abstract: We have identified and characterized multiple forms of @entity8864 reductase (BVR) in control @entity35 liver cytosol. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of the purified BVR resolved a minimum of 10 discrete protein zones. All 10 proteins were BVR as judged by immunological cross-reactivity toward rabbit anti-rat BVR. Based on the isoelectric focusing pattern of separation, the BVR variants could be organized into five net-charge groups designated as BVR-IEF1 to BVR-IEF5 and three molecular mass groups designated as BVR-MW1-BVR-MW3, respectively. The pI values of the net-charge groups were: BVR-IEF1, 6.23; IEF2, 5.91; IEF3, 5.76; IEF4, 5.61; IEF5, 5.48. The Mr values of the molecular mass groups were: BVR-MW1, 30,400; MW2, 30,700; MW3, 31,400. Single dimension slab gel isoelectric focusing offered greater resolution of the net charge variants, and BVR-IEF3 was further resolved into two variants, IEF3a and IEF3b, with pIs of 5.77 and 5.75, respectively. The six net-charge variants also resolved on a preparative chromatofocusing column and were designated as BVR- @entity71982 -BVR-CF6. The pH values of the peak fractions were: BVR- @entity71982 , 6.91; CF2, 6.33; CF3, 6.03; CF4, 5.82; CF5, 5.45; CF6, 5.27. Correspondence between the isoelectric focusing net-charge variants and the chromatofocusing net-charge variants was established. The Mr and net-charge variants did not represent partially degraded forms of @entity8864 reductase produced during purification since the pattern of resolution of variants on slab gel isoelectric focusing or two-dimensional electrophoresis did not change by purifying the proteins in the presence of protease inhibitors and 5 mM @entity1098 . BVR-CF2 and BVR-CF4 were purified and examined for pH-dependent cofactor requirements for activity. Both net-charge variants and two pH optima that were cofactor-dependent; maximum activity with @entity1110 , however, was at pH 8.5 and with @entity2125 at pH 6.7. With both variants, however, a higher catalytic rate was observed with @entity2125 than with @entity1110 at their respective pH optima. Furthermore, BVR-CF2 exhibited a higher catalytic rate than did BVR-CF4 with either cofactor throughout the pH range of 5-9.

title: Detection of 10 variants of XXXX reductase in @entity35 liver by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

entities_list: @entity8864 :: ('MESH:D001664', 'Chemical') :: ['biliverdin']

answer: @entity8864 :: (MESH:D001664,Chemical) :: ['biliverdin']


abstract: We have identified and characterized multiple forms of @entity8864 reductase (BVR) in control @entity35 liver cytosol. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of the purified BVR resolved a minimum of 10 discrete protein zones. All 10 proteins were BVR as judged by immunological cross-reactivity toward rabbit anti-rat BVR. Based on the isoelectric focusing pattern of separation, the BVR variants could be organized into five net-charge groups designated as BVR-IEF1 to BVR-IEF5 and three molecular mass groups designated as BVR-MW1-BVR-MW3, respectively. The pI values of the net-charge groups were: BVR-IEF1, 6.23; IEF2, 5.91; IEF3, 5.76; IEF4, 5.61; IEF5, 5.48. The Mr values of the molecular mass groups were: BVR-MW1, 30,400; MW2, 30,700; MW3, 31,400. Single dimension slab gel isoelectric focusing offered greater resolution of the net charge variants, and BVR-IEF3 was further resolved into two variants, IEF3a and IEF3b, with pIs of 5.77 and 5.75, respectively. The six net-charge variants also resolved on a preparative chromatofocusing column and were designated as BVR- @entity71982 -BVR-CF6. The pH values of the peak fractions were: BVR- @entity71982 , 6.91; CF2, 6.33; CF3, 6.03; CF4, 5.82; CF5, 5.45; CF6, 5.27. Correspondence between the isoelectric focusing net-charge variants and the chromatofocusing net-charge variants was established. The Mr and net-charge variants did not represent partially degraded forms of @entity8864 reductase produced during purification since the pattern of resolution of variants on slab gel isoelectric focusing or two-dimensional electrophoresis did not change by purifying the proteins in the presence of protease inhibitors and 5 mM @entity1098 . BVR-CF2 and BVR-CF4 were purified and examined for pH-dependent cofactor requirements for activity. Both net-charge variants and two pH optima that were cofactor-dependent; maximum activity with @entity1110 , however, was at pH 8.5 and with @entity2125 at pH 6.7. With both variants, however, a higher catalytic rate was observed with @entity2125 than with @entity1110 at their respective pH optima. Furthermore, BVR-CF2 exhibited a higher catalytic rate than did BVR-CF4 with either cofactor throughout the pH range of 5-9.

