abstract: OBJECTIVE: Because noticeable changes were made to the 7th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) @entity5 -node- @entity3 (TNM) staging for @entity1419 ( @entity1419 ), we validated the prognostic impact of @entity5 staging after macroscopic curative resection of @entity1419 . METHODS: A cohort of 659 @entity1419 @entity1 who underwent R0 (n   =   539) or R1 (n   =   120) resection were selected with exclusion of R2 resection (n   =   111). Study @entity1 were followed up for >= 24  months or until death with no @entity1 lost during survival analysis. RESULTS: Anatomical resection was performed in 599 (90.9  %) and concurrent bile duct resection was conducted in 97 (14.7  %). Median survival periods following R0, R1, and R2 resections were 28, 12, and 3  months, respectively (p   =   0.000). In the R0 resection group, the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year @entity5 recurrence rates were 36.4  %, 57.9  %, 64.7  %, and 65.0  %, respectively, and the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year @entity1 survival rates were 73.1  %, 44.2  %, 33.0  %, and 23.1  %, respectively. Independent risk factors for @entity5 recurrence and @entity1 survival were @entity5 growth type, @entity5 size   >   5  cm, perineural invasion, and lymph node @entity3 . According to the 7th AJCC staging system, the prognostic contrast was marginal in stage T2-4 @entity5 without lymph node @entity3 (p   >   0.8). With our redefined staging system with @entity5 growth types and risk factors including @entity5 number and @entity3 , clear prognostic contrast was achieved among T1-3 stages (p   =   0.000). CONCLUSION: Growth type of @entity1419 seems to be essential for determining @entity5 stage. Although the stratification of the 7th AJCC @entity1419 staging system seems reasonably established, refinements and further validation could improve prognostic predictability.

title: Prognostic Impact of Tumor Growth Type on 7th AJCC Staging System for XXXX : a Single-Center Experience of 659 Cases.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1419 :: ('MESH:C535533', 'Disease') :: ['IHCC', 'intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'perineural/lymphovascular invasion']

answer: @entity1419 :: (MESH:C535533,Disease) :: ['Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: AIMS: Given the paucity of prospective data on the treatment of incontinent @entity1 with prior synthetic mid-urethral sling (MUS), we sought to report our prospective experience with autologous fascia pubovaginal sling placement (AF-PVS) after prior synthetic mid-urethral sling (MUS). METHODS: An IRB-approved, multi-institutional, prospective cohort of @entity1 from 2010 to 2013 undergoing AF-PVS for @entity322 was evaluated and stratified for the presence of a prior MUS. Pre-operative characteristics and validated quality of life questionnaires (IIQ-7 and UDI-6) were compared to post-operative pad usage, scores on the IIQ-7 and UDI-6, complications, and visual analog scale assessment of improvement. RESULTS: 288 @entity1 met inclusion criteria, 59 (20.4%) of whom had undergone a prior MUS before AF-PVS placement. Of these 59 @entity1 , 20 (33.9%) had a prior vaginal extrusion and 5 (8.5%) had suffered from obstruction requiring sling lysis or excision. With a median of 14 months follow-up, prior MUS placement was not associated with a significant difference in objective (55.9% vs. 62.4%, P   =   0.37) or subjective cure (66.1% vs. 69.0%, P   =   0.75) when compared to @entity1 undergoing placement of an initial AF-PVS. @entity1 undergoing AF-PVS after prior MUS did have a significantly higher rate of urinary retention requiring intermittent catheterization (8.5% vs. 3.1%, P   <   0.001) and re-operation (13.6% vs. 3.5%, P   =   0.01) for persistent @entity322 . CONCLUSIONS: Despite higher rates of retention and need for repeat operation, AF-PVS after failed MUS is an acceptable treatment option with no difference in success as compared to @entity1 undergoing initial AF-PVS placement. Neurourol. Urodynam.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Autologous fascia pubovaginal slings after prior synthetic anti- XXXX procedures for recurrent @entity322 : A multi-institutional prospective comparative analysis to de novo autologous slings assessing objective and subjective cure.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: AIMS: Given the paucity of prospective data on the treatment of incontinent @entity1 with prior synthetic mid-urethral sling (MUS), we sought to report our prospective experience with autologous fascia pubovaginal sling placement (AF-PVS) after prior synthetic mid-urethral sling (MUS). METHODS: An IRB-approved, multi-institutional, prospective cohort of @entity1 from 2010 to 2013 undergoing AF-PVS for @entity322 was evaluated and stratified for the presence of a prior MUS. Pre-operative characteristics and validated quality of life questionnaires (IIQ-7 and UDI-6) were compared to post-operative pad usage, scores on the IIQ-7 and UDI-6, complications, and visual analog scale assessment of improvement. RESULTS: 288 @entity1 met inclusion criteria, 59 (20.4%) of whom had undergone a prior MUS before AF-PVS placement. Of these 59 @entity1 , 20 (33.9%) had a prior vaginal extrusion and 5 (8.5%) had suffered from obstruction requiring sling lysis or excision. With a median of 14 months follow-up, prior MUS placement was not associated with a significant difference in objective (55.9% vs. 62.4%, P   =   0.37) or subjective cure (66.1% vs. 69.0%, P   =   0.75) when compared to @entity1 undergoing placement of an initial AF-PVS. @entity1 undergoing AF-PVS after prior MUS did have a significantly higher rate of urinary retention requiring intermittent catheterization (8.5% vs. 3.1%, P   <   0.001) and re-operation (13.6% vs. 3.5%, P   =   0.01) for persistent @entity322 . CONCLUSIONS: Despite higher rates of retention and need for repeat operation, AF-PVS after failed MUS is an acceptable treatment option with no difference in success as compared to @entity1 undergoing initial AF-PVS placement. Neurourol. Urodynam.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Autologous fascia pubovaginal slings after prior synthetic anti- @entity322 procedures for recurrent XXXX : A multi-institutional prospective comparative analysis to de novo autologous slings assessing objective and subjective cure.

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We present a case of a 51-year-old male @entity1 with @entity1362 (PVNS) of the left @entity1348 (TMJ) that initially presented as a slow-growing left facial mass. Upon further workup, a contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrated an expansile soft tissue mass in the left TMJ. METHODS: The lesion was diagnosed through fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The @entity1 was treated with resection of the TMJ, temporal bone, and root of the zygoma. A temporalis muscle and temporoparietal fascia flap was used for reconstruction to fill the defect and provide contour. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the @entity1 has been tumor free with excellent cosmesis. Our case demonstrates a very successful outcome. CONCLUSION: Previous literature has also reported that complete excision is an ideal procedure for PVNS of TMJ, but temporalis rotational flap use has been rare. This case and previously reported cases in the literature are also reviewed.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015.

title: @entity1362 of the XXXX : Case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1362 :: ('MESH:D013586', 'Disease') :: ['pigmented villonodular synovitis']

entities_list: @entity1348 :: ('MESH:D013706', 'Disease') :: ['temporomandibular joint']

answer: @entity1348 :: (MESH:D013706,Disease) :: ['temporomandibular joint']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We present a case of a 51-year-old male @entity1 with @entity1362 (PVNS) of the left @entity1348 (TMJ) that initially presented as a slow-growing left facial mass. Upon further workup, a contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrated an expansile soft tissue mass in the left TMJ. METHODS: The lesion was diagnosed through fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The @entity1 was treated with resection of the TMJ, temporal bone, and root of the zygoma. A temporalis muscle and temporoparietal fascia flap was used for reconstruction to fill the defect and provide contour. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the @entity1 has been tumor free with excellent cosmesis. Our case demonstrates a very successful outcome. CONCLUSION: Previous literature has also reported that complete excision is an ideal procedure for PVNS of TMJ, but temporalis rotational flap use has been rare. This case and previously reported cases in the literature are also reviewed.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015.

title: XXXX of the @entity1348 : Case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity1362 :: (MESH:D013586,Disease) :: ['Pigmented villonodular synovitis']


abstract: A microscopic study of the lungs of 106 @entity1 with @entity3886 has revealed early and severe @entity101 alterations in the pulmonary arteries. These striking changes, associated in almost all instances with normal pulmonary veins, indicate a state of high resistance of the arterial bed. Pulmonary arterial damage was, in general, most advanced in the @entity1 with a large @entity1757 , but in spite of this these were the @entity1 who lived longest. It seemed obvious, therefore, that their relatively favorable course was due to a greater beneficial than damaging effect of the @entity1757 . Consideration of these findings in the light of known physiologic data has led to a clarification of the physiologic variations of the transposition circulation. Using the recognized physiologic definitions of flows and shunts the transposition circulation is characterized by a diminished effective flow and a bidirectional but predominantly left-to-right shunt. The effect of a large intracardiac communication is to increase the effective flow and to lessen the shunts. With increasing size of the intracardiac communication the spectrum is completed when the circulatory characteristics of a single ventricle are reached in which the anatomic position of the great vessels becomes physiologically insignificant. The effect of a common systolic ejectile force in @entity1 with a large @entity1757 will be similar in the transposition circulation and in the normal circulation. Three physiologic states are possible which depend upon the relative magnitude of the systemic and pulmonary resistances. The early appearance and malignant nature of the @entity101 alterations in the pulmonary arteries of @entity1 with @entity3886 suggest that the impact upon the lungs of high blood flow and pressure is aggravated by arterial vasoconstriction. This may be initiated by @entity519 and a lowered blood pH. Elevation of pulmonary venous pressure and the increased viscosity of the blood due to @entity6582 may add to the damage. Prominence of the bronchial arteries noted in the lung sections suggests that an expanded bronchial circulation augments the effective flow in these @entity1 . If the bronchial venous drainage leads to systemic veins, the bronchial circulation could act as an accessory pulmonary circulation and could improve the effective flow without having to cross the already overloaded intracardiac communications. The anatomic findings and physiologic considerations reported in this study reveal several aspects of the early and severely damaging @entity3886 and indicate an urgent necessity of surgical therapy in early life.

