abstract: OBJECTIVE: To build mathematical models for evaluating the individual risk of @entity1478 in @entity1 with @entity548 and a thick endometrium using clinical data, sonographic endometrial thickness and power Doppler ultrasound findings. METHODS: A total of 117 @entity1 underwent transvaginal two-dimensional gray-scale and power Doppler ultrasound examination of the endometrium before getting endometrial biopsy. Inclusion criteria were @entity548 and a thick endometrium greater than 5mm. The ultrasound image showing the most vascularized section through the endometrium as assessed by power Doppler was frozen to estimate endometrial thickness and features. The vascularity index was calculated using computer software. A structured history was taken to collect clinical information. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to create mathematical models to predict @entity1478 . RESULTS: There were 31 (26.4%) malignant and 86 (74.6%) benign endometria    @entity1 with a malignant endometrium were older (median age 61 vs 56years, P=0.036) and had a thicker endometrium (median thickness 18.8mm vs 12.5; P=0.002) and higher values for vascularity index. When using only clinical data to build a model for estimating the risk of @entity1478 , a model including the variables age had the largest area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC), with a value of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-0.79). A model including age and endometrial thickness had an AUC of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.50-0.96), and one including age, endometrial thickness and vascularity index had an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.62-0.97). Using a risk cut-off of 12%, the latter model had sensitivity 89%, specificity 74%, positive likelihood ratio 3.42 and negative likelihood ratio 0.14. DISCUSSION: @entity548 is a frequent cause of consultation in gynecological particularly in peri- or post-menopausal period. They are the main alarm sign of @entity1204 . Vaginal ultrasound has become the "gold standard" in the initial exploration. It is a powerful tool to estimate the individual risk of @entity5 in symptomatic postmenopausal @entity1 in order to optimize the management. The diagnostic performance of models predicting @entity1204 increases substantially when sonographic and power Doppler information are added to clinical variables. This model seems to be clinically useful but need to be prospectively validated.

title: [Value of ultrasonography to predict the @entity1204 in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal bleeding', 'Postmenopausal bleeding', 'post-menopausal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1478 :: ('MESH:D014591', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial malignancy']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal bleeding']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To build mathematical models for evaluating the individual risk of @entity1478 in @entity1 with @entity548 and a thick endometrium using clinical data, sonographic endometrial thickness and power Doppler ultrasound findings. METHODS: A total of 117 @entity1 underwent transvaginal two-dimensional gray-scale and power Doppler ultrasound examination of the endometrium before getting endometrial biopsy. Inclusion criteria were @entity548 and a thick endometrium greater than 5mm. The ultrasound image showing the most vascularized section through the endometrium as assessed by power Doppler was frozen to estimate endometrial thickness and features. The vascularity index was calculated using computer software. A structured history was taken to collect clinical information. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to create mathematical models to predict @entity1478 . RESULTS: There were 31 (26.4%) malignant and 86 (74.6%) benign endometria    @entity1 with a malignant endometrium were older (median age 61 vs 56years, P=0.036) and had a thicker endometrium (median thickness 18.8mm vs 12.5; P=0.002) and higher values for vascularity index. When using only clinical data to build a model for estimating the risk of @entity1478 , a model including the variables age had the largest area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC), with a value of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-0.79). A model including age and endometrial thickness had an AUC of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.50-0.96), and one including age, endometrial thickness and vascularity index had an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.62-0.97). Using a risk cut-off of 12%, the latter model had sensitivity 89%, specificity 74%, positive likelihood ratio 3.42 and negative likelihood ratio 0.14. DISCUSSION: @entity548 is a frequent cause of consultation in gynecological particularly in peri- or post-menopausal period. They are the main alarm sign of @entity1204 . Vaginal ultrasound has become the "gold standard" in the initial exploration. It is a powerful tool to estimate the individual risk of @entity5 in symptomatic postmenopausal @entity1 in order to optimize the management. The diagnostic performance of models predicting @entity1204 increases substantially when sonographic and power Doppler information are added to clinical variables. This model seems to be clinically useful but need to be prospectively validated.

title: [Value of ultrasonography to predict the XXXX in @entity548 ].

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Symptomatic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EH) is a rare but potentially severe phenomenon which occurs in @entity2395 . There are no treatment guidelines. METHODS: Retrospective single centre study including the cases of symptomatic EH encountered between 1997 and 2014 in a unit specialised in red @entity74 . Description of clinical, biological and radiological characteristics of the @entity1 , treatments received, and outcomes. RESULTS: Among 182 @entity2395 @entity1 followed during the study period, 7  cases of symptomatic EH were diagnosed. They were 5  @entity1 and 2  @entity1 , and their mean age was 37  years. Four @entity1 were splenectomised, two @entity1 were regularly transfused, and four @entity1 had already received @entity1307 . EH was localised in intravertebral areas and responsible for dorsal @entity1745 in 5  @entity1 , in paravertebral dorsal area in 1  @entity1 , and in presacral area in 1  @entity1 . The mean hemoglobin level at diagnosis was 7.9  g/dL. Treatment administered included: red cell transfusion in 6 cases, associated with @entity1862 in 5 cases and/or radiotherapy in 3  @entity1 . One @entity1 was treated with surgery and HU. After a median follow-up of 41  months, clinical recovery was complete in 2  @entity1 and partial in 5  @entity1 . CONCLUSION: EH must be suspected in @entity2395 in @entity1 presenting clinical signs of organ compression, and a typical radiological aspect. The functional prognosis depends on the rapidity of treatment, which includes red blood cell transfusion, @entity1862 , radiotherapy, and rarely surgery. Long-term outcome is uncertain.

title: [Symptomatic extramedullary haematopoiesis in XXXX : A retrospective single centre study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['blood cell genetic disorders']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['b-thalassemia']

answer: @entity2395 :: (MESH:D013789,Disease) :: ['b-thalassemia']


abstract: A technique for extended ambulatory @entity158 control after lumbar discectomy is described; preliminary results with 45 @entity1 are reported; and alternative methods of narcotic @entity1337 are reviewed. In this technique, an absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam, Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI) is contoured to the laminotomy defect, placed in @entity8745 (40-80 mg), and then injected with 2 to 4 mg of preservative-free @entity1286 (a small needle was used to fill the sponge). The sponge is placed over the defect before closure. A review of office and hospital records was conducted. The series consisted of 33 @entity1 and 12 @entity1 (mean age, 39 yr; range, 24-57 yr); records showed narcotic use in 34 @entity1 (parenteral in 3) and work-related @entity130 in 14 @entity1 . Thirty-three @entity1 were ambulatory postoperatively on the day of surgery; all were ambulatory by postoperative day (POD) 1. On the day of surgery, 18 @entity1 did not require any postoperative analgesics; on @entity773 , 22 @entity1 did not require analgesics. Six @entity1 received parenteral narcotics; four received one dose only, and two had two or more doses. Thirty-one @entity1 were discharged from the hospital on @entity773 , and 10 were discharged POD 2. The other @entity1 were discharged from the hospital on POD 3 (three @entity1 ) or POD 4 (one @entity1 ). When they were discharged, all @entity1 received a limited supply of @entity1443 with codeine for @entity158 control at home. After discharge, phone follow-up (at 1 week) and office follow-ups (at 3-5 weeks) revealed only one @entity1 with more than mild discomfort. Three @entity1 required one-time bladder catheterization, and one @entity1 had presumed @entity1512 1 month postoperatively. In a control group who had undergone surgery 3 months previously, the average day of discharge had been POD 3.07; no control @entity1 had been discharged on @entity773 , and only 20% had been discharged on POD 2. This method provides effective, safe, and extended @entity1337 after lumbar discectomy.

title: Lumbar discectomy: use of an epidural XXXX sponge for postoperative pain control.

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['epidural pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity8745 :: ('MESH:C000873', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone acetate']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']


abstract: The success of maintenance haemodialysis in the 1960s was blighted by the problem of @entity417 . Treatment with @entity68 , @entity1501 , @entity3800 and transfusions did no more than minimize its effects. The need for a renewable source of @entity1307 was appreciated very early but the hope took 25 years to realize. Cloning and expression of the @entity1 gene was achieved in 1984 and clinical trials planned even before the descriptions of the recombinant hormone were published. The Amgen material was tested in parallel studies in Seattle and England and by the end of 1986 the efficacy of recombinant @entity1 @entity1307 (r-HuEPO) given in large intravenous bolus doses in reversing the @entity417 of uraemia was established. The benefits were immediately obvious: relief from transfusion dependence was the unequivocal evidence but the effect on 'wellbeing' though subjective was remarkable. Large clinical trials were completed in Europe and the USA so that r-HuEPO was licensed as a therapeutic drug less than two years later. The pilot studies flagged a number of key issues: @entity101 , sometimes with @entity75 , occurred in @entity1 whose blood pressure was labile before treatment; vascular access failure seemed more frequent and hyperkalaemia was thought to reflect less efficient dialysis. Failure to respond focused attention on @entity68 balance as well as on factors such as infection, @entity5715 , and @entity2742 . A more clear understanding of the pathogenesis of the @entity417 of uraemia was made possible by dissection of the specific effects of the exogenous @entity1307 on erythroid function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Historical review on the use of recombinant @entity1 XXXX in chronic renal failure.

