abstract: The experiments described investigate the potential influence of surrounding normal tracheal epithelial cells on the survival and growth of carcinogen-exposed epithelial cells in tracheal mucosa reconstructed from known cell mixtures. Cell mixtures containing preneoplastic or neoplastic @entity35 tracheal epithelial cells and a small fraction of normal tracheal or esophageal epithelial cells were inoculated into the lumen of previously frozen-thawed tracheas which were then transplanted s.c. into syngeneic hosts. Within 2-3 weeks an intact tracheal mucosa was regenerated from the inoculated cells. At various times after cell inoculation and transplantation, cells were harvested from the repopulated @entity825 and the number of diploid normal and/or aneuploid carcinogen-exposed tracheal epithelial cells determined by flow cytometry (DNA content) and the frequency of cells with altered in vitro growth capacity determined. The data suggest that normal tracheal epithelial cells have an enhanced 'survival' capacity relative to carcinogen-exposed cell lines in the regenerated tracheal mucosa. When greater than 10(4) normal cells were inoculated with a 2- to 100-fold excess of carcinogen-exposed cell lines the regenerated epithelium was comprised almost entirely of normal-diploid-epithelial cells. Independent of the ratio of normal to altered cells, when less than 10(4) normal epithelial cells were inoculated in the mixture some carcinogen-altered cells and some normal cells were present in the regenerated epithelium. When established repopulated tracheas containing mixtures of normal and neoplastic epithelial cells were left in the animal no @entity5 developed. In contrast tracheas containing neoplastic cells alone or partially scraped tracheas containing comparable numbers of neoplastic cells covering a contiguous area of the submucosa, @entity5 developed within 2-5 weeks of cell inoculation and transplantation. These data suggest that normal tracheal epithelial cells have the capacity to modulate expression of the neoplastic phenotype ( @entity5 development) in neoplastic populations. This effect appears to require close contact with the normal cells as inhibition is not observed when the neoplastic cells occupy a single contiguous area of the @entity825 .

title: Inhibition of carcinogen-altered XXXX tracheal epithelial cell proliferation by normal epithelial cells in vivo.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: From 1962 to 1980, 124 @entity1 were hospitalized for treatment of @entity263 . Of these, a total of 115 underwent radiation therapy. Thirty-five @entity1 were classified as stages I and II, 12 as stage III, and 77 as stage IV. The five-year survival rate for @entity1 in stages I and II was 72% in the radiation therapy group and 33% in the nonradiation therapy group. In stages III and IV, there was no difference in survival rate between the radiation and nonradiation therapy groups. Histological examination of prostate tissues of @entity1 treated by radiation therapy revealed various degrees of change in the @entity5 cells, ranging from @entity528 . The degree of change was not related to the stage of the disease. Also, no histological differences in prostate specimens from @entity1 who received 4,000-5,000 rads versus 5,000-6,000 rads was observed. Rectal examination indicated that radiation therapy was effective in 93% of the @entity1 in stages I and II, 75% in the stage III, and 71% in the stage IV. The rates of reactivation were 28% for stages I and II, 12% for stage III, and 43% for stage IV.

title: Radiation therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration to disappearance']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostatic cancer']


abstract: AIM: @entity1810 ( @entity1810 ) is involved in renal tubulointerstitial @entity82 . Recently, the ubiquitin proteasome system was shown to participate in the @entity1810 signalling pathway. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of proteasome inhibitors on @entity1810 -induced @entity8 and tubular epithelial cells in vitro and on @entity1695 ( @entity1695 ) in vivo. METHODS: @entity35 renal fibroblasts NRK-49F cells and tubular epithelial cells, NRK-52E, were treated with @entity1810 in the presence or absence of a proteasome inhibitor, @entity16626 or @entity16628 . @entity35 were subjected to @entity1695 and received @entity16626 i.p. for 7 days. RESULTS: In cultured renal cells, both @entity16626 and @entity16628 inhibited @entity1810 -induced a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) protein expression according to both western blotting and immunofluorescent study results. @entity16626 also suppressed @entity1810 -induced mRNA expression of a-SMA and upregulation of Smad-response element reporter activity. However, @entity16626 did not inhibit @entity1810 -induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of @entity19233 . In contrast, @entity16626 increased the protein level of Smad co-repressor SnoN, demonstrating that SnoN is one of the target molecules by which @entity16626 blocks the @entity1810 signalling pathway. Although the proteasome inhibitor suppressed @entity1810 -induced transformation of cultured fibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells, @entity16626 treatment did not ameliorate tubulointerstitial @entity82 in the @entity35 @entity1695 model. CONCLUSION: Proteasome inhibitors attenuate @entity1810 signalling by blocking Smad signal transduction in vitro, but do not inhibit @entity8 in vivo.

title: Effects of proteasome inhibitors on @entity35 renal XXXX in vitro and in vivo.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['transformation of renal fibroblasts', 'renal interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['UUO', 'unilateral ureteral obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1810 :: ('59086(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-b', 'Transforming growth factor-b']

entities_list: @entity16628 :: ('MESH:C067713', 'Chemical') :: ['lactacystin']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: AIM: @entity1810 ( @entity1810 ) is involved in renal tubulointerstitial @entity82 . Recently, the ubiquitin proteasome system was shown to participate in the @entity1810 signalling pathway. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of proteasome inhibitors on @entity1810 -induced @entity8 and tubular epithelial cells in vitro and on @entity1695 ( @entity1695 ) in vivo. METHODS: @entity35 renal fibroblasts NRK-49F cells and tubular epithelial cells, NRK-52E, were treated with @entity1810 in the presence or absence of a proteasome inhibitor, @entity16626 or @entity16628 . @entity35 were subjected to @entity1695 and received @entity16626 i.p. for 7 days. RESULTS: In cultured renal cells, both @entity16626 and @entity16628 inhibited @entity1810 -induced a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA) protein expression according to both western blotting and immunofluorescent study results. @entity16626 also suppressed @entity1810 -induced mRNA expression of a-SMA and upregulation of Smad-response element reporter activity. However, @entity16626 did not inhibit @entity1810 -induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of @entity19233 . In contrast, @entity16626 increased the protein level of Smad co-repressor SnoN, demonstrating that SnoN is one of the target molecules by which @entity16626 blocks the @entity1810 signalling pathway. Although the proteasome inhibitor suppressed @entity1810 -induced transformation of cultured fibroblasts and tubular epithelial cells, @entity16626 treatment did not ameliorate tubulointerstitial @entity82 in the @entity35 @entity1695 model. CONCLUSION: Proteasome inhibitors attenuate @entity1810 signalling by blocking Smad signal transduction in vitro, but do not inhibit @entity8 in vivo.

title: Effects of proteasome inhibitors on XXXX renal @entity82 in vitro and in vivo.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Advanced placental maturation (Grannum [G] grade 3) before term is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes associated with @entity2431 . The nature and timing of the underlying pathology of this process is presently unclear. We hypothesized that advanced placental maturation at 30 to 34 weeks' gestation is not associated with established second trimester markers of severe @entity5028 . METHODS: In a cohort study of 1238 low-risk Caucasian @entity1 with singleton pregnancies who had sonographic assessment of placental maturation and fetal growth at 34 weeks, the results of @entity7310 ( @entity7310 ) and uterine artery Doppler (UtAD) flow studies at 16 weeks were related to adverse perinatal outcomes associated with @entity2431 : antepartum @entity548 , @entity1468 , @entity600 < 37 weeks, small for gestational age (< 10th percentile), or postnatal evidence of @entity1592 ( @entity1592 ; ponderal index < 5th percentile). RESULTS: G1 was found in 127 @entity1 (10.3%), G2 was found in 18 @entity1 (1.5%), and no cases of G3 were observed. Advanced Grannum grading was significantly associated with @entity1592 (48 [4.4%] in G0, 9 [7.1%] in G1, 5 [27.8%] in G2; P < 0.001), but was dependent on smoking status. @entity1592 was not predicted by abnormal @entity7310 or abnormal UtAD findings at either the second or third trimester ultrasounds. CONCLUSION: G2 maturation at 30 to 34 weeks' gestation is associated with mild @entity1592 at delivery in low-risk @entity1 and with smoking. @entity1592 was not predicted by either second or third trimester markers of severe @entity5028 . Future studies directly observing the placenta in the late third trimester may aid the elusive diagnosis of "late-onset" mild @entity1592 .

title: Sonographic maturation of the placenta at 30 to 34 weeks is not associated with second trimester markers of XXXX in low-risk pregnancies.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5028 :: ('MESH:D010922', 'Disease') :: ['placental dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['IUGR', 'intrauterine growth restriction']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity7310 :: ('MESH:C536469', 'Disease') :: ['maternal serum screening', 'MSS']

entities_list: @entity2431 :: ('MESH:D010927', 'Disease') :: ['placental insufficiency']

answer: @entity2431 :: (MESH:D010927,Disease) :: ['placental insufficiency']


abstract: This study was purposed to explore the feasibility of simultaneous analysis of telomere length and @entity3058 by multicolor Flow-FISH to assess @entity41 ( @entity41 ) in @entity1778 . The telomere length in 34 @entity1778 @entity1 versus 20 normal controls was compared by using Flow-FISH, and the relationship between telomere length and therapeutic effect and prognosis was analyzed preliminarily. As for those @entity1 with follow-up samples, the changes of telomere length combined with surface antigen in different courses of disease were observed by multicolor Flow-FISH. The results indicated that the telomere length of de novo @entity1 was significantly shorter than that of controls except the @entity1 in @entity2212 ( @entity2212 ). The shorter telomere, the lower complete remission (CR) rates were observed in @entity3052 cases and the shorter duration of CP before onset of blast phase (BP) occurred in @entity1860 cases. The @entity3052 @entity1 showed longer telomere and fewer cells expressed the related antigen after CR. The telomere length of cases with continued CR remained at normal level during remission, and there was no increased expression of the specific antigen. However, the telomere of relapsed cases shortened again after relapse with elevated specific antigen expression. In the relapsed cases, the telomere of related antigen positive cells shortened ahead of telomere length change of the whole cells and morphologic change of bone marrow cells. It is concluded that analysis of telomere length by flow-FISH manifests the significance for monitoring disease conditions, estimating prognosis and guiding therapy in all kinds of @entity1778 . The simultaneous analysis of telomere length and @entity3058 by multicolor flow-FISH may monitor abnormal clone or clonal evolution to predict recurrence more sensitively and specifically, and may provide a promising and widely applicable method for monitoring @entity41 in @entity1778 .

