abstract: The tsr gene of @entity526 , located at approximately 99 min on the chromosomal map, encodes a @entity5498 -accepting protein that serves as the chemoreceptor and signal transducer for chemotactic responses to @entity563 and several repellents. To determine whether any other @entity6722 or motility genes were located in the tsr region, we constructed and characterized two lambda tsr transducing phages that each contain about 12 kilobases of chromosomal material adjacent to tsr. lambda tsr70 carries sequences from the promoter-proximal side of tsr; lambda tsr72 carries sequences from the promoter-distal side of tsr. Restriction maps of the bacterial inserts in these phages and Southern hybridization analyses of the bacterial chromosome indicated that the tsr gene is transcribed in the counterclockwise direction on the genetic map. Insert deletions were isolated in lambda tsr70 and transferred into the host chromosome to examine the null phenotype of tsr. All such strains exhibited wild-type swimming patterns and chemotactic responses to a variety of stimuli, but were specifically defective in @entity563 taxis and other Tsr-mediated responses. In addition, UV programming experiments demonstrated that Tsr and several of its presumptive degradation products were the only bacterial proteins encoded by lambda tsr70 and lambda tsr72 that required host FlbB/FlaI function for expression. These findings indicate that there are probably no other @entity6722 -related genes in the tsr region. A series of tsr point mutations were isolated by propagating lambda tsr70 on a mutD host and used to construct a fine-structure map of the tsr locus. These mutations should prove valuable in exploring structure-function relationships in the Tsr transducer.

title: Chemotaxis in XXXX : construction and properties of lambda tsr transducing phage.

entities_list: @entity6722 :: ('MESH:C565534', 'Disease') :: ['chemotaxis']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: The first step in the processing of 47S precursor rRNA in @entity19 cells is reproduced in vitro in an S-100 transcription reaction and consists of an endonucleolytic cleavage at residue +650 of the primary transcript followed by rapid degradation of the fragment upstream from residue +650. An analogous processing occurs in @entity1 rRNA. The @entity19 and @entity1 rRNA sequences are approximately equal to 80% conserved for 200 @entity2036 on the 3' side of these processing sites, suggesting that this conserved region may be important in specifying the processing. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a systematic series of deletion mutants approaching the @entity19 rDNA processing region from both the 5' and 3' directions and analyzed the processing of their transcripts in vitro. The 5' boundary of the region required for processing is quite sharp and corresponds to the rRNA cleavage site at the 5' end of the conserved sequence region. The 3' boundary is more complex: The 3' deletions extending to between 250 and 130 @entity2036 beyond the processing site cause about a 50% decrease in the amount of the processed RNA. A 3' deletion that extends to 109 @entity2036 beyond the processing site greatly reduces the processing efficiency. Deletions to or beyond 91 @entity2036 on the 3' side of the processing site virtually eliminate processing. Under altered ionic conditions, transcripts of 3' deletions extending to only 41 @entity2036 beyond the processing site can still direct a low level of accurate processing. These results demonstrate that the @entity19 / @entity1 conserved sequence just on the 3' side of the primary rRNA processing site consists of several domains that direct and/or augment both the initial endonucleolytic cleavage and the closely coupled selective degradation of the upstream fragment that together constitute the primary rRNA processing event.

title: Nucleotide sequence determining the first cleavage site in the processing of XXXX precursor rRNA.

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5513 presenting as massive intratumoural @entity548 is quite an uncommon entity, with less than 40 clinical reports in the literature. Secondary mass effect compressing the brain stem may be a life threatening condition. CASE REPORT: A 38 years old male was admitted at our hospital with several @entity129 on the right side and decreased level of consciousness (GCS 5) of acute onset. On cranial computed tomography a great haematoma was found in the right cerebello pontine angle, appearing to be an intratumoural bleeding. Emergency surgery was performed with complete removal of the @entity5 related to the @entity797 cranial nerve, which was diagnosed as hypervascularized @entity808 . Clinical outcome was good. CONCLUSIONS: Intratumoural @entity548 in @entity5513 is rare, appearing mostly in those @entity5 measuring more than 3 cm and with increased vascularity. In general they manifest with @entity51 . Acute @entity16 with decrease in consciousness level although exceptional may be associated to great mortality rates. The treatment of choice is the complete removal of the haematoma and the @entity5 , in one surgery if possible. Prognosis is good in most cases, with morbidity consisting on @entity129 . @entity2652 may restore at least partial facial function. Neurophysiology tests give a clear measurement of @entity129 and their evolution with treatments.

title: [Massive @entity548 as a clinical presentation of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsies', 'cranial nerve lesions']

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['Acoustic neurinoma', 'acoustic neurinomas']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoglossal facial anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'haematoma and of the tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['subtle neurological deficits']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['acoustic neuroma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5513 presenting as massive intratumoural @entity548 is quite an uncommon entity, with less than 40 clinical reports in the literature. Secondary mass effect compressing the brain stem may be a life threatening condition. CASE REPORT: A 38 years old male was admitted at our hospital with several @entity129 on the right side and decreased level of consciousness (GCS 5) of acute onset. On cranial computed tomography a great haematoma was found in the right cerebello pontine angle, appearing to be an intratumoural bleeding. Emergency surgery was performed with complete removal of the @entity5 related to the @entity797 cranial nerve, which was diagnosed as hypervascularized @entity808 . Clinical outcome was good. CONCLUSIONS: Intratumoural @entity548 in @entity5513 is rare, appearing mostly in those @entity5 measuring more than 3 cm and with increased vascularity. In general they manifest with @entity51 . Acute @entity16 with decrease in consciousness level although exceptional may be associated to great mortality rates. The treatment of choice is the complete removal of the haematoma and the @entity5 , in one surgery if possible. Prognosis is good in most cases, with morbidity consisting on @entity129 . @entity2652 may restore at least partial facial function. Neurophysiology tests give a clear measurement of @entity129 and their evolution with treatments.

title: [Massive XXXX as a clinical presentation of @entity5513 ].

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['intratumoral haemorrhage']


abstract: The replication of type 1 @entity9925 in 13 established @entity1 blood cell lines differing in the differentiation stage and cell lineage was investigated. Three T (CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, and Molt-3) and three B (Raji, CCRF-SB, and RPMI 8226) cell lines showed no cytopathic effects (CPE) or virus production. CPE associated with virus production were detected in the other seven cell lines: HL-60, ML-1, and KG-1 (granulocytic lineage), U-937 and @entity1357 (monocytic lineage), K-562 (erythroid lineage), and Molt-4 (T cell lineage). These susceptible cell lines greatly differed in the speed at which the CPE progressed. The progression of CPE was faster in relatively well-differentiated cell lines such as HL-60 and U-937, independently of the multiplicity of @entity281 , than in less differentiated cell lines such as K-562, KG-1, and @entity1357 . Thus, for the same lineage, the speed at which CPE progressed became proportionally higher with subsequent differentiation stages. In the K-562 cell culture, CPE were not observed until at least 5 days postinfection (p.i.), while more than 80% of HL-60 cells were killed within 3 days p.i. There were no significant differences between infected HL-60 and K-562 cells in the @entity281 determined at 8 hr p.i. by the indirect immunofluorescent technique, the rate of virus growth, or the amount of viral capsid protein synthesized. This indicated that there were similar viral replication cycles in the two cell lines. These observations suggest that the killing function of the virus is expressed more slowly in K-562 cells than in HL-60 cells.

title: XXXX @entity281 of established @entity1 blood cell lines: relationship between the differentiation stage and susceptibility of cell killing.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'efficiency of infection']

answer: @entity9925 :: (138950,Species) :: ['Poliovirus']


abstract: The replication of type 1 @entity9925 in 13 established @entity1 blood cell lines differing in the differentiation stage and cell lineage was investigated. Three T (CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, and Molt-3) and three B (Raji, CCRF-SB, and RPMI 8226) cell lines showed no cytopathic effects (CPE) or virus production. CPE associated with virus production were detected in the other seven cell lines: HL-60, ML-1, and KG-1 (granulocytic lineage), U-937 and @entity1357 (monocytic lineage), K-562 (erythroid lineage), and Molt-4 (T cell lineage). These susceptible cell lines greatly differed in the speed at which the CPE progressed. The progression of CPE was faster in relatively well-differentiated cell lines such as HL-60 and U-937, independently of the multiplicity of @entity281 , than in less differentiated cell lines such as K-562, KG-1, and @entity1357 . Thus, for the same lineage, the speed at which CPE progressed became proportionally higher with subsequent differentiation stages. In the K-562 cell culture, CPE were not observed until at least 5 days postinfection (p.i.), while more than 80% of HL-60 cells were killed within 3 days p.i. There were no significant differences between infected HL-60 and K-562 cells in the @entity281 determined at 8 hr p.i. by the indirect immunofluorescent technique, the rate of virus growth, or the amount of viral capsid protein synthesized. This indicated that there were similar viral replication cycles in the two cell lines. These observations suggest that the killing function of the virus is expressed more slowly in K-562 cells than in HL-60 cells.

title: @entity9925 XXXX of established @entity1 blood cell lines: relationship between the differentiation stage and susceptibility of cell killing.

