abstract: In investigations of the natural history of @entity356 , the following conclusions were drawn. There are at least two types of @entity356 --a rapidly growing penetrating @entity5 (Pen) and a slowly growing superficial type (Super). The Super-type @entity5 are predominately @entity308 and are associated with favorable prognosis. A subtype of @entity5 , Pen A, is characterized by an elevated lesion and by differentiated @entity189 ; its @entity5 has a less favorable prognosis than a Pen @entity5 . The @entity5 ideally should be treated at the intramucosal stage. A @entity5 can be differentiated by cytophotometric DNA analysis. It seems that the @entity5 progresses to the funnel-shaped, non-Borrmann advanced type of @entity5 of a lesser incidence, and the Pen type leads to the most advanced @entity5 of Borrmann type. Low ploidy DNA patterns are seen in Super- and @entity5 , while @entity5 is featured by the high ploidy pattern. A slowly growing @entity5 is more likely to be detected because it remains at the early stage for a longer period. Conversely, the rapidly growing @entity5 is less likely to be detected until the @entity5 has reached an advanced stage. @entity1066 symptoms accompanied by the Super type seem to create a detection bias, and the chance of @entity5 detection is increased. A rough estimation of the occurrence rate of slowly and rapidly growing @entity5 is about 1:2. The frequent occurrence of slowly growing @entity5 seems to be characteristic of a @entity356 , as such is not likely the case with @entity5 seen elsewhere in the GI tract. We have to direct considerable efforts to studies of rapidly growing @entity356 ; the early detection of @entity5 will be a top priority study in this field. The focus of inspection should be directed to differentiation of "type-oriented @entity5 ." Nearly 20 years ago we first proposed the concept of the Pen type of early @entity356 . At that time relatively few investigators seemed to accept our view. However, understanding has gradually increased and infiltrated among Japanese researchers. The Japanese experience with @entity356 has been thought to be singular because of the high rate of detection of early @entity356 in these two decades.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Early XXXX viewed from its growth patterns.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Pen-type cancer', 'Pen B-type cancers', 'cancers', 'malignant tumors', 'cancer', 'Pen A-type cancer', 'Super-type cancer', 'Pen-type cancers', 'early cancer', 'type cancer', 'submucosal cancer', 'Super-type early cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric cancers', 'gastric malignancy']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For the fixation of displaced midshaft @entity174 different plates are available, each with its specific pros and cons. The ideal plating choice for this lesion remains subject to ongoing discussion. Reconstruction plates are cheap and easily bendable, but their strength and stability have been questioned. The aim of this study was to evaluate the failure rate of reconstruction plates in the fixation of @entity174 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study of all consecutive @entity1 with a displaced, midshaft @entity174 ( @entity36169 /2b) treated with a 3.5-mm reconstruction plate between 2006 and 2013 were evaluated. The primary outcome measure was reoperation rate due to implant failure. Secondary outcome measures were nonunion, symptomatic malunion and elective plate removal. RESULTS: One hundred and eleven @entity1 were analyzed. During a median follow-up of 8  months, 14  @entity1 (12.6%) had implant failure, of which 7 (6.3%) required a reoperation. Three nonunions (2.7%) and no symptomatic malunions occurred. Plate removal was indicated in 37.8% of @entity1 because of implant irritation. DISCUSSION: The incidence of reoperation due to implant failure following clavicular plate fixation with a reconstruction plate is 6.3%. Although comparison with other plate types is difficult since rates in literature vary greatly, reoperation rates in other plates are reported around 2-3%, suggesting that reconstruction plates have a higher incidence of implant failure warranting reoperation. Therefore, especially in @entity1 with known risk factors for complications (e.g. smoking, @entity170 , @entity9256 ), a stronger plate than a reconstruction plate should be considered. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV. Retrospective study.

title: Reconstruction plates for midshaft XXXX : A retrospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['clavicular fractures', 'clavicular fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity36169 :: ('MESH:C536490', 'Disease') :: ['Robinson type 2a']

entities_list: @entity9256 :: ('MESH:D018460', 'Disease') :: ['comminuted fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['clavicular fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) is becoming an important technique in the surgical management of young @entity1 with @entity43 ( @entity43 ). We retrospectively evaluated the outcome of laparoscopic FSS in presumed clinically early-stage @entity43 . METHODS: We retrospectively searched databases of @entity1 who received laparoscopic FSS for @entity43 between January 1999 and December 2012 at Samsung Medical Center. @entity1 aged  <=40 years were included. The perioperative, oncological, and obstetric outcomes of these @entity1 were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 18 @entity1 was evaluated. The median age of the @entity1 was 33.5 years (range, 14 to 40 years). The number of @entity1 with clinically stage IA and IC was 6 (33.3%) and 12 (66.7%), respectively. There were 7 (38.9%), 5 (27.8%), 3 (16.7%), and 3 @entity1 (16.7%) with mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and serous tumor types, respectively. Complete surgical staging to preserve the uterus and one ovary with adnexa was performed in 4 @entity1 (22.2%). Two out of them were upstaged to The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIA1. During the median follow-up of 47.3 months (range, 11.5 to 195.3 months), there were no perioperative or long term surgical complications. Four @entity1 (22.2%) conceived after their respective @entity43 treatments. Three (16.7%) of them completed full-term delivery and one is expecting a baby. One @entity1 had disease recurrence. No @entity1 died of the disease. CONCLUSION: FSS in young @entity1 with presumed clinically early-stage @entity43 is a challenging and cautious procedure. Further studies are urgent to determine the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic FSS in young @entity1 with presumed clinically early-stage @entity43 .

title: Outcomes of laparoscopic fertility-sparing surgery in clinically XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['EOC', 'ovarian cancer', 'early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The first metatarsal bone can shorten after a distal chevron metatarsal osteotomy (DCMO). This shortening can result in a postoperative second metatarsal transfer @entity75 . The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of second metatarsal transfer lesions after DCMO. METHODS: This study involved 185 feet (138 @entity1 ), with @entity4553 , treated with DCMO with Akin osteotomy. The mean @entity1 age was 51.7 years (range, 21 to 74). @entity1 were followed for an average of 28 months, between June 2004 and June 2010. We measured the length of first metatarsal relative to second metatarsal preoperatively and postoperatively, using Morton's and Hardy-Clapham's methods. A second metatarsal transfer @entity75 was defined as a newly developed @entity75 , including @entity7529 , a painful @entity15261 , or a @entity15261 , which was not present prior to the DCMO. The relation of the shortened first metatarsal after DCMO with the occurrence of second metatarsal transfer @entity75 was evaluated. RESULTS: Second metatarsal transfer lesions ( @entity15261 ) developed in 5 feet (2.7%) of 185 feet. Twenty-four preoperative second metatarsal lesions were improved postoperatively. The median shortening of the first metatarsal bone after DCMO was 0.6 mm according to Morton's method (range, -6.4 to 6.4), and 1.9 according to Hardy-Clapham's method (range, -5.8 to 5.8). According to the extent of first metatarsal shortening after DCMO by Hardy-Clapham's method and Morton's method, there was no significant difference of the occurrence of second transfer metatarsal lesions (P = .259 and P = .176, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, second metatarsal transfer lesions developed in 2.7% of feet after DCMO. The occurrence of second metatarsal transfer lesions did not appear to be correlated with the degree of first metatarsal shortening in cases with less than 5.8 mm shortening. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

title: Second Metatarsal Transfer Lesions Due to First Metatarsal Shortening After Distal Chevron Metatarsal Osteotomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7529 :: ('MESH:D037061', 'Disease') :: ['metatarsalgia']

entities_list: @entity4553 :: ('MESH:D006215', 'Disease') :: ['hallux valgus (HV) deformity']

entities_list: @entity15261 :: ('MESH:D002145', 'Disease') :: ['painless callosity', 'callosity']

answer: @entity4553 :: (MESH:D006215,Disease) :: ['Hallux Valgus']


abstract: AIM: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the follow-up results of @entity1 who received late-term surgical treatment for @entity1897 caused by penetrating injuries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 25 @entity1 who underwent surgery for @entity1897 in our clinic between 2007 and 2013. The @entity1 were evaluated with respect to age, gender, etiology of the @entity130 , the affected nerve, clinical examinations, electrophysiological findings, surgical techniques and functional outcomes. RESULTS: The study included 30 nerves of 25 @entity1 (19 male, 6 female; mean age 30.1 years). The mean time between the @entity130 and admission to our clinic was 11.5 months (range, 3 to 30 months). Cuts caused by glass were the most common cause of injury (68.5%). The most commonly injured nerves in our @entity1 were the median nerve (43.4%) and ulnar nerve (26.6%). External neurolysis and decompression were performed in eleven @entity1 , epineurotomy and internal neurolysis were performed in eight @entity1 , epineural repair was performed in fourteen @entity1 , fascicular repair was performed in three @entity1 , and interfascicular @entity254 using sural nerve grafting was performed in five @entity1 . Postoperative motor strength and electrophysiological analyses showed significant improvements. Better outcomes were obtained in cases with median nerve injuries rather than other nerve injuries. Additionally, @entity1 undergoing external neurolysis and decompression exhibited better outcomes than those undergoing other surgical approaches. CONCLUSION: Although surgical treatment is recommended as early as possible for @entity1897 , late-term surgical treatments may provide positive outcomes.

