abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome in a group of @entity1 treated with full macular translocation (FMT) with 360-degree retinotomy for treatment of @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ) with subfoveal @entity1940 . DESIGN: Consecutive interventional case series. METHODS: Fifty consecutive eyes (50 @entity1 ) with @entity1020 and @entity2295 who underwent a FMT in our department from January 1999 to July 2000 are included in this study. Compensatory muscle surgery, as described by Eckardt and associates, was performed on all the eyes. The median follow-up is 21 months (range, 12 to 36; SD, 5.4). RESULTS: The best-corrected postoperative visual acuity (BCVA) was improved by 2 or more Snellen lines in 33 eyes (66%) and remained stable (+/-1 line) in 14 eyes (28%). Only 3 eyes (6%) experienced a deterioration of the BCVA of 2 or more lines. The final BCVA was 20/50 or better in 32% of the cases; only 8 eyes (16%) had a final BCVA < 20/200. Thirty-four (68%) @entity1 are able to read newspaper print (3.3/10) with normal (+3 diopters to +4 diopters) or increased (+5 diopters to +8 diopters) reading ads. Other @entity1 are able to read with magnifying systems. Complications included proliferative @entity1715 (PVR) in 9 eyes (18%), recurrent @entity1940 in 5 eyes (10%), @entity892 in 3 eyes (6%), @entity548 in 2 eyes (4%), macular hole in 1 eye, and @entity735 . CONCLUSIONS: As 68% of the @entity1 in the study group regained reading vision with reading glasses, FMT can be considered an effective approach in cases of subfoveal @entity1940 . Further investigations are necessary to determine which @entity1 will have the most benefit from this complex therapeutic method.

title: Macular translocation with 360 degree retinotomy for management of @entity1020 with subfoveal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1715 :: ('MESH:D018630', 'Disease') :: ['vitreoretinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1940 :: ('MESH:D020256', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['subfoveal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['temporary hypotony in 1 eye']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['ARMD', 'age-related macular degeneration']

answer: @entity1940 :: (MESH:D020256,Disease) :: ['choroidal neovascularization']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome in a group of @entity1 treated with full macular translocation (FMT) with 360-degree retinotomy for treatment of @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ) with subfoveal @entity1940 . DESIGN: Consecutive interventional case series. METHODS: Fifty consecutive eyes (50 @entity1 ) with @entity1020 and @entity2295 who underwent a FMT in our department from January 1999 to July 2000 are included in this study. Compensatory muscle surgery, as described by Eckardt and associates, was performed on all the eyes. The median follow-up is 21 months (range, 12 to 36; SD, 5.4). RESULTS: The best-corrected postoperative visual acuity (BCVA) was improved by 2 or more Snellen lines in 33 eyes (66%) and remained stable (+/-1 line) in 14 eyes (28%). Only 3 eyes (6%) experienced a deterioration of the BCVA of 2 or more lines. The final BCVA was 20/50 or better in 32% of the cases; only 8 eyes (16%) had a final BCVA < 20/200. Thirty-four (68%) @entity1 are able to read newspaper print (3.3/10) with normal (+3 diopters to +4 diopters) or increased (+5 diopters to +8 diopters) reading ads. Other @entity1 are able to read with magnifying systems. Complications included proliferative @entity1715 (PVR) in 9 eyes (18%), recurrent @entity1940 in 5 eyes (10%), @entity892 in 3 eyes (6%), @entity548 in 2 eyes (4%), macular hole in 1 eye, and @entity735 . CONCLUSIONS: As 68% of the @entity1 in the study group regained reading vision with reading glasses, FMT can be considered an effective approach in cases of subfoveal @entity1940 . Further investigations are necessary to determine which @entity1 will have the most benefit from this complex therapeutic method.

title: Macular translocation with 360 degree retinotomy for management of XXXX with subfoveal @entity1940 .

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['age-related macular degeneration']


abstract: When ingested, pectin can lower serum @entity165 levels in @entity1 . Pectin is degraded by fecal bacteria in the colon. We examined the release of @entity1042 ( @entity2716 ) by this degradation. A 0.2% @entity413 (2 g/L) mixture was used as the control medium. A pure culture of pectinolytic @entity17367 was the control bacterium. The chief substrates were, in set 1, 0.2% pectin (2 g/L) and, in set 2, 0.1% @entity413 (1 g/L) and 0.1% pectin (1 g/L). Cultures of fecal bacteria and @entity17367 grew for 72 h in each of the solutions. By 72 h the fecal flora culture in set 1 cleaved 30% of the possible @entity15394 groups on pectin. The fecal flora in set 2 cleaved 90.7% of all possible @entity15394 groups. Balance studies suggest that all of the free @entity2716 comes from @entity15394 groups on pectin. This study demonstrates that fecal bacteria are capable of degrading pectin to release @entity2716 .

title: XXXX production from the degradation of pectin by @entity1 colonic bacteria.

entities_list: @entity17367 :: ('554', 'Species') :: ['Erwinia carotovora', 'E carotovora']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity15394 :: ('CHEBI:32772', 'Chemical') :: ['methoxyl']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1042 :: (MESH:D000432,Chemical) :: ['Methanol']


abstract: When ingested, pectin can lower serum @entity165 levels in @entity1 . Pectin is degraded by fecal bacteria in the colon. We examined the release of @entity1042 ( @entity2716 ) by this degradation. A 0.2% @entity413 (2 g/L) mixture was used as the control medium. A pure culture of pectinolytic @entity17367 was the control bacterium. The chief substrates were, in set 1, 0.2% pectin (2 g/L) and, in set 2, 0.1% @entity413 (1 g/L) and 0.1% pectin (1 g/L). Cultures of fecal bacteria and @entity17367 grew for 72 h in each of the solutions. By 72 h the fecal flora culture in set 1 cleaved 30% of the possible @entity15394 groups on pectin. The fecal flora in set 2 cleaved 90.7% of all possible @entity15394 groups. Balance studies suggest that all of the free @entity2716 comes from @entity15394 groups on pectin. This study demonstrates that fecal bacteria are capable of degrading pectin to release @entity2716 .

title: @entity1042 production from the degradation of pectin by XXXX colonic bacteria.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Forty-three @entity1 were enlisted in the in-vivo test for sensitivity of Kampuchean strains of @entity3964 to @entity4807 . The mean parasite density count on day 0 was 32,398 asexual parasites per microliter of blood. With a dosage of 1.5 g @entity4807 base daily for 10 days the average parasite clearance time was 5.6 days, and the average duration of @entity221 3.4 days. The in-vivo test was evaluated at 7 and 10 days after the start of therapy. After 7 days only 16 @entity1 were parasite negative by microscopic examination (S); 20 @entity1 had an RI recrudescence, four @entity1 responded at the RII level and three at the RIII level. Evaluating the in-vivo test at 10 days, the number of @entity1 parasite negative increased to 18, the number of those with an RI level of resistance increased to 21, two @entity1 gave an RII response and two had an RIII level of resistance. Twenty-two adult males were included in an in-vivo test of the sensitivity of @entity3964 to @entity4807 plus @entity803 . The course of treatment was: @entity4807 3 x 500 mg daily for 10 days, @entity803 3 x 500 mg for 7 days. Parasite density counts on day 0 averaged 11,393 asexual parasites per microliter of blood. The average parasite clearance time was 5.9 days, and the average duration of @entity221 was 3.8 days. After 7 days of treatment, 81.8% of @entity1 were parasite negative, while one @entity1 had a recrudescence after 17 days (RI). Three @entity281 were resistant at the RII level. By prolongation of the observations to day 10, the parasitaemia was cleared in all @entity1 , i.e. all @entity281 were sensitive to @entity4807 plus @entity803 . Thirty-four @entity1 with @entity9231 were screened for in-vitro resistance to @entity503 , @entity8775 and @entity4807 using the WHO standard micro-test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Response of Kampuchean strains of @entity3964 falciparum to antimalarials: in-vivo assessment of XXXX and @entity4807 plus @entity803 ; multiple drug resistance in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity8775 :: ('MESH:D015767', 'Chemical') :: ['mefloquine']

entities_list: @entity9231 :: ('MESH:D016778', 'Disease') :: ['falciparum malaria']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['P. falciparum', 'Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

answer: @entity4807 :: (MESH:D011803,Chemical) :: ['quinine']


abstract: Forty-three @entity1 were enlisted in the in-vivo test for sensitivity of Kampuchean strains of @entity3964 to @entity4807 . The mean parasite density count on day 0 was 32,398 asexual parasites per microliter of blood. With a dosage of 1.5 g @entity4807 base daily for 10 days the average parasite clearance time was 5.6 days, and the average duration of @entity221 3.4 days. The in-vivo test was evaluated at 7 and 10 days after the start of therapy. After 7 days only 16 @entity1 were parasite negative by microscopic examination (S); 20 @entity1 had an RI recrudescence, four @entity1 responded at the RII level and three at the RIII level. Evaluating the in-vivo test at 10 days, the number of @entity1 parasite negative increased to 18, the number of those with an RI level of resistance increased to 21, two @entity1 gave an RII response and two had an RIII level of resistance. Twenty-two adult males were included in an in-vivo test of the sensitivity of @entity3964 to @entity4807 plus @entity803 . The course of treatment was: @entity4807 3 x 500 mg daily for 10 days, @entity803 3 x 500 mg for 7 days. Parasite density counts on day 0 averaged 11,393 asexual parasites per microliter of blood. The average parasite clearance time was 5.9 days, and the average duration of @entity221 was 3.8 days. After 7 days of treatment, 81.8% of @entity1 were parasite negative, while one @entity1 had a recrudescence after 17 days (RI). Three @entity281 were resistant at the RII level. By prolongation of the observations to day 10, the parasitaemia was cleared in all @entity1 , i.e. all @entity281 were sensitive to @entity4807 plus @entity803 . Thirty-four @entity1 with @entity9231 were screened for in-vitro resistance to @entity503 , @entity8775 and @entity4807 using the WHO standard micro-test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Response of Kampuchean strains of @entity3964 falciparum to antimalarials: in-vivo assessment of @entity4807 and XXXX plus @entity803 ; multiple drug resistance in vitro.

