abstract: The differential, tissue-specific regulation of @entity398 (OT) binding sites allows the neurohypophysial nonapeptide OT to fulfill a dual role: to induce uterine contractions at parturition and to mediate milk ejection during lactation. Whereas uterine OT binding sites are up-regulated prior to parturition and are rapidly down-regulated thereafter, mammary gland OT binding sites gradually increase throughout gestation and remain up-regulated during the ensuing lactation period. Here, we structurally characterized @entity25809 ( @entity25809 ) mRNA in mammary gland and analyzed its expression during gestation and lactation and in response to @entity134 treatment. In mammary gland tissues, we found a 6.7 and a 5.4 kb @entity25809 mRNA species, and both species were further analyzed by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). The 6.7 kb mRNA was found to be common to mammary gland and uterus and to extend 618 @entity2036 beyond the published sequence of the @entity35 @entity25809 gene. The 5.4 kb mRNA species is unique to the mammary gland and terminates at a mammary gland-specific polyadenylation site that is not preceded by a classical polyadenylation signal. RT-PCR analysis did not provide any evidence for differences in the coding regions, suggesting that both uterine and mammary gland @entity25809 mRNAs encode the same receptor protein. Furthermore, primer extension experiments showed that no differences exist in the specific transcriptional initiation sites of the @entity25809 gene in the two tissues. During pregnancy, @entity25809 mRNA per mammary gland increased approximately 150-fold and remained high during lactation, consistent with the previously identified regulation of OT binding sites and the role of OT during lactation. Whereas @entity172 administration strongly induced the uterine @entity25809 mRNA levels (>5-fold), mammary gland remained unaffected by @entity134 treatment. Moreover, @entity440 had no effect on the mammary gland @entity25809 mRNA level. In summary, our data demonstrate a differential control of @entity25809 expression in uterus versus mammary gland and a mammary gland-specific @entity25809 mRNA polyadenylation site. However, this differential control apparently does not involve the expression of different receptor genes nor the utilization of tissue-specific transcriptional initiation sites.

title: XXXX receptor gene expression in @entity35 mammary gland: structural characterization and regulation.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity398 :: (MESH:D010121,Chemical) :: ['Oxytocin']


abstract: The differential, tissue-specific regulation of @entity398 (OT) binding sites allows the neurohypophysial nonapeptide OT to fulfill a dual role: to induce uterine contractions at parturition and to mediate milk ejection during lactation. Whereas uterine OT binding sites are up-regulated prior to parturition and are rapidly down-regulated thereafter, mammary gland OT binding sites gradually increase throughout gestation and remain up-regulated during the ensuing lactation period. Here, we structurally characterized @entity25809 ( @entity25809 ) mRNA in mammary gland and analyzed its expression during gestation and lactation and in response to @entity134 treatment. In mammary gland tissues, we found a 6.7 and a 5.4 kb @entity25809 mRNA species, and both species were further analyzed by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). The 6.7 kb mRNA was found to be common to mammary gland and uterus and to extend 618 @entity2036 beyond the published sequence of the @entity35 @entity25809 gene. The 5.4 kb mRNA species is unique to the mammary gland and terminates at a mammary gland-specific polyadenylation site that is not preceded by a classical polyadenylation signal. RT-PCR analysis did not provide any evidence for differences in the coding regions, suggesting that both uterine and mammary gland @entity25809 mRNAs encode the same receptor protein. Furthermore, primer extension experiments showed that no differences exist in the specific transcriptional initiation sites of the @entity25809 gene in the two tissues. During pregnancy, @entity25809 mRNA per mammary gland increased approximately 150-fold and remained high during lactation, consistent with the previously identified regulation of OT binding sites and the role of OT during lactation. Whereas @entity172 administration strongly induced the uterine @entity25809 mRNA levels (>5-fold), mammary gland remained unaffected by @entity134 treatment. Moreover, @entity440 had no effect on the mammary gland @entity25809 mRNA level. In summary, our data demonstrate a differential control of @entity25809 expression in uterus versus mammary gland and a mammary gland-specific @entity25809 mRNA polyadenylation site. However, this differential control apparently does not involve the expression of different receptor genes nor the utilization of tissue-specific transcriptional initiation sites.

title: @entity398 receptor gene expression in XXXX mammary gland: structural characterization and regulation.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A 59-year-old Hispanic @entity1 presented with a 3-year history of floaters associated with bilateral reduced visual acuity. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40. Both anterior segments were without @entity32 , but fundoscopy showed mild @entity32 and multiple inflammatory @entity66 . Tests for inflammatory and infectious diseases were negative except for human leucocyte antigen A29. The @entity1 was diagnosed with birdshot choroidoretinopathy, and treatment was initiated with @entity205 2.5   mg/kg/day. One year after treatment, the @entity1 reported systemic symptoms with no improvement in visual acuity. Fundus findings remained with @entity32 . QuantiFERON- @entity378 Gold In-Tube Test was positive, and a diagnosis of presumed latent @entity24181 ( @entity378 ) was made. We initiated anti- @entity378 treatment for 9   months. At 6   months of anti- @entity378 therapy, there was no active @entity32 . The @entity1 was followed for 2   years with no medications and no active @entity32 . Her final BCVA was 20/25.

title: Presumed latent @entity24181 diagnosed with the positive quantiFERON- XXXX Gold In-Tube Test in a HLA-A29-positive @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'vitreal inflammation', 'vitreous inflammation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal lesions']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

entities_list: @entity24181 :: ('MESH:D014392', 'Disease') :: ['ocular tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['TB']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A 59-year-old Hispanic @entity1 presented with a 3-year history of floaters associated with bilateral reduced visual acuity. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40. Both anterior segments were without @entity32 , but fundoscopy showed mild @entity32 and multiple inflammatory @entity66 . Tests for inflammatory and infectious diseases were negative except for human leucocyte antigen A29. The @entity1 was diagnosed with birdshot choroidoretinopathy, and treatment was initiated with @entity205 2.5   mg/kg/day. One year after treatment, the @entity1 reported systemic symptoms with no improvement in visual acuity. Fundus findings remained with @entity32 . QuantiFERON- @entity378 Gold In-Tube Test was positive, and a diagnosis of presumed latent @entity24181 ( @entity378 ) was made. We initiated anti- @entity378 treatment for 9   months. At 6   months of anti- @entity378 therapy, there was no active @entity32 . The @entity1 was followed for 2   years with no medications and no active @entity32 . Her final BCVA was 20/25.

title: Presumed latent XXXX diagnosed with the positive quantiFERON- @entity378 Gold In-Tube Test in a HLA-A29-positive @entity1 .

answer: @entity24181 :: (MESH:D014392,Disease) :: ['ocular tuberculosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A 59-year-old Hispanic @entity1 presented with a 3-year history of floaters associated with bilateral reduced visual acuity. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/40. Both anterior segments were without @entity32 , but fundoscopy showed mild @entity32 and multiple inflammatory @entity66 . Tests for inflammatory and infectious diseases were negative except for human leucocyte antigen A29. The @entity1 was diagnosed with birdshot choroidoretinopathy, and treatment was initiated with @entity205 2.5   mg/kg/day. One year after treatment, the @entity1 reported systemic symptoms with no improvement in visual acuity. Fundus findings remained with @entity32 . QuantiFERON- @entity378 Gold In-Tube Test was positive, and a diagnosis of presumed latent @entity24181 ( @entity378 ) was made. We initiated anti- @entity378 treatment for 9   months. At 6   months of anti- @entity378 therapy, there was no active @entity32 . The @entity1 was followed for 2   years with no medications and no active @entity32 . Her final BCVA was 20/25.

title: Presumed latent @entity24181 diagnosed with the positive quantiFERON- @entity378 Gold In-Tube Test in a HLA-A29-positive XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: @entity1 and work: a compatible system? Problems of health and disease associated with work. Here, a short review of the main characteristics of the modern work organisation and of its influences on worker's health is reported. In spite of the great improvement that has occurred in the environment and in the relationships between employers and employees, many conflicts and @entity2701 are still present, about ecological, insurance and economical problems, often on an international ground. In addition work organisation is mostly perceived as unable to satisfy personal needs, attitudes and values. That is true even in industrialised countries, where 60-70% of active population is engaged in office job. While the expansion of tertiary sector has greatly contributed to the decrease of @entity3675 , sick leave, due to non-specific symptoms and complaints related to prevalent chronic @entity179 , has increased. The frequently observed relationship between such disorders, mostly with a strong phycophysiological component, has produced the designation of "job @entity66 ". Tackling these together with the traditional occupational health problems implies a revision of methods and contents of occupational medicine and its connection with related preventive and clinical disciplines. The international debate on the issue may offer useful suggestions for the Italian situation.

title: [ XXXX and work: a compatible system? Problems of health and disease associated with work].

