abstract: Guidelines for the management of @entity263 issued by the National @entity5 Network provide a basis for rational treatment decisions. These guidelines represent consensus recommendations by a panel of experts that are evidence based and are designated according to the degree of consensus within the expert panel. The initial stratification point is the @entity1 's life expectancy (>5 or <5 years). If life expectancy is >5 years, the recommended intervention is based on clinical stage, @entity1486 level, and Gleason score, as well as the presence of symptoms. These assessments establish the @entity1 's risk of recurrence after therapy. Specific initial therapies are then recommended according to whether the risk category is low, intermediate, high, or very high. The guidelines also describe the appropriate use of observation ("watchful waiting") versus active intervention in certain @entity1 . After definitive therapy, @entity1 should be monitored with @entity1486 determinations, digital rectal examination, and bone scans, as outlined in the guidelines. @entity1 who exhibit increasing @entity1486 levels after prostatectomy are candidates for salvage therapy with @entity342 ablation, radiotherapy, or observation. If @entity1486 levels begin to increase after radiotherapy, surgery may then be an additional option. Systemic salvage therapy generally consists of @entity342 ablation; the benefit of total @entity342 blockade versus initial monotherapy remains controversial. Relapse after initial @entity342 ablation is treated with an antiandrogen, if none had been administered previously. @entity1 refractory to further hormonal manipulations are observed or receive palliative therapy, including chemotherapy. The treatment of @entity263 is complex. Optimal treatment is risk-adapted to the specific characteristics of the @entity5 and the expected longevity and personal preferences of the @entity1 .

title: National XXXX Network guidelines for the management of @entity263 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Comprehensive Cancer']


abstract: The current trends in favor of @entity342 deprivation therapy (ADT) for nonmetastatic @entity263 at the stage of biochemical recurrence or increasing @entity1486 raises the issue of exposing otherwise asymptomatic @entity1 to potential side effects over the longer term. Some of these side effects can have deleterious effects on quality of life, and others may contribute to increased risks for serious health concerns associated with aging. Sexual side effects are the most well-recognized adverse effects from ADT and include loss of libido, @entity323 ( @entity323 ), and hot flashes. Loss of libido is distressing to many @entity1 , and they may not pursue treatments for @entity323 . However, for those who do maintain sexual interest, various remedies are available. The incidence of hot flashes, which may not abate over the course of ADT, is close to 80%. @entity172 , progestin @entity6303 , @entity11796 , @entity906 , and @entity3429 have been shown to alleviate hot flashes and associated symptoms. Physiologic effects, including @entity247 , changes in body composition ( @entity1017 , reduced muscle mass, increase in body fat), and changes in lipids, are less commonly recognized as side effects of ADT. These may lead to an exacerbation of potentially more serious conditions, such as @entity101 , @entity6 , and @entity453 . Loss of bone mineral density, @entity417 , and hair changes also may occur. Additionally, both the diagnosis of @entity263 and the hormonal therapy can cause @entity458 . These side effects need more systematic study in clinical trials. Physicians should be aware of far-reaching consequences of ADT and should incorporate strategies for preventing and managing @entity137 into routine practice.

title: Side effects of @entity342 deprivation therapy: monitoring and minimizing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrogens']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity3429 :: ('MESH:D017373', 'Chemical') :: ['cyproterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity247 :: ('MESH:D006177', 'Disease') :: ['gynecomastia']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity6303 :: ('MESH:D019290', 'Chemical') :: ['megestrol acetate']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity906 :: ('MESH:C047426', 'Chemical') :: ['venlafaxine']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen (PSA)']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: The current trends in favor of @entity342 deprivation therapy (ADT) for nonmetastatic @entity263 at the stage of biochemical recurrence or increasing @entity1486 raises the issue of exposing otherwise asymptomatic @entity1 to potential side effects over the longer term. Some of these side effects can have deleterious effects on quality of life, and others may contribute to increased risks for serious health concerns associated with aging. Sexual side effects are the most well-recognized adverse effects from ADT and include loss of libido, @entity323 ( @entity323 ), and hot flashes. Loss of libido is distressing to many @entity1 , and they may not pursue treatments for @entity323 . However, for those who do maintain sexual interest, various remedies are available. The incidence of hot flashes, which may not abate over the course of ADT, is close to 80%. @entity172 , progestin @entity6303 , @entity11796 , @entity906 , and @entity3429 have been shown to alleviate hot flashes and associated symptoms. Physiologic effects, including @entity247 , changes in body composition ( @entity1017 , reduced muscle mass, increase in body fat), and changes in lipids, are less commonly recognized as side effects of ADT. These may lead to an exacerbation of potentially more serious conditions, such as @entity101 , @entity6 , and @entity453 . Loss of bone mineral density, @entity417 , and hair changes also may occur. Additionally, both the diagnosis of @entity263 and the hormonal therapy can cause @entity458 . These side effects need more systematic study in clinical trials. Physicians should be aware of far-reaching consequences of ADT and should incorporate strategies for preventing and managing @entity137 into routine practice.

title: Side effects of XXXX deprivation therapy: monitoring and minimizing @entity137 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients']

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: Experiments were performed to determine the effect of chronic low-dose @entity4836 (PB) treatment on blood @entity4360 ( @entity4360 ), cardiovascular (CV) function, and behavior in C57BL/6J male @entity19 . Chronic carotid arterial catheters were used for long-term CV measurements and for collection of blood samples. Separate groups of @entity19 were used for behavioral open field tests. PB was administered subcutaneously using osmotic minipumps at 1 and 3 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously for 24 h before treatment and on Days 3 and 7 after minipump insertion. Blood samples were collected on the same days. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the control group was 108+/-2 and 104+/-2 mm Hg during the dark and light periods, respectively. HR was 510+/-18 and 493+/-19 beats/min during the dark and light periods, respectively. PB treatment had no effect on MAP or HR in either dark or light period. Basal @entity4360 activity was 0.42+/-0.1 micromol/min/ml, with no changes observed with PB at 1 mg/kg/day. The higher PB dose (3 mg/kg/day) decreased blood @entity4360 activity by 85% on Day 7. Despite the reduction in blood @entity4360 activity, there were no alterations in open field behaviors (locomotor activity, rearing, distance traveled, rest time, number of entries, and pokes). In conclusion, chronic low-dose PB exposure decreased blood @entity4360 activity but had no effect on CV function or behavior in @entity19 .

title: Effect of chronic XXXX treatment on cardiovascular and behavioral parameters in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity4360 :: ('11423(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['acetylcholinesterase', 'AChE']

entities_list: @entity4836 :: ('MESH:D011729', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridostigmine bromide']

answer: @entity4836 :: (MESH:D011729,Chemical) :: ['pyridostigmine bromide']


abstract: Experiments were performed to determine the effect of chronic low-dose @entity4836 (PB) treatment on blood @entity4360 ( @entity4360 ), cardiovascular (CV) function, and behavior in C57BL/6J male @entity19 . Chronic carotid arterial catheters were used for long-term CV measurements and for collection of blood samples. Separate groups of @entity19 were used for behavioral open field tests. PB was administered subcutaneously using osmotic minipumps at 1 and 3 mg/kg/day for 7 days. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously for 24 h before treatment and on Days 3 and 7 after minipump insertion. Blood samples were collected on the same days. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the control group was 108+/-2 and 104+/-2 mm Hg during the dark and light periods, respectively. HR was 510+/-18 and 493+/-19 beats/min during the dark and light periods, respectively. PB treatment had no effect on MAP or HR in either dark or light period. Basal @entity4360 activity was 0.42+/-0.1 micromol/min/ml, with no changes observed with PB at 1 mg/kg/day. The higher PB dose (3 mg/kg/day) decreased blood @entity4360 activity by 85% on Day 7. Despite the reduction in blood @entity4360 activity, there were no alterations in open field behaviors (locomotor activity, rearing, distance traveled, rest time, number of entries, and pokes). In conclusion, chronic low-dose PB exposure decreased blood @entity4360 activity but had no effect on CV function or behavior in @entity19 .

title: Effect of chronic @entity4836 treatment on cardiovascular and behavioral parameters in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 and avian auditory hair cells display tonotopic mapping of frequency along the length of the @entity1829 . It is not known whether the auditory hair cells of fishes possess a similar tonotopic organization in the saccule, which is thought to be the primary auditory receptor in teleosts. To investigate this question, we determined the location of hair cell damage in the saccules of @entity2083 ( @entity2083 ) following exposure to specific frequencies. Subjects were divided into six groups of six fish each (five treatment groups plus control). The treatment groups were each exposed to one of five tones: 100, 400, 800, 2000, and 4000 Hz at 176 dB re 1  Pa root mean squared (RMS) for 48 hours. The saccules of each fish were dissected and labeled with phalloidin in order to visualize hair cell bundles. The hair cell bundles were counted at 19 specific locations in each saccule to determine the extent and location of hair cell damage. In addition to quantification of anatomical injury, hearing tests (using auditory evoked potentials) were performed on each fish immediately following sound exposure. Threshold shifts were calculated by subtracting control thresholds from post-sound exposure thresholds. RESULTS: All sound-exposed fish exhibited significant hair cell and @entity393 following sound exposure. The location of hair cell loss varied along the length of the saccule in a graded manner with the frequency of sound exposure, with lower and higher frequencies damaging the more caudal and rostral regions of the saccule, respectively. Similarly, fish exposed to lower frequency tones exhibited greater threshold shifts at lower frequencies, while high-frequency tone exposure led to @entity393 at higher frequencies. In general, both hair cell and @entity393 declined as a function of increasing frequency of exposure tone, and there was a significant linear relationship between hair cell loss and @entity393 . CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of hair cell loss as a function of exposure tone frequency and saccular rostral-caudal location is similar to the pattern of @entity393 as a function of exposure tone frequency and hearing threshold frequency. This data suggest that the frequency analysis ability of @entity2083 is at least partially driven by peripheral tonotopy in the saccule.

