abstract: Chronic inflammatory T-cell-mediated diseases such as @entity29 ( @entity29 ) are often treated with immunosuppressants including corticosteroids. In addition to the intended T-cell suppression, these farmacons give rise to many side effects. Recently, immunosuppressive phospholipids have been proposed as less-toxic alternatives. We aimed to investigate the immunoregulatory capacities of the naturally occurring phospholipid @entity4357 (PI). Systemic PI treatment dramatically reduced disease severity and @entity32 in @entity19 @entity10776 ( @entity10776 ) @entity1960 . Moreover, PI treatment inhibited the inflammatory T-cell response in these @entity19 , as T cells derived from colon-draining LN of PI-treated @entity19 secreted less @entity636 and IFN-y upon polyclonal restimulation when compared to those of saline-treated @entity19 . Further characterization of the suppressive capacity of PI revealed that the phospholipid suppressed Th cell differentiation in vitro irrespective of their cytokine profile by inhibiting proliferation and @entity2047 release. In particular, PI diminished @entity2047 mRNA expression and inhibited @entity13437 -, @entity13436 -, @entity1995 - and JNK-phosphorylation. Crucially, PI did not ablate Treg differentiation or the antigen-presenting capacity of DCs in vitro. These data validate PI as a pluripotent inhibitor that can be applied mucosally as well as systemically. Its compelling functions render PI a promising novel physiological immune suppressant.

title: Anti-inflammatory actions of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity10776 :: ('CHEBI:53063', 'Chemical') :: ['2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid', 'TNBS']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity4357 :: (MESH:D010716,Chemical) :: ['phosphatidylinositol']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Post-operative complications can be attributed to technical aspects of surgery, yet no studies have investigated the mechanics behind commonly used incisions for total laryngopharyngectomies (TLP). This procedure, seen in @entity135 @entity1 , necessitates free tissue transfer to construct a neo-pharynx, creating an inherently greater risk of complications. We sought to investigate the impact of neck incision location on these post-operative complications for TLP using @entity1417 ( @entity1417 ). A nonlinear hyperelastic 2-D finite element model was used to evaluate the stress and strain along the incision line of two separate neck incision models commonly used for TLP: low-neck apron (LNA) incisions that incorporate the @entity1 * s tracheostoma and mid-neck apron (MNA) incisions that do not communicate with the tracheostoma. A constant displacement was applied to the incision to simulate normal neck extension experienced during the post-operative phase. Each neck incision was also modeled at varying strain energy densities to simulate various stages of wound healing. For a constant displacement of 40mm, the principal von Mises stress of the LNA incision varied between 5.87 and 6.41MPa, depending on the hyperelastic properties of the healing incision. This stress was concentrated at the junction of the incision and the fixed tracheostomal edge. The MNA model demonstrated a principal von Mises stress that varied between 0.558 and 0.711MPa and was concentrated along the midline of the neck incision. MNA incisions for @entity67888 @entity1 result in principal von Mises stresses which are up to 11 times lower than those seen in LNA incisions. These results coincided with clinical observations from a concurrent study that showed a decrease in rate of wound dehiscence for @entity1 undergoing TLP with an MNA incision.

title: Neck incision planning for total laryngectomy: A XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity1417 :: ('MESH:C565217', 'Disease') :: ['FEA', 'finite element analysis']

answer: @entity1417 :: (MESH:C565217,Disease) :: ['finite element analysis']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With the disturbing increase in @entity56 , there is a pressing need to determine the causes, pathogenesis and safe avenues for disease prevention. Although events in early life appear important, no causal pathways have been identified. This review examines new developments in the area of foetal and early postnatal immune maturation. It secondly addresses early predisposing influences and protective factors that may have a future role in @entity566 prevention. RECENT FINDINGS: New developments in the understanding of the ontogeny of allergen-specific immune responses in atopic @entity1 are discussed, including the role of early type 1 and 2 immune responses, and how these are influenced by perinatal antigen presenting cell and T-cell immaturity. The controversial role of early dietary exposures including breastfeeding, food allergens, hydrolyzed formulae and other dietary factors including @entity9539 are discussed in the context of the most recent literature. Equally contentious, the role of early house dust and pet allergen exposure is discussed in light of new epidemiological studies and disappointing early results of multicentre allergen avoidance studies. Finally, a number of studies in animals and @entity1 suggest that bacterial products can influence early immune development, providing a new potential therapeutic avenue for disease treatment and prevention. SUMMARY: Complex multifactorial genetic and environmental interactions make research in this area difficult and apparent associations with @entity56 may not be causal in nature. Many current targets for prevention, such as early allergen exposure and @entity1 feeding practices, are proving to be ineffective and may not be directly implicated in rising rates of disease.

title: Early origins of XXXX : a review of processes and influences during early immune development.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic disease']

entities_list: @entity9539 :: ('MESH:D015525', 'Chemical') :: ['omega-3 fatty acids']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['allergic disease']


abstract: In a prospective study of @entity281 in 871 general surgery @entity1 , we identified 81 @entity1 who developed unexplained postoperative fevers. The majority of these episodes (72%) occurred early (within the first 48 hours) following surgery. @entity1 who developed early, unexplained fevers differed significantly from @entity1 who developed documented postoperative @entity281 . @entity1 with unexplained fevers were younger, had less severe underlying disease and underwent less extensive surgeries than @entity1 who subsequently developed @entity281 . In these respects, they were more similar to non-infected, non-febrile @entity1 . We concluded that episodes of early, @entity86 occur frequently in a wide range of general surgery @entity1 . Most of these episodes are non-infectious in origin. @entity1 with early postoperative fevers should be evaluated to identify any obvious sources of @entity281 . If no focus is identified, empiric antibiotic therapy should not be initiated nor should prophylactic antibiotics be extended for prolonged durations. Unexplained fevers will resolve in time without specific therapeutic interventions.

title: Evidence for the non-infectious etiology of early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['unexplained postoperative fever']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative fever']


abstract: Understanding upper rate responses should not be a frustrating experience. A thorough working knowledge of @entity3603 pacer timing cycles is recommended before attempting to assimilate this information. Anyone involved in the interpretation and troubleshooting of @entity3603 pacer ECGs should be familiar with these four basic upper rate responses. As shown in Table I, these responses are used to limit the upper ventricular tracking rate in various pacer models either as a single option or in combination. The operation of combined upper rate responses can be difficult to interpret. If the initial acceleration of the atrial rate is available from a Holter monitor or a standard electrocardiographic recording, the fallback response can be easily detected as the transition from pacing at the upper rate limit to the fallback rate. When this transition is not observed and the timing cycle indicates a Wenckebach-type behavior at a ventricular-paced rate of 80 pulses/min, the fallback response can be suspected because programming an upper rate limit of 80 pulses/min would be unusual. Rate smoothing is more difficult to detect when the @entity591 is accelerating. @entity146 may be observed as the ventricular pacing rate increases according to the smoothing constant. Rate smoothing can be suspected if @entity146 is observed as the ventricular pacing rate increases from cycle to cycle. Fig. 1 attempts to clarify similar characteristics of the four upper rate responses. It also provides rudimentary differences in characteristics of the four responses and guidelines for interpretation. Furthermore, it should be used as a quick reference to determine the criteria for each response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Understanding upper rate responses of XXXX pacers.

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Wenckebach behavior']

answer: @entity3603 :: (MESH:C562924,Disease) :: ['DDD']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression primarily through post-transcriptional modification. We tested the hypothesis that miRNA expression is associated with overall survival in advanced @entity43 . METHODS: Cases included newly diagnosed @entity1 with @entity43 . RNA from a training set of 62 cases was hybridized to an miRNA microarray containing 470 mature @entity1 transcripts. Cox Regression was performed to identify miRNAs associated with overall survival. External validation was performed using quantitative RT-PCR miRNA assays in an independent test set of 123 samples. MiRNA targets and associated biologic pathways were predicted in silico. RESULTS: Of all @entity1 , 80% had high-grade, stage IIIC @entity5 and 64% underwent optimal cytoreduction. The median survival for the entire cohort was 49  4 months. The training set identified 3 miRNAs associated with survival-- @entity72540 , @entity62965 , and @entity72541 . An miRNA signature containing @entity62965 and @entity72541 was most strongly associated with overall survival in the training set (HR=2.96, 95% CI: 1.51-5.78). This miRNA survival signature (MiSS) was validated in the test set (HR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.05-2.78). The MiSS was independent of FIGO stage and surgical debulking. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that an MiSS that contains @entity62965 and @entity72541 is negatively associated with overall survival in advanced serous @entity43 . This signature, when further validated, may be useful in individualizing care for the @entity43 @entity1 . Pathway analyses identify biologically plausible mechanisms.