title: XXXX . Pathophysiologic considerations based upon a study of the lungs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6582 :: ('MESH:D011086', 'Disease') :: ['polycythemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity3886 :: ('MESH:D014188', 'Disease') :: ['transposition of the great vessels', 'cardiopulmonary effect of transposition of the great vessels']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

answer: @entity3886 :: (MESH:D014188,Disease) :: ['Transposition of the great vessels']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effects and operative options for the treatment of @entity5039 . METHODS: From June 2005 to May 2012, 8 @entity1 with progressive @entity1282 due to @entity5039 were treated through anterior approach, their clinical data were retrospective analyzed. There were 6 males and 2 females, aged from 65 to 83 years old with an average of 73 years. Among the @entity1 , osteophytes removal was performed in 3 cases, osteophytes removal with discectomy and fusion was performed in 2 cases, osteophytes removal with corpectomy and fusion was performed in 3 cases. According to Bazaz @entity1282 score to assess the improvement of the @entity1 ' symptoms before and after operation. RESULTS: All @entity1 were followed up from 12 to 40 months with the mean of 18.5 months. Seven cases were asymptomatic and 1 case had mild symptom in the last follow-up. Radiographs showed the space enlargement between vertebral body and @entity825 . CONCLUSION: It is effective to treat @entity1 with progressive @entity1282 due to @entity5039 through surgical method. And the operative options depend on the stability of cervical spine and the neurological symptoms of the @entity1 .

title: [Surgical treatment for XXXX : a report of 8 cases].

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity5039 :: ('MESH:D004057', 'Disease') :: ['Forestier disease']

answer: @entity5039 :: (MESH:D004057,Disease) :: ['Forestier disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Overall survival in @entity1 with @entity421 is only 60%. Poor response to chemotherapy is the dominant risk factor for poor survival. Pharmacogenetic research can offer possibilities to optimize treatment and improve outcome. We applied a pathway-based approach to evaluate the cumulative effect of genes involved in the metabolism of @entity900 and @entity632 in relationship to clinical outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We included 126 @entity1 with @entity421 . To comprehensively assess common genetic variation in the 54 genes selected, linkage disequilibrium (LD; r (2) = 0.8)-based tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) strategy was used. A final set of 384 SNPs was typed using Illumina Beadarray platform. SNPs significantly associated with 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) were replicated in another 64 @entity1 with @entity421 . RESULTS: We identified five variants in @entity12 , @entity4311 , @entity22477 , @entity522 , and @entity5322 that were associated with 5-year PFS. Risk stratification based on the combined effects of the risk alleles showed a significant improvement of 5-year PFS. @entity1 that carried no or only one risk allele had a 5-year PFS of 100% compared with a 5-year PFS of 84.4% for carriers of two or three risk alleles, 66.7% PFS if a @entity1 carried four to five alleles, and a 5-year PFS of 41.8% for @entity1 with >5 risk alleles (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We identified several genes that showed association with PFS in @entity1 with @entity421 . These pharmacogenetic risk factors might be useful to predict treatment outcome and to stratify @entity1 immediately after diagnosis and offer the possibility to improve treatment and outcome. Clin Cancer Res; 1-6.   2015 AACR.

title: A First Step toward Personalized Medicine in XXXX : Pharmacogenetics as Predictive Marker of Outcome after Chemotherapy-Based Treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['Osteosarcoma']


abstract: Lymphatic tissues are highly sensitive to @entity3800 and @entity3800 are thought to contribute to sex differences in the immune response. In this study we have examined the effects of @entity3800 on cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor levels in lymphoid tissues. The immature @entity1573 was chosen for our experimental model because it allows the separate evaluation of the bursa of Fabricius (primarily B-cells) compared to the thymus (primary T-cells). Treatment with @entity586 (a potent @entity342 in chicks) for 3-12 days in vivo reduced the cytosolic glucocorticoid ( @entity2995 -[3H]) receptors in bursa tissue to approximately 42% of control levels after 5 days and less than or equal to 5% of control levels after 7 days of treatment. The @entity1573 thymus tissues were still approximately 92% of control @entity2995 receptor levels after 5 days of @entity342 treatments. However the thymus levels had dropped to less than or equal to 5% of control values after 12 treatment days. Thus a difference in the rate of decrease in the bursa of Fabricius compared to the thymus was indicated. The blastogenesis index (BI), a measurement of the percentage of cells progressing through the cell cycle, was figured using fluorescent DNA staining with diamidino @entity71294 followed by flow cytometry analysis. After 3, 5, or 7 days of @entity342 treatment, the bursa of Fabricius from @entity586 treated chicks (2 mg/day/ @entity1573 ) had a mean BI = 11.17 (+/- 3.07 SD) which was significantly lower than the bursa of Fabricius from control chicks which showed a mean BI = 27.33 (+/- 3.42 SD). The thymus from @entity586 treated chicks had a mean BI = 19.57 (+/- 2.19 SD) which was slightly but not significantly higher than the control thymus CI = 17.38 (+/- 0.89 SD). In summary, @entity342 treatment in vivo induced a decrease in the cytosolic glucocorticoid hormone receptor levels in both the @entity1573 thymus and bursa of Fabricius tissues while decreasing the blastogenesis index in the bursa cells but not in the thymus cells.

title: Modulation of glucocorticoid hormone receptor levels in XXXX lymphoid tissue following treatment with @entity3800 in vivo.

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity71294 :: ('CHEBI:48559', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylindole']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: Lymphatic tissues are highly sensitive to @entity3800 and @entity3800 are thought to contribute to sex differences in the immune response. In this study we have examined the effects of @entity3800 on cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor levels in lymphoid tissues. The immature @entity1573 was chosen for our experimental model because it allows the separate evaluation of the bursa of Fabricius (primarily B-cells) compared to the thymus (primary T-cells). Treatment with @entity586 (a potent @entity342 in chicks) for 3-12 days in vivo reduced the cytosolic glucocorticoid ( @entity2995 -[3H]) receptors in bursa tissue to approximately 42% of control levels after 5 days and less than or equal to 5% of control levels after 7 days of treatment. The @entity1573 thymus tissues were still approximately 92% of control @entity2995 receptor levels after 5 days of @entity342 treatments. However the thymus levels had dropped to less than or equal to 5% of control values after 12 treatment days. Thus a difference in the rate of decrease in the bursa of Fabricius compared to the thymus was indicated. The blastogenesis index (BI), a measurement of the percentage of cells progressing through the cell cycle, was figured using fluorescent DNA staining with diamidino @entity71294 followed by flow cytometry analysis. After 3, 5, or 7 days of @entity342 treatment, the bursa of Fabricius from @entity586 treated chicks (2 mg/day/ @entity1573 ) had a mean BI = 11.17 (+/- 3.07 SD) which was significantly lower than the bursa of Fabricius from control chicks which showed a mean BI = 27.33 (+/- 3.42 SD). The thymus from @entity586 treated chicks had a mean BI = 19.57 (+/- 2.19 SD) which was slightly but not significantly higher than the control thymus CI = 17.38 (+/- 0.89 SD). In summary, @entity342 treatment in vivo induced a decrease in the cytosolic glucocorticoid hormone receptor levels in both the @entity1573 thymus and bursa of Fabricius tissues while decreasing the blastogenesis index in the bursa cells but not in the thymus cells.

title: Modulation of glucocorticoid hormone receptor levels in @entity1573 lymphoid tissue following treatment with XXXX in vivo.

answer: @entity3800 :: (MESH:D000728,Chemical) :: ['androgens']


abstract: Isolated nontraumatic @entity8 is rare. In this communication, 35 cases are presented; 24 cases (group 1) (22 male, 2 female) were diagnosed angiographically, and 11 (group 2) (10 male, 1 female) were observed at autopsy. In group 1, 23 of the @entity1 were @entity101 when they were first seen, and in 17 of them the @entity101 was of recent onset. Additional presenting signs and symptoms included @entity812 (10 @entity1 ), gross @entity811 (5), and @entity10 (6). Renal function was satisfactory. Renal vein @entity916 levels could be lateralized in 8 of 16 @entity1 . Isotope renograms performed in 18 @entity1 , showed @entity854 in 7, @entity66 in 6, and normal results in 5. Angiograms showed that the dissection was unilateral in 18 cases and bilateral in 6 cases. @entity4267 was observed radiographically in 22 cases and was bilateral in 12. In group 1, 13 @entity1 were treated with antihypertensive medication only, and 11 underwent operation. At follow-up (mean 52.0 months), the mean blood pressure were 128/88 mm Hg and 139/89 mm Hg for the medical and surgical groups, respectively. Eleven medical and nine surgical @entity1 continued to require antihypertensive drugs at follow-up. Among the 11 @entity1 in group 2, only 4 were @entity101 . In only one case the dissection may have contributed significantly to the @entity1 's @entity204 . These studies indicate that isolated nontraumatic @entity8 most commonly occurs in young @entity1 with coexistent @entity4267 . @entity101 is commonly present and therapy should be directed toward its control. In this study, blood pressure control was effectively accomplished with medical therapy.

