abstract: The role of blood @entity5 markers is established in the monitoring of response to systemic therapy for @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 assessable by UICC criteria. This paper examines the use of marker measurements (in the form of a previously devised biochemical index score comprising CA15.3, @entity787 and ESR) in @entity1 with metastatic lesions unassessable for response by UICC criteria. Of 218 @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 treated over a 2-year period in the Nottingham Breast Unit, 43 @entity1 (20%) had unassessable disease and 36 of them with blood marker results available were studied. Eighty-six per cent of @entity1 were biochemically assessable. All @entity1 who achieved biochemical response remained unassessable by UICC criteria. Twenty-two @entity1 progressed initially or subsequently (after an initial biochemical response), either biochemically or by UICC criteria. Biochemical assessment completely paralleled UICC assessment in all eight @entity1 who progressed by both assessments. Biochemical progression occurred ahead of UICC assessment in four of them with a median lead-time of 4.5 months. Biochemical assessment by blood @entity5 markers is useful in @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 unassessable for response to systemic therapy. These findings need to be confirmed in a larger @entity1 series.

title: The use of blood XXXX markers in the monitoring of metastatic @entity0 unassessable for response to systemic therapy.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: This study was conducted to describe the utilization of plain radiography in the initial evaluation of shoulder @entity158 in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) and assess the feasibility of developing guidelines for the selective use of shoulder radiographs by determining whether clinical variables are able to discriminate between subjects having therapeutically informative versus uninformative X-rays. The study was a chart review of all adult @entity341 @entity1 presenting to the Boston University Medical Center Hospital (Boston, MA) between January 1994 and January 1996 with a chief complaint that included shoulder @entity158 . Subjects with X-rays were classified into two groups, those with therapeutically informative X-rays (ie, identified conditions requiring specific therapy) and those with therapeutically uninformative X-rays (ie, did not result in specific therapy). Recursive partitioning techniques were then used to identify clinical variables that best distinguished between therapeutically informative and uninformative radiographs. Three hundred twelve @entity1 were included in the analysis, of whom 185 (59%) had shoulder X-rays performed. Thirty-seven (20%) radiographs were therapeutically informative, including 13 @entity2065 , 3 acromioclavicular joint separations, and 21 @entity174 . Deformity present on shoulder examination was the strongest discriminating variable and correctly classified 21 of 23 subjects as having informative X-rays. Of the remaining @entity1 (n = 162), only those older than 43.5 years with a history of a precipitating fall (n = 40) had a high likelihood of having therapeutically informative X-rays. No @entity1 without a @entity85 or precipitating fall (n = 90) had an informative X-ray. These data show that X-rays for the initial evaluation of shoulder @entity158 in the @entity341 are overutilized. This preliminary model suggests that clinical variables are able to distinguish between @entity1 with informative versus uninformative X-rays. Prospective studies are needed to derive valid decision rules for selective use of shoulder radiographs in the @entity341 .

title: The use of radiographs to evaluate shoulder @entity158 in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity']

entities_list: @entity2065 :: ('MESH:D012783', 'Disease') :: ['glenohumeral dislocations']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['ED']


abstract: This study was conducted to describe the utilization of plain radiography in the initial evaluation of shoulder @entity158 in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) and assess the feasibility of developing guidelines for the selective use of shoulder radiographs by determining whether clinical variables are able to discriminate between subjects having therapeutically informative versus uninformative X-rays. The study was a chart review of all adult @entity341 @entity1 presenting to the Boston University Medical Center Hospital (Boston, MA) between January 1994 and January 1996 with a chief complaint that included shoulder @entity158 . Subjects with X-rays were classified into two groups, those with therapeutically informative X-rays (ie, identified conditions requiring specific therapy) and those with therapeutically uninformative X-rays (ie, did not result in specific therapy). Recursive partitioning techniques were then used to identify clinical variables that best distinguished between therapeutically informative and uninformative radiographs. Three hundred twelve @entity1 were included in the analysis, of whom 185 (59%) had shoulder X-rays performed. Thirty-seven (20%) radiographs were therapeutically informative, including 13 @entity2065 , 3 acromioclavicular joint separations, and 21 @entity174 . Deformity present on shoulder examination was the strongest discriminating variable and correctly classified 21 of 23 subjects as having informative X-rays. Of the remaining @entity1 (n = 162), only those older than 43.5 years with a history of a precipitating fall (n = 40) had a high likelihood of having therapeutically informative X-rays. No @entity1 without a @entity85 or precipitating fall (n = 90) had an informative X-ray. These data show that X-rays for the initial evaluation of shoulder @entity158 in the @entity341 are overutilized. This preliminary model suggests that clinical variables are able to distinguish between @entity1 with informative versus uninformative X-rays. Prospective studies are needed to derive valid decision rules for selective use of shoulder radiographs in the @entity341 .

title: The use of radiographs to evaluate shoulder XXXX in the @entity341 .

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: PURPOSE: The effect of contact transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation (TDC) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and its safety was determined in eyes with intractable @entity726 . METHODS: The charts of 41 consecutive @entity1 (43 eyes) who underwent the laser procedure were reviewed. After surgery, data were collected from chart entries at I hour, 1 day, 4 to 6 weeks, 4 to 6 months, and at the final visit (6-24 months). Mean differences in IOP before and after treatment were compared using the paired Student t test. Associated complications also were assessed. RESULTS: The mean +/- standard deviation follow-up period was 11.9+/-5.3 months (range, 6-24 months). One @entity1 who died after 1 month of follow-up and another @entity1 with @entity2297 who underwent an anterior chamber washout 1 week after laser to treat an uncontrolled IOP spike were excluded from the study. Repeat treatment was done in 12 (28%) eyes. At each follow-up visit postoperatively, a significant reduction from preoperative IOP was obtained (mean reduction of 50% at the final visit). At the final visit, 64% of @entity1 achieved an IOP of <22 mmHg and a reduction of > or =20%. An IOP spike occurred in three (7%) eyes. Long-term complications included @entity1018 (> or =2 lines) in eight (22%) @entity1 , @entity2687 in one (2%), phthisis bulbi in one (2%), and corneal graft rejection in one (2%). CONCLUSION: Although effective IOP reduction was demonstrated in eyes with intractable @entity726 after TDC, a significant proportion (26%) of eyes had severe long-term complications.

title: Intraocular pressure control after contact transscleral diode cyclophotocoagulation in eyes with intractable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['loss of vision']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal decompensation']

entities_list: @entity2297 :: ('MESH:D015355', 'Disease') :: ['neovascular glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2737 after clean surgery is an expensive and often underestimated cause of @entity1 morbidity, and the benefits of using prophylactic antibiotics have not been proven. Warming @entity1 during colorectal surgery has been shown to reduce @entity281 rates. We aimed to assess whether warming @entity1 before short duration, clean surgery would have the same effect. METHODS: 421 @entity1 having clean (breast, varicose vein, or @entity547 ) surgery were randomly assigned to either a non-warmed (standard) group or one of two warmed groups (local and systemic). We applied warming for at least 30 min before surgery. @entity1 were followed up and masked outcome assessments made at 2 and 6 weeks. FINDINGS: Analysis was done on an intention-to-treat basis. We identified 19 wound infections in 139 non-warmed @entity1 (14%) but only 13 in 277 who received warming (5%; p=0.001). Wound scores were also significantly lower (p=0.007) in warmed @entity1 . There was no significant difference in the development of haematomas or @entity2080 after surgery but the non-warmed group were prescribed significantly more postoperative antibiotics (p=0.002). INTERPRETATION: Warming @entity1 before clean surgery seems to aid the prevention of @entity6081 . If applied according to the manufacturers guidelines these therapies have no known side-effects and might, with the support of further studies, provide an alternative to prophylactic antibiotics in this type of surgery.

title: Effects of preoperative warming on the incidence of XXXX after clean surgery: a randomised controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6081 :: ('MESH:D013530', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative wound infection']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['Wound infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity2737 :: (MESH:D014946,Disease) :: ['wound infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference in the clinical efficacy on mild and moderate female stress @entity322 (FSUI) between transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation and oral administration of @entity21172 tablets. METHODS: Ninety cases of mild and moderate FSUI were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 45 cases in each one. In the observation group, the transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation was applied to Ciliao (BL 32), Shenshu (BL 23), Zigong (EX-CA 1), Guanyuan (CV 4) and Qihai (CV 6), once a day. In the control group, @entity21172 tablets were prescribed for oral administration, 2. 5 mg per treatment, three times each day. The duration of treatment was 4 weeks. The score of international consultation on incontinence questionnaire- @entity322 short form (ICI-Q-SF) and leakage of urine in 1 h urinal pad test were observed before and after treatment in the @entity1 of the two groups, and the efficacy was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The score of ICI-Q-SF and leakage of urine in urinal pad test after treatment were all improved apparently as compared with those before treatment in the two groups (all P<0. 01), and the results in the observation group were better than those in the control group (both P<0. 01). The total effective rate was 86. 7% (39/45) in the observation group, which was better than 68. 9% (31/45, P<0. 05) in the control group. CONCLUSION: The transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation achieves the better efficacy on FSUI as compared with the oral administration of @entity21172 tablets. This therapy effectively improves the @entity1 's urine control ability and reduces leakage of urine.

title: [Mild and moderate female stress XXXX treated with transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation: a randomized controlled trial].

