abstract: The causes of @entity978 remain incompletely known, but a higher incidence in @entity1 than in @entity1 has prompted an interest in the role of female sex hormones and reproductive history. Available epidemiological data are, however, contradictory. We analyzed possible associations between parity, age at first birth, and the risk of developing @entity978 by a linkage between the Swedish @entity5 Register and a nationwide Fertility Register. Among @entity1 born between 1925 and 1972, 917 cases with @entity978 and concomitant fertility information were identified. For each case @entity1 , five age-matched controls were randomly selected among @entity1 in the Fertility Register. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of @entity978 associated with a birth. We found a slightly and nonsignificantly reduced risk of @entity978 in ever-parous compared with nulliparous @entity1 . Among parous @entity1 , the number of @entity1 was unrelated to risk, whereas there was some evidence of an increased risk with late age at first birth in @entity1 under age 45 at diagnosis. No clear temporal relations between childbearing and subsequent risk were discernible in any parity or age group. Although uncontrolled confounding might have affected our results, they do not indicate that hormonal or immunological changes associated with childbearing play a role in the development of @entity978 .

title: Childbearing and the risk of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: Although @entity384 ( @entity384 ) has been an established treatment for @entity1318 for decades, there is limited information on its long-term clinical efficacy. We have followed up the clinical status of @entity1 having @entity384 with a 30- or 35-mm balloon by one of us (D.O.C.) over a 25-year period. Of 144 @entity1 whose initial records were available for review, 31 could not be contacted. Of the remaining 113 @entity1 , 72 (64%) responded to a questionnaire assessing swallowing status and @entity1 satisfaction, and this forms the basis of this report. There were 32 @entity1 and 40 @entity1 , with mean age 46 years (range: 17-78); mean length of follow-up since @entity384 was 6.5 years (range: 10 months to 25 years). Success was primarily defined by the need for no additional therapy for @entity1318 other than one or two @entity384 's. @entity384 was effective long-term treatment in 61/72 @entity1 (85%); only four of these required a second @entity384 over this time interval. There was no significant difference in any of the following parameters between @entity1 with a treatment success or failure: age, sex, size of pneumatic dilator, and duration of symptoms prior to @entity384 . Response was significantly better (P < 0.05) in @entity1 having no prior dilatation (43/47; 91%) than in those in whom another physician had performed prior dilatation (18/25; 72%). In response to the question of whether they would select @entity384 again, 68 @entity1 (94%) responded positively. In conclusion, @entity384 performed using a consistent technique by an experienced physician is effective long-term therapy for @entity1318 @entity1 of all ages. Most @entity1 require only one dilatation.

title: @entity384 is effective long-term treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['pneumatic dilatation', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia']


abstract: Although @entity384 ( @entity384 ) has been an established treatment for @entity1318 for decades, there is limited information on its long-term clinical efficacy. We have followed up the clinical status of @entity1 having @entity384 with a 30- or 35-mm balloon by one of us (D.O.C.) over a 25-year period. Of 144 @entity1 whose initial records were available for review, 31 could not be contacted. Of the remaining 113 @entity1 , 72 (64%) responded to a questionnaire assessing swallowing status and @entity1 satisfaction, and this forms the basis of this report. There were 32 @entity1 and 40 @entity1 , with mean age 46 years (range: 17-78); mean length of follow-up since @entity384 was 6.5 years (range: 10 months to 25 years). Success was primarily defined by the need for no additional therapy for @entity1318 other than one or two @entity384 's. @entity384 was effective long-term treatment in 61/72 @entity1 (85%); only four of these required a second @entity384 over this time interval. There was no significant difference in any of the following parameters between @entity1 with a treatment success or failure: age, sex, size of pneumatic dilator, and duration of symptoms prior to @entity384 . Response was significantly better (P < 0.05) in @entity1 having no prior dilatation (43/47; 91%) than in those in whom another physician had performed prior dilatation (18/25; 72%). In response to the question of whether they would select @entity384 again, 68 @entity1 (94%) responded positively. In conclusion, @entity384 performed using a consistent technique by an experienced physician is effective long-term therapy for @entity1318 @entity1 of all ages. Most @entity1 require only one dilatation.

title: XXXX is effective long-term treatment for @entity1318 .

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['Pneumatic dilatation']


abstract: Little is known about the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascades by hormonal stimulation in vivo. The @entity2509 ( @entity2509 ) and the @entity6336 ( @entity6336 ) are two MAP kinase signaling pathways that could play a role in the cellular response to hormones such as insulin and @entity1425 . We studied the effects of insulin (20 U/ @entity35 ) and @entity1425 (25 microg/100 g body wt) injected in vivo on @entity2509 and @entity6336 signaling in skeletal muscle from @entity35 . Insulin significantly increased @entity2509 phosphorylation and the activity of its downstream substrate, the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2), by 1.4-fold, but it had no effect on @entity6336 activity. In contrast, @entity1425 had no effect on @entity2509 phosphorylation or RSK2 activity, but it increased @entity6336 activity by twofold, an effect that was inhibited by the presence of combined alpha and beta blockade. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of both p46 and @entity70715 isoforms of @entity6336 , measured by phosphospecific antibody, was increased severalfold. The activity and phosphorylation of MAP kinase kinase ( @entity21680 , an upstream regulator of @entity6336 , was unchanged by @entity1425 . Incubation of isolated soleus muscles in vitro with @entity1425 (10(-5) mol/l) also increased @entity6336 activity by twofold. These data are the first to demonstrate that @entity1425 can increase @entity6336 activity. Insulin and @entity1425 have different effects on MAP kinase signaling pathways in skeletal muscle, which may be one of the underlying molecular mechanisms through which these hormones regulate opposing metabolic functions.

title: XXXX and insulin stimulate different mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in @entity35 skeletal muscle.

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2509 :: ('24338(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal-regulated kinase', 'ERK']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['Epinephrine']


abstract: Little is known about the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling cascades by hormonal stimulation in vivo. The @entity2509 ( @entity2509 ) and the @entity6336 ( @entity6336 ) are two MAP kinase signaling pathways that could play a role in the cellular response to hormones such as insulin and @entity1425 . We studied the effects of insulin (20 U/ @entity35 ) and @entity1425 (25 microg/100 g body wt) injected in vivo on @entity2509 and @entity6336 signaling in skeletal muscle from @entity35 . Insulin significantly increased @entity2509 phosphorylation and the activity of its downstream substrate, the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2), by 1.4-fold, but it had no effect on @entity6336 activity. In contrast, @entity1425 had no effect on @entity2509 phosphorylation or RSK2 activity, but it increased @entity6336 activity by twofold, an effect that was inhibited by the presence of combined alpha and beta blockade. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of both p46 and @entity70715 isoforms of @entity6336 , measured by phosphospecific antibody, was increased severalfold. The activity and phosphorylation of MAP kinase kinase ( @entity21680 , an upstream regulator of @entity6336 , was unchanged by @entity1425 . Incubation of isolated soleus muscles in vitro with @entity1425 (10(-5) mol/l) also increased @entity6336 activity by twofold. These data are the first to demonstrate that @entity1425 can increase @entity6336 activity. Insulin and @entity1425 have different effects on MAP kinase signaling pathways in skeletal muscle, which may be one of the underlying molecular mechanisms through which these hormones regulate opposing metabolic functions.

title: @entity1425 and insulin stimulate different mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in XXXX skeletal muscle.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is an important tool for the estimate of @entity174 risk through the measurement of @entity79 ( @entity79 ). Similarly, multisite quantitate ultrasound can prospectively predict future @entity174 through the measurement of speed of sound (SOS). This investigation compared @entity79 (at the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine) and SOS measures (at the distal radius, tibia, and phalanx sites) in a large sample of randomly-selected and community-based individuals from the Canadian Multicentre @entity170 Study. Furthermore, mass, height, and age were also compared with both measures. There were 4123 @entity1 included with an age range of 30-96.8  yr. Pearson product moment correlations between @entity79 and SOS measures were low (0.21-0.29; all p  <  0.001), irrespective of site. Mass was moderately correlated with @entity79 measures (0.40-0.58; p  <  0.001), but lowly correlated with SOS measures (0.03-0.13; p  <  0.05). @entity79 and SOS were negatively correlated to age (-0.17 to -0.44; p  <  0.001). When regression analyses were performed to predict SOS measures at the 3 sites, the models predicted 20%-23% of the variance, leaving 77%-80% unaccounted for. The SOS measures in this study were found to be largely independent from @entity79 measures. In areas with no or limited access to DXA, the multisite quantitative ultrasound may act as a valuable tool to assess @entity174 risk. In locales with liberal access to DXA, the addition of SOS to @entity79 and other clinical risk factors may improve the identification of those @entity1 at high risk for future @entity174 .

