abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the capacity of Helical Hydro-CT to differentiate between benign and malignant gastric pathologies, and also to measure its usefulness in the staging of @entity356 . @entity1 AND DESIGN: We perform a cross-sectional study to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of CT, including @entity1 prospectively. We study 92 @entity1 with a clinical suspicion of gastric pathology using helical CT with a contrast agent (HCTC), water being the oral contrast agent, and i.v. @entity1496 contrast. According to the findings of previous works, we considered stomachs to be normal when the thickness of their wall was less than or equal to 6 mm, with a multilayered appearance that stands out homogeneously with the i.v. contrast. @entity5 was diagnosed if the thickness of the wall was greater, together with strong marking by the contrast agent and loss of the normal multilayered pattern. Parietal thickening was classified as @entity3621 if there was no excessive marking and no loss of the layered pattern. Masses with smooth borders, intraluminal growth and a rounded morphology were diagnosed as @entity5 . The results of our 92 studies were compared in all cases with the findings of endoscopic studies, while in the 52 @entity1 treated with surgery they were compared against surgical findings. RESULTS: In 12 of the 92 @entity1 studied using HCTC no gastric pathology was observed by CT or endoscopy. Of the 80 pathological cases CT was used to diagnose 29 as benign pathology, 19 of which were confirmed as such by histology, and 51 cases as malignant pathology, of which 49 were confirmed by histology. We obtained a sensitivity of 81.7% in the diagnosis of malignant pathology and a specificity of 90%, with a @entity2286 of 96% and a NPV of 62%. Regarding @entity2802 staging (in comparison with the 1997 @entity2802 classification), the diagnostic reliability obtained amounted to 56% for T and N, and 87% for M. CONCLUSIONS: Helical hydro CT makes it possible to diagnose advanced @entity356 . Its usefulness basically lies in the evaluation of metastatic @entity5 . It has also been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of benign pathologies. It is not a good screening method for the diagnosis of @entity356 .

title: Helical CT of the stomach: differentiation between benign and malignant pathologies, together with the staging of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['sub-mucosal tumours', 'neoplastic disease', 'A malignant tumour']

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) established acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) for @entity3363 and protein, however little is known about differences in glycemic regulations and metabolic signaling across this range. This study examined metabolic outcomes associated with intake of two diets differing in @entity1735 :protein ratios representing the upper and lower ends of the AMDR. METHODS: Adult, male @entity35 were fed either a high @entity1735 ( @entity435 ) diet (60% of energy from @entity3363 , 12% protein, 28% fat; n = 30) or a high protein (PRO) diet (35% @entity1735 , 35% protein, 30% fat; n = 30). @entity35 were meal-fed 3x/d the respective diets for 10 d and then terminated after overnight food deprivation or 30, 60, 90, 120 min post-prandial (PP). Plasma was collected at each of these points to provide a time course for @entity413 , insulin and C-peptide. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissues were collected at 0, 30 and 90 min for measurements of basal, early and delayed activation of @entity2308 , @entity14446 and @entity2508 . Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The @entity435 group produced a consistently elevated response in plasma @entity413 , insulin and C-peptide following the meal through the 120 min time course. In addition, @entity2308 and @entity2508 activation in adipose was much higher than in skeletal muscle. Conversely, the PRO group PP @entity413 response was minimal and insulin maintained a response similar to a biphasic pattern. Tissue responses for the PRO group were greater for @entity2308 and @entity14446 signaling in skeletal muscle compared with adipose. CONCLUSION: Taken together these data suggest that altering @entity435 :PRO ratios within the AMDR produce different glycemic response patterns accompanied by differential metabolic signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose.

title: Increased ratio of dietary XXXX to protein shifts the focus of metabolic signaling from skeletal muscle to adipose.

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) provides a rich source of stem cells for transplantation after myeloablative therapy. One major disadvantage of UCB transplantation is delayed platelet engraftment. We propose to hasten platelet engraftment by expanding the number of megakaryocyte (MK) precursors ( @entity2280 / @entity1427 cells) through cytokine stimulation within a closed, pre-clinical liquid culture system. Clinical engraftment data suggest a 5- to 10-fold increase in MK precursors in a UCB unit can accelerate platelet engraftment, so this was our goal. Thirteen UCB samples from full-term births were Ficoll-separated and frozen for subsequent use. On thawing, the mononuclear cell population was positively selected for @entity2280 (+) expression. The cells were cultured in gas-permeable Teflon-coated bags in serum-free medium containing the following cytokines: recombinant @entity1 @entity2772 , recombinant @entity1 @entity11601 , recombinant @entity1 @entity6826 , and recombinant @entity1 @entity26118 . MK lineage cell expansion was assessed using mononuclear cell count and flow cytometry ( @entity2280 /41, @entity1427 , @entity2280 /61, and @entity1428 expression) on days 7, 11, and 14. Optimal expansion of @entity2280 /41 and @entity1427 cells was observed at day 11, with a median 6-fold and 33-fold increase in the starting cell doses, respectively. @entity2280 /61 and @entity1428 cell expansion at day 11 was 7-fold and 14-fold, respectively. MK precursors can be successfully expanded from @entity2280 (+) UCB cells in a closed liquid culture system using @entity2772 , recombinant @entity1 @entity11601 , recombinant @entity1 @entity6826 , and recombinant @entity1 @entity26118 to a level that should have a clinical impact in the transplantation setting. Our ex vivo expansion technique needs to be further optimized before it can be used in a pilot UCB transplantation trial.

title: Ex vivo expansion of megakaryocyte precursors from umbilical cord blood XXXX cells in a closed liquid culture system.

entities_list: @entity6826 :: ('4254', 'Gene') :: ['stem cell factor']

answer: @entity2280 :: (947,Gene) :: ['CD34']


abstract: AIMS: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to document the clinical management of type 2 @entity6 and related complications in Canada's First Nations. METHODS: @entity1 were randomly selected from 19 communities. Data from charts from consenting @entity1 were collected. RESULTS: Of 885 @entity1 , 63.3% were female, mean age was 54.9 years and mean duration of T2DM was 11.2 years. Mean @entity3916 was 8.2%; 61.1% of @entity1 had an @entity3916 >7.0%; mean LDL was 2.4 mmol/L; 92.6% had @entity2299 ; mean systolic BP was 132 mm Hg; mean diastolic BP was 76 mm Hg; 92.0% had @entity101 . Lipid-lowering medications were prescribed to 62.9% of those with @entity2299 and an LDL-C >2.0 mmol/L. Of @entity101 @entity1 , 15.8% were not on an antihypertensive agent. For vascular protection, 55.1% were on a statin, 72.1% on an ACE inhibitor or ARB, and 64.5% on an anticoagulant. Smoking was documented in 39.4%, 92.1% were overweight/ @entity28 ; 55.1% had @entity740 , and 13.3% had @entity453 . CONCLUSIONS: Major care gaps were revealed, with most @entity1 not achieving glycemic, lipid and BP targets. Over half of this relatively young cohort had established microvascular disease. @entity66 rates may increase dramatically due to the high prevalence of risk factors.

title: Major gaps in XXXX clinical care among Canada's First Nations: results of the CIRCLE study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Macrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: In the lower airways, macrophages are important regulators of @entity32 and indispensable in their antimicrobial activities. Thus, air pollution particles, which modulate airway macrophage host defenses may, in susceptible individuals, increase severity of inflammatory and infectious disease. In the present study, size fractionated, ultrafine (UF), fine (PM0.1-2.5), and coarse (PM2.5-10) particulate matter (PM) were collected from 2 urban sites in the Netherlands, and were compared for effects on @entity1 alveolar macrophages (AM). Inflammatory cytokine production, phagocytosis, and expression of phagocyte receptor @entity9536 were assessed in particle-exposed AM. @entity650 levels induced by PM2.5-10 (20411 pg/mL) were > 10-fold higher than induced by PM0.1-2.5 (1781 pg/mL). Levels induced by PM0.1-2.5 were 2- to 3-fold higher than induced by UF (770 pg/mL) when cells were exposed to the same particle mass. Cytokine induction by the PM was inhibited by antibody to @entity5750 and required the presence of serum for optimal stimulation, implying that bacterial products or endotoxin were stimulatory moieties in both coarse and fine particulate matter. Phagocytosis of opsonized @entity375 was inhibited by coarse more than by fine PM, as was @entity375 -induced oxidative burst. Coarse particles decreased @entity9536 expression more than fine PM. The UF did not affect these functions. Taken together, these results suggest that PM recognition by @entity1 AM involves receptors evolved to recognize microbial cell structures, and that microbial products preferentially found in the coarse particle fraction of PM may be involved in inflammatory events and @entity358 associated with exposure to pollution particles.

title: Response of XXXX alveolar macrophages to ultrafine, fine, and coarse urban air pollution particles.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['decreased pulmonary defenses']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among troops training at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, from May through June 1997, to identify @entity281 caused by tick-borne pathogens. Serum samples were tested by IFAs for antibodies to selected @entity16736 and Ehrlichia species and by an investigational EIA for spotted @entity221 group @entity16736 lipopolysaccharide antigens. Of 1,067 guardsmen tested, 162 (15.2%) had antibodies to one or more pathogens. Of 93 guardsmen with paired serum samples, 33 seroconverted to @entity16736 or spotted @entity221 group rickettsiae (SFGR) and five to Ehrlichia species. Most (84.8%) of the personnel who seroconverted to SFGR were detected only by EIA, and seropositivity was significantly associated with an illness compatible with a @entity7545 . In addition, 34 (27%) of 126 subjects with detectable antibody titers reported a compatible illness. The primary risk factor for confirmed or probable disease was finding > 10 ticks on the body. @entity3403 use and rolling up of long sleeves were protective against seropositivity. The risk of transmission of tick-borne pathogens at Fort Chaffee remains high, and use of the broadly reactive EIA suggests that previous investigations may have underestimated the risk for @entity281 by SFGR. Measures to prevent tick bite and associated disease may require reevaluation.

title: Fort Chaffee revisited: the epidemiology of XXXX at a natural focus.

