abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about general practice management of @entity1 with @entity1277 . AIM: To compare the effectiveness of a general practice-based, self-help approach to the treatment of @entity1279 with that of specialist outpatient treatment. DESIGN OF STUDY: A prospective, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: General practices and specialist @entity1277 clinics in London. METHOD: @entity1 were recruited from general practitioner (GP) referrals to specialist @entity1277 clinics. Thirty-four @entity1 were randomised to receive the self-help intervention in general practice and thirty-four were randomised to the clinic intervention. @entity1 randomised to the self-help arm of the trial worked through a manual based on cognitive behaviour principles, while keeping in contact with their GPs. Those randomised to receive specialist treatment were managed in the specialist clinic to which they had been referred. The main outcome measure was the Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh score, assessed at baseline and at six and nine months. Secondary measures were eating pathology, @entity308 , and social adjustment. RESULTS: A total of 74% and 80% of @entity1 were followed up at six and nine months respectively. An intention-to-treat analysis revealed that, while bulimic symptoms declined in both groups over time, there was no significant difference in outcome between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The findings lend support to the idea that @entity1 with @entity1279 can be treated in general practice and that this approach warrants further investigation.

title: Specialist treatment versus self-help for XXXX : a randomised controlled trial in general practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['eating disorders', 'eating disorder']

entities_list: @entity1279 :: ('MESH:D052018', 'Disease') :: ['bulimia nervosa']

answer: @entity1279 :: (MESH:D052018,Disease) :: ['bulimia nervosa']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To report one case of @entity1492 in a 45 year-old caucasian @entity1 cared for at the Public Health System hospitals in Republic of Cuba. METHODS: Blood analysis showed increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and moderate @entity417 . Intravenous urography showed that left kidney was displaced towards midline but presented a good contrast uptake and excretion. Renal ultrasound discovered a large hyperechogenic mass with internal calcifications. CT scan confirmed a left @entity5 with internal @entity39 which displaced the kidney. Complete @entity5 resection was performed confirmatory of the histological diagnosis of @entity1492 . Postoperative chemotherapy was administered. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Four months after surgery @entity1 presented with severe @entity490 ; abdominal ultrasound showed retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal recurrences; @entity1 have a @entity944 after a @entity1353 episode one month later. Necropsy revealed @entity1151 , abdominal ganglionar metastases and retroperitoneal @entity5 extension. Our experience confirms the @entity146 of this @entity5 and their tendency to local recurrence.

title: [Retroperitoneal XXXX . Apropos of a case].

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['flank tumor', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['right pulmonary thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar-abdominal pain']

answer: @entity1492 :: (MESH:D005354,Disease) :: ['fibrosarcoma']


abstract: A 7-year-old @entity468 was examined because of a history of @entity353 , intermittent @entity294 , and @entity448 of 6 months' duration. Results of physical examination were normal except for marked abdominal tension. Results of a CBC and serum biochemistry profile were unremarkable. Severe @entity516 was noted radiographically, and abdominocentesis yielded 640 mL of air. @entity1661 recurred 1 day after abdominocentesis. Exploratory laparotomy was performed 3 days after recurrence of @entity1661 and revealed a gastric perforation along the greater curvature of the stomach with omental and pancreatic adhesions at the site of perforation. Mild @entity32 was also noted. A partial gastrectomy was performed to resect the lesion, and histologic examination confirmed a severe perforating @entity1066 . The gastric wall adjacent to the @entity1066 was histologically normal. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriologic cultures of abdominal swab specimens were negative for bacterial growth. The cat was discharged 4 days after surgery and clinically normal at suture removal.

title: Pneumoperitoneum secondary to a perforated gastric XXXX in a cat.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['local peritoneal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal distension', 'Abdominal distension']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity516 :: ('MESH:D011027', 'Disease') :: ['pneumoperitoneum']

entities_list: @entity468 :: ('9685', 'Species') :: ['domestic cat']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Coupled plasma filtration and adsorption (CPFA) has been used in the treatment of severe @entity295 with the intention of removing the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators from the systemic circulation. It is believed that this interrupts and moderates the septic cascade, but there is uncertainty about the benefits of this therapy. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to estimate the effects of CPFA on mortality in severe @entity295 . The Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE-EBSCO-Host, MEDLINE and ProQuest, were searched from 1997 to 2013. Randomised controlled trials, prospective cohort studies and retrospective cohort studies were included using the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) framework. Data were abstracted using standard pro forma, and studies independently reviewed by two authors to confirm inclusion criteria. Quality of studies and risk of bias were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group (GRADE) and Critical Appraisal Skills ( @entity8085 ) criteria, respectively. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan V.5.1) software. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were mediator adsorption (picograms/mL), mean arterial BP (mm   Hg) and oxygenation ratio. RESULTS: 17 studies met the inclusion criteria (n=441 @entity1 , 242 CPFA). 14 studies reported the primary outcome of 28-day mortality. There were 88 deaths in CPFA @entity1 versus 118 in those receiving haemofiltration: OR 0.34 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.13). Point estimates of effect on the secondary outcomes of mean arterial pressure and @entity26 ratio favoured CPFA. Studies were small and heterogenous. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for CPFA in severe @entity295 is sparse, of poor quality and further research is required, however, this meta-analysis noted improvements in survival rates of those @entity1 treated with CPFA.

title: Coupled plasma haemofiltration filtration in severe XXXX : systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hepatic @entity3 from @entity5 have a protracted natural history and are associated with @entity2744 . Resection is indicated for symptom control. Previous reports have suggested improvement in survival for @entity1 undergoing debulking procedures. STUDY DESIGN: The records of all consecutive @entity1 undergoing resection of hepatic @entity3 from @entity5 between 1977 and 1998 were reviewed. @entity5 were classified according to histology, endocrine activity, and primary location. @entity1 lost to followup before 1 year were excluded. Followups were based on outpatient evaluations and were updated by correspondence. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate survival and recurrence curves, and the log-rank test was used for comparison. RESULTS: A total of 170 @entity1 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of whom 73 were @entity1 . Mean age (+/-SD) was 57 (+/-11.5) years. @entity4303 (n = 120) and nonfunctioning @entity4294 (n = 18) predominated; the ileum (n = 85) and the pancreas (n = 52) were the most common primary sites. Major hepatectomy (one or more lobes) was performed in 91 @entity1 (54%). The postoperative complication rate was 14%, and two @entity1 died (1.2%). Operation controlled symptoms in 104 of 108 @entity1 , but the recurrence rate at 5 years was 59%. Operation decreased @entity1130 levels considerably, and no @entity1 experienced @entity299 postoperatively. Recurrence rate was 84% at 5 years. Overall survival was 61% and 35% at 5 and 10 years, respectively, with no difference between @entity4303 and @entity4294 . CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic resection for metastatic @entity5 is safe and achieves symptom control in most @entity1 . Debulking extends survival, although recurrence is expected. Hepatic resection is justified by its effects on survival and quality of life.

title: Surgical treatment of neuroendocrine XXXX to the liver: a plea for resection to increase survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4294 :: ('MESH:D007516', 'Disease') :: ['islet cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors', 'neuroendocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid heart disease']

entities_list: @entity2744 :: ('MESH:C567425', 'Disease') :: ['endocrinopathies']

entities_list: @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoid', 'carcinoid']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1130 :: ('CHEBI:27823', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity322 is the inability of a @entity1 to maintain bladder control. Symptoms range from urgency, frequency, @entity2183 to urge @entity322 (1). It limits functional and social activities and leads to @entity308 and social withdrawal. (2). This observational study aimed to describe the common urinary problems amongst gynecological consultations. It also describes the relationship of @entity322 with history of @entity6 , previous gynecological surgery and prolapse. METHODS: The study was conducted as a descriptive cross sectional study from Jan-May 2015 at Qassim University Clinic, Buraidah. @entity1 with urinary problem and those without urinary problems were compared for risk factors including @entity6 , prolapse and previous gynecological surgery. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22 (SPSS 22) was used to conduct proportion z-tests to determine the association of prolapse, gynecological surgeries and @entity6 with @entity322 . To test the hypothesis, differences between two groups on the aforementioned factors were examined. The groups included @entity1 that reported having urinary problems (n = 111) and those who do not have urinary problems (n = 100). RESULTS: The most frequent complaints of @entity1 with urinary problems were urgency (n = 66, 59.46%), @entity3142 ( @entity3142 ) (n = 65, 58.56%) and frequency (n = 62, 55.86%). For @entity1 with a urinary problem, 89.19% have not had a gynecological surgery (n = 99) and the remaining 10.81% of @entity1 had a gynecological surgery (n = 12). For @entity1 without a urinary problem, 97.0% have not had a gynecological surgery (n = 97) and the remaining 3.0% had a gynecological surgery (n = 3). For @entity1 with a urinary problem, 72.97% did not have @entity6 (n = 81) and the remaining 27.03% of @entity1 did have @entity6 (n = 30). For @entity1 without a urinary problem, 92.0% did not have @entity6 (n = 92) and the remaining 8.0% did report having @entity6 (n = 8). For @entity1 with a urinary problem, 91.89% had not experienced a prolapse (n = 102) and the remaining 8.11% of @entity1 had experienced a prolapse (n = 9). For @entity1 without a urinary problem, 98.0% have not experienced a prolapse (n = 98) and the remaining two @entity1 had experienced a prolapse. CONCLUSION: Gynecological conditions such as prolapse of the uterus, surgery involving the pelvic floor as well as medical conditions such as @entity6 are some of the key risk factors for @entity322 . Therefore control of these risk factors can avoid development of @entity322 . Bladder retraining, Kegel exercises, drinking of less fluids are some of the preventive measures to avoid development of this embarrassing condition.