title: Structural and functional effects of acoustic exposure in XXXX : evidence for tonotopy in the teleost saccule.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Mammalian']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['cochlea and basilar papilla']

entities_list: @entity2083 :: ('7957', 'Species') :: ['goldfish', 'Carassius auratus']

answer: @entity2083 :: (7957,Species) :: ['goldfish']


abstract: Severe transient @entity3263 is a disorder of unknown etiology which can be successfully treated. This article describes two @entity1 affected by this condition and reviews the pertinent literature. Forty-nine cases, including our own, are summarized. Large prematures (mean birthweight 2534 +/- 738 gm, gestational age 36.1 +/- 4.05 weeks) and @entity1 males most commonly were affected. The peak plasma @entity3104 concentration did not discriminate between @entity1 who lived and those who died, underscoring the need for aggressive therapy regardless of the initial plasma @entity3104 concentration. Abnormal liver enzymes were reported in seven cases. Most of these @entity1 were asphyxiated at birth. Exchange transfusions (ET), alone or in combination with peritoneal dialysis, was the most common form of therapy. Of the @entity1 treated with this therapy, 83% survived. Sixty-six percent of the survivors, for which data are available, were normal on follow-up examination. It is not known at present to what extent the associated peritoneal @entity1763 was responsible for the observed neurologic sequelae. Increased awareness of this condition and the choice of hemodialysis as a form of therapy may further reduce both morbidity and mortality.

title: Severe transient XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity3104 :: ('MESH:D000644', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium']

entities_list: @entity3263 :: ('MESH:D022124', 'Disease') :: ['hyperammonemia']

answer: @entity3263 :: (MESH:D022124,Disease) :: ['neonatal hyperammonemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and correlates of @entity1489 -related behaviors in a representative sample of the population of the region of Madrid (Spain). METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study based on a telephone survey. A total of 2,007 @entity1 aged 18-64 years completed a questionnaire that included items on knowledge about the risk of @entity1489 , sun exposure, the use of ultraviolet (UV) lamps and sunburn during the previous year. @entity2357 models were constructed, adjusted for gender, age, educational level and employment status. RESULTS: Sun exposure as a risk factor for @entity1489 was identified by 92.3% of @entity1 and artificial tanning by 73.6%. Knowledge of risk factors was greater among university graduates and @entity1 (P<.001). A total of 14.6% were usually exposed to the sun in the summer during the hours of maximum UV radiation, while 4.3% had used UV lamps during the previous year; the use of these lamps was more frequent among @entity1 (P<.001) and young @entity1 (P<.05). The prevalence of sunburn was 13.2% and was lower among @entity1 : odds ratio (OR) 0.68 (95% CI: 0.51-0.90); this prevalence declined with greater age (p linear trend <0.001) and was higher among students: OR 1.60 (95% CI: 1.07-2.40). CONCLUSIONS: Numerous sociodemographic factors are related to UV radiation exposure and sunburn, with young @entity1 at highest risk. UV exposure is more frequent among @entity1 , whereas sunburn is more common among @entity1 .

title: Prevalence and correlates of XXXX risk behaviors in Madrid (Spain).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['Logistic regression']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['skin cancer']


abstract: The influence of the nuclear @entity857 -ribosyltransferase inhibitor @entity13339 on the DNA strand-break rejoining kinetics and @entity137 in @entity3569 ovary cells following @entity274 treatment was investigated. For the DNA damage studies, cells were treated on ice with @entity274 (0-20 microM) for 1 h in serum-free medium, after which the @entity274 was removed and the cells were allowed to repair their damage in complete medium at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of @entity13339 (5 mM) for periods up to 2 h. The DNA strand breaks remaining as a function of time were then estimated by alkaline elution. A linear relationship between the @entity274 concentration and the initial level of DNA single-strand breaks (zero time allowed for repair) was observed. No double-strand breaks or DNA-protein cross-links were detected at these doses. The rejoining of single-strand breaks after @entity274 (20 microM) alone was characterized by a single exponential process with a t1/2 of approx. 5 min. However, in the presence of @entity13339 , rejoining was much slower and biphasic, with t1/2 of approx. 10 and 36 min. The inhibitory action of @entity13339 was concentration-dependent and completely reversible in that, when the @entity13339 was removed from the treated cultures, the strand-break rejoining kinetics rapidly returned to the t1/2 of 5 min typical of @entity274 alone. Considerably higher concentrations of @entity274 (up to 600 microM) were required for cell killing compared to the DNA damage studies. Cell killing by @entity274 alone was characterized by a shoulderless, exponential survival curve (D0 = 880 microM). The @entity137 was potentiated when the cells were treated with @entity13339 (5 mM) for 1 h after the @entity274 treatment; the survival curve with @entity13339 also assumed a biphasic character (D0 of 212 microM and 520 microM). These results are consistent with the theory that @entity2145 .-induced single-strand breaks do not normally represent lethal lesions to the cell because of their rapid, efficient repair. However, interference with these repair processes (in this case by @entity13339 ) can alter this relationship, possibly allowing lesion fixation.

title: Effect of @entity13339 on DNA strand-break rejoining and XXXX in CHO cells treated with hydrogen peroxide.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity13339 :: ('MESH:C025160', 'Chemical') :: ['3-aminobenzamide']

entities_list: @entity3569 :: ('10029', 'Species') :: ['Chinese hamster']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: The influence of the nuclear @entity857 -ribosyltransferase inhibitor @entity13339 on the DNA strand-break rejoining kinetics and @entity137 in @entity3569 ovary cells following @entity274 treatment was investigated. For the DNA damage studies, cells were treated on ice with @entity274 (0-20 microM) for 1 h in serum-free medium, after which the @entity274 was removed and the cells were allowed to repair their damage in complete medium at 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of @entity13339 (5 mM) for periods up to 2 h. The DNA strand breaks remaining as a function of time were then estimated by alkaline elution. A linear relationship between the @entity274 concentration and the initial level of DNA single-strand breaks (zero time allowed for repair) was observed. No double-strand breaks or DNA-protein cross-links were detected at these doses. The rejoining of single-strand breaks after @entity274 (20 microM) alone was characterized by a single exponential process with a t1/2 of approx. 5 min. However, in the presence of @entity13339 , rejoining was much slower and biphasic, with t1/2 of approx. 10 and 36 min. The inhibitory action of @entity13339 was concentration-dependent and completely reversible in that, when the @entity13339 was removed from the treated cultures, the strand-break rejoining kinetics rapidly returned to the t1/2 of 5 min typical of @entity274 alone. Considerably higher concentrations of @entity274 (up to 600 microM) were required for cell killing compared to the DNA damage studies. Cell killing by @entity274 alone was characterized by a shoulderless, exponential survival curve (D0 = 880 microM). The @entity137 was potentiated when the cells were treated with @entity13339 (5 mM) for 1 h after the @entity274 treatment; the survival curve with @entity13339 also assumed a biphasic character (D0 of 212 microM and 520 microM). These results are consistent with the theory that @entity2145 .-induced single-strand breaks do not normally represent lethal lesions to the cell because of their rapid, efficient repair. However, interference with these repair processes (in this case by @entity13339 ) can alter this relationship, possibly allowing lesion fixation.

title: Effect of XXXX on DNA strand-break rejoining and @entity137 in CHO cells treated with hydrogen peroxide.

answer: @entity13339 :: (MESH:C025160,Chemical) :: ['3-aminobenzamide']


abstract: Stimulation of cell surface death receptors activates @entity8186 , which targets a limited number of substrates including @entity24366 , an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, we reported that a caspase-resistant @entity24366 mutant inhibited several features of Fas-induced apoptosis, including the release of @entity4674 ( @entity4674 ) from mitochondria (Nguyen, M., D.G. Breckenridge, A. Ducret, and G.C. Shore. 2000. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:6731-6740), implicating ER-mitochondria crosstalk in this pathway. Here, we report that the @entity9289 caspase cleavage fragment of @entity24366 can direct pro-apoptotic signals between the ER and mitochondria. Adenoviral expression of @entity9289 caused an early release of @entity141 from the ER, concomitant uptake of @entity141 into mitochondria, and mitochondrial recruitment of @entity25490 , a dynamin-related protein that mediates scission of the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in @entity1949 and fission of the mitochondrial network. Inhibition of @entity25490 or ER-mitochondrial @entity141 signaling prevented @entity9289 -induced fission of mitochondria. @entity9289 strongly sensitized mitochondria to @entity8186 -induced @entity4674 release, whereas prolonged expression of @entity9289 on its own ultimately induced caspase activation and apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptosome stress pathway. Therefore, @entity8186 cleavage of @entity24366 at the ER stimulates @entity141 -dependent mitochondrial fission, enhancing the release of @entity4674 in response to this initiator caspase.

title: Caspase cleavage product of @entity24366 induces mitochondrial fission through endoplasmic reticulum calcium signals, enhancing XXXX release to the cytosol.