title: A microRNA survival signature (MiSS) for advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'stage III or IV serous ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: Secondary @entity9440 after thrombolysis for acute @entity583 . HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 67-year-old male @entity1 was admitted with acute @entity662 and signs of an @entity583 in the ECG. The usual contraindications were excluded and after a systemic lysis with rt-PA the ECG-alterations as well as the symptoms of @entity951 resolved completely. 2 hours later the @entity1 developed an acute abdomen with a severe @entity1457 . INVESTIGATIONS: On ultrasound and CT a massive intraabdominal bleeding was found. TREATMENT AND COURSE: Emergency laparotomy revealed a @entity9440 . Retrospectively, 6 weeks before admission, the @entity1 had fallen from a ladder to his left side. This is a rare case of a secondary @entity9440 during thrombolysis for acute @entity583 . 2 weeks later the @entity1 developed rein-farction with angiographically shown two vessel disease. After angioplasty of the ramus interventricularis anterior (RIVA) he was stable. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous thrombolysis in case of acute @entity583 is the method of choice. In the past a great number of @entity1 were excluded from thrombolysis because of an extensive interpretation of contraindications. The aim to reach an alteration in this use may not risk health of @entity1 by insufficient history.

title: [Secondary XXXX after thrombolysis for acute @entity583 ]

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory shock']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute anterior myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity9440 :: ('MESH:D013161', 'Disease') :: ['splenic rupture']

answer: @entity9440 :: (MESH:D013161,Disease) :: ['splenic rupture']


abstract: Secondary @entity9440 after thrombolysis for acute @entity583 . HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 67-year-old male @entity1 was admitted with acute @entity662 and signs of an @entity583 in the ECG. The usual contraindications were excluded and after a systemic lysis with rt-PA the ECG-alterations as well as the symptoms of @entity951 resolved completely. 2 hours later the @entity1 developed an acute abdomen with a severe @entity1457 . INVESTIGATIONS: On ultrasound and CT a massive intraabdominal bleeding was found. TREATMENT AND COURSE: Emergency laparotomy revealed a @entity9440 . Retrospectively, 6 weeks before admission, the @entity1 had fallen from a ladder to his left side. This is a rare case of a secondary @entity9440 during thrombolysis for acute @entity583 . 2 weeks later the @entity1 developed rein-farction with angiographically shown two vessel disease. After angioplasty of the ramus interventricularis anterior (RIVA) he was stable. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous thrombolysis in case of acute @entity583 is the method of choice. In the past a great number of @entity1 were excluded from thrombolysis because of an extensive interpretation of contraindications. The aim to reach an alteration in this use may not risk health of @entity1 by insufficient history.

title: [Secondary @entity9440 after thrombolysis for acute XXXX ]

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: The mechanism underlying the association between smoking and other risky behaviours is not clear. In the most of papers smoking is considered as dependent variable. The aim of this study was to recognize @entity286 smoking as predictor of more general syndrome measured on @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ). The study was conducted in 2010 among 1272 Polish students from 2nd grade of upper-secondary schools. The frequency of @entity286 smoking in the last 30 days was measured on scale ranged form 0 (never) do 6 (40 times or more). Risk-taking syndrome was measured by @entity2653 scale, including six items and being a part of CHIP-AE ( @entity1 Health and Illness Profile - Adolescent Version) questionnaire. Standardized 0-100 scale was constructed. All analyses were adjusted by gender. Polish version of @entity2653 scale has good psychometric properties with one factor structure and reliability at the level of 0.66 (alpha-Cronbach). Results showed that 42.3% of respondents smoke at least once in the past 30 days, without gender-related differences. The mean index of @entity2653 was equal to 27.8 in @entity1 and 18.5 in @entity1 , respectively. The correlation between results on smoking and ATRS scales was significant (r = 0.300; p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression model showed that gender and smoking were independent predictor of @entity2653 score. These two factors explained 14.1% of @entity2653 variability. Smoking was entered to the model at the first step. Analogous gender specific models indicated that smoking explained 12.3% of @entity2653 variability in @entity1 and 7.2% in @entity1 . Young @entity1 who smoke are at high risk of many adverse effects, including: unsafe driving, sensation seeking and its consequences and delinquent behaviours. Probably they manifest so called negative identity, having lower self-control and lack of skills to refrain from danger situations and behaviors.

title: [ XXXX smoking and risky behaviour taking by youth].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'people', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['Adolescent Risk-Taking Scale', 'ARTS']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['Tobacco']


abstract: @entity1031 is the second leading cause of @entity204 in @entity5 @entity1 . @entity1 with @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) and @entity5 have a significantly higher probability of @entity204 . @entity1151 can lead to a fatal outcome, and this condition often goes undiagnosed in @entity5 @entity1 despite the presence of symptoms. Risk of @entity1211 is increased by a number of clinical factors, which can be @entity1 -derived, @entity5 -related, and treatment-related. Increasingly, clinicians are seeking predictable biomarkers to identify those @entity1 at the greatest risk. To that end, a newly developed and validated predictive risk model may help identify @entity1 who could benefit from prophylaxis. In addition, serum levels of coagulation cascade factors may predict the survival rate of @entity5 @entity1 ; elevated D-dimer levels are associated with decreased survival time. Anticoagulants, particularly low-molecular-weight heparin, can be useful in preventing the recurrence of clots in @entity5 @entity1 with @entity1211 . Current and future investigations are aimed at determining if prophylaxis with anticoagulants can improve @entity1 survival. Future management strategies may involve the use of low-molecular-weight heparin or other novel anticoagulants as part of palliative care for high-risk @entity1 . Although treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin can significantly reduce the risks of clots, the impact on @entity5 survival is unclear.

title: Clinical roundtable monograph. The oncologist's role in management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['Thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['VTE', 'venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous thromboembolism']


abstract: The present study examines the feasibility of a low power argon laser-induced thermal therapy to @entity8270 , employing a direct administration of spherical gold nanoparticles (GNPs). This modality utilizes the advantage of strong surface plasmon resonance exhibited by spherical GNPs in the visible range. @entity8270 were grown in female balb @entity19 by subcutaneous injection of Ehrlich ascites @entity189 cells. GNPs with an average diameter 13 +/- 1.2 nm and optical density (ODlambda:518 nm = 3) were directly injected within the @entity5 interstitium. @entity5 were then illuminated with a continuous-wave (CW) @entity3503 ion laser with irradiance 55 mW cm-2 for 45 min. All laser-GNPs treated @entity5 exhibited a significant suppression in @entity5 growth throughout 15 days. On the contrary, sham-treated group (laser treatment without GNPs injection) and control group (neither laser nor GNPs treatment) showed a progressive increase in @entity5 growth during the same period. Histopathological examination demonstrated extensive @entity39 percentage in laser-GNPs treated group (90%) in comparison with sham (35%) or control group (3-7%). A wide-angle X-ray scattering also revealed detectable changes in @entity5 protein structure exposed to both laser and GNPs. It can be concluded from this study that the intense surface plasmon resonance exhibited by spherical GNPs in the visible range could be very useful as a noninvasive technique for photothermal therapy of skin or near-surface @entity5 that need much less laser energy and lower concentrations of GNPs.

title: Low power argon laser-induced thermal therapy for subcutaneous XXXX in @entity19 using spherical gold nanoparticles.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'type tumors', 'Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity8270 :: ('MESH:D002286', 'Disease') :: ['Ehrlich carcinoma', 'Ehrlich tumors']

answer: @entity8270 :: (MESH:D002286,Disease) :: ['Ehrlich carcinoma']


abstract: The present study examines the feasibility of a low power argon laser-induced thermal therapy to @entity8270 , employing a direct administration of spherical gold nanoparticles (GNPs). This modality utilizes the advantage of strong surface plasmon resonance exhibited by spherical GNPs in the visible range. @entity8270 were grown in female balb @entity19 by subcutaneous injection of Ehrlich ascites @entity189 cells. GNPs with an average diameter 13 +/- 1.2 nm and optical density (ODlambda:518 nm = 3) were directly injected within the @entity5 interstitium. @entity5 were then illuminated with a continuous-wave (CW) @entity3503 ion laser with irradiance 55 mW cm-2 for 45 min. All laser-GNPs treated @entity5 exhibited a significant suppression in @entity5 growth throughout 15 days. On the contrary, sham-treated group (laser treatment without GNPs injection) and control group (neither laser nor GNPs treatment) showed a progressive increase in @entity5 growth during the same period. Histopathological examination demonstrated extensive @entity39 percentage in laser-GNPs treated group (90%) in comparison with sham (35%) or control group (3-7%). A wide-angle X-ray scattering also revealed detectable changes in @entity5 protein structure exposed to both laser and GNPs. It can be concluded from this study that the intense surface plasmon resonance exhibited by spherical GNPs in the visible range could be very useful as a noninvasive technique for photothermal therapy of skin or near-surface @entity5 that need much less laser energy and lower concentrations of GNPs.

title: Low power argon laser-induced thermal therapy for subcutaneous @entity8270 in XXXX using spherical gold nanoparticles.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: The current linear method to track @entity5 progression and evaluate treatment efficacy is insufficient for malignant @entity2615 (MPM). A volumetric method for @entity5 measurement could improve the evaluation of novel treatments, but a fully manual implementation of volume measurement is too tedious and time-consuming. This manuscript presents a computerized method for the three-dimensional segmentation and volumetric analysis of MPM. METHODS: The computerized MPM segmentation method segments the lung parenchyma and hemithoracic cavities to define the pleural space. Nonlinear diffusion and a k-means classifier are then implemented to identify MPM in the pleural space. A database of 31 computed tomography scans from 31 @entity1 with pathologically confirmed MPM was retrospectively collected. Three observers independently outlined five randomly selected sections in each scan. The Jaccard similarity coefficient (J) between each of the observers and between the observer-defined and computer-defined segmentations was calculated. The computer-defined and the observer-defined segmentation areas (averaged over all observers) were both calculated for each axial section and compared using Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The median J value among observers averaged over all sections was 0.517. The median J between the computer-defined and manual segmentations was 0.484. The difference between these values was not statistically significant. The area delineated by the computerized method demonstrated variability and bias comparable to the @entity5 area calculated from manual delineations. CONCLUSIONS: A computerized method for segmentation and measurement of MPM was developed. This method requires minimal initialization by the user and demonstrated good agreement with manually drawn outlines and area measurements. This method will allow volumetric tracking of @entity5 progression and may improve the evaluation of novel MPM treatments.