title: The Outcomes of Late Term Surgical Treatment of Penetrating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve lesions', 'peripheral nerve injuries']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['initial injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['Peripheral Nerve Injuries']


abstract: Although a change in renal nerve activity is known to alter proximal reabsorption, it is unclear whether reabsorption of @entity5993 or @entity1219 or both are affected. @entity35 (n = 10) were studied using free-flow micropuncture techniques during euvolemia and following acute ipsilateral denervation. Glomerular filtration rate and single nephron glomerular filtration rate were stable. Absolute proximal @entity3157 reabsorption fell following denervation (933 +/- 40 to 817 +/- 30 pmol/min) with a parallel reduction in @entity2865 reabsorption (1,643 +/- 116 to 1,341 +/- 129 peq/min). Urinary @entity1372 , @entity972 , @entity3157 , and @entity2865 excretion all increased significantly. To further assess the physiological significance of neurogenic modulation of proximal transport, other @entity35 (n = 6) were subjected to acute unilateral nephrectomy (AUN). There is evidence that AUN induces a contralateral natriuresis (renorenal reflex) at least partially by causing inhibition of efferent renal nerve traffic. AUN caused significant changes in proximal @entity5993 and @entity1219 reabsorption as well as in whole kidney electrolyte excretion in the same pattern as had denervation. Prior denervation of the remaining kidney prevented the proximal and whole kidney response to AUN (n = 6). In conclusion, @entity308 of renal nerve activity inhibits both @entity5993 and @entity1219 reabsorption in the @entity35 superficial proximal convoluted tubule. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in renal nerve activity modify whole kidney electrolyte excretion under physiological conditions at least partially by regulating proximal transport.

title: Neurogenic regulation of proximal @entity3157 and XXXX reabsorption.

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity2865 :: (CHEBI:17996,Chemical) :: ['chloride']


abstract: Although a change in renal nerve activity is known to alter proximal reabsorption, it is unclear whether reabsorption of @entity5993 or @entity1219 or both are affected. @entity35 (n = 10) were studied using free-flow micropuncture techniques during euvolemia and following acute ipsilateral denervation. Glomerular filtration rate and single nephron glomerular filtration rate were stable. Absolute proximal @entity3157 reabsorption fell following denervation (933 +/- 40 to 817 +/- 30 pmol/min) with a parallel reduction in @entity2865 reabsorption (1,643 +/- 116 to 1,341 +/- 129 peq/min). Urinary @entity1372 , @entity972 , @entity3157 , and @entity2865 excretion all increased significantly. To further assess the physiological significance of neurogenic modulation of proximal transport, other @entity35 (n = 6) were subjected to acute unilateral nephrectomy (AUN). There is evidence that AUN induces a contralateral natriuresis (renorenal reflex) at least partially by causing inhibition of efferent renal nerve traffic. AUN caused significant changes in proximal @entity5993 and @entity1219 reabsorption as well as in whole kidney electrolyte excretion in the same pattern as had denervation. Prior denervation of the remaining kidney prevented the proximal and whole kidney response to AUN (n = 6). In conclusion, @entity308 of renal nerve activity inhibits both @entity5993 and @entity1219 reabsorption in the @entity35 superficial proximal convoluted tubule. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in renal nerve activity modify whole kidney electrolyte excretion under physiological conditions at least partially by regulating proximal transport.

title: Neurogenic regulation of proximal XXXX and @entity2865 reabsorption.

answer: @entity3157 :: (CHEBI:17544,Chemical) :: ['bicarbonate']


abstract: Herbal medicines, an important group of multicomponent therapeutics, are widely and increasignly used worldwide. Despite the popularitiy of herbal medicines, the clinical evidence that support the use of most herbal medicines is weak. Pharmacokinetic and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies have been integrated into modern drug development, but ADME studies are generally not needed for herbal remedy discovery and development. For the majority of herbal medicines, data on their ADME and pharmacokinetic properties in @entity1 are lacking or scant. An extensive literature search indicates that there are limited data on ADME properties of herbal medicines in @entity1 . Many herbal compounds undergo Phase I and/or Phase II metabolism in vivo, with cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and @entity858 glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) playing a major role. Some herbal ingredients are substrates of @entity1262 ( @entity7895 / @entity1262 / @entity1262 ) which is highly expressed in the intestine, liver, brain and kidney. As such, the activities of these drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters are critical determining factors for the in vivo ADME processes of herbal remedies. There are increasing ADME studies of herbal remedies, but these studies are mainly focused on a small number of herbal medicines including St John's wort, milk thistle, @entity6108 , echinacea, @entity9052 , @entity4044 , and ginger. For an herbal medicine, the pharmacological activity is gained when the active agents or the active metabolites reach and sustain proper levels at their sites of action. Both the dose levels and ADME processes of active herbal components in the body govern their target-site concentrations and thus the therapeutic responses. In this regard, a safe and optimal use of herbal medicines requires a full understanding of their ADME profiles. To optimize the use of herbal remedies, further studies to explore their ADME properties in @entity1 are certainly warranted.

title: ADME properties of herbal medicines in XXXX : evidence, challenges and strategies.

entities_list: @entity858 :: ('MESH:D014530', 'Chemical') :: ['uridine diphosphate']

entities_list: @entity6108 :: ('MESH:D003474', 'Chemical') :: ['curcumin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: 1. Crude extracts of the extreme halophile @entity28887 contain separable DNA-dependent and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. 2. The RNA-dependent enzyme has been purified about 2800-fold. 3. It requires RNA, preferably of high molecular weight, and all four @entity8660 to incorporate @entity3209 -labelled @entity9953 into an acid-insoluble, ribonuclease-sensitive product. 4. Both the stability and activity of the RNA polymerase are relatively insensitive to changes in @entity4337 or @entity2827 concentration, but incorporation is stimulated by both @entity1025 and @entity3281 . 5. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 17000-18000.

title: Nucleic acid enzymology of extremely halophilic bacteria. XXXX ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase.

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity4337 :: ('MESH:D011189', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium chloride']

entities_list: @entity28887 :: ('2242', 'Species') :: ['Halobacterium cutirubrum']

entities_list: @entity8660 :: ('CHEBI:17972', 'Chemical') :: ['ribonucleoside triphosphates']

entities_list: @entity9953 :: ('CHEBI:17326', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside triphosphate']

answer: @entity28887 :: (2242,Species) :: ['Halobacterium cutirubrum']


abstract: BACKGROUND: While behavioural abnormalities are fundamental features of @entity6694 ( @entity6694 ), few studies have examined the @entity6694 behavioural phenotype. Most of these reports have focused on @entity2438 features, linked to the early regressive phase of the disorder, and few studies have applied standardised behavioural measures. We used a battery of standardised measures of behaviour and functioning to test the following hypotheses: (1) @entity2438 is prominent throughout childhood in @entity6694 ; (2) @entity2438 features are more salient in individuals with milder presentation; (3) severity of @entity2438 is associated with a wider range of behavioural problems; and (4) specific @entity8251 mutations are linked to more severe @entity2438 . METHODS: Eighty @entity8251 mutation-positive @entity1 with @entity6694 (aged 1.6-14.9 years) were administered: (1) the Screen for Social Interaction (SSI), a measure of @entity2438 suited for individuals with severe communication and motor impairment; (2) the Rett Syndrome Behaviour Questionnaire (RSBQ), covering a wide range of abnormal behaviours in @entity6694 ; (3) the @entity146 ( @entity146 ); and (4) a modified version of the Rett Syndrome Severity Scale (RSSS). Regression analyses examined the predictive value of age and RSSS on @entity2438 and other behavioural abnormalities. T-tests further characterised the behavioural phenotype of individual @entity8251 mutations. RESULTS: While age had no significant effect on SSI or RSBQ total scores in @entity6694 , @entity146 Socialization and Composite scores decreased over time. Clinical severity (i.e. RSSS) also increased with age. Surprisingly, SSI performance was not related to either RSSS or @entity146 Composite scores. @entity2438 was weakly linked with the RSBQ Hand behaviour factor scores, but not with the RSBQ Fear/Anxiety factor. Clinical (neurological) severity did not predict RSBQ scores, as evidenced by the analysis of individual @entity8251 mutations (e.g. @entity72779 , @entity69444 and @entity38923 ). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that in @entity6694 , @entity2438 persists after the period of regression. It also demonstrated that @entity16 , including @entity2438 features, are relatively independent of one another. Consistent with previous reports of the @entity6694 phenotype, individual @entity8251 mutations demonstrate complex associations with @entity2438 features. Evidence of persistent @entity2438 throughout childhood, and of a link between hand function and social skills, has important implications not only for research on the @entity6694 behavioural phenotype, but also for the clinical management of the disorder.

