abstract: 1. In order to evaluate whether treatment with different antihypertensive drugs would affect plasma @entity2002 levels, 118 mild to moderate essential @entity101 subjects, all males, aged 18 to 65 years, were randomly treated with @entity3591 10 mg, @entity2165 100 mg, @entity918 25 mg or @entity3593 20 mg, all given once daily for 8 weeks. 2. Before and after 8 weeks' treatment, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), @entity2002 , total @entity165 (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C, @entity1674 (TG), plasma @entity413 , plasma @entity414 , serum @entity1011 and serum @entity972 were evaluated. 3. All four medications significantly reduced BP values, although the BP lowering effect of @entity3593 , @entity3591 and @entity2165 was significantly greater compared with that of @entity918 . 4. Plasma @entity2002 levels were unaffected by @entity2165 , @entity918 and @entity3591 , whereas they were significantly decreased by @entity3593 (-11.2%, P = 0.002). This @entity2002 lowering effect was more evident in smokers (-17.7%) than in non smokers (-7.4%). 5. @entity2165 and @entity3591 did not significantly affect plasma lipids, @entity918 increased TC, LDL-C and TG and reduced HDL-C; @entity3593 increased HDL-C and decreased TC and LDL-C. 6. @entity918 increased plasma @entity413 and @entity414 concentrations, which were unaffected by the other drugs. The diuretic also reduced serum @entity972 . 7. The results of this study indicate that @entity3593 reduces levels of plasma @entity2002 and confirm that different antihypertensive drugs may elicit different metabolic effects, which may variously influence the overall risk profile of the @entity101 @entity1 .

title: Effects of different antihypertensive drugs on plasma XXXX in @entity101 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity2002 :: (2244,Gene) :: ['fibrinogen']


abstract: 1. In order to evaluate whether treatment with different antihypertensive drugs would affect plasma @entity2002 levels, 118 mild to moderate essential @entity101 subjects, all males, aged 18 to 65 years, were randomly treated with @entity3591 10 mg, @entity2165 100 mg, @entity918 25 mg or @entity3593 20 mg, all given once daily for 8 weeks. 2. Before and after 8 weeks' treatment, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), @entity2002 , total @entity165 (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C, @entity1674 (TG), plasma @entity413 , plasma @entity414 , serum @entity1011 and serum @entity972 were evaluated. 3. All four medications significantly reduced BP values, although the BP lowering effect of @entity3593 , @entity3591 and @entity2165 was significantly greater compared with that of @entity918 . 4. Plasma @entity2002 levels were unaffected by @entity2165 , @entity918 and @entity3591 , whereas they were significantly decreased by @entity3593 (-11.2%, P = 0.002). This @entity2002 lowering effect was more evident in smokers (-17.7%) than in non smokers (-7.4%). 5. @entity2165 and @entity3591 did not significantly affect plasma lipids, @entity918 increased TC, LDL-C and TG and reduced HDL-C; @entity3593 increased HDL-C and decreased TC and LDL-C. 6. @entity918 increased plasma @entity413 and @entity414 concentrations, which were unaffected by the other drugs. The diuretic also reduced serum @entity972 . 7. The results of this study indicate that @entity3593 reduces levels of plasma @entity2002 and confirm that different antihypertensive drugs may elicit different metabolic effects, which may variously influence the overall risk profile of the @entity101 @entity1 .

title: Effects of different antihypertensive drugs on plasma @entity2002 in @entity101 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydrochlorothiazide', 'hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['lisinopril']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity2165 :: ('MESH:D001262', 'Chemical') :: ['Atenolol', 'atenolol']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity4663 are known to play a central role in processes such as growth and development. Virtually nothing is known about their importance in tooth development, an attractive and frequently used experimental model for studies of developmental processes. A @entity4664 -depleted state was created in tooth cells in an organ culture system. First lower molar germs from 16-and 17.5-day old @entity19 fetuses were used. @entity11747 ( @entity11747 ) and @entity2665 ( @entity2665 ) were used to deplete the cells from their @entity4664 content. @entity4664 interconversion and catabolism were prevented by @entity5118 (AG). In day-16 germs cultured in serum-containing medium, @entity11747 reduced the frequency of cycling cells as shown by @entity665 incorporation, and induced a delay of odontoblast differentiation of about 24 h. Under the same conditions, @entity2665 induced an arrest of histo-morphogenesis, correlated to a significant decrease in the rate of cell proliferation. Addition of @entity4663 prevented @entity11747 - and @entity2665 -induced delay of tooth differentiation. Interestingly, @entity2665 did not delay the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts in cultured day-17.5 molars; in these, cells at the tip of the cusps are only a few hours before their withdrawal from the cell cycle. In serum-deprived medium, dental cytodifferentiations did not occur. Addition of @entity7224 or @entity11667 to serum-free media, however, allowed for tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. Tooth explants in a serum-deprived medium reacted to @entity11747 in a cytocidal fashion, whereas @entity2665 showed only a mild @entity137 in some cell types. Addition of @entity7224 to @entity11747 -containing medium prevented its cytotoxic effect. Addition of @entity11667 to @entity2665 -containing medium not only prevented its mild @entity137 but also allowed for predentin secretion by differentiated odontoblasts. The results are discussed with regard to the well-established developmental events of tooth germs cultured in vitro and with respect to present knowledge of @entity4664 metabolism and their involvement in cellular processes.

title: XXXX depletion-mediated effects on @entity19 odontogenesis are dependent on tooth developmental stage and culture conditions.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5118 :: ('MESH:C004479', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoguanidine sulfate']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity7224 :: ('MESH:D011700', 'Chemical') :: ['putrescine']

entities_list: @entity2665 :: ('MESH:D008935', 'Chemical') :: ['MGBG', 'methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone)']

entities_list: @entity4663 :: ('MESH:D011073', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyamines', 'polyamines']

entities_list: @entity4664 :: ('CHEBI:60143', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyamine', 'polyamine']

entities_list: @entity11747 :: ('CHEBI:41948', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-difluoromethylornithine', 'DFMO']

entities_list: @entity11667 :: ('MESH:D013095', 'Chemical') :: ['spermidine']

answer: @entity4664 :: (CHEBI:60143,Chemical) :: ['Polyamine']


abstract: @entity4663 are known to play a central role in processes such as growth and development. Virtually nothing is known about their importance in tooth development, an attractive and frequently used experimental model for studies of developmental processes. A @entity4664 -depleted state was created in tooth cells in an organ culture system. First lower molar germs from 16-and 17.5-day old @entity19 fetuses were used. @entity11747 ( @entity11747 ) and @entity2665 ( @entity2665 ) were used to deplete the cells from their @entity4664 content. @entity4664 interconversion and catabolism were prevented by @entity5118 (AG). In day-16 germs cultured in serum-containing medium, @entity11747 reduced the frequency of cycling cells as shown by @entity665 incorporation, and induced a delay of odontoblast differentiation of about 24 h. Under the same conditions, @entity2665 induced an arrest of histo-morphogenesis, correlated to a significant decrease in the rate of cell proliferation. Addition of @entity4663 prevented @entity11747 - and @entity2665 -induced delay of tooth differentiation. Interestingly, @entity2665 did not delay the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts in cultured day-17.5 molars; in these, cells at the tip of the cusps are only a few hours before their withdrawal from the cell cycle. In serum-deprived medium, dental cytodifferentiations did not occur. Addition of @entity7224 or @entity11667 to serum-free media, however, allowed for tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation. Tooth explants in a serum-deprived medium reacted to @entity11747 in a cytocidal fashion, whereas @entity2665 showed only a mild @entity137 in some cell types. Addition of @entity7224 to @entity11747 -containing medium prevented its cytotoxic effect. Addition of @entity11667 to @entity2665 -containing medium not only prevented its mild @entity137 but also allowed for predentin secretion by differentiated odontoblasts. The results are discussed with regard to the well-established developmental events of tooth germs cultured in vitro and with respect to present knowledge of @entity4664 metabolism and their involvement in cellular processes.

title: @entity4664 depletion-mediated effects on XXXX odontogenesis are dependent on tooth developmental stage and culture conditions.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Participation bias might affect the results and the representability of randomised controlled trials. We investigated the degree of socio-demographic and psychosocial participation bias in the Danish @entity2 Screening Trial (DLCST). METHODS: In DLCST the questionnaire COS-LC (Consequences of Screening in @entity2 ) was used to measure the psychosocial aspects of screening. To investigate a difference with a comparable representative sample from the Danish population, we sent out an inclusion questionnaire to 3999 Danes in the age from 50 to 70 years randomly selected from the Central National Register. Those who completed the inclusion questionnaire and met the inclusion criteria from DLCST received the COS-LC. Those who completed the COS-LC-and thus formed a population sample comparable to DLCST - were compared to the DLCST @entity1 on socio-demographics and psychosocial measures. RESULTS: Participation rates were high among the comparable population sample: 75.3% completed the inclusion questionnaire and 77.4% of those who were eligible completed the COS-LC. The analyses revealed differences between the DLCST @entity1 and the comparable population sample in the following socio-demographic aspects: social group, living alone, gender, age and geographical area. DLCST @entity1 reported less negative psychosocial aspects than the comparable population sample. CONCLUSION: The present study has shown substantial socio-demographic and psychosocial participation bias in DLCST.

