abstract: @entity291 @entity378 in the United States has proven costly to @entity291 producers as well as to government regulatory agencies. While in vivo responsiveness to mycobacterial antigens is the current standard for the diagnosis of @entity378 , in vitro assays are gaining acceptance, especially as ancillary or complementary tests. To evaluate in vitro indices of cellular sensitization, antigen-induced gamma interferon ( @entity12028 ), @entity842 (NO), and @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity17299 ) responses by blood mononuclear cells from @entity2497 -infected @entity291 were quantified and compared. Using an aerosol model of @entity281 , two doses of each of two strains of @entity2499 (95-1315 and HC-2045T) were used to induce a range of @entity12028 , NO, and @entity17299 responses. Infection-specific increases in NO, but not in @entity12028 or @entity17299 , were detected in nonstimulated cultures at 48 h, a finding that is indicative of nonspecific activation and spontaneous release of NO. The infective dose of @entity2499 organisms also influenced responses. At 34 days postinfection, @entity12028 , NO, and @entity17299 responses in antigen-stimulated cells from @entity291 receiving 10(5) CFU of @entity2499 organisms were greater than responses of cells from @entity291 infected with 10(3) CFU of @entity2499 organisms. The NO response, but not the @entity12028 and @entity17299 responses, was influenced by infective strains of @entity2499 . The @entity17299 , NO, and @entity12028 responses followed similar kinetics, with strong positive associations among the three readouts. Overall, these findings indicate that NO and @entity17299 , like @entity12028 , may prove useful as indices for the diagnosis of @entity291 @entity378 .

title: Diagnostic implications of antigen-induced gamma interferon, @entity842 , and XXXX necrosis factor alpha production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from @entity2497 -infected @entity291 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: @entity291 @entity378 in the United States has proven costly to @entity291 producers as well as to government regulatory agencies. While in vivo responsiveness to mycobacterial antigens is the current standard for the diagnosis of @entity378 , in vitro assays are gaining acceptance, especially as ancillary or complementary tests. To evaluate in vitro indices of cellular sensitization, antigen-induced gamma interferon ( @entity12028 ), @entity842 (NO), and @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity17299 ) responses by blood mononuclear cells from @entity2497 -infected @entity291 were quantified and compared. Using an aerosol model of @entity281 , two doses of each of two strains of @entity2499 (95-1315 and HC-2045T) were used to induce a range of @entity12028 , NO, and @entity17299 responses. Infection-specific increases in NO, but not in @entity12028 or @entity17299 , were detected in nonstimulated cultures at 48 h, a finding that is indicative of nonspecific activation and spontaneous release of NO. The infective dose of @entity2499 organisms also influenced responses. At 34 days postinfection, @entity12028 , NO, and @entity17299 responses in antigen-stimulated cells from @entity291 receiving 10(5) CFU of @entity2499 organisms were greater than responses of cells from @entity291 infected with 10(3) CFU of @entity2499 organisms. The NO response, but not the @entity12028 and @entity17299 responses, was influenced by infective strains of @entity2499 . The @entity17299 , NO, and @entity12028 responses followed similar kinetics, with strong positive associations among the three readouts. Overall, these findings indicate that NO and @entity17299 , like @entity12028 , may prove useful as indices for the diagnosis of @entity291 @entity378 .

title: Diagnostic implications of antigen-induced gamma interferon, XXXX , and @entity5 necrosis factor alpha production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from @entity2497 -infected @entity291 .

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity291 :: ('9913', 'Species') :: ['cattle', 'bovine', 'Bovine']

entities_list: @entity2497 :: ('1765', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium bovis']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of a revised Italian motorcycle-moped-scooter helmet law on crash @entity1545 . DESIGN: A pre-post law evaluation of helmet use and @entity131 ( @entity131 ) occurrence from 1999 to 2001. SETTING: Romagna region, northeastern Italy, with a 2000 resident population of 983 534 @entity1 . @entity1 : Motorcycle-moped rider survey for helmet use compliance and all residents in the region admitted to the Division of Neurosurgery of the Maurizio Bufalini Hospital in Cesena, Italy for @entity131 . OUTCOME MEASURES: Helmet use compliance and change in @entity131 admissions and type(s) of @entity75 . RESULTS: Helmet use increased from an average of less than 20% to over 96%. A comparison of @entity131 incidence in the Romagna region shows that there was no significant variation before and after introduction of the revised helmet law, except for @entity131 admissions for motorcycle-moped crashes where a 66% decrease was observed. In the same area @entity131 admissions by age group showed that motorcycle mopeds riders aged 14-60 years sustained significantly fewer TBIs. The rate of @entity131 admissions to neurosurgery decreased by over 31% and epidural @entity1410 almost @entity2402 in crash injured moped riders. CONCLUSIONS: The revised Italian mandatory helmet law, with police enforcement, is an effective measure for @entity131 prevention at all ages.

title: Effect of Italy's motorcycle helmet law on traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injuries']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2402 :: ('MESH:D010015', 'Disease') :: ['completely disappeared']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

answer: @entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['brain injuries']


abstract: The white-edge whip tail ray Himantura signifer inhabits a freshwater environment but has retained the capability to synthesize @entity1133 de novo through the @entity369 - @entity7222 - @entity1133 cycle (OUC). The present study aimed to elucidate whether the capacity of @entity1133 synthesis in H. signifer could be upregulated in response to environmental @entity3265 exposure. When H. signifer was exposed to environmental @entity3265 , fairly high concentrations of @entity3265 were accumulated in the plasma and other tissues. This would subsequently reduce the net influx of exogenous @entity3265 by reducing the @entity3655 partial pressure gradient across the branchial and body surfaces. There was also an increase in the OUC capacity in the liver. Since the @entity3265 produced endogenously could not be excreted effectively in the presence of environmental @entity3265 , it was detoxified into @entity1133 through the OUC. In comparison, the South American freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro, which has lost the capability to synthesize @entity1133 de novo, was unable to detoxify @entity3265 to @entity1133 during @entity3265 loading. No increase in @entity1160 was observed in the various tissues of H. signifer exposed to environmental @entity3265 despite a significant increase in the hepatic @entity1160 synthetase activity. These results indicate that the excess @entity1160 formed was channelled completely into @entity1133 formation through @entity12116 synthetase III. It has been reported elsewhere that both @entity1133 synthesis and @entity1133 retention were upregulated in H. signifer exposed to 20 per thousand water for osmoregulatory purposes. By contrast, for H. signifer exposed to environmental @entity3265 in freshwater, the excess @entity1133 formed was excreted to the external medium instead. This suggests that the effectiveness of @entity1133 synthesis de novo as a strategy to detoxify @entity3265 is determined not simply by an increase in the capacity of @entity1133 synthesis but, more importantly, by the ability of the animal to control the direction (i.e. absorption or excretion) and rate of @entity1133 transport. Our results suggest that such a strategy began to develop in those elasmobranchs, e.g. H. signifer, that migrate into a freshwater environment from the sea but not in those permanently adapted to a freshwater environment.

title: A comparison of the effects of environmental XXXX exposure on the Asian freshwater stingray Himantura signifer and the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro.

entities_list: @entity12116 :: ('MESH:D002221', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamoyl phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity7222 :: ('CHEBI:18257', 'Chemical') :: ['ornithine']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity3265 :: (MESH:D000641,Chemical) :: ['ammonia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic @entity31 is a disease of unknown etiology. Its incidence is on the rise in various developing countries as has been reported in studies from South-East Asia and the Middle East. There seems to be significant differences in the pattern and the clinical course of this disease in our @entity1 population. The aim of our study is to assess the incidence and the clinical course of the disease in Kuwait. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of cases identified over a period of 14 years (1985-1999). Three hundred forty-six @entity1 were identified to have chronic @entity31 . Ninety @entity1 were interviewed for this study. RESULTS: Chronic @entity31 is being identified with increasing frequency. Our local incidence was 2.8 per 100,000 @entity1 per year. The disease was seen in both sexes with equal frequency. It peaks at the third decade of life, with no second peak observed in the sixth decade. The disease was of mild to moderate severity in 93% of the cases. The distribution of the disease in the colon showed pancolitis in 45%, left-sided @entity1960 in 14%, @entity9916 in 21% and @entity4272 in 20%. @entity625 and @entity4841 were the most frequent extraintestinal manifestation seen in 31%. Perianal disease, although rare in @entity31 , was seen in 8%. Of interest is the fact that over 14 years of follow-up, none of our @entity1 developed high-grade @entity1141 or @entity14 . Four @entity1 required total colectomy mainly due to failure of medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic @entity31 is occurring with increasing frequency similar to that seen in Western countries. The disease observed in our @entity1 population was of mild to moderate severity, with fewer complications than reported in Western countries. It peaks in the third decade with no second peak. None of our @entity1 developed high-grade @entity1141 or @entity14 .

title: XXXX in Kuwait: a review of 90 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['Arthritis']

entities_list: @entity9916 :: ('MESH:D011350', 'Disease') :: ['proctosigmoiditis']

entities_list: @entity4272 :: ('MESH:D011349', 'Disease') :: ['proctitis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer', 'colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgia']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['Ulcerative colitis']


abstract: The results of revision of well-fixed Porous Coated Anatomic cementless acetabular components for @entity691 failure or periacetabular @entity3061 in 18 @entity572 (14 @entity1 ) are reported. Revisions were done with larger diameter cementless acetabular components replacing one-piece Porous Coated Anatomic devices for which no replacement liner was available. The objective was to determine the increase in size of the revision acetabular component and to assess clinical and radiographic outcomes. The Porous Coated Anatomic components were in place for an average of 7.8 years. At an average followup of 68 months, all revision components remain in place. Preoperatively, 12 @entity572 in 10 @entity1 had @entity690 in 17 @entity1 were grafted at revision. All grafted lesions showed partial or complete evidence of bone graft consolidation. The average revision component size increased 8.5 mm in diameter (range, 3-14 mm) compared with the primary component size. This corresponded to an average 6.5-mm increase in the acetabular cavitary diameter. When locking mechanism failure in a well-fixed cementless acetabular component prevents @entity691 liner replacement, acetabular component revision can provide good clinical and radiographic results with acceptable @entity604 and improved access to osteolytic areas for debridement and grafting.

title: Revision of well-fixed cementless acetabular components for XXXX failure.

