abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether @entity1 with @entity14300 ( @entity14300 ) have electrophysiological evidence of optic nerve fibre mis-routing similar to that found in @entity1 with @entity43619 ( @entity43619 ). METHOD: We recorded the Pattern Onset VEP using a protocol optimised to detect mis-routing of optic nerve fibres in older @entity1 and adults. We tested 20 @entity1 (age 15-69 yrs) with X-linked or autosomal recessive @entity14300 , 14 @entity1 (age 9-56 yrs) with @entity43619 and 13 normally pigmented volunteers (age 21-66 yrs). We measured the amplitude and latency of the CI component at the occipital midline and over left and right occipital hemispheres. We also assessed the computed inter-hemispheric "difference" signal. Subjects with @entity14300 were classified as having the "complete" or "incomplete" phenotype on the basis of their ERG characteristics. Members of X-linked @entity14300 pedigrees underwent mutation screening of the @entity45215 and @entity17327 genes. RESULTS: CI was significantly smaller over the ipsilateral hemisphere and more prominent over the contralateral hemisphere in @entity43619 @entity1 compared with both controls and @entity14300 @entity1 . In @entity14300 @entity1 CI response amplitudes were not significantly different from controls but peak latency was prolonged at all three electrodes compared with controls. The inter-hemispheric "difference" signal was abnormal for the @entity43619 group but not for the @entity14300 group. Contralateral dominance of CI could be identified in the majority of @entity43619 @entity1 and the "difference" signal was opposite in polarity for left compared with right eye stimulation in every @entity1 in this group. Only 3 of 20 @entity1 with @entity14300 showed significant inter-hemispheric asymmetry similar to that seen in the @entity43619 @entity1 . All 3 @entity14300 @entity1 with evidence for optic nerve fibre mis-routing had X-linked pedigrees: 2 had an identified mutation in the @entity45215 gene but no mutation in either the @entity45215 or @entity17327 genes was identified in the third. VEP evidence of optic nerve fibre mis-routing was present in 3 of the 11 subjects with "complete" phenotype and none of the 9 @entity1 with "incomplete" phenotype @entity14300 . CONCLUSION: Mis-routing of optic nerve fibres does occur in @entity14300 but we found evidence of it in only 15% of our @entity1 .

title: Is optic nerve fibre mis-routing a feature of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43619 :: ('MESH:D016117', 'Disease') :: ['ocular albinism', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity14300 :: ('MESH:C536122', 'Disease') :: ['CSNB', 'congenital stationary night blindness']

answer: @entity14300 :: (MESH:C536122,Disease) :: ['congenital stationary night blindness']


abstract: To assess the differences between @entity320 of different location and different etiology, 372 @entity320 were brought in a tissue microarray format. The collection included 23 acral and 118 @entity320 , @entity320 , 100 @entity2184 , and 122 @entity320 metastases. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to assess copy number changes of the @entity4910 ( @entity4910 ), @entity7465 , @entity517 ( @entity517 ), and @entity1722 genes. FISH analysis revealed distinct differences between @entity320 from different locations. @entity4910 amplifications were detected in @entity320 from sites with chronic sun exposure (6 of 32 cases), acral @entity320 (4 of 17 cases), and @entity320 (one of ten cases) but not in @entity2184 . High-level @entity7465 amplifications were exclusively present in acral @entity320 (2 of 19 cases). @entity517 copy number gains were detected in 32 of 71 @entity2184 , @entity320 , and 6 of 67 @entity320 from sites with intermittent sun exposure but not in acral @entity320 nor @entity320 from sites with chronic sun exposure. Alterations of the @entity517 gene were associated with advanced @entity5 stage. There were no high-level @entity1722 amplifications. Site-specific genetic and epigenetic features may impact the response of @entity320 to various anti- @entity5 drugs and should be considered in future studies on the molecular pathogenesis of @entity320 .

title: Anatomic site-specific patterns of gene copy number gains in skin, mucosal, and XXXX detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2184 :: ('MESH:C536494', 'Disease') :: ['uveal melanomas']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['9 mucosal melanomas', 'melanoma', 'mucosal melanomas', 'melanomas', 'malignant melanomas', 'skin melanomas', 'non-acral skin melanomas', 'five of eight mucosal melanomas']

answer: @entity2184 :: (MESH:C536494,Disease) :: ['uveal melanomas']


abstract: Locoregional recurrence in @entity1 with Stage C3 (adjacent organ invasion) @entity189 approaches 100% when surgery is not followed by adjuvant radiation therapy. The advent of the intestinal sling procedure (use of an absorbable @entity6886 mesh to suspend the small bowel out of the pelvis) has allowed tumoricidal doses (5000 cGy) of radiation therapy to be delivered to the pelvis without incurring radiation associated small bowel injury (RASBI). This surgical technique has allowed us to readdress the question, "what is the effectiveness of postoperative radiation therapy when tumoricidal doses can be safely administered to @entity1 with Stage C3 @entity5 ?" Nineteen consecutive @entity1 with Stage C3 @entity189 underwent resective procedures and simultaneous use of the intestinal sling procedure. Postoperatively, all @entity1 underwent contrast simulation studies that documented the small bowel above the sacral promentory. Tumoricidal doses ranging from 5200 to 5800 cGy (mean, 5600 cGy) were administered in fractionated doses. No @entity1 demonstrated obstruction, @entity281 , @entity390 , @entity391 , cramps, @entity294 , or acute RASBI. There have been two locoregional recurrences in a mean follow-up period of 33 months (range, 12 to 54 months) in @entity1 evaluated by physical examination, @entity787 ( @entity787 ) levels, computed axial tomography (CAT) scans, endoscopy, and reoperation or autopsy (P = 0.01). There have been ten distant recurrences (eight liver, one brain, and one lung). Three @entity1 were reoperated on to rule out recurrence at 16, 17, and 24 months. All mesh was resorbed and there were no adhesions and no recurrent @entity5 . When the intestinal sling procedure is used, tumoricidal doses of radiation therapy can be safely administered without incurring RASBI. Postoperative high-dose radiation therapy can suppress locoregional recurrences in Stage C3 @entity189 over and above what would be expected.

title: The safe and effective use of postoperative radiation therapy in modified Astler Coller Stage C3 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinomas', 'rectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity6886 :: ('CHEBI:53492', 'Chemical') :: ['polyglycolic acid']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: From 1970 to 1986, 45 @entity1 received primary radiation therapy for @entity957 at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Center for the Health Sciences and Wadsworth Veteran's Administration Hospital. Seven @entity1 were lost to follow-up or had prior irradiation, and were excluded. Thirty-eight @entity1 received a median dose of 70 Gy (62.5 to 80 Gy) to the primary site. After a median follow-up of 48 months, initial control of disease at the primary site was accomplished in 74% of the @entity1 . The initial control by stage was as follows: TI, 83%, T2, 67%; and T3, 63%. After surgical salvage, local control increased to 92%, 80% and 75% for stages T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Twenty-nine percent (11 of 38) of the @entity1 had cervical node metastases at presentation. Radiation provided regional control in 96% (26 of 27) with @entity66 and 86% (six of seven) with N1 disease at diagnosis. Sixteen @entity1 (42%) had an additional malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract. Because the incidence of second @entity5 after treatment is high and surgical salvage of treatment failures is possible, close follow-up is essential in the management of this @entity5 . We conclude that radiation therapy is an effective modality for the treatment of @entity957 . Primary radiation therapy may offer many @entity1 the chance to avoid surgical procedures that are both cosmetically and functionally debilitating without compromosing treatment outcome.

title: Primary radiation therapy in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['N0 disease']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the soft palate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity4283 ( @entity4283 ) is the main receptor for @entity4483 , an astrogial proinflammatory mediator that has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of @entity161 . To further elucidate the possible relevance of @entity32 for mental functions, we investigated a functional polymorphism in the gene coding for @entity4283 in relation to personality traits and susceptibility to @entity161 . METHODS: We studied the @entity52586 polymorphism ( @entity32983 , @entity71977 ) in 2 population-based cohorts of middle-aged @entity1 assessed using the Karolinska Scales of Personality. In addition, we compared genotype frequencies between @entity1 with @entity161 and controls. RESULTS: The population-based cohorts included 270 @entity1 and 247 @entity1 , and the case-control study involved 138 @entity1 with @entity161 and 258 controls. In the population-based cohorts, 82Ser carriers were found to have significantly higher scores for the psychoticism personality trait comprising the detachment and suspicion subscales. The case-control study revealed that the 82Ser allele was significantly more frequent among @entity1 than controls. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by the modest sample size and the use of a self-report measure to assess personality traits. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the proven relation between certain personality traits and @entity161 can at least to some extent be explained on a genetic level. Also, the activated @entity4483 - @entity4283 axis may be an underlying cause, not only a consequence, of the disease.

title: Is the XXXX polymorphism in the @entity4283 gene relevant to @entity161 and the personality trait psychoticism?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity4283 :: ('177', 'Gene') :: ['receptor for advanced glycation end products', 'RAGE']

entities_list: @entity52586 :: ('p|SUB|G|82|S', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Gly82Ser']

answer: @entity52586 :: (p|SUB|G|82|S,ProteinMutation) :: ['Gly82Ser']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity4283 ( @entity4283 ) is the main receptor for @entity4483 , an astrogial proinflammatory mediator that has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of @entity161 . To further elucidate the possible relevance of @entity32 for mental functions, we investigated a functional polymorphism in the gene coding for @entity4283 in relation to personality traits and susceptibility to @entity161 . METHODS: We studied the @entity52586 polymorphism ( @entity32983 , @entity71977 ) in 2 population-based cohorts of middle-aged @entity1 assessed using the Karolinska Scales of Personality. In addition, we compared genotype frequencies between @entity1 with @entity161 and controls. RESULTS: The population-based cohorts included 270 @entity1 and 247 @entity1 , and the case-control study involved 138 @entity1 with @entity161 and 258 controls. In the population-based cohorts, 82Ser carriers were found to have significantly higher scores for the psychoticism personality trait comprising the detachment and suspicion subscales. The case-control study revealed that the 82Ser allele was significantly more frequent among @entity1 than controls. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by the modest sample size and the use of a self-report measure to assess personality traits. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the proven relation between certain personality traits and @entity161 can at least to some extent be explained on a genetic level. Also, the activated @entity4483 - @entity4283 axis may be an underlying cause, not only a consequence, of the disease.

title: Is the @entity52586 polymorphism in the @entity4283 gene relevant to XXXX and the personality trait psychoticism?

