abstract: BACKGROUND: Phase analysis, developed to assess dyssynchrony from ECG-gated radionuclide ventriculography, has shown promising results. We hypothesized that quantifying the cardiac resynchronization reserve, that is, the extent of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), by radionuclide imaging could potentially identify @entity1 who are best suited for CRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-four @entity1 ages 64.8  10.1 years were prospectively studied from July 2004 to July 2006, of whom 62.2% and 37.8%, respectively, were in New York Heart Association class 3 and 4. Mean QRS width was 173  25 ms. ECG-gated radionuclide ventriculography to quantify interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony was performed at baseline with and without CRT and at the 3-month follow-up visit. @entity1472 -terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) levels were also determined at baseline and at 3 months. During a mean follow-up of 10.1  7.6 months, there were 37 (50%) clinical events that defined the nonresponder group, including @entity204 or readmission for worsening @entity712 . In multivariate Cox model analysis, higher NT-pro-BNP blood levels were associated with a significant increase in the risk for event (hazard ratio=1.085 for a 100 pg/L increase in NT-pro-BNP; 95% confidence interval, 1.014 to 1.161). Each 10   elevation in intraventricular dyssynchrony was associated with a decrease in the risk of events (hazard ratio=0.456, 95% confidence interval, 0.304 to 0.683). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that an @entity22286 cutoff value of 25.5   for intraventricular synchrony yielded 91.4% sensitivity and 84.4% specificity for predicting a good response to CRT. CONCLUSIONS: The quantification of @entity22286 with radionuclide phase analysis suggests that early postimplantation @entity22286 may provide identification of CRT responders.

title: Quantification of ventricular resynchronization reserve by radionuclide phase analysis in XXXX @entity1 : a prospective long-term study.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity22286 :: ('MESH:C563239', 'Disease') :: ['interventricular dyssynchrony']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Phase analysis, developed to assess dyssynchrony from ECG-gated radionuclide ventriculography, has shown promising results. We hypothesized that quantifying the cardiac resynchronization reserve, that is, the extent of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), by radionuclide imaging could potentially identify @entity1 who are best suited for CRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-four @entity1 ages 64.8  10.1 years were prospectively studied from July 2004 to July 2006, of whom 62.2% and 37.8%, respectively, were in New York Heart Association class 3 and 4. Mean QRS width was 173  25 ms. ECG-gated radionuclide ventriculography to quantify interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony was performed at baseline with and without CRT and at the 3-month follow-up visit. @entity1472 -terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) levels were also determined at baseline and at 3 months. During a mean follow-up of 10.1  7.6 months, there were 37 (50%) clinical events that defined the nonresponder group, including @entity204 or readmission for worsening @entity712 . In multivariate Cox model analysis, higher NT-pro-BNP blood levels were associated with a significant increase in the risk for event (hazard ratio=1.085 for a 100 pg/L increase in NT-pro-BNP; 95% confidence interval, 1.014 to 1.161). Each 10   elevation in intraventricular dyssynchrony was associated with a decrease in the risk of events (hazard ratio=0.456, 95% confidence interval, 0.304 to 0.683). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that an @entity22286 cutoff value of 25.5   for intraventricular synchrony yielded 91.4% sensitivity and 84.4% specificity for predicting a good response to CRT. CONCLUSIONS: The quantification of @entity22286 with radionuclide phase analysis suggests that early postimplantation @entity22286 may provide identification of CRT responders.

title: Quantification of ventricular resynchronization reserve by radionuclide phase analysis in @entity712 XXXX : a prospective long-term study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The active state of arterial muscle can be regulated by electrical events occurring at the plasma membrane. Factors which affect the level of the resting membrane potential can markedly alter resting tone, and sensitivity and contractility to agonists. The relative K+ conductance (gk) appears to be a principle factor in this regard. Reduction of gk induces generation of action potentials with concomitant mechanical activity. Cerebral arteries exposed to subarachnoid blood exhibit altered electrical and mechanical properties which predispose them to @entity2473 ; a phenomenon related to a reduced gk. Arterial muscle from @entity101 animals exhibit membrane electrical properties which may contribute to an elevated peripheral vascular resistance, namely, an elevated PNa/Pk ratio and altered electrogenic ion transport. Upon exposure to elevated transmural pressures, isolated cerebral arterial muscle cells depolarize and generate spontaneous "pacemaker-like" action potentials, processes which appear to be @entity141 dependent. Cerebral arteries from spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 depolarize more to elevated transmural pressures when compared to WKY. This increased membrane depolarization to pressure may be the result of an elevated @entity141 permeability and/or an alteration in gk at the SHR arterial muscle cell membrane. Thus, abnormal activation of arterial muscle can be mediated by factors controlling transmembrane electrical gradients and ionic conductance systems.

title: Electrophysiological mechanisms of arterial muscle activation: alterations associated with cerebral vasospasm and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Small intestinal histology is the criterion standard for the diagnosis of @entity1593 ( @entity1593 ). However, results of serological tests such as anti-endomysium antibodies and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) are becoming increasingly reliable. This raises the question of whether a small intestinal biopsy is always necessary. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to investigate whether a small intestinal biopsy can be avoided in a selected group of @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Serology and histological slides obtained from 283 pediatric @entity1 suspected of having @entity1593 were examined retrospectively. The response to a @entity1593 ( @entity1593 ) in @entity1 with a tTGA level >=  100 U/mL was investigated. RESULTS: A tTGA level >=  100 U/mL was found in 128 of the 283 @entity1 . Upon microscopic examination of the small intestinal epithelium, @entity194 was found in 124 of these @entity1 , confirming the presence of @entity1593 . Three @entity1 had crypt @entity1373 or an increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes. In 1 @entity1 no histological abnormalities were found. This @entity1 did not respond to a @entity1593 . CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric @entity1 with a tTGA level >=  100 U/mL in whom symptoms improve upon consuming a @entity1593 may not need a small intestinal biopsy to confirm @entity1593 .

title: A biopsy is not always necessary to diagnose XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['villous atrophy']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['celiac disease', 'gluten-free diet', 'GFD', 'CD']

answer: @entity1593 :: (MESH:D002446,Disease) :: ['celiac disease']


abstract: Morbidity and mortality among neonates with group B @entity883 remain high. As delays in @entity2348 may be responsible for these poor results, there is a need for studies into killing kinetics. We investigated antimicrobial sensitivity and killing effect time lags for @entity114 , @entity869 and @entity3401 , alone and in combination with @entity801 or @entity4509 , against 20 strains of group B streptococci isolated in cultures of blood and cerebrospinal fluid from neonates. A culture of each strain (10(5) germs/ml) was exposed to the antibiotics individually or in combination. Antibiotics were used in the concentrations achieved clinically. Surviving bacteria were counted after 2 h 30, 4 h 30 and 24 h. incubation. Mean killing curves showed that the time interval until onset of a killing effect was 24 hours with either @entity114 or @entity869 alone, against 4 h 30 with @entity114 - @entity4509 or @entity869 - @entity801 . The most rapid killing effect (2 h 30) was observed with @entity3401 alone and @entity869 - @entity4509 . No antagonism was found between @entity3401 and @entity581 . Choice of the best antibiotic treatment for group B @entity883 should be based on both the rapidity of the in vitro killing effect and the antibiotic's diffusion into the site of the @entity281 .

title: [Optimum choice of antibiotic treatment in XXXX due to group B streptococci].

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity883 :: ('MESH:D013290', 'Disease') :: ['streptococcal infections']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity3401 :: ('MESH:D008802', 'Chemical') :: ['mezlocillin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial killing']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['neonatal infections']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 with proximal third femur @entity174 were treated with pins-in-thigh plaster. @entity1 were divided into two groups: (1) acute (pins-in-plaster applied within one month after injury); and (2) late (pins-in-plaster applied later than one month @entity130 ). @entity1 in the acute group had application of pins-in-plaster inserted at an average of nine days after injury, and were treated in plaster for 9.4 weeks with union occurring at 10.7 weeks. @entity1 in the late group had application of pins-in-plaster an average of 13.3 weeks after injury, treatment in plaster for 7.7 weeks, and union at 21 weeks. @entity173 healed as rapidly as other areas of the femur when braced early. Twenty-five @entity174 demonstrated less than 2 cm of shortening and less than 10 degrees of varus. There were no nonunions. One @entity1 developed a deep wound @entity281 . Antibiotics were required in seven @entity1 because of pin tract drainage, which ceased once the pins were removed. This method is indicated in active @entity1 with comminuted or open @entity174 but neither in the elderly or senile @entity1 , or in intertrochanteric-subtrochanteric @entity174 .

title: Treatment of XXXX with pins and thigh plaster.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['Subtrochanteric fractures']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ater injury']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['proximal-third femur fractures']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Arthroscopically assisted percutaneous internal fixation has found its place in the treatment of @entity174 , with good short-term results reported. The objective of this study was to observe the progression of @entity571 at the medium term through clinical and radiological assessment. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-seven @entity1 were treated with arthroscopy-assisted percutaneous fixation for stage I-III Schatzker @entity174 . RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 59.5 months (range, 24-138 months); satisfaction was good except for return to sports activity. The mean IKS score was 85.2 for the knee score and 91 for function. The mean Lysholm score was 86 points, with a mean Tegner activity score of 4. A mean score of 25.5 and 8 points was found for the clinical and radiological Rasmussen scores, respectively; 47.6% of the @entity1 presented @entity571 on radiological evaluation. DISCUSSION: The medium-term functional results were comparable to the short-term results. The @entity1 were satisfied except for return to sports activity. Age at surgery appears as a prognostic factor for @entity571 . CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic internal fixation remains the technical reference for @entity174 despite the appearance of @entity571 , which remains less extensive than in open surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV. Retrospective study.

