abstract: @entity65 are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern society. As a result of this, great efforts have been made to establish regimens for prophylaxis and treatment of such disorders. Pharmacological intervention is also a prerequisite for the success of other therapeutic approaches, e.g. coronary angioplasty. Prevention of @entity1423 is a goal that can be achieved by counteracting various receptors on the platelet surface. The main attentions for such interventions are focused on inhibiting the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor. So far, they are limited to intravenous usage. @entity857 receptor inhibitors are available for intravenous and oral usage. Their effect is, at least partly, also exerted via the counteraction of @entity857 -mediated activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. An oral direct @entity556 inhibitor is under clinical evaluation. This review focuses on @entity74 , but recent advances within new fields of anticoagulation (i.e., treatment of severe @entity326 and a novel approach to prevent @entity1031 during surgery) should not be overlooked.

title: Pharmaceutical thrombosis prevention in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic disorder']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['atherothrombotic disorders']

entities_list: @entity857 :: ('MESH:D000244', 'Chemical') :: ['Adenosine diphosphate', 'adenosine diphosphate']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Achieving "adequacy of dialysis" includes the maintenance of normal serum ionized @entity460 concentrations and is an important therapeutic goal in the treatment of @entity810 ( @entity810 ). It is unknown whether this goal is best achieved with intermittent or continuous renal replacement therapy. METHODS: We compared the effects of @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) and @entity400 ( @entity400 ) on serum ionized @entity460 concentrations using daily morning blood tests in 88 consecutive intensive care @entity1 of which half were treated with @entity400 and half with CRRT. RESULTS: Mean @entity1 age was 54 +/- 14 years for @entity400 and 60 +/- 14 years for @entity1211 (NS). However, @entity1 who received @entity1211 were significantly more critically ill (mean APACHE II scores: 24.4 +/- 5.1 for @entity400 vs. 29.2 +/- 5.7 for @entity1211 , p < 0.003). Before treatment, the mean ionized @entity460 concentration was 1.177 +/- 0.03 mmol/l for @entity400 and 1.172 +/- 0.04 mmol/l for @entity1211 (NS), with abnormal values in 51.6% of @entity400 @entity1 and in 68% of @entity1211 @entity1 (NS). During treatment, @entity3747 was significantly more common among @entity1211 @entity1 (24.5% vs. 14.9%; p < 0.011) while @entity2741 was more frequent during @entity400 (36.1% vs. 25.6%; p < 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal serum ionized @entity460 concentrations are frequent in @entity810 @entity1 before and during renal replacement. Once dialytic therapy is applied, @entity1211 is more likely to lower serum @entity460 concentrations, while @entity400 is more likely to induce @entity2741 . Appreciation of these different biochemical effects may assist clinicians in adjusting dialytic therapy in selected @entity1 .

title: Ionized serum @entity460 levels during @entity810 : XXXX vs. Continuous hemodiafiltration.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['intermittent hemodialysis', 'IHD']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['ARF', 'acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration', 'CVVHDF']

answer: @entity400 :: (MESH:D014202,Disease) :: ['intermittent hemodialysis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Achieving "adequacy of dialysis" includes the maintenance of normal serum ionized @entity460 concentrations and is an important therapeutic goal in the treatment of @entity810 ( @entity810 ). It is unknown whether this goal is best achieved with intermittent or continuous renal replacement therapy. METHODS: We compared the effects of @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) and @entity400 ( @entity400 ) on serum ionized @entity460 concentrations using daily morning blood tests in 88 consecutive intensive care @entity1 of which half were treated with @entity400 and half with CRRT. RESULTS: Mean @entity1 age was 54 +/- 14 years for @entity400 and 60 +/- 14 years for @entity1211 (NS). However, @entity1 who received @entity1211 were significantly more critically ill (mean APACHE II scores: 24.4 +/- 5.1 for @entity400 vs. 29.2 +/- 5.7 for @entity1211 , p < 0.003). Before treatment, the mean ionized @entity460 concentration was 1.177 +/- 0.03 mmol/l for @entity400 and 1.172 +/- 0.04 mmol/l for @entity1211 (NS), with abnormal values in 51.6% of @entity400 @entity1 and in 68% of @entity1211 @entity1 (NS). During treatment, @entity3747 was significantly more common among @entity1211 @entity1 (24.5% vs. 14.9%; p < 0.011) while @entity2741 was more frequent during @entity400 (36.1% vs. 25.6%; p < 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal serum ionized @entity460 concentrations are frequent in @entity810 @entity1 before and during renal replacement. Once dialytic therapy is applied, @entity1211 is more likely to lower serum @entity460 concentrations, while @entity400 is more likely to induce @entity2741 . Appreciation of these different biochemical effects may assist clinicians in adjusting dialytic therapy in selected @entity1 .

title: Ionized serum @entity460 levels during XXXX : @entity400 vs. Continuous hemodiafiltration.

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute renal failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Achieving "adequacy of dialysis" includes the maintenance of normal serum ionized @entity460 concentrations and is an important therapeutic goal in the treatment of @entity810 ( @entity810 ). It is unknown whether this goal is best achieved with intermittent or continuous renal replacement therapy. METHODS: We compared the effects of @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) and @entity400 ( @entity400 ) on serum ionized @entity460 concentrations using daily morning blood tests in 88 consecutive intensive care @entity1 of which half were treated with @entity400 and half with CRRT. RESULTS: Mean @entity1 age was 54 +/- 14 years for @entity400 and 60 +/- 14 years for @entity1211 (NS). However, @entity1 who received @entity1211 were significantly more critically ill (mean APACHE II scores: 24.4 +/- 5.1 for @entity400 vs. 29.2 +/- 5.7 for @entity1211 , p < 0.003). Before treatment, the mean ionized @entity460 concentration was 1.177 +/- 0.03 mmol/l for @entity400 and 1.172 +/- 0.04 mmol/l for @entity1211 (NS), with abnormal values in 51.6% of @entity400 @entity1 and in 68% of @entity1211 @entity1 (NS). During treatment, @entity3747 was significantly more common among @entity1211 @entity1 (24.5% vs. 14.9%; p < 0.011) while @entity2741 was more frequent during @entity400 (36.1% vs. 25.6%; p < 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal serum ionized @entity460 concentrations are frequent in @entity810 @entity1 before and during renal replacement. Once dialytic therapy is applied, @entity1211 is more likely to lower serum @entity460 concentrations, while @entity400 is more likely to induce @entity2741 . Appreciation of these different biochemical effects may assist clinicians in adjusting dialytic therapy in selected @entity1 .

title: Ionized serum XXXX levels during @entity810 : @entity400 vs. Continuous hemodiafiltration.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Gordonia axillaris (Roxb.) Dietrich (Theaceae) is a native to Taiwan and the leaves have been used as an astringent folk medicine. @entity70730 (CB), a macrocyclic hydrolyzable @entity5569 , was isolated from G. axillaris and showed cytotoxic effects in @entity1 @entity189 cells. Among the target cells (SKHep-1, Ha-22T, DU-145, @entity15206 , and HeLa), the @entity2622 cell line, HeLa, was more sensitive to CB than were Chang normal liver cells and primary-cultured normal gingival and cervical fibroblasts. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of CB showed dose-dependency at 3.2-100.0 microg/ml in HeLa for 1,24,48, and 72 h and with an IC(50) value of 46.3 microg/ml for 48 h. However, the IC(50) value of CB in primary-cultured normal cervical fibroblasts was 108.0 microg/ml. Therefore, the selectivity shown by CB was ascribed to the difference in growth speed between normal and @entity5 cells. HeLa cells and primary-cultured normal cervical fibroblasts were treated with 50.0 and 100.0 microg/ml CB for 48 h, respectively, and exhibited chromatin condensation, indicating the occurrence of apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the presence of apoptotic cells with low DNA content, a decrease of cell population at the G(1) phase, and a concomitant increase of cell population at the G(2)/M phase. CB also caused DNA fragmentation and inhibited @entity9190 degradation in HeLa cells. However, CB did not significantly inhibit @entity588 expression in HeLa cells at 50.0 microg/ml, only at 100.0 microg/ml for 48 h. These results suggest that CB induced apoptosis, without direct inhibition of @entity588 expression in HeLa cells.

title: XXXX induced apoptosis in HeLa cell line.

