abstract: Twelve @entity1 in shock, defined as being present if the mean arterial blood pressure was less than 60 mm Hg, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure was 15 mm Hg or greater, urine output was 20 ml or less for 2 consecutive hours, and there was clinical evidence of poor peripheral perfusion, underwent a comparative therapeutic trial with @entity935 at 200 micrograms . @entity1009 and 400 micrograms . @entity1009 (2.5-5.5 micrograms . kg-1 . @entity1009 ), @entity452 250 micrograms . @entity1009 and 500 micrograms . @entity1009 (3.5-7 micrograms . kg-1 . @entity1009 ) and @entity3044 2 micrograms . @entity1009 micrograms . @entity1009 (0.025-0.055 micrograms . kg-1 . @entity1009 ). @entity3044 at 2 micrograms . @entity1009 , produced a significant increase in pulse rate, cardiac output, left @entity64 work index and decrease in mean pulmonary blood pressure and pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure and at 4 micrograms . @entity1009 a significant increase in @entity64 volume, mixed venous @entity26 tension and decrease in right atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance was also observed. @entity935 at 200 micrograms . @entity1009 produced a significant increase in cardiac output, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure and mixed venous @entity26 tension and at 400 micrograms . @entity1009 a significant increase in pulse rate, mean arterial blood pressure mean pulmonary blood pressure, right @entity64 work index, right atrial pressure and pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure and decrease in arterial @entity26 tension was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A comparison of @entity935 , XXXX and @entity3044 in the treatment of shock.

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine']


abstract: The slope of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation has been proposed as a sensitive index of left ventricular function since it increases in response to positive inotropic agents and decreases with global @entity308 of contractility. The effect of a segmental @entity308 of left ventricular contractile function produced by circumflex @entity1563 on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation was evaluated in seven chronically instrumented @entity235 . Left ventricular volume was calculated from three ultrasonically measured, orthogonal left ventricular endocardial dimensions. Left ventricular pressure was measured with a micromanometer. The left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation was generated by occlusion of the inferior vena cava, before and after inducing regional @entity63 , in the presence of autonomic blockade with @entity1169 and @entity3897 . The end-systolic data in each @entity235 , before and after @entity1563 , were fit to the equation, P = E(V - V0), with r greater than or equal to 0.95 in all cases. @entity1563 shifted the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation to the right in each animal. During regional @entity63 , the volume intercept (V0) increased from 10.1 +/- 7.8 to 20.4 +/- 9.8 ml (mean +/- SD) (p less than 0.005). The slope (E) of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation was relatively unchanged. It is concluded that in intact @entity235 , regional left @entity63 resulting from @entity1563 produces a rightward shift of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of regional XXXX on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation in chronically instrumented @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery occlusion', 'Coronary occlusion', 'coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: The slope of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation has been proposed as a sensitive index of left ventricular function since it increases in response to positive inotropic agents and decreases with global @entity308 of contractility. The effect of a segmental @entity308 of left ventricular contractile function produced by circumflex @entity1563 on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation was evaluated in seven chronically instrumented @entity235 . Left ventricular volume was calculated from three ultrasonically measured, orthogonal left ventricular endocardial dimensions. Left ventricular pressure was measured with a micromanometer. The left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation was generated by occlusion of the inferior vena cava, before and after inducing regional @entity63 , in the presence of autonomic blockade with @entity1169 and @entity3897 . The end-systolic data in each @entity235 , before and after @entity1563 , were fit to the equation, P = E(V - V0), with r greater than or equal to 0.95 in all cases. @entity1563 shifted the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation to the right in each animal. During regional @entity63 , the volume intercept (V0) increased from 10.1 +/- 7.8 to 20.4 +/- 9.8 ml (mean +/- SD) (p less than 0.005). The slope (E) of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation was relatively unchanged. It is concluded that in intact @entity235 , regional left @entity63 resulting from @entity1563 produces a rightward shift of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of regional @entity63 on the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation in chronically instrumented XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: The occurrence of severe @entity810 in 3 @entity1 who developed @entity294 while taking @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors led us to undertake a retrospective cohort survey to determine the frequency with which @entity294 and @entity391 are associated with @entity810 in @entity1 taking this class of drug. Serum @entity1011 was measured as part of the diagnostic workup of 2398 consecutive admissions to an acute medical receiving unit in a district general hospital. Outcome measures were the presence of @entity294 , and whether taking an @entity1289 inhibitor, NSAID or diuretic at the time of admission, also previous, initial and follow up serum @entity1011 concentrations. Peak serum @entity1011 in the 3 cases was 1159, 989 and 765 micromol/l. None of the 3 required dialysis and all recovered renal function completely after receiving large volumes of intravenous fluid. In the cohort study, 89 of 2398(3.7%) admissions had serum @entity1011 >/=200 micromol/l. Nine were regular dialysis @entity1 . Of the remaining @entity1 , 30 (37.5%) were taking an @entity1289 inhibitor. Six of 30 (20%) gave a history of @entity294 . Median @entity1011 concentration in this group was 135 (range 111-209) micromol/l before admission, 292 (216-724) micromol/l when first seen in hospital, and 134 (94-219) micromol/l following the withdrawal of drug therapy and fluid replacement. In conclusion, @entity17823 causing @entity810 in @entity1 taking @entity1289 inhibitors is not uncommon. Such @entity1 and their general practitioners should be aware that reversible @entity8 may occur during intercurrent illnesses, particularly if characterised by @entity294 .

title: XXXX , @entity391 and @entity1289 inhibitors:--an important cause of @entity810 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin converting enzyme', 'ACE']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea', 'diarrhoea and/or vomiting']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity17823 :: ('MESH:C537477', 'Disease') :: ['volume depletion']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['Diarrhoea']


abstract: The occurrence of severe @entity810 in 3 @entity1 who developed @entity294 while taking @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors led us to undertake a retrospective cohort survey to determine the frequency with which @entity294 and @entity391 are associated with @entity810 in @entity1 taking this class of drug. Serum @entity1011 was measured as part of the diagnostic workup of 2398 consecutive admissions to an acute medical receiving unit in a district general hospital. Outcome measures were the presence of @entity294 , and whether taking an @entity1289 inhibitor, NSAID or diuretic at the time of admission, also previous, initial and follow up serum @entity1011 concentrations. Peak serum @entity1011 in the 3 cases was 1159, 989 and 765 micromol/l. None of the 3 required dialysis and all recovered renal function completely after receiving large volumes of intravenous fluid. In the cohort study, 89 of 2398(3.7%) admissions had serum @entity1011 >/=200 micromol/l. Nine were regular dialysis @entity1 . Of the remaining @entity1 , 30 (37.5%) were taking an @entity1289 inhibitor. Six of 30 (20%) gave a history of @entity294 . Median @entity1011 concentration in this group was 135 (range 111-209) micromol/l before admission, 292 (216-724) micromol/l when first seen in hospital, and 134 (94-219) micromol/l following the withdrawal of drug therapy and fluid replacement. In conclusion, @entity17823 causing @entity810 in @entity1 taking @entity1289 inhibitors is not uncommon. Such @entity1 and their general practitioners should be aware that reversible @entity8 may occur during intercurrent illnesses, particularly if characterised by @entity294 .

title: @entity294 , XXXX and @entity1289 inhibitors:--an important cause of @entity810 .

answer: @entity391 :: (MESH:D014839,Disease) :: ['vomiting']


abstract: The occurrence of severe @entity810 in 3 @entity1 who developed @entity294 while taking @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors led us to undertake a retrospective cohort survey to determine the frequency with which @entity294 and @entity391 are associated with @entity810 in @entity1 taking this class of drug. Serum @entity1011 was measured as part of the diagnostic workup of 2398 consecutive admissions to an acute medical receiving unit in a district general hospital. Outcome measures were the presence of @entity294 , and whether taking an @entity1289 inhibitor, NSAID or diuretic at the time of admission, also previous, initial and follow up serum @entity1011 concentrations. Peak serum @entity1011 in the 3 cases was 1159, 989 and 765 micromol/l. None of the 3 required dialysis and all recovered renal function completely after receiving large volumes of intravenous fluid. In the cohort study, 89 of 2398(3.7%) admissions had serum @entity1011 >/=200 micromol/l. Nine were regular dialysis @entity1 . Of the remaining @entity1 , 30 (37.5%) were taking an @entity1289 inhibitor. Six of 30 (20%) gave a history of @entity294 . Median @entity1011 concentration in this group was 135 (range 111-209) micromol/l before admission, 292 (216-724) micromol/l when first seen in hospital, and 134 (94-219) micromol/l following the withdrawal of drug therapy and fluid replacement. In conclusion, @entity17823 causing @entity810 in @entity1 taking @entity1289 inhibitors is not uncommon. Such @entity1 and their general practitioners should be aware that reversible @entity8 may occur during intercurrent illnesses, particularly if characterised by @entity294 .

title: @entity294 , @entity391 and @entity1289 inhibitors:--an important cause of XXXX .