title: Social impairments in XXXX : characteristics and relationship with clinical severity.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales', 'VABS']

entities_list: @entity6694 :: ('MESH:D015518', 'Disease') :: ['RTT', 'Rett syndrome']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological and behavioural impairments']

entities_list: @entity2438 :: ('MESH:D001321', 'Disease') :: ['autistic behaviour', 'Autistic behaviour', 'autistic']

answer: @entity6694 :: (MESH:D015518,Disease) :: ['Rett syndrome']


abstract: In many institutions it is the "standard of care" to obtain serum chemistries and anticonvulsant levels as part of the emergency department evaluation of @entity410 @entity1 . To determine the efficacy of such a workup in the @entity2613 , 163 @entity410 @entity1 presenting to an inner-city teaching hospital were studied in a standardized, prospective manner. After the clinical examination all @entity1 had CBC, serum electrolyte, BUN, @entity1011 , @entity413 , @entity460 , @entity1760 , and if indicated, anticonvulsant drug level determinations performed. Any @entity1 presenting with a first-time @entity410 (in @entity1 greater than 6 years old), recent @entity542 , focal @entity51 , or focal @entity410 activity had cranial computerized tomography (CCT). After obtaining historical and physical examination and before receiving laboratory results, as many as five likely etiologies were listed and assigned probability ratings. After review of the laboratory data (and CCT scan, if obtained), final etiologies again were listed and assigned percentages of likelihood. Significant abnormalities (ie, those that changed diagnosis, management, or disposition) were found in 104 @entity1 ; 96 had subtherapeutic anticonvulsant levels, five had abnormal CCT scans, two had @entity4053 , and one had @entity4854 as the cause of @entity410 . The clinical examination successfully predicted those abnormalities in all but two cases (one each of @entity4854 and @entity3439 ). We contend tha routine serum chemistries in @entity1 presenting to the @entity2613 are of extremely low yield, and that the clinical examination can predict accurately the need to obtain these studies. CCT scanning is useful in selected @entity1 , and was found to be abnormal in five of 19 (25%) @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Efficacy of a "standard" XXXX workup in the emergency department.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3439 :: ('MESH:D006408', 'Disease') :: ['subdural hematoma']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizure']


abstract: @entity341 can be successfully performed with the proper system in place. This includes an established thoracotomy protocol, a well-integrated EMS system, and an in-house team. Time seems to be critical, and the time between injury and @entity341 may be the single most important factor affecting survival other than the mechanism of injury. Cardiac penetrations, especially stab wounds, were found to have a 93 per cent survival while subdiaphragmatic penetrations had only one survivor from a group of 18 @entity1 (5.5%). The high rate of salvage in the heart wound group probably reflects the speed of prehospital transport, though all other major series have found this group to gain the maximum benefit. No @entity1 was successfully resuscitated from @entity1913 with @entity341 . Three additional @entity1 had "signs of life" restored (one pediatric blunt; two @entity18329 ) but died of @entity1003 shortly thereafter. The experience with air ambulance @entity1 was far too small to allow any conclusions or observations. It is felt that as the use and application of helicopters to EMS situations becomes widespread, more @entity1 will be arriving at @entity130 centers with no vital signs and @entity1913 but only moments from the accident. This special group of "dying" @entity1 will require intense scrutiny and possibly new and inventive approaches for any hopeful salvage. Emergency thoracotomy will, no doubt, have a place as part of this. The development of a simple working protocol is of extreme importance. The protocol should be one that will allow maximum selection of @entity1 who can benefit and elimination of those @entity1 where @entity341 would be useless. The primary benefactor for @entity341 remains the @entity1 sustaining a stab wound to the heart who arrives at the center shortly after injury. In other areas, such as abdominal exsanguination or severe @entity1913 , further study is needed to determine what factors, prehospital and resuscitative, will improve outcome.

title: @entity341 ( XXXX ). A 26-month experience using an "agonal" protocol.

entities_list: @entity18329 :: ('MESH:D014948', 'Disease') :: ['subdiaphragmatic gunshot wounds']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathies']

entities_list: @entity1913 :: ('MESH:D014949', 'Disease') :: ['massive blunt injury', 'blunt injury']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['EDT']


abstract: @entity341 can be successfully performed with the proper system in place. This includes an established thoracotomy protocol, a well-integrated EMS system, and an in-house team. Time seems to be critical, and the time between injury and @entity341 may be the single most important factor affecting survival other than the mechanism of injury. Cardiac penetrations, especially stab wounds, were found to have a 93 per cent survival while subdiaphragmatic penetrations had only one survivor from a group of 18 @entity1 (5.5%). The high rate of salvage in the heart wound group probably reflects the speed of prehospital transport, though all other major series have found this group to gain the maximum benefit. No @entity1 was successfully resuscitated from @entity1913 with @entity341 . Three additional @entity1 had "signs of life" restored (one pediatric blunt; two @entity18329 ) but died of @entity1003 shortly thereafter. The experience with air ambulance @entity1 was far too small to allow any conclusions or observations. It is felt that as the use and application of helicopters to EMS situations becomes widespread, more @entity1 will be arriving at @entity130 centers with no vital signs and @entity1913 but only moments from the accident. This special group of "dying" @entity1 will require intense scrutiny and possibly new and inventive approaches for any hopeful salvage. Emergency thoracotomy will, no doubt, have a place as part of this. The development of a simple working protocol is of extreme importance. The protocol should be one that will allow maximum selection of @entity1 who can benefit and elimination of those @entity1 where @entity341 would be useless. The primary benefactor for @entity341 remains the @entity1 sustaining a stab wound to the heart who arrives at the center shortly after injury. In other areas, such as abdominal exsanguination or severe @entity1913 , further study is needed to determine what factors, prehospital and resuscitative, will improve outcome.

title: XXXX ( @entity341 ). A 26-month experience using an "agonal" protocol.

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['Emergency department thoracotomy']


abstract: Shoulder @entity158 is probably the most frequent complication of @entity1158 . In this study 219 @entity1158 @entity1 were regularly followed up after their @entity64 ( @entity64 ) for one year (166 @entity1 , 53 @entity1 , with a mean age of 47 years). Criteria and parameters for evaluation of these shoulders were established at the outset. Distinction was made between flaccid and @entity1158 . Other influencing factors were @entity6865 ( @entity6865 ), isolated @entity75 cuff rotator tear or association of some of these. Roentgen examinations were done for each @entity1 . In our series of @entity1 , 72% had shoulder @entity158 at least once during the course of their recovery. This problem occurred more often in @entity1 having @entity508 (85%) than in those with @entity2421 (18%). An evolution towards @entity508 was noted in 80% of the @entity1 in this series, whereas 20% remained @entity2421 . Among the other possible causes of shoulder @entity158 , anteroinferior @entity7194 was incontrovertibly the most frequently cited. The @entity6865 syndrome was present in only 23% of all cases but was seen more often in @entity508 @entity1 , that is 27% compared to 7% among flaccid @entity1 . Whatever the cause, the @entity7194 with flaccid @entity912 should be corrected and @entity508 should be combatted as early and as vigorously as possible.

title: XXXX shoulder in @entity1158 .

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia', 'spastic hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular accident', 'CVA']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['tendon lesion']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity', 'spastic']

entities_list: @entity7194 :: ('MESH:D007906', 'Disease') :: ['subluxation']

entities_list: @entity6865 :: ('MESH:D012019', 'Disease') :: ['RSD', 'subluxation reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonic', 'flaccidity']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['Painful']


abstract: Shoulder @entity158 is probably the most frequent complication of @entity1158 . In this study 219 @entity1158 @entity1 were regularly followed up after their @entity64 ( @entity64 ) for one year (166 @entity1 , 53 @entity1 , with a mean age of 47 years). Criteria and parameters for evaluation of these shoulders were established at the outset. Distinction was made between flaccid and @entity1158 . Other influencing factors were @entity6865 ( @entity6865 ), isolated @entity75 cuff rotator tear or association of some of these. Roentgen examinations were done for each @entity1 . In our series of @entity1 , 72% had shoulder @entity158 at least once during the course of their recovery. This problem occurred more often in @entity1 having @entity508 (85%) than in those with @entity2421 (18%). An evolution towards @entity508 was noted in 80% of the @entity1 in this series, whereas 20% remained @entity2421 . Among the other possible causes of shoulder @entity158 , anteroinferior @entity7194 was incontrovertibly the most frequently cited. The @entity6865 syndrome was present in only 23% of all cases but was seen more often in @entity508 @entity1 , that is 27% compared to 7% among flaccid @entity1 . Whatever the cause, the @entity7194 with flaccid @entity912 should be corrected and @entity508 should be combatted as early and as vigorously as possible.

title: @entity158 shoulder in XXXX .

answer: @entity1158 :: (MESH:D006429,Disease) :: ['hemiplegia']