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity5715 :: ('CHEBI:28984', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminium']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity1307 :: (2056,Gene) :: ['erythropoietin']


abstract: The success of maintenance haemodialysis in the 1960s was blighted by the problem of @entity417 . Treatment with @entity68 , @entity1501 , @entity3800 and transfusions did no more than minimize its effects. The need for a renewable source of @entity1307 was appreciated very early but the hope took 25 years to realize. Cloning and expression of the @entity1 gene was achieved in 1984 and clinical trials planned even before the descriptions of the recombinant hormone were published. The Amgen material was tested in parallel studies in Seattle and England and by the end of 1986 the efficacy of recombinant @entity1 @entity1307 (r-HuEPO) given in large intravenous bolus doses in reversing the @entity417 of uraemia was established. The benefits were immediately obvious: relief from transfusion dependence was the unequivocal evidence but the effect on 'wellbeing' though subjective was remarkable. Large clinical trials were completed in Europe and the USA so that r-HuEPO was licensed as a therapeutic drug less than two years later. The pilot studies flagged a number of key issues: @entity101 , sometimes with @entity75 , occurred in @entity1 whose blood pressure was labile before treatment; vascular access failure seemed more frequent and hyperkalaemia was thought to reflect less efficient dialysis. Failure to respond focused attention on @entity68 balance as well as on factors such as infection, @entity5715 , and @entity2742 . A more clear understanding of the pathogenesis of the @entity417 of uraemia was made possible by dissection of the specific effects of the exogenous @entity1307 on erythroid function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Historical review on the use of recombinant XXXX @entity1307 in chronic renal failure.

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of using the analytical technique of ultrasound images in combination with an @entity5 localization system. During respiration, the activity of breathing in and out causes organs displacement at the lower lobe of the lung, and the maximum displacement range happens in the Superior-Inferior (SI) direction. Therefore, in this study all the @entity5 positioning is in SI direction under @entity1576 , in which the compensations are carried out to the organs at the lower lobe and adjacent to the lower lobe of lung.In this research, due to the processes of ultrasound imaging generation, image analysis and signal transmission, when the captured respiratory signals are sent to @entity5 localization system, there was a signal time delay. The total delay time of the entire signal transmission process was 0.254    0.023 seconds (with the lowest standard deviation) after implementing a series of analyses. To compensate for this signal delay time (0.254    0.023 sec), a phase lead compensator (PLC) was designed and built into the @entity5 localization system. By analyzing the impact of the delay time and the respiratory waveforms under different frequencies on the phase lead compensator, an overall system delay time can be configured. Results showed as the respiratory frequency increased, variable value   a'' and the subsequent gain   k'' in the controller becomes larger. Moreover, value   a'' and   k'' increased as the system delay time increased when the respiratory frequency was fixed. The relationship of value   a'' and   k'' to the respiratory frequency can be obtained by using the curve fitting method to compensate for the respiratory motion for @entity5 localization. Through the comparison of the uncompensated signal and the compensated signal performed by the @entity5 localization system on the simulated respiratory signal, the feasibility of using ultrasound image analysis technology combined with the developed @entity5 localization system can be evaluated. The results show that the simulated respiratory signals under different frequencies of 0.5, 0.333, 0.25, 0.2 and 0.167 Hz with phase lead compensators were improved and stabilized. The compensation rate increased to the range of 7.04      18.82%, and the final compensation rate is about 97%. Therefore the @entity5 localization system combined with the ultrasound image analysis techniques is feasible.In this study, the developed ultrasound image analysis techniques combined into the @entity5 localization system has the following four advantages: (1) It is a non-invasive way (ultrasonic images) to monitor the entire compensating process of the active respiration instead of using a C-arm (invasive) to observe the organs motion. (2) During radiation therapy, the whole treatment process can be continuous, which can save the overall treatment time. (3) It is an independent system, which can be mounted onto any treatment couch. (4) Users can operate this system easily without the need of prior complicated training process.

title: The feasibility of the auto tuning XXXX system with ultrasonic image tracking technique.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'auto tumor']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory compensation']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['respiratory compensation']


abstract: @entity1 with severe chronic @entity712 were treated with intermittent @entity452 infusions administered on an outpatient basis with a portable infusion device. Eleven @entity1 (eight @entity1 and three @entity1 ), ages 28-71 years, were given initial @entity452 infusions at a rate of 1-2 micrograms/kg/min, and the dose was gradually increased to a maximum dose of 15 micrograms/kg/min. @entity1 were considered @entity452 responders if their cardiac output increased by at least 30% and pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure did not rise. After a sustained hemodynamic response was demonstrated, the infusion was discontinued to assess the @entity1 ' symptoms during drug-free intervals. The @entity1 were instructed and trained in proper catheter care after a venous-access catheter was surgically implanted. @entity1 were also shown how to use the ambulatory infusion pump. The @entity1 were treated with long-term intermittent @entity452 infusions for 3-24 months. All @entity1 adjusted easily to the routine of catheter and pump care and drug administration. The mean dose of @entity452 resulting in the maximum improvement in cardiac index was 9.4 micrograms/kg/min. All @entity1 observed an improvement in their symptoms of @entity712 during the drug infusions and the intervals between the infusions. There was a mean reduction of 1.2 in New York Heart Association functional class. There were 18 @entity712 -related hospital readmissions among the 11 @entity1 during 108 cumulative months of long-term @entity452 therapy. The intermittent administration of @entity452 via a portable infusion system appears to have improved the functional capacity of the 11 @entity1 studied. This may be a viable treatment alternative for selected ambulatory @entity1 with severe @entity712 who demonstrate hemodynamic improvement with @entity452 .

title: Intermittent @entity452 infusions in outpatients with chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine', 'dobutamine hydrochloride']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: @entity1 with severe chronic @entity712 were treated with intermittent @entity452 infusions administered on an outpatient basis with a portable infusion device. Eleven @entity1 (eight @entity1 and three @entity1 ), ages 28-71 years, were given initial @entity452 infusions at a rate of 1-2 micrograms/kg/min, and the dose was gradually increased to a maximum dose of 15 micrograms/kg/min. @entity1 were considered @entity452 responders if their cardiac output increased by at least 30% and pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure did not rise. After a sustained hemodynamic response was demonstrated, the infusion was discontinued to assess the @entity1 ' symptoms during drug-free intervals. The @entity1 were instructed and trained in proper catheter care after a venous-access catheter was surgically implanted. @entity1 were also shown how to use the ambulatory infusion pump. The @entity1 were treated with long-term intermittent @entity452 infusions for 3-24 months. All @entity1 adjusted easily to the routine of catheter and pump care and drug administration. The mean dose of @entity452 resulting in the maximum improvement in cardiac index was 9.4 micrograms/kg/min. All @entity1 observed an improvement in their symptoms of @entity712 during the drug infusions and the intervals between the infusions. There was a mean reduction of 1.2 in New York Heart Association functional class. There were 18 @entity712 -related hospital readmissions among the 11 @entity1 during 108 cumulative months of long-term @entity452 therapy. The intermittent administration of @entity452 via a portable infusion system appears to have improved the functional capacity of the 11 @entity1 studied. This may be a viable treatment alternative for selected ambulatory @entity1 with severe @entity712 who demonstrate hemodynamic improvement with @entity452 .

title: Intermittent XXXX infusions in outpatients with chronic @entity712 .

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine hydrochloride']


abstract: On consultation, @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ) was offered to @entity1 with @entity3039 ( @entity3039 ) to determine the mode and site of delivery prior to labour. Between January 1989 and December 1993, 41 pregnant @entity1 underwent @entity1503 . All @entity1 had a history of @entity3039 , a platelet count less than 90 K, (+) antiplatelet antibody, and/or @entity882 diagnosed early in pregnancy. @entity1503 was performed at term except in one @entity1 with @entity3152 , who underwent @entity1503 at 31 weeks' gestation. @entity1 with fetal platelet counts greater than 50 K returned to their referring physician for delivery. Records were complete in 39 pregnancies. Fetal blood was successfully obtained in 37 of 39 cases (95 per cent). Fetal platelet counts correlated with neonatal platelet counts in 36 of 37 cases (97 per cent). The interval between @entity1503 and delivery ranged from 0 to 31 days. Six of 37 fetuses (16 per cent) had significant @entity882 (< 50 K). These six @entity1 underwent Caesarean section. Vaginal delivery was recommended in all others. There were two procedure-related complications. There were no cases of @entity548 in any of the neonates. In conclusion, there is a high incidence of @entity882 in @entity1 with @entity3039 . @entity1503 reliably detects @entity882 and is therefore useful in the perinatal planning of the mode and site of delivery.

title: The role of XXXX in the management of @entity3039 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labour']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia', 'fetal thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['percutaneous umbilical blood sampling', 'PUBS']

entities_list: @entity3039 :: ('MESH:D016553', 'Disease') :: ['immune thrombocytopenic purpura', 'ITP']

answer: @entity1503 :: (MESH:D006402,Disease) :: ['percutaneous umbilical blood sampling']


abstract: On consultation, @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ) was offered to @entity1 with @entity3039 ( @entity3039 ) to determine the mode and site of delivery prior to labour. Between January 1989 and December 1993, 41 pregnant @entity1 underwent @entity1503 . All @entity1 had a history of @entity3039 , a platelet count less than 90 K, (+) antiplatelet antibody, and/or @entity882 diagnosed early in pregnancy. @entity1503 was performed at term except in one @entity1 with @entity3152 , who underwent @entity1503 at 31 weeks' gestation. @entity1 with fetal platelet counts greater than 50 K returned to their referring physician for delivery. Records were complete in 39 pregnancies. Fetal blood was successfully obtained in 37 of 39 cases (95 per cent). Fetal platelet counts correlated with neonatal platelet counts in 36 of 37 cases (97 per cent). The interval between @entity1503 and delivery ranged from 0 to 31 days. Six of 37 fetuses (16 per cent) had significant @entity882 (< 50 K). These six @entity1 underwent Caesarean section. Vaginal delivery was recommended in all others. There were two procedure-related complications. There were no cases of @entity548 in any of the neonates. In conclusion, there is a high incidence of @entity882 in @entity1 with @entity3039 . @entity1503 reliably detects @entity882 and is therefore useful in the perinatal planning of the mode and site of delivery.

