abstract: @entity842 (NO) is an important mediator of inflammatory responses in the lung and a key regulator of bronchomotor tone. An airway @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ; EC 1.14.13.39) has been proposed as a source of endogenous NO in the lung but has not been clearly defined. Through molecular cloning, we conclusively demonstrate that NO synthesis in normal @entity1 airways is due to the continuous expression of the @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ) isoform in airway epithelial cells. Although @entity3623 mRNA expression is abundant in airway epithelial cells, expression is not detected in other pulmonary cell types, indicating that airway epithelial cells are unique in the continuous pattern of @entity3623 expression in the lung. In situ analysis reveals all airway epithelial cell types express @entity3623 . However, removal of epithelial cells from the in vivo airway environment leads to rapid loss of @entity3623 expression, which suggests expression is dependent upon conditions and/or factors present in the airway. Quantitation of @entity3623 activity in epithelial cell lysates indicates nanomolar levels of NO synthesis occur in vivo. Remarkably, the high-level @entity3623 expression is constant in airway epithelium of normal individuals over time. However, expression is strikingly decreased by inhaled corticosteroids and beta-adrenergic agonists, medications commonly used in treatment of inflammatory @entity1030 . Based upon these findings, we propose that respiratory epithelial cells are key inflammatory cells in the airway, functioning in host defense and potentially playing a role in airway @entity32 .

title: Continuous XXXX synthesis by inducible @entity842 synthase in normal @entity1 airway epithelium in vivo.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airway diseases']

entities_list: @entity3623 :: ('4843', 'Gene') :: ['inducible NOS', 'NOS', 'iNOS', 'NO synthase']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) is an important mediator of inflammatory responses in the lung and a key regulator of bronchomotor tone. An airway @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ; EC 1.14.13.39) has been proposed as a source of endogenous NO in the lung but has not been clearly defined. Through molecular cloning, we conclusively demonstrate that NO synthesis in normal @entity1 airways is due to the continuous expression of the @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ) isoform in airway epithelial cells. Although @entity3623 mRNA expression is abundant in airway epithelial cells, expression is not detected in other pulmonary cell types, indicating that airway epithelial cells are unique in the continuous pattern of @entity3623 expression in the lung. In situ analysis reveals all airway epithelial cell types express @entity3623 . However, removal of epithelial cells from the in vivo airway environment leads to rapid loss of @entity3623 expression, which suggests expression is dependent upon conditions and/or factors present in the airway. Quantitation of @entity3623 activity in epithelial cell lysates indicates nanomolar levels of NO synthesis occur in vivo. Remarkably, the high-level @entity3623 expression is constant in airway epithelium of normal individuals over time. However, expression is strikingly decreased by inhaled corticosteroids and beta-adrenergic agonists, medications commonly used in treatment of inflammatory @entity1030 . Based upon these findings, we propose that respiratory epithelial cells are key inflammatory cells in the airway, functioning in host defense and potentially playing a role in airway @entity32 .

title: Continuous @entity842 synthesis by inducible XXXX synthase in normal @entity1 airway epithelium in vivo.

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) is an important mediator of inflammatory responses in the lung and a key regulator of bronchomotor tone. An airway @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ; EC 1.14.13.39) has been proposed as a source of endogenous NO in the lung but has not been clearly defined. Through molecular cloning, we conclusively demonstrate that NO synthesis in normal @entity1 airways is due to the continuous expression of the @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ) isoform in airway epithelial cells. Although @entity3623 mRNA expression is abundant in airway epithelial cells, expression is not detected in other pulmonary cell types, indicating that airway epithelial cells are unique in the continuous pattern of @entity3623 expression in the lung. In situ analysis reveals all airway epithelial cell types express @entity3623 . However, removal of epithelial cells from the in vivo airway environment leads to rapid loss of @entity3623 expression, which suggests expression is dependent upon conditions and/or factors present in the airway. Quantitation of @entity3623 activity in epithelial cell lysates indicates nanomolar levels of NO synthesis occur in vivo. Remarkably, the high-level @entity3623 expression is constant in airway epithelium of normal individuals over time. However, expression is strikingly decreased by inhaled corticosteroids and beta-adrenergic agonists, medications commonly used in treatment of inflammatory @entity1030 . Based upon these findings, we propose that respiratory epithelial cells are key inflammatory cells in the airway, functioning in host defense and potentially playing a role in airway @entity32 .

title: Continuous @entity842 synthesis by inducible @entity842 synthase in normal XXXX airway epithelium in vivo.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gastrointestinal @entity1127 are commonly encountered during childhood and are one of the most common causes of @entity548 in this age group. Most @entity1127 are benign and located in the colon, with the most frequent type being @entity1127 . However, in older pediatric @entity1 , if @entity1127 are present, in @entity1 who have a positive family history, or if @entity1127 are located outside of the colon, either @entity6523 or @entity1127 associated with @entity74 are more common. RECENT FINDINGS: Imaging techniques such as ultrasound and computed tomographic colonoscopy have recently been utilized to identify simple juvenile @entity1586 in @entity1 with @entity548 in whom there is a high index of suspicion. Colonoscopy with polypectomy is still required for histologic evaluation and resection of the polyp. There have been significant advances in genetic testing and management of @entity1820 syndromes with onset in childhood or adolescence that may ultimately reduce long-term morbidity and mortality. In addition to enhanced gastrointestinal and extraintestinal @entity5 screening for affected individuals, specific gene mutations within a given condition such as @entity1412 may predict clinical course and timing of specific interventions such as colectomy. In other conditions such as phosphatase and tensin homolog @entity5 , phenotype may not be predicted by genotype. SUMMARY: Pediatricians, pediatric gastroenterologists, and adult gastroenterologists caring for @entity1 should understand how to differentiate @entity1127 in the pediatric age group from those associated with a higher risk of complications including recurrence risk and risk of development of intestinal or extraintestinal @entity5 . Recent advances in genetic testing, as well as development of consensus guidelines, are key in the identification, screening, and follow-up of @entity1 and adolescents with @entity1412 syndromes.

title: XXXX in pediatric @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['multiple polyps', 'benign polyps', 'polyps', 'juvenile polyps']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['rectal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hamartoma tumor syndrome', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary gastrointestinal cancer']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyps']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['polyposis', 'adenomatous polyposis coli']

entities_list: @entity1586 :: ('MESH:D003111', 'Disease') :: ['colonic polyps']

answer: @entity1586 :: (MESH:D003111,Disease) :: ['Colonic polyps and polyposis syndromes']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gastrointestinal @entity1127 are commonly encountered during childhood and are one of the most common causes of @entity548 in this age group. Most @entity1127 are benign and located in the colon, with the most frequent type being @entity1127 . However, in older pediatric @entity1 , if @entity1127 are present, in @entity1 who have a positive family history, or if @entity1127 are located outside of the colon, either @entity6523 or @entity1127 associated with @entity74 are more common. RECENT FINDINGS: Imaging techniques such as ultrasound and computed tomographic colonoscopy have recently been utilized to identify simple juvenile @entity1586 in @entity1 with @entity548 in whom there is a high index of suspicion. Colonoscopy with polypectomy is still required for histologic evaluation and resection of the polyp. There have been significant advances in genetic testing and management of @entity1820 syndromes with onset in childhood or adolescence that may ultimately reduce long-term morbidity and mortality. In addition to enhanced gastrointestinal and extraintestinal @entity5 screening for affected individuals, specific gene mutations within a given condition such as @entity1412 may predict clinical course and timing of specific interventions such as colectomy. In other conditions such as phosphatase and tensin homolog @entity5 , phenotype may not be predicted by genotype. SUMMARY: Pediatricians, pediatric gastroenterologists, and adult gastroenterologists caring for @entity1 should understand how to differentiate @entity1127 in the pediatric age group from those associated with a higher risk of complications including recurrence risk and risk of development of intestinal or extraintestinal @entity5 . Recent advances in genetic testing, as well as development of consensus guidelines, are key in the identification, screening, and follow-up of @entity1 and adolescents with @entity1412 syndromes.

title: @entity1586 in pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Smooth muscle cells have been shown to migrate in response to @entity442 ( @entity442 ). However, the role of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in this process has not been determined. As IGFBPs are synthesized and secreted by smooth muscle cells and bind to IGFs with high affinity, this study was undertaken to determine the ability of @entity31772 to modulate cellular migration in response to @entity12067 . Confluent monolayers of porcine vascular smooth muscle cells were wounded with a razor blade. After wounding, @entity12067 induced increases of 159 +/- 49% (mean +/- SD) and 108 +/- 33%, respectively, above control values in the number of cells migrating over a fixed distance in 4 days. The addition of @entity10116 caused a 19-21% inhibition of @entity442 - or @entity5100 -stimulated migration, whereas the addition of @entity10513 inhibited the effect of both by greater than 60%. The addition of @entity10513 alone had no effect, whereas @entity10116 addition was associated with a 42 +/- 12% increase. In contrast, [Trp221] @entity10116 in which the RGD sequence was changed to WGD, thus eliminating its capacity to bind to the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, inhibited @entity442 -stimulated migration by 67 +/- 17%. An IGF analog that has a reduced affinity for @entity10513 -stimulated migration equally well as @entity442 alone even in the presence of @entity10513 . Likewise, the addition of insulin, which cannot bind to IGFBPs, at supraphysiological concentrations that are adequate to activate the @entity2856 resulted in a similar increase in migration. In summary, @entity12067 stimulate smooth muscle cell migration after wounding. This migratory response is modulated by IGFBPs. Both @entity10116 and @entity10513 appear to neutralize the effects of the IGFs by inhibiting their interaction with IGF receptors, but @entity10116 also has a direct stimulatory effect that requires an intact RGD integrin recognition sequence.