title: Detection of 10 variants of @entity8864 reductase in XXXX liver by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Serratia spp. are an important cause of @entity580 and outbreaks in high-risk settings. Twenty-one @entity1 were infected or colonized over a nine-month period during 2001-2002 on a neonatal unit. Twenty-two isolates collected were examined for antibiotic susceptibility, beta-lactamase production and genotype. Random-amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that two clones were present. The first clone caused invasive @entity922 in four babies, and was subsequently replaced by a non-invasive clone that affected 14 babies. Phenotypically, the two strains also differed in their prodigiosin production; the first strain was non-pigmented whereas the second strain displayed @entity2118 . Clinical features suggested a difference in their pathogenicity. No environmental source was found. The outbreak terminated following enhanced compliance with infection control measures and a change of antibiotic policy. Although @entity5134 continued to be isolated occasionally for another five months of follow-up, these were sporadic isolates with distinct molecular typing patterns.

title: An outbreak of XXXX on the neonatal unit: a tale of two clones.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5134 :: ('615', 'Species') :: ['S. marcescens']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['pink-red pigmentation']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['hospital-acquired infections']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinical infection']

answer: @entity5134 :: (615,Species) :: ['Serratia marcescens']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Retrospective large @entity1 database studies have reported conflicting findings regarding @entity6 risks associated with antipsychotics. This study compared two study designs to assess antipsychotic-related @entity6 risk. METHODS: Claims data were analyzed for over 60,000 @entity1 with @entity716 , both treated and untreated with antipsychotics, between January 1999 and April 2002. @entity6 odds ratios for @entity1 treated with antipsychotics versus untreated @entity1 were estimated. All @entity1 and @entity1 stratified by low, medium, and high antipsychotic dose were analyzed. Logistic regression controlled for age, sex, type of @entity716 , length of observation/treatment, preexisting excess weight, and use of other drugs. RESULTS: Under a less rigorous study design, @entity6 risk was statistically significant with all antipsychotics versus no treatment. Under a more rigorous design, relative odds for @entity1089 and @entity1090 declined and became statistically nonsignificant, whereas those for @entity1037 and conventional antipsychotics increased and remained significant. By dose, only @entity1089 showed a lack of statistical significance at all dose levels. CONCLUSIONS: In database studies estimated risks of antipsychotic-related @entity6 are affected by study design. With a more rigorous design, the risk associated with @entity1089 and @entity1090 was not significantly different from that in untreated @entity1 . These findings may explain inconsistent findings in pharmacoepidemiologic database studies.

