abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Genetic insulin receptoropathies are a rare cause of severe insulin resistance. We identified the @entity73118 missense mutation in the @entity8277 @entity8277 gene, previously reported in a Yemeni kindred, in four unrelated @entity1 with Somali ancestry. We aimed to investigate a possible genetic founder effect, and to study the mechanism of loss of function of the mutant receptor. METHODS: Biochemical profiling and DNA haplotype analysis of affected @entity1 were performed. @entity8277 expression in lymphoblastoid cells from a homozygous @entity73118 @entity8277 @entity1 , and in cells heterologously expressing the mutant receptor, was examined. Insulin binding, insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation, and cooperativity and pH dependency of insulin dissociation were also assessed. RESULTS: All @entity1 had biochemical profiles pathognomonic of insulin receptoropathy, while haplotype analysis revealed the putative shared region around the @entity8277 mutant to be no larger than 28 kb. An @entity101 proreceptor to b subunit ratio was seen in @entity1 -derived cells. Steady state insulin binding and insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of the mutant receptor was normal; however it exhibited @entity4785 rates with preserved cooperativity, a difference accentuated at low pH. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The @entity73118 @entity8277 appears to have arisen around the Horn of Africa, and should be sought first in severely insulin resistant @entity1 with ancestry from this region. Despite collectively compelling genetic, clinical and biochemical evidence for its pathogenicity, loss of function in conventional in vitro assays is subtle, suggesting mildly impaired receptor recycling only.

title: Founder effect in the Horn of Africa for an XXXX mutation that may impair receptor recycling.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity73118 :: ('p|SUB|I|119|M', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Ile119Met', 'p.Ile119Met']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased insulin']

entities_list: @entity4785 :: ('MESH:D004213', 'Disease') :: ['decreased insulin dissociation']

entities_list: @entity8277 :: ('3643', 'Gene') :: ['INSR', 'Insulin receptor', 'insulin receptor']

answer: @entity8277 :: (3643,Gene) :: ['insulin receptor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Genomic disorders resulting from deletion or duplication of genomic segments are known to be an important cause of @entity65 ( @entity65 ). In our previous study, we identified a unique individual with a de novo 17q25.3 deletion from a study of 714 individuals with CVM. METHODS: To understand the contribution of this locus to cardiac @entity600 , we reviewed the data on 60,000 samples submitted for array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies to Medical Genetics Laboratories at Baylor College of Medicine, and ascertained seven individuals with segmental aneusomy of 17q25. We validated our findings by studying another individual with a de novo submicroscopic deletion of this region from Cytogenetics Laboratory at Cincinnati @entity1 's Hospital. Using bioinformatic analyses including protein-protein interaction network, @entity1 tissue expression patterns, haploinsufficiency scores, and other annotation systems, including a training set of 251 genes known to be linked to @entity1 @entity299 , we constructed a pathogenicity score for cardiac phenotype for each of the 57 genes within the terminal 2.0  Mb of 17q25.3. RESULTS: We found relatively high penetrance of @entity65 (~60  %) with five deletions and three duplications, observed in eight unrelated individuals. Distinct cardiac phenotypes were present in four of these subjects with non-recurrent de novo deletions (range 0.08  Mb-1.4  Mb) in the subtelomeric region of 17q25.3. These included @entity1498 ( @entity1498 ), @entity1700 ( @entity1700 ), @entity1757 ( @entity1757 ) and @entity118 ( @entity118 ). Amongst the three individuals with variable size duplications of this region, one had @entity2461 ( @entity2461 ) at 8  months of age. CONCLUSION: The distinct cardiac lesions observed in the affected @entity1 and the bioinformatics analyses suggest that multiple genes may be plausible drivers of the cardiac phenotype within this gene-rich critical interval of 17q25.3.

title: De novo deletions and duplications of 17q25.3 cause susceptibility to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity1700 :: ('MESH:D012587', 'Disease') :: ['TAPVR', 'total anomalous pulmonary venous return']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['VSD', 'ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity2461 :: ('MESH:D004374', 'Disease') :: ['PDA', 'patent ductus arteriosus']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta', 'CoA']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect', 'ASD']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVMs', 'cardiovascular defects', 'cardiovascular malformations']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular malformations']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Locking head systems are an additional option in the surgical treatment of metacarpal @entity174 . In this clinic 2.0  mm @entity2850 ( @entity2850 ) are used, which provide the possibility of functional postoperative treatment even for complex and @entity3604 . For simple @entity174 and good bone quality the @entity2850 system is used as a compression or neutralization plate. Depending on the type and localization of the @entity174 , different osteosynthesis techniques are used in order to achieve a functional postoperative treatment in as many @entity1 as possible. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between July 2009 and December 2010 a total of 49 @entity1 were enrolled in a prospective trial. All @entity1 underwent surgical treatment with a 2.0  mm @entity2850 system. Postoperative functionality of the hand was restored without immobilization. Clinical and radiological examinations were performed after 6 and 12 weeks and after 6 and 12 months with documentation of the range of motion (ROM), grip strength, fingertip to palm distance and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score. RESULTS: After 6 months a good functional result was achieved in all @entity1 with no cases of @entity1518 . Radiographs showed a completely consolidated bone healing. CONCLUSION: After osteosynthesis with 2.0  mm LCPs all types of metacarpal @entity174 can be treated without immobilization.

title: [Osteosynthesis of metacarpal XXXX with 2.0  mm @entity2850 system and functional postoperative treatment].

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic metacarpal fractures']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['locking compression plates', 'LCP']

entities_list: @entity1518 :: ('MESH:C562835', 'Disease') :: ['malrotation']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Locking head systems are an additional option in the surgical treatment of metacarpal @entity174 . In this clinic 2.0  mm @entity2850 ( @entity2850 ) are used, which provide the possibility of functional postoperative treatment even for complex and @entity3604 . For simple @entity174 and good bone quality the @entity2850 system is used as a compression or neutralization plate. Depending on the type and localization of the @entity174 , different osteosynthesis techniques are used in order to achieve a functional postoperative treatment in as many @entity1 as possible. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between July 2009 and December 2010 a total of 49 @entity1 were enrolled in a prospective trial. All @entity1 underwent surgical treatment with a 2.0  mm @entity2850 system. Postoperative functionality of the hand was restored without immobilization. Clinical and radiological examinations were performed after 6 and 12 weeks and after 6 and 12 months with documentation of the range of motion (ROM), grip strength, fingertip to palm distance and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score. RESULTS: After 6 months a good functional result was achieved in all @entity1 with no cases of @entity1518 . Radiographs showed a completely consolidated bone healing. CONCLUSION: After osteosynthesis with 2.0  mm LCPs all types of metacarpal @entity174 can be treated without immobilization.

title: [Osteosynthesis of metacarpal @entity174 with 2.0  mm XXXX system and functional postoperative treatment].

answer: @entity2850 :: (MESH:D009408,Disease) :: ['LCP']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many @entity1 treated on @entity130 surgery wards are geriatric @entity130 @entity1 . To improve treatment of these often multimorbid @entity1 , various interdisciplinary treatment concepts have been established in Germany between @entity130 surgeons and geriatricians. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the dissemination and the impact of the different orthogeriatric treatment concepts for geriatric @entity130 in Germany. Material and methods In March and April 2014 an electronic questionnaire for assessing the interdisciplinary treatment of geriatric @entity130 @entity1 was sent to 691 medical directors of @entity130 surgery departments in Germany. RESULTS: A total of 259 (37   %) fully answered questionnaires could be analyzed. The analysis revealed that 70   % of all responding @entity130 surgery departments had an orthogeriatric treatment cooperation. Most of them  reported having @entity1 discharge agreements to geriatric rehabilitation facilities  (59  %). Geriatric counseling services were reported by 39   % while 24   % reported having regular interdisciplinary visits and orthogeriatric wards were available in 13   %. The need for orthogeriatric services was considered to be high by 79   % of the @entity1 and benefits especially for the @entity1 were expected. These expectations were largely fulfilled. More than 70   % of respondents planned to intensify the orthogeriatric cooperation. In this context difficulties were seen in the lack of personnel resources, especially in a lack of geriatricians. CONCLUSION: The results of this survey underline the impact and the positive experiences in orthogeriatric services. Solutions have to be found to address the emerging problem of capacity constraints.

title: [Interdisciplinary treatment in geriatric traumatology from the XXXX surgeons' perspective : Results of a survey in Germany].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity283 ( @entity283 ) are at increased risk of @entity9759 due to frequent hand washing and use of @entity285 gel. This has increased the incidence of occupational @entity272 . AIMS: To evaluate @entity1909 in @entity283 in our hospital by means of a survey which also examined trends of exposure and the utility of patch testing. METHODS: @entity283 diagnosed with @entity1909 in our contact @entity1909 clinic from January 2011 to July 2012 were included. Information was collected retrospectively from medical notes, computer records and the database of the British @entity566 Society. RESULTS: A total of 69 @entity283 were diagnosed with @entity1909 , with a prevalence of ~4%. The majority were female and the clinical areas in which they worked were diverse. About 98% (68) had @entity9759 , and hand washing was the commonest cause of symptoms. About 75% (51) had @entity9759 exclusively. Patch test was positive in 42% with the commonest reaction to @entity3406 , followed by @entity406 . Associated atopy was found in less than half of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Irritant @entity1909 is prevalent in @entity283 in this setting. Patch testing is useful to identify any additional allergic element in such cases.

title: Irritant XXXX in health care workers.