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity4283 ( @entity4283 ) is the main receptor for @entity4483 , an astrogial proinflammatory mediator that has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of @entity161 . To further elucidate the possible relevance of @entity32 for mental functions, we investigated a functional polymorphism in the gene coding for @entity4283 in relation to personality traits and susceptibility to @entity161 . METHODS: We studied the @entity52586 polymorphism ( @entity32983 , @entity71977 ) in 2 population-based cohorts of middle-aged @entity1 assessed using the Karolinska Scales of Personality. In addition, we compared genotype frequencies between @entity1 with @entity161 and controls. RESULTS: The population-based cohorts included 270 @entity1 and 247 @entity1 , and the case-control study involved 138 @entity1 with @entity161 and 258 controls. In the population-based cohorts, 82Ser carriers were found to have significantly higher scores for the psychoticism personality trait comprising the detachment and suspicion subscales. The case-control study revealed that the 82Ser allele was significantly more frequent among @entity1 than controls. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by the modest sample size and the use of a self-report measure to assess personality traits. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the proven relation between certain personality traits and @entity161 can at least to some extent be explained on a genetic level. Also, the activated @entity4483 - @entity4283 axis may be an underlying cause, not only a consequence, of the disease.

title: Is the @entity52586 polymorphism in the XXXX gene relevant to @entity161 and the personality trait psychoticism?

answer: @entity4283 :: (177,Gene) :: ['RAGE']


abstract: Studies of hormonal growth regulation in cultured @entity1 @entity1204 cells are limited by the requirement of exogenous growth factors, usually supplied by addition of serum. The present report provides evidence that @entity53 can stimulate proliferation of @entity1204 cells of the Ishikawa line in the absence of serum or added growth factors. Mitogenic effects of @entity172 were demonstrated in two different experimental systems, in cells attached to the substratum of @entity1 tissue culture dishes, and in cells forming colonies in soft agar under anchorage-independent conditions. Addition of @entity53 to a mixture of serum-free, @entity3971 red-free Dulbecco's minimal essential medium and Ham's F-12 medium, supplemented with @entity9640 and @entity48667 [basal medium: (BM)] significantly increased the proliferation of cells attached to culture dishes. Dose-response experiments revealed maximal @entity53 stimulation at 10 nM; significant responses were also observed at 1 nM and at 100 nM concentrations. The mitogenic effect of 10 nM @entity53 was comparable to that of 1% charcoal-treated fetal bovine serum and the two effects were additive. The presence of @entity53 in serum-free BM resulted in a shortening of the doubling time of exponentially proliferating cells from 38 to 29 h. From the labeling index, measured after exposure to a pulse of @entity665 , and from the mitotic index, both determined in exponentially proliferating cells, the lengths of the S and M phases were calculated to be 11 and 1 h, respectively. From these data it was estimated that @entity53 shortened the G1 phase by approximately 40%, from 22 to 13 h. @entity53 doubled the colony formation efficiency of cells plated in BM containing 0.3% agar in the absence of serum as well as in the presence of 1% charcoal-treated fetal bovine serum. The stimulation of colony formation by @entity53 was influenced by medium components, since no effects were observed in minimal essential medium. The colony formation efficiency was positively related to the serum concentrations and remained significantly lower in minimal essential medium than in BM at comparable serum levels. The observed positive relationship between colony formation efficiency and cell densities at plating suggests a cooperative mitogenic effect, likely due to autocrine and paracrine action of secreted growth factors. These results define a model to evaluate hormonal growth regulation mediated by autocrine mitogens in @entity1 @entity1204 cells in the absence of interfering exogenous growth factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Proliferation and responsiveness to XXXX of @entity1 @entity1204 cells under serum-free culture conditions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity9640 :: ('CHEBI:18050', 'Chemical') :: ['L-glutamine']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity48667 :: ('MESH:C410687', 'Chemical') :: ['4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: Studies of hormonal growth regulation in cultured @entity1 @entity1204 cells are limited by the requirement of exogenous growth factors, usually supplied by addition of serum. The present report provides evidence that @entity53 can stimulate proliferation of @entity1204 cells of the Ishikawa line in the absence of serum or added growth factors. Mitogenic effects of @entity172 were demonstrated in two different experimental systems, in cells attached to the substratum of @entity1 tissue culture dishes, and in cells forming colonies in soft agar under anchorage-independent conditions. Addition of @entity53 to a mixture of serum-free, @entity3971 red-free Dulbecco's minimal essential medium and Ham's F-12 medium, supplemented with @entity9640 and @entity48667 [basal medium: (BM)] significantly increased the proliferation of cells attached to culture dishes. Dose-response experiments revealed maximal @entity53 stimulation at 10 nM; significant responses were also observed at 1 nM and at 100 nM concentrations. The mitogenic effect of 10 nM @entity53 was comparable to that of 1% charcoal-treated fetal bovine serum and the two effects were additive. The presence of @entity53 in serum-free BM resulted in a shortening of the doubling time of exponentially proliferating cells from 38 to 29 h. From the labeling index, measured after exposure to a pulse of @entity665 , and from the mitotic index, both determined in exponentially proliferating cells, the lengths of the S and M phases were calculated to be 11 and 1 h, respectively. From these data it was estimated that @entity53 shortened the G1 phase by approximately 40%, from 22 to 13 h. @entity53 doubled the colony formation efficiency of cells plated in BM containing 0.3% agar in the absence of serum as well as in the presence of 1% charcoal-treated fetal bovine serum. The stimulation of colony formation by @entity53 was influenced by medium components, since no effects were observed in minimal essential medium. The colony formation efficiency was positively related to the serum concentrations and remained significantly lower in minimal essential medium than in BM at comparable serum levels. The observed positive relationship between colony formation efficiency and cell densities at plating suggests a cooperative mitogenic effect, likely due to autocrine and paracrine action of secreted growth factors. These results define a model to evaluate hormonal growth regulation mediated by autocrine mitogens in @entity1 @entity1204 cells in the absence of interfering exogenous growth factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Proliferation and responsiveness to @entity172 of @entity1 XXXX cells under serum-free culture conditions.

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: Studies of hormonal growth regulation in cultured @entity1 @entity1204 cells are limited by the requirement of exogenous growth factors, usually supplied by addition of serum. The present report provides evidence that @entity53 can stimulate proliferation of @entity1204 cells of the Ishikawa line in the absence of serum or added growth factors. Mitogenic effects of @entity172 were demonstrated in two different experimental systems, in cells attached to the substratum of @entity1 tissue culture dishes, and in cells forming colonies in soft agar under anchorage-independent conditions. Addition of @entity53 to a mixture of serum-free, @entity3971 red-free Dulbecco's minimal essential medium and Ham's F-12 medium, supplemented with @entity9640 and @entity48667 [basal medium: (BM)] significantly increased the proliferation of cells attached to culture dishes. Dose-response experiments revealed maximal @entity53 stimulation at 10 nM; significant responses were also observed at 1 nM and at 100 nM concentrations. The mitogenic effect of 10 nM @entity53 was comparable to that of 1% charcoal-treated fetal bovine serum and the two effects were additive. The presence of @entity53 in serum-free BM resulted in a shortening of the doubling time of exponentially proliferating cells from 38 to 29 h. From the labeling index, measured after exposure to a pulse of @entity665 , and from the mitotic index, both determined in exponentially proliferating cells, the lengths of the S and M phases were calculated to be 11 and 1 h, respectively. From these data it was estimated that @entity53 shortened the G1 phase by approximately 40%, from 22 to 13 h. @entity53 doubled the colony formation efficiency of cells plated in BM containing 0.3% agar in the absence of serum as well as in the presence of 1% charcoal-treated fetal bovine serum. The stimulation of colony formation by @entity53 was influenced by medium components, since no effects were observed in minimal essential medium. The colony formation efficiency was positively related to the serum concentrations and remained significantly lower in minimal essential medium than in BM at comparable serum levels. The observed positive relationship between colony formation efficiency and cell densities at plating suggests a cooperative mitogenic effect, likely due to autocrine and paracrine action of secreted growth factors. These results define a model to evaluate hormonal growth regulation mediated by autocrine mitogens in @entity1 @entity1204 cells in the absence of interfering exogenous growth factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Proliferation and responsiveness to @entity172 of XXXX @entity1204 cells under serum-free culture conditions.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: Kr  ppel-like factor 4 ( @entity4730 ) is a @entity219 -finger protein that plays important roles in stem cells and the development of @entity356 . However, the role of @entity4730 in primary @entity2 is unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine possible roles of @entity4730 in @entity2 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The @entity4730 expression in primary @entity2 tissues and case-matched normal lung tissues were determined by protein and mRNA analyses. The effects of @entity4730 on cell proliferation, clonogenic formation, and cell cycle progression were determined in cultured @entity2 cells or bronchial epithelial cells after enforced @entity4730 overexpression or small interfering RNA knockdown. The in vivo antitumor activity of @entity4730 was evaluated by using stably transfected @entity2 cells and by adenovector-mediated gene delivery. The effect of @entity4730 in regulating @entity3544 and @entity4910 was also evaluated. RESULTS: @entity4730 protein and mRNA levels were dramatically decreased in most primary @entity2 compared with in case-matched normal lung tissues. Enforced expression of @entity4730 resulted in marked inhibition of cell growth and clonogenic formation. The @entity5 -suppressive effect of @entity4730 was associated with its role in up-regulating @entity3544 and down-regulating @entity4910 , leading to cell cycle arrest at the G(1)-S checkpoint. Knockdown of @entity4730 promoted cell growth in immortalized @entity1 bronchial epithelial cells. The enforced expression of @entity4730 gene to @entity2 cells by ex vivo transfection or adenovector-mediated gene transfer suppressed @entity5 growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that @entity4730 plays an important role in suppressing the growth of @entity2 .

