abstract: @entity3494 usually accumulates in soil, water and airborne particles, from which it is taken up by various organisms. Exposure to @entity3494 through food and drinking water is a major public health problem affecting some countries. At present there are limited laboratory data on the effects of @entity3494 exposure on early embryonic development and the mechanisms behind its @entity137 . In this study, we used @entity3392 as a model system to investigate the effects of @entity4250 on early development. @entity3392 embryos were exposed to a range of @entity7249 concentrations (0-10.0mM) between 4 and 120h post-fertilization (hpf). Survival and early development of the embryos were not obviously influenced by @entity4250 concentrations below 0.5mM. However, embryos exposed to higher concentrations (0.5-10.0mM) displayed reduced survival and abnormal development including delayed hatching, @entity851 and changed morphology. Alterations in neural development included weak tactile responses to light (2.0-5.0mM, 30hpf), @entity600 of the spinal cord and disordered motor axon projections (2.0mM, 48hpf). Abnormal cardiac function was observed as @entity1168 (0.5-2.0mM, 60hpf) and altered ventricular shape (2.0mM, 48hpf). Furthermore, altered cell proliferation (2.0mM, 24hpf) and apoptosis status (2.0mM, 24 and 48hpf), as well as abnormal genomic DNA methylation patterning (2.0mM, 24 and 48hpf) were detected in the @entity4250 -treated embryos. All of these indicate a possible relationship between @entity3494 exposure and developmental failure in early embryogenesis. Our studies suggest that the negative effects of @entity3494 on vertebrate embryogenesis are substantial.

title: Developmental mechanisms of @entity4250 @entity137 in @entity3392 ( XXXX ) embryos.

answer: @entity3392 :: (7955,Species) :: ['Danio rerio']


abstract: @entity3494 usually accumulates in soil, water and airborne particles, from which it is taken up by various organisms. Exposure to @entity3494 through food and drinking water is a major public health problem affecting some countries. At present there are limited laboratory data on the effects of @entity3494 exposure on early embryonic development and the mechanisms behind its @entity137 . In this study, we used @entity3392 as a model system to investigate the effects of @entity4250 on early development. @entity3392 embryos were exposed to a range of @entity7249 concentrations (0-10.0mM) between 4 and 120h post-fertilization (hpf). Survival and early development of the embryos were not obviously influenced by @entity4250 concentrations below 0.5mM. However, embryos exposed to higher concentrations (0.5-10.0mM) displayed reduced survival and abnormal development including delayed hatching, @entity851 and changed morphology. Alterations in neural development included weak tactile responses to light (2.0-5.0mM, 30hpf), @entity600 of the spinal cord and disordered motor axon projections (2.0mM, 48hpf). Abnormal cardiac function was observed as @entity1168 (0.5-2.0mM, 60hpf) and altered ventricular shape (2.0mM, 48hpf). Furthermore, altered cell proliferation (2.0mM, 24hpf) and apoptosis status (2.0mM, 24 and 48hpf), as well as abnormal genomic DNA methylation patterning (2.0mM, 24 and 48hpf) were detected in the @entity4250 -treated embryos. All of these indicate a possible relationship between @entity3494 exposure and developmental failure in early embryogenesis. Our studies suggest that the negative effects of @entity3494 on vertebrate embryogenesis are substantial.

title: Developmental mechanisms of XXXX @entity137 in @entity3392 ( @entity3392 ) embryos.

entities_list: @entity4250 :: ('MESH:C015001', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenite']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['retarded growth']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity3392 :: ('7955', 'Species') :: ['Zebrafish', 'zebrafish']

entities_list: @entity3494 :: ('MESH:D001151', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic', 'Arsenic']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity7249 :: ('MESH:C017947', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium arsenite']

answer: @entity4250 :: (MESH:C015001,Chemical) :: ['arsenite']


abstract: PURPOSE: Dyspepsia is a common primary care condition, yet its optimal management is poorly defined. We reviewed the literature to answer the following questions about @entity1 with @entity2210 : 1) Does endoscopy result in improved @entity1 outcomes? 2) Does endoscopy result in a reduction in the use of subsequent medical resources? 3) Does endoscopy result in improved medical decision making? 4) Is endoscopy cost effective? METHODS: We performed a systematic review of English-language articles in the MEDLINE, HEALTHSTAR, and EMBASE computerized bibliographic databases from January 1985 to July 1998. We included all studies, including decision analyses, with information about the effectiveness of endoscopy, as measured by its impact on @entity1 outcomes, resource utilization, clinical decision making, or cost effectiveness. Two independent reviewers abstracted data from each study, and assessed its methodologic quality. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. For 3 of the 4 clinical questions, the weight of evidence does not support the effectiveness of endoscopy. The largest randomized clinical trial comparing endoscopy with empiric therapy demonstrates equivalent symptoms and quality of life at 1 year, with increased @entity1 satisfaction and lower costs for initial endoscopy. Suboptimal study design, including lack of appropriate comparison groups, limit studies measuring the impact of endoscopy on resource utilization and decision-making. Decision analyses indicate that noninvasive @entity1534 testing followed by anti-H @entity1534 therapy or empiric antisecretory therapy is more cost effective than initial endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of one randomized clinical trial, the preponderance of available data does not support the effectiveness of endoscopy in the management of @entity2210 . Prospective clinical trials that evaluate @entity1 outcomes and resource utilization, and take @entity1534 status into account, are needed to determine the effectiveness of endoscopy in the management of @entity2210 .

title: The effectiveness of endoscopy in the management of XXXX : a qualitative systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['H pylori', 'pylori']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

answer: @entity2210 :: (MESH:D004415,Disease) :: ['dyspepsia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and tolerability of M-TIP was evaluated as first-line treatment for @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 ( @entity2971 ), according to International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) criteria. @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 were treated with M-TIP ( @entity1499 250 mg/m(2) given as a 4-hour infusion with folinic acid rescue on day 1, @entity1311 175 mg/m(2) given as a 3-hour infusion on day 1, followed by @entity1260 1.2 g/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion and @entity900 20 mg/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion on days 2 to 6) regimen for four cycles. RESULTS: Five (16.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2%-31%) @entity1 achieved clinical complete response (cCR) with chemotherapy only, 15 (50%, 95% CI: 31-69%) @entity1 pathologic complete response (pCR) (11 had @entity39 / @entity82 and 4 had mature @entity44 ) and 3 (10%) @entity1 surgical complete response (sCR) for an overall favorable response of 76.6%. Twenty-one @entity1 are continuously disease-free at a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range 0.9-8.4+ years), resulting in a 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 66.6% (95% CI = 49%-85%) and a 5-year survival rate of 70% (95% CI = 53%-87%). @entity137 was generally mild except for myelotoxicity. @entity1 with @entity1398 were successfully treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and @entity1261 support. @entity1503 in this trial was ameliorated with the use of @entity1261 . @entity2359 and nephrotoxicity were not a problem, since only 6.6% and 3.3% of @entity1 developed @entity16 and @entity8 , respectively. CONCLUSION: M-TIP is a highly effective (high proportion of @entity1 achieved long-term disease-free status, lack of relapses) and well tolerated regimen for first-line treatment of poor-risk @entity2971 @entity1 . These results have to be compared with the standard @entity12962 chemotherapy or more intensive regimens in multicentre randomized trials.

title: @entity1499 , @entity1311 , @entity1260 , and XXXX in poor-risk nonseminomatous @entity2971 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell tumors', 'GCT']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['sensory neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['Neurotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and tolerability of M-TIP was evaluated as first-line treatment for @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 ( @entity2971 ), according to International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) criteria. @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 were treated with M-TIP ( @entity1499 250 mg/m(2) given as a 4-hour infusion with folinic acid rescue on day 1, @entity1311 175 mg/m(2) given as a 3-hour infusion on day 1, followed by @entity1260 1.2 g/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion and @entity900 20 mg/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion on days 2 to 6) regimen for four cycles. RESULTS: Five (16.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2%-31%) @entity1 achieved clinical complete response (cCR) with chemotherapy only, 15 (50%, 95% CI: 31-69%) @entity1 pathologic complete response (pCR) (11 had @entity39 / @entity82 and 4 had mature @entity44 ) and 3 (10%) @entity1 surgical complete response (sCR) for an overall favorable response of 76.6%. Twenty-one @entity1 are continuously disease-free at a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range 0.9-8.4+ years), resulting in a 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 66.6% (95% CI = 49%-85%) and a 5-year survival rate of 70% (95% CI = 53%-87%). @entity137 was generally mild except for myelotoxicity. @entity1 with @entity1398 were successfully treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and @entity1261 support. @entity1503 in this trial was ameliorated with the use of @entity1261 . @entity2359 and nephrotoxicity were not a problem, since only 6.6% and 3.3% of @entity1 developed @entity16 and @entity8 , respectively. CONCLUSION: M-TIP is a highly effective (high proportion of @entity1 achieved long-term disease-free status, lack of relapses) and well tolerated regimen for first-line treatment of poor-risk @entity2971 @entity1 . These results have to be compared with the standard @entity12962 chemotherapy or more intensive regimens in multicentre randomized trials.

title: @entity1499 , @entity1311 , XXXX , and @entity900 in poor-risk nonseminomatous @entity2971 .