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: The replication of type 1 @entity9925 in 13 established @entity1 blood cell lines differing in the differentiation stage and cell lineage was investigated. Three T (CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, and Molt-3) and three B (Raji, CCRF-SB, and RPMI 8226) cell lines showed no cytopathic effects (CPE) or virus production. CPE associated with virus production were detected in the other seven cell lines: HL-60, ML-1, and KG-1 (granulocytic lineage), U-937 and @entity1357 (monocytic lineage), K-562 (erythroid lineage), and Molt-4 (T cell lineage). These susceptible cell lines greatly differed in the speed at which the CPE progressed. The progression of CPE was faster in relatively well-differentiated cell lines such as HL-60 and U-937, independently of the multiplicity of @entity281 , than in less differentiated cell lines such as K-562, KG-1, and @entity1357 . Thus, for the same lineage, the speed at which CPE progressed became proportionally higher with subsequent differentiation stages. In the K-562 cell culture, CPE were not observed until at least 5 days postinfection (p.i.), while more than 80% of HL-60 cells were killed within 3 days p.i. There were no significant differences between infected HL-60 and K-562 cells in the @entity281 determined at 8 hr p.i. by the indirect immunofluorescent technique, the rate of virus growth, or the amount of viral capsid protein synthesized. This indicated that there were similar viral replication cycles in the two cell lines. These observations suggest that the killing function of the virus is expressed more slowly in K-562 cells than in HL-60 cells.

title: @entity9925 @entity281 of established XXXX blood cell lines: relationship between the differentiation stage and susceptibility of cell killing.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1545 is known to result in various degrees of disordered haemostasis. Moreover, the recently developed assays of molecular markers of haemostasis can give an accurate reflection of its activation in vivo. The aim of this study was to monitor the levels of prothrombin fraction 1 + 2 ( @entity6343 ), thrombin antithrombin complexes (TAT) and D-dimer on the admission of @entity1 to the ICU and up to the fourth day postinjury. Seventeen @entity1 with @entity542 (Glasgow @entity772 scale 12 or less) were studied at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh. Their ages ranged from 10 to 40 years (mean 26). Blood samples were collected from the internal jugular vein, peripheral vein and artery. The mean levels of TAT and @entity6343 in the internal jugular vein was significantly higher than in both peripheral venous and arterial blood on admission and 24 h later. Thereafter, the levels in the three locations dropped significantly, but remained elevated above controls. D-dimer levels were very markedly elevated to a similar extent in the three locations throughout the study period. The prothrombin time was significantly prolonged in the three locations in the first two days. Plasma @entity2002 levels dropped very significantly in the jugular vein, and increased to above reference values later. Protein S and factor VII showed a significant drop in the first two days and increased to normal range thereafter. Outcome was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months postinjury. Haemostatic measurements could not predict good outcome (12 @entity1 ) or bad outcome (four deaths). It was concluded that haemostatic activation is a transient, but common phenomenon after @entity542 and is more prominent in cerebrovascular than in peripheral blood. The number of @entity1 studied is too small to allow reliable association to be drawn between haemostatic changes on admission and prediction of outcome.

title: The coagulopathy in XXXX : comparison of cerebral versus peripheral measurements of haemostatic activation markers.

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['Brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['acute head injury']


abstract: @entity5 of the appendix is an endocrine @entity5 that is histologically similar to, but biologically less aggressive than @entity4303 arising from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we examined @entity5962 , @entity3546 , @entity46182 , @entity876 and Ki67 immunoexpression in cases of @entity2466 and made a comparison with non- @entity2466 tumors. Nine cases of @entity2466 and 11 biopsies of @entity4303 of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, five cases of the small intestine and six of the stomach were immunohistochemically evaluated for Ki67, @entity876 , @entity46182 , @entity5962 and @entity3546 . Two main patterns of @entity3546 staining were observed. The first pattern was characterized as membranous and cytoplasmic, and was seen mainly in the peripheral cells of the nests. The second pattern was diffuse, predominantly membranous. Most (five of seven) @entity2466 and only three of 11 non-appendiceal cases showed the first staining pattern (p < 0.05). Immunoexpression of @entity5962 and @entity46182 was similar in both groups. @entity876 and Ki-67 immunostaining revealed stronger nuclear positivity in the non- @entity2466 tumors (statistically not significant). We found a pattern of @entity3546 immunostaining in typical @entity5 of the appendix that was different from the pattern seen in non- @entity2466 tumors. This alteration suggests that @entity2466 may represent a different subtype of @entity5 with different immunohistochemical and biological behavior.

title: Different XXXX immunoexpression in @entity5 of the appendix in comparison to other gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors.

entities_list: @entity2466 :: ('MESH:D001063', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid of the appendix', 'appendiceal carcinoid', 'appendiceal carcinoids']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'carcinoid tumors', 'Carcinoid tumor']

entities_list: @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoids', 'carcinoid']

answer: @entity3546 :: (1499,Gene) :: ['beta-catenin']


abstract: @entity5 of the appendix is an endocrine @entity5 that is histologically similar to, but biologically less aggressive than @entity4303 arising from other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we examined @entity5962 , @entity3546 , @entity46182 , @entity876 and Ki67 immunoexpression in cases of @entity2466 and made a comparison with non- @entity2466 tumors. Nine cases of @entity2466 and 11 biopsies of @entity4303 of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, five cases of the small intestine and six of the stomach were immunohistochemically evaluated for Ki67, @entity876 , @entity46182 , @entity5962 and @entity3546 . Two main patterns of @entity3546 staining were observed. The first pattern was characterized as membranous and cytoplasmic, and was seen mainly in the peripheral cells of the nests. The second pattern was diffuse, predominantly membranous. Most (five of seven) @entity2466 and only three of 11 non-appendiceal cases showed the first staining pattern (p < 0.05). Immunoexpression of @entity5962 and @entity46182 was similar in both groups. @entity876 and Ki-67 immunostaining revealed stronger nuclear positivity in the non- @entity2466 tumors (statistically not significant). We found a pattern of @entity3546 immunostaining in typical @entity5 of the appendix that was different from the pattern seen in non- @entity2466 tumors. This alteration suggests that @entity2466 may represent a different subtype of @entity5 with different immunohistochemical and biological behavior.

title: Different @entity3546 immunoexpression in XXXX of the appendix in comparison to other gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['carcinoid tumors']


abstract: Primary @entity1893 rarely arise from the lower urinary tract, the urethra being the most uncommon site of origin. Herein, we report the immunohistochemical findings of a case of primary marginal zone @entity1892 ( @entity1074 ) arising from the male urethra. To clarify the clinicopathological findings of primary @entity706 , we reviewed 14 previously reported cases. A 56-year-old @entity1 presented with gross @entity811 . Cystourethroscopy demonstrated a nodular bulge of the urethral wall. Histologically, a transurethral biopsy specimen showed a dense lymphoplasmacytoid infiltrate in the urethral mucosa. The @entity5 cells were composed of centrocyte-like cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. A few plasma cells contained intracytoplasmic pseudoinclusions (Dutcher bodies). Immunohistochemical study revealed monotypic intracytoplasmic kappa-light chain in the plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. The @entity1 received a total of 50 Gy extrabeam irradiation. Follow-up 21 months later did not disclose any sign of local or other recurrences.

title: Primary @entity1074 ( @entity1074 ) XXXX arising from the male urethra. A case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['urethral lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphomas"]

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: Primary @entity1893 rarely arise from the lower urinary tract, the urethra being the most uncommon site of origin. Herein, we report the immunohistochemical findings of a case of primary marginal zone @entity1892 ( @entity1074 ) arising from the male urethra. To clarify the clinicopathological findings of primary @entity706 , we reviewed 14 previously reported cases. A 56-year-old @entity1 presented with gross @entity811 . Cystourethroscopy demonstrated a nodular bulge of the urethral wall. Histologically, a transurethral biopsy specimen showed a dense lymphoplasmacytoid infiltrate in the urethral mucosa. The @entity5 cells were composed of centrocyte-like cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. A few plasma cells contained intracytoplasmic pseudoinclusions (Dutcher bodies). Immunohistochemical study revealed monotypic intracytoplasmic kappa-light chain in the plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. The @entity1 received a total of 50 Gy extrabeam irradiation. Follow-up 21 months later did not disclose any sign of local or other recurrences.

title: Primary XXXX ( @entity1074 ) @entity706 arising from the male urethra. A case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity1074 :: (MESH:D018442,Disease) :: ['mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue']


abstract: Primary @entity1893 rarely arise from the lower urinary tract, the urethra being the most uncommon site of origin. Herein, we report the immunohistochemical findings of a case of primary marginal zone @entity1892 ( @entity1074 ) arising from the male urethra. To clarify the clinicopathological findings of primary @entity706 , we reviewed 14 previously reported cases. A 56-year-old @entity1 presented with gross @entity811 . Cystourethroscopy demonstrated a nodular bulge of the urethral wall. Histologically, a transurethral biopsy specimen showed a dense lymphoplasmacytoid infiltrate in the urethral mucosa. The @entity5 cells were composed of centrocyte-like cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. A few plasma cells contained intracytoplasmic pseudoinclusions (Dutcher bodies). Immunohistochemical study revealed monotypic intracytoplasmic kappa-light chain in the plasma cells and plasmacytoid cells. The @entity1 received a total of 50 Gy extrabeam irradiation. Follow-up 21 months later did not disclose any sign of local or other recurrences.

title: Primary @entity1074 ( XXXX ) @entity706 arising from the male urethra. A case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity1074 :: (MESH:D018442,Disease) :: ['MALT']


abstract: In this study we investigated the relationship between personality attitudes, psychopathological symptoms and biological parameters in @entity4810 . Eighty-four infertile @entity1 underwent a psychological and medical examination at our clinic. The psychological tests comprised the Symptom Checklist 90-R, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the NEO-Five Factor Inventory. Seminal parameters, gonadotrophins, sex @entity230 , @entity701 and prolactin were analyzed to obtain biological data. Compared with questionnaires completed by normal populations those in the study group scored higher on the scales for 'conscientiousness', 'agreeableness', 'alexithymia' and 'somatization' and lower on the scale for ' @entity663 '. Regarding psychobiological correlations we found a negative correlation between seminal parameters and 'extraversion', ' @entity148 ' and 'psychoticism'. 'Alexithymia' was negatively correlated with stress hormones and 'conscientiousness' was correlated with sex @entity230 . The findings suggest above average social competence in the study group. The psychobiological correlations indicate a link between social-competence-related personality traits such as 'extraversion' and 'conscientiousness' and biological fertility characteristics. Implications of a higher alexithymia in infertile @entity1 , which is negatively correlated with stress hormones, are discussed.