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity70730 :: ('MESH:C063356', 'Chemical') :: ['Camelliin B']

answer: @entity70730 :: (MESH:C063356,Chemical) :: ['Camelliin B']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Inolter in achieving glycemic control and changes in lipid profile of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics. MATERIAL AND METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="STUDY DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">A randomized, placebo-controlled double blind. Sixty newly diagnosed @entity1 of type-2 @entity6 were randomized. Of these, 30 were put on Inolter monotherapy and 30 @entity1 on placebo. Efficacy of Inolter was determined by observing glycemic control by estimating glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ), alteration of lipid profile by serum @entity165 , LDL, VLDL, HDL and @entity1674 . STATISTICAL METHODS: Student's unpaired 't' test. RESULTS: @entity1 compliance was satisfactory and no adverse effects were observed. Better hypoglycemic effect was observed with Inolter both respect to @entity1503 (mean 65.4 +/- 63.72 mg/dl) compared to placebo (mean 26.45 +/- 38.3 mg/dl) (p < 0.001). The mean change, with Inolter, in serum @entity165 (21.33 +/- 26.05 mg/dl), serum @entity412 (30.36 +/- 32.62 mg/dl), VLDL (8.85 +/- 3.25 mg/dl), LDL (10.00 +/- 4.48 mg/dl) and HDL (-2.33 +/- 5.66 mg/dl) was also significantly different (p < 0.001) from those given placebo, where it was 15.7 +/- 20.14 mg/dl, 8.70 +/- 13.24, 0.10 +/- 4.10 mg/dl, -0.70 +/- 4.58 mg/dl and 0.65 +/- 0.00 mg/dl, respectively. CONCLUSION: Inolter appears to be an useful adjunctive therapy to exercise and diet control in newly diagnosed @entity6 .

title: A randomized placebo controlled trial of Inolter (herbal product) in the treatment of type 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['FBS', 'fasting blood sugar']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diminished postprandial portal @entity450 has been demonstrated by echo-Doppler flowmetry in @entity1 with @entity1575 , but its diagnostic role is unclear. This prospective study was therefore undertaken in @entity1 with varying severity of @entity101 and degree of @entity1575 . METHODS: Portal flowmetry was performed in 66 @entity1 with @entity82 and 20 healthy volunteers during fasting and 30 min after ingestion of a standardized meal. Hemodynamic parameters were related to the degree of esophageal varices, @entity548 , portal hypertensive gastropathy and @entity1 -Pugh score. RESULTS: The postprandial portal blood velocity increment was low in @entity1 with esophageal varices of any degree (22-24%), compared to @entity1 without varices (49%, p<0.01) and healthy controls (65%, p<0.001), but was not different in @entity1 with or without @entity548 (22% vs. 20%). In contrast, the congestion index (CI; ratio of portal vein cross-sectional area and portal blood velocity) pre-/postprandial decreased in the @entity548 group only (CI pre/ CI post 1.30+/-0.23 (no @entity548 ) vs. 0.86+/-0.29 ( @entity548 ); p<0.01). Portal hypertensive gastropathy was not related to any of the portal flow parameters. The portal blood velocity increment was comparable in controls (65%) and @entity1 with @entity1 -Pugh class A @entity82 (56%), but lower in @entity1 with class B (32%) and class C @entity82 (15%, p<0.05 vs. class A). Also, there was no postprandial decrease in congestion index in @entity1 with the most severe @entity82 (p<0.01 class C vs. class A and B). CONCLUSIONS: The postprandial rise in portal flow is inversely related to the severity of @entity101 and @entity1575 , and may be a valuable parameter with respect to the risk of @entity548 .

title: The postprandial portal flow is related to the severity of XXXX and @entity1575 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['portal hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['variceal bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['portal hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diminished postprandial portal @entity450 has been demonstrated by echo-Doppler flowmetry in @entity1 with @entity1575 , but its diagnostic role is unclear. This prospective study was therefore undertaken in @entity1 with varying severity of @entity101 and degree of @entity1575 . METHODS: Portal flowmetry was performed in 66 @entity1 with @entity82 and 20 healthy volunteers during fasting and 30 min after ingestion of a standardized meal. Hemodynamic parameters were related to the degree of esophageal varices, @entity548 , portal hypertensive gastropathy and @entity1 -Pugh score. RESULTS: The postprandial portal blood velocity increment was low in @entity1 with esophageal varices of any degree (22-24%), compared to @entity1 without varices (49%, p<0.01) and healthy controls (65%, p<0.001), but was not different in @entity1 with or without @entity548 (22% vs. 20%). In contrast, the congestion index (CI; ratio of portal vein cross-sectional area and portal blood velocity) pre-/postprandial decreased in the @entity548 group only (CI pre/ CI post 1.30+/-0.23 (no @entity548 ) vs. 0.86+/-0.29 ( @entity548 ); p<0.01). Portal hypertensive gastropathy was not related to any of the portal flow parameters. The portal blood velocity increment was comparable in controls (65%) and @entity1 with @entity1 -Pugh class A @entity82 (56%), but lower in @entity1 with class B (32%) and class C @entity82 (15%, p<0.05 vs. class A). Also, there was no postprandial decrease in congestion index in @entity1 with the most severe @entity82 (p<0.01 class C vs. class A and B). CONCLUSIONS: The postprandial rise in portal flow is inversely related to the severity of @entity101 and @entity1575 , and may be a valuable parameter with respect to the risk of @entity548 .

title: The postprandial portal flow is related to the severity of @entity101 and XXXX .

answer: @entity1575 :: (MESH:D008103,Disease) :: ['liver cirrhosis']


abstract: Based on conserved expression patterns, three members of the GATA family of transcriptional regulatory proteins, @entity70731 , are thought to be involved in the regulation of cardiogenesis and gut development. Functions for these factors are known in the heart, but relatively little is understood regarding their possible roles in the regulation of gut-specific gene expression. In this study, we analyze the expression and function of @entity70731 using three separate but complementary vertebrate systems, and the results support a function for these proteins in regulating the terminal-differentiation program of intestinal epithelial cells. We show that xGATA-4, -5, and -6 can stimulate directly activity of the promoter for the intestinal @entity844 -binding protein (xIFABP) gene, which is a marker for differentiated enterocytes. This is the first direct demonstration of a target for GATA factors in the vertebrate intestinal epithelium. Transactivation by xGATA-4, -5, and -6 is mediated at least in part by a defined proximal @entity1630 promoter element. The expression patterns for cGATA-4, -5, and -6 are markedly distinct along the proximal-distal villus axis. Transcript levels for cGATA-4 increase along the axis toward the villus tip; likewise, cGATA-5 transcripts are largely restricted to the distal tip containing differentiated cells. In contrast, the pattern of cGATA-6 transcripts is complementary to cGATA-5, with highest levels detected in the region of proliferating progenitor cells. Undifferentiated and proliferating @entity1 HT-29 cells express @entity43289 but not @entity15774 or @entity37760 . Upon stimulation to differentiate, the transcript levels for @entity37760 increase, and this occurs prior to increased transcription of the terminal differentiation marker intestinal alkaline phosphatase. At the same time, @entity43289 steady-state transcript levels decline appreciably. All of the data are consistent with evolutionarily conserved but distinct roles for these factors in regulating the differentiation program of intestinal epithelium. Based on this data, we suggest that @entity43289 might function primarily within the proliferating progenitor population, while @entity15774 and @entity37760 function during differentiation to activate terminal-differentiation genes including @entity1630 .

title: Distinct functions are implicated for the XXXX , -5, and -6 transcription factors in the regulation of intestine epithelial cell differentiation.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

answer: @entity15774 :: (2626,Gene) :: ['GATA-4']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Two-dimensional @entity2975 gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) is a new method which can be used to study cryoprecipitates from the sera of cryoglobulinemic @entity1 . It led to the identification of a new type of cryoprecipitate, tentatively named II-III, characterized by polyclonal IgG associated with a mixture of polyclonal and monoclonal IgM. Some discrepancies with the conventional classification of cryoglobulins were revealed. The association of particular clinical features with the classification of cryoglobulins by 2-D PAGE is examined. DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty consecutive @entity1 affected by @entity751 with mixed cryoglobulins were included in the study. All @entity1 were evaluated for cutaneous, articular, @entity8 . The washed cryoprecipitates were typed using both techniques: immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) and 2-D PAGE. RESULTS: Sixteen (6 cases of type II and 10 of type III by IFE) of 60 cryoprecipitates (26.6%) appeared as type II-III by 2-D PAGE analysis. Nine cases were classified differently by IFE and 2-D PAGE. Mixed cryoglobulins of type II-III were not associated with a particular clinical pattern. Examining the clinical findings in the mono group (those with monoclonal IgM alone) and the poly group (those with polyclonal IgM alone or polyclonal and monoclonal IgM) we found clearly significant differences: more severe liver involvement in the poly group, and higher cryocrit and creatinine values, lower C4 level and more severe @entity4125 in the mono group. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the reliability of 2-D PAGE in characterizing cryoprecipitates. This sensitive method can demonstrate a higher number of monoclonal components, undetectable by IFE. Type II-III cryoglobulins are not associated with a particular clinical pattern. The presence or absence of polyclonal IgM in mixed cryoglobulins seems to be correlated with some clinical findings.