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute renal failure']


abstract: The occurrence of severe @entity810 in 3 @entity1 who developed @entity294 while taking @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors led us to undertake a retrospective cohort survey to determine the frequency with which @entity294 and @entity391 are associated with @entity810 in @entity1 taking this class of drug. Serum @entity1011 was measured as part of the diagnostic workup of 2398 consecutive admissions to an acute medical receiving unit in a district general hospital. Outcome measures were the presence of @entity294 , and whether taking an @entity1289 inhibitor, NSAID or diuretic at the time of admission, also previous, initial and follow up serum @entity1011 concentrations. Peak serum @entity1011 in the 3 cases was 1159, 989 and 765 micromol/l. None of the 3 required dialysis and all recovered renal function completely after receiving large volumes of intravenous fluid. In the cohort study, 89 of 2398(3.7%) admissions had serum @entity1011 >/=200 micromol/l. Nine were regular dialysis @entity1 . Of the remaining @entity1 , 30 (37.5%) were taking an @entity1289 inhibitor. Six of 30 (20%) gave a history of @entity294 . Median @entity1011 concentration in this group was 135 (range 111-209) micromol/l before admission, 292 (216-724) micromol/l when first seen in hospital, and 134 (94-219) micromol/l following the withdrawal of drug therapy and fluid replacement. In conclusion, @entity17823 causing @entity810 in @entity1 taking @entity1289 inhibitors is not uncommon. Such @entity1 and their general practitioners should be aware that reversible @entity8 may occur during intercurrent illnesses, particularly if characterised by @entity294 .

title: @entity294 , @entity391 and XXXX inhibitors:--an important cause of @entity810 .

answer: @entity1289 :: (1636,Gene) :: ['ACE']


abstract: @entity21410 nutritional status was evaluated longitudinally in 26 pregnant @entity1 (experimental group) during their third trimester of pregnancy and at 2 weeks and 3 months postpartum. Seventeen nonpregnant and nonlactating @entity1 (control group) participated at the same time intervals. All the @entity1 were assessed by the intake calculated from a reported 2-day dietary record and by fasted blood, plasma, and 24-hour urinary levels of @entity22782 determined by a radioimmunoassay. Estimated daily mean dietary @entity22782 intake and the vitamin density for the experimental group were not statistically different from those for the control group. The dietary @entity22782 intake averaged 2.75 mg/1,000 kcal. Average @entity22782 blood level of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the @entity22782 levels of fasting plasma and urinary excretion. When they did not take @entity21410 supplements, members of the experimental group had intakes less than the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake and lower mean blood values than the members of the control group. This suggests that pregnant and lactating @entity1 need to consume more @entity22782 to maintain a blood vitamin level similar to that of nonpregnant @entity1 . This may be achieved by an increased caloric intake, if desirable, or by more careful selection of foods high in the nutrient.

title: XXXX status of pregnant and lactating @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity21410 :: ('MESH:D010205', 'Chemical') :: ['Pantothenic acid', 'pantothenic acid']

entities_list: @entity22782 :: ('CHEBI:29032', 'Chemical') :: ['pantothenate']

answer: @entity21410 :: (MESH:D010205,Chemical) :: ['Pantothenic acid']


abstract: @entity21410 nutritional status was evaluated longitudinally in 26 pregnant @entity1 (experimental group) during their third trimester of pregnancy and at 2 weeks and 3 months postpartum. Seventeen nonpregnant and nonlactating @entity1 (control group) participated at the same time intervals. All the @entity1 were assessed by the intake calculated from a reported 2-day dietary record and by fasted blood, plasma, and 24-hour urinary levels of @entity22782 determined by a radioimmunoassay. Estimated daily mean dietary @entity22782 intake and the vitamin density for the experimental group were not statistically different from those for the control group. The dietary @entity22782 intake averaged 2.75 mg/1,000 kcal. Average @entity22782 blood level of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the @entity22782 levels of fasting plasma and urinary excretion. When they did not take @entity21410 supplements, members of the experimental group had intakes less than the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake and lower mean blood values than the members of the control group. This suggests that pregnant and lactating @entity1 need to consume more @entity22782 to maintain a blood vitamin level similar to that of nonpregnant @entity1 . This may be achieved by an increased caloric intake, if desirable, or by more careful selection of foods high in the nutrient.

title: @entity21410 status of pregnant and lactating XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Shanghai @entity102 Self-Management Program (CDSMP). METHODS: A randomized controlled trial with six-month follow-up compared @entity1 who received treatment with those who did not receive treatment (waiting-list controls) in five urban communities in Shanghai, China. @entity1 in the treatment group received education from a lay-led CDSMP course and one copy of a help book immediately; those in the control group received the same education and book six months later. FINDINGS: In total, 954 volunteer @entity1 with a medical record that confirmed a diagnosis of @entity101 , @entity299 , @entity1030 , @entity625 , @entity64 , or @entity6 who lived in communities were assigned randomly to treatment (n = 526) and control (n = 428) groups. Overall, 430 (81.7%) and 349 (81.5%) @entity1 in the treatment and control groups completed the six-month study. @entity1 who received treatment had significant improvements in weekly minutes of aerobic exercise, practice of cognitive symptom management, self-efficacy to manage own symptoms, and self-efficacy to manage own disease in general compared with controls. They also had significant improvements in eight indices of health status and, on average, fewer hospitalizations. CONCLUSION: When implemented in Shanghai, the CDSMP was acceptable culturally to Chinese @entity1 . The programme improved @entity1 ' health behaviour, self-efficacy, and health status and reduced the number of hospitalizations six months after the course. The locally based delivery model was integrated into the routine of community government organizations and community health services. Chinese lay leaders taught the CDSMP courses as successfully as professionals.

title: Implementation and quantitative evaluation of XXXX self-management programme in Shanghai, China: randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic Disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lung disease']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of a computer-aided evaluation program (CAE) of breast MRI for the assessment of @entity41 extent and response monitoring in @entity0 @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven @entity1 with @entity0 who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI before and after chemotherapy were included as part of this study. For the assessment of @entity41 extent after completion of chemotherapy, the mean @entity5 diameters measured by radiologists and CAE were compared to those on histopathology using a paired student t-test. Moreover, the agreement between unidimensional (1D) measurement by radiologist and histopathological size or 1D measurement by CAE and histopathological size was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. For chemotherapy monitoring, we evaluated @entity5 response through the change in the 1D diameter by a radiologist and CAE and three-dimensional (3D) volumetric change by CAE based on Response Evaluation Criteria in @entity5 (RECIST). Agreement between the 1D response by the radiologist versus the 1D response by CAE as well as by the 3D response by CAE were evaluated using weighted kappa (k) statistics. RESULTS: For the assessment of @entity41 extent after chemotherapy, the mean @entity5 diameter measured by radiologists (2.0    1.7 cm) was significantly smaller than the mean histological diameter (2.6    2.3 cm) (p = 0.01), whereas, no significant difference was found between the CAE measurements (mean = 2.2    2.0 cm) and histological diameter (p = 0.19). The mean difference between the 1D measurement by the radiologist and histopathology was 0.6 cm (95% confidence interval: -3.0, 4.3), whereas the difference between CAE and histopathology was 0.4 cm (95% confidence interval: -3.9, 4.7). For the monitoring of response to chemotherapy, the 1D measurement by the radiologist and CAE showed a fair agreement (k = 0.358), while the 1D measurement by the radiologist and 3D measurement by CAE showed poor agreement (k = 0.106). CONCLUSION: CAE for breast MRI is sufficiently accurate for the assessment of @entity41 extent in @entity0 @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, for the assessment of response to chemotherapy, the assessment by the radiologist and CAE showed a fair to poor agreement.

title: Computer-aided evaluation of breast MRI for the @entity41 extent and response monitoring in XXXX @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Solid Tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of a computer-aided evaluation program (CAE) of breast MRI for the assessment of @entity41 extent and response monitoring in @entity0 @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven @entity1 with @entity0 who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI before and after chemotherapy were included as part of this study. For the assessment of @entity41 extent after completion of chemotherapy, the mean @entity5 diameters measured by radiologists and CAE were compared to those on histopathology using a paired student t-test. Moreover, the agreement between unidimensional (1D) measurement by radiologist and histopathological size or 1D measurement by CAE and histopathological size was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. For chemotherapy monitoring, we evaluated @entity5 response through the change in the 1D diameter by a radiologist and CAE and three-dimensional (3D) volumetric change by CAE based on Response Evaluation Criteria in @entity5 (RECIST). Agreement between the 1D response by the radiologist versus the 1D response by CAE as well as by the 3D response by CAE were evaluated using weighted kappa (k) statistics. RESULTS: For the assessment of @entity41 extent after chemotherapy, the mean @entity5 diameter measured by radiologists (2.0    1.7 cm) was significantly smaller than the mean histological diameter (2.6    2.3 cm) (p = 0.01), whereas, no significant difference was found between the CAE measurements (mean = 2.2    2.0 cm) and histological diameter (p = 0.19). The mean difference between the 1D measurement by the radiologist and histopathology was 0.6 cm (95% confidence interval: -3.0, 4.3), whereas the difference between CAE and histopathology was 0.4 cm (95% confidence interval: -3.9, 4.7). For the monitoring of response to chemotherapy, the 1D measurement by the radiologist and CAE showed a fair agreement (k = 0.358), while the 1D measurement by the radiologist and 3D measurement by CAE showed poor agreement (k = 0.106). CONCLUSION: CAE for breast MRI is sufficiently accurate for the assessment of @entity41 extent in @entity0 @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, for the assessment of response to chemotherapy, the assessment by the radiologist and CAE showed a fair to poor agreement.

