abstract: Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes have a devastating impact on global health and this is worsening due to difficulties with existing control measures and climate change. Genetically modified mosquitoes that are refractory to disease transmission are seen as having great potential in the delivery of novel control strategies. Historically the genetic modification of insects has relied upon transposable elements which have many limitations despite their successful use. To circumvent these limitations the @entity27682 integrase system has been successfully adapted for site-specific transgene integration in insects. Here, we present the first site-specific transformation of @entity313 , the principal vector of @entity1 @entity311 . Mosquitoes were initially engineered to incorporate the @entity27682 targeting site at a defined genomic location. A second phase of genetic modification then achieved site-specific integration of Vida3, a synthetic anti-malarial gene. Expression of Vida3, specifically in the midgut of bloodfed females, offered consistent and significant protection against @entity501 nigeriensis, reducing average parasite intensity by 85%. Similar protection was observed against @entity3964 in some experiments, although protection was inconsistent. In the fight against @entity311 , it is imperative to establish a broad repertoire of both anti-malarial effector genes and tissue-specific promoters for their expression, enabling those offering maximum effect with minimum fitness cost to be identified. In the future, this technology will allow effective comparisons and informed choices to be made, potentially leading to complete transmission blockade.

title: Site-specific integration and expression of an anti-malarial gene in transgenic @entity313 significantly reduces XXXX infections.

entities_list: @entity27682 :: ('10719', 'Species') :: ['phiC31', 'Streptomyces phage phiC31']

entities_list: @entity501 :: ('5861', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium yoelii']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity313 :: ('7165', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles gambiae']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium']


abstract: Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes have a devastating impact on global health and this is worsening due to difficulties with existing control measures and climate change. Genetically modified mosquitoes that are refractory to disease transmission are seen as having great potential in the delivery of novel control strategies. Historically the genetic modification of insects has relied upon transposable elements which have many limitations despite their successful use. To circumvent these limitations the @entity27682 integrase system has been successfully adapted for site-specific transgene integration in insects. Here, we present the first site-specific transformation of @entity313 , the principal vector of @entity1 @entity311 . Mosquitoes were initially engineered to incorporate the @entity27682 targeting site at a defined genomic location. A second phase of genetic modification then achieved site-specific integration of Vida3, a synthetic anti-malarial gene. Expression of Vida3, specifically in the midgut of bloodfed females, offered consistent and significant protection against @entity501 nigeriensis, reducing average parasite intensity by 85%. Similar protection was observed against @entity3964 in some experiments, although protection was inconsistent. In the fight against @entity311 , it is imperative to establish a broad repertoire of both anti-malarial effector genes and tissue-specific promoters for their expression, enabling those offering maximum effect with minimum fitness cost to be identified. In the future, this technology will allow effective comparisons and informed choices to be made, potentially leading to complete transmission blockade.

title: Site-specific integration and expression of an anti-malarial gene in transgenic XXXX significantly reduces @entity3964 infections.

answer: @entity313 :: (7165,Species) :: ['Anopheles gambiae']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the transfer of @entity8807 ( @entity8807 ) muscle flaps as a method for preventing wound healing complications in cases of closed calcaneal @entity174 treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). METHOD:                 <AbstractText Label="DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">Retrospective review. @entity1 : Twenty-six cases of acute closed calcaneal @entity174 in @entity1 at risk for serious wound complications or with serious @entity174 . INTERVENTION: During the ORIF surgery, an @entity8807 muscle flap was removed and used to cover the plate, filling the gap between the plate and skin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Wound healing rates, @entity260 , and time to heal. RESULTS: All wounds healed uneventfully, except for one case of minor superficial epithelial necrosis during the early postoperative period, which was treated conservatively. All @entity1 regained ambulatory status with regular foot apparel. At last follow-up, the @entity1 presented no clinical, laboratory, or radiological signs of complications. CONCLUSIONS: This @entity8807 muscle flap transfer technique appeared to successfully prevent wound healing complications among @entity1 undergoing ORIF for closed calcaneal @entity174 . This method offers a promising treatment option for calcaneal @entity174 in @entity1 at high risk for serious wound complications, and future studies with greater numbers of cases are needed to further investigate its clinical application.

title: Abductor digiti minimi muscle flap transfer to prevent wound healing complications after ORIF of calcaneal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity8807 :: ('MESH:C536354', 'Disease') :: ['abductor digiti minimi', 'ADM']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: This study aimed to compare the long-term outcomes of laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy for advanced @entity356 . Between January 2007 and December 2014, @entity1 with advanced @entity356 underwent distal gastrectomy by laparoscopic or open approach were identified. @entity1 in both groups were selected after being matched by age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class and clinical @entity2802 stage using propensity score method, to create two comparable groups: laparoscopy and open groups, and prognosis were compared between these two groups. After the @entity1 were matched, 86 @entity1 in each group were selected for analysis. There were no significant differences in the clinicopathological features between the two groups. There were significant differences between the laparoscopy and open groups in terms of @entity190 , duration of surgery, and hospital stay. The 5-year overall survival rate was 59% in laparoscopy group, and 56% in open group (P=0.523). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 52% and 46%, respectively (P=0.362). According to the univariate and multivariate analysis, this type of surgical approach was not a prognostic factor for long-term outcomes. The current results indicated that laparoscopic distal gastrectomy is associated with similar overall survival and disease-free survival for advanced @entity356 .

title: Long-term follow-up after laparoscopic versus open distal gastrectomy for advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: @entity201 ( @entity201 ) is the most common @entity189 with a high incidence in Asia. Most @entity1 would die within 1 year after diagnosis and the 5 year survival rate is less than 10-20% worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes regulate telomere maintenance, mitosis, and @entity32 , and may help predict individual susceptibility to certain drugs, environmental factor, and risks to @entity66 . The gene-gene interaction and the regulation of SNPs have not been assessed extensively in @entity201 . According to our previous study, the GRB2-associated-binding protein ( @entity47325 ) gene @entity73334 (X(2) =5.015, P=0.025, OR=0.531, 95% CI 0.304-0.928) and @entity470 ( @entity470 ) gene @entity73335 (X(2) =7.934, P=0.005, OR=2.148, 95% CI 1.255-3.675) presented significant difference between @entity201 @entity1 and controls. This study conducted a population-based analysis using 225 @entity201 cases (153 biliary tract @entity5 @entity1 and 72 @entity1086 @entity1 ) to assess the association between SNPs and progression of @entity201 @entity1 , including the overall survival and the prognosis analysis. Results showed that an increased susceptibility of BTC was significantly associated with SNP loci distribution frequency in @entity470 @entity73336 (X(2) =7.934, P=0.005, OR=2.148, 95% CI 1.255-3.675). Furthermore, multivariate factor regression analysis represented @entity2963 medical history of BTC @entity1 can be an effective evaluation criteria of BTC susceptibility in early stage. This study also assessed the relationship between these genotypic polymorphisms and clinicopathologic data, including @entity5 differentiation stage and overall survival. This is the first study identifying that @entity470 polymorphisms are associated with BTC and @entity470 @entity73337 polymorphisms may be an important survival predictor in BTC @entity1 .

title: Predictive and prognostic molecular markers for XXXX in Han Chinese population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['particular diseases']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['malignant heterogeneous polygenetic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['Cholangiocarcinoma', 'CCA']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gall bladder cancer']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: Conditionally immortalized (temperature-sensitive) striatal-derived neuronal progenitor cell lines and primary neuroepithelial cells were transplanted into the CNS of gestational day 15-16 @entity35 fetuses using an 'in utero' surgical procedure. Each fetus received 2.5-3 x 10(4) donor cells previously labelled in vitro by incubation with @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ). At 5 days following transplantation, 69% of the fetuses were still alive. Engrafted cells were detected by @entity1603 immunohistochemistry, and the appearance of the engrafted cells and the time course of Nestin and @entity1975 expression were measured at 6, 24, 64 h and 5 days after transplantation. The evolution of Large T-Antigen immunoreactivity in engrafted temperature-sensitive (ts) cells was also evaluated at the above time intervals. The results indicate that the majority of the implanted cells were aggregated into clusters 24 h after transplantation. These clusters were not visible at 6 h, when most of the cells were isolated. The clusters were located in both the ventricles and parenchyma. These findings were common to both ts cells and striatal primary neuroepithelial cells. At 64 h and 5 days, isolated cells associated with the germinal layer and scattered throughout the parenchyma were also found. In the clusters, Nestin expression decreased proportionally with time following transplantation. Furthermore, Large T-Antigen immunoreactivity disappeared from ts cells between 6 and 24 h after transplantation. Finally, measurements of the temporal evolution of @entity1975 expression within the clusters indicate a progressive reduction in the mitotic activity of the transplanted cells. The results demonstrate that striatal primary neuroepithelial cells and conditionally immortalized neuronal progenitors can survive, migrate and/or compartimentalize into clusters whilst changing their antigenic properties and ability to proliferate.

title: A short term analysis of the behaviour of conditionally immortalized neuronal progenitors and primary neuroepithelial cells implanted into the fetal XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', "5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine"]

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: An important role of mitochondria in the process of programmed cell death is widely accepted now. There is a set of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins involved in this process. Apart from this, a mitochondrion contains its own genetic apparatus comprising mtDNA and replication, transcription, and translation systems. However, a mechanism of mitochondria genetic information realization under apoptosis-inducing conditions has been understood poorly. Here, using the real-time PCR technique the number of mitochondrial genes and their transcripts in @entity19 spleen cells after whole-body X-ray irradiation at the dosage of 10 Gy has been evaluated. During 5 h after the irradiation a nuclear DNA was subjected to fragmentation, whereas mtDNA remained intact. Moreover, in the course of time after irradiation the number of mtDNA copies increased threefold. A process of mtDNA transcription was more susceptible to the irradiation: in 1 h after exposure the number of @entity73338 , @entity51731 and @entity16886 gene transcripts were sharply decreased. In 24 and 72 h after the irradiation the amount of @entity73338 and @entity51731 transcripts was restored to the control values, while the @entity16886 one remained low; the number of @entity73339 transcripts was compared with the control within the whole period of observation. The difference in levels of mRNAs for the genes transcribed under the control of the same promoter for @entity19 to be grown both under normal conditions and after x-ray irradiation allows us to propose the existing a posttranscriptional mechanism which regulates expression of mitochondrial genes and provides different recovery rates for different mitochondrial transcripts at the development of apoptosis.

title: [Mitochondrial genetic apparatus functioning in XXXX spleen cells under radiation-induced apoptosis].