entities_list: @entity3675 :: ('MESH:D009784', 'Disease') :: ['occupational diseases']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['related diseases']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Man']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Carotid-femoral @entity122 (cfPWV) is a well-established measure of central arterial stiffness, while brachial-ankle @entity122 (baPWV) is being used more frequently in East Asian countries. Few studies have simultaneously characterized the distributions and correlates of segment-specific @entity122 measures and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: We evaluated segment-specific @entity122 (cfPWV, baPWV, and femoral-ankle (faPWV)) in 4,974 older-aged African American and Caucasian adults in the community-based @entity731 Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study using a standardized protocol and the OMRON VP-1000 Plus system. We examined the distribution and multivariable-adjusted correlates of @entity122 measures by race and sex. RESULTS: Mean age ranged from 74  5 to 76  5 years across race-sex groups. In all race-sex groups, cfPWV correlated with baPWV but not with faPWV, and cfPWV and baPWV were higher with age, whereas faPWV was not. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were positively associated and weight was negatively associated with all @entity122 measures; however, the associations with age, glycated hemoglobin, @entity1674 , and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 varied by segment and race-sex group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that cfPWV and faPWV reflect distinct aspects of segment-specific @entity455 and their associated profile of cardiovascular risk factors. Even among older adults, age is associated with higher cfPWV and baPWV, but not with faPWV. Understanding factors that ostensibly play a role in increasing arterial stiffness in different arterial territories can inform opportunities for @entity65 ( @entity65 ) prevention and risk management.

title: Correlates of Segmental Pulse Wave Velocity in Older Adults: The XXXX Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular stiffness']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['Atherosclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the current era, most @entity5695 deaths occur in @entity1 <3 months of age. @entity491 with @entity6113 and @entity55 are commonly observed among cases of severe @entity5695 . METHODS: Risk factors associated with fatal @entity5695 were identified by comparing fatal @entity5695 cases among @entity1 <120 days of age occurring from 1 January 1998 through 26 December 2014, matched by age (<120 days), county of residence, and closest symptom onset date with 1-4 nonfatal hospitalized cases. California Department of Public Health surveillance data were reviewed to identify cases; demographics, clinical presentation, and course were abstracted from corresponding birth and medical records. Logistic regression and classification tree analyses were used to examine the risk of fatal @entity5695 with respect to identified factors. RESULTS: Fifty-three fatal @entity1 @entity5695 cases were identified and compared with 183 nonfatal hospitalized @entity5695 cases. Fatal cases had significantly lower birth weight, younger gestational age, younger age at time of cough onset, and higher peak white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts. Fatal cases were less likely to have received @entity7646 antibiotics and more likely to have received @entity230 or @entity842 and to develop @entity120 , @entity410 , @entity198 , and @entity55 . Additionally, exchange transfusion, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and intubation occurred significantly more frequently among fatal cases. In multivariate analyses, peak WBC count, birth weight, intubation, and receipt of @entity842 were predictors of @entity204 . CONCLUSIONS: Early recognition of @entity5695 in young @entity1 and treatment with appropriate antibiotic therapy are important in preventing @entity204 . Several risk factors are strongly associated with fatal @entity5695 in @entity1 .

title: Risk Factors Associated With XXXX Deaths From Pertussis: A Case-Control Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity6113 :: ('MESH:D008218', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytosis']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5695 :: ('MESH:D014917', 'Disease') :: ['pertussis']

entities_list: @entity7646 :: ('CHEBI:25106', 'Chemical') :: ['macrolide']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['Leukocytosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Infant']


abstract: @entity1063 mediates the antierectile role of the sympathetic nervous system. It binds to postsynaptic alpha 1 adrenoceptors present on smooth muscle fibers of the corpus cavernosum. Receptor cloning studies have evidenced three alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtypes: alpha 1A, alpha 1B and alpha 1D. We searched for the presence of these three alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtypes in the @entity35 corpus cavernosum using in situ hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes. Brain tissue was used as the reference of probes specificity. Autoradiographic films were studied with light illumination and computer-assisted densitometry using an image analyser. We provide evidence that the three alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtypes are expressed in the @entity35 corpus cavernosum. These three subtypes appear to be more expressed in the trabecular smooth muscle fibers than in vascular smooth muscle fibers. Further experiments are needed to determine whether the proportion of alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtypes changes according to the etiology of @entity323 . This morphological approach provides a basis for future pharmacological research of specific alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtypes blocking agents designed to treat @entity323 .

title: Expression of alpha 1 adrenoceptor subtypes in XXXX corpus cavernosum.

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The authors assessed the sequential sonographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings and their correlations with pathologic findings of the normal @entity95 liver after percutaneous @entity1068 injection ( @entity8681 ). METHODS: In 30 anesthetized @entity95 , 1 mL of @entity1068 was injected percutaneously under sonographic guidance. The animals were divided into five groups of six @entity95 each according to the times of sonography and CT examinations after @entity8681 : day 1 (immediately after), day 3, week 1, week 2, and week 4. The radiologic findings were analyzed regarding echogenicity (sonography) and density patterns before and after contrast administration (CT). The relations between radiologic findings and pathologic findings were examined using statistical analysis. The lesion size was measured using sonography and CT and compared with the actual size of the pathologic specimen. RESULTS: Sonography and CT showed various radiologic findings according to the time elapsed after @entity8681 . The livers were hyperechoic in 100% (6/6) of the @entity95 on day 1; this changed to isoechoic (67%, 12/18) or slightly hypoechoic (22%, 4/18) after week 1 through week 4 after @entity8681 on sonography. CT scanning showed well-defined, hypodense lesions with no contrast enhancement in 100% (6/6) of the @entity95 on day 1, and the lesions were slightly hypodense and relatively poorly defined in 88% (21/24) after day 3. Peripheral enhancement was noted in 83% (15/18) after week 1. Histopathologic examination revealed @entity715 and @entity99 correlating well with hyperechogenicity on sonography and very low density on CT immediately after @entity8681 . Coagulation @entity39 was a main pathologic finding in the central portion of the lesions after day 3 and correlated with the CT findings of central low density without contrast enhancement. After week 1, peripheral granulation tissue and @entity82 were correlated with peripheral contrast enhancement on CT. Lesion size was largest in the week 1 group, and the size difference was statistically significant between the week 1 group and the day 1 group. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic and CT findings of the @entity8681 -treated normal @entity95 liver varied with time in a predictable manner and correlated with pathologic findings. After a week, the @entity8681 -treated normal liver shows perilesional enhancement that is nodular and irregular (particularly until 2 weeks); this must be taken into account when evaluating the therapeutic effect after @entity8681 using conventional CT studies. Although long-term data are missing, control CT scans for @entity41 should not be performed before the second week after @entity8681 because of the difficulty discerning enhancing @entity5 from enhancing @entity82 .

title: Sequential changes of sonographic and computed tomography findings in the normal XXXX liver after percutaneous @entity1068 injection. Correlation with pathologic findings.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic hepatic cell cords']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The authors assessed the sequential sonographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings and their correlations with pathologic findings of the normal @entity95 liver after percutaneous @entity1068 injection ( @entity8681 ). METHODS: In 30 anesthetized @entity95 , 1 mL of @entity1068 was injected percutaneously under sonographic guidance. The animals were divided into five groups of six @entity95 each according to the times of sonography and CT examinations after @entity8681 : day 1 (immediately after), day 3, week 1, week 2, and week 4. The radiologic findings were analyzed regarding echogenicity (sonography) and density patterns before and after contrast administration (CT). The relations between radiologic findings and pathologic findings were examined using statistical analysis. The lesion size was measured using sonography and CT and compared with the actual size of the pathologic specimen. RESULTS: Sonography and CT showed various radiologic findings according to the time elapsed after @entity8681 . The livers were hyperechoic in 100% (6/6) of the @entity95 on day 1; this changed to isoechoic (67%, 12/18) or slightly hypoechoic (22%, 4/18) after week 1 through week 4 after @entity8681 on sonography. CT scanning showed well-defined, hypodense lesions with no contrast enhancement in 100% (6/6) of the @entity95 on day 1, and the lesions were slightly hypodense and relatively poorly defined in 88% (21/24) after day 3. Peripheral enhancement was noted in 83% (15/18) after week 1. Histopathologic examination revealed @entity715 and @entity99 correlating well with hyperechogenicity on sonography and very low density on CT immediately after @entity8681 . Coagulation @entity39 was a main pathologic finding in the central portion of the lesions after day 3 and correlated with the CT findings of central low density without contrast enhancement. After week 1, peripheral granulation tissue and @entity82 were correlated with peripheral contrast enhancement on CT. Lesion size was largest in the week 1 group, and the size difference was statistically significant between the week 1 group and the day 1 group. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic and CT findings of the @entity8681 -treated normal @entity95 liver varied with time in a predictable manner and correlated with pathologic findings. After a week, the @entity8681 -treated normal liver shows perilesional enhancement that is nodular and irregular (particularly until 2 weeks); this must be taken into account when evaluating the therapeutic effect after @entity8681 using conventional CT studies. Although long-term data are missing, control CT scans for @entity41 should not be performed before the second week after @entity8681 because of the difficulty discerning enhancing @entity5 from enhancing @entity82 .

title: Sequential changes of sonographic and computed tomography findings in the normal @entity95 liver after percutaneous XXXX injection. Correlation with pathologic findings.

