abstract: Chemically induced @entity105 is often divided into two stages: initiation, which involves the conversion of some epidermal cells into latent neoplastic cells, and promotion, which allows the evolution of this neoplastic change into the formation of a @entity5 . The hallmark of @entity5 is the transformation of the normal epidermis into a @entity5072 . A major unanswered question about @entity5 is whether the @entity1373 that characterizes promoted skin is a @entity1373 resulting from damage produced by the promoter. The opinion currently held is that the @entity1373 produced by @entity5 promoters is not simply a @entity1373 and possesses characteristics which a regenerative @entity1373 does not have, enabling it to evolve into an epidermal @entity5 . The purpose of this review is to present recent evidence which strongly suggests that promoter-induced @entity1373 is a regenerative @entity1373 . Three principal lines of evidence are reviewed. The first demonstrates that an epidermal regenerative @entity1373 repeatedly produced by wounding or abrasion can promote @entity105 in the initiated skin of @entity19 . The second line of evidence demonstrates that the @entity1373 produced by the application of @entity864 ( @entity865 ), the most powerful and widely used promoter of @entity105 , is preceded by damage to the epidermis. This strongly suggests that the @entity1373 which ensues is a regenerative @entity1373 . Thirdly, evidence is presented which demonstrates that @entity1373 -producing agents which do not promote, produce an @entity1373 which is different from that produced by @entity5 promoters. Finally, the review discusses the evidence which suggests that the production of a @entity1373 may be the mechanism for @entity5 promotion in other organs, such as the liver, bladder, and intestine.

title: Regeneration and the mechanism of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'epidermal tumor promotion', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['epidermal hyperplasia', 'regenerative epidermal hyperplasia', 'hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity5072 :: ('MESH:D000796', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic epidermis']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['epidermal carcinogenesis', 'skin carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['epidermal tumor promotion']


abstract: Amaranthus caudatus L. toasted flour, popped grain and flakes were each fed to nine young @entity1 as the source of all diet protein and fat and 50% of diet energy, preceded and followed by casein control diets. All provided 6.4-6.7% of energy as protein and 9.3-10.1% as fat. Balances were carried out during the last 6 d of the three 9-d amaranth periods and during the four control periods. Fecal wet and dry weights during amaranth diets were 129-157% of those during casein control diets; fecal energy, fat and @entity1735 from the toasted flour periods were 193, 268 and 256%; from the popped grain 253, 586 and 195%; and from the flakes 225, 356 and 255% of those during casein diets. Apparent N absorptions were 84.1-84.6% of the casein values (P less than 0.001); apparent retentions from toasted, popped and flaked amaranth were 70.9, 65.9 and 59.0% of casein (P less than 0.001). The last of these was significantly lower than the first (P less than 0.05). Fecal fat was much higher (P less than 0.001) from the popped than from the flaked grain and the toasted flour. Toasted flour was then added to @entity2829 meal so that amaranth provided 20 or 30% of the protein. Seven young @entity1 received diets in which 6.4% of total energy came from one of the above mixes, or from casein, as protein. Soya-cottonseed oils completed 25% lipid energy in all three diets; balance of energy was from @entity969 in the experimental diets and from @entity969 , @entity4336 syrup solids and cornstarch in the casein diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Nutritional value for young @entity1 of grain amaranth and XXXX -amaranth mixtures: effect of processing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity2829 :: (4577,Species) :: ['maize']


abstract: Amaranthus caudatus L. toasted flour, popped grain and flakes were each fed to nine young @entity1 as the source of all diet protein and fat and 50% of diet energy, preceded and followed by casein control diets. All provided 6.4-6.7% of energy as protein and 9.3-10.1% as fat. Balances were carried out during the last 6 d of the three 9-d amaranth periods and during the four control periods. Fecal wet and dry weights during amaranth diets were 129-157% of those during casein control diets; fecal energy, fat and @entity1735 from the toasted flour periods were 193, 268 and 256%; from the popped grain 253, 586 and 195%; and from the flakes 225, 356 and 255% of those during casein diets. Apparent N absorptions were 84.1-84.6% of the casein values (P less than 0.001); apparent retentions from toasted, popped and flaked amaranth were 70.9, 65.9 and 59.0% of casein (P less than 0.001). The last of these was significantly lower than the first (P less than 0.05). Fecal fat was much higher (P less than 0.001) from the popped than from the flaked grain and the toasted flour. Toasted flour was then added to @entity2829 meal so that amaranth provided 20 or 30% of the protein. Seven young @entity1 received diets in which 6.4% of total energy came from one of the above mixes, or from casein, as protein. Soya-cottonseed oils completed 25% lipid energy in all three diets; balance of energy was from @entity969 in the experimental diets and from @entity969 , @entity4336 syrup solids and cornstarch in the casein diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Nutritional value for young XXXX of grain amaranth and @entity2829 -amaranth mixtures: effect of processing.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: There are several potential outcomes of @entity296 . When ischaemia is severe and prolonged, irreversible damage occurs and there is no recovery of contractile function. When @entity296 is less severe but still prolonged, myocytes may remain viable but exhibit depressed contractile function. Under these conditions, reperfusion restores complete contractile performance. This type of ischaemia, leading to a reversible, chronic @entity1002 , has been termed hibernating @entity1562 . The difference between this condition and that described before, i.e. prolonged ischaemia, which results in further damage on reperfusion, is, most likely, related to residual coronary flow. In the hibernating @entity1562 , which is supplied by a narrow coronary artery, blood flow is not low enough to cause progression toward tissue @entity39 , but it is low enough to cause intracellular changes and adaptative mechanisms which, in turn, are responsible for the down-regulation of myocardial contractility and for the preservation of viability. The level of underperfusion is sufficient to maintain aerobic metabolism of the quiescent @entity1562 as demonstrated by the absence of @entity880 and @entity908 phosphokinase releases. There are no doubts that revascularization is essential for hibernating @entity1562 , and the clinical goal to achieve is the possibility of accurately distinguishing viable from infarcted tissue. A third possible outcome of @entity296 is a post-ischaemic @entity67 or @entity1562 . This term describes a transient @entity409 that persists on reperfusion after a short period of ischaemia, despite the absence of irreversible damage.

title: Particular outcomes of XXXX : stunning and hibernation.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['mechanical dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardium', 'myocardial stunning']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial ischaemia']


abstract: @entity1378 can be associated with various @entity74 related to several mechanisms. These disorders might be related to the reduced life-span of whole blood components and/or to an autoimmune mechanism. Only one case of @entity3043 has yet been reported. The observation of 3 new personal cases (1 toxic @entity652 ) led us to review the pathogeny of @entity74 found in @entity1378 . Only one patient had antineutrophil autoantibodies. Direct and indirect Coomb's test, and Dixon's test were negative. In all @entity1 , @entity236 was unable to demonstrate pernicious @entity417 or @entity2590 . Two @entity1 presented cytological signs of macrophage activation with @entity1712 . These cytological features were compatible with an immuno- @entity566 mechanism. All @entity74 disappeared when @entity1 became euthyroid. In all cases, the @entity854 were quite mild and might have gone unnoticed. Thus, it can be suggested that the frequency of @entity3043 in @entity1378 is underestimated.

title: [ XXXX resolved by the treatment of @entity1378 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperthyroidism', 'hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['haematological abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['haematological disorders']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow aspiration']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ["adenoma and 2 Graves' disease"]

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

answer: @entity3043 :: (MESH:D010198,Disease) :: ['Pancytopenia']


abstract: @entity1378 can be associated with various @entity74 related to several mechanisms. These disorders might be related to the reduced life-span of whole blood components and/or to an autoimmune mechanism. Only one case of @entity3043 has yet been reported. The observation of 3 new personal cases (1 toxic @entity652 ) led us to review the pathogeny of @entity74 found in @entity1378 . Only one patient had antineutrophil autoantibodies. Direct and indirect Coomb's test, and Dixon's test were negative. In all @entity1 , @entity236 was unable to demonstrate pernicious @entity417 or @entity2590 . Two @entity1 presented cytological signs of macrophage activation with @entity1712 . These cytological features were compatible with an immuno- @entity566 mechanism. All @entity74 disappeared when @entity1 became euthyroid. In all cases, the @entity854 were quite mild and might have gone unnoticed. Thus, it can be suggested that the frequency of @entity3043 in @entity1378 is underestimated.

title: [ @entity3043 resolved by the treatment of XXXX ].

answer: @entity1378 :: (MESH:D006980,Disease) :: ['hyperthyroidism']


abstract: A multicentric study on the treatment of nonmalignant @entity1118 with epidural spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been carried out in 32 Italian centers devoted to @entity158 therapy. Neurosurgical and anesthesiology units participated in this retrospective study. 410 of the eligible @entity1 were enrolled in the protocol: 48% were male, 52% female. All @entity1 underwent a screening test period (average 21 days) and 74% underwent the definitive implant. The diagnosis was @entity11252 in 45%, @entity6865 in 15%, phantom limb @entity158 in 14%, @entity14000 in 8%, @entity1897 in 5%, others 13%. 84% received noninvasive unsuccessful treatment (10 tensor acupuncture). All had previous pharmacological therapy which was not always discontinued when SCS took place. @entity158 assessment had been done with the visual analog scale and verbal scale both subjectively and by the physician and nurses. Neuropsychological profile with minimal mental test or MMPI was obtained in 68% of the @entity1 . These results were favorable (i.e. excellent or good; more than 50% reduction of @entity158 ) in 87% of the @entity1 at the 3-month follow-up, 75% at the 6-month follow-up, 69% at the 1-year follow-up, and 58% at the 2-year follow-up. Complication rate was: dislocation of the electrocatheter 4%, technical problems 3%, infections of the system 2%. The results will be discussed in correlation with the different etiologies of the nonmalignant @entity1118 .

