abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity764 constitute a continuing challenge to the @entity130 or general surgeon practicing in developing countries. This study was conducted to outline the etiological spectrum, injury patterns and short term outcome of these injuries in our setting. @entity1 AND METHODS: This was a prospective study involving @entity764 @entity1 admitted to Bugando Medical Centre over a six-month period from November 2009 to April 2010 inclusive. RESULTS: A total of 150 @entity764 @entity1 were studied. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 3.8:1. Their ages ranged from 1 to 80 years (mean = 32.17 years). The majority of @entity1 (72.7%) sustained @entity1913 . Road traffic crush was the most common cause of injuries affecting 50.7% of @entity1 . Chest wall wounds, hemothorax and @entity174 were the most common type of injuries accounting for 30.0%, 21.3% and 20.7% respectively. Associated injuries were noted in 56.0% of @entity1 and head/neck (33.3%) and musculoskeletal regions (26.7%) were commonly affected. The majority of @entity1 (55.3%) were treated successfully with non-operative approach. Underwater seal drainage was performed in 39 @entity1 (19.3%). One @entity1 (0.7%) underwent thoracotomy due to @entity2294 . Thirty nine @entity1 (26.0%) had complications of which wound @entity295 (14.7%) and @entity79 (12.0%) were the most common complications. The mean LOS was 13.17 days and mortality rate was 3.3%. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, associated injuries, the @entity130 , @entity130 scores (ISS, @entity2641 and PTS) were found to be significant predictors of the LOS (P < 0.001), whereas mortality was significantly associated with pre-morbid illness, associated injuries, @entity130 scores (ISS, @entity2641 and PTS), the need for ICU admission and the presence of complications (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: @entity764 resulting from RTCs remain a major public health problem in this part of Tanzania. Urgent preventive measures targeting at reducing the occurrence of RTCs is necessary to reduce the incidence of @entity764 in this region.

title: Pattern and outcome of XXXX at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['rib fractures']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['hemopericardium']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['complications of long bone fractures']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['Chest injuries', 'chest injury', 'chest injuries']

entities_list: @entity1913 :: ('MESH:D014949', 'Disease') :: ['blunt injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['type of injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity764 :: (MESH:D013898,Disease) :: ['chest injuries']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of screening for @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) during noninvasive lower extremity arterial examination in the vascular laboratory. METHODS: Over 30 months we screened 531 @entity1 who underwent lower extremity arterial evaluations in the vascular laboratory. The @entity1 had fasted overnight, and, after the regular noninvasive lower extremity arterial examination, the abdominal aorta was screened with B-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS: The aorta was adequately visualized in 475 @entity1 (89%). Mean aortic diameter was 19.6 +/- 4.1 mm at the juxtarenal level and 18.8 +/- 7.2 mm in the lower infrarenal aorta. The aortic diameter was larger in @entity1 (p < 0.001) and in smokers (p < 0.001). @entity1028 (diameter greater than 3.0 cm) were identified in 32 @entity1 (6.0% of the 531 @entity1 screened), and 15 of the @entity439 were equal to or larger than 4.0 cm. The best predictors for @entity1028 by logistic regression analysis were male sex (p < 0.005), advanced age (greater than 65 years, p < 0.01), and a history of smoking (p < 0.01). The prevalence of @entity1028 was 6.7% (32/475) in the population in whom the aorta was visualized and 15.2% (19/125) in male smokers over 65 years of age. @entity439 of 4.0 cm or greater were identified in 3.2% of the entire population screened and 8.8% of male smokers over age 65. Limited aortic scanning prolonged the vascular laboratory examination by an average of 5 minutes. Thus detection of one @entity439 required 83 minutes of scanning time for the whole population studied and 36 minutes of scanning of male smokers over age 65, at a cost of  240 to  553 per @entity439 identified. CONCLUSION: Screening for @entity1028 during lower extremity arterial evaluation in the vascular laboratory addresses a high-risk population, is cost-effective, and should be considered an appropriate and valuable addition to the examination protocol.

title: Screening for XXXX during lower extremity arterial evaluation in the vascular laboratory.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm', 'Aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'AAA']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']


abstract: The reaction center is a pigment-protein complex that mediates the initial photochemical steps of photosynthesis. The @entity1472 -terminal sequences of the L, M, and H subunits and the @entity377 and derived @entity535 sequences of the L and M structural genes from @entity11704 have previously been determined. We report here the sequence of the H subunit, completing the primary structure determination of the reaction center from @entity11704 . The @entity377 sequence of the gene encoding the H subunit was determined by the dideoxy method after subcloning fragments into single-stranded M13 phage vectors. This information was used to derive the @entity535 sequence of the corresponding polypeptide. The termini of the primary structure of the H subunit were established by means of the @entity1472 and @entity1473 terminal sequences of the polypeptide. The data showed that the H subunit is composed of 260 residues, corresponding to a molecular weight of 28,003. A molecular weight of 100,858 for the reaction center was calculated from the primary structures of the subunits and the cofactors. Examination of the genes encoding the reaction center shows that the codon usage is strongly biased towards codons ending in G and C. Hydropathy analysis of the H subunit sequence reveals one stretch of hydrophobic residues near the @entity1472 terminus; the L and M subunits contain five such stretches. From a comparison of the sequences of homologous proteins found in bacterial reaction centers and photosystem II of plants, an evolutionary tree was constructed. The analysis of evolutionary relationships showed that the L and M subunits of reaction centers and the D1 and D2 proteins of photosystem II are descended from a common ancestor, and that the rate of change in these proteins was much higher in the first billion years after the divergence of the reaction center and photosystem II than in the subsequent billion years represented by the divergence of the species containing these proteins.

title: Primary structure of the reaction center from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11704 :: ('1063', 'Species') :: ['Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides', 'R. sphaeroides']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1473 :: ('CHEBI:46883', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxy']

answer: @entity11704 :: (1063,Species) :: ['Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides']


abstract: @entity3620 ( @entity3620 ) is a generally fatal disease with no standard treatment. There are encouraging reports using intraperitoneal chemotherapy to treat peritoneal @entity2615 and intrapleural chemotherapy (IPC) to treat @entity3483 . Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of IPC after subtotal pleurectomy. Between 1988 and 1992, 20 consecutive @entity1 with diffuse @entity3620 limited to one hemithorax underwent subtotal pleurectomy. Thirteen @entity1 with biopsy-proven @entity3620 known prior to thoracotomy were enrolled in a phase II combined modality protocol consisting of perioperative intrapleural @entity900 (100 mg/m2) and ara-C (1,200 mg) after subtotal pleurectomy, followed by systemic @entity900 (50 mg/m2/week x 8) and @entity1138 (8 mg/m2, days 1 and 36). Seven @entity1 with @entity3620 could not be enrolled because their diagnosis was made post-thoracotomy. These @entity1 underwent subtotal pleurectomy with (n = 4) or without (n = 3) adjuvant radiation (4,500-5,000 cGy in 3 @entity1 , 2,100 cGy in 1 @entity1 ). One of three @entity1 who developed chemotherapy-related nephrotoxicity died, the only treatment-related mortality. All 3 @entity1 requiring postoperative readmission received IPC. Significant morbidity did not occur in @entity1 not receiving chemotherapy. Median survival and time to progression were significantly longer in @entity1 not receiving IPC (21 vs. 9 months, P = 0.04; 12 vs. 6 months, P = 0.01). In conclusion, intrapleural and postoperative systemic chemotherapy resulted in significant @entity137 and did not improve survival in our @entity1 who underwent subtotal pleurectomy for @entity3620 .

title: Optimal management of XXXX after subtotal pleurectomy: revisiting the role of intrapleural chemotherapy and postoperative radiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin-C']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesotheliomas']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['MPM', 'Malignant pleural mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity3483 :: ('MESH:D016066', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pleural effusions']

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['malignant mesothelioma']


abstract: Bryostatin 1 (Bryo1), a macrocyclic @entity13629 and a protein kinase C activator, is isolated from the marine bryozoan @entity56572 . In this study we describe its effect, alone or after sequential use with @entity1891 (VCR), on the @entity1 @entity4812 cell line WSU-DLCL2. Our results show that both Bryo1 and VCR induced apoptosis as demonstrated by morphological examination, DNA flow cytometry (FCM), and DNA fragmentation on agarose gel electrophoresis. Cells pretreated for 24 h with Bryo1 and then exposed to VCR showed an increase in apoptosis compared to cells that were exposed to Bryo1 or VCR alone. We also studied the effects of Bryo1, VCR and their combination on cell growth, @entity588 and @entity876 expression, and inhibition of cell proliferation as measured by @entity665 incorporation. Cell analysis showed significant growth inhibition of WSU-DLCL2 cells by the Bryo1/VCR combination as compared to either agent alone. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) revealed that relative @entity588 oncoprotein expression was decreased in cells treated with Bryo1, or VCR separately and was abolished by combining both drugs. When examined by ICC, WSU-DLCL2 cells were initially negative for the @entity876 protein. However, upon treatment with the above agents, the relative expression of @entity876 was moderate on Bryo1-or VCR-treated cells and strong on cells treated with the Bryo1/VCR combination. Cell proliferation as measured by @entity665 incorporation revealed significant inhibition of @entity5 growth by exposure to the agents when compared to the control. In contrast, Bryo1, VCR and their combination did not show any inhibition of normal bone marrow growth. These findings taken together, suggest that the exposure of WSU-DLCL2 cells to Bryo1 prior to treatment with VCR enhances apoptosis, a phenomenon which might be exploited for future therapies.

