables was calculated using independent t-test and Mann Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared using Chi square and Kruskal-Wallis test. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine various factors associated with outcome. Kaplan- Meier survival table was used to determine freedom from re-intervention proportions. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty two @entity1 (Dysplastic group A, n=73; Doming group B, n=79) with median age of 24 months (range 3 - 192 months) and M:F; 2:1 were included in the study. Mean gradient decreased from 96    33 mmHg to 29    20 mmHg. Group A had significantly higher number of @entity1 with unsuccessful outcome (9.6%, p=0.02). Preprocedure gradient > 75 mmHg was the most significant factor associated with unsuccessful outcome (p < 0.001). Median follow-up duration was 3 years (range 1 - 6 years). Freedom from re-intervention proportion at 1, 3 and 6 years was 91.3%, 86.7% and 78.9% respectively in group A compared to 100%, 96.5% and 96.5% respectively in group B. Immediate postprocedure gradient > 60 mmHg was the only significant factor associated with re-intervention in group A (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The results from balloon valvuloplasty in @entity338 were suboptimal when compared to doming valves. However, it provides a high freedom from re-intervention rate in intermediate follow-up. Intervention at moderate severity can result in better outcome.

title: Balloon valvuloplasty in XXXX : immediate and intermediate outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity849 :: ('MESH:D011666', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary valve stenosis']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic pulmonary valve']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

answer: @entity849 :: (MESH:D011666,Disease) :: ['dysplastic pulmonary valve stenosis']


abstract: Age-matched male New Zealand white @entity95 (n = 16) were allocated to two groups: group 1 (n = 8) received a standard @entity95 diet; group 2 (n = 8) received a 2% @entity165 -enriched diet. After 8 weeks of prescribed diet, hearts were excised and placed on a constant perfusion pressure Langendorff-type apparatus. Coronary flow, left ventricular pressure, and isovolumic dP/dt were continuously measured. Baseline recordings were made and then a single 5 nmol bolus dose of substance P was delivered into the coronary perfusate. Mean serum @entity165 levels in group 1 were 53 +/- 17 (SEM) mg.dl-1, in group 2 1438 +/- 143 mg.dl-1. In group 1, the injection of substance P caused mean coronary flow to increase 39 +/- 6%, mean coronary vascular resistance to decrease 28 +/- 3%, and mean dP/dt to increase 11 +/- 4%. In group 2, coronary flow increased 57 +/- 13%, coronary vascular resistance decreased 33 +/- 5%, and dP/dt increased 17 +/- 4%. Within groups, values changed significantly from baseline but these changes were not significantly different between groups. The duration of coronary flow response was 113 +/- 20 s in group 1 and 63 +/- 8 s in group 2. Substance P is a potent dilator of coronary resistance vessels and has positive inotropic effects in the @entity95 . High levels of @entity165 exposure do not alter the magnitude of substance P-induced vasodilation, but the duration of the response is shortened.

title: Coronary vascular and myocardial effects of substance P in hypercholesterolemic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit', 'rabbits']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: The fetus can now be considered a @entity1 . Sophisticated imaging techniques and prenatal tests have allowed precise diagnosis of @entity2241 . Subsequent recommendations for treatment are evolving depending on diagnosis and @entity74 . For severely affected fetuses with life-threatening problems, fetal surgery is a proposed intervention. Knowledge of the diagnosis and potential treatment modalities are now a prerequisite for providing the necessary support and care of mothers of fetuses with an @entity154 . The fetal treatment center provides a regionalized approach to providing specialized care to the mother carrying a fetus with an @entity154 . The center provides both prenatal and postnatal diagnosis; treatment; and obstetric, neonatal, and pediatric surgical management for a wide variety of @entity74 . The fetal treatment center model is a useful one offering knowledgeable, coordinated, efficient, and compassionate care to parents facing difficult decisions regarding their unborn @entity1 . Future interventions include less invasive procedures to the mother, such as videofetoscopic techniques. Use of new research related to scarless wound healing may allow endoscopic techniques to correct @entity3384 in utero. Gene and stem cell therapy in utero may ameliorate @entity3459 , @entity2246 , @entity8453 , and so on prior to birth. Finally, other @entity2241 , such as @entity1146 and @entity7552 may also benefit from in utero intervention.

title: The unborn surgical XXXX . A nursing frontier.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity7552 :: ('MESH:D007827', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal atresia']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['blood disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progression of disease', 'pediatric surgical disorders']

entities_list: @entity8453 :: ('MESH:D006453', 'Disease') :: ['hemoglobinopathies']

entities_list: @entity1146 :: ('MESH:D018633', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary atresia']

entities_list: @entity3384 :: ('MESH:D002971', 'Disease') :: ['cleft lips']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['fetal abnormalities', 'lethal fetal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['enzyme deficiencies']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe a case of subtherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) associated with concomitant use of @entity1229 and banana flakes in a @entity1 with @entity294 . SUMMARY: A @entity1 in his 30s was hospitalized for an elective procedure, but his stay was complicated by @entity49 requiring intravenous infusion of unfractionated heparin, @entity2489 , @entity2259 requiring broad-spectrum antimicrobials and percutaneous @entity5274 , and @entity294 . Eventually, the heparin was transitioned to @entity1229 . After several days of therapeutic INR, the INR became subtherapeutic and remained so for 3 days. The decreased INR correlated temporally with initiation of consistent administration of dried banana flakes to treat @entity294 and the subsequent decrease in the rate and extent of @entity294 . @entity294 decreases the amount and activity of @entity2067 -producing intestinal flora and dietary @entity2067 absorption, resulting in increased INR. Resolution of @entity294 secondary to banana flakes administration in this @entity1 may have contributed to the decreased INR by causing a relative increase in @entity2067 -producing flora and @entity2067 absorption. A probability score of 5 was obtained upon applying the Drug Interaction Probability Scale modified to address interactions between @entity1229 and dietary supplements, indicating a probable interaction between @entity1229 and banana flakes. CONCLUSION: Concomitant use of @entity1229 and banana flakes supplements may result in a reduced rate and extent of @entity294 and may be associated with subtherapeutic INR and decreased @entity1229 efficacy. Practitioners must be aware of this potential interaction and closely monitor INR and adjust @entity1229 doses accordingly.

title: Probable Interaction Between XXXX and Banana Flakes Supplement.

entities_list: @entity2067 :: ('MESH:D014812', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin K']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement']

entities_list: @entity2489 :: ('MESH:D053717', 'Disease') :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['Warfarin']


abstract: In order to investigate the role of the acute-phase response in early @entity309 ( @entity309 ), we followed the changes of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), alpha @entity8693 ( @entity8693 ) and @entity8698 (ACT) in the sera of 25 @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) during the first 3 years of the disease. Serum levels of AGP, ACT and @entity8693 were measured using rocket immunoelectrophoresis, and AGP, ACT and @entity8693 microheterogeneities were performed using two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A (Con A) as ligand. On average, serum levels of AGP, ACT and @entity8693 proteins were higher at the onset of the disease as compared with healthy controls. After 3 years, a significant decrease in serum levels of all three acute-phase proteins (APPs) was observed, but only in @entity1 without anatomical progression was this decrease statistically significant. At the beginning of the study, only the @entity8693 reactivity coefficient (RC) was decreased in comparison with healthy subjects. However, after 3 years of disease, AGP, ACT and @entity8693 RCs all decreased. This investigation provided two new observations. The first is that only @entity8693 RC is significantly lower in comparison with normal values at the beginning of @entity309 , whereas AGP RC and ACT RC remain within the normal range of values; a decrease in AGP RC and ACT RC appeared later. The second observation is that the highly elevated levels of APPs at the onset of @entity309 decrease during the course of the disease. Moreover, this decrease does not depend on the disease activity, but a relationship with radiological progression was shown.

title: Acute-phase response in early XXXX : long-term follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8698 :: ('12', 'Gene') :: ['alpha 1-antichymotrypsin']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['refractory rheumatoid arthritis', 'rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['refractory rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The nucleosome positioning regulates the gene expression and many other DNA-related processes in eukaryotes. Genome-wide mapping of nucleosome positions and correlation of genome-wide nucleosomal remodeling with the changes in the gene expression can help us understanding gene regulation on genome level. RESULTS: In the present study, we correlate the gene expression and the genomic nucleosomal remodeling in response to @entity3785 (SA) treatment in A. thaliana. We have mapped genome-wide nucleosomes by performing tiling microarray using 146 bp mononucleosomal template DNA. The average nucleosomal coverage is approximately 346 bp per nucleosome both under the control and the SA-treated conditions. The nucleosomal coverage is more in the coding region than in the 5' regulatory regions. We observe approximately 50% nucleosomal remodeling on SA treatment where significant nucleosomal depletion and nucleosomal enrichment around the @entity1021 ( @entity1021 ) occur in SA induced genes and SA repressed genes respectively in response to SA treatment. Especially in the case of the SA-induced group, the nucleosomal remodeling over the minimal promoter in response to SA is especially significant in the Non-expresser of @entity40887 ( @entity14349 )-dependent genes. A detailed investigation of @entity14349 -1 mutant confirms a distinct role of @entity14349 in the nucleosome remodeling over the core promoter. We have also identified several motifs for various hormonal responses; including ABRE elements in the remodeled nucleosomal regions around the promoter region in the SA regulated genes. We have further identified that the W-box and TGACG/C motif, reported to play an important role in SA-mediated induction, are enriched in nucleosome free regions (NFRs) of the promoter region of the SA induced genes. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study reporting genome-wide effects of SA treatment on the chromatin architecture of A. thaliana. It also reports significant role of @entity14349 in genome-wide nucleosomal remodeling in response to SA.