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Examination of ciliary ultrastructure remains the cornerstone diagnostic test for @entity910 ( @entity910 ), a disease of abnormal ciliary structure and/or function. Obtaining a biopsy with sufficient interpretable cilia and producing quality transmission electron micrographs (TEM) is challenging. Methods for processing tissues for optimal preservation of axonemal structures are not standardized. This study describes our experience using a standard operating procedure (SOP) for collecting nasal scrape biopsies and processing TEMs in a centralized laboratory. We enrolled @entity1 with suspected @entity910 at research sites of the @entity74 of Mucociliary Clearance Consortium. Biopsies were performed according to a SOP whereby curettes were used to scrape the inferior surface of the inferior turbinate, with samples placed in fixative. Specimens were shipped to a central laboratory where TEMs were prepared and blindly reviewed. Four hundred forty-eight specimens were obtained from 107 young @entity1 (0-5 years), 189 older @entity1 (5-18 years), and 152 adults (> 18 years), and 88% were adequate for formal interpretation. The proportion of adequate specimens was higher in adults than in @entity1 . Fifty percent of the adequate TEMs showed normal ciliary ultrastructure, 39% showed hallmark ultrastructural changes of @entity910 , and 11% had indeterminate findings. Among specimens without clearly normal ultrastructure, 72% had defects of the outer and/or inner dynein arms (IDA), while 7% had central @entity9467 with or without IDA defects. In summary, nasal scrape biopsies can be performed in the outpatient setting and yield interpretable samples, when performed by individuals with adequate training and experience according to an SOP.

title: Diagnostic yield of nasal scrape biopsies in XXXX : a multicenter experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Genetic Disorders']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['PCD', 'primary ciliary dyskinesia']

entities_list: @entity9467 :: ('MESH:D007766', 'Disease') :: ['apparatus defects']

answer: @entity910 :: (MESH:D004409,Disease) :: ['primary ciliary dyskinesia']


abstract: The increasing use of concentrate feedstuffs within Northern Ireland dairy systems has resulted in significant farm gate @entity3151 (P) surpluses, and these have contributed to increased soil P levels and risk of P loss to overland flow. However, the P content of feed concentrates can be lowered without compromising animal performance. This study focuses on P losses from grassland and evaluates how adjusting the P content of manure impacts on the P composition and concentration in overland flow. Dairy @entity291 were offered diets containing 5.3 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity62 ( @entity62 ) and produced manures with a range of P contents. Manure was applied at a rate of 50 m3 ha(-1) to 0.5-m2 grassland plots, and simulated rainfall (40 mm h(-1)) was applied repeatedly 2, 9, 28, and 49 d after during the summer, winter, and spring. Decreasing the P content in the diet, from the highest to the lowest P treatment (43%), produced a proportionately greater reduction in manure TP content (63%), but reductions were not exclusively in the water-soluble fraction. Following surface applications of manure, P concentrations in overland flow increased in all seasons (P < or = 0.001), while the greatest impact of varying the manure P content was most evident during the first simulated overland flow event. When diet P content was reduced from 5.4 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity62 , a statistically significant reduction in runoff P concentration was observed in all seasons. Elevated P concentrations in overland flow were observed for 28 d in spring and 9 d in summer and winter. The large drop in P concentrations between simulated rainfall events on Day 2 and Day 9 suggests that increasing the time interval between manure application and the generation of overland flow has a greater impact on P losses than does varying the dietary P content.

title: Effect of varying the XXXX content of dairy @entity291 diets on losses of @entity3151 in overland flow following surface applications of manure.

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['DM', 'dry matter']

answer: @entity3151 :: (MESH:D010758,Chemical) :: ['phosphorus']


abstract: The increasing use of concentrate feedstuffs within Northern Ireland dairy systems has resulted in significant farm gate @entity3151 (P) surpluses, and these have contributed to increased soil P levels and risk of P loss to overland flow. However, the P content of feed concentrates can be lowered without compromising animal performance. This study focuses on P losses from grassland and evaluates how adjusting the P content of manure impacts on the P composition and concentration in overland flow. Dairy @entity291 were offered diets containing 5.3 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity62 ( @entity62 ) and produced manures with a range of P contents. Manure was applied at a rate of 50 m3 ha(-1) to 0.5-m2 grassland plots, and simulated rainfall (40 mm h(-1)) was applied repeatedly 2, 9, 28, and 49 d after during the summer, winter, and spring. Decreasing the P content in the diet, from the highest to the lowest P treatment (43%), produced a proportionately greater reduction in manure TP content (63%), but reductions were not exclusively in the water-soluble fraction. Following surface applications of manure, P concentrations in overland flow increased in all seasons (P < or = 0.001), while the greatest impact of varying the manure P content was most evident during the first simulated overland flow event. When diet P content was reduced from 5.4 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity62 , a statistically significant reduction in runoff P concentration was observed in all seasons. Elevated P concentrations in overland flow were observed for 28 d in spring and 9 d in summer and winter. The large drop in P concentrations between simulated rainfall events on Day 2 and Day 9 suggests that increasing the time interval between manure application and the generation of overland flow has a greater impact on P losses than does varying the dietary P content.

title: Effect of varying the @entity3151 content of dairy @entity291 diets on losses of XXXX in overland flow following surface applications of manure.

answer: @entity3151 :: (MESH:D010758,Chemical) :: ['phosphorus']


abstract: The increasing use of concentrate feedstuffs within Northern Ireland dairy systems has resulted in significant farm gate @entity3151 (P) surpluses, and these have contributed to increased soil P levels and risk of P loss to overland flow. However, the P content of feed concentrates can be lowered without compromising animal performance. This study focuses on P losses from grassland and evaluates how adjusting the P content of manure impacts on the P composition and concentration in overland flow. Dairy @entity291 were offered diets containing 5.3 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity62 ( @entity62 ) and produced manures with a range of P contents. Manure was applied at a rate of 50 m3 ha(-1) to 0.5-m2 grassland plots, and simulated rainfall (40 mm h(-1)) was applied repeatedly 2, 9, 28, and 49 d after during the summer, winter, and spring. Decreasing the P content in the diet, from the highest to the lowest P treatment (43%), produced a proportionately greater reduction in manure TP content (63%), but reductions were not exclusively in the water-soluble fraction. Following surface applications of manure, P concentrations in overland flow increased in all seasons (P < or = 0.001), while the greatest impact of varying the manure P content was most evident during the first simulated overland flow event. When diet P content was reduced from 5.4 to 3.0 g P kg(-1) @entity62 , a statistically significant reduction in runoff P concentration was observed in all seasons. Elevated P concentrations in overland flow were observed for 28 d in spring and 9 d in summer and winter. The large drop in P concentrations between simulated rainfall events on Day 2 and Day 9 suggests that increasing the time interval between manure application and the generation of overland flow has a greater impact on P losses than does varying the dietary P content.

title: Effect of varying the @entity3151 content of dairy XXXX diets on losses of @entity3151 in overland flow following surface applications of manure.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cow']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The usual presentation of herpes zoster (HZ) is a self-limiting @entity1910 , often accompanied by @entity9 . However, HZ can give rise to other complications, that have unusual presentations and serious sequelae like segmental motor @entity912 of the limbs that is a relatively rare complication. CASE: A 68-year-old @entity1 presented with foot drop on the right side had a history of @entity281 on and around the knee and the popliteal fossa. He was treated with @entity1033 by a dermatologist and 10 days after the inital symptoms he developed @entity425 on the right ankle and on the muscles distal to the knee. In a few days foot drop has developed and he was unable to walk without help. Three months later he was admitted to the neurology out @entity1 clinic. On his electrophysiological examination common peroneal nerve could not be stimulated on the right side. The distal latency of the tibial nerve has prolonged, @entity13432 amplitude has diminished and the nerve conduction velocity has slowed down. Latency of the sural nerve has prolonged with a small SNAP amplitude and a slow nerve conduction velocity on the right side. Electromyography revealed denervation on the muscles inervated by tibialis anterior and common peroneal nerves distal to the knee. CONCLUSION: The double mononeuropathy of the tibial and common peroneal nerves secondary to HZ was not found in the published data. HZ should be considered as a possible cause of the @entity1897 and more attention should be paid to it.