title: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins inhibit the smooth muscle cell migration responses to @entity442 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor I', 'IGF-I']

answer: @entity5100 :: (3481,Gene) :: ['IGF-II']


abstract: Smooth muscle cells have been shown to migrate in response to @entity442 ( @entity442 ). However, the role of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in this process has not been determined. As IGFBPs are synthesized and secreted by smooth muscle cells and bind to IGFs with high affinity, this study was undertaken to determine the ability of @entity31772 to modulate cellular migration in response to @entity12067 . Confluent monolayers of porcine vascular smooth muscle cells were wounded with a razor blade. After wounding, @entity12067 induced increases of 159 +/- 49% (mean +/- SD) and 108 +/- 33%, respectively, above control values in the number of cells migrating over a fixed distance in 4 days. The addition of @entity10116 caused a 19-21% inhibition of @entity442 - or @entity5100 -stimulated migration, whereas the addition of @entity10513 inhibited the effect of both by greater than 60%. The addition of @entity10513 alone had no effect, whereas @entity10116 addition was associated with a 42 +/- 12% increase. In contrast, [Trp221] @entity10116 in which the RGD sequence was changed to WGD, thus eliminating its capacity to bind to the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, inhibited @entity442 -stimulated migration by 67 +/- 17%. An IGF analog that has a reduced affinity for @entity10513 -stimulated migration equally well as @entity442 alone even in the presence of @entity10513 . Likewise, the addition of insulin, which cannot bind to IGFBPs, at supraphysiological concentrations that are adequate to activate the @entity2856 resulted in a similar increase in migration. In summary, @entity12067 stimulate smooth muscle cell migration after wounding. This migratory response is modulated by IGFBPs. Both @entity10116 and @entity10513 appear to neutralize the effects of the IGFs by inhibiting their interaction with IGF receptors, but @entity10116 also has a direct stimulatory effect that requires an intact RGD integrin recognition sequence.

title: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins inhibit the smooth muscle cell migration responses to XXXX and @entity5100 .

answer: @entity442 :: (3479,Gene) :: ['IGF-I']


abstract: To describe clinical features and outcomes of 26 @entity1 with @entity3807 from a single center, we reviewed medical records of consecutive @entity1 with @entity3807 evaluated at our facility from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2013 for clinical features, laboratory and radiographic findings, management, and outcomes. Twenty-six @entity1 met criteria for @entity3807 and were included in the study. Median age at diagnosis was 58 years; male-female ratio was 3.3:1.0. Median duration of symptoms was 7 weeks. @entity1643 were the most common presenting symptoms. Four @entity1 (15 %) had associated @entity792 . Baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in 17 (77 %) of 22 @entity1 tested and @entity1851 was elevated in 10 (56 %) of 18 @entity1 tested. @entity3041 was present in 17 (68 %) @entity1 ; 8 (47 %) of 17 had bilateral @entity3041 . Retroperitoneal mass biopsy was performed in 18 (69 %) @entity1 . Two @entity1 had @entity3807 classifiable as IgG4-related disease. Therapy consisted of medications alone in 7 cases, surgical interventions alone in 7 cases, and a combination in 11 cases. One @entity1 achieved remission with no treatment. Most @entity1 treated medically received initial @entity288 . @entity1499 (1 case), @entity500 (1 case), @entity618 (1 case), and @entity440 (5 cases) were used. No relapses occurred after a median 5-year follow-up. Two (8 %) @entity1 died; five (19 %) developed @entity5 after diagnosis. In this series, we emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and therapy for overall favorable prognosis of @entity3807 .

title: XXXX : clinicopathologic features and outcome analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal, flank, and/or low back pain']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity3807 :: ('MESH:D012185', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['Hydronephrosis', 'hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune or fibrosing disorders']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity3807 :: (MESH:D012185,Disease) :: ['Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis']


abstract: AIMS: To determine whether a particular phenotype or antigen is preferentially related to @entity8058 ( @entity8058 ). METHODS: Bone marrow specimens from 56 @entity1 with @entity8058 were stained immunocytochemically (ABC peroxidase) for @entity3053 , @entity2940 , @entity6460 , @entity2282 , @entity1075 , @entity2225 , @entity10317 , and MB2. Specimens from @entity1 recently diagnosed with @entity1582 and reactive bone marrow samples were studied in parallel. RESULTS: @entity3053 was expressed on all plasma cells from all @entity8058 samples tested, while 36% were positive for @entity2940 , @entity6460 and MB2 were both expressed strongly; @entity2225 was moderately expressed, and staining for @entity2282 and @entity10317 was uncommon. For these five B cell antigens there was no clear difference between their expression in @entity8058 and in @entity1582 . A great difference was found for @entity1075 : in @entity8058 this antigen was expressed on 2-91% of plasma cells (mean 35%) and 77% @entity1 had > 10% positive plasma cells; in @entity1582 its expression was low and only 12% @entity1 had > 10% positive plasma cells. When these results were converted to numbers of @entity1075 positive plasma cells per 100 nucleated bone marrow cells, reactive bone marrow and @entity8058 specimens had a similar number of positive plasma cells. There was no correlation between expression of any of the antigens tested. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the so-called pre-B, B or activation antigens are present on plasma cells from @entity8058 specimens, and expression of @entity6460 , @entity2282 , @entity2225 , @entity10317 , MB2, and @entity3053 in @entity8058 was very similar to that in @entity1582 . @entity2940 was frequently expressed in @entity8058 . In this series @entity1075 was highly expressed in @entity8058 but not in @entity1582 . Plasma cells bearing this antigen could represent the non-neoplastic process and determination of its expression could be useful for the diagnosis of @entity8058 .

title: XXXX and immunophenotype of bone marrow plasma cells in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8058 :: ('MESH:D008998', 'Disease') :: ['monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance', 'MGUS']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma']

answer: @entity1075 :: (930,Gene) :: ['CD19']


abstract: The technique of percutaneous microneurography was used to record single unit activity from 75 regenerated primary afferents innervating the glabrous skin of the @entity1 hand. Thirteen @entity1 were studied, who had suffered complete transection, with subsequent suture or graft, of the median or ulnar nerves. The recordings were obtained from 7 to 23 months postoperatively (early regeneration). Three types of mechanoreceptive afferents ( @entity309 , SAI, SAII) and many deep units of unknown origin were found. No regenerated PC units could be identified. The reinnervated receptors were predominantly located in the palm and proximal fingers, comparable to those found 3 years or more postoperatively (late regeneration). Response thresholds and in general, discharge and receptive field characteristics of the majority of afferents were largely comparable to late regeneration and normal. The properties of SAII units were like normal in all respects. However, several distinct abnormalities were encountered early during regeneration: multiple receptive fields innervated by a single afferent (2/9 @entity309 and 2/9 SAI), unusually small or large receptive fields ( @entity309 and SAI), pronounced @entity1295 on repetitive stimulation (7/15 SAI, 4/6 deep). Responses of reinnervated skin to sustained and repeated indentations were found to be similar to those of normal skin, and therefore, could not account for the abnormal discharge behavior. It is suggested that the transitional properties of regenerating afferents reflect unstable axon-end organ connections and immature axonal properties. Both factors would contribute to the slow course of sensory recovery, making prognosis on tactile recovery unpredictable.

title: Properties of cutaneous mechanosensitive afferents during the early stages of regeneration in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The consequences of @entity510 ( @entity510 ) are lifelong and fatal. @entity3658 ( @entity3658 ) and @entity877 ( @entity877 ) play an important role in the regulation of vascular structure and function. Our study examined the association between angiopoietin levels and functional outcomes among @entity510 @entity1 . METHODS: We enrolled 37 @entity510 @entity1 and 39 controls (matched on age and sex) at the Department of Neurosurgery in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. Serum @entity3658 , @entity877 , and @entity878 levels were collected at 8, 24, and 72 hours post- @entity548 . After a 3-month follow-up period, @entity1 outcomes were evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). Logistic regression examined the association between angiopoietin levels and outcomes (good [GOS: 4-5] vs. poor [GOS: 1-3]). RESULTS: @entity510 @entity1 had higher levels of @entity3658 at 8 hours post- @entity548 compared to controls. Among @entity510 @entity1 , @entity3658 levels at 8, 24, and 72 hours post- @entity548 were higher among @entity1 with a good outcome. Compared to @entity1 with low @entity3658 levels, high @entity3658 levels at 72 hours post- @entity548 were associated with a good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: High @entity3658 levels were associated with a good functional outcome after @entity510 . Abnormal angiopoietin levels may disrupt the blood-brain barrier and contribute to functional outcomes in @entity510 @entity1 .

title: High XXXX levels predict a good functional outcome within 72 h of an @entity510 : A prospective study from a single center.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'aSAH']

answer: @entity3658 :: (284,Gene) :: ['Angiopoietin-1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The consequences of @entity510 ( @entity510 ) are lifelong and fatal. @entity3658 ( @entity3658 ) and @entity877 ( @entity877 ) play an important role in the regulation of vascular structure and function. Our study examined the association between angiopoietin levels and functional outcomes among @entity510 @entity1 . METHODS: We enrolled 37 @entity510 @entity1 and 39 controls (matched on age and sex) at the Department of Neurosurgery in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. Serum @entity3658 , @entity877 , and @entity878 levels were collected at 8, 24, and 72 hours post- @entity548 . After a 3-month follow-up period, @entity1 outcomes were evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). Logistic regression examined the association between angiopoietin levels and outcomes (good [GOS: 4-5] vs. poor [GOS: 1-3]). RESULTS: @entity510 @entity1 had higher levels of @entity3658 at 8 hours post- @entity548 compared to controls. Among @entity510 @entity1 , @entity3658 levels at 8, 24, and 72 hours post- @entity548 were higher among @entity1 with a good outcome. Compared to @entity1 with low @entity3658 levels, high @entity3658 levels at 72 hours post- @entity548 were associated with a good outcome. CONCLUSIONS: High @entity3658 levels were associated with a good functional outcome after @entity510 . Abnormal angiopoietin levels may disrupt the blood-brain barrier and contribute to functional outcomes in @entity510 @entity1 .