answer: @entity1260 :: (MESH:D007069,Chemical) :: ['ifosfamide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and tolerability of M-TIP was evaluated as first-line treatment for @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 ( @entity2971 ), according to International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) criteria. @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 were treated with M-TIP ( @entity1499 250 mg/m(2) given as a 4-hour infusion with folinic acid rescue on day 1, @entity1311 175 mg/m(2) given as a 3-hour infusion on day 1, followed by @entity1260 1.2 g/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion and @entity900 20 mg/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion on days 2 to 6) regimen for four cycles. RESULTS: Five (16.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2%-31%) @entity1 achieved clinical complete response (cCR) with chemotherapy only, 15 (50%, 95% CI: 31-69%) @entity1 pathologic complete response (pCR) (11 had @entity39 / @entity82 and 4 had mature @entity44 ) and 3 (10%) @entity1 surgical complete response (sCR) for an overall favorable response of 76.6%. Twenty-one @entity1 are continuously disease-free at a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range 0.9-8.4+ years), resulting in a 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 66.6% (95% CI = 49%-85%) and a 5-year survival rate of 70% (95% CI = 53%-87%). @entity137 was generally mild except for myelotoxicity. @entity1 with @entity1398 were successfully treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and @entity1261 support. @entity1503 in this trial was ameliorated with the use of @entity1261 . @entity2359 and nephrotoxicity were not a problem, since only 6.6% and 3.3% of @entity1 developed @entity16 and @entity8 , respectively. CONCLUSION: M-TIP is a highly effective (high proportion of @entity1 achieved long-term disease-free status, lack of relapses) and well tolerated regimen for first-line treatment of poor-risk @entity2971 @entity1 . These results have to be compared with the standard @entity12962 chemotherapy or more intensive regimens in multicentre randomized trials.

title: @entity1499 , XXXX , @entity1260 , and @entity900 in poor-risk nonseminomatous @entity2971 .

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and tolerability of M-TIP was evaluated as first-line treatment for @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 ( @entity2971 ), according to International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) criteria. @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 were treated with M-TIP ( @entity1499 250 mg/m(2) given as a 4-hour infusion with folinic acid rescue on day 1, @entity1311 175 mg/m(2) given as a 3-hour infusion on day 1, followed by @entity1260 1.2 g/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion and @entity900 20 mg/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion on days 2 to 6) regimen for four cycles. RESULTS: Five (16.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2%-31%) @entity1 achieved clinical complete response (cCR) with chemotherapy only, 15 (50%, 95% CI: 31-69%) @entity1 pathologic complete response (pCR) (11 had @entity39 / @entity82 and 4 had mature @entity44 ) and 3 (10%) @entity1 surgical complete response (sCR) for an overall favorable response of 76.6%. Twenty-one @entity1 are continuously disease-free at a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range 0.9-8.4+ years), resulting in a 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 66.6% (95% CI = 49%-85%) and a 5-year survival rate of 70% (95% CI = 53%-87%). @entity137 was generally mild except for myelotoxicity. @entity1 with @entity1398 were successfully treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and @entity1261 support. @entity1503 in this trial was ameliorated with the use of @entity1261 . @entity2359 and nephrotoxicity were not a problem, since only 6.6% and 3.3% of @entity1 developed @entity16 and @entity8 , respectively. CONCLUSION: M-TIP is a highly effective (high proportion of @entity1 achieved long-term disease-free status, lack of relapses) and well tolerated regimen for first-line treatment of poor-risk @entity2971 @entity1 . These results have to be compared with the standard @entity12962 chemotherapy or more intensive regimens in multicentre randomized trials.

title: XXXX , @entity1311 , @entity1260 , and @entity900 in poor-risk nonseminomatous @entity2971 .

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['Methotrexate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The efficacy and tolerability of M-TIP was evaluated as first-line treatment for @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 ( @entity2971 ), according to International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) criteria. @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 with poor-risk @entity2971 were treated with M-TIP ( @entity1499 250 mg/m(2) given as a 4-hour infusion with folinic acid rescue on day 1, @entity1311 175 mg/m(2) given as a 3-hour infusion on day 1, followed by @entity1260 1.2 g/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion and @entity900 20 mg/m(2) given as a 2-hour infusion on days 2 to 6) regimen for four cycles. RESULTS: Five (16.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2%-31%) @entity1 achieved clinical complete response (cCR) with chemotherapy only, 15 (50%, 95% CI: 31-69%) @entity1 pathologic complete response (pCR) (11 had @entity39 / @entity82 and 4 had mature @entity44 ) and 3 (10%) @entity1 surgical complete response (sCR) for an overall favorable response of 76.6%. Twenty-one @entity1 are continuously disease-free at a median follow-up of 5.3 years (range 0.9-8.4+ years), resulting in a 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 66.6% (95% CI = 49%-85%) and a 5-year survival rate of 70% (95% CI = 53%-87%). @entity137 was generally mild except for myelotoxicity. @entity1 with @entity1398 were successfully treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and @entity1261 support. @entity1503 in this trial was ameliorated with the use of @entity1261 . @entity2359 and nephrotoxicity were not a problem, since only 6.6% and 3.3% of @entity1 developed @entity16 and @entity8 , respectively. CONCLUSION: M-TIP is a highly effective (high proportion of @entity1 achieved long-term disease-free status, lack of relapses) and well tolerated regimen for first-line treatment of poor-risk @entity2971 @entity1 . These results have to be compared with the standard @entity12962 chemotherapy or more intensive regimens in multicentre randomized trials.

title: @entity1499 , @entity1311 , @entity1260 , and @entity900 in poor-risk nonseminomatous XXXX .

answer: @entity2971 :: (MESH:D009373,Disease) :: ['germ cell tumors']


abstract: Gap junction (GJ) coupling between neocortical GABAergic interneurons plays a critical role in the synchronization of activity in cortical networks in physiological and pathophysiological states, e.g., @entity410 . Past studies have shown that GJ blockers exert anticonvulsant actions in both in vivo and in vitro models of @entity302 . However, the precise mechanisms underlying these antiepileptic effects have not been fully elucidated. This is due, in part, to a lack of information of the influence of GJ blockade on network activity in the absence of convulsant agents or enhanced neuronal excitation. One key question is whether GJ blockers act on excitatory or inhibitory systems, or both. To address this issue, we examined the effects of the GJ blocker @entity8743 (CarbX, 150 microM) on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) and excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in acute slices of @entity35 somatosensory cortex. Results showed that CarbX decreased the amplitude and frequency of sIPSCs by 30.2% and 25.7%, respectively. CarbX increased the mean frequency of sEPSCs by 24.1%, but had no effect on sEPSC amplitude. During blockade of GABAA-mediated events with picrotoxin (20 microM), CarbX induced only a small increase in sEPSC frequency that was not statistically different from control, indicating CarbX enhancement of sEPECs was secondary to the @entity308 of synaptic inhibition. These findings suggest that in neocortex, blockade of GJs leads to an increase in spontaneous excitation by uncoupling GABAergic interneurons, and that electronic communication between inhibitory cells plays a significant role in regulating tonic synaptic excitation.

title: XXXX modifies spontaneous inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in @entity35 somatosensory cortex.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity8743 :: ('MESH:D002229', 'Chemical') :: ['carbenoxolone']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity8743 :: (MESH:D002229,Chemical) :: ['Carbenoxolone']


abstract: Gap junction (GJ) coupling between neocortical GABAergic interneurons plays a critical role in the synchronization of activity in cortical networks in physiological and pathophysiological states, e.g., @entity410 . Past studies have shown that GJ blockers exert anticonvulsant actions in both in vivo and in vitro models of @entity302 . However, the precise mechanisms underlying these antiepileptic effects have not been fully elucidated. This is due, in part, to a lack of information of the influence of GJ blockade on network activity in the absence of convulsant agents or enhanced neuronal excitation. One key question is whether GJ blockers act on excitatory or inhibitory systems, or both. To address this issue, we examined the effects of the GJ blocker @entity8743 (CarbX, 150 microM) on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) and excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in acute slices of @entity35 somatosensory cortex. Results showed that CarbX decreased the amplitude and frequency of sIPSCs by 30.2% and 25.7%, respectively. CarbX increased the mean frequency of sEPSCs by 24.1%, but had no effect on sEPSC amplitude. During blockade of GABAA-mediated events with picrotoxin (20 microM), CarbX induced only a small increase in sEPSC frequency that was not statistically different from control, indicating CarbX enhancement of sEPECs was secondary to the @entity308 of synaptic inhibition. These findings suggest that in neocortex, blockade of GJs leads to an increase in spontaneous excitation by uncoupling GABAergic interneurons, and that electronic communication between inhibitory cells plays a significant role in regulating tonic synaptic excitation.