title: Urinary Problems Amongst Gynecological Consultations. Association Between Prolapse, Gynecological Surgery and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'woman', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence', 'Urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['Stress incontinence', 'SI']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic reconstruction of @entity4037 is a popular technique today. @entity1 with large defects have various difficulties of laparoscopic approach. In this study, we aimed to present a new reconstruction technique that combines laparoscopic and open approach in giant incisional @entity547 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2006 and August 2012, 28 @entity1 who were operated consequently for incisional @entity547 with defect size over 10 cm included in this study and separated into two groups. Group 1 (n = 12) identifies @entity1 operated with standard laparoscopic approach, whereas group 2 (n = 16) labels laparoscopic technique combined with open approach. @entity1 were evaluated in terms of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), mean operation time, length of hospital stay, @entity281 ( @entity281 ) and recurrence rate. RESULTS: There are 12 @entity1 in group 1 and 16 @entity1 in group 2. Mean length of hospital stay and @entity281 rates are similar in both groups. @entity86 formation was observed in six @entity1 for group 1 and in only 1 @entity1 for group 2. Group 1 had 1 @entity1 who suffered from recurrence where group 2 had no recurrence. DISCUSSION: Laparoscopic technique combined with open approach may safely be used as an alternative method for reconstruction of giant incisional @entity547 .

title: A novel reconstruction method for giant incisional XXXX : Hybrid laparoscopic technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['surgical site infection', 'SSI']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative seroma']

entities_list: @entity547 :: ('MESH:D006547', 'Disease') :: ['hernia', 'hernias']

entities_list: @entity4037 :: ('MESH:D006555', 'Disease') :: ['ventral hernia']

answer: @entity547 :: (MESH:D006547,Disease) :: ['hernia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Even though @entity6050 @entity10921 is the most frequent type of @entity6050 , there are few studies about its cutaneous physiopathology. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate skin changes in @entity6050 @entity10921 using light microscopy and direct immunofluorescence before and after treatment with @entity503 . To perform antigen immunomapping of bullae to study their level of cleavage. METHODS: Light microscopy and direct immunofluorescence of 28 @entity1 are reported in three different phases: 23 @entity1 with active @entity6050 before treatment (Phase A), 7 @entity1 with clinical remission during treatment (Phase B), and 8 @entity1 with biochemical remission (Phase C). Immunomapping was performed on 7 @entity1 . RESULTS: In active @entity6050 , direct immunofluorescence showed homogenous and intense fluorescence on the inside and on the walls of blood vessels as well as in the @entity3161 . In clinical remission (Phase B) and biochemical remission (Phase C), the deposit of immunoglobulins was maintained, but the deposit of complement was reduced in most cases. Immunomapping revealed no standard cleavage plane. CONCLUSION: No correlation was observed between clinical response and immunoglobulin deposits. The reduction of complement favors the hypothesis that activation of the complement cascade represents an additional pathway that leads to endothelial damage.

title: Study of direct immunofluorescence, immunofluorescence mapping and light microscopy in XXXX @entity10921 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10921 :: ('MESH:D017119', 'Disease') :: ['cutanea tarda']

entities_list: @entity3161 :: ('MESH:D020511', 'Disease') :: ['dermal-epidermal junction']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

entities_list: @entity6050 :: ('MESH:D011164', 'Disease') :: ['porphyria']

answer: @entity6050 :: (MESH:D011164,Disease) :: ['porphyria']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Even though @entity6050 @entity10921 is the most frequent type of @entity6050 , there are few studies about its cutaneous physiopathology. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate skin changes in @entity6050 @entity10921 using light microscopy and direct immunofluorescence before and after treatment with @entity503 . To perform antigen immunomapping of bullae to study their level of cleavage. METHODS: Light microscopy and direct immunofluorescence of 28 @entity1 are reported in three different phases: 23 @entity1 with active @entity6050 before treatment (Phase A), 7 @entity1 with clinical remission during treatment (Phase B), and 8 @entity1 with biochemical remission (Phase C). Immunomapping was performed on 7 @entity1 . RESULTS: In active @entity6050 , direct immunofluorescence showed homogenous and intense fluorescence on the inside and on the walls of blood vessels as well as in the @entity3161 . In clinical remission (Phase B) and biochemical remission (Phase C), the deposit of immunoglobulins was maintained, but the deposit of complement was reduced in most cases. Immunomapping revealed no standard cleavage plane. CONCLUSION: No correlation was observed between clinical response and immunoglobulin deposits. The reduction of complement favors the hypothesis that activation of the complement cascade represents an additional pathway that leads to endothelial damage.

title: Study of direct immunofluorescence, immunofluorescence mapping and light microscopy in @entity6050 XXXX .

answer: @entity10921 :: (MESH:D017119,Disease) :: ['cutanea tarda']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the course of @entity1596 activity during pregnancy and the postpartum period in @entity1 with @entity1596 . DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: The medical records of @entity1 with @entity1596 and pregnancy during follow-up at a large eye hospital were retrospectively reviewed. @entity1 with pregnancy were included in the study if follow-up was adequate to document the presence or absence of flare-ups in @entity1596 activity during the pregnancy and/or postpartum period. RESULTS: Seventy-six pregnancies among 50 @entity1 were included in the study. Thirty-three pregnancies were in @entity1 with @entity7375 , 19 were in @entity1 with @entity2403 , and 24 were in @entity1 with idiopathic @entity1596 . A flare-up in @entity1596 activity occurred within the first 4 months of pregnancy in 49 of 76 cases (64%) and later in pregnancy in 17 cases (22%); no flare-up occurred during pregnancy in 21 cases (28%). An @entity2099 flare-up was typical of @entity7375 and idiopathic @entity1596 . A flare-up within 6 months of delivery occurred in 38 of 59 cases (64%) that had adequate examination data available from the postpartum period. The postpartum flare-up was especially typical of @entity2403 . CONCLUSIONS: Many @entity1 with @entity1596 will experience a flare-up in disease activity within the first 4 months of pregnancy. Later pregnancy appears to be a time of relative disease inactivity. Many will experience a rebound in activity within 6 months of delivery.

title: XXXX and pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1596 :: ('MESH:D014605', 'Disease') :: ['uveitis', 'uveitis disease', 'noninfectious uveitis']

entities_list: @entity2099 :: ('MESH:D011254', 'Disease') :: ['early pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity7375 :: ('MESH:D014607', 'Disease') :: ['Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease']

entities_list: @entity2403 :: ('MESH:D001528', 'Disease') :: ['Behcet disease']

answer: @entity1596 :: (MESH:D014605,Disease) :: ['Noninfectious uveitis']


abstract: Left ventricular torsion is increased and cardiac energetics are reduced in uncomplicated @entity6 ( @entity6 ). Our aim was to determine the relationships of these abnormalities to @entity65 ( @entity65 ) in subjects with @entity6 . A cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 subjects with @entity6 free of known @entity301 attending an outpatient clinic. @entity65 was assessed using heart rate variability studies and the continuous wavelet transform method. Left ventricular function was determined by speckle tracking echocardiography. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and stress magnetic resonance imaging were used to measure cardiac energetics and myocardial perfusion reserve index, respectively. Twenty subjects (age, 35    8 years; @entity6 duration, 16    9 years; hemoglobin A(1c), 8.0%    1.1%) were recruited. Forty percent of the subjects exhibited definite or borderline @entity65 . Log peak radial strain was significantly increased in subjects with @entity65 compared with those without (1.56    0.06 vs 1.43    0.14, respectively; P = .011). Data were adjusted for log duration of @entity6 , and log left ventricular torsion correlated (r = 0.593, P = .01) with log low-frequency to high-frequency ratio during the Valsalva maneuver. Log isovolumic relaxation time correlated significantly with log Valsalva ratio and log proportion of differences in consecutive RR intervals of normal beats greater than 50 milliseconds during deep breathing. However, @entity65 did not correlate with cardiac energetics or myocardial perfusion reserve index. Spectral analysis of low-frequency to high-frequency ratio power during the Valsalva maneuver is associated with altered left ventricular torsion in subjects with @entity6 . @entity409 is closely associated with @entity51 . @entity65 is not however the principal cause of impaired cardiac energetics. The role of @entity65 in the development of @entity296 warrants further evaluation.

title: Abnormal left ventricular torsion and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in subjects with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'T1DM', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['Parasympathetic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic deficits']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy', 'CAN', 'cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 1 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Intra-operative @entity900 -based intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (IPC) may alter renal function in @entity1 with advanced @entity43 . The aim of this study was to describe postoperative alteration of renal function after @entity900 -based IPC and to identify risk factors for moderate to severe @entity810 . STUDY DESIGN: This prospective observational study was carried out on 77 consecutive @entity1 who underwent @entity900 -based IPC procedures, with (n=23) or without (n=54) intra-peritoneal @entity1425 , for advanced @entity43 . Postoperative renal function was assessed using serial serum creatinine measurements and was based on serum @entity1011 changes from pre-operative values, according to the risk, @entity177 , loss, @entity454 (RIFLE) classification. @entity1 were divided into two groups according to postoperative renal function: @entity1 with @entity8 or failure (IF group) or @entity1 with no renal alteration or renal risk (NR group). Clinical variables were compared between the IF and NR groups using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Postoperative acute change in renal function was observed in 34 (44.2%) @entity1 (unimodal distribution), among whom 23 @entity1 (29.8%) constituted the IF group. In univariate analysis, the absence of @entity1425 in the IPC bath, a higher duration of severe @entity551 , a lower postoperative blood protein level, and a lower volume of intra-operative diuresis were significantly associated with the occurrence of @entity8 or failure. In multivariate analysis, the absence of @entity1425 was the only factor associated with the occurrence of moderate to severe @entity810 (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=4.49 [1.36-14.80]). CONCLUSIONS: Transient @entity810 after @entity900 -based IPC associated with cytoreductive surgery is frequent and intra-peritoneal @entity1425 plays a protective role.