title: XXXX , presentation, evaluation, management, and pathology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery dissection']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension', 'hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['flank pain']

entities_list: @entity4267 :: ('MESH:D005352', 'Disease') :: ['fibromuscular dysplasia', 'Fibromuscular dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Isolated renal artery dissection']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent @entity137 studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, @entity500 and @entity205 , and two environmental chemicals, @entity15213 and @entity3014 , results of subacute @entity35 studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in @entity1 . Although immune function has a high concordance in @entity1 species, regarding the transferability from rodents to @entity1 various factors have to be taken into account. In @entity35 , sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and @entity1 as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. @entity15213 gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced @entity32 was observed, whereas in primates @entity99 seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in @entity15213 -treatment. Immune function tests in @entity35 gave evidence of a reaction to systemic @entity32 rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from @entity1 are likewise equivocal. In the case of @entity3014 , the immune system was the most sensitive target in @entity35 . In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including @entity35 and @entity1 was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the @entity35 study had, however, no realistic relation to @entity1 exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to @entity1 related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of @entity1 immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.

title: The transferability from @entity35 subacute 4-week XXXX study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties.

entities_list: @entity15213 :: ('MESH:D006581', 'Chemical') :: ['Hexachlorobenzene', 'hexachlorobenzene']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver toxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['oral toxicity']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Exposure to chemicals may have an influence on the immune system. Often, this is an unwanted effect but in some pharmaceuticals, it is the intended mechanism of action. Immune function tests and in depth histopathological investigations of immune organs were integrated in rodent @entity137 studies performed according to an extended OECD test guideline 407 protocol. Exemplified by two immunosuppressive drugs, @entity500 and @entity205 , and two environmental chemicals, @entity15213 and @entity3014 , results of subacute @entity35 studies were compared to knowledge in other species particular in @entity1 . Although immune function has a high concordance in @entity1 species, regarding the transferability from rodents to @entity1 various factors have to be taken into account. In @entity35 , sensitivity seems to depend on factors such as strain, sex, stress levels as well as metabolism. The two immunosuppressive drugs showed a high similarity of effects in animals and @entity1 as the immune system was the most sensitive target in both. @entity15213 gave an inconsistent pattern of effects when considering the immune system of different species. In some species pronounced @entity32 was observed, whereas in primates @entity99 seemed more obvious. Generally, the immune system was not the most sensitive target in @entity15213 -treatment. Immune function tests in @entity35 gave evidence of a reaction to systemic @entity32 rather than a direct impact on immune cells. Data from @entity1 are likewise equivocal. In the case of @entity3014 , the immune system was the most sensitive target in @entity35 . In the in vitro plaque forming cell assay (Mishell-Dutton culture) a direct comparison of cells from different species including @entity35 and @entity1 was possible and showed similar reactions. The doses in the @entity35 study had, however, no realistic relation to @entity1 exposure, which occurs exclusively in mixtures and in a much lower range. In summary, a case by case approach is necessary when testing immunotoxicity. Improvements for the translation from animals to @entity1 related to immune cells can be expected from in vitro tests which offer direct comparison with reactions of @entity1 immune cells. This may lead to a better understanding of results and variations seen in animal studies.

title: The transferability from XXXX subacute 4-week @entity137 study to translational research exemplified by two pharmaceutical immunosuppressants and two environmental pollutants with immunomodulating properties.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The continuous rise in production and applications of @entity505 nanotubes (CNTs) has grown a concern about their fate and @entity137 in the environment. After use, these nanomaterials pass through sewage and accumulate in wastewater treatment plants. Since, such plants rely on biological degradation of wastes; their activity may decrease due to the presence of CNTs. This study investigated the effect of multiwalled @entity505 nanotubes (MWCNTs) on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) microbial activity. The toxic effect on microbial viability, @entity3144 ( @entity3144 ), volatile @entity1718 (VFA), and biogas generation was determined. The reduction in a colony-forming unit (CFU) was 29 and 58  % in 1 and 100  mg/L test samples, respectively, as compared to control. The volatile @entity1718 and biogas production was also found reduced. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent microscopy images confirmed that the MWCNT mediated microbial cell damage. This damage caused the increase in @entity3144 @entity1735 , protein, and DNA concentration. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results supported the alterations in sludge @entity3144 due to MWCNT. Our observations offer a new insight to understand the nanotoxic effect of MWCNTs on UASB microflora in a complex environment system.

title: Effect of multiwalled XXXX nanotubes on UASB microbial consortium.

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity3144 :: ('MESH:C535509', 'Disease') :: ['EPS', 'extracellular polymeric substances']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of @entity7227 ( @entity10155 ) sensitization is 4% in the patch tested population and varies between zero and 1.5% in the general population. Hair dye is a recognised sensitization source. OBJECTIVES: To define the prevalence rates of @entity10155 sensitization in the general and patch tested populations of The Netherlands, and to gain insights into relationships between patch test strength and exposure sources. METHODS: Patch test database cases were matched with population-based controls. Analyses were performed based on demographic details, patch test reactions, and potential @entity10155 exposure. RESULTS: @entity10155 sensitization occurred in 3.3% of the patch tested population and in 1.3% of the general population. Hairdressers had a 4.4-fold increased chance of being sensitized to @entity10155 (p   =   0.041), and black henna tattoos showed a tendency for a 2.3-fold increased chance of sensitization (p   =   0.081). Weak elicitation reactions were present in hairdressers and consumers. However, cases who had had black henna tattoos showed significantly more (extremely) strong patch test reactions upon elicitation (p   =   0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence rates in the patch tested and general population of The Netherlands are comparable with the prevalence rates of other mid-European centres. @entity10155 sensitization is often attributed to hair dye. However, this study shows that subjects sensitized by black henna tattoos present with very severe elicitation reactions, emphasizing the need for more strict policing the prohibition.

title: XXXX exposure in real life   -   a case-control study on sensitization rate, mode and elicitation reactions in the northern Netherlands.

entities_list: @entity7227 :: ('MESH:C029728', 'Chemical') :: ['p-phenylenediamine']

answer: @entity7227 :: (MESH:C029728,Chemical) :: ['p-Phenylenediamine']


abstract: During an 8-year period 63 consecutive @entity1 were treated for the first time for extensive metastatic nonseminomatous @entity5 . Four @entity1 did not respond sufficiently to chemotherapy to be considered surgical candidates, while 59 underwent surgical resection of @entity66 . Of these 59 @entity1 19 had concomitant wedge resection of associated @entity358 and 9 had a planned subsequent resection of residual @entity358 . Of the 63 @entity1 16 had stage B3 disease alone and 47 presented with pulmonary metastases associated with varying degrees of @entity66 . The most important determinant for survival was extent of @entity358 . Of 17 deaths 14 occurred among @entity1 presenting with extensive @entity358 . @entity1 with minimal to moderate @entity358 have done well regardless of the extent of coexistent @entity1625 , 24 of 27 (89 per cent) remaining in sustained complete remission. Of 16 @entity1 with massive palpable @entity1625 (B3) without coexistent pulmonary metastases 15 (94 per cent) survived free of @entity5 . The combination of extensive @entity358 with or without liver involvement has a poor prognosis, with only 35 per cent of these @entity1 remaining in sustained complete remission. Preoperative combination chemotherapy with @entity902 , @entity5713 and @entity1732 has improved survival free of @entity5 in this group compared to other combinations not including @entity902 (47 compared to 20 per cent) but the results in this selected group of @entity1 are significantly worse than those seen for all other @entity1 with lesser extent of disease. @entity5 recurrence more than 9 months after achieving complete remission has not been noted during following to 10 years. A plea is made for cases of advanced disease (B3 and/or C) to be reported according to the extent of @entity358 as well as the associated @entity1625 , since analysis of these data reveals striking differences in @entity1 survival, ranging from 100 to 35 per cent according to subgrouping.

title: Advanced metastatic XXXX : the need for reporting results according to initial extent of disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'testicular cancer', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary and abdominal disease', 'pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine sulfate']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity698 has major implications on @entity1 care. The ability of computed tomography (CT) scan to distinguish perforation in the absence of @entity2688 or @entity733 is unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess the use and accuracy of CT scans in diagnosing @entity698 without @entity2688 or @entity733 . A retrospective chart review of 102 @entity1 who underwent appendectomy from 2011 to 2013 was performed. @entity1 demographics and operative and postoperative course were recorded. Two radiologists were then blinded to operative findings and CT scans reread and results correlated. Findings on CT scan were also analyzed for correlation with perforation. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed. Of the 102 @entity1 , 49 were perforated and 53 nonperforated. Analysis of @entity1 populations demonstrated @entity1 with perforation were significantly older (45 vs 34 years, P = 0.002), had longer operative times (132 vs 81 minutes, P = 0.001), and longer length of stay (8.2 vs 1.5 days, P < 0.001). Nineteen perforations (37%) were correctly diagnosed by CT scan. The sensitivity of CT scan to detect perforation was 38 per cent, specificity 96 per cent, and positive predictive value of 90 per cent. After multivariate analysis of significant variables, three were demonstrated to significantly correlate with presence of perforation: presence of extraluminal air (odds ratio [OR], 28.9; P = 0.02); presence of intraluminal fecalith (OR, 5.7; P = 0.03); and wall thickness greater than 3 mm (OR, 3.2; P = 0.02). CT scan has a low sensitivity for diagnosing @entity698 without @entity733 or @entity2688 . Presence of extraluminal air bubbles, increased wall thickness, and intraluminal fecalith should increase suspicion for perforation and are highly correlated with outcomes after appendectomy.