title: @entity8743 modifies spontaneous inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in XXXX somatosensory cortex.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery is associated with @entity75 . While 1% to 2% of @entity1 experience @entity64 , @entity73 are seen in more than half of @entity1 . Given the high incidence of @entity73 , it has become the endpoint of many cardiac surgery investigations. Because the elderly are at highest risk, this investigation sought to determine if there is a relationship between new @entity63 changes demonstrated by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and postoperative @entity73 in older @entity1 . METHODS: Fifty cardiac surgical @entity1 (>65 years of age) underwent preoperative and postoperative neurocognitive examinations, including four to six week, postdischarge, follow-up. This evaluation assessed higher cortical function, memory, attention, concentration, and psychomotor performance. Objective evidence of acute cerebral @entity63 events was identified using DW-MRI. Scans were analyzed by a neuroradiologist blinded to clinical status and cognitive outcomes. RESULTS: Among @entity1 with a mean age of 73 years, 88% demonstrated @entity73 in the postoperative testing period while 32% showed evidence of acute perioperative @entity2806 by DW-MRI. At postdischarge follow-up, 30% of @entity1 showed @entity73 . However, @entity73 assessed postoperatively, or at a four to six week follow-up, was unrelated to the presence or absence of DW-MRI detected @entity2806 . CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative @entity149 , assessed by standard means, is unrelated to @entity2806 detected by DW-MRI. This strongly suggests that @entity73 after cardiac surgery is a function of underlying @entity1 factors rather than perioperative @entity63 events. This observation has broad implications for future investigation of strategies to prevent cardiac surgery-related @entity16 .

title: Postcardiac surgical XXXX in the aged using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia', 'acute cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'cognitive deficit', 'cognitive deficits', 'cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic injury']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['neurocognitive impairment']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive impairment']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A variety of definitive operations have been used to manage @entity1 with @entity1147 right ventricle and subpulmonary @entity1757 ( @entity1147 ). This study identifies the impact of the position of the great arteries and use of a staged surgical approach on the outcome after the arterial switch operation in @entity1 with @entity1147 . METHODS: From 1986 through July 2005, 34 @entity1 with @entity1147 underwent the arterial switch operation. The median age at operation was 21 days. Based on position of the great arteries, @entity1 were divided into group I (side by side; n = 16) and group II (anteroposterior; n = 18). Aortic arch obstruction was present in 18 @entity1 (53%), of whom 16 had prior repair with aortic arch reconstruction. Abnormal coronary artery patterns were present in 9 @entity1 (27%). RESULTS: There were 4 early deaths and 1 late @entity204 (3 from group I and 2 from group II). The actuarial survival rate was 85% at 15 years (81% in group I and 89% in group II). Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (mean gradient, 46.0 +/- 5.5 mm Hg) developed in 5 cases (2 from group I and 3 from group II). One @entity1 underwent reoperation for residual aortic arch obstruction. Freedom from reoperation was 80% at 15 years, and thereafter 85% in group I and 75% in group II. Statistical analysis of potential risk factors revealed no significant identifiers for @entity204 or need for reoperation between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The arterial switch operation remains our preferred choice of treatment for @entity1 with @entity1147 . The position of the great arteries has no effect on postoperative morbidity and mortality. In the presence of aortic arch obstruction, staged arch reconstruction followed soon thereafter by early intracardiac repair has yielded excellent outcomes in our experience.

title: Surgical results of arterial switch operation for XXXX : is position of the great arteries a risk factor?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1147 :: ('MESH:D004310', 'Disease') :: ['double-outlet', 'Taussig-Bing anomaly']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

answer: @entity1147 :: (MESH:D004310,Disease) :: ['Taussig-Bing anomaly']


abstract: Chemokines constitute a large family of secreted proteins that function as chemoattractants and activators of leukocytes. Astrocytes, the major glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), are a source of chemokine production within diseased brain. As such, we have examined the production of chemokines by @entity1 @entity816 cell lines and primary @entity1 astrocytes treated with a variety of stimuli, including LPS, @entity310 , @entity379 and @entity1356 . In addition, @entity650 in conjunction with the soluble @entity650 receptor (sIL-6R), and hybrid @entity650 (H- @entity650 ), a highly active fusion protein of sIL-6R and @entity650 , were tested for their ability to induce chemokine expression. The findings presented herein demonstrate that both @entity1 @entity816 cell lines and primary @entity1 astrocytes express the CXC chemokines @entity371 and @entity687 and the CC chemokines @entity2842 and @entity5737 in response to @entity310 and @entity1356 . @entity379 induced the expression of @entity371 , but not of @entity687 , @entity2842 or @entity5737 . Surprisingly, @entity650 /sIL-6R and H- @entity650 had little or no effect on chemokine expression in these cells. The effect of @entity2533 on chemokine expression in @entity1 @entity816 cell lines and astrocytes was also examined. @entity2533 alone had little or no effect on @entity5737 , @entity2842 and @entity687 expression; however, @entity2533 synergized with @entity310 to enhance @entity2842 expression in both @entity816 cells and primary astrocytes. An inhibitory effect of @entity2533 on @entity310 and @entity1356 induced @entity5737 and @entity687 expression was observed in @entity1 @entity816 cells. In contrast, @entity2533 enhanced @entity310 and @entity1356 induction ofIL-8 production by @entity1 astrocytes. These findings document a complex pattern of chemokine regulation by the pleiotropic cytokine @entity2533 with both enhancing and inhibitory effects.

title: Cytokine regulation of CC and CXC chemokine expression by XXXX astrocytes.

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astroglioma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the necessity and/or effectiveness of postoperative antibiotics in the treatment of mandible @entity174 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a prospective, randomized trial composed of @entity1 who presented for operative treatment of @entity4422 and subsequently underwent open reduction and internal fixation at 1 institution. @entity174 treated by an intraoral and/or extraoral open reduction with internal fixation were included in this study. The @entity1 were randomly divided into 2 groups based on whether or not they received postoperative antibiotics. Both groups received preoperative antibiotics of various regimens as well as intraoperative antibiotics on the day of surgery. Group Ab @entity1 received 2.4 mIU of intramuscular @entity114 G @entity9385 , or if allergic, a 5- to 7-day regimen of oral @entity3402 . Group non-Ab @entity1 received no antibiotics postoperatively. @entity1 followed between 5 and 8 weeks were included in the data set. RESULTS: A total of 291 @entity1 were enrolled in the study, of which 181 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. Group Ab included 81 and group non-Ab 100 @entity1 . Twenty-two @entity1 had evidence of @entity281 noted within the 8-week follow-up period. There were 8 @entity281 in group Ab and 14 @entity281 in group non-Ab. Statistical analysis with the Pearson Chi-square and Student's t test showed no statistically significant difference (P = .399) between groups Ab and non-Ab. CONCLUSION: This study could not prove any statistically significant benefit to the administration of postoperative antibiotics in @entity1 undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular @entity174 .

title: The efficacy of postoperative antibiotic regimens in the open treatment of mandibular XXXX : a prospective randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'Mandibular fractures']

entities_list: @entity4422 :: ('MESH:D005597', 'Disease') :: ['open mandibular fractures']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity9385 :: ('MESH:C010044', 'Chemical') :: ['benzathine']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of genetic polymorphisms in GSTs genes of the Hakka population of south China with family histories of certain @entity102 . METHODS: Five hundred and thirty-nine healthy Hakka natives of Meizhou city of Guangdong province in south China were involved. The genotypes of @entity9164 , @entity4192 , @entity4191 , @entity4193 , and @entity56961 were determined using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The observed polymorphisms were analyzed by Chi-square and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations of the distributions of GST genotypes with family history of certain @entity102 . RESULTS: The distributions of polymorphisms in @entity4191 , @entity4193 , and @entity56961 conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Compared to the Cantonese, the Hakka had a lower distribution of the @entity4193 deletion genotype (3.15% vs. 11.9%). A weak association was observed between the @entity9164 genetic polymorphism and family history of @entity101 . @entity167 drinkers had a higher frequency of the null- @entity9164 genotype, while smokers had a higher frequency of a variant @entity4191 genotype. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the Hakka is a special and distinctive Han Chinese ethnic group with different GSTs genetic polymorphisms. Smoking and drinking might be related to the distribution of GST genotypes.

title: Human GSTs polymorphisms in the Hakka population of south China and their associations with family history of several XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1241 ( @entity1241 ) are preferred over guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing as @entity14 ( @entity14 ) screening tool. However, hemoglobin (Hb) degradation over time may influence @entity1241 outcome. We therefore evaluated the effect of sample return time on @entity1241 performance characteristics in a population-based @entity14 screening trial. METHODS: A representative random sample of the Dutch population (n=17,677), aged 50-74 years, was invited for @entity1241 screening (OC-Sensor Micro; cutoff >=  50 ng Hb/ml). Sample return time was defined as the interval in days between fecal sampling and @entity1241 laboratory delivery. Moreover, a random sample of positive FITs were selected to be stored at room temperature and re-tested every 3-4 days. RESULTS: In total, 8,958 screenees fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The mean sample return time was 3 days (     3). Overall, 792 screenees (8.8%) had a positive test. Between the sample return time groups, the positivity rate (PR) varied between 7.7 and 9.0%. No statistically significant associations were found between PR or detection rate (DR) and the different sample return time groups (P value=0.84 and 0.76, respectively). For the laboratory experiment, 71 positive FITs were stored at room temperature and re-tested with standard intervals. The mean daily fecal Hb decrease was 5.88% per day (95% confidence interval 4.78-6.96%). None of the positive FITs became negative before 10 days after fecal sampling. CONCLUSIONS: This population-based @entity14 screening trial demonstrates that both the PR and DR of FITs do not decrease with prolonged sample return times up to 10 days. This means that a delay in sending the @entity1241 back to the laboratory, of up to at least 1 week, does not necessitate repeat sampling in case of a negative test result. These data support the use of @entity1241 -based screening as a reliable tool for nationwide @entity14 screening programs.