answer: @entity4807 :: (MESH:D011803,Chemical) :: ['quinine']


abstract: Forty-three @entity1 were enlisted in the in-vivo test for sensitivity of Kampuchean strains of @entity3964 to @entity4807 . The mean parasite density count on day 0 was 32,398 asexual parasites per microliter of blood. With a dosage of 1.5 g @entity4807 base daily for 10 days the average parasite clearance time was 5.6 days, and the average duration of @entity221 3.4 days. The in-vivo test was evaluated at 7 and 10 days after the start of therapy. After 7 days only 16 @entity1 were parasite negative by microscopic examination (S); 20 @entity1 had an RI recrudescence, four @entity1 responded at the RII level and three at the RIII level. Evaluating the in-vivo test at 10 days, the number of @entity1 parasite negative increased to 18, the number of those with an RI level of resistance increased to 21, two @entity1 gave an RII response and two had an RIII level of resistance. Twenty-two adult males were included in an in-vivo test of the sensitivity of @entity3964 to @entity4807 plus @entity803 . The course of treatment was: @entity4807 3 x 500 mg daily for 10 days, @entity803 3 x 500 mg for 7 days. Parasite density counts on day 0 averaged 11,393 asexual parasites per microliter of blood. The average parasite clearance time was 5.9 days, and the average duration of @entity221 was 3.8 days. After 7 days of treatment, 81.8% of @entity1 were parasite negative, while one @entity1 had a recrudescence after 17 days (RI). Three @entity281 were resistant at the RII level. By prolongation of the observations to day 10, the parasitaemia was cleared in all @entity1 , i.e. all @entity281 were sensitive to @entity4807 plus @entity803 . Thirty-four @entity1 with @entity9231 were screened for in-vitro resistance to @entity503 , @entity8775 and @entity4807 using the WHO standard micro-test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Response of Kampuchean strains of @entity3964 falciparum to antimalarials: in-vivo assessment of @entity4807 and @entity4807 plus XXXX ; multiple drug resistance in vitro.

answer: @entity803 :: (MESH:D013752,Chemical) :: ['tetracycline']


abstract: Forty-three @entity1 were enlisted in the in-vivo test for sensitivity of Kampuchean strains of @entity3964 to @entity4807 . The mean parasite density count on day 0 was 32,398 asexual parasites per microliter of blood. With a dosage of 1.5 g @entity4807 base daily for 10 days the average parasite clearance time was 5.6 days, and the average duration of @entity221 3.4 days. The in-vivo test was evaluated at 7 and 10 days after the start of therapy. After 7 days only 16 @entity1 were parasite negative by microscopic examination (S); 20 @entity1 had an RI recrudescence, four @entity1 responded at the RII level and three at the RIII level. Evaluating the in-vivo test at 10 days, the number of @entity1 parasite negative increased to 18, the number of those with an RI level of resistance increased to 21, two @entity1 gave an RII response and two had an RIII level of resistance. Twenty-two adult males were included in an in-vivo test of the sensitivity of @entity3964 to @entity4807 plus @entity803 . The course of treatment was: @entity4807 3 x 500 mg daily for 10 days, @entity803 3 x 500 mg for 7 days. Parasite density counts on day 0 averaged 11,393 asexual parasites per microliter of blood. The average parasite clearance time was 5.9 days, and the average duration of @entity221 was 3.8 days. After 7 days of treatment, 81.8% of @entity1 were parasite negative, while one @entity1 had a recrudescence after 17 days (RI). Three @entity281 were resistant at the RII level. By prolongation of the observations to day 10, the parasitaemia was cleared in all @entity1 , i.e. all @entity281 were sensitive to @entity4807 plus @entity803 . Thirty-four @entity1 with @entity9231 were screened for in-vitro resistance to @entity503 , @entity8775 and @entity4807 using the WHO standard micro-test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Response of Kampuchean strains of XXXX falciparum to antimalarials: in-vivo assessment of @entity4807 and @entity4807 plus @entity803 ; multiple drug resistance in vitro.

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the microvascular blood flow response to wounding is predominantly vasodilation at skin sites with nutritive capillary perfusion (NUTR), there is a significant vasoconstrictive response at sites with high arteriovenous perfusion (AV). There may be a difference between NUTR and AV sites in the vasoactive factors which mediate the blood flow response to wounding. We measured the levels of mRNA expression of several potential mediators of the blood flow response to assess this possible difference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured skin blood flow at wounds placed at the back, a NUTR site, and at the paw, an AV site, in 12 @entity35 Kyoto @entity35 . Measurements were performed at baseline and then at 7 days post wounding. There was a significant increase in blood flow at back wound sites, with a rise from 4.1 +/- 0.3 ml/min/100 g to 9.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min/100 g. At the undisturbed wound perimeter, outside the zone of granulation tissue, flow rose to 7.3 +/- 1.1 ml/min/100 g. At the paw wound site, Day 0 flow was 8.8 +/- 0.8 ml/min/100 g. At 7 days, there was a significant decrease in flow at wound center to 5.5 +/- 0.5 ml/min/100 g. We measured the levels of inducible @entity842 synthetase (iNOS), endothelin, endothelin receptor, @entity6667 ( @entity6667 ), and @entity11943 ( @entity11943 ) gene mRNAs using reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS: There was a 10-fold increase in NOS mRNA in granulation tissue of both wounds on Day 7. There was a lesser but still substantial increase in the wound perimeter tissue. Levels of endothelin mRNA in the wound and wound perimeter were significantly lower at the paw than at the back. At baseline, the level of endothelin receptor B (ETrB) mRNA was greater at the back than at the paw. Wounding resulted in a substantial increase in EtrB mRNA levels in granulation tissue, reaching the same level at the back and paw wounds. There was also a substantial rise in EtrB mRNA levels at the paw wound perimeter, so that there was a reversal of the baseline condition, with paw levels actually surpassing the levels at the back perimeter. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we have found significant changes in mediators both of vasoconstriction and vasodilation affecting the @entity446 wound. These changes affect NUTR and AV sites in different ways. These results demonstrate the complexity of the regulatory processes controlling microvascular blood flow in wound @entity446 .

title: Skin blood flow response in the @entity35 model of wound XXXX : expression of vasoactive factors.

entities_list: @entity11943 :: ('29348(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['keratinocyte growth factor', 'KGF']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity6667 :: ('83785(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

answer: @entity446 :: (MESH:C563468,Disease) :: ['healing']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the microvascular blood flow response to wounding is predominantly vasodilation at skin sites with nutritive capillary perfusion (NUTR), there is a significant vasoconstrictive response at sites with high arteriovenous perfusion (AV). There may be a difference between NUTR and AV sites in the vasoactive factors which mediate the blood flow response to wounding. We measured the levels of mRNA expression of several potential mediators of the blood flow response to assess this possible difference. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured skin blood flow at wounds placed at the back, a NUTR site, and at the paw, an AV site, in 12 @entity35 Kyoto @entity35 . Measurements were performed at baseline and then at 7 days post wounding. There was a significant increase in blood flow at back wound sites, with a rise from 4.1 +/- 0.3 ml/min/100 g to 9.8 +/- 1.9 ml/min/100 g. At the undisturbed wound perimeter, outside the zone of granulation tissue, flow rose to 7.3 +/- 1.1 ml/min/100 g. At the paw wound site, Day 0 flow was 8.8 +/- 0.8 ml/min/100 g. At 7 days, there was a significant decrease in flow at wound center to 5.5 +/- 0.5 ml/min/100 g. We measured the levels of inducible @entity842 synthetase (iNOS), endothelin, endothelin receptor, @entity6667 ( @entity6667 ), and @entity11943 ( @entity11943 ) gene mRNAs using reverse transcriptase PCR. RESULTS: There was a 10-fold increase in NOS mRNA in granulation tissue of both wounds on Day 7. There was a lesser but still substantial increase in the wound perimeter tissue. Levels of endothelin mRNA in the wound and wound perimeter were significantly lower at the paw than at the back. At baseline, the level of endothelin receptor B (ETrB) mRNA was greater at the back than at the paw. Wounding resulted in a substantial increase in EtrB mRNA levels in granulation tissue, reaching the same level at the back and paw wounds. There was also a substantial rise in EtrB mRNA levels at the paw wound perimeter, so that there was a reversal of the baseline condition, with paw levels actually surpassing the levels at the back perimeter. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we have found significant changes in mediators both of vasoconstriction and vasodilation affecting the @entity446 wound. These changes affect NUTR and AV sites in different ways. These results demonstrate the complexity of the regulatory processes controlling microvascular blood flow in wound @entity446 .