title: High @entity3658 levels predict a good functional outcome within 72 h of an XXXX : A prospective study from a single center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage']


abstract: By using the fluorescent @entity141 indicator @entity593 , submicromolar levels of intracellular @entity141 have been detected in @entity1527 different stages. The intracellular transport mechanisms involved in maintaining @entity141 homeostasis in @entity1527 have been characterized by measuring @entity141 transport in @entity11040 -permeabilized cells. Two intracellular @entity460 transport systems have been detected. @entity141 uptake by the mitochondria occurs by an electrophoretic mechanism, is inhibited by @entity8581 , @entity23495 , and @entity3739 red, and stimulated by respiratory substrates, @entity1391 and @entity598 . This pool has a high capacity and low affinity for @entity141 and is able to buffer external @entity141 at concentrations in the range of 0.6-0.7 microM. @entity141 uptake by the endoplasmic reticulum is inhibited by high concentrations of @entity8870 and anticalmodulin agents, and stimulated by @entity855 . This pool has a low capacity and a high affinity for @entity141 and is able to buffer external @entity141 at concentrations in the range of 0.05-1.0 microM. In addition, calmodulin has been purified from @entity1527 epimastigotes and shown to stimulate the homologous plasma membrane @entity141 -ATPase and @entity1919 phosphodiesterase. The gene encoding this protein has been cloned and sequenced and shown to have a great homology to @entity1 calmodulin. The role of the plasma membrane of @entity1527 in the regulation of [ @entity141 ]i has been studied using @entity593 -loaded epimastigotes or plasma membrane vesicles prepared from epimastigotes. Plasma membrane vesicles transport @entity141 in the presence of @entity1025 and have a high affinity, vanadate-sensitive (Ca(2+)-Mg2+)-ATPase with an apparent Km for free @entity141 of 0.3 microM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity460 homeostasis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity11040 :: ('MESH:D004072', 'Chemical') :: ['digitonin']

entities_list: @entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi', 'T. cruzi']

entities_list: @entity8581 :: ('MESH:D000968', 'Chemical') :: ['antimycin A']

entities_list: @entity3739 :: ('MESH:D012428', 'Chemical') :: ['ruthenium']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic-AMP']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity8870 :: ('MESH:D014638', 'Chemical') :: ['vanadate']

answer: @entity1527 :: (5693,Species) :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi']


abstract: By using the fluorescent @entity141 indicator @entity593 , submicromolar levels of intracellular @entity141 have been detected in @entity1527 different stages. The intracellular transport mechanisms involved in maintaining @entity141 homeostasis in @entity1527 have been characterized by measuring @entity141 transport in @entity11040 -permeabilized cells. Two intracellular @entity460 transport systems have been detected. @entity141 uptake by the mitochondria occurs by an electrophoretic mechanism, is inhibited by @entity8581 , @entity23495 , and @entity3739 red, and stimulated by respiratory substrates, @entity1391 and @entity598 . This pool has a high capacity and low affinity for @entity141 and is able to buffer external @entity141 at concentrations in the range of 0.6-0.7 microM. @entity141 uptake by the endoplasmic reticulum is inhibited by high concentrations of @entity8870 and anticalmodulin agents, and stimulated by @entity855 . This pool has a low capacity and a high affinity for @entity141 and is able to buffer external @entity141 at concentrations in the range of 0.05-1.0 microM. In addition, calmodulin has been purified from @entity1527 epimastigotes and shown to stimulate the homologous plasma membrane @entity141 -ATPase and @entity1919 phosphodiesterase. The gene encoding this protein has been cloned and sequenced and shown to have a great homology to @entity1 calmodulin. The role of the plasma membrane of @entity1527 in the regulation of [ @entity141 ]i has been studied using @entity593 -loaded epimastigotes or plasma membrane vesicles prepared from epimastigotes. Plasma membrane vesicles transport @entity141 in the presence of @entity1025 and have a high affinity, vanadate-sensitive (Ca(2+)-Mg2+)-ATPase with an apparent Km for free @entity141 of 0.3 microM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX homeostasis in @entity1527 .

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['Calcium']


abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatographic technique, using a size exclusion column (TSK-5000PW), has been developed for the quantification of @entity7245 ( @entity7245 ) in @entity1143 . Sample preparation requires only a 100-fold dilution of the exudate with @entity1391 buffer prior to analysis. Chromatographic conditions are: 0.05 M @entity1391 buffer (pH, 5.0) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, ultraviolet absorbance detection at 200 nm. The method resolves @entity7245 from all other glycosaminoglycans. The presence of @entity7245 is confirmed by the removal of the @entity7245 peak (retention time, approx. 5.3 min) by incubation of a second sample aliquot with hyaluronidase. Effusions of 13 of 14 @entity1 with confirmed @entity3620 contained @entity7245 in the 0.3 to 11.1 mg/ml range. In only one case was no @entity7245 detected. None of the effusions from 56 control @entity1 with various other @entity5 contained detectable @entity7245 , i.e., there were no false positives. An unidentified peak, not susceptible to hyaluronidase appeared in 11% (6 of 56) of the controls. A single mesothelioma case was correctly identified in a group of 10 coded samples. It is suggested that an effusion with an @entity7245 concentration greater than 0.25 mg/ml, confirmed by hyaluronidase susceptibility, is an indication of the presence of @entity3620 . The test is simple and rapid, and it is recommended that any effusion of uncertain etiology be screened for the presence of @entity7245 .

title: Hyaluronic acid content of effusions as a diagnostic aid for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural and peritoneal effusions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7245 :: ('MESH:D000592', 'Disease') :: ['hyaluronic acid', 'HA']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesothelioma']

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['malignant mesothelioma']


abstract: Metallothionein, a high @entity462 -containing protein, can bind with both essential and nonessential metals and thus play an important role as a metal storage protein and also in the detoxification of toxic metals. Although in the @entity1 fetus, levels of trace minerals and metallothionein are very high, their postnatal changes are not well documented. The purpose of the present investigation, therefore, was to quantify the accumulation of metallothionein in premature and full-term @entity1 during the first year of life and to identify factors affecting its accumulation. From 47 postmortem samples, it was determined that hepatic metallothionein levels were highest in newborn premature and full-term @entity1 falling to levels found in older @entity1 by 4.4 months of age. Hepatic @entity219 levels were also highest in the youngest @entity1 , falling with increasing postnatal age. There was a significant positive correlation between @entity219 and metallothionein at all ages. However, there was a negative correlation between hepatic metallothionein levels and cystathionase activity. Hepatic @entity920 and metallothionein levels were unrelated. The renal concentration of metallothionein, @entity219 , and @entity920 were significantly lower than corresponding hepatic levels. The fall in hepatic levels of @entity219 and metallothionein during the first months of life correspond to a period of negative @entity219 balance and low endogenous @entity462 production in the newborn. Thus metallothionein may play an important role as a storage depot for these two essential nutrients during this critical period of active growth.

title: Hepatic metallothionein as a source of XXXX and @entity462 during the first year of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

answer: @entity219 :: (MESH:D015032,Chemical) :: ['zinc']


abstract: Metallothionein, a high @entity462 -containing protein, can bind with both essential and nonessential metals and thus play an important role as a metal storage protein and also in the detoxification of toxic metals. Although in the @entity1 fetus, levels of trace minerals and metallothionein are very high, their postnatal changes are not well documented. The purpose of the present investigation, therefore, was to quantify the accumulation of metallothionein in premature and full-term @entity1 during the first year of life and to identify factors affecting its accumulation. From 47 postmortem samples, it was determined that hepatic metallothionein levels were highest in newborn premature and full-term @entity1 falling to levels found in older @entity1 by 4.4 months of age. Hepatic @entity219 levels were also highest in the youngest @entity1 , falling with increasing postnatal age. There was a significant positive correlation between @entity219 and metallothionein at all ages. However, there was a negative correlation between hepatic metallothionein levels and cystathionase activity. Hepatic @entity920 and metallothionein levels were unrelated. The renal concentration of metallothionein, @entity219 , and @entity920 were significantly lower than corresponding hepatic levels. The fall in hepatic levels of @entity219 and metallothionein during the first months of life correspond to a period of negative @entity219 balance and low endogenous @entity462 production in the newborn. Thus metallothionein may play an important role as a storage depot for these two essential nutrients during this critical period of active growth.

title: Hepatic metallothionein as a source of @entity219 and XXXX during the first year of life.

answer: @entity462 :: (MESH:D003545,Chemical) :: ['cysteine']


abstract: The present study tries to evaluate the diagnosit value in @entity99 of @entity4663 , of which the relationship with cellular kinetics is known, and @entity112 , of which catabolism follows a similar pathway. One hundred and fifty six @entity1 were studied: 53 with @entity96 (27 primary, 26 metastatic) and 103 with @entity96 of which 65 were cirrhotic and 38 non-cirrhotic. Erythrocyte @entity4663 ( @entity11667 and @entity8037 ) and @entity112 levels were assayed. The results indicate the following. 1. @entity4664 levels were significantly increased (a) in cirrhotic @entity1 , not only when compared with controls (p less than 10(-8)), but also when compared with the non-cirrhotic @entity1 (p less than 10(-7)); (b) in primary @entity99 (p less than 10(-3)). 2. @entity112 was significantly increased (a) in the @entity96 (p less than 10(-4)), but with no difference between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic @entity1 ; (b) in the secondary @entity5 @entity1 , @entity112 levels were lower than in primary @entity5 @entity1 (p less than 0.04). 3. There was no correlation, in all groups studied, between @entity4664 and @entity112 levels. These results suggest the following practical implications. 1. For @entity96 , appreciably increased @entity4664 levels may represent a further argument favoring a cirrhotic condition. 2. In diagnosing @entity99 , increased @entity4664 levels would suggest a primary @entity99 ; low @entity112 levels are more in favor of a secondary malignant hepatic process.

title: Diagnostic value of erythrocyte-free XXXX and histaminemia in @entity99 and in liver cirrhosis.

