abstract: Epidemiologic studies report cardiovascular protection conferred by @entity9539 , in particular @entity4600 ( @entity4601 ). However, few experimental studies have addressed its potential in @entity64 treatment. The present study used multimodal MRI to assess in vivo the neuroprotection conferred by @entity4601 and by a brain-targeting form of @entity4601 -containing @entity6579 (AceDoPC) in experimental @entity64 . @entity35 underwent intraluminal @entity2500 ( @entity2500 ) and were treated at reperfusion by intravenous injection of i) saline, ii) plasma from donor @entity35 , iii) @entity4601 or iv) AceDoPC, both solubilized in plasma. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, animals underwent behavioral tests and were sacrificed. Multiparametric MRI (MRA, DWI, PWI, T2-WI) was performed at H0, during occlusion, and at H24, before sacrifice. Brain tissue was used for assay of F(2)- @entity10329 as lipid peroxidation markers. Initial lesion size and PWI/DWI mismatch were comparable in the four groups. Between H0 and H24, lesion size increased in the saline group (mean    s.d.: +18%    20%), was stable in the plasma group (-3%    29%), and decreased in the @entity4601 (-17%    15%, P=0.001 compared to saline) and AceDoPC (-34%    27%, P=0.001 compared to saline) groups. Neuroscores in the AceDoPC group tended to be lower than in the other groups (P=0.07). Treatments (pooled @entity4601 and AceDoPC groups) significantly decreased lipid peroxidation as compared to controls (pooled saline and vehicle) (P=0.03). MRI-based assessment demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of @entity4601 in the @entity2500 model. Results further highlighted the therapeutic potential of engineered brain-targeting forms of @entity9539 for @entity64 treatment.

title: Brain-targeting form of XXXX for experimental @entity64 treatment: MRI evaluation and anti-oxidant impact.

answer: @entity4600 :: (CHEBI:28125,Chemical) :: ['docosahexaenoic acid']


abstract: @entity470 somatic mutations define a subset of NSCLCs that are most likely to benefit from @entity470 @entity669 kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These @entity5 are dependent on @entity470 -signaling for survival. Recently, @entity669 kinase domain somatic mutations have been approved as criterion to decide first-line therapy in this group of advanced NSCLCs. Anyway, all @entity1 ultimately develop resistance to these drugs. Acquired resistance is linked to a secondary @entity470 mutation in about a half of @entity1 . Uncontrolled activation of MET, another @entity669 kinase receptor, has been implicated in neoplastic invasive growth. MET is overexpressed, activated and sometimes mutated in NSCLC cell lines and @entity5 tissues. MET increased gene copy number has also been documented in NSCLC and has been studied as negative prognostic factor. It has also been found in about 20% of @entity1 developing acquired resistance to TKIs inhibitors. In this group, it seems to display a new mechanism, which is able to mark @entity5 independence from @entity470 signaling. The study of delayed resistance mechanisms could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Different molecular alterations could be specifically targeted in order to extend disease control in this group of NSCLCs with distinct clinical and molecular features. @entity470 irreversible inhibitors, MET inhibitors and dual @entity470 / @entity319 inhibitors represent one of the most challenging issues in current clinical research. Ongoing clinical trials and future perspectives are discussed.

title: Mechanisms of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor XXXX kinase inhibitors and new therapeutic perspectives in non small cell lung cancer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: @entity1017 and food intake were measured in unstressed nonpregnant and pregnant @entity840 fed ad libitum. Nonpregnant females consumed 33.2 +/- 0.5 g.day-1 of pellet diet and did not demonstrate a consistent pattern of @entity1017 . The average daily food intake of pregnant animals increased linearly from 38 g.day-1 at 27 days to over 60 g.day-1 near term, and the average maternal @entity1017 was 13.3 g.day-1. Using sterile technique, @entity9031 catheters were inserted under anesthesia into the carotid and femoral arteries of these animals. Animals recovered spontaneously, and catheters remained patent for up to 4 wk. The effect of surgical and anesthetic stress was evaluated by measurement of food intake and metabolite levels after surgery. In the nonpregnant animals, blood @entity413 decreased immediately after surgery (4.76 +/0- 0.36 versus 5.65 +/- 0.25; P less than 0.05), whereas the pregnant animals responded with a substantial increase in blood @entity413 (7.57 +/- 0.48 versus 5.87 +/- 0.33; P less than 0.05). @entity880 was increased intraoperatively in both groups (1.76 +/- 0.22 versus 1.11 +/- 0.07, nonpregnant; 1.80 +/- 0.17 versus 1.10 +/- 0.08, pregnant). The pregnant animals differed from the nonpregnant animals with regard to the pattern of changes in blood ketones after surgery. The nonpregnant animals achieved steady state within 1 day after surgery, whereas the pregnant animals required 4 days for recovery. Food intake and maternal @entity1017 were markedly reduced during the recovery period for the pregnant animals. Blood metabolite levels were measured in well-fed, unstressed pregnant and nonpregnant @entity840 . Using measurements made after the third postoperative day, the unstressed pregnant animals demonstrated a progressive decline in blood @entity413 levels, reaching levels significantly below those of nonpregnant animals at 55 to 60 and 60+ days. Arterial concentrations of @entity880 , @entity2388 , @entity4322 , @entity4323 , and free @entity1718 did not change consistently with gestation and were not significantly different from nonpregnant values.

title: Substrate concentration changes during pregnancy in the XXXX studied under unstressed steady state conditions.

entities_list: @entity4323 :: ('MESH:C016635', 'Chemical') :: ['acetoacetate']

entities_list: @entity4322 :: ('MESH:D020155', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-hydroxybutyrate']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Weight gain', 'weight gain']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactate', 'lactate']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity9031 :: ('MESH:D011145', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: American @entity4536 is a disease with a wide variety of clinical manifestations that is expanding throughout Brazil, the state of Mato Grosso do Sul constituting a significant endemic area. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of @entity1 with American @entity4536 . @entity1 were recruited among those attending the Maria Aparecida Pedrossian Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted using a descriptive and analytical approach. Data from @entity1 suspected of having American @entity4536 who were receiving care at this institute between 1998 and 2008 and were referred to the institute's parasitology laboratory for confirmation of diagnosis were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory criteria were taken into consideration for the inclusion of @entity1 to the study. RESULTS: Forty-seven @entity1 were included in the study, the majority of whom were male and between 45 and 59 years of age. Most had the cutaneous form of the disease with a single, @entity1066 on exposed areas of the body, which had generally been present for periods of less than six months. Mucosal involvement increased with age and was highest in @entity1 who had sought medical care at a later stage. The Montenegro skin test showed the highest sensitivity. Finding the parasite was more difficult in older lesions. CONCLUSION: Suspicion of the disease at an early stage is of extreme importance for a precise diagnosis. A combination of parasitological and immunological tests renders laboratory diagnosis more reliable.

title: American XXXX : clinical, epidemiological and laboratory studies conducted at a university teaching hospital in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerated lesion']

entities_list: @entity4536 :: ('MESH:D016773', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']

answer: @entity4536 :: (MESH:D016773,Disease) :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']


abstract: All the @entity1 and @entity1 between six and fourteen years old regularly attending school in three villages from an area in Spain known ass Las Hurdes were studied with respect to thyroid size, body weight and height. Casual urine samples were obtained for the determination of @entity1496 and @entity908 concentrations. Capillary blood was spotted on filter paper and used for the determination of @entity1955 and @entity7287 by radioimmunoassay. The same survey was carried out in 354 school @entity1 from Madrid, whose data were used as a reference of the adequacy of the methods employed in Las Hurdes. Goitre prevalence was very high, the overall frequency being 86 per cent. The concentration of @entity1496 in the urine was less than 20 micrograms/1 in 71 per cent of the school @entity1 . The concentration of @entity908 in the urine was also half that found in @entity1 from Madrid, and the daily @entity908 excretion in @entity1 from Las Hurdes was lower than expected from their body weight. Their somatic development, as measured by height and weight, was retarded markedly, both as compared to the Madrid reference group and to international charts. Serum T4 was less than 78 nmol/l ( micrograms/kl) in 46 per cent, of the @entity1 from Hurdes, and serum TSH greater than 7.5 mU/l in 40 per cent. A relatively low stature (below the 10th percentile) was associated with either a low serum T4, an elevated serum TSH, or both, in 30 per cent of the @entity1 . These results indicate that the persistence of @entity4759 in Las Hurdes is of great significance and that there is a continuing risk of the birth of cretins. Observations made a decade earlier in the same area show that the goitre @entity4759 is not diminishing, and that an iodization programme is urgently needed. It also appears that a high proportion of the "normal' schoolchildren have features found in @entity1375 .

