abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ) risk is determined both by partner numbers and partnership characteristics. Studies describing only recent partnership(s) overestimate long-term partnerships and underestimate the contribution of casual partnerships to @entity2953 transmission in populations. We describe all heterosexual partnerships in the past year in terms of partnership type, age and geographical mixing and how these characteristics relate to condom use. METHODS: Probability sample survey of 11 161 @entity1 and @entity1 aged 16-44 resident in Britain, 1999-2001. Computer-assisted self-interviews asked respondents about partner numbers and detailed questions about their three most recent partnerships. We weight these data to represent partnerships for which detailed questions were not asked to present estimates for the population of partnerships. RESULTS: Of 15 488 heterosexuals partnerships, 39.1% (95% CI 36.6-41.7%) of @entity1 's partnerships were 'not (yet) regular' vs 20.0% (95% CI 18.2-21.9%) of @entity1 's partnerships. While condoms were used at last sex in 37.1% (95% CI 35.0-39.3%) of @entity1 's and 28.8% (95% CI 27.1-30.6%) of @entity1 's partnerships, and for 55.3% (95% CI 52.6-58.0%) of first sex with new partners, these proportions declined with age. When partnerships involved an age difference of 5+ years [26.2% (95% CI 23.0-29.6%) of @entity1 's and 36.5% (95% CI 33.0-40.1%) of @entity1 's partnerships], condoms were less commonly used at first sex than when partners were closer in age [44.1% (95% CI 39.1-48.4%) vs 60.8% (95% CI 57.3-64.2%)]. Sex occurred within 24 h in 23.4% (95% CI 19.7-27.5%) of @entity1 's and 10.7% (95% CI 8.3-13.6%) of @entity1 's partnerships. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial minority of partnerships in the population is casual. The proportion of partnerships not protected by condoms is high, especially for partnerships involving larger age differences and @entity1 in their 30s and 40s. Condom use with new partners needs to be promoted among all age-groups.

title: Who has sex with whom? Characteristics of heterosexual partnerships reported in a national probability survey and implications for XXXX risk.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['STI', 'Sexually transmitted infection']

answer: @entity2953 :: (MESH:D012749,Disease) :: ['STI']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ), a second generation alkylating drug, an effective cytotoxic agent as well as radiosensitizer for malignant @entity1313 , has side effects like myelosuppression. @entity19981 (LND) increases the effectiveness of several experimental multiple chemotherapy protocols, without increasing @entity236 and is effective in @entity1313 @entity1 . The objective of the present studies was to investigate whether combining clinically relevant doses of LND and @entity2904 could increase the proliferation and radiation response of malignant @entity1 @entity1313 cells in vitro. METHODS: A malignant @entity1 @entity11 (U373MG) cell line was used in these studies. @entity2904 (20, 40 or 60 microM) or LND (100, 150 or 200 microM), or the combination of both (20 and 100 microM, respectively) in 0.1 per cent @entity3733 ( @entity3733 ) were added three days after setting up cultures, in six well plates (5 x 10(4) cells/ well). The effects of continuous treatment for two days on proliferation response and @entity137 were studied after trypsinization; by cell counts and the uptake of @entity3460 dye (0.5%). For the study of radiation (60Co-Gamma-rays, 2 Gy) response, drugs were removed 4 h after irradiation and cultures were grown further in drug free, normal growth medium for another 20 h or 44 h. RESULTS: Continuous presence of @entity2904 or LND for two days significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. The frequencies of non viable cells increased significantly only at higher concentrations of LND. Combination of 20 microM @entity2904 with 100 microM LND had additive effects on proliferation response, without affecting cell viability. Short-term drug treatments without irradiation did not induce micronuclei formation. Cell proliferation and viability were also not affected. However, post-irradiation presence of either of these drugs for 4 h significantly reduced the proliferation response, 24 and 48 h after treatments. It was further inhibited by the combination treatment. On the contrary, radiation induced micronuclei formation was enhanced by either of the drugs; which was significantly increased by the combined treatment, 24 h as well as 48 h after irradiation. No effects on cell viability were observed, immediately after these treatments as well as at later time points. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that combination of @entity2904 and LND at clinically achievable, low plasma concentrations could inhibit @entity5 growth, and @entity19981 could reduce the dose of @entity2903 required for radiosensitization of @entity1313 .

title: Optimizing radiotherapy of @entity1313 by a combination of @entity2903 _ XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumour', 'brain tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethyl sulphoxide', 'DMSO']

entities_list: @entity3460 :: ('MESH:D014343', 'Chemical') :: ['trypan blue']

entities_list: @entity19981 :: ('MESH:C016371', 'Chemical') :: ['lonidamine', 'Lonidamine']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['Temozolomide', 'temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow toxicities']

answer: @entity19981 :: (MESH:C016371,Chemical) :: ['lonidamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ), a second generation alkylating drug, an effective cytotoxic agent as well as radiosensitizer for malignant @entity1313 , has side effects like myelosuppression. @entity19981 (LND) increases the effectiveness of several experimental multiple chemotherapy protocols, without increasing @entity236 and is effective in @entity1313 @entity1 . The objective of the present studies was to investigate whether combining clinically relevant doses of LND and @entity2904 could increase the proliferation and radiation response of malignant @entity1 @entity1313 cells in vitro. METHODS: A malignant @entity1 @entity11 (U373MG) cell line was used in these studies. @entity2904 (20, 40 or 60 microM) or LND (100, 150 or 200 microM), or the combination of both (20 and 100 microM, respectively) in 0.1 per cent @entity3733 ( @entity3733 ) were added three days after setting up cultures, in six well plates (5 x 10(4) cells/ well). The effects of continuous treatment for two days on proliferation response and @entity137 were studied after trypsinization; by cell counts and the uptake of @entity3460 dye (0.5%). For the study of radiation (60Co-Gamma-rays, 2 Gy) response, drugs were removed 4 h after irradiation and cultures were grown further in drug free, normal growth medium for another 20 h or 44 h. RESULTS: Continuous presence of @entity2904 or LND for two days significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. The frequencies of non viable cells increased significantly only at higher concentrations of LND. Combination of 20 microM @entity2904 with 100 microM LND had additive effects on proliferation response, without affecting cell viability. Short-term drug treatments without irradiation did not induce micronuclei formation. Cell proliferation and viability were also not affected. However, post-irradiation presence of either of these drugs for 4 h significantly reduced the proliferation response, 24 and 48 h after treatments. It was further inhibited by the combination treatment. On the contrary, radiation induced micronuclei formation was enhanced by either of the drugs; which was significantly increased by the combined treatment, 24 h as well as 48 h after irradiation. No effects on cell viability were observed, immediately after these treatments as well as at later time points. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that combination of @entity2904 and LND at clinically achievable, low plasma concentrations could inhibit @entity5 growth, and @entity19981 could reduce the dose of @entity2903 required for radiosensitization of @entity1313 .

title: Optimizing radiotherapy of @entity1313 by a combination of XXXX _ @entity19981 .

answer: @entity2903 :: (MESH:C047246,Chemical) :: ['temozolomide']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ), a second generation alkylating drug, an effective cytotoxic agent as well as radiosensitizer for malignant @entity1313 , has side effects like myelosuppression. @entity19981 (LND) increases the effectiveness of several experimental multiple chemotherapy protocols, without increasing @entity236 and is effective in @entity1313 @entity1 . The objective of the present studies was to investigate whether combining clinically relevant doses of LND and @entity2904 could increase the proliferation and radiation response of malignant @entity1 @entity1313 cells in vitro. METHODS: A malignant @entity1 @entity11 (U373MG) cell line was used in these studies. @entity2904 (20, 40 or 60 microM) or LND (100, 150 or 200 microM), or the combination of both (20 and 100 microM, respectively) in 0.1 per cent @entity3733 ( @entity3733 ) were added three days after setting up cultures, in six well plates (5 x 10(4) cells/ well). The effects of continuous treatment for two days on proliferation response and @entity137 were studied after trypsinization; by cell counts and the uptake of @entity3460 dye (0.5%). For the study of radiation (60Co-Gamma-rays, 2 Gy) response, drugs were removed 4 h after irradiation and cultures were grown further in drug free, normal growth medium for another 20 h or 44 h. RESULTS: Continuous presence of @entity2904 or LND for two days significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. The frequencies of non viable cells increased significantly only at higher concentrations of LND. Combination of 20 microM @entity2904 with 100 microM LND had additive effects on proliferation response, without affecting cell viability. Short-term drug treatments without irradiation did not induce micronuclei formation. Cell proliferation and viability were also not affected. However, post-irradiation presence of either of these drugs for 4 h significantly reduced the proliferation response, 24 and 48 h after treatments. It was further inhibited by the combination treatment. On the contrary, radiation induced micronuclei formation was enhanced by either of the drugs; which was significantly increased by the combined treatment, 24 h as well as 48 h after irradiation. No effects on cell viability were observed, immediately after these treatments as well as at later time points. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that combination of @entity2904 and LND at clinically achievable, low plasma concentrations could inhibit @entity5 growth, and @entity19981 could reduce the dose of @entity2903 required for radiosensitization of @entity1313 .

title: Optimizing radiotherapy of XXXX by a combination of @entity2903 _ @entity19981 .

