abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity5895 and other common illnesses among drug store clients in one rural community, with a view to the potential role of specialist drug stores in expanding coverage of effective @entity311 treatment to households in highly endemic areas. METHOD: Follow-back study of 2466 client visits selected from all 10 drug stores operating in the town of Ikwiriri between May 30 and August 31 2004. Of these, 521 (21.2%) were made by or on behalf of @entity1 ill with @entity221 or @entity311 . Two hundred and ninety three were eligible as residents of the surrounding nine villages and all agreed to participate in the study. Each @entity1 was evaluated by a clinical officer and provided a blood sample for @entity311 on the day of the shop visit, either at the shop or at home. RESULTS: Only 50 (17.1%) visits by or on behalf of febrile @entity1 resulted in the purchase of an antimalarial drug, while an antipyretic medication was obtained at 226 visits (77.1%). Clinicians diagnosed @entity311 in 63.8% of @entity1 . @entity311 parasites were identified in blood film samples from 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6, 29.5). This is double the parasite prevalence rate of 10.7% (95% CI: 8.6, 13.1) obtained from a household survey of 1004 healthy individuals selected from these villages at the same time. It is not significantly lower than the prevalence observed among 880 clients presenting with @entity221 at health facilities in the district: 29.7% (95% CI: 23.0, 37.3). The prevalence of @entity5895 among @entity1 younger than 5 years whose families sought @entity221 treatment from drug stores (42.1%; 95% CI: 31.4, 53.5) was equal to that of @entity1 presenting with @entity221 at health facilities (42.5%; 95% CI: 25.0, 62.2). CONCLUSIONS: Currently, drug store clients do not obtain @entity311 -specific treatment in the majority of cases where it might be warranted. Parasitological findings indicate that drug store clients, especially @entity1 , are as likely to be infected with @entity311 as @entity1 seeking care for similar illnesses at health facilities. Drug stores may be attractive partners for policy makers eager to engage the private retail sector in expanding coverage of @entity311 treatment.

title: Prevalence of XXXX among clients seeking treatment for @entity221 or @entity311 at drug stores in rural Tanzania 2004.

answer: @entity5895 :: (MESH:D018512,Disease) :: ['malaria parasitemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity5895 and other common illnesses among drug store clients in one rural community, with a view to the potential role of specialist drug stores in expanding coverage of effective @entity311 treatment to households in highly endemic areas. METHOD: Follow-back study of 2466 client visits selected from all 10 drug stores operating in the town of Ikwiriri between May 30 and August 31 2004. Of these, 521 (21.2%) were made by or on behalf of @entity1 ill with @entity221 or @entity311 . Two hundred and ninety three were eligible as residents of the surrounding nine villages and all agreed to participate in the study. Each @entity1 was evaluated by a clinical officer and provided a blood sample for @entity311 on the day of the shop visit, either at the shop or at home. RESULTS: Only 50 (17.1%) visits by or on behalf of febrile @entity1 resulted in the purchase of an antimalarial drug, while an antipyretic medication was obtained at 226 visits (77.1%). Clinicians diagnosed @entity311 in 63.8% of @entity1 . @entity311 parasites were identified in blood film samples from 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6, 29.5). This is double the parasite prevalence rate of 10.7% (95% CI: 8.6, 13.1) obtained from a household survey of 1004 healthy individuals selected from these villages at the same time. It is not significantly lower than the prevalence observed among 880 clients presenting with @entity221 at health facilities in the district: 29.7% (95% CI: 23.0, 37.3). The prevalence of @entity5895 among @entity1 younger than 5 years whose families sought @entity221 treatment from drug stores (42.1%; 95% CI: 31.4, 53.5) was equal to that of @entity1 presenting with @entity221 at health facilities (42.5%; 95% CI: 25.0, 62.2). CONCLUSIONS: Currently, drug store clients do not obtain @entity311 -specific treatment in the majority of cases where it might be warranted. Parasitological findings indicate that drug store clients, especially @entity1 , are as likely to be infected with @entity311 as @entity1 seeking care for similar illnesses at health facilities. Drug stores may be attractive partners for policy makers eager to engage the private retail sector in expanding coverage of @entity311 treatment.

title: Prevalence of @entity5895 among clients seeking treatment for @entity221 or XXXX at drug stores in rural Tanzania 2004.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria']

entities_list: @entity5895 :: ('MESH:D018512', 'Disease') :: ['malaria parasitemia']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: AIMS: To evaluate retrospectively the outcome of the curative open and laparoscopic surgical approach to the @entity66 according to timed steps based on the pathologic stage. @entity1 AND MATERIAL: From 1989 83 out of 242 outpatients underwent surgery in emergency or after medical failure and at least two acute attacks requiring hospital admittance, or complicated @entity4436 . Modified Hinchey classification staged the disease. Clinic and instrumental criteria, surgical procedures, early and late complications were statistically evaluated (Students t-test and exact Fischer test, p < 0.05) in comparison with the different steps of therapeutic strategy. RESULTS: Twenty nine @entity1 were classified as Hinchey 0, 26 as I, 14 as II, 11 as III, 3 as IV. Clinical characteristics of the @entity3813 and open groups overlapped, with higher rate of earlier age in first and advanced stages in the second group. 16 @entity1 (19.3%) underwent surgery at the first attack in emergency or in delayed emergency (5 TC-guided drainages). 30 open and 53 @entity3813 procedures were done: 21 two-stage: 18 primary resections + ileostomy and 3 Hartmann; 61 single stage: 49 sigmoidectomy, 12 left colectomy. 4 conversions (7.5%), 12 early (14.5%) and 10 late (12.1%) complications were observed. DISCUSSION: Complications rate was higher in the open group including more advanced stages. Elective surgery performed following conservative therapy, 4 weeks from the first acute attack in younger @entity1 (age < 55yrs.) and after two attacks in elder (age > 55yrs.) showed a significant lower complications' incidence (p < 0.05) compared to the 8 weeks delayed operations. CONCLUSION: Surgery of @entity4436 must follow standardized criteria. The laparoscopic approach could be performed in more severe stages, provided that conditions of delayed emergency were achieved.

title: [Timing and results of the surgical treatment of the XXXX of the colon].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diverticular disease']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulitis']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['diverticular disease']


abstract: @entity17493 is a recognised complication after soft tissue surgery in the upper part of the anterior aspect of the neck, e.g. @entity12743 or carotid body @entity5 excision. However, this complication has been rarely reported following surgery of the upper cervical spine. We report the case of a 35-year-old @entity1 with @entity378 of @entity4049 . She underwent corpectomy and fusion from C2 to C5 using iliac crest bone graft, through a left anterior oblique incision. She developed @entity6256 in the immediate postoperative period, with @entity1282 and @entity4653 . It was thought to be due to traction neurapraxia with possible spontaneous recovery. At 18 months' follow-up, she had a solid fusion and @entity378 was controlled. The hypoglossal palsy persisted, although with minimal functional disability. The only other reported case of @entity75 after anterior cervical spine surgery in the literature also failed to recover. It is concluded that @entity6256 following anterior cervical spine surgery is unlikely to recover spontaneously and it should be carefully identified.

title: XXXX as a complication of anterior surgery to the upper cervical spine.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity6256 :: ('MESH:D020437', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglossal nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglossal lesion']

entities_list: @entity17493 :: ('MESH:D061228', 'Disease') :: ['Injury to the hypoglossal nerve']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity12743 :: ('MESH:D001935', 'Disease') :: ['branchial cyst']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity17493 :: (MESH:D061228,Disease) :: ['Hypoglossal nerve injury']


abstract: To evaluate the cost effectiveness and cost utility of the use of @entity917 in addition to standard therapy for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity712 with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The study was conducted by means of a cohort simulation based on a probabilistic Markov model and projecting the 23-month follow-up results of the Val-HeFT ( @entity917 Heart Failure Trial) study over a 10-year time horizon. The model included four states (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II, III, IV, and @entity204 ), and had a cycle duration of 1 month. Probabilistic simulations were performed using the WinBUGS software for Bayesian analysis. The distribution of @entity1 parameters (sex, age, use of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and ACE inhibitors) in the simulated population were derived from the Italian @entity712 @entity1 population. Individual mortality data were derived from general mortality data by multiplying by a NYHA state-specific relative risk, while the probability of changing NYHA class was taken from the Val-HeFT data. Costs (2007 values) were calculated from the perspective of the Italian Health Service (IHS) and included costs for drugs and @entity712 hospitalizations. Quality-of-life (QOL) weights were obtained by using published health-related QOL data for @entity712 @entity1 . A 3.5% annual discount rate was applied. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed on each parameter using original-source 95% confidence interval (CI) values, or a +/-10% range when 95% CI values were unavailable. For the 10-year time horizon, @entity1 were estimated to live for an average of 2.3 years or 1.7 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with slight increases in the @entity917 group. In this group, hospitalizations for worsening @entity712 were predicted to be significantly reduced and overall treatment costs per @entity1 to decrease by about and U20AC;550. In subgroup analyses, @entity917 lost dominance in @entity1 in NYHA II, and in those receiving beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or ACE inhibitors; the mean incremental cost-utility ratio for these groups was 21 240, 129 200, and 36 500 and U20AC;/QALY, respectively. @entity917 in addition to standard therapy is predicted to dominate standard therapy alone in Italian @entity1 with mild to severe @entity712 and low LVEF. There are relevant differences among various @entity1 subgroups, and @entity917 is expected to be good value for money particularly in the treatment of the most severe and less intensively treated (no ACE inhibitors, no beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) @entity712 @entity1 .