title: Italian multicentric study on XXXX treatment with epidural spinal cord stimulation.

entities_list: @entity6865 :: ('MESH:D012019', 'Disease') :: ['reflex sympathetic dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity14000 :: ('MESH:D051474', 'Disease') :: ['postherpetic neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity11252 :: ('MESH:D055111', 'Disease') :: ['failed back surgery syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain syndrome', 'chronic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: Effects of extracellular matrices (ECM) and the plasminogen activator (PA) system on outgrowth of @entity742 @entity389 ( @entity389 ) and trophectoderm in vitro were investigated. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of plasminogen and ECM type on @entity389 and trophectodermal outgrowth, on glass Lab- @entity65873 chamber slides coated with collagen IV, fibronectin, or laminin. @entity389 outgrowth areas were reduced (p < 0.05) by plasminogen and were greatest (p < 0.05) on fibronectin. Trophectodermal outgrowth was not supported in this system. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of @entity73187 ( @entity73187 ) or antiserum to urokinase-type PA (anti- @entity73188 ) on @entity389 outgrowth on fibronectin. Numbers of cells in the outgrowths were increased (p < 0.05) with @entity73187 , and anti- @entity73188 had no effect (p > 0.10). Experiment 3 evaluated the relationship between PA production and ECM type on @entity389 and trophectodermal outgrowth in microdrop cultures. PA production by @entity389 was greatest (p < 0.05) on fibronectin, but no differences (p > 0.10) were observed for trophectoderm. PA production was not correlated with @entity389 outgrowth areas (r = -0.12; p = 0.72) or numbers of cells in the @entity389 outgrowths (r = 0.09; p = 0.74) but was correlated with @entity389 areas (r = 0.75; p < 0.01) and numbers of cells in trophectodermal outgrowths (r = 0.57; p = 0.01). These results suggest that type of ECM, culture system, and alterations in the PA system influence cellular outgrowths by @entity389 and trophectoderm.

title: Evaluation of extracellular matrices and the plasminogen activator system in XXXX inner cell mass and trophectodermal outgrowth in vitro.

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['ICM', 'inner cell masses']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: Despite matching for serologically defined @entity2149 , DR antigens, @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) is a major complication contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in @entity1 who undergo marrow transplantation from unrelated donors. The extent to which unrecognized mismatching for alleles that encode @entity5958 -DR18 contribute to the increased risk of acute @entity2132 and overall survival is unknown. We analyzed 364 @entity1 and their @entity2149 , DR serologically matched donors to determine whether molecular typing of @entity1533 alleles can allow more accurate donor/recipient matching and thereby improve clinical outcome after marrow transplantation. @entity1533 alleles were typed by sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization methods. Selected alleles were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Of the 364 pairs, 305 were matched and 59 were mismatched for @entity1533 . The probability of moderate to severe acute @entity2132 was .48 for the matched and .70 for the mismatched @entity1 . Compared with mismatched @entity1 , the estimated relative risk (RR) of @entity2132 for matched @entity1 was .58 (95% confidence interval [CI], .40 to .85). @entity1533 matching decreased the risk of transplant-related mortality (RR, .66; 95% CI, .44 to .97) and was associated with decreased overall mortality (RR, .71; 95% CI, .51 to 1.0). Therefore, matching @entity1533 alleles of the donor and recipient decreases the risk of acute @entity2132 and improves survival after unrelated marrow transplantation. These results indicate that prospective matching of @entity1 and donors for @entity1533 alleles is warranted.

title: The significance of @entity1533 matching on clinical outcome after XXXX , DR identical unrelated donor marrow transplantation.

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'acute graft-versus-host disease']

answer: @entity2149 :: (3105;3106,Gene) :: ['HLA-A, B']


abstract: Despite matching for serologically defined @entity2149 , DR antigens, @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) is a major complication contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in @entity1 who undergo marrow transplantation from unrelated donors. The extent to which unrecognized mismatching for alleles that encode @entity5958 -DR18 contribute to the increased risk of acute @entity2132 and overall survival is unknown. We analyzed 364 @entity1 and their @entity2149 , DR serologically matched donors to determine whether molecular typing of @entity1533 alleles can allow more accurate donor/recipient matching and thereby improve clinical outcome after marrow transplantation. @entity1533 alleles were typed by sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization methods. Selected alleles were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Of the 364 pairs, 305 were matched and 59 were mismatched for @entity1533 . The probability of moderate to severe acute @entity2132 was .48 for the matched and .70 for the mismatched @entity1 . Compared with mismatched @entity1 , the estimated relative risk (RR) of @entity2132 for matched @entity1 was .58 (95% confidence interval [CI], .40 to .85). @entity1533 matching decreased the risk of transplant-related mortality (RR, .66; 95% CI, .44 to .97) and was associated with decreased overall mortality (RR, .71; 95% CI, .51 to 1.0). Therefore, matching @entity1533 alleles of the donor and recipient decreases the risk of acute @entity2132 and improves survival after unrelated marrow transplantation. These results indicate that prospective matching of @entity1 and donors for @entity1533 alleles is warranted.

title: The significance of XXXX matching on clinical outcome after @entity2149 , DR identical unrelated donor marrow transplantation.

answer: @entity1533 :: (3123,Gene) :: ['HLA-DRB1']


abstract: The goal of this study was to analyze, discuss, and compare risks and results obtained with the "buried strip" and two "tube" techniques for @entity2650 repair in a personal series. From 1976 through 1982, 82 @entity1 underwent complete two-stage repair of @entity2650 using either the Denis Browne procedure (23 @entity1 ) or the Belt-Fuqua technique (41) and Byars procedure (18), respectively. Only those @entity1 with originally distal and mid shaft @entity2650 plus chordee were included in this series. The mean age at the time of repair was 4.9 years, with a range of two to sixteen years. The overall complication rate was 13.4 per cent (11 of 82). The tube procedures alone had a complication rate of 6.8 per cent (4 of 59) compared with 30 per cent (7 of 23) with the Denis Browne technique. Complications noted were: fistulas 6 (Denis Browne 5, Belt-Fuqua 1); meatal stenosis 4 (Denis Browne 2, Byars 2); urethral stricture 1 (Belt-Fuqua). Our results confirm the general belief that tube techniques have a higher reliability than does the Denis Browne procedure. Each procedure improves with the experience of the surgeon, although the tube technique appears to cause less trouble in our hands. The running subcutaneous and intracutaneous sutures give a far smoother healing. We believe this study supports the virtues of two-stage tube repairs.

title: "Buried strip" versus "tube" in XXXX repair: analysis of 82 consecutive cases.

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

answer: @entity2650 :: (MESH:D007021,Disease) :: ['hypospadias']


abstract: A major research program in the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, in the 1930s was the preparation of a large number of @entity8370 and their anhydrides as substitute @entity3363 for @entity6 diets. As an outgrowth of this work, many of these polyols were converted to their @entity53955 and investigated for their vasodilating properties. The organic @entity3362 that were synthesized were examined for their potency, duration of action, and possible therapeutic use. It was demonstrated that, contrary to prior belief, the @entity9598 and vasodilating action was exhibited by their own molecular structure and not through hydrolysis and reduction to @entity3542 . The search for the finer mechanism(s) of action on the vascular musculature showed that these nitrated @entity8371 and their anhydrides inhibited arterial @entity859 triphosphatase, although this enzyme inhibition did not correlate with pharmacologic activity. Today the mechanism of action of these drugs is not clearly understood at the cellular level. The @entity73189 ( @entity3763 ) was synthesized, studied, and reported in 1940. It appeared to be a useful drug because blood levels of the unhydrolyzed @entity13507 were found to persist for long periods of time. Subsequent clinical studies in the 1960s demonstrated its prophylactic value in @entity951 and its prolonged action as a therapeutic asset. In 1967 the mononitrate was shown to be formed in vivo when the dinitrate was administered orally and has been studied as the possible pharmacodynamically active moiety.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: History of the synthesis and pharmacology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity3763 :: ('MESH:D007548', 'Chemical') :: ['isosorbide dinitrate']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity9598 :: ('MESH:C535349', 'Disease') :: ['depressor']

entities_list: @entity8370 :: ('MESH:D013402', 'Chemical') :: ['sugar alcohols']

entities_list: @entity3362 :: ('MESH:D009566', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrates']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity73189 :: ('CHEBI:6061', 'Chemical') :: ['1,4:3,6-dianhydrosorbitol 2,5-dinitrate']

entities_list: @entity53955 :: ('CHEBI:51080', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate esters']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity8371 :: ('CHEBI:26191', 'Chemical') :: ['polyols']

answer: @entity3763 :: (MESH:D007548,Chemical) :: ['isosorbide dinitrate']


abstract: Seventy-seven @entity1 (age 12 to 46 years) who underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation for @entity1583 or @entity2150 and who had grade II to IV @entity2132 despite methotrexate prophylaxis were randomly assigned to receive @entity1667 2 mg/kg per day intravenously (n = 39) or @entity205 (n = 38) either 12 to 15 mg/kg per day orally or 3 to 5 mg/kg per day intravenously. In both groups, clinical and histologic evidence of @entity2132 was detected at medians of 16 and 25 days, respectively. Drugs were given for a minimum of 14 days unless significant deterioration occurred. If @entity2132 did not improve with this therapy, treatment with a second agent was initiated. Treatment responses were scored after reviewing clinical and laboratory data collected before, during, and after the 14-day treatment period. Possible scores were as follows: -1, worse; 0, no change; + 1, improvement in one organ system (skin, liver, gut) with no deterioration in the other two; +2, complete resolution of all involved systems. The median response score among 39 @entity1667 -treated @entity1 was 0. Sixteen @entity1 (41 percent) showed response to treatment, 11 with partial and five with complete response. The median response score among 38 @entity205 -treated @entity1 was +1. Twenty-three @entity1 (61 percent) showed response to treatment, 15 with partial and eight with complete response (p = 0.039). Twenty @entity1 receiving @entity1667 and 18 receiving @entity205 required additional therapy. The incidence of @entity2132 was similar in both groups. It developed in all nonresponding @entity1 at risk who had received secondary therapy. Among responding @entity1 (scores +1 or +2) who were not given additional treatment, @entity2132 developed in eight of 11 (72 percent) receiving @entity1667 and five of ten (50 percent) receiving @entity205 . Survival beyond 17 months was similar in the two groups (28 percent and 24 percent, respectively). These data suggest that @entity205 is a useful agent for the treatment of @entity2132 , comparable in its efficacy to @entity1667 .

