abstract: The robber @entity238 Mallophora ruficauda is one of the principal pests of apiculture in the Pampas region of Argentina. As adults they prey on @entity5157 and other insects, while as larvae they are solitary ectoparasitoids of third instar scarab beetle larvae. Females of M. ruficauda lay eggs away from the host in tall grasses. After being dispersed by the wind, larvae drop to the ground, where they dig in search of their hosts. It is known that second instar larvae of M. ruficauda exhibit active host searching behaviour towards its preferred host, third instar larva of Cyclocephala signaticollis. Although the means by which host location occurs has been studied and since superparasitism is a frequent scenario in the field, no information about host discrimination and host acceptance is available. We carried out studies in the field and behavioural experiments in the laboratory to determine if M. ruficauda is capable of quality host discrimination. We also studied if this parasitoid is capable of conspecific detection in order to avoid superparasitism. Finally, we analyzed the conditions under which superparasitism occurs in the field. We report here that the second instar larva of M. ruficauda is able to discriminate the @entity4801 status of the host by means of chemical cues, but is not capable of detecting conspecifics prior to attacking a host. We also found that the host cannot detect the presence of the parasitoid by means of chemical cues, so that no counter-defense against @entity4801 occurs. Furthermore, we determined that superparasitism occurs on the heavier hosts, i.e. those with more abundant resources which could harbor several parasitoid individuals. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of larval host location and host discrimination decisions on the @entity410 of this parasitoid.

title: Insights to host discrimination and host acceptance behaviour in a parasitoid (Diptera: Asilidae): implications for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['parasitism']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['fitness']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of central dopaminergic stimulation with @entity3826 on speech in @entity1726 . BACKGROUND: Most @entity1 with @entity1726 have a @entity8408 . Of those, 89% have involvement of laryngeal function, and 45% have additional @entity409 . The effect of dopaminergic medications on these two dimensions of @entity73 in @entity1726 has not been selectively studied. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, @entity1 with @entity1726 and @entity73 , Hoehn and Yahr stages 2 to 4 "off," and without severe @entity910 were given placebo or @entity3826 injections 0.05 mg/kg subcutaneously during two consecutive outpatient visits. They were pretreated with @entity2211 for 48 hours and were tested off their parkinsonian medications for 12 hours. Laryngeal function was assessed by maximum sustained vowel phonations and comfortable vowel phonations. Articulatory function was evaluated by speech intelligibility score, speaking rate, and efficiency ratio. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 , mean age 73.4 years (SD = 6.6), disease duration 8.7 years (SD = 6.3), were tested. The baseline motor score on the Unified @entity191 Rating Scale (UPDRSm) and all experimental speech variables were equivalent on both placebo and @entity3826 days. At a dose of @entity3826 that provoked improvement in UPDRSm (p = 0.0078), no index of either laryngeal or articulatory function improved significantly after @entity3826 administration. CONCLUSION: Laryngeal and articulatory speech components are not under prominent dopaminergic control in @entity1726 . Treatment regimens should focus on nondopaminergic pharmacology and other therapies.

title: Effects of central dopaminergic stimulation by XXXX on speech in @entity191 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2211 :: ('MESH:D004294', 'Chemical') :: ['domperidone']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['speech impairment']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['articulatory dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's Disease"]

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity8408 :: ('MESH:D013064', 'Disease') :: ['speech disorder']

answer: @entity3826 :: (MESH:D001058,Chemical) :: ['apomorphine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of central dopaminergic stimulation with @entity3826 on speech in @entity1726 . BACKGROUND: Most @entity1 with @entity1726 have a @entity8408 . Of those, 89% have involvement of laryngeal function, and 45% have additional @entity409 . The effect of dopaminergic medications on these two dimensions of @entity73 in @entity1726 has not been selectively studied. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, @entity1 with @entity1726 and @entity73 , Hoehn and Yahr stages 2 to 4 "off," and without severe @entity910 were given placebo or @entity3826 injections 0.05 mg/kg subcutaneously during two consecutive outpatient visits. They were pretreated with @entity2211 for 48 hours and were tested off their parkinsonian medications for 12 hours. Laryngeal function was assessed by maximum sustained vowel phonations and comfortable vowel phonations. Articulatory function was evaluated by speech intelligibility score, speaking rate, and efficiency ratio. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 , mean age 73.4 years (SD = 6.6), disease duration 8.7 years (SD = 6.3), were tested. The baseline motor score on the Unified @entity191 Rating Scale (UPDRSm) and all experimental speech variables were equivalent on both placebo and @entity3826 days. At a dose of @entity3826 that provoked improvement in UPDRSm (p = 0.0078), no index of either laryngeal or articulatory function improved significantly after @entity3826 administration. CONCLUSION: Laryngeal and articulatory speech components are not under prominent dopaminergic control in @entity1726 . Treatment regimens should focus on nondopaminergic pharmacology and other therapies.

title: Effects of central dopaminergic stimulation by @entity3826 on speech in XXXX .

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To provide clinical, MRI, and histopathologic findings in a rare @entity62 with autosomal dominant inheritance, so-called @entity35114 ( @entity35114 ). BACKGROUND: Progressive @entity62 often constitute a diagnostic dilemma in both @entity1 and adults. In some cases, histopathologic examination of brain tissue is required for a classifying diagnosis. METHODS: Clinical history, MRI, and autopsy findings were reviewed in three @entity1 with @entity35114 : a father, his daughter, and an unrelated @entity1 . RESULTS: Clinical history consisted of an adult-onset @entity16 with signs of @entity75 , @entity302 , @entity508 , @entity2055 , and mild @entity21 . MRI findings included @entity194 and @entity3067 white matter changes, most pronounced in the frontal and frontoparietal area with extension through the posterior limb of the internal capsule into the pyramidal tracts of the brainstem. Autopsy in two @entity1 revealed a @entity62 with frontoparietal and frontal preponderance and numerous neuroaxonal spheroids in the abnormal white matter. The pyramidal tracts were affected throughout the brainstem. CONCLUSION: Similar clinical and histopathologic findings have been reported in members of a Swedish pedigree. The homogeneity of the findings strongly suggests that @entity35114 is a distinct disease entity. In the absence of a biochemical or genetic marker, a definitive diagnosis requires histopathologic confirmation in one of the affected family members. Neuroaxonal spheroids.

title: Autosomal dominant XXXX with neuroaxonal spheroids.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['frontal lobe dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deterioration']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity35114 :: ('MESH:C580150', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids', 'HDLS']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral atrophy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['extrapyramidal disturbances']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter disorder', 'leukoencephalopathies', 'leukoencephalopathy']

answer: @entity62 :: (MESH:D056784,Disease) :: ['diffuse leukoencephalopathy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: To assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among @entity64 and factors associated with it. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey study of @entity1 who had survived one year or more after a @entity64 . Subjects consisted of @entity64 @entity1 attending the outpatient clinic of a rehabilitation centre. HRQOL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), functional status using the @entity3517 ( @entity3517 ), and mood using the Beck's @entity308 Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: A total of 100 @entity1 (63 @entity1 and 37 @entity1 , mean age 60.7 +/-10.8 years) were interviewed at an average of 22.2 +/-14.5 months post- @entity64 . The mean @entity3517 was 88.9 +/-17.9, and the prevalence of @entity308 24%. 50 percent of @entity1 needed varying degrees of care for their activities of daily living. The SF-36 scores of the @entity1 were comparable to that of the general population except for the domain of physical function, which was much lower (23.9 versus 83.4). Age, sex, post- @entity64 duration, @entity3517 score and side of @entity1158 were not associated with HRQOL. @entity308 @entity1 however had significantly lower SF-36 scores across all domains except for that of physical function and @entity158 (p-value is less than 0.001). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of @entity64 attending the rehabilitation clinic continue to face limitations in their physical activities. In addition, almost 30 percent of these survivors have @entity308 that affects their HRQOL adversely.

title: Health-related quality of life among XXXX attending a rehabilitation clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3517 :: ('MESH:C564098', 'Disease') :: ['MBI', 'Modified Barthel Index']

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic stroke survivors', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'Depressed', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['bodily pain']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['chronic stroke survivors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of recombinant interferon beta (IFNbeta)-1a in the treatment of @entity2655 . BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that IFNs affect the progression of @entity2655 by interfering with putative immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS: @entity1 (n = 61) 40 to 70 years of age with a 6- to 24-month history of confirmed @entity2655 with mild to moderate disability received IFNbeta-1a, 12 mIU (n = 31), or placebo (n = 30) subcutaneously three times a week for 6 months and were followed up for an additional 6 months. @entity1 were assessed after 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks. Medical Research Council scale, Norris scale, and bulbar scores as well as forced vital capacity were used to assess disability. Selected electrophysiologic measures (latency, amplitude, and duration of the compound muscle action potential) were also used. RESULTS: Twenty @entity1 randomized to IFNbeta-1a and 17 @entity1 given placebo completed the study. A total of 16 @entity1 receiving IFNbeta-1a became non-self-supporting compared with 16 on placebo (52% versus 53%). There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups for any of the measures of disease progression and disability. @entity204 were reported in six @entity1 treated with IFNbeta-1a and four @entity1 on placebo. Adverse events were reported more frequently with IFNbeta-1a (77% of @entity1 ) compared with placebo (57%), with @entity683 -like symptoms and local erythema being the commonest complaints. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that IFNbeta-1a is not effective in the treatment of @entity2655 .