title: Common peroneal and tibial nerve XXXX secondary to herpes @entity281 : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1033 :: ('MESH:D000212', 'Chemical') :: ['acyclovir']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['vesicular rash']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['HZ infection']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis of peripheral nerves']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['post-herpetic neuralgia']

answer: @entity912 :: (MESH:D010243,Disease) :: ['paralysis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The usual presentation of herpes zoster (HZ) is a self-limiting @entity1910 , often accompanied by @entity9 . However, HZ can give rise to other complications, that have unusual presentations and serious sequelae like segmental motor @entity912 of the limbs that is a relatively rare complication. CASE: A 68-year-old @entity1 presented with foot drop on the right side had a history of @entity281 on and around the knee and the popliteal fossa. He was treated with @entity1033 by a dermatologist and 10 days after the inital symptoms he developed @entity425 on the right ankle and on the muscles distal to the knee. In a few days foot drop has developed and he was unable to walk without help. Three months later he was admitted to the neurology out @entity1 clinic. On his electrophysiological examination common peroneal nerve could not be stimulated on the right side. The distal latency of the tibial nerve has prolonged, @entity13432 amplitude has diminished and the nerve conduction velocity has slowed down. Latency of the sural nerve has prolonged with a small SNAP amplitude and a slow nerve conduction velocity on the right side. Electromyography revealed denervation on the muscles inervated by tibialis anterior and common peroneal nerves distal to the knee. CONCLUSION: The double mononeuropathy of the tibial and common peroneal nerves secondary to HZ was not found in the published data. HZ should be considered as a possible cause of the @entity1897 and more attention should be paid to it.

title: Common peroneal and tibial nerve @entity912 secondary to herpes XXXX : a case report.

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['zoster infection']


abstract: OBJECT: The question of whether to obtain routine or selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in pediatric @entity1 with @entity17692 remains a controversial topic. Staging of the neuraxis is generally considered beneficial in @entity1 with @entity5 associated with an elevated risk of @entity6831 ( @entity6831 ). When these studies are obtained preoperatively, there is a decrease in the number of false-positive images related to debris in the immediate postoperative period. Additionally, knowledge of the extent of spread has the potential to affect the risk/benefit analysis of aggressive resection. Although the majority of pediatric neurosurgeons surveyed choose to obtain selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in cases of @entity17692 "with findings suggestive of high-grade pathology," an evidence-based protocol in the literature is lacking. The goal of this study was to assess radiological characteristics of @entity5 with an elevated risk of @entity6831 and identify a method to help guide preoperative imaging of the neuraxis. METHODS: The authors first reviewed the literature to gain an appreciation of the risk of @entity6831 of @entity17692 based on underlying histopathology and/or grade. Available evidence indicates preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in @entity1 with Grade I @entity5 to be of questionable utility. In contrast, evidence suggested that preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in @entity1 with @entity34 was clinically warranted. The authors then evaluated an extensive base of neuroradiological literature to identify possible MR imaging and/or CT findings with the potential to differentiate Grade I from higher-grade @entity5 in pediatric @entity1 . They analyzed the preoperative radiological findings in 50 pediatric @entity1 who had undergone craniotomy for resection of @entity17692 at Vanderbilt @entity1 's Hospital since 2003 with reference to 7 chosen radiological criteria. @entity2357 models were fit using radiological features to determine the best predictors of @entity5 . Receiver operating characteristic methods were used to identify diagnostic properties of the best predictors. RESULTS: The relative T2 signal intensity (RT2SI), an indirect measure of the water content of the solid component of the @entity5 , was best able to identify @entity5 with an elevated risk of @entity6831 . An RT2SI value of 0.71 was selected by the authors as the best operating point on the curve. Of the 31 @entity5 retrospectively designated as hypointense @entity75 (RT2SI  <= 0.71), 30 (97%) were Grade II or higher. All @entity2946 , @entity424 , and high-grade (Grades III and IV) @entity5 were hypointense @entity75 . Of the 19 T2-weighted hyperintense @entity5 (RT2SI > 0.71), 16 (84%) were Grade I and 3 were Grade II. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of the RT2SI can help predict @entity5 at an elevated risk of leptomeningeal spread and guide staging of the neuraxis. Pediatric @entity1 with @entity17692 found to have an RT2SI of less than or equal to 0.71 are recommended for neuraxis imaging prior to surgery.

title: Use of T2 signal intensity of XXXX in pediatric @entity1 to guide preoperative staging of the neuraxis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Grades II-IV tumors', 'Grade II-IV tumors', 'tumors', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['T2-weighted lesions']

entities_list: @entity6831 :: ('MESH:D004673', 'Disease') :: ['leptomeningeal dissemination', 'LD']

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['Logistic regression']

entities_list: @entity17692 :: ('MESH:D002528', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric cerebellar neoplasms', 'cerebellar neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastomas']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['Grades II-IV neoplasms']

answer: @entity17692 :: (MESH:D002528,Disease) :: ['cerebellar neoplasms']


abstract: OBJECT: The question of whether to obtain routine or selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in pediatric @entity1 with @entity17692 remains a controversial topic. Staging of the neuraxis is generally considered beneficial in @entity1 with @entity5 associated with an elevated risk of @entity6831 ( @entity6831 ). When these studies are obtained preoperatively, there is a decrease in the number of false-positive images related to debris in the immediate postoperative period. Additionally, knowledge of the extent of spread has the potential to affect the risk/benefit analysis of aggressive resection. Although the majority of pediatric neurosurgeons surveyed choose to obtain selective preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in cases of @entity17692 "with findings suggestive of high-grade pathology," an evidence-based protocol in the literature is lacking. The goal of this study was to assess radiological characteristics of @entity5 with an elevated risk of @entity6831 and identify a method to help guide preoperative imaging of the neuraxis. METHODS: The authors first reviewed the literature to gain an appreciation of the risk of @entity6831 of @entity17692 based on underlying histopathology and/or grade. Available evidence indicates preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in @entity1 with Grade I @entity5 to be of questionable utility. In contrast, evidence suggested that preoperative imaging of the neuraxis in @entity1 with @entity34 was clinically warranted. The authors then evaluated an extensive base of neuroradiological literature to identify possible MR imaging and/or CT findings with the potential to differentiate Grade I from higher-grade @entity5 in pediatric @entity1 . They analyzed the preoperative radiological findings in 50 pediatric @entity1 who had undergone craniotomy for resection of @entity17692 at Vanderbilt @entity1 's Hospital since 2003 with reference to 7 chosen radiological criteria. @entity2357 models were fit using radiological features to determine the best predictors of @entity5 . Receiver operating characteristic methods were used to identify diagnostic properties of the best predictors. RESULTS: The relative T2 signal intensity (RT2SI), an indirect measure of the water content of the solid component of the @entity5 , was best able to identify @entity5 with an elevated risk of @entity6831 . An RT2SI value of 0.71 was selected by the authors as the best operating point on the curve. Of the 31 @entity5 retrospectively designated as hypointense @entity75 (RT2SI  <= 0.71), 30 (97%) were Grade II or higher. All @entity2946 , @entity424 , and high-grade (Grades III and IV) @entity5 were hypointense @entity75 . Of the 19 T2-weighted hyperintense @entity5 (RT2SI > 0.71), 16 (84%) were Grade I and 3 were Grade II. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of the RT2SI can help predict @entity5 at an elevated risk of leptomeningeal spread and guide staging of the neuraxis. Pediatric @entity1 with @entity17692 found to have an RT2SI of less than or equal to 0.71 are recommended for neuraxis imaging prior to surgery.

title: Use of T2 signal intensity of @entity17692 in pediatric XXXX to guide preoperative staging of the neuraxis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Intracellular recording was used in vitro to analyze electrophysiological properties of neurons in myenteric ganglia of @entity840 distal colon. The neurons were classified into six types based on their electrical behavior. Type 1 colonic neurons discharged action potentials throughout depolarizing current pulses and were otherwise similar to S/type 1 neurons found in the @entity840 small bowel. The second type had passive and active electrical properties similar to those of @entity3798 /type 2 myenteric neurons of the small intestine. These cells discharged only a single spike at the onset of depolarizing current pulses, and the spikes were followed by long-lasting hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. Excitability of the type 2 neurons was enhanced in the presence of elevated Mg2+ and reduced @entity141 , and the spikes were unaffected by tetrodotoxin. Type 3 colonic neurons showed fast synaptic potentials but did not generate action potentials. The majority of neurons were referred to as type 2 colonic neurons. Type 4 neurons discharged single action potentials only at the onset of depolarizing current pulses, and the spikes were not followed by prolonged hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. Unlike type 2 neurons, excitability remained unchanged in the presence of reduced extracellular @entity141 and elevated @entity1025 . Action potentials of type 4 neurons were suppressed or abolished by @entity1022 . A group of spontaneously active neurons was classified as type 5 colonic neurons. Type 6 cells were inexcitable and assumed to be glial cells.

title: Electrical behavior of myenteric neurons in XXXX distal colon.