title: Protective effect of intra-peritoneal @entity1425 on postoperative renal function after XXXX -based intra-peritoneal intra-operative chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal injury']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['injury, failure']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal dysfunction', 'acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage kidney disease']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Intra-operative @entity900 -based intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (IPC) may alter renal function in @entity1 with advanced @entity43 . The aim of this study was to describe postoperative alteration of renal function after @entity900 -based IPC and to identify risk factors for moderate to severe @entity810 . STUDY DESIGN: This prospective observational study was carried out on 77 consecutive @entity1 who underwent @entity900 -based IPC procedures, with (n=23) or without (n=54) intra-peritoneal @entity1425 , for advanced @entity43 . Postoperative renal function was assessed using serial serum creatinine measurements and was based on serum @entity1011 changes from pre-operative values, according to the risk, @entity177 , loss, @entity454 (RIFLE) classification. @entity1 were divided into two groups according to postoperative renal function: @entity1 with @entity8 or failure (IF group) or @entity1 with no renal alteration or renal risk (NR group). Clinical variables were compared between the IF and NR groups using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Postoperative acute change in renal function was observed in 34 (44.2%) @entity1 (unimodal distribution), among whom 23 @entity1 (29.8%) constituted the IF group. In univariate analysis, the absence of @entity1425 in the IPC bath, a higher duration of severe @entity551 , a lower postoperative blood protein level, and a lower volume of intra-operative diuresis were significantly associated with the occurrence of @entity8 or failure. In multivariate analysis, the absence of @entity1425 was the only factor associated with the occurrence of moderate to severe @entity810 (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=4.49 [1.36-14.80]). CONCLUSIONS: Transient @entity810 after @entity900 -based IPC associated with cytoreductive surgery is frequent and intra-peritoneal @entity1425 plays a protective role.

title: Protective effect of intra-peritoneal XXXX on postoperative renal function after @entity900 -based intra-peritoneal intra-operative chemotherapy.

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['epinephrine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of @entity5 (invasive carcinoma or @entity3821 ) in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1137 (B3) on core needle biopsy (CNB) of breast lesions by reviewing the published literature. METHODS: Medline, Embase, OVID-database and reference lists were searched to identify and review all English-language articles addressing the management of LN diagnosed on CNB. Studies on mixed breast pathologies were excluded. RESULTS: Of 1229 LN diagnosed on CNB, 789 (64%) underwent surgical excision. 211 (27%) of excisions contained either @entity3821 or invasive disease. 280 of the excision specimens were classified as ALH, 241 as LCIS, 22 as @entity1893 and 246 unspecified LN on the original CNB. After surgical excision, 19% of the ALH cases, 32% of the LCIS cases and 41% of the PLCIS cases, contained @entity5 . 29% of the unspecified LNs were upgraded to @entity5 . The higher incidence of @entity5 within excision specimens for LCIS and PLCIS compared to ALH was significant (P  <  0.04, <0.003 respectively). CONCLUSION: There is a significant underestimation of @entity5 in @entity1 diagnosed with breast LN on CNB. 27% cases of CNB-diagnosed LN were found to contain @entity5 following surgical excision. All @entity1 diagnosed with LN on CNB should be considered for surgical excision biopsy.

title: @entity1137 in-situ and XXXX of the breast--a review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['lobular neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['pleomorphic LCIS']

answer: @entity1137 :: (MESH:D018275,Disease) :: ['atypical lobular hyperplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of @entity5 (invasive carcinoma or @entity3821 ) in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1137 (B3) on core needle biopsy (CNB) of breast lesions by reviewing the published literature. METHODS: Medline, Embase, OVID-database and reference lists were searched to identify and review all English-language articles addressing the management of LN diagnosed on CNB. Studies on mixed breast pathologies were excluded. RESULTS: Of 1229 LN diagnosed on CNB, 789 (64%) underwent surgical excision. 211 (27%) of excisions contained either @entity3821 or invasive disease. 280 of the excision specimens were classified as ALH, 241 as LCIS, 22 as @entity1893 and 246 unspecified LN on the original CNB. After surgical excision, 19% of the ALH cases, 32% of the LCIS cases and 41% of the PLCIS cases, contained @entity5 . 29% of the unspecified LNs were upgraded to @entity5 . The higher incidence of @entity5 within excision specimens for LCIS and PLCIS compared to ALH was significant (P  <  0.04, <0.003 respectively). CONCLUSION: There is a significant underestimation of @entity5 in @entity1 diagnosed with breast LN on CNB. 27% cases of CNB-diagnosed LN were found to contain @entity5 following surgical excision. All @entity1 diagnosed with LN on CNB should be considered for surgical excision biopsy.

title: XXXX in-situ and @entity1137 of the breast--a review.

answer: @entity1137 :: (MESH:D018275,Disease) :: ['Management of lobular carcinoma']


abstract: Proliferating cells are hardly detectable in the adult @entity1 brain by microscopy of stained sections, but after pre-labeling with radioactive @entity1014 or @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ), either marks the nucleus, as do mitosis-related proteins such as Ki67 and PCNA. @entity778 may also be used to mark proliferating cells. One alternative approach is to use the enzyme @entity2151 reductase (RNR), expressed by proliferating cells, but not by quiescent ones. A monoclonal antibody against the M1 subunit of RNR was used to visualize proliferating cells in the brains of adult normal @entity35 , @entity95 , @entity1707 and @entity742 . Stem cells were distinctly outlined. In the subgranular layer in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, most RNR immunoreactive cells were bipolar to multipolar, and had a large cell body and long processes. Two different populations of RNR expressing cells were visualized in the subventricular zone in the forebrain, one dominated by small, bipolar cells extending into the rostral migratory stream, while the other was formed by large multipolar cells, adjacent to the ependyma, with processes extending to the lateral ventricle. Furthermore, rare RNR-expressing cells were recognized throughout the brain. The RNR immunoreactive cells were immature, as they did not express any marker characterizing differentiated neurons and glial cells, except for a fraction that co-expressed the gliofibrillary acidic protein. @entity1603 and RNR were co-localized in proliferating cells in animals pretreated with @entity1603 . We conclude that RNR immunohistochemistry can accurately visualize proliferating cells, including stem cells, in adult @entity1 brains. The occurrence of processes at cell proliferation is elucidated. Further, the advocated approach does not require any pre-labeling, and can be carried out on fixed tissues.

title: Visualization of proliferating cells in the adult @entity1 brain with the aid of XXXX reductase.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', "5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine"]

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['Engineered virus']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity2151 :: ('CHEBI:26561', 'Chemical') :: ['ribonucleotide']

answer: @entity2151 :: (CHEBI:26561,Chemical) :: ['ribonucleotide']


abstract: Proliferating cells are hardly detectable in the adult @entity1 brain by microscopy of stained sections, but after pre-labeling with radioactive @entity1014 or @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ), either marks the nucleus, as do mitosis-related proteins such as Ki67 and PCNA. @entity778 may also be used to mark proliferating cells. One alternative approach is to use the enzyme @entity2151 reductase (RNR), expressed by proliferating cells, but not by quiescent ones. A monoclonal antibody against the M1 subunit of RNR was used to visualize proliferating cells in the brains of adult normal @entity35 , @entity95 , @entity1707 and @entity742 . Stem cells were distinctly outlined. In the subgranular layer in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, most RNR immunoreactive cells were bipolar to multipolar, and had a large cell body and long processes. Two different populations of RNR expressing cells were visualized in the subventricular zone in the forebrain, one dominated by small, bipolar cells extending into the rostral migratory stream, while the other was formed by large multipolar cells, adjacent to the ependyma, with processes extending to the lateral ventricle. Furthermore, rare RNR-expressing cells were recognized throughout the brain. The RNR immunoreactive cells were immature, as they did not express any marker characterizing differentiated neurons and glial cells, except for a fraction that co-expressed the gliofibrillary acidic protein. @entity1603 and RNR were co-localized in proliferating cells in animals pretreated with @entity1603 . We conclude that RNR immunohistochemistry can accurately visualize proliferating cells, including stem cells, in adult @entity1 brains. The occurrence of processes at cell proliferation is elucidated. Further, the advocated approach does not require any pre-labeling, and can be carried out on fixed tissues.

title: Visualization of proliferating cells in the adult XXXX brain with the aid of @entity2151 reductase.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: New targets and approaches are under investigation for the treatment of nonmuscle invasive @entity150 (NMIBC). Preclinical data suggest @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) as a promising target. @entity12698 , a @entity3840 selective inhibitor, inhibits @entity5 development and enhances survival, both in vitro and in vivo models of @entity150 . Therefore, we conducted a pilot study of @entity12698 to prevent recurrence in @entity1 with intermediate risk NMIBC. METHODS: Treatment with @entity12698 was administered orally for 12 months and compared with a contemporary series of @entity1 treated with intravesical @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ), given weekly for 4 weeks and then monthly for 11 months. Primary endpoints were time to first recurrence and adverse events. RESULTS: From 2003 through 2006, 58 @entity1 were treated with @entity12698 and compared with 66 @entity1 receiving @entity1139 . After a median follow up of 75 months, 49 @entity1 were disease free, including 23 (34.85%) in the @entity1139 group and 26 (44.8%) in the @entity12698 group. Median disease-free interval was 67 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 35.8 to NA] versus 41 months (95% CI 27.1-67.1; log-rank p = 0.25) for @entity1 treated with @entity1139 and @entity12698 , respectively. In the multivariate analysis, treatment was not found to be an independent predictor for recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) 0.76, 95% CI 0.47-1.22, p = 0.25). Overall, 45 AEs were recorded in 35/124 @entity1 . There were no differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support a clinical benefit of @entity12698 and encourage future trials in which @entity3840 inhibitors may be tested in selected @entity1 with NMIBC.