title: A survey of schoolchildren from a severe XXXX area in Spain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity7287 :: ('MESH:D013972', 'Chemical') :: ['thyrotropin']

entities_list: @entity4759 :: ('MESH:D006043', 'Disease') :: ['endemic goitre', 'endemic']

answer: @entity4759 :: (MESH:D006043,Disease) :: ['endemic goitre']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This prospective randomised study evaluated whether non-knitted and non-woven lightweight implants can influence @entity282 and time of return to normal activity, without increasing the recurrence rate in Lichtenstein inguinal hernioplasty. METHODS: @entity1 were operated on in four centres, randomised blindly into two groups with respect to the mesh used: Surgimesh WN (non-woven @entity7502 microfibre sheet) and heavy weight @entity7502 mesh. The operation was performed according to the Lichtenstein technique. Follow-up was designed for 7  days, and 3, 6, 12 and 60  months. The objectives were to assess the incidence of early and late complications, recurrence rate, and @entity282 . RESULTS: A total of 220 @entity1 were randomised; after monitoring visits (exclusion of one hospital), 202 qualified for the assessment. At 60  months, the recurrence rate did not differ statistically. Less @entity158 on the 7th postoperative day, and at 3  months, was observed in the WN group. No other differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a lightweight non-woven @entity7502 implant is a valuable alternative to the use of knitted or woven meshes in the Lichtenstein method. @entity282 and recurrence were reduced at short term follow-up, but no statistical difference in recurrence rate was observed at 12 and 60  month follow-up in the @entity1 population tested.

title: Five-year results of a randomised controlled multi-centre study comparing heavy-weight knitted versus low-weight, non-woven XXXX implants in Lichtenstein hernioplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain', 'Postoperative pain']

answer: @entity7502 :: (MESH:D011126,Chemical) :: ['polypropylene']


abstract: Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are Schwann cell-like glial cells of the olfactory system that promote neural regeneration after transplantation into the injured central nervous system. Compared to the closely related Schwann cells, however, the biological characterization of OECs has remained fragmentary. This is due to the fact that the expression of OEC-specific markers is subject to complex regulation and that intricate ultrastructural analysis is essential to determine their localization. The @entity11451 neurotrophin receptor ( @entity11451 ) as the prototype OEC marker, for example, is only expressed by a minor population of neonatal @entity35 OECs in situ. The major population carries O4-positive axonal fragments on their surface after dissociation and up-regulates @entity11451 ( @entity11451 ) during culturing (Wewetzer et al. in Glia 49:577-587, 2005). In the present study, we investigated whether the cell surface determinant 27C7, defined by a monoclonal antibody to Schwann cells, is also expressed by neonatal @entity35 OECs in situ and in vitro. Primary cell suspensions of the olfactory bulb displayed 27C7 expression of both @entity11451 ( @entity11451 )-negative and @entity11451 ( @entity11451 )-positive OECs, while immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes were devoid of any 27C7 labeling. This together with the finding that the intrafascicular OECs of the olfactory nerves in the mucosa expressed 27C7 but not @entity11451 ( @entity11451 ), suggests that 27C7 was expressed by the entire OEC population in situ. Maintenance of OECs in the absence of olfactory neurons in organotypic slice culture up-regulated @entity11451 but did not alter 27C7 expression. It is concluded that 27C7 unlike @entity11451 ( @entity11451 ) is constitutively expressed by OECs and may, therefore, be a useful marker for characterization of neonatal OECs in situ and in vitro.

title: Cell surface expression of 27C7 by neonatal XXXX olfactory ensheathing cells in situ and in vitro is independent of axonal contact.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Fifty-nine @entity1 with Stage I and II diffuse @entity706 were irradiated between 1966 and 1979. Seventeen had primary @entity1600 and 42 had extranodal presentations. Local recurrence was noted in 1 of 14 evaluable lymph node presentations and 8 of 36 extranodal distributions. Failures occurred in unirradiated lymph nodes (contiguous or transdiaphragmatic) in 3 of 17 @entity1 with @entity1600 and 6 of 42 with @entity66 . Dissemination occurred in 4 of 17 lymph node presentations and 6 of 42 extranodal @entity5 . Local recurrence was low, particularly among @entity5 . There was no identifiable dose effect for local control. Extension to contiguous or distant lymph nodes occurred in 15% of cases. The authors suggest that the transdiaphragmatic lymph nodes be included when treating @entity1 with @entity5 . The role of adjuvant chemotherapy remains unproved.

title: Patterns of failure in treatment of stage I and II diffuse XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['extranodal disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphoid tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['lymphatic tumors', 'lymph node tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node disease']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['malignant lymphoid tumors']


abstract: Electromyogram studies were conducted in 55 @entity1 with the @entity531 , together with the motor nerve conduction velocity (M.N.C.V) in the median cubital nerves, between the @entity1783 's point and axilla and in the upper limb. Distal S.N.C.V. was measured in 19 cases. @entity2850 was confirmed in 29% of cases, with associated carpal canal compression in 22%. The proximal N.C.V. of the median and cubital in the neurological forms, and of the median in the neurovascular forms, were significantly different from normal values in 18 control subjects, but were not so in the vascular forms. Through E.M.G. examination cannot confirm the need for surgery it can supply supportive evidence. No correlation between the clinical course and the proximal N.C.V. was found in the 18 @entity1 seen after treatment (surgery in 13 cases).

title: [Value of electromyography in the XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['Proximal nerve compression']

answer: @entity531 :: (MESH:D013901,Disease) :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The association between the fat mass- and @entity28 -associated ( @entity18957 ) gene and a predisposition to @entity28 is inconsistent in adult Asian populations. We investigated the association of the @entity18957 gene with weight status in Japanese @entity1 and adolescents. DESIGN/SETTING: Nested case-control study and 3-yr longitudinal study - In the Shunan @entity1 Cohort Study, fifth and eighth grade students attending all schools of Shunan completed the questionnaires. Overweight, including @entity28 , was defined as a percentage of overweight of 20% or in accordance with the International Obesity Task Force. We recruited 133 obese subjects and randomly selected controls from the 2006 cohort. We genotyped three @entity18957 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): @entity73016 , @entity18956 , and @entity73017 . RESULTS: The three genotyped SNPs were in tight linkage disequilibrium, with the exception of one case. The minor SNP allele of @entity73016 conferred a predisposition to @entity28 , and its odds ratio was 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-3.4] in the additive model and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.6-4.4) in the dominant model (p < 0.001). Although blood parameters and some lifestyle behaviors were significantly different between the cases and controls (p < 0.01), these traits were not significantly different among the genotypes. In addition, we did not find an association between the genotypes and body mass index change during the 3 yr. CONCLUSION: The @entity18957 gene is associated with the early onset of overweight in the Japanese population as well as in European populations. The results suggest that @entity28 -related risk factors in fifth and eighth graders appear because of their overweight status.

title: Association between the XXXX gene and overweight in Japanese @entity1 and adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity18957 :: (79068,Gene) :: ['FTO']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The association between the fat mass- and @entity28 -associated ( @entity18957 ) gene and a predisposition to @entity28 is inconsistent in adult Asian populations. We investigated the association of the @entity18957 gene with weight status in Japanese @entity1 and adolescents. DESIGN/SETTING: Nested case-control study and 3-yr longitudinal study - In the Shunan @entity1 Cohort Study, fifth and eighth grade students attending all schools of Shunan completed the questionnaires. Overweight, including @entity28 , was defined as a percentage of overweight of 20% or in accordance with the International Obesity Task Force. We recruited 133 obese subjects and randomly selected controls from the 2006 cohort. We genotyped three @entity18957 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): @entity73016 , @entity18956 , and @entity73017 . RESULTS: The three genotyped SNPs were in tight linkage disequilibrium, with the exception of one case. The minor SNP allele of @entity73016 conferred a predisposition to @entity28 , and its odds ratio was 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-3.4] in the additive model and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.6-4.4) in the dominant model (p < 0.001). Although blood parameters and some lifestyle behaviors were significantly different between the cases and controls (p < 0.01), these traits were not significantly different among the genotypes. In addition, we did not find an association between the genotypes and body mass index change during the 3 yr. CONCLUSION: The @entity18957 gene is associated with the early onset of overweight in the Japanese population as well as in European populations. The results suggest that @entity28 -related risk factors in fifth and eighth graders appear because of their overweight status.

title: Association between the @entity18957 gene and overweight in Japanese XXXX and adolescents.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: @entity2023 is common worldwide, with significant morbidity and impact on quality of life. In @entity1 who don't respond adequately to anti- @entity56 drugs. Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy is effective although requires specialist administration. Sublingual immunotherapy may represent an effective and safer alternative. This Cochrane systematic review is an update of one published in 2003. We searched Cochrane ENT Group Trials Register, Central, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Biosis Previews, Cambridge Scientific Abstarcts, mRCT and additional sources. We included randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trials of @entity13366 in adults and @entity1 . Two authors selected studies and assessed them for quality. Data were put into RevMan 5.0 for a statistical analysis. We used standardised mean difference (SMD), with a random effect model to combine data. Sixty studies were included, with 49 suitable for meta-analysis. We found significant reductions in symptoms (SMD -0.49; 95%CI (-0.64 to -0.34, P < 0.00001)) and medication requirements (SMD -0.32; 95%CI (-0.43 to -0.21, P < 0.00001)) compared with placebo. None of the trials reported severe systemic reactions, anaphylaxis or use of @entity1425 . This updated review reinforces the conclusion of the original 2003 Cochrane Review that @entity13366 is effective for @entity2023 and appears a safe route of administration.