title: Putative @entity5 in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumors', 'lung cancer', 'lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancers']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Kr  ppel-like factor 4 ( @entity4730 ) is a @entity219 -finger protein that plays important roles in stem cells and the development of @entity356 . However, the role of @entity4730 in primary @entity2 is unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine possible roles of @entity4730 in @entity2 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The @entity4730 expression in primary @entity2 tissues and case-matched normal lung tissues were determined by protein and mRNA analyses. The effects of @entity4730 on cell proliferation, clonogenic formation, and cell cycle progression were determined in cultured @entity2 cells or bronchial epithelial cells after enforced @entity4730 overexpression or small interfering RNA knockdown. The in vivo antitumor activity of @entity4730 was evaluated by using stably transfected @entity2 cells and by adenovector-mediated gene delivery. The effect of @entity4730 in regulating @entity3544 and @entity4910 was also evaluated. RESULTS: @entity4730 protein and mRNA levels were dramatically decreased in most primary @entity2 compared with in case-matched normal lung tissues. Enforced expression of @entity4730 resulted in marked inhibition of cell growth and clonogenic formation. The @entity5 -suppressive effect of @entity4730 was associated with its role in up-regulating @entity3544 and down-regulating @entity4910 , leading to cell cycle arrest at the G(1)-S checkpoint. Knockdown of @entity4730 promoted cell growth in immortalized @entity1 bronchial epithelial cells. The enforced expression of @entity4730 gene to @entity2 cells by ex vivo transfection or adenovector-mediated gene transfer suppressed @entity5 growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that @entity4730 plays an important role in suppressing the growth of @entity2 .

title: Putative XXXX in primary @entity2 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor-suppressive function of Kruppel-like factor 4']


abstract: The @entity6 Management System includes a @entity413 -reflectance meter with memory that can interface with a microcomputer for data manipulation and analysis. We evaluated the system in a short-term randomized control trial to determine its impact on metabolic control, self-monitoring of blood @entity413 (SMBG) testing behaviors, regimen self-adjustment, understanding of @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ) treatment, attitudes about SMBG, and perceived quality of @entity1 -physician interaction. Twenty-nine adolescent subjects (experimental) with @entity1723 were randomly assigned the Glucometer M system for 4 mo. Twenty-eight control subjects used meters without memory. All subjects returned twice to the clinic at 2-mo intervals during the study. At clinic visits, both groups reviewed their SMBG data with their physician. Reviews on experimental subjects were conducted with computer-generated data formats. Control subject reviews used traditional logbooks. Both groups showed a significant drop in glycosylated hemoglobin during the study period (P less than .001); however, there were no between-group differences. There were also no differences in SMBG testing behavior or self-reported regimen self-adjustment between groups or within groups compared with baseline. Compared with control subjects, experimental subjects indicated a significant increase in self-reported understanding of @entity1723 treatment (P = .002), perceived importance of testing (P = .006), and the quality of interaction with their physician (P less than .001). These data suggest that use of computer-assisted SMBG systems in the outpatient setting does not improve metabolic control over 4 mo. It may, however, contribute to improving communication between the @entity1 and health-care providers.

title: Clinical evaluation of computer-assisted self-monitoring of blood XXXX system.

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['IDDM', 'insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Glucometer M Diabetes']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: We sought to identify instruments assessing sleep quality that measure the domains of sleep applicable to @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 and are feasible to use and have appropriate reliability, validity, and responsiveness properties. A systematic review of sleep instruments was conducted. In particular, domains related to sleep that were assessed in the instruments were identified and evaluated. Feasibility characteristics and psychometric properties of instruments were reviewed. At OMERACT 9, the preparatory work was described at the plenary session of the @entity1 Perspective Workshop, and the tasks of 3 breakout groups in ranking and scoring the domains and sleep instruments were outlined. Each breakout group considered different aspects of sleep: sleep domains, feasibility, and psychometric properties. The rapporteur for each breakout group reported back to the plenary on the domains and sleep instruments that achieved the highest rank/score. The systematic review identified 45 sleep instruments of interest. Based on these instruments, 14 domains of sleep were identified. The top ranked domains were: Sleep Adequacy (1), Sleep Maintenance (2), Sleep Initiation (3) and Daytime Functioning (4). The top ranked instruments on feasibility were: Athens @entity22 Scale (2.3), Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Sleep (4.0), @entity22 Severity Index (4.9), and @entity1 's Health @entity22 Rating Scale (5.5). The highest scored instruments on psychometric properties were: Athens @entity22 Scale (13.6), Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (13), Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (12), and MOS Sleep (11). Sleep domains have been reviewed, and several sleep instruments have been identified. These instruments should be considered for use in planned clinical trials of @entity309 @entity1 to assess their applicability.

title: Assessing quality of sleep in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['Insomnia']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: We sought to identify instruments assessing sleep quality that measure the domains of sleep applicable to @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 and are feasible to use and have appropriate reliability, validity, and responsiveness properties. A systematic review of sleep instruments was conducted. In particular, domains related to sleep that were assessed in the instruments were identified and evaluated. Feasibility characteristics and psychometric properties of instruments were reviewed. At OMERACT 9, the preparatory work was described at the plenary session of the @entity1 Perspective Workshop, and the tasks of 3 breakout groups in ranking and scoring the domains and sleep instruments were outlined. Each breakout group considered different aspects of sleep: sleep domains, feasibility, and psychometric properties. The rapporteur for each breakout group reported back to the plenary on the domains and sleep instruments that achieved the highest rank/score. The systematic review identified 45 sleep instruments of interest. Based on these instruments, 14 domains of sleep were identified. The top ranked domains were: Sleep Adequacy (1), Sleep Maintenance (2), Sleep Initiation (3) and Daytime Functioning (4). The top ranked instruments on feasibility were: Athens @entity22 Scale (2.3), Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Sleep (4.0), @entity22 Severity Index (4.9), and @entity1 's Health @entity22 Rating Scale (5.5). The highest scored instruments on psychometric properties were: Athens @entity22 Scale (13.6), Sleep Assessment Questionnaire (13), Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (12), and MOS Sleep (11). Sleep domains have been reviewed, and several sleep instruments have been identified. These instruments should be considered for use in planned clinical trials of @entity309 @entity1 to assess their applicability.

title: Assessing quality of sleep in XXXX with @entity309 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity66 in childhood is uncommon. Clinical features are much the same as in @entity66 , however, @entity32 , and functional disease is more common. Management is governed by the same general principles in all age groups. @entity154 are rare. Inflammation, either bacterial or viral, is the most common disease. @entity7841 usually resolves at puberty. @entity5 is rare, and the majority of @entity5 are benign and occur in the parotid gland. Malignancy is suggested by rapid growth, @entity158 , skin fixation, and @entity3329 . Surgical treatment of @entity4164 should only be considered after careful assessment. Relocation of the submandibular ducts is the treatment of choice.

