abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that isolated posterior cruciate @entity130 demonstrate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical evidence of healing when treated nonoperatively; however, the authors are unaware of any other study that has looked at whether initial MRI can predict posterior cruciate ligament stability at the time of surgery in @entity1 with @entity3031 . HYPOTHESIS: An MRI grading system will predict laxity on posterior drawer testing at the time of surgery in @entity1 with @entity3031 . STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive @entity1 with @entity3031 or multiple-ligament knee injury evaluated by MRI were included in the study. An assignment of grade 0 (intact), grade I (injured/fibers intact), grade II (partial tearing of ligament), or grade III (complete tear) was made after each reading on 2 separate occasions by 3 surgeons. Posterior laxity of the knee was graded by the magnitude of excursion on the posterior drawer test by the senior author at the time of surgery. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the MRI grading scheme expressed by the kappa statistic k, as well as the predictive value of MRI grade in determining stability of the posterior cruciate ligament at the time of surgery, was assessed. RESULTS: The posterior cruciate @entity130 grading scheme tested demonstrated moderate to substantial intraobserver agreement (k = 0.66, k = 0.53, and k = 0.52, respectively, for all raters). Interobserver reliability demonstrated only moderate agreement (k = 0.49). If the grading scheme was changed to group both grades 0 and I (intact) and grades II and III (disrupted), intraobserver reliability demonstrated substantial to almost perfect agreement (k = 0.83, k = 0.80, and k = 0.75), and interobserver reliability demonstrated substantial agreement (k = 0.70). If the posterior cruciate ligament was classified as intact (grade 0 [intact] or grade I [injured]) on initial MRI, the injured knee was judged clinically stable (tibia anterior to or flush with the femoral condyles on posterior drawer testing) at the time of surgery 98.5% (95% confidence interval, 93%-100%) of the time. When the posterior cruciate ligament was classified as disrupted (grade II [partial tear] or grade III [complete tear]), the injured knee was judged unstable (tibia posterior to the femoral condyles on posterior drawer testing) 57.5% (95% confidence interval, 40%-73%) of the time. CONCLUSION: The presented system of grading posterior cruciate @entity130 in @entity1 with @entity3031 on initial MRI demonstrates moderate to substantial interobserver and intraobserver reliability that increases if the grading scheme is modified. An initial MRI scan read as grade I may predict stability to posterior drawer at the time of surgery. Even with MRI evidence of disruption in the posterior cruciate ligament (grade II and @entity130 ), posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may not be clinically indicated at the time of reconstruction and/or repair of other associated injuries.

title: Can magnetic resonance imaging predict posterior drawer laxity at the time of surgery in XXXX with @entity3031 or multiple-ligament knee injury?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We measured the levels of colony-stimulating factors ( @entity1261 , @entity6824 and @entity2841 ) and several cytokines in paired sera obtained from 51 @entity1 (33 males and 18 females; mean age: 53 years) on long-term haemodialysis (HD). The mean pre-HD @entity1261 level was 22.7 +/- 21.7 pg/ml and the post-HD level was 40.3 +/- 54.4 pg/ml. The mean pre-HD @entity6824 level was 2.4 times higher than normal at 1287 +/- 380 U/ml, and it increased to 1644 +/- 456 U/ml after HD (r = 0.83). @entity2841 was not detectable in any of the serum samples. @entity1356 was detectable in 38 pre-HD sera at a mean level of 57.1 +/- 21.8 pg/ml, but was rarely detected after HD. @entity310 was not usually detected. When the CSF levels were divided by the product of the serum total protein concentration and body weight, the post-HD value for @entity1261 was almost always greater than the pre-HD value and there was an improved pre-post correlation (r = 0.69). In the transformed pairs of @entity6824 level, the post-HD value did not differ much from the pre-HD value, and a strong pre-post correlation was noted (r = 0.94). These results suggest that the serum @entity1261 level is not affected by @entity177 , although HD may induce an increase of @entity1261 . In the case of @entity6824 , however, @entity8 and/or excretion may increase the serum concentration, but it is not modulated by haemodialysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Levels of serum colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) in XXXX on long-term haemodialysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired renal metabolism']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Because of the unusual anatomy of an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva, selective cannulation of the guiding catheter in percutaneous coronary intervention for these cases is always challenging. CASE PRESENTATION: A 58-year-old Japanese @entity1 was admitted to our hospital complaining of worsening exertional @entity662 . He was suspected of having unstable @entity951 and underwent cardiac catheterization. We found a @entity432 in the mid-portion of his right coronary artery that originated from the left sinus of Valsalva. On the previous percutaneous coronary intervention, we failed to cannulate the guiding catheter to the anomalous orifice of the right coronary artery. Therefore, we decided to use the GuideLiner catheter for stable back-up support from the beginning. A 6Fr GuideLiner catheter was introduced into the right coronary artery by anchoring it coaxially with a semi-compliant balloon catheter. And we successfully deployed two drug-eluting stents by crossing over the posterior-descending artery. Final angiography demonstrated favorable dilatation of the @entity75 , and native blood flow in the right coronary artery was completely recovered. CONCLUSION: GuideLiner is a monorail-type " @entity1 " support catheter that facilitates coaxial guiding catheter engagement and an appropriate back-up force, achieving successful device delivery to target lesions in this kind of complex percutaneous coronary intervention.

title: Successful percutaneous coronary intervention with GuideLiner   catheter for XXXX in the right coronary artery with anomalous origin from the left sinus of Valsalva: a case report.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['target lesion']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['subtotal occlusive lesion']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['subtotal occlusive lesion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induced cardioprotection has been reported to be blunted in hyperlipidemic subjects. @entity935 , via its D2 receptor signaling, appears to mimic the signaling cascade involved in myocardial preconditioning and is also involved in the inhibition of @entity407 induced mediators. The present study was designed to investigate the possible involvement of D2 receptors in IPC and to see whether @entity935 preconditioning can offer cardioprotection in hyperlipidemic @entity35 hearts. METHODS: @entity35 albino @entity35 were divided into 8 groups and fed on normal or high fat diet for 4  weeks. @entity407 was confirmed after 4  weeks by serum lipid estimations. Isolated perfused hearts were subjected to @entity63 preconditioning or @entity935 induced pharmacological preconditioning followed by 30-min @entity63 insult and 60-min reperfusion. @entity1088 was administered as D2 antagonist. Coronary perfusate (basal and post- @entity63 ) was collected for the estimations of LDH ( @entity880 dehydrogenase) and CKMB ( @entity908 kinase MB). Hearts were then removed and frozen for @entity1188 size measurement. RESULTS: A significant increase body weight, serum lipids except HDL was noted in high fat diet fed @entity35 , as compared to normal @entity35 . The level of LDH, CKMB in coronary effluent and @entity1188 size were found to be decreased in preconditioned normal hearts, as compared to hearts treated with @entity63 reperfusion. This effect was found to be blunted in hyperlipidemic animals. @entity935 (10   M) alone and in combination with @entity63 preconditioning significantly reduced the levels of LDH, CKMB and @entity1188 size in hyperlipidemic hearts, as compared to preconditioned and non-preconditioned hyperlipidemic hearts. This effect was abolished significantly by @entity1088 (D2 antagonist). CONCLUSION: The present study reveals possible involvement of D2 receptors in @entity63 preconditioning and suggests that @entity935 preconditioning may offer significant cardioprotection in hyperlipidemic @entity35 hearts.

title: Preconditioning offers cardioprotection in hyperlipidemic @entity35 hearts: possible role of XXXX (D2) signaling.

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperlipidemia', 'hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['Clozapine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine', 'Dopamine']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['Creatine']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactate']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['Dopamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) induced cardioprotection has been reported to be blunted in hyperlipidemic subjects. @entity935 , via its D2 receptor signaling, appears to mimic the signaling cascade involved in myocardial preconditioning and is also involved in the inhibition of @entity407 induced mediators. The present study was designed to investigate the possible involvement of D2 receptors in IPC and to see whether @entity935 preconditioning can offer cardioprotection in hyperlipidemic @entity35 hearts. METHODS: @entity35 albino @entity35 were divided into 8 groups and fed on normal or high fat diet for 4  weeks. @entity407 was confirmed after 4  weeks by serum lipid estimations. Isolated perfused hearts were subjected to @entity63 preconditioning or @entity935 induced pharmacological preconditioning followed by 30-min @entity63 insult and 60-min reperfusion. @entity1088 was administered as D2 antagonist. Coronary perfusate (basal and post- @entity63 ) was collected for the estimations of LDH ( @entity880 dehydrogenase) and CKMB ( @entity908 kinase MB). Hearts were then removed and frozen for @entity1188 size measurement. RESULTS: A significant increase body weight, serum lipids except HDL was noted in high fat diet fed @entity35 , as compared to normal @entity35 . The level of LDH, CKMB in coronary effluent and @entity1188 size were found to be decreased in preconditioned normal hearts, as compared to hearts treated with @entity63 reperfusion. This effect was found to be blunted in hyperlipidemic animals. @entity935 (10   M) alone and in combination with @entity63 preconditioning significantly reduced the levels of LDH, CKMB and @entity1188 size in hyperlipidemic hearts, as compared to preconditioned and non-preconditioned hyperlipidemic hearts. This effect was abolished significantly by @entity1088 (D2 antagonist). CONCLUSION: The present study reveals possible involvement of D2 receptors in @entity63 preconditioning and suggests that @entity935 preconditioning may offer significant cardioprotection in hyperlipidemic @entity35 hearts.