entities_list: @entity21172 :: ('MESH:D008879', 'Chemical') :: ['midodrine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['urinary incontinence']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture of "Guanyuan" (CV 4) on bone miner density, bone biomechanics, serum @entity9356 ( @entity9356 ) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) contents, and femoral osteoblastic Wnt-b-catenin signaling in @entity170 ( @entity170 ) @entity35 . METHODS: Forty female SD @entity35 were randomly divided into sham operation (sham), model, EA-CV 4, and EA-non-acupoint (below the costal region) groups (n = 10 in each group). The @entity170 model was established by performing an ovariectomy in the @entity35 of the later 3 groups. EA (2 Hz, 1 mA) was applied to CV 4 for 20 min, once daily for one month, with one day's break between every 10 days. After the treatment, serum @entity9356 and ALP contents were detected using ELISA, the right femoral bone miner density and biomechanics (maximum load, breakage load) were measured using a Dual Energy X-Ray Bone Densitometer and a Universal Material Testing Instrument, respectively. The expression levels of @entity6035 mRNA, b-catenin mRNA and the bone-specific factors runt-related transcription factor 2 ( @entity6037 ) mRNA of the femoral bone tissue were determined by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS: HE staining results suggested EA of "Guanyuan" (CV 4) can improve the morphological changes (trabeculae) of @entity170 in ovariectomized @entity35 . Compared with the control group, femoral maximum load and breakage load, bone density and serum @entity9356 and ALP contents, femoral @entity6035 mRNA, b-catenin and @entity6037 mRNA expression levels, and femoral @entity6035 .and b-catenin immunoactivity were significantly down-regulated in the ovariectomized @entity35 (model group) (P < 0.05). Following EA treatment, all the decreased levels of femoral maximum load and breakage load, bone density and serum @entity9356 and ALP, femoral @entity6035 mRNA and protein, b-catenin mRNA and protein and @entity6037 mRNA expression were obviously reversed in the EA-CV 4 group (P < 0.05) rather than in the non-acupoint group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: EA of CV 4 can improve the femoral biomechanics, increase bone density in OVX @entity35 , which are associated to its effects in up-regulating levels of serum @entity9356 and ALP, femoral @entity6035 mRNA and protein, b-catenin mRNA and protein and @entity6037 mRNA expression, suggesting an involment of improved bone metabolism and activation of osteoblastic Wnt-b-catenin signaling.

title: [Effect of electroacupuncture of "Guanyuan" (CV 4) on Wnt-b-catenin signaling in XXXX @entity35 ].

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['PMOP', 'postmenopausal osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture of "Guanyuan" (CV 4) on bone miner density, bone biomechanics, serum @entity9356 ( @entity9356 ) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) contents, and femoral osteoblastic Wnt-b-catenin signaling in @entity170 ( @entity170 ) @entity35 . METHODS: Forty female SD @entity35 were randomly divided into sham operation (sham), model, EA-CV 4, and EA-non-acupoint (below the costal region) groups (n = 10 in each group). The @entity170 model was established by performing an ovariectomy in the @entity35 of the later 3 groups. EA (2 Hz, 1 mA) was applied to CV 4 for 20 min, once daily for one month, with one day's break between every 10 days. After the treatment, serum @entity9356 and ALP contents were detected using ELISA, the right femoral bone miner density and biomechanics (maximum load, breakage load) were measured using a Dual Energy X-Ray Bone Densitometer and a Universal Material Testing Instrument, respectively. The expression levels of @entity6035 mRNA, b-catenin mRNA and the bone-specific factors runt-related transcription factor 2 ( @entity6037 ) mRNA of the femoral bone tissue were determined by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS: HE staining results suggested EA of "Guanyuan" (CV 4) can improve the morphological changes (trabeculae) of @entity170 in ovariectomized @entity35 . Compared with the control group, femoral maximum load and breakage load, bone density and serum @entity9356 and ALP contents, femoral @entity6035 mRNA, b-catenin and @entity6037 mRNA expression levels, and femoral @entity6035 .and b-catenin immunoactivity were significantly down-regulated in the ovariectomized @entity35 (model group) (P < 0.05). Following EA treatment, all the decreased levels of femoral maximum load and breakage load, bone density and serum @entity9356 and ALP, femoral @entity6035 mRNA and protein, b-catenin mRNA and protein and @entity6037 mRNA expression were obviously reversed in the EA-CV 4 group (P < 0.05) rather than in the non-acupoint group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: EA of CV 4 can improve the femoral biomechanics, increase bone density in OVX @entity35 , which are associated to its effects in up-regulating levels of serum @entity9356 and ALP, femoral @entity6035 mRNA and protein, b-catenin mRNA and protein and @entity6037 mRNA expression, suggesting an involment of improved bone metabolism and activation of osteoblastic Wnt-b-catenin signaling.

title: [Effect of electroacupuncture of "Guanyuan" (CV 4) on Wnt-b-catenin signaling in @entity170 XXXX ].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity12165 cross-linked hemoglobin ( @entity12166 ), a hemoglobin-based blood substitute, has been found to improve systemic hemodynamics, cutaneous @entity26 tension, and normalization of blood @entity880 levels and acid-base equilibrium after @entity548 in animals. The present study was conducted to determine the dose-dependent effect of a 10% solution of @entity12166 (20, 50, and 100% of shed blood volume; SBV) on regional blood circulation in hemorrhaged @entity35 . @entity548 was induced in @entity4774 -anesthetized @entity35 by bleeding them at a rate of approximately .5 to 1 mL/min until a mean arterial pressure of 35-40 mmHg was achieved. This was maintained for up to 90 min to reach a base deficit of more than -12 mmol/L. @entity548 significantly decreased @entity26 consumption, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, @entity64 volume, and regional blood circulation, but increased total peripheral resistance. The vehicle Ringer's @entity880 (RL at 20% of SBV, intravenously) did not produce any improvements in @entity26 consumption, base deficit, systemic hemodynamics, and regional blood circulation. @entity12166 increased @entity26 consumption, decreased base deficit, and produced significant improvements in systemic hemodynamics and regional blood flow in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in blood flow was highly significant until 60 min, but was less marked at 120 min, after resuscitation with @entity12166 . Resuscitation with RL (300% of SBV) significantly improved systemic and regional blood circulation. However, the improvement was greater after resuscitation with @entity12166 (50 or 100% of SBV) as compared with RL at 300% SBV. @entity12166 in the dose of 50% of SBV produced maximal resuscitative effects, which were comparable to a @entity12166 dose of 100% of SBV. The effect of @entity12166 at 50% of SBV on renal cortical blood perfusion, concentration of moving red blood cells (CMBC), and blood velocity was also studied using laser Doppler flowmetry. @entity548 produced a @entity177 (85.3%), which was due to a decrease in the CMBC (61.0%) and their velocity (64.2%). Resuscitation with the RL did not produce any improvement in renal cortical perfusion. However, resuscitation with @entity12166 significantly increased renal cortical perfusion (364.7%) due to an increase in both CMBC (123.4%) and their velocity (109.9%). It is concluded that @entity12166 in a dose of 50% of SBV produces maximal improvement in regional blood circulation of hemorrhaged @entity35 .

title: Dose-dependent effect of XXXX cross-linked hemoglobin on regional blood circulation of severely hemorrhaged @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'Hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity12165 :: ('MESH:C030830', 'Chemical') :: ['Diaspirin']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in renal cortical blood perfusion']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity12165 :: (MESH:C030830,Chemical) :: ['diaspirin']


abstract: @entity12165 cross-linked hemoglobin ( @entity12166 ), a hemoglobin-based blood substitute, has been found to improve systemic hemodynamics, cutaneous @entity26 tension, and normalization of blood @entity880 levels and acid-base equilibrium after @entity548 in animals. The present study was conducted to determine the dose-dependent effect of a 10% solution of @entity12166 (20, 50, and 100% of shed blood volume; SBV) on regional blood circulation in hemorrhaged @entity35 . @entity548 was induced in @entity4774 -anesthetized @entity35 by bleeding them at a rate of approximately .5 to 1 mL/min until a mean arterial pressure of 35-40 mmHg was achieved. This was maintained for up to 90 min to reach a base deficit of more than -12 mmol/L. @entity548 significantly decreased @entity26 consumption, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, @entity64 volume, and regional blood circulation, but increased total peripheral resistance. The vehicle Ringer's @entity880 (RL at 20% of SBV, intravenously) did not produce any improvements in @entity26 consumption, base deficit, systemic hemodynamics, and regional blood circulation. @entity12166 increased @entity26 consumption, decreased base deficit, and produced significant improvements in systemic hemodynamics and regional blood flow in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in blood flow was highly significant until 60 min, but was less marked at 120 min, after resuscitation with @entity12166 . Resuscitation with RL (300% of SBV) significantly improved systemic and regional blood circulation. However, the improvement was greater after resuscitation with @entity12166 (50 or 100% of SBV) as compared with RL at 300% SBV. @entity12166 in the dose of 50% of SBV produced maximal resuscitative effects, which were comparable to a @entity12166 dose of 100% of SBV. The effect of @entity12166 at 50% of SBV on renal cortical blood perfusion, concentration of moving red blood cells (CMBC), and blood velocity was also studied using laser Doppler flowmetry. @entity548 produced a @entity177 (85.3%), which was due to a decrease in the CMBC (61.0%) and their velocity (64.2%). Resuscitation with the RL did not produce any improvement in renal cortical perfusion. However, resuscitation with @entity12166 significantly increased renal cortical perfusion (364.7%) due to an increase in both CMBC (123.4%) and their velocity (109.9%). It is concluded that @entity12166 in a dose of 50% of SBV produces maximal improvement in regional blood circulation of hemorrhaged @entity35 .