title: Participation bias in a randomised trial of screening for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung Cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: Classification of @entity706 has changed markedly in recent years and advances have been made in therapy. This study investigated the variations in treatment and survival of 1622 @entity1 in a population-based registry. A total of 1009 cases of @entity706 ( @entity706 ) were classified according to the Kiel classification. Pathology review resulted in major diagnostic changes for 24% of cases. Of the @entity706 cases, 39% had not had full staging procedures. Younger @entity1 were more likely to have been treated with multiagent chemotherapy regimens, as were @entity1 with B symptoms. Median survival for @entity706 @entity1 was 12 months for high-grade @entity1 and more than 60 months for low-grade @entity1 . Significant factors affecting the survival of @entity706 @entity1 were performance status, whether treatment had followed a recognised protocol, whether treatment had been carried out at a specialist oncology centre (SOC), grade of disease, stage, gender and age. The same factors had a significant effect on survival of the @entity1778 @entity1 , except for treatment at an SOC, which had a significant favourable effect on survival of @entity981 ( @entity981 ) @entity1 only. Median survival for @entity1 with @entity6444 was 43 months and 7 months for @entity981 @entity1 .

title: Treatment and survival of XXXX in the north-west of England: a population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukaemia', 'ALL']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoid malignancy', 'ML', 'malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity6444 :: ('MESH:D015461', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukaemia']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoid malignancy']


abstract: Piritrexim is a lipid-soluble drug which is as effective an inhibitor of @entity9796 reductase as methotrexate. Phase I and II studies have indicated activity in some @entity5 types. Because of its lipophilicity we have conducted a phase II study in recurrent high-grade @entity11 (grades III and IV). Twenty-seven @entity1 were treated with 25 mg p.o. three times daily for five consecutive days, repeated weekly, with provision for dose escalation or reduction according to @entity137 . Five @entity1 received less than 4 weeks' treatment because of disease progression or @entity204 . Twenty-two @entity1 were evaluable for response. One complete and one partial response was seen (duration 262+ and 241+ weeks) and 13 @entity1 had static disease for a median duration of 13 weeks (range 7-35). The major @entity137 was myelosuppression. This response rate of 9% of evaluable @entity1 is much lower than that seen for some conventionally used drugs and we conclude that piritrexim is unlikely to be of value in the management of high-grade @entity11 .

title: A phase II study of oral piritrexim in recurrent high-grade (III, IV) XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity9796 :: ('MESH:C010920', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrofolate']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound-guided puncture is indispensable for the injection of local anesthetic in the interfascial space, the space between 2 muscle fasciae. Interfascial infiltration or block may be useful in treating @entity158 in the trapezius muscle. METHODS: (1) In 5 cadavers, we studied the diffusion of a physiological saline and latex solution in the interfascial space of the upper muscles of the back, and performed a histological study of the fasciae. (2) We performed an @entity616 in 25 @entity1 with @entity158 in the trapezius muscle. Depending on the trigger point location, the block was performed between the trapezius and the levator scapulae or between the trapezius and the rhomboideus major. RESULTS: In all cadavers, anatomical dissection showed the latex in the interfascial space. The histological study confirmed the presence of nerve structures in the fasciae and in the interfascial space itself. @entity158 was assessed in all @entity1 on a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after the injection (at rest and in motion). Preinjection: mean VAS 6.4 (at rest) and 7.6 (in motion). Postinjection: mean VAS 1 (at rest) and 1.6 (in motion). DISCUSSION: The anatomical, histological, and ultrasound findings in the cadaver study confirmed the diffusion of the solution in the interfascial space. Study in @entity1 confirms that the @entity616 in the back musculature can be as effective as in the abdominal musculature. The presence of nerve structures in this space, confirmed by the histological study, seems to explain the @entity158 relief reported by the @entity1 with this interfascial technique.

title: Is @entity616 with ultrasound-guided puncture useful in treatment of XXXX of the trapezius muscle?

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['interfascial block']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['myofascial pain', 'Pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['myofascial pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound-guided puncture is indispensable for the injection of local anesthetic in the interfascial space, the space between 2 muscle fasciae. Interfascial infiltration or block may be useful in treating @entity158 in the trapezius muscle. METHODS: (1) In 5 cadavers, we studied the diffusion of a physiological saline and latex solution in the interfascial space of the upper muscles of the back, and performed a histological study of the fasciae. (2) We performed an @entity616 in 25 @entity1 with @entity158 in the trapezius muscle. Depending on the trigger point location, the block was performed between the trapezius and the levator scapulae or between the trapezius and the rhomboideus major. RESULTS: In all cadavers, anatomical dissection showed the latex in the interfascial space. The histological study confirmed the presence of nerve structures in the fasciae and in the interfascial space itself. @entity158 was assessed in all @entity1 on a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after the injection (at rest and in motion). Preinjection: mean VAS 6.4 (at rest) and 7.6 (in motion). Postinjection: mean VAS 1 (at rest) and 1.6 (in motion). DISCUSSION: The anatomical, histological, and ultrasound findings in the cadaver study confirmed the diffusion of the solution in the interfascial space. Study in @entity1 confirms that the @entity616 in the back musculature can be as effective as in the abdominal musculature. The presence of nerve structures in this space, confirmed by the histological study, seems to explain the @entity158 relief reported by the @entity1 with this interfascial technique.

title: Is XXXX with ultrasound-guided puncture useful in treatment of @entity158 of the trapezius muscle?

answer: @entity616 :: (MESH:D006327,Disease) :: ['interfascial block']


abstract: @entity141 is a chemopreventive agent for @entity694 . Ion transport systems are often altered in @entity1 @entity5 . The aim of this study was to clarify the alterations of @entity460 -sensing receptor ( @entity1631 ), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, in @entity14 . We analyzed the expression of @entity1631 in @entity14 cell lines and in @entity5 and @entity652 tissues by RT-PCR and immunostaining. In addition, we analyzed methylation of the @entity1631 promoter by using bisulfite sequence analysis and methylation-specific PCR. @entity1631 mRNA and protein expression was significantly downregulated in most of the @entity5 cell lines. CpG islands were densely methylated in @entity5 cell lines with reduced @entity1631 mRNA expression. Treatment with a demethylating agent, @entity11508 , and/or a histone deacetylase inhibitor, @entity3996 , restored @entity1631 expression in the @entity5 cell lines. Disruption of @entity1631 expression in @entity1631 -unmethylated HCT-8 cells blocked the enhancing effect of @entity141 on the cytotoxic response to @entity1487 . @entity1631 expression was observed in normal colonic epithelial cells and was retained in most @entity652 tissues. @entity1631 mRNA and protein expression was significantly downregulated in @entity5 tissues. There was an inverse relationship between @entity1631 expression and degree of differentiation. Immunohistochemical @entity1631 staining was reduced more predominantly in less-differentiated @entity5 tissues and/or in @entity5 cells at the invasive front, where nuclear/cytoplasmic @entity3546 was often localized. @entity1631 methylation was detected in 69% of @entity14 tissues and 90% of lymph node metastatic tissues and was significantly correlated with reduced @entity1631 expression. @entity1631 methylation was also detected in 32% of advanced @entity652 tissues but was detected in only 9% of @entity652 tissues and was not detected in hyperplastic polyp tissues. @entity1631 methylation seems to occur at an early stage and progress in @entity14 . The results suggest that epigenetic inactivation of @entity1631 has an important role in @entity14 .

title: Epigenetic inactivation of @entity460 -sensing receptor in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3996 :: ('MESH:C012589', 'Chemical') :: ['trichostatin A']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinogenesis', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

entities_list: @entity11508 :: ('MESH:C014347', 'Chemical') :: ["5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine"]

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinogenesis']


abstract: @entity141 is a chemopreventive agent for @entity694 . Ion transport systems are often altered in @entity1 @entity5 . The aim of this study was to clarify the alterations of @entity460 -sensing receptor ( @entity1631 ), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, in @entity14 . We analyzed the expression of @entity1631 in @entity14 cell lines and in @entity5 and @entity652 tissues by RT-PCR and immunostaining. In addition, we analyzed methylation of the @entity1631 promoter by using bisulfite sequence analysis and methylation-specific PCR. @entity1631 mRNA and protein expression was significantly downregulated in most of the @entity5 cell lines. CpG islands were densely methylated in @entity5 cell lines with reduced @entity1631 mRNA expression. Treatment with a demethylating agent, @entity11508 , and/or a histone deacetylase inhibitor, @entity3996 , restored @entity1631 expression in the @entity5 cell lines. Disruption of @entity1631 expression in @entity1631 -unmethylated HCT-8 cells blocked the enhancing effect of @entity141 on the cytotoxic response to @entity1487 . @entity1631 expression was observed in normal colonic epithelial cells and was retained in most @entity652 tissues. @entity1631 mRNA and protein expression was significantly downregulated in @entity5 tissues. There was an inverse relationship between @entity1631 expression and degree of differentiation. Immunohistochemical @entity1631 staining was reduced more predominantly in less-differentiated @entity5 tissues and/or in @entity5 cells at the invasive front, where nuclear/cytoplasmic @entity3546 was often localized. @entity1631 methylation was detected in 69% of @entity14 tissues and 90% of lymph node metastatic tissues and was significantly correlated with reduced @entity1631 expression. @entity1631 methylation was also detected in 32% of advanced @entity652 tissues but was detected in only 9% of @entity652 tissues and was not detected in hyperplastic polyp tissues. @entity1631 methylation seems to occur at an early stage and progress in @entity14 . The results suggest that epigenetic inactivation of @entity1631 has an important role in @entity14 .

title: Epigenetic inactivation of XXXX -sensing receptor in @entity14 .