title: Systematic reviews of @entity13366 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['Allergic rhinitis', 'allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['Adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity13366 :: ('MESH:D013362', 'Disease') :: ['sublingual immunotherapy']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

answer: @entity13366 :: (MESH:D013362,Disease) :: ['SLIT']


abstract: @entity2023 is common worldwide, with significant morbidity and impact on quality of life. In @entity1 who don't respond adequately to anti- @entity56 drugs. Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy is effective although requires specialist administration. Sublingual immunotherapy may represent an effective and safer alternative. This Cochrane systematic review is an update of one published in 2003. We searched Cochrane ENT Group Trials Register, Central, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Biosis Previews, Cambridge Scientific Abstarcts, mRCT and additional sources. We included randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trials of @entity13366 in adults and @entity1 . Two authors selected studies and assessed them for quality. Data were put into RevMan 5.0 for a statistical analysis. We used standardised mean difference (SMD), with a random effect model to combine data. Sixty studies were included, with 49 suitable for meta-analysis. We found significant reductions in symptoms (SMD -0.49; 95%CI (-0.64 to -0.34, P < 0.00001)) and medication requirements (SMD -0.32; 95%CI (-0.43 to -0.21, P < 0.00001)) compared with placebo. None of the trials reported severe systemic reactions, anaphylaxis or use of @entity1425 . This updated review reinforces the conclusion of the original 2003 Cochrane Review that @entity13366 is effective for @entity2023 and appears a safe route of administration.

title: Systematic reviews of XXXX ( @entity13366 ).

answer: @entity13366 :: (MESH:D013362,Disease) :: ['sublingual immunotherapy']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM:     Biliary stricture may be benign or malignant and @entity3883 . Brush cytology is a simple technique for diagnosing the cause of biliary stricture; however, its sensitivity has been reported to be low. A technique that comprises diagnosing the cause of stricture with a satisfactory sensitivity and relieving @entity1087 is required. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of brush cytology and the feasibility of the subsequent stent placement in a single endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) session performed for presumed @entity5 . METHODS:     Data were collected by reviewing the medical records of 100 consecutive @entity1 with suspected @entity5 who underwent brush cytology followed by stent placement at our center. Diagnostic performance of brush cytology, completion rate of the whole procedures comprising brush cytology and stent placement, and complications were evaluated. RESULT:     Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of brush cytology were 83%, 100%, 100%, 33% and 84%, respectively. Biliary stent was successfully inserted for all @entity1 (100%) subsequent to brush cytology in a single ERCP session. Eight @entity1 (8%) had complications. CONCLUSION:     Brush cytology was performed with much higher sensitivity of 83% than those of previous reports and the subsequent stent placement was successfully completed in all cases. For presumed @entity5 , brush cytology should be selected as an initial attempt because this technique is simple and enables subsequent stent placement in a single ERCP session.

title: Combined brush cytology and stent placement in a single session for presumed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant biliary stricture', 'malignant biliary strictures']

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['causes obstructive jaundice']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant biliary stricture']


abstract: BACKGROUND:    Despite the high sensitivity and specificity of PCR, detection of @entity1534 DNA in feces is still challenging. Fecal samples contain inhibitory molecules that can prevent amplification of the target DNA. Even by using specific DNA extraction kits for stools, monitoring of @entity281 by analyzing stool samples remains problematic and endorses the need for improved diagnostic methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The newly proposed method uses selective hybridization of target DNA with @entity1885 -labeled probes, followed by DNA isolation with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. After three washing steps, the purified DNA can be amplified immediately using conventional or quantitative PCR. In order to test this technique on biological samples, Mongolian gerbils were infected with @entity1534 ATCC 43504 and fecal samples were analyzed on days 1, 4, and 10 post @entity281 . RESULTS: A detection limit of one bacterial cell per 100 mg stool sample was established, but only after removal of the magnetic beads from the target DNA by heating. This resulted in a 10-fold increase of sensitivity compared to a commercially available stool DNA extraction kit. Analysis of fecal samples from infected gerbils demonstrated the presence of @entity1534 DNA on each time point, while the uninfected animal remained negative. CONCLUSIONS:    The proposed technique allows detection of very low quantities of @entity1534 DNA in biological samples. In laboratory animal models, detailed monitoring of @entity281 and complete clearance of @entity281 can be demonstrated thanks to the low detection limit.

title: An alternative, sensitive method to detect XXXX DNA in feces.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['H. pylori', 'Helicobacter pylori']

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['Helicobacter pylori']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Enhancing the connective tissue seal around dental implants may be an important factor in implant survival. PURPOSE: The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of implant surface modification with either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or @entity2193 ( @entity2193 ) on connective tissue attachment to @entity702 implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen implants (Branemark   Mk III Groovy NP (3.3   mm         10   mm, Nobel Biocare) were implanted subcutaneously into 12 @entity35 . Six implants each were coated with either PDGF or @entity2193 immediately prior to implantation and six implants were left uncoated. Implants were retrieved at 4 and 8   weeks and assessed histologically to compare the soft tissue adaptation to the implant surfaces. RESULTS: Ingrowth by soft connective tissue into the threads of all implants was noted at 4 and 8 weeks. Coating with growth factors did not alter the orientation of fibroblasts and collagen fibers. The depth of connective tissue penetration into the implant grooves was significantly greater for the implants coated with PDGF at 4   weeks. The thickness of the connective tissue in growth was significantly less for the implants coated with PDGF at 8   weeks. CONCLUSION: Coating of the implant surface with rhPDGF-BB or @entity2193 can increase the speed and quantity of soft tissue healing around the implant surface.

title: Soft tissue attachment to XXXX implants coated with growth factors.

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity2193 :: ('MESH:D003744', 'Disease') :: ['EMD', 'enamel matrix derivative']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: Mitochondria play critical roles in oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolism. Increasing evidence supports that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and dysfunction play vital roles in the development of many mitochondria-related diseases, such as @entity28 , @entity6 , @entity249 , @entity179 , and @entity5 in @entity1 . @entity1 @entity25469 -DNA glycosylase 1 ( @entity9552 ) transgenic (TG) @entity19 were produced by nuclear microinjection. Transgene integration was analyzed by PCR. Transgene expression was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Mitochondrial DNA damage was analyzed by mutational analyses and measurement of mtDNA copy number. Total fat content was measured by a whole-body scan using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The @entity9552 overexpression in mitochondria increased the abundance of intracellular free radicals and major deletions in mtDNA. @entity28 in @entity9552 TG @entity19 resulted from increased fat content in tissues, produced by @entity7298 . The molecular mechanisms of @entity28 involved overexpression of genes in the central orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) pathway, peripheral lipogenesis, down-regulation of genes in the central anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) pathway, peripheral adaptive thermogenesis, and @entity844 oxidation. Diffuse hepatosteatosis, @entity9814 , and increased frequency of @entity706 were also seen in these @entity9552 TG @entity19 . High levels of @entity9552 expression in mitochondria, resulting in enhanced oxidative DNA damage processing, may be an important factor in @entity1 @entity209 , @entity249 , and @entity5 .

title: XXXX and hepatosteatosis in @entity19 with enhanced oxidative DNA damage processing in mitochondria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obesity', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity7298 :: ('MESH:D006963', 'Disease') :: ['hyperphagia']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity9814 :: ('MESH:D007247', 'Disease') :: ['female infertility']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['Obesity']


abstract: Mitochondria play critical roles in oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolism. Increasing evidence supports that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and dysfunction play vital roles in the development of many mitochondria-related diseases, such as @entity28 , @entity6 , @entity249 , @entity179 , and @entity5 in @entity1 . @entity1 @entity25469 -DNA glycosylase 1 ( @entity9552 ) transgenic (TG) @entity19 were produced by nuclear microinjection. Transgene integration was analyzed by PCR. Transgene expression was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Mitochondrial DNA damage was analyzed by mutational analyses and measurement of mtDNA copy number. Total fat content was measured by a whole-body scan using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The @entity9552 overexpression in mitochondria increased the abundance of intracellular free radicals and major deletions in mtDNA. @entity28 in @entity9552 TG @entity19 resulted from increased fat content in tissues, produced by @entity7298 . The molecular mechanisms of @entity28 involved overexpression of genes in the central orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) pathway, peripheral lipogenesis, down-regulation of genes in the central anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) pathway, peripheral adaptive thermogenesis, and @entity844 oxidation. Diffuse hepatosteatosis, @entity9814 , and increased frequency of @entity706 were also seen in these @entity9552 TG @entity19 . High levels of @entity9552 expression in mitochondria, resulting in enhanced oxidative DNA damage processing, may be an important factor in @entity1 @entity209 , @entity249 , and @entity5 .

title: @entity28 and hepatosteatosis in XXXX with enhanced oxidative DNA damage processing in mitochondria.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1489 is the most common @entity5 in white populations. We evaluated the local cure rate and cosmetic outcome of @entity1 with @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ) or @entity957 ( @entity957 ) of the face treated with low-dose rate brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between February 1990 and May 2000, 147 @entity189 in 132 @entity1 were treated by (192)Ir wire implantation. Side effects of brachytherapy were noted. Follow-up was 2 years or more. Locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival were recorded. Group A included @entity1 treated by primary brachytherapy, and Group B included those treated after recurrence. RESULTS: A total of 121 @entity189 were BCCs (82.3%) and 26 were SCCs (17.7%); the median @entity5 size was 10 mm. Of the @entity5 , 86 (58.5%) were in @entity1 and 61 (41.5%) were in @entity1 ; the median age was 71 years. Group A comprised 116 lesions (78.9%), and Group B, 31 (21.1%). There were 17 relapses (11.6%) after a median follow-up of 72 months: 12 local, 4 nodal, and 1 local and nodal. Locoregional-free survival was 96.6% at 2 years and 87.3% at 5 years. Five-year LRFS was 82.6% in @entity1 and 93.3% in @entity1 (p = 0.027). After adjustment for gender, LRFS was better after primary treatment than after recurrence (hasard ratio HR, 2.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-8.03; p  = 0.039). Five-year LRFS was 90.4% for @entity1491 and 70.8% for @entity957 (p = 0.03). There were no Grade 3 complications. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose rate brachytherapy offers good local control and cosmetic outcome in @entity1 with @entity1489 , with no Grade 3 complications. Brchytherapy is more efficient when used as primary treatment.