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pacific Islanders (PIs) experience high cervical @entity5 rates in the United States. Stage of diagnosis is also later for PIs than non-Hispanic Whites. The @entity975 test is severely underutilized among PIs: only 71% of Asian American and Pacific Islander @entity1 age 25 years or older received a @entity975 test within the last 3 years (U.S. average, 82%). Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is increasingly seen as an essential approach in designing and conducting culturally relevant and appropriate studies that reduce @entity5 incidence and other health disparities among minority and other medically underserved populations. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe the lessons learned thus far regarding the identification, recruitment, and retention of PI community organizations and members into a CBPR-informed, randomized, community trial promoting @entity975 testing. METHODS: This 5-year study used CBPR to develop and test the efficacy of a social support intervention for Chamorro, Samoan, and Tongan @entity1 to increase @entity975 testing in southern California. Eligible @entity1 were between the ages of 21 and 65, and married or in a long-term relationship with a @entity1 for at least 5 years. @entity1 and their husbands or significant others received a 2-hour, culturally tailored workshop that include a group activity, information on @entity975 testing, a video, and corresponding materials. Comparison @entity1 received a brochure about @entity975 testing. Three waves of data are collected from all @entity1 : pretest (before workshop or brochure), posttest 1 (immediately after workshop or brochure), and posttest 2 (6 months follow-up). RESULTS: Of the 76 organizations approached to participate in the study, 67 (88.2%) eventually agreed to participate. Thus far, 473 @entity1 and 419 @entity1 completed the study pretest, post-test, education, and 6-month follow-up. Only 242 @entity1 and 204 @entity1 of the eligible @entity1 have completed the follow-up survey (63.5% of @entity1 and 60.5% of @entity1 retained after 6 months). LESSONS LEARNED: The main strategy to overcome initial recruitment challenges was study staff persistence, because they averaged five contacts with each church or clan leader before receiving confirmation that an educational session can be scheduled. Personal connections provided an introduction to the most appropriate church or clan leader. Other efforts for retention include creation of an online version of the survey, re-attending church services, and creating special events organized around clan activities. CONCLUSIONS: Although CBPR improves the cultural competence and relevance of study activities for ethnically diverse populations, selected past research shows that it does not ensure that such designs overcome all of the unique challenges in ethnically diverse communities. PI-specific organizational recruitment and individual retention is influenced by study issues and cultural factors in each community.

title: CBPR-Informed Recruitment and Retention Adaptations in a Randomized Study of XXXX Testing Among Pacific Islanders in Southern California.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'man', 'men']

answer: @entity975 :: (5068,Gene) :: ['Pap']


abstract: Autophagy is considered to be associated with @entity299 . However, whether autophagy accelerates or ameliorates @entity82 remains to be elucidated. In the present study, 36 @entity35 were divided into two groups: Control @entity35 and @entity6 @entity35 . The @entity6 @entity35 were established by feeding the animals a high fat diet combined with @entity3839 . From the two groups, six @entity35 were sacrificed after 1, 6 and 7 months. Cardiac systolic functions were measured. The collagen volume fraction was calculated using Masson's trichome staining and the mRNA expression levels of type  -I and type  -III collagen were measured using reverse transcription  -quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT  -qPCR) to assess the levels of @entity299 . The protein contents of microtubule  -associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and sequestosome 1 ( @entity28190 ) were evaluated using western blotting, and the mRNA expression of Beclin 1 was measured using RT  -qPCR, in order to assess autophagy. The results revealed that, in the @entity6 @entity35 , @entity299 developed and cardiac systolic function was reduced. In the hearts of the @entity6 @entity35 , the mRNA expression levels of collagen type I and III, and Beclin1 were upregulated; the ratio of the protein level of LC3  -II/LC3  -I was increased and the content of @entity28190 was decreased. All the changes were aggravated as time increased. The changes in autophagy were correlated with those of @entity299 , suggesting that autophagy may have a synergistic role in @entity299 .

title: Sequential changes in autophagy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic cardiac fibrosis', 'cardiac fibrosis']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['diabetic cardiac fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite a lack of evidence that @entity6349 are precursors to @entity320 , a large proportion of dermatologists continue to treat them as such. Emerging data suggest that histologic grading approach may result in many unnecessary excisions. OBJECTIVE: Using a nongrading approach to diagnosis of Clark/ @entity6349 , the current study sought to define and determine the diagnostic uncertainty rate, and to report on the results of re-excisions of such lesions. METHODS: All @entity8205 submitted to an academic dermatopathology laboratory between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2013, were categorized. The number of Clark nevi recommended for re-excision divided by the total number of Clark nevi was taken to be the diagnostic uncertainty rate. RESULTS: This nongrading approach resulted in an excision recommendation/diagnostic uncertainty rate of 11.1%. In 2% of the excised specimens, the diagnosis was changed to @entity320 . LIMITATIONS: The study was performed at a single institution, and assigned diagnoses could not be verified other than by the diagnosing dermatopathologists. Lesions that were not submitted as re-excision specimens could have altered the results had they been available for evaluation. CONCLUSION: Compared with previously reported excision rates, the current study shows that the nongrading approach to Clark nevi results in a lower excision rate while still maintaining a low rate of change in diagnosis similar to the grading approach.

title: A nongrading histologic approach to Clark ( XXXX ) nevi: A potential to decrease the excision rate.

entities_list: @entity8205 :: ('MESH:D009508', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic nevi']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic nevi']

answer: @entity6349 :: (MESH:D004416,Disease) :: ['dysplastic']


abstract: In permeabilized single fibers of fast (psoas) and slow (soleus) muscle from the @entity95 , the effect of pH on isometric myofibrillar ATPase activity and force was studied at 15 degrees C, in the pH range 6.4-7.9. ATPase activity was measured photometrically by enzymatic coupling of the regeneration of @entity855 to the oxidation of @entity2125 , present in the bathing solution. @entity2125 absorbance at 340 nm was determined inside a measuring chamber. To measure @entity855 turnover in single soleus fibers accurately, a new measuring chamber (volume 4 microliters) was developed that produced a sensitivity approximately 8 times higher than the system previously used. Under control conditions (pH 7.3), the isometric force was 136 and 115 kN/m2 and the @entity855 turnover was 0.43 and 0.056 mmol per liter fiber volume per second in psoas and soleus fibers, respectively. Over the pH range studied, isometric force increased monotonically by a factor 1.7 for psoas and 1.2 for soleus fibers. In psoas the isometric ATPase activity remained constant, whereas in soleus it slightly decreased with increasing pH. The pH dependency of relative tension cost (isometric ATPase activity divided by force) was practically identical for psoas and soleus fibers. In both cases it decreased by about a factor 0.57 as pH increased from 6.4 to 7.9. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of cross-bridge kinetics. For both fiber types, estimates of the reaction rates and the distribution of cross-bridges and of their pH dependencies were obtained. A remarkable similarity was found between fast- and slow-twitch fibers in the effects of pH on the reaction rate constants.

title: Effects of pH on myofibrillar ATPase activity in fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers of the XXXX .

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Diastolic function is an important element of overall left ventricular function. The pattern of flow across the mitral valve is commonly used as a measure of diastolic ventricular function. Magnetic resonance (MR) velocity mapping of blood flow across the mitral valve was compared with Doppler echocardiography. Nineteen @entity1 with known @entity453 (mean age, 62 years; 11 with previous @entity583 ) were studied. The mean value of peak early filling velocity (+/- standard deviation) was 60.1 cm/sec +/- 14.3 with the MR method and 59.4 cm/ @entity46726 .7 with echocardiography (P = .732). The mean difference between the two measurements (95% confidence interval) was -0.8 cm/sec (-5.2 cm/sec, +2.2 cm/sec). The mean value of early deceleration was 4.3 m/ @entity11632 +/- 1.5 with the MR method and 4.0 m/ @entity11632 +/- 1.5 with echocardiography (P = .073). The mean difference was -0.4 cm/ @entity11632 (-0.92 cm/ @entity11632 , +0.05 cm/ @entity11632 ). The mean value of peak atriosystolic velocity was 51 cm/sec +/- 14.6 with the MR method and 62 cm/sec +/- 17.2 with echocardiography (P = .002). The mean difference was -11 cm/sec (-18.1 cm/sec, -3.45 cm/sec). Peak atrial filling was consistently lower with the MR method than with echocardiography. Time-averaged measurements of ventricular filling with MR velocity mapping are an accurate measure of early diastolic filling but underestimate the velocity of atriosystolic filling.

title: Mitral valve flow measured with cine MR velocity mapping in XXXX with ischemic heart disease: comparison with Doppler echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Immunoaffinity columns are prepared from the monoclonal antibody (MAb) @entity14019 . These columns are used to enrich @entity367 decarboxylase (GAD) from the cytosolic fraction of @entity35 brain homogenates and from Triton X-100 extracts of the brain membrane fraction. In each case enzyme activity is enriched over 400-fold. The immunopurified fractions were analyzed by @entity214 -PAGE. Fractions purified from the cytosol consisted of a quantitatively major band of 59 kDa, and one band of 63 kDa, as well as a group centered around 55 kDa. Fractions purified from membranes consisted primarily of the 59 and 63 kDa components; only traces of the lower-molecular-weight components were present. The entire set of proteins purified on @entity14019 immunoaffinity columns is strongly recognized by 2 widely used antisera to GAD, those described in Saito et al. (1974) and Oertel et al. (1981). The 59 kDa protein from the cytosolic fraction was purified to homogeneity by preparative SDS-PAGE; a partial @entity535 sequence of this protein was obtained. The 59 kDa protein has a high degree of sequence homology with the deduced @entity535 sequence of the protein that was coded for by a cDNA for feline GAD (Kaufman et al., 1986; Kobayashi et al., 1987). Thus, these proteins are either products of a single gene that diverged during the evolution of @entity35 and cat from a common ancestor, or are members of a closely related set of genes found in both species. The MAb GAD-6 recognizes the 59 kDa band and the group of bands centered around 55 kDa on Western blots. Therefore, these proteins are immunochemically related. GAD-6 does not recognize the 63 kDa band. In Western blots of unfractionated homogenates of the whole brain, the only band recognized by GAD-6 is a 59 kDa band.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Characterization of the proteins purified with monoclonal antibodies to XXXX decarboxylase.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity367 :: ('CHEBI:18237', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamic acid']