title: Computer-aided evaluation of breast MRI for the XXXX extent and response monitoring in @entity0 @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

answer: @entity41 :: (MESH:D018365,Disease) :: ['residual tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of a computer-aided evaluation program (CAE) of breast MRI for the assessment of @entity41 extent and response monitoring in @entity0 @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven @entity1 with @entity0 who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery and dynamic contrast enhanced MRI before and after chemotherapy were included as part of this study. For the assessment of @entity41 extent after completion of chemotherapy, the mean @entity5 diameters measured by radiologists and CAE were compared to those on histopathology using a paired student t-test. Moreover, the agreement between unidimensional (1D) measurement by radiologist and histopathological size or 1D measurement by CAE and histopathological size was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. For chemotherapy monitoring, we evaluated @entity5 response through the change in the 1D diameter by a radiologist and CAE and three-dimensional (3D) volumetric change by CAE based on Response Evaluation Criteria in @entity5 (RECIST). Agreement between the 1D response by the radiologist versus the 1D response by CAE as well as by the 3D response by CAE were evaluated using weighted kappa (k) statistics. RESULTS: For the assessment of @entity41 extent after chemotherapy, the mean @entity5 diameter measured by radiologists (2.0    1.7 cm) was significantly smaller than the mean histological diameter (2.6    2.3 cm) (p = 0.01), whereas, no significant difference was found between the CAE measurements (mean = 2.2    2.0 cm) and histological diameter (p = 0.19). The mean difference between the 1D measurement by the radiologist and histopathology was 0.6 cm (95% confidence interval: -3.0, 4.3), whereas the difference between CAE and histopathology was 0.4 cm (95% confidence interval: -3.9, 4.7). For the monitoring of response to chemotherapy, the 1D measurement by the radiologist and CAE showed a fair agreement (k = 0.358), while the 1D measurement by the radiologist and 3D measurement by CAE showed poor agreement (k = 0.106). CONCLUSION: CAE for breast MRI is sufficiently accurate for the assessment of @entity41 extent in @entity0 @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. However, for the assessment of response to chemotherapy, the assessment by the radiologist and CAE showed a fair to poor agreement.

title: Computer-aided evaluation of breast MRI for the @entity41 extent and response monitoring in @entity0 XXXX receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP's) reflect the integrity of the central neuronal pathway, and as such may be used to assess function that remains during a variety of cerebral insults. To evaluate the natural history and utility of SEP's during experimental @entity2806 and @entity1188 , SEP's were measured in 17 adult @entity468 at 24 hours and 1 hour prior to right @entity2500 , and again immediately afterward and at either 6 hours (five @entity468 ) or 24 hours (six @entity468 ) post-occlusion. Before occlusion of the right MCA, the SEP's were identical in the right and left hemispheres. After occlusion, there was a significant slowing of the interpeak latency of the first positive peak (P1) in the right hemisphere (3.53 +/- 0.6 msec before compared to 3.99 +/- 0.6 msec after occlusion, p less than 0.001). Maximal slowing in right hemisphere P1 latency was seen in those animals in which the @entity64 extended into the thalamus (4.38 +/- 0.1 msec). This was significantly slower than left hemisphere values (3.92 +/- 0.32 msec, p less than 0.01). The ipsilateral cortical components of the SEP's, the second positive peak (P2), and the major negative deflection (MN) were slowed in all @entity468 immediately after right MCA occlusion compared to preocclusion measurements (p less than 0.001). Severe @entity1188 in the mid-suprasylvian and posterior ectosylvian gyri (including the somatosensory cortex) resulted in a greater slowing of the latency of MN compared to less severe @entity1188 in that region (20.6 +/- 3.9 msec versus 16.4 +/- 1.1 msec, p less than 0.05). There was a precipitous decrease in the amplitude or voltage of the ipsilateral P2-MN complex immediately after occlusion (5.32 +/- 0.4 microV before compared to 0.98 +/- 0.3 microV after occlusion, p less than 0.001). Therefore, the central latencies and cortical amplitudes of the SEP's are sensitive experimental tools as indicators of the onset and extent of a cerebral ischemic insult.

title: Somatosensory evoked potentials as a measure of experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcts', 'infarction']

answer: @entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['cerebral ischemia']


abstract: The mechanisms by which @entity842 (NO) influences myocardial @entity141 cycling remain controversial. Because NO synthases (NOS) have specific spatial localization in cardiac myocytes, we hypothesized that neuronal NOS ( @entity17693 ) found in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preferentially regulates SR @entity141 release and reuptake resulting in potentiation of the cardiac force-frequency response (FFR). Transesophageal pacing (660 to 840 bpm) in intact C57Bl/6 @entity19 ( @entity7097 ) stimulated both contractility (dP/dtmax normalized to end-diastolic volume; dP/dt- @entity72507 ) by 51+/-5% (P<0.001) and lusitropy (tau; tau) by 20.3+/-2.0% (P<0.05). These responses were markedly attenuated in @entity19 lacking @entity17693 ( @entity17693 -/-) (15+/-2% increase in dP/dt- @entity72507 ; P<0.001 versus @entity7097 ; and no change in tau; P<0.01 versus @entity7097 ). Isolated myocytes from @entity17693 -/- (approximately 2 months of age) also exhibited suppressed frequency-dependent sarcomere shortening and @entity141 transients ([ @entity141 ]i) compared with @entity7097 . SR @entity141 stores, a primary determinant of the FFR, increased at higher frequencies in @entity7097 ( @entity5834 -induced [ @entity141 ]i at 4 Hz increased 107+/-23% above 1 Hz response) but not in @entity17693 -/- (13+/-26%; P<0.01 versus @entity7097 ). In contrast, @entity19 lacking @entity13471 ( @entity13471 -/-) had preserved FFR in vivo, as well as in isolated myocytes with parallel increases in sarcomere shortening, [ @entity141 ]i, and SR @entity141 stores. @entity17693 -/- had increased SR @entity141 ATPase and decreased phospholamban protein abundance, suggesting compensatory increases in SR reuptake mechanisms. Together these data demonstrate that @entity17693 selectively regulates the cardiac FFR via influences over SR @entity141 cycling. Thus, there is NOS isoform-specific regulation of different facets of rate-dependent excitation-contraction coupling; inactivation of @entity17693 has the potential to contribute to the pathophysiology of states characterized by diminished frequency-dependent inotropic responses.

title: XXXX regulation of myocardial contractility and calcium cycling: independent impact of neuronal and endothelial @entity842 synthases.

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['Nitric oxide']


abstract: The mechanisms by which @entity842 (NO) influences myocardial @entity141 cycling remain controversial. Because NO synthases (NOS) have specific spatial localization in cardiac myocytes, we hypothesized that neuronal NOS ( @entity17693 ) found in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preferentially regulates SR @entity141 release and reuptake resulting in potentiation of the cardiac force-frequency response (FFR). Transesophageal pacing (660 to 840 bpm) in intact C57Bl/6 @entity19 ( @entity7097 ) stimulated both contractility (dP/dtmax normalized to end-diastolic volume; dP/dt- @entity72507 ) by 51+/-5% (P<0.001) and lusitropy (tau; tau) by 20.3+/-2.0% (P<0.05). These responses were markedly attenuated in @entity19 lacking @entity17693 ( @entity17693 -/-) (15+/-2% increase in dP/dt- @entity72507 ; P<0.001 versus @entity7097 ; and no change in tau; P<0.01 versus @entity7097 ). Isolated myocytes from @entity17693 -/- (approximately 2 months of age) also exhibited suppressed frequency-dependent sarcomere shortening and @entity141 transients ([ @entity141 ]i) compared with @entity7097 . SR @entity141 stores, a primary determinant of the FFR, increased at higher frequencies in @entity7097 ( @entity5834 -induced [ @entity141 ]i at 4 Hz increased 107+/-23% above 1 Hz response) but not in @entity17693 -/- (13+/-26%; P<0.01 versus @entity7097 ). In contrast, @entity19 lacking @entity13471 ( @entity13471 -/-) had preserved FFR in vivo, as well as in isolated myocytes with parallel increases in sarcomere shortening, [ @entity141 ]i, and SR @entity141 stores. @entity17693 -/- had increased SR @entity141 ATPase and decreased phospholamban protein abundance, suggesting compensatory increases in SR reuptake mechanisms. Together these data demonstrate that @entity17693 selectively regulates the cardiac FFR via influences over SR @entity141 cycling. Thus, there is NOS isoform-specific regulation of different facets of rate-dependent excitation-contraction coupling; inactivation of @entity17693 has the potential to contribute to the pathophysiology of states characterized by diminished frequency-dependent inotropic responses.

title: @entity842 regulation of myocardial contractility and calcium cycling: independent impact of neuronal and endothelial XXXX synthases.

