abstract: Caveolin-1 ( @entity3895 -1) is the principal structural protein of caveolae membranes that are found in most cells types, including mammary epithelial cells. Recently, we mapped the @entity1 @entity5689 gene to a suspected @entity5 suppressor locus (7q31.1/D7S522) that is deleted in a variety of @entity1 @entity5 , as well as @entity5 . In addition, the @entity5689 gene is mutated ( @entity22156 ) in up to approximately 16% of @entity1 @entity0 . The mechanism by which deletion or mutation of the @entity3895 -1 gene contributes to mammary tumorigenesis remains unknown. To understand the role of the @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) mutation in the pathogenesis of @entity1 @entity0 , we generated the same mutation in wild-type (WT) @entity3895 -1 and studied its behavior in cultured cells. Interestingly, the @entity22156 mutation leads to formation of misfolded @entity3895 -1 oligomers that are retained within the Golgi complex and are not targeted to caveolae or the plasma membrane. To examine whether the @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) mutant behaves in a dominant-negative manner, we next co-transfected cells with @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) and WT @entity3895 -1, and evaluated their caveolar targeting. Our results indicate that @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner, causing the mislocalization and intracellular retention of WT @entity3895 -1. Virtually identical results were obtained when @entity3895 -1 ( @entity22156 ) was stably expressed at physiological levels in a nontransformed @entity1 mammary epithelial cell line (hTERT-HME1). These data provide a molecular explanation for why only a single mutated @entity5689 allele is found in @entity1 with @entity0 . Thus, we next investigated if functional inactivation of @entity3895 -1 gene expression leads to mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. For this purpose, we performed mammary gland analysis on @entity3895 -1-deficient @entity19 (-/-) that harbor a targeted disruption of the @entity3895 -1 gene (a null mutation). Interestingly, we show that inactivation of @entity3895 -1 gene expression leads to mammary epithelial cell @entity1373 , even in 6-week-old virgin female @entity19 . These data clearly implicate loss of functional @entity3895 -1 in the pathogenesis of mammary epithelial cell @entity1373 , and suggest that @entity3895 -1-null @entity19 represent a novel animal model to study premalignant mammary disease.

title: Caveolin-1 mutations ( @entity22156 and null) and the pathogenesis of @entity0 : caveolin-1 ( @entity22156 ) behaves in a dominant-negative manner and caveolin-1 (-/-) null XXXX show mammary epithelial cell @entity1373 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was performed in 8 @entity1 with B @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ): 6 males and 2 females with a median age of 41 years (37 to 46). Seven @entity1 were resistant to previous therapy and were grafted in the evolutive phase. Only 1 @entity1 was grafted without any previous treatment. At the time of BMT 5 @entity1 were classified according to the Rai classification in stage IV, 1 in stage III and 2 in stage 1. The delay between diagnosis and BMT was 47 months (5 to 68). @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) prophylaxis was methotrexate (1 @entity1 ), @entity205 (2 @entity1 ), @entity1499 + @entity205 (3 @entity1 ), @entity205 + physical removal of T cells (2 @entity1 ). The conditioning regimen was standard for 5 @entity1 , reinforced for 3 @entity1 with @entity5805 (1 @entity1 ) and etoposide (2 @entity1 ). A successful engraftment was obtained in all cases. The @entity6113 decreased slowly and disappeared from day 0 to day 28. All @entity1 developed an acute @entity2132 5 of which resolved. Three @entity1 died: 2 of acute @entity2132 and 1 of @entity1779 . Five @entity1 are alive in persistent complete remission without clinical symptoms and with normal peripheral blood and normal bone marrow. The median follow-up is 27 months (13-53). This small series suggests that allogeneic BMT should be investigated in selected @entity1 as possible curative treatment of @entity1072 .

title: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in XXXX : report from the European Cooperative Group for bone marrow transplantation (8 cases).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6113 :: ('MESH:D008218', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytosis']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['Chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'Graft versus host disease']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine urinary @entity1792 excretion in @entity1 with @entity1790 and normal controls. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Tertiary care center in New Delhi. METHODS: This study was done on 50 @entity1 , below the age of 12 years, with idiopathic urinary calculi and 150 age and weight matched controls. The @entity1 were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (1-4 years), Group 2 (5-8 years) and Group 3 (9-12 years). Urinary @entity1792 was estimated in a 24-hour urine sample using colorimetric method. The stones removed from these @entity1 were also analysed. RESULTS: There was a preponderance of urinary stones in males; the highest incidence being in Group 1. Excretion of @entity1792 in 24-hour urine sample was significantly lower in @entity1 compared to controls, for males in all age groups and for females in Group 3. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the urinary @entity1792 value between males and females in a given age group for either controls or @entity1 . The urinary @entity1792 excretion increased with age in @entity1 and controls, but the levels in @entity1 were lower. Depending upon the constituents, four types of stones were identified, @entity78 , @entity3835 , @entity414 and @entity5706 . Nine stones had at least more than one major constituent. Hypocitraturia was detected in 43 percent cases. The incidence was 76 percent for @entity78 , 87 percent for @entity3835 , 40 percent for @entity414 stones and 50 percent for @entity5706 . CONCLUSION: This study shows that low urinary @entity1792 is associated with urinary stones in @entity1 , especially in endemic areas, in the absence of obvious etiological factors. Urinary @entity1792 excretion should be determined in all @entity1 with @entity1790 .

title: Urinary @entity1792 excretion in idiopathic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3835 :: ('MESH:D002129', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium oxalate']

entities_list: @entity78 :: ('MESH:C020243', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1790 :: ('MESH:D053040', 'Disease') :: ['nephrolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity5706 :: ('MESH:C009330', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium ammonium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity1790 :: (MESH:D053040,Disease) :: ['nephrolithiasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine urinary @entity1792 excretion in @entity1 with @entity1790 and normal controls. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Tertiary care center in New Delhi. METHODS: This study was done on 50 @entity1 , below the age of 12 years, with idiopathic urinary calculi and 150 age and weight matched controls. The @entity1 were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (1-4 years), Group 2 (5-8 years) and Group 3 (9-12 years). Urinary @entity1792 was estimated in a 24-hour urine sample using colorimetric method. The stones removed from these @entity1 were also analysed. RESULTS: There was a preponderance of urinary stones in males; the highest incidence being in Group 1. Excretion of @entity1792 in 24-hour urine sample was significantly lower in @entity1 compared to controls, for males in all age groups and for females in Group 3. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the urinary @entity1792 value between males and females in a given age group for either controls or @entity1 . The urinary @entity1792 excretion increased with age in @entity1 and controls, but the levels in @entity1 were lower. Depending upon the constituents, four types of stones were identified, @entity78 , @entity3835 , @entity414 and @entity5706 . Nine stones had at least more than one major constituent. Hypocitraturia was detected in 43 percent cases. The incidence was 76 percent for @entity78 , 87 percent for @entity3835 , 40 percent for @entity414 stones and 50 percent for @entity5706 . CONCLUSION: This study shows that low urinary @entity1792 is associated with urinary stones in @entity1 , especially in endemic areas, in the absence of obvious etiological factors. Urinary @entity1792 excretion should be determined in all @entity1 with @entity1790 .

title: Urinary XXXX excretion in idiopathic @entity1790 .

answer: @entity1792 :: (MESH:D019343,Chemical) :: ['citrate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the authors' 30-year experience with @entity1755 ( @entity1755 ). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: @entity1755 is a highly lethal injury. Most institutions manage a small number of cases, and most surgeons receive only modest exposure during training. METHODS: Between 1971 and 2001, the authors operated on 219 @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity1755 . Diagnosis of @entity1755 since 1994 has been based exclusively on the use of contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography, with angiography reserved for equivocal cases (periaortic mediastinal @entity1410 without @entity2333 ). @entity1 were divided according to surgical technique. Eighty-two @entity1 (group A) were operated on with a clamp-and-sew technique. Sixty-four @entity1 (group B) underwent surgery with the use of a passive shunt, and 73 @entity1 (group C) were treated using heparin-less partial cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: Mortality was 18 @entity1 for group A (21.9%), 23 @entity1 for group B (35.9%), and 13 @entity1 for group C (17.8%) (P =.03). @entity451 occurred in 15 of 64 survivors in group A (23.4%), 7 of 41 survivors in group B (17%), and 0 of 60 survivors in group C ( P=.0005). @entity432 without lower body perfusion for longer than 30 minutes (P =.004) and surgical technique without lower body bypass support (P =.0005) were associated with @entity451 . CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for @entity1755 based on spiral computed tomography screening and diagnosis is reliable. The use of heparin-less distal cardiopulmonary bypass in the authors' hands is safe and is associated with a reduced incidence of @entity451 .