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['dramatic fragmentation']

answer: @entity4674 :: (54205,Gene) :: ['cytochrome c']


abstract: Stimulation of cell surface death receptors activates @entity8186 , which targets a limited number of substrates including @entity24366 , an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently, we reported that a caspase-resistant @entity24366 mutant inhibited several features of Fas-induced apoptosis, including the release of @entity4674 ( @entity4674 ) from mitochondria (Nguyen, M., D.G. Breckenridge, A. Ducret, and G.C. Shore. 2000. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:6731-6740), implicating ER-mitochondria crosstalk in this pathway. Here, we report that the @entity9289 caspase cleavage fragment of @entity24366 can direct pro-apoptotic signals between the ER and mitochondria. Adenoviral expression of @entity9289 caused an early release of @entity141 from the ER, concomitant uptake of @entity141 into mitochondria, and mitochondrial recruitment of @entity25490 , a dynamin-related protein that mediates scission of the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in @entity1949 and fission of the mitochondrial network. Inhibition of @entity25490 or ER-mitochondrial @entity141 signaling prevented @entity9289 -induced fission of mitochondria. @entity9289 strongly sensitized mitochondria to @entity8186 -induced @entity4674 release, whereas prolonged expression of @entity9289 on its own ultimately induced caspase activation and apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptosome stress pathway. Therefore, @entity8186 cleavage of @entity24366 at the ER stimulates @entity141 -dependent mitochondrial fission, enhancing the release of @entity4674 in response to this initiator caspase.

title: Caspase cleavage product of XXXX induces mitochondrial fission through endoplasmic reticulum calcium signals, enhancing @entity4674 release to the cytosol.

answer: @entity24366 :: (10134,Gene) :: ['BAP31']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Childhood @entity565 is generally believed to be a disorder with a good prognosis. However, some asthmatics develop irreversible @entity1224 , probably as a result of airway remodelling. METHODS: After 21-33 years, 228 adults (aged 13-44 years at baseline) with a history of @entity565 were re-examined to assess risk factors for the development of irreversible @entity1224 (IAO, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) <80% predicted and reversibility <9% predicted) and a reduced postbronchodilator transfer coefficient ( @entity1223 transfer factor/alveolar volume, <80% predicted), both characteristics of @entity1030 . RESULTS: At follow up, 41% did not have @entity1224 (NAO), 43% had @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ), and 16% had IAO; 23% had a reduced transfer coefficient. @entity1 with @entity1224 had @entity565 -like characteristics (wheezing, @entity565 , @entity2488 ( @entity2488 )) while @entity1 with IAO had @entity1030 -like symptoms (cough, phlegm, dyspnoea) at follow up. The development of IAO is determined by a lower FEV(1), less reversibility of @entity1224 and, surprisingly, less severe @entity2488 at initial screening. Eighty percent of the @entity1 with @entity565 who used anti-inflammatory medication still had @entity1224 , but IAO developed less frequently. Smoking was associated with a reduced transfer coefficient but not with the development of IAO. Female sex was associated with a reduced transfer coefficient, whereas @entity228 use was not. CONCLUSIONS: Although IAO and a @entity258 are both characteristics of @entity1030 , they represent distinct entities in adult asthmatics in terms of symptomatology, aetiology, and probably in therapeutic approaches and disease prevention.

title: Risk factors associated with the presence of irreversible airflow limitation and reduced transfer coefficient in @entity1 with XXXX after 26 years of follow up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity2488 :: ('MESH:D001982', 'Disease') :: ['BHR', 'bronchial hyperresponsiveness']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma attacks', 'asthma']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low transfer coefficient']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['RAO', 'reversible airway obstruction', 'airway obstruction']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Childhood @entity565 is generally believed to be a disorder with a good prognosis. However, some asthmatics develop irreversible @entity1224 , probably as a result of airway remodelling. METHODS: After 21-33 years, 228 adults (aged 13-44 years at baseline) with a history of @entity565 were re-examined to assess risk factors for the development of irreversible @entity1224 (IAO, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) <80% predicted and reversibility <9% predicted) and a reduced postbronchodilator transfer coefficient ( @entity1223 transfer factor/alveolar volume, <80% predicted), both characteristics of @entity1030 . RESULTS: At follow up, 41% did not have @entity1224 (NAO), 43% had @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ), and 16% had IAO; 23% had a reduced transfer coefficient. @entity1 with @entity1224 had @entity565 -like characteristics (wheezing, @entity565 , @entity2488 ( @entity2488 )) while @entity1 with IAO had @entity1030 -like symptoms (cough, phlegm, dyspnoea) at follow up. The development of IAO is determined by a lower FEV(1), less reversibility of @entity1224 and, surprisingly, less severe @entity2488 at initial screening. Eighty percent of the @entity1 with @entity565 who used anti-inflammatory medication still had @entity1224 , but IAO developed less frequently. Smoking was associated with a reduced transfer coefficient but not with the development of IAO. Female sex was associated with a reduced transfer coefficient, whereas @entity228 use was not. CONCLUSIONS: Although IAO and a @entity258 are both characteristics of @entity1030 , they represent distinct entities in adult asthmatics in terms of symptomatology, aetiology, and probably in therapeutic approaches and disease prevention.

title: Risk factors associated with the presence of irreversible airflow limitation and reduced transfer coefficient in XXXX with @entity565 after 26 years of follow up.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the incidence and investigate the functional impact of postoperative overcorrection following primary unilateral inferior oblique muscle recession and myectomy for @entity2182 . METHODS: A retrospective study of 79 consecutive @entity1 undergoing inferior oblique myectomy (43) or recession (36) with a minimum 6 months of postoperative follow-up. All underwent ocular motility examinations preoperatively and postoperatively at approximately 2 weeks and 6 months. The vertical deviation in primary position and on contralateral gaze and inferior oblique versions and ductions on contralateral elevation were analyzed. RESULTS: At 6 months, 51 @entity1 had no @entity75 (group 1), 23 of 28 who had developed @entity75 were asymptomatic (group 2), and the remaining 5 were symptomatic (group 3). The mean preoperative hyperdeviation was 12.9 (group 1), 13.1 (group 2), and 15 (group 3) prism diopters (PD) in primary position. Postoperatively, these measured 3.8 (group 1), 3.8 (group 2), and -7.8 (group 3) PD (- indicates deviation reversal). The mean preoperative and postoperative inferior oblique versions for these three groups were +2.7, +2.2, +2.2 units and +0.9, -1.0, -1.4 units, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity75 was common (28 @entity1 , 35.4%), generally mild, persistent, and usually asymptomatic 6 months following surgery. Although uncommon (5 @entity1 , 6.3%), symptomatic @entity75 required further surgery with a successful outcome. They included 2 @entity1 with a history of @entity542 and one with masked and one with highly asymmetric bilateral @entity2182 .

title: Underacting inferior oblique muscle following myectomy or recession for unilateral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head or orbital trauma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Inferior oblique underaction', 'inferior oblique underaction']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['inferior oblique overaction']

answer: @entity2182 :: (MESH:D053201,Disease) :: ['inferior oblique overaction']


abstract: Between November 1981 and November 1984, eight @entity1 with comminuted @entity174 were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. The recommended treatment for these @entity174 has @entity11535 , with or without radial head excision. According to the AO classification all were @entity30576 @entity174 . All @entity174 were fixed through Kocher incisions using Kirschner wires and AO small fragment screws. All @entity1 began motion 7 to 10 days following surgery. In a retrospective study, clinical results were reviewed in six @entity1 with an average followup of 12 months (range, 4 to 40 months). Three @entity1 had associated @entity3029 , one requiring internal fixation of the coronoid process. Loss of range of motion averaged 3 degrees of flexion, 10 degrees of extension, 3 degrees of pronation, and 20 degrees of supination. Cybex testing demonstrated no significant difference in strength between injured and uninjured extremities. The only complication was a transient posterior @entity129 . No @entity1 had evidence of any radial shortening. Our findings suggest that open reduction and internal fixation gives satisfactory elbow function and avoids complications of radial shortening, loss of motion, and wrist symptoms that may subsequently occur following radial head excision.

title: Open reduction and internal fixation of comminuted XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['interosseous nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'radial head fractures']

entities_list: @entity11535 :: ('MESH:D009041', 'Disease') :: ['been early motion']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['elbow dislocations']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['radial head fractures']


abstract: We studied the cytoplasmic signalling pathways involved in the generation of @entity842 (NO) after stimulation with adult excretory/secretory antigens (ESA) of @entity5603 . The pathways of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC) were considered as potentially involved in the synthesis of @entity842 . We used inhibitors of these pathways at different levels. Several concentrations of @entity13557 , @entity1855 , @entity37239 and staurosporine were used to inhibit the PLC pathway. Inhibition of the PLA2 pathway was attempted with mepacrine, @entity6566 or @entity9213 . @entity13557 , @entity1855 and @entity37239 reduced the production of NO induced by ESA in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding the PLA2 pathway, a range of concentrations of @entity3543 greatly reduced the production of NO induced by ESA. Meloxicam inhibition was always higher than 50%. @entity6566 showed a dose-dependent effect on the production of NO induced by the ESA. Our results suggest that both the PLC and the PLA2 pathways play an essential role in activating the production of macrophage NO triggered by the ESA of @entity5603 . This could indicate that NO production in our experimental conditions is due to both an increase of intracellular @entity460 and to the participation of the @entity1426 cascade. The implications of these activations on the host-parasite relationship are discussed and compared with LPS-stimulated macrophages.