title: The cost effectiveness and cost utility of @entity917 in XXXX therapy in Italy: a probabilistic markov model.

entities_list: @entity917 :: ('MESH:C081489', 'Chemical') :: ['valsartan', 'Valsartan']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure', 'heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['chronic heart failure']


abstract: To evaluate the cost effectiveness and cost utility of the use of @entity917 in addition to standard therapy for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity712 with low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The study was conducted by means of a cohort simulation based on a probabilistic Markov model and projecting the 23-month follow-up results of the Val-HeFT ( @entity917 Heart Failure Trial) study over a 10-year time horizon. The model included four states (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II, III, IV, and @entity204 ), and had a cycle duration of 1 month. Probabilistic simulations were performed using the WinBUGS software for Bayesian analysis. The distribution of @entity1 parameters (sex, age, use of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and ACE inhibitors) in the simulated population were derived from the Italian @entity712 @entity1 population. Individual mortality data were derived from general mortality data by multiplying by a NYHA state-specific relative risk, while the probability of changing NYHA class was taken from the Val-HeFT data. Costs (2007 values) were calculated from the perspective of the Italian Health Service (IHS) and included costs for drugs and @entity712 hospitalizations. Quality-of-life (QOL) weights were obtained by using published health-related QOL data for @entity712 @entity1 . A 3.5% annual discount rate was applied. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed on each parameter using original-source 95% confidence interval (CI) values, or a +/-10% range when 95% CI values were unavailable. For the 10-year time horizon, @entity1 were estimated to live for an average of 2.3 years or 1.7 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), with slight increases in the @entity917 group. In this group, hospitalizations for worsening @entity712 were predicted to be significantly reduced and overall treatment costs per @entity1 to decrease by about and U20AC;550. In subgroup analyses, @entity917 lost dominance in @entity1 in NYHA II, and in those receiving beta-adrenoceptor antagonists or ACE inhibitors; the mean incremental cost-utility ratio for these groups was 21 240, 129 200, and 36 500 and U20AC;/QALY, respectively. @entity917 in addition to standard therapy is predicted to dominate standard therapy alone in Italian @entity1 with mild to severe @entity712 and low LVEF. There are relevant differences among various @entity1 subgroups, and @entity917 is expected to be good value for money particularly in the treatment of the most severe and less intensively treated (no ACE inhibitors, no beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) @entity712 @entity1 .

title: The cost effectiveness and cost utility of XXXX in @entity712 therapy in Italy: a probabilistic markov model.

answer: @entity917 :: (MESH:C081489,Chemical) :: ['valsartan']


abstract: An 8-year-old white @entity1 with a history of vertigo, @entity390 , and @entity391 developed a progressive @entity393 , bilateral retinal arteriolar narrowing in each eye, vasoproliferation, and subsequent intravitreal @entity548 . An attempt at peripheral retinal ablation with cryotherapy in the left eye resulted in @entity1713 . Spontaneous @entity1713 occurred in the right eye and was successfully repaired. Repeated intermittent @entity548 occurred despite intraocular diathermy. Three years after onset, visual acuity was R.E.: 6/21 (20/66) and L.E.: light perception. She remains totally deaf. A 20-year-old white @entity1 developed severe bilateral @entity1274 with poorly functioning labyrinths, followed by @entity732 and vasoproliferation on the optic nerve head. @entity989 was followed by @entity2296 and repeated episodes of @entity548 . Six years after onset, visula acuity was R.E.: hand motions, and L.E.: 6/3 (20/100). She remains totally deaf. Both @entity1 were of normal gestation, development, and mentality, without evidence of other @entity262 . The cause of this disease was not found.

title: Occlusive XXXX and deafness.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intravitreal bleeding', 'hemorrhage', 'hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity2296 :: ('MESH:C538115', 'Disease') :: ['rubeosis iridis']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['Progressive retinal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity732 :: ('MESH:D015356', 'Disease') :: ['midperipheral retinal arteriolar occlusions']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['retinal vascular disease']


abstract: OBJECT: @entity1804 ( @entity1804 ) are benign lesions that can be diagnosed as an incidental finding associated with @entity10 , @entity4611 , or vision deterioration. Typically, they occur in a sellar or suprasellar location. The aim of this study was to review the clinical presentation and outcomes associated with endoscopic endonasal resection of these lesions. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed a series of 35 @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity1358 after endoscopic endonasal resection at the University of Pittsburgh between January 1998 and July 2008. RESULTS: All 35 @entity1 underwent a purely endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). The average @entity1 age was 34 years (range 12-67 years), and the average follow-up was 19 months (range 1-60 months). Clinical follow-up data were available for 32 @entity1 , and radiographic follow-up data were accessible for 33 @entity1 . All of the @entity1 underwent complete removal of the cyst contents, and according to radiography studies 2 @entity1 had a recurrence, neither of which required reoperation. The mean cyst volume was 1052.7 mm(3) (range 114-6044 mm(3)). @entity10 was a presenting symptom in 26 (81.2%) of 32 @entity1 , with 25 (96.1%) of 26 having postoperative improvement in their @entity10 . Fifteen (57.7%) of the 26 @entity1 had @entity158 resolution, and 10 (38.5%) had a > 50% reduction in their @entity158 scores. Six (18.8%) of 32 @entity1 initially presented with @entity4611 , although 2 (33.3%) had postoperative improvement. Three (9.4%) of 32 @entity1 had temporary @entity4611 postoperatively, although there was no permanent @entity4611 . Neither were there any intraoperative complications, postoperative CSF leaks, or new @entity51 . The average hospital stay was 1.8 days (range 1-5 days). CONCLUSIONS: The EEA is a safe and effective approach in the treatment of @entity1804 . None of the @entity1 in this study experienced any worsening of their preoperative symptoms or pituitary function, and 96% of the @entity1 who had presented with @entity10 experienced complete or significant @entity158 relief following treatment.

title: Endoscopic endonasal resection of XXXX : clinical outcomes and surgical nuances.

entities_list: @entity1804 :: ('MESH:D020863', 'Disease') :: ['Rathke cleft cysts', 'RCCs']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'complete pain']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache', 'headaches', 'Headache']

answer: @entity1804 :: (MESH:D020863,Disease) :: ['Rathke cleft cysts']


abstract: The high prevalence and poor prognosis of @entity0 provides a strong rationale for developing new treatment strategies and preventive and therapeutic agents. @entity778 (HSV) can @entity5 cells, replicating and killing the cells by direct cytopathic effect and then spreading within the @entity5 . Replication of oncolytic HSV leads to the destruction of the infected @entity5 cell and release of new virions, which are able to infect adjacent cells until potentially all @entity5 cells are destroyed. In this study, the @entity137 of a third-generation oncolytic HSV vector, designated G47/\, was examined in @entity1 @entity0 cell lines, as well as in immortalized and normal breast cells. A pulmonary metastatic model of @entity0 established in Balb/c @entity19 was used to evaluate the efficacy of G47/\ treatment. Systemic treatment by intravenous administration of G47/\ for metastatic @entity2 was initiated 14 days after injection of @entity5 cells. On Day 56, the @entity19 were sacrificed and @entity5 nodules on the surface of the lung were counted. G47/\ was highly cytotoxic to @entity0 and immortalized breast cells in vitro at low multiplicities of @entity281 (MOI), while normal breast cells remained viable 5 days after @entity281 . In the pulmonary metastatic model, the average number of surface @entity2 nodules in the G47/\-treated group was approximately 9  -fold less than in the control-treated group. X-gal staining illustrated viral replication and spread in the @entity5 cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, G47/\ effectively killed @entity1 @entity0 cells and immortalized breast cells but not normal breast cells. Systemic administration of G47/\ by tail vein injection was effective in inhibiting the growth of established @entity0 .

title: @entity778 treatment of metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['Oncolytic replication-competent herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer lung metastases', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'infect tumor']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumors', 'lung tumor']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The high prevalence and poor prognosis of @entity0 provides a strong rationale for developing new treatment strategies and preventive and therapeutic agents. @entity778 (HSV) can @entity5 cells, replicating and killing the cells by direct cytopathic effect and then spreading within the @entity5 . Replication of oncolytic HSV leads to the destruction of the infected @entity5 cell and release of new virions, which are able to infect adjacent cells until potentially all @entity5 cells are destroyed. In this study, the @entity137 of a third-generation oncolytic HSV vector, designated G47/\, was examined in @entity1 @entity0 cell lines, as well as in immortalized and normal breast cells. A pulmonary metastatic model of @entity0 established in Balb/c @entity19 was used to evaluate the efficacy of G47/\ treatment. Systemic treatment by intravenous administration of G47/\ for metastatic @entity2 was initiated 14 days after injection of @entity5 cells. On Day 56, the @entity19 were sacrificed and @entity5 nodules on the surface of the lung were counted. G47/\ was highly cytotoxic to @entity0 and immortalized breast cells in vitro at low multiplicities of @entity281 (MOI), while normal breast cells remained viable 5 days after @entity281 . In the pulmonary metastatic model, the average number of surface @entity2 nodules in the G47/\-treated group was approximately 9  -fold less than in the control-treated group. X-gal staining illustrated viral replication and spread in the @entity5 cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, G47/\ effectively killed @entity1 @entity0 cells and immortalized breast cells but not normal breast cells. Systemic administration of G47/\ by tail vein injection was effective in inhibiting the growth of established @entity0 .

title: XXXX treatment of metastatic @entity0 .