title: Clinical implications of the types of cryoglobulins determined by two-dimensional XXXX gel electrophoresis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic, renal and nervous involvement']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['cryoglobulinemic syndrome']

answer: @entity2975 :: (CHEBI:51135,Chemical) :: ['polyacrylamide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop indications for the preoperative use of recombinant @entity1307 (rHuEPO) alone and in conjunction with preoperative autologous donation (PAD). DESIGN: A 2-round modified Delphi-consensus process. @entity1 : Nine physicians representing multiple clinical specialties, practice environments and geographic locations. METHOD: From evidence tables and a literature summary (MEDLINE database from January 1985 to August 1996) provided and using the RAND-UCLA appropriateness method, the physicians developed 264 indications for the preoperative use of rHuEPO by permuting 7 clinical factors (age, history of transfusion or antibody incompatibility, hemoglobin level, @entity417 of @entity102 , expected @entity190 , presence of cardiovascular or @entity66 and @entity1 @entity148 ). These indications were rated on a 9-point appropriateness scale. Median scores and measures of agreement were determined. OUTCOME MEASURES: The significance of cost constraints or cost and blood supply constraints and the impact of each clinical factor on the ratings as judged by statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 264 indications, 54% were rated appropriate, 18% uncertain and 28% inappropriate. Expected @entity190 had the greatest impact on the ratings (high expected @entity190 had a 5.9 point more appropriate rating on the 9-point scale than low expected @entity190 [p < 0.0001]). Preoperative hemoglobin level also significantly influenced the ratings (p < 0.0001). Compared with the clinical context, the ratings under the cost constraint were 1.0 less appropriate (p < 0.0001) for rHuEPO alone and 1.2 less appropriate for rHuEPO and PAD (p < 0.0001). The ratings for @entity1 with moderate expected @entity190 were significantly influenced by the cost constraint (less appropriate). CONCLUSIONS: Expected @entity190 and preoperative hemoglobin level were the best indicators of rHuEPO appropriateness. Different contexts modify the appropriateness ratings of an expensive drug like rHuEPO.

title: The development of indications for the preoperative use of recombinant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

answer: @entity1307 :: (2056,Gene) :: ['erythropoietin']


abstract: The mammary gland is an organ whose size, shape and function undergo fundamental changes during the various phases of a @entity1 's growth. Although the development of the mammary gland begins during infancy, the most dramatic changes occur with the initiation of puberty. Pregnancy and lactation complete the functional development of the organ, which regresses during menopause. Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that certain hormonal influences, especially those related to reproduction, modify the risk of developing @entity0 . Thus, a full term pregnancy completed before the age of 24 years significantly reduces the lifetime incidence of @entity0 . Although the mechanism through which pregnancy protects the breast from @entity0 has not been clearly established, experimental models of mammary carcinogenesis have allowed researchers to determine that pregnancy inhibits the initiation of the neoplastic process through the induction of a complete differentiation of the mammary gland. This process activates specific genes, which in turn modify the response of the organ to ulterior hormonal changes. It is postulated that the same mechanism might be responsible for the protective effect of a @entity1 's early first full term pregnancy. The greater incidence of @entity0 observed in nulliparous @entity1 correlates well with the greater susceptibility of the virgin @entity35 to develop mammary @entity189 when exposed to chemical carcinogens. The successful induction of malignant transformation in the virgin animal mammary epithelium is due to the presence of undifferentiated structures with a high rate of cell proliferation. These structures are eliminated by pregnancy. The breast of nulliparous @entity1 retains those undifferentiated structures, which increase the predisposition of the organ to undergo malignant transformation, which will manifest itself clinically several years after its initiation. The correlation of @entity1 epidemiological, clinical and experimental data with those data obtained in rodent experimental models lends support to this hypothesis.

title: Differentiation and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'human']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Subcutaneous injection of @entity9251 is an effective treatment for attacks of @entity2686 with a short onset of action. This open, randomized study evaluates whether sumatriptan nasal spray at its highest commercially available dose (20 mg/dose) is equally effective. In 26 @entity1 , four consecutive attacks were treated alternately with nasal spray and subcutaneous injection. Treatment was given within 5 min of onset of @entity158 , and the time interval for the start and completeness of @entity158 relief, provided these occurred within 15 min of administration, were recorded by the @entity1 . After completion of the study, the @entity1 were also asked to indicate which treatment they preferred, based on efficacy, side effects, and handling of the preparation. Forty-nine of the 52 treatments with injection resulted in complete relief of @entity158 within 15 min, with a mean of 9.6 min. The remaining three attacks were reduced by a mean of 86.7% at 15 min. Only 7 of the 52 treatments with nasal spray in the nostril ipsilateral to @entity158 resulted in complete relief within this time period, with a mean of 13.0 min. In 18 of these treatments @entity158 was reduced by a mean of 42.2% at 15 min, whereas no effect on @entity158 was obtained at this time in the remaining 27 treatments. The effect was almost identical when the nasal spray was administered in the nostril on the non-painful side. As an overall judgement, only 2 of the 26 @entity1 preferred nasal spray to injection. We conclude that sumatriptan nasal spray 20 mg/dose is less effective than subcutaneous injection in relieving @entity158 in the great majority of @entity2686 sufferers.

title: Sumatriptan nasal spray (20 mg/dose) in the acute treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2686 :: ('MESH:D003027', 'Disease') :: ['cluster headache']

entities_list: @entity9251 :: ('MESH:D018170', 'Chemical') :: ['sumatriptan']

answer: @entity2686 :: (MESH:D003027,Disease) :: ['cluster headache']


abstract: Some @entity1 with non-ischemic @entity712 show inflammatory changes in the myocardium which are thought to be of causal or pathogenetic relevance for the @entity712 . The @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) and the @entity4725 ( @entity4725 ) are membrane proteins with receptor function from the immunoglobulin superfamily which mediate the vascular adhesion and transmigration of leucocytes into the tissue and undergo increased expression in chronic immunological-inflammatory processes. In addition to membrane-bound adhesion molecules, soluble forms can be detected in serum. In the present study we investigated the occurrence and the significance of circulating @entity2071 and @entity4725 in 71 @entity1 with non-ischemic @entity712 (47 M/24 F, mean age: 55 +/- 11 years). METHODS: Serum concentrations of cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 were analyzed using ELISA-Kits. The severity of @entity712 was assessed in accordance to the NYHA-classification and to hemodynamic parameters (mean pulmonary pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction). @entity299 was assessed histologically and immunohistologically (T-lymphocytes > 7.0/mm2, increased expression of the histocompatibility antigens of class I and II) in right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies. 16 healthy, age-matched @entity1 (8 M/8 F, mean age: 55 +/- 6 years, mean ejection fraction 76 +/- 3%) without signs of @entity32 in the myocardium (mean T-lymphocytes < 3.5 cells/mm2, low expression of HLA-class I and II) served as controls. RESULTS: The mean serum concentrations of circulating @entity2071 and @entity4725 (cICAM-1, cVCAM-1) were higher in @entity1 with non-ischemic @entity712 (372 +/- 107 ng/ml and 949 +/- 439 ng/ml) than controls (264 +/- 37 and 710 +/- 164 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). The mean concentrations of both adhesion molecules varied as a function of the mean pulmonary pressure and the left ventricular ejection @entity174 (for cICAM-1: Pearson's r: 0.24 and -0.33, p < 0.05; for cVCAM-1: Pearson's r: 0.28 and -0.26, p < 0.05). In 38% (n = 16) of @entity1 with elevated concentrations of cICAM-1 (> or = 337 ng/ml) and 41% (n = 7) of those with elevated serum levels of cVCAM-1 (> or = 1038 ng/ml), the myocardial biopsies showed @entity2617 between 7 and 22 T-lymphocytes/mm2 and an enhanced expression of the MHC antigens of class I/II as sign of an activated inflammatory process in the myocardium. All @entity1 with more than 9.3 T-lymphocytes/mm2 in the myocardium (n = 7) had higher serum levels of cICAM-1 (447 +/- 146 ng/ml, p < 0.05 compared to controls) and of cVCAM-1 (1577 +/- 688 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Both adhesion molecules correlated significantly with the mean number of T-lymphocytes in the myocardium (Pearson's r: 0.31-0.37, p < 0.05). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the elevated levels of cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 are often found in the serum of @entity1 with non-ischemic @entity712 . These raised serum levels correlate with inflammatory infiltrates in the myocardial tissue and with the clinical and hemodynamic signs of @entity712 , thus, confirming a connection between @entity712 and inflammatory changes in the myocardium.