title: Comparison of Speed of Sound Measures Assessed by Multisite Quantitative Ultrasound to Bone Mineral Density Measures Assessed by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in a Large Canadian Cohort: the Canadian Multicentre XXXX Study (CaMos).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['Osteoporosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity565 is a serious health and social problem, also in Poland. The epidemiological data indicate that the problem of @entity565 concerns approximately 4 million @entity1 in Poland, whereas almost approximately 70% of them have no diagnosis and are not aware of their illness, and on the other hand in 39% of @entity1 who declared the diagnosis of @entity565 in a survey the diagnosis was negatively verified (overdiagnosis of @entity565 ). So far, no detailed comparative studies for @entity565 incidence rate in urban and rural areas were conducted in Poland. The aim of the study was to analyze @entity1 with @entity565 in Poland in the years 2008-2012, with regard to province and type of commune (rural/urban). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study used data from National Health Fund (NFZ) - reported by health care providers regarding the @entity1 diagnosed with @entity565 . Using structured query language (SQL) a set of @entity1 was selected and created, for whom at the same time ICD-10 code: J45.X-bronchial @entity565 was reported. In order to estimate the number of @entity1 with @entity565 we used the PESEL social security number as a unique identifier of the @entity1 . Code of the @entity1 ' @entity4862 of residence in conjunction with the Central Statistical Office data formed the basis for the division of municipalities into urban and rural areas. The analysis of @entity565 incidence trends in Poland was performed on the basis of health services provided to @entity1 . The analysis was performed by using the Statistica 10 software using a negative binomial regression model. RESULTS: In 2009 a significant increase in the number of @entity1 with @entity565 was observed compared with the previous year, whereas after 2009 the number of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity565 remained relatively constant. A significant increase of predominance of @entity1 among @entity565 @entity1 in recent years can be noticed: from 107% in 2008 to almost 115% in 2012 (F:M ratio). Regardless of the analyzed year and the diagnosis the incidence rate remained constant: approximately 55-57% for urban areas and about 43-45% in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: The average prevalence rate for rural areas is significantly lower than for urban areas. The use of adjusted incidence rate leads to the conclusion that the number of sufferers in urban areas is higher (about 10%) of the number of sufferers in the rural areas. The results of the analysis are consistent with information from previous studies in Poland and in the world.

title: Epidemiology of XXXX in Poland in urban and rural areas, based on provided health care services.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'Asthma']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: Photosystem II (PSII) contains a redox-active @entity669 , D. Difference FT-IR spectroscopy can be used to obtain structural information about this species, which is a neutral radical, D*, in the photooxidized form. Previously, we have used isotopic labeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetics to assign a vibrational line at 1477 cm-1 to D*; these studies were performed on highly resolved PSII preparations at pH 7.5   Kim et al. (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1364, 337-360; publisher's correction, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1366, 330-354  . Here, we use kinetics to assign vibrational features to @entity18481 radical, D*, in PSII membranes. EPR and fluorescence controls identify a time regime in which D* decay occurs independently of redox changes involving the PSII @entity3276 acceptors. Difference FT-IR spectra, acquired over this time regime, exhibit decreases in the amplitude of a 1477 cm-1 line; quantitative comparison with EPR transients supports the assignment to D*. Conditions, requiring the use of @entity1391 / @entity5189 , have been described for observation of a dissimilar FT-IR spectrum, which has been assigned to @entity18481 radical D*; this spectrum lacks a 1477 cm-1 line   Hienerwadel et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 14712-14723  . Under these conditions, we have observed (1) an acceleration in the rate of D* decay and a decrease in D* yield attributable to the presence of @entity5189 , (2) a proportional decrease in the amplitude of FT-IR spectra acquired over the time regime in which D* decays, (3) frequency shifts in the D* - D FT-IR spectrum, (4) large-scale structural changes, as assessed by the @entity6346 I line shape, and (5) contributions to the FT-IR spectrum from the @entity1391 / @entity5189 buffer in the absence of PSII. We conclude that changes in the FT-IR spectrum, observed in the presence of @entity1391 / @entity5189 , are caused by alterations in the environment of D* and by direct @entity1391 / @entity5189 contributions to the spectrum.

title: Vibrational spectrum associated with the reduction of XXXX radical D* in photosystem II: a comparative biochemical and kinetic study.

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity18481 :: (CHEBI:37898,Chemical) :: ['tyrosyl']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity32 disrupts dental pulp regeneration by disintegrating the recruitment process of progenitors for repair. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) share the common features with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). The aim of the study was to investigate the migration of BM-MSCs toward DPSCs in response to inflammatory chemoattractants. Additionally, our studies also delineated the signaling mechanisms from BM-MSCs in mediating the proliferation and differentiation of DPSCs in  vitro. METHODS: @entity1 DPSCs and BM-MSCs between passages 2 and 4 were used and were grown in odontogenic differentiation medium. Mineralization was determined by @entity622 staining analysis. Migration was assessed using crystal violet staining in cells grown in Boyden chamber Transwell inserts (Corning Inc Foundation, Tewksbury, MA). The mineralization potential of DPSCs was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase activity assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to assess the gene expression profile of chemokine ( @entity70716 , 10, 11, 12, 14, and 16; stromal cell-derived factor (SDF) a; vascular endothelial growth factor; and fibroblast growth factor. RESULTS: @entity379 (FN-y) treatment significantly abrogated the differentiation potential of DPSCs as shown by using @entity622 red and alkaline phosphatase activity analysis. An increase in the migration of BM-MSCs was documented when cocultured with IFN-y-treated DPSCs. RNA expression studies showed an increase in the levels of @entity25296 and Cxcl12 in BM-MSCs when cocultured with IFN-y-treated DPSCs. Additionally, an up-regulation of proangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor were observed in DPSCs exposed to IFN-y. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that inflamed IFN-y-treated DPSCs release factors (presumably @entity70717 ) that contribute to the homing of MSCs. This model might provide a potential research tool for studying MSC-DPSC cross talk and for future studies involving the recruitment and sustainability of progenitor stem cells sustaining the inflammatory cascade to treat pulp @entity32 .

title: XXXX -treated Dental Pulp Stem Cells Promote @entity1 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration In  Vitro.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'Chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity622 :: ('MESH:C010078', 'Chemical') :: ['alizarin', 'alizarin red']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['Interferon gamma']

answer: @entity379 :: (3458,Gene) :: ['Interferon Gamma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity32 disrupts dental pulp regeneration by disintegrating the recruitment process of progenitors for repair. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) share the common features with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). The aim of the study was to investigate the migration of BM-MSCs toward DPSCs in response to inflammatory chemoattractants. Additionally, our studies also delineated the signaling mechanisms from BM-MSCs in mediating the proliferation and differentiation of DPSCs in  vitro. METHODS: @entity1 DPSCs and BM-MSCs between passages 2 and 4 were used and were grown in odontogenic differentiation medium. Mineralization was determined by @entity622 staining analysis. Migration was assessed using crystal violet staining in cells grown in Boyden chamber Transwell inserts (Corning Inc Foundation, Tewksbury, MA). The mineralization potential of DPSCs was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase activity assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to assess the gene expression profile of chemokine ( @entity70716 , 10, 11, 12, 14, and 16; stromal cell-derived factor (SDF) a; vascular endothelial growth factor; and fibroblast growth factor. RESULTS: @entity379 (FN-y) treatment significantly abrogated the differentiation potential of DPSCs as shown by using @entity622 red and alkaline phosphatase activity analysis. An increase in the migration of BM-MSCs was documented when cocultured with IFN-y-treated DPSCs. RNA expression studies showed an increase in the levels of @entity25296 and Cxcl12 in BM-MSCs when cocultured with IFN-y-treated DPSCs. Additionally, an up-regulation of proangiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor were observed in DPSCs exposed to IFN-y. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that inflamed IFN-y-treated DPSCs release factors (presumably @entity70717 ) that contribute to the homing of MSCs. This model might provide a potential research tool for studying MSC-DPSC cross talk and for future studies involving the recruitment and sustainability of progenitor stem cells sustaining the inflammatory cascade to treat pulp @entity32 .

title: @entity379 -treated Dental Pulp Stem Cells Promote XXXX Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration In  Vitro.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Despite the fact that @entity1104 ( @entity1104 ) and hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) is conceptually simplistic, optimal implementation of this combined treatment remains complex. Multiple @entity1 -related variables, methodologic variables, and pharmacologic variables need to be considered in devising an optimal treatment strategy. Working through these variables considering the pathophysiology of peritoneal @entity3 and their possible treatments is more likely to provide guidance in terms of successful management than multiple randomized controlled trials. The principles of management include: 1) A surgical technology involving peritonectomy procedures and visceral resections that will result in a complete cytoreduction. 2) Treatment of @entity1 at a maximal low peritoneal @entity5 index (PCI) will maximize the benefits especially in those @entity1 who have high grade peritoneal @entity3 from @entity356 , @entity14 , or @entity43 . 3) @entity5 cell entrapment should be avoided by preventing major surgical procedures prior to the definitive treatment with @entity1104 and HIPEC. 4) Mechanical removal of @entity5 cells and small nodules by mechanical irrigation prior to HIPEC is necessary. 5) A response must be generated using @entity5 chemotherapy to eradicate small volume residual disease that will remain even after a complete cytoreduction by visual inspection. 6) The benefits of multiple cycles of normothermic intraperitoneal and intravenous chemotherapy (NIPEC) used long-term to help preserve the surgical complete response needs to be integrated into the overall plan of management. Currently, with peritoneal @entity3 from high grade disease perioperative chemotherapy usually fails to maintain the surgical complete response. Major modifications of the perioperative chemotherapy using HIPEC, early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC) and NIPEC long-term will go far towards optimizing the treatment of peritoneal @entity3 no matter what the primary gastrointestinal or gynecologic malignancy is being treated.