title: Percutaneous fixation of XXXX under arthroscopy: a medium term perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'early osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['tibial plateau fractures', 'Schatzker I-III tibial plateau fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['tibial plateau fractures']


abstract: The problem of @entity170 superimposed on the basic collagen defect of @entity6926 has been approached by the use of plastic containment orthoses for the lower limbs, in addition to developmentally staged mobility devices that assist early standing and walking. The purpose of forcing early weight-bearing is to provide stress to the lower limb bones in order to minimize @entity170 , prevent @entity85 , and curb subsequent immobilization @entity170 , thus breaking a vicious cycle. Management goals are based upon adult needs for independence: efficiency in daily living activities and in mobility. These goals were reached in most of our @entity1 via use of plastic orthoses, early weight-bearing, and electrically powered wheelchairs. Manual osteoclasis of the tibia followed by plastic orthoses utilizing principles of fluid compression to support fractured or structurally weak bones appeared successful at the time of follow-up. Intramedullary rodding of the femur was necessary in most of the 12 @entity1 with @entity53897 . Supplementary plastic orthoses have reduced the refracture rate in both the tibia and the femur. Social integration of the @entity1 was reflected by the fact that among the 12 OI congenita cases, ten were attending regular educational institutions. Twelve @entity6926 @entity1 fared well, all attaining complete independence in daily living, mobility and ambulation. Seven of this group were treated with intramedullary rodding of the femur or tibia and with plastic orthoses. Five @entity1 required no treatment.

title: Nonoperative treatment of XXXX : orthotic and mobility management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity53897 :: ('MESH:C536042', 'Disease') :: ['osteogenesis imperfecta congenita']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['refracture and deformity']

entities_list: @entity6926 :: ('MESH:D010013', 'Disease') :: ['OI tarda', 'osteogenesis imperfecta']

answer: @entity6926 :: (MESH:D010013,Disease) :: ['osteogenesis imperfecta']


abstract: @entity293 ( @entity293 ) and @entity2348 are caused by the aerobic faecal flora. In @entity293 that flora is spread via the urethra to the urine and in some cases also to the @entity8 . Dissemination from urine to blood resulting in @entity295 may occur. Treatment of @entity293 should be given with antibiotics that cause minimal ecological disturbances in the faecal flora, i.e. emergence of resistance and selection of resistant species which may cause reinfections, should be avoided. If an antibiotic does not cause @entity294 , poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is to be preferred when @entity293 is treated since it will result in a reduction of the reservoir of bacteria capable of reinfecting the @entity1 post-treatment. In @entity281 , the aetiology is bacterial in about 60% of the cases. @entity281 is by far more common in the third world where it is a problem mainly in neonates, @entity1 and @entity1 but also for travellers. Antibiotic treatment of @entity294 with antibiotics like @entity3403 , @entity869 or @entity799 may cause rapid selection of resistant faecal Enterobacteriaceae, which in many cases are multiple resistant. This is also the case if antibiotics are used to prevent travellers' @entity294 . The @entity52300 offer a new approach to treatment of both @entity281 . Their wide antibacterial spectrum against aerobes and lack of activity against anaerobes is in this respect optimal. Moreover, some of them, e.g. @entity4258 and @entity2177 , are poorly absorbed and will markedly reduce the faecal aerobes without selecting other bacterial species. @entity4258 has a well proven efficacy in @entity293 but remains to be proven in @entity281 .

title: Principles for targeted antibiotic use in urinary tract and @entity281 : a review with special emphasis on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal parenchyma']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity4258 :: ('MESH:D009643', 'Chemical') :: ['Norfloxacin', 'norfloxacin']

entities_list: @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['co-trimoxazole']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial enteric infections']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Such infections', 'enteric infections', 'UTI and enteric infections']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['Urinary tract infections', 'UTI']

answer: @entity4258 :: (MESH:D009643,Chemical) :: ['norfloxacin']


abstract: @entity293 ( @entity293 ) and @entity2348 are caused by the aerobic faecal flora. In @entity293 that flora is spread via the urethra to the urine and in some cases also to the @entity8 . Dissemination from urine to blood resulting in @entity295 may occur. Treatment of @entity293 should be given with antibiotics that cause minimal ecological disturbances in the faecal flora, i.e. emergence of resistance and selection of resistant species which may cause reinfections, should be avoided. If an antibiotic does not cause @entity294 , poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is to be preferred when @entity293 is treated since it will result in a reduction of the reservoir of bacteria capable of reinfecting the @entity1 post-treatment. In @entity281 , the aetiology is bacterial in about 60% of the cases. @entity281 is by far more common in the third world where it is a problem mainly in neonates, @entity1 and @entity1 but also for travellers. Antibiotic treatment of @entity294 with antibiotics like @entity3403 , @entity869 or @entity799 may cause rapid selection of resistant faecal Enterobacteriaceae, which in many cases are multiple resistant. This is also the case if antibiotics are used to prevent travellers' @entity294 . The @entity52300 offer a new approach to treatment of both @entity281 . Their wide antibacterial spectrum against aerobes and lack of activity against anaerobes is in this respect optimal. Moreover, some of them, e.g. @entity4258 and @entity2177 , are poorly absorbed and will markedly reduce the faecal aerobes without selecting other bacterial species. @entity4258 has a well proven efficacy in @entity293 but remains to be proven in @entity281 .

title: Principles for targeted antibiotic use in urinary tract and XXXX : a review with special emphasis on @entity4258 .

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['enteric infections']


abstract: Although pacemaker (PM) implantation has developed into a standard therapy in appropriate rhythm disorders the procedure is not free of complications. One of the most common problems is thrombotic alteration in the region of the entry of the pacemaker electrode into the venous system. To obtain more details of the incidence and extent of these complications, we investigated a total of 97 @entity1 in two groups, clinically, phlebographically and by Doppler-ultrasound technique. 56 (30 males, 26 females, mean age 73 years) were examined 1 week, and 41 (18 males, 23 females, mean age 72 years) 1 year after PM implantation. The thrombotic changes were quantified and correlated to various anamnestic and clinical parameters with the following results: 1 week after implantation 25% of @entity1 show thrombi with collaterals, in 15% shorter than, and in 10% longer than 3 cm. One complete obturation of the implantation vessel was recognized. Thrombotic changes without collaterals were found in 36%, in 25% shorter than, and in 11% longer than 3 cm. One year after PM implantation there are organized thrombi in 71%, 41% of these @entity1 show collaterals phlebographically. The others had no hemodynamic changes. Of all the anamnestic and clinical parameters, a significant correlation was found only between development of thrombi and material of electrodes. @entity2636 electrodes have a significantly higher rate of @entity715 than @entity1346 electrodes (p less than or equal to 0.0066).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinical incidence of subclavian XXXX following pacemaker implantation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity2636 :: ('MESH:D011140', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyurethane']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thromboses']


abstract: @entity706 ( @entity706 ) has profound immunosuppressive actions and has been applied successfully to allotransplantation but not xenotransplantation. @entity205 ( @entity870 ) has not generally permitted successful xenotransplantation of organs but has not been used in combination with @entity706 . @entity706 and CsA were given alone and in combination to @entity35 that were recipients of hamster or @entity95 cardiac xenografts. Combined @entity706 and CsA prolonged survival of hamster-to- @entity35 cardiac xenografts from three days in untreated controls to greater than 100 days in most recipients. @entity706 alone significantly prolonged @entity95 to @entity35 xenograft survival with doubling of survival time. However, combined treatment did not significantly prolong @entity95 -to- @entity35 cardiac xenograft survival compared with @entity706 alone. The hamster and @entity35 are phylogenetically closely related. Transplants from hamsters to @entity35 are concordant xenografts since the time course of unmodified rejection is similar to first-set rejection of allografts. Although the @entity95 -to- @entity35 transplant is also between concordant species (average survival of untreated controls: 3.2 days) the @entity95 and @entity35 are more distantly related. These results suggest that @entity706 is an effective immunosuppressant when applied to cardiac xenotransplants in these animal models; that the choice of species critically affects xenograft survival when @entity706 and/or CsA are used for immunosuppression; and that the closely related species combination tested has markedly prolonged (greater than 100 days) survival using combined @entity706 and CsA.

title: Xenograft survival in two species combinations using total-lymphoid irradiation and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['TLI', 'Total lymphoid irradiation']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: Recent work on odor hedonics in @entity161 has indicated that @entity1 display @entity854 in comparison to healthy comparison @entity1 . In the current study, identification accuracy for pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant odors in individuals with @entity161 and healthy controls was examined. Thirty-three @entity161 @entity1 (63% male) and thirty-one healthy volunteers (65% male) were recruited. The groups were well matched on age, sex, and smoking status. @entity1 were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, which was subsequently divided into 16 pleasant, 15 neutral, and 9 unpleasant items. Analysis of identification z-scores for pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant odors revealed a significant diagnosis by valence interaction. Post-hoc analysis revealed that @entity161 @entity1 made more identification errors on pleasant and neutral odors compared to healthy controls, with no differences observed for unpleasant odors. No effect was seen for sex. The findings from the current investigation suggest that odor identification accuracy in @entity1 is influenced by odor valence. This pattern of results parallels a growing body of literature indicating that @entity1 display aberrant pleasantness ratings for pleasant odors and highlights the need for additional research on the influence of odor valence on olfactory identification performance in individuals with @entity161 .