abstract: Thrombolytic recanalization of the obstructed coronary lumen was studied in 32 @entity1 receiving intracoronary streptokinase for 60 to 90 min during acute @entity583 . The process was viewed at high arteriographic magnification and was quantified with computer-assisted measurements from repeated single-plane views. The variability of the method for this application was 0.15 to 0.18 mm on minimum diameter estimates. Structural details were seen that are not commonly appreciated at conventional magnification. The recanalized lumen appears to form along an interface between the @entity715 and the vessel wall, progressively enlarging its minimum arteriographic diameter to 0.65 +/- 0.24 mm (+/- 1 SD) at the end of the short-term infusion of streptokinase reflecting a final percent stenosis of 77 +/- 10%. In nine @entity4798 found patent 5 +/- 3 weeks later, the recanalized lumen further improved an average of 0.34 mm in minimum diameter (p less than .005) and 13% stenosis (p less than .01). A thin film of contrast medium surrounding the obstructing @entity715 faintly defined the boundaries of the original atherosclerotic lumen in all but two cases. The "original stenosis" measured 1.25 +/- 0.32 mm in minimum diameter and 56 +/- 14% stenosis when first visualized; it was unchanged throughout the course of infusion of streptokinase. In five @entity1 catheterized 10 +/- 12 weeks before their @entity1188 , the original stenosis averaged 1.15 +/- 0.22 mm in the preinfarct angiogram, as compared with 1.17 +/- 0.23 mm in its faintly defined form during thrombolytic therapy (p = NS). In 10 cases, this original lesion was less than a 50% stenosis, and in 21 cases less than 60%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Incomplete lysis of @entity715 in the moderate underlying atherosclerotic lesion during intracoronary infusion of streptokinase for acute XXXX : quantitative angiographic observations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4798 :: ('MESH:D020520', 'Disease') :: ['infarct lesions']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Thrombolytic recanalization of the obstructed coronary lumen was studied in 32 @entity1 receiving intracoronary streptokinase for 60 to 90 min during acute @entity583 . The process was viewed at high arteriographic magnification and was quantified with computer-assisted measurements from repeated single-plane views. The variability of the method for this application was 0.15 to 0.18 mm on minimum diameter estimates. Structural details were seen that are not commonly appreciated at conventional magnification. The recanalized lumen appears to form along an interface between the @entity715 and the vessel wall, progressively enlarging its minimum arteriographic diameter to 0.65 +/- 0.24 mm (+/- 1 SD) at the end of the short-term infusion of streptokinase reflecting a final percent stenosis of 77 +/- 10%. In nine @entity4798 found patent 5 +/- 3 weeks later, the recanalized lumen further improved an average of 0.34 mm in minimum diameter (p less than .005) and 13% stenosis (p less than .01). A thin film of contrast medium surrounding the obstructing @entity715 faintly defined the boundaries of the original atherosclerotic lumen in all but two cases. The "original stenosis" measured 1.25 +/- 0.32 mm in minimum diameter and 56 +/- 14% stenosis when first visualized; it was unchanged throughout the course of infusion of streptokinase. In five @entity1 catheterized 10 +/- 12 weeks before their @entity1188 , the original stenosis averaged 1.15 +/- 0.22 mm in the preinfarct angiogram, as compared with 1.17 +/- 0.23 mm in its faintly defined form during thrombolytic therapy (p = NS). In 10 cases, this original lesion was less than a 50% stenosis, and in 21 cases less than 60%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Incomplete lysis of XXXX in the moderate underlying atherosclerotic lesion during intracoronary infusion of streptokinase for acute @entity583 : quantitative angiographic observations.

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombus']


abstract: @entity573 is a @entity4561 with @entity65 that usually afflicts young @entity1 . We describe a 31-year-old @entity1 who developed transient @entity712 during the acute phase of @entity573 . The diagnosis was supported by the presence of all six criteria of the disease: fever, @entity2024 , strawberry tongue, cervical lymphadenopathies, truncal exanthem, and periungual membranous desquamation. Related clinical and laboratory findings included @entity712 , @entity4841 , transverse nail grooves, @entity1148 , and elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and @entity648 . Alternative diagnoses were excluded. During her @entity221 , the @entity1 developed @entity591 , @entity551 , pulmonary rales, S3 gallop, and hepatojugular reflux. The chest roentgenogram showed new Kerley A and B lines. A first-pass isotopic ventriculography showed diffuse @entity2845 and decreased ventricular ejection fractions; spontaneous recovery occurred after a few days. A coronarography performed two months later showed no @entity384 . @entity573 is a cause, albeit rare, of @entity296 in the adult @entity1 , and should be sought for actively in a @entity1 with @entity712 during the course of an @entity221 , associated with mucocutaneous changes.

title: Transient XXXX in an adult with @entity573 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'woman', 'human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1148 :: ('MESH:D013922', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytosis']

entities_list: @entity573 :: ('MESH:C537014', 'Disease') :: ['Kawasaki disease']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal dilatation']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity4561 :: ('MESH:D009080', 'Disease') :: ['mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2845 :: ('MESH:D018476', 'Disease') :: ['hypokinesia']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgias']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['acute febrile illness']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['important cardiovascular complications']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: @entity573 is a @entity4561 with @entity65 that usually afflicts young @entity1 . We describe a 31-year-old @entity1 who developed transient @entity712 during the acute phase of @entity573 . The diagnosis was supported by the presence of all six criteria of the disease: fever, @entity2024 , strawberry tongue, cervical lymphadenopathies, truncal exanthem, and periungual membranous desquamation. Related clinical and laboratory findings included @entity712 , @entity4841 , transverse nail grooves, @entity1148 , and elevated serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and @entity648 . Alternative diagnoses were excluded. During her @entity221 , the @entity1 developed @entity591 , @entity551 , pulmonary rales, S3 gallop, and hepatojugular reflux. The chest roentgenogram showed new Kerley A and B lines. A first-pass isotopic ventriculography showed diffuse @entity2845 and decreased ventricular ejection fractions; spontaneous recovery occurred after a few days. A coronarography performed two months later showed no @entity384 . @entity573 is a cause, albeit rare, of @entity296 in the adult @entity1 , and should be sought for actively in a @entity1 with @entity712 during the course of an @entity221 , associated with mucocutaneous changes.

title: Transient @entity712 in an adult with XXXX .

answer: @entity573 :: (MESH:C537014,Disease) :: ['Kawasaki disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background @entity957 of the @entity135 ( @entity213 ) comprises a variety of @entity5 . Due to the rarity of each individual malignant entity, knowledge of epidemiological changes and trends over time may be derived from data compiled in regional and national registries. This study analyzed the development in incidence rates and mortality in elderly @entity213 @entity1 in Denmark between 1980 and 2012 with specific attention to compliance to radiotherapy, the main treatment modality of @entity213 in Denmark. Material and methods @entity213 consisting of more than 25 @entity1 per year over the age of 70 years were analyzed. This included @entity1697 defined as ICD-codes C00.3-4, C02-04, C05.0, C06; oropharynx as C01, C05.1-9, C09-10; and larynx as C32 recorded in the NORDCAN database. Additional data from the DAHANCA database was added to assess differences in compliance to treatment between younger and older @entity1 groups. Results @entity213 was predominant in younger @entity1 . Only 17% were older than 70 years. The median age was 60 years. Generally, incidence rates rose for @entity1697 and oropharynx between 1980 and 2012 and stabilized for @entity5 . Mortality rates had a shallower increase, especially in younger age groups, which translated into improved age-specific survival rates. Compliance to radiotherapy was high for all age groups. Failure to receive at least 60 Gy during radical radiation treatment was 2.3% despite a significant increase in @entity1 with poor WHO performance status over time. Conclusion @entity213 is a @entity395 in @entity1 above 70 years accounting for only 17% of all @entity213 @entity1 . Incidence rates increased over time, but age-specific survival rates improved, especially in younger @entity1 . Failure rates to comply with radiation treatment, however, were low in both young and elderly @entity1 .

title: Trends in XXXX in the elderly in Denmark, 1980-2012.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the oral cavity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal cancer', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disease']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['cancer of the head and neck']


abstract: @entity526 Nissle 1917 (EcN) bears a defect in its @entity558 biosynthesis leading to truncated variable oligosaccharide-antigen chains and a semi-rough phenotype. It is effectively inactivated by complement factors due to resolved serum resistance and is, therefore, safe as a probiotic strain, i.e. for the treatment of inflammatory @entity344 . It is unknown whether the modification of @entity558 in EcN contributes to its probiotic properties. Purified @entity558 from EcN and wild-type @entity558 from uropathogenic E. coli W536 together with raw lysates of both strains were analyzed for their gene expression activity with @entity1 PBMCs measured by microarrays. Comparing the two @entity558 molecules and the two lysate variants with each other, respectively, no differences of transcriptional patterns were observed. However, when comparing @entity558 with lysate patterns, pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p40 was up-regulated by both @entity558 molecules and anti-inflammatory @entity688 by both lysates. The higher the lysate concentration, the higher @entity688 release from PBMCs, clearly exceeding @entity558 induced IL-12p40 release. Furthermore, inflammatory chemokine @entity28955 (eotaxin) was down-regulated by lysates and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that EcN compared to wild-type @entity558 was 8 times stronger in down-regulation of @entity28955 . We conclude that truncated @entity558 may down-regulate @entity28955 -mediated @entity32 and that EcN lysate contains as yet unidentified factors which preferably induce anti-inflammatory activity. Both effects may contribute to the probiotic properties of EcN.

title: Anti-inflammatory modulation of immune response by probiotic XXXX Nissle 1917 in @entity1 blood mononuclear cells.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity526 Nissle 1917 (EcN) bears a defect in its @entity558 biosynthesis leading to truncated variable oligosaccharide-antigen chains and a semi-rough phenotype. It is effectively inactivated by complement factors due to resolved serum resistance and is, therefore, safe as a probiotic strain, i.e. for the treatment of inflammatory @entity344 . It is unknown whether the modification of @entity558 in EcN contributes to its probiotic properties. Purified @entity558 from EcN and wild-type @entity558 from uropathogenic E. coli W536 together with raw lysates of both strains were analyzed for their gene expression activity with @entity1 PBMCs measured by microarrays. Comparing the two @entity558 molecules and the two lysate variants with each other, respectively, no differences of transcriptional patterns were observed. However, when comparing @entity558 with lysate patterns, pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p40 was up-regulated by both @entity558 molecules and anti-inflammatory @entity688 by both lysates. The higher the lysate concentration, the higher @entity688 release from PBMCs, clearly exceeding @entity558 induced IL-12p40 release. Furthermore, inflammatory chemokine @entity28955 (eotaxin) was down-regulated by lysates and quantitative real-time PCR revealed that EcN compared to wild-type @entity558 was 8 times stronger in down-regulation of @entity28955 . We conclude that truncated @entity558 may down-regulate @entity28955 -mediated @entity32 and that EcN lysate contains as yet unidentified factors which preferably induce anti-inflammatory activity. Both effects may contribute to the probiotic properties of EcN.