title: The influence of study design on the results of pharmacoepidemiologic studies of XXXX risk with antipsychotic therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity1089 :: ('MESH:C069541', 'Chemical') :: ['quetiapine']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bioimpedance has been shown to be a safe technique when used in a number of biomedical applications. In this study, we used the Electro Interstitial Scan (EIS) to perform bioimpedance measurements to follow up the efficacy of selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment in subjects diagnosed to have major @entity308 . METHODS: We recruited 59 subjects (38 @entity1 , 21 @entity1 ) aged 17-76 (mean 47) years diagnosed with major @entity308 by psychiatric assessment at the Botkin Hospital according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Baseline Clinical Global Impression scores and EIS (electrical conductivity and dispersion a parameter) measurements were done before starting SSRI therapy. Treatment follow-up was undertaken using EIS bioimpedance measurements and by treatment response based on the Hamilton Depression Scale and Clinical Global Impression, every 15 days for 60 days. At day 45, we classified the @entity1 into two groups, ie, Group 1, including treatment responders, and Group 2, including nonresponders. At day 60, @entity1 were classified into two further groups, ie, Group 3, comprising treatment responders, and Group 4, comprising nonresponders. RESULTS: Comparing Group 1 and Group 2, electrical conductivity measurement of the pathway between the two forehead electrodes had a specificity of 72% and a sensitivity of 85.3% (P < 0.0001), with a cutoff >4.32. Comparing Group 3 and Group 4, electrical conductivity measurements in the same pathway had a specificity of 47.6% and a sensitivity of 76.3% (P < 0.16), with a cutoff >5.92. Comparing Group 1 and Group 2, the electrical dispersion a parameter of the pathway between the two disposable forehead electrodes had a specificity of 80% and a sensitivity of 85.2% (P < 0.0001) with a cutoff >0.678. Comparing Group 3 and Group 4, the electrical dispersion a parameter of the same pathway had a specificity of 100%, a sensitivity of 89.5% (P < 0.0001), and a cutoff >0.692. CONCLUSION: Electrical conductivity measurement of the forehead pathway using EIS has a high specificity and sensitivity at day 45 when comparing treatment responders and nonresponders, but decreases at day 60. The EIS electrical dispersion a parameter of the forehead pathway has a high specificity and sensitivity at day 45 when comparing treatment responders and nonresponders, and increases at day 60. The EIS system may be a noninvasive, easily administered, low-cost technique that could be used as an adjunct to DSM-IV and Clinical Global Impression scores for monitoring of efficacy of treatment in @entity1 with major @entity308 .

title: Bioimpedance in monitoring of effects of selective XXXX reuptake inhibitor treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Mental Disorders']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To define the role of bypass surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty to manage critical limb ischaemia due to infrainguinal @entity432 . DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Regional hospital, Hong Kong. @entity1 : Consecutive @entity1 treated for critical limb ischaemia, for whom data were prospectively collected in those who underwent: (i) infrainguinal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty first, or (ii) infrainguinal bypass surgery. RESULTS: Among @entity1 with @entity6250 , 364 consecutive individuals having infrainguinal bypass operations and 100 having percutaneous transluminal angioplasty first were compared. The latter @entity1 were older (77 vs 74 years, P=0.014) and had more co-morbidities but higher ankle pressure than those having bypass surgery. In the angioplasty-first group, 74% had favourable lesions (classified as TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus A/B). In the bypass group, operative mortality was higher (4% vs 1%, P=0.03) than that in the angioplasty-first group. Hospital mortality was comparable (8% vs 3%, P=0.15). In the bypass group, median hospital stay was longer than that in the angioplasty-first group (24 vs 4 days, P<0.001), and postoperatively they also had a higher median ankle-brachial index (0.92 vs 0.70, P<0.001) and superior long-term patency. In the bypass group, American Society of Anesthesiologists class 4 @entity1 suffered very high operative and hospital mortality (15% and 31%, respectively). Long-term patency of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty depended on the TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus class of the treated lesion. Limb salvage rates at 3 years were 89% and 78% for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty first and surgical bypass, respectively (P=0.046). Long-term survival was poorer in the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty-first group (21% vs 51% at 5 years, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: Infrainguinal bypass and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty are complementary. For TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus A and B lesions, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty should be offered first. For American Society of Anesthesiologists class 4 @entity1 , percutaneous transluminal angioplasty should be considered first, regardless of the TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus class.

title: Bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty to treat @entity6250 due to infrainguinal XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6250 :: ('MESH:D038061', 'Disease') :: ['critical lower limb ischaemia']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['arterial occlusive disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To define the role of bypass surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty to manage critical limb ischaemia due to infrainguinal @entity432 . DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Regional hospital, Hong Kong. @entity1 : Consecutive @entity1 treated for critical limb ischaemia, for whom data were prospectively collected in those who underwent: (i) infrainguinal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty first, or (ii) infrainguinal bypass surgery. RESULTS: Among @entity1 with @entity6250 , 364 consecutive individuals having infrainguinal bypass operations and 100 having percutaneous transluminal angioplasty first were compared. The latter @entity1 were older (77 vs 74 years, P=0.014) and had more co-morbidities but higher ankle pressure than those having bypass surgery. In the angioplasty-first group, 74% had favourable lesions (classified as TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus A/B). In the bypass group, operative mortality was higher (4% vs 1%, P=0.03) than that in the angioplasty-first group. Hospital mortality was comparable (8% vs 3%, P=0.15). In the bypass group, median hospital stay was longer than that in the angioplasty-first group (24 vs 4 days, P<0.001), and postoperatively they also had a higher median ankle-brachial index (0.92 vs 0.70, P<0.001) and superior long-term patency. In the bypass group, American Society of Anesthesiologists class 4 @entity1 suffered very high operative and hospital mortality (15% and 31%, respectively). Long-term patency of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty depended on the TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus class of the treated lesion. Limb salvage rates at 3 years were 89% and 78% for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty first and surgical bypass, respectively (P=0.046). Long-term survival was poorer in the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty-first group (21% vs 51% at 5 years, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: Infrainguinal bypass and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty are complementary. For TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus A and B lesions, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty should be offered first. For American Society of Anesthesiologists class 4 @entity1 , percutaneous transluminal angioplasty should be considered first, regardless of the TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus class.