title: Bryostatin 1 induces apoptosis and augments inhibitory effects of @entity1891 in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4812 :: ('MESH:D016403', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse large cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity56572 :: ('10212', 'Species') :: ['Bugula neritina']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

answer: @entity4812 :: (MESH:D016403,Disease) :: ['diffuse large cell lymphoma']


abstract: Bryostatin 1 (Bryo1), a macrocyclic @entity13629 and a protein kinase C activator, is isolated from the marine bryozoan @entity56572 . In this study we describe its effect, alone or after sequential use with @entity1891 (VCR), on the @entity1 @entity4812 cell line WSU-DLCL2. Our results show that both Bryo1 and VCR induced apoptosis as demonstrated by morphological examination, DNA flow cytometry (FCM), and DNA fragmentation on agarose gel electrophoresis. Cells pretreated for 24 h with Bryo1 and then exposed to VCR showed an increase in apoptosis compared to cells that were exposed to Bryo1 or VCR alone. We also studied the effects of Bryo1, VCR and their combination on cell growth, @entity588 and @entity876 expression, and inhibition of cell proliferation as measured by @entity665 incorporation. Cell analysis showed significant growth inhibition of WSU-DLCL2 cells by the Bryo1/VCR combination as compared to either agent alone. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) revealed that relative @entity588 oncoprotein expression was decreased in cells treated with Bryo1, or VCR separately and was abolished by combining both drugs. When examined by ICC, WSU-DLCL2 cells were initially negative for the @entity876 protein. However, upon treatment with the above agents, the relative expression of @entity876 was moderate on Bryo1-or VCR-treated cells and strong on cells treated with the Bryo1/VCR combination. Cell proliferation as measured by @entity665 incorporation revealed significant inhibition of @entity5 growth by exposure to the agents when compared to the control. In contrast, Bryo1, VCR and their combination did not show any inhibition of normal bone marrow growth. These findings taken together, suggest that the exposure of WSU-DLCL2 cells to Bryo1 prior to treatment with VCR enhances apoptosis, a phenomenon which might be exploited for future therapies.

title: Bryostatin 1 induces apoptosis and augments inhibitory effects of XXXX in @entity1 @entity4812 .

answer: @entity1891 :: (MESH:D014750,Chemical) :: ['vincristine']


abstract: Bryostatin 1 (Bryo1), a macrocyclic @entity13629 and a protein kinase C activator, is isolated from the marine bryozoan @entity56572 . In this study we describe its effect, alone or after sequential use with @entity1891 (VCR), on the @entity1 @entity4812 cell line WSU-DLCL2. Our results show that both Bryo1 and VCR induced apoptosis as demonstrated by morphological examination, DNA flow cytometry (FCM), and DNA fragmentation on agarose gel electrophoresis. Cells pretreated for 24 h with Bryo1 and then exposed to VCR showed an increase in apoptosis compared to cells that were exposed to Bryo1 or VCR alone. We also studied the effects of Bryo1, VCR and their combination on cell growth, @entity588 and @entity876 expression, and inhibition of cell proliferation as measured by @entity665 incorporation. Cell analysis showed significant growth inhibition of WSU-DLCL2 cells by the Bryo1/VCR combination as compared to either agent alone. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) revealed that relative @entity588 oncoprotein expression was decreased in cells treated with Bryo1, or VCR separately and was abolished by combining both drugs. When examined by ICC, WSU-DLCL2 cells were initially negative for the @entity876 protein. However, upon treatment with the above agents, the relative expression of @entity876 was moderate on Bryo1-or VCR-treated cells and strong on cells treated with the Bryo1/VCR combination. Cell proliferation as measured by @entity665 incorporation revealed significant inhibition of @entity5 growth by exposure to the agents when compared to the control. In contrast, Bryo1, VCR and their combination did not show any inhibition of normal bone marrow growth. These findings taken together, suggest that the exposure of WSU-DLCL2 cells to Bryo1 prior to treatment with VCR enhances apoptosis, a phenomenon which might be exploited for future therapies.

title: Bryostatin 1 induces apoptosis and augments inhibitory effects of @entity1891 in XXXX @entity4812 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: After initial treatment for @entity0 , @entity4269 often affects the trunk as well as the arm. Evaluation of truncal swelling by the clinical "pinch test" of the posterior axillary fold is unreliable. Our aim was to develop an objective measurement, using modified Harpenden skinfold calipers. Standard Harpenden skinfold calipers exert a pressure of 12.6 g.mm-2, which rapidly squeezes @entity4 fluid out of the skinfold. Springs were substituted to exert a lighter but relatively constant load (3.7 g.mm-2). Repeated skinfold thickness measurements on the same, normal subject then gave a relative standard deviation (r.s.d.) or coefficient of variation of 5%. The posterior axillary folds of 14 @entity1 (age 56 +/- 13 (s.d.) years) with an average 30% arm swelling were measured using the same procedure. Readings were taken at 10 s, and again after 60 s of sustained application to assess the rate of creep, or deformation with time, attributed to displacement of pressurized interstitial fluid. Two @entity1 had clinically observable axillary fold swelling. Eight @entity1 , including the above two, showed axillary fold swelling by caliper measurement, defined as a 10% increase over the contralateral side (2 r.s.d.'s). Creep was greater on the affected side in all 14 @entity1 . Thus, modified calipers can detect axillary fold @entity4 , and thereby provide an objective method for assessing changes in swelling after @entity4269 treatment.

title: Assessment of truncal @entity4 following XXXX treatment using modified Harpenden skinfold calipers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: After initial treatment for @entity0 , @entity4269 often affects the trunk as well as the arm. Evaluation of truncal swelling by the clinical "pinch test" of the posterior axillary fold is unreliable. Our aim was to develop an objective measurement, using modified Harpenden skinfold calipers. Standard Harpenden skinfold calipers exert a pressure of 12.6 g.mm-2, which rapidly squeezes @entity4 fluid out of the skinfold. Springs were substituted to exert a lighter but relatively constant load (3.7 g.mm-2). Repeated skinfold thickness measurements on the same, normal subject then gave a relative standard deviation (r.s.d.) or coefficient of variation of 5%. The posterior axillary folds of 14 @entity1 (age 56 +/- 13 (s.d.) years) with an average 30% arm swelling were measured using the same procedure. Readings were taken at 10 s, and again after 60 s of sustained application to assess the rate of creep, or deformation with time, attributed to displacement of pressurized interstitial fluid. Two @entity1 had clinically observable axillary fold swelling. Eight @entity1 , including the above two, showed axillary fold swelling by caliper measurement, defined as a 10% increase over the contralateral side (2 r.s.d.'s). Creep was greater on the affected side in all 14 @entity1 . Thus, modified calipers can detect axillary fold @entity4 , and thereby provide an objective method for assessing changes in swelling after @entity4269 treatment.

title: Assessment of truncal XXXX following @entity0 treatment using modified Harpenden skinfold calipers.

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['edema']


abstract: Risk factors for severe @entity2348 , that is, @entity2737 , @entity55 , @entity295 , and @entity340 , were evaluated in 246 consecutive @entity1 undergoing valve replacement (N = 84) or aortocoronary bypass operation (N = 162). Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the ability of putative risk factors to predict @entity281 . The risk factors considered were age, sex, @entity6 , duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), duration of operation, amount of blood restored on the day of operation, repeat thoracotomy for @entity548 , intraaortic balloon pumping, reoperation, emergency operation, and the professional status of the surgeon. Severe @entity281 occurred in similar frequency after valve replacement (8/84; 9.5%) and aortocoronary bypass (11/162; 6.8%). For @entity1 who had a bypass procedure, repeat thoracotomy was the only factor significantly associated with @entity281 (p = 0.0004). However, the classification analysis revealed that this variable alone is too unspecific for a reliable prediction. Univariate analysis indicated that restoration of more than 2,500 ml of blood (p = 0.0001), reoperation (p = 0.0821), duration of operation (p = 0.0061), duration of CPB (p = 0.0318), and intraaortic balloon pumping (p = 0.0281) were associated with @entity281 following valve replacement. A model with three variables emerged from the multiple logistic regression: after correction for blood restoration, reoperation, and duration of CPB, no other variable was of additional predictive value. For @entity1 who underwent valve replacement, the model performed well in predicting complications. The classification analysis revealed a high correspondence between observed and predicted @entity281 : it correctly predicted 75% of the @entity1 with @entity281 and 96% of those without @entity281 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Risk factors for severe XXXX after valve replacement and aortocoronary bypass operations: analysis of 246 cases by logistic regression.