title: Skin blood flow response in the XXXX model of wound @entity446 : expression of vasoactive factors.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Increased vagal tone significantly enhances susceptibility to @entity955 ( @entity955 ); however, the cellular mechanisms responsible for vagally mediated @entity955 are not completely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 12 isolated arterially perfused @entity235 right atria, high-resolution optical mapping techniques were used to measure action potentials during control conditions, during @entity4148 ( @entity4148 ; 30 to 50 Hz) as a surrogate for vagal stimulation, and during @entity934 ( @entity3451 ) infusion (10 to 30 microM). During steady-state pacing, action potential duration was shorter during @entity3451 infusion (43 +/- 9 msec) than during @entity4148 (78 +/- 7 msec, P < 0.001) or control (129 +/- 5 msec, P < 0.001). In contrast, repolarization gradients were larger during @entity4148 (13 +/- 3 msec/mm) than during @entity3451 infusion (3 +/- 1 msec/mm, P < 0.01) or control (5 +/- 1 msec/mm, P < 0.01). Transmural repolarization gradients were relatively small for each intervention tested. During @entity3451 infusion, @entity4710 ( @entity4710 ) was easily initiated with a single premature stimulus and was associated with a focal pattern of activation (84%). @entity4710 also was easily initiated by a single premature stimulus during @entity4148 ; however, when repolarization gradients were large, patterns of conduction block and incomplete macroreentry were often observed (64%). Importantly, @entity4710 initiation during @entity4148 was associated with focal activity (36%) when repolarization gradients were small. CONCLUSION: In contrast to @entity3451 infusion, @entity4148 generally increased dispersion of repolarization and was often associated with patterns of conduction block and incomplete macroreentry, similar to that associated with in vivo cervical vagal stimulation. However, @entity4148 also was associated with a focal pattern of initiation that was independent of local repolarization gradients. These results suggest that during vagal stimulation, @entity4710 initiation does not always depend on repolarization gradients.

title: Cellular mechanisms of vagally mediated XXXX in isolated arterially perfused @entity235 right atria.

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['intracardiac parasympathetic nerve stimulation', 'IPS']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmia', 'AT']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity4710 :: (MESH:D013617,Disease) :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Increased vagal tone significantly enhances susceptibility to @entity955 ( @entity955 ); however, the cellular mechanisms responsible for vagally mediated @entity955 are not completely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 12 isolated arterially perfused @entity235 right atria, high-resolution optical mapping techniques were used to measure action potentials during control conditions, during @entity4148 ( @entity4148 ; 30 to 50 Hz) as a surrogate for vagal stimulation, and during @entity934 ( @entity3451 ) infusion (10 to 30 microM). During steady-state pacing, action potential duration was shorter during @entity3451 infusion (43 +/- 9 msec) than during @entity4148 (78 +/- 7 msec, P < 0.001) or control (129 +/- 5 msec, P < 0.001). In contrast, repolarization gradients were larger during @entity4148 (13 +/- 3 msec/mm) than during @entity3451 infusion (3 +/- 1 msec/mm, P < 0.01) or control (5 +/- 1 msec/mm, P < 0.01). Transmural repolarization gradients were relatively small for each intervention tested. During @entity3451 infusion, @entity4710 ( @entity4710 ) was easily initiated with a single premature stimulus and was associated with a focal pattern of activation (84%). @entity4710 also was easily initiated by a single premature stimulus during @entity4148 ; however, when repolarization gradients were large, patterns of conduction block and incomplete macroreentry were often observed (64%). Importantly, @entity4710 initiation during @entity4148 was associated with focal activity (36%) when repolarization gradients were small. CONCLUSION: In contrast to @entity3451 infusion, @entity4148 generally increased dispersion of repolarization and was often associated with patterns of conduction block and incomplete macroreentry, similar to that associated with in vivo cervical vagal stimulation. However, @entity4148 also was associated with a focal pattern of initiation that was independent of local repolarization gradients. These results suggest that during vagal stimulation, @entity4710 initiation does not always depend on repolarization gradients.

title: Cellular mechanisms of vagally mediated @entity4710 in isolated arterially perfused XXXX right atria.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with the tetralogy of Fallot, QRS prolongation predicts @entity943 . QRS prolongation may result from @entity1001 . The relation of ECG markers to biventricular wall mass and volumes has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relations of surface ECG markers of depolarisation and repolarisation to right and left ventricular volume and biventricular wall mass. METHODS: 37 Fallot @entity1 (mean (SD) age 17 (9) years) were studied 14 (8) years after surgical repair; 34 had important @entity338 . Left and right ventricular size was assessed from tomographic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the amount of @entity338 by velocity mapping MRI. QT, QRS, and JT duration and interlead dispersion markers were derived from a standard 12 lead ECG. RESULTS: Mean QRS duration was significantly prolonged (133 (31) v 91 (11) ms in controls), as were dispersion of QRS (36 (17) v 20 (6) ms), QT interval (87 (48) v 42 (20) ms), and JT interval (93 (48) v 42 (19) ms). Biventricular volumes were increased (right ventricular end diastolic volume, 129 (41) v 70 (9) ml/m(2); left ventricular end diastolic volume, 83 (16) v 69 (10) ml/m(2)), as was right ventricular wall mass (24 (7) v 17 (2) g/m(2)). QRS duration correlated best with right ventricular mass (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 operated on for tetralogy of Fallot and with @entity338 , ECG predictors of @entity943 are influenced by several mechanical factors that may occur simultaneously. These include increased right ventricular volume, but also increases in left ventricular volume and in right and left ventricular wall mass.

title: ECG predictors of XXXX and biventricular size and wall mass in tetralogy of Fallot with @entity338 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'malignant ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1001 :: ('MESH:C566255', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular dilatation']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with the tetralogy of Fallot, QRS prolongation predicts @entity943 . QRS prolongation may result from @entity1001 . The relation of ECG markers to biventricular wall mass and volumes has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relations of surface ECG markers of depolarisation and repolarisation to right and left ventricular volume and biventricular wall mass. METHODS: 37 Fallot @entity1 (mean (SD) age 17 (9) years) were studied 14 (8) years after surgical repair; 34 had important @entity338 . Left and right ventricular size was assessed from tomographic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the amount of @entity338 by velocity mapping MRI. QT, QRS, and JT duration and interlead dispersion markers were derived from a standard 12 lead ECG. RESULTS: Mean QRS duration was significantly prolonged (133 (31) v 91 (11) ms in controls), as were dispersion of QRS (36 (17) v 20 (6) ms), QT interval (87 (48) v 42 (20) ms), and JT interval (93 (48) v 42 (19) ms). Biventricular volumes were increased (right ventricular end diastolic volume, 129 (41) v 70 (9) ml/m(2); left ventricular end diastolic volume, 83 (16) v 69 (10) ml/m(2)), as was right ventricular wall mass (24 (7) v 17 (2) g/m(2)). QRS duration correlated best with right ventricular mass (r = 0.55, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 operated on for tetralogy of Fallot and with @entity338 , ECG predictors of @entity943 are influenced by several mechanical factors that may occur simultaneously. These include increased right ventricular volume, but also increases in left ventricular volume and in right and left ventricular wall mass.

title: ECG predictors of @entity943 and biventricular size and wall mass in tetralogy of Fallot with XXXX .

answer: @entity338 :: (MESH:D011665,Disease) :: ['pulmonary regurgitation']


abstract: Pores through which charged carriers move during iontophoresis were demonstrated by the use of the cathodic (-) iontophoretic transport of @entity941 from the epidermis to the dermis. Both dermatomed (0.8-mm) @entity1 cadaver skin and full-thickness female @entity1 breast skin were investigated. The density of pores, as visualized by @entity941 transport, was approximately 2-5 cm-2. A set of microelectrodes rastered across the visualized pore gave a maximal response when directly above the pore, demonstrating that the pore was a locus of charge transport. @entity941 was also sometimes observed at the diffusion cell-tissue interface. This indicates that edge damage had occurred as the result of clamping the tissue in a diffusion cell. Studies were conducted to determine if tissue damage occurred during iontophoretic transport. The electrical resistance across excised skin was measured at 0.2 Hz and found to decrease initially by approximately an order of magnitude after the application of an iontophoretic current of 0.16 mA/cm2 for 1 h. The electrical resistance then increased, reaching a plateau value which was lower than the original tissue resistance before application of an iontophoretic current. Controls were carried out to demonstrate that the observed electrical resistance changes were not just due to tissue hydration effects. These results imply that the passage of current through excised @entity1 skin at clinically acceptable current densities can lead to tissue damage which is not fully reversible.

title: Characterization of the pore transport properties and tissue alteration of excised XXXX skin during iontophoresis.

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein', 'Fluorescein']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We investigated the effects of static and rhythmic handgrip on the time course of recovery of airway resistance measured with the interrupter technique (Rint) following bronchoconstriction induced by @entity2710 ( @entity17695 ) inhalation in 17 @entity748 @entity1 . On three separate occasions, a 100 +/- 5% increase in baseline Rint was induced by MCh inhalation. Subsequently, @entity1 either rested [control trials (CTs)] or performed 3-min bouts of static or rhythmic handgrip. Respiratory and cardiovascular variables were continuously monitored. Rint changes were assessed at 1-min intervals for 30 min after rest and both types of handgrip. Plasma @entity2922 concentrations were also determined at scheduled intervals. Bronchoconstriction increased ventilation (P < 0.01) but did not affect cardiovascular variables and plasma @entity2922 concentrations. Handgrip provoked an increase in cardiovascular variables (P < 0.01) and plasma @entity1063 concentrations (P < 0.05) but caused no additional changes in ventilation. Rint only partially recovered within 30 min after CTs, whereas it consistently decreased 1 min after both handgrip paradigms and remained lower than after CTs (P always <0.01) for the whole 30-min observation period. Sympathetic activation and withdrawal of cholinergic input to the airway smooth muscle reflexly induced by activation of skeletal muscle and carotid sinus receptors may be the primary events accounting for the bronchodilator response induced by handgrip. Mediators co-released in response to sympathetic activation may also have contributed.

title: Handgrip-induced airway dilation in XXXX @entity1 with bronchoconstriction induced by MCh inhalation.

