abstract: Other than @entity353 , most traditional methods of nutritional assessment are not acceptable in advanced @entity5 @entity1 because they are inaccurate, too expensive for routine use, or too difficult for a debilitated @entity1 to complete. The prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index (PINI) is a formula devised to evaluate nutritional status and prognosis in @entity3124 @entity1 . It has been suggested that the PINI score can be used to follow most pathological conditions. It has been measured in several settings and has been found to be a reliable indicator of both nutritional status and prognosis in @entity130 , burn, infected, and cardiac @entity1 . In this pilot study, we evaluated the PINI in 50 consecutive @entity1 referred to a palliative care service. Compared to a value in normal, healthy @entity1 of <1, the mean score in this sample was 102 (SD = 142, 95% CI = 62-142). The mean protein values were: alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1409 mg/l (SD = 556, 95% CI = 1251-1567); C-reactive protein (CRP) 106 mg/l (SD = 89, 95% CI = 81-131); albumin 24 g/l (SD = 7, 95% CI = 23-26); and prealbumin 147 mg/l (SD = 73, 95% CI = 126-168). There was no significant association between the PINI and corticosteroid use, @entity353 over time, age, or sex. These data indicate that the PINI is highly abnormal in our population. The CRP may be the most important value.

title: The XXXX : a survey of the Prognostic Inflammatory and Nutritional Index (PINI) in advanced disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person', 'people']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome']


abstract: @entity20146 (1080) is a vertebrate pesticide widely used for possum control in New Zealand. @entity2861 is also a toxic component of poisonous plants found in Australia, South Africa, South America, and India. Because of its importance and effectiveness in pest control and the highly toxic nature of this compound, its acute sub-lethal and target organ @entity137 have been extensively studied. In relation to its use as a pesticide its environmental fate, persistence, non-target impacts and general toxicology have been and continue to be extensively studied. @entity137 baits must be prepared and used with extreme care, otherwise @entity1 , livestock, and non-target wildlife will be put at risk. The high risk of secondary poisoning of @entity235 is a cause for concern. 1080 acts by interfering with cellular energy production. Possums die from @entity712 , usually within 6-18 h of eating baits. Long-term exposure to sub-lethal doses can have harmful effects and strict safety precautions are enforced to protect contractors and workers in the bait manufacturing industry. Considerable care is taken when using 1080 to ensure that the risks of using it are outweighed by the ecological benefits achieved from its use. When its use is controversial, risk communicators must take care not to trivialise the @entity137 of the compound. The benefits of 1080 use in conservation, pest control, and disease control should be weighed up alongside the risks of using 1080 and other techniques for pest control.

title: XXXX (1080) risk assessment and risk communication.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxic']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity2861 :: ('CHEBI:18172', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluoroacetate']

entities_list: @entity20146 :: ('CHEBI:38699', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium monofluoroacetate']

answer: @entity20146 :: (CHEBI:38699,Chemical) :: ['Sodium monofluoroacetate']


abstract: Seven @entity1 with @entity1737 ( @entity1737 ) unresponsive to thymectomy and @entity134 treatment (Osserman group III) underwent plasma perfusion (PP). All @entity1 showed @entity1736 , @entity892 , @entity7364 , @entity1282 , and @entity425 ; five of them had impaired ventilatory function. Separated plasma was perfused onto a column to adsorb anti-AChR-Ab. Each @entity1 received a treatment cycle of six PP sessions. Clinical conditions were assessed before and after the treatment, with evaluation of muscular strength, ventilatory function, and electromyographic testing ( @entity6815 ). Immunologic markers were tested before and after each PP. Clinical improvement in bulbar symptoms and respiratory function was noted in all @entity1 after one to three PP. Limb muscle strength began to improve later. Serum concentration decreased (mean % +/- SD) after each PP:anti-AChR-Ab 36.47 +/- 17.43; IgA 20.44 +/- 11.26; IgG 21.24 +/- 32.56; IgM 23.22 +/- 11.40; C3 36.78 +/- 10.15; C4 42.69 +/- 14.82. In five of seven @entity1 the improvement continues (follow-up 1 to 10 months). In one @entity1 it lasted only 1 month, and in another a relapse occurred after 10 months of benefit, but was successfully reversed by retreatment.

title: Plasma perfusion in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['MG', 'myasthenia gravis']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity7364 :: ('MESH:D055154', 'Disease') :: ['dysphonia']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity1736 :: ('MESH:D001763', 'Disease') :: ['palpebral ptosis']

answer: @entity1737 :: (MESH:D009157,Disease) :: ['myasthenia gravis']


abstract: Nuclear DNA content of @entity982 -embedded tissue from 48 @entity1636 , 18 histologically normal control adrenal glands, and five @entity10163 was analyzed retrospectively using flow cytometry. Aneuploidy was compared with morphologic criteria as a predictor of recurrence. All 18 controls, five hyperplastic glands, and 39 @entity5 were diploid. Nine @entity5 were aneuploid. Compared with their diploid counterparts, @entity5 were more likely to weigh more than 50 g (P less than 0.0001) and to have three or more histologic features of @entity189 (P less than 0.0001). Thirty-six @entity5 were followed clinically for at least 2 years (range 24 to 120 months, mean = 64.6 months) or until local recurrence, @entity3 , or @entity204 . Five were clinically malignant. @entity5 which recurred or metastasized were more apt to be aneuploid (P less than 0.005) than those showing no evidence of further disease during the follow-up period. They were also more likely to weigh more than 50 g (P less than 0.005) and to have three or more histologic features of @entity189 (P less than 0.0025). However, neither @entity2007 , large size, nor unfavorable histology result was a consistent feature in every malignant @entity5 . Flow cytometric DNA content analysis appears to be as effective a predictor of clinical outcome as size and histology and may be of particular value when the morphologic features are ambiguous.

title: Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA from @entity1636 . A retrospective study using XXXX -embedded tissue.

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Neoplasms', 'aneuploid neoplasms', 'neoplasm', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity10163 :: ('MESH:D000307', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic adrenal glands']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity982 :: (MESH:D010232,Chemical) :: ['paraffin']


abstract: Nuclear DNA content of @entity982 -embedded tissue from 48 @entity1636 , 18 histologically normal control adrenal glands, and five @entity10163 was analyzed retrospectively using flow cytometry. Aneuploidy was compared with morphologic criteria as a predictor of recurrence. All 18 controls, five hyperplastic glands, and 39 @entity5 were diploid. Nine @entity5 were aneuploid. Compared with their diploid counterparts, @entity5 were more likely to weigh more than 50 g (P less than 0.0001) and to have three or more histologic features of @entity189 (P less than 0.0001). Thirty-six @entity5 were followed clinically for at least 2 years (range 24 to 120 months, mean = 64.6 months) or until local recurrence, @entity3 , or @entity204 . Five were clinically malignant. @entity5 which recurred or metastasized were more apt to be aneuploid (P less than 0.005) than those showing no evidence of further disease during the follow-up period. They were also more likely to weigh more than 50 g (P less than 0.005) and to have three or more histologic features of @entity189 (P less than 0.0025). However, neither @entity2007 , large size, nor unfavorable histology result was a consistent feature in every malignant @entity5 . Flow cytometric DNA content analysis appears to be as effective a predictor of clinical outcome as size and histology and may be of particular value when the morphologic features are ambiguous.

title: Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA from XXXX . A retrospective study using @entity982 -embedded tissue.

answer: @entity1636 :: (MESH:D018268,Disease) :: ['adrenocortical neoplasms']


abstract: Between March 1970 and December 1978 there were 366 @entity1 with @entity263 treated by 125I seed implants and pelvic lymph node dissection. All had a minimum of 5 years follow-up. One hundred thirty-three @entity1 had metastatic @entity263 in lymph nodes (Stage D1) at the time of lymph node dissection and seed implantation. Ninety-one of the 133 @entity1 were judged to have sufficient metastatic @entity263 in their nodal tissue (greater than 50% replacement with @entity5 ) to justify flow cytometric cellular DNA measurements on the involved @entity982 -embedded nodal tissue. Nine @entity1 were excluded due to uninterpretable DNA histograms leaving 82 @entity1 for analysis. Forty-nine @entity1 had @entity2007 and 33 had @entity5 . There was no statistical bias between the @entity2007 and diploid groups due to age (P = 0.970, chi 2 test), time between diagnosis and implantation (P = 0.217, chi 2 test), number of positive nodes (P = 0.669, two-sample t test of means), or @entity5 grade (P = 0.332, chi 2 test). Median survival time of the @entity2007 and diploid groups was 5.0 and 8.8 years, respectively (P = 0.0109, log rank test). Cox regression analysis confirmed the effect of aneuploidy versus diploidy on survival by controlling for other potentially confounding variables (age, time from diagnosis to implantation, number of positive nodes, and grade). Grade as a predictor of survival did not approach statistical significance in this series of relatively small size (P = 0.116). Thirty-eight of the 82 @entity1 had moderately differentiated @entity5 . Nineteen of these were @entity2007 and 19 diploid. The median survival was 5.8 and 9.1 years, respectively, for these grade-matched @entity2007 and diploid groups (P = 0.039, log rank test). We conclude that flow cytometric DNA measurements on archived paraffin-embedded @entity5 in nodal metastases appear to be a strong predictor of survival for Stage @entity263 .