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['Doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity16736 :: ('783', 'Species') :: ['Rickettsia rickettsii', 'Rickettsia']

entities_list: @entity7545 :: ('MESH:D017282', 'Disease') :: ['tick-borne disease']

answer: @entity7545 :: (MESH:D017282,Disease) :: ['tick-borne rickettsial and ehrlichial diseases']


abstract: The embryonic stem cell test (EST) is a validated method to assess the developmental @entity137 potency of chemicals. It was developed to reduce animal use and allow faster testing for hazard assessment. The cells used in this method are maintained and differentiated in media containing foetal calf serum. This animal product is of considerable variation in quality, and individual batches require extensive testing for their applicability in the EST. Moreover, its production involves a large number of foetuses and possible animal suffering. We demonstrate the serum-free medium and feeder cell-free maintenance of the @entity19 embryonic stem cell line D3 and investigate the use of specific growth factors for induction of cardiac differentiation. Using a combination of @entity8385 , @entity7739 , activin A and @entity620 , embryoid bodies efficiently differentiated into contracting myocardium. Additionally, examining levels of intracellular marker proteins by flow cytometry not only confirmed differentiation into cardiomyocytes, but demonstrated significant differentiation into neuronal cells in the same time frame. Thus, this approach might allow for simultaneous detection of developmental effects on both early mesodermal and neuroectodermal differentiation. The serum-free conditions for maintenance and differentiation of D3 cells described here enhance the transferability and standardisation and hence the performance of the EST.

title: Defined culture medium for stem cell differentiation: applicability of serum-free conditions in the XXXX embryonic stem cell test.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity8385 :: ('12156(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['bone morphogenetic protein-2']

entities_list: @entity7739 :: ('12159(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['bone morphogenetic protein-4']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Leukotriene receptor antagonists have shown some efficacy in t he treatment of @entity565 . Injection of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 into the skin leads to a weal-and-flare reaction, suggesting an involvement of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of @entity110 . Indeed, various reports have indicated a beneficial effect for leukotriene receptor antagonists in @entity1 with chronic @entity110 . OBJECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic effect of the leukotriene receptor antagonist @entity22398 in @entity1 with chronic @entity110 . METHODS: The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study lasting for 12 weeks. Fifty-two @entity1 with chronic @entity110 were investigated at a university hospital. The @entity1 were randomized to receive 20 mg @entity22398 b.i.d. or placebo and cross-over was scheduled after 6 weeks. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by a daily symptom score, six physical examinations, the requirement of rescue @entity8610 ( @entity20512 ) and an overall assessment by the @entity1 andthe investigating physician. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 completed the study: @entity22398 was well tolerated without alteration of the investigated laboratory parameters. In comparison with placebo, treatment with @entity22398 resulted in no significant positive effect for any of the efficacy measures. Moreover, we were unable to identify any subgroup of @entity1 with chronic @entity110 responding with a therapeutic benefit. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity4352 receptor antagonist @entity22398 does not provide a significant therapeutic benefit at a dose of 20 mg b.i.d. in @entity1 with chronic @entity110 .

title: XXXX has no beneficial effects in the treatment of chronic @entity110 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity22398 :: ('MESH:C062735', 'Chemical') :: ['zafirlukast']

entities_list: @entity8610 :: ('MESH:D006633', 'Chemical') :: ['antihistamines']

entities_list: @entity4352 :: ('CHEBI:25029', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotriene']

entities_list: @entity20512 :: ('MESH:C043648', 'Chemical') :: ['acrivastine']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

answer: @entity22398 :: (MESH:C062735,Chemical) :: ['Zafirlukast']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Leukotriene receptor antagonists have shown some efficacy in t he treatment of @entity565 . Injection of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 into the skin leads to a weal-and-flare reaction, suggesting an involvement of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of @entity110 . Indeed, various reports have indicated a beneficial effect for leukotriene receptor antagonists in @entity1 with chronic @entity110 . OBJECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic effect of the leukotriene receptor antagonist @entity22398 in @entity1 with chronic @entity110 . METHODS: The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study lasting for 12 weeks. Fifty-two @entity1 with chronic @entity110 were investigated at a university hospital. The @entity1 were randomized to receive 20 mg @entity22398 b.i.d. or placebo and cross-over was scheduled after 6 weeks. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by a daily symptom score, six physical examinations, the requirement of rescue @entity8610 ( @entity20512 ) and an overall assessment by the @entity1 andthe investigating physician. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 completed the study: @entity22398 was well tolerated without alteration of the investigated laboratory parameters. In comparison with placebo, treatment with @entity22398 resulted in no significant positive effect for any of the efficacy measures. Moreover, we were unable to identify any subgroup of @entity1 with chronic @entity110 responding with a therapeutic benefit. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity4352 receptor antagonist @entity22398 does not provide a significant therapeutic benefit at a dose of 20 mg b.i.d. in @entity1 with chronic @entity110 .

title: @entity22398 has no beneficial effects in the treatment of chronic XXXX .

answer: @entity110 :: (MESH:D014581,Disease) :: ['urticaria']


abstract: Aqueous @entity3988 was given to ten healthy male volunteers in a single oral dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Serum @entity3988 levels were measured at various intervals up to 24 hours after administration of the drug as were blood pressure, heart rate, and PR interval. The pharmacokinetics followed a one-compartment model in six and two-compartment model in four subjects. The mean distribution half-life in the latter four subjects was 15.8 +/- 3.7 minutes (range, 10.4-18.8 min). In the ten subjects, the peak serum @entity3988 level was attained in 20 to 45 minutes (mean, 32.5 +/- 9.5 min) and ranged from 136 to 701 ng/mL (mean, 332 +/- 180 ng/mL). The elimination half-life ranged from 2.8 to 4.8 hours (mean, 3.8 +/- 0.6 hr). The area under the concentration-time curve varied from 508 to 2,245 ng-hr/mL, indicating differing bioavailability. Slight but significant blood pressure reduction was seen only at one to three hours. Changes in heart rate were not significant at any measurement. Transient @entity1671 , beginning at ten to 20 minutes after administration, was noted in nine subjects, reflecting the vasodilatory effect of the drug. Significant prolongation (greater than 10%) of PR intervals began at ten minutes in three, at 20 minutes in six, and at 30 minutes in one @entity1 , and progressed to second-degree Wenckebach @entity713 in six subjects 20 to 60 minutes after administration and third-degree @entity713 in one @entity1 45 minutes after dosing. These @entity713 resolved by the third hour without treatment, and PR prolongation resolved by the fifth to seventh hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of aqueous XXXX in healthy @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participant', 'person']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['AV block', 'AV blocks', 'atrioventricular (AV) block']

entities_list: @entity1671 :: ('MESH:D005483', 'Disease') :: ['facial flushing']

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['diltiazem']


abstract: Aqueous @entity3988 was given to ten healthy male volunteers in a single oral dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight. Serum @entity3988 levels were measured at various intervals up to 24 hours after administration of the drug as were blood pressure, heart rate, and PR interval. The pharmacokinetics followed a one-compartment model in six and two-compartment model in four subjects. The mean distribution half-life in the latter four subjects was 15.8 +/- 3.7 minutes (range, 10.4-18.8 min). In the ten subjects, the peak serum @entity3988 level was attained in 20 to 45 minutes (mean, 32.5 +/- 9.5 min) and ranged from 136 to 701 ng/mL (mean, 332 +/- 180 ng/mL). The elimination half-life ranged from 2.8 to 4.8 hours (mean, 3.8 +/- 0.6 hr). The area under the concentration-time curve varied from 508 to 2,245 ng-hr/mL, indicating differing bioavailability. Slight but significant blood pressure reduction was seen only at one to three hours. Changes in heart rate were not significant at any measurement. Transient @entity1671 , beginning at ten to 20 minutes after administration, was noted in nine subjects, reflecting the vasodilatory effect of the drug. Significant prolongation (greater than 10%) of PR intervals began at ten minutes in three, at 20 minutes in six, and at 30 minutes in one @entity1 , and progressed to second-degree Wenckebach @entity713 in six subjects 20 to 60 minutes after administration and third-degree @entity713 in one @entity1 45 minutes after dosing. These @entity713 resolved by the third hour without treatment, and PR prolongation resolved by the fifth to seventh hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of aqueous @entity3988 in healthy XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Among the different surgical options proposed for the treatment of glottic neoplasms involving the anterior commissure is the Horizontal Glottectomy (HG) proposed in 1978 by Calearo and Teatini. This type of laryngectomy is now included with good reason among the reconstructive horizontal laryngectomies in that it calls for the complete removal of the vocal folds and corresponding thyroid cartilage, with reconstruction of the airways by means of a thyrocricopexy. The object of our study was to describe the indications, surgical technique and oncological and functional results on the basis of the experience acquired by the Authors in 21 @entity1 affected by @entity189 (juxta-commissural T1a with diffuse @entity5656 of the contralateral cord and T1b infiltration to the anterior commissure) who underwent Horizontal Glottectomy (HG) according to the Calearo-Teatinin technique. For 3 of the 21 @entity1 , the follow-up was under 3 years; for 11 @entity1 it was over 5 years; and in 4 cases, it was over 10 years, with a survival rate at 5 years of 91.5%. There were 5 deaths (27.7%), 2 of which were due to non-neoplastic intervening causes, and 1 of which for a recurrence of N (5.5%) a year after surgery. In 3 @entity1 , @entity86 (radiotherapy) was carried out due to infiltration of the resection borders. With regard to the functional results, the naso-gastric tube was maintained for 8 days on average (min 4, max 12 days), and the tracheal cannula remained in situ an average of 11 days (min 7, max 19 days), while the average hospital stay was 9.3 days. The treatment options currently available for glottic @entity5 involving the anterior commissure may be divided among radiotherapy (RT), conventional surgery including vertical laryngectomies (Tucker's frontoanterior and Leroux-Robert's frontolateral laryngectomies) and horizontal laryngectomies (Calearo-Teatini's horizontal glottectomy, Majer-Piquet's crico-hyoido-epiglottopexy, and Labayle's crico-hyoidopexy), as well as endoscopic laser surgery. Each procedure is adopted on the basis of the experience and philosophy of the surgeon. For @entity5 involving the anterior commissure, our treatment protocol prescribes HG to be performed whenever possible, as its oncological and functional result have confirmed the validity of the procedure, as long as the indications are followed carefully. Furthermore, when compared to the frontolateral procedure, it provides similar oncological results, but being a much more economical operation on the vertical plane, it avoids stenotic complications, while, compared to the Majer-Piquet procedure, it allows easier and faster rehabilitation, even in elderly @entity1 .