title: Management of peritoneal XXXX - Basic concepts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian malignancy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1104 :: ('MESH:D000267', 'Disease') :: ['CRS', 'cytoreductive surgery']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: @entity1282 in adults is secondary to either a structural @entity4094 of the upper esophageal sphincter. In @entity1318 (incomplete relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter), the etiology is usually either related to neck surgery or other @entity4094 . We report on a rare case of neuromuscular @entity1282 secondary to bone @entity3 to the base of the skull. The @entity1 is an 81-year old @entity1 with @entity263 with @entity3 to the sacrum. A gastroscopy was attempted to discern the etiology of his @entity1282 , but the endoscope could not be advanced. A barium swollow showed @entity1318 , and an magnetic resonance image of the brain demonstrated @entity79 to the floor of the left posterior fossa in the region of the jugular foramen and foramen magnum. The @entity79 caused disruption of the glosso-pharyngeal and vagus nerves. Selective radiotherapy resulted in rapid improvement in his symptoms. The primary treatment of @entity1318 is to correct the underlying process, if possible. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of secondary @entity1318 caused by cranial nerve involvement secondary to bone @entity3 .

title: Neuromuscular @entity1282 secondary to bone XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['cricopharyngeal achalasia']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular disorders', 'lesion or neuromuscular disorder']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone destruction']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Oropharyngeal dysphagia', 'oropharyngeal dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: @entity1282 in adults is secondary to either a structural @entity4094 of the upper esophageal sphincter. In @entity1318 (incomplete relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter), the etiology is usually either related to neck surgery or other @entity4094 . We report on a rare case of neuromuscular @entity1282 secondary to bone @entity3 to the base of the skull. The @entity1 is an 81-year old @entity1 with @entity263 with @entity3 to the sacrum. A gastroscopy was attempted to discern the etiology of his @entity1282 , but the endoscope could not be advanced. A barium swollow showed @entity1318 , and an magnetic resonance image of the brain demonstrated @entity79 to the floor of the left posterior fossa in the region of the jugular foramen and foramen magnum. The @entity79 caused disruption of the glosso-pharyngeal and vagus nerves. Selective radiotherapy resulted in rapid improvement in his symptoms. The primary treatment of @entity1318 is to correct the underlying process, if possible. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of secondary @entity1318 caused by cranial nerve involvement secondary to bone @entity3 .

title: Neuromuscular XXXX secondary to bone @entity3 .

answer: @entity1282 :: (MESH:D003680,Disease) :: ['oropharyngeal dysphagia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the extent of intraocular light scatter in @entity1 with @entity12705 . DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. @entity1 : Twelve male @entity1 with @entity12705 who had predominantly minimal or no @entity231 ( @entity231 ) @entity231 and visual acuities of 20/40 or better and 30 age-similar control subjects with normal vision and no @entity231 were studied. INTERVENTION: Intraocular light scatter was measured using a van den Berg Straylightmeter. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuities, letter contrast sensitivities, Goldmann visual fields using a II4e target, and straylight parameters were obtained for each @entity1 . Lenses were assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy to determine whether there were @entity231 opacities. The degree of retinal pigment epithelial and @entity179 was evaluated from color fundus photographs. RESULTS: Three of the @entity1 with @entity12705 who had clinically apparent @entity231 @entity231 showed an increase in intraocular light scatter. More notable was the fact that seven of the remaining nine @entity1 who did not have any clinically apparent changes in the lens also had a considerable increase in the intraocular light scatter as compared to the control subjects. The relative elevations of the log straylight parameters of the @entity1 with @entity12705 , as compared to age-similar control subjects, were correlated significantly with their log visual field areas (r = -0.69, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular light scatter may be increased in @entity1 with @entity12705 , even in the absence of clinically observable @entity231 opacities. It is hypothesized that the increase in light scatter may be caused by changes in the posterior subcapsular region of the lens before the formation of @entity231 . The increased straylight could, at least in part, account for the disability glare reported by these @entity1 .

title: Intraocular light scatter in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal degenerative changes']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['lens opacities', 'posterior subcapsular cataract', 'PSC', 'frank PSC cataracts']

entities_list: @entity12705 :: ('MESH:D015794', 'Disease') :: ['choroideremia']

answer: @entity12705 :: (MESH:D015794,Disease) :: ['choroideremia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the extent of intraocular light scatter in @entity1 with @entity12705 . DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. @entity1 : Twelve male @entity1 with @entity12705 who had predominantly minimal or no @entity231 ( @entity231 ) @entity231 and visual acuities of 20/40 or better and 30 age-similar control subjects with normal vision and no @entity231 were studied. INTERVENTION: Intraocular light scatter was measured using a van den Berg Straylightmeter. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuities, letter contrast sensitivities, Goldmann visual fields using a II4e target, and straylight parameters were obtained for each @entity1 . Lenses were assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy to determine whether there were @entity231 opacities. The degree of retinal pigment epithelial and @entity179 was evaluated from color fundus photographs. RESULTS: Three of the @entity1 with @entity12705 who had clinically apparent @entity231 @entity231 showed an increase in intraocular light scatter. More notable was the fact that seven of the remaining nine @entity1 who did not have any clinically apparent changes in the lens also had a considerable increase in the intraocular light scatter as compared to the control subjects. The relative elevations of the log straylight parameters of the @entity1 with @entity12705 , as compared to age-similar control subjects, were correlated significantly with their log visual field areas (r = -0.69, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular light scatter may be increased in @entity1 with @entity12705 , even in the absence of clinically observable @entity231 opacities. It is hypothesized that the increase in light scatter may be caused by changes in the posterior subcapsular region of the lens before the formation of @entity231 . The increased straylight could, at least in part, account for the disability glare reported by these @entity1 .

title: Intraocular light scatter in XXXX with @entity12705 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Modern cryoablation has been performed in solid @entity5 management for more than two decades. Following the surgical spirits, it seems natural to pursue radical procedures in clinical practice, which results in unnecessary adverse effects. The attempt to use non-extended procedure made some marked achievements in practice but was criticized severely, because it was supposed to induce @entity41 , which would trigger the rapid development of @entity5 . Oncologists favored this procedure, however, claiming that non-extended cryoablation let @entity2 @entity1 have higher quality of lives and longer survivals, in light of clinical observations. Therefore, this study was conducted trying to solve this controversy. In this study, fifty female C57BL/6J @entity19 were grafted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled @entity2 and randomized into two groups. The bidirectional diameters and fluorescence intensity of @entity5 , and the body weight of @entity19 were recorded. Two weeks after the intervention, @entity5 volumes increased 20.95% in the cryoablation group, significantly different from that in the control group; the fluorescence intensity decreased 49.85% in the cryoablation group but increased 125.07% in the control group. Lung metastases could be observed in only 20% of @entity19 in the cryosurgery group, contrasted to 64% in the control group. The non-extended @entity2 cryoablation does induce @entity5 residuals, but will not trigger rapid @entity5 development. Inversely, the @entity41 cells are severely struck and the metastases are suppressed after the intervention. It could be a new strategy in @entity2 management, even for @entity1 not in early stage.

title: Non-extended cryoablation could be a new strategy in @entity2 management: An experiment on green fluorescent protein-labeled XXXX -bearing @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumors', 'residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'marginal tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'Lewis lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lewis lung cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Modern cryoablation has been performed in solid @entity5 management for more than two decades. Following the surgical spirits, it seems natural to pursue radical procedures in clinical practice, which results in unnecessary adverse effects. The attempt to use non-extended procedure made some marked achievements in practice but was criticized severely, because it was supposed to induce @entity41 , which would trigger the rapid development of @entity5 . Oncologists favored this procedure, however, claiming that non-extended cryoablation let @entity2 @entity1 have higher quality of lives and longer survivals, in light of clinical observations. Therefore, this study was conducted trying to solve this controversy. In this study, fifty female C57BL/6J @entity19 were grafted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled @entity2 and randomized into two groups. The bidirectional diameters and fluorescence intensity of @entity5 , and the body weight of @entity19 were recorded. Two weeks after the intervention, @entity5 volumes increased 20.95% in the cryoablation group, significantly different from that in the control group; the fluorescence intensity decreased 49.85% in the cryoablation group but increased 125.07% in the control group. Lung metastases could be observed in only 20% of @entity19 in the cryosurgery group, contrasted to 64% in the control group. The non-extended @entity2 cryoablation does induce @entity5 residuals, but will not trigger rapid @entity5 development. Inversely, the @entity41 cells are severely struck and the metastases are suppressed after the intervention. It could be a new strategy in @entity2 management, even for @entity1 not in early stage.

title: Non-extended cryoablation could be a new strategy in XXXX management: An experiment on green fluorescent protein-labeled @entity2 -bearing @entity19 .