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['Oncolytic herpes simplex virus']


abstract: Fatality rates from @entity130 are almost double those found in urban settings. Increased @entity341 ( @entity341 ) prehospital time has been implicated as one of the causative factors for higher rural fatality rates. Advanced @entity130 Life Support guidelines suggest scene time should not be extended to insert an intravenous catheter (IV). The purpose of this study was to assess the association between intravenous line placement and motor vehicle crash (MVC) scene time in rural and urban settings. An imputational methodology using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System permitted linkage of data from police motor vehicle crash and @entity341 records. Intergraph GeoMedia software permitted this linked data to be plotted on digital maps for segregation into rural and urban groups. MVCs were defined as rural or urban by location of the accident using the U.S. Bureau of Census Criteria. Linked data were analyzed to assess for @entity341 time on-scene, on-scene IV insertion, on-scene IV insertion attempts, and @entity1 mortality. Over a 2-year period from January 2001 through December 2002, data were collected from Alabama @entity341 @entity1 care reports (PCRs) and police crash reports. A total of 45,763 police crash reports were linked to @entity341 PCRs. Of these linked crash records, 34,341 (75%) and 11,422 (25%) were injured in rural and urban settings, respectively. Six hundred eleven (1.78%) mortalities occurred in rural settings and 103 (0.90%) in urban settings (P < 0.005). There were 6273 (18.3%) on-scene IV insertions in the rural setting and 1,290 (11.3%) in the urban setting (P < 0.005). Mean @entity341 time on-scene when single IV insertion attempts occurred was 16.9 minutes in the rural setting and 14.5 minutes in the urban setting (P < 0.0001). When two attempts of on-scene IV insertion were made, mean @entity341 time on-scene in the rural setting (n = 891 [2.6%]) was 18.4 minutes and 15.7 minutes in the urban setting (n = 142 [1.2%; P < 0.005). Excluding dead on-scene @entity1 , mean @entity341 time on-scene when mortalities occurred in rural and urban settings was 18.9 minutes and 10.8 minutes, respectively (P < 0.005). On-scene IV insertion occurred with significantly greater frequency in rural than urban settings. This incurs greater @entity341 time on-scene and prehospital time that may be associated with @entity101 rates in rural settings.

title: On-scene intravenous line insertion adversely impacts prehospital time in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency medical services', 'EMS']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased vehicular fatality']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['rural vehicular trauma', 'Trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['rural vehicular trauma']


abstract: @entity6759 is a new inodilatory agent with @entity460 sensitizing activity. A major concern regarding the use of inotropic agent in @entity712 is their effect on the sympathetic tone. This effect could explain increase in short term mortality with other inotropes. We aimed to assess the effect of @entity6759 on sympathetic tone measured directly by microneurogra-phy. In a group of acute decompensated @entity712 @entity1 , we assessed cardiac performance by digital plethysmography measurement. Sympathetic tone was assessed through recording of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by micro-neurography. Recording were done blindly, for each @entity1 after @entity452 perfusion was stopped (baseline) and 48 h after @entity6759 infusion. Clinical, biological and morphological data were collected. We compared cardiac parameters and MSNA before and after administration of @entity6759 . 13 @entity1 were recruited (48 +/- 3.6 years). Systolic blood pressure and rate pressure product (mmHg x Beat/min) decreased significantly after @entity6759 infusion (P< 0.05). Cardiac output and @entity64 volume were significantly increased after @entity6759 infusion (P< 0.05). A significant decrease of MSNA activity is observed after @entity6759 infusion (P< 0.01). @entity6759 induced improvement of cardiac performance, associated with a decreased in MSNA. This study show for the first time that @entity6759 has no direct detrimental effect on the sympathetic nervous system.

title: Levosimedan improves hemodynamics functions without sympathetic activation in severe XXXX @entity1 : direct evidence from sympathetic neural recording.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity6759 :: ('MESH:C076731', 'Chemical') :: ['Levosimendan', 'levosimendan']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: @entity6759 is a new inodilatory agent with @entity460 sensitizing activity. A major concern regarding the use of inotropic agent in @entity712 is their effect on the sympathetic tone. This effect could explain increase in short term mortality with other inotropes. We aimed to assess the effect of @entity6759 on sympathetic tone measured directly by microneurogra-phy. In a group of acute decompensated @entity712 @entity1 , we assessed cardiac performance by digital plethysmography measurement. Sympathetic tone was assessed through recording of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) by micro-neurography. Recording were done blindly, for each @entity1 after @entity452 perfusion was stopped (baseline) and 48 h after @entity6759 infusion. Clinical, biological and morphological data were collected. We compared cardiac parameters and MSNA before and after administration of @entity6759 . 13 @entity1 were recruited (48 +/- 3.6 years). Systolic blood pressure and rate pressure product (mmHg x Beat/min) decreased significantly after @entity6759 infusion (P< 0.05). Cardiac output and @entity64 volume were significantly increased after @entity6759 infusion (P< 0.05). A significant decrease of MSNA activity is observed after @entity6759 infusion (P< 0.01). @entity6759 induced improvement of cardiac performance, associated with a decreased in MSNA. This study show for the first time that @entity6759 has no direct detrimental effect on the sympathetic nervous system.

title: Levosimedan improves hemodynamics functions without sympathetic activation in severe @entity712 XXXX : direct evidence from sympathetic neural recording.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Out of every 17-18 individuals in the US, one develops @entity14 ( @entity14 ) in their lifetime. Of individuals diagnosed with @entity14 , > 50% present or develop @entity3 , which, if untreated, is associated with 6-9 months median survival. Although surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for @entity14 , chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic or unresectable disease. For nearly three decades, @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) has been the chemotherapy of choice for treatment of @entity14 . However, the response rates to single @entity1487 therapy have been suboptimal with an objective @entity5 response of 10-20%. Attempts have been made to improve the efficacy of @entity1487 by either schedule alteration (protracted infusion versus intravenous push) or biochemical modulation with @entity4181 (LV). Continuous infusion induced more @entity5 regression and prolonged the time-to-disease progression with some significant impact on survival (11.3 versus 12.1 months; p < 0.04). @entity1487 /LV resulted in a significant increase in overall response rates and in the prolongation of disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting, although severe @entity137 represent a major clinical problem. The last 10 years have seen the addition of several new agents such as @entity2600 , @entity901 , raltitrexed, bevacizumab and cetuximab. The prognosis has significantly improved with the addition of these agents, with median survivals now > 20 months. This review paper focuses on @entity2600 , @entity901 and raltitrexed when used alone and in combination.

title: @entity2600 , XXXX and raltitrexed for the treatment of advanced @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity901 :: (MESH:C030110,Chemical) :: ['oxaliplatin']


abstract: Out of every 17-18 individuals in the US, one develops @entity14 ( @entity14 ) in their lifetime. Of individuals diagnosed with @entity14 , > 50% present or develop @entity3 , which, if untreated, is associated with 6-9 months median survival. Although surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for @entity14 , chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic or unresectable disease. For nearly three decades, @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) has been the chemotherapy of choice for treatment of @entity14 . However, the response rates to single @entity1487 therapy have been suboptimal with an objective @entity5 response of 10-20%. Attempts have been made to improve the efficacy of @entity1487 by either schedule alteration (protracted infusion versus intravenous push) or biochemical modulation with @entity4181 (LV). Continuous infusion induced more @entity5 regression and prolonged the time-to-disease progression with some significant impact on survival (11.3 versus 12.1 months; p < 0.04). @entity1487 /LV resulted in a significant increase in overall response rates and in the prolongation of disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting, although severe @entity137 represent a major clinical problem. The last 10 years have seen the addition of several new agents such as @entity2600 , @entity901 , raltitrexed, bevacizumab and cetuximab. The prognosis has significantly improved with the addition of these agents, with median survivals now > 20 months. This review paper focuses on @entity2600 , @entity901 and raltitrexed when used alone and in combination.

title: @entity2600 , @entity901 and raltitrexed for the treatment of advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: Out of every 17-18 individuals in the US, one develops @entity14 ( @entity14 ) in their lifetime. Of individuals diagnosed with @entity14 , > 50% present or develop @entity3 , which, if untreated, is associated with 6-9 months median survival. Although surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for @entity14 , chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic or unresectable disease. For nearly three decades, @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) has been the chemotherapy of choice for treatment of @entity14 . However, the response rates to single @entity1487 therapy have been suboptimal with an objective @entity5 response of 10-20%. Attempts have been made to improve the efficacy of @entity1487 by either schedule alteration (protracted infusion versus intravenous push) or biochemical modulation with @entity4181 (LV). Continuous infusion induced more @entity5 regression and prolonged the time-to-disease progression with some significant impact on survival (11.3 versus 12.1 months; p < 0.04). @entity1487 /LV resulted in a significant increase in overall response rates and in the prolongation of disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting, although severe @entity137 represent a major clinical problem. The last 10 years have seen the addition of several new agents such as @entity2600 , @entity901 , raltitrexed, bevacizumab and cetuximab. The prognosis has significantly improved with the addition of these agents, with median survivals now > 20 months. This review paper focuses on @entity2600 , @entity901 and raltitrexed when used alone and in combination.