title: [Horizontal glottectomy according to Calearo-Teatini for the treatment of XXXX involving the anterior commissure of the larynx: oncological and functional results].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity5656 :: ('MESH:D017488', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkeratosis']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative RT']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: The temporal and spatial patterns of development of radial glial processes in the @entity35 dentate gyrus have been studied in immunohistochemical preparations stained for the presence of either the @entity40 ( @entity40 ) or the vimentin-associated antigen R4. Additional electron microscopic (EM) observations were made from material prepared either immunohistochemically or by the Golgi method. R4 immunoreactive radial fibers were observed in the incipient dentate gyrus as early as E13 and by E14 the density of stained fibers was clearly higher in the anlage of the dentate gyrus than in the adjacent hippocampus. By E15 it was possible to identify in the EM the endfeet of radial glial cells that contained numerous glycogen particles. @entity40 -positive radial processes were first observed on E17; these processes tended to be of larger diameter than those stained with the R4 antibody, suggesting that they were among the more mature processes. The orientation of both the R4- and @entity40 -positive glial processes changed throughout the last week of embryonic life and by the end of the first postnatal week they formed a complex meshwork of intertwined processes. The distribution of their cell bodies also changed with time; initially their perikarya were located in the neuroepithelium at the lateral margin of the hippocampal primordium; later they were found mainly beneath the granule cell layer. Dividing cells that contained @entity40 were observed along the trajectory of the migrating granule cell precursors and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus; at later stages some @entity40 -positive mitotic figures were seen within and immediately below the granule cell layer. On the basis of these observations, we have attempted to reconstruct the role that radial glial processes play in the morphogenesis of the dentate gyrus. First, radial processes extend from the neuroepithelium to the pial surface prior to the migration of neurons that will form the dentate gyrus. These early generated glia appear to form the boundaries of the developing dentate gyrus and provide an internal lattice that may guide the initial wave of migrating progenitor cells. As the dentate gyrus enlarges, these early formed processes maintain their contacts along the hippocampal fissure and along the pial surface of the dentate anlage. Thus, with time they become increasingly distorted and are ultimately compressed into two bundles; one lies deep to the hippocampal fissure parallel to the granule cell layer and the other is located at the fimbriodentate juncture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Organization of radial glial cells during the development of the XXXX dentate gyrus.

entities_list: @entity40 :: ('24387(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['glial fibrillary acidic protein', 'GFAP']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This prospective phase II trial was performed to determine the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1138 , @entity1206 and @entity900 combination chemotherapy for @entity1 with previously untreated stage IIIB or IV @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: Between January 1999 and April 2001, 30 @entity1 with chemotherapy-naive stage IIIB or IV @entity1149 were entered into this study. @entity1138 at a dose of 7 mg/m2, @entity1206 at a dose of 25 mg/m2 and @entity900 at a dose of 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and @entity1206 at a dose of 25 mg/m2 on day 8 were administered. This regimen was repeated every 4 weeks. RESULTS: 29 @entity1 out of 30 @entity1 were assessable. Among the assessable @entity1 , 15 (51.7%) @entity1 had a partial response. The median duration of response and survival was 22 weeks and 39 weeks, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 @entity1431 and @entity882 were observed in 28.3% and 4.7% of all the cycles, respectively. @entity390 and vomiting of grade 3 occurred only in 2.4% of all the cycles. CONCLUSION: The regimen of @entity1138 , @entity1206 and @entity900 for @entity1149 is active against advanced @entity1149 with tolerable @entity137 .

title: A phase II study of @entity1206 , @entity1138 and XXXX chemotherapy for advanced @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C', 'Mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This prospective phase II trial was performed to determine the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1138 , @entity1206 and @entity900 combination chemotherapy for @entity1 with previously untreated stage IIIB or IV @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: Between January 1999 and April 2001, 30 @entity1 with chemotherapy-naive stage IIIB or IV @entity1149 were entered into this study. @entity1138 at a dose of 7 mg/m2, @entity1206 at a dose of 25 mg/m2 and @entity900 at a dose of 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and @entity1206 at a dose of 25 mg/m2 on day 8 were administered. This regimen was repeated every 4 weeks. RESULTS: 29 @entity1 out of 30 @entity1 were assessable. Among the assessable @entity1 , 15 (51.7%) @entity1 had a partial response. The median duration of response and survival was 22 weeks and 39 weeks, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 @entity1431 and @entity882 were observed in 28.3% and 4.7% of all the cycles, respectively. @entity390 and vomiting of grade 3 occurred only in 2.4% of all the cycles. CONCLUSION: The regimen of @entity1138 , @entity1206 and @entity900 for @entity1149 is active against advanced @entity1149 with tolerable @entity137 .

title: A phase II study of @entity1206 , XXXX and @entity900 chemotherapy for advanced @entity1149 .

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin C']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This prospective phase II trial was performed to determine the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1138 , @entity1206 and @entity900 combination chemotherapy for @entity1 with previously untreated stage IIIB or IV @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: Between January 1999 and April 2001, 30 @entity1 with chemotherapy-naive stage IIIB or IV @entity1149 were entered into this study. @entity1138 at a dose of 7 mg/m2, @entity1206 at a dose of 25 mg/m2 and @entity900 at a dose of 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and @entity1206 at a dose of 25 mg/m2 on day 8 were administered. This regimen was repeated every 4 weeks. RESULTS: 29 @entity1 out of 30 @entity1 were assessable. Among the assessable @entity1 , 15 (51.7%) @entity1 had a partial response. The median duration of response and survival was 22 weeks and 39 weeks, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 @entity1431 and @entity882 were observed in 28.3% and 4.7% of all the cycles, respectively. @entity390 and vomiting of grade 3 occurred only in 2.4% of all the cycles. CONCLUSION: The regimen of @entity1138 , @entity1206 and @entity900 for @entity1149 is active against advanced @entity1149 with tolerable @entity137 .

title: A phase II study of XXXX , @entity1138 and @entity900 chemotherapy for advanced @entity1149 .

answer: @entity1206 :: (MESH:C030852,Chemical) :: ['vinorelbine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This prospective phase II trial was performed to determine the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1138 , @entity1206 and @entity900 combination chemotherapy for @entity1 with previously untreated stage IIIB or IV @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: Between January 1999 and April 2001, 30 @entity1 with chemotherapy-naive stage IIIB or IV @entity1149 were entered into this study. @entity1138 at a dose of 7 mg/m2, @entity1206 at a dose of 25 mg/m2 and @entity900 at a dose of 75 mg/m2 on day 1 and @entity1206 at a dose of 25 mg/m2 on day 8 were administered. This regimen was repeated every 4 weeks. RESULTS: 29 @entity1 out of 30 @entity1 were assessable. Among the assessable @entity1 , 15 (51.7%) @entity1 had a partial response. The median duration of response and survival was 22 weeks and 39 weeks, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 @entity1431 and @entity882 were observed in 28.3% and 4.7% of all the cycles, respectively. @entity390 and vomiting of grade 3 occurred only in 2.4% of all the cycles. CONCLUSION: The regimen of @entity1138 , @entity1206 and @entity900 for @entity1149 is active against advanced @entity1149 with tolerable @entity137 .

title: A phase II study of @entity1206 , @entity1138 and @entity900 chemotherapy for advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulmonary inflammatory @entity6437 is an uncommon benign lesion of the lung. In Korea, most literature of the @entity5308 was case reports. METHODS: We collected 28 cases of @entity5308 in Korea. This collective series included 4 cases from our hospital and 24 cases were reviewed from the literature since 1977. The analysis involved the age, sex, chief complaint, hematologic examination, size and location of the lesion, cavity formation, presence of calcification and treatment method. RESULTS: Male was more prevalent (81.5%) than female and mean age was 37.9 years old (6-63 yrs). Chief complaints were cough (44.4%), @entity662 (29.6%), fever (22.2%), hemoptysis (15%), sputum (15%) and @entity1353 (11.1%). There were asymptomatic cases in 11.1%. Hematologic examination revealed normal finding (53.3%) and @entity417 (20%). The mean size of the lesion was 4.76 cm (1.5-14 cm) and the locations were parenchymal (85.7%), endobronchial (10.7%) and endotracheal (3.6%). Except the endotracheal case, the lesions were in the right (46.4%), the left (42.8%) and bilateral (7.1%). Calcifications (18.5%) and cavitations (11.1%) were present. Diagnostic methods were open thoracotomy (82.1%), bronchoscopy (3.6%), needle aspiration biopsy (7.1%) and core needle gun biopsy (7.1%). Treatments were surgery (85.2%), @entity134 therapy (7.4%), rigid bronchoscopic removal (3.7%) and observation (3.7%). Postoperative recurrence occurred in only 1 case (4.3%). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary inflammatory @entity6437 was more prevalent in the male, and @entity1 presented with the respiratory symptoms were common. It was necessary to do surgery in most cases for diagnosis and/or treatment.