title: Relationships between personality traits, seminal parameters and hormones in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['male infertility']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity663 :: ('MESH:C564323', 'Disease') :: ['neuroticism']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity4810 :: (MESH:D007248,Disease) :: ['male infertility']


abstract: Kupffer cells constitute a major source of the @entity1446 -degrading enzyme, @entity1446 oxygenase (HO). This study examined the roles of Kupffer cells in the modulation of accelerated @entity1446 catabolism in @entity63 -reperfused @entity35 livers. Livers from @entity35 treated with or without liposome-encapsulated @entity19160 , a Kupffer cell-depleting reagent, underwent a 20-min ligation of the portal vein followed by reperfusion, The time course of the biliary output of @entity648 , the terminal @entity1446 -degrading product, and the expression of @entity22456 mRNA and protein were monitored. @entity22456 mRNA levels were elevated 3 to 12 h after @entity63 /reperfusion in both control and Kupffer cell-depleted @entity35 . Immunohistochemical analyses of control livers revealed that Kupffer cells expressed high levels of @entity22456 while its expression in hepatocytes was low. In Kupffer cell-depleted livers, however, periportal hepatocytes displayed marked @entity22456 expression. Under these conditions the two groups exhibited distinct profiles of biliary @entity648 excretion. In the controls, total @entity648 excretion increased 8-fold and peaked at 10 h after @entity63 /reperfusion. In contrast, the Kupffer cell-depleting treatment resulted in a significant acceleration of the initial rise in @entity648 production, which peaked at 4 h. However, the total amount of @entity648 excreted within the initial 10 h after reperfusion was reduced by 50% as compared with that of the controls. In Kupffer cell-depleted @entity35 , the levels of GOT and @entity4749 as well as serum endotoxin concentrations were elevated after @entity63 /reperfusion. These results suggest that Kupffer cells serve as an @entity63 /reperfusion sensor that upregulates @entity1446 degradation and @entity648 excretion, and that Kupffer cells protect hepatocytes from gut-derived stressers--including endotoxin--following @entity63 /reperfusion.

title: The protective role of Kupffer cells in the XXXX -reperfused @entity35 liver.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity19160 :: ('MESH:D004002', 'Chemical') :: ['dichloromethylene diphosphonate']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: Kupffer cells constitute a major source of the @entity1446 -degrading enzyme, @entity1446 oxygenase (HO). This study examined the roles of Kupffer cells in the modulation of accelerated @entity1446 catabolism in @entity63 -reperfused @entity35 livers. Livers from @entity35 treated with or without liposome-encapsulated @entity19160 , a Kupffer cell-depleting reagent, underwent a 20-min ligation of the portal vein followed by reperfusion, The time course of the biliary output of @entity648 , the terminal @entity1446 -degrading product, and the expression of @entity22456 mRNA and protein were monitored. @entity22456 mRNA levels were elevated 3 to 12 h after @entity63 /reperfusion in both control and Kupffer cell-depleted @entity35 . Immunohistochemical analyses of control livers revealed that Kupffer cells expressed high levels of @entity22456 while its expression in hepatocytes was low. In Kupffer cell-depleted livers, however, periportal hepatocytes displayed marked @entity22456 expression. Under these conditions the two groups exhibited distinct profiles of biliary @entity648 excretion. In the controls, total @entity648 excretion increased 8-fold and peaked at 10 h after @entity63 /reperfusion. In contrast, the Kupffer cell-depleting treatment resulted in a significant acceleration of the initial rise in @entity648 production, which peaked at 4 h. However, the total amount of @entity648 excreted within the initial 10 h after reperfusion was reduced by 50% as compared with that of the controls. In Kupffer cell-depleted @entity35 , the levels of GOT and @entity4749 as well as serum endotoxin concentrations were elevated after @entity63 /reperfusion. These results suggest that Kupffer cells serve as an @entity63 /reperfusion sensor that upregulates @entity1446 degradation and @entity648 excretion, and that Kupffer cells protect hepatocytes from gut-derived stressers--including endotoxin--following @entity63 /reperfusion.

title: The protective role of Kupffer cells in the @entity63 -reperfused XXXX liver.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Fifty-eight @entity1 underwent @entity394 via the posterior fossa approach between September 1992 and December 1998 at the ENT department of Legnano. All @entity1 presented a history of disabling unilateral Meni  re's disease and underwent complete neuro-otologic evaluation following the 1985 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) guidelines. All @entity1 underwent MRI imaging, ABR and electronystagmographic testing before surgery. Objective analysis of results is reported using the criteria published by the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium of the AAO-HNS in 1985. According to the AAO formula, 52 @entity1 obtained a score of 0, indicating complete control of major vertigo spells, while four were classified within the 'substantial control' group. Immediate hearing results indicated that 93 per cent of the @entity1 maintained a level within 10 dB from the pre-operative level. Only one @entity1 experienced a @entity393 yet retained measurable hearing. No major complications were reported. We conclude that a retrosigmoid approach to @entity394 can be considered a safe and effective procedure in relieving medically refractory vertigo in Meni  re's disease while preserving the hearing. Tinnitus and long-term hearing deterioration are not influenced by the procedure.

title: Posterior fossa XXXX as primary surgical treatment of Meni  re's disease: a re-evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['subtotal hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity394 :: ('MESH:D015837', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular neurotomy']

answer: @entity394 :: (MESH:D015837,Disease) :: ['vestibular neurotomy']


abstract: @entity65 , such as @entity731 and @entity101 , are associated with arterial stiffening. Previous studies showed that @entity15395 exacerbated @entity731 and induced @entity101 and @entity439 formation in @entity6970 -deficient ( @entity6970 -KO) @entity19 . The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of chronic treatment of @entity15395 on the arterial elastic properties in @entity6970 -KO @entity19 . We hypothesized that @entity15395 will injure the arterial wall resulting in increased arterial stiffening. Male @entity6970 -KO @entity19 were infused with either @entity15395 (1.44 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)) or vehicle (PBS) for 30 days. @entity15395 treatment accelerated @entity731 in the carotid artery by sixfold (P < 0.001) and increased blood pressure by 30% (P < 0.05). Additionally, our data demonstrated that @entity15395 increased arterial stiffening using both in vivo and in vitro methods. @entity15395 significantly increased pulse wave velocity by 36% (P < 0.01) and decreased arterial elasticity as demonstrated by a more than 900% increase in maximal stiffening (high strain Young's modulus) compared with vehicle (P < 0.05). These functional changes were correlated with morphological and biochemical changes as demonstrated by an increase in collagen content (60%), a decrease in elastin content (74%), and breaks in the internal elastic lamina in the aortic wall. In addition, endothelium-independent vasorelaxation to @entity1854 was impaired in the aortic rings of @entity15395 -treated @entity19 compared with vehicle. Thus, the present data indicate that @entity15395 injures the artery wall in multiple ways and arterial stiffening may be a common outcome of @entity15395 -induced @entity16 .

title: Angiotensin II injures the arterial wall causing increased aortic stiffening in XXXX -deficient @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['arterial damage']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity6970 :: (11816(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['apolipoprotein E']


abstract: @entity65 , such as @entity731 and @entity101 , are associated with arterial stiffening. Previous studies showed that @entity15395 exacerbated @entity731 and induced @entity101 and @entity439 formation in @entity6970 -deficient ( @entity6970 -KO) @entity19 . The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of chronic treatment of @entity15395 on the arterial elastic properties in @entity6970 -KO @entity19 . We hypothesized that @entity15395 will injure the arterial wall resulting in increased arterial stiffening. Male @entity6970 -KO @entity19 were infused with either @entity15395 (1.44 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)) or vehicle (PBS) for 30 days. @entity15395 treatment accelerated @entity731 in the carotid artery by sixfold (P < 0.001) and increased blood pressure by 30% (P < 0.05). Additionally, our data demonstrated that @entity15395 increased arterial stiffening using both in vivo and in vitro methods. @entity15395 significantly increased pulse wave velocity by 36% (P < 0.01) and decreased arterial elasticity as demonstrated by a more than 900% increase in maximal stiffening (high strain Young's modulus) compared with vehicle (P < 0.05). These functional changes were correlated with morphological and biochemical changes as demonstrated by an increase in collagen content (60%), a decrease in elastin content (74%), and breaks in the internal elastic lamina in the aortic wall. In addition, endothelium-independent vasorelaxation to @entity1854 was impaired in the aortic rings of @entity15395 -treated @entity19 compared with vehicle. Thus, the present data indicate that @entity15395 injures the artery wall in multiple ways and arterial stiffening may be a common outcome of @entity15395 -induced @entity16 .

