abstract: It has been postulated that in @entity2293 , the hemodynamic effects of compression of the right heart chambers and great veins are more important than are the effects of left heart compression. In 10 anesthetized @entity235 with surgically compartmented pericardium, the hemodynamic effects of right atrial and right ventricular compression were compared with the hemodynamic effects of left @entity1002 . The effects of right heart compression, left heart compression, and then effects of combined right and left heart compression, were compared at three levels of intrapericardial pressure: 10, 15 and 20 mm Hg. Aortic mean pressure decreased significantly at each level of intrapericardial pressure with right-sided tamponade but not with left-sided tamponade. Left atrial mean pressures decreased significantly with right-sided tamponade and increased with left-sided and combined tamponade. Right atrial mean pressures increased significantly with right-sided and combined tamponade, but not with left-sided tamponade. Heart rate increased significantly with each of the three varieties of tamponade. Cardiac output and @entity64 volume, which decreased with each variety of tamponade, were significantly lower during right-sided than during left-sided tamponade. Combined tamponade lowered @entity64 volume more than did right-sided tamponade, and lowered cardiac output more at 15 and 20 mm Hg intrapericardial pressure. It is concluded that, in this preparation, right-sided cardiac compression has more important hemodynamic effects than does left-sided compression. However, left-sided tamponade still makes a significant contribution to the total hemodynamic picture of @entity2293 .

title: XXXX : a comparison of right versus left heart compression.

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['atrial and left ventricular compression']

entities_list: @entity2293 :: ('MESH:D002305', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac tamponade']

answer: @entity2293 :: (MESH:D002305,Disease) :: ['Cardiac tamponade']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to determine the mechanism by which improvement in hemodynamic variables may occur with dual-chamber pacing in @entity1 with severe @entity1002 . BACKGROUND: Dual-chamber pacing has recently been proposed as a therapeutic alternative for the relief of symptoms in @entity1 with @entity384 . METHODS: Fifteen @entity1 with severe @entity1002 were studied acutely during atrioventricular (AV) sequential pacing at various AV intervals (60, 100, 120, 140, 180 and 240 ms) with use of combined Doppler velocity curves and pressures obtained by high fidelity manometer-tipped catheters and thermodilution cardiac output. RESULTS: Neither cardiac output nor mean left atrial pressure was significantly different when hemodynamic variables in the baseline state were compared with those during AV sequential pacing at the various AV intervals in all @entity1 . The @entity1 were classified into two groups. In group I (eight @entity1 with PR intervals > 200 ms on the rest 12-lead electrocardiogram), cardiac output was significantly increased when AV sequential pacing at the optimal AV interval to output was compared with that at the baseline state (3.0 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.43 liters/min, p = 0.005) because timing of mechanical atrial and ventricular synchrony was optimized. In addition, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and duration of diastolic filling were increased, and @entity339 was abolished. In group II (seven @entity1 who had normal AV conduction at rest), cardiac output during AV pacing decreased from the baseline value without change in the diastolic filling period. CONCLUSIONS: Dual-chamber pacing may improve acute hemodynamic variables in selected @entity1 with @entity384 , mainly by optimization of the timing of mechanical atrial and ventricular synchrony. Reestablishment of the optimal diastolic filling period and @entity339 may also contribute to hemodynamic improvement.

title: Mechanism of hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe XXXX : an acute Doppler and catheterization hemodynamic study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic mitral regurgitation', 'abolition of diastolic mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular systolic dysfunction', 'left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The hypothesis was that cardiac surgery for symptomatic @entity299 in conjunction with adjunctive therapy could improve the long-term outlook of @entity1 with @entity299 . BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity299 have a dismal prognosis; most die of progressive @entity712 within 1 year after onset of symptoms. Improved therapies for the systemic manifestations of the @entity4303 have resulted in symptomatic improvement and prolonged survival in @entity1 without @entity299 . METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 with symptomatic @entity299 underwent valvular surgery. Preoperative clinical, laboratory, Doppler echocardiographic and hemodynamic factors were evaluated. The survival of the surgical group was compared with that of a control group of 40 medically treated @entity1 . RESULTS: There were nine perioperative @entity204 (35%), primarily from @entity86 and @entity67 . Of the 17 surgical survivors, 8 were alive at a mean of 28 months of follow-up. The postoperative functional class of the eight surviving @entity1 was substantially improved. Late @entity204 were primarily due to @entity409 caused by @entity3 . The only predictor of operative mortality (p = 0.03) was low voltage on preoperative electrocardiography (limb lead voltage < or = 5 mm). Predictors of late survival included a lower preoperative somatostatin requirement and a lower preoperative urinary @entity1130 level. There was a trend toward increased survival for the surgical group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Because new therapies have improved survival in @entity1 with the @entity27954 , @entity299 has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Valve surgery is the only definitive treatment. Although cardiac surgery carries a high perioperative mortality, marked symptomatic improvement occurs in survivors. Surgical intervention should therefore be considered when cardiac symptoms become severe.

title: Outcome of cardiac surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['right heart failure']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity27954 :: ('MESH:D008303', 'Disease') :: ['malignant carcinoid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1130 :: ('CHEBI:27823', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding']

entities_list: @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac involvement', 'carcinoid heart disease', 'heart disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular failure']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['carcinoid heart disease']


abstract: Skin thickening simulating @entity2631 , or progressive @entity785 , has previously been reported in @entity1 and adults with @entity1723 . We have studied eighty-nine @entity1 with @entity1723 and twenty-five normal control subjects. Clinical evidence of skin thickening ( @entity6 thick skin) was found in 22% of @entity1 with @entity1723 and in 4% of control subjects (p less than 0.05). Full-thickness skin biopsy specimens were taken from the forearm of nine @entity1 with @entity1723 and @entity6 thick skin, four @entity1 with @entity1723 and clinically normal skin, four @entity1 with progressive @entity785 , and four normal control subjects. The sections stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 showed increased thickness of the dermis of the forearm skin in all @entity6 @entity1 . In @entity6 thick skin the collagen bundles were large, disorganized, and separated by clear spaces. Small amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides were present in the upper reticular dermis of five @entity1 with @entity6 thick skin. Electron microscopy of the dermis showed @entity631 membrane thickening in Groups 1, 2, and 3. All @entity1 with @entity6 thick skin showed active fibroblasts and extensive collagen polymerization in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Occasional collagen flowers were noted in all @entity1 with @entity6 thick skin. Measurements of 100 collagen fibers in the upper and lower reticular dermis of each biopsy specimen showed predominance of large fibers (greater than 60 nm) in Groups 1 and 2. Unlike @entity2631 , @entity6 thick skin resulted in small fiber sizes (less than 60 nm) only rarely, and bimodality of fiber sizes was not seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Pathologic features of XXXX thick skin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['capillary basement']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: Fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC) has become widely used to investigate the impact of immunomodulators on T cell development. However, these studies have given variable results among different laboratories. In this study, we have found that fetal tissue age and @entity19 differences can affect the development of T cell phenotypes in this system. T cell development in FTOC occurred in two 'waves', defined as peaks of cell recovery. The first wave consisted initially of @entity1961 -CD8- @entity14485 ( @entity14485 ) cells and @entity1961 -CD8+ single positive (SP) T cells expressing gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR). @entity1961 +CD8+ double positive (DP) cells expressing low levels of alpha beta TCR were produced soon thereafter; and these cells dominated the cultures for the balance of the first wave. Prolonged FTOC resulted in the production of another wave of T cells which were relatively enriched for @entity1961 or CD8 SP cells expressing high levels of alpha beta TCR, as well as @entity14485 cells and @entity1961 -CD8+ SP T cells expressing high levels of gamma delta TCR. As defined by cell number and differentiation of alpha beta TCR SP cells, development was delayed in FTOC using fetal thymus tissue from younger fetuses relative to that observed when older fetal thymus tissue was used. The degree of development of T cells in FTOC was also strain dependent. Organ cultures derived from 14 gestation days (gd) C.B-17 scid/scid fetal thymus did not generate TCR-bearing mature SP cells, but they did produce TCR-negative @entity1961 and CD8 SP cells likely to be precursors of DP thymocytes. Such cultures made from 18 gd tissue did not produce SP cells. Negative selection in FTOC was also evaluated. Mtv-specific V beta 3 cells were deleted in FTOC of C3H/HeN tissue. Deletion occurred only in late FTOC, suggesting a late encounter between the Mtv deleting elements and susceptible T cells during ontogeny. These results show that while FTOC recapitulates normal thymic development by a variety of criteria, results can be influenced by the length of culture, as well as by the age and strain of fetal thymus tissue utilized.

title: Programmed differentiation of XXXX thymocytes during fetal thymus organ culture.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse strain']

entities_list: @entity14485 :: ('MESH:D005671', 'Disease') :: ['DN', 'double negative']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Developmental changes in the levels of @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor subunit mRNAs were identified in @entity35 brain using solution hybridization/RNase protection assays. Pronounced increases in the levels of mRNAs encoding @entity4474 and @entity4476 were seen in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum between postnatal days 7 and 20. In cortex and hippocampus, the expression of @entity4319 mRNA was high in neonatal @entity35 and remained relatively constant over time. In contrast, in cerebellum, the level of @entity4319 mRNA was highest at postnatal day 1 and declined to undetectable levels by postnatal day 28. @entity4477 mRNA was not detectable in cerebellum before postnatal day 11, after which it increased to reach adult levels by postnatal day 28. In cortex, the expression of @entity4476 and @entity4319 mRNAs corresponds to the previously described developmental profile of @entity143 receptor subtypes having low and high affinities for @entity4320 , i.e., a delayed expression of @entity4476 correlating with the late expression of low-affinity @entity4320 sites. In cortex and hippocampus, the predominant splice variants of @entity4474 were those without the 5' insert and with or without both 3' inserts. In cerebellum, however, the major @entity4474 variants were those containing the 5' insert and lacking both 3' inserts. The results show that the expression of @entity4474 splice variants and NR2 subunits is differentially regulated in various brain regions during development. Changes in subunit expression are likely to underlie some of the changes in the functional and pharmacological properties of @entity143 receptors that occur during development.