title: Simultaneous analysis of telomere length and @entity3058 in XXXX by multicolor Flow-FISH.

entities_list: @entity2212 :: ('MESH:D015466', 'Disease') :: ['CML-CP', 'chronic myeloid leukemia-chronic phase']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['MRD', 'minimal residual disease']

entities_list: @entity3058 :: ('963', 'Gene') :: ['cell surface antigen']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: This study was purposed to explore the feasibility of simultaneous analysis of telomere length and @entity3058 by multicolor Flow-FISH to assess @entity41 ( @entity41 ) in @entity1778 . The telomere length in 34 @entity1778 @entity1 versus 20 normal controls was compared by using Flow-FISH, and the relationship between telomere length and therapeutic effect and prognosis was analyzed preliminarily. As for those @entity1 with follow-up samples, the changes of telomere length combined with surface antigen in different courses of disease were observed by multicolor Flow-FISH. The results indicated that the telomere length of de novo @entity1 was significantly shorter than that of controls except the @entity1 in @entity2212 ( @entity2212 ). The shorter telomere, the lower complete remission (CR) rates were observed in @entity3052 cases and the shorter duration of CP before onset of blast phase (BP) occurred in @entity1860 cases. The @entity3052 @entity1 showed longer telomere and fewer cells expressed the related antigen after CR. The telomere length of cases with continued CR remained at normal level during remission, and there was no increased expression of the specific antigen. However, the telomere of relapsed cases shortened again after relapse with elevated specific antigen expression. In the relapsed cases, the telomere of related antigen positive cells shortened ahead of telomere length change of the whole cells and morphologic change of bone marrow cells. It is concluded that analysis of telomere length by flow-FISH manifests the significance for monitoring disease conditions, estimating prognosis and guiding therapy in all kinds of @entity1778 . The simultaneous analysis of telomere length and @entity3058 by multicolor flow-FISH may monitor abnormal clone or clonal evolution to predict recurrence more sensitively and specifically, and may provide a promising and widely applicable method for monitoring @entity41 in @entity1778 .

title: Simultaneous analysis of telomere length and XXXX in @entity1778 by multicolor Flow-FISH.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity3058 :: (963,Gene) :: ['cell surface antigen']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Analyze the clinical characteristics of the mild cases of @entity778 , as well as the relationship of clinical characteristics and @entity1 genders. METHODS: A total of 245 @entity683 (H1N1) @entity1 confirmed by viral nucleic acid detection were included in the study. The @entity1 ' personal information, signs and symptoms, lab and iconography data, disease course, negative seroconversion duration of new @entity683 (H1N1) viral nucleic acid after antiviral treatment and hospitalization stay were analyzed. Measurement data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) by software SPSS 11.5. P < 0.05 was defined as statistically significant. RESULTS: (1) Among the 245 @entity1 , 130 were males and 115 were females, yielding a sex ratio of 1.13:1. Almost 52.0% (127/245) of the @entity1 came from Australia, and 64.5% (158/245) were between 18 and 40 years old. (2) Clinical manifestations included @entity221 (98.4%, 241/245), cough (80.8%, 198/245) and throat congestion (95.9%, 235/245), and lab findings were characterized by elevated C-reaction protein (CRP, 71.0%, 174/245) and neutrophil (52.2%, 128/245). (3) Female @entity1 had significantly lower serum Prealbumin (pre-A) levels than male @entity1 [(245.04    75.3) vs (273.34    92.18) mg/L, F = 5.55, P = 0.019]. (4) The patients' serum @entity37253 levels significantly decreased after the treatment [(4.06    3.47) vs (14.54    14.68) mg/L, F = 6.18, P = 0.016], while the levels of CD3, @entity404 and @entity405 were significantly increased after treatment [(1451.23    443.97) vs (819.97    375.75) cell/  l, F = 32.61, P = 0.000; (771.33    251.92) vs (435.36    215.35) cell/  l, F = 44.43, P = 0.000; (593.16    237.19) vs (342.47    180.12) cell/  l, F = 28.518, P = 0.000, respectively]. (5) Approximately 30.6% (75/245) of the @entity1 had abnormal signs on chest CT iconography, and 22.0% (54/245) had obvious signs indicating @entity55 . The average disease course was (3.9    1.2) days, the average hospitalization stay was (5.0    1.4) days, and the negative seroconversion duration of the mRNA after antiviral treatment was (3.8    1.4) days. CONCLUSION: The @entity778 was characterized by @entity221 , cough and throat congestion, with elevated CRP and neutrophil being the most significant lab findings. The @entity6475 was able to affect multiple organs, including being able to affect hepatic synthesis of pre-A as well as immune functioning. The @entity683 was mild clinically, with @entity66 and good prognosis.

title: [Clinical features and prognosis of the mild cases of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['pandemic influenza H1N1 virus infection', 'influenza A (H1N1) virus']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['short disease course']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza A (H1N1) influenza virus strain', 'influenza A']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['influenza A (H1N1) strain']

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['pandemic influenza H1N1 virus infection']


abstract: In this study the effect of seven different non-automated nuclear evacuation techniques and the role of @entity4023 (Healon) were evaluated. Thirty-five @entity468 (seven groups) and 140 @entity1 @entity1 (seven groups) were included in the study. Each experimental animal and @entity1 group was operated using one of the seven non-automated techniques. In each animal, one eye was operated with @entity4023 and the other with Balanced Saline Solution (BSS). In each @entity1 group of 20 @entity1 during @entity231 extraction and IOL implantation, @entity4023 was used in half of the @entity1 and BSS was used in the remaining ten. Eyes treated with @entity4023 lost approximately 50% fewer endothelial cells and had approximately 50% less increase in corneal thickness than their counterparts treated with BSS. Based on the results of the endothelial cell loss and the corneal thickness, it is concluded that the most traumatic used technique was no. 2, followed by that of no. 5. The technique no. 7 may be considered as the most atraumatic of the tested procedures. @entity4023 effectively protected the endothelium, and its routine use in @entity231 surgery is recommended.

title: Endothelial cell loss in different non-automated extracapsular nuclear evacuation techniques and the role of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity4023 :: ('MESH:D006820', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hyaluronate', 'Sodium hyaluronate']

answer: @entity4023 :: (MESH:D006820,Chemical) :: ['sodium hyaluronate']


abstract: Hematopoietic regulatory factors produced by adherent (stromal) cells in long-term @entity19 bone marrow cultures have been investigated. Using an in situ double layer agar overlay system, we demonstrated that exposure of the stromal cells to 1,100-rad irradiation increased their activities in stimulating colony formation of FDC-P1, an @entity3019 ( @entity3019 )-responsive cell line. The colony-stimulating activities (CSAs) of the irradiated stroma also stimulated normal marrow cells to form granulocyte-macrophage, megakaryocyte, and mixed lineage colonies. Addition of the lectin pokeweed mitogen to the irradiated stroma increased the level of CSAs. The FDC-P1 CSA of the irradiated stroma was inhibited by antibodies directed against @entity19 @entity2304 ( @entity2304 ) but not by those against @entity19 @entity3019 . Stromal-derived CSA for marrow cells was also partially blocked by anti- @entity2304 antibodies, probably reflecting the presence of other CSAs such as @entity9827 . This latter growth factor has been found to be present in conditioned media from Dexter stroma, but levels are not increased after irradiation or lectin exposure. Partially purified @entity2304 , like @entity3019 , stimulated FDC-P1 proliferation and granulocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte colony formation. These results indicate that the major terminal differentiating hormone elicited by irradiation or lectin exposure of @entity19 marrow stromal cells is @entity2304 . This growth factor, along with @entity9827 , can account for the differentiated progeny produced in this system: macrophages, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes.

title: Stromal growth factor production in irradiated lectin exposed long-term XXXX bone marrow cultures.

entities_list: @entity2304 :: ('12981(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: In a study to investigate whether the quantitative assessment of temperature and vibration thresholds can improve the evaluation of the @entity16 in @entity10795 37 @entity1 with @entity16 (paraesthesias, @entity1183 , @entity158 ) in the hands who had worked with hand held vibrating tools and 46 healthy controls not exposed to vibration were examined. Temperature thresholds were measured on the thenar eminence and on the volar side of the second and third fingers held together. Vibration thresholds were determined on the dorsum of the hand and on the dorsal side of the second and fifth fingers proximal to the nail. The neutral zone between thresholds for warmth and cold was much wider in the @entity1 than in the controls. @entity1 older than 45 had higher vibration thresholds than controls. Electroneurography was abnormal in 18 of 34 @entity1 and a @entity923 was diagnosed in six subjects. This investigation is thus indicated in @entity1 with @entity16 . Seven of the @entity1 with normal electroneurographic findings had impaired temperature or vibration thresholds or both. Determination of sensory thresholds seems to add valuable information and the methods are, by contrast with electroneurography, easily adapted to the screening of exposed groups outside hospital. Our results indicate that thin @entity17 might be damaged in the @entity10795 .