title: Treatment of XXXX after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Randomized study comparing corticosteroids and @entity205 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anemia']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['chronic graft-versus-host disease', 'graft-versus-host disease', 'acute graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancy']

answer: @entity2132 :: (MESH:D006086,Disease) :: ['acute graft-versus-host disease']


abstract: Seventy-seven @entity1 (age 12 to 46 years) who underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation for @entity1583 or @entity2150 and who had grade II to IV @entity2132 despite methotrexate prophylaxis were randomly assigned to receive @entity1667 2 mg/kg per day intravenously (n = 39) or @entity205 (n = 38) either 12 to 15 mg/kg per day orally or 3 to 5 mg/kg per day intravenously. In both groups, clinical and histologic evidence of @entity2132 was detected at medians of 16 and 25 days, respectively. Drugs were given for a minimum of 14 days unless significant deterioration occurred. If @entity2132 did not improve with this therapy, treatment with a second agent was initiated. Treatment responses were scored after reviewing clinical and laboratory data collected before, during, and after the 14-day treatment period. Possible scores were as follows: -1, worse; 0, no change; + 1, improvement in one organ system (skin, liver, gut) with no deterioration in the other two; +2, complete resolution of all involved systems. The median response score among 39 @entity1667 -treated @entity1 was 0. Sixteen @entity1 (41 percent) showed response to treatment, 11 with partial and five with complete response. The median response score among 38 @entity205 -treated @entity1 was +1. Twenty-three @entity1 (61 percent) showed response to treatment, 15 with partial and eight with complete response (p = 0.039). Twenty @entity1 receiving @entity1667 and 18 receiving @entity205 required additional therapy. The incidence of @entity2132 was similar in both groups. It developed in all nonresponding @entity1 at risk who had received secondary therapy. Among responding @entity1 (scores +1 or +2) who were not given additional treatment, @entity2132 developed in eight of 11 (72 percent) receiving @entity1667 and five of ten (50 percent) receiving @entity205 . Survival beyond 17 months was similar in the two groups (28 percent and 24 percent, respectively). These data suggest that @entity205 is a useful agent for the treatment of @entity2132 , comparable in its efficacy to @entity1667 .

title: Treatment of @entity2132 after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Randomized study comparing corticosteroids and XXXX .

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: This study is based on a 'natural experiment' in which a cohort of @entity4521 users was assessed at one unit, then referred on geographic grounds for treatment to one of two clinics--one orientated to long-term maintenance (Clinic 2, with 61 subjects), the other to time-limited treatment aimed at achieving abstinence from all drugs including @entity284 (Clinic 1, 141 subjects). The outcome measure was @entity4521 use as measured by urine testing performed regularly at both clinics. Overall, 25% of urine tests from Clinic 1 were positive for @entity4521 compared to 18% in Clinic 2. This difference reflected in part a high rate of @entity4521 use during the period of mandatory withdrawal from treatment in clinic 1. Statistical models were developed to identify factors associated with @entity4521 use. There was a strong association between @entity284 dose and @entity4521 use; relative to a daily dose of 40 mg, a dose of 80 mg/day of @entity284 was less likely to be associated with a @entity4521 -positive urine (OR 0.55, 95% CI [0.45, 0.68]). Average doses prescribed in Clinic 1 were lower, reflecting the clinic's orientation to abstinence. Adjusting for dose, and for the fact that certain individuals tend to use @entity4521 heavily while others do not, there was no difference between the clinics in risk of @entity4521 use during maintenance treatment. The higher rates of @entity4521 use in the abstinence-orientated clinic were attributable to time-limited treatment and the use of lower doses of @entity284 . This finding confirms that in investigating the effects of treatment factors, the powerful influence of @entity284 dose needs to be taken into account.

title: Investigating the influence of treatment philosophy on outcome of XXXX maintenance.

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone']

answer: @entity284 :: (MESH:D008691,Chemical) :: ['methadone']


abstract: Complication rates and postoperative mortality were studied in 1010 consecutive @entity1 entered into the Norwegian @entity5 Trial. Twenty-eight per cent of the @entity1 had one or more complications (31% of the @entity1 and 21% of the @entity1 ). General complications ( @entity55 , @entity1031 , and cardiac) were most frequent. The postoperative mortality rate for resected @entity1 was 8.3% (63 of 763). Complication and mortality rates were highest for proximal resections (52% and 16%) followed by total gastrectomy (38% and 8%), subtotal resection (28% and 10%), and distal resection (19% and 7%). By logistic regression analysis it was found that age, sex, operative procedure, prophylactic antibiotics, and splenectomy were significantly related to @entity260 . The odds ratio for complication for @entity1 versus @entity1 was 1.75: for no antibiotics versus antibiotic prophylaxis it was 2.5. Relative to distal resection the odds ratio for complications after subtotal resection was 2.2, for total gastrectomy was 3.9, and for proximal resection was 7.6. Age and sex were the only factors that affected operative mortality. The odds ratio for mortality for @entity1 versus @entity1 was 2.3. The odds ratio for operative mortality was 2.2 when the age of the @entity1 increased with 10 years.

title: XXXX and mortality after surgery for gastric cancer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stomach Cancer']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

answer: @entity260 :: (MESH:D011183,Disease) :: ['Postoperative complications']


abstract: The effectiveness of @entity12374 in @entity1167 has been challenged; retrospective studies have not supported its use. We conducted a prospective, randomized, blinded study comparing the effectiveness of @entity12374 with saline in the prehospital paramedic setting. Seventy-three @entity1 who had received @entity1425 , @entity3157 , and @entity3897 and were in refractory @entity1167 were included in the study, which was conducted from October 1982 to October 1983. Traumatic and pediatric arrests were excluded. The successful resuscitation rate was three of 39 in the @entity460 group versus one of 34 in the saline group (P less than .37). A successful resuscitation was defined as the conveyance of a @entity1 with a pulse and a rhythm to an emergency department. Groups were analyzed for sex, age, and witnessed arrests. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. No @entity1 who was resuscitated successfully in the field was discharged from the hospital alive. We conclude that @entity12374 is not of value in resuscitating @entity1 from refractory @entity1167 in the prehospital @entity1167 setting.

title: Lack of effectiveness of XXXX in refractory @entity1167 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest', 'asystole']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity12374 :: ('MESH:D002122', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium chloride']

answer: @entity12374 :: (MESH:D002122,Chemical) :: ['calcium chloride']


abstract: The effectiveness of @entity12374 in @entity1167 has been challenged; retrospective studies have not supported its use. We conducted a prospective, randomized, blinded study comparing the effectiveness of @entity12374 with saline in the prehospital paramedic setting. Seventy-three @entity1 who had received @entity1425 , @entity3157 , and @entity3897 and were in refractory @entity1167 were included in the study, which was conducted from October 1982 to October 1983. Traumatic and pediatric arrests were excluded. The successful resuscitation rate was three of 39 in the @entity460 group versus one of 34 in the saline group (P less than .37). A successful resuscitation was defined as the conveyance of a @entity1 with a pulse and a rhythm to an emergency department. Groups were analyzed for sex, age, and witnessed arrests. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. No @entity1 who was resuscitated successfully in the field was discharged from the hospital alive. We conclude that @entity12374 is not of value in resuscitating @entity1 from refractory @entity1167 in the prehospital @entity1167 setting.

title: Lack of effectiveness of @entity12374 in refractory XXXX .

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['asystole']


abstract: Cationic lipids are an effective means for transfecting nucleic acids into a variety of cell types. Very few of these lipids, however, have been reported to be effective with primary cells. We report on the efficacy of several commercially available cationic lipid reagents to transfect plasmid DNA into primary @entity35 hepatocytes in culture. The reagents tested in this study include TransfectAce, LipofectAmine, Lipofectin, @entity53536 ( @entity53536 ), ( @entity11505 ( @entity11505 ), and @entity14942 / @entity23209 ( @entity14942 / @entity23210 ). Electron micrographic (EM) studies indicate that similar size Lipofectin and @entity11505 vesicles contain DNA-like material internally and that these vesicles attach to the cell membrane. @entity11505 vesicles are multilamellar, appear as clusters, and have a high DNA-to-lipid ratio. Lipofectin vesicles appear to attach to the cell surface as individual vesicles. The EM observations are consistent with current theories on the mechanism of transfection by cationic lipids. While Lipofectin has proven to be effective in transfection studies of primary cells in culture, we have found @entity11505 to be a viable alternative. @entity11505 yields transfection rates in hepatocytes comparable to @entity53536 and Lipofectin, however, at lower concentrations of reagent and at considerably less cost. Optimal conditions for transfecting 5 micrograms of plasmid DNA with @entity11505 were achieved by utilizing multilamellar (vortexed) vesicles at a concentration of 15 micrograms @entity11505 per 2 ml media in 60-mm plates for 2 h transfection time. In this study, @entity11505 has proven to be economical, easy to prepare, and very effective in transfecting DNA into primary @entity35 hepatocytes.

title: Efficient lipid-mediated transfection of DNA into primary XXXX hepatocytes.