title: Angiotensin II injures the arterial wall causing increased aortic stiffening in @entity6970 -deficient XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The hyperpolarization-activated excitatory current I(h) shapes rhythmic firing and other components of excitability in differentiating neurons, and may thus influence activity-dependent CNS development. We therefore studied developmental changes in I(h) and underlying hyperpolarization-activated cyclic @entity377 -gated (HCN) channel subunits in pyramidal neurons of neonatal @entity19 hippocampus using electrophysiological and immunofluorescence approaches. I(h) conductance (at -80 mV) tripled in @entity4779 neurons and quintupled in @entity4778 neurons between postnatal day 1 (P1) and @entity5796 ; parallel changes in membrane area resulted in current density maxima at P5 in @entity4779 and @entity14819 in @entity4778 . Concurrently, I(h) activation times fell sevenfold in @entity4779 and 10-fold in @entity4778 . A computational model indicates that a decrease in I(h) activation time will increase the rhythmic firing rate. Two mechanisms contributed to more rapid I(h) activation at @entity5796 in @entity4779 and @entity4778 neurons: a fall in the intrinsic time constants of two kinetic components, tau(fast) and tau(slow), to 35-40% (at -90 mV) of their P1 values, and a preferential increase in fast component amplitude and contribution to I(h) (from approximately 35% to approximately 74% of total). @entity43831 , @entity43833 , and @entity13786 immunoreactivities showed independent temporal and spatial developmental patterns. @entity43831 immunoreactivity was low at @entity71009 and increased by @entity5796 . @entity43833 immunoreactivity was detected at P1 and increased steadily up to @entity5796 . @entity13786 immunoreactivity was initially low and showed a small increase by @entity5796 . We suggest that developmental increases in I(h) amplitude and activation rate reflect changes in the number and underlying structure of I(h) channels, and that I(h) maturation may shape rhythmic activity important for hippocampal circuit maturation.

title: Postnatal development of the hyperpolarization-activated excitatory current Ih in XXXX hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Response prediction in @entity1 undergoing chemotherapy for @entity43 is an important issue, since the cure rate is only about 15-20%. We attempted to develop a semi-empirical model to predict response in individual cases after the first cycle of chemotherapy. MATERIAL/METHODS: This prospective study included 51 cases of advanced @entity43 . A method was standardized to estimate @entity43 volume accurately from CT scan films. This permits the inclusion of @entity1 who have undergone CT scan elsewhere. @entity1 underwent 4-6 cycles of chemotherapy and @entity5 volume was estimated after each cycle. This yielded a @entity5 regression curve for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Percent reduction in @entity5 volume after the first chemo-cycle was a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Depending upon the rate of regression @entity1 could be classified into Fast Regressing FR (n=29) and Moderately Regressing MR (n=16), whereas 6 @entity1 showed @entity74 ( @entity74 ) despite ongoing chemotherapy. The median survivals for the FR, MR and @entity74 groups were 29.3, 18.9 and 8.5 months respectively. We found that 'percent reduction in volume after first chemo-cycle' could categorize a @entity1 as FR/MR/ @entity74 correctly in 94.1% of cases. This parameter could also detect 5 out of 6 inherently resistant @entity74 cases, who would otherwise undergo further chemotherapy, since early detection of resistance by clinical monitoring is quite difficult. CONCLUSIONS: An individual @entity1 at risk for shorter survival and with inherent drug resistance can be identified after the first cycle of chemotherapy.

title: Potential of CT-scan based XXXX volume as a response indicator in chemotherapy of @entity43 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Progressive Disease', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'ovarian tumor']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Response prediction in @entity1 undergoing chemotherapy for @entity43 is an important issue, since the cure rate is only about 15-20%. We attempted to develop a semi-empirical model to predict response in individual cases after the first cycle of chemotherapy. MATERIAL/METHODS: This prospective study included 51 cases of advanced @entity43 . A method was standardized to estimate @entity43 volume accurately from CT scan films. This permits the inclusion of @entity1 who have undergone CT scan elsewhere. @entity1 underwent 4-6 cycles of chemotherapy and @entity5 volume was estimated after each cycle. This yielded a @entity5 regression curve for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Percent reduction in @entity5 volume after the first chemo-cycle was a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Depending upon the rate of regression @entity1 could be classified into Fast Regressing FR (n=29) and Moderately Regressing MR (n=16), whereas 6 @entity1 showed @entity74 ( @entity74 ) despite ongoing chemotherapy. The median survivals for the FR, MR and @entity74 groups were 29.3, 18.9 and 8.5 months respectively. We found that 'percent reduction in volume after first chemo-cycle' could categorize a @entity1 as FR/MR/ @entity74 correctly in 94.1% of cases. This parameter could also detect 5 out of 6 inherently resistant @entity74 cases, who would otherwise undergo further chemotherapy, since early detection of resistance by clinical monitoring is quite difficult. CONCLUSIONS: An individual @entity1 at risk for shorter survival and with inherent drug resistance can be identified after the first cycle of chemotherapy.

title: Potential of CT-scan based @entity5 volume as a response indicator in chemotherapy of XXXX .

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['advanced epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: The cardiovascular derangement that results from the administration of endotoxin in healthy subjects is qualitatively similar to what is observed in @entity1 in @entity326 . The biological response to endotoxin is attributed in part to cytokine release. In experimental @entity5694 , recombinant @entity19499 (rBPI(23)) has shown a protective effect by binding endotoxin with the subsequent inhibition of the endotoxin-induced cytokine release and of neutrophil activation. In a controlled, blinded crossover study the early cardiovascular effects of rBPI(23) were investigated in an experimental @entity5694 model in @entity1 . The beat-to-beat changes in arterial pressure and cardiac output following infusion of endotoxin (40 EU/kg body weight) and rBPI(23) (1 mg/kg) or placebo (human serum albumin, 0.2 mg/kg) were studied for 2 hours in 8 healthy male adults. Endotoxin or rBPI(23) alone did not induce significant cardiovascular changes. Endotoxin following rBPI(23) infusion elicited a fall in total peripheral resistance with its nadir after 4 minutes to 40% (range 16-53; P <.001) of control level. Mean arterial pressure showed little change, and the fall in total peripheral resistance was associated with a reflex increase in heart rate and cardiac output (32%; range 43-106). Changes in cardiovascular variables in the subsequent 2 hours were not significant. In vitro activation of the contact system by, respectively, rBPI(23), @entity558 , and @entity558 -rBPI(23) complexes was assessed. Following incubation with rBPI(23), @entity558 , and @entity558 -rBPI(23) complexes, complex levels were generated at levels comparable to those observed in the buffer control. The rapid vasodilatation by endotoxin administered concomitantly with rBPI(23) is not mediated by complement or contact system activation. The early vasodilatation is compensated by an increase in cardiac output, which therefore does not result in arterial @entity551 . The monitoring of continuous cardiac output allows for the detection of rapid effects on systemic flow and conductance that go unnoticed in a recording of arterial pressure.

title: In vivo interaction of endotoxin and recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI23): hemodynamic effects in a @entity1 XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity19499 :: ('671', 'Gene') :: ['bactericidal/permeability increasing protein']

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity5694 :: (MESH:D019446,Disease) :: ['endotoxemia']


abstract: The cardiovascular derangement that results from the administration of endotoxin in healthy subjects is qualitatively similar to what is observed in @entity1 in @entity326 . The biological response to endotoxin is attributed in part to cytokine release. In experimental @entity5694 , recombinant @entity19499 (rBPI(23)) has shown a protective effect by binding endotoxin with the subsequent inhibition of the endotoxin-induced cytokine release and of neutrophil activation. In a controlled, blinded crossover study the early cardiovascular effects of rBPI(23) were investigated in an experimental @entity5694 model in @entity1 . The beat-to-beat changes in arterial pressure and cardiac output following infusion of endotoxin (40 EU/kg body weight) and rBPI(23) (1 mg/kg) or placebo (human serum albumin, 0.2 mg/kg) were studied for 2 hours in 8 healthy male adults. Endotoxin or rBPI(23) alone did not induce significant cardiovascular changes. Endotoxin following rBPI(23) infusion elicited a fall in total peripheral resistance with its nadir after 4 minutes to 40% (range 16-53; P <.001) of control level. Mean arterial pressure showed little change, and the fall in total peripheral resistance was associated with a reflex increase in heart rate and cardiac output (32%; range 43-106). Changes in cardiovascular variables in the subsequent 2 hours were not significant. In vitro activation of the contact system by, respectively, rBPI(23), @entity558 , and @entity558 -rBPI(23) complexes was assessed. Following incubation with rBPI(23), @entity558 , and @entity558 -rBPI(23) complexes, complex levels were generated at levels comparable to those observed in the buffer control. The rapid vasodilatation by endotoxin administered concomitantly with rBPI(23) is not mediated by complement or contact system activation. The early vasodilatation is compensated by an increase in cardiac output, which therefore does not result in arterial @entity551 . The monitoring of continuous cardiac output allows for the detection of rapid effects on systemic flow and conductance that go unnoticed in a recording of arterial pressure.

title: In vivo interaction of endotoxin and recombinant bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (rBPI23): hemodynamic effects in a XXXX @entity5694 model.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1 papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a number of @entity1 @entity5 and @entity5 , including @entity5 . Epithelial differentiation is required for the complete HPV life cycle and can be achieved using the organotypic (raft) culture system. The CIN-612 9E cell line maintains episomal copies of HPV type 31b (HPV31b), an @entity5 . When grown in the raft system, CIN-612 9E cells form a differentiated epithelium such that infectious virions can be synthesized. Many aspects of the later stages of the HPV31b life cycle have been investigated in CIN-612 9E raft tissues. We used a biologically contained homogenization system for efficient virion extraction from raft epithelial tissues. Purified HPV31b virions were used to infect low-passage-number @entity1 foreskin keratinocytes and a variety of epithelial cell lines. Newly synthesized, spliced HPV31b transcripts were detected by reverse transcription and PCR (RT-PCR) following @entity281 . @entity281 was most efficient and reproducible in HaCaT cells. The onset of viral transcription following @entity281 was also investigated using RT-PCR techniques. Spliced E1(*)I,E2 RNAs were present as early as 4 h postinfection (p.i.), whereas the other major viral transcripts were detected by 8 to 10 h p.i. Furthermore, we characterized the structures and temporal expression of seven novel spliced early transcripts expressed following @entity281 .