title: Preconditioning offers cardioprotection in hyperlipidemic XXXX hearts: possible role of @entity935 (D2) signaling.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Activating mutations of the @entity470 (EGFR) confer sensitivity to the @entity669 kinase inhibitors (TKi), @entity4562 and @entity3866 . We analysed EGFR expression, EGFR mutation status and gene expression profiles of @entity263 ( @entity263 ) to supply a rationale for EGFR targeted therapies in this disease. METHODS: Mutational analysis of EGFR TK domain (exons from 18 to 21) and immunohistochemistry for EGFR were performed on @entity5 tissues derived from radical prostatectomy from 100 @entity263 @entity1 . Gene expression profiling using oligo-microarrays was also carried out in 51 of the @entity263 samples. RESULTS: EGFR protein overexpression (EGFRhigh) was found in 36% of the @entity5 samples, and mutations were found in 13% of samples. @entity1 with EGFRhigh @entity5 experienced a significantly increased risk of biochemical relapse (hazard ratio-HR 2.52, p=0.02) compared with @entity1 with @entity5 expressing low levels of EGFR (EGFRlow). Microarray analysis did not reveal any differences in gene expression between EGFRhigh and EGFRlow @entity5 . Conversely, in EGFRhigh @entity5 , we were able to identify a 79 gene signature distinguishing mutated from non-mutated @entity5 . Additionally, 29 genes were found to be differentially expressed between mutated/EGFRhigh (n=3) and mutated/EGFRlow @entity5 (n=5). Four of the down-regulated genes, @entity73233 / @entity73233 , @entity36620 , @entity1486 and @entity41784 and one of the up-regulated genes, @entity17967 , are involved in @entity263 progression. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we hypothesize that accurate definition of the EGFR status could improve prognostic stratification and we suggest a possible role for EGFR-directed therapies in @entity263 @entity1 . Having been generated in a relatively small sample of @entity1 , our results warrant confirmation in larger series.

title: @entity470 (EGFR) mutation analysis, gene expression profiling and EGFR protein expression in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'PC']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Activating mutations of the @entity470 (EGFR) confer sensitivity to the @entity669 kinase inhibitors (TKi), @entity4562 and @entity3866 . We analysed EGFR expression, EGFR mutation status and gene expression profiles of @entity263 ( @entity263 ) to supply a rationale for EGFR targeted therapies in this disease. METHODS: Mutational analysis of EGFR TK domain (exons from 18 to 21) and immunohistochemistry for EGFR were performed on @entity5 tissues derived from radical prostatectomy from 100 @entity263 @entity1 . Gene expression profiling using oligo-microarrays was also carried out in 51 of the @entity263 samples. RESULTS: EGFR protein overexpression (EGFRhigh) was found in 36% of the @entity5 samples, and mutations were found in 13% of samples. @entity1 with EGFRhigh @entity5 experienced a significantly increased risk of biochemical relapse (hazard ratio-HR 2.52, p=0.02) compared with @entity1 with @entity5 expressing low levels of EGFR (EGFRlow). Microarray analysis did not reveal any differences in gene expression between EGFRhigh and EGFRlow @entity5 . Conversely, in EGFRhigh @entity5 , we were able to identify a 79 gene signature distinguishing mutated from non-mutated @entity5 . Additionally, 29 genes were found to be differentially expressed between mutated/EGFRhigh (n=3) and mutated/EGFRlow @entity5 (n=5). Four of the down-regulated genes, @entity73233 / @entity73233 , @entity36620 , @entity1486 and @entity41784 and one of the up-regulated genes, @entity17967 , are involved in @entity263 progression. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we hypothesize that accurate definition of the EGFR status could improve prognostic stratification and we suggest a possible role for EGFR-directed therapies in @entity263 @entity1 . Having been generated in a relatively small sample of @entity1 , our results warrant confirmation in larger series.

title: XXXX (EGFR) mutation analysis, gene expression profiling and EGFR protein expression in primary @entity263 .

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Age and sex can influence brain @entity68 levels. We studied the influence of these variables on deep gray matter magnetic susceptibilities. In 183 healthy volunteers (44.7  14.2years, range 20-69,     49%), in vivo quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) at 1.5T was performed to estimate brain @entity68 accumulation in the following regions of interest (ROIs): caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), globus pallidus (Gp), thalamus (Th), pulvinar (Pul), red nucleus (Rn), substantia nigra (Sn) and the cerebellar dentate nuclei (Dn). We gauged the influence of age and sex on magnetic susceptibility by specifying a series of structural equation models. The distributions of susceptibility varied in degree across the structures, conforming to histologic findings (Hallgren and Sourander, 1958), with the highest degree of susceptibility in the Gp and the lowest in the Th. @entity68 increase correlated across several ROIs, which may reflect an underlying age-related process. Advanced age was associated with a particularly strong linear rise of susceptibility in the striatum. Nonlinear age trends were found in the Rn, where they were the most pronounced, followed by the Pul and Sn, while minimal nonlinear trends were observed for the Pt, Th, and Dn. Moreover, sex related variations were observed, so that @entity1 showed lower levels of susceptibility in the Sn after accounting for age. Regional susceptibility of the Pul increased linearly with age in @entity1 but exhibited a nonlinear association with age in @entity1 with a leveling off starting from midlife. @entity1 expected to be post menopause (+51years) showed lower total magnetic susceptibility in the subcortical gray matter. The current report not only is consistent with previous reports of age related variations of brain @entity68 , but also adds to the current knowledge by reporting age-related changes in less studied, smaller subcortical nuclei. This is the first in-vivo report to show lower total subcortical brain @entity68 levels selectively in @entity1 from midlife, compared to @entity1 and younger @entity1 . These results encourage further assessment of sex differences in brain @entity68 . We anticipate that age and sex are important co-factors to take into account when establishing a baseline level for differentiating pathologic neurodegeneration from healthy aging. The variations in regional susceptibility reported herein should be evaluated further using a longitudinal study design to determine within- @entity1 changes in aging.

title: Age and sex related differences in subcortical brain XXXX concentrations among healthy adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'person', 'men']

answer: @entity68 :: (MESH:D007501,Chemical) :: ['iron']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of operated newborns that had an antenatal diagnosis of @entity9727 ( @entity9727 ) with those who had a late diagnosis in the postpartum period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The newborns that were operated with the diagnosis of @entity9727 in our department were retrospectively recorded. The @entity1 were grouped according to the time of diagnosis; the ones who had an antenatal diagnosis were assigned to group 1, while the ones that had a diagnosis in the postpartum period were assigned to group 2. The groups were compared in terms of their pregnancy weeks at the time of birth, birth weight, additional @entity154 , the type of obstruction, the procedures that are applied, the day of operation, the time for oral feeding tolerance, the duration of hospital stay, and pre- and post-operative complications. RESULTS: Fifteen @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity9727 were operated on in our department between 2009 and 2014. Eight @entity1 were male and seven @entity1 were female. There were nine @entity1 in group 1 and six @entity1 in group 2. The diagnosis was confirmed in group 1 on the first day of the postpartum period. In the subanalysis, five @entity1 had type 1 @entity9727 and four had type 3 @entity9727 in group 1, while five @entity1 had type 1 @entity9727 and one had type 3 @entity9727 in group 2. There was not any complication in group 1 in the pre-operative period, but two @entity1 had @entity1174 and one had dehydration in group 2 pre-operatively. The mean operation day in the postpartum period was 2.34 (  0.5) days in group 1 and 7.17 (  2.04) in group 2. The time for the @entity1 to tolerate oral feeding in the post-operative period was 11.33 (  1.80) in group 1 and 14.83 (  2.48) in group 2. The duration of hospital stay in group 1 was 20.67 (  9.81) days and 24.66 (  4.50) days in group 2. In the post-operative period, @entity3417 occured in a @entity1 in group 1 and the post-operative period was complicated with ileus in one @entity1 in group 2. No mortalities happened in both groups. CONCLUSION: The prenatal diagnosis of @entity9727 affects the pre-operative complication rate, the time for the operation in the postpartum period, the duration to start post-operative oral feeding, and the duration of hospital stay, but does not affect the mortality or the morbidity.