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity748 :: (MESH:D013224,Disease) :: ['asthmatic']


abstract: We investigated the effects of static and rhythmic handgrip on the time course of recovery of airway resistance measured with the interrupter technique (Rint) following bronchoconstriction induced by @entity2710 ( @entity17695 ) inhalation in 17 @entity748 @entity1 . On three separate occasions, a 100 +/- 5% increase in baseline Rint was induced by MCh inhalation. Subsequently, @entity1 either rested [control trials (CTs)] or performed 3-min bouts of static or rhythmic handgrip. Respiratory and cardiovascular variables were continuously monitored. Rint changes were assessed at 1-min intervals for 30 min after rest and both types of handgrip. Plasma @entity2922 concentrations were also determined at scheduled intervals. Bronchoconstriction increased ventilation (P < 0.01) but did not affect cardiovascular variables and plasma @entity2922 concentrations. Handgrip provoked an increase in cardiovascular variables (P < 0.01) and plasma @entity1063 concentrations (P < 0.05) but caused no additional changes in ventilation. Rint only partially recovered within 30 min after CTs, whereas it consistently decreased 1 min after both handgrip paradigms and remained lower than after CTs (P always <0.01) for the whole 30-min observation period. Sympathetic activation and withdrawal of cholinergic input to the airway smooth muscle reflexly induced by activation of skeletal muscle and carotid sinus receptors may be the primary events accounting for the bronchodilator response induced by handgrip. Mediators co-released in response to sympathetic activation may also have contributed.

title: Handgrip-induced airway dilation in @entity748 XXXX with bronchoconstriction induced by MCh inhalation.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Scientific analyses fortified by interpretations of @entity1200 as 'experiments of nature' have revealed the specific immune systems to be comprised of T cells subserving cell-mediated immunities plus B cells and plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies. These two separate cellular systems regularly interact with each other to produce a coordinated defense which permits mammals to live within a sea of microorganisms that threaten the integrity and the survival of individuals. We have shown that bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can be used as a form of cellular engineering to construct or reconstruct the immune systems and cure otherwise fatal severe combined @entity465 . When severe @entity2150 complicated the first BMT which was performed to cure a fatal severe combined @entity465 , a second BMT cured for the first time a complicating severe @entity2150 . Subsequently, BMT has been used effectively to treat some 75 otherwise fatal diseases such as @entity1778 , @entity706 , @entity2246 , and @entity74 of the hematopoietic development such as @entity3458 , @entity2395 , @entity9957 , and many other diseases. More recently, we have employed BMT in @entity19 both to cure and cause @entity792 , and, together, these experiments showed that @entity792 actually reside in the hematopoietic stem cells. We have also found that mixed BMT or mixed hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be used to prevent and cure the most complex @entity792 such as those occurring in BXSB @entity19 and in (NZW x BXSB)F1 W/BF1 @entity19 . Untreated, the former develop fulminating lethal @entity631 plus numerous humoral @entity792 . @entity19 of the (W/B)F1 strain develop @entity3039 , @entity301 with @entity583 , @entity631 , and numerous autoantibodies. All of these abnormalities are prevented or cured by mixed syngeneic (autoimmune) plus allogeneic (normal healthy) BMT or mixed peripheral blood HSCT. Thus, the most complex @entity792 can be prevented or cured in experimental animals by mixed syngeneic plus allogeneic BMT or HSCT which produce stable mixed chimerism as a form of cellular engineering.

title: Mixed bone marrow or mixed stem cell transplantation for prevention or treatment of lupus-like diseases in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anemia']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle cell anemia']

entities_list: @entity9957 :: ('MESH:C537592', 'Disease') :: ['congenital neutropenias']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['resistant leukemias']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency diseases']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic anomalies']

entities_list: @entity3039 :: ('MESH:D016553', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunities', 'autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['thalassemia']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['inborn errors of metabolism']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: @entity75 ( @entity75 ) is a rare @entity209 with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance that is clinically characterized by neuromotor delay, @entity2185 , recurrent petechiae, @entity20833 , and chronic @entity294 . Increased urinary levels of @entity71029 and @entity66552 are the main biochemical features of the disorder. We report on two @entity1 affected by @entity75 who showed different clinical and neuroradiological patterns. @entity1 1 presented with a chronic clinical course characterized by @entity73 , @entity2055 , and @entity4653 . In contrast, @entity1 2 had an acute neonatal onset with severe @entity1032 , severe generalized @entity2421 , and intractable @entity410 . Neuroradiological follow-up of @entity1 1 detected a diffuse hyperintensity on the T2 images at the basal ganglia which remained stable during a period of four years. @entity1 2, in contrast, showed a rapid process of cerebral, and in part, @entity76 . On the basis of our observations, we reviewed the data published in the literature and tried to delineate the natural history of @entity75 , which appears to be characterized by a wide spectrum of severity in the clinical course. No reports on neuroradiological follow-up of @entity75 @entity1 are available in the literature with which to compare our data. Finally, both @entity1 showed a @entity121 . The pathogenetic implications of such a biochemical finding will be also discussed.

title: XXXX : further clinical and neuroradiological characterization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['neuromotor retardation']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity66552 :: ('MESH:C039138', 'Chemical') :: ['methylsuccinic acid']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['EE', 'Ethylmalonic encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['very slow neuromotor deterioration']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity2185 :: ('MESH:C537358', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlactic acidemia']

entities_list: @entity71029 :: ('MESH:C038080', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylmalonic acid']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonia']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar atrophy']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorder']

entities_list: @entity20833 :: ('MESH:D007024', 'Disease') :: ['orthostatic acrocyanosis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle COX deficiency']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['Ethylmalonic encephalopathy']


abstract: A number of findings concerning the pathogenesis of @entity1723 have shown that an autoimmune process is responsible for the destruction of the beta-cell mass, and that a major part of this process has already occurred during the prediabetic phase of the disease. Various immunosuppressive intervention trials have, thus, recently been performed. Remission rates of between 30% and 50% in the Canadian @entity205 (CyA) pilot study prompted two placebo-controlled double-blind studies applying this medication. In the French CyA trial 122 @entity1 were followed up for 9 months. 37% of those on high-dose CyA (whole blood levels greater than 300 ng/ml) achieved total remission, compared with 16.7% of those on low-dose CyA (blood level less than 300 ng/ml) and 5% of the placebo group. The Canadian-European trial included 188 @entity1 , of whom 42 were treated in the Viennese centre. @entity6 had been diagnosed in these 42 @entity1 not more than 6 weeks previously, and the duration of their symptoms did not exceed 14 weeks. Whole blood CyA levels ranged from 400 to 800 ng/ml. In relation to short duration of symptoms and early commencement of treatment up to 10 times higher total remission rates were found in the CyA group as compared with the placebo group. In both studies similar side effects were seen. Apart from the cosmetic side effects ( @entity12737 , @entity7138 ) a decrease of 20% in @entity1011 clearance and an increase of 20% in plasma @entity1011 level seemed to be of clinical importance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Results of XXXX therapy in the early phase of @entity6 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity12737 :: ('MESH:D006983', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrichosis']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity7138 :: ('MESH:D005885', 'Disease') :: ['gingival hyperplasia']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporin A']


abstract: A number of findings concerning the pathogenesis of @entity1723 have shown that an autoimmune process is responsible for the destruction of the beta-cell mass, and that a major part of this process has already occurred during the prediabetic phase of the disease. Various immunosuppressive intervention trials have, thus, recently been performed. Remission rates of between 30% and 50% in the Canadian @entity205 (CyA) pilot study prompted two placebo-controlled double-blind studies applying this medication. In the French CyA trial 122 @entity1 were followed up for 9 months. 37% of those on high-dose CyA (whole blood levels greater than 300 ng/ml) achieved total remission, compared with 16.7% of those on low-dose CyA (blood level less than 300 ng/ml) and 5% of the placebo group. The Canadian-European trial included 188 @entity1 , of whom 42 were treated in the Viennese centre. @entity6 had been diagnosed in these 42 @entity1 not more than 6 weeks previously, and the duration of their symptoms did not exceed 14 weeks. Whole blood CyA levels ranged from 400 to 800 ng/ml. In relation to short duration of symptoms and early commencement of treatment up to 10 times higher total remission rates were found in the CyA group as compared with the placebo group. In both studies similar side effects were seen. Apart from the cosmetic side effects ( @entity12737 , @entity7138 ) a decrease of 20% in @entity1011 clearance and an increase of 20% in plasma @entity1011 level seemed to be of clinical importance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Results of @entity205 therapy in the early phase of XXXX ].