title: Pulmonary inflammatory XXXX --a report of 28 cases.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity6437 :: ('MESH:D006104', 'Disease') :: ['pseudotumor']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity5308 :: ('MESH:D016726', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor']

answer: @entity6437 :: (MESH:D006104,Disease) :: ['pseudotumor']


abstract: Recent studies have shown that @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) is clinically and genotypically a distinct entity. @entity1377 account for about 10-15% of @entity703 . Macroscopically, the cut surface is yellow or brown in color and large @entity5 frequently show cystic change. @entity548 and @entity39 are common. Histologically, Delahunt and Eble have classified @entity1377 (small cells, single layer) and type 2 (large cells, pseudostratification) according to the cytoplasmic volume and thickness of the lining cells. In chromosomal analysis, gain of chromosomes 7 and 17, loss of Y chromosome and additional gains (chromosome 3q, 8p, 12q, 16q and 20q) are frequently found in type 1 @entity1377 , but the @entity2008 @entity1377 seems to be more heterogenous than that of type 1 @entity1377 . Mutations of MET proto-oncogenes in some cases of both hereditary and sporadic @entity1377 have recently been detected. Furthermore, all hereditary and sporadic @entity1377 with MET proto-oncogene show type 1 histological features. Type 1 @entity1377 generally seem to have a favorable prognosis, but type 2 @entity5 have a worse prognosis than do type 1 @entity5 . @entity1377 with @entity5 with predisposition to @entity2909 and @entity1377 , the histological features of which are basically different from those of usual @entity1377 , have also been recently reported. Since @entity1377 seem to constitute clinically, histologically, and even genetically more heterogenous groups than previously thought, further investigations are needed to characterize the subtype of papillary @entity1358 .

title: Review of XXXX with focus on clinical and pathobiological aspects.

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary RCCs into type 1', 'papillary RCCs', 'Papillary RCCs']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['involvement of the X chromosome and cancer syndrome', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['papillary renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal aberration of type 2']

entities_list: @entity2909 :: ('MESH:D007889', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous/uterine leiomyomas']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal parenchymal neoplasms']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['papillary renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: Sensory neurones in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the neonatal @entity35 express the 75-kDa low-affinity neurotrophin receptor ( @entity11451 ) and these neurones degenerate rapidly after axotomy. @entity11451 belongs to the @entity5 @entity39 factor superfamily, several members of which have a role in cell @entity204 and it is constitutively expressed within a subpopulation of DRG neurones. @entity11451 has been implicated in mediating the degeneration of these neurones after axotomy. In this study, we characterize the expression of @entity11451 in sensory neurones of the newborn @entity35 DRG using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we investigate the change in constitutive expression pattern of @entity11451 in these neurones following axotomy. In the C7 and C8 DRG of the newborn @entity35 , @entity11451 is expressed in approximately 70% of DRG neurones. Those expressing @entity11451 can be classified into subpopulations with moderate or intense @entity11451 expression, each present in approximately equal proportions. Whilst @entity11451 expression is observed in neurones throughout the entire neuronal diameter range, a correlation exists between neuronal diameter and @entity11451 expression intensity. We also found that the most vulnerable population following axotomy were those sensory neurones which constitutively express the highest levels of @entity11451 , i.e. the large-diameter neurones.

title: Constitutive expression of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor and changes during axotomy-induced XXXX of sensory neurones in the neonatal @entity35 dorsal root ganglion.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: Sensory neurones in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the neonatal @entity35 express the 75-kDa low-affinity neurotrophin receptor ( @entity11451 ) and these neurones degenerate rapidly after axotomy. @entity11451 belongs to the @entity5 @entity39 factor superfamily, several members of which have a role in cell @entity204 and it is constitutively expressed within a subpopulation of DRG neurones. @entity11451 has been implicated in mediating the degeneration of these neurones after axotomy. In this study, we characterize the expression of @entity11451 in sensory neurones of the newborn @entity35 DRG using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we investigate the change in constitutive expression pattern of @entity11451 in these neurones following axotomy. In the C7 and C8 DRG of the newborn @entity35 , @entity11451 is expressed in approximately 70% of DRG neurones. Those expressing @entity11451 can be classified into subpopulations with moderate or intense @entity11451 expression, each present in approximately equal proportions. Whilst @entity11451 expression is observed in neurones throughout the entire neuronal diameter range, a correlation exists between neuronal diameter and @entity11451 expression intensity. We also found that the most vulnerable population following axotomy were those sensory neurones which constitutively express the highest levels of @entity11451 , i.e. the large-diameter neurones.

title: Constitutive expression of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor and changes during axotomy-induced @entity204 of sensory neurones in the neonatal XXXX dorsal root ganglion.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 of unknown primary site occupies 0.5-10% of all diagnosed @entity5 @entity1 and includes @entity5 with diverse responses to systemic chemotherapy. @entity420 of unknown primary site (ACUPS), the most common subtype, has no standard treatment, rarely responds to conventional treatment and has a poor survival rate. METHODS: The retrospective study was performed to investigate the clinical characteristics and the treatment outcomes of ACUPS. RESULTS: Eighty-one @entity1 with ACUPS diagnosed at Samsung Medical Center from May 1995 to July 1999 were included. The median age was 58 years (range, 29-77). The common sites of metastases were the lymph node, liver, lung and bone in order. In 49 of 81 @entity1 (60.5%), the dominant @entity5 location was below the diaphragm. The majority of @entity1 (76 of 81) were initially treated with systemic chemotherapy including @entity900 . Responses were evaluable in 70 of 76. Eighteen of 70 @entity1 (25.7%) responded to chemotherapy and complete remission was observed in 6 @entity1 . The overall median survival of 81 @entity1 was 5.6 months. The median survival of the responding @entity1 was 18.3 months but the median survival of the nonresponding @entity1 was 4.6 months (p < 0.01). In univariate and multivariate analysis, age, performance status and response to initial chemotherapy were significant prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION: We observed poor response to the treatment and survival rate in ACUPS, but complete remission and long-term survival were observed in a small number of @entity1 .

title: XXXX of unknown primary site.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['various tumors', 'tumor', 'cancer', 'Metastatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['Adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['Adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Thrombolytic therapy given within the first 4 to 6 hours to @entity1 with evolving @entity697 appears to reduce in-hospital and 1-year mortality rates. In addition, @entity1 who receive treatment in the first few hours may also benefit through improved residual left ventricular function, resulting from the preservation of @entity63 myocardium. Newer agents that are more effective in lysing intracoronary thrombi are currently under development. The most promising is @entity3479 ( @entity3479 ), which is being evaluated in a number of large multicenter trials, including the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Thrombolysis in @entity583 (TIMI) trial. In this study researchers are also comparing the additional value of early versus delayed @entity453 and are evaluating a subset of @entity1 randomly assigned to early beta-blocker therapy to assess the value of adjunctive pharmacologic therapy. In the future, it is likely that studies will be carried out to determine the usefulness of thrombolytic therapy given to @entity1 by paramedics before hospitalization. Such a study is being planned in several communities. It is hoped that by means of prehospital therapy, it may be possible to treat a substantial group of @entity1 with symptoms and electrocardiographic findings of @entity697 before extensive left @entity296 has occurred. If this goal can be realized, it may be possible to achieve a very substantial reduction in mortality resulting from @entity697 . Initial experience with prehospital intravenous streptokinase therapy has already been reported from Jerusalem, Israel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Thrombolytic therapy for XXXX : a brief review.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular myocardial necrosis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery angioplasty']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial Infarction']

entities_list: @entity3479 :: ('5327', 'Gene') :: ['tissue-type plasminogen activator', 't-PA']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: Little is known about long-term physical sequelae, cognitive functioning, and quality of life of @entity1 who have had a @entity548 . Fifty-six @entity1 (29 females, 27 males) under 16 years of age at time of the @entity548 were studied. Mean age at time of @entity548 was 7.7 years (range 1 month to 15.9 years). The primary site and cause of the @entity548 at baseline were determined. Occurrences of death, re-bleedings, and @entity410 during follow-up were recorded. @entity1 who survived were invited for a follow-up examination including physical check-up, general screening of cognition, and an inventory of subjective health perception. Thirteen @entity1 died directly as a result of the @entity548 ; nine experienced a recurrent @entity548 , which was fatal in three; six @entity1 developed @entity302 . At follow-up 36 of 56 @entity1 were still alive. Mean follow-up time was 10.3 years (range 1.3 to 19.9 years) and mean age was 18.6 years (range 1.8 to 34.1 years). There was no @entity1 lost to follow-up. Five @entity1 declined to visit the hospital. In 15 out of 31 @entity1 who could be examined, no physical impairment was observed, 11 had a @entity1269 of varying severity, and three had symptoms of @entity6447 . One @entity1 had persisting @entity10492 and one persisting paraparesis. Signs of @entity73 were found in 15 @entity1 . Of the @entity1 who survive @entity548 , the physical and functional prognosis is relatively good, as almost all @entity1 were independent at follow-up. However, only a quarter of the surviving @entity1 had no physical or @entity73 after a mean follow-up period of 10 years. The majority had low self-esteem as well as emotional, behavioural, and health problems.