title: [Circulating adhesion molecules (cICAM-1, lcVCAM-1) in @entity1 with suspected inflammatory XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['VCAM-1', 'vascular adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity2617 :: ('MESH:D017254', 'Disease') :: ['increased lymphocytic infiltration']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammatory heart disease']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['heart muscle disease']


abstract: Some @entity1 with non-ischemic @entity712 show inflammatory changes in the myocardium which are thought to be of causal or pathogenetic relevance for the @entity712 . The @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) and the @entity4725 ( @entity4725 ) are membrane proteins with receptor function from the immunoglobulin superfamily which mediate the vascular adhesion and transmigration of leucocytes into the tissue and undergo increased expression in chronic immunological-inflammatory processes. In addition to membrane-bound adhesion molecules, soluble forms can be detected in serum. In the present study we investigated the occurrence and the significance of circulating @entity2071 and @entity4725 in 71 @entity1 with non-ischemic @entity712 (47 M/24 F, mean age: 55 +/- 11 years). METHODS: Serum concentrations of cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 were analyzed using ELISA-Kits. The severity of @entity712 was assessed in accordance to the NYHA-classification and to hemodynamic parameters (mean pulmonary pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction). @entity299 was assessed histologically and immunohistologically (T-lymphocytes > 7.0/mm2, increased expression of the histocompatibility antigens of class I and II) in right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies. 16 healthy, age-matched @entity1 (8 M/8 F, mean age: 55 +/- 6 years, mean ejection fraction 76 +/- 3%) without signs of @entity32 in the myocardium (mean T-lymphocytes < 3.5 cells/mm2, low expression of HLA-class I and II) served as controls. RESULTS: The mean serum concentrations of circulating @entity2071 and @entity4725 (cICAM-1, cVCAM-1) were higher in @entity1 with non-ischemic @entity712 (372 +/- 107 ng/ml and 949 +/- 439 ng/ml) than controls (264 +/- 37 and 710 +/- 164 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). The mean concentrations of both adhesion molecules varied as a function of the mean pulmonary pressure and the left ventricular ejection @entity174 (for cICAM-1: Pearson's r: 0.24 and -0.33, p < 0.05; for cVCAM-1: Pearson's r: 0.28 and -0.26, p < 0.05). In 38% (n = 16) of @entity1 with elevated concentrations of cICAM-1 (> or = 337 ng/ml) and 41% (n = 7) of those with elevated serum levels of cVCAM-1 (> or = 1038 ng/ml), the myocardial biopsies showed @entity2617 between 7 and 22 T-lymphocytes/mm2 and an enhanced expression of the MHC antigens of class I/II as sign of an activated inflammatory process in the myocardium. All @entity1 with more than 9.3 T-lymphocytes/mm2 in the myocardium (n = 7) had higher serum levels of cICAM-1 (447 +/- 146 ng/ml, p < 0.05 compared to controls) and of cVCAM-1 (1577 +/- 688 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Both adhesion molecules correlated significantly with the mean number of T-lymphocytes in the myocardium (Pearson's r: 0.31-0.37, p < 0.05). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The present study shows that the elevated levels of cICAM-1 and cVCAM-1 are often found in the serum of @entity1 with non-ischemic @entity712 . These raised serum levels correlate with inflammatory infiltrates in the myocardial tissue and with the clinical and hemodynamic signs of @entity712 , thus, confirming a connection between @entity712 and inflammatory changes in the myocardium.

title: [Circulating adhesion molecules (cICAM-1, lcVCAM-1) in XXXX with suspected inflammatory @entity299 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Long-term results after different types of operations for @entity3142 (minimum follow-up: 18 months) as well as multiple risk factors for the pelvic floor were analysed in a retrospective study. STUDY DESIGN: Between 1980 and 1992 1283 @entity1 underwent surgery because of @entity3142 at the University @entity1 's Hospital in Heidelberg. The data of 478 @entity1 , 430 of these after primary and 48 after recurrent surgery, were evaluated by questionnaires with regard to the long-term-results. RESULTS: 57% of @entity1 after primary surgical therapy and 37% after recurrent surgery were cured for longer than 5 years or since the operation. A cure or improvement of the @entity322 could be observed in 80% after primary and in 73% after recurrent surgery. Among the vaginal approaches for primary surgery the hysterectomy combined with colporrhaphy was most successful (60% cured or more than 5 years continent, 80.5% at least improved). The Burch colposuspension revealed even better results among the abdominal approaches (64% cured or longer than 5 years continent, 86% at least improved) compared to the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz procedure with a cure rate of 33%. For therapy of the recurrent @entity322 the abdominal Burch colposuspension showed the best results with cure rates of 50% and cure or improvement in 75%. Therefore the abdominal approach seems to be superior to vaginal techniques such as sling operations (33% cure rate, 67% at least improved) or only re-colporrhaphy (27% cure rate, 78% at least improved). CONCLUSION: For primary @entity322 the hysterectomy with vaginal repair or the Burch colposuspension have proved to be most successful. For recurrent @entity322 the abdominal colposuspension (Burch procedure) seems to be superior to other approaches.

title: [Long-term outcome of XXXX and prolapse surgery at the Heidelberg University Gynecologic Clinic 1980-1992].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['urinary stress incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The surgical therapy of @entity547 is increasingly based on reinforcement with alloplastic material, in particular surgical meshes. The biological response to these foreign bodies largely depends on the selected material and its structure. In comparison to the physiological scar process following a simple abdominal wall incision, the chronic @entity32 at the interface to the polymers lead to specific morphological alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study two meshes with different pore sizes were implanted into @entity35 : a heavy-weight and small-pore-sized mesh (hw-mesh) made of nonabsorbable @entity7502 monofilaments and a low-weight large-pore-sized mesh consisting of @entity7502 and of absorbable polyglactin multifilaments (lw-mesh). A suture repair of a laparotomy served as control. After 7, 14, 21, and 90 days the mesh area was analyzed with regard to tissue and cellular response. RESULTS: Over the whole observation period morphometric analysis indicated an improved integration of the lw-mesh with reduction of both @entity32 and @entity82 , whereas the hw-mesh induced an @entity32 concomitant with an intensified bridging scar reaction. On the cellular level these findings correspond to an elevated cell turnover, characterized by increased rates of apoptotic and proliferating cells. In contrast, the tissue reaction to the lw-mesh achieved levels almost similar to those of the physiological scaring process in the control group. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present data confirm the development of a chronic inflammatory foreign body reaction at the interface to both hw-meshes and lw-meshes; however, the use of lw-meshes showed superior tissue integration. With regard to the quite similar polymer surface the pore size appears to be of major importance in tissue reaction and for the biocompatibility of mesh structures.

title: Impact of polymer pore size on the interface scar formation in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['intense chronic inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The structural properties of the upper airway determine its collapsibility during periods of @entity2421 . Both @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) sleep and increases in nasal pressure ( @entity6841 ) produce @entity2421 , which persists even after nasal pressure is abruptly reduced. To determine the factors that influence the collapsibility of the @entity2421 airway, the critical pressure (Pcrit) and nasal resistance upstream to the site of pharyngeal collapse (RN) were measured in the first three breaths after abrupt reductions in @entity6841 during non- @entity1319 and @entity1319 sleep. @entity6841 was reduced abruptly from 15.2+/-3.2 cm @entity2507 (mean +/- SD) for three breaths in 19 apneic @entity1 . Upper-airway pressure-flow relationships were analyzed to determine Pcrit for each breath in non- @entity1319 and @entity1319 sleep. We found that Pcrit rose (collapsibility increased, p < 0.001) and RN fell (p = 0.02) between the first and third breath after the decrease in @entity6841 , whereas no difference in Pcrit was detected between sleep stages. In six @entity1 , genioglossus-muscle electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded. Peak phasic activity rose between the first and third breath (p = 0.03), but tonic and peak phasic EMG activity fell in @entity1319 as compared with non- @entity1319 sleep (p < 0.001). We conclude that the @entity2421 upper airway becomes most collapsible by the third breath after an abrupt decrease in @entity6841 , regardless of sleep stage and despite an increase in genioglossus-muscle activity. Our findings suggest that predominantly mechanical rather than neuromuscular factors modulate the properties of the pharynx after abrupt reductions in nasal pressure.

title: The XXXX upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea: role of structures and neuromuscular activity.

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonia', 'hypotonic', 'muscle hypotonia']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['REM', 'rapid-eye-movement']

answer: @entity2421 :: (MESH:D009123,Disease) :: ['hypotonic']


abstract: Ecdysteroid signaling in insects is transduced by a heterodimer of the @entity51131 and @entity59304 nuclear receptors. In order to monitor the temporal and spatial patterns of ecdysteroid signaling in vivo we established transgenic animals that express a fusion of the GAL4 DNA binding domain and the ligand binding domain (LBD) of @entity51131 or @entity59304 , combined with a GAL4-dependent lacZ reporter gene. The patterns of beta-galactosidase expression in these animals indicate where and when the GAL4-LBD fusion protein has been activated by its ligand in vivo. We show that the patterns of GAL4- @entity51131 and GAL4- @entity59304 activation at the onset of metamorphosis reflect what would be predicted for ecdysteroid activation of the @entity51131 / @entity59304 heterodimer. No activation is seen in mid-third instar larvae when the ecdysteroid titer is low, and strong widespread activation is observed at the end of the instar when the ecdysteroid titer is high. In addition, both GAL4- @entity51131 and GAL4- @entity59304 are activated in larval organs cultured with @entity11088 (20E), consistent with @entity51131 / @entity59304 acting as a 20E receptor. We also show that GAL4- @entity59304 activation depends on @entity51131 , suggesting that @entity59304 requires its heterodimer partner to function as an activator in vivo. Interestingly, we observe no GAL4-LBD activation in the imaginal discs and ring glands of late third instar larvae. Addition of 20E to cultured mid-third instar imaginal discs results in GAL4- @entity59304 activation, but this response is not seen in imaginal discs cultured from late third instar larvae, suggesting that @entity51131 / @entity59304 loses its ability to function as an efficient activator in this tissue. We conclude that @entity51131 / @entity59304 activation by the systemic ecdysteroid signal may be spatially restricted in vivo. Finally, we show that GAL4- @entity51131 functions as a potent and specific dominant negative at the onset of metamorphosis, providing a new tool for characterizing ecdysteroid signaling pathways during development.