title: Cytoplasmic signalling pathways in alveolar macrophages involved in the production of @entity842 after stimulation with excretory/secretory antigens of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13557 :: ('MESH:D018021', 'Chemical') :: ['lithium chloride', 'Lithium chloride']

entities_list: @entity6566 :: ('MESH:D004049', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylcarbamazine', 'Diethylcarbamazine']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity5603 :: ('6265', 'Species') :: ['Toxocara canis', 'T. canis']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity3543 :: ('MESH:D011796', 'Chemical') :: ['mepacrine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity9213 :: ('MESH:C065757', 'Chemical') :: ['meloxicam']

answer: @entity5603 :: (6265,Species) :: ['Toxocara canis']


abstract: We studied the cytoplasmic signalling pathways involved in the generation of @entity842 (NO) after stimulation with adult excretory/secretory antigens (ESA) of @entity5603 . The pathways of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phospholipase C (PLC) were considered as potentially involved in the synthesis of @entity842 . We used inhibitors of these pathways at different levels. Several concentrations of @entity13557 , @entity1855 , @entity37239 and staurosporine were used to inhibit the PLC pathway. Inhibition of the PLA2 pathway was attempted with mepacrine, @entity6566 or @entity9213 . @entity13557 , @entity1855 and @entity37239 reduced the production of NO induced by ESA in a concentration-dependent manner. Regarding the PLA2 pathway, a range of concentrations of @entity3543 greatly reduced the production of NO induced by ESA. Meloxicam inhibition was always higher than 50%. @entity6566 showed a dose-dependent effect on the production of NO induced by the ESA. Our results suggest that both the PLC and the PLA2 pathways play an essential role in activating the production of macrophage NO triggered by the ESA of @entity5603 . This could indicate that NO production in our experimental conditions is due to both an increase of intracellular @entity460 and to the participation of the @entity1426 cascade. The implications of these activations on the host-parasite relationship are discussed and compared with LPS-stimulated macrophages.

title: Cytoplasmic signalling pathways in alveolar macrophages involved in the production of XXXX after stimulation with excretory/secretory antigens of @entity5603 .

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: The efficacy of single-dose therapy with 3 g of @entity7265 was evaluated in 129 @entity1 with symptoms of acute uncomplicated lower @entity293 . Of 91 @entity1 with significant @entity793 , 61 (67%) were cured of their original infection; this was similar to the 54 to 79% cure rates reported in unselected populations of @entity1 of a wide age range treated for @entity293 with a single dose of @entity115 or @entity206 - @entity207 (J. Rosenstock, L. P. Smith, M. Gurney, K. Lee, W. G. Weinberg, J. N. Longfield, W. B. Tauber, and W. W. Karney, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27:652-654, 1985; N. E. Tolkoff-Rubin, M. E. Wilson, P. Zuromskis, I. Jacoby, A. R. Martin, and R. H. Rubin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 25:626-629, 1984). The cure rates of (87%) for our younger @entity1 , those less than 25 years of age, was better than that (46%) for our @entity1 over 40 years of age (P less than 0.001). @entity1 with @entity281 that were negative in an antibody-coated bacteria test were cured at a significantly higher rate than those with @entity281 that were positive in an antibody-coated bacteria test (71 versus 19%; P = 0.003). Those @entity1 with @entity281 caused by @entity7265 -susceptible organisms were cured at a rate similar to that for @entity1 with @entity281 caused by @entity7265 -resistant organisms (68 versus 50%; P = 0.62). The cure rate for suburban @entity1 was 90%, versus 45% for inner-city @entity1 (P = 0.008). Of the 28 @entity1 with @entity697 due to low-level @entity793 , 27 were cured.

title: Single-dose @entity7265 therapy for @entity293 and XXXX with bladder bacteriuria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute urethral syndrome']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity7265 :: ('MESH:D002506', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalexin']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections', 'urinary tract infections']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute urethral syndrome']


abstract: The efficacy of single-dose therapy with 3 g of @entity7265 was evaluated in 129 @entity1 with symptoms of acute uncomplicated lower @entity293 . Of 91 @entity1 with significant @entity793 , 61 (67%) were cured of their original infection; this was similar to the 54 to 79% cure rates reported in unselected populations of @entity1 of a wide age range treated for @entity293 with a single dose of @entity115 or @entity206 - @entity207 (J. Rosenstock, L. P. Smith, M. Gurney, K. Lee, W. G. Weinberg, J. N. Longfield, W. B. Tauber, and W. W. Karney, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27:652-654, 1985; N. E. Tolkoff-Rubin, M. E. Wilson, P. Zuromskis, I. Jacoby, A. R. Martin, and R. H. Rubin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 25:626-629, 1984). The cure rates of (87%) for our younger @entity1 , those less than 25 years of age, was better than that (46%) for our @entity1 over 40 years of age (P less than 0.001). @entity1 with @entity281 that were negative in an antibody-coated bacteria test were cured at a significantly higher rate than those with @entity281 that were positive in an antibody-coated bacteria test (71 versus 19%; P = 0.003). Those @entity1 with @entity281 caused by @entity7265 -susceptible organisms were cured at a rate similar to that for @entity1 with @entity281 caused by @entity7265 -resistant organisms (68 versus 50%; P = 0.62). The cure rate for suburban @entity1 was 90%, versus 45% for inner-city @entity1 (P = 0.008). Of the 28 @entity1 with @entity697 due to low-level @entity793 , 27 were cured.

title: Single-dose @entity7265 therapy for XXXX and @entity697 with bladder bacteriuria.

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['acute bacterial urinary tract infections']


abstract: The efficacy of single-dose therapy with 3 g of @entity7265 was evaluated in 129 @entity1 with symptoms of acute uncomplicated lower @entity293 . Of 91 @entity1 with significant @entity793 , 61 (67%) were cured of their original infection; this was similar to the 54 to 79% cure rates reported in unselected populations of @entity1 of a wide age range treated for @entity293 with a single dose of @entity115 or @entity206 - @entity207 (J. Rosenstock, L. P. Smith, M. Gurney, K. Lee, W. G. Weinberg, J. N. Longfield, W. B. Tauber, and W. W. Karney, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27:652-654, 1985; N. E. Tolkoff-Rubin, M. E. Wilson, P. Zuromskis, I. Jacoby, A. R. Martin, and R. H. Rubin, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 25:626-629, 1984). The cure rates of (87%) for our younger @entity1 , those less than 25 years of age, was better than that (46%) for our @entity1 over 40 years of age (P less than 0.001). @entity1 with @entity281 that were negative in an antibody-coated bacteria test were cured at a significantly higher rate than those with @entity281 that were positive in an antibody-coated bacteria test (71 versus 19%; P = 0.003). Those @entity1 with @entity281 caused by @entity7265 -susceptible organisms were cured at a rate similar to that for @entity1 with @entity281 caused by @entity7265 -resistant organisms (68 versus 50%; P = 0.62). The cure rate for suburban @entity1 was 90%, versus 45% for inner-city @entity1 (P = 0.008). Of the 28 @entity1 with @entity697 due to low-level @entity793 , 27 were cured.

title: Single-dose XXXX therapy for @entity293 and @entity697 with bladder bacteriuria.

answer: @entity7265 :: (MESH:D002506,Chemical) :: ['cephalexin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ovarian antibodies as detected by indirect immunofluorescence have been used to detect @entity2670 , but to our knowledge the rate of false positive findings using this method has never been reported. METHODS: Here we examine whether a commercially available ovarian antibody test system, using cynomologous monkey ovary, might be useful in the diagnosis of autoimmune @entity11157 . The test was performed in a blinded manner in 26 young @entity1 with 46,XX spontaneous @entity11157 , in 26 control @entity1 with regular menstrual cycles (matched for age, race, and parity) and 26 control @entity1 (matched for age and race). We also compared the frequency of other autoantibodies associated with @entity2670 . RESULTS: As a group young @entity1 with @entity11157 had an increased incidence of thyroid and gastric parietal cell autoimmunity (p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, however, nearly one third (31%) of normal control @entity1 had ovarian antibodies using the commercially available test. One half of young @entity1 with @entity11157 were found to have ovarian antibodies (P = 0.26). In our own laboratory we found similar results and we were unable to improve the specificity of the test. None of 26 @entity1 were found to have ovarian antibodies (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Since approximately one third of normal @entity1 were found to have ovarian antibodies using the system under study, we conclude that ovarian antibodies as detected by this indirect immunofluorescence method have poor specificity. The specificity of any ovarian antibody test should be established before it is used clinically.

title: Ovarian antibodies as detected by indirect immunofluorescence are unreliable in the diagnosis of autoimmune XXXX : a controlled evaluation.

entities_list: @entity11157 :: ('MESH:D016649', 'Disease') :: ['premature ovarian failure']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian autoimmunity']

answer: @entity11157 :: (MESH:D016649,Disease) :: ['premature ovarian failure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Pleural effusions are extremely common in the early postoperative period after lung transplantation (LTX). It occurs in all transplant recipients, and like pleural fluid following other cardiothoracic surgery is bloody, exudative and neutrophil predominant. There was no information, however, on the characteristics of the late (14-45 days) postoperative pleural fluid after LTX. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and the clinical implications of late postoperative @entity1143 after LTX. METHODS: Thirty-five @entity1 underwent TX between May 1997 and May 2001. Seven @entity1 (20%) developed late postoperative @entity1143 . Thoracentesis were performed in these @entity1 and the white blood cell counts, cell differential as well as biochemical parameters were determined. RESULTS: The median time for late @entity1143 appearance was 23 days (range, 14-34 days) after TX. The @entity1143 were medium in size (700 ml, range, 100-1300), exudative in all the @entity1 and had lymphocyte predominance. No evidence of fluid recurrence or clinical deterioration was noted in these @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Late-onset @entity1143 after LTX is not uncommon. When there is no evidence of rejection or infection, it usually has a benign, favorable outcome.

title: Late postoperative XXXX following lung transplantation: characteristics and clinical implications.