title: A randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon beta-1a in XXXX . Italian Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity2655 :: (MESH:C565957,Disease) :: ['ALS']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is accepted that @entity1 with @entity3313 require urgent surgery. However the long term sequelae and late complications of its surgical therapy are less well understood. We hypothesised that the surgical corrected @entity1518 have significant long term impact on the @entity1 quality of life. METHODS: Forty-six @entity1 with @entity1518 were operated on at a tertiary referral centre over a fifteen year period. Their charts were retrospectively reviewed and the @entity1 were contacted. RESULTS: The study revealed two distinct groups, those without complications 25 (54%) and those without 21 (46%). In the acute post operative period four (9%) @entity1 had on going feeding difficulties and one (2%) developed chronic @entity490 . However 12 (26%) required readmission within the first six months after the initial operation. Eleven (24%) @entity1 were readmitted with acute @entity1744 . Six (13%) @entity1 required multiple admissions due to @entity1744 and six (13%) @entity1 underwent further surgery for adhesion related obstruction. There were four (9%) deaths in the study group, three due to other medical conditions and one following @entity1744 . There was zero mortality immediately after the primary operation. There was no significant difference in the initial presentation, age and operative findings in those requiring further surgery and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that there is a significant long-term morbidity associated with @entity1518 even after corrective surgery. Detailed education about the potential for @entity1744 must be given to the parents of these @entity1 .

title: Long-term complications following XXXX and the Ladd's procedure: a 15 year review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1518 :: ('MESH:C562835', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal malrotation']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction', 'small bowel obstruction']

answer: @entity1518 :: (MESH:C562835,Disease) :: ['intestinal malrotation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of regulatory T (Treg) cells has been detected in diverse inflammatory disorders, including @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ). @entity1199 is critical for Treg cell growth, survival, and activity. We hypothesized that low-dose @entity1199 could preferentially enhance Treg cells in vivo and suppress clinical manifestations of chronic @entity2132 . METHODS: In this observational cohort study, @entity1 with chronic @entity2132 that was refractory to glucocorticoid therapy received daily low-dose subcutaneous @entity1199 (0.3 10(6), 1 10(6), or 3 10(6) IU per square meter of body-surface area) for 8 weeks. The end points were safety and clinical and immunologic response. After a 4-week hiatus, @entity1 with a response could receive @entity1199 for an extended period. RESULTS: A total of 29 @entity1 were enrolled. None had progression of chronic @entity2132 or relapse of a @entity1583 . The maximum tolerated dose of @entity1199 was 1 10(6) IU per square meter. The highest dose level induced unacceptable constitutional symptoms. Of the 23 @entity1 who could be evaluated for response, 12 had major responses involving multiple sites. The numbers of @entity404 + Treg cells were preferentially increased in all @entity1 , with a peak median value, at 4 weeks, that was more than eight times the baseline value (P<0.001), without affecting @entity404 + conventional T (Tcon) cells. The Treg:Tcon ratio increased to a median of more than five times the baseline value (P<0.001). The Treg cell count and Treg:Tcon ratio remained elevated at 8 weeks (P<0.001 for both comparisons with baseline values), then declined when the @entity1 were not receiving @entity1199 . The increased numbers of Treg cells expressed the transcription factor @entity403 ( @entity403 ) and could inhibit autologous Tcon cells. Immunologic and clinical responses were sustained in @entity1 who received @entity1199 for an extended period, permitting the glucocorticoid dose to be tapered by a mean of 60% (range, 25 to 100). CONCLUSIONS: Daily low-dose @entity1199 was safely administered in @entity1 with active chronic @entity2132 that was refractory to glucocorticoid therapy. Administration was associated with preferential, sustained Treg cell expansion in vivo and amelioration of the manifestations of chronic @entity2132 in a substantial proportion of @entity1 . (Funded by a Dana-Farber Dunkin' Donuts Rising Star award and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00529035.).

title: @entity1199 and regulatory T cells in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'chronic graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1199 :: ('3558', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-2', 'Interleukin-2']

answer: @entity2132 :: (MESH:D006086,Disease) :: ['graft-versus-host disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of regulatory T (Treg) cells has been detected in diverse inflammatory disorders, including @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ). @entity1199 is critical for Treg cell growth, survival, and activity. We hypothesized that low-dose @entity1199 could preferentially enhance Treg cells in vivo and suppress clinical manifestations of chronic @entity2132 . METHODS: In this observational cohort study, @entity1 with chronic @entity2132 that was refractory to glucocorticoid therapy received daily low-dose subcutaneous @entity1199 (0.3 10(6), 1 10(6), or 3 10(6) IU per square meter of body-surface area) for 8 weeks. The end points were safety and clinical and immunologic response. After a 4-week hiatus, @entity1 with a response could receive @entity1199 for an extended period. RESULTS: A total of 29 @entity1 were enrolled. None had progression of chronic @entity2132 or relapse of a @entity1583 . The maximum tolerated dose of @entity1199 was 1 10(6) IU per square meter. The highest dose level induced unacceptable constitutional symptoms. Of the 23 @entity1 who could be evaluated for response, 12 had major responses involving multiple sites. The numbers of @entity404 + Treg cells were preferentially increased in all @entity1 , with a peak median value, at 4 weeks, that was more than eight times the baseline value (P<0.001), without affecting @entity404 + conventional T (Tcon) cells. The Treg:Tcon ratio increased to a median of more than five times the baseline value (P<0.001). The Treg cell count and Treg:Tcon ratio remained elevated at 8 weeks (P<0.001 for both comparisons with baseline values), then declined when the @entity1 were not receiving @entity1199 . The increased numbers of Treg cells expressed the transcription factor @entity403 ( @entity403 ) and could inhibit autologous Tcon cells. Immunologic and clinical responses were sustained in @entity1 who received @entity1199 for an extended period, permitting the glucocorticoid dose to be tapered by a mean of 60% (range, 25 to 100). CONCLUSIONS: Daily low-dose @entity1199 was safely administered in @entity1 with active chronic @entity2132 that was refractory to glucocorticoid therapy. Administration was associated with preferential, sustained Treg cell expansion in vivo and amelioration of the manifestations of chronic @entity2132 in a substantial proportion of @entity1 . (Funded by a Dana-Farber Dunkin' Donuts Rising Star award and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00529035.).

title: XXXX and regulatory T cells in @entity2132 .

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['Interleukin-2']


abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of microbial molecular patterns of infectious and commensal bacteria and their expression in various tissues including the intestinal epithelium orchestration of the innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms. Changes in the TLR signaling pathways due to host genetic predispositions may turn a physiological response into a pathological situation including failure of bacterial clearance and development of @entity32 . The aim of this study was to characterize the role of @entity8932 or @entity1990 deficiency in epithelial cell stress responses under noninflamed and inflamed conditions using TLR-deficient @entity19 and TLR(-/-) cross-bred @entity1618 -deficient @entity19 as a model for genetically driven experimental @entity1960 . Primary intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) were isolated from specific-pathogen-free wild-type, @entity8932 -, @entity1990 -, @entity1618 , IL-10XTLR2- and IL-10XTLR4-deficient @entity19 at the age of 1, 8, and 16 weeks. Histopathological analysis showed absence of tissue pathology (score 0-12) in distal colon sections of @entity8932 - and @entity1990 -deficient @entity19 . In addition, @entity8932 - but not @entity1990 -deficient @entity19 cross-bred to the @entity1618 -deficient background develop moderate @entity1960 , suggesting different effects of these pattern recognition receptors in regulating disease mechanisms. Proteome analysis revealed significantly regulated proteins associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress responses in the epithelium. In contrast to @entity8932 (-/-) and IL-10XTLR2(-/-) @entity19 , the induction of the ER-associated chaperone @entity13839 was dissociated from the activation of proapoptotic caspase 3 cleavage in noninflamed @entity1990 (-/-) and IL10XTLR4(-/-) @entity19 . These results suggest that ER-associated cellular stress responses play an important role in epithelial cells homeostasis leading to beneficial but also deleterious effects. We hypothesize that ER stress-associated processes in the absence of @entity8932 and @entity1990 differentially affect host responses and epithelial functions under conditions of genetically driven chronic intestinal @entity32 .

title: Loss of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 leads to differential induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and proapoptotic responses in the intestinal epithelium under conditions of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation', 'inflammation']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['chronic inflammation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7303 ( @entity7303 ) have been found in about 10% of @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ), and have been associated with @entity146 manifestations (NPSLE), including @entity16 . OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of @entity7303 in @entity1 with @entity1252 , previous and further risk of @entity146 manifestations. METHODS: One hundred and nine consecutive @entity1 with previous diagnosis of @entity1252 and without acute neurological manifestations were evaluated clinically and by transcranial Doppler monitoring (1 hour) from November 2002 to March 2003. The baseline characteristics and outcomes were compared between @entity1 with and without @entity7303 . @entity1 were followed during a mean time of 4.5 years, to detect the appearance of NPSLE, including @entity64 and transient @entity63 attacks. RESULTS: @entity7303 were detected in 16 @entity1 (14.7%; range: 3-64/h); at baseline, previous @entity146 manifestations were more frequent in @entity1 with @entity7303 : 12/16 (75%) versus 46/92 (50%) (p=0.064), especially for @entity73 (p=0.036). @entity1701 and @entity65 factors did not differ between groups at baseline and follow-up, neither the proportion of patients on antiplatelet agents. At follow-up, two @entity1 from the @entity7303 positive group and six from the @entity7303 negative group developed a new @entity146 manifestation (p=not significant). CONCLUSION: This study supports an association of @entity7303 and a history of NPSLE, especially @entity73 . @entity7303 were not associated with an increased risk of @entity2806 and other neurological manifestations at follow-up.