title: The importance of antenatal diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity9727 :: ('MESH:D004380', 'Disease') :: ['CDO', 'congenital duodenal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3417 :: ('MESH:D002915', 'Disease') :: ['chylous ascites']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

answer: @entity9727 :: (MESH:D004380,Disease) :: ['congenital duodenal obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In this study, we compared the clinical and immunological efficacy of nebulized corticosteroid (CS) to systemic route during treatment of moderate @entity565 in @entity1 . METHODS: In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, prospective study, 81 @entity1 aged 12 months to 16 years experiencing @entity565 randomized into two treatment groups to receive, either; nebulized @entity5023 (n  =  39, 2000  mcg/day) or oral @entity1667 (n  =  41, 1  mg/kg/day). Pulmonary index scores (PIS) were assessed at admission and at 1st, 4th, 8th, 12th, 24th, 48th hours, as well as, on day 7 and peak expiratory flow (PEF) at baseline and at the 7th day. Daily symptom and medication scores were recorded for all subjects. Immunological studies included phytohemagglutinin induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells culture supernatant for cytokine responses and CD4(+) CD25(+) @entity403 (+) T regulatory cell (T reg) percentage at baseline and day 7. RESULTS: The changes in PIS and PEF were similar in both treatment groups, with a significant improvement in both values at the 7th day, when compared to baseline. In both groups, significant reductions in symptom and medication scores were observed during the treatment period with no significant difference between the groups. At day 7 of intervention, phytohemagglutinin induced @entity3646 level was significantly decreased only in the nebulized group compared to baseline (p  =  0.01). Evaluation of cytokine responses by means of fold increase (stimulated (S)/unstimulated (US) ratio) revealed a significant reduction in @entity3646 , @entity225 and @entity4155 only in nebulized group (p  =  0.01, 0.01, 0.02; respectively). The fold increase value of @entity225 was significantly lower at 7th day in nebulized group when compared to systemic one (p  =  0.02). At 7th day, although in both treatment groups the percentage of T reg cells was suppressed, it remained significantly higher in the nebule one when compared to systemic route (p  =  0.04). CONCLUSION: In the management of moderate @entity697 , nebulized CS (2000  mcg daily) was found to be as effective as systemic route with regard to clinical improvement. In addition, immunological parameters were more in favor of nebulized route which may imply a salutary effect of local CS usage.

title: Nebulized XXXX , a viable alternative to systemic route in the management of childhood moderate @entity565 : A double-blind, double-dummy study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute asthma attack']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma attack']

entities_list: @entity5023 :: ('MESH:C065382', 'Chemical') :: ['fluticasone propionate']

answer: @entity5023 :: (MESH:C065382,Chemical) :: ['fluticasone propionate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In this study, we compared the clinical and immunological efficacy of nebulized corticosteroid (CS) to systemic route during treatment of moderate @entity565 in @entity1 . METHODS: In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, prospective study, 81 @entity1 aged 12 months to 16 years experiencing @entity565 randomized into two treatment groups to receive, either; nebulized @entity5023 (n  =  39, 2000  mcg/day) or oral @entity1667 (n  =  41, 1  mg/kg/day). Pulmonary index scores (PIS) were assessed at admission and at 1st, 4th, 8th, 12th, 24th, 48th hours, as well as, on day 7 and peak expiratory flow (PEF) at baseline and at the 7th day. Daily symptom and medication scores were recorded for all subjects. Immunological studies included phytohemagglutinin induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells culture supernatant for cytokine responses and CD4(+) CD25(+) @entity403 (+) T regulatory cell (T reg) percentage at baseline and day 7. RESULTS: The changes in PIS and PEF were similar in both treatment groups, with a significant improvement in both values at the 7th day, when compared to baseline. In both groups, significant reductions in symptom and medication scores were observed during the treatment period with no significant difference between the groups. At day 7 of intervention, phytohemagglutinin induced @entity3646 level was significantly decreased only in the nebulized group compared to baseline (p  =  0.01). Evaluation of cytokine responses by means of fold increase (stimulated (S)/unstimulated (US) ratio) revealed a significant reduction in @entity3646 , @entity225 and @entity4155 only in nebulized group (p  =  0.01, 0.01, 0.02; respectively). The fold increase value of @entity225 was significantly lower at 7th day in nebulized group when compared to systemic one (p  =  0.02). At 7th day, although in both treatment groups the percentage of T reg cells was suppressed, it remained significantly higher in the nebule one when compared to systemic route (p  =  0.04). CONCLUSION: In the management of moderate @entity697 , nebulized CS (2000  mcg daily) was found to be as effective as systemic route with regard to clinical improvement. In addition, immunological parameters were more in favor of nebulized route which may imply a salutary effect of local CS usage.

title: Nebulized @entity5023 , a viable alternative to systemic route in the management of childhood moderate XXXX : A double-blind, double-dummy study.

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma attack']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Five-weekly S-1 plus @entity900 ( @entity65542 ) is one of the standard first-line regimens for advanced @entity356 ( @entity356 ), proven in a Japanese phase III study. To enhance the dose intensity of @entity900 , 3-weekly S-1 plus @entity900 ( @entity28549 ) was developed. @entity1 AND METHODS: This multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III study evaluated whether @entity28549 (S-1 80 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-14 and @entity900 60 mg/m(2) on day 1) was noninferior/superior to @entity65542 (S-1 80-120 mg/day on days 1-21 and @entity900 60 mg/m(2) on day 1 or 8) in terms of progression-free survival (PFS). Chemotherapy-naive @entity1 with metastatic, recurrent gastric or gastroesophageal junction @entity420 were randomized 1 : 1 to receive either @entity28549 or @entity65542 . The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00915382). RESULTS: Between February 2009 and January 2012, 625 @entity1 were randomized at 42 sites in Korea and Japan. With a median follow-up duration of 32.4 months (range, 13.3-48.6 months) in surviving @entity1 , @entity28549 was not only noninferior but also superior to @entity65542 in terms of PFS [median 5.5 versus 4.9 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.99; P = 0.0418 for superiority). There was no difference in overall survival (OS) between the groups (median 14.1 versus 13.9 months; HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.81-1.21; P = 0.9068). In @entity1 with measurable disease, the response rates were 60% in the @entity28549 arm and 50% in the @entity65542 arm (P = 0.065). Both regimens were generally well tolerated, but grade 3 or higher @entity417 (19% versus 9%) and @entity1398 (39% versus 9%) were more frequent in @entity28549 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity28549 is superior to @entity65542 in terms of PFS. However, since the improvement in PFS was only slight and there was no difference in OS, both @entity28549 and @entity65542 can be recommended as first-line treatments for @entity1 with advanced @entity356 .

title: Comparison of two different S-1 plus XXXX dosing schedules as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic and/or recurrent @entity356 : a multicenter, randomized phase III trial (SOS).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'GC']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Five-weekly S-1 plus @entity900 ( @entity65542 ) is one of the standard first-line regimens for advanced @entity356 ( @entity356 ), proven in a Japanese phase III study. To enhance the dose intensity of @entity900 , 3-weekly S-1 plus @entity900 ( @entity28549 ) was developed. @entity1 AND METHODS: This multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III study evaluated whether @entity28549 (S-1 80 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-14 and @entity900 60 mg/m(2) on day 1) was noninferior/superior to @entity65542 (S-1 80-120 mg/day on days 1-21 and @entity900 60 mg/m(2) on day 1 or 8) in terms of progression-free survival (PFS). Chemotherapy-naive @entity1 with metastatic, recurrent gastric or gastroesophageal junction @entity420 were randomized 1 : 1 to receive either @entity28549 or @entity65542 . The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00915382). RESULTS: Between February 2009 and January 2012, 625 @entity1 were randomized at 42 sites in Korea and Japan. With a median follow-up duration of 32.4 months (range, 13.3-48.6 months) in surviving @entity1 , @entity28549 was not only noninferior but also superior to @entity65542 in terms of PFS [median 5.5 versus 4.9 months; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.99; P = 0.0418 for superiority). There was no difference in overall survival (OS) between the groups (median 14.1 versus 13.9 months; HR = 0.99; 95% CI 0.81-1.21; P = 0.9068). In @entity1 with measurable disease, the response rates were 60% in the @entity28549 arm and 50% in the @entity65542 arm (P = 0.065). Both regimens were generally well tolerated, but grade 3 or higher @entity417 (19% versus 9%) and @entity1398 (39% versus 9%) were more frequent in @entity28549 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity28549 is superior to @entity65542 in terms of PFS. However, since the improvement in PFS was only slight and there was no difference in OS, both @entity28549 and @entity65542 can be recommended as first-line treatments for @entity1 with advanced @entity356 .

title: Comparison of two different S-1 plus @entity900 dosing schedules as first-line chemotherapy for metastatic and/or recurrent XXXX : a multicenter, randomized phase III trial (SOS).

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Surgical intervention is uncommon in chronic @entity788 . Literature largely describes single institution or international experiences. This study describes US-based chronic @entity788 surgical management. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of chronic @entity788 @entity1 in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Florida State Inpatient Database 2007-2011. @entity1 with @entity5 or @entity154 were excluded. Univariate analysis using the chi-square test. The number of readmissions, inpatient length of stay and cost using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. Multivariate analysis of surgery by logistic regression. RESULTS: Twenty-one thousand four hundred and forty-five @entity1 with chronic @entity788 . 10.8% (2 307) underwent surgery including 1652 cholecystectomies, 564 drainage procedures and 498 pancreatectomies. Procedures decreased from 12.1% to 8.3% over time (P  <  0.001), but intervention within 3  months increased (7.2% to 8.4%; P = 0.017). 15.3% (3 278) had @entity45 and 43.4% (9 312) had @entity6 . The median numbers of admissions were 2 [interquartile range (IQR) 1,5] and 3 (IQR 2,7) among non-surgical and surgical @entity1 , respectively (P  <  0.001). Predictors of surgery were fewer co-morbidities, private insurance, and either @entity6 or @entity45 . CONCLUSION: @entity1689 leads to numerous inpatient readmissions, but surgical intervention only occurs in a minority of cases. Complicated @entity1 are more likely to undergo surgery. The complexities of chronic @entity788 management warrant early multidisciplinary evaluation and ongoing consideration of surgical and non-surgical options.