title: Temperature and vibration thresholds in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity10795 :: ('MESH:D053421', 'Disease') :: ['vibration syndrome']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']

answer: @entity10795 :: (MESH:D053421,Disease) :: ['vibration syndrome']


abstract: Functional rating scales have been developed for evaluation of upper extremity (UE) and lower extremity (LE) function in @entity1555 ( @entity1555 ). The Vignos scale is accepted for LE function and the Brooke scale for UE evaluation. The assumption that UE functional loss parallels LE loss has never been tested. Furthermore, there are no studies examining the relationship between UE/LE strength. This study tests the hypothesis that UE/LE strength and functional losses are parallel in @entity1555 and other @entity4094 . Vignos grades, Brooke grades, and manual muscle test scores were determined for 27 @entity1 with @entity1555 , 10 @entity1 with @entity3986 ( @entity3986 ), 24 @entity1 with @entity3918 ( @entity3918 ) and 29 @entity1 with other ( @entity1555 and @entity17325 ) proximal @entity121 (PM). Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated for UE vs LE functional grade and strength scores and subjected to significance analysis. While all correlations were statistically significantly different from zero (p less than 0.01), all were also significantly different from one (p less than 0.01), none representing perfect equivalence. Coefficients of determination indicated that a maximum of 86% ( @entity3986 ) of variation in UE rank could be explained purely by observing LE rank. While there is a significant relationship between UE/LE strength and functional grade, these measurements were not found to be entirely equivalent. Therefore, while measures of lower body function or strength might be used as a substitute for UE measurements in drug trials in which global effects are expected, the two measurements are not equivalent when evaluating an individual's clinical status.

title: Upper vs lower extremity functional XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular disorders']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy', 'FSH']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ["Becker's dystrophy", 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'DMD']

entities_list: @entity3918 :: ('MESH:D009223', 'Disease') :: ['MMD', 'myotonic muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity17325 :: ('MESH:D049288', 'Disease') :: ['limb-girdle syndrome']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathies']

answer: @entity4094 :: (MESH:D009468,Disease) :: ['loss in neuromuscular disease']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ) due to @entity384 , @entity594 , @entity3988 and several of the newer @entity460 antagonists including @entity3360 , @entity9805 , @entity10202 and PN 200-110 ( @entity4768 ) improve left ventricular function. Because of its relatively more pronounced negative inotropic and chronotropic actions, @entity1855 is generally not tolerated by @entity1 with @entity1002 . In addition, even relatively vascular-selective agents such as @entity594 can occasionally cause significant @entity308 , particularly if combined with beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Comparative studies using @entity1854 to cause an equivalent decrease in arterial pressure indicate that @entity594 acts predominantly on the arterial vasculature, and that a small but significant decrease in contractility occurs, apparently due to a direct myocardial action. Although @entity3988 causes a @entity308 in @entity296 in @entity235 with volume overload @entity712 , limited data show no significant negative inotropic action in @entity1 with @entity712 . The negative inotropic effects, if any, of newer and possibly more vascular-selective agents are not yet known. @entity460 antagonists appear to act predominantly on the limb and coronary vasculature, with relatively less effect on renal and hepatic vessels. In @entity1 with @entity712 , @entity594 causes an increase in coronary blood flow and a decrease in the aorto-coronary sinus @entity26 difference indicating an improvement in myocardial energetics. Although @entity594 causes an increase in cardiac index and decreases in systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during exercise, the limited data available fail to show a short- or long-term increase in exercise capacity. @entity594 causes an increase in plasma @entity916 activity, possibly due to a direct action on the kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Usefulness of @entity460 antagonists for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure', 'congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial contractility']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity10202 :: ('MESH:D015736', 'Chemical') :: ['felodipine']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity9805 :: ('MESH:D009568', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrendipine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3360 :: ('MESH:D009529', 'Chemical') :: ['nicardipine']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium', 'calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine', 'Nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity4768 :: ('MESH:D017275', 'Chemical') :: ['isradipine']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ) due to @entity384 , @entity594 , @entity3988 and several of the newer @entity460 antagonists including @entity3360 , @entity9805 , @entity10202 and PN 200-110 ( @entity4768 ) improve left ventricular function. Because of its relatively more pronounced negative inotropic and chronotropic actions, @entity1855 is generally not tolerated by @entity1 with @entity1002 . In addition, even relatively vascular-selective agents such as @entity594 can occasionally cause significant @entity308 , particularly if combined with beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Comparative studies using @entity1854 to cause an equivalent decrease in arterial pressure indicate that @entity594 acts predominantly on the arterial vasculature, and that a small but significant decrease in contractility occurs, apparently due to a direct myocardial action. Although @entity3988 causes a @entity308 in @entity296 in @entity235 with volume overload @entity712 , limited data show no significant negative inotropic action in @entity1 with @entity712 . The negative inotropic effects, if any, of newer and possibly more vascular-selective agents are not yet known. @entity460 antagonists appear to act predominantly on the limb and coronary vasculature, with relatively less effect on renal and hepatic vessels. In @entity1 with @entity712 , @entity594 causes an increase in coronary blood flow and a decrease in the aorto-coronary sinus @entity26 difference indicating an improvement in myocardial energetics. Although @entity594 causes an increase in cardiac index and decreases in systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during exercise, the limited data available fail to show a short- or long-term increase in exercise capacity. @entity594 causes an increase in plasma @entity916 activity, possibly due to a direct action on the kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Usefulness of XXXX antagonists for @entity712 .

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Intestinal colonization of avian species by Eimeria parasites results in the @entity66 , @entity7843 . A study was carried out to assess the immunologic effects of Eimeria praecox infection on the gut of infected @entity1573 . In Experiment 1, birds were orally gavaged with 50,000 E. praecox oocysts; in Experiment 2, an infection dosage of 500,000 E. praecox oocysts was used. Duodenal and jejunal intestinal sections were sampled consecutively on days 1-7 post-infection. Intestinal expression of innate immune gene transcripts was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Analysis of relative gene expression in Experiment 1 revealed an increase (P<0.05) in duodenal Toll-like receptor ( @entity41494 expression on days 4 and 6 post-infection. @entity73051 expression was significantly decreased in the duodenum of infected birds on day 2, and significantly increased on day 6 post-infection. In Experiment 2, @entity41494 was significantly downregulated in the duodenum on day 7 post-infection; however, no significant results were observed in terms of @entity73051 expression. @entity53518 also exhibited decreased expression (P<0.05) on day 7 post-infection in both intestinal sections. Regarding antimicrobial peptide expression; in the first experiment, expression of @entity73052 ( @entity73052 ) in infected birds was significantly decreased in the duodenum on days 3 and 4, and in the jejunum on day 4. Similarly, Experiment 2 resulted in @entity308 of @entity73052 (P<0.05) on days 3-5 in the duodenum. In Experiment 1, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide ( @entity73053 ) was downregulated (P<0.05) in the jejunum of infected @entity1573 on day 3 post-infection; however, @entity73053 results were non-significant in Experiment 2. Based on the differing results observed in each experiment, it was concluded that both TLR and antimicrobial peptide expression, and thus immunity may be dependent on infection load.

title: Expression of Toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides during Eimeria praecox infection in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['enteric disease']

entities_list: @entity7843 :: ('MESH:D003048', 'Disease') :: ['coccidiosis']

entities_list: @entity73052 :: ('414338(Tax:9031)', 'Gene') :: ['LEAP-2', 'liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chickens']


abstract: The availability of specific chemical assays and the development of appropriate biological models have made it feasible to study the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of @entity594 , a relationship that is presumed to be sigmoidal for most effects. In healthy volunteers the haemodynamic effects of a single dose of @entity594 are markedly influenced by the pharmaceutical preparation and the rate of drug input. When the plasma concentration of @entity594 increases rapidly, such as after an intravenous bolus injection or rapidly disintegrating capsules, there is a marked increase in heart rate and little or even no effect on blood pressure. On the other hand, when the drug is given as a slow intravenous infusion or as a sustained release tablet and when the capsules are taken together with food, the decrease in blood pressure is accompanied by few or no changes in heart rate. Furthermore, it has been shown that not only haemodynamic effects of @entity594 , but also oesophageal motor function may be used as a quantifiable pharmacological effect. For @entity1 with @entity951 , a plasma concentration range that is associated with optimal treatment has not been defined, since large inter-individual variations in the @entity594 plasma concentration were observed in effectively treated @entity1 . For @entity1 with @entity101 , significant sigmoidally shaped correlations between blood pressure reduction and @entity594 plasma concentrations following single or multiple doses have been demonstrated. The concentration-effect parameters were very similar to those found for normotensive subjects. After 6 weeks of treatment the potency of the drug had decreased, which might indicate the development of some tolerance. In @entity1 with severe @entity8 , the maximal effect of @entity594 on diastolic blood pressure was more than doubled, which cannot be explained by differences in pharmacokinetics; therefore these @entity1 appear to be more sensitive at the pharmacodynamic level. In @entity1 with @entity1575 , the pharmacokinetics of @entity594 were quite different due to reduced protein binding and reduced enzyme activity; in @entity1 with a portacaval shunt, considerable increased bypassing of the liver during the first pass after oral administration was observed. When corrected for free drug concentrations, the concentration-effect relationship for these @entity1 is essentially the same as that found for healthy subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX . Relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

answer: @entity594 :: (MESH:D009543,Chemical) :: ['Nifedipine']


abstract: In clinical Arrhythmology it is often necessary to associate digitalis and antiarrhythmic agents. This calls for study of possible interaction between the employed drugs. We found a statistically significant correlation between digitalis and @entity2643 plasma level in @entity1 on long term treatment with both drugs. A statistically significant linear correlation between plasma @entity2643 level and @entity6838 (0.25 mg/day) or beta-methyldigoxin (0.20 mg/day) was documented in 33 @entity1 . 23 @entity1 had been treated with these drugs for paraxysmal reciprocating supraventricular @entity591 since an average of 52 months (computerized follow-up). ( @entity2643 average weekly dose was 1078 +/- 168 mg after a loading dose of 12 gm given over one month). 10 @entity1 were on chronic treatment with higher weekly doses of @entity2643 (average dose 2380 +/- 731 mg per week). Thyroid function tests (T4; @entity3938 ; T3UP; TSH; @entity3938 ) were checked in every @entity1 . Further studies are warranted to understand the mechanism of the interaction between @entity2643 and digitalis. As a clinical implication we point out that @entity2643 - @entity6838 (or betamethyldigoxin) interaction in our @entity1 has neither resulted in over-therapeutic plasma level nor in signs of @entity137 .