title: Computerized segmentation and measurement of malignant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['pleural mesothelioma']

answer: @entity2615 :: (MESH:D008654,Disease) :: ['pleural mesothelioma']


abstract: Nine @entity74 ( @entity74 ) were identified in two diploid @entity415 clones (SH and RH), with a specific primer pair based on conserved motifs in the LRR domain of the @entity415 cyst @entity2199 resistance gene @entity72542 and the @entity415 virus X resistance gene Rx1. A modified AFLP method was used to facilitate the genetic mapping of the @entity74 in the four haplotypes under investigation. All nine @entity74 appeared to be located in the @entity72542 / Rx1 cluster on chromosome XII. Construction of a physical map using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones for both the @entity415 ssp. @entity415 and the @entity415 ssp. andigena haplotype of SH showed that the @entity74 are located within a stretch of less than 200 kb. Sequence analysis of the @entity74 revealed that they are highly similar (93 to 95%) to @entity72542 and Rx1. The sequence identities among all @entity74 range from 85 to 100%. Two pairs of @entity74 are identical, or nearly so (100 and 99.9%), with each member located in a different genotype. Southern-blot analysis on genomic DNA revealed no evidence for additional homologues outside the @entity72542 / Rx1 cluster on chromosome XII.

title: Genetic and physical mapping of homologues of the virus resistance gene Rx1 and the cyst XXXX resistance gene @entity72542 in @entity415 .

entities_list: @entity415 :: ('4113', 'Species') :: ['potato', 'S. tuberosum', 'Solanum tuberosum', 'tuberosum']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['RGHs', 'resistance gene homologues']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['nematode']


abstract: Nine @entity74 ( @entity74 ) were identified in two diploid @entity415 clones (SH and RH), with a specific primer pair based on conserved motifs in the LRR domain of the @entity415 cyst @entity2199 resistance gene @entity72542 and the @entity415 virus X resistance gene Rx1. A modified AFLP method was used to facilitate the genetic mapping of the @entity74 in the four haplotypes under investigation. All nine @entity74 appeared to be located in the @entity72542 / Rx1 cluster on chromosome XII. Construction of a physical map using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones for both the @entity415 ssp. @entity415 and the @entity415 ssp. andigena haplotype of SH showed that the @entity74 are located within a stretch of less than 200 kb. Sequence analysis of the @entity74 revealed that they are highly similar (93 to 95%) to @entity72542 and Rx1. The sequence identities among all @entity74 range from 85 to 100%. Two pairs of @entity74 are identical, or nearly so (100 and 99.9%), with each member located in a different genotype. Southern-blot analysis on genomic DNA revealed no evidence for additional homologues outside the @entity72542 / Rx1 cluster on chromosome XII.

title: Genetic and physical mapping of homologues of the virus resistance gene Rx1 and the cyst @entity2199 resistance gene XXXX in @entity415 .

answer: @entity72542 :: (179219(Tax:6239),Gene) :: ['Gpa2']


abstract: Nine @entity74 ( @entity74 ) were identified in two diploid @entity415 clones (SH and RH), with a specific primer pair based on conserved motifs in the LRR domain of the @entity415 cyst @entity2199 resistance gene @entity72542 and the @entity415 virus X resistance gene Rx1. A modified AFLP method was used to facilitate the genetic mapping of the @entity74 in the four haplotypes under investigation. All nine @entity74 appeared to be located in the @entity72542 / Rx1 cluster on chromosome XII. Construction of a physical map using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones for both the @entity415 ssp. @entity415 and the @entity415 ssp. andigena haplotype of SH showed that the @entity74 are located within a stretch of less than 200 kb. Sequence analysis of the @entity74 revealed that they are highly similar (93 to 95%) to @entity72542 and Rx1. The sequence identities among all @entity74 range from 85 to 100%. Two pairs of @entity74 are identical, or nearly so (100 and 99.9%), with each member located in a different genotype. Southern-blot analysis on genomic DNA revealed no evidence for additional homologues outside the @entity72542 / Rx1 cluster on chromosome XII.

title: Genetic and physical mapping of homologues of the virus resistance gene Rx1 and the cyst @entity2199 resistance gene @entity72542 in XXXX .

answer: @entity415 :: (4113,Species) :: ['potato']


abstract: A 35-years old gravida IV and para II underwent caesarean section because of @entity147 following induction of labour. During operation the @entity1 developed @entity5642 ( @entity5642 ), severe @entity548 and @entity1457 necessitating massive blood transfusion,hysterectomy with pelvic packing, and high-dose @entity2661 . Ultimately, recombinant factor VIIa was given to control @entity548 . During the first 24 hours after operation, both clinical and laboratory findings showed that the severe @entity5642 was on the course to recovery.However, the @entity1 subsequently developed @entity881 with respiratory and @entity177 requiring mechanical ventilation and haemodialysis.All therapeutical efforts could not help that the @entity1 passed away due to an inevitable @entity881 on the 12th day after the operation. Given the constellation of diagnostic and clinical findings, the most likely diagnosis was @entity6703 ( @entity6703 ), a rare complication of pregnancy. The following differential diagnoses were less likely or excluded in this reported @entity1 : @entity1468 /pregnancy-induced @entity101 , @entity2102 , @entity2021 ,uterine @entity397 , transfusion reactions, @entity1151 . @entity6703 occurs rarely, and because studies in animal models cannot reproduce accurately the pathophysiological and clinical alterations seen in @entity1 , its pathogenesis remains unclear. It has been proposed that the clinical syndrome of @entity6703 occurs when fetal antigens pass the maternal immunological barrier in susceptible mothers. The recognition of fetal antigens by maternal immune system subsequently triggers the release of endogenous mediators that are responsible for dramatic pathophysiological disturbances.Furthermore, the components of amniotic fluid initiate the @entity5642 . These events are more consistent with @entity326 and anaphylactic @entity1457 than with an embolic process and it was proposed that the term " @entity6703 " be changed to "anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy". At present, no therapy has been found to consistently improve outcomes in @entity1 with @entity6703 . @entity1 who survive the initial insult are at high risk for @entity881 . The mortality of @entity6703 remains high.

title: [Pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of XXXX (anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy): case report with lethal outcome and overview].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patient', 'women', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity2102 :: ('MESH:D017359', 'Disease') :: ['HELLP syndrome']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['fetal distress']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['disseminated intravascular coagulation', 'DIC']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['pre-eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity6703 :: ('MESH:D004619', 'Disease') :: ['amniotic fluid embolism', 'AFE']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure', 'multiple organ dysfunction syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity2021 :: ('MESH:D000707', 'Disease') :: ['anaphylaxis']

answer: @entity6703 :: (MESH:D004619,Disease) :: ['amniotic fluid embolism']


abstract: This retrospective study was to identify perioperative and @entity260 associated with use of @entity7502 mesh for pelvic floor repair in a UK district general hospital in a predominantly @entity28 population. The sample size was 27 @entity1 with data retrieved from records. Total mesh was used in 37.1%, isolated anterior mesh in 44.4%, and an isolated posterior mesh in 18.5%. There was a high incidence of @entity28 (BMI kg/m2 > or = 30.0) @entity1 (66.67%). The highest recorded thus far. A high proportion of the @entity1 (44.4%) were also over the age of 65 years with attendant comorbidities. The age range was 45-77 years. Complications included mesh exposure (7.4%), catheterization at discharge (7.4%), @entity1494 during dissection (3.7%) and recurrent prolapse (7.4%). In the carefully selected individuals, @entity7502 mesh for prolapse repair appears to be a safe technique to correct pelvic organ prolapse. However, long-term follow-up is needed with further research.

title: Immediate and perioperative outcomes of XXXX mesh in pelvic floor repair in a predominantly @entity28 population.

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder injury']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

answer: @entity7502 :: (MESH:D011126,Chemical) :: ['polypropylene']


abstract: This retrospective study was to identify perioperative and @entity260 associated with use of @entity7502 mesh for pelvic floor repair in a UK district general hospital in a predominantly @entity28 population. The sample size was 27 @entity1 with data retrieved from records. Total mesh was used in 37.1%, isolated anterior mesh in 44.4%, and an isolated posterior mesh in 18.5%. There was a high incidence of @entity28 (BMI kg/m2 > or = 30.0) @entity1 (66.67%). The highest recorded thus far. A high proportion of the @entity1 (44.4%) were also over the age of 65 years with attendant comorbidities. The age range was 45-77 years. Complications included mesh exposure (7.4%), catheterization at discharge (7.4%), @entity1494 during dissection (3.7%) and recurrent prolapse (7.4%). In the carefully selected individuals, @entity7502 mesh for prolapse repair appears to be a safe technique to correct pelvic organ prolapse. However, long-term follow-up is needed with further research.

title: Immediate and perioperative outcomes of @entity7502 mesh in pelvic floor repair in a predominantly XXXX population.