title: The role of @entity1503 in the management of XXXX .

answer: @entity3039 :: (MESH:D016553,Disease) :: ['immune thrombocytopenic purpura']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity730 ( @entity730 ), also known as @entity13375 , is a rare disease most frequently occurring in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ). The clinical picture is typically characterized by very painful @entity272 and @entity1066 following calcification and occlusion of small cutaneous arterioles. @entity730 is life-threatening due to @entity281 and concomitant @entity65 . METHODS: We performed a literature search for the terms @entity13375 and @entity730 and summarized current state-of-the-art knowledge about pathophysiology, clinical picture, course of the disease, as well as treatment options. We have filled out the literature data with our personal treatment experiences. RESULTS: A combination of various local and systemic risk factors are necessary to cause the development of @entity13375 . This pathophysiological cascade is still incompletely understood. @entity1 with advanced @entity740 and dialysis @entity1 are especially at risk to develop @entity730 . Regarding therapy, no randomized prospective trials are available, and treatment is rather based on pathophysiological considerations as well as on evidence derived from case reports or case series. Therapy focuses on optimized dialysis treatment, control of @entity740 parameters, experimental anticalcification strategies and wound care. CONCLUSION: Facing the still deleterious outcome of @entity1 with @entity13375 , further studies on prophylaxis as well as treatment are urgently needed. Current treatment strategies may help ameliorate the course of the disease in some @entity1 . However, it is still unclear if they are able to decrease mortality.

title: XXXX : a still unmet challenge.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerations']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'advanced chronic kidney disease', 'chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['Calcific uremic arteriolopathy', 'CUA', 'calcific uremic arteriolopathy']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity13375 :: ('MESH:D002115', 'Disease') :: ['calciphylaxis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity13375 :: (MESH:D002115,Disease) :: ['Calciphylaxis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk of subsequent local recurrence (LR) and survival of @entity421 ( @entity421 ) @entity1 who underwent re-excision after intralesional excision. METHODS: We analyzed clinical outcomes of 11 @entity421 @entity1 referred after intralesional excision. Average follow-up was 86 months (range: 37-190 months). There were 9 Stage IB lesions and 2 Stage IIB lesions. @entity5 were located in the femur (3) and in other locations (8). Seven @entity1 showing recurrent @entity5 at referral received entire segmental excision while remaining four @entity1 without LR underwent hemi-cortical excision. RESULTS: The 5-year @entity3 free survival rate of 11 @entity1 was 81.8%. @entity1 without evident @entity5 mass did not show further recurrence after re-excision. However, 5 (71.4%) of the 7 @entity1 with recurrent @entity5 relapsed despite segmental re-excision, and their median interval to subsequent LR was 18.8 months (range: 4-9 months). Two of five @entity1 with re-recurrence developed @entity3 which were unresponsive to chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Following inadvertent intralesional procedure, re-excision should be liberally applied before there is an evidence of recurrence. In @entity1 presenting with gross LR, amputation should not be spared unless wide surgical margin can be achieved.

title: Outcome of re-excision for intralesionally treated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['parosteal osteosarcoma', 'POS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['parosteal osteosarcoma']


abstract: The Danish @entity1 Insurance Society (Patientforsikringsforeningen) was established by law in July 1992. The aim was to provide a just system of compensation for complications following medical treatment, that are not caused by culpous actions or omissions. The first 34 case records concerning position-related @entity128 were reviewed. The material has national coverage. The exact incidence of position related @entity128 in Denmark is unknown, but transitory @entity16 after otherwise uncomplicated surgical procedures are probably not infrequent complications. The material includes 17 males and 17 females. Position-related injury most often affects the peroneal nerve, followed by the ulnar nerve and lesions to the brachial plexus. The etiology is often difficult to establish precisely, and may often be multifactorial. In our material the main reason is believed to be direct pressure to the nerve in 76% of cases. Predisposition (e.g. subclinical @entity16 or @entity6 ) often complicates the case, but neurophysiological examination and the relation in time between an operation and the onset of @entity16 often clarifies the etiology.

title: [Posture-related injuries and XXXX insurance].

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms', 'neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: A careful history points the urodynamic examination in the right direction and enables the examiner to ask the correct questions. The individual who does the test is the only reliable interpreter of the results of that study. No urodynamic technique is as sensitive or specific as a blood @entity413 , or even an electrocardiogram. A history of urgency and urge @entity322 suggests uninhibited contractility and is a better index of that condition than a cystometrogram. Leakage occurring shortly after a previous operative procedure for @entity3142 suggests @entity3142 . A past history of radiation, prior pelvic surgery, @entity16 , @entity890 , or prior chemotherapy all require a simple cystometrogram to rule out abnormal bladder compliance. Following a simple history and urodynamic evaluation, a physical examination should be performed, searching for urethra @entity3577 . Abdominal leak-point pressure testing is useful to assign broad categories of @entity322 . Relatively high leak-point pressures with @entity8018 suggest suspension operations will be effective. @entity551 with @entity8018 often require a sling, and very low leak-point pressures with no @entity8018 indicate a suitable candidate for a trial of injection therapy.

title: Urodynamic evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disease']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['type III stress incontinence', 'stress incontinence']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Low leak-point pressures']

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['hypermobility and genital prolapse']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity8018 :: ('MESH:C536196', 'Disease') :: ['hypermobility']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['herniated disc conditions']

answer: @entity3142 :: (MESH:D014550,Disease) :: ['stress incontinence']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the distributions of stress, strain, and @entity174 areas using a finite element model (FEM), and examine the @entity3457 histopathologically in @entity2530 of the femoral head. METHODS: Three femoral heads were obtained during hip arthroplasty for femoral @entity135 . One sample with a normal area, two samples with a non-sclerotic boundary without collapse (Type 1), two samples with a non-collapsed sclerotic boundary (Type 2), and two samples with a collapsed sclerotic boundary (Type 3) were collected from each femoral head for the FEM and histopathological analyses. FEM was performed using CT data, and the distributions of von Mises equivalent stress, octahedral shear stress, @entity6475 , and simulated @entity174 area were evaluated. Furthermore, the osteoclast count at the boundary was compared for each type. RESULTS: In normal and Type 1 samples, the distributions of von Mises equivalent stress, octahedral shear stress, @entity6475 , and the @entity174 area were equally concentrated along the whole analytical range; however, in the Type 2 and 3 samples, they were concentrated along the thickened bone trabeculae at the boundary, which corresponded to the @entity174 area. Histopathologically, a significantly increased osteoclast number was observed only at the collapsed sclerotic boundary. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that both shear stress and @entity6475 tend to be concentrated on thickened bone trabeculae at the boundary. Fracture analyses revealed that the boundary of sclerotic changes, which results from the repair process, may be the starting point of the @entity174 . Additionally, the @entity3457 increases after collapse.

title: The role of sclerotic changes in the starting mechanisms of collapse: A histomorphometric and FEM study on the femoral head of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head osteonecrosis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractured', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['octahedral shear strain', 'shear strain']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['osteoclastic activity']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity2530 :: (MESH:D010020,Disease) :: ['osteonecrosis']


abstract: Necrophagous insects are valuable tools for postmortem interval (PMI) estimation or for determining the cause of @entity204 . Due to the increase in deaths related to @entity734 , it is crucial to know how these substances affect the development of flies that feed on corpses, to avoid errors in the PMI estimates. This study evaluated the effect of @entity11330 , an anabolic androgenic @entity134 , on the development ofimmatures of Chrysomya megacephala (F.), @entity51502 (Wiedemann), and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera:Calliphoridae) when added to an artificial rearing diet. Four experimental groups were delineated: three of them were given diets containing 4.5, 22.5, or 45 mg/kg @entity11330 ; and a drug-free control group. Weights were recorded at 12-h intervals from larval eclosion to pupation. No statistically significant differences were observed in mean larval weights, emergence interval, or emergence rates for all groups. However, differences in the three species were observed during the larval development. Initially, @entity51502 reared in the highest concentration of decanoate showed greater @entity1017 . However, at older ages, immatures reached lower mean weights than the control group. For C. albiceps, the highest concentration of @entity19658 contributed to an effective lack of @entity1017 during almost the entire course of larval development. Therefore, the influence of any drug on development should always be considered.

title: Effect of XXXX on the development of three species of Chrysomya (Diptera:Calliphoridae), flies of forensic importance in Brazil.