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity690 :: ('MESH:D030981', 'Disease') :: ['radiographic osteolysis, and 25 osteolytic lesions']

answer: @entity691 :: (MESH:D020959,Chemical) :: ['polyethylene']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Radiotherapy for @entity189 is conventionally given over a 6-7-week period. However, in a number of UK centres early lesions are treated over 3 weeks. We review recent results of this policy and discuss the reasons why short treatment times may be advantageous. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred @entity1 (100 from each centre) with T1 glottic invasive @entity957 treated with definitive radiotherapy between 1989 and 1997 were analysed. The median age was 68 years. All @entity1 received once daily fractionation, 5 days a week to a total @entity5 dose of 50.0-52.5 Gy in 16 fractions over 21 days; the fraction size ranged from 3.12 to 3.28 Gy. The median follow-up period was 5 years and 10 months. RESULTS: The 5-year local control rates with radiotherapy for the whole group was 93%; there were 14 recurrences of which seven were salvaged by laryngectomy giving an ultimate local control of 96%. The 5-year overall survival was 80% and cause specific survival at 5 years was 97%. Univariate analysis revealed that T1 substaging (P=0.82) and anterior commissure involvement (P=0.47) did not significantly influence local control. A severe late radiation complication was seen in only one @entity1 who continued to smoke heavily after treatment. There were no severe acute complications. CONCLUSIONS: Once daily radiotherapy over 3 weeks gives excellent local control in @entity1 with T1 @entity957 and has a low rate of severe complications. The short overall treatment time and large fraction size may be advantageous in radiotherapy of these well-differentiated @entity5 .

title: Three weeks radiotherapy for T1 XXXX : the Christie and Royal Marsden Hospital Experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'glottic squamous-cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['glottic cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of novel chemotherapy combinations including @entity900 with @entity136 (GC) or @entity2600 (IC) for @entity1 with @entity189 of an unknown primary site. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eighty @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive GC or IC. In the GC arm, chemotherapy consisted of cycles combining @entity136 1,250 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 8, and @entity900 100 mg/m2 IV on day 1 at 3-week intervals. @entity1 in the IC arm originally received 3-week cycles of @entity2600 200 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and @entity900 80 mg/m2 IV on day 1. After the inclusion of 15 @entity1 in that arm, the @entity137 profile required the @entity2600 doses to be reduced to 150 mg/m2 per cycle. Independent histologic and radiologic reviews were done. RESULTS: A total of 78 @entity1 were assessable for efficacy and @entity137 . The median number of cycles was four in each arm. Objective responses were observed in 21 @entity1 (55%) in the GC arm (95% CI, 34% to 66%) and in 15 @entity1 (38%) in the IC arm (95% CI, 23% to 54%). Treatment had to be stopped because of @entity137 in seven @entity1 in the GC arm and in eight @entity1 in the IC arm. With a median follow-up of 22 months, the median survivals were 8 and 6 months in the GC and IC arms, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the activity of both the GC and IC regimens. There was @entity137 associated with both regimens. Additional studies of combination chemotherapy regimens are required.

title: XXXX in combination with either @entity136 or @entity2600 in @entity189 of unknown primary site: results of a randomized phase II study--trial for the French Study Group on @entity189 of Unknown Primary (GEFCAPI 01).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['Cisplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of novel chemotherapy combinations including @entity900 with @entity136 (GC) or @entity2600 (IC) for @entity1 with @entity189 of an unknown primary site. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eighty @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive GC or IC. In the GC arm, chemotherapy consisted of cycles combining @entity136 1,250 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 8, and @entity900 100 mg/m2 IV on day 1 at 3-week intervals. @entity1 in the IC arm originally received 3-week cycles of @entity2600 200 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and @entity900 80 mg/m2 IV on day 1. After the inclusion of 15 @entity1 in that arm, the @entity137 profile required the @entity2600 doses to be reduced to 150 mg/m2 per cycle. Independent histologic and radiologic reviews were done. RESULTS: A total of 78 @entity1 were assessable for efficacy and @entity137 . The median number of cycles was four in each arm. Objective responses were observed in 21 @entity1 (55%) in the GC arm (95% CI, 34% to 66%) and in 15 @entity1 (38%) in the IC arm (95% CI, 23% to 54%). Treatment had to be stopped because of @entity137 in seven @entity1 in the GC arm and in eight @entity1 in the IC arm. With a median follow-up of 22 months, the median survivals were 8 and 6 months in the GC and IC arms, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the activity of both the GC and IC regimens. There was @entity137 associated with both regimens. Additional studies of combination chemotherapy regimens are required.

title: @entity900 in combination with either @entity136 or @entity2600 in XXXX of unknown primary site: results of a randomized phase II study--trial for the French Study Group on @entity189 of Unknown Primary (GEFCAPI 01).

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of novel chemotherapy combinations including @entity900 with @entity136 (GC) or @entity2600 (IC) for @entity1 with @entity189 of an unknown primary site. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eighty @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive GC or IC. In the GC arm, chemotherapy consisted of cycles combining @entity136 1,250 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 8, and @entity900 100 mg/m2 IV on day 1 at 3-week intervals. @entity1 in the IC arm originally received 3-week cycles of @entity2600 200 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and @entity900 80 mg/m2 IV on day 1. After the inclusion of 15 @entity1 in that arm, the @entity137 profile required the @entity2600 doses to be reduced to 150 mg/m2 per cycle. Independent histologic and radiologic reviews were done. RESULTS: A total of 78 @entity1 were assessable for efficacy and @entity137 . The median number of cycles was four in each arm. Objective responses were observed in 21 @entity1 (55%) in the GC arm (95% CI, 34% to 66%) and in 15 @entity1 (38%) in the IC arm (95% CI, 23% to 54%). Treatment had to be stopped because of @entity137 in seven @entity1 in the GC arm and in eight @entity1 in the IC arm. With a median follow-up of 22 months, the median survivals were 8 and 6 months in the GC and IC arms, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the activity of both the GC and IC regimens. There was @entity137 associated with both regimens. Additional studies of combination chemotherapy regimens are required.

title: @entity900 in combination with either @entity136 or @entity2600 in @entity189 of unknown primary site: results of a randomized phase II study--trial for the French Study Group on XXXX of Unknown Primary (GEFCAPI 01).

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Carcinomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of novel chemotherapy combinations including @entity900 with @entity136 (GC) or @entity2600 (IC) for @entity1 with @entity189 of an unknown primary site. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eighty @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive GC or IC. In the GC arm, chemotherapy consisted of cycles combining @entity136 1,250 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 8, and @entity900 100 mg/m2 IV on day 1 at 3-week intervals. @entity1 in the IC arm originally received 3-week cycles of @entity2600 200 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and @entity900 80 mg/m2 IV on day 1. After the inclusion of 15 @entity1 in that arm, the @entity137 profile required the @entity2600 doses to be reduced to 150 mg/m2 per cycle. Independent histologic and radiologic reviews were done. RESULTS: A total of 78 @entity1 were assessable for efficacy and @entity137 . The median number of cycles was four in each arm. Objective responses were observed in 21 @entity1 (55%) in the GC arm (95% CI, 34% to 66%) and in 15 @entity1 (38%) in the IC arm (95% CI, 23% to 54%). Treatment had to be stopped because of @entity137 in seven @entity1 in the GC arm and in eight @entity1 in the IC arm. With a median follow-up of 22 months, the median survivals were 8 and 6 months in the GC and IC arms, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the activity of both the GC and IC regimens. There was @entity137 associated with both regimens. Additional studies of combination chemotherapy regimens are required.

title: @entity900 in combination with either XXXX or @entity2600 in @entity189 of unknown primary site: results of a randomized phase II study--trial for the French Study Group on @entity189 of Unknown Primary (GEFCAPI 01).