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: @entity988 ( @entity988 ) conducted by @entity375 has been exploited for millennia in three important @entity1 food processes: beer and wine production and bread leavening. Most of the efforts to understand and improve @entity988 have been made separately for each process, with strains that are supposedly well adapted. In this work, we propose a first comparison of @entity375 AFs in three synthetic media mimicking the dough/wort/grape must found in baking, brewing, and wine making. The fermentative behaviors of nine food-processing strains were evaluated in these media, at the cellular, populational, and biotechnological levels. A large variation in the measured traits was observed, with medium effects usually being greater than the strain effects. The results suggest that @entity1 selection targeted the ability to complete fermentation for wine strains and @entity7970 content for beer strains. Apart from these features, the food origin of the strains did not significantly affect @entity988 , suggesting that an improvement program for a specific food processing industry could exploit the variability of strains used in other industries. @entity413 utilization was analyzed, revealing plastic but also genetic variation in fermentation products and indicating that artificial selection could be used to modify the production of @entity653 , @entity598 , etc. The major result was that the overall maximum @entity515 production rate (V(max)) was not related to the maximum @entity515 production rate per cell. Instead, a highly significant correlation between V(max) and the maximum population size was observed in all three media, indicating that @entity1 selection targeted the efficiency of cellular reproduction rather than metabolic efficiency. This result opens the way to new strategies for @entity375 improvement.

title: Population size drives industrial XXXX alcoholic fermentation and is under genetic control.

entities_list: @entity7970 :: ('MESH:D014199', 'Chemical') :: ['trehalose']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['AF', 'Alcoholic fermentation']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['Glucose']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: The Imai @entity35 is a model of spontaneous @entity628 , which leads to heavy @entity644 , @entity407 , @entity101 , and progressive @entity177 . Treatment with AT1 blockers (ARBs) ameliorates @entity644 , @entity407 , and @entity8 in this model. Progression of @entity8 in 5/6 nephrectomized @entity35 is associated with activation of the intrarenal angiotensin system, up-regulation of the oxidative, inflammatory, and fibrogenic pathways, and impaired activity of @entity4027 ( @entity4027 ), the master regulator of genes encoding antioxidant molecules. We hypothesized that progressive @entity8 in the Imai @entity35 is accompanied by oxidative stress, @entity32 , and impaired @entity4027 activation and that amelioration of @entity8 with AT1 receptor blockade in this model may be associated with the reversal of these abnormalities. Ten-week-old Imai @entity35 were randomized to the ARB-treated ( @entity9885 , 10 mg/kg/day for 24 weeks) or vehicle-treated groups. @entity35 served as controls. At 34 weeks of age Imai @entity35 showed heavy @entity644 , @entity4988 , @entity101 , @entity2629 , @entity631 , @entity32 , increased @entity1808 expressing cell population, up-regulations of AT1 receptor, AT2 receptor, @entity1110 oxidase, and inflammatory mediators, activation of nuclear factor-kB and reduction of @entity4027 activity and expression of its downstream gene products in the renal cortex. ARB therapy prevented @entity8 , suppressed oxidative stress and @entity32 , and restored @entity4027 activation and expression of the antioxidant enzymes. Thus progressive @entity628 in the Imai @entity35 is associated with oxidative stress, @entity32 , and impaired @entity4027 activation. These abnormalities are accompanied by activation of intrarenal angiotensin system and can be prevented by ARB administration.

title: Role of intrarenal angiotensin system activation, oxidative stress, @entity32 , and impaired @entity4027 activity in the progression of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia']

entities_list: @entity628 :: ('MESH:D005923', 'Disease') :: ['focal glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity4027 :: ('83619(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2', 'Nrf2']

entities_list: @entity9885 :: ('MESH:C437965', 'Chemical') :: ['olmesartan']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulosclerosis']

answer: @entity628 :: (MESH:D005923,Disease) :: ['focal glomerulosclerosis']


abstract: The Imai @entity35 is a model of spontaneous @entity628 , which leads to heavy @entity644 , @entity407 , @entity101 , and progressive @entity177 . Treatment with AT1 blockers (ARBs) ameliorates @entity644 , @entity407 , and @entity8 in this model. Progression of @entity8 in 5/6 nephrectomized @entity35 is associated with activation of the intrarenal angiotensin system, up-regulation of the oxidative, inflammatory, and fibrogenic pathways, and impaired activity of @entity4027 ( @entity4027 ), the master regulator of genes encoding antioxidant molecules. We hypothesized that progressive @entity8 in the Imai @entity35 is accompanied by oxidative stress, @entity32 , and impaired @entity4027 activation and that amelioration of @entity8 with AT1 receptor blockade in this model may be associated with the reversal of these abnormalities. Ten-week-old Imai @entity35 were randomized to the ARB-treated ( @entity9885 , 10 mg/kg/day for 24 weeks) or vehicle-treated groups. @entity35 served as controls. At 34 weeks of age Imai @entity35 showed heavy @entity644 , @entity4988 , @entity101 , @entity2629 , @entity631 , @entity32 , increased @entity1808 expressing cell population, up-regulations of AT1 receptor, AT2 receptor, @entity1110 oxidase, and inflammatory mediators, activation of nuclear factor-kB and reduction of @entity4027 activity and expression of its downstream gene products in the renal cortex. ARB therapy prevented @entity8 , suppressed oxidative stress and @entity32 , and restored @entity4027 activation and expression of the antioxidant enzymes. Thus progressive @entity628 in the Imai @entity35 is associated with oxidative stress, @entity32 , and impaired @entity4027 activation. These abnormalities are accompanied by activation of intrarenal angiotensin system and can be prevented by ARB administration.

title: Role of intrarenal angiotensin system activation, oxidative stress, @entity32 , and impaired XXXX activity in the progression of @entity628 .

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

answer: @entity4027 :: (83619(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2']


abstract: The Imai @entity35 is a model of spontaneous @entity628 , which leads to heavy @entity644 , @entity407 , @entity101 , and progressive @entity177 . Treatment with AT1 blockers (ARBs) ameliorates @entity644 , @entity407 , and @entity8 in this model. Progression of @entity8 in 5/6 nephrectomized @entity35 is associated with activation of the intrarenal angiotensin system, up-regulation of the oxidative, inflammatory, and fibrogenic pathways, and impaired activity of @entity4027 ( @entity4027 ), the master regulator of genes encoding antioxidant molecules. We hypothesized that progressive @entity8 in the Imai @entity35 is accompanied by oxidative stress, @entity32 , and impaired @entity4027 activation and that amelioration of @entity8 with AT1 receptor blockade in this model may be associated with the reversal of these abnormalities. Ten-week-old Imai @entity35 were randomized to the ARB-treated ( @entity9885 , 10 mg/kg/day for 24 weeks) or vehicle-treated groups. @entity35 served as controls. At 34 weeks of age Imai @entity35 showed heavy @entity644 , @entity4988 , @entity101 , @entity2629 , @entity631 , @entity32 , increased @entity1808 expressing cell population, up-regulations of AT1 receptor, AT2 receptor, @entity1110 oxidase, and inflammatory mediators, activation of nuclear factor-kB and reduction of @entity4027 activity and expression of its downstream gene products in the renal cortex. ARB therapy prevented @entity8 , suppressed oxidative stress and @entity32 , and restored @entity4027 activation and expression of the antioxidant enzymes. Thus progressive @entity628 in the Imai @entity35 is associated with oxidative stress, @entity32 , and impaired @entity4027 activation. These abnormalities are accompanied by activation of intrarenal angiotensin system and can be prevented by ARB administration.

title: Role of intrarenal angiotensin system activation, oxidative stress, XXXX , and impaired @entity4027 activity in the progression of @entity628 .