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Individuals at the forefront of a range shift are likely to exhibit phenotypic traits that distinguish them from the population breeding within the historic range. Recent studies have examined morphological, physiological and behavioral phenotypes of individuals at the edge of their range. Several studies have found differences in the @entity2339 activity in response to acute restraint stress in individuals at the range limits. @entity2339 activation leads to elevations in glucocorticoids that regulate physiology and behavior. Here we compare the hormonal  profiles and morphometrics from Gambel' @entity1762 -crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) breeding at the northern limit of the population's range to those birds breeding within the historic population range. Birds breeding at the northern limit experienced a harsher environment with colder temperatures; however, we found no differences in arthropod prey biomass between the northern limit and more southern (historic) sites. Males at the northern limit had higher body condition scores (mass corrected for body size) compared to individuals within the historic range, but no differences were found in beak and tarsus lengths, wing chord, muscle profile or fat stores. In males during the pre-parental stage, before breeding commenced, @entity2339 activity was elevated in birds at the northern limit of the range, but no differences were found during the parental or molt stages. Females showed no differences in @entity2339 activity during the parental stage. This study suggests that "pioneering" individuals at the limits of their breeding range exhibit physiology and morphology that are distinct from individuals within the historic range.

title: Breeding on the leading edge of a northward range expansion: differences in morphology and the stress response in the arctic Gambel' XXXX -crowned sparrow.

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis', 'HPA axis']

answer: @entity1762 :: (64459,Species) :: ['s white']


abstract: The severity of @entity656 is correlated to the amount of necroses--pancreatic parenchymal necroses and fatty tissue necroses in the retroperitoneal spaces--the liberation of vasoactive and toxic substances and the bacterial contamination of necroses. The @entity39 pancreatits occurs in around 15 to 25% of all @entity1 with @entity656 ; a @entity281 has been observed in around 40% of @entity1 with @entity788 . Surgical treatment in @entity1 with @entity788 is indicated, if they develop a surgically acute abdomen, a @entity1850 or a multisystem's organ failure syndrome despite ICU-treatment over at least 3 days. Bacterial contamination, proved by an ultrasound guided FNP of the @entity39 is a strong indicator for surgical management. Careful necrosectomy and a continuous local lavage of the lesser sac and the @entity39 are most effective. Conservation of vital pancreatic tissue is a major goal of surgical treatment. The continuous local postoperative closed lavage results in a continuous evacuation of vasoactive and toxic substances, bacteria, local active enzymes and debrid tissue. Among @entity1 with sterile pancreatic necroses only those with major necroses of more than 50% of the pancreas are candidates for surgical treatment. Hospital mortality after necrosectomy and local lavage figures in major leading series between 8 and 20%. Failure of surgical treatment of @entity788 is mostly due to continuing local and systemic @entity295 .

title: Necrosectomy and postoperative local lavage in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['acute pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis', 'necrotic cavities', 'necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['local infection']

entities_list: @entity1850 :: ('MESH:D018746', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis syndrome']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['necrotizing pancreatitis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A temporal trend analysis was performed on antimicrobial resistance data collected over 4 consecutive years (2011-2014) in the official Belgian antimicrobial resistance monitoring programme. Commensal @entity526 strains were isolated from faecal samples of four livestock categories (veal @entity291 , young beef @entity291 , broiler @entity1573 and slaughter @entity1707 ) and the trends of resistance profiles were analysed. The resistance prevalence remained high (>50%) during the study period for @entity869 in veal @entity291 and @entity1573 , for @entity2177 and @entity802 in @entity1573 , for @entity207 in veal @entity291 , @entity1573 and @entity1707 and for @entity803 in veal @entity291 . Using logistic regression and Generalized Estimating Equation and after p value adjustment for multiple testing (Linear step-up method), statistically significant decreasing temporal trends were observed for several of the 11 tested antimicrobials in several livestock categories: in veal @entity291 (10/11), in @entity1573 (6/11) and in @entity1707 (5/11). A significant increasing trend was observed for the prevalence of resistance to @entity2177 in @entity1573 . Multi-resistance, considered as the resistance to at least three antimicrobials of different antibiotic classes, was observed in the four livestock categories but was significantly decreasing in veal @entity291 , @entity1573 and @entity1707 . Overall, the prevalence of resistance and of multi-resistance was lowest in the beef @entity291 livestock category and highest in broiler @entity1573 . These decreasing temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance might be due to a decrease of the total antimicrobial consumption for veterinary use in Belgium which was reported for the period between 2010 and 2013. The methodology and statistical tools developed in this study provide outputs which can detect shifts in resistance levels or resistance trends associated with particular antimicrobial classes and livestock categories. Such outputs can be used as objective evidence to evaluate the possible efficacy of measures taken by animal health authorities and stakeholders in the livestock sector to limit antimicrobial resistance occurrence.

title: A trend analysis of antimicrobial resistance in commensal XXXX from several livestock species in Belgium (2011-2014).

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity802 :: ('MESH:D009268', 'Chemical') :: ['nalidixic acid']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: PURPOSE: The management of @entity1 with @entity976 is often multifaceted and multidisciplinary. The purpose of this study was to examine the results of @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation in the treatment of @entity1 with predominately @entity976 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty @entity1 with @entity976 underwent @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation at our center between 1981 and 1993. The median @entity1 age was 26 years (range, 3-70 years). Thirteen @entity1 had intracavitary irradiation as the primary surgery for their @entity5 , whereas 17 @entity1 had adjuvant intracavitary irradiation after microsurgical resection, fractionated radiotherapy, or both. @entity1 in the adjuvant treatment group were more likely to have preoperative anterior @entity4614 (p = 0.008 Fischer exact test) and @entity2010 (p = 0.003 Fischer exact test). The median follow-up was 37 months (mean, 46 months, range, 7-116 months). RESULTS: @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation resulted in cyst regression in 28 of 32 treated cysts (88%). Ten @entity1 (33%) have had @entity5 progression requiring further surgical intervention. Three @entity1 (10%) died: two of @entity5 progression, and one of unrelated causes. Visual acuity and fields improved or remained stable in 63% of the @entity1 . Fifteen @entity1 had residual anterior pituitary function before intracavitary irradiation and 10 (67%) retained their preoperative endocrine status. New-onset @entity2010 occurred in 3 of 17 @entity1 (18%) who had normal posterior pituitary function preoperatively. Fourteen of 20 adult @entity1 (70%) continued to perform at their preoperative functional level; 3 of 5 pediatric @entity1 who were age appropriate at the time of treatment continued to develop normally. No difference was noted between primary and adjuvant treatment @entity1 with respect to cyst control, @entity227 , or endocrine preservation after @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation. CONCLUSION: The goals of @entity976 management should be @entity5 control with preservation of @entity73 . @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation is an important option that enhances the likelihood of achieving these goals in @entity1 with primarily @entity976 .

title: XXXX -32 intracavitary irradiation of @entity976 : current technique and long-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deterioration']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cystic tumors']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['visual, endocrine, and cognitive function']

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngiomas', 'cystic craniopharyngiomas', 'craniopharyngioma']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['Phosphorus', 'phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity3151 :: (MESH:D010758,Chemical) :: ['Phosphorus']


abstract: PURPOSE: The management of @entity1 with @entity976 is often multifaceted and multidisciplinary. The purpose of this study was to examine the results of @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation in the treatment of @entity1 with predominately @entity976 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty @entity1 with @entity976 underwent @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation at our center between 1981 and 1993. The median @entity1 age was 26 years (range, 3-70 years). Thirteen @entity1 had intracavitary irradiation as the primary surgery for their @entity5 , whereas 17 @entity1 had adjuvant intracavitary irradiation after microsurgical resection, fractionated radiotherapy, or both. @entity1 in the adjuvant treatment group were more likely to have preoperative anterior @entity4614 (p = 0.008 Fischer exact test) and @entity2010 (p = 0.003 Fischer exact test). The median follow-up was 37 months (mean, 46 months, range, 7-116 months). RESULTS: @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation resulted in cyst regression in 28 of 32 treated cysts (88%). Ten @entity1 (33%) have had @entity5 progression requiring further surgical intervention. Three @entity1 (10%) died: two of @entity5 progression, and one of unrelated causes. Visual acuity and fields improved or remained stable in 63% of the @entity1 . Fifteen @entity1 had residual anterior pituitary function before intracavitary irradiation and 10 (67%) retained their preoperative endocrine status. New-onset @entity2010 occurred in 3 of 17 @entity1 (18%) who had normal posterior pituitary function preoperatively. Fourteen of 20 adult @entity1 (70%) continued to perform at their preoperative functional level; 3 of 5 pediatric @entity1 who were age appropriate at the time of treatment continued to develop normally. No difference was noted between primary and adjuvant treatment @entity1 with respect to cyst control, @entity227 , or endocrine preservation after @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation. CONCLUSION: The goals of @entity976 management should be @entity5 control with preservation of @entity73 . @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation is an important option that enhances the likelihood of achieving these goals in @entity1 with primarily @entity976 .

title: @entity3151 -32 intracavitary irradiation of XXXX : current technique and long-term results.