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type I diabetes mellitus']


abstract: @entity263 is a @entity5 . There are about 70 bis 75% responders after hormone therapy among previously untreated @entity1 in EORTC trials. Therefore 25 to 30% of the @entity5 are resistant to @entity342 . Surgical and hormonal castration show similar results. After progression under hormone therapy response can be reached with antiandrogenic therapy in 30 to 38%. All this leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to base treatment on @entity5 adaptation and selection. Cell clones insensitive to @entity342 therefore need cytostatic chemotherapy. It is not yet proofed whether polychemotherapy really shows better results than monotherapy does. Following the thesis of a @entity5 , therapy of @entity263 must be based on hormone therapy and cytostatic chemotherapy. @entity1486 is a marker for an early recognition of progression.

title: [Therapy of advanced XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['Prostate cancer', 'advanced prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'polyclonal tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['Prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostatic cancer']


abstract: The effects on lung tissue and @entity5 of natural @entity1 @entity3027 and radiotherapy were investigated in a multimodality treatment program for selected @entity1 with small cell @entity2 ( @entity4153 ). Interferon was given first as a single agent, then concomitantly with radiotherapy to 12 previously untreated @entity1 with limited disease. At disease progression outside the chest, interferon was discontinued and combination chemotherapy was initiated. In the first series, 7 @entity1 received a high interferon induction dose (800 X 10(6) IU i.v. over 5 days) followed by low-dose maintenance therapy (6 X 10(6) IU i.m. TIW), median total dose 1380 X 10(6) IU (range 794-2074). At local progression, split-course radiotherapy, 55 Gy/20 F/7 wk, was added to interferon therapy. In the second series, 5 @entity1 received low-dose interferon from the start (6 X 10(6) IU i.m. daily) combined with twice-a-day fractionated radiotherapy 44 Gy/40 F/4 wk. Median total dose of interferon in this series was 698 X 10(6) IU (range 354-828). @entity5 response and normal tissue reactions were evaluated by monthly chest X rays, 3-monthly CT scans, restaging bronchoscopies and by serial respiratory function tests. Autopsy specimens from both lungs within and outside the radiation field were systematically evaluated when available. After the completion of radiotherapy, there were 4/7 CR in the high-dose @entity3027 group compared to 3/5 CR in the low-dose @entity3027 group. Rapid shrinkage of huge @entity5 masses was observed. At 2 months post radiotherapy radiological grade III @entity82 occurred in 4/7 @entity1 in the high-dose and 1/5 @entity1 in the low-dose group. Lung function studies showed a significant decrease in diffusing capacity and in lung volumes. Seven @entity1 died within 12 months from start of interferon treatment, one of them from treatment complication. At autopsy the @entity5 area was in most cases replaced by severe @entity82 . Outside the radiation field lung @entity82 was mild. Our results suggest enhancement of radiation effect by interferon with a possible dose and/or schedule dependence of interferon and radiotherapy and call for more clinical studies of @entity3027 and radiotherapy in combination.

title: Enhancement of radiation effects by alpha interferon in the treatment of small cell XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity3027 :: ('3439', 'Gene') :: ['IFN', 'alpha interferon (IFN)']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the lung']


abstract: @entity294 is a common symptom in long-standing @entity6 . The pathogenesis of this @entity294 remains obscure, although it appears to be related to the development of @entity4148 , which may cause several abnormalities including altered gut motility. We studied fasting @entity344 for a mean of 210 min in a group of 12 type-II @entity6 with @entity294 . All @entity1 had @entity1897 and symptoms of @entity4148 . Their motor activity was compared with that of a group of six normal volunteers. In addition, gastrointestinal transit time was assessed by the @entity3884 breath test. The presence of bacterial @entity8032 was assessed by the @entity3884 breath test and culture of jejunal secretions. The @entity6 showed grossly disordered motor activity. There was a complete absence of phase-III activity in two @entity1 . Most phase III's commenced in the distal duodenum or jejunum. The phase-III component was often of short duration at each recording site. There was increased velocity of propagation between sites. Continuous phase-II activity was noted in some @entity1 . Antral activity was absent or reduced during phase II. Gastrointestinal transit time was significantly prolonged in the @entity6 . @entity6124 was demonstrated in three @entity6 subjects. These @entity1319 are nonspecific and are unlikely to play a major role in the pathogenesis of @entity6 .

title: Abnormalities of the migrating motor complex in @entity4148 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic diarrhea', 'diabetics', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal motility']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity6124 :: ('MESH:D001765', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial overgrowth']

entities_list: @entity8032 :: ('MESH:D019214', 'Disease') :: ['overgrowth']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['motility abnormalities']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['diarrhea']


abstract: @entity294 is a common symptom in long-standing @entity6 . The pathogenesis of this @entity294 remains obscure, although it appears to be related to the development of @entity4148 , which may cause several abnormalities including altered gut motility. We studied fasting @entity344 for a mean of 210 min in a group of 12 type-II @entity6 with @entity294 . All @entity1 had @entity1897 and symptoms of @entity4148 . Their motor activity was compared with that of a group of six normal volunteers. In addition, gastrointestinal transit time was assessed by the @entity3884 breath test. The presence of bacterial @entity8032 was assessed by the @entity3884 breath test and culture of jejunal secretions. The @entity6 showed grossly disordered motor activity. There was a complete absence of phase-III activity in two @entity1 . Most phase III's commenced in the distal duodenum or jejunum. The phase-III component was often of short duration at each recording site. There was increased velocity of propagation between sites. Continuous phase-II activity was noted in some @entity1 . Antral activity was absent or reduced during phase II. Gastrointestinal transit time was significantly prolonged in the @entity6 . @entity6124 was demonstrated in three @entity6 subjects. These @entity1319 are nonspecific and are unlikely to play a major role in the pathogenesis of @entity6 .

title: Abnormalities of the migrating motor complex in XXXX and @entity294 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity4148 :: (MESH:D001342,Disease) :: ['diabetics with autonomic neuropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and severity of symphysis @entity10100 (SPD) in pregnancy and the postnatal period. DESIGN: A postnatal questionnaire was sent to 248 @entity1 who had been referred to the Obstetric Physiotherapy Department in 1997 and 1998 with symptoms of pubic @entity158 either during pregnancy or soon after delivery. SETTING: A north of England teaching hospital, The Clarendon Wing, Leeds General Infirmary. @entity1 : Questionnaires were sent to 248 @entity1 . One hundred and forty-one were returned (response rate 57%). RESULTS: The condition is associated with much unrecognised obstetric morbidity. The prevalence in our unit over the 2-year study period was 1/36 @entity1 . Many medical and midwifery staff have little knowledge of SPD. @entity1 often felt ignored when they complained of @entity158 . One out of four of the respondents were still symptomatic 6 months later. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to identify the best practice in the antenatal care provided, including the provision of support belts, the most appropriate mode of delivery and postnatal treatment.

title: Symphysis XXXX --a cause of significant obstetric morbidity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity10100 :: ('MESH:D059388', 'Disease') :: ['pubis dysfunction']

answer: @entity10100 :: (MESH:D059388,Disease) :: ['pubis dysfunction']


abstract: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the determination of @entity556 -antithrombin III complex (TAT) in @entity1 plasma. The test system follows the sandwich principle and uses two different antibodies directed against @entity1 @entity556 and human antithrombin III, respectively. The antibodies bind selectively to the corresponding antigen moieties of TAT. The assay was calibrated with definite concentrations of preformed purified TAT added to TAT-poor plasma. The lower limit of sensitivity of the assay was 0.5 microgram/l. Mean coefficients of variation of 4.2% (intraassay) and 3.5% (interassay) were found for TAT concentrations between 2 and 60 micrograms/l. A reference range from 0.85 to 3.2 micrograms/l was calculated from TAT concentration in plasma samples from 88 healthy donors (mean value +/- SD: 1.45 +/- 0.4 micrograms/l). In plasma samples from @entity1 with @entity1151 (n = 17), TAT concentrations between 3 and 25 micrograms/l were measured. In 15 @entity1 with @entity1150 , TAT was found up to 3 to 25 micrograms/l. From these data we conclude that measurement of TAT can be a sensitive parameter for specific detection of a latent activation of the clotting pathway.

title: Determination of human XXXX -antithrombin III complex in plasma with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity556 :: (2147,Gene) :: ['thrombin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3528 commonly evolves, as the glomerular filtration rate falls. The metabolic and skeletal effects of a possible remedy, @entity18279 , have not been studied in @entity1 with preterminal @entity177 . METHODS: @entity1 with a mean @entity1011 clearance of approximately 30 ml/min took @entity18279 for 24 weeks at doses which provided 507 or 1,521 mg @entity460 /day with meals. Metabolic determinations were made at intervals of 4-8 weeks, and the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the beginning and at the end of the trial. RESULTS: The low-dose regimen produced no metabolic or skeletal effect. In subjects prescribed the high-dose regimen, the 24-hour urine @entity3151 excretion fell from 0.53 mg/mg @entity1011 to values ranging from 0.34 to 0.41 mg/mg @entity1011 . The theoretical @entity3151 threshold concentration rose by a maximum of 38.6%, and the serum @entity3151 concentration did not change. The mean serum @entity460 concentration rose by a maximum of 7.2%. The mean fractional changes in parathyroid hormone and @entity10692 concentrations ranged from -27.0 to -39.6% and from -5.0 to -20.3%, respectively. The BMD increased at L1, L3, and L4. CONCLUSION: @entity18279 prescribed to deliver 1,521 mg @entity460 /day with meals reduced parathyroid hormone and @entity10692 concentrations and increased lumbar BMD in @entity1 with preterminal @entity177 .

title: Metabolic and skeletal effects of low and high doses of XXXX in @entity1 with preterminal @entity177 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity18279 :: ('MESH:C120662', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium acetate', 'Calcium acetate']

entities_list: @entity10692 :: ('MESH:C097949', 'Chemical') :: ['1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity3528 :: ('MESH:D006962', 'Disease') :: ['Secondary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

answer: @entity18279 :: (MESH:C120662,Chemical) :: ['calcium acetate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3528 commonly evolves, as the glomerular filtration rate falls. The metabolic and skeletal effects of a possible remedy, @entity18279 , have not been studied in @entity1 with preterminal @entity177 . METHODS: @entity1 with a mean @entity1011 clearance of approximately 30 ml/min took @entity18279 for 24 weeks at doses which provided 507 or 1,521 mg @entity460 /day with meals. Metabolic determinations were made at intervals of 4-8 weeks, and the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the beginning and at the end of the trial. RESULTS: The low-dose regimen produced no metabolic or skeletal effect. In subjects prescribed the high-dose regimen, the 24-hour urine @entity3151 excretion fell from 0.53 mg/mg @entity1011 to values ranging from 0.34 to 0.41 mg/mg @entity1011 . The theoretical @entity3151 threshold concentration rose by a maximum of 38.6%, and the serum @entity3151 concentration did not change. The mean serum @entity460 concentration rose by a maximum of 7.2%. The mean fractional changes in parathyroid hormone and @entity10692 concentrations ranged from -27.0 to -39.6% and from -5.0 to -20.3%, respectively. The BMD increased at L1, L3, and L4. CONCLUSION: @entity18279 prescribed to deliver 1,521 mg @entity460 /day with meals reduced parathyroid hormone and @entity10692 concentrations and increased lumbar BMD in @entity1 with preterminal @entity177 .

title: Metabolic and skeletal effects of low and high doses of @entity18279 in @entity1 with preterminal XXXX .