title: Bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty to treat XXXX due to infrainguinal @entity432 ?

answer: @entity6250 :: (MESH:D038061,Disease) :: ['critical lower limb ischaemia']


abstract: @entity71983 serogroup 6 is second in importance only to @entity2114 serogroup 1 as a cause of @entity2115 . Monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactivity and multilocus enzyme electrophoretic analyses were used to subtype serogroup 6 isolates as a potential aid for epidemiologic and virulence studies. Forty-eight serogroup 6 isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control from 1980 to 1985 were examined by these methods. The isolates were divided into two groups based on differential reactivity with two MAbs. Thirty-two of the isolates were of a single electrophoretic type (ET) and were reactive with both MAbs. The remaining 16 isolates were distributed among 10 ETs and were reactive with one or both MAbs. The mean genetic diversity for serogroup 6, as determined from the degree of variability at 20 enzyme loci, was found to be essentially the same as that for @entity71983 as a whole. The ETs of serogroup 6 isolates were unique but closely related genetically to the ETs of @entity71983 serogroups 1 to 5, 7, and 8. The range of serogroup 6 subtypes distinguished by MAbs and enzyme electrophoresis suggests that the combination of these two methods can be useful as a typing system.

title: Antigenic and genetic variation in XXXX serogroup 6.

entities_list: @entity71983 :: ('91891', 'Species') :: ['Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila', 'L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila']

entities_list: @entity2115 :: ('MESH:D007876', 'Disease') :: ['legionellosis']

entities_list: @entity2114 :: ('446', 'Species') :: ['L. pneumophila']

answer: @entity2114 :: (446,Species) :: ['Legionella pneumophila']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1887 , a well recognised complication of treatment with oral @entity288 , has been described in association with inhaled @entity228 use in over 60 case reports. The risk of @entity1887 in @entity1 prescribed an oral or inhaled @entity228 in the general population is not known. A study was undertaken to quantify the association between @entity1887 and oral and inhaled @entity228 exposure. METHODS: A case-control study was performed using computerised general practice data from The Health Improvement Network. RESULTS: From a cohort of 2.4 million @entity1 , 154 cases of @entity1887 and 870 controls were identified. There was a dose related increased risk of @entity1887 in @entity1 prescribed an oral @entity228 with an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.5) per course of treatment per year. @entity1887 was associated with a prescription for an inhaled @entity228 during the 90 day period before the diagnosis with an odds ratio of 3.4 (95% CI 1.9 to 5.9) and this effect was dose related (p for trend <0.001). After adjusting for oral @entity228 exposure, this odds ratio was reduced to 1.6 (95% CI 0.8 to 3.2) although the dose relation remained (p for trend 0.036). CONCLUSION: @entity1 prescribed an oral or inhaled @entity228 are at a dose related increased risk of @entity1887 although the absolute risk is small. This analysis suggests that the increased risk in @entity1 prescribed an inhaled @entity228 is largely due to oral @entity228 exposure, but inhaled @entity288 may have an effect when they are taken at higher doses.