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of novel chemotherapy combinations including @entity900 with @entity136 (GC) or @entity2600 (IC) for @entity1 with @entity189 of an unknown primary site. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eighty @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive GC or IC. In the GC arm, chemotherapy consisted of cycles combining @entity136 1,250 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 8, and @entity900 100 mg/m2 IV on day 1 at 3-week intervals. @entity1 in the IC arm originally received 3-week cycles of @entity2600 200 mg/m2 IV on day 1 and @entity900 80 mg/m2 IV on day 1. After the inclusion of 15 @entity1 in that arm, the @entity137 profile required the @entity2600 doses to be reduced to 150 mg/m2 per cycle. Independent histologic and radiologic reviews were done. RESULTS: A total of 78 @entity1 were assessable for efficacy and @entity137 . The median number of cycles was four in each arm. Objective responses were observed in 21 @entity1 (55%) in the GC arm (95% CI, 34% to 66%) and in 15 @entity1 (38%) in the IC arm (95% CI, 23% to 54%). Treatment had to be stopped because of @entity137 in seven @entity1 in the GC arm and in eight @entity1 in the IC arm. With a median follow-up of 22 months, the median survivals were 8 and 6 months in the GC and IC arms, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the activity of both the GC and IC regimens. There was @entity137 associated with both regimens. Additional studies of combination chemotherapy regimens are required.

title: @entity900 in combination with either @entity136 or XXXX in @entity189 of unknown primary site: results of a randomized phase II study--trial for the French Study Group on @entity189 of Unknown Primary (GEFCAPI 01).

answer: @entity2600 :: (MESH:C051890,Chemical) :: ['irinotecan']


abstract: Guidelines recommend coronary angiography in @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ) within 24 to 72 hours, a requirement that cannot always be met. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of contrast echocardiography in prioritizing these @entity1 by identifying those with @entity583 and angiographically severe @entity453 ( @entity453 ). Echocardiography was performed before coronary angiography in 110 @entity1 with @entity583 (67    12 years old, 31% @entity1 ). Segmental myocardial perfusion and wall motion was scored using a 17-segment left ventricular model. @entity453 was assessed by quantitative coronary angiography. In the total study population, median troponin T level was 0.27  g/L (0.13 to 0.86) and Thrombolysis In @entity583 risk score 3.1    1.5. By quantitative coronary angiography 15% had normal coronary angiographic findings, whereas 1-, 2-, and @entity66 were present in 35%, 27%, and 23%, respectively. Severe @entity453 (left main stem @entity850 , @entity66 , or multivessel disease including proximal @entity850 in left anterior descending artery) was found in 42%. Number of segments with hypoperfusion increased with @entity453 severity from 4.1    2.0 in @entity1 with normal coronary arteries to 5.9    2.4, 7.8    3.5, and 10.4    2.8 in @entity1 with 1-, 2-, and @entity66 , respectively (p<0.01). In multiple logistic regression analysis risk of severe @entity453 increased by 39% for every additional hypoperfused segment by echocardiography independent of wall motion abnormalities and Thrombolysis In @entity583 risk score. In conclusion, contrast echocardiography may be used for prediction of angiographic @entity453 severity in @entity1 with @entity583 awaiting coronary angiography.

title: Usefulness of contrast echocardiography for predicting the severity of angiographic coronary disease in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['3-vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['NSTEMI', 'Myocardial Infarction', 'non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity72941 polymorphism is located in the promoter region of @entity3335 ( @entity3335 ) gene was found to be associated with @entity2 susceptibility; however, this association in Chinese population remained unclear. The aim of this study was designed to explore this association in Chinese population. METHODS: @entity3335 genotypes in 98 cases of primary @entity2 and 112 @entity1 of healthy control were detected using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay(PCR-RFLP) in a case-control molecular epidemiology study. The association between this gene polymorphism and the risk of @entity2 in Chinese population was examined through comparing odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval(CI) between two groups. RESULTS: In healthy control group, the frequencies of @entity1 carrying G/G, @entity13284 , and A/A genotypes were 47.3%, 42.9%, and 9.8%, respectively. In @entity5 group, the frequencies of the @entity1 carrying above three genotypes were 63.3%, 33.7%, and 3.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference of the frequencies of heterozygote @entity13284 between two groups (P >0.05). However, The A/A genotype was found significantly higher in @entity5 group than that in healthy control group(P< 0.025). The risk of @entity2 for @entity1 carrying at least one A allele was only 52% of the @entity1 carrying G/G genotype (95% CI 0.29-0.93). In smoking population, allele A showed to be a significant protective factor (OR=0.41,P< 0.025), while such protective role was not observed in non-smoking group(P >0.25). CONCLUSION: @entity3335 gene polymorphism was associated with susceptibility of @entity2 in Chinese population. The risk of @entity2 was decreased in the @entity1 carrying allele A.

title: [Gene polymorphism of @entity3335 and genetic susceptibility to XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity3335 :: ('4353', 'Gene') :: ['MPO', 'myeloperoxidase']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity72941 polymorphism is located in the promoter region of @entity3335 ( @entity3335 ) gene was found to be associated with @entity2 susceptibility; however, this association in Chinese population remained unclear. The aim of this study was designed to explore this association in Chinese population. METHODS: @entity3335 genotypes in 98 cases of primary @entity2 and 112 @entity1 of healthy control were detected using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay(PCR-RFLP) in a case-control molecular epidemiology study. The association between this gene polymorphism and the risk of @entity2 in Chinese population was examined through comparing odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval(CI) between two groups. RESULTS: In healthy control group, the frequencies of @entity1 carrying G/G, @entity13284 , and A/A genotypes were 47.3%, 42.9%, and 9.8%, respectively. In @entity5 group, the frequencies of the @entity1 carrying above three genotypes were 63.3%, 33.7%, and 3.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference of the frequencies of heterozygote @entity13284 between two groups (P >0.05). However, The A/A genotype was found significantly higher in @entity5 group than that in healthy control group(P< 0.025). The risk of @entity2 for @entity1 carrying at least one A allele was only 52% of the @entity1 carrying G/G genotype (95% CI 0.29-0.93). In smoking population, allele A showed to be a significant protective factor (OR=0.41,P< 0.025), while such protective role was not observed in non-smoking group(P >0.25). CONCLUSION: @entity3335 gene polymorphism was associated with susceptibility of @entity2 in Chinese population. The risk of @entity2 was decreased in the @entity1 carrying allele A.

title: [Gene polymorphism of XXXX and genetic susceptibility to @entity2 ].

answer: @entity3335 :: (4353,Gene) :: ['myeloperoxidase']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: At present, the range of lymph node dissection in treatment of thoracic @entity418 is still controversial. This study was designed to explore the status of lymph node metastases of @entity418 and its influence on the prognosis and to seek reasonable dissecting range of lymph nodes. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on the clinical data of 217 @entity1 who had underwent radical operation through three-field lymphadenectomy. Nine distinguishing clinicopathological factors possibly influencing survival rate were chosen. A multivariate analysis of these factors was performed by the computerized Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of all @entity1 were 82.6%, 59.8%, and 48.8%, respectively. The lymph node @entity3 rate was 62.6% and the leaping @entity3 rate of lymph nodes was 5.5%. In 3989 lymph nodes dissected, metastases were detected in 454 (11.38%). The lymph node @entity3 rates present in neck, thoracic mediastinum, and abdominal cavity were 31.7%, 21.2%, and 12.1% in @entity418 , 21.9%, 30.5%, and 15.6% in @entity189 , 9.75%, 12.7%, and 34.5% in @entity189 , respectively. Degree of @entity5 differentiation, depth of @entity5 invasion, and lymphatic vessels invasion were the factors influencing lymph nodes metastases, but the length of @entity5 was not. According to multivariate analysis, depth of @entity5 invasion, @entity5 differentiation, the number of lymph nodes metastatic field, and @entity5 location were of prognostic significance. With the increasing of the number of lymph nodes metastatic field, the survival rate of the @entity1 dropped gradually(P = 0.0284). CONCLUSION: Lymph node @entity3 especially the number of lymph node metastatic field is one of key factors affecting the prognosis of @entity1 . Because of the upward, downward, and leaping spreading of @entity418 cells to the lymph nodes, the @entity1 with @entity418 should be given radical operation through three-field lymphadenectomy to promote the 5-years survival rate.

title: [Analysis of lymph node metastases of 217 cases of XXXX and its impact on prognosis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['lower-thoracic carcinoma', 'middle-thoracic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer', 'upper-thoracic esophageal carcinoma', 'esophageal carcinoma', 'thoracic esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['thoracic esophageal carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To provide a systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for the removal of @entity480 . DATA SOURCES: Searches of electronic databases, websites and reference lists were made to identify relevant studies. REVIEW METHODS: An extensive search was performed to identify all articles where FESS is used for the excision of @entity480 . Two reviewers independently screened articles for inclusion according to predefined criteria. Comparative studies were included if they were primary research, focused on FESS for the removal of @entity480 , reported @entity1 relevant outcomes and were published in English. In addition, case series studies were included if they met the above criteria and enrolled more than 50 @entity1 with @entity1127 . Data were then extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second. A structured form was used to assess the internal and external validity of included studies. Comparative data were reported where available. Excluded case series and case reports were grouped and described. A group of nine ear, nose and throat (ENT) experts were selected, then using the literature and their own experience, they generated a list of priority research questions. Existing economic evaluations were sought and described. RESULTS: Of the 33 studies included, the randomised controlled trials and controlled trials reported overall symptomatic improvement that ranged from 78 to 88% for FESS compared with 43 to 84% for similar techniques (including polypectomy, Caldwell-Luc and intranasal ethmoidectomy). Disease recurrence was 8% for FESS compared with 14% for Caldwell-Luc and polyp recurrence was 28% for endoscopic ethmoidectomy compared with 35% for polypectomy. Revision surgery was reported in one study only and was the same for FESS and Caldwell-Luc procedures. Percentage of overall complications was reported in only one comparative study and was 1.4% for FESS compared with 0.8% for conventional procedures. The case series studies reported overall symptomatic improvement for @entity1 with @entity480 ranging from 37 to 99% (median 89%). For the mixed @entity1 groups (with and without polypoid disease) overall symptomatic improvement ranged from 40 to 98% (median 88%). Total complications in the case series studies ranged from 22.4 to 0.3% (median 6%). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of studies report that symptoms improve following FESS with relatively few complications; however, only a small proportion of evidence is comparative. Results from non-comparative studies do not inform the choices that need to be made by ENT surgeons and commissioners. Health economics data are also lacking and therefore cannot inform these decisions. FESS may offer some advantages in effectiveness over comparative techniques, but there is enormous variation in the range of results reported and there are severe methodological limitations. There is a clear need for quality-controlled trials in order to answer questions regarding the effectiveness of FESS. A number of priority research questions from a selection of ENT surgeons within the UK are identified and presented.