title: Global nucleosome positioning regulates XXXX mediated transcription in Arabidopsis thaliana.

entities_list: @entity3785 :: ('MESH:D020156', 'Chemical') :: ['salicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity1021 :: ('MESH:D020922', 'Disease') :: ['transcription start site', 'TSS']

answer: @entity3785 :: (MESH:D020156,Chemical) :: ['salicylic acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the need for ileo-obturator node dissection in @entity1 with @entity263 who are undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. @entity1 AND METHODS: Over a 5-year-period, 95 @entity1 underwent bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. Ninety were performed in association with planned radical prostatectomy and five were staging procedures in clinical stage T3 @entity1 prior to radiotherapy or hormonal therapy. The @entity1 with @entity263 were stage @entity13712 (one @entity1 ), T1b (21), T2a (30), and T2b (38). Pre-operative biopsies in the @entity1 with @entity5 were well differentiated in 44 @entity1 , moderately well differentiated in 45 and poorly differentiated in one. In the @entity1 with T3 @entity5 , pre-operative biopsies were well differentiated in one, moderately well differentiated in two and poorly differentiated in two. @entity1486 (PSA) levels ranged from 0.4 to 110.1 ng/mL (Hybritech assay). RESULTS: Two @entity1 had positive lymph node dissections on fixed section. These two @entity1 had well-differentiated @entity66 with a PSA level of 72.4 ng/mL and poorly differentiated @entity66 with a PSA level of 58.5 ng/mL. There was significant upstaging (P < 0.001) and upgrading (P < 0.001) on pathological examination. None of the 71 @entity1 with a PSA < or = 10 ng/mL had positive lymph nodes compared with 8.3% of the 24 @entity1 with a PSA > 10 ng/mL (P = 0.0618). Lymph node @entity3 were present in 1% of @entity1 with well or moderately well-differentiated @entity263 on pre-operative biopsy versus 33% with poorly differentiated disease (P = 0.0625). These P values strongly suggest an association, achieving significance only at the 10% level which might be the more appropriate level given the relative lack of power of the study due to the small number of @entity1 with positive lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that routine ileo-obturator node dissection in @entity1 with well or moderately well-differentiated, @entity263 and a PSA level < 10 ng/mL may be unnecessary, especially as a separate procedure.

title: Should we reconsider the indications for ileo-obturator node dissection with XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['T3 disease', 'T1b disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['localized cancer', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['Prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity263 on @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ) are advised to follow strict follow-up schedules and switch to definitive treatment on risk reclassification. However, some @entity1 might not adhere to these strict protocols. OBJECTIVE: To determine the number of noncompliers and disease reclassification rates in @entity1 not complying with the follow-up protocol of the @entity263 Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) study. DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : A total of 4547 @entity1 with @entity263 were included and prospectively followed on @entity3457 . @entity1 were regularly examined using @entity1486 , digital rectal examination, and repeat biopsies, and were advised to switch to definitive treatment on disease reclassification (>cT2c, Gleason score > 3+3, >2 cores positive, or @entity1486 doubling time [ @entity1486 -DT] 0-3 yr). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Rates of @entity1 not complying with follow-up visits or a recommendation to discontinue @entity3457 are reported. Biopsy outcome (Gleason >= 7 or >2 cores positive) was compared between compliers and noncompliers using Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The compliance rate for @entity1486 visits was 91%. By contrast, the compliance rate for standard repeat biopsies decreased over time (81%, 60%, 53%, and 33% at 1, 4, 7, and 10 yr after diagnosis, respectively). Yearly repeat biopsies in @entity1 with faster rising @entity1486 ( @entity1486 -DT 3-10 yr) was low at <30%, although these @entity1 had higher upgrading rates at repeat biopsy (25-30% vs 16%). @entity1486 -DT of 0-3 yr was the most common recommendation for discontinuation, but 71% continued on @entity3457 . @entity1 with @entity1486 -DT of 0-3 yr were at higher risk of upgrading on repeat biopsy (hazard ratio 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.36-3.00) compared to @entity1 without fast rising @entity1486 . CONCLUSION: Some @entity1 and their physicians do not comply with @entity3457 follow-up protocols. In particular, yearly repeat biopsies in @entity1 with fast rising @entity1486 are often ignored, as is the recommendation to discontinue @entity3457 because of very fast rising @entity1486 . Although these @entity1 are at greater risk of higher Gleason scores on repeat biopsy, the majority still exhibit favorable @entity5 characteristics. Fast rising @entity1486 should therefore not trigger a recommendation to receive active treatment, but should rather serve as a criterion for stricter follow-up. In addition, we should aim to find ways of safely reducing the number of biopsies to increase adherence to @entity3457 protocols. @entity1 SUMMARY: We looked at compliance with an @entity3457 protocol for @entity263 in a large @entity3457 study. We observed reluctance to undergo yearly biopsies because of fast rising @entity1486 , despite a higher risk of disease progression. Further research should aim to safely reduce the number of repeat biopsies in @entity1 on @entity3457 to increase protocol adherence.

title: Compliance Rates with the XXXX Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) Protocol and Disease Reclassification in Noncompliers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENT', 'Men', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate Cancer', 'low-risk prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['active surveillance', 'AS']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen', 'prostate-specific antigen (PSA)', 'PSA']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate Cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The most common mechanism of @entity5638 ( @entity2059 and @entity5074 ) resistance in @entity54 is a mutation at the cyp51A locus. The aim of our study was to determine the rate of cyp51A mutations in lung transplant recipients (LTR) undergoing targeted antifungal prophylaxis with 12 weeks of @entity5074 . METHODS: We conducted a prospective study that included 22 LTR with A. fumigatus between October 2008 and November 2011. Of those, 10 LTR were colonized with A. fumigatus and 12 had invasive @entity57 . RESULTS: Four @entity1 were found to have A. fumigatus isolates with a cyp51A mutation, two had colonization and two had invasive @entity57 . The remaining 18 LTR had @entity7097 cyp51A A. fumigatus isolates. All A. fumigatus isolates (except one due to mixed growth) were tested for antifungal susceptibility. A total of nine LTR were exposed to azoles prior to A. fumigatus isolation for a median duration of 249 (IQR 99-524) days. @entity5638 exposure preceded the isolation of two mutant isolates and seven @entity7097 isolates. None of the cyp51A mutant isolates conferred phenotypic resistance to @entity8201 . CONCLUSIONS: Targeted antifungal prophylaxis in LTR did not lead to cyp51A resistance mutations in this cohort. Data on larger cohorts who receive universal antifungal prophylaxis are needed.

title: Rate of cyp51A mutation in XXXX among lung transplant recipients with targeted prophylaxis.

entities_list: @entity57 :: ('MESH:D055732', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity54 :: ('746128', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']

entities_list: @entity5074 :: ('MESH:C102790', 'Chemical') :: ['voriconazole']

entities_list: @entity5638 :: ('CHEBI:68452', 'Chemical') :: ['azole', 'Azole']

entities_list: @entity2059 :: ('MESH:D017964', 'Chemical') :: ['itraconazole']

answer: @entity54 :: (746128,Species) :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']


abstract: We report the development of a quantitative nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction which utilizes a fluorescence detection system. Using specific primer pairs to study mRNA for endothelin receptors in the @entity1 kidney, we synthesized a cRNA construct containing the same sequences but yielding a PCR product some 300 base pairs larger than native mRNA. Inclusion of a known amount of construct as internal standard with tissue RNA prior to cDNA synthesis allowed all reactions to occur under the same conditions in the same tube. In the nested PCR reaction, serial dilutions made before the second round enabled construction of a standard curve for each assay, and confirmation that standard and sample curves remained parallel. This indicates that both cDNAs amplified at the same rate. One internal primer was fluorescently labeled. Quantification of products using an ABI 373A sequencer with Genescan software gave sensitive and reproducible results. Analysis of a needle biopsy (10 mg) of histologically normal cortex gave 0.4 amol @entity2231 mRNA and 1.6 amol @entity1627 mRNA/micrograms total RNA. In medulla these values were 0.46 and 1.16 amol/micrograms, respectively. Ratios of @entity1627 to @entity2231 message were 74:26 in cortex and 77:23 in medulla, agreeing with previous ligand binding studies of receptor protein. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 4.5 and 5.3%. This new method has potential for widespread application to the study of low copy-number mRNA or where only very small amounts of tissue are available, such as biopsy specimens.