title: Are fecal immunochemical test characteristics influenced by sample return time? A population-based XXXX screening trial.

entities_list: @entity1241 :: ('MESH:D005242', 'Disease') :: ['Fecal immunochemical tests', 'FIT']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: AIM: In @entity15 ( @entity15 ) @entity1 , @entity393 leads to @entity4 and raises their risk of @entity715 . They cannot use pharmacological prophylaxis over the long course of the disease. Elastic compression stockings are indicated to prevent @entity49 for hypomobile @entity1 , and might therefore also limit @entity4 . The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of elastic compression with ATE stockings in severely disabled @entity15 @entity1 , and to make a preliminary assessment of their efficacy and safety. METHODS: We checked 201 @entity15 @entity1 , in a rehabilitation unit, by ultrasound for residues of @entity715 and recorded the duration of the @entity15 , residual autonomy, and leg @entity4 . Ninety-nine @entity1 served as controls, and 102 were prescribed antithromboembolic stockings, to be worn 24h/day. RESULTS: The intervention group had higher baseline d-Dimer (471    590 vs. 271    183 mg/dL) and more had lower leg @entity4 (80% vs. 40%). In all treated @entity1 the @entity4 disappeared. There were no cases of symptomatic @entity1150 . D-Dimers dropped significantly in both groups, though more in the intervention group (to 363    420 mg/dL, P=0.0001 and to 254    180 mg/dL for controls, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Antithromboembolic stockings can help eliminate @entity4 in @entity15 @entity1 , and may also reduce the thrombotic risk: the lower d-Dimer values suggest an effect on the activation of @entity32 and coagulation resulting from stasis-induced endothelial damage.

title: Effects of elastic compression on hypomobility @entity4 and fibrinolysis activation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'edema of the legs']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of mobility']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: AIM: In @entity15 ( @entity15 ) @entity1 , @entity393 leads to @entity4 and raises their risk of @entity715 . They cannot use pharmacological prophylaxis over the long course of the disease. Elastic compression stockings are indicated to prevent @entity49 for hypomobile @entity1 , and might therefore also limit @entity4 . The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of elastic compression with ATE stockings in severely disabled @entity15 @entity1 , and to make a preliminary assessment of their efficacy and safety. METHODS: We checked 201 @entity15 @entity1 , in a rehabilitation unit, by ultrasound for residues of @entity715 and recorded the duration of the @entity15 , residual autonomy, and leg @entity4 . Ninety-nine @entity1 served as controls, and 102 were prescribed antithromboembolic stockings, to be worn 24h/day. RESULTS: The intervention group had higher baseline d-Dimer (471    590 vs. 271    183 mg/dL) and more had lower leg @entity4 (80% vs. 40%). In all treated @entity1 the @entity4 disappeared. There were no cases of symptomatic @entity1150 . D-Dimers dropped significantly in both groups, though more in the intervention group (to 363    420 mg/dL, P=0.0001 and to 254    180 mg/dL for controls, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Antithromboembolic stockings can help eliminate @entity4 in @entity15 @entity1 , and may also reduce the thrombotic risk: the lower d-Dimer values suggest an effect on the activation of @entity32 and coagulation resulting from stasis-induced endothelial damage.

title: Effects of elastic compression on hypomobility XXXX and fibrinolysis activation in @entity15 .

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['edema']


abstract: The aim of this multicenter trial was to test the feasibility and the activity of a three-drug combination where @entity1311 is added to @entity900 and @entity1487 . @entity1 with metastatic or relapsed SCC-HN unsuitable for further loco-regional radical treatment, not previously treated with chemotherapy, were eligible to receive @entity1311 160 mg/m2 (3-hr infusion) day 1, CDDP 25 mg/m2/day and @entity1487 250 mg/m2/day bolus on days 1, 2, 3 every three weeks up to a maximum of five courses. Fourty-seven @entity1 were enrolled by five Institutions in Italy. Main grade III-IV @entity137 were: @entity1398 (48%), @entity882 (6%), @entity417 (4%), @entity294 (2%), @entity33 (2%). Six @entity1 had a complete response (13.3%) and eight a partial response (17.8%). Median progression free survival and overall survival are 4.1 and 7.9 months. One-year progression free survival and overall survival are 16% and 29%. This three-drug regimen has an excellent safety profile. The activity in the palliation of recurrent SCC-HN, however, does not appear to be improved in comparison with @entity900 and @entity1487 or @entity900 and @entity1311 regimens. Recent studies indicate a more promising role of @entity6023 including triplets in the induction therapy of previously untreated @entity1 .

title: @entity1311 , XXXX and @entity1487 in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase II trial from an Italian cooperative group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: The aim of this multicenter trial was to test the feasibility and the activity of a three-drug combination where @entity1311 is added to @entity900 and @entity1487 . @entity1 with metastatic or relapsed SCC-HN unsuitable for further loco-regional radical treatment, not previously treated with chemotherapy, were eligible to receive @entity1311 160 mg/m2 (3-hr infusion) day 1, CDDP 25 mg/m2/day and @entity1487 250 mg/m2/day bolus on days 1, 2, 3 every three weeks up to a maximum of five courses. Fourty-seven @entity1 were enrolled by five Institutions in Italy. Main grade III-IV @entity137 were: @entity1398 (48%), @entity882 (6%), @entity417 (4%), @entity294 (2%), @entity33 (2%). Six @entity1 had a complete response (13.3%) and eight a partial response (17.8%). Median progression free survival and overall survival are 4.1 and 7.9 months. One-year progression free survival and overall survival are 16% and 29%. This three-drug regimen has an excellent safety profile. The activity in the palliation of recurrent SCC-HN, however, does not appear to be improved in comparison with @entity900 and @entity1487 or @entity900 and @entity1311 regimens. Recent studies indicate a more promising role of @entity6023 including triplets in the induction therapy of previously untreated @entity1 .

title: @entity1311 , @entity900 and XXXX in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase II trial from an Italian cooperative group.

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: The aim of this multicenter trial was to test the feasibility and the activity of a three-drug combination where @entity1311 is added to @entity900 and @entity1487 . @entity1 with metastatic or relapsed SCC-HN unsuitable for further loco-regional radical treatment, not previously treated with chemotherapy, were eligible to receive @entity1311 160 mg/m2 (3-hr infusion) day 1, CDDP 25 mg/m2/day and @entity1487 250 mg/m2/day bolus on days 1, 2, 3 every three weeks up to a maximum of five courses. Fourty-seven @entity1 were enrolled by five Institutions in Italy. Main grade III-IV @entity137 were: @entity1398 (48%), @entity882 (6%), @entity417 (4%), @entity294 (2%), @entity33 (2%). Six @entity1 had a complete response (13.3%) and eight a partial response (17.8%). Median progression free survival and overall survival are 4.1 and 7.9 months. One-year progression free survival and overall survival are 16% and 29%. This three-drug regimen has an excellent safety profile. The activity in the palliation of recurrent SCC-HN, however, does not appear to be improved in comparison with @entity900 and @entity1487 or @entity900 and @entity1311 regimens. Recent studies indicate a more promising role of @entity6023 including triplets in the induction therapy of previously untreated @entity1 .

title: XXXX , @entity900 and @entity1487 in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase II trial from an Italian cooperative group.

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze an unusual reciprocal X-autosome translocation found in an infertile @entity1 with @entity3893 . DESIGN: Case report with a review of scientific literature. SETTING: @entity4810 clinic, Kobe University Hospital. @entity1 (S): Infertile @entity1 with @entity3893 but otherwise apparently healthy. INTERVENTION(S): Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained for karyotyping, and metaphases were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Seminal analysis, hormone levels, volume of testis, and pathologic analysis of testis were performed. RESULT(S): The semen analysis revealed @entity3893 . The lymphocytic karyotype showed a @entity1 with X-autosome translocations. Histopathologic examination of the sample showed @entity1167 . CONCLUSION(S): This is the first clinical report of @entity3893 with reciprocal X-autosome 11 translocations. This translocation may be a direct genetic risk factor for @entity1167 .

title: An unusual reciprocal X-autosome translocation in an infertile azoospermic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['Male infertility']

entities_list: @entity3893 :: ('MESH:D053713', 'Disease') :: ['azoospermia']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['maturation arrest']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: @entity26191 , a member of the lactococcal 936 phage species, infects @entity7878 strains by binding initially to specific @entity1735 receptors using its receptor-binding protein (RBP). The structures of p2 RBP, a homotrimeric protein composed of three domains, and of its complex with a neutralizing @entity7857 VH domain (VHH5) have been determined (S. Spinelli, A. Desmyter, C. T. Verrips, H. J. de Haard, S. Moineau, and C. Cambillau, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13:85-89, 2006). Here, we show that VHH5 was able to neutralize 12 of 50 lactococcal phages belonging to the 936 species. Moreover, escape phage mutants no longer neutralized by VHH5 were isolated from 11 of these phages. All of the mutations (but one) cluster in the RBP/VHH5 interaction surface that delineates the receptor-binding area. A @entity653 molecule, observed in the 1.7-A resolution structure of RBP, was found to bind tightly (Kd= 0.26 microM) in a crevice located in this area. Other saccharides bind RBP with comparable high affinity. These data prove the saccharidic nature of the bacterial receptor recognized by @entity26191 and identify the position of its binding site in the RBP head domain.

title: Receptor-binding protein of XXXX phages: identification and characterization of the saccharide receptor-binding site.