title: XXXX for the prevention of nonmuscle invasive @entity150 : results from a matched control study.

entities_list: @entity12698 :: ('MESH:C105934', 'Chemical') :: ['celecoxib', 'Celecoxib']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity12698 :: (MESH:C105934,Chemical) :: ['Celecoxib']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: New targets and approaches are under investigation for the treatment of nonmuscle invasive @entity150 (NMIBC). Preclinical data suggest @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) as a promising target. @entity12698 , a @entity3840 selective inhibitor, inhibits @entity5 development and enhances survival, both in vitro and in vivo models of @entity150 . Therefore, we conducted a pilot study of @entity12698 to prevent recurrence in @entity1 with intermediate risk NMIBC. METHODS: Treatment with @entity12698 was administered orally for 12 months and compared with a contemporary series of @entity1 treated with intravesical @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ), given weekly for 4 weeks and then monthly for 11 months. Primary endpoints were time to first recurrence and adverse events. RESULTS: From 2003 through 2006, 58 @entity1 were treated with @entity12698 and compared with 66 @entity1 receiving @entity1139 . After a median follow up of 75 months, 49 @entity1 were disease free, including 23 (34.85%) in the @entity1139 group and 26 (44.8%) in the @entity12698 group. Median disease-free interval was 67 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 35.8 to NA] versus 41 months (95% CI 27.1-67.1; log-rank p = 0.25) for @entity1 treated with @entity1139 and @entity12698 , respectively. In the multivariate analysis, treatment was not found to be an independent predictor for recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) 0.76, 95% CI 0.47-1.22, p = 0.25). Overall, 45 AEs were recorded in 35/124 @entity1 . There were no differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support a clinical benefit of @entity12698 and encourage future trials in which @entity3840 inhibitors may be tested in selected @entity1 with NMIBC.

title: @entity12698 for the prevention of nonmuscle invasive XXXX : results from a matched control study.

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: @entity1 type 1 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 beta-HSD/isomerase) catalyzes the two sequential enzyme reactions on a single protein that converts @entity2494 or @entity3333 to @entity2671 or @entity1420 , respectively, in placenta, mammary gland, @entity0 , prostate, @entity263 , and other peripheral tissues. Our earlier studies show that the two enzyme reactions are linked by the coenzyme product, @entity2125 , of the 3 beta-HSD activity. @entity2125 activates the isomerase activity by inducing a time-dependent conformational change in the enzyme protein. The current study tested the hypothesis that the 3 beta-HSD and isomerase activities shared a common coenzyme domain, and it characterized key @entity1522 that participated in coenzyme binding and the isomerase reaction. Homology modeling with @entity858 - @entity3649 -4-epimerase predicts that Asp36 is responsible for the NAD(H) specificity of @entity1 3 beta-HSD/isomerase and identifies the Rossmann-fold coenzyme domain at the @entity1472 terminus. The @entity72294 / @entity72295 mutant in the potential coenzyme domain and the @entity64953 , @entity72296 , @entity72297 , and @entity72298 mutants in the potential isomerase domain (previously identified by affinity labeling) were created, expressed, and purified. The @entity72294 / @entity72295 mutant shifts the cofactor preference of both 3 beta-HSD and isomerase from @entity2125 (H) to @entity1110 (H), which shows that the two activities utilize a common coenzyme domain. The @entity72296 and @entity72297 mutations eliminate isomerase activity, whereas the @entity64953 and @entity72298 mutants have nearly full isomerase activity. Kinetic analyses and pH dependence studies showed that either @entity2574 257 or @entity2574 258 plays a catalytic role in the isomerization reaction. These observations further characterize the structure/function relationships of @entity1 3 beta-HSD/isomerase and bring us closer to the goal of selectively inhibiting the type 1 enzyme in placenta (to control the timing of labor) or in hormone-sensitive @entity0 (to slow their growth).

title: Structure/function relationships responsible for coenzyme specificity and the isomerase activity of XXXX type 1 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast tumors']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity72294 :: ('p|SUB|D|36|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['D36A']

entities_list: @entity3333 :: ('MESH:D011284', 'Chemical') :: ['pregnenolone']

entities_list: @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['dehydroepiandrosterone']

entities_list: @entity3649 :: ('MESH:D005690', 'Chemical') :: ['galactose']

entities_list: @entity72295 :: ('p|SUB|K|37|R', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['K37R']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Epidemiological investigations have revealed that the consumption of green tea, which is a rich source of @entity3089 (EGCG), is associated with a reduced risk of @entity170 . A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have also demonstrated that EGCG exerts a significant positive effect on osteogenesis; however, the single effect of EGCG on osteogenic differentiation has been seldom studied. EGCG was hypothesized to function as an enhancer or an inducer. In the present study, the effect of EGCG on the osteogenic differentiation of primary @entity1 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), without other additives, was investigated. Three groups of stem cells were analyzed, which included a negative control group (hBMSCs cultured with culture medium only), an experimental group (cells treated with culture medium containing 2.5, 5 and 10   M EGCG), and a positive control group (cells cultured with osteogenesis-induced culture medium). After 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, cell proliferation, @entity623 ( @entity623 ) activity and the expression of associated osteogenic genes were analyzed. The results revealed that @entity623 activity and the expression of associated osteogenic genes, with the exception of @entity1841 ( @entity1841 ), were not affected by EGCG treatment alone. These results indicated that EGCG itself had little effect on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs; however, EGCG was able to enhance osteogenesis in the presence of osteoinductive agents through the upregulation of @entity1841 expression. Additionally, EGCG was shown to promote cell growth, demonstrating its safety as a therapeutic agent. Therefore, the present study indicated that treatment with EGCG was dependent on other osteogenic inducers.

title: Role of XXXX in the osteogenic differentiation of @entity1 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: An enhancer or an inducer?

entities_list: @entity1841 :: ('650', 'Gene') :: ['BMP2', 'bone morphogenetic protein 2']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity3089 :: ('MESH:C045651', 'Chemical') :: ['(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

answer: @entity3089 :: (MESH:C045651,Chemical) :: ['(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Epidemiological investigations have revealed that the consumption of green tea, which is a rich source of @entity3089 (EGCG), is associated with a reduced risk of @entity170 . A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have also demonstrated that EGCG exerts a significant positive effect on osteogenesis; however, the single effect of EGCG on osteogenic differentiation has been seldom studied. EGCG was hypothesized to function as an enhancer or an inducer. In the present study, the effect of EGCG on the osteogenic differentiation of primary @entity1 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), without other additives, was investigated. Three groups of stem cells were analyzed, which included a negative control group (hBMSCs cultured with culture medium only), an experimental group (cells treated with culture medium containing 2.5, 5 and 10   M EGCG), and a positive control group (cells cultured with osteogenesis-induced culture medium). After 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, cell proliferation, @entity623 ( @entity623 ) activity and the expression of associated osteogenic genes were analyzed. The results revealed that @entity623 activity and the expression of associated osteogenic genes, with the exception of @entity1841 ( @entity1841 ), were not affected by EGCG treatment alone. These results indicated that EGCG itself had little effect on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs; however, EGCG was able to enhance osteogenesis in the presence of osteoinductive agents through the upregulation of @entity1841 expression. Additionally, EGCG was shown to promote cell growth, demonstrating its safety as a therapeutic agent. Therefore, the present study indicated that treatment with EGCG was dependent on other osteogenic inducers.

title: Role of @entity3089 in the osteogenic differentiation of XXXX bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: An enhancer or an inducer?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Animal models are indispensable for the study of tumorigenesis and the development of anti- @entity5 drugs for @entity1 @entity788 . In the present study, two orthotopic xenograft @entity19 models were developed. @entity1 @entity1 @entity788 cells were stably labeled with red fluorescent protein ( @entity7351 ) and injected subcutaneously into @entity19 . For the @entity5 mass model, the formed subcutaneous @entity5 were cut into blocks and implanted into the pancreas of @entity19 via laparotomy. For the Matrigel    @entity5 block model, solidified Matrigel containing @entity7351 -labeled @entity1 cells was cut into blocks and implanted into the pancreas of @entity19 . A subcutaneous @entity5 xenograft model was used as a control. @entity5 growth and @entity3 were assessed using an in vivo fluorescence imaging system. Thirty-six days after implantation, all @entity19 from the two orthotopic xenograft models (n=20 per group) and 55% of the subcutaneous xenograft @entity19 (n=20) developed @entity5 . The @entity5 growth rate was significantly higher in the orthotopic models than that in the subcutaneous model (P<0.01). @entity3 to organs such as the liver was observed in the @entity5 models. Histological examination showed that the @entity5 were poorly differentiated @entity420 . In conclusion, two orthotopic xenograft @entity19 models of @entity1 @entity788 were established; these exhibited greater @entity5 growth and @entity3 than the subcutaneous xenograft @entity19 model.