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumours']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report results in the European Society of Cataract _ Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) multicenter study of the prophylaxis of @entity3225 after @entity231 surgery. SETTING: Twenty-four ophthalmology units and eye clinics in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, @entity233 , and the United Kingdom, with an administrative office in Ireland, coordinating center in England, and data management and statistical unit in Scotland. METHODS: This partially masked randomized placebo-controlled multinational clinical study to evaluate prospectively the prophylactic effect of intracameral @entity2261 injection and/or perioperative @entity800 eyedrops on the incidence of @entity3225 after phacoemulsification @entity231 surgery began in September 2003 and was terminated early in January 2006. The study used random allocation of @entity1 in a 2 x 2 factorial design. RESULTS: By the end of 2005, complete follow-up records had been received for 13 698 study @entity1 . Such a clear beneficial effect from the use of intracameral @entity2261 had been observed that it was agreed it would be unethical to continue the study and to wait for the completion of all follow-up procedures before reporting this important result. If total reported cases of @entity3225 are considered, the incidence rate observed in those treatment groups not receiving @entity2261 prophylaxis (23 cases in 6862 @entity1 ) was almost 5 times as high (odds ratio [OR], 4.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-12.08; P = .002) as that in the groups receiving this treatment (5 cases in 6836 @entity1 ). If only cases proved to be due to @entity281 are considered, the rate was more than 5 times as high (OR, 5.32; 95% CI, 1.55-18.26; P = .008) in the treatment groups not receiving @entity2261 . Although the use of perioperative @entity800 eyedrops as prophylaxis was also associated with a reduction in the observed incidence rate of @entity86 , this effect was smaller and was not statistically significant, whether total reported cases or only cases proven to be due to @entity281 are used in calculating the rates. As not all follow-up procedures are complete, it is possible that further cases of @entity3225 may be reported; however, it is not expected that this will alter the main conclusion. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that successful completion of follow-up procedures in all @entity1 will increase the total number in the study to approximately 16,000. CONCLUSION: Intracameral @entity2261 administered at the time of surgery significantly reduced the risk for developing @entity3225 after @entity231 surgery.

title: ESCRS study of prophylaxis of XXXX after @entity231 surgery: Preliminary report of principal results from a European multicenter study.

entities_list: @entity2261 :: ('MESH:D002444', 'Chemical') :: ['cefuroxime']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative endophthalmitis']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['endophthalmitis']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['levofloxacin']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative endophthalmitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report results in the European Society of Cataract _ Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) multicenter study of the prophylaxis of @entity3225 after @entity231 surgery. SETTING: Twenty-four ophthalmology units and eye clinics in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, @entity233 , and the United Kingdom, with an administrative office in Ireland, coordinating center in England, and data management and statistical unit in Scotland. METHODS: This partially masked randomized placebo-controlled multinational clinical study to evaluate prospectively the prophylactic effect of intracameral @entity2261 injection and/or perioperative @entity800 eyedrops on the incidence of @entity3225 after phacoemulsification @entity231 surgery began in September 2003 and was terminated early in January 2006. The study used random allocation of @entity1 in a 2 x 2 factorial design. RESULTS: By the end of 2005, complete follow-up records had been received for 13 698 study @entity1 . Such a clear beneficial effect from the use of intracameral @entity2261 had been observed that it was agreed it would be unethical to continue the study and to wait for the completion of all follow-up procedures before reporting this important result. If total reported cases of @entity3225 are considered, the incidence rate observed in those treatment groups not receiving @entity2261 prophylaxis (23 cases in 6862 @entity1 ) was almost 5 times as high (odds ratio [OR], 4.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74-12.08; P = .002) as that in the groups receiving this treatment (5 cases in 6836 @entity1 ). If only cases proved to be due to @entity281 are considered, the rate was more than 5 times as high (OR, 5.32; 95% CI, 1.55-18.26; P = .008) in the treatment groups not receiving @entity2261 . Although the use of perioperative @entity800 eyedrops as prophylaxis was also associated with a reduction in the observed incidence rate of @entity86 , this effect was smaller and was not statistically significant, whether total reported cases or only cases proven to be due to @entity281 are used in calculating the rates. As not all follow-up procedures are complete, it is possible that further cases of @entity3225 may be reported; however, it is not expected that this will alter the main conclusion. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that successful completion of follow-up procedures in all @entity1 will increase the total number in the study to approximately 16,000. CONCLUSION: Intracameral @entity2261 administered at the time of surgery significantly reduced the risk for developing @entity3225 after @entity231 surgery.

title: ESCRS study of prophylaxis of @entity86 after XXXX surgery: Preliminary report of principal results from a European multicenter study.

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crashes remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Adolescents are disproportionately represented among victims. Several risk-reduction programs for teenage driving offenders have consequently been introduced. The efficacy of these interventions on subsequent driving behavior is unknown. We assessed the effectiveness of drive alive (DA), a 10-hour @entity130 center-based interactive program designed to reduce traffic violations in adolescents. METHODS: All subjects court-ordered to attend DA over a 2-year period were tracked. A random selection of teenagers with similar offenses in corresponding time periods served as controls. Driving records of both groups were obtained from the Bureau of Motor Vehicles. Comparisons were made at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, and 30 months intervals using Fisher's exact test with 0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS: Of 183 @entity1 , records were available for 176 (128 male, 48 females). There were 233 controls. Six months after DA completion, 50 of 176 (28%) @entity1 had at least one repeat offense versus 97 of 233 (42%) in controls (p = 0.0068). No differences were observed at 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, and 30 months. Similar 6 month reductions were seen in @entity1 referred for moving violations (28.6% vs. 42%, p = 0.0205) and substance abuse-related violations (15.4% vs. 33%, p = 0.0325). Similarly, no difference in new offenses was seen at 12 months and beyond. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in the DA program resulted in a lower rate of traffic violations in teenagers for a period lasting up till at least 6 months when compared with a control group. This effect is also seen in individuals referred for moving violations and @entity167 -related offenses. Further research on educational intervention programs in interactive settings such as @entity130 centers is needed.

title: The effect of a XXXX center-based intervention program on recidivism among adolescent driving offenders.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The study objectives were to assess the effect of age, to evaluate the impact of smoking, and to determine the effect of rural residence on @entity5 characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes for Kentucky's @entity1204 @entity1 . METHODS: The Kentucky Cancer Registry identified Kentucky residents diagnosed with @entity1204 from 1995 to 2002. Data abstracted included demographics, @entity5 characteristics, treatment, and recurrence/survival status. RESULTS: Three thousand five hundred and sixty-two @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity1204 . Mean age at diagnosis decreased significantly (P=0.0388) over the 7-year period. Smokers had higher grade, stage, and worse outcomes. Rural @entity1 more often lacked commercial insurance, underwent less comprehensive surgical evaluation, and had less multimodality treatment. Increasing age (P<0.0001), positive or unknown smoking status (P=0.0003), black race (P<0.0001), no commercial insurance (P<0.0001), increasing grade or advanced stage (P<0.0001), small size of treating hospital (P<0.0001), and unknown nodal status (P<0.0001) were negatively associated with disease-specific survival. Lymph node sampling was performed in only 38.6% of @entity1 . On multivariate analysis, age ( @entity4736 .38 for 10 year increments; P<0.0001), smoking ( @entity4736 .38; P=0.008), no commercial insurance or Medicaid ( @entity4736 .87; P=0.0007), rural residence (RR 0.77; P=0.011), advanced stage and grade (RR 7.96, 3.96; P<0.0001), and no nodal evaluation or unknown nodal status ( @entity16071 .32, 2.51; P<0.0001) significantly effected disease-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support a trend toward a younger age for @entity1204 diagnosis, confirm the adverse impact of smoking and socioeconomic factors, and demonstrate an association between incomplete surgical staging and decreased survival.

title: XXXX in Kentucky: the impact of age, smoking status, and rural residence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['Endometrial cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Selection of a feasible sequence and schedule of @entity3003 in combination with @entity1945 for evaluation in @entity43 (EOC). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with stages III-IV EOC or primary @entity189 without prior chemotherapy were assigned to consecutive cohorts evaluating a "forward" ( @entity3003 day 1, @entity1945 days 1-3), "reverse" ( @entity3003 day 3, @entity1945 days 1-3), or "extended reverse" sequence ( @entity3003 day 5, @entity1945 days 1-5). @entity1 received 4 cycles @entity3003 - @entity1945 followed by 4 cycles @entity3003 - @entity1311 . Feasibility was defined according to the cumulative proportion of @entity1 with dose-limiting events (DLEs) during the first four cycles. RESULTS: Sixty-eight @entity1 were enrolled across 5 cohorts. The forward sequence demonstrated unacceptable hematologic DLEs at the lowest @entity1945 dose (0.75 mg/m2/day x 3 days). The reverse sequence was feasible at 1.25 mg/m2/day x 3 days, with only 1/15 @entity1 experiencing a DLE within 4 cycles, and 14/15 @entity1 were able to receive 4 subsequent cycles of @entity3003 - @entity1311 . The extended reverse sequence was associated with excessive DLEs at 1.00 mg/m2/day x 5 days. Prophylactic hematopoietic growth factors were not required. CONCLUSION: Higher doses of @entity1945 could be safely administered with reduced @entity137 over multiple cycles using the reverse sequence, which was selected for phase III evaluation. The relative efficacy of the forward and reverse sequence is unknown.

title: Sequence dependence of hematologic toxicity using XXXX and @entity1945 for primary therapy of @entity43 : a phase I study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['advanced epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Women', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1945 :: ('MESH:D019772', 'Chemical') :: ['topotecan']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: Selection of a feasible sequence and schedule of @entity3003 in combination with @entity1945 for evaluation in @entity43 (EOC). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with stages III-IV EOC or primary @entity189 without prior chemotherapy were assigned to consecutive cohorts evaluating a "forward" ( @entity3003 day 1, @entity1945 days 1-3), "reverse" ( @entity3003 day 3, @entity1945 days 1-3), or "extended reverse" sequence ( @entity3003 day 5, @entity1945 days 1-5). @entity1 received 4 cycles @entity3003 - @entity1945 followed by 4 cycles @entity3003 - @entity1311 . Feasibility was defined according to the cumulative proportion of @entity1 with dose-limiting events (DLEs) during the first four cycles. RESULTS: Sixty-eight @entity1 were enrolled across 5 cohorts. The forward sequence demonstrated unacceptable hematologic DLEs at the lowest @entity1945 dose (0.75 mg/m2/day x 3 days). The reverse sequence was feasible at 1.25 mg/m2/day x 3 days, with only 1/15 @entity1 experiencing a DLE within 4 cycles, and 14/15 @entity1 were able to receive 4 subsequent cycles of @entity3003 - @entity1311 . The extended reverse sequence was associated with excessive DLEs at 1.00 mg/m2/day x 5 days. Prophylactic hematopoietic growth factors were not required. CONCLUSION: Higher doses of @entity1945 could be safely administered with reduced @entity137 over multiple cycles using the reverse sequence, which was selected for phase III evaluation. The relative efficacy of the forward and reverse sequence is unknown.