title: XXXX in childhood.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['congenital, inflammation']

entities_list: @entity7841 :: ('MESH:D012793', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic sialadenitis']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['adult disease', 'Salivary disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Neoplasia', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4164 :: ('MESH:D012798', 'Disease') :: ['sialorrhea']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Salivary disease']


abstract: @entity6071 ( @entity6071 ) is being increasingly used both for localization and, in some cases, diagnosis of @entity66 . There are no prospective studies of its specificity or occurrence of false-positive results and their effects on management. This study was designed to address both of these issues. METHODS: Over a 40-mo period, 146 consecutive @entity1 with @entity8579 ( @entity8579 ) undergoing 480 @entity6071 examinations were studied prospectively. @entity1 were admitted at least yearly and underwent @entity6071 as well as conventional imaging studies (ultrasonography, CT, MRI) and angiography, if necessary. All admissions were assigned to one of five different clinical categories in which imaging studies had different purposes. @entity6071 localizations were classified as true-positive or false-positive based on preset criteria. A false-positive result was determined to change clinical management based on five preset criteria. RESULTS: Of all @entity6071 examinations, 12% resulted in a false-positive localization for a @entity5 or its metastases, resulting in a sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 86% and positive and negative predictive values of 85% and 52%, respectively. Extra-abdominal false-positive localizations (2/3) were more common than intra-abdominal (1/3). @entity1374 , @entity1558 and @entity358 were the most frequent causes of extra-abdominal false-positive localizations. @entity4559 , localization to previous operative sites, renal @entity45 and various procedural aspects were the most frequent causes of intra-abdominal false-positive localizations. Of all @entity6071 studies, 2.7% resulted in a false-positive result that altered management. CONCLUSION: False-positive @entity6071 localization occurs in 1 of 10 @entity1 with @entity8579 . By having a thorough understanding of diseases or circumstances that result in false-positive localization and comparing the @entity6071 result with the clinical context, the percentage of @entity1 in whom false-positive localization results in altered management can be reduced to below 3% and the correct diagnosis made in almost every case.

title: Specificity of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: a prospective study and effects of false-positive localizations on management in XXXX with gastrinomas.

entities_list: @entity6071 :: ('MESH:C562709', 'Disease') :: ['Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy', 'SRS']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4559 :: ('MESH:D013160', 'Disease') :: ['Accessory spleens']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['various diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neuroendocrine tumor']

entities_list: @entity8579 :: ('MESH:D015043', 'Disease') :: ['Zollinger-Ellison syndrome', 'ZES']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatosis lung disease']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['parapelvic cysts']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast disease']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['Thyroid disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1 embryonic stem cells (hESCs) which express a reporter gene consistently during all phases of differentiation would be valuable for basic research on cell transplantation. In this study, we describe karyotypically-abnormal variant hESCs, BGO1V2-EFG, which express hrGFP driven by the EF1 promoter. METHODS: BGO1V2-EFG cells were analyzed by using immunocytochemistry, single cell-based confocal image, and in vitro differentiation, including dopaminergic differentiation. RESULTS: Undifferentiated BGO1V2-EFG cells expressed pluripotent ESC markers and retained the ability to differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers. BGO1V2-EFG cells maintained stable and robust hrGFP expression in vitro in the undifferentiated state and during differentiation. The EF1 promoter retained activity during dopaminergic differentiation, as 76% of @entity669 hydroxlase (TH)-positive cells co-expressed hrGFP by confocal analysis. Treated with @entity11413 (0.02 mM to 2.0 mM), an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), during differentiation did not affect hrGFP expression, although TH expression was reduced by higher concentrations of @entity11413 . CONCLUSION: BGO1V2-EFG cells maintain stable and robust hrGFP expression in the undifferentiated state and during neural differentiation. Especially, the EF1 promoter was effective in driving hrGFP expression during dopaminergic differentiation. BGO1V2-EFG cells may be useful for transplantation studies in @entity191 animal models.

title: XXXX embryonic stem cells which express hrGFP in the undifferentiated state and during dopaminergic differentiation.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity11413 :: ('CHEBI:64103', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium butyrate']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Maximum surgical effort to minimize @entity41 following primary surgery has been shown to increase mean survival in @entity1 with @entity43 . From September, 1983 to November, 1987, 22 @entity1 underwent resection of the urinary tract as a part of cytoreductive surgery. Seven @entity1 underwent partial cystectomy, four underwent partial cystectomy with ureteroneocystotomy, five @entity1 underwent ureteroneocystotomy while an additional four @entity1 underwent ureteroureteral anastomosis. One @entity1 underwent primary transverse colon conduit while another underwent a similar procedure after developing urinary leakage. All anastomoses were protected with indwelling stents while the urinary bladder was drained with an indwelling Foley catheter for ten days. Both @entity1 requiring conduits had undergone prior radiation therapy in addition to chemotherapy. Nine major and two minor complications occurred in seven @entity1 . One @entity1 died six weeks postoperatively after concurrent hepatic resection. Optimal cytoreduction was possible in 59% of the @entity1 , and was associated with a mean survival of 15.2 months. Optimal cytoreduction including resection of the urinary tract was associated with longer survival and acceptable morbidity and it appears to be justified in @entity1 with @entity43 .

title: Advanced XXXX : urinary tract resection as a part of cytoreductive surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the safety, efficacy, and stability of conductive keratoplasty (CK) in the treatment of @entity10818 . METHODS: Ten near plano presbyopic @entity1 (6 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 ) underwent unilateral CK in the @entity227 . Mean age was 51 +/- 3.1 years (range: 46 to 56 years). The surgeries were the author's first 10 CK procedures performed. The postoperative target for these eyes ranged from -1.25 to -1.75 diopters (D). RESULTS: Preoperative mean manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) was -0.18 +/- 0.27 D (range: -0.75 to -0.25 D), yielding a mean near uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of J10 (range: J12 to J5). Twelve months after CK, the mean near UCVA was J1 (range: J3 to J1) with 90% (9/10) eyes J1 and 100% (10/10) eyes J3 or better. The mean MRSE was -1.31 +/- 0.53 D (range: -2.25 to -0.75 D). Treated eyes lost an average of 2.2 +/- 2 lines (range: 0 to 5) of distance UCVA but gained an average of 8.7 +/- 2 lines (range: 4 to 11) of near UCVA. No eye lost best spectacle-corrected visual acuity or had induced cylinder > or = 0.75 D. Nine (90%) of 10 @entity1 had binocular distance UCVA < or = 20/20 and near UCVA < or = J1 and all 10 (100%) @entity1 had binocular distance UCVA < or = 20/25 and near UCVA < or = J3. CONCLUSIONS: Conductive keratoplasty for the treatment of @entity10818 provided safe and effective results 1 year following the initial surgery. Longer follow-up will be needed to describe refractive stability. The mean near and distance UCVA results were better than expected for the amount of refractive change observed during this study.

title: Conductive keratoplasty for XXXX : 1-year results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['non-dominant eye to improve their near vision']

entities_list: @entity10818 :: ('MESH:D011305', 'Disease') :: ['presbyopia']

answer: @entity10818 :: (MESH:D011305,Disease) :: ['presbyopia']


abstract: @entity1 neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) are a promising source to treat various @entity179 . Potential applications are to use such cells for reprogramming to induce pluripotent stem cells or for secretion of proteins into the brain. These applications usually involve expression of heterologously expressed genes which is difficult to achieve in hNPCs. We tested several protocols for non-viral gene transfer and different promoters. Nucleofection and the cytomegalovirus enhancer/ @entity1573 @entity17921 promoter allowed expression of foreign genes in hNPCs for up to 6 months. Treatment with the antibiotic G418 enabled us to select stably transfected cells which were subcloned and continued to express the NPC marker nestin. Differentiation of stably nucleofected hNPCs revealed that multipotency was maintained following long-term expansion of subcloned hNPCs. After differentiation for 3 weeks in vitro or in vivo following striatal transplantations transfected hNPCs expressed voltage-gated @entity1372 channels suggesting the development of functional properties during neuronal maturation. In conclusion, stably nucleofected hNPCs can be isolated, subcloned, and expanded for up to 6 months without loss of their differentiation potential. These data provide a basis for future studies using hNPCs to investigate the neuronal differentiation in vivo after transplantation, the feasibility as a vector for gene (protein) therapy, and the induction of pluripotent stem cells.

title: Non-viral gene transfer by nucleofection allows stable gene expression in XXXX neural progenitor cells.