title: XXXX , @entity901 and raltitrexed for the treatment of advanced @entity14 .

answer: @entity2600 :: (MESH:C051890,Chemical) :: ['Irinotecan']


abstract: OBJECT: With the introduction of electrophysiological spinal cord monitoring, surgeons have been able to perform radical resection of intramedullary @entity4097 (IMSCTs). However, factors associated with @entity5 resectability, @entity5 recurrence, and long-term neurological outcome are poorly understood. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 101 consecutive cases of IMSCT resection in adults and @entity1 at a single institution. Neurological function and MR images were evaluated preoperatively, at discharge, 1 month after surgery, and every 6 months thereafter. Factors associated with gross-total resection (GTR), progression-free survival (PFS), and long-term neurological improvement were assessed using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the @entity1 was 41 +/- 18 years and 17 (17%) of the @entity1 were pediatric. Pathological type included @entity424 in 51 cases, @entity279 in 15, @entity816 in 16, WHO Grade II @entity816 in 10, and @entity5 in 9. A GTR was achieved in 60 cases (59%). Independent of histological @entity5 type, an intraoperatively identifiable @entity5 plane (OR 25.3, p < 0.0001) and decreasing @entity5 size (OR 1.2, p = 0.05) were associated with GTR. Thirty-four @entity1 (34%) experienced acute @entity16 after surgery (associated with increasing age [OR 1.04, p = 0.02] and with intraoperative change in motor evoked potentials [OR 7.4, p = 0.003]); in 14 (41%) of these @entity1 the change returned to preoperative baseline within 1 month. In 31 @entity1 (31%) @entity5 progression developed by last follow-up (mean 19 months). @entity5 histology (p < 0.0001) and the presence of an intraoperatively identified @entity5 plane (hazard ratio [HR] 0.44, p = 0.027) correlated with improved PFS. A GTR resulted in improved PFS for @entity279 (HR 0.004, p = 0.04) and @entity424 (HR 0.2, p = 0.02), but not @entity816 . Fifty-five @entity1 (55%) maintained overall neurological improvement by last follow-up. The presence of an identifiable @entity5 plane (HR 3.1, p = 0.0004) and improvement in neurological symptoms before discharge (HR 2.3, p = 0.004) were associated with overall neurological improvement by last follow-up (mean 19 months). CONCLUSIONS: Gross-total resection can be safely achieved in the vast majority of IMSCTs when an intraoperative plane is identified, independent of pathological type. The incidence of acute perioperative @entity16 increases with @entity1 age but will improve to baseline in nearly half of @entity1 within 1 month. Long-term improvement in motor, sensory, and @entity1494 may be achieved in a slight majority of @entity1 and occurs more frequently in @entity1 in whom a surgical plane can be identified. A GTR should be attempted for @entity424 and @entity279 , but it may not affect PFS for @entity816 . For all @entity5 , the intraoperative finding of a @entity5 plane of resection carries positive prognostic significance across all pathological types.

title: Factors associated with progression-free survival and long-term neurological outcome after resection of intramedullary XXXX : analysis of 101 consecutive cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity279 :: ('MESH:D018325', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant astrocytoma', 'tumors', 'clear tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological decline']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['pilocytic astrocytoma', 'astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity4097 :: ('MESH:D013120', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord tumors']

answer: @entity4097 :: (MESH:D013120,Disease) :: ['spinal cord tumors']


abstract: Antithrombotic therapies form the cornerstone of management of @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ). An ideal antithrombotic agent should reduce @entity63 complications while keeping @entity548 events to a minimum. Heparins, both unfractionated and low molecular weight, reduce @entity63 outcomes but also significantly increase the risk of major and @entity548 . Moreover, they do not reduce mortality. Therefore, there is a need for newer agents that preserve the benefits of @entity63 reduction while decreasing mortality and @entity548 risk. Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide which specifically targets @entity6236 of the coagulation cascade. It has been effectively used in the prevention of and treatment of @entity1211 . Two large randomized controlled trials of fondaparinux compared to unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins, among @entity1 with @entity1187 have recently been completed. These studies have shown a significantly lower risk of @entity548 with fondaparinux compared to heparins, with equivalent or greater reductions in @entity63 outcomes. A small but definite increase in the risk of catheter-related @entity715 has been found among @entity1 undergoing coronary interventions, which is ameliorated by the administration of unfractionated heparin. This review outlines the pharmacological properties of @entity27408 and critically examines the available clinical trial data for fondaparinux in @entity1187 .

title: Fondaparinux in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'minor bleeding']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity27408 :: ('MESH:C438268', 'Chemical') :: ['fondaparinux']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolic disease']

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['acute coronary syndromes']


abstract: BACKGROUND AIMS: Bone marrow (BM)- and @entity1386 ( @entity1386 )-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are currently under evaluation in phase III clinical trials for @entity29 and other @entity1944 manifestations. The therapeutic efficacy of these treatments may derive from a combination of the differentiation, trophic and immunomodulatory abilities of the transplanted cells. We investigated intestinal tissues as sources of MSC: such cells may support tissue-specific functions and hold advantages for engraftment and contribution in the gastrointestinal environment. METHODS: Intestinal specimens were collected, and the mucosa and submucosa mechanically separated and enzymatically digested. Mesenchymal stromal populations were isolated, expanded and characterized under conditions commonly used for MSC. The differentiation potential, trophic effect and immunomodulatory ability were investigated. Results We successfully isolated and extensively expanded populations showing the typical MSC profile: @entity2393 +, @entity1759 +, @entity12359 +, CD105+ and CD166+, and @entity5750 (-), @entity2280 (-) and @entity1195 (-). Intestinal mucosal (IM) MSC were also CD117+, while submucosal cultures (ISM MSC) showed @entity2280 + subsets. The cells differentiated toward osteogenic, adipogenic and angiogenic commitments. Intestinal-derived MSC were able to induce differentiation and organization of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) in three-dimensional collagen cultures. Immunomodulatory activity was evidenced in co-cultures with normal heterologous phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions Multipotent MSC can be isolated from intestinal mucosal and submucosal tissues. IM MSC and ISM MSC are able to perform trophic and immunomodulatory functions. These findings could open a pathway for novel approaches to @entity1944 treatment.

title: Isolation of stem cell populations with trophic and immunoregulatory functions from human intestinal tissues: potential for cell therapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal disease']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adipose tissue', 'AT']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: Songs produced by migrating whales were recorded off the coast of Queensland, Australia, over six consecutive weeks in 2003. Forty-eight independent song sessions were analyzed using information theory techniques. The average length of the songs estimated by correlation analysis was approximately 100 units, with song sessions lasting from 300 to over 3100 units. Song entropy, a measure of structural constraints, was estimated using three different methodologies: (1) the independently identically distributed model, (2) a first-order Markov model, and (3) the nonparametric sliding window match length (SWML) method, as described by @entity6953 et al. [(2006). "Information entropy of @entity52287 song," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 1849-1866]. The analysis finds that the song sequences of migrating Australian whales are consistent with the hierarchical structure proposed by Payne and McVay [(1971). "Songs of @entity52287 ," Science 173, 587-597], and recently supported mathematically by @entity6953 et al. (2006) for singers on the Hawaiian breeding grounds. Both the SWML entropy estimates and the song lengths for the Australian singers in 2003 were lower than that reported by @entity6953 et al. (2006) for Hawaiian whales in 1976-1978; however, song redundancy did not differ between these two populations separated spatially and temporally. The average total information in the sequence of units in Australian song was approximately 35 bits/song. Aberrant songs (8%) yielded entropies similar to the typical songs.

title: Information theory analysis of Australian XXXX song.

entities_list: @entity52287 :: ('9773', 'Species') :: ['humpback whale', 'humpback whales']

answer: @entity52287 :: (9773,Species) :: ['humpback whale']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimum follow-up of @entity1 who are clinically disease-free following potentially curative treatment for @entity1204 . METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases (1980 to October 2005) was conducted. Data were pooled across trials to determine overall estimates of recurrence patterns. RESULTS: Sixteen non-comparative retrospective studies were identified. The overall risk of recurrence was 13% for all @entity1 and 3% or less for @entity1 at low risk. Approximately 70% of all recurrences were symptomatic, and 68% to 100% of recurrences occurred within approximately the first 3 years of follow-up. No reliable differences in survival were detected between @entity1 with symptomatic or asymptomatic recurrences nor were differences in @entity1 outcomes reported by type of follow-up strategy employed. Detection of asymptomatic recurrences ranged from 5% to 33% of @entity1 with physical examination, 0% to 4% with vaginal vault cytology, 0% to 14% with chest X-ray, 4% to 13% with abdominal ultrasound, 5% to 21% with abdominal/pelvic CT scan, and 15% in selected @entity1 with CA 125. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited evidence to inform whether intensive follow-up schedules with multiple routine diagnostic interventions result in survival benefits any more or less than non-intensive follow-up schedules without multiple routine diagnostic interventions. Routine testing seems to be of limited benefit for @entity1 at low risk of disease. Most recurrences tend to occur in high risk @entity1 within 3 years, and most recurrences involve symptoms. The most appropriate follow-up strategy is likely one based upon the risk of recurrence and the natural history of the disease. Counseling on the potential symptoms of recurrence is extremely important because the majority of @entity1 with recurrences were symptomatic. A proposed routine follow-up schedule is offered.