title: Dose-dependent effect of @entity12165 cross-linked hemoglobin on regional blood circulation of severely hemorrhaged XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We have used immunocytochemical detection of @entity5019 expression (FOS-like immunoreactivity, FLI) to establish the site of action of @entity5542 ( @entity5542 ) in neonatal @entity35 in a model of lesion-induced precocious puberty. The primary target appears to be the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) but other circumventricular organs (CVO) are also affected (e.g. subfornical organ). Single injections of @entity5542 (1-4 mg/g single dose, postnatal day 2 (P2)) which result in precocious puberty induce an area of @entity4 , surrounded by a ring of FLI in the basal hypothalamus. In contrast, a maximal sub-lethal dose of @entity143 ( @entity1024 ; 3 mg/kg) which produces a different pattern of ARC FLI, without @entity4 , has no effect on puberty. Multiple doses of @entity5542 (4 mg/g P2, P4, P6, P8), consistent with severe @entity16 and resultant sterility, markedly attenuates the FLI response by P8, with no visible @entity4 following the final injection. In efforts to block the effect of @entity5542 , pretreatment with the @entity143 receptor-specific antagonist @entity3390 ( @entity3390 ) prevented the appearance of @entity4 , as well as the onset of precocious puberty. However, @entity3390 did not completely eliminate the FLI, but transformed the pattern of staining so that the original @entity4 area now contained many FOS-positive cells. This remaining @entity5542 -induced FLI could not be eliminated by higher doses of @entity3390 or by the non- @entity143 antagonist @entity10639 ( @entity10639 ). The combination of @entity3390 and @entity10639 was also ineffective. @entity3390 or @entity10639 had no effect on FLI when injected alone (i.e., without @entity5542 ) or in combination. The receptor which mediates @entity5542 -induced @entity5019 expression, in the presence of @entity3390 or @entity10639 , needs to be identified. We conclude, in conjunction with our previous work, that @entity5542 induces precocious sexual maturation via an @entity3390 -sensitive mechanism associated with an @entity4 response of the basal hypothalamus. Whether the appearance of @entity4 is indicative of an excitotoxic action of @entity5542 , resulting in the removal of neurons inhibitory to sexual maturation, remains to be established.

title: Neonatal hypothalamic XXXX expression in an excitotoxicity-induced model of precocious puberty.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity3390 :: ('MESH:D016291', 'Chemical') :: ['MK-801', 'dizocilpine maleate']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous', 'edema', 'edematous reaction']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['ARC damage']

entities_list: @entity10639 :: ('MESH:C056723', 'Chemical') :: ['DNQX', '6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione']

entities_list: @entity5542 :: ('CHEBI:64243', 'Chemical') :: ['monosodium glutamate', 'MSG']

answer: @entity5019 :: (314322(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['c-fos']


abstract: Brucellosis is one of the leading diseases in the differential diagnosis of @entity221 of unknown origin in some parts of the world. It can lead to treatment failure because of slow growth in blood cultures and late appearance of signs and symptoms in @entity1 with @entity1398 who were unresponsive to empirical antibiotic treatment. During the last year in our oncology unit adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 3 @entity1 with breast (n=1) and @entity5 (n=2) and @entity1398 was seen after the first course of chemotherapy ( @entity786 , @entity1499 , @entity1487 , @entity2879 , @entity632 , and @entity900 ) in all 3 @entity1 . Cefepime and @entity4509 were commenced but the @entity221 continued. Prior to antifungal treatment, the @entity1 were re-evaluated because of the history of unpasteurized milk ingestion without overt signs and symptoms. Serum agglutination tests of @entity3377 were performed and were 1:640 in two @entity1 and 1:320 in the third. @entity6467 was identified only in one case although multiple blood cultures were taken from all 3 patients. Empiric antibiotic treatment was stopped and @entity3639 1 g/day (10 days), @entity3403 200 mg/day (28 days), @entity206 320 mg and @entity207 1600 mg/day (28 days) were given. Although @entity1398 continued, @entity221 subsided in 3 days. Due to high incidence of @entity3377 in some geographic areas, especially in the Middle East, @entity3377 should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of @entity1398 .

title: Brucellosis in the etiology of XXXX : case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stomach cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

entities_list: @entity6467 :: ('29459', 'Species') :: ['Brucella melitensis']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1398 :: (MESH:D009503,Disease) :: ['febrile neutropenia']


abstract: The protooncogene c-jun is highly expressed for long periods in axotomized PNS neurons. This may be related to their growth and regeneration. In contrast, axotomized CNS neurons show only a small and transient upregulation of c-jun. It has been suggested that there may be a correlation between this failure to maintain high levels of c-jun expression after axotomy and abortive CNS axonal regeneration. We have studied, by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, the c-jun response after stab wound lesion, and after peripheral nerve grafting in the thalamus and cerebellum of the adult @entity35 . A lesion elicits upregulation of c-jun in thalamic neurons ipsilateral to the lesion. This is most evident and prolonged in neurons such as those of the thalamic reticular nucleus, which have an established propensity to regenerate. After peripheral nerve grafting, the c-jun response in thalamic neurons is enhanced, mostly in neurons which have axons regenerating along the grafts. These neurons also upregulate @entity9270 ( @entity9270 ). By comparison, injured Purkinje cells of the cerebellum which do not regenerate their axons along a graft, do not upregulate either c-jun or @entity9270 , although they increase their expression of @entity11451 . Thus CNS neurons able to regenerate their axons along a peripheral nerve graft are those in which c-jun is induced after injury, and c-jun may play a critical role in the control of gene programs for axonal regeneration. Moreover, the observed differences in the ability of CNS neurons to regenerate their axons may relate to a difference in their intrinsic molecular response to axotomy.

title: Axonal injury and peripheral nerve grafting in the thalamus and cerebellum of the adult XXXX : upregulation of c-jun and correlation with regenerative potential.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity417 associated with perioperative blood conservation has raised concerns regarding the safety of these strategies in @entity1 with @entity65 . Therefore the relationship between hematocrit level and @entity741 episodes in a group of elderly @entity1 undergoing elective noncardiac surgery was studied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: One hundred ninety @entity1 undergoing radical prostatectomy were randomly assigned to one of three blood conservation groups: preoperative autologous blood donation, @entity697 , and preoperative @entity1307 therapy with @entity697 . @entity1 underwent ambulatory electrocardiography monitoring to evaluate for @entity741 at randomization (baseline), 7 days preoperatively, throughout surgery, and for 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Myocardial @entity63 episodes occurred in 61 (34%) of 181 evaluable @entity1 . @entity1 with hematocrit levels < 28 percent immediately after surgery were significantly (p = 0.05) more likely to have intraoperative and postoperative ECG @entity63 episodes. Intraoperative @entity63 and @entity591 correlated (r = 0.21, p = 0.008) with hematocrit levels. Hematocrit levels after surgery were associated with postoperative @entity63 (r = 0.14, p = 0.03) and duration of @entity741 episodes (r = 0.14, p = 0.04). After adjusting for other risk factors, intraoperative @entity591 episodes, hematocrit level < 28 percent immediately after surgery, and risk factors for @entity453 were independently associated with the likelihood of intraoperative @entity63 (r = 0.36, p = 0.002, area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.73). Similarly, @entity591 episodes and hematocrit levels < 28 percent immediately after surgery were independently associated with @entity63 episodes during the first postoperative day (r = 0.30, p = 0.004, area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.71). CONCLUSION: A hematocrit level < 28 percent is independently associated with risk for @entity741 during and after noncardiac surgery. Avoidance of @entity299 may require higher transfusion thresholds, closer attention to @entity591 , or better monitoring for @entity63 .

title: Perioperative XXXX episodes are related to hematocrit level in @entity1 undergoing radical prostatectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute normovolemic hemodilution']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemic', 'myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac complications']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['myocardial ischemic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity417 associated with perioperative blood conservation has raised concerns regarding the safety of these strategies in @entity1 with @entity65 . Therefore the relationship between hematocrit level and @entity741 episodes in a group of elderly @entity1 undergoing elective noncardiac surgery was studied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: One hundred ninety @entity1 undergoing radical prostatectomy were randomly assigned to one of three blood conservation groups: preoperative autologous blood donation, @entity697 , and preoperative @entity1307 therapy with @entity697 . @entity1 underwent ambulatory electrocardiography monitoring to evaluate for @entity741 at randomization (baseline), 7 days preoperatively, throughout surgery, and for 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Myocardial @entity63 episodes occurred in 61 (34%) of 181 evaluable @entity1 . @entity1 with hematocrit levels < 28 percent immediately after surgery were significantly (p = 0.05) more likely to have intraoperative and postoperative ECG @entity63 episodes. Intraoperative @entity63 and @entity591 correlated (r = 0.21, p = 0.008) with hematocrit levels. Hematocrit levels after surgery were associated with postoperative @entity63 (r = 0.14, p = 0.03) and duration of @entity741 episodes (r = 0.14, p = 0.04). After adjusting for other risk factors, intraoperative @entity591 episodes, hematocrit level < 28 percent immediately after surgery, and risk factors for @entity453 were independently associated with the likelihood of intraoperative @entity63 (r = 0.36, p = 0.002, area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.73). Similarly, @entity591 episodes and hematocrit levels < 28 percent immediately after surgery were independently associated with @entity63 episodes during the first postoperative day (r = 0.30, p = 0.004, area under receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.71). CONCLUSION: A hematocrit level < 28 percent is independently associated with risk for @entity741 during and after noncardiac surgery. Avoidance of @entity299 may require higher transfusion thresholds, closer attention to @entity591 , or better monitoring for @entity63 .