title: Identification of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant odors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in hedonic judgments of odors']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity173 are an important public health problem given their growing incidence as well as their functional and vital repercussions. With longer survival, @entity1 with a contralateral @entity174 are increasingly numerous. The objective of this study was to investigate the bilateralization of @entity173 in terms of anatomic location and time to the second @entity174 . HYPOTHESIS: Contralateral @entity174 are of the same anatomical type as the primary @entity174 . @entity1 AND METHODS: This was a retrospective epidemiological study on all @entity1 managed for @entity173 between January 2007 and May 2008. Each case of bilateralization was studied. RESULTS: We included 241 @entity1 in the study. The mean age at occurrence of the primary @entity174 was 83.3 years (range, 60-99 years). The distribution showed 45.6% true @entity2249 and 54.4% trochanteric @entity174 . Twenty-six of the 241 @entity1 had already suffered from a @entity173 (10.8%). This @entity174 was the same type as the recent @entity174 in 80.8% of the cases. The mean time between the two @entity174 was 5.6 years (range, 1-277 months). DISCUSSION: The contralateral @entity174 were the same anatomical type as the primary @entity174 in eight out of ten @entity1 and the symmetry remains intact in 64-83% depending on the series. The @entity174 occurred on average within 5 years of the first @entity173 . In cases of asymmetry, the second @entity174 was more often a trochanteric @entity174 . The causes explaining this symmetry are several and are poorly known. The risk factors are numerous and their prevention is essential (acting on the @entity1 's environment to prevent falls, rehabilitation to reestablish autonomy after the first @entity174 , and preventive treatment of @entity170 ), although these notions are often ignored by surgeons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective study.

title: Non-simultaneous bilateral XXXX : epidemiologic study of 241 @entity173 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures', 'hip fracture', 'Hip fractures']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fracture']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity173 are an important public health problem given their growing incidence as well as their functional and vital repercussions. With longer survival, @entity1 with a contralateral @entity174 are increasingly numerous. The objective of this study was to investigate the bilateralization of @entity173 in terms of anatomic location and time to the second @entity174 . HYPOTHESIS: Contralateral @entity174 are of the same anatomical type as the primary @entity174 . @entity1 AND METHODS: This was a retrospective epidemiological study on all @entity1 managed for @entity173 between January 2007 and May 2008. Each case of bilateralization was studied. RESULTS: We included 241 @entity1 in the study. The mean age at occurrence of the primary @entity174 was 83.3 years (range, 60-99 years). The distribution showed 45.6% true @entity2249 and 54.4% trochanteric @entity174 . Twenty-six of the 241 @entity1 had already suffered from a @entity173 (10.8%). This @entity174 was the same type as the recent @entity174 in 80.8% of the cases. The mean time between the two @entity174 was 5.6 years (range, 1-277 months). DISCUSSION: The contralateral @entity174 were the same anatomical type as the primary @entity174 in eight out of ten @entity1 and the symmetry remains intact in 64-83% depending on the series. The @entity174 occurred on average within 5 years of the first @entity173 . In cases of asymmetry, the second @entity174 was more often a trochanteric @entity174 . The causes explaining this symmetry are several and are poorly known. The risk factors are numerous and their prevention is essential (acting on the @entity1 's environment to prevent falls, rehabilitation to reestablish autonomy after the first @entity174 , and preventive treatment of @entity170 ), although these notions are often ignored by surgeons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective study.

title: Non-simultaneous bilateral @entity173 : epidemiologic study of 241 XXXX .

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fractures']


abstract: Since the introduction of total parenteral nutrition an increasing number of @entity1 are surviving massive intestinal resection. However, the expense, morbidity, and inconvenience of this therapy have created interest in surgical alternatives for the treatment of the @entity5277 . The goals of surgical therapy in the @entity5277 are to slow intestinal transit, increase the area of absorption, and reduce @entity356 . Antiperistaltic segments or colon interposition benefit @entity1 with sufficient absorptive area, but rapid intestinal transit. Intestinal valves yield inconsistent results. Recirculating loops are associated with prohibitive morbidity and mortality. Experience with intestinal pacing is limited. @entity1 with dilated bowel segments may benefit from intestinal tapering or lengthening. Growing neomucosa holds promise but has not been evaluated clinically. Despite recent advances in immunosuppression the results of transplantation remain unsatisfactory. @entity356 can be effectively controlled by H2 receptor antagonists. None of the operations for treatment of the @entity5277 is sufficiently safe and effective to recommend their routine use. Operations should be performed only on selected @entity1 to achieve specific goals. Although investigation continues, our emphasis should continue to be prevention of intestinal resection and conservation of as much of the intestine as possible when massive resection is necessary.

title: Surgical alternatives for the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5277 :: ('MESH:D012778', 'Disease') :: ['short bowel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric hyperacidity', 'Gastric hyperacidity']

answer: @entity5277 :: (MESH:D012778,Disease) :: ['short bowel syndrome']


abstract: The primary inflorescence stem of @entity958 is rich in lignified cell walls, in both vascular bundles and interfascicular fibres. Previous gene expression studies demonstrated a correlation between expression of @entity35839 biosynthetic genes and a subset of genes encoding @entity855 -binding cassette (ABC) transporters, especially in the ABCB/multi-drug resistance/P-glycoprotein (ABCB/MDR/PGP) and ABCG/pleiotropic drug resistance (ABCG/PDR) subfamilies. The objective of this study was to characterize these ABC transporters in terms of their gene expression and their function in development of lignified cells. Based on in silico analyses, four ABC transporters were selected for detailed investigation: ABCB11/MDR8, @entity73048 /MDR12, ABCB15/MDR13, and ABCG33/ @entity73049 . Promoter::glucuronidase reporter assays for each gene indicated that promoters of ABCB11, @entity73048 , ABCB15, and ABCG33 transporters are active in the vascular tissues of primary stem, and in some cases in interfascicular tissues as well. Homozygous T-DNA insertion mutant lines showed no apparent irregular xylem phenotype or alterations in interfascicular fibre lignification or morphology in comparison with wild type. However, in @entity73048 -1 mutants, stem vascular morphology was slightly disorganized, with decreased phloem area in the vascular bundle and decreased xylem vessel lumen diameter. In addition, @entity73048 -1 mutants showed both decreased polar auxin transport through whole stems and altered auxin distribution in the procambium. It is proposed that both @entity73048 and ABCB15 promote auxin transport since inflorescence stems in both mutants showed a reduction in polar auxin transport, which was not observed for any of the ABCG subfamily mutants tested. In the case of @entity73048 , the reduction in auxin transport is correlated with a mild disruption of vascular development in the inflorescence stem.

title: ABC transporters coordinately expressed during lignification of XXXX stems include a set of ABCBs associated with auxin transport.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

entities_list: @entity35839 :: ('CHEBI:26004', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylpropanoid']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Casparian bands are characteristic of the endodermis and exodermis of roots, but also occur infrequently in other plant organs, for example stems and leaves. To date, these structures have not been detected in phellem cells of a periderm. The aim of this study was to determine whether Casparian bands occur in phellem cells using tests that are known to detect Casparian bands in cells that also contain suberin lamellae. Both natural periderm and wound-induced structures were examined in shoots and roots. METHODS: Using @entity27043 as a candidate species, the following tests were conducted: (1) staining with @entity7652 and counterstaining with @entity31470 , (2) mounting sections in concentrated @entity4197 and (3) investigating the permeability of the walls with @entity7652 as an apoplastic, fluorescent tracer. KEY RESULTS: (1) @entity7652 - @entity9308 blue staining revealed a modification in the radial and transverse walls of mature phellem cells in both stems and roots. Three days after wounding through to the cortex of stems, the boundary zone cells (pre-existing, living cells nearest the wound) had developed vividly stained primary walls. By 17 d, staining of mature phellem cells of wound-induced periderm was similar to that of natural periderm. (2) Mature native phellem cells of stems resisted acid digestion. (3) @entity7652 was excluded from the anticlinal (radial and transverse) walls of mature phellem cells in stems and roots, and from the wound-induced boundary zone. CONCLUSIONS: Casparian bands are present in mature phellem cells in both stems and roots of @entity27043 . It is proposed that Casparian bands act to retard water loss and pathogen entry through the primary cell walls of the phellem cells, thus contributing to the main functions of the periderm.

title: Casparian bands occur in the periderm of XXXX stem and root.

entities_list: @entity7652 :: ('MESH:D001599', 'Chemical') :: ['berberine', 'Berberine']

entities_list: @entity31470 :: ('MESH:C017006', 'Chemical') :: ['aniline blue']

entities_list: @entity4197 :: ('CHEBI:26836', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphuric acid']

entities_list: @entity27043 :: ('4031', 'Species') :: ['P. hortorum', 'Pelargonium hortorum']

answer: @entity27043 :: (4031,Species) :: ['Pelargonium hortorum']


abstract: We evaluated the surgical results of 42 consecutive @entity1 with @entity1409 treated from 1973 to 1984 to determine the causes of @entity397 and to evaluate our treatment methods. @entity1 were divided into early and late repair groups and their charts reviewed to determine common clinical features. A new method of repair with early functional range of motion exercises before casting was used and compared to other techniques in common use. Thirty-one @entity1 were contacted for long-term followup (average, 4.7 years). Twenty-three of these @entity1 returned for intensive reevaluation and Cybex testing. We found a high incidence of @entity210 (14.3%) and previous @entity134 injections (7.1%) in our @entity1 . Good results were obtained from the four surgical methods used. There were no reruptures and only 7% of the @entity1 experienced minor wound problems. @entity1 treated with early functional range of motion exercises averaged 12.5 degrees more dorsiflexion at the time of cast removal and did not require adjunctive protective devices. Long-term results, however, revealed equilibration of range of motion and near normal function in all repair techniques with 88% of all @entity1 returning to preinjury activity levels.