title: Follow-up after primary therapy for XXXX : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'women']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: This study is a pilot and feasibility study that compares 2 training experiences to improve appropriate opioid prescribing for @entity1118 . Both training conditions included education in relation to opioid guidelines. Following education, 1 condition included training aimed at improving @entity458 and the other included training in practical knowledge and skills related to @entity158 management. Eighty-one general practitioners (GPs) took part in the study, each having been randomly assigned to 1 of the training conditions. It proved easy to recruit GPs to the training. Overall, GPs demonstrated increased knowledge of opioid prescribing for @entity1118 and decreases in concerns related to prescribing following training. However, there were no changes observed in reported prescribing practices or in secondary measures of well-being. There were also no significant differences between the training conditions, other than a greater increase in intention to use prescribing guidelines in the @entity558 . Feasibility and acceptability of the training methods were generally rated high. The @entity558 was rated higher than the comparison condition in terms of interest and satisfaction. Finally, processes of @entity458 before and after training significantly correlated with measures of GP well-being, providing partial support for the relevance of these processes as a focus in GP training. PERSPECTIVE: A training intervention for GPs including education on opioid guidelines for @entity1118 and @entity458 training increased knowledge of prescribing and reduced concerns but did not change prescribing behavior or well-being. The training was highly acceptable to GPs but may have been too short to produce other effects.

title: Training for general practitioners in opioid prescribing for XXXX based on practice guidelines: a randomized pilot and feasibility trial.

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['psychological flexibility condition']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological flexibility']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['chronic pain']


abstract: The prevalence of @entity65 is lower in middle-aged and older @entity1 than @entity1 . Increased @entity2232 -mediated vasoconstriction has been linked to the etiology of a number of @entity65 , including @entity731 , @entity712 , and @entity101 . It is unknown whether a sex difference in @entity2232 -mediated vasoconstrictor tone exists in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that middle-aged and older @entity1 would demonstrate greater ET-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone than age-matched @entity1 . Forearm blood flow in response to intra-arterial infusions of @entity2232 , @entity11344 (a selective ET(A) receptor antagonist), and @entity11345 (a selective ET(B) receptor antagonist) was assessed by venous occlusion plethysmography in 21 @entity1 (age: 58 + or - 1 yr; body mass index: 26.0 + or - 1.0 kg/m(2)) and 25 @entity1 (age: 57 + or - 2 yr; body mass index: 26.8 + or - 0.7 kg/m(2)). In response to @entity11344 , the increase in forearm blood flow from baseline was significantly higher in the @entity1 than the @entity1 (24 + or - 5% vs. 9 + or - 5%; P < 0.05). In contrast, the increase in forearm blood flow in response to @entity11344 coinfused with @entity11345 was greater in the @entity1 than the @entity1 , such that the maximum vasodilation to dual endothelin receptor blockade was similar between @entity1 and @entity1 (approximately 25%). There was no difference in the vasoconstrictor response to ET-1 between the sexes. These results indicate that middle-aged and older @entity1 are under greater ET(A) receptor-mediated vasoconstrictor tone than age-matched @entity1 . Since the ET(A) receptor is the predominant receptor subtype in the coronary vasculature, this sex difference in vasoconstrictor tone may be a mechanism contributing to the sex difference in the prevalence of @entity301 in middle-aged and older adults.

title: Sex differences in XXXX -mediated vasoconstrictor tone in middle-aged and older adults.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity2232 :: (1906,Gene) :: ['endothelin-1']


abstract: In @entity263 , both the epithelial and stromal mesenchyme compartments show gene expression changes from their respective normal counterpart. In fact, there are more such changes in the stroma than the epithelium. These include down-regulated expression of genes involved in smooth muscle cell differentiation and those differentially expressed between prostate and bladder, i.e., organ-restricted. In development, the stromal cell type mediates tissue formation from differentiation of stem or progenitor cells. Diseases like @entity5 may arise as a result of defective stromal signaling. Stromal signaling can be demonstrated by co-culture of stromal cells and @entity189 @entity1 cells used as a stem cell substitute. In co-culture, stromal cells induce @entity1 cells through diffusible molecules to lose stem cell gene expression, gain expression of prostate genes, alter cytomorphology, and lower proliferation. This NCCIT response is varied as co-cultured bladder stromal cells induce a different gene expression. At the same time, NCCIT factors also affect gene expression of co-cultured stromal cells. NCCIT induces normal prostate tissue (NP) stromal cells to become more like @entity5 -associated ( @entity2723 ) stromal cells in both mRNA and microRNA expression. In contrast, NCCIT shows minimal effect on @entity2723 stromal cells. @entity2723 stromal cells may represent a less differentiated state in the prostate stromal cell lineage.

title: Stromal-epithelial interactions in early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: Inadequate @entity14 limited endoscopic resources. We examined @entity1 factors associated with inadequate flexible sigmoidoscopy (FSG) screening at baseline screening and repeat screening 3-5 years later in 10 geographically-dispersed screening centers participating in the ongoing Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and @entity43 Screening Trial. METHODS: A total of 64,554 @entity1 (aged 55-74) completed baseline questionnaires and underwent FSG at baseline. Of these, 39,385 @entity1 returned for repeat screening. We used logistic regression models to assess factors that are associated with inadequate FSG (defined as a study in which the depth of insertion of FSG was <50 cm or visual inspection was limited to <90% of the mucosal surface but without detection of a polyp or mass). RESULTS: Of 7084 (11%) @entity1 with inadequate FSG at baseline, 6496 (91.7%) had <50 cm depth of insertion (75.3% due to @entity1 discomfort) and 500 (7.1%) @entity1 had adequate depth of insertion but suboptimal bowel preparation. Compared to 55-59 year age group, advancing age in 5-year increments (odds ratios (OR) from 1.08 to 1.51) and female sex (OR = 2.40; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.27-2.54) were associated with inadequate FSG. Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) was associated with reduced odds (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.62-0.72). Inadequate FSG screening at baseline was associated with inadequate FSG at repeat screening (OR = 6.24; 95% CI: 5.78-6.75). CONCLUSIONS: Sedation should be considered for @entity1 with inadequate FSG or an alternative @entity14 screening method should be recommended.

title: Factors associated with inadequate XXXX screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['Ovarian Cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer screening wastes']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity55 and injury is critical in @entity1577 . An ideal antiinflammatory agent has not been identified but inhaled corticosteroids are widely used despite lack of evidence. OBJECTIVES: To test the safety of withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids with the hypothesis this would not be associated with an earlier onset of acute chest exacerbations. METHODS: Multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 18 pediatric and adult UK centers. Eligibility criteria included age>6.0 yr, FEV1>or=40% predicted, and @entity228 use>3 mo. During the 2-mo run-in period, all @entity1 received @entity5023 ; they then took either @entity5023 or placebo for 6 mo. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity5023 group: n=84, median age 14.6 yr, mean (SD) FEV1 76% (18); placebo group: n=87, median age 15.8 yr, mean (SD) FEV1 76% (18). There was no difference in time to first exacerbation (primary outcome) with hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.07 (0.68 to 1.70) for @entity5023 versus placebo. There was no effect of age, atopy, @entity228 dose, FEV1, or @entity796 status. There was no change in lung function or differences in antibiotic or rescue bronchodilator use. Fewer @entity1 in the @entity5023 group withdrew from the study due to lung-related adverse events (9 vs. 15%); with a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 0.59 (0.23-1.48) @entity5023 versus placebo. CONCLUSIONS: In this study population (applicable to 40% of @entity1 with @entity1577 in the UK), it appears safe to consider stopping inhaled corticosteroids. Potential advantages will be to reduce the drug burden on @entity1 , reduce adverse effects, and make financial savings.

title: Multicenter randomized controlled trial of withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['Lung inflammation']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity5023 :: ('MESH:C065382', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluticasone', 'fluticasone']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: The importance of @entity1 -reported outcomes such as @entity283 ( @entity283 ) in clinical research is increasingly acknowledged. In order to yield valid results, the measurement properties of @entity283 questionnaires must be thoroughly investigated. One aspect of such a validation process is the demonstration of content validity, i.e. that the questionnaire covers all relevant aspects. We review studies reporting on consequences of @entity1374 and present the frequency of identified aspects, both overall @entity283 issues and classical thyroid symptoms, in order to evaluate which issues are relevant for @entity1 with @entity1374 . Furthermore, existing questionnaires for thyroid @entity1 are reviewed. A systematic search was performed in the Medline, Cinahl and Psycinfo databases and the reference lists of the relevant articles were hand-searched. Seventy-five relevant studies were identified. According to these studies, @entity1 with untreated @entity1374 suffer from a wide range of symptoms and have @entity73 in most areas of @entity283 . Furthermore, the studies indicate that impairments in @entity283 are also frequent in the long term. Six @entity283 questionnaires for thyroid @entity1 were identified. Generally, data supporting the validity of these questionnaires were sparse. According to the available literature, the quality of life of thyroid @entity1 is substantially impaired over a wide range of aspects of @entity283 in the untreated phase and continues to be so in many @entity1 also in the long term. Studies systematically exploring the relative importance of these various aspects to thyroid @entity1 are lacking, as is a comprehensive, validated thyroid-specific @entity283 questionnaire.