entities_list: @entity19658 :: ('CHEBI:27689', 'Chemical') :: ['decanoate']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity11330 :: ('MESH:C003297', 'Chemical') :: ['nandrolone decanoate']

entities_list: @entity51502 :: ('235600', 'Species') :: ['C. putoria', 'Chrysomya putoria']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']

answer: @entity11330 :: (MESH:C003297,Chemical) :: ['nandrolone decanoate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity600 (delivery before 37 weeks gestation) is a major contributor to the global burden of @entity5845 and @entity204 . The cause of @entity600 is complex, multifactorial, and likely dependent, at least in part, on the gestational age of the fetus. Intrauterine @entity281 is frequent in preterm deliveries that occur at <32 weeks gestation; understanding how the fetus responds to proinflammatory insult will be an important step towards early @entity600 prevention. However, animal studies of @entity281 and @entity32 in prematurity commonly use older fetuses that possess comparatively mature immune systems. OBJECTIVE: Aiming to characterize acute fetal responses to microbial agonist at a clinically relevant gestation, we used 92-day-old fetuses (62% of term) to develop a chronically catheterized @entity742 model of very preterm pregnancy. We hypothesized that any acute fetal systemic inflammatory responses would be driven by signaling from the tissues exposed to @entity526 lipopolysaccharide that is introduced into the amniotic fluid. STUDY DESIGN: Eighteen ewes that were carrying a single fetus at 92 days of gestation had recovery surgery to place fetal tracheal, jugular, and intraamniotic catheters. Animals were recovered for 24 hours before being administered either intraamniotic @entity526 lipopolysaccharide (n  = 9) or sterile saline solution (n  = 9). Samples were collected for 48 hours before euthanasia and necroscopy. Fetal inflammatory responses were characterized by microarray analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide reached the distal @entity825 within 2 hours. @entity40675 increased tracheal fluid @entity18733 within 2 hours and generated a robust inflammatory response that was characterized by @entity18730 signaling pathway activation and up-regulation of cell proliferation but no increases in inflammatory mediator expression in cord blood RNA. CONCLUSIONS: In very preterm @entity742 fetuses, lipopolysaccharide stimulates @entity32 in the fetal lung and fetal skin and stimulates a systemic inflammatory response that is not generated by fetal blood cells. These data argue for amniotic fluid-exposed tissues that play a key role in driving acute fetal and intrauterine inflammatory responses.

title: Outside-in? @entity32 in very preterm chronically catheterized XXXX fetuses is not driven by cells in the fetal blood.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity40675 :: ('D008070', 'Chemical') :: ['Lipopolysaccharide']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth', 'preterm birth syndrome']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5845 :: ('MESH:D009767', 'Disease') :: ['perinatal morbidity']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E coli']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity600 (delivery before 37 weeks gestation) is a major contributor to the global burden of @entity5845 and @entity204 . The cause of @entity600 is complex, multifactorial, and likely dependent, at least in part, on the gestational age of the fetus. Intrauterine @entity281 is frequent in preterm deliveries that occur at <32 weeks gestation; understanding how the fetus responds to proinflammatory insult will be an important step towards early @entity600 prevention. However, animal studies of @entity281 and @entity32 in prematurity commonly use older fetuses that possess comparatively mature immune systems. OBJECTIVE: Aiming to characterize acute fetal responses to microbial agonist at a clinically relevant gestation, we used 92-day-old fetuses (62% of term) to develop a chronically catheterized @entity742 model of very preterm pregnancy. We hypothesized that any acute fetal systemic inflammatory responses would be driven by signaling from the tissues exposed to @entity526 lipopolysaccharide that is introduced into the amniotic fluid. STUDY DESIGN: Eighteen ewes that were carrying a single fetus at 92 days of gestation had recovery surgery to place fetal tracheal, jugular, and intraamniotic catheters. Animals were recovered for 24 hours before being administered either intraamniotic @entity526 lipopolysaccharide (n  = 9) or sterile saline solution (n  = 9). Samples were collected for 48 hours before euthanasia and necroscopy. Fetal inflammatory responses were characterized by microarray analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide reached the distal @entity825 within 2 hours. @entity40675 increased tracheal fluid @entity18733 within 2 hours and generated a robust inflammatory response that was characterized by @entity18730 signaling pathway activation and up-regulation of cell proliferation but no increases in inflammatory mediator expression in cord blood RNA. CONCLUSIONS: In very preterm @entity742 fetuses, lipopolysaccharide stimulates @entity32 in the fetal lung and fetal skin and stimulates a systemic inflammatory response that is not generated by fetal blood cells. These data argue for amniotic fluid-exposed tissues that play a key role in driving acute fetal and intrauterine inflammatory responses.

title: Outside-in? XXXX in very preterm chronically catheterized @entity742 fetuses is not driven by cells in the fetal blood.

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Acute fetal systemic inflammation']


abstract: Twenty-three @entity1 were evaluated from 1-15 (mean 6) years after recovering from an episode of @entity294 -associated associated childhood @entity1381 (DA- @entity11849 ). All @entity1 had received only conservative treatment; none had been given experimental, anti-coagulant, or immunological therapies. Follow-up studies included morphologic and duplex Doppler sonograms. Doppler sonography was used to determine the resistive index, a measure of renovascular resistance. Histories and physical examinations revealed no abnormalities. Results of laboratory studies, which included calculated glomerular filtration rates, were all within normal limits, except for one @entity1 with minor @entity1494 . Renal sonograms showed no significant @entity8 or parenchymal appearance. However, Doppler sonographic examinations revealed that the DA- @entity11849 @entity1 demonstrated less of a decrease in renovascular resistance with age than did the control group (p < 0.0002). After recovery, @entity1 treated exclusively with conservative management during an acute episode of DA- @entity11849 appeared to have an excellent long-term prognosis. Comparison of our results with those from other studies in which investigational therapies have been used during the acute phase of DA- @entity11849 suggests that latent @entity137 which cause long term sequelae may not have been appreciated previously. The clinical significance of the altered renal vascular resistance remains to be delineated.

title: Altered renovascular resistance after spontaneous recovery from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of kidney length']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['urinary abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1381 :: ('MESH:D006463', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic uremic syndrome']

answer: @entity1381 :: (MESH:D006463,Disease) :: ['hemolytic uremic syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity65 ( @entity65 ) can occur in individuals with low low-density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 (LDL-C). We investigated whether detailed measures of LDL subfractions and other lipoproteins can be used to assess @entity65 risk in a population with both low LDL-C and high @entity1851 who were randomized to high-intensity statin or placebo. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 11   186 Justification for the Use of @entity6817 in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating @entity8671 (JUPITER) @entity1 , we tested whether lipids, apolipoproteins, and ion mobility-measured particle concentrations at baseline and after random allocation to @entity8671 20 mg/d or placebo were associated with first @entity65 events (n=307) or @entity65 /all-cause @entity204 (n=522). In placebo-allocated @entity1 , baseline LDL-C was not associated with @entity65 (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] per SD, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-1.21). In contrast, associations with @entity65 events were observed for baseline non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01-1.38), @entity755 (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11-1.48), and ion mobility-measured non-HDL particles (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.35) and LDL particles (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.07-1.37). Association with @entity65 events was also observed for several LDL and very-low-density lipoprotein subfractions but not for ion mobility-measured HDL subfractions. In statin-allocated @entity1 , @entity65 events were associated with on-treatment LDL-C, non-HDL @entity165 , and @entity755 ; these were also associated with @entity65 /all-cause @entity204 , as were several LDL and very-low-density lipoprotein subfractions, albeit with a pattern of association that differed from the baseline risk. CONCLUSIONS: In JUPITER, baseline LDL-C was not associated with @entity65 events, in contrast with significant associations for non-HDL @entity165 and atherogenic particles: @entity755 and ion mobility-measured non-HDL particles, LDL particles, and select subfractions of very-low-density lipoprotein particles and LDL particles. During high-intensity statin therapy, on-treatment levels of LDL-C and atherogenic particles were associated with residual risk of @entity65 /all-cause @entity204 . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00239681.

title: Atherogenic Lipoprotein Subfractions Determined by Ion Mobility and First Cardiovascular Events After Random Allocation to High-Intensity Statin or Placebo: The Justification for the Use of XXXX in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating @entity8671 (JUPITER) Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity8671 :: ('MESH:C422923', 'Chemical') :: ['rosuvastatin', 'Rosuvastatin']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease', 'CVD']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity6817 :: (D019821,Chemical) :: ['Statins']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity65 ( @entity65 ) can occur in individuals with low low-density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 (LDL-C). We investigated whether detailed measures of LDL subfractions and other lipoproteins can be used to assess @entity65 risk in a population with both low LDL-C and high @entity1851 who were randomized to high-intensity statin or placebo. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 11   186 Justification for the Use of @entity6817 in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating @entity8671 (JUPITER) @entity1 , we tested whether lipids, apolipoproteins, and ion mobility-measured particle concentrations at baseline and after random allocation to @entity8671 20 mg/d or placebo were associated with first @entity65 events (n=307) or @entity65 /all-cause @entity204 (n=522). In placebo-allocated @entity1 , baseline LDL-C was not associated with @entity65 (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] per SD, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-1.21). In contrast, associations with @entity65 events were observed for baseline non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01-1.38), @entity755 (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11-1.48), and ion mobility-measured non-HDL particles (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.05-1.35) and LDL particles (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.07-1.37). Association with @entity65 events was also observed for several LDL and very-low-density lipoprotein subfractions but not for ion mobility-measured HDL subfractions. In statin-allocated @entity1 , @entity65 events were associated with on-treatment LDL-C, non-HDL @entity165 , and @entity755 ; these were also associated with @entity65 /all-cause @entity204 , as were several LDL and very-low-density lipoprotein subfractions, albeit with a pattern of association that differed from the baseline risk. CONCLUSIONS: In JUPITER, baseline LDL-C was not associated with @entity65 events, in contrast with significant associations for non-HDL @entity165 and atherogenic particles: @entity755 and ion mobility-measured non-HDL particles, LDL particles, and select subfractions of very-low-density lipoprotein particles and LDL particles. During high-intensity statin therapy, on-treatment levels of LDL-C and atherogenic particles were associated with residual risk of @entity65 /all-cause @entity204 . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00239681.