title: Sequence dependence of hematologic toxicity using @entity3003 and XXXX for primary therapy of @entity43 : a phase I study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group.

answer: @entity1945 :: (MESH:D019772,Chemical) :: ['topotecan']


abstract: PURPOSE: Selection of a feasible sequence and schedule of @entity3003 in combination with @entity1945 for evaluation in @entity43 (EOC). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with stages III-IV EOC or primary @entity189 without prior chemotherapy were assigned to consecutive cohorts evaluating a "forward" ( @entity3003 day 1, @entity1945 days 1-3), "reverse" ( @entity3003 day 3, @entity1945 days 1-3), or "extended reverse" sequence ( @entity3003 day 5, @entity1945 days 1-5). @entity1 received 4 cycles @entity3003 - @entity1945 followed by 4 cycles @entity3003 - @entity1311 . Feasibility was defined according to the cumulative proportion of @entity1 with dose-limiting events (DLEs) during the first four cycles. RESULTS: Sixty-eight @entity1 were enrolled across 5 cohorts. The forward sequence demonstrated unacceptable hematologic DLEs at the lowest @entity1945 dose (0.75 mg/m2/day x 3 days). The reverse sequence was feasible at 1.25 mg/m2/day x 3 days, with only 1/15 @entity1 experiencing a DLE within 4 cycles, and 14/15 @entity1 were able to receive 4 subsequent cycles of @entity3003 - @entity1311 . The extended reverse sequence was associated with excessive DLEs at 1.00 mg/m2/day x 5 days. Prophylactic hematopoietic growth factors were not required. CONCLUSION: Higher doses of @entity1945 could be safely administered with reduced @entity137 over multiple cycles using the reverse sequence, which was selected for phase III evaluation. The relative efficacy of the forward and reverse sequence is unknown.

title: Sequence dependence of hematologic toxicity using @entity3003 and @entity1945 for primary therapy of XXXX : a phase I study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group.

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['advanced epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the behavior of @entity1584 microbubbles outside and inside Kupffer cells during diagnostic ultrasound (US) examination, and to determine the thresholds of the acoustic pressure of different kinds of behavior. METHODS: Acoustic behavior of @entity1584 microbubbles inside and outside Kupffer cells in an acoustic field induced by a clinical US transducer and equipment was optically observed in vitro. The acoustic pressure was measured simultaneously by a calibrated hydrophone and an oscilloscope. RESULTS: The acoustic behavior of microbubbles was optically categorized as stabilization, oscillation, transposition, shrinkage, and destruction. The @entity3883 ( @entity3883 ) displayed on the US equipment correlated well with the acoustic pressure at the level of microbubbles measured hydrophonically. At a frame rate of 15 Hz with a frequency of 3.5 MHz and pulse repetition frequency of 3 KHz, the thresholds in term of @entity3883 for free microbubbles to begin oscillation, reach @entity3987 , transposition, shrinkage, and destruction were 0.21, 0.44, 0.53, 0.75, and 1.03, respectively. Although adherent and phagocytosed microbubbles showed more stability enduring insonation compared with free microbubbles, the thresholds of shrinkage and destruction were @entity3883 1.03 and 1.18 for adherent microbubbles, and 1.18 and 1.37 for phagocytosed microbubbles, respectively. Neither oscillation nor transposition of microbubbles inside Kupffer cells was observed microscopically. No cell damage because of microbubbles destruction was found in the present study. CONCLUSION: @entity1584 microbubbles outside and inside Kupffer cells respond to external US insonation with same parameters of a clinical contrast-enhanced US study according to the acoustic pressure. Free microbubbles behave as stabilization, oscillation, transposition, shrinkage, and destruction under insonation. The adherent and phagocytosed microbubbles are more stable under insonation than free microbubbles, but still respond showing shrinkage and destruction when @entity3883 is over 1.03.

title: Optical microscopic findings of the behavior of XXXX microbubbles outside and inside Kupffer cells during diagnostic ultrasound examination.

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'mechanical index']

entities_list: @entity1584 :: ('MESH:C108042', 'Chemical') :: ['perflubutane', 'Perflubutane']

entities_list: @entity3987 :: ('MESH:D057826', 'Disease') :: ['best oscillation']

answer: @entity1584 :: (MESH:C108042,Chemical) :: ['perflubutane']


abstract: AIM: Progressive resistance exercises (PRE) are prescribed to reverse the deconditioning associated with @entity615 . The spine rehabilitation program has utilized 2 sets of progressive resistance exercises during each session, with increased resistance between sets, and with successive sessions. Exercise literature has challenged the need for multiple sets of resistance exercises, with a single set producing similar functional benefits. The authors studied whether completing 1 versus 2 sets of resistance exercises would affect strength, @entity158 and disability outcomes in subjects with @entity1643 ( @entity1643 ). METHODS: The study randomly assigned subjects with @entity1643 to perform either 1 set or 2 sets of progressive resistance exercises during otherwise identical spine rehabilitation programs. The @entity1 sample included 100 subjects (36 male @entity1 , 64 female @entity1 , mean age 46 years) with @entity615 referred to spine rehabilitation. Primary outcomes were back strength and progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation (PILE) at discharge. Secondary outcomes were @entity717 (0-100) and @entity158 scores (0-10). Exercises consisted of @entity615 , rotary torso, pull downs, and multi-hip; lifting of crates from floor-to-waist (lumbar) and waist-to-shoulder (cervical) heights. The maximum levels of exercises were determined using a four repetition to maximum protocol, and the PILE. RESULTS: At discharge, there was no significant difference in strength, disability or @entity158 measures between subjects completing 1 versus 2 sets of resistance exercises. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there were no added benefits for completing a second set of resistance exercises during therapy sessions for @entity1 with @entity1643 .

title: Randomized trial comparing the effects of one set vs two sets of resistance exercises for outpatients with XXXX and @entity158 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['chronic low back pain', 'CLBP']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['Cybex back extension', 'chronic back pain']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry disability']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['chronic low back pain']


abstract: AIM: Progressive resistance exercises (PRE) are prescribed to reverse the deconditioning associated with @entity615 . The spine rehabilitation program has utilized 2 sets of progressive resistance exercises during each session, with increased resistance between sets, and with successive sessions. Exercise literature has challenged the need for multiple sets of resistance exercises, with a single set producing similar functional benefits. The authors studied whether completing 1 versus 2 sets of resistance exercises would affect strength, @entity158 and disability outcomes in subjects with @entity1643 ( @entity1643 ). METHODS: The study randomly assigned subjects with @entity1643 to perform either 1 set or 2 sets of progressive resistance exercises during otherwise identical spine rehabilitation programs. The @entity1 sample included 100 subjects (36 male @entity1 , 64 female @entity1 , mean age 46 years) with @entity615 referred to spine rehabilitation. Primary outcomes were back strength and progressive isoinertial lifting evaluation (PILE) at discharge. Secondary outcomes were @entity717 (0-100) and @entity158 scores (0-10). Exercises consisted of @entity615 , rotary torso, pull downs, and multi-hip; lifting of crates from floor-to-waist (lumbar) and waist-to-shoulder (cervical) heights. The maximum levels of exercises were determined using a four repetition to maximum protocol, and the PILE. RESULTS: At discharge, there was no significant difference in strength, disability or @entity158 measures between subjects completing 1 versus 2 sets of resistance exercises. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there were no added benefits for completing a second set of resistance exercises during therapy sessions for @entity1 with @entity1643 .

title: Randomized trial comparing the effects of one set vs two sets of resistance exercises for outpatients with @entity1643 and XXXX .

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['leg pain']