title: Flow cytometry of XXXX : relationship of DNA content to survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploid']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic cancer', 'DI prostatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'diploid tumors', 'neoplasms']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: Twenty-nine adult @entity1 with primary @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) and an excess of @entity236 were treated by aggressive chemotherapy while still in @entity2590 phase (20 cases) or after progression to ANLL (9 cases). Median age was 47.5 (range 18-68). Twenty-eight @entity1 received a combination of @entity29474 and @entity62706 received High dose Ara C. Fourteen @entity1 (48%) achieved complete remission (CR), 5 (17%) were treatment failures (F) and 10 (35%) died during therapy induced @entity3894 (DA). Median disease free survival was 8.5 months. Median survival of the whole population was 6 months from the onset of treatment, and 17 months in @entity1 achieving CR. These results were significantly less favorable than those obtained at our institution in de novo ANLL with the same chemotherapy regimens. No statistically significant prognostic factors of treatment outcome emerged but @entity1 with normal cytogenetic findings seemed to have both a higher CR rate and longer remissions than @entity1 with abnormal karyotypes. @entity1 under 50 did not have higher CR rates than older @entity1 , although they had longer remissions (with 3 out of 6 CRs exceeding 2 years). Finally, treatment outcome and survival were identical in @entity1 treated in the @entity2590 phase and in those treated after progression to ANLL. Combination chemotherapy is a highly toxic approach in @entity2590 and essentially seems to benefit younger @entity1 with a normal karyotype, in whom some long remissions can be obtained.

title: Aggressive chemotherapy in adult primary XXXX . A report on 29 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity29474 :: ('MESH:C002205', 'Chemical') :: ['Rubidazone']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndromes', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['marrow blasts']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplastic syndromes']


abstract: Seventeen @entity8294 and @entity39989 strains have been screened for naturally occurring antibiotic resistance, as determined by zones of inhibition from antibiotic disks. These strains were also examined for extrachromosomal DNA content. All strains screened are resistant to low levels (10-200 micrograms/mL) of @entity3639 . In contrast to the previously reported data, we have found that @entity39989 C-94 is now susceptible to both @entity7913 and @entity803 . However, @entity39989 @entity41193 is not susceptible to @entity7913 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 40 micrograms/mL). Furthermore, @entity8294 8 is resistant to @entity803 (MIC = 40 micrograms/mL), and @entity2929 (MIC = 100 micrograms/mL). Six freshly isolated strains showed resistance to @entity803 (35-70 micrograms/mL), and all @entity803 -resistant strains also showed resistance to @entity1214 . None of these @entity8294 determinants share homology with the streptococcal tetL, tetM, or tetN determinants. All 17 strains were screened for extrachromosomal DNA content. Nine different techniques for the detection and isolation of extrachromosomal DNA were tested. However, owing to difficulties in demonstrating or isolating plasmid DNA, it has not been possible to determine if these antibiotic resistance genes are plasmid borne. Evidence is presented to suggest that the presence of @entity26 may affect the quality of the DNA obtained from @entity8294 .

title: Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility and extrachromosomal DNA content of XXXX and @entity39989 .

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline']

entities_list: @entity7913 :: ('MESH:D007612', 'Chemical') :: ['kanamycin']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity39989 :: ('1265', 'Species') :: ['Ruminococcus flavefaciens', 'R. flavefaciens']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity8294 :: ('1264', 'Species') :: ['R. albus', 'Ruminococcus', 'Ruminococcus albus']

answer: @entity8294 :: (1264,Species) :: ['Ruminococcus albus']


abstract: Seventeen @entity8294 and @entity39989 strains have been screened for naturally occurring antibiotic resistance, as determined by zones of inhibition from antibiotic disks. These strains were also examined for extrachromosomal DNA content. All strains screened are resistant to low levels (10-200 micrograms/mL) of @entity3639 . In contrast to the previously reported data, we have found that @entity39989 C-94 is now susceptible to both @entity7913 and @entity803 . However, @entity39989 @entity41193 is not susceptible to @entity7913 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 40 micrograms/mL). Furthermore, @entity8294 8 is resistant to @entity803 (MIC = 40 micrograms/mL), and @entity2929 (MIC = 100 micrograms/mL). Six freshly isolated strains showed resistance to @entity803 (35-70 micrograms/mL), and all @entity803 -resistant strains also showed resistance to @entity1214 . None of these @entity8294 determinants share homology with the streptococcal tetL, tetM, or tetN determinants. All 17 strains were screened for extrachromosomal DNA content. Nine different techniques for the detection and isolation of extrachromosomal DNA were tested. However, owing to difficulties in demonstrating or isolating plasmid DNA, it has not been possible to determine if these antibiotic resistance genes are plasmid borne. Evidence is presented to suggest that the presence of @entity26 may affect the quality of the DNA obtained from @entity8294 .

title: Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility and extrachromosomal DNA content of @entity8294 and XXXX .

answer: @entity39989 :: (1265,Species) :: ['Ruminococcus flavefaciens']


abstract: In 22 @entity1 with advanced @entity957 of the @entity135 we evaluated the efficacy and @entity137 of 200 mg/m2 @entity900 administered in 3% @entity1219 with vigorous hydration. Six @entity1 had previously untreated stage IV disease and 16 @entity1 had @entity66 , including eight with prior chemotherapy including low-dose @entity900 and @entity3003 . @entity900 was administered as a brief infusion, either 40 mg/m2/day X 5 or 50 mg/m2/day X4, every 28 days. Objective responses were observed in 16 of 22 (73%) @entity1 , including 5 of 6 (83%) previously untreated @entity1 and 11 of 16 (69%) @entity1 with @entity66 . This included two complete responses, one confirmed pathologically. Fifty-seven courses of drug were administered and @entity137 was monitored with serial creatinine clearance determinations, audiograms, and sensorimotor exams. @entity16 and @entity2167 were dose-limiting and led to the stopping of treatment in 12 of the 16 responders after one to four courses (median three courses). Only two responding @entity1 continued treatment until disease progression occurred at 3 and 4 months after achieving maximum response. Acute, transient nephrotoxicity occurred in four @entity1 ; two were retreated. Moderate myelosuppression occurred in all @entity1 but was not treatment-limiting. For most @entity1 the maximally tolerated number of courses was three. The median survival time was 33.5 weeks for @entity66 @entity1 , 108 weeks for newly diagnosed @entity1 . This regimen is not recommended for the palliation of @entity66 . However, the very high response rate suggests that high-dose @entity900 may have a useful role in induction or adjuvant chemotherapy regimens.

title: High-dose XXXX in advanced @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['recurrent disease']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neuropathy']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: In 22 @entity1 with advanced @entity957 of the @entity135 we evaluated the efficacy and @entity137 of 200 mg/m2 @entity900 administered in 3% @entity1219 with vigorous hydration. Six @entity1 had previously untreated stage IV disease and 16 @entity1 had @entity66 , including eight with prior chemotherapy including low-dose @entity900 and @entity3003 . @entity900 was administered as a brief infusion, either 40 mg/m2/day X 5 or 50 mg/m2/day X4, every 28 days. Objective responses were observed in 16 of 22 (73%) @entity1 , including 5 of 6 (83%) previously untreated @entity1 and 11 of 16 (69%) @entity1 with @entity66 . This included two complete responses, one confirmed pathologically. Fifty-seven courses of drug were administered and @entity137 was monitored with serial creatinine clearance determinations, audiograms, and sensorimotor exams. @entity16 and @entity2167 were dose-limiting and led to the stopping of treatment in 12 of the 16 responders after one to four courses (median three courses). Only two responding @entity1 continued treatment until disease progression occurred at 3 and 4 months after achieving maximum response. Acute, transient nephrotoxicity occurred in four @entity1 ; two were retreated. Moderate myelosuppression occurred in all @entity1 but was not treatment-limiting. For most @entity1 the maximally tolerated number of courses was three. The median survival time was 33.5 weeks for @entity66 @entity1 , 108 weeks for newly diagnosed @entity1 . This regimen is not recommended for the palliation of @entity66 . However, the very high response rate suggests that high-dose @entity900 may have a useful role in induction or adjuvant chemotherapy regimens.

title: High-dose @entity900 in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: Between 1973 and 1983, 27 @entity1 with acute @entity2249 were treated at the UCLA Medical Center with @entity572 . These cases were selected on the basis of age, high activity level, and degenerative changes in the acetabular cartilage. The average age was 72 years. There were 19 @entity1 and eight @entity1 . The average follow-up period was 3.8 years with a range of one to ten years. Methods used included analysis of clinical data, roentgenograms, final @entity158 ratings, walking ratings, and activity levels using the UCLA rating system. @entity158 relief and overall functional results were better than that of most series of acute @entity2249 treated with hemiarthroplasty and similar to that of @entity572 series. The complication rate was slightly less than both authors' elective total hip series, and considerably less than most hemiarthroplasty series. Complications included a @entity2737 , a @entity293 , and a perforated @entity17825 . Four @entity1 died within one year from causes unrelated to the hip arthroplasty. There were no deep @entity281 , dislocations, or reoperations. Total hip arthroplasty in selective cases of acute @entity2249 can give more consistent @entity158 relief and better functional results than hemiarthroplasty, without an increase in complications.