title: Management of XXXX : a 30-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['TAR', 'traumatic aortic rupture']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic occlusion']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['aortic wall abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['Paraplegia', 'paraplegia']

answer: @entity1755 :: (MESH:D001019,Disease) :: ['traumatic aortic rupture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report our initial experience with endovascular stent-graft repair of complicated penetrating @entity731 as an alternative to surgery in @entity1 with increased risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. METHOD: During a 2-year period, eight @entity1 with complicated penetrating @entity731 of the descending thoracic aorta were treated with the Gore Excluder stent-graft. @entity1 (mean age, 70.6 years) presented with two to five comorbid conditions causing an increased risk for surgical repair. In addition to painful events, three @entity1 presented with severe @entity5492 , one @entity1 with @entity1353 , and one @entity1 with @entity1282 . All @entity1 underwent emergency computed tomography, and diagnosis of contained @entity397 was confirmed in five @entity1 . Computed tomographic findings included one to three penetrating @entity1066 per @entity1 (n = 4), @entity2849 (n = 5), additional intramural @entity1410 (n = 4), @entity548 (n = 2), and hematothoraces (n = 4). Through an iliac or femoral access site, a total of 11 stent-grafts were implanted under general (n = 5), epidural (n = 2), or spinal (n = 1) anesthesia. RESULTS: Deployment of stent-grafts was successful in all @entity1 , and all sites of @entity548 were sealed. The intramural @entity1410 resolved completely in three cases, and two @entity2849 decreased in size. Intentional occlusion of the origin of left subclavian artery with the stent-graft in one @entity1 was tolerated without left arm or cerebral symptoms. One @entity1 experienced permanent @entity451 immediately after endovascular repair. There were no deaths during the hospital stay (range, 7-35 days; mean, 14.5 days). One @entity1 was lost to follow-up after hospital discharge. The clinical observation period for the remaining seven @entity1 was 38 to 99 weeks (mean, 60 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular stent-graft repair in complicated penetrating @entity731 is an alternative therapeutic option to conventional thoracotomy, especially in @entity1 at high risk of increased morbidity and mortality perioperatively and postoperatively.

title: Endovascular stent-graft repair of complicated penetrating XXXX of the descending thoracic aorta.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'mediastinal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas', 'hematoma']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic ulcers']

entities_list: @entity5492 :: ('MESH:D006469', 'Disease') :: ['hemoptysis']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysms']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic ulcers']


abstract: The antrum-fundic section and re- @entity254 (AESR), liberates, in @entity35 male @entity35 , genuine antral peptic ulcers. They start within 20 days. They are progressive evolution, penetrating into all gastric walls. Between 7 and 8 months, they involve near organs (spleen, liver, pancreas) and produce a great inflammatory reaction of the @entity4494 . The antral peptic ulcer is induced if the gastric lesser curvature's nerves are sectioned and a concomitant pyloroplasty is done or not. The gastric hemisection, if anterior or posterior, break out the peptic ulcer only on the same side of the antrum-fundic interruption. In all this situations, except in cases of concomitant pyloroplasty, it is proved a pronounced and significantly increase of the gastric (g/kg), but not pancreatic index. In the AFSR series with nervous section on the lesser curvature and without pyloroplasty, the percentage of antral peptic ulcers in 56%. It is postulated the probably existence, at an antrum-fundic level, of a neuroendocrine center. Its nullification or disturbance by the section and re- @entity254 procedure could generate the antral ulcer and other histologic changes (increase of the "G" cells, @entity1373 of the parietal, ECL and "A like" cells) by one or various hypothetical ways: 1. Direct action, nullifying the normal blocking function of somatostative over the "G" cells and or parietal cells. 2. Disturbing or nullifying the motor pump effect of the gastric antrum, and on this way, enhancing the duodenum-gastric reflux with all know deleterious effects of the bile in the antrum particularly in an acid milieu. 3. Modifying, in the opposite direction, the sensitivity by one hand, of the "G" cells mass and by the other one, of the parietal, ECL and "A like" cells. The @entity308 of the fundic sensitivity will induce the @entity1373 of the "G" cells, the hypersecretion of @entity9113 and, "a posteriori", all the secretory effects and trophic characteristic of it. 4. Disturbing the @entity2918 secretion, perhaps through a @entity51 , with the resulting epiphenomenon of a cytoprotection deficit mediated through the mucus and @entity3157 production. It is probably that the proposed physiopathogenic mechanism are associated and that the final result, the antral peptic ulcer is the consequence of an increase of the aggressive factors (acid, bile) and a concomitant @entity308 of the defensive factors (cytoprotection), starting normally by the @entity2918 through the mucus and @entity3157 secretion.

title: [Post-sectional antral peptic ulcer and antrofundic re- XXXX in @entity35 (manifestation of a probable antrofundic neuroendocrine center)].

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['peripancreatic ganglions']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['deficit of the nervous innervation']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: The antrum-fundic section and re- @entity254 (AESR), liberates, in @entity35 male @entity35 , genuine antral peptic ulcers. They start within 20 days. They are progressive evolution, penetrating into all gastric walls. Between 7 and 8 months, they involve near organs (spleen, liver, pancreas) and produce a great inflammatory reaction of the @entity4494 . The antral peptic ulcer is induced if the gastric lesser curvature's nerves are sectioned and a concomitant pyloroplasty is done or not. The gastric hemisection, if anterior or posterior, break out the peptic ulcer only on the same side of the antrum-fundic interruption. In all this situations, except in cases of concomitant pyloroplasty, it is proved a pronounced and significantly increase of the gastric (g/kg), but not pancreatic index. In the AFSR series with nervous section on the lesser curvature and without pyloroplasty, the percentage of antral peptic ulcers in 56%. It is postulated the probably existence, at an antrum-fundic level, of a neuroendocrine center. Its nullification or disturbance by the section and re- @entity254 procedure could generate the antral ulcer and other histologic changes (increase of the "G" cells, @entity1373 of the parietal, ECL and "A like" cells) by one or various hypothetical ways: 1. Direct action, nullifying the normal blocking function of somatostative over the "G" cells and or parietal cells. 2. Disturbing or nullifying the motor pump effect of the gastric antrum, and on this way, enhancing the duodenum-gastric reflux with all know deleterious effects of the bile in the antrum particularly in an acid milieu. 3. Modifying, in the opposite direction, the sensitivity by one hand, of the "G" cells mass and by the other one, of the parietal, ECL and "A like" cells. The @entity308 of the fundic sensitivity will induce the @entity1373 of the "G" cells, the hypersecretion of @entity9113 and, "a posteriori", all the secretory effects and trophic characteristic of it. 4. Disturbing the @entity2918 secretion, perhaps through a @entity51 , with the resulting epiphenomenon of a cytoprotection deficit mediated through the mucus and @entity3157 production. It is probably that the proposed physiopathogenic mechanism are associated and that the final result, the antral peptic ulcer is the consequence of an increase of the aggressive factors (acid, bile) and a concomitant @entity308 of the defensive factors (cytoprotection), starting normally by the @entity2918 through the mucus and @entity3157 secretion.

title: [Post-sectional antral peptic ulcer and antrofundic re- @entity254 in XXXX (manifestation of a probable antrofundic neuroendocrine center)].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) has recently been evaluated as a new staging technique for early @entity0 . To minimize the extent of surgery, the feasibility of eradicating primary @entity1558 and the relative sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) under regional anesthesia was evaluated in this study. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A selected population of 76 @entity1 with suspected operable @entity0 and no clinically palpable lymph nodes was enrolled in the study. Intra- and perilesional administration of a radiotracer was performed. Lymphoscintigraphy was carried out to confirm the drainage pathway and locate the SLN. The following day, after inducing a nervous block induction of the ipsilateral intercostal nerves, we performed the surgical procedure with the help of a hand-held gamma-detecting probe. In case the @entity75 was diagnosed as @entity189 by frozen section, the SLN and the remaining axillary lymph nodes (non-SLNs) were removed. The status of SLN and non-SLNs was compared. RESULTS: The primary breast lesion was located and excised in all cases (identification rate: 100%). Lymphoscintigraphy positively identified SLNs in 40/45 (89%) @entity1 ; in five @entity1 no lymphatic drainage was detected. In 38 cases an average of 1.5 SLNs and 14 non-SLNs per @entity1 were removed and pathologically analyzed; the remaining two @entity1 showed SLNs in the internal mammary chain, which were not excised. Twenty-nine percent of the @entity1 showed @entity3 in the lymph nodes examined. Of all @entity1 with affected nodes, 55% had @entity5 cells only in the SLN. No false negatives (skip metastases) were found. No immediate or long-term anesthesia-related complications (e.g., @entity456 , intravascular injection) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm the feasibility of single radiotracer administration for both @entity75 and SLN localization as well as the usefulness of @entity1600 in staging early @entity0 . Regional anesthesia resulted in easy management and good @entity1 compliance. This time-saving procedure allowed the completion of the whole surgical plan, reducing the recovery time without modifying the effectiveness of surgery.

title: Minimal sentinel node procedure for staging early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion', 'occult lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['SLND', 'Sentinel lymph node dissection']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['invasive carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast lesions']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural lesions']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: During 1999 the issue of rape in South Africa was debated at the highest levels. The epidemiology of rape has become an issue of considerable political importance and sensitivity, with President Mbeki demanding an answer to the question: how much rape is there in South Africa? The purpose of this paper is both to summarise and synthesise the findings of research to provide an overview of the epidemiology of rape of @entity1 in South Africa and to show how difficult it is to answer the President's question. The review begins by considering why rape is so difficult to research. Data available shows that rape reported to the police (240 incidents of rape and attempted rape per 100,000 @entity1 each year) represents the tip of an ice berg of @entity458 . Representative community-based surveys have found, for example, that in the 17-48 age group there are 2070 such incidents per 100,000 @entity1 per year. Non-consensual sex in marriage and dating relationships is believed to be very common but is usually not well reported in surveys. Forced sexual initiation is reported by almost a third of adolescent @entity1 . In addition coerced consensual sex is a common problem in schools, workplaces and amongst peers. Knowledge of causal and contributory factors influencing the high levels of rape are also discussed. We conclude that the rape statistic for the country is currently elusive but levels of non-consensual and coerced sex are clearly very high. International comparison needs to be approached with caution because most developing countries lack the infrastructure for accurate crime reporting and do not have such a substantial body of survey data.

title: The epidemiology of rape and XXXX in South Africa: an overview.