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The target cells of most @entity134 hormones contain prominent structures termed nuclear bodies (NB). @entity172 (ES) responsive tissues have very distinctive NB, whose development has been associated with both the level of ES receptors and their retention times in nuclei. It has been suggested that these NB may be large-scale ES binding centers at transcriptionally hyperstimulated sites. We examined the formation of NB in ES-stimulated rooster liver, after primary induction of vitellogenesis and during subsequent decay of this response. Distinct NB appear 6 h postinduction, initially as compact spheroids with ring-like profiles and later on as more complex morphotypes. Nuclei average 15-17 NB each at peak induction (24-48 h), but this declines again gradually as the hormonal response abates. This transient pattern is paralleled closely by the [3H]ES binding capacity of nuclei in vitro and the calculated number of specific hormone receptors present. There is no direct numerical correspondence, however, between the NB and the ES receptors, either on a one-to-one basis or as some simple ratio. Hence any links between ES binding activity in nuclei and the NB must be both complex and indirect. Nuclear bodies were isolated following lysis of nuclei by sonication and separation of subfractions on discontinuous @entity969 gradients. The resultant NB-enriched fraction consisted primarily of protein, with traces of DNA and RNA. Analysis of proteins by @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis revealed a complex pattern of polypeptides, some apparently unique and probably NB-derived.

title: Isolation and analysis of nuclear bodies from XXXX -stimulated chick liver.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An increasing number of @entity1 with @entity884 ( @entity884 ) are operated on before the end of the first week of antimicrobial therapy. The mortality and morbidity of this specific group are unknown. AIMS: To evaluate the outcome of @entity1 with @entity884 requiring cardiac surgery performed within the first week of antimicrobial therapy. METHODS: All consecutive @entity1 with a definite diagnosis of @entity884 operated on within the first week of antimicrobial therapy were followed prospectively. Endpoints were in-hospital mortality and a combined endpoint of long-term @entity65 , recurrence and @entity340 (PVD). The three main conditions requiring surgery, namely haemodynamic @entity73 and periannular extension, were tested as potential predictors of outcome after adjustment for relevant variables. RESULTS: Among the 95 @entity1 included, surgery was performed a median time of 3 days after starting antimicrobial therapy. In-hospital mortality was 15%. The 3-year cumulative rates of the combined endpoint and of @entity65 were 38+/-7% and 27+/-7%, respectively. Recurrence occurred in 12% and PVD in 7%. Periannular extension was the main predictor of in-hospital @entity204 and the combined endpoint. CONCLUSION: Despite the short time between starting antimicrobial therapy and performing surgery, the risk of @entity204 , recurrence and PVD does not appear excessively high. In the presence of periannular extension, however, surgery is associated with a greater risk of postoperative events.

title: Outcome after surgical treatment performed within the first week of antimicrobial therapy during XXXX : a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment, high embolic risk']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['non-infective postoperative valvular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular death']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['IE', 'infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['infective endocarditis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical factors associated with requiring more than a single course of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) to achieve remission among @entity1 with low-risk postmolar @entity1469 ( @entity1469 ). METHODS: We studied 150 @entity1 with persistent @entity1469 after diagnosis of complete (n=110) or partial mole (n=40) to identify possible predictors of requiring additional treatment after a single treatment of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ). All @entity1 had low-risk disease using FIGO and WHO scoring systems. RESULTS: Seventy @entity1 (47%) required additional courses of chemotherapy, of whom 45 (64%) received chemotherapy other than @entity1500 . Multivariate analysis revealed that complete mole histology, presence of @entity3 , single day @entity1500 infusion and any increase in serum beta @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) level 1 week after @entity1500 therapy were independent predictors of requiring additional @entity1500 or alternative chemotherapy. Dilatation and curettage (D+C) within 1 week after the diagnosis of persistence did not affect future chemotherapy requirements (p>0.64). Following complete mole, beta-hCG levels >2000 mIU/mL at 1 week post @entity1500 were associated with a 89% risk of additional cycles chemotherapy including @entity1500 and a 65% risk of alternative chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 , @entity1500 infusion protocol and complete mole histology were independently associated with the need for additional chemotherapy after an initial course of @entity1500 for @entity1 with low risk @entity1469 . D+C at persistence did not alter the chemotherapy requirement. Elevated beta-hCG level at 1 week after the initial course of @entity1500 was also an independent factor predicting the need for additional courses of @entity1500 or alternative chemotherapy.

title: Evaluating XXXX treatment in @entity1 with low-risk postmolar @entity1469 .

entities_list: @entity1469 :: ('MESH:D031901', 'Disease') :: ['gestational trophoblastic neoplasia', 'GTN']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'Metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate', 'methotrexate']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical factors associated with requiring more than a single course of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) to achieve remission among @entity1 with low-risk postmolar @entity1469 ( @entity1469 ). METHODS: We studied 150 @entity1 with persistent @entity1469 after diagnosis of complete (n=110) or partial mole (n=40) to identify possible predictors of requiring additional treatment after a single treatment of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ). All @entity1 had low-risk disease using FIGO and WHO scoring systems. RESULTS: Seventy @entity1 (47%) required additional courses of chemotherapy, of whom 45 (64%) received chemotherapy other than @entity1500 . Multivariate analysis revealed that complete mole histology, presence of @entity3 , single day @entity1500 infusion and any increase in serum beta @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) level 1 week after @entity1500 therapy were independent predictors of requiring additional @entity1500 or alternative chemotherapy. Dilatation and curettage (D+C) within 1 week after the diagnosis of persistence did not affect future chemotherapy requirements (p>0.64). Following complete mole, beta-hCG levels >2000 mIU/mL at 1 week post @entity1500 were associated with a 89% risk of additional cycles chemotherapy including @entity1500 and a 65% risk of alternative chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 , @entity1500 infusion protocol and complete mole histology were independently associated with the need for additional chemotherapy after an initial course of @entity1500 for @entity1 with low risk @entity1469 . D+C at persistence did not alter the chemotherapy requirement. Elevated beta-hCG level at 1 week after the initial course of @entity1500 was also an independent factor predicting the need for additional courses of @entity1500 or alternative chemotherapy.

title: Evaluating @entity1499 treatment in @entity1 with low-risk postmolar XXXX .

answer: @entity1469 :: (MESH:D031901,Disease) :: ['gestational trophoblastic neoplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical factors associated with requiring more than a single course of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) to achieve remission among @entity1 with low-risk postmolar @entity1469 ( @entity1469 ). METHODS: We studied 150 @entity1 with persistent @entity1469 after diagnosis of complete (n=110) or partial mole (n=40) to identify possible predictors of requiring additional treatment after a single treatment of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ). All @entity1 had low-risk disease using FIGO and WHO scoring systems. RESULTS: Seventy @entity1 (47%) required additional courses of chemotherapy, of whom 45 (64%) received chemotherapy other than @entity1500 . Multivariate analysis revealed that complete mole histology, presence of @entity3 , single day @entity1500 infusion and any increase in serum beta @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) level 1 week after @entity1500 therapy were independent predictors of requiring additional @entity1500 or alternative chemotherapy. Dilatation and curettage (D+C) within 1 week after the diagnosis of persistence did not affect future chemotherapy requirements (p>0.64). Following complete mole, beta-hCG levels >2000 mIU/mL at 1 week post @entity1500 were associated with a 89% risk of additional cycles chemotherapy including @entity1500 and a 65% risk of alternative chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3 , @entity1500 infusion protocol and complete mole histology were independently associated with the need for additional chemotherapy after an initial course of @entity1500 for @entity1 with low risk @entity1469 . D+C at persistence did not alter the chemotherapy requirement. Elevated beta-hCG level at 1 week after the initial course of @entity1500 was also an independent factor predicting the need for additional courses of @entity1500 or alternative chemotherapy.

title: Evaluating @entity1499 treatment in XXXX with low-risk postmolar @entity1469 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In May 2003, an indigenously developed liposomal @entity2379 (Fungisome) was introduced in the Indian market for the treatment of @entity364 and @entity234 . The present post marketing study assessed the safety and effectiveness of Fungisome in actual clinical practice. SETTING AND DESIGN: Retrospective post marketing surveillance from four cities of India. METHODS: The present study was carried out for a period of 6 months ( @entity1178 -Nov 2004), a year after the introduction of the drug. A list of doctors who had prescribed and procured the drug was obtained from the distributor. Consent to participate and scrutinize the @entity1 ' source notes were obtained from the concerned doctors. All @entity1 who had received Fungisome treatment were included. Data was collected from the @entity1 's source notes on a predesigned proforma. They were then analyzed by descriptive statistics. Cost of Fungisome was calculated on the basis of dose used and number of days of treatment. RESULTS: Data were available for 109/144 @entity1 from 35/40 physicians. Fungisome was administered at 1-3 mg/kg/day for 7-76 days. No serious adverse events related to the drug were observed in the study. Mild infusion-related adverse events were reported in 40 (36%), moderate in 11 (10%) of @entity1 and severe in 2 (1.8%). None of the adverse events were certain to Fungisome exposure, 12 (11%) were probable, 28 (25 %) were possible, and 13 (11.9%) were unlikely. Of the 91 assessable @entity1 (received at least eight doses of Fungisome) for efficacy complete response was observed in 67 (73.6%), 16 (17.5%) had partial responses, and 8 (8.7%) of @entity1 had no response. The acquisition cost per day and per course treatment of different @entity364 ranged from (apprx) Rs 4500-8000 and 0.9-2.1 lakh respectively. CONCLUSION: This postmarketing study documents the safety, tolerability, effectiveness and cost advantage of indigenously developed liposomal @entity2379 in the treatment of @entity364 and @entity1398 in actual clinical practice.

title: Post-marketing study to assess the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of Fungisome: an Indian liposomal XXXX preparation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections', 'systemic fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenia']

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['amphotericin B']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Spontaneous healing potential and progression of @entity1843 have been unclear. HYPOTHESIS: Healing potential is high in the early stage of @entity1843 and low in the advanced stage. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: This retrospective study examines 39 @entity1 with @entity1843 who were treated conservatively. All @entity1 were baseball players (mean age, 12.8 years). After initial examination, all @entity1 were advised to stop heavy use of the elbow. Physical and radiographic examinations were regularly performed and assessed. Mean duration of follow-up was 14.4 months. RESULTS: Early-stage lesions were present in 30 @entity1 , while 9 @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity1442 . Open capitellar growth plates were observed in 17 @entity1 , and closed capitellar growth plates were seen in 22 @entity1 . On final radiography, 25 of 30 early-stage lesions were assessed as healed. However, only 1 of 9 advanced-stage lesions was assessed as healed. The remaining 8 @entity1442 were unimproved or progressed. @entity75 was seen in 16 of 17 @entity1 with an open growth plate and in 11 of 22 @entity1 with a closed growth plate, representing a significant difference between @entity1 with open and closed growth plates (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Spontaneous healing potential of @entity1843 in @entity75 , especially in @entity1 with open capitellar growth plates, appears high, and nonoperative treatment is appropriate. Conversely, healing potential is extremely low in advanced @entity1843 . Surgical intervention is recommended to achieve lesion healing in advanced cases.