title: The clinical significance of microembolic signals in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7303 :: ('MESH:C566796', 'Disease') :: ['Microembolic signals', 'MES']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychiatric']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular damage']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1701 :: ('MESH:D016736', 'Disease') :: ['Antiphospholipid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular risk']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7303 ( @entity7303 ) have been found in about 10% of @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ), and have been associated with @entity146 manifestations (NPSLE), including @entity16 . OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of @entity7303 in @entity1 with @entity1252 , previous and further risk of @entity146 manifestations. METHODS: One hundred and nine consecutive @entity1 with previous diagnosis of @entity1252 and without acute neurological manifestations were evaluated clinically and by transcranial Doppler monitoring (1 hour) from November 2002 to March 2003. The baseline characteristics and outcomes were compared between @entity1 with and without @entity7303 . @entity1 were followed during a mean time of 4.5 years, to detect the appearance of NPSLE, including @entity64 and transient @entity63 attacks. RESULTS: @entity7303 were detected in 16 @entity1 (14.7%; range: 3-64/h); at baseline, previous @entity146 manifestations were more frequent in @entity1 with @entity7303 : 12/16 (75%) versus 46/92 (50%) (p=0.064), especially for @entity73 (p=0.036). @entity1701 and @entity65 factors did not differ between groups at baseline and follow-up, neither the proportion of patients on antiplatelet agents. At follow-up, two @entity1 from the @entity7303 positive group and six from the @entity7303 negative group developed a new @entity146 manifestation (p=not significant). CONCLUSION: This study supports an association of @entity7303 and a history of NPSLE, especially @entity73 . @entity7303 were not associated with an increased risk of @entity2806 and other neurological manifestations at follow-up.

title: The clinical significance of microembolic signals in XXXX with @entity1252 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to find out the situation of @entity712 ( @entity712 ) in primary care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional multicentre study. SETTING: Four primary health care centres and a hospital in an urban area of Barcelona. @entity1 : From a registered population of 35,212 inhabitants older than 45 years, we studied all @entity1 (333) diagnosed with @entity712 in 2006 in primary care. MEASUREMENTS: A standardised questionnaire was used to record demographic, clinical and treatment data. RESULTS: There were 61.4% females. Mean age was 74.5 (standard deviation [SD]: 10) for @entity1 and 79 (SD: 9.8) for @entity1 . A total of 46% of @entity1 had @entity712 for <5 years. The comorbidity diagnosis and at the beginning of the study were: @entity101 65.4% and 73%, @entity6 33.6% and 40%, dyslipaemia 40% and 53%, @entity301 30% and 27%, and @entity340 23.7% and 27%, respectively. A total of 64% of @entity1 had registered New York Heart Association functional class (48% class II, 30% III and 6.6% IV). Blood pressure was controlled in 36% @entity1 and 20.5% @entity1 (P=0.002); 75.4% had an electrocardiogram, 57% X-ray; 58% of @entity1 and 46% of @entity1 (P=0.02) had echocardiography. The most prescribed drugs were diuretics 85.3%, the least, beta blockers 27%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity712 in primary care are elderly females with a lot of comorbidities. We must be concerned by the suboptimal use of basic investigations (electrocardiogram and X-ray) and beta blocker treatments.

title: [ XXXX : a view from primary care].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular disease']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['Heart failure']


abstract: Most developmentally programmed cell death in metazoans is mediated by caspases. During @entity238 metamorphosis, obsolete tissues, including the midgut and salivary glands, are removed by programmed cell death [1]. The initiator @entity20342 @entity71985 and its activator @entity71986 are required for the death of salivary glands, but not for midgut removal [2, 3]. In addition to caspases, complete removal of salivary glands requires autophagy [4]. However, the contribution of autophagy to midgut cell death has not been explored. Examination of combined mutants of the main initiator and effector caspases revealed that the canonical apoptotic pathway is not required for midgut cell death. Further analyses revealed that the @entity20342 Decay is responsible for most of the @entity20342 activity in dying midguts, yet inhibition of this activity has no effect on midgut removal. By contrast, midgut degradation was severely delayed by inhibition of autophagy, and this occurred without a decrease in @entity20342 activity. Surprisingly, the combined inhibition of caspases and autophagy did not result in an additional delay in midgut removal. Together, our results indicate that autophagy, not caspases, is essential for midgut programmed cell death, providing the first in vivo evidence of @entity20342 -independent programmed cell death that requires autophagy despite the presence of high @entity20342 activity.

title: Autophagy, not apoptosis, is essential for midgut cell death in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the influence of culture and beliefs about @entity0 , and its implications on preventive health behaviour among South Asian @entity1 in the UK. METHODS: Using a qualitative approach, 24 South Asian @entity0 @entity1 and their significant others were interviewed. RESULTS: Most @entity1 were unfamiliar with the subject of @entity5 ; they expressed lack of knowledge of @entity5 as a disease and its symptoms. They identified a painless lump in the breast as sign of abnormality, but not @entity5 . They also did not know any non-lump breast symptoms. Over half participated in breast screening after encouragement from daughters or relatives. Most did not practise breast self-examination. Perceptions of @entity5 and health behaviour were influenced by cultural beliefs. Common themes were @entity5 is a taboo subject and @entity5 is a stigma. @entity1 also expressed misunderstandings about the cause of @entity5 . @entity5 in the family had ramifications on @entity1 ' s marriage prospects and may cause marital breakdown. Terminology used also caused communication problems with healthcare professionals and within the family: the use of ' chest' to substitute ' breast' changed the meaning of the message conveyed. CONCLUSIONS: Cultural beliefs and practices accentuate difficulties in understanding @entity0 , breast screening and breast self-examination, and can prevent South Asian @entity1 from adopting preventive health practices.

title: Culture, attitude and knowledge about @entity0 and preventive measures: a qualitative study of South Asian XXXX @entity1 in the UK.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the influence of culture and beliefs about @entity0 , and its implications on preventive health behaviour among South Asian @entity1 in the UK. METHODS: Using a qualitative approach, 24 South Asian @entity0 @entity1 and their significant others were interviewed. RESULTS: Most @entity1 were unfamiliar with the subject of @entity5 ; they expressed lack of knowledge of @entity5 as a disease and its symptoms. They identified a painless lump in the breast as sign of abnormality, but not @entity5 . They also did not know any non-lump breast symptoms. Over half participated in breast screening after encouragement from daughters or relatives. Most did not practise breast self-examination. Perceptions of @entity5 and health behaviour were influenced by cultural beliefs. Common themes were @entity5 is a taboo subject and @entity5 is a stigma. @entity1 also expressed misunderstandings about the cause of @entity5 . @entity5 in the family had ramifications on @entity1 ' s marriage prospects and may cause marital breakdown. Terminology used also caused communication problems with healthcare professionals and within the family: the use of ' chest' to substitute ' breast' changed the meaning of the message conveyed. CONCLUSIONS: Cultural beliefs and practices accentuate difficulties in understanding @entity0 , breast screening and breast self-examination, and can prevent South Asian @entity1 from adopting preventive health practices.

title: Culture, attitude and knowledge about XXXX and preventive measures: a qualitative study of South Asian @entity0 @entity1 in the UK.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the influence of culture and beliefs about @entity0 , and its implications on preventive health behaviour among South Asian @entity1 in the UK. METHODS: Using a qualitative approach, 24 South Asian @entity0 @entity1 and their significant others were interviewed. RESULTS: Most @entity1 were unfamiliar with the subject of @entity5 ; they expressed lack of knowledge of @entity5 as a disease and its symptoms. They identified a painless lump in the breast as sign of abnormality, but not @entity5 . They also did not know any non-lump breast symptoms. Over half participated in breast screening after encouragement from daughters or relatives. Most did not practise breast self-examination. Perceptions of @entity5 and health behaviour were influenced by cultural beliefs. Common themes were @entity5 is a taboo subject and @entity5 is a stigma. @entity1 also expressed misunderstandings about the cause of @entity5 . @entity5 in the family had ramifications on @entity1 ' s marriage prospects and may cause marital breakdown. Terminology used also caused communication problems with healthcare professionals and within the family: the use of ' chest' to substitute ' breast' changed the meaning of the message conveyed. CONCLUSIONS: Cultural beliefs and practices accentuate difficulties in understanding @entity0 , breast screening and breast self-examination, and can prevent South Asian @entity1 from adopting preventive health practices.

title: Culture, attitude and knowledge about @entity0 and preventive measures: a qualitative study of South Asian @entity0 XXXX in the UK.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess radiographic outcomes from @entity7719 . DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING: One tertiary hospital in Western Australia. @entity1 : All @entity1 (184) between ages 21-85 years, presenting to @entity2613 with @entity7719 between 1 April 2006 to 31 July 2008. @entity174 were divided into two groups. Those with <or=15 degrees dorsal angulation were classified as 'minimally displaced' and those with >15 degrees dorsal angulation were classified as 'displaced'. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Radiographic analysis of the dorsal angle on post-reduction and 6 week post- @entity174 X-rays. A combined end-point of poor outcome, as defined by either poor radiological result and/or progression to surgery. RESULTS: In the group of @entity1 with displaced @entity174 , 69 of 114 (61%) went on to have an operation or a poor radiographic outcome versus 8 of 48 (17%) in the group with minimally displaced @entity174 , an absolute difference of 44% (95% CI 30-57%). @entity1 who had a minimally displaced @entity174 with an adequate reduction went on to have a satisfactory 6 week X-ray in 37 of 43 cases (86%; 95% CI 75-96%). @entity1 who had a displaced @entity174 and an adequate reduction had a satisfactory 6 week X-ray in 42 of 86 cases (49%; 95% CI 38-59%). @entity1 who had a displaced @entity174 and an inadequate reduction had a satisfactory 6 week X-ray in only 3 of 22 cases (14%; 95% CI 0-28%). CONCLUSION: The study highlights the importance of the initial 'on arrival' and 'post-reduction' X-rays in the @entity2613 . @entity174 are more likely to go onto poor outcome, as are inadequately reduced @entity174 . Medical officers working in @entity2613 should be aware of the importance of measuring the dorsal angle. They should be referring @entity1 with >15 degrees dorsal angulation to orthopaedics early. Reduction should not be accepted until the dorsal angle has been adequately corrected.