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: We have reported that @entity1 autoantibodies reacting with the polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-anchored @entity4070 ( @entity4071 ) protect these cells from spontaneous apoptosis. In this study, we used anti- @entity4071 F(ab')(2) to delineate the mechanism(s) whereby the PMN life span is extended. As documented using four methods, @entity4071 cross-linking impeded spontaneous apoptosis, whereas anti- @entity1454 F(ab')(2) exerted no effect. Incubation of PMNs with anti- @entity4071 prevented the up-regulation of @entity12078 integrins, particularly @entity9536 , which is the alpha-chain of complement receptor type 3, but also @entity1454 , which is its beta-chain, as well as @entity1453 and @entity2935 . Anti- @entity4071 -conditioned supernatant of PMNs diminished the percentage of @entity4404 -binding fresh PMNs after another 18 h in culture, whereas the negative control anti- @entity1454 had no effect. The expression of mRNA for @entity1261 and @entity2841 was induced by anti- @entity4071 , followed by the release of @entity1261 and @entity2841 in a dose-dependent manner. Anti- @entity1261 and anti- @entity2841 mAbs abrogated the antiapoptotic effect of the related growth factors. The delay in apoptosis was accompanied by a down-regulated expression of @entity589 , and a partial reduction of @entity522 activity. These data suggest an autocrine involvement of anti- @entity4071 -induced survival factors in the rescue of PMNs from spontaneous apoptosis. Thus, apoptosis of aged PMNs can be modulated by signaling through @entity4070 , which may occur in @entity1 with PMN-binding anti- @entity4070 autoantibodies.

title: Cross-linking of @entity1 XXXX induces the production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

answer: @entity4070 :: (2215,Gene) :: ['FcgammaRIIIb']


abstract: We have reported that @entity1 autoantibodies reacting with the polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-anchored @entity4070 ( @entity4071 ) protect these cells from spontaneous apoptosis. In this study, we used anti- @entity4071 F(ab')(2) to delineate the mechanism(s) whereby the PMN life span is extended. As documented using four methods, @entity4071 cross-linking impeded spontaneous apoptosis, whereas anti- @entity1454 F(ab')(2) exerted no effect. Incubation of PMNs with anti- @entity4071 prevented the up-regulation of @entity12078 integrins, particularly @entity9536 , which is the alpha-chain of complement receptor type 3, but also @entity1454 , which is its beta-chain, as well as @entity1453 and @entity2935 . Anti- @entity4071 -conditioned supernatant of PMNs diminished the percentage of @entity4404 -binding fresh PMNs after another 18 h in culture, whereas the negative control anti- @entity1454 had no effect. The expression of mRNA for @entity1261 and @entity2841 was induced by anti- @entity4071 , followed by the release of @entity1261 and @entity2841 in a dose-dependent manner. Anti- @entity1261 and anti- @entity2841 mAbs abrogated the antiapoptotic effect of the related growth factors. The delay in apoptosis was accompanied by a down-regulated expression of @entity589 , and a partial reduction of @entity522 activity. These data suggest an autocrine involvement of anti- @entity4071 -induced survival factors in the rescue of PMNs from spontaneous apoptosis. Thus, apoptosis of aged PMNs can be modulated by signaling through @entity4070 , which may occur in @entity1 with PMN-binding anti- @entity4070 autoantibodies.

title: Cross-linking of XXXX @entity4070 induces the production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by polymorphonuclear neutrophils.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3689 imbalance is often found in @entity1 with @entity82 , and this imbalance is associated with @entity2690 resistance. However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between @entity3689 imbalance and @entity2690 resistance remains unclear. We evaluated serum @entity3689 concentrations in @entity1 with @entity1561 to determine if any of the levels of @entity1522 were associated with the biochemical markers and @entity82 stage of @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). METHODS: In 137 @entity1 with @entity1561 who underwent liver biopsy, plasma levels of branched-chain @entity3689 (BCAA), @entity4149 ( @entity36781 ), and the BCAA-to- @entity36781 ratio values were determined using mass spectroscopy. These values were then assessed for associations with @entity82 stage, anthropometric markers (age, sex, and body mass index), biochemical markers ( @entity3929 aminotransferase, @entity5906 aminotransferase, y-glutamyl transpeptidase, albumin, platelet count, total @entity165 , @entity1674 , low-density lipoprotein @entity165 , and glycosylated hemoglobin), and relevant disease-specific biomarkers (homeostasis model assessment of @entity2690 resistance [HOMA-IR], serum @entity68 , ferritin, leptin, @entity1254 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and hyaluronic acid). RESULTS: Serum albumin levels, plasma BCAA levels, and BCAA-to- @entity36781 ratio values were negatively associated with the @entity82 stage. In contrast, @entity36781 levels increased with increasing @entity5 . @entity36781 levels were also correlated with HOMA-IR results. CONCLUSION: Plasma BCAA levels in @entity1 with @entity1561 decreased with increasing @entity1575 , while @entity36781 levels increased with increasing fibrotic stage. These results suggest that @entity3689 imbalance and @entity2690 resistance are intimately involved in a complex pathogenic mechanism for @entity1561 .

title: XXXX levels are associated with @entity2690 resistance in @entity1 with @entity1561 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['fibrotic staging']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['NASH', 'nonalcoholic steatohepatitis', 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity3689 :: ('D000596', 'Chemical') :: ['Amino acid', 'amino acid']

answer: @entity4149 :: (D014443,Chemical) :: ['Tyrosine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3689 imbalance is often found in @entity1 with @entity82 , and this imbalance is associated with @entity2690 resistance. However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between @entity3689 imbalance and @entity2690 resistance remains unclear. We evaluated serum @entity3689 concentrations in @entity1 with @entity1561 to determine if any of the levels of @entity1522 were associated with the biochemical markers and @entity82 stage of @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). METHODS: In 137 @entity1 with @entity1561 who underwent liver biopsy, plasma levels of branched-chain @entity3689 (BCAA), @entity4149 ( @entity36781 ), and the BCAA-to- @entity36781 ratio values were determined using mass spectroscopy. These values were then assessed for associations with @entity82 stage, anthropometric markers (age, sex, and body mass index), biochemical markers ( @entity3929 aminotransferase, @entity5906 aminotransferase, y-glutamyl transpeptidase, albumin, platelet count, total @entity165 , @entity1674 , low-density lipoprotein @entity165 , and glycosylated hemoglobin), and relevant disease-specific biomarkers (homeostasis model assessment of @entity2690 resistance [HOMA-IR], serum @entity68 , ferritin, leptin, @entity1254 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and hyaluronic acid). RESULTS: Serum albumin levels, plasma BCAA levels, and BCAA-to- @entity36781 ratio values were negatively associated with the @entity82 stage. In contrast, @entity36781 levels increased with increasing @entity5 . @entity36781 levels were also correlated with HOMA-IR results. CONCLUSION: Plasma BCAA levels in @entity1 with @entity1561 decreased with increasing @entity1575 , while @entity36781 levels increased with increasing fibrotic stage. These results suggest that @entity3689 imbalance and @entity2690 resistance are intimately involved in a complex pathogenic mechanism for @entity1561 .

title: @entity4149 levels are associated with @entity2690 resistance in @entity1 with XXXX .

answer: @entity1561 :: (MESH:D065626,Disease) :: ['nonalcoholic fatty liver disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3689 imbalance is often found in @entity1 with @entity82 , and this imbalance is associated with @entity2690 resistance. However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between @entity3689 imbalance and @entity2690 resistance remains unclear. We evaluated serum @entity3689 concentrations in @entity1 with @entity1561 to determine if any of the levels of @entity1522 were associated with the biochemical markers and @entity82 stage of @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). METHODS: In 137 @entity1 with @entity1561 who underwent liver biopsy, plasma levels of branched-chain @entity3689 (BCAA), @entity4149 ( @entity36781 ), and the BCAA-to- @entity36781 ratio values were determined using mass spectroscopy. These values were then assessed for associations with @entity82 stage, anthropometric markers (age, sex, and body mass index), biochemical markers ( @entity3929 aminotransferase, @entity5906 aminotransferase, y-glutamyl transpeptidase, albumin, platelet count, total @entity165 , @entity1674 , low-density lipoprotein @entity165 , and glycosylated hemoglobin), and relevant disease-specific biomarkers (homeostasis model assessment of @entity2690 resistance [HOMA-IR], serum @entity68 , ferritin, leptin, @entity1254 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and hyaluronic acid). RESULTS: Serum albumin levels, plasma BCAA levels, and BCAA-to- @entity36781 ratio values were negatively associated with the @entity82 stage. In contrast, @entity36781 levels increased with increasing @entity5 . @entity36781 levels were also correlated with HOMA-IR results. CONCLUSION: Plasma BCAA levels in @entity1 with @entity1561 decreased with increasing @entity1575 , while @entity36781 levels increased with increasing fibrotic stage. These results suggest that @entity3689 imbalance and @entity2690 resistance are intimately involved in a complex pathogenic mechanism for @entity1561 .

title: @entity4149 levels are associated with XXXX resistance in @entity1 with @entity1561 .