title: Treatment of acute XXXX with @entity572 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity17825 :: ('MESH:D004241', 'Disease') :: ['colon diverticulum']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['superficial wound infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['total hip arthroplasty']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['femoral neck fractures']


abstract: Between 1973 and 1983, 27 @entity1 with acute @entity2249 were treated at the UCLA Medical Center with @entity572 . These cases were selected on the basis of age, high activity level, and degenerative changes in the acetabular cartilage. The average age was 72 years. There were 19 @entity1 and eight @entity1 . The average follow-up period was 3.8 years with a range of one to ten years. Methods used included analysis of clinical data, roentgenograms, final @entity158 ratings, walking ratings, and activity levels using the UCLA rating system. @entity158 relief and overall functional results were better than that of most series of acute @entity2249 treated with hemiarthroplasty and similar to that of @entity572 series. The complication rate was slightly less than both authors' elective total hip series, and considerably less than most hemiarthroplasty series. Complications included a @entity2737 , a @entity293 , and a perforated @entity17825 . Four @entity1 died within one year from causes unrelated to the hip arthroplasty. There were no deep @entity281 , dislocations, or reoperations. Total hip arthroplasty in selective cases of acute @entity2249 can give more consistent @entity158 relief and better functional results than hemiarthroplasty, without an increase in complications.

title: Treatment of acute @entity2249 with XXXX .

answer: @entity572 :: (MESH:D006617,Disease) :: ['total hip arthroplasty']


abstract: Investigations were carried out on 24 @entity101 or borderline @entity101 @entity1 with different degrees of renal function. Eight had normal renal function [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) greater than 90 ml/min], 8 moderate (GFR 30 to 60 ml/min) and 8 severe @entity8 (GFR less than 30 ml/min). All @entity1 were given @entity23703 0.3mg once daily for 7 days and both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data were determined. During @entity23703 treatment plasma elimination half-life, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and apparent total clearance (CLT) showed statistically significant differences among @entity1 in the 3 groups. Elimination half-life was 2.6 +/- 0.9 hours in @entity1 with a GFR greater than 90 ml/min and increased to 6.9 +/- 3.7 hours in those with a GFR less than 30 ml/min (mean +/- SD; p = 0.012). Correspondingly, AUC0-24 h rose from 5.4 +/- 2.7 to 17.2 +/- 7.9 micrograms/L . h (p = 0.001), and CLT decreased from 1150 +/- 602.l ml/min to 369 +/- 227.6 ml/min (p = 0.001). These data suggest that once-daily administration of 0.3mg @entity23703 may be appropriate in @entity1 with @entity8 . Independent of renal function, @entity23703 was well tolerated in 22 of 24 @entity1 . No deterioration in renal function as a consequence of the use of @entity23703 was found. Thus, in @entity1 with @entity177 , dosage of @entity23703 should be individually titrated according to the desired clinical response, as is recommended for @entity101 @entity1 without @entity8 .

title: The influence of renal function on clinical pharmacokinetics of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment', 'impaired renal function']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity23703 :: ('MESH:C043482', 'Chemical') :: ['moxonidine']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

answer: @entity23703 :: (MESH:C043482,Chemical) :: ['moxonidine']


abstract: The present study was undertaken to determine if beta-agonists delivered by nebulizer provide better clinical responses than @entity13521 therapy in status asthmaticus. We divided 28 hospitalized @entity748 @entity1 into three groups. Group 1 received @entity3045 by @entity13521 with InspirEase. Group 2 received nebulized @entity3045 . Group 3 received nebulized @entity28787 . Both nebulizer regimens resulted in significant improvements in both FVC and FEV1 by 30 min after initial hospital beta-agonist treatment. No significant improvement was noted in initial spirometry in the @entity13521 with InspirEase group. In spite of the superiority of nebulizer therapy in the initial phase of hospitalization, the daily rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization were not significantly different among the three groups. Our results indicate that nebulizer therapy provides superior spirometric improvement in the initial phase of status asthmaticus. However, both @entity13521 and nebulizer regimens provided similar rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization.

title: Comparison of beta-adrenergic agents delivered by nebulizer vs metered dose inhaler with InspirEase in hospitalized XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['albuterol']

entities_list: @entity28787 :: ('MESH:D009921', 'Chemical') :: ['metaproterenol']

answer: @entity748 :: (MESH:D013224,Disease) :: ['asthmatic']


abstract: The present study was undertaken to determine if beta-agonists delivered by nebulizer provide better clinical responses than @entity13521 therapy in status asthmaticus. We divided 28 hospitalized @entity748 @entity1 into three groups. Group 1 received @entity3045 by @entity13521 with InspirEase. Group 2 received nebulized @entity3045 . Group 3 received nebulized @entity28787 . Both nebulizer regimens resulted in significant improvements in both FVC and FEV1 by 30 min after initial hospital beta-agonist treatment. No significant improvement was noted in initial spirometry in the @entity13521 with InspirEase group. In spite of the superiority of nebulizer therapy in the initial phase of hospitalization, the daily rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization were not significantly different among the three groups. Our results indicate that nebulizer therapy provides superior spirometric improvement in the initial phase of status asthmaticus. However, both @entity13521 and nebulizer regimens provided similar rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization.

title: Comparison of beta-adrenergic agents delivered by nebulizer vs metered dose inhaler with InspirEase in hospitalized @entity748 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: LH pulses during the @entity1420 (P)-induced LH surge were examined in ovariectomized and @entity172 -treated female monkeys. Animals received a 2.5-mg P or oil injection 24 h after administration of 30 micrograms @entity4520 . The animals were fitted with jugular catheters connected to a tether-swivel system. Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals starting 3-4 h before and ending 12-20 h after P or oil injection. Plasma LH was measured by both bioassay and RIA. LH pulses were determined by the PULSAR program. P administration induced a BIA-LH surge with a latency of 71 +/- 10 min in all seven animals. The P-induced bioassayable LH (BIA-LH) surge consisted of an ascending phase (204 +/- 24 min), a plateau period (174 +/- 32 min), and a descending phase (376 +/- 60 min). Oil injection did not cause a LH surge (n = 4). BIA-LH release before P and that during the P-induced LH surge were pulsatile. Pulse intervals of BIA-LH before P treatment (57.1 +/- 5.2 min) were not different from those before (55.0 +/- 11.7 min) and after (62.9 +/- 16.3 min) oil injection. In contrast, pulse intervals during the ascending phase (35.0 +/- 4.0 min), plateau period (34.6 +/- 2.6 min), and descending phase (45.0 +/- 3.1 min) were significantly shorter (P less than 0.02) than those before P. Pulse amplitudes of BIA-LH during the ascending phase (125.3 +/- 28.7 ng/ml) and plateau period (253.9 +/- 27.0 ng/ml) were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than those (44.7 +/- 12.6 ng/ml) before P and during the descending phase (66.9 +/- 11.1 ng/ml). Radioimmunoassayable LH results were quite similar to those for BIA-LH, except that amplitude changes in radioimmunoassayable LH after P treatment were smaller than those in BIA-LH. It was concluded, therefore, that both the frequency and amplitude of pulsatile LH release increase during the P-induced LH surge, especially during the ascending phase and plateau period, in female @entity2608 . Furthermore, the present results support our previous conclusion that P facilitates pulsatile LHRH release with increases in frequency and amplitude in ovariectomized and @entity172 -treated monkeys.

title: Pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) release during the XXXX -induced LH surge in the female @entity2608 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity4520 :: ('MESH:C074283', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol benzoate']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: LH pulses during the @entity1420 (P)-induced LH surge were examined in ovariectomized and @entity172 -treated female monkeys. Animals received a 2.5-mg P or oil injection 24 h after administration of 30 micrograms @entity4520 . The animals were fitted with jugular catheters connected to a tether-swivel system. Blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals starting 3-4 h before and ending 12-20 h after P or oil injection. Plasma LH was measured by both bioassay and RIA. LH pulses were determined by the PULSAR program. P administration induced a BIA-LH surge with a latency of 71 +/- 10 min in all seven animals. The P-induced bioassayable LH (BIA-LH) surge consisted of an ascending phase (204 +/- 24 min), a plateau period (174 +/- 32 min), and a descending phase (376 +/- 60 min). Oil injection did not cause a LH surge (n = 4). BIA-LH release before P and that during the P-induced LH surge were pulsatile. Pulse intervals of BIA-LH before P treatment (57.1 +/- 5.2 min) were not different from those before (55.0 +/- 11.7 min) and after (62.9 +/- 16.3 min) oil injection. In contrast, pulse intervals during the ascending phase (35.0 +/- 4.0 min), plateau period (34.6 +/- 2.6 min), and descending phase (45.0 +/- 3.1 min) were significantly shorter (P less than 0.02) than those before P. Pulse amplitudes of BIA-LH during the ascending phase (125.3 +/- 28.7 ng/ml) and plateau period (253.9 +/- 27.0 ng/ml) were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than those (44.7 +/- 12.6 ng/ml) before P and during the descending phase (66.9 +/- 11.1 ng/ml). Radioimmunoassayable LH results were quite similar to those for BIA-LH, except that amplitude changes in radioimmunoassayable LH after P treatment were smaller than those in BIA-LH. It was concluded, therefore, that both the frequency and amplitude of pulsatile LH release increase during the P-induced LH surge, especially during the ascending phase and plateau period, in female @entity2608 . Furthermore, the present results support our previous conclusion that P facilitates pulsatile LHRH release with increases in frequency and amplitude in ovariectomized and @entity172 -treated monkeys.

title: Pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) release during the @entity1420 -induced LH surge in the female XXXX .