title: [Another type of interaction between blood levels of digitalis and anti-arrhythmic drugs: @entity6838 and XXXX . Experience with long-term therapy].

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone', 'Amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['digitalis toxicity']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

answer: @entity2643 :: (MESH:D000638,Chemical) :: ['amiodarone']


abstract: In clinical Arrhythmology it is often necessary to associate digitalis and antiarrhythmic agents. This calls for study of possible interaction between the employed drugs. We found a statistically significant correlation between digitalis and @entity2643 plasma level in @entity1 on long term treatment with both drugs. A statistically significant linear correlation between plasma @entity2643 level and @entity6838 (0.25 mg/day) or beta-methyldigoxin (0.20 mg/day) was documented in 33 @entity1 . 23 @entity1 had been treated with these drugs for paraxysmal reciprocating supraventricular @entity591 since an average of 52 months (computerized follow-up). ( @entity2643 average weekly dose was 1078 +/- 168 mg after a loading dose of 12 gm given over one month). 10 @entity1 were on chronic treatment with higher weekly doses of @entity2643 (average dose 2380 +/- 731 mg per week). Thyroid function tests (T4; @entity3938 ; T3UP; TSH; @entity3938 ) were checked in every @entity1 . Further studies are warranted to understand the mechanism of the interaction between @entity2643 and digitalis. As a clinical implication we point out that @entity2643 - @entity6838 (or betamethyldigoxin) interaction in our @entity1 has neither resulted in over-therapeutic plasma level nor in signs of @entity137 .

title: [Another type of interaction between blood levels of digitalis and anti-arrhythmic drugs: XXXX and @entity2643 . Experience with long-term therapy].

answer: @entity6838 :: (MESH:D004077,Chemical) :: ['digoxin']


abstract: Thymic and splenic extracts rich in FOA-KURLOFF (F.K.) body cells, obtained from @entity840 treated with @entity2931 , were added to @entity35 testis or ovaries in culture. Controls were prepared with extracts from thymus and spleen of non treated animals and from kidneys of treated or non treated animals. After five hours the level of sexual hormones and the germinal cells were studied. The F.K. substance has no effect on germinal cells and on @entity1420 and @entity251 secretion. The F.K. substance induces a significative decrease of @entity2931 secretion. In an other paper we established that F.K. bodies induced a @entity2915 of internal theca folliculi and of ovarian interstitial cells. It is a false image of activity in connection with a hypersecretion of FSH. The F.K. substance inhibits @entity2931 synthesis.

title: [Kurloff's thymic inclusion : action on XXXX gonads in culture].

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM), a self-report assessment of past-month aberrant medication-related behaviors, has been validated in specialty @entity158 management @entity1 . The performance characteristics of the COMM were evaluated in primary care (PC) @entity1 with @entity1118 . It was hypothesized that the COMM could identify @entity1 with @entity734 ( @entity734 ). English-speaking adults awaiting PC visits at an urban, safety-net hospital, who had @entity1118 and had received any opioid analgesic prescription in the past year, were administered the COMM. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview served as the "gold standard," using DSM-IV criteria for @entity734 and other @entity734 ( @entity734 ). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve demonstrated the COMM's diagnostic test characteristics. Of the 238 @entity1 , 27 (11%) met DSM-IV @entity734 criteria, whereas 17 (7%) had other @entity734 , and 194 (82%) had no disorder. The mean COMM score was higher in those with @entity734 than among all others (ie, those with other @entity74 , mean 20.4 [SD 10.8] vs 8.4 [SD 7.5], P<.0001). A COMM score of   13 had a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 77% for identifying @entity1 with @entity734 . The area under the ROC curve was 0.84. For @entity1118 @entity1 prescribed opioids, the development of @entity734 is an undesirable complication. Among PC @entity1 with @entity1118 -prescribed prescription opioids, the COMM is a promising tool for identifying those with @entity734 . Among primary care @entity1 with @entity1118 -prescribed opioids, the validated Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM) is a promising tool for identifying @entity1 with prescription @entity4784 .

title: Identifying prescription XXXX in primary care: diagnostic characteristics of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['opioid use disorder']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['SUDs or no disorder']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['PDD', 'prescription drug use disorder', 'SUDs', 'substance use disorders']

answer: @entity4784 :: (MESH:D009293,Disease) :: ['opioid use disorder']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of homeobox gene @entity39756 in cardiac myogenesis. METHODS: Two P19 cell lines, namely cells transfected with exogenous expression of @entity39756 gene and non-transfected cells, were cultured in suspension for 4 days to induce cell aggregation, and the cell aggregates were transferred to the Petri dish for further adherent culture. On days 4, 8, 12 and 16 of adherent culture, the expressions of a-sarcomeric actin (a-SA) and @entity23227 ( @entity23227 ) protein were detected by immunocytochemistry, and the mRNA expressions of @entity7006 , a-myosin heavy chain (a-MHC) and @entity14662 ( @entity14662 ) genes by RT-PCR. RESULTS: In the transfected cells, a-SA and @entity23227 protein expressions were detected on days 8, 12 and 16 of adhere culture, and their expressions increased gradually with time. a-SA and @entity23227 expression was significantly higher on day 16 than on day 8 of culture (P<0.01). RT-PCR analysis of the transfected cell showed the presence of @entity7006 expression on day 4 of adherent culture, and the expression increased on days 8 and 12 but decreased on day 16. @entity14662 and a-MHC expressions were found on days 8, 12, and 16, increasing gradually over time and showing significant differences from those on day 4 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The expression of a-MHC was significantly higher on days 12 and 16 than on day 8 (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and @entity14662 expression was significantly higher on day 16 than on days 8 and 12 (P<0.01). The non-transfected cells were negative for the expressions of all these genes. CONCLUSION: Exogenous expression of @entity39756 gene can induce P19 cells to express cardiac markers in vitro.

title: [Exogenous XXXX gene expression induces the expression of cardiac markers during P19 cell differentiation in vitro].

entities_list: @entity14662 :: ('230899(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ANF', 'atrial natriuretic factor']

answer: @entity39756 :: (18091(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Nkx2-5']


abstract: Several criteria must be met in developing a test battery forr @entity2655 . First, the test items should be designed to answer the specific questions being asked. If questions involve the amount and rate of deterioration, then the test items should generate interval data and show evidence that they reflect change in the disease itself. Second, the reliability of the test items should be carefully determined. Are the variances due to testing errors such as inconsistent positioning or changes in verbal instructions; or do they reflect @entity1 performance variation? Third, the test items must be sensitive to small changes, and one must be able to test the very strong as well as the severely debilitated @entity1 . The TQNE was designed to measure degree of disease progression in @entity2655 . The major portion of the protocol consists of isometric force measurement using an electronic strain gauge. Other quantitative segments include tests of pulmonary function, speech rates, and timed activities. Using z-score transformations, we have summarized these test items into five megascores: pulmonary function, bulbar function, timed hand activities, arm strength, and leg strength. Megascores have been used to characterize the natural history of the disease and to judge therapeutic efficacy. Quantitative methods to measure deficit in @entity4094 lag far behind other technologic advances in medical research. Future advances in the measurement of neuromuscular deficit depend on the commitment of researchers to invest the time and resources necessary to develop more sensitive and reliable testing techniques.

title: Quantitative assessment of neuromuscular deficit in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular disease']

answer: @entity2655 :: (MESH:C565957,Disease) :: ['ALS']


abstract: Eggs of @entity13857 were prepared for @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ) by the @entity3733 freeze-cracking method. The egg-shell and oocyte were examined by @entity4653 . The egg has a chitinous shell which consists of more than 10 layers of dense lamellae. The shell is bordered by a limiting membrane. An operculum and a collar made of chitinous shell together form the opercular area. The operculum is an empty cavity. The chitinous fibers of the egg-shell in this area are diffuse and loose, with numerous micropores or spaces. The egg-shell in this area therefore appears to form a fine tubular network. The oocyte is an undifferentiated cell with a biconcave drum-like shape. The perivitelline space is conspicuous at both ends of the cell.