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: @entity358 was instituted in 10 @entity1707 when @entity998 . @entity296 was produced by infusion of @entity1169 , and the left ventricle was fully supported by left heart bypass. A stable model of failure was achieved in six @entity1707 . Following application of pulmonary @entity661 right atrial pressure decreased from 18.2 +/- 2.1 to 15.9 +/- 2.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Cardiac output increased from 416 +/- 94 to 758 +/- 127 ml/min (p less than 0.001). Right @entity64 work increased from 0.29 +/- 0.07 to 0.65 +/- 0.12 gm X m. (p less than 0.05). There was no cardiac output before or after institution of balloon counterpulsation in four @entity1707 studied during @entity2224 or @entity1167 . We conclude that pulmonary @entity661 improved cardiac output and right @entity64 work in a model of @entity67 where the pulmonary circulation was unaltered and the left ventricle supported by left heart bypass. Balloon counterpulsation was not effective during @entity2224 or @entity1167 . @entity358 should be considered when @entity998 during left heart bypass.

title: XXXX in the management of right heart failure during left heart bypass.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['Global myocardial depression']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular stroke']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular failure limited cardiac output', 'right ventricular failure limits cardiac output']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary artery balloon counterpulsation']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['artery balloon counterpulsation']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular failure']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary artery balloon counterpulsation']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity716 @entity1 are impaired on recall and recognition of studied items (true memory) and typically make more false recall (intrusions) and false recognition than controls, reflecting greater susceptibility to false memory. The functional mechanisms underlying these deficits are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine recollection and familiarity in true and false memory in @entity716 adolescents without long-term exposure to medication and repeated hospitalisations. METHODS: Seventeen adolescents with @entity716 and 17 matched controls were tested on a DRM false memory paradigm combined with a remember (R)/know (K)/guess (G) procedure. Recall and recognition of targets (studied words), critical lures (associated words) and unrelated distractors were measured. Between-group comparisons were made using t-tests and mixed ANOVAs. Independent estimates for recollection and familiarity were also calculated. RESULTS: True memory was impaired in @entity1 . Similar rates of false memory for critical lures were found in both groups. False memory for unrelated distractors was increased in @entity1 . Contrary to controls, who attributed more R and K responses to targets than lures, @entity1 attributed similar proportions of R and K responses to targets and lures. Furthermore, @entity1 attributed more K responses than controls to all distractors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a deficit in recollection- and familiarity-based memory in @entity716 adolescents as well as reliance on preserved gist or meaning-based memory to support poor item-specific memory.

title: True and false memories in adolescents with XXXX : evidence for impaired recollection and familiarity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'Psychotic', 'psychosis']

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychosis']


abstract: @entity2049 is the one of the most prescribed antiepileptic drugs in treatment of partial and generalized @entity410 . Its efficacy in treatment of @entity410 was discovered incidentally during the trials of neuroleptic drugs. Generally it is well tolerated with relatively rare serious side effects. Therapy is introduced gradually, with mean dose between 10-20 mg/kg, and given this way it has the least side effects. Aim of the study was to assess interaction between efficacy, tolerability and overall efficacy of the first prescribed drug, in this case @entity2049 , in the group of @entity1 with partial @entity410 and generalized @entity410 . @entity1 hospitalized at University Pediatric Hospital in Sarajevo with newly diagnosed @entity302 and started therapy with @entity2049 in period from 07.1999 to 07.2002 were investigated. There were 89 @entity1 that fulfilled the criteria. In 29 @entity1 @entity410 remitted after the introduction of therapy (32.58%). After the subsequent correction of therapy further 8 @entity1 were @entity410 free. In total, drug was efficient as a monotherapy in 68 @entity1 (76.40%). Other antiepileptic drugs or polytherapy with @entity2049 were tried in the @entity1 that were not @entity410 free. Adverse effects were reported in 28 @entity1 (31.46%). The most frequent was benign leucopoenia (16 @entity1 , 17.97%) that did not require changes in therapy. @entity1910 was found in 8 @entity1 (8.98%), out of which in 6 therapy had to be stopped. Compliance with therapeutic regime was slightly better with controlled release formulation (89.98%) then with simplex formulation (77.52%), but generally was good. We think that @entity2049 is still the drug of the first choice in treatment of @entity1 with partial @entity302 and generalized @entity410 . It showed good overall efficacy with relatively rare serious side effects.

title: [Efficacy and tolerability of @entity2049 as the initial drug used in the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'tonic-clonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine', 'Carbamazepine']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: @entity2049 is the one of the most prescribed antiepileptic drugs in treatment of partial and generalized @entity410 . Its efficacy in treatment of @entity410 was discovered incidentally during the trials of neuroleptic drugs. Generally it is well tolerated with relatively rare serious side effects. Therapy is introduced gradually, with mean dose between 10-20 mg/kg, and given this way it has the least side effects. Aim of the study was to assess interaction between efficacy, tolerability and overall efficacy of the first prescribed drug, in this case @entity2049 , in the group of @entity1 with partial @entity410 and generalized @entity410 . @entity1 hospitalized at University Pediatric Hospital in Sarajevo with newly diagnosed @entity302 and started therapy with @entity2049 in period from 07.1999 to 07.2002 were investigated. There were 89 @entity1 that fulfilled the criteria. In 29 @entity1 @entity410 remitted after the introduction of therapy (32.58%). After the subsequent correction of therapy further 8 @entity1 were @entity410 free. In total, drug was efficient as a monotherapy in 68 @entity1 (76.40%). Other antiepileptic drugs or polytherapy with @entity2049 were tried in the @entity1 that were not @entity410 free. Adverse effects were reported in 28 @entity1 (31.46%). The most frequent was benign leucopoenia (16 @entity1 , 17.97%) that did not require changes in therapy. @entity1910 was found in 8 @entity1 (8.98%), out of which in 6 therapy had to be stopped. Compliance with therapeutic regime was slightly better with controlled release formulation (89.98%) then with simplex formulation (77.52%), but generally was good. We think that @entity2049 is still the drug of the first choice in treatment of @entity1 with partial @entity302 and generalized @entity410 . It showed good overall efficacy with relatively rare serious side effects.

title: [Efficacy and tolerability of XXXX as the initial drug used in the treatment of @entity302 ].

answer: @entity2049 :: (MESH:D002220,Chemical) :: ['carbamazepine']


abstract: We report a case of late-onset @entity137 due to @entity1342 over dose, and its successful reversal with 20% lipid emulsion (20% Intralipos). A 40-year-old @entity1 , 40 kg, ASA-I, was scheduled for laparoscopy-assisted myomectomy of the uterus in which 40 ml of 0.375% @entity1342 was injected for bilateral US guided transversus abdominis plane block (TAPblock) under general anesthesia. Anesthesia proceeded uneventfully and she could go back to the ward 15 min later, but 3 hours after TAPblock, her blood pressure dropped to seventies and she became unresponsive. She also displayed @entity410 /twitching of limbs. Immediately after @entity3175 2 mg injection, @entity410 disappeared and she could obey verbal commands. Within a few minutes @entity410 was noted again, and she was @entity551 despite administration of vasopressors. A presumptive diagnosis of @entity137 was made, and she received 100 ml bolus of 20% Intralipos. She regained consciousness with spontaneous return of blood pressure. She received a total of 230 ml 20% Intralipos, which was discontinued due to her rapid emergence with no further @entity410 episodes. This case suggests that early and sufficient use of lipid emulsion may lead to a good outcome. We recommend the immediate availability of lipid emulsion along with other emergency therapeutics at the ward after TAPblock.

title: [ @entity1342 -induced late-onset XXXX after transversus abdominis plane block under general anesthesia: successful reversal with 20% lipid emulsion].

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'clonic seizure']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['local anesthetic toxicity', 'systemic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['systemic toxicity']


abstract: We report a case of late-onset @entity137 due to @entity1342 over dose, and its successful reversal with 20% lipid emulsion (20% Intralipos). A 40-year-old @entity1 , 40 kg, ASA-I, was scheduled for laparoscopy-assisted myomectomy of the uterus in which 40 ml of 0.375% @entity1342 was injected for bilateral US guided transversus abdominis plane block (TAPblock) under general anesthesia. Anesthesia proceeded uneventfully and she could go back to the ward 15 min later, but 3 hours after TAPblock, her blood pressure dropped to seventies and she became unresponsive. She also displayed @entity410 /twitching of limbs. Immediately after @entity3175 2 mg injection, @entity410 disappeared and she could obey verbal commands. Within a few minutes @entity410 was noted again, and she was @entity551 despite administration of vasopressors. A presumptive diagnosis of @entity137 was made, and she received 100 ml bolus of 20% Intralipos. She regained consciousness with spontaneous return of blood pressure. She received a total of 230 ml 20% Intralipos, which was discontinued due to her rapid emergence with no further @entity410 episodes. This case suggests that early and sufficient use of lipid emulsion may lead to a good outcome. We recommend the immediate availability of lipid emulsion along with other emergency therapeutics at the ward after TAPblock.

title: [ XXXX -induced late-onset @entity137 after transversus abdominis plane block under general anesthesia: successful reversal with 20% lipid emulsion].

answer: @entity1342 :: (MESH:C037663,Chemical) :: ['Ropivacaine']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity2 present to and are managed by a variety of clinicians. In this study the effect of involvement by a respiratory physician on the diagnosis, staging, treatment and survival of a large unselected group of @entity2 @entity1 was investigated. The study population was derived from the Scottish Cancer Registry. A total of 3,855 @entity1 diagnosed during 1995 with @entity2 were studied. The data were validated and supplemented by references to medical records. The study found that a respiratory physician had been involved in the initial management of 2,901 (75.3%) @entity1 . These @entity1 were found more likely to have had the @entity5 diagnosis confirmed by histological methods and to have received active treatment with surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Survival, 1 yr after diagnosis was higher in @entity1 who saw a respiratory physician (24.4 versus 11.1%) and benefit was found to have remained 3 yrs after diagnosis (8.1 versus 3.7%). Although the @entity1 who had not seen a respiratory physician were generally older, and had more extensive disease, after correcting for age, stage and other prognostic factors, the relative hazard ratio of @entity204 for those not managed by a respiratory physician was 1.44. The data from this study supports the recommendations of recent @entity2 guidelines for the early involvement by a respiratory physician.