title: Use and Accuracy of Computed Tomography Scan in Diagnosing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['perforated appendicitis', 'Perforated appendicitis']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['Perforated Appendicitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite investments in infrastructure and evidence for high acceptability, few mHealth interventions have been implemented in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE: We sought to (1) identify predictors of uptake of an mHealth application for a low-literacy population of @entity1 living with @entity645 (PLWH) in rural Uganda and (2) evaluate the efficacy of various @entity851 ( @entity851 ) text message formats to optimize the balance between confidentiality and accessibility. METHODS: The trial evaluated the efficacy of a @entity851 text messaging @entity477 to notify PLWH of their laboratory results and request return to care for those with abnormal test results. @entity1 with a normal laboratory result received a single @entity851 text message indicating results were normal. @entity1 with an abnormal test result were randomized to 1 of 3 message formats designed to evaluate trade-offs between clarity and privacy: (1) an @entity851 text message that stated results were abnormal and requested return to clinic ("direct"), (2) the same message protected by a 4-digit PIN code (" @entity7894 ), and (3) the message "ABCDEFG" explained at enrollment to indicate abnormal results ("coded"). Outcomes of interest were (1) self-reported receipt of the @entity851 text message, (2) accurate identification of the message, and (3) return to care within 7 days (for abnormal results) or on the date of the scheduled appointment (for normal results). We fit regression models for each outcome with the following explanatory variables: sociodemographic characteristics, @entity404 count result, ability to read a complete sentence, ability to access a test message on enrollment, and format of @entity851 text message. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent (234/385) of @entity1 successfully receiving a message, 87.6% (219/250) correctly identified the message format, and 60.8% (234/385) returned to clinic at the requested time. Among @entity1 with abnormal tests results (138/385, 35.8%), the strongest predictors of reported message receipt were the ability to read a complete sentence and a demonstrated ability to access a test message on enrollment. @entity1 with an abnormal result who could read a complete sentence were also more likely to accurately identify the message format (AOR 4.54, 95% CI 1.42-14.47, P=.01) and return to clinic appropriately (AOR 3.81, 95% CI 1.61-9.03, P=.002). Those who were sent a PIN-protected message were less likely to identify the message (AOR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03-0.44, P=.002) or return within 7 days (AOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.66, P=.005). Gender, age, and socioeconomic characteristics did not predict any outcomes and there were no differences in outcomes between those receiving direct or coded messages. CONCLUSIONS: Confirmed literacy at the time of enrollment was a robust predictor of @entity851 text message receipt, identification, and appropriate response for PLWH in rural Uganda. PIN-protected messages reduced odds of clinic return, but coded messages were as effective as direct messages and might augment privacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT 01579214; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01579214 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Ww8R4sKq).

title: Know Your Audience: Predictors of Success for a @entity1 -Centered Texting XXXX to Augment Linkage to @entity645 Care in Rural Uganda.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short message service', 'SMS']

answer: @entity477 :: (351,Gene) :: ['App']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite investments in infrastructure and evidence for high acceptability, few mHealth interventions have been implemented in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE: We sought to (1) identify predictors of uptake of an mHealth application for a low-literacy population of @entity1 living with @entity645 (PLWH) in rural Uganda and (2) evaluate the efficacy of various @entity851 ( @entity851 ) text message formats to optimize the balance between confidentiality and accessibility. METHODS: The trial evaluated the efficacy of a @entity851 text messaging @entity477 to notify PLWH of their laboratory results and request return to care for those with abnormal test results. @entity1 with a normal laboratory result received a single @entity851 text message indicating results were normal. @entity1 with an abnormal test result were randomized to 1 of 3 message formats designed to evaluate trade-offs between clarity and privacy: (1) an @entity851 text message that stated results were abnormal and requested return to clinic ("direct"), (2) the same message protected by a 4-digit PIN code (" @entity7894 ), and (3) the message "ABCDEFG" explained at enrollment to indicate abnormal results ("coded"). Outcomes of interest were (1) self-reported receipt of the @entity851 text message, (2) accurate identification of the message, and (3) return to care within 7 days (for abnormal results) or on the date of the scheduled appointment (for normal results). We fit regression models for each outcome with the following explanatory variables: sociodemographic characteristics, @entity404 count result, ability to read a complete sentence, ability to access a test message on enrollment, and format of @entity851 text message. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent (234/385) of @entity1 successfully receiving a message, 87.6% (219/250) correctly identified the message format, and 60.8% (234/385) returned to clinic at the requested time. Among @entity1 with abnormal tests results (138/385, 35.8%), the strongest predictors of reported message receipt were the ability to read a complete sentence and a demonstrated ability to access a test message on enrollment. @entity1 with an abnormal result who could read a complete sentence were also more likely to accurately identify the message format (AOR 4.54, 95% CI 1.42-14.47, P=.01) and return to clinic appropriately (AOR 3.81, 95% CI 1.61-9.03, P=.002). Those who were sent a PIN-protected message were less likely to identify the message (AOR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03-0.44, P=.002) or return within 7 days (AOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.66, P=.005). Gender, age, and socioeconomic characteristics did not predict any outcomes and there were no differences in outcomes between those receiving direct or coded messages. CONCLUSIONS: Confirmed literacy at the time of enrollment was a robust predictor of @entity851 text message receipt, identification, and appropriate response for PLWH in rural Uganda. PIN-protected messages reduced odds of clinic return, but coded messages were as effective as direct messages and might augment privacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT 01579214; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01579214 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Ww8R4sKq).

title: Know Your Audience: Predictors of Success for a @entity1 -Centered Texting @entity477 to Augment Linkage to XXXX Care in Rural Uganda.

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite investments in infrastructure and evidence for high acceptability, few mHealth interventions have been implemented in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE: We sought to (1) identify predictors of uptake of an mHealth application for a low-literacy population of @entity1 living with @entity645 (PLWH) in rural Uganda and (2) evaluate the efficacy of various @entity851 ( @entity851 ) text message formats to optimize the balance between confidentiality and accessibility. METHODS: The trial evaluated the efficacy of a @entity851 text messaging @entity477 to notify PLWH of their laboratory results and request return to care for those with abnormal test results. @entity1 with a normal laboratory result received a single @entity851 text message indicating results were normal. @entity1 with an abnormal test result were randomized to 1 of 3 message formats designed to evaluate trade-offs between clarity and privacy: (1) an @entity851 text message that stated results were abnormal and requested return to clinic ("direct"), (2) the same message protected by a 4-digit PIN code (" @entity7894 ), and (3) the message "ABCDEFG" explained at enrollment to indicate abnormal results ("coded"). Outcomes of interest were (1) self-reported receipt of the @entity851 text message, (2) accurate identification of the message, and (3) return to care within 7 days (for abnormal results) or on the date of the scheduled appointment (for normal results). We fit regression models for each outcome with the following explanatory variables: sociodemographic characteristics, @entity404 count result, ability to read a complete sentence, ability to access a test message on enrollment, and format of @entity851 text message. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent (234/385) of @entity1 successfully receiving a message, 87.6% (219/250) correctly identified the message format, and 60.8% (234/385) returned to clinic at the requested time. Among @entity1 with abnormal tests results (138/385, 35.8%), the strongest predictors of reported message receipt were the ability to read a complete sentence and a demonstrated ability to access a test message on enrollment. @entity1 with an abnormal result who could read a complete sentence were also more likely to accurately identify the message format (AOR 4.54, 95% CI 1.42-14.47, P=.01) and return to clinic appropriately (AOR 3.81, 95% CI 1.61-9.03, P=.002). Those who were sent a PIN-protected message were less likely to identify the message (AOR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03-0.44, P=.002) or return within 7 days (AOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.66, P=.005). Gender, age, and socioeconomic characteristics did not predict any outcomes and there were no differences in outcomes between those receiving direct or coded messages. CONCLUSIONS: Confirmed literacy at the time of enrollment was a robust predictor of @entity851 text message receipt, identification, and appropriate response for PLWH in rural Uganda. PIN-protected messages reduced odds of clinic return, but coded messages were as effective as direct messages and might augment privacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT 01579214; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01579214 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Ww8R4sKq).