title: Nonoperative treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1843 :: ('MESH:D010008', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum', 'osteochondritis dissecans lesions', 'osteochondritis dissecans']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced lesions']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['early lesions', 'Healing of lesions']

answer: @entity1843 :: (MESH:D010008,Disease) :: ['osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum']


abstract: AIM: To investigate the effect of epidural anaesthesia (EA) on pancreatic microcirculation during acute @entity788 (AP). METHODS: AP was induced by injection of @entity7362 into the pancreatic duct of @entity35 . To realize EA, a catheter was introduced into the epidural space between T7 and T9 and @entity1341 was injected. Microcirculatory flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Arterial blood gas analyses were performed. At the end of the experiment (<or=5 h), pancreas was removed for histology. The animals were divided into three groups: Group 1 (n=9), AP without EA; Group 2 (n=4), EA without AP; and Group 3 (n=6), AP treated by EA. RESULTS: In Group 1, pancreatic microcirculatory flow prior to AP was 141+/- 39 perfusion units (PU). After AP, microcirculatory flow obviously decreased to 9+/- 6 PU (P<0.05). @entity520 developed with base excess (BE) of -14+/-3 mmol/L. Histology revealed extensive @entity4 and tissue @entity39 . In Group 2, EA did not significantly modify microcirculatory flow. BE remained unchanged and histological analysis showed normal pancreatic tissue. In Group 3, AP initially caused a significant decrease in microcirculatory flow from 155+/-25 to 11+/-7 PU (P<0.05). After initiation of EA, microcirculatory flow obviously increased again to 81+/-31 PU (P<0.05). BE was -6+/-4 mmol/L, which was significantly different compared to Group 1 (P<0.05). Furthermore, histology revealed less extensive @entity4 and @entity39 in pancreatic tissue in Group 3 than that in Group 1. CONCLUSION: AP caused dramatic microcirculatory changes within the pancreas, with development of @entity520 and tissue @entity39 . EA allowed partial restoration of microcirculatory flow and prevented development of @entity39 . Therefore, EA should be considered as therapeutic option to prevent evolution from @entity656 .

title: Epidural anaesthesia restores pancreatic microcirculation and decreases the severity of acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity7362 :: ('MESH:D013656', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium taurocholate']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['edematous to necrotic AP']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['tissue necrosis and systemic complications', 'necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic acidosis', 'metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: Pathogenic Yersinia species are associated with both localized and @entity281 in @entity1 hosts. In this study, signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis was used to identify @entity2820 genes required for survival in a @entity19 model of @entity281 . Approximately 2000 transposon insertion mutants were screened for attenuation. This led to the identification of 55 mutants defective for survival in the animal host, as judged by their ability to compete with the wild-type strain in @entity325 . A total of 28 mutants had transposon insertions in the virulence plasmid, validating the screen. Two of the plasmid mutants with severe virulence defects had insertions in an uncharacterized region. Several of the chromosomal insertions were in a gene cluster involved in O-antigen biosynthesis. Other chromosomal insertions identified genes not previously demonstrated as being required for in vivo survival of @entity2820 . These include genes involved in the synthesis of outer membrane components, stress response and nutrient acquisition. One severely attenuated mutant had an insertion in a homologue of the pspC gene (phage shock protein C) of @entity526 . The phage shock protein operon has no known biochemical or physiological function in @entity526 , but is apparently essential for the survival of @entity2820 during @entity281 .

title: Identification of XXXX genes affecting survival in an animal host using signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infections', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infections']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity2820 :: ('630', 'Species') :: ['Y. enterocolitica', 'Yersinia enterocolitica']

answer: @entity2820 :: (630,Species) :: ['Yersinia enterocolitica']


abstract: @entity38236 dehydrogenase has been cloned from @entity14348 , @entity26731 , and @entity62581 . The genes were identified by using a novel complementation assay employing an @entity526 mutant incapable of consuming @entity8686 as the sole @entity505 source but capable of growth on glucarate. A shotgun library of @entity3437 was screened in the mutant @entity526 by growing transformed cells on minimal medium containing @entity8686 . Colonies that survived were evaluated for @entity38236 dehydrogenase, which is capable of converting @entity8686 to @entity41379 . In this manner, a 0.8-kb open reading frame was identified and subsequently verified to be udh. Homologous enzymes in @entity15250 and A. tumefaciens were identified based on a similarity search of the sequenced genomes. Recombinant proteins from each of the three organisms expressed in @entity526 were purified and characterized. For all three enzymes, the turnover number (k(cat)) with @entity8686 as a substrate was higher than that with @entity59428 ; however, the Michaelis constant (K(m)) for @entity59428 was lower than that for @entity8686 . The A. tumefaciens enzyme was found to have the highest rate constant (k(cat) = 1.9 x 10(2) s(-1) on @entity8686 ), which was more than twofold higher than those of both of the pseudomonad enzymes.

title: Cloning and characterization of XXXX dehydrogenases from two pseudomonads and @entity62581 .

entities_list: @entity38236 :: ('CHEBI:33549', 'Chemical') :: ['uronate', 'Uronate']

entities_list: @entity59428 :: ('CHEBI:24175', 'Chemical') :: ['galacturonate']

entities_list: @entity14348 :: ('223283', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000']

entities_list: @entity26731 :: ('160488', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas putida KT2440']

entities_list: @entity8686 :: ('MESH:D020723', 'Chemical') :: ['glucuronate', 'glucuronic acid']

entities_list: @entity41379 :: ('MESH:D005937', 'Chemical') :: ['glucaric acid']

entities_list: @entity62581 :: ('176299', 'Species') :: ['Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58']

answer: @entity38236 :: (CHEBI:33549,Chemical) :: ['uronate']


abstract: @entity38236 dehydrogenase has been cloned from @entity14348 , @entity26731 , and @entity62581 . The genes were identified by using a novel complementation assay employing an @entity526 mutant incapable of consuming @entity8686 as the sole @entity505 source but capable of growth on glucarate. A shotgun library of @entity3437 was screened in the mutant @entity526 by growing transformed cells on minimal medium containing @entity8686 . Colonies that survived were evaluated for @entity38236 dehydrogenase, which is capable of converting @entity8686 to @entity41379 . In this manner, a 0.8-kb open reading frame was identified and subsequently verified to be udh. Homologous enzymes in @entity15250 and A. tumefaciens were identified based on a similarity search of the sequenced genomes. Recombinant proteins from each of the three organisms expressed in @entity526 were purified and characterized. For all three enzymes, the turnover number (k(cat)) with @entity8686 as a substrate was higher than that with @entity59428 ; however, the Michaelis constant (K(m)) for @entity59428 was lower than that for @entity8686 . The A. tumefaciens enzyme was found to have the highest rate constant (k(cat) = 1.9 x 10(2) s(-1) on @entity8686 ), which was more than twofold higher than those of both of the pseudomonad enzymes.

title: Cloning and characterization of @entity38236 dehydrogenases from two pseudomonads and XXXX .

answer: @entity62581 :: (176299,Species) :: ['Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58']


abstract: @entity66 of the external nose appear during embryologic development. Their usual location is midline nasal area. The most common are @entity48 , @entity11 , @entity3976 and meningocele. The histopatology confirms @entity48 in 60%. Diagnosis is based mainly on clinical examination of the @entity1 . Computer tomography and magnetic resonance are useful to reveal the pathway of intracranial herniation or presence of associated anomalies of the cranial bones. A complete surgical removal of the lesion is the only effective treatment. In Plastic Surgery Clinic in Lodz, 20 @entity1 2-20 years old were operated between the years 1973-2004. Treatment consisted of simple surgical excision of the nasal lesion. The @entity48 was diagnosed in 55%. In 3 cases, where @entity3976 were observed, a preparation and simple ligature was performed. The results of all operations were satisfactory. @entity66 of the external nose should be considered as @entity48 , @entity11 , @entity3976 or meningocele. Complete excision is very important. Deformations of the nose after surgery are to be corrected after the facial skull growth process ends.