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['HCWs', 'Health care workers']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['Cutaneous Allergy']

entities_list: @entity9759 :: ('MESH:D017453', 'Disease') :: ['irritant contact dermatitis', 'irritant dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin diseases']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['hand dermatitis', 'dermatitis']

answer: @entity1909 :: (MESH:D003872,Disease) :: ['hand dermatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pressurized probing and irrigation is the method of choice for @entity11939 after conservative therapeutic strategies have failed. The aim of this study was to evaluate age @entity734 and success rates of different therapeutic options. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study of @entity1 with @entity11939 was performed. All @entity1 treated during the period between May 2009 and June 2010 were included. Surgical success was defined as the absence of @entity9467 and mucous discharge for a postoperative follow-up of 3 months. Odds ratios (OR) and 95   % confidence intervals (CI) of different variables were estimated using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 111 @entity1 (137 eyes) underwent treatment for @entity11939 . The mean age of the @entity1 was 7.7 months (range 1-30 months). The success rate of probing under local anesthesia was 85.5   % (n   =   100). Probing under general anesthesia without intubation of the lacrimal pathway was successful in 28.6   % (n   =   2). Treatment under general anesthesia with intubation of the lacrimal pathway had a success rate of 94.2   %. If the primary treatment was complicated the OR was 1.9 (95   % CI: 0.7-5.1), for males the OR was 1.7 (95   % CI: 0.8-3.5) and in cases of a positive family history the OR was 1.5 (95   % CI: 0.7-3.3). With every increasing month of age the risk not to be treated successfully increased (OR: 1.3, 95   % CI: 1.2-1.5). CONCLUSION: Syringing under local anesthesia is an effective therapy. The highest success rates were found at the ages of 1-6 months. Therapy with additional @entity1346 tube intubation was highly successful.

title: [Treatment of XXXX : A prospective clinical cohort study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity11939 :: ('MESH:D007767', 'Disease') :: ['congenital lacrimal duct obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

answer: @entity11939 :: (MESH:D007767,Disease) :: ['congenital lacrimal duct obstruction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our long-term goal is to develop a nonsurgical method of @entity432 for the purpose of permanent contraception. We have previously demonstrated that transcervical administration of 5% @entity5324 foam (PF) can create @entity432 in macaques but that multiple treatments are required. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of various regimens of PF with and without @entity11796 ( @entity12135 ) (to control ovarian cycle phase) in the @entity3474 . STUDY DESIGN: Adult cycling female @entity6599 were evaluated for tubal patency by hysterosalpingography and then received a transcervical infusion of PF with (+) or without (-) an intramuscular injection of @entity12135 (3.5 mg/kg). Two concentrations of PF were compared: 1% [(+) @entity12135 , n=5; (-) @entity12135 , n=3] and 5% [(+) @entity12135 , n=4; (-) @entity12135 , n=3]. Controls received (+) @entity12135 (n=2) or (-) @entity12135 , (n=3) only. The reproductive tracts were removed 1-3 months after treatment for examination. RESULTS: No @entity432 was observed in negative controls (  @entity12135 ). Histologic complete @entity432 was observed in 3/8 of females treated with 1% PF and in 6/7 treated with 5% PF. Histologic evaluation suggested that 1% PF is associated with @entity1162 (more than 2-3 months), while 5% treatment eliminates the epithelial lining, at least focally, and resolves into complete occlusion within 1-2 months. This pattern of complete occlusion was seen in all 4 females that received 5% PF (+ @entity12135 ) and in 2/3 that received 5% PF (- @entity12135 ). CONCLUSION: In a @entity3474 model of transcervical permanent contraception, a single treatment with 5% PF resulted in complete @entity432 more reliably (85%) than 1% PF (38%). Cotreatment with @entity12135 may improve treatment results with 5% PF but requires additional study. IMPLICATIONS: A finding that a single transcervical treatment with 5% PF can occlude the fallopian tubes of @entity3474 supports further study of this approach as a novel strategy for permanent contraception for @entity1 .

title: Characterization of @entity432 after transcervical XXXX foam (PF) infusion in @entity6599 .

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['depomedroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity5324 :: ('MESH:C008976', 'Chemical') :: ['polidocanol']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['tubal occlusion', 'fallopian tubal occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['prolonged chronic inflammation']

answer: @entity5324 :: (MESH:C008976,Chemical) :: ['polidocanol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our long-term goal is to develop a nonsurgical method of @entity432 for the purpose of permanent contraception. We have previously demonstrated that transcervical administration of 5% @entity5324 foam (PF) can create @entity432 in macaques but that multiple treatments are required. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of various regimens of PF with and without @entity11796 ( @entity12135 ) (to control ovarian cycle phase) in the @entity3474 . STUDY DESIGN: Adult cycling female @entity6599 were evaluated for tubal patency by hysterosalpingography and then received a transcervical infusion of PF with (+) or without (-) an intramuscular injection of @entity12135 (3.5 mg/kg). Two concentrations of PF were compared: 1% [(+) @entity12135 , n=5; (-) @entity12135 , n=3] and 5% [(+) @entity12135 , n=4; (-) @entity12135 , n=3]. Controls received (+) @entity12135 (n=2) or (-) @entity12135 , (n=3) only. The reproductive tracts were removed 1-3 months after treatment for examination. RESULTS: No @entity432 was observed in negative controls (  @entity12135 ). Histologic complete @entity432 was observed in 3/8 of females treated with 1% PF and in 6/7 treated with 5% PF. Histologic evaluation suggested that 1% PF is associated with @entity1162 (more than 2-3 months), while 5% treatment eliminates the epithelial lining, at least focally, and resolves into complete occlusion within 1-2 months. This pattern of complete occlusion was seen in all 4 females that received 5% PF (+ @entity12135 ) and in 2/3 that received 5% PF (- @entity12135 ). CONCLUSION: In a @entity3474 model of transcervical permanent contraception, a single treatment with 5% PF resulted in complete @entity432 more reliably (85%) than 1% PF (38%). Cotreatment with @entity12135 may improve treatment results with 5% PF but requires additional study. IMPLICATIONS: A finding that a single transcervical treatment with 5% PF can occlude the fallopian tubes of @entity3474 supports further study of this approach as a novel strategy for permanent contraception for @entity1 .

title: Characterization of @entity432 after transcervical @entity5324 foam (PF) infusion in XXXX .

answer: @entity6599 :: (9557,Species) :: ['baboons']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our long-term goal is to develop a nonsurgical method of @entity432 for the purpose of permanent contraception. We have previously demonstrated that transcervical administration of 5% @entity5324 foam (PF) can create @entity432 in macaques but that multiple treatments are required. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of various regimens of PF with and without @entity11796 ( @entity12135 ) (to control ovarian cycle phase) in the @entity3474 . STUDY DESIGN: Adult cycling female @entity6599 were evaluated for tubal patency by hysterosalpingography and then received a transcervical infusion of PF with (+) or without (-) an intramuscular injection of @entity12135 (3.5 mg/kg). Two concentrations of PF were compared: 1% [(+) @entity12135 , n=5; (-) @entity12135 , n=3] and 5% [(+) @entity12135 , n=4; (-) @entity12135 , n=3]. Controls received (+) @entity12135 (n=2) or (-) @entity12135 , (n=3) only. The reproductive tracts were removed 1-3 months after treatment for examination. RESULTS: No @entity432 was observed in negative controls (  @entity12135 ). Histologic complete @entity432 was observed in 3/8 of females treated with 1% PF and in 6/7 treated with 5% PF. Histologic evaluation suggested that 1% PF is associated with @entity1162 (more than 2-3 months), while 5% treatment eliminates the epithelial lining, at least focally, and resolves into complete occlusion within 1-2 months. This pattern of complete occlusion was seen in all 4 females that received 5% PF (+ @entity12135 ) and in 2/3 that received 5% PF (- @entity12135 ). CONCLUSION: In a @entity3474 model of transcervical permanent contraception, a single treatment with 5% PF resulted in complete @entity432 more reliably (85%) than 1% PF (38%). Cotreatment with @entity12135 may improve treatment results with 5% PF but requires additional study. IMPLICATIONS: A finding that a single transcervical treatment with 5% PF can occlude the fallopian tubes of @entity3474 supports further study of this approach as a novel strategy for permanent contraception for @entity1 .

title: Characterization of XXXX after transcervical @entity5324 foam (PF) infusion in @entity6599 .