entities_list: @entity11505 :: ('MESH:C070046', 'Chemical') :: ['N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethyl-ammonium methylsulfate', 'DOTAP']

entities_list: @entity14942 :: ('MESH:C004322', 'Chemical') :: ['CTAB', 'cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide']

entities_list: @entity53536 :: ('MESH:C054005', 'Chemical') :: ['DOTMA', 'N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-n,n,n-trimethylammoniumchloride']

entities_list: @entity23209 :: ('MESH:C094877', 'Chemical') :: ['dioleoylphosphatidylethanol-amine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Twelve consecutive @entity1 who developed @entity1166 (polymorphous @entity1165 with marked @entity1162 , @entity42245 ) over a 4 year period were treated with intravenous injections of @entity2399 . In nine of the @entity1 a single bolus of 2 g completely abolished the @entity42245 within 1 to 5 min, and in three others complete abolition of the @entity42245 was achieved after a second bolus was given 5 to 15 min later. Nine of the @entity1 also received continuous infusion of @entity2400 (3 to 20 mg/min) for 7 to 48 hr until the QT interval was below 0.50 sec. In nine of the 12 @entity1 the @entity42245 was induced by antiarrhythmic agents. The QT interval preceding @entity42245 ranged from 0.54 to 0.72 sec. After the @entity2400 bolus, which prevented the recurrence of @entity42245 , no significant changes were observed in the QT interval. There were no side effects of this treatment. In eight of the 12 @entity1 @entity972 levels before the @entity42245 were below 3.5 meq/liter; @entity1760 levels were available in eight @entity1 before @entity42245 , and were normal in all. Five additional @entity1 with polymorphous @entity1165 but normal QT intervals (non- @entity42245 @entity1 ) received two to three boluses of @entity2400 . This treatment was ineffective in all, but they responded to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. Thus, @entity2400 is a very effective and safe treatment for @entity42245 , and its application is rapid and simple. Its use is therefore recommended as the first line of therapy for @entity42245 .

title: Treatment of XXXX with @entity2399 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2399 :: ('MESH:D008278', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium sulfate']

entities_list: @entity1166 :: ('MESH:D016171', 'Disease') :: ['torsade de pointes']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['QT prolongation']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity1166 :: (MESH:D016171,Disease) :: ['torsade de pointes']


abstract: Twelve consecutive @entity1 who developed @entity1166 (polymorphous @entity1165 with marked @entity1162 , @entity42245 ) over a 4 year period were treated with intravenous injections of @entity2399 . In nine of the @entity1 a single bolus of 2 g completely abolished the @entity42245 within 1 to 5 min, and in three others complete abolition of the @entity42245 was achieved after a second bolus was given 5 to 15 min later. Nine of the @entity1 also received continuous infusion of @entity2400 (3 to 20 mg/min) for 7 to 48 hr until the QT interval was below 0.50 sec. In nine of the 12 @entity1 the @entity42245 was induced by antiarrhythmic agents. The QT interval preceding @entity42245 ranged from 0.54 to 0.72 sec. After the @entity2400 bolus, which prevented the recurrence of @entity42245 , no significant changes were observed in the QT interval. There were no side effects of this treatment. In eight of the 12 @entity1 @entity972 levels before the @entity42245 were below 3.5 meq/liter; @entity1760 levels were available in eight @entity1 before @entity42245 , and were normal in all. Five additional @entity1 with polymorphous @entity1165 but normal QT intervals (non- @entity42245 @entity1 ) received two to three boluses of @entity2400 . This treatment was ineffective in all, but they responded to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy. Thus, @entity2400 is a very effective and safe treatment for @entity42245 , and its application is rapid and simple. Its use is therefore recommended as the first line of therapy for @entity42245 .

title: Treatment of @entity1166 with XXXX .

answer: @entity2399 :: (MESH:D008278,Chemical) :: ['magnesium sulfate']


abstract: Due to controversial evaluation of the contribution of clinical signs for the diagnosing of non-specific @entity29 , as well as due to the lack of similar data, we tried to find our own answer to the question as to whether the clinical signs of @entity31 ( @entity31 ) and @entity30 (MC) are helpful, unhelpful, or even confusing for the diagnosis. A group of @entity1 with MC and @entity31 was analyzed from this aspect. Individuals in their twenties and thirties prevailed in the sample, mostly intellectual workers, the number of males and females was equal. Our attempt to analyze all the available diagnostic methods originated in an observation that a long period of health problems precedes the diagnosis of MC, namely 1.5 y in males and as long as 4 y in females. Other striking information was that surgery represented the initial treatment in 66% of cases and the correct diagnosis was made peroperatively only in 56% of cases. We compared our results with those of the OMGE study, one of the largest projects which evaluated positively the contribution of clinical signs to the diagnosing of MC and @entity31 . We found that the main signs of CU have not changed in the last century, and some additional signs occur rather due to complications than due to the disease per se. Frequency of @entity158 increased by 25% in our @entity1 , and approximately 1/3 of it represented intermittent @entity158 caused by tenesms. @entity158 in MC must be properly analyzed in order to discriminate @entity697 . Other indicators did not differ from the OMGE study. In accordance with its results, we confirmed the importance of correct evaluation of clinical signs for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of @entity31 and MC. The number of diagnostic methods still increases. Their validity must be continuously re-evaluated, however the clinical examination in the dynamic process stays to be of crucial value.

title: [What is the value of clinical symptoms in the diagnosis of nonspecific XXXX ?].

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: 1. The responses of plasma @entity1369 and plasma prolactin concentrations to @entity1769 (10 mg intravenously) were evaluated over 2 h in eight healthy controls and in 23 @entity1 with @entity82 (10 without and 13 with @entity843 ). Plasma @entity916 activity, glomerular filtration rate and renal @entity1372 excretion were also determined. 2. @entity1769 did not significantly influence plasma @entity916 activity, whereas both plasma @entity1369 and plasma prolactin rose significantly. The incremental areas under the curves did not differ among controls and cirrhotic @entity1 without and with @entity843 . No significant correlations between plasma prolactin and @entity1369 , either under basal conditions or after @entity1769 administration, were found in either controls or @entity1 . 3. Glomerular filtration rate did not change after @entity1769 . Renal @entity1372 excretion in controls and cirrhotic @entity1 without @entity843 was also unaffected, whereas it decreased significantly in cirrhotic @entity1 with @entity843 . In the latter, renal @entity1372 excretion was inversely correlated with plasma @entity1369 both under basal conditions and after @entity1769 administration. 4. The dopaminergic control of @entity1369 secretion does not appear to be significantly altered in @entity82 . @entity1769 administration to cirrhotic @entity1 with @entity843 leads to an increase in plasma @entity1369 that may enhance renal @entity1372 retention.

title: Unaltered dopaminergic modulation of @entity1369 secretion in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['Metoclopramide', 'metoclopramide']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['cirrhosis']


abstract: 1. The responses of plasma @entity1369 and plasma prolactin concentrations to @entity1769 (10 mg intravenously) were evaluated over 2 h in eight healthy controls and in 23 @entity1 with @entity82 (10 without and 13 with @entity843 ). Plasma @entity916 activity, glomerular filtration rate and renal @entity1372 excretion were also determined. 2. @entity1769 did not significantly influence plasma @entity916 activity, whereas both plasma @entity1369 and plasma prolactin rose significantly. The incremental areas under the curves did not differ among controls and cirrhotic @entity1 without and with @entity843 . No significant correlations between plasma prolactin and @entity1369 , either under basal conditions or after @entity1769 administration, were found in either controls or @entity1 . 3. Glomerular filtration rate did not change after @entity1769 . Renal @entity1372 excretion in controls and cirrhotic @entity1 without @entity843 was also unaffected, whereas it decreased significantly in cirrhotic @entity1 with @entity843 . In the latter, renal @entity1372 excretion was inversely correlated with plasma @entity1369 both under basal conditions and after @entity1769 administration. 4. The dopaminergic control of @entity1369 secretion does not appear to be significantly altered in @entity82 . @entity1769 administration to cirrhotic @entity1 with @entity843 leads to an increase in plasma @entity1369 that may enhance renal @entity1372 retention.

title: Unaltered dopaminergic modulation of XXXX secretion in @entity82 .

answer: @entity1369 :: (MESH:D000450,Chemical) :: ['aldosterone']


abstract: Twenty-five adult @entity378 @entity1 with intrathoracic lymphadenopathy were studied. Intrathoracic @entity378 seems rare in Chinese and affects more older and female subjects. The most common symptoms were cough, followed by chills, @entity221 and the most common physical finding was peripheral lymph node enlargement. The roentgenographic appearance of mediastinal lesions varied but often included right paratracheal involvement. Nine @entity1 had clear lungs. @entity378 involvement was limited to the lower lung field in seven out of 16 @entity1 with concomitant parenchymal lesions. The remaining nine @entity1 had @entity1907 involving the upper lobes. Consolidation was the most common form of @entity358 . A diagnosis was made on the basis of sputum examination in nine @entity1 ; however, peripheral lymph node examination yielded a higher diagnostic rate (90 percent). Endobronchial involvement was proved by bronchoscopy in 12 of 16 @entity1 . In three instances, the final diagnosis could be documented after mediastinoscopy or exploratory thoracotomy.