title: Prognosis of XXXX in childhood: a long-term follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'haemorrhagic stroke', 'haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficit', 'cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures']

entities_list: @entity6447 :: ('MESH:D002524', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar ataxia']

entities_list: @entity10492 :: ('MESH:C565722', 'Disease') :: ['tetraparesis']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['haemorrhagic stroke']


abstract: Adolescent and young adult @entity1 with @entity530 continue to have a poor prognosis with standard combination chemotherapy and local irradiation. In addition to a significant risk of local failure, these @entity1 are at high risk for systemic relapse. Twenty-three consecutive @entity1 with @entity2828 , @entity3943 , @entity3491 , or malignant @entity10476 originating in the pelvis were treated with short, intensive combined modality therapy. This approach integrates 5 cycles of VADRIAC chemotherapy ( @entity1891 , @entity632 , @entity786 ) with high dose irradiation to the @entity75 (55-60 Gy) and sites of gross metastatic disease (45-50 Gy). Following achievement of a complete response, intensification therapy consisting of @entity348 ( @entity348 ) (8.0 Gy), high dose VADRIAC chemotherapy, and autologous bone marow transplantation is given. All therapy is completed within 6-7 months. No maintenance chemotherapy is given; no surgery is intended. Of the twenty-three @entity1 with @entity530 treated on this combined modality protocol, 22 achieved a complete remission. Local control was achieved and maintained in all twenty-three @entity1 . With a median follow-up of 21 months since initiation of treatment, there have been nine relapses (all systemic). Seven relapses occurred among the thirteen @entity1 who presented with overt metastatic disease and the other two relapses were among the ten @entity1 with localized disease at presentation. All seven metastatic @entity1 who relapsed have died, whereas both of the relapsed localized @entity1 remain alive. Acute and late @entity137 have been acceptable using this aggressive combined modality approach. Induction chemotherapy had a significant impact on reduction of the typically large (greater than 10 cm diameter) soft tissue mass associated with these @entity530 , thus facilitating achievement of local control by high dose irradiation. Of 18 @entity1 with measureable soft tissue @entity5 , all experienced a partial response (greater than 50% reduction in size) following the initial two cycles of chemotherapy given prior to local irradiation. In conclusion, this short, intensive chemoradiotherapeutic regimen is highly effective in controlling the @entity75 (100% local control) and inducing a complete response in a high proportion (96%) of these high risk pediatric and young adult @entity1 with @entity530 . The role of @entity348 as "systemic" adjuvant therapy to control micrometastatic disease is discussed as still under investigation.

title: Treatment of XXXX in adolescents and young adults with intensive combined modality therapy.

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity10476 :: ('MESH:D018241', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuroepithelioma']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity3491 :: ('MESH:C580334', 'Disease') :: ['undifferentiated sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic sarcomas', 'pelvic tumors']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'total body irradiation']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['Vincristine']

entities_list: @entity3943 :: ('MESH:D018232', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma']

answer: @entity530 :: (MESH:D010386,Disease) :: ['pelvic sarcomas']


abstract: From 1980 to 1984, forty-five @entity1 suffering @entity356 were irradiated with curative intent. Twenty-three were considered at high risk of recurrence after complete surgical resection (invasion of the serosa, lymph nodes and/or surgical margins); eleven were treated after partial resection, and for eleven others, the local extension precluded surgery. Radiotherapy combined two lateral fields (usually with wedge filters) and an anterior field. The planned dose was 40 to 50 Gy, according to the amount of @entity66 and doses delivered to the major part of the liver and the right and left kidneys did not exceed 30, 5, and 18 Gy, respectively. For @entity1 aged less than 71 and whose general condition was acceptable, one cycle of chemotherapy (FAM for 20 @entity1 and @entity1487 for 10) preceded irradiation, followed if possible by 6 other cycles. Adverse effects, essentially @entity448 , @entity391 , and @entity353 , led to definitively stopping irradiation in 8 cases, and were present in 21 other @entity1 . Mean @entity353 was 2.5 kg. Apart from one @entity1 who developed a @entity3117 and died after reoperation, there was neither chronic complication, nor radiation @entity99 or @entity1310 . For 34 @entity1 , the observation time was superior to 3 years: 23 died of their @entity5 , 1 of a @entity3117 , and 2 of an intercurrent disease. Eight were disease-free at 3 years (three of these were irradiated for @entity66 ). For the overall series, the 4-year survival rate @entity4318 %. There is a significant survival advantage for females versus males (p less than 0.01), a non-significant tendency in favor of microscopic @entity66 versus macroscopic, and no advantage for the combination with FAM compared with no chemotherapy (non-randomized). This technique appears feasible with an acceptable tolerance and can control local @entity5 in a few cases. The planned dose of 40 Gy was probably too small and we are now testing 45 Gy delivered over the large initial volume, and boosts of 10-15 Gy to @entity66 .

title: Radiotherapy of XXXX with a three field combination: feasibility, tolerance, and survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity3117 :: ('MESH:D013369', 'Disease') :: ['subphrenic abcess']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease', 'macroscopic disease']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: The goal of this study was to explore the correlation between education and the results of five @entity303 screening tests. In a study of 551 consecutively enrolled psychogeriatric day care attendants individual differences in education explained only very small portions of variance (< or = 0.63%) in four tests (visual recognition memory, orientation, category fluency and alternating sequences) of the Amsterdam @entity303 Screening Test, a standard neuropsychological battery. The only exception was graphical copying of two- or three-dimensional geometric designs, where education explained 6.25% of the variance in copying accuracy. The more education @entity1 had (from incomplete or complete primary education, through extended primary education, lower technical and vocational training, and secondary to higher education), the better their copying performance was. There was however one exception, in that @entity1 with secondary education copied designs significantly less accurately than @entity1 with lower technical and vocational training. Differences in copying accuracy of subjects with higher versus lower educational attainment were largest for @entity1 matched for high levels of cognitive function. More severe @entity73 attenuated education effects. Higher education did not protect against decline of copying performance as a consequence of increasing @entity73 . For each of three educational levels, premorbid copying performance was estimated by constructing a regression equation using an independent measure of cognitive functioning (in terms of visual recognition memory, orientation and category fluency) as the predictor variable. The results support the clinical utility of controlling for educational level when interpreting individual copying performance.

title: [Does education influence the results of the Amsterdam XXXX -Screening Test (ADS)?].

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia', 'dementia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['Dementia']


abstract: We have prepared conjugates of a membrane disrupting lytic peptide (hecate) and a 15- @entity535 segment of the beta-chain of CG and hecate and the decapeptide, @entity4396 ( @entity4396 ). We have tested the concept that these conjugates will target @entity0 cells expressing LH/CG or @entity4396 receptors. In previous studies, we were able to destroy @entity263 in vitro and in vivo with lytic peptide conjugates. Hecate, hecate-betaCG and @entity4396 -hecate were added to cultures of the @entity1 @entity0 cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435S. Hecate and its conjugates showed concentration dependent @entity137 to both cell lines. The lytic peptide alone showed similar EC50 values for both cell lines; however, there was a significant difference between the EC50 values when the conjugates were tested. The hormone dependent MCF-7 cell line was less sensitive to the betaCG conjugate than to the @entity4396 conjugate; the reverse was found for the hormone independent @entity1 cells. Removal of @entity230 decreased the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to both lytic peptide conjugates and this sensitivity could be restored by adding @entity53 . Activation of protein kinase C further increased the sensitivity to the drug. MDA-MB-435S xenografts were established in intact female athymic @entity19 , which were treated once a week for 3 weeks with hecate-betaCG via the lateral tail vein. The ability of hecate-betaCG to destroy xenografts of @entity1 @entity0 cells (MDA-MB-435S) in @entity19 was demonstrated for the first time. We conclude that hecate-betaCG and @entity4396 -hecate conjugates could serve as useful drugs for the treatment of @entity0 .

title: Membrane disrupting lytic peptide conjugates destroy hormone dependent and independent XXXX cells in vitro and in vivo.

entities_list: @entity4396 :: ('2796', 'Gene') :: ['LHRH', 'luteinizing hormone releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancers']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The survival of @entity1 with @entity242 depends on the feasibility of complete resection and the grade of the @entity5 . HYPOTHESIS: A high rate of complete resection, wide rather than local excision when feasible, and a policy of prompt reoperation for local recurrence all improve survival. METHODS: A review of 130 consecutive @entity1 with @entity242 (1977-2001). RESULTS: The complete resectability rate was 95%, being 99% (78/79) for the @entity5 and 90% (46/51) for @entity5 referred with local recurrence. Local recurrence after complete resection occurred in 41% (32/79) of those with @entity5 and in 61% (31/51) of those referred with local recurrence (P =.06). The local recurrence rate was 63% after local excision and 39% after wide resection (P =.02). Of 83 @entity1 with relapse, 37 (45%) were rendered @entity66 free. The estimated 5-year (10-year in parentheses) survival from the first surgery at our center was 65% (56%) for @entity1 with @entity5 and 53% (34%) for @entity1 referred with local recurrence (P =.23). For the @entity5 , the 5- and 10-year survival rates were 70% and 60%, respectively, after wide resection and 47% and 39%, respectively, after local excision (P =.04). For the @entity5 , the 5-year survival was 92%, 54%, and 48% for grades I, II, and III, respectively (P =.02). For those referred with local recurrence, the figures were 76%, 45%, and 19% for grades I, II, and III, respectively (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: A high resectability rate (95%) is possible in @entity242 . The survival estimates are similar to those following resection of extremity soft tissue @entity242 given an effective reoperation policy for local recurrences. Wide resection lowers the local recurrence and improves survival significantly. Survival varies significantly according to the grade of the @entity5 .