title: Know Your Audience: Predictors of Success for a XXXX -Centered Texting @entity477 to Augment Linkage to @entity645 Care in Rural Uganda.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Blunt @entity130 (BCVI) are associated with high morbidity and mortality and can lead to @entity51 . The established criteria for @entity1 undergoing CT angiography (CTA) for BCVI are broad, and can expose @entity1 to radiation unnecessarily. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of BCVI in @entity1 on CTA and determine presentations associated with the highest rates of BCVI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With IRB approval, @entity1 were selected for CTA screening for BCVI according to a predefined set of criteria at our hospital between 2007 and 2010. @entity1 were identified from our institution's @entity130 database. CTAs were retrospectively reviewed for BCVI including @entity2553 and dissection. Electronic medical records were reviewed for clinical presentation and hospital course. RESULTS: Of 432 @entity1 , @entity2553 (n   =   10) and/or dissection (n   =   36) were found in 46 @entity1 (10.6  %). BCVI was associated with cervical spine and/or skull-base @entity174 in 40/46 @entity1 (87  %, P   <   0.0001). Significant correlations were seen between dissection and @entity174 in 31/36 @entity1 (86.2  %, p   <   0.0001) and between BCVI and both @entity51 and @entity174 (27/44, P   <   0.0001). CONCLUSION: BCVI was significantly associated with cervical and/or skullbase @entity174 and @entity51 with coexistent @entity174 . @entity1 with these injuries should be prioritized for rapid CTA evaluation for BCVI. KEY POINTS:     CTA screening is important to identify @entity1 with underlying BCVI     Cervical spine and/or skullbase @entity174 were significantly associated with BCVI     BCVI may occur in up to 11  % of @entity1 with blunt @entity130 .

title: Association between cervical spine and skull-base XXXX and blunt cerebrovascular injury.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma injuries', 'cerebrovascular injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Primary care referral to commercial @entity353 programmes that follow best practice is included in current UK guidance on the management of adult @entity28 . This study investigated whether such a programme was cost-effective compared with usual care. A decision-analytical Markov model was developed to estimate the lifetime costs and benefits of the referral programme compared with usual care and enable a cost-utility analysis. The model cohort transited between body mass index classifications and type 2 @entity6 , @entity64 and @entity583 ( @entity583 ) with risk, cost and effect parameter values taken from published literature. The cost per incremental quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was calculated. Extensive deterministic and scenario sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were conducted. At 12 months, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was   6906, indicating that programme referral was cost-effective. Over a lifetime, referral to the commercial programme was dominant as it led to a cost saving of   924 and conferred incremental benefit (0.22 QALY) over usual care. Model simulations estimated lower lifetime rates of type 2 @entity6 , @entity64 and @entity583 as a result of the @entity353 achieved. The results were robust to extensive sensitivity analyses. The PSA indicated that programme referral had a 68% chance of being cost-effective at a willingness to pay per @entity2166 . Referral to the programme dominated usual care, being both cheaper and more effective. These results compare favourably with economic evaluations of other @entity28 interventions and add to a growing evidence base on the cost-effectiveness of commercial @entity353 providers and practices.

title: The cost-effectiveness of primary care referral to a UK commercial XXXX programme.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2166 :: ('MESH:D000275', 'Disease') :: ['incremental QALY threshold of   20   000']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']


abstract: @entity1561 occurs frequently in the setting of @entity209 , but the factors leading to @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ) are not fully understood. This study investigated @entity2939 ( @entity2939 ) signaling in @entity1 liver with the goal of delineating whether activation of this pathway segregates those with @entity1561 from those with @entity1561 . Experiments were performed using liver biopsy tissue obtained from class III obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery, and extended to an immortalized @entity1 hepatocyte HepaRG cell line and primary @entity1 hepatocytes. The bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and total free @entity844 levels were significantly increased in plasma of @entity1561 @entity1 . @entity2939 mRNA levels were significantly increased in subjects with @entity1561 compared with NAFL as was @entity21064 in the myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent signaling pathway. In HepaRG cells, nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) nuclear translocation and functional activity increased following treatment with the @entity844 , @entity2365 , and following exposure to LPS compared with hepatocytes stimulated with a lipogenic treatment that induced de novo lipogenesis. @entity2365 and LPS induction of NF-kB activity was partially attenuated by chemical- or small-interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of @entity2939 . Expression of @entity2939 and its downstream mediators was upregulated with @entity2365 and LPS. Similar results were observed using primary @entity1 hepatocytes from a lean donor. Interestingly, NF-kB activity assays showed obese donor hepatocytes were resistant to chemical @entity2939 inhibition. In conclusion, @entity2939 expression is upregulated in a large cohort of @entity1561 @entity1 , compared with those with NAFL, and this occurs within the setting of increased LPS and @entity1718 .

title: Hepatic XXXX signaling in obese NAFLD.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity21064 :: ('3661', 'Gene') :: ['interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3']

entities_list: @entity2365 :: ('CHEBI:7896', 'Chemical') :: ['palmitate', 'Palmitate']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['NASH', 'Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease', 'nonalcoholic steatohepatitis', 'nonalcoholic fatty liver']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity2939 :: (7099,Gene) :: ['TLR4']


abstract: The @entity4163 patterns of @entity76 , cortex, pons-medulla, hypothalamus, hippocampus and caudate nucleus of three inbred strains of @entity19 (C57BL/6J, @entity7840 /2J and BALB/cJ) have been analysed. All brain areas contained both the simple and complex species of gangliosides. GD1a was the major @entity4163 in cortex, hippocampus and caudate nucleus whereas GT1b was the major species in @entity76 , hypothalamus and pons-medulla. In hippocampus, the percentages of GT1b and GD1a were quite similar. Pons and medulla exhibited the highest levels of @entity11688 (which approaches the value of GT1b) and the lowest values of GD1a. A @entity4163 , which was present in highest amounts in @entity76 disappeared after alkali treatment. Highly significant differences were observed in the amounts and patterns of gangliosides among brain areas of the three strains. Highly significant differences (p less than 0.001) were also found in the @entity4163 distribution of various brain areas among the strains, especially for tri- and tetrasialogangliosides between Balb and DBA. A significant difference of @entity11688 was observed in the @entity76 when comparing DBA with the two other strains. It is likely that the differences might be related to their relative abundances in certain cell types and for defining synaptic circuits in brain areas of some strains.

title: Gangliosides in various brain areas of three inbred strains of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellum']

entities_list: @entity4163 :: ('CHEBI:28892', 'Chemical') :: ['ganglioside']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is involved in @entity63 -reperfusion injury. Isoforms of @entity141 -activated @entity462 proteases, calpains, are implicated in the development of @entity583 in @entity63 -reperfusion. Growing evidence has revealed the presence of @entity2383 . We aimed to characterize mitochondrial calpains in the @entity35 heart and to investigate the roles of calpains in mPTP opening after @entity63 -reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Western blotting analysis showed the expression of  -calpain, @entity37372 and @entity71295 in mitochondria isolated from male @entity35 , but casein zymography detected only @entity37372 activity. Subcellular fractionation of mitochondria demonstrated the distribution of @entity37372 to the matrix fraction. Addition of >500 M of @entity141 to isolated mitochondria induced @entity2383 , reflecting mPTP opening, and calpain activation. @entity141 -induced @entity2383 was inhibited partially by the calpain inhibitor @entity46404 . These results support a partial contribution of calpain in the opening of the mPTP. The addition of @entity141 to the mitochondria induced inactivation of complex I of the electron transport chain, and cleavage of the @entity71296 complex I subunit, which were inhibited by calpeptin. Mitochondria isolated from @entity35 hearts that underwent 30min of @entity1563 followed by 30min of reperfusion showed activation of mitochondrial calpains, @entity71296 cleavage, complex I inactivation, and mPTP opening, which were inhibited by pretreatment with calpain inhibitor 1. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated for the first time the presence of mitochondrial matrix @entity37372 , and its contribution to complex I inactivation and mPTP opening after postischemic reperfusion in the @entity35 heart.

title: Mitochondrial XXXX opens the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in @entity63 -reperfusion.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity46404 :: ('MESH:C071482', 'Chemical') :: ['calpeptin']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['calpains in the mitochondria', 'mitochondrial swelling']

answer: @entity37372 :: (29154(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['m-calpain']


abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is involved in @entity63 -reperfusion injury. Isoforms of @entity141 -activated @entity462 proteases, calpains, are implicated in the development of @entity583 in @entity63 -reperfusion. Growing evidence has revealed the presence of @entity2383 . We aimed to characterize mitochondrial calpains in the @entity35 heart and to investigate the roles of calpains in mPTP opening after @entity63 -reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Western blotting analysis showed the expression of  -calpain, @entity37372 and @entity71295 in mitochondria isolated from male @entity35 , but casein zymography detected only @entity37372 activity. Subcellular fractionation of mitochondria demonstrated the distribution of @entity37372 to the matrix fraction. Addition of >500 M of @entity141 to isolated mitochondria induced @entity2383 , reflecting mPTP opening, and calpain activation. @entity141 -induced @entity2383 was inhibited partially by the calpain inhibitor @entity46404 . These results support a partial contribution of calpain in the opening of the mPTP. The addition of @entity141 to the mitochondria induced inactivation of complex I of the electron transport chain, and cleavage of the @entity71296 complex I subunit, which were inhibited by calpeptin. Mitochondria isolated from @entity35 hearts that underwent 30min of @entity1563 followed by 30min of reperfusion showed activation of mitochondrial calpains, @entity71296 cleavage, complex I inactivation, and mPTP opening, which were inhibited by pretreatment with calpain inhibitor 1. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated for the first time the presence of mitochondrial matrix @entity37372 , and its contribution to complex I inactivation and mPTP opening after postischemic reperfusion in the @entity35 heart.

title: Mitochondrial @entity37372 opens the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in XXXX -reperfusion.