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual coercion']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['sexual coercion']


abstract: Results from a laboratory-scale investigation on batch combustion of @entity8886 are reported herein. Limited quantities of waste @entity8886 monomer are incinerated, however this monomer is, also, the primary pyrolyzate during combustion of waste @entity852 , the second most abundant polymer produced worldwide. Thus, its combustion-generated emissions are of importance to the operation of hazardous waste incinerators and municipal waste-to-energy powerplants. This work focuses on emissions of @entity2555 ( @entity2556 ), particulates, as well as @entity1223 . To investigate methods for minimizing such emissions, batch combustion of the monomer was conducted in a two-stage muffle furnace. An additional air mixing chamber was installed between the two stages. Small quantities of the liquid monomer were inserted in the primary furnace which served as a gasifier/burner. The furnace temperature was in the range of 300-1000 degrees C and diffusion flames were formed under most conditions. Upon mixing with additional air, combustion of unburned gaseous fuel and primary reaction products continued in the secondary furnace (afterburner), which was kept at a constant temperature of either 1000 or 800 degrees C. Using this technique, conditions that minimize emissions were explored and theoretical investigations on the fate of pollutants in the secondary furnace were undertaken. Results revealed that combustion of @entity8886 , which is a highly volatile fuel, occurred with the formation of flames that were often non-anchored, unsteady and unstable. Emissions of organic pollutants, soot and CO were more intense than in the case of the @entity852 combustion, studied previously under identical conditions, due to the additional depolymerization/pyrolysis steps therein. The emissions from the secondary furnace exceeded those of the primary furnace, consistent with the fact that a very significant fraction of the fuel conversion occurred in the secondary chamber. Clear trends in the emissions of @entity2556 and soot, products of incomplete combustion, with the temperature of the primary furnace (gasifier) were observed. Emissions were drastically reduced with lowering the gasifier temperature. While final cumulative emissions of @entity2556 and soot accounted for more than one third of the mass of the fuel at high temperatures, their concentrations at the exit of the afterburner were negligible when the primary furnace was operated at 300 degrees C under pyrolytic conditions. In the latter case air was added to the afterburner. Numerical modeling based on a complex reaction network was used for the description of the primary furnace as well as of the afterburner. Kinetic analysis showed @entity14493 and @entity7935 to be key species in the growth of @entity2556 . Formation of @entity2556 in the afterburner, found experimentally, was reproduced by the model using a plug-flow assumption.

title: A study on toxic organic emissions from batch combustion of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity14493 :: ('MESH:D000114', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylene']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']

answer: @entity8886 :: (MESH:D020058,Chemical) :: ['styrene']


abstract: Two hundred and eighty three @entity1 with FIGO Stages III-IV @entity43 were entered on a randomized trial of @entity5805 with or without @entity900 . Eighty two of these @entity1 have subsequently undergone surgical reexploration. Ten of these were for surgical indications ( @entity1321 , etc.), and 7 were interval reexplorations at about 6 months on @entity1 who had not been adequately debulked at primary surgery. The remaining 65 @entity1 had elective operations after 12 months chemotherapy, and in 52 of these there was no pre-operative clinical evidence of @entity66 . @entity1168 ( @entity1168 ) was similar in the 2 treatment arms (8% v 9.7%); 42.3% of @entity1 in apparent remission at 12 months had negative reexploration and 57.5% of these were alive after 4 years (post-reexploration median survival greater than 4 1/2 years). The remaining 57.7% of @entity1 had @entity66 at reexploration and their 4-year survival was 15% (median survival 73 weeks). A further group of 13 @entity1 had 'responding' and probably resectable @entity66 at 12 months. These @entity1 were reexplored with a view to secondary debulking. Their 4-year postoperation survival was 15% (median survival, 70 weeks). There were 9 @entity1 who, though in apparent remission at 12 months, were not subjected to surgical reexploration. The median survival for this group was 33 weeks, calculated from the mean theoretical time when they should have had reexploration. This was significantly inferior to the results for the 52 @entity1 , also in apparent remission, who underwent reexploration (4-year survival 32.5%, median survival 123 weeks, p = 0.002).

title: The role of surgical reexploration following chemotherapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian epithelial cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['Complete Surgical Response rate', 'CRS']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: The results of a randomised, prospective, multicentre trial of the management of primary @entity1538 are presented at up to five years' follow up. Previously undiagnosed cases were selected with intraocular pressure of 26 mmHg or more on two occasions together with field loss characteristic of @entity726 . Analysis was performed on one eye selected at random from each of 99 @entity1 . Conventional medical treatment followed in unsuccessful cases by trabeculectomy (group A) was compared with trabeculectomy at diagnosis followed when necessary by supplementary medical therapy (group B). The life expectancy of these @entity726 @entity1 was found to be similar to that for the local population matched for age and sex. In group A after four years trabeculectomy had been performed in 53% of eyes because medical management had failed to control the disease. The rate of operation was lower in those @entity1 with intraocular pressure less than 31 mmHg and mild relative field loss (17% at three years) than in those with intraocular pressure greater than 30 mmHg and dense @entity1019 (75% at three years). Early surgery provided much more stable control with fewer changes in treatment than in group A. The group mean intraocular pressure after trabeculectomy was 15.0 mmHg irrespective of the time of operation, and this was significantly lower than the intraocular pressure in those cases thought to be controlled on medical therapy alone at the end of the first year (20.8 mmHg). Early operation provided significantly better protection of visual field, and the extra @entity227 with delayed operation occurred in the preoperative period. Changes in visual fields were not related to the use of miotics. There was no significant difference in the final visual acuity in the two groups, but six cases in group A lost central fixation because of progressive @entity227 , and there were no such cases in group B. @entity231 occurred in approximately 10% of cases in both groups, but in group A this happened with only half the number of operations and at a shorter postoperative follow-up than in group B. It appears that in cases of primary @entity1538 of this severity the risk of delaying operation are significantly greater than those of performing trabeculectomy as the primary treatment.

title: Early trabeculectomy versus conventional management in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['loss of visual field']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['Cataract']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity1538 :: (MESH:D005902,Disease) :: ['open angle glaucoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The maze procedure is an effective way to treat @entity955 ( @entity955 ) associated with @entity339 . In a last several years, cryoablation was substituted for atrial incision in many reports to simplify the maze procedure. However, there has been no comparative study to delineate the feasibility of the use of cryoablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared the early and intermediate-term results of the maze procedure including pulmonary venous isolation from the left atrium using cryoablation (CM) with our conventional (Kosakai) maze procedure (KM) including encircling incision around the orifices of pulmonary veins. One hundred and 10 pairs of @entity1 were matched in the age, left atrial dimension >70 mm, duration of @entity955 >0 years, previous cardiac surgery, mechanical valve implantation and concomitant aortic valve procedures. CM required significantly shorter cardiopulmonary bypass time (186+/-56 minute versus 214+/-47 minute, P=0.001) and aortic cross-clamp time (134+/-43 minute versus 144+/-37 minute, P=0.03) than KM with less chest tube drainage (590+/-353 mL versus 745+/-618 mL, P=0.02) for 12 hours after operation. The sinus rhythm restoration rate in CM group (85.4%) was comparable with KM group (86.4%) at discharge. In the late results, the actuarial freedom from recurrence of sustained @entity955 at 3 years in CM group (97.7%) was not significantly (P=0.11) different from that in KM group (90.4%). The actuarial freedom from @entity64 at 3 years in CM group was 99.0%. CONCLUSION: The modification of the maze procedure including cryoablation for pulmonary venous isolation provided less aortic cross-clamp time and less amount of chest tube drainage with the comparable recovery and maintenance of sinus rhythm with KM. CM is a reliable and less invasive surgical option for the @entity955 associated with @entity339 .

title: The effect of cryo-maze procedure on early and intermediate term outcome in XXXX : case matched study.