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['deep sternal wound infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['instances of infection', 'infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic valve endocarditis']

answer: @entity2348 :: (MESH:D001424,Disease) :: ['bacterial infections']


abstract: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) is successful in arresting @entity548 from esophageal varices and has been used increasingly in recent years. Repeated EIS results in eradication of esophageal varices. Fifty @entity1 were treated by emergency EIS and then by repeated elective injections; 177 EIS procedures were performed, with a mean follow-up period of 12.6 months. Most @entity1 had nonalcoholic @entity82 ; 56% were in @entity1 's Class C. Emergency EIS arrested variceal @entity548 in 88% of @entity1 , with a hospital mortality of 22%. In nine @entity1 , @entity548 persisted or recurred and was treated by repeated EIS or surgery. Complications occurred in five @entity1 , all of whom recovered with conservative treatment. @entity1 in @entity1 's Class C had a poor prognosis after EIS. Gastric varices were found frequently in @entity1 classified as @entity1 's C, but rarely in @entity1 's Class A or B @entity1 . Thus, the presence of @entity2312 may be a marker for poor prognosis. Long-term observations demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of EIS in @entity1 with @entity548 esophageal varices.

title: Management of XXXX esophageal varices by repeated endoscopic injection sclerotherapy--4 years' experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2312 :: ('MESH:D004932', 'Disease') :: ['gastric varices']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that survivors of @entity978 have increased risk of @entity2 , but the factors responsible for this excess risk are not well known. PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of radiation dose, chemotherapy, and smoking on the risk of @entity2 following treatment of @entity978 . METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in a cohort of 1939 @entity1 treated for @entity978 from 1966 through 1986 in The Netherlands. Detailed treatment information was collected from the medical records for 30 case @entity1 with @entity2 following @entity978 and 82 matched control subjects who had not developed @entity2 . Multiple sources were used to obtain as complete smoking histories of the study @entity1 as possible. For each case-control set, the radiation dose received by the area of the lung where the case @entity1 developed the @entity5 was estimated on the basis of radiotherapy charts and experimental simulations of treatments. The estimates of relative risk (RR) for @entity2 associated with specific exposures were obtained from logistic regression methods, and all tests of statistical significance were two-sided. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in risk of @entity2 was observed with increasing radiation dose (P for trend = .01) with an RR of 9.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.93-98) for @entity1 who received 9 Gy or more compared with those who received less than 1 Gy. @entity1 who smoked more than 10 pack-years after the diagnosis of @entity978 had a sixfold increase in the risk of @entity2 compared with @entity1 who smoked less than 1 pack-year (P = .03). Positive interaction on a multiplicative scale was observed between the carcinogenic effects of smoking and radiation. The increase in risk of @entity2 with increasing radiation dose was much greater among the @entity1 who smoked after diagnosis of @entity978 than among those who refrained from smoking (P = .04). There was no increase in @entity2 risk in relation to the number of cycles of chemotherapy or the cumulative doses of the drugs @entity3700 and @entity4174 . CONCLUSIONS: The excess risk of @entity2 in @entity978 @entity1 treated with radiotherapy is related to the radiation dose received by the affected area of the lung. Smokers experience a significantly greater risk attributable to radiotherapy than nonsmokers. IMPLICATIONS: Physicians in charge of @entity1 treatment should make a special effort to dissuade @entity978 @entity1 from smoking after receiving radiotherapy.

title: Roles of radiotherapy and smoking in @entity2 following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4174 :: ('MESH:D011344', 'Chemical') :: ['procarbazine']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3700 :: ('MESH:D008466', 'Chemical') :: ['mechlorethamine']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that survivors of @entity978 have increased risk of @entity2 , but the factors responsible for this excess risk are not well known. PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of radiation dose, chemotherapy, and smoking on the risk of @entity2 following treatment of @entity978 . METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in a cohort of 1939 @entity1 treated for @entity978 from 1966 through 1986 in The Netherlands. Detailed treatment information was collected from the medical records for 30 case @entity1 with @entity2 following @entity978 and 82 matched control subjects who had not developed @entity2 . Multiple sources were used to obtain as complete smoking histories of the study @entity1 as possible. For each case-control set, the radiation dose received by the area of the lung where the case @entity1 developed the @entity5 was estimated on the basis of radiotherapy charts and experimental simulations of treatments. The estimates of relative risk (RR) for @entity2 associated with specific exposures were obtained from logistic regression methods, and all tests of statistical significance were two-sided. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in risk of @entity2 was observed with increasing radiation dose (P for trend = .01) with an RR of 9.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.93-98) for @entity1 who received 9 Gy or more compared with those who received less than 1 Gy. @entity1 who smoked more than 10 pack-years after the diagnosis of @entity978 had a sixfold increase in the risk of @entity2 compared with @entity1 who smoked less than 1 pack-year (P = .03). Positive interaction on a multiplicative scale was observed between the carcinogenic effects of smoking and radiation. The increase in risk of @entity2 with increasing radiation dose was much greater among the @entity1 who smoked after diagnosis of @entity978 than among those who refrained from smoking (P = .04). There was no increase in @entity2 risk in relation to the number of cycles of chemotherapy or the cumulative doses of the drugs @entity3700 and @entity4174 . CONCLUSIONS: The excess risk of @entity2 in @entity978 @entity1 treated with radiotherapy is related to the radiation dose received by the affected area of the lung. Smokers experience a significantly greater risk attributable to radiotherapy than nonsmokers. IMPLICATIONS: Physicians in charge of @entity1 treatment should make a special effort to dissuade @entity978 @entity1 from smoking after receiving radiotherapy.

title: Roles of radiotherapy and smoking in XXXX following @entity978 .

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated changing trends in the management of late diagnosed iatrogenic @entity1901 before and after the introduction of percutaneous nephrostomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 44 @entity1 of whom 24 were treated primarily by immediate reconstructive surgery from 1979 to 1984 and 20 were treated primarily by percutaneous nephrostomy tube insertion beginning in 1985. RESULTS: Six of the 24 @entity1 underwent ureteroneocystostomy and 18 underwent end-to-end uretero-ureteral @entity254 to repair the injury. Postoperatively 18 @entity1 had a @entity293 . Hospital stay after reconstructive surgery ranged from 14 to 35 days (average 18). Long-term followup showed a normal upper urinary tract in 22 @entity1 and mild to moderate hydroureteronephrosis in 2. Of the 20 @entity1 who underwent percutaneous nephrostomy 16 (80%) had complete spontaneous recovery of the injured ureter after 14 to 66 days (average 32). Hospital stay after the insertion of the percutaneous nephrostomy tube ranged from 3 to 5 days. @entity293 developed in 4 @entity1 and mild @entity3041 was noted in 1 on long-term followup. CONCLUSIONS: The primary management of @entity1901 by percutaneous nephrostomy resulted in significantly decreased reoperation and morbidity rates, and enabled spontaneous recovery of the injured ureter in the majority of @entity1 .

title: Changing trends in the management of iatrogenic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1901 :: ('MESH:D014515', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral injuries', 'ureteral injury']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'Urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity1901 :: (MESH:D014515,Disease) :: ['ureteral injuries']


abstract: PURPOSE: Revascularization for the treatment of aortic graft @entity281 is usually accomplished by remote prosthetic axillofemoral bypass combined with cross-femoral bypass. When @entity281 at the femoral level precludes placement of a prosthetic cross-femoral graft, we have used a variety of autogenous tissue conduits to restore circulation to the contralateral leg. To determine which of these conduits offers the most durable reconstruction, we have reviewed 78 @entity1 treated for aortic graft @entity281 . METHODS: Between 1980 and 1991 we used either autogenous saphenous vein (ASV, n = 34), endarterectomized superficial femoral artery ( @entity10194 , n = 14), or direct ilioiliac @entity254 (iliac, n = 10) to provide cross-femoral flow. We compared the performance of these tissue conduits with a concurrent @entity1 group with aortic graft @entity281 in whom a prosthetic cross-femoral graft was used (prosthetic, n = 20). RESULTS: Follow-up was available for 98.7% of @entity1 , average 3.8 +/- 2.9 years, and was not different between the four groups. Bleeding complications occurred exclusively in the ASV group (n = 3, 8.8%) and were all in the perioperative period. In addition one ASV and one iliac conduit developed multiple false @entity439 . Hemodynamic conduit failure ( @entity715 or @entity850 ) occurred in nine (26.5%) ASV conduits, six (42.8%) @entity10194 conduits, and one iliac conduit, but not in the prosthetic group. When all of these adverse events were combined for each conduit group, both ASV and @entity10194 conduits had a higher rate of conduit failure when compared with the prosthetic conduits (p < 0.05, log-rank test). Limb loss resulting from cross-femoral conduit failure occurred in six (17.6%) @entity1 in the ASV group, four (28.6%) @entity1 in the @entity10194 group, and one @entity1 each in the iliac and prosthetic groups. These differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ASV and @entity10194 conduits do not provide stable long-term cross-femoral revascularization and should be regarded as bridge grains until @entity281 is eradicated. When @entity281 mandates their use, frequent postoperative conduit surveillance is required. If ASV or @entity10194 caliber is marginal, consideration should be given to the use of a larger autogenous conduit, such as superficial femoral vein.

title: Durability of cross-femoral grafts after aortic graft XXXX : the fate of autogenous conduits.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'femoral infection']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: Bone marrow trepanobiopsies were cultivated in the agar drop-liquid medium system. A total of 155 subjects with different @entity1503 and 31 controls were examined. It was shown that prolonged cultivation of trepanobiopsies makes it possible to functionally evaluate the stromal elements of the bone marrow. The whole medullary tissue is characterized by marked heterogeneity as regards its ability to synthesize humoral stimulants of granulomonocytopoiesis. The colony-stimulating ability (CSA) of this tissue combines the CSA of the hemopoietic and stromal cells. In @entity236 of varying degree, the function of the bone @entity236 is highly activated. The trepanobiopsy areas short of the hemopoietic tissue possess a higher ability to form a monolayer on the dish surface. During @entity3052 and @entity981 relapses, the ability of the bone @entity236 to synthesize the humoral stimulants is lowered, whereas the ability to form monolayers is less demonstrable. In diseases associated with the development of secondary @entity82 (CMF, CML, @entity7173 ), the bone @entity236 was discovered to be less capable of synthesizing the humoral stimulants, which provides evidence against the involvement of fibrous tissue in the formation of the total CSA of the bone marrow. It is assumed that fibroblasts and fatty cells are related histogenetically and that their proliferation is controlled by humoral factors.

title: [Role of the stroma of the hematopoietic organs in the development of XXXX . Intramedullary regulation of granulomonocytopoiesis].