abstract: T-cell subsets and their activation state were examined by double-label immunofluorescence of cryostat tissue sections of the colon from 21 @entity1 with @entity31 ( @entity31 ) and 30 histologically normal controls. Expression of MHC class I (HLA-A, B, C) and class II (HLA-D) antigens was studied in parallel. In the normal colonic mucosa, the @entity404 : @entity405 ratio in the epithelial compartment approximated 1:1, and in the lamina propria, 2.55:1. Of the @entity405 + (cytotoxic/suppressor) subset, approximately half did not express the @entity5893 "pan-T" marker in either compartment. Virtually no @entity1196 + cells were observed, implying that the @entity404 + subset consisted of helper, rather than suppressor-inducer cells. Classical markers of T-cell activation (CD25, HLA-D) and proliferation were absent, and strong expression of the @entity4587 "immunostimulation" marker was approximately equal in both @entity404 and @entity405 subsets. The epithelium was uniformly negative for class II antigens, but positive for class I. In @entity31 , there were no significant alterations in @entity404 : @entity405 ratios in either compartment, and there were no changes with respect to phenotype of the subsets. In 11 of 19 @entity1 (mainly with total @entity1960 ), enterocytes were HLA-D+. In this HLA-D+ group, there was an increase in the percentage of @entity404 + cells coexpressing @entity4587 ; this difference was significant (P less than 0.02) in the lamina propria. Increased expression of @entity4587 was also found by the @entity7279 + T cell subset (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Colonic mucosal T lymphocytes in XXXX : expression of @entity4587 antigen in relation to MHC class II (HLA-D) antigens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: T-cell subsets and their activation state were examined by double-label immunofluorescence of cryostat tissue sections of the colon from 21 @entity1 with @entity31 ( @entity31 ) and 30 histologically normal controls. Expression of MHC class I (HLA-A, B, C) and class II (HLA-D) antigens was studied in parallel. In the normal colonic mucosa, the @entity404 : @entity405 ratio in the epithelial compartment approximated 1:1, and in the lamina propria, 2.55:1. Of the @entity405 + (cytotoxic/suppressor) subset, approximately half did not express the @entity5893 "pan-T" marker in either compartment. Virtually no @entity1196 + cells were observed, implying that the @entity404 + subset consisted of helper, rather than suppressor-inducer cells. Classical markers of T-cell activation (CD25, HLA-D) and proliferation were absent, and strong expression of the @entity4587 "immunostimulation" marker was approximately equal in both @entity404 and @entity405 subsets. The epithelium was uniformly negative for class II antigens, but positive for class I. In @entity31 , there were no significant alterations in @entity404 : @entity405 ratios in either compartment, and there were no changes with respect to phenotype of the subsets. In 11 of 19 @entity1 (mainly with total @entity1960 ), enterocytes were HLA-D+. In this HLA-D+ group, there was an increase in the percentage of @entity404 + cells coexpressing @entity4587 ; this difference was significant (P less than 0.02) in the lamina propria. Increased expression of @entity4587 was also found by the @entity7279 + T cell subset (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Colonic mucosal T lymphocytes in @entity31 : expression of XXXX antigen in relation to MHC class II (HLA-D) antigens.

answer: @entity4587 :: (924,Gene) :: ['CD7']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We developed a methodology using vital statistics to estimate the impact of @entity3604 on the mortality of an entire population, and applied it to France for the period 2000-2004. METHODS: Current definitions of @entity3604 were reviewed and their components identified. We used the International Classification of Diseases with national vital statistics data for the French adult population and performed cross-classifications between various components: age, sex, I-code (site) and E-code (mechanism of @entity174 ). This methodology allowed identification of appropriate thresholds and categorization for each pertinent component. RESULTS: 2,625,743 death certificates were analyzed, 2.2% of which carried a mention of @entity174 . @entity173 represented 55% of all deaths from @entity174 . Both sexes showed a similar pattern of mortality rates for all @entity174 sites, the rate increased with age from the age of 70 years. The E-high-energy code (present in 12% of death certificates with @entity174 ) was found to be useful to rule-out @entity3604 , and to correct the overestimation of mortality rates. Using this methodology, the crude number of deaths associated with @entity174 was estimated to be 57,753 and the number associated with @entity3604 46,849 (1.85% and 1.78% of all deaths, respectively). CONCLUSION: @entity3604 have a significant impact on overall population mortality.

title: Using vital statistics to estimate the population-level impact of XXXX on mortality based on death certificates, with an application to France (2000-2004).

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporotic fractures', 'osteoporotic fractures', 'non-osteoporotic fractures']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['Hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity3604 :: (MESH:D058866,Disease) :: ['osteoporotic fractures']


abstract: After exposure to @entity864 ( @entity865 ), cells of the @entity2799 cell line, HL-60, differentiate into macrophage-like cells. Within 24 h the cells adhere to the surface of the culture flask and increase production of nonspecific esterases. The intracellular concentration of the @entity563 proteases increases two- to threefold within 4 days and continues to increase as the cells develop into mature macrophages. The acid hydrolases, lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase, were secreted by the differentiated cells. Both the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of these enzymes continued to increase as the cells matured. The fully differentiated cells readily phagocytized opsonized @entity375 cells. Phagocytosis had little effect on the secretion of acid hydrolases, while intracellular proteases increased significantly. The fully differentiated HL-60 cells resembled normal macrophages regarding all parameters studied. Viability of the differentiated cells exceeded 50% when cultured for 30 days. Therefore, these cells should prove to be a useful tool for the study of macrophage function with respect to microorganisms that are resistant to destruction by phagocytic cells.

title: Long-term culturing of XXXX -induced differentiated HL-60 cells results in increased levels of lytic enzymes.

entities_list: @entity2799 :: ('MESH:D015473', 'Disease') :: ['promyelocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

answer: @entity865 :: (CHEBI:61432,Chemical) :: ['TPA']


abstract: Thermal inactivation of @entity1641 liver @entity167 dehydrogenase (LADH) exhibits the following biphasic kinetics A = Afast.e-Kfast.t + Aslow.e-Kslow.t Where A is the per cent residual activity at time t,Afast and Aslow are amplitudes (expressed as % of initial activity) and kfast and kslow first-order rate constants of the fast and slow phases, respectively. For apoenzyme, Afast = Aslow = 50% of the initial activity under all conditions of temperature and pH. On the addition of a substrate or coenzyme ligand, there is a ligand concentration-dependent increase in per cent Aslow and a decrease in kslow. At sufficiently high ligand concentration, the entire time-course of inactivation can be described as a single exponential decay. The variations of per cent Aslow and of kslow with ligand concentration are consistent with the existence of two binding sites of different ligand affinities. Inactivation of LADH by excess @entity1098 also exhibits a similar biphasic kinetics with Afast = Aslow = 50% of the initial activity. Addition of @entity1068 or @entity2125 + brings about a concentration-dependent decrease in kfast and kslow without affecting amplitudes of the two phases. The @entity2125 concentration-dependence of this decrease is consistent with a single dissociation constant for the coenzyme. Inactivation of @entity375 @entity167 dehydrogenase by heat or excess @entity1098 can be represented as a single exponential decay of activity under all conditions of temperature and pH in the absence as well as presence of @entity1068 or @entity2125 +. Implications of these results for the molecular symmetry of the two oligomeric enzymes in solution are discussed.

title: Effect of substrates and coenzymes on the molecular symmetry-related properties of @entity1641 liver and @entity375 XXXX dehydrogenases.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: Thermal inactivation of @entity1641 liver @entity167 dehydrogenase (LADH) exhibits the following biphasic kinetics A = Afast.e-Kfast.t + Aslow.e-Kslow.t Where A is the per cent residual activity at time t,Afast and Aslow are amplitudes (expressed as % of initial activity) and kfast and kslow first-order rate constants of the fast and slow phases, respectively. For apoenzyme, Afast = Aslow = 50% of the initial activity under all conditions of temperature and pH. On the addition of a substrate or coenzyme ligand, there is a ligand concentration-dependent increase in per cent Aslow and a decrease in kslow. At sufficiently high ligand concentration, the entire time-course of inactivation can be described as a single exponential decay. The variations of per cent Aslow and of kslow with ligand concentration are consistent with the existence of two binding sites of different ligand affinities. Inactivation of LADH by excess @entity1098 also exhibits a similar biphasic kinetics with Afast = Aslow = 50% of the initial activity. Addition of @entity1068 or @entity2125 + brings about a concentration-dependent decrease in kfast and kslow without affecting amplitudes of the two phases. The @entity2125 concentration-dependence of this decrease is consistent with a single dissociation constant for the coenzyme. Inactivation of @entity375 @entity167 dehydrogenase by heat or excess @entity1098 can be represented as a single exponential decay of activity under all conditions of temperature and pH in the absence as well as presence of @entity1068 or @entity2125 +. Implications of these results for the molecular symmetry of the two oligomeric enzymes in solution are discussed.

title: Effect of substrates and coenzymes on the molecular symmetry-related properties of XXXX liver and @entity375 @entity167 dehydrogenases.

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['horse']


abstract: Thermal inactivation of @entity1641 liver @entity167 dehydrogenase (LADH) exhibits the following biphasic kinetics A = Afast.e-Kfast.t + Aslow.e-Kslow.t Where A is the per cent residual activity at time t,Afast and Aslow are amplitudes (expressed as % of initial activity) and kfast and kslow first-order rate constants of the fast and slow phases, respectively. For apoenzyme, Afast = Aslow = 50% of the initial activity under all conditions of temperature and pH. On the addition of a substrate or coenzyme ligand, there is a ligand concentration-dependent increase in per cent Aslow and a decrease in kslow. At sufficiently high ligand concentration, the entire time-course of inactivation can be described as a single exponential decay. The variations of per cent Aslow and of kslow with ligand concentration are consistent with the existence of two binding sites of different ligand affinities. Inactivation of LADH by excess @entity1098 also exhibits a similar biphasic kinetics with Afast = Aslow = 50% of the initial activity. Addition of @entity1068 or @entity2125 + brings about a concentration-dependent decrease in kfast and kslow without affecting amplitudes of the two phases. The @entity2125 concentration-dependence of this decrease is consistent with a single dissociation constant for the coenzyme. Inactivation of @entity375 @entity167 dehydrogenase by heat or excess @entity1098 can be represented as a single exponential decay of activity under all conditions of temperature and pH in the absence as well as presence of @entity1068 or @entity2125 +. Implications of these results for the molecular symmetry of the two oligomeric enzymes in solution are discussed.

title: Effect of substrates and coenzymes on the molecular symmetry-related properties of @entity1641 liver and XXXX @entity167 dehydrogenases.