title: Atherogenic Lipoprotein Subfractions Determined by Ion Mobility and First Cardiovascular Events After Random Allocation to High-Intensity Statin or Placebo: The Justification for the Use of @entity6817 in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating XXXX (JUPITER) Trial.

answer: @entity8671 :: (MESH:C422923,Chemical) :: ['Rosuvastatin']


abstract: Sinus node responses to perfusion pressure changes, ischaemia and @entity2332 were evaluated in 22 isolated blood-perfused @entity235 atria. Sinus cycle length (SCL) was measured and sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was estimated using the premature atrial stimulation technique (PAS) and the constant atrial pacing method (CAP). There was a good correlation between the results obtained with both techniques (r = 0.8297) but CAP had less @entity308 action on sinus node @entity10804 . Increasing the perfusion pressure from 100 to 200 mmHg did not influence estimated SACT nor SCL. However, a reduction in perfusion pressure (from 100 to 50 mmHg) markedly shortened SCL without significantly decreasing estimated SACT. Lowering temperature from 37 to 25 degrees C caused a linear increase in estimated SACT and SCL. @entity432 induced a @entity7129 which was not blocked by @entity2778 . Estimated SACT was significantly shorter 1 min after occlusion and longer 3 min after occlusion; this increase was significantly inhibited by @entity3897 infusion. Thus, the increase in estimated SACT seen after occlusion might be related to cholinergic activity. However, the @entity7129 following a decrease in perfusion pressure might be due to activation of the stretch-receptors while the one seen after reduction in blood flow and @entity432 seems more likely to be a consequence of ischaemia.

title: Sinus node responses to perfusion pressure changes, ischaemia and XXXX in the isolated blood-perfused @entity235 atrium.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressing']

entities_list: @entity10804 :: ('MESH:C537069', 'Disease') :: ['automaticity']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['occlusion of the sinus node artery', 'Occlusion of the sinus node artery']

entities_list: @entity7129 :: ('MESH:D013616', 'Disease') :: ['sinus tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

answer: @entity2332 :: (MESH:D007035,Disease) :: ['hypothermia']


abstract: Sinus node responses to perfusion pressure changes, ischaemia and @entity2332 were evaluated in 22 isolated blood-perfused @entity235 atria. Sinus cycle length (SCL) was measured and sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was estimated using the premature atrial stimulation technique (PAS) and the constant atrial pacing method (CAP). There was a good correlation between the results obtained with both techniques (r = 0.8297) but CAP had less @entity308 action on sinus node @entity10804 . Increasing the perfusion pressure from 100 to 200 mmHg did not influence estimated SACT nor SCL. However, a reduction in perfusion pressure (from 100 to 50 mmHg) markedly shortened SCL without significantly decreasing estimated SACT. Lowering temperature from 37 to 25 degrees C caused a linear increase in estimated SACT and SCL. @entity432 induced a @entity7129 which was not blocked by @entity2778 . Estimated SACT was significantly shorter 1 min after occlusion and longer 3 min after occlusion; this increase was significantly inhibited by @entity3897 infusion. Thus, the increase in estimated SACT seen after occlusion might be related to cholinergic activity. However, the @entity7129 following a decrease in perfusion pressure might be due to activation of the stretch-receptors while the one seen after reduction in blood flow and @entity432 seems more likely to be a consequence of ischaemia.

title: Sinus node responses to perfusion pressure changes, ischaemia and @entity2332 in the isolated blood-perfused XXXX atrium.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the increasing frequency with which temporal anteroinferior @entity3976 is a cause of adult @entity1315 , to illustrate the clinical and imaging characteristics of this condition, and to report its surgical treatment in a series of 23 adult @entity1 . METHODS: @entity302 @entity1 diagnosed with temporal anteroinferior @entity3976 from January 2006 to December 2013 in a national @entity302 reference center were included in this noninterventional study. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity302 @entity1 (14 female, mean age 43.8 years) were diagnosed with temporal anteroinferior @entity3976 in our institute. Thirteen @entity1 had >= 2 encephaloceles; 7 cases presented bilaterally. The estimated frequency of this condition was 0.3% among MRI examinations performed due to newly diagnosed @entity302 (n = 6) and 1.9% among drug-resistant @entity1 referred to our center (n = 17). Nine @entity1 with local @entity3976 disconnection (n = 4) or anterior temporal lobectomy and amygdalohippocampectomy (n = 5) have become @entity410 -free (Engel 1) for a mean 2.8 years (range 3 months-6.2 years) of follow-up. Three @entity1 with local @entity3976 disconnection were almost @entity410 -free or exhibited worthwhile improvement. Histologically, all 12 surgical @entity1 had @entity5219 at the base of the @entity3976 ; some had cortical laminar disorganization (n = 5) or mild @entity528 (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of a temporal @entity3976 should be considered when interpreting MRI examinations of @entity1 with medically intractable @entity1625 . These @entity1 can significantly benefit from @entity302 surgery, even in cases with bilateral encephaloceles.

title: Temporal anteroinferior @entity3976 : An underrecognized etiology of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['focal epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3976 :: ('MESH:D004677', 'Disease') :: ['encephalocele']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'unitemporal epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal degeneration']

answer: @entity1315 :: (MESH:D004833,Disease) :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the increasing frequency with which temporal anteroinferior @entity3976 is a cause of adult @entity1315 , to illustrate the clinical and imaging characteristics of this condition, and to report its surgical treatment in a series of 23 adult @entity1 . METHODS: @entity302 @entity1 diagnosed with temporal anteroinferior @entity3976 from January 2006 to December 2013 in a national @entity302 reference center were included in this noninterventional study. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity302 @entity1 (14 female, mean age 43.8 years) were diagnosed with temporal anteroinferior @entity3976 in our institute. Thirteen @entity1 had >= 2 encephaloceles; 7 cases presented bilaterally. The estimated frequency of this condition was 0.3% among MRI examinations performed due to newly diagnosed @entity302 (n = 6) and 1.9% among drug-resistant @entity1 referred to our center (n = 17). Nine @entity1 with local @entity3976 disconnection (n = 4) or anterior temporal lobectomy and amygdalohippocampectomy (n = 5) have become @entity410 -free (Engel 1) for a mean 2.8 years (range 3 months-6.2 years) of follow-up. Three @entity1 with local @entity3976 disconnection were almost @entity410 -free or exhibited worthwhile improvement. Histologically, all 12 surgical @entity1 had @entity5219 at the base of the @entity3976 ; some had cortical laminar disorganization (n = 5) or mild @entity528 (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: The possibility of a temporal @entity3976 should be considered when interpreting MRI examinations of @entity1 with medically intractable @entity1625 . These @entity1 can significantly benefit from @entity302 surgery, even in cases with bilateral encephaloceles.

title: Temporal anteroinferior XXXX : An underrecognized etiology of @entity1315 ?

answer: @entity3976 :: (MESH:D004677,Disease) :: ['encephalocele']


abstract: AIM: The benefit of preoperative chemotherapy is evaluated in order to clarify the relationship of @entity5 site with hepatic vessels for hepatectomy. @entity5 location in relation to intrahepatic vessels is critical in the decision to operate, but the argument for this concept remains insufficient. Currently, the response rate is evaluated by the decrease in size or number of @entity5 but not by hepatic resection range. @entity1 AND METHODS: We evaluated 32 @entity1 who underwent hepatectomy after chemotherapy for liver metastases from @entity14 (CLM). @entity5 diameter was defined by contrast computed tomographic imaging before both chemotherapy and surgery. The targeted vessels were those in the main Glisson capsule and hepatic vein and were indicated to change in the resected area by their treatment. RESULTS: @entity5 size decreased, increased or remained unchanged in 62 (68.9%), 27 (30.0%) and one (1.1%) @entity5 , respectively. Out of the 29 @entity5 , reduced resection volume was achieved in 12 (37.9%), and the difference in volume was 17.4  4.15 ml. A significant positive correlation was found between @entity5 shrinkage rate and final distance from the attached vessels (p=0.017), and a shrinkage rate of 63.6  12.4% was necessary for a @entity5 to be separated from an attached vessel. The final distance was significantly positively correlated with @entity5 shrinkage speed (p=0.0027), and a shrinkage speed of 0.64  0.12%/day was expected to enable a a @entity5 to be separated from its attached vessel. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy, especially by favorable combination with molecular targeting agents, even for resectable CLM appears to be acceptable and may lead to increased performance of radical surgical resection.