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion', 'pleural effusions', 'exudative lymphocytic pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1143 :: (MESH:D010996,Disease) :: ['pleural effusion']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the feasibility and reliability of insertion of internal fiducial markers into various organs for precise setup and real-time @entity5 tracking in radiotherapy (RT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Equipment and techniques for the insertion of 2.0-mm-diameter gold markers into or near the @entity5 were developed for @entity66 , @entity263 , and @entity96 . Three markers were used to adjust the center of the mass of the target volume to the planned position in @entity263 (the three-marker method). The feasibility of the marker insertion and the stability of the position of markers were tested using stopping rules in the clinical protocol (i.e., the procedure was abandoned if 2 of 3 or 3 of 6 @entity1 experienced marker dropping or migration). After the evaluation of the feasibility, the stability of the marker positions was monitored in those @entity1 who entered the dose-escalation study. RESULTS: Each of the following was shown to be feasible: bronchoscopic insertion for the peripheral lung; image-guided transcutaneous insertion for the liver; cystoscopic and image-guided percutaneous insertion for the prostate; and surgical implantation for @entity66 . Transcutaneous insertion of markers for @entity66 and bronchoscopic insertion for central lung lesions were abandoned. Overall, marker implantation was successful and was used for real-time @entity5 tracking in RT in 90 (90%) of 100 lesions. No serious complications related to the marker insertion were noted for any of the 100 lesions. Using three markers surgically implanted into the vertebral bone, the mean +/- standard deviation in distance among the three markers was within 0.2 +/- 0.6 mm (range -1.4 to 0.8) through the treatment period of 30 days. The distance between the three markers gradually decreased during RT in five of six @entity263 , consistent with a mean rate of volume regression of 9.3% (range 0.015-13%) in 10 days. CONCLUSIONS: Internal 2.0-mm-diameter gold markers can be safely inserted into various organs for real-time @entity5 tracking in RT using the prescribed equipment and techniques. The three-marker method has been shown to be a useful technique for precise setup for @entity263 .

title: Feasibility of insertion/implantation of 2.0-mm-diameter gold internal fiducial markers for precise setup and real-time XXXX tracking in radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['spinal/paraspinal lesions and prostate tumors', 'prostate cancers', 'prostate tumors']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['spinal/paraspinal lesions']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver and lung tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An increasing number of medications that are frequently prescribed to elderly @entity1 have been identified as having weak but definite anticholinergic properties. Few epidemiological studies have evaluated the impact of these drugs on @entity2414 using sensitive and specific neuropsychological testing in an elderly population presenting with @entity73 . OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of drugs with anticholinergic properties on @entity2414 function in elderly @entity1 presenting for memory evaluation. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study that included 134 consecutive elderly outpatients who attended the daycare memory unit of Centre Hospitalier Sud, Lyon, France. We searched the MEDLINE database (1973-2008) to identify drugs with anticholinergic properties. All drugs with well known anticholinergic activity, mild reported anticholinergic effects or in vitro anticholinergic activity were included in the study. MEASUREMENTS: We used the Free and Cued Selective Reminding (FCSR) test to evaluate @entity2414 . RESULTS: The mean    SD number of drugs with anticholinergic properties taken by the subjects was 0.64    0.82. Fifty percent of the subjects (n = 67) had a prescription for at least one drug with anticholinergic properties and 16% (n = 21) had a prescription for two or more. Drugs with anticholinergic properties most frequently prescribed in our cohort were cardiovascular ( @entity1483 , @entity918 , @entity6838 ), antidepressant ( @entity903 , @entity3756 , @entity905 ) and antispasmodic ( @entity11440 ) drugs. The number of drugs with anticholinergic properties that subjects were taking was associated with reduced performance on tasks that assessed verbal memory (p < 0.05). Neuropsychological test batteries revealed a significant unfavourable effect of use of drugs with anticholinergic activity on episodic verbal memory. Tests evaluating other cognitive functions were not affected by use of drugs with anticholinergic activity. These associations remained following multivariate analysis adjusting for age, sex, education level, number of anticholinergic drugs, number of co-morbidities, diagnosis, behavioural symptoms and @entity308 . CONCLUSION: Clinicians should assess the current use of drugs with anticholinergic properties in the elderly, particularly in @entity1 presenting for memory evaluation. In such cases, use of other therapeutic alternatives should be considered.

title: Effects of anticholinergic drugs on XXXX function in the elderly: a retrospective, cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['sertraline']

entities_list: @entity11440 :: ('MESH:C005419', 'Chemical') :: ['oxybutynin chloride']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['verbal episodic memory']

answer: @entity2414 :: (MESH:D008569,Disease) :: ['verbal episodic memory']


abstract: @entity697 occurs most frequently after a viral attack. Other causes are autoimmune conditions, infection, @entity764 , cardiac surgery, or cardiac procedure. The presenting symptom is retrosternal @entity662 . A pericardial rub is characteristic. Diffuse upward sloping ST segments are found with electrocardiogram. @entity2294 may be demonstrated with an echocardiogram. High-dose nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications are the primary treatment. Adding @entity3812 reduces recurrence. It responds well to pharmacologic therapy within 1 to 2  weeks. Monitoring for complications is essential. The most serious complication is @entity2293 . For this, prompt diagnosis and treatment can be life-saving.

title: Characteristics, Complications, and Treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['Acute pericarditis']

entities_list: @entity2293 :: ('MESH:D002305', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac tamponade']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['Pericardial effusions']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['chest trauma']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['Acute Pericarditis']


abstract: The aim of this work was to prepare and to evaluate "in vitro"/"in vivo" microspheres based on @entity7050 copolymers containing @entity4260 , for the local treatment of oral @entity604 . The first objective was the preparation and "in vitro" characterization of @entity4260 loaded microspheres, by emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Process parameters such as drug:polymer weight ratio, and molecular weight of copolymers, were also investigated. The second objective was to elaborate a suitable animal model of @entity170 , to evaluate the efficacy of these microparticulate drug delivery systems. "In vivo" experiments were carried out on female @entity35 , in which @entity2331 was induced by gonadectomy and molar @entity155 . Morphometric analysis of mandibular segment were carried out to quantify the development of @entity2331 and the efficacy of drug loaded microspheres. Results showed that @entity4260 loaded PLGA microspheres can be successfully obtained with good "in vitro" characteristics, utilizing the emulsification/solvent evaporation method. "In vivo" experiments revealed that local administration of microspheres produced only mild @entity32 on the injection site. Morphometric analyses showed, at the level of the third molar, a slight increase in spongy and total bone mass on @entity35 jaw treated with microspheres with respect to control. Control animals exhibited a scarce degree of @entity2331 demonstrating that this animal model is not suitable for this purpose.

title: PLGA microspheres for XXXX treatment: preliminary "in vitro"/"in vivo" evaluation.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['mandibular osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity7050 :: ('MESH:C043435', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia', 'oral osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion']

entities_list: @entity4260 :: ('MESH:C018986', 'Chemical') :: ['ipriflavone']

answer: @entity2331 :: (MESH:D001851,Disease) :: ['oral osteopenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We set out to determine the epidemiology of pediatric @entity1313 in a single Greek institute. METHODS: We reviewed all cases of @entity1313 in @entity1 , under the age of 15 years, that were treated surgically in the Neurosurgical Department of @entity1 's Hospital "Agia Sofia", between January 1991 and December 2008. RESULTS: From January 1991 through December 2008, we encountered 335 cases of pediatric @entity1313 . The mean age was 7.2 years and there was a slight male predominance. @entity816 made up the largest component, with @entity816 accounting for 25.6% of all @entity5 . The second most common entity was @entity2946 , accounting for 18% of all @entity5 , whereas @entity424 were the third most frequent @entity5 . There was an increase in the total number of @entity1313 during the last decade. Furthermore, examining low-grade @entity816 , @entity2946 and @entity424 trends over the last 2 decades, we found a trend for a decrease of low-grade @entity816 and an increase of the @entity146 and @entity424 . CONCLUSION: This study presents the first epidemiological data of pediatric @entity1313 in Greece. @entity816 were the most common @entity5 followed by @entity2946 and @entity424 . Furthermore, a trend for an increase of @entity5 over the last decade has been observed.

title: Epidemiology of pediatric XXXX in Greece (1991-2008). Experience from the Agia Sofia @entity1 's Hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymomas', 'ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['more aggressive medulloblastomas']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['pilocytic astrocytomas', 'Astrocytomas', 'astrocytomas', 'astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastoma', 'medulloblastomas']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We set out to determine the epidemiology of pediatric @entity1313 in a single Greek institute. METHODS: We reviewed all cases of @entity1313 in @entity1 , under the age of 15 years, that were treated surgically in the Neurosurgical Department of @entity1 's Hospital "Agia Sofia", between January 1991 and December 2008. RESULTS: From January 1991 through December 2008, we encountered 335 cases of pediatric @entity1313 . The mean age was 7.2 years and there was a slight male predominance. @entity816 made up the largest component, with @entity816 accounting for 25.6% of all @entity5 . The second most common entity was @entity2946 , accounting for 18% of all @entity5 , whereas @entity424 were the third most frequent @entity5 . There was an increase in the total number of @entity1313 during the last decade. Furthermore, examining low-grade @entity816 , @entity2946 and @entity424 trends over the last 2 decades, we found a trend for a decrease of low-grade @entity816 and an increase of the @entity146 and @entity424 . CONCLUSION: This study presents the first epidemiological data of pediatric @entity1313 in Greece. @entity816 were the most common @entity5 followed by @entity2946 and @entity424 . Furthermore, a trend for an increase of @entity5 over the last decade has been observed.