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3689 imbalance is often found in @entity1 with @entity82 , and this imbalance is associated with @entity2690 resistance. However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between @entity3689 imbalance and @entity2690 resistance remains unclear. We evaluated serum @entity3689 concentrations in @entity1 with @entity1561 to determine if any of the levels of @entity1522 were associated with the biochemical markers and @entity82 stage of @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). METHODS: In 137 @entity1 with @entity1561 who underwent liver biopsy, plasma levels of branched-chain @entity3689 (BCAA), @entity4149 ( @entity36781 ), and the BCAA-to- @entity36781 ratio values were determined using mass spectroscopy. These values were then assessed for associations with @entity82 stage, anthropometric markers (age, sex, and body mass index), biochemical markers ( @entity3929 aminotransferase, @entity5906 aminotransferase, y-glutamyl transpeptidase, albumin, platelet count, total @entity165 , @entity1674 , low-density lipoprotein @entity165 , and glycosylated hemoglobin), and relevant disease-specific biomarkers (homeostasis model assessment of @entity2690 resistance [HOMA-IR], serum @entity68 , ferritin, leptin, @entity1254 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and hyaluronic acid). RESULTS: Serum albumin levels, plasma BCAA levels, and BCAA-to- @entity36781 ratio values were negatively associated with the @entity82 stage. In contrast, @entity36781 levels increased with increasing @entity5 . @entity36781 levels were also correlated with HOMA-IR results. CONCLUSION: Plasma BCAA levels in @entity1 with @entity1561 decreased with increasing @entity1575 , while @entity36781 levels increased with increasing fibrotic stage. These results suggest that @entity3689 imbalance and @entity2690 resistance are intimately involved in a complex pathogenic mechanism for @entity1561 .

title: @entity4149 levels are associated with @entity2690 resistance in XXXX with @entity1561 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of crossed @entity10523 that was diagnosed in a 52-year-old @entity1 who had consulted for @entity249 associated with @entity790 . METHODS: @entity1 evaluation included hematological, hormonal, cytogenetic and imaging studies. An exploratory operation was also performed. RESULTS: The hematological, hormonal and cytogenetic studies gave normal results. There were no urinary tract abnormalities in the intravenous urography; retrograde urethrography disclosed a narrow duct behind the urethra that ascended towards the left inguinal duct and divided into two epididymides after reaching the scrotum. Surgical exploration showed two testes in the left scrotal pouch that were biopsied. Histological examination revealed an almost complete hyalinization of the tubular wall with no germ cells within the tubules. CONCLUSIONS: Crossed @entity10523 is one of the most uncommon @entity154 and is often associated with other disorders such as @entity169 , @entity2650 , @entity4998 and @entity854 . Like all dysgenetic testes, progression to @entity5 is relatively frequent. The foregoing should be remembered when dealing with these @entity1 .

title: [Transverse XXXX . A review of the literature and a case report].

entities_list: @entity10523 :: ('MESH:D013733', 'Disease') :: ['testicular ectopia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['testicular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity4998 :: ('MESH:D012734', 'Disease') :: ['pseudohermaphroditism']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['scrotal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['a genital anomaly']

answer: @entity10523 :: (MESH:D013733,Disease) :: ['testicular ectopia']


abstract: PURPOSE: Biopsies taken 2 years after radiotherapy of @entity263 indicate @entity41 cells in 20-60% of cases, and the prognosis for these @entity1 is unfavorable. More precise methods of localization of the prostate are desirable to increase the dose to the @entity263 and minimize the volume of adjacent sensitive tissues that are currently included in the planning target volume. We have sought a method to more accurately locate the prostate at the time of treatment, allowing a reduction of the volume of rectum and bladder included in the high dose region during dose escalation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We have developed a new technique using a special urethral catheter (patent pending), containing markers that can be visualized by the radiotherapy machine for accurate positioning of the prostate. The catheter is used throughout the treatment planning procedure and the isocenter is placed on one of the markers. On the treatment couch the markers are visualized on port-films and with portal imaging immediately before dose delivery. A beam-center-marker on the accelerator makes it possible to adjust the isocenter position to within 1 mm, giving very high precision, independent of external fixation. The technique involves a simple @entity1 setup. The method has been tested in five @entity1 with conventional dose level (70 Gy) and in 24 @entity1 in the first Scandinavian dose escalation study with external beam radiotherapy. No increase in acute side-effects was observed. CONCLUSION: With the new high precision conformal radiotherapy (HPCRT) technique we have developed a technique that allows us to increase the dose to the prostate without excessive side effects. The method reduces the uncertainties in prostate localization, is easy to handle, and feasible in routine treatment.

title: High-precision conformal radiotherapy (HPCRT) of XXXX --a new technique for exact positioning of the prostate at the time of treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer', 'prostate tumor']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To determine the percentage of complete responders and the resectability rate for @entity1 with locally advanced @entity188 treated by @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) infusional chemotherapy and pelvic radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 1992 and June 1996, 29 @entity1 with a diagnosis of locally advanced unresectable @entity5 received preoperative 5 FU by continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 225 mg/m2/day concurrent with pelvic radiation (median 54 Gy/28 fractions). All @entity1 were clinical stage T4 on the bases of organ invasion or @entity5 fixation. Median time for surgical resection was 6 weeks. RESULTS: Median follow-up for the group was 28 months (range 5-57 months). Six @entity1 were felt to be persistently unresectable or developed distant @entity3 and did not undergo surgical resection. Of the 29 @entity1 , 23 proceeded to surgery, 18 were resectable for cure, 13 by abdominoperineal resection, 3 by anterior resection and 2 by local excision. Of the 29 @entity1 , 4 (13%) had a complete response, and 90% were clinically downstaged. Of the 18 resected @entity1 , 1 has died of his disease, 17 are alive, and 15 disease-free. The regimen was well tolerated; there was only one treatment-related complication, a wound dehiscence. CONCLUSION: The combination of 5 FU infusion and pelvic radiation in the management of locally advanced @entity5 is well tolerated and provides a baseline for comparison purposes with future combinations of newer systemic agents and radiation.

title: Preoperative radiation with concurrent XXXX continuous infusion for locally advanced unresectable @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the rectum']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To determine the percentage of complete responders and the resectability rate for @entity1 with locally advanced @entity188 treated by @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) infusional chemotherapy and pelvic radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between October 1992 and June 1996, 29 @entity1 with a diagnosis of locally advanced unresectable @entity5 received preoperative 5 FU by continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 225 mg/m2/day concurrent with pelvic radiation (median 54 Gy/28 fractions). All @entity1 were clinical stage T4 on the bases of organ invasion or @entity5 fixation. Median time for surgical resection was 6 weeks. RESULTS: Median follow-up for the group was 28 months (range 5-57 months). Six @entity1 were felt to be persistently unresectable or developed distant @entity3 and did not undergo surgical resection. Of the 29 @entity1 , 23 proceeded to surgery, 18 were resectable for cure, 13 by abdominoperineal resection, 3 by anterior resection and 2 by local excision. Of the 29 @entity1 , 4 (13%) had a complete response, and 90% were clinically downstaged. Of the 18 resected @entity1 , 1 has died of his disease, 17 are alive, and 15 disease-free. The regimen was well tolerated; there was only one treatment-related complication, a wound dehiscence. CONCLUSION: The combination of 5 FU infusion and pelvic radiation in the management of locally advanced @entity5 is well tolerated and provides a baseline for comparison purposes with future combinations of newer systemic agents and radiation.

title: Preoperative radiation with concurrent @entity1487 continuous infusion for locally advanced unresectable XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The early detection of @entity1003 helps guide decisions regarding optimal transfusion management during cardiac surgery. This study aimed to determine whether rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) analysis during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) could predict @entity882 and @entity6805 after CPB. METHODS: We analyzed 138 cardiac surgical @entity1 for whom ROTEM tests and conventional laboratory tests were performed simultaneously both during and after CPB. An extrinsically activated ROTEM test (EXTEM), a fibrin-specific ROTEM test (FIBTEM) and PLTEM calculated by subtracting FIBTEM from EXTEM were evaluated. Correlations between clot amplitude at 10 min (A10), maximal clot firmness, platelet count, and @entity2002 concentrations at each time point were calculated. A receiver operating characteristic analysis with area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess the thresholds of EXTEM, PLTEM and FIBTEM parameters during CPB and for predicting @entity882 and @entity6805 after weaning of CPB. RESULTS: The A10 on EXTEM, PLTEM, and FIBTEM during CPB showed a good correlation with platelet counts (r = 0.622 on EXTEM and r = 0.637 on PLTEM; P < 0.0001 for each value) and @entity2002 levels (r = 0.780; P < 0.0001) after CPB. A10 on a FIBTEM threshold of 8 mm during the CPB predicted a @entity2002 concentration < 150 mg/dl (AUC = 0.853) after CPB. Additionally, the threshold level of A10 on EXTEM during CPB for predicting platelet counts < 100,000 /  l after CPB was 42 mm (AUC = 0.768). CONCLUSIONS: EXTEM, PLTEM, and FIBTEM parameters during CPB may be useful for predicting @entity882 and @entity6805 after weaning of CPB.

title: Predictive value of rotational thromboelastometry during cardiopulmonary bypass for XXXX and @entity6805 after weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass.

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity6805 :: ('MESH:C531603', 'Disease') :: ['hypofibrinogenemia']

answer: @entity882 :: (MESH:D013921,Disease) :: ['thrombocytopenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The early detection of @entity1003 helps guide decisions regarding optimal transfusion management during cardiac surgery. This study aimed to determine whether rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) analysis during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) could predict @entity882 and @entity6805 after CPB. METHODS: We analyzed 138 cardiac surgical @entity1 for whom ROTEM tests and conventional laboratory tests were performed simultaneously both during and after CPB. An extrinsically activated ROTEM test (EXTEM), a fibrin-specific ROTEM test (FIBTEM) and PLTEM calculated by subtracting FIBTEM from EXTEM were evaluated. Correlations between clot amplitude at 10 min (A10), maximal clot firmness, platelet count, and @entity2002 concentrations at each time point were calculated. A receiver operating characteristic analysis with area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess the thresholds of EXTEM, PLTEM and FIBTEM parameters during CPB and for predicting @entity882 and @entity6805 after weaning of CPB. RESULTS: The A10 on EXTEM, PLTEM, and FIBTEM during CPB showed a good correlation with platelet counts (r = 0.622 on EXTEM and r = 0.637 on PLTEM; P < 0.0001 for each value) and @entity2002 levels (r = 0.780; P < 0.0001) after CPB. A10 on a FIBTEM threshold of 8 mm during the CPB predicted a @entity2002 concentration < 150 mg/dl (AUC = 0.853) after CPB. Additionally, the threshold level of A10 on EXTEM during CPB for predicting platelet counts < 100,000 /  l after CPB was 42 mm (AUC = 0.768). CONCLUSIONS: EXTEM, PLTEM, and FIBTEM parameters during CPB may be useful for predicting @entity882 and @entity6805 after weaning of CPB.