title: Perioperative @entity741 episodes are related to hematocrit level in XXXX undergoing radical prostatectomy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We analyzed our experience in the period January 1975-December 1995 aiming to confirm the role of surgery in the multimodality treatment of @entity151 ( @entity151 ). METHODS: 127 @entity1 (5.28% of the overall lung resections for @entity189 ) underwent surgery for @entity151 . The median age was 60 years (range 34-73). In 87 @entity1 (68.5%) a pre-operative tissue diagnosis was effected and those @entity1 underwent a complete staging procedure. Fifteen @entity1 received up to six complete courses of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. The surgical procedures included: 50 pneumonectomies, 71 lobectomies and six wedge resections. Two @entity1 experienced a local recurrence and a completion pneumonectomy was performed. RESULTS: The median follow-up is 66 months (range 6-214). The 5-year actuarial survival rate is 22.6% (median 18 months). Twenty-three @entity1 are still alive, 21 of them being disease-free. Considering the most conspicuous group of @entity1 (n = 92) treated by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, the survival data were 47.2, 14.8 and 14.4% for Stage I, II and III, respectively (P = 0.001). NO @entity1 had a significantly better survival than N1 and N2 @entity1 (P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy might represent an effective form of treatment of limited @entity151 without lymph-node involvement. The role of surgery is yet to be verified as regards N1 and N2 status, where even neoadjuvant chemotherapy has not achieved the hoped-for results (no @entity1 reaching a 2-year survival).

title: Surgery in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['SCLC', 'small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity151 :: (MESH:D055752,Disease) :: ['small cell lung cancer']


abstract: Connective tissue contraction is an important aspect of both normal wound healing and @entity82 . This process may contribute to small airway narrowing associated with certain @entity1030 . Fibroblast-mediated contraction of a three-dimensional collagen gel has been considered a model of tissue contraction. In this study, the ability of primary cultured @entity1 bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) obtained by bronchial brushings to modulate fibroblast gel contraction was evaluated. @entity1 lung fibroblasts ( @entity8173 ) were cast into type I collagen gels. The gels were floated both in dishes containing a monolayer of HBEC or in dishes without HBEC. Contraction assessed by measuring the area of gels was increased at all time points from 24 h up to 96 h of coculture. At 48 h, coculture of HBEC with fibroblasts resulted in significantly more contraction than fibroblasts alone (36.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 20.4 +/- 1.7%, P < 0.05). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 micrograms/ml) stimulation of the HBEC augmented the contraction (44.9 +/- 1.0%, P < 0.05 vs. HBEC). In the presence of @entity3352 , the augmentation by LPS was increased further (52.2 +/- 4.3%, P < 0.05 vs. HBEC with LPS), suggesting that @entity2918 (PGs) are present and may inhibit contraction. Consistent with this, PGE was present in HBEC-conditioned medium. Bronchial epithelial cell conditioned medium had an effect similar to coculturing. SG-150 column chromatography revealed augmentive activity between 20 and 30 kDa and inhibitory activity between 10 and 20 kDa. Measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the presence of the active form of @entity6474 . The stimulatory activity of conditioned medium was blocked by adding anti- @entity2533 antibody. These data demonstrate that, through the release of factors including @entity6474 which can augment and PGE which can inhibit, HBEC can modulate fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction. In this manner, HBEC may modulate fibroblast activities that determine the architecture of bronchial tissue.

title: XXXX bronchial epithelial cells modulate collagen gel contraction by fibroblasts.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity6474 :: ('7042', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 2', 'TGF-beta 2']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airway diseases']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: The corium is diminished to about half of its thickness in @entity272 and wrinkles. All biological materials that increase the thickness of the corium are resorbed within a certain time. Therefore, a lasting effect can be achieved only with nonresorbable synthetic substances. Artecoll consists of microspheres of 30-40 microm in diameter, of exceptional surface smoothness, purity, and homogeneity related to @entity4625 . These microspheres are suspended in atelocollagen which serves as a vehicle for subdermal implantation. Due to its smooth surface and consequential lack of electrical charges, each single microsphere is immediately encapsulated with the @entity1 's own collagen fibers, thus preventing dislocation. Within 3 months, collagen (making up 75% of Artecoll) is replaced by the body's own connective tissue. The microspheres (25% of Artecoll) serve merely as a stimulus to the fibroblasts. Indications for Artecoll are all facial folds, lip- and philtrum augmentation, chin- and malar augmentation, dark-shadowed eyelids, @entity9577 , @entity154 in face and hands, nipple reconstruction and augmentation, and @entity322 . Questionnaires were sent to all @entity1 who had received Artecoll in 1993 and 1994. Of a total of 950 questionnaires sent, 515 were returned by September 1995. Satisfaction was rated "very good" in 29%, "good" in 38%, "satisfactory" in 23%, and "no difference" in 8% of the @entity1 . The question, "Would you repeat the treatment again?" was answered by 91% of the @entity1 with "yes." The overall complication rate was 3%. Strictly subdermal implantation will prevent longer lasting redness or visibility of the Artecoll.

title: XXXX -Microspheres (Artecoll) for long-lasting correction of wrinkles: refinements and statistical results.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['bony defects']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity9577 :: ('MESH:D015841', 'Disease') :: ['enophthalmos']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin defects']

answer: @entity4625 :: (MESH:D019904,Chemical) :: ['PMMA']


abstract: Historically poor success rates of nonoperative management of @entity130 in elderly @entity1 have led to recommendations for operative intervention in @entity1 more than 55 years of age. Recent studies are in opposition to earlier recommendations revealing equal success rates of nonoperative management of @entity130 in all age groups. A retrospective chart review was performed to assess factors related to the successful management of @entity130 in @entity1 over 55 years of age at a Level I @entity130 center. Thirty-seven @entity1 over 55 presented with blunt @entity130 during the 5-year study period. Thirteen @entity1 were taken immediately to the operating room on the basis of clinical findings and/or abdomen/pelvis CT results. Nonoperative management was attempted in 24 @entity1 on the basis of CT findings. Nonoperative management was successful in 15 @entity1 (62.5%) and failed in eight @entity1 (33.3%). @entity1 who failed nonoperative management had significantly higher American Association for the Surgery of @entity130 grade and associated pelvic free fluid. There were no deaths related to complications from failed nonoperative management. We conclude that nonoperative management of blunt @entity130 in @entity1 over 55 may be attempted. @entity1 with higher-grade injuries and pelvic free fluid are at greater risk for failure. @entity1 with these two findings must be monitored closely. The physicians caring for elderly @entity1 with high-grade @entity130 and free fluid in the pelvis must use clinical judgment regarding the need and timing of operative management.

title: Nonoperative management of blunt XXXX : factors influencing success in age >55 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma splenic injury', 'splenic injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['splenic injuries']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity1374 , defined by the presence of enlarged thyroid tissue below the plane of the thoracic inlet, were identified from a prospective database maintained for @entity1 who have undergone thyroidectomy at our institution since 1990. @entity1374 was present in 116 (30%) of 381 @entity1 , anterior mediastinal in 109 (94%), and posterior mediastinal in seven (6%). Indications for surgery included compressive symptoms in 75 (65%) @entity1 , an abnormal fine-needle biopsy in 45 (39%), progressive @entity1374 in 41 (35%), @entity2743 in 11 (10%), and @entity4264 in two (1.7%). A median sternotomy and thoracotomy were performed in one @entity1 each for a primary @entity13209 . In all other @entity1 thyroidectomy was accomplished through a cervical incision. Parathyroid autotransplantation was performed in 41 (37%) @entity1 with @entity66 compared with 57 (22%) with disease confined to the neck (P < 0.01). Twenty-five @entity1 (22%) had @entity5 ; four of these had unresectable disease. @entity260 included transient @entity3747 (n = 46), transient hoarseness (n = 7), recurrent @entity13587 (n = 1), and wound @entity281 (n = 1). One @entity1 died from @entity1174 . In summary, @entity1374 is typically present in the anterior @entity6830 and with rare exceptions can be resected through a cervical incision. Parathyroid devascularization is more common with resection of a @entity13209 and autotransplantation can prevent permanent @entity261 .

title: The clinical presentation and operative management of nodular and diffuse XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity4264 :: ('MESH:D013479', 'Disease') :: ['superior vena cava syndrome']

entities_list: @entity13209 :: ('MESH:D006045', 'Disease') :: ['intrathoracic goiter', 'substernal goiter']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['retrosternal disease']

entities_list: @entity13587 :: ('MESH:D061224', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ['thyrotoxicosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity261 :: ('MESH:D007011', 'Disease') :: ['hypoparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity6830 :: ('MESH:D008479', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinum']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['Substernal thyroid disease', 'substernal thyroid disease', 'thyroid enlargement']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['substernal thyroid disease']


abstract: @entity740 are degenerative conditions and may represent a failure to repair or remodel the extracellular matrix after repeated @entity130 . Since @entity2533 is strongly associated with tissue repair, we investigated the expression of @entity2533 isoforms ( @entity10483 , @entity2263 and @entity1093 ) and their 2 signalling receptors ( @entity7382 and @entity2534 ) in normal and pathological Achilles tendons. In all tissues, all 3 @entity2533 isoforms and the 2 receptors were present at sites of blood vessels. Cells in the matrix showed no staining for @entity2533 or @entity1093 , while @entity6474 was associated with cells throughout the normal cadaver tendon. Tissue from tendons with pathological lesions showed an increase in cell numbers and percentage @entity6474 expression. @entity2534 showed a wide distribution in cells throughout the tissue sections. As with @entity6474 , there was an increase in the number of cells expressing @entity2534 in pathological tissue. @entity7382 was restricted to blood vessels and was absent from the fibrillar matrix. We conclude that despite the presence and upregulation of @entity6474 , @entity2533 signalling is not propagated due to the lack of @entity7382 . This might explain why chronic @entity75 fail to resolve and suggests that the addition of exogenous @entity2533 will have little effect on chronic @entity924 .