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['chronic renal failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3528 commonly evolves, as the glomerular filtration rate falls. The metabolic and skeletal effects of a possible remedy, @entity18279 , have not been studied in @entity1 with preterminal @entity177 . METHODS: @entity1 with a mean @entity1011 clearance of approximately 30 ml/min took @entity18279 for 24 weeks at doses which provided 507 or 1,521 mg @entity460 /day with meals. Metabolic determinations were made at intervals of 4-8 weeks, and the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the beginning and at the end of the trial. RESULTS: The low-dose regimen produced no metabolic or skeletal effect. In subjects prescribed the high-dose regimen, the 24-hour urine @entity3151 excretion fell from 0.53 mg/mg @entity1011 to values ranging from 0.34 to 0.41 mg/mg @entity1011 . The theoretical @entity3151 threshold concentration rose by a maximum of 38.6%, and the serum @entity3151 concentration did not change. The mean serum @entity460 concentration rose by a maximum of 7.2%. The mean fractional changes in parathyroid hormone and @entity10692 concentrations ranged from -27.0 to -39.6% and from -5.0 to -20.3%, respectively. The BMD increased at L1, L3, and L4. CONCLUSION: @entity18279 prescribed to deliver 1,521 mg @entity460 /day with meals reduced parathyroid hormone and @entity10692 concentrations and increased lumbar BMD in @entity1 with preterminal @entity177 .

title: Metabolic and skeletal effects of low and high doses of @entity18279 in XXXX with preterminal @entity177 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Brain @entity3 occur in 20-40% of @entity1 with @entity5 and their frequency has increased over time. Lung, breast and skin ( @entity320 ) are the commonest sources of brain @entity3 , and in up to 15% of @entity1 the primary site remains unknown. After the introduction of MRI, multiple lesions have outnumbered single lesions. Contrast-enhanced MRI is the gold standard for the diagnosis. There are no pathognomonic features on CT or MRI that distinguish brain @entity3 from primary @entity1313 or nonneoplastic conditions: therefore a tissue diagnosis by biopsy should be always obtained in @entity1 with unknown @entity5 before undergoing radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Some factors are prognostically important: a high Performance Status, a solitary brain metastasis, an absence of systemic @entity3 , a controlled @entity5 and a younger age. Based on these factors, subgroups of @entity1 with different prognosis have been identified (RPA class I, II, III). Symptomatic therapy includes corticosteroids to reduce @entity2657 and anticonvulsants to control @entity410 . In @entity1 with newly diagnosed brain @entity3 prophylactic anticonvulsants should not be used routinely. The combination of surgery and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is superior to WBRT alone for the treatment of single brain metastasis in @entity1 with limited or @entity262 and good @entity16 . Complete surgical resection allows a relief of intracranial @entity101 , @entity410 and focal @entity51 . Radiosurgery, alone or in conjunction with WBRT, yields results which are comparable to those reported after surgery followed by WBRT, provided that lesion's diameter does not exceed 3-3.5 cm. Radiosurgery offers the potential of treating @entity1 with surgically inaccessible @entity3 . Still controversial is the need for WBRT after surgery or radiosurgery: local control seems better with the combined approach, but overall survival does not improve. Late @entity2359 in long surviving @entity1 after WBRT is not negligible; to avoid this complication @entity1 with favorable prognostic factors must be treated with conventional schedules of @entity138 , and monitoring of cognitive functions is important. WBRT alone is the treatment of choice in @entity1 with single brain metastasis not amenable to surgery or radiosurgery, and with an active @entity262 , and in @entity1 with multiple brain @entity3 . A small subgroup of these latter may benefit from surgery. The response rate of brain @entity3 to chemotherapy is similar to the response rate of the @entity5 and extracranial @entity3 , some @entity5 types being more chemosensitive ( @entity151 , @entity0 , @entity2971 ). New radiosensitizers and @entity137 or cytostatic agents, and innovative technique of drug delivery are being investigated.

title: Management of brain XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxic']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['vasogenic cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['malignant brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['absent systemic disease', 'systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: In @entity742 , parturition is associated with maturation of fetal pituitary-adrenal function, and with rises in the concentrations of ACTH and @entity701 (F) in fetal plasma. We examined the hypothesis that pituitary ACTH output in response to @entity5463 ( @entity1831 ) and CRF separately and together might change during late pregnancy as a function of fetal age. Fetal @entity742 were chronically catheterized, and bolus iv injections of equimolar AVP, CRF, AVP plus CRF, or saline (controls) were given on days 110-115, 125-130, and 135-140 of gestation. AVP evoked significant rises in plasma ACTH on days 110-115 and 125-130, but not on days 135-140. After AVP, the peak plasma concentrations of ACTH were attained at 5-10 min, and basal (preinjection) values were reestablished by 30-60 min. After CRF treatment, plasma ACTH rose progressively throughout the 240 min of the study. Evidence was obtained in support of an increase in pituitary responsiveness to CRF between days 110-115 and 125-130 and a decrease in response on days 135-140, when basal F concentrations were higher. The ACTH response to AVP, relative to that to CRF, was greatest in the youngest fetuses. On days 110-115 only, CRF and AVP showed a synergistic response in ACTH output, especially during the first 30 min after agonist injection. Plasma F rose in response to the changes in endogenously released ACTH in a manner consistent with progressive fetal adrenal maturation between days 110-140 of pregnancy. We conclude that in vivo the ovine fetal pituitary responds separately and synergistically to AVP and CRF on days 110-115 of gestation, but the relative role of AVP in stimulating ACTH release decreases with progressive gestational age.

title: Synergism between systemic corticotropin-releasing factor and XXXX on adrenocorticotropin release in vivo varies as a function of gestational age in the ovine fetus.

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity5463 :: ('MESH:D001127', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine vasopressin']

answer: @entity5463 :: (MESH:D001127,Chemical) :: ['arginine vasopressin']


abstract: @entity1073 ( @entity1073 ) is an aggressive @entity5 that is incurable by standard therapy. @entity1 often present with high-stage disease (Stages III-IV) and frequently have involvement at multiple extranodal sites. Although the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, lung, pleura, bone marrow, and peripheral blood are among the most commonly involved tissues, @entity1073 may also disseminate to so-called sanctuary sites including the central nervous system. Despite this, current clinical evaluations do not routinely include assessment of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for @entity2617 at presentation, and moreover, only few authors have specifically examined CSF involvement in @entity1073 . In this study, we reviewed the medical records of 108 @entity1 with @entity1073 seen at three centers over a 5-year period to determine the rate of CSF sampling and the frequency of CSF involvement by @entity1073 . The clinical and cytologic characteristics associated with CSF involvement were also studied. Central nervous system (CNS) signs and/or symptoms prompted CSF sampling in 25/108 @entity1 (23%). Specific @entity854 were present in 9/25 @entity1 (36%). CSF involvement by @entity1073 was identified in 10 of the 25 CSF-sampled @entity1 (40%) by morphology (3 @entity1 ), flow cytometry alone (1 @entity1 ), or both (6 @entity1 ). The CSF-positive cases included two blastoid variants. The CSF cytology of the nine morphologically positive cases was pleomorphic, and prominent cytoplasmic granules were observed in two cases. The overall rate of CSF involvement by @entity1073 among the cohort was 9%, which is comparable to that reported in other selected studies examining this issue.

title: Cerebrospinal fluid involvement in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity2617 :: ('MESH:D017254', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomatous infiltrates']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['radiographic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1073 :: ('MESH:D020522', 'Disease') :: ['Mantle cell lymphoma', 'MCL']

answer: @entity1073 :: (MESH:D020522,Disease) :: ['mantle cell lymphoma']


abstract: Twenty-five spontaneous temperature-stable revertants of four different temperature-sensitive (ts) M protein mutants (complementation group III: tsG31, tsG33, tsO23, and tsO89) were sequenced and tested for their ability to inhibit @entity8310 virus RNA polymerase activity in vitro. Consensus sequences of the coding region of each M protein gene were determined, using total viral RNA as template. Fifteen different sequences were found among the 25 revertants; 14 differed from their ts parent by a single @entity535 (one @entity377 ), and 1 differed by two @entity1522 (two @entity2036 ). @entity1522 were altered in various positions between residues 64 and 215, representing over 60% of the polypeptide chain. Resequencing of the Glasgow and Orsay wild types and the four ts mutants confirmed previously published differences (Y. Gopalakrishana and J. Lenard, J. Virol., 56:655-659, 1985), and one or two additional differences were found in each. The relative charges of the revertant M proteins, as determined by nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis, were consistent with the deduced sequences in every case. The ability of each revertant M protein to inhibit the RNA polymerase activity of nucleocapsids prepared from its parent ts mutant was also tested. Only 13 of the 25 revertants had M protein with high (wild type-like) polymerase-inhibiting activity, while 5 had low (ts-like) activity, and 7 had intermediate activity, demonstrating that this property is not an essential concomitant of the temperature-stable phenotype. It is concluded that the high reversion frequency observed for these mutants arises from a very high incidence of pseudoreversion, i.e., many different molecular changes can repair the ts phenotype.