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['malignant liver tumors', 'non-tumoral liver diseases', 'non-tumor liver diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity8037 :: ('MESH:D013096', 'Chemical') :: ['spermine']

entities_list: @entity4663 :: ('MESH:D011073', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamines']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Histamine', 'histamine']

entities_list: @entity4664 :: ('CHEBI:60143', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyamine', 'polyamine']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['malignant hepatic tumors', 'malignant hepatic tumor', 'hepatic scintigraphic defects']

entities_list: @entity11667 :: ('MESH:D013095', 'Chemical') :: ['spermidine']

answer: @entity4663 :: (MESH:D011073,Chemical) :: ['polyamines']


abstract: The present study tries to evaluate the diagnosit value in @entity99 of @entity4663 , of which the relationship with cellular kinetics is known, and @entity112 , of which catabolism follows a similar pathway. One hundred and fifty six @entity1 were studied: 53 with @entity96 (27 primary, 26 metastatic) and 103 with @entity96 of which 65 were cirrhotic and 38 non-cirrhotic. Erythrocyte @entity4663 ( @entity11667 and @entity8037 ) and @entity112 levels were assayed. The results indicate the following. 1. @entity4664 levels were significantly increased (a) in cirrhotic @entity1 , not only when compared with controls (p less than 10(-8)), but also when compared with the non-cirrhotic @entity1 (p less than 10(-7)); (b) in primary @entity99 (p less than 10(-3)). 2. @entity112 was significantly increased (a) in the @entity96 (p less than 10(-4)), but with no difference between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic @entity1 ; (b) in the secondary @entity5 @entity1 , @entity112 levels were lower than in primary @entity5 @entity1 (p less than 0.04). 3. There was no correlation, in all groups studied, between @entity4664 and @entity112 levels. These results suggest the following practical implications. 1. For @entity96 , appreciably increased @entity4664 levels may represent a further argument favoring a cirrhotic condition. 2. In diagnosing @entity99 , increased @entity4664 levels would suggest a primary @entity99 ; low @entity112 levels are more in favor of a secondary malignant hepatic process.

title: Diagnostic value of erythrocyte-free @entity4663 and histaminemia in XXXX and in liver cirrhosis.

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['malignant hepatic tumors']


abstract: In the treatment of @entity153 approaches vary depending upon whether the @entity189 in question is defined as a small cell or a @entity1149 . @entity151 in the majority of cases must be seen as a @entity262 even with an early diagnosis. Because of this, chemotherapy is the dominant form of treatment. For @entity1 with limited disease radiotherapy and surgery are additionally recommended as potentially curative measures, and for those with @entity66 , surgery and radiotherapy may serve as palliative treatment. Chemotherapy generally consists of a combination of two or more cytostatic drugs. As a rule 4 to 6 treatment cycles are administered. Maintenance therapy appears to be of little value. In case of @entity5 relapse, new cytostatic combinations can be attempted or the cytostatic regimen which was originally successful can be reintroduced. Whether or not a @entity5 responds to a particular chemotherapy is apparent after the first cycle of treatment. When the @entity5 shows no @entity151 , the treatment regimen can immediately be changed. The question of possible intensification of induction chemotherapy has yet to be clarified by clinical trials. The data gathered thus far, however, suggest that there is no measurable improvement in survival rates when chemotherapy is intensified beyond standard practice. In the case of @entity1149 , the disease is predominantly characterized by locally limited @entity5 growth, so that radiotherapy and surgery are initially the preferred forms of treatment. Systemic therapy in @entity1149 has thus been mainly reserved for the stage of @entity5 dissemination (stage IV). For these @entity1 chemotherapy has proved generally to have a purely palliative effect which is of limited duration. Recent clinical trials indicate, however, that better results can be obtained when chemotherapy is applied in stage III. These encouraging results stem from a number of clinical studies, in which polychemotherapy containing @entity900 (with or without radiotherapy) was applied preoperatively to initially inoperable @entity5 @entity1 . It must be noted, however, that up until now these positive results have been achieved mainly in uncontrolled clinical investigations which must be confirmed by larger controlled trials.

title: [Drug therapy in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['extensive disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage III non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in small-cell lung cancer', 'Small-cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity153 :: (MESH:D002283,Disease) :: ['bronchial carcinoma']


abstract: Promoter and signal sequence coding regions from @entity3881 were cloned in @entity526 using a bifunctional and signal sequence selection plasmid pGPB14 as a vector. The Sau3A digested chromosome DNA was ligated with BamHI digested pGPB14. The ligated mixture was used to transform @entity526 C600. @entity869 and @entity2929 resistant clones were selected. Recombinant plasmids were isolated from double resistant transformants. Restriction analysis showed that inserts of various length had been cloned and these inserts rendered the @entity526 cells resistant to different concentrations of @entity869 . The recombinant plasmids were transformed and showed the same secretion function in @entity3881 . The amount and localization of beta-lactamase were determined in transformed @entity526 and @entity3881 . The results indicate that the beta-lactamase activities of @entity526 mainly in periplasm while the enzyme produced by @entity3881 secreted extracellularly. 10 of the cloned fragments were sequenced by Sanger's dideoxy chain termination method. The sequencing data show that all fragments contain promoter, ribosome binding site and signal sequence coding region.

title: [Cloning and sequencing of promoter and signal sequence coding regions from XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin', 'Ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

answer: @entity3881 :: (1423,Species) :: ['Bacillus subtilis']


abstract: Between 1970 and 1979, 372 @entity1 with @entity957 were treated with primary irradiation therapy, with salvage surgery for failures. The median age was 60 years and the male to female ratio was 2:1. The staging system used was the 1974 UICC TNM system. There were 47 T1 lesions (13%), 161 T2 lesions (43%), and 164 T3 lesions (44%). Regional nodes were not palpable in 173 (46%); 122 had N1 nodes (33%), 6 had N2 nodes (2%) and 71 had N3 nodes (19%). All @entity1 received external beam radiation which was supplemented in 68 @entity1 with a radioactive implant for disease into adjacent tongue. The overall survival for all @entity1 was 38% at 5 years and 54% when corrected for intercurrent disease. Local control was 87% for T1 lesions, 68% for T2 lesions and 50% for T3 lesions. Regional control was 96% for N0, 67% for N1 and 37% for N2-3. A detailed dose-time-volume analysis revealed that increasing volume improved local control in T1 and T2 lesions (77% had local control if the volume was greater than 80 cm2 versus 53% if the volume was less than 80 cm2, p = 0.014), except for T3 lesions. Increasing the dose in the range of 5000 to 6500 rad had no significant effect on primary control in any stage of disease. The addition of a radioactive implant did not increase local control if disease extended into the tongue (57% local control if implant, 52% if no implant). This study demonstrates the significance of adequate treatment volume in local control for @entity189 . No significant dose response was found and subsequent surgery was not compromised when a moderate dose of radiation was used.

title: XXXX : the effect of dose-time-volume factors on local control.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the tonsil']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Carcinoma of the tonsil']


abstract: Several residues of the @entity1 @entity32776 have been identified to be critical for the binding of peptide agonists and non-peptide antagonists. @entity535 substitutions in the first and second extracellular segments and the second transmembrane segment led to substantial reduction in peptide affinity without affecting the affinity of antagonist @entity21313 . These effects are identical to those observed for homologous residues in the neurokinin-1 receptor, suggesting that these three regions are involved in high-affinity peptide binding to both receptor subtypes. On the other hand, some conserved residues in the fourth to seventh transmembrane segments are required for peptide binding to only one receptor subtype but not both. The conserved nature and location of these receptor residues suggest that the distance between bound peptide and helices 4-7 varies depending on the receptor subtype. It is likely that the conformational compatibility between a ligand and a given receptor determines the magnitude of binding affinity, and thus receptor subtype selectivity. While many single-residue substitutions did not affect the binding affinity of the antagonist @entity21313 , two double mutants in the sixth and seventh transmembrane segments were found to reduce its affinity substantially. Therefore, receptor residues participate cooperatively in the binding of @entity21313 . These results demonstrate the usefulness of combining single-residue substitutions in studying and confirming the role of receptor residues in ligand binding. Finally, the overlapping nature of agonist and antagonist binding sites is consistent with the observation that substitutions of some residues modify the binding affinities of both peptide agonists and non-peptide antagonists.