title: Epidemiology of pediatric @entity1313 in Greece (1991-2008). Experience from the Agia Sofia XXXX 's Hospital.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: The Mongolian gerbil is known to develop delayed @entity528 in the hippocampus following brief @entity63 (Brain Res 239: 57-69, 1982). The effect of @entity4485 on this slow process of @entity528 was examined. Immediately following 5 min of bilateral @entity432 , @entity4485 (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) was injected. The control animals received saline injection. Seven days following ischemic insult, animals were perfusion-fixed and the neuronal density in the hippocampal @entity1399 subfield was counted. Most of the neurons in the @entity1399 sector survived ischemic insult when @entity4485 was given, whereas most of control group neurons were lost without the treatment. The average neuronal density of 20 mg/kg group was 168.2 +/- 12.3 (SEM) per 1 mm linear length of the @entity1399 subfield. The density in 40 mg/kg group was 181.1 +/- 14.9. The neuronal density in the whole control group was 34.3 +/- 5.1. The density of unoperated normal gerbils was 212.3 +/- 3.9. This result indicates that the @entity528 of "delayed @entity528 " is reversible. On the other hand, when @entity4485 was injected 1 hr following @entity63 , it showed no effect. The cell change in the @entity1399 sector, reversible at the initial stage, seems to rapidly become irreversible, while neurons still remain intact morphologically.

title: A reversible type of XXXX following @entity63 in the gerbil hippocampus.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['forebrain ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['carotid occlusion']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal damage', 'neuronal death']

answer: @entity528 :: (MESH:D009410,Disease) :: ['neuronal injury']


abstract: The Mongolian gerbil is known to develop delayed @entity528 in the hippocampus following brief @entity63 (Brain Res 239: 57-69, 1982). The effect of @entity4485 on this slow process of @entity528 was examined. Immediately following 5 min of bilateral @entity432 , @entity4485 (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg) was injected. The control animals received saline injection. Seven days following ischemic insult, animals were perfusion-fixed and the neuronal density in the hippocampal @entity1399 subfield was counted. Most of the neurons in the @entity1399 sector survived ischemic insult when @entity4485 was given, whereas most of control group neurons were lost without the treatment. The average neuronal density of 20 mg/kg group was 168.2 +/- 12.3 (SEM) per 1 mm linear length of the @entity1399 subfield. The density in 40 mg/kg group was 181.1 +/- 14.9. The neuronal density in the whole control group was 34.3 +/- 5.1. The density of unoperated normal gerbils was 212.3 +/- 3.9. This result indicates that the @entity528 of "delayed @entity528 " is reversible. On the other hand, when @entity4485 was injected 1 hr following @entity63 , it showed no effect. The cell change in the @entity1399 sector, reversible at the initial stage, seems to rapidly become irreversible, while neurons still remain intact morphologically.

title: A reversible type of @entity528 following XXXX in the gerbil hippocampus.

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: AIM: @entity66 ( @entity66 ) is a common disorder that usually affects young population and generally seen in intergluteal region. Conservative and surgical treatment options have been utilized. Many surgical techniques including primary closure, marsupialization and flap procedures have been described. The present study aims to evaluate the optimal surgical method for the treatment of @entity66 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 151 @entity1 underwent @entity66 surgery between January 2007 and September 2014 were enrolled in this study. @entity1 were compared according to age, sex, operation time, length of RESULTS: A total of 151 @entity1 with a mean age of 25.18 years (range 14-66) presented with @entity66 were evaluated. Primary closure (PC) and tension-free primary closure (TFPC) were performed in 105 (69.5%) and 46 (30.5%) @entity1 , respectively. There was no statistical difference between groups according to age, sex, operation time and length of hospital stay. Only 9 @entity1 (8.6%) in PC and 3 @entity1 (6.5%) in TFPC have postoperative recurrent disease. of 17 @entity1 (7.9%) dehiscence was seen, 15 (14.3%) were in @entity25900 (4.3%) were in TFPC group. @entity86 or wound @entity281 was seen in 16 @entity1 (10.6%). CONCLUSION: Tension-free primary closure is a method that is effective as primary closure. KEY WORDS: Modified primary closure, @entity66 , Primary closure.

title: Tension-free primary closure for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Pilonidal disease', 'pilonidal disease', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative seroma']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['pilonidal disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Levodopa plus @entity935 decarboxylase inhibitor is a common treatment for @entity4531 ( @entity4531 ). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate efficacy and safety of levodopa for @entity4531 compared to placebo and other active agents. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 4), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL, from January 1985 to December 2008, reference lists of articles, and contacted pharmaceutical companies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included double-blind @entity23 ( @entity23 ) investigating levodopa treatment versus placebo or other treatment for at least seven days in @entity1 with @entity4531 (age >=  18 years). Outcomes included symptom severity, CGI-I, objective as well as self rated sleep parameters, quality of life, and safety parameters. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and contacted pharmaceutical companies and authors for additional information. We collected dropouts due to adverse events and @entity1 experiencing adverse events. MAIN RESULTS: Six placebo controlled and three active controlled RCTs were included (521 @entity1 ). Symptom severity (11 point rating scale, 0 points indicating no symptoms, 10 points indicating maximally severe symptoms) was more reduced with levodopa than placebo in two studies (mean difference (MD) -1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.18 to -0.5, P = 0.002). Periodic limb movements in sleep per hour of sleep (PLMS-Index; PLMSI) improved by -26.28/h compared to placebo (95% CI -30.53 to -22.02, P < 0.00001).The CGI-I changed more with levodopa than placebo in two studies ( @entity6917 .25, 95% CI -1.89 to -0.62, P = 0.0001). In two studies, sleep quality (sleep questionnaire, visual analogue scale) showed a large effect (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.92, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.33, P < 0.00001) whereas quality of life (50 mm Visual Analogue Scales) improved by 3.23 compared to placebo (95% CI 1.64 to 4.82, P < 0.0001). Few @entity1 dropped out of treatment (3 of 218 @entity1 ) but more levodopa treated @entity1 experienced adverse events than with placebo (odds ratio 2.61, 95% CI 1.35 to 5.04, P = 0.004). Two @entity935 agonist controlled studies showed smaller effects with levodopa than @entity9229 and @entity399 on the IRLS (MD 5.25, 95% CI 2.10 to 8.40, P =0.001), CGI-I (MD 0.62, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.87, P < 0.00001), and quality of life (MD 5.54, 95% CI 2.65 to 8.43, P = 0.0002). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Levodopa is efficacious for the short-term treatment of @entity4531 . Augmentation, the clinically most relevant adverse event, was not investigated sufficiently.

title: Levodopa for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity9229 :: ('MESH:C047047', 'Chemical') :: ['cabergoline']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['RCT', 'randomised controlled trials']

entities_list: @entity4531 :: ('MESH:D012148', 'Disease') :: ['restless legs syndrome', 'RLS']

entities_list: @entity399 :: ('MESH:C061333', 'Chemical') :: ['pramipexole']

answer: @entity4531 :: (MESH:D012148,Disease) :: ['restless legs syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity788 is the fourth leading cause of @entity5 death for @entity1 and the fifth for @entity1 . The standard treatment for resectable @entity5 is either a classic Whipple operation or a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. It is unclear which of the procedures is more favourable in terms of survival, mortality, complications and quality of life. OBJECTIVES: Several publications have highlighted advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques and the current basis of evidence remains unclear. The objective of this systematic review is to compare the effectiveness of each operation. SEARCH STRATEGY: We conducted a search on 28/03/2006 to identify all RCTs, applying no language restriction.We searched the following electronic databases: CENTRAL, CDSR and DARE from The Cochrane Library (2006, issue 2), MEDLINE (1966 to 2006) and EMBASE (1980 to 2006). We handsearched abstracts from 1995 to 2006 from the American @entity21149 Week (DDW), published in Gastroenterology, and the United European Gastroenterology Week (UEGW), published in Gut. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomised controlled trials comparing the classic Whipple operation with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy to be eligible if they included @entity1 with periampullary or @entity3123 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted data from the included studies. We used a random-effects model for pooling data. We compared binary outcomes using odds ratios (OR), pooled continuous outcomes using @entity353 ( @entity353 ), and used hazard ratios (HR) for meta-analysis of survival. Two authors independently evaluated the methodological quality of included studies according to quality standards and by using a questionnaire. MAIN RESULTS: We retrieved 1235 abstracts and checked these for eligibility, including seven randomised controlled trials. Our critical appraisal revealed vast heterogeneity with respect to methodological quality and outcome parameters. Our comparisons of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 1.40; P = 0.18), overall survival (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.61 to 1.16; P = 0.29) and morbidity showed no significant differences. However, we noted that operating time ( @entity353 -68.26 minutes; 95% CI -105.70 to -30.83; P = 0.0004) and intra-operative @entity190 ( @entity353 ; 95% CI -0.96 to -0.56; P < 0.00001) were significantly reduced in the pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence of relevant differences in mortality, morbidity and survival between the two operations. Given obvious clinical and methodological heterogeneity, future research must be undertaken to perform high-quality randomised controlled trials of complex surgical interventions on the basis of well-defined outcome parameters.