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity7878 :: ('1358', 'Species') :: ['Lactococcus lactis']

answer: @entity7878 :: (1358,Species) :: ['Lactococcus lactis']


abstract: Some @entity1 with @entity356 benefit from post-operative chemo-radiotherapy, but adequately irradiating the planning target volume ( @entity343 ) whilst avoiding organs at risk (OAR) can be difficult. We evaluate 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (CRT), conventional intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and helical tomotherapy (TT). TT, 2 and 5-field (F) CRT and IMRT treatment plans with the same @entity343 coverage were generated for 5 @entity1 and compared. Median values are reported. The volume of left/right kidney receiving at least 20Gy (V20) was 57/51% and 51/60% for 2 and 5F-CRT, and 28/14% for TT and 27/19% for IMRT. The volume of liver receiving at least 30Gy (V30) was 45% and 62% for 2 and 5F-CRT, and 37% for TT and 35% for IMRT. With TT, 98% of the @entity343 received 95-105% of the prescribed dose, compared with 45%, 34% and 28% for 2F-CRT, 5F-CRT and IMRT respectively. Using conventional metrics, conventional IMRT can achieve comparable @entity343 coverage and OAR sparing to TT, but at the expense of @entity343 dose heterogeneity. Both irradiate large volumes of normal tissue to low doses. Additional studies are needed to demonstrate the clinical impact of these technologies.

title: Adjuvant radiotherapy for XXXX : A dosimetric comparison of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, tomotherapy and conventional intensity modulated radiotherapy treatment plans.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: There is a paucity of data concerning the specific associations between @entity173 in the elderly and other age-related conditions, as well as its impact on long-term survival. This study was aimed to estimate the prevalence, risk factors, and outcome of self-reported @entity173 (srHF) in a cohort of Spanish elderly individuals. @entity16 in Central Spain (NEDICES) is a census population-based survey of the prevalence and incidence of major age-associated conditions in three areas of central Spain. Data on health status and several chronic conditions were evaluated in the baseline questionnaire (1994-1995). Odds ratios for the association between srHF and other comorbidities and health-related variables were assessed by logistic regression. A Cox model estimated the impact of srHF on 13-year all-cause mortality. The final cohort comprised 5,278 community-living elderly subjects. A total of 166 @entity1 (3.1%) had srHF. Prevalence was associated with higher age, female gender, degree of urbanisation of residence place, lower body mass index (BMI), higher number of chronic medications, higher Pfeffer FAQ score, being unmarried (P  <  0.001 for all), and infantile living conditions (P  =  0.007). @entity1 with srHF had a higher number of associated chronic conditions (P  <  0.001). In the multivariate analysis, self-reported @entity170 , lower BMI category, rural environment during childhood, and higher age were identified as independent risk factors for srHF. Adjusted hazard ratio for mortality in the srHF group was 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.15-1.71; P  =  0.001). srHF is a common condition among community-living elderly population in Spain, and has a significant impact upon long-term all-cause mortality.

title: XXXX in three elderly populations of central Spain: data from the NEDICES study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological Disorders']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['Hip fracture']


abstract: The involvement of neurotransmission in neuronal development is a generally accepted concept. Nevertheless, the precise regulation of neurotransmitter receptor expression is still unclear. To investigate the expression profiles of the most important ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors, namely @entity1246 (A) receptors ( @entity1246 (A)Rs), @entity143 receptors (NMDARs), and @entity140 receptors (AMPARs), quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblot analysis and patch clamp studies were performed in in vitro-generated neural stem cells (NSCs). This clearly defined cell line is closely related to radial glia cells, the stem cells in the neonate brain. We found functional @entity1246 (A)Rs of the subunit composition alpha2, @entity1093 , and gamma1 to be expressed. Unexpectedly, functional ionotropic @entity2227 receptors were absent. However, NSCs expressed the NMDAR subunits @entity11588 and @entity50760 , and the AMPAR subunit @entity11587 at the protein level, and @entity2374 at the mRNA level. The overexpression of functional NMDARs in NSCs led to an increased mRNA level of AMPAR subunits, indicating a role in synaptogenesis. Early neuronal markers remained unchanged. These data extend our knowledge about ionotropic neurotransmitter receptor expression during neuronal development and will aid further investigations on activity-dependent neurogenesis.

title: Functional excitatory GABAA receptors precede ionotropic XXXX receptors in radial glia-like neural stem cells.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: 1. Plasma @entity6085 concentration, urinary and plasma osmolality and haematocrit were measured in young @entity1707 placed in cold, thermoneutral, warm and hot ambient temperatures. In some experiments a thermode placed in the hypothalamus or over the cervical spinal cord was heated or cooled at various ambient temperatures. 2. Plasma @entity6085 concentration remained at a low level (0-5--5 muu. ml.-1) over 2 hr or 3 hr periods when the @entity1707 were in cold, thermoneutral or warm ambient temperatures. A hot environment, which caused a marked rise in the @entity1707 ' rectal temperature, was associated with a large rise in plasma @entity6085 level. 3. The rise in plasma @entity6085 level which occurred during an increase in body temperature was consistently and completely suppressed by simultaneous cooling of the thermode in the pre-optic region to 5 to 10 degrees C. When the thermode was in the region of the supraoptic nucleus the rise in @entity6085 was only partly suppressed, and when it was over the cervical cord it was only sometimes suppressed. 4. Cooling the thermodes in any position at a cold or thermoneutral ambient temperature, or heating them at a thermoneutral or warm ambient temperature, caused no consistent change in @entity6085 . 5. A diuresis, with a urinary flow-rate of at most 1 ml. min-1 and minimal urinary osmolality of 53 m-osmole kg-1, was observed on only three occasions, twice during cooling of a thermode in the hypothalamus and once after the end of a period when the thermode was heated. In each case, the plasma @entity6085 was less than 2 muu. ml.-1. 6. A slight rise of haematocrit in cold ambient conditions and a slight fall in the warm were observed. Otherwise changes in haematocrit were trivial, and a shift of water between vascular system and interstitium could not be invoked to account for changes in @entity6085 levels. Observed variation of plasma osmolality was also slight.

title: Effects of various ambient temperatures and of heating and cooling the hypothalamus and cervical spinal cord on antidiuretic hormone secretion and urinary osmolality in XXXX .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: The scientific community is fully aware of the importance of heat-related illness and @entity64 . Numerous guidelines have been recently published and most of them agree on the key role played by the intestine. Likewise, the role of endotoxinemia in the pathophysiology is well established. However, the possibility of bacterial translocation is not mentioned. Our @entity1 illustrates the likelihood of bacterial translocation in @entity64 and consistently the potential need of antibiotic therapy. A 45-year-old @entity1 diagnosed with paranoid @entity161 was confined in a penitentiary center. One summer day in which a temperature of 41 degrees C was observed in the shade, the @entity1 was found in deep @entity772 with an axillary temperature of 42 degrees C. @entity177 was detected in the hospital. Other causes of @entity772 and/or @entity221 were excluded, and @entity64 was diagnosed. Blood cultures were positive for @entity796 and @entity526 . Infection site was not identified despite of an exhaustive search. The @entity1 fully recovered after 48 hours. On the basis of review of the literature, we think that bacterial translocation can take part in the pathophysiology of @entity64 . Therefore, antibiotic treatment must be evaluated in @entity64 @entity1 .

title: Bacterial translocation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['heat stroke syndrome', 'heat stroke']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Multiorgan failure']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['heat stroke']


abstract: We report 6 cases of liver @entity3 from @entity14 with third-line treatment of intermittent hepatic arterial infusion and systemic chemotherapy for unresectable liver @entity3 with clinical signification of direct invasion to adjacent organs in Stage IV @entity14 . Subjects were 19 consecutive @entity1 who underwent R0 surgery to the @entity5 for @entity14 , pT4, M1 in 1995-2003. We studied the relationship of pathological invasion to adjacent organs of @entity5 to other clinicopathological factors to prognosis. Of the 19 @entity1 , 11 (57.8%) were R0 surgery to the @entity5 of @entity3 . Only 4 (36.7%) @entity1 survived more than 3 years. The @entity1 without excision did not survive for three years. The median survival time was only 8.5 months. Multivariate analysis indicated that only R0 surgery to the @entity5 of @entity3 was an independent prognostic factor. The optimum resection for adjacent organs may prolong a survival. But the extended resection is a possibility of shortening the survival time.

title: [Third-line treatment of intermittent hepatic arterial infusion for unresectable liver @entity3 from XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: We report 6 cases of liver @entity3 from @entity14 with third-line treatment of intermittent hepatic arterial infusion and systemic chemotherapy for unresectable liver @entity3 with clinical signification of direct invasion to adjacent organs in Stage IV @entity14 . Subjects were 19 consecutive @entity1 who underwent R0 surgery to the @entity5 for @entity14 , pT4, M1 in 1995-2003. We studied the relationship of pathological invasion to adjacent organs of @entity5 to other clinicopathological factors to prognosis. Of the 19 @entity1 , 11 (57.8%) were R0 surgery to the @entity5 of @entity3 . Only 4 (36.7%) @entity1 survived more than 3 years. The @entity1 without excision did not survive for three years. The median survival time was only 8.5 months. Multivariate analysis indicated that only R0 surgery to the @entity5 of @entity3 was an independent prognostic factor. The optimum resection for adjacent organs may prolong a survival. But the extended resection is a possibility of shortening the survival time.

title: [Third-line treatment of intermittent hepatic arterial infusion for unresectable liver XXXX from @entity14 ].