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was a long-term Doppler echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve repair for anterior @entity3454 using expanded @entity736 sutures. METHODS: Between April 1992 and December 2003, we performed mitral valve repair using expanded @entity736 sutures in 204 @entity1 (mean age, 54.6 years) with severe @entity339 ( @entity339 ) having anterior @entity3454 . The cause of @entity340 was degenerative in 181 @entity1 (88.7%). Postoperative serial transthoracic echocardiographic studies were performed in all hospital survivors. Residual @entity339 flow detected by color Doppler echocardiography was classified according to the maximum regurgitant jet area. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality of 204 @entity1 was 1.4% (3 deaths). There were 12 late deaths and 14 reoperations in this series. Kaplan-Meier survival and freedom from reoperation at 12 years were 84.6% +/- 4.0% and 89.9% +/- 2.9%, respectively. Postoperative transthoracic echocardiographic assessment after discharge (mean follow-up, 4.2 +/- 3.0 years) showed less than mild regurgitation (maximum regurgitant jet area < 4.0 cm2) in 80.9% of the @entity1 . Overall, freedom from severe @entity339 (maximum regurgitant jet area > or = 7.0 cm2) estimates at 12 years were 88.1% +/- 3.1%. Freedom from severe @entity339 at 12 years for 114 @entity1 with no @entity339 (maximum regurgitant jet area = 0 cm2) on intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography and 77 @entity1 with @entity339 was 95.3% +/- 2.1% and 82.9% +/- 5.1%, respectively (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Twelve-year echocardiographic follow-up demonstrates good long-term results of chordal replacement with expanded @entity736 sutures for anterior @entity3454 . To avoid recurrence of regurgitation, a significantly high level of competence of the valve is essential in the repair of anterior @entity3454 .

title: Mitral valve repair for anterior leaflet prolapse with expanded XXXX sutures.

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity3454 :: ('MESH:D008945', 'Disease') :: ['mitral leaflet prolapse']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['polytetrafluoroethylene']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve disease']

answer: @entity736 :: (CHEBI:53251,Chemical) :: ['polytetrafluoroethylene']


abstract: @entity11 are the most common and aggressive form of @entity1313 . Current therapy consists of surgical resection, followed by radiation therapy and concomitant chemotherapy. Despite these treatments, the prognosis for @entity1 is poor. As such, investigative therapies including @entity5 vaccines have targeted this devastating condition. Recent clinical trials involving immunotherapy, specifically dendritic cell (DC) based vaccines, have shown promising results. Overall, these vaccines are well tolerated with few documented side effects. In many @entity1 receiving vaccines, @entity5 progression was delayed and the median overall survival of these @entity1 was prolonged. Despite these encouraging results, several factors have limited the efficacy of DC vaccines. Here we discuss the potential of DC vaccines as adjuvant therapy and current obstacles of generating highly pure and potent DC vaccines in the context of @entity11 . Taken together, the results from earlier clinical studies justify additional clinical trials aimed at improving the efficacy of DC vaccines.

title: Therapeutic vaccines for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant gliomas', 'malignant glioma']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['malignant brain tumors']


abstract: For oral @entity413 tolerance test (OGTT) in @entity19 , multiple blood samples need to be taken within a few hours from conscious @entity19 . Today, a number of essential parameters may be analysed on very small amounts of plasma, thus reducing the number of animals to be used. It is, however, crucial to obtain high-quality plasma or serum in order to avoid increased data variation and thereby increased group sizes. The aim of this study was to find the most valid and reproducible method for withdrawal of blood samples when performing OGTT. Four methods, i.e. amputation of the tail tip, lateral tail incision, puncture of the tail tip and periorbital puncture, were selected for testing at 21 degrees C and 30 degrees C after a pilot study. For each method, four blood samples were drawn from C57BL/6 @entity19 at 30 min intervals. The presence of clots was registered, haemolysis was monitored spectrophotometrically at 430 nm, and it was noted whether it was possible to achieve 30-50 microL blood. Furthermore, a small amount of extra blood was sampled before and after the four samplings for testing of whether the sampling induced a blood @entity413 change over the 90 min test period. All methods resulted in acceptable amounts of plasma. Clots were observed in a sparse number of samples with no significant differences between the methods. Periorbital puncture did not lead to any haemolysed samples at all, and lateral tail incision resulted in only a few haemolysed samples, while puncture or amputation of the tail tip induced haemolysis in a significant number of samples. All methods, except for puncture of the tail tip, influenced blood @entity413 . Periorbital puncture resulted in a dramatic increase in blood @entity413 of up to 3.5 mmol/L indicating that it is stressful. Although lateral tail incision also had some impact on blood @entity413 , it seems to be the method of choice for OGTT, as it is likely to produce a clot-free non-haemolysed sample, while periorbital sampling, although producing a high quality of sample, induces such a dramatic change in blood @entity413 that it should not be applied for OGTT in @entity19 .

title: Quality of plasma sampled by different methods for multiple blood sampling in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Evidence has accumulated showing that active @entity26 species participate in at least one stage of @entity5 promotion. Tumor promoters can induce various types of cells to undergo processes that result in formation of active @entity26 species. They stimulate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to undergo an oxidative burst that is characterized by rapid formation of .O2- and @entity274 . We find that in vitro formation of @entity274 by @entity5 promoter-activated PMNs correlates with their in vivo first-stage promoting activity. Moreover, two @entity1014 derivatives are formed in DNA coincubated with @entity5 promoter-stimulated PMNs: @entity45057 ( @entity55420 ) and @entity72389 (dTG). The amounts of @entity55420 and dTG formed correlate with the first-stage @entity5 -promoting potencies of the agents used for PMN stimulation and with the amount of @entity274 generated. We find that @entity55420 is also formed in the DNA of HeLa cells coincubated with @entity864 ( @entity865 )-activated PMNs, with the amount of @entity55420 being proportional to that of @entity865 used. Even in the absence of PMNs, @entity55420 is increasingly formed in cellular DNA with increased @entity865 concentration, although at much lower levels than in the presence of PMNs. When @entity35 liver microsomes are incubated with @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ), a complete carcinogen, @entity274 is also generated. Production of @entity274 increases linearly with increasing concentrations of @entity3015 . Furthermore, @entity55420 is formed in DNA exposed to @entity3015 -treated microsomes, and its formation is inhibited by catalase. These results suggest that carcinogen-induced processes generating @entity274 are associated with the first-stage promoting @entity3457 .

title: Oxidation of DNA bases by XXXX promoter-activated processes.

entities_list: @entity45057 :: ('MESH:C018080', 'Chemical') :: ["5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine"]

entities_list: @entity72389 :: ('MESH:C029390', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine glycol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['activity of complete carcinogens']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The non-invasive faecal sampling and RIA was used to measure faecal equivalents of @entity251 (T), @entity2494 ( @entity2494 ), @entity53 -17beta (E2) and @entity1420 (P4) in juvenile and adult @entity34409 males. Possible connections of diurnal and seasonal changes of sexual @entity134 levels and display activity were studied. Correlations were found between sexual @entity134 equivalent levels of faeces and display activity and agonistic behaviour in the different phases of annual cycle of adult males. In early display period increasing levels of @entity3800 were measured, during main display period very high @entity342 dominance was observable against E2 and P4. During postnuptial moult strong T decrease and @entity2494 and P4 increase were detected. Elevation of E2 was measured during wintering. In juveniles level of @entity2494 was higher than level of T suggesting its importance in immature males. @entity393 was detected between reproductive period and postnuptial moult and @entity2494 between reproduction and wintering, accompanying with E2 elevation. The inhibiting effect of inclement weather on gonad functions also was detected in our study. We suppose that the unexpected cold weather with strong wind depressed the levels of @entity3800 both in juveniles and adults and the @entity101 was also detected.

title: Display activity and seasonality of faecal sexual steroids in male XXXX ( @entity34409 L.).

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increase of faecal E2']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['DHEA', 'dehydroepiandrosterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['Decrease of T']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity34409 :: (73107,Species) :: ['great bustard']


abstract: The non-invasive faecal sampling and RIA was used to measure faecal equivalents of @entity251 (T), @entity2494 ( @entity2494 ), @entity53 -17beta (E2) and @entity1420 (P4) in juvenile and adult @entity34409 males. Possible connections of diurnal and seasonal changes of sexual @entity134 levels and display activity were studied. Correlations were found between sexual @entity134 equivalent levels of faeces and display activity and agonistic behaviour in the different phases of annual cycle of adult males. In early display period increasing levels of @entity3800 were measured, during main display period very high @entity342 dominance was observable against E2 and P4. During postnuptial moult strong T decrease and @entity2494 and P4 increase were detected. Elevation of E2 was measured during wintering. In juveniles level of @entity2494 was higher than level of T suggesting its importance in immature males. @entity393 was detected between reproductive period and postnuptial moult and @entity2494 between reproduction and wintering, accompanying with E2 elevation. The inhibiting effect of inclement weather on gonad functions also was detected in our study. We suppose that the unexpected cold weather with strong wind depressed the levels of @entity3800 both in juveniles and adults and the @entity101 was also detected.

title: Display activity and seasonality of faecal sexual steroids in male @entity34409 ( XXXX L.).

answer: @entity34409 :: (73107,Species) :: ['Otis tarda']


abstract: The advantages of laparoscopic over open surgery have been documented in nonblinded settings. Our prospective, double-blind setting evaluated @entity158 scores 72 h after surgery by comparing @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic myomectomy or with laparotomy. Forty @entity1 referred for conservative myomectomy were included in the study. After stratification ( @entity1868 size, number of @entity1868 , and surgeon), @entity1 were randomized to either laparoscopy (n = 19) or laparotomy (n = 21) and received a standardized anesthesia and @entity1 -controlled analgesia for 24 h after surgery. Identical wound dressings were applied to blind the @entity1 and the observer to the surgical approach. The @entity282 scores were documented on a visual analog scale (VAS; 0 = no and 10 = unbearable @entity158 ) at 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery. As the primary outcome variable, we calculated the mean overall VAS-score at these time points. P < 0.05 (t-test and analysis of covariance) was considered statistically significant. There were no differences in @entity1 characteristics among the groups. The mean overall VAS score at 24, 48, and 72 h was statistically significantly lower in the laparoscopic group compared with the laparotomy group (2.28 +/- 1.38 versus 4.03 +/- 1.63; P < 0.01). Our data demonstrate, for the first time in a double-blind setting, that laparoscopic myomectomy reduces @entity282 for 72 h after surgery compared with laparotomy.