title: Quantification of mRNA in XXXX tissue using fluorescent nested reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Ammonia ( @entity5155 ) volatilization from intensive livestock production is a threat to natural ecosystems. This study investigated @entity1707 diet manipulation by 1% (w/w) benzoic acid (BA) amendment and lowering of dietary electrolyte balance through substituting 1.4% (w/w) CaCO with 2.0% (w/w) CaCl. Urine and feces were collected separately from 24 @entity1707 fed one of four diets (Control, +BA, +CaCl, +BA+CaCl) in metabolic cages and mixed as slurry. During 103 d of storage, all acidifying diets consistently reduced pH in the slurry by 0.4 to 0.6 units. There was a strong relationship between slurry pH and @entity5155 emissions, which were considerably reduced by the three acidifying diets. The +BA diet decreased @entity5155 emission by 28%, the +CaCl diet by 37%, and the combined +BA and +CaCl diet by 40%. Acidifying diets had no effect on S cycling or emission of @entity4889 compounds under the prevailing conditions of restricted S feeding. Methane (CH) emissions were increased by 73% in diets with CaCl. An initial delay in CH emissions was investigated in a separate experiment with manipulation of pH (5.4, 6.7, or 8.8) and inoculation with adapted @entity1707 slurry (0, 4, 11, or 19%), which showed that methanogenic potential, rather than inhibitory effects of the chemical environment, caused the delay. In conclusion, @entity5155 emissions from slurry could be reduced by addition of BA to @entity1707 diets or by controlling the dietary electrolyte balance, but there was no additive effect of combining the two strategies. However, CH emissions from slurry may increase with acidifying diets.

title: Effects of Acidifying XXXX Diets on Emissions of Ammonia, Methane, and Sulfur from Slurry during Storage.

entities_list: @entity4889 :: ('MESH:D018455', 'Disease') :: ['volatile S']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['Pig']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The reporting of @entity3265 ( @entity5155 ) and @entity3957 (HS) emissions from dairies to the federal government depends on the magnitude of the emissions. However, little is known about their daily @entity5155 and HS emissions and what influences those emissions. Emissions of @entity5155 and HS from two manure storage basins at a 4400-head western free-stall dairy were measured intermittently over 2 yr. Each basin went through stages of filling, drying, and then removal of the manure during the study period. Emissions were determined using backward Lagrangian Stochastic and vertical radial plume methods. Ammonia emissions ranged from 35 to 59 kg d in one basin and from 86 to 90 kg d in a second basin, corresponding to a range of 7 to 19 g d head. Basin @entity5155 emissions were highest during initial filling and when the manure was removed. Mean HS emissions ranged from 5 to 22 kg d (1.1-4.6 g d head). Basin HS emissions were highest when the basin was filling. Crusting of the basin surface reduced @entity5155 but not HS emissions. The cessation of basin filling reduced HS but not @entity5155 emissions. Air temperature and wind conditions were correlated with @entity5155 emissions. Barometric pressure decreases were correlated with episodic HS emissions. The variability in emissions with stage of manure handling and storage and meteorological conditions indicates that determining the maximum daily emissions and the annual emissions from such waste basins requires consideration of each stage in conjunction with the climatic conditions during the stage.

title: Manure Ammonia and XXXX Emissions from a Western Dairy Storage Basin.

entities_list: @entity3957 :: ('MESH:D006862', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen sulfide']

answer: @entity3957 :: (MESH:D006862,Chemical) :: ['Hydrogen Sulfide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4269 may be treated either conservatively or surgically. Although conservative therapy is the first-line treatment, some @entity1 are refractory to it and repeat severe @entity2688 . We usually perform lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) for @entity4269 @entity1 , and LVA can reduce the frequency of @entity2688 . CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old @entity1 who had undergone a radical hysterectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and postoperative radiotherapy for cervical @entity5 at the age 50 years. She developed @entity4269 in both legs, and high-pressure compression stockings caused lymphorrhea in the groin and thigh, resulting in recurrent episodes of @entity2688 . Lymphoscintigraphy revealed dilation of the lymphatic vessels in both legs. Results of an @entity3194 test revealed dermal backflow throughout the lower body. After wearing low-pressure stocking, we performed LVA to reduce @entity2688 . After confirming the result of LVA, the @entity1 started wearing high-pressure stocking. The @entity1 underwent a subsequent LVA, 3 months after the first, to further improve @entity4 . The lymphorrhea resolved, and @entity2688 did not recur. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of surgical treatment and conservative treatment is important for severe @entity4269 treatment. Although conservative treatment is usually said to be the first-line treatment, LVA can antecede in cases refractory to conservative treatment.

title: Combined conservative treatment and lymphatic venous anastomosis for severe lower limb XXXX with recurrent @entity2688 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['Lymphedema', 'lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

answer: @entity4269 :: (MESH:D008209,Disease) :: ['lymphedema']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4269 may be treated either conservatively or surgically. Although conservative therapy is the first-line treatment, some @entity1 are refractory to it and repeat severe @entity2688 . We usually perform lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) for @entity4269 @entity1 , and LVA can reduce the frequency of @entity2688 . CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old @entity1 who had undergone a radical hysterectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and postoperative radiotherapy for cervical @entity5 at the age 50 years. She developed @entity4269 in both legs, and high-pressure compression stockings caused lymphorrhea in the groin and thigh, resulting in recurrent episodes of @entity2688 . Lymphoscintigraphy revealed dilation of the lymphatic vessels in both legs. Results of an @entity3194 test revealed dermal backflow throughout the lower body. After wearing low-pressure stocking, we performed LVA to reduce @entity2688 . After confirming the result of LVA, the @entity1 started wearing high-pressure stocking. The @entity1 underwent a subsequent LVA, 3 months after the first, to further improve @entity4 . The lymphorrhea resolved, and @entity2688 did not recur. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of surgical treatment and conservative treatment is important for severe @entity4269 treatment. Although conservative treatment is usually said to be the first-line treatment, LVA can antecede in cases refractory to conservative treatment.

title: Combined conservative treatment and lymphatic venous anastomosis for severe lower limb @entity4269 with recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity2688 :: (MESH:D002481,Disease) :: ['cellulitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity72 ( @entity72 ) likely involve dysregulation of multiple genes related to brain function and development. Abnormalities in individual regulatory small non-coding RNA (sncRNA), including microRNA (miRNA), could have profound effects upon multiple functional pathways. We assessed whether a brain region associated with @entity73 in @entity2438 , the superior temporal sulcus (STS), would evidence greater transcriptional dysregulation of sncRNA than adjacent, yet functionally distinct, primary auditory cortex (PAC). METHODS: We measured sncRNA expression levels in 34 samples of postmortem brain from STS and PAC to find differentially expressed sncRNA in @entity2438 compared with control cases. For differentially expressed miRNA, we further analyzed their predicted mRNA targets and carried out functional over-representation analysis of KEGG pathways to examine their functional significance and to compare our findings to reported alterations in @entity2438 gene expression. RESULTS: Two mature miRNAs (miR-4753-5p and @entity9630 ) were differentially expressed in @entity2438 relative to control in STS and four (miR-664-3p, miR-4709-3p, miR-4742-3p, and @entity71355 ) in PAC. In both regions, miRNA were functionally related to various nervous system, cell cycle, and canonical signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt signaling, previously implicated in @entity2438 . Immune pathways were only disrupted in STS. @entity14066 and pre-miRNA were also differentially expressed in @entity2438 brain. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in sncRNA may underlie dysregulation of molecular pathways implicated in @entity2438 . sncRNA transcriptional abnormalities in @entity2438 were apparent in STS and in PAC, a brain region not directly associated with core @entity146 . Disruption of miRNA in immune pathways, frequently implicated in @entity2438 , was unique to STS.

title: Atypical miRNA expression in temporal cortex associated with dysregulation of immune, cell cycle, and other pathways in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral impairments']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['core social impairments']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['ASDs', 'Autism spectrum disorders']

answer: @entity72 :: (MESH:D002659,Disease) :: ['autism spectrum disorders']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The WHO's Ottawa Charter highlights five priority areas for taking action in public health. Only one of them is at the individual level as action at more upstream intervention levels, such as community or policy levels, is critical for enabling individuals to succeed. The objective of the present paper is to give insight into the many complex processes involved in public health nutrition by describing the Ottawa Charter's five priority areas for taking action using public health nutrition initiatives I have been involved in. Evidence-based guidelines for healthy eating and @entity1 feeding provide an essential basis for individuals to 'develop personal skills' (Action Area 1). 'Re-orienting health services' (Action Area 2) can address the needs of vulnerable population subgroups, such as the culturally sensitive @entity6 prevention programme established for an Indo-Asian community in Canada. Identifying geographic areas at high risk of childhood @entity28 enables better strategic planning and targeting of resources to 'strengthen community action' (Action Area 3). Calorie menu labelling can 'create supportive environments' (Action Area 4) through encouraging a demand for less energy-dense, healthier food options. 'Building healthy public policy' (Action Area 5) to implement mandatory @entity1501 food fortification for prevention of @entity600 has many advantages over a @entity2798 . In conclusion, evaluation and evidence-based decision-making needs to take account of different strategies used to take action in each of these priority areas. For this, the randomised control trial needs adaptation to determine the best practice in public health nutrition where interventions play out in real life with all its confounding factors.

title: Empowering XXXX to be healthier: public health nutrition through the Ottawa Charter.