title: XXXX : grade and survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcomas', 'sarcomas', 'retroperitoneal sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['surgically disease']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['Retroperitoneal sarcomas']


abstract: In this review we examine the association between @entity309 ( @entity309 ) and exposure to @entity3440 and other environmental toxicants. We performed a series of meta-analyses of peer-reviewed studies, using 10 studies for @entity3440 , and 5 studies for other exposures published between 1986 and 2001. Before the meta-analyses, all studies were reviewed and evaluated for heterogeneity and publication bias. We detected a significant heterogeneity among studies on @entity3440 and calculated a combined estimator of relative risk (RR), using the random effect model. Most studies reported consistent elevation in the risk of @entity309 with exposure to @entity3440 . The combined RR for @entity3440 exposure was 3.43 195% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.25-5.22] for all studies, and 4.45 (95% CI 2.24-8.86) for male cohorts. The combined RR for male farmers was 1.40 [95% CI 1.18-1.66] and was 1.29 [95% CI 0.84-1.97] for pesticide exposure. The combined RR for hair dressers was 1.52 [95% CI 1.04-2.20]. The findings of this study suggest a significant elevation in the risk of @entity309 from exposure to @entity3440 . Further studies assessing the dose-response effect would greatly aid in determining whether the observed association is causal.

title: Environmental risk factors for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mast cells are prevalent in the shoulder of unstable @entity1856 ; cardiac mast cells secrete proteases capable of activating matrix metalloproteinases. @entity112 is essential in the inflammatory cascade of the unstable plaque. @entity9050 depletion has been correlated with histaminemia which has been shown to impair endothelial-dependent vasodilation. This study evaluates whether oxidative stress as measured by @entity10329 (PGF(2alpha)) coupled with an inflammatory state characterized by histaminemia predisposes @entity1 to @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ). METHODS: Whole blood @entity112 , serum @entity620 , and serum PGF(2alpha) levels were drawn on 50 @entity1 with @entity1187 as determined by standard diagnostic criteria, 50 @entity1 with @entity453 ( @entity453 ), and 50 age and sex matched normal controls (C). RESULTS: Data were analyzed by stepwise discriminant and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. A significant relationship exists between @entity112 and PGF(2alpha). As PGF(2alpha) rises above 60 pg/mL, an increase in @entity112 occurs in both the @entity1187 and @entity453 groups. A significant inverse relationship exists between @entity9050 and @entity112 in the @entity1187 versus C groups (P < 0.01) and the @entity453 versus C groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity112 and @entity10329 levels increase in @entity453 and @entity1187 @entity1 . Mast cell activation and lipid oxidation generated during @entity731 manifest this inflammatory response. Accelerated @entity10329 formation and depleted @entity9050 paired with histaminemia is active in CAD and predispose @entity1 to @entity1187 . Blood @entity112 alone may be a better risk factor for coronary events, and a better prognostic indicator than CRP even when combined with lipid indexes.

title: Blood XXXX is associated with @entity453 , cardiac events and severity of inflammation and @entity731 .

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin C']

entities_list: @entity10329 :: ('MESH:D028421', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprostane', 'isoprostanes']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Histamine', 'histamine']

entities_list: @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['atheromas']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['SCAD', 'stable coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity9050 :: ('CHEBI:38290', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbate', 'Ascorbate']

answer: @entity112 :: (MESH:D006632,Chemical) :: ['histamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mast cells are prevalent in the shoulder of unstable @entity1856 ; cardiac mast cells secrete proteases capable of activating matrix metalloproteinases. @entity112 is essential in the inflammatory cascade of the unstable plaque. @entity9050 depletion has been correlated with histaminemia which has been shown to impair endothelial-dependent vasodilation. This study evaluates whether oxidative stress as measured by @entity10329 (PGF(2alpha)) coupled with an inflammatory state characterized by histaminemia predisposes @entity1 to @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ). METHODS: Whole blood @entity112 , serum @entity620 , and serum PGF(2alpha) levels were drawn on 50 @entity1 with @entity1187 as determined by standard diagnostic criteria, 50 @entity1 with @entity453 ( @entity453 ), and 50 age and sex matched normal controls (C). RESULTS: Data were analyzed by stepwise discriminant and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. A significant relationship exists between @entity112 and PGF(2alpha). As PGF(2alpha) rises above 60 pg/mL, an increase in @entity112 occurs in both the @entity1187 and @entity453 groups. A significant inverse relationship exists between @entity9050 and @entity112 in the @entity1187 versus C groups (P < 0.01) and the @entity453 versus C groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity112 and @entity10329 levels increase in @entity453 and @entity1187 @entity1 . Mast cell activation and lipid oxidation generated during @entity731 manifest this inflammatory response. Accelerated @entity10329 formation and depleted @entity9050 paired with histaminemia is active in CAD and predispose @entity1 to @entity1187 . Blood @entity112 alone may be a better risk factor for coronary events, and a better prognostic indicator than CRP even when combined with lipid indexes.

title: Blood @entity112 is associated with @entity453 , cardiac events and severity of inflammation and XXXX .

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mast cells are prevalent in the shoulder of unstable @entity1856 ; cardiac mast cells secrete proteases capable of activating matrix metalloproteinases. @entity112 is essential in the inflammatory cascade of the unstable plaque. @entity9050 depletion has been correlated with histaminemia which has been shown to impair endothelial-dependent vasodilation. This study evaluates whether oxidative stress as measured by @entity10329 (PGF(2alpha)) coupled with an inflammatory state characterized by histaminemia predisposes @entity1 to @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ). METHODS: Whole blood @entity112 , serum @entity620 , and serum PGF(2alpha) levels were drawn on 50 @entity1 with @entity1187 as determined by standard diagnostic criteria, 50 @entity1 with @entity453 ( @entity453 ), and 50 age and sex matched normal controls (C). RESULTS: Data were analyzed by stepwise discriminant and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. A significant relationship exists between @entity112 and PGF(2alpha). As PGF(2alpha) rises above 60 pg/mL, an increase in @entity112 occurs in both the @entity1187 and @entity453 groups. A significant inverse relationship exists between @entity9050 and @entity112 in the @entity1187 versus C groups (P < 0.01) and the @entity453 versus C groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity112 and @entity10329 levels increase in @entity453 and @entity1187 @entity1 . Mast cell activation and lipid oxidation generated during @entity731 manifest this inflammatory response. Accelerated @entity10329 formation and depleted @entity9050 paired with histaminemia is active in CAD and predispose @entity1 to @entity1187 . Blood @entity112 alone may be a better risk factor for coronary events, and a better prognostic indicator than CRP even when combined with lipid indexes.

title: Blood @entity112 is associated with XXXX , cardiac events and severity of inflammation and @entity731 .

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: In the spinal cord, the @entity1154 neurotransmitter @entity1063 , which is released mainly from fibers descending from the dorsal pons, has major modulatory effects on @entity717 . To map the spatial and temporal patterns of this release, changes in @entity1154 level were examined in laminae I-VIII of lumbar segments L3-L6 of @entity1508 -anesthetized @entity35 during pontine stimulation. The changes were measured through a @entity505 fiber microelectrode at 0.5-s intervals by fast cyclic voltammetry, which presently is the method of best spatiotemporal resolution. When different pontine sites were tested with 20-s pulse trains (50-to 200-microA amplitude, 0.5-ms pulse width, and 50-Hz frequency) during measurement in the dorsal horn (lamina IV), the largest consistent increases were produced by the locus ceruleus, although effective pontine sites extended 1.5 mm dorsally and ventral from the locus ceruleus. When the locus ceruleus stimulus was used to map the spinal cord, increased levels were always seen in lamina I and laminae IV-VIII, whereas 50% of sites in laminae II and III showed substantial decreases and the rest showed increases. These increases typically had short latencies [4.5 +/- 0.4 (SE) s] and variable decay times (5-200 s), with peaks occurring during the stimulus train (mean rise-time: 12.0 +/- 0.6 s). The mean peak level was 544 +/- 82 nM as estimated from postexperimental calibration with @entity1063 . Other significant laminar differences included higher mean peak concentrations (805 nM) and rise times (14.9 s) in lamina I and shorter latencies in lamina VI (3.2 s). Peak concentrations were inversely correlated with latency. When stimulation frequency was varied, increases were disproportionately larger with faster frequencies (> or =50 Hz), hence extrajunctional overflow probably contributed most of the signal. We conclude, generally, that pontine noradrenergic control is exerted on widespread spinal laminae with a significant component of paracrine transmission after several seconds of sustained activity. Relatively stronger effects prevail where nociceptive transmission (lamina I) and locomotor rhythm generation (lamina VI) occur.

title: Temporal and spatial profiles of pontine-evoked XXXX release in the @entity35 's spinal cord.