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Mitochondrial DNA polymerase y ( @entity22992 ) mutations in @entity1 often manifest as @entity29409 , whereas in adults, a common manifestation is mitochondrial @entity2746 (MIRAS) with severe @entity302 . Because some @entity1 with MIRAS have presented with @entity2055 or @entity302 already in childhood, we searched for @entity22992 mutations in neurologic manifestations in childhood. METHODS: We investigated @entity22992 in 136 @entity1 , all clinically suspected to have @entity2383 , with one or more of the following: @entity2055 , @entity16 , severe @entity302 without @entity302 , @entity302 , encephalohepatopathy, or neuropathologically verified @entity29409 . RESULTS: Seven @entity1 had @entity22992 mutations, and all of them had severe @entity75 with @entity302 . Four @entity1 had died after exposure to @entity1092 . Brain MRI showed parieto-occipital or thalamic hyperintense lesions, @entity62 , and @entity194 . Muscle histology and mitochondrial biochemistry results were normal in all. CONCLUSIONS: @entity22992 analysis should belong to the first-line DNA diagnostic tests for @entity1 with an @entity198 -like presentation evolving into @entity302 with @entity409 ( @entity29409 ), even if brain MRI and morphology, respiratory chain activities, and the amount of mitochondrial DNA in the skeletal muscle are normal. @entity22992 analysis should precede valproate therapy in pediatric @entity1 with a typical phenotype. However, @entity22992 is not a common cause of @entity302 or @entity2055 in childhood.

title: XXXX manifestations in childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['axonal neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium valproate']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver involvement']

entities_list: @entity29409 :: ('OMIM:203700', 'Disease') :: ['Alpers syndrome']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic encephalopathy', 'epilepsy', 'known epilepsy syndrome', 'intractable epilepsy', 'isolated epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter abnormality']

entities_list: @entity2746 :: ('MESH:D013132', 'Disease') :: ['recessive ataxia syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial disease']

answer: @entity22992 :: (5428,Gene) :: ['POLG1']


abstract: @entity26877 and adrenergic receptors belong to the class A (similar to @entity8695 ) G protein coupled receptors. Docking of agonists and antagonists to CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors revealed the importance of a centrally located rotamer toggle switch and its possible participation in the mechanism of agonist/antagonist recognition. The switch is composed of two residues, F3.36 and W6.48, located on opposite transmembrane helices @entity16544 and TM6 in the central part of the membranous domain of cannabinoid receptors. The CB(1) and CB(2) receptor models were constructed based on the @entity859 A(2A) receptor template. The two best scored conformations of each receptor were used for the docking procedure. In all poses (ligand-receptor conformations) characterized by the lowest ligand-receptor intermolecular energy and free energy of binding the ligand type matched the state of the rotamer toggle switch: antagonists maintained an inactive state of the switch, whereas agonists changed it. In case of agonists of @entity2162 , the (R,R) and (S,S) stereoisomers of @entity7284 , the molecular dynamics simulations provided evidence of different binding modes while preserving the same average position of ligands in the binding site. The (S,S) isomer was much more labile in the binding site and only one stable @entity3884 bond was created. Such dynamical binding modes may also be valid for ligands of cannabinoid receptors because of the hydrophobic nature of their ligand-receptor interactions. However, only very long molecular dynamics simulations could verify the validity of such binding modes and how they affect the process of activation.

title: Modeling of ligand binding to G protein coupled receptors: cannabinoid CB1, CB2 and adrenergic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7284 :: ('MESH:D005280', 'Chemical') :: ['fenoterol']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity26877 :: ('CHEBI:67194', 'Chemical') :: ['Cannabinoid']

answer: @entity2162 :: (154,Gene) :: ['b 2 AR']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity75 of the extremities are very often of great interest for the orthopedist, involving not only bones with length discrepancy, but also joints with @entity5631 and @entity1184 . METHODS: We describe 4 @entity1 with cutaneous @entity14311 in the lower limb and a concomitant knee @entity2720 . Like in other @entity2720 , the @entity16 is rapidly invasive and leads to progressive damage in the joint if not adequately diagnosed and treated. We treated the 4 @entity1 at different ages, corresponding to different stages of intra-articular involvement. The preoperative management included MRI and diagnostic arthroscopy. All @entity1 underwent an open synovectomy. All our @entity1 were reviewed at a clinical and radiographic follow-up after 10 years. RESULTS: In all @entity1 , the range of motion was improved or at least not worsened after surgery, in spite of a larger extent of cutaneous lesions. X-ray and MRI confirmed clinical data showing no recurrence of the lesion inside the joint and no progression of the @entity16 . CONCLUSION: The clinical outcomes were very good or good in the @entity1 treated early, poorer in the @entity1 operated on at an adult age. The importance of an early and precise diagnosis and of an accurate preoperative planning must be underlined.

title: Synovial involvement in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Angiodysplastic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['synovial hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['articular damage']

entities_list: @entity14311 :: ('MESH:C566283', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiomatosis']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['arthropathies', 'arthropathy']

entities_list: @entity5631 :: ('MESH:D006395', 'Disease') :: ['hemarthrosis']

answer: @entity14311 :: (MESH:C566283,Disease) :: ['hemangiomatosis']


abstract: @entity29409 ( @entity29409 ) is a rare @entity75 of infancy and childhood characterized by @entity410 and progressive @entity16 , usually associated with signs and symptoms of @entity409 . There is no biological marker of the disease, and ultimate diagnosis still relies on pathological examination. Features of clinical progression and pathological findings suggest @entity29409 to be secondary to a genetically determined disorder of mitochondrial function. We report on four @entity29409 @entity1 and focus on their pathological features in brain, liver and muscle. Liver and muscle biopsy specimens were examined using histochemical markers of the oxidative pathways, probes to immunodetect molecules of the apoptotic cascades and electron microscopy. In liver (but not in muscle) biopsy samples, activated caspases were detected by immunohistochemistry: foci of @entity8187 -positive cells were seen in a @entity1 affected with chronic, progressive @entity82 . In an 18-year-old @entity1 , who suffered from @entity1092 -associated acute @entity99 , @entity522 cells were clustered among the @entity39 foci and the foamy cells. In both @entity1 electron microscopy revealed apoptotic nuclei. Normal muscle biopsy specimens were observed in two @entity1 , 2 and 8 years-old respectively; in the 18-year-old @entity1 cytochrome oxidase-negative fibers as well as ultrastructural findings of mitochondrial abnormalities were observed. In no @entity1 was there biochemical evidence of impaired oxidative metabolism. Neuropathological examination of the brains of two @entity1 (13 months and 19 years old, respectively) showed focal distribution of the lesions affecting the @entity4519 cortex and, to a lesser extent, subcortical gray nuclei. Along with the @entity39 lesions, characterized by @entity528 , neuropil microcysts and newly formed vessels, we also observed acutely shrunken neurons and features of apoptotic cell death in the cerebral cortex only. Severe @entity528 without @entity39 features was observed in the cerebellar cortex. The presence of both anoxic and apoptotic nuclei in brain and liver, the target tissues of the disease, is consistent with the hypothesis that abnormal activation of mitochondrion-related cell death pathways might be involved in the pathogenesis of @entity29409 .

title: Features of cell death in brain and liver, the target tissues of progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic', 'necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity29409 :: ('OMIM:203700', 'Disease') :: ['AHD', 'Alpers-Huttenlocher disease']

entities_list: @entity4519 :: ('MESH:C536954', 'Disease') :: ['telencephalic']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal loss']

answer: @entity29409 :: (OMIM:203700,Disease) :: ['Alpers-Huttenlocher disease']


abstract: The background, rationale, and preliminary results of a phase II trial of @entity136 plus trastuzumab in heavily pretreated metastatic @entity0 @entity1 are presented. @entity136 and trastuzumab both exhibit single-agent activity in previously treated metastatic @entity0 . Preclinical studies of @entity136 and trastuzumab in combination showed additive or synergistic antitumor effects in @entity1 @entity0 cell lines that overexpress @entity1722 . A multicenter phase II trial was thus conducted to define the safety and efficacy of @entity136 /trastuzumab in @entity1 previously treated for metastatic @entity0 . @entity1 with measurable metastatic @entity0 whose primary or secondary @entity5 overexpressed @entity1722 were eligible for inclusion. @entity136 1,200 mg/m(2) was administered on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Trastuzumab was administered at a loading dose of 4 mg/kg initially, then at 2 mg/kg weekly thereafter. Preliminary analysis of 38 evaluable @entity1 showed that @entity136 /trastuzumab was well tolerated and had significant antitumor activity in this @entity1 population. The study is now concluded, and final analysis of the data is nearing completion. Publication of the results is anticipated in 2003.

title: @entity136 and trastuzumab in metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'Women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['Gemcitabine', 'gemcitabine']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The background, rationale, and preliminary results of a phase II trial of @entity136 plus trastuzumab in heavily pretreated metastatic @entity0 @entity1 are presented. @entity136 and trastuzumab both exhibit single-agent activity in previously treated metastatic @entity0 . Preclinical studies of @entity136 and trastuzumab in combination showed additive or synergistic antitumor effects in @entity1 @entity0 cell lines that overexpress @entity1722 . A multicenter phase II trial was thus conducted to define the safety and efficacy of @entity136 /trastuzumab in @entity1 previously treated for metastatic @entity0 . @entity1 with measurable metastatic @entity0 whose primary or secondary @entity5 overexpressed @entity1722 were eligible for inclusion. @entity136 1,200 mg/m(2) was administered on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. Trastuzumab was administered at a loading dose of 4 mg/kg initially, then at 2 mg/kg weekly thereafter. Preliminary analysis of 38 evaluable @entity1 showed that @entity136 /trastuzumab was well tolerated and had significant antitumor activity in this @entity1 population. The study is now concluded, and final analysis of the data is nearing completion. Publication of the results is anticipated in 2003.

title: XXXX and trastuzumab in metastatic @entity0 .