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkey']


abstract: Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that low-amplitude electrical activity ( @entity33650 ) may occur during standard @entity6564 hypothermic @entity1167 and be undetected by routine monitoring techniques. The present study was designed to elucidate the electrophysiological nature of @entity33650 . Ten @entity235 were monitored continuously during standard @entity1167 using a 32-channel data acquisition system. In 7 animals (Part I), electrophysiological mapping of the lower right atrial septum during arrest was performed. The initial site of activation of @entity33650 was consistently recorded from the region of the lower atrial septum prior to atrial or ventricular electrical activation. The site of origin of @entity33650 was thus localized to the anatomical region of the atrial septum containing the atrioventricular nodal conduction tissue. In Part II, the electrophysiological mechanism of @entity33650 was investigated in the remaining 3 animals utilizing an intrinsic property of specialized conduction tissue. Inclusion of a @entity460 channel-blocking agent in standard cardioplegic solution completely prevented the development of @entity33650 in all 3 animals, which is in contrast to findings in previous studies using standard cardioplegic solution alone. These data suggest that @entity33650 may be related to @entity460 -mediated activation of specialized conduction tissue. This mechanism of activation may explain why @entity33650 cannot be detected by the intraoperative monitoring techniques routinely employed.

title: Electrical activity in the heart during @entity6564 hypothermic XXXX : site of origin and relationship to specialized conduction tissue.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardioplegic arrest']

entities_list: @entity6564 :: ('MESH:D020513', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemic']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardioplegic arrest']


abstract: Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that low-amplitude electrical activity ( @entity33650 ) may occur during standard @entity6564 hypothermic @entity1167 and be undetected by routine monitoring techniques. The present study was designed to elucidate the electrophysiological nature of @entity33650 . Ten @entity235 were monitored continuously during standard @entity1167 using a 32-channel data acquisition system. In 7 animals (Part I), electrophysiological mapping of the lower right atrial septum during arrest was performed. The initial site of activation of @entity33650 was consistently recorded from the region of the lower atrial septum prior to atrial or ventricular electrical activation. The site of origin of @entity33650 was thus localized to the anatomical region of the atrial septum containing the atrioventricular nodal conduction tissue. In Part II, the electrophysiological mechanism of @entity33650 was investigated in the remaining 3 animals utilizing an intrinsic property of specialized conduction tissue. Inclusion of a @entity460 channel-blocking agent in standard cardioplegic solution completely prevented the development of @entity33650 in all 3 animals, which is in contrast to findings in previous studies using standard cardioplegic solution alone. These data suggest that @entity33650 may be related to @entity460 -mediated activation of specialized conduction tissue. This mechanism of activation may explain why @entity33650 cannot be detected by the intraoperative monitoring techniques routinely employed.

title: Electrical activity in the heart during XXXX hypothermic @entity1167 : site of origin and relationship to specialized conduction tissue.

answer: @entity6564 :: (MESH:D020513,Disease) :: ['hyperkalemic']


abstract: On chronic treatment certain amphiphilic drugs induce a generalized phospholipidosis. This @entity137 has been related to an inhibition of the lysosomal phospholipases due to the interaction of the drugs with phospholipids (PL). In the present experiments, the influence of the amphiphilic drugs @entity5923 , @entity2645 , @entity503 and @entity8970 on the hydrolysis of @entity4747 ( @entity4748 ) unilamellar liposomes by @entity5157 venom @entity30344 ( @entity30344 ) was studied. Special emphasis was laid on the initial phase and temperature @entity734 . The activity of @entity30344 was measured continuously with a spectrophotometric assay using @entity23076 red as indicator. In most cases a lag-phase of different duration was observed before the enzyme exhibited its full activity. The duration of the lag-phase and the rate of hydrolysis in the second phase are inversely related. The temperature @entity734 of the hydrolysis reveals a maximum of activity near the phase transition of the bilayer and a gradually decreasing activity at lower and higher temperatures, respectively. The analysis of the influence of amphiphilic drugs reveals three types of interaction. @entity2645 and @entity5923 shift the temperature activity profile towards lower temperatures without a substantial influence on the shape of the profile and on the maximal rate of hydrolysis. @entity503 inhibits the enzyme activity without any temperature @entity734 . @entity8970 , the classical @entity37480 inducing drug, exhibits a third type of interaction which seems to be a combination of the two former types.

title: Influence of cationic amphiphilic drugs on the phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['drug side effect']

entities_list: @entity4747 :: ('MESH:D015060', 'Chemical') :: ['dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine', 'Imipramine']

entities_list: @entity8970 :: ('MESH:D002745', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorphentermine', 'Chlorphentermine']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine', 'Chloroquine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

entities_list: @entity5923 :: ('MESH:D000551', 'Chemical') :: ['ambroxol']

answer: @entity30344 :: (406141(Tax:7460),Gene) :: ['phospholipase A2']


abstract: Mutations affecting @entity2199 spermatogenesis can be used to dissect the processes of meiosis and spermatozoan morphological maturation. We have obtained 23 new chromosome I mutations that affect spermatogenesis (spe mutations). These mutations, together with six previously described mutations, identify 11 complementation groups, of which six are defined by multiple alleles. These spe mutations are all recessive and cause normally self-fertile hermaphrodites to produce unfertilized oocytes that can be fertilized by wild-type male sperm. Five chromosome I mutation/deficiency heterozygotes have similar phenotypes to the homozygote showing that the probable null phenotype of these genes is defective sperm. Spermatogenesis is disrupted at different steps by mutations in these genes. The maturation of 1 degree spermatocytes is disrupted by mutations in @entity71063 and @entity71064 . Spermatids from @entity37547 and @entity71065 mutants develop into normal spermatozoa in males, but not in hermaphrodites. fer-6 spermatids are abnormal, and @entity71066 spermatids look normal but subsequently become abnormal spermatozoa. Mutations in five genes (fer-7, @entity62006 , @entity71067 , spe-13 and @entity71068 ) allow formation of normal looking motile spermatozoa that appear to be defective in either sperm-spermathecal or sperm-oocyte interactions.

title: Developmental genetics of chromosome I spermatogenesis-defective mutants in the XXXX @entity2199 .

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['nematode']


abstract: Mutations affecting @entity2199 spermatogenesis can be used to dissect the processes of meiosis and spermatozoan morphological maturation. We have obtained 23 new chromosome I mutations that affect spermatogenesis (spe mutations). These mutations, together with six previously described mutations, identify 11 complementation groups, of which six are defined by multiple alleles. These spe mutations are all recessive and cause normally self-fertile hermaphrodites to produce unfertilized oocytes that can be fertilized by wild-type male sperm. Five chromosome I mutation/deficiency heterozygotes have similar phenotypes to the homozygote showing that the probable null phenotype of these genes is defective sperm. Spermatogenesis is disrupted at different steps by mutations in these genes. The maturation of 1 degree spermatocytes is disrupted by mutations in @entity71063 and @entity71064 . Spermatids from @entity37547 and @entity71065 mutants develop into normal spermatozoa in males, but not in hermaphrodites. fer-6 spermatids are abnormal, and @entity71066 spermatids look normal but subsequently become abnormal spermatozoa. Mutations in five genes (fer-7, @entity62006 , @entity71067 , spe-13 and @entity71068 ) allow formation of normal looking motile spermatozoa that appear to be defective in either sperm-spermathecal or sperm-oocyte interactions.

title: Developmental genetics of chromosome I spermatogenesis-defective mutants in the @entity2199 XXXX .

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']


abstract: Natural killer (NK) cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes capable of killing a variety of neoplastic targets. NK can limit pulmonary metastases in animal models and could be important mediators of @entity5 defense in @entity1 lung. Previous studies in @entity1 have suggested, however, that pulmonary NK cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are functionally inert. We purified lymphocytes from @entity1 lung tissue and compared the NK activity of these cells with lymphocytes purified from peripheral blood. The activity of NK cells obtained from minced whole lung specimens was comparable to that found in peripheral blood. Monoclonal antibodies to 2 markers found on peripheral blood large granular lymphocytes (LGL) were utilized to determine the phenotype of pulmonary NK cells. Lymphocytes expressing Leu 11b were responsible for pulmonary NK activity as all NK function was abrogated by pretreatment with anti-Leu 11b and complement. In contrast, lymphocytes expressing @entity4755 had little NK activity. Although the frequency of lymphocytes expressing @entity4755 or Leu 11 in blood was comparable, there were significantly more (p less than 0.001) @entity4755 + lymphocytes in the lung than Leu 11+ cells. Immunofluorescent staining of lung tissue demonstrated that LGL expressing Leu 11 were confined largely to the lung interstitium, whereas LGL expressing @entity4755 were frequently located in alveoli and larger airways. These findings suggest that NK function is present in the @entity1 lung and that it is compartmentalized with the NK-active Leu 11+ lymphocytes located primarily in the lung interstitium.

title: Natural killer cell function in XXXX lung is compartmentalized.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The ependyma lines the ventricular system of the vertebrate brain and spinal cord. Although its embryology and morphology have been studied extensively, little is known of its physiological properties, particularly in mammals. Tanycytes are modified ependymal cells that are found predominantly lining the floor of the third ventricle, overlying the median eminence. Their processes accompany and enwrap neuroendocrine axons that course from @entity1640 nuclei to terminals in the median eminence, but the significance of this interaction is not yet understood. Intracellular recording and injection techniques were used to study ependymal cells and tanycytes of the @entity35 in the @entity1640 slice preparation after differentiating their respective regions morphologically. With extracellular [K+] = 6.24 mM, the mean membrane potential (+/- SD) for common ependyma was -79.9 +/- 1.40 mV and for tanycytes, -79.5 +/- 1.77 mV. Input resistances (Rin) were very low (much less than 1 @entity4780 ). Single-cell injection of Lucifer yellow revealed dye coupling among 2-70 ependymal cells and 5-48 tanycytes. In both freeze-fractured replicas and thin sections, large numbers of gap junctions were found between adjacent ependymal cells and between adjacent tanycytes. The observations of numerous gap junctions, extensive dye coupling and low input resistance demonstrated that both populations are strongly coupled networks. Perhaps for this reason, attempts to uncouple these cells using @entity29977 or @entity515 were unsuccessful. Electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus did not elicit any detectable synaptic response in impaled tanycytes, so that the functional significance of synaptoid contacts between neuroendocrine neurons and the postsynaptic tanycytes is not yet apparent. Ependymal cells and tanycytes demonstrated a near-Nernstian response to changes in extracellular [K+] between 3 and 20 mM. This finding, as well as their high negative resting potential, low Rin, extensive coupling and absence of spontaneous electrical excitability demonstrate that ependymal cells possess numerous glial characteristics and may therefore have similar functions. In the hypothalamus, ependyma probably take up K+ released from adjacent endocrine neurons and shunt it to the ventricular space.

title: Correlated electrophysiology and morphology of the ependyma in XXXX hypothalamus.