title: Clinical role of bronchoscopy in adults with intrathoracic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary lesion']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous lymphadenopathy', 'Tuberculous', 'tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculous lymphadenopathy']


abstract: Seventy-one @entity1 submitted routinely to coronary artery bypass surgery were randomized into 2 groups. Group A (32 @entity1 ) received 24 hr after initiation of surgery an intravenous perfusion of 100 mg of @entity10719 given over 24 hr (22 cases) or 600 mg administered orally (10 cases). On subsequent days, they received 1200 mg of @entity10719 /day orally. Group B (39 @entity1 ) was used as control. The groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, severity of @entity301 , preoperative therapy, duration of extracorporeal circulation, aortic clamping time, and immediate postoperative haemodynamic findings. No @entity1 received digitalis. During hospital stay (10 days), 1 group A @entity1 (3%) and 13 group B @entity1 (33%; P less than 0.001) developed a sustained episode of @entity943 ( @entity955 , @entity5069 or @entity8630 ). The majority of these @entity74 developed between days 2 and 4. On Holter monitoring on days 7-10, @entity1540 (grades IV and V of Lown's classification) were more frequent in group B (65.2%) than in group A (19.3%; P less than 0.001). Haemodynamic measurements taken at rest performed in 27 @entity1 on days 7-10 (16 @entity1 of group A; 11 of group B). No difference was observed between the two groups. @entity10719 is a safe and efficacious drug for the prevention of @entity943 following coronary surgery.

title: Prevention by XXXX of @entity74 following coronary bypass surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8630 :: ('MESH:D013612', 'Disease') :: ['atrial ectopic tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity10719 :: ('MESH:D000070', 'Chemical') :: ['acebutolol', 'Acebutolol']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['rhythm disorders']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1540 :: ('MESH:D018879', 'Disease') :: ['malignant ventricular extrasystoles']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['atrial arrhythmia', 'arrhythmias']

answer: @entity10719 :: (MESH:D000070,Chemical) :: ['acebutolol']


abstract: Seventy-one @entity1 submitted routinely to coronary artery bypass surgery were randomized into 2 groups. Group A (32 @entity1 ) received 24 hr after initiation of surgery an intravenous perfusion of 100 mg of @entity10719 given over 24 hr (22 cases) or 600 mg administered orally (10 cases). On subsequent days, they received 1200 mg of @entity10719 /day orally. Group B (39 @entity1 ) was used as control. The groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, severity of @entity301 , preoperative therapy, duration of extracorporeal circulation, aortic clamping time, and immediate postoperative haemodynamic findings. No @entity1 received digitalis. During hospital stay (10 days), 1 group A @entity1 (3%) and 13 group B @entity1 (33%; P less than 0.001) developed a sustained episode of @entity943 ( @entity955 , @entity5069 or @entity8630 ). The majority of these @entity74 developed between days 2 and 4. On Holter monitoring on days 7-10, @entity1540 (grades IV and V of Lown's classification) were more frequent in group B (65.2%) than in group A (19.3%; P less than 0.001). Haemodynamic measurements taken at rest performed in 27 @entity1 on days 7-10 (16 @entity1 of group A; 11 of group B). No difference was observed between the two groups. @entity10719 is a safe and efficacious drug for the prevention of @entity943 following coronary surgery.

title: Prevention by @entity10719 of XXXX following coronary bypass surgery.

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['rhythm disorders']


abstract: New agents with increased activity and/or reduced @entity137 are needed for the treatment of @entity0 . The @entity10517 derivatives @entity2664 and @entity11887 had significant activity and acceptable @entity137 in phase II trials. In an ongoing phase III trial we have now randomized 150 @entity1 with @entity0 to either @entity632 (60 mg/m2), @entity2664 (14 mg/m2) or @entity11887 (260 mg/m2) i.v. q 3 weeks with re-randomization for cross-over at the time of progression to determine the relative efficacy and @entity137 of these three agents. To be eligible, @entity1 must have had only one previous chemotherapy regimen. ER positive @entity1 must have failed endocrine therapy. @entity1 with CHF or severe @entity299 were ineligible. In this preliminary evaluation, 117 @entity1 are evaluable for response and 110 for @entity137 . Median age for all @entity1 is 58 years (range 26-78). The majority (86%) are postmenopausal. Fifty-nine percent percent of the @entity1 have @entity74 . @entity172 receptor is positive in 37%, negative in 39% and unknown in 24% of @entity1 . Median performance status (SWOG) is 1, range 0-2. Objective responses have been observed on each arm ( @entity632 9/35, @entity2664 6/38, @entity11887 6/44). Thirty-two @entity1 are evaluable for cross-over response ( @entity632 2/13, @entity2664 1/11, @entity11887 0/8). The predominant @entity137 is @entity1431 with a nadir WBC count less than 2000 in 45% of all courses administered. @entity1431 is similar with the three drugs. Significant @entity390 , @entity391 and @entity1665 are common with @entity632 and uncommon with the other agents. @entity712 has been observed in one @entity1 ( @entity632 ). Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy and @entity137 of these agents await the completion of this trial.

title: A randomized trial of @entity632 , XXXX and @entity11887 in @entity0 (a South West Oncology Group Study).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity10517 :: ('MESH:C034020', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracene']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['visceral dominant disease']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia', 'Leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity11887 :: ('MESH:C031404', 'Chemical') :: ['bisantrene']

answer: @entity2664 :: (MESH:D008942,Chemical) :: ['mitoxantrone']


abstract: New agents with increased activity and/or reduced @entity137 are needed for the treatment of @entity0 . The @entity10517 derivatives @entity2664 and @entity11887 had significant activity and acceptable @entity137 in phase II trials. In an ongoing phase III trial we have now randomized 150 @entity1 with @entity0 to either @entity632 (60 mg/m2), @entity2664 (14 mg/m2) or @entity11887 (260 mg/m2) i.v. q 3 weeks with re-randomization for cross-over at the time of progression to determine the relative efficacy and @entity137 of these three agents. To be eligible, @entity1 must have had only one previous chemotherapy regimen. ER positive @entity1 must have failed endocrine therapy. @entity1 with CHF or severe @entity299 were ineligible. In this preliminary evaluation, 117 @entity1 are evaluable for response and 110 for @entity137 . Median age for all @entity1 is 58 years (range 26-78). The majority (86%) are postmenopausal. Fifty-nine percent percent of the @entity1 have @entity74 . @entity172 receptor is positive in 37%, negative in 39% and unknown in 24% of @entity1 . Median performance status (SWOG) is 1, range 0-2. Objective responses have been observed on each arm ( @entity632 9/35, @entity2664 6/38, @entity11887 6/44). Thirty-two @entity1 are evaluable for cross-over response ( @entity632 2/13, @entity2664 1/11, @entity11887 0/8). The predominant @entity137 is @entity1431 with a nadir WBC count less than 2000 in 45% of all courses administered. @entity1431 is similar with the three drugs. Significant @entity390 , @entity391 and @entity1665 are common with @entity632 and uncommon with the other agents. @entity712 has been observed in one @entity1 ( @entity632 ). Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy and @entity137 of these agents await the completion of this trial.

title: A randomized trial of @entity632 , @entity2664 and XXXX in @entity0 (a South West Oncology Group Study).

answer: @entity11887 :: (MESH:C031404,Chemical) :: ['bisantrene']


abstract: New agents with increased activity and/or reduced @entity137 are needed for the treatment of @entity0 . The @entity10517 derivatives @entity2664 and @entity11887 had significant activity and acceptable @entity137 in phase II trials. In an ongoing phase III trial we have now randomized 150 @entity1 with @entity0 to either @entity632 (60 mg/m2), @entity2664 (14 mg/m2) or @entity11887 (260 mg/m2) i.v. q 3 weeks with re-randomization for cross-over at the time of progression to determine the relative efficacy and @entity137 of these three agents. To be eligible, @entity1 must have had only one previous chemotherapy regimen. ER positive @entity1 must have failed endocrine therapy. @entity1 with CHF or severe @entity299 were ineligible. In this preliminary evaluation, 117 @entity1 are evaluable for response and 110 for @entity137 . Median age for all @entity1 is 58 years (range 26-78). The majority (86%) are postmenopausal. Fifty-nine percent percent of the @entity1 have @entity74 . @entity172 receptor is positive in 37%, negative in 39% and unknown in 24% of @entity1 . Median performance status (SWOG) is 1, range 0-2. Objective responses have been observed on each arm ( @entity632 9/35, @entity2664 6/38, @entity11887 6/44). Thirty-two @entity1 are evaluable for cross-over response ( @entity632 2/13, @entity2664 1/11, @entity11887 0/8). The predominant @entity137 is @entity1431 with a nadir WBC count less than 2000 in 45% of all courses administered. @entity1431 is similar with the three drugs. Significant @entity390 , @entity391 and @entity1665 are common with @entity632 and uncommon with the other agents. @entity712 has been observed in one @entity1 ( @entity632 ). Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy and @entity137 of these agents await the completion of this trial.

title: A randomized trial of XXXX , @entity2664 and @entity11887 in @entity0 (a South West Oncology Group Study).

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: New agents with increased activity and/or reduced @entity137 are needed for the treatment of @entity0 . The @entity10517 derivatives @entity2664 and @entity11887 had significant activity and acceptable @entity137 in phase II trials. In an ongoing phase III trial we have now randomized 150 @entity1 with @entity0 to either @entity632 (60 mg/m2), @entity2664 (14 mg/m2) or @entity11887 (260 mg/m2) i.v. q 3 weeks with re-randomization for cross-over at the time of progression to determine the relative efficacy and @entity137 of these three agents. To be eligible, @entity1 must have had only one previous chemotherapy regimen. ER positive @entity1 must have failed endocrine therapy. @entity1 with CHF or severe @entity299 were ineligible. In this preliminary evaluation, 117 @entity1 are evaluable for response and 110 for @entity137 . Median age for all @entity1 is 58 years (range 26-78). The majority (86%) are postmenopausal. Fifty-nine percent percent of the @entity1 have @entity74 . @entity172 receptor is positive in 37%, negative in 39% and unknown in 24% of @entity1 . Median performance status (SWOG) is 1, range 0-2. Objective responses have been observed on each arm ( @entity632 9/35, @entity2664 6/38, @entity11887 6/44). Thirty-two @entity1 are evaluable for cross-over response ( @entity632 2/13, @entity2664 1/11, @entity11887 0/8). The predominant @entity137 is @entity1431 with a nadir WBC count less than 2000 in 45% of all courses administered. @entity1431 is similar with the three drugs. Significant @entity390 , @entity391 and @entity1665 are common with @entity632 and uncommon with the other agents. @entity712 has been observed in one @entity1 ( @entity632 ). Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy and @entity137 of these agents await the completion of this trial.

title: A randomized trial of @entity632 , @entity2664 and @entity11887 in XXXX (a South West Oncology Group Study).