title: Expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms and their receptors in chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['tendon lesions']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendinopathy']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic tendon lesions']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['micro-injury']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['tendinosis']


abstract: The use of intermittent pneumatic compression boots to reduce the risk of @entity1150 is contraindicated in @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ) due to a theoretical increase in venous return to the heart and exacerbation of @entity712 . This study evaluates intermittent pneumatic compression effects on pulmonary artery catheter parameters in @entity712 @entity1 . We conducted a prospective within- @entity1 study of @entity712 @entity1 monitored by pulmonary artery catheterization. Hemodynamic variables were assessed with and without the use of intermittent pneumatic compression boots. A sample size of 18 @entity1 was calculated a priori to obtain an 80 per cent power to detect a mean difference of 10 per cent. Twenty @entity1 were studied; no @entity1 suffered hemodynamic instability during the application of pneumatic compression; no statistically significant change in any hemodynamic parameters was noted. A trend toward decreasing mean arterial blood pressure (P = 0.057), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (P = 0.065), and systemic vascular resistance (P = 0.08) was observed. None were clinically significant. The application of intermittent pneumatic compression to the feet of @entity1 in @entity712 does not significantly alter central hemodynamic parameters in @entity712 @entity1 . This study suggests that intermittent pneumatic compression may be used in @entity712 @entity1 for venous @entity1031 risk reduction.

title: Evaluation of pulmonary arterial catheter parameters utilizing intermittent pneumatic compression boots in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The effectiveness of activities to promote routine prophylaxis to prevent @entity1031 is difficult to assess because information about the prevalence of prophylaxis is sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) prophylaxis for @entity1 at risk in general medicine, general surgery, orthopaedics and gynaecology in Scotland and the North of England. DESIGN: Retrospective case note review of a random sample of episodes of care in a stratified random sample of directorates in Scotland and a convenience sample in England. SETTING: Twenty acute hospital directorates in Scotland and eight in the North of England. @entity1 : Case notes of @entity1 at risk of @entity715 and discharged from the selected directorates in a 12-month period (n = 742). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportion of @entity1 receiving prophylaxis in each directorate. RESULTS: Overall, 469/526 (89%) of @entity1 in Scotland and 199/216 (92%) in England received prophylaxis. The proportion varied from 71% in general medicine to 100% in orthopaedics. The frequency of use of different forms of prophylaxis varied between directorates. Approximately 60% of the @entity1 who received prophylaxis received more than one form. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis for @entity1150 is well established for procedures and conditions that are known to increase the risk of @entity715 and for which there are no contraindications. Additional efforts to promote prophylaxis for these conditions are unlikely to be cost effective. Further research is needed to establish whether rates are equally high in other conditions, and whether the high prophylaxis rates are due to clinical effectiveness initiatives.

title: The prevalence of prophylaxis for XXXX in acute hospital trusts.

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep vein thrombosis']


abstract: We have constructed two retroviral vectors, one expressing @entity21651 ( @entity21651 ) alone (SF91MRP) and the other expressing @entity21651 and @entity2638 synthetase (gamma-GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme of @entity2041 biosynthesis ( @entity25808 ). We have utilized the hybrid FMEV (Friend mink cell focus-forming/ @entity19 embryonic stem cell virus) backbone, previously shown to be efficient in early hematopoietic cells, even when coexpressing two distinct genes. In SF91GCS- @entity25808 , the cDNAs were combined via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence from @entity9925 , resulting in a bicistronic mRNA produced via the long terminal repeat (LTR). Producer @entity238 -eco clones were established by trans-infection with @entity8310 virus glycoprotein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped retroviral supernatants. Drug-resistant producer clones were subsequently selected with antimony @entity5272 , a nonmutagenic @entity21651 substrate. By RNA slot-blot and transduction of 3T3 fibroblasts, titers of both SF91MRP and @entity25808 were found to be greater than 10(6) viral particles/ml. The correct viral integration in the genome was established by Southern blotting. By flow cytometry, both @entity21651 and bicistronic clones showed an increase in expression of the @entity21651 protein. The bicistronic producer clones, as well as 3T3 cells transduced with @entity25808 , presented an increase in intracellular @entity2041 levels, compared with the parental counterparts. Producer cells, 3T3 fibroblasts transduced with either SF91MRP or @entity25808 , and primary @entity19 myeloid progenitor cells transduced with @entity25808 were resistant to @entity21651 -effluxed drugs. However, only bicistronic producers, 3T3 fibroblasts transduced with @entity25808 , and primary @entity19 myeloid progenitor cells transduced with @entity25808 were also resistant to alkylating agents. We conclude that the retrovirus @entity25808 has features that make it a suitable vector to induce bone marrow resistance to multiple classes of chemotherapeutic agents. The strategy of coexpressing gamma-GCS and @entity21651 may help to design an effective in vivo selection for various clinical protocols of gene therapy.

title: Novel bicistronic retroviral vector expressing XXXX synthetase and the @entity21651 ( @entity21651 ) protects cells from @entity21651 -effluxed drugs and alkylating agents.

entities_list: @entity2638 :: ('MESH:C017341', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-glutamylcysteine']

entities_list: @entity5272 :: ('MESH:C029768', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium tartrate']

entities_list: @entity21651 :: ('18669(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['multidrug resistance protein 1', 'MRP1']

entities_list: @entity8310 :: ('MESH:D054243', 'Disease') :: ['vesicular stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

answer: @entity2638 :: (MESH:C017341,Chemical) :: ['gamma-glutamylcysteine']


abstract: We have constructed two retroviral vectors, one expressing @entity21651 ( @entity21651 ) alone (SF91MRP) and the other expressing @entity21651 and @entity2638 synthetase (gamma-GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme of @entity2041 biosynthesis ( @entity25808 ). We have utilized the hybrid FMEV (Friend mink cell focus-forming/ @entity19 embryonic stem cell virus) backbone, previously shown to be efficient in early hematopoietic cells, even when coexpressing two distinct genes. In SF91GCS- @entity25808 , the cDNAs were combined via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence from @entity9925 , resulting in a bicistronic mRNA produced via the long terminal repeat (LTR). Producer @entity238 -eco clones were established by trans-infection with @entity8310 virus glycoprotein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped retroviral supernatants. Drug-resistant producer clones were subsequently selected with antimony @entity5272 , a nonmutagenic @entity21651 substrate. By RNA slot-blot and transduction of 3T3 fibroblasts, titers of both SF91MRP and @entity25808 were found to be greater than 10(6) viral particles/ml. The correct viral integration in the genome was established by Southern blotting. By flow cytometry, both @entity21651 and bicistronic clones showed an increase in expression of the @entity21651 protein. The bicistronic producer clones, as well as 3T3 cells transduced with @entity25808 , presented an increase in intracellular @entity2041 levels, compared with the parental counterparts. Producer cells, 3T3 fibroblasts transduced with either SF91MRP or @entity25808 , and primary @entity19 myeloid progenitor cells transduced with @entity25808 were resistant to @entity21651 -effluxed drugs. However, only bicistronic producers, 3T3 fibroblasts transduced with @entity25808 , and primary @entity19 myeloid progenitor cells transduced with @entity25808 were also resistant to alkylating agents. We conclude that the retrovirus @entity25808 has features that make it a suitable vector to induce bone marrow resistance to multiple classes of chemotherapeutic agents. The strategy of coexpressing gamma-GCS and @entity21651 may help to design an effective in vivo selection for various clinical protocols of gene therapy.

title: Novel bicistronic retroviral vector expressing @entity2638 synthetase and the XXXX ( @entity21651 ) protects cells from @entity21651 -effluxed drugs and alkylating agents.

answer: @entity21651 :: (18669(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['multidrug resistance protein 1']


abstract: We have constructed two retroviral vectors, one expressing @entity21651 ( @entity21651 ) alone (SF91MRP) and the other expressing @entity21651 and @entity2638 synthetase (gamma-GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme of @entity2041 biosynthesis ( @entity25808 ). We have utilized the hybrid FMEV (Friend mink cell focus-forming/ @entity19 embryonic stem cell virus) backbone, previously shown to be efficient in early hematopoietic cells, even when coexpressing two distinct genes. In SF91GCS- @entity25808 , the cDNAs were combined via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence from @entity9925 , resulting in a bicistronic mRNA produced via the long terminal repeat (LTR). Producer @entity238 -eco clones were established by trans-infection with @entity8310 virus glycoprotein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped retroviral supernatants. Drug-resistant producer clones were subsequently selected with antimony @entity5272 , a nonmutagenic @entity21651 substrate. By RNA slot-blot and transduction of 3T3 fibroblasts, titers of both SF91MRP and @entity25808 were found to be greater than 10(6) viral particles/ml. The correct viral integration in the genome was established by Southern blotting. By flow cytometry, both @entity21651 and bicistronic clones showed an increase in expression of the @entity21651 protein. The bicistronic producer clones, as well as 3T3 cells transduced with @entity25808 , presented an increase in intracellular @entity2041 levels, compared with the parental counterparts. Producer cells, 3T3 fibroblasts transduced with either SF91MRP or @entity25808 , and primary @entity19 myeloid progenitor cells transduced with @entity25808 were resistant to @entity21651 -effluxed drugs. However, only bicistronic producers, 3T3 fibroblasts transduced with @entity25808 , and primary @entity19 myeloid progenitor cells transduced with @entity25808 were also resistant to alkylating agents. We conclude that the retrovirus @entity25808 has features that make it a suitable vector to induce bone marrow resistance to multiple classes of chemotherapeutic agents. The strategy of coexpressing gamma-GCS and @entity21651 may help to design an effective in vivo selection for various clinical protocols of gene therapy.