title: Oral and inhaled @entity288 and XXXX : a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'People']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency', 'Adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1887 :: (MESH:D000309,Disease) :: ['adrenal insufficiency']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1887 , a well recognised complication of treatment with oral @entity288 , has been described in association with inhaled @entity228 use in over 60 case reports. The risk of @entity1887 in @entity1 prescribed an oral or inhaled @entity228 in the general population is not known. A study was undertaken to quantify the association between @entity1887 and oral and inhaled @entity228 exposure. METHODS: A case-control study was performed using computerised general practice data from The Health Improvement Network. RESULTS: From a cohort of 2.4 million @entity1 , 154 cases of @entity1887 and 870 controls were identified. There was a dose related increased risk of @entity1887 in @entity1 prescribed an oral @entity228 with an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.5) per course of treatment per year. @entity1887 was associated with a prescription for an inhaled @entity228 during the 90 day period before the diagnosis with an odds ratio of 3.4 (95% CI 1.9 to 5.9) and this effect was dose related (p for trend <0.001). After adjusting for oral @entity228 exposure, this odds ratio was reduced to 1.6 (95% CI 0.8 to 3.2) although the dose relation remained (p for trend 0.036). CONCLUSION: @entity1 prescribed an oral or inhaled @entity228 are at a dose related increased risk of @entity1887 although the absolute risk is small. This analysis suggests that the increased risk in @entity1 prescribed an inhaled @entity228 is largely due to oral @entity228 exposure, but inhaled @entity288 may have an effect when they are taken at higher doses.

title: Oral and inhaled XXXX and @entity1887 : a case-control study.

answer: @entity288 :: (MESH:D000305,Chemical) :: ['corticosteroids']


abstract: The present investigation was designed to evaluate the regenerative potential of the periodontal tissues in @entity6876 at mandibular molars using a treatment procedure based on the principle of guided tissue regeneration. The @entity1 sample included 21 @entity1 , 26-65 years of age, who presented periodontal lesions in the right and left molar regions including "through and through" @entity6876 . After an initial examination, each @entity1 was subjected to a series of full-mouth scaling and root planing. 2-3 months later, they were recalled for a baseline examination. The furcation-involved molars were randomly assigned in each @entity1 to either a test or a control treatment procedure. The test procedure included the elevation of muco-periosteal flaps at the buccal and lingual aspects of the molars. Granulation tissue was removed and the exposed root surfaces were debrided and planed. The width and the height of the entrance openings to the @entity6876 were assessed. A teflon membrane was adjusted to cover the entrances to the defects (buccal and lingual) and was retained in the manner described by Pontoriero et al. (1988). The flaps were repositioned on the outer surface of the membrane and secured by sutures which were removed after 10 days. Following surgery, the @entity1 were instructed to rinse the mouth twice daily for 4 weeks with @entity5164 . The membranes were removed after a healing period of 1-2 months. A surgical procedure identical to the test procedure was performed in the control tooth regions with the exception of the placement of membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Guided tissue regeneration in the treatment of XXXX in mandibular molars. A clinical study of degree III involvements.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6876 :: ('MESH:D017823', 'Disease') :: ['furcation defects', 'degree III furcation defects']

entities_list: @entity5164 :: ('MESH:C010882', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine gluconate']

answer: @entity6876 :: (MESH:D017823,Disease) :: ['furcation defects']


abstract: With increasing pressures to reduce or eliminate the use of antimicrobials for growth promotion purposes in production animals, there is a growing need to better understand the effects elicited by these agents in order to identify alternative approaches that might be used to maintain @entity4409 . Antibiotic usage at subtherapeutic levels is postulated to confer a number of modulations in the microbes within the gut that ultimately result in growth promotion and reduced occurrence of disease. This study examined the effects of the coccidiostat @entity6193 and the growth promoters @entity18524 and @entity8588 on the broiler @entity1573 cecal microbiome and metagenome. Using a longitudinal design, cecal contents of commercial @entity1573 were extracted and examined using 16S rRNA and total DNA shotgun metagenomic pyrosequencing. A number of genus-level enrichments and depletions were observed in response to @entity6193 alone, or @entity6193 in combination with @entity18524 or @entity8588 . Of note, @entity6193 effects included depletions of Roseburia, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus, and enrichments in Coprococcus and Anaerofilum. The most notable effect observed in the @entity6193 / @entity18524 and @entity6193 / @entity8588 treatments, but not in the @entity6193 -alone treatments, was enrichments in @entity526 . Analysis of the metagenomic dataset identified enrichments in transport system genes, type I fimbrial genes, and type IV conjugative secretion system genes. No significant differences were observed with regard to antimicrobial resistance gene counts. Overall, this study provides a more comprehensive glimpse of the @entity1573 cecum microbial community, the modulations of this community in response to growth promoters, and targets for future efforts to mimic these effects using alternative approaches.