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['birth defects']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary approach']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: The morphology and distribution of perikarya positive for @entity1877 acetyltransferase, @entity1943 , @entity460 binding protein (calbindin @entity43147 ) and @entity1110 diaphorase were surveyed in the @entity1 striatum. @entity1877 acetyltransferase and @entity1943 antibodies labeled separate populations of large striatal interneurons. @entity1943 immunoreactivity and @entity1110 diaphorase ( @entity842 synthase) activity were completely co-localized. Calbindin antibody identified two distinct groups of striatal neurons: (1) numerous medium-sized, lightly stained neurons, probably analogous to striatopallidal projection neurons in the @entity35 , and (2) much less numerous, large, darkly stained neurons. Half of the latter group, but none of the former, were also @entity1110 diaphorase-positive. @entity1943 -positive and medium-sized, calbindin-positive neurons were more numerous in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen or ventral striatum. By contrast, large calbindin-immunoreactive neurons were more frequently encountered in the putamen. @entity1877 acetyltransferase-positive neurons were evenly distributed across striatal components. In aged control subjects, the size of large, darkly stained calbindin-positive neurons was reduced relative to young subjects. Aging had no effect on @entity1943 -, medium-sized calbindin-, or @entity1877 acetyltransferase-positive neurons. However, in histologically confirmed cases of @entity195 , there was a selective, 75% loss of @entity1877 acetyltransferase-immunoreactive perikarya from the ventral striatum, but not from the dorsal striatum, compared to aged controls. Furthermore, the remaining cholinergic neurons in the ventral striatum of @entity195 cases were significantly smaller than similar neurons in controls. These results indicate that various striatal components which have been shown to differ in their anatomical connectivity and functional specialization, also differ in their neurochemical signatures. The specific and marked loss of @entity1877 acetyltransferase-positive neurons from the ventral striatum in @entity195 is consistent with the characteristic cholinergic and 'limbic' pathology in this disease.

title: @entity1 striatum: chemoarchitecture of the caudate nucleus, putamen and ventral striatum in health and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43147 :: ('p|SUB|D|28|K', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['D28K']

entities_list: @entity1110 :: ('MESH:D009249', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1877 :: ('MESH:D002794', 'Chemical') :: ['choline', 'Choline']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin', 'Somatostatin']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: The morphology and distribution of perikarya positive for @entity1877 acetyltransferase, @entity1943 , @entity460 binding protein (calbindin @entity43147 ) and @entity1110 diaphorase were surveyed in the @entity1 striatum. @entity1877 acetyltransferase and @entity1943 antibodies labeled separate populations of large striatal interneurons. @entity1943 immunoreactivity and @entity1110 diaphorase ( @entity842 synthase) activity were completely co-localized. Calbindin antibody identified two distinct groups of striatal neurons: (1) numerous medium-sized, lightly stained neurons, probably analogous to striatopallidal projection neurons in the @entity35 , and (2) much less numerous, large, darkly stained neurons. Half of the latter group, but none of the former, were also @entity1110 diaphorase-positive. @entity1943 -positive and medium-sized, calbindin-positive neurons were more numerous in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen or ventral striatum. By contrast, large calbindin-immunoreactive neurons were more frequently encountered in the putamen. @entity1877 acetyltransferase-positive neurons were evenly distributed across striatal components. In aged control subjects, the size of large, darkly stained calbindin-positive neurons was reduced relative to young subjects. Aging had no effect on @entity1943 -, medium-sized calbindin-, or @entity1877 acetyltransferase-positive neurons. However, in histologically confirmed cases of @entity195 , there was a selective, 75% loss of @entity1877 acetyltransferase-immunoreactive perikarya from the ventral striatum, but not from the dorsal striatum, compared to aged controls. Furthermore, the remaining cholinergic neurons in the ventral striatum of @entity195 cases were significantly smaller than similar neurons in controls. These results indicate that various striatal components which have been shown to differ in their anatomical connectivity and functional specialization, also differ in their neurochemical signatures. The specific and marked loss of @entity1877 acetyltransferase-positive neurons from the ventral striatum in @entity195 is consistent with the characteristic cholinergic and 'limbic' pathology in this disease.

title: XXXX striatum: chemoarchitecture of the caudate nucleus, putamen and ventral striatum in health and @entity195 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) regulate the bioavailability and bioactivity of IGF. The major IGFBP in serum is @entity2301 . We investigated whether sera from @entity1 with @entity5 show alterations in levels of @entity2301 as measured by Western ligand blot analysis (WLB) and RIA with alpha @entity2301 gl, a specific rabbit polyclonal antibody. Furthermore, @entity2301 proteolysis was quantified by densitometric analysis of [125I] @entity2301 protease assays, and @entity2301 fragments were visualized by Western immunoblot with alpha @entity2301 gl. We examined sera from 21 @entity1 with solid @entity5 , five @entity1 with @entity242 who had reached complete remission, and 13 @entity1 with @entity3052 . Serum samples were collected at diagnosis, before initiation of therapy. Sera of 10 healthy @entity1 served as normal controls. @entity1 with solid @entity5 or @entity1778 had significantly higher (p < 0.001) @entity2301 protease activity in serum than did normal controls or @entity1 with @entity242 in complete remission. Corresponding to this finding, densitometry of WLB showed lower @entity2301 levels in sera of @entity1 with @entity5 in comparison with normal controls. The negative correlation (p < 0.001, r = -0.80) between @entity2301 proteolysis, as measured by [125I] @entity2301 protease assay, and @entity2301 band density on WLB indicates that proteolysis is the probable reason for reduction of @entity2301 on WLB. @entity2301 concentrations measured by RIA were in the normal range for most @entity1 , further indicating that differences in serum @entity2301 levels measured by WLB reflect protease activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 concentrations and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease activity in sera of @entity1 with @entity5 or XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancies', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) regulate the bioavailability and bioactivity of IGF. The major IGFBP in serum is @entity2301 . We investigated whether sera from @entity1 with @entity5 show alterations in levels of @entity2301 as measured by Western ligand blot analysis (WLB) and RIA with alpha @entity2301 gl, a specific rabbit polyclonal antibody. Furthermore, @entity2301 proteolysis was quantified by densitometric analysis of [125I] @entity2301 protease assays, and @entity2301 fragments were visualized by Western immunoblot with alpha @entity2301 gl. We examined sera from 21 @entity1 with solid @entity5 , five @entity1 with @entity242 who had reached complete remission, and 13 @entity1 with @entity3052 . Serum samples were collected at diagnosis, before initiation of therapy. Sera of 10 healthy @entity1 served as normal controls. @entity1 with solid @entity5 or @entity1778 had significantly higher (p < 0.001) @entity2301 protease activity in serum than did normal controls or @entity1 with @entity242 in complete remission. Corresponding to this finding, densitometry of WLB showed lower @entity2301 levels in sera of @entity1 with @entity5 in comparison with normal controls. The negative correlation (p < 0.001, r = -0.80) between @entity2301 proteolysis, as measured by [125I] @entity2301 protease assay, and @entity2301 band density on WLB indicates that proteolysis is the probable reason for reduction of @entity2301 on WLB. @entity2301 concentrations measured by RIA were in the normal range for most @entity1 , further indicating that differences in serum @entity2301 levels measured by WLB reflect protease activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 concentrations and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease activity in sera of @entity1 with XXXX or @entity1778 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant solid tumors']