title: Preoperative Chemotherapy Can Change the Surgical Procedure for Hepatectomy in @entity1 with Liver Metastasis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['Colorectal Cancer']


abstract: AIM: The benefit of preoperative chemotherapy is evaluated in order to clarify the relationship of @entity5 site with hepatic vessels for hepatectomy. @entity5 location in relation to intrahepatic vessels is critical in the decision to operate, but the argument for this concept remains insufficient. Currently, the response rate is evaluated by the decrease in size or number of @entity5 but not by hepatic resection range. @entity1 AND METHODS: We evaluated 32 @entity1 who underwent hepatectomy after chemotherapy for liver metastases from @entity14 (CLM). @entity5 diameter was defined by contrast computed tomographic imaging before both chemotherapy and surgery. The targeted vessels were those in the main Glisson capsule and hepatic vein and were indicated to change in the resected area by their treatment. RESULTS: @entity5 size decreased, increased or remained unchanged in 62 (68.9%), 27 (30.0%) and one (1.1%) @entity5 , respectively. Out of the 29 @entity5 , reduced resection volume was achieved in 12 (37.9%), and the difference in volume was 17.4  4.15 ml. A significant positive correlation was found between @entity5 shrinkage rate and final distance from the attached vessels (p=0.017), and a shrinkage rate of 63.6  12.4% was necessary for a @entity5 to be separated from an attached vessel. The final distance was significantly positively correlated with @entity5 shrinkage speed (p=0.0027), and a shrinkage speed of 0.64  0.12%/day was expected to enable a a @entity5 to be separated from its attached vessel. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy, especially by favorable combination with molecular targeting agents, even for resectable CLM appears to be acceptable and may lead to increased performance of radical surgical resection.

title: Preoperative Chemotherapy Can Change the Surgical Procedure for Hepatectomy in XXXX with Liver Metastasis of @entity14 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: to extend up to year 2013 the follow-up for mortality of a cohort of workers in a @entity3407 and @entity3406 plating plant, where an @entity2 was already identified. DESIGN: 10 years after the first study about @entity5 mortality in a cohort of workers involved in the @entity3407 thin-layer plating, published in 2006, we updated the evaluation of the mortality of a cohort of workers employed in the same @entity3407 thin-layer plating factory with at least 6 months of work between 1968 and 1994.The mortality rates are compared with those of the Italian and Veneto Region (Northern Italy) populations. The dose-response relationship between work duration and @entity2 is assessed by adjusted Poisson regression. SETTING AND @entity1 : 127 unskilled or skilled workers involved in the production process. RESULTS: in the updated follow-up, 35 @entity204 occurred among the subjects under study: 19 for @entity5 (of which 11 for @entity2 and 3 for @entity788 ). A marked excess of mortality due to @entity2 is observed. In addition, the new follow-up shows a significant excess of @entity788 mortality. @entity2 mortality is positively associated with work duration and the risk increases by 13%(95%CI 1-26) for each additional year of work. CONCLUSIONS: the extension of follow-up confirms that this cohort expresses an increased mortality from @entity5 , due to a marked @entity788 . The effect of smoking has only a secondary effect in the @entity5 onset expressed by this cohort. The risk of @entity2 increased with work duration and thus with occupational exposure to @entity3407 and @entity3406 .

title: [Confirmation of an excess of XXXX mortality in a cohort of workers of a @entity3407 thin-layer plating].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'excess of lung and pancreatic cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer deaths']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['excess of lung cancers', 'Lung cancer', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3407 :: ('MESH:D002857', 'Chemical') :: ['chromium']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: to extend up to year 2013 the follow-up for mortality of a cohort of workers in a @entity3407 and @entity3406 plating plant, where an @entity2 was already identified. DESIGN: 10 years after the first study about @entity5 mortality in a cohort of workers involved in the @entity3407 thin-layer plating, published in 2006, we updated the evaluation of the mortality of a cohort of workers employed in the same @entity3407 thin-layer plating factory with at least 6 months of work between 1968 and 1994.The mortality rates are compared with those of the Italian and Veneto Region (Northern Italy) populations. The dose-response relationship between work duration and @entity2 is assessed by adjusted Poisson regression. SETTING AND @entity1 : 127 unskilled or skilled workers involved in the production process. RESULTS: in the updated follow-up, 35 @entity204 occurred among the subjects under study: 19 for @entity5 (of which 11 for @entity2 and 3 for @entity788 ). A marked excess of mortality due to @entity2 is observed. In addition, the new follow-up shows a significant excess of @entity788 mortality. @entity2 mortality is positively associated with work duration and the risk increases by 13%(95%CI 1-26) for each additional year of work. CONCLUSIONS: the extension of follow-up confirms that this cohort expresses an increased mortality from @entity5 , due to a marked @entity788 . The effect of smoking has only a secondary effect in the @entity5 onset expressed by this cohort. The risk of @entity2 increased with work duration and thus with occupational exposure to @entity3407 and @entity3406 .

title: [Confirmation of an excess of @entity5 mortality in a cohort of workers of a XXXX thin-layer plating].

answer: @entity3407 :: (MESH:D002857,Chemical) :: ['chromium']


abstract: AIM: Neuroinflammatory response triggered by the stimulation of matrix metalloproteinases plays a pivotal role in the development of @entity2438 phenotype. MMPs stimulate inflammatory cytokines release along with mitochondrial deficits that ultimately lead to @entity528 and precipitate @entity2438 symptoms. The aim of the present study was to explore the neuropsychopharmacotherapeutic efficacy of @entity6108 in the experimental paradigm of @entity72 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1M @entity6137 (4 l) was infused over 10min into the anterior portion of the caudoputamen to induce @entity146 in @entity35 . @entity6108 (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) was administered per orally starting from 2nd day of surgery and continued up to 28th day. @entity35 were tested for various neurobehavioural paradigms like social interaction, stereotypy, locomotor activity, @entity148 , novelty, @entity308 , @entity4207 as well as for repetitive and pervasive behavior. In addition, biochemical tests for oxidative stress, mitochondrial complexes, @entity1505 and @entity6929 were also carried out. KEY FINDINGS: Intracerebroventricular injection of @entity6137 produced neurological, sensory, behavioral, biochemical and molecular deficits which were assessed as endophenotype of @entity72 . Regular treatment with @entity6108 for four weeks significantly and dose dependently restored neurological, behavioral, biochemical and molecular changes associated with @entity2438 phenotype in @entity35 . SIGNIFICANCE: The major finding of the study is that @entity6108 restored the core and associated symptoms of @entity2438 phenotype by suppressing oxidative-nitrosative stress, @entity2383 , @entity1505 and @entity6929 in @entity67399 -induced @entity2438 in @entity35 . Therefore, @entity6108 can be developed as a potential neuropsychopharmacotherapeutic adjunct for @entity72 ( @entity72 ).

title: Neuropsychopharmacotherapeutic efficacy of @entity6108 in experimental paradigm of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['autistic behavior']

entities_list: @entity2438 :: ('MESH:D001321', 'Disease') :: ['autistic', 'autism']

entities_list: @entity6108 :: ('MESH:D003474', 'Chemical') :: ['Curcumin', 'curcumin']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['ASD', 'autism spectrum disorders']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['spatial learning and memory']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity6137 :: ('MESH:C029658', 'Chemical') :: ['propanoic acid']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity72 :: (MESH:D002659,Disease) :: ['autism spectrum disorders']


abstract: AIM: Neuroinflammatory response triggered by the stimulation of matrix metalloproteinases plays a pivotal role in the development of @entity2438 phenotype. MMPs stimulate inflammatory cytokines release along with mitochondrial deficits that ultimately lead to @entity528 and precipitate @entity2438 symptoms. The aim of the present study was to explore the neuropsychopharmacotherapeutic efficacy of @entity6108 in the experimental paradigm of @entity72 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1M @entity6137 (4 l) was infused over 10min into the anterior portion of the caudoputamen to induce @entity146 in @entity35 . @entity6108 (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) was administered per orally starting from 2nd day of surgery and continued up to 28th day. @entity35 were tested for various neurobehavioural paradigms like social interaction, stereotypy, locomotor activity, @entity148 , novelty, @entity308 , @entity4207 as well as for repetitive and pervasive behavior. In addition, biochemical tests for oxidative stress, mitochondrial complexes, @entity1505 and @entity6929 were also carried out. KEY FINDINGS: Intracerebroventricular injection of @entity6137 produced neurological, sensory, behavioral, biochemical and molecular deficits which were assessed as endophenotype of @entity72 . Regular treatment with @entity6108 for four weeks significantly and dose dependently restored neurological, behavioral, biochemical and molecular changes associated with @entity2438 phenotype in @entity35 . SIGNIFICANCE: The major finding of the study is that @entity6108 restored the core and associated symptoms of @entity2438 phenotype by suppressing oxidative-nitrosative stress, @entity2383 , @entity1505 and @entity6929 in @entity67399 -induced @entity2438 in @entity35 . Therefore, @entity6108 can be developed as a potential neuropsychopharmacotherapeutic adjunct for @entity72 ( @entity72 ).

title: Neuropsychopharmacotherapeutic efficacy of XXXX in experimental paradigm of @entity72 .

answer: @entity6108 :: (MESH:D003474,Chemical) :: ['curcumin']


abstract: PURPOSE: A pharmacokinetic (PK) model is available for describing the time course of the concentrations of @entity1499 ( @entity6822 or MTXGlu1) and its active polyglutamated metabolites (MTXGlu2-5) in red blood cells (RBCs). In this study, we aimed to simplify the @entity6822 PK model and to optimise the blood sampling schedules for use in future studies. METHODS: A proper lumping technique was used to simplify the original @entity6822 RBC PK model. The sum of predicted RBC MTXGlu3-5 concentrations in both the simplified and original models was compared. The sampling schedules for MTXGlu3-5 or all @entity6822 polyglutamates in RBCs were optimised using the Population OPTimal design (POPT) software. RESULTS: The @entity6822 RBC PK model was simplified into a three-state model. The maximum of the absolute value of relative difference in the sum of predicted RBC MTXGlu3-5 concentrations over time was 6.3  %. A five blood sample design was identified for estimating parameters of the simplified model. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates the application of model simplification processes to an existing model for @entity6822 RBC PK. The same techniques illustrated in our study may be adopted by other studies with similar interest.

title: Simplification of a pharmacokinetic model for red blood cell XXXX disposition.