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve disease']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral valve disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity20806 is a selective @entity556 inhibitor used for the treatment of @entity1188 . We evaluated its therapeutic effect using coagulation markers in 30 @entity1 with @entity1188 and 30 @entity1 with @entity1188 during the immediate period after @entity385 . METHODS: Argatroban therapy was initiated within 24 hours of the onset of @entity64 and the course was followed until 7 days after the start of treatment. Neurological evaluation was performed using the @entity64 ( @entity64 ). We also monitored the serial changes in activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, @entity556 -antithrombin complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 (F1 + 2). RESULTS: Both groups of @entity1 showed significant improvement of @entity64 after 7 days of argatroban therapy (p < 0.05). @entity385 developed in 8 of @entity1 with @entity1188 , but no worsening of symptoms was noted in any of these @entity1 . There was no significant prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time or prothrombin time after 7 days, while levels of both TAT and F1 + 2 were significantly decreased from day 2. CONCLUSION: The decrease in TAT and F1 + 2 during argatroban therapy suggested improvement of @entity49 , which might explain how this drug prevents the recurrence of both ATI and CEI in the acute stage. Our findings also suggested that TAT and F1 + 2 might be useful indices for evaluation of argatroban efficacy.

title: Anticoagulant therapy with a selective @entity556 inhibitor for acute XXXX : usefulness of coagulation markers for evaluation of efficacy.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['HSS', 'stroke', 'Hemispheric Stroke Scale']

entities_list: @entity20806 :: ('MESH:C031942', 'Chemical') :: ['Argatroban']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulability']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['atherothrombotic infarction', 'cardioembolic infarction']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke', 'Hemorrhagic infarction']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['cerebral infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity20806 is a selective @entity556 inhibitor used for the treatment of @entity1188 . We evaluated its therapeutic effect using coagulation markers in 30 @entity1 with @entity1188 and 30 @entity1 with @entity1188 during the immediate period after @entity385 . METHODS: Argatroban therapy was initiated within 24 hours of the onset of @entity64 and the course was followed until 7 days after the start of treatment. Neurological evaluation was performed using the @entity64 ( @entity64 ). We also monitored the serial changes in activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, @entity556 -antithrombin complex (TAT), and prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 (F1 + 2). RESULTS: Both groups of @entity1 showed significant improvement of @entity64 after 7 days of argatroban therapy (p < 0.05). @entity385 developed in 8 of @entity1 with @entity1188 , but no worsening of symptoms was noted in any of these @entity1 . There was no significant prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time or prothrombin time after 7 days, while levels of both TAT and F1 + 2 were significantly decreased from day 2. CONCLUSION: The decrease in TAT and F1 + 2 during argatroban therapy suggested improvement of @entity49 , which might explain how this drug prevents the recurrence of both ATI and CEI in the acute stage. Our findings also suggested that TAT and F1 + 2 might be useful indices for evaluation of argatroban efficacy.

title: Anticoagulant therapy with a selective XXXX inhibitor for acute @entity385 : usefulness of coagulation markers for evaluation of efficacy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity556 :: (2147,Gene) :: ['thrombin']


abstract: @entity1174 is a serious problem for the elderly institutionalized @entity1 , often requiring transfer to a hospital and a lengthy stay there. It is associated with a high mortality rate and is very costly to the health care system. The current study sought to determine the key predictors of @entity1174 in a nursing home population with the hope that health care providers could identify those residents at highest risk and focus more efforts on prevention of this serious disease. A cross-sectional, retrospective analysis was done, using the @entity10281 ( @entity10281 ) nursing home assessment data for three states (New York, Mississippi, Maine) from 1993 to 1994 (N = 102842). Nursing home residents were aged 65+. Standardized @entity10281 summary scales and their component items were used, including: the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale, the cognitive performance scale (CPS), and the Resource Utilization Groups (RUGs). Results of these analyses showed the prevalence of @entity55 among this population was 3% (n = 3118). Results from the logistic regression models indicated 18 significant predictors of @entity1174 . The strongest to weakest predictors of @entity55 were, respectively, suctioning use, COPD, CHF, presence of feeding tube, bedfast, high case mix index, @entity933 , @entity353 , swallowing problems, urinary tract infections, mechanically altered diet, @entity734 for eating, bed mobility, locomotion, number of medications, and age, while both CVA and tracheotomy care were inversely predictive of @entity55 . The emergence of these significant predictors suggested a different pathogenesis of @entity55 in the elderly nursing home resident from the acute care @entity1 or the outpatient. Nursing home residents have chronic medical conditions that gradually lead to "decompensation" in functional status, nutritional status, and pulmonary clearance. @entity1282 and @entity1173 are common complications of their medical conditions and may slowly worsen as their status deteriorates. Alternatively, a sudden adverse event may dramatically increase the amount aspirated or the ability to resist infection and lead to sudden decompensation. Clinical staff must identify residents with @entity1282 and @entity1173 and work to prevent decline in functional status in all residents. They must be aware of the dangers of adverse events that lead to sudden inactivity or illness and increase the risk of @entity1174 . Prevention of this disease whenever possible will reduce costs, improve health outcomes, and improve our quality of care.

title: Predictors of XXXX in nursing home residents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia', 'Aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity10281 :: ('MESH:D020920', 'Disease') :: ['Minimum Data Set', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity1174 :: (MESH:D011015,Disease) :: ['aspiration pneumonia']


abstract: The carotid body is a major sensor of @entity26 partial pressure in the arterial blood, and plays a role in the control of respiration. Despite extensive investigation of the structure, the cellular basis of the transduction mechanism remains poorly understood. We have developed a preparation of freshly dissociated cells from the @entity95 carotid body, in which two cell types may be identified using morphological criteria. The preparation allows application of the patch clamp technique to characterize the properties of the cells which have otherwise proved difficult to study in situ. Carotid bodies of @entity95 were dissociated using a combination of enzymatic and mechanical procedures. The dissociated preparation obtained consisted of clusters of spherical or ovoid cells of 12-15 microns in diameter and a distinct population of spherical cells of 8-10 microns diameter. Electron microscopic techniques were used to identify the cells present in the preparation. Again two populations of cells could be distinguished. A population of cells 10-12 microns in diameter, often found in clusters, possessed the dense-cored vesicles characteristic of Type I cells, while a population of smaller cells (diameter 5-7 microns) had peripherally condensed nuclear chromatin and fine cytoplasmic surface extensions characteristic of Type II cells. Patch clamp study of the cells showed that they represent two electrophysiologically distinct populations. The larger cells, corresponding to Type I cells, were found to be excitable, generating fast, @entity1372 -dependent action potentials that were recorded both in the cell attached and whole cell recording configurations. The smaller Type II cells did not generate action potentials. Voltage clamp study of Type I cells allowed definition of a range of voltage-gated currents. These included an inactivating, @entity1022 -sensitive inward @entity1372 current, a high threshold sustained inward @entity460 current, and outward @entity972 currents. A component of the outward current showed a dependence on voltage-gated @entity460 entry, and was blocked by @entity1953 or @entity3409 . Of the @entity460 -dependent current, a component was sensitive to apamin, and the remaining current was blocked by @entity5128 . Type II cells showed only a high threshold outward @entity972 current. These studies have thus revealed an electrophysiological differentiation that parallels the morphological differentiation of the cells of the carotid body. The Type I cell is essentially neuron-like in its properties, while the Type II cell appears to have properties resembling those of glial elements elsewhere in the nervous system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Biophysical studies of the cellular elements of the XXXX carotid body.

entities_list: @entity5128 :: ('MESH:D019789', 'Chemical') :: ['tetraethylammonium']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Clinical reports on unintentional mass exposure to extreme concentrations of @entity544 are rare. We describe an industrial incident caused by a container of liquid @entity544 that was unintentionally opened in an enclosed working environment. Twenty-five casualties reached our emergency department. Symptoms included @entity1353 , cough, dizziness, @entity662 , and @entity10 . ECGs (n=15) revealed ST-segment changes in 2 (13.3%) @entity1 , @entity955 in 2 @entity1 , and non-Q wave @entity583 in 1 @entity1 . Chest radiographs (n=22) revealed @entity3067 , consistent with @entity55 , in 6 (27%) @entity1 and @entity3126 in 2 (9%) @entity1 . Eleven (44%) @entity1 were admitted to the hospital: 8 were discharged 24 hours later and the others within 8 days. No @entity1 died. Exposure to high concentrations of @entity544 resulted in significant but transient cardiopulmonary morbidity with no mortality when victims were promptly evacuated and given supportive therapy. @entity299 were frequently observed and should be actively sought.

title: Exposure to extremely high concentrations of XXXX : a clinical description of a mass casualty incident.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac complications']

entities_list: @entity3067 :: ('MESH:C531609', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse or patchy alveolar patterns']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity544 :: (MESH:D002245,Chemical) :: ['carbon dioxide']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Emergency physicians often use the Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) to help guide decisions in @entity1 care, yet the reliability of the GCS has never been tested in a typical broad sample of @entity341 ( @entity341 ) @entity1 . We determined the interrater reliability of the GCS between emergency physicians when adult @entity1 with altered levels of @entity1662 are assessed. METHODS: In this prospective observational study at a university Level I @entity130 center, we enrolled a convenience sample of @entity341 @entity1 older than 17 years who presented with an altered level of @entity1662 . Two residency-trained attending emergency physicians independently assessed and recorded the GCS score and its components (eye, verbal, and motor) in blinded fashion within a 5-minute period. Data were analyzed for interrater reliability by using standard ordinal calculations. We also created scatter plots and Bland-Altman plots for each GCS component and for the GCS score. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one @entity1 were screened and enrolled in the study, with 15 excluded because of protocol violations. Of the 116 remaining @entity1 , the agreement percentage for exact total GCS was 32% (tau-b=0.739; Spearman rho=0.864; Spearman rho2=75%). Agreement percentage for GCS components were eye 74% (tau-b=0.715; Spearman rho=0.757; Spearman rho2=57%), verbal 55% (tau-b=0.587; Spearman rho=0.665; Spearman rho2=44%), and motor 72% (tau-b=0.742; Spearman rho=0.808; Spearman rho2=65%). Our Spearman's analyses found that only approximately half (44% to 65%) of the observed variance could be explained by the relationship between the paired component measures. For GCS components, only 55% to 74% of paired measures were identical, and 6% to 17% of them were 2 or more points apart. CONCLUSION: We found only moderate degrees of interrater agreement for the GCS and its components.