abstract: IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) regulate the bioavailability and bioactivity of IGF. The major IGFBP in serum is @entity2301 . We investigated whether sera from @entity1 with @entity5 show alterations in levels of @entity2301 as measured by Western ligand blot analysis (WLB) and RIA with alpha @entity2301 gl, a specific rabbit polyclonal antibody. Furthermore, @entity2301 proteolysis was quantified by densitometric analysis of [125I] @entity2301 protease assays, and @entity2301 fragments were visualized by Western immunoblot with alpha @entity2301 gl. We examined sera from 21 @entity1 with solid @entity5 , five @entity1 with @entity242 who had reached complete remission, and 13 @entity1 with @entity3052 . Serum samples were collected at diagnosis, before initiation of therapy. Sera of 10 healthy @entity1 served as normal controls. @entity1 with solid @entity5 or @entity1778 had significantly higher (p < 0.001) @entity2301 protease activity in serum than did normal controls or @entity1 with @entity242 in complete remission. Corresponding to this finding, densitometry of WLB showed lower @entity2301 levels in sera of @entity1 with @entity5 in comparison with normal controls. The negative correlation (p < 0.001, r = -0.80) between @entity2301 proteolysis, as measured by [125I] @entity2301 protease assay, and @entity2301 band density on WLB indicates that proteolysis is the probable reason for reduction of @entity2301 on WLB. @entity2301 concentrations measured by RIA were in the normal range for most @entity1 , further indicating that differences in serum @entity2301 levels measured by WLB reflect protease activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 concentrations and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease activity in sera of XXXX with @entity5 or @entity1778 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent advances in high-throughput technology and the emergence of large-scale genomic datasets have enabled detection of genomic features that affect clinical outcomes. Although many previous computational studies have analysed the effect of each single gene or the additive effects of multiple genes on the clinical outcome, less attention has been devoted to the identification of gene-gene interactions of general type that are associated with the clinical outcome. Moreover, the integration of information from multiple molecular profiles adds another challenge to this problem. Recently, network-based approaches have gained huge popularity. However, previous network construction methods have been more concerned with the relationship between features only, rather than the effect of feature interactions on clinical outcome. METHODS: We propose a mutual information-based integrative network analysis framework (MINA) that identifies gene pairs associated with clinical outcome and systematically analyses the resulting networks over multiple genomic profiles. We implement an efficient non-parametric testing scheme that ensures the significance of detected gene interactions. We develop a tool named MINA that automates the proposed analysis scheme of identifying outcome-associated gene interactions and generating various networks from those interacting pairs for downstream analysis. RESULTS: We demonstrate the proposed framework using real data from @entity43 @entity1 in The @entity5 (TCGA). Statistically significant gene pairs associated with survival were identified from multiple genomic profiles, which include many individual genes that have weak or no effect on survival. Moreover, we also show that integrated networks, constructed by merging networks from multiple genomic profiles, demonstrate better topological properties and biological significance than individual networks. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a simple but powerful analysis tool that is able to detect gene-gene interactions associated with clinical outcome on multiple genomic profiles. By being network-based, our approach provides a better insight into the underlying gene-gene interaction mechanisms that affect the clinical outcome of @entity5 @entity1 .

title: Integrative network analysis for survival-associated gene-gene interactions across multiple genomic profiles in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer Genome Atlas', 'cancer']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To elucidate the impact of @entity41 ( @entity41 ) after allogeneic transplantation, the @entity981 Berlin-Frankfurt-M  nster Stem Cell Transplantation Group (ALL-BFM-SCT) conducted a prospective clinical trial. @entity1 AND METHODS: In the ALL-BFM-SCT 2003 trial, @entity41 was assessed in the bone marrow at days +30, +60, +90, +180, and +365 after transplantation in 113 @entity1 with @entity66 . Standardized quantification of @entity41 was performed according to the guidelines of the @entity7634 - @entity41 Group. RESULTS: All @entity1 showed a 3-year probability of event-free survival (pEFS) of 55%. The cumulative incidence rates of relapse and treatment-related mortality were 32% and 12%, respectively. The pEFS was 60% for @entity1 who received their transplantations in second complete remission, 50% for @entity1 in >=  third complete remission, and 0% for @entity1 not in remission (P = .015). At all time points, the level of @entity41 was inversely correlated with event-free survival (EFS; P < .004) and positively correlated with the cumulative incidence of relapse (P < .01). A multivariable Cox model was fitted for each time point, which showed that @entity41 >=  10(-4) leukemic cells was consistently correlated with inferior EFS (P < .003). The accuracy of @entity41 measurements in predicting relapse was investigated with time-dependent receiver operating curves at days +30, +60, +90, and +180. From day +60 onward, the discriminatory power of @entity41 detection to predict the probability of relapse after 1, 3, 6, and 9 months was more than 96%, more than 87%, more than 71%, and more than 61%, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity41 after transplantation was a reliable marker for predicting impending relapses and could thus serve as the basis for pre-emptive therapy.

title: Monitoring of Minimal @entity66 After Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation in Relapsed Childhood XXXX Allows for the Identification of Impending Relapse: Results of the ALL-BFM-SCT 2003 Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['relapsed disease']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['MRD', 'minimal residual disease']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To elucidate the impact of @entity41 ( @entity41 ) after allogeneic transplantation, the @entity981 Berlin-Frankfurt-M  nster Stem Cell Transplantation Group (ALL-BFM-SCT) conducted a prospective clinical trial. @entity1 AND METHODS: In the ALL-BFM-SCT 2003 trial, @entity41 was assessed in the bone marrow at days +30, +60, +90, +180, and +365 after transplantation in 113 @entity1 with @entity66 . Standardized quantification of @entity41 was performed according to the guidelines of the @entity7634 - @entity41 Group. RESULTS: All @entity1 showed a 3-year probability of event-free survival (pEFS) of 55%. The cumulative incidence rates of relapse and treatment-related mortality were 32% and 12%, respectively. The pEFS was 60% for @entity1 who received their transplantations in second complete remission, 50% for @entity1 in >=  third complete remission, and 0% for @entity1 not in remission (P = .015). At all time points, the level of @entity41 was inversely correlated with event-free survival (EFS; P < .004) and positively correlated with the cumulative incidence of relapse (P < .01). A multivariable Cox model was fitted for each time point, which showed that @entity41 >=  10(-4) leukemic cells was consistently correlated with inferior EFS (P < .003). The accuracy of @entity41 measurements in predicting relapse was investigated with time-dependent receiver operating curves at days +30, +60, +90, and +180. From day +60 onward, the discriminatory power of @entity41 detection to predict the probability of relapse after 1, 3, 6, and 9 months was more than 96%, more than 87%, more than 71%, and more than 61%, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity41 after transplantation was a reliable marker for predicting impending relapses and could thus serve as the basis for pre-emptive therapy.

title: Monitoring of Minimal XXXX After Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation in Relapsed Childhood @entity981 Allows for the Identification of Impending Relapse: Results of the ALL-BFM-SCT 2003 Trial.

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Residual Disease']


abstract: Ribosome biogenesis is an essential process in all organisms. In eukaryotes, multiple ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) act in the processing of ribosomal (r)RNAs, assembly of ribosomal subunits and their export to the cytoplasm. We characterized two genes in @entity958 coding for orthologs of @entity375 @entity69086 , a protein involved in maturation of the large ribosomal subunit. Both atBRX1 proteins, encoded by AT3G15460 and AT1G52930, respectively, are mainly localized in the nucleolus and are ubiquitously expressed throughout plant development and in various tissues. Mutant plant lines for both factors show a delay in development and pointed leaves can be observed in the @entity69086 -2 mutant, implying a link between ribosome biogenesis and plant development. In addition, the pre-rRNA processing is affected in both mutants. Analysis of the pre-rRNA intermediates revealed that early processing steps can occur either in the 5' external transcribed spacer (ETS) or internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). Interestingly, we also find that in @entity71356 mutants, early processing events can be bypassed and removal of the 5' ETS is initiated by cleavage at the P' processing site. While the pathways of pre-rRNA processing are comparable to those of @entity375 and @entity1 cells, the balance between the two processing pathways is different in plants. Furthermore, plant-specific steps such as an additional processing site in the 5' ETS, likely post-transcriptional processing of the early cleavage sites and accumulation of a 5' extended 5.8S rRNA not observed in other eukaryotes can be detected.

title: atBRX1-1 and atBRX1-2 are involved in an alternative rRNA processing pathway in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']


abstract: The M(r) 38,000 RNA-binding protein ( @entity71357 ) is the major component of translationally repressed messenger ribonucleoproteins in cryptobiotic gastrulae of the brine shrimp Artemia. Partial elucidation of the @entity535 sequence of @entity71357 reveals that it is homologous to A/B-type hnRNP proteins. This was confirmed by immunodetection with antibodies specific for A/B-type hnRNP proteins from @entity238 . @entity71357 can be phosphorylated in vitro by a src-related protein @entity669 kinase on multiple @entity669 residues located predominantly in the @entity2228 -rich domain. @entity669 phosphorylated @entity71357 can be efficiently dephosphorylated by a specific protein @entity669 phosphatase (1B-like) and by protein phosphatase 2A activated by the phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator. @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity71357 slightly influences its subsequent phosphorylation by @entity22892 . The latter phosphorylation site is located in the @entity2228 -rich domain of @entity71357 . Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis resolves @entity71357 into multiple isoforms which shift to more acidic pI values after phosphorylation by protein @entity669 kinase or @entity22892 . From nitrocellulose filter binding and UV cross-linking analysis, evidence was obtained that @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity71357 impairs its binding to poly(A) but not to poly(U). This demonstrates the involvement of @entity669 residues in polynucleotide-specific RNA binding that can be regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation.

title: XXXX phosphorylation of a M(r) 38,000 A/B-type hnRNP protein selectively modulates its RNA binding.