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Modern cryoablation has been performed in solid @entity5 management for more than two decades. Following the surgical spirits, it seems natural to pursue radical procedures in clinical practice, which results in unnecessary adverse effects. The attempt to use non-extended procedure made some marked achievements in practice but was criticized severely, because it was supposed to induce @entity41 , which would trigger the rapid development of @entity5 . Oncologists favored this procedure, however, claiming that non-extended cryoablation let @entity2 @entity1 have higher quality of lives and longer survivals, in light of clinical observations. Therefore, this study was conducted trying to solve this controversy. In this study, fifty female C57BL/6J @entity19 were grafted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled @entity2 and randomized into two groups. The bidirectional diameters and fluorescence intensity of @entity5 , and the body weight of @entity19 were recorded. Two weeks after the intervention, @entity5 volumes increased 20.95% in the cryoablation group, significantly different from that in the control group; the fluorescence intensity decreased 49.85% in the cryoablation group but increased 125.07% in the control group. Lung metastases could be observed in only 20% of @entity19 in the cryosurgery group, contrasted to 64% in the control group. The non-extended @entity2 cryoablation does induce @entity5 residuals, but will not trigger rapid @entity5 development. Inversely, the @entity41 cells are severely struck and the metastases are suppressed after the intervention. It could be a new strategy in @entity2 management, even for @entity1 not in early stage.

title: Non-extended cryoablation could be a new strategy in @entity2 management: An experiment on green fluorescent protein-labeled @entity2 -bearing XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) in the bone matrix comprise growth factors with distinct cellular effects and a series of proteins with less clear biological actions. In order to understand the role of these proteins in bone metabolism and in @entity79 , it is crucial to determine their localization and quantity in normal and pathological bone. We have developed an immunohistochemical method to detect @entity1096 , osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, osteonectin, decorin, @entity7597 , and the growth factors transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor-I, and @entity1841 both in bone matrix and in bone cells of adult @entity1 bone embedded in @entity3677 . Immunohistochemistry and standard bone histomorphometry in adjacent sections allows the localization of the proteins to metabolically active sites in bone. The protocol works with several fixatives and with bone specimens obtained and embedded to over 20 years ago. Most importantly, we developed a procedure to specifically stain the mineralized matrix green in combination with a red staining of the NCPs. Using digital image analysis it is possible to quantify the relative amounts of NCPs (microm2 NCP area/microm2 mineralized matrix area). Within one biopsy of normal bone cut at four different heights (at a distance of 100 microm), two adjacent sections were stained either for @entity1096 or osteonectin. Thirty trabecular and 20 cortical microscopic fields were measured, and the NCP:mineralized matrix ratio was calculated. Stepwise analysis of the standard error of the mean of the NCP:mineralized matrix ratios showed that measuring about 50 microscopic fields is sufficient to obtain representative data with a small confidence interval. In conclusion, the present procedure enables to quantify NCPs and to relate their presence to metabolically active sites in bone. The quantification provides the opportunity to monitor differences in distribution (e.g., cortical vs. trabecular) and differences between normal and pathological conditions and to assess changes in matrix composition during treatment. This can be done by reanalyzing bone biopsies obtained in the past, e.g., during clinical trials. Therefore, the present technique will be a valuable tool for the study of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins in @entity1 bone.

title: Immunolocalization and quantification of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins in XXXX -embedded adult @entity1 bone in combination with histomorphometry.

entities_list: @entity1841 :: ('650', 'Gene') :: ['bone morphogenetic protein-2']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone diseases']

entities_list: @entity3677 :: ('MESH:D020366', 'Chemical') :: ['methylmethacrylate']

answer: @entity3677 :: (MESH:D020366,Chemical) :: ['methylmethacrylate']


abstract: The noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) in the bone matrix comprise growth factors with distinct cellular effects and a series of proteins with less clear biological actions. In order to understand the role of these proteins in bone metabolism and in @entity79 , it is crucial to determine their localization and quantity in normal and pathological bone. We have developed an immunohistochemical method to detect @entity1096 , osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, osteonectin, decorin, @entity7597 , and the growth factors transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor-I, and @entity1841 both in bone matrix and in bone cells of adult @entity1 bone embedded in @entity3677 . Immunohistochemistry and standard bone histomorphometry in adjacent sections allows the localization of the proteins to metabolically active sites in bone. The protocol works with several fixatives and with bone specimens obtained and embedded to over 20 years ago. Most importantly, we developed a procedure to specifically stain the mineralized matrix green in combination with a red staining of the NCPs. Using digital image analysis it is possible to quantify the relative amounts of NCPs (microm2 NCP area/microm2 mineralized matrix area). Within one biopsy of normal bone cut at four different heights (at a distance of 100 microm), two adjacent sections were stained either for @entity1096 or osteonectin. Thirty trabecular and 20 cortical microscopic fields were measured, and the NCP:mineralized matrix ratio was calculated. Stepwise analysis of the standard error of the mean of the NCP:mineralized matrix ratios showed that measuring about 50 microscopic fields is sufficient to obtain representative data with a small confidence interval. In conclusion, the present procedure enables to quantify NCPs and to relate their presence to metabolically active sites in bone. The quantification provides the opportunity to monitor differences in distribution (e.g., cortical vs. trabecular) and differences between normal and pathological conditions and to assess changes in matrix composition during treatment. This can be done by reanalyzing bone biopsies obtained in the past, e.g., during clinical trials. Therefore, the present technique will be a valuable tool for the study of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins in @entity1 bone.

title: Immunolocalization and quantification of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins in @entity3677 -embedded adult XXXX bone in combination with histomorphometry.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of Cho-PET/CT in decision-making strategy of @entity1 with @entity263 (PC) eligible to definitive radiotherapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty @entity1 Cho-PET/CT before RT were prospectively enrolled. All @entity1 were treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy with simultaneous integrated boost in 28 fractions. @entity342 deprivation therapy was prescribed according to National @entity5 Network (NCCN) risk classification. Therapeutic strategy based on the Cho-PET/CT evaluation was compared with the strategy that would have been proposed in case of PET not available and/or not strictly indicated, according to international and national PC guidelines. RESULTS: Cho-PET/CT was positive in 57 cases (95%): T in 45 (79%); T in combination with N in 8 (14%); and M (bone) in combination with T or N, or both, in 4 (7%). After Cho-PET/CT, @entity1 were stratified as follows: 26 (43%) low risk, 10 (16%) intermediate risk, and 24 (41%) high risk. Cho-PET/CT shifted treatment indication in 13 cases (21%). The changes regarding radiation treatment volumes were as follows: 6 intermediate risk (10%) shifted to high risk and consequently were irradiated on prostate, seminal vesicles, and pelvic nodes PTVs; in 7 high risk (11%), the Cho-PET/CT showed bone and/or N uptake, and consequently, a simultaneous integrated boost on PET positive sites was prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: Cho-PET/CT seems to be a promising diagnostic tool in @entity1 who are candidates for radical RT and supporting the decision making in treatment planning, in particular in intermediate-high risk.

title: Impact of 18F-Choline PET/CT in the Decision-Making Strategy of Treatment Volumes in Definitive XXXX Volumetric Modulated Radiation Therapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Comprehensive Cancer']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['Androgen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate Cancer']


abstract: A cell culture system for biocompatibility testing of hip implant materials is described. @entity1 bone marrow cells have been chosen because these cells are in direct contact with the biomaterial after implantation in situ. The sensitivity of this method is evaluated for materials which are already being used as implants in @entity1 and animal, e.g., @entity692 (HA) ceramic, pure @entity702 , and ultra-high-molecular-weight @entity691 (UHMWPE). As indicative parameters of biocompatibility primary cell adherence, cell number, cell proliferation, production of extracellular matrix, cell vitality, and cell differentiation are described. After 2 weeks in culture, obvious differences between the biomaterials with respect to the indicative parameters could be observed. Cell numbers were greatest on the HA specimens. In the case of @entity702 alloys, we observed a decreased number of cells. The production of extracellular matrix was high for the HA ceramics but reduced for @entity702 specimens. The polymers allowed only a few adherent cells and showed no signs of extracellular matrix production. The results can be correlated astonishingly well to animal experiments and clinical experiences. Therefore, we suggest that this cell culture system seems to be a useful tool for biocompatibility testing of bone implantation materials. It also helps reduce animal experiments. With the help of flow cytophotometry, we analyzed the influence of biomaterials on large numbers of cells with respect to differentiation. There were similar populations of T cells and monocytes on all specimens tested. Extended B-cell and granulocyte populations, however, were observed with @entity702 and UHMWPE. Most osteocalcin-containing cells adhered to the HA ceramics.

title: Biocompatibility analysis of different biomaterials in XXXX bone marrow cell cultures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Two randomized, prospective clinical trials involving 238 chronic @entity1643 @entity1 were carried out. Results at 2-year follow-up are presented. OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical outcomes of a multidisciplinary functional restoration program with a nontreated control group (Project A) and with two less intensive but different training programs (Project B). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The effectiveness of functional restoration programs has not been firmly established. Results from trials carried out in the United States differ from those in trials conducted in other countries. Only a few of these studies have been carried out as prospective and randomized clinical studies. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-eight @entity1 with chronic @entity1643 of at least 6 months' duration were included. There were 106 @entity1 in project A and 132 @entity1 in project B. Two years after completion of treatment @entity1 were mailed a questionnaire that included questions regarding their work status, @entity158 and disability levels, number of sick leave days, number of medical care contacts, medication use, physical activity levels, and subjective overall assessment of their "back life situation." RESULTS: @entity1 in both studies were comparable at inclusion, except that @entity1 in Project A were recruited from all of Denmark, whereas those in Project B were from the greater Copenhagen area. Thirteen @entity1 did not report for treatment after randomization. Of the remaining 225 @entity1 , 20 (9%) did not complete treatment. The questionnaire response rate was 94%. In Project A, those @entity1 receiving treatment (functional restoration) reported significantly less contact with the health care system, fewer sick leave days, and a less disabled life style during the follow-up period, compared with reports of @entity1 in the control group. Other effect parameters did not demonstrate a significant difference between the two groups. In Project B, all effect parameters reported, except leg @entity158 and medication usage, were significantly in favor of functional restoration, compared with reports from the less intensively treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: The functional restoration program seems effective in various parameters compared with the less intensive programs, but the differences in outcome in the two parallel studies indicate the necessity of testing a treatment program in different settings, in that the statistical variation may be a major factor in results of different studies.