title: Surgical management of chronic XXXX : current utilization in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1689 :: ('MESH:D050500', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cyst/pseudocyst', 'pancreatic cysts/pseudocysts']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: @entity3 of unknown origin (MUO) constitutes between 5% and 10% of all noncutaneous @entity5 . An MUO is defined as a @entity3 for which the site of origin is not suggested by thorough history, physical examination, chest x-ray studies, routine blood and urine studies, and histologic evaluation. Two major groups of MUO can be defined: MUO to lymph nodes only (N1-3), and MUO to visceral sites. The prognosis may be quite good for @entity1 with MUO limited to lymph nodes in the mid to high cervical, axillary, and groin areas. However, MUO in other lymph node areas is far more serious, with the possible exception of that in @entity1 with a new syndrome, i.e., "advanced poorly differentiated @entity189 ." There is some suggestion that these @entity1 may respond to @entity900 -based combination chemotherapy. @entity1 with MUO to visceral sites have a poor prognosis. However, @entity3 from some @entity5 are sensitive to chemotherapy and a limited search for these @entity5 should be undertaken. These @entity5 include @entity706 , @entity2971 , small cell @entity2 , @entity420 of the breast, ovary, endometrium, thyroid, or prostate, and possibly @entity4304 . We start by reviewing the biochemical events of @entity3 that may be targets for therapy. The importance of a correct tissue diagnosis is then considered, including the role of standard histochemistry, electron microscopy, enzyme histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. The relatively limited value of radiologic tests in localizing the primary site of origin of the @entity5 is emphasized, as well as the limited role of currently available biomarkers. We conclude by discussing the treatment of each of the subtypes of MUO.

title: XXXX of unknown origin.

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia-lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'cancers', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of unknown primary origin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'Metastasis', 'metastases', 'metastatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity4304 :: ('MESH:D000310', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal carcinoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['Metastasis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Explore the long-term life situation for Swedish hemispherotomy @entity1 reporting not only @entity410 outcome but also @entity1 ' perspectives on function, quality of life (QoL) and satisfaction with the surgery. METHODS: This population based study uses prospectively collected data from the Swedish National @entity302 Surgery Register. An independent researcher interviewed @entity1 or parents, using two @entity1 oriented questionnaires. RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity1 underwent hemispherotomy in Sweden after 1995 and had a five- or ten-year follow-up. At the 2-year follow-up 55% (16/29) were @entity410 -free since surgery, and 11/29 (38%) were @entity410 -free at the long term follow up. Twenty-six (90%) participated in this study. Median time to interview was 13.5 years; 9/26 (35%) were @entity410 -free then; 23% were off antiepileptic medication. In those not @entity410 -free, @entity410 were considered mild or moderate; 11% attended mainstream school and 3/12 adults lived independently. Most parents both of @entity410 -free and non @entity410 -free @entity1 reported QoL and general health to be very good/good; 73% were satisfied/very satisfied with the hemispherotomy. CONCLUSION: In this series there were more long-term recurrences than previously reported. This might be related to the lower level of function of this cohort and higher percentage of developmental aetiologies compared to other series. However, most hemispherotomy @entity1 have a good QoL in the long run and feel that the operation was worthwhile, even when it did not stop @entity410 . The majority had persisting impairments. Proxies were not very concerned about @entity410 , indicating that reduction in @entity410 frequency and/or severity may be an important gain with hemispherotomy.

title: A long-term XXXX perspective after hemispherotomy - A population based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epilepsy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Objective   To analyze the morphological parameters of small @entity438 using two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and to identify their relationship with @entity397 risk. Methods   Clinical and radiologic data from @entity1 with DSA-confirmed small @entity438 and who received intravascular treatment were retrospectively analyzed. Morphological parameters such as maximum height, transverse diameter, @entity439 width, and aspect ratio (AR) were compared between @entity1 with ruptured and @entity439 . Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the predictors of @entity397 risk. Results   There were no significant differences between the unruptured (n   =   40) and ruptured groups (n   =   34) with respect to maximum height (p   =   0.087) and transverse diameter (p   =   0.736). However, @entity439 width (p   =   0.006) and AR (p   <   0.001) were found to be significantly different between the groups. AR value was analyzed through the receiver operating characteristic curve, and the best AR threshold was determined to be 1.49. A stepwise multivariate analysis showed that AR was the only independent factor for @entity397 risk. Conclusion   Two-dimensional DSA could be used to determine AR, which was an independent predictor of @entity397 risk of small @entity439 . Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to validate these results.

title: Morphological Parameters of Digital Subtraction Angiography 2D Image in Rupture Risk Profile of Small XXXX : A Pilot Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm neck', 'unruptured aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['Intracranial Aneurysms']


abstract: @entity1759 , an integral membrane glycoprotein expressed by many cell types, serves as the principal transmembrane hyaluronate receptor and may be a determinant of metastatic and invasive behavior in @entity189 . The expression of @entity1759 in 23 @entity356 and 12 @entity10189 ( @entity10189 ) resection specimens and @entity356 cell lines HS746t and KATO III was examined by immunohistochemistry using the murine monoclonal antibody A3D8 on @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissue or cells. Western blot analysis of whole cell lysates of KATO III and @entity1 cells showed protein bands at 85 to 90 kd with KATO III cells expressing an additional band at 145 kd. In normal stomach gastric epithelium was negative. In @entity10189 foveolar epithelium was focally positive, but staining did not correlate with the extent of @entity3621 . In @entity189 cases intensity of staining was progressively stronger comparing intestinal metaplasia with @entity1141 with @entity189 . @entity189 was invariably more strongly positive than @entity1141 or @entity189 . Twelve @entity420 were weakly positive and 11 were strongly positive. The staining intensity of metastases (12 cases) was the same or weaker than the primary @entity5 . For the 12 @entity1 whose @entity189 were weakly positive, mean length of survival for the six who died was 23.3 months. Five of the 11 @entity1 whose @entity189 strongly expressed @entity1759 died within the study period with a mean length of survival of 11.0 months. A key consequence of @entity1759 overexpression in @entity356 may be development of the invasive phenotype and strong expression may indicate a poorer prognosis.

title: Expression of the cell adhesion molecule XXXX in @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['peptic ulcer disease', 'PUD']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['intramucosal carcinoma', 'carcinomas', 'Invasive carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric adenocarcinoma', 'gastric carcinoma', 'gastric carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity1759 :: (960,Gene) :: ['CD44']


abstract: @entity1759 , an integral membrane glycoprotein expressed by many cell types, serves as the principal transmembrane hyaluronate receptor and may be a determinant of metastatic and invasive behavior in @entity189 . The expression of @entity1759 in 23 @entity356 and 12 @entity10189 ( @entity10189 ) resection specimens and @entity356 cell lines HS746t and KATO III was examined by immunohistochemistry using the murine monoclonal antibody A3D8 on @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissue or cells. Western blot analysis of whole cell lysates of KATO III and @entity1 cells showed protein bands at 85 to 90 kd with KATO III cells expressing an additional band at 145 kd. In normal stomach gastric epithelium was negative. In @entity10189 foveolar epithelium was focally positive, but staining did not correlate with the extent of @entity3621 . In @entity189 cases intensity of staining was progressively stronger comparing intestinal metaplasia with @entity1141 with @entity189 . @entity189 was invariably more strongly positive than @entity1141 or @entity189 . Twelve @entity420 were weakly positive and 11 were strongly positive. The staining intensity of metastases (12 cases) was the same or weaker than the primary @entity5 . For the 12 @entity1 whose @entity189 were weakly positive, mean length of survival for the six who died was 23.3 months. Five of the 11 @entity1 whose @entity189 strongly expressed @entity1759 died within the study period with a mean length of survival of 11.0 months. A key consequence of @entity1759 overexpression in @entity356 may be development of the invasive phenotype and strong expression may indicate a poorer prognosis.

title: Expression of the cell adhesion molecule @entity1759 in XXXX .

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric adenocarcinomas']


abstract: @entity375 RNA polymerase C purified by a simple large scale method was resolved into multiple components by @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis. Specific antibodies directed against each polypeptide chain were prepared in @entity95 and used as @entity2383 . With minor exceptions, each antibody recognized specifically the corresponding polypeptide by blot-immunodetection. Cross-reactions with purified RNA polymerases A and B confirmed our previous description of the subunits shared by the three nuclear RNA polymerases. Immunoadsorption of RNA polymerase C at different stages of purification using antibodies to subunits C160 and C128 yielded the same collection of polypeptides as found in the purified enzyme: C160, C128, C82, C53, C40, C37, C34, C31, C27, C25, C23, C19, C14.5, C12.5, and C10. Subunit-specific antibodies were used to probe the activity of RNA polymerase C in a specific, reconstituted transcription system as well as on a nonspecific template. Transcription of the tRNAGlu3 gene in vitro was inhibited when RNA polymerase C was preincubated with antibodies directed to C128, C82, C53, C34, C23, or C19. Antibodies to C82, C53, and C34 were much less inhibitory in the nonspecific assay. Inhibition by anti-C128 or anti-C23 was relieved by preincubation of enzyme C with plasmid DNA prior to antibody addition. These results are discussed in terms of the participation of these polypeptides to the active enzyme molecule, and of their possible role in DNA binding or transcription factor recognition.

title: XXXX RNA polymerase C and its subunits. Specific antibodies as @entity2383 .