title: Spatial patterns of XXXX activation during the onset of Drosophila metamorphosis.

entities_list: @entity11088 :: ('MESH:D004441', 'Chemical') :: ['20-hydroxyecdysone']

answer: @entity51131 :: (35540(Tax:7227),Gene) :: ['ecdysteroid receptor']


abstract: The optimal clinical management of minimally invasive (stage T1) @entity150 is controversial. T1 @entity150 share characteristics of both noninvasive (Ta) papillary @entity5 and high stage, muscle-invasive @entity150 . @entity1 with T1 @entity150 have a higher risk of @entity5 progression and @entity204 than do @entity1 with Ta @entity150 . However, this risk is much lower than that of @entity1 with high-stage @entity150 . Methods of identifying T1 @entity150 @entity1 at greatest risk for progression may significantly improve clinical management. We retrospectively evaluated two @entity5 suppressor genes, @entity876 and @entity995 , as potential prognostic markers for progression in a cohort of 45 @entity1 with pT1 @entity150 . Median follow-up for these individuals was greater than 3.5 years. Of this group, 58% had altered @entity876 expression based on positive @entity876 immunostaining. Three patterns for @entity995 nuclear protein staining were observed: absent, heterogeneous (normal), and strongly homogeneous. Progression-free survival was similar for @entity1 with loss of @entity995 protein expression and those with apparent overexpression of @entity995 protein. Therefore, both staining patterns were considered abnormal. @entity1 with normal expression of both proteins (i.e., @entity876 negative and @entity995 heterogeneously positive) had an excellent outcome, with no @entity1 showing disease progression, whereas @entity1 with abnormal expression of either or both proteins had a significant increase in progression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.005, respectively). These data support the stratification of T1 @entity150 @entity1 based on @entity876 and @entity995 nuclear protein status and suggest that @entity1 with normal protein expression for both genes can be managed conservatively, whereas @entity1 with alterations in one and particularly both genes require more aggressive treatment.

title: @entity876 and @entity995 expression predict progression in T1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancers', 'bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: The optimal clinical management of minimally invasive (stage T1) @entity150 is controversial. T1 @entity150 share characteristics of both noninvasive (Ta) papillary @entity5 and high stage, muscle-invasive @entity150 . @entity1 with T1 @entity150 have a higher risk of @entity5 progression and @entity204 than do @entity1 with Ta @entity150 . However, this risk is much lower than that of @entity1 with high-stage @entity150 . Methods of identifying T1 @entity150 @entity1 at greatest risk for progression may significantly improve clinical management. We retrospectively evaluated two @entity5 suppressor genes, @entity876 and @entity995 , as potential prognostic markers for progression in a cohort of 45 @entity1 with pT1 @entity150 . Median follow-up for these individuals was greater than 3.5 years. Of this group, 58% had altered @entity876 expression based on positive @entity876 immunostaining. Three patterns for @entity995 nuclear protein staining were observed: absent, heterogeneous (normal), and strongly homogeneous. Progression-free survival was similar for @entity1 with loss of @entity995 protein expression and those with apparent overexpression of @entity995 protein. Therefore, both staining patterns were considered abnormal. @entity1 with normal expression of both proteins (i.e., @entity876 negative and @entity995 heterogeneously positive) had an excellent outcome, with no @entity1 showing disease progression, whereas @entity1 with abnormal expression of either or both proteins had a significant increase in progression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.005, respectively). These data support the stratification of T1 @entity150 @entity1 based on @entity876 and @entity995 nuclear protein status and suggest that @entity1 with normal protein expression for both genes can be managed conservatively, whereas @entity1 with alterations in one and particularly both genes require more aggressive treatment.

title: XXXX and @entity995 expression predict progression in T1 @entity150 .

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: The optimal clinical management of minimally invasive (stage T1) @entity150 is controversial. T1 @entity150 share characteristics of both noninvasive (Ta) papillary @entity5 and high stage, muscle-invasive @entity150 . @entity1 with T1 @entity150 have a higher risk of @entity5 progression and @entity204 than do @entity1 with Ta @entity150 . However, this risk is much lower than that of @entity1 with high-stage @entity150 . Methods of identifying T1 @entity150 @entity1 at greatest risk for progression may significantly improve clinical management. We retrospectively evaluated two @entity5 suppressor genes, @entity876 and @entity995 , as potential prognostic markers for progression in a cohort of 45 @entity1 with pT1 @entity150 . Median follow-up for these individuals was greater than 3.5 years. Of this group, 58% had altered @entity876 expression based on positive @entity876 immunostaining. Three patterns for @entity995 nuclear protein staining were observed: absent, heterogeneous (normal), and strongly homogeneous. Progression-free survival was similar for @entity1 with loss of @entity995 protein expression and those with apparent overexpression of @entity995 protein. Therefore, both staining patterns were considered abnormal. @entity1 with normal expression of both proteins (i.e., @entity876 negative and @entity995 heterogeneously positive) had an excellent outcome, with no @entity1 showing disease progression, whereas @entity1 with abnormal expression of either or both proteins had a significant increase in progression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.005, respectively). These data support the stratification of T1 @entity150 @entity1 based on @entity876 and @entity995 nuclear protein status and suggest that @entity1 with normal protein expression for both genes can be managed conservatively, whereas @entity1 with alterations in one and particularly both genes require more aggressive treatment.

title: @entity876 and XXXX expression predict progression in T1 @entity150 .

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['RB']


abstract: Despite decreased operative mortality, pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains a formidable operation with substantial morbidity. We have evaluated the influence of preoperative @entity253 ( @entity253 ) on morbidity after PD for @entity5 by retrospectively reviewing the medical records of 182 @entity1 undergoing PD between April 1985 and August 1996. Of 52 study @entity1 with @entity3883 , 22 underwent preoperative @entity253 , and 30 were not drained. Eighty-three @entity1 were excluded for @entity648 levels less than 5 mg/dl, 43 had other biliary drainage, and 4 had @entity1087 with benign pathology. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were compared. The two groups were well matched for clinical presentation and operative characteristics except for lower preoperative values of liver chemistries in @entity1 undergoing @entity253 . Length of postoperative hospitalization for @entity1 undergoing @entity253 was 13.5 days, compared with 19 days for @entity1 who were not drained (p = 0.02). @entity1 who were not drained tended to have more overall complications (p = 0.054). Multivariate analysis revealed time to regular diet (p < 0.0001) and no preoperative drainage (p = 0.04) to be independent factors significantly increasing the length of hospitalization. Endoscopic biliary drainage before PD significantly reduced the length of postoperative hospitalization and was associated with less postoperative morbidity. Further studies, including cost analysis, are warranted.

title: Endoscopic biliary drainage before pancreaticoduodenectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['malignant obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant biliary obstruction']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic biliary drainage', 'EBD']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['periampullary malignancies']


abstract: Biofilm production has been implicated as a potential virulence factor of some Candida species responsible for catheter-related @entity12045 in @entity1 receiving parenteral nutrition. We therefore compared clinical bloodstream isolates representing seven different Candida species to each other and to those from other anatomical sites for the capacity to form biofilms in @entity413 -containing medium. Potential associations between the capacity to form biofilms and the clinical characteristics of @entity12045 were also analyzed. Isolates included the following from nonneutropenic @entity1 : 101 bloodstream isolates (35 @entity7409 , 30 @entity5132 , 18 @entity9841 , 8 @entity7408 , and 10 other Candida species isolates) and 259 clinical isolates from other body sites (116 @entity5132 , 53 @entity7408 , 43 @entity9841 , 17 @entity7409 , and 30 other Candida species isolates). Organisms were grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) containing a final concentration of 8% @entity413 to induce biofilm formation, as published previously. Biofilm production was determined by both visual and spectrophotometric methods. In this medium, biofilm production by @entity5132 isolates was significantly less frequent (8%) than that by non- @entity5132 Candida species (61%; P < 0.0001). The overall proportion of non- @entity5132 Candida species isolates from the blood that produced biofilms was significantly higher than that of non- @entity5132 Candida isolates obtained from other sites (79% versus 52%; P = 0.0001). Bloodstream isolates of @entity7409 alone were significantly more likely to be biofilm positive than were @entity7409 isolates from other sites (86% versus 47%; P = 0.0032). Non- @entity5132 Candida species, including @entity7409 , were more likely to be biofilm positive if isolates were derived from @entity1 whose @entity4963 was central venous catheter (CVC) related (95%; P < 0.0001) and was associated with the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (94%; P < 0.005). These data suggest that the capacity of Candida species isolates to produce biofilms in vitro in @entity413 -containing SDB may be a reflection of the pathogenic potential of these isolates to cause CVC-related @entity12045 in @entity1 receiving TPN.