title: Surgical repair of Achilles XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1409 :: ('MESH:D012422', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['tendon ruptures']


abstract: The mechanisms whereby the @entity10173 ( @entity10173 ) exerts its anabolic action on bone are incompletely understood. We previously showed that inhibition of @entity8837 enhanced @entity3078 -induced bone anabolic action in osteoblasts. These findings suggested the hypothesis that changes in gene expression associated with the altered @entity3078 -induced signaling brought about by an @entity8837 inhibitor would identify novel bone anabolic factors in osteoblasts. We therefore performed a comparative DNA microarray analysis between empty vector-transfected @entity19 osteoblastic @entity19 cells and @entity4286 -treated stable @entity3078 -overexpressing @entity19 cells. Among the novel factors, @entity73050 was selected on the basis of its rapid induction by @entity10173 independent of later increases in endogenous @entity641 . The levels of @entity73050 increased with time in cultures of @entity19 cells and @entity19 mesenchymal @entity19 cells committed to the osteoblast lineage by @entity8385 . @entity10173 stimulated @entity73050 levels within 1 h as determined by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry in @entity19 cells. @entity19 cells stably overexpressing @entity73050 exhibited elevated levels of @entity2447 , @entity2450 , alkaline phosphatase, and b-catenin, whereas @entity73050 augmented @entity8385 -induced @entity2447 levels in mesenchymal cells. @entity73050 interacted with @entity2447 , @entity14901 , and @entity21602 in C2C12 cells. In conclusion, we identified a @entity3078 -related factor, @entity73050 , that is induced by @entity10173 and promotes differentiation in @entity19 osteoblastic cells. @entity73050 is an important molecule in the pathway downstream of @entity10173 and @entity3078 signaling in osteoblasts.

title: @entity10173 -responsive @entity3078 -related factor, XXXX , promotes osteoblast differentiation and interacts with the bone morphogenetic protein- @entity2447 pathway.

answer: @entity73050 :: (231633(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Tmem119']


abstract: The mechanisms whereby the @entity10173 ( @entity10173 ) exerts its anabolic action on bone are incompletely understood. We previously showed that inhibition of @entity8837 enhanced @entity3078 -induced bone anabolic action in osteoblasts. These findings suggested the hypothesis that changes in gene expression associated with the altered @entity3078 -induced signaling brought about by an @entity8837 inhibitor would identify novel bone anabolic factors in osteoblasts. We therefore performed a comparative DNA microarray analysis between empty vector-transfected @entity19 osteoblastic @entity19 cells and @entity4286 -treated stable @entity3078 -overexpressing @entity19 cells. Among the novel factors, @entity73050 was selected on the basis of its rapid induction by @entity10173 independent of later increases in endogenous @entity641 . The levels of @entity73050 increased with time in cultures of @entity19 cells and @entity19 mesenchymal @entity19 cells committed to the osteoblast lineage by @entity8385 . @entity10173 stimulated @entity73050 levels within 1 h as determined by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry in @entity19 cells. @entity19 cells stably overexpressing @entity73050 exhibited elevated levels of @entity2447 , @entity2450 , alkaline phosphatase, and b-catenin, whereas @entity73050 augmented @entity8385 -induced @entity2447 levels in mesenchymal cells. @entity73050 interacted with @entity2447 , @entity14901 , and @entity21602 in C2C12 cells. In conclusion, we identified a @entity3078 -related factor, @entity73050 , that is induced by @entity10173 and promotes differentiation in @entity19 osteoblastic cells. @entity73050 is an important molecule in the pathway downstream of @entity10173 and @entity3078 signaling in osteoblasts.

title: @entity10173 -responsive @entity3078 -related factor, @entity73050 , promotes osteoblast differentiation and interacts with the bone morphogenetic protein- XXXX pathway.

answer: @entity2447 :: (12393(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Runx2']


abstract: The mechanisms whereby the @entity10173 ( @entity10173 ) exerts its anabolic action on bone are incompletely understood. We previously showed that inhibition of @entity8837 enhanced @entity3078 -induced bone anabolic action in osteoblasts. These findings suggested the hypothesis that changes in gene expression associated with the altered @entity3078 -induced signaling brought about by an @entity8837 inhibitor would identify novel bone anabolic factors in osteoblasts. We therefore performed a comparative DNA microarray analysis between empty vector-transfected @entity19 osteoblastic @entity19 cells and @entity4286 -treated stable @entity3078 -overexpressing @entity19 cells. Among the novel factors, @entity73050 was selected on the basis of its rapid induction by @entity10173 independent of later increases in endogenous @entity641 . The levels of @entity73050 increased with time in cultures of @entity19 cells and @entity19 mesenchymal @entity19 cells committed to the osteoblast lineage by @entity8385 . @entity10173 stimulated @entity73050 levels within 1 h as determined by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry in @entity19 cells. @entity19 cells stably overexpressing @entity73050 exhibited elevated levels of @entity2447 , @entity2450 , alkaline phosphatase, and b-catenin, whereas @entity73050 augmented @entity8385 -induced @entity2447 levels in mesenchymal cells. @entity73050 interacted with @entity2447 , @entity14901 , and @entity21602 in C2C12 cells. In conclusion, we identified a @entity3078 -related factor, @entity73050 , that is induced by @entity10173 and promotes differentiation in @entity19 osteoblastic cells. @entity73050 is an important molecule in the pathway downstream of @entity10173 and @entity3078 signaling in osteoblasts.

title: XXXX -responsive @entity3078 -related factor, @entity73050 , promotes osteoblast differentiation and interacts with the bone morphogenetic protein- @entity2447 pathway.

answer: @entity10173 :: (19226(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Parathyroid hormone']


abstract: The mechanisms whereby the @entity10173 ( @entity10173 ) exerts its anabolic action on bone are incompletely understood. We previously showed that inhibition of @entity8837 enhanced @entity3078 -induced bone anabolic action in osteoblasts. These findings suggested the hypothesis that changes in gene expression associated with the altered @entity3078 -induced signaling brought about by an @entity8837 inhibitor would identify novel bone anabolic factors in osteoblasts. We therefore performed a comparative DNA microarray analysis between empty vector-transfected @entity19 osteoblastic @entity19 cells and @entity4286 -treated stable @entity3078 -overexpressing @entity19 cells. Among the novel factors, @entity73050 was selected on the basis of its rapid induction by @entity10173 independent of later increases in endogenous @entity641 . The levels of @entity73050 increased with time in cultures of @entity19 cells and @entity19 mesenchymal @entity19 cells committed to the osteoblast lineage by @entity8385 . @entity10173 stimulated @entity73050 levels within 1 h as determined by Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry in @entity19 cells. @entity19 cells stably overexpressing @entity73050 exhibited elevated levels of @entity2447 , @entity2450 , alkaline phosphatase, and b-catenin, whereas @entity73050 augmented @entity8385 -induced @entity2447 levels in mesenchymal cells. @entity73050 interacted with @entity2447 , @entity14901 , and @entity21602 in C2C12 cells. In conclusion, we identified a @entity3078 -related factor, @entity73050 , that is induced by @entity10173 and promotes differentiation in @entity19 osteoblastic cells. @entity73050 is an important molecule in the pathway downstream of @entity10173 and @entity3078 signaling in osteoblasts.

title: @entity10173 -responsive XXXX -related factor, @entity73050 , promotes osteoblast differentiation and interacts with the bone morphogenetic protein- @entity2447 pathway.

answer: @entity3078 :: (17127(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Smad3']


abstract: The temporal bones from a 58-year-old white @entity1 who had had hereditary @entity2319 were examined with the techniques of microdissection and surface preparations followed by sectioning of the modiolus. There was bilateral, almost total @entity528 , which also involved the saccule. The degeneration of the distal processes of the cochlear neurons in the osseous spiral lamina was almost complete, whereas @entity4494 cells and proximal processes remained in the modiolus and the internal auditory canal. Severe cochleo-saccular @entity4 was present in the left ear with Reissner's membrane bulging into the horizontal canal. X-ray diffraction and electron probe analysis were used to study the @entity66 in both ears. On the left side the saccular otoconia were composed of calcite, but the utricular macula was covered by a crust of @entity13267 spherulites. More @entity13267 occurred around the maculae and in the scala media. The cupulae were composed of @entity13267 and @entity38106 . On the right side the utricular otoconia were of normal calcite, but there was a deposit of @entity13267 on the macula sacculi. The upper part of the scala media was completely filled by a deposit of @entity13267 and @entity38106 .

title: Hereditary deafness with XXXX and anomalous calcium phosphate deposits.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal crystalline deposits']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['hydrops']

entities_list: @entity38106 :: ('MESH:C022045', 'Chemical') :: ['octacalcium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['numerous ganglion']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['congenital deafness']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural degeneration']