title: Phenotypic revertants of temperature-sensitive M protein mutants of XXXX virus: sequence analysis and functional characterization.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['Amino acids', 'amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity8310 :: ('MESH:D054243', 'Disease') :: ['vesicular stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity8310 :: (MESH:D054243,Disease) :: ['vesicular stomatitis']


abstract: Microglia are reactively activated by various environmental stimulations caused by @entity75 . Activated microglia exhibit morphological transformation, proliferation, @entity4222 , phagocytosis, and the production of bioactive molecules. Various molecules are reported and suggested to activate microglia. Among them, @entity6824 ( @entity6824 ) is considered one of the most convincing candidates responsible for maintaining activation properties of microglia. Therefore, the focus of the present study is on intracellular molecular events that arise downstream of @entity6824 stimulation. @entity6824 activates its receptor, Fms @entity669 kinase, and Fms sequentially activates a number of signaling molecules, including PI3K or phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma). Stimulation of continuing signaling cascades results in the activation of a small GTPase, @entity584 , the key molecule in microglia activation. @entity584 is known to be activated downstream of receptor @entity669 kinases and to regulate reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which profoundly underlies the above-mentioned properties of activated microglia. @entity11654 , a macrophage/microglia-specific @entity460 -binding protein, was identified by our group and was shown to be involved in the @entity584 signaling pathway. Further, we introduce a novel signaling pathway in which @entity584 is activated, dependent on PLCgamma and @entity11654 . However, to understand the molecular details of microglia activation, future work is required.

title: Intracellular signaling in XXXX -induced microglia activation: role of @entity11654 .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury or disease']

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['migration']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity6824 :: ('1435', 'Gene') :: ['macrophage-colony-stimulating factor', 'M-CSF']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity6824 :: (1435,Gene) :: ['M-CSF']


abstract: Microglia are reactively activated by various environmental stimulations caused by @entity75 . Activated microglia exhibit morphological transformation, proliferation, @entity4222 , phagocytosis, and the production of bioactive molecules. Various molecules are reported and suggested to activate microglia. Among them, @entity6824 ( @entity6824 ) is considered one of the most convincing candidates responsible for maintaining activation properties of microglia. Therefore, the focus of the present study is on intracellular molecular events that arise downstream of @entity6824 stimulation. @entity6824 activates its receptor, Fms @entity669 kinase, and Fms sequentially activates a number of signaling molecules, including PI3K or phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma). Stimulation of continuing signaling cascades results in the activation of a small GTPase, @entity584 , the key molecule in microglia activation. @entity584 is known to be activated downstream of receptor @entity669 kinases and to regulate reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which profoundly underlies the above-mentioned properties of activated microglia. @entity11654 , a macrophage/microglia-specific @entity460 -binding protein, was identified by our group and was shown to be involved in the @entity584 signaling pathway. Further, we introduce a novel signaling pathway in which @entity584 is activated, dependent on PLCgamma and @entity11654 . However, to understand the molecular details of microglia activation, future work is required.

title: Intracellular signaling in @entity6824 -induced microglia activation: role of XXXX .

answer: @entity11654 :: (199,Gene) :: ['Iba1']


abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of conventional external radiotherapy in @entity1 with @entity977 . Between October 1970 and May 1998, 27 @entity1 with @entity977 were followed at the Department of Endocrinology and @entity6 of the Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra. They received radiation therapy at Instituto Portugu  s de Oncologia. Seven of those @entity5 were classified as nonfunctioning @entity652 , 17 as growth-hormone-secreting @entity652 , 2 as @entity2013 and 1 as @entity652 . Twenty-six @entity1 received radiation as adjuvant therapy after incomplete resection and one @entity1 as primary treatment. The majority of these cases were treated using the parallel opposed-field technique with a total dose between 45 and 52 Gy. The @entity1 were submitted, before and after radiotherapy, to a protocol in order to assess the efficacy of this treatment. Some of the results were analyzed. Reduction of @entity5 mass was achieved in 66.6% of nonfunctioning @entity5 and in 25% of the secreting ones. Reduction or stabilization of hormonal levels was achieved in 55% of the cases and normalization in 30%. The average duration of follow-up was 126.3 months. Complications observed: @entity4614 , @entity64 (3 @entity1 ), @entity2657 (1 @entity1 ), @entity2414 (2 @entity1 ) and @entity393 (2 @entity1 ). None of the @entity1 developed @entity1313 .

title: [Radiotherapy of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['prolactinomas']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['hypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas', 'pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocorticotropic adenoma', 'adenomas']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary tumors']


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the causes of @entity204 in individuals who died suddenly in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The selection of the cases was based on police reports, which contained a description of sudden unexpected or @entity204 . The study was performed on necropsies of the Medico legal Department of Menelik II Hospital, in Addis Ababa during the years 1998 and 1999. According to the pathological features of the heart, we classified 92 dead bodies in 3 groups: Group A: Hearts showing adequate morphological changes to explain @entity944 (n = 63). Group B: Hearts showing some structural changes, but inadequate to explain @entity944 (n = 20). Group C: Normal hearts (n = 7). In two bodies the general autopsy revealed an extra cardiac cause of @entity204 . The single most relevant cause of @entity204 in group A was @entity453 (44 cases) followed by excessive @entity1283 due to post-rheumatic @entity340 (7 cases). While the high prevalence of @entity6331 in Ethiopia is well known, the proportion of cases who died due to @entity301 is surprising. Though during the last years some African authors assumed that @entity453 is on the increase in developing countries the percentage is higher than expected and higher than in other countries where similar studies exist.

title: Causes of XXXX in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

entities_list: @entity6331 :: ('MESH:D012214', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease', 'coronary atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular lesions']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['instantaneous death', 'death']

answer: @entity944 :: (MESH:D003645,Disease) :: ['sudden death']


abstract: Four temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the A7 strain of @entity3597 ( @entity3598 ) have been isolated. All mutants were defective in RNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) compared to the permissive temperature (30 degrees C). Since the body temperature of @entity19 fluctuates between 37 degrees C and 39 degrees C, multiplication was also examined at 37 degrees C; only the multiplication of @entity71030 was restricted. After intraperitoneal infection of 8-day pregnant @entity19 , the wild-type induced rapid abortion. @entity71030 and ts26 had no effect on embryonic development. Litters born to @entity71030 -infected mothers developed no postnatal immunity whereas 50% of litters from ts26-infected mothers were immune. Unlike the wild-type, @entity71031 induced the same or higher virus titres in placental tissue in most @entity19 than in foetal tissue. Ts22 and @entity71031 induced a range of development defects, including @entity1167 , mummification, @entity204 . Most surviving offspring were immune. Although @entity71030 induced no viraemia, @entity71031 , ts22 and ts26 induced a lower titre but longer lasting viraemia than the wild-type. It is concluded that infections of pregnant @entity19 with @entity71031 and ts22 in particular are good models for analysis of the mechanism of virus-induced @entity245 .

title: Isolation and preliminary characterization of XXXX mutants with altered pathogenicity for @entity19 embryos.

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental defects']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['developmental arrest']

entities_list: @entity3597 :: ('11033', 'Species') :: ['Semliki Forest virus']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['abortion and postnatal death']

answer: @entity3597 :: (11033,Species) :: ['Semliki Forest virus']


abstract: Four temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of the A7 strain of @entity3597 ( @entity3598 ) have been isolated. All mutants were defective in RNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature (39 degrees C) compared to the permissive temperature (30 degrees C). Since the body temperature of @entity19 fluctuates between 37 degrees C and 39 degrees C, multiplication was also examined at 37 degrees C; only the multiplication of @entity71030 was restricted. After intraperitoneal infection of 8-day pregnant @entity19 , the wild-type induced rapid abortion. @entity71030 and ts26 had no effect on embryonic development. Litters born to @entity71030 -infected mothers developed no postnatal immunity whereas 50% of litters from ts26-infected mothers were immune. Unlike the wild-type, @entity71031 induced the same or higher virus titres in placental tissue in most @entity19 than in foetal tissue. Ts22 and @entity71031 induced a range of development defects, including @entity1167 , mummification, @entity204 . Most surviving offspring were immune. Although @entity71030 induced no viraemia, @entity71031 , ts22 and ts26 induced a lower titre but longer lasting viraemia than the wild-type. It is concluded that infections of pregnant @entity19 with @entity71031 and ts22 in particular are good models for analysis of the mechanism of virus-induced @entity245 .