title: Biofilm production by isolates of Candida species recovered from nonneutropenic XXXX : comparison of bloodstream isolates with isolates from other sources.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4963 :: ('MESH:D058387', 'Disease') :: ['candidemia']

entities_list: @entity7409 :: ('5480', 'Species') :: ['C. parapsilosis']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trends, demographics, and toxic effects associated with pediatric @entity1338 exposures reported to poison centers. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING AND @entity1 : @entity1338 -only exposures followed up to known outcome in @entity1 younger than 19 years reported to the American Association of Poison Control Center's database from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of exposures over time, acuity, reason, symptoms, management site, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: There were 10 060 reported exposures with 57% reported for @entity1 younger than 6 years, 34% for @entity1 between 6 and 12 years old, and 9% for adolescents between 13 and 18 years old. In 1999 there were 2.5 times as many exposures as in 1993. In 6- through 12-year-olds, @entity1338 was the @entity1 's medication in 35% of the exposures, compared with 10% in @entity1 younger than 6 years and 26% in adolescents. The proportion of cases involving the @entity1 's medication increased over 7 years. While unintentional @entity1445 was most common in @entity1 younger than 6 years, therapeutic errors and suicide attempts predominated in 6- through 12-year-olds and adolescents, respectively. In 6042 symptomatic @entity1 (60%), the most common symptoms were lethargy (80%), @entity1168 (17%), @entity551 (15%), and @entity1576 (5%). Most exposures resulted in no effect (40%) or minor effects (39%). Moderate effects occurred in 1907 @entity1 (19%), major effects in 230 @entity1 (2%); there was 1 fatality in a 23-month-old. CONCLUSIONS: While most of the @entity1338 exposures resulted in minimal toxic effects, serious toxic effects and death can occur. The trend toward increasing the number of exposures in @entity1 , especially with evidence of toxic effects in @entity1 receiving @entity1338 therapeutically, is cause for concern.

title: Trends and toxic effects from pediatric XXXX exposures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine hydrochloride', 'Clonidine', 'clonidine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity1338 :: (MESH:D003000,Chemical) :: ['clonidine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The identification of 'unknown' allergic sensitizations may determine the prognosis and treatment of @entity1 with @entity1576 . Currently, the presence in homes of 'exotic' animals as pets is increasing. In this article the Siberian hamster or dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus) was identified as a new indoor source of aeroallergens and @entity1576 . METHODS: The subjects were six outpatients who were treated for @entity565 and @entity2490 . Siberian hamster hair extract was prepared with a standard wt/vol method, and @entity1 were skin-prick tested with the extract. Serum-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E against the Siberian hamster, common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) and @entity329 ( @entity329 ) was determined. IgE-immunoblotting was also performed for all six sera. Specific bronchial challenge was carried out with the Siberian hamster extract. RESULTS: Skin prick tests (SPT) with the Siberian hamster extract, and specific IgE-antibodies against Siberian hamster, were strongly positive in all six @entity1 . Determinations of specific IgE-antibodies against C. cricetus and @entity329 were negative in all @entity1 . IgE-immunoblotting of the sera revealed two IgE-binding fractions (MW 18 and 32 kDa) in five of the six sera. Specific bronchial provocation tests resulted in early @entity748 responses in the two @entity1 who were challenged. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals the Siberian hamster to be able to induce both sensitization and disease, and this species of hamster should be taken into consideration as a cause of @entity1576 in exposed subjects. A noteworthy finding was the lack of sensitization in our @entity1 to common hamster allergens ( @entity329 and C. cricetus) that are usually tested when hamster @entity566 is suspected.

title: Siberian hamster: a new indoor source of allergic sensitization and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory disease', 'respiratory airway disease']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['M. auratus', 'Mesocricetus auratus', 'golden hamster']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['respiratory disease']


abstract: According to recent cognitive theories, the greater part of the perceptional meaning and representative meaning are both pre-determined, or pre-organized as a set of meaning, which has a biophysiological and socio-cultural origin. @entity1 however, drive some kind of sensational Gestalt from each sense organ, and this is incapable of being transformed into language (representative pre-meaning), this enabling us to experience the possibility of truly private meaning in our own right. The author has emphasized this two moments of the meaning, that is, private moments of meaning vs. institutional moments. The author has offered the phenomenological hypothesis of auditory experience and elaborated the relation between these two moments in it. Then, the author has testified its validity in the process of describing and analysing the pathological @entity2167 in @entity161 . Auditory space is thought to be differentiated into a three-dimensional structure. That is, a dimension of background, a dimension of signs, and a dimension of symbols, and we accept environmental-sounds, event-sounds, symbolic sounds in each level. Close investigations about 5 schizophrenics revealed that these @entity1 undergo a strange silent experience before the onset of delusional ideas, descriptively and phenomenologically, this phenomenon appeared to be initiated by the deprivation of the dimension of background sounds (referred to as "the experience of no-sounds"). This experiences often occurred especially when they are eager to listen to the surrounding sounds (for example, noises in the neighborhood, classroom chatter), in order to solve their own interpersonal difficulties. Furthermore, the author described the ambivalent nature of @entity1 ' thinking in this pathological auditory situation, in which one idea of the polarity of dichotomy was forced to switch to the another one, influenced by an attribute of surrounding sounds. With regard to this aspect, the @entity1 experienced both the physiological changes in the auditory structure as well as the psychological turmoil. The author has emphasized the need to appreciate this ambiguous nature of the psychological context mixed with the physiological context, which is supposed to be very important from psychotherapeutical viewpoint.

title: [Psychopathological alteration of the auditory structure in XXXX ; "the experience of no-sounds"].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['alteration of auditory sensation']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Erythrocyte invasion by @entity311 parasites is a complex multistep process involving parasite and erythrocyte receptors. It is a critical stage in the parasite life cycle and, therefore, a logical step in which to intervene to prevent or ameliorate disease. Rodent models of @entity311 , commonly @entity501 , are frequently used for studies of @entity311 pathogenesis. Little is known, however, about the invasion machinery of rodent @entity311 parasites. We have found previously that @entity19 congenic for a region of chromosome 1, containing the @entity43985 ( @entity43985 ), have different susceptibility to @entity501 @entity281 . Because @entity3965 , a @entity1 parasite, and @entity31365 , a simian parasite, use @entity43985 to enter @entity1 erythrocytes, we sought to identify the role of the @entity19 @entity43985 in @entity501 invasion. Using a novel in vivo invasion assay and @entity43985 knock-out @entity19 , we found that @entity43985 knock-out normocytes (mature erythrocytes) had negligible levels of @entity501 invasion compared with wild-type normocytes, demonstrating that @entity43985 is a receptor for invasion of @entity19 erythrocytes. In contrast, @entity43985 knock-out reticulocytes were invaded at a rate similar to that for wild-type reticulocytes. We conclude that there is a @entity43985 - independent pathway for reticulocyte invasion. These findings represent the first identification of a @entity19 @entity311 receptor on erythrocytes and the first determination that different pathways of invasion exist on normocytes and reticulocytes. Because we show conservation of host-receptor interactions between rodent and @entity1 @entity311 , we can now use this model to identify how immunity can interfere with the invasion process.

title: XXXX uses the murine Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines as a receptor for normocyte invasion and an alternative receptor for reticulocyte invasion.

entities_list: @entity43985 :: ('13349(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['DARC', 'Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity501 :: ('5861', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium yoelii', 'P yoelii']

answer: @entity501 :: (5861,Species) :: ['Plasmodium yoelii']


abstract: Defined angiographically, no-reflow (NR) manifests as an acute reduction in coronary flow in the absence of @entity3885 . One candidate protein to cause coronary NR is tissue factor (TF), which is abundant in @entity731 and a cofactor for activated @entity3459 factor VII. Scrapings from atherosclerotic carotid arteries contained TF activity (corresponding to 33.03 +/- 13.00 pg/cm(2) luminal plaque surface). Active TF was sedimented, indicating that TF was associated with membranes. Coronary blood was drawn from 6 @entity1 undergoing coronary interventions with the distal protection device PercuSurge GuardWire (Traatek, Miami, FL). Fine particulate material that was recovered from coronary blood showed TF activity (corresponding to 91.1 +/- 62.16 pg/mL authentic TF). To examine the role of TF in acute coronary NR, blood was drawn via a catheter from coronary vessels in 13 @entity1 during NR and after restoration of flow. Mean TF antigen levels were elevated during NR (194.3 +/- 142.8 pg/mL) as compared with levels after flow restoration (73.27 +/- 31.90 pg/mL; P =.02). To dissect the effects of particulate material and purified TF on flow, selective intracoronary injection of atherosclerotic material or purified relipidated TF was performed in a porcine model. TF induced NR in the model, thus strengthening the concept that TF is causal, not just a bystander to @entity731 material. The data suggest that active TF is released from dissected @entity453 and is one of the factors causing the NR phenomenon. Thus, blood-borne TF in the coronary circulation is a major determinant of flow.

title: Coronary no-reflow is caused by shedding of active tissue factor from dissected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['epicardial vessel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['plasma coagulation']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary atherosclerotic plaque']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic plaque']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic plaque']


abstract: Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from dissociated @entity19 lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Recordings were made from control neurons and neurons axotomized by transection of the corresponding spinal nerve 1-2 days prior to dissociation. Medium to large muscle and cutaneous afferent neurons were identified by retrograde transport of True Blue or Fluoro-Gold injected into the corresponding peripheral tissue. Action potentials were classified as non-inflected spikes (A(0)) and inflected spikes (A(inf)). High-frequency, low-amplitude subthreshold membrane potential oscillations were observed in 8% of control A(0) neurons, but their incidence increased to 31% in the @entity128 group. Fifty percent of axotomized muscle afferent A(0) cells displayed oscillations, while 26% of axotomized cutaneous afferents exhibited oscillations. @entity2198 were also observed in a small fraction (4%) of A(inf) neurons on strong depolarization. Their numbers were @entity128 , but the difference was not statistically significant. The oscillations often triggered burst firing in distinct patterns of action potential activity. These results indicate that @entity99 of DRG neurons, previously observed in whole DRG of @entity35 , are present in dissociated DRG neurons of the adult @entity19 . Moreover, these observations indicate that both muscle and cutaneous afferents in the A(beta) size range give rise to @entity99 , with muscle afferents being more prone to develop oscillations.

title: Subthreshold oscillations induced by spinal nerve injury in dissociated muscle and cutaneous afferents of XXXX DRG.