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: We have cloned and characterized the 5'-flanking region of the gene encoding @entity1 squalene synthase. We report here the promoter activity of successively 5'-truncated sections of a 1 kilobase of this region by fusing it to the coding region of a luciferase reporter gene. DNA segments of 200 base pairs (bp) 5' to the transcription start site, as determined by primer extension analysis, show a strong promoter effect on the expression of the luciferase chimeric gene and a high response to the presence of @entity3150 when transiently transfected into the @entity1 @entity157 cell line HepG2 or to the hamster-derived CHO-K1 cells. An approximately 50-fold induction of luciferase activity, in the absence of @entity3150 , was observed in transiently transfected HepG2 cells for fusion constructs containing sections of 200, 459, and 934 bp of the putative @entity1 squalene synthase promoter. Loss of promoter activity and response to @entity3150 was localized to a 69-bp section located 131 @entity2036 5' to the transcription start site. Sequence analysis of this region showed that it contained a @entity5068 regulatory element 1 (SRE-1) previously identified in other @entity5068 regulated genes (Smith, J. R., Osborne, T. F., Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L., and Gil, G. (1988). J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18480-18487) and two potential NF-1 binding sites. Additional CCAAT box, SRE-1 element, and two @entity3419 sites were identified 3' to this section. Sequences within this 69-bp DNA, including the SRE-1 cis-acting element, show strong binding to the purified nuclear transcription factor @entity1404 (Tonzonoz, P., Kim, J. B., Graves, R. A., and Spiegelman B. M. (1993) Mol. Cell Biol. 13, 4753-4759) by mobility shift assay and footprinting analyses.

title: Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the promoter of the XXXX squalene synthase gene.

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: DNA fingerprint patterns of 156 @entity1327 isolates (26 @entity791 @entity1 , 46 non- @entity791 @entity1 , and 40 environmental sources) from both varieties (126 @entity1327 . neoformans and 30 @entity14851 isolates) and from seven countries were analyzed by using the DNA probe UT-4p. Nine and twelve distinct DNA fingerprint patterns were observed for isolates of the @entity1327 . neoformans and var. gattii, respectively. No pattern was unique to @entity791 @entity1 , non- @entity791 @entity1 , or the environment. Pattern II was observed more often in non- @entity791 @entity1 (8 of 23) than in @entity791 @entity1 (0 of 25). Pattern V was the most prevalent pattern (42 of 82) in clinical and environmental isolates. Isolates from three @entity791 @entity1 in Burundi and Zaire exhibited patterns identical to each other but different from those of isolates collected from their houses (i.e., dust of floors, walls, etc.) or a nearby pigeon coop. DNA fingerprint stability was determined for 53 isolates from nine non- @entity791 @entity1 at different time intervals during 5 to 128 weeks of antifungal therapy. For eight @entity1 , the fingerprint pattern was stable while the ninth may have had a @entity325 . Pattern II was observed in 4 of 9 @entity1 , which is similar to 4 of 14 in other non- @entity791 @entity1 as reported here. In spite of the extensive pattern heterogeneity among 15 @entity14851 isolates in Australia, the patterns observed in seven California isolates were quite different from those in Australia. Among isolates of @entity14851 , one fingerprint pattern (designated b) was observed in several countries of the Far East. The fingerprint patterns of two of three environmental isolates from Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees in Australia were identical to those of 2 of the 12 clinical isolates from the country.

title: Diversity of DNA fingerprints in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1327 :: ('5207', 'Species') :: ['C. neoformans var', 'Cryptococcus neoformans']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infection']

entities_list: @entity14851 :: ('552467', 'Species') :: ['C. neoformans var. gattii']

answer: @entity1327 :: (5207,Species) :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans']


abstract: Theory-based nursing practice requires a systematically developed, integrated body of information to deal effectively with the complexities of the @entity1 condition. This philosophical research is founded on a complementary knowledge model, valuing diverse views. The burden therefore is on uncovering connections between perspectives. A method is proposed and tested for mapping pluralistic knowledge in @entity102 . Underlying the method development is the premise that all knowledge can be represented as different combinations of ontology (views of the @entity1 ) and epistemology (nature and aims of science). Based on a review of over 300 references, six major themes (comprised of 20 conceptual categories) are uncovered in the nursing literature. Analysis of the map reveals the influence of trends as well as areas of minimal development (e.g. holism). A key advantage of mapping is the opportunity to know the data in a large substantive area and to begin to identify potential linkages for cumulation. Fatigue, @entity158 , symptom management, day-to-day living with illness, and social support are identified as promising areas to begin building a mid-range theory of @entity102 . Developing a cumulative knowledge base narrows the gap between theory and practice.

title: Mapping knowledge in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'person']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic illness']


abstract: The type II interleukin-1 receptor ( @entity10732 ) is a newly described 60-68 kDa protein expressed on monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. It is hypothesized that a 45 kDa soluble form of the @entity10732 attenuates the proinflammatory effects of IL-1 by preventing its binding to the type I IL-1 receptor. However, very little information exists regarding the detection of soluble @entity10732 . Specifically, there are no reports to date characterizing @entity10732 detection by enzyme-linked immunoassay in the presence of @entity1356 or characterizing @entity1356 detection in the presence of @entity10732 . This study addresses the detection and quantitation of @entity10732 and @entity1356 by a number of sandwich ELISA formats and characterizes the sensitivity of detection in the presence of competitive cytokines. We generated two distinct @entity10732 sandwich ELISAs that can detect receptor down to a level of 50 pg/ml. One, M22/R2, detects only unbound @entity10732 and the other, M2/R2, detects both bound and unbound @entity10732 . In this context, a 4:1 molar ratio of @entity1356 to @entity10732 interferes with the @entity10732 detection by the M22/R2 but not the M2/R2 ELISA. Conversely, @entity10732 at physiologically relevant concentrations interferes with the detection of @entity1356 by three distinct @entity1356 ELISA formats. Taken together, these studies suggest that when measuring samples that may contain both @entity1356 and @entity10732 , careful attention must be given to assay specificity.

title: Detection of soluble type II receptor in the presence of its natural ligand XXXX . Quantification by sandwich ELISA.

answer: @entity1356 :: (3553,Gene) :: ['IL-1 beta']


abstract: Fifty four male @entity19 were divided into 3 main groups. Control group (6 @entity19 ), @entity380 infected group (24 @entity19 ) and @entity4314 (CC14) treated group (24 @entity19 ). The last two groups were further subdivided into (4) subgroups (6 @entity19 /each). One of them served as a control while the other 3 subgroups received (0.75, 1.25 _ 2.5 mg/100g B.W.) of @entity3352 respectively. CC14 treated @entity19 were severely live 2 damaged than those infected by @entity383 . @entity3352 made the liver functions deteriorate. Schistosomiasis did not affect kidney functions while @entity1133 _ @entity1011 were elevated in CC14 treated group. @entity3352 led to more elevation of both. Histological studies of liver treated by CC14 revealed @entity450 , granular cytoplasm and cellular infiltration while schistosomiasis produced the classic granulomatous reaction. @entity3352 treatment led to distortion of hepatic cell arrangement as well as marked cellular infiltration and congestion. On the other hand, kidney treated with CC14 showed cellular infiltration around glomeruli, @entity3352 caused marked congestion and cellular infiltration. @entity380 infection did not produce any histological changes. All recorded changes could be attributed to the toxic effect of @entity3352 , inhibition of @entity2918 and weakness of the immunological cells of the liver.

title: Studies on the effect of acute doses of XXXX ( @entity2918 inhibitor) during induced liver failure.

entities_list: @entity4314 :: ('MESH:D002251', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon tetrachloride']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['portal venous congestion']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni', 'Schistosoma']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin', 'indomethacin']

answer: @entity3352 :: (MESH:D007213,Chemical) :: ['indomethacin']


abstract: Fifty four male @entity19 were divided into 3 main groups. Control group (6 @entity19 ), @entity380 infected group (24 @entity19 ) and @entity4314 (CC14) treated group (24 @entity19 ). The last two groups were further subdivided into (4) subgroups (6 @entity19 /each). One of them served as a control while the other 3 subgroups received (0.75, 1.25 _ 2.5 mg/100g B.W.) of @entity3352 respectively. CC14 treated @entity19 were severely live 2 damaged than those infected by @entity383 . @entity3352 made the liver functions deteriorate. Schistosomiasis did not affect kidney functions while @entity1133 _ @entity1011 were elevated in CC14 treated group. @entity3352 led to more elevation of both. Histological studies of liver treated by CC14 revealed @entity450 , granular cytoplasm and cellular infiltration while schistosomiasis produced the classic granulomatous reaction. @entity3352 treatment led to distortion of hepatic cell arrangement as well as marked cellular infiltration and congestion. On the other hand, kidney treated with CC14 showed cellular infiltration around glomeruli, @entity3352 caused marked congestion and cellular infiltration. @entity380 infection did not produce any histological changes. All recorded changes could be attributed to the toxic effect of @entity3352 , inhibition of @entity2918 and weakness of the immunological cells of the liver.