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['structural and functional probes']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Yeast']


abstract: @entity375 RNA polymerase C purified by a simple large scale method was resolved into multiple components by @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis. Specific antibodies directed against each polypeptide chain were prepared in @entity95 and used as @entity2383 . With minor exceptions, each antibody recognized specifically the corresponding polypeptide by blot-immunodetection. Cross-reactions with purified RNA polymerases A and B confirmed our previous description of the subunits shared by the three nuclear RNA polymerases. Immunoadsorption of RNA polymerase C at different stages of purification using antibodies to subunits C160 and C128 yielded the same collection of polypeptides as found in the purified enzyme: C160, C128, C82, C53, C40, C37, C34, C31, C27, C25, C23, C19, C14.5, C12.5, and C10. Subunit-specific antibodies were used to probe the activity of RNA polymerase C in a specific, reconstituted transcription system as well as on a nonspecific template. Transcription of the tRNAGlu3 gene in vitro was inhibited when RNA polymerase C was preincubated with antibodies directed to C128, C82, C53, C34, C23, or C19. Antibodies to C82, C53, and C34 were much less inhibitory in the nonspecific assay. Inhibition by anti-C128 or anti-C23 was relieved by preincubation of enzyme C with plasmid DNA prior to antibody addition. These results are discussed in terms of the participation of these polypeptides to the active enzyme molecule, and of their possible role in DNA binding or transcription factor recognition.

title: @entity375 RNA polymerase C and its subunits. Specific antibodies as XXXX .

answer: @entity2383 :: (MESH:D028361,Disease) :: ['structural and functional probes']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of pretreatment @entity1486 , Gleason score, and clinical stage as predictors of the risk of seminal vesicle involvement in @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 , and to determine the impact of excluding the seminal vesicles on the dose received by surrounding normal tissues. METHODS AND MATERIALS: An empirically derived equation combining the preoperative @entity1486 and Gleason score was applied to 188 @entity1 treated with radical prostatectomy, for whom pathologic evaluation of the seminal vesicles was available. High and low risk groups for seminal vesicle involvement were defined using this equation. The observed risks of seminal vesicle involvement was compared to the predicted risk using the preoperative @entity1486 , Gleason score or clinical stage alone or using the empirical equation. Dose-volume histograms for five @entity1 treated using six-field conformal radiotherapy were compared including and excluding the seminal vesicles. RESULTS: Using the empirically derived equation, a low risk group of 109 @entity1 was identified with a calculated risk of seminal vesicle involvement of < or = 13% and an observed incidence of 7.3%. Among the high risk group of 79 @entity1 , which included all @entity1 with a calculated risk > 13%, 37% had seminal vesicle involvement (p < 0.001 low vs. high risk). Twenty percent of the rectal volume received on average above 86% of the total dose for the five plans which included the seminal vesicles compared to 68% for the five plans excluding the seminal vesicles. The doses to 40% of the rectal volume were 64% and 37% if the seminal vesicles were included and excluded, respectively. The dose to the bladder and femoral heads was also decreased but to a lesser extent. CONCLUSION: The empirical formula predicts risk of seminal vesicle involvement with a higher degree of significance for a larger number of @entity1 than either Gleason score, clinical stage, or @entity1486 alone. Based on an analysis of our first 100 @entity1 treated with definitive conformal therapy alone, approximately 47% of those @entity1 could have been treated excluding the seminal vesicles. Excluding the seminal vesicles may allow us to go to a higher total dose with less @entity137 .

title: Indications for and the significance of seminal vesicle irradiation during 3D conformal radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['rectal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate cancer']


abstract: Recently CYFRA 21-1, a new @entity5 marker measuring a fragment of @entity4166 , was introduced and proved to be suitable for therapy monitoring and follow-up of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), in @entity957 . Besides CYFRA 21-1 there are two other @entity5 markers, tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS), which also measure various cytokeratins in serum. In a retrospective study we investigated the clinical significance of these three cytokeratin markers in @entity2 and in @entity150 . For this purpose we investigated the sera of 50 healthy @entity1 , 273 @entity1 with various benign diseases, 218 @entity1 with histologically proven @entity2 and 88 @entity1 with @entity150 . In a first step the specificity was established for the different reference groups and the cutoff values were fixed at a specificity of 95%. In @entity2 the single and combined sensitivities were calculated versus benign @entity358 (n = 58) as reference group. With single determinations CYFRA 21-1 proved to have the highest sensitivity in @entity2 in general (61%), in @entity1149 (64%), in @entity957 (79%), in @entity420 (54%) and in @entity152 (65%). In @entity151 ( @entity151 ) NSE was confirmed to be the marker of choice (55%). With combined determinations a clear increase in sensitivity could only be reached in @entity152 (CYFRA 21-1 + @entity865 : 77%) and in @entity4153 (CYFRA 21-1 + NSE: 62%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Comparison of CYFRA 21-1, TPA and TPS in @entity2 , XXXX and benign diseases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['particular squamous cell carcinomas', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the urinary bladder']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung diseases']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung carcinomas', 'SCLC']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['urinary bladder cancer']


abstract: Recently CYFRA 21-1, a new @entity5 marker measuring a fragment of @entity4166 , was introduced and proved to be suitable for therapy monitoring and follow-up of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), in @entity957 . Besides CYFRA 21-1 there are two other @entity5 markers, tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and tissue polypeptide-specific antigen (TPS), which also measure various cytokeratins in serum. In a retrospective study we investigated the clinical significance of these three cytokeratin markers in @entity2 and in @entity150 . For this purpose we investigated the sera of 50 healthy @entity1 , 273 @entity1 with various benign diseases, 218 @entity1 with histologically proven @entity2 and 88 @entity1 with @entity150 . In a first step the specificity was established for the different reference groups and the cutoff values were fixed at a specificity of 95%. In @entity2 the single and combined sensitivities were calculated versus benign @entity358 (n = 58) as reference group. With single determinations CYFRA 21-1 proved to have the highest sensitivity in @entity2 in general (61%), in @entity1149 (64%), in @entity957 (79%), in @entity420 (54%) and in @entity152 (65%). In @entity151 ( @entity151 ) NSE was confirmed to be the marker of choice (55%). With combined determinations a clear increase in sensitivity could only be reached in @entity152 (CYFRA 21-1 + @entity865 : 77%) and in @entity4153 (CYFRA 21-1 + NSE: 62%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Comparison of CYFRA 21-1, TPA and TPS in XXXX , @entity150 and benign diseases.

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: @entity1 in whom @entity1278 develops during adolescence have failure of linear growth associated with low levels of insulin-like growth factor I ( @entity442 ). To investigate the pathophysiology of @entity851 in adolescents with @entity1278 , we measured basal @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ), @entity9045 ( @entity9045 ), @entity442 , and @entity2301 ( @entity2301 ) in three groups of @entity1 : (1) 28 recently hospitalized female adolescents with @entity1278 , (2) 23 of the same @entity1 after partial weight restoration, and (3) 28 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and pubertal stage. Fasting @entity2124 levels in group 1 did not differ significantly from those in group 3. In contrast, serum @entity9045 (p < 0.001), @entity442 (p < 0.001), and @entity2301 (p < 0.01) were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 3. Serum @entity9045 and @entity2301 levels were positively correlated with body mass index. Serum @entity9045 levels were low in @entity1 in all five pubertal stages and even in those shown to have adequate @entity2124 secretion. In group 2 (after refeeding) the serum @entity442 concentration increased significantly and @entity9045 and @entity2301 returned to normal. We conclude that @entity1 with @entity1278 have diminished @entity2124 action resulting in decreased secretion of @entity442 . The positive correlation with body mass index and the reversibility with refeeding suggest that these changes are secondary to @entity3147 . Altered @entity2124 function that occurs during the years of active growth can explain the @entity851 seen in @entity1278 .

title: Disturbances in XXXX secretion and action in adolescents with @entity1278 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity2301 :: ('3486', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3', 'IGFBP-3']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia nervosa']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity9045 :: ('2690', 'Gene') :: ['GHBP', 'growth hormone-binding protein']

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: @entity1 in whom @entity1278 develops during adolescence have failure of linear growth associated with low levels of insulin-like growth factor I ( @entity442 ). To investigate the pathophysiology of @entity851 in adolescents with @entity1278 , we measured basal @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ), @entity9045 ( @entity9045 ), @entity442 , and @entity2301 ( @entity2301 ) in three groups of @entity1 : (1) 28 recently hospitalized female adolescents with @entity1278 , (2) 23 of the same @entity1 after partial weight restoration, and (3) 28 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and pubertal stage. Fasting @entity2124 levels in group 1 did not differ significantly from those in group 3. In contrast, serum @entity9045 (p < 0.001), @entity442 (p < 0.001), and @entity2301 (p < 0.01) were significantly lower in group 1 than in group 3. Serum @entity9045 and @entity2301 levels were positively correlated with body mass index. Serum @entity9045 levels were low in @entity1 in all five pubertal stages and even in those shown to have adequate @entity2124 secretion. In group 2 (after refeeding) the serum @entity442 concentration increased significantly and @entity9045 and @entity2301 returned to normal. We conclude that @entity1 with @entity1278 have diminished @entity2124 action resulting in decreased secretion of @entity442 . The positive correlation with body mass index and the reversibility with refeeding suggest that these changes are secondary to @entity3147 . Altered @entity2124 function that occurs during the years of active growth can explain the @entity851 seen in @entity1278 .

title: Disturbances in @entity2124 secretion and action in adolescents with XXXX .