title: Interrater reliability of Glasgow @entity772 Scale scores in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ['consciousness']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['emergency department']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Emergency physicians often use the Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) to help guide decisions in @entity1 care, yet the reliability of the GCS has never been tested in a typical broad sample of @entity341 ( @entity341 ) @entity1 . We determined the interrater reliability of the GCS between emergency physicians when adult @entity1 with altered levels of @entity1662 are assessed. METHODS: In this prospective observational study at a university Level I @entity130 center, we enrolled a convenience sample of @entity341 @entity1 older than 17 years who presented with an altered level of @entity1662 . Two residency-trained attending emergency physicians independently assessed and recorded the GCS score and its components (eye, verbal, and motor) in blinded fashion within a 5-minute period. Data were analyzed for interrater reliability by using standard ordinal calculations. We also created scatter plots and Bland-Altman plots for each GCS component and for the GCS score. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one @entity1 were screened and enrolled in the study, with 15 excluded because of protocol violations. Of the 116 remaining @entity1 , the agreement percentage for exact total GCS was 32% (tau-b=0.739; Spearman rho=0.864; Spearman rho2=75%). Agreement percentage for GCS components were eye 74% (tau-b=0.715; Spearman rho=0.757; Spearman rho2=57%), verbal 55% (tau-b=0.587; Spearman rho=0.665; Spearman rho2=44%), and motor 72% (tau-b=0.742; Spearman rho=0.808; Spearman rho2=65%). Our Spearman's analyses found that only approximately half (44% to 65%) of the observed variance could be explained by the relationship between the paired component measures. For GCS components, only 55% to 74% of paired measures were identical, and 6% to 17% of them were 2 or more points apart. CONCLUSION: We found only moderate degrees of interrater agreement for the GCS and its components.

title: Interrater reliability of Glasgow XXXX Scale scores in the @entity341 .

answer: @entity772 :: (MESH:D003128,Disease) :: ['Coma']


abstract: The following management guidelines, based on changing concepts in @entity565 pathogenesis and treatment, outline an approach aimed at reducing @entity565 morbidity and mortality. Use of these guidelines may help to reduce @entity1224 and result in improved care for these @entity1 . Maintain open lines of communication between @entity1 and physician. Promote positive @entity1 -physician interaction. Remain alert for signs of @entity458 . Use maintenance antiinflammatory medications and bronchodilators as needed. Discuss medication requirements and possible side effects. Caution against abuse of beta agonists. Monitor drug diaries and @entity2544 levels to assess medication requirements and compliance with treatment. Monitor daily peak expiratory flow rates in @entity1 prone to severe attacks of @entity565 . Encourage @entity1 to report progressive symptoms or peak expiratory flow rates less than 200 liters/min. For @entity565 uncontrolled by bronchodilators and inhaled antiinflammatory medications, treat promptly with systemic corticosteroids.

title: New concepts in chronic XXXX . What is the impact on therapy?

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological problems']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway hyperreactivity']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: In order to investigate the value of immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity test for the serological diagnosis of @entity281 , a total of 118 @entity1 (74 male, 44 female; mean age: 43 +/- 18.7 years) were included into the present study. The @entity1 have been diagnosed with the characteristic clinical findings, > or = 1/160 antibody titers in standard tube agglutination (STA) test and/or blood culture positivities. Brucella spp. have been grown in blood cultures of 78 @entity1 , and STA test results were found positive (> or = 1/160 titers) in 117 @entity1 . The diagnosis of a @entity1 with 1/80 STA titer was based on the blood culture positivity. By enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), 3 @entity1 (2.5%) were found positive for IgM, 14 (11.9%) were positive for IgG, and 101 (85.6%) were positive for both IgM and IgG. The @entity1 who were found IgG positive have been grouped according to their duration of complaints. Group 1 included 99 @entity1 with the history of @entity3377 < or = 6 months, and group 2 included 16 @entity1 with the history of @entity3377 > 6 months. IgG avidity test was performed by ELISA in 115 IgG positive serum samples, with the denaturation substance (8 M @entity1133 ). The cut-off value for IgG avidity index (AI) was accepted as 40%, and the avidity maturation period was defined as 6 months. As a result, the rates of @entity1 who had low IgG AI in group 1 and 2 were found as 91.9% and 43.7%, respectively, while these rates were 8.1% and 56.3% for the presence of high IgG AI, respectively. The rate of low AI in group 1 was an expected result, while the rate was more than expected in group 2, indicating that Brucella antibodies with low avidity indices would not be helpful for the diagnosis of a recent infection, while Brucella antibodies with high avidity indices would be useful for the elimination of a recent infection.

title: [The value of the immunoglobulin G avidity test for the serologic diagnosis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Brucella infections']

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis']

answer: @entity3377 :: (MESH:D002006,Disease) :: ['brucellosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Very little is known about the epidemiology of @entity3604 in Israel. AIM: We aimed to provide an estimate on the incidence of low-impact @entity174 in southern Israel. METHODS: The study included @entity1 and @entity1 50 years and older with radiographic evidence of a new @entity174 . We screened and reviewed all the emergency room and hospital charts to identify all @entity1 with low impact @entity174 who attended the Soroka Hospital during the corresponding months of January and February of 1998 through 2001. RESULTS: There were a total of 580 @entity174 @entity1 (461 @entity1 and 119 @entity1 ). The estimated incidence of all low-impact @entity174 in the entire population aged 50 and older was 1064:100,000 (95% C.I. 981: 1153) per year. The estimated incidence of low-impact @entity174 in @entity1 was three fold higher than in @entity1 [1526:100,000 (95% C.I. 1390: 1675) vs. 490/100,000 (95% C.I. 408: 580) per year, respectively]. @entity174 of the distal forearm and proximal hip (26% each) were, by far, the most common in @entity1 , followed by @entity174 of the humerus (18%), ankle (12%) and pelvis (5%). In @entity1 , proximal @entity173 (39%) were the most common, followed by @entity174 of the humerus (18%), distal forearm (15%) and ankle (14%). Multiple concurrent @entity174 occurred in 2.5% of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data provides a preliminary estimate of the incidence of @entity3604 , not including most @entity174 , among @entity1 and @entity1 in southern Israel. Further studies are warranted to characterize @entity174 risk in other regions of the country and population sub-groups.

title: [Incidence of XXXX in southern Israel].

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic fractures']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'vertebral collapse fractures', 'Fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity3604 :: (MESH:D058866,Disease) :: ['osteoporotic fractures']


abstract: @entity27411 (MGA) is determined by liquid chromatography using a fraction from preparatory LC as a means of sample cleanup for feedstuffs, both dry and liquid. Dry ground feed is Soxhlet extracted with @entity4315 and passed through a 2% deactivated @entity5383 column for initial cleanup. The eluate is evaporated, redissolved in @entity1042 , filtered, and injected onto a preparatory LC column. The fraction containing MGA is separated from the remaining matrix, evaporated to dryness, dissolved in @entity1042 , and quantitated by LC analysis. Liquid supplements are extracted in @entity1042 , and the extract is evaporated to near dryness. The residue is diluted with water, extracted with @entity3636 , passed through @entity2397 , and evaporated to dryness. The remaining sample is dissolved in @entity1042 prior to preparative LC and quantitative LC. Recoveries for 2 laboratory-fortified commercial feeds, one dry and one liquid, containing 0.39 and 0.40 mg/lb, were 98.3% +/- 4.4 and 95.8% +/- 4.3, respectively. Results compare favorably with existing methods. Up to a 4-fold time savings was realized by this method without automation.

title: Determination of XXXX in feedstuffs with liquid chromatographic preparatory column cleanup and quantitative analysis.

entities_list: @entity27411 :: ('MESH:D008552', 'Chemical') :: ['Melengestrol acetate']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

entities_list: @entity2397 :: ('MESH:C012036', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium sulfate']

answer: @entity27411 :: (MESH:D008552,Chemical) :: ['melengestrol acetate']


abstract: OBJECT: Cervical @entity602 may develop as a result of @entity1745 with or without @entity85 . The effect of persistent @entity85 on the ability of the cervical cord to recover following decompressive surgery is not known. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2000, a total of 28 @entity1 with progressive @entity602 and @entity85 underwent anterior decompression, @entity85 correction (0-4 degrees of @entity1515 ), and fusion with anterior plating. @entity1 received clinical and radiological follow-up care, with independent analysis. Variables assessed included @entity1 characteristics, severity of preoperative @entity602 , @entity4048 , and cervical sagittal alignment. Twenty-six @entity1 (93%) underwent follow-up review for a minimum of 18 months. Two @entity1 died: one died in the perioperative period and was excluded from further analysis, and in the other only 3 months of follow-up data could be obtained. @entity85 was corrected to neutral or @entity1515 in 24 cases (89%), and the overall cervical curve was corrected to neutral or @entity1515 in 20 cases (74%). There was a significant improvement in @entity602 scores in those @entity1 in whom the target (0 to 4 degrees of @entity1515 ) local angle was achieved (p = 0.04). There was a variable change in overall cervical sagittal alignment following local correction. Improvement in @entity602 was unrelated to @entity1 age, previous surgery, or number of segments fused. Improvement in @entity158 score was not related to correction of kyphotic angle. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of sagittal alignment may promote recovery in spinal cord function in @entity1 with @entity85 .