title: Studies on the effect of acute doses of @entity3352 ( XXXX inhibitor) during induced liver failure.

answer: @entity2918 :: (MESH:D011453,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandins']


abstract: The @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ) model of @entity16 in the @entity35 produces @entity1931 and @entity1931 in the sciatic distribution of one hindlimb. We previously described the pathology of the affected nerves at the light microscopic and electron microscopic levels and in this report quantify the morphological changes of the nerves. This analysis gives new insights into the pathophysiology and @entity158 -related mechanisms in this model of @entity1 @entity16 . We observed that total @entity714 increased up to fourfold due to an initial massive increase in @entity4 and, later, endoneurial cells. Intact myelinated nerve fibers were reduced from 75% of @entity714 to 29.7% on day 1 and to a minimum of less than 0.5% on day 14 when @entity4 had resolved. The few surviving myelinated fibers were in the small to medium size range. Fiber size histograms revealed an increase in fiber size early on, corresponding to fiber swelling, and the later loss of large as well as small myelinated fibers. Unmyelinated nerve fibers dropped from 19.36/1,000 microns 2 to 6.08/1,000 microns 2 on day 5, and increased from there on. Sprouts were first visible on light micrographs on day 7, occupying 6.8% of @entity714 , while regenerating fibers that were undergoing myelination reached 42.6% of @entity714 by day 42. Macrophage numbers were maximal on day 14 and were still increased on day 42. These data support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of the extended @entity1931 following chronic @entity128 is temporally linked with @entity6441 and macrophage activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Quantitative neuropathology of a focal @entity128 causing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia', 'allodynia']

entities_list: @entity714 :: ('MESH:D002037', 'Disease') :: ['fascicular area']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['constrictive nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity6441 :: ('MESH:D014855', 'Disease') :: ['Wallerian-like degeneration']

entities_list: @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic constriction injury', 'CCI']

answer: @entity1931 :: (MESH:D006930,Disease) :: ['hyperalgesia']


abstract: The @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ) model of @entity16 in the @entity35 produces @entity1931 and @entity1931 in the sciatic distribution of one hindlimb. We previously described the pathology of the affected nerves at the light microscopic and electron microscopic levels and in this report quantify the morphological changes of the nerves. This analysis gives new insights into the pathophysiology and @entity158 -related mechanisms in this model of @entity1 @entity16 . We observed that total @entity714 increased up to fourfold due to an initial massive increase in @entity4 and, later, endoneurial cells. Intact myelinated nerve fibers were reduced from 75% of @entity714 to 29.7% on day 1 and to a minimum of less than 0.5% on day 14 when @entity4 had resolved. The few surviving myelinated fibers were in the small to medium size range. Fiber size histograms revealed an increase in fiber size early on, corresponding to fiber swelling, and the later loss of large as well as small myelinated fibers. Unmyelinated nerve fibers dropped from 19.36/1,000 microns 2 to 6.08/1,000 microns 2 on day 5, and increased from there on. Sprouts were first visible on light micrographs on day 7, occupying 6.8% of @entity714 , while regenerating fibers that were undergoing myelination reached 42.6% of @entity714 by day 42. Macrophage numbers were maximal on day 14 and were still increased on day 42. These data support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of the extended @entity1931 following chronic @entity128 is temporally linked with @entity6441 and macrophage activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Quantitative neuropathology of a focal XXXX causing @entity1931 .

answer: @entity128 :: (MESH:D020209,Disease) :: ['nerve injury']


abstract: 1. Electroolfactorgram (EOG) recordings were made from different regions of the @entity35 olfactory epithelium to test for spatial distribution of odor responses. 2. The EOG recordings showed spatial distribution of the odor responses in the olfactory epithelium. While some odorants ( @entity17422 , @entity40137 , and @entity24862 ) were more effective in evoking responses in the dorsal recess near the septum, other odorants (including @entity4108 , @entity12263 , @entity73279 , and @entity4315 ) were more effective in the lateral recesses among the turbinate bones. These differences were seen as statistically significant odorant-by-position interactions in analysis of variance. 3. Comparisons of recordings along the anteroposterior dimension of the epithelium produced smaller differences between the odor responses. These were not significant for 3-mm distances, but were statistically significant for 5- to 6-mm distances along the dorsomedial epithelium. 4. The latencies were significantly longer in the lateral recesses than in the medial region. This probably reflects a more tortuous air path along the turbinate bones to the lateral recesses. 5. The olfactory receptor cells were activated by antidromic stimulation via the nerve layer of the olfactory bulb. The population spikes evoked from the olfactory receptor cells could be suppressed by prior stimulation with odorants that evoked strong EOG responses. This collision of the antidromic action potentials with the odor-evoked action potentials indicates that the same population of receptor cells was activated in both cases. 6. The flow rate and duration of the artificial sniff were varied systematically in some experiments. The differential distribution of response sizes was present at all flow rates and sniff durations. Some odors (e.g., @entity17422 and @entity40137 ) produced increased responses in the epithelium of the lateral recesses when flow rates or sniff durations were high. We suggest that these changes may reflect the sorptive properties of the nasal membranes on these odors. The responses to other odors (e.g., @entity4315 or @entity4108 ) were not greatly affected by flow rate or sniff duration. 7. Taken with existing anatomic data, the results indicate that the primary olfactory neurons that project axons to glomeruli in different parts of the olfactory bulb are responsive to different odors. The latency differences between responses at medial and lateral sites are large enough to be physiologically significant in the generation of the patterned responses of olfactory bulb neurons.

title: Regional distribution of XXXX electroolfactogram.

entities_list: @entity73279 :: ('MESH:C474479', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclooctane']

entities_list: @entity4108 :: ('MESH:C008281', 'Chemical') :: ['limonene']

entities_list: @entity24862 :: ('MESH:C045572', 'Chemical') :: ['ethyl butyrate']

entities_list: @entity17422 :: ('MESH:C005716', 'Chemical') :: ['amyl acetate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A retrospective study of external lumbar subarachnoid drainage in 16 pediatric @entity1 with severe @entity542 is presented. All @entity1 had Glasgow @entity772 Scale scores of 8 or lower at 6 hours postinjury and were initially treated with ventriculostomy. Five @entity1 required surgical evacuation of focal mass lesions. All @entity1 manifested high intracranial pressures (ICPs) refractory to aggressive therapy, including hyperventilation, @entity1483 , @entity2656 , and in some cases, artificially induced barbiturate @entity772 . After lumbar drainage was instituted, 14 @entity1 had an abrupt and lasting decrease in @entity428 , obviating the need for continued medical management of @entity428 . In no @entity1 did transtentorial or cerebellar herniation occur as a result of lumbar drainage. It was also noted retrospectively that the @entity1 in this study had discernible basilar cisterns on computerized tomography scans. Fourteen @entity1 survived; eight made good recoveries, three are functional with disability, and three have severe disabilities. Two @entity1 died, most likely from uncontrolled @entity428 before the lumbar drain was placed. It is concluded that controlled external lumbar subarachnoid drainage is a useful treatment for pediatric @entity1 with severe @entity542 when aggressive medical therapy and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid evacuation have failed to control high @entity428 . Selected @entity1 with @entity428 , which may be a function of posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid circulation disruption and/or @entity2657 , can be treated with this modality, which accesses the cisternal spaces untapped by ventriculostomy.

title: Controlled lumbar drainage in pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['white matter cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['ICP', 'elevated ICP']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries', 'head injury']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injury']


abstract: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of music therapy on @entity148 , @entity282 and physiological reactions to emotional and physical distress in @entity1 undergoing spinal surgery. BACKGROUND: Surgery-related @entity148 and @entity158 are the greatest concern of surgical @entity1 , especially for those undergoing major procedures. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental study design was conducted in a medical centre in Taiwan from April-July 2006. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 were recruited. The study group listened to selected music from the evening before surgery to the second day after surgery. The control group did not listen to music. @entity1 ' levels of @entity148 and @entity158 were measured with visual analogue scales (VAS). Physiological measures, including heart rate, blood pressure and 24-hour urinalysis, were performed. RESULTS: The average age of the 60 @entity1 was 62  18 (SD 18  76) years. The mean VAS score for degree of @entity148 in the study group was 0  8-2  0, compared with 2  1-5  1 in the control group. The mean VAS score for degree of @entity158 in the study group was 1  7-3  0, compared with 4  4-6  0 in the control group. The differences between the two groups in VAS scores for both @entity148 (p = 0  018-0  001) and @entity158 (p = 0  001) were statistically significant. One hour after surgery, the mean blood pressure was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (p   =   0  014), but no significant differences were found between the two groups in urine @entity701 (p   =   0  145-0  495), @entity1063 (p = 0  228-0  626) or epinephrine values (p = 0  074-0  619). CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy has some positive effects on levels of @entity148 and @entity158 in @entity1 undergoing spinal surgery. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Complementary music therapy can alleviate @entity158 and @entity148 in @entity1 before and after spinal surgery.

title: Music therapy for XXXX receiving spine surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']