title: Expression of mRNAs encoding subunits of the XXXX receptor in developing @entity35 brain.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity4320 :: ('MESH:C010739', 'Chemical') :: ['ifenprodil']

answer: @entity143 :: (CHEBI:6121,Chemical) :: ['NMDA']


abstract: Developmental changes in the levels of @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor subunit mRNAs were identified in @entity35 brain using solution hybridization/RNase protection assays. Pronounced increases in the levels of mRNAs encoding @entity4474 and @entity4476 were seen in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum between postnatal days 7 and 20. In cortex and hippocampus, the expression of @entity4319 mRNA was high in neonatal @entity35 and remained relatively constant over time. In contrast, in cerebellum, the level of @entity4319 mRNA was highest at postnatal day 1 and declined to undetectable levels by postnatal day 28. @entity4477 mRNA was not detectable in cerebellum before postnatal day 11, after which it increased to reach adult levels by postnatal day 28. In cortex, the expression of @entity4476 and @entity4319 mRNAs corresponds to the previously described developmental profile of @entity143 receptor subtypes having low and high affinities for @entity4320 , i.e., a delayed expression of @entity4476 correlating with the late expression of low-affinity @entity4320 sites. In cortex and hippocampus, the predominant splice variants of @entity4474 were those without the 5' insert and with or without both 3' inserts. In cerebellum, however, the major @entity4474 variants were those containing the 5' insert and lacking both 3' inserts. The results show that the expression of @entity4474 splice variants and NR2 subunits is differentially regulated in various brain regions during development. Changes in subunit expression are likely to underlie some of the changes in the functional and pharmacological properties of @entity143 receptors that occur during development.

title: Expression of mRNAs encoding subunits of the @entity143 receptor in developing XXXX brain.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In order to use @entity4783 as an analgesic in immunological experiments, we have studied the potential immunotoxicity of @entity4783 . Three-week-old male @entity35 Riv:TOX @entity35 were subcutaneously treated with @entity4783 by injection of 0.1, 0.4, or 1.6 mg/kg body weight per day over a period of 4 weeks. Concentrations used were within the range for @entity1337 in @entity35 . A slight @entity1017 was observed at the highest dose in one but not in a duplicate study. @entity1578 were observed in all dose groups. Histopathologically glycogen storage was decreased and fatty vacuolation was found to be increased starting from the lowest dose group. The relative but not absolute weight of the lungs was slightly increased at the lowest dose, this phenomenon was therefore not dose-dependent. Histopathologically, a dose-dependent increase in @entity401 in the lung was found. At the 2 higher dose levels the weight of the adrenal glands was increased. No haematological changes were found, nor were there effects on bone marrow. In one of 2 studies indications of potential immunotoxicity noted were: an increased weight of the thymus, as well as an increased weight of popliteal and mesenteric lymph nodes. No effects on the weight of the spleen were found. Histologically, there were no changes in the lymphoid organs tested. Total immunoglobulin A concentrations in serum were significantly decreased in the highest dose group, whereas IgG concentrations were increased, albeit not statistically significantly. IgM and IgE concentrations showed no alterations. Two types of immune function assays were carried out: determination of natural killer cell activity and of mitogen responsiveness of spleen cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Assessment of immunotoxicity of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity4783 :: ('MESH:D002047', 'Chemical') :: ['buprenorphine']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['Decreased liver weights']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['decrease of body weight gain']

answer: @entity4783 :: (MESH:D002047,Chemical) :: ['buprenorphine']


abstract: The frequency of @entity86 after cesarean section was studied during two periods. In the first period no strict preoperative hygienic routines were applied; 321 @entity1 were delivered by cesarean section during this period. In the next period strict hygienic routines were introduced; this period included 337 @entity1 . The @entity281 rate was significantly reduced during the second period from 20% to 16%. This reduction was found among the elective operations, and among parturients who had been treated in the hospital for more than 24 h prior to delivery. The frequency of @entity7288 decreased significantly from the first to the second period, whereas no difference was found concerning wound @entity281 . Significantly fewer @entity1 contracted @entity295 during the second period. Since all @entity295 cases occurred in @entity7288 @entity1 the results might indicate that not only the number of @entity1 contracting @entity281 but also the severity of the @entity281 was reduced. No @entity281 was found after emergency operations. Antibiotic prophylaxis might therefore be of value in this group of @entity1 .

title: Effect of a strict preoperative hygienic routine on the rate of XXXX following cesarean section.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity7288 :: ('MESH:D004716', 'Disease') :: ['endometritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'reduction of infections', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative infections']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: This paper reports on an autopsied case manifesting an @entity418 that had developed 13 years after radiotherapy for @entity2 . The @entity1 was a 61-year-old @entity1 . He was found to have a @entity957 of the right lower bronchus with a swelling of the mediastinal and left supraclavicular lymph nodes in July of 1973. He received 60 Gy of irradiation in the right lung, the mediastinum, and the left supraclavicular region. Later, after doing well until August of 1986, a @entity957 of the esophagus was found at the upper intrathoracic site. Thus, he also received additional radiotherapy but died of @entity55 after this local recurrence 7 months later. At autopsy, no local recurrence of the primary @entity2 was found. The site of @entity418 was far from that of the primary @entity2 though it was included in the previous treatment ports. This suggests the possibility that the primary @entity418 had been induced by therapeutic irradiation. So far as we know, this is the first report of @entity418 that may have developed after irradiation for @entity2 .

title: [Esophageal cancer developing 13 years after radiotherapy of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: This investigation was made on sequential changes in the tongue caused by unilateral transection of the hypoglossal nerve in the @entity35 . These changes were examined on the basis of gross inspection of the lingual dorsal surface, histological aspects of the intrinsic muscle and interstitial tissues, morphological changes in the capillary loops of the filiform papillae utilizing plastic microcorrosion casts, and blood flux and number of erythrocytes in the lingual dorsum as determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. The period of examination following denervation of the hypoglossal nerve was divided into 3-5 days, 1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7 and 66 weeks. The initial sign of histological change was an @entity4 change that later developed to @entity2537 . This pathological change caused a change in volume on the lesion side of the tongue and finally formed a @entity308 on the dorsal surface and a scallop-like lateral margin. Four to five weeks after denervation, the lesion half swelled, and its lingual apex elongated forward with a coving of the lingual median groove. The filiform papillae showed decreased keratinization, and interpapillary intervals were somewhat widened. Capillary loops in the papillae began to change, showing slight twistings at the tips of loops. Additionally, bulging, coiling and tortuosity were observed on both crura. The loops showed more complicated transformation, and little recovery was observed even 66 weeks after denervation. Blood flux in the dorsal mucosa decreased very slowly after a slight increase. This process seemed to be in proportion to the transformational complexity of the capillary loops in the filiform papillae. In conclusion, unilateral transection of the hypoglossal nerve, which is composed almost entirely of efferent neurons, caused @entity4 and @entity121 with @entity82 in the lesion half of the tongue. Capillary loops in the filiform papillae were transformed markedly and successively by transection of the hypoglossal vasomotor neuron together with a slight decrease in blood flow in the dorsal mucosa. None of these changes recovered even at 66 weeks after transection.

title: Changes in histological structure and microvasculature of the XXXX tongue after transection of the hypoglossal nerve.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous', 'edema']

entities_list: @entity2537 :: ('MESH:D020966', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic change of the muscular element']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic change in the intrinsic lingual muscle fibers']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: This study is an attempt to interpret productive @entity716 within the framework of attribution psychology. The fundamental principles of this approach were supplied by Schachter in his publications on attribution research (basing on his theory of emotionality). First of all, an outline of Schachter's somatocognitive theory of emotion is given where emotions are interpreted as a result of (unspecific) neurovegetative excitation and certain characteristics of the external situation (the so-called cognitions). Experimental findings in connection with this approach are described. The concept of " @entity1833 attribution" was developed by us using a central element of Schachter's concept as well as currently accepted principles of attribution psychology. " @entity1833 attribution" points to situations in which an individual is confronted by somatic alterations without the presence of attributable external cognitions. The present article refers to two @entity146 cases where a somatocognitive @entity1833 existed in the form of excessive physical changes. The @entity716 pattern of symptoms occurring in both @entity1 is interpreted by us as a result of @entity1833 attribution. Finally, the article deals with an extension of these deliberations in the sense of a large-scale application of concepts of attribution psychology to the range of @entity914 . Productive symptoms as seen in endogenous and exogenous @entity914 should generally be interpreted as examples of @entity1833 attribution.

title: [An attribution psychological approach for explaining productive XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['psychoses']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['Incongruence', 'incongruence']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'psychotic symptoms']