title: Quality of life in @entity1 with XXXX . A review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['major impairment']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['HRQL', 'health-related quality of life']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid diseases', 'thyroid disease', 'thyroid disorders']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['benign thyroid disorders']


abstract: The importance of @entity1 -reported outcomes such as @entity283 ( @entity283 ) in clinical research is increasingly acknowledged. In order to yield valid results, the measurement properties of @entity283 questionnaires must be thoroughly investigated. One aspect of such a validation process is the demonstration of content validity, i.e. that the questionnaire covers all relevant aspects. We review studies reporting on consequences of @entity1374 and present the frequency of identified aspects, both overall @entity283 issues and classical thyroid symptoms, in order to evaluate which issues are relevant for @entity1 with @entity1374 . Furthermore, existing questionnaires for thyroid @entity1 are reviewed. A systematic search was performed in the Medline, Cinahl and Psycinfo databases and the reference lists of the relevant articles were hand-searched. Seventy-five relevant studies were identified. According to these studies, @entity1 with untreated @entity1374 suffer from a wide range of symptoms and have @entity73 in most areas of @entity283 . Furthermore, the studies indicate that impairments in @entity283 are also frequent in the long term. Six @entity283 questionnaires for thyroid @entity1 were identified. Generally, data supporting the validity of these questionnaires were sparse. According to the available literature, the quality of life of thyroid @entity1 is substantially impaired over a wide range of aspects of @entity283 in the untreated phase and continues to be so in many @entity1 also in the long term. Studies systematically exploring the relative importance of these various aspects to thyroid @entity1 are lacking, as is a comprehensive, validated thyroid-specific @entity283 questionnaire.

title: Quality of life in XXXX with @entity1374 . A review.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We examined the impact of @entity209 ( @entity209 ) on @entity65 (CV) events and investigated the mitigating effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 lowering and LDL @entity165 lowering plus high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 increasing. This analysis combined individual @entity1 data from 445 subjects who participated in 3 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (FATS, HATS, and AFREGS) comparing intensive lipid therapy to placebos on @entity3979 progression by quantitative coronary angiography and on major CV events. The primary end points were change in mean proximal coronary diameter @entity850 (Delta%S(prox)) over 3 years and the frequency of the predefined composite of @entity453 death, nonfatal @entity583 , @entity64 , and revascularization due to worsening @entity63 . @entity1 with @entity209 had 50% more rapid @entity3979 progression and 64% increased CV event frequency compared to those without. More rapid @entity3979 progression was significantly and independently associated with a 3.5-fold increased event risk (p <0.001). Combination lipid therapy significantly decreased @entity850 progression by 83% (Delta%S(prox) 0.5 vs 2.9, p <0.001) in @entity1 with @entity209 and induced a small net regression in those without (Delta%S(prox) -0.3 vs 2.0, p <0.001). Combination therapy decreased the event rate by 54% (13% vs 28%, p = 0.03) in those with @entity209 and by 82% (3% vs 17%, p = 0.002) without. On average, each 10% decrease in LDL @entity165 or 10% increase in HDL @entity165 was significantly associated with a 0.3 Delta%S(prox) decrease. Each 10% decrease in LDL @entity165 or 10% increase in HDL @entity165 was associated with 11% (p = 0.02) or 22% (p <0.001) event risk decrease. In conclusion, @entity1 with @entity209 have significantly more rapid @entity3979 progression and a higher frequency of CV events. Greater @entity850 progression rate is associated with a higher event rate. LDL @entity165 -lowering and HDL @entity165 -increasing therapies independently and significantly decrease @entity3979 progression and decrease CV events.

title: Effects of combination lipid therapy on XXXX progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease @entity1 with @entity209 : a combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['coronary stenosis progression and major cardiovascular']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3979 :: (MESH:D023921,Disease) :: ['coronary stenosis']


abstract: We examined the impact of @entity209 ( @entity209 ) on @entity65 (CV) events and investigated the mitigating effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 lowering and LDL @entity165 lowering plus high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 increasing. This analysis combined individual @entity1 data from 445 subjects who participated in 3 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (FATS, HATS, and AFREGS) comparing intensive lipid therapy to placebos on @entity3979 progression by quantitative coronary angiography and on major CV events. The primary end points were change in mean proximal coronary diameter @entity850 (Delta%S(prox)) over 3 years and the frequency of the predefined composite of @entity453 death, nonfatal @entity583 , @entity64 , and revascularization due to worsening @entity63 . @entity1 with @entity209 had 50% more rapid @entity3979 progression and 64% increased CV event frequency compared to those without. More rapid @entity3979 progression was significantly and independently associated with a 3.5-fold increased event risk (p <0.001). Combination lipid therapy significantly decreased @entity850 progression by 83% (Delta%S(prox) 0.5 vs 2.9, p <0.001) in @entity1 with @entity209 and induced a small net regression in those without (Delta%S(prox) -0.3 vs 2.0, p <0.001). Combination therapy decreased the event rate by 54% (13% vs 28%, p = 0.03) in those with @entity209 and by 82% (3% vs 17%, p = 0.002) without. On average, each 10% decrease in LDL @entity165 or 10% increase in HDL @entity165 was significantly associated with a 0.3 Delta%S(prox) decrease. Each 10% decrease in LDL @entity165 or 10% increase in HDL @entity165 was associated with 11% (p = 0.02) or 22% (p <0.001) event risk decrease. In conclusion, @entity1 with @entity209 have significantly more rapid @entity3979 progression and a higher frequency of CV events. Greater @entity850 progression rate is associated with a higher event rate. LDL @entity165 -lowering and HDL @entity165 -increasing therapies independently and significantly decrease @entity3979 progression and decrease CV events.

title: Effects of combination lipid therapy on @entity3979 progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease @entity1 with XXXX : a combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS).

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: We examined the impact of @entity209 ( @entity209 ) on @entity65 (CV) events and investigated the mitigating effects of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 lowering and LDL @entity165 lowering plus high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 increasing. This analysis combined individual @entity1 data from 445 subjects who participated in 3 double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (FATS, HATS, and AFREGS) comparing intensive lipid therapy to placebos on @entity3979 progression by quantitative coronary angiography and on major CV events. The primary end points were change in mean proximal coronary diameter @entity850 (Delta%S(prox)) over 3 years and the frequency of the predefined composite of @entity453 death, nonfatal @entity583 , @entity64 , and revascularization due to worsening @entity63 . @entity1 with @entity209 had 50% more rapid @entity3979 progression and 64% increased CV event frequency compared to those without. More rapid @entity3979 progression was significantly and independently associated with a 3.5-fold increased event risk (p <0.001). Combination lipid therapy significantly decreased @entity850 progression by 83% (Delta%S(prox) 0.5 vs 2.9, p <0.001) in @entity1 with @entity209 and induced a small net regression in those without (Delta%S(prox) -0.3 vs 2.0, p <0.001). Combination therapy decreased the event rate by 54% (13% vs 28%, p = 0.03) in those with @entity209 and by 82% (3% vs 17%, p = 0.002) without. On average, each 10% decrease in LDL @entity165 or 10% increase in HDL @entity165 was significantly associated with a 0.3 Delta%S(prox) decrease. Each 10% decrease in LDL @entity165 or 10% increase in HDL @entity165 was associated with 11% (p = 0.02) or 22% (p <0.001) event risk decrease. In conclusion, @entity1 with @entity209 have significantly more rapid @entity3979 progression and a higher frequency of CV events. Greater @entity850 progression rate is associated with a higher event rate. LDL @entity165 -lowering and HDL @entity165 -increasing therapies independently and significantly decrease @entity3979 progression and decrease CV events.

title: Effects of combination lipid therapy on @entity3979 progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease XXXX with @entity209 : a combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS).

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: To describe the morphologic features so the process can be easily identified during surgery, we studied 34 @entity1 with @entity65 , 32 of whom underwent excision and replacement of the ascending aorta or aortic valve or both. Of the 34 @entity1 , 22 were treated at Baylor University Medical Center from 1998 to 2008 and 12 at non-Baylor University Medical Center hospitals from 1958 to 1987. In all 34 @entity1 , the tubular portion of the aorta was diffusely thickened and the sinus portion of the aorta was apparently uninvolved. The process involved all 3 layers of the aorta, with thickening of the adventitia, mainly by fibrous tissue. Within the fibrous tissue were collections of plasma cells and lymphocytes, focal destruction of the media without thickening, and marked thickening of the intima by @entity731 . Serologic tests for syphilis were done in only 14 @entity1 (41%) and were positive (reactive) in 6 (43%) of them. The ascending aorta, however, was similar in all 34 @entity1 . In conclusion, @entity65 has not disappeared. Its identification during surgery can prompt appropriate antibiotic therapy postoperatively. Although the serologic test results for syphilis might be negative, antibiotic therapy is recommended for @entity1 with panaortitis requiring resection of the ascending aorta with or without @entity337 .

title: Identifying XXXX at operation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic-appearing lesions']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular syphilis']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular syphilis']


abstract: Acromegalic @entity1 can @entity27 or @entity1030 . The development of @entity1353 is unusual and the fixation of both vocal cords is exceptional. We report the case of a @entity1 with bilateral @entity3746 . Fiberoptic laryngoscopy and computed tomography (CT) of the neck showed a supra-glottic stenosis due to a swelling of the soft tissue. A tracheostomy was first performed. Thereafter, micro-laryngoscopy using laser vaporisation of the supra-glottic soft tissue was attempted but failed to remove the tracheostomy canula. Finally, blood tests and cerebral MRI revealed an @entity2012 . The @entity1 underwent a trans-sphenoidal resection of the @entity977 . Fifteen months later, fiberoptic laryngoscopy showed bilateral restoration of @entity3746 was successfully removed after 18 months. Vocal cord fixation is probably due to hypopharyngeal and laryngeal soft tissue swelling and can be reversible after successful treatment of the @entity652 .