answer: @entity367 :: (CHEBI:18237,Chemical) :: ['glutamic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In industrialised nations @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ) is the most common cause of @entity1939 and severe @entity227 . @entity1020 is a disease of the retina characterized by the accumulation of metabolic products in the macula. In early stages drusen and @entity2118 occur, in late stages a dry form is distinguished from the exsudative form with @entity3193 . @entity1020 causes @entity227 of the central part of the visual field, leading finally to a dark spot. Several therapies are available for the exsudative form, however an exact diagnosis is partially essential. The gold standard for the diagnosis of @entity1020 is @entity941 angiography (FA), an invasive investigation with intravenous application of a dye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a more recent non-invasive procedure. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this HTA report is to investigate the efficacy and efficiency of OCT compared to FA. Ethical, societal and legal aspects are also considered. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in 34 international databases which yielded 2324 articles. Eight publications were included for assessment, according to predefined selection criteria. RESULTS: The number of studies investigating OCT compared to FA in @entity1 with @entity1020 is presently very limited and the quality of the studies is generally low. The number of investigated @entity1 is below 35 in four publications and in only one publication it is above 100. Moreover in most of the articles very selected @entity1 groups are studied. Economic studies concerning the efficiency of OCT compared to FA cannot be identified. DISCUSSION: Even though the @entity1 groups investigated and the objectives of the studies are very heterogenous, all publications uniformly show that OCT cannot replace FA. However, OCT yields additional diagnostic findings and may verify unclear findings of FA. Therefore the application of OCT in addition to FA is useful in many cases. With regard to costs German @entity1 on average currently have to pay more for performing OCT than for performing FA. CONCLUSION: Future studies have to show whether OCT may give diagnostic information essential for therapeutic decisions in addition to FA and whether it can replace FA in selected cases. The number of @entity1 included in these studies should be high enough to answer relevant questions with sufficient statistical power. An economic model calculation can be built upon the resulting findings.

title: Evaluation of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of age related XXXX compared with fluorescence angiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['vision disorders such as blurred vision', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['pigment disorders']

entities_list: @entity3193 :: ('MESH:D015862', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascularisation']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['AMD', 'age-related macular degeneration']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['macula degeneration']


abstract: Accurate and relatively simple monitoring is essential in managing @entity1 with @entity1230 , and becomes particularly important when there is substantial occult @entity190 . @entity591 , said to occur following a 15% @entity190 , is generally regarded as the first reliable sign of @entity548 . However, heart rate is a nonspecific parameter which is affected by factors other than changing intravascular volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate available means of monitoring volume status and to identify the parameter which is the earliest and most reliable indication of @entity190 . Sixteen mongrel @entity235 were anesthetized and bled by increments of 3% of their total blood volume until the onset of sustained @entity551 or a 25% @entity190 . All @entity235 were monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter and an arterial line. Vital signs, full hemodynamic parameters, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured after each 3% @entity190 . Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that only Cardiac Index and Mixed Venous @entity26 Saturation showed linearity as function of measure @entity190 . Linear regression analysis generated r values that ranged from 0.85-0.99 with a mean of 0.95 for Mixed Venous @entity26 Saturation; r values for Cardiac Index ranged from 0.39-0.98 with a mean of 0.85. Furthermore, all @entity235 had increased tissue @entity26 extraction after 3-6% @entity190 . Because Central Venous Blood @entity26 Saturation mirrors Mixed Venous @entity26 Saturation and is easily and rapidly measured, we extended our study by repeating all of the previously measured parameters, with the addition of CVP blood gases in an unanesthetized animal model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Central venous blood XXXX saturation: an early, accurate measurement of volume during @entity548 .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['Tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple injuries']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: Accurate and relatively simple monitoring is essential in managing @entity1 with @entity1230 , and becomes particularly important when there is substantial occult @entity190 . @entity591 , said to occur following a 15% @entity190 , is generally regarded as the first reliable sign of @entity548 . However, heart rate is a nonspecific parameter which is affected by factors other than changing intravascular volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate available means of monitoring volume status and to identify the parameter which is the earliest and most reliable indication of @entity190 . Sixteen mongrel @entity235 were anesthetized and bled by increments of 3% of their total blood volume until the onset of sustained @entity551 or a 25% @entity190 . All @entity235 were monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter and an arterial line. Vital signs, full hemodynamic parameters, and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured after each 3% @entity190 . Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that only Cardiac Index and Mixed Venous @entity26 Saturation showed linearity as function of measure @entity190 . Linear regression analysis generated r values that ranged from 0.85-0.99 with a mean of 0.95 for Mixed Venous @entity26 Saturation; r values for Cardiac Index ranged from 0.39-0.98 with a mean of 0.85. Furthermore, all @entity235 had increased tissue @entity26 extraction after 3-6% @entity190 . Because Central Venous Blood @entity26 Saturation mirrors Mixed Venous @entity26 Saturation and is easily and rapidly measured, we extended our study by repeating all of the previously measured parameters, with the addition of CVP blood gases in an unanesthetized animal model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Central venous blood @entity26 saturation: an early, accurate measurement of volume during XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhage']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To interrupt transmission of @entity5134 colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit and determine the source of ongoing transmission. DESIGN: Multidisciplinary outbreak investigation and simulation of droplet generation by a high-frequency oscillator using fluorescent dye. SETTING: Level III neonatal intensive care unit. @entity1 : Very low birth weight premature @entity1 with @entity1576 . INTERVENTIONS: Infection control interventions, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of isolates to determine relatedness, and construction of a scavenging system to capture the circuitry condensate expelled by the oscillator exit port. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Affected @entity1 were housed in the same geographic site. @entity5134 isolates were indistinguishable or closely related using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fluorescent droplet splatter from the circuitry, generated when no containment device covered the exit valve, was visible up to 49 in (107.8 cm) from the source. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation and adherence to infection control measures is essential to prevent transmission of opportunistic pathogens among ventilated @entity1 . Oscillators can generate droplets that travel farther than 1 m from the source.

title: XXXX outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit related to the exit port of an oscillator.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity5134 :: ('615', 'Species') :: ['Serratia marcescens']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

answer: @entity5134 :: (615,Species) :: ['Serratia marcescens']


abstract: A laboratory system of examination of illicit @entity2072 exhibits is described. Separation and identification of many of the components in exhibits are achieved by the use of capillary column gas chromatography and a Finnigan ion trap detector. Further examination and quantitation of the components of exhibits is achieved using two high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) systems. Both of these systems use identical reverse phase C8 columns. System 1 employs a solvent composed of 40% @entity1626 , 10% @entity6188 and 50% 0.1% v/v aqueous @entity1040 . The eluant is monitored at 280 nm. This system is preferred for routine quantitative analysis of @entity2072 and related alkaloids in exhibits. System 2 employs a solvent composed of 30% @entity1626 and 70% 0.05M @entity1391 buffer (pH = 5.0). The eluant from this system is monitored at both 220 and 280 nm. This system offers advantages in sensitivity. The relative retention times of a number of relevant substances as determined with gas chromatography and the two HPLC systems are given. The utility of the methodology for the identification and comparison of exhibits is demonstrated.

title: The examination of illicit XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1040 :: ('MESH:C016162', 'Chemical') :: ['triethylamine']

entities_list: @entity6188 :: ('MESH:C018674', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrahydrofuran']

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity2072 :: (MESH:D003042,Chemical) :: ['cocaine']


abstract: The extent of the intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber projection (IIP-MF) in the hippocampus of @entity19 and @entity35 is strain-specific, and correlates negatively with the strain-specific capacity of avoidance learning. If variations of the IIP-MF influence the capacity for 2-way avoidance learning, then developmental modification of the IIP-MF projection in an individual member of a strain should remain correlated with its adult behavior. Pups of strains with high avoidance capacity and small IIP-MF projections (RHA @entity35 , @entity7840 /2 and BALB/c @entity19 ) were injected with varying doses of @entity1955 during the postnatal period. This transient @entity1378 resulted in a strong, yet largely unpredictable, variability of the IIP-MF projection in the adult animals. Furthermore, postnatal saline injections also increased the variability of the IIP-MF projection; however, this was to a lesser degree than when using @entity1955 . The animals were tested for 2-way avoidance learning at the age of 90-120 d. Many showed strain-atypical avoidance scores. These deviations from the inherited level of 2-way avoidance learning were strongly correlated with the magnitude of the IIP-MF projection, regardless of whether the structural changes resulted from @entity1955 or saline injections. A multivariate analysis showed that the observed correlations could neither be explained by @entity1955 -induced changes in brain weight nor by individual differences of other terminal fields in the hippocampal region @entity1251 . These results suggest that the extent of the IIP-MF projection is influenced by several genetic and epigenetic factors. Irrespective of the underlying causes, the magnitude of the IIP-MF (or of an unknown but well-correlated variable) appears to bias the adult capacity for 2-way avoidance learning predictably.