title: Systematic review of endoscopic sinus surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyps']

answer: @entity480 :: (MESH:D009298,Disease) :: ['nasal polyps']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with vaginal sacrospinous colpopexy combined with perineorraphy performed for @entity1 with @entity3577 who concomitantly suffered from @entity322 ( @entity322 ). SETTING: Gynaecology Department, Benenden Hospital, Benenden, Kent, UK. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between January 1997 and December 2001, 16 @entity1 presented with symptoms of @entity3577 and @entity322 . Eleven out of the 16 @entity1 (69%) had anorectal physiological tests and endoanal ultrasound performed before surgery. All @entity1 had sacrospinous colpopexy and perineorraphy. Simultaneous vaginal hysterectomy was performed in two @entity1 and anterior colporrhaphy in six @entity1 . RESULTS: The mean age was 60 years and median parity was 2. The mean operative time was 62 min (range 35-100) and the mean @entity190 was 60 ml (range 30-160). The mean follow-up period was 37 months (6-65). Thirteen @entity1 (81%) reported no @entity322 after surgery, and two @entity1 (12.5%) reported improvement. One @entity1 (6.5%) had no improvement in her symptom of @entity322 after surgery. None of the @entity1 had recurrence of @entity3577 during follow up. CONCLUSION: Sacrospinous colpopexy combined with perineorraphy can help to cure symptoms of @entity322 associated with @entity3577 . The possible mechanisms for such a favourable result are discussed.

title: Vaginal sacrospinous colpopexy and perineorrhaphy for XXXX : preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['genital prolapse']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['faecal incontinence', 'FI']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['faecal incontinence']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the logistics, safety, and efficacy of @entity72942 ( @entity72942 ) in reducing adhesions in @entity1 . DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective, randomized, reviewer-blinded clinical trial. SETTING: Gynecologic practices. @entity1 (S): Thirty-four @entity1 were enrolled; 17 in each group were available for the safety analysis and 16 for the efficacy analysis. INTERVENTION(S): Adhesion reduction by administration of NOCC vs. Ringer's lactate at the conclusion of the initial surgical procedure, as assessed at second-look laparoscopy. The NOCC was applied as 200 mL of a 1% NOCC gel that was tamped in place, followed by 100 mL of 2% NOCC solution. Efficacy was assessed by covariate analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Safety and @entity86 formation. RESULT(S): Groups did not differ in age, ethnicity distribution, height, weight, or body mass index. No @entity204 or serious adverse events were attributable to NOCC, and no adverse events were definitively or probably related to NOCC administration. Adhesions recurred at 61% of sites in controls and 38% of sites in NOCC recipients. De novo grade 1a and 1b adhesions tended to occur more commonly in controls than NOCC recipients. Adhesion extent and severity at second look were also less in NOCC recipients. CONCLUSION(S): Intraperitoneal use of NOCC gel and solution appears to be safe. Despite the small sample, strong trends were identified for reduction of occurrence, extent, and severity of adhesion recurrence and de novo adhesion formation.

title: Reduction of postoperative adhesions by XXXX : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity72942 :: ('MESH:C077199', 'Chemical') :: ['NOCC', 'N,O-carboxymethylchitosan']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative adhesion']

answer: @entity72942 :: (MESH:C077199,Chemical) :: ['N,O-carboxymethylchitosan']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3446 is a potent immunosuppressive agent with a different mechanism of action and different adverse effects from those of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). OBJECTIVE: To analyze our experience with @entity3446 in @entity1 undergoing lung transplantation and heart-lung transplantation in our center. @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 were treated with @entity3446 when showing chronic rejection and/or @entity137 associated with the CNI after lung transplantation or heartlung transplantation. @entity1 with chronic rejection were administered @entity3446 in combination with CNIs, whereas the CNIs were eliminated in @entity1 with @entity137 . RESULTS: Since October 2001, 7 @entity1 (4 @entity1 ), of mean age 45+/-15 years, received treatment with @entity3446 (heart-lung transplantation, 2 cases; lung transplantation, 5 cases). The indications were chronic rejection in 4 @entity1 and CMIs @entity137 in 3 @entity1 ( @entity177 in 2 cases and @entity1781 in 1 case). Pulmonary function stabilization was observed in 3 of 4 @entity1 receiving @entity3446 for chronic rejection. In the 3 @entity1 with CNIs @entity137 elimination of these drugs did not result in pulmonary functional deterioration. @entity1 with @entity177 showed an improvement in @entity1011 levels; visual acuity improved in the @entity1 with @entity1781 . We observed 2 infectious complications ( @entity2258 and @entity57 ), which resolved with treatment. CONCLUSION: @entity3446 is an alternative for lung-transplant recipients who develop chronic rejection and/or CNIs @entity137 .

title: XXXX in lung transplantation: preliminary results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity57 :: ('MESH:D055732', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['Rapamycin', 'rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['kidney failure']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity2258 :: ('MESH:D011018', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal pneumonia']

answer: @entity3446 :: (MESH:D020123,Chemical) :: ['Rapamycin']


abstract: Nutritional factors play an important role in the prevention and promotion of @entity14 . @entity270 is a generic term that describes a group of lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidants that includes @entity4793 and @entity271 . @entity270 occurs in nature as eight structurally related forms that include four @entity4793 and four @entity271 . @entity270 is a potent membrane-soluble antioxidant. Antioxidants like @entity270 ( @entity4793 ) may prevent @entity694 through several different cellular and molecular mechanisms. @entity270 in the American diet is primarily available in plant-oil rich foods such as vegetable oils, seeds and nuts and these foods vary widely in their content of @entity1881 and @entity2076 . @entity270 may help prevent @entity694 by decreasing the formation of mutagens arising from the oxidation of fecal lipids, by decreasing oxidative stress in the epithelial cells of the colon and by molecular mechanisms that influence cell death, cell cycle and transcriptional events. Most epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies have evaluated the alpha-isoform and not the gamma-isoform of @entity270 . Recent epidemiological, experimental and mechanistic evidence suggests that @entity2076 may be a more potent @entity5 chemopreventive agent than @entity1881 . The differences in chemical reactivity, metabolism and biological activity may contribute to these differences in the effects of @entity2076 when compared with @entity1881 . The rationale supporting the development of @entity2076 as a @entity14 preventive agent is reviewed here.

title: Development of gamma (gamma)- @entity4793 as a XXXX chemopreventive agent.

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['Vitamin E', 'vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2076 :: ('MESH:D024504', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-tocopherol']

entities_list: @entity1881 :: ('MESH:D024502', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-tocopherol']

entities_list: @entity4793 :: ('MESH:D024505', 'Chemical') :: ['tocopherols']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity271 :: ('MESH:D024508', 'Chemical') :: ['tocotrienols']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: Nutritional factors play an important role in the prevention and promotion of @entity14 . @entity270 is a generic term that describes a group of lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidants that includes @entity4793 and @entity271 . @entity270 occurs in nature as eight structurally related forms that include four @entity4793 and four @entity271 . @entity270 is a potent membrane-soluble antioxidant. Antioxidants like @entity270 ( @entity4793 ) may prevent @entity694 through several different cellular and molecular mechanisms. @entity270 in the American diet is primarily available in plant-oil rich foods such as vegetable oils, seeds and nuts and these foods vary widely in their content of @entity1881 and @entity2076 . @entity270 may help prevent @entity694 by decreasing the formation of mutagens arising from the oxidation of fecal lipids, by decreasing oxidative stress in the epithelial cells of the colon and by molecular mechanisms that influence cell death, cell cycle and transcriptional events. Most epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies have evaluated the alpha-isoform and not the gamma-isoform of @entity270 . Recent epidemiological, experimental and mechanistic evidence suggests that @entity2076 may be a more potent @entity5 chemopreventive agent than @entity1881 . The differences in chemical reactivity, metabolism and biological activity may contribute to these differences in the effects of @entity2076 when compared with @entity1881 . The rationale supporting the development of @entity2076 as a @entity14 preventive agent is reviewed here.

title: Development of gamma (gamma)- XXXX as a @entity14 chemopreventive agent.