answer: @entity976 :: (MESH:D003397,Disease) :: ['cystic craniopharyngiomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic effects of intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin-type A on @entity508 can largely be explained by its blocking action at the neuromuscular junction. Botulinum toxin-type A is also thought to have a central action on the functional organization of the central nervous system. This study assessed the action of botulinum toxin-type A on spinal motor networks by investigating post-activation @entity308 of the soleus H-reflex in post- @entity64 @entity1 . @entity308 , a presynaptic mechanism controlling the synaptic efficacy of Ia-motoneuron transmission, is involved in the pathophysiology of @entity508 . @entity1 : Eight @entity1 with chronic @entity64 presenting with lower limb @entity508 and requiring botulinum toxin-type A injection in the ankle extensor muscle. METHODS: @entity308 of soleus H-reflex assessed as frequency-related @entity308 of H-reflex was investigated before and 3, 6 and 12 weeks after botulinum toxin-type A injections in the triceps surae. @entity308 was quantified as the ratio between @entity8108 -reflex amplitude at 0.5 and 0.1 Hz. RESULTS: @entity308 of soleus H-reflex, which is reduced on the paretic leg, was affected 3 weeks after botulinum toxin-type A injection. Depending on the residual motor capacity of the post- @entity64 @entity1 , post-activation @entity308 was either restored in @entity1 with preserved voluntary motor control or further reduced in @entity1 with no residual voluntary control. CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin treatment induces synaptic plasticity at the Ia-motoneuron synapse in post- @entity64 paretic @entity1 , which suggests that the effectiveness of botulinum toxin-type A in post- @entity64 rehabilitation might be partly due to its central effects.

title: Plastic changes in spinal synaptic transmission following botulinum toxin A in @entity1 with post- @entity64 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia post-stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Post-activation depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

answer: @entity508 :: (MESH:D009128,Disease) :: ['spasticity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic effects of intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin-type A on @entity508 can largely be explained by its blocking action at the neuromuscular junction. Botulinum toxin-type A is also thought to have a central action on the functional organization of the central nervous system. This study assessed the action of botulinum toxin-type A on spinal motor networks by investigating post-activation @entity308 of the soleus H-reflex in post- @entity64 @entity1 . @entity308 , a presynaptic mechanism controlling the synaptic efficacy of Ia-motoneuron transmission, is involved in the pathophysiology of @entity508 . @entity1 : Eight @entity1 with chronic @entity64 presenting with lower limb @entity508 and requiring botulinum toxin-type A injection in the ankle extensor muscle. METHODS: @entity308 of soleus H-reflex assessed as frequency-related @entity308 of H-reflex was investigated before and 3, 6 and 12 weeks after botulinum toxin-type A injections in the triceps surae. @entity308 was quantified as the ratio between @entity8108 -reflex amplitude at 0.5 and 0.1 Hz. RESULTS: @entity308 of soleus H-reflex, which is reduced on the paretic leg, was affected 3 weeks after botulinum toxin-type A injection. Depending on the residual motor capacity of the post- @entity64 @entity1 , post-activation @entity308 was either restored in @entity1 with preserved voluntary motor control or further reduced in @entity1 with no residual voluntary control. CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin treatment induces synaptic plasticity at the Ia-motoneuron synapse in post- @entity64 paretic @entity1 , which suggests that the effectiveness of botulinum toxin-type A in post- @entity64 rehabilitation might be partly due to its central effects.

title: Plastic changes in spinal synaptic transmission following botulinum toxin A in @entity1 with post- XXXX @entity508 .

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic effects of intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin-type A on @entity508 can largely be explained by its blocking action at the neuromuscular junction. Botulinum toxin-type A is also thought to have a central action on the functional organization of the central nervous system. This study assessed the action of botulinum toxin-type A on spinal motor networks by investigating post-activation @entity308 of the soleus H-reflex in post- @entity64 @entity1 . @entity308 , a presynaptic mechanism controlling the synaptic efficacy of Ia-motoneuron transmission, is involved in the pathophysiology of @entity508 . @entity1 : Eight @entity1 with chronic @entity64 presenting with lower limb @entity508 and requiring botulinum toxin-type A injection in the ankle extensor muscle. METHODS: @entity308 of soleus H-reflex assessed as frequency-related @entity308 of H-reflex was investigated before and 3, 6 and 12 weeks after botulinum toxin-type A injections in the triceps surae. @entity308 was quantified as the ratio between @entity8108 -reflex amplitude at 0.5 and 0.1 Hz. RESULTS: @entity308 of soleus H-reflex, which is reduced on the paretic leg, was affected 3 weeks after botulinum toxin-type A injection. Depending on the residual motor capacity of the post- @entity64 @entity1 , post-activation @entity308 was either restored in @entity1 with preserved voluntary motor control or further reduced in @entity1 with no residual voluntary control. CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin treatment induces synaptic plasticity at the Ia-motoneuron synapse in post- @entity64 paretic @entity1 , which suggests that the effectiveness of botulinum toxin-type A in post- @entity64 rehabilitation might be partly due to its central effects.

title: Plastic changes in spinal synaptic transmission following botulinum toxin A in XXXX with post- @entity64 @entity508 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: Because of low incidence rates, there have been few reports on the patterns of and risk factors for recurrence after curative resection of the ampulla of Vater (AoV) @entity5 . The aim of this study was to characterize patterns of recurrence and to evaluate risk factors affecting survival rates and recurrence after curative resection. METHODS: Medical records of 181 @entity1 who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy with curative intent for AoV @entity420 between December 1994 and March 2010 at Samsung Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. Factors influencing on overall survival rate, recurrence rates, and recurrence patterns were analyzed. RESULTS: Lymph node @entity3 and high preoperative serum @entity787 ( @entity787 ) level >5 ng/ml were identified as independent factors affecting overall survival (p=0.006, p<0.001, respectively). Among the 181 @entity1 , 69 developed local or distant recurrence within 3 years after curative resection. Lymph node @entity3 , preoperative serum @entity787 level >5 ng/ml, and total @entity648 level >1.5 mg/dl were identified as independent prognostic factors of recurrence after curative resection (p=0.008, p<0.001, p=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: AoV @entity420 has @entity5 , but still has a high recurrence rate, especially during the first three years after curative radical resection. Therefore, careful follow-up is needed during the first 3 years, especially for the higher risk group. Further study of adjuvant therapy to decrease recurrence after curative resection is now warranted.

title: XXXX of the ampulla of Vater: predictors of survival and recurrence after curative radical resection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'a better prognosis than other periampullary carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['Adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) has been widely used, but it has a potential risk of @entity5 spread along the catheter tract. We herein present a case of solitary PTBD tract @entity3 after curative resection of perihilar @entity201 . Initially, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage was done on a 65 year-old female @entity1 , but the @entity255 did not resolve. Thus a PTBD catheter was inserted into the right posterior duct. Right portal vein embolization was also performed. Curative surgery including right hepatectomy and bile duct resection was performed 16 days after PTBD. After 12 months, serum CA19-9 had increased gradually without any symptoms. Finally, a small right pleural @entity3 was found through strict @entity5 surveillance for 6 months. Chemoradiation therapy was performed, but there was no response to treatment. As the @entity5 progressed, she complained of severe @entity1353 and finally died from @entity5 dissemination to the chest and bones 18 months after the first detection of PTBD tract recurrence and 36 months after surgery. No intra-abdominal recurrence was found until the terminal stage. This PTBD tract recurrence was attributed to the PTBD even though it was in place for only 16 days. Although such recurrence is rare, its risk should be taken into account during follow-up of @entity1 who have received PTBD before.

title: Solitary percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage tract @entity3 after curative resection of perihilar XXXX : report of a case.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) has been widely used, but it has a potential risk of @entity5 spread along the catheter tract. We herein present a case of solitary PTBD tract @entity3 after curative resection of perihilar @entity201 . Initially, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage was done on a 65 year-old female @entity1 , but the @entity255 did not resolve. Thus a PTBD catheter was inserted into the right posterior duct. Right portal vein embolization was also performed. Curative surgery including right hepatectomy and bile duct resection was performed 16 days after PTBD. After 12 months, serum CA19-9 had increased gradually without any symptoms. Finally, a small right pleural @entity3 was found through strict @entity5 surveillance for 6 months. Chemoradiation therapy was performed, but there was no response to treatment. As the @entity5 progressed, she complained of severe @entity1353 and finally died from @entity5 dissemination to the chest and bones 18 months after the first detection of PTBD tract recurrence and 36 months after surgery. No intra-abdominal recurrence was found until the terminal stage. This PTBD tract recurrence was attributed to the PTBD even though it was in place for only 16 days. Although such recurrence is rare, its risk should be taken into account during follow-up of @entity1 who have received PTBD before.

title: Solitary percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage tract XXXX after curative resection of perihilar @entity201 : report of a case.

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: Many years ago, it was proposed that the symptoms of heartburn correlated more closely with acid-induced @entity4423 than with the presence of @entity32 . This concept, however, has not been evaluated by modern manometric techniques. We monitored intraesophageal pressures during acid perfusion (O.1N @entity5836 ) in 17 reflux @entity1 with gross @entity2910 and positive @entity158 response and 17 age-matched controls. Using a low-compliance infusion system, amplitude, duration, velocity, and the presence of simultaneous and repetitive contractions in the body of the esophagus were evaluated. Amplitude did not change in either group. Duration did increase significantly during acid perfusion in reflux @entity1 , but not in controls. Mean duration between groups, however, was similar before and during acid perfusion. No simultaneous contractions were observed, while three @entity1 and two controls had repetitive contractions. A significant decrease in velocity was observed in both groups during acid perfusion. These studies indicate that acid-induced @entity4681 are neither a common accompaniment nor necessary for the production of acid-induced @entity158 in the esophagus.

title: Are XXXX produced during the intraesophageal acid perfusion test?