title: Emergency Department management of XXXX : a prospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'Displaced fractures', 'fracture', 'Fractures']

entities_list: @entity7719 :: ('MESH:D003100', 'Disease') :: ['Colles-type fractures', 'ED reduction of Colles-type fractures']

answer: @entity7719 :: (MESH:D003100,Disease) :: ['Colles-type fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of @entity1544 ( @entity1544 ) is strikingly variable by geographic area, which reflect different exposures to risk factors, including genetic predisposition. Previous studies of @entity1544 @entity1 from several high-risk populations suggested that @entity2674 might play a role in the etiology. This study was conducted to screen for mutations of @entity2674 gene in @entity1544 cases from a low-risk population. METHODS: Forty-seven @entity1544 @entity1 from a low-risk area of Southeast China were screened for mutations in the entire coding region of the @entity2674 gene by direct sequencing. RESULTS: No somatic mutations were observed in @entity5 . In total, 9 germline missense point mutations, each in one @entity1 , were identified in male sporadic @entity1 , with a mutation frequency of 19%. Of the 9 mutations, 7 were of heterozygous, while the remaining 2 were homozygous. Screening of an additional 94 healthy controls for the 9 mutations identified in @entity1544 cases showed that there was only 2 (2%) positive individuals, each carrying one of the mutations. Thus the mutation frequency in @entity1544 cases (19%) was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (OR = 10.9, 95% CI = 2.2-52.8, P = 0.003). No significant associations were observed for germline @entity2674 mutations with age, sex, cigarette smoking, @entity167 drinking and family history of @entity5 . CONCLUSION: This series of cases from a low-risk Chinese population presented the highest frequency of germline @entity2674 mutations in @entity1544 reported to date, highlighting possible etiology roles in this population.

title: Frequent germline mutation in the XXXX gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma @entity1 from a low-risk Chinese population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'esophageal squamous cell cancer']

answer: @entity2674 :: (675,Gene) :: ['BRCA2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of @entity1544 ( @entity1544 ) is strikingly variable by geographic area, which reflect different exposures to risk factors, including genetic predisposition. Previous studies of @entity1544 @entity1 from several high-risk populations suggested that @entity2674 might play a role in the etiology. This study was conducted to screen for mutations of @entity2674 gene in @entity1544 cases from a low-risk population. METHODS: Forty-seven @entity1544 @entity1 from a low-risk area of Southeast China were screened for mutations in the entire coding region of the @entity2674 gene by direct sequencing. RESULTS: No somatic mutations were observed in @entity5 . In total, 9 germline missense point mutations, each in one @entity1 , were identified in male sporadic @entity1 , with a mutation frequency of 19%. Of the 9 mutations, 7 were of heterozygous, while the remaining 2 were homozygous. Screening of an additional 94 healthy controls for the 9 mutations identified in @entity1544 cases showed that there was only 2 (2%) positive individuals, each carrying one of the mutations. Thus the mutation frequency in @entity1544 cases (19%) was significantly higher than that in healthy controls (OR = 10.9, 95% CI = 2.2-52.8, P = 0.003). No significant associations were observed for germline @entity2674 mutations with age, sex, cigarette smoking, @entity167 drinking and family history of @entity5 . CONCLUSION: This series of cases from a low-risk Chinese population presented the highest frequency of germline @entity2674 mutations in @entity1544 reported to date, highlighting possible etiology roles in this population.

title: Frequent germline mutation in the @entity2674 gene in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma XXXX from a low-risk Chinese population.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A variety of biomarkers have been used to monitor exposed populations to determine potential health hazards from their exposure to environmental toxic agents. However, the majority of these biomarkers have been focused onto the identification of biological damage from the exposure. Therefore, there is a need to develop functional biomarkers that can identify exposure-induced @entity177 . More importantly, these deficiencies should be positioned along pathways that are responsible for the development of specific diseases. One of such pathways belongs to the extensive and complex DNA-repair machinery. The machinery thus becomes a large target for damage from environmental toxic agents. The hypothesis is that damage to any component of a repair pathway will interfere with the pathway-specific repair activities. Therefore, when cells from exposed populations are challenged with a DNA-damaging agent in vitro, the in vivo exposure-induced @entity14183 will be dramatically amplified and the deficiency will be detectable in a challenge assay as increased chromosome aberrations, micronuclei or un-repaired DNA strand breaks. The challenge assay has been used in different laboratories to show that a variety of exposed populations (with exposure to air pollutants, @entity3494 , @entity7935 , @entity21430 , cigarette smoke, incense smoke, lead, @entity349 , pesticides, @entity595 or @entity11574 but not to low concentrations of air pollutants or @entity21430 ) expressed abnormal challenge response. The predicted health consequences of some of these studies have also been validated. Therefore, the challenge assay is a useful functional biomarker for population studies. Details of the challenge assay and its application will be presented in this review.

title: Challenge assay: A functional biomarker for exposure-induced DNA XXXX and for risk of cancer.

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['functional deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity14183 :: ('MESH:D049914', 'Disease') :: ['repair deficiency']

entities_list: @entity595 :: ('MESH:D014501', 'Chemical') :: ['uranium']

entities_list: @entity21430 :: ('MESH:D002070', 'Chemical') :: ['butadiene']

answer: @entity14183 :: (MESH:D049914,Disease) :: ['repair deficiency']


abstract: Currently available vaccines for the pandemic @entity683 (H1N1) 2009 produced in @entity1573 eggs have serious impediments viz limited availability, risk of @entity56 and the possible selection of sub-populations differing from the naturally occurring virus, whereas the cell culture derived vaccines are time consuming and may not meet the demands of rapid global vaccination required to combat the present/future pandemic. Hemagglutinin (HA) based subunit vaccine for H1N1 requires the HA protein in glycosylated form, which is impossible with the commonly used bacterial expression platform. Additionally, bacterial derived protein requires extensive purification and refolding steps for vaccine applications. For these reasons an alternative heterologous system for rapid, easy and economical production of @entity11230 protein in its glycosylated form is required. The HA gene of novel H1N1 A/California/04/2009 was engineered for expression in @entity10056 as a soluble secreted protein. The full length HA- synthetic gene having a-secretory tag was integrated into @entity10056 genome through homologous recombination. The resultant Pichia clones having multiple copy integrants of the transgene expressed full length HA protein in the culture supernatant. The Recombinant @entity375 derived H1N1 HA protein elicited neutralising antibodies both in @entity19 and @entity95 . The sera from immunised animals also exhibited Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) activity. Considering the safety, reliability and also economic potential of Pichia expression platform, our preliminary data indicates the feasibility of using this system as an alternative for large-scale production of recombinant @entity683 HA protein in the face of @entity683 pandemic threat.

title: @entity375 expressed recombinant Hemagglutinin protein of novel H1N1 elicits neutralising antibodies in XXXX and @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity10056 :: ('4922', 'Species') :: ['Pichia pastoris', 'P. pastoris']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['Influenza A', 'influenza']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reactions']

entities_list: @entity11230 :: ('MESH:D006388', 'Chemical') :: ['Hemagglutinin']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: Currently available vaccines for the pandemic @entity683 (H1N1) 2009 produced in @entity1573 eggs have serious impediments viz limited availability, risk of @entity56 and the possible selection of sub-populations differing from the naturally occurring virus, whereas the cell culture derived vaccines are time consuming and may not meet the demands of rapid global vaccination required to combat the present/future pandemic. Hemagglutinin (HA) based subunit vaccine for H1N1 requires the HA protein in glycosylated form, which is impossible with the commonly used bacterial expression platform. Additionally, bacterial derived protein requires extensive purification and refolding steps for vaccine applications. For these reasons an alternative heterologous system for rapid, easy and economical production of @entity11230 protein in its glycosylated form is required. The HA gene of novel H1N1 A/California/04/2009 was engineered for expression in @entity10056 as a soluble secreted protein. The full length HA- synthetic gene having a-secretory tag was integrated into @entity10056 genome through homologous recombination. The resultant Pichia clones having multiple copy integrants of the transgene expressed full length HA protein in the culture supernatant. The Recombinant @entity375 derived H1N1 HA protein elicited neutralising antibodies both in @entity19 and @entity95 . The sera from immunised animals also exhibited Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) activity. Considering the safety, reliability and also economic potential of Pichia expression platform, our preliminary data indicates the feasibility of using this system as an alternative for large-scale production of recombinant @entity683 HA protein in the face of @entity683 pandemic threat.

title: XXXX expressed recombinant Hemagglutinin protein of novel H1N1 elicits neutralising antibodies in @entity95 and @entity19 .