title: Anti-inflammatory modulation of immune response by probiotic @entity526 Nissle 1917 in XXXX blood mononuclear cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Quality of life can be severely impaired by essential @entity400 (ET) being the main cause of the @entity1 's disability. The authors present a group of ET @entity1 treated with deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus ( @entity2277 DBS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of @entity2277 DBS in the treatment of ET. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2006 and 2009, 8 female and 10 male ET @entity1 were treated with @entity2277 DBS. Mean age at implantation was 63    15 years. ET lasted from 4 to 30 years (mean 12 years). Clinical condition of the group was evaluated before surgery and 3 months after implantation with spirography (spiral drawings), the modified Fahn (Tremor Rating Scale, TRS) scale, and the modified ADL (Activity of Daily Living) scale. The @entity2277 was localized with CT and MRI. The procedures of implantation were performed under local and general anaesthesia. A bilateral procedure was performed in 11 cases and a unilateral procedure was performed in 7 cases. RESULTS: The therapeutic effect of DBS was maintained at the follow-up in the third month following surgery. Mean contralateral limb @entity400 reduction was 79%. Head @entity400 reduction was reported by 75% of @entity1 in the bilateral @entity2277 DBS subgroup and 50% of @entity1 in the unilateral @entity2277 DBS subgroup. Mean ADL score improved by 61%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2277 DBS is a safe and effective method of ET treatment. @entity2277 DBS improves activities of daily living of ET @entity1 .

title: Thalamic deep brain stimulation in the treatment of essential XXXX .

answer: @entity400 :: (MESH:D014202,Disease) :: ['tremor']


abstract: We have examined the importance of the A5 region modulating cardiorespiratory responses evoked from the parabrachial complex (PB) in spontaneously breathing @entity35 . Cardiorespiratory changes were analyzed in response to electrical stimulation and @entity2227 microinjections into the PB (10-20 nl, 1-2 nmol) before and after ipsilateral microinjection of @entity6341 (50 nl, 0.25 nmol) or @entity3303 (50 nl, 0.5 nmol) within the A5 region. Stimulation of medial parabrachial and K  lliker-Fuse nuclei (mPB-KF) evoked a decrease in respiratory rate (P<0.001) with a rise in blood pressure (P<0.001) and heart rate (P<0.05). After muscimol or @entity3303 microinjections within the A5 region, the pressor and heart rate responses to mPB-KF stimulation were reduced (P<0.05, both cases). Muscimol within the A5 region altered the respiratory response to @entity2227 stimulation of mPB-KF, evoking an increase in respiratory rate (P<0.05). @entity3303 abolished the respiratory response to mPB-KF stimulation. Stimulation of the lateral parabrachial nuclei (lPB) caused an increase in respiratory rate (P<0.001) with a rise in blood pressure (P<0.001) and heart rate (P<0.05). Muscimol or @entity3303 microinjections within A5 region decreased heart rate (P<0.05) and pressor responses (P<0.05) evoked from lPB. The increase of respiratory rate persisted unchanged. To confirm functional interactions between A5 and PB, extracellular recordings of putative A5 neurones were obtained during PB stimulation. Eighty-three A5 cells were recorded, 35 were activated from the mPB-KF (42%). The results indicate that neurones of the A5 region participate in the cardiorespiratory response evoked from the different regions of the PB complex. The possible mechanisms involved in these interactions are discussed.

title: A5 region modulation of the cardiorespiratory responses evoked from parabrachial cell bodies in the anaesthetised XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['Lidocaine', 'lidocaine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic value of an initial 24-sample transrectal ultrasound guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy protocol compared to the 10-core technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the prostate biopsy database of consecutive @entity1 undergoing prostate biopsies under local anesthesia by using the 10 (Group A) and 24 (Group B) protocols. @entity1 were stratified according to biopsy protocol and PSA levels. Exclusion criteria were age >=  75 years and PSA > 20 ng/mL. The Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Between April 2007 and August 2009, 869 @entity1 underwent TRUS prostate biopsies of which 379 were eligible for the study. Group A (10-cores) consisted of 243 (64.11%) @entity1 and group B (24-cores) included 139 (35.89%) @entity1 . The @entity263 detection rate was 39.09% and 34.55% in Group A and B, respectively (p = 0.43). An overall 9.8% increase in Gleason 7 detection rate was found in Group B (p = 0.24). The high-grade @entity5436 (HGPIN) detection rate in @entity1 with negative initial biopsies was 15.54% and 35.55% in Group A and B, respectively (p < 0.001). In @entity1 with PSA < 10 ng/mL, the 24-core technique increased Gleason 7 detection rate by 13.4% (p = 0.16) and HGPIN by 23.4% (p = 0.0008), compared to the 10 core technique. The 24-core technique increased the concordance between needle biopsy and prostatectomy specimen compared to 10-core technique (p < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The initial 24-core prostate biopsy protocol did not show any benefit in the detection of @entity263 compared to the 10-core technique. However, it improved the HGPIN detection and the correlation between biopsy results and radical prostatectomy Gleason score in @entity1 with lower PSA levels.

title: The implication of initial 24-core transrectal prostate biopsy protocol on the detection of significant XXXX and high grade @entity5436 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['overall prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5436 :: ('MESH:D019048', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic value of an initial 24-sample transrectal ultrasound guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy protocol compared to the 10-core technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the prostate biopsy database of consecutive @entity1 undergoing prostate biopsies under local anesthesia by using the 10 (Group A) and 24 (Group B) protocols. @entity1 were stratified according to biopsy protocol and PSA levels. Exclusion criteria were age >=  75 years and PSA > 20 ng/mL. The Mann-Whitney U and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Between April 2007 and August 2009, 869 @entity1 underwent TRUS prostate biopsies of which 379 were eligible for the study. Group A (10-cores) consisted of 243 (64.11%) @entity1 and group B (24-cores) included 139 (35.89%) @entity1 . The @entity263 detection rate was 39.09% and 34.55% in Group A and B, respectively (p = 0.43). An overall 9.8% increase in Gleason 7 detection rate was found in Group B (p = 0.24). The high-grade @entity5436 (HGPIN) detection rate in @entity1 with negative initial biopsies was 15.54% and 35.55% in Group A and B, respectively (p < 0.001). In @entity1 with PSA < 10 ng/mL, the 24-core technique increased Gleason 7 detection rate by 13.4% (p = 0.16) and HGPIN by 23.4% (p = 0.0008), compared to the 10 core technique. The 24-core technique increased the concordance between needle biopsy and prostatectomy specimen compared to 10-core technique (p < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The initial 24-core prostate biopsy protocol did not show any benefit in the detection of @entity263 compared to the 10-core technique. However, it improved the HGPIN detection and the correlation between biopsy results and radical prostatectomy Gleason score in @entity1 with lower PSA levels.

title: The implication of initial 24-core transrectal prostate biopsy protocol on the detection of significant @entity263 and high grade XXXX .

answer: @entity5436 :: (MESH:D019048,Disease) :: ['prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia']


abstract: Hormonal production of the thyroid gland is constituted of @entity1955 or T4 (80%) and @entity1954 or T3 (20%). In the circulation, whole T4 originates from thyroid secretion but most of T3 (80%) is produced extrathyroidally from T4 deiodination. Conversion of T4 to T3 may be influenced by various conditions and circulating T3 is a less reliable reflection of thyroid hormone production than T4. In serum most of T4 and T3 is bound to binding proteins and only 0.02% of T4 and 0.3% of T3 is free. Because of their higher diagnostic performance, free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) measurements have superseded total (free + bound) hormone determination. Total hormone measurements remain useful for research studies or in case of severe @entity1378 . Equilibrium dialysis/RIA is considered as the reference method for free hormone measurements. Routine clinical laboratories use automated direct two-step or one-step immunoassays with a high molecular weight ligand or labelled antibody. Free hormone measurement remains technically demanding, especially in sera from severe non-thyroid ill @entity1 with low serum thyroxine binding capacity. Interference from anti-thyroid hormone antibodies and @entity59738 depends on the assay method, but is now less marked and less frequently detected. To be able to correctly interpret the results of an assay, it is necessary to assess its performance in biologically and clinically well-characterised serum samples. FT4, and FT3 measurements, if FT4 is normal and @entity1378 suspected, are used to confirm and assess the level of hypo and @entity1378 (overt or subclinical). When the thyroidal status is unstable (first months of a thyroid treatment, altered @entity2016 dose, subacute @entity1374 ) or when the hypothalamic-pituitary function is disturbed ( @entity1375 ), TSH determination is diagnostically misleading and only free hormone measurements are reliable for thyroid function assessment.