title: Identification of residues involved in ligand binding to the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32776 :: ('6865', 'Gene') :: ['neurokinin-2 receptor']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['Amino acid']

answer: @entity32776 :: (6865,Gene) :: ['neurokinin-2 receptor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An adjunctive pharmacological strategy to thrombolytic therapy that is tailored to limit reperfusion injury after thrombolysis could further maximize the unquestioned benefit of restoring flow to @entity63 . @entity63 -reperfusion injury exhibits features characteristic of an acute inflammatory response, including the rapid activation and infiltration of neutrophils. The initial process of neutrophil migration from the circulation to injured tissue is modulated by a group of adhesion molecules called selectins. The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a selectin blocker ( @entity73259 ) given as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy to interfere with the inflammatory response after @entity63 -reperfusion and subsequently reduce @entity583 size in the electrolytic @entity235 model. METHODS AND RESULTS: A fully occlusive thrombus was formed in the left circumflex coronary artery by electrolytic injury in 20 anesthetized open-chest @entity235 . After occlusion, an infusion of 1 mg/kg recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rTPA) was administered over 20 minutes with either a bolus of placebo or the selectin blocker @entity73259 (40 mg/kg). At the onset of reperfusion, 20 micrograms/kg per minute rTPA was administered for 1 hour to prevent reocclusion. After 1 hour of reperfusion, @entity1188 size, myocardial @entity20402 activity, and reperfusion @entity943 were measured. In @entity73259 -treated @entity235 , there was a significant 69% reduction in @entity1188 size when expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (6.7 +/- 8.4% versus 21.8 +/- 13.6%; P = .008) and a marked reduction in @entity20402 activity (0.014 +/- 0.009 versus 0.0370 +/- 0.025 U/min per gram; P = .02) compared with the placebo group. There was no difference between the groups in the occurrence of reperfusion @entity943 . CONCLUSIONS: Selectin blockade as an adjunct to rTPA-mediated thrombolysis significantly reduces @entity1188 size and myocardial neutrophil infiltration well beyond thrombolysis alone in the electrolytic @entity235 model. These data suggest that selectin blockade is extremely effective at reducing @entity63 -reperfusion injury and @entity583 size in this model and that the neutrophil is a potent mediator of @entity63 -reperfusion injury.

title: Adjunctive selectin blockade successfully reduces XXXX size beyond thrombolysis in the electrolytic @entity235 coronary artery model.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemic myocardium', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarct']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarct']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An adjunctive pharmacological strategy to thrombolytic therapy that is tailored to limit reperfusion injury after thrombolysis could further maximize the unquestioned benefit of restoring flow to @entity63 . @entity63 -reperfusion injury exhibits features characteristic of an acute inflammatory response, including the rapid activation and infiltration of neutrophils. The initial process of neutrophil migration from the circulation to injured tissue is modulated by a group of adhesion molecules called selectins. The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a selectin blocker ( @entity73259 ) given as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy to interfere with the inflammatory response after @entity63 -reperfusion and subsequently reduce @entity583 size in the electrolytic @entity235 model. METHODS AND RESULTS: A fully occlusive thrombus was formed in the left circumflex coronary artery by electrolytic injury in 20 anesthetized open-chest @entity235 . After occlusion, an infusion of 1 mg/kg recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rTPA) was administered over 20 minutes with either a bolus of placebo or the selectin blocker @entity73259 (40 mg/kg). At the onset of reperfusion, 20 micrograms/kg per minute rTPA was administered for 1 hour to prevent reocclusion. After 1 hour of reperfusion, @entity1188 size, myocardial @entity20402 activity, and reperfusion @entity943 were measured. In @entity73259 -treated @entity235 , there was a significant 69% reduction in @entity1188 size when expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (6.7 +/- 8.4% versus 21.8 +/- 13.6%; P = .008) and a marked reduction in @entity20402 activity (0.014 +/- 0.009 versus 0.0370 +/- 0.025 U/min per gram; P = .02) compared with the placebo group. There was no difference between the groups in the occurrence of reperfusion @entity943 . CONCLUSIONS: Selectin blockade as an adjunct to rTPA-mediated thrombolysis significantly reduces @entity1188 size and myocardial neutrophil infiltration well beyond thrombolysis alone in the electrolytic @entity235 model. These data suggest that selectin blockade is extremely effective at reducing @entity63 -reperfusion injury and @entity583 size in this model and that the neutrophil is a potent mediator of @entity63 -reperfusion injury.

title: Adjunctive selectin blockade successfully reduces @entity1188 size beyond thrombolysis in the electrolytic XXXX coronary artery model.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: From January 1, 1986 to December 31, 1987, 119 @entity1 among a total number of 2309 were recorded prospectively, who needed induction of labour for mixed indications (Group A), for a premature rupture of the membrane (Group B) or for medical indication (Group C). Independently of the ripe of cervix the results were significantly better in the multiparae than nulliparae respecting the success of induction, the duration of labour and the rate of Caesarean sections. 66.4% (n = 79) of all cases could be delivered within 24 hours after the first gel-application. Statistically significant differences in the partial collectives A, B, and C were seen only by unripe cervix (A = 60.0%, B = 71.4%, C = 30.0%). Repeated tries of inductions led to statistically significant more rates of Caesarean sections, fever during labour and prolonged course of labour. The rate of Caesarean sections and the fetal post-partum results comparing to the other remaining deliveries in 1986/87 were statistically not different. Side effects induced by @entity2918 were only founded in two cases concerning @entity390 . Uterine hyperactivities with pathological CTG-patterns being resistant to treatment with beta-mimetics were found in one case. As severe complication the only case with particular @entity397 must be seen. Based on our experience the intracervical @entity1421 -application for induction of labour is not disadvantageous for mother and fetus, if there are certain indications and fixed criteria.

title: [Clinical experiences with intracervical XXXX administration for labor induction].

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['Prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['rupture of uterus']

answer: @entity1421 :: (MESH:D015232,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin E2']


abstract: @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) is a potent inhibitor of Leydig cell function. @entity1192 blocks @entity1 CG-induced @entity268 and @entity251 formation, as well as cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. @entity1192 also decreases insulin-like growth factor-I ( @entity442 ) mRNA levels in Leydig cells. The effects of @entity442 are modified by IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). In the present study, we evaluated the effects of @entity1192 on IGFBP expression. Purified Leydig cells from adult @entity35 were cultured with 0.1% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum in Dulbecco's modified Eagles' medium/F12. Culture medium was changed to serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagles' medium/F12 after 24 h and @entity1356 (0.1-10 ng/ml) was added. Treatment of Leydig cells with @entity1356 (10 ng/ml) for 2, 4, and 6 h resulted in a progressive induction of @entity2301 expression without affecting @entity10513 or @entity12561 mRNA levels. @entity1356 in concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 ng/ml caused a 1.5-, 4-, and 6.5-fold induction of @entity2301 expression, respectively, whereas @entity442 mRNA levels were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. @entity1356 increased the average transcription rate of @entity2301 by 3.3-fold. The t1/2 for @entity2301 mRNA was 2.07 h and was not affected by the treatment with @entity1356 (2.21 h). The immunoblot of cell-conditioned media showed that the basal level of @entity2301 protein was low and @entity1356 caused a dose-dependent increase in the production of @entity2301 . These results indicate that @entity1356 increases @entity2301 levels by increasing the rate of transcription rather than by changing the stability of @entity2301 mRNA. The addition of @entity1880 markedly inhibited @entity1356 -induced @entity2301 mRNA levels. However, @entity1356 was able to induce @entity2301 mRNA levels even in the presence of @entity1880 . This suggests that de novo protein synthesis may not be required for induction of @entity2301 mRNA by @entity1356 . In conclusion, @entity1356 inhibits @entity442 but increases @entity2301 expression in Leydig cells, and this may contribute to the inhibitory effects of @entity1356 on Leydig cell steroidogenesis.

title: XXXX induces insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 gene expression and protein production by Leydig cells.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

answer: @entity1192 :: (3552,Gene) :: ['Interleukin-1']


abstract: There exists a plethora of @entity669 kinases that play essential roles in regulation of eukaryotic proteins. Several dual specificity kinases that phosphorylate proteins on @entity1889 , @entity563 , and @entity669 residues also play critical roles in eukaryotic phosphorylation cascades. In contrast, very few prokaryotic proteins have been shown to be phosphorylated on @entity669 residues, and the functions of the rare examples remain obscure. Furthermore, no dual specificity kinases have been described in prokaryotes. Our results indicate that PutA protein from the bacterium @entity2491 autophosphorylates on several @entity1889 , @entity563 , and @entity669 residues. PutA protein both represses the @entity1521 utilization (put) operon and degrades @entity1521 to @entity2227 . These two opposing functions are regulated by the availability of @entity1521 and the membrane sites needed for the @entity1521 dehydrogenase activity of PutA protein. In addition, these functions are modulated by phosphorylation of PutA protein. The rate of dephosphorylation of PutA protein is determined by the availability of @entity1521 and membranes. Dephosphorylated PutA protein has a higher DNA binding affinity than the phosphorylated protein and thus may prevent toxic overexpression of PutA protein in the absence of available membrane sites.

title: Protein phosphorylation on @entity563 , @entity1889 , and XXXX residues modulates membrane-protein interactions and transcriptional regulation in @entity2491 .