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['advanced breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognosis of @entity713 (CCHB) is usually considered favorable in adults. This belief is based on studies comprising a limited number of @entity1 and with rather short observation times. In the present study, the natural history of the disease was investigated by a prospective follow-up through decades of adult life of @entity1 with a large group having well-defined CCHB without structural @entity299 . METHODS AND RESULTS: The diagnostic criteria of CCHB proposed by Yater were applied. @entity1 registered as having CCHB in 1964, supplemented by younger @entity1 all without symptoms during their first 15 years of life, were selected. The study was limited to @entity1 with isolated, complete, permanent @entity616 . An interview was conducted with all @entity1 and clinical follow-up data obtained. There were finally 102 @entity1 , 61 @entity1 and 41 @entity1 . In November 1994, the time of observation, after the age of 15 years in survivors, was between 7 and 30 years. The mean age at follow-up or at @entity204 was 38 years, median age 37 years, and range 16 to 66 years. @entity8654 ( @entity8654 ) attacks occurred in 27 @entity1 , in 8 with a fatal outcome. The first attack was fatal in 6 of these 8 @entity1 . Nineteen survived and a pacemaker (PM) was implanted thereafter. Another 8 @entity1 received a PM because of repeated fainting spells, and 27 others have had a PM implanted for other reasons such as @entity1295 , effort @entity1353 , dizziness, ectopies during exercise tests, @entity339 , and a low ventricular rate (VR). VR decreased with age, with a mean rate at 15 years of 46 beats per minute (bpm), at 16 to 20 years of 43 bpm, at 21 to 30 years of 41 bpm, at 31 to 40 years of 40 bpm, and after 40 years of age of 39 bpm. @entity8654 attacks occurred in all 7 @entity1 with prolonged QTc time. Low VR at rest or at work, presence of @entity5036 pattern, low working capacity, and ectopies at rest and/or during effort were not statistically significant risk factors. @entity8654 attacks occurred in 6 @entity1 without any of these signs. @entity339 developed in 16 @entity1 and 4 died. A PM reduced the risk of @entity204 . A change to a @entity616 occurred in 6 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic PM treatment is recommended even for symptom-free adults with CCHB because of the high incidence of unpredictable @entity8654 attacks with considerable mortality from first attacks, a gradually decreasing VR, significant morbidity, and a high incidence of "acquired" @entity339 .

title: Isolated XXXX in adult life. A prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8654 :: ('MESH:D000219', 'Disease') :: ['Stokes-Adams', 'SA']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['Mitral regurgitation', 'mitral insufficiency', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['congenital complete atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity5036 :: ('OMIM:113900', 'Disease') :: ['bundle-branch block']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['block', 'lower degree of block']

answer: @entity713 :: (MESH:D054537,Disease) :: ['congenital complete atrioventricular block']


abstract: This retrospective study evaluated 18 @entity1 in whom an extensile approach to the lateral tibial plateau involving anterior detachment and retraction of the lateral meniscus was used to improve visualization of the tibial articular surface. All @entity1 in this study had a significantly comminuted @entity174 with a minimum articular @entity308 of 10 mm. Four of the 18 @entity1 had peripheral meniscal tears that were repaired at the time of tibial fixation. All @entity1 had a minimum followup of 13 months. The average range of motion was 0 degrees to 117 degrees. None of the @entity1 had evidence of meniscal symptoms. Functional evaluation revealed that 13 of the @entity1 had an excellent result, 5 had a good result, and 1 a poor result. Five @entity1 evaluated with arthroscopy showed complete healing of the anteromedial detachment site of the meniscus. Two of the 5 @entity1 also had a meniscal repair that healed. For @entity1 in whom there is significant comminution and @entity308 of the lateral tibial plateau, this is a safe and effective method of treatment that provides excellent exposure of the articular surface to allow an accurate reduction.

title: Meniscal detachment to approach lateral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['tibial plateau fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['tibial plateau fractures']


abstract: One of the major unresolved questions in trauma repair concerns the degree of step-off that can be accepted in a joint surface. In answer to this question, a new @entity95 model of femoral step-off was developed. Osteoarthrotic changes in cartilage and bone and the failure of repair responses were seen at 20 weeks in the presence of a 3-mm wide sagittal defect displaced 5 mm from the joint surface and spanning the anteroposterior extent of the medial femoral condyle. This study examined the effects of a similar defect, displaced 2 mm from the joint surface, to determine whether the development of @entity571 is dependent on the size of the step-off. Defects were created in 18 New Zealand white @entity95 . In a second group, the medial joint surface was osteotomized, but was not displaced. In contrast to th first study, cartilaginous and bony repair resulted in closure of the surgical defect and restoration of femoral congruity. Histologic and biochemical parameters did not differ significantly between groups. The results indicate that cartilage and bone possess the ability to remodel small articular step-offs and to restore joint congruity. Furthermore, the combined data suggest that the development of @entity571 requires significant articular @entity1833 .

title: Remodeling of articular step-offs. Is XXXX dependent on defect size?

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['incongruity']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit', 'rabbits']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthrosis']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthrosis']


abstract: A photoplethysmographic technique was used in 30 consecutive @entity1 who had abdominal aortic reconstruction to assess @entity694 intraoperatively. A sterile pulse oximeter probe was used to measure arterial @entity392 and transcolonic @entity26 saturation (TCOS) in the proximal, midportion, and distal sigmoid colon before and after the reconstruction. No attempt at inferior mesenteric revascularization was made, irrespective of the photoplethysmographic results. The status of the colon was assessed between the third and sixth postoperative day by a colonoscopist unaware of the intraoperative data. Before the reconstructive procedure photoplethysmography displayed @entity450 in all @entity1 with a mean TCOS of 95% +/- 0.4%. After reconstruction, 28 @entity1 (93%) demonstrated unchanged @entity392 with mean TCOS of 94% +/- 0.4%. Despite ligation of a patent inferior mesenteric artery in 10 of these @entity1 , all 28 had normal colonoscopic examinations. By contrast, two @entity1 (6.7%) had a loss of photoplethysmographic @entity392 with unmeasurable TCOS. Both of these @entity1 had ligation of an initially patent inferior mesenteric artery and demonstrated evidence of @entity63 mucosal changes at colonoscopy. Intraoperative colonic photoplethysmography represents an easily performed, accurate method for predicting @entity694 . A loss of @entity392 suggests inadequate postreconstructive colonic perfusion and mandates revascularization of the inferior mesenteric artery.

title: Detection of occult XXXX during aortic procedures: use of an intraoperative photoplethysmographic technique.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['pulsatile flow']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['pulsatility']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic viability']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['colonic ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Systolic @entity101 in the Elderly Program (SHEP) demonstrated a significant reduction in @entity64 and coronary event rates among @entity1 randomly assigned to active blood pressure treatment. Selected @entity1 were evaluated for @entity1897 and followed up for cardiovascular events beyond the end of the SHEP trial. Antihypertensive treatment effects were evaluated based on the presence or absence of clinical or subclinical @entity731 . METHODS: As an ancillary study to SHEP, 190 @entity1 at the Pittsburgh center were evaluated for @entity1897 , defined as either an @entity543 (by duplex scan) or lower extremity @entity455 (identified by ankle blood pressure). @entity1 were subsequently followed up for cardiovascular events. RESULTS: Estimates of 4-year mortality rates were 4.8% for @entity1 with no @entity731 , 16.7% for those with subclinical @entity731 , and 23% among those with clinical evidence of @entity731 (P < .001). Fatal plus nonfatal cardiovascular event rates were 10.9%, 29.8%, and 58.3% for the three groups, respectively (P < .001). Differences remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, treatment assignment, smoking, and high-density lipoprotein @entity165 . Individuals assigned to placebo at the beginning of SHEP had higher cardiovascular event rates than individuals assigned to active treatment (P = .011), with the most striking difference 3 or more years after the end of the SHEP trial. When this analysis was stratified by the presence or absence of detectable @entity731 , the absolute treatment effect was largest among those with evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with systolic @entity101 and evidence of @entity1897 are at high risk for cardiovascular events. Targeting this group for antihypertensive therapy would result in the prevention of a large number of cardiovascular events.

title: Morbidity, mortality, and antihypertensive treatment effects by extent of @entity731 in older adults with isolated systolic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['internal carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Systolic @entity101 in the Elderly Program (SHEP) demonstrated a significant reduction in @entity64 and coronary event rates among @entity1 randomly assigned to active blood pressure treatment. Selected @entity1 were evaluated for @entity1897 and followed up for cardiovascular events beyond the end of the SHEP trial. Antihypertensive treatment effects were evaluated based on the presence or absence of clinical or subclinical @entity731 . METHODS: As an ancillary study to SHEP, 190 @entity1 at the Pittsburgh center were evaluated for @entity1897 , defined as either an @entity543 (by duplex scan) or lower extremity @entity455 (identified by ankle blood pressure). @entity1 were subsequently followed up for cardiovascular events. RESULTS: Estimates of 4-year mortality rates were 4.8% for @entity1 with no @entity731 , 16.7% for those with subclinical @entity731 , and 23% among those with clinical evidence of @entity731 (P < .001). Fatal plus nonfatal cardiovascular event rates were 10.9%, 29.8%, and 58.3% for the three groups, respectively (P < .001). Differences remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, treatment assignment, smoking, and high-density lipoprotein @entity165 . Individuals assigned to placebo at the beginning of SHEP had higher cardiovascular event rates than individuals assigned to active treatment (P = .011), with the most striking difference 3 or more years after the end of the SHEP trial. When this analysis was stratified by the presence or absence of detectable @entity731 , the absolute treatment effect was largest among those with evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with systolic @entity101 and evidence of @entity1897 are at high risk for cardiovascular events. Targeting this group for antihypertensive therapy would result in the prevention of a large number of cardiovascular events.

title: Morbidity, mortality, and antihypertensive treatment effects by extent of XXXX in older adults with isolated systolic @entity101 .