title: Construction of orthotopic xenograft @entity19 models for @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'Tumor', 'orthotopic tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'Metastasis']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Animal models are indispensable for the study of tumorigenesis and the development of anti- @entity5 drugs for @entity1 @entity788 . In the present study, two orthotopic xenograft @entity19 models were developed. @entity1 @entity1 @entity788 cells were stably labeled with red fluorescent protein ( @entity7351 ) and injected subcutaneously into @entity19 . For the @entity5 mass model, the formed subcutaneous @entity5 were cut into blocks and implanted into the pancreas of @entity19 via laparotomy. For the Matrigel    @entity5 block model, solidified Matrigel containing @entity7351 -labeled @entity1 cells was cut into blocks and implanted into the pancreas of @entity19 . A subcutaneous @entity5 xenograft model was used as a control. @entity5 growth and @entity3 were assessed using an in vivo fluorescence imaging system. Thirty-six days after implantation, all @entity19 from the two orthotopic xenograft models (n=20 per group) and 55% of the subcutaneous xenograft @entity19 (n=20) developed @entity5 . The @entity5 growth rate was significantly higher in the orthotopic models than that in the subcutaneous model (P<0.01). @entity3 to organs such as the liver was observed in the @entity5 models. Histological examination showed that the @entity5 were poorly differentiated @entity420 . In conclusion, two orthotopic xenograft @entity19 models of @entity1 @entity788 were established; these exhibited greater @entity5 growth and @entity3 than the subcutaneous xenograft @entity19 model.

title: Construction of orthotopic xenograft XXXX models for @entity1 @entity788 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Animal models are indispensable for the study of tumorigenesis and the development of anti- @entity5 drugs for @entity1 @entity788 . In the present study, two orthotopic xenograft @entity19 models were developed. @entity1 @entity1 @entity788 cells were stably labeled with red fluorescent protein ( @entity7351 ) and injected subcutaneously into @entity19 . For the @entity5 mass model, the formed subcutaneous @entity5 were cut into blocks and implanted into the pancreas of @entity19 via laparotomy. For the Matrigel    @entity5 block model, solidified Matrigel containing @entity7351 -labeled @entity1 cells was cut into blocks and implanted into the pancreas of @entity19 . A subcutaneous @entity5 xenograft model was used as a control. @entity5 growth and @entity3 were assessed using an in vivo fluorescence imaging system. Thirty-six days after implantation, all @entity19 from the two orthotopic xenograft models (n=20 per group) and 55% of the subcutaneous xenograft @entity19 (n=20) developed @entity5 . The @entity5 growth rate was significantly higher in the orthotopic models than that in the subcutaneous model (P<0.01). @entity3 to organs such as the liver was observed in the @entity5 models. Histological examination showed that the @entity5 were poorly differentiated @entity420 . In conclusion, two orthotopic xenograft @entity19 models of @entity1 @entity788 were established; these exhibited greater @entity5 growth and @entity3 than the subcutaneous xenograft @entity19 model.

title: Construction of orthotopic xenograft @entity19 models for XXXX @entity788 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Limited data are available with regard to the impact of daily lifestyle choices in @entity1 with @entity301 ( @entity301 ) who have undergone stent placement. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of daily lifestyle factors in @entity1 with @entity301 following stent implantation. Between March 2005 and March 2006, 129 consecutive @entity1 with @entity301 were admitted to Cangzhou Central Hospital at Hebei Medical University (Cangzhou, China). The @entity1 underwent coronary stenting and participated in a 7-year clinical follow-up that analyzed the impact of their daily lifestyle choices on @entity301 following the stent placement. Rates of dinner satiety [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.121-10.97, P=0.005], smoking (95% CI, 4.05-34.90, P=2.01*10(-7)) and heavy @entity285 use (95% CI, 1.32-11.05, P=0.006) were significantly higher in the repeated (re)-revascularization group when compared with the non-revascularization group. In addition, the exercise rate was significantly lower in the re-revascularization group when compared with the non-revascularization group (95% CI, 0.02-0.65, P=0.005). However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with regard to sleeping patterns (95% CI, 0.03-0.71, P=0.270) or @entity148 rates (P=0.289). A coronary angiography performed during re-revascularization revealed in-stent restenosis in 26% of the @entity1 , stenoses at the entrance to or exit from the stent in 29% of the @entity1 and new lesions in 19% of the @entity1 . Furthermore, original lesions exhibited deterioration in 26% of the @entity1 . The clinical endpoint was reached in 55% of the @entity1 between 3 and 5 years of the follow-up period. In conclusion, poor daily lifestyle habits can increase the in-stent restenosis rate, accelerate the progression of the original lesion and promote the emergence of new lesions in @entity1 with @entity301 following stent placement.

title: Impact of daily lifestyle on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of deeply infiltrating endometriotic lesions among surgically treated @entity46 @entity1 , and determine clinical parameters associated with the presence of deep disease. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Regional central hospital. POPULATION: @entity1 undergoing surgical treatment of @entity46 . METHODS: Complete excision of all visible endometriotic lesions and adhesions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number and location of @entity75 , association between the presence of @entity75 , relevant preoperative and intraoperative factors. RESULTS: Of 201 surgically treated @entity46 @entity1 , 103 (51.2%) had @entity75 , 43.3% had uterosacral ligament @entity75 , 18.4% intestinal, 15.4% rectovaginal, and 3.5% urinary bladder @entity75 . @entity1 with @entity75 had more often undergone previous operations for @entity46 (p<0.01), had been operated on for @entity2371 (p<0.01) and had a totally obliterated rectovaginal pouch (p<0.01), compared to @entity1 without @entity75 . In multivariate analysis, @entity2371 as an indication for surgery (OR 3.9, 95%CI 1.8-8.9, p<0.01) and totally obliterated rectovaginal pouch (OR 4.0, 95%CI 1.7-9.4, p<0.01) were independent prognostic factors for the presence of deep disease. CONCLUSIONS: Deeply infiltrating @entity46 is common in surgically treated @entity46 @entity1 and should be searched for in those with persistent @entity2371 and where obliteration of the rectovaginal pouch is detected at surgery.

title: Deeply infiltrating disease in surgically treated XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['deep lesions']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

answer: @entity46 :: (MESH:D004715,Disease) :: ['endometriosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of deeply infiltrating endometriotic lesions among surgically treated @entity46 @entity1 , and determine clinical parameters associated with the presence of deep disease. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Regional central hospital. POPULATION: @entity1 undergoing surgical treatment of @entity46 . METHODS: Complete excision of all visible endometriotic lesions and adhesions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number and location of @entity75 , association between the presence of @entity75 , relevant preoperative and intraoperative factors. RESULTS: Of 201 surgically treated @entity46 @entity1 , 103 (51.2%) had @entity75 , 43.3% had uterosacral ligament @entity75 , 18.4% intestinal, 15.4% rectovaginal, and 3.5% urinary bladder @entity75 . @entity1 with @entity75 had more often undergone previous operations for @entity46 (p<0.01), had been operated on for @entity2371 (p<0.01) and had a totally obliterated rectovaginal pouch (p<0.01), compared to @entity1 without @entity75 . In multivariate analysis, @entity2371 as an indication for surgery (OR 3.9, 95%CI 1.8-8.9, p<0.01) and totally obliterated rectovaginal pouch (OR 4.0, 95%CI 1.7-9.4, p<0.01) were independent prognostic factors for the presence of deep disease. CONCLUSIONS: Deeply infiltrating @entity46 is common in surgically treated @entity46 @entity1 and should be searched for in those with persistent @entity2371 and where obliteration of the rectovaginal pouch is detected at surgery.

title: Deeply infiltrating disease in surgically treated @entity46 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2383 ( @entity2383 ) is specific to @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ), but can also be found in certain @entity1 with @entity775 ( @entity775 ). Effective methods of differentiating between @entity2835 and @entity775 are required, as their clinical course and management are different. Titers of @entity2383 were analyzed before and after follow-up in @entity1 with @entity2835 or @entity775 . @entity1 who underwent liver biopsy and were diagnosed with either @entity775 (10 @entity1 ) or @entity2835 (3 @entity1 ) were enrolled in the study. The @entity2383 antibody titers of these @entity1 were analyzed upon hospital admission. @entity2383 reacted with the @entity2388 dehydrogenase complex-E2, branched-chain @entity21640 dehydrogenase complex and @entity15706 dehydrogenase complex in the assay utilized for this study. The cut-off value for @entity2383 was 5. Six @entity775 @entity1 were @entity2383 (-) and 4 were @entity2383 (+). The titer for the @entity775 @entity1 who were @entity2383 (+) was 24.8  14.8, compared with 324  174 in the @entity1 with @entity2835 (P=0.0138). Three @entity2383 (+) @entity775 @entity1 were followed-up after liver biopsy. The @entity2383 levels had decreased in all 3 @entity1 , becoming undetectable in 2 of them. In conclusion, certain @entity1 with @entity775 in this study were found to be @entity2383 (+), but the titers were significantly lower than those in the @entity1 with @entity2835 . At follow-up, the @entity775 @entity1 exhibited @entity2383 .