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychotic symptoms']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity385 is the most frequent and severe manifestation of @entity18208 . However, few data exist on the precise time course of symptoms preceding the onset of @entity64 . METHODS: We studied 80 consecutive @entity1 (29 retrospectively, 51 prospectively) with angiographically diagnosed @entity18208 and, during a 6-month follow-up, recorded the time elapsed between the onset of the first symptoms and the onset of any @entity63 event (transient @entity63 attack or @entity64 ). We compared @entity1 with and without @entity63 events, with and without @entity64 , and, among @entity1 who had local signs at onset, those with and without subsequent @entity63 events. RESULTS: Cerebral or retinal @entity1188 occurred in 42 @entity1 . It was inaugural in 9 @entity1 . In the 33 others, the time interval between the first symptoms (local signs and/or transient @entity63 attacks) and the onset of @entity64 ranged from a few minutes to 31 days; it was < or = 7 days in 82% of the @entity1 . No significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the @entity1 or in the angiographic pattern of dissection was found based on the presence or absence of @entity63 signs or of @entity64 . CONCLUSIONS: In carotid artery dissections, @entity64 usually occurs in the first few days after the onset of the first symptoms, whether local or @entity63 , but it can occur as much as 1 month later. This suggests that any potential preventive treatment should be initiated as early as possible after the onset of the first symptoms but might also be worth initiating even 1 month later.

title: Time course of symptoms in extracranial carotid artery dissections. A series of 80 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['completed stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity18208 :: ('MESH:D020215', 'Disease') :: ['extracranial internal carotid artery dissection']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative radiotherapy with @entity416 and @entity1138 in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 . METHODS: A prospective, open-label, non-randomized, phase II study was performed on 49 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 . Preoperative radiotherapy was conducted on linear accelerators (15 or 18  MV) with a @entity5 dose of 45  Gy in 25 fractions over 5  weeks, combined with @entity1138 7  mg/m(2) on days 1 and 29 and oral @entity416 825  mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1-35. Surgery was performed 5-6  weeks after the end of chemoradiation. The primary study endpoint was histopathological complete regression rate (pCR; Dworak grade 4). RESULTS: Disease stage at diagnosis was T3 in 34 @entity1 (69%) and T4 in 15 @entity1 (31%). Positive lymph nodes were diagnosed in 28 @entity1 (57%). @entity137 (all grades) was documented in 35 @entity1 (71%). Grade 3 @entity137 were @entity20787 (25%), @entity294 (2%), @entity1398 (2%), and @entity3028 (2%). No @entity1 experienced grade 4 @entity137 . A pCR was seen in 8 (16%, 95% CI 9-29%) @entity1 , a major response was noted in 24 (49%) @entity1 and a minor response in 14 (29%) @entity1 . R0 resection was performed in 46 @entity1 (93.9%) and R1 in 3 @entity1 (6.1%). @entity5 downstaging was documented in 26 @entity1 (53%). One-year disease-free survival was 93.3% and 1-year survival was 97.7%. CONCLUSION: Preoperative chemoradiation with @entity416 and @entity1138 appeared to be effective with low @entity137 in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 .

title: Preoperative radiotherapy with @entity416 and XXXX in locally advanced rectal carcinoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Histopathological tumor', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity20787 :: ('MESH:D011855', 'Disease') :: ['radiation dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['granulocytopenia']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin C']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative radiotherapy with @entity416 and @entity1138 in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 . METHODS: A prospective, open-label, non-randomized, phase II study was performed on 49 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 . Preoperative radiotherapy was conducted on linear accelerators (15 or 18  MV) with a @entity5 dose of 45  Gy in 25 fractions over 5  weeks, combined with @entity1138 7  mg/m(2) on days 1 and 29 and oral @entity416 825  mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1-35. Surgery was performed 5-6  weeks after the end of chemoradiation. The primary study endpoint was histopathological complete regression rate (pCR; Dworak grade 4). RESULTS: Disease stage at diagnosis was T3 in 34 @entity1 (69%) and T4 in 15 @entity1 (31%). Positive lymph nodes were diagnosed in 28 @entity1 (57%). @entity137 (all grades) was documented in 35 @entity1 (71%). Grade 3 @entity137 were @entity20787 (25%), @entity294 (2%), @entity1398 (2%), and @entity3028 (2%). No @entity1 experienced grade 4 @entity137 . A pCR was seen in 8 (16%, 95% CI 9-29%) @entity1 , a major response was noted in 24 (49%) @entity1 and a minor response in 14 (29%) @entity1 . R0 resection was performed in 46 @entity1 (93.9%) and R1 in 3 @entity1 (6.1%). @entity5 downstaging was documented in 26 @entity1 (53%). One-year disease-free survival was 93.3% and 1-year survival was 97.7%. CONCLUSION: Preoperative chemoradiation with @entity416 and @entity1138 appeared to be effective with low @entity137 in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 .

title: Preoperative radiotherapy with XXXX and @entity1138 in locally advanced rectal carcinoma.

answer: @entity416 :: (MESH:C110904,Chemical) :: ['capecitabine']


abstract: 1. The hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of orally administered @entity51139 were studied in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 . 2. Single oral 50 mg doses (approximately 7.5 mg kg-1) of @entity51139 produced statistically significant reductions of plasma @entity413 (32 +/- 6% maximum reduction from baseline) and @entity16623 (74 +/- 12% maximum reduction from baseline), with the peak effect on plasma @entity16623 (3.5 h) preceding that for plasma @entity413 (6.0 h). 3. Lower doses (0.7-2.0 mg kg-1 daily) of @entity51139 given repeatedly for seven days produced reductions of blood @entity413 and @entity16623 equivalent to those produced with the higher single dose. Maximal reductions of plasma @entity16623 were generally observed following the first dose of drug, whereas significant lowering of plasma @entity413 required several days of continuous dosing. 4. Repeated daily doses of @entity51139 markedly reduced the overnight fasting @entity6178 levels but not @entity413 levels of @entity6 @entity235 . 5. In conclusion, administration of the @entity844 oxidation inhibitor @entity51139 , in the absence of concomitant insulin therapy, was able to lower the plasma @entity413 and @entity6178 levels of insulin-deficient @entity3839 / @entity10835 @entity6 @entity235 . Only the plasma @entity16623 were decreased to normal by this treatment.

title: Hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of single and repeated oral doses of XXXX ( @entity51139 ) in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity51139 :: ('MESH:C017522', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl palmoxirate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity51139 :: (MESH:C017522,Chemical) :: ['methyl palmoxirate']


abstract: 1. The hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of orally administered @entity51139 were studied in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 . 2. Single oral 50 mg doses (approximately 7.5 mg kg-1) of @entity51139 produced statistically significant reductions of plasma @entity413 (32 +/- 6% maximum reduction from baseline) and @entity16623 (74 +/- 12% maximum reduction from baseline), with the peak effect on plasma @entity16623 (3.5 h) preceding that for plasma @entity413 (6.0 h). 3. Lower doses (0.7-2.0 mg kg-1 daily) of @entity51139 given repeatedly for seven days produced reductions of blood @entity413 and @entity16623 equivalent to those produced with the higher single dose. Maximal reductions of plasma @entity16623 were generally observed following the first dose of drug, whereas significant lowering of plasma @entity413 required several days of continuous dosing. 4. Repeated daily doses of @entity51139 markedly reduced the overnight fasting @entity6178 levels but not @entity413 levels of @entity6 @entity235 . 5. In conclusion, administration of the @entity844 oxidation inhibitor @entity51139 , in the absence of concomitant insulin therapy, was able to lower the plasma @entity413 and @entity6178 levels of insulin-deficient @entity3839 / @entity10835 @entity6 @entity235 . Only the plasma @entity16623 were decreased to normal by this treatment.

title: Hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of single and repeated oral doses of @entity51139 ( XXXX ) in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 .

answer: @entity51139 :: (MESH:C017522,Chemical) :: ['methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate']


abstract: 1. The hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of orally administered @entity51139 were studied in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 . 2. Single oral 50 mg doses (approximately 7.5 mg kg-1) of @entity51139 produced statistically significant reductions of plasma @entity413 (32 +/- 6% maximum reduction from baseline) and @entity16623 (74 +/- 12% maximum reduction from baseline), with the peak effect on plasma @entity16623 (3.5 h) preceding that for plasma @entity413 (6.0 h). 3. Lower doses (0.7-2.0 mg kg-1 daily) of @entity51139 given repeatedly for seven days produced reductions of blood @entity413 and @entity16623 equivalent to those produced with the higher single dose. Maximal reductions of plasma @entity16623 were generally observed following the first dose of drug, whereas significant lowering of plasma @entity413 required several days of continuous dosing. 4. Repeated daily doses of @entity51139 markedly reduced the overnight fasting @entity6178 levels but not @entity413 levels of @entity6 @entity235 . 5. In conclusion, administration of the @entity844 oxidation inhibitor @entity51139 , in the absence of concomitant insulin therapy, was able to lower the plasma @entity413 and @entity6178 levels of insulin-deficient @entity3839 / @entity10835 @entity6 @entity235 . Only the plasma @entity16623 were decreased to normal by this treatment.

title: Hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of single and repeated oral doses of @entity51139 ( @entity51139 ) in XXXX / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 .