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['diseases of the blood system']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow deficiency', 'marrow stroma']

answer: @entity1503 :: (MESH:D006402,Disease) :: ['hematologic diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine more precise and accurate @entity5 risk estimates for @entity1318 that could be used to plan surveillance. DESIGN: Cohort. SETTING: Swedish population. @entity1 : All @entity1 with @entity1318 listed in the population-based Swedish Inpatient Register from 1964 through 1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The observed number of @entity5 in the cohort was compared with expected numbers of @entity5 (standardized incidence ratio [SIR]) for each 5-year age group and calendar year of observation, calculated using data from the Swedish @entity5 Registry. RESULTS: A total of 1062 @entity1 with @entity1318 accumulated 9864 years of follow-up. The mean age at entry was 57.2 years, and the mean age at @entity5 diagnosis was 71.0 years. @entity418 occurred in 24 @entity1 . The risk of @entity418 in the first year after @entity1318 diagnosis was extremely high (SIR, 126.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 63.0 to 226.1) as a consequence of prevalent @entity5 leading to distal esophageal obstruction simulating @entity1318 . During years 1 to 24, the risk was increased more than 16-fold (SIR, 16.6; 95% CI, 8.8 to 28.3). Annual surveillance after the first year would require 406 endoscopic examinations in @entity1 and 2220 in @entity1 to detect one @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity1318 are at markedly increased risk of developing @entity418 . A substantial number of surveillance examinations might be required to screen for @entity5 , especially in @entity1 . It is not known whether surveillance will result in improved survival.

title: The risk of XXXX in @entity1 with @entity1318 . A population-based study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['Esophageal cancer', 'esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine more precise and accurate @entity5 risk estimates for @entity1318 that could be used to plan surveillance. DESIGN: Cohort. SETTING: Swedish population. @entity1 : All @entity1 with @entity1318 listed in the population-based Swedish Inpatient Register from 1964 through 1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The observed number of @entity5 in the cohort was compared with expected numbers of @entity5 (standardized incidence ratio [SIR]) for each 5-year age group and calendar year of observation, calculated using data from the Swedish @entity5 Registry. RESULTS: A total of 1062 @entity1 with @entity1318 accumulated 9864 years of follow-up. The mean age at entry was 57.2 years, and the mean age at @entity5 diagnosis was 71.0 years. @entity418 occurred in 24 @entity1 . The risk of @entity418 in the first year after @entity1318 diagnosis was extremely high (SIR, 126.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 63.0 to 226.1) as a consequence of prevalent @entity5 leading to distal esophageal obstruction simulating @entity1318 . During years 1 to 24, the risk was increased more than 16-fold (SIR, 16.6; 95% CI, 8.8 to 28.3). Annual surveillance after the first year would require 406 endoscopic examinations in @entity1 and 2220 in @entity1 to detect one @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity1318 are at markedly increased risk of developing @entity418 . A substantial number of surveillance examinations might be required to screen for @entity5 , especially in @entity1 . It is not known whether surveillance will result in improved survival.

title: The risk of @entity418 in @entity1 with XXXX . A population-based study.

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine more precise and accurate @entity5 risk estimates for @entity1318 that could be used to plan surveillance. DESIGN: Cohort. SETTING: Swedish population. @entity1 : All @entity1 with @entity1318 listed in the population-based Swedish Inpatient Register from 1964 through 1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The observed number of @entity5 in the cohort was compared with expected numbers of @entity5 (standardized incidence ratio [SIR]) for each 5-year age group and calendar year of observation, calculated using data from the Swedish @entity5 Registry. RESULTS: A total of 1062 @entity1 with @entity1318 accumulated 9864 years of follow-up. The mean age at entry was 57.2 years, and the mean age at @entity5 diagnosis was 71.0 years. @entity418 occurred in 24 @entity1 . The risk of @entity418 in the first year after @entity1318 diagnosis was extremely high (SIR, 126.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 63.0 to 226.1) as a consequence of prevalent @entity5 leading to distal esophageal obstruction simulating @entity1318 . During years 1 to 24, the risk was increased more than 16-fold (SIR, 16.6; 95% CI, 8.8 to 28.3). Annual surveillance after the first year would require 406 endoscopic examinations in @entity1 and 2220 in @entity1 to detect one @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity1318 are at markedly increased risk of developing @entity418 . A substantial number of surveillance examinations might be required to screen for @entity5 , especially in @entity1 . It is not known whether surveillance will result in improved survival.

title: The risk of @entity418 in XXXX with @entity1318 . A population-based study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The kidney is one of the organs susceptible to heavy metal intoxication. The total body burden and "saturation" level in renal tissue are important limiting factors to the onset of @entity8 . Acute or chronic exposure to many of heavy metals can induce renal @entity130 , including @entity4295 , chronic @entity1986 , @entity4434 , @entity8 , @entity8 without morphological changes. Chronic @entity3409 intoxication can cause irreversible @entity4434 with chronic @entity1986 . Both urinary low-molecular weight protein excretion and urinary @entity3409 excretion (greater than 200-400 ppm) are the most reliable earlier markers of @entity130 in chronic @entity3409 intoxication. The role of metallothionein is central to an understanding of @entity3409 -induced @entity8 . Acute lead intoxication in @entity1 can cause reversible @entity4434 . @entity101 , @entity5052 , and elevated serum @entity1011 , without @entity4434 , are clinical manifestations of chronic lead exposure in adults. Nuclear inclusion body in proximal tubular cell is characteristic. Chronic exposure to inorganic @entity23124 can cause @entity177 without @entity1494 , due to @entity528 and @entity82 , mainly in the thick ascending limb of Henle and distal tubulus.

title: [ XXXX in heavy metal intoxications].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'renal tubular acidosis', 'renal injuries', 'and renal tubular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['urinary abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4295 :: ('MESH:D007683', 'Disease') :: ['acute tubular necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity23124 :: ('MESH:D005857', 'Chemical') :: ['germanium']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial nephritis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity4434 :: ('MESH:D005198', 'Disease') :: ['Fanconi syndrome']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['tubular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial injuries', 'tubulointerstitial injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Tubulointerstitial injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Balloon mitral valvotomy is a standard therapeutic modality for managing @entity4794 . Data on intermediate outcomes of this procedure are limited. Thus we investigated the intermediate outcome after balloon mitral valvotomy performed at a large tertiary center in India. METHODS: Case records and follow-up data of 2330 @entity1 who underwent valvotomy from June 1999 to December 2005 were retrieved from the hospital information system and analyzed. RESULTS: The median age of the @entity1 was 32        11 years, 1363 were female including 36 who were pregnant, and 379 were in @entity955 . Follow-up ranged from 1 to 14 years (mean 4.5 years, median 4.0 years). The procedural success rate was 93%. @entity955 , higher functional class, and worse valve morphology were independent predictors of a poor procedural outcome. @entity1 with sinus rhythm had better event-free survival (10.43 years, 95% confidence interval: 10.1-10.7) compared to those with @entity955 (8.17 years, 95% confidence interval: 7.5-8.8). @entity1 who achieved a valve area >1.75   cm(2) had a better event-free survival (11.7 years, 95% confidence interval: 11.4-12.0) than those with a valve area of 1.5-1.74   cm(2) (9.3 years, 95% confidence interval: 9.0-9.7). On multivariate analysis, higher functional class, worse valve morphology, and new significant @entity339 were predictors of a poor outcome. Achieved mitral valve area >1.75   cm(2) was an independent predictor of a good outcome. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with sinus rhythm, less gross @entity85 , and a post-balloon mitral valvotomy area >1.75   cm(2) had better intermediate outcomes.

title: Intermediate outcomes of XXXX post-balloon mitral valvotomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'Atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic mitral stenosis']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['valve deformity']

answer: @entity4794 :: (MESH:D008946,Disease) :: ['rheumatic mitral stenosis']


abstract: There is no doubt that @entity6850 has continued to be an effective prophylactic anti- @entity56 drug throughout the years since its discovery. Therefore, we decided to perform a retrospective study of this pharmacologic agent to evaluate its efficacy, duration of treatment, as well as its tolerance in different @entity56 processes. A total of 1,000 histories of @entity56 @entity1 were reviewed and 450 were selected by chance from 1981 through 1984. The @entity1 were divided as to their diagnostic etiology, whether affected by pollen or house dust. @entity6850 efficacy was graded from 0-3 (bad, regular, good and excellent), according to its clinical evaluation. In general, @entity1 responded better to @entity6850 treatment than adults (reduction in other symptomatic drug intake), although statistical significance was found in both populations. However, drug efficacy was better in pollen than house dust. Induced @entity565 and @entity2490 in the @entity1 population. On the other hand, no statistical difference was found between sensitization to house dust or pollens in the adult population. To be truly effective, @entity6850 should be taken for at least 3 months or more. We only found 12 (2.66%) @entity1 who presented somnolence: the rest tolerated the drug well, with no secondary side effects.