title: Functional restoration for XXXX . Two-year follow-up of two randomized clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back disability']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['chronic low back pain']


abstract: To obtain a fundamental knowledge of the morphological relationship between nerve root symptoms and @entity1457 , the distribution pattern of the veins in the lumbar spinal @entity21 from the first to fifth vertebrae was investigated in 5 adult @entity1 cadavers (mean age 69.6 years) and 5 @entity1 fetuses (mean age 6.6 months). The following results were obtained: 1) In the adults the veins perforating from the outer surface of the fifth lumbar spinal @entity4494 were smaller in number than those perforating from the first to fourth @entity21 . In contrast, in the fetuses the number of such veins was increased in the lower lumbar spinal @entity21 . In each of the @entity21 , the number of veins emerging through the dorsal side was much higher than the number perforating from the outer surface of the ventral sides. The veins perforating through the outer surface of the @entity4494 formed weak venous networks (periganglionic venous plexus) surrounding the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve. 2) The veins communicating with the tributaries from the periganglionic venous plexus were classified into three types. Type 1 veins flowed into the intervertebral veins (the frequency ranged from 9.2 to 18.2 in the adults and from 22.4 to 37.0 in the fetuses). Type 2 veins coursed in the spinal cord along the dorsal root fibers and penetrated the dura mater on the way (the frequency ranged from 0.4 to 4.8 in the adults and from 1.2 to 2.2 in the fetuses). Type 3 veins opened directly into the internal vertebral plexus (the frequency ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 in the adults and from 0 to 0.4 in the fetuses). Type 1 veins were the most frequent among the three types of veins in both adults and fetuses. Few type 3 veins were observed in either group. 3) In the first and second lumbar vertebrae in the adults, three-quarters of each spinal @entity4494 was situated in the vertebral canal. In the lower lumbar region (L3-L5), three quarters of each spinal @entity4494 lay on the outside of the vertebral canal. In the fetuses, approximately one half to three-quarters of each lumbar spinal @entity4494 was located in the vertebral canal.

title: Veins of the lumbar spinal XXXX in @entity1 adults and fetuses.

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory disorders']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['ganglia']

answer: @entity21 :: (MESH:D001480,Disease) :: ['ganglia']


abstract: To obtain a fundamental knowledge of the morphological relationship between nerve root symptoms and @entity1457 , the distribution pattern of the veins in the lumbar spinal @entity21 from the first to fifth vertebrae was investigated in 5 adult @entity1 cadavers (mean age 69.6 years) and 5 @entity1 fetuses (mean age 6.6 months). The following results were obtained: 1) In the adults the veins perforating from the outer surface of the fifth lumbar spinal @entity4494 were smaller in number than those perforating from the first to fourth @entity21 . In contrast, in the fetuses the number of such veins was increased in the lower lumbar spinal @entity21 . In each of the @entity21 , the number of veins emerging through the dorsal side was much higher than the number perforating from the outer surface of the ventral sides. The veins perforating through the outer surface of the @entity4494 formed weak venous networks (periganglionic venous plexus) surrounding the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve. 2) The veins communicating with the tributaries from the periganglionic venous plexus were classified into three types. Type 1 veins flowed into the intervertebral veins (the frequency ranged from 9.2 to 18.2 in the adults and from 22.4 to 37.0 in the fetuses). Type 2 veins coursed in the spinal cord along the dorsal root fibers and penetrated the dura mater on the way (the frequency ranged from 0.4 to 4.8 in the adults and from 1.2 to 2.2 in the fetuses). Type 3 veins opened directly into the internal vertebral plexus (the frequency ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 in the adults and from 0 to 0.4 in the fetuses). Type 1 veins were the most frequent among the three types of veins in both adults and fetuses. Few type 3 veins were observed in either group. 3) In the first and second lumbar vertebrae in the adults, three-quarters of each spinal @entity4494 was situated in the vertebral canal. In the lower lumbar region (L3-L5), three quarters of each spinal @entity4494 lay on the outside of the vertebral canal. In the fetuses, approximately one half to three-quarters of each lumbar spinal @entity4494 was located in the vertebral canal.

title: Veins of the lumbar spinal @entity21 in XXXX adults and fetuses.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: By using questionnaire method to understand the evaluation regarding cost-effectiveness of acupuncture for @entity2704 in both doctors and @entity1 . METHODS: By using questionnaire method, questionnaires for doctors and @entity1 were made respectively; by using network platform, two sets of questionnaires were publicly released, which were filled in online. The results were real-time background collected and then analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 696 effective questionnaires for @entity1 and 114 questionnaires for doctors were collected. The results indicated that (1)the direct cost (including treatment fee and material fee) for preventive treatment of @entity2704 was 109 yuan per time in regular acupuncture, 152 yuan per time in regular acupuncture + electroacupuncture (EA) and 238 yuan per time in acupoint catgut embedding. The travelling expense was 42 yuan per time within the city and 193 yuan per time between cities. The indirect cost included cost for loss of working time (208 yuan per time), cost for treatment time (acupoint catgut embedding: 10 to 30 min per time, once one to three weeks; the remaining two treatments: 20 to 50 min per time, once to 5 times every week), time cost for arriving and departing hospital (1 to 3 hours per time within the city and 4 hours per time between cities). From the angle of treatment course, acupoint catgut embedding reduced the treatment frequency, leading to a lower total cost. (2)A mong the reasons to select different acupuncture methods to treat @entity2704 , the results of @entity1 questionnaire indicated that the focus in the @entity1 who selected acupoint catgut embedding was different from that in the @entity1 who selected two other treatments. The main advantage of acupoint catgut embedding was superior and lasting efficacy with low cost. The results of doctor questionnaire indicated the main reason to select acupoint catgut embedding was "lasting efficacy after single treatment" (87. 5%) and "lower frequency of treatment" (75. 0%). (3) The main reason to obstruct the popularization of acupoint catgut embedding was this method was not widely known. CONCLUSION: The acupoint catgut embedding is one ideal preventive treatment for @entity2704 , which has higher cost-effectiveness, however, currently it is not widely applied. In future advertisement and training program should be strengthened to perform targeted popularization of acupoint catgut embedding for @entity2704 .

title: [Questionnaire investigation on cost-effectiveness analysis of acupuncture for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity2704 :: (MESH:D008881,Disease) :: ['migraine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To critically review the research in @entity1278 over the past 10 years and highlight recent advances in normal development as it pertains to these disorders and their diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. METHOD: Computerized search methods were combined with manual searches of the literature. A detailed review of the most salient articles is provided. Preference was given to studies involving @entity1 and adolescents that approached the subject from a developmental perspective. RESULTS: The information from these studies is presented in a developmental framework. @entity1277 has progressed, but definitive longitudinal data are still absent from the literature. Research specific to treatment of @entity1 and @entity1277 remains rare. CONCLUSIONS: Data @entity1277 from a developmental perspective are available in only a few studies. Research is needed addressing normative data on the development of eating behavior and specific risk and resilience factors for pathology in specific developmental periods. Especially lacking are studies regarding the continuities and discontinuities of eating disturbances across the life span. Best documented are epidemiological studies of prevalence and incidence, long-term outcome in @entity1278 , and short-term treatment response in @entity6426 .

title: XXXX in @entity1 and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['approaching eating disorders', 'adolescent eating disorders', 'Research in eating disorders']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia nervosa', 'juvenile anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa']

answer: @entity1278 :: (MESH:D000856,Disease) :: ['Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To critically review the research in @entity1278 over the past 10 years and highlight recent advances in normal development as it pertains to these disorders and their diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. METHOD: Computerized search methods were combined with manual searches of the literature. A detailed review of the most salient articles is provided. Preference was given to studies involving @entity1 and adolescents that approached the subject from a developmental perspective. RESULTS: The information from these studies is presented in a developmental framework. @entity1277 has progressed, but definitive longitudinal data are still absent from the literature. Research specific to treatment of @entity1 and @entity1277 remains rare. CONCLUSIONS: Data @entity1277 from a developmental perspective are available in only a few studies. Research is needed addressing normative data on the development of eating behavior and specific risk and resilience factors for pathology in specific developmental periods. Especially lacking are studies regarding the continuities and discontinuities of eating disturbances across the life span. Best documented are epidemiological studies of prevalence and incidence, long-term outcome in @entity1278 , and short-term treatment response in @entity6426 .

title: @entity1278 in XXXX and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: To facilitate understanding of the long-term course and visual outcome of a severe variant of @entity989 . DESIGN: Consecutive observational case series. @entity1 AND METHODS: The authors reviewed 25 @entity1 with multifocal @entity2118 and bullous @entity1713 , who had a mean follow-up time of 10.6 years (range, 6-22 years), with reference to the demographic feature, fundus changes, recurrence, and final anatomic and visual outcome. Two @entity1 underwent optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The @entity1 were 21 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 , with a mean age at disease onset of 43.1 years (range, 30-63 years). Twenty-one @entity1 were otherwise healthy, and four developed @entity2194 during systemic corticosteroid therapy for metabolic or @entity792 including @entity1252 . The disease was bilateral in 21 @entity1 (84%). Nine @entity1 (36%) presented initially with classic @entity989 , followed by its severe variant 7 months to 9 years later. Active disease was characterized by multifocal exudative lesions in the posterior pole and bullous @entity1713 with shifting subretinal fluid in the inferior periphery. Optical coherence tomography of exudative lesions disclosed cloudy and fibrinous subretinal fluid. The exudative lesions were self-limited or responded to photocoagulation. During the follow-up period, 13 @entity1 (52%) showed 1 to 5 recurrent disease, but the disease eventually became quiescent with multifocal @entity2318 in the posterior pole with or without @entity3202 tracts in the inferior periphery. Final best-corrected visual acuity was 2020 or better in 24 of 46 affected eyes (52%) of 25 @entity1 and 2040 or better in 37 eyes (80.4%). CONCLUSIONS: A severe variant of @entity989 characterized by multifocal posterior exudations and bullous inferior @entity1713 with shifting subretinal fluid may affect otherwise healthy, middle-aged males or individuals receiving systemic corticosteroid therapy for metabolic or @entity792 . Exudative chorioretinal lesions are self-limited or respond to photocoagulation. Recurrence is common, but the disease eventually becomes quiescent with favorable visual acuity unless the macula is damaged.