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a @entity1311 drug-eluting balloon (DEB) only strategy in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), aiming at a comparison with bare metal stent (BMS) alone, DEB followed by BMS, and @entity1311 eluting stent (PES), as assessed in the randomized Drug Eluting Balloon in Acute ST-Segment Elevation @entity583 (DEB-AMI) trial. BACKGROUND: DEB-only seems an attractive strategy in PPCI, as it obviates the risk of stent @entity715 . METHODS: This study is a prospective registry with the same inclusion/exclusion criteria used in the DEB-AMI trial, as it constitutes the fourth, nonrandomized, treatment arm of this trial. @entity1 presenting with ST-elevation @entity583 were allocated to DEB-only (DIOR II, Eurocor GmbH, Bonn, Germany) after successful thrombus aspiration and predilatation. Primary endpoint was 6-month angiographic in-balloon/stent late-luminal loss (LLL). Secondary endpoints were in-balloon/stent binary restenosis and major adverse @entity299 (MACE: death, @entity583 , target-vessel revascularization). RESULTS: Forty @entity1 underwent PPCI by DEB-only. Procedural success was achieved in 97.5% with bail-out stenting required in 10.0% of procedures. In DEB-only, LLL was 0.51        0.59 mm as compared to 0.74        0.57 mm in BMS (P   =   0.44), 0.64        0.56 mm in DEB+BMS (P   =   0.88) and 0.21        0.32 mm in PES (P   <   0.01); in-balloon/stent binary restenosis rates were 22.2%, 23.8% (P   =   0.67), 28.6% (P   =   0.97), and 4.5% (P   =   0.07), respectively; and MACE rates were 17.5%, 23.5% (P   =   0.20), 20.0% (P   =   0.26), and 4.1% (P   =   0.90), respectively. No acute or late @entity715 events occurred in the DEB-only group. CONCLUSIONS: PPCI by DEB-only in selected @entity1 yielded an angiographic outcome comparable to BMS alone and DEB followed by BMS. PES proved angiographic superiority to DEB-only. DEB-only is therefore a potential treatment alternative during PPCI in @entity1 with contra-indications to drug-eluting stents.

title: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention by drug-eluting balloon angioplasty: the nonrandomized fourth arm of the DEB-AMI (drug-eluting balloon in ST-segment elevation XXXX ) trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'Myocardial Infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis', 'thrombotic']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Autophagy is a regulated process that sequesters and transports cytoplasmic materials such as protein aggregates via autophagosomes to lysosomes for degradation. @entity13054 ( @entity13054 ), an interacting protein of @entity18677 ( @entity18677 ), antagonizes Wnt signaling by promoting @entity18677 degradation via lysosomes. However, the mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that @entity13054 promotes the @entity280 suppressor ( @entity12226 )-mediated ubiquitination of @entity18678 and its autophagic degradation. Knockdown of @entity13054 decreases the interaction between @entity18678 and @entity12226 , resulting in reduced ubiquitination of @entity18678 . @entity13054 -mediated autophagic degradation of @entity18678 depends on @entity18678 aggregation. Moreover, the aggregate-prone proteins @entity18678 , @entity10407 and the hungtingtin mutant Htt103Q promote autophagy in a @entity13054 -dependent manner. These protein aggregates enhance the @entity8783 - @entity26814 interaction and @entity42627 puncta formation, indicating that aggregated proteins stimulate autophagy initiation. Ubiquitination is not essential for the aggregates-induced autophagy initiation as inhibition of the ubiquitin-activation E1 enzyme activity did not block the aggregates-induced @entity42627 puncta formation. Our findings suggest that @entity13054 promotes the ubiquitination of @entity18678 by @entity12226 and mediates the protein aggregates-elicited autophagy initiation.

title: The Wnt signaling antagonist XXXX accelerates Dishevelled2 degradation via promoting its ubiquitination and aggregates-induced autophagy.

entities_list: @entity280 :: ('MESH:D006623', 'Disease') :: ['Von Hippel-Lindau tumor']

answer: @entity13054 :: (51339,Gene) :: ['Dapper1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Catheter-associated @entity293 (CAUTI) and @entity2489 ( @entity2489 ) are considered performance measures. We analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and risk of CAUTI and @entity2489 in @entity130 @entity1 , as well as the demographic and injury factors related to these @entity281 and their relative risks of negative outcomes (prolonged length of stay [LOS], @entity295 , and @entity204 ). METHODS: @entity130 registry data were analyzed (age >18   y; LOS >24   h) from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2011. @entity130 location, severity, and type were analyzed relative to outcomes along with device-associated @entity281 , as defined by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The outcomes analyzed were intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital LOS, @entity295 , and in-hospital @entity204 . Multivariable logistic regression was then used to identify the factors contributing to @entity295 , including device-associated @entity281 . RESULTS: The included population (n=10,755) was 66.6% male and had a mean age of 45.1   y, with blunt @entity130 in 91.8% and a median Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 10 points. @entity1 developing CAUTI (n=324; 3.0%; p<0.005) were more likely to be female (59.4%), had a higher median ISS (20.5), and were older (56.7 years). @entity1 with @entity2489 (n=161; 1.5%; p<0.005) had a higher median ISS (27). @entity1 with @entity295 (n=149; 1.4%; p<0.005) had a higher median ISS (24.0) and were older (52.3   y). @entity295 was associated with prolonged LOS and @entity204 , as expected (p<0.005). In multivariable analysis, independent predictors of @entity295 were CAUTI (odds ratio [OR] 16.15; p<0.001), @entity2489 (OR 6.95; p<0.001), ISS (OR 1.05 per unit; p<0.001), age (OR 1.02 per year; p<0.001), and penetrating, abdominal, pelvic, or @entity764 . CONCLUSION: Development of CAUTI and @entity2489 are significantly associated with a higher risk of @entity295 in @entity130 @entity1 after adjustment for age and @entity130 , location, and severity. This study suggests the importance of device-associated @entity281 as vectors for @entity295 in @entity130 and highlights the importance of prevention initiatives.

title: Impact of Device-Associated Infection on @entity130 @entity1 Outcomes at a XXXX Center.

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity2489 :: ('MESH:D053717', 'Disease') :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia', 'VAP']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['chest injury']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Demographics and injury', 'Trauma', 'trauma', 'injury type']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Major Trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Catheter-associated @entity293 (CAUTI) and @entity2489 ( @entity2489 ) are considered performance measures. We analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and risk of CAUTI and @entity2489 in @entity130 @entity1 , as well as the demographic and injury factors related to these @entity281 and their relative risks of negative outcomes (prolonged length of stay [LOS], @entity295 , and @entity204 ). METHODS: @entity130 registry data were analyzed (age >18   y; LOS >24   h) from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2011. @entity130 location, severity, and type were analyzed relative to outcomes along with device-associated @entity281 , as defined by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The outcomes analyzed were intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital LOS, @entity295 , and in-hospital @entity204 . Multivariable logistic regression was then used to identify the factors contributing to @entity295 , including device-associated @entity281 . RESULTS: The included population (n=10,755) was 66.6% male and had a mean age of 45.1   y, with blunt @entity130 in 91.8% and a median Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 10 points. @entity1 developing CAUTI (n=324; 3.0%; p<0.005) were more likely to be female (59.4%), had a higher median ISS (20.5), and were older (56.7 years). @entity1 with @entity2489 (n=161; 1.5%; p<0.005) had a higher median ISS (27). @entity1 with @entity295 (n=149; 1.4%; p<0.005) had a higher median ISS (24.0) and were older (52.3   y). @entity295 was associated with prolonged LOS and @entity204 , as expected (p<0.005). In multivariable analysis, independent predictors of @entity295 were CAUTI (odds ratio [OR] 16.15; p<0.001), @entity2489 (OR 6.95; p<0.001), ISS (OR 1.05 per unit; p<0.001), age (OR 1.02 per year; p<0.001), and penetrating, abdominal, pelvic, or @entity764 . CONCLUSION: Development of CAUTI and @entity2489 are significantly associated with a higher risk of @entity295 in @entity130 @entity1 after adjustment for age and @entity130 , location, and severity. This study suggests the importance of device-associated @entity281 as vectors for @entity295 in @entity130 and highlights the importance of prevention initiatives.

title: Impact of Device-Associated Infection on XXXX @entity1 Outcomes at a @entity130 Center.