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['nociception and locomotor rhythms']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1154 :: (CHEBI:25375,Chemical) :: ['monoamine']


abstract: In the spinal cord, the @entity1154 neurotransmitter @entity1063 , which is released mainly from fibers descending from the dorsal pons, has major modulatory effects on @entity717 . To map the spatial and temporal patterns of this release, changes in @entity1154 level were examined in laminae I-VIII of lumbar segments L3-L6 of @entity1508 -anesthetized @entity35 during pontine stimulation. The changes were measured through a @entity505 fiber microelectrode at 0.5-s intervals by fast cyclic voltammetry, which presently is the method of best spatiotemporal resolution. When different pontine sites were tested with 20-s pulse trains (50-to 200-microA amplitude, 0.5-ms pulse width, and 50-Hz frequency) during measurement in the dorsal horn (lamina IV), the largest consistent increases were produced by the locus ceruleus, although effective pontine sites extended 1.5 mm dorsally and ventral from the locus ceruleus. When the locus ceruleus stimulus was used to map the spinal cord, increased levels were always seen in lamina I and laminae IV-VIII, whereas 50% of sites in laminae II and III showed substantial decreases and the rest showed increases. These increases typically had short latencies [4.5 +/- 0.4 (SE) s] and variable decay times (5-200 s), with peaks occurring during the stimulus train (mean rise-time: 12.0 +/- 0.6 s). The mean peak level was 544 +/- 82 nM as estimated from postexperimental calibration with @entity1063 . Other significant laminar differences included higher mean peak concentrations (805 nM) and rise times (14.9 s) in lamina I and shorter latencies in lamina VI (3.2 s). Peak concentrations were inversely correlated with latency. When stimulation frequency was varied, increases were disproportionately larger with faster frequencies (> or =50 Hz), hence extrajunctional overflow probably contributed most of the signal. We conclude, generally, that pontine noradrenergic control is exerted on widespread spinal laminae with a significant component of paracrine transmission after several seconds of sustained activity. Relatively stronger effects prevail where nociceptive transmission (lamina I) and locomotor rhythm generation (lamina VI) occur.

title: Temporal and spatial profiles of pontine-evoked @entity1154 release in the XXXX 's spinal cord.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Synaptic plasticity is conspicuously dependent on the temporal order of the pre- and postsynaptic activity. @entity1 motor cortical excitability can be increased by a paired associative stimulation (PAS) protocol. Here we show that it can also be decreased by minimally changing the interval between the two associative stimuli. Corticomotor excitability of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) representation was tested before and after repetitively pairing of single right median nerve simulation with single pulse @entity9808 ( @entity9808 ) delivered over the optimal site for activation of the contralateral APB. Following PAS, @entity308 of @entity9808 -evoked motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) was induced only when the median nerve stimulation preceded the @entity9808 pulse by 10 ms, while enhancement of cortical excitability was induced using an interstimulus interval of 25 ms, suggesting an important role of the sequence of cortical events triggered by the two stimulation modalities. Experiments using F-wave studies and electrical brain stem stimulation indicated that the site of the plastic changes underlying the decrease of MEP amplitudes following PAS (10 ms) was within the motor cortex. MEP amplitudes remained @entity308 for approximately 90 min. The decrease of MEP amplitudes was blocked when PAS(10 ms) was performed under the influence of @entity14031 , an @entity1024 -receptor antagonist, or @entity3931 , an L-type voltage-gated @entity460 -channel antagonist. The physiological profile of the @entity308 of @entity1 motor cortical excitability following PAS(10 ms) suggests long-term @entity308 of synaptic efficacy to be involved. Together with earlier findings, this study suggests that strict temporal Hebbian rules govern the induction of long-term potentiation/long-term @entity308 -like phenomena in vivo in the @entity1 primary motor cortex.

title: A temporally asymmetric Hebbian rule governing plasticity in the XXXX motor cortex.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-d-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity9808 :: ('MESH:C536917', 'Disease') :: ['TMS', 'transcranial magnetic stimulation']

entities_list: @entity14031 :: ('MESH:D003915', 'Chemical') :: ['dextromethorphan']

entities_list: @entity3931 :: ('MESH:D009553', 'Chemical') :: ['nimodipine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: During animal development, cellular morphogenesis plays a fundamental role in determining the shape and function of tissues and organs. Identifying the components that regulate and drive morphogenesis is thus a major goal of developmental biology. The four-celled tip of the @entity2199 male tail is a simple but powerful model for studying the mechanism of morphogenesis and its spatiotemporal regulation. Here, through a genome-wide post-embryonic RNAi-feeding screen, we identified 212 components that regulate or participate in male tail tip morphogenesis. We constructed a working hypothesis for a gene regulatory network of tail tip morphogenesis. We found regulatory roles for the posterior Hox genes @entity72590 , the TGF-b pathway, nuclear hormone receptors (e.g. @entity61447 ), the heterochronic gene @entity72591 , and the GATA transcription factors @entity72592 and @entity72593 . The majority of the pathways converge at @entity72594 and @entity72595 . In addition, @entity61447 and @entity72594 / @entity72595 regulate each others' expression, thus placing these three genes at the center of a complex regulatory network. We also show that @entity72594 and @entity72595 negatively regulate other signaling pathways and affect downstream cellular processes such as vesicular trafficking (e.g. @entity72596 , @entity72597 ) and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton (e.g. @entity43474 , @entity30794 , and @entity5672 ). Based on these data, we suggest that male tail tip morphogenesis is governed by a gene regulatory network with a bow-tie architecture.

title: A bow-tie genetic architecture for morphogenesis suggested by a genome-wide RNAi screen in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']


abstract: The technique of treatment, response rate, freedom from relapse, survival, and complications of therapy in 123 @entity1 treated with topical @entity1568 mustard ( @entity72598 ) for @entity4888 ( @entity4888 ) at Stanford University Medical Center are reviewed. @entity1 were treated with @entity72598 in an aqueous or ointment base with equal efficacy. Response rates depended on the extent of skin involvement. In limited plaque (T1) disease, complete and overall response rates were 51% and 88%, respectively, while in generalized plaque (T2) disease they were 26% and 69%. No @entity1 with @entity5 involvement (T3) achieved complete skin clearance and all 13 of these @entity1 developed @entity74 . Only two of nine @entity1 with erythrodema (T4) achieved a complete response (CR), and both later relapsed. After achieving a CR, 40% of @entity1 with T1 disease and 60% with T2 disease later relapsed; however, subsequent therapies, including repeat courses of topical @entity72598 , often were successful in achieving later skin clearance. Overall, 42% of T1 @entity1 and 31% of T2 @entity1 were without evidence of @entity4888 at last follow-up. When @entity204 occurred, it was usually unrelated to @entity4888 in the T1 group. However, half of the @entity204 of @entity1 with T2 disease were attributable to @entity4888 . Among the 22 @entity1 with T3 or T4 disease, 80% of @entity204 were attributable to @entity4888 . The most common complication observed was a cutaneous @entity56 , which occurred much more commonly with the aqueous than the ointment preparation. Fourteen @entity1 (11%) developed subsequent cutaneous @entity5 .

title: Mycosis fungoides: management with topical XXXX mustard.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4888 :: ('MESH:D009182', 'Disease') :: ['MF', 'cutaneous mycosis fungoides']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumorous', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity reaction']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progression of disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

answer: @entity1568 :: (MESH:D009584,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen']


abstract: 1. Normal subjects, with closed eyes, attempted to keep constant either the force exerted at the wrist or the position of the wrist against an elastic load. The load was attached to the wrist 275 mm from the axis of rotation of the elbow joint. During recording, the far end of the elastic load was displaced slowly enough that it was not immediately perceived but far enough for perception to occur before its completion. 2. The over-all relation between wrist force and position for the two conditions was approximately linear and could be described in terms of effective stiffness. The effective stiffness for the constant-position task averaged 2.8 N/mm (210 N m/ @entity15817 ), while for the constant-force task the mean effective stiffness was -0.028 N/mm (-2.1 N m/ @entity15817 ), indicative of slight over-compensation. 3. Averaging the performance at the onset of the imposed disturbance indicated that the subjects' behaviour consisted of two parts: an initial, small-range response followed by a second phase over the remainder of the displacement. The transition corresponded to the subjects' threshold for detection of the disturbance. 4. The stiffness measured for the response prior to perception was taken as a measure which included the tonic stretch reflex. The stiffness was altered appropriately for the two tasks, being lower when the subjects tried to maintain the force exerted constant (average 1.1 N/mm, 83 N m/ @entity15817 ) than when they attempted to keep the position constant (average 2.3 N/mm, 170 N m/ @entity15817 ). A small degree of co-contraction occurred but could be dissociated from the stiffness changes. 5. Scaling the results allowed comparison of the initial stiffness with values for the decerebrate cat. When analysed in this way, the values recorded in @entity1 during the constant-position task were similar to those reported for short-range stiffness in the decerebrate cat. 6. The thresholds for detection of the disturbance were much lower than those reported for subjects with relaxed muscles. 7. The stretch reflex in @entity1 has a direct role in compensating for small disturbances during motor tasks. It may also function to improve detection of applied disturbances by magnifying the corresponding force change. Once the stimulus is perceived and voluntary intervention is possible, a greater contrast is seen between the subjects' performance of the two tasks.

title: Maintenance of constant arm position or force: reflex and volitional components in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: 1. In @entity4485 -anaesthetized @entity235 the nasal vasculature was perfused on both sides, and nasal vascular and airflow resistances were measured together with blood pressure, heart rate and tidal airflow. 2. @entity2951 was injected intravenously to stimulate lung C-fibre receptors, and @entity20668 to stimulate pulmonary stretch receptors and cardiac receptors. Injections with both drugs were repeated after pulmonary denervation and after cervical vagosympathectomy. 3. Intravenous @entity2951 caused @entity551 , @entity1168 and rapid shallow breathing, together with a decrease in nasal vascular resistance and little change in nasal airways resistance. Denervation showed that these effects came from lung reflexes, presumably from C-fibre receptors. 4. Intravenous @entity20668 caused similar effects to @entity2951 before denervations, presumably due to stimulation of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors. Left atrial injections of @entity20668 caused @entity551 , @entity1168 and hyperpnoea, together with an increase in nasal vascular resistance and little change in nasal airways resistance. Thus cardiac receptors seem to increase nasal vascular resistance. 5. Injections of @entity2951 and @entity20668 into the nasal circulation decreased nasal vascular resistance, with a stimulation of breathing and changes in blood pressure. Denervations indicated that these were a combination of local and reflex actions.