title: Retrospective analysis of local control and cosmetic outcome of 147 periorificial XXXX of the face treated with low-dose rate interstitial brachytherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['periorificial skin carcinomas', 'Skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['facial carcinomas', 'carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinoma', 'BCC']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic rejection can prevent long-term survival of organ transplants. Although the beneficial effects of @entity12097 ( @entity3229 -y) in reducing graft rejection have been reported, the details of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, especially in the context of modulating cellular infiltration and preventing @entity455 and @entity82 . METHODS: The therapeutic effects of the @entity3229 -y agonist, @entity6170 , combined with anti- @entity59 are explored in a @entity19 model of MHC Class II-histoincompatible cardiac transplantation. RESULTS: @entity6170 treatment alone marginally increased long-term survival and reduced CD8 T-cell infiltration and @entity455 in the grafts. However, there was no reduction in collagen deposition and interleukin (IL)-4, @entity59 and eosinophil infiltration were increased. Anti- @entity59 antibody treatment alone reduced eosinophil infiltration and collagen deposition, but had no effect on CD8 T-cell infiltration or @entity455 . Combined treatment with anti- @entity59 antibody and @entity6170 prevented graft rejection. Furthermore, @entity6170 treatment increased adiponectin receptor II expression in grafts and on dendritic cells and T cells in vitro. Graft survival correlated with increased expression in grafts of the inhibitory molecule @entity26327 . CONCLUSIONS: The findings obtained increase the knowledge on the mode of action of @entity6170 in promoting the survival of MHC Class II-mismatched cardiac transplants in which the CD8 T cells and eosinophils play key roles. @entity3229 -y signaling combined with @entity59 blockade prevents graft rejection.

title: XXXX -y signaling and @entity59 inhibition together prevent chronic rejection of MHC Class II-mismatched cardiac grafts.

entities_list: @entity12097 :: ('19016(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vasculopathy']

entities_list: @entity6170 :: ('MESH:C089730', 'Chemical') :: ['Rosiglitazone', 'rosiglitazone']

answer: @entity3229 :: (19013(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['PPAR']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic rejection can prevent long-term survival of organ transplants. Although the beneficial effects of @entity12097 ( @entity3229 -y) in reducing graft rejection have been reported, the details of the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, especially in the context of modulating cellular infiltration and preventing @entity455 and @entity82 . METHODS: The therapeutic effects of the @entity3229 -y agonist, @entity6170 , combined with anti- @entity59 are explored in a @entity19 model of MHC Class II-histoincompatible cardiac transplantation. RESULTS: @entity6170 treatment alone marginally increased long-term survival and reduced CD8 T-cell infiltration and @entity455 in the grafts. However, there was no reduction in collagen deposition and interleukin (IL)-4, @entity59 and eosinophil infiltration were increased. Anti- @entity59 antibody treatment alone reduced eosinophil infiltration and collagen deposition, but had no effect on CD8 T-cell infiltration or @entity455 . Combined treatment with anti- @entity59 antibody and @entity6170 prevented graft rejection. Furthermore, @entity6170 treatment increased adiponectin receptor II expression in grafts and on dendritic cells and T cells in vitro. Graft survival correlated with increased expression in grafts of the inhibitory molecule @entity26327 . CONCLUSIONS: The findings obtained increase the knowledge on the mode of action of @entity6170 in promoting the survival of MHC Class II-mismatched cardiac transplants in which the CD8 T cells and eosinophils play key roles. @entity3229 -y signaling combined with @entity59 blockade prevents graft rejection.

title: @entity3229 -y signaling and XXXX inhibition together prevent chronic rejection of MHC Class II-mismatched cardiac grafts.

answer: @entity59 :: (16191(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IL-5']


abstract: The most commonly used morphological descriptors of @entity453 are cross-sectional intimal area and "percent @entity850 ." Cross-sectional intimal area, i.e. plaque area, describes lesion size, without normalizing for differences in arterial size. "Percent @entity850 " describes the percentage of the area within the internal elastic lamina that is occupied by plaque. When using intimal area and percent lumen @entity850 data from @entity731 regression experiments there may be interpretational difficulties not only in determining the extent to which @entity731 has regressed, but also in whether or not regression has occurred. Specifically, if there if a minimal decrease in intimal area, i.e. little or no regression of atherosclerisis, and the artery becomes larger, percent lumen @entity850 will decrease, in some cases substantially, indicating improvement or "regression" of the disease. In experiments where the age, body and heart weights of baseline animals are different from those of the regression animals, part of the improvement that is seen in "percent @entity850 " may be attributable to animal growth and part to an actual decrease in intimal area. A particularly interesting, complicating factor is the apparent effect of @entity731 on arterial size. In an @entity731 progression experiment we compared coronary arteries from @entity5434 fed either a control diet or an atherogenic diet for 36 months. Ages, body weights and heart weights were similar between the groups. The animals fed the atherogenic diet had much larger coronary artery intimal areas, but also had considerably larger coronary arteriese as indicated both by area enclosed by the internal elastic lamina and lumen area. These findings suggest that in growing animals @entity731 may result in increased arterial size and thereby complicate interpretations of @entity731 progression and regression experiments.

title: Complicating factors in evaluating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['cynomolgus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery atherosclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of rabies transmission and control among physicians practicing in healthcare centers in Sanliurfa, @entity233 where 2 cases of @entity1 rabies were reported in the past 12 months. Implementation issues regarding the current guidelines will also be discussed. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 84 physicians practicing in healthcare centers in Sanliurfa, located in the Southeastern Anatolian region of @entity233 . RESULTS: Among physicians, average duration of medical practice was 8.5    6.7 years. The correct incubation period of rabies cases was known by 57.1% of the physicians. While 88.1% of physicians were aware of possible exposure routes, only 44.0% of them had the information that mucosal contact may also lead to transmission. While 96.4% of the physicians correctly indicated that @entity468 and @entity235 can transmit the disease, the fact that foxes also have a role in transmission was known by only 48.8%. Post-exposure prophylaxis was correctly indicated by 65.5% of @entity1 , but only 17.9% had correct information about pre-exposure prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: An important approach in rabies control is to increase community awareness, particularly among healthcare providers. It was found that basic management issues and insufficient awareness still exist despite the presence of legal regulations. To control rabies, the issue must be dealt with locally, through both economic and social means, by supporting rabies control efforts of local health and agricultural directorate managers and by encouraging collaboration with academics.

title: Where do we stand in the control of rabies? Knowledge and practices among physicians in a health district in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'human']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: We report a case of @entity83 arising from the index finger. The @entity1 , a 62-year-old @entity1 , noticed the @entity5 in his right index finger about 30 years ago. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a 5-cm calcified soft-tissue @entity5 on the radial side of the proximal phalanx without any destruction of the cortex. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed iso-signal intensities on T1-weighted image (WI), spotted high-signal intensities on T2 WI and no enhanced areas after @entity2287 injection. Because these studies could not definitively determine whether the @entity5 was benign or malignant, we performed a needle biopsy. As we suspected @entity83 , we performed a marginal excision. The @entity5 adhered to the A1 pulley. Pathological diagnosis was @entity83 , as expected. Approximately 80% of @entity83 arise in hands or feet. Most reported cases are <3  cm. Literature review failed to uncover any cases @entity5 in our @entity1 .

title: XXXX of the index finger: a case report.

entities_list: @entity83 :: ('MESH:D002812', 'Disease') :: ['extraskeletal chondroma', 'extraskeletal chondromas', 'giant extraskeletal chondroma']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['larger than the tumour', 'tumour']

answer: @entity83 :: (MESH:D002812,Disease) :: ['Giant extraskeletal chondroma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Increased serum @entity648 levels are common after living-donor hepatectomy. Little information is available on the characteristics and clinical significance of serum @entity648 levels soon after donor hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since September 2001, we performed 229 living donor hepatectomies for living-donor liver transplantations. The 128 @entity1 and 101 @entity1 had a mean age of 34.4  8.9 years (range, 19-66). Most donors were parents (n=110; 48%). We transplanted 110 right lobes, 46 left lobes, and 73 left lateral segments. Donors were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 consisted of 181 donors who showed total @entity648 levels of <3 mg/dL, and group 2, 48 donors with levels of >= 3 mg/dL on postoperative day 3. Preoperative total @entity648 level, ratio of preoperatively estimated remnant liver volume, surgical duration, gender, age, graft type, blood transfusions, and preoperative liver biopsy findings were evaluated as risk factors for @entity3638 . RESULTS: The mean postoperative maximum total @entity648 level was 2.26  1.49 mg/dL (range, 0.36-9.9). Remnant liver volume<40%, preoperative @entity648 levels>1 mg/dL, right lobe donor hepatectomy, male donor, and abnormal liver biopsy findings were significant risk factors for postoperative @entity3638 (P=.015, P=.02, P<.01, P=.008, and P=.023 respectively). Also donor age>50 years showed a slight effect on @entity3638 (P=.052). Blood transfusions and surgical times were not significant factors. CONCLUSION: Donor safety is paramount, requiring thorough donor evaluation. Extensive liver resection may result in transient functional impairment. Several factors are believed to play roles in the development of postoperative @entity3638 after living-donor hepatectomy.

title: Factors associated with XXXX after living donor hepatectomy.