title: Anterior correction of cervical XXXX : effects on @entity602 , @entity4048 , and sagittal alignment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity', 'kyphotic deformity', 'Local deformity']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['kyphotic deformity']


abstract: OBJECT: Cervical @entity602 may develop as a result of @entity1745 with or without @entity85 . The effect of persistent @entity85 on the ability of the cervical cord to recover following decompressive surgery is not known. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2000, a total of 28 @entity1 with progressive @entity602 and @entity85 underwent anterior decompression, @entity85 correction (0-4 degrees of @entity1515 ), and fusion with anterior plating. @entity1 received clinical and radiological follow-up care, with independent analysis. Variables assessed included @entity1 characteristics, severity of preoperative @entity602 , @entity4048 , and cervical sagittal alignment. Twenty-six @entity1 (93%) underwent follow-up review for a minimum of 18 months. Two @entity1 died: one died in the perioperative period and was excluded from further analysis, and in the other only 3 months of follow-up data could be obtained. @entity85 was corrected to neutral or @entity1515 in 24 cases (89%), and the overall cervical curve was corrected to neutral or @entity1515 in 20 cases (74%). There was a significant improvement in @entity602 scores in those @entity1 in whom the target (0 to 4 degrees of @entity1515 ) local angle was achieved (p = 0.04). There was a variable change in overall cervical sagittal alignment following local correction. Improvement in @entity602 was unrelated to @entity1 age, previous surgery, or number of segments fused. Improvement in @entity158 score was not related to correction of kyphotic angle. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of sagittal alignment may promote recovery in spinal cord function in @entity1 with @entity85 .

title: Anterior correction of cervical @entity85 : effects on XXXX , @entity4048 , and sagittal alignment.

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['myelopathy']


abstract: OBJECT: Cervical @entity602 may develop as a result of @entity1745 with or without @entity85 . The effect of persistent @entity85 on the ability of the cervical cord to recover following decompressive surgery is not known. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2000, a total of 28 @entity1 with progressive @entity602 and @entity85 underwent anterior decompression, @entity85 correction (0-4 degrees of @entity1515 ), and fusion with anterior plating. @entity1 received clinical and radiological follow-up care, with independent analysis. Variables assessed included @entity1 characteristics, severity of preoperative @entity602 , @entity4048 , and cervical sagittal alignment. Twenty-six @entity1 (93%) underwent follow-up review for a minimum of 18 months. Two @entity1 died: one died in the perioperative period and was excluded from further analysis, and in the other only 3 months of follow-up data could be obtained. @entity85 was corrected to neutral or @entity1515 in 24 cases (89%), and the overall cervical curve was corrected to neutral or @entity1515 in 20 cases (74%). There was a significant improvement in @entity602 scores in those @entity1 in whom the target (0 to 4 degrees of @entity1515 ) local angle was achieved (p = 0.04). There was a variable change in overall cervical sagittal alignment following local correction. Improvement in @entity602 was unrelated to @entity1 age, previous surgery, or number of segments fused. Improvement in @entity158 score was not related to correction of kyphotic angle. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of sagittal alignment may promote recovery in spinal cord function in @entity1 with @entity85 .

title: Anterior correction of cervical @entity85 : effects on @entity602 , XXXX , and sagittal alignment.

answer: @entity4048 :: (MESH:D019547,Disease) :: ['neck pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Blunt @entity764 (BTAI) is a severe injury that traditionally has mandated immediate surgical repair. Delaying operative intervention for BTAI can allow other life-threatening injuries to be managed first, but potentially increases the risk of @entity1755 and @entity204 . The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of delayed repair (DR) compared with early repair (ER) for BTAI and to assess the effectiveness of a protocol for medical control of systolic blood pressure and heart rate in those @entity1 whose repairs were delayed. METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) data from January 1, 1992, through @entity3490 , 2003. ER was defined as operative repair within 16 hours from the time of injury. A similar analysis was conducted for @entity1 with BTAI selected from the National @entity130 Data Bank. RESULTS: For the UMHS data, there were 45 @entity1 in the DR group and 33 @entity1 in the ER group. Mortality in the ER group versus the DR group was 9% versus 20%. Multivariate analysis adjusting for age, Injury Severity Score, abdominal Abbreviated Injury Scale score, Glasgow @entity772 Scale score, and intubation status demonstrated an odds ratio for @entity204 from ER compared with DR of 1.72 (p = 0.57). @entity1 undergoing DR had an absolute increase in hospital length of stay (33.1 vs. 20.9 days) and complication rate (2.1 vs. 1.5 incidents per @entity1 ). A similar result was obtained for multivariate analysis of the National @entity130 Data Bank data, with an odds ratio of 1.40 (p = 0.51) for @entity204 from ER versus DR. UMHS @entity1 whose repairs were delayed achieved target systolic blood pressure and heart rate for 76% and 74% of the hourly measurements recorded, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with BTAI can safely undergo delayed aortic repair if other injuries warrant a higher treatment priority without increasing their overall risk of mortality. Delayed repair is, however, associated with a higher complication rate.

title: Delayed repair for blunt XXXX : is it really equivalent to early repair?

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['aortic rupture']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic aortic injury']

answer: @entity764 :: (MESH:D013898,Disease) :: ['thoracic aortic injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was designed (1) to evaluate the effect of a @entity4914 inhibitor, @entity3755 , on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous @entity3303 and its 2 pharmacologically active metabolites, @entity17542 ( @entity17542 ) and @entity26273 (GX), to confirm recent in vitro results indicating that @entity4914 is the main isoform responsible for @entity3303 biotransformation and (2) to assess whether liver function has any influence on the @entity3755 - @entity3303 interaction. METHODS: The study was carried out in 10 healthy volunteers and 20 @entity1 with @entity82 , 10 with mild ( @entity1 grade A) and 10 with severe ( @entity1 grade C) @entity409 , according to a randomized, double-blind, 2-phase, crossover design. In one phase all @entity1 received placebo for 6 days; in the other phase they received 50 mg @entity3755 for 2 days and 100 mg @entity3755 for the next 4 days. On day 6, a 1-mg/kg @entity3303 dose was administered intravenously 2 hours after the last dose of @entity3755 or placebo. Plasma concentrations of @entity3303 , @entity17542 , GX, and @entity3755 were measured up to 12 hours after @entity3303 injection. RESULTS: The effects of @entity3755 coadministration were dependent on liver function. @entity3303 clearance was decreased on average by 60% (from 12.1 mL/min.kg to 4.85 mL/min.kg, P <.001) in healthy subjects and by 44% (from 9.83 mL/min.kg to 5.06 mL/min.kg, P <.001) in @entity1 with mild @entity409 , with proportional increases in terminal half-lives, whereas virtually no effect was produced in @entity1 with severe @entity409 (4.21 mL/min.kg versus 3.65 mL/min.kg, P >.05). Analogous effects were observed on @entity17542 and GX formation kinetics, which were @entity73 in healthy subjects and @entity1 with mild @entity1575 but virtually unaffected in @entity1 with severe @entity82 . CONCLUSION: @entity4914 is the enzyme principally responsible for the metabolic disposition of @entity3303 in subjects with normal liver function. The extent of @entity3755 - @entity3303 interaction decreases as liver function worsens, most likely because of the concomitant decrease in the hepatic level of @entity4914 . These observations indicate that results obtained in healthy subjects cannot be extended a priori to @entity1 with @entity409 , but the clinical consequences of inhibition of drug metabolism must also be assessed in such @entity1 .

title: @entity4914 is a major determinant of XXXX metabolism in vivo: effects of liver function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['drastically impaired']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3755 :: ('MESH:D016666', 'Chemical') :: ['fluvoxamine']

entities_list: @entity17542 :: ('MESH:C001173', 'Chemical') :: ['monoethylglycinexylidide', 'MEGX']

entities_list: @entity26273 :: ('MESH:C001306', 'Chemical') :: ['glycinexylidide']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['Lidocaine', 'lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['lidocaine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was designed (1) to evaluate the effect of a @entity4914 inhibitor, @entity3755 , on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous @entity3303 and its 2 pharmacologically active metabolites, @entity17542 ( @entity17542 ) and @entity26273 (GX), to confirm recent in vitro results indicating that @entity4914 is the main isoform responsible for @entity3303 biotransformation and (2) to assess whether liver function has any influence on the @entity3755 - @entity3303 interaction. METHODS: The study was carried out in 10 healthy volunteers and 20 @entity1 with @entity82 , 10 with mild ( @entity1 grade A) and 10 with severe ( @entity1 grade C) @entity409 , according to a randomized, double-blind, 2-phase, crossover design. In one phase all @entity1 received placebo for 6 days; in the other phase they received 50 mg @entity3755 for 2 days and 100 mg @entity3755 for the next 4 days. On day 6, a 1-mg/kg @entity3303 dose was administered intravenously 2 hours after the last dose of @entity3755 or placebo. Plasma concentrations of @entity3303 , @entity17542 , GX, and @entity3755 were measured up to 12 hours after @entity3303 injection. RESULTS: The effects of @entity3755 coadministration were dependent on liver function. @entity3303 clearance was decreased on average by 60% (from 12.1 mL/min.kg to 4.85 mL/min.kg, P <.001) in healthy subjects and by 44% (from 9.83 mL/min.kg to 5.06 mL/min.kg, P <.001) in @entity1 with mild @entity409 , with proportional increases in terminal half-lives, whereas virtually no effect was produced in @entity1 with severe @entity409 (4.21 mL/min.kg versus 3.65 mL/min.kg, P >.05). Analogous effects were observed on @entity17542 and GX formation kinetics, which were @entity73 in healthy subjects and @entity1 with mild @entity1575 but virtually unaffected in @entity1 with severe @entity82 . CONCLUSION: @entity4914 is the enzyme principally responsible for the metabolic disposition of @entity3303 in subjects with normal liver function. The extent of @entity3755 - @entity3303 interaction decreases as liver function worsens, most likely because of the concomitant decrease in the hepatic level of @entity4914 . These observations indicate that results obtained in healthy subjects cannot be extended a priori to @entity1 with @entity409 , but the clinical consequences of inhibition of drug metabolism must also be assessed in such @entity1 .