title: Isolation and preliminary characterization of @entity3597 mutants with altered pathogenicity for XXXX embryos.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We emphasize the good results obtained by authors of the United States of North America and Europe using prostate brachytherapy in the treatment of @entity263 . METHODS: We report 50 @entity1 with stage T1c-T2c treated during the last twenty one months (September 2000, June 2001). Two groups were made--according to Gleason, PSA, local infiltration and percentage of @entity5 volume in the Biopsy--in low and high risk @entity1 . We report the methodology used in the surgical procedure. RESULTS: We found the nadir of PSA was 0.5-1 in seven @entity1 followed during eighteen months, and fifteen @entity1 followed during twelve months. We had a failure in two @entity1 . A reference is made about two @entity1 with previously TURP and one with open prostatectomy, with very good post-operative results. Secondary effects are essentially irritative symptoms, well controlled by medical treatment. Four @entity1 had acute urinary retention, one of them persistent. Normal erections were found in thirty five @entity1 , and partial in fifteen, which had a very good respond to @entity7855 . Four cases had partial @entity322 , currently only one persist during sleep. CONCLUSION: We have had very good results during the first twenty one months of treatment of @entity263 with brachytherapy. In our opinion the procedure is a very valid option of treatment for this disease.

title: [Use of brachytherapy in the treatment of XXXX . Preliminary report].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer', 'cancer of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['Sildenafil']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate cancer']


abstract: To study the effects of missense, nonsense, and deletion mutations of the gB glycoprotein gene of @entity3307 , a gB-transformed cell line was isolated that, after @entity778 , would express sufficient quantities of gB from the cellular chromosome to complement temperature-sensitive gB mutants. The transformed cell line was then used as a permissive cell to transfer two gB mutations from plasmid to viral DNA. One of the mutants, K082, harbored an HpaI linker insertion that introduced one new @entity535 and a chain terminator codon within @entity535 residue 43. The other mutant contained a 969-base-pair deletion in a part of the gene that includes the membrane-spanning region; a correspondingly shorter gB polypeptide was detected by @entity3208 -gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation of infected-cell extracts with four pooled monoclonal antibodies. No polypeptide was observed from K082-infected cells. The shortened gB polypeptide was efficiently processed and secreted into the growth medium. Each of the four monoclonal antibodies precipitated full-length gB, and three of the four precipitated the shortened polypeptide. Enveloped virus particles could be purified after infection of nonpermissive cells with either mutant virus. Virus particles appeared to possess normal polypeptide and glycopeptide profiles except for the absence of gB. Therefore, the presence of gB is not essential for viral assembly, including envelopment. Recombinants in virus stocks grown on the gB-transformed cells occurred at frequencies on the order of 10(-7) to 10(-5), compared with a frequency of approximately 10(-2) in @entity325 with the two mutants.

title: Linker-insertion nonsense and restriction-site deletion mutations of the gB glycoprotein gene of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infection']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infections']

entities_list: @entity3307 :: ('10298', 'Species') :: ['herpes simplex virus type 1']

answer: @entity3307 :: (10298,Species) :: ['herpes simplex virus type 1']


abstract: We report the construction and characterization of deletion mutants in the @entity3307 gene encoding the immediate-early protein ICP0. In the event that ICP0 proved to play an essential role in virus replication, ICP0-transformed Vero cells were generated to serve as permissive hosts for such mutants. Two mutants, dlX0.7 and @entity5478 .1, were isolated in these cells by a marker rescue-transfer procedure involving the rescue of an ICP4 deletion mutant and the simultaneous insertion of a linked deletion in the ICP0 gene. Mutant dlX0.7 contained a 700-base-pair deletion in both copies of ICP0. The deletion lay entirely within the transcript specified by the gene. dlX0.7 induced the synthesis of an ICP0-specific mRNA that was approximately 0.7 kilobases smaller than the corresponding mRNA specified by wild-type virus. The 3.1-kilobase deletion in both copies of the ICP0 gene in mutant @entity5478 .1 removed the majority of the transcriptional-regulatory signals and coding sequences, retaining only sequences at the 3' end of the gene. As expected, no ICP0-specific mRNA was detected in @entity5478 .1-infected Nero cells (G418-resistant Vero cells). Both mutants grew in all cells tested, although their burst sizes were 10- to 100-fold lower than that of wild-type virus. Although the plaque sizes of dlX0.7 and @entity5478 .1 were equally small on Nero and ICP0-transformed cells, the plating efficiency of the mutants was 15- to 50-fold greater on ICP0-transformed cells than on Nero cells. The mutants exhibited modest interference with the growth of wild-type virus in @entity325 , an effect that was abolished by UV irradiation of the mutants, implying that interference required viral gene expression. Polypeptide profiles generated by the mutants in Nero cells were qualitatively similar to that of wild-type virus. Quantitatively, only slight reductions in the levels of certain late viral polypeptides were observed, a phenomenon also borne out by analysis of viral glycoproteins. Both mutants induced the synthesis of significant, although reduced, levels of viral DNA relative to wild-type virus. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ICP0 is not essential for productive infection in cell culture but that this protein plays a significant role in viral growth, as indicated by the impaired abilities of the mutants to replicate.

title: Deletion mutants in the gene encoding the XXXX immediate-early protein ICP0 exhibit impaired growth in cell culture.

answer: @entity3307 :: (10298,Species) :: ['herpes simplex virus type 1']


abstract: Two @entity1 , aged 44 and 68 years, presented with generalized @entity410 either witnessed or highly suspected. Both @entity1 had laboratory-proven subtherapeutic anticonvulsant serum levels. The @entity1 differed with regard to risk; one @entity1 had existing @entity66 , and the other was free of such risk factors except @entity409 . An apparently appropriate dose of intravenous @entity3174 was initiated in each case, and the @entity1 were monitored appropriately and given supplemental @entity26 . @entity1168 , @entity551 , @entity649 , and, ultimately, @entity1167 occurred in both. The criteria proposed by Earnest et al. should be implemented for each @entity410 case that requires a decision on the urgent need for therapeutic anticonvulsant levels, whether by mechanical infusion, manual intravenous push, or oral loading. The mechanical infusion is the easiest method to standardize and monitor. The manual intravenous push has a greater possibility of inadvertent overdosage during some small time frame, as well as more local symptoms by some reports. Record et al. have recommended oral loading in selected @entity1 . Careful consideration must be made of the choice of environment in which intravenous loading is done (e.g., emergency department, intensive care unit), as dictated by @entity1 parameters, nursing staff levels, and planned disposition. The crucial factors contributing to the deterioration of both @entity1 in the two cases presented were the concentration of @entity3174 manually infused and the possibility that their high-risk status made them poor candidates for manual intravenous @entity3174 . Dose and a @entity56 were doubtful factors in these cases.

title: XXXX following intravenous @entity3174 loading.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity reaction']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary arrest']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['Bradycardia']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['Cardiopulmonary arrest']


abstract: Two @entity1 , aged 44 and 68 years, presented with generalized @entity410 either witnessed or highly suspected. Both @entity1 had laboratory-proven subtherapeutic anticonvulsant serum levels. The @entity1 differed with regard to risk; one @entity1 had existing @entity66 , and the other was free of such risk factors except @entity409 . An apparently appropriate dose of intravenous @entity3174 was initiated in each case, and the @entity1 were monitored appropriately and given supplemental @entity26 . @entity1168 , @entity551 , @entity649 , and, ultimately, @entity1167 occurred in both. The criteria proposed by Earnest et al. should be implemented for each @entity410 case that requires a decision on the urgent need for therapeutic anticonvulsant levels, whether by mechanical infusion, manual intravenous push, or oral loading. The mechanical infusion is the easiest method to standardize and monitor. The manual intravenous push has a greater possibility of inadvertent overdosage during some small time frame, as well as more local symptoms by some reports. Record et al. have recommended oral loading in selected @entity1 . Careful consideration must be made of the choice of environment in which intravenous loading is done (e.g., emergency department, intensive care unit), as dictated by @entity1 parameters, nursing staff levels, and planned disposition. The crucial factors contributing to the deterioration of both @entity1 in the two cases presented were the concentration of @entity3174 manually infused and the possibility that their high-risk status made them poor candidates for manual intravenous @entity3174 . Dose and a @entity56 were doubtful factors in these cases.

title: @entity1167 following intravenous XXXX loading.

answer: @entity3174 :: (MESH:D010672,Chemical) :: ['phenytoin']


abstract: In 38 hospitalized @entity1 with uncomplicated essential @entity101 intra-arterial pressure was recorded continuously for 24 hours with the Oxford technique. On the basis of beat by beat analysis, hourly and 24-hour means of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were obtained. The standard deviations and variation coefficients of the hourly means were used as a measure of absolute and relative blood pressure variability respectively. By randomization @entity1 were ambulant during the day (group A; n = 19) or they were restricted to bed (group B). The @entity1 of group B were sensory deprived during the first 4 hours of the blood pressure recording. During the night MAP, HR, and their respective variabilities were similar for both groups. During bed rest MAP was reduced as compared to ambulant values (P less than 0.05), but bed rest had no effect on HR, or on the variability of HR and MAP. @entity551 and HR all declined to nightly values, though MAP did not change. In group B, @entity299 (absolute and relative) was inversely correlated to age, but no relationship between these two parameters was observed in group A. During concomitant sensory deprivation, but not during bed rest alone or during night rest, relative @entity551 was also inversely correlated to age. It is concluded that sensory stimuli have an important effect on HR and on the @entity551 , but not on MAP itself, indicating that to some extent blood pressure and its variability are regulated independently.

title: Determinants of short-term blood pressure variability. Effects of bed rest and sensory deprivation in essential XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['variability of MAP and HR', 'MAP-variability', 'During concomitant sensory deprivation HR and the variability of MAP']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['HR-variability']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']