entities_list: @entity2491 :: ('90371', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella typhimurium']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: There exists a plethora of @entity669 kinases that play essential roles in regulation of eukaryotic proteins. Several dual specificity kinases that phosphorylate proteins on @entity1889 , @entity563 , and @entity669 residues also play critical roles in eukaryotic phosphorylation cascades. In contrast, very few prokaryotic proteins have been shown to be phosphorylated on @entity669 residues, and the functions of the rare examples remain obscure. Furthermore, no dual specificity kinases have been described in prokaryotes. Our results indicate that PutA protein from the bacterium @entity2491 autophosphorylates on several @entity1889 , @entity563 , and @entity669 residues. PutA protein both represses the @entity1521 utilization (put) operon and degrades @entity1521 to @entity2227 . These two opposing functions are regulated by the availability of @entity1521 and the membrane sites needed for the @entity1521 dehydrogenase activity of PutA protein. In addition, these functions are modulated by phosphorylation of PutA protein. The rate of dephosphorylation of PutA protein is determined by the availability of @entity1521 and membranes. Dephosphorylated PutA protein has a higher DNA binding affinity than the phosphorylated protein and thus may prevent toxic overexpression of PutA protein in the absence of available membrane sites.

title: Protein phosphorylation on @entity563 , XXXX , and @entity669 residues modulates membrane-protein interactions and transcriptional regulation in @entity2491 .

answer: @entity1889 :: (CHEBI:26986,Chemical) :: ['threonine']


abstract: There exists a plethora of @entity669 kinases that play essential roles in regulation of eukaryotic proteins. Several dual specificity kinases that phosphorylate proteins on @entity1889 , @entity563 , and @entity669 residues also play critical roles in eukaryotic phosphorylation cascades. In contrast, very few prokaryotic proteins have been shown to be phosphorylated on @entity669 residues, and the functions of the rare examples remain obscure. Furthermore, no dual specificity kinases have been described in prokaryotes. Our results indicate that PutA protein from the bacterium @entity2491 autophosphorylates on several @entity1889 , @entity563 , and @entity669 residues. PutA protein both represses the @entity1521 utilization (put) operon and degrades @entity1521 to @entity2227 . These two opposing functions are regulated by the availability of @entity1521 and the membrane sites needed for the @entity1521 dehydrogenase activity of PutA protein. In addition, these functions are modulated by phosphorylation of PutA protein. The rate of dephosphorylation of PutA protein is determined by the availability of @entity1521 and membranes. Dephosphorylated PutA protein has a higher DNA binding affinity than the phosphorylated protein and thus may prevent toxic overexpression of PutA protein in the absence of available membrane sites.

title: Protein phosphorylation on XXXX , @entity1889 , and @entity669 residues modulates membrane-protein interactions and transcriptional regulation in @entity2491 .

answer: @entity563 :: (CHEBI:17822,Chemical) :: ['serine']


abstract: There exists a plethora of @entity669 kinases that play essential roles in regulation of eukaryotic proteins. Several dual specificity kinases that phosphorylate proteins on @entity1889 , @entity563 , and @entity669 residues also play critical roles in eukaryotic phosphorylation cascades. In contrast, very few prokaryotic proteins have been shown to be phosphorylated on @entity669 residues, and the functions of the rare examples remain obscure. Furthermore, no dual specificity kinases have been described in prokaryotes. Our results indicate that PutA protein from the bacterium @entity2491 autophosphorylates on several @entity1889 , @entity563 , and @entity669 residues. PutA protein both represses the @entity1521 utilization (put) operon and degrades @entity1521 to @entity2227 . These two opposing functions are regulated by the availability of @entity1521 and the membrane sites needed for the @entity1521 dehydrogenase activity of PutA protein. In addition, these functions are modulated by phosphorylation of PutA protein. The rate of dephosphorylation of PutA protein is determined by the availability of @entity1521 and membranes. Dephosphorylated PutA protein has a higher DNA binding affinity than the phosphorylated protein and thus may prevent toxic overexpression of PutA protein in the absence of available membrane sites.

title: Protein phosphorylation on @entity563 , @entity1889 , and @entity669 residues modulates membrane-protein interactions and transcriptional regulation in XXXX .

answer: @entity2491 :: (90371,Species) :: ['Salmonella typhimurium']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the visual outcomes of early intervention in the setting of fundus-obscuring @entity548 ( @entity548 ) presumed to be due to @entity20699 . DESIGN: Retrospective comparative case series. METHODS: All eyes that presented with a fundus-obscuring @entity548 , defined as vision of 20/400 or worse and requiring a B-scan at presentation from 2003 to 2013, were evaluated. Eyes with any history of @entity989 , @entity1020 , @entity130 , presentation greater than 2  weeks after onset of symptoms, or follow-up of less than 2  months were excluded. The main outcome measure studied was final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as dependent on the time to surgery. RESULTS: Ninety-two eyes met inclusion criteria with a mean follow-up of 490  days. Initial BCVA was logMAR 2.218 (Snellen equivalent 20/3000-20/4000, range 20/400-light perception); final BCVA was 0.318 (Snellen equivalent of 20/40-20/50, range 20/20-light perception, P < .001). Fifty-six @entity1 (60.8%) had either a @entity937 or a @entity1713 . @entity1 who underwent surgery within 1  week had no significant improvement over all others; however, a significant improvement was found when comparing early vs delayed surgery groups (P  <  .05). There was a significantly increased risk of  developing a macula-off @entity1713 in @entity1 who did not undergo surgery within 1  week of presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Early surgical intervention results in similar visual outcomes compared to a conservative approach. However, early intervention significantly reduces the incidence of severe @entity1018 related to macula-involving @entity1713 . This study highlights the importance of close follow-up given the high risk of @entity1713 in fundus-obscuring @entity548 .

title: Early Vitrectomy for Spontaneous, Fundus-Obscuring XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['vision loss']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['vitreous hemorrhage', 'VH']

entities_list: @entity20699 :: ('MESH:D020255', 'Disease') :: ['posterior vitreous detachment']

entities_list: @entity937 :: ('MESH:D012167', 'Disease') :: ['retinal tear']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['recent trauma']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['Vitreous Hemorrhage']


abstract: The efficacy of @entity8449 in providing objective @entity5 responses in @entity1 with @entity1636 ( @entity1636 ), has been recently questioned. Experience with non specific chemotherapy is limited. @entity5 responses have been reported with @entity900 administered as a single agent or in combination. Other reports however failed to show benefit from cytotoxic chemotherapy. The very low number of @entity1 included in each study, mostly of them previously treated with @entity8449 , may account for these controversial results. The finding that multidrug resistance mediated by @entity1262 / @entity1262 can be reverted by @entity8449 provides a rational basis for exploring the use of @entity8449 in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. In a multicenter cooperative (SWOG) phase II study, a combination of @entity8449 + @entity900 appeared active in advanced @entity1636 , with 30% response rate in 37 eligible @entity1 . These results prompted us to evaluate the activity of a combination chemotherapy of Eto-poside, @entity632 and @entity900 (EAP) in association with @entity8449 (4 g daily per os). Up to now we treated 6 @entity1 , obtaining 3 partial responses. Recently, new drugs as @entity5747 and @entity6319 have been show to have some activity in @entity1 with surgically unresectable @entity1636 , suggesting the need for further investigation. In conclusion, cytotoxic drugs+ @entity8449 and new adrenocorticolytic/cytotoxic agents, should be explored as first line treatments in @entity1 with advanced @entity1636 . However, due to the extreme rarity of the disease, coordinated multicenter investigations should be highly encouraged.

title: Cytotoxic chemotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity8449 :: ('MESH:D008939', 'Chemical') :: ['mitotane']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity6319 :: ('MESH:D006072', 'Chemical') :: ['gossypol']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['ACC', 'adrenocortical carcinoma']

answer: @entity1636 :: (MESH:D018268,Disease) :: ['adrenocortical carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza A/H5N1 actively circulated in Kamphaeng @entity30637 (KPP), Thailand from 2004 to 2006. A prospective longitudinal cohort study of @entity778 in 800 adults conducted during 2008-2010 in KPP suggested that subclinical or mild @entity281 had occurred among this adult cohort. However, this study was conducted after the peak of H5N1 activity in KPP. Coincidentally, banked serum samples were available from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of primary school @entity1 who had undergone active surveillance for febrile illnesses from 2004 to 2007 and lived in the same district of KPP as the adult cohort. OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate whether subclinical or mild @entity281 had occurred among KPP residents during the peak of H5N1 activity from 2004 to 2006. STUDY DESIGN: H5N1 microneutralization (MN) assay was performed on banked serum samples from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of primary school @entity1 who had undergone active surveillance for febrile illnesses in KPP. Annual blood samples collected from 2004 to 2006 from 251 @entity1 were selected based on the criteria that they lived in villages with documented @entity281 . RESULT: No H5N1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in 753 annual blood samples from 251 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: During 2004-2006, very few subclinical or mild @entity281 occurred in KPP. Elevated H5N1 MN titers found in the adult cohort in 2008 were likely due to cross-reactivity from other @entity683 virus subtypes highlighting the complexities in interpreting @entity683 serological data.

title: Absence of neutralizing antibodies against XXXX among @entity1 in Kamphaeng @entity30637 , Thailand.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['influenza virus infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['H5N1 infection', 'H5N1 infections']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['influenza A/H5N1 virus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza A/H5N1 actively circulated in Kamphaeng @entity30637 (KPP), Thailand from 2004 to 2006. A prospective longitudinal cohort study of @entity778 in 800 adults conducted during 2008-2010 in KPP suggested that subclinical or mild @entity281 had occurred among this adult cohort. However, this study was conducted after the peak of H5N1 activity in KPP. Coincidentally, banked serum samples were available from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of primary school @entity1 who had undergone active surveillance for febrile illnesses from 2004 to 2007 and lived in the same district of KPP as the adult cohort. OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate whether subclinical or mild @entity281 had occurred among KPP residents during the peak of H5N1 activity from 2004 to 2006. STUDY DESIGN: H5N1 microneutralization (MN) assay was performed on banked serum samples from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of primary school @entity1 who had undergone active surveillance for febrile illnesses in KPP. Annual blood samples collected from 2004 to 2006 from 251 @entity1 were selected based on the criteria that they lived in villages with documented @entity281 . RESULT: No H5N1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in 753 annual blood samples from 251 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: During 2004-2006, very few subclinical or mild @entity281 occurred in KPP. Elevated H5N1 MN titers found in the adult cohort in 2008 were likely due to cross-reactivity from other @entity683 virus subtypes highlighting the complexities in interpreting @entity683 serological data.