title: XXXX is a major determinant of @entity3303 metabolism in vivo: effects of liver function.

answer: @entity4914 :: (1544,Gene) :: ['Cytochrome P450 1A2']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to develop an explicit evidence-based model of medication monitoring and to evaluate monitoring practices and adverse drug events in @entity1 taking @entity2643 at one institution. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (1966 through 2000) for English-language publications providing specific monitoring recommendations for @entity2643 . A cross-sectional retrospective chart review of 99 outpatients receiving @entity2643 therapy between Jan 1, 2000, and Jan 1, 2001, at a large tertiary-care hospital was performed to assess monitoring practices. Adverse drug events were identified by use of structured implicit reviews. The main outcome measure was the proportion of @entity1 receiving the monitoring recommended in the literature and having @entity2643 -related adverse drug events. RESULTS: Forty-three articles were identified that provided specific monitoring recommendations, although no studies were found that compared the outcomes of @entity1 managed with different monitoring regimens. Overall, 70% of the recommended monitoring criteria were satisfied, although only 9 @entity1 (9%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3%-15%) received all of the recommended monitoring. Variability in monitoring practices was identified at all stages of the monitoring model. Of the @entity1 , 52 (52%; 95% CI, 42%-62%) received minimum baseline evaluations, 22 (22%; 95% CI, 14%-31%) underwent ongoing surveillance, 75 (75%; 95% CI, 61%-89%) had appropriate responses to abnormal surveillance results, and 71 (71%; 95% CI, 62%-80%) had timely follow-up visits. Of the @entity1 , 8 (8%; 95% CI, 3%-13%) had 9 @entity2643 -related adverse drug events, of which 3 were judged to be preventable. Interrater agreement for monitoring processes (kappa = 0.83) and adverse drug events (kappa = 0.67) was good. CONCLUSIONS: Current standards for @entity2643 @entity137 monitoring are based on expert opinion with limited evidence to support most recommendations. Monitoring practices appear to vary significantly, with few @entity1 receiving all of the recommended monitoring. Some @entity2643 -related adverse drug events may be preventable and @entity1 safety might be improved with a better understanding of monitoring processes.

title: Monitoring @entity2643 's XXXX : recommendations, evidence, and clinical practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicities']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to develop an explicit evidence-based model of medication monitoring and to evaluate monitoring practices and adverse drug events in @entity1 taking @entity2643 at one institution. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (1966 through 2000) for English-language publications providing specific monitoring recommendations for @entity2643 . A cross-sectional retrospective chart review of 99 outpatients receiving @entity2643 therapy between Jan 1, 2000, and Jan 1, 2001, at a large tertiary-care hospital was performed to assess monitoring practices. Adverse drug events were identified by use of structured implicit reviews. The main outcome measure was the proportion of @entity1 receiving the monitoring recommended in the literature and having @entity2643 -related adverse drug events. RESULTS: Forty-three articles were identified that provided specific monitoring recommendations, although no studies were found that compared the outcomes of @entity1 managed with different monitoring regimens. Overall, 70% of the recommended monitoring criteria were satisfied, although only 9 @entity1 (9%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3%-15%) received all of the recommended monitoring. Variability in monitoring practices was identified at all stages of the monitoring model. Of the @entity1 , 52 (52%; 95% CI, 42%-62%) received minimum baseline evaluations, 22 (22%; 95% CI, 14%-31%) underwent ongoing surveillance, 75 (75%; 95% CI, 61%-89%) had appropriate responses to abnormal surveillance results, and 71 (71%; 95% CI, 62%-80%) had timely follow-up visits. Of the @entity1 , 8 (8%; 95% CI, 3%-13%) had 9 @entity2643 -related adverse drug events, of which 3 were judged to be preventable. Interrater agreement for monitoring processes (kappa = 0.83) and adverse drug events (kappa = 0.67) was good. CONCLUSIONS: Current standards for @entity2643 @entity137 monitoring are based on expert opinion with limited evidence to support most recommendations. Monitoring practices appear to vary significantly, with few @entity1 receiving all of the recommended monitoring. Some @entity2643 -related adverse drug events may be preventable and @entity1 safety might be improved with a better understanding of monitoring processes.

title: Monitoring XXXX 's @entity137 : recommendations, evidence, and clinical practice.

answer: @entity2643 :: (MESH:D000638,Chemical) :: ['amiodarone']


abstract: Extracts of water blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium @entity16589 showed a range of @entity137 not related to their ability to lyse @entity1 red cells. The HPLC-purified heptapeptide toxin (mol. wt. 1035) from @entity16589 did not lyse red cells at up to 500-fold higher concentrations than that required to kill @entity19 . This toxin (LD50 110 micrograms/kg for male @entity19 ) was used to investigate in vitro effects on isolated thymocytes, hepatocytes, mammary alveolar cells, and cultured Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Thymocytes were stimulated to progressive @entity141 entry by toxin (0.1-10 micrograms/ml), reaching a peak after approx. 5 min. No deformation, intracellular pH change, @entity3460 entry or cell lysis was seen within 60 min at 37 degrees C. Hepatocytes were grossly deformed by the toxin, with a dose/response relationship between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/ml. No progressive @entity141 entry was observed on toxin addition, instead a rapid rise in intracellular @entity141 , presumably from intracellular sources. No change in intracellular pH, @entity3460 exclusion or cell lysis was observed over 60 min. Mammary alveolar cells and 3T3 fibroblasts were unresponsive to toxin at the concentrations tested. No change in protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis in thymocytes was observed after culture with 0.5 or 5.0 micrograms/ml toxin. It was concluded that cytoskeletal changes in deformed hepatocytes (the target cells in vivo) demonstrated the most probable cellular basis for @entity137 , rather than changes in membrane permeability or cell metabolism.

title: Effects of the peptide toxin from XXXX on intracellular calcium, pH and membrane integrity in @entity1 cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity16589 :: ('1126', 'Species') :: ['Microcystis', 'Microcystis aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity3460 :: ('MESH:D014343', 'Chemical') :: ['Trypan Blue']

answer: @entity16589 :: (1126,Species) :: ['Microcystis aeruginosa']


abstract: Extracts of water blooms of the toxic cyanobacterium @entity16589 showed a range of @entity137 not related to their ability to lyse @entity1 red cells. The HPLC-purified heptapeptide toxin (mol. wt. 1035) from @entity16589 did not lyse red cells at up to 500-fold higher concentrations than that required to kill @entity19 . This toxin (LD50 110 micrograms/kg for male @entity19 ) was used to investigate in vitro effects on isolated thymocytes, hepatocytes, mammary alveolar cells, and cultured Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Thymocytes were stimulated to progressive @entity141 entry by toxin (0.1-10 micrograms/ml), reaching a peak after approx. 5 min. No deformation, intracellular pH change, @entity3460 entry or cell lysis was seen within 60 min at 37 degrees C. Hepatocytes were grossly deformed by the toxin, with a dose/response relationship between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/ml. No progressive @entity141 entry was observed on toxin addition, instead a rapid rise in intracellular @entity141 , presumably from intracellular sources. No change in intracellular pH, @entity3460 exclusion or cell lysis was observed over 60 min. Mammary alveolar cells and 3T3 fibroblasts were unresponsive to toxin at the concentrations tested. No change in protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis in thymocytes was observed after culture with 0.5 or 5.0 micrograms/ml toxin. It was concluded that cytoskeletal changes in deformed hepatocytes (the target cells in vivo) demonstrated the most probable cellular basis for @entity137 , rather than changes in membrane permeability or cell metabolism.

title: Effects of the peptide toxin from @entity16589 on intracellular calcium, pH and membrane integrity in XXXX cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: Fried ground beef contains substances that inhibit mutagenesis in bacteria and the initiation of epidermal @entity105 in @entity19 by @entity3653 ( @entity106 ). The inhibitors apparently act at least in part via inhibition of @entity7677 activity. A highly purified fraction that inhibited @entity7677 activity in vitro was isolated by HPLC and characterized by GC-MS, and by UV and proton NMR spectroscopy. The fraction contained four isomeric derivatives of @entity4722 each containing a conjugated double-bond system (designated @entity26523 ). Synthetically prepared @entity26523 (containing all four isomers) was tested for anti-initiation activity in the two-stage @entity19 epidermal @entity105 system. Seven days, 3 days and 5 min prior to @entity106 application, @entity26523 was applied at doses of 20, 20 and 10 mg respectively. Control @entity19 were treated similarly with @entity4722 or solvent ( @entity1324 ). One week after initiation, and twice weekly thereafter, all @entity19 were treated with @entity864 to effect @entity5 promotion. There was no difference in @entity5 incidence or yield between @entity4722 -treated @entity19 and solvent-treated control @entity19 . By contrast, the @entity26523 -treated @entity19 developed only about half as many @entity1185 and exhibited a lower @entity5 incidence compared with the control @entity19 .