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: A 75-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital with massive @entity6552 . Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a submucosal @entity356 with @entity1066 , about 30 mm in diameter, in the anterior wall of the @entity418 . Pathological findings of biopsy specimens showed a @entity674 ( @entity674 ) of the stomach. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed an extramural low density mass, measuring 27 mm, in the @entity418 . From these findings, we thought we should be performing a wedge resection of the stomach for this @entity5 . After one month from the first examination, preoperative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a growth of the @entity5 . Abdominal CT also showed an obvious growth of the @entity5 , measuring 50 mm. Thus, laparoscopy-assisted proximal gastrectomy was performed, because the @entity5 was close to the @entity418 . Postoperative diagnosis of the @entity5 was pathologically confirmed to be a @entity674 with a high malignant potential. The case report of @entity674 that shows rapid growth for a short term is rare. We herein describe a case of @entity674 with rapid growth during one month before the operation.

title: [A case of XXXX with rapid growth in a short term].

entities_list: @entity6552 :: ('MESH:D006396', 'Disease') :: ['hematemesis']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer lesion']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumor', 'GIST']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric tumor']

answer: @entity674 :: (MESH:D046152,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to compare the indirect MR arthrographic findings of @entity1 with @entity2585 and @entity1 without @entity2585 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Indirect MR arthrograms of 35 @entity1 (21 @entity1 , 14 @entity1 ; mean age, 50.1 years) diagnosed with @entity2585 clinically were compared with indirect MR arthrograms of 45 @entity1 (23 @entity1 , 22 @entity1 ; mean age, 48.9 years) without @entity2585 . Joint capsule thickness in the axillary recess and the thicknesses of the enhancing portion of the axillary recess and the rotator interval were, respectively, evaluated on coronal T2-weighted images and coronal and sagittal fat-suppressed enhanced T1-weighted images by two radiologists independently. Reliability was studied using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were compared. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity2585 had significantly thickened joint capsules in the axillary recess and a thickened enhancing portion in the axillary recess and in the rotator interval. The difference in the thicknesses of the enhancing portion in the axillary recess and in the rotator interval were significantly greater than the difference in joint capsule thicknesses in the axillary recess between the @entity2585 group and the control group (p < 0.001). Interobserver reliability was good for all three indexes (ICC >=  0.80). The area under the ROC curve for the thickness of the joint capsule in the axillary recess and the thicknesses of the enhancing portion of the axillary recess and the rotator interval were 0.797, 0.861, and 0.847, respectively. CONCLUSION: An abundance of enhancing tissue in the rotator interval and thickening and enhancement of the axillary recess are signs suggestive of @entity2585 on indirect MR arthrography.

title: Indirect MR arthrographic findings of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2585 :: ('MESH:D002062', 'Disease') :: ['adhesive capsulitis']

answer: @entity2585 :: (MESH:D002062,Disease) :: ['adhesive capsulitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Various clinical conditions can cause @entity1643 , and in most cases it is of a degenerative origin. @entity179 is a common condition which affects young to middle-aged @entity1 and @entity1 equally. Changes in the mechanical properties of the disc lead to degenerative @entity625 in the intervertebral joints, @entity5040 , and narrowing the intervertebral foramen or the spinal canal. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degenerative cascade, described by @entity6038 , is the widely accepted pathophysiologic model describing the degenerative process as it affects the lumbar spine in 3 phases. DIAGNOSIS: There are two forms of @entity1643 secondary to @entity179 : a) lumbalgia and b) @entity614 . Limitation of movement, problems with balance, @entity158 , loss of reflexes in the extremities, @entity425 , @entity1109 or other signs of @entity16 can be found on physical examination. For accurate diagnosis, it is often necessary to combine clinical examination and sophisticated technology. TREATMENT: Coservative treatment consists of rest, physical therapy, pharmacological therapy and injection therapy. Physical rehabilitation with active @entity1 participation is a key approach to treatment of @entity1 with @entity158 . Physical therapy, occupational therapy and kinesitherapy are important for improving muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility. Disc surgery is performed if surgical intervention is required.

title: [ XXXX and @entity179 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity5040 :: ('MESH:D054850', 'Disease') :: ['osteophytes']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['loss of sensation']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological damage']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['Degenerative disc disease', 'degenerative disc disease']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'discogenic pain']

entities_list: @entity6038 :: ('MESH:D011218', 'Disease') :: ['Kirkaldy-Willis']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar radiculopathy']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['Low back pain']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Various clinical conditions can cause @entity1643 , and in most cases it is of a degenerative origin. @entity179 is a common condition which affects young to middle-aged @entity1 and @entity1 equally. Changes in the mechanical properties of the disc lead to degenerative @entity625 in the intervertebral joints, @entity5040 , and narrowing the intervertebral foramen or the spinal canal. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degenerative cascade, described by @entity6038 , is the widely accepted pathophysiologic model describing the degenerative process as it affects the lumbar spine in 3 phases. DIAGNOSIS: There are two forms of @entity1643 secondary to @entity179 : a) lumbalgia and b) @entity614 . Limitation of movement, problems with balance, @entity158 , loss of reflexes in the extremities, @entity425 , @entity1109 or other signs of @entity16 can be found on physical examination. For accurate diagnosis, it is often necessary to combine clinical examination and sophisticated technology. TREATMENT: Coservative treatment consists of rest, physical therapy, pharmacological therapy and injection therapy. Physical rehabilitation with active @entity1 participation is a key approach to treatment of @entity1 with @entity158 . Physical therapy, occupational therapy and kinesitherapy are important for improving muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility. Disc surgery is performed if surgical intervention is required.

title: [ @entity1643 and XXXX ].

answer: @entity179 :: (MESH:D019636,Disease) :: ['degenerative disc disease']


abstract: @entity7135 is caused by @entity3631 which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recurrences of @entity7135 have been observed in @entity1 with @entity465 , because of the inefficient formation of the lytic membrane attack complex (MAC), C5b-9. @entity2483 is one of the five plasma proteins to form the MAC. The gene C7 may carry mutations that cause functional abnormalities or the mere absence of the C7 protein. More than 200 @entity1 were screened for aberrant @entity2483 ( @entity2483 ). These were compared with @entity1 in whom recurrent @entity7135 had resulted in the diagnosis of complete C7 absence (C7Q0). A higher proportion of @entity2483 variants were found in @entity693 cases compared to controls (p=0.03). In contrast to C7Q0 @entity1 , recurrent @entity7135 was never observed in @entity2483 cases. Whereas C7Q0 sera were defective in meningococcal serogroup B and W135 killing assays, the sera of @entity1 with @entity2483 variants were only defective in complement-mediated killing when classical pathway activation by (endogenous) anti-meningococcal antibodies was blocked. Upon sequence analysis we characterized the genetic background of the C7*6 and C7*8 IEF pattern and identified three novel C7 gene mutations in 13 C7Q0 @entity1 . In conclusion, @entity2483 variants can determine meningococcal killing in the early stage of infection when antibody-independent killing prevails. The results endorse the lack of clinical recurrences once antibodies are present, whereas in C7Q0 patients the anti-meningococcal antibodies may not suffice to protect from recurrent @entity7135 .

title: Complement factor 7 gene mutations in relation to @entity7135 and clinical recurrence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['terminal complement component defects']

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['Meningococcal disease', 'meningococcal infection']

entities_list: @entity2483 :: ('MESH:C566443', 'Disease') :: ['C7 protein by isoelectric focusing', 'Complement component C7', 'C7 IEF']

entities_list: @entity3631 :: ('487', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria meningitidis']

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['meningococcal disease']


abstract: @entity7135 is caused by @entity3631 which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recurrences of @entity7135 have been observed in @entity1 with @entity465 , because of the inefficient formation of the lytic membrane attack complex (MAC), C5b-9. @entity2483 is one of the five plasma proteins to form the MAC. The gene C7 may carry mutations that cause functional abnormalities or the mere absence of the C7 protein. More than 200 @entity1 were screened for aberrant @entity2483 ( @entity2483 ). These were compared with @entity1 in whom recurrent @entity7135 had resulted in the diagnosis of complete C7 absence (C7Q0). A higher proportion of @entity2483 variants were found in @entity693 cases compared to controls (p=0.03). In contrast to C7Q0 @entity1 , recurrent @entity7135 was never observed in @entity2483 cases. Whereas C7Q0 sera were defective in meningococcal serogroup B and W135 killing assays, the sera of @entity1 with @entity2483 variants were only defective in complement-mediated killing when classical pathway activation by (endogenous) anti-meningococcal antibodies was blocked. Upon sequence analysis we characterized the genetic background of the C7*6 and C7*8 IEF pattern and identified three novel C7 gene mutations in 13 C7Q0 @entity1 . In conclusion, @entity2483 variants can determine meningococcal killing in the early stage of infection when antibody-independent killing prevails. The results endorse the lack of clinical recurrences once antibodies are present, whereas in C7Q0 patients the anti-meningococcal antibodies may not suffice to protect from recurrent @entity7135 .

title: Complement factor 7 gene mutations in relation to XXXX and clinical recurrence of @entity7135 .