title: XXXX : the importance of seeing a respiratory physician.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lung cancer']


abstract: The use of @entity288 is one of the methods put forward for the strengthening and speeding up the process of labor. After identification of glucocorticoid receptors in @entity1 amnion, the role of corticosteroids in starting the process of labor has been studied in numerous studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intravenous @entity619 on preparing the cervix and on labor induction. A randomized, clinical, and double-blind trial was conducted on 172 @entity1 divided into a control and an experimental group. The inclusion criteria were that they had to be primparous, in or before the 40th week of pregnancy, and with Bishop scores (B.S.s) of 4 or lower. The exclusion criteria were @entity6 , @entity1468 , @entity8455 , twin pregnancy, rupture of the membrane (ROM), breech, and @entity1 suffering from background diseases. The B.S.s of the @entity1 was measured in charge of the study, and each @entity1 was intravenously injected with eight milligrams of @entity619 or eight milligrams of distilled water. Four hours after the injections, the B.S.s of the @entity1 was measured, and they were put under the conditions of labor induction using @entity398 . Information was collected in checklists A and B. The @entity1 were compared with respect to B.S., the time the induction started, the average interval between the start of induction and the beginning of the active phase of childbirth, and the average length of time between the start of the active phase and the second stage of childbirth. The first and five minutes Apgar scores of the two groups of @entity1 were compared. The frequencies, the means,   and the standard deviations were calculated using the SPSS - 16 software, and analysis of the results was performed with the Student's t- test and the chi-square test with P.

title: Effect of Intravenous XXXX on Preparing the Cervix and Labor Induction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'human', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity8455 :: ('MESH:D005320', 'Disease') :: ['macrosomia']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['Dexamethasone']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity19 nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), located at the base of the nasal cavity, serves as a major site for the induction of mucosal immune responses against airway antigens. The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering the luminal surface of NALT is characterized by the presence of microfold cells (M cells), which take up and transport luminal antigens to lymphocytes. @entity72508 ( @entity72508 ) has recently been identified as a reliable marker for M cells in Peyer's patches of the intestine. However, the expression of @entity72508 and other functional molecules in the M cells of NALT has not yet been examined. We have immunohistochemically detected @entity72508 -expressing cells in the FAE of NALT and the simultaneous expression of other intestinal M-cell markers, namely @entity72509 , @entity27505 , and @entity56934 . These cells have been further identified as M cells because of their higher uptake capacity of luminal microbeads. Electron microscopic observations have shown that @entity72508 -expressing cells on the FAE display morphological features typical of M cells: they possess short microvilli and microfolds on the luminal surface and are closely associated with intraepithelial lymphocytes. We have also found that the @entity5271 ( @entity5271 ) is expressed by stromal cells underneath the FAE, which provides its receptor RANK. The administration of @entity5271 markedly increases the number of @entity72508 (+) @entity72509 (+) cells on the NALT FAE and that of intestinal M cells. These results suggest that @entity72508 (+) @entity72509 (+) cells in NALT are equivalent to intestinal M cells, and that @entity5271 -RANK signaling induces their differentiation.

title: XXXX regulates differentiation of microfold cells in @entity19 nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).

entities_list: @entity5271 :: ('21943(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand', 'RANKL']

answer: @entity5271 :: (21943(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['RANKL']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity19 nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), located at the base of the nasal cavity, serves as a major site for the induction of mucosal immune responses against airway antigens. The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering the luminal surface of NALT is characterized by the presence of microfold cells (M cells), which take up and transport luminal antigens to lymphocytes. @entity72508 ( @entity72508 ) has recently been identified as a reliable marker for M cells in Peyer's patches of the intestine. However, the expression of @entity72508 and other functional molecules in the M cells of NALT has not yet been examined. We have immunohistochemically detected @entity72508 -expressing cells in the FAE of NALT and the simultaneous expression of other intestinal M-cell markers, namely @entity72509 , @entity27505 , and @entity56934 . These cells have been further identified as M cells because of their higher uptake capacity of luminal microbeads. Electron microscopic observations have shown that @entity72508 -expressing cells on the FAE display morphological features typical of M cells: they possess short microvilli and microfolds on the luminal surface and are closely associated with intraepithelial lymphocytes. We have also found that the @entity5271 ( @entity5271 ) is expressed by stromal cells underneath the FAE, which provides its receptor RANK. The administration of @entity5271 markedly increases the number of @entity72508 (+) @entity72509 (+) cells on the NALT FAE and that of intestinal M cells. These results suggest that @entity72508 (+) @entity72509 (+) cells in NALT are equivalent to intestinal M cells, and that @entity5271 -RANK signaling induces their differentiation.

title: @entity5271 regulates differentiation of microfold cells in XXXX nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Cholinergic systems in the dorsal horn are involved in antinociception but little is known about the organisation of receptors that mediate this process. In this study we examined immunocytochemical properties of dorsal horn neuronal cell bodies that express the m2 muscarinic @entity934 receptor. Tissue was examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantitative analysis performed. Immunoreactive cells were found throughout the dorsal horn and in lamina X. Quantitative analysis revealed that 22% of neuronal somata in the dorsal horn possess the receptor. The greatest concentration of cells was found in deeper laminae (IV-VI) and around lamina X. A proportion of cholinergic cells (labelled with an antibody against @entity1877 acetyltransferase) were immunoreactive for the receptor (approximately, 40% of dorsal horn cells and 44% of lamina X cells). Populations of presumed inhibitory interneurons also displayed immunoreactivity for the receptor. Between 27-34% of cells immunoreactive for @entity1246 , @entity842 synthase and the @entity1943 receptor(2A) expressed the receptor but only 8% of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells displayed receptor immunoreactivity. Cells labelled with neurotensin, which belong to a subgroup of excitatory neurons, displayed no receptor immunoreactivity. A small number @entity4757 receptor-immunoreactive cells in lamina I possessed m2 immunoreactivity but 42% of laminae III/IV @entity4757 cells possessed it. This study shows that a significant proportion of cell bodies in the dorsal horn express the muscarinic m2 @entity934 receptor. The receptor is present on some cholinergic neurons and therefore may function as an autoreceptor. It is associated with inhibitory local circuit neurons and may have a role in the modulation of specific inhibitory systems. It is also found on a proportion of projection cells that possess the @entity4757 receptor. This could be the basis of some of the antinociceptive actions of @entity934 .

title: Distribution of and organisation of dorsal horn neuronal cell bodies that possess the muscarinic m2 XXXX receptor.

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: With the help of results on the metabolism and the carcinogenic activities of @entity2555 ( @entity2556 ), the comprehensive metabolic process in vivo is discussed. It is thought that the carcinogenic activity exhibited by a @entity2556 is determined by the competition between the @entity105 and @entity10518 in which it participates. It is suggested that the essential agent of @entity105 should be, as a rule, the highest delocalization energy (beta unit) of the @entity53054 ion at the @entity16028 (A region), which is obtained by the pertubational molecular orbit (PMO) method. Since there are no essential distinctions in the molecular geometry and delocalization energy states between two @entity53054 ions of the @entity16028 and of the bay region, the A region can be looked upon as the extended bay region. On the basis of discussion of the overall metabolism, evaluation of the @entity10518 efficacy of each kind of the competing carcinogenic factors, including the biological factor B and three structural factors of the @entity2556 molecule: K, A and L, was made. After making necessary approximation, K = 0.228, A = 0.5, L = 1.22 and B = 0.7 are obtained. It can be seen from these values that the L region plays the most important role in @entity10518 processes, and the K region plays the least important role. The effect of biological factor B is approximately the sum of the K region and the A region. This paper suggests the concept of a carcinogenic constant. For the @entity2556 with the same number of aromatic rings (N), C is a constant. The curve of function C = f(N), including the extensional line, is an isosceles triangle. The author suggests that it should be called the 'Pyramid Rule'. The final form of the quantitative equation is log R = C[delta E3deloc/(0.7 + 0.228nk + 0.5na + 1.22n1)]. The values for 50 @entity2556 which had been tested by animal experiments were calculated. Of these, 92% of the @entity2556 are in agreement with experiments on carcinogenic activities.

title: Study of the carcinogenic mechanism for XXXX --extended bay region theory and its quantitative model.

entities_list: @entity53054 :: ('CHEBI:27594', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonium']

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity10518 :: ('MESH:C565043', 'Disease') :: ['detoxification']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity16028 :: ('MESH:D065170', 'Disease') :: ['aromatic angular ring']

answer: @entity2555 :: (MESH:D011084,Chemical) :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Clinical Trials Subcommittee of the International @entity10 Society (IHS) recommends that a placebo arm is included in comparative @entity922 ( @entity922 ) of multiple prophylactic drugs due to the highly variable placebo response in @entity2704 prophylaxis studies. The use of placebo control in such trials has not been systematically assessed. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of all comparative @entity922 of prophylactic drug treatment of @entity2704 published in English from 2002 to 2014. PubMed was searched using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for identifying reports of @entity922 . RESULTS: A placebo arm was used in <10% (three of 31) of prophylactic @entity922 in @entity2704 . In only 7.1% (two of 28) of the comparative @entity922 without placebo was one drug superior to another drug. Thus in 26 @entity922 , including one study requiring more than 75,000 @entity1 days, no difference was identified across treatment arms and conclusions regarding drug superiority could not be drawn. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of comparative, prophylactic @entity2704 @entity922 do not include a placebo arm. Failure to include a placebo arm may result in failure to demonstrate efficacy of potentially effective @entity2704 -prophylactic agents. In order to benefit current and future @entity1 , the current strong tendency to omit placebo-controls in these @entity922 should be replaced by adherence to the guidelines of the IHS.