title: Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz [a]anthracene']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomas']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

answer: @entity4722 :: (MESH:D019787,Chemical) :: ['linoleic acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken to assess the validity of vaginal fetal fibronectin assay as a screening test for spontaneous @entity3152 in asymptomatic @entity1 who have undergone multifetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR). STUDY DESIGN: A historic cohort of 63 @entity1 who underwent MFPR between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation was identified. All @entity1 underwent serial vaginal fetal fibronectin sampling every 2 to 3 weeks from 22 weeks of gestation until delivery or 32 weeks of gestation. The fetal fibronectin concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with 50 ng/mL or greater indicating a positive result. Charts were reviewed for fetal fibronectin results and pregnancy outcome data. Groups were compared by use of Fisher exact test. RESULTS: There were 13 singleton and 50 twin gestations after MFPR. A median of 4 fetal fibronectin assays were performed per @entity1 . A total of 234 fetal fibronectin assays were performed with 222 (94.9%) negative results and 12 (5.1%) positive results. Overall, 41.3% of gestations were delivered spontaneously before 37 weeks; 7.9% were delivered before 34 weeks. The mean interval between tests was 17.8 days (+/-7.2 days). For delivery within 2 and 3 weeks of a single test, fetal fibronectin had a sensitivity of 66.7% and 50%, a specificity of 95.7% and 96.1%, a positive predictive value of 16.7% and 25%, and a negative predictive value of 99.5% and 98.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The fetal fibronectin test has similar validity to predict spontaneous @entity3152 in these high-risk pregnancies as in previously published cohorts.

title: Vaginal fetal fibronectin as a predictor of spontaneous XXXX after multifetal pregnancy reduction.

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm delivery']


abstract: In this study of @entity3976 , the authors have considered the pedunculated or sessile type of cephalocele and also small nonpedunculated scalp defects developing in the vertex midline. Parietal cephaloceles were found in 15 @entity1 (10 @entity1 and five @entity1 ), and accounted for 37.5% of all cephaloceles. They consisted of four @entity3976 , six meningoceles, and five @entity3976 . The clinical and morphological characteristics of parietal cephaloceles were investigated and compared with those arising at other locations. Parietal cephaloceles carried a much less favorable prognosis than those in the occipital region, regardless of the type of cephalocele; they were associated with @entity1779 more frequently and were more severe than occipital cephaloceles. Grave @entity154 were found in 87% of @entity1 with parietal cephalocele, and only two @entity1 (neither of whom had any other @entity600 ) attained normal development. @entity75 were closely related to the site from which the cephalocele issued, and @entity600 was found in eight @entity1 with parietal cephalocele. Two types of @entity3976 were found, each in a different location. The first type was an alopecic lesion occurring in the parietal midline; all five @entity1 with this type had @entity600 and none developed normally. The second type was a nodular lesion developing at the occipital midline, not associated with @entity1779 ; all five @entity1 with this type showed normal development. The pathogenesis of @entity3976 and their associated intracranial @entity600 are discussed.

title: Parietal cephalocele: clinical importance of its atretic form and associated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity3976 :: ('MESH:D004677', 'Disease') :: ['encephaloceles', 'atretic cephaloceles']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Brain malformations']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations', 'dorsal cyst malformation', 'malformation', 'dorsal cyst malformations']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral malformations', 'cerebral anomalies']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['malformations']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We examined risk factors of smoking and the association between smoking and pregnancy-related and 6-month @entity1 mortality in rural Nepal, where 30% @entity1 reported smoking during pregnancy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of risk factors associated with smoking status and health consequences of smoking, using prospective data collected as part of a randomized community trial to examine the effect of maternal @entity904 or @entity2066 supplementation on maternal mortality. SETTING: Rural, southeastern plains of Nepal. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 17 767 @entity1 contributed at least one pregnancy during 3.5 y of the study. Data on cigarette or bidi (rolled @entity286 ) smoking were collected using a 7-day recall, twice during pregnancy. Associations between smoking status and maternal diet, morbidity profile, household socioeconomic status and serum concentration of @entity904 , carotenoids and @entity4793 were examined. Further, relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate supplement effects on pregnancy-related mortality, stratified by smoking status during pregnancy. RESULTS: Smokers were more likely to be older, illiterate and poor compared to nonsmokers. Fruit and vegetable consumption among smokers and nonsmokers did not vary. However, smokers were more likely to consume meat/fish/eggs and less likely to consume milk than nonsmokers. They were also more likely to report symptoms of @entity3556 , @entity4 , severe @entity10 and @entity410 during pregnancy relative to nonsmokers. Mortality per 100,000 pregnancies appeared to be higher among smokers than nonsmokers in the placebo group (915 vs 584, RR=1.57, 95% CI: 0.80-3.08). @entity2066 supplementation reduced pregnancy-related mortality both among smokers (RR=0.31 95% CI: 0.11-0.89) and nonsmokers (RR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.19-0.89). Similar results obtained with @entity904 supplementation were not statistically significant. @entity1 mortality up to 6 months was approximately 30% higher among smokers compared to nonsmokers in the placebo group both before and after adjusting for confounding factors. Neither supplement given to @entity1 reduced @entity1 mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of maternal and @entity1 mortality in rural Nepal. @entity2066 and to some extent @entity904 may reduce the risk of pregnancy-related mortality, but not @entity1 mortality, among both smokers and nonsmokers.

title: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy in rural Nepal. Risk factors and effects of XXXX and @entity904 supplementation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Infant', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsions']

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2066 :: ('MESH:D019207', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-carotene', 'beta-Carotene']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin A', 'retinol']

entities_list: @entity4793 :: ('MESH:D024505', 'Chemical') :: ['tocopherols']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity2066 :: (MESH:D019207,Chemical) :: ['beta-carotene']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We examined risk factors of smoking and the association between smoking and pregnancy-related and 6-month @entity1 mortality in rural Nepal, where 30% @entity1 reported smoking during pregnancy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of risk factors associated with smoking status and health consequences of smoking, using prospective data collected as part of a randomized community trial to examine the effect of maternal @entity904 or @entity2066 supplementation on maternal mortality. SETTING: Rural, southeastern plains of Nepal. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 17 767 @entity1 contributed at least one pregnancy during 3.5 y of the study. Data on cigarette or bidi (rolled @entity286 ) smoking were collected using a 7-day recall, twice during pregnancy. Associations between smoking status and maternal diet, morbidity profile, household socioeconomic status and serum concentration of @entity904 , carotenoids and @entity4793 were examined. Further, relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate supplement effects on pregnancy-related mortality, stratified by smoking status during pregnancy. RESULTS: Smokers were more likely to be older, illiterate and poor compared to nonsmokers. Fruit and vegetable consumption among smokers and nonsmokers did not vary. However, smokers were more likely to consume meat/fish/eggs and less likely to consume milk than nonsmokers. They were also more likely to report symptoms of @entity3556 , @entity4 , severe @entity10 and @entity410 during pregnancy relative to nonsmokers. Mortality per 100,000 pregnancies appeared to be higher among smokers than nonsmokers in the placebo group (915 vs 584, RR=1.57, 95% CI: 0.80-3.08). @entity2066 supplementation reduced pregnancy-related mortality both among smokers (RR=0.31 95% CI: 0.11-0.89) and nonsmokers (RR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.19-0.89). Similar results obtained with @entity904 supplementation were not statistically significant. @entity1 mortality up to 6 months was approximately 30% higher among smokers compared to nonsmokers in the placebo group both before and after adjusting for confounding factors. Neither supplement given to @entity1 reduced @entity1 mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of maternal and @entity1 mortality in rural Nepal. @entity2066 and to some extent @entity904 may reduce the risk of pregnancy-related mortality, but not @entity1 mortality, among both smokers and nonsmokers.

title: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy in rural Nepal. Risk factors and effects of @entity2066 and XXXX supplementation.

answer: @entity904 :: (MESH:D014801,Chemical) :: ['vitamin A']


abstract: @entity1211 is now recognized more frequently in the pediatric age group. Caval interruption is indicated most commonly for prophylaxis against life-threatening or recurrent @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ) when anticoagulation is ineffective or contraindicated. Greenfield vena caval filters have been utilized locally in 415 adult @entity1 with 97% long-term patency and 5% recurrent embolization. Its application in adolescents is reported herein. Standard adult (30-mm) vena caval filters were placed in ten @entity1 , ages 13 to 18. Four filters were required following @entity1151 , six were used for @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) when anticoagulation was contraindicated, and one was inserted prophylactically. In eight @entity1 , filter insertion was accomplished with local anesthesia, while two underwent filter placement under general anesthesia administered for other procedures. One filter was misplaced into the right renal vein, requiring a second filter insertion. All @entity1 have been followed from 1 to 11 years with yearly vascular duplex imaging and radionuclide venograms documenting caval patency without clinical @entity887 . This duplicates the adult experience in safety and efficacy. As recognition of @entity1211 becomes more frequent in the pediatric age group, safe caval interruption may be necessary for those excluded from or not responsive to anticoagulation. This technique may be extended to smaller @entity1 with miniaturization of both filter and carrier.

title: Use of the Greenfield filter in adolescents for @entity1150 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolic sequelae']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['Serious venous thromboembolic disease', 'venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1151 :: (MESH:D011655,Disease) :: ['pulmonary embolism']