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic']

entities_list: @entity29977 :: ('MESH:C514135', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium propionate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Lipid hydrolysis with subsequent production of @entity1813 and lipid peroxidation are two of the earliest potentially pathochemical events induced in spinal cord tissue by mechanical @entity130 . Although these membrane lipid disturbances are thought to contribute to the @entity912 that occur subsequent to @entity1566 , such a correlation has not been demonstrated directly. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to test the capacity of alpha @entity4793 , the major lipid antioxidant in cellular membranes and a compound that limits the injury-induced lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in spinal cord tissue, to promote functional recovery in a static loading model of @entity1566 . After laminectomy, the L2 spinal cord of @entity468 was compressed with 180 g for 5 min. For 5 days before injury and for 5 days postinjury, treated @entity468 received orally 1000 IUD-alpha @entity4793 daily. Control @entity468 were similarly injured but untreated. All @entity468 were blindly evaluated weekly for 4 weeks for their neurologic recovery based on an 11 point behavioral scale that assessed walking, running, and stair climbing. By the second postinjury week, alpha @entity4793 -pretreated @entity468 demonstrated significantly better recovery than untreated controls. By 4 weeks, treated @entity468 had recovered 72% of their preinjury function as compared with 20% for untreated controls, i.e., a 3.5-fold difference. These results strongly suggest that lipid peroxidation and/or hydrolysis is primarily involved in the genesis of posttraumatic @entity912 and that alpha @entity4793 exerts its protection of injured spinal cord tissue, at least in part, by its antioxidant and/or antilipolytic activity.

title: Pretreatment with alpha XXXX enhances neurologic recovery after experimental spinal cord compression injury.

entities_list: @entity4793 :: ('MESH:D024505', 'Chemical') :: ['tocopherol', 'tocopherol acetate']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity1813 :: ('MESH:D015777', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosanoids']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity4793 :: (MESH:D024505,Chemical) :: ['tocopherol']


abstract: Clinical and experimental studies of the acute and late effects of radiation on cells have enhanced our knowledge of radiotherapy and have led to the optimisation of radiation treatment schedules and to more precise modes of radiation delivery. However, as both normal and cancerous tissues have similar response to radiation exposure, radiation-induced injury on normal tissues may present either during, or after the completion of, the radiotherapy treatment. Studies on both NSAIDs and @entity2918 have indeed shown some evidence of radioprotection. Both have the potential to increase the survival of cells but by entirely different mechanisms. Studies of cell kinetics reveal that cells in the mitotic (M) and late G2 phases of the cell cycle are generally most sensitive to radiation compared with cells in the early S and G1/G0 phases. Furthermore, radiation leads to a mitotic delay in the cell cycle. Thus, chemical agents that either limit the proportion of cells in the M and G2 phases of the cell cycle or enhance rapid cell growth could in principle be exploited for their potential use as radioprotectors to normal tissue during irradiation. NSAIDs have been shown to exert anti- @entity5 effects by causing cell-cycle arrest, shifting cells towards a quiescence state (G0/G1). The same mechanism of action was observed in radioprotection of normal tissues. An increase in @entity1426 concentrations after exposure to NSAIDs also leads to the production of an apoptosis-inducer @entity2367 . NSAIDs also elevate the level of @entity224 dismutase in cells. Activation of @entity1457 proteins by NSAIDs increases cell survival by alteration of cytokine expression. A role for NSAIDs with respect to inhibition of cellular proliferation possibly by an anti-angiogenesis mechanism has also been suggested. Several in-vivo studies have provided evidence suggesting that NSAIDs may protect normal tissues from @entity1161 . @entity2918 do not regulate the cell cycle, but they do have a variety of effects on cell growth and differentiation. @entity1421 mediates angiogenesis, increasing the supply of @entity26 and nutrients, essential for cellular survival and growth. Accordingly, @entity1421 at sufficiently high plasma concentrations enhances cellular survival by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as @entity310 and @entity1356 . Thus, @entity1421 acts as a modulator, rather than a mediator, of @entity32 . Prospective studies have suggested the potential use of @entity396 , a @entity5015 analogue, before irradiation, in prevention of radiation-induced side effects. The current understanding of the pharmacology of NSAIDs and @entity2918 shows great potential to minimise the adverse effects of radiotherapy on normal tissue.

title: Radioprotection: the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation injury']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins', 'Prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity396 :: ('MESH:D016595', 'Chemical') :: ['misoprostol']

entities_list: @entity2367 :: ('CHEBI:17761', 'Chemical') :: ['ceramide']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity2918 :: (MESH:D011453,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandins']


abstract: PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: Ovarian reserve reflects the capacity of the ovaries for a successful pregnancy. Anti-M  llerian hormone ( @entity248 ) could be a useful marker to predict ovarian reserve and to adjust controlled ovarian stimulation. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between @entity248 and intracytoplasmic sperm injection-in vitro fertilization (IVF-ICSI) outcome in poor responder @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted prospectively for a period of 12 months. Inclusion criteria were FSH value > 15 iu/l or antral follicle number < 4, on the 2nd day of cycle. All @entity1 underwent GnRH agonist stimulation with long protocol. Serum @entity248 levels were measured in the treatment cycle just before the stimulation. After the treatment, @entity1 who were pregnant formed the study group and @entity1 who were not pregnant formed the control group. Serum @entity248 level was the main outcome measure. RESULTS: The study and control group consisted of 34 and 70 @entity1 , respectively. No significant difference was found in duration of @entity249 , antral follicular count, basal E2 and FSH levels. The mean serum @entity248 level was significantly higher in study group (p = 0.005). The retrieved oocyte number, metaphase 2 oocyte number, and fertilization rate were also significantly higher in the study group. DISCUSSION: Evaluation of serum @entity248 seems to be a useful marker to predict IVF-ICSI outcome in poor responder @entity1 .

title: The association between anti-M  llerian hormone and IVF-ICSI outcome in poor responder XXXX performing long protocol.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of local infiltration of 0.25% @entity1341 on post-operative @entity158 and analgesic use in @entity1 undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures. BACKGROUND: In pediatric catheterization procedures performed under general anesthesia, a local anesthetic is often used prior to @entity2096 . There are no published reports of the impact of local anesthetic infiltration on @entity158 after pediatric procedures, and mixed reports on its effectiveness in adults. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was undertaken of 140 @entity1 , aged 7-18 years undergoing cardiac catheterization under general anesthesia via the femoral vein or artery. @entity1 received a subcutaneous infiltration of 0.25% @entity1341 at the access site prior to sheath removal, or usual care without @entity1341 . Outcomes included @entity1 reported @entity158 scores and analgesic use up to 6 hr after the procedure. RESULTS: @entity158 scores were similar between groups through the 6-hr post-procedure period. The proportion of @entity1 reporting a maximal @entity158 score of  <=2/10 was higher in the @entity1341 group (64% vs. 44%, P   =   0.03). A significantly higher proportion of @entity1 in the control group required IV @entity1286 (18.8% vs. 4.5%, P   =   0.02). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1286 use can be reduced with the use of 0.25% @entity1341 given prior to @entity2096 and should be considered for post-procedural @entity158 control for pediatric @entity1 undergoing cardiac catheterization. This study is the first to contribute evidence to the effectiveness of 0.25% @entity1341 after pediatric cardiac catheterization.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Use of local anesthetic (0.25% XXXX ) for @entity158 control after pediatric cardiac catheterization: A randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine', 'Morphine']

entities_list: @entity2096 :: ('MESH:D020428', 'Disease') :: ['femoral sheath removal']

answer: @entity1341 :: (MESH:D002045,Chemical) :: ['bupivacaine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of local infiltration of 0.25% @entity1341 on post-operative @entity158 and analgesic use in @entity1 undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures. BACKGROUND: In pediatric catheterization procedures performed under general anesthesia, a local anesthetic is often used prior to @entity2096 . There are no published reports of the impact of local anesthetic infiltration on @entity158 after pediatric procedures, and mixed reports on its effectiveness in adults. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was undertaken of 140 @entity1 , aged 7-18 years undergoing cardiac catheterization under general anesthesia via the femoral vein or artery. @entity1 received a subcutaneous infiltration of 0.25% @entity1341 at the access site prior to sheath removal, or usual care without @entity1341 . Outcomes included @entity1 reported @entity158 scores and analgesic use up to 6 hr after the procedure. RESULTS: @entity158 scores were similar between groups through the 6-hr post-procedure period. The proportion of @entity1 reporting a maximal @entity158 score of  <=2/10 was higher in the @entity1341 group (64% vs. 44%, P   =   0.03). A significantly higher proportion of @entity1 in the control group required IV @entity1286 (18.8% vs. 4.5%, P   =   0.02). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1286 use can be reduced with the use of 0.25% @entity1341 given prior to @entity2096 and should be considered for post-procedural @entity158 control for pediatric @entity1 undergoing cardiac catheterization. This study is the first to contribute evidence to the effectiveness of 0.25% @entity1341 after pediatric cardiac catheterization.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Use of local anesthetic (0.25% @entity1341 ) for XXXX control after pediatric cardiac catheterization: A randomized controlled trial.