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['Gemcitabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Budding along the invasive margin is reported to be associated with greater malignant potential in @entity14 . We examined the prognostic significance of budding in @entity1 with @entity1803 @entity189 , particularly in comparison to other routine pathological findings. METHODS: Surgically resected specimens from 83 well- or moderately-differentiated @entity1803 @entity420 were studied. All resections were curative (R0), and the median postoperative follow-up was 47 months. We examined the presence of budding according to Morodomi's criteria, using @entity1710 - @entity1711 stained sections. RESULTS: Budding was found in 48 @entity1 (57.9%). The incidence of budding was significantly higher in lesions displaying lymphatic invasion and lymph-node @entity3 than in those without (P < 0.0001). Both local recurrence and liver @entity3 were more frequent in @entity1 with budding-positive lesions (P < 0.002 and 0.02, respectively). Moreover, postoperative survival was significantly decreased in @entity1 with budding-positive lesions than in those with budding-negative lesions (cumulative 5-year survival rate were 51.8 and 85.0%, respectively: P < 0.002). Multivariate proportional hazard model revealed that the presence of budding was the only significant co-factor of postoperative survival. CONCLUSIONS: Budding is a pathological marker suggesting high malignant potential and decreased postoperative survival in @entity1 with well- or moderately-differentiated @entity1803 @entity420 .

title: Budding as a useful prognostic marker in @entity1803 well- or moderately-differentiated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['rectal adenocarcinoma', 'rectal adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['rectal adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Budding along the invasive margin is reported to be associated with greater malignant potential in @entity14 . We examined the prognostic significance of budding in @entity1 with @entity1803 @entity189 , particularly in comparison to other routine pathological findings. METHODS: Surgically resected specimens from 83 well- or moderately-differentiated @entity1803 @entity420 were studied. All resections were curative (R0), and the median postoperative follow-up was 47 months. We examined the presence of budding according to Morodomi's criteria, using @entity1710 - @entity1711 stained sections. RESULTS: Budding was found in 48 @entity1 (57.9%). The incidence of budding was significantly higher in lesions displaying lymphatic invasion and lymph-node @entity3 than in those without (P < 0.0001). Both local recurrence and liver @entity3 were more frequent in @entity1 with budding-positive lesions (P < 0.002 and 0.02, respectively). Moreover, postoperative survival was significantly decreased in @entity1 with budding-positive lesions than in those with budding-negative lesions (cumulative 5-year survival rate were 51.8 and 85.0%, respectively: P < 0.002). Multivariate proportional hazard model revealed that the presence of budding was the only significant co-factor of postoperative survival. CONCLUSIONS: Budding is a pathological marker suggesting high malignant potential and decreased postoperative survival in @entity1 with well- or moderately-differentiated @entity1803 @entity420 .

title: Budding as a useful prognostic marker in XXXX well- or moderately-differentiated @entity420 .

answer: @entity1803 :: (7694,Gene) :: ['pT3']


abstract: @entity1968 (RA) is required for germ cell differentiation, the regulation of which gives rise to a constant production of mature sperm. In testes from 3-day postpartum (dpp) RARE-hsplacZ @entity19 , periodic regions positive for beta-galactosidase activity were observed along the length of the seminiferous tubules. Periodicity was abolished by treatment of neonates with exogenous RA at 2 dpp. To assess the consequences, 2-dpp @entity19 were treated with RA, and the long- and short-term effects were assessed. Long-term effects of neonatal RA exposure included a delay in the appearance of advanced germ cells and the absence of a spermatogenic wave (synchronous spermatogenesis) in the adult. In contrast, RA exposure in @entity904 -sufficient adults did not result in synchronous spermatogenesis but rather induced apoptosis in a subset of spermatogonia. Shortly after (24 h) neonates were exposed, altered expression of known germ cell differentiation and the ( @entity46410 , @entity17777 , @entity57638 , and @entity72543 ) meiosis markers and an increase in the number of @entity46410 and @entity57638 immunopositive cells were observed relative to those of vehicle controls. However, 48 and 72 h after exposure, a significant reduction in the number of @entity46410 and @entity57638 immunopositive cells occurred. Immunohistochemical analysis of a marker for apoptosis demonstrated neonatal exposure resulted in increased germ cell apoptosis, as observed in the adult. Additionally, RA exposure resulted in increased @entity15897 expression of the RA-degrading enzyme. Thus, while RA treatment of neonatal and adult @entity19 resulted in apoptosis of spermatogonia, synchronous spermatogenesis occurred only after neonatal RA exposure.

title: Exposure to XXXX in the neonatal but not adult @entity19 results in synchronous spermatogenesis.

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin A']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['Retinoic acid']

answer: @entity1968 :: (MESH:D014212,Chemical) :: ['retinoic acid']


abstract: @entity1968 (RA) is required for germ cell differentiation, the regulation of which gives rise to a constant production of mature sperm. In testes from 3-day postpartum (dpp) RARE-hsplacZ @entity19 , periodic regions positive for beta-galactosidase activity were observed along the length of the seminiferous tubules. Periodicity was abolished by treatment of neonates with exogenous RA at 2 dpp. To assess the consequences, 2-dpp @entity19 were treated with RA, and the long- and short-term effects were assessed. Long-term effects of neonatal RA exposure included a delay in the appearance of advanced germ cells and the absence of a spermatogenic wave (synchronous spermatogenesis) in the adult. In contrast, RA exposure in @entity904 -sufficient adults did not result in synchronous spermatogenesis but rather induced apoptosis in a subset of spermatogonia. Shortly after (24 h) neonates were exposed, altered expression of known germ cell differentiation and the ( @entity46410 , @entity17777 , @entity57638 , and @entity72543 ) meiosis markers and an increase in the number of @entity46410 and @entity57638 immunopositive cells were observed relative to those of vehicle controls. However, 48 and 72 h after exposure, a significant reduction in the number of @entity46410 and @entity57638 immunopositive cells occurred. Immunohistochemical analysis of a marker for apoptosis demonstrated neonatal exposure resulted in increased germ cell apoptosis, as observed in the adult. Additionally, RA exposure resulted in increased @entity15897 expression of the RA-degrading enzyme. Thus, while RA treatment of neonatal and adult @entity19 resulted in apoptosis of spermatogonia, synchronous spermatogenesis occurred only after neonatal RA exposure.

title: Exposure to @entity1968 in the neonatal but not adult XXXX results in synchronous spermatogenesis.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Gap junction channels, which are made of connexins, are critical for intercellular communication, a function that may be disrupted in a variety of diseases. We studied the consequences of two @entity231 -associated mutations at adjacent positions at the first extracellular boundary in @entity1 @entity11305 ( @entity11305 ), @entity72544 and @entity44443 . Both of these mutants formed gap junctional plaques when they were expressed in HeLa cells, suggesting that they trafficked to the plasma membrane properly. However, their functional properties differed. Dual two-microelectrode voltage-clamp studies showed that @entity72544 did not form functional intercellular channels in paired @entity1238 oocytes or hemichannel currents in single oocytes. When @entity72544 was coexpressed with wild-type @entity11305 , the mutant acted as a dominant negative inhibitor of wild-type function. In contrast, @entity44443 formed both functional gap junctional channels and hemichannels. @entity44443 exhibited greatly enhanced currents compared with wild-type @entity11305 in the presence of physiological @entity460 concentrations. This increase in hemichannel activity persisted when @entity44443 was coexpressed with wild-type lens connexins, consistent with a dominant gain of hemichannel function for @entity44443 . These data suggest that although these two mutations are in adjacent @entity1522 , they have very different effects on connexin function and cause disease by different mechanisms: @entity72544 inhibits gap junctional channel function; @entity44443 reduces cell viability by forming open hemichannels.

title: Different consequences of XXXX -associated mutations at adjacent positions in the first extracellular boundary of @entity11305 .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity72544 :: ('p|SUB|W|45|S', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['W45S']

entities_list: @entity44443 :: ('p|SUB|G|46|V', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['G46V']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: Gap junction channels, which are made of connexins, are critical for intercellular communication, a function that may be disrupted in a variety of diseases. We studied the consequences of two @entity231 -associated mutations at adjacent positions at the first extracellular boundary in @entity1 @entity11305 ( @entity11305 ), @entity72544 and @entity44443 . Both of these mutants formed gap junctional plaques when they were expressed in HeLa cells, suggesting that they trafficked to the plasma membrane properly. However, their functional properties differed. Dual two-microelectrode voltage-clamp studies showed that @entity72544 did not form functional intercellular channels in paired @entity1238 oocytes or hemichannel currents in single oocytes. When @entity72544 was coexpressed with wild-type @entity11305 , the mutant acted as a dominant negative inhibitor of wild-type function. In contrast, @entity44443 formed both functional gap junctional channels and hemichannels. @entity44443 exhibited greatly enhanced currents compared with wild-type @entity11305 in the presence of physiological @entity460 concentrations. This increase in hemichannel activity persisted when @entity44443 was coexpressed with wild-type lens connexins, consistent with a dominant gain of hemichannel function for @entity44443 . These data suggest that although these two mutations are in adjacent @entity1522 , they have very different effects on connexin function and cause disease by different mechanisms: @entity72544 inhibits gap junctional channel function; @entity44443 reduces cell viability by forming open hemichannels.

title: Different consequences of @entity231 -associated mutations at adjacent positions in the first extracellular boundary of XXXX .

answer: @entity11305 :: (2703,Gene) :: ['connexin50']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The randomized phase II OPUS ( @entity901 and Cetuximab in First-Line Treatment of Metastatic @entity14 ) study showed that @entity5 @entity984 mutation status was predictive for outcome in @entity1 receiving cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 ( @entity901 / @entity1487 / @entity4181 ) as first-line therapy for metastatic @entity14 (mCRC). @entity1 AND METHODS: The biomarker analysis was extended through the use of additional DNA samples extracted from stained tissue sections. @entity984 and @entity817 @entity5 mutation status was determined for new (and for @entity817 , existing) samples using a PCR technique. Clinical outcome was reassessed according to mutation status. Overall survival data are presented. RESULTS: Of 315 @entity984 evaluable @entity1 samples (93%), 179 @entity5 (57%) were @entity984 wild type. Eleven of 309 (4%) @entity984 / @entity817 evaluable @entity5 (all @entity984 wild type) carried @entity817 mutations. The addition of cetuximab to FOLFOX-4 significantly improved progression-free survival (hazard ratio 0.567, P = 0.0064) and response (odds ratio 2.551, P = 0.0027) in @entity1 with @entity984 wild-type @entity5 . A favorable effect on survival was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the efficacy of cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 in the first-line treatment of @entity1 with @entity984 wild-type mCRC and confirm @entity984 mutation status as an effective predictive biomarker. The small number of @entity5 with @entity817 mutations precluded the drawing of definitive conclusions concerning the predictive or prognostic utility of this biomarker.

title: Efficacy according to biomarker status of cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 as first-line treatment for metastatic XXXX : the OPUS study.