title: A long-term follow-up study of severe variant of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular disease']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic scars']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['posterior pigment epitheliopathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['central serous chorioretinopathy']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['central serous chorioretinopathy']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Lumbar intervertebral discs in @entity95 were cultured in the presence of chondroitinase ABC. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators produced in culture media were then analyzed. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of chondroitinase ABC on MMPs and inflammatory mediators produced by intervertebral disc of @entity95 in vitro. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The chemonucleolytic effect of chondroitinase ABC is caused by the decrease in the chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronan, and protein content of the nucleus pulposus in @entity95 . The reason for the decreases in protein content remains unclear. METHODS: Anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus were cultured for 72 hours with or without chondroitinase ABC stimulated or not stimulated by interleukin-1 after preculture for 4 days. Subsequently, the MMPs (gelatinases @entity2501 , @entity2502 , and collagenase) and inflammatory mediators ( @entity1421 and @entity842 ) produced in the culture media were analyzed. RESULTS: In the anulus fibrosus chondroitinase ABC and interleukin-1 synergistically increased the collagenase activity, which was at a significantly higher level than the increment solely due to interleukin-1. In contrast, chondroitinase ABC counteracted the increase in @entity842 production by interleukin-1. In the nucleus pulposus the collagenase and @entity842 productions were not particularly affected by chondroitinase ABC and/or interleukin-1. In zymographic analysis @entity2501 was detected, but @entity2502 was only slightly detected in both tissues. There were no significant differences in both tissues for @entity2501 and @entity1421 following incubation with or without chondroitinase ABC, whether stimulated by interleukin-1 or not. CONCLUSIONS: The collagenase activity in the anulus fibrosus was increased by chondroitinase ABC with interleukin-1. This finding may support the hypothesis that some proteolytic activities are involved in the chemonucleolytic process by chondroitinase ABC treatment.

title: Effect of chondroitinase ABC on matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators produced by intervertebral disc of XXXX in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many case reports of acute @entity788 have been reported but, up to now, @entity660 during @entity697 have not been studied prospectively. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and the clinical significance of @entity12828 in 507 consecutive adult @entity1 with @entity697 . METHODS: The clinical significance of @entity12828 , related predisposing factors and severity of @entity1902 were assessed. RESULTS: @entity12828 was detected in 10.2 % of @entity1 studied. Although amylasemia was found over four times the normal values in three cases, the clinical features of acute @entity788 were recorded in only one case (0.1%). @entity12828 was more likely (17%) where a microorganism could be identified in the stools (p < 0.01). Among @entity1 with positive stool samples, @entity10435 spp. and in particular @entity10435 , was the microorganism most frequently associated with @entity12828 [17/84 (20.2 %) and 10/45 (22.2%), respectively], followed by Rotavirus, @entity2718 and Campylobacter spp. @entity1 with @entity12828 had more severe @entity1902 with an increased incidence of @entity221 (80 % vs 50.6 %, O.R. 3.0; P < 0.01), @entity2700 (18% vs 8.5%; O.R. 2.5; P < 0.05), and a higher mean number of evacuations per day (9.2 vs 7.5; P < 0.05) than those with amylasemia in the normal range. @entity12828 was significantly associated with @entity2963 , (30.0 % vs 10.7%, O.R. 3.5; P < 0.01) and chronic @entity3621 or duodenal ulceration (22.0 % vs 10.2%, O.R. 2.4, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity12828 is relatively frequent, and is associated with severe @entity1902 . However, acute @entity788 in the setting of @entity697 , is a rare event.

title: XXXX during @entity697 : incidence and clinical relevance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium difficile']

entities_list: @entity10435 :: ('149539', 'Species') :: ['S. enteritidis', 'Salmonella']

entities_list: @entity12828 :: ('MESH:D034321', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperamylasemia', 'hyperamylasemia']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Pancreatic hyperamylasemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many case reports of acute @entity788 have been reported but, up to now, @entity660 during @entity697 have not been studied prospectively. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and the clinical significance of @entity12828 in 507 consecutive adult @entity1 with @entity697 . METHODS: The clinical significance of @entity12828 , related predisposing factors and severity of @entity1902 were assessed. RESULTS: @entity12828 was detected in 10.2 % of @entity1 studied. Although amylasemia was found over four times the normal values in three cases, the clinical features of acute @entity788 were recorded in only one case (0.1%). @entity12828 was more likely (17%) where a microorganism could be identified in the stools (p < 0.01). Among @entity1 with positive stool samples, @entity10435 spp. and in particular @entity10435 , was the microorganism most frequently associated with @entity12828 [17/84 (20.2 %) and 10/45 (22.2%), respectively], followed by Rotavirus, @entity2718 and Campylobacter spp. @entity1 with @entity12828 had more severe @entity1902 with an increased incidence of @entity221 (80 % vs 50.6 %, O.R. 3.0; P < 0.01), @entity2700 (18% vs 8.5%; O.R. 2.5; P < 0.05), and a higher mean number of evacuations per day (9.2 vs 7.5; P < 0.05) than those with amylasemia in the normal range. @entity12828 was significantly associated with @entity2963 , (30.0 % vs 10.7%, O.R. 3.5; P < 0.01) and chronic @entity3621 or duodenal ulceration (22.0 % vs 10.2%, O.R. 2.4, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity12828 is relatively frequent, and is associated with severe @entity1902 . However, acute @entity788 in the setting of @entity697 , is a rare event.

title: @entity788 during XXXX : incidence and clinical relevance.

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute gastroenteritis']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: An anatomic study of the associations between the fifth lumbar spinal nerve (L5 spinal nerve) and a lumbosacral tunnel, consisting of the fifth lumbar vertebral body (L5 vertebral body), the lumbosacral ligament, and sacral ala, and clinical case reports of four @entity1 with @entity614 secondary to entrapment of the L5 spinal nerve in the lumbosacral tunnel. OBJECTIVES: To delineate the anatomic, clinical, and radiologic features and surgical outcome of @entity1 with entrapment of the L5 spinal nerve in the lumbosacral tunnel. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although several cadaveric studies on a lumbosacral tunnel as a possible cause of @entity614 have been reported, few studies had focused on @entity5040 of the L5-S1 vertebral bodies as the major component of this @entity2850 , and clinical reports on @entity1 with this disease have been rare. METHODS: Lumbosacral spines from 29 geriatric cadavers were examined with special attention to the associations between @entity5040 of the L5-S1 vertebral bodies and the L5 spinal nerve. Four @entity1 with a diagnosis of the entrapment of the L5 spinal nerve by @entity5040 at the lumbosacral tunnel were treated surgically, and their clinical manifestations and surgical results were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The anatomic study demonstrated @entity5040 of the L5-S1 vertebral bodies in seven of the 29 cadavers. Entrapment of the L5 spinal nerve in the lumbosacral tunnel was observed in six of the seven cadavers with @entity5040 but in only one of the 22 cadavers without such @entity5040 (P < 0.05, chi2 test). All four @entity1 had @entity51 in the L5 nerve root distribution. MRI and myelography showed no abnormal findings in the spinal canal, but CAT scans demonstrated prominent @entity5040 on the lateral margins of L5-S1 vertebral bodies in all four. Selective L5 nerve block completely relieved all @entity1 of @entity158 but only temporarily. Three @entity1 were treated via a posterior approach by resecting the sacral ala along the L5 spinal nerve, and the other @entity1 was treated by laparoscopic anterior resection of the @entity5040 . @entity158 relief was obtained in the four @entity1 immediately after surgery, but one @entity1 experienced recurrence of @entity158 1 year after the first surgery and was successfully treated by additional posterior decompression and fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Extraforaminal entrapment of L5 spinal nerve in the lumbosacral tunnel can cause @entity614 , and @entity5040 of L5-S1 vertebral bodies are a major cause of the entrapment.

title: Extraforaminal entrapment of the fifth lumbar spinal nerve by XXXX of the lumbosacral spine: anatomic study and a report of four cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5040 :: ('MESH:D054850', 'Disease') :: ['L5-S1 osteophytes', 'osteophytes']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['compressive lesion']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar radiculopathy', 'L5 radiculopathy']

answer: @entity5040 :: (MESH:D054850,Disease) :: ['osteophytes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Arterial @entity715 in a transplanted kidney is a serious complication that usually leads to graft loss. The purpose of our study was to evaluate intra-arterial fibrinolysis as a treatment of @entity8 and to determine the maximum period of occlusion allowing a reasonable chance of graft salvage. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four @entity1 underwent intra-arterial fibrinolysis for acute transplant artery @entity715 . Transplantations had been performed 29 days to 10 years before the fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis was carried out by using recombitant tissue plasminogen activator (n=1) or urokinase (n=3). In one @entity1 , anuric for 13 hr at admittance, fibrinolysis could not revascularize the graft artery. In a second @entity1 , anuric for 48 hr at admittance, fibrinolysis did revascularize the graft artery, but dialysis could not be discontinued. In the two remaining @entity1 , anuric for 19 and 20 hr at admittance, the graft artery was successfully revascularized and dialysis could be discontinued 1 week later. One of these two @entity1 returned to dialysis 71 months later because of chronic rejection. Thirty-four months after the acute episode, the remaining @entity1 had a patent artery and did not require dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Fibrinolysis seems an efficient treatment that may save transplants after up to 24 hr of the @entity432 .

title: Acute XXXX : graft salvage by means of intra-arterial fibrinolysis.