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['hydrops']


abstract: @entity6 is increasing in prevalence at alarming rates. Concurrent with its expanding prevalence is the increase in the related risk of morbidity and mortality. Because @entity6 @entity1 are prone to @entity65 , treatment strategies should address the cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, lipids, and body weight, in addition to the glycemic aspects of the disease. Newer agents, such as @entity5445 ( @entity5445 ) analogs and @entity5735 ( @entity5735 ) inhibitors, have varying degrees of evidence to support their effects on body weight, blood pressure, and lipid levels, beyond glycated hemoglobin reduction. While @entity5445 agonists produce a weight loss, the @entity5735 inhibitors, conversely, appear to have a weight-neutral effect. Substantial evidence demonstrates that both medications produce modest @entity551 and, in some cases, diastolic blood pressure, and reduce several markers of cardiovascular risk, including C-reactive protein. Moreover, @entity5445 influences endothelial function. The effect of the incretin hormones on serum lipids are either neutral or beneficial, with small, non-significant decreases in LDL @entity165 , increases in HDL @entity165 , and occasionally significant decreases in fasting @entity412 levels. Also, they have positive effects on @entity1560 . Although @entity5445 agonists and @entity5735 inhibitors are at present not appropriate for primary treatment of cardiovascular risks factors, the reduction of these parameters is evidently beneficial.

title: Multifactorial intervention in Type 2 XXXX : the promise of incretin-based therapies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5735 :: ('1803', 'Gene') :: ['dipeptidyl peptidase-4', 'DPP-4']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic steatosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['reductions in systolic blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity5445 :: ('2641', 'Gene') :: ['glucagon-like peptide-1', 'GLP-1']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the postoperative outcome of hepatectomy associated with @entity6315 ( @entity6315 ) and to identify risk factors of clinical value for predicting @entity1578 and mortality. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Resection of the portal vein during hepatectomy allows an increase in the number of @entity1 who may benefit from a potentially curative operation that is, however, technically difficult and may increase postoperative morbidity and mortality. Few data are available about risk factors for @entity1578 and mortality after such extensive operations. METHODS: Between July 1996 and July 2008, a total of 1348 @entity1 were operated on for @entity409 in our institution. Among them, 55 @entity1 underwent liver resection associated with @entity6315 . Medical records of these @entity1 were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Overall mortality for this selected group of @entity1 was 7.2%. Irreversible @entity1578 was the main cause of @entity204 . Overall morbidity was 58.1%. A total of 94% of the @entity1 (n = 52) underwent a major (>=  3 segments) or an extended > 4 segments) right or left hepatectomy. Univariate analysis showed that male gender (P = 0.004), extended liver resection (P = 0.028), and, particularly, extended right hepatectomy (P = 0.015) were significantly associated with an increased risk of @entity1578 . Male gender was the single independent risk factor for @entity1578 . Moreover, the presence of @entity1560 (P = 0.014), an extended right hepatectomy procedure (P = 0.047), and @entity1578 (P = 0.046) were significantly associated with an increased rate of postoperative mortality. CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed that major or extended hepatic resection with @entity6315 can be performed with acceptable overall morbidity and mortality rates. Preoperative selection of the @entity1 should take in consideration the gender and the extent of hepatic resection to avoid irreversible @entity1578 . Extended right hepatectomy with @entity6315 should be carefully considered in @entity1 with @entity1560 due to the high risk of postoperative mortality.

title: Risk factors for @entity1578 and mortality after hepatectomy associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['liver steatosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative liver failure', 'liver failure']

entities_list: @entity6315 :: ('MESH:C563407', 'Disease') :: ['portal vein resection', 'PVR']

answer: @entity6315 :: (MESH:C563407,Disease) :: ['portal vein resection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the postoperative outcome of hepatectomy associated with @entity6315 ( @entity6315 ) and to identify risk factors of clinical value for predicting @entity1578 and mortality. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Resection of the portal vein during hepatectomy allows an increase in the number of @entity1 who may benefit from a potentially curative operation that is, however, technically difficult and may increase postoperative morbidity and mortality. Few data are available about risk factors for @entity1578 and mortality after such extensive operations. METHODS: Between July 1996 and July 2008, a total of 1348 @entity1 were operated on for @entity409 in our institution. Among them, 55 @entity1 underwent liver resection associated with @entity6315 . Medical records of these @entity1 were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Overall mortality for this selected group of @entity1 was 7.2%. Irreversible @entity1578 was the main cause of @entity204 . Overall morbidity was 58.1%. A total of 94% of the @entity1 (n = 52) underwent a major (>=  3 segments) or an extended > 4 segments) right or left hepatectomy. Univariate analysis showed that male gender (P = 0.004), extended liver resection (P = 0.028), and, particularly, extended right hepatectomy (P = 0.015) were significantly associated with an increased risk of @entity1578 . Male gender was the single independent risk factor for @entity1578 . Moreover, the presence of @entity1560 (P = 0.014), an extended right hepatectomy procedure (P = 0.047), and @entity1578 (P = 0.046) were significantly associated with an increased rate of postoperative mortality. CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed that major or extended hepatic resection with @entity6315 can be performed with acceptable overall morbidity and mortality rates. Preoperative selection of the @entity1 should take in consideration the gender and the extent of hepatic resection to avoid irreversible @entity1578 . Extended right hepatectomy with @entity6315 should be carefully considered in @entity1 with @entity1560 due to the high risk of postoperative mortality.

title: Risk factors for XXXX and mortality after hepatectomy associated with @entity6315 .

answer: @entity1578 :: (MESH:D017093,Disease) :: ['liver failure']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of age, @entity393 , and cognitive ability on the cognitive processing load during listening to speech presented in noise. Cognitive load was assessed by means of pupillometry (i.e., examination of @entity384 ), supplemented with subjective ratings. DESIGN: Two groups of subjects participated: 38 middle-aged @entity1 (mean age = 55 yrs) with normal hearing and 36 middle-aged @entity1 (mean age = 61 yrs) with @entity393 . Using three Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) in stationary noise tests, we estimated the speech-to-noise ratios (SNRs) required for the correct repetition of 50%, 71%, or 84% of the sentences (SRT50%, SRT71%, and SRT84%, respectively). We examined the pupil response during listening: the peak amplitude, the peak latency, the mean dilation, and the pupil response duration. For each condition, @entity1 rated the experienced listening effort and estimated their performance level. @entity1 also performed the Text Reception Threshold (TRT) test, a test of processing speed, and a word vocabulary test. Data were compared with previously published data from young @entity1 with normal hearing. RESULTS: @entity393 was related to relatively poor SRTs, and higher speech intelligibility was associated with lower effort and higher performance ratings. For listeners with normal hearing, increasing age was associated with poorer TRTs and slower processing speed but with larger word vocabulary. A multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated main effects of group and SNR and an interaction effect between these factors on the pupil response. The peak latency was relatively short and the mean dilation was relatively small at low intelligibility levels for the middle-aged groups, whereas the reverse was observed for high intelligibility levels. The decrease in the pupil response as a function of increasing SNR was relatively small for the listeners with @entity393 . Spearman correlation coefficients indicated that the cognitive load was larger in listeners with better TRT performances as reflected by a longer peak latency (normal-hearing @entity1 , SRT50% condition) and a larger peak amplitude and longer response duration ( @entity393 @entity1 , SRT50% and SRT84% conditions). Also, a larger word vocabulary was related to longer response duration in the SRT84% condition for the @entity1 with normal hearing. CONCLUSIONS: The pupil response systematically increased with decreasing speech intelligibility. Ageing and @entity393 were related to less release from effort when increasing the intelligibility of speech in noise. In difficult listening conditions, these factors may induce @entity73 relatively early or they may be associated with relatively shallow speech processing. More research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms explaining these results. Better TRTs and larger word vocabulary were related to higher mental processing load across speech intelligibility levels. This indicates that utilizing linguistic ability to improve speech perception is associated with increased listening load.

title: Cognitive load during speech perception in noise: the influence of age, XXXX , and cognition on the pupil response.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['pupil dilation']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss', 'Hearing loss', 'hearing-impaired']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive overload']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['hearing loss']


abstract: @entity12726 is commonly isolated from the amniotic fluid of unselected individuals with intact membranes at the time of cesarean section even prior to onset of labor. The risk of placental infection increases with onset of labor, rupture of membranes and number of vaginal examinations. Qualitative cultures of @entity1 with clinical signs of @entity281 and matched controls indicate that @entity12726 can be found in 50% of amniotic fluid samples of both groups thus suggesting that it may not be a cause of clinical @entity5870 . To gain further understanding of the potential role of this organism, we performed amniotic fluid and blood cultures and measured serologic responses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in @entity1 with clinical @entity281 and matched controls. @entity12726 was the single most common bacterial species isolated from maternal blood and amniotic fluid but the isolation rate did not differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic @entity1 . Also other known pathogenic bacteria were often isolated from amniotic fluids containing ureaplasmas. However, the marked difference in serologic response between symptomatic and asymptomatic @entity1 and the occurrence of ureaplasmemia in some suggest that in certain individuals @entity12726 may be a cause of clinical @entity5870 . Serologic responsiveness, ureaplasmemia and isolation of ureaplasmas in pure culture from amniotic fluid of some asymptomatic @entity1 suggest that @entity12726 may also be a cause of clinically silent @entity5870 . Previous studies have shown a significant association between @entity5870 documented by histopathology and isolation of @entity12726 from the placenta or @entity1 but not the maternal cervix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Role of @entity12726 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['intraamniotic infection']

entities_list: @entity12726 :: ('2130', 'Species') :: ['Ureaplasma urealyticum', 'U. urealyticum']

entities_list: @entity5870 :: ('MESH:D002821', 'Disease') :: ['amnionitis', 'chorioamnionitis']

answer: @entity5870 :: (MESH:D002821,Disease) :: ['amnionitis']