answer: @entity3839 :: (MESH:D013311,Chemical) :: ['streptozotocin']


abstract: 1. The hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of orally administered @entity51139 were studied in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 . 2. Single oral 50 mg doses (approximately 7.5 mg kg-1) of @entity51139 produced statistically significant reductions of plasma @entity413 (32 +/- 6% maximum reduction from baseline) and @entity16623 (74 +/- 12% maximum reduction from baseline), with the peak effect on plasma @entity16623 (3.5 h) preceding that for plasma @entity413 (6.0 h). 3. Lower doses (0.7-2.0 mg kg-1 daily) of @entity51139 given repeatedly for seven days produced reductions of blood @entity413 and @entity16623 equivalent to those produced with the higher single dose. Maximal reductions of plasma @entity16623 were generally observed following the first dose of drug, whereas significant lowering of plasma @entity413 required several days of continuous dosing. 4. Repeated daily doses of @entity51139 markedly reduced the overnight fasting @entity6178 levels but not @entity413 levels of @entity6 @entity235 . 5. In conclusion, administration of the @entity844 oxidation inhibitor @entity51139 , in the absence of concomitant insulin therapy, was able to lower the plasma @entity413 and @entity6178 levels of insulin-deficient @entity3839 / @entity10835 @entity6 @entity235 . Only the plasma @entity16623 were decreased to normal by this treatment.

title: Hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of single and repeated oral doses of @entity51139 ( @entity51139 ) in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced XXXX @entity235 .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: 1. The hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of orally administered @entity51139 were studied in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 . 2. Single oral 50 mg doses (approximately 7.5 mg kg-1) of @entity51139 produced statistically significant reductions of plasma @entity413 (32 +/- 6% maximum reduction from baseline) and @entity16623 (74 +/- 12% maximum reduction from baseline), with the peak effect on plasma @entity16623 (3.5 h) preceding that for plasma @entity413 (6.0 h). 3. Lower doses (0.7-2.0 mg kg-1 daily) of @entity51139 given repeatedly for seven days produced reductions of blood @entity413 and @entity16623 equivalent to those produced with the higher single dose. Maximal reductions of plasma @entity16623 were generally observed following the first dose of drug, whereas significant lowering of plasma @entity413 required several days of continuous dosing. 4. Repeated daily doses of @entity51139 markedly reduced the overnight fasting @entity6178 levels but not @entity413 levels of @entity6 @entity235 . 5. In conclusion, administration of the @entity844 oxidation inhibitor @entity51139 , in the absence of concomitant insulin therapy, was able to lower the plasma @entity413 and @entity6178 levels of insulin-deficient @entity3839 / @entity10835 @entity6 @entity235 . Only the plasma @entity16623 were decreased to normal by this treatment.

title: Hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of single and repeated oral doses of @entity51139 ( @entity51139 ) in @entity3839 / XXXX -induced @entity6 @entity235 .

answer: @entity10835 :: (MESH:D000496,Chemical) :: ['alloxan']


abstract: 1. The hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of orally administered @entity51139 were studied in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity235 . 2. Single oral 50 mg doses (approximately 7.5 mg kg-1) of @entity51139 produced statistically significant reductions of plasma @entity413 (32 +/- 6% maximum reduction from baseline) and @entity16623 (74 +/- 12% maximum reduction from baseline), with the peak effect on plasma @entity16623 (3.5 h) preceding that for plasma @entity413 (6.0 h). 3. Lower doses (0.7-2.0 mg kg-1 daily) of @entity51139 given repeatedly for seven days produced reductions of blood @entity413 and @entity16623 equivalent to those produced with the higher single dose. Maximal reductions of plasma @entity16623 were generally observed following the first dose of drug, whereas significant lowering of plasma @entity413 required several days of continuous dosing. 4. Repeated daily doses of @entity51139 markedly reduced the overnight fasting @entity6178 levels but not @entity413 levels of @entity6 @entity235 . 5. In conclusion, administration of the @entity844 oxidation inhibitor @entity51139 , in the absence of concomitant insulin therapy, was able to lower the plasma @entity413 and @entity6178 levels of insulin-deficient @entity3839 / @entity10835 @entity6 @entity235 . Only the plasma @entity16623 were decreased to normal by this treatment.

title: Hypoglycaemic and hypoketonaemic effects of single and repeated oral doses of @entity51139 ( @entity51139 ) in @entity3839 / @entity10835 -induced @entity6 XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: 1. Young (4-month-old) and old (20-month-old) @entity35 , maintained under water restriction, were trained to discriminate to obtain a small amount of drinking water as a reward. Each animal had to learn to press a lever corresponding to a light that was randomly distributed on the left or right. 2. Introduction of an auditory perturbation ("stress") during the discriminative phase of learning modified the capacity and rate of acquisition in both young and old animals, changes that were correlated with increases in plasma concentrations of @entity1425 , @entity1063 and @entity2819 . 3. Stress-induced detrimental changes in both discrimination learning and plasma hormones were suppressed by 20 days of oral treatment with an extract of @entity4044 leaves ( @entity12689 ; 50 or 100 mg/kg/day) in both young and old @entity35 , effects that became statistically significant by the third day of learning (time of maximal acquisition rate). 4. @entity12689 treatment was less effective in increasing the percentage of efficient lever presses in old than in young @entity35 , but more effective in decreasing the number of inefficient lever presses and reaction time in the older animals. 5. These results indicate that @entity12689 can facilitate behavioral adaptation despite adverse environmental influences, a property that supports its clinical use in treating @entity73 , especially in elderly @entity1 .

title: Demonstration of the "anti-stress" activity of an extract of XXXX ( @entity12689 ) using a discrimination learning task.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity4044 :: ('3311', 'Species') :: ['Ginkgo biloba']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity4044 :: (3311,Species) :: ['Ginkgo biloba']


abstract: 1. Young (4-month-old) and old (20-month-old) @entity35 , maintained under water restriction, were trained to discriminate to obtain a small amount of drinking water as a reward. Each animal had to learn to press a lever corresponding to a light that was randomly distributed on the left or right. 2. Introduction of an auditory perturbation ("stress") during the discriminative phase of learning modified the capacity and rate of acquisition in both young and old animals, changes that were correlated with increases in plasma concentrations of @entity1425 , @entity1063 and @entity2819 . 3. Stress-induced detrimental changes in both discrimination learning and plasma hormones were suppressed by 20 days of oral treatment with an extract of @entity4044 leaves ( @entity12689 ; 50 or 100 mg/kg/day) in both young and old @entity35 , effects that became statistically significant by the third day of learning (time of maximal acquisition rate). 4. @entity12689 treatment was less effective in increasing the percentage of efficient lever presses in old than in young @entity35 , but more effective in decreasing the number of inefficient lever presses and reaction time in the older animals. 5. These results indicate that @entity12689 can facilitate behavioral adaptation despite adverse environmental influences, a property that supports its clinical use in treating @entity73 , especially in elderly @entity1 .

title: Demonstration of the "anti-stress" activity of an extract of @entity4044 ( XXXX ) using a discrimination learning task.

answer: @entity12689 :: (MESH:C063170,Chemical) :: ['EGb 761']


abstract: Photodynamic diagnosis is used during @entity11 surgery. Although some studies have shown that the spectrum of fluorescence was efficient for precise @entity5 diagnosis, previous methods to characterize the spectrum have been problematic, which can lead to misdiagnosis. In this paper, we introduce a comparison technique to characterize spectrum from pathology and results of preliminary measurement using @entity1 brain tissues. We developed a spectrum scanning system that enables spectra measurement of raw tissues. Because tissue preparations retain the shape of the device holder, spectra can be compared precisely with pathological examination. As a preliminary analysis, we measured 13 sample tissues from five @entity1 with @entity1313 . The technique enabled us to measure spectra and compare them with pathological results. Some tissues exhibited a good relationship between spectra and pathological results. Although there were some false positive and false negative cases, false positive tissue had different spectra in which intensity of short-wavelength side was also high. The proposed technique provides an accurate comparison of quantitative fluorescence spectra with pathological results. We found that spectrum analysis may reduce false positive errors. These results will increase the accuracy of @entity5 tissue identification.

title: Precise comparison of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence spectra with pathological results for XXXX tissue identification.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumor']


abstract: The pharmacokinetics of @entity1232 ( @entity8576 ) have been studied in @entity1707 . They were studied following i.v. administration of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, and following oral doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg of @entity8576 . Following a bolus i.v. dose, the concentration of @entity8576 in blood declined biphasically with a mean distribution half-life of 7 min and a mean elimination half-life of 28 min. The areas under the blood concentration versus time curves (AUC) were roughly proportional to dose indicating that the pharmacokinetics in this dose range were first order. The mean systemic clearance from blood was 65.8 ml/min/kg, the steady-state volume of distribution was 1.4 l/kg, and the mean residence time was 20 min. Following the oral doses, the AUC and peak concentration in blood were not proportional to the dose. It is likely that the pharmacokinetics at the lower dose were first order, but at the higher dose the pharmacokinetics were no longer first order because metabolism was saturated. The bioavailability of the 1.0 mg/kg dose was 67%. Since the clearance was probably due to metabolism and the clearance from blood exceeded hepatic blood flow, the high bioavailability suggests that extrahepatic metabolism plays an important role in the systemic clearance of @entity8576 in @entity1707 .

title: Pharmacokinetics of XXXX in @entity1707 .