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal transplant artery thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusion']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['thrombosis of renal transplant artery']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The immunotherapy using dendritic cells (DCs) against different varieties of @entity5 is an approach that has been previously explored which induces a specific immune response. This work presents a mathematical model of DCs immunotherapy for @entity320 in @entity19 based on work by Experimental Immunotherapy Laboratory of the Medicine Faculty in the Universidad Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM). METHOD: The model is a five delay differential equation (DDEs) which represents a simplified view of the immunotherapy mechanisms. The mathematical model takes into account the interactions between @entity5 cells, dendritic cells, naive cytotoxic T lymphocytes cells (inactivated cytotoxic cells), effector cells (cytotoxic T activated cytotoxic cells) and transforming growth factor b cytokine (T G F-b). The model is validated comparing the computer simulation results with biological trial results of the immunotherapy developed by the research group of UNAM. RESULTS: The results of the growth of @entity5 cells obtained by the control immunotherapy simulation show a similar amount of @entity5 cell population than the biological data of the control immunotherapy. Moreover, comparing the increase of @entity5 cells obtained from the immunotherapy simulation and the biological data of the immunotherapy applied by the UNAM researchers obtained errors of approximately 10 %. This allowed us to use the model as a framework to test hypothetical treatments. The numerical simulations suggest that by using more doses of DCs and changing the infusion time, the @entity5 growth decays compared with the current immunotherapy. In addition, a local sensitivity analysis is performed; the results show that the delay in time "   ", the maximal growth rate of @entity5 "r" and the maximal efficiency of @entity5 cytotoxic cells rate "aT" are the most sensitive model parameters. CONCLUSION: By using this mathematical model it is possible to simulate the growth of the @entity5 cells with or without immunotherapy using the infusion protocol of the UNAM researchers, to obtain a good approximation of the biological trials data. It is worth mentioning that by manipulating the different parameters of the model the effectiveness of the immunotherapy may increase. This last suggests that different protocols could be implemented by the Immunotherapy Laboratory of UNAM in order to improve their results.

title: Enhancing dendritic cell immunotherapy for XXXX using a simple mathematical model.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Carotid angioplasty and stenting procedures are associated with an obligatory release of particulate debris into the distal cerebral circulation. Although most of the emboli are small and do not result in symptomatic @entity51 , some may be large enough to cause @entity64 . For this reason, a variety of filters and balloon occlusion devices have been employed as adjuvants to decrease the risk of distal embolization during carotid stenting. Some of these devices rely on the arrest of antegrade blood flow with the use of inflow arrest. The present study was undertaken to investigate the hemodynamic conditions that exist at the carotid bifurcation during common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion. METHODS: Internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) stump pressures were measured in 29 @entity1 undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Duplex ultrasound scanning was used to measure the direction and velocity of blood flow in the ICA and ECA with the CCA cross-clamped but the ICA and ECA open, a clinical scenario analogous to @entity432 at the time of carotid angioplasty and stenting. The direction and magnitude of @entity6455 and ECA flow were compared with the stump pressures to determine whether a correlation existed between these variables. RESULTS: The mean stump pressure in the ICA and ECA averaged 56 +/- 16 and 53 +/- 12 mm Hg, respectively. The ICA systolic stump pressure was lower than the ECA systolic stump pressure in six @entity1 (21%), and all of these @entity1 had persistent antegrade systolic duplex blood flow by duplex interrogation during CCA occlusion. The ICA systolic stump pressure exceeded the ECA systolic stump pressure in 19 @entity1 (66%), and all of these @entity1 had retrograde ICA flow during systole. Diastolic flow was also well correlated with the magnitude of the ICA/ECA stump pressure differential, with antegrade diastolic ICA blood flow in all nine @entity1 with an ICA diastolic stump pressure less than the ECA diastolic stump pressure. None of the 10 @entity1 with ICA diastolic stump pressure greater than ICA diastolic stump pressure maintained antegrade ICA diastolic flow, but four of these @entity1 had flow to zero in diastole. Overall, 13 of 29 @entity1 (45%) could be surmised to be at risk for distal embolization to the brain based on the persistence of some element of either systolic or diastolic antegrade ICA flow during common @entity432 . CONCLUSIONS: Common @entity432 alone appears insufficient to protect against distal embolization during manipulations of the carotid bifurcation. Persistent systolic or diastolic antegrade blood flow occurs in a high proportion of @entity1 , lending credence to the use of additional protective strategies to ameliorate the risk of @entity887 .

title: Hemodynamic conditions at the carotid bifurcation during protective common XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolic complications']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['CCA balloon occlusion', 'carotid occlusion']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['carotid occlusion']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In @entity1 , the rate of beta cell proliferation declines rapidly during the postnatal period and remains low throughout adult life. Recent studies suggest that this may reflect the distribution of cell cycle regulators which, unusually, are located in the cytosolic compartment of beta cells in islets isolated from adults. In the present work, we examined whether the localisation of cyclin-D molecules is also cytosolic in the islet cells of pancreatic samples studied in situ. METHODS: Immunohistochemical approaches were employed to examine the subcellular localisation of @entity4910 , -D2 and -D3 in @entity1 pancreatic samples recovered either from heart-beating donors or post mortem. Immunofluorescence methods were used to reveal the cellular localisation of @entity20295 . RESULTS: The distribution of @entity17946 was invariably cytosolic in islet cells, whereas the localisation of @entity20295 varied according to the status of the donor. In pancreatic sections from heart-beating donors these molecules were primarily nuclear. By contrast, in samples collected post mortem, they were mainly cytosolic. @entity4910 was detected only in beta cells whereas @entity18923 was detected in both alpha and beta cells. The proportion of donors who were immunopositive for @entity4910 declined from 71% in controls to 30% in those with type 1 @entity6 . @entity18923 was present in the islets of the majority of donors in both groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The subcellular localisation of cyclin-D molecules varies according to the status of the donor. Both @entity20295 can be found in the nuclei of @entity1 islet cells in situ.

title: The subcellular distribution of @entity4910 and XXXX within @entity1 islet cells varies according to the status of the pancreas donor.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity18923 :: (896,Gene) :: ['cyclin-D3']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In @entity1 , the rate of beta cell proliferation declines rapidly during the postnatal period and remains low throughout adult life. Recent studies suggest that this may reflect the distribution of cell cycle regulators which, unusually, are located in the cytosolic compartment of beta cells in islets isolated from adults. In the present work, we examined whether the localisation of cyclin-D molecules is also cytosolic in the islet cells of pancreatic samples studied in situ. METHODS: Immunohistochemical approaches were employed to examine the subcellular localisation of @entity4910 , -D2 and -D3 in @entity1 pancreatic samples recovered either from heart-beating donors or post mortem. Immunofluorescence methods were used to reveal the cellular localisation of @entity20295 . RESULTS: The distribution of @entity17946 was invariably cytosolic in islet cells, whereas the localisation of @entity20295 varied according to the status of the donor. In pancreatic sections from heart-beating donors these molecules were primarily nuclear. By contrast, in samples collected post mortem, they were mainly cytosolic. @entity4910 was detected only in beta cells whereas @entity18923 was detected in both alpha and beta cells. The proportion of donors who were immunopositive for @entity4910 declined from 71% in controls to 30% in those with type 1 @entity6 . @entity18923 was present in the islets of the majority of donors in both groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The subcellular localisation of cyclin-D molecules varies according to the status of the donor. Both @entity20295 can be found in the nuclei of @entity1 islet cells in situ.

title: The subcellular distribution of XXXX and @entity18923 within @entity1 islet cells varies according to the status of the pancreas donor.

answer: @entity4910 :: (595,Gene) :: ['cyclin-D1']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In @entity1 , the rate of beta cell proliferation declines rapidly during the postnatal period and remains low throughout adult life. Recent studies suggest that this may reflect the distribution of cell cycle regulators which, unusually, are located in the cytosolic compartment of beta cells in islets isolated from adults. In the present work, we examined whether the localisation of cyclin-D molecules is also cytosolic in the islet cells of pancreatic samples studied in situ. METHODS: Immunohistochemical approaches were employed to examine the subcellular localisation of @entity4910 , -D2 and -D3 in @entity1 pancreatic samples recovered either from heart-beating donors or post mortem. Immunofluorescence methods were used to reveal the cellular localisation of @entity20295 . RESULTS: The distribution of @entity17946 was invariably cytosolic in islet cells, whereas the localisation of @entity20295 varied according to the status of the donor. In pancreatic sections from heart-beating donors these molecules were primarily nuclear. By contrast, in samples collected post mortem, they were mainly cytosolic. @entity4910 was detected only in beta cells whereas @entity18923 was detected in both alpha and beta cells. The proportion of donors who were immunopositive for @entity4910 declined from 71% in controls to 30% in those with type 1 @entity6 . @entity18923 was present in the islets of the majority of donors in both groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The subcellular localisation of cyclin-D molecules varies according to the status of the donor. Both @entity20295 can be found in the nuclei of @entity1 islet cells in situ.