abstract: @entity12726 is commonly isolated from the amniotic fluid of unselected individuals with intact membranes at the time of cesarean section even prior to onset of labor. The risk of placental infection increases with onset of labor, rupture of membranes and number of vaginal examinations. Qualitative cultures of @entity1 with clinical signs of @entity281 and matched controls indicate that @entity12726 can be found in 50% of amniotic fluid samples of both groups thus suggesting that it may not be a cause of clinical @entity5870 . To gain further understanding of the potential role of this organism, we performed amniotic fluid and blood cultures and measured serologic responses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in @entity1 with clinical @entity281 and matched controls. @entity12726 was the single most common bacterial species isolated from maternal blood and amniotic fluid but the isolation rate did not differ between symptomatic and asymptomatic @entity1 . Also other known pathogenic bacteria were often isolated from amniotic fluids containing ureaplasmas. However, the marked difference in serologic response between symptomatic and asymptomatic @entity1 and the occurrence of ureaplasmemia in some suggest that in certain individuals @entity12726 may be a cause of clinical @entity5870 . Serologic responsiveness, ureaplasmemia and isolation of ureaplasmas in pure culture from amniotic fluid of some asymptomatic @entity1 suggest that @entity12726 may also be a cause of clinically silent @entity5870 . Previous studies have shown a significant association between @entity5870 documented by histopathology and isolation of @entity12726 from the placenta or @entity1 but not the maternal cervix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Role of XXXX in @entity5870 .

answer: @entity12726 :: (2130,Species) :: ['Ureaplasma urealyticum']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity3296 has become an endemic problem worldwide. @entity1388 has its effect on various organs, including the reproductive system, although there are controversial reports over it. Thus, the present study was designed to study the effect of @entity3163 ( @entity7034 ) exposure for different durations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 healthy @entity95 were divided into three equal groups. Group I was fed on a standard diet for 30 days, Group II was fed on @entity3163 (20 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days and Group III was fed on @entity3163 (20 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days. Sperm count, motility, progressive motility and weight of @entity1062 and epididymis were measured and compared with the control group. RESULTS: We observed that in the group exposed to @entity7034 for 30 days (Group II), there was a significant decrease in all the parameters except the testicular weight and in the group on exposure of 60 days (Group III), there was a significant decrease in all the parameters when compared with the control group (Group I). On applying the Tukey post-hoc test between Groups II and III, we observed that there was a significant decrease in the sperm count while the other parameters showed a non-significant decrease. Testicular histology was confirmatory for the above findings. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that @entity1388 hampers the reproductive functions of male @entity95 and is proportional to the duration of @entity1388 exposure.

title: Effect of duration of XXXX exposure on the reproductive system in male @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity3163 :: ('MESH:D012969', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium fluoride']

entities_list: @entity3296 :: ('MESH:D009050', 'Disease') :: ['Fluorosis']

entities_list: @entity1388 :: ('MESH:D005459', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoride', 'Fluoride']

answer: @entity1388 :: (MESH:D005459,Chemical) :: ['fluoride']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity3296 has become an endemic problem worldwide. @entity1388 has its effect on various organs, including the reproductive system, although there are controversial reports over it. Thus, the present study was designed to study the effect of @entity3163 ( @entity7034 ) exposure for different durations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 healthy @entity95 were divided into three equal groups. Group I was fed on a standard diet for 30 days, Group II was fed on @entity3163 (20 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days and Group III was fed on @entity3163 (20 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days. Sperm count, motility, progressive motility and weight of @entity1062 and epididymis were measured and compared with the control group. RESULTS: We observed that in the group exposed to @entity7034 for 30 days (Group II), there was a significant decrease in all the parameters except the testicular weight and in the group on exposure of 60 days (Group III), there was a significant decrease in all the parameters when compared with the control group (Group I). On applying the Tukey post-hoc test between Groups II and III, we observed that there was a significant decrease in the sperm count while the other parameters showed a non-significant decrease. Testicular histology was confirmatory for the above findings. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that @entity1388 hampers the reproductive functions of male @entity95 and is proportional to the duration of @entity1388 exposure.

title: Effect of duration of @entity1388 exposure on the reproductive system in male XXXX .

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: MOTIVATION: Despite more than two decades of research, @entity645 resistance to drugs remains a serious obstacle in developing efficient @entity791 treatments. Several computational methods have been developed to predict resistance level from the sequence of viral proteins such as reverse transcriptase (RT) or protease. These methods, while powerful and accurate, give very little insight into the molecular interactions that underly acquisition of drug resistance/hypersusceptibility. Here, we attempt at filling this gap by using our Monte Carlo feature selection and interdependency discovery method (MCFS-ID) to elucidate molecular interaction networks that characterize viral strains with altered drug resistance levels. RESULTS: We analyzed a number of @entity2858 RT sequences annotated with drug resistance level using the MCFS-ID method. This let us expound interdependency networks that characterize change of drug resistance to six selected RT inhibitors: @entity22208 , @entity16332 , @entity14027 , @entity9611 , @entity15833 and @entity5198 . The networks consider interdependencies at the level of physicochemical properties of mutating @entity1522 , eg,: polarity. We mapped each network on the 3D structure of RT in attempt to understand the molecular meaning of interacting pairs. The discovered interactions describe several known drug resistance mechanisms and, importantly, some previously unidentified ones. Our approach can be easily applied to a whole range of problems from the domain of protein engineering. AVAILABILITY: A portable Java implementation of our MCFS-ID method is freely available for academic users and can be obtained at: http://www.ipipan.eu/staff/m.draminski/software.htm.

title: Computational Analysis of Molecular Interaction Networks Underlying Change of XXXX Resistance to Selected Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity9611 :: ('MESH:D015215', 'Chemical') :: ['Zidovudine']

entities_list: @entity16332 :: ('MESH:D019259', 'Chemical') :: ['Lamivudine']

entities_list: @entity14027 :: ('MESH:D018119', 'Chemical') :: ['Stavudine']

entities_list: @entity5198 :: ('MESH:D019829', 'Chemical') :: ['Nevirapine']

entities_list: @entity15833 :: ('MESH:C096918', 'Chemical') :: ['Tenofovir']

answer: @entity2858 :: (11676,Species) :: ['HIV-1']


abstract: The secretory immune system has been well studied in the intestinal, bronchial, and biliary systems and breast. Tissue studies of secretory immunoglobulins in the kidney are scanty, mostly related to @entity8 with IgA. Renal tissues from 37 autopsies selected for any history of @entity8 were processed for immunohistologic studies on frozen sections with several antisera, including a purified rabbit anti-human secretory component (SC). By immunohistology, gel diffusion, and immunoblotting, the anti-SC antibody reacted appropriately with purified @entity1 SC, saliva, intestinal epithelium, and breast milk and did not cross-react with immunoglobulin heavy or light chains, lactoferrin, and other tissue proteins. IgA and SC were seen in tubular casts in 70% of @entity1 , whereas less impressive staining with IgM, IgG, and albumin was seen, respectively, in 24%, 13%, and 22% of the @entity1 . SC was present in the cytoplasm of distal tubule and Henle's loop cells in 78% of specimens. A control group of 10 healthy individuals who died suddenly showed minimal staining of casts and tubules in 2 specimens. Renal pathology in the group with IgA-SC+ casts included @entity4295 (54%), severe @entity740 (61%), and mild @entity8 (38%). The group with negative IgA-SC casts included @entity4295 (64%), infectious @entity1986 (36%), and negligible @entity8 (36%). This study suggests that discrete distal segments of the nephron may have the capability of secreting SC, which is probably coupled with serum-derived IgA and incorporated into luminal tubular secretions. The low level of immunosecretions in kidneys which are normal or minimally damaged suggests that this system may need to be turned on by unknown, probably pathogenic stimulating factors.

title: Secretory immune responses in XXXX kidneys.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathies', 'chronic renal injury', 'renal disease', 'renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4295 :: ('MESH:D007683', 'Disease') :: ['acute tubular necrosis']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial nephritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The isolation of three proteins in crystalline form from ground beef liver is described. These proteins are FTBL protein (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 188, 251-265 (1978), crotonase, and @entity2196 . Crotonase is isolated by crystallization from a 32% @entity1324 extract of the ground liver. FTBL protein and @entity2196 can subsequently be isolated from the same extract. For optimal yield and ease of isolation, FTBL protein is isolated from a 46.5% @entity1324 extract from which @entity2196 can subsequently be crystallized by dialysis. The isolation of FTBL protein as well as the isolation of @entity2196 involves a preliminary fractional precipitation and solution before crystallization can be achieved. @entity5723 can be substituted for @entity1324 in the isolation of the above three proteins and in the case of @entity2196 , results in an exceptionally high yield. Methods for the recrystallization of the proteins are presented and the role of organic solvents in recrystallization is discussed.

title: Isolation of three crystalline proteins from beef liver after partial purification by XXXX fractionation.