title: Novel bicistronic retroviral vector expressing @entity2638 synthetase and the @entity21651 ( XXXX ) protects cells from @entity21651 -effluxed drugs and alkylating agents.

answer: @entity21651 :: (18669(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['MRP1']


abstract: We have constructed two retroviral vectors, one expressing @entity21651 ( @entity21651 ) alone (SF91MRP) and the other expressing @entity21651 and @entity2638 synthetase (gamma-GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme of @entity2041 biosynthesis ( @entity25808 ). We have utilized the hybrid FMEV (Friend mink cell focus-forming/ @entity19 embryonic stem cell virus) backbone, previously shown to be efficient in early hematopoietic cells, even when coexpressing two distinct genes. In SF91GCS- @entity25808 , the cDNAs were combined via an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence from @entity9925 , resulting in a bicistronic mRNA produced via the long terminal repeat (LTR). Producer @entity238 -eco clones were established by trans-infection with @entity8310 virus glycoprotein (VSV-G)-pseudotyped retroviral supernatants. Drug-resistant producer clones were subsequently selected with antimony @entity5272 , a nonmutagenic @entity21651 substrate. By RNA slot-blot and transduction of 3T3 fibroblasts, titers of both SF91MRP and @entity25808 were found to be greater than 10(6) viral particles/ml. The correct viral integration in the genome was established by Southern blotting. By flow cytometry, both @entity21651 and bicistronic clones showed an increase in expression of the @entity21651 protein. The bicistronic producer clones, as well as 3T3 cells transduced with @entity25808 , presented an increase in intracellular @entity2041 levels, compared with the parental counterparts. Producer cells, 3T3 fibroblasts transduced with either SF91MRP or @entity25808 , and primary @entity19 myeloid progenitor cells transduced with @entity25808 were resistant to @entity21651 -effluxed drugs. However, only bicistronic producers, 3T3 fibroblasts transduced with @entity25808 , and primary @entity19 myeloid progenitor cells transduced with @entity25808 were also resistant to alkylating agents. We conclude that the retrovirus @entity25808 has features that make it a suitable vector to induce bone marrow resistance to multiple classes of chemotherapeutic agents. The strategy of coexpressing gamma-GCS and @entity21651 may help to design an effective in vivo selection for various clinical protocols of gene therapy.

title: Novel bicistronic retroviral vector expressing @entity2638 synthetase and the @entity21651 ( @entity21651 ) protects cells from XXXX -effluxed drugs and alkylating agents.

answer: @entity21651 :: (18669(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['MRP1']


abstract: @entity1 with recurrent acute @entity788 should be treated with the same supportive and symptom-oriented measures as those with acute @entity788 . The need for specific treatment depends on the cause of the @entity788 . @entity1 should discontinue @entity167 use, putative causative medications, and exposure to toxins or helminths in endemic areas. @entity209 need to be corrected, and appropriate treatment should be initiated for associated infections, @entity792 , @entity1333 , and @entity49 states. For @entity1 with @entity788 , @entity10747 is indicated if @entity253 persists or if @entity255 is present. Elective cholecystectomy may be performed in appropriate @entity1 ; otherwise, consider biliary sphincterotomy and @entity10055 for prevention of recurrent attacks. Transpapillary stenting or sphincterotomy of the minor papilla benefits some @entity1 with @entity788 and no other explanation for recurrent @entity788 . Surgical sphincteroplasty is reserved for those failing endoscopic treatment. Biliary sphincterotomy benefits more than 50% of @entity1 with @entity1690 and recurrent acute @entity788 . Some authors advocate pancreatic sphincter manometry and sphincterotomy for persistent @entity101 in @entity1 who have recurrent @entity788 after biliary sphincterotomy. In @entity1 with @entity788 , transpapillary stent placement serves as a short-term measure; most @entity1 ultimately require surgery.

title: Recurrent Acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas divisum', 'gallstone pancreatitis', 'pancreatic duct strictures', 'pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity10747 :: ('MESH:D012183', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic segment hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulable']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary obstruction']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity10055 :: ('MESH:D014580', 'Chemical') :: ['ursodeoxycholic acid']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Pancreatitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Referral bias, in which the result of a diagnostic test affects the subsequent referral for a more definitive test, influences the accuracy of noninvasive tests for @entity453 . This study evaluates the effect of referral bias on the apparent accuracy of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS: Over a 10-year period, 14,273 @entity1 without known @entity453 underwent stress SPECT. Coronary angiography was performed within 3 months after the stress test in 1853 @entity1 (13%). The apparent sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of SPECT were determined in these @entity1 , and then adjusted for referral bias using two different formulas. RESULTS: The overwhelming majority (95%) of @entity1 who underwent angiography had abnormal SPECT images. Apparent values for test indices were a sensitivity of 98%, a specificity of 13%, a likelihood ratio for a positive test of 1.1, and a likelihood ratio for a negative test of 0.15. Test indices adjusted for referral bias (using the two methods) were a sensitivity of 65% or 67%, a specificity of 67% or 75%, a likelihood ratio for a positive test of 2.0 or 2.7, and a likelihood ratio for a negative test of 0.44 or 0.52. CONCLUSION: Referral bias has a marked effect on the apparent accuracy of stress SPECT for the diagnosis of @entity301 . Adjustment for referral bias yields estimates for sensitivity and specificity and likelihood ratios that better reflect the accuracy of the technique.

title: Effects of adjustment for referral bias on the sensitivity and specificity of single photon emission computed tomography for the diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study evaluates the influence of serum @entity1423 on chemotherapy response rates among @entity1 with @entity1204 . METHODS: From 3 separate @entity5 centers, a total of 318 @entity1 with @entity1204 who received postoperative chemotherapy between June 1999 and October 2009 were retrospectively identified. Endometrioid, serous, clear cell, and @entity6962 histologies were included. @entity1 were classified as having an @entity1423 if their serum @entity1423 was greater than 400 * 10/L at the time of initial diagnosis. Primary outcome was chemotherapy response, classified as either complete or partial/refractory. Secondary outcomes were disease-free and disease-specific survival.    Test and Student t test were performed as appropriate. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess serum platelet effect on survival. RESULTS: There were 125 deaths, 76 recurrences, and 48 disease progressions. Of the total group, 53 (16.7%) were categorized as having an @entity1423 . An @entity1423 was associated with a lower chemotherapy response rate in univariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8; 95% 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-5.38; P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed elevated platelets to be independently associated with decreased disease-free survival (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.26-3.98; P < 0.01) but not disease-specific survival (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.56-1.88, P = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity1204 who have an elevated serum @entity1423 greater than 400 * 10/L may have lower chemotherapy response rates and are at increased risk for recurrence when compared with @entity1 with a count within the reference range.

title: Chemotherapy Response Rates Among @entity1 With XXXX Who Have Elevated Serum Platelets.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['elevated platelet count', 'platelet count']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity6962 :: ('MESH:D002296', 'Disease') :: ['carcinosarcoma']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['Endometrial Cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study evaluates the influence of serum @entity1423 on chemotherapy response rates among @entity1 with @entity1204 . METHODS: From 3 separate @entity5 centers, a total of 318 @entity1 with @entity1204 who received postoperative chemotherapy between June 1999 and October 2009 were retrospectively identified. Endometrioid, serous, clear cell, and @entity6962 histologies were included. @entity1 were classified as having an @entity1423 if their serum @entity1423 was greater than 400 * 10/L at the time of initial diagnosis. Primary outcome was chemotherapy response, classified as either complete or partial/refractory. Secondary outcomes were disease-free and disease-specific survival.    Test and Student t test were performed as appropriate. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess serum platelet effect on survival. RESULTS: There were 125 deaths, 76 recurrences, and 48 disease progressions. Of the total group, 53 (16.7%) were categorized as having an @entity1423 . An @entity1423 was associated with a lower chemotherapy response rate in univariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8; 95% 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-5.38; P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis showed elevated platelets to be independently associated with decreased disease-free survival (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.26-3.98; P < 0.01) but not disease-specific survival (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.56-1.88, P = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity1204 who have an elevated serum @entity1423 greater than 400 * 10/L may have lower chemotherapy response rates and are at increased risk for recurrence when compared with @entity1 with a count within the reference range.