title: @entity2012 presented as a cause of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['develop obstructive sleep apnea syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['upper airflow obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3746 :: ('MESH:D014826', 'Disease') :: ['vocal cord mobility and the tracheostomy canula', 'vocal cord paralysis']

answer: @entity1353 :: (MESH:D004417,Disease) :: ['laryngeal dyspnea']


abstract: Acromegalic @entity1 can @entity27 or @entity1030 . The development of @entity1353 is unusual and the fixation of both vocal cords is exceptional. We report the case of a @entity1 with bilateral @entity3746 . Fiberoptic laryngoscopy and computed tomography (CT) of the neck showed a supra-glottic stenosis due to a swelling of the soft tissue. A tracheostomy was first performed. Thereafter, micro-laryngoscopy using laser vaporisation of the supra-glottic soft tissue was attempted but failed to remove the tracheostomy canula. Finally, blood tests and cerebral MRI revealed an @entity2012 . The @entity1 underwent a trans-sphenoidal resection of the @entity977 . Fifteen months later, fiberoptic laryngoscopy showed bilateral restoration of @entity3746 was successfully removed after 18 months. Vocal cord fixation is probably due to hypopharyngeal and laryngeal soft tissue swelling and can be reversible after successful treatment of the @entity652 .

title: XXXX presented as a cause of @entity1353 .

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['Acromegaly']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) with @entity859 stress and delayed enhancement for indication and follow up after interventional recanalisation of chronic total coronary occlusions (CTOs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive @entity1 (15 males; 5 females; mean age 65 years) with CTO verified by cardiac catheterisation referred to CMRI. Sixteen of them got CMRI before and after coronary recanalisation. @entity854 ( @entity854 ), first pass perfusion with @entity859 and viability were assessed using a 1.5 T MR scanner (Sonata; Siemens). CMRI results were compared with clinical classifications, the results of cardiac catheterisation and follow up angiography. RESULTS: Sixteen @entity1 had a successful recanalisation, 15 of the occluded coronary artery and one of collateral donor artery stenosis. After recanalisation all stress-induced progressive or new @entity854 ( @entity854 ) of the corresponding segments and in the collateral donor territory (5 @entity1 ) and all @entity859 induced @entity154 ( @entity154 ) or delay (12 @entity1 ) were regredient. 13/16 @entity1 showed no transmural and one @entity1 transmural delayed enhancement (DE) indicating @entity296 . In 10/16 @entity1 CSS grading of angina improved after recanalisation. CONCLUSION: After successful recanalisation of CTOs, @entity1 with preinterventional stress-induced PDs and @entity854 in viable myocardium did not display any signs of stress-induced @entity63 postinterventionally. A comprehensive CMRI approach, including assessment of rest and stress @entity854 , first pass perfusion and myocardial viability represents an important tool for the pre-interventional decision to recanalise CTOs and follow up.

title: Impact on XXXX stress cardiac magnetic resonance for recanalisation and follow up of chronic total coronary occlusions.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'perfusion defects']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial scar']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['wall motion abnormalities', 'WMAs', 'Wall motion abnormalities']

answer: @entity859 :: (MESH:D000241,Chemical) :: ['adenosine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the short-term and long-term results in @entity1 undergoing radiofrequency (RF) for @entity27 ( @entity27 ). STUDY DESIGN: Case series and planned data collection. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A study was undertaken on 72 @entity27 @entity1 with palatal and tongue base obstruction based on radiography and physical findings. Multilevel RF was conducted to reduce the tissue. RESULTS: @entity1 had a mean age of 35.8 +/- 10.9 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.8 +/- 2.4 kg/m(2). The mean follow-up was 14.2 +/- 1.8 months, with a range of 12 to 16 months. Mean baseline @entity27 index (AHI), short-term AHI, and long-term AHI were 35.6 +/- 9.2, 12.5 +/- 4.8, and 16.8 +/- 3.2, respectively. Mean baseline lowest @entity26 saturation (LSAT), short-term LSAT, and long-term LSAT were 85.6 +/- 3.4 percent, 88.7 +/- 2.9 percent, and 88.2 +/- 1.7 percent, respectively. The change in BMI was significantly different in the @entity1 with and without recurrence (2.8 +/- 1.8 vs 0.3 +/- 0.2 kg/m(2), P < 0.01). Forty (55.6%) @entity1 had long-term success, and eight (16.7%) @entity1 with short-term success failed in the long term. Serious complications were not encountered. CONCLUSION: RF is a minimally invasive and effective procedure that results in long-term success for @entity1 with a relatively low BMI and mild to moderate @entity27 without nasal obstruction. However, a recommendation concerning weight control and a regular follow-up are important because some @entity1 will relapse in the long term.

title: Radiofrequency surgery for the treatment of XXXX : short-term and long-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['apnea-hypopnea', 'obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

answer: @entity27 :: (MESH:D020181,Disease) :: ['obstructive sleep apnea']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a @entity135 ( @entity135 ) or a selective neck dissection (SND) is indicated as planned post-primary chemoradiation treatment (CRT) for @entity1 with advanced @entity957 ( @entity957 ). STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: A community teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with advanced @entity957 who received a uniform CRT protocol at Greater Baltimore Medical Center (GBMC). METHODS: Medical records of @entity1 treated with primary CRT for locoregionally advanced @entity957 at GBMC between 2001 and 2007 were reviewed. All @entity1 received 7000 to 7500, 6000, and 5000 cGy to primary disease sites, involved cervical lymphatics, and uninvolved cervical and supraclavicular lymphatics, respectively, with concomitant @entity900 (12 mg/m(2)/1 h) and @entity1487 (600 mg/m(2)/20 h) given on days one through five and 29 through 33. RESULTS: Seventy-six @entity1 received CRT, and 41 met the criteria for neck dissection. Forty-eight neck dissections were performed (34 unilateral and 7 bilateral), of which 23 (48%) were CNDs and 25 (52%) were SNDs. @entity189 was found in six (26%) of the @entity135 and five (20%) of the SND heminecks. The @entity135 group had six (26%) complications, whereas the SND group had two (8%). CONCLUSION: The high rate of @entity66 demonstrated in this study supports the need for post-CRT neck dissection. Although complication rates were not significantly different between the two groups, the trend in this study indicates that SND results in less morbidity. The presumed reduced morbidity and equivalent regional control rate suggest that SND is an appropriate surgical option for @entity957 @entity1 after primary CRT.

title: Selective versus @entity135 after chemoradiation for advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['comprehensive neck dissection', 'CND']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['OPSCC', 'oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Residual carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a @entity135 ( @entity135 ) or a selective neck dissection (SND) is indicated as planned post-primary chemoradiation treatment (CRT) for @entity1 with advanced @entity957 ( @entity957 ). STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: A community teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with advanced @entity957 who received a uniform CRT protocol at Greater Baltimore Medical Center (GBMC). METHODS: Medical records of @entity1 treated with primary CRT for locoregionally advanced @entity957 at GBMC between 2001 and 2007 were reviewed. All @entity1 received 7000 to 7500, 6000, and 5000 cGy to primary disease sites, involved cervical lymphatics, and uninvolved cervical and supraclavicular lymphatics, respectively, with concomitant @entity900 (12 mg/m(2)/1 h) and @entity1487 (600 mg/m(2)/20 h) given on days one through five and 29 through 33. RESULTS: Seventy-six @entity1 received CRT, and 41 met the criteria for neck dissection. Forty-eight neck dissections were performed (34 unilateral and 7 bilateral), of which 23 (48%) were CNDs and 25 (52%) were SNDs. @entity189 was found in six (26%) of the @entity135 and five (20%) of the SND heminecks. The @entity135 group had six (26%) complications, whereas the SND group had two (8%). CONCLUSION: The high rate of @entity66 demonstrated in this study supports the need for post-CRT neck dissection. Although complication rates were not significantly different between the two groups, the trend in this study indicates that SND results in less morbidity. The presumed reduced morbidity and equivalent regional control rate suggest that SND is an appropriate surgical option for @entity957 @entity1 after primary CRT.

title: Selective versus XXXX after chemoradiation for advanced @entity957 .