title: [ XXXX of the external nose].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3976 :: ('MESH:D004677', 'Disease') :: ['encephalocele', 'herniations']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital lesions', 'Congenital lesion']

entities_list: @entity48 :: ('MESH:D003884', 'Disease') :: ['dermoid cyst']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Congenital lesions']


abstract: OBJECT: Because of their critical location adjacent to brain, cranial nerve, and vascular structures, @entity1653 remain a clinical challenge. The authors evaluated outcomes in 168 @entity1 with @entity1653 who underwent Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) during a 21-year interval. METHODS: Gamma Knife surgery was used as either primary or adjuvant treatment of 168 @entity1653 involving the region between the petrous apex and the upper two-thirds of the clivus. The most common presenting symptoms were trigeminal nerve dysfunction, balance problems, @entity892 , and @entity393 . The median @entity5 volume was 6.1 cm3 (range 0.3-32.5 cm3), and the median radiation dose to the @entity5 margin was 13 Gy (range 9-18 Gy). RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 72 months, neurological status improved in 44 @entity1 (26%), remained stable in 98 (58%), and worsened in 26 (15%). @entity5 volume decreased in 78 @entity1 (46%), remained stable in 74 (44%), and increased in 16 (10%), all of whom were subjected to additional management strategies. Overall 5- and 10-year progression-free survival rates were 91 and 86%, respectively. @entity1 followed up for at least 10 years (31 @entity1 ) had @entity5 and symptom control rates of 97 and 94%, respectively. Eight @entity1 had repeat radiosurgery, 4 underwent delayed resection, and 4 had fractionated radiation therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion was performed in 7 @entity1 (4%). Significant risk factors for @entity5 progression were a @entity5 volume > or = 8 cm3 (p = 0.001) and male sex (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In this 21-year experience, GKS for @entity1653 obviated initial or further resection in 98% of @entity1 and was associated with a low risk of adverse radiation effects. The authors believe that radiosurgery should be considered as an initial option for @entity1 with smaller-volume, symptomatic @entity1653 .

title: Long-term control of XXXX through radiosurgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['petroclival meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['petroclival meningiomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of @entity134 injections for @entity1 with @entity924 of the shoulder or elbow. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and manual searches was performed until April 2008. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the efficacy on @entity158 , and/or the safety of @entity134 injections, versus placebo, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or physiotherapy in @entity1 with @entity924 were selected. Pooled effect size (ES) was calculated by meta-analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method. RESULTS: In all, 20 RCTs were analysed (744 @entity1 treated by injections and 987 @entity1 treated by controls; 618 shoulders and 1113 elbows). The pooled analysis indicated only short-term effectiveness of @entity230 versus the pooled controls for @entity158 and function (eg, @entity158 at week 1-3 ES = 1.18 (95% CI 0.27 to 2.09), @entity158 at week 4-8 ES = 1.30 (95% CI 0.55 to 2.04), @entity158 at week 12-24 ES = -0.38 (95% CI -0.85 to 0.08) and @entity158 at week 48 ES = 0.07 (95% CI -0.60 to 0.75)). Sensitivity analyses indicated similar results whatever the localisation, type of @entity134 and type of comparator except for NSAIDs: @entity134 injections were not significantly better than NSAIDs in the short-term. @entity134 injections appeared more effective than pooled other treatments in acute or subacute @entity924 . The main side effects were transient @entity158 after injection (10.7% of corticosteroid injections) and skin modification (4.0%). CONCLUSIONS: @entity134 injections are well tolerated and more effective for @entity924 in the short-term than pooled other treatments, though similar to NSAIDs. No long-term benefit was shown.

title: Efficacy and safety of @entity134 injections for shoulder and elbow XXXX : a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendonitis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain or functional disability', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['tendonitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of @entity134 injections for @entity1 with @entity924 of the shoulder or elbow. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature using PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and manual searches was performed until April 2008. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the efficacy on @entity158 , and/or the safety of @entity134 injections, versus placebo, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or physiotherapy in @entity1 with @entity924 were selected. Pooled effect size (ES) was calculated by meta-analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method. RESULTS: In all, 20 RCTs were analysed (744 @entity1 treated by injections and 987 @entity1 treated by controls; 618 shoulders and 1113 elbows). The pooled analysis indicated only short-term effectiveness of @entity230 versus the pooled controls for @entity158 and function (eg, @entity158 at week 1-3 ES = 1.18 (95% CI 0.27 to 2.09), @entity158 at week 4-8 ES = 1.30 (95% CI 0.55 to 2.04), @entity158 at week 12-24 ES = -0.38 (95% CI -0.85 to 0.08) and @entity158 at week 48 ES = 0.07 (95% CI -0.60 to 0.75)). Sensitivity analyses indicated similar results whatever the localisation, type of @entity134 and type of comparator except for NSAIDs: @entity134 injections were not significantly better than NSAIDs in the short-term. @entity134 injections appeared more effective than pooled other treatments in acute or subacute @entity924 . The main side effects were transient @entity158 after injection (10.7% of corticosteroid injections) and skin modification (4.0%). CONCLUSIONS: @entity134 injections are well tolerated and more effective for @entity924 in the short-term than pooled other treatments, though similar to NSAIDs. No long-term benefit was shown.

title: Efficacy and safety of XXXX injections for shoulder and elbow @entity924 : a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: Recent advances in genomic medicine have contributed to the acceleration of our understanding regarding the pathogenesis of @entity303 , improving diagnostic accuracy with the introduction of novel biomarkers and personalizing therapeutics with the incorporation of pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic procedures to drug development and clinical practice. Most @entity179 , including @entity195 ( @entity195 ), share some common features, such as a genomic background in which hundreds of genes might be involved, genome-environment interactions, complex pathogenic pathways, poor therapeutic outcomes and @entity717 . The main aim of a cost-effective treatment is to halt disease progression via modification of the functional cascade involving @entity195 genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Unfortunately, the drugs available for the treatment of @entity303 are not cost effective. The pharmacological treatment of @entity303 accounts for 10-20% of direct costs, and fewer than 20% of the @entity1 are moderate responders to conventional drugs, some of which may cause important adverse drug reactions. Future antidementia drugs must address the complex pathogenic niche of the disease from a multifactorial perspective. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic factors may account for 60-90% of drug variability in drug disposition and pharmacodynamics. In addition to antidementia drugs, @entity1 with @entity195 or with other forms of @entity303 need concomitant medications for the treatment of diverse disorders of the CNS associated with progressive @entity75 . Approximately 60-80% of drugs acting on the CNS are metabolized via enzymes of the CYP gene superfamily, and 10-20% of Caucasians are carriers of defective @entity5320 polymorphic variants that alter the metabolism of many psychotropic agents. Only 26% of the @entity1 are pure extensive metabolizers for the trigenic cluster integrated by allelic variants of the @entity5320 , @entity4433 and @entity5060 in combination. Although many genes have been suggested to be associated with @entity195 , with the exception of @entity2204 , most polymorphic variants of potential risk exhibit a very weak association with @entity195 . @entity2204 /4 carriers exhibit a dramatic biological disadvantage in comparison with other genotypes, and @entity195 @entity1 harboring this homozygous condition are the worst responders to conventional drugs. The incorporation of pharmacogenetic/pharmacogenomic protocols into @entity195 research and clinical practice can foster the optimization of therapeutics by helping to develop cost-effective biopharmaceuticals and improving drug efficacy and safety.

title: Pharmacogenomics and therapeutic strategies for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disability']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Use of trancatheter device closure for membranous @entity1757 is still in evolving phase. We report the early and mid-term results of our experience with the new asymmetric Amplatzer membranous @entity1757 occluder. METHODS AND RESULTS: We attempted, transcatheter closure of perimembranous @entity1757 using asymmetric Amplatzer occluder in 26 @entity1 . The @entity1 were selected on the basis of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of the @entity1757 . The procedure was successful in 21 (81%) @entity1 . The age ranged from 3 to 23 years, weight from 10 to 59 kg and defect size ranged from 3 to 9 mm (mean: 5 +/- 1.8 mm). One @entity1 had situs inversus with @entity5512 : 11 had aneurysmal tissue partly occluding the defect and the device was deployed either across (n=6) or within the aneurysmal sac (n=5). Three @entity1 developed high degree @entity713 on attempts to cross the defect with the sheath and the procedure was discontinued. In two @entity1 it was not possible to place the sheath in left ventricle despite repeated attempts. There was a residual flow in 4 (19%) @entity1 at 24 hours. Two @entity1 developed @entity5036 and none had complete @entity616 . At follow-up (1-9 months, n=20), residual flow was seen in two @entity1 . None developed late @entity8526 , @entity337 , @entity884 or @entity2142 . CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter closure of perimembranous @entity1757 can be performed safely and effectively with the new asymmetric Amplatzer occluder device in selected @entity1 with good short- and midterm results. These devices can be deployed safely in and across and the aneurysmal sacs. In selected cases, this procedure is a satisfactory alternative to surgery.