title: @entity2383 -positive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['Anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody', 'AMA-M2', 'decreased AMA-M2 titers']

entities_list: @entity15706 :: ('MESH:C029743', 'Chemical') :: ['2-oxoglutaric acid']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['AIH', 'autoimmune hepatitis']

answer: @entity775 :: (MESH:D019693,Disease) :: ['autoimmune hepatitis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2383 ( @entity2383 ) is specific to @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ), but can also be found in certain @entity1 with @entity775 ( @entity775 ). Effective methods of differentiating between @entity2835 and @entity775 are required, as their clinical course and management are different. Titers of @entity2383 were analyzed before and after follow-up in @entity1 with @entity2835 or @entity775 . @entity1 who underwent liver biopsy and were diagnosed with either @entity775 (10 @entity1 ) or @entity2835 (3 @entity1 ) were enrolled in the study. The @entity2383 antibody titers of these @entity1 were analyzed upon hospital admission. @entity2383 reacted with the @entity2388 dehydrogenase complex-E2, branched-chain @entity21640 dehydrogenase complex and @entity15706 dehydrogenase complex in the assay utilized for this study. The cut-off value for @entity2383 was 5. Six @entity775 @entity1 were @entity2383 (-) and 4 were @entity2383 (+). The titer for the @entity775 @entity1 who were @entity2383 (+) was 24.8  14.8, compared with 324  174 in the @entity1 with @entity2835 (P=0.0138). Three @entity2383 (+) @entity775 @entity1 were followed-up after liver biopsy. The @entity2383 levels had decreased in all 3 @entity1 , becoming undetectable in 2 of them. In conclusion, certain @entity1 with @entity775 in this study were found to be @entity2383 (+), but the titers were significantly lower than those in the @entity1 with @entity2835 . At follow-up, the @entity775 @entity1 exhibited @entity2383 .

title: XXXX -positive @entity775 .

answer: @entity2383 :: (MESH:D028361,Disease) :: ['Anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody']


abstract: The World Health Organization's recommendation for dietary intake of essential @entity1718 is 3% of energy (en%) of @entity4722 . Evidence from @entity35 studies suggests that more than 3 en% is desirable for the regulation of eicosanoid metabolism. With such a low level of available @entity4722 , @entity1 tend to synthesize more @entity2918 than they do with 6% or more energy from @entity4722 . High rates of @entity7322 probably are deleterious, so that the lower rate commensurate with 6-12 en% of @entity4722 probably is desirable. The amount of @entity4722 needed for normal function is influenced by the dietary content of other @entity1718 , particularly saturated fats and those of the n-3 family. @entity270 is necessary for normal metabolism of @entity1474 . In a diet providing sufficient available total energy with 30% as fat, the lower range of @entity4722 (6-8 en%) probably is sufficient if the @entity10194 content is 10% or less. With a greater proportion of @entity1718 , more @entity4722 is needed to maintain a polyunsaturated to @entity10194 ratio of 0.7 to 1.0. Some n-3 @entity1718 probably are required, and more than a minimal amount may be beneficial. Current recommendations are for 0.5-1.0 en% in a diet containing 5-6 en% of @entity4722 .

title: Essential XXXX and @entity2918 .

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['Vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostanoids']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity10194 :: ('CHEBI:26607', 'Chemical') :: ['saturated fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids', 'saturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity7322 :: ('MESH:C536766', 'Disease') :: ['prostanoid synthesis']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleate']

answer: @entity1718 :: (MESH:D005227,Chemical) :: ['fatty acids']


abstract: The World Health Organization's recommendation for dietary intake of essential @entity1718 is 3% of energy (en%) of @entity4722 . Evidence from @entity35 studies suggests that more than 3 en% is desirable for the regulation of eicosanoid metabolism. With such a low level of available @entity4722 , @entity1 tend to synthesize more @entity2918 than they do with 6% or more energy from @entity4722 . High rates of @entity7322 probably are deleterious, so that the lower rate commensurate with 6-12 en% of @entity4722 probably is desirable. The amount of @entity4722 needed for normal function is influenced by the dietary content of other @entity1718 , particularly saturated fats and those of the n-3 family. @entity270 is necessary for normal metabolism of @entity1474 . In a diet providing sufficient available total energy with 30% as fat, the lower range of @entity4722 (6-8 en%) probably is sufficient if the @entity10194 content is 10% or less. With a greater proportion of @entity1718 , more @entity4722 is needed to maintain a polyunsaturated to @entity10194 ratio of 0.7 to 1.0. Some n-3 @entity1718 probably are required, and more than a minimal amount may be beneficial. Current recommendations are for 0.5-1.0 en% in a diet containing 5-6 en% of @entity4722 .

title: Essential @entity1718 and XXXX .

answer: @entity2918 :: (MESH:D011453,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandins']


abstract: @entity418 metastatic to the stomach was analyzed in 35 @entity1 . Ten were discovered in surgical specimens and 25 at autopsy. All @entity1 were @entity1 with a mean age of 62 years. Primary lesions were most frequently located in the middle of thoracic esophagus and were larger than 7 cm. @entity189 was found in 29% of the @entity1 . Local spread of the primary lesions to neighboring structures was seen in 34%. Lymphatic invasion, and intramural @entity3 within the esophagus, as well as lymph node @entity3 , were predominant. Metastatic lesions within the stomach were mostly located in the @entity356 , were less than 2 cm or more than 4 cm in size, and resembled @entity5 . Gastric @entity3 occasionally spread from the submucosa to neighboring structures. In spite of aggressive treatment, the prognosis was extremely poor because of multiple spread of @entity189 to local regions, lymph nodes, and distant organs. The clinicopathologic characteristics of this disease and possible treatment are discussed.

title: XXXX metastatic to the stomach. A clinicopathologic study of 35 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['submucosal tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Undifferentiated carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['Esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cardia']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['Esophageal carcinoma']


abstract: The locomotor patterns typical of wandering behaviour were studied electromyographically in abdominal segments of freely moving larvae of @entity4079 . Crawling locomotion consisted of stereotyped, anteriorly-directed, peristaltic waves of intersegmental muscle contraction. During burrowing the intersegmental muscles of all abdominal segments contracted simultaneously for several consecutive cycles and then performed a single bout of the crawling pattern. Sensory inputs determined which motor patterns were used and how they were modified. Local sensory inputs could modify patterns in the specific segments affected. The neural circuitry that was required to generate the peristaltic and bracing patterns was repeated among the thoracic and abdominal @entity21 , and normally wa activated by the suboesophageal ganglion (SEG) and brain. In the absence of connections with the SEG and brain the segmental motor pattern generators could be activated by strong sensory stimuli. When the thoracic and abdominal segments lacked connections with the SEG, spontaneous movements were infrequent prior to wandering, but increased markedly at wandering or following @entity11088 (20-HE) infusion. Prior to wandering the SEG drives spontaneous locomotion in debrained larvae, but this function disappears in wandering larvae, or following 20-HE infusion. Prior to wandering the brain exerted a net inhibitory influence on locomotion. Removal of the medial region of the brain abolished this inhibition, resulting in strong, continuous locomotion which was driven by the lateral region of the brain. This lateral excitatory function of the brain was not altered by 20-HE infusion prior to wandering, nor did it change with the appearance of wandering behaviour. We conclude that the locomotor patterns used during wandering are produced by pattern generators in the segmental @entity21 and are modified by sensory information. The circuitry responsible for activating these motor pattern generators is associated with the SEG, and is under the control of the brain. The brain exerts a net inhibitory influence prior to wandering, which becomes excitatory during wandering. Ecdysteroids appear to alter locomotor function by acting at various levels including the segmental @entity21 , the SEG and the brain. A model is advanced describing this effect.

title: The physiology of wandering behaviour in XXXX . III. Organization of wandering behaviour in the larval nervous system.

entities_list: @entity4079 :: ('7130', 'Species') :: ['Manduca sexta']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['ganglia']

entities_list: @entity11088 :: ('MESH:D004441', 'Chemical') :: ['20-hydroxyecdysone']

answer: @entity4079 :: (7130,Species) :: ['Manduca sexta']


abstract: Vascular reserve in underperfused myocardium has recently been described. This seemingly paradoxical observation conflicts with older concepts of the coronary circulation which hold that @entity51 do not develop until reserve is fully exhausted. To examine this phenomenon in greater detail in an animal model mimicking a fixed @entity1 @entity3979 , we analysed the records of 25 carefully selected, sedated @entity1707 all instrumented with a rigid @entity3979 (82% lumenal diameter reduction). Each animal satisfied the following criteria: 1) perfused myocardial mass beyond the @entity850 was within a narrow weight range (16 to 24 g); and 2) post @entity850 (distal) epicardial (Epi) and @entity450 were less than or equal to 90% of respective flows in a region perfused by the non-stenosed circumflex (CX) coronary artery. Accordingly, distal flow was reduced compared to circumflex zone flow (p less than 0.01) in the Epi (173 +/- 51 to 113 +/- 32 ml . 100g-1 . min-1), Endo (146 +/- 39 to 116 +/- 27) and transmural (Tm) regions (164 +/- 45 to 124 +/- 31). Despite a flow deficit and constant severity of @entity850 , distal zone Tm resistance (0.55 +/- 0.21 mmHg/ml . 100 g-1 . min-1) exceeded the minimum level achievable with intravenous infusion of @entity859 (0.25 +/- 0.07) in a separate group of eight animals without a @entity850 . Distal transmural resistance also varied over a five fold range (0.27 to 1.33) and in 20/25 animals exceeded the highest level (0.37) seen in non- @entity850 animals during @entity859 infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Elevated coronary vascular resistance in the presence of reduced resting blood flow distal to a severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['endocardial (endo) flows']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['flow deficits']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['intralumenal coronary stenosis', 'coronary artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity3979 :: (MESH:D023921,Disease) :: ['coronary stenosis']


abstract: The possible role of @entity2661 upon the nature of myocardial response to regional and global left ventricular ischaemia was investigated. Global ischaemia was accomplished by temporary occlusion of the left main coronary artery and regional ischaemia by temporary ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Isometric force of contraction was measured with strain gauge arches, regional blood flow by a thermistor technique and intracellular @entity2125 redox level by a fluorometric technique. These measurements were made simultaneously in two areas on the left ventricular myocardium: one immediately below the bifurcation of the LAD and the other immediately below the circumflex coronary artery. Following LAD occlusion a variable inotropic response was observed in the ischaemic area. A decrease in contractile tension was found in 19 of the @entity235 (44%), no change in 23% and an increase was found in 33%. Global ischaemia invariably resulted in a decrease in contractile tension. @entity2125 redox state was markedly higher during global than during regional ischaemia. @entity1169 administration blocked the positive inotropic response to regional ischaemia. It is concluded that endogenous @entity2922 release may be responsible for increased contractile force during regional ischaemia. This response is apparently limited by the @entity26 availability to the tissue.