title: Human papillomavirus type 31b XXXX of @entity1 keratinocytes and the onset of early transcription.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'HPV31b infection']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'HPV type associated with cervical cancers', 'cervical cancers', 'malignancies']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: @entity1 papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause a number of @entity1 @entity5 and @entity5 , including @entity5 . Epithelial differentiation is required for the complete HPV life cycle and can be achieved using the organotypic (raft) culture system. The CIN-612 9E cell line maintains episomal copies of HPV type 31b (HPV31b), an @entity5 . When grown in the raft system, CIN-612 9E cells form a differentiated epithelium such that infectious virions can be synthesized. Many aspects of the later stages of the HPV31b life cycle have been investigated in CIN-612 9E raft tissues. We used a biologically contained homogenization system for efficient virion extraction from raft epithelial tissues. Purified HPV31b virions were used to infect low-passage-number @entity1 foreskin keratinocytes and a variety of epithelial cell lines. Newly synthesized, spliced HPV31b transcripts were detected by reverse transcription and PCR (RT-PCR) following @entity281 . @entity281 was most efficient and reproducible in HaCaT cells. The onset of viral transcription following @entity281 was also investigated using RT-PCR techniques. Spliced E1(*)I,E2 RNAs were present as early as 4 h postinfection (p.i.), whereas the other major viral transcripts were detected by 8 to 10 h p.i. Furthermore, we characterized the structures and temporal expression of seven novel spliced early transcripts expressed following @entity281 .

title: Human papillomavirus type 31b @entity281 of XXXX keratinocytes and the onset of early transcription.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The importance of coupling the process of endocytosis to factors regulating actin dynamics has been clearly demonstrated in @entity375 , and many proteins involved in these mechanisms have been identified and characterized. Here we demonstrate the importance of two additional cortical components, @entity71010 and @entity71011 , which together are essential for the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and for fluid phase endocytosis. Both @entity71010 and @entity71011 were identified through two-hybrid screens with different domains of the adaptor protein @entity20008 . @entity71010 colocalizes with cortical actin and requires the presence of an intact actin cytoskeleton for its cortical localization. Ycl034w/ @entity71011 localizes to the cell cortex but does not colocalize with actin. The @entity71011 protein contains putative VHS and GAT domains as well as an NPF motif, which are all domains characteristic of proteins involved in membrane trafficking. Deletion of either gene alone does not confer any dramatic phenotype on cells. However, deletion of both genes is lethal at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, at all temperatures this double mutant has depolarized actin and an almost undetectable level of fluid phase endocytosis. Our data demonstrate that @entity71010 and @entity71011 are important components of complexes involved in overlapping pathways coupling endocytosis with the actin cytoskeleton in @entity375 .

title: Novel proteins linking the actin cytoskeleton to the endocytic machinery in XXXX .

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: From January, 1982 to March, 1983, @entity1 with small cell @entity2 were treated at Kyushu @entity5 Center. Eleven @entity1 received combination chemotherapy-radiotherapy and one @entity1 chemotherapy alone. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of @entity786 , @entity632 and @entity1891 which was repeated every 4 weeks for as long as possible. Radiotherapy was administered to the @entity75 and mediastinum following 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy. The overall response rate after receiving 2 cycles of chemotherapy was 75% with 4 complete (33%) and 5 partial responses (42%). After radiotherapy, response increased to 100% with 8 complete (73%) and 3 partial responses (27%). Complete response occurred in 6 of the 7 @entity1 with limited disease and 2 of the 5 @entity1 with @entity66 . Overall survival rate was 73% at 1 year, 36% at 2 years and 12% at 3 years with a median survival time of 21 months. Survival was better in @entity1 with limited disease than in those with @entity66 (median survival time, 21.5 months vs. 14 months). In the 3-Year follow-up period, all @entity1 had recurrences consisting of 4 distant, 2 local and 5 both. Myelosuppression was mild to moderate and there were no deaths related to the side effects of treatment.

title: [Combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy for small cell XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['extensive disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the lung']


abstract: Seventy-one cases of adenoid @entity189 were reviewed according to treatment modality and clinical course. Thirty-six @entity1 (51%) were treated by combined surgery and radiation therapy. The @entity5 were classified by their histologic patterns into tubular, cribriform, and solid forms. Distant @entity3 , in 52%, were the most frequent and ominous sources of failure. In 35% of cases, distant @entity3 developed despite local control at the primary site. In this group, the disease had a more fulminant course with shorter survival. Histopathologically, the cribriform subtype was associated with multiple local recurrences, greater local @entity146 , and a poorer salvage rate as compared with the tubular subtype. Late onset of local recurrences and distant @entity3 was especially associated with the cribriform subtype. Overall prognosis in terms of distant @entity3 and survival was worst for the solid subtype. Control of @entity66 is best achieved with combined surgery and radiation therapy. The high incidence of distant @entity3 may not be affected by this regimen. The ultimate outcome of therapy is poorly predicted. Survival appears to be based on the pattern in which distant @entity3 develop. Overly @entity146 and mutilating surgical approaches for these @entity5 are not recommended in many instances. The need for the development of new, more effective forms of therapy is emphasized.

title: Adenoid XXXX . A histopathologic review of treatment failure patterns.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['local disease']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive', 'aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['cystic salivary gland carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['cystic salivary gland carcinoma']


abstract: Surveillance following orchiectomy alone has gained popularity in the management of clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell @entity5 (NSGCT) of the testis. However, long-term follow-up of the retroperitoneal nodes can be difficult. We analysed the results of 71 consecutive @entity1 followed for more than 1 year. Fifty @entity1 (70.5%) remain disease-free and 21 (29.5%) have relapsed. Relapses occurred 2 to 36 months after orchiectomy (median 6 months). Retroperitoneal nodes were involved in 12 cases (17%). In only one @entity1 were retroperitoneal @entity3 diagnosed when smaller than 2 cm and in four they were diagnosed when larger than 5 cm. Furthermore, the late relapses occurred in the retroperitoneal nodes. After treatment of @entity3 , 69 @entity1 (97%) are alive, disease-free and off therapy. As retroperitoneal relapses do not occur after a properly executed retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) and ejaculation problems can be avoided with unilateral RPLND, it is suggested that RPLND can be used for clinical stage I NSGCT of the testis in experienced surgical centres, with the advantage of an easier follow-up.

title: Surveillance or lymph node dissection in clinical stage I non-seminomatous XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['germinal testis cancer']


abstract: Nodal marginal zone @entity1892 (NMZBL) occasionally represents prominent plasma cell differentiation. Recently, primary lymph node @entity6872 has been suggested to represent an extremely plasmacytic differentiation of NMZBL. We here report a case of NMZBL showing histological features resembling @entity6872 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity12692 (PCLCD). The @entity1 was a 69-year-old Japanese female with a 20-year history of a right inguinal mass. Histologically, a prominent proliferation of plasma cells occupied the interfollicular area of the central portion of the lymph node, whereas @entity1073 ( @entity1073 ) cells were the main cellular component in the peripheral portion of the lymph node. Although most of the plasma cells were mature 'Marshalko-type', occasional atypical forms with enlarged nuclei were also present. The majority of the lymphoid follicles had @entity3202 or regressive germinal centers. A few lymphoid follicles were colonized by @entity1073 cells. Immunohistochemistry study revealed that both plasma cells and some @entity1073 cells had a monotypic intracytoplasmic lambda light chain. When monoclonal plasma cell infiltration is observed in PCLCD, the light chains are mostly restricted to the lambda chain. This case suggests that some plasma cell-containing @entity5 arising from PCLCD may represent a variant of NMZBL.

title: Nodal marginal zone XXXX resembling @entity6872 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity12692 : a case report.

entities_list: @entity6872 :: ('MESH:D010954', 'Disease') :: ['plasmacytoma']

entities_list: @entity12692 :: ('MESH:D005871', 'Disease') :: ["Castleman's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1073 :: ('MESH:D020522', 'Disease') :: ['CCL', 'centrocyte-like']

answer: @entity1892 :: (MESH:D016393,Disease) :: ['B-cell lymphoma']


abstract: Nodal marginal zone @entity1892 (NMZBL) occasionally represents prominent plasma cell differentiation. Recently, primary lymph node @entity6872 has been suggested to represent an extremely plasmacytic differentiation of NMZBL. We here report a case of NMZBL showing histological features resembling @entity6872 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity12692 (PCLCD). The @entity1 was a 69-year-old Japanese female with a 20-year history of a right inguinal mass. Histologically, a prominent proliferation of plasma cells occupied the interfollicular area of the central portion of the lymph node, whereas @entity1073 ( @entity1073 ) cells were the main cellular component in the peripheral portion of the lymph node. Although most of the plasma cells were mature 'Marshalko-type', occasional atypical forms with enlarged nuclei were also present. The majority of the lymphoid follicles had @entity3202 or regressive germinal centers. A few lymphoid follicles were colonized by @entity1073 cells. Immunohistochemistry study revealed that both plasma cells and some @entity1073 cells had a monotypic intracytoplasmic lambda light chain. When monoclonal plasma cell infiltration is observed in PCLCD, the light chains are mostly restricted to the lambda chain. This case suggests that some plasma cell-containing @entity5 arising from PCLCD may represent a variant of NMZBL.