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5836 :: ('MESH:D006851', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochloric acid']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['motor abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4423 :: ('MESH:D015154', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal motility abnormalities']

answer: @entity4423 :: (MESH:D015154,Disease) :: ['esophageal motility abnormalities']


abstract: AIM: To assess the outcome of different treatments in @entity1 admitted for @entity1318 in the United States. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample over an 8-year period (2003-2010). @entity1 admitted with a primary diagnosis of @entity1318 were divided into 3 groups based on their treatment: (1) Group 1: @entity1 who underwent Heller myotomy during their hospital stay; (2) Group 2: @entity1 who underwent esophagectomy; and (3) Group 3: @entity1 not undergoing surgical treatment. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), discharge destination and total hospital charges. RESULTS: Among 27141 @entity1 admitted with @entity1318 , nearly half (48.5%) underwent Heller myotomy, 2.5% underwent esophagectomy and 49.0% had endoscopic or other treatment. @entity1 in group 1 were younger, healthier, and had the lowest mortality when compared with the other two groups. Group 2 had the highest LOS and hospital charges among all groups. Group 3 had the highest mortality (1.2%, P < 0.001) and the lowest home discharge rate (78.8%) when compared to the other groups. The most frequently performed procedures among group 3 were esophageal dilatation (25.9%) and injection (13.3%). Among @entity1 who died in this group the most common associated morbidities included acute @entity1576 , @entity295 and @entity1174 . CONCLUSION: Surgery for @entity1318 carries exceedingly low mortality in the modern era; however, in complicated @entity1 , even less invasive treatments are burdened by significant mortality and morbidity.

title: Hospitalization for XXXX in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia', 'esophageal achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['esophageal achalasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the trend of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use in primary health care institutions located in A'Seeb, a province in the capital city of Oman, Muscat. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship between a physician's years of experience and the number of prescription issued, as well as the presence of risk factors and side effects in the @entity1 who received these prescriptions. METHOD: A clinical audit was conducted in four primary health care centers in the Muscat region over a one-week period in April 2014. The target population included @entity1 aged 18 years or over who attended one of the four health centers and were prescribed @entity32 . Overall, 272 @entity1 were recruited by systematic random sampling. The data were collected by two methods: direct face-to-face interviews and evaluations of the @entity1 's electronic medical file. The prescribing doctors were blind to the audit. The collected information included @entity1 demographics, past and current medical history of related comorbidities, NSAID type, dose, duration and indications for use, concomitant @entity1229 or/and @entity117 prescriptions, and co-prescription of gastroprotective agents. RESULTS: In total, 15% of @entity1 received an NSAID prescription: females were issued more prescriptions than males. The percentage of @entity1 who received an NSAID prescription across the health centers ranged from 9% to 24%. The main reason for prescribing @entity32 was musculoskeletal problems. The most frequently prescribed NSAID was @entity5018 . Sixteen percent of @entity1 who received an NSAID prescription had a risk factor related to its use. The mean and median duration of the NSAID prescriptions of all types were 5.6 and 5.0 days, respectively. Physicians with a greater number of years experience prescribed more @entity32 . CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the number of prescriptions of @entity32 among various institutes varied, which could reflect the level of awareness concerning NSAID risks among the prescribing doctors. @entity32 were prescribed for @entity1 with comorbidities and @entity1 with previously documented side effects without considering protective agents. Therefore, we suggest that the use of these medications is controlled, especially in high-risk populations.

title: XXXX ( @entity32 ) Use in Primary Health Care Centers in A'Seeb, Muscat: A Clinical Audit.

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity5018 :: ('MESH:D007052', 'Chemical') :: ['ibuprofen']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the trend of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use in primary health care institutions located in A'Seeb, a province in the capital city of Oman, Muscat. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship between a physician's years of experience and the number of prescription issued, as well as the presence of risk factors and side effects in the @entity1 who received these prescriptions. METHOD: A clinical audit was conducted in four primary health care centers in the Muscat region over a one-week period in April 2014. The target population included @entity1 aged 18 years or over who attended one of the four health centers and were prescribed @entity32 . Overall, 272 @entity1 were recruited by systematic random sampling. The data were collected by two methods: direct face-to-face interviews and evaluations of the @entity1 's electronic medical file. The prescribing doctors were blind to the audit. The collected information included @entity1 demographics, past and current medical history of related comorbidities, NSAID type, dose, duration and indications for use, concomitant @entity1229 or/and @entity117 prescriptions, and co-prescription of gastroprotective agents. RESULTS: In total, 15% of @entity1 received an NSAID prescription: females were issued more prescriptions than males. The percentage of @entity1 who received an NSAID prescription across the health centers ranged from 9% to 24%. The main reason for prescribing @entity32 was musculoskeletal problems. The most frequently prescribed NSAID was @entity5018 . Sixteen percent of @entity1 who received an NSAID prescription had a risk factor related to its use. The mean and median duration of the NSAID prescriptions of all types were 5.6 and 5.0 days, respectively. Physicians with a greater number of years experience prescribed more @entity32 . CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the number of prescriptions of @entity32 among various institutes varied, which could reflect the level of awareness concerning NSAID risks among the prescribing doctors. @entity32 were prescribed for @entity1 with comorbidities and @entity1 with previously documented side effects without considering protective agents. Therefore, we suggest that the use of these medications is controlled, especially in high-risk populations.

title: @entity32 ( XXXX ) Use in Primary Health Care Centers in A'Seeb, Muscat: A Clinical Audit.

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['NSAIDs']


abstract: We retrospectively studied the results from thoracenteses and needle biopsies of the pleura performed in 414 @entity1 with @entity1143 between 1973 and 1982. The final causes of effusion were @entity5 in 281 @entity1 (67.9%) and nonmalignant disease in 133 (32.1%). The presence of @entity5 was established by cytologic study in 162 @entity1 (57.6%), by needle biopsy in 123 (43%), and by either cytologic analysis or biopsy in 182 (64.7%). In only 7.1% of the 281 @entity1 with @entity3483 did biopsy reveal @entity5 when the results of cytologic study were negative for @entity5 . Nearly half of the @entity1 with @entity706 had @entity6113 of the pleural fluid, but neither this finding nor the lymphocytic @entity5641 noted on biopsy was diagnostic of @entity1669 . Among the @entity1 with @entity3620 , thoracotomy was necessary to confirm the diagnosis in 60.9%. In the @entity1 with nonmalignant diseases, with the exception of six with @entity3254 , pleural biopsy was nondiagnostic even though the causes of @entity1143 were apparent from the clinical features. The causes of @entity1143 remained unknown in 82 @entity1 (19.8%). Pleural biopsy failed to provide adequate tissue in 55 @entity1 (13.3%). This study shows that cytologic analysis has a higher sensitivity (P less than 0.001) than needle biopsy for diagnosing @entity3483 . The value of needle biopsy is limited in establishing the cause of @entity1143 that results from either malignant or nonmalignant disease, with the exception of @entity3254 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Comparison of needle biopsy with cytologic analysis for the evaluation of XXXX : analysis of 414 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusions', 'pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity6113 :: ('MESH:D008218', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytosis']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'pleural malignant disease']

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomatous involvement of the pleura']

entities_list: @entity5641 :: ('MESH:D010998', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritis']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity3483 :: ('MESH:D016066', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pleural effusions']

entities_list: @entity3254 :: ('MESH:D014396', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous pleurisy']

answer: @entity1143 :: (MESH:D010996,Disease) :: ['pleural effusion']


abstract: The alpha v beta 6 integrin was identified in cultured epithelial cells and functions as a fibronectin receptor. We have now used monoclonal antibodies to determine in vivo expression patterns of the beta 6 subunit in normal and pathological @entity1 or primate tissues, and during experimental wound healing or induced @entity651 . The results indicate that beta 6 expression is restricted to epithelia and is up-regulated in parallel with morphogenetic events, tumorigenesis, and epithelial repair. During development of the kidney, lung, and skin, we found that beta 6 is expressed by specific types of epithelial cells, whereas it is mostly undetectable in normal adult kidney, lung and skin. In contrast, we detected high-level expression in several types of @entity189 . For example, beta 6 is almost invariably neo-expressed in @entity957 derived from the oral mucosa, often focally localized at the infiltrating edges of @entity5 islands. Expression of beta 6 is also upregulated in migrating keratinocytes at the wound edge during experimental epidermal wound healing. Similarly, beta 6 expression is induced in type II alveolar epithelial cells during @entity651 caused by injection of live bacteria. We also observed beta 6 expression in adult lungs and kidneys at focal sites of subclinical @entity32 , as well as in a variety of clinical specimens from @entity1 with chronic or acute @entity32 of the lungs or kidneys. From these findings and earlier results, we hypothesize that alpha v beta 6 affects cell spreading, migration and growth during reorganization of epithelia in development, tissue repair, and @entity5 .