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Catheter-associated @entity293 (CAUTI) and @entity2489 ( @entity2489 ) are considered performance measures. We analyzed the incidence, prevalence, and risk of CAUTI and @entity2489 in @entity130 @entity1 , as well as the demographic and injury factors related to these @entity281 and their relative risks of negative outcomes (prolonged length of stay [LOS], @entity295 , and @entity204 ). METHODS: @entity130 registry data were analyzed (age >18   y; LOS >24   h) from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2011. @entity130 location, severity, and type were analyzed relative to outcomes along with device-associated @entity281 , as defined by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The outcomes analyzed were intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital LOS, @entity295 , and in-hospital @entity204 . Multivariable logistic regression was then used to identify the factors contributing to @entity295 , including device-associated @entity281 . RESULTS: The included population (n=10,755) was 66.6% male and had a mean age of 45.1   y, with blunt @entity130 in 91.8% and a median Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 10 points. @entity1 developing CAUTI (n=324; 3.0%; p<0.005) were more likely to be female (59.4%), had a higher median ISS (20.5), and were older (56.7 years). @entity1 with @entity2489 (n=161; 1.5%; p<0.005) had a higher median ISS (27). @entity1 with @entity295 (n=149; 1.4%; p<0.005) had a higher median ISS (24.0) and were older (52.3   y). @entity295 was associated with prolonged LOS and @entity204 , as expected (p<0.005). In multivariable analysis, independent predictors of @entity295 were CAUTI (odds ratio [OR] 16.15; p<0.001), @entity2489 (OR 6.95; p<0.001), ISS (OR 1.05 per unit; p<0.001), age (OR 1.02 per year; p<0.001), and penetrating, abdominal, pelvic, or @entity764 . CONCLUSION: Development of CAUTI and @entity2489 are significantly associated with a higher risk of @entity295 in @entity130 @entity1 after adjustment for age and @entity130 , location, and severity. This study suggests the importance of device-associated @entity281 as vectors for @entity295 in @entity130 and highlights the importance of prevention initiatives.

title: Impact of Device-Associated Infection on @entity130 XXXX Outcomes at a @entity130 Center.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: AIM: Aim of this study was to investigate the potential of @entity419 PET, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and susceptibility-weighted (T2*) MRI to predict response to systemic treatment in @entity1 with @entity14 . The predictive values of pretreatment measurements and of early changes one week after start of therapy, were evaluated. METHODS: Imaging was performed prior to and one week after start of first line chemotherapy in 39 @entity1 with @entity14 . @entity419 PET scans were performed on a PET/CT scanner and DWI and T2* were performed on a 1.5T MR scanner. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2* value were assessed in the same lesions. Up to 5 liver metastases per @entity1 were analyzed. Outcome measures were progression free survival (PFS), @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and size response. RESULTS: Pretreatment, high SUVmax, high TLG, low ADC and high T2* were associated with a shorter @entity1349 . Low pretreatment ADC value was associated with shorter PFS. After 1 week a significant drop in SUVmax and rise in ADC were observed. The drop in SUV was correlated with the rise in ADC (r=-0.58, p=0.002). Neither change in ADC nor in SUV was predictive of PFS or @entity1349 . T2* did not significantly change after start of treatment. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment SUVmax, TLG, ADC, and T2* values in @entity14 are predictive of @entity1 outcome. Despite sensitivity of DWI and @entity419 PET for early treatment effects, change in these parameters was not predictive of long term outcome.

title: Multimodality Imaging to Predict Response to Systemic Treatment in @entity1 with Advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal liver metastases']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['Colorectal Cancer']


abstract: AIM: Aim of this study was to investigate the potential of @entity419 PET, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and susceptibility-weighted (T2*) MRI to predict response to systemic treatment in @entity1 with @entity14 . The predictive values of pretreatment measurements and of early changes one week after start of therapy, were evaluated. METHODS: Imaging was performed prior to and one week after start of first line chemotherapy in 39 @entity1 with @entity14 . @entity419 PET scans were performed on a PET/CT scanner and DWI and T2* were performed on a 1.5T MR scanner. The maximum standardized uptake values (SUV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2* value were assessed in the same lesions. Up to 5 liver metastases per @entity1 were analyzed. Outcome measures were progression free survival (PFS), @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and size response. RESULTS: Pretreatment, high SUVmax, high TLG, low ADC and high T2* were associated with a shorter @entity1349 . Low pretreatment ADC value was associated with shorter PFS. After 1 week a significant drop in SUVmax and rise in ADC were observed. The drop in SUV was correlated with the rise in ADC (r=-0.58, p=0.002). Neither change in ADC nor in SUV was predictive of PFS or @entity1349 . T2* did not significantly change after start of treatment. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment SUVmax, TLG, ADC, and T2* values in @entity14 are predictive of @entity1 outcome. Despite sensitivity of DWI and @entity419 PET for early treatment effects, change in these parameters was not predictive of long term outcome.

title: Multimodality Imaging to Predict Response to Systemic Treatment in XXXX with Advanced @entity14 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: 1. Single unit activity has been recorded in the thalamic, @entity1640 and raphe magnus nuclei of @entity35 anaesthetized with @entity4774 .2. Neurones were sought which responded to changes in scrotal skin temperature applied with a water-perfused brass thermode. All sixty-nine neurones in the thalamus and hypothalamus responded with abrupt changes in activity as the scrotum was warmed (;switching response'). The majority responded with an increase in activity from minimal to maximal firing rate as the scrotum was warmed over a range of less than 0.5 degrees C; in about 20% of the neurones the converse was observed.3. To determine whether the switching response of the thalamic and @entity1640 neurones depended upon a cortico-thalamic feed-back loop, the cortical surface was cooled to 18-20 degrees C to reversibly abolish cortical post-synaptic activity.4. Cortical cooling abolished the positive switching response of nearly all (15/19) ventrobasal thalamic neurones to scrotal warming. All eight ventrobasal thalamic neurones with negative switching responses, and all twenty-two scrotal temperature-responsive neurones in other thalamic and @entity1640 nuclei were unaffected.5. Twenty recordings were also made from scrotal temperature-responsive neurones in the nucleus raphe magnus. All possessed switching responses similar to those observed in the thalamus and hypothalamus.6. None of the scrotal temperature-responsive neurones in the nucleus raphe magnus was affected by cortical cooling. Six neurones were observed in decerebrate @entity35 with properties apparently identical to those in intact @entity35 .7. We conclude that the switching response of thalamic and @entity1640 scrotal temperature-responsive neurones is probably generated in the nucleus raphe magnus and passed in parallel to the thalamus and hypothalamus. In addition, thalamic neurones depend on an intact link with the cerebral cortex for the generation of their switching responses.

title: An analysis of a thermal afferent pathway in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['Urethane']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The global trend towards increased longevity has resulted in ageing populations and a rise in @entity74 that primarily affect older @entity1 . One such condition is @entity170 ( @entity79 ), which causes an increased @entity174 risk. @entity173 lead to increased morbidity and mortality and result in enormous healthcare costs. Here, we review the evolution of the diagnosis of @entity170 . In an attempt to separate @entity1 with normal bones from those with @entity170 and to define the @entity170 diagnosis, multiple factors and characteristics have been considered. These include pathology and histology of the disease, the endocrine regulation of bone metabolism, bone mineral density (BMD), @entity174 type or @entity130 severity, risk models for @entity174 prediction, and thresholds for pharmacological intervention. The femoral neck BMD -2.5 SDs cut-off for the diagnosis of @entity170 is arbitrarily chosen, and there is no evidence to support the notion that @entity174 location (except @entity174 ) or severity is useful to discriminate osteoporotic from normal bones. @entity174 risk models (including factors unrelated to bone) dissociate bone strength from the diagnosis, and treatment thresholds are often based on health-economic considerations rather than bone properties. @entity174 are a primary feature of @entity170 , characterized by decreased bone mass, strength and quality, and a high risk of another such @entity174 that can be considerably reduced by treatment. We believe that the 2001 definition of @entity170 by the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on @entity170 is still valid and useful: ' @entity170 is defined as a @entity2526 characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a @entity1 to an increased risk of @entity174 '.

title: XXXX : the evolution of a diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['Vertebral fractures', 'vertebral fractures', 'Fracture', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity2526 :: ('MESH:D025063', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal disorder']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['fragile or porous bones']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['Vertebral and hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['diseases or conditions']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['Osteoporosis']


abstract: Interaction between @entity683 virus WSN strain and MDCK cells was studied by using spin-labeled phospholipids and electron microscopy. Envelope fusion was negligibly small at neutral pH but greatly activated in acidic media in a narrow pH range around 5.0. The half-time was less than 1 min at 37 degrees C at pH 5.0. Virus binding was almost independent of the pH. Endocytosis occurred with a half-time of about 7 min at 37 degrees C at neutral pH, and about 50% of the initially bound virus was internalized after 1 h. Electron micrographs showed binding of virus particles in @entity558 in the microvillous surface of plasma membrane and endocytosis into @entity8038 . @entity503 inhibited virus replication. The inhibition occurred when the drug was added not later than 10 min after inoculation. @entity503 caused an increase in the lysosomal pH 4.9 to 6.1. The drug did not affect virus binding, endocytosis, or envelope fusion at pH 5.0. Electron micrographs showed many virus particles remaining trapped inside vacuoles even after 30 min at 37 degrees C in the presence of drug, in contrast to only a few particles after 10 min in vacuoles and secondary lysosomes in its absence. Virus replication in an artificial condition, i.e., brief exposure of the inoculum to acidic medium followed by incubation in neutral pH in the presence of @entity503 , was also observed. These results are discussed to provide a strong support for the infection mechanism of @entity683 virus proposed previously: virus uptake by endocytosis, fusion of the endocytosed vesicles with lysosome, and fusion of the virus envelope with the surrounding vesicle membrane in the secondary lysosome because of the low pH. This allows the viral genome to enter the target cell cytoplasm.

title: Infectious cell entry mechanism of XXXX virus.