title: Nodal marginal zone @entity1892 resembling @entity6872 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized XXXX : a case report.

answer: @entity12692 :: (MESH:D005871,Disease) :: ['Castleman's disease']


abstract: Nodal marginal zone @entity1892 (NMZBL) occasionally represents prominent plasma cell differentiation. Recently, primary lymph node @entity6872 has been suggested to represent an extremely plasmacytic differentiation of NMZBL. We here report a case of NMZBL showing histological features resembling @entity6872 arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity12692 (PCLCD). The @entity1 was a 69-year-old Japanese female with a 20-year history of a right inguinal mass. Histologically, a prominent proliferation of plasma cells occupied the interfollicular area of the central portion of the lymph node, whereas @entity1073 ( @entity1073 ) cells were the main cellular component in the peripheral portion of the lymph node. Although most of the plasma cells were mature 'Marshalko-type', occasional atypical forms with enlarged nuclei were also present. The majority of the lymphoid follicles had @entity3202 or regressive germinal centers. A few lymphoid follicles were colonized by @entity1073 cells. Immunohistochemistry study revealed that both plasma cells and some @entity1073 cells had a monotypic intracytoplasmic lambda light chain. When monoclonal plasma cell infiltration is observed in PCLCD, the light chains are mostly restricted to the lambda chain. This case suggests that some plasma cell-containing @entity5 arising from PCLCD may represent a variant of NMZBL.

title: Nodal marginal zone @entity1892 resembling XXXX arising from a plasma cell variant of localized @entity12692 : a case report.

answer: @entity6872 :: (MESH:D010954,Disease) :: ['plasmacytoma']


abstract: A preliminary study of protein synthesis and @entity535 transport in @entity1 oocytes was initiated. Qualitative patterns or protein synthesis were examined in individual oocytes cultured in medium containing radiolabeled @entity1853 . The protein synthetic profile of immature oocytes, resolved by one-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography, was observed to change markedly following germinal vesicle breakdown and oocyte maturation. No further differences in the one-dimensional protein synthetic patterns were observed in mature oocytes maintained in culture from 10 hours up to as long as 50 hours. The protein synthetic pattern of follicular cells was observed to be distinct from that of oocytes and was characterized by the predominant synthesis of a polypeptide with Mr = 44,000. Based on the specific activity of the @entity1853 precursor, the absolute rate of synthesis was calculated to be about 50 pg protein/oocyte/hour. Total protein content was measured to be about 150 ng/egg. Competition of @entity1853 uptake by @entity368 , efflux of radiolabeled @entity1853 from preloaded oocytes into medium containing @entity1853 and uptake of @entity1853 in medium with low @entity1372 ion concentration was observed. These findings are consistent with the presence of an L ( @entity368 -preferring) system for neutral @entity535 transport, similar to that in @entity19 and @entity95 eggs. These studies provide basic data for further analysis of oocytes and perhaps preimplantation-stage embryos in the future.

title: Protein synthetic patterns in immature and mature XXXX oocytes.

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Recent work with isolated blood vessels has emphasized the importance of intact endothelium when the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle is induced by @entity934 ( @entity1617 ). However, the physiologic significance of this endothelial-dependent @entity1617 response in a complete organ circulation is unclear. We questioned whether diminished @entity1617 vasodilation would result from damage of lung vascular endothelium and whether this response could be used as an indication of endothelial injury. We therefore induced @entity651 in one @entity35 model by repeated injections of @entity37999 (ANTU) and in a second @entity35 model by exposing @entity35 for 52 h to 100% @entity26 at a barometric pressure of 760 torr ( @entity871 ). @entity35 injected with @entity9266 , the solvent for ANTU, or exposed to ambient Denver air served as the respective control animals. The isolated lungs of these @entity35 were perfused with a recirculating cell- and plasma-free, physiological salt solution to study the effect of @entity1617 or @entity1219 infusion on pulmonary perfusion pressure and vascular responsiveness. ANTU-treated @entity35 demonstrated an intact vasodilatory response after @entity1617 infusion when compared with the solvent control animals. The immediate @entity358 after @entity1617 infusion was slightly enhanced in the hyperoxic @entity35 lung when compared with the @entity35 exposed to ambient air, but there was no difference between these groups in the prolonged @entity308 of vascular responsiveness to @entity519 or @entity1808 . Thus, in both models of lung endothelial cell injury, the pulmonary vascular responses to @entity1617 were intact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity934 -induced XXXX in lung vascular injury.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity871 :: ('MESH:D018496', 'Disease') :: ['hyperoxia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary endothelial cell injury']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary vasodilation']

entities_list: @entity37999 :: ('MESH:C005277', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-naphthyl thiourea']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary vasodilation']


abstract: Recent work with isolated blood vessels has emphasized the importance of intact endothelium when the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle is induced by @entity934 ( @entity1617 ). However, the physiologic significance of this endothelial-dependent @entity1617 response in a complete organ circulation is unclear. We questioned whether diminished @entity1617 vasodilation would result from damage of lung vascular endothelium and whether this response could be used as an indication of endothelial injury. We therefore induced @entity651 in one @entity35 model by repeated injections of @entity37999 (ANTU) and in a second @entity35 model by exposing @entity35 for 52 h to 100% @entity26 at a barometric pressure of 760 torr ( @entity871 ). @entity35 injected with @entity9266 , the solvent for ANTU, or exposed to ambient Denver air served as the respective control animals. The isolated lungs of these @entity35 were perfused with a recirculating cell- and plasma-free, physiological salt solution to study the effect of @entity1617 or @entity1219 infusion on pulmonary perfusion pressure and vascular responsiveness. ANTU-treated @entity35 demonstrated an intact vasodilatory response after @entity1617 infusion when compared with the solvent control animals. The immediate @entity358 after @entity1617 infusion was slightly enhanced in the hyperoxic @entity35 lung when compared with the @entity35 exposed to ambient air, but there was no difference between these groups in the prolonged @entity308 of vascular responsiveness to @entity519 or @entity1808 . Thus, in both models of lung endothelial cell injury, the pulmonary vascular responses to @entity1617 were intact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX -induced @entity358 in lung vascular injury.

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['Acetylcholine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze some cytokine profiles of T-helper cells in @entity2520 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: 22 adult @entity1 (7 females and 15 males, aged 24-66 years) with advanced and generalized chronic @entity2521 were recruited. Clinical and radiographical characteristics of periodontal disease was assessed. From each @entity1 a gingival biopsy was obtained from one randomly selected diseased interproximal site. The soft tissue sample was prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. Double staining was performed to detect cells positive for both the @entity404 marker and different cytokines, i.e. @entity1199 , @entity3646 , @entity650 and @entity379 ( @entity379 ). RESULTS: The lesions in advanced @entity2521 contained similar proportions of cells positive for the different cytokine markers examined. In addition, the number of cells expressing cytokine profiles for either T helper-1 ( @entity379 + @entity1199 ) or T helper-2 ( @entity3646 + @entity650 ) was similar. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the lesions of @entity2521 are regulated by a combined Th-1 and Th-2 function.

title: Some cytokine profiles of T-helper cells in lesions of advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis lesions']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon-gamma']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['periodontitis']


abstract: Precontact communication between gametes is established by chemotaxis. Sperm chemotaxis toward factor(s) in follicular fluid (FF) has been demonstrated in @entity1 and @entity19 . In @entity1 , the chemotactic responsiveness is restricted to capacitated spermatozoa. Here, we investigated whether sperm chemotaxis to factor(s) present in FF also occurs in @entity95 and, if so, whether only capacitated spermatozoa are chemotactically responsive. Chemotaxis assays were performed by videomicroscopy in a Zigmond chamber. We measured chemotactic responsiveness as a function of FF dilution by means of a novel directionality-based method that considers the ratio between the distances traveled by the spermatozoa both parallel to the chemoattractant gradient and perpendicular to it. A peak of maximal response was observed at 10(-4) dilution of FF, resulting in a typical chemotactic concentration-dependent curve in which 23% of the spermatozoa were chemotactically responsive. In contrast, the percentage of cells exhibiting FF-dependent enhanced speed of swimming increased with the FF concentration, whereas the percentage of cells maintaining linear motility decreased with the FF concentration. The percentages of chemotactically responsive cells were very similar to those of capacitated spermatozoa. Depletion of the latter by stimulation of the acrosome reaction resulted in a total loss of the chemotactic response, whereas the reappearance of capacitated cells resulted in a recovery of chemotactic responsiveness. We conclude that @entity95 spermatozoa, like @entity1 spermatozoa, are chemotactically responsive to FF factor(s) and acquire this responsiveness as part of the capacitation process.

title: Chemotaxis of capacitated XXXX spermatozoa to follicular fluid revealed by a novel directionality-based assay.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Sequential treatment of @entity329 embryo (SHE) cells with a chemical carcinogen followed by @entity3163 ( @entity7034 ) resulted in a higher yield of morphologically transformed cell colonies than treatment of the cells with carcinogen alone. For example, cells treated with @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ; 3 micrograms/ml) for 3 days, then with @entity7034 (25 micrograms/ml) for 4 days, exhibited a transformation frequency more than six times greater than that obtained by summing the transformation frequencies from cells treated with either @entity3015 or @entity7034 alone. This enhancement/promotion of cell transformation by @entity7034 was only expressed after the cells had been pretreated with either @entity4629 . Pretreatment of the cells with noncarcinogens or weakly-acting carcinogens or administration of @entity7034 prior to treatment with the carcinogen failed to enhance the yield of transformation. Transformation was enhanced even when the @entity7034 treatment was delayed for several days after the carcinogen treatment. However, the continued presence of @entity7034 was necessary for maintenance of the increased level of transformation. Removal of @entity7034 prior to termination of the assay resulted in a reversal of the transformed clonal morphologies to a normal phenotype such that the final yield of transformants was decreased, but was still greater than that observed after carcinogen treatment alone. A similar pattern for reversibility of the transformation enhancement also occurs for the widely recognized @entity5 promoter @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ). Seven different SHE cell pools were tested for sensitivity to @entity7034 promotion following carcinogen treatment. Although the response was heterogeneous, no carcinogen-treated cell pool was refractory to the @entity7034 -induced enhancement. A second fluorocompound, @entity18754 ( @entity18754 ), was also found to enhance carcinogen-induced cell transformation in a manner resembling that of @entity7034 .