title: Laparoscopic versus open myomectomy: a double-blind study to evaluate XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['postoperative pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine pediatricians' attitudes about the @entity1082 ) vaccine and to compare their attitudes with those expressed by the general public. METHODS: Eight-hundred and fifty pediatricians from the American Academy of Pediatrics were surveyed, including general pediatricians (n = 450), and members of the sections of adolescent medicine (n = 200) and @entity166 (n = 200). Pediatricians were asked to answer four items that had been included on a Wall Street Journal (WSJ) poll of the general public shortly after the HPV vaccine was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. RESULTS: Of 752 eligible pediatricians, 373 (50%) responded. Compared to the general public, pediatricians were less likely to agree that routine Papanicolaou smears are a better strategy for preventing @entity5 than HPV vaccination (12% vs 45%, P < 0.001), that abstinence programs are a better strategy for preventing the spread of HPV (17% vs 44%, P < 0.001), and that HPV vaccination may encourage sexual activity (4% vs 27%, P < 0.001). Pediatricians were more likely to support HPV vaccination without parental permission (77% vs 47%, P < 0.001). There were no differences between pediatricians based on gender. General pediatricians were more likely than pediatricians affiliated with the sections of @entity166 and adolescent medicine to endorse abstinence programs over HPV vaccination (22% vs 16% and 8%, respectively, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Pediatricians are much more supportive of HPV vaccination than the general public. Pediatricians should be aware of these differences when counseling @entity1 and their families.

title: Pediatricians are more supportive of the XXXX vaccine than the general public.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: Aging and disease may make elderly @entity1 particularly susceptible to @entity551 during spinal anesthesia. We compared the hemodynamic effect of continuous spinal anesthesia (CSA) and small dose single injection spinal anesthesia (SA) regarding the incidence of @entity551 . Seventy-four @entity1 aged >75 yr undergoing surgical repair of @entity173 were randomized into 2 groups of 37 @entity1 each. Group CSA received a continuous spinal anesthetic with a titration of 2.5 mg boluses every 15 min of isobaric @entity1341 , while group SA received a single injection spinal anesthetic with 7.5 mg of isobaric @entity1341 . The overall variations in noninvasive automated arterial blood pressure were not statistically significantly different in the 2 groups at baseline and after CSA or SA (not significant). In the SA group, 68% of @entity1 experienced at least one episode of @entity551 ( @entity551 greater than 20% of baseline value) versus 31% of @entity1 in the CSA group (P = 0.005). In the SA group, 51% of @entity1 experienced at least one episode of severe @entity551 ( @entity551 more than 30% of baseline value) versus 8% of @entity1 in the CSA group (P < 0.0001). In the CSA group, 4.5 +/- 2 mg of @entity6358 was injected versus 11 +/- 2 mg in the SA group (P = 0.005). In the CSA group, 5 mg (2.5-10) of anesthetic solution was required versus 7.5 mg in the SA group (P < 0.0001). We conclude that, in elderly @entity1 undergoing @entity173 repair, CSA provides fewer episodes of @entity551 and severe @entity551 compared with a single intrathecal injection of 7.5 mg @entity1341 .

title: Spinal anesthesia using single injection small-dose @entity1341 versus continuous catheter injection techniques for surgical repair of XXXX in elderly @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity6358 :: ('MESH:D004809', 'Chemical') :: ['ephedrine']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension', 'decrease in systolic arterial blood pressure']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fracture']


abstract: Aging and disease may make elderly @entity1 particularly susceptible to @entity551 during spinal anesthesia. We compared the hemodynamic effect of continuous spinal anesthesia (CSA) and small dose single injection spinal anesthesia (SA) regarding the incidence of @entity551 . Seventy-four @entity1 aged >75 yr undergoing surgical repair of @entity173 were randomized into 2 groups of 37 @entity1 each. Group CSA received a continuous spinal anesthetic with a titration of 2.5 mg boluses every 15 min of isobaric @entity1341 , while group SA received a single injection spinal anesthetic with 7.5 mg of isobaric @entity1341 . The overall variations in noninvasive automated arterial blood pressure were not statistically significantly different in the 2 groups at baseline and after CSA or SA (not significant). In the SA group, 68% of @entity1 experienced at least one episode of @entity551 ( @entity551 greater than 20% of baseline value) versus 31% of @entity1 in the CSA group (P = 0.005). In the SA group, 51% of @entity1 experienced at least one episode of severe @entity551 ( @entity551 more than 30% of baseline value) versus 8% of @entity1 in the CSA group (P < 0.0001). In the CSA group, 4.5 +/- 2 mg of @entity6358 was injected versus 11 +/- 2 mg in the SA group (P = 0.005). In the CSA group, 5 mg (2.5-10) of anesthetic solution was required versus 7.5 mg in the SA group (P < 0.0001). We conclude that, in elderly @entity1 undergoing @entity173 repair, CSA provides fewer episodes of @entity551 and severe @entity551 compared with a single intrathecal injection of 7.5 mg @entity1341 .

title: Spinal anesthesia using single injection small-dose XXXX versus continuous catheter injection techniques for surgical repair of @entity173 in elderly @entity1 .

answer: @entity1341 :: (MESH:D002045,Chemical) :: ['bupivacaine']


abstract: Aging and disease may make elderly @entity1 particularly susceptible to @entity551 during spinal anesthesia. We compared the hemodynamic effect of continuous spinal anesthesia (CSA) and small dose single injection spinal anesthesia (SA) regarding the incidence of @entity551 . Seventy-four @entity1 aged >75 yr undergoing surgical repair of @entity173 were randomized into 2 groups of 37 @entity1 each. Group CSA received a continuous spinal anesthetic with a titration of 2.5 mg boluses every 15 min of isobaric @entity1341 , while group SA received a single injection spinal anesthetic with 7.5 mg of isobaric @entity1341 . The overall variations in noninvasive automated arterial blood pressure were not statistically significantly different in the 2 groups at baseline and after CSA or SA (not significant). In the SA group, 68% of @entity1 experienced at least one episode of @entity551 ( @entity551 greater than 20% of baseline value) versus 31% of @entity1 in the CSA group (P = 0.005). In the SA group, 51% of @entity1 experienced at least one episode of severe @entity551 ( @entity551 more than 30% of baseline value) versus 8% of @entity1 in the CSA group (P < 0.0001). In the CSA group, 4.5 +/- 2 mg of @entity6358 was injected versus 11 +/- 2 mg in the SA group (P = 0.005). In the CSA group, 5 mg (2.5-10) of anesthetic solution was required versus 7.5 mg in the SA group (P < 0.0001). We conclude that, in elderly @entity1 undergoing @entity173 repair, CSA provides fewer episodes of @entity551 and severe @entity551 compared with a single intrathecal injection of 7.5 mg @entity1341 .

title: Spinal anesthesia using single injection small-dose @entity1341 versus continuous catheter injection techniques for surgical repair of @entity173 in elderly XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. MiRNAs are expressed in a developmentally regulated and tissue-specific manner. Aberrant expression may contribute to pathological processes such as @entity5 , and miRNA may therefore serve as biomarkers that may be useful in a clinical environment for diagnosis of @entity66 . Most miRNA profiling studies have used fresh tissue samples. However, in some types of @entity5 , including malignant @entity320 , fresh material is difficult to obtain from @entity5 , and most surgical specimens are @entity406 fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE). To explore whether FFPE material would be suitable for miRNA profiling in @entity75 , we compared miRNA expression patterns in FFPE versus fresh frozen samples, obtained from 15 @entity1 @entity8205 . Out of microarray data, we identified 84 miRNAs that were expressed in both types of samples and represented an miRNA profile of @entity8205 . Our results showed a high correlation in miRNA expression (Spearman r-value of 0.80) between paired FFPE and fresh frozen material. The data were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR. In conclusion, FFPE specimens of @entity75 are suitable as a source for miRNA microarray profiling.

title: MicroRNA expression in XXXX : the usefulness of @entity406 -fixed, paraffin-embedded material for miRNA microarray profiling.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['various diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic lesions']

entities_list: @entity8205 :: ('MESH:D009508', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic nevi']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity8205 :: (MESH:D009508,Disease) :: ['melanocytic nevi']


abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. MiRNAs are expressed in a developmentally regulated and tissue-specific manner. Aberrant expression may contribute to pathological processes such as @entity5 , and miRNA may therefore serve as biomarkers that may be useful in a clinical environment for diagnosis of @entity66 . Most miRNA profiling studies have used fresh tissue samples. However, in some types of @entity5 , including malignant @entity320 , fresh material is difficult to obtain from @entity5 , and most surgical specimens are @entity406 fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE). To explore whether FFPE material would be suitable for miRNA profiling in @entity75 , we compared miRNA expression patterns in FFPE versus fresh frozen samples, obtained from 15 @entity1 @entity8205 . Out of microarray data, we identified 84 miRNAs that were expressed in both types of samples and represented an miRNA profile of @entity8205 . Our results showed a high correlation in miRNA expression (Spearman r-value of 0.80) between paired FFPE and fresh frozen material. The data were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR. In conclusion, FFPE specimens of @entity75 are suitable as a source for miRNA microarray profiling.

title: MicroRNA expression in @entity8205 : the usefulness of XXXX -fixed, paraffin-embedded material for miRNA microarray profiling.