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['tubal occlusion']


abstract: @entity2293 must be treated by pericardial drainage as soon as possible. We recently encountered a rare case of traumatic @entity2293 in which the pericardial fluid disappeared spontaneously immediately before the planned drainage. This case is reported in this paper. The @entity1 was a 22-year-old male who was transported to our hospital after he sustained injuries in a traffic accident. The @entity1 was diagnosed to have a facial @entity174 , @entity358 , @entity296 (suspected), injury to the spinal cord at the L3-L4 level, @entity8 . After TAE was performed to deal with the @entity548 from the injured pelvis, the @entity1 was immediately hospitalized. About 6 hours after the injury, pericardial fluid accumulation began to be noted, and about 18 hours after the injury, the @entity1 went into shock, responding poorly to fluid resuscitation and treatment with pressor agents. At this time, a diagnosis of @entity2293 was made and emergency operation was arranged for. However, just before this could be executed, the @entity1 's blood pressure showed a sharp rise, accompanied by disappearance of the pericardial fluid. He continued to show steady improvement and could eventually be discharged from the hospital.

title: A case of traumatic XXXX showing sudden spontaneous disappearance of the pericardial fluid.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the left kidney and pelvic fracture']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial contusion']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['bone fracture']

entities_list: @entity2293 :: ('MESH:D002305', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac tamponade', 'Traumatic cardiac tamponade']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral lung contusions']

answer: @entity2293 :: (MESH:D002305,Disease) :: ['cardiac tamponade']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Whether nephrology management improves over time achievement of blood pressure (BP) goal (<130/<80 mm Hg) in nondialysis CKD is still ill-defined. This historical cohort analysis evaluated the relationship between 1-year nephrology management and BP control in 275 incident CKD @entity1 in an @entity8 . METHODS: Comparative analysis between referral and month-12 visit. RESULTS: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 42.1    15.5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and median @entity644 0.20 g/24 hours. From baseline to month-12 visit, BP decreased from 148    23 / 81    12 mm Hg to 136    18 / 76    11 mm Hg, with BP goal prevalence increasing from 13.8% to 33.8%. We stratified @entity1 into at-goal and not-at-goal on the basis of month-12 BP levels. Regression analysis identified @entity6 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.96; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.07-3.56) and basal systolic BP (OR=1.12; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21) as independent predictors of not-at-goal BP. The decrease in systolic/diastolic BP was smaller in not-at-goal versus at-goal @entity1 (-7/3 mm Hg vs. -21/9 mm Hg); in not-at-goal reduction was, however, significant versus baseline (p<0.001) and coupled with a similar decline in @entity644 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sustained nephrology management improves @entity101 control in CKD, but achievement of @entity551 remains suboptimal, with high systolic BP and @entity6 being the main problems. Further studies are needed to verify the clinical significance of BP and @entity644 changes in @entity1 whose BP remains above target levels.

title: XXXX management in chronic kidney disease: translating guidelines into daily practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['academic renal clinic']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['Hypertension']


abstract: Following @entity1897 microglia accumulate within the spinal cord and adopt a proinflammatory phenotype a process which contributes to the development of @entity9 . We have recently shown that @entity6536 , a growth factor released following nerve injury, activates @entity1722 , 3, and 4 receptors on microglia and stimulates proliferation, survival and chemotaxis of these cells. Here we studied the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of @entity6536 - @entity470 activation in microglial cells. We found that @entity6536 in vitro induced phosphorylation of @entity1366 and @entity584 without activating p38MAPK. Using specific kinase inhibitors we found that the mitogenic effect of @entity6536 on microglia was dependant on @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway, the chemotactic effect was dependant on PI3K/ @entity584 signaling and survival was dependant on both pathways. Intrathecal treatment with @entity6536 was associated with microgliosis and development of mechanical and @entity158 related @entity56 which was dependant on @entity1366 phosphorylation in microglia. Spinal nerve ligation results in a robust microgliosis and sustained @entity1366 phosphorylation within these cells. This pathway is downstream of @entity6536 / @entity470 signaling since its blockade resulted in a significant reduction in microglial @entity1366 phosphorylation. Inhibition of the @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway resulted in decreased spinal microgliosis and in reduced mechanical and @entity56 after @entity1897 . We conclude that @entity6536 released after nerve injury activates microglial @entity470 receptors which consequently stimulates the @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway that drives microglial proliferation and contributes to the development of @entity9 .

title: Following nerve injury @entity6536 drives microglial proliferation and @entity9 via the XXXX /ERK pathway.

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve damage', 'peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['cold hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['cold pain']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity8047 :: (5609,Gene) :: ['MEK']


abstract: Following @entity1897 microglia accumulate within the spinal cord and adopt a proinflammatory phenotype a process which contributes to the development of @entity9 . We have recently shown that @entity6536 , a growth factor released following nerve injury, activates @entity1722 , 3, and 4 receptors on microglia and stimulates proliferation, survival and chemotaxis of these cells. Here we studied the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of @entity6536 - @entity470 activation in microglial cells. We found that @entity6536 in vitro induced phosphorylation of @entity1366 and @entity584 without activating p38MAPK. Using specific kinase inhibitors we found that the mitogenic effect of @entity6536 on microglia was dependant on @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway, the chemotactic effect was dependant on PI3K/ @entity584 signaling and survival was dependant on both pathways. Intrathecal treatment with @entity6536 was associated with microgliosis and development of mechanical and @entity158 related @entity56 which was dependant on @entity1366 phosphorylation in microglia. Spinal nerve ligation results in a robust microgliosis and sustained @entity1366 phosphorylation within these cells. This pathway is downstream of @entity6536 / @entity470 signaling since its blockade resulted in a significant reduction in microglial @entity1366 phosphorylation. Inhibition of the @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway resulted in decreased spinal microgliosis and in reduced mechanical and @entity56 after @entity1897 . We conclude that @entity6536 released after nerve injury activates microglial @entity470 receptors which consequently stimulates the @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway that drives microglial proliferation and contributes to the development of @entity9 .

title: Following nerve injury @entity6536 drives microglial proliferation and XXXX via the @entity8047 /ERK pathway.

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: Following @entity1897 microglia accumulate within the spinal cord and adopt a proinflammatory phenotype a process which contributes to the development of @entity9 . We have recently shown that @entity6536 , a growth factor released following nerve injury, activates @entity1722 , 3, and 4 receptors on microglia and stimulates proliferation, survival and chemotaxis of these cells. Here we studied the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of @entity6536 - @entity470 activation in microglial cells. We found that @entity6536 in vitro induced phosphorylation of @entity1366 and @entity584 without activating p38MAPK. Using specific kinase inhibitors we found that the mitogenic effect of @entity6536 on microglia was dependant on @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway, the chemotactic effect was dependant on PI3K/ @entity584 signaling and survival was dependant on both pathways. Intrathecal treatment with @entity6536 was associated with microgliosis and development of mechanical and @entity158 related @entity56 which was dependant on @entity1366 phosphorylation in microglia. Spinal nerve ligation results in a robust microgliosis and sustained @entity1366 phosphorylation within these cells. This pathway is downstream of @entity6536 / @entity470 signaling since its blockade resulted in a significant reduction in microglial @entity1366 phosphorylation. Inhibition of the @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway resulted in decreased spinal microgliosis and in reduced mechanical and @entity56 after @entity1897 . We conclude that @entity6536 released after nerve injury activates microglial @entity470 receptors which consequently stimulates the @entity8047 / @entity1366 pathway that drives microglial proliferation and contributes to the development of @entity9 .

title: Following nerve injury XXXX drives microglial proliferation and @entity9 via the @entity8047 /ERK pathway.

answer: @entity6536 :: (3084,Gene) :: ['neuregulin-1']


abstract: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widely used therapeutic agents for many important @entity627 . A large body of evidence indicates that the anti-inflammatory effects as well as the toxic side effects of NSAIDs can be attributed to their ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. The most frequent side effect leading to discontinuation of NSAID therapy is upper @entity344 . This is a major problem for rheumatologists and their @entity1 since alternatives to NSAIDs are not readily available. The mechanism of upper @entity344 associated with NSAIDs can be attributed to their common ability to inhibit gastric @entity1421 synthesis, which suggests that gastrointestinal side effects often may not be avoided by substituting another NSAID, a prediction borne out by many @entity1 with @entity627 . However, there is some evidence that some @entity1 may differ in their susceptibility to gastrointestinal and other toxic effects, though this concept has not been rigorously studied in clinical trials. Thus, although changing the specific NSAID may prevent @entity344 in some @entity1 , many are intolerant to all NSAIDs. @entity1 who benefit from a specific NSAID, but in whom @entity344 develops, have limited options. Another NSAID may be substituted but at the risk of losing therapeutic efficacy and/or of continuing @entity137 . Alternatively, the side effects may be controlled while continuing therapy with the NSAID by one of several measures, including the use of antacids or a @entity112 (H2)-receptor antagonist, such as @entity4444 . The use of enteric-coated salicylates or nonacetylated salicylates may also provide satisfactory alternatives. However, @entity1 who have experienced major @entity344 , such as @entity548 or active peptic ulcers, should usually avoid NSAID therapy.

title: Management of @entity344 of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during the therapy of XXXX . The rheumatologist's perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic diseases']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive bleeding']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['rheumatic diseases']


abstract: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widely used therapeutic agents for many important @entity627 . A large body of evidence indicates that the anti-inflammatory effects as well as the toxic side effects of NSAIDs can be attributed to their ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. The most frequent side effect leading to discontinuation of NSAID therapy is upper @entity344 . This is a major problem for rheumatologists and their @entity1 since alternatives to NSAIDs are not readily available. The mechanism of upper @entity344 associated with NSAIDs can be attributed to their common ability to inhibit gastric @entity1421 synthesis, which suggests that gastrointestinal side effects often may not be avoided by substituting another NSAID, a prediction borne out by many @entity1 with @entity627 . However, there is some evidence that some @entity1 may differ in their susceptibility to gastrointestinal and other toxic effects, though this concept has not been rigorously studied in clinical trials. Thus, although changing the specific NSAID may prevent @entity344 in some @entity1 , many are intolerant to all NSAIDs. @entity1 who benefit from a specific NSAID, but in whom @entity344 develops, have limited options. Another NSAID may be substituted but at the risk of losing therapeutic efficacy and/or of continuing @entity137 . Alternatively, the side effects may be controlled while continuing therapy with the NSAID by one of several measures, including the use of antacids or a @entity112 (H2)-receptor antagonist, such as @entity4444 . The use of enteric-coated salicylates or nonacetylated salicylates may also provide satisfactory alternatives. However, @entity1 who have experienced major @entity344 , such as @entity548 or active peptic ulcers, should usually avoid NSAID therapy.

title: Management of XXXX of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during the therapy of @entity627 . The rheumatologist's perspective.