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyrosine', 'tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['Tyrosine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity3301 expansion is one of the most common genetic etiologies observed with behavioural variant frontotemporal @entity303 (bvFTD). Revised diagnostic criteria for bvFTD (FTDC) were recently introduced but only a few studies have evaluated the accuracy of these criteria. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the applicability of the FTDC criteria and assess the @entity146 history of these @entity1 . METHODS: The study examined 36 @entity1 carrying the @entity3301 expansion and suffering from bvFTD (N = 32) or from bvFTD with @entity4681 (bvFTD-MND, N = 4). Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, structural brain imaging and PET/SPECT data were evaluated. RESULTS: We found 0.75 sensitivity (SD 0.44, 95%CI 0.57-0.87) for possible bvFTD and 0.64 (SD 0.44, 95%CI 0.57-0.87) for probable bvFTD. The sensitivity was even higher in bvFTD @entity1 without MND, i.e., 0.81 for possible bvFTD and 0.69 for probable bvFTD. PET/SPECT was normal in 17.6% of scanned @entity1 with bvFTD. A history of @entity146 symptoms ( @entity716 and/or mood symptoms) was detected in 61% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The FTDC possible and probable bvFTD criteria seem to identify the majority of the @entity3301 expansion carriers with bvFTD, even though they exhibit only a limited number of behavioral criteria but a significant amount of @entity146 symptoms. The presence of a normal PET/SPECT does not exclude the possibility the @entity3301 associated bvFTD.

title: The Phenotype of the XXXX Expansion Carriers According to Revised Criteria for bvFTD.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['motor neuron disease']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic']

answer: @entity3301 :: (203228,Gene) :: ['C9ORF72']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Context: Disease control is a prime target in @entity2012 treatment. This should be achievable in the vast majority of @entity1 by available treatment options. For unknown reasons, however, a significant number of @entity1 do not achieve disease control. Objective: To investigate reasons for failure to achieve disease control in long-standing @entity2012 . Design and Methods: Survey based on the German @entity2012 Registry database (1755 @entity1 in 57 centres). Questionnaires were sent to 47 centres treating 178 @entity1 with elevated disease markers ( @entity442 , GH) at the last documented database visit out of 1528 @entity1 with a diagnosis dated back >=  2 years. Thirty-three centres returned anonymised information for 120 @entity1 (recall rate 67.4%). Results: Median age of the 120 @entity1 (58 females) was 57 years (range 17-84). Ninety-four @entity1 had at least one operation, 29 had received radiotherapy, and 71 were previously treated medically. Comorbidities were reported in 67 @entity1 . In 61 @entity1 disease activity had been controlled since the last documented database visit, while 59 @entity1 still had biochemically active disease. Reasons were @entity1   denial to escalate therapy (23.3%), non-compliance (20.6%), fluctuating @entity442 and GH levels with normal values at previous visits (23.3%), and modifications in pharmacotherapy (15.1%). Therapy resistance (9.6%), @entity137 (4.1%), and economic considerations (4.1%) were rare reasons. Conclusions: Main reasons for long-standing active @entity2012 were @entity1   lack of motivation to agree to therapeutic recommendations and non-compliance with medical therapy. Development of @entity1 education programmes could improve long-term control and thus prognosis of @entity2012 @entity1 .

title: Failure to achieve disease control in XXXX : cause analysis by a registry-based survey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly', 'Acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['drug side effects']

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several sophisticated methods of footprint analysis currently exist. However, it is sometimes useful to apply standard measurement methods of recognized evidence with an easy and quick application. We sought to assess the reliability and validity of a new method of footprint assessment in a healthy population using Photoshop @entity10718 software (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, California). METHODS: Forty-two footprints, corresponding to 21 healthy individuals (11 @entity1 with a mean    SD age of 20.45    2.16 years and 10 @entity1 with a mean    SD age of 20.00    1.70 years) were analyzed. Footprints were recorded in static bipedal standing position using optical podography and digital photography. Three trials for each @entity1 were performed. The Hern  ndez-Corvo, Chippaux-Smirak, and Staheli indices and the Clarke angle were calculated by manual method and by computerized method using Photoshop @entity10718 software. Test-retest was used to determine reliability. Validity was obtained by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: The reliability test for all of the indices showed high values (ICC, 0.98-0.99). Moreover, the validity test clearly showed no difference between techniques (ICC, 0.99-1). CONCLUSIONS: The reliability and validity of a method to measure, assess, and record the podometric indices using Photoshop @entity10718 software has been demonstrated. This provides a quick and accurate tool useful for the digital recording of morphostatic foot study parameters and their control.

title: Reliability and Validity of the Footprint Assessment Method Using Photoshop XXXX Software.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'participant', 'women']

answer: @entity10718 :: (1444,Gene) :: ['CS5']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) is a growing public health problem around the world, yet there is little information on the prevalence of @entity542 in low and middle income countries (LMICs). We utilised data collected by the 10/66 research group to investigate the lifetime prevalence of @entity542 in defined sites in low and middle income countries, its risk factors and its relationship with disability. METHODS: We analysed data from one-phase cross-sectional surveys of all residents aged 65 years and older (n = 16430) distributed across twelve sites in eight low and middle income countries (China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, India, Venezuela, Mexico, Peru, and Puerto Rico). Self-reported cases of @entity542 with @entity909 were identified during the interview. A sensitivity analysis including data provided by informants of @entity1 with @entity303 was also used to estimate the impact of this information on the estimates. Prevalence ratios (PR) from Poisson regressions were used to identify associated risk factors. RESULTS: The standardised lifetime prevalence of @entity131 ranged from 0.3% in China to 14.6% in rural Mexico and Venezuela. Being male (PR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.29-1.82), younger (PR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99), with lower education (PR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.96), and having fewer assets (PR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88-0.96), was associated with a higher prevalence of @entity131 when pooling estimates across sites. DISCUSSION: Our analysis revealed that the prevalence of @entity131 in LMICs is similar to that of developed nations. Considering the growing impact of @entity131 on health resources in these countries, there is an urgent need for further research.

title: Lifetime Prevalence and Factors Associated with XXXX among Older @entity1 in Low and Middle Income Countries: A 10/66 Study.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['Head Injury']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) is a growing public health problem around the world, yet there is little information on the prevalence of @entity542 in low and middle income countries (LMICs). We utilised data collected by the 10/66 research group to investigate the lifetime prevalence of @entity542 in defined sites in low and middle income countries, its risk factors and its relationship with disability. METHODS: We analysed data from one-phase cross-sectional surveys of all residents aged 65 years and older (n = 16430) distributed across twelve sites in eight low and middle income countries (China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, India, Venezuela, Mexico, Peru, and Puerto Rico). Self-reported cases of @entity542 with @entity909 were identified during the interview. A sensitivity analysis including data provided by informants of @entity1 with @entity303 was also used to estimate the impact of this information on the estimates. Prevalence ratios (PR) from Poisson regressions were used to identify associated risk factors. RESULTS: The standardised lifetime prevalence of @entity131 ranged from 0.3% in China to 14.6% in rural Mexico and Venezuela. Being male (PR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.29-1.82), younger (PR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92-0.99), with lower education (PR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.96), and having fewer assets (PR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88-0.96), was associated with a higher prevalence of @entity131 when pooling estimates across sites. DISCUSSION: Our analysis revealed that the prevalence of @entity131 in LMICs is similar to that of developed nations. Considering the growing impact of @entity131 on health resources in these countries, there is an urgent need for further research.