title: General lack of use of placebo in prophylactic, randomised, controlled trials in adult XXXX . A systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['Headache']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['randomised clinical trials', 'RCTs']

answer: @entity2704 :: (MESH:D008881,Disease) :: ['migraine']


abstract: The aim of this study was the investigation of hormonal and ovarian follicular dynamics in prepuberal buffaloes ( @entity11520 ) bred in Italy. Eleven 5-9-month old buffalo @entity291 ranging in weight from 122 to 270kg, maintained under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions, underwent 50 days of ultrasonographic ovarian follicular monitoring in the months of October-December. Blood sampling for E(2) and FSH determination and ultrasonographic monitoring using a 7.5MHz linear probe and an ALOKA SSD-500 monitor were performed daily. No differences in any of the parameters under study were highlighted when @entity291 were divided into two weight categories (<200 and >200kg) and thus data were pooled. In this study, values are reported as mean+/-S.D. A range of two-six regular follicular waves was reported among @entity291 with an average of 4+/-1.1. Overall interval (days) between wave emergence was 9.9+/-2.8 and largest diameters (mm) of dominant and first subordinate follicles were 8.4+/-1.2 and 4.8+/-0.6, respectively (P<0.05). With the exception of one @entity291 , some minor follicular waves (short waves or SWs; 1.6+/-1), lasting <10 days (6.1+/-1.2) were reported. They were monitored contemporaneously on the ovary contralateral (n=7) or ipsilateral (n=3) to the main follicular wave. Growth rate (mm per day) of dominant follicles (DF) was significantly faster than for corresponding subordinate follicles (SF) and follicles of SWs (1.08+/-0.2 versus 0.79+/-0.1 and 0.83+/-0.1, respectively, P<0.05). The static phase (days) lasted longer in DF compared to SF and SW (5.4+/-1.8 versus 2.4+/-1.2 and 2.6+/-1, respectively, P<0.05). The regressing phase (mm per day) was similar among DF, SF and SW (0.86+/-0.2, 0.94+/-0.2 and 0.84+/-0.1, respectively, P=0.09). Episodic spikes of E(2) and FSH were reported, corresponding to wave development throughout the course of investigation. In conclusion, the majority of buffalo @entity291 displayed a typical pattern of regular follicular development in conjunction with a dynamic trend of ovarian and hypophyseal hormones. Some minor follicle turnover was reported with parallel main follicular waves.

title: Hormonal dynamics and follicular turnover in prepuberal Mediterranean Italian buffaloes ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity11520 :: ('89462', 'Species') :: ['Bubalus bubalis']

answer: @entity11520 :: (89462,Species) :: ['Bubalus bubalis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2641 ( @entity2641 ) is an @entity74 associated with an increased predisposition to @entity421 . @entity1 with @entity2641 typically present with a characteristic @entity1910 ( @entity2641 ), small stature, and @entity1141 . Mutations in the @entity25767 gene, which encodes a RecQ DNA helicase, have been reported in a few @entity2641 @entity1 . We examined whether a predisposition to developing @entity421 among an international cohort of @entity2641 @entity1 was associated with a distinctive pattern of mutations in the @entity25767 gene. METHODS: We obtained clinical information about and biologic samples from 33 @entity2641 @entity1 (age range = 1-30 years). Eleven @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity421 . All 21 exons and 13 short introns of the @entity25767 gene were sequenced from the genomic DNA of all subjects. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the incidence of @entity421 among @entity1 with and without mutations predicted to produce a truncated @entity25767 protein. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity2641 @entity1 , including all 11 @entity421 @entity1 , carried at least one of 19 truncating mutations in their @entity25767 genes. The incidence of @entity421 was 0.00 per year in truncating mutation-negative @entity1 (100 @entity1 -years of observation) and 0.05 per year in truncating mutation-positive @entity1 (230 @entity1 -years of observation) (P =.037; two-sided log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS: Mutations predicted to result in the loss of @entity25767 protein function occurred in approximately two-thirds of @entity2641 @entity1 and are associated with risk of @entity421 . Molecular diagnosis has the potential to identify those @entity1 with @entity2641 who are at high risk of this @entity5 .

title: Association between XXXX and deleterious mutations in the @entity25767 gene in @entity2641 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'person']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal recessive disorder']

entities_list: @entity2641 :: ('MESH:D011038', 'Disease') :: ['poikiloderma', 'Rothmund-Thomson syndrome', 'RTS']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal dysplasias']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['osteosarcoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2641 ( @entity2641 ) is an @entity74 associated with an increased predisposition to @entity421 . @entity1 with @entity2641 typically present with a characteristic @entity1910 ( @entity2641 ), small stature, and @entity1141 . Mutations in the @entity25767 gene, which encodes a RecQ DNA helicase, have been reported in a few @entity2641 @entity1 . We examined whether a predisposition to developing @entity421 among an international cohort of @entity2641 @entity1 was associated with a distinctive pattern of mutations in the @entity25767 gene. METHODS: We obtained clinical information about and biologic samples from 33 @entity2641 @entity1 (age range = 1-30 years). Eleven @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity421 . All 21 exons and 13 short introns of the @entity25767 gene were sequenced from the genomic DNA of all subjects. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the incidence of @entity421 among @entity1 with and without mutations predicted to produce a truncated @entity25767 protein. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity2641 @entity1 , including all 11 @entity421 @entity1 , carried at least one of 19 truncating mutations in their @entity25767 genes. The incidence of @entity421 was 0.00 per year in truncating mutation-negative @entity1 (100 @entity1 -years of observation) and 0.05 per year in truncating mutation-positive @entity1 (230 @entity1 -years of observation) (P =.037; two-sided log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS: Mutations predicted to result in the loss of @entity25767 protein function occurred in approximately two-thirds of @entity2641 @entity1 and are associated with risk of @entity421 . Molecular diagnosis has the potential to identify those @entity1 with @entity2641 who are at high risk of this @entity5 .

title: Association between @entity421 and deleterious mutations in the @entity25767 gene in XXXX .

answer: @entity2641 :: (MESH:D011038,Disease) :: ['Rothmund-Thomson syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2641 ( @entity2641 ) is an @entity74 associated with an increased predisposition to @entity421 . @entity1 with @entity2641 typically present with a characteristic @entity1910 ( @entity2641 ), small stature, and @entity1141 . Mutations in the @entity25767 gene, which encodes a RecQ DNA helicase, have been reported in a few @entity2641 @entity1 . We examined whether a predisposition to developing @entity421 among an international cohort of @entity2641 @entity1 was associated with a distinctive pattern of mutations in the @entity25767 gene. METHODS: We obtained clinical information about and biologic samples from 33 @entity2641 @entity1 (age range = 1-30 years). Eleven @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity421 . All 21 exons and 13 short introns of the @entity25767 gene were sequenced from the genomic DNA of all subjects. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the incidence of @entity421 among @entity1 with and without mutations predicted to produce a truncated @entity25767 protein. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity2641 @entity1 , including all 11 @entity421 @entity1 , carried at least one of 19 truncating mutations in their @entity25767 genes. The incidence of @entity421 was 0.00 per year in truncating mutation-negative @entity1 (100 @entity1 -years of observation) and 0.05 per year in truncating mutation-positive @entity1 (230 @entity1 -years of observation) (P =.037; two-sided log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS: Mutations predicted to result in the loss of @entity25767 protein function occurred in approximately two-thirds of @entity2641 @entity1 and are associated with risk of @entity421 . Molecular diagnosis has the potential to identify those @entity1 with @entity2641 who are at high risk of this @entity5 .

title: Association between @entity421 and deleterious mutations in the XXXX gene in @entity2641 .

answer: @entity25767 :: (9401,Gene) :: ['RECQL4']


abstract: Eosinophils are seen together with neutrophils at sites of @entity32 . However, their roles are not clear. In addition, eosinophils infiltrate @entity5 tissue in some @entity5 . In this study, we show that large amounts of the neutrophil-activating CXC chemokine growth-related oncogene (GRO)-alpha can be produced by @entity1 eosinophils. Eosinophils showed presence of preformed @entity2851 in the crystalloid-containing specific granules (190 @entity468 x 10(6) cells). During incubation, a strong increase in @entity2851 gene expression was seen. At a low cell density, addition of @entity310 or @entity1356 increased the production of @entity2851 in eosinophils, which was not the case at a higher cell density. Eosinophils can produce @entity310 themselves, and neutralizing Abs against @entity310 significantly inhibited @entity2851 production. This suggests that autocrine and paracrine effects from @entity310 can be important when up-regulating @entity2851 gene expression. In contrast, @entity379 , a prototypic Th1-cytokine, down-regulated expression of @entity2851 . This may be important during resolution of @entity32 but also suggests different roles for eosinophils depending on the inflammatory context. @entity5 eosinophils in @entity978 of the nodular sclerosing type are associated with a poor prognosis. Eosinophils from such @entity5 tissue showed an abundant expression of @entity2851 . The @entity2851 receptor @entity7416 was also detected in @entity5 tissue, proposing interactions between eosinophils and the @entity5 . Our findings suggest that eosinophils can promote @entity32 through recruitment of @entity7416 -bearing cells. In addition, this feature of the eosinophils indicates a role for these cells in the biology of certain @entity5 .

title: Expression and production of the CXC chemokine growth-related oncogene-alpha by XXXX eosinophils.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'Tumor-infiltrating', 'neoplastic diseases']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6687 has always been considered an absolute contraindication to hepatectomy for liver @entity3 . The present study reports the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of @entity1 undergoing resection of @entity6687 simultaneously with hepatectomy for liver @entity3 . METHODS: From January 1987 to January 2001, 111 (30 per cent) of 376 @entity1 who had hepatectomy for @entity14 underwent simultaneous resection of @entity6687 with curative intent. RESULTS: Surgery was considered R0 in 77 @entity1 (69 per cent) and palliative ( @entity23719 ) in 34 @entity1 (31 per cent). The mortality rate was 4 per cent and the morbidity rate 28 per cent. After a median follow-up of 4.9 years, the overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 38 and 20 per cent respectively. The 5-year overall survival rate of @entity1 with R0 resection only (n = 75) was 29 per cent. The difference in survival between @entity1 with and without @entity6687 discovered incidentally at operation was significant, as was the number of liver @entity3 . CONCLUSION: @entity6687 in @entity1 with @entity14 who also have liver @entity3 should no longer be considered an absolute contraindication to hepatectomy. However, the presence of more than five liver @entity3 and the incidental intraoperative discovery of @entity6687 remain contraindications to hepatic resection.