title: Retrospective study of XXXX protective action in different allergopathies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity6850 :: ('MESH:D007665', 'Chemical') :: ['ketotifen', 'Ketotifen']

answer: @entity6850 :: (MESH:D007665,Chemical) :: ['ketotifen']


abstract: Two @entity10685 (Fc gamma R) subclasses on @entity1 neutrophils, Fc gamma RII and @entity4071 , activate different cellular functions. To examine the involvement of each receptor subtype in polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation, @entity1334 and F(ab')2 fragments of subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies ([mAbs] mAb IV.3 against Fc gamma RII and mAb 3G8 against @entity4071 , respectively) were used to block the binding of @entity7110 ( @entity7110 ) and @entity7110 ( @entity7110 ). Flow cytometry then permitted the simultaneous quantitation of antibody and ligand binding, the elicited intracellular @entity141 concentration (delta[ @entity141 ]int), initiation of the oxidative burst, and/or the @entity35169 activation in the same cell. We have previously demonstrated that subsaturating dosages of HIC bind uniformly to all the cells but elicit an "all-or-none" (i.e., dose independent) maximal delta[ @entity141 ]int in a dose-dependent subpopulation of the cells. In contrast, both the proportion of cells responding and the magnitude of the delta[ @entity141 ]int transient depend on the subsaturating dose of LIC, even though it too binds uniformly to all the cells, nonresponding as well as responding. These earlier findings have here been extended by single cell flow cytometric analysis to demonstrate that F(ab')2 @entity4071 is the major Fc gamma R involved in HIC binding (and [ @entity141 ]int mobilization), as well as in oxidative burst and @entity35169 activation. In contrast, both receptor subclasses must be available for LIC-elicited delta[ @entity141 ]int, as blockage by either of the mAb @entity1334 or F(ab')2 fragments abrogates this response, even though LIC binding to the receptors is not decreased. Furthermore, LIC elicited little oxidative burst activity and failed to activate @entity35169 but cross-linking to achieve multivalency, previously shown to induce [ @entity141 ]int and oxidative burst responses, elicited @entity35169 activity via @entity4071 . Fc gamma RII's role appears to be modulation of the small, late @entity141 influx observed at > 1 min, whereas @entity4071 modulates all the earlier larger events. Thus, simultaneous observation of receptor identity, receptor occupancy, and consequent activation parameters in the same cell by flow cytometry permits use to demonstrate that Fc gamma RII is necessary for the small signal transduction elicited by LIC; it plays a relatively small role in polymorphonuclear leukocyte stimulation by HIC. @entity4071 is the main receptor responsible for immune complex-elicited polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses; its efficacy is greatly enhanced when the receptors are cross-linked, either by preequilibrated multivalent complexes or by in situ cross-linking of bound LIC with excess antibody.

title: Role of the Fc gamma R subclasses Fc gamma RII and @entity4071 in the activation of @entity1 neutrophils by low and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7110 :: ('MESH:D007105', 'Disease') :: ['high valency immune complexes', 'HICs', 'low valency immune complexes', 'LICs']

entities_list: @entity10685 :: ('2209', 'Gene') :: ['Fc gamma receptor']

answer: @entity7110 :: (MESH:D007105,Disease) :: ['high valency immune complexes']


abstract: Two @entity10685 (Fc gamma R) subclasses on @entity1 neutrophils, Fc gamma RII and @entity4071 , activate different cellular functions. To examine the involvement of each receptor subtype in polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation, @entity1334 and F(ab')2 fragments of subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies ([mAbs] mAb IV.3 against Fc gamma RII and mAb 3G8 against @entity4071 , respectively) were used to block the binding of @entity7110 ( @entity7110 ) and @entity7110 ( @entity7110 ). Flow cytometry then permitted the simultaneous quantitation of antibody and ligand binding, the elicited intracellular @entity141 concentration (delta[ @entity141 ]int), initiation of the oxidative burst, and/or the @entity35169 activation in the same cell. We have previously demonstrated that subsaturating dosages of HIC bind uniformly to all the cells but elicit an "all-or-none" (i.e., dose independent) maximal delta[ @entity141 ]int in a dose-dependent subpopulation of the cells. In contrast, both the proportion of cells responding and the magnitude of the delta[ @entity141 ]int transient depend on the subsaturating dose of LIC, even though it too binds uniformly to all the cells, nonresponding as well as responding. These earlier findings have here been extended by single cell flow cytometric analysis to demonstrate that F(ab')2 @entity4071 is the major Fc gamma R involved in HIC binding (and [ @entity141 ]int mobilization), as well as in oxidative burst and @entity35169 activation. In contrast, both receptor subclasses must be available for LIC-elicited delta[ @entity141 ]int, as blockage by either of the mAb @entity1334 or F(ab')2 fragments abrogates this response, even though LIC binding to the receptors is not decreased. Furthermore, LIC elicited little oxidative burst activity and failed to activate @entity35169 but cross-linking to achieve multivalency, previously shown to induce [ @entity141 ]int and oxidative burst responses, elicited @entity35169 activity via @entity4071 . Fc gamma RII's role appears to be modulation of the small, late @entity141 influx observed at > 1 min, whereas @entity4071 modulates all the earlier larger events. Thus, simultaneous observation of receptor identity, receptor occupancy, and consequent activation parameters in the same cell by flow cytometry permits use to demonstrate that Fc gamma RII is necessary for the small signal transduction elicited by LIC; it plays a relatively small role in polymorphonuclear leukocyte stimulation by HIC. @entity4071 is the main receptor responsible for immune complex-elicited polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses; its efficacy is greatly enhanced when the receptors are cross-linked, either by preequilibrated multivalent complexes or by in situ cross-linking of bound LIC with excess antibody.

title: Role of the Fc gamma R subclasses Fc gamma RII and XXXX in the activation of @entity1 neutrophils by low and @entity7110 .

answer: @entity4071 :: (2214,Gene) :: ['Fc gamma RIII']


abstract: Two @entity10685 (Fc gamma R) subclasses on @entity1 neutrophils, Fc gamma RII and @entity4071 , activate different cellular functions. To examine the involvement of each receptor subtype in polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation, @entity1334 and F(ab')2 fragments of subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies ([mAbs] mAb IV.3 against Fc gamma RII and mAb 3G8 against @entity4071 , respectively) were used to block the binding of @entity7110 ( @entity7110 ) and @entity7110 ( @entity7110 ). Flow cytometry then permitted the simultaneous quantitation of antibody and ligand binding, the elicited intracellular @entity141 concentration (delta[ @entity141 ]int), initiation of the oxidative burst, and/or the @entity35169 activation in the same cell. We have previously demonstrated that subsaturating dosages of HIC bind uniformly to all the cells but elicit an "all-or-none" (i.e., dose independent) maximal delta[ @entity141 ]int in a dose-dependent subpopulation of the cells. In contrast, both the proportion of cells responding and the magnitude of the delta[ @entity141 ]int transient depend on the subsaturating dose of LIC, even though it too binds uniformly to all the cells, nonresponding as well as responding. These earlier findings have here been extended by single cell flow cytometric analysis to demonstrate that F(ab')2 @entity4071 is the major Fc gamma R involved in HIC binding (and [ @entity141 ]int mobilization), as well as in oxidative burst and @entity35169 activation. In contrast, both receptor subclasses must be available for LIC-elicited delta[ @entity141 ]int, as blockage by either of the mAb @entity1334 or F(ab')2 fragments abrogates this response, even though LIC binding to the receptors is not decreased. Furthermore, LIC elicited little oxidative burst activity and failed to activate @entity35169 but cross-linking to achieve multivalency, previously shown to induce [ @entity141 ]int and oxidative burst responses, elicited @entity35169 activity via @entity4071 . Fc gamma RII's role appears to be modulation of the small, late @entity141 influx observed at > 1 min, whereas @entity4071 modulates all the earlier larger events. Thus, simultaneous observation of receptor identity, receptor occupancy, and consequent activation parameters in the same cell by flow cytometry permits use to demonstrate that Fc gamma RII is necessary for the small signal transduction elicited by LIC; it plays a relatively small role in polymorphonuclear leukocyte stimulation by HIC. @entity4071 is the main receptor responsible for immune complex-elicited polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses; its efficacy is greatly enhanced when the receptors are cross-linked, either by preequilibrated multivalent complexes or by in situ cross-linking of bound LIC with excess antibody.

title: Role of the Fc gamma R subclasses Fc gamma RII and @entity4071 in the activation of XXXX neutrophils by low and @entity7110 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: Use of a modified clinical grading score improves accuracy in diagnosing @entity697 in the pediatric population while decreasing the use of computed tomography (CT). DESIGN: Retrospective medical records review after approval by the institutional review board. We determined the Alvarado score for each @entity1 and correlated it with the pathological findings and imaging studies to evaluate the efficacy of CT and its attendant radiation exposure. SETTING: Community teaching hospital. @entity1 : Sixty-one @entity1 , aged 3 to 16 years, admitted with suspected @entity697 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the modified Alvarado scoring system. RESULTS: The standard Alvarado score for @entity697 had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 82%, with an accuracy of 92%. In the modified Alvarado scoring system, CT findings were substituted for Alvarado scores in the ranges of 5 or 6, 5 to 7, 5 to 8, and 5 to 9. The modification resulted in the greatest accuracy (98%) in diagnosing @entity698 in @entity1 with scores in the range of 5 to 7. This modification theoretically would have decreased the use of CT by about 27% in this group of retrospectively studied @entity1 . Furthermore, in @entity1 with Alvarado scores of 1 to 4, another diagnosis should be considered; in @entity1 with scores of 5 to 7, CT should be performed; and, in @entity1 with scores of 8 to 10, an appendectomy should be performed promptly without further studies. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Alvarado score is useful as an @entity3224 in diagnosing @entity697 in the pediatric population. This scoring system eliminates unnecessary use of CT and the attendant potential @entity5 -inducing radiation in the pediatric population.