title: @entity3163 promotes morphological transformation of XXXX embryo cells.

entities_list: @entity4629 :: ('MESH:D051556', 'Disease') :: ['direct-acting carcinogens or procarcinogens']

entities_list: @entity3163 :: ('MESH:D012969', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium fluoride']

entities_list: @entity18754 :: ('MESH:C012980', 'Chemical') :: ['NaMFP', 'sodium monofluorophosphate']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity1359 :: ('CHEBI:37537', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['Syrian hamster']

answer: @entity329 :: (10036,Species) :: ['Syrian hamster']


abstract: Sequential treatment of @entity329 embryo (SHE) cells with a chemical carcinogen followed by @entity3163 ( @entity7034 ) resulted in a higher yield of morphologically transformed cell colonies than treatment of the cells with carcinogen alone. For example, cells treated with @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ; 3 micrograms/ml) for 3 days, then with @entity7034 (25 micrograms/ml) for 4 days, exhibited a transformation frequency more than six times greater than that obtained by summing the transformation frequencies from cells treated with either @entity3015 or @entity7034 alone. This enhancement/promotion of cell transformation by @entity7034 was only expressed after the cells had been pretreated with either @entity4629 . Pretreatment of the cells with noncarcinogens or weakly-acting carcinogens or administration of @entity7034 prior to treatment with the carcinogen failed to enhance the yield of transformation. Transformation was enhanced even when the @entity7034 treatment was delayed for several days after the carcinogen treatment. However, the continued presence of @entity7034 was necessary for maintenance of the increased level of transformation. Removal of @entity7034 prior to termination of the assay resulted in a reversal of the transformed clonal morphologies to a normal phenotype such that the final yield of transformants was decreased, but was still greater than that observed after carcinogen treatment alone. A similar pattern for reversibility of the transformation enhancement also occurs for the widely recognized @entity5 promoter @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ). Seven different SHE cell pools were tested for sensitivity to @entity7034 promotion following carcinogen treatment. Although the response was heterogeneous, no carcinogen-treated cell pool was refractory to the @entity7034 -induced enhancement. A second fluorocompound, @entity18754 ( @entity18754 ), was also found to enhance carcinogen-induced cell transformation in a manner resembling that of @entity7034 .

title: XXXX promotes morphological transformation of @entity329 embryo cells.

answer: @entity3163 :: (MESH:D012969,Chemical) :: ['Sodium fluoride']


abstract: @entity10501 (SP) enhances antigen-dependent T cell @entity60 production. It was determined if a T cell @entity13306 ( @entity13306 ) was critical for @entity60 regulation. T cells from schistosome-infected @entity19 were mixed with splenocytes from uninfected @entity13306 knockout (KO) animals. Thus only the schistosome egg antigen-specific T cells expressed @entity13306 . The cells were cultured 18 h with or without SP. SP enhanced antigen-induced @entity60 production fourfold without affecting @entity58 or @entity59 secretion. @entity13306 inhibitor blocked this stimulation. Neither purified T cells nor naive KO splenocytes cultured alone responded to antigen. To further define the importance of T cell @entity13306 , we developed a T cell-selective @entity13306 KO @entity19 by reconstituting T cell-deficient Rag @entity19 with @entity13306 KO T cells. These @entity19 challanged with @entity409 . @entity738 size was smaller in T cell-selective @entity13306 KO @entity19 compared with @entity738 in Rag reconstituted with normal T cells. Splenocytes and @entity738 cells from @entity13306 KO @entity19 made less @entity60 . The @entity19 also made less @entity9749 . Thus T cell @entity13306 is important for @entity60 regulation.

title: T cell XXXX receptor governs antigen-elicited @entity60 production.

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas', 'granuloma', 'Granuloma']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis developed abnormal liver granulomas']

answer: @entity10501 :: (21333(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['substance P']


abstract: @entity10501 (SP) enhances antigen-dependent T cell @entity60 production. It was determined if a T cell @entity13306 ( @entity13306 ) was critical for @entity60 regulation. T cells from schistosome-infected @entity19 were mixed with splenocytes from uninfected @entity13306 knockout (KO) animals. Thus only the schistosome egg antigen-specific T cells expressed @entity13306 . The cells were cultured 18 h with or without SP. SP enhanced antigen-induced @entity60 production fourfold without affecting @entity58 or @entity59 secretion. @entity13306 inhibitor blocked this stimulation. Neither purified T cells nor naive KO splenocytes cultured alone responded to antigen. To further define the importance of T cell @entity13306 , we developed a T cell-selective @entity13306 KO @entity19 by reconstituting T cell-deficient Rag @entity19 with @entity13306 KO T cells. These @entity19 challanged with @entity409 . @entity738 size was smaller in T cell-selective @entity13306 KO @entity19 compared with @entity738 in Rag reconstituted with normal T cells. Splenocytes and @entity738 cells from @entity13306 KO @entity19 made less @entity60 . The @entity19 also made less @entity9749 . Thus T cell @entity13306 is important for @entity60 regulation.

title: T cell @entity10501 receptor governs antigen-elicited XXXX production.

answer: @entity60 :: (15978(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IFN-gamma']


abstract: Our understanding of the pathophysiology of the @entity2182 is poor. It has been proposed that localized contractions result in the abnormal stretching of bladder smooth muscle. We hypothesize that stretch regulates the cellular processes that determine tissue size. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stretch on apoptosis, proliferation, cell @entity1184 , and growth factor production in @entity1 bladder smooth muscle cells in vitro. Normal @entity1 detrusor muscle was obtained from @entity1 undergoing radical cystectomy for invasive @entity150 , and primary cultures were established. Cells were mechanically stretched on flexible plates at a range of pressures and times. Apoptosis was assessed by @entity2667 incorporation and flow cytometry. Radiolabeled @entity1014 and @entity535 incorporation were used to assess proliferation and cell @entity1184 . ELISA and RT-PCR were used to assess growth factor production. Mechanical stretch inhibits apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner and was associated with increases in the antiapoptotic proteins @entity1457 protein-70 and @entity1839 . Stretch also increases smooth muscle cell proliferation and @entity1184 , but @entity1184 is the more dominant response. These changes were associated with increases in @entity442 and basic FGF and a decrease in @entity2533 . Mechanical stretch regulates apoptosis, proliferation, and cell @entity1184 in @entity1 bladder smooth muscle cells.

title: Mechanical stretch regulates cell survival in XXXX bladder smooth muscle cells in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-beta1']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The trefoil factor family peptides @entity49012 , @entity71012 , and @entity54304 are important for gut mucosal protection and restitution. @entity11943 ( @entity11943 ) stimulates proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells with potent effects on goblet cells. To investigate interactions between food intake and @entity11943 , @entity35 were fed ad libitum (control), fasted for 72 h, or fasted for 72 h and then refed for 72 h with or without @entity11943 (3 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)). With fasting, goblet cell number in duodenum increased, @entity54304 mRNA in duodenum and jejunum decreased, and @entity54304 protein did not change or increased. @entity11943 during fasting stimulated colonic growth, normalized @entity54304 mRNA in duodenum and jejunum, and broadly upregulated gut goblet cell number and @entity54304 protein expression. With fasting-refeeding, @entity11943 increased small bowel and @entity851 , goblet cell number, and @entity54304 protein but had variable effects on @entity54304 mRNA. @entity11943 induced @entity71012 mRNA and protein in duodenum and jejunum with both nutritional regimens. We conclude that nutrient availability modifies @entity35 intestinal goblet cell number, @entity54304 mRNA, and the gut-trophic effects of @entity11943 in a region-specific manner. @entity11943 enhances @entity71012 expression in proximal small bowel and increases goblet cell number and @entity54304 protein content throughout the intestine independent of food intake.

title: Trefoil peptide expression and goblet cell number in @entity35 intestine: effects of XXXX and fasting-refeeding.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['colonic mucosal growth']

entities_list: @entity11943 :: ('29348(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Keratinocyte growth factor', 'KGF']

answer: @entity11943 :: (29348(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['KGF']


abstract: The trefoil factor family peptides @entity49012 , @entity71012 , and @entity54304 are important for gut mucosal protection and restitution. @entity11943 ( @entity11943 ) stimulates proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells with potent effects on goblet cells. To investigate interactions between food intake and @entity11943 , @entity35 were fed ad libitum (control), fasted for 72 h, or fasted for 72 h and then refed for 72 h with or without @entity11943 (3 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)). With fasting, goblet cell number in duodenum increased, @entity54304 mRNA in duodenum and jejunum decreased, and @entity54304 protein did not change or increased. @entity11943 during fasting stimulated colonic growth, normalized @entity54304 mRNA in duodenum and jejunum, and broadly upregulated gut goblet cell number and @entity54304 protein expression. With fasting-refeeding, @entity11943 increased small bowel and @entity851 , goblet cell number, and @entity54304 protein but had variable effects on @entity54304 mRNA. @entity11943 induced @entity71012 mRNA and protein in duodenum and jejunum with both nutritional regimens. We conclude that nutrient availability modifies @entity35 intestinal goblet cell number, @entity54304 mRNA, and the gut-trophic effects of @entity11943 in a region-specific manner. @entity11943 enhances @entity71012 expression in proximal small bowel and increases goblet cell number and @entity54304 protein content throughout the intestine independent of food intake.