title: Predictive value of rotational thromboelastometry during cardiopulmonary bypass for @entity882 and XXXX after weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass.

answer: @entity6805 :: (MESH:C531603,Disease) :: ['hypofibrinogenemia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1092 (VA) is a widely used antiepileptic drug. Because of its pharmacokinetic variability and the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as the treatment compliance, VA therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended in @entity1 . The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of treatment compliance and the economic level on VA @entity6251 ( @entity6251 ) and @entity302 rhythm in @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A one-year prospective study (August 2008-August 2009) concerning @entity1 (age  <= 5 years) regularly treated by VA who had a VA TDM. So, 276 plasmatic samples from 238 @entity1 were collected. The @entity1 were divided in two groups as following: the group 1 (G1) presenting a good compliance and a reliable questioning and the group 2 (G2) presenting a bad compliance and a non reliable questioning. We evaluated the interindividual variability by correlating the @entity6251 to the dose. Then, we divided the hole group in function of their economic levels (low-medium-high). RESULTS: Sex ratio male/female was 1.3. Median age was 5  years +/-3,9. The mean @entity6251 was 62   g/mL [0.12-131   g/mL]. VA @entity6251 were in the therapeutic range (TR) in 62%. @entity137 were noted in 4.2% of the @entity1 . G1 represented 70% of the @entity1 and G2, 30%. The @entity6251 were in the TR in 67% of G1 and 51% of G2 (p = 0.02). There was a significant difference between the @entity6251 in G1 and G2 (p = 0.02).There was no significative difference in the @entity6251 in function of the economic levels. There was no correlation between @entity6251 and the administered doses. The @entity302 were more spaced in @entity1 with therapeutic @entity6251 than those with @entity6251 in the TR (p = 0.002) and in G1than in G2 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Compliance should be appropriate in order to optimize the TDM rule. A good compliance and a therapeutic @entity6251 allow a better control of @entity302 .

title: [Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of XXXX in @entity1 :  A Prospective Study of The Effect of The Compliance and The Economic Level on the Trough Plasmatic Concentrations and @entity302 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Adverse drug reactions']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures', 'epileptic']

entities_list: @entity6251 :: ('MESH:C567712', 'Disease') :: ['tough plasmatic concentration', 'TPC']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['Valproic Acid']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1092 (VA) is a widely used antiepileptic drug. Because of its pharmacokinetic variability and the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as the treatment compliance, VA therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended in @entity1 . The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of treatment compliance and the economic level on VA @entity6251 ( @entity6251 ) and @entity302 rhythm in @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A one-year prospective study (August 2008-August 2009) concerning @entity1 (age  <= 5 years) regularly treated by VA who had a VA TDM. So, 276 plasmatic samples from 238 @entity1 were collected. The @entity1 were divided in two groups as following: the group 1 (G1) presenting a good compliance and a reliable questioning and the group 2 (G2) presenting a bad compliance and a non reliable questioning. We evaluated the interindividual variability by correlating the @entity6251 to the dose. Then, we divided the hole group in function of their economic levels (low-medium-high). RESULTS: Sex ratio male/female was 1.3. Median age was 5  years +/-3,9. The mean @entity6251 was 62   g/mL [0.12-131   g/mL]. VA @entity6251 were in the therapeutic range (TR) in 62%. @entity137 were noted in 4.2% of the @entity1 . G1 represented 70% of the @entity1 and G2, 30%. The @entity6251 were in the TR in 67% of G1 and 51% of G2 (p = 0.02). There was a significant difference between the @entity6251 in G1 and G2 (p = 0.02).There was no significative difference in the @entity6251 in function of the economic levels. There was no correlation between @entity6251 and the administered doses. The @entity302 were more spaced in @entity1 with therapeutic @entity6251 than those with @entity6251 in the TR (p = 0.002) and in G1than in G2 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Compliance should be appropriate in order to optimize the TDM rule. A good compliance and a therapeutic @entity6251 allow a better control of @entity302 .

title: [Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of @entity1092 in @entity1 :  A Prospective Study of The Effect of The Compliance and The Economic Level on the Trough Plasmatic Concentrations and XXXX ].

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epileptic Seizures']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1092 (VA) is a widely used antiepileptic drug. Because of its pharmacokinetic variability and the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as the treatment compliance, VA therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended in @entity1 . The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of treatment compliance and the economic level on VA @entity6251 ( @entity6251 ) and @entity302 rhythm in @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A one-year prospective study (August 2008-August 2009) concerning @entity1 (age  <= 5 years) regularly treated by VA who had a VA TDM. So, 276 plasmatic samples from 238 @entity1 were collected. The @entity1 were divided in two groups as following: the group 1 (G1) presenting a good compliance and a reliable questioning and the group 2 (G2) presenting a bad compliance and a non reliable questioning. We evaluated the interindividual variability by correlating the @entity6251 to the dose. Then, we divided the hole group in function of their economic levels (low-medium-high). RESULTS: Sex ratio male/female was 1.3. Median age was 5  years +/-3,9. The mean @entity6251 was 62   g/mL [0.12-131   g/mL]. VA @entity6251 were in the therapeutic range (TR) in 62%. @entity137 were noted in 4.2% of the @entity1 . G1 represented 70% of the @entity1 and G2, 30%. The @entity6251 were in the TR in 67% of G1 and 51% of G2 (p = 0.02). There was a significant difference between the @entity6251 in G1 and G2 (p = 0.02).There was no significative difference in the @entity6251 in function of the economic levels. There was no correlation between @entity6251 and the administered doses. The @entity302 were more spaced in @entity1 with therapeutic @entity6251 than those with @entity6251 in the TR (p = 0.002) and in G1than in G2 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Compliance should be appropriate in order to optimize the TDM rule. A good compliance and a therapeutic @entity6251 allow a better control of @entity302 .

title: [Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of @entity1092 in XXXX :  A Prospective Study of The Effect of The Compliance and The Economic Level on the Trough Plasmatic Concentrations and @entity302 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of @entity5 in South Africa (SA) remains high, and the current screening programme has had limited success. New approaches to prevention and screening tactics are needed. OBJECTIVES: To investigate acceptance of school-based @entity1082 ) vaccination, as well as the information provided, methods of obtaining consent and assent, and completion rates achieved. METHODS: Information on @entity5 and HPV vaccination was provided to 19 primary schools in Western Cape and Gauteng provinces participating in the study. @entity1 with parental consent and @entity1 assent were vaccinated during school hours at their schools. RESULTS: A total of 3 465 @entity1 were invited to receive HPV vaccine, of whom 2 046 provided written parental consent as well as @entity1 assent. At least one dose of vaccine was delivered to 2 030 @entity1 (99.2% of the consented cohort), while a total of 1 782 @entity1 received all three doses. Sufficient vaccination was achieved in 91.6% of the vaccinated cohort. Of all invited @entity1 , 56.9% in Gauteng and 50.7% in the Western Cape were sufficiently vaccinated. CONCLUSION: This implementation project demonstrated that HPV vaccination is practical and safe in SA schools. Political and community acceptance was good, and positive attitudes towards vaccination were encountered. During the study, which mimicked a governmental vaccine roll-out programme, high completion rates were achieved in spite of several challenges encountered.

title: The vaccine and @entity5 screen (VACCS) project: acceptance of XXXX vaccination in a school-based programme in two provinces of South Africa.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girls', 'child', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of @entity5 in South Africa (SA) remains high, and the current screening programme has had limited success. New approaches to prevention and screening tactics are needed. OBJECTIVES: To investigate acceptance of school-based @entity1082 ) vaccination, as well as the information provided, methods of obtaining consent and assent, and completion rates achieved. METHODS: Information on @entity5 and HPV vaccination was provided to 19 primary schools in Western Cape and Gauteng provinces participating in the study. @entity1 with parental consent and @entity1 assent were vaccinated during school hours at their schools. RESULTS: A total of 3 465 @entity1 were invited to receive HPV vaccine, of whom 2 046 provided written parental consent as well as @entity1 assent. At least one dose of vaccine was delivered to 2 030 @entity1 (99.2% of the consented cohort), while a total of 1 782 @entity1 received all three doses. Sufficient vaccination was achieved in 91.6% of the vaccinated cohort. Of all invited @entity1 , 56.9% in Gauteng and 50.7% in the Western Cape were sufficiently vaccinated. CONCLUSION: This implementation project demonstrated that HPV vaccination is practical and safe in SA schools. Political and community acceptance was good, and positive attitudes towards vaccination were encountered. During the study, which mimicked a governmental vaccine roll-out programme, high completion rates were achieved in spite of several challenges encountered.