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Yeast']


abstract: Currently available vaccines for the pandemic @entity683 (H1N1) 2009 produced in @entity1573 eggs have serious impediments viz limited availability, risk of @entity56 and the possible selection of sub-populations differing from the naturally occurring virus, whereas the cell culture derived vaccines are time consuming and may not meet the demands of rapid global vaccination required to combat the present/future pandemic. Hemagglutinin (HA) based subunit vaccine for H1N1 requires the HA protein in glycosylated form, which is impossible with the commonly used bacterial expression platform. Additionally, bacterial derived protein requires extensive purification and refolding steps for vaccine applications. For these reasons an alternative heterologous system for rapid, easy and economical production of @entity11230 protein in its glycosylated form is required. The HA gene of novel H1N1 A/California/04/2009 was engineered for expression in @entity10056 as a soluble secreted protein. The full length HA- synthetic gene having a-secretory tag was integrated into @entity10056 genome through homologous recombination. The resultant Pichia clones having multiple copy integrants of the transgene expressed full length HA protein in the culture supernatant. The Recombinant @entity375 derived H1N1 HA protein elicited neutralising antibodies both in @entity19 and @entity95 . The sera from immunised animals also exhibited Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) activity. Considering the safety, reliability and also economic potential of Pichia expression platform, our preliminary data indicates the feasibility of using this system as an alternative for large-scale production of recombinant @entity683 HA protein in the face of @entity683 pandemic threat.

title: @entity375 expressed recombinant Hemagglutinin protein of novel H1N1 elicits neutralising antibodies in @entity95 and XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the temporal chest radiographic findings of fat @entity887 . MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twenty-nine @entity1 with clinically diagnosed fat @entity887 between 1988-1999 were retrospectively identified from the @entity130 Registry of Haborview Medical Center, University of Washington. In twenty-two @entity1 , complete medical records and serial chest radiographs were available. All images were reviewed by a dedicated thoracic radiologist. RESULTS: Two of 22 @entity1 had normal radiographs throughout hospitalization, while 20/22 developed abnormal chest radiographs. The radiographic findings were consistent with non-specific @entity3126 in all abnormal cases. The time to appearance of evident @entity651 was < 24 hours of initial @entity130 in 10/20 (50%), between 24-48 hours in 4/20 (20%), between 48-72 hours in 5/20 (25%), and 1 @entity1 (1/20, 5%) developed an abnormal chest radiograph after 72 hours. Ten of 20 @entity1 (50%) with abnormal radiographs had complete resolution of the @entity4 pattern within 1 week of development of opacities, 3/20 (15%) cases showed complete radiographic resolution between 1-2 weeks, 2/20 (10%) cases showed complete radiographic resolution between 2-3 weeks, 1/20 (5%) showed complete radiographic resolution between 3-4 weeks, and 4/20 (20%) died without resolution of the radiographic finding. CONCLUSION: The chest radiographic appearance of fat @entity887 is non-specific. Normal radiographs can also be seen. Most @entity1 presenting with a normal initial radiograph develop radiographic evident @entity66 and most cases showed radiographic resolution within 2 weeks of hospitalization. Although chest imaging play a little role in the clinical management of fat @entity887 , understanding of temporal presentation and evolution of the otherwise non-specific @entity358 may help to avoid unnecessary evaluation in selected @entity1 .

title: Chest radiographic evolution in fat XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities within 72 hours of injury']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['radiographic lung injury']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism syndrome']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary opacities']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity887 :: (MESH:D004617,Disease) :: ['embolism syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish a bioluminescent MDA-MB-231 cell line which can stably express luciferase and green fluorescent protein to allow bioluminescent imaging in nude @entity19 models bearing @entity1 triple-negative @entity0 xenografts. METHODS: The lentivirus carrying luc2, eGFP and neo fusion genes were packaged in 293T cells via @entity78 co-precipitation. @entity1 triple-negative @entity0 cell line MDA-MB-231 was infected by the lentivirus, and the positive cell clones were tested for eGFP and luc2 expressions by fluorescence microscopy and Xenogen IVIS200 bioluminescent imaging system, respectively. @entity98 assay, transwell invasion assay and wound healing assay were performed to evaluate the changes in the proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of the infected cells. The cells were then orthotopically implanted into the right second mammary fat pat of female BALB/c @entity19 . The @entity5 growth was monitored by the in vivo imaging system every week, and the @entity5 tissues were harvested to evaluate the in vivo stability and tumorigenicity of the modified cells using cryosection and HE staining. RESULTS: The lentivirus-infected MDA-MB-231cells could stably express luc2 and eGFP, and the luciferase activity reached 9689 phontons/s/per cell. No significant changes occurred in the biological activities of the lentivirus-infected MDA-MB-231 cells. We successfully established the nude @entity19 model bearing orthotopically implanted @entity1 triple-negative @entity0 cells. CONCLUSION: The modified MDA-MB-231 cell line can be detected sensitively at the primary implantation site and distant @entity3 site in @entity19 , which provides a convenient and sensitive platform for the research of metastatic mechanism and new antitumor drugs of @entity1 triple-negative @entity0 . The combination of eGFP and luc2 is superior to single reporter gene.

title: [Establishment of a bioluminescent MDA-MB-231 cell line for in vivo imaging of @entity1 triple-negative XXXX xenograft].

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity78 :: ('MESH:C020243', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish a bioluminescent MDA-MB-231 cell line which can stably express luciferase and green fluorescent protein to allow bioluminescent imaging in nude @entity19 models bearing @entity1 triple-negative @entity0 xenografts. METHODS: The lentivirus carrying luc2, eGFP and neo fusion genes were packaged in 293T cells via @entity78 co-precipitation. @entity1 triple-negative @entity0 cell line MDA-MB-231 was infected by the lentivirus, and the positive cell clones were tested for eGFP and luc2 expressions by fluorescence microscopy and Xenogen IVIS200 bioluminescent imaging system, respectively. @entity98 assay, transwell invasion assay and wound healing assay were performed to evaluate the changes in the proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of the infected cells. The cells were then orthotopically implanted into the right second mammary fat pat of female BALB/c @entity19 . The @entity5 growth was monitored by the in vivo imaging system every week, and the @entity5 tissues were harvested to evaluate the in vivo stability and tumorigenicity of the modified cells using cryosection and HE staining. RESULTS: The lentivirus-infected MDA-MB-231cells could stably express luc2 and eGFP, and the luciferase activity reached 9689 phontons/s/per cell. No significant changes occurred in the biological activities of the lentivirus-infected MDA-MB-231 cells. We successfully established the nude @entity19 model bearing orthotopically implanted @entity1 triple-negative @entity0 cells. CONCLUSION: The modified MDA-MB-231 cell line can be detected sensitively at the primary implantation site and distant @entity3 site in @entity19 , which provides a convenient and sensitive platform for the research of metastatic mechanism and new antitumor drugs of @entity1 triple-negative @entity0 . The combination of eGFP and luc2 is superior to single reporter gene.

title: [Establishment of a bioluminescent MDA-MB-231 cell line for in vivo imaging of XXXX triple-negative @entity0 xenograft].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Electrocardiographic (ECG) predictors of significant angiographic left main @entity3979 (LMCS>50%) have been described in acute @entity583 using ST-segment elevation in lead aVR (aVR-STE). However, there is a paucity of data on its association with LMCS>50% in the setting of @entity1457 ( @entity1457 ). METHODS: We investigated 210 consecutive, unselected, @entity1 from Sept. 2002-2006 with @entity1457 due to acute @entity583 undergoing cardiac catheterization. Of those, 191 @entity1 with interpretable ECG tracings for aVR-STE analysis formed our study sample. aVR-STE was defined as ST-segment elevation>= 1mm in aVR while LMCS>50% on coronary angiogram was defined as any left main lesion that demonstrated >50% lumen narrowing or equivalent by direct visualization or quantitative coronary angiography analysis. RESULTS: There was 59% survival to discharge of this predominantly male cohort (median age 68  12years; 31% females). Fifty three (28%) cases had aVR-STE while 27 (14%) had LMCS>50%. Of those, 16 @entity1 who had aVR-STE also had LMCS>50% (sensitivity 59%, specificity 77%, positive predictive value 30%, negative predictive value 92% for predicting LMCS>50%). Multivariate analysis revealed that aVR-STE was the only significant predictor of LMCS>50% was (p=0.014; Odds Ratio=3.06; 95% Confidence Interval 1.26-7.47). CONCLUSION: In @entity1457 due to acute @entity583 , aVR-STE>1mm proves to be an important predictor of LMCS>50%. Such data could be helpful in further risk stratification for optimal management during @entity1457 .

title: The presence of ST-elevation in lead aVR predicts significant left main XXXX in cardiogenic shock resulting from @entity583 : the Manitoba cardiogenic shock registry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogemic shock', 'CGS']

answer: @entity3979 :: (MESH:D023921,Disease) :: ['coronary artery stenosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Electrocardiographic (ECG) predictors of significant angiographic left main @entity3979 (LMCS>50%) have been described in acute @entity583 using ST-segment elevation in lead aVR (aVR-STE). However, there is a paucity of data on its association with LMCS>50% in the setting of @entity1457 ( @entity1457 ). METHODS: We investigated 210 consecutive, unselected, @entity1 from Sept. 2002-2006 with @entity1457 due to acute @entity583 undergoing cardiac catheterization. Of those, 191 @entity1 with interpretable ECG tracings for aVR-STE analysis formed our study sample. aVR-STE was defined as ST-segment elevation>= 1mm in aVR while LMCS>50% on coronary angiogram was defined as any left main lesion that demonstrated >50% lumen narrowing or equivalent by direct visualization or quantitative coronary angiography analysis. RESULTS: There was 59% survival to discharge of this predominantly male cohort (median age 68  12years; 31% females). Fifty three (28%) cases had aVR-STE while 27 (14%) had LMCS>50%. Of those, 16 @entity1 who had aVR-STE also had LMCS>50% (sensitivity 59%, specificity 77%, positive predictive value 30%, negative predictive value 92% for predicting LMCS>50%). Multivariate analysis revealed that aVR-STE was the only significant predictor of LMCS>50% was (p=0.014; Odds Ratio=3.06; 95% Confidence Interval 1.26-7.47). CONCLUSION: In @entity1457 due to acute @entity583 , aVR-STE>1mm proves to be an important predictor of LMCS>50%. Such data could be helpful in further risk stratification for optimal management during @entity1457 .