title: The operculum-plug area and membranous structure of the eggs of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13857 :: ('36087', 'Species') :: ['Trichuris trichiura']

entities_list: @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethylsulfoxide']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'scanning electron microscopy']

answer: @entity13857 :: (36087,Species) :: ['Trichuris trichiura']


abstract: The present communication is the first report on the clinical use of the @entity167 dipstick to continuously monitor alcoholics' drinking during treatment. Daily urine samples from 34 alcoholics were tested for @entity167 by the clinical staff using the @entity167 dipstick. The @entity1 also provided self-reports of drinking daily. @entity1 ' compliance for submitting urine samples and for completing daily monitoring sheets (DMS) was 93 and 95%, respectively. Over 75% of the @entity1 drank on at least one occasion; about half of these @entity1 denied drinking detected by the urine tests. Drinking was confirmed by both methods in 39% of the @entity1 who drank, and by the urine testing alone in 54%. The @entity1 in treatment for less than 2 months were abstinent on 85% of the days compared to 98% for those in treatment for 6 months or longer. Seventy-two percent of all @entity167 -positive urine samples were submitted by @entity1 on days when they denied drinking. Monitoring of @entity1 ' drinking was useful in their clinical management. The @entity167 dipstick was a simple, inexpensive, and rapid @entity167 measuring procedure that could be used by the clinical staff in the treatment setting.

title: Monitoring drinking behavior with the XXXX dipstick during treatment.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: A randomized, multicentric, double blind study attempted to compare in 41 @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1459 , the efficacy of @entity3988 (D) 240 mg/day, @entity1169 (P) 160 mg/day and @entity17728 (M) 8 mg/day. The @entity1 included in the study presented one or several spontaneous @entity951 episodes accompanied by a transient and significant lowering of ST and/or an inverted T wave without @entity39 . The evaluation criteria were the occurrence of new @entity158 and electrical alterations on a continuous Holter for 5 days. 11 @entity1 received @entity3988 , 13 @entity1 received @entity1169 and 15 @entity1 received @entity17728 (including an @entity204 ). Clinically, the number of @entity158 episodes per day and per @entity1 goes, in an average, from 1.2 to 0.23 @entity3988 , from 2.2 to 0.44 for @entity1169 and from 2.2 to 0.45 for @entity17728 . @entity158 disappeared on the 5th day in 54.5 per cent of @entity1 under @entity3988 , 58.8 per cent of @entity1 under @entity1169 and 53.5 per cent of @entity1 under @entity17728 . Electrically, the number of @entity63 accidents per day and per @entity1 was 0.45 under @entity3988 , 2.12 under @entity1169 (0.53 in excluding one @entity1 with @entity951 ) and 0.81 under @entity17728 . The number of @entity1 without any @entity63 accident was 63.6 per cent under @entity3988 , 53.8 per cent under @entity1169 and 40 per cent under @entity17728 . In conclusion, @entity3988 , @entity1169 , and @entity17728 have a comparable efficacy in @entity1459 . The association of these medications could have a synergistic effect.

title: [Treatment of @entity1459 . A randomized double-blind study of XXXX , @entity3988 and @entity17728 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina', 'latent angina']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'angina pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['early death']

entities_list: @entity17728 :: ('MESH:D008981', 'Chemical') :: ['molsidomine']

answer: @entity1169 :: (MESH:D011433,Chemical) :: ['propranolol']


abstract: A randomized, multicentric, double blind study attempted to compare in 41 @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1459 , the efficacy of @entity3988 (D) 240 mg/day, @entity1169 (P) 160 mg/day and @entity17728 (M) 8 mg/day. The @entity1 included in the study presented one or several spontaneous @entity951 episodes accompanied by a transient and significant lowering of ST and/or an inverted T wave without @entity39 . The evaluation criteria were the occurrence of new @entity158 and electrical alterations on a continuous Holter for 5 days. 11 @entity1 received @entity3988 , 13 @entity1 received @entity1169 and 15 @entity1 received @entity17728 (including an @entity204 ). Clinically, the number of @entity158 episodes per day and per @entity1 goes, in an average, from 1.2 to 0.23 @entity3988 , from 2.2 to 0.44 for @entity1169 and from 2.2 to 0.45 for @entity17728 . @entity158 disappeared on the 5th day in 54.5 per cent of @entity1 under @entity3988 , 58.8 per cent of @entity1 under @entity1169 and 53.5 per cent of @entity1 under @entity17728 . Electrically, the number of @entity63 accidents per day and per @entity1 was 0.45 under @entity3988 , 2.12 under @entity1169 (0.53 in excluding one @entity1 with @entity951 ) and 0.81 under @entity17728 . The number of @entity1 without any @entity63 accident was 63.6 per cent under @entity3988 , 53.8 per cent under @entity1169 and 40 per cent under @entity17728 . In conclusion, @entity3988 , @entity1169 , and @entity17728 have a comparable efficacy in @entity1459 . The association of these medications could have a synergistic effect.

title: [Treatment of @entity1459 . A randomized double-blind study of @entity1169 , XXXX and @entity17728 ].

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['diltiazem']


abstract: A randomized, multicentric, double blind study attempted to compare in 41 @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1459 , the efficacy of @entity3988 (D) 240 mg/day, @entity1169 (P) 160 mg/day and @entity17728 (M) 8 mg/day. The @entity1 included in the study presented one or several spontaneous @entity951 episodes accompanied by a transient and significant lowering of ST and/or an inverted T wave without @entity39 . The evaluation criteria were the occurrence of new @entity158 and electrical alterations on a continuous Holter for 5 days. 11 @entity1 received @entity3988 , 13 @entity1 received @entity1169 and 15 @entity1 received @entity17728 (including an @entity204 ). Clinically, the number of @entity158 episodes per day and per @entity1 goes, in an average, from 1.2 to 0.23 @entity3988 , from 2.2 to 0.44 for @entity1169 and from 2.2 to 0.45 for @entity17728 . @entity158 disappeared on the 5th day in 54.5 per cent of @entity1 under @entity3988 , 58.8 per cent of @entity1 under @entity1169 and 53.5 per cent of @entity1 under @entity17728 . Electrically, the number of @entity63 accidents per day and per @entity1 was 0.45 under @entity3988 , 2.12 under @entity1169 (0.53 in excluding one @entity1 with @entity951 ) and 0.81 under @entity17728 . The number of @entity1 without any @entity63 accident was 63.6 per cent under @entity3988 , 53.8 per cent under @entity1169 and 40 per cent under @entity17728 . In conclusion, @entity3988 , @entity1169 , and @entity17728 have a comparable efficacy in @entity1459 . The association of these medications could have a synergistic effect.

title: [Treatment of @entity1459 . A randomized double-blind study of @entity1169 , @entity3988 and XXXX ].

answer: @entity17728 :: (MESH:D008981,Chemical) :: ['molsidomine']


abstract: A randomized, multicentric, double blind study attempted to compare in 41 @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1459 , the efficacy of @entity3988 (D) 240 mg/day, @entity1169 (P) 160 mg/day and @entity17728 (M) 8 mg/day. The @entity1 included in the study presented one or several spontaneous @entity951 episodes accompanied by a transient and significant lowering of ST and/or an inverted T wave without @entity39 . The evaluation criteria were the occurrence of new @entity158 and electrical alterations on a continuous Holter for 5 days. 11 @entity1 received @entity3988 , 13 @entity1 received @entity1169 and 15 @entity1 received @entity17728 (including an @entity204 ). Clinically, the number of @entity158 episodes per day and per @entity1 goes, in an average, from 1.2 to 0.23 @entity3988 , from 2.2 to 0.44 for @entity1169 and from 2.2 to 0.45 for @entity17728 . @entity158 disappeared on the 5th day in 54.5 per cent of @entity1 under @entity3988 , 58.8 per cent of @entity1 under @entity1169 and 53.5 per cent of @entity1 under @entity17728 . Electrically, the number of @entity63 accidents per day and per @entity1 was 0.45 under @entity3988 , 2.12 under @entity1169 (0.53 in excluding one @entity1 with @entity951 ) and 0.81 under @entity17728 . The number of @entity1 without any @entity63 accident was 63.6 per cent under @entity3988 , 53.8 per cent under @entity1169 and 40 per cent under @entity17728 . In conclusion, @entity3988 , @entity1169 , and @entity17728 have a comparable efficacy in @entity1459 . The association of these medications could have a synergistic effect.

title: [Treatment of XXXX . A randomized double-blind study of @entity1169 , @entity3988 and @entity17728 ].

answer: @entity1459 :: (MESH:D000789,Disease) :: ['unstable angina']


abstract: Data presented in the literature as to the relationship of @entity3328 and recent prior injections include several aspects. the coincidence of @entity912 in the same site as a recent injection has been considered the most definitive evidence. The fact of an inordinately large number of cases of @entity912 of an arm where a recent previous antigen injection was recorded offered less specific corroboration. The larger number of cases among @entity1 who had had an injection in the month preceding onset than among @entity1 with injections in more distant months was noted. This observation was supported when similar information was obtained in a comparison of injection histories for @entity1 who had the disease with the histories of @entity1 who did not have it. The interval between injection and onset among @entity1 who had the disease within a month of injection suggested something other than chance relationship. There is limited information indicating increased severity of @entity912 in the injected limb. Evidence is divided on whether or not there is more @entity66 among @entity1 with recent injections. Similarly, the evidence is no more than suggestive with regard to increased severity of @entity66 . The mechanism or nature of such a phenomenon is unexplained. However, as Anderson and Skaar said, "considerable attention must be attached to the fact of uniformity of results in a series of independent observations even though each may be small."