title: Expression of the beta 6 integrin subunit in development, XXXX and tissue repair suggests a role in epithelial remodeling.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasia']


abstract: We designed the present study to examine whether or not the inhibition of @entity4833 modulates cerebral microcirculation in @entity551 and improves brain metabolism in @entity63 induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion in @entity101 @entity35 . Blood flow to the parietal cortex was determined by the H2 clearance method. @entity880 , @entity2388 , and @entity855 were estimated by enzymatic methods. @entity4833 inhibitor (AChEI, @entity11544 ), at 0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/kg, was intravenously injected 10 min before either hemorrhagic @entity551 or @entity2806 . The levels of @entity934 in the control were 29.3 +/- 8.1 (mean +/- SD) and 39.5 +/- 8.1 pmol/mg in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and they were significantly decreased by 15-19% after 60 min of @entity63 in the vehicle-treated @entity35 . AChEI preserved the levels to 93-98% of the control (p < 0.05 versus vehicle). The lower limit of autoregulation was 74 +/- 9% of the resting values. The administration of AChEI helped preserve blood flow and lowered the limit to 64 +/- 6% (p < 0.05 versus control). After 60 min of @entity63 , @entity880 increased 6.5-fold and @entity855 decreased to 64% of the control value. The administration of AChEI dose-dependently reduced the @entity880 level 1.9- to 3.9-fold and well preserved the @entity855 level to 94-97% of the control. The inhibition of @entity4833 activity may preserve cerebral autoregulation during @entity551 and protect cerebral metabolism against ischemic insult.

title: Inhibition of @entity4833 modulates the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and @entity63 brain metabolism in XXXX @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity4833 :: ('83817(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Acetylcholinesterase', 'acetylcholinesterase']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate', 'Lactate']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: We designed the present study to examine whether or not the inhibition of @entity4833 modulates cerebral microcirculation in @entity551 and improves brain metabolism in @entity63 induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion in @entity101 @entity35 . Blood flow to the parietal cortex was determined by the H2 clearance method. @entity880 , @entity2388 , and @entity855 were estimated by enzymatic methods. @entity4833 inhibitor (AChEI, @entity11544 ), at 0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/kg, was intravenously injected 10 min before either hemorrhagic @entity551 or @entity2806 . The levels of @entity934 in the control were 29.3 +/- 8.1 (mean +/- SD) and 39.5 +/- 8.1 pmol/mg in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and they were significantly decreased by 15-19% after 60 min of @entity63 in the vehicle-treated @entity35 . AChEI preserved the levels to 93-98% of the control (p < 0.05 versus vehicle). The lower limit of autoregulation was 74 +/- 9% of the resting values. The administration of AChEI helped preserve blood flow and lowered the limit to 64 +/- 6% (p < 0.05 versus control). After 60 min of @entity63 , @entity880 increased 6.5-fold and @entity855 decreased to 64% of the control value. The administration of AChEI dose-dependently reduced the @entity880 level 1.9- to 3.9-fold and well preserved the @entity855 level to 94-97% of the control. The inhibition of @entity4833 activity may preserve cerebral autoregulation during @entity551 and protect cerebral metabolism against ischemic insult.

title: Inhibition of XXXX modulates the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and @entity63 brain metabolism in @entity101 @entity35 .

answer: @entity4833 :: (83817(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['acetylcholinesterase']


abstract: We designed the present study to examine whether or not the inhibition of @entity4833 modulates cerebral microcirculation in @entity551 and improves brain metabolism in @entity63 induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion in @entity101 @entity35 . Blood flow to the parietal cortex was determined by the H2 clearance method. @entity880 , @entity2388 , and @entity855 were estimated by enzymatic methods. @entity4833 inhibitor (AChEI, @entity11544 ), at 0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/kg, was intravenously injected 10 min before either hemorrhagic @entity551 or @entity2806 . The levels of @entity934 in the control were 29.3 +/- 8.1 (mean +/- SD) and 39.5 +/- 8.1 pmol/mg in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and they were significantly decreased by 15-19% after 60 min of @entity63 in the vehicle-treated @entity35 . AChEI preserved the levels to 93-98% of the control (p < 0.05 versus vehicle). The lower limit of autoregulation was 74 +/- 9% of the resting values. The administration of AChEI helped preserve blood flow and lowered the limit to 64 +/- 6% (p < 0.05 versus control). After 60 min of @entity63 , @entity880 increased 6.5-fold and @entity855 decreased to 64% of the control value. The administration of AChEI dose-dependently reduced the @entity880 level 1.9- to 3.9-fold and well preserved the @entity855 level to 94-97% of the control. The inhibition of @entity4833 activity may preserve cerebral autoregulation during @entity551 and protect cerebral metabolism against ischemic insult.

title: Inhibition of @entity4833 modulates the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and XXXX brain metabolism in @entity101 @entity35 .

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['attenuates ischemic']


abstract: We designed the present study to examine whether or not the inhibition of @entity4833 modulates cerebral microcirculation in @entity551 and improves brain metabolism in @entity63 induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion in @entity101 @entity35 . Blood flow to the parietal cortex was determined by the H2 clearance method. @entity880 , @entity2388 , and @entity855 were estimated by enzymatic methods. @entity4833 inhibitor (AChEI, @entity11544 ), at 0.05, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/kg, was intravenously injected 10 min before either hemorrhagic @entity551 or @entity2806 . The levels of @entity934 in the control were 29.3 +/- 8.1 (mean +/- SD) and 39.5 +/- 8.1 pmol/mg in the cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and they were significantly decreased by 15-19% after 60 min of @entity63 in the vehicle-treated @entity35 . AChEI preserved the levels to 93-98% of the control (p < 0.05 versus vehicle). The lower limit of autoregulation was 74 +/- 9% of the resting values. The administration of AChEI helped preserve blood flow and lowered the limit to 64 +/- 6% (p < 0.05 versus control). After 60 min of @entity63 , @entity880 increased 6.5-fold and @entity855 decreased to 64% of the control value. The administration of AChEI dose-dependently reduced the @entity880 level 1.9- to 3.9-fold and well preserved the @entity855 level to 94-97% of the control. The inhibition of @entity4833 activity may preserve cerebral autoregulation during @entity551 and protect cerebral metabolism against ischemic insult.

title: Inhibition of @entity4833 modulates the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and @entity63 brain metabolism in @entity101 XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We have developed a method using flow cytometry to identify @entity941 -conjugated GH receptors ( @entity9045 ) on IM-9 lymphocytes and circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets. Binding to IM-9 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was concentration dependent and could be competitively blocked by the addition of unlabeled @entity1 GH, but not by the addition of @entity35 or @entity291 GH or @entity1 insulin or PRL. Using two-color flow cytometric analysis, @entity941 -conjugated @entity1 @entity9045 were readily detected on more than 90% of B lymphocytes and monocytes, but only variably on T lymphocytes. B Lymphocytes and monocytes had approximately 6000 @entity9045 /cell. Using two-color flow cytometry, we identified @entity9045 on circulating B lymphocytes in subjects with @entity2338 (n = 9), precocious puberty (n = 6), and @entity2689 (n = 5) and in seven subjects with @entity74 , including @entity851 , @entity18299 , @entity30 , @entity774 , and @entity2012 . The percentage of B lymphocytes expressing @entity9045 in subjects with @entity2338 (mean +/- SD, 95 +/- 9%), precocious puberty (91 +/- 15%), and @entity2689 (84 +/- 15%) was not different from that in normal volunteers (90 +/- 12%; n = 14). In 10 subjects, serum GH-binding protein levels were assayed simultaneously with B lymphocyte @entity9045 . GH-binding protein was normal in all (mean, 1255 pmol/L; range, 773-1809). There was a good correlation between @entity9045 expression on B lymphocytes and GH-binding protein levels (r = 0.75; P = 0.01). We postulate that @entity9045 found on circulating B lymphocytes may contribute to the pool of receptors identified in serum as GH-binding proteins. Two-color flow cytometry appears to be an effective method for the detection of @entity9045 on circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets. The evaluation of @entity9045 on circulating B lymphocytes may prove to be a useful means of evaluating GH- @entity9045 interactions in subjects with @entity851 .

title: Detection of XXXX growth hormone receptors on IM-9 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets by flow cytometry: correlation with growth hormone-binding protein levels.

entities_list: @entity2338 :: ('MESH:D004393', 'Disease') :: ['GH deficiency']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['familial short stature', 'growth disorders']

entities_list: @entity18299 :: ('MESH:D001848', 'Disease') :: ['bone dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['Crohn disease']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ['Turner syndrome']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['miscellaneous disorders']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['congenital adrenal hyperplasia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse the results of removing physical restraints from elderly @entity1 with @entity303 living in nursing homes. This objective is part of a wider process of change in residential care. METHODS: Quasi-experimental study conducted in two residences from May 2010 to May 2012. Information was collected at 7 time points and longitudinal analyses were performed. After training staff, the physical restraints in El Puig centre were phased out, while in the Conarda centre, restraints were still applied to elderly @entity1 . The main variables studied were: falls, psychotropic medication prescriptions, different indicators of @entity73 , and degree of @entity734 (Norton, NPI, Mini-mental, Tinetti, Barthel). RESULTS: In the El Puig centre all the physical restraints were removed. A slight improvement was seen in the number of falls, and their consequences. The ANOVA showed significant improvements in the centre that removed restraints in prescribing psychotropic medications, @entity73 , and behavioural changes. DISCUSSION: It is shown that removing physical restraints do not cause negative effects as regards the number of falls, and also positively affects the welfare and independence of elderly @entity1 (through changes in behaviour and @entity73 ). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this program must be accompanied by the reduction and control of medicines (withdrawal of the number of psychotropic prescriptions).