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity3638 :: ('MESH:D006932', 'Disease') :: ['hyperbilirubinemia']

answer: @entity3638 :: (MESH:D006932,Disease) :: ['hyperbilirubinemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the evolution of @entity8 after external continent urinary diversion (Mitrofanoff principle) (ECUD-M) associated with ileocystoplasty. @entity1 AND METHODS: Over 18 years from 1992 to 2009, ECUD-M with ileocystoplasty was performed in 120 @entity1 with mean age of 25.5 years. @entity8 was evident in 43 @entity1 (17 @entity1 and 26 adults). RESULTS: Ninety percent of @entity1 demonstrated a @entity16 and mild to moderate @entity177 . Initially, all @entity1 underwent continuous bladder drainage for a mean of 3 weeks. Renal function improved in 35 @entity1 , although with persistent mild @entity177 . The other @entity1 demonstrated moderate persistent residual @entity177 . During a mean follow-up of 10 years (range, 1-18 years), renal function returned to normal in 13 @entity1 , stabilized at lower values in 15, and remained moderate in 5. After a mean follow-up of 8 years (range, 6-12 years), @entity177 gradually worsened, increasing to higher values in 6 @entity1 and leading to hemodialysis in 4. One @entity1 underwent living-donor kidney transplantation, with good evolution. CONCLUSION: ECUD-M with ileocystoplasty can lead to normalization unless stabilizationof impaired residual renal function by eliminating the obstructive factor provides self-adequate management of the diversion. The procedure delays for the need forhemodialysis therapy, and enables @entity1 to prepare for kidney transplantation into a previously reconstructed lower urinary tract.

title: Evolution of XXXX after external continent urinary diversion (Mitrofanoff principle).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal impairment', 'impaired renal function']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic bladder']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['impaired renal function']


abstract: Intestinal @entity63 shock is obtained in fasted @entity35 by 40-minute @entity432 ( @entity432 ) or by 35-minute @entity2994 ( @entity2994 ). Survival is prolonged by plasma treatment; further prolongation is obtained by additional administration of @entity413 . After @entity432 early @entity4854 is marked. Plasma adrenaline rises steeply after opening of the arteries and remains high, while plasma insulin remains unaltered. The @entity4854 is abolished by adrenalectomy and section of the major @entity129 (MSN) proximal to the adrenals but not by section of the MSN distal from the adrenals or by vagotomy. It is concluded that the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by a substance, possibly related to @entity12180 , released from the intestines. After @entity2994 @entity4854 is less marked. Plasma @entity1425 as well as insulin are increased. During late and fatal @entity4053 after @entity2994 plus plasma treatment, the liver still appears to be functionally intact. It is assumed that gluconeogenesis is reversibly inhibited by as yet unknown factors. The @entity4053 cannot be abolished by injection of common substrates of gluconeogenesis but the combination @entity948 plus glucagon plus @entity2125 is highly effective.

title: Disturbances in the @entity413 metabolism in intestinal XXXX shock.

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['splanchnic nerves']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['PVO', 'portal vein occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['SAO', 'splanchnic arterial occlusion']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: Intestinal @entity63 shock is obtained in fasted @entity35 by 40-minute @entity432 ( @entity432 ) or by 35-minute @entity2994 ( @entity2994 ). Survival is prolonged by plasma treatment; further prolongation is obtained by additional administration of @entity413 . After @entity432 early @entity4854 is marked. Plasma adrenaline rises steeply after opening of the arteries and remains high, while plasma insulin remains unaltered. The @entity4854 is abolished by adrenalectomy and section of the major @entity129 (MSN) proximal to the adrenals but not by section of the MSN distal from the adrenals or by vagotomy. It is concluded that the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by a substance, possibly related to @entity12180 , released from the intestines. After @entity2994 @entity4854 is less marked. Plasma @entity1425 as well as insulin are increased. During late and fatal @entity4053 after @entity2994 plus plasma treatment, the liver still appears to be functionally intact. It is assumed that gluconeogenesis is reversibly inhibited by as yet unknown factors. The @entity4053 cannot be abolished by injection of common substrates of gluconeogenesis but the combination @entity948 plus glucagon plus @entity2125 is highly effective.

title: Disturbances in the XXXX metabolism in intestinal @entity63 shock.

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: When applicable, it is generally preferred to evaluate positron emission tomography (PET) studies using a reference tissue-based approach as that avoids the need for invasive arterial blood sampling. However, most reference tissue methods have been shown to have a bias that is dependent on the level of tracer binding, and the variability of parameter estimates may be substantially affected by noise level. In a study of @entity750 transporter (SERT) binding in @entity645 @entity303 , it was determined that applying parameter coupling to the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) reduced the variability of parameter estimates and yielded the strongest between-group significant differences in SERT binding. The use of parameter coupling makes the application of SRTM more consistent with conventional blood input models and reduces the total number of fitted parameters, thus should yield more robust parameter estimates. Here, we provide a detailed evaluation of the application of parameter constraint and parameter coupling to @entity25435 PET studies. Five quantitative methods, including three methods that constrain the reference tissue clearance (k(r)(2)) to a common value across regions were applied to the clinical and simulated data to compare measurement of the tracer binding potential (BP( @entity11702 )). Compared with standard SRTM, either coupling of k(r)(2) across regions or constraining k(r)(2) to a first-pass estimate improved the sensitivity of SRTM to measuring a significant difference in BP( @entity11702 ) between @entity1 and controls. Parameter coupling was particularly effective in reducing the variance of parameter estimates, which was less than 50% of the variance obtained with standard SRTM. A linear approach was also improved when constraining k(r)(2) to a first-pass estimate, although the SRTM-based methods yielded stronger significant differences when applied to the clinical study. This work shows that parameter coupling reduces the variance of parameter estimates and may better discriminate between-group differences in specific binding.

title: Reference tissue modeling with parameter coupling: application to a study of SERT binding in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine age- and sex-specific @entity5 prevention and screening practices among 1820 Asian Indian (AI) adults in the United States using items from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey @entity5 Control Topical Module. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 1820 randomly selected AIs living in 7 US cities. Data were collected via telephone interviews by trained multilingual AI staff; the response rate was 62%. The primary outcome variables were age- and sex-specific @entity5 screening behaviors. RESULTS: Most of the AIs are @entity1 , married, educated, and with some form of health insurance. One fifth reported a family history of @entity5 . Adherence to mammography, Papanicolaou test, and clinical breast examination was higher in contrast to low rates of breast self-examination in @entity1 . Similarly, @entity1 reported low clinical testicular examination and fecal occult blood test, although @entity1486 screening was higher than the reported rates among Asian Americans. @entity1 were more likely to get a colonoscopy than @entity1 . The length of time in the United States had a relatively weak effect, and a family history of @entity5 had a moderate effect on screening behavior. Education and access to health care increased the odds (2-6 times) of @entity5 screening in AI @entity1 and @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity5 screening varies by educational level, years lived in the United States, and access to health care, among AIs living in the United States. Differences in sociodemographic factors should be considered to predict adherence to @entity5 screening guidelines and also be factored into @entity1 education in this ethnic subgroup.

title: Age- and sex-specific XXXX prevention and screening practices among asian Indian immigrants in the United States.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Massive transfusion is an essential part of resuscitation efforts in acute @entity130 @entity1 . The goal is to quickly correct @entity130 -induced @entity1003 and replace red blood cell (RBC) mass with the minimal number as well as the appropriate choice of blood components to minimize the possible adverse effects of transfusions. @entity1003 ( @entity1003 ) is present in about 20% of @entity1 upon hospital admission and predicts for decreased survival. The mechanism of @entity1003 is still being elucidated; however, most theories of @entity1003 's pathophysiology justify the early use of plasma. Most massive transfusion protocol (MTP) ratios deliver blood products in a ratio of 1:1:1 for RBCs:plasma:platelets, which is supported by the majority of the literature demonstrating improved @entity1 survival with higher ratios (>1 plasma and platelet for every 2 RBCs transfused). Indeed, formula-driven MTPs allow @entity130 services to react quickly to @entity1003 and provide coagulation factors and platelets in these ratios without having to wait for the results of coagulation assays while the @entity1 's @entity1003 worsens. New MTPs are being created which are adjusted according to an individual's coagulation laboratory values based on point-of-care laboratory tests, such as thromboelastography. When creating an MTP, product wastage due to inappropriate activation and improper product storage should be considered and closely monitored. Another area of discussion regarding transfusion in @entity130 includes the potential association of prolonged storage of RBCs and adverse outcomes, which has yet to be confirmed. Significant progress has been made in the transfusion management of @entity130 @entity1 , but further studies are required to optimize @entity1 care and outcomes.