entities_list: @entity1232 :: ('MESH:D004128', 'Chemical') :: ['N-nitrosodimethylamine']

answer: @entity1232 :: (MESH:D004128,Chemical) :: ['N-nitrosodimethylamine']


abstract: The pharmacokinetics of @entity1232 ( @entity8576 ) have been studied in @entity1707 . They were studied following i.v. administration of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, and following oral doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg of @entity8576 . Following a bolus i.v. dose, the concentration of @entity8576 in blood declined biphasically with a mean distribution half-life of 7 min and a mean elimination half-life of 28 min. The areas under the blood concentration versus time curves (AUC) were roughly proportional to dose indicating that the pharmacokinetics in this dose range were first order. The mean systemic clearance from blood was 65.8 ml/min/kg, the steady-state volume of distribution was 1.4 l/kg, and the mean residence time was 20 min. Following the oral doses, the AUC and peak concentration in blood were not proportional to the dose. It is likely that the pharmacokinetics at the lower dose were first order, but at the higher dose the pharmacokinetics were no longer first order because metabolism was saturated. The bioavailability of the 1.0 mg/kg dose was 67%. Since the clearance was probably due to metabolism and the clearance from blood exceeded hepatic blood flow, the high bioavailability suggests that extrahepatic metabolism plays an important role in the systemic clearance of @entity8576 in @entity1707 .

title: Pharmacokinetics of @entity1232 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: From January 1988 to December 1992, 106 @entity1 with advanced @entity5 were preoperatively explored by clinical examination (CE) and endosonography (ESG) under anesthesia and by computed tomography (CT). Sixty-one @entity5 were primary and 45 recurrent; the main locations were cervical (73 cases), ovarian (10 cases), and endometrial (8 cases). All the @entity1 were operated. This prospective study compares the data from clinical and imaging examinations with the histologic findings and the surgical reports. Accuracy of the CE, ESG, cytoscopy, and CT was respectively 79, 90, 82, and 80% for vesical involvement (ESG versus CT: P < 0.05). For vesicovaginal septum extension, accuracy of ESG (92%) was statistically better than that of CE (80%) and CT (77%). Accuracy of the CE, ESG, and CT was respectively 93, 97, and 89% for rectal involvement (ESG versus CT: P < 0.02). For rectovaginal septum extension, accuracy of ESG (96%) was statistically better than that of CE (85%) and CT (85%). Endosonography is valuable in the assessment of regional staging of advanced gynecologic @entity5 . Since it is realized during the clinical examination under anesthesia, this low-cost procedure is easily performed and provided no discomfort to the @entity1 .

title: Pelvic staging of advanced and recurrent gynecologic XXXX : contribution of endosonography.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['gynecologic cancer', 'tumors', 'cancers']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancers']


abstract: Currently, pharmacogenetic studies are at an impasse as the low prevalence (<2%) of most variants hinder their pharmacogenetic analysis with population sizes often inadequate for sufficiently powered studies. Grouping rare mutations by functional phenotype rather than mutation site can potentially increase sample size. Using @entity1 population-based studies (n = 1,761) to search for dysfunctional @entity1 prostacyclin receptor (hIP) variants, we recently discovered 18 non-synonymous mutations, all with frequencies less than 2% in our study cohort. Eight of the 18 had defects in binding, activation, and/or protein stability/folding. Mutations ( @entity73317 , @entity73318 , and @entity73319 ) in three highly conserved positions demonstrated severe misfolding manifested by impaired binding and activation of cell surface receptors. To assess for association with @entity453 , we performed a case-control study comparing coronary angiographic results from @entity1 with reduced @entity268 production arising from the non-synonymous mutations (n = 23) with @entity1 with non-synonymous mutations that had no reduction in @entity268 (n = 17). Major @entity453 was significantly increased in the dysfunctional mutation group in comparison with the silent mutations. We then compared the 23 dysfunctional receptor @entity1 with 69 age- and risk factor-matched controls (1:3). This verified the significantly increased @entity301 . This study demonstrates the potential utility of in vitro functional characterization in predicting clinical phenotypes and represents the most comprehensive characterization of @entity1 prostacyclin receptor genetic variants to date.

title: Comprehensive biochemical analysis of rare prostacyclin receptor variants: study of association of signaling with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease in the non-synonymous dysfunctional variant cohort']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery obstruction', 'coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Osteochondral autograft transplantation has been advocated to treat severe @entity4713 dissecans of the humeral capitellum in throwing athletes to reproduce the normal hyaline cartilage and achieve long-term elbow function. Although some authors have reported good outcomes, the current authors are concerned about functional recovery of the donor knee after osteochondral grafts have been harvested. PURPOSE: The present prospective study analyzed functional recovery of the donor knee after osteochondral graft harvest. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Twelve male @entity1 (average age at surgery, 14.4 years) had severe @entity4713 dissecans of the humeral capitellum treated with osteochondral autograft transplantation from the contralateral knee joint. The donor knee of each @entity1 was assessed for @entity158 (visual analog scale), joint effusion, Lysholm score, radiographic findings, and muscle strength (60 and 180 deg/sec). RESULTS: At 3 months after surgery, 10 @entity1 were @entity158 -free (visual analog scale score, 0); none had @entity1143 ; and 10 gained 100 points in the Lysholm score. However, muscle power (60 deg/sec) of the knee extensor revealed 8 @entity1 with reduced muscle strength at 3 months compared with the preoperative level, although 11 @entity1 reached preoperative knee extensor muscle strength at 12 months. Radiographic findings at 24 months showed that none of the @entity1 had @entity626 . CONCLUSION: A time lag was evident in recovery between postoperative symptoms and muscle power at 3 months. However, harvesting osteochondral grafts did not exert adverse effects on donor knee function in young athletes at 2 years after undergoing osteochondral autograft transplantation for @entity1843 .

title: Functional recovery of the donor knee after autologous osteochondral transplantation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['knee joint effusion']

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity4713 :: ('MESH:D010007', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondritis']

entities_list: @entity1843 :: ('MESH:D010008', 'Disease') :: ['capitellar osteochondritis dissecans']

answer: @entity1843 :: (MESH:D010008,Disease) :: ['capitellar osteochondritis dissecans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To introduce a simple, well-standardised vaginal ultrasound technique and to compare the position and mobility of the @entity1494 in continent and stress incontinent @entity1 using this technique. DESIGN: A single-centre prospective case-control study. SETTING: Ikazia Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: One hundred and sixty @entity1 ; sixty randomly chosen @entity1 referred to our outpatient department who volunteered for the study to develop a standardised technique, fifty stress-incontinent @entity1 and fifty controls who volunteered for the study for comparison using the standardised technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Standardisation with regard to bladder volume, horizontal axis and Valsalva force. The position of the @entity1494 at rest, during straining and during squeezing. RESULTS: The probe we use does not alter @entity1494 mobility. A standardised bladder volume of 250 ml was used rather than maximum bladder capacity. A Foley catheter introduced into the bladder, with the balloon half-filled with soapy water and half with air gives an easily recognisable fluid level, which is parallel to the horizontal axis of the @entity1 . A standardised Valsalva force of 30 cm @entity2507 can exclude differences in @entity1494 mobility due to spontaneous and uncontrolled abdominal force. Measurements by two independently working investigators showed good conformity. The position of the @entity1494 in the stress incontinent @entity1 was significantly lower and significantly more posterior at rest, during straining and during squeezing. At the same time in stress incontinent @entity1 there was significantly more descent during straining and less elevation during squeezing. However, there was a considerable overlap between the two groups for all parameters. CONCLUSIONS: This standardised vaginal ultrasound technique is a feasible, acceptable and reproducible technique for the study of female @entity1494 mobility. The position and mobility of the @entity1494 is significantly different in stress incontinent @entity1 as compared to continent controls. The great overlap between the two groups still limits the clinical relevance.

title: Vaginal ultrasound studies of XXXX mobility.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder neck']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder neck']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: @entity1118 @entity1 (CPP) are generally thought to present with reduced @entity410 in relation with @entity158 enhancement during exercise. A distortion of exertion perception may coexist, which could lead CPP to reduce physical activities. DESIGN: Case-control study, with a nonrandomized consecutive sample that was age matched. SETTING: A @entity1118 Unit in a Multidisciplinary Pain Center of a university hospital in a city of > 1,000,000 inhabitants. SUBJECTS: 42 CPP referred for evaluation and 34 controls (staff members and relatives). OUTCOME MEASURES: Fitness index and exertion perception index was obtained by a cycle ergometer test. Trend analysis was performed on @entity158 scores reported on a visual analogue scale during exertion. RESULTS: Male CPP mean @entity410 index was found to be significantly reduced. No difference in exertion perception was found between groups. Trend analysis of reported @entity158 revealed that 49% of CPP showed a positive trend, 5% a negative trend, and 46% showed no significant trend as exercise intensity increased. There was no significant relation between type of trend and @entity410 nor exertion perception index. CONCLUSIONS: Only male CPP have a reduced work capacity. Exertion perception seems normal among CPP. The possible distortion of exertion perception as a causal factor in the reduced @entity410 of CPP has to be rejected. Lack of significant correlation between type of trend of @entity158 while exercising on a cycle ergometer and @entity410 index shows that one should be careful in proposing that reduced @entity410 is only related to @entity158 enhancement during exercise in CPP.