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin', 'Oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['folinic acid']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal Cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1082 ) is one of the main causes of cervical @entity5 . There is now consistent evidence that @entity1082 ) has a causal role in the etiology of @entity5 and that sexual habits and reproductive/hormonal factors are associated with the risk of @entity3 . In our investigation we estimated the frequency of @entity1083 in uterine cervix in @entity1 gathered in perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We screened 90 @entity1 in western Poland to obtain cytological smears, and tested all smears for 33 types of HPV with a polymerase chain reaction-based system. All @entity1 were classified according to age into three groups. RESULTS: @entity1083 peaked in the group of 45 to 49 year old (48.5% using universal starters) and decreased in 56 year or olders (26.1% using universal starters) with predominantly non- @entity5 -associated types of HPV and uncharacterized HPV types. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the decline of @entity1083 with age. But note increased prevalence after menopause, which could be related to a second peak of HSILs, an observation that warrants further investigation. At least 80% of HPVs involved in cervical @entity105 in this population have been characterized. Polyvalent vaccines including the main @entity5 -associated HPV types may be able to prevent most cases of @entity3799 in this region.

title: [Frequency of XXXX of the uterine cervix among perimenopausal @entity1 in Wielkopolska Region].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cervical cancer', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1083 :: ('MESH:D030361', 'Disease') :: ['HPV infections', 'HPV infection']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervical disease']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['Human Papillomavirus (HPV', 'Human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity1083 :: (MESH:D030361,Disease) :: ['HPV infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1082 ) is one of the main causes of cervical @entity5 . There is now consistent evidence that @entity1082 ) has a causal role in the etiology of @entity5 and that sexual habits and reproductive/hormonal factors are associated with the risk of @entity3 . In our investigation we estimated the frequency of @entity1083 in uterine cervix in @entity1 gathered in perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We screened 90 @entity1 in western Poland to obtain cytological smears, and tested all smears for 33 types of HPV with a polymerase chain reaction-based system. All @entity1 were classified according to age into three groups. RESULTS: @entity1083 peaked in the group of 45 to 49 year old (48.5% using universal starters) and decreased in 56 year or olders (26.1% using universal starters) with predominantly non- @entity5 -associated types of HPV and uncharacterized HPV types. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the decline of @entity1083 with age. But note increased prevalence after menopause, which could be related to a second peak of HSILs, an observation that warrants further investigation. At least 80% of HPVs involved in cervical @entity105 in this population have been characterized. Polyvalent vaccines including the main @entity5 -associated HPV types may be able to prevent most cases of @entity3799 in this region.

title: [Frequency of @entity1083 of the uterine cervix among perimenopausal XXXX in Wielkopolska Region].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Previous studies have indicated that the addition of progestins during sequential hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) causes negative mood and physical symptoms. History of @entity3010 , type of progestin, and dose of @entity1871 have thus far been shown to influence the progestin-induced adverse mood symptoms during HRT. The aim of this study was to compare adverse mood effects of two different doses of @entity53 , in combination with a progestin, during postmenopausal HRT. Twenty-eight perimenopausal @entity1 were included in this randomized, double-blind, crossover study comparing 2- or 3-mg continuous @entity53 , with an addition of 10 mg @entity11796 on d 17-28 during each treatment cycle. The main outcome measures were mood and physical symptoms kept on a daily rating scale. Together with the progestin, the higher dose of @entity172 caused significantly more negative mood symptoms than the lower dose. @entity2701 , @entity146 , and depressed mood were all significantly augmented during the progestin phase of cycles with 3 mg @entity53 (P < 0.001). Physical symptoms also increased during the progestin phase of 3-mg @entity53 cycles (P < 0.001), whereas positive mood symptoms were less affected. The only positive mood that changed with @entity172 dose was friendliness, which decreased during the progestin phase of high @entity53 cycles compared with cycles with lower @entity53 (P < 0.05). Our conclusion is that an increase of the @entity172 dose accentuates negative mood and physical symptoms during the progestin phase of sequential hormonal therapy.

title: Increase of XXXX dose deteriorates mood during progestin phase in sequential hormonal therapy.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritability']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1871 :: ('CHEBI:59826', 'Chemical') :: ['progestin']

entities_list: @entity3010 :: ('MESH:D011293', 'Disease') :: ['premenstrual syndrome']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy decreases total lymph nodes harvested and possibly affects lymph node staging after total mesorectal excision in @entity1 with @entity5 . OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare staging by lymph node ratio with staging by absolute number of positive lymph nodes. DESIGN: This study is a retrospective cohort review. SETTING: : A tertiary care referral center was the setting for this investigation. @entity1 : A total of 281 consecutive @entity1 who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation and total mesorectal excision after histologically confirmed @entity5 between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2008 were included in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lymph node ratio is the number of positive lymph nodes divided by the total number of lymph nodes within one sample. Risk categories of low (0 to < 0.09); medium (0.09 to < 0.36); and high (>=  0.36) for lymph node ratio were chosen by significance with the use of @entity797 proportional hazards models. These categories were then used in a reclassification table and compared with positive lymph node stage: low (0 positive nodes), medium (1-3 nodes), and high (> 3) by 5-year mortality rates. RESULTS: The majority (87%) of @entity1 were concordant in risk assessment. Thirty @entity1 were downstaged to lower risk lymph node ratio categories without showing actual lower mortality rates. Seven @entity1 were upstaged to a high-risk lymph node ratio category with a supporting higher 5-year mortality rate. When limiting the analysis to those with fewer than 12 nodes, 136 (95%) @entity1 were concordant in risk assessment; all 30 incorrectly downstaged @entity1 were removed, but the 7 correctly upstaged @entity1 remained. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who undergo neoadjuvant chemoradiation before @entity5 surgery frequently have fewer than 12 lymph nodes harvested despite maintaining vigorous surgical standards. Lymph node ratios may provide excellent prognostic value and are possibly a better independent staging method than absolute positive lymph node counts when less than 12 lymph nodes are harvested after neoadjuvant treatment.

title: The prognostic value of lymph node ratio after neoadjuvant chemoradiation and XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this paper is to estimate the changes in health utilization and indirect costs of @entity148 and @entity1316 in primary care @entity1 after initiation of mental health treatment. METHOD: This study was conducted in 12 general practices for the primary care of adult populations in Budapest, Hungary. Among 2,000 eligible @entity1 aged 18 to 64 years, 1,815 gave written informed consent to participate in the study. The Hungarian version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) for @entity1316 was used to generate @entity146 diagnoses. For all @entity1 , health care utilization data for the previous 12 months was collected including number of visits, specialist consultations, days spent in hospital, sick days in the last year and prescribed medication. Among the first 1,000 attenders, 151 @entity1 were given DIS/DSM-III-R diagnoses of current @entity1316 or uncomplicated bereavement. Fifty-one @entity1 who agreed to @entity146 treatment were assigned to the treatment group. After the first 1,000 @entity1 , 75 @entity1 were given DIS diagnoses and were considered as controls. In the treatment group, five psychiatrists administered treatment on an outpatient basis for one year. @entity1 in the control group received as-usual treatment from their primary care physicians. After one year, health care utilization data for the study period was collected. For the purposes of this study, the direct costs considered were limited to health care expenses and the indirect costs were limited to lost workdays. Statistical significance was calculated using a paired-samples T-test procedure comparing the means of two variables for a simple group. RESULTS: In the treatment group, the total cost of prescription drugs increased sharply due to @entity146 drug treatment, thus increasing the direct overall costs of care. In this same group the cost of non- @entity146 drugs showed a 37% decrease, suggesting that a reduction in general medical treatment partially offset the costs of @entity148 and @entity308 treatment. The number of hospital days showed marked decrease in the treatment group and a slight, insignificant increase in the control group. Absenteeism fell sharply in the treatment group (-56%) and in the group of @entity1 who received @entity146 treatment elsewhere (-62%). In the control group, there was a large upturn (+182%) in the number of days spent on sick leave. DISCUSSION: Among primary care @entity1 diagnosed with @entity148 , @entity146 treatment led to higher direct costs, but this was offset by a decline in indirect costs due to reduced absenteeism compared with ordinary primary care. LIMITATIONS: @entity1 were not assigned randomly to the different groups because of ethical concerns. There were also significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the groups. Differences in the severity of illness and reasons not attributable to treatment effects may play a role in the change in the rate of service use. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Limiting @entity148 @entity1 access to @entity146 treatment causes an increase in absenteeism, thus resulting in higher indirect costs.