title: WITHDRAWN: Pancreaticoduodenectomy (classic Whipple) versus pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (pp Whipple) for surgical treatment of periampullary and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['WMD', 'weighted mean differences', 'WMD -0.76 millilitres']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity21149 :: ('MESH:D004066', 'Disease') :: ['Digestive Disease']

answer: @entity3123 :: (MESH:C562463,Disease) :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of psychological interventions in @entity29 ( @entity29 ) is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of psychological interventions (psychotherapy, @entity1 education, relaxation techniques) on health related quality of life, coping, emotional state and disease activity in @entity29 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the specialized register of the @entity29 / @entity8461 Group, CENTRAL (Issue 5, 2010) and from inception to April 2010: Medline, Embase, LILACS, Psyndex, CINAHL, PsyInfo, CCMed, SOMED and Social SciSearch. Conference abstracts and reference lists were also checked. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized, quasi-randomized and non randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions in @entity1 or adults with @entity29 with a minimum follow up time of 2 months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted and study quality was independently assessed by two raters. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were eligible for inclusion (1745 @entity1 , 8 RCT, 4 QRCT, 8 NRCT; 19 in adults, 2 in adolescents). Most studies used multimodular approaches. The risk of bias was high for all studies.In adults, psychotherapy had no effect on quality of life at around 12 months (3 studies, 235 @entity1 , SMD -0.07; 95% CI -0.33 to 0.19), emotional status ( @entity308 , 4 studies, 266 @entity1 , SMD 0.03; 95% CI -0.22 to 0.27) or proportion of @entity1 not in remission (5 studies, 287 @entity1 , OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.48 to 1.48). Results were similar at 3 to 8 months. There was no evidence for statistical heterogeneity or subgroup effects based on type of disease or intensity of the therapy. In adolescents, there were positive short term effects of psychotherapy on most outcomes assessed including quality of life (2 studies, 71 @entity1 , SMD 0.70; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.18) and @entity308 (1 study, 41 @entity1 , SMD -0.62; 95% CI -1.25 to 0.01).Educational interventions were ineffective with respect to quality of life at 12 months (5 studies, 947 @entity1 , SMD 0.11; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.24), @entity308 (3 studies, 378 @entity1 , SMD -0.08; 95% CI -0.29 to 0.12) and proportion of @entity1 not in remission (3 studies, 434 @entity1 , OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.65 to 1.53). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence for efficacy of psychological therapy in adult @entity1 with @entity29 in general. In adolescents, psychological interventions may be beneficial, but the evidence is limited. Further evidence is needed to assess the efficacy of these therapies in subgroups identified as being in need of psychological interventions, and to identify what type of therapy maybe most useful.

title: Psychological interventions for treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel diseases', 'IBD']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved prospective study was conducted to test whether objective and quantitative hemodynamic markers @entity1642 ( @entity1642 ) and oscillatory shear index (OSI) measured by three-dimensional (3D) cine phase-contrast (PC) can reflect @entity120 ( @entity120 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Seventeen consecutive @entity1 of suspected secondary @entity120 were examined for pulmonary artery pressures (PAPs) with @entity299 ( @entity299 ) and three-dimensional (3D) cine PC MR. Based on the @entity299 data, @entity1 were subdivided into two groups of 12 non- @entity120 (median age of 74.5 years) and 5 @entity120 (median age of 77 years) @entity1 . Based on 3D cine PC magnetic resonance (MR), hemodynamic parameters including spatially averaged systolic @entity1642 (sWSS), diastolic @entity1642 (dWSS), mean @entity1642 (mWSS), OSI and blood vessel section area (BVSA) at the pulmonary arterial trunk were calculated. Streamline images in the pulmonary arteries were also assessed. All the parameters were compared between non- @entity120 and @entity120 groups. RESULTS: sWSS (N/m(2)) and mWSS (N/m(2)) of @entity120 group was lower than that of non- @entity120 group (0.594    0.067 vs. 0.961    0.590, P = 0.001), (0.365    0.035 vs. 0.489    0.132, P = 0.027). OSI of @entity120 group was higher than that of non- @entity120 (0.214    0.026 vs. 0.130    0.046, P = 0.001). sWSS, mWSS, and dWSS were inversely correlated and OSI was positively correlated to mean @entity2786 or systolic PAP with r values of -0.638 (P = 0.005), -0.643 (P = 0.005), -0.485 (P = 0.049), and 0.625 (P = 0.007); or -0.622 (P = 0.008), -0.629 (P = 0.007), -0.484 (P = 0.049), and 0.594 (P = 0.012), respectively. sWSS was also inversely correlated to BVSA with r value of -0.488 (P = 0.049), and OSI was correlated to BVSA with r value of 0.574 (P = 0.016). Vortex or helical flows were observed more frequently in @entity120 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The low sWSS and mWSS as well as high OSI measured with 3D cine PC MR could be potential hemodynamic markers for the increased PAP in suspected secondary @entity120 @entity1 .

title: Low XXXX and High OSI Measured by 3D Cine PC MRI Reflect High Pulmonary Artery Pressures in Suspected Secondary Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['PAH', 'pulmonary arterial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['right heart catheterization', 'RHC']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['WSS', 'wall shear stress']

answer: @entity1642 :: (MESH:D015775,Disease) :: ['WSS']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity10067 ( @entity10067 ) covers a spectrum of conditions in which the neuropathologic and electroclinic presentations and the surgical outcomes vary. The aim of this study was to identify the MR features of histologic subtypes of @entity10067 that would be useful for differential diagnosis. METHODS: We reviewed the MR data of 49 @entity1 treated surgically for intractable @entity302 , who received a histologic diagnosis of @entity10067 not associated with other @entity75 except @entity131 and who were classified by histologic criteria as having @entity1141 (28 @entity1 ), @entity1141 (six @entity1 ), or @entity10067 (15 @entity1 ). RESULTS: From the MR features, it was generally possible to distinguish @entity10067 from architectural or @entity1141 (non- @entity10067 ). Findings suggesting @entity10067 were focal cortical thickening, blurring of the gray-white matter junction, and hyperintensity (on T2-weighted images) of subcortical white matter often tapering toward the ventricle. Focal @entity75 with shrinkage and moderate signal intensity alterations in the white matter core were present in most @entity1 with @entity1141 . The lesion was generally extratemporal in @entity10067 and temporal in @entity1141 . Ipsilateral @entity131 was often present in @entity1141 ( @entity854 ). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity10067 , @entity10067 and non- @entity10067 can usually be distinguished with MR imaging, although some overlap exists. A provisional MR diagnosis is important for presurgical investigations and surgical planning and may have prognostic implications.

title: Focal cortical dysplasias: MR imaging, histopathologic, and clinical correlations in surgically treated @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain abnormalities', 'brain hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['dual abnormality']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['partial epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity10067 :: ('MESH:C537067', 'Disease') :: ["Taylor's FCD", 'FCD', 'Focal cortical dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['architectural dysplasia', 'cytoarchitectural dysplasia', 'cytoarchitectural dysplasias']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity10067 ( @entity10067 ) covers a spectrum of conditions in which the neuropathologic and electroclinic presentations and the surgical outcomes vary. The aim of this study was to identify the MR features of histologic subtypes of @entity10067 that would be useful for differential diagnosis. METHODS: We reviewed the MR data of 49 @entity1 treated surgically for intractable @entity302 , who received a histologic diagnosis of @entity10067 not associated with other @entity75 except @entity131 and who were classified by histologic criteria as having @entity1141 (28 @entity1 ), @entity1141 (six @entity1 ), or @entity10067 (15 @entity1 ). RESULTS: From the MR features, it was generally possible to distinguish @entity10067 from architectural or @entity1141 (non- @entity10067 ). Findings suggesting @entity10067 were focal cortical thickening, blurring of the gray-white matter junction, and hyperintensity (on T2-weighted images) of subcortical white matter often tapering toward the ventricle. Focal @entity75 with shrinkage and moderate signal intensity alterations in the white matter core were present in most @entity1 with @entity1141 . The lesion was generally extratemporal in @entity10067 and temporal in @entity1141 . Ipsilateral @entity131 was often present in @entity1141 ( @entity854 ). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity10067 , @entity10067 and non- @entity10067 can usually be distinguished with MR imaging, although some overlap exists. A provisional MR diagnosis is important for presurgical investigations and surgical planning and may have prognostic implications.

title: Focal cortical dysplasias: MR imaging, histopathologic, and clinical correlations in surgically treated XXXX with @entity302 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Soft @entity242 (STS) are a highly heterogeneous group of rare malignant solid @entity5 . Non- @entity980 soft @entity242 (NRSTS) comprise all STS except @entity980 . In @entity1 with advanced local or metastatic disease, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) applied after @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) is a planned rescue therapy for @entity2101 -related severe @entity1503 . OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of @entity2101 followed by autologous HSCT for all stages of soft @entity242 in @entity1 and adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the electronic databases CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE and EMBASE (February 2010). Online trial registers, congress abstracts and reference lists of reviews were searched and expert panels and authors were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Terms representing STS and autologous HSCT were required in the title, abstract or keywords. In studies with aggregated data, @entity1 with NRSTS and autologous HSCT had to constitute at least 80% of the data. Comparative non-randomized studies were included because randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not expected. Case series and case reports were considered for an additional descriptive analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Study data were recorded by two review authors independently. For studies with no comparator group, we synthesised results for studies reporting aggregate data and conducted a pooled analysis of individual @entity1 data using the Kaplan-Meyer method. The primary outcomes were @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and treatment-related mortality (TRM). MAIN RESULTS: We included 54 studies, from 467 full texts articles screened (11.5%), reporting on 177 @entity1 that received HSCT and 69 @entity1 that received standard care. Only one study reported comparative data. In the one comparative study, @entity1349 at two years after HSCT was estimated as statistically significantly higher (62.3%) compared with @entity1 that received standard care (23.2%). In a single-arm study, the @entity1349 two years after HSCT was reported as 20%. In a pooled analysis of the individual data of 54 @entity1 , @entity1349 at two years was estimated as 49% (95% CI 34% to 64%). Data on TRM, secondary @entity5 and severe @entity137 grade 3 to 4 after transplantation were sparse. All 54 studies had a high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to a lack of comparative studies, it is unclear whether @entity1 with NRSTS have improved survival from autologous HSCT following @entity2101 . Owing to this current gap in knowledge, at present @entity2101 and autologous HSCT for NRSTS should only be used within controlled trials.