answer: @entity4793 :: (MESH:D024505,Chemical) :: ['tocopherol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of and to identify factors associated with prolonged emergency department length-of-stay ( @entity2613 -LOS) for admitted @entity1 . METHODS: Data were from the 2001-2006 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. The primary outcome was prolonged @entity2613 -LOS (defined as total @entity2613 time >8 hours) among admitted @entity1 . Predictor variables included @entity1 -level (eg, demographics including race/ethnicity, triage score, diagnosis, and admission to inpatient bed vs intensive care unit), physician-level (intern/resident vs attending physician), and system-level (eg, region, metropolitan area, @entity2613 and hospital type, time and season, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures) factors. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of prolonged @entity2613 -LOS. RESULTS: Median @entity2613 -LOS for admitted @entity1 was 3.7 hours. Thirteen percent of pediatric @entity1 admitted from the @entity2613 experienced prolonged @entity2613 -LOS. Factors associated with prolonged @entity2613 -LOS for admitted @entity1 were Hispanic ethnicity (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10-2.81), @entity2613 arrival between midnight and 8 a.m. (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.87-4.20), winter season (January-March: OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.20-2.74), computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.05-2.58), and intravenous fluids or medications (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.10-2.97). @entity1 requiring ICU admissions (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11-0.77) or receiving pulse oximetry in the @entity2613 (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.34-0.81) had a lower risk of experiencing prolonged @entity2613 -LOS. CONCLUSIONS: We found that prolonged @entity2613 -LOS occurs frequently for admitted pediatric @entity1 and is associated with Hispanic ethnicity, presentation during winter season, and early morning arrival. Potential strategies to reduce @entity2613 -LOS include improved availability of interpreter services and enhanced staffing and additional inpatient bed availability during winter season and overnight hours.

title: Factors associated with prolonged emergency department length of stay for admitted XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are several kinds of adverse reactions to the administration of local anaesthetics (LAs): @entity56 , which causes reproducible symptoms or signs, initiated by exposure to a defined stimulus at a dose tolerated by normal subjects; toxic reactions - caused by @entity1445 or inappropriate administration; and @entity566 - when an immunologic mechanism can be shown to be important.The most serious adverse reaction is anaphylaxis, which can be of allergic or non-allergic (anaphylactoid) origin. We analysed clinical adverse reactions to local anaesthetic agents that occurred in the Silesian region. METHODS: Thirty-two @entity1 , aged 22-56 years, in whom significant reactions had occurred after administration of an LA, were investigated in our institution. The investigation was based on skin prick, intradermal injections and patch testing. In every @entity1 , the concentration of latex IgE antibodies was measured. RESULTS: True @entity56 were confirmed in three @entity1 . The allergens were: @entity3303 in all three cases, additionally: @entity3406 - in one @entity1 and preservative (paraben) - in one @entity1 . No latex @entity566 was diagnosed. DISCUSSION: The results showed that @entity56 to LA agents are rare and that most of the reported reactions were caused by @entity56 . Nevertheless, in each case of adverse reaction, careful review of the history, and testing of immediate and @entity56 not only to LA but also to latex and preservatives, should be mandatory.

title: Adverse effects of local anaesthetics - @entity566 , toxic reactions or XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['late allergic reactions', 'real allergic reactions', 'allergic reactions', 'hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['hypersensitivity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are several kinds of adverse reactions to the administration of local anaesthetics (LAs): @entity56 , which causes reproducible symptoms or signs, initiated by exposure to a defined stimulus at a dose tolerated by normal subjects; toxic reactions - caused by @entity1445 or inappropriate administration; and @entity566 - when an immunologic mechanism can be shown to be important.The most serious adverse reaction is anaphylaxis, which can be of allergic or non-allergic (anaphylactoid) origin. We analysed clinical adverse reactions to local anaesthetic agents that occurred in the Silesian region. METHODS: Thirty-two @entity1 , aged 22-56 years, in whom significant reactions had occurred after administration of an LA, were investigated in our institution. The investigation was based on skin prick, intradermal injections and patch testing. In every @entity1 , the concentration of latex IgE antibodies was measured. RESULTS: True @entity56 were confirmed in three @entity1 . The allergens were: @entity3303 in all three cases, additionally: @entity3406 - in one @entity1 and preservative (paraben) - in one @entity1 . No latex @entity566 was diagnosed. DISCUSSION: The results showed that @entity56 to LA agents are rare and that most of the reported reactions were caused by @entity56 . Nevertheless, in each case of adverse reaction, careful review of the history, and testing of immediate and @entity56 not only to LA but also to latex and preservatives, should be mandatory.

title: Adverse effects of local anaesthetics - XXXX , toxic reactions or @entity56 .

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergy']


abstract: @entity532 are being frequently recognized in the pediatric intensive care unit in the recent few years. The epidemiology and risk factors for @entity64 are different from that of the adults. The incidence of @entity385 is almost slightly more than that of @entity64 . The list of diagnostic causes is increasing with the availability of newer imaging modalities and laboratory tests. The diagnostic work up depends on the age of the @entity1 and the rapidity of presentation. Magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography and arteriography and venography are the mainstay of diagnosis and to differentiate between @entity63 and hemorrhagic events. Very sophisticated molecular diagnostic tests are required in a very few @entity1 . There are very few pediatric studies on the management of @entity64 . General supportive management is as important as the specific treatment. Most of the treatment guidelines and suggestions are extrapolated from the adult studies. Few guidelines are available for the use of anticoagulants and thrombolytic agents in pediatric @entity1 . So, our objective was to review the available literature on the childhood @entity64 and to provide an insight into the subject for the pediatricians and critical care providers.

title: XXXX in pediatric intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric stroke', 'stroke', 'hemorrhagic stroke']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebrovascular complications']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity532 :: (MESH:D003925,Disease) :: ['Cerebrovascular complications']


abstract: Acceleration of diagnosis and initiation of treatment for @entity135 requires optimal organization and multidisciplinary collaboration. A project at the Head and Neck Oncology Centre, Aarhus University Hospital aimed at accelerating @entity1 flow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Initiatives were implemented throughout the year 2007. Focus was on optimizing logistics for all @entity1 referred to the center with suspected @entity135 . Initiatives included a full-time case manager, pre-booked slots for clinical work-up and @entity5 . Key-dates were registered and relevant intervals were quantitatively evaluated and compared to a reference-group from 2006. RESULTS: We registered 446 @entity1 . Waiting times for first clinical examination on ENT department were reduced from median eight to median two days through 2007 (p < 0.0001). Time from first clinical examination and until referral for treatment was reduced from median 21 to median nine days (p < 0.0001). Time from referral to treatment and until initiation of treatment was reduced from median 26 to median 15 days (p < 0.001). The net result of these reductions was a reduced overall time from median 57 days ultimo 2006 to median 29 days ultimo 2007 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The current project has shown that it is possible to reduce waiting times in @entity135 . Through logistic changes, employment of a full-time case manager, strengthening the multidisciplinary @entity5 board and giving higher priority for @entity135 @entity1 , the overall time from first suspicion of @entity5 until treatment start was reduced from 57 calendar days to 29 calendar days.

title: Reduction in waiting time for diagnosis and treatment of XXXX - a fast track study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'weekly tumor-boards', 'cancer']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Successful @entity5 targeting of systemically administered oncolytic adenoviruses may be hindered by interactions with blood components. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood distribution of oncolytic adenoviruses featuring type 5 adenovirus fiber, 5/3 capsid chimerism, or RGD-4C in the fiber knob was investigated in vitro and in @entity1 with refractory solid @entity5 . RESULTS: Virus titers and prevalence in serum of @entity1 increased over the first post-treatment week, suggesting replication. Detection of low virus loads was more sensitive in @entity4461 than in serum, although viral levels > 500 viral particles/mL did not differ significantly between both sample types. While adenovirus bound to erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, the virus was mainly detectable in erythrocytes and granulocytes in @entity5 @entity1 . Taken together with a temporary post-treatment decrease in thrombocyte counts, platelet activation by adenovirus and subsequent clearance seem likely to occur in @entity1 . Fiber modifications had limited observed effect on virus distribution in blood cell compartments. Neutrophils, monocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes were the major leukocyte subpopulations interacting with adenoviruses. CONCLUSION: Serum and @entity4461 are relevant to estimate oncolytic adenovirus replication. Insight into viral interactions with blood cells may contribute to the development of new strategies for @entity5 delivery.

title: In vivo and in vitro distribution of type 5 and fiber-modified oncolytic adenoviruses in XXXX blood compartments.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['blood clots']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity2727 ( @entity7541 ) often ameliorates @entity71 ( @entity71 ) behavioral dysfunction according to indirect informant reports and rating scales. The standard of care behavioral @entity7541 titration approach seldom includes direct neuropsychological or @entity4207 assessment data to determine treatment efficacy. Documenting "cool" @entity2414 ( @entity2414 ) and "hot" self-regulation (SR) @entity73 could aid in differential diagnosis of @entity71 subtypes and determining cognitive and @entity4207 @entity7541 response. In this study, @entity1 aged 6 to 16 with @entity71 inattentive type (IT; n = 19) and combined type (n = 33)/hyperactive-impulsive type (n = 4) (CT) participated in double-blind placebo-controlled @entity7541 trials with baseline and randomized placebo, low @entity7541 dose, and high @entity7541 dose conditions. @entity2414 / SR measures and behavior ratings/classroom observations were rank ordered separately across conditions, with nonparametric randomization tests conducted to determine individual @entity7541 response. @entity1 were subsequently grouped according to their level of cool @entity2414 and hot SR circuit dysfunction. Robust cognitive and behavioral @entity7541 response was achieved for @entity1 with significant baseline @entity2414 /SR impairment, yet response was poor for those with adequate @entity2414 / SR baseline performance. Even for strong @entity7541 responders, the best dose for neuropsychological functioning was typically lower than the best dose for behavior. Findings offer one possible explanation for why long-term @entity4207 @entity7541 treatment gains in @entity71 have not been realized. Implications for @entity4207 achievement and medication titration practices for @entity1 with behaviorally diagnosed @entity71 will be discussed.