title: Infrapyramidal mossy fibers and two-way avoidance learning: developmental modification of hippocampal circuitry and adult behavior of XXXX and @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The extent of the intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber projection (IIP-MF) in the hippocampus of @entity19 and @entity35 is strain-specific, and correlates negatively with the strain-specific capacity of avoidance learning. If variations of the IIP-MF influence the capacity for 2-way avoidance learning, then developmental modification of the IIP-MF projection in an individual member of a strain should remain correlated with its adult behavior. Pups of strains with high avoidance capacity and small IIP-MF projections (RHA @entity35 , @entity7840 /2 and BALB/c @entity19 ) were injected with varying doses of @entity1955 during the postnatal period. This transient @entity1378 resulted in a strong, yet largely unpredictable, variability of the IIP-MF projection in the adult animals. Furthermore, postnatal saline injections also increased the variability of the IIP-MF projection; however, this was to a lesser degree than when using @entity1955 . The animals were tested for 2-way avoidance learning at the age of 90-120 d. Many showed strain-atypical avoidance scores. These deviations from the inherited level of 2-way avoidance learning were strongly correlated with the magnitude of the IIP-MF projection, regardless of whether the structural changes resulted from @entity1955 or saline injections. A multivariate analysis showed that the observed correlations could neither be explained by @entity1955 -induced changes in brain weight nor by individual differences of other terminal fields in the hippocampal region @entity1251 . These results suggest that the extent of the IIP-MF projection is influenced by several genetic and epigenetic factors. Irrespective of the underlying causes, the magnitude of the IIP-MF (or of an unknown but well-correlated variable) appears to bias the adult capacity for 2-way avoidance learning predictably.

title: Infrapyramidal mossy fibers and two-way avoidance learning: developmental modification of hippocampal circuitry and adult behavior of @entity35 and XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: We describe the clinical courses of four @entity1 with @entity14972 ( @entity14972 ). This entity is a mesenchymal disorder of early infancy characterized by the formation of @entity5 in skin, muscle, viscera, bone, and subcutaneous tissues. Previously known as @entity14972 , @entity14972 was formerly thought to be a rare condition that was frequently fatal. The majority of the 170 affected @entity1 we describe have been diagnosed since 1980. Furthermore, the mortality rate for these @entity1 is less than 15%. Our review includes the clinical manifestations, as well as histopathologic features, and discusses the prognosis in affected @entity1 . We found that @entity1 with solitary lesions or multiple lesions without visceral involvement generally have a benign course. However, in @entity1 with the multicentric form of the disorder and visceral involvement, 73% have died. Because the lesions may not be easily discernible and most spontaneously resolve, the condition is underdiagnosed and underreported. @entity14972 is the most common @entity5 of infancy and must be considered when evaluating @entity1 who present with either @entity5 , particularly during the neonatal period.

title: XXXX : the most common @entity5 of infancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous tumor', 'solitary or multiple tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14972 :: ('MESH:C562978', 'Disease') :: ['congenital generalized fibromatosis', 'IM', 'infantile myofibromatosis']

answer: @entity14972 :: (MESH:C562978,Disease) :: ['Infantile myofibromatosis']


abstract: We describe the clinical courses of four @entity1 with @entity14972 ( @entity14972 ). This entity is a mesenchymal disorder of early infancy characterized by the formation of @entity5 in skin, muscle, viscera, bone, and subcutaneous tissues. Previously known as @entity14972 , @entity14972 was formerly thought to be a rare condition that was frequently fatal. The majority of the 170 affected @entity1 we describe have been diagnosed since 1980. Furthermore, the mortality rate for these @entity1 is less than 15%. Our review includes the clinical manifestations, as well as histopathologic features, and discusses the prognosis in affected @entity1 . We found that @entity1 with solitary lesions or multiple lesions without visceral involvement generally have a benign course. However, in @entity1 with the multicentric form of the disorder and visceral involvement, 73% have died. Because the lesions may not be easily discernible and most spontaneously resolve, the condition is underdiagnosed and underreported. @entity14972 is the most common @entity5 of infancy and must be considered when evaluating @entity1 who present with either @entity5 , particularly during the neonatal period.

title: @entity14972 : the most common XXXX of infancy.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['fibrous tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of treatment protocols in @entity1 overweight/ @entity28 , pertaining to outpatient of dietary preventive of SIAN (in English: @entity3147 ) RMA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We extracted data from the medical records of @entity1 with BMI>= 25 (2009-2012). It was conducted a descriptive analysis, univariate analysis (chi-square test; p <=0.05) and multivariate logistic regression analysis considering as " @entity353 " the outcome measure. RESULTS: There were 762 records (76.2% female; mean age 52 years). BMI average of beginning treatment: 30.26; BMI of the end of treatment: 28.37; minimum maximum range of variation of weight after treatment: -28.9 Kg and +6.5 Kg. The 55.2% of the sample has lost up to 4.9 kg, 32.4% from 5.0 to 9.9 kg, 8.1% from 10.0 to 19.9 Kg, 0.9% from 20 to 28.9 Kg. The higher initial BMI and the longer treatment, have a lower likelihood of @entity353 (B=-1.267, p<0.001; B =-0.408, p<0.001); females and those who have an older age are more likely to lose weight (B=0.030, p<0.003; B=1.260, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlight the efficacy of treatment protocols in overweight/ @entity28 @entity1 . The population that benefits from the treatment more rigidly set on the estimated caloric needs is the one that starts from lower BMI and who therefore need less time to reach a certain @entity353 . Instead, those who started from higher BMI is a population supposedly "binger", more resistant to the single dietary treatment and, as recognized by the scientific community, it requires a multidisciplinary approach.

title: [Effectiveness of a protocol treatment for overweight/ XXXX @entity1 (SIAN - ASL RMA)].

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['Service of Food Hygiene and Nutrition']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of treatment protocols in @entity1 overweight/ @entity28 , pertaining to outpatient of dietary preventive of SIAN (in English: @entity3147 ) RMA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We extracted data from the medical records of @entity1 with BMI>= 25 (2009-2012). It was conducted a descriptive analysis, univariate analysis (chi-square test; p <=0.05) and multivariate logistic regression analysis considering as " @entity353 " the outcome measure. RESULTS: There were 762 records (76.2% female; mean age 52 years). BMI average of beginning treatment: 30.26; BMI of the end of treatment: 28.37; minimum maximum range of variation of weight after treatment: -28.9 Kg and +6.5 Kg. The 55.2% of the sample has lost up to 4.9 kg, 32.4% from 5.0 to 9.9 kg, 8.1% from 10.0 to 19.9 Kg, 0.9% from 20 to 28.9 Kg. The higher initial BMI and the longer treatment, have a lower likelihood of @entity353 (B=-1.267, p<0.001; B =-0.408, p<0.001); females and those who have an older age are more likely to lose weight (B=0.030, p<0.003; B=1.260, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlight the efficacy of treatment protocols in overweight/ @entity28 @entity1 . The population that benefits from the treatment more rigidly set on the estimated caloric needs is the one that starts from lower BMI and who therefore need less time to reach a certain @entity353 . Instead, those who started from higher BMI is a population supposedly "binger", more resistant to the single dietary treatment and, as recognized by the scientific community, it requires a multidisciplinary approach.

title: [Effectiveness of a protocol treatment for overweight/ @entity28 XXXX (SIAN - ASL RMA)].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Secondary endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for the management of shunt failure may be efficacious, though it may be followed by more frequent complications (including @entity73 , e.g. @entity2588 ) compared to primary ETV. These complications are usually underreported in the literature. AIM: We report a case of secondary @entity2588 after ETV for the management of shunt failure in a young @entity1 with @entity1276 associated with @entity9960 . METHODS: A 25-year-old @entity1 affected by @entity1276 and @entity9960 was admitted for secondary ETV for the management of shunt failure. The endoscopic procedure was preferred over shunt revision based on good results of secondary ETV, especially in @entity1 with @entity1276 associated with @entity1645 and @entity3570 . RESULTS: Despite the surgery being uneventful, the @entity1 had early (postoperative @entity410 ) and late (secondary @entity2588 ) complications. In the early postoperative period, she received external ventricular drainage followed by VP shunt reimplantation 2 weeks later. There was no @entity16 , but 1 month after the ETV she reported secondary @entity2588 and @entity1017 . Laboratory investigations ruled out @entity4089 , which had been treated with @entity9229 administration with no efficacy since the @entity1 was still without regular periods 1 year later. CONCLUSION: ETV may be followed by endocrinological complications like @entity2588 that are rarely reported.

title: XXXX after Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy for a Failed Shunt in Spina Bifida: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spina bifida']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinemia']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity9229 :: ('MESH:C047047', 'Chemical') :: ['cabergoline']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['endocrinological impairment']

entities_list: @entity1645 :: ('MESH:D001139', 'Disease') :: ['Chiari II malformation']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological morbidity']

entities_list: @entity9960 :: ('MESH:D008591', 'Disease') :: ['myelomeningocele']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity2588 :: (MESH:D000568,Disease) :: ['Amenorrhea']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of the @entity3656 ( @entity3656 )-related ocular magnification on the thickness of the macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC), and the diagnostic accuracy of the built-in normative database of the spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic (SD-OCT) instrument for @entity726 detection. METHODS: This retrospective study included 41 eyes with early primary @entity1538 and 36 normal eyes. The mGCC thickness within a 20-degree circle, equivalent to a 6 mm diameter in the Gullstrand model eye, was measured in the SD-OCT images. The magnification effect was corrected using Bennett formula, and the mGCC thickness within the actual 6 mm diameter circle was determined. RESULTS: In normal eyes, the inferior corrected mGCC was significantly correlated with the @entity3656 (b=-0.40, P=0.028), but correction for the magnification reduced the correlation. In 38 nonhighly myopic eyes, the sensitivity and specificity of the SD-OCT's significance maps for distinguishing @entity726 were 95.0% and 94.4% when using either the uncorrected or the corrected mGCC. In 39 highly myopic eyes, the diagnostic accuracy was lower when using the uncorrected mGCC thickness (sensitivity was 95.2% and specificity was 44.4%), and was not improved when using the corrected mGCC (81.0% and 61.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The inferior mGCC was thinner in eyes with longer @entity3656 . The accuracy of the diagnosis with the SD-OCT built-in normative database for @entity726 was not improved significantly by the correction of the @entity3656 -associated magnification in highly myopic eyes. Evaluation of highly myopic eyes with the nonhighly myopic normative database can lead to misdiagnosis.