title: Effect of global vs regional ischaemia upon myocardial contractility and XXXX balance.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: The CNS maintains a fundamental distinction between actions elicited by external stimuli and actions elicited by internal goals (acts of will). As a result the intact organism can monitor centrally three aspects of its own actions: (1) the action appropriate to current external stimulation (stimulus intention or meaning); (2) the action appropriate to current goals (willed intention); and (3) the action which was actually selected (corollary discharge). In @entity196 (acute) @entity161 @entity1 , intentions of will lead to actions, but these willed intentions are not monitored correctly. This apparent discrepancy between will and action gives rise to experiential (1st rank) positive symptoms (e.g. delusions of control and passivity). In Type II (chronic) @entity1 , intentions of will are no longer properly formed and so actions are rarely elicited via this route. This gives rise to behavioural negative signs (e.g. poverty of speech). The behaviour of Type II schizophrenics has surface similarities to that shown by @entity1 with @entity191 and @entity1 with @entity75 in that all three types of @entity1 show a relative deficit of actions elicited by willed intentions. @entity935 blocking drugs reduce positive symptoms in @entity196 @entity1 precisely because they induce @entity304 , i.e. reduce the likelihood of actions being initiated by willed intentions. This in turn reduces the likelihood that actions will occur for which the @entity1 had no awareness of his intention to act.

title: The positive and negative symptoms of XXXX reflect impairments in the perception and initiation of action.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['frontal lobe lesions']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['Dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Cell encapsulation provides a method to circumvent the host immune system by encapsulating cells or tissues in immunoisolating, semipermeable membranes before implantation. The technology has been widely studied with an aim of developing bio-organs transplantable into @entity1 without the need of immunosuppression, and in @entity5 therapy, the principle of cell encapsulation may be further exploited. Encapsulated recombinant cells represent factories or bioreactors for the production of therapeutic proteins. By implanting the bioreactors in the vicinity of the @entity5 , long-term local de novo delivery of the therapeutic proteins may be achieved. Malignant @entity1313 such as @entity463 ( @entity463 ) remain highly lethal @entity5 , refractory to current therapies. Researchers and medical professionals are working on developing translational therapies to combat these aggressive @entity5 . Numerous clinical trials on gene therapy for @entity11 @entity1 have been conducted over the last decade, but the results have largely been disappointing. Cell encapsulation represents an alternative method for local delivery of therapeutic proteins with antineoplastic properties to @entity11 @entity1 . The concept has not yet reached clinical trials, but encouraging results have been achieved in @entity35 bearing @entity11 when implanting endostatin-secreting encapsulated cells into the @entity35 brain. This review primarily focuses on the recent progress that has been made with cell encapsulation technology. In addition, the challenges this field faces before clinical application in @entity1313 @entity1 is discussed.

title: Progress and challenges for cell encapsulation in XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumour', 'brain tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours', 'neoplasms', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas', 'glioma']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma multiforme', 'GBM']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumour']


abstract: We have examined sera from 141 @entity1 with @entity1737 and 11 @entity1737 @entity1 with @entity704 for antibodies to a @entity1792 extract of skeletal muscle (CA-antibodies). Sera were obtained from 5 different centers. The thymus histology was defined in each case. Sera from 56/66 @entity1 (85%) with @entity704 contained CA-antibodies, while such antibodies were only detected in 6/75 (8%) of the non- @entity704 @entity1 . None of the @entity1 with @entity8792 had CA-antibodies. One MG @entity1 who developed MG after a bone-marrow transplantation, also developed CA-antibodies. The remaining 5 CA positive non- @entity704 MG @entity1 were all greater than 65 years and had thymic atrophy. Two of them had @entity1737 and @entity2760 rheumatica. In 2 @entity704 @entity1 with non-detectable levels of CA-antibodies before thymectomy, such antibodies were demonstrated in high titres after the operation. In 2 other sera from @entity704 @entity1 , the titres of CA-antibodies fell to less than 32 after thymectomy. There were 3 sera with CA-antibodies among 11 sera from non-MG @entity1 with thymic @entity5 .

title: CA-antibody: an immunological marker of thymic neoplasia in XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1792 :: ('MESH:D019343', 'Chemical') :: ['citric acid']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['myasthenia gravis', 'non-myasthenia gravis']

entities_list: @entity8792 :: ('MESH:D013952', 'Disease') :: ['thymus hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2760 :: ('MESH:D011111', 'Disease') :: ['polymyalgia']

answer: @entity1737 :: (MESH:D009157,Disease) :: ['myasthenia gravis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Antineoplastic therapy may cause @entity209 , which result in e.g. abnormal growth rate. The aim of the study was the assessment of @entity442 and @entity2301 plasma concentrations in @entity1 after intensive therapy of @entity981 completed according to age, weight, height and therapy protocols ( @entity1499 dose, Central Nervous System - CNS prophylaxis). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 63 @entity1 (43 @entity1 ) were involved in this study with mean age 10.95+/-4.73 years after @entity981 therapy according to BFM protocols. 35 @entity1 were in maintenance therapy and 28 completely finished the therapy. 20 @entity1 had cranial irradiation as CNS prophylaxis (12 Gy). We assessed plasma levels of @entity442 and @entity2301 in radioimmunoassay method and the obtained results were related to mean age values ( @entity214 core). RESULTS: 1. A) @entity442 mean plasma levels in @entity1 (n=30) before puberty (Tanner I) was 151.48+/-75.75 ng/ml and was lower than compared to value in the puberty group (n=16, Tanner II-IV) - 222.06+/-96.61 ng/ml p=0.000008. After puberty (Tanner V) @entity442 was 332.03+/-75.66 ng/ml. b) @entity2301 was highest after puberty (3837.4 ng/ml +/-598.49); before puberty it was 2899.68+/-656.57 ng/ml, and in puberty it was 3593.14+/-598,49 ng/ml. 2. @entity442 @entity214 values were lower than mean age values. 3. @entity2301 @entity214 were insignificantly higher than mean age values. 4. There were no differences between @entity442 @entity214 and @entity2301 @entity214 according to gender, prior CNS prophylaxis, @entity1499 dose and phase of maintenance therapy and completed therapy. 5. @entity442 and @entity2301 correlated to each other and to body mass index, height but @entity442 @entity214 and @entity2301 @entity214 was independent on age, CNS prophylaxis, BMI @entity214 and height @entity214 . CONCLUSIONS: 1. @entity442 and @entity2301 values are dependent on puberty degree, body mass index and height. 2. @entity442 @entity214 are lower and @entity2301 values higher, independent on gender, therapy protocol and CNS prophylaxis (12 Gy).

title: [The assessment of plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and binding protein ( @entity2301 ) during the maintenance therapy and after remissionof @entity981 ( XXXX )].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disturbances']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate', 'methotrexate']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['ALL']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Antineoplastic therapy may cause @entity209 , which result in e.g. abnormal growth rate. The aim of the study was the assessment of @entity442 and @entity2301 plasma concentrations in @entity1 after intensive therapy of @entity981 completed according to age, weight, height and therapy protocols ( @entity1499 dose, Central Nervous System - CNS prophylaxis). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 63 @entity1 (43 @entity1 ) were involved in this study with mean age 10.95+/-4.73 years after @entity981 therapy according to BFM protocols. 35 @entity1 were in maintenance therapy and 28 completely finished the therapy. 20 @entity1 had cranial irradiation as CNS prophylaxis (12 Gy). We assessed plasma levels of @entity442 and @entity2301 in radioimmunoassay method and the obtained results were related to mean age values ( @entity214 core). RESULTS: 1. A) @entity442 mean plasma levels in @entity1 (n=30) before puberty (Tanner I) was 151.48+/-75.75 ng/ml and was lower than compared to value in the puberty group (n=16, Tanner II-IV) - 222.06+/-96.61 ng/ml p=0.000008. After puberty (Tanner V) @entity442 was 332.03+/-75.66 ng/ml. b) @entity2301 was highest after puberty (3837.4 ng/ml +/-598.49); before puberty it was 2899.68+/-656.57 ng/ml, and in puberty it was 3593.14+/-598,49 ng/ml. 2. @entity442 @entity214 values were lower than mean age values. 3. @entity2301 @entity214 were insignificantly higher than mean age values. 4. There were no differences between @entity442 @entity214 and @entity2301 @entity214 according to gender, prior CNS prophylaxis, @entity1499 dose and phase of maintenance therapy and completed therapy. 5. @entity442 and @entity2301 correlated to each other and to body mass index, height but @entity442 @entity214 and @entity2301 @entity214 was independent on age, CNS prophylaxis, BMI @entity214 and height @entity214 . CONCLUSIONS: 1. @entity442 and @entity2301 values are dependent on puberty degree, body mass index and height. 2. @entity442 @entity214 are lower and @entity2301 values higher, independent on gender, therapy protocol and CNS prophylaxis (12 Gy).

title: [The assessment of plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and binding protein ( @entity2301 ) during the maintenance therapy and after remissionof XXXX ( @entity981 )].