title: Decreased use of computed tomography with a modified clinical scoring system in diagnosis of pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute appendicitis']


abstract: @entity2449 (MET) is known to increase several biological effects of insulin (INS), but there is no information concerning its direct effects on protein synthesis. We studied the action of MET on albumin production by primary cultures of freshly isolated @entity35 hepatocytes, alone or in combination with various agonists: INS, @entity2135 , EGF, thyroxin, and @entity619 . While having no effect alone, MET in vitro potentiates the effects of INS, @entity2135 , and EGF. When this increasing effect toward INS was studied over a broad concentration range, MET appeared to improve low-acting INS levels and to intensify the maximal INS effects. In contrast, MET did not change the production of albumin stimulated by thyroxin or @entity619 . Animals chronically pretreated with MET in vivo showed a higher yield of isolated hepatocytes, better attachment, and especially higher viability after liver perfusion and during cell culture. This may largely explain why basal albumin rates were higher than in in vitro-treated cells. The effect of MET in the presence of the agonists exhibited the same agonist-specificity as in vitro. Our data provide new insights into the pharmacology of MET by showing that hepatic protein synthesis is increased by MET and INS. From the specificity of action of MET towards INS, @entity2135 , and EGF (but not thyroxin or @entity619 ), we hypothesize that this @entity28943 may act on intracellular pathways located between membrane receptors and sites of branching in the signaling cascades shared by these agonists.

title: XXXX induces an agonist-specific increase in albumin production by primary cultured @entity35 hepatocytes.

entities_list: @entity28943 :: ('CHEBI:3095', 'Chemical') :: ['biguanide']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['Metformin']

answer: @entity2449 :: (MESH:D008687,Chemical) :: ['Metformin']


abstract: @entity2449 (MET) is known to increase several biological effects of insulin (INS), but there is no information concerning its direct effects on protein synthesis. We studied the action of MET on albumin production by primary cultures of freshly isolated @entity35 hepatocytes, alone or in combination with various agonists: INS, @entity2135 , EGF, thyroxin, and @entity619 . While having no effect alone, MET in vitro potentiates the effects of INS, @entity2135 , and EGF. When this increasing effect toward INS was studied over a broad concentration range, MET appeared to improve low-acting INS levels and to intensify the maximal INS effects. In contrast, MET did not change the production of albumin stimulated by thyroxin or @entity619 . Animals chronically pretreated with MET in vivo showed a higher yield of isolated hepatocytes, better attachment, and especially higher viability after liver perfusion and during cell culture. This may largely explain why basal albumin rates were higher than in in vitro-treated cells. The effect of MET in the presence of the agonists exhibited the same agonist-specificity as in vitro. Our data provide new insights into the pharmacology of MET by showing that hepatic protein synthesis is increased by MET and INS. From the specificity of action of MET towards INS, @entity2135 , and EGF (but not thyroxin or @entity619 ), we hypothesize that this @entity28943 may act on intracellular pathways located between membrane receptors and sites of branching in the signaling cascades shared by these agonists.

title: @entity2449 induces an agonist-specific increase in albumin production by primary cultured XXXX hepatocytes.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: Puerto Ricans have higher lifetime and current @entity565 prevalence than other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. A great many Hispanics use ethnomedical therapies for @entity565 . This study elicited @entity1 knowledge of ethnomedical therapies, developed a typology of the therapies, and considered whether some types are used or deemed efficacious based, in part, on information source. METHODS: Eligible @entity1 were randomly selected from the medical records of an inner-city primary care clinic serving a predominantly Hispanic community in Buffalo, New York. Thirty adult Puerto Ricans who had @entity565 or were care-givers of @entity1 with @entity565 were interviewed in @entity1 using a semistructured instrument. Qualitative data analysis followed a content-driven immersion-crystallization approach. Outcome measures were ethnomedical treatments for @entity565 known to @entity1 , whether these treatments were used or perceived effective, and the @entity1 's information source about the treatment. RESULTS: @entity1 identified 75 ethnomedical treatments for @entity565 . Behavioral strategies were significantly more likely to be used or perceived effective compared with ingested and topical remedies (P <.001). Among information sources for ingested and topical remedies, those recommended by community members were significantly less likely to be used or perceived effective (P <.001) compared with other sources. CONCLUSIONS: This sample of Puerto Ricans with a regular source of medical care was significantly more likely to use or perceive as effective behavioral strategies compared with ingested and topical remedies. Allopathic clinicians should ask Puerto Rican @entity1 about their use of ethnomedical therapies for @entity565 to better understand their health beliefs and to integrate ethnomedical therapies with allopathic medicine.

title: Knowledge and use of ethnomedical treatments for XXXX among Puerto Ricans in an urban community.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'patients', 'participant', 'Participants', 'person']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: @entity10130 phosphofructokinase exhibits dramatic shifts in its circular dichroic spectra in the pH range 6 to 8. These shifts are quite distinct from those induced by the activators @entity860 and @entity28235 . Concomitant with these pH-induced spectral shifts, the enzyme also displays changes in its allosteric behavior. Inorganic ions such as K+, @entity17114 , @entity597 , and @entity23548 also cause CD-spectral shifts similar to those produced by a change in pH. Based on the evidence derived from gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium studies, the observed CD-spectral shifts are interpreted as due to conformational changes in the enzyme tetramer rather than due to a change in its aggregation state. Further, since the pK value of 6.4 obtained from pH dependence of increase in ellipticity at 210 nm agrees very well with the pK value of 6.8 for the loss of @entity855 inhibition due to modification of a @entity3793 residue (G. S. J. Rao, B. A. Wariso, P. F. Cook, and B. G. Harris (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 14068-14073), it is concluded that a single @entity3793 residue in the @entity855 -inhibitory site acts as a trigger for the structural changes accompanying @entity855 inhibition of the enzyme. This view is strongly supported by the observation that the enzyme desensitized to @entity855 inhibition by chemical modification of a @entity3793 residue in the @entity855 -inhibitory site shows absolutely no change in its CD spectrum in the pH range 6 to 8. This study demonstrates that the mechanism of activation of phosphofructokinase at higher pH and by inorganic ions involves conformational transitions that are quite distinct from those induced by @entity860 and @entity28235 . A scheme is presented that incorporates all of the different states of the enzyme dependent upon effectors and pH.

title: A pH-dependent allosteric transition in XXXX phosphofructokinase distinct from that observed with @entity28235 .

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity28235 :: ('MESH:C027652', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose 2,6-bisphosphate']

answer: @entity10130 :: (6253,Species) :: ['Ascaris suum']


abstract: @entity10130 phosphofructokinase exhibits dramatic shifts in its circular dichroic spectra in the pH range 6 to 8. These shifts are quite distinct from those induced by the activators @entity860 and @entity28235 . Concomitant with these pH-induced spectral shifts, the enzyme also displays changes in its allosteric behavior. Inorganic ions such as K+, @entity17114 , @entity597 , and @entity23548 also cause CD-spectral shifts similar to those produced by a change in pH. Based on the evidence derived from gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium studies, the observed CD-spectral shifts are interpreted as due to conformational changes in the enzyme tetramer rather than due to a change in its aggregation state. Further, since the pK value of 6.4 obtained from pH dependence of increase in ellipticity at 210 nm agrees very well with the pK value of 6.8 for the loss of @entity855 inhibition due to modification of a @entity3793 residue (G. S. J. Rao, B. A. Wariso, P. F. Cook, and B. G. Harris (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 14068-14073), it is concluded that a single @entity3793 residue in the @entity855 -inhibitory site acts as a trigger for the structural changes accompanying @entity855 inhibition of the enzyme. This view is strongly supported by the observation that the enzyme desensitized to @entity855 inhibition by chemical modification of a @entity3793 residue in the @entity855 -inhibitory site shows absolutely no change in its CD spectrum in the pH range 6 to 8. This study demonstrates that the mechanism of activation of phosphofructokinase at higher pH and by inorganic ions involves conformational transitions that are quite distinct from those induced by @entity860 and @entity28235 . A scheme is presented that incorporates all of the different states of the enzyme dependent upon effectors and pH.

title: A pH-dependent allosteric transition in @entity10130 phosphofructokinase distinct from that observed with XXXX .

answer: @entity28235 :: (MESH:C027652,Chemical) :: ['fructose 2,6-bisphosphate']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: Five percent to 10% of @entity320 ( @entity320 ) occur in a familial setting. Clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic studies of familial @entity73168 in different regions of the world have led to various results. To assess the characteristics of familial @entity73168 in France, the clinical, histologic, and epidemiologic characteristics of 295 @entity1 with @entity73168 were recorded, and a comprehensive familial investigation was performed for each case. @entity1 with a family history of @entity73168 were compared with nonfamilial cases. RESULTS: @entity320 occurred as a @entity5 in 22 (8%) of 295 @entity1 . Among the multiple variables studied, those significantly associated with the familial occurrence of @entity73168 were red hair, inability to tan, and presence of clinically atypical moles. When these variables were considered together in a multivariate analysis, only the association with red hair (P = .001) and atypical moles (P < .05) remained significant. In addition, the @entity1 with @entity321 exhibited the following tendencies: a younger age at diagnosis, a higher number of moles, and the development of multiple primary @entity320 , but these results did not reach statistical significance. Factors relating to UV light exposure, histologic features of @entity73168 , course of the disease, and occurrence of @entity5 showed a similar distribution between familial and nonfamilial cases. CONCLUSION: A familial investigation should be performed for each @entity1 with @entity73168 in France, particularly when he or she exhibits phenotypic risk factors for @entity73168 such as red hair and atypical moles.