title: XXXX and parenteral injections; a review of recent literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['spinal paralytic disease', 'paralytic disease']

entities_list: @entity3328 :: ('MESH:D011051', 'Disease') :: ['poliomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity3328 :: (MESH:D011051,Disease) :: ['Poliomyelitis']


abstract: Th initial step in cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytolysis involves target cell adhesion and antigen recognition. To investigate these initial events in the CTL-target interaction, we used HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-specific @entity1 CTL clones and HLA-typed B lymphoblastoid target cells. By using two different adhesion assays, we demonstrated antigen nonspecific CTL-target cell adhesion. To more precisely define the contribution of the antigen-specific receptor to CTL-target cell adhesion, we used the HLA-A2, HLA-B7, and mock transfected RD target cells. Consistent with the results when using B lymphoblastoid target cells, the CTL clones demonstrated equivalent adhesions to the RD target cells whether or not they expressed HLA-A2 or HLA-B7. These results suggested that CTL-target cell adhesion occurred independent of the T cell receptor. By using the @entity460 -sensitive dye Indo-1 and flow cytometry, we assessed CTL-target cell adhesion and CTL activation. Simultaneous measurement of adhesion and intracellular free @entity460 demonstrated that CTL-target cell adhesion alone did not activate CTL clones. Both CTL-target cell adhesion and the presence of the appropriate HLA target molecule were necessary for the efficient activation of @entity1 CTL. MAb inhibition studies indicated that antigen nonspecific adhesion is largely regulated by the @entity1453 , @entity3138 ( @entity3138 / @entity3138 ), and @entity7937 cell surface molecules. These antigen nonspecific cell-cell interaction molecules appear to play an important role in facilitating antigen recognition and subsequent target cell lysis.

title: CTL adhesion and antigen recognition are discrete steps in the XXXX CTL-target cell interaction.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Ninety-seven @entity1 with recurrent or metastatic @entity1358 were randomized to receive recombinant interferon (IFN) alfa-2b (Intron A; Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ) by either the subcutaneous (SC) or intravenous (IV) route. The SC dosage was 2 X 10(6) IU/m2 three times weekly, and the IV dose 30 X 10(6) IU/m2 for five consecutive days every 3 weeks. Dose escalation to a maximum of 10 X 10(6) IU/m2 SC and 50 X 10(6) IU/m2 IV was allowed for @entity1 with minimal or absent @entity137 . Five of 51 of the SC-treated @entity1 (10%) and three of 46 of the IV-treated @entity1 (7%) had a partial response (PR) or complete response (CR). @entity1 with prior nephrectomy, no prior treatment, and lack of bone @entity3 were most likely to respond, and a retrospective analysis of this subgroup revealed a 23% response rate. Achievement of response took from 3 weeks to 11 months, while response duration lasted from 3 to 31+ months. All responders had prior nephrectomy; six of eight had no prior chemotherapy or hormonal therapy; five had lung @entity3 , and none had bone @entity3 . Regardless of route, almost all @entity1 developed @entity683 ; however, grade 3 or greater @entity137 was much more common for IV-treated @entity1 . This trial demonstrates modest, but definite antitumor activity for recombinant interferon in advanced @entity1358 . SC administration with lower dose and @entity137 is as effective as treatment administered IV.

title: Recombinant alfa interferon in XXXX : a randomized trial of two routes of administration.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['a flu-like syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: Traditionally, the pulmonary system has not been considered the limiting factor in determining maximal @entity26 uptake (VO2max) in healthy individuals since arterial @entity26 -haemoglobin saturation is thought to remain high during intense exercise. However, there appears to be a major exception to this rule. Recent evidence suggests that @entity432 results during heavy exercise in well trained individuals with a high VO2max. Further, the degree of arterial desaturation is inversely related to VO2max. This exercise-induced hypoxaemia does not appear to be due to @entity3316 although @entity2587 who have limited hyperventilation seem to exhibit the lowest arterial @entity26 -haemoglobin saturation. A significant venoarterial shunt has been ruled out as a primary cause of the hypoxaemia based on both experimental and theoretical considerations. Therefore, it appears that the exercise-induced hypoxaemia seen in highly trained @entity2587 during heavy exercise is primarily due to diffusion limitations and ventillation-perfusion inequality. It is postulated that incomplete diffusion in the healthy lung may be due to a rapid red blood cell transit time through the pulmonary capillary. In summary, recent findings suggest that the limits of the @entity1 pulmonary system may be reached or even exceeded during intense exercise in some individuals. In light of these findings the role of the pulmonary system as a limiting factor during maximal exercise in the highly trained endurance athlete warrants further investigation.

title: Exercise-induced hypoxaemia in highly trained XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3316 :: ('MESH:D007040', 'Disease') :: ['hypoventilation']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial hypoxaemia']

answer: @entity2587 :: (MESH:D001265,Disease) :: ['athletes']


abstract: History of @entity910 started during the 14th century. At that time the St Vitus' Dance was described, but the nosology of @entity910 remained @entity911 during the next five centuries. The concept of tic was elaborated in France during the 18th century. It remained too large a concept however. Definitive semiologies appeared at the end of the 19th century, thus allowing tics to emerge from the "chaos of choreas". The etymology of the word "tic" still remains mysterious. In 1905, Meige thought that the word tic was used for the first time by reference to @entity1641 . He referred to the tic of the bear in the @entity1641 described by Rudler and Chomel at The Soci  t   de Neurologie de Paris in 1903. Veterinarians were thus probably the first to describe the word. If so, however, the @entity1641 must leave anteriority to the @entity1237 . The word Ticq was used in 1611 as mentioned by the French dictionary Robert. The word is said to be an onomatopea and is compared to the italian word ticchio which means caprice. Another dictionary (Littr  ) suggest the german word "ticken", which means "to touch slightly", the @entity5545 ( @entity158 ) and the german ziki (young @entity1237 ), a word which could have lead to ticchio as capra, @entity1237 in italian, gave capricio.

title: [The concept of tic in the history of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal movements', 'dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusing']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['sudden pain']

entities_list: @entity5545 :: ('MESH:D004410', 'Disease') :: ['galic word tacaid']

answer: @entity910 :: (MESH:D004409,Disease) :: ['abnormal movements']


abstract: Over the past 10 years, there have been substantial advances in the treatment of @entity3052 . Intensive induction chemotherapy using 7-day courses of @entity2592 and @entity5699 or @entity5257 produce remission in 60% to 85% of @entity1 . Median remission duration is 9 to 16 months. In some series, 20% to 40% of @entity1 are in continuous remission for 2 years or more; many of these @entity1 remain in remission for 5 years or longer and some may be cured. Bone marrow transplantation has evolved as a useful therapeutic modality capable of achieving long-term survival in some circumstances in which chemotherapy is relatively ineffective. Its precise role in the initial therapy of @entity3052 remains to be defined, but it is likely to be beneficial in selected @entity1 . These data indicate substantial recent progress in the treatment of this disease, which was almost uniformly fatal 30 years ago. The fact that most @entity1 relapse within 1 to 2 years reflects a lack of progress in developing effective postremission therapy. Maintenance chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and CNS prophylaxis have little role in @entity3052 . It is unclear whether consolidation or intensification extend remissions or increase the proportion of long-term survivors; controlled randomized trials should answer this question within the next few years. Future progress in the treatment of @entity3052 awaits the development of more sensitive methods for detecting @entity1778 , more effective use of current therapeutic modalities and the introduction of new effective drugs. Most data suggest that early intensive treatment is of key importance for achieving cures. However, we cannot presently distinguish between @entity1 cured by initial treatment and those who required further chemotherapy.

title: Therapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5257 :: ('MESH:D000677', 'Chemical') :: ['amsacrine']

entities_list: @entity5699 :: ('MESH:D003630', 'Chemical') :: ['daunorubicin']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytarabine']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['residual leukemia']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myelogenous leukemia']


abstract: Using a logistic discriminant function we retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic value of laboratory features and abdominal sonography in 70 @entity1 with @entity1087 . 18 @entity1 had an extrahepatic obstruction of the common bile duct (EHO), 22 @entity1 had @entity409 ( @entity409 ) and 30 @entity1 had an @entity137 ( @entity157 ). The sensitivity resp. specificity of the 5 laboratory values AP, GGT, @entity6283 , GOT and @entity648 was 22% resp. 90% for diagnosing EHO, 82% resp. 79% for diagnosing @entity409 and 67% resp. 68% for diagnosing @entity157 . The diagnostic value determined by their Chi2-value was AP greater than @entity6283 greater than @entity648 greater than GOT greater than GGT. An undoubtedly dilated common bile duct was seen in 56% of the @entity1 with EHO and in none of the other @entity1 . @entity3 were seen exclusively in 81% of the @entity1 with @entity409 . No distinct sonographic sign could be found for the @entity1 with @entity157 . The combination of AP, @entity6283 and @entity648 with the result of abdominal sonography in a logistic discriminant function led to a correct a posteriori classification of all @entity1 . Using a mathematical classification model @entity1087 @entity1 can be diagnosed on the basis of noninvasive methods alone and invasive procedures should be restricted to therapeutic interventions.

title: [Differential diagnosis of XXXX by combined noninvasive diagnostic means using a logistic discriminant analysis].