title: Absence of neutralizing antibodies against @entity778 among @entity1 in Kamphaeng XXXX , Thailand.

answer: @entity30637 :: (9043,Gene) :: ['Phet']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza A/H5N1 actively circulated in Kamphaeng @entity30637 (KPP), Thailand from 2004 to 2006. A prospective longitudinal cohort study of @entity778 in 800 adults conducted during 2008-2010 in KPP suggested that subclinical or mild @entity281 had occurred among this adult cohort. However, this study was conducted after the peak of H5N1 activity in KPP. Coincidentally, banked serum samples were available from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of primary school @entity1 who had undergone active surveillance for febrile illnesses from 2004 to 2007 and lived in the same district of KPP as the adult cohort. OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate whether subclinical or mild @entity281 had occurred among KPP residents during the peak of H5N1 activity from 2004 to 2006. STUDY DESIGN: H5N1 microneutralization (MN) assay was performed on banked serum samples from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of primary school @entity1 who had undergone active surveillance for febrile illnesses in KPP. Annual blood samples collected from 2004 to 2006 from 251 @entity1 were selected based on the criteria that they lived in villages with documented @entity281 . RESULT: No H5N1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in 753 annual blood samples from 251 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: During 2004-2006, very few subclinical or mild @entity281 occurred in KPP. Elevated H5N1 MN titers found in the adult cohort in 2008 were likely due to cross-reactivity from other @entity683 virus subtypes highlighting the complexities in interpreting @entity683 serological data.

title: Absence of neutralizing antibodies against @entity778 among XXXX in Kamphaeng @entity30637 , Thailand.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: MOTIVATION: The @entity5 (TCGA) RNA-Sequencing data are used widely for research. TCGA provides 'Level 3' data, which have been processed using a pipeline specific to that resource. However, we have found using experimentally derived data that this pipeline produces gene-expression values that vary considerably across biological replicates. In addition, some RNA-Sequencing analysis tools require integer-based read counts, which are not provided with the Level 3 data. As an alternative, we have reprocessed the data for 9264 @entity5 and 741 normal samples across 24 @entity5 types using the Rsubread package. We have also collated corresponding clinical data for these samples. We provide these data as a community resource. RESULTS: We compared TCGA samples processed using either pipeline and found that the Rsubread pipeline produced fewer zero-expression genes and more consistent expression levels across replicate samples than the TCGA pipeline. Additionally, we used a genomic-signature approach to estimate @entity1722 ( @entity1722 ) activation status for 662 @entity0 samples and found that the Rsubread data resulted in stronger predictions of @entity1722 pathway activity. Finally, we used data from both pipelines to classify 575 @entity2 samples based on histological type. This analysis identified various non-coding RNA that may influence @entity2 histology. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The RNA-Sequencing and clinical data can be downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (accession number GSE62944). Scripts and code that were used to process and analyze the data are available from https://github.com/srp33/TCGA_RNASeq_Clinical. CONTACT: stephen_piccolo@byu.edu or andreab@genetics.utah.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary material is available at Bioinformatics online.

title: Alternative preprocessing of RNA-Sequencing data in The XXXX leads to improved analysis results.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer Genome Atlas', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'lung-cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast-tumor']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer Genome Atlas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine fetal serum and @entity6703 ( @entity6703 ) levels of interleukin (IL)-3, @entity650 , @entity2841 , stem cell factor, and @entity1307 , and to explore the relationship between cytokines and hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count (WBC), and platelet count in fetuses affected by Rh immunization. METHODS: Thirty-four consecutive Rh-immunized @entity1 in gestational weeks 19-33 were included. All @entity1 were investigated by funipuncture and 13 by amniocentesis. The levels of @entity2772 , @entity650 , @entity2841 , stem cell factor, and @entity1307 were estimated using commercially available immunoassays. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between @entity1307 concentrations in fetal serum and @entity6703 (r = 0.54, P < .05), whereas none of the other cytokines showed a positive correlation between these two compartments. Fetal serum contained higher concentrations of @entity2772 , @entity2841 , stem cell factor, and @entity1307 compared with @entity6703 . In contrast, the @entity650 level was significantly higher in @entity6703 compared with fetal serum (P = .002). @entity1307 and @entity2772 levels were both negatively correlated with fetal hemoglobin concentrations (r = -0.75, P = .02, and r = -0.67, P = .045). The fetal WBC correlated significantly with the fetal serum concentration of @entity2841 (r = 0.38, P = .04). CONCLUSION: @entity1 fetuses with @entity417 due to erythrocyte immunization exhibit an increased production of @entity1307 and @entity2772 . Other studied cytokines (such as @entity650 ) did not correlate with the degree of @entity417 . Among the studied cytokines, only @entity1307 showed a positive correlation between fetal serum and @entity6703 .

title: Cytokines in fetal blood and XXXX in Rh-immunized pregnancies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity650 :: ('3569', 'Gene') :: ['IL-6', 'stem cell factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-6']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['fetal anemia', 'anemia']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin', 'Erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity6703 :: ('MESH:D004619', 'Disease') :: ['amniotic fluid', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor']

answer: @entity6703 :: (MESH:D004619,Disease) :: ['amniotic fluid']


abstract: @entity588 and its homologue, @entity1836 , encode membrane-associated proteins that suppress programmed cell death of hematopoietic cell lines after growth factor withdrawal, and are expressed in hematopoietic precursor cells. To better understand the maintenance of long-term survival in the hematopoietic stem cell population, we evaluated the expression patterns of @entity588 and @entity1836 in primitive hematopoietic precursor populations. Hematopoietic precursor cells expressing @entity2280 ( @entity2280 +) and lacking maturation-linked surface antigens (lin-) were isolated from adult @entity1 bone marrow using two-color immunofluorescence cell sorting and fractionated on the basis of forward light scatter characteristics into blast-sized and small to medium lymphocyte-sized cell populations. @entity588 expression was shown in 78% to 90% of @entity2280 + lin- blast-sized cells versus less than 10% of small to medium lymphocyte-sized @entity2280 + lin- cells by immunohistochemical analysis. Small to medium lymphocyte-sized @entity2280 + lin- cells were further enriched for primitive precursors by selecting cells that lacked expression of @entity3053 ( @entity2280 + lin- @entity3053 -). In parallel experiments, only 1% to 4% of @entity2280 + lin- @entity3053 - cells expressed @entity588 , whereas 45% to 56% of these cells generated colony-forming cells. In contrast, > or = 94% of cells in all bone marrow subpopulations studied expressed @entity1836 protein. Both alternatively spliced @entity1836 transcripts, @entity1836 and bcl-xs, were present. Our data show that the most primitive hematopoietic precursors express @entity1836 but not @entity588 . Thus, the functional @entity588 homologue, @entity1836 , may be essential for the long-term survival of the hematopoietic stem cell population.

title: Primitive @entity1 hematopoietic precursors express @entity1836 but not XXXX .

answer: @entity588 :: (596,Gene) :: ['Bcl-2']


abstract: @entity588 and its homologue, @entity1836 , encode membrane-associated proteins that suppress programmed cell death of hematopoietic cell lines after growth factor withdrawal, and are expressed in hematopoietic precursor cells. To better understand the maintenance of long-term survival in the hematopoietic stem cell population, we evaluated the expression patterns of @entity588 and @entity1836 in primitive hematopoietic precursor populations. Hematopoietic precursor cells expressing @entity2280 ( @entity2280 +) and lacking maturation-linked surface antigens (lin-) were isolated from adult @entity1 bone marrow using two-color immunofluorescence cell sorting and fractionated on the basis of forward light scatter characteristics into blast-sized and small to medium lymphocyte-sized cell populations. @entity588 expression was shown in 78% to 90% of @entity2280 + lin- blast-sized cells versus less than 10% of small to medium lymphocyte-sized @entity2280 + lin- cells by immunohistochemical analysis. Small to medium lymphocyte-sized @entity2280 + lin- cells were further enriched for primitive precursors by selecting cells that lacked expression of @entity3053 ( @entity2280 + lin- @entity3053 -). In parallel experiments, only 1% to 4% of @entity2280 + lin- @entity3053 - cells expressed @entity588 , whereas 45% to 56% of these cells generated colony-forming cells. In contrast, > or = 94% of cells in all bone marrow subpopulations studied expressed @entity1836 protein. Both alternatively spliced @entity1836 transcripts, @entity1836 and bcl-xs, were present. Our data show that the most primitive hematopoietic precursors express @entity1836 but not @entity588 . Thus, the functional @entity588 homologue, @entity1836 , may be essential for the long-term survival of the hematopoietic stem cell population.

title: Primitive @entity1 hematopoietic precursors express XXXX but not @entity588 .