answer: @entity1278 :: (MESH:D000856,Disease) :: ['anorexia nervosa']


abstract: The @entity263 Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) is a randomized controlled trial sponsored by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the National @entity5 Institute. PIVOT will enroll 2,000 @entity1 from at least 80 Veterans Administration and National @entity5 Institute medical centers. The purpose of PIVOT is to determine which of 2 strategies is superior for managing clinically localized @entity263 (stage T1/T2NXM0) of all histological grades. @entity1 less than 75 years old will be randomized to either radical prostatectomy with early intervention for disease persistence/recurrence or expectant management with palliative therapy reserved for symptomatic or metastatic disease progression. @entity1 will be excluded if they have received prior therapy for @entity263 (except transurethral resection of the prostate) or are judged not to be candidates for radical prostectomy. All @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity263 will be recorded on the PIVOT screening log. Registry information will include @entity1 age, race, @entity1486 level, clinical stage, histological @entity5 grade, initial therapy, and vital status. @entity1 meeting eligibility criteria will watch an information and randomization video tape developed for PIVOT. @entity1 will be randomized over a 3-year period and followed for a minimum of 12 years. Data collected at followup will include urological symptoms, disease and treatment related morbidity, and disease specific and overall quality of life. Evidence of symptomatic or @entity10094 persistence, recurrence or progression will be measured by questionnaire, physical examination, digital rectal examination, @entity1486 and annual bone scan. The primary study end point will be all cause mortality. Secondary outcomes will include @entity263 and treatment specific morbidity and mortality rates, health status, predictors of disease specific outcomes and cost-effectiveness. PIVOT will provide a 90% power to detect a 15% relative decrease in all cause mortality and a 35% relative decrease in @entity263 specific mortality rate by either treatment strategy.

title: The @entity263 Intervention Versus Observation Trial: a randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate Cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity10094 :: ('MESH:D058070', 'Disease') :: ['asymptomatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: The @entity263 Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) is a randomized controlled trial sponsored by the Department of Veterans Affairs and the National @entity5 Institute. PIVOT will enroll 2,000 @entity1 from at least 80 Veterans Administration and National @entity5 Institute medical centers. The purpose of PIVOT is to determine which of 2 strategies is superior for managing clinically localized @entity263 (stage T1/T2NXM0) of all histological grades. @entity1 less than 75 years old will be randomized to either radical prostatectomy with early intervention for disease persistence/recurrence or expectant management with palliative therapy reserved for symptomatic or metastatic disease progression. @entity1 will be excluded if they have received prior therapy for @entity263 (except transurethral resection of the prostate) or are judged not to be candidates for radical prostectomy. All @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity263 will be recorded on the PIVOT screening log. Registry information will include @entity1 age, race, @entity1486 level, clinical stage, histological @entity5 grade, initial therapy, and vital status. @entity1 meeting eligibility criteria will watch an information and randomization video tape developed for PIVOT. @entity1 will be randomized over a 3-year period and followed for a minimum of 12 years. Data collected at followup will include urological symptoms, disease and treatment related morbidity, and disease specific and overall quality of life. Evidence of symptomatic or @entity10094 persistence, recurrence or progression will be measured by questionnaire, physical examination, digital rectal examination, @entity1486 and annual bone scan. The primary study end point will be all cause mortality. Secondary outcomes will include @entity263 and treatment specific morbidity and mortality rates, health status, predictors of disease specific outcomes and cost-effectiveness. PIVOT will provide a 90% power to detect a 15% relative decrease in all cause mortality and a 35% relative decrease in @entity263 specific mortality rate by either treatment strategy.

title: The XXXX Intervention Versus Observation Trial: a randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy versus expectant management for the treatment of clinically localized @entity263 .

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate Cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Determining the therapeutic efficacy of transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) in @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Department of Urology, University Hospital Nijmegen, the Netherlands. METHOD: In the outpatient clinic, 130 @entity1067 @entity1 (mean age: 65.9 years (SD: 6.9); mean prostatic volume 50.2 cm3 (SD: 18.4)) received TUMT in a single session lasting 60 min. The prostate was heated to above 45 degrees C by a microwave antenna in a urethral catheter, resulting in tissue @entity39 . In the first year after treatment the Madsen symptom score, maximal flow, residual volume, prostatic volume and concentration of @entity1486 in blood were collected. RESULTS: After 1 year 98 @entity1 could be evaluated; of the other 32, 16 withdrew from follow-up, 10 underwent transurethral prostate resection and 6, other treatment. The maximal flow increased by 1.2 ml/s (SD: 4.0). The residual volume decreased by 15.8 ml (SD: 55.6). Symptom scores improved by 5.9 points (SD: 5.0). A 50% increase in symptom score was seen in 49.5% of all @entity1 ; 24.3% showed no improvement of complaints. There was no change in prostatic volume, whereas PSA concentration showed a transient increase in the first week after TUMT. Preliminary results after 6 months' follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled study in 50 @entity1 showed subjective and objective improvement of miction. CONCLUSION: TUMT results in distinct subjective improvement. Urodynamic findings show a less pronounced improvement.

title: [Transurethral microwave-thermotherapy in the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: The association between gestational infection with @entity8344 ) and fetal loss has increased interest in this virus and demand for diagnostic testing. However, serological assays for @entity8344 are not yet widely available. Maternal serum @entity160 (MSAFP) testing is commonly used during the second trimester to screen for various fetal defects. We attempted to determine whether an elevated level of MSAFP would be an appropriate indication for @entity8344 -specific tests. Over a 26-month period, MSAFP tests were performed at Michigan State University for 21 392 @entity1 . Sera remaining after that testing were stored frozen. Of these, 22 cases samples--from @entity1 with MSAFP levels greater than 3.0 multiples of the median (MOM) and pregnancies that ended in fetal loss--and 44 matched control samples--from @entity1 with MSAFP levels greater than 0.4 and less than 2.2 MOM and live births at term--were tested for @entity8344 antibodies. None of the 66 samples was IgM positive, while 33 (50 per cent) were IgG positive. The presence of IgG was not significantly associated with case or control status (matched odds ratio = 0.77, 95 per cent confidence interval 0.28-2.11). These findings are consistent with other studies indicating prior infection in approximately half of adults and suggest that elevated screening MSAFP levels, in the absence of other evidence of @entity8344 infection, should not prompt @entity8344 -specific testing.

title: Screening maternal serum XXXX levels and human parvovirus antibodies.

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']

answer: @entity160 :: (174,Gene) :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Morphometry, or quantitative image analysis, offers great promise in characterizing the various histologic types of @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ), but to date, a systematic study of the tissue components is lacking. Thus we employed morphometry to examine the distribution of primary @entity1067 tissues throughout whole @entity1 prostates. METHODS: The prostate glands of 20 @entity1 with @entity1067 were removed for @entity189 and subjected to a uniform, comprehensive, systematic quantification of the primary @entity1067 tissue components using the technique of digitization and point-count morphometry. RESULTS: We found the following average volumes among the 20 glands: epithelium, 19.9% (S.D. 5.1%, range 11.7% to 30.8%); fibromuscular stroma, 50.4% (S.D. 9.4%, range 32.2% to 74.4%); glandular lumina, 29.7% (S.D. 8.9%, range 11.9% to 47.5%). Within the individual prostates, we found symmetry in primary @entity1067 tissue distribution, except that the outer prostate was on average 25% richer in epithelium than the inner prostate (p < 0.05). When tissue composition was determined in simulated biopsy specimens, corrected for radial (ie, inner vs outer gland) orientation, the correlation with whole-organ composition was statistically significant for "percentage epithelium" (r = 0.72, p < 0.01) and for "stromal/epithelial ratio" (r = 0.63, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Major differences in primary tissue composition may separate different @entity5072 prostates. Primary @entity1067 tissues are rather symmetrically distributed within individual prostates. Quantitative histologic differences between prostates, potentially important in clinical decision-making may be accurately diagnosed by morphometry of radially oriented biopsy specimens.

title: Morphometry of the prostate: I. Distribution of tissue components in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5072 :: ('MESH:D000796', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['low-volume carcinoma']

answer: @entity5072 :: (MESH:D000796,Disease) :: ['hyperplastic glands']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the positive effects of @entity12350 were maintained even after five years of treatment. Starting from 2008 to today, we treated 624 @entity1 , not well controlled by current therapy, with the addition of @entity12350 100mg/die. @entity1 included 216 subjects treated with @entity2449 , 206 treated with @entity5736 , and 202 treated with @entity12098 . @entity12350 was added to @entity2449 , @entity5736 and @entity12098 in monotherapy, respectively, and the data were compared with those of 620 @entity1 treated with @entity5736 + @entity2449 , @entity12098 + @entity2449 and @entity12098 + @entity5736 matched for age, sex, @entity6 duration. We recorded that the addition of @entity12350 to current hypoglycemic therapy led to a reduction of HbA1c similar to that obtained with @entity5736 after two years. After five years of treatment, changes in @entity4051 c suggest a better glycemic control over the long term with @entity12350 compared to other treatments, particularly when compared with @entity5736 . The other parameters evaluated as fasting plasma @entity413 , post-prandial plasma @entity413 and @entity2690 levels, confirm the trends observed for the value of HbA1c. Regarding BMI, it increased with @entity5736 and @entity12098 compared to @entity12350 . @entity1 treated with @entity5736 had a higher incidence of @entity4053 compared to @entity12350 . In conclusion, @entity12350 seems to maintain its positive effects on glycemia and fasting plasma @entity2690 on the long term.