title: Comparison between familial and nonfamilial XXXX in France.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity321 :: ('MESH:C562393', 'Disease') :: ['familial melanoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['familial cancer', 'nonmelanoma cancers']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous malignant melanomas', 'melanomas', 'Cutaneous malignant melanoma', 'CMMs']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine the accuracy of pulmonary MR imaging with ultrashort echo time (UTE) for lung and mediastinum assessments using computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard, for various @entity358 . METHODS: Eight-five consecutive @entity1 (46 males: mean age, 69 years and 39 females: mean age, 69 years) with various @entity358 were examined with chest standard- and low-dose CTs and pulmonary MR imaging with UTE. This was followed by visual assessment using a 5-point system of the presence of nodules or masses, ground-glass opacity, micronodules, nodules, patchy shadow or consolidation, @entity2415 or @entity4530 , @entity4595 , @entity231 , and honeycomb and traction @entity4595 . Presence of @entity439 , @entity1143 , @entity5 , and lymph adenopathy was also evaluated using a 5-point system. To compare the capability of the methods for lung parenchyma and mediastinum evaluation, intermethod agreement was evaluated by means of kappa statistics and   (2) test. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to compare diagnostic performance of all methods. RESULTS: Intermethod agreements between pulmonary MR imaging and standard-dose and low-dose CT were significant and either substantial or almost perfect (0.67    <=   k    <=   0.98; P   <   0.0001). Areas under the curve for @entity2415 or @entity4530 , @entity4595 or traction @entity4595 and @entity231 on standard-dose CT were significantly larger than those on low-dose CT ( @entity2415 or @entity4530 : P   =   0.0002; @entity231 : P   <   0.0001) and pulmonary MR imaging ( @entity2415 or @entity4530 : P   <   0.0001; @entity4595 : P   =   0.008; @entity231 : P   <   0.0001). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary MR imaging with UTE is useful for lung and mediastinum assessment and evaluation of radiological findings for @entity1 with various @entity358 . J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015.

title: Pulmonary high-resolution ultrashort TE MR imaging: Comparison with thin-section standard- and low-dose computed tomography for the assessment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural or pericardial effusions']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['reticular opacity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pleural thickening or tumor']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary parenchyma diseases']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary parenchyma diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Liver resection, or pancreaticoduodenectomy, has traditionally been thought to have a high morbidity and mortality rate among the elderly. Recent improvements in surgical and anesthetic techniques, an increasing number of elderly @entity1 , and an increasing need to justify use of limited health care resources prompted an assessment of recent surgical outcomes. METHODS: Five hundred seventy-seven liver resections (July 1985-July 1994) performed for metastatic @entity14 and 488 pancreatic resections (October 1983-July 1994) performed for pancreatic @entity5 were identified in departmental data bases. Outcomes of @entity1 younger than age 70 years were compared with those of @entity1 age 70 years or older. RESULTS: Liver resection for 128 @entity1 age 70 years or older resulted in a 4% perioperative mortality rate and a 42% complication rate. Median hospital stay was 13 days, and 8% of the @entity1 required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Median survival was 40 months, and the 5-year survival rate was 35%. No differences were found between results for the elderly and those for younger @entity1 who had undergone liver resection, except for a minimally shorter hospital stay for the younger @entity1 (median, 12 days vs. 13 days; p = 0.003). Pancreatic resection for 138 elderly @entity1 resulted in a mortality rate of 6% and a complication rate of 45%. Median stay was 20 days, and 19% of the @entity1 required ICU admission, results identical to those for the younger cohort. Long-term survival was poorer for the elderly @entity1 , with a 5-year survival rate of 21% compared with 29% for the younger cohort (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Major liver or pancreatic resections can be performed for the elderly with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates and possible long-term survival. Chronological age alone is not a contraindication to liver or pancreatic resection for @entity5 .

title: Pancreatic or liver resection for XXXX is safe and effective for the elderly.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancy']


abstract: @entity101 ( @entity101 ) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) were compared in a @entity2544 pharmacokinetic study. Eight healthy subjects received single 600-mg oral doses of two different sustained-release @entity2544 formulations. Fourteen blood samples were collected over 57 h after each dose, and the serum was analyzed for @entity2544 using both @entity101 and FPIA methods. In comparing the two formulations using @entity101 , there was no statistical difference in the area under the curve (AUC), terminal rate constant (k), or time of peak. However, there was a 13% difference in peak @entity2544 concentration (p less than 0.05). The same statistical conclusions were made for all parameters when using FPIA. When comparing the kinetic parameters determined with each assay, the AUC was 12% greater and the k was 17% smaller with FPIA (p less than 0.05). Orthogonal regression of all serum @entity2544 concentrations showed that FPIA = 1.04 @entity101 + 0.20; r = 0.987, p less than 0.001. Stratification of serum @entity2544 concentrations into different ranges showed that FPIA overestimated the @entity101 results in each range, but the percentage of overestimation was greater at lower concentrations (p less than 0.05). The use of FPIA seems appropriate in comparative studies of @entity2544 pharmacokinetics; however, the calculated kinetic parameters may differ slightly from those obtained with @entity101 .

title: Comparison of high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence polarization immunoassay methods in a XXXX pharmacokinetic study.

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['High pressure liquid chromatography', 'HPLC']

answer: @entity2544 :: (MESH:D013806,Chemical) :: ['theophylline']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently, the use of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for @entity356 ( @entity356 ) and the development of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) have enabled either the preservation of the stomach or the minimization of the extent of partial resection. ESD has recently been practiced on a differentiated type of @entity356 . However, there is no clear evidence for endoscopic treatments of undifferentiated @entity356 . The purposes of this study are to investigate predictive factors of lymph node @entity3 (LNM) in undifferentiated @entity356 and expand the possibility  of using LECS for the treatment of undifferentiated @entity356 . METHODS: Data from 116 @entity1 with undifferentiated @entity356 and surgically treated were collected, and the association between the clinicopathological factors and the presence of LNM was retrospectively analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Odds ratios (OR) with 95  % confidence interval (95  % CI) were calculated. RESULTS: The @entity5 size (OR   =   11.748, 95  % CI 2.034-62.213, P   =   0.008), depth of invasion (OR   =   13.928, 95  % CI 1.971-92.434, P   =   0.016), and lymphatic vessel involvement (OR   =   11.522, 95  % CI 2.645-59.172, P   =   0.021) that were significantly associated with LNM by univariate analysis were found to be significant and independent risk factors for LNM by multivariate analysis. The LNM rate was 5.9  % (4/68) and 29.2  % (14/48) with intramucosal and submucosal undifferentiated @entity356 , respectively. LNM was observed in 66.7  % (2/3) of @entity1 with both risk factors ( @entity5 larger than or equal to 2.0  cm and the presence of lymphatic vessel involvement (LVI)), but in none of 36 @entity1 without the two risk factors in intramucosal undifferentiated @entity356 . The 5-year survival rates were 88.9, 72.4, and 33.3  %, respectively, in cases with none, one, and two of the risk factors, respectively, in intramucosal undifferentiated @entity356 (P   <   0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ESD alone may be a sufficient treatment for intramucosal undifferentiated @entity356 if the @entity5 is less than 2.0  cm in size and when LVI is absent upon postoperative histological examination. LECS is feasible and safe for @entity1 with undifferentiated @entity356 .

title: Defining a Subgroup Treatable for Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Cooperative Surgery in Undifferentiated Early Gastric Cancer: the Role of Lymph Node XXXX .

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['EGC', 'early gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['Metastasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the classification, clinical behavior, and appropriate therapy for @entity788 . We examined @entity1 demographics, clinical parameters, preoperative imaging modalities, histologic findings, and @entity5 DNA content to determine which best predict outcome. DESIGN: Case series and survey of pathologic specimens. SETTING: Tertiary care center. @entity1 : Twenty-two @entity1 with @entity788 treated at affiliates of Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Predictive value of preoperative testing, @entity5 DNA content, @entity1 survival. RESULTS: In 20 @entity1 undergoing computed tomographic scan, the @entity5 was visualized in every case. All other imaging studies evaluated were less likely to demonstrate the lesion. Eight of 10 @entity1 with @entity12679 were alive with no evidence of disease at the time of this report; one @entity1 was alive with local recurrence, and a second @entity1 had died of unrelated causes. All @entity1 with @entity8940 were alive with no evidence of disease. Three of seven @entity1 with @entity7157 had @entity2007 , high S-phase @entity5 , and one had a diploid, high S-phase @entity5 ; all four died (mean survival, 4.8 months). Two @entity1 with @entity7157 had diploid, low S-phase @entity5 ; both were long-term survivors but died of their disease at 8.6 and 9.3 years. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Computed tomographic scan is the most valuable diagnostic imaging study for preoperative evaluation of these @entity1 . (2) Precise preoperative determination of @entity5 type is not possible. (3) DNA flow cytometry may help identify @entity1 with @entity146 who may benefit from adjuvant chemoradiation.

title: XXXX of the pancreas. A clinicopathologic study, including DNA flow cytometry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['cystic neoplasms of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploid']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity8940 :: ('MESH:D018291', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous cystadenomas']

entities_list: @entity12679 :: ('MESH:D018293', 'Disease') :: ['serous cystadenomas']

entities_list: @entity7157 :: ('MESH:D003536', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cystic neoplasms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Subepicardial delayed @entity2287 enhancement (DGE) patches without underlying @entity296 is poorly understood. It is often reported as the result of prior silent @entity2401 . Its prognostic relevance in asymptomatic athletes is unknown; therefore, medical clearance for competitive sports participation is debated. This case series aims to relate this pattern of DGE in athletes to outcome. METHODS: We report on seven young asymptomatic athletes with isolated @entity14782 detected during workup of abnormalities on their regular screening examination, that is, pathological T-wave inversions on ECG (n=4) or @entity943 on exercise test (n=3). All underwent a comprehensive initial investigation in order to assess left ventricular (LV) function at rest and exercise (exercise cardiac MRI and/or exercise echocardiography) and occurrence of @entity943 (exercise test, 24   h-ECG Holter, electrophysiological study). All underwent a careful follow-up with biannual evaluation. RESULTS: All athletes had extensive @entity14782 (12.0  4.8% of LV mass), predominantly in the lateral wall. Three athletes had non-sustained @entity943 , whereas two of them had LV ejection fraction <50% at rest with no contractile reserve at exercise. During a follow-up of 3.0  1.5   years in the four remaining athletes, two had symptomatic @entity1165 and one demonstrated progressive @entity1002 . Hence, six of seven athletes had to be excluded from competitive sports participation. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated large areas of @entity14782 in an asymptomatic athlete are not benign and require a careful evaluation at exercise and a strict follow-up. These findings question whether extreme exercise during silent @entity2401 may facilitate @entity82 generation and adverse remodelling.

title: Subepicardial delayed XXXX enhancement in asymptomatic athletes: let sleeping dogs lie?