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['coated pits']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine', 'Chloroquine']

entities_list: @entity8038 :: ('MESH:D058456', 'Disease') :: ['coated vesicles']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity6 is a costly and @entity102 . Effective management of @entity6 to achieve glycemic control improves @entity1 quality of life. Adherence rates to drug regimens in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 are relatively low and vary widely between populations. There are many factors that could affect @entity1 adherence to drug therapy. The aim of the present study was assessing patterns and obstacles to adherence of @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 to their oral hypoglycemic drugs. METHODS: The present work is a descriptive cross section study, carried on @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 who were on oral hypoglycemic drugs. Data concerning adherence to drugs was assessed using measure treatment adherence scale (MTA). RESULTS: A total of 372 (55.59% males and 44.41% females) @entity1 with @entity164 -2 @entity6 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in the study. Among the @entity1 , 26.1% were found to have good adherence, 47.9% had a fair adherence, and 26% had poor adherence. CONCLUSION: The overall rate of medication adherence among the @entity6 @entity1 population was suboptimal and non-acceptable. Evaluation of adherence is vital for @entity1 with @entity6 in order to determine factors and barriers affecting the adherence and to manage them.

title: Patterns and obstacles to oral antidiabetic medications adherence among XXXX 2 @entity6 in Ismailia, Egypt: a cross section study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['increasingly common chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity6 is a costly and @entity102 . Effective management of @entity6 to achieve glycemic control improves @entity1 quality of life. Adherence rates to drug regimens in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 are relatively low and vary widely between populations. There are many factors that could affect @entity1 adherence to drug therapy. The aim of the present study was assessing patterns and obstacles to adherence of @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 to their oral hypoglycemic drugs. METHODS: The present work is a descriptive cross section study, carried on @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 who were on oral hypoglycemic drugs. Data concerning adherence to drugs was assessed using measure treatment adherence scale (MTA). RESULTS: A total of 372 (55.59% males and 44.41% females) @entity1 with @entity164 -2 @entity6 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in the study. Among the @entity1 , 26.1% were found to have good adherence, 47.9% had a fair adherence, and 26% had poor adherence. CONCLUSION: The overall rate of medication adherence among the @entity6 @entity1 population was suboptimal and non-acceptable. Evaluation of adherence is vital for @entity1 with @entity6 in order to determine factors and barriers affecting the adherence and to manage them.

title: Patterns and obstacles to oral antidiabetic medications adherence among @entity164 2 XXXX in Ismailia, Egypt: a cross section study.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetics']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: This study is to determine the concentrations of @entity650 , @entity310 , and @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) in @entity1 with @entity1468 , and compare with those of gestational age- matched normotensive pregnant @entity1 and to correlate @entity1851 levels with markers of organ damage in @entity1 with @entity1468 . METHODS: This was a case control study of fifty @entity1 with @entity1468 and fifty gestational age matched pregnant @entity1 with normal blood pressure. The @entity1 were drawn from The Antenatal Clinic of The Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Severe @entity1468 was defined as systolic blood pressure >= 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure >= 110mmHg and >= 2+ of @entity644 . After obtaining an informed consent, each @entity1 completed a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire sought information on socio-demographic and clinical data. From each @entity1 , mid-stream urine was collected for urinalysis and culture, and blood sample was collected for biochemical analysis. Comparisons of continuous variables and categorical variables were done using the Student's t test and Chi square test respectively. Correlation analysis was used to determine the associations between variables. Statistical significance was set at P. RESULTS: The @entity1 were similar in their socio demographic characteristics. There was a statistically significant difference in the systolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure ( p < 0.0001), @entity414 ( p < 0.0001), @entity6571 ( p < 0.0001), @entity3064 ( p < 0.0001), @entity1011 ( p < 0.0013), GGT ( p < 0.005), @entity650 ( p < 0.021), @entity1851 ( p < 0.0002), and @entity310 ( p < 0.023), between the group with @entity1468 and the group with normal blood pressure. This study also reports a significant association between @entity1851 and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, uric acid @entity6571 and @entity3064 (p. CONCLUSION: The inflammatory cytokines, @entity650 , @entity310 and @entity1851 are elevated in @entity1468 and may mediate some of the clinical manifestations of the disorder. A role may exist for anti inflammatory agents in the management of @entity1 with @entity1468 .

title: The role of cytokines as inflammatory mediators in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['pre eclampsia', 'severe preeclampsia', 'preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['preeclampsia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To enhance @entity35 penises experimentally with @entity121 ( @entity121 ) and testicular tunica vaginalis grafts (TVG). METHODS: Twelve @entity35 albino @entity35 were distributed into two equal Groups, A and B. There were six @entity35 in each group. @entity121 and TVG were used to enhance @entity35 penises in Groups A and B, respectively. Circumferences of the penises were measured preoperatively and at three different times after the operation. Two, two and eight @entity35 were killed 10  days, 1  month and 2  months after the operation, respectively, for histopathological examinations. RESULTS: When we compared the measurements of preoperative and immediately postoperative circumferences, the mean increase was 23.4      2.9  % in Group A and 19.9      1.7  % in Group B. According to paired t test, the difference was significant (p  <  0001), but the comparison between preoperative and postoperative first-month measurements was not found to be significant (p  >  0.05). Histological examinations revealed an intensive inflammatory process at 10  days after the operation. Grafts were found to be totally absorbed in the first- and second-month examinations. CONCLUSION: In our study, implanted TVG and @entity121 could not survive because of insufficient vascularization and failure to maintain satisfactory surgical success. More studies are needed to increase the effectiveness of surgical techniques.

title: Penile enhancement with XXXX and testicular tunica vaginalis grafts: an experimental animal study.

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['RMF', 'rectus muscle fascia']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['rectus muscle fascia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to generate in silico 3D-structure of the @entity26633 of @entity71297 using homology modeling method to further predict its conformational epitopes and help other studies to investigate its structural features using the model. METHODS: A 3D-structure prediction was developed for the @entity26633 of Alkhumra @entity548 ( @entity71297 ), an emerging tick-borne flavivirus, based on a homology modeling method using M4T and Modweb servers, as the 3D-structure of the protein is not available yet. Modeled proteins were validated using Modfold 4 server and their accuracies were calculated based on their RSMDs. Having the 3D predicted model with high quality, conformational epitopes were predicted using DiscoTope 2.0. RESULTS: Model generated by M4T was more acceptable than the Modweb-generated model. The global score and P-value calculated by Modfold 4 ensured that a certifiable model was generated by @entity71298 , since its global score was almost near 1 which is the score for a high resolution X-ray crystallography structure. Furthermore, itsthe P-value was much lower than 0.001 which means that the model is completely acceptable. Having 0.46    rmsd, this model was shown to be highly accurate. Results from DiscoTope 2.0 showed 26 residues as epitopes, forming conformational epitopes of the modeled protein. CONCLUSION: The predicted model and epitopes for @entity26633 of @entity71297 can be used in several therapeutic and diagnostic approaches including peptide vaccine development, structure based drug design or diagnostic kit development in order to facilitate the time consuming experimental epitope mapping process.

title: Homology Modeling and Conformational Epitope Prediction of XXXX of Alkhumra @entity548 .

entities_list: @entity71298 :: ('p|SUB|M|4|T', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['M4T']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic fever virus']

answer: @entity26633 :: (64006,Gene) :: ['Envelope Protein']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to generate in silico 3D-structure of the @entity26633 of @entity71297 using homology modeling method to further predict its conformational epitopes and help other studies to investigate its structural features using the model. METHODS: A 3D-structure prediction was developed for the @entity26633 of Alkhumra @entity548 ( @entity71297 ), an emerging tick-borne flavivirus, based on a homology modeling method using M4T and Modweb servers, as the 3D-structure of the protein is not available yet. Modeled proteins were validated using Modfold 4 server and their accuracies were calculated based on their RSMDs. Having the 3D predicted model with high quality, conformational epitopes were predicted using DiscoTope 2.0. RESULTS: Model generated by M4T was more acceptable than the Modweb-generated model. The global score and P-value calculated by Modfold 4 ensured that a certifiable model was generated by @entity71298 , since its global score was almost near 1 which is the score for a high resolution X-ray crystallography structure. Furthermore, itsthe P-value was much lower than 0.001 which means that the model is completely acceptable. Having 0.46    rmsd, this model was shown to be highly accurate. Results from DiscoTope 2.0 showed 26 residues as epitopes, forming conformational epitopes of the modeled protein. CONCLUSION: The predicted model and epitopes for @entity26633 of @entity71297 can be used in several therapeutic and diagnostic approaches including peptide vaccine development, structure based drug design or diagnostic kit development in order to facilitate the time consuming experimental epitope mapping process.

title: Homology Modeling and Conformational Epitope Prediction of @entity26633 of Alkhumra XXXX .

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['Haemorrhagic Fever Virus']


abstract: Experience of 25 @entity1 with @entity704 is reported. Based on the presence or absence of gross invasion 17 @entity5 were regarded as benign, 8 as malignant. All @entity1 were operated on. Twenty-two had a complete excision, 2 a palliative excision, and 1 a biopsy only. Five @entity1 received post-operative radiotherapy and 2 @entity1 were given cytotoxic chemotherapy. None of the 17 @entity1 with a @entity704 had a recurrence or @entity204 due to @entity704 during the follow-up. The five- and ten-year survival rates for @entity5 were 50% and 17%, respectively. Excision is the treatment of choice for all @entity704 , since the prognosis for @entity5 is excellent and the malignancy can only by determined at exploration. Post-operative radiotherapy seems to be indicated in @entity5 . @entity1737 and histologic features of @entity704 have some value in predicting prognosis.

title: Treatment and prognosis of XXXX : a review of 25 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity704 :: ('MESH:D013945', 'Disease') :: ['thymoma', 'benign thymoma', 'thymomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant thymoma', 'benign tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['Myasthenia gravis']

answer: @entity704 :: (MESH:D013945,Disease) :: ['thymoma']