title: Lifetime Prevalence and Factors Associated with @entity542 among Older XXXX in Low and Middle Income Countries: A 10/66 Study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['People']


abstract: @entity834 at the pancreaticojejunostomy remains a common and dreaded complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Our aim was to determine the incidence, presentation, methods of management, and preoperative and postoperative factors that influence the clinical outcome. We reviewed our collective experience with 375 consecutive @entity1 undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from 1980 to 1992 for a variety of pathologic indications. Clinical, biochemical, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were reviewed in an attempt to determine prognostic factors. Sixty-six @entity1 (18%) developed a @entity788 as determined by increased amylase in drainage fluid (44%), radiographic documentation (41%), operative re-exploration (9%), or percutaneous drainage of a peripancreatic, amylase-containing fluid collection (6%). Most leaks (73%) were clinically insignificant and were managed by simple maintenance of intraoperatively placed drains. Active intervention was required in 18 @entity1 (27%) and included percutaneous drainage in 8, completion pancreatectomy in 7, and reoperative drainage with or without anastomotic repair in 3. Although octreotide was used therapeutically in 13 @entity1 (20%), a significant, objective response was noted in only 1 @entity1 . Five (8%) of the 66 @entity1 died, all related directly to the @entity788 . The overall operative mortality was lower, 15 (4%) of 375 @entity1 . Of the clinical, biochemical, intraoperative, and postoperative factors reviewed to determine prognostic factors, only @entity86 predisposed the @entity1 to mortality as a result of the @entity788 . We conclude that most @entity834 at the pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy can be managed conservatively. Use of octreotide to aid in closure of the @entity788 was disappointing, whereas @entity1 with @entity86 or those requiring completion pancreatectomy to manage the @entity834 have increased mortality.

title: XXXX after pancreaticoduodenectomy: incidence, significance, and management.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic leak', 'pancreatic anastomotic leak']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['Anastomotic leak', 'anastomotic leak', 'anastomotic leaks']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative intra-abdominal hemorrhage']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Pancreatic anastomotic leak']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term results of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in @entity1 with secondary @entity4145 after failed primary interventions. METHODS: Between August 2000 and October 2012, transperitoneal dismembered laparoscopic pyeloplasty was carried out in 13 @entity1 with a surgical history of failed prior surgical interventions. Perioperative outcomes as well as long-term results were assessed. These outcomes were compared with those of the same procedure carried out for primary @entity4145 by a single surgeon during the same study period. RESULTS: Laparoscopic transperitoneal pyeloplasty was completed successfully in all cases without converting to open surgery or requiring blood transfusion. The preoperative symptoms in 12 of 13 @entity1 all disappeared soon after the operation. Asymptomatic severe @entity3041 found in a 2-year-old @entity1 reduced in size postoperatively. When comparing the primary with the secondary laparoscopic pyeloplasty carried out by the same surgeon, the mean operative time was longer (183 vs 241   min, P   =   0.002), estimated @entity190 was larger (33 vs 66   mL, P   =   0.03) and the complication rate was higher (8.8% vs 22.2%, P   =   0.01) in the secondary group. Success rates were 97.9% and 100% (P   =   0.41) at a mean follow up of 25.9 and 40.0   months (P   =   0.14) for the primary and secondary groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is an excellent option for @entity1 who failed previous surgical management. This approach provides durable long-term outcomes comparable with those of primary treatment for @entity4145 .

title: Laparoscopic pyeloplasty for secondary XXXX : Long-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity4145 :: ('MESH:C537373', 'Disease') :: ['ureteropelvic junction obstruction']

answer: @entity4145 :: (MESH:C537373,Disease) :: ['ureteropelvic junction obstruction']


abstract: Our knowledge of @entity263 is less well-defined than our knowledge of @entity5 of other organs. In the colon, for example, morphological criteria to identify @entity189 in situ and some putative @entity1613 are clear; phenotypic differences in the expression of enzymes and antigens are documented in experimental models and are starting to be defined in @entity1 . Experimental models of @entity96 and colon show evidence that "enzyme-altered foci" are preneoplastic. In these organs, the "normal" context is much clearer than in the prostate. In contrast, in the prostates of @entity1 in the same age range as those who develop @entity263 , morphological aberrations are almost always present, diverse, and poorly understood. Murphy and Gaeta said that, "in the study of @entity4623 ..., almost every aspect remains controversial...[and].... many of the 'known facts' concerning @entity4623 are poorly documented..." While being aware that the definitions of all benign and malignant lesions of the prostate are based on complex morphological criteria which must form the contemporary context for comparisons, our laboratory is searching for markers that will permit the identification of putative @entity1613 in the prostate. In our opinion, these changes will not be found most efficiently, if they are present at all, in long established cell lines, advanced @entity189 , or serially transplantable xenografts of primary @entity263 . Our preliminary data suggest that several enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical approaches are worthy of study. Markers that show promise include acid phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase, @entity368 aminopeptidase, and @entity1759 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Putative preneoplastic foci in the XXXX prostate.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'prostatic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the liver']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['preneoplastic lesions']

entities_list: @entity4623 :: ('MESH:D011469', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: 1. Chronic exposure to insoluble particulates can lead to the development of @entity5 . These have been classified as broncho-alveolar or squamous/epidermoid according to their histopathological characteristics and have been reported in inhalation studies in @entity35 of materials ranging from diesel exhaust and @entity3440 to @entity6701 . 2. The sequence of changes within the @entity35 lung leading to @entity5 has been characterised. It is apparent that one prerequisite is that the lung load of the particulate matter must exceed the normal clearance capacity, either by overloading the normal alveolar macrophage mediated mechanism or by induction of @entity137 with materials such as @entity3440 . This results in inflammatory responses, including, or resulting in, @entity2543 and @entity1544 . The persistence of these tissue responses over chronic time periods can lead to tumorigenesis. 3. Research into the mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of both the inflammatory response and subsequent tumorigenic response to lung particulate loading is in progress. Impairment of macrophage function and mobility by inert particles constitutes one route by which this can arise, as does @entity137 to this cell type by biologically reactive particles. At the molecular level, the role of inflammatory mediators, especially the cytokines, has received much attention. 4. Particulate induced @entity5 are perceived to be a phenomenon specific to the @entity35 and their relevance to @entity1 is questionable.

title: Current perspectives on particulate induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tumours', 'lung tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity6701 :: ('MESH:C009495', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium dioxide']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['pulmonary tumours']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for @entity14062 ( @entity14062 ) in @entity1 presenting to the Emergency Departments (EDs) of three tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. STUDY DESIGN: Multicentre matched case control study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: EDs of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Civil Hospital, Karachi and Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, from March 2011 to February 2012. METHODOLOGY: A total of 201 cases and 201 matched controls were taken from three hospitals situated in Karachi. All @entity1 of 16 years and above presenting to the EDs of the hospitals with @entity14062 attempt were invited to participate in the study. Controls were @entity2613 @entity1 with complaints other than @entity14062 . A control was matched with case for hospital, gender and age. Two questionnaires were used to collect information on the risk factors of @entity14062 . Conditional Logistic Regression (CLR) was used to assess the association of various risk factors with @entity14062 . RESULTS: Risk factors of @entity14062 in Karachi included current history of @entity146 (OR = 4.53, 95% CI = 1.59 - 12.92), not sharing problems with someone (OR = 4.67, 95% CI = 2.4 - 9.0), living in rented houses (OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.37 - 4.84), Pathan ethnicity (OR = 5.05, 95% CI = 1.01-25.38) followed by others (OR = 3.88, 95% CI = 0.77 - 19.69) and Urdu speaking (OR = 2.71, 95% CI = 0.59 - 12.45). Absence of @entity221 in the past month had an inverse association with @entity14062 (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.07 - 0.37). CONCLUSION: Mental illnesses, low socio-economic status and loneliness were the risk factors of @entity14062 @entity1 presenting to the three EDs of Karachi. @entity221 in the last month was protective against @entity14062 in these @entity1 . Psychiatric evaluation of @entity14062 @entity1 in the @entity2613 is important for early diagnosis and management of @entity146 .

title: Risk factors for deliberate self-harm in XXXX presenting to the emergency departments of Karachi.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders', 'mental disorder']

entities_list: @entity14062 :: ('MESH:D012652', 'Disease') :: ['Deliberate Self-Harm', 'DSH']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['physical illness', 'Physical illness']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Lung transplant recipients (LTR) at our institution receive prolonged and mostly lifelong azole antifungal (AF) prophylaxis. The impact of this prophylactic strategy on the epidemiology and outcome of invasive @entity364 (IFI) is unknown. This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. We reviewed the medical records of all adult LTR from January 2002 to December 2011. Overall, 16.5% (15 of 91) of @entity1 who underwent lung transplantation during this time period developed IFI. Nineteen IFI episodes were identified (eight proven, 11 probable), 89% (17 of 19) of which developed during AF prophylaxis. LTR with @entity2416 were more likely to develop IFI (HR: 4.29; 95% CI: 1.15-15.91; p  =  0.03). A higher hazard of mortality was observed among those who developed IFI, although this was not statistically significant (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.58-4.05]; p  =  0.27). @entity54 was the most common cause of IFI (45%), with @entity358 being the most common site of infection. None of our @entity1 developed disseminated @entity3 , @entity364 . IFI continue to occur in LTR, and the eradication of IFI appears to be challenging even with prolonged prophylaxis. Azole resistance is uncommon despite prolonged AF exposure.

title: Epidemiology of invasive XXXX in lung transplant recipients on long-term azole antifungal prophylaxis.