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['comprehensive neck dissection']


abstract: @entity74 ( @entity74 ) is an inherited form of @entity261 caused by activating mutations in the @entity460 -sensing receptor (CaR). Treatment with @entity461 (1-34) may be superior to conventional therapy but is contraindicated in @entity1 , and long-term effects on the skeleton are unknown. The @entity1 is a 20-yr-old female with @entity74 treated with @entity461 continuously since 6 yr and 2 mo of age. A bone biopsy was obtained for histomorphometry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). Her data were compared with one age-, sex-, and length of @entity261 -matched control not on @entity461 and two sex-matched @entity74 controls before and after 1 yr of @entity461 . The @entity1 's growth was normal. @entity5200 and hypermagnesuria persisted despite normal or subnormal serum @entity460 and @entity1760 levels. @entity11604 , without evidence of @entity8 , developed by 19 yr of age. Cancellous bone volume was dramatically elevated in the @entity1 and in @entity74 controls after 1 yr of @entity461 . BMD distribution (BMDD) by qBEI of the @entity1 and @entity74 controls was strikingly shifted toward lower mineralization compared with the non- @entity74 control. Moreover, the @entity74 controls exhibited a further reduction in mineralization after 1 yr of @entity461 . These findings imply a role for CaR in bone matrix mineralization. There were no @entity174 or @entity421 . In conclusion, long-term @entity461 replacement in a @entity1 with @entity74 was not unsafe, increased bone mass without negatively impacting mineralization, and improved serum mineral control but did not prevent @entity11604 . Additionally, this may be the first evidence of a role for CaR in @entity1 bone.

title: @entity461 (1-34) replacement therapy in a XXXX with @entity261 caused by a sporadic @entity460 receptor mutation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired renal function']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity11604 :: ('MESH:D009397', 'Disease') :: ['nephrocalcinosis', 'Nephrocalcinosis']

entities_list: @entity261 :: ('MESH:D007011', 'Disease') :: ['hypoparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia', 'ADH']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity5200 :: ('MESH:D053565', 'Disease') :: ['Hypercalciuria']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']


abstract: @entity74 ( @entity74 ) is an inherited form of @entity261 caused by activating mutations in the @entity460 -sensing receptor (CaR). Treatment with @entity461 (1-34) may be superior to conventional therapy but is contraindicated in @entity1 , and long-term effects on the skeleton are unknown. The @entity1 is a 20-yr-old female with @entity74 treated with @entity461 continuously since 6 yr and 2 mo of age. A bone biopsy was obtained for histomorphometry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). Her data were compared with one age-, sex-, and length of @entity261 -matched control not on @entity461 and two sex-matched @entity74 controls before and after 1 yr of @entity461 . The @entity1 's growth was normal. @entity5200 and hypermagnesuria persisted despite normal or subnormal serum @entity460 and @entity1760 levels. @entity11604 , without evidence of @entity8 , developed by 19 yr of age. Cancellous bone volume was dramatically elevated in the @entity1 and in @entity74 controls after 1 yr of @entity461 . BMD distribution (BMDD) by qBEI of the @entity1 and @entity74 controls was strikingly shifted toward lower mineralization compared with the non- @entity74 control. Moreover, the @entity74 controls exhibited a further reduction in mineralization after 1 yr of @entity461 . These findings imply a role for CaR in bone matrix mineralization. There were no @entity174 or @entity421 . In conclusion, long-term @entity461 replacement in a @entity1 with @entity74 was not unsafe, increased bone mass without negatively impacting mineralization, and improved serum mineral control but did not prevent @entity11604 . Additionally, this may be the first evidence of a role for CaR in @entity1 bone.

title: @entity461 (1-34) replacement therapy in a @entity1 with XXXX caused by a sporadic @entity460 receptor mutation.

answer: @entity261 :: (MESH:D007011,Disease) :: ['hypoparathyroidism']


abstract: @entity74 ( @entity74 ) is an inherited form of @entity261 caused by activating mutations in the @entity460 -sensing receptor (CaR). Treatment with @entity461 (1-34) may be superior to conventional therapy but is contraindicated in @entity1 , and long-term effects on the skeleton are unknown. The @entity1 is a 20-yr-old female with @entity74 treated with @entity461 continuously since 6 yr and 2 mo of age. A bone biopsy was obtained for histomorphometry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). Her data were compared with one age-, sex-, and length of @entity261 -matched control not on @entity461 and two sex-matched @entity74 controls before and after 1 yr of @entity461 . The @entity1 's growth was normal. @entity5200 and hypermagnesuria persisted despite normal or subnormal serum @entity460 and @entity1760 levels. @entity11604 , without evidence of @entity8 , developed by 19 yr of age. Cancellous bone volume was dramatically elevated in the @entity1 and in @entity74 controls after 1 yr of @entity461 . BMD distribution (BMDD) by qBEI of the @entity1 and @entity74 controls was strikingly shifted toward lower mineralization compared with the non- @entity74 control. Moreover, the @entity74 controls exhibited a further reduction in mineralization after 1 yr of @entity461 . These findings imply a role for CaR in bone matrix mineralization. There were no @entity174 or @entity421 . In conclusion, long-term @entity461 replacement in a @entity1 with @entity74 was not unsafe, increased bone mass without negatively impacting mineralization, and improved serum mineral control but did not prevent @entity11604 . Additionally, this may be the first evidence of a role for CaR in @entity1 bone.

title: @entity461 (1-34) replacement therapy in a @entity1 with @entity261 caused by a sporadic XXXX receptor mutation.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: @entity74 ( @entity74 ) is an inherited form of @entity261 caused by activating mutations in the @entity460 -sensing receptor (CaR). Treatment with @entity461 (1-34) may be superior to conventional therapy but is contraindicated in @entity1 , and long-term effects on the skeleton are unknown. The @entity1 is a 20-yr-old female with @entity74 treated with @entity461 continuously since 6 yr and 2 mo of age. A bone biopsy was obtained for histomorphometry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). Her data were compared with one age-, sex-, and length of @entity261 -matched control not on @entity461 and two sex-matched @entity74 controls before and after 1 yr of @entity461 . The @entity1 's growth was normal. @entity5200 and hypermagnesuria persisted despite normal or subnormal serum @entity460 and @entity1760 levels. @entity11604 , without evidence of @entity8 , developed by 19 yr of age. Cancellous bone volume was dramatically elevated in the @entity1 and in @entity74 controls after 1 yr of @entity461 . BMD distribution (BMDD) by qBEI of the @entity1 and @entity74 controls was strikingly shifted toward lower mineralization compared with the non- @entity74 control. Moreover, the @entity74 controls exhibited a further reduction in mineralization after 1 yr of @entity461 . These findings imply a role for CaR in bone matrix mineralization. There were no @entity174 or @entity421 . In conclusion, long-term @entity461 replacement in a @entity1 with @entity74 was not unsafe, increased bone mass without negatively impacting mineralization, and improved serum mineral control but did not prevent @entity11604 . Additionally, this may be the first evidence of a role for CaR in @entity1 bone.

title: XXXX (1-34) replacement therapy in a @entity1 with @entity261 caused by a sporadic @entity460 receptor mutation.

answer: @entity461 :: (5741,Gene) :: ['PTH']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Age at onset of @entity716 may carry clinical significance across @entity914 and appears to be associated with specific @entity74 . METHODS: We used the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) to examine clinical characteristics contributing to age at onset variability in @entity1 with @entity161 (n = 80), @entity914 (n = 61), and @entity162 with @entity716 features (n = 92). RESULTS: Age at onset did not differ across DSM-IV diagnostic groups. Multiple regression analyses revealed that comorbid lifetime cannabis, but not @entity167 , abuse/dependence was associated with a statistically significant 3 years earlier age at onset of @entity716 . @entity1 developed @entity835 /dependence an additional 3 years before @entity716 . @entity1 with comorbid lifetime @entity4697 also had a 4-year earlier age at onset of @entity716 . The effects of @entity4697 and @entity835 /dependence were independent of one another. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset of @entity716 , regardless of the specific DSM-IV diagnosis, is characterized by differential clinical features, notably a history of lifetime @entity835 /dependence. @entity4697 comorbidity is also associated with earlier age at onset of @entity716 . Our findings indicate that examination of clinical and biological characteristics of @entity1 with @entity716 regardless of DSM-IV diagnosis can uncover relevant information.

title: Clinical characteristics influencing age at onset in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder']

entities_list: @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['Panic disorder', 'panic disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Mental Disorders']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['schizoaffective disorder', 'psychotic disorders']

entities_list: @entity835 :: ('MESH:D002189', 'Disease') :: ['cannabis abuse']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'psychosis']

answer: @entity914 :: (MESH:D011618,Disease) :: ['psychotic disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There have been several reports on strictureplasty for @entity30 . However, in most of them the majority of the @entity1 underwent synchronous bowel resections. The efficacy of strictureplasty has been often attributed to the synchronous bowel resection. This study was undertaken to assess the long-term results of strictureplasty alone for jejunoileal @entity30 . METHODS: Forty-three @entity1 who underwent 135 primary strictureplasties without synchronous resection for jejunoileal @entity30 between 1980 and 1997 were reviewed. Factors affecting reoperation rates were examined by using a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: There were no operative deaths. Intra-abdominal septic complications ( @entity733 / @entity292 ) developed in 4 @entity1 (9%). Abdominal symptoms were relieved in all but two @entity1 , who required further surgery within 6 months after operation. After a median follow-up of 9 years 21 @entity1 (49%) required reoperation for small-bowel recurrence. A multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazard model showed that only age at operation (<35 years, hazard ratio 11.1 versus >35 years, P = 0.002) was an independent significant factor affecting the reoperation rate. Sex, duration of symptoms, smoking, previous small-bowel resection, @entity230 use, preoperative nutritional status, and site, number, or length of strictureplasties did not affect the reoperation rates. At present all the @entity1 are asymptomatic and receiving neither medical treatment nor nutritional support. CONCLUSIONS: Strictureplasty is a safe and efficacious procedure for jejunoileal @entity30 in the long term. Only youth was an independent significant risk factor for recurrence requiring surgery.

title: Long-term results of strictureplasty without synchronous resection for jejunoileal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']