title: Chemotherapy Response Rates Among XXXX With @entity1204 Who Have Elevated Serum Platelets.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Stepped care approaches for mandated college students provide individual brief motivational interventions (BMI) only for individuals who do not respond to an initial, low-intensity level of treatment such as Brief Advice (BA). However, how BMIs facilitate change in this higher-risk group of mandated students remains unclear. Perceived descriptive norms and @entity285 -related expectancies are the most commonly examined mediators of BMI efficacy but have yet to be examined in the context of stepped care. @entity1 were mandated college students (N = 598) participating in a stepped care trial in which mandated students first received BA. Those who reported continued risky drinking 6 weeks following a BA session were randomized to either a single-session BMI (N = 163) or an @entity558 (AO; N = 165). BMI @entity1 reduced @entity285 -related problems at the 9 month follow up significantly more than AO @entity1 . Multiple mediation analyses using bootstrapping techniques examined whether perceived descriptive norms and @entity285 -related expectancies mediated the observed outcomes. Reductions in perceptions of average student drinking (B = -.24; 95% CI [-.61, -.04]) and negative expectancies (B = -.13; 95% CI [-.38, -.01]) mediated the BMI effects. Furthermore, perceived average student norms were reduced after the BMI to levels approximating those of students who had exhibited lower risk drinking following the BA session. Findings highlight the utility of addressing perceived norms and expectancies in BMIs, especially for students who have not responded to less intensive prevention efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record

title: Descriptive norms and expectancies as mediators of a brief motivational intervention for mandated college students receiving stepped care for XXXX use.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['assessment-only comparison condition']

answer: @entity285 :: (D000431,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) and @entity2404 (TxA(2)) may take part in lung pathology; high concentrations of PGI(2) may protect newborn @entity95 against @entity651 , and TxA(2) may participate in the development of @entity2107 ( @entity2107 ). AIMS: To examine in small preterm @entity1 , the relationship between pulmonary PGI(2) and TxA(2) and @entity649 during the early postnatal period. METHODS: The stable metabolite of @entity4770 , @entity9077 , and that of @entity2404 , @entity7489 , were quantified by radioimmunoassays in 284 samples of tracheal aspirates from 48 @entity1 (GA: 27.4+/-2.1 week, BW 959+/-334 g) during the first 12 postnatal days. RESULTS: Mean concentration of @entity9077 was 414+/-31 pg/ml (mean+/-S.E.M.), and of @entity7489 was 418+/-37 pg/ml. Correlations existed between @entity9077 and gestational age, birth weight, and the initial arterial-alveolar oxygenation ratio. Negative correlations existed between @entity9077 and both mean inspiratory @entity26 and duration of mechanical ventilation. @entity3352 treatment was associated with lower pulmonary @entity9077 , but not with lower TxB(2). @entity7489 correlated positively with gestational age, birth weight, and initial arterial-alveolar oxygenation ratio, and inversely with duration of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: In preterm @entity1 , higher pulmonary @entity9077 was associated with less severe @entity649 and with maturity, whereas @entity7489 was associated more strongly with maturity than with @entity649 .

title: Pulmonary prostacyclin is associated with less severe XXXX in preterm @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity2404 :: ('MESH:D013928', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane A(2)']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity7489 :: ('MESH:D013929', 'Chemical') :: ['Thromboxane B(2)', 'thromboxane B(2)']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['hyperoxic lung injury']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity2107 :: ('MESH:D001997', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopulmonary dysplasia', 'BPD']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity9077 :: ('MESH:D015121', 'Chemical') :: ['6-keto-prostaglandinF(1 alpha)']

answer: @entity649 :: (MESH:D012128,Disease) :: ['respiratory distress']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) and @entity2404 (TxA(2)) may take part in lung pathology; high concentrations of PGI(2) may protect newborn @entity95 against @entity651 , and TxA(2) may participate in the development of @entity2107 ( @entity2107 ). AIMS: To examine in small preterm @entity1 , the relationship between pulmonary PGI(2) and TxA(2) and @entity649 during the early postnatal period. METHODS: The stable metabolite of @entity4770 , @entity9077 , and that of @entity2404 , @entity7489 , were quantified by radioimmunoassays in 284 samples of tracheal aspirates from 48 @entity1 (GA: 27.4+/-2.1 week, BW 959+/-334 g) during the first 12 postnatal days. RESULTS: Mean concentration of @entity9077 was 414+/-31 pg/ml (mean+/-S.E.M.), and of @entity7489 was 418+/-37 pg/ml. Correlations existed between @entity9077 and gestational age, birth weight, and the initial arterial-alveolar oxygenation ratio. Negative correlations existed between @entity9077 and both mean inspiratory @entity26 and duration of mechanical ventilation. @entity3352 treatment was associated with lower pulmonary @entity9077 , but not with lower TxB(2). @entity7489 correlated positively with gestational age, birth weight, and initial arterial-alveolar oxygenation ratio, and inversely with duration of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: In preterm @entity1 , higher pulmonary @entity9077 was associated with less severe @entity649 and with maturity, whereas @entity7489 was associated more strongly with maturity than with @entity649 .

title: Pulmonary prostacyclin is associated with less severe @entity649 in preterm XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: inflammatory mediators such as @entity2918 (PGs), @entity4443 (LTs), and platelet-activating factor (PAF) have been identified in @entity1 @entity2171 ( @entity2171 ), as well as in the experimentally induced @entity2171 of animals. However, the exact function of LTs in the middle ear cavity is still unknown. In this study, the role of LTs was investigated using an experimental model in which OME was induced by LTD4. METHODS: to examine whether leukotrienes (LTs) induce @entity2346 media with effusion (OME), 2x10(-6), 2x10(-5), 1x10(-4) and 2x10(-4) M of LTD4 was injected into the @entity35 ear. The severity of OME was assessed based on the histological findings. The concentrations of @entity1356 , @entity310 , and GRO/CINC-1 in @entity2171 were also measured. Additionally the therapeutic efficacy of a specific LTs antagonist, @entity1440 on experimental OME was investigated. RESULTS: all ears developed @entity2171 ( @entity2171 ) within 24 h and about 50% of the animals continued to demonstrate @entity2171 for 14 days in the 1x10(-4) and 2x10(-4) M groups. The cytokine levels seemed to correspond well with the persistence of OME. The oral administration of a specific LTs antagonist, @entity1440 , was found to alleviate the experimental OME. CONCLUSION: these findings suggest that LTs appear to plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OME.

title: Experimental XXXX media with effusion induced by leukotriene D4.

entities_list: @entity4443 :: ('MESH:D015289', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotrienes']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity2171 :: ('MESH:D010034', 'Disease') :: ['MEE', 'middle ear effusions', 'MEEs', 'middle ear effusion']

entities_list: @entity1440 :: ('MESH:C047681', 'Chemical') :: ['pranlukast']

answer: @entity2346 :: (MESH:D010031,Disease) :: ['otitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The French drug authorities audited first-time prescription of @entity1583 growth factors using a prescription follow-up survey. Data collected between April 1995 and March 1996 were analyzed then criticized by three clinical experts working in three different areas where lenograstime is most widely used. METHODS: First-time prescription data and follow-up information were recorded on separate inclusion and follow-up diaries by the prescribing physicians. The delivering pharmacies complete the diaries and addressed them to the INSERM unit 330 for analysis. RESULTS: There were 7,102 inclusion diaries and 1376 follow-up diaries from 234 different hospital facilities. Lenograstime was most frequently prescribed in @entity1 with @entity706 (19%), @entity0 (16.4%), and @entity2 (13.8%). Prescriptions involved 377 different chemotherapy protocols, including 196 which concerned a single @entity1 . At the first prescription, lenograstime was given as a preventive measure in 61% of the cases and for curative therapy in 25.3%. The planned duration of preventive treatment was longer than the true period of treatment. DISCUSSION: Pr Rossi, hematologist, Pr Misset, cancerologist and Pr Lebeau, pneumologist criticized the findings.

title: [Prescription of a XXXX growth factor, lenograstim, in current practice. Results and commentaries of a national survey from April 1995 to March 1996].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematopoietic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A well-established manifestation of @entity5 , @entity1985 is infrequently associated with @entity704 . Only 18 cases have been reported in the literature. CASE REPORTS: A 65-year-old @entity1 and a 60-year-old @entity1 were seen for @entity1985 . Minimal @entity8 was observed in the first @entity1 whose @entity1985 was steroid resistant. The second @entity1 had @entity8157 and @entity1308 . In both cases, @entity1985 revealed @entity704 . DISCUSSION: The histological lesions in 17 of the 18 biopsied cases reported in the literature were minimal change in 10, focal segmental @entity631 in 4, proliferative @entity631 in 2, and @entity8157 in only one. The outcome of the @entity1985 was dependent on the success of the @entity704 treatment. Some @entity1 responded to @entity134 and immunosuppressive agents. Pure @entity1308 is uncommon and prognosis is poor. It can be successfully treated with @entity205 as in our second case.

title: [ @entity1985 revealing XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['change renal disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic disease']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity1308 :: ('MESH:D012010', 'Disease') :: ['red cell aplasia', 'pure red cell aplasia']

entities_list: @entity8157 :: ('MESH:D015433', 'Disease') :: ['membranous glomerulopathy']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant thymoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A well-established manifestation of @entity5 , @entity1985 is infrequently associated with @entity704 . Only 18 cases have been reported in the literature. CASE REPORTS: A 65-year-old @entity1 and a 60-year-old @entity1 were seen for @entity1985 . Minimal @entity8 was observed in the first @entity1 whose @entity1985 was steroid resistant. The second @entity1 had @entity8157 and @entity1308 . In both cases, @entity1985 revealed @entity704 . DISCUSSION: The histological lesions in 17 of the 18 biopsied cases reported in the literature were minimal change in 10, focal segmental @entity631 in 4, proliferative @entity631 in 2, and @entity8157 in only one. The outcome of the @entity1985 was dependent on the success of the @entity704 treatment. Some @entity1 responded to @entity134 and immunosuppressive agents. Pure @entity1308 is uncommon and prognosis is poor. It can be successfully treated with @entity205 as in our second case.