title: Blood transfusion in XXXX @entity1 : unresolved questions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['ETIC', 'Early trauma induced coagulopathy', 'coagulopathy']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Massive transfusion is an essential part of resuscitation efforts in acute @entity130 @entity1 . The goal is to quickly correct @entity130 -induced @entity1003 and replace red blood cell (RBC) mass with the minimal number as well as the appropriate choice of blood components to minimize the possible adverse effects of transfusions. @entity1003 ( @entity1003 ) is present in about 20% of @entity1 upon hospital admission and predicts for decreased survival. The mechanism of @entity1003 is still being elucidated; however, most theories of @entity1003 's pathophysiology justify the early use of plasma. Most massive transfusion protocol (MTP) ratios deliver blood products in a ratio of 1:1:1 for RBCs:plasma:platelets, which is supported by the majority of the literature demonstrating improved @entity1 survival with higher ratios (>1 plasma and platelet for every 2 RBCs transfused). Indeed, formula-driven MTPs allow @entity130 services to react quickly to @entity1003 and provide coagulation factors and platelets in these ratios without having to wait for the results of coagulation assays while the @entity1 's @entity1003 worsens. New MTPs are being created which are adjusted according to an individual's coagulation laboratory values based on point-of-care laboratory tests, such as thromboelastography. When creating an MTP, product wastage due to inappropriate activation and improper product storage should be considered and closely monitored. Another area of discussion regarding transfusion in @entity130 includes the potential association of prolonged storage of RBCs and adverse outcomes, which has yet to be confirmed. Significant progress has been made in the transfusion management of @entity130 @entity1 , but further studies are required to optimize @entity1 care and outcomes.

title: Blood transfusion in @entity130 XXXX : unresolved questions.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rush venom immunotherapy (VIT) is highly effective in vespid venom @entity566 , but comparable data regarding @entity5157 venom (BV) @entity566 are sparse. We evaluated its safety, efficacy and cost in BV- @entity56 @entity1 . METHODS: Conventional or rush VIT were offered to all @entity1 with systemic reaction to insect sting. Rush VIT was also given to @entity6587 @entity1 who failed to reach the maintenance dose with conventional VIT due to multiple systemic reactions. In BV- @entity56 @entity1 , @entity5157 sting challenge was performed within 1 week after reaching the maintenance dose. RESULTS: 179 @entity1 , some of them @entity56 to more than one venom, received 246 rush VIT courses. @entity5157 VIT was administered to 132 @entity1 (73.7%); 173 @entity1 (96.6%) reached the maintenance dose. The incidence of systemic reactions was 29.6%. They were more common in VIT with BV than with vespid venoms (31.1 and 16.3%, respectively, p = 0.01). After excluding the @entity6587 subgroup (n = 20), this difference was not significant (23.7 and 16%, respectively, p = 0.19). Despite the high incidence of systemic reactions (15 of 20, 75%) among @entity6587 @entity1 , 17 @entity1 (85%) achieved the maintenance dose. Sting challenges resulted in systemic reaction in 4 of 8 (50%) @entity6587 @entity1 and in 2 of 47 (4.3%) ordinary @entity1 . The cost of rush VIT was 41% of that of conventional VIT. CONCLUSIONS: Rush VIT with BV is safe, instantaneously effective, less expensive and enables most @entity1 with previous failures of conventional VIT to reach the maintenance dose.

title: Three days rush venom immunotherapy in XXXX @entity566 : safe, inexpensive and instantaneously effective.

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity6587 :: ('MESH:D016535', 'Disease') :: ['hyperreactive']

answer: @entity5157 :: (7460,Species) :: ['bee']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rush venom immunotherapy (VIT) is highly effective in vespid venom @entity566 , but comparable data regarding @entity5157 venom (BV) @entity566 are sparse. We evaluated its safety, efficacy and cost in BV- @entity56 @entity1 . METHODS: Conventional or rush VIT were offered to all @entity1 with systemic reaction to insect sting. Rush VIT was also given to @entity6587 @entity1 who failed to reach the maintenance dose with conventional VIT due to multiple systemic reactions. In BV- @entity56 @entity1 , @entity5157 sting challenge was performed within 1 week after reaching the maintenance dose. RESULTS: 179 @entity1 , some of them @entity56 to more than one venom, received 246 rush VIT courses. @entity5157 VIT was administered to 132 @entity1 (73.7%); 173 @entity1 (96.6%) reached the maintenance dose. The incidence of systemic reactions was 29.6%. They were more common in VIT with BV than with vespid venoms (31.1 and 16.3%, respectively, p = 0.01). After excluding the @entity6587 subgroup (n = 20), this difference was not significant (23.7 and 16%, respectively, p = 0.19). Despite the high incidence of systemic reactions (15 of 20, 75%) among @entity6587 @entity1 , 17 @entity1 (85%) achieved the maintenance dose. Sting challenges resulted in systemic reaction in 4 of 8 (50%) @entity6587 @entity1 and in 2 of 47 (4.3%) ordinary @entity1 . The cost of rush VIT was 41% of that of conventional VIT. CONCLUSIONS: Rush VIT with BV is safe, instantaneously effective, less expensive and enables most @entity1 with previous failures of conventional VIT to reach the maintenance dose.

title: Three days rush venom immunotherapy in @entity5157 XXXX : safe, inexpensive and instantaneously effective.

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergy']


abstract: @entity21464 -adrenergic receptors (AR) are nearly exclusively expressed in brown and white adipose tissues, and chronic activation of these receptors by selective agonists has profound anti- @entity6 and anti- @entity28 effects. This study examined metabolic responses to acute and chronic @entity21166 activation in wild-type C57Bl/6 @entity19 and congenic @entity19 lacking functional uncoupling protein (UCP)1, the molecular effector of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Acute activation of @entity21166 doubled metabolic rate in wild-type @entity19 and sharply elevated body temperature and BAT blood flow, as determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. In contrast, @entity21166 activation did not increase BAT blood flow in @entity19 lacking @entity4305 ( @entity4305 KO). Nonetheless, @entity21166 activation significantly increased metabolic rate and body temperature in @entity4305 KO @entity19 , demonstrating the presence of @entity4305 -independent thermogenesis. Daily treatment with the @entity21166 agonist @entity20105 (CL) for 6 days increased basal and CL-induced thermogenesis compared with naive @entity19 . This expansion of basal and CL-induced metabolic rate did not require @entity4305 expression. Chronic CL treatment of @entity4305 KO @entity19 increased basal and CL-stimulated metabolic rate of epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) fourfold but did not alter BAT thermogenesis. After chronic CL treatment, CL-stimulated thermogenesis of EWAT equaled that of interscapular BAT per tissue mass. The elevation of EWAT metabolism was accompanied by mitochondrial biogenesis and the induction of genes involved in lipid oxidation. These observations indicate that chronic @entity21166 activation induces metabolic adaptation in WAT that contributes to @entity21464 -AR-mediated thermogenesis. This adaptation involves lipid oxidation in situ and does not require @entity4305 expression.

title: White adipose tissue contributes to XXXX -independent thermogenesis.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity4305 :: (22227(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['UCP1']


abstract: The objectives of this study were to develop an in vitro culture system to optimize germ cell proliferation and to measure the potential of the cultured germ cells to produce mature spermatozoa after transplantation into a recipient. Donor germ cells isolated from @entity25325 male @entity19 were cultured with a STO feeder cell layer in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM) supplemented with @entity2241 ( @entity2241 ), stem cell factor, @entity1778 inhibitory factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, @entity28895 , @entity9640 , @entity21923 , @entity6514 , @entity19 @entity28842 , and platelet-derived growth factor. Donor germ cells formed colonies in the primary cultures after 8-21 days. These cultured colonies were maintained for 4 weeks or longer without subculture and proliferated for up to 8 passages over a period of 3 months. These colonies had alkaline phosphatase activity and incorporated @entity1603 . These colonies were positive partially when screened with antibody for germ cell nuclear antigen and @entity17777 . Germ cells cultured with this supplemented medium showed enhanced colonization vs controls cultured with DMEM and @entity2241 . Cultured germ cells from @entity25325 donors were transplanted into testes and were identified by X-gal staining and histological screening. The cells cultured in the supplemented medium colonized the tubules and initiated spermatogenesis in the recipient @entity19 . This is an improved method for culturing germ cells and may be useful in gene therapy and the production of transgenic animals.

title: Long-term culture and transplantation of XXXX testicular germ cells.