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal toxicity']


abstract: Infections linked in time and space with @entity2820 (serovar 0 : 9, biotype 2, lysotype X3) were observed in 6 cases within one university hospital. After a hospital epidemic in Finland in 1973 (involving 7 @entity1 ) this is the 2nd such observation. The spread was demonstrated in two areas. The probable source of @entity281 of one @entity1 group (n = 3) was a 48-year-old dialysis @entity1 admitted with a febrile condition without enteritic symptoms. Pathogens could be demonstrated in his faeces by direct culture, in two contact @entity1 cultivation was possible only with cold enrichment. Blood cultures of the first @entity1 were negative. At about the same time 3 further infections with @entity2820 of the same characteristics were observed in hospital personnel from different units. Frequent exchange of staff and @entity1 among affected wards increases likelihood of @entity580 . A dialysis nurse with @entity625 was the possible link between @entity1 and personnel. Transference of @entity281 from one @entity1 to another can be assumed in the above cases.

title: [Spread of XXXX @entity281 within a hospital (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['Yersinia arthritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['cross-infection']

entities_list: @entity2820 :: ('630', 'Species') :: ['Yersinia enterocolitica']

answer: @entity2820 :: (630,Species) :: ['Yersinia enterocolitica']


abstract: Infections linked in time and space with @entity2820 (serovar 0 : 9, biotype 2, lysotype X3) were observed in 6 cases within one university hospital. After a hospital epidemic in Finland in 1973 (involving 7 @entity1 ) this is the 2nd such observation. The spread was demonstrated in two areas. The probable source of @entity281 of one @entity1 group (n = 3) was a 48-year-old dialysis @entity1 admitted with a febrile condition without enteritic symptoms. Pathogens could be demonstrated in his faeces by direct culture, in two contact @entity1 cultivation was possible only with cold enrichment. Blood cultures of the first @entity1 were negative. At about the same time 3 further infections with @entity2820 of the same characteristics were observed in hospital personnel from different units. Frequent exchange of staff and @entity1 among affected wards increases likelihood of @entity580 . A dialysis nurse with @entity625 was the possible link between @entity1 and personnel. Transference of @entity281 from one @entity1 to another can be assumed in the above cases.

title: [Spread of @entity2820 XXXX within a hospital (author's transl)].

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: The organization and fine structure of @entity420 ( @entity420 ) from male @entity19 submandibular glands have been examined in controls and in animals injected with adrenergic and cholinergic secretagogues. Control submandibular glands exhibited a single population of @entity420 cells with numerous homogeneous granules filling the apical two-thirds of the cytoplasm. A zone of transition cells, exhibiting characteristics of both @entity420 and striated duct cells, was found between the agranular intercalated duct and @entity420 segments. These transition cells possessed apical granules of variable size as well as prominent basal striations. Dramatic changes in the morphology of @entity420 cells followed administration of the alpha-adrenergic agent, @entity2647 . The extensive degranulation involved formation of "secretory pools" of fused granules and release of secretory material into the lumen. The appearance of numerous smooth vesicles near luminal membranes suggested extensive membrane retrieval. Intracellular membrane-limited aggregates of membrane fragments suggested that much of the retrieved membrane was destined for degradation. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was highly dilated but there was no indication of increased size or activity of the Golgi complex. Ultrastructural evidence indicated that the secretory responses to @entity3044 , @entity15370 -adrenergic agent, and to @entity2134 , a cholinergic agent, were much more modest, but it is clear that some secretory response to these agents does occur. The other cell types of the duct and tubule system did not exhibit comparable morphological changes in response to the agents used.

title: Ultrastructure of the secretory response of male XXXX submandibular gland granular tubules.

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['GCT', 'granular convoluted tubule cells']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity5230 kinetics were studied after a single, oral, 20-mg capsule was taken by 12 young (six @entity1 , six @entity1 ) and 13 elderly (seven @entity1 , six @entity1 ) healthy subjects. Plasma samples were drawn for 216 hr after dosing. Plasma protein binding was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis and @entity5230 concentrations were measured by HPLC with ultraviolet detection. The apparent volume of distribution was smaller in elderly @entity1 (7.8 +/- 0.4 l) than in young @entity1 (11.3 +/- 0.3 l) and elderly @entity1 (10.8 +/- 0.8 l). There were no such differences when the apparent volume of distribution was normalized for total body weight. There was a strong correlation between total body weight and apparent volume of distribution in all subjects (r = 0.83). Plasma protein binding of @entity5230 ranged from 98.90% to 99.54% bound and was not affected by age or sex. @entity5230 body clearance in elderly @entity1 (0.026 +/- 0.002 ml/min/kg) was approximately 33% lower than in young @entity1 (0.039 +/- 0.003 ml/min/kg). This difference was reflected in different t1/2s of 61.7 and 44.9 hr. Predicted steady-state plasma @entity5230 concentrations were 5.7 micrograms/ml in young @entity1 , 5.4 micrograms/ml in young @entity1 , 5.7 micrograms/ml in elderly @entity1 , and 9.3 micrograms/ml in elderly @entity1 . The high value in elderly @entity1 results from the lower @entity5230 body clearance and total body weight. Our data suggest that healthy elderly @entity1 eliminate @entity5230 at a slower rate than healthy young @entity1 . The clinical significance of these data needs to be assessed in @entity1 .

title: Effects of age and sex on XXXX disposition.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5230 :: ('MESH:D010894', 'Chemical') :: ['piroxicam', 'Piroxicam']

answer: @entity5230 :: (MESH:D010894,Chemical) :: ['piroxicam']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To report our experience in the management of iatrogenic @entity3526 ( @entity3526 ). METHODS: During a 6-year period, 5 @entity1 were treated urgently for SAP. RESULTS: Two @entity1 presented with @entity397 , 2 with @entity1353 , whereas 1 had unremitting severe @entity158 . Three @entity1 underwent preoperative computed tomography angiography and 2 digital subtraction angiography. Three @entity1 were treated with an open surgical procedure, whereas 2 were managed by endovascular means. A combined supraclavicular and/or infraclavicular approach was used in 2 @entity1 , whereas a midsternotomy was mandatory to achieve proximal control in one. A combined transfemoral and/or brachial approach was used in both @entity1 treated endovascular. No perioperative @entity204 or procedure-related complications occurred. All symptoms were relieved, whereas the median hospital stay was 8 days. During a mean follow-up period of 20.4    10 months, none of the @entity1 needed any reintervention. CONCLUSIONS: Iatrogenic @entity3526 constitute a clinical entity that may need surgical treatment, especially in the presence of symptoms. In relatively stable @entity1 with no major compression issues, stenting could be considered as an adequate therapy for these situations. Open surgical repair should be considered when there is significant compression of adjacent structures or failure of the endovascular approach.

title: Management of iatrogenic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3526 :: ('MESH:D013349', 'Disease') :: ['subclavian artery pseudoaneurysms', 'SAPs']

answer: @entity3526 :: (MESH:D013349,Disease) :: ['subclavian artery pseudoaneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although several echo-Doppler methods were proposed to optimize atrioventricular (AV) delay in @entity1 with sequential ventricular pacing, "echo-guided" AV optimization has not been widely adopted clinically. A combination of @entity450 ( @entity450 ) and pulmonary venous flow (PVF) measurements may be beneficial to further optimize AV delay to achieve better cardiac function. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and usefulness of AV delay optimization by combined use of @entity450 and PVF. METHODS: A total of 32 @entity1 after sequential ventricular pacemaker implantation were enrolled and studied. The optimal AV delay was defined as the timing to minimize the duration between PVF reversal (a) wave and the duration of the "A" wave of @entity450 . @entity64 volume was measured at the "optimized" AV delay (AVDOPT) and was compared with that obtained at shorter (AVDOPT  -  50  ms) and longer (AVDOPT  +  50  ms) AV delays. RESULTS: AV optimization was feasible in 27 of 32 @entity1 (87  %). @entity64 volume at AVDOPT was significantly higher than that at shorter or longer AV delay (63      18  ml vs. 57      15  ml vs. 56      16  ml, P  =  0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AV delay optimization using @entity450 and PV flow was feasible. Usefulness of this method requires further investigation with a larger study population.

title: Feasibility of a novel atrioventricular delay optimization method using transmitral and pulmonary venous flow in XXXX with sequential ventricular pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy.