title: Perception of XXXX and exertion during exercise on a cycle ergometer in chronic @entity158 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic pain', 'Chronic Pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: @entity1118 @entity1 (CPP) are generally thought to present with reduced @entity410 in relation with @entity158 enhancement during exercise. A distortion of exertion perception may coexist, which could lead CPP to reduce physical activities. DESIGN: Case-control study, with a nonrandomized consecutive sample that was age matched. SETTING: A @entity1118 Unit in a Multidisciplinary Pain Center of a university hospital in a city of > 1,000,000 inhabitants. SUBJECTS: 42 CPP referred for evaluation and 34 controls (staff members and relatives). OUTCOME MEASURES: Fitness index and exertion perception index was obtained by a cycle ergometer test. Trend analysis was performed on @entity158 scores reported on a visual analogue scale during exertion. RESULTS: Male CPP mean @entity410 index was found to be significantly reduced. No difference in exertion perception was found between groups. Trend analysis of reported @entity158 revealed that 49% of CPP showed a positive trend, 5% a negative trend, and 46% showed no significant trend as exercise intensity increased. There was no significant relation between type of trend and @entity410 nor exertion perception index. CONCLUSIONS: Only male CPP have a reduced work capacity. Exertion perception seems normal among CPP. The possible distortion of exertion perception as a causal factor in the reduced @entity410 of CPP has to be rejected. Lack of significant correlation between type of trend of @entity158 while exercising on a cycle ergometer and @entity410 index shows that one should be careful in proposing that reduced @entity410 is only related to @entity158 enhancement during exercise in CPP.

title: Perception of @entity158 and exertion during exercise on a cycle ergometer in chronic XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: @entity1118 @entity1 (CPP) are generally thought to present with reduced @entity410 in relation with @entity158 enhancement during exercise. A distortion of exertion perception may coexist, which could lead CPP to reduce physical activities. DESIGN: Case-control study, with a nonrandomized consecutive sample that was age matched. SETTING: A @entity1118 Unit in a Multidisciplinary Pain Center of a university hospital in a city of > 1,000,000 inhabitants. SUBJECTS: 42 CPP referred for evaluation and 34 controls (staff members and relatives). OUTCOME MEASURES: Fitness index and exertion perception index was obtained by a cycle ergometer test. Trend analysis was performed on @entity158 scores reported on a visual analogue scale during exertion. RESULTS: Male CPP mean @entity410 index was found to be significantly reduced. No difference in exertion perception was found between groups. Trend analysis of reported @entity158 revealed that 49% of CPP showed a positive trend, 5% a negative trend, and 46% showed no significant trend as exercise intensity increased. There was no significant relation between type of trend and @entity410 nor exertion perception index. CONCLUSIONS: Only male CPP have a reduced work capacity. Exertion perception seems normal among CPP. The possible distortion of exertion perception as a causal factor in the reduced @entity410 of CPP has to be rejected. Lack of significant correlation between type of trend of @entity158 while exercising on a cycle ergometer and @entity410 index shows that one should be careful in proposing that reduced @entity410 is only related to @entity158 enhancement during exercise in CPP.

title: Perception of @entity158 and exertion during exercise on a cycle ergometer in chronic @entity158 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A 72-year-old @entity1 with severe @entity309 developed @entity9807 requiring surgery. Tracheal intubation was performed during the procedure. Gradually worsening @entity7364 and @entity1353 developed postoperatively. Laryngoscopy showed @entity3746 and coalescence of the arytenoid cartilages. Despite surgical treatment, permanent tracheostomy was required. There is evidence that laryngeal involvement is common but usually subclinical or mild in @entity309 @entity1 . Tracheal intubation can cause the laryngeal lesions to flare. Clinical manifestations are nonspecific and sometimes misleading (e.g., cough or pharyngeal and @entity158 ). Direct laryngoscopy and computed tomography of the larynx allow evaluation of the lesions of the different components of the larynx. The case reported herein demonstrates that @entity309 @entity1 should be screened for laryngeal involvement by history and ENT examination and that any @entity9257 should be reported to the anesthesiologist if tracheal intubation is planned.

title: [Severe laryngeal involvement in XXXX requiring permanent tracheostomy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity9257 :: ('MESH:D007818', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity7364 :: ('MESH:D055154', 'Disease') :: ['dysphonia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal pain']

entities_list: @entity3746 :: ('MESH:D014826', 'Disease') :: ['palsy of both vocal cords']

entities_list: @entity9807 :: ('MESH:C538196', 'Disease') :: ['atlantoaxial subluxation']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: In order to quantify the effect of specific drugs on the cerebral cortex an "in vivo" model has been developed for the induction and the observation of anoxic @entity519 . @entity95 are used as test animals. Sensors for the assessment of local parameters are chronically implanted: ECoG electrodes are applied; @entity4095 electrodes are inserted into the cortical tissue. The derived somatosensory evoked potentials are used for evaluating the cerebral cortical function. Animals are cannulated with a tracheal tube, curarized and artificially ventilated. Anoxic @entity519 , controlled by a special purpose microprocessor system, may then be induced and repeated in a reproducible way. During the experiments local ( @entity4095 , ECoG, SEP) as well as general parameters (ECG, heart rate, systemic blood pressure, rectal temperature) are recorded and stored on analog magnetic tape as well as digitized with the microprocessor system. The cortical @entity4095 is measured with a polarographic method, the SEP's are obtained on-line by time coherent averaging and the ECoG states (e.g. @entity302 during @entity519 ) are derived by using band-pass filters and rms detectors. Off-line the signals ( @entity4095 , heart rate, mean systemic blood pressure, temperature) are standardized and represented together with parameters derived from ECoG and SEP. SEP-waveform parameters indicating intensity (norm) and similarity with a reference SEP signal (correlation value) are used. The measuring and processing method is still being optimized; special attention is being paid towards the quality of the calculated SEP's which are to be used for the quantification of the cortical function during reference, @entity519 and recovery period. As such, in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the SEP's and, consequently, of the derived parameters, ECoG signals are digitized off-line and subjected to a preprocessing, implying filtering and spectral analysis procedures.

title: Discriminant parameters representing cerebral cortical function during anoxic XXXX investigations.

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['anoxia']


abstract: One of the primary characteristics of partial outlet obstruction secondary to BPH is an increase in bladder mass commonly referred to as @entity1494 . This condition has been simulated in @entity95 by the partial ligation of the catheterized urethra. Ultrasonography has been utilized in both adult and pediatric urology to visualize the bladder and diagnose specific @entity1494 . The aim of the present study is to determine if ultrasonography can visualize bladder wall @entity1184 induced by obstruction. Partial outlet obstructions were created in NZW @entity95 using standard methodologies, and then 5 to 7 days later, sonography was performed. The films were read by both the principal investigator and blinded investigators instructed to determine bladder wall thickness and from this predict the bladder weight. Then results were correlated with cystometrograms (CMGs) and whole bladder weights. Both the principal investigator and the blinded investigators were consistently able to distinguish obstructed from control bladders based solely on sonographic depictions of relative bladder wall thickness. In addition, the investigators were able to distinguish between low (control), medium, and high bladder weights based on sonography. The accuracy of predicting the bladder weights increased when cystosonograms were correlated with CMG studies. Thus, the degree of @entity1494 can be accurately estimated by the combination of cmg and ultrasonography.

title: Ultrasound diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder disorders', 'bladder hypertrophy']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: A 35-year old @entity1 was hospitalized for left @entity812 . IVP showed @entity227 with @entity1290 . Selective renal arteriogram revealed avascular mass in the left upper pole. The upper calyx was irregularly distorted. Left nephrectomy was carried out. Grossly, the upper pole was replaced by whitish, firm and homogeneous @entity5 , which was 7 X 7 cm in diameter and protruded into the upper calyx. Histologically, the @entity5 was composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal components. The epithelial elements consisted of cysts and tubules, and the mesenchymal elements of loosely textured fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Other elements could not be identified. This case was diagnosed as @entity10230 histologically resembling @entity12878 of infancy. @entity12878 is rare in adults. Continued maturation may finally transform it either to benign mixed @entity5 as in our case or @entity5 if stroma matures dominantly.

title: [A case of XXXX resembling @entity12878 ].

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['left non-visualizing kidney']

entities_list: @entity10230 :: ('MESH:C536399', 'Disease') :: ['renal hamartoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'fibromatous tumor']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['flank pain']

entities_list: @entity12878 :: ('MESH:D018201', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital mesoblastic nephroma', 'congenital mesoblastic nephroma']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['multiple renal calculi']

answer: @entity10230 :: (MESH:C536399,Disease) :: ['adult renal hamartoma']


abstract: A 35-year old @entity1 was hospitalized for left @entity812 . IVP showed @entity227 with @entity1290 . Selective renal arteriogram revealed avascular mass in the left upper pole. The upper calyx was irregularly distorted. Left nephrectomy was carried out. Grossly, the upper pole was replaced by whitish, firm and homogeneous @entity5 , which was 7 X 7 cm in diameter and protruded into the upper calyx. Histologically, the @entity5 was composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal components. The epithelial elements consisted of cysts and tubules, and the mesenchymal elements of loosely textured fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Other elements could not be identified. This case was diagnosed as @entity10230 histologically resembling @entity12878 of infancy. @entity12878 is rare in adults. Continued maturation may finally transform it either to benign mixed @entity5 as in our case or @entity5 if stroma matures dominantly.

title: [A case of @entity10230 resembling XXXX ].