entities_list: @entity2416 :: ('MESH:D054990', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections', 'cryptococcal or endemic fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity54 :: ('746128', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary parenchyma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive aspergillosis']

answer: @entity364 :: (MESH:D009181,Disease) :: ['fungal infections']


abstract: Rejection remains a major barrier to successful bowel transplantation, and immunosuppressive protocols are far from standardized. In 88 nonrelated outbred @entity1707 , we compared the effects of two immunosuppressive regimens--one with @entity1140 , the other with @entity205 (CsA) and pig antithymocyte globulin (ATG)--on incidence and severity of rejection in the early, critical posttransplant period. Group A (n = 14) was nonimmunosuppressed (controls). Group B (n = 17) received @entity1707 ATG (10 mg/kg/day x 10 days), CsA (3 mg/kg/day), @entity617 (2 mg/kg/day), and @entity500 (2.5 mg/kg/day); @entity617 and @entity500 were each reduced by 50% at 8 and 15 days posttransplant. Trough CsA whole-blood concentrations were > or = 400 ng/ml for the first 7 days, > or = 200 ng/ml thereafter. Group C (n = 13) received @entity1140 (0.2 mg/kg/day) and @entity617 (2 mg/kg/day); @entity617 was reduced by 50% at 8 and 15 days. @entity1140 whole-blood concentrations were > or = 20 ng/ml. All immunosuppression in groups B and C was given intravenously. We performed orthotopic small bowel transplants with @entity1211 . Recipient bowel was resected distal to the second portion of the duodenum and proximal to the rectum at transplant; bowel continuity was restored by duodenojejunostomy; ileostomy was created distally to allow access for daily biopsies. We graded interstitial and vascular rejection separately, according to a scoring system (no, mild, moderate, and severe rejection). Rejection-free graft survivals at 7, 14, and 21 days posttransplant were 38%, 19%, and 0% in group A; 93%, 93%, and 62% in group B; and 100%, 91%, and 82% in group C (P < 0.001). Comparing rejection in the immunosuppressed groups, group C ( @entity1140 ) had a stronger tendency toward rejection than group B (CsA-ATG); significant differences between groups B and C were, however, noted only on individual days posttransplant, not over time. The @entity204 rate due to irreversible rejection was not significantly different in groups B and C (P = 0.8), but was significantly better in both of these immunosuppressed groups than in group A (P < 0.001). @entity1707 survival was significantly longer in group C than in B (P = 0.001) due to a lower infection rate in group C. Posttransplant serum @entity71358 levels did not correlate with rejection grades. @entity2132 was noted only in the skin in 29% of group A, 73% of group B, and 77% of group C @entity1707 ; liver and native bowel were not involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: A prospective study of XXXX versus CsA and @entity1707 ATG in a porcine model of small bowel transplantation.

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['Graft-versus-host reaction']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['systemic venous drainage']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity1140 :: (MESH:D016559,Chemical) :: ['FK506']


abstract: Rejection remains a major barrier to successful bowel transplantation, and immunosuppressive protocols are far from standardized. In 88 nonrelated outbred @entity1707 , we compared the effects of two immunosuppressive regimens--one with @entity1140 , the other with @entity205 (CsA) and pig antithymocyte globulin (ATG)--on incidence and severity of rejection in the early, critical posttransplant period. Group A (n = 14) was nonimmunosuppressed (controls). Group B (n = 17) received @entity1707 ATG (10 mg/kg/day x 10 days), CsA (3 mg/kg/day), @entity617 (2 mg/kg/day), and @entity500 (2.5 mg/kg/day); @entity617 and @entity500 were each reduced by 50% at 8 and 15 days posttransplant. Trough CsA whole-blood concentrations were > or = 400 ng/ml for the first 7 days, > or = 200 ng/ml thereafter. Group C (n = 13) received @entity1140 (0.2 mg/kg/day) and @entity617 (2 mg/kg/day); @entity617 was reduced by 50% at 8 and 15 days. @entity1140 whole-blood concentrations were > or = 20 ng/ml. All immunosuppression in groups B and C was given intravenously. We performed orthotopic small bowel transplants with @entity1211 . Recipient bowel was resected distal to the second portion of the duodenum and proximal to the rectum at transplant; bowel continuity was restored by duodenojejunostomy; ileostomy was created distally to allow access for daily biopsies. We graded interstitial and vascular rejection separately, according to a scoring system (no, mild, moderate, and severe rejection). Rejection-free graft survivals at 7, 14, and 21 days posttransplant were 38%, 19%, and 0% in group A; 93%, 93%, and 62% in group B; and 100%, 91%, and 82% in group C (P < 0.001). Comparing rejection in the immunosuppressed groups, group C ( @entity1140 ) had a stronger tendency toward rejection than group B (CsA-ATG); significant differences between groups B and C were, however, noted only on individual days posttransplant, not over time. The @entity204 rate due to irreversible rejection was not significantly different in groups B and C (P = 0.8), but was significantly better in both of these immunosuppressed groups than in group A (P < 0.001). @entity1707 survival was significantly longer in group C than in B (P = 0.001) due to a lower infection rate in group C. Posttransplant serum @entity71358 levels did not correlate with rejection grades. @entity2132 was noted only in the skin in 29% of group A, 73% of group B, and 77% of group C @entity1707 ; liver and native bowel were not involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: A prospective study of @entity1140 versus CsA and XXXX ATG in a porcine model of small bowel transplantation.

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of young age on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) by comparing HRQoL of younger and older @entity0 @entity1 , corrected for confounding, and of young @entity1 and a general Dutch population. METHODS: The population consisted of @entity0 survivors (stage 0-III) after breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy. Health-related quality of life was prospectively assessed using the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 questionnaires. The association between age (   50; 51-70;    70 years) and HRQoL over time was analysed with mixed modelling. The clinical relevance of differences between/within age groups was estimated with Cohen's D and consensus-based guidelines. The HRQoL data from the young @entity1 cohort were compared with Dutch reference data at 3 years after radiotherapy. RESULTS: A total of 1420 @entity1 completed 3200 questionnaires. Median follow-up was 34 (range 6-70) months. Median age was 59 (range 28-85) years. Compared with older subjects, young @entity1 reported worse HRQoL in the first year after radiotherapy, but clinical relevance was limited. Three years after radiotherapy, HRQoL values in the younger group were equal to those in the reference population. @entity158 and fatigue after radiotherapy improved, with medium clinical relevance. CONCLUSIONS: Three years after radiotherapy for @entity0 , young age was not a risk factor for decreased HRQoL.

title: The impact of age on changes in quality of life among XXXX survivors treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Recently, more and more alternative therapeutic methods have been used for the treatment of @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). We will report on therapeutic results with a new thermosensitive stent system (Memotherm). This wire mesh stent has been designed especially for urological purposes. It is made of @entity5648 , a thermoreactive material, and gains its maximum expansion force al body temperature. Due to the properties of the material the stent is flexible and can adapt to the anatomical conditions of the prostatic part of the urethra. Because of individual variations in the length of the prostatic part of the urethra, the system is available in lengths from 2 to 8 cm. The knitted structure for the first time allows atraumatic removal. Between April, 1992, and September, 1993, we treated a total of 54 @entity1067 @entity1 with the stent system. Mean @entity1 age was 76.1 +/- 7.6 years (61-98). Mean prostatic volume was 51.9 +/- 25 ml (20-150), and the length of the applicated stents was 32.3 +/- 9.5 mm (20-70). @entity1 selection for stent treatment was carried out with regard to the preoperative risk status of this @entity1 group. Fourteen (26%) of the @entity1 treated were able to micturate before operation; in 40 (74%) urinary drainage was accomplished by means of an indwelling catheter. Following stent application, 53 out of 54 @entity1 were able to micturate. With the first group (preoperative voiding ability), maximum flow had increased from 4.5 ml/s to a mean of 15.8 ml/s, while residual urine volume had decreased from 194.4 ml to 11.8 ml and the AUA 6 Symptoms Score had improved from 24 points to 3.5 points 6 months after stent application. All differences were statistically significant (P < 0.02). With the second group (no preoperative voiding ability), the AUA 6 Symptoms Score had improved from 25 points to 3.9 points (P < 0.02) 6 months after the operation, at which time the mean maximum flow rate was 14.8 ml/s and residual urine volume 14.8 ml. There was no statistically significant difference between the @entity1 who were able and those who were unable to micturate before operation. One case of @entity3892 was the only major complication observed after stent placement. Frequent urgency symptoms (30 out of 54 @entity1 ; 55.5%) subsided after a mean period of 1 week. The Memotherm stent offers an interesting therapeutic alternative for @entity1067 risk @entity1 .

title: Thermosensitive stent (Memotherm) for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity3892 :: ('MESH:D004823', 'Disease') :: ['epididymitis']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']