title: @entity12350 in XXXX : Efficacy after five years of therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity12098 :: ('MESH:C060836', 'Chemical') :: ['pioglitazone']

entities_list: @entity5736 :: ('D013453', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylureas']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity12350 :: ('MESH:C496398', 'Chemical') :: ['Sitagliptin', 'sitagliptin']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 2 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the positive effects of @entity12350 were maintained even after five years of treatment. Starting from 2008 to today, we treated 624 @entity1 , not well controlled by current therapy, with the addition of @entity12350 100mg/die. @entity1 included 216 subjects treated with @entity2449 , 206 treated with @entity5736 , and 202 treated with @entity12098 . @entity12350 was added to @entity2449 , @entity5736 and @entity12098 in monotherapy, respectively, and the data were compared with those of 620 @entity1 treated with @entity5736 + @entity2449 , @entity12098 + @entity2449 and @entity12098 + @entity5736 matched for age, sex, @entity6 duration. We recorded that the addition of @entity12350 to current hypoglycemic therapy led to a reduction of HbA1c similar to that obtained with @entity5736 after two years. After five years of treatment, changes in @entity4051 c suggest a better glycemic control over the long term with @entity12350 compared to other treatments, particularly when compared with @entity5736 . The other parameters evaluated as fasting plasma @entity413 , post-prandial plasma @entity413 and @entity2690 levels, confirm the trends observed for the value of HbA1c. Regarding BMI, it increased with @entity5736 and @entity12098 compared to @entity12350 . @entity1 treated with @entity5736 had a higher incidence of @entity4053 compared to @entity12350 . In conclusion, @entity12350 seems to maintain its positive effects on glycemia and fasting plasma @entity2690 on the long term.

title: XXXX in @entity6 : Efficacy after five years of therapy.

answer: @entity12350 :: (MESH:C496398,Chemical) :: ['Sitagliptin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity2876 due to metastatic @entity14 , though rare, can account for the occurrence of @entity3883 even in the presence of hepatic metastases. The present report aims at reviewing our experience with the palliative treatment of these @entity1 . METHODS: During a 5-yr period, 11 @entity1 with @entity3883 had documented @entity2876 secondary to metastatic @entity14 . Their clinical records were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Nonoperative drainage was performed in eight @entity1 by either the endoscopic (n = 5) or percutaneous (n = 3) route. Palliation was achieved in six @entity1 with a mean hospital stay of 24.5 days (14% of survival). Three @entity1 died of @entity177 before a drainage procedure could be performed. Blocked stent and @entity255 were noted in two @entity1 . The mean survival was 5 months in the drainage group. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of @entity3883 in @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 deserves routine investigation to exclude @entity2876 . Endoprosthesis insertion by nonoperative means should be considered for palliation.

title: Palliation for @entity2876 by metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['hepatorenal failure']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2876 :: ('MESH:D001656', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic biliary obstruction', 'Extrahepatic biliary obstruction']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity2876 due to metastatic @entity14 , though rare, can account for the occurrence of @entity3883 even in the presence of hepatic metastases. The present report aims at reviewing our experience with the palliative treatment of these @entity1 . METHODS: During a 5-yr period, 11 @entity1 with @entity3883 had documented @entity2876 secondary to metastatic @entity14 . Their clinical records were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Nonoperative drainage was performed in eight @entity1 by either the endoscopic (n = 5) or percutaneous (n = 3) route. Palliation was achieved in six @entity1 with a mean hospital stay of 24.5 days (14% of survival). Three @entity1 died of @entity177 before a drainage procedure could be performed. Blocked stent and @entity255 were noted in two @entity1 . The mean survival was 5 months in the drainage group. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of @entity3883 in @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 deserves routine investigation to exclude @entity2876 . Endoprosthesis insertion by nonoperative means should be considered for palliation.

title: Palliation for XXXX by metastatic @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity2876 :: (MESH:D001656,Disease) :: ['extrahepatic biliary obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: No data exist regarding the @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ) rate in adolescents aged 12-15 in South Korea. Only a Korean few studies have attempted to investigate the factors influencing sexually transmitted @entity281 among adolescents. AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the self-reported @entity2953 contraction rate and analyse individual and family factors that influence this rate among middle school students aged 12-15 in South Korea. METHODS: Using statistics from the 8th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, secondary data analysis was conducted. The study sample consisted of 714 individuals who had reported initiating sexual intercourse. RESULTS: The rate of self-reported sexually transmitted contraction was 13.5%. The following factors predicted @entity2953 contraction: second year of middle school, excellent @entity4207 achievement, habitual or purposeful drug use, first intercourse before middle school, intercourse after drinking @entity285 , weekly allowance, and living without family predicted @entity2953 contraction. LIMITATIONS: The parental data were collected by the self-reported surveys in a cross-sectional manner and questions of @entity2953 contraction and intercourse after drinking may have confused the subjects. CONCLUSION: We need to utilize these predictors in providing adolescents with sexual health interventions and establishing adolescent sexual health policies. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICIES: Increased sex education and employment of a school nurse in each middle school are needed. High-risk students need to be monitored given the predictors of @entity2953 contraction, and the school health personnel need to inform female students and their parents the importance of seeing a gynaecologist for regular check-ups.

title: Factors influencing sexually transmitted XXXX among adolescents in South Korea.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['STI', 'sexually transmitted infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: The in vivo rodent alkaline comet assay (comet assay) is a promising technique to evaluate DNA damage in vivo. However, there is no agreement on a method to evaluate DNA damage in organs where @entity137 is observed. As a part of the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM)-initiative international validation study of the comet assay, we examined DNA damage in the liver, stomach, and bone marrow of @entity35 given three oral doses of @entity7044 ( @entity7045 ) up to the maximum tolerated dose based on systemic @entity137 . @entity7045 significantly increased the % tail DNA in all the organs. Histopathological analysis showed no cytotoxic effect on the liver, indicating clearly that @entity7045 has a genotoxic potential in the liver. In the stomach, however, the cytotoxic effects were very severe at systemically non-toxic doses. Low-dose @entity7045 significantly increased the % tail DNA even at a non-cytotoxic dose, indicating that @entity7045 has a genotoxic potential also in the stomach. Part of the DNA damage at cytotoxic doses was considered to be a secondary effect of severe cell damage. In the bone marrow, both the % tail DNA and incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes significantly increased at non-hematotoxic doses, which were different from the non-cytotoxic doses for liver and stomach. These findings indicate that an optimal dose for detecting DNA damage may vary among organs and that careful attention is required to select an optimum dose for the comet assay based on systemic @entity137 such as mortality and clinical observations. The present study shows that when serious @entity137 is suggested by increased % hedgehogs in the comet assay, histopathological examination should be included for the evaluation of a positive response.

title: Optimal dose selection of @entity7044 for the @entity35 comet assay to evaluate DNA damage in organs with different susceptibility to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity7044 :: ('MESH:D008770', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-N-nitrosourea']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: The in vivo rodent alkaline comet assay (comet assay) is a promising technique to evaluate DNA damage in vivo. However, there is no agreement on a method to evaluate DNA damage in organs where @entity137 is observed. As a part of the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM)-initiative international validation study of the comet assay, we examined DNA damage in the liver, stomach, and bone marrow of @entity35 given three oral doses of @entity7044 ( @entity7045 ) up to the maximum tolerated dose based on systemic @entity137 . @entity7045 significantly increased the % tail DNA in all the organs. Histopathological analysis showed no cytotoxic effect on the liver, indicating clearly that @entity7045 has a genotoxic potential in the liver. In the stomach, however, the cytotoxic effects were very severe at systemically non-toxic doses. Low-dose @entity7045 significantly increased the % tail DNA even at a non-cytotoxic dose, indicating that @entity7045 has a genotoxic potential also in the stomach. Part of the DNA damage at cytotoxic doses was considered to be a secondary effect of severe cell damage. In the bone marrow, both the % tail DNA and incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes significantly increased at non-hematotoxic doses, which were different from the non-cytotoxic doses for liver and stomach. These findings indicate that an optimal dose for detecting DNA damage may vary among organs and that careful attention is required to select an optimum dose for the comet assay based on systemic @entity137 such as mortality and clinical observations. The present study shows that when serious @entity137 is suggested by increased % hedgehogs in the comet assay, histopathological examination should be included for the evaluation of a positive response.

title: Optimal dose selection of XXXX for the @entity35 comet assay to evaluate DNA damage in organs with different susceptibility to @entity137 .

answer: @entity7044 :: (MESH:D008770,Chemical) :: ['N-methyl-N-nitrosourea']


abstract: The in vivo rodent alkaline comet assay (comet assay) is a promising technique to evaluate DNA damage in vivo. However, there is no agreement on a method to evaluate DNA damage in organs where @entity137 is observed. As a part of the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM)-initiative international validation study of the comet assay, we examined DNA damage in the liver, stomach, and bone marrow of @entity35 given three oral doses of @entity7044 ( @entity7045 ) up to the maximum tolerated dose based on systemic @entity137 . @entity7045 significantly increased the % tail DNA in all the organs. Histopathological analysis showed no cytotoxic effect on the liver, indicating clearly that @entity7045 has a genotoxic potential in the liver. In the stomach, however, the cytotoxic effects were very severe at systemically non-toxic doses. Low-dose @entity7045 significantly increased the % tail DNA even at a non-cytotoxic dose, indicating that @entity7045 has a genotoxic potential also in the stomach. Part of the DNA damage at cytotoxic doses was considered to be a secondary effect of severe cell damage. In the bone marrow, both the % tail DNA and incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes significantly increased at non-hematotoxic doses, which were different from the non-cytotoxic doses for liver and stomach. These findings indicate that an optimal dose for detecting DNA damage may vary among organs and that careful attention is required to select an optimum dose for the comet assay based on systemic @entity137 such as mortality and clinical observations. The present study shows that when serious @entity137 is suggested by increased % hedgehogs in the comet assay, histopathological examination should be included for the evaluation of a positive response.