title: The vaccine and XXXX screen (VACCS) project: acceptance of @entity1082 vaccination in a school-based programme in two provinces of South Africa.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: Despite many advances in the management of @entity2914 ( @entity2914 ), the condition carries a mortality rate of 40-50% usually consequent to @entity358 and/or persistent @entity120 . Several centers have reported improved survival with preoperative stabilization and delayed surgery, which is now an accepted method of management. This is a retrospective analysis of all neonates with @entity649 at birth due to @entity2914 who were treated at our institution with neither extracorporeal membrane oxygenation nor @entity842 being used. The medical records of all neonates with @entity2914 and @entity649 at birth who were treated at this institution from August 1, 1992 through @entity3490 , 1997 were reviewed. There were 21 @entity1 , 11 male and 10 female. There were 17 full-term and 4 premature @entity1 ; two premature @entity1 at 30 and 34 weeks' gestation were not resuscitated because of severe associated @entity154 . Surgery was performed from 5 to 144 hr (mean 45 hr) in 18 @entity1 . One @entity1 died during preoperative stabilization from severe @entity358 and @entity120 and one @entity1 died postoperatively from the same conditions. Seventeen of 19 @entity1 (89.5%) survived and were discharged home. Three @entity1 (17.6%) who failed to thrive due to severe @entity354 ( @entity354 ) required fundoplication. Eleven @entity1 (64.7%) who had @entity295 proven by blood culture responded satisfactorily to appropriate antibiotics. Preoperative stabilization and delayed surgery has been a satisfactory form of management in our series. The significant complication was @entity295 , which must be addressed.

title: XXXX : experience with preoperative stabilization and delayed surgery without ECMO and inhaled @entity842 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['congenital diaphragmatic hernia', 'CDH']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux', 'GER']

answer: @entity2914 :: (MESH:D065630,Disease) :: ['Congenital diaphragmatic hernia']


abstract: Despite many advances in the management of @entity2914 ( @entity2914 ), the condition carries a mortality rate of 40-50% usually consequent to @entity358 and/or persistent @entity120 . Several centers have reported improved survival with preoperative stabilization and delayed surgery, which is now an accepted method of management. This is a retrospective analysis of all neonates with @entity649 at birth due to @entity2914 who were treated at our institution with neither extracorporeal membrane oxygenation nor @entity842 being used. The medical records of all neonates with @entity2914 and @entity649 at birth who were treated at this institution from August 1, 1992 through @entity3490 , 1997 were reviewed. There were 21 @entity1 , 11 male and 10 female. There were 17 full-term and 4 premature @entity1 ; two premature @entity1 at 30 and 34 weeks' gestation were not resuscitated because of severe associated @entity154 . Surgery was performed from 5 to 144 hr (mean 45 hr) in 18 @entity1 . One @entity1 died during preoperative stabilization from severe @entity358 and @entity120 and one @entity1 died postoperatively from the same conditions. Seventeen of 19 @entity1 (89.5%) survived and were discharged home. Three @entity1 (17.6%) who failed to thrive due to severe @entity354 ( @entity354 ) required fundoplication. Eleven @entity1 (64.7%) who had @entity295 proven by blood culture responded satisfactorily to appropriate antibiotics. Preoperative stabilization and delayed surgery has been a satisfactory form of management in our series. The significant complication was @entity295 , which must be addressed.

title: @entity2914 : experience with preoperative stabilization and delayed surgery without ECMO and inhaled XXXX .

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A thorough understanding of the @entity1 's genotype and their functional response to a medication is necessary for improving event free survival. Several outcome studies support this view particularly if the @entity1 is to be started on @entity1397 due to the prevalence of @entity1397 resistance. Such guided therapy has reduced the incidence of Major Adverse @entity299 (MACE) after stent implantation. METHODS: Between August 2013 and August 2014, 200 @entity1 with @entity453 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were prescribed any one of the anti-platelet medications such as @entity1397 , @entity3076 or @entity3077 and offered testing to detect @entity4433 gene mutations along with a platelet reactivity assay (PRA). Intended outcome was modification of anti-platelet therapy defined as either dose escalation of @entity1397 or replacement of @entity1397 with @entity3076 or @entity3077 for the @entity1 in @entity1397 arm, and replacement of @entity3077 or @entity3076 with @entity1397 if those @entity1 were non-carrier of mutant genes and also if they demonstrated @entity548 tendencies in the @entity3077 and @entity3076 arms. CONCLUSION: @entity1397 resistance was observed to be 16.5% in our study population. PRA was useful in monitoring the efficacy of @entity2405 . By having this test, one can be safely maintained on @entity1397 in non-carriers, or with increased dose of @entity1397 in intermediate metabolizers or with newer drugs such as @entity3077 or @entity3076 in poor metabolizers. @entity1 on @entity3077 and @entity3076 identified as non-carriers of gene mutations for @entity1397 metabolism could be offered @entity1397 resulting in economic benefits to the @entity1 . @entity1 at high risk of @entity548 were also identified by the PRA.

title: A study on the impact of XXXX genotype and platelet reactivity assay on @entity1 undergoing PCI.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3076 :: ('MESH:C408153', 'Chemical') :: ['prasugrel']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2405 :: ('MESH:D058924', 'Chemical') :: ['thienopyridines']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['Clopidogrel', 'clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity3077 :: ('MESH:C503700', 'Chemical') :: ['ticagrelor']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac Events']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity4433 :: (1557,Gene) :: ['CYP2C19']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A thorough understanding of the @entity1 's genotype and their functional response to a medication is necessary for improving event free survival. Several outcome studies support this view particularly if the @entity1 is to be started on @entity1397 due to the prevalence of @entity1397 resistance. Such guided therapy has reduced the incidence of Major Adverse @entity299 (MACE) after stent implantation. METHODS: Between August 2013 and August 2014, 200 @entity1 with @entity453 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were prescribed any one of the anti-platelet medications such as @entity1397 , @entity3076 or @entity3077 and offered testing to detect @entity4433 gene mutations along with a platelet reactivity assay (PRA). Intended outcome was modification of anti-platelet therapy defined as either dose escalation of @entity1397 or replacement of @entity1397 with @entity3076 or @entity3077 for the @entity1 in @entity1397 arm, and replacement of @entity3077 or @entity3076 with @entity1397 if those @entity1 were non-carrier of mutant genes and also if they demonstrated @entity548 tendencies in the @entity3077 and @entity3076 arms. CONCLUSION: @entity1397 resistance was observed to be 16.5% in our study population. PRA was useful in monitoring the efficacy of @entity2405 . By having this test, one can be safely maintained on @entity1397 in non-carriers, or with increased dose of @entity1397 in intermediate metabolizers or with newer drugs such as @entity3077 or @entity3076 in poor metabolizers. @entity1 on @entity3077 and @entity3076 identified as non-carriers of gene mutations for @entity1397 metabolism could be offered @entity1397 resulting in economic benefits to the @entity1 . @entity1 at high risk of @entity548 were also identified by the PRA.

title: A study on the impact of @entity4433 genotype and platelet reactivity assay on XXXX undergoing PCI.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: This study was carried out to assess the efficacy of 0.025% and 0.05% @entity24174 eye-drops in @entity1 with @entity56 of > or = 1 year's duration. A total of 151 @entity1 received 0.025% or 0.05% @entity24174 eye-drops or placebo b.i.d. for 14 days according to a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-dosing design; 129 @entity1 completed the study as planned. The three target symptoms, scored on 4-point scales, were @entity111 , lacrimation, and @entity2194 ; responders were @entity1 whose symptom sum score decreased by > or = 3 from a baseline score of > or = 6 by day 3. Mean scores of these and five other symptoms were recorded also on days 7 and 14, and @entity1 kept daily diaries of the three main symptoms and swollen eyelids. Responder rates were 73% for 0.025% (P=0.115 vs placebo) and 82% for 0.05% @entity24174 eye-drops (P=0.011 vs placebo) and 56% for placebo. The time courses of the mean (investigators' and @entity1 ') scores for the three main symptoms reflected the dose-dependent effect of @entity24174 eye-drops. One @entity1 each from the two @entity24174 groups and three from the placebo group withdrew because of inefficacy. @entity137 were reported by 14 and 24 @entity1 receiving 0.025% and 0.05% @entity24174 eye-drops, respectively, and by eight placebo @entity1 . These reactions were mainly slight application site reactions and taste perversion (bitter or unpleasant taste). @entity24174 eye-drops are effective and well tolerated at a dose of 0.05% for the treatment of @entity56 .

title: XXXX eye-drops in @entity56 or rhinoconjunctivitis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['redness of the eyes']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Adverse drug reactions']

entities_list: @entity24174 :: ('MESH:C020976', 'Chemical') :: ['Azelastine', 'azelastine']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['seasonal allergic conjunctivitis']

answer: @entity24174 :: (MESH:C020976,Chemical) :: ['Azelastine']


abstract: This study was carried out to assess the efficacy of 0.025% and 0.05% @entity24174 eye-drops in @entity1 with @entity56 of > or = 1 year's duration. A total of 151 @entity1 received 0.025% or 0.05% @entity24174 eye-drops or placebo b.i.d. for 14 days according to a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-dosing design; 129 @entity1 completed the study as planned. The three target symptoms, scored on 4-point scales, were @entity111 , lacrimation, and @entity2194 ; responders were @entity1 whose symptom sum score decreased by > or = 3 from a baseline score of > or = 6 by day 3. Mean scores of these and five other symptoms were recorded also on days 7 and 14, and @entity1 kept daily diaries of the three main symptoms and swollen eyelids. Responder rates were 73% for 0.025% (P=0.115 vs placebo) and 82% for 0.05% @entity24174 eye-drops (P=0.011 vs placebo) and 56% for placebo. The time courses of the mean (investigators' and @entity1 ') scores for the three main symptoms reflected the dose-dependent effect of @entity24174 eye-drops. One @entity1 each from the two @entity24174 groups and three from the placebo group withdrew because of inefficacy. @entity137 were reported by 14 and 24 @entity1 receiving 0.025% and 0.05% @entity24174 eye-drops, respectively, and by eight placebo @entity1 . These reactions were mainly slight application site reactions and taste perversion (bitter or unpleasant taste). @entity24174 eye-drops are effective and well tolerated at a dose of 0.05% for the treatment of @entity56 .