title: Effect of Axial Length on Macular Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness and on XXXX Diagnosis by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

entities_list: @entity3656 :: ('MESH:D007870', 'Disease') :: ['AL', 'axial length']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['early glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['Early Glaucoma']


abstract: Circulating biomarkers are important surrogates for monitoring disease activity in type I @entity1120 (GD1). We and others have reported low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in GD1. We assessed HDL @entity165 as a biomarker of GD1, with respect to its correlation with indicators of disease severity and its response to imiglucerase enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). In 278 consecutively evaluated GD1 @entity1 , we correlated HDL @entity165 , chitotriosidase, and @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) with indicators of disease severity. Additionally, we measured the response of these biomarkers to ERT. HDL @entity165 was negatively correlated with spleen volume, liver volume, and GD severity score index; the magnitude of this association of disease severity with HDL @entity165 was similar to that for @entity1289 and for chitotriosidase. Within individual @entity1 monitored over many years, there was a strikingly strong correlation of HDL with liver and spleen volumes; there was a similarly strong correlation of chitotriosidase and @entity1289 with disease severity in individual @entity1 monitored serially over many years (chitotriosidase r = 0.96 to 0.98, @entity1289 r = 0.88 to 0.94, and HDL r =   -0.84 to -0.94, p < 0.001). ERT for 3 years resulted in a striking increase of HDL while serum levels of chitotriosidase and @entity1289 decreased. Our results reveal markedly low HDL @entity165 in untreated GD1, a correlation with indicators of disease severity in GD1, and a rise towards normal after ERT. These findings suggest HDL @entity165 merits inclusion within the "biomarker basket" for monitoring of @entity1 with GD1.

title: Evaluation of high density lipoprotein as a circulating biomarker of XXXX activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity1120 :: ('MESH:D005776', 'Disease') :: ['Gaucher disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1120 :: (MESH:D005776,Disease) :: ['Gaucher disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The mechanism(s) mediating @entity731 may be similar to those @entity79 have been observed in plaque. We tested the hypothesis that osteoclast-like cells (OLCs) also exist in @entity731 arteries. In 205 tissue blocks obtained from 21 @entity1 undergoing carotid endarterectomy, we performed histopathologic analysis, histochemical staining for @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and immunohistochemical analysis for osteoclast and macrophage antigens, including @entity469 , @entity6823 ( @entity6823 ), @entity3336 ( @entity3336 ), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK), and @entity2159 ( @entity2159 ). Lesions were classified according to the AHA system, and further grouped as calcified or non-calcified (with @entity39 cores or suture @entity738 ). Multinucleated giant cells morphologically similar to osteoclasts were frequently seen, sometimes exhibited morphologic evidence of polarization, were closely associated with regions of @entity730 , @entity82 , or granulomatous tissue, and also appeared to be associated with @entity2295 and regions of intraplaque @entity548 . TRAP-positive cells often expressed the osteoclast-associated antigens @entity3336 , RANK, and @entity2159 . Calcification typically occurred at the base of plaque or in @entity39 cores in various morphologies, including a fine powdery pattern, a diffuse pattern of larger deposits near @entity165 clefts and @entity39 centers, and nodular forms. Regions of frank ossification were rarely observed. CONCLUSION: OLCs are frequently found in plaque, and co-localize with sub-regions of @entity165 deposition, mineralization, and @entity39 and foreign debris. True bone tissue is rare in carotid plaque, although more common in other arteries. Our findings suggest that arterial OLCs might degrade mineral deposits, prevent formation of @entity730 or both and therefore counterbalance the activity of the osteoblast-like cells in @entity731 .

title: Multinucleated giant cells in XXXX plaques of @entity1 carotid arteries: Identification of osteoclast-like cells and their specific proteins in artery wall.

entities_list: @entity5272 :: ('MESH:C029768', 'Chemical') :: ['tartrate']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity6823 :: ('1436', 'Gene') :: ['colony stimulating factor-1 receptor', 'CSF-1R']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['governing bone remodeling, and osteoblast-like cells']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic calcification', 'atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2159 :: ('4982', 'Gene') :: ['osteoprotegerin', 'OPG']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The mechanism(s) mediating @entity731 may be similar to those @entity79 have been observed in plaque. We tested the hypothesis that osteoclast-like cells (OLCs) also exist in @entity731 arteries. In 205 tissue blocks obtained from 21 @entity1 undergoing carotid endarterectomy, we performed histopathologic analysis, histochemical staining for @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and immunohistochemical analysis for osteoclast and macrophage antigens, including @entity469 , @entity6823 ( @entity6823 ), @entity3336 ( @entity3336 ), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK), and @entity2159 ( @entity2159 ). Lesions were classified according to the AHA system, and further grouped as calcified or non-calcified (with @entity39 cores or suture @entity738 ). Multinucleated giant cells morphologically similar to osteoclasts were frequently seen, sometimes exhibited morphologic evidence of polarization, were closely associated with regions of @entity730 , @entity82 , or granulomatous tissue, and also appeared to be associated with @entity2295 and regions of intraplaque @entity548 . TRAP-positive cells often expressed the osteoclast-associated antigens @entity3336 , RANK, and @entity2159 . Calcification typically occurred at the base of plaque or in @entity39 cores in various morphologies, including a fine powdery pattern, a diffuse pattern of larger deposits near @entity165 clefts and @entity39 centers, and nodular forms. Regions of frank ossification were rarely observed. CONCLUSION: OLCs are frequently found in plaque, and co-localize with sub-regions of @entity165 deposition, mineralization, and @entity39 and foreign debris. True bone tissue is rare in carotid plaque, although more common in other arteries. Our findings suggest that arterial OLCs might degrade mineral deposits, prevent formation of @entity730 or both and therefore counterbalance the activity of the osteoblast-like cells in @entity731 .

title: Multinucleated giant cells in @entity731 plaques of XXXX carotid arteries: Identification of osteoclast-like cells and their specific proteins in artery wall.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The chloroplast genome of the highly neutral-lipid-producing marine pennate diatom @entity73340 was fully sequenced using high-throughput pyrosequencing. The general features and gene content were compared with three other complete diatom chloroplast genomes. The chloroplast genome is 134,918 bp with an inverted repeat of 13,330 bp and is slightly larger than the other diatom chloroplast genomes due to several low gene-density regions lacking similarity to the other diatom chloroplast genomes. Protein-coding genes were nearly identical to those from @entity34466 . On the other hand, we found unique sequence variations in genes of photosystem II which differ from the consensus in other diatom chloroplasts. Furthermore, five functional unknown ORFs and a putative @entity563 recombinase gene, @entity73341 , are located in the low gene-density regions. @entity73341 was also identified in the plasmids of another pennate diatom, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, and in the plastid genome of the diatom endosymbiont of @entity73342 . Exogenous plasmids might have been incorporated into the chloroplast genome of @entity73340 sp. by lateral gene transfer. Chloroplast genome sequencing analysis of this novel diatom provides many important insights into diatom evolution.

title: High-throughput pyrosequencing of the chloroplast genome of a highly neutral-lipid-producing marine pennate diatom, XXXX .

entities_list: @entity73340 :: ('880758', 'Species') :: ['Fistulifera sp. strain JPCC DA0580', 'Fistulifera']

entities_list: @entity34466 :: ('2850', 'Species') :: ['Phaeodactylum tricornutum']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity73342 :: ('160619', 'Species') :: ['Kryptoperidinium foliaceum']

answer: @entity73340 :: (880758,Species) :: ['Fistulifera sp. strain JPCC DA0580']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To calculate the rates of @entity5450 detected during and after benign gynecologic surgery. To explore the role of routine intraoperative cystoscopy and determine if it helps in reducing injuries detected postoperatively. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a literature search for urinary tract injuries at benign gynecologic surgery in PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science from January 2004 to August 2014. We combined our results with a database from a previously published systematic review to include earlier studies. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: A total of 79 studies met our inclusion criteria. Excluded were letters to the editor, studies involving only selective cystoscopy in higher risk @entity1 , case reports, and reports that included injuries resulting from obstetric or oncologic procedures. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Data from each report were classified according to type of surgery into vaginal hysterectomy, abdominal hysterectomy, laparoscopic hysterectomy, other (nonrobotic) gynecologic and urogynecologic surgery, robotic hysterectomy, and other robotic gynecologic and urogynecologic surgery. We determined the ureteric and @entity1494 rates for each surgery type from studies in which routine intraoperative cystoscopy was performed and separately from studies in which it was not performed. Intraoperatively detected rates of ureteric and @entity1494 were markedly higher with routine intraoperative cystoscopy. We obtained an adjusted @entity1901 rate of 0.3% and a @entity1494 rate of 0.8%. The estimated postoperative @entity1901 detection rates @entity307 ,000 surgeries were 1.6 without routine cystoscopy and 0.7 with routine cystoscopy. @entity1494 injury detection rates @entity307 ,000 surgeries were 0.8 without routine cystoscopy and 1.0 with routine cystoscopy. CONCLUSION: Although routine cystoscopy clearly increases the intraoperative detection rate of urinary tract injuries, this systematic review of 79 mostly retrospective studies shows that it does not appear to have much effect on the postoperative injury detection rate.