answer: @entity406 :: (MESH:D005557,Chemical) :: ['formalin']


abstract: Surgery is a definite treatment for @entity5 by resecting the @entity5 . Surgeon not only aims to cure the @entity1 but aims to relieve distressing symptoms as well. Unfortunately, @entity1 may suffer adverse consequences from such surgery. The operative dissection of the rectum may damage the pelvic autonomic nerves disturbing bladder and sexual function. The construction of a permanent colostomy following an abdominoperineal resection may be associated with one or more physical problems as well as clinically significant psychosocial problems as well. The advances in knowledge of @entity5 biology and the improvements of surgical techniques and devices result in an increasing number of sphincter saving procedures such as low anterior resection. Although avoiding permanent stoma is generally regarded as a favorable outcome measure, @entity1 undergoing sphincter-saving surgery may develop a number of unpleasant symptoms, typically fecal soiling and urgency, especially with low @entity254 . It is evident that the consequences of rectal surgery have an important bearing on quality of life. Although differences in definition exist, quality of life may be regarded as representing an individual's ability to carry out daily activities, as well as satisfaction with personal performance and with balance between disease control and adverse effects of treatment. In addition to traditional endpoints, such as survival and disease recurrences, assessing quality of life is necessary to provide a proper, comprehensive understanding of the outcome of surgery and other forms of treatment.

title: [The quality of life after XXXX surgery].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of umbilical cord serum eyedrops for the treatment of severe @entity936 . METHODS: Fifty-five eyes of 31 @entity1 with severe @entity936 were treated with umbilical cord serum eyedrops. Symptom scoring, tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer test, corneal sensitivity test, and corneal @entity941 staining were performed before and 1 and 2 months after treatment, and conjunctival impression cytology was performed before and 2 months after treatment. The concentrations of @entity4179 ( @entity4179 ), @entity904 , and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in umbilical cord serum and normal peripheral blood serum were measured. RESULTS: Two months after treatment, significant improvement was observed in symptom score (from 3.07 +/- 0.54 to 0.96 +/- 0. 58), BUT (from 3.96 +/- 1.56 to 5.45 +/- 2.54 seconds), and keratoepitheliopathy score (from 4.87 +/- 3.22 to 1.71 +/- 1.84) (P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant change in Schirmer and corneal sensitivity tests. In impression cytology, the grade of @entity1544 (from 2.35 +/- 0.72 to 1.44 +/- 0.69) and goblet cell density (from 80.91 +/- 31.53 to 154.68 +/- 43.06 cell/mm) improved significantly (P < 0.01). The mean concentrations of @entity4179 , TGF-beta, and @entity904 were 0.48 +/- 0.09, 57.14 +/- 18.98, and 230.85 +/- 13.39 ng/mL in umbilical cord serum and 0.14 +/- 0.03, 31.30 +/- 12.86, and 372.34 +/- 22.32 ng/mL in peripheral blood serum, respectively. CONCLUSION: Umbilical cord serum contains essential tear components, and umbilical cord serum eyedrops are effective and safe for the treatment of severe @entity936 .

title: Application of umbilical cord serum eyedrops for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin A']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity4179 :: ('1950', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor', 'EGF']

entities_list: @entity936 :: ('MESH:D015352', 'Disease') :: ['dry eye syndrome']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

answer: @entity936 :: (MESH:D015352,Disease) :: ['dry eye syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We present a discussion of the management of @entity130 and the factors that influence the choice of surgical approach based on our experience and a review of the literature. METHODS: Data of 41 @entity1 with @entity130 treated between 1996 and 2007 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 29 @entity1 and 12 @entity1 between 15 and 56 years of age (mean age 34) were included in the study. Twenty-one @entity1 had penetrating injuries and 20 @entity1 had @entity1913 . The diagnosis was done preoperatively in 21 cases and intraoperatively in 20 cases. Thoracotomy was used in 23 cases, laparotomy in 11 cases, laparotomy-thoracotomy in 5 cases, sternotomy-laparotomy in 1 case, and sternotomy in 1 case. Emergency surgery was performed in 30 cases. Five cases were operated within 24 hours after admission to the emergency department. In 6 cases, surgery was performed 6 months to 4 years after the initial @entity130 . The mortality rate was 14.6 % and the operative morbidity was 2.4 %. CONCLUSION: A high index of suspect is vital for the diagnosis of @entity130 in an emergency setting. The type of approach is closely related to the associated injuries.

title: XXXX : a surgical challenge. Report of forty-one cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1913 :: ('MESH:D014949', 'Disease') :: ['blunt injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragmatic injury', 'diaphragmatic injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Diaphragmatic injuries']


abstract: Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a food plant known worldwide. From antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. @entity12071 (zen) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin present in @entity4336 and food mixture for farm animals and it is hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and genotoxic. The objectives of the present study were to assess the biological activity of radish extract and to evaluate the protective role of radish extract against the @entity137 of zen in female Balb/c @entity19 . Animals were divided into seven groups and treated orally for 10 days as follows: a control, an olive oil group, groups treated with radish extract alone (5, 10 and 15 mg kg(-1) b.w.), a group treated with zen (40 mg kg(-1) b.w.) and a group treated with zen plus the lowest dose of radish extract. The results indicate that radish extract improved the antioxidant status and had no significant effects on hematological and biochemical parameters tested or histology of the liver and kidney. Treatment with zen results in a significant increase in @entity5682 , @entity9602 , @entity13372 , BILT, BILD, CRE accompanied with significant changes in most of hematological parameters and the antioxidant enzyme activities, co-treatment of zen and the radish extract results in a significant reestablishment of hematological, serum biochemical parameters, and the histology of the liver and kidney. These findings suggest that radish extract is safe and can be overcome or, at least, significantly diminish zen effects.

title: Tunisian radish extract (Raphanus sativus) enhances the antioxidant status and protects against oxidative stress induced by XXXX in Balb/c @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity12071 :: ('MESH:D015025', 'Chemical') :: ['Zearalenone']

answer: @entity12071 :: (MESH:D015025,Chemical) :: ['zearalenone']


abstract: Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a food plant known worldwide. From antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. @entity12071 (zen) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin present in @entity4336 and food mixture for farm animals and it is hepatotoxic, hematotoxic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and genotoxic. The objectives of the present study were to assess the biological activity of radish extract and to evaluate the protective role of radish extract against the @entity137 of zen in female Balb/c @entity19 . Animals were divided into seven groups and treated orally for 10 days as follows: a control, an olive oil group, groups treated with radish extract alone (5, 10 and 15 mg kg(-1) b.w.), a group treated with zen (40 mg kg(-1) b.w.) and a group treated with zen plus the lowest dose of radish extract. The results indicate that radish extract improved the antioxidant status and had no significant effects on hematological and biochemical parameters tested or histology of the liver and kidney. Treatment with zen results in a significant increase in @entity5682 , @entity9602 , @entity13372 , BILT, BILD, CRE accompanied with significant changes in most of hematological parameters and the antioxidant enzyme activities, co-treatment of zen and the radish extract results in a significant reestablishment of hematological, serum biochemical parameters, and the histology of the liver and kidney. These findings suggest that radish extract is safe and can be overcome or, at least, significantly diminish zen effects.

title: Tunisian radish extract (Raphanus sativus) enhances the antioxidant status and protects against oxidative stress induced by @entity12071 in Balb/c XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Osteophytes of the cervical spine are usually seen in elderly adults. When prominent, they have been blamed for @entity1282 , cough, @entity7364 and dyspnoea. This paper reports on an @entity27 ( @entity27 ) @entity1 with cervical spinal @entity5040 , one cause of @entity1224 . A 75-year-old male complained of pronounced snoring. The diagnosis was mild @entity27 , apnoea hypopnoea index was 9.4. @entity1 reported no restrictions in neck movements, experiences of neck @entity4048 . Previously, @entity1 underwent a tonsillectomy due to discomfort in the pharyngeal region. A lateral cephalometric image was taken to observe airway before oral appliance therapy. The image revealed the presence of large @entity5040 or @entity627 , lying on anterior surfaces from the fourth to seventh cervical vertebrae. A computed tomography (CT) image revealed the relationship of airway position to the spine. In the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) image, the airway appeared displaced to the right of the craniomandiblar bone, with the hyoid bone similarly displaced in a manner to that of the airway. The spine also appeared displaced to the left side ofcraniomandiblar bone. Additionally, the 3D image revealed calcification of the stylohyoideum ligament and ligamentum nuchae. This present case highlights the necessity of CT examination for @entity27 @entity1 . There were several ligament calcifications in the head and neck region. Cervical spine @entity5040 , as a component of @entity5039 , have been associated with @entity1282 and @entity7364 . It was reported that bilateral @entity3746 was caused by @entity5040 compressing the post-cricoid area of larynx.

title: A case of @entity27 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['sclerotic enthesopathy']

entities_list: @entity5040 :: ('MESH:D054850', 'Disease') :: ['osteophytes']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnoea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity5039 :: ('MESH:D004057', 'Disease') :: ["Forestier's or cervical spine disease"]

entities_list: @entity7364 :: ('MESH:D055154', 'Disease') :: ['dysphonia']

entities_list: @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['pain or neck trauma']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity3746 :: ('MESH:D014826', 'Disease') :: ['vocal cord paralysis']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity4048 :: (MESH:D019547,Disease) :: ['anterior cervical osteophytes']


abstract: Osteophytes of the cervical spine are usually seen in elderly adults. When prominent, they have been blamed for @entity1282 , cough, @entity7364 and dyspnoea. This paper reports on an @entity27 ( @entity27 ) @entity1 with cervical spinal @entity5040 , one cause of @entity1224 . A 75-year-old male complained of pronounced snoring. The diagnosis was mild @entity27 , apnoea hypopnoea index was 9.4. @entity1 reported no restrictions in neck movements, experiences of neck @entity4048 . Previously, @entity1 underwent a tonsillectomy due to discomfort in the pharyngeal region. A lateral cephalometric image was taken to observe airway before oral appliance therapy. The image revealed the presence of large @entity5040 or @entity627 , lying on anterior surfaces from the fourth to seventh cervical vertebrae. A computed tomography (CT) image revealed the relationship of airway position to the spine. In the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) image, the airway appeared displaced to the right of the craniomandiblar bone, with the hyoid bone similarly displaced in a manner to that of the airway. The spine also appeared displaced to the left side ofcraniomandiblar bone. Additionally, the 3D image revealed calcification of the stylohyoideum ligament and ligamentum nuchae. This present case highlights the necessity of CT examination for @entity27 @entity1 . There were several ligament calcifications in the head and neck region. Cervical spine @entity5040 , as a component of @entity5039 , have been associated with @entity1282 and @entity7364 . It was reported that bilateral @entity3746 was caused by @entity5040 compressing the post-cricoid area of larynx.