title: Executive impairment determines XXXX medication response: implications for @entity4207 achievement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychological impairments']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['EWM', 'executive-working memory']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['Methylphenidate']

answer: @entity71 :: (MESH:D001289,Disease) :: ['ADHD']


abstract: @entity2727 ( @entity7541 ) often ameliorates @entity71 ( @entity71 ) behavioral dysfunction according to indirect informant reports and rating scales. The standard of care behavioral @entity7541 titration approach seldom includes direct neuropsychological or @entity4207 assessment data to determine treatment efficacy. Documenting "cool" @entity2414 ( @entity2414 ) and "hot" self-regulation (SR) @entity73 could aid in differential diagnosis of @entity71 subtypes and determining cognitive and @entity4207 @entity7541 response. In this study, @entity1 aged 6 to 16 with @entity71 inattentive type (IT; n = 19) and combined type (n = 33)/hyperactive-impulsive type (n = 4) (CT) participated in double-blind placebo-controlled @entity7541 trials with baseline and randomized placebo, low @entity7541 dose, and high @entity7541 dose conditions. @entity2414 / SR measures and behavior ratings/classroom observations were rank ordered separately across conditions, with nonparametric randomization tests conducted to determine individual @entity7541 response. @entity1 were subsequently grouped according to their level of cool @entity2414 and hot SR circuit dysfunction. Robust cognitive and behavioral @entity7541 response was achieved for @entity1 with significant baseline @entity2414 /SR impairment, yet response was poor for those with adequate @entity2414 / SR baseline performance. Even for strong @entity7541 responders, the best dose for neuropsychological functioning was typically lower than the best dose for behavior. Findings offer one possible explanation for why long-term @entity4207 @entity7541 treatment gains in @entity71 have not been realized. Implications for @entity4207 achievement and medication titration practices for @entity1 with behaviorally diagnosed @entity71 will be discussed.

title: Executive impairment determines @entity71 medication response: implications for XXXX achievement.

answer: @entity4207 :: (MESH:D007859,Disease) :: ['academic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between serum concentrations of total @entity165 , high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL), low density lipoprotein @entity165 , @entity1674 , @entity1675 (apoA), @entity755 and the incidence of @entity14 ( @entity14 ). DESIGN: Nested case-control study. SETTING: The study was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into @entity5 and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort of more than 520,000 @entity1 from 10 western European countries. @entity1 : 1238 cases of incident @entity14 , which developed after enrolment into the cohort, were matched with 1238 controls for age, sex, centre, follow-up time, time of blood collection and fasting status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum concentrations were quantitatively determined by colorimetric and turbidimetric methods. Dietary and lifestyle data were obtained from questionnaires. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs which were adjusted for height, weight, smoking habits, physical activity, education, consumption of fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, @entity167 , fibre and energy. RESULTS: After adjustments, the concentrations of HDL and apoA were inversely associated with the risk of @entity694 (RR for 1 SD increase of 16.6 mg/dl in HDL and 32.0 mg/dl in apoA of 0.78 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.89) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.94), respectively). No association was observed with the risk of @entity5 . Additional adjustment for biomarkers of systemic @entity32 , insulin resistance and oxidative stress or exclusion of the first 2 years of follow-up did not influence the association between HDL and risk of @entity694 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that high concentrations of serum HDL are associated with a decreased risk of @entity694 . The mechanism behind this association needs further elucidation.

title: Blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and XXXX risk in the European Prospective Investigation into @entity5 and Nutrition.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity1675 :: ('335', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein A-I']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between serum concentrations of total @entity165 , high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL), low density lipoprotein @entity165 , @entity1674 , @entity1675 (apoA), @entity755 and the incidence of @entity14 ( @entity14 ). DESIGN: Nested case-control study. SETTING: The study was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into @entity5 and Nutrition (EPIC), a cohort of more than 520,000 @entity1 from 10 western European countries. @entity1 : 1238 cases of incident @entity14 , which developed after enrolment into the cohort, were matched with 1238 controls for age, sex, centre, follow-up time, time of blood collection and fasting status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum concentrations were quantitatively determined by colorimetric and turbidimetric methods. Dietary and lifestyle data were obtained from questionnaires. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs which were adjusted for height, weight, smoking habits, physical activity, education, consumption of fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, @entity167 , fibre and energy. RESULTS: After adjustments, the concentrations of HDL and apoA were inversely associated with the risk of @entity694 (RR for 1 SD increase of 16.6 mg/dl in HDL and 32.0 mg/dl in apoA of 0.78 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.89) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.94), respectively). No association was observed with the risk of @entity5 . Additional adjustment for biomarkers of systemic @entity32 , insulin resistance and oxidative stress or exclusion of the first 2 years of follow-up did not influence the association between HDL and risk of @entity694 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that high concentrations of serum HDL are associated with a decreased risk of @entity694 . The mechanism behind this association needs further elucidation.

title: Blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and @entity14 risk in the European Prospective Investigation into XXXX and Nutrition.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: AIM: To assess the efficacy and @entity137 of conformal radiotherapy (CRT) and compare with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of @entity1086 . METHODS: Between November 2003 and January 2010, 20 @entity1 with @entity1086 were treated with CRT with or without chemotherapy after surgical resection. Preliminary survival data were collected and examined using both Kaplan-Meier and actuarial analysis. Demographic and treatment parameters were collected. All @entity1 were planned to receive 46-56 Gy in 1.8 or 2.0 Gy per fraction. CRT planning was compared with IMRT. RESULTS: The most common reported acute @entity137 requiring medication (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 2) were @entity390 (10/20 @entity1 ) and @entity294 (3/20). There were no treatment-related @entity204 . Compared with CRT planning, IMRT significantly reduced the volume of right kidney receiving > 20 Gy and the volume of liver receiving > 30 Gy. IMRT has a negligible impact on the volume of left kidney receiving > 20 Gy. The 95% of prescribed dose for a @entity5 volume using either 3D CRT or IMRT planning were 84.0%    6.7%, 82.9%    6.1%, respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: IMRT achieves similar excellent target coverage as compared with CRT planning, while reducing the mean liver dose and volume above threshold dose. IMRT offers better sparing of the right kidney compared with CRT planning, with a significantly lower mean dose and volume above threshold dose.

title: Adjuvant radiotherapy for XXXX : a dosimetric comparison of conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['planning tumor']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder cancer']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['gallbladder cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity4789 ( @entity4789 ) is well known disease as a result of frequent complication of the group A b-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) tonsillopharyngitis, have noticeably grown for the last 15 years among young generation in the Kyrgyz Republic. It is important to hold a study about the prevalence of @entity4789 and GABHS and their susceptibility to antibiotics in the Kyrgyz Republic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have studied 200 @entity1 with @entity102 at the National Center of Pediatrics and @entity1 Surgery in Bishkek (the Kyrgyz Republic) from August till September 2008. 188 (48 out of them are with @entity4789 ) out of total 200 @entity1 are Kyrgyz and 12 are Russian (2 out of them are with @entity4789 ). 111 out of total are female (34 out of them are with @entity4789 ) and 89 are male (17 out of them are with @entity4789 ). The average age of the subjects is 10.9  6.0 (from 3 to 17 years old). The presence of GABHS was assessed using two ways: by the rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for outcrop of streptococcus antigen in smear from mucosal surface of tonsils, and by bacterial culture analysis (BA). RADT was used to determine its specificity and sensitivity in order to recommend practitioners its further wide use. Furthermore, the discovered culture of GABHS have been investigated on susceptibility to antibiotics by disc-diffusion method. RESEARCH RESULTS: GABHS antigen was positive in 72 (36.0 %) subjects from RADT and in 80 (40.0%) subjects from BA out of 200 total subjects. In the @entity1 with @entity4789 (n=51), GABHS was positive in 18 (35.2%) subjects by RADT and in 24 (47.0%) subjects by BA. In the subjects without @entity4789 (n=149), GABHS was positive in 54 (36.2%) subjects by RADT and in 56 (37.5%) by BA. Among 80 GABHS positive results sensitive to antibiotics were: to @entity114 only 10 (12.5%), to @entity869 -29 (36.2%), to @entity115 -36 (45.0%), to @entity2756 - 31 (38.7%), to @entity14698 - 21 (26.2%), to @entity2929 - 19 (23.7%). It is noted that 21 (26.2%) GABHS positive results were absolutely resistant for all these tested antibiotics. RADT showed that its specificity is 85% as well as its sensitivity is equal to 67.5%. CONCLUSION: In this study the sensitivity of RADT was low; therefore, the negative results of RADT don't exclude presence of GABHS. High prevalence of GABHS antigen demonstrates not only in @entity1 with @entity4789 , but also among healthy @entity1 (without @entity4789 ) of the Kyrgyz Republic. The high prevalence of GABHS at @entity1 with @entity4789 (47.0%), probably, presents a low sensitivity to antibiotics and irregular secondary prophylaxis. Significant presence of GABHS among healthy @entity1 (37.5%) requires improvement of primary prevention to prevent further spread of @entity4789 and @entity6331 ( @entity6331 ) in the country.