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine non-invasively the alteration in autonomic cardiovascular control observed in @entity454 ( @entity454 ) @entity1 submitted to a hemodialysis (HD) treatment. The effect of HD on finger blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) variability was studied by means of spectral analysis in 12 @entity454 @entity1 at supine and during 45 degrees head-up tilt. Amplitude spectra of BP and HR rhythmicity were estimated and integrated amplitudes of the low (60 to 140 mHz, Mayer waves) and high frequency (area under the curve at mean respiration rate +/- 50 mHz) components were computed. The overall variability of a signal was given by the total area under the curve of the spectrum between 20 and 500 mHz. The transfer function was calculated between systolic BP and HR fluctuations using cross-spectral analysis. The principle findings are as follows: (1) Before HD, overall variability in systolic and diastolic BP as well as in the low frequency component in BP spectra were markedly reduced in @entity454 @entity1 compared to control subjects. Dialysis produced an immediate improvement in overall BP variability and the LF BP rhythmicity. (2) Before HD, there was an alteration of the HR spectral profile in uremic @entity1 . (3) @entity5507 and HD induced no changes in the transfer gain characteristic of modulation of HR by systolic BP. Taken together, these findings suggest that volume depletion in @entity454 @entity1 during a dialysis treatment is responsible for the improvement of overall BP variability and its spectral components.

title: Effect of hemodialysis on cardiovascular rhythms in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5507 :: ('MESH:D014511', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic uremia']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['end-stage renal failure']


abstract: Circulating levels of @entity6143 are depressed after cardiopulmonary bypass and have been implicated to play a contributory role in the alterations in left ventricular function after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. The central hypothesis of the present study was that pretreatment of isolated myocytes with @entity1954 will have a direct and beneficial effect on contractile performance after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. Contractile function in isolated @entity1707 left ventricular myocytes was examined by video microscopy after the following treatment protocols: (1) 37 degrees C incubation in medium (normothermia) for 2 hours with @entity1954 followed by a 2-hour normothermic incubation with no @entity1954 , (2) 4 hours of normothermic incubation with no @entity1954 , (3) normothermic incubation for 2 hours with @entity1954 followed by 2 hours of @entity6564 , hypothermic @entity1167 ([K+]:24 mmol/L; 4 degrees C) and subsequent rewarming, and (4) normothermic incubation for 2 hours with no @entity1954 followed by 2 hours of @entity6564 , hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. Two hours of normothermia with @entity1954 increased myocyte contractile function by 30% compared with values in untreated control myocytes, and this increase persisted after a subsequent 2-hour incubation under normothermic conditions with no @entity1954 . For example, myocyte velocity of shortening in @entity1954 -pretreated myocytes was 84 +/- 4.9 microns/sec compared with 62 +/- 2.8 microns/sec in control myocytes (p < 0.05). @entity1167 and subsequent rewarming caused a significant reduction in myocyte velocity of shortening from normothermic values (37 +/- 3.4 microns/sec, p < 0.05). However, in myocytes pretreated with @entity1954 , myocyte contractile function was significantly higher after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming (54 +/- 2.5 microns/sec, p < 0.05). In a second series of experiments, beta-adrenergic responsiveness was examined after pretreatment with @entity1954 . In the presence of the beta-adrenergic agonist @entity3044 (25 nmol/L), myocyte contractile function was increased by 26% in the @entity1954 -treated myocytes compared with that in untreated control myocytes. This enhanced beta-adrenergic responsiveness with @entity1954 pretreatment persisted with subsequent exposure to hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. In summary, @entity1954 pretreatment caused an increase in myocyte contractile function and beta-adrenergic responsiveness under normothermic conditions and after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. Thus the present study provides direct evidence to suggest that preemptive treatment with @entity1954 may improve left ventricular contractile performance after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming.

title: Pretreatment with XXXX (T3). Effects on myocyte contractile function after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming.

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['Cardioplegic arrest', 'cardioplegic arrest']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity6564 :: ('MESH:D020513', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemic']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

entities_list: @entity6143 :: ('CHEBI:18258', 'Chemical') :: ["3,5,3'triiodo-L-thyronine"]

answer: @entity6143 :: (CHEBI:18258,Chemical) :: ['3,5,3'triiodo-L-thyronine']


abstract: Circulating levels of @entity6143 are depressed after cardiopulmonary bypass and have been implicated to play a contributory role in the alterations in left ventricular function after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. The central hypothesis of the present study was that pretreatment of isolated myocytes with @entity1954 will have a direct and beneficial effect on contractile performance after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. Contractile function in isolated @entity1707 left ventricular myocytes was examined by video microscopy after the following treatment protocols: (1) 37 degrees C incubation in medium (normothermia) for 2 hours with @entity1954 followed by a 2-hour normothermic incubation with no @entity1954 , (2) 4 hours of normothermic incubation with no @entity1954 , (3) normothermic incubation for 2 hours with @entity1954 followed by 2 hours of @entity6564 , hypothermic @entity1167 ([K+]:24 mmol/L; 4 degrees C) and subsequent rewarming, and (4) normothermic incubation for 2 hours with no @entity1954 followed by 2 hours of @entity6564 , hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. Two hours of normothermia with @entity1954 increased myocyte contractile function by 30% compared with values in untreated control myocytes, and this increase persisted after a subsequent 2-hour incubation under normothermic conditions with no @entity1954 . For example, myocyte velocity of shortening in @entity1954 -pretreated myocytes was 84 +/- 4.9 microns/sec compared with 62 +/- 2.8 microns/sec in control myocytes (p < 0.05). @entity1167 and subsequent rewarming caused a significant reduction in myocyte velocity of shortening from normothermic values (37 +/- 3.4 microns/sec, p < 0.05). However, in myocytes pretreated with @entity1954 , myocyte contractile function was significantly higher after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming (54 +/- 2.5 microns/sec, p < 0.05). In a second series of experiments, beta-adrenergic responsiveness was examined after pretreatment with @entity1954 . In the presence of the beta-adrenergic agonist @entity3044 (25 nmol/L), myocyte contractile function was increased by 26% in the @entity1954 -treated myocytes compared with that in untreated control myocytes. This enhanced beta-adrenergic responsiveness with @entity1954 pretreatment persisted with subsequent exposure to hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. In summary, @entity1954 pretreatment caused an increase in myocyte contractile function and beta-adrenergic responsiveness under normothermic conditions and after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming. Thus the present study provides direct evidence to suggest that preemptive treatment with @entity1954 may improve left ventricular contractile performance after hypothermic @entity1167 and rewarming.

title: Pretreatment with @entity6143 (T3). Effects on myocyte contractile function after hypothermic XXXX and rewarming.

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardioplegic arrest']


abstract: Five female @entity1 and one male @entity1 with solid and @entity2785 of the pancreas were examined with computed tomography (CT). The mean age of the @entity1 was 27 years (range, 13-46 years). All cases showed well-encapsulated, round or lobulated masses consisting of both cystic and solid areas. Cystic portions showed CT numbers that suggested @entity548 . There were no internal septations within the masses. In three @entity5 located in the head of the pancreas, dilatation of the biliary tree was absent or minimal, although the masses were large. Two @entity5 contained @entity730 . One @entity5 demonstrated metastatic deposits in liver and lymph nodes. Metastatic masses appeared similar to the primary pancreatic mass. Solid and @entity788 should be the primary diagnostic consideration when characteristic CT findings are detected in a young female @entity1 .

title: Solid and XXXX of the pancreas: CT findings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['papillary neoplasm of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity2785 :: ('MESH:D009375', 'Disease') :: ['papillary epithelial neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcifications']

answer: @entity2785 :: (MESH:D009375,Disease) :: ['papillary epithelial neoplasms']


abstract: A 5 to 12 year follow-up study of 132 @entity1 with nonobstructive duodenal @entity1066 treated by HSV without a drainage procedure was done. The results of pre- and postoperative gastric emptying studies and pre- and postoperative acid secretion studies were related to recurrent @entity86 . The almost 9 percent of instances of recurrent ulceration were found in the group of @entity1 with preoperative PPAO values greater than 40 mmol/hr. In all 13 @entity1 with preoperative PPAO values greater than 60 mmol/hr, HSV was considered a failure. It was concluded that at least the latter group should be excluded from HSV. In 4.3 percent of @entity1 serious @entity7623 after HSV was cause for reoperation. In spite of meticulous denervation and peroperative open pH metry, inadequate vagotomy, defined as percent reduction of PIAO values after HSV less than 75 percent, was found in 33 out of 117 @entity1 . In an experimental study, @entity432 alone also gives a positive Grassi test. From both facts the relative value of this test can be concluded. Symptoms after inadequate vagotomy were again clearly related to preoperative PPAO values.