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['trasmitral flow', 'TMF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Amorphous @entity3440 nanoparticles (SiNP) are being investigated for their potential use in various industrial and medical fields. Therefore, the assessment of their possible pathophysiological effect on circulating cells such as platelets is essential. We recently showed that intraperitoneal administration of SiNP causes proinflammatory and prothrombotic responses in vivo. However, little is known about the interaction of amorphous SiNP with platelets in vitro. Presently, we investigated the in vitro effects of SiNP (1, 5 and 25  g/ml) on @entity1423 , oxidative stress and intracellular @entity460 in @entity19 platelets. Incubation of platelets with SiNP caused a significant and dose-dependent @entity1423 . Similarly, the activity of @entity880 dehydrogenase (as a marker of cell membrane integrity) was significantly increased by SiNP. Total antioxidant activity and lipid platelets vulnerability to in vitro peroxidation (measured by @entity1234 production) were significantly increased after SiNP exposure. Additionally, SiNP exposure significantly increased the cytosolic @entity460 concentration. In conclusion, our in vitro data show that incubation of platelets with SiNP caused @entity1423 , oxidative stress and increased intracellular @entity460 . This finding provides evidence on the @entity137 of SiNP on platelet physiology.

title: In vitro @entity1423 and oxidative stress caused by amorphous XXXX nanoparticles.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity3440 :: (MESH:D012822,Chemical) :: ['silica']


abstract: Amorphous @entity3440 nanoparticles (SiNP) are being investigated for their potential use in various industrial and medical fields. Therefore, the assessment of their possible pathophysiological effect on circulating cells such as platelets is essential. We recently showed that intraperitoneal administration of SiNP causes proinflammatory and prothrombotic responses in vivo. However, little is known about the interaction of amorphous SiNP with platelets in vitro. Presently, we investigated the in vitro effects of SiNP (1, 5 and 25  g/ml) on @entity1423 , oxidative stress and intracellular @entity460 in @entity19 platelets. Incubation of platelets with SiNP caused a significant and dose-dependent @entity1423 . Similarly, the activity of @entity880 dehydrogenase (as a marker of cell membrane integrity) was significantly increased by SiNP. Total antioxidant activity and lipid platelets vulnerability to in vitro peroxidation (measured by @entity1234 production) were significantly increased after SiNP exposure. Additionally, SiNP exposure significantly increased the cytosolic @entity460 concentration. In conclusion, our in vitro data show that incubation of platelets with SiNP caused @entity1423 , oxidative stress and increased intracellular @entity460 . This finding provides evidence on the @entity137 of SiNP on platelet physiology.

title: In vitro XXXX and oxidative stress caused by amorphous @entity3440 nanoparticles.

answer: @entity1423 :: (MESH:D001791,Disease) :: ['platelet aggregation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously reported on the efficacy of endocytoscopic classification (EC-C). However, the correlation of the endocytoscopic vascular (EC-V) pattern with diagnoses was unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the EC-V pattern for @entity14 . DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: A university hospital. @entity1 : @entity1 who underwent endocytoscopy between January 2010 and March  2013. INTERVENTION: We evaluated 198 consecutive lesions according to the EC-V pattern (EC-V1, obscure surface microvessels; EC-V2, clearly observed surface microvessels of a uniform caliber and arrangement; and EC-V3, dilated surface microvessels of a nonhomogeneous caliber or arrangement). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The diagnostic accuracy for predicting @entity1127 and @entity3 were compared between the EC-V pattern and other modalities (narrow-band imaging, pit pattern, and EC-C). RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the EC-V1 pattern for diagnosing @entity1127 were 95.5%, 99.4%, and 99.0%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the EC-V3 pattern for diagnosing @entity3 were 74.6%, 97.2%, and 88.6%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of the EC-V pattern for predicting @entity1127 was comparable to the other modalities. For predicting @entity3 , the EC-V pattern was comparable to narrow-band imaging and pit pattern, although EC-C was slightly more accurate (P  = .04). In the substudy, the diagnosis time by using the EC-V pattern was shorter than that with the EC-C pattern (P  < .001). LIMITATIONS: A single-center, retrospective study. CONCLUSIONS: The EC-V pattern saved more time than the EC-C pattern and had a diagnostic ability comparable to that of other optical biopsy modalities.

title: Endocytoscopic microvasculature evaluation is a reliable new diagnostic method for XXXX (with video).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cancer']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic polyps']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal lesions']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal lesions']


abstract: The international classification of @entity146 ( @entity1479 -8) presented by the WHO has not been accepted in all countries and where it is used, local adjustments are made and sometimes parallel classification models are used. The diagnostic system has also been criticized as lacking in exactness and consistency and the reliability between diagnosticians has been shown to be low. As a consequence, international communication is made difficult and research is hampered. This problem is particularly relevant in the field of biological research. In fact, it can be suspected that most inconsistencies as regards results obtained in different places might depend upon an inconsistent use of the current diagnostic labels. A possible solution of this problem can be the use of a multiaspect classification model. Such a multiaspect model (MACM) including four variables - symptomatology, severity, course and supposed etiopathogenesis - has been tested for several years at Ume  . MACM is shown to be easly to communicate both in undergraduate training and in ternational communication. The reliability between diagnosticians is found to range from 56 to 82% as compared to 22-36% as concerns @entity1479 -8. It is also shown that fairly homogeneous groups, both regarding course, supposed etiopathogenesis and biological basis, can be formed and that MACM seems to bear temporal stability. Computer programming of MACM diagnoses is as possible as with @entity1479 -8 diagnoses. Furthermore, when Macm is used in clinical routine work, much more information valid in administrative routines is stored than what is possible when @entity1479 -8 is used.

title: Multi-aspects classification of XXXX (MACM). A solution to the present confusion in the international classification @entity146 .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['mental disorders']


abstract: The international classification of @entity146 ( @entity1479 -8) presented by the WHO has not been accepted in all countries and where it is used, local adjustments are made and sometimes parallel classification models are used. The diagnostic system has also been criticized as lacking in exactness and consistency and the reliability between diagnosticians has been shown to be low. As a consequence, international communication is made difficult and research is hampered. This problem is particularly relevant in the field of biological research. In fact, it can be suspected that most inconsistencies as regards results obtained in different places might depend upon an inconsistent use of the current diagnostic labels. A possible solution of this problem can be the use of a multiaspect classification model. Such a multiaspect model (MACM) including four variables - symptomatology, severity, course and supposed etiopathogenesis - has been tested for several years at Ume  . MACM is shown to be easly to communicate both in undergraduate training and in ternational communication. The reliability between diagnosticians is found to range from 56 to 82% as compared to 22-36% as concerns @entity1479 -8. It is also shown that fairly homogeneous groups, both regarding course, supposed etiopathogenesis and biological basis, can be formed and that MACM seems to bear temporal stability. Computer programming of MACM diagnoses is as possible as with @entity1479 -8 diagnoses. Furthermore, when Macm is used in clinical routine work, much more information valid in administrative routines is stored than what is possible when @entity1479 -8 is used.

title: Multi-aspects classification of @entity146 (MACM). A solution to the present confusion in the international classification XXXX .

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['mental disorders']


abstract: Exenatide extended-release (exenatide ER) [ @entity42652 (  )] is a @entity8142 agonist, approved for the treatment of @entity6 . It is injected subcutaneously by @entity1 once weekly, with no dose titration required. This article updates an earlier review of exenatide ER in the management of type 2 @entity6 , focusing on recently published data. In randomized, controlled trials, adjunctive exenatide ER 2 mg once weekly for 24-30 weeks significantly improved glycaemic control and reduced bodyweight in @entity1 with inadequately controlled type 2 @entity6 despite diet plus exercise and/or @entity1697 ( @entity1697 ). These beneficial effects of exenatide ER were maintained after up to 6 years of treatment. In @entity1 receiving one or more @entity1697 , addition of exenatide ER provided better glycaemic control than an immediate-release formulation of exenatide (exenatide twice daily), @entity12350 , @entity12098 , insulin glargine or insulin detemir, and was slightly less effective than liraglutide. In @entity1 treated with diet plus exercise alone, adjunctive exenatide ER was noninferior to @entity2449 and superior to @entity12350 , but was not noninferior to @entity12098 . Exenatide ER was generally well tolerated, with a low inherent risk of hypoglycaemia. The most common adverse events were mild to moderate @entity344 , injection-site reactions and @entity10 . Thus, exenatide ER is a useful treatment option in the management of type 2 @entity6 . It offers a convenient, once-weekly regimen and can be administered by @entity1 via a pen injection system or syringes and needles.

title: Exenatide Extended-Release: An Updated Review of Its Use in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['OADs', 'oral antihyperglycaemic drugs']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity12098 :: ('MESH:C060836', 'Chemical') :: ['pioglitazone']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal events']

entities_list: @entity12350 :: ('MESH:C496398', 'Chemical') :: ['sitagliptin']

entities_list: @entity8142 :: ('2740', 'Gene') :: ['glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of level 3 @entity130 centres (TC) in inclusive @entity130 systems has not been well defined. The absence of nationally recognised inter-facility transfer criteria for inclusive systems has often left individual level 3 TCs to decide upon their own what their spectrum of care is and particularly which severely injured @entity1 to admit for definitive care. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in which the principal objective was to compare the characteristics and outcomes of severely injured (injury severity score>15) adult @entity1 (>= 18 years) who received definitive care at level 3 centres with severely injured adult @entity1 who were transferred to level 1-2 TCs during the same time period. Data were derived from the National @entity130 Data Bank (2010-2011). First, we utilised hierarchical logistic regression models to evaluate the risk-adjusted mortality of @entity1 admitted at level 3 TCs compared to those who were transferred to level 1-2 TCs. Subgroup analysis was carried out for @entity1 with isolated @entity131 (iTBI). Finally, we explored the extent of variation in risk-adjusted mortality across level 3 TCs. RESULTS: We identified 6433 severely injured @entity1 who received definitive care across 150 level 3 TCs and 41,165 severely injured @entity1 transferred to level 1-2 centres. @entity1 who received definitive care at level 3 TCs had a lower comorbidity burden and different injury profiles compared to those transferred to level 1-2 centres. There was no difference in crude mortality (10% vs. 11%, standardised difference 0.04); however, after risk-adjustment, the odds of @entity204 for @entity1 who received definitive care at level 3 TCs were 1.24-fold higher (95%CI 1.08-1.43) when compared to those transferred to level 1-2 centres. A trend towards a higher likelihood of @entity204 at level 3 centres was observed when analysis was limited to @entity1 with iTBI. Risk-adjusted mortality across level 3 TCs was with few exceptions, homogeneous (<10% of level 3 TCs were outliers with higher/lower mortality). CONCLUSIONS: Level 3 @entity130 centres are providing definitive care for a subset of severely injured @entity1 . Our findings suggest that the outcomes of severely injured @entity1 admitted at level 3 centres might be worse compared to those transferred to level 1-2 centres; a finding independent of performance outliers. Further work is required to elucidate the determinants of admission after severe injury at level 3 @entity130 centres.