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ["5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine"]

entities_list: @entity9640 :: ('CHEBI:18050', 'Chemical') :: ['L-glutamine']

entities_list: @entity21923 :: ('CHEBI:50144', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium pyruvate']

entities_list: @entity6514 :: ('MESH:D008623', 'Chemical') :: ['2-mercaptoethanol']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['FBS', 'fetal bovine serum']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are at risk of developing @entity170 and @entity2331 due to underlying @entity8 , @entity5886 , and immunosuppression. This process occurs more frequently in the first year after renal transplantation (RTX), resulting in eventual @entity604 and @entity174 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose @entity561 to prevent early @entity604 after RTX. @entity1 AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 43 successful RTR including 22 @entity1 and 21- @entity1 with a mean overall age of 39.16  11.73 years, mean body mass index of 23.6  3.73, and mean dialysis duration of 25.73  17.67 months. We matched them based on age and sex: the @entity561 -treated group received @entity560 (Vit D) during the study plus 30 mg @entity561 weekly from 1 month after RTX. The control group only received Vit D. We measured serum @entity460 , @entity1391 , alkaline phosphatase, blood @entity1133 , @entity1011 , and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) at the pretransplant baseline and monthly thereafter as well as @entity1555 of the lumbar spine, femur, and radius pretransplant baseline versus 3 and 6 months after RTX. RESULTS: At 6 month after RTX, the lumbar @entity1555 in the @entity561 group increased significantly from 0.819  0.11 to 0.863  0.14 (P<.01), while it decreased in the control group from 0.897  0.17 to 0.817  0.16 (P<.001). There was also a significant increase in radius @entity1555 (P<.001) and a nonsignificant increase in femoral @entity1555 in the @entity561 versus a significant decrease of femoral and radius @entity1555 (P<.001) in the control group at 6 months. Upon multivariate analysis, there was a significant correlation between @entity561 and spine @entity1555 (r=.45, P<.001) but no linear regression between age, sex, BMI, dialysis duration of or iPTH with femoral, spine, or radius @entity1555 changes at month 6. CONCLUSION: Low-dose @entity561 was significantly useful to mitigate fast @entity604 and increase @entity1555 immediately after RTX.

title: Effect of @entity561 on early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal osteodystrophy']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity561 :: ('MESH:D019386', 'Chemical') :: ['alendronate']

entities_list: @entity5886 :: ('MESH:D017674', 'Disease') :: ['hypophosphatemia']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['bone loss of renal transplant recipients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are at risk of developing @entity170 and @entity2331 due to underlying @entity8 , @entity5886 , and immunosuppression. This process occurs more frequently in the first year after renal transplantation (RTX), resulting in eventual @entity604 and @entity174 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose @entity561 to prevent early @entity604 after RTX. @entity1 AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 43 successful RTR including 22 @entity1 and 21- @entity1 with a mean overall age of 39.16  11.73 years, mean body mass index of 23.6  3.73, and mean dialysis duration of 25.73  17.67 months. We matched them based on age and sex: the @entity561 -treated group received @entity560 (Vit D) during the study plus 30 mg @entity561 weekly from 1 month after RTX. The control group only received Vit D. We measured serum @entity460 , @entity1391 , alkaline phosphatase, blood @entity1133 , @entity1011 , and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) at the pretransplant baseline and monthly thereafter as well as @entity1555 of the lumbar spine, femur, and radius pretransplant baseline versus 3 and 6 months after RTX. RESULTS: At 6 month after RTX, the lumbar @entity1555 in the @entity561 group increased significantly from 0.819  0.11 to 0.863  0.14 (P<.01), while it decreased in the control group from 0.897  0.17 to 0.817  0.16 (P<.001). There was also a significant increase in radius @entity1555 (P<.001) and a nonsignificant increase in femoral @entity1555 in the @entity561 versus a significant decrease of femoral and radius @entity1555 (P<.001) in the control group at 6 months. Upon multivariate analysis, there was a significant correlation between @entity561 and spine @entity1555 (r=.45, P<.001) but no linear regression between age, sex, BMI, dialysis duration of or iPTH with femoral, spine, or radius @entity1555 changes at month 6. CONCLUSION: Low-dose @entity561 was significantly useful to mitigate fast @entity604 and increase @entity1555 immediately after RTX.

title: Effect of XXXX on early @entity8 .

answer: @entity561 :: (MESH:D019386,Chemical) :: ['alendronate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the current practice of @entity341 management of renal colic in a district hospital, review literature, implement new guidelines, and assess them. METHODS: Data were collected about the use of analgesia, waiting time for intravenous urography (IVU), and admission status of @entity1 presenting to the hospital with symptoms of renal colic over the period of three months. A literature search into the use of analgesia, imaging, and treatment was performed. Members of the involved departments were consulted and new guidelines developed and implemented. This was followed by further data collection over three months. RESULTS: Seven of 14 @entity1 were admitted. Five to wait for their IVU. Their average waiting time was 12.3 (SD 2.2) hours. Mainly intramuscular opioid analgesia was used. Literature recommended the use of @entity3522 . Although computed tomography was favoured it was decided to continue to use IVU because of circumstances within the hospital. The literature recommended a cut off between conservative and surgical treatment at a calculus size of >4 mm. Existing policies of the relevant departments were obeyed and a training system for the junior doctors was introduced. Emergency department staff were encouraged to perform 3-film IVUs. After this, of 5 of 19 @entity1 were admitted, only one of those to wait for an IVU. The average waiting time for an IVU was 4.1 (SD 0.96) hours. Rectal diclofenac was noted to be the drug of choice. CONCLUSION: Coordination of efforts, interdepartmental communication, and a practical application of available literature has resulted in a significant improvement of effectiveness without affecting medical standards, workload, or resources. Accident and @entity341 senior house officers felt highly satisfied at being able to complete management from presentation to diagnosis and treatment. Interdisciplinary communication has to be continued to maintain smooth operation of the guidelines.

title: Improving the effectiveness of the XXXX management of renal colic in a district general hospital: a completed audit cycle.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency']

entities_list: @entity3522 :: ('MESH:D004008', 'Chemical') :: ['diclofenac']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['emergency']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity740 ( @entity740 ) is a common problem in long-term survivors after liver transplantation (LT). It is important to identify and correct risk factors that negatively affect kidney function. The purpose of this study was to delineate the risk factors associated with progressive @entity8 after OLT. METHODS: We analyzed 50 recipients (10 female, 40 male) of overall age of 44  13 year who were all >= 18 years old and underwent first LT between 1999 and 2005. @entity1 -related risk factors were evaluated for @entity177 at 3 and 5 years after transplantation. We evaluated parameters of demographic data, laboratory values, daily @entity644 , and renal resistive index (RRI) by Doppler ultrasonography. @entity740 was defined as a sustained decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). @entity1 were divided into 3 groups according to the change in eGFR from the baseline value: group 1, stable eGFR (no change from baseline); group 2, <50% decreased eGFR; and group 3, >= 50% decrease from baseline. eGFR was calculated by using @entity8 ( @entity8 ) formula. RESULTS: At 3 years after LT, GFR negatively correlated with initial @entity1 -Pugh score (r=-0.42; P<.01); microalbuminuria (r=-0.28; P<.01), and RRI (r=-0.36; P<.01). After 5 years, GFR negatively correlated with initial @entity5428 transferase (r=-0.21; P<.05), PT (r=-0.29; P<.05), and RRI (r=-0.32; P<.01). Pretransplantation direct @entity648 levels were significantly correlated with GFR decrease at 3 years (P=.05). At 5 years of follow-up, smoking (P<.05), baseline @entity493 aminotransferase (P=.03) and serum @entity412 (P<.01) levels significantly correlated with eGFR decrease. Pretransplantation serum @entity1011 levels were stratified into normal versus high groups. @entity1 with increased basal serum @entity1011 levels displayed shorter survivals than those with normal @entity1011 levels, namely, median values of 21  3.9 months versus 14  2.4 months, log rank test: P<.05). CONCLUSION: Renal function after liver transplantation show sustained impairment in certain @entity1 . In the short term the main risk factors for renal detoriation were severity of @entity409 before LT, microalbuminuria, and renal perfusion. In the long term, smoking and @entity2299 were the main predictors of @entity740 . @entity1 with high basal serum @entity1011 values were at increased risk of mortality.

title: Risk factors for XXXX and differential impact of liver transplantation on renal function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['MDRD', 'kidney dysfunction', 'Modification of Diet in Renal Disease']

entities_list: @entity5428 :: ('CHEBI:24190', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma glutamyl']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic kidney disease', 'CKD']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['kidney impairment']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To date, no large population-based studies have focused on permanent @entity717 after injury of the anterior cruciate ligament as far as we know. The purpose of our study was to determine the risk factors for @entity717 after an injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: We identified a cohort of 2192 active-duty personnel in the Army who had been hospitalized between 1989 and 1997 because of an injury of the anterior cruciate ligament and had completed a health risk-assessment survey. With use of the @entity130 and Health Outcomes Database, we retrospectively followed these individuals for up to nine years and collected clinical, demographic, occupational, and psychosocial data. These data were then evaluated with bivariate and proportional-hazards regression analyses to identify risk factors for receiving a disability discharge related to an injury of the anterior cruciate ligament. RESULTS: Overall, 209 (9.5%) of 2192 initial anterior cruciate @entity130 resulted in a permanent disability discharge. In bivariate analyses, the following factors were related to a disability discharge: lower job satisfaction (p < 0.0001), lower education level (p < 0.0001), shorter length of service (p < 0.0001), lower pay grade or rank (p < 0.0001), occupational classification (p < 0.0001), older age (p < 0.01), cigarette-smoking (p = 0.01), and greater mental stress at work (p = 0.02). Associated @entity1844 (p = 0.07) and occupational physical demands (p = 0.08) approached significance; however, with the numbers available, other variables that were hypothesized to contribute to the development of disability, such as gender (p = 0.85), reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (p = 0.52), and other secondary comorbidities of the knee, demonstrated no significant association. Proportional-hazards regression analysis confirmed that pay grade or rank, occupational classification, job satisfaction, age, and length of service were independent predictors of disability discharge. CONCLUSIONS: In keeping with risk profiles of several other @entity85 , such as @entity1643 and @entity923 , the results revealed a multifactorial risk profile in which psychosocial factors were strongly associated with disability discharge from active military duty after injury of the anterior cruciate ligament.

title: XXXX after hospitalization for the treatment of an injury of the anterior cruciate ligament.