entities_list: @entity5723 :: ('MESH:D019840', 'Chemical') :: ['Isopropanol']

answer: @entity1324 :: (MESH:D000096,Chemical) :: ['acetone']


abstract: Fifty @entity1 with @entity1575 (13 @entity1 class B, 37 class C) were treated for @entity548 during a 3-year period using the transhepatic selective catheterization and injection of absolute @entity1068 . Technical failure of the procedure was encountered in 13 instances. The causes were the presence of massive @entity843 and rigidly contracted liver, cavernous transformation of the main portal vein, and severe @entity1003 . Of the 13 failures, 12 were in @entity1 class C and one in class B. Of 37 initially successfully treated @entity1 , 13 rebled subsequently. Nine of these were @entity1 class C and four were class B. Rebleeding was fatal in five of nine class C @entity1 . Rebleeding was due to recanalization of previously thrombosed access channel in two of 13 @entity1 . Nine @entity1 died, despite successful @entity715 of varices, due to underlying medical conditions. Fifteen @entity1 survived 6 months or more after initial @entity715 without rebleeding. @entity1 class B @entity1 are better candidates for this treatment technique because more favorable treatment results are expected in them. @entity1 class C @entity1 with massive @entity843 and severely contracted and rigid liver pose a significant technical challenge, but in about one-third, successful control of variceal bleeding can be achieved. Most of those who survived more than 6 months showed varying degrees of improvement in clinical signs and symptoms.

title: XXXX thrombotherapy of esophageal varices: further experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['variceal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['Ethanol']


abstract: These experiments were designed to analyze the involvement of T-lymphocyte subpopulations in @entity1669 such as @entity2743 ( @entity2743 ) and @entity2621 ( @entity2621 ). In a first set of experiments, lymphocytes isolated from thyroid infiltrates or from peripheral blood of @entity2743 and @entity2621 @entity1 were analyzed for the expression of various surface antigens. While HLA-DR + T cells were numerous among thyroid infiltrating T lymphocytes in both groups of @entity1 , the proportions of T8 + cells (as defined by their reactivity with the B 9.4 monoclonal antibody specific for T8 surface molecule) were strikingly different in @entity2621 and @entity2743 . In the latter group of @entity1 only 19% of infiltrating T cells were T8 +, whereas these cells represented approximately 50% in four @entity2621 @entity1 . Given the previous demonstration that all T cells expressing T8 antigen are cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) or their precursors (CTL-P) in conjunction with the fact that lymphocytes from @entity2621 or @entity2743 @entity1 are known to proliferate in vitro in response to @entity1 tg (Htg), we further analyzed the T-cell subset(s) responsible for in vitro proliferation to Htg. In these experiments, peripheral blood T lymphocytes purified from @entity1 with @entity2743 or @entity2621 were cultured with 1 microgram/ml Htg and irradiated autologous T-depleted mononuclear cells as the source of @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). The proportions of T8 + cells declined considerably during culture in @entity2743 @entity1 , but at Days 6 to 9, T8 + cells represented as much as 51% of cultured T lymphocytes from @entity1 with @entity2621 . Moreover, the majority of T8 + cells were medium-large size lymphoblasts. Removal of Htg at Day 6 resulted in both abrogation of proliferative responsiveness and in decreases of T8 + percentages. Further analysis of the cell interactions leading to T8 + cell proliferation in response to Htg showed that helper/inducer T cells, as defined by 5/9 antigen expression, were strictly required. Collectively, these features are reminiscent of the T-cell involvement in experimental @entity1669 of @entity19 and stress for the first time the potential role of CTL in tissue damage occurring in @entity2621 .

title: Proliferation of T8-positive cytolytic T lymphocytes in response to thyroglobulin in @entity1 XXXX : analysis of cell interactions and culture requirements.

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' Disease", 'GD']

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune thyroiditis', 'autoimmune thyroid disorders']

entities_list: @entity2621 :: ('MESH:D050031', 'Disease') :: ["Hashimoto's Disease", 'HD', "Hashimoto's thyroiditis"]

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['APC', 'antigen presenting cells']

answer: @entity1669 :: (MESH:D013967,Disease) :: ['autoimmune thyroiditis']


abstract: These experiments were designed to analyze the involvement of T-lymphocyte subpopulations in @entity1669 such as @entity2743 ( @entity2743 ) and @entity2621 ( @entity2621 ). In a first set of experiments, lymphocytes isolated from thyroid infiltrates or from peripheral blood of @entity2743 and @entity2621 @entity1 were analyzed for the expression of various surface antigens. While HLA-DR + T cells were numerous among thyroid infiltrating T lymphocytes in both groups of @entity1 , the proportions of T8 + cells (as defined by their reactivity with the B 9.4 monoclonal antibody specific for T8 surface molecule) were strikingly different in @entity2621 and @entity2743 . In the latter group of @entity1 only 19% of infiltrating T cells were T8 +, whereas these cells represented approximately 50% in four @entity2621 @entity1 . Given the previous demonstration that all T cells expressing T8 antigen are cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) or their precursors (CTL-P) in conjunction with the fact that lymphocytes from @entity2621 or @entity2743 @entity1 are known to proliferate in vitro in response to @entity1 tg (Htg), we further analyzed the T-cell subset(s) responsible for in vitro proliferation to Htg. In these experiments, peripheral blood T lymphocytes purified from @entity1 with @entity2743 or @entity2621 were cultured with 1 microgram/ml Htg and irradiated autologous T-depleted mononuclear cells as the source of @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). The proportions of T8 + cells declined considerably during culture in @entity2743 @entity1 , but at Days 6 to 9, T8 + cells represented as much as 51% of cultured T lymphocytes from @entity1 with @entity2621 . Moreover, the majority of T8 + cells were medium-large size lymphoblasts. Removal of Htg at Day 6 resulted in both abrogation of proliferative responsiveness and in decreases of T8 + percentages. Further analysis of the cell interactions leading to T8 + cell proliferation in response to Htg showed that helper/inducer T cells, as defined by 5/9 antigen expression, were strictly required. Collectively, these features are reminiscent of the T-cell involvement in experimental @entity1669 of @entity19 and stress for the first time the potential role of CTL in tissue damage occurring in @entity2621 .

title: Proliferation of T8-positive cytolytic T lymphocytes in response to thyroglobulin in XXXX @entity1669 : analysis of cell interactions and culture requirements.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The retinoid drugs have profound effects on many aspects of skin biology. The exact activity profile depends on the particular analog and its route of administration. The topical @entity4878 used at present have marked therapeutic effects on epidermal cell production and desquamation. @entity1968 ( @entity1968 ) also acts on dermal connective tissue and microvasculature in a way that is less well established but may also be of therapeutic benefit. We investigated both @entity1968 and motretinide in normal subjects and in @entity1 with @entity5657 . The quantitative @entity42817 test has been particularly useful in monitoring the desquamatory action of these topically applied @entity4878 . Both compounds resulted in enhanced rates of epidermopoiesis and desquamation. Marked changes in the cytochemical profile of the epidermis were also detected, changes that differed somewhat from the alterations induced by the systemic administration of etretinate. Changes in dermal structure and vascularization were monitored by A-scan ultrasound and laser Doppler flowmetry. However, only minor changes were recorded, probably because of the comparatively short application time. These newer techniques for investigating skin structure and function offer considerable opportunities for delineating the action of @entity4878 .

title: Techniques for assessing the activity of topically applied XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity42817 :: ('MESH:C029038', 'Chemical') :: ['dansyl chloride']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['All-trans-retinoic acid', 'tretinoin']

entities_list: @entity5657 :: ('MESH:D007057', 'Disease') :: ['ichthyosis']

answer: @entity4878 :: (MESH:D012176,Chemical) :: ['retinoids']


abstract: Pepsinogen II ( @entity7598 ) is a gastric proenzyme which has previously been found in both @entity1 seminal fluid and the prostate gland. However, no regional distribution of @entity7598 has been noted within the prostate nor has it been found in the seminal vesicle. Bouins-fixed sections of central zone, peripheral zone and seminal vesicle, taken from 10 prostates removed at radical prostatectomy or cystectomy, were exposed to antibody against @entity7598 and stained using the A-B-C immunoperoxidase technique. @entity406 -fixed tissue from autopsy prostates of four @entity1 in the third decade, and six cases with BPH nodules, were also examined for @entity7598 activity. In nine of 10 seminal vesicles, and seven of 10 central zone samples, more than 50 per cent of the cells stained positive for @entity7598 . By contrast, in nine of 10 peripheral zone samples staining was present in five per cent or less of the epithelial cells. Similarly, @entity7598 activity in the four autopsy prostates occurred almost entirely within the central zone and ended abruptly at the boundary between the peripheral and central zones. BPH nodules contained no @entity7598 activity. These findings provide the first evidence that the central and peripheral zones may serve different biological functions. Embryologically it is currently thought that the prostate is of endodermal origin and the seminal vesicle of mesodermal origin. The presence of large amounts of @entity7598 in both the seminal vesicle and central zone lends support to the hypothesis of a common mesodermal origin for these two structures.

title: Differential distribution of pepsinogen II between the zones of the XXXX prostate and the seminal vesicle.