title: The presence of ST-elevation in lead aVR predicts significant left main @entity3979 in cardiogenic shock resulting from XXXX : the Manitoba cardiogenic shock registry.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown inconsistent results about the association between body mass index (BMI) and @entity344 . The aim of this study was to assess the association between BMI and @entity344 in @entity1 referred for endoscopy. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 received a questionnaire about @entity344 prior to upper @entity344 . The association between BMI and @entity344 and related symptoms was determined by adjusted logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1023 subjects were included, 303 (35%) subjects were overweight (BMI 25 to 30 kg/m2), an additional 118 (14%) subjects were @entity28 (BMI >30 kg/m2). Overall, 42% of the @entity1 experienced symptoms of @entity354 ( @entity354 ), 70% @entity2210 and 55% lower abdominal symptoms. In @entity28 @entity1 the prevalence of @entity354 was higher (52%) compared with normal weight (44%) and overweight (44%) (ns). @entity354 was found in 13, 17 and 19% for normal weight, overweight and @entity28 , @entity357 in 7, 9 and 11% and @entity355 in 6, 7 and 8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: More than half the @entity1 undergoing upper gastrointestinal (GI ) endoscopy were overweight or @entity28 . In this @entity1 population, no relation between BMI and @entity344 and symptoms was found. However, a small but statistically insignificant trend was observed toward @entity28 for @entity1 with @entity354 -associated symptoms.

title: XXXX and symptoms: does body mass index matter?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's oesophagus"]

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disease', 'gastrointestinal endoscopy', 'gastrointestinal disorders', 'gastrointestinal symptoms', 'GI disorders']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['hiatus hernia']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['GERD', 'Reflux oesophagitis', 'gastro-oesophageal reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['Gastrointestinal disorders']


abstract: Reduced @entity842 (NO) production and bioactivity is a major contributor to @entity409 . Animal data suggest that improvements in endothelial function in response to aerobic exercise training may depend on the duration of the training program. However, no studies have examined changes in NO (as assessed by the major NO metabolites, @entity1507 and @entity3542 , NO(x)) after long-term training in @entity1 . In addition, aging may impair the ability of the vasculature to increase NO with exercise. Thus, we determined whether 24 weeks of aerobic exercise training increases plasma NO(x) levels in sedentary older adults. We also examined changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) at rest and during reactive @entity450 as a measure of vasomotor function. Plasma NO(x) levels were measured in 82 @entity1 and @entity1 using a modified Griess assay. FBF was assessed in a subset of individuals (n = 15) using venous occlusion plethysmography. After 24 weeks of exercise training, there were significant improvements in maximum @entity26 consumption, HDL @entity165 , @entity1674 , and body fat. Changes in plasma NO(x) levels ranged from -14.83 to +16.69 micromol/L; however, the mean change overall was not significant (-0.33 + or - 6.30 micromol/L, p = 0.64). Changes in plasma NO(x) levels were not associated with age, gender, race, HDL @entity165 , @entity1674 , body weight, body fat, or maximal @entity26 consumption. There were also no significant changes in basal FBF, peak FBF, hyperemic response, total hyperemic flow, or minimum forearm vascular resistance with exercise training. In conclusion, improvements in plasma NO(x) levels and FBF are not evident after long-term training in older adults.

title: Plasma @entity1507 / XXXX levels are unchanged after long-term aerobic exercise training in older adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3542 :: (CHEBI:16301,Chemical) :: ['nitrite']


abstract: Reduced @entity842 (NO) production and bioactivity is a major contributor to @entity409 . Animal data suggest that improvements in endothelial function in response to aerobic exercise training may depend on the duration of the training program. However, no studies have examined changes in NO (as assessed by the major NO metabolites, @entity1507 and @entity3542 , NO(x)) after long-term training in @entity1 . In addition, aging may impair the ability of the vasculature to increase NO with exercise. Thus, we determined whether 24 weeks of aerobic exercise training increases plasma NO(x) levels in sedentary older adults. We also examined changes in forearm blood flow (FBF) at rest and during reactive @entity450 as a measure of vasomotor function. Plasma NO(x) levels were measured in 82 @entity1 and @entity1 using a modified Griess assay. FBF was assessed in a subset of individuals (n = 15) using venous occlusion plethysmography. After 24 weeks of exercise training, there were significant improvements in maximum @entity26 consumption, HDL @entity165 , @entity1674 , and body fat. Changes in plasma NO(x) levels ranged from -14.83 to +16.69 micromol/L; however, the mean change overall was not significant (-0.33 + or - 6.30 micromol/L, p = 0.64). Changes in plasma NO(x) levels were not associated with age, gender, race, HDL @entity165 , @entity1674 , body weight, body fat, or maximal @entity26 consumption. There were also no significant changes in basal FBF, peak FBF, hyperemic response, total hyperemic flow, or minimum forearm vascular resistance with exercise training. In conclusion, improvements in plasma NO(x) levels and FBF are not evident after long-term training in older adults.

title: Plasma XXXX / @entity3542 levels are unchanged after long-term aerobic exercise training in older adults.

answer: @entity1507 :: (CHEBI:48107,Chemical) :: ['nitrate']


abstract: We experienced a very rare case of @entity1185 in a 57-year-old @entity1 who came to our hospital complaining of a left subareolar mass and nipple discharge. The @entity1 had a history of chronic @entity161 , necessitating long-term treatment with @entity11922 . His serum @entity4090 levels were elevated. Mammography demonstrated a well defined mass with microcalcifications. Ultrasonography revealed a cyst with an intracystic component. The inner lesion of the mass enhanced on contrast-enhanced computed tomography. The carcinoembryonic antigen concentration of the cyst fluid was 400 ng/mL and no malignant cells were found by aspiration biopsy cytology. Excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. Pathological examination revealed the intracystic component to be @entity1185 . There are ten reports of male @entity1185 including ours. We report the second case of a @entity1 given long-term @entity9852 therapy, which is known to increase serum @entity4090 levels.

title: XXXX in the breast of a male given long-term @entity9852 therapy: a case report.

entities_list: @entity11922 :: ('MESH:D010640', 'Chemical') :: ['phenothiazines']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['intracystic papilloma']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity9852 :: ('MESH:C031637', 'Chemical') :: ['phenothiazine']

answer: @entity1185 :: (MESH:D010212,Disease) :: ['Intracystic papilloma']


abstract: We experienced a very rare case of @entity1185 in a 57-year-old @entity1 who came to our hospital complaining of a left subareolar mass and nipple discharge. The @entity1 had a history of chronic @entity161 , necessitating long-term treatment with @entity11922 . His serum @entity4090 levels were elevated. Mammography demonstrated a well defined mass with microcalcifications. Ultrasonography revealed a cyst with an intracystic component. The inner lesion of the mass enhanced on contrast-enhanced computed tomography. The carcinoembryonic antigen concentration of the cyst fluid was 400 ng/mL and no malignant cells were found by aspiration biopsy cytology. Excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. Pathological examination revealed the intracystic component to be @entity1185 . There are ten reports of male @entity1185 including ours. We report the second case of a @entity1 given long-term @entity9852 therapy, which is known to increase serum @entity4090 levels.

title: @entity1185 in the breast of a male given long-term XXXX therapy: a case report.

answer: @entity9852 :: (MESH:C031637,Chemical) :: ['phenothiazine']


abstract: AIMS: To assess the characteristic features of @entity302 @entity1 treated for the first time with oral anti- @entity302 treatments. @entity1 and methods. All outpatients (adults and @entity1 ), who consulted for @entity302 attacks and for whom an oral anti- @entity302 treatment was necessary, as a first time prescription, were enrolled consecutively in this study from April 2001 up to January 2003. Data were available from a structured questionnaire delivered to all participating neurologists. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty neurologists included 2220 @entity1 (1162 males, 1057 females with a mean age of 41 years (from 1 month to 96 years). Forty-one percent of these @entity1 were referred by a general practitioner and 22 percent by emergency departments. Four hundred and thirty-seven @entity1 (19.7 percent) had only experienced a single @entity410 at treatment initiation. @entity1 were classified according to @entity1625 (43.9 percent of @entity1 ), generalized @entity302 (46.4 percent of @entity1 ), or non-classified @entity302 (9.7 percent of @entity1 ). Sixty-six percent of @entity1 had a biological check-up. Ninety-three percent of @entity1 underwent an EEG and 80.7 per cent a CT scan or brain MRI. The high risk of recurrence was the main reason given by neurologists for instituting anti- @entity302 treatment. The reason for initiating treatment was syndromic diagnosis in 23.7 percent of @entity1 with multiple @entity410 . The most frequently prescribed drug was @entity1092 (58.2 percent of @entity1 ) chosen because of its practical use and broad anti- @entity302 spectrum. CONCLUSION: This study provides a considerable amount of epidemiological and clinical information with a special emphasis on @entity302 , diagnostic assessment and factors that influence the initiation of treatment or not.