title: Lung reflexes and nasal vascular resistance in the anaesthetized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbitone']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['Capsaicin', 'capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity20668 :: ('MESH:D014702', 'Chemical') :: ['veratrine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate through a longitudinal study the effects on visual fields of long-term vigabatrin medication in @entity1 with @entity302 and to discuss visual field screening strategies. METHODS: A total of 26 @entity1 aged 14-68 years with a mean history of vigabatrin medication of 8.5 years (range 2-14 years) were followed by manual kinetic Goldmann perimetry (objects IV,4 and I,4) for 6-26 months (mean value 12.3 months). At time zero and at follow-up, each @entity1 was assigned a "pooled" averaged value, as a linear percentage of normal isopter position, for the two objects as tested nasally and temporally in the five most horizontal meridians on the Goldmann chart. Twelve eyes from nine adults (age 24-60 years) served as controls. RESULTS: Constrictions were recorded in 24 of 26 @entity1 at baseline. Averaged isopters ranged from 8% to 96% of the controls' averaged isopter positions. Median values of 71.5% and 60.5% for large and small objects, respectively, indicated that the smaller object was more sensitive to @entity227 . There was no difference in the degree of constriction between nasal and temporal hemifields. Significant improvement in the visual field (mean gain 13.6% units) was seen in the eight @entity1 who underwent full drug withdrawal. No similar improvement was seen in the 12 @entity1 still on full dose or the six with reduced intake. CONCLUSIONS: Most Danish @entity1 on long-term vigabatrin medication have suffered some @entity227 . Contrary to most clinical evidence so far, the present follow-up study indicates some reversibility of @entity227 after drug withdrawal. Kinetic Goldmann perimetry appears to be a fair alternative to computerized static perimetry techniques for screening and following @entity5305 -treated @entity1 .

title: @entity5305 -associated XXXX in a longitudinal series. Reversibility suggested after drug withdrawal.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field loss', 'visual field constriction']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['partial epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity5305 :: ('MESH:D020888', 'Chemical') :: ['vigabatrin']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['visual field constriction']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate through a longitudinal study the effects on visual fields of long-term vigabatrin medication in @entity1 with @entity302 and to discuss visual field screening strategies. METHODS: A total of 26 @entity1 aged 14-68 years with a mean history of vigabatrin medication of 8.5 years (range 2-14 years) were followed by manual kinetic Goldmann perimetry (objects IV,4 and I,4) for 6-26 months (mean value 12.3 months). At time zero and at follow-up, each @entity1 was assigned a "pooled" averaged value, as a linear percentage of normal isopter position, for the two objects as tested nasally and temporally in the five most horizontal meridians on the Goldmann chart. Twelve eyes from nine adults (age 24-60 years) served as controls. RESULTS: Constrictions were recorded in 24 of 26 @entity1 at baseline. Averaged isopters ranged from 8% to 96% of the controls' averaged isopter positions. Median values of 71.5% and 60.5% for large and small objects, respectively, indicated that the smaller object was more sensitive to @entity227 . There was no difference in the degree of constriction between nasal and temporal hemifields. Significant improvement in the visual field (mean gain 13.6% units) was seen in the eight @entity1 who underwent full drug withdrawal. No similar improvement was seen in the 12 @entity1 still on full dose or the six with reduced intake. CONCLUSIONS: Most Danish @entity1 on long-term vigabatrin medication have suffered some @entity227 . Contrary to most clinical evidence so far, the present follow-up study indicates some reversibility of @entity227 after drug withdrawal. Kinetic Goldmann perimetry appears to be a fair alternative to computerized static perimetry techniques for screening and following @entity5305 -treated @entity1 .

title: XXXX -associated @entity227 in a longitudinal series. Reversibility suggested after drug withdrawal.

answer: @entity5305 :: (MESH:D020888,Chemical) :: ['Vigabatrin']


abstract: A large number of @entity1 mononuclear cells were simultaneously separated into fractions enriched in B cells, T cells, large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and monocytes by centrifugal elutriation. Lymphocyte populations were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies. In particular, highly enriched natural killer cells, @entity4755 + cells, were collected in the intermediate fractions. Monocytes, which were identified as esterase positive cells, and Leu M3 cells were collected at higher counterflow rates and in the final fraction. The purity of monocytes in the final fraction was 81%. The oxidative metabolic activity ( @entity274 production) and non-specific esterase activity of individual monocytes was estimated in the analysis of functional heterogeneity of monocytes using flow cytometry. @entity21184 ( @entity21184 ) and @entity10156 (FDA) were used as indicators in the measurement of @entity274 generation and esterase activity. Intracellular generation of a fluorescence product ( @entity274 Production; average percentage of fluorescence positive cells) of monocytes in the stimulation of @entity4514 ( @entity4515 , 100 ng/ml) was greater in larger than smaller cells. @entity274 production gradually increased from 6% and 25-38% and 60% in the intermediate and final fractions respectively. Furthermore, the average fluorescence intensity of the large monocyte population in the final fraction was 1.13-1.31 fold more active than that of the smaller cells. Thus, the functional heterogeneity of @entity1 monocytes was further confirmed in the assays of @entity274 production exposed to @entity4515 and FDA hydrolysis using flow cytometry. Furthermore, the CCE system can isolate lymphocyte subsets and LGL.

title: Functional heterogeneity of XXXX monocytes--with a special reference to flow cytometric assays.

entities_list: @entity10156 :: ('MESH:C018506', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein diacetate']

entities_list: @entity21184 :: ('MESH:C029569', 'Chemical') :: ['DCFH-DA', "2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate"]

entities_list: @entity4514 :: ('MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol myristate acetate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: In this prospective study, 120 teeth consisting of maxillary and mandibular @entity235 and premolars were divided into three groups each containing 40 teeth. The teeth were assigned randomly in quadrants to three different periodontal treatment protocols. The first group was treated with professional prophylaxis only. The second group received additional deep scaling. With the third group, additional surgical periodontal flap surgery and scaling was performed. Both @entity548 index (PBI) and @entity92 ( @entity92 ) were evaluated before, during and after treatment. During the subsequent prosthetic treatment phase all teeth were then used as telescope abutments supporting a removable prosthesis. The documentation of the @entity10273 ( @entity10273 ) was then used as a clinical parameter. One year after the incorporation of telescopic @entity7606 ( @entity7606 ), @entity92 , PBI and @entity10273 were again evaluated. The resulting periodontal parameters were compared between the different groups using the @entity3628 ( @entity3628 ) repeated measures and the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric variables. Differences within the three treatment groups were determined using the t-test, e.g. the Wilcoxon test for dependent variables (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in inflammatory indices (PBI) was found for all types of periodontal treatment (P < 0.03 for all groups). Additionally, the reduction in @entity92 was significant for all of the three groups (P < 0.001 for all groups). The greatest reduction in @entity92 was observed in the group in which a surgical approach was used. Evaluation of the @entity10273 after the incorporation of the telescopic @entity7606 showed that tooth position did not influence the periodontal prognosis and that the use of telescopic @entity7606 exerted no ascertainable negative influence on the periodontium of the abutment teeth.

title: The effect of three different periodontal pre-treatment procedures on the success of telescopic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['papillary bleeding']

entities_list: @entity7606 :: ('MESH:D013282', 'Disease') :: ['RPDs', 'removable partial dentures']

entities_list: @entity3628 :: ('MESH:D004195', 'Disease') :: ['general linear model', 'GLM']

entities_list: @entity92 :: ('MESH:D007222', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'probing depth']

entities_list: @entity10273 :: ('MESH:D019962', 'Disease') :: ['AL', 'attachment level']

answer: @entity7606 :: (MESH:D013282,Disease) :: ['removable partial dentures']


abstract: With the disadvantage of computed tomography showing cumulative biological effects and magnetic resonance imaging posing a problem in clinical availability and cost, several authors described the technique of ultrasonography to measure non-invasively local cross-sectional dimensions (LCSDs) of masseter muscle sites. However only few studies addressed the issue of 'technique-related factors for intra- and inter-observer reliability' to gain more consistent testing and diagnosis. The purpose of the present study was to determine (1) whether the scanning level and/or the @entity121 may affect LCSD measurements and (2) whether measurements made at identical levels may be reproducible. The study included 35 subjects with signs and symptoms of @entity2956 . Bilateral ultrasonographic investigation was performed with a linear (B-scan) 7.5 Mhz small-part transducer to register LCSDs of the anterior masseter muscle on three different levels. Scans were made on the relaxed and contracted muscle. Measurements were made in two sessions with a time interval of at least 5 min. Data were analysed for reproducibility by using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and the @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ). Scanning level and @entity121 had a significant effect on muscle measurements (P = 0.000). There was no difference in LCSD between the right and left muscle (P = 0.531). Measurements recorded at a given site were consistent across the testing sessions (P = 0.058). The scanning level with highest reproducibility was halfway between the origin and insertion (ICC = 0.92; @entity2246 = 6.2%). The data suggest that ultrasonography is a reliable method for measuring LSCDs of the anterior masseter muscle.

title: Effect of scanning level and XXXX on ultrasonographic cross-sectional measurements of the anterior masseter muscle.

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle condition']

entities_list: @entity2956 :: ('MESH:D013705', 'Disease') :: ['temporomandibular disorders']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['method error', 'ME']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['muscle condition']