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['Formalin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Seven hundred and ninety-six consecutive @entity1 with operable primary @entity0 treated with @entity632 -containing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy between 1974 and 1982 were evaluated for assessment of the acute and long-term @entity137 of the program. Most @entity1 experienced @entity390 , @entity391 , and @entity1665 , side effects that were totally reversible. @entity632 skin infiltration was observed in 6% of the @entity1 . Hematologic @entity137 was moderate, and only 26% of the @entity1 had a granulocyte nadir of less than 1000 cells/ml. Febrile or infectious complications occurred in 6% of @entity1 , of which 3% required hospitalization for observation and antibiotic treatment. No long-term hematologic changes were observed. @entity2588 was reported by 80% of premenopausal @entity1 . However, none of the @entity1 under 30 years of age had @entity1866 , whereas 96% of those 40-49 years of age developed @entity2588 . @entity2588 was permanent for most @entity1 over 40, but for 50% of @entity1 under 40 years of age, it was reversible. Endocrinologic studies showed that @entity2588 was a result of @entity2670 . The incidence of second @entity5 was lower (1.3%) in the group treated with @entity1487 , @entity632 , and @entity786 than in the historical control group (4.8%). @entity1370 data was evaluated in 460 @entity1 . When up to a cumulative dose of 300 mg/m2 was given, 1% of the @entity1 developed @entity712 . In 4 of these 5, adequate control was achieved with medical treatment; 1 @entity1 died as a consequence of @entity1370 .

title: Immediate and long-term XXXX of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens containing @entity632 in trials at M.D. Anderson Hospital and @entity5 Institute.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin', 'Doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities', 'toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac toxicity', 'cardiac toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['primary ovarian failure']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['Amenorrhea', 'amenorrhea']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: Seven hundred and ninety-six consecutive @entity1 with operable primary @entity0 treated with @entity632 -containing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy between 1974 and 1982 were evaluated for assessment of the acute and long-term @entity137 of the program. Most @entity1 experienced @entity390 , @entity391 , and @entity1665 , side effects that were totally reversible. @entity632 skin infiltration was observed in 6% of the @entity1 . Hematologic @entity137 was moderate, and only 26% of the @entity1 had a granulocyte nadir of less than 1000 cells/ml. Febrile or infectious complications occurred in 6% of @entity1 , of which 3% required hospitalization for observation and antibiotic treatment. No long-term hematologic changes were observed. @entity2588 was reported by 80% of premenopausal @entity1 . However, none of the @entity1 under 30 years of age had @entity1866 , whereas 96% of those 40-49 years of age developed @entity2588 . @entity2588 was permanent for most @entity1 over 40, but for 50% of @entity1 under 40 years of age, it was reversible. Endocrinologic studies showed that @entity2588 was a result of @entity2670 . The incidence of second @entity5 was lower (1.3%) in the group treated with @entity1487 , @entity632 , and @entity786 than in the historical control group (4.8%). @entity1370 data was evaluated in 460 @entity1 . When up to a cumulative dose of 300 mg/m2 was given, 1% of the @entity1 developed @entity712 . In 4 of these 5, adequate control was achieved with medical treatment; 1 @entity1 died as a consequence of @entity1370 .

title: Immediate and long-term @entity137 of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens containing XXXX in trials at M.D. Anderson Hospital and @entity5 Institute.

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: Seven hundred and ninety-six consecutive @entity1 with operable primary @entity0 treated with @entity632 -containing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy between 1974 and 1982 were evaluated for assessment of the acute and long-term @entity137 of the program. Most @entity1 experienced @entity390 , @entity391 , and @entity1665 , side effects that were totally reversible. @entity632 skin infiltration was observed in 6% of the @entity1 . Hematologic @entity137 was moderate, and only 26% of the @entity1 had a granulocyte nadir of less than 1000 cells/ml. Febrile or infectious complications occurred in 6% of @entity1 , of which 3% required hospitalization for observation and antibiotic treatment. No long-term hematologic changes were observed. @entity2588 was reported by 80% of premenopausal @entity1 . However, none of the @entity1 under 30 years of age had @entity1866 , whereas 96% of those 40-49 years of age developed @entity2588 . @entity2588 was permanent for most @entity1 over 40, but for 50% of @entity1 under 40 years of age, it was reversible. Endocrinologic studies showed that @entity2588 was a result of @entity2670 . The incidence of second @entity5 was lower (1.3%) in the group treated with @entity1487 , @entity632 , and @entity786 than in the historical control group (4.8%). @entity1370 data was evaluated in 460 @entity1 . When up to a cumulative dose of 300 mg/m2 was given, 1% of the @entity1 developed @entity712 . In 4 of these 5, adequate control was achieved with medical treatment; 1 @entity1 died as a consequence of @entity1370 .

title: Immediate and long-term @entity137 of adjuvant chemotherapy regimens containing @entity632 in trials at M.D. Anderson Hospital and XXXX Institute.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Tumor']


abstract: The nature of neurogenic vasodilatation was investigated in isolated segments of @entity95 lingual artery. In separate experiments membrane responses to nerve stimulation were studied by use of microelectrodes. In the presence of @entity2997 to block constrictor responses and @entity1063 to induce tone, field stimulation with trains of pulses (8 Hz for 0.5 to 4 s) produced vasodilatation. @entity3897 (10(-6) M) reduced the relaxations to about 50% of the control values while the induced vasodilatations were potentiated by @entity2607 . @entity1022 ( @entity4524 , 10(-7) M) blocked all nerve-evoked responses. These data suggest that there is a cholinergic and a non-cholinergic component of the vasodilatation produced by nerve stimulation in the @entity95 lingual artery. Single stimuli did not evoke electrophysiological responses. With parameters similar to those used in the mechanical studies, periarterial stimulation in the presence of @entity2997 evoked membrane hyperpolarizations which achieved amplitudes of up to 11 mV. The ionophoretic application of @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) produced hyperpolarization. The inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.ps) but not the ionophoretic-induced responses were blocked by @entity4524 . The nerve-evoked and the @entity1617 -induced hyperpolarizations were potentiated by @entity2607 (5 X 10(-7) M) and totally blocked by @entity3897 (10(-7) M). I.j.ps and hyperpolarization to ionophoresis of @entity1617 were recorded from arteries in which the endothelium had been removed by mechanical rubbing. Mechanical relaxation to field stimulation and @entity1617 was observed in preparations without endothelium. These data suggest that the cholinergic component of the neurogenic vasodilatation in the @entity95 lingual artery is accompanied by hyperpolarization. The non-cholinergic component does not appear to possess an electrophysiological correlate. In addition, it seems that the action of nerve-released @entity1617 is mediated by muscarinic receptors which are situated directly on the vascular smooth muscle cells.

title: Electrophysiological analysis of neurogenic vasodilatation in the isolated lingual artery of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2997 :: ('MESH:D006145', 'Chemical') :: ['guanethidine']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine', 'atropine']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: The concentrations and contents of vasoactive intestinal peptide ( @entity12180 ) and @entity8586 ( @entity6140 ) in the brain and of these peptides along with secretin and glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) in the gut were compared in a group of 16 5-day fasted adult @entity35 with the corresponding peptides in a group of 16 nonfasted littermates. The mean weight of the fasted @entity35 at the beginning of the study was 263 +/- 10 g (+/- SEM) and was 177 +/- 7 g before killing, for a net loss of 33% of initial body weight; the 16 fed @entity35 increased their mean weight from 225 +/- 11 to 284 +/- 12 g, for a net gain of 12%. During the 5-day fast there was no change in the weight of the cortex, @entity2339 , or brain stem. However, the weight of tissues from the gut decreased to about half the weight of the corresponding tissues in the fed animals. There was no significant change in brain @entity12180 or @entity6140 . @entity12180 content in the gut was unchanged. However, because of the decrease in organ weight, its concentration almost doubled. @entity11384 concentrations in the gut of fasted @entity35 did not change significantly, but organ contents fell to about half. The gut content of GLI also fell by half or more. The concentrations of @entity6140 in @entity1042 extracts of the duodenum and jejunum remained relatively constant, but those in acid extracts fell by 40% in the fasted animals. This represents an approximately 70% decrease in organ content of @entity6140 . These findings are interpretable as demonstrating that during a prolonged fast neuronal @entity6140 and @entity12180 are well conserved, but endocrine @entity6140 , secretin, and GLI are markedly decreased because of @entity393 .

title: Brain/gut peptides in fed and fasted XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of intestinal mucosa']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The influx of @entity1025 in @entity8926 was studied by both kinetic and genetic techniques. Wild-type cells grown in a high @entity2400 concentration (10 mM) exhibited a Km of 15 microM for @entity1025 influx, with a Vmax of 0.25 nmol of @entity1025 per min per 10(8) cells. The apparent Km decreased to 3 microM, and the Vmax increased 60% after growth in a low @entity2400 concentration (10 microM). @entity515 was a simple competitive inhibitor (Ki = 30 microM) of @entity1025 influx in cells grown in high @entity1025 concentrations but blocked only a portion of the @entity1025 influx in cells grown in low @entity1025 concentrations. @entity515 influx exhibited kinetics similar to those of @entity1025 influx (Km = 30 microM; Vmax = 0.5 nmol of @entity515 per min per 10(8) cells) but was not affected by growth conditions. @entity515 influx was competitively inhibited by both @entity1025 and @entity3281 . Mutations affecting @entity1025 uptake were isolated by selection for spontaneous resistance to toxic levels of @entity515 . One class of mutants designated corA mapped at 84 min near metE with the following gene order: corA, metE, zie-3161::Tn10, pepQ. A second class designated corB mapped at 98 min near pyrB. @entity1025 influx was decreased in a corA mutant strain (relative to that of the wild type) when grown in high @entity1025 concentrations but was restored when grown in low @entity1025 concentrations. @entity515 transport was completely abolished by the corA mutation under all growth conditions. Recombinant plasmids carrying the corA region from either @entity2624 or @entity2491 complemented the corA mutation in @entity2491 , restoring uptake of both @entity515 and @entity1025 and conferring sensitivity to @entity515 . The @entity2491 corA gene was localized to a restriction fragment of approximately 1.5 kilobases.

title: Magnesium transport in XXXX : characterization of magnesium influx and cloning of a transport gene.

entities_list: @entity8926 :: ('99287', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella typhimurium LT-2']

entities_list: @entity2624 :: ('83333', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli K-12']

answer: @entity2491 :: (90371,Species) :: ['Salmonella typhimurium']