answer: @entity12878 :: (MESH:D018201,Disease) :: ['congenital mesoblastic nephroma']


abstract: 1. In 13 of 15 experiments, @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) and @entity6002 (a prostanoid @entity7700 agonist) contracted isolated rings of @entity1 pulmonary artery at low concentrations (> or = 5 and > or = 0.5 nM respectively). Tissue was obtained from @entity1 undergoing surgery mainly for @entity2 . Characterization of the receptors involved was complicated by loss of sensitivity to the contractile PGE action over the experimental period. In contrast, contractile responses to @entity4338 , @entity2647 and the specific @entity2871 (TP-) receptor agonist, U-46619, did not decrease with time. 2. The relative contractile potencies for seven PGE analogues, measured during the first few hours after setting up the preparations, were as follows: @entity6002 > @entity396 = gemeprost > or = @entity1421 > or = @entity73320 > @entity10573 > or = 11-deoxy PGE1. This ranking indicates that an @entity7699 -receptor is involved. 3. The contractile action of @entity6002 was not blocked by the TP-receptor antagonists, EP 169 and @entity49316 , and the EP1-receptor antagonist, @entity43507 . 4. In two experiments, @entity1421 (50 nM) reduced basal tone and @entity6002 was a weak contractile agent. @entity2647 -induced tone was also inhibited by @entity1421 (EC50 = 5-20 nM), 11-deoxy PGE1 and butaprost (a selective @entity7701 -receptor agonist); the latter prostanoids were about 2 and 4 times less potent than @entity1421 respectively. Interactions with @entity2647 were different in experiments where @entity1421 alone was contractile: @entity1421 induced contraction superimposed on the @entity2647 response and 11-deoxy PGE1 induced either further contraction or had no effect. Butaprost produced relaxation at high concentrations;this may not be an @entity7701 action since preparations were highly sensitive to relaxant actions of prostacyclin (IP-) receptor agonists (cicaprost and @entity58219 ).5 The study has shown that in the majority of experiments on the @entity1 isolated pulmonary artery,the contractile @entity7699 system outweighed the relaxant @entity7701 system. However, in two experiments the reverse was true. It is not clear to what extent these differences are due to disease processes affecting the tissues.The findings are discussed in relation to the adverse cardiovascular responses occasionally encountered during treatment of postpartum @entity548 with @entity6002 , and more generally to the clinical use of EP-receptor agonists in @entity1 .

title: Potent contractile actions of prostanoid XXXX -receptor agonists on @entity1 isolated pulmonary artery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'man', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2', 'PGE2']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity396 :: ('MESH:D016595', 'Chemical') :: ['misoprostol']

entities_list: @entity6002 :: ('MESH:C016767', 'Chemical') :: ['sulprostone']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine', 'Phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity10573 :: ('MESH:C092396', 'Chemical') :: ['17-phenyl-omega-trinor PGE2']

answer: @entity7699 :: (5733,Gene) :: ['EP3']


abstract: 1. In 13 of 15 experiments, @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) and @entity6002 (a prostanoid @entity7700 agonist) contracted isolated rings of @entity1 pulmonary artery at low concentrations (> or = 5 and > or = 0.5 nM respectively). Tissue was obtained from @entity1 undergoing surgery mainly for @entity2 . Characterization of the receptors involved was complicated by loss of sensitivity to the contractile PGE action over the experimental period. In contrast, contractile responses to @entity4338 , @entity2647 and the specific @entity2871 (TP-) receptor agonist, U-46619, did not decrease with time. 2. The relative contractile potencies for seven PGE analogues, measured during the first few hours after setting up the preparations, were as follows: @entity6002 > @entity396 = gemeprost > or = @entity1421 > or = @entity73320 > @entity10573 > or = 11-deoxy PGE1. This ranking indicates that an @entity7699 -receptor is involved. 3. The contractile action of @entity6002 was not blocked by the TP-receptor antagonists, EP 169 and @entity49316 , and the EP1-receptor antagonist, @entity43507 . 4. In two experiments, @entity1421 (50 nM) reduced basal tone and @entity6002 was a weak contractile agent. @entity2647 -induced tone was also inhibited by @entity1421 (EC50 = 5-20 nM), 11-deoxy PGE1 and butaprost (a selective @entity7701 -receptor agonist); the latter prostanoids were about 2 and 4 times less potent than @entity1421 respectively. Interactions with @entity2647 were different in experiments where @entity1421 alone was contractile: @entity1421 induced contraction superimposed on the @entity2647 response and 11-deoxy PGE1 induced either further contraction or had no effect. Butaprost produced relaxation at high concentrations;this may not be an @entity7701 action since preparations were highly sensitive to relaxant actions of prostacyclin (IP-) receptor agonists (cicaprost and @entity58219 ).5 The study has shown that in the majority of experiments on the @entity1 isolated pulmonary artery,the contractile @entity7699 system outweighed the relaxant @entity7701 system. However, in two experiments the reverse was true. It is not clear to what extent these differences are due to disease processes affecting the tissues.The findings are discussed in relation to the adverse cardiovascular responses occasionally encountered during treatment of postpartum @entity548 with @entity6002 , and more generally to the clinical use of EP-receptor agonists in @entity1 .

title: Potent contractile actions of prostanoid @entity7699 -receptor agonists on XXXX isolated pulmonary artery.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic significance of the number of metastatic lymph nodes (nN) in resected @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) in comparison with the currently used pathologic nodal (pN) category in the staging system. METHODS: A total of 1659 @entity1 who underwent potentially curative resection for @entity1149 from 2000 to 2006 were included in this study. The association between the nN and survival was explored, and the results were compared with those using the location-based pN stage classification. RESULTS: The @entity1 were divided into four categories according to the number of metastatic nodes: nN0, absence of metastatic nodes; nN1, @entity3 in one to two nodes; nN2, @entity3 in three to six nodes; and nN3, @entity3 in seven or more nodes. The 5-year overall survival for nN0, nN1, nN2, and nN3 was 89.2%, 65.1%, 42.1%, and 22.4%, respectively (p < 0.001). The nN category could be used to subdivide @entity3121 and @entity477 @entity1 into two (nN1 and nN2) and three (nN1, nN2, and nN3) prognostically distinct subgroups, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed the nN category was an independent prognostic factor for resected @entity1149 . The difference in overall survival between @entity3121 and @entity477 was not significant (55.4% versus 47.8%, p = 0.245). @entity1 in each nN category could not be subdivided into different prognostic subgroups according to the pN classification. CONCLUSIONS: The nN category in this study was shown to be a better prognostic determinant than the location-based pN stage classification.

title: Which is the better prognostic factor for resected XXXX : the number of metastatic lymph nodes or the currently used nodal stage classification?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: Renal transplantation in @entity1 with @entity5 is controversial. Renal transplantation is generally not considered for @entity1 with @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) because of their extremely poor prognosis. There are few reports of @entity1582 recurrence among kidney transplant recipients. We present a case of disease relapse of @entity6872 in a transplanted kidney. We present a @entity1 with @entity8709 , who responded well to chemotherapy and underwent allogenic renal transplantation. He relapsed after 4 years with progression to @entity8709 . Despite minimal clinical symptoms, the @entity1 had developed @entity1582 cast @entity8 and @entity810 . His @entity177 settled after excision of @entity5 . @entity8709 as a mode of relapse is highly unusual. Experience of renal transplantation in @entity1582 is limited. In the literature, the recurrence of @entity1582 is mentioned as a severe complication with a poor graft prognosis. @entity8709 as a mode of relapse is highly unusual. It should not be considered as a contraindication for transplantation. Renal transplantation for @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ) due to @entity1582 is possible. But large prospective studies are needed to develop a strategy for preventing @entity1582 recurrence.

title: Disease recurrence in a transplant kidney in a @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity6872 :: ('MESH:D010954', 'Disease') :: ['plasmacytoma']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['ESRD', 'end stage renal disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity8709 :: ('MESH:C537514', 'Disease') :: ['Extramedullary plasmacytoma', 'extramedullary plasmacytoma']

answer: @entity8709 :: (MESH:C537514,Disease) :: ['extramedullary plasmacytoma']


abstract: Renal transplantation in @entity1 with @entity5 is controversial. Renal transplantation is generally not considered for @entity1 with @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) because of their extremely poor prognosis. There are few reports of @entity1582 recurrence among kidney transplant recipients. We present a case of disease relapse of @entity6872 in a transplanted kidney. We present a @entity1 with @entity8709 , who responded well to chemotherapy and underwent allogenic renal transplantation. He relapsed after 4 years with progression to @entity8709 . Despite minimal clinical symptoms, the @entity1 had developed @entity1582 cast @entity8 and @entity810 . His @entity177 settled after excision of @entity5 . @entity8709 as a mode of relapse is highly unusual. Experience of renal transplantation in @entity1582 is limited. In the literature, the recurrence of @entity1582 is mentioned as a severe complication with a poor graft prognosis. @entity8709 as a mode of relapse is highly unusual. It should not be considered as a contraindication for transplantation. Renal transplantation for @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ) due to @entity1582 is possible. But large prospective studies are needed to develop a strategy for preventing @entity1582 recurrence.