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['meningococcal infection']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: We assess performance and explore definitions for a new @entity341 ( @entity341 ) quality measure: the proportion of @entity1 aged 14 to 50 years who have @entity490 and receive pregnancy testing (aimed at detecting @entity5849 ). METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) (2002 to 2006) to test trends and predictors of the new measure, using both restrictive and broad definitions from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and reason-for-visit codes, and determine the proportion of @entity1 with @entity5849 who had undergone pregnancy testing. For comparison, we conducted a detailed chart review in 4 US hospitals among @entity1 who visited the @entity341 in 2006. RESULTS: Using a @entity1479 for inclusion in NHAMCS, 2.13 million @entity1 aged 14 to 50 years with @entity490 visited an @entity341 annually between 2002 and 2006. Of those, 33.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 30.5% to 35.5%) received pregnancy testing. Testing rates were materially stable, regardless of the definition used (broad or restrictive ICD-9 or reason-for-visit code). Among @entity1 with an ICD-9 diagnosis of @entity5849 , 55.6% (95% CI 43.7% to 67.6%) had a documented pregnancy test. In the chart review, among 200 @entity1 aged 14 to 50 years and with @entity490 , 89.4% (95% CI 85.0% to 94.0%) were eligible for the measure; of those, 93.9% (95% CI 90.3% to 97.4%) received testing. CONCLUSION: Analysis of national @entity341 survey data demonstrated a large performance gap for a new pregnancy testing quality measure, whereas focused chart review at 4 sites showed a smaller gap. Given these discrepancies, additional study is recommended before the widespread implementation of the pregnancy testing measure as an assessment of @entity341 performance.

title: Pregnancy testing in XXXX of reproductive age in US emergency departments, 2002 to 2006: assessment of a national quality measure.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1479 :: ('OMIM:252500', 'Disease') :: ['broad ICD-9 definition']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity5849 :: ('MESH:D011271', 'Disease') :: ['ectopic pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Development of @entity2835 in the close relatives of @entity1 with the disease has been reported in several series, suggesting a genetic component to disease susceptibility. In this study we set out to calculate, as accurately as possible, the prevalence of @entity41292 in a geographically-based population. Using local population prevalence data, we have also calculated the first-degree relative, sibling and offspring relative risks of overt @entity2835 development. METHODS: All @entity1 with definite or probable @entity2835 in the city of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, were identified by an exhaustive case-finding search and were prospectively interviewed by a single investigator. Full details of family pedigree and @entity41292 history were obtained. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-three @entity1 were identified, with 160 participating in the study. Thirteen reported a family history of @entity2835 . In three cases, both relative pairs were within the study group. The prevalence of a positive family history of @entity2835 was therefore 10/157 (6.4% [95% Confidence Interval 2.6-10.2%]), 8/10 cases occurring in first-degree relatives. The @entity1 had a total of 1118 first-degree relatives (live or dead) and 468 siblings. The first-degree relative prevalence of @entity2835 was 0.72% [0.2-1.2%] (siblings 0.41% [-0.2-1.0%]). The offspring prevalence was 1.2% [0.04-2.4%], (2.3% [0.1-4.5%] for daughters). The sibling relative risk (lambda(s)) was 10.5. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of definite or probable @entity2835 in the first-degree relatives of existing @entity1 is <1%. The risk of disease is not, however, uniform, the highest prevalence being seen in the daughters of @entity1 . Suspicion of disease should therefore be highest in this relative group. The calculated lambda(s) for @entity2835 in this geographically-based study is significantly lower than previous estimates from case-note-derived case series, but similar to values seen in other @entity792 .

title: XXXX reassessed: a geographically-based population study.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity41292 :: ('MESH:C538544', 'Disease') :: ['familial primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity41292 :: (MESH:C538544,Disease) :: ['Familial primary biliary cirrhosis']


abstract: CONTEXT: Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the prostate and adjacent tissues is mandatory during radical prostatectomy to ensure reliable oncologic and functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To review critically and to summarize the available literature on surgical anatomy of the prostate and adjacent structures involved in @entity5 control, erectile function, and urinary continence. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A search of the PubMed database was performed using the keywords radical prostatectomy, anatomy, @entity531 , fascia, pelvis, and sphincter. Relevant articles and textbook chapters were reviewed, analyzed, and summarized. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Anatomy of the prostate and the adjacent tissues varies substantially. The fascia surrounding the prostate is multilayered, sometimes either fused with the prostate capsule or clearly separated from the capsule as a reflection of interindividual variations. The @entity531 ( @entity531 ) is situated between the fascial layers covering the prostate. The @entity531 is composed of numerous nerve fibers superimposed on a scaffold of veins, arteries, and variable amounts of adipose tissue surrounding almost the entire lateral and posterior surfaces of the prostate. The @entity531 is also in close, cage-like contact to the seminal vesicles. The external urethral sphincter is a complex structure in close anatomic and functional relationship to the pelvic floor, and its fragile innervation is in close association to the prostate apex. Finally, the shape and size of the prostate can significantly modify the anatomy of the @entity531 , the urethral sphincter, the dorsal vascular complex, and the pubovesical/puboprostatic ligaments. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical anatomy of the prostate and adjacent tissues involved in radical prostatectomy is complex. Precise knowledge of all relevant anatomic structures facilitates surgical orientation and dissection during radical prostatectomy and ideally translates into both superior rates of @entity5 control and improved functional outcomes postoperatively.

title: A critical analysis of the current knowledge of surgical anatomy related to optimization of XXXX control and preservation of continence and erection in candidates for radical prostatectomy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['NVB', 'neurovascular bundle']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The objective of this study was to validate, with an independent prospective cohort of @entity1 , our previous data indicating that the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index ( @entity1364 -LI) reflects the liver functional reserve in @entity1 @entity82 and might have prognostic significance for @entity1 survival. We also examined how this proliferative index is related to the expression of @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) as a possible correlate of hepatocyte proliferative activity. METHODS: The present group (n=70 @entity1 ) was similar in composition to our previous group regarding age, sex and severity of @entity1575 . @entity1364 and @entity2533 immunostaining were analyzed on @entity1042 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded liver biopsies. RESULTS: Our data show that @entity1364 -LI declined significantly with worsening @entity1 class and was negatively correlated with the Pugh score. Twenty-five @entity1 died and 10 underwent liver transplantation during the observation period. Liver function, hepatic venous pressure gradient and hepatocyte @entity1364 -LI were significantly different in survivors and non-survivors. At a mean follow-up of 356 days, the @entity1 with a @entity1364 -LI higher than 4.4% (the previously determined best cut-off value) had a significantly higher probability of survival than those with a @entity1364 -LI < or = 4.4% (0.87 vs 0.48, p=0.0009). @entity2533 expression in liver parenchyma correlated negatively with @entity1364 -LI, suggesting that this cytokine could be involved in the impaired regeneration observed in worsened @entity1575 . CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study strengthens our previous observation that, in @entity82 , hepatocyte proliferative activity, as evaluated by the @entity1364 -LI, provides information on liver functional reserve as well as on the @entity1 's prognosis.

title: Hepatocyte proliferative activity in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor beta1', 'TGFbeta1']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

answer: @entity1575 :: (MESH:D008103,Disease) :: ['liver cirrhosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The objective of this study was to validate, with an independent prospective cohort of @entity1 , our previous data indicating that the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index ( @entity1364 -LI) reflects the liver functional reserve in @entity1 @entity82 and might have prognostic significance for @entity1 survival. We also examined how this proliferative index is related to the expression of @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) as a possible correlate of hepatocyte proliferative activity. METHODS: The present group (n=70 @entity1 ) was similar in composition to our previous group regarding age, sex and severity of @entity1575 . @entity1364 and @entity2533 immunostaining were analyzed on @entity1042 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded liver biopsies. RESULTS: Our data show that @entity1364 -LI declined significantly with worsening @entity1 class and was negatively correlated with the Pugh score. Twenty-five @entity1 died and 10 underwent liver transplantation during the observation period. Liver function, hepatic venous pressure gradient and hepatocyte @entity1364 -LI were significantly different in survivors and non-survivors. At a mean follow-up of 356 days, the @entity1 with a @entity1364 -LI higher than 4.4% (the previously determined best cut-off value) had a significantly higher probability of survival than those with a @entity1364 -LI < or = 4.4% (0.87 vs 0.48, p=0.0009). @entity2533 expression in liver parenchyma correlated negatively with @entity1364 -LI, suggesting that this cytokine could be involved in the impaired regeneration observed in worsened @entity1575 . CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study strengthens our previous observation that, in @entity82 , hepatocyte proliferative activity, as evaluated by the @entity1364 -LI, provides information on liver functional reserve as well as on the @entity1 's prognosis.