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['Lower-frequency oscillations']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['increased after the nerve injury', 'nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['injury-induced membrane oscillations']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Only benign @entity42 can be treated by laparoscopic surgery. Although clinical examination and the results of pre-operative work-up do make a real contribution in indicating the benign or malignant nature of cysts, only histology can provide the absolute diagnosis. In this context, the goal of this study was to establish whether there is any advantage in performing frozen section during laparoscopic surgical management of organic @entity42 . Between January 1989 and March 1996, 228 @entity1 underwent an adnexectomy for an ovarian mass. After the pre-operative work-up and the diagnostic phase of laparoscopy, 26 @entity1 (11.4%) presented with suspected signs of malignancy restricted purely to the ovary. These 26 @entity1 underwent a laparoscopic adnexectomy with extraction of the excised tissues using an endoscopic bag, followed by frozen section. For all these @entity1 the results of the frozen section concluded that the lesion was benign. In every case the definitive histological results confirmed the frozen section findings. This strategy enabled us to avoid laparotomy, especially for the nine post-menopausal @entity1 whose @entity4134 appeared to be complex by ultrasound. These encouraging preliminary results need to be confirmed by a larger series of @entity1 , so as to specify the place of frozen section in the laparoscopic surgical management of organic @entity42 .

title: Laparoscopic management of organic XXXX : is there a place for frozen section diagnosis?

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cysts']

entities_list: @entity4134 :: ('MESH:D000292', 'Disease') :: ['adnexal masses']

answer: @entity42 :: (MESH:D010048,Disease) :: ['ovarian cysts']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the accuracies of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and bone scintigraphy in @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity521 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity521 were enrolled in a multicenter prospective cohort study. CT, MR, and bone scintigraphy were used to evaluate @entity5 stage. Sensitivity and specificity values and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to compare the accuracy of CT, MR, and scintigraphy for @entity5 staging. RESULTS: Eighty-eight @entity1 were eligible for staging analysis, and 45 @entity1 who underwent surgery at initial diagnosis were eligible for analysis of local @entity5 extent. CT and MR had sensitivities of 43% and 83%, respectively (P <.01), and specificities of 97% and 88%, respectively (P >.05), for detection of stage 4 disease. Areas under the ROC curves for CT and MR were 0.81 and 0.85, respectively (P =.06); that for scintigraphy was 0.83. Addition of scintigraphy to both CT and MR increased the areas under the ROC curves to 0.90 and 0.88, respectively. Accuracy of CT and MR for @entity5 confined to the chest or abdomen (stages 1, 2, and 3) was poor. CONCLUSION: MR alone and CT and MR combined with bone scintigraphy enable the accurate detection of stage 4 disease. Both CT and MR perform poorly for local @entity5 staging.

title: Staging of XXXX at imaging: report of the radiology diagnostic oncology group.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'staging disease']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Characteristic features of @entity5479 are destruction of the bone and a high tendency for recurrent disease. The choice of surgical procedure is determined by audiological results and the rate of recurrent @entity3540 . @entity1 : One hundred fifty @entity1 who underwent primary @entity3540 surgery were investigated 3-5 years postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative audiological results and rate of revision surgery were compared for the respective surgical procedures. All @entity3540 were treated with an open surgical technique. The lateral attic walls and @entity3540 were removed. RESULTS: Cholesteotoma recurred in 15 @entity1 (10%). Primary reconstruction of the ossicular chain with a tympanoplasty (type III) was performed in 98 @entity1 in the first operation. Approximately 80% of @entity1 treated with a type III tympanoplasty had a maximum postoperative air-bone gap of 20 dB in the main speech range, depending on the frequency. In about 50% of @entity1 , this value was 10 dB or less. Comparison of preoperative and postoperative conductive @entity393 between 250 Hz and 8000 Hz revealed an improvement (p < 0.05) of 10 dB (500 Hz, 3000 Hz, 4000 Hz) and 15 dB (250 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 8000 Hz). CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion, a second look operation should be performed in cases where a large @entity3540 cannot be removed with sufficient reliability. This applies especially to a @entity3540 in the oval window. Here, we suggest second-look surgery after one year.

title: [Functional long-term results after open XXXX surgery and ossiculoplasty with allogenic ossicles in adulthood].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5479 :: ('MESH:D018424', 'Disease') :: ['cholesteatoma of the middle ear']

entities_list: @entity3540 :: ('MESH:D002781', 'Disease') :: ['cholesteatomas', 'cholesteatoma']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity3540 :: (MESH:D002781,Disease) :: ['cholesteatoma']


abstract: High-grade @entity242 have a high rate of local recurrence as well as distant metastases. This has led to the development of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) as part of a multimodal approach to control @entity66 and/or reduce the extent of surgical resection. Intra-arterial catheters are positioned by an interventional radiologist into the feeding vessels of the @entity5 . @entity632 and @entity10049 are infused intra-arterially. @entity900 , with or without @entity1261 , is given systemically. @entity1 usually experience acute self-limited soft-tissue inflammation in the treated area. In our experience of 118 @entity1 , 3 @entity1 experienced soft-tissue @entity39 that required excision and reconstruction. The first was treated for @entity1352 of a metatarsal. After IAC with @entity632 , she sloughed the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and some of the posterior compartment musculature of her @entity291 . This tissue was debrided. @entity1129 and skin graft were used for coverage. She is free of disease and ambulatory. The second @entity1 was treated with IAC @entity632 for a radial head @entity511 . She developed soft-tissue slough, which became infected with Pseudomonas. She required extensive debridement of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle, and was subsequently reconstructed with a latissimus flap and a split-thickness skin graft (STSG). She later developed a local recurrence requiring amputation. The latissimus was elevated and used to cover the distal stump. She also is free of disease. The third @entity1 was treated with IAC @entity632 for @entity2828 of the right femur. This was complicated by fat @entity39 and persistent @entity158 . Subsequent radiotherapy only worsened her symptoms. She underwent wide excision and muscle flap/STSG repair, which relieved her @entity158 . She is currently ambulatory and free of disease. In conclusion, as the use of IAC continues, its complications may become more common. Our experience with this previously unknown entity is illustrated and therapeutic options are discussed.

title: Soft-tissue complications of intra-arterial chemotherapy for extremity XXXX .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['local disease']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte colony stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['Cisplatinum']

entities_list: @entity10049 :: ('MESH:D005467', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity1352 :: ('MESH:D013584', 'Disease') :: ['synovial sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1129 :: ('MESH:D001260', 'Disease') :: ['A gastrocnemius flap']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcomas']


abstract: The expectations of @entity1 , their families and society of the bariatric surgeon are often unrealistic, but for different reasons. The morbidly @entity28 @entity1 often expects 'everything' from bariatric surgery. The @entity1 's family is frequently ambivalent. Society, on the other hand, tends to unrealistically regard the morbidly @entity28 as billboards advertising them as willful deviants whose problems can all be resolved by 'just pushing away from the table'. This invalid stereotype has prompted some to incorrectly regard bariatric surgery as an undeserved reward for individuals who will not control their own behavior. The undeserved intentional deviant status of the morbidly @entity28 causes members of society to harass, mock or otherwise mistreat this subpopulation. Society's harmful, destructive and unjust weight harassment 'fat-ism' has made the morbidly @entity28 modern day moral equivalents of lepers. We conclude that society must be persuaded to accept weight harassment as 'politically incorrect', subject to the same consequences as any other form of bigotry. Once society regards the morbidly @entity28 as victims, not perpetrators, of their nonsurgically curable disease, bariatric surgery results should become held to similar standards as surgery for @entity189 , @entity65 . Until then, the morbidly @entity28 remain the last true bastion of prejudice.

title: What do XXXX , families and society expect from the bariatric surgeon?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular and other diseases']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The role of long-persisting HEV antibodies in @entity1 was investigated. A well-characterized human volunteer anti-HEV (IgG) after 4 years of the recovery of the disease was passively immunized (200 mg kg-1 body wt) intramuscularly into three @entity2608 (nos 7, 8 and 9), while two monkeys (nos 5 and 6) were injected with normal immunoglobulin preparation (negative for anti-HEV IgG). At 16 h later all the animals were challenged intravenously with live @entity4973 , as 10% stool extract prepared from the volunteer (positive for @entity4973 by solid-phase immune electron microscopy). It was seen that transaminases (ALT/AST) were elevated in immunized monkeys on day 49 (no. 8), 60 (no. 7) and 86 (no. 9) after the virus challenge. On serological examination, all immunized (nos 7, 8 and 9) and one unimmunized (no. 6) monkeys were found positive for @entity4973 IgM on day 10 post-challenge, while monkey no. 5 was negative. Further, all the animals from the immunized and unimmunized group seroconverted to HEV-IgG when tested on days 25 and 55 post-challenge. This has clearly shown that there is no protection. Therefore, these long-persisting HEV antibodies alone in @entity1 , may not be protective in passive immunization.

title: Role of long-persisting XXXX hepatitis E virus antibodies in protection.