title: Prognostic factors in surgery for duodenal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration and postoperative complaints']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vascular occlusion']

entities_list: @entity7623 :: ('MESH:D018589', 'Disease') :: ['gastric stasis']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Recombinant @entity1 morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) is a graft alternative for extensive mandibular reconstruction after @entity5 resections. However, the feasibility of rhBMP-2 to receive osseointegrated implants and prosthetic rehabilitation has been rarely reported. This study reports on a case of an extensive solid @entity1567 along the mandibular body. The treatment consisted of resection followed by off-label use of rhBMP type 2 associated with @entity291 bone xenograft. Eleven months postoperatively, the @entity1 was prosthetically rehabilitated with dental implants, without evidence of resorption or complications. The literature on mandibular reconstructions using rhBMP and their feasibility for future osseointegrated implant placement was also reviewed. Based on the presented case, the association between rhBMP-2 and a @entity291 bone xenograft could be considered a feasible option for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of large mandibular defects after @entity5 resection. According to the literature, the use of rhBMP as a graft material is encouraging, with good clinical outcome. However, there are no long-term studies demonstrating success and survival rates of implants placed in these grafts. Future investigations will be required to ascertain the long-term survival of implants in areas grafted with rhBMP. Also, there is a lack of information regarding the prosthetic rehabilitation of these @entity1 .

title: Continuity resection of the mandible after @entity1567 - feasibility of oral rehabilitation with rhBMP-2 associated to XXXX xenograft followed by implant installation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1567 :: ('MESH:D000564', 'Disease') :: ['ameloblastoma']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Recombinant @entity1 morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) is a graft alternative for extensive mandibular reconstruction after @entity5 resections. However, the feasibility of rhBMP-2 to receive osseointegrated implants and prosthetic rehabilitation has been rarely reported. This study reports on a case of an extensive solid @entity1567 along the mandibular body. The treatment consisted of resection followed by off-label use of rhBMP type 2 associated with @entity291 bone xenograft. Eleven months postoperatively, the @entity1 was prosthetically rehabilitated with dental implants, without evidence of resorption or complications. The literature on mandibular reconstructions using rhBMP and their feasibility for future osseointegrated implant placement was also reviewed. Based on the presented case, the association between rhBMP-2 and a @entity291 bone xenograft could be considered a feasible option for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of large mandibular defects after @entity5 resection. According to the literature, the use of rhBMP as a graft material is encouraging, with good clinical outcome. However, there are no long-term studies demonstrating success and survival rates of implants placed in these grafts. Future investigations will be required to ascertain the long-term survival of implants in areas grafted with rhBMP. Also, there is a lack of information regarding the prosthetic rehabilitation of these @entity1 .

title: Continuity resection of the mandible after XXXX - feasibility of oral rehabilitation with rhBMP-2 associated to @entity291 xenograft followed by implant installation.

answer: @entity1567 :: (MESH:D000564,Disease) :: ['ameloblastoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Cell transplantation therapy will mean a breakthrough in resolving the donor shortage in cardiac transplantation. Cardiomyocyte (CM) transplantation, however, has been relatively inefficient in restoring cardiac function after @entity583 ( @entity583 ) due to low engraftment of transplanted CM. In order to ameliorate engraftment of CM, the novel transplantation strategy must be invented. Gelatin hydrogel (GH) is a biodegradable water-soluble polymer gel. Gelatin is made of collagen. Although we observed that collagen strongly induced the aggregation of platelets to potentially cause coronary microembolization, GH did not enhance thrombogenicity. Therefore, GH is a suitable biomaterial in the cell therapy after @entity712 . To assess the effect of GH on the improvement of cardiac function, fetal @entity35 CM (5*106 or 1x106 cells) were transplanted with GH (10 mg/ml) to infarcted hearts. We compared this group with sham operated @entity35 , CM in @entity4613 buffered saline (PBS), only PBS, and only GH-transplanted groups. Three weeks after transplantation, cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. The echocardiography confirmed that transplantation of 5*106 CM with GH significantly improved cardiac systolic function, compared with the CM+PBS group (fractional area change: 75.1  3.4% vs. 60.7  5.9%, p<0.05), only PBS, and only GH groups (60.1  6.5%, 65.0  2.8%, p<0.05). Pathological analyses demonstrated that in the CM+GH group, CM were efficiently engrafted in @entity1188 (p<0.01) and angiogenesis was significantly enhanced (p<0.05) in both central and peripheral areas of the scar. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that angiogenic cytokines, such as basic fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor, were significantly enriched in the CM+GH group (p<0.05). Here, we report that GH confined the CM effectively in @entity1188 after transplantation, and that CM transplanted with GH improved cardiac function with a direct contraction effect and enhanced angiogenesis.

title: Gelatin Hydrogel Enhances the Engraftment of Transplanted Cardiomyocytes and Angiogenesis to Ameliorate Cardiac Function after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcted myocardium']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['Myocardial Infarction']


abstract: @entity15491 , (LTD4) is a potent bronchoconstrictor that may play an important role in @entity565 . To better characterize the effect of LTD4 on @entity1 airways, normal, rhinitic, and @entity748 subjects underwent inhalation challenge tests with LTD4 and @entity2710 . In all subjects increasing concentrations of LTD4 produced a parallel decrease in specific airway conductance and flow at 30% of vital capacity measured from a partial forced expiratory maneuver ( @entity57438 ). These changes occurred independent of any decrease in FEV1 or increase in functional residual capacity. The airway response to LTD4 was maximal within 2 to 3 min, persisted for approximately 30 min, and resolved over 1 to 3 h. Late effects were not seen. Rhinitic subjects were 3 to 5 times (p less than 0.01) and @entity748 subjects were 25 to 100 times (p less than 0.001) more sensitive than were normal subjects to LTD4. All 3 groups of subjects were 250 to 850 times more sensitive to LTD4 than to @entity2710 . Significant correlations were found between the concentration of LTD4 and the concentration of @entity2710 that produced a 35% decrease in specific airway conductance (r = 0.874; p less than 0.006) and a 30% decrease in @entity57438 (r = 0.751; p less than 0.04). These results confirm that LTD4 is a potent bronchoconstrictor in @entity1 , with a rapid onset of action and a prolonged effect. In contrast to previous reports, we found that LTD4 has an equal effect on both large and small airways and that both @entity748 and normal subjects have the same degree of increased sensitivity to LTD4 as to @entity2710 .

title: The effect of inhaled leukotriene D4 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity15491 :: ('MESH:D017998', 'Chemical') :: ['Leukotriene D']

entities_list: @entity57438 :: ('p|SUB|V|30|P', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['V30P']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: The Fc gamma receptor-associated gamma and zeta subunits contain a conserved cytoplasmic motif, termed the immunoglobulin gene @entity669 activation motif, which contains a pair of YXXL sequences. The @entity669 residues within these YXXL sequences have been shown to be required for transduction of a phagocytic signal. We have previously reported that the gamma subunit of the type IIIA Fc gamma receptor ( @entity4071 ) is approximately 6 times more efficient in mediating phagocytosis than the zeta subunit of @entity4071 . By exchanging regions of the cytoplasmic domains of the homologous gamma and zeta chains, we observed that the cytoplasmic area of the gamma chain bearing a pair of the conserved YXXL sequences is important in phagocytic signaling. Further specificity of phagocytic signaling is largely determined by the two internal XX @entity1522 in the YXXL sequences. In contrast, the flanking @entity1522 of the YXXL sequences including the seven intervening @entity1522 between the two YXXL sequences do not significantly affect the phagocytic signal. Furthermore, the protein- @entity669 kinase @entity10255 , but not the related kinase @entity6755 , stimulated @entity4071 -mediated phagocytosis. @entity6755 , however, increased phagocytosis when coexpressed with the Src family kinase Fyn. These data demonstrate the importance of the two specific @entity1522 within the gamma subunit YXXL cytoplasmic sequences in phagocytic signaling and explain the difference in phagocytic efficiency of the gamma and zeta chains. These results indicate the importance of @entity10255 in @entity4071 -mediated phagocytosis and demonstrate that @entity6755 and @entity10255 differ in their requirement for a Src-related kinase in signal transduction.

title: Determinants of the phagocytic signal mediated by the type IIIA Fc gamma receptor, @entity4071 : sequence requirements and interaction with protein- XXXX kinases.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: The Fc gamma receptor-associated gamma and zeta subunits contain a conserved cytoplasmic motif, termed the immunoglobulin gene @entity669 activation motif, which contains a pair of YXXL sequences. The @entity669 residues within these YXXL sequences have been shown to be required for transduction of a phagocytic signal. We have previously reported that the gamma subunit of the type IIIA Fc gamma receptor ( @entity4071 ) is approximately 6 times more efficient in mediating phagocytosis than the zeta subunit of @entity4071 . By exchanging regions of the cytoplasmic domains of the homologous gamma and zeta chains, we observed that the cytoplasmic area of the gamma chain bearing a pair of the conserved YXXL sequences is important in phagocytic signaling. Further specificity of phagocytic signaling is largely determined by the two internal XX @entity1522 in the YXXL sequences. In contrast, the flanking @entity1522 of the YXXL sequences including the seven intervening @entity1522 between the two YXXL sequences do not significantly affect the phagocytic signal. Furthermore, the protein- @entity669 kinase @entity10255 , but not the related kinase @entity6755 , stimulated @entity4071 -mediated phagocytosis. @entity6755 , however, increased phagocytosis when coexpressed with the Src family kinase Fyn. These data demonstrate the importance of the two specific @entity1522 within the gamma subunit YXXL cytoplasmic sequences in phagocytic signaling and explain the difference in phagocytic efficiency of the gamma and zeta chains. These results indicate the importance of @entity10255 in @entity4071 -mediated phagocytosis and demonstrate that @entity6755 and @entity10255 differ in their requirement for a Src-related kinase in signal transduction.

title: Determinants of the phagocytic signal mediated by the type IIIA Fc gamma receptor, XXXX : sequence requirements and interaction with protein- @entity669 kinases.

answer: @entity4071 :: (2214,Gene) :: ['Fc gamma RIIIA']