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy, as the use of five or more drugs, has commonly been associated with the elderly and multiple co-morbidities and related to impairment of clinical state and adverse outcomes, in general population. Limited data are available on the relationship between polypharmacy and adverse outcomes in @entity955 ( @entity955 ). We describe the prevalence of polypharmacy and @entity955 , and its association with major adverse events, such as @entity583 . METHODS AND RESULTS: For this study, we analysed all AFFIRM Trial @entity1 with complete pharmacological data. Polypharmacy was recorded in 40  % of 4056 @entity955 @entity1 . The crude incidence of @entity65 was 3.45  % @entity1 -years among @entity1 with polypharmacy, vs 1.65  % @entity1 -years without polypharmacy. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that @entity1 with polypharmacy had a higher cumulative incidence of @entity65 (p  <  0.001). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that female gender (p  =  0.038), @entity6 (p  =  0.029), previous @entity583 ( @entity583 ) (p  =  0.004), prior @entity64 (p  =  0.011) and polypharmacy (p  =  0.029) were independently associated with @entity65 . Polypharmacy was associated with an adjusted relative risk of 1.30 (95  % CI 1.03-1.64) for @entity65 . A linear increase in the number of drugs was significantly associated with @entity65 . No significant association was found with @entity64 occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Polypharmacy is highly prevalent in @entity955 @entity1 and associated with a worse clinical outcome, conferring 30  % excess relative risk for @entity65 . Thus, polypharmacy may be a health status marker. Strategies to reduce inappropriate prescription and polypharmacy should be tested in prospective longitudinal studies of @entity955 @entity1 .

title: Polypharmacy and major adverse events in XXXX : observations from the AFFIRM trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['stroke and cardiovascular (CV) death', 'myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CV death']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: Although the benign counterpart of @entity189 of the thyroid has never been indicated in textbooks, we propose that C cell @entity652 is a rare but distinct clinical entity. Two @entity1 , a 43-year-old @entity1 and a 53-year-old @entity1 , had similar @entity259 , both about 4 cm in diameter. The cut surfaces of the resected @entity5 were indistinguishable from a common microfollicular @entity259 . Microscopically, the @entity5 were uniformly composed of fusiform cells without any follicle formation. Neither @entity527 nor @entity730 was found. Although some kind of C cell @entity5 were suggested, the exact nature was debatable. However, extremely high levels of @entity175 (1330 and 2065 pg/ml, respectively; normal level, less than 170 pg/ml) were found in the stored sera taken preoperatively. Serum levels of @entity787 ( @entity787 ) were normal in both @entity1 . Immunohistochemically, the @entity5 tissues were positive for @entity175 and @entity3508 but negative for @entity787 with a monoclonal anti- @entity787 antibody. No somatostatin, glucagon, or adrenocorticotropic hormone activity was found. It is highly probable that such @entity5 have not been closely studied and have been regarded as eccentric adenomas of the thyroid or simply as the so-called @entity189 of the thyroid.

title: C cell XXXX : a rare but distinct clinical entity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposition']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['medullary carcinoma', 'medullary carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity3508 :: ('2026', 'Gene') :: ['neuron-specific enolase']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid tumors', 'adenoma of the thyroid']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['adenoma of the thyroid']


abstract: The effect of right ventricular pressure overload secondary to chronic @entity120 on left ventricular size and function and on interventricular septal motion was studied in 13 @entity1 in whom @entity453 , @entity101 , and @entity519 were excluded. Regional and global left ventricular function were assessed by computer-assisted analysis of two-dimensional directed M-mode echocardiograms obtained within 24 hours of a hemodynamic study. Septal position and motion were further analyzed by delineating seven points along the right and left sides of the septum during a single cardiac cycle. All echocardiographic data were compared to those of 10 normal subjects. Mean values for right ventricular systolic, mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were: 71 +/- 26 mm Hg, 46 +/- 16 mm Hg, and 7 +/- 1 mm Hg, respectively. Septal motion was interpreted from the M-mode echocardiograms as normal in seven @entity1 (group I) and abnormal in the remaining six @entity1 (group II). The only hemodynamic parameter which distinguished these two patterns was delta P, the transseptal systolic pressure gradient across the interventricular septum, which was significantly different (p less than 0.02) in group I (delta P = 65 +/- 16 mm Hg) from that of group II (delta P = 21 +/- 24 mm Hg). As a result of abnormal septal position, the septal-free wall dimensions of the left ventricle were reduced, but there was no evidence of depressed left ventricular performance in these @entity1 . We conclude that resting left ventricular function is well preserved in @entity1 with @entity120 , despite significant alterations in septal position and left ventricular size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The effect of chronic XXXX on left ventricular size, function, and interventricular septal motion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'pulmonary arterial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of hyperdynamic @entity5694 on the motility of the small intestine. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are a common complication of @entity295 . It has been suggested that gram-negative endotoxin plays a role in the pathogenesis of the accompanying @entity294 frequently observed. METHODS: @entity1707 were infused with lipopolysaccharide for a 24-hour period. During this fasting period jejunal motility was measured using ambulatory manometry. One and 4 days after cessation of endotoxin, @entity1707 were enterally fed, and again motility was recorded. RESULTS: @entity5694 was achieved in this model. Manometric pressure recordings revealed that endotoxin infusion accelerated the migrating motor complex (MMC) migration along the jejunum. Also, a simultaneous increase in MMC cycling frequency was observed in the endotoxin-treated group. Elevated MMC migration velocity and cycling frequency were maintained the following day after endotoxin during feeding and returned to basal values 4 days after endotoxin. CONCLUSIONS: A small dose of continuously infused endotoxin significantly provokes jejunal motility disturbances that may contribute to @entity294 .

title: Effect of prolonged hyperdynamic endotoxemia on jejunal motility in fasted and enterally fed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia', 'Hyperdynamic endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: This study aimed to evaluate @entity5 progression as assessed by PSA level of curative treatment for @entity263 by either radiotherapy or prostatectomy. From 1987 to 1993, 180 @entity1 were treated for clinically @entity263 either by radiotherapy or prostatectomy. One hundred and five @entity1 with clinical T1T2N0M0 were eligible for this study. Forty five underwent external beam radiotherapy and 60 had a radical prostatectomy. After radiotherapy PSA slowly decreased to reach a nadir 18 months after treatment. Any subsequent increase from this lowest post treatment level is associated with @entity5 progression. After radical prostatectomy PSA becomes undetectable and any increase will be regarded as evidence of @entity5 progression. The median PSA level before treatment and the median length of follow-up were comparable for the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival and biological evidence of disease progression at 5 y. Analysis of the evolution of median PSA level shows a progressive decline during the 4 y after radiotherapy. After radical prostatectomy PSA become undetectable, 4 y after treatment PSA levels become comparable in the two groups. The biochemical free survival was 60% for the prostatectomy group and 62% for the radiotherapy group. PSA is an effective marker of @entity5 progression after surgery or radiotherapy for @entity263 . In our retrospective study recurrence rates at 5 y were not significant but direct comparisons are limited due to the Gleason score of the two groups. PSA levels can take up to 4 y to reach a nadir after radiotherapy.

title: Prostate specific antigen levels in the follow up of XXXX : how does radiotherapy compare to radical prostatectomy?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localised prostate cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localised prostate cancer']


abstract: Dahl salt-sensitive SS and consomic, salt-resistant SS-13(BN)/Mcw @entity35 possess a highly similar genetic background but exhibit substantial differences in blood pressure salt sensitivity. We used cDNA microarrays to examine sequential changes of mRNA expression of approximately 2,000 currently known @entity35 genes in the renal medulla (a tissue critical for long-term blood pressure regulation) in SS and SS-13(BN)/Mcw @entity35 in response to a high-salt diet (16 h, 3 days, or 2 wk). Differentially expressed genes in each between-group comparison were identified based on a threshold determined experimentally using a reference distribution that was constructed by comparing @entity35 within the same group. A difference analysis of 54 microarrays identified 50 genes that exhibited the most distinct temporal patterns of expression between SS and SS-13(BN)/Mcw @entity35 over the entire time course. Thirty of these genes could be linked to the regulation of arterial blood pressure or @entity8 based on their known involvement in functional pathways such as renal tubular transport, metabolism of vasoactive substances, extracellular matrix formation, and apoptosis. Importantly, the majority of the 30 genes exhibited temporal expression patterns that would be expected to lower arterial pressure and reduce @entity8 in SS-13(BN)/Mcw compared with SS @entity35 . The phenotypic impact of the other 20 genes was less clear. These 50 genes are widely distributed on chromosome 13 and several other chromosomes. This suggested that primary @entity74 , although important, are unlikely to be solely responsible for the full manifestation of this type of @entity101 and associated injury phenotypes. In summary, the results of this study identified a number of pathways potentially important for the amelioration of @entity101 and @entity8 in SS-13(BN)/Mcw @entity35 , and these results generated a series of testable hypotheses related to the role of the renal medulla in the complex mechanism of salt-sensitive @entity101 .