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['infectious or toxic hepatocellular disease']

entities_list: @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['jaundice', 'jaundiced']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic liver disease', 'MLD']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Metastatic lesions']

answer: @entity1087 :: (MESH:D007565,Disease) :: ['jaundice']


abstract: Two @entity788 were found in young @entity1 without detectable functional symptoms. These @entity5 were identical in gross, histological and electron microscopic features. Each of them formed a large abdominal mass. One of them was found because of this abdominal mass, while the other was found incidentally. Grossly, the @entity5 were well circumscribed by a firm, white, fibrous capsule, and their cut-surfaces showed mainly cystic degenerative changes with necrotic and hemorrhagic material, with only some solid portions. The solid portions were composed of uniform cells forming solid and papillary structures with numerous PAS-positive diastase-resistant granules. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha 1-antitrypsin showed a granular distribution. Electron microscopic examination showed that the @entity5 cells had numerous mitochondria, zymogen-like granules, and annulate lamellae. These findings strongly suggested acinar cell differentiation, although ductal and endocrine differentiation have also been observed by others. Therefore, this type of @entity5 can best be termed an @entity5 . There was no recurrence in either @entity1 after the operation. Long survival can be expected, but reports indicate that this @entity5 should be recognized as a lesion of @entity5 .

title: Solid and XXXX . A report of two cases with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'low malignancy', 'neoplasm', 'acinar cell tumor']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['cystic acinar cell tumors of the pancreas']


abstract: Authors studied L.D.H .and Isoenzymes of L.D.H. activities in 254 C.S.F. corresponding to 112 @entity1 affected with different diseases. The purpose was to discover its diagnostic utility and possible etiological explanation. Results have been compared with reference values found in a previous study. Highest enzymatic activities of L.D.H. are observed, in decreasing order, in @entity5 , terminal process, endocranial @entity693 , and @entity693 . Referring to different types of @entity693 , highest enzymatic activity of L.D.H. was found in bacterial type, especially those caused by a germen different from " @entity3631 ". An inversion of isoenzymatic pattern is observed with an increase of L.D.H.-4 and L.D.H.-5 in detriment of L.D.S.-1 and L.D.S.-2, in @entity5 , endocranial @entity693 and in all @entity4767 in the initial phase, returning to normal in recuperation phase of disease. A possible enzymatic etiology in different pathological diseases is suggested. In conclusion, it is of interest to determine L.D.H. and its isoenzymes as control of disease but not as differential diagnosis.

title: [L.D.H. and isoenzymes in C.S.F. of XXXX with neurological diseases (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity4767 :: ('MESH:D002494', 'Disease') :: ['infections of central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['hipertension plus meningitis', 'meningitis']

entities_list: @entity3631 :: ('487', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria meningitidis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity173 is the most devastating @entity3604 , increasing the risk of mortality. Recent data suggest a decrease in incidence of this @entity174 . Few data are available on potential changes in mortality. We studied the change of inpatient mortality from 2002 to 2008 in France. METHODS: Data were extracted from the French Hospital National Database. The absolute number of inpatient mortality for @entity173 was described as well as the case fatal rate and mortality rate adjusted on age and gender. Risk factors of inpatient mortality were assessed by multiple regressions. RESULTS: Inpatient mortality stay decreased from 3057 to 2350 in @entity1 aged 40 years and over and in both gender. Inpatient mortality stays were more important in @entity1 and increased with age, but the case fatal rate was higher in @entity1 than in @entity1 (5.4 vs. 2.8% in 2008). During the study period, the mortality rate ( @entity307 ,000,000) varied from 132 to 88 and from 82 to 64 in @entity1 and @entity1 , respectively. In the older @entity1 , case fatality and mortality rates decreased significantly during the study period. From 2008 data, age more or equal to 85 years, male gender, stay in intensive care and existence of some chronic or @entity697 , especially @entity65 , @entity99 , @entity177 , and @entity281 were significant determinants of inpatient mortality. CONCLUSION: Inpatient mortality after @entity173 decreased in France between 2002 and 2008, although age, male gender and comorbidities were identified as determinants of inpatient mortality.

title: Decrease of inpatient mortality for XXXX in France.

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic fracture']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute disease']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['Hip fracture', 'hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fracture']


abstract: AIM: To investigate the ability of the preferential hyperacuity perimeter test to assess responsiveness to ranibizumab therapy for exudative @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ). METHODS: Fourteen consecutive @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity3193 underwent a preferential hyperacuity perimeter metamorphopsia test (main outcome measures) 1 h before (baseline) and 1 h, 1 day, 1 week and 1 month after one intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (0.05 ml/0.5 mg). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and several spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters (secondary outcome measures) were compared with the metamorphopsia test. RESULTS: Fourteen eyes (14 @entity1 , 78% @entity1 , mean age 83    6.2 years) were included in the analysis. The mean preferential hyperacuity perimeter metamorphopsia test score improved significantly from 20.4    35 at baseline to 9.2    23 after the single ranibizumab injection (p < 0.05). The mean reduction in central macular thickness, maximal retinal thickness at the fovea, maximal height of subretinal fluid, maximal diameter of the largest retinal cyst and maximal height of @entity1713 , as evaluated by spectral domain OCT, closely reflected the functional improvements as evaluated by preferential hyperacuity perimeter, showing a significant correlation with metamorphopsia changes (Spearman correlation 0.9, p < 0.05). Mean BCVA improved significantly from 20/80 to 20/60 (p < 0.05). A significant correlation was also found between the mean BCVA changes and the mean metamorphopsia changes (Spearman correlation 0.97, p < 0.05). The correlation coefficient between OCT measurements and preferential hyperacuity perimeter score within subjects was 0.51 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The improvement in metamorphopsia test score after intravitreal ranibizumab injection, which correlated closely with improvement in several OCT parameters, suggests that the preferential hyperacuity perimeter test may be used to monitor the response to @entity7 ( @entity7 ) treatment in @entity1 with exudative @entity1020 .

title: Preferential hyperacuity perimeter in assessing responsiveness to ranibizumab therapy for exudative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'anti-vascular endothelial growth factor']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['pigment epithelial detachment']

entities_list: @entity3193 :: ('MESH:D015862', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascularisation']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['AMD', 'age-related macular degeneration']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['age-related macular degeneration']


abstract: @entity1838 has caused severe outbreaks of @entity3081 worldwide with thousands of recorded deaths annually. Molecular diagnosis for @entity3081 has become increasingly important for rapid detection of @entity3081 as the conventional methods are time-consuming and labour intensive. However, traditional PCR tests still require cold-chain transportation and storage as well as trained personnel to perform, which makes them user-unfriendly. The aim of this study was to develop a thermostabilized triplex PCR test for @entity3081 which is in a ready-to-use form and requires no cold chain. The PCR test specifically detects both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of @entity1838 based on the @entity3081 toxin A (ctxA) and outer-membrane lipoprotein (lolB) genes. The thermostabilized triplex PCR also incorporates an internal amplification control that helps to check for PCR inhibitors in samples. PCR reagents and the specific primers were lyophilized into a pellet form in the presence of @entity7970 , which acts as an enzyme stabilizer. The triplex PCR was validated with 174 bacteria-spiked stool specimens and was found to be 100% sensitive and specific. The stability of the thermostabilized PCR was evaluated using the Q10 method and it was found to be stable for approximately 7 months at 24   C. The limit of detection of the thermostabilized triplex PCR assay was 2 10(4) c.f.u. at the bacterial cell level and 100 pg DNA at the genomic DNA level, comparable to conventional PCR methods. In conclusion, a rapid thermostabilized triplex PCR assay was developed for detecting toxigenic and non-toxigenic @entity1838 which requires minimal pipetting steps and is cold chain-free.

title: Development of a dry reagent-based triplex PCR for the detection of toxigenic and non-toxigenic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7970 :: ('MESH:D014199', 'Chemical') :: ['trehalose']

entities_list: @entity1838 :: ('666', 'Species') :: ['V. cholerae', 'Vibrio cholerae']

answer: @entity1838 :: (666,Species) :: ['Vibrio cholerae']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: : Rotavirus vaccines were introduced into the funded Australian @entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) in July 2007. Due to purchasing arrangements, individual states and territories chose either a 2-dose RV1 (Rotarix, GSK) regimen or 3-dose RV5 (Rotateq, Merck/ @entity10718 ) regimen. This allowed comparison of both vaccines in similar populations with high @entity1 vaccination coverage. METHODS: : Admission and rotavirus identification data from the major pediatric hospitals in 3 states (2 using RV5, 1 RV1), together with state-based hospitalization and vaccination data from Queensland (RV5) were analyzed for the years before, and up to 30 months following rotavirus vaccine introduction. Emergency encounters and short-stay unit admissions for @entity1902 are also described. RESULTS: : Rotavirus vaccine coverage in Australia is high, with 87% of @entity1 receiving at least 1 dose. Hospital admissions for both @entity1902 and nonrotavirus-coded @entity1902 were reduced following vaccine introduction in all states, not only for the age group eligible for @entity1200 rotavirus vaccination, but also for @entity1 born prior. RV5 vaccine efficacy in Queensland has been estimated at 89.3%. Marked reductions in @entity697 presentations and short-stay unit admissions have also been observed. CONCLUSIONS: : Early evidence from the @entity1200 in Australia has demonstrated high rotavirus coverage with both RV1 and RV5. The introduction of both vaccines has been associated with a marked reduction in @entity1902 admissions, supportive of both direct vaccine protection, as well as with indirect herd protection.