title: Prevalence of Group A b-Hemolytic Streptococcus Among XXXX with Tonsillopharyngitis in Kyrgyzstan: The Difficulty of Diagnostics and Therapy.

entities_list: @entity4789 :: ('MESH:D012213', 'Disease') :: ['RF', 'Rheumatic fever']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxon']

entities_list: @entity6331 :: ('MESH:D012214', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatic Heart Disease', 'RHD']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic tonsillopharyngitis']

entities_list: @entity14698 :: ('MESH:D015575', 'Chemical') :: ['roxithromycin']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: The present techniques for breath @entity167 determination have usability limitations concerning practical use and the time and effort required for the test @entity1 . The rationale of the physiological assumptions in a recently demonstrated technique for breath analysis without a mouthpiece is investigated in this paper. Expirograms quantifying @entity1068 , @entity544 ( @entity515 ) and water ( @entity2507 ) from 30 test subjects were analysed, with respect to the influence of individual variations in end-expiratory @entity515 and @entity2507 concentrations, and possible benefits from simultaneous measurement of @entity515 or @entity2507 . Both healthy subjects and @entity1 suffering from @entity358 performed breath tests with small and maximum volume expiration. The breath tests were recorded basically with a standard evidential instrument using infrared absorption spectroscopy, and equipped with a mouthpiece. Average concentrations were significantly higher for the maximum than for the small expirations. For the maximum expirations, the healthy subjects had a significantly higher end-expired PCO(2) of 4.4    0.5 kPa (mean    standard deviation) than the @entity1 (3.9    0.7 kPa). The corresponding values for @entity2507 were 39    1 and 38    1 mg l(-1). The results indicate that the @entity515 variability is consistent with the requirements of accuracy for @entity167 ignition interlocks. In addition, @entity515 as tracer gas is preferable to @entity2507 due to its low concentration in ambient air. In instruments for evidential purposes @entity2507 may be required as tracer gas for increased accuracy. Furthermore, the study provides support for early determination of breath @entity167 concentration, indicating that determination after 2 s will introduce an additional random error of 0.02 mg l(-1) or less.

title: Methodology investigation of expirograms for enabling contact free breath XXXX analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary diseases']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: @entity455 associated to @entity286 smoking might pave the way for the subsequent development of @entity120 . Its prognosis is dreadful and its underlying mechanisms are so far largely unknown in @entity1 . To assess the potential role of endothelin-1 and its receptors in smokers' pulmonary artery vasoactive properties. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation to @entity1617 was assessed in @entity358 from 34 smokers and compared with that of 10 nonsmokers. The effects of ET-A ( @entity11344 ) or ET-B ( @entity11345 ) blockers and that of an ET-B activator (sarafotoxin) were evaluated. Endothelin-1 was quantitated by ELISA. Expression of its receptors was quantitated by Western blotting. Smokers exhibited an impaired pulmonary endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared with nonsmokers (P < 0.01). In the former group, 8 of 34 subjects exhibited a marked @entity409 ( @entity2613 (+)) whereas 26 ( @entity2613 (-)) (P < 10(-4)) displayed a vasorelaxation to @entity1617 that was comparable to that of nonsmokers. In @entity2613 (+) subjects, ET-A was overexpressed (P < 0.05) and inversely correlated (P < 10(-2)) with the response to @entity1617 . Sarafotoxin significantly improved vasodilation in all subjects (P < 10(-2)). In conclusion, @entity286 smoking is associated to an @entity358 at least partly mediated by an ET-1/ET-A-dependent dysfunction.

title: @entity286 -associated XXXX in smokers: role of the ET-1 pathway.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary vascular remodeling and dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['impaired pulmonary vasorelaxation', 'pulmonary vascular rings']

answer: @entity455 :: (MESH:D014652,Disease) :: ['pulmonary vascular dysfunction']


abstract: @entity455 associated to @entity286 smoking might pave the way for the subsequent development of @entity120 . Its prognosis is dreadful and its underlying mechanisms are so far largely unknown in @entity1 . To assess the potential role of endothelin-1 and its receptors in smokers' pulmonary artery vasoactive properties. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation to @entity1617 was assessed in @entity358 from 34 smokers and compared with that of 10 nonsmokers. The effects of ET-A ( @entity11344 ) or ET-B ( @entity11345 ) blockers and that of an ET-B activator (sarafotoxin) were evaluated. Endothelin-1 was quantitated by ELISA. Expression of its receptors was quantitated by Western blotting. Smokers exhibited an impaired pulmonary endothelium-dependent vasodilation compared with nonsmokers (P < 0.01). In the former group, 8 of 34 subjects exhibited a marked @entity409 ( @entity2613 (+)) whereas 26 ( @entity2613 (-)) (P < 10(-4)) displayed a vasorelaxation to @entity1617 that was comparable to that of nonsmokers. In @entity2613 (+) subjects, ET-A was overexpressed (P < 0.05) and inversely correlated (P < 10(-2)) with the response to @entity1617 . Sarafotoxin significantly improved vasodilation in all subjects (P < 10(-2)). In conclusion, @entity286 smoking is associated to an @entity358 at least partly mediated by an ET-1/ET-A-dependent dysfunction.

title: XXXX -associated @entity455 in smokers: role of the ET-1 pathway.

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['Tobacco']


abstract: Ragaglitazar [(-) @entity72943 ; NNC 61-0029] is a coligand of @entity3725 and @entity9781 . In ob/ob @entity19 , ragaglitazar showed significant reduction in plasma @entity413 , @entity412 and insulin (ED50 values <0.03, 6.1 and <0.1 mg kg-1). These effects are three-fold better than @entity6170 and @entity72944 . In Zucker fa/fa @entity35 , ragaglitazar showed dose-dependent reduction in @entity412 and insulin, hepatic @entity412 secretion and @entity412 clearance kinetics (maximum of 74, 53, 32 and 50% at 3 mg kg-1), which are better than @entity6170 and @entity72944 . In a high-fat-fed hyperlipidaemic @entity35 model, the compound showed an ED50 of 3.95, 3.78 mg kg-1 for @entity412 and @entity165 lowering, and 0.29 mg kg-1 for HDL-C increase. It also showed improvement in clearance of plasma @entity412 and hepatic @entity412 secretion rate. All these effects are 3-10-fold better than @entity3724 and @entity72944 . Ragaglitazar treatment showed significant reduction in plasma @entity8151 and @entity42665 levels, and increase in liver CPT1 and CAT activity and ACO mRNA. Significant @entity409 and fat LPL activity and fat @entity12891 mRNA was also observed. In a high-fat-fed hamster model, ragaglitazar at 1 mg kg-1 showed 83 and 61% reduction in @entity412 and total @entity165 , and also 17% reduction in fat feed-induced body weight increase. In these hyperlipidaemic animal models, @entity9781 ligands failed to show any significant efficacy. Taken together, ragaglitazar shows @entity1720 and lipid-lowering potential, as compared to the standard compounds.

title: Ragaglitazar: a novel @entity3725 XXXX agonist with potent lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing efficacy in animal models.

entities_list: @entity3724 :: ('MESH:D011345', 'Chemical') :: ['fenofibrate']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['increase of both liver']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity1720 :: ('MESH:D007333', 'Disease') :: ['better insulin-sensitizing']

entities_list: @entity6170 :: ('MESH:C089730', 'Chemical') :: ['rosiglitazone']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity9781 :: (25664(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['PPAR gamma']


abstract: Ragaglitazar [(-) @entity72943 ; NNC 61-0029] is a coligand of @entity3725 and @entity9781 . In ob/ob @entity19 , ragaglitazar showed significant reduction in plasma @entity413 , @entity412 and insulin (ED50 values <0.03, 6.1 and <0.1 mg kg-1). These effects are three-fold better than @entity6170 and @entity72944 . In Zucker fa/fa @entity35 , ragaglitazar showed dose-dependent reduction in @entity412 and insulin, hepatic @entity412 secretion and @entity412 clearance kinetics (maximum of 74, 53, 32 and 50% at 3 mg kg-1), which are better than @entity6170 and @entity72944 . In a high-fat-fed hyperlipidaemic @entity35 model, the compound showed an ED50 of 3.95, 3.78 mg kg-1 for @entity412 and @entity165 lowering, and 0.29 mg kg-1 for HDL-C increase. It also showed improvement in clearance of plasma @entity412 and hepatic @entity412 secretion rate. All these effects are 3-10-fold better than @entity3724 and @entity72944 . Ragaglitazar treatment showed significant reduction in plasma @entity8151 and @entity42665 levels, and increase in liver CPT1 and CAT activity and ACO mRNA. Significant @entity409 and fat LPL activity and fat @entity12891 mRNA was also observed. In a high-fat-fed hamster model, ragaglitazar at 1 mg kg-1 showed 83 and 61% reduction in @entity412 and total @entity165 , and also 17% reduction in fat feed-induced body weight increase. In these hyperlipidaemic animal models, @entity9781 ligands failed to show any significant efficacy. Taken together, ragaglitazar shows @entity1720 and lipid-lowering potential, as compared to the standard compounds.