title: Insights into Dahl salt-sensitive XXXX revealed by temporal patterns of renal medullary gene expression.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal injury']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic defects']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: In @entity1 with the @entity74 , elevated concentrations of plant @entity3150 (eg, @entity9543 and @entity9542 ) have been implicated as a risk factor for premature @entity731 . Whether plasma concentrations of @entity9543 and @entity9542 are risk factors for @entity301 ( @entity301 ) in nonphytosterolemia subjects has not been established. Therefore, the present study examined the role of plant @entity3150 in @entity1 admitted for elective artery coronary bypass graft (ACBG). Serum concentrations of @entity9543 and @entity9542 , as well as @entity37793 , @entity19980 , @entity17621 , and lipoproteins were analyzed in 42 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 without lipid-lowering treatment during the past. Twenty-six @entity1 reported a positive family history in their first-degree relatives for @entity301 . Lipid profile and other risk factors were comparable in both groups. @entity1 with a positive family history for @entity301 had significant higher plasma levels of @entity9543 (.50 +/-.17 v.38 +/-.16 mg/dL; P =.011), @entity9542 (.40 +/-.11 v.31 +/-.11 mg/dL; P =.004) and their ratios to @entity165 . @entity37793 , @entity19980 , @entity17621 , and their ratios to @entity165 were not significantly different. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analysis showed no influence of sex, age, @entity1674 , total-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- @entity165 on the results, but confirmed a strong influence of plant @entity3150 . These findings support the hypothesis that plant @entity3150 might be an additional risk factor for @entity301 .

title: Serum plant XXXX as a potential risk factor for @entity301 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity9542 :: ('MESH:C025473', 'Chemical') :: ['sitosterol']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity19980 :: ('MESH:D003897', 'Chemical') :: ['desmosterol']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited disease of phytosterolemia']

entities_list: @entity37793 :: ('MESH:C001521', 'Chemical') :: ['Lathosterol', 'lathosterol']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity17621 :: ('MESH:D004083', 'Chemical') :: ['cholestanol']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity9543 :: ('MESH:C021273', 'Chemical') :: ['campesterol']

answer: @entity3150 :: (MESH:D013261,Chemical) :: ['sterols']


abstract: In @entity1 with the @entity74 , elevated concentrations of plant @entity3150 (eg, @entity9543 and @entity9542 ) have been implicated as a risk factor for premature @entity731 . Whether plasma concentrations of @entity9543 and @entity9542 are risk factors for @entity301 ( @entity301 ) in nonphytosterolemia subjects has not been established. Therefore, the present study examined the role of plant @entity3150 in @entity1 admitted for elective artery coronary bypass graft (ACBG). Serum concentrations of @entity9543 and @entity9542 , as well as @entity37793 , @entity19980 , @entity17621 , and lipoproteins were analyzed in 42 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 without lipid-lowering treatment during the past. Twenty-six @entity1 reported a positive family history in their first-degree relatives for @entity301 . Lipid profile and other risk factors were comparable in both groups. @entity1 with a positive family history for @entity301 had significant higher plasma levels of @entity9543 (.50 +/-.17 v.38 +/-.16 mg/dL; P =.011), @entity9542 (.40 +/-.11 v.31 +/-.11 mg/dL; P =.004) and their ratios to @entity165 . @entity37793 , @entity19980 , @entity17621 , and their ratios to @entity165 were not significantly different. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) analysis showed no influence of sex, age, @entity1674 , total-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- @entity165 on the results, but confirmed a strong influence of plant @entity3150 . These findings support the hypothesis that plant @entity3150 might be an additional risk factor for @entity301 .

title: Serum plant @entity3150 as a potential risk factor for XXXX .

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: This review deals with high b-value q-space diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) of neuronal tissues. It is well documented that at sufficiently high b-values (and high q-values) neuronal water signal decay in diffusion experiments is not mono-exponential. This implies the existence of more than one apparent diffusing component or evidence for restriction. The assignment of the different apparent diffusing components to real physical entities is not straightforward. However, the apparent slow diffusing component that was found to be restricted to a compartment of a few microns, if originating mainly from a specific pool and if assigned correctly, may potentially be used to obtain more specific MR images with regard to specific pathologies of the CNS. This review examines the utility of analyzing high b-value diffusion @entity7748 and MRI data using the q-space approach introduced by Callaghan and by Cory and Garroway. This approach provides displacement probability maps that emphasize, at long diffusion times, the characteristics of the apparent slow diffusing component. Examples from excised spinal cord, where the experimental conditions for which the q-space analysis of MR diffusion data was developed can be met or approached will be presented. Then examples from @entity1 @entity15 @entity1 , where q-space requirement for the short gradient pulse is clearly violated, are presented. In the excised spinal cord studies, this approach was used to study spinal cord maturation and @entity130 , and was found to be more sensitive than other conventional methods in following spinal @entity528 in an experimental model of @entity1294 ( @entity1294 ). High b-value q-space DWI was also recently used to study healthy and @entity15 diseased @entity1 brains. This approach was found to be very sensitive to the disease load in @entity15 , compared with other conventional MRI methods, especially in the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) of @entity15 brains. Finally, the potential diagnostic capacity embedded in high b-value q-space analyzed diffusion MR images is discussed. The potentials and caveats of this approach are outlined and experimental data are presented that show the effect of violating the short gradient pulse (SGP) approximation on the extracted parameters from the q-space analysis.

title: High b-value q-space analyzed diffusion-weighted XXXX and MRI in neuronal tissues - a technical review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1294 :: ('MESH:D015140', 'Disease') :: ['vascular dementia', 'VaD']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['cord degeneration']

answer: @entity7748 :: (MESH:D008556,Disease) :: ['MRS']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We conducted a laboratory-based calibration study to determine relevant cutpoints for a hip-worn accelerometer among @entity1 >= 60 years, considering both type and filtering of counts. METHODS: Two hundred @entity1 wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on their hip while performing eight laboratory-based activities. @entity26 uptake was measured using an Oxycon portable calorimeter. Accelerometer data were analyzed in 15-second epochs for both normal and low frequency extension (LFE) filters. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to calculate cutpoints for sedentary, light (low and high), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using the @entity2270 and vector magnitude (VM) counts. RESULTS: Mean age was 75.5 years (standard deviation 7.7). The Spearman correlation between @entity26 uptake and accelerometry ranged from 0.77 to 0.85 for the normal and LFE filters and for both the @entity2270 and VM. The area under the ROC curve was generally higher for VM compared to the @entity2270 , and higher for cutpoints distinguishing MVPA compared to sedentary and light low activities. The VM better discriminated sedentary from light low activities compared to the @entity2270 . The area under the ROC curves were better for the LFE filter compared to the normal filter for the @entity2270 counts, but no meaningful differences were found by filter type for VM counts. CONCLUSION: The cutpoints derived for this study among @entity1 >= 60 years can be applied to ongoing epidemiologic studies to define a range of physical activity intensities.

title: Calibrating physical activity intensity for hip-worn accelerometry in XXXX age 60 to 91 years: The @entity1 's Health Initiative OPACH Calibration Study.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['vertical axis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We conducted a laboratory-based calibration study to determine relevant cutpoints for a hip-worn accelerometer among @entity1 >= 60 years, considering both type and filtering of counts. METHODS: Two hundred @entity1 wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on their hip while performing eight laboratory-based activities. @entity26 uptake was measured using an Oxycon portable calorimeter. Accelerometer data were analyzed in 15-second epochs for both normal and low frequency extension (LFE) filters. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to calculate cutpoints for sedentary, light (low and high), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using the @entity2270 and vector magnitude (VM) counts. RESULTS: Mean age was 75.5 years (standard deviation 7.7). The Spearman correlation between @entity26 uptake and accelerometry ranged from 0.77 to 0.85 for the normal and LFE filters and for both the @entity2270 and VM. The area under the ROC curve was generally higher for VM compared to the @entity2270 , and higher for cutpoints distinguishing MVPA compared to sedentary and light low activities. The VM better discriminated sedentary from light low activities compared to the @entity2270 . The area under the ROC curves were better for the LFE filter compared to the normal filter for the @entity2270 counts, but no meaningful differences were found by filter type for VM counts. CONCLUSION: The cutpoints derived for this study among @entity1 >= 60 years can be applied to ongoing epidemiologic studies to define a range of physical activity intensities.