title: [ @entity1955 (T4) and XXXX (T3) determinations: techniques and value in the assessment of thyroid function].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['central hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity59738 :: ('MESH:D050010', 'Disease') :: ['familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroiditis']

answer: @entity1954 :: (MESH:D014284,Chemical) :: ['tri-iodothyronine']


abstract: Hormonal production of the thyroid gland is constituted of @entity1955 or T4 (80%) and @entity1954 or T3 (20%). In the circulation, whole T4 originates from thyroid secretion but most of T3 (80%) is produced extrathyroidally from T4 deiodination. Conversion of T4 to T3 may be influenced by various conditions and circulating T3 is a less reliable reflection of thyroid hormone production than T4. In serum most of T4 and T3 is bound to binding proteins and only 0.02% of T4 and 0.3% of T3 is free. Because of their higher diagnostic performance, free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (FT3) measurements have superseded total (free + bound) hormone determination. Total hormone measurements remain useful for research studies or in case of severe @entity1378 . Equilibrium dialysis/RIA is considered as the reference method for free hormone measurements. Routine clinical laboratories use automated direct two-step or one-step immunoassays with a high molecular weight ligand or labelled antibody. Free hormone measurement remains technically demanding, especially in sera from severe non-thyroid ill @entity1 with low serum thyroxine binding capacity. Interference from anti-thyroid hormone antibodies and @entity59738 depends on the assay method, but is now less marked and less frequently detected. To be able to correctly interpret the results of an assay, it is necessary to assess its performance in biologically and clinically well-characterised serum samples. FT4, and FT3 measurements, if FT4 is normal and @entity1378 suspected, are used to confirm and assess the level of hypo and @entity1378 (overt or subclinical). When the thyroidal status is unstable (first months of a thyroid treatment, altered @entity2016 dose, subacute @entity1374 ) or when the hypothalamic-pituitary function is disturbed ( @entity1375 ), TSH determination is diagnostically misleading and only free hormone measurements are reliable for thyroid function assessment.

title: [ XXXX (T4) and @entity1954 (T3) determinations: techniques and value in the assessment of thyroid function].

answer: @entity1955 :: (MESH:D013974,Chemical) :: ['Thyroxine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Conventional spinal angiography, although useful in providing angioarchitectural details of @entity455 , has limitations. The advent of 3D angiography has provided a better comprehension of angioarchitectural detail when evaluating the intracranial circulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of 3D angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of @entity1462 of the spine. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 17 3D spinal angiograms acquired in 14 consecutive @entity1 examined at our institution for a @entity455 , which included nine spinal cord @entity2758 ( @entity2758 ), one perimedullary @entity2548 ( @entity2548 ), three spinal dural AVFs, and one nerve root AVM. 3D angiography was obtained with @entity386 under general anesthesia by using a 14-second acquisition and 200 degrees rotation of the gantry during injection of 300 mg I/mL nonionic contrast material at a rate of 0.5-3.5 mL/s. Multiple reconstructed images were obtained with or without opacification of the surrounding structures. These images were then evaluated by the interventionalists at the time of the procedure and compared with findings obtained by conventional subtraction angiography. RESULTS: 3D angiography was useful in differentiating intramedullary lesions from perimedullary surface lesions; detecting arterial, nidal, or @entity439 ; and evaluating the 3D structure of the lesion as well as the relationship between the @entity600 and its draining veins or surrounding bony structures. In specific situations, it obviated the need for contrast-enhanced conventional or 3D CT, as well as for lateral or oblique angiographic views, which are sometimes difficult to obtain with good quality. No 3D angiography-related complications were experienced. Some limitations in the definition of small vessel anatomy in the reconstructed images were noted. CONCLUSION: In this small series of @entity1 , 3D angiography was safe and useful for evaluation of the 3D vascular anatomy of @entity1462 .

title: Three-dimensional rotational spinal angiography in the evaluation and treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['spinal vascular disease', 'spinal vascular lesion']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformations', 'AVMs']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['venous aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['AVF', 'arteriovenous fistula']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformations', 'spinal vascular malformations']

answer: @entity1462 :: (MESH:D054079,Disease) :: ['vascular malformations']


abstract: @entity51 is a symptom of @entity195 that can be observed even in the early stages of the disease. The frontal hypoperfusion associated with @entity71 has led to suggestions of the existence of a hypofunctioning prefrontal pathway involving the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobe, anterior cingulate gyri and limbic structures. Since this network plays an important role in response inhibition competence and @entity1 with @entity195 who are unaware of their deficits exhibit impaired performance in response inhibition tasks, we predicted a relationship between unawareness of @entity51 . We tested this hypothesis in a sample of 29 @entity1 with @entity195 (15 aware and 14 unaware of their disturbances), rating unawareness according to the Awareness of Deficit Questionnaire- @entity303 scale. The cognitive domain was investigated by means of a wide battery including tests on executive functioning, memory and language. Neuropsychiatric aspects were investigated using batteries on behavioural mood changes, such as @entity4943 . Cingulate functionality was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging, while @entity1 performed a go/no-go task. In accordance with our hypotheses, unaware @entity1 showed reduced task-sensitive activity in the right anterior cingulate area (Brodmann area 24) and in the rostral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 10). Unaware @entity1 also showed reduced activity in the right post-central gyrus (Brodmann area 2), in the associative cortical areas such as the right parietotemporal-occipital junction (Brodmann area 39) and the left temporal gyrus (Brodmann areas 21 and 38), in the striatum and in the cerebellum. These findings suggest that the @entity51 in early @entity195 is associated with reduced functional recruitment of the cingulofrontal and parietotemporal regions. Furthermore, in line with previous findings, we also found @entity4943 to be prominent features of the first behavioural changes in unaware @entity1 .

title: @entity51 in XXXX : role of the cingulate cortex.

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['reduced awareness of deficits']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['Unawareness of deficits', 'deficits and cingulate hypofunctionality', 'unawareness of deficits']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity4943 :: ('MESH:D057180', 'Disease') :: ['apathy and disinhibition']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: @entity51 is a symptom of @entity195 that can be observed even in the early stages of the disease. The frontal hypoperfusion associated with @entity71 has led to suggestions of the existence of a hypofunctioning prefrontal pathway involving the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobe, anterior cingulate gyri and limbic structures. Since this network plays an important role in response inhibition competence and @entity1 with @entity195 who are unaware of their deficits exhibit impaired performance in response inhibition tasks, we predicted a relationship between unawareness of @entity51 . We tested this hypothesis in a sample of 29 @entity1 with @entity195 (15 aware and 14 unaware of their disturbances), rating unawareness according to the Awareness of Deficit Questionnaire- @entity303 scale. The cognitive domain was investigated by means of a wide battery including tests on executive functioning, memory and language. Neuropsychiatric aspects were investigated using batteries on behavioural mood changes, such as @entity4943 . Cingulate functionality was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging, while @entity1 performed a go/no-go task. In accordance with our hypotheses, unaware @entity1 showed reduced task-sensitive activity in the right anterior cingulate area (Brodmann area 24) and in the rostral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 10). Unaware @entity1 also showed reduced activity in the right post-central gyrus (Brodmann area 2), in the associative cortical areas such as the right parietotemporal-occipital junction (Brodmann area 39) and the left temporal gyrus (Brodmann areas 21 and 38), in the striatum and in the cerebellum. These findings suggest that the @entity51 in early @entity195 is associated with reduced functional recruitment of the cingulofrontal and parietotemporal regions. Furthermore, in line with previous findings, we also found @entity4943 to be prominent features of the first behavioural changes in unaware @entity1 .

title: XXXX in @entity195 : role of the cingulate cortex.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity51 :: (MESH:D009461,Disease) :: ['Unawareness of deficits']


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and its receptors have been implicated in promoting solid @entity5 growth and @entity3 via stimulating @entity5 -associated angiogenesis. We previously identified several fully human neutralizing anti- @entity7 receptor 2 (or @entity319 ( @entity319 )) antibodies from a large antibody phage display library. These antibodies bind specifically to @entity319 , block @entity7 / @entity319 interaction, and inhibit @entity7 -induced proliferation of @entity1 endothelial cells and migration of @entity319 + @entity1778 cells. Three of these antibodies, interestingly, share an identical heavy chain variable (VH) sequence. In this report, we constructed a new library comprising the single VH paired with the variable light chain (VL) repertoire obtained from the original na  ve @entity1 library. Initial in vitro selection revealed that the single VH could pair with a number of different VL while retaining its specificity for @entity319 . However, a consensus VH/VL pair, clone 1121, was identified after three or four rounds of selection by tailoring the stringency of the panning conditions. Clone 1121 showed a >30-fold higher binding affinity to @entity319 (Kd, 100 pm) because of improvement on both association and dissociation constants and blocked @entity7 / @entity319 interaction with an IC50 of approximately 1 nm, compared with that of 3-4 nm for the parent @entity1334 fragments. Further, clone 1121 was more potent in inhibiting @entity7 -stimulated @entity319 phosphorylation in endothelial cells. A binding epitope mapping study on clone 1121 and one of the parent clones, 2C6, demonstrated that both antibodies interacted with the third immunoglobulin domain within the extracellular region of @entity319 . Several peptide phage display libraries were utilized to further examine the fine binding specificities of the two antibodies. All of the 2C6-binding peptides are @entity462 -constrained, whereas clone 1121 binds to both @entity462 -constrained and linear peptides. It is noteworthy that most of the 2C6-binding peptides also cross-react with clone 1121, but none of the clone 1121-specific peptides binds to 2C6, indicating that clone 1121 retained part of the original binding epitope(s) of 2C6 while gaining new binding specificity. Taken together, our observation suggests that clone 1121 may have great clinical potential in anti-angiogenesis therapy. It further underscores the efforts to identify antibodies of high affinity for enhanced biological activities.