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity14782 :: ('MESH:C564835', 'Disease') :: ['subepicardial DGE']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LV dysfunction']

answer: @entity2287 :: (MESH:D005682,Chemical) :: ['gadolinium']


abstract: Frequencies and morphological and chronological distributions of @entity2193 are presented by tooth type (permanent I1 to M2s), based on a sample of 30 prehistoric Amerindians with complete and unworn dentitions. There is nearly a tenfold variation in frequency of defects by tooth, ranging from 0.13 per mandibular second molar to 1.27 per maxillary central incisor. The six anterior teeth average between 0.70 and 1.27 defects/tooth, whereas the eight posterior teeth average between 0.43 and 0.13 defects/tooth. Earlier developing teeth, such as incisors, have earlier peak frequencies of defects (2.0-2.5 years), while later developing teeth, such as second molars, have subsequent peak frequencies (5.0-6.0 years). These variations are relevant when comparing @entity509 data based on different teeth. Differences in @entity509 frequencies among teeth are not solely due to variation in time of crown development, as is usually reported. Rather, there is evidence for biological gradients in susceptibility to ameloblastic disruption. @entity1347 are more hypoplastic than posterior teeth. More developmentally stable "polar" teeth are more hypoplastic than surrounding teeth. Polar teeth may be more susceptible to @entity509 because their developmental timing is less easily disrupted. In all teeth, @entity509 are most common in the middle and cervical thirds. Crown development and morphological factors, such as enamel prism length and direction, may influence the development and expression of enamel surface defects.

title: Factors affecting the distribution of XXXX within the human permanent dentition.

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasias', 'hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['Anterior teeth']

entities_list: @entity2193 :: ('MESH:D003744', 'Disease') :: ['enamel hypoplasias']

answer: @entity2193 :: (MESH:D003744,Disease) :: ['enamel hypoplasias']


abstract: @entity14253 account for only 3% of all @entity5 of the head and neck area, but as they represent a wide variety of histological types, they are a big diagnostic challenge. The cornerstone of @entity14253 treatment, both for the benign and malignant lesions, is surgery. The main goal of the therapy is not only to achieve complete surgical @entity5 resection, but also to preserve adjacent structures (facial nerve, parapharyngeal space structures). Ultrasonography is an examination commonly used in the preoperative diagnosis of the lesions localized within salivary glands. Very often it is the only diagnostic imaging method used in these cases. The aim of the study was to establish diagnostic value of US examination and its parameters for the assessment of @entity5 . A prospective study was performed on a group of 51 @entity1 with @entity10106 , who over a period of 3 years underwent surgery in Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology Department with Craniomaxillofacial Surgery Department of Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of Defence in Warsaw. All the included @entity1 underwent US examination in the preoperative period. The parameters selected for the assessment were: ill-defined @entity5 margins, @entity5 vascularity and the presence of enlarged regional lymph nodes. The results of imaging examination were compared to the final diagnosis based on pathological examination of the surgical specimen. The parameters of the US examination such as sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ), and negative predictive value (NPV) for the evaluation of @entity5 were established based on the examination results. An analysis was performed and ill-defined @entity5 margins turned out to be a US parameter with higher diagnostic value for differentiating benign and malignant lesions than @entity5 vascularity. The presence of enlarged regional lymph nodes with blurred echostructure on the US examination had little value for differentiating lesions. The sensitivity of the US examination in terms of detecting @entity5 increased significantly in the setting of simultaneous assessment of several parameters.

title: US in preoperative evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'parotid tumor', 'malignant parotid gland neoplasms', 'parotid gland tumors', 'increased tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14253 :: ('MESH:D012468', 'Disease') :: ['Salivary gland neoplasms', 'salivary gland neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity10106 :: ('MESH:D010307', 'Disease') :: ['parotid gland neoplasms']

answer: @entity10106 :: (MESH:D010307,Disease) :: ['parotid gland neoplasms']


abstract: We have statistically analysed the distribution of @entity2036 and dinucleotides in 21 genes of the 81% A + T-rich @entity1 @entity311 parasite @entity3964 . The mRNA-synonymous strands of this protozoan show in general a marked excess of purines over @entity6245 , correlated with abnormally high levels of Lys and @entity367 . We have used the large differences in base composition between coding and non-coding regions to estimate that the parasite possesses in the range of 2700-5400 genes. The dinucleotide preference patterns are compared with consensus patterns derived from other organisms [Nussinov, Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) 1749-1763]. Patterns in the coding regions surprisingly resemble those of higher, rather than lower eukaryotes, particularly with respect to TG elevation and CG suppression. The latter is correlated with an abnormally low level of @entity534 in these parasites. In the non-coding regions, the four dinucleotides made up of C and/or G are found with significantly higher frequencies than expected (approx. 50-150%), specifically to the 5' side of the coding regions. The possible role of these dinucleotides in control sequences is discussed.

title: Anomalous dinucleotide frequencies in both coding and non-coding regions from the genome of the @entity1 @entity311 parasite XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity6245 :: ('MESH:D011743', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidines']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: We have statistically analysed the distribution of @entity2036 and dinucleotides in 21 genes of the 81% A + T-rich @entity1 @entity311 parasite @entity3964 . The mRNA-synonymous strands of this protozoan show in general a marked excess of purines over @entity6245 , correlated with abnormally high levels of Lys and @entity367 . We have used the large differences in base composition between coding and non-coding regions to estimate that the parasite possesses in the range of 2700-5400 genes. The dinucleotide preference patterns are compared with consensus patterns derived from other organisms [Nussinov, Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) 1749-1763]. Patterns in the coding regions surprisingly resemble those of higher, rather than lower eukaryotes, particularly with respect to TG elevation and CG suppression. The latter is correlated with an abnormally low level of @entity534 in these parasites. In the non-coding regions, the four dinucleotides made up of C and/or G are found with significantly higher frequencies than expected (approx. 50-150%), specifically to the 5' side of the coding regions. The possible role of these dinucleotides in control sequences is discussed.

title: Anomalous dinucleotide frequencies in both coding and non-coding regions from the genome of the @entity1 XXXX parasite @entity3964 .

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: We have statistically analysed the distribution of @entity2036 and dinucleotides in 21 genes of the 81% A + T-rich @entity1 @entity311 parasite @entity3964 . The mRNA-synonymous strands of this protozoan show in general a marked excess of purines over @entity6245 , correlated with abnormally high levels of Lys and @entity367 . We have used the large differences in base composition between coding and non-coding regions to estimate that the parasite possesses in the range of 2700-5400 genes. The dinucleotide preference patterns are compared with consensus patterns derived from other organisms [Nussinov, Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) 1749-1763]. Patterns in the coding regions surprisingly resemble those of higher, rather than lower eukaryotes, particularly with respect to TG elevation and CG suppression. The latter is correlated with an abnormally low level of @entity534 in these parasites. In the non-coding regions, the four dinucleotides made up of C and/or G are found with significantly higher frequencies than expected (approx. 50-150%), specifically to the 5' side of the coding regions. The possible role of these dinucleotides in control sequences is discussed.

title: Anomalous dinucleotide frequencies in both coding and non-coding regions from the genome of the XXXX @entity311 parasite @entity3964 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether smoking is a risk factor for female @entity250 (FSD) and to determine the relationship between the cumulative smoking dose and FSD in premenopausal @entity1 . METHODS: The study population consisted of sexually active premenopausal @entity1 . The frequency of FSD and @entity458 ( @entity458 ) total score were evaluated according to the smoking status (never/former and current smokers). Evaluation of sexual function was done using @entity458 questionnaire, and @entity1 with @entity458 score of  <=26.55 were considered to have FSD. In current smokers, sexual function was also evaluated according to the cumulative smoking dose and @entity1239 dependency. RESULTS: A total of 900 @entity1 were included, and the frequency of current smokers and the frequency of FSD were 62 (6.9%) and 496 (55.1%), respectively. In current smokers, the frequency of FSD was significantly higher and the median total @entity458 score was significantly lower than in never/former smokers, and this difference of FSD remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables. Among current smokers, the cumulative smoking dose (pack-years) and the total @entity458 score showed negative correlation, in which increased cumulative smoking dose was associated with lower total @entity458 score (r=-0.278, P<0.05). In terms of @entity1239 dependency, the total @entity458 score of moderately to heavily @entity1239 dependent smokers was significantly lower than that of lightly dependent smokers. CONCLUSION: In premenopausal @entity1 , current smoking was an independent risk factor for FSD. And cumulative smoking dose and @entity1239 dependency were associated with higher risk of FSD.

title: Dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and female XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['female sexual function index', 'FSFI']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction']

answer: @entity250 :: (MESH:D012735,Disease) :: ['sexual dysfunction']