title: Definitive care in level 3 XXXX centres after severe injury: A comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: The association of @entity1534 (C.p.) colonization of the upper gastrointestinal tract with five predefined anamnestic variables, seven symptoms of @entity2210 , and various blindly evaluated histological criteria, was prospectively investigated in a consecutive series of 149 @entity1 submitted to upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. Colonization was determined by biopsy urease tests and histological searches. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) between C.p.-positive and C.p.-negative @entity1 were found for smoker status and the frequency of therapy with @entity1066 drugs (positive association with C.p.) and antibiotics (negative association), but not for any other of the anamnestic data or symptoms. These data were further submitted to stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses. Concerning histological findings, C.p. colonization was significantly associated with the degree of antrum and body @entity3621 (P less than 0.01), and also with lymphocellular infiltration in antrum and body biopsies and neutrophil cellular grading in gastric antra. We conclude that C.p. colonization of the upper gastrointestinal tract is associated with gastritic change of the antrum and, albeit to a lesser extent, of the body mucosa. However, a specific pattern of symptoms to predict C.p. colonization could not be established.

title: XXXX : prospective analysis of clinical and histological factors associated with colonization of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer-healing']

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['Campylobacter pylori']

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['Campylobacter pylori']


abstract: The relationships between nerve @entity8371 levels and both nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and @entity616 ( @entity616 ) in @entity3839 -induced @entity6 @entity35 were examined in two studies. In the first study, sciatic NCV and @entity616 of the tail nerve, assessed by measuring the time to disappearance of the nerve action potential after the tail was rendered @entity63 , were measured in nondiabetic @entity35 , untreated @entity6 @entity35 , and @entity6 @entity35 given Statil, an @entity3650 reductase inhibitor (ARI). Sciatic NCV was lower in the untreated @entity6 animals than in control animals (P less than .05), and @entity616 of the tail nerve was greater (P less than .001). Treatment with the ARI completely prevented the slowing of NCV but had no significant effect on the increase in @entity616 . In the second study, similar groups of @entity35 were treated with either @entity10916 , insulin, or @entity8580 . Sciatic NCV was lower in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 than in the nondiabetic @entity35 (P less than .001). In @entity6 @entity35 treated with the ARI and in those treated with insulin, NCV was greater than in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 (P less than .05 and P less than .001, respectively) and was not significantly different from the nondiabetic @entity35 . NCV in the @entity8580 -treated @entity35 was not significantly different from that in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 . @entity616 was assessed by measuring the decline in sciatic nerve action potential amplitude at minute intervals after death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of @entity3650 reductase inhibition on nerve conduction velocity and XXXX in experimental @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['myo-inositol']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozocin']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['RICB', 'resistance to ischemic conduction block']

answer: @entity616 :: (MESH:D006327,Disease) :: ['resistance to ischemic conduction block']


abstract: The relationships between nerve @entity8371 levels and both nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and @entity616 ( @entity616 ) in @entity3839 -induced @entity6 @entity35 were examined in two studies. In the first study, sciatic NCV and @entity616 of the tail nerve, assessed by measuring the time to disappearance of the nerve action potential after the tail was rendered @entity63 , were measured in nondiabetic @entity35 , untreated @entity6 @entity35 , and @entity6 @entity35 given Statil, an @entity3650 reductase inhibitor (ARI). Sciatic NCV was lower in the untreated @entity6 animals than in control animals (P less than .05), and @entity616 of the tail nerve was greater (P less than .001). Treatment with the ARI completely prevented the slowing of NCV but had no significant effect on the increase in @entity616 . In the second study, similar groups of @entity35 were treated with either @entity10916 , insulin, or @entity8580 . Sciatic NCV was lower in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 than in the nondiabetic @entity35 (P less than .001). In @entity6 @entity35 treated with the ARI and in those treated with insulin, NCV was greater than in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 (P less than .05 and P less than .001, respectively) and was not significantly different from the nondiabetic @entity35 . NCV in the @entity8580 -treated @entity35 was not significantly different from that in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 . @entity616 was assessed by measuring the decline in sciatic nerve action potential amplitude at minute intervals after death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of XXXX reductase inhibition on nerve conduction velocity and @entity616 in experimental @entity6 .

answer: @entity3650 :: (CHEBI:15693,Chemical) :: ['aldose']


abstract: The relationships between nerve @entity8371 levels and both nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and @entity616 ( @entity616 ) in @entity3839 -induced @entity6 @entity35 were examined in two studies. In the first study, sciatic NCV and @entity616 of the tail nerve, assessed by measuring the time to disappearance of the nerve action potential after the tail was rendered @entity63 , were measured in nondiabetic @entity35 , untreated @entity6 @entity35 , and @entity6 @entity35 given Statil, an @entity3650 reductase inhibitor (ARI). Sciatic NCV was lower in the untreated @entity6 animals than in control animals (P less than .05), and @entity616 of the tail nerve was greater (P less than .001). Treatment with the ARI completely prevented the slowing of NCV but had no significant effect on the increase in @entity616 . In the second study, similar groups of @entity35 were treated with either @entity10916 , insulin, or @entity8580 . Sciatic NCV was lower in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 than in the nondiabetic @entity35 (P less than .001). In @entity6 @entity35 treated with the ARI and in those treated with insulin, NCV was greater than in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 (P less than .05 and P less than .001, respectively) and was not significantly different from the nondiabetic @entity35 . NCV in the @entity8580 -treated @entity35 was not significantly different from that in the untreated @entity6 @entity35 . @entity616 was assessed by measuring the decline in sciatic nerve action potential amplitude at minute intervals after death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of @entity3650 reductase inhibition on nerve conduction velocity and @entity616 in experimental XXXX .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To date there is no agreement as to what is the optimal concentration for @entity2287 -based contrast agents (GBCAs). PURPOSE: To assess whether diagnostic performance differences exist between 0.5   M and 1.0   M GBCAs used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A PubMed literature search identified 21 clinical studies published between 2005 and 2013 which evaluated the diagnostic efficacy of both types of GBCAs. Study design, type of procedure, GBCA administration mode, imaging performances, impact on @entity1 management, study limitations, and biases were analyzed. No statistical test was performed on pooled data. RESULTS: Sixteen comparative and five non-comparative studies were analyzed, involving 2183 @entity1 who underwent MRI procedures for various indications. In 67% of the studies, 0.5   M and 1.0   M GBCAs were injected at equimolar @entity2287 amounts per kg body weight. Only 33% applied the same molar flow rate for delivery of the GBCAs. No significant differences between GBCAs were reported for 23 out of 27 qualitative endpoints (mainly image quality, lesion, and vessel visualization) and 29 out of 40 quantitative endpoints. Three out of four studies with non-equimolar delivery rates showed better contrast-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratios for 1.0   M @entity2288 , without showing an impact on diagnostic performance. Methodological biases were identified in several studies impairing the interpretation of comparisons. CONCLUSION: Imaging differences between 0.5   M and 1.0   M GBCAs were essentially observed under non-equimolar delivery rates. However, they did not result into greater diagnostic efficacy when performed under equimolar conditions.

title: Effects of XXXX -based contrast agent concentrations (0.5   M or 1.0   M) on the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging examinations: systematic review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity2288 :: ('MESH:C090600', 'Chemical') :: ['gadobutrol']

answer: @entity2287 :: (MESH:D005682,Chemical) :: ['gadolinium']


abstract: AIMS: Evidence from @entity23 ( @entity23 ) evaluating possible benefits of @entity34 ( @entity34 ) for acute @entity64 has shown conflicting results. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to systematically examine clinical outcomes in @entity23 comparing the use of intravenous (IV) fibrinolysis alone to IV fibrinolysis plus @entity34 , for the treatment of acute @entity64 . METHODS AND RESULTS: We selected English language @entity23 , comparing @entity34 plus IV tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) (if eligible) with IV tPA alone in eligible @entity1 for the treatment of acute @entity64 . The primary endpoint was good functional outcome [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 0-2]. Other major endpoints of interest were all-cause mortality and symptomatic @entity1779 (sICH). The meta-analysis included 8 @entity23 that randomized 2423 @entity1 with large-vessel, anterior-circulation @entity64 . @entity34 significantly improved the rate of functional independence (90-day mRS of 0-2) when compared with IV fibrinolysis [odds ratio (OR) 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-2.53, number needed to treat (NNT) = 9.3]. The all-cause mortality was lower with @entity34 compared with the control group; however, the result did not reach statistical significance (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.68-1.15). The rate of sICH was not higher with @entity34 (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.73-1.56). Analyses from only the recent trials (reported in 2014-15) showed further benefit (OR of mRS 0-2: 2.42, 95% CI 1.91-3.08, NNT = 5) with similar safety results. CONCLUSION: In centres with advanced systems of @entity64 care, @entity34 significantly improved functional outcomes (without compromising safety) in @entity1 with acute @entity64 due to anterior circulation, large @entity432 , compared with standard therapy.