title: [ XXXX revealing @entity5 ].

answer: @entity1985 :: (MESH:D009404,Disease) :: ['Nephrotic syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: Strabismus affects as many as 60% to 70% of @entity1 with @entity2168 . V-pattern strabismus is common and is thought to be secondary to severe oblique @entity121 . The complex motility disorders produced by abnormal extraocular muscles in this syndrome can be difficult to manage. Few studies have reported findings regarding the extraocular muscles or how to plan and adapt the required surgery for this condition. METHODS: The surgical management and outcomes of four @entity1 with @entity2168 who had undergone craniofacial reconstruction surgery were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: All @entity1 showed significant improvement in the primary eye position, but had residual ocular motility dysfunction postoperatively, especially relating to the up gaze position. During surgery it was noted that the lateral rectus muscle or superior oblique tendons were @entity3466 in one of the four @entity1 . In two of the @entity1 , there was an absence of both inferior rectus muscles. The extraocular muscles were examined pathologically and revealed evidence of tendon capsule and mild @entity528 . CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus in @entity2168 is complex and the absence of certain extraocular muscles is unpredictable. It is not possible to perform strabismus surgery according to a defined surgical plan; one needs to adapt according to the @entity1 's individual anatomy. Also, the strabismus is difficult to completely correct. However, improving ocular motility in the most functional fields of gaze will benefit the quality of life for both @entity1 and their families. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2015;52(5):299-304.].

title: Surgical Treatment of V-pattern XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2168 :: ('MESH:D003394', 'Disease') :: ['Crouzon syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3466 :: ('MESH:D003784', 'Disease') :: ['absent or anomalous']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['fiber degeneration']

answer: @entity2168 :: (MESH:D003394,Disease) :: ['Exotropia in Crouzon Syndrome']


abstract: G-protein-gated inward rectifying @entity972 channels (GIRKs) are a newly identified gene family. These gene products are thought to form functional channels through the assembly of heteromeric subunits. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a point mutation in the @entity32592 gene, one of the GIRK family members, is the cause of the neurological and reproductive defects observed in the weaver (wv) mutant @entity19 . The mechanism(s) by which a single @entity535 substitution in @entity32592 protein leads to the severe phenotypes in the wv / wv @entity19 is not fully understood. However, it implicates the importance of GIRK channels in neuronal development. To characterize the mRNA expression patterns of @entity51616 -3 during @entity19 brain development we have used in situ hybridization analyses. We found that the expression of all three genes showed developmental regulation. In most areas that showed expression, the levels of @entity51616 -3 transcripts reached their peak at around postnatal day 10 (P10). In general, @entity51616 showed the least fluctuation in its levels of expression during development, while dynamic changes were found with the levels of @entity32592 and @entity51617 transcripts. @entity51617 becomes the predominant inward rectifying K+-channel in the brain at later postnatal ages. In the CNS regions affected in the wv / wv @entity19 , @entity32592 is the predominant inward rectifying channel that is expressed. This suggests that the presence of the other subtypes are able to compensate for the mutated @entity32592 channel in weaver neurons that survive.

title: Developmental expression of the GIRK family of inward rectifying XXXX channels: implications for abnormalities in the weaver mutant @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: G-protein-gated inward rectifying @entity972 channels (GIRKs) are a newly identified gene family. These gene products are thought to form functional channels through the assembly of heteromeric subunits. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a point mutation in the @entity32592 gene, one of the GIRK family members, is the cause of the neurological and reproductive defects observed in the weaver (wv) mutant @entity19 . The mechanism(s) by which a single @entity535 substitution in @entity32592 protein leads to the severe phenotypes in the wv / wv @entity19 is not fully understood. However, it implicates the importance of GIRK channels in neuronal development. To characterize the mRNA expression patterns of @entity51616 -3 during @entity19 brain development we have used in situ hybridization analyses. We found that the expression of all three genes showed developmental regulation. In most areas that showed expression, the levels of @entity51616 -3 transcripts reached their peak at around postnatal day 10 (P10). In general, @entity51616 showed the least fluctuation in its levels of expression during development, while dynamic changes were found with the levels of @entity32592 and @entity51617 transcripts. @entity51617 becomes the predominant inward rectifying K+-channel in the brain at later postnatal ages. In the CNS regions affected in the wv / wv @entity19 , @entity32592 is the predominant inward rectifying channel that is expressed. This suggests that the presence of the other subtypes are able to compensate for the mutated @entity32592 channel in weaver neurons that survive.

title: Developmental expression of the GIRK family of inward rectifying @entity972 channels: implications for abnormalities in the weaver mutant XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (PFCN) is a sensory nerve originating from the sacral plexus. @entity2096 leads to @entity158 within the inferior gluteal region and the posterior aspect of the thigh. As electrophysiological assessment is challenging, diagnosis of @entity2096 has been, thus far, primarily based on clinical findings, which can result in misdiagnosis. Therefore, alternative confirmatory assessments such as an imaging modality that could aid in the diagnosis of @entity2096 would be desirable. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of visualization of the PFCN with @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) and to test this technique in our clinical routine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consisted of two parts. In the first part, @entity2101 -guided perineural ink injections along the course of the PFCN were performed at the posterior aspect of the thigh in 26 lower limbs of 14 fresh non-embalmed cadavers. Subsequent dissection confirmed correct identification of the nerve. In the second part, @entity1 with a suspected @entity2096 were examined and a selective @entity2101 -guided nerve block was performed to verify the suspected diagnosis. RESULTS: The PFCN was correctly identified with @entity2101 in 96.2  % (25/26) of cadavers. Further, six @entity1 with a suspected lesion of the PFCN were examined, and the diagnosis was proven by successful @entity2101 -guided block in all cases. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the reliable visualization of the PFCN using @entity2101 . This offers a new technique for the assessment of the PFCN, which could also be demonstrated with the case series presented.

title: High-resolution ultrasound of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve: visualization and initial experience with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2096 :: ('MESH:D020428', 'Disease') :: ['PFCN neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['high-resolution ultrasound', 'HRUS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The expression of @entity1861 in hematopoietic stem cells is a well-defined primary event in @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ). Some reports have described the presence of @entity1861 on endothelial cells from @entity1860 @entity1 , suggesting the origin of the disease in a primitive hemangioblastic cell. On the other hand, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by @entity1778 are involved in the angiogenesis modulation process. In the current work we hypothesized that EVs released from @entity1861 (+) cells may carry inside the oncogene that can be transferred to endothelial cells leading to the expression of both @entity1861 transcript and the oncoprotein. EVs from K562 cells and plasma of newly diagnosed @entity1860 @entity1 were isolated by ultracentrifugation. RT-PCR analysis detected the presence of @entity1861 RNA in the EVs isolated from both K562 cells and plasma of @entity1860 @entity1 . The incorporation of these EVs into endothelial cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that after 24h of incubation most EVs were incorporated. @entity1861 transcripts were detected in all experiments on endothelial cells incubated with EVs from both sources. The presence of @entity1861 on endothelial cells incubated with Philadelphia(+) EVs was also confirmed by Western blot assays. In summary, endothelial cells acquire @entity1861 RNA and the oncoprotein after incubation with EVs released from Ph(+) positive cells (either from K562 cells or from plasma of newly diagnosed @entity1860 @entity1 ). This results challenge the hypothesis that endothelial cells may be part of the Philadelphia(+) clone in @entity1860 .

title: Do endothelial cells belong to the primitive stem leukemic clone in XXXX ? Role of extracellular vesicles.

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['CML leukemic cells']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukemia']

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['CML']


abstract: The role of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CT/XRT) in the treatment of @entity201 is controversial. We undertook this study to determine whether CT/XRT is appropriate after resection of @entity201 . One hundred ninety-two @entity1 with @entity201 were treated from 1988 to 1999. After resection, @entity1 were assigned a stage ( @entity2802 ) and were stratified by location of the @entity5 as intrahepatic, perihilar, and @entity5 . Data are presented as mean +/- standard deviation. Of 192 @entity1 92 (48%) underwent resections of @entity201 . Thirty-four @entity1 had liver resections, 25 had bile duct resections, and 33 underwent pancreaticoduodenectomies. Thirty-four @entity1 had adjuvant CT/XRT, three had adjuvant chemotherapy, four had neoadjuvant CT/XRT, and 50 had no radiation or chemotherapy. Mean survival of resected @entity1 with adjuvant CT/XRT was 42 +/- 37.0 months and without CT/XRT it was 29 24.5 months (P = 0.07). Mean survival of @entity1 with @entity5 receiving or not receiving CT/XRT was 41 +/- 21.8 versus 25 +/- 20.1 months, respectively, (P = 0.04). @entity1753 improves survival after resection for @entity201 (P = 0.07) particularly in @entity1 undergoing resection for @entity5 (P = 0.04). Benefits of adjuvant CT/XRT are apparent when stratified by location of @entity201 rather than staging.

title: Location, not staging, of XXXX determines the role for adjuvant chemoradiation therapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'distal tumors']

entities_list: @entity1753 :: ('MESH:D001169', 'Disease') :: ['Adjuvant chemoradiation']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinomas', 'cholangiocarcinoma']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']