answer: @entity1836 :: (598,Gene) :: ['Bcl-x']


abstract: @entity588 and its homologue, @entity1836 , encode membrane-associated proteins that suppress programmed cell death of hematopoietic cell lines after growth factor withdrawal, and are expressed in hematopoietic precursor cells. To better understand the maintenance of long-term survival in the hematopoietic stem cell population, we evaluated the expression patterns of @entity588 and @entity1836 in primitive hematopoietic precursor populations. Hematopoietic precursor cells expressing @entity2280 ( @entity2280 +) and lacking maturation-linked surface antigens (lin-) were isolated from adult @entity1 bone marrow using two-color immunofluorescence cell sorting and fractionated on the basis of forward light scatter characteristics into blast-sized and small to medium lymphocyte-sized cell populations. @entity588 expression was shown in 78% to 90% of @entity2280 + lin- blast-sized cells versus less than 10% of small to medium lymphocyte-sized @entity2280 + lin- cells by immunohistochemical analysis. Small to medium lymphocyte-sized @entity2280 + lin- cells were further enriched for primitive precursors by selecting cells that lacked expression of @entity3053 ( @entity2280 + lin- @entity3053 -). In parallel experiments, only 1% to 4% of @entity2280 + lin- @entity3053 - cells expressed @entity588 , whereas 45% to 56% of these cells generated colony-forming cells. In contrast, > or = 94% of cells in all bone marrow subpopulations studied expressed @entity1836 protein. Both alternatively spliced @entity1836 transcripts, @entity1836 and bcl-xs, were present. Our data show that the most primitive hematopoietic precursors express @entity1836 but not @entity588 . Thus, the functional @entity588 homologue, @entity1836 , may be essential for the long-term survival of the hematopoietic stem cell population.

title: Primitive XXXX hematopoietic precursors express @entity1836 but not @entity588 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy and the safety of transtympanic @entity619 to treat sudden @entity1274 as first and single drug method. Considering ethical implication of performing a mininvasive procedure on middle ear, we matched such proposed treatment with systemic @entity229 administration that represents the widest adopted protocol. Randomized prospective study was conducted. The inclusion criterion was a sudden @entity1274 of at least 30  dB across three contiguous frequencies over a period of 24  h. Group A received transtympanic @entity134 injections; Group B received oral administration of @entity230 . 25 @entity1 were treated with transtympanic therapy whereas 21 underwent systemic treatment. The mean of initial PTA was 59  dB for the whole series: 65  dB for group A and 51  dB for group B. The recovery better than 10  dB was obtained in 80% of @entity1 of group A and in 17 81% of @entity1 of group B, with a total of 80.5%. The mean relative gain in PTA was 41.16% in the group A and 44.7% in the group B. In the frequencies tested (0.5, 1, 2, and 4  kHz) PTA improvements after transtympanic treatment were higher than after systemic treatment, but these differences were not statistically significant (P  =  0.61). Both transtympanic and systemic treatment had similar clinical recovery times. This prospective randomized clinical study showed good result in terms of hearing recovery, better than the expected results of the simple observation without treatment. We can consider transtympanic administration as a first line treatment, because of the statistical analysis confirmed similar results with systemic therapy, reducing possible side effects of systemic drug administration. The delay of treatment does not influence the outcome, allowing treating @entity1 within 10  days of onset.

title: Treatment of sudden XXXX with transtympanic injection of @entity230 as single therapy: a randomized clinical study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity1274 :: (MESH:D006319,Disease) :: ['sensorineural hearing loss']


abstract: The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy and the safety of transtympanic @entity619 to treat sudden @entity1274 as first and single drug method. Considering ethical implication of performing a mininvasive procedure on middle ear, we matched such proposed treatment with systemic @entity229 administration that represents the widest adopted protocol. Randomized prospective study was conducted. The inclusion criterion was a sudden @entity1274 of at least 30  dB across three contiguous frequencies over a period of 24  h. Group A received transtympanic @entity134 injections; Group B received oral administration of @entity230 . 25 @entity1 were treated with transtympanic therapy whereas 21 underwent systemic treatment. The mean of initial PTA was 59  dB for the whole series: 65  dB for group A and 51  dB for group B. The recovery better than 10  dB was obtained in 80% of @entity1 of group A and in 17 81% of @entity1 of group B, with a total of 80.5%. The mean relative gain in PTA was 41.16% in the group A and 44.7% in the group B. In the frequencies tested (0.5, 1, 2, and 4  kHz) PTA improvements after transtympanic treatment were higher than after systemic treatment, but these differences were not statistically significant (P  =  0.61). Both transtympanic and systemic treatment had similar clinical recovery times. This prospective randomized clinical study showed good result in terms of hearing recovery, better than the expected results of the simple observation without treatment. We can consider transtympanic administration as a first line treatment, because of the statistical analysis confirmed similar results with systemic therapy, reducing possible side effects of systemic drug administration. The delay of treatment does not influence the outcome, allowing treating @entity1 within 10  days of onset.

title: Treatment of sudden @entity1274 with transtympanic injection of XXXX as single therapy: a randomized clinical study.

answer: @entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroids']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Prior findings indicate that individuals scoring high on vital exhaustion show a dysfunctional stress response (DSR), that is, reduced @entity701 reactivity and habituation to @entity2673 . The main aim of the present study was to examine whether a DSR may be a vulnerability factor in @entity74 ( @entity2613 ). We examined whether a DSR is present during the early stages of ED, and still is present after recovery. Three groups were studied: 1. Former @entity2613 @entity1 (n=14); 2. @entity1 who during the past 6month had experienced stress at work and had a Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ) score over 3.75, considered to indicate a pre-stage of @entity2613 (n=17); 3. @entity1 who had not experienced stress at work during the past 6months and had a SMBQ score below 2.75 (n=20). The @entity1 were exposed twice to a virtual version of the Trier Social Stress Test (V-TSST), during which salivary @entity701 samples were collected. In addition, high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), heart rate (HR), t-wave amplitude (TWA), and a-amylase were assessed to examine stress reactivity and habituation in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The initial analyses showed clear @entity2339 and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activations in both V-TSST sessions, together with habituation of @entity701 and heart rate in the second session, but without any significant group differences. However, the former @entity2613 @entity1 showed considerable variation in self-reported signs of exhaustion (SMBQ). This led us to assign former @entity2613 @entity1 with lower ratings into the low SMBQ group (LOWS) and those with higher ratings to the high SMBQ group (HIGHS). When repeating the analyses a different picture emerged; the HIGHS showed a lower @entity701 response to the V-TSST than did the LOWS. Both groups' @entity701 response habituated to the second V-TSST session. The ANS responses did not differ between the two groups. Thus, @entity1 in a pre-stage of @entity2613 and unrecovered former @entity2613 @entity1 showed signs of DSR, in contrast to healthy controls and recovered former @entity2613 @entity1 . The results may be interpreted as indicating that DSR in the @entity2270 is present early on in the stress process, but subsides after successful recovery.

title: Exhaustion-related changes in cardiovascular and XXXX reactivity to acute psychosocial stress.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity2673 :: ('MESH:C535569', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial stressors']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['exhaustion disorder']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['cortisol']


abstract: A 28-year-old previously emmetropic @entity1 presented with a 2-day history of @entity227 . She had no history of corneal surgery or contact lens use. Snellen uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 6/12 bilaterally. Bilateral anterior stromal infiltration of the central @entity267 was seen, with no overlying epithelial defect and intact sensation. There was a marked hyperopic shift, central @entity2687 , and associated keratometric flattening. The @entity1 was started on topical corticosteroids. Over 12 weeks, the UDVA returned to 6/5 with emmetropization of the refractive status and thickening of the central @entity267 . The clinical findings in our @entity1 resemble those of central @entity137 (CTK) in post-refractive-surgery cases, suggesting a similar mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a @entity1 presenting with @entity137 in the absence of previous keratorefractive surgery or contact lens use. The pathophysiology of this condition remains elusive and requires further investigation. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

title: Idiopathic stromal keratitis resembling central XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral photophobia and blurred vision']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['a CTK-like syndrome', 'toxic keratopathy']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal thinning']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxic keratopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: Several studies have reported that @entity2614 was associated with a relatively high incidence of emergence @entity2146 in @entity1 even in the absence of any surgical intervention. The aim of this study was to compare early @entity2146 characteristics of oral @entity2493 , @entity6948 , and @entity1363 premedication in @entity1 who were given @entity2614 anesthesia for esophageal dilatation. METHODS: Following Internal Review Board approval and parental informed consent, 100 ASA physical status I-II @entity1 (3-9  years old) who were scheduled to undergo general anesthesia for esophageal dilatation procedures were enrolled. The @entity1 were randomly assigned to four groups (n  =  25 in each). The premedications in the groups were saline (group P), @entity6948 2.5   g/kg (group D), 0.5  mg/kg @entity1363 (group MD), and @entity2493 0.1  mg/kg (group ML), given orally. All premedication drugs were given with @entity1443 2-2.5  mg/kg to be easily drinkable 40-45  min before anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was maintained with @entity2614 2-4%, @entity3727 50% in @entity26 . No supplemental analgesic agent was given, and an emergence @entity2146 scale (EAS) was measured on admission to the PACU, then every 5 min, and recorded during the postoperative period: 1, awake and calm, cooperative; 2, crying, requires consoling; 3, irritable/restless, screaming, inconsolable; 4, combative, disoriented, thrashing. @entity1 with an @entity2146 score of 3 or 4 were classified as agitated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among the four groups demographically. The emergence @entity2146 scale was higher in the placebo group than in the others at 5, 10, and 15  min postoperatively (P  <  0.001). EA was similar among group D, group MD, and group ML. CONCLUSION: We found that oral @entity2493 , @entity6948 , and @entity1363 reduced the incidence of emergence @entity2146 in @entity1 after @entity2614 anesthesia.

title: Oral @entity2493 , @entity6948 , and @entity1363 for prevention of postoperative agitation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']