title: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following XXXX for non- @entity980 soft @entity242 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'patients', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['tissue sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['high-dose chemotherapy', 'HDCT']

entities_list: @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity2101 :: (MESH:C538394,Disease) :: ['high-dose chemotherapy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Soft @entity242 (STS) are a highly heterogeneous group of rare malignant solid @entity5 . Non- @entity980 soft @entity242 (NRSTS) comprise all STS except @entity980 . In @entity1 with advanced local or metastatic disease, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) applied after @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) is a planned rescue therapy for @entity2101 -related severe @entity1503 . OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of @entity2101 followed by autologous HSCT for all stages of soft @entity242 in @entity1 and adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the electronic databases CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE and EMBASE (February 2010). Online trial registers, congress abstracts and reference lists of reviews were searched and expert panels and authors were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Terms representing STS and autologous HSCT were required in the title, abstract or keywords. In studies with aggregated data, @entity1 with NRSTS and autologous HSCT had to constitute at least 80% of the data. Comparative non-randomized studies were included because randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not expected. Case series and case reports were considered for an additional descriptive analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Study data were recorded by two review authors independently. For studies with no comparator group, we synthesised results for studies reporting aggregate data and conducted a pooled analysis of individual @entity1 data using the Kaplan-Meyer method. The primary outcomes were @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and treatment-related mortality (TRM). MAIN RESULTS: We included 54 studies, from 467 full texts articles screened (11.5%), reporting on 177 @entity1 that received HSCT and 69 @entity1 that received standard care. Only one study reported comparative data. In the one comparative study, @entity1349 at two years after HSCT was estimated as statistically significantly higher (62.3%) compared with @entity1 that received standard care (23.2%). In a single-arm study, the @entity1349 two years after HSCT was reported as 20%. In a pooled analysis of the individual data of 54 @entity1 , @entity1349 at two years was estimated as 49% (95% CI 34% to 64%). Data on TRM, secondary @entity5 and severe @entity137 grade 3 to 4 after transplantation were sparse. All 54 studies had a high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to a lack of comparative studies, it is unclear whether @entity1 with NRSTS have improved survival from autologous HSCT following @entity2101 . Owing to this current gap in knowledge, at present @entity2101 and autologous HSCT for NRSTS should only be used within controlled trials.

title: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following @entity2101 for non- @entity980 soft XXXX .

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['tissue sarcomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Soft @entity242 (STS) are a highly heterogeneous group of rare malignant solid @entity5 . Non- @entity980 soft @entity242 (NRSTS) comprise all STS except @entity980 . In @entity1 with advanced local or metastatic disease, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) applied after @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) is a planned rescue therapy for @entity2101 -related severe @entity1503 . OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of @entity2101 followed by autologous HSCT for all stages of soft @entity242 in @entity1 and adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the electronic databases CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 2), MEDLINE and EMBASE (February 2010). Online trial registers, congress abstracts and reference lists of reviews were searched and expert panels and authors were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Terms representing STS and autologous HSCT were required in the title, abstract or keywords. In studies with aggregated data, @entity1 with NRSTS and autologous HSCT had to constitute at least 80% of the data. Comparative non-randomized studies were included because randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not expected. Case series and case reports were considered for an additional descriptive analysis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Study data were recorded by two review authors independently. For studies with no comparator group, we synthesised results for studies reporting aggregate data and conducted a pooled analysis of individual @entity1 data using the Kaplan-Meyer method. The primary outcomes were @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and treatment-related mortality (TRM). MAIN RESULTS: We included 54 studies, from 467 full texts articles screened (11.5%), reporting on 177 @entity1 that received HSCT and 69 @entity1 that received standard care. Only one study reported comparative data. In the one comparative study, @entity1349 at two years after HSCT was estimated as statistically significantly higher (62.3%) compared with @entity1 that received standard care (23.2%). In a single-arm study, the @entity1349 two years after HSCT was reported as 20%. In a pooled analysis of the individual data of 54 @entity1 , @entity1349 at two years was estimated as 49% (95% CI 34% to 64%). Data on TRM, secondary @entity5 and severe @entity137 grade 3 to 4 after transplantation were sparse. All 54 studies had a high risk of bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to a lack of comparative studies, it is unclear whether @entity1 with NRSTS have improved survival from autologous HSCT following @entity2101 . Owing to this current gap in knowledge, at present @entity2101 and autologous HSCT for NRSTS should only be used within controlled trials.

title: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following @entity2101 for non- XXXX soft @entity242 .

answer: @entity980 :: (MESH:D012208,Disease) :: ['rhabdomyosarcoma']


abstract: Purpose: To test the retinal differentiation potential and to establish an optimized protocol for enriching retinal cells from an Indian origin, @entity1 embryonic stem cell (hESC) line, BJNhem20. Methods: The BJNhem20 cells were cultured and expanded under feeder-free culture conditions. Differentiation was initiated by embryoid body (EB) formation and were cultured on Matrigel in neural induction medium (NIM) for 1 week and further maintained in retinal differentiation medium (RDM). After 1 month, the neuro-retinal progenitor clusters located at the center of pigmented retinal patches were picked and cultured as suspended neurospheres in RDM for 3 days and subsequently on Matrigel in neuro-retinal medium. The mildly pigmented, immature retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells were picked separately and cultured on Matrigel in RPE medium (RPEM). After 1 week, the confluent neuro-retinal and RPE cultures were maintained in RDM for 2 to 3 months and characterized by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Results: The BJNhem20 cells efficiently differentiated into both neuro-retinal and RPE cells. The early retinal progenitors expressed Nestin, @entity538 , @entity6484 , Rx, MitfA, @entity16527 , and @entity15470 . Neuro-retinal cells expressed the neural markers, @entity14383 , b-III tubulin, acetylated tubulin and photoreceptor-specific markers, @entity13464 , @entity8695 , @entity24739 , calbindin, PKC, @entity32846 , @entity21107 , @entity8695 kinase, @entity25667 , and @entity33444 . Mature RPE cells developed intense pigmentation within 3 months and showed @entity11178 and @entity6286 staining at cell-cell junctions and expressed @entity31923 , @entity11442 , @entity6678 , @entity16906 , and displayed phagocytic activity. Conclusions: This study confirms the retinal differentiation potential of BJNhem20 cells and describes an optimized protocol to generate enriched populations of neuro-retinal and RPE cells.

title: Enriched Cultures of Retinal Cells From BJNhem20 XXXX Embryonic Stem Cell Line of Indian Origin.

entities_list: @entity6286 :: ('MESH:D010590', 'Chemical') :: ['Phalloidin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: PURPOSE: Our previous investigations showed that involuntary treadmill exercise is neuroprotective in a light-induced @entity2000 @entity19 model, and it may act through activation of @entity26304 ( @entity26304 ) receptors. This study investigated whether voluntary running wheel exercise can be neuroprotective in an inheritable model of the @entity989 ( @entity6391 ), @entity27763 @entity19 . METHODS: Breeding pairs of @entity27763 and C57BL/6J @entity19 were given free-spinning (active) or locked (inactive) running wheels. Pups were weaned into separate cages with their parents' respective wheel types, and visual function was tested with ERG and a virtual optokinetic system at 4, 5, and 6 weeks of age. Offspring were killed at 6 weeks of age and retinal cross-sections were prepared for photoreceptor nuclei counting. Additionally, separate cohorts of active and inactive @entity27763 pups were injected daily for 14 days after eye opening with a selective @entity26304 receptor antagonist (ANA-12) or vehicle solution and assessed as described above. RESULTS: @entity19 in the @entity27763 active group exhibited significant preservation of visual acuity, cone nuclei, and total photoreceptor nuclei number. Injection with ANA-12 precluded the preservation of visual acuity and photoreceptor nuclei number in @entity27763 @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: Voluntary running partially protected against the @entity2000 that otherwise occurs in the @entity27763 @entity19 model of @entity6391 . This protection was prevented by injection of ANA-12, suggesting that @entity26304 activation mediates exercise's preservation of the retina. Exercise may serve as an effective, clinically translational intervention against @entity2000 .

title: Neuroprotective Effects of Voluntary Exercise in an Inherited Retinal Degeneration XXXX Model.

entities_list: @entity2000 :: ('MESH:D012162', 'Disease') :: ['retinal degeneration and vision loss', 'retinal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity26304 :: ('18212(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['tropomyosin-related kinase B', 'TrkB']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal degenerative disease retinitis pigmentosa']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mammography screening for asymptomatic older @entity1 has been shown to be effective in reducing @entity0 mortality. Physicians and @entity1 report @entity158 as a major barrier for many @entity1 in the screening process; however, few studies report both the degree and type of @entity158 @entity1 experience during the screening. METHODS: Two hundred @entity1 40 years and older were interviewed immediately following screening mammography. They were questioned about the @entity158 they experienced, the difference between their experience and their expectations, and the most stressful part of the entire procedure. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of the @entity1 reported the @entity158 to rank 4 or less on a scale of 0 to 10 (mean +/- SD score, 2.95 +/- 2.09). The highest level of @entity158 reported resulted from the compression of the breasts (3.25 +/- 2.43). Ninety-six percent reported that the @entity158 was "less than" or "about as expected." Most (94%) said they were "very likely or somewhat likely to get a mammogram next year." The most stressful part of the procedure was waiting for the results, according to 39% of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The relatively low level of @entity158 reported is useful information for both @entity1 and practitioners. Adherence to screening recommendations is more likely to occur when both parties are able to anticipate the most @entity158 and stressful elements of mammography.

title: Reported XXXX following mammography screening.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']