title: [Newly treated XXXX : a French observational study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['focal epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy syndromes', 'epileptic', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: @entity2388 is an endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substance. The present study was implemented to investigate the protective effect of @entity19529 (EP) against the development and progression of @entity2316 in an in vivo and in vitro model. @entity6 @entity35 were prepared by injecting @entity3839 (65 mg/kg). Those that developed @entity6 after 72 h were treated with EP (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. @entity6 @entity35 without @entity2388 treatment and nondiabetic @entity35 were used for control. As an in vitro experiment, @entity35 mesangial cells cultured primarily from @entity35 were treated in high- @entity413 (HG; 50 mM) or normal- @entity413 (NG; 5 mM) conditions and with or without @entity2388 . @entity2388 -treated @entity6 @entity35 exhibited decreased @entity633 and attenuated @entity1110 -dependent reactive @entity26 species generation. Immunohistochemistry showed reduced laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin deposition in the glomeruli compared with nontreated @entity6 @entity35 . Parallel changes were shown in tissue mRNA and protein expression levels of @entity657 , laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen in the kidney. Concordantly, protective effects were also exhibited in the mesangial cell culture system. These findings suggest that @entity2388 protects against @entity8 via @entity1110 oxidase inhibition. The present study established that activation of @entity1110 oxidase plays a crucial role in @entity6 -induced oxidative stress, @entity8 , and ECM molecule expression. @entity2388 exhibited a renoprotective effect in the progression of experimental @entity2316 . Future research is warranted to investigate the protective mechanism of @entity2388 more specifically in relation to @entity1110 oxidase in @entity2316 .

title: @entity19529 ameliorates @entity633 and XXXX in the animal model of @entity2316 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney injury', 'glomerular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity657 :: ('24770(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor-b1']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity19529 :: ('MESH:C046522', 'Chemical') :: ['ethyl pyruvate']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['Pyruvate', 'pyruvate']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular injury']


abstract: @entity2388 is an endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substance. The present study was implemented to investigate the protective effect of @entity19529 (EP) against the development and progression of @entity2316 in an in vivo and in vitro model. @entity6 @entity35 were prepared by injecting @entity3839 (65 mg/kg). Those that developed @entity6 after 72 h were treated with EP (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. @entity6 @entity35 without @entity2388 treatment and nondiabetic @entity35 were used for control. As an in vitro experiment, @entity35 mesangial cells cultured primarily from @entity35 were treated in high- @entity413 (HG; 50 mM) or normal- @entity413 (NG; 5 mM) conditions and with or without @entity2388 . @entity2388 -treated @entity6 @entity35 exhibited decreased @entity633 and attenuated @entity1110 -dependent reactive @entity26 species generation. Immunohistochemistry showed reduced laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin deposition in the glomeruli compared with nontreated @entity6 @entity35 . Parallel changes were shown in tissue mRNA and protein expression levels of @entity657 , laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen in the kidney. Concordantly, protective effects were also exhibited in the mesangial cell culture system. These findings suggest that @entity2388 protects against @entity8 via @entity1110 oxidase inhibition. The present study established that activation of @entity1110 oxidase plays a crucial role in @entity6 -induced oxidative stress, @entity8 , and ECM molecule expression. @entity2388 exhibited a renoprotective effect in the progression of experimental @entity2316 . Future research is warranted to investigate the protective mechanism of @entity2388 more specifically in relation to @entity1110 oxidase in @entity2316 .

title: XXXX ameliorates @entity633 and @entity8 in the animal model of @entity2316 .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity19529 :: (MESH:C046522,Chemical) :: ['Ethyl pyruvate']


abstract: @entity2388 is an endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substance. The present study was implemented to investigate the protective effect of @entity19529 (EP) against the development and progression of @entity2316 in an in vivo and in vitro model. @entity6 @entity35 were prepared by injecting @entity3839 (65 mg/kg). Those that developed @entity6 after 72 h were treated with EP (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. @entity6 @entity35 without @entity2388 treatment and nondiabetic @entity35 were used for control. As an in vitro experiment, @entity35 mesangial cells cultured primarily from @entity35 were treated in high- @entity413 (HG; 50 mM) or normal- @entity413 (NG; 5 mM) conditions and with or without @entity2388 . @entity2388 -treated @entity6 @entity35 exhibited decreased @entity633 and attenuated @entity1110 -dependent reactive @entity26 species generation. Immunohistochemistry showed reduced laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin deposition in the glomeruli compared with nontreated @entity6 @entity35 . Parallel changes were shown in tissue mRNA and protein expression levels of @entity657 , laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen in the kidney. Concordantly, protective effects were also exhibited in the mesangial cell culture system. These findings suggest that @entity2388 protects against @entity8 via @entity1110 oxidase inhibition. The present study established that activation of @entity1110 oxidase plays a crucial role in @entity6 -induced oxidative stress, @entity8 , and ECM molecule expression. @entity2388 exhibited a renoprotective effect in the progression of experimental @entity2316 . Future research is warranted to investigate the protective mechanism of @entity2388 more specifically in relation to @entity1110 oxidase in @entity2316 .

title: @entity19529 ameliorates XXXX and @entity8 in the animal model of @entity2316 .

answer: @entity633 :: (MESH:D000419,Disease) :: ['albuminuria']


abstract: @entity2388 is an endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substance. The present study was implemented to investigate the protective effect of @entity19529 (EP) against the development and progression of @entity2316 in an in vivo and in vitro model. @entity6 @entity35 were prepared by injecting @entity3839 (65 mg/kg). Those that developed @entity6 after 72 h were treated with EP (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. @entity6 @entity35 without @entity2388 treatment and nondiabetic @entity35 were used for control. As an in vitro experiment, @entity35 mesangial cells cultured primarily from @entity35 were treated in high- @entity413 (HG; 50 mM) or normal- @entity413 (NG; 5 mM) conditions and with or without @entity2388 . @entity2388 -treated @entity6 @entity35 exhibited decreased @entity633 and attenuated @entity1110 -dependent reactive @entity26 species generation. Immunohistochemistry showed reduced laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin deposition in the glomeruli compared with nontreated @entity6 @entity35 . Parallel changes were shown in tissue mRNA and protein expression levels of @entity657 , laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen in the kidney. Concordantly, protective effects were also exhibited in the mesangial cell culture system. These findings suggest that @entity2388 protects against @entity8 via @entity1110 oxidase inhibition. The present study established that activation of @entity1110 oxidase plays a crucial role in @entity6 -induced oxidative stress, @entity8 , and ECM molecule expression. @entity2388 exhibited a renoprotective effect in the progression of experimental @entity2316 . Future research is warranted to investigate the protective mechanism of @entity2388 more specifically in relation to @entity1110 oxidase in @entity2316 .

title: @entity19529 ameliorates @entity633 and @entity8 in the animal model of XXXX .

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: Percutaneous ablation using @entity1543 is an attractive method because of its low morbidity and low number of sessions required to induce @entity39 . Moreover, the real-time fluoroscopy CT scan could improve the technique by improving distribution of the necrotizing agent within the @entity5 . AIM: To determine the feasibility and the long-term results of the @entity1543 percutaneous injection under CT fluoroscopy guidance in a series of cirrhotic @entity1 with @entity157 in a single French center. METHODS: One hundred and two @entity1 with @entity157 were evaluated for treatment between 1999 and 2000. The selection criteria for fluoroscopy CT scan-directed percutaneous @entity1543 ablation were: 1) one to three nodules<5 centimeters; 2) @entity1 -Pugh class<13; 3) prothrombin index > 40% and platelet count > 50000 per mm(3) and 4) contraindication to both resection and liver transplantation. Post treatment follow-up included ultrasonography, magnetic resonance and alphafetoprotein levels every 3 months. Recurrence and survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Forty-nine @entity1 (48%) could benefit from a curative treatment, most of them (37/49) being eligible for fluoroscopy CT scan-directed percutaneous @entity1543 . The mean follow up was 24.4 +/- 2.7 months. @entity39 was achieved in 28 @entity1 (76%) after a mean of 1.6 sessions. In these 28 @entity1 , the recurrence rates were 34% and 48% and survival rates were 76% and 70%, at 24 and 36 months, respectively. No serious complications occurred during or after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous ablation using @entity1543 using CT fluoroscopy guidance may be considered as a short term efficient, low risk treatment and can be applied even in @entity1 with @entity843 or severe @entity4461 . However, the high rate of recurrence and the early occurrence of multifocal @entity157 underline the limits of this method as well as of all other percutaneous strategies.

title: @entity157 with XXXX percutaneous injection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['Complete tumor necrosis', 'complete tumor necrosis']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['hemostatic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['small hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity1543 :: (MESH:D019342,Chemical) :: ['acetic acid']


abstract: Percutaneous ablation using @entity1543 is an attractive method because of its low morbidity and low number of sessions required to induce @entity39 . Moreover, the real-time fluoroscopy CT scan could improve the technique by improving distribution of the necrotizing agent within the @entity5 . AIM: To determine the feasibility and the long-term results of the @entity1543 percutaneous injection under CT fluoroscopy guidance in a series of cirrhotic @entity1 with @entity157 in a single French center. METHODS: One hundred and two @entity1 with @entity157 were evaluated for treatment between 1999 and 2000. The selection criteria for fluoroscopy CT scan-directed percutaneous @entity1543 ablation were: 1) one to three nodules<5 centimeters; 2) @entity1 -Pugh class<13; 3) prothrombin index > 40% and platelet count > 50000 per mm(3) and 4) contraindication to both resection and liver transplantation. Post treatment follow-up included ultrasonography, magnetic resonance and alphafetoprotein levels every 3 months. Recurrence and survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Forty-nine @entity1 (48%) could benefit from a curative treatment, most of them (37/49) being eligible for fluoroscopy CT scan-directed percutaneous @entity1543 . The mean follow up was 24.4 +/- 2.7 months. @entity39 was achieved in 28 @entity1 (76%) after a mean of 1.6 sessions. In these 28 @entity1 , the recurrence rates were 34% and 48% and survival rates were 76% and 70%, at 24 and 36 months, respectively. No serious complications occurred during or after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous ablation using @entity1543 using CT fluoroscopy guidance may be considered as a short term efficient, low risk treatment and can be applied even in @entity1 with @entity843 or severe @entity4461 . However, the high rate of recurrence and the early occurrence of multifocal @entity157 underline the limits of this method as well as of all other percutaneous strategies.

title: XXXX with @entity1543 percutaneous injection.