title: Trefoil peptide expression and goblet cell number in XXXX intestine: effects of @entity11943 and fasting-refeeding.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Myocardial insulin responsiveness was determined in open-chest @entity4485 -anesthetized @entity235 before and after endotoxin administration. Animals were instrumented to measure mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR), and coronary blood flow. Myocardial @entity413 uptake and myocardial @entity26 uptake (MVO2) were determined during a basal control period and after a @entity12870 over a wide range of insulin concentrations. The clamp was accomplished by intravenously infusing insulin (0-4000 mU/min) and 20% @entity413 in sufficient amounts to maintain arterial @entity413 concentrations within 5 mg/dl of the control value. In a separate series of experiments, @entity296 responsiveness was determined by use of a single dose of insulin (4000 mU/min). This was done to determine whether antecedent insulin infusions during the sequential clamp procedure would affect the responsiveness of the heart. In control experiments, myocardial @entity413 uptake increased without any changes in HR, MVO2, or MABP. Maximum myocardial @entity413 uptake occurred at an insulin infusion rate between 400 and 4000 mU/min. A single concentration of insulin resulted in similar increases in myocardial @entity413 uptake as with the sequential clamp protocol. @entity697 was induced by bolus injection of 1 mg/kg @entity2491 endotoxin (Difco Labs, Detroit, MI). One hour after administration of endotoxin, basal myocardial @entity413 uptake was decreased compared with the control animals. After 1 h of endotoxin shock, the heart was refractory to all concentrations of insulin, suggesting the site for altered insulin response was being mediated by a postreceptor mechanism.

title: Myocardial insulin resistance during acute endotoxin shock in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital sodium']

entities_list: @entity2491 :: ('90371', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella typhimurium']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial insulin']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['Acute endotoxin shock']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity12870 :: ('MESH:D055191', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate after- @entity231 formation in @entity1 having @entity231 surgery with or without dry anterior vitrectomy and possible differences according to age. SETTING: St. Erik's Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 85 eyes of 85 @entity1 from 0 to 15 years old who had @entity231 surgery with or without anterior vitrectomy after the implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL). All @entity1 had primary posterior capsulorhexis but no optic capture. Thirty-five @entity1 received a heparin-surface-modified @entity4625 IOL (809C, Pharmacia _ Upjohn) and 50 @entity1 , a foldable acrylic IOL (AcrySof(R), Alcon). The records from follow-up visits at the @entity1 ' home clinics were used for analysis. RESULTS: Significantly fewer @entity1 were operated on for after- @entity231 if they had @entity231 surgery with anterior vitrectomy (P <.05). This applied to both IOL types. In the @entity1 older than 7 years in the AcrySof IOL group, there was no difference in the frequency of after- @entity231 surgery (P >.05). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 younger than 7 years with an AcrySof IOL, the rate of after- @entity231 surgery was significantly less in those who had an anterior vitrectomy at the time of @entity231 surgery (P <.05). In younger @entity1 , it is advantageous to perform @entity231 surgery with anterior vitrectomy to help prevent after- @entity231 formation; however, vitrectomy is not necessary in older @entity1 .

title: Pediatric XXXX surgery with or without anterior vitrectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'children']

entities_list: @entity4625 :: ('MESH:D019904', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(methyl methacrylate)']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: A consecutive series of 14 @entity1 with @entity808 managed surgically at the Neurological Institute of New York since 1970 is reported. Nine @entity1 and five @entity1 (mean age 40 years) were diagnosed following a mean symptom duration of 33 months. Abnormalities of trigeminal nerve function were present in 11 @entity1 on admission examination. @entity158 was a prominent feature in eight @entity1 . Two @entity1 , both with @entity808 arising from the trigeminal root, presented initially with typical @entity4254 . Additional @entity129 or cerebellar or pyramidal tract signs were noted in eight @entity1 . The surgical approach to these @entity5 depends on their anatomical location. Four @entity1 had @entity5 confined to the middle fossa, three @entity1 had @entity5 limited to the posterior fossa, and seven @entity1 had both supratentorial and infratentorial components of their @entity5 . Twenty operative procedures were performed on these @entity1 , resulting in complete extirpation in six @entity1 , nearly complete removal in seven @entity1 , and partial removal in one @entity1 . Adherence of the @entity5 to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus or the brain stem precluded total removal. There was one @entity204 . In the immediate postoperative period, @entity129 controlling the extraocular muscles were common. In general, these deficits were transient; however, some permanent loss of trigeminal nerve function occurred in nine @entity1 . Two @entity1 required tarsorrhaphy for @entity1036 , and two @entity1 underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting procedures for @entity1276 or for a persistent CSF leak. The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 177 months (mean 47 months). The clinical features, anatomical considerations, and surgical approach to these rare @entity5 are discussed. A clinical review of 106 additional cases of @entity808 , reported in the English literature since 1935, is also presented.

title: XXXX . Surgical series of 14 cases with review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsies', 'abnormalities of cranial nerves']

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannomas', 'trigeminal schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['neurotropic keratitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4254 :: ('MESH:D014277', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Facial pain']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative death']

answer: @entity808 :: (MESH:D009442,Disease) :: ['Trigeminal schwannoma']


abstract: Incubation of nerve with high concentrations of the divalent cation ionophore @entity3365 produces myelin vesiculation (Schlaepfer 1977). This observation has now been extended using segments of @entity35 ventral or dorsal root incubated with high (19 microM, 10 micrograms/ml) or low (1-1.5 microM) concentrations of @entity3365 , or another divalent ionophore, @entity1360 . Low concentrations of @entity3365 induced no vesiculation within a 2-h period. However, subsequent incubation of these roots in fresh, ionophore-free medium for 20 h, resulted in a @entity17 at the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures and paranodes of many fibres. At this time (22 h) the Schwann cells associated with some demyelinating internodes appeared vital upon ultrastructural examination: the cells also excluded the nuclear dye nigrosin. High concentrations of @entity3365 induced a similar @entity17 in affected fibres within only 15-20 min. While the Schwann cells continued to exclude @entity43334 for a further 4 h, their ultrastructural appearance indicated that they were probably in the early stages of @entity39 . Incubation of moribund root with the ionophore produced no myelin vesiculation. At all ionophore concentrations, the myelin vesiculation was dependent upon the presence of extracellular @entity141 , and could be modulated in severity by varying this concentration. Other divalent cations ( @entity8594 , @entity515 , @entity1025 , @entity3281 , @entity3411 , @entity15410 ) could not substitute for @entity141 . The vesiculation induced by @entity3365 could be entirely prevented by the addition of @entity8862 (greater than or equal to 1 microM), @entity3411 (greater than or equal to 1-10 microM), @entity515 (greater than or equal to 100 microM) or @entity3281 (greater than or equal to 100 microM) to the bathing medium. @entity3365 applied to only part of an isolated internode resulted in a localization of the myelin disruption to that region. @entity1360 (greater than or equal to 1 microM), an ionophore with a greater selectivity for @entity141 than @entity3365 , also induced a prompt @entity141 -dependent myelin vesiculation. We conclude that @entity17 can be initiated in vital Schwann cells by a raised intracellular @entity141 concentration. Such @entity17 does not necessarily lead to Schwann cell death. The possible relevance of the findings to vesicular demyelinating @entity16 is discussed, and a hypothesis regarding the mechanism of @entity17 is advanced.

title: XXXX induced by raised intracellular calcium.

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination', 'vesicular demyelination', 'prominent vesicular demyelination']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['Ionomycin', 'ionomycin']

answer: @entity17 :: (MESH:D003711,Disease) :: ['Vesicular demyelination']


abstract: In vitro and animal studies indicate that circulating @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) can stimulate adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and @entity701 secretion, but it is far from established that @entity2178 has a physiologically relevant influence on steroidogenesis. We studied the effects of hypoglycaemia induced with @entity2690 injection (0.15 IU/kg) in @entity1 with essential @entity101 to answer this question. Hypoglycaemia was induced before and after a short term course of treatment with the converting enzyme inhibitor @entity3371 to obtain a sustained blockade of @entity2178 formation. Alterations in serum @entity413 , plasma @entity972 , plasma ACTH, @entity701 , @entity916 activity and @entity1369 were examined. In control studies there was a profound fall in serum @entity413 and plasma @entity972 after @entity2690 , associated with increments in plasma @entity916 activity, which correlated with those of @entity1369 but not with those of ACTH and @entity701 . Chronic @entity3371 increased baseline plasma @entity916 activity and lowered baseline @entity1369 while leaving ACTH and @entity701 unchanged. During converting enzyme inhibition the @entity2690 -induced decrements in @entity413 and @entity972 , as well as the increments in ACTH, @entity701 and @entity1369 , were similar to those observed in control studies, whereas the increments in plasma @entity916 activity were much greater. From these results it does not appear that @entity2178 has a relevant influence on ACTH and @entity701 production, or on their responses to hypoglycaemic stress. Rather, these findings indicate that even under the present experimental conditions @entity2178 is the primary regulator of @entity1369 secretion. However, this function can be taken over by ACTH when the generation of @entity2178 is blocked.

title: The responses of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and XXXX to @entity2690 -induced hypoglycaemic stress in @entity1 are unimpaired during chronic converting enzyme inhibition.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['ANG II', 'angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['cortisol']