title: Transcatheter closure of perimembranous XXXX with amplatzer membranous occluder.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis']

entities_list: @entity5512 :: ('MESH:D003914', 'Disease') :: ['dextrocardia']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity5036 :: ('OMIM:113900', 'Disease') :: ['bundle branch block']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity8526 :: ('MESH:C562490', 'Disease') :: ['conduction defect']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['heart block']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity1757 :: (MESH:D006345,Disease) :: ['ventricular septal defect']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Mitral valve repair is the procedure of choice for severe @entity339 ( @entity339 ). The objective of this study was to review prospectively gathered echocardiographic and clinical results with mitral valve repair for @entity179 . METHODS: Between May 1995 and July 2004, 403 @entity1 underwent mitral valve repair for @entity179 (mean age 63 +/- 12 years, 72% males). Concomitant procedures included CABG (29%), radiofrequency left-sided maze procedure (8%), @entity886 (6%), and tricuspid valve repair (4%). RESULTS: Thirty-day mortality was 0.4% for @entity1 with isolated mitral valve repair and 5.1% for @entity1 with mitral valve repair and concomitant procedure (p = 0.003). Five-year survival was higher for isolated mitral valve repair compared to mitral valve repair with a combined procedure (92 +/- 2% vs. 76 +/- 5%; p < 0.001). Pulmonary artery pressure and left atrial and left ventricular end-diastolic diameters were significantly improved following mitral valve repair (all p <or= 0.005) and this was sustained afterward. The freedom from severe (3+ or 4+) and moderate-severe (2+, 3+, or 4+) @entity339 was 95% and 77% at 5 years, respectively, whereas the freedom from reoperation was 96 +/- 1% at 5 years. Significant predictors of moderate-severe @entity339 recurrence were @entity384 , anterior leaflet prolapse, and concomitant procedure, whereas @entity339 amenable to posterior leaflet resection had a lower risk of @entity339 recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Excellent clinical outcomes can be obtained using standard techniques of mitral valve repair of the degenerative valve. @entity339 recurrence is low but nonnegligible, emphasizing the necessity for long-term postoperative echocardiographic follow-up in these @entity1 .

title: Late echocardiographic and clinical outcomes after mitral valve repair for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve disease', 'degenerative mitral regurgitation', 'MR']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac dilatation']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve replacement']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disease']

answer: @entity179 :: (MESH:D019636,Disease) :: ['degenerative disease']


abstract: The goal of these National Cancer Institute-sponsored phase I trials is to determine the feasibility, @entity137 , and pharmacokinetics of continuous-infusion (24 hr/d, 7 d/wk, 7 weeks total) intravenous @entity1311 combined with standard, curative-intent thoracic radiation therapy (XRT) for previously untreated, locally advanced @entity1149 and @entity135 ( @entity213 ). Eligible @entity1 have locally advanced (T4NXM0 or TXN2-3M0) @entity1149 ineligible for potentially curative surgical resection or locally advanced @entity213 with an expected 5-year survival rate of less than 25%, as well as a good performance status, adequate hematologic, hepatic, and renal function, and no distant metastases. @entity1149 @entity1 receive a total @entity5 dose of 64.8 Gy megavoltage XRT in 7 weeks at 1.8 Gy once daily, 5 d/wk. @entity1 with @entity213 receive 70 Gy megavoltage XRT in 7 weeks at 2 Gy once daily, 5 d/wk. @entity1311 is delivered by continuous intravenous infusion starting 48 hours before XRT and continuing for its duration. The dose of @entity1311 is escalated in cohorts of three @entity1 in a standard phase I design. To date, 49 @entity1 have been entered on both studies and 43 are evaluable for @entity137 . @entity1311 dose is currently at the 17 mg/m2/d dose level, with no dose-limiting @entity137 thus far. Clinical outcomes suggest significant activity for this combination. This therapy is feasible and has been well-tolerated through current dose levels. Dose escalation is ongoing.

title: Seven-week continuous-infusion XXXX concurrent with radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung and @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancer of the head and neck']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['Non-small cell lung cancer', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Paclitaxel']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: The goal of these National Cancer Institute-sponsored phase I trials is to determine the feasibility, @entity137 , and pharmacokinetics of continuous-infusion (24 hr/d, 7 d/wk, 7 weeks total) intravenous @entity1311 combined with standard, curative-intent thoracic radiation therapy (XRT) for previously untreated, locally advanced @entity1149 and @entity135 ( @entity213 ). Eligible @entity1 have locally advanced (T4NXM0 or TXN2-3M0) @entity1149 ineligible for potentially curative surgical resection or locally advanced @entity213 with an expected 5-year survival rate of less than 25%, as well as a good performance status, adequate hematologic, hepatic, and renal function, and no distant metastases. @entity1149 @entity1 receive a total @entity5 dose of 64.8 Gy megavoltage XRT in 7 weeks at 1.8 Gy once daily, 5 d/wk. @entity1 with @entity213 receive 70 Gy megavoltage XRT in 7 weeks at 2 Gy once daily, 5 d/wk. @entity1311 is delivered by continuous intravenous infusion starting 48 hours before XRT and continuing for its duration. The dose of @entity1311 is escalated in cohorts of three @entity1 in a standard phase I design. To date, 49 @entity1 have been entered on both studies and 43 are evaluable for @entity137 . @entity1311 dose is currently at the 17 mg/m2/d dose level, with no dose-limiting @entity137 thus far. Clinical outcomes suggest significant activity for this combination. This therapy is feasible and has been well-tolerated through current dose levels. Dose escalation is ongoing.

title: Seven-week continuous-infusion @entity1311 concurrent with radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung and XXXX .

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The inferior vena cava (IVC) is involved in almost 5% to 10% of @entity703 . Their intraluminar extension to the cardiac cavities occurs with a @entity5 formation at a percentage of 1%. The aim of this study is to present the principles of "radical" management that should be targeted to excision of the kidney together with the @entity5 . MATERIAL: From 2003 through 2008, we treated six @entity1 with @entity1358 involving the IVC and/or the right cardiac chambers. The main symptoms leading to the diagnosis were @entity811 , @entity1353 , or lower limb @entity4 . The extension of the @entity5 was type IV in three cases, type III in two, and type II in one case. METHOD: Extracorporeal circulation combined with a short period of hypothermic @entity1167 was the method used. Radical nephrectomy combined with cavotomy and atriotomy was performed to an "en-block" extirpation of the @entity5 and allowed oncologic surgical clearance of the disease. RESULTS: There was no operative @entity204 . The mean postoperative course duration was 11 days, apart from one @entity28 @entity1 who presented postoperative @entity788 and died on the 44th postoperative day due to @entity1576 . During the cumulative postoperative follow-up of 171 months the @entity1 remain free of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The use of extracorporeal circulation and deep hypothermic @entity1167 provides a good method for radical excision of @entity703 involving the IVC with satisfactory morbidity and long-term survival results. Cooperation of urologists and cardiac surgeons is necessary for this type of operation.

title: Deep hypothermia and XXXX in the surgical management of @entity703 with cavoatrial extension.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumor-thrombus', 'cavoatrial tumor-thrombus']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal-cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory arrest']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal carcinomas', 'renal tumors']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['circulatory arrest']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The inferior vena cava (IVC) is involved in almost 5% to 10% of @entity703 . Their intraluminar extension to the cardiac cavities occurs with a @entity5 formation at a percentage of 1%. The aim of this study is to present the principles of "radical" management that should be targeted to excision of the kidney together with the @entity5 . MATERIAL: From 2003 through 2008, we treated six @entity1 with @entity1358 involving the IVC and/or the right cardiac chambers. The main symptoms leading to the diagnosis were @entity811 , @entity1353 , or lower limb @entity4 . The extension of the @entity5 was type IV in three cases, type III in two, and type II in one case. METHOD: Extracorporeal circulation combined with a short period of hypothermic @entity1167 was the method used. Radical nephrectomy combined with cavotomy and atriotomy was performed to an "en-block" extirpation of the @entity5 and allowed oncologic surgical clearance of the disease. RESULTS: There was no operative @entity204 . The mean postoperative course duration was 11 days, apart from one @entity28 @entity1 who presented postoperative @entity788 and died on the 44th postoperative day due to @entity1576 . During the cumulative postoperative follow-up of 171 months the @entity1 remain free of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The use of extracorporeal circulation and deep hypothermic @entity1167 provides a good method for radical excision of @entity703 involving the IVC with satisfactory morbidity and long-term survival results. Cooperation of urologists and cardiac surgeons is necessary for this type of operation.

title: Deep hypothermia and @entity1167 in the surgical management of XXXX with cavoatrial extension.

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['renal tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that increased monocyte tissue factor ( @entity71978 ) levels may reflect urological @entity5 presence and progression. @entity1 , SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Using a two-stage kinetic chromogenic assay, @entity71978 levels were measured in 60 controls (normal subjects [60] and @entity1 awaiting @entity547 repair or cholecystectomy [60]), @entity1 with benign and @entity1494 (73), or prostate (81), and in @entity1 with and without recurrent @entity1494 (30). The levels were assessed under fresh resting conditions (baseline) and after incubation for 6 h without (unstimulated) and with (stimulated) @entity526 endotoxin. Each benign disease group was subdivided into inflammatory and non-inflammatory categories. RESULTS: @entity1 with bladder and prostate malignancy showed significantly higher @entity71978 levels than did each control for baseline and stimulated cells. The benign inflammatory groups for both organs had significantly higher @entity71978 levels than had each control for baseline cells. There was no difference between malignant and benign inflammatory groups. Stimulated @entity71978 levels showed better discrimination between the study groups. The @entity71978 levels were associated with histological @entity5 progression, serum @entity1486 level and static bone scan images. Levels were also higher in @entity1 with @entity150 recurrence than in those with a normal check cystoscopy. CONCLUSION: Stimulated @entity71978 levels are raised in @entity32 compared with controls and @entity1 with non-inflammatory conditions, and give maximal discrimination between these groups. @entity71978 levels showed an association with @entity5 grade and other markers of @entity5 progression.

title: Monocyte tissue factor levels in @entity1 with XXXX : an association between @entity5 presence and progression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['malignant and inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease of the bladder']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['urological tumours']