title: Optimal dose selection of @entity7044 for the XXXX comet assay to evaluate DNA damage in organs with different susceptibility to @entity137 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In an open, prospective 12 month study of @entity73234 (PD), 42 @entity716 @entity1 diagnosed according to DSM-III were treated with a fixed depot interval and an individual dose, guided by gas chromatographic @entity21886 plasma concentration monitoring combined with clinical evaluation. Degree of illness was rated using a social-psychiatric CGI-scale and extrapyramidal side effects were evaluated by means of a modified Simpson and Angus rating scale. After six months of treatment, a statistically significant improvement was found (p less than 0.001). During the last six months a further slight reduction in mean CGI-scores was observed. Mild to moderate extrapyramidal side effects occurred in 9 @entity1 (21%) principally during the initial phase of therapy. No other side effects or changes in blood chemistry were found during the study. Plasma concentrations of @entity21886 increased during the initial 3 months and stabilized hereafter. There were however, large intra- and inter-individual variations in the @entity21886 plasma concentration/dose ratio. In addition, it was observed that plasma concentrations of @entity21886 were significantly higher in @entity1 who had been treated with neuroleptics for more than 10 years compared to those who had been treated 5 years or less. This observation indicates gradual development of tolerance to neuroleptic treatment. This study demonstrates that PD is a safe and effective remedy for maintenance therapy in @entity716 @entity1 .

title: Long-term depot neuroleptic treatment with XXXX . I. Efficacy and side effects in a 12 month study of 42 drug monitored @entity716 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity73234 :: ('MESH:C047342', 'Chemical') :: ['perphenazine decanoate']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic']

entities_list: @entity21886 :: ('MESH:D010546', 'Chemical') :: ['perphenazine']

answer: @entity73234 :: (MESH:C047342,Chemical) :: ['perphenazine decanoate']


abstract: In an open, prospective 12 month study of @entity73234 (PD), 42 @entity716 @entity1 diagnosed according to DSM-III were treated with a fixed depot interval and an individual dose, guided by gas chromatographic @entity21886 plasma concentration monitoring combined with clinical evaluation. Degree of illness was rated using a social-psychiatric CGI-scale and extrapyramidal side effects were evaluated by means of a modified Simpson and Angus rating scale. After six months of treatment, a statistically significant improvement was found (p less than 0.001). During the last six months a further slight reduction in mean CGI-scores was observed. Mild to moderate extrapyramidal side effects occurred in 9 @entity1 (21%) principally during the initial phase of therapy. No other side effects or changes in blood chemistry were found during the study. Plasma concentrations of @entity21886 increased during the initial 3 months and stabilized hereafter. There were however, large intra- and inter-individual variations in the @entity21886 plasma concentration/dose ratio. In addition, it was observed that plasma concentrations of @entity21886 were significantly higher in @entity1 who had been treated with neuroleptics for more than 10 years compared to those who had been treated 5 years or less. This observation indicates gradual development of tolerance to neuroleptic treatment. This study demonstrates that PD is a safe and effective remedy for maintenance therapy in @entity716 @entity1 .

title: Long-term depot neuroleptic treatment with @entity73234 . I. Efficacy and side effects in a 12 month study of 42 drug monitored XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychotic']


abstract: In an open, prospective 12 month study of @entity73234 (PD), 42 @entity716 @entity1 diagnosed according to DSM-III were treated with a fixed depot interval and an individual dose, guided by gas chromatographic @entity21886 plasma concentration monitoring combined with clinical evaluation. Degree of illness was rated using a social-psychiatric CGI-scale and extrapyramidal side effects were evaluated by means of a modified Simpson and Angus rating scale. After six months of treatment, a statistically significant improvement was found (p less than 0.001). During the last six months a further slight reduction in mean CGI-scores was observed. Mild to moderate extrapyramidal side effects occurred in 9 @entity1 (21%) principally during the initial phase of therapy. No other side effects or changes in blood chemistry were found during the study. Plasma concentrations of @entity21886 increased during the initial 3 months and stabilized hereafter. There were however, large intra- and inter-individual variations in the @entity21886 plasma concentration/dose ratio. In addition, it was observed that plasma concentrations of @entity21886 were significantly higher in @entity1 who had been treated with neuroleptics for more than 10 years compared to those who had been treated 5 years or less. This observation indicates gradual development of tolerance to neuroleptic treatment. This study demonstrates that PD is a safe and effective remedy for maintenance therapy in @entity716 @entity1 .

title: Long-term depot neuroleptic treatment with @entity73234 . I. Efficacy and side effects in a 12 month study of 42 drug monitored @entity716 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The extravasation of T cells at sites of @entity32 is critically dependent on the activity of homing receptors (HR) involved in endothelial cell recognition and binding. Two such HR (the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen [CLA] and @entity1196 ) have been shown to be selectively involved in T cell migration to skin and peripheral lymph nodes, respectively. This study was designed to assess the relationship between the organ specificity of an @entity56 to food and the expression of HR on T cells activated in vitro by the relevant food allergen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from seven milk @entity56 @entity1 with a history of @entity484 when exposed to milk. All @entity1 had a positive prick skin test and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge to milk. 10 @entity1 with either @entity56 @entity14761 or milk-induced @entity1964 and 8 nonatopic adults served as controls. Five-parameter flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies was used for detection of the specific HR on freshly isolated T cells versus T cell blasts induced by a 6-d incubation with casein, as compared with @entity5132 . After in vitro stimulation with casein, but not @entity5132 , @entity1 with @entity6132 and @entity483 had a significantly greater percentage of CLA+ T cells (P < 0.01) than controls with milk-induced @entity1964 , @entity56 @entity14761 , or nonatopic healthy controls. In contrast, the percentage of @entity1196 -expressing T cells did not differ significantly between these groups. These data suggest that after casein stimulation @entity56 @entity1 with milk-induced @entity272 have an expanded population of CLA+ T cells, as compared with nonatopics or @entity56 @entity1 without skin involvement. We postulate that heterogeneity in the regulation of HR expression on antigen-specific T cells may play a role in determining sites of involvement in tissue-directed @entity56 responses.

title: Milk-induced XXXX is associated with the expansion of T cells expressing cutaneous lymphocyte antigen.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity6132 :: ('MESH:D016269', 'Disease') :: ['milk allergy']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic', 'allergic reaction']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disease']

entities_list: @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity14761 :: ('MESH:C535952', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic gastroenteritis']

answer: @entity484 :: (MESH:D004485,Disease) :: ['eczema']


abstract: During the 30-year period 1955-1985, 21 @entity1 with @entity5 of the major salivary glands were treated at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. A thorough review of the English literature revealed an additional 472 cases. The cases were studied as to age, sex, site, histopathologic characteristics, mode of treatment, and results. The majority of the @entity1 were between 8 and 20 years of age. There was a female preponderance of 1.42:1. The parotid gland was the site of origin in 85.1%, the submandibular in 11.7%, and the sublingual in 3.2%. An equal incidence of benign (50.1%) and malignant (49.9%) lesions is noted. @entity5123 was the most common benign @entity5 and @entity3975 the most common @entity5 . The final prognosis seems to be similar with superficial or total parotidectomy, provided the @entity5 has been completely removed at the initial surgery. Re-excision is recommended for @entity5 recurrence, and the use of radiation therapy should be individually determined in cases of @entity146 .

title: Tumors of the major salivary glands in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive malignancies']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms', 'malignant neoplasm', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity3975 :: ('MESH:D018277', 'Disease') :: ['mucoepidermoid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5123 :: ('MESH:D008949', 'Disease') :: ['Pleomorphic adenoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND Primary @entity320 (PMME) is a rare @entity5 with a poor prognosis. It is often difficult to differentiate from non-epithelial @entity5 , and immunohistochemical staining may be needed to diagnose the condition. The mainstay of treatment is usually surgical with curative or palliative intent, since radio- and chemotherapy do not really improve the outcome. The average survival rate after surgery is 34.5 months. At the time of diagnosis, 40-80% of cases have local regional lymph node @entity3 . CASE REPORT The case of a 67-year-old male @entity1 with PMME is reported. He presented with progressive @entity1282 . A computerized tomography was performed in which a polypoid mass was observed in the distal esophagus. It was originally suspected to be an @entity420 , but was subsequently correctly diagnosed by immunohistochemical staining with HMB-45 antibody and by the presence of @entity4483 protein. A subtotal esophagectomy was performed. CONCLUSIONS Very few cases of PMME have been reported in the literature and there is only limited clinical experience with this disease. Therefore, it is very difficult to establish clear criteria for clinical recognition of this type of @entity320 . Early histopathological confirmation of the character is essential for further treatment in case of confirmation of malignancy.

title: Primary XXXX : A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'malignant melanoma of the esophagus']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['Malignant Melanoma of the Esophagus']