title: Disease recurrence in a transplant kidney in a XXXX with @entity8709 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: The genes that cause or increase susceptibility to essential @entity101 (EH) and related animal models remain unknown. Their identification is unlikely to be realized with current @entity74 , because of ambiguities in the genotype-phenotype relationships in these @entity74 . In turn, the phenotype is not just an aggregate of traits, but needs to be related to specific components of the circulatory control system at different stages of EH. Hence, clues about important genes must come through the phenotype, reversing the order of current approaches. A recent systems analysis has highlighted major differences in circulatory control in the two main syndromes of EH: (1) stress-and-salt-related EH (SSR-EH)--a constrictor @entity101 with low blood volume; (2) hypertensive @entity28 --SSR-EH plus @entity28 . Each is initiated through sensitization of central synapses linking the cerebral cortex to the @entity1640 defense area. Several mechanisms are probably involved, including cerebellar effects on baroreflexes. The result is a sustained increase in sympathetic neural activity at stimulus levels that have no effect in normal subjects. Subsequent progression of EH is largely through interactions with non-neural mechanisms, including changes in concentration of vascular autacoids (e.g., @entity842 ) and the amplifying effect of structural changes in large resistance vessels. The rising vasoconstriction increases heterogeneity of blood flow, causing rarefaction (decreased microvascular density) and deterioration of vital organs. SSR-EH also increases food intake in response to stress, but only 40% of these individuals develop hypertensive @entity28 . Their brain ignores the adiposity signals that normally reduce eating. @entity3190 masks the sympathetic vasoconstriction through its dilator action, raises blood volume, whilst renal @entity8 and other @entity2412 are common. In each syndrome the neural and non-neural determinants of @entity101 provide targets for identifying high BP genes. Reading the genome from the phenotype will require new approaches, such as those used in developmental genetics. In addition, transgenic technology may help verify hypotheses and examine whether an observed effect is through single or multiple mechanisms. To obtain answers will require substantial collaborative efforts between physiologists and geneticists.

title: The phenotypic patterns of essential XXXX are the key to identifying " @entity101 " genes.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic approaches', 'polygenic disorders']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic complications']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The genes that cause or increase susceptibility to essential @entity101 (EH) and related animal models remain unknown. Their identification is unlikely to be realized with current @entity74 , because of ambiguities in the genotype-phenotype relationships in these @entity74 . In turn, the phenotype is not just an aggregate of traits, but needs to be related to specific components of the circulatory control system at different stages of EH. Hence, clues about important genes must come through the phenotype, reversing the order of current approaches. A recent systems analysis has highlighted major differences in circulatory control in the two main syndromes of EH: (1) stress-and-salt-related EH (SSR-EH)--a constrictor @entity101 with low blood volume; (2) hypertensive @entity28 --SSR-EH plus @entity28 . Each is initiated through sensitization of central synapses linking the cerebral cortex to the @entity1640 defense area. Several mechanisms are probably involved, including cerebellar effects on baroreflexes. The result is a sustained increase in sympathetic neural activity at stimulus levels that have no effect in normal subjects. Subsequent progression of EH is largely through interactions with non-neural mechanisms, including changes in concentration of vascular autacoids (e.g., @entity842 ) and the amplifying effect of structural changes in large resistance vessels. The rising vasoconstriction increases heterogeneity of blood flow, causing rarefaction (decreased microvascular density) and deterioration of vital organs. SSR-EH also increases food intake in response to stress, but only 40% of these individuals develop hypertensive @entity28 . Their brain ignores the adiposity signals that normally reduce eating. @entity3190 masks the sympathetic vasoconstriction through its dilator action, raises blood volume, whilst renal @entity8 and other @entity2412 are common. In each syndrome the neural and non-neural determinants of @entity101 provide targets for identifying high BP genes. Reading the genome from the phenotype will require new approaches, such as those used in developmental genetics. In addition, transgenic technology may help verify hypotheses and examine whether an observed effect is through single or multiple mechanisms. To obtain answers will require substantial collaborative efforts between physiologists and geneticists.

title: The phenotypic patterns of essential @entity101 are the key to identifying " XXXX " genes.

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['high blood pressure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study possible relationships between abnormal placental perfusion, @entity519 and impaired fetal nutrient supply. STUDY DESIGN: Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms were assessed in high risk pregnancies and compared with controls. Three groups were studied. In group I (n = 13) the pulsatility index (PI) was within normal limits, in group II (n = 9) PI was > 2 S.D. in the presence of positive end diastolic velocities and in group III (n = 13) end diastolic velocities were absent. pH and @entity4095 levels and concentrations of @entity1522 , @entity413 and @entity880 were measured in umbilical blood obtained at cesarean section (n = 35). RESULTS: An inverse correlation was found between concentrations of essential @entity1522 concentrations and the pulsatility index in the umbilical artery (P = 0.03). No correlation with @entity519 was found (P = 0.32). The @entity2228 / @entity4857 ratio was significantly increased in the groups with abnormal Doppler velocity indices (P = 0.02). @entity413 concentrations were significantly reduced in the case of absent end diastolic velocities (P = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the three groups concerning @entity880 concentrations and acid-base balance parameters. CONCLUSIONS: These findings, especially the increased @entity2228 / @entity4857 ratio, which is characteristic for kwashiorkor, indicate that abnormal placental perfusion is associated with impaired fetal nutrient supply, in the presence of a normal fetal oxygenation.

title: @entity1522 , XXXX and @entity880 concentrations in umbilical cord blood in relation to umbilical artery flow patterns.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study possible relationships between abnormal placental perfusion, @entity519 and impaired fetal nutrient supply. STUDY DESIGN: Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms were assessed in high risk pregnancies and compared with controls. Three groups were studied. In group I (n = 13) the pulsatility index (PI) was within normal limits, in group II (n = 9) PI was > 2 S.D. in the presence of positive end diastolic velocities and in group III (n = 13) end diastolic velocities were absent. pH and @entity4095 levels and concentrations of @entity1522 , @entity413 and @entity880 were measured in umbilical blood obtained at cesarean section (n = 35). RESULTS: An inverse correlation was found between concentrations of essential @entity1522 concentrations and the pulsatility index in the umbilical artery (P = 0.03). No correlation with @entity519 was found (P = 0.32). The @entity2228 / @entity4857 ratio was significantly increased in the groups with abnormal Doppler velocity indices (P = 0.02). @entity413 concentrations were significantly reduced in the case of absent end diastolic velocities (P = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the three groups concerning @entity880 concentrations and acid-base balance parameters. CONCLUSIONS: These findings, especially the increased @entity2228 / @entity4857 ratio, which is characteristic for kwashiorkor, indicate that abnormal placental perfusion is associated with impaired fetal nutrient supply, in the presence of a normal fetal oxygenation.

title: XXXX , @entity413 and @entity880 concentrations in umbilical cord blood in relation to umbilical artery flow patterns.

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['Amino acids']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study possible relationships between abnormal placental perfusion, @entity519 and impaired fetal nutrient supply. STUDY DESIGN: Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms were assessed in high risk pregnancies and compared with controls. Three groups were studied. In group I (n = 13) the pulsatility index (PI) was within normal limits, in group II (n = 9) PI was > 2 S.D. in the presence of positive end diastolic velocities and in group III (n = 13) end diastolic velocities were absent. pH and @entity4095 levels and concentrations of @entity1522 , @entity413 and @entity880 were measured in umbilical blood obtained at cesarean section (n = 35). RESULTS: An inverse correlation was found between concentrations of essential @entity1522 concentrations and the pulsatility index in the umbilical artery (P = 0.03). No correlation with @entity519 was found (P = 0.32). The @entity2228 / @entity4857 ratio was significantly increased in the groups with abnormal Doppler velocity indices (P = 0.02). @entity413 concentrations were significantly reduced in the case of absent end diastolic velocities (P = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the three groups concerning @entity880 concentrations and acid-base balance parameters. CONCLUSIONS: These findings, especially the increased @entity2228 / @entity4857 ratio, which is characteristic for kwashiorkor, indicate that abnormal placental perfusion is associated with impaired fetal nutrient supply, in the presence of a normal fetal oxygenation.

title: @entity1522 , @entity413 and XXXX concentrations in umbilical cord blood in relation to umbilical artery flow patterns.

answer: @entity880 :: (MESH:D019344,Chemical) :: ['lactate']


abstract: Thirty-one @entity1 were randomized during 39 episodes of @entity548 to receive either 1 g of intravenous @entity3524 (19 @entity1 ) or no antibiotic (20 @entity1 ) immediately before emergency endoscopic sclerotherapy. Blood was obtained for culture before and at 5 minutes, 4 hours, and 24 hours after the procedure. Specimens for culture were taken from the endoscope tip and channel, water bottle, and injection needle after sclerotherapy. When @entity843 was present (5 @entity1 in the antibiotic group, 7 in the control group), fluid was obtained by paracentesis before endoscopy and at 4 and 24 hours. @entity2259 occurred in 1 of 19 @entity1 in the antibiotic group (5.3%), compared with 6 of 19 in the control group (31.6%; p = .04). The cultured organisms were oral flora and usually also contaminated the endoscope and needle. No bacteria were cultured from ascitic fluid in any @entity1 nor was the ascitic fluid white cell count elevated. @entity922 attributable to sclerotherapy did not develop in any @entity1 . In conclusion, the frequency of @entity2259 after endoscopic sclerotherapy for @entity548 esophageal varices can be reduced by prophylactic administration of intravenous @entity3524 . However, this may not be clinically relevant, given the absence of bacterascites and @entity281 in this study. These findings do not support the routine use of antibiotics before sclerotherapy.

title: XXXX and bacterascites after endoscopic sclerotherapy for @entity548 esophageal varices and prevention by intravenous @entity3524 : a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia', 'Bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['Clinical infection']

answer: @entity2259 :: (MESH:D016470,Disease) :: ['Bacteremia']