title: [Effects of a physical restraint removal program on older @entity1 with XXXX in residential care].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['mental impairment', 'cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse the results of removing physical restraints from elderly @entity1 with @entity303 living in nursing homes. This objective is part of a wider process of change in residential care. METHODS: Quasi-experimental study conducted in two residences from May 2010 to May 2012. Information was collected at 7 time points and longitudinal analyses were performed. After training staff, the physical restraints in El Puig centre were phased out, while in the Conarda centre, restraints were still applied to elderly @entity1 . The main variables studied were: falls, psychotropic medication prescriptions, different indicators of @entity73 , and degree of @entity734 (Norton, NPI, Mini-mental, Tinetti, Barthel). RESULTS: In the El Puig centre all the physical restraints were removed. A slight improvement was seen in the number of falls, and their consequences. The ANOVA showed significant improvements in the centre that removed restraints in prescribing psychotropic medications, @entity73 , and behavioural changes. DISCUSSION: It is shown that removing physical restraints do not cause negative effects as regards the number of falls, and also positively affects the welfare and independence of elderly @entity1 (through changes in behaviour and @entity73 ). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this program must be accompanied by the reduction and control of medicines (withdrawal of the number of psychotropic prescriptions).

title: [Effects of a physical restraint removal program on older XXXX with @entity303 in residential care].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of the hysteroscopic polypectomy in terms of the decrease of the abnormal uterine @entity548 . METHODS: A cross-sectional and analytical study was done with @entity1 to whom a hysteroscopic polypectomy was done for treating the abnormal uterine @entity548 , between January 2009 and December 2013. The response to the treatment was evaluated via a survey given to the @entity1 about the behavior of the abnormal uterine @entity548 after the procedure and about overall satisfaction. RESULTS: The results were obtained after a hysteroscopic polypectomy done to 128 @entity1 and were as follows. The average time from the polypectomy applied until the survey was 30.5 months, with a standard deviation of 18 months. 67.2% of the @entity1 reported @entity3556 and the 32.8% reported a persistence of symptoms. On average 82.8% of the. @entity1 were satisfied with the treatment. Bivariate and multivariate analysis showed no association between the variables studied and no improvement of abnormal uterine @entity548 after surgery (polypectomy). There were no complications. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopic polypectomy is a safe surgical treatment, which decreases on two of three @entity1 the abnormal uterine @entity548 in the presence of @entity1478 , with an acceptable level of satisfaction.

title: [Hysteroscopic polypectomy, treatment of abnormal uterine XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1478 :: ('MESH:D014591', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial polyps']

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['decreased abnormal uterine bleeding']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: Cavernous smooth @entity121 is effected through a complex biochemical pathway; therefore, a defect in any step of this pathway may result in @entity323 . Administration of pharmacologic agents which cause relaxation of the cavernous smooth muscle through a different mechanism may serve as an effective therapeutic alternative for @entity323 @entity1 . To test this hypothesis two @entity972 channel openers, @entity1706 and @entity31802 , were used to initiate and maintain cavernous smooth @entity121 . The drugs were given as intracavernous injections in two animal models. In 10 @entity235 @entity1706 and @entity31802 produced full erection. With @entity1706 (10(-2) M), the mean intracavernous pressure increased from a baseline pressure of 32.6 +/- 3.43 cm @entity2507 to a peak intracavernous pressure of 131.8 +/- 12.01 cm @entity2507 , and remained elevated for a period of 17.8 +/- 9.4 min. With @entity31802 (10(-2) M) intracavernous pressure rose from a baseline pressure of 32 +/- 2.55 cm @entity2507 to a peak intracavernous pressure of 140 +/- 3.39 cm @entity2507 , for a period of 19.4 +/- 0.89 min. Additionally, in 5 primates injected with @entity31802 (10(-2) M) intracavernous pressure rose from 24 +/- 3.81 to 131.2 +/- 7.56 cm @entity2507 , for 27.0 +/- 4.79 min. It is concluded that both @entity1706 and @entity31802 can initiate and maintain erection in @entity235 and that @entity31802 produces a similar erectile response in monkeys. Further study of the local and systemic effects of chronic injection is needed to determine whether this class of pharmacologic agents can provide therapy for @entity323 @entity1 .

title: The effect of intracavernous injection of XXXX channel openers in monkeys and @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction', 'impotent']

entities_list: @entity31802 :: ('MESH:D019806', 'Chemical') :: ['cromakalim']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle relaxation']

entities_list: @entity1706 :: ('MESH:D020110', 'Chemical') :: ['pinacidil']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: Cavernous smooth @entity121 is effected through a complex biochemical pathway; therefore, a defect in any step of this pathway may result in @entity323 . Administration of pharmacologic agents which cause relaxation of the cavernous smooth muscle through a different mechanism may serve as an effective therapeutic alternative for @entity323 @entity1 . To test this hypothesis two @entity972 channel openers, @entity1706 and @entity31802 , were used to initiate and maintain cavernous smooth @entity121 . The drugs were given as intracavernous injections in two animal models. In 10 @entity235 @entity1706 and @entity31802 produced full erection. With @entity1706 (10(-2) M), the mean intracavernous pressure increased from a baseline pressure of 32.6 +/- 3.43 cm @entity2507 to a peak intracavernous pressure of 131.8 +/- 12.01 cm @entity2507 , and remained elevated for a period of 17.8 +/- 9.4 min. With @entity31802 (10(-2) M) intracavernous pressure rose from a baseline pressure of 32 +/- 2.55 cm @entity2507 to a peak intracavernous pressure of 140 +/- 3.39 cm @entity2507 , for a period of 19.4 +/- 0.89 min. Additionally, in 5 primates injected with @entity31802 (10(-2) M) intracavernous pressure rose from 24 +/- 3.81 to 131.2 +/- 7.56 cm @entity2507 , for 27.0 +/- 4.79 min. It is concluded that both @entity1706 and @entity31802 can initiate and maintain erection in @entity235 and that @entity31802 produces a similar erectile response in monkeys. Further study of the local and systemic effects of chronic injection is needed to determine whether this class of pharmacologic agents can provide therapy for @entity323 @entity1 .

title: The effect of intracavernous injection of @entity972 channel openers in monkeys and XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2941 occurring in pregnant @entity1 represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to a broad spectrum of the medical profession. Not only is the association rare, but the clinical signs and symptoms are obscured by physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. As a result, diagnosis is often delayed until @entity1 present with life-threatening complications. STUDY DESIGN: This report describes three cases of @entity2941 occurring during pregnancy. RESULTS: Although the diagnosis was initially missed in two @entity1 , delayed treatment was not associated with an adverse outcome. In a third @entity1 , conservative management was complicated by rupture of the cyst which resulted in fetal loss and a protracted hospital course. Definitive cyst surgery resulted in a good long-term result in all three @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity2941 rarely occur in pregnancy, clinicians need to be aware of the condition, as delayed or inappropriate therapy may be catastrophic for both mother and @entity1 . Once the diagnosis is established, @entity1 should be referred to specialized centers where treatment can be carefully planned, bearing in mind maternal and fetal well-being, as well as the likelihood of @entity532 both in the short- and long-term period. Excision with reconstruction is the procedure of choice to treat this type of cyst in nonpregnant @entity1 . In pregnancy, however, a more conservative approach may have to be adopted until the second trimester or after delivery, when the surgical risk is lowest. Elective cesarean section should be undertaken in @entity1 in whom the cyst has not been decompressed so as to avoid the complication of @entity397 .

title: XXXX in pregnancy: a therapeutic dilemma.

entities_list: @entity2941 :: ('MESH:D015529', 'Disease') :: ['Choledochal cysts', 'choledochal cysts']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['cystic rupture postpartum']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['cyst-related complications']

answer: @entity2941 :: (MESH:D015529,Disease) :: ['Choledochal cyst']


abstract: To compare the diagnostic value of @entity452 stress echocardiography with dipyridamole thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in detecting @entity453 ( @entity453 ), we performed both tests on 54 @entity1 who also underwent coronary arteriography. @entity452 was infused at an incremental regimen of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Dipyridamole was infused at a rate of 0.14 mg.kg-1.min-1 over 4 min. @entity452 stress echocardiography detected 40 (93%) and SPECT 42 (98%, P = ns) of the 43 @entity1 with significant @entity453 , defined as > or = 50% diameter @entity850 . The specificity was 73% (8 of 11) for both tests. The sensitivity for detecting individual @entity3979 with @entity452 stress echocardiography was 81% (30 of 37) for the left anterior descending artery, 75% (24 of 32) for the right coronary artery, and 61% (17 of 28) for the left circumflex artery. For SPECT it was 89%, 97% (P < 0.05 vs @entity452 stress echocardiography) and 75%, respectively. Among the 97 stenotic coronary arteries, 17 had mild to moderate @entity850 (50%-69% diameter @entity850 ) and 80 had severe @entity850 (> or = 70% diameter @entity850 ). With @entity452 stress echocardiography, 53% of the arteries with mild to moderate @entity850 were identified vs 78% of those with severe @entity850 (P < 0.05). With SPECT, the sensitivity was 82% (14 of 17) in mild to moderate @entity850 and 89% (71 of 80) in severe @entity850 (P = ns). No major side effects occurred during either test. Thus, both @entity452 stress and SPECT are highly sensitive for detection and localization of @entity453 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX stress echocardiography compared with dipyridamole thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography in detecting @entity453 .