title: The subcellular distribution of @entity4910 and @entity18923 within XXXX islet cells varies according to the status of the pancreas donor.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1665 is by far the most common cause of hair loss. It affects approximately 50% of @entity1 by the age of 50 and 20 to 53% of @entity1 by the age 50. Although it is a medically benign condition, it is a significant psychosocial issue for many @entity1 . Various different treatment options are now available for @entity1665 . The best treatment option for @entity1 with @entity1665 @entity12769 stage I and II is minoxidil 5% solution. If it is not effective after 1 year, antiandrogens can be tried, but there are no large studies showing their efficacy and they have considerable adverse effects. Also, for @entity1 with @entity1665 that is unresponsive to treatment or with @entity12769 stage III, hair transplantation can be offered if the occipital donor area is sufficient. For @entity1 , we always offer minoxidil or @entity585 therapy and leave the choice of therapy to the @entity1 . Some @entity1 may prefer a systemic agent, whereas others may favor a topical agent. If the condition is not stabilized after 1 year or if the @entity1 wants greater hair density, hair transplantation can be discussed. There have been tremendous advances in the treatment of hair loss in recent years and the future is very encouraging. As our knowledge of @entity1665 pathophysiology increases, novel targeted treatments will potentially be developed.

title: Management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1665 :: ('MESH:D000505', 'Disease') :: ['androgenetic alopecia', 'alopecia', 'Androgenetic alopecia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity585 :: ('MESH:D018120', 'Chemical') :: ['finasteride']

answer: @entity1665 :: (MESH:D000505,Disease) :: ['androgenetic alopecia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2858 variants carrying non-macrophage-tropic @entity2858 R5 envelopes (Envs) are predominantly transmitted and persist in immune tissue even in @entity791 @entity1 who have highly macrophage-tropic variants in the brain. Non-macrophage-tropic R5 Envs require high levels of @entity404 for @entity281 contrasting with macrophage-tropic Envs, which can efficiently mediate @entity281 of cells via low @entity404 . Here, we investigated whether non-macrophage-tropic R5 Envs from the acute stage of @entity281 (including transmitted/founder @entity18341 ) mediated more efficient @entity281 of ectocervical explant cultures compared to non-macrophage-tropic and highly macrophage-tropic R5 Envs from late disease. RESULTS: We used @entity18341 + pseudovirions that carried a GFP reporter gene to measure @entity281 of the first cells targeted in ectocervical explant cultures. In straight titrations of @entity18341 + pseudovirus supernatants, mac-tropic R5 Envs from late disease mediated slightly higher infectivities for ectocervical explants although this was not significant. Surprisingly, explant @entity281 by several T/F/acute Envs was lower than for Envs from late disease. However, when infectivity for explants was corrected to account for differences in the overall infectivity of each @entity18341 + pseudovirus (measured on highly permissive HeLa TZM-bl cells), non-mac-tropic early and late disease @entity18341 + pseudoviruses mediated significantly higher @entity281 . This observation suggests that cervical tissue preferentially supports non-mac-tropic @entity18341 + viruses compared to mac-tropic viruses. Finally, we show that T-cells were the main targets for @entity281 regardless of whether explants were stimulated with T-cell or monocyte/macrophage cytokines. There was no evidence of macrophage @entity281 even for pseudovirions carrying highly mac-tropic Envs from brain tissue or for the highly mac-tropic, laboratory strain, BaL, which targeted T-cells in the explant tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support ectocervical tissue as a favorable environment for non-mac-tropic @entity2858 R5 variants and emphasize the role of T-cells as initial targets for @entity281 even for highly mac-tropic variants.

title: Infection of ectocervical tissue and universal targeting of T-cells mediated by primary non-macrophage-tropic and highly macrophage-tropic XXXX R5 envelopes.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity2858 :: (11676,Species) :: ['HIV-1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Zuccagnia punctata @entity3895 . (Fabaceae) and Larrea nitida @entity3895 . (Zygophyllaceae) are indistinctly or jointly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of @entity364 . Although their @entity1044 ( @entity17058 ) extract have demonstrated moderate antifungal activities when tested on their own, antifungal properties of combinations of both plants have not been assessed previously. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to establish with statistical rigor whether Z. punctata (ZpE) and L. nitida @entity17058 extract (LnE) interact synergistically against the clinically important fungi @entity5132 and @entity7408 and to characterize the most synergistic combinations. STUDY DESIGN: For synergism assessment, the statistical-based Boik's design was applied. Eight ZpE-LnE fixed-ratio mixtures were prepared from four different months of 1  year and tested against Candida strains. L   (Loewe index) of each mixture at different fractions affected (  ) allowed for the finding of the most synergistic combinations, which were characterized by HPLC fingerprint and by the quantitation of the selected marker compounds. METHODS: L   and confidence intervals were determined in vitro with the MixLow method, once the estimated parameters from the dose-response curves of independent extracts and mixtures, were obtained. Markers (four @entity3088 for ZpE and three @entity16296 for LnE) were quantified in each extract and their combinations, with a valid HPLC-UV method. The 3D-HPLC profiles of the most synergistic mixtures were obtained by HPLC-DAD. RESULTS: Three over four IC50ZpE/IC50LnE fixed-ratio mixtures displayed synergistic interactions at effect levels     >  0.5 against @entity5132 . The dosis of the most synergistic (L    =  0.62) mixture was 65.96    g/ml (ZpE  =  28%; LnE  =  72%) containing 8 and 36% of @entity3088 and @entity16296 respectively. On the other hand, one over four IC50ZpE/IC50LnE mixtures displays synergistic interactions at     >  0.5 against @entity7408 . The dosis of the most synergistic (L    =  0.67) mixture was 168.23    g/ml (ZpE  = 27%; LnE  =  73%) with 9.7 and 31.6% of @entity3088 and @entity16296 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Studies with the statistical-based MixLow method, allowed for the finding of the most ZpE-LnE synergistic mixtures, giving support to a proper joint use of both antifungal herbs in traditional medicine.

title: Synergistic mutual potentiation of antifungal activity of Zuccagnia punctata XXXX . and Larrea nitida @entity3895 . extracts in clinical isolates of @entity5132 and @entity7408 .

entities_list: @entity1044 :: ('MESH:D008752', 'Chemical') :: ['dichloromethane']

entities_list: @entity7408 :: ('5478', 'Species') :: ['C. glabrata', 'Candida glabrata']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity3088 :: ('MESH:D005419', 'Chemical') :: ['flavonoids']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal-related infections']

answer: @entity3895 :: (10537,Species) :: ['Cav']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Zuccagnia punctata @entity3895 . (Fabaceae) and Larrea nitida @entity3895 . (Zygophyllaceae) are indistinctly or jointly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of @entity364 . Although their @entity1044 ( @entity17058 ) extract have demonstrated moderate antifungal activities when tested on their own, antifungal properties of combinations of both plants have not been assessed previously. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to establish with statistical rigor whether Z. punctata (ZpE) and L. nitida @entity17058 extract (LnE) interact synergistically against the clinically important fungi @entity5132 and @entity7408 and to characterize the most synergistic combinations. STUDY DESIGN: For synergism assessment, the statistical-based Boik's design was applied. Eight ZpE-LnE fixed-ratio mixtures were prepared from four different months of 1  year and tested against Candida strains. L   (Loewe index) of each mixture at different fractions affected (  ) allowed for the finding of the most synergistic combinations, which were characterized by HPLC fingerprint and by the quantitation of the selected marker compounds. METHODS: L   and confidence intervals were determined in vitro with the MixLow method, once the estimated parameters from the dose-response curves of independent extracts and mixtures, were obtained. Markers (four @entity3088 for ZpE and three @entity16296 for LnE) were quantified in each extract and their combinations, with a valid HPLC-UV method. The 3D-HPLC profiles of the most synergistic mixtures were obtained by HPLC-DAD. RESULTS: Three over four IC50ZpE/IC50LnE fixed-ratio mixtures displayed synergistic interactions at effect levels     >  0.5 against @entity5132 . The dosis of the most synergistic (L    =  0.62) mixture was 65.96    g/ml (ZpE  =  28%; LnE  =  72%) containing 8 and 36% of @entity3088 and @entity16296 respectively. On the other hand, one over four IC50ZpE/IC50LnE mixtures displays synergistic interactions at     >  0.5 against @entity7408 . The dosis of the most synergistic (L    =  0.67) mixture was 168.23    g/ml (ZpE  = 27%; LnE  =  73%) with 9.7 and 31.6% of @entity3088 and @entity16296 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Studies with the statistical-based MixLow method, allowed for the finding of the most ZpE-LnE synergistic mixtures, giving support to a proper joint use of both antifungal herbs in traditional medicine.

title: Synergistic mutual potentiation of antifungal activity of Zuccagnia punctata @entity3895 . and Larrea nitida XXXX . extracts in clinical isolates of @entity5132 and @entity7408 .

answer: @entity3895 :: (10537,Species) :: ['Cav']