title: Calibrating physical activity intensity for hip-worn accelerometry in @entity1 age 60 to 91 years: The XXXX 's Health Initiative OPACH Calibration Study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Women']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the risk of @entity174 and to determine the incidence of hardware removal. METHODS: We searched the surgical database of 5 attending hand surgeons at a single institution from 2009 to 2014. All @entity1 who had undergone volar plate fixation were included. @entity1 were excluded if they underwent an alternate form of fixation, had less than 1 year of follow-up, or could not be reached for follow-up. Postoperative radiographs were examined for Soong grade, plate distance to the critical line, and plate distance to the volar rim. If @entity1 had hardware removed, the reason for plate removal was identified. For all @entity1 who did not have documented hardware removal at our institution, we placed a follow-up call to determine whether they had hardware removed elsewhere. RESULTS: A total of 517 @entity1 underwent volar plate fixation, 143 of whom did not have their hardware removed at our institution but could not be reached for follow-up. Of the remaining 374 @entity1 , 37 (10%) had hardware removed. For group 1 (hardware retained), Soong grades were 13% grade 0, 85% grade 1, and 2% grade 2. For group 2 (hardware removed) the proportions were 11%, 76%, and 5%, respectively, and 8% undetermined. Mean plate distance to the critical line was significantly greater for group 2 (1.9 mm) compared with group 1  (1.2 mm). Mean plate distance to the volar rim did not differ (5.1  mm vs 5.3 mm). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hardware removal in our series was 10%. The vast majority of @entity1 had Soong grade 1 prominence. @entity1 who had hardware removed had a greater plate prominence volar to the critical line. Plate distance to the volar rim was not associated with removal. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic II.

title: Incidence of Hardware Removal Following Volar Plate Fixation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['tendon rupture or plate removal after volar plate fixation of distal radius fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['Distal Radius Fracture']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide that has many biomedical applications. We compared the effects of chitosan, in both solution and membranous form, on intercellular adhesion of @entity19 @entity19 fibroblasts. Cells were grown as spheroidal cell cultures. Some control cell spheroids were cultured without chitosan and two experimental groups were cultured with chitosan. Chitosan in solution was used for one experimental group and chitosan in membranous form was used for the other. For each group, intercellular adhesion was investigated on days 5 and 10 of culture. Transmission electron microscopy revealed well-defined cellular projections that were more prominent in cells exposed to either membranous or solution forms of chitosan than to the chitosan-free control. Immunocytochemical staining of @entity8024 and @entity3112 was used to determine the development of intercellular junctions. Compared to the weakly stained control, strong reactions were observed in both chitosan exposed groups at both 5 and 10 days. Cells were treated with @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) and incubated with anti- @entity1603 primary antibody to assess proliferation. Both the solution and membranous forms of chitosan increased proliferation at both 5 and 10 days. Cellular viability was assessed using @entity2454 ( @entity98 ). The @entity98 assay indicated high cell viability; maximum viability was obtained with the solution form of chitosan at day 5. Chitosan exposure increased the number of intercellular junctions and showed a significant proliferative effect on 3T3 @entity19 fibroblasts.

title: Effects of different forms of chitosan on intercellular junctions of XXXX fibroblasts in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', '5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity2454 :: ('MESH:C022616', 'Chemical') :: ['3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Expanded testing for @entity4309 ( @entity4309 ) is increasingly recommended for @entity1 with @entity1204 , and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for @entity5 loss of mismatch-repair (MMR) protein expression is the most common primary screen. This has led to the recognition of MMR-IHC-deficient cases without identifiable mutations on directed germline sequencing. The clinical implications of such " @entity5 are unclear. We here report the clinicopathologic features of putative familial @entity1204 identified on universal MMR-IHC screening with attention to cases with discordant IHC and germline results. The files of the University of Virginia Pathology Department were retrospectively searched for all MMR-deficient @entity1204 identified on screening. Cases were categorized as likely sporadic ( @entity6756 / @entity14437 loss, evidence of @entity6756 promoter hypermethylation) or @entity4309 ( @entity4309 ) (loss of @entity4311 / @entity4638 , @entity4638 , or @entity14437 ). @entity4309 cases were further subdivided into @entity4309 and LL groups on the basis of the presence or absence of a confirmatory mutation by germline testing, and the clinicopathologic features of these cases were compared. A deficiency of >= 1 MMR protein was observed in 31.4% (66/210) of @entity1204 , including 26 @entity4309 cases, 15 of which had germline testing. Directed germline sequencing confirmed @entity4309 in 46.7% (7/15); the remaining cases were classified as LL. High-grade and/or biphasic morphology was seen in 42.9% (3/7) of @entity4309 and 62.5% (5/8) of LL cases; the remaining cases showed low-grade, conventional endometrioid morphology. High level microsatellite instability was observed in 71.4% (5/7) of LL cases. The majority of cases from both groups ( @entity4309 : 85.7% [6/7]; LL: 87.5% [7/8]) were low-stage (T1a/T1b). @entity1204 was the presenting @entity5 in 85.7% (6/7) of @entity4309 @entity1 and 87.5% (7/8) of LL @entity1 . Family history was suggestive of @entity4309 in 28.5% (2/7) of @entity4309 @entity1 and 12.5% (1/8) of LL @entity1 . Screening algorithms based on age and @entity5 history would have failed to identify @entity4309 @entity1 in 57.1% (4/7) of cases. Although universal MMR-IHC identifies @entity1204 @entity1 with @entity4309 who would have been missed using targeted screening algorithms, it also identifies @entity5 with discordant IHC and germline results for which the somatic versus germline origin of the MMR defect is unclear. Further study of this LL group is required before drawing definitive conclusions about their @entity5 risk.

title: Clinicopathologic Comparison of Lynch Syndrome-associated and "Lynch-like" XXXX Identified on Universal Screening Using Mismatch Repair Protein Immunohistochemistry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'endometrial carcinomas', 'Endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4309 :: ('MESH:D003123', 'Disease') :: ['Lynch syndrome', 'LS', 'PLS', 'putative LS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'familial cancer', 'Lynch-like" (LL) cancers', 'malignancy']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['Endometrial Carcinomas']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity130 @entity572 dislocations in @entity1 and adolescents require prompt concentric reduction. Incomplete reduction with or without retained osteochondral fragments has traditionally been addressed with open reduction. We report on the use of arthroscopy to remove loose bodies and reduce enfolded soft tissues to obtain concentric reduction in the pediatric and adolescent population. Specific note is made of underlying pathology and arthroscopic intervention. METHODS: After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, we performed a retrospective review of @entity1 under the age of 19 who were treated with @entity572 arthroscopy following @entity572 reduction at a single @entity1 's hospital from 2006 to 2013. Clinic notes, operative reports, radiographic images, and arthroscopic photographs were reviewed. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 were identified (aged 8 to 17) who underwent @entity572 arthroscopy after a @entity572 . Intra-articular bone fragments were found in 6 of 7 @entity1 and 5 of 7 @entity1 had an incongruent @entity572 joint identified by imaging before surgery. The predominant pathology was @entity155 of a small bony fragment attached to the posterior capsular labral soft-tissue complex, which became enfolded and blocked reduction (5 of 7 @entity1 ). In all cases, the enfolded soft tissue was reduced without soft tissue or bone repair. @entity4713 were removed, and in 2 cases an avulsed ligamentum teres was debrided. Average follow-up was 10 months. No @entity2530 or recurrent instability was identified in any case. CONCLUSIONS: When incongruent @entity572 were arthroscopically evaluated after @entity130 , a consistent pattern of interposition of avulsed posterior bone fragment with attached capsule and labrum was found. Reduction of the capsulolabral complex without repair provided satisfactory short-term outcomes. Arthroscopic treatment of such cases was effective and well tolerated and could lead to considerably less postoperative @entity158 and surgical morbidity than open surgical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-case series.

title: Arthroscopic Treatment of XXXX Hip Dislocations in @entity1 and Adolescents: A Preliminary Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4713 :: ('MESH:D010007', 'Disease') :: ['Additional loose osteochondral fragments']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip dislocation', 'hip joints', 'hip', 'posterior hip dislocation']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Traumatic', 'traumatic dislocation']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['avascular necrosis']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Traumatic']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity130 @entity572 dislocations in @entity1 and adolescents require prompt concentric reduction. Incomplete reduction with or without retained osteochondral fragments has traditionally been addressed with open reduction. We report on the use of arthroscopy to remove loose bodies and reduce enfolded soft tissues to obtain concentric reduction in the pediatric and adolescent population. Specific note is made of underlying pathology and arthroscopic intervention. METHODS: After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, we performed a retrospective review of @entity1 under the age of 19 who were treated with @entity572 arthroscopy following @entity572 reduction at a single @entity1 's hospital from 2006 to 2013. Clinic notes, operative reports, radiographic images, and arthroscopic photographs were reviewed. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 were identified (aged 8 to 17) who underwent @entity572 arthroscopy after a @entity572 . Intra-articular bone fragments were found in 6 of 7 @entity1 and 5 of 7 @entity1 had an incongruent @entity572 joint identified by imaging before surgery. The predominant pathology was @entity155 of a small bony fragment attached to the posterior capsular labral soft-tissue complex, which became enfolded and blocked reduction (5 of 7 @entity1 ). In all cases, the enfolded soft tissue was reduced without soft tissue or bone repair. @entity4713 were removed, and in 2 cases an avulsed ligamentum teres was debrided. Average follow-up was 10 months. No @entity2530 or recurrent instability was identified in any case. CONCLUSIONS: When incongruent @entity572 were arthroscopically evaluated after @entity130 , a consistent pattern of interposition of avulsed posterior bone fragment with attached capsule and labrum was found. Reduction of the capsulolabral complex without repair provided satisfactory short-term outcomes. Arthroscopic treatment of such cases was effective and well tolerated and could lead to considerably less postoperative @entity158 and surgical morbidity than open surgical treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-case series.

title: Arthroscopic Treatment of @entity130 Hip Dislocations in XXXX and Adolescents: A Preliminary Study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']