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Antineoplastic therapy may cause @entity209 , which result in e.g. abnormal growth rate. The aim of the study was the assessment of @entity442 and @entity2301 plasma concentrations in @entity1 after intensive therapy of @entity981 completed according to age, weight, height and therapy protocols ( @entity1499 dose, Central Nervous System - CNS prophylaxis). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 63 @entity1 (43 @entity1 ) were involved in this study with mean age 10.95+/-4.73 years after @entity981 therapy according to BFM protocols. 35 @entity1 were in maintenance therapy and 28 completely finished the therapy. 20 @entity1 had cranial irradiation as CNS prophylaxis (12 Gy). We assessed plasma levels of @entity442 and @entity2301 in radioimmunoassay method and the obtained results were related to mean age values ( @entity214 core). RESULTS: 1. A) @entity442 mean plasma levels in @entity1 (n=30) before puberty (Tanner I) was 151.48+/-75.75 ng/ml and was lower than compared to value in the puberty group (n=16, Tanner II-IV) - 222.06+/-96.61 ng/ml p=0.000008. After puberty (Tanner V) @entity442 was 332.03+/-75.66 ng/ml. b) @entity2301 was highest after puberty (3837.4 ng/ml +/-598.49); before puberty it was 2899.68+/-656.57 ng/ml, and in puberty it was 3593.14+/-598,49 ng/ml. 2. @entity442 @entity214 values were lower than mean age values. 3. @entity2301 @entity214 were insignificantly higher than mean age values. 4. There were no differences between @entity442 @entity214 and @entity2301 @entity214 according to gender, prior CNS prophylaxis, @entity1499 dose and phase of maintenance therapy and completed therapy. 5. @entity442 and @entity2301 correlated to each other and to body mass index, height but @entity442 @entity214 and @entity2301 @entity214 was independent on age, CNS prophylaxis, BMI @entity214 and height @entity214 . CONCLUSIONS: 1. @entity442 and @entity2301 values are dependent on puberty degree, body mass index and height. 2. @entity442 @entity214 are lower and @entity2301 values higher, independent on gender, therapy protocol and CNS prophylaxis (12 Gy).

title: [The assessment of plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and binding protein ( XXXX ) during the maintenance therapy and after remissionof @entity981 ( @entity981 )].

answer: @entity2301 :: (3486,Gene) :: ['IGFBP-3']


abstract: Previous studies have shown an increase in latency of the visual evoked response (VER) recorded from the cortical surface of adult @entity35 subjected to @entity1949 ( @entity1949 ) during pre- and postnatal development. This alteration has been shown to originate mainly from the cortex itself. In the present study the possibility of normalizing such VER alterations by nutritional rehabilitation after early @entity1949 (R- @entity1949 ) was investigated. Male @entity35 were subjected to pre- and early postnatal @entity1949 through their mothers. Nutritional rehabilitation was started from weaning. The @entity35 gained weight rapidly compared with @entity35 subjected to @entity1949 throughout postnatal development but never reached the weight of controls (C) of the same age. Food consumption in relation to body weight was similar to that of controls. Rehabilitation continued until adult age when neurophysiological experiments were performed. The VER recordings from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) showed latencies similar to those reported previously for adult C and @entity1949 @entity35 . The latencies of onset and first peaks of the cortical response recorded from the surface were increased by 5-6 ms in R- @entity1949 compared with C @entity35 and hence similar to the latencies of adult @entity1949 @entity35 . Intracortical responses to electrical stimulation in the dLGN were also similar to those of adult @entity1949 @entity35 showing an normal onset latency but an increased latency of the peaks of the monosynaptic and late responses compared with C @entity35 . The present results imply that the increased VER latencies noted in adult @entity1949 and R- @entity1949 @entity35 are due to changes installed by @entity1949 during early development since they can not be reversed by nutritional rehabilitation starting at weaning.

title: Functional development of the visual system in normal and protein-deprived XXXX . VI. Evoked responses in adult @entity35 , protein deprived in early life and nutritionally rehabilitated from weaning.

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'protein deprivation']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Previous studies have shown an increase in latency of the visual evoked response (VER) recorded from the cortical surface of adult @entity35 subjected to @entity1949 ( @entity1949 ) during pre- and postnatal development. This alteration has been shown to originate mainly from the cortex itself. In the present study the possibility of normalizing such VER alterations by nutritional rehabilitation after early @entity1949 (R- @entity1949 ) was investigated. Male @entity35 were subjected to pre- and early postnatal @entity1949 through their mothers. Nutritional rehabilitation was started from weaning. The @entity35 gained weight rapidly compared with @entity35 subjected to @entity1949 throughout postnatal development but never reached the weight of controls (C) of the same age. Food consumption in relation to body weight was similar to that of controls. Rehabilitation continued until adult age when neurophysiological experiments were performed. The VER recordings from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) showed latencies similar to those reported previously for adult C and @entity1949 @entity35 . The latencies of onset and first peaks of the cortical response recorded from the surface were increased by 5-6 ms in R- @entity1949 compared with C @entity35 and hence similar to the latencies of adult @entity1949 @entity35 . Intracortical responses to electrical stimulation in the dLGN were also similar to those of adult @entity1949 @entity35 showing an normal onset latency but an increased latency of the peaks of the monosynaptic and late responses compared with C @entity35 . The present results imply that the increased VER latencies noted in adult @entity1949 and R- @entity1949 @entity35 are due to changes installed by @entity1949 during early development since they can not be reversed by nutritional rehabilitation starting at weaning.

title: Functional development of the visual system in normal and protein-deprived @entity35 . VI. Evoked responses in adult XXXX , protein deprived in early life and nutritionally rehabilitated from weaning.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: AIMS: To describe the incidence and aetiology of @entity712 in out-of-hospital @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ) in the Maastricht area of the Netherlands. METHODS: All cases of @entity1164 were studied in the age group 20 to 75 years between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2000. Demographic characteristics, aetiology and clinical features, related to @entity712 were studied. RESULTS: Four hundred and ninety-two @entity1 were included (72% @entity1 ), mean age of 62+/-10. The yearly incidence of @entity1164 was 9.2/10,000 inhabitants. @entity944 represented 19% of all deaths, occurring in the same time period. In 52% of the @entity1 and 59% of @entity1 , @entity1164 was the first manifestation of @entity299 . In the @entity1164 group with a cardiac history overt @entity712 was present in 26% of the cases, the time interval between the first @entity712 episode and @entity1164 being 4.3+/-6.3 year. In the @entity712 group the majority had previously been in a poor functional class and LVEF. Concerning aetiology, of the @entity1164 group, 77% were known with CAD and 72% with an old MI. Also in the group with a LVEF >50% CAD was the most frequent cause. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increased risk of @entity1164 at poorer pump function and most @entity1164 victims with previous @entity712 are in a poor functional class @entity1164 . However @entity712 is seen in only a minority of the @entity1164 population. CAD is by far the most common cause of @entity1164 .

title: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest--the relevance of XXXX . The Maastricht Circulatory Arrest Registry.

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden circulatory arrest', 'SCA']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden death']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: Internal sphincterotomy is thought by most surgeons to have minimal complications. We retrospectively reviewed 306 @entity1 following internal sphincterotomy to determine the incidence of any complications. Major complications (requiring reoperation) caused by @entity292 , @entity548 , abscess, or unhealed wounds occurred in ten @entity1 (3 percent). @entity532 caused by @entity111 , persistent wound, @entity158 , @entity548 , abscess, discharge, urgency, impaction, or defects of continence occurred in 110 @entity1 (36 percent). Complications were lowest for closed sphincterotomy (20 percent) and highest for open sphincterotomy alone (55 percent). All @entity1 were cured of anal fissure or @entity850 . Long-term follow-up (average 4.3 years) revealed a 22 percent incidence of persistent minor complications. Defects in continence caused 15 percent of total long-term morbidity. @entity532 occur frequently after internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure and @entity850 . Closed sphincterotomy has the lowest complication rate. Long-term minor defects in continence occur in a significant number of @entity1 .

title: Morbidity of internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['Minor complications']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial of intravenous @entity5894 in the treatment of sustained @entity4710 ( @entity4710 ), 29 @entity1 (20 @entity1 , 9 @entity1 ) were studied. Mean age was 55 years and all @entity1 were required to have well-documented @entity4710 with a ventricular rate greater than or equal to 120/min that was sustained for at least 30 minutes. @entity1 received sequential doses of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg of @entity5894 or placebo at 10 minute intervals. The maximum total dosage of @entity5894 was 10 mg. Measurements taken during 10 minute monitoring periods after each administration included heart rate, @entity551 . A positive response was defined as a greater than or equal to 20% decrease in heart rate, heart rate less than or equal to 100 beats/min or conversion to normal sinus rhythm. Eleven (79%) of @entity1 given @entity5894 and 3 (20%) of placebo-treated @entity1 demonstrated a positive response. Of the 11 responders to @entity5894 , 9 @entity1 responded after the first dose, one after the second dose and one after the third dose. Significant (p less than 0.001) mean reductions in heart rate and ventricular rate were observed with @entity5894 , but not with placebo. Five (36%) of the @entity1 given @entity5894 and only 2 (14%) of the @entity1 who received placebo were converted to normal sinus rhythm. Adverse effects were limited to 1 episode of asymptomatic @entity551 and 1 episode of wheezing with @entity5894 and 1 episode of asymptomatic @entity551 with placebo. @entity5894 is effective in controlling ventricular response in @entity1 with sustained @entity4710 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Efficacy and safety of intravenous XXXX for @entity4710 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['supraventricular tachycardia', 'SVT']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressures', 'hypotension']

entities_list: @entity5894 :: ('MESH:D009248', 'Chemical') :: ['nadolol', 'Nadolol']

answer: @entity5894 :: (MESH:D009248,Chemical) :: ['nadolol']