title: Reduction in rotavirus-associated acute XXXX following introduction of rotavirus vaccine into Australia's National Childhood vaccine schedule.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastroenteritis emergency']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis', 'rotavirus gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['NIP', 'National Immunization Program']

answer: @entity1902 :: (MESH:D005759,Disease) :: ['gastroenteritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The molecular mechanisms underlying the growth of small size grafts and the remaining livers are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively modulate expression of genes that are involved in cellular function and metabolism. The aim of this study is to identify critical miRNA species that modulate the growth of small grafts and the remaining livers after partial hepatectomy (PH). METHODS: Small size graft liver transplantation was performed in @entity35 . Liver tissue was harvested after transplant or PH for the determination of miRNA expression profile, and the data were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The genes involved in cell cycle and proliferation were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Compared with control liver, miR_122a, Let_7b, and @entity73054 were reduced by more than 90% in 45% volume grafts. In the remaining livers after 50% PH, 30 miRNAs were down-regulated by more than 50%, and among them, miR_22a, @entity73054 , @entity73055 , Let_7f, and Let_7g were markedly decreased. A negative correlation existed between down-regulated miRNAs and highly up-regulated genes involved in cell cycle and proliferation in the remaining livers. Moreover, overexpression of @entity73054 markedly down-regulated @entity73056 protein levels and significantly decreased proliferation of HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: Down-regulated miRNAs play a pivotal role in promoting the growth of small size grafts and the remaining livers. The negative correlation between down-regulated miRNAs and up-regulated genes suggests that these specific miRNAs participate in the modulation of a growth response in both living donors and small size graft recipients.

title: miRNA regulation of liver growth after 50% partial hepatectomy and small size grafts in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Microalbuminuria is a common condition associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality. @entity1144 is associated with microalbuminuria, but studies linking @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) and microalbuminuria are limited. Our objective was to determine the associations of @entity633 with @entity1386 and @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ). We performed a cross-sectional study in the Framingham Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) cohort (n = 3099, 48.2% @entity1 , mean age 53 years). @entity1386 and @entity1386 volumes were measured using computed tomography. Urinary albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio (UACR) was calculated from spot urine samples. Microalbuminuria was defined as a UACR >25 mg/g in @entity1 or >17 mg/g in @entity1 . Overall, 7.9% (n = 244) of the sample had microalbuminuria. Among @entity1 , @entity1386 ( @entity44321 per s.d., P < 0.0001) and @entity1386 (OR 1.37 per s.d., P = 0.0002) were associated with microalbuminuria in minimally adjusted models, which remained significant after multivariable adjustment ( @entity1386 OR 1.34 per s.d., P = 0.001; @entity1386 OR 1.28 per s.d., P = 0.005). Additionally, when considered jointly, @entity1386 (P = 0.002) but not @entity1386 (P = 0.2) was associated with microalbuminuria. In @entity1 , @entity1386 was associated with microalbuminuria after minimal adjustment (OR 1.28, P = 0.01), but not after multivariable adjustment (OR 1.03, P = 0.8). In multivariable models in @entity1 , @entity1386 was associated with a decreased odds of having microalbuminuria (OR 0.75 per s.d., P = 0.03). In conclusion, @entity1386 is associated with microalbuminuria in @entity1 but not @entity1 . @entity633 may be a manifestation of @entity10478 .

title: Association of subcutaneous and XXXX with @entity633 : the Framingham Heart Study.

entities_list: @entity10478 :: ('OMIM:155310', 'Disease') :: ['visceral adiposity']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria', 'Albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal obesity']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous adipose tissue', 'visceral adipose tissue', 'SAT', 'VAT']

answer: @entity10478 :: (OMIM:155310,Disease) :: ['visceral adiposity']


abstract: Microalbuminuria is a common condition associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular events and mortality. @entity1144 is associated with microalbuminuria, but studies linking @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) and microalbuminuria are limited. Our objective was to determine the associations of @entity633 with @entity1386 and @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ). We performed a cross-sectional study in the Framingham Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) cohort (n = 3099, 48.2% @entity1 , mean age 53 years). @entity1386 and @entity1386 volumes were measured using computed tomography. Urinary albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio (UACR) was calculated from spot urine samples. Microalbuminuria was defined as a UACR >25 mg/g in @entity1 or >17 mg/g in @entity1 . Overall, 7.9% (n = 244) of the sample had microalbuminuria. Among @entity1 , @entity1386 ( @entity44321 per s.d., P < 0.0001) and @entity1386 (OR 1.37 per s.d., P = 0.0002) were associated with microalbuminuria in minimally adjusted models, which remained significant after multivariable adjustment ( @entity1386 OR 1.34 per s.d., P = 0.001; @entity1386 OR 1.28 per s.d., P = 0.005). Additionally, when considered jointly, @entity1386 (P = 0.002) but not @entity1386 (P = 0.2) was associated with microalbuminuria. In @entity1 , @entity1386 was associated with microalbuminuria after minimal adjustment (OR 1.28, P = 0.01), but not after multivariable adjustment (OR 1.03, P = 0.8). In multivariable models in @entity1 , @entity1386 was associated with a decreased odds of having microalbuminuria (OR 0.75 per s.d., P = 0.03). In conclusion, @entity1386 is associated with microalbuminuria in @entity1 but not @entity1 . @entity633 may be a manifestation of @entity10478 .

title: Association of subcutaneous and @entity10478 with XXXX : the Framingham Heart Study.

answer: @entity633 :: (MESH:D000419,Disease) :: ['albuminuria']


abstract: We have previously shown that adenoviral-mediated interferon a (Ad- @entity4020 ) is cytotoxic both to cells that are sensitive to recombinant interferon a ( @entity4020 ) and to cells which are resistant to @entity4020 . The @entity5 cell-specific cytotoxic effects of Ad- @entity4020 involve three different mechanisms: 1. The direct effect of @entity4020 production causing @entity5 cell death in @entity4020 sensitive cells (1); 2. The direct effect of Ad- @entity4020 @entity281 and high levels of @entity4020 expression in @entity4020 resistant @entity5 cells (2); and 3. The indirect effect of the Ad- @entity4020 bystander factors produced (2-4). After Ad- @entity4020 @entity281 , the cells produce a large amount of perinuclear localized IFN protein. This protein over-load could be a major factor in the direct @entity5 cell death of those cells infected with Ad- @entity4020 compared with the indirect cytotoxic effects of the bystander factors produced. Here, we investigated whether a component of Ad-IFN-induced cell death involves @entity1284 -induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, using an @entity4020 -resistant @entity1 @entity150 cell line (KU7), and the normal @entity1 urothelial cell line, TERT-NHUC, as preclinical models. We found that the two ER stress response pathways examined were activated in KU7 cells. In contrast, following treatment of the normal TERT-NHUC cells with Ad- @entity4020 , no ER stress signals were observed. In addition, no ER stress related changes were seen, when KU7 cells were exposed to conditioned medium from Ad- @entity4020 -treated KU7 cells, indicating that bystander produced @entity137 did not involve ER stress. After 24   h of Ad- @entity4020 @entity281 , the KU7 @entity5 cells produced spliced @entity5594 and @entity14920 protein ( @entity14920 ), evoking an ER stress response that could contribute to Ad- @entity4020 induced apoptosis in these @entity5 cells. In addition, @entity3726 / @entity3726 , @entity24765 and @entity589 were also subsequently modified following activation of the ER stress pathways, thereby signaling downstream effectors in a pro-apoptotic manner.

title: Direct gene transfer of adenoviral-mediated interferon a into @entity1 @entity150 cells but not the bystander factors produced induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity5594 :: ('7494', 'Gene') :: ['X-box binding protein 1']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity14920 :: ('22926', 'Gene') :: ['activating transcription factor 6', 'ATF6']

entities_list: @entity1284 :: ('MESH:D019190', 'Disease') :: ['protein overload']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: We have previously shown that adenoviral-mediated interferon a (Ad- @entity4020 ) is cytotoxic both to cells that are sensitive to recombinant interferon a ( @entity4020 ) and to cells which are resistant to @entity4020 . The @entity5 cell-specific cytotoxic effects of Ad- @entity4020 involve three different mechanisms: 1. The direct effect of @entity4020 production causing @entity5 cell death in @entity4020 sensitive cells (1); 2. The direct effect of Ad- @entity4020 @entity281 and high levels of @entity4020 expression in @entity4020 resistant @entity5 cells (2); and 3. The indirect effect of the Ad- @entity4020 bystander factors produced (2-4). After Ad- @entity4020 @entity281 , the cells produce a large amount of perinuclear localized IFN protein. This protein over-load could be a major factor in the direct @entity5 cell death of those cells infected with Ad- @entity4020 compared with the indirect cytotoxic effects of the bystander factors produced. Here, we investigated whether a component of Ad-IFN-induced cell death involves @entity1284 -induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, using an @entity4020 -resistant @entity1 @entity150 cell line (KU7), and the normal @entity1 urothelial cell line, TERT-NHUC, as preclinical models. We found that the two ER stress response pathways examined were activated in KU7 cells. In contrast, following treatment of the normal TERT-NHUC cells with Ad- @entity4020 , no ER stress signals were observed. In addition, no ER stress related changes were seen, when KU7 cells were exposed to conditioned medium from Ad- @entity4020 -treated KU7 cells, indicating that bystander produced @entity137 did not involve ER stress. After 24   h of Ad- @entity4020 @entity281 , the KU7 @entity5 cells produced spliced @entity5594 and @entity14920 protein ( @entity14920 ), evoking an ER stress response that could contribute to Ad- @entity4020 induced apoptosis in these @entity5 cells. In addition, @entity3726 / @entity3726 , @entity24765 and @entity589 were also subsequently modified following activation of the ER stress pathways, thereby signaling downstream effectors in a pro-apoptotic manner.

title: Direct gene transfer of adenoviral-mediated interferon a into @entity1 XXXX cells but not the bystander factors produced induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-related @entity137 .

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']