title: Ragaglitazar: a novel XXXX @entity9781 agonist with potent lipid-lowering and insulin-sensitizing efficacy in animal models.

answer: @entity3725 :: (25747(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['PPAR alpha']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity2936 / @entity11603 system, a key regulator and amplifier of immune reactivity, is activated in @entity29 ( @entity29 ) mucosa. AIMS: To determine whether plasma levels of sCD40L are elevated in @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity31 ( @entity31 ) @entity1 compared with normal controls, to investigate the cellular source of sCD40L, and to explore @entity11603 induction mechanisms. @entity1 : @entity30 , @entity31 , and normal control subjects were studied. METHODS: The concentration of sCD40L in plasma and supernatants of freshly isolated platelets and autologous peripheral blood T cells (PBT) was measured by ELISA. Surface @entity11603 expression level was measured by flow cytometry in resting and thrombin activated platelets, and unstimulated and CD3/ @entity1361 stimulated PBT before and after coculture with @entity1 intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). RESULTS: Compared with normal controls, plasma sCD40L levels were significantly higher in both @entity30 and @entity31 @entity1 and proportional to the extent of @entity32 . Platelets from @entity29 @entity1 displayed a significantly higher surface @entity11603 expression than those from control subjects, and released greater amounts of sCD40L than autologous @entity23079 . Contact with @entity1356 activated HIMEC induced significant upregulation of @entity11603 surface expression and release by platelets. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of sCD40L in the circulation of @entity29 @entity1 reflect enhanced surface expression and release of @entity11603 by platelets. This phenomenon translates to an increased platelet activation state apparently induced by passage through an inflamed mucosal microvascular bed, a conclusion supported by the positive correlation of plasma sCD40L levels with the extent of anatomical involvement by @entity29 . These results suggest that platelet-endothelial interactions critically contribute to activation of the @entity2936 pathway in @entity29 .

title: Activated platelets are the source of elevated levels of soluble XXXX ligand in the circulation of @entity29 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity2936 :: (958,Gene) :: ['CD40']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity2936 / @entity11603 system, a key regulator and amplifier of immune reactivity, is activated in @entity29 ( @entity29 ) mucosa. AIMS: To determine whether plasma levels of sCD40L are elevated in @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity31 ( @entity31 ) @entity1 compared with normal controls, to investigate the cellular source of sCD40L, and to explore @entity11603 induction mechanisms. @entity1 : @entity30 , @entity31 , and normal control subjects were studied. METHODS: The concentration of sCD40L in plasma and supernatants of freshly isolated platelets and autologous peripheral blood T cells (PBT) was measured by ELISA. Surface @entity11603 expression level was measured by flow cytometry in resting and thrombin activated platelets, and unstimulated and CD3/ @entity1361 stimulated PBT before and after coculture with @entity1 intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). RESULTS: Compared with normal controls, plasma sCD40L levels were significantly higher in both @entity30 and @entity31 @entity1 and proportional to the extent of @entity32 . Platelets from @entity29 @entity1 displayed a significantly higher surface @entity11603 expression than those from control subjects, and released greater amounts of sCD40L than autologous @entity23079 . Contact with @entity1356 activated HIMEC induced significant upregulation of @entity11603 surface expression and release by platelets. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of sCD40L in the circulation of @entity29 @entity1 reflect enhanced surface expression and release of @entity11603 by platelets. This phenomenon translates to an increased platelet activation state apparently induced by passage through an inflamed mucosal microvascular bed, a conclusion supported by the positive correlation of plasma sCD40L levels with the extent of anatomical involvement by @entity29 . These results suggest that platelet-endothelial interactions critically contribute to activation of the @entity2936 pathway in @entity29 .

title: Activated platelets are the source of elevated levels of soluble @entity2936 ligand in the circulation of XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity2936 / @entity11603 system, a key regulator and amplifier of immune reactivity, is activated in @entity29 ( @entity29 ) mucosa. AIMS: To determine whether plasma levels of sCD40L are elevated in @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity31 ( @entity31 ) @entity1 compared with normal controls, to investigate the cellular source of sCD40L, and to explore @entity11603 induction mechanisms. @entity1 : @entity30 , @entity31 , and normal control subjects were studied. METHODS: The concentration of sCD40L in plasma and supernatants of freshly isolated platelets and autologous peripheral blood T cells (PBT) was measured by ELISA. Surface @entity11603 expression level was measured by flow cytometry in resting and thrombin activated platelets, and unstimulated and CD3/ @entity1361 stimulated PBT before and after coculture with @entity1 intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). RESULTS: Compared with normal controls, plasma sCD40L levels were significantly higher in both @entity30 and @entity31 @entity1 and proportional to the extent of @entity32 . Platelets from @entity29 @entity1 displayed a significantly higher surface @entity11603 expression than those from control subjects, and released greater amounts of sCD40L than autologous @entity23079 . Contact with @entity1356 activated HIMEC induced significant upregulation of @entity11603 surface expression and release by platelets. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated levels of sCD40L in the circulation of @entity29 @entity1 reflect enhanced surface expression and release of @entity11603 by platelets. This phenomenon translates to an increased platelet activation state apparently induced by passage through an inflamed mucosal microvascular bed, a conclusion supported by the positive correlation of plasma sCD40L levels with the extent of anatomical involvement by @entity29 . These results suggest that platelet-endothelial interactions critically contribute to activation of the @entity2936 pathway in @entity29 .

title: Activated platelets are the source of elevated levels of soluble @entity2936 ligand in the circulation of @entity29 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early enteral nutrition (EN) is the preferred strategy for feeding the @entity3124 ; however, it is not always possible to initiate EN within the recommended 24 to 48 hours. When these situations arise, controversy exists whether to start feeding early via the parenteral route or to delay feeding until EN can be provided. METHODS: A multicenter, international, observational study examined nutrition practices in intensive care units (ICUs). Eligible @entity1 were @entity3124 @entity1 with a medical diagnosis who remained in the ICU for >72 hours and received EN >48 hours after admission. Data were collected on site, including @entity1 characteristics, daily nutrition practices, and outcomes at 60 days. Nutrition and clinical outcomes were compared between 3 groups of @entity1 : (1) early @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ) (<48 hours after admission) and late EN (>48 hours after admission), (2) late @entity3147 and late EN, and (3) late EN and no @entity3147 . RESULTS: Of the 703 @entity1 who met our inclusion criteria, 541 (77.0%) medical @entity1 received late EN and no @entity3147 . In @entity1 receiving late EN and @entity3147 , 83 (11.8%) received early @entity3147 and 79 (11.2%) received late @entity3147 . Adequacy of calories and protein from total nutrition was highest in the early @entity3147 group (74.1%    21.2% and 71.5%    24.9%, respectively) and lowest in the late EN group (42.9%    21.2% and 38.7%    21.6%) (P < .001). The proportion of @entity1 dead or remaining in hospital was significantly higher for early @entity3147 compared with late EN and @entity3147 (unadjusted hazard ratio for early @entity3147 = 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.83, P = .015). However, this difference did not remain significant (P = .65) after adjustment for baseline characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that initiating @entity3147 early, when it is not possible to feed enterally early, may improve provision of calories and protein but is not associated with better clinical outcomes compared with late EN or @entity3147 .

title: When early enteral feeding is not possible in XXXX @entity1 : results of a multicenter observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['parenteral nutrition', 'PN']

answer: @entity3124 :: (MESH:D016638,Disease) :: ['critically ill']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early enteral nutrition (EN) is the preferred strategy for feeding the @entity3124 ; however, it is not always possible to initiate EN within the recommended 24 to 48 hours. When these situations arise, controversy exists whether to start feeding early via the parenteral route or to delay feeding until EN can be provided. METHODS: A multicenter, international, observational study examined nutrition practices in intensive care units (ICUs). Eligible @entity1 were @entity3124 @entity1 with a medical diagnosis who remained in the ICU for >72 hours and received EN >48 hours after admission. Data were collected on site, including @entity1 characteristics, daily nutrition practices, and outcomes at 60 days. Nutrition and clinical outcomes were compared between 3 groups of @entity1 : (1) early @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ) (<48 hours after admission) and late EN (>48 hours after admission), (2) late @entity3147 and late EN, and (3) late EN and no @entity3147 . RESULTS: Of the 703 @entity1 who met our inclusion criteria, 541 (77.0%) medical @entity1 received late EN and no @entity3147 . In @entity1 receiving late EN and @entity3147 , 83 (11.8%) received early @entity3147 and 79 (11.2%) received late @entity3147 . Adequacy of calories and protein from total nutrition was highest in the early @entity3147 group (74.1%    21.2% and 71.5%    24.9%, respectively) and lowest in the late EN group (42.9%    21.2% and 38.7%    21.6%) (P < .001). The proportion of @entity1 dead or remaining in hospital was significantly higher for early @entity3147 compared with late EN and @entity3147 (unadjusted hazard ratio for early @entity3147 = 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.83, P = .015). However, this difference did not remain significant (P = .65) after adjustment for baseline characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that initiating @entity3147 early, when it is not possible to feed enterally early, may improve provision of calories and protein but is not associated with better clinical outcomes compared with late EN or @entity3147 .

title: When early enteral feeding is not possible in @entity3124 XXXX : results of a multicenter observational study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']