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low-back pain']

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['cartilage injury']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['occupational disability']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal disorders']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ligament injuries', 'Total Army Injury']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['Occupational disability']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To audit the specificity and value of the @entity23605 test (PLT) for the diagnosis of @entity3210 . DESIGN: A retrospective case note review of 47 @entity1 who had a PLT during three consecutive years. SETTING: A 650 bedded district general hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1 demographics, symptoms, baseline blood, endoscopic and radiological investigations, and @entity167 consumption were related to the results of the PLT to determine if the test could be better targeted. Response to therapy and final diagnoses were noted to determine the specificity of the test. RESULTS: Forty seven @entity1 had a PLT during the three years studied. All successfully performed the test as outpatients. Seven inconclusive tests were repeated. Thirty eight @entity1 (81%) had @entity294 , of whom 10 (21%) described steatorrhoea; 23 (49%) had an abnormal PLT. All with an abnormal test had @entity294 , more frequently describing watery stools than steatorrhoea. Those treated with pancreatic enzyme supplements had an excellent response, although two of these had a final diagnosis of @entity66 . Nineteen @entity1 with an abnormal PLT were thought to be suffering from @entity3210 . All @entity1 with a normal PLT were clinically thought not to have @entity3210 . Age, sex, and @entity167 intake correlated poorly with final diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The PLT can be used in a district general hospital setting as an outpatient test for @entity3210 and has a specificity of 83%-91%. Its use should be restricted to those presenting with @entity294 , not necessarily steatorrhoea, and not restricted to those with a history of high @entity167 consumption.

title: Retrospective audit of the value of the XXXX test in a district general hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['coeliac disease']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity3210 :: ('MESH:D010188', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity23605 :: ('MESH:C034833', 'Chemical') :: ['pancreolauryl']

answer: @entity23605 :: (MESH:C034833,Chemical) :: ['pancreolauryl']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: " @entity75 related to electrical @entity159 during @entity25 " (ESES) is characterised by the electroencephalographic pattern of continuous spike waves during @entity25 (CSWS) and variable @entity73 . The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis predicts that the strength of synapses is decreased during sleep. The slope of slow waves during NREM sleep best reflects this "downscaling". METHODS: In a retrospective case control study, we analysed the time course of the slope of EEG slow waves of nine @entity1 with ESES. The @entity1 showed continuous spike waves (>85%) associated with regression or stagnation of cognitive functions. The data of the @entity1 group were compared to nine healthy age and gender matched controls. RESULTS: In control subjects we found the expected decrease of the slope of slow waves from the first to the last hour of sleep (17.2% decrease, p<0.001). In contrast, @entity1 showed no significant change in slope across the night. CONCLUSIONS: This finding may reflect a disruption of the downscaling process during sleep, which may contribute to the developmental regression in these @entity1 . SIGNIFICANCE: Thus, our findings contribute to the understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to the regression observed in @entity1 with ESES and support the view that the goal of the treatment in @entity1 with ESES should not only be to reduce @entity410 , but also to resolve the continuous spike wave activity.

title: Impaired @entity25 downscaling in @entity75 with XXXX during sleep (ESES).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['slow wave sleep']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychological impairments']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus']

answer: @entity159 :: (MESH:D013226,Disease) :: ['status epilepticus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: " @entity75 related to electrical @entity159 during @entity25 " (ESES) is characterised by the electroencephalographic pattern of continuous spike waves during @entity25 (CSWS) and variable @entity73 . The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis predicts that the strength of synapses is decreased during sleep. The slope of slow waves during NREM sleep best reflects this "downscaling". METHODS: In a retrospective case control study, we analysed the time course of the slope of EEG slow waves of nine @entity1 with ESES. The @entity1 showed continuous spike waves (>85%) associated with regression or stagnation of cognitive functions. The data of the @entity1 group were compared to nine healthy age and gender matched controls. RESULTS: In control subjects we found the expected decrease of the slope of slow waves from the first to the last hour of sleep (17.2% decrease, p<0.001). In contrast, @entity1 showed no significant change in slope across the night. CONCLUSIONS: This finding may reflect a disruption of the downscaling process during sleep, which may contribute to the developmental regression in these @entity1 . SIGNIFICANCE: Thus, our findings contribute to the understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to the regression observed in @entity1 with ESES and support the view that the goal of the treatment in @entity1 with ESES should not only be to reduce @entity410 , but also to resolve the continuous spike wave activity.

title: Impaired @entity25 downscaling in XXXX with @entity159 during sleep (ESES).

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['encephalopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: " @entity75 related to electrical @entity159 during @entity25 " (ESES) is characterised by the electroencephalographic pattern of continuous spike waves during @entity25 (CSWS) and variable @entity73 . The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis predicts that the strength of synapses is decreased during sleep. The slope of slow waves during NREM sleep best reflects this "downscaling". METHODS: In a retrospective case control study, we analysed the time course of the slope of EEG slow waves of nine @entity1 with ESES. The @entity1 showed continuous spike waves (>85%) associated with regression or stagnation of cognitive functions. The data of the @entity1 group were compared to nine healthy age and gender matched controls. RESULTS: In control subjects we found the expected decrease of the slope of slow waves from the first to the last hour of sleep (17.2% decrease, p<0.001). In contrast, @entity1 showed no significant change in slope across the night. CONCLUSIONS: This finding may reflect a disruption of the downscaling process during sleep, which may contribute to the developmental regression in these @entity1 . SIGNIFICANCE: Thus, our findings contribute to the understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to the regression observed in @entity1 with ESES and support the view that the goal of the treatment in @entity1 with ESES should not only be to reduce @entity410 , but also to resolve the continuous spike wave activity.

title: Impaired XXXX downscaling in @entity75 with @entity159 during sleep (ESES).

answer: @entity25 :: (MESH:D012893,Disease) :: ['slow wave sleep']


abstract: The @entity375 null mutant smf1Delta cannot grow on medium containing @entity4527 . Expression of Smf1p or the @entity1 transporter @entity39605 ( @entity39605 ) suppresses the above-mentioned phenotype. Both can also be expressed in @entity1238 oocytes, and the uptake activity and their electrophysiological properties can be studied. We used these systems to analyze the properties of mutations in the predicted external loop I of @entity39605 . The sensitivity of the transporter to @entity535 substitutions in this region is manifested by the mutation @entity45241 , which resulted in almost complete inhibition of the metal ion uptake activity and marked changes in the pre-steady-state currents in @entity1238 oocytes. The mutation @entity73018 abolished the uptake and the electrophysiology, but the double mutant @entity73019 / @entity73018 partially restored it and changed the metal ion specificity in favor of @entity8798 . The maximal pre-steady-state currents at negatively imposed potentials shifted to a lower pH of approximately 5. The triple mutant @entity45241 / @entity73019 / @entity73018 , which has no apparent transport activity, exhibited remarkable pre-steady-state currents at pH 7.5. Moreover, @entity8862 had a dual effect on this mutant; at pH 7.5 it eliminated the pre-steady state without generating steady-state currents, and at pH 5.5 it induced large pre-steady-state currents. The mutant @entity73019 retained appreciable @entity8798 uptake activity but exhibited very little @entity3281 uptake at pH 5.5 and was abolished at pH 6.5. The properties of the various mutants suggest that loop I is involved in the metal ion binding and its coupling to the proton-driving force.

title: The first external loop of the metal ion transporter XXXX is involved in metal ion binding and specificity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity39605 :: (4891,Gene) :: ['DCT1']


abstract: @entity348 has become a reliable treatment option for @entity1 with @entity309 as well as primary or posttraumatic @entity4040 . The aim of this study is to present the indications, operative technique and results for the implantation of an Acclaim elbow prosthesis. Case reports are given to demonstrate the indications for prosthesis implantation. Furthermore, the follow-up results are reported for 65 @entity1 after implantation of an Acclaim prosthesis. Pre- and @entity282 were evaluated using the visual analogue scale. The pain level decreased from 8.0 to 2.3 postoperatively. After implantation of an elbow prosthesis, there was a significant improvement in the range of motion. The mean flexion increased from 103 degrees preoperatively to 140 degrees postoperatively. An increase of 10 degrees was found for both supination and pronation. Complications included temporary ulnary nerve irritation in seven @entity1 , intraoperative @entity174 in four cases and postoperative @entity3029 in one case. In conclusion, total elbow arthroplasty results in a @entity158 and an improvement in elbow movement. However, selection of the right @entity1 is important. @entity1 are advised not to lift heavy objects or to perform hard physical work. If @entity1 ' compliance can not be ensured preoperatively, no total elbow arthroplasty should be performed.

title: [ XXXX . Indications, operative technique and results after implantation of an Acclaim elbow prosthesis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4040 :: ('MESH:C537208', 'Disease') :: ['arthrosis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['Total elbow arthroplasty']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of pain']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['elbow dislocation']

answer: @entity348 :: (MESH:C535338,Disease) :: ['Total elbow arthroplasty']