title: XXXX at Benign Gynecologic Surgery and the Role of Cystoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1901 :: ('MESH:D014515', 'Disease') :: ['ureteric injury']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative bladder', 'bladder injury']

entities_list: @entity5450 :: ('MESH:D014570', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract injury']

answer: @entity5450 :: (MESH:D014570,Disease) :: ['Urinary Tract Injury']


abstract: Stringent complete remission (CR) in @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) requires the absence of both morphologic and flow cytometric evidence of disease. We have previously shown that persistent @entity3052 detected by flow cytometry (FC+) before @entity146 ( @entity146 ) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) was associated with significantly increased relapse, shorter disease-free survival (DFS), and poorer @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ), independent of morphologic blast count. We evaluated the effect of FC status on outcomes of alloHCT for @entity3052 after either @entity558 ( @entity558 ) or @entity146 regimens in 203 @entity1 ( @entity558 , n  =  80, and @entity146 , n  =  123) with no morphologic evidence of persistent @entity3052 pretransplant on marrow biopsy. The allografts included 130 umbilical cord blood (UCB) and 73 sibling donors. We performed central review of pretransplant standard sensitivity FC to identify detectable FC+. Twenty-five @entity1 were FC+, including 15 (18.7%) receiving @entity558 and 10 (8.1%) @entity146 alloHCT. Among @entity146 @entity1 FC+ was associated with significantly inferior relapse, DFS, and @entity1349 (multiple regression HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.7 to 8.7; P  <  .01 for relapse; HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.9; P  <  .01 for DFS; and HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7 to 7; P  <  .01 for @entity1349 ). In contrast, FC+ status was not associated with relapse or @entity393 after @entity558 . These data suggest that @entity558 , but not @entity146 , overcomes the negative effect of pretransplant FC+ after sibling or UCB alloHCT. Therefore, a @entity1778 -free state is preferred for those treated with @entity146 .

title: Myeloablative, but not Reduced-Intensity, Conditioning Overcomes the Negative Effect of Flow-Cytometric Evidence of XXXX in @entity3052 .

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['MAC', 'myeloablative conditioning']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['reduced-intensity conditioning', 'RIC']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['deeper pretransplant leukemia']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['decreased OS']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['Leukemia']


abstract: Stringent complete remission (CR) in @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) requires the absence of both morphologic and flow cytometric evidence of disease. We have previously shown that persistent @entity3052 detected by flow cytometry (FC+) before @entity146 ( @entity146 ) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) was associated with significantly increased relapse, shorter disease-free survival (DFS), and poorer @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ), independent of morphologic blast count. We evaluated the effect of FC status on outcomes of alloHCT for @entity3052 after either @entity558 ( @entity558 ) or @entity146 regimens in 203 @entity1 ( @entity558 , n  =  80, and @entity146 , n  =  123) with no morphologic evidence of persistent @entity3052 pretransplant on marrow biopsy. The allografts included 130 umbilical cord blood (UCB) and 73 sibling donors. We performed central review of pretransplant standard sensitivity FC to identify detectable FC+. Twenty-five @entity1 were FC+, including 15 (18.7%) receiving @entity558 and 10 (8.1%) @entity146 alloHCT. Among @entity146 @entity1 FC+ was associated with significantly inferior relapse, DFS, and @entity1349 (multiple regression HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.7 to 8.7; P  <  .01 for relapse; HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.9; P  <  .01 for DFS; and HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.7 to 7; P  <  .01 for @entity1349 ). In contrast, FC+ status was not associated with relapse or @entity393 after @entity558 . These data suggest that @entity558 , but not @entity146 , overcomes the negative effect of pretransplant FC+ after sibling or UCB alloHCT. Therefore, a @entity1778 -free state is preferred for those treated with @entity146 .

title: Myeloablative, but not Reduced-Intensity, Conditioning Overcomes the Negative Effect of Flow-Cytometric Evidence of @entity1778 in XXXX .

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['Acute Myeloid Leukemia']


abstract: The activities of @entity3397 , @entity869 , @entity3400 , @entity3524 and @entity2756 alone and in combination against 130 isolates of @entity526 , group B streptococci and @entity5125 from @entity693 were assessed by using agar dilution, checkerboard and time-kill techniques. @entity3524 and @entity2756 were highly active against @entity526 and group B streptococci (MIC90 0.05-0.1 mg/1) but not active against List. monocytogenes. @entity3397 was more active than @entity869 and @entity3400 against group B streptococci (MIC90 0.1, 0.12 and 0.24 mg/l respectively) and @entity869 was the most active against List. monocytogenes (MIC90 0.6 mg/l). Every double @entity3405 combination was synergistic for 3-14% of @entity526 , 8-26% of group B streptococci and 67-100% of List. monocytogenes in the checkerboard titration. The @entity2756 combinations were less synergistic than the @entity3524 combinations. In time-kill evaluations using concentrations representative for cerebrospinal fluid, the killing kinetics of @entity526 were not influenced by any combination. A significant delay in killing of group B streptococci was observed with @entity3397 - @entity5898 and @entity869 - @entity5898 combinations. A significant increased killing of List. monocytogenes was observed with @entity3397 - @entity5898 combinations. The other combinations did not alter the killing kinetics of group B streptococci and List. monocytogenes.

title: Activity of @entity3524 and XXXX alone and in combination with penicillin, @entity869 and @entity3400 against @entity693 pathogens.

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes']

entities_list: @entity5898 :: ('CHEBI:23066', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporin']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal meningitis']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime', 'Cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['Penicillin G', 'penicillin G']

entities_list: @entity3400 :: ('MESH:D010878', 'Chemical') :: ['piperacillin']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity2756 :: (MESH:D002443,Chemical) :: ['ceftriaxone']


abstract: The activities of @entity3397 , @entity869 , @entity3400 , @entity3524 and @entity2756 alone and in combination against 130 isolates of @entity526 , group B streptococci and @entity5125 from @entity693 were assessed by using agar dilution, checkerboard and time-kill techniques. @entity3524 and @entity2756 were highly active against @entity526 and group B streptococci (MIC90 0.05-0.1 mg/1) but not active against List. monocytogenes. @entity3397 was more active than @entity869 and @entity3400 against group B streptococci (MIC90 0.1, 0.12 and 0.24 mg/l respectively) and @entity869 was the most active against List. monocytogenes (MIC90 0.6 mg/l). Every double @entity3405 combination was synergistic for 3-14% of @entity526 , 8-26% of group B streptococci and 67-100% of List. monocytogenes in the checkerboard titration. The @entity2756 combinations were less synergistic than the @entity3524 combinations. In time-kill evaluations using concentrations representative for cerebrospinal fluid, the killing kinetics of @entity526 were not influenced by any combination. A significant delay in killing of group B streptococci was observed with @entity3397 - @entity5898 and @entity869 - @entity5898 combinations. A significant increased killing of List. monocytogenes was observed with @entity3397 - @entity5898 combinations. The other combinations did not alter the killing kinetics of group B streptococci and List. monocytogenes.

title: Activity of @entity3524 and @entity2756 alone and in combination with penicillin, @entity869 and XXXX against @entity693 pathogens.

answer: @entity3400 :: (MESH:D010878,Chemical) :: ['piperacillin']


abstract: The activities of @entity3397 , @entity869 , @entity3400 , @entity3524 and @entity2756 alone and in combination against 130 isolates of @entity526 , group B streptococci and @entity5125 from @entity693 were assessed by using agar dilution, checkerboard and time-kill techniques. @entity3524 and @entity2756 were highly active against @entity526 and group B streptococci (MIC90 0.05-0.1 mg/1) but not active against List. monocytogenes. @entity3397 was more active than @entity869 and @entity3400 against group B streptococci (MIC90 0.1, 0.12 and 0.24 mg/l respectively) and @entity869 was the most active against List. monocytogenes (MIC90 0.6 mg/l). Every double @entity3405 combination was synergistic for 3-14% of @entity526 , 8-26% of group B streptococci and 67-100% of List. monocytogenes in the checkerboard titration. The @entity2756 combinations were less synergistic than the @entity3524 combinations. In time-kill evaluations using concentrations representative for cerebrospinal fluid, the killing kinetics of @entity526 were not influenced by any combination. A significant delay in killing of group B streptococci was observed with @entity3397 - @entity5898 and @entity869 - @entity5898 combinations. A significant increased killing of List. monocytogenes was observed with @entity3397 - @entity5898 combinations. The other combinations did not alter the killing kinetics of group B streptococci and List. monocytogenes.

title: Activity of @entity3524 and @entity2756 alone and in combination with penicillin, XXXX and @entity3400 against @entity693 pathogens.

answer: @entity869 :: (MESH:D000667,Chemical) :: ['ampicillin']