title: Endovascular therapy for acute XXXX : a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['randomized controlled trials', 'RCTs']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['EVT', 'endovascular therapy']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['ischaemic stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with uncomplicated type B aortic dissections who are managed medically are at risk of aortic @entity439 over time. However, the effect of improvement in antihypertensive medications and stricter blood pressure control is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of @entity439 in a contemporary cohort of @entity1 with medically treated type B dissection. METHODS: Included were all @entity1 with acute uncomplicated type B aortic dissection who were initially managed medically between March 1999 and March 2011 and had follow-up axial imaging studies. Maximum aortic growth was calculated by comparing the initial imaging study to the most current scan or imaging obtained just before any aortic-related intervention. An increase of >= 5  mm was the threshold considered as aortic growth. Predictors of aortic @entity439 were determined using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: We identified 200 @entity1 (61% @entity1 ) with medically managed acute type B dissections receiving multiple imaging studies. @entity1 were an average age of 63.4  years, and 75.5% had a history of @entity101 . Mean follow-up was 5.3  years (range, 0.1-14.7  years). Mean time between the initial and final imaging studies was 3.2  years (range, 0.1-12.9  years). At 5  years, only 51% were free from aortic growth. Fifty-six @entity1 (28%) required operative intervention (50 open, 6 endovascular repair) for @entity439 , and the actuarial 5-year freedom from intervention was 76%. After excluding five @entity1 (2.5%) with early rapid degeneration requiring intervention within the first 2  weeks, the mean rate of aortic growth was 12.3  mm/y for the total aortic diameter, 3.8  mm/y for the true lumen diameter, and 8.6  mm/y for the false lumen diameter. Only aortic diameter at index presentation >3.5  cm was a risk factor for future growth (odds ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-4.81; P  < .01). Complete @entity715 of the false lumen was protective against growth (odds ratio, 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.42; P  < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Although medical management of uncomplicated acute, type B aortic dissections has been the standard of care, at 5  years, a significant number of @entity1 will require operative intervention for @entity439 . Further studies of early intervention (eg, thoracic endovascular aortic repair) for type B aortic dissection to prevent late @entity439 formation are needed.

title: XXXX after medical management of type B aortic dissections.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal degeneration', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['Aneurysmal degeneration of the thoracoabdominal aorta']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity3124 represents a life-threatening disorder necessitating recruitment of defence mechanisms for survival. Herein, the @entity2339 is essential. However, the relevance of a relative insufficiency of the @entity2339 in @entity3124 , which is diagnosed by a suppressed @entity701 response to exogenous @entity4545 ( @entity4545 ) irrespective of the plasma @entity701 concentration, is controversial. Findings from several studies have provided insights that clarify at least part of this controversy. Rather than an activated @entity2339 , @entity4545 -independent regulators have been reported to contribute to increased @entity701 availability during @entity3124 . One of these regulators is reduced @entity701 breakdown, mediated by suppressed expression and activity of @entity701 metabolising enzymes in the liver and kidneys. This downstream mechanism increases concentrations of plasma @entity701 , but the ensuing feedback-inhibited @entity4545 release, when sustained for more than 1 week, has been shown to negatively affect adrenocortical integrity and function. Reduced adrenocortical @entity4545 signalling could explain reduced @entity701 responses to exogenous @entity4545 . Whether such reduced @entity701 responses in the presence of raised plasma (free) @entity701 identifies @entity177 needing treatment is unlikely. Additionally, reduced @entity701 breakdown affects the optimum dose of @entity701 treatment during @entity3124 . Identification of @entity1 with an insufficient @entity2339 response and the optimum treatment for this disorder clearly need more well designed preclinical and clinical studies.

title: New insights into the controversy of adrenal function during XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4545 :: ('5443', 'Gene') :: ['ACTH', 'adrenocorticotropic hormone']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critical illness', 'Critical illness']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal failure']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone', 'cortisol']

answer: @entity3124 :: (MESH:D016638,Disease) :: ['critical illness']


abstract: The relationship between @entity251 and @entity167 's effects on social behavior within established groups of squirrel monkeys was studied. Consistent behavioral differences between dominant and subordinate monkeys were quantitatively measured using computer assisted, continuous measurement techniques. Blood samples collected during the mating season revealed plasma @entity251 measures of 202.9 +/- 13.4 ng/ml in dominant monkeys and 28 +/- 6.2 ng/ml in subordinate monkeys. @entity167 (0.1-1.0 g/kg, PO) produced a dose-related decrease of @entity251 levels in dominant monkeys. Concurrently, @entity167 produced biphasic effects on the behavior of dominant but not subordinate monkeys; low doses (0.1, 0.3 g/kg) increased the frequency of threats, grasps, and displacements. Subordinate monkeys were not affected at any dose. During the non-mating season, plasma levels of @entity251 fell to 55.2 +/- 23.7 ng/ml in dominant monkeys and 7.3 +/- 1.7 ng/ml in subordinate monkeys. Plasma @entity251 and the social behavior of both dominant and subordinate monkeys were unaffected by @entity167 . These findings provide further evidence of a specific association between @entity167 , @entity251 and aggression in the non- @entity1 primate. High levels of @entity251 that are evident during the mating season of dominant, male squirrel monkeys may activate @entity167 sensitive brain substrates of @entity146 .

title: Androgen dependency of XXXX effects on @entity146 : a seasonal rhythm in high-ranking squirrel monkeys.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behavior']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: The relationship between @entity251 and @entity167 's effects on social behavior within established groups of squirrel monkeys was studied. Consistent behavioral differences between dominant and subordinate monkeys were quantitatively measured using computer assisted, continuous measurement techniques. Blood samples collected during the mating season revealed plasma @entity251 measures of 202.9 +/- 13.4 ng/ml in dominant monkeys and 28 +/- 6.2 ng/ml in subordinate monkeys. @entity167 (0.1-1.0 g/kg, PO) produced a dose-related decrease of @entity251 levels in dominant monkeys. Concurrently, @entity167 produced biphasic effects on the behavior of dominant but not subordinate monkeys; low doses (0.1, 0.3 g/kg) increased the frequency of threats, grasps, and displacements. Subordinate monkeys were not affected at any dose. During the non-mating season, plasma levels of @entity251 fell to 55.2 +/- 23.7 ng/ml in dominant monkeys and 7.3 +/- 1.7 ng/ml in subordinate monkeys. Plasma @entity251 and the social behavior of both dominant and subordinate monkeys were unaffected by @entity167 . These findings provide further evidence of a specific association between @entity167 , @entity251 and aggression in the non- @entity1 primate. High levels of @entity251 that are evident during the mating season of dominant, male squirrel monkeys may activate @entity167 sensitive brain substrates of @entity146 .

title: Androgen dependency of @entity167 effects on XXXX : a seasonal rhythm in high-ranking squirrel monkeys.

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['aggressive behavior']


abstract: Eighty-seven @entity1 with the clinical syndrome of @entity884 were examined by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography. @entity1 were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of echocardiographically detected vegetative lesions. Group 1 consisted of 47 @entity1 with one or more @entity47 . Group 2 consisted of 40 @entity1 without evidence of @entity47 . Group 1 @entity1 had a higher rate of complications: emboli, @entity712 and the need for surgical intervention. Analysis of morphologic characteristics of the @entity47 in group 1 was of no predictive @entity532 in individual @entity1 . Two-thirds of the @entity47 persisted unaltered well beyond the period of bacteriologic cure without significant complications. No characteristic alteration of the @entity47 predicted the efficacy of medical therapy. Although the detection of @entity47 by echocardiography in @entity1 with the clinical syndrome of @entity884 clearly identifies a subgroup at risk for complications, decisions regarding clinical management made solely on the basis of the presence or absence of vegetative lesions are hazardous. Management of such @entity1 must continue to be based on the clinical integration of multiple factors.

title: Echocardiographic documentation of vegetative lesions in XXXX : clinical implications.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['value for complications']

entities_list: @entity47 :: ('MESH:D018458', 'Disease') :: ['vegetations']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis', 'endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['infective endocarditis']


abstract: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) induce the formation of @entity548 @entity356 and intestinal ulcers in experimental animals. The damage can be prevented by prior local administration of @entity2918 , indicating that @entity2918 have protective properties on the @entity344 . The protective effect was studied in @entity1 by measuring the fecal @entity190 during @entity3352 treatment of 18 @entity1 with @entity627 with and without concomitant oral supplementation with 1 mg @entity1421 three times daily. The study had a randomized double-blind crossover design using 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes as marker of @entity360 . @entity3352 increased the daily fecal @entity190 from 1.0 +/- 0.3 to 2.8 +/- 0.6 ml (P less than 0.005). When oral @entity1421 was taken concomitantly, the @entity190 was reduced to 1.1 +/- 0.2 ml daily (P less than 0.01), i.e., to the control level. Side effects of @entity1421 were negligible, and the beneficial effect of @entity3352 on joint status and symptoms was not interfered with. No changes were recorded in repeated blood tests except for a slightly reduced hemoglobin and a small but statistically significant reduction of serum- @entity460 during @entity3352 treatment, an effect hitherto not described in normocalcemic @entity1 subjects. A protective effect on the @entity344 by oral @entity1421 has by the present study been demonstrated also in @entity1 . The protection is unrelated to the @entity356 acid secretion, which is not inhibited by oral @entity1421 . The finding may have clinical application, as gastrointestinal side effects and @entity548 are common reasons for discontinuation of NSAID in @entity1 with @entity627 .