title: A case of XXXX with @entity4048 .

answer: @entity27 :: (MESH:D020181,Disease) :: ['obstructive sleep apnoea']


abstract: PURPOSE: The primary endpoint of this study was to estimate the efficacy of endovascular interventions - @entity26467 - (occlusion and chemoinfusion of the internal iliac arteries- IIA) in the control of bleeding of @entity1 with advanced cervical and @entity1204 . @entity5 response and survival were also estimated. @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity26467 were carried out in 95 @entity1 with advanced @entity189 (study group). In 82 (86%) of them @entity26467 preceded primary radiotherapy. Autoclots, Ivalon, and Gelfoam were used for @entity432 . In 43 @entity1 intraarterial chemotherapy was followed by occlusion of the internal iliac arteries (IIA). For chemoinfusion, @entity900 (120 mg/m(2)), and later the combination of @entity900 , @entity632 and @entity786 (CAP) were administered into the femoral artery using the Seldinger method. These @entity1 were compared with a similar group of 143 @entity1 treated with radiotherapy alone (control group). RESULTS: Bleeding was controlled by embolization in all 95 @entity1 with @entity26467 and in 122 (85.3%) @entity1 of the control group (p <0.01). Repeat angiographic studies in @entity1 undergoing chemoembolization showed complete remission (CR) in 7%, partial remission (PR) in 63% and disease stabilization (SD) in 30% of the @entity1 . The corresponding figures for the control group were 5%, 54% and 23%, while @entity74 ( @entity74 ) was observed in 18% of the @entity1 of this group. The 3-year overall survival was 47% versus 36% in the study and control groups, respectively (p <0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity26467 is a method effective in stopping bleeding in @entity1 with advanced @entity189 . Chemoembolization of the IIA increases the efficacy of subsequent radiotherapy in @entity1 with advanced @entity189 .

title: Endovascular interventions in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['uterine carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'progressive disease']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusion']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer of the uterus']


abstract: The 120-kD gelation factor and @entity35375 are among the most abundant F-actin cross-linking proteins in @entity4328 . Both molecules are homodimers and have extended rod-like configurations that are respectively approximately 35 and 40 nm long. Here we report the complete cDNA sequence of the 120-kD gelation factor which codes for a protein of 857 @entity1522 . Its calculated molecular mass is 92.2 kD which is considerably smaller than suggested by its mobility in SDS-PAGE. Analysis of the sequence shows a region that is highly homologous to @entity4328 @entity35375 , @entity1573 fibroblast @entity35375 , and @entity1 @entity4714 . This conserved domain probably represents an actin binding site that is connected to the rod-forming part of the molecule via a highly charged stretch of @entity1522 . Whereas the sequence of @entity35375 (Noegel, A., W. Witke, and M. Schleicher. 1987. FEBS [Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc.] Lett. 221:391-396) suggests that the extended rod domain of the molecule is based on four spectrin-like repeats with high alpha-helix potential, the rod domain of the 120-kD gelation factor is constructed from six 100-residue repeats that have a high content of @entity2228 and @entity1521 residues and which, in contrast to @entity35375 , do not appear to have a high alpha-helical content. These repeats show a distinctive pattern of regions that have high beta-sheet potential alternating with short zones rich in residues with a high potential for turns. This observation suggests that each 100-residue motif has a cross-beta conformation with approximately nine sheets arranged perpendicular to the long axis of the molecule. In the high beta-potential zones every second residue is often hydrophobic. In a cross-beta structure, this pattern would result in one side of the domain having a surface rich in hydrophobic side chains which could account for the dimerization of the 120-kD gelation factor subunits.

title: The @entity4328 gelation factor shares a putative actin binding site with alpha-actinins and XXXX and also has a rod domain containing six 100-residue motifs that appear to have a cross-beta conformation.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity4328 :: ('44689', 'Species') :: ['D. discoideum', 'Dictyostelium discoideum']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

answer: @entity4714 :: (1756,Gene) :: ['dystrophin']


abstract: The 120-kD gelation factor and @entity35375 are among the most abundant F-actin cross-linking proteins in @entity4328 . Both molecules are homodimers and have extended rod-like configurations that are respectively approximately 35 and 40 nm long. Here we report the complete cDNA sequence of the 120-kD gelation factor which codes for a protein of 857 @entity1522 . Its calculated molecular mass is 92.2 kD which is considerably smaller than suggested by its mobility in SDS-PAGE. Analysis of the sequence shows a region that is highly homologous to @entity4328 @entity35375 , @entity1573 fibroblast @entity35375 , and @entity1 @entity4714 . This conserved domain probably represents an actin binding site that is connected to the rod-forming part of the molecule via a highly charged stretch of @entity1522 . Whereas the sequence of @entity35375 (Noegel, A., W. Witke, and M. Schleicher. 1987. FEBS [Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc.] Lett. 221:391-396) suggests that the extended rod domain of the molecule is based on four spectrin-like repeats with high alpha-helix potential, the rod domain of the 120-kD gelation factor is constructed from six 100-residue repeats that have a high content of @entity2228 and @entity1521 residues and which, in contrast to @entity35375 , do not appear to have a high alpha-helical content. These repeats show a distinctive pattern of regions that have high beta-sheet potential alternating with short zones rich in residues with a high potential for turns. This observation suggests that each 100-residue motif has a cross-beta conformation with approximately nine sheets arranged perpendicular to the long axis of the molecule. In the high beta-potential zones every second residue is often hydrophobic. In a cross-beta structure, this pattern would result in one side of the domain having a surface rich in hydrophobic side chains which could account for the dimerization of the 120-kD gelation factor subunits.

title: The XXXX gelation factor shares a putative actin binding site with alpha-actinins and @entity4714 and also has a rod domain containing six 100-residue motifs that appear to have a cross-beta conformation.

answer: @entity4328 :: (44689,Species) :: ['Dictyostelium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical and imaging features of @entity1 with @entity1778 primarily involving extraocular muscles were evaluated. METHODS: This retrospective case series includes @entity1 with @entity1778 whose only ophthalmic manifestation was extraocular muscle enlargement. Demographic data, clinical information on the @entity262 , prominent ocular signs and symptoms, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, treatments applied and the outcomes were collected. RESULTS: Five @entity1 were diagnosed as leukaemic infiltration of extraocular muscle between 1995 and 2008. The age at presentation ranged between 3 and 61 years. @entity3052 was the diagnosis in two @entity1 , and @entity6444 , @entity1860 and biphenotypic acute @entity1778 were found in one @entity1 each, respectively. One @entity1 had bilateral involvement. The lateral rectus muscle was affected in four @entity1 and the superior rectus muscle in one case. @entity1319 was the most common finding. In one @entity1 who had no prior history of @entity1778 , an incisional biopsy established the diagnosis. All @entity1 received multi-agent chemotherapy. Four @entity1 expired after a rapid decline of the systemic status within a mean period of 7 months. CONCLUSIONS: Leukaemic infiltration of extraocular muscles is a rare and late manifestation of the advanced disease associated with relapse and there seems to be a predilection for the lateral rectus muscle. Systemic prognosis remains dismal despite intensive chemotherapy.

title: Isolated extraocular muscle involvement as the ophthalmic manifestation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['Acute myeloid leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia', 'orbital leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity6444 :: ('MESH:D015461', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['chronic myeloid leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['Restricted ocular motility']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukaemia']


abstract: Activation of both the complement system and the contact system of @entity3459 is implicated in the pathophysiology of @entity295 . Because @entity19459 ( @entity19459 ) regulates the activation of both cascade systems, we studied the characteristics of plasma @entity19459 in 48 @entity1 with severe @entity295 on admission to the Intensive Care Unit at the Free University of Amsterdam. The ratio between the level of functional and antigenic @entity19459 (functional index) was significantly reduced in the @entity1 with @entity295 compared with healthy volunteers (P = 0.004). The assessment of modified (cleaved), inactive @entity19459 ( @entity32644 -Inh), and complexed forms of @entity19459 (nonfunctional @entity19459 species) revealed that the reduced functional index was mainly due to the presence of @entity32644 -Inh. On @entity214 -PAGE, @entity32644 -Inh species migrated with a lower apparent molecular weight (Mr 98,000, 91,000, and 86,000) than native @entity19459 (Mr 110,000). Elevated @entity32644 -Inh levels (greater than or equal to 0.13 microM) were found in 81% of all @entity1 , sometimes up to 1.6 microM. Levels of @entity32644 -Inh on admission appeared to be of prognostic value: @entity32644 -Inh was higher in 27 @entity1 who died than in 21 @entity1 who survived (P = 0.003). The mortality in 15 @entity1 with @entity32644 -Inh levels up to 0.2 microM was 27%, but in 12 @entity1 with plasma @entity32644 -Inh exceeding 0.44 microM, the mortality was 83%. The overall mortality in the @entity1 with @entity295 was 56%. We propose that the cleavage of @entity19459 in @entity1 with @entity295 reflects processes that play a major role in the development of fatal complications during @entity295 .

title: Proteolytic inactivation of plasma C1- inhibitor in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['intrinsic coagulation']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']