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Among hospitalized @entity1 with @entity712 , we describe characteristics associated with prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors in the doses recommended by clinical practice guidelines. We also describe the impact of @entity1289 inhibitor prescriptions, increases in @entity1289 inhibitor dose, and nonpharmacologic educational interventions on readmission-free survival rates. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that care by a cardiologist physician and higher mean arterial blood pressure on admission are associated with receipt of optimal @entity1289 inhibitor doses. We hypothesize that receipt of an @entity1289 inhibitor at discharge and an increase in @entity1289 inhibitor dose during hospitalization are associated with superior readmission-free survival. METHODS: Between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1993, medical records were reviewed for consecutively hospitalized @entity1 with a principal diagnosis of @entity712 at an academic medical center. Documented instructions and medications prescribed at discharge were abstracted. Deaths and readmissions through December 31, 1994, were identified with the National Death Index and the study institution's administrative data base, respectively. RESULTS: During 1992 and 1993, 387 @entity1 were discharged alive from hospitalization for @entity712 . Among @entity1 discharged on @entity4688 or @entity3371 , 18% received doses recommended by @entity712 clinical practice guidelines. @entity1 discharged on a recommended @entity1289 inhibitor dose were more likely to be African-American and had lower @entity1372 levels and higher mean arterial pressures than @entity1 discharged on lower @entity1289 inhibitor doses. In survival analyses, an increase in @entity1289 inhibitor dose was associated with improved readmission-free survival, independent of left ventricular systolic function type. Receipt of an @entity1289 inhibitor at discharge was also associated with superior readmission-free survival, while nonpharmacologic educational instructions were not associated with improved outcomes. CONCLUSION: Interventions are needed to improve the frequency with which @entity1289 inhibitors are prescribed at recommended doses to hospitalized @entity1 with @entity712 . We conclude that among these @entity1 , receipt of an @entity1289 inhibitor at discharge and an increase in @entity1289 inhibitor dose during hospitalization are each associated with measurable effects on readmission-free survival, while provision of educational instructions as currently practiced is not associated with better outcomes.

title: Patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prescriptions, educational interventions, and outcomes among hospitalized @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Among hospitalized @entity1 with @entity712 , we describe characteristics associated with prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors in the doses recommended by clinical practice guidelines. We also describe the impact of @entity1289 inhibitor prescriptions, increases in @entity1289 inhibitor dose, and nonpharmacologic educational interventions on readmission-free survival rates. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that care by a cardiologist physician and higher mean arterial blood pressure on admission are associated with receipt of optimal @entity1289 inhibitor doses. We hypothesize that receipt of an @entity1289 inhibitor at discharge and an increase in @entity1289 inhibitor dose during hospitalization are associated with superior readmission-free survival. METHODS: Between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1993, medical records were reviewed for consecutively hospitalized @entity1 with a principal diagnosis of @entity712 at an academic medical center. Documented instructions and medications prescribed at discharge were abstracted. Deaths and readmissions through December 31, 1994, were identified with the National Death Index and the study institution's administrative data base, respectively. RESULTS: During 1992 and 1993, 387 @entity1 were discharged alive from hospitalization for @entity712 . Among @entity1 discharged on @entity4688 or @entity3371 , 18% received doses recommended by @entity712 clinical practice guidelines. @entity1 discharged on a recommended @entity1289 inhibitor dose were more likely to be African-American and had lower @entity1372 levels and higher mean arterial pressures than @entity1 discharged on lower @entity1289 inhibitor doses. In survival analyses, an increase in @entity1289 inhibitor dose was associated with improved readmission-free survival, independent of left ventricular systolic function type. Receipt of an @entity1289 inhibitor at discharge was also associated with superior readmission-free survival, while nonpharmacologic educational instructions were not associated with improved outcomes. CONCLUSION: Interventions are needed to improve the frequency with which @entity1289 inhibitors are prescribed at recommended doses to hospitalized @entity1 with @entity712 . We conclude that among these @entity1 , receipt of an @entity1289 inhibitor at discharge and an increase in @entity1289 inhibitor dose during hospitalization are each associated with measurable effects on readmission-free survival, while provision of educational instructions as currently practiced is not associated with better outcomes.

title: Patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prescriptions, educational interventions, and outcomes among hospitalized XXXX with @entity712 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the activation of transcription factors and induction of cytokines from alveolar macrophages in @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). METHODS: Alveolar macrophages were collected by fibrobronchoscopy from 8 @entity1 with chronic @entity3617 , 8 @entity1 with @entity1030 , and 8 healthy volunteers. All @entity1 were at stable stage. The macrophages thus collected were cultured and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 micrograms/ml). The @entity687 , @entity1356 , @entity310 and @entity650 thus produced were measured by ELISA in the supernatant. Nuclear factor-kappa B ( @entity2451 ), @entity11346 ( @entity11346 ), @entity18720 were detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: The concentration of @entity687 released from macrophages of @entity1 with @entity1030 at stable stage before LPS stimulation was about 3 times higher than that in the healthy control (F = 4.34, P < 0.05). The concentration of @entity687 released from macrophages in @entity1 with @entity1030 was increased further after LPS stimulation in comparison to that in healthy controls(F = 3.56, P < 0.05). The concentration of @entity1356 and that of @entity310 released from macrophages of @entity1030 @entity1 were further increased after LPS stimulation (P < 0.05) in the @entity1030 @entity1 , but there was no difference in the concentration of @entity1356 and between the control and @entity1030 @entity1 before LPS stimulation. The constitutive activity of @entity11346 and the activity of @entity2451 induced by LPS were higher in the @entity1 with @entity1030 than in the controls. CONCLUSION: The alverlar macrophages of @entity1 with @entity1030 at stable stage may release higher concentration of @entity687 and @entity1356 . LPS stimulation increases the release of @entity1356 and @entity310 of alveolar macrophages. Enhancement of activity of @entity2451 and @entity11346 may positively regulate the production of @entity687 and @entity1356 in the airflow obstruction.

title: [Activation of transcription factors and induction of cytokines from macrophages in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3617 :: ('MESH:D001991', 'Disease') :: ['bronchitis']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To review evidence-based management of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . DATA SOURCES: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word " @entity2316 ". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity2316 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of @entity2316 were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity101 , long @entity6 duration, @entity1144 are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt @entity8 in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity1 with @entity2316 . Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of @entity2316 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2316 is the leading cause of @entity454 worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of @entity1 with @entity8 at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity8 .

title: Management of XXXX in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'Diabetic nephropathy', 'diabetic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['poor glycaemic control and central obesity']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['nephropathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: To review evidence-based management of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . DATA SOURCES: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word " @entity2316 ". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity2316 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of @entity2316 were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity101 , long @entity6 duration, @entity1144 are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt @entity8 in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity1 with @entity2316 . Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of @entity2316 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2316 is the leading cause of @entity454 worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of @entity1 with @entity8 at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity8 .

title: Management of @entity8 in @entity1 with XXXX 2 @entity6 .

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: PURPOSE: To review evidence-based management of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . DATA SOURCES: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word " @entity2316 ". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity2316 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of @entity2316 were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity101 , long @entity6 duration, @entity1144 are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt @entity8 in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity1 with @entity2316 . Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of @entity2316 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2316 is the leading cause of @entity454 worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of @entity1 with @entity8 at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity8 .

title: Management of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 XXXX .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: PURPOSE: To review evidence-based management of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . DATA SOURCES: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2000) was performed using the key word " @entity2316 ". Relevant book chapters were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION: Well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity2316 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provide solid evidence to the optimal management of @entity2316 were extracted and interpreted in light of our clinical research experience with many thousands of Hong Kong Chinese @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity101 , long @entity6 duration, @entity1144 are the most important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict overt @entity8 in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity1 with @entity2316 . Optimal glycaemic control is the mainstay of treatment but effective antihypertensive therapy is also key to delaying the progression of @entity2316 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2316 is the leading cause of @entity454 worldwide. Monitoring renal function and screening for microalbuminuria will allow the identification of @entity1 with @entity8 at a very early stage for intervention. Tight glycaemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity8 .

title: Management of @entity8 in XXXX with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']