title: @entity24174 eye-drops in XXXX or rhinoconjunctivitis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['seasonal allergic conjunctivitis']


abstract: Therapeutic strategies for @entity1778 are directed to induction of differentiation and apoptosis as well as growth inhibition. One of the key antileukemic agents, @entity9864 (ara C), is clinically applied according to these therapeutic aims. However, the molecular effects of 0.1 microg/ml of ara C, a concentration that corresponds to the serum level in @entity1778 @entity1 on a conventional dose of ara C, have not been well disclosed. Here, we addressed these issues using K562 cells which derived from a blastic crisis of @entity1860 . DNA synthesis of treated cells was suppressed from 1-6 h. But, it recovered at 12 h and no further inhibition was observed. The number of cells was not decreased but DNA fragmentation was observed at 72 h. The number of erythroid-differentiated cells also increased to 30% at 72 h. Along with treatment, no marked alteration of mRNAs for cell cycle-regulating genes was found and the @entity995 gene product remained hyperphosphorylated throughout treatment. The expression of mRNAs for apoptosis-regulating genes also remained unchanged, except for slight down-regulation of @entity589 . @entity517 protein was not found later than 48 h, and Max mRNA was downregulated. @entity1178 was immediately induced, followed by the fluctuated expression level along with treatment. These findings suggest that the 0.1 microg/ml ara C changed the proliferation, differentiation and death of K562 cells in a biphasic manner. In the early phase, DNA synthesis was inhibited without altering the expression of cell cycle regulating-genes. In the latter phase, cell death and erythroid- differentiation occurred in accordance with the down-regulation of @entity517 .

title: Biological effects of a relatively low concentration of XXXX in K562 cells: alterations of the cell cycle, erythroid-differentiation, and apoptosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia', 'leukemic']

entities_list: @entity9864 :: ('CHEBI:28680', 'Chemical') :: ['1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['chronic myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity9864 :: (CHEBI:28680,Chemical) :: ['1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Nanoparticle uptake and distribution to solid @entity5 are limited by reticuloendothelial system systemic filtering and transport limitations induced by irregular intra-tumoral vascularization. Although vascular enhanced permeability and retention can aid targeting, high interstitial fluid pressure and dense extracellular matrix may hinder local penetration. Extravascular diffusivity depends upon nanoparticle size, surface modifications, and tissue vascularization. Gold nanoparticles functionalized with biologically-compatible layers may achieve improved uptake and distribution while enabling @entity137 through synergistic combination of chemotherapy and thermal ablation. Evaluation of nanoparticle uptake in vivo remains difficult, as detection methods are limited. We employ hyperspectral imaging of histology sections to analyze uptake and distribution of @entity2434 -coated @entity3736 gold nanoparticles (CGN) and @entity3440 -gold nanoshells (SGN) after tail-vein injection in @entity19 bearing orthotopic pancreatic @entity420 . For CGN, the liver and @entity5 showed 26.5  8.2 and 23.3  4.1 particles/100 m2 within 10 m from the nearest source and few nanoparticles beyond 50 m, respectively. The spleen had 35.5  9.3 particles/100 m2 within 10 m with penetration also limited to 50 m. For SGN, the liver showed 31.1  4.1 particles/100 m2 within 10 m of the nearest source with penetration hindered beyond 30 m. The spleen and @entity5 showed uptake of 22.1  6.2 and 15.8  6.1 particles/100 m2 within 10 m, respectively, with penetration similarly hindered. CGH average concentration (nanoparticles/ m2) was 1.09  0.14 in the liver, 0.74  0.12 in the spleen, and 0.43  0.07 in the @entity5 . SGN average concentration (nanoparticles/ m2) was 0.43  0.07 in the liver, 0.30  0.06 in the spleen, and 0.20  0.04 in the @entity5 . Hyperspectral imaging of histology sections enables analysis of @entity2434 -coated gold-based nanoparticles in @entity788 with the goal to improve nanotherapeutic efficacy.

title: Detection of @entity2434 -Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Orthotopic XXXX using Hyperspectral Imaging.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Nanoparticle uptake and distribution to solid @entity5 are limited by reticuloendothelial system systemic filtering and transport limitations induced by irregular intra-tumoral vascularization. Although vascular enhanced permeability and retention can aid targeting, high interstitial fluid pressure and dense extracellular matrix may hinder local penetration. Extravascular diffusivity depends upon nanoparticle size, surface modifications, and tissue vascularization. Gold nanoparticles functionalized with biologically-compatible layers may achieve improved uptake and distribution while enabling @entity137 through synergistic combination of chemotherapy and thermal ablation. Evaluation of nanoparticle uptake in vivo remains difficult, as detection methods are limited. We employ hyperspectral imaging of histology sections to analyze uptake and distribution of @entity2434 -coated @entity3736 gold nanoparticles (CGN) and @entity3440 -gold nanoshells (SGN) after tail-vein injection in @entity19 bearing orthotopic pancreatic @entity420 . For CGN, the liver and @entity5 showed 26.5  8.2 and 23.3  4.1 particles/100 m2 within 10 m from the nearest source and few nanoparticles beyond 50 m, respectively. The spleen had 35.5  9.3 particles/100 m2 within 10 m with penetration also limited to 50 m. For SGN, the liver showed 31.1  4.1 particles/100 m2 within 10 m of the nearest source with penetration hindered beyond 30 m. The spleen and @entity5 showed uptake of 22.1  6.2 and 15.8  6.1 particles/100 m2 within 10 m, respectively, with penetration similarly hindered. CGH average concentration (nanoparticles/ m2) was 1.09  0.14 in the liver, 0.74  0.12 in the spleen, and 0.43  0.07 in the @entity5 . SGN average concentration (nanoparticles/ m2) was 0.43  0.07 in the liver, 0.30  0.06 in the spleen, and 0.20  0.04 in the @entity5 . Hyperspectral imaging of histology sections enables analysis of @entity2434 -coated gold-based nanoparticles in @entity788 with the goal to improve nanotherapeutic efficacy.

title: Detection of XXXX -Coated Gold Nanoparticles in Orthotopic @entity788 using Hyperspectral Imaging.

answer: @entity2434 :: (MESH:D010713,Chemical) :: ['Phosphatidylcholine']


abstract: This report provides the first evidence for the existence of two distinct types of @entity844 -binding protein (FABP) in cardiac tissue of vertebrates. Four species of Antarctic teleost fish ( @entity9319 , Cryodraco antarcticus, Gobionotothen gibberifrons and @entity9318 ) exhibited two FABP mRNAs of 1. 0 kb and 0.8 kb, which we have termed Hh-FABP and Had-FABP (isolated from Heart tissue, with similarity to @entity1 heart-type FABP or @entity1 adipose-type FABP respectively). These FABP types appear to be products of distinct genes. Both FABP transcripts were abundant in cardiac and aerobic pectoral muscle. However, relative abundance of the two types varied distinctly among other tissues such as kidney, brain, spleen and white muscle. Neither FABP type was expressed in liver or intestine. The coding regions of Hh-FABP and Had-FABP cDNAs from the same species are only approximately 60% identical with one another. However, homologues of each FABP species, which exhibit >98% identity to their respective types, were isolated from three other Antarctic teleosts. Phylogenetic analysis of aligned @entity535 sequences places Hh-FABP with other vertebrate heart-type FABPs, and Had with adipose/cutaneous FABPs. Expression of two distinct FABPs in cardiac tissue of Antarctic teleosts may be related to their ability to both utilize @entity844 as the primary metabolic fuel and to store lipid intracellularly.

title: Two distinct types of XXXX -binding protein are expressed in heart ventricle of Antarctic teleost fishes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity9318 :: ('8208', 'Species') :: ['Notothenia coriiceps']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino-acid']

entities_list: @entity9319 :: ('36190', 'Species') :: ['Chaenocephalus aceratus']

answer: @entity844 :: (CHEBI:35366,Chemical) :: ['fatty acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is frequently responsible for symptoms in @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). Medical therapy is often not sufficient to control these symptoms, and surgical myotomy-myomectomy is required. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 33 symptomatic @entity1 with @entity1121 and obstruction (>/=40 mm Hg gradient at rest or >/=60 mm Hg @entity452 -provoked). By contrast echocardiography, the bulging septum was localized and infarcted by injection of 2 to 5 mL of absolute @entity1068 into the septal artery(ies) supplying the hypertrophied area. Baseline echocardiograms with Doppler, myocardial perfusion tomograms, and treadmill exercise or pharmacological testing were compared with those at 6 weeks and 6 months. The mean rise in @entity908 kinase was 1964+/-796 U. All @entity1 experienced symptomatic relief; NYHA class decreased from 3. 0+/-0.5 to 0.9+/-0.6 (P<0.001). Exercise time increased from 286+/-193 to 421+/-181 seconds (P=0.03). The resting and @entity452 -provoked gradient decreased from 49+/-33 and 96+/-34 mm Hg to 9+/-19 (P<0.001) and 24+/-31 mm Hg (P<0.001), respectively. Echocardiograms repeated at 6 weeks after the procedure showed a 28% reduction in septal thickness and 17% reduction in left ventricular mass. Myocardial perfusion imaging showed a "septal amputation pattern," with @entity2318 in the upper and middle septal areas. Complete @entity616 developed in 11 @entity1 , who then required permanent pacemaker implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiography-guided @entity1068 septal reduction in @entity1 with @entity1121 is a safe, minimally invasive procedure that provides symptomatic relief with improved hemodynamic and left ventricular parameters.