title: @entity6687 does not contraindicate hepatectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer', 'colorectal liver metastases']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity6687 :: ('MESH:D001651', 'Disease') :: ['Extrahepatic disease', 'extrahepatic disease']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal liver metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6687 has always been considered an absolute contraindication to hepatectomy for liver @entity3 . The present study reports the long-term outcome and prognostic factors of @entity1 undergoing resection of @entity6687 simultaneously with hepatectomy for liver @entity3 . METHODS: From January 1987 to January 2001, 111 (30 per cent) of 376 @entity1 who had hepatectomy for @entity14 underwent simultaneous resection of @entity6687 with curative intent. RESULTS: Surgery was considered R0 in 77 @entity1 (69 per cent) and palliative ( @entity23719 ) in 34 @entity1 (31 per cent). The mortality rate was 4 per cent and the morbidity rate 28 per cent. After a median follow-up of 4.9 years, the overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 38 and 20 per cent respectively. The 5-year overall survival rate of @entity1 with R0 resection only (n = 75) was 29 per cent. The difference in survival between @entity1 with and without @entity6687 discovered incidentally at operation was significant, as was the number of liver @entity3 . CONCLUSION: @entity6687 in @entity1 with @entity14 who also have liver @entity3 should no longer be considered an absolute contraindication to hepatectomy. However, the presence of more than five liver @entity3 and the incidental intraoperative discovery of @entity6687 remain contraindications to hepatic resection.

title: XXXX does not contraindicate hepatectomy for @entity14 .

answer: @entity6687 :: (MESH:D001651,Disease) :: ['Extrahepatic disease']


abstract: The aim of this double-blind, randomized control trial was to compare the effectiveness of intra-articular @entity1342 alone or with @entity1286 or @entity7988 for controlling @entity158 after arthroscopic knee surgery. One hundred fifty-six @entity1 scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy were recruited. All @entity1 received general anesthesia and were randomly assigned to 4 groups to receive intra-articular @entity1342 40 mg (group R), @entity1342 24 mg plus @entity1286 8 mg (group R+M), @entity1342 36 mg plus @entity7988 100 mg (group R+K), or normal saline (group N/S). @entity158 , sedation, orientation, @entity390 , @entity391 , and urine retention were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. @entity158 was evaluated by a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). When the @entity158 was >2, a suppository of 400 mg @entity1443 plus 10 mg @entity10425 plus 50 mg @entity5834 was given. Results showed that at 4 hours postoperatively, @entity158 differed significantly among the 4 groups (P<.001), with @entity158 recorded in the R+M group. Similarly, the number of suppositories administered postoperatively to the R+M group was significantly less (P<.001) vs the other groups. @entity1 who received @entity1342 and @entity1286 or normal saline had a higher incidence of @entity390 and @entity391 vs the other groups (P=.001 and P=.036, respectively). The combination of intra-articular @entity1342 and @entity1286 is associated with @entity158 after knee arthroscopy during early recovery but with a higher incidence of @entity390 and @entity391 . However, the addition of @entity7988 to @entity1342 provides relatively satisfactory @entity158 relief, but with fewer side effects compared to @entity1286 .

title: Intra-articular @entity1286 enhances analgesic efficacy of XXXX for knee arthroscopy in ambulatory @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7988 :: ('MESH:D007660', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoprofen']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['less pain', 'Pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol']

answer: @entity1342 :: (MESH:C037663,Chemical) :: ['ropivacaine']


abstract: The aim of this double-blind, randomized control trial was to compare the effectiveness of intra-articular @entity1342 alone or with @entity1286 or @entity7988 for controlling @entity158 after arthroscopic knee surgery. One hundred fifty-six @entity1 scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy were recruited. All @entity1 received general anesthesia and were randomly assigned to 4 groups to receive intra-articular @entity1342 40 mg (group R), @entity1342 24 mg plus @entity1286 8 mg (group R+M), @entity1342 36 mg plus @entity7988 100 mg (group R+K), or normal saline (group N/S). @entity158 , sedation, orientation, @entity390 , @entity391 , and urine retention were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. @entity158 was evaluated by a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). When the @entity158 was >2, a suppository of 400 mg @entity1443 plus 10 mg @entity10425 plus 50 mg @entity5834 was given. Results showed that at 4 hours postoperatively, @entity158 differed significantly among the 4 groups (P<.001), with @entity158 recorded in the R+M group. Similarly, the number of suppositories administered postoperatively to the R+M group was significantly less (P<.001) vs the other groups. @entity1 who received @entity1342 and @entity1286 or normal saline had a higher incidence of @entity390 and @entity391 vs the other groups (P=.001 and P=.036, respectively). The combination of intra-articular @entity1342 and @entity1286 is associated with @entity158 after knee arthroscopy during early recovery but with a higher incidence of @entity390 and @entity391 . However, the addition of @entity7988 to @entity1342 provides relatively satisfactory @entity158 relief, but with fewer side effects compared to @entity1286 .

title: Intra-articular XXXX enhances analgesic efficacy of @entity1342 for knee arthroscopy in ambulatory @entity1 .

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']


abstract: The aim of this double-blind, randomized control trial was to compare the effectiveness of intra-articular @entity1342 alone or with @entity1286 or @entity7988 for controlling @entity158 after arthroscopic knee surgery. One hundred fifty-six @entity1 scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy were recruited. All @entity1 received general anesthesia and were randomly assigned to 4 groups to receive intra-articular @entity1342 40 mg (group R), @entity1342 24 mg plus @entity1286 8 mg (group R+M), @entity1342 36 mg plus @entity7988 100 mg (group R+K), or normal saline (group N/S). @entity158 , sedation, orientation, @entity390 , @entity391 , and urine retention were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. @entity158 was evaluated by a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). When the @entity158 was >2, a suppository of 400 mg @entity1443 plus 10 mg @entity10425 plus 50 mg @entity5834 was given. Results showed that at 4 hours postoperatively, @entity158 differed significantly among the 4 groups (P<.001), with @entity158 recorded in the R+M group. Similarly, the number of suppositories administered postoperatively to the R+M group was significantly less (P<.001) vs the other groups. @entity1 who received @entity1342 and @entity1286 or normal saline had a higher incidence of @entity390 and @entity391 vs the other groups (P=.001 and P=.036, respectively). The combination of intra-articular @entity1342 and @entity1286 is associated with @entity158 after knee arthroscopy during early recovery but with a higher incidence of @entity390 and @entity391 . However, the addition of @entity7988 to @entity1342 provides relatively satisfactory @entity158 relief, but with fewer side effects compared to @entity1286 .

title: Intra-articular @entity1286 enhances analgesic efficacy of @entity1342 for knee arthroscopy in ambulatory XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity4553 is a complex progressive deformity affecting the forefoot. The main pathologic anatomy concerns the first metatarsophalangeal joint, including a varus or medial deviation of the first metatarsal and pronation @entity85 . The goal of this study was to evaluate a series of consecutive @entity1 over a 2-year period after a scarf osteotomy of the first metatarsal. A scarf osteotomy was performed on 31 consecutive @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity4553 (intermetatarsal angle, 13-22  ; @entity4553 , 20-44  ). Twenty-nine @entity1 and 2 @entity1 had an average age of 57 years (range, 21-71 years) at the time of surgery. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations included standing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) score, physical examination, and foot pressure analysis by weight-bearing ink prints. @entity1 were evaluated radiographically and clinically in the initial postoperative period ( <=1 month), intermediate postoperative period (2-6 months), and final follow-up (12-36 months). Twenty-eight feet were available for analysis. Five of the 28 feet had concurrent surgeries on the lesser toes for hammer-toe correction or preoperative @entity7529 . Paired Student t test on the 28 feet showed a statistically significant improvement (P<.0001) between pre- and postoperative intermetatarsal angle, @entity4553 , and AOFAS score. One foot had recurrence of the @entity4553 . Paired analysis of variance of the 27 feet without recurrence showed a statistically significant improvement in the pre- and postoperative parameters (P<.0001). From this subset, the multiple-comparison Student-Newman-Keuis post hoc test showed a statistically significant (P<.0001) preservation of the correction in the intermediate follow-up period to final follow-up at an average 28 months.