title: Hepatocyte proliferative activity in XXXX @entity1575 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the ability of low-cost low-field dedicated extremity magnetic resonance imaging (E-MRI) to assess and predict @entity16 in the wrist and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of @entity1 with early @entity309 . METHODS: 24 previously untreated @entity1 with @entity309 with joint symptoms for <1 year were evaluated at the time of diagnosis and after 6 and 12 months of @entity1499 treatment with conventional clinical or biochemical examinations, x rays of both hands and wrists, and E-MRI of the dominant wrist and @entity2720 . RESULTS: At baseline, all @entity1 showed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) @entity603 , and MRI erosions were detected in 21 bones (10 @entity1 ). 6 (29%) of these, distributed among two @entity1 , were seen on x ray. One x ray erosion was not detected by MRI. At 1 year, MRI and x ray detected 15 and 8 new erosions, respectively, and 19% of MRI erosions at baseline had progressed to x ray erosions. In bones with MRI erosions at baseline, the relative risk of having x ray erosions at the 1-year follow-up was 12.1, compared with bones without @entity2996 (lesion-centred analysis). If bones with baseline x ray erosions were excluded, the relative risk was 5.2. In @entity1 with @entity79 or @entity4 , the relative risk of having x ray erosions at 1 year was 4.0, compared with @entity1 without these signs at baseline ( @entity1 -centred analysis). CONCLUSION: In this group of @entity1 with early @entity309 who were treated uniformly, baseline @entity2996 in MCP or wrist bones markedly increased the risk of x ray erosions at the 1-year follow-up. Low-cost, low-field dedicated extremity MRI is promising for assessment and prognostication of early @entity309 .

title: Low-cost, low-field dedicated extremity magnetic resonance imaging in early XXXX : a 1-year follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['erosive joint damage']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

entities_list: @entity2996 :: ('MESH:C564543', 'Disease') :: ['baseline MRI erosions', 'E-MRI erosions']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['baseline MRI bone erosion']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['MCP joints']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technique of C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation for @entity8432 or dislocation. METHODS: Among 14 @entity1 with @entity8432 , 10 were male and 4 @entity1 were female, with an average age of 38.6 years ranging from 17 to 62 years. All @entity1 were treated by internal fixation with transarticular screws. RESULTS: There were 28 screws applied in 14 @entity1 . All @entity1 were followed up. The average follow-up period was 16 months (range, 9 to 35 months). The postoperative JOA score was ranging from 13.8 to 15.8 with the average score of (14.50 +/- 0.66) and the improved rate of (76.12 +/- 4.94)%. No @entity1317 was found and osseous fusion was completed in all @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The technique of C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation is one of the best treatments for @entity8432 . Without the help of structural bone graft and aided internal fixation, morselized cancellous bone graft can acquire effective osseous fusion.

title: [Treatment of XXXX with C1-C2 posterior transarticular screw fixation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8432 :: ('MESH:C563472', 'Disease') :: ['atlantoaxial instability']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['spinal injury and vertical artery injury']

answer: @entity8432 :: (MESH:C563472,Disease) :: ['atlantoaxial instability']


abstract: Americans continue to spend millions of dollars annually on @entity4823 and chondroitin for symptoms of @entity571 . These agents are classified as dietary supplements, not as drugs, per se. Therefore, they do not meet the requirements of the FDA to be classified as drugs. This study was designed to determine if @entity4823 and @entity12007 are effective for @entity158 . This report was adapted from an online publication by the National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine of the National Institutes of Health to inform the general public about the GAIT trial and its findings. @entity1 taking the positive control, @entity12698 , experienced statistically significant @entity158 relief versus placebo, about 70% of those taking @entity12698 had a 20% or greater reduction in @entity158 versus about 60% for placebo. Overall, there were no significant differences between the other treatments tested and placebo. For a subset of @entity1 with moderate-to-severe @entity158 , @entity4823 combined with @entity12006 provided statistically significant @entity158 relief compared with placebo, about 79% had a 20% or greater reduction in @entity158 versus about 54% for placebo. According to the researchers, because of the small size of this subgroup these findings should be considered preliminary and need to be confirmed in further studies. For @entity1 in the mild @entity158 subset, @entity4823 and chondroitin @entity597 together or alone did not provide statistically significant @entity158 relief.

title: The NIH XXXX /Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity12698 :: ('MESH:C105934', 'Chemical') :: ['celecoxib']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity4823 :: ('MESH:D005944', 'Chemical') :: ['glucosamine']

entities_list: @entity12006 :: ('MESH:D002809', 'Chemical') :: ['chondroitin sulfate']

entities_list: @entity12007 :: ('MESH:D002807', 'Chemical') :: ['chondroitin']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity4823 :: (MESH:D005944,Chemical) :: ['Glucosamine']


abstract: The survival of thick tissues/organs produced by tissue engineering requires rapid revascularization after grafting. Although capillary-like structures have been reconstituted in some engineered tissues, little is known about the interaction between normal epithelial cells and endothelial cells involved in the in vitro angiogenic process. In the present study, we used the self-assembly approach of tissue engineering to examine this relationship. An endothelialized tissue-engineered dermal substitute was produced by adding endothelial cells to the tissue-engineered dermal substitute produced by the self-assembly approach. The latter consists in culturing fibroblasts in the medium supplemented with serum and @entity620 . A network of tissue-engineered capillaries (TECs) formed within the @entity1 extracellular matrix produced by dermal fibroblasts. To determine whether epithelial cells modify TECs, the size and form of TECs were studied in the endothelialized tissue-engineered dermal substitute cultured in the presence or absence of epithelial cells. In the presence of normal keratinocytes from skin, @entity267 or uterine cervix, endothelial cells formed small TECs (cross-sectional area estimated at less than 50 microm(2)) reminiscent of capillaries found in the skin's microcirculation. In contrast, TECs grown in the absence of epithelial cells presented variable sizes (larger than 50 microm(2)), but the addition of keratinocyte-conditioned media or exogenous @entity7 induced their normalization toward a smaller size. @entity7 neutralization inhibited the effect of keratinocyte-conditioned media. These results provide new direct evidence that normal @entity1 epithelial cells play a role in the regulation of the underlying TEC network, and advance our knowledge in tissue engineering for the production of TEC networks in vitro.

title: Normal XXXX epithelial cells regulate the size and morphology of tissue-engineered capillaries.

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'Vascular endothelial growth factor']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Adjustment of infliximab dosage for individuals may be useful in improving therapeutic response in @entity309 ( @entity309 ). Herein, we aimed to determine whether measurement of infliximab serum concentration modifies the therapeutic decision and improves the control of disease activity. METHODS: @entity309 @entity1 routinely treated with infliximab were included in an observational open-label study. On visit 1 (V1), according to the disease activity, a preliminary therapeutic decision was selected among four therapeutic options and a blood sample was collected to measure trough serum infliximab concentration. The final therapeutic decision, based on both disease activity and serum infliximab concentration assessed @entity9485 , was applied at the following infusion (V2). Clinical and biological evaluations were performed at V3 and V4 and compared with those @entity9485 . RESULTS: We included 24 @entity1 . The final therapeutic decision differed from the preliminary decision for 12 @entity1 (50%). For @entity1 with increased infliximab dosage @entity9485 , mean disease activity score for 28 joints (DAS28) decreased by about 20% at V3 or V4 as compared with V1 (P < 0.05). Decreased DAS28 was correlated with increased serum infliximab concentration (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of infliximab trough concentration modifies the therapeutic decision for @entity309 @entity1 and helps improve control of disease activity. Therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab in @entity309 may be useful for individual dosage adjustment.

title: Infliximab concentration monitoring improves the control of disease activity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity5895 and other common illnesses among drug store clients in one rural community, with a view to the potential role of specialist drug stores in expanding coverage of effective @entity311 treatment to households in highly endemic areas. METHOD: Follow-back study of 2466 client visits selected from all 10 drug stores operating in the town of Ikwiriri between May 30 and August 31 2004. Of these, 521 (21.2%) were made by or on behalf of @entity1 ill with @entity221 or @entity311 . Two hundred and ninety three were eligible as residents of the surrounding nine villages and all agreed to participate in the study. Each @entity1 was evaluated by a clinical officer and provided a blood sample for @entity311 on the day of the shop visit, either at the shop or at home. RESULTS: Only 50 (17.1%) visits by or on behalf of febrile @entity1 resulted in the purchase of an antimalarial drug, while an antipyretic medication was obtained at 226 visits (77.1%). Clinicians diagnosed @entity311 in 63.8% of @entity1 . @entity311 parasites were identified in blood film samples from 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6, 29.5). This is double the parasite prevalence rate of 10.7% (95% CI: 8.6, 13.1) obtained from a household survey of 1004 healthy individuals selected from these villages at the same time. It is not significantly lower than the prevalence observed among 880 clients presenting with @entity221 at health facilities in the district: 29.7% (95% CI: 23.0, 37.3). The prevalence of @entity5895 among @entity1 younger than 5 years whose families sought @entity221 treatment from drug stores (42.1%; 95% CI: 31.4, 53.5) was equal to that of @entity1 presenting with @entity221 at health facilities (42.5%; 95% CI: 25.0, 62.2). CONCLUSIONS: Currently, drug store clients do not obtain @entity311 -specific treatment in the majority of cases where it might be warranted. Parasitological findings indicate that drug store clients, especially @entity1 , are as likely to be infected with @entity311 as @entity1 seeking care for similar illnesses at health facilities. Drug stores may be attractive partners for policy makers eager to engage the private retail sector in expanding coverage of @entity311 treatment.

title: Prevalence of @entity5895 among clients seeking treatment for XXXX or @entity311 at drug stores in rural Tanzania 2004.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria']

entities_list: @entity5895 :: ('MESH:D018512', 'Disease') :: ['malaria parasitemia']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['fever']