title: Echocardiography-guided @entity1068 septal reduction for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['HOCM', 'hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['heart block']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is frequently responsible for symptoms in @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). Medical therapy is often not sufficient to control these symptoms, and surgical myotomy-myomectomy is required. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 33 symptomatic @entity1 with @entity1121 and obstruction (>/=40 mm Hg gradient at rest or >/=60 mm Hg @entity452 -provoked). By contrast echocardiography, the bulging septum was localized and infarcted by injection of 2 to 5 mL of absolute @entity1068 into the septal artery(ies) supplying the hypertrophied area. Baseline echocardiograms with Doppler, myocardial perfusion tomograms, and treadmill exercise or pharmacological testing were compared with those at 6 weeks and 6 months. The mean rise in @entity908 kinase was 1964+/-796 U. All @entity1 experienced symptomatic relief; NYHA class decreased from 3. 0+/-0.5 to 0.9+/-0.6 (P<0.001). Exercise time increased from 286+/-193 to 421+/-181 seconds (P=0.03). The resting and @entity452 -provoked gradient decreased from 49+/-33 and 96+/-34 mm Hg to 9+/-19 (P<0.001) and 24+/-31 mm Hg (P<0.001), respectively. Echocardiograms repeated at 6 weeks after the procedure showed a 28% reduction in septal thickness and 17% reduction in left ventricular mass. Myocardial perfusion imaging showed a "septal amputation pattern," with @entity2318 in the upper and middle septal areas. Complete @entity616 developed in 11 @entity1 , who then required permanent pacemaker implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiography-guided @entity1068 septal reduction in @entity1 with @entity1121 is a safe, minimally invasive procedure that provides symptomatic relief with improved hemodynamic and left ventricular parameters.

title: Echocardiography-guided XXXX septal reduction for @entity1121 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nonfasting @entity1674 are similar or superior to fasting @entity1674 at predicting @entity65 . However, diagnostic cut points are based on fasting @entity1674 . We examined the optimal cut point for increased nonfasting @entity1674 . METHODS: We obtained baseline nonfasting (<8 h since last meal) samples from 6391 @entity1 in the @entity1 's Health Study who were followed prospectively for  <=17 years. The optimal diagnostic threshold for nonfasting @entity1674 , determined by logistic regression models by use of c-statistics and the Youden index (sum of sensitivity and specificity minus 1), was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident @entity65 . Performance was compared to thresholds recommended by the @entity299 ( @entity299 ) and European guidelines. RESULTS: The optimal threshold was 175 mg/dL (1.98 mmol/L), with a c-statistic of 0.656, statistically better than the @entity299 cut point of 200 mg/dL (c-statistic 0.628). For nonfasting @entity1674 above and below 175 mg/dL, after adjusting for age, @entity101 , smoking, hormone use, and menopausal status, the HR for @entity65 was 1.88 (95% CI 1.52-2.33, P < 0.001), and for @entity1674 measured at 0-4 and 4-8 h since the last meal, 2.05 (1.54- 2.74) and 1.68 (1.21-2.32), respectively. We validated performance of this optimal cut point by use of 10-fold cross-validation and bootstrapping of multivariable models that included standard risk factors plus total and HDL @entity165 , @entity6 , body mass index, and @entity1851 . CONCLUSIONS: In this study of middle-aged and older apparently healthy @entity1 , we identified a diagnostic threshold for nonfasting @entity2298 of 175 mg/dL (1.98 mmol/L), with the potential to more accurately identify cases than the currently recommended @entity299 cut point.

title: Identifying an Optimal Cut Point for the Diagnosis of XXXX in the Nonfasting State.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['AHA', 'American Heart Association']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity2298 :: (MESH:D015228,Disease) :: ['Hypertriglyceridemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently, attempts have been made to cure @entity955 by creating @entity75 with radiofrequency energy. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) offers imaging of endocardial anatomy and the ablation electrode-tissue interface not available with standard fluoroscopy. This study sought to prospectively compare fluoroscopic with ICE guidance for the creation of linear @entity75 in a @entity235 model. METHODS AND RESULTS: The creation of 3 linear @entity75 was attempted in each of 10 @entity235 , half guided by fluoroscopy alone and half by ICE. Coil-tissue contact was prospectively graded. After ablation, animals were euthanized, and the location and continuity of lesions were evaluated. ICE guidance led to a higher percentage of successful applications (P=0.02) and mean achieved temperature (P=0. 004). The contact scores of excellent, fair, and poor correlated well with successful energy delivery, mean temperature, and efficiency of heating (P<0.0001). In 25% of the blinded energy deliveries, the location, as determined by the ablation operator, differed from that of ICE. Pathological evaluation revealed improved lesion formation in the ICE-guided compared with the ICE-blinded group. Lesions were found outside the target areas in the ICE-blinded but not the ICE-guided group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with fluoroscopy, ICE guidance improved targeting, energy delivery, and lesion formation in this @entity235 model. This study suggests that ICE guidance improves lesion formation and prevents energy delivery to potentially dangerous sites.

title: Comparative study of fluoroscopy and intracardiac echocardiographic guidance for the creation of linear XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['multiple linear atrial lesions', 'atrial lesions']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['atrial lesions']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: T cell infiltration into the CNS is a significant underlying pathogenesis in @entity3026 . Several lines of evidence suggest that @entity3264 dysregulation in the CNS is an important consequence of immune cell infiltration in neuroinflammatory @entity17 ; yet, the causal link between @entity32 and @entity3264 dysregulation is not well understood. A major source of @entity3264 release during oxidative stress is the system Xc (-) transporter; however, this mechanism has not been tested in animal models of @entity3026 . We find that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of system Xc (-) attenuates chronic and relapsing-remitting @entity6503 ( @entity6503 ). Remarkably, pharmacological blockade of system Xc (-) 7 d after induction of @entity6503 attenuated T cell infiltration into the CNS, but not T cell activation in the periphery. @entity19 harboring a @entity20568 ( @entity20568 ) mutation that inactivated system Xc (-) were resistant to @entity6503 , corroborating a central role for system Xc (-) in mediating immune cell infiltration. We next examined the role of the system Xc (-) transporter in the CNS after immune cell infiltration. Pharmacological inhibitors of the system Xc (-) transporter administered during the first relapse in a SJL animal model of relapsing-remitting @entity6503 abrogated clinical disease, @entity32 , and myelin loss. Primary coculture studies demonstrate that myelin-specific CD4(+) Th1 cells provoke microglia to release @entity3264 via the system Xc (-) transporter, causing excitotoxic death to mature myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Taken together, these studies support a novel role for the system Xc (-) transporter in mediating T cell infiltration into the CNS as well as promoting @entity17 after immune cell infiltration in @entity6503 .

title: Inhibition of System Xc- Transporter Attenuates Autoimmune Inflammatory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating diseases', 'myelin destruction']

entities_list: @entity3026 :: ('MESH:D020278', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune inflammatory demyelination', 'autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating diseases']

entities_list: @entity6503 :: ('MESH:D004681', 'Disease') :: ['EAE', 'experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis']

answer: @entity17 :: (MESH:D003711,Disease) :: ['Demyelination']


abstract: In this report, the results of renal transplantation in @entity1 with @entity12042 were retrospectively analysed and compared with the control group. Fifteen (3.04%) of the 493 renal transplant recipients whom were followed up in Istanbul School of Medicine transplant outpatient clinic, between 1983 and 1997, were included in the study. The etiology of @entity2783 was @entity827 in all @entity1 . The mean follow-up period was 38.3 +/- 31.8 (range 7-65) months. Twelve of the @entity1 were male and 3 female with the mean age 34.13 +/- 10.87 (range 21-60) years. Seven @entity1 had living related, 4 living-unrelated and 4 cadaveric donors. Five @entity1 were lost because of different complications: Three @entity1 died from @entity299 all with well functioning grafts, 2, 3 and 36 months after the operation. @entity295 and @entity65 was the probable cause of @entity204 in 1 @entity1 who also had chronic rejection. Another one @entity1 with chronic rejection died from @entity1578 . Acute rejection developed in 2 @entity1 . Renal functions of these @entity1 improved by anti-rejection therapies. Chronic rejection developed in 3 @entity1 . In the control group, acute rejection and chronic rejection were diagnosed in 5 and 1 @entity1 , retrospectively. While 1 @entity1 returned to hemodialysis in control group, the others are alive with satisfactory graft function. There was no @entity204 in control group. The 5-yr graft and @entity1 survival rates in @entity2783 and the control groups were 75, 77, 95 and 100%, respectively. It was concluded that although transplantation is not a contraindication for the treatment of end stage @entity177 in @entity1 with @entity12042 , it carries high risk of @entity299 in the postoperative period. Detailed preoperative cardiovascular evaluations are mandatory in these @entity1 and this intervention should improve the prognosis by excluding the @entity1 who have already been complicated with this problem.

title: Transplantation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity12042 :: ('MESH:C538249', 'Disease') :: ['renal amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity827 :: ('MESH:D010505', 'Disease') :: ['familial Mediterranean fever']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac amyloidosis', 'cardiac complications']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular failure']

answer: @entity12042 :: (MESH:C538249,Disease) :: ['renal amyloidosis']