title: Evaluation of scarf osteotomy for management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity in the longitudinal axis']

entities_list: @entity4553 :: ('MESH:D006215', 'Disease') :: ['hallux valgus angle', 'Hallux valgus', 'hallux valgus deformity']

entities_list: @entity7529 :: ('MESH:D037061', 'Disease') :: ['metatarsalgia']

answer: @entity4553 :: (MESH:D006215,Disease) :: ['hallux valgus deformity']


abstract: @entity18375 is an intracellular organism that causes @entity1681 in @entity1707 . This bacterium is difficult to culture, and antemortem demonstration of the microbe is therefore often performed on fecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Polymerase chain reaction is sensitive and specific, but inhibitory factors in feces might cause false-negative results. This article describes the construction and use of an internal standard, a mimic. The mimic is amplified by the same primers as those used for @entity18375 DNA and thus could indicate false-negative results in clinical samples. The amplicon was clearly visible when as few as 10 mimic molecules were added per amplification reaction and when no inhibitors werepresent. When fecal samples were spiked with the mimic, the detection limit was 10(2) molecules per PCR. Sixty clinical samples, 20 from @entity1707 , 20 from growing @entity1707 with @entity294 , and 20 from @entity1707 without @entity294 , were prepared by a boiling procedure and subjected to PCR together with 10(3) mimic molecules. Nine samples were positive, of which 7 originated from @entity1707 with @entity294 and 2 from @entity1707 without @entity294 . In 14 samples from @entity1707 , in 8 samples from @entity1707 without @entity294 , and in 3 samples from @entity1707 with @entity294 , neither the mimic nor the target DNA was visible. This indicated the presence of inhibitors in these samples. It is concluded that the mimic can be used as an internal control in the diagnosis of @entity18375 to indicate inhibition of PCR.

title: The use of a mimic to detect polymerase chain reaction-inhibitory factors in feces examined for the presence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity18375 :: ('29546', 'Species') :: ['Lawsonia intracellularis', 'L. intracellularis']

entities_list: @entity1681 :: ('MESH:D004751', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative enteritis']

answer: @entity18375 :: (29546,Species) :: ['Lawsonia intracellularis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Herbal preparations are available widely and regarded generally by the public as harmless remedies for a variety of medical ailments. We report a case of acute @entity99 associated with the use of kava kava, derived from the root of the pepper plant, Piper methysticum. It is used in the United States as an antianxiety and sedative agent. CASE REPORT: A previously healthy 14-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with @entity1578 . Initial therapy, including plasmapheresis, was unsuccessful and she deteriorated. She ultimately required a liver transplant and now remains well. The liver biopsy showed @entity39 consistent with chemical @entity99 . A work-up for alternative causes of @entity1578 was negative. The @entity1 gave a history of taking a kava kava-containing product for four months. The use of kava kava and @entity1578 , is supported by kava kava use, a negative work-up for alternative causes of @entity1578 , and histological changes in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals need to be aware of the possibility of kava kava-induced hepatotoxicity. The @entity137 of these alternative remedies emphasizes the importance of surveillance programs and quality control in the manufacture of these products. Clinicians must remain aware of the toxic potential of herbal products and always inquire about their intake in cases of unexplained @entity99 .

title: Acute XXXX induced by kava kava.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic failure', 'liver failure']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury', 'hepatitis']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The maximal diameter of an @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) and the change in diameter over time reflect rupture risk and are used for surgical planning. However, evidence has emerged that @entity439 volume may be a better indicator of @entity1028 remodeling. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the volume and maximal diameter of the abdominal aorta in @entity1 with untreated @entity1028 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 100 @entity1 with @entity1028 who were followed for more than 6 months. We examined 2 sets of computed tomography images for each @entity1 , acquired >=  6 months apart. The maximal diameter and volume of the infrarenal abdominal aorta were determined by semiautomated segmentation software. RESULTS: At baseline, mean maximal infrarenal diameter was 5.1    1.0 cm and mean aortic volume was 139    72 mL. There was good correlation between the maximal diameter and aortic volume at baseline (r(2) = 0.55; P<0.001). The mean change in maximal diameter between studies was 0.2    0.3 cm and the mean volume change was 19    19 mL. However, the correlation between diameter change and volume change was modest (r(2) = 0.34; P=0.001). Most @entity1 (n = 64) had no measurable change in maximal diameter between studies ( <= 2 mm), but the change in volume was found to vary widely (-2 to 69 mL). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with untreated @entity1028 , a change in aortic volume can occur in the absence of a significant change in maximal diameter. Additional work is needed to examine the relationship between change in @entity1028 volume and outcomes in this @entity1 group.

title: Aortic volume as an indicator of disease progression in @entity1 with untreated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['infrarenal AAA', 'abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'AAA']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['infrarenal abdominal aneurysm']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The maximal diameter of an @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) and the change in diameter over time reflect rupture risk and are used for surgical planning. However, evidence has emerged that @entity439 volume may be a better indicator of @entity1028 remodeling. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between the volume and maximal diameter of the abdominal aorta in @entity1 with untreated @entity1028 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 100 @entity1 with @entity1028 who were followed for more than 6 months. We examined 2 sets of computed tomography images for each @entity1 , acquired >=  6 months apart. The maximal diameter and volume of the infrarenal abdominal aorta were determined by semiautomated segmentation software. RESULTS: At baseline, mean maximal infrarenal diameter was 5.1    1.0 cm and mean aortic volume was 139    72 mL. There was good correlation between the maximal diameter and aortic volume at baseline (r(2) = 0.55; P<0.001). The mean change in maximal diameter between studies was 0.2    0.3 cm and the mean volume change was 19    19 mL. However, the correlation between diameter change and volume change was modest (r(2) = 0.34; P=0.001). Most @entity1 (n = 64) had no measurable change in maximal diameter between studies ( <= 2 mm), but the change in volume was found to vary widely (-2 to 69 mL). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with untreated @entity1028 , a change in aortic volume can occur in the absence of a significant change in maximal diameter. Additional work is needed to examine the relationship between change in @entity1028 volume and outcomes in this @entity1 group.

title: Aortic volume as an indicator of disease progression in XXXX with untreated @entity439 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the demographic characteristics, incidence of extra-abdominal hospital-acquired @entity281 and outcome of @entity1 admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) with severe acute @entity788 . STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective, observational multiple center (65 centers) analysis of prospectively acquired data. @entity1 AND METHODS: During 2 years, all consecutive admitted @entity1 to ICU for severe acute @entity788 in the centers participating in the nosocomial @entity281 surveillance network CClin Sud-Est were included. @entity1 whose ICU stay was less than 48 hours were not included. Demographic characteristics, extra-abdominal hospital-acquired @entity281 and clinical course were described. RESULTS: During the study period, 510 @entity1 were included which represented 2 % of @entity1 with a length of stay longer than 48 hours in the 65 participating ICUs. The global attack rate of extra-abdominal hospital-acquired @entity281 ( @entity55 , @entity2259 , urinary tract or central @entity1212 ) was 23 % in overall @entity1 and it was 33 % in the 294 mechanically ventilated @entity1 . ICU mortality was 20 % in overall @entity1 and it was 34 % in mechanically ventilated @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Severe acute @entity788 represents 2 % of ICU stay longer than 48 hours. Its clinical course is frequently complicated by hospital-acquired @entity281 and is associated with an high ICU mortality rate. This epidemiological observational study may be used for calculating sample size for future multicenter interventional therapeutic studies.

title: [Severe and acute XXXX admitted in intensive care: a prospective epidemiological multiple centre study using CClin network database].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity1212 :: ('MESH:D055499', 'Disease') :: ['venous catheter infection']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: AIM: Imprinted genes are known regulators of embryo growth. Studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that treatment of adult male @entity35 with @entity440 increased post-implantation loss at around midgestation. Expression of @entity2620 ( @entity2620 ), a paternally expressed imprinted gene was down-regulated in the resorbing embryos obtained at embryonic day 13. Hypomethylation of @entity2620 -H19 imprint control region was observed in the resorbing embryo sires and spermatozoa obtained from @entity440 -treated @entity35 thereby suggesting that errors in imprint acquisition during spermatogenesis can result in @entity2085 . The present study aims at studying the expression of other imprinted genes, besides @entity2620 in the embryos sired by @entity440 -treated males. MAIN METHODS: Gene expression profiles of resorbing versus normal embryos were assessed by microarrays. Real time quantitative RT-PCR for six imprinted genes and four genes involved in cell cycle was done to validate gene expression data. The affected pathways and functions were identified in the resorbing embryos and effect on cell cycle was confirmed by flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS: Aberrant expression of a number of imprinted genes was observed in the resorbing embryos when compared to the normal embryos at embryonic days 11 and 13. Down-regulation of Notch signaling, Wnt signaling and cell cycle pathway was observed in the resorbing embryos. SIGNIFICANCE: The study suggests that exposure of male germ cells to @entity440 during adulthood results in aberrant expression of imprinted genes and down-regulation of development associated pathways in the F(1) progeny thereby causing @entity2085 .

title: Aberrant expression of imprinted genes in post-implantation XXXX embryos.

entities_list: @entity2620 :: ('24483(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Igf2', 'insulin like growth factor 2']

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryo loss']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Progress in the treatment of childhood @entity3052 has not equalled the advances obtained in the management of @entity981 . Two recent chemotherapy studies (i.e. @entity16897 and @entity59275 ), however, reported marked increase in the proportion of long-term remissions. The initial therapy of the cooperative study @entity59275 consisted of two 4-week phases of intensive induction/consolidation with 7 different drugs and cranial irradiation followed by maintenance with @entity332 and @entity2592 for 2 years and additional @entity632 during the first year. A total of 151 @entity1 with @entity3052 were enrolled in the study from 30 centers. Of these 119 (79%) @entity1 achieved complete remission. After a median observation time of 34 (14-57) months, there have been 46 relapses. CNS was involved in 6 of these relapses. Life table analyses revealed the following probabilities after 4 1/2 years: survival: 46%; disease-free survival: 41% (total group), 52% (remission group); disease-free interval 56% (remission group). The risk of relapse appears to decrease considerably after 2 1/2 years. No risk factors for the occurrence of relapse have been identified.

title: Treatment of XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity332 :: ('MESH:D013866', 'Chemical') :: ['thioguanine']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytosine arabinoside']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myelogenous leukemia']