title: Tailoring in vitro selection for a picomolar affinity human antibody directed against XXXX receptor 2 for enhanced neutralizing activity.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'Vascular endothelial growth factor']

entities_list: @entity319 :: ('3791', 'Gene') :: ['KDR', 'kinase inserting domain-containing receptor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity7 :: (7422,Gene) :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We investigated the impact of a three- @entity535 deletion (12Glu9) polymorphism in the alpha(2B)-adrenergic receptor gene on autonomic nervous function. The short form ( @entity367 (9)/ @entity367 (9)) of the polymorphism has previously been associated with a reduced basal metabolic rate in @entity28 subjects. Because autonomic nervous function participates in the regulation of energy metabolism, there could be a link between this polymorphism and autonomic nervous function. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Data of a 10-year follow-up study with 126 nondiabetic control subjects and 84 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 were used to determine the effects of the 12Glu9 polymorphism on autonomic nervous function. A deep breathing test and an orthostatic test were used to investigate parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic nervous function. In addition, cardiovascular autonomic function was studied using power spectral analysis of heart rate variability. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the frequency of the 12Glu9 deletion polymorphism between nondiabetic and @entity6 subjects. The nondiabetic @entity1 with the @entity367 (9)/ @entity367 (9) genotype, especially those with @entity1144 , had significantly lower total and low-frequency power values in the power spectral analysis when compared with other @entity1 . Furthermore, in a longitudinal analysis of 10 years, the decrease in parasympathetic function was greater in nondiabetic @entity1 with the @entity367 (9)/ @entity367 (9) genotype than in the @entity1 with the @entity367 (9)/ @entity367 (12) or @entity367 (12)/ @entity367 (12) genotypes. DISCUSSION: The results of the present study suggest that the 12Glu9 polymorphism of the alpha(2B)-adrenergic receptor gene modulates autonomic nervous function in Finnish nondiabetic @entity1 . In the nondiabetic @entity1 with the @entity367 (9)/ @entity367 (9) genotype, the general autonomic tone is depressed, and vagal activity especially becomes impaired with time. Furthermore, this association is accentuated by @entity1144 .

title: A deletion in the alpha2B-adrenergic receptor gene and autonomic nervous function in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['central obesity', 'abdominal obesity']

answer: @entity1144 :: (MESH:D056128,Disease) :: ['central obesity']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Comprehensive reviews of lifestyle changes and dietary supplements that may prevent @entity150 are needed in order to facilitate discussions between clinicians and @entity1 . RECENT FINDINGS: Novel data exist that numerous lifestyle/diet and dietary supplements may lower the risk of this disease. For example, reducing @entity3494 exposure, incorporating dietary changes, and @entity270 supplements continue to accumulate research that supports their use with some @entity1 at a higher risk for this disease. Regardless, smoking cessation seems to have the largest impact on reducing risk and incorporating these other changes after smoking cessation may reduce an individual's risk to an even greater extent. SUMMARY: However, a large percentage of cases of individuals diagnosed with this @entity5 apparently have no known etiology. Diets lower in calories or possibly specific sub-types of fat, and higher in fruits and especially vegetables, seem to provide some protection. Other dietary/supplement options may affect risk, but these benefits could be seriously attenuated by smoking. Dietary @entity4259 , but currently not @entity4259 supplements, may also affect risk, especially in non-smokers. Dietary @entity270 , and @entity270 supplements, may provide some protection. Non-selective (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and selective @entity3840 inhibitors are generating interest because @entity150 seem to contain higher concentrations of this enzyme. Drinking-water quality, especially @entity3494 concentrations, may seriously affect risk. Providing recommendations for @entity1 with regard to some of these lifestyle modifications is currently recommended because the majority of these alterations are also recommended currently for cardiovascular or general oncology disease reduction.

title: XXXX prevention. Part I: what do I tell my @entity1 about lifestyle changes and dietary supplements?

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumors', 'bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['Bladder cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Comprehensive reviews of lifestyle changes and dietary supplements that may prevent @entity150 are needed in order to facilitate discussions between clinicians and @entity1 . RECENT FINDINGS: Novel data exist that numerous lifestyle/diet and dietary supplements may lower the risk of this disease. For example, reducing @entity3494 exposure, incorporating dietary changes, and @entity270 supplements continue to accumulate research that supports their use with some @entity1 at a higher risk for this disease. Regardless, smoking cessation seems to have the largest impact on reducing risk and incorporating these other changes after smoking cessation may reduce an individual's risk to an even greater extent. SUMMARY: However, a large percentage of cases of individuals diagnosed with this @entity5 apparently have no known etiology. Diets lower in calories or possibly specific sub-types of fat, and higher in fruits and especially vegetables, seem to provide some protection. Other dietary/supplement options may affect risk, but these benefits could be seriously attenuated by smoking. Dietary @entity4259 , but currently not @entity4259 supplements, may also affect risk, especially in non-smokers. Dietary @entity270 , and @entity270 supplements, may provide some protection. Non-selective (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and selective @entity3840 inhibitors are generating interest because @entity150 seem to contain higher concentrations of this enzyme. Drinking-water quality, especially @entity3494 concentrations, may seriously affect risk. Providing recommendations for @entity1 with regard to some of these lifestyle modifications is currently recommended because the majority of these alterations are also recommended currently for cardiovascular or general oncology disease reduction.

title: @entity150 prevention. Part I: what do I tell my XXXX about lifestyle changes and dietary supplements?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Since the promulgation of emergency department (ED) thoracotomy>40 years ago, there has been an ongoing search to define when this heroic resuscitative effort is futile. In this era of health care reform, generation of accurate data is imperative for developing @entity1 care guidelines. The purpose of this prospective multicenter study was to identify injury patterns and physiologic profiles at ED arrival that are compatible with survival. METHODS: Eighteen institutions representing the Western @entity130 Association commenced enrollment in January 2003; data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: During the ensuing 6 years, 56 @entity1 survived to hospital discharge. Mean age was 31.3 years (15-64 years), and 93% were male. As expected, survival was predominant in those with @entity764 (77%), followed by abdomen (9%), extremity (7%), neck (4%), and head (4%). The most common injury was a @entity67 wound (30%), followed by a gunshot wound to the lung (16%); 9% of survivors sustained blunt @entity130 , 34% underwent prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and the presenting base deficit was >25 mequiv/L in 18%. Relevant to futile care, there were survivors of blunt torso injuries with CPR up to 9 minutes and penetrating torso wounds up to 15 minutes. @entity1167 was documented at ED arrival in seven @entity1 (12%); all these @entity1 had pericardial tamponade and three (43%) had good functional neurologic recovery at hospital discharge. CONCLUSION: Resuscitative thoracotomy in the ED can be considered futile care when (a) prehospital CPR exceeds 10 minutes after blunt @entity130 without a response, (b) prehospital CPR exceeds 15 minutes after penetrating @entity130 without a response, and (c) asystole is the presenting rhythm and there is no pericardial tamponade.

title: Defining the limits of resuscitative emergency department thoracotomy: a contemporary Western XXXX Association perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic injuries']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular stab']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Objective To analyze the influence of nursing workload on the occurrence of @entity281 ( @entity281 ) in @entity1 in the intensive care unit (ICU), according to type of treatment. Method Retrospective cohort study developed in nine ICUs in S  o Paulo, Brazil, from September to December 2012. Nursing workload was measured by the Nursing Activities Score (NAS). The Student's t and Fisher's exact tests and logistic regressions were used in the analyses. Results The sample was composed of 835 @entity1 (54.3  17.3 years; 57.5% male), of which 12.5% acquired @entity281 in the ICU. The NAS of the @entity1 admitted for clinical treatment was 71.3  10.9, and for surgery 71.6  9.2. Length of stay in ICU and severity were predictive factors for occurrence of @entity281 in @entity1 admitted to the unit for clinical or surgical treatment, and male sex only for surgical @entity1 . When considering the admissions independent of type of treatment, in addition to the variables mentioned above, index of comorbidities also remained in the regression model. The NAS was not a predictive factor of @entity281 . Conclusion Nursing workload did not influence occurrence of @entity281 in the @entity1 included in this study.

title: Nursing workload: is it a predictor of XXXX in intensive care unit?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['healthcare associated infection', 'HAI']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['healthcare associated infection']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: the diagnosis of @entity531 ( @entity531 ) relies heavily on subjective rather than objective assessment criteria. Subsequently, published results after surgical decompression vary considerably. This study aimed to use a symptom-based @entity1 -directed questionnaire to assess the outcome after decompression for @entity531 . METHODS: sixty @entity1 who underwent decompression procedures were identified from a prospectively maintained vascular database. @entity1 records were analysed for details regarding initial presentation, investigation, type of procedure used for decompression and management. Outcome questionnaires were sent to all identified @entity1 to give a @entity1 -based outcome measure. RESULTS: eighty-four per cent of @entity1 responded. In 90% of these @entity1 there was an improvement in symptoms post-surgery with a median follow up of 43 months. The results were not influenced by the procedure or approach used. CONCLUSION: surgery remains an effective tool in the management of @entity531 . A simple @entity1 -directed questionnaire as used in this study could assist in the standardisation of outcome assessment.