title: Protective effect of @entity1421 in the gastrointestinal tract during XXXX treatment of @entity627 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic diseases']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2', 'prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal mucosa']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin', 'Indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity3352 :: (MESH:D007213,Chemical) :: ['indomethacin']


abstract: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) induce the formation of @entity548 @entity356 and intestinal ulcers in experimental animals. The damage can be prevented by prior local administration of @entity2918 , indicating that @entity2918 have protective properties on the @entity344 . The protective effect was studied in @entity1 by measuring the fecal @entity190 during @entity3352 treatment of 18 @entity1 with @entity627 with and without concomitant oral supplementation with 1 mg @entity1421 three times daily. The study had a randomized double-blind crossover design using 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes as marker of @entity360 . @entity3352 increased the daily fecal @entity190 from 1.0 +/- 0.3 to 2.8 +/- 0.6 ml (P less than 0.005). When oral @entity1421 was taken concomitantly, the @entity190 was reduced to 1.1 +/- 0.2 ml daily (P less than 0.01), i.e., to the control level. Side effects of @entity1421 were negligible, and the beneficial effect of @entity3352 on joint status and symptoms was not interfered with. No changes were recorded in repeated blood tests except for a slightly reduced hemoglobin and a small but statistically significant reduction of serum- @entity460 during @entity3352 treatment, an effect hitherto not described in normocalcemic @entity1 subjects. A protective effect on the @entity344 by oral @entity1421 has by the present study been demonstrated also in @entity1 . The protection is unrelated to the @entity356 acid secretion, which is not inhibited by oral @entity1421 . The finding may have clinical application, as gastrointestinal side effects and @entity548 are common reasons for discontinuation of NSAID in @entity1 with @entity627 .

title: Protective effect of XXXX in the gastrointestinal tract during @entity3352 treatment of @entity627 .

answer: @entity1421 :: (MESH:D015232,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin E2']


abstract: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) induce the formation of @entity548 @entity356 and intestinal ulcers in experimental animals. The damage can be prevented by prior local administration of @entity2918 , indicating that @entity2918 have protective properties on the @entity344 . The protective effect was studied in @entity1 by measuring the fecal @entity190 during @entity3352 treatment of 18 @entity1 with @entity627 with and without concomitant oral supplementation with 1 mg @entity1421 three times daily. The study had a randomized double-blind crossover design using 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes as marker of @entity360 . @entity3352 increased the daily fecal @entity190 from 1.0 +/- 0.3 to 2.8 +/- 0.6 ml (P less than 0.005). When oral @entity1421 was taken concomitantly, the @entity190 was reduced to 1.1 +/- 0.2 ml daily (P less than 0.01), i.e., to the control level. Side effects of @entity1421 were negligible, and the beneficial effect of @entity3352 on joint status and symptoms was not interfered with. No changes were recorded in repeated blood tests except for a slightly reduced hemoglobin and a small but statistically significant reduction of serum- @entity460 during @entity3352 treatment, an effect hitherto not described in normocalcemic @entity1 subjects. A protective effect on the @entity344 by oral @entity1421 has by the present study been demonstrated also in @entity1 . The protection is unrelated to the @entity356 acid secretion, which is not inhibited by oral @entity1421 . The finding may have clinical application, as gastrointestinal side effects and @entity548 are common reasons for discontinuation of NSAID in @entity1 with @entity627 .

title: Protective effect of @entity1421 in the gastrointestinal tract during @entity3352 treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['rheumatic diseases']


abstract: The distribution of lectin-binding sites in oxyntic and chief cells of isolated @entity95 gastric glands was determined with seven fluoresceinated lectins, to ascertain which lectins might best be used in the biochemical characterization of cell membranes and glycoproteins of these two cell types. Oxyntic cell canaliculi were labeled by @entity3505 germ, Helix pomatia, and peanut lectins, suggesting a predominance of @entity48777 . Tubulovesicles were heavily stained by @entity3505 germ, Helix pomatia, and @entity9377 I lectins, indicative of @entity48777 - and @entity3649 -containing glycoconjugates. Diffuse oxyntic cell cytoplasmic staining was observed with the @entity3913 -binding lectin concanavalin A. This lectin, along with @entity3505 germ, @entity1460 , Helix pomatia, and @entity9377 I lectins, bound to oxyntic cell basolateral membranes, indicating @entity3913 , @entity48777 , and @entity3649 residues. Chief cell apical membranes were labeled with peanut, @entity9377 I, Helix pomatia, and Ulex europaeus lectins, suggesting a predominance of @entity48777 , @entity3649 , and @entity3953 residues. None of the lectins demonstrated any significant affinity for chief cell cytoplasm or basolateral membrane. Ulex europaeus agglutinin-binding sites were additionally concentrated in lateral intercellular spaces. The results of this study indicate that the range of utility of isolated @entity95 gastric glands can be expanded to include histochemical work. In addition, the data suggest the applicability of lectin affinity chromatography in the isolation and characterization of oxyntic and chief cell membranes and glycoproteins.

title: Distribution of lectin-binding sites in oxyntic and chief cells of isolated XXXX gastric glands.

entities_list: @entity9377 :: ('3988', 'Species') :: ['Ricinus communis']

entities_list: @entity48777 :: ('CHEBI:21601', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylhexosamines', 'N-acetylhexosamine']

entities_list: @entity3649 :: ('MESH:D005690', 'Chemical') :: ['galactose']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Twenty one @entity3407 containing materials were examined for carcinogenic activity in a two year study using an intrabronchial pellet implantation system whereby pellets loaded with test material were surgically implanted into the lower left bronchus of @entity35 . The principal aim of the study was to extend our knowledge of the carcinogenic potential of @entity3407 compounds and, in particular, @entity29728 ( @entity15923 ). A statistically significant incidence of treatment related @entity5 was found with some sparingly soluble chromate materials. All @entity5 were large keratinizing @entity957 of the left lung, except for a @entity2220 and two @entity2 . No @entity153 (0/100) were seen in the negative control group (blank pellet loaded with @entity165 ), whereas @entity153 (22/48 and 25/100) occurred in the two positive control groups which received pellets loaded with @entity5954 and @entity46184 respectively. Among the 20 test materials, only three groups gave statistically significant numbers of @entity153 . Two of these were groups receiving different samples of @entity73119 which gave 43/99 and 62/99 @entity5 . The third group, @entity73120 (low solubility), gave 5/100 @entity153 . A further @entity73120 group (Norge composition) produced 3/100 @entity153 which was not statistically significant. @entity5 were observed in other test groups.

title: Investigation of the potential carcinogenicity of a range of XXXX containing materials on @entity35 lung.

entities_list: @entity73119 :: ('MESH:C048629', 'Chemical') :: ['strontium chromate']

entities_list: @entity73120 :: ('MESH:C023616', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc chromate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['A few lung tumours', 'lung tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['left lung anaplastic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3407 :: ('MESH:D002857', 'Chemical') :: ['chromium']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5954 :: ('MESH:D008748', 'Chemical') :: ['20-methylcholanthrene']

entities_list: @entity46184 :: ('MESH:C033750', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium chromate']

entities_list: @entity2220 :: ('MESH:C538231', 'Disease') :: ['single left lung adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity29728 :: ('MESH:D002840', 'Chemical') :: ['chromates']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3407 :: (MESH:D002857,Chemical) :: ['chromium']


abstract: Twenty one @entity3407 containing materials were examined for carcinogenic activity in a two year study using an intrabronchial pellet implantation system whereby pellets loaded with test material were surgically implanted into the lower left bronchus of @entity35 . The principal aim of the study was to extend our knowledge of the carcinogenic potential of @entity3407 compounds and, in particular, @entity29728 ( @entity15923 ). A statistically significant incidence of treatment related @entity5 was found with some sparingly soluble chromate materials. All @entity5 were large keratinizing @entity957 of the left lung, except for a @entity2220 and two @entity2 . No @entity153 (0/100) were seen in the negative control group (blank pellet loaded with @entity165 ), whereas @entity153 (22/48 and 25/100) occurred in the two positive control groups which received pellets loaded with @entity5954 and @entity46184 respectively. Among the 20 test materials, only three groups gave statistically significant numbers of @entity153 . Two of these were groups receiving different samples of @entity73119 which gave 43/99 and 62/99 @entity5 . The third group, @entity73120 (low solubility), gave 5/100 @entity153 . A further @entity73120 group (Norge composition) produced 3/100 @entity153 which was not statistically significant. @entity5 were observed in other test groups.

title: Investigation of the potential carcinogenicity of a range of @entity3407 containing materials on XXXX lung.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']