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity1030 have been associated with @entity2 risk; however, this relationship and the joint occurrence of these conditions are not well studied in the African American population OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of @entity1030 in African Americans with @entity2 and to evaluate their impact on the management and outcome of @entity2 . METHODS: Medical records of 114 African Americans who had participated in population-based case-control studies of @entity2 and who sought medical care at the Karmanos Cancer Center in Detroit, Michigan, were reviewed. The medical records of these @entity1 were reviewed for demographics, @entity5 , spirometry, treatment, and outcome. Computed tomographies (CT) of the chest about the time of the diagnosis of @entity2 were reviewed by a radiologist for evidence of @entity2415 . @entity1030 was diagnosed when there were changes consistent with @entity2415 on CTs and/or airflow obstruction by spirometry. RESULTS: There were no differences by sex for age at @entity2 diagnosis (P = .78) and @entity5 histology (P = .43). The @entity1 were more likely to present at a later stage of @entity2 diagnosis compared with the @entity1 (P = .04), and the @entity1 were more likely to have surgery than the @entity1 (P = .03). Overall, 94% of the @entity1 and 78% of the @entity1 in this population had spirometry and/or CT evidence of @entity1030 . The @entity1 were somewhat more likely to have @entity1030 diagnosed by either CT or spirometry than were the @entity1 (P = .06), but the Global Obstructive Lung Disease Classification scores did not differ by sex among those with spirometry-diagnosed @entity1030 (P = .34). Seventy-eight percent of individuals who did not report a previous diagnosis of @entity1030 had clinical evidence of @entity1030 , whereas 94% of individuals who reported a previous diagnosis of @entity1030 also had clinical evidence of @entity1030 (P = .03). Among individuals who had both spirometry and CT data available, 29% had CT evidence of @entity2415 but normal spirometry. No differences in @entity1030 diagnosis (P = .82) or @entity2415 diagnosis (P = .51) were noted by @entity5 histology. Stage at diagnosis also did not differ by @entity1030 or @entity2415 diagnosis (P = .30 and P = .06, respectively), nor did treatment modality (P = .54 and P = .10, respectively). @entity1 with @entity2 and with @entity1030 , diagnosed either via spirometry or CT, did not show an increased risk of @entity204 compared with @entity1 with @entity2 and without @entity1030 after adjusting for age at diagnosis, sex, and stage (hazard ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 0.68-2.53]). CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of @entity1030 , @entity2415 in particular, in a selected group of African American @entity1 with @entity2 . A significant number of these @entity1 were not aware that they had @entity1030 . There was no significant difference in the outcome of @entity2 in relation to the presence or absence of @entity1030 .

title: The relationship between XXXX in African American @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'type and stage of lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['COPD', 'airflow obstruction and/or emphysema', 'Airflow obstruction and/or emphysema']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer']


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity1030 have been associated with @entity2 risk; however, this relationship and the joint occurrence of these conditions are not well studied in the African American population OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of @entity1030 in African Americans with @entity2 and to evaluate their impact on the management and outcome of @entity2 . METHODS: Medical records of 114 African Americans who had participated in population-based case-control studies of @entity2 and who sought medical care at the Karmanos Cancer Center in Detroit, Michigan, were reviewed. The medical records of these @entity1 were reviewed for demographics, @entity5 , spirometry, treatment, and outcome. Computed tomographies (CT) of the chest about the time of the diagnosis of @entity2 were reviewed by a radiologist for evidence of @entity2415 . @entity1030 was diagnosed when there were changes consistent with @entity2415 on CTs and/or airflow obstruction by spirometry. RESULTS: There were no differences by sex for age at @entity2 diagnosis (P = .78) and @entity5 histology (P = .43). The @entity1 were more likely to present at a later stage of @entity2 diagnosis compared with the @entity1 (P = .04), and the @entity1 were more likely to have surgery than the @entity1 (P = .03). Overall, 94% of the @entity1 and 78% of the @entity1 in this population had spirometry and/or CT evidence of @entity1030 . The @entity1 were somewhat more likely to have @entity1030 diagnosed by either CT or spirometry than were the @entity1 (P = .06), but the Global Obstructive Lung Disease Classification scores did not differ by sex among those with spirometry-diagnosed @entity1030 (P = .34). Seventy-eight percent of individuals who did not report a previous diagnosis of @entity1030 had clinical evidence of @entity1030 , whereas 94% of individuals who reported a previous diagnosis of @entity1030 also had clinical evidence of @entity1030 (P = .03). Among individuals who had both spirometry and CT data available, 29% had CT evidence of @entity2415 but normal spirometry. No differences in @entity1030 diagnosis (P = .82) or @entity2415 diagnosis (P = .51) were noted by @entity5 histology. Stage at diagnosis also did not differ by @entity1030 or @entity2415 diagnosis (P = .30 and P = .06, respectively), nor did treatment modality (P = .54 and P = .10, respectively). @entity1 with @entity2 and with @entity1030 , diagnosed either via spirometry or CT, did not show an increased risk of @entity204 compared with @entity1 with @entity2 and without @entity1030 after adjusting for age at diagnosis, sex, and stage (hazard ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 0.68-2.53]). CONCLUSION: There is a high incidence of @entity1030 , @entity2415 in particular, in a selected group of African American @entity1 with @entity2 . A significant number of these @entity1 were not aware that they had @entity1030 . There was no significant difference in the outcome of @entity2 in relation to the presence or absence of @entity1030 .

title: The relationship between @entity2 in African American XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: To evaluate the efficacy of adding cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT) to either a low- @entity1735 (LC) diet or a low-fat (LF) diet in the treatment of @entity353 @entity1 , a randomised clinical intervention study was performed. A total of 105 healthy non-pregnant @entity28 @entity1 (average age and BMI of 45.4 (sd 10.4) years and 36 (sd 4.3) kg/m2) were randomly allocated to the CBT or control (C) groups; within each group, @entity1 were randomly selected to receive either the LC or LF diet during 6 months. The pre-planned primary trial end-point was the @entity353 . Differences between the groups were assessed using one-way ANOVA. There were three @entity1 (2.8 %) who dropped out, all of them in the CBT group. No differences in the anthropometric and laboratory characteristics at baseline were noted between @entity1 in the CBT (n 52) and control groups (n 50). Intention-to-treat analysis showed that @entity353 in the CBT-LC (90 (sd 12.3) to 82.1 (sd 12.1) kg) and @entity19202 (89.4 (sd 10.0) to 85.8 (sd 9.8) kg) groups reached 8.7 and 4.0 %, respectively (P < 0.0001), and in the CBT-LF (87.9 (sd 11.4) to 79.4 (sd 11.8) kg) and @entity41401 (88.8 (sd 14.5) to 85.3 (sd 14.3) kg) groups it was 9.7 and 3.9 %, respectively (P < 0.05). Weight loss was higher in the CBT-LF group than in the CBT-LC groups (P = 0.049). The present results showed that adding CBT to either the LF or LC diet produced significantly greater short-term @entity353 in @entity28 @entity1 compared with diet alone. These finding support the efficacy of CBT in breaking previous dietary patterns and in developing healthier attitudes that reinforce a healthier lifestyle.

title: Adding cognitive behavioural treatment to either low- XXXX or low-fat diets: differential short-term effects.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss of obese', 'weight loss']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: @entity3483 ( @entity3483 ) is a poor prognostic sign for @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). The generation of @entity3483 is largely regulated by @entity7 ( @entity7 ), and upregulation of @entity7 by @entity4104 has been observed in several types of @entity5 cells. In this study, we demonstrate constitutively activated @entity4104 in several @entity1 @entity2 cell lines and in @entity5 cells infiltrated in the pleurae of @entity1 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and @entity3483 . The observations suggest that activated @entity4104 plays a role in the pathogenesis of @entity2 . In PC14PE6/AS2 cells, a @entity4104 -positive @entity1 @entity2 cell line, autocrine @entity650 activated @entity4104 via JAKs, not via @entity19 kinase. PC14PE6/AS2 cells express higher @entity7 mRNA and protein than do @entity4104 -negative PC14PE6/AS2/dnStat3 cells. In an animal model, PC14P6/AS2/dnStat3 cells produced no @entity3483 and less lung @entity3 than did PC14P6/AS2 cells. PC14PE6/AS2 cells also expressed higher @entity7 protein, microvessel density, and vascular permeability in @entity5 than did PC14P6/AS2/dnStat3 cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that autocrine @entity650 activation of @entity4104 in @entity2 may be involved in the formation of @entity3483 by upregulating @entity7 . Higher levels of @entity650 and @entity7 were also found in the pleural fluids of @entity1 with @entity2 than in @entity1 with @entity712 . The autocrine @entity650 / @entity4104 / @entity7 signaling pathway may also be activated in @entity1 with @entity2 and @entity3483 . These findings provide novel targets for the management of @entity3483 .

title: Autocrine @entity650 -induced @entity4104 activation contributes to the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'adenocarcinoma cell lung cancer', 'ADCLC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3483 :: ('MESH:D016066', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant pleural effusion', 'MPE', 'malignant pleural effusion']

answer: @entity3483 :: (MESH:D016066,Disease) :: ['malignant pleural effusion']