title: Outcome following surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome', 'TOS']

answer: @entity531 :: (MESH:D013901,Disease) :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the value of laryngeal electromyography in predicting recovery after @entity912 and to determine what elements of laryngeal electromyography are most predictive of outcome. DESIGN: Cohort study with retrospective data review. SETTING: University voice center. @entity1 : Consecutive sample of 31 @entity1 with @entity912 diagnosed by indirect laryngoscopy, using either nasal insertion with a flexible nasopharyngoscope or peroral with a 70 degrees Hopkins rod. Inclusion criteria were that laryngeal electromyography had to have been performed between 21 days and 6 months from the onset of symptoms and @entity1 must have been followed a minimum of 6 months. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Vocal fold motion at 6 months from onset of symptoms. RESULTS: Nine subjects (29%) had resolved vocal fold motion, whereas 22 (71%) had persistent @entity912 . By using our laryngeal electromyography paradigm, 4 of 6 @entity1 with a laryngeal electromyography prognosis of excellent resolved. The predictive value for a negative test was 66.7%. For @entity1 with a fair or poor prognosis, 5 of 25 resolved. The predictive value for a positive test was 80%. Only 8 of 22 @entity1 with persistent @entity912 had fibrillations, and spontaneous activity was not significantly related to outcome. @entity1 with absent or greatly decreased motor unit recruitment had a significantly higher proportion of permanent @entity912 (P<.05). Stepwise forward logistic regression determined that prognosis by laryngeal electromyography and onset time were significant predictors of outcome (P<.01). The model predicted 44.4% of resolved cases, which represents a moderate prediction. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the utility of laryngeal electromyography in assessing prognosis for recovery of vocal fold motion after @entity13587 . The results support our hypothesis that preset decision rules based on laryngeal electromyography data can be effectively used to determine a prognosis for recovery of vocal fold motion.

title: Utility of laryngeal electromyography in predicting recovery after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity13587 :: ('MESH:D061224', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['vocal fold paralysis']

answer: @entity912 :: (MESH:D010243,Disease) :: ['vocal fold paralysis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of hylan G-F 20 in the treatment of @entity571 ( @entity571 ) of the hip joint. DESIGN: Prospective within-group study. SETTING: Musculoskeletal rehabilitation clinic. @entity1 : Twenty-two @entity1 (25 hips) with hip joint @entity571 who had failed to find @entity158 relief from conservative methods such as physical therapy, exercises, and @entity134 injections. Demographics included 14 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 (mean age, 56.4y), 21 of whom had mild to moderate @entity571 and 4 of whom had severe @entity571 of the hips. INTERVENTION: Each hip joint was injected with 2mL of hylan G-F 20 at 2, 3, and 4 weeks and fluoroscopic lavage with 100mL of normal saline at week 1. All @entity1 had standard hip exercise regimen after the injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Lower Limb Core Scale score and visual numeric @entity158 score. RESULTS: At 1-year follow-up, the AAOS Lower Limb Core Scale score improved from a preinjection mean of 44.2 to a follow-up mean of 86.1 (P<.05). The mean visual numeric @entity158 score improved from a preinjection mean of 8.7 (range, 6.4-10) to a follow-up mean of 2.3 (range, 0-7.2). The overall success rate was 84%. In @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity571 , the mean @entity158 score decreased from a preinjection value of 7.8 to a follow-up value of 1.7. The success rate was 90.5% in that subgroup. In @entity1 with severe @entity571 , the mean @entity158 score decreased from a preinjection value of 9.1 to a follow-up value of 3.8. The success rate was 50% in that subgroup. There were no complications related to the injection. CONCLUSION: Use of hylan G-F 20 injection is a viable option for treatment of mild to moderate @entity570 .

title: Role of hylan G-F 20 in treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity570 :: ('MESH:D015207', 'Disease') :: ['OA of the hip joint']

answer: @entity570 :: (MESH:D015207,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis of the hip joint']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is the finding of endometrial glands or stroma in sites other than the uterine cavity. Endometriosis appears to be an @entity172 dependent condition. This hormonal dependency has prompted the therapeutic use of ovulation suppression agents, in an effort to improve subsequent fertility. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of a) ovulation suppression with @entity1872 , @entity11796 , @entity28696 , combined oral contraceptive pills and @entity1176 analogues versus placebo or no treatment and b) any of the above agents versus @entity1872 , for the treatment of @entity46 -associated subfertility. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity1866 and Subfertility Group trial register (searched 30 April 2002), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2002), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 1998), EMBASE (January 1985 to December 1997) and reference lists of articles. We also contacted manufacturers and researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials comparing the interventions described above, were included if allocation to treatment was based on a random process. Six RCTs with seven treatment arms compared an ovulation suppression agent with placebo or no treatment. Ten trials were identified comparing a suppressive agent with @entity1872 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Relevant data were extracted independently by two reviewers using the standardised data extraction sheet. Validity was assessed in terms of method of randomisation, completeness of follow-up, presence or absence of crossover and co-intervention. 2 x 2 tables were generated for all relevant outcomes. Odds ratios were generated using the Peto modified Mantel-Haenszel technique. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Breslow-Day X2. MAIN RESULTS: The odds ratio for pregnancy following ovulation suppression versus placebo or no treatment was 0.74 (95%CI 0.48 to 1.15). These data were statistically homogeneous, despite the use of a variety of suppression agents. They suggest no statistically significant benefit from treatment. The odds ratio for pregnancy following all agents versus @entity1872 , the most commonly used agent prior to the advent of @entity4396 agonists ( @entity4397 ), was 1.3 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.76). When GnRHa and @entity1872 were directly compared, the odds ratio for pregnancy across six trials, was similar to the summary statistic for all ten studies: 1.29 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.85). Again, this suggests no statistically significant difference between these interventions. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: These results rule out a benefit of more than a 15% increase in odds, and do not justify the risk of side effects when used as therapy for @entity46 -associated subfertility.

title: Ovulation suppression for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity4396 :: ('2796', 'Gene') :: ['gonadotropin releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxy progesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['Menstrual Disorders']

entities_list: @entity28696 :: ('MESH:D005867', 'Chemical') :: ['gestrinone']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

answer: @entity46 :: (MESH:D004715,Disease) :: ['endometriosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1398 is a frequent event for @entity5 @entity1 undergoing chemotherapy and it is potentially a life threatening situation. The current treatment is supportive care plus antibiotics. Colony stimulating factors (CSF) are cytokines that stimulate and accelerate the production of one or more cellular lines in bone marrow. Some clinical trials addressed the question of whether the addition of CSF to antibiotics (ATB) could improve the outcomes of @entity1 with @entity1398 . The results of these trials are conflicting and no definitive conclusion could be reached. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of adding colony stimulating factors to ATB when treating @entity1398 caused by @entity5 chemotherapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: The search covered the major electronic databases: CANCERLIT, EMBASE, LILACS, MEDLINE, SCI and The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. Experts were consulted and references from the relevant articles scanned. SELECTION CRITERIA: We looked for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare CSF plus antibiotics versus antibiotics alone for the treatment of established @entity1398 in adults and @entity1 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two of the reviewers independently selected, critically appraised and extracted data from the studies. A meta-analysis of the select studies was performed, using Review Manager. MAIN RESULTS: More than 8000 references were screened. Thirteen studies were included. The overall mortality was not influenced by the use of CSF [Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.68; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.43 to 1.08; p=0.1]. A marginally significant result was obtained for the use of CSF in reducing infection related mortality [OR= 0.51; 95% CI = 0.26 to 1.00; p=0.05], but this result was highly influenced by one study. When this study is excluded from our analysis, this possible benefit disappears [OR= 0.85; 95% CI = 0.33 to 2.20; p= 0.7]. The group of @entity1 treated with CSF had a shorter length of hospitalization [Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.82; p=0.0006] and a shorter time to neutrophil recovery [HR= 0.32; 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.46; p < 0.00001]. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The use of CSF in @entity1 with @entity1398 due to @entity5 chemotherapy does not affect overall mortality, but reduces the amount of time spent in hospital and the neutrophil recovery period. It was not clear whether CSF has an effect on infection-related mortality.

title: Colony stimulating factors for chemotherapy induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['Febrile neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

answer: @entity1398 :: (MESH:D009503,Disease) :: ['febrile neutropenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Good unaided distance visual acuity is now a realistic expectation following @entity231 surgery and intraocular lens implantation. @entity227 however still requires additional refractive power, usually in the form of reading glasses. Multiple optic (multifocal) intraocular lenses are available which claim to allow good vision at a range of distances. It is unclear whether this benefit outweighs the optical compromises inherent in multifocal intraocular lenses. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review is to assess the effects of multifocal intraocular lenses, including effects on visual acuity, subjective @entity227 , spectacle dependence, glare and contrast sensitivity, compared to standard monofocal lenses. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials - CENTRAL (which includes the Eyes and Vision Group trials register) on the Cochrane Library (Issue 1 2002), MEDLINE (1966 to March 2002) and EMBASE (1980 to February 2002). The reference lists of relevant articles were searched. Investigators of included studies and manufacturers of multifocal intraocular lenses were contacted for information about additional published and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials comparing a multifocal intraocular lens of any type with a monofocal intraocular lens as control were included. Both unilateral and bilateral implantation trials were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were collected and trial quality assessed. Where possible, statistical summary measures were calculated, otherwise data was tabulated. MAIN RESULTS: Eight trials were identified. There was significant variability between the trials in which outcomes were reported. Unaided distance acuity was similar in multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses (Peto @entity72780 , 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.75 to 1.96). There was no statistical difference between multifocal IOLs and monofocals with respect to the proportion of @entity1 achieving 6/6 best corrected visual acuity (Peto Odds Ratio 1.43, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.09). @entity227 was improved with the multifocal intraocular lenses. Total freedom from use of glasses was achieved more frequently with multifocal than monofocal IOLs (OR for spectacle dependence 0.15, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.22). Adverse effects included reduced contrast sensitivity and the subjective experience of haloes around lights. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal intraocular lenses are effective at improving near vision relative to monofocal intraocular lenses. Whether that improvement outweighs the adverse effects of multifocal intraocular lenses will vary between @entity1 , with motivation to achieve spectacle independence likely to be the deciding factor.

title: Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after XXXX extraction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual satisfaction', 'Unaided near vision', 'Near vision']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']