title: Cost-outcome of XXXX treatment intervention in primary care in Hungary.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affective disorders', 'anxiety and/or mood disorder', 'anxiety and mood disorders']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety', 'anxiety or affective disorders']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Through bioassay-guided natural product research, it has been discovered that @entity21242 and its glycosides possess an antibone resorption activity. @entity5188 derivative of @entity21242 (QOA-8a), a novel compound, is sourced from a structural modification of @entity21242 . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the activities of QOA-8a on bone resorption in vitro and its osteoprotective effect in vivo. METHODS: Osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts were used to assay antibone resorption activities in vitro. RAW264.7 cells cultured for 2 days in the presence of the receptor activator for nuclear factor kB ligand were used as osteoclast precursors. Mature osteoclasts were generated from either primary cultures of @entity19 bone marrow-derived macrophages or RAW264.7 cells. Eight-week-old female @entity19 that underwent either ovariectomy or sham surgical operation were used for the evaluation of the osteoprotective effect of QOA-8a at doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1). RESULTS: QOA-8a significantly inhibited the differentiation, formation, and bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts without @entity137 . QOA-8a selectively induced apoptosis at an early stage of mature osteoclasts at least via increasing the @entity185 activity, but not osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, QOA-8a significantly prevented @entity604 in ovariectomized @entity19 without any hormone-like adverse effects, whereas the @entity19 treated with 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) kept the same bone mineral density level as that of the sham @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: QOA-8a inhibits bone resorption without @entity137 and prevents @entity604 without any hormone-like adverse effects. Although further investigations are necessary to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanisms, QOA-8a demonstrates great potential as a novel agent for the treatment of @entity170 .

title: XXXX derivative of @entity21242 inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and prevents ovariectomy-induced @entity604 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity5188 :: ('CHEBI:36616', 'Chemical') :: ['Quinoxaline']

entities_list: @entity21242 :: ('MESH:D009828', 'Chemical') :: ['oleanolic acid']

answer: @entity5188 :: (CHEBI:36616,Chemical) :: ['Quinoxaline']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Through bioassay-guided natural product research, it has been discovered that @entity21242 and its glycosides possess an antibone resorption activity. @entity5188 derivative of @entity21242 (QOA-8a), a novel compound, is sourced from a structural modification of @entity21242 . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the activities of QOA-8a on bone resorption in vitro and its osteoprotective effect in vivo. METHODS: Osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts were used to assay antibone resorption activities in vitro. RAW264.7 cells cultured for 2 days in the presence of the receptor activator for nuclear factor kB ligand were used as osteoclast precursors. Mature osteoclasts were generated from either primary cultures of @entity19 bone marrow-derived macrophages or RAW264.7 cells. Eight-week-old female @entity19 that underwent either ovariectomy or sham surgical operation were used for the evaluation of the osteoprotective effect of QOA-8a at doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1). RESULTS: QOA-8a significantly inhibited the differentiation, formation, and bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts without @entity137 . QOA-8a selectively induced apoptosis at an early stage of mature osteoclasts at least via increasing the @entity185 activity, but not osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, QOA-8a significantly prevented @entity604 in ovariectomized @entity19 without any hormone-like adverse effects, whereas the @entity19 treated with 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) kept the same bone mineral density level as that of the sham @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: QOA-8a inhibits bone resorption without @entity137 and prevents @entity604 without any hormone-like adverse effects. Although further investigations are necessary to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanisms, QOA-8a demonstrates great potential as a novel agent for the treatment of @entity170 .

title: @entity5188 derivative of @entity21242 inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and prevents ovariectomy-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity604 :: (MESH:D016301,Disease) :: ['bone loss']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Through bioassay-guided natural product research, it has been discovered that @entity21242 and its glycosides possess an antibone resorption activity. @entity5188 derivative of @entity21242 (QOA-8a), a novel compound, is sourced from a structural modification of @entity21242 . The aim of the present study was to evaluate the activities of QOA-8a on bone resorption in vitro and its osteoprotective effect in vivo. METHODS: Osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts were used to assay antibone resorption activities in vitro. RAW264.7 cells cultured for 2 days in the presence of the receptor activator for nuclear factor kB ligand were used as osteoclast precursors. Mature osteoclasts were generated from either primary cultures of @entity19 bone marrow-derived macrophages or RAW264.7 cells. Eight-week-old female @entity19 that underwent either ovariectomy or sham surgical operation were used for the evaluation of the osteoprotective effect of QOA-8a at doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1). RESULTS: QOA-8a significantly inhibited the differentiation, formation, and bone resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts without @entity137 . QOA-8a selectively induced apoptosis at an early stage of mature osteoclasts at least via increasing the @entity185 activity, but not osteoclast precursors. Furthermore, QOA-8a significantly prevented @entity604 in ovariectomized @entity19 without any hormone-like adverse effects, whereas the @entity19 treated with 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) kept the same bone mineral density level as that of the sham @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: QOA-8a inhibits bone resorption without @entity137 and prevents @entity604 without any hormone-like adverse effects. Although further investigations are necessary to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanisms, QOA-8a demonstrates great potential as a novel agent for the treatment of @entity170 .

title: @entity5188 derivative of XXXX inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and prevents ovariectomy-induced @entity604 .

answer: @entity21242 :: (MESH:D009828,Chemical) :: ['oleanolic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Maxillofacial @entity130 caused by severe @entity130 requires many steps of reconstruction and is often associated with disappointing results. The authors report on two clinical cases of facial allografting. METHODS: After a preclinical anatomical study of 10 fresh cadavers, the authors performed allotransplantation of the lower two-thirds of the face in two @entity1 in March and August of 2009. The grafts included all perioral muscles, facial nerves, parotid glands, the anterior region of the maxilla, and part of the mandible. The mandibular osteotomy included only the chin in one case, and the mandibular arch from one angle to the other in the second case. RESULTS: The cadaveric study confirmed that relying only on the anastomoses between the facial and the maxillary artery for vascularization of the posterior part of the maxilla was unsafe. Periosteal vascularization seemed essential. The clinical results confirmed that complete revascularization from a single facial pedicle was possible: the first end-to-end arterial @entity254 to the left external carotid artery was sufficient for full perioperative revascularization of the flap and immediate reestablishment of bilateral venous flow. The facial appearance of both recipients improved gradually, with the development of changes in expression and the appearance of nasolabial folds. Preoperatively placed gastrostomies and tracheostomies were able to be removed in both @entity1 within 6 weeks postoperatively. The procurement part of the operation was performed in 7 hours. CONCLUSION: Partial facial composite tissue allotransplantation of the lower two-thirds of the face along with parts of the maxilla and mandible (chin or entire-toothed mandible) is technically feasible, with a good cosmetic and functional outcome in typical cases of attempted suicide with rifles.

title: The procurement of allotransplants for ballistic XXXX : a preclinical study and a report of two clinical cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma', 'ballistic injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: SUMMARY: While dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered the gold standard to evaluate @entity174 risk in vivo, in the present study, the quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-based finite element modeling has been found to provide a quantitative and significantly improved prediction of vertebral strength in vitro. This technique might be used in vivo considering however the much larger doses of radiation needed for QCT. INTRODUCTION: @entity174 is a common medical problem in osteoporotic individuals. @entity79 ( @entity79 ) is the gold standard measure to evaluate @entity174 risk in vivo. QCT-based finite element ( @entity14398 ) modeling is an engineering method to predict vertebral strength. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of @entity14398 and clinical diagnostic tools to predict vertebral strength in vitro using an improved testing protocol. METHODS: Thirty-seven vertebral sections were scanned with QCT and high resolution peripheral QCT (HR-pQCT). Bone mineral content (BMC), total @entity79 (tBMD), areal @entity79 from lateral (aBMD-lat), and anterior-posterior (aBMD-ap) projections were evaluated for both resolutions. Wedge-shaped @entity174 were then induced in each specimen with a novel testing setup. Nonlinear homogenized @entity14398 models ( @entity14398 ) and linear micro- @entity14398 ( @entity14398 ) were generated from QCT and HR-pQCT images, respectively. For experiments and models, both structural properties (stiffness, ultimate load) and material properties (apparent modulus and strength) were computed and compared. RESULTS: Both @entity14398 and  @entity14398 models predicted material properties better than structural ones and predicted strength significantly better than aBMD computed from QCT and HR-pQCT ( @entity14398 : R     =   0.79,  @entity14398 : R     =   0.88, aBMD-ap: R     =   0.48-0.47, aBMD-lat: R     =   0.41-0.43). Moreover, the @entity14398 provided reasonable quantitative estimations of the experimental mechanical properties without fitting the model parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The QCT-based @entity14398 method provides a quantitative and significantly improved prediction of vertebral strength in vitro when compared to simulated DXA. This superior predictive power needs to be verified for loading conditions that simulate even more the in vivo case for @entity1 vertebrae.

title: QCT-based finite element models predict XXXX vertebral strength in vitro significantly better than simulated DEXA.

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['Vertebral fracture', 'fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']