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['Dobutamine', 'dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['Dobutamine']


abstract: To compare the diagnostic value of @entity452 stress echocardiography with dipyridamole thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in detecting @entity453 ( @entity453 ), we performed both tests on 54 @entity1 who also underwent coronary arteriography. @entity452 was infused at an incremental regimen of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Dipyridamole was infused at a rate of 0.14 mg.kg-1.min-1 over 4 min. @entity452 stress echocardiography detected 40 (93%) and SPECT 42 (98%, P = ns) of the 43 @entity1 with significant @entity453 , defined as > or = 50% diameter @entity850 . The specificity was 73% (8 of 11) for both tests. The sensitivity for detecting individual @entity3979 with @entity452 stress echocardiography was 81% (30 of 37) for the left anterior descending artery, 75% (24 of 32) for the right coronary artery, and 61% (17 of 28) for the left circumflex artery. For SPECT it was 89%, 97% (P < 0.05 vs @entity452 stress echocardiography) and 75%, respectively. Among the 97 stenotic coronary arteries, 17 had mild to moderate @entity850 (50%-69% diameter @entity850 ) and 80 had severe @entity850 (> or = 70% diameter @entity850 ). With @entity452 stress echocardiography, 53% of the arteries with mild to moderate @entity850 were identified vs 78% of those with severe @entity850 (P < 0.05). With SPECT, the sensitivity was 82% (14 of 17) in mild to moderate @entity850 and 89% (71 of 80) in severe @entity850 (P = ns). No major side effects occurred during either test. Thus, both @entity452 stress and SPECT are highly sensitive for detection and localization of @entity453 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity452 stress echocardiography compared with dipyridamole thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography in detecting XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: Inhibitory @entity1522 are considered as major transmitters in the vestibular system. Using intracellular recordings in slices, we applied @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) and @entity6341 (a specific agonist of the GABAA receptor) to the two main types of medial vestibular nucleus neurones (A and B MVNn). In either a high Mg2+/low @entity141 solution, or a solution containing tetrodotoxin, all MVNn were hyperpolarized by @entity1246 and @entity6341 . This indicates that both types of MVNn are endowed with postsynaptic, hyperpolarising GABAA receptors. In a normal medium, about half of A and B MVNn were, in contrast, depolarised by @entity1246 and @entity6341 , whereas the remaining cells were hyperpolarised. These results could be due to a modulation by @entity1246 and @entity6341 of a tonic @entity1246 release in the slice. Such a release was, indeed, suggested by results showing the depolarising effect of either @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ) or @entity1027 , when applied alone. The cells that were depolarised by @entity1246 or @entity6341 in control conditions were always hyperpolarised in the presence of @entity4524 . Our data therefore suggest that @entity1246 acting at GABAA receptors in the medial vestibular nucleus can play a role either through a postsynaptic hyperpolarising action or indirectly by inhibiting a tonic @entity1246 release, probably resulting from the spontaneous activity of local inhibitory interneurones. A GABAergic regulation of these interneurones could be important in processes of vestibular habituation and/or adaptation.

title: Direct and indirect effects of XXXX on medial vestibular nucleus neurones in guinea-pig brainstem slices.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

answer: @entity6341 :: (MESH:D009118,Chemical) :: ['muscimol']


abstract: The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly Ig-R) mediates transcytosis of IgA and IgM antibodies produced by local plasma cells across epithelial cells of mucosal and glandular tissues. Gene expression of the poly-Ig R was analyzed in @entity95 mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. The poly Ig-R was expressed as early as day 8 (G8) of gestation and mRNA accumulation remained low until about G18. From G21, the mRNA abundance increased and reached steady state levels approximately 5-fold higher at day 15 of lactation (L15) when compared to basal levels at G8. The hormonal regulation of @entity73285 gene expression was assessed in mammary organ cultures. Poly-Ig R mRNA accumulation in mammary explants cultured for 24 or 48 h in the presence of ovine prolactin (oPRL) was significantly increased to a maximal 4-fold level at 1 microgram ml-1 of oPRL. @entity53 (100 pg ml-1) or @entity1420 (1 microgram ml-1) did not further stimulate poly-Ig R expression. In contrast, their combination resulted in a significant 30-50% decrease of poly-Ig-R mRNA levels. The addition of 1 microgram ml-1 of @entity701 to medium in the absence or presence of @entity53 or @entity1420 decreased the amount of poly-Ig-R mRNA. The results suggest that until mid-pregnancy, poly-Ig-R expression is inhibited by elevated @entity1420 - @entity53 concentrations and that the subsequent increase is due to the concomitant decrease of the two circulating @entity230 and the increase of serum prolactin levels.

title: Polymeric-Ig receptor gene expression in XXXX mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation: evolution and hormonal regulation.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Achieving colonoscopy under general anaesthesia entails the problem of ambulatory-care anaesthesia, in particular because perception of @entity1 's recovery determines to some extent the length of monitoring following colonoscopy. The aims of the study was to assess the quality of @entity1 's recovery after a colonoscopy under general anaesthesia while using @entity1875 , by means of psychomotor-tests. METHODS--Colonoscopy was performed in 40 @entity1 according to the following anaesthetic protocol: induction: @entity1875 2 mg/kg, continuous support: @entity1875 10 mg/kg/h i.v. with a 50 mg bolus in case of insufficient sedation; series of 3 psychomotor-tests were performed the day before and 1 hour, 3 hours and 6 hours after colonoscopy. The 3 psychomotor-tests studied: coordination (Newman test), time-space orientation and short-term memory. RESULTS--Forty @entity1 , 25 females and 15 males, underwent colonoscopy with general anaesthesia for an average time-period of 22 +/- 11 min. The mean dose of @entity1875 used was 286 +/- 102 mg. Awakening was complete in all @entity1 , according to physical criteria such as @entity1662 and cardiovascular status, 20 min after receiving colonoscopy. The average psychomotor-tests results over time were (as percentages of original values) (*P < 10(-3); **P < 0.05): [table: see text] At 6 hours, 35 @entity1 (87.5%) had recovered to their original performance and at 3 hours, 30 @entity1 (75%) retained 90% their former state as measured with 3 psychomotor-tests. Neither by age or sex nor by @entity1875 doses used or length or anaesthesia, the study population differed significantly. CONCLUSION--Three hours after colonoscopy under general anaesthesia using @entity1875 , 30 @entity1 (75%) had recovered at least 90% to their initial performances. Newman test was the most disturbed but there was no predictive factor for the quality of recovery. Psychomotor-tests may be useful before authorizing early discharge after colonoscopy under general anaesthesia but other recommendations about conditions of discharge after sedation must be also implemented.

title: [Quality of psychomotor recovery after colonoscopy under general anesthesia using XXXX . Value of tests of awakening].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ['consciousness']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: Endoscopic therapy is effective in securing hemostasis for bleeding @entity1066 , but bleeding recurs in 10% to 30% of @entity1 . Prospective identification of @entity1 at increased risk for rebleeding is requisite to reducing rebleeding rates. We previously developed a three-component scoring system that identifies @entity1 at increased risk for rebleeding. In the present study, we prospectively validated our scoring system. Forty-seven @entity1 ranging in age from 23 to 95 years in whom endoscopic therapy for bleeding @entity1066 was successful were studied. @entity1 with pre-endoscopy scores greater than 5 or postendoscopy scores greater than 10 were stratified as high-risk, and @entity1 with pre-endoscopy scores of 5 or less and post-endoscopy scores of 10 or less as low-risk. Twenty-six @entity1 were categorized as high-risk and 19 as low-risk. All @entity1 were followed until discharged from the hospital. The rebleeding rate for high-risk @entity1 was 31% (8 of 26), compared with 0 for low-risk @entity1 (p < .05). We conclude that our scoring system accurately predicts @entity1 at increased risk for rebleeding after successful endoscopic therapy of bleeding @entity1066 .

title: Prospective validation of the Baylor bleeding score for predicting the likelihood of rebleeding after endoscopic hemostasis of peptic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'men']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcers']


abstract: The present study was carried out to clarify the usefulness of and problems associated with a new ultrasound probe in the assessment of invasion of @entity14 . Normal colorectal wall of 23 resected specimens from @entity14 cases was examined in vitro with the probe. Fifty-one @entity1 with @entity14 and 16 @entity1 with @entity5 were presurgically examined using the probe via the biopsy channel of a conventional colonoscope. After endoscopic and ultrasonographic examination, 27 @entity1 underwent endoscopic resection and 40 underwent surgical resection. The ultrasonographic findings were compared with histologic findings in all cases. @entity189 and @entity5 were visualized as an echo-poor region with the probe. The overall accuracy rate for depth of invasion was 76% (39/51) for @entity14 . The accuracy rates for @entity5 limited to the mucosa and @entity5 invading the submucosa were 83% and 90%, respectively; these rates were higher than those for @entity5 invading the muscularis propria (50%) and beyond the muscularis propria (73%). In all 16 cases of @entity5 , the depth of invasion was accurately shown to be limited to the submucosa. This probe is useful to assess invasion of @entity14 , especially small and flat lesions limited to the mucosa or submucosa.

title: Endoscopic assessment of invasion of XXXX with a new high-frequency ultrasound probe.

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid tumors', 'rectal carcinoid tumor', 'carcinoid tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma', 'colorectal tumors', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal tumors']