title: Modulations of the XXXX cecal microbiome and metagenome in response to anticoccidial and growth promoter treatment.

entities_list: @entity6193 :: ('MESH:D008985', 'Chemical') :: ['monensin']

entities_list: @entity18524 :: ('MESH:D014769', 'Chemical') :: ['virginiamycin']

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['animal health']

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chickens', 'chicken']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: Pharmacokinetics of oral @entity594 was studied in 12 Mexican young healthy volunteers, six @entity1 and six @entity1 , who received a 10 mg capsule. Plasma levels were determined by a @entity594 specific HPLC assay. Experimental data were fitted and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using an open two compartment model. No statistically significant difference was detected between @entity1 and @entity1 , thus both sexes were considered as a single population. @entity594 plasma levels rose rapidly (ka = 8.46 +/- 1.96 h-1) reaching a maximum concentration of 145 +/- 23 ng/ml in 0.61 +/- 0.07 h. Plasma levels then decayed with a distribution phase (alpha = 1.98 +/- 0.40 h-1, @entity8034 = 0.46 +/- 0.06 h) and a terminal elimination phase (beta = 0.17 +/- 0.03 h-1, @entity8034 = 4.98 +/- 0.55 h). AUC was 384 +/- 41 ng h/ml. Values of AUC and @entity8034 were higher than those reported by other authors. Differences in the AUC could be due to ethnic origin, environmental factors or nutritional habits. Ten subjects presented plasma concentration-time curves in which the distribution phase was clearly distinguishable, having a ka/alpha relationship higher than 1.5. For the other two subjects, the distribution phase was not apparent and ka/alpha was lower than 1.5. The results show that an adequate characterization of the distribution phase is required if one pretends to use pharmacokinetic data for dosage regimen design.

title: Pharmacokinetics of oral XXXX : relevance of the distribution phase.

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine', 'Nifedipine']

answer: @entity594 :: (MESH:D009543,Chemical) :: ['nifedipine']


abstract: Serial two-dimensional echocardiography was performed to detect left ventricular @entity715 in 92 consecutive @entity1 with a confirmed first @entity583 . Thirty left ventricular thrombi were diagnosed in these 92 @entity1 . The cumulative percent of identified @entity715 in each echocardiographic examination in the surviving @entity1 was 27% at less than 24 h; 57% at 48 to 72 h; 75% at 1 week and 96% at 2 weeks. The @entity715 shape was defined as mural in 53% and protruding in 47% of @entity1 . Systemic @entity887 ( @entity64 ) was noted during hospitalization in two @entity1 with a protruding @entity715 . At 12 weeks of follow-up, @entity1 with @entity715 had poorer (and almost unchanged from baseline) global left ventricular function as expressed by wall motion score compared with that of @entity1 without @entity715 , who exhibited significant improvement. Global left ventricular wall motion in @entity1 with persisting or resolved @entity715 was similar during follow-up. Apical wall motion worsened in 70% of the @entity1 with persisting @entity715 and in 25% of the @entity1 with resolved @entity715 (p less than 0.1). In the 22 surviving @entity1 with @entity715 , resolution or change in @entity715 shape or size was noted in 14 of the 15 patients receiving anticoagulant therapy and in 4 of the 7 untreated @entity1 . Six of the 18 @entity1 with an early- (48 to 72 h) and none of the 12 @entity1 with a later-formed @entity715 died. Maximal serum enzyme levels, percent with Killip functional class III to IV and left ventricular wall motion score were higher in the @entity1 with an early- than in those with a later-formed @entity715 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Left ventricular thrombus incidence and behavior studied by serial two-dimensional echocardiography in @entity583 : left ventricular wall motion, systemic XXXX and oral anticoagulation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute anterior myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity887 :: (MESH:D004617,Disease) :: ['embolism']


abstract: Serial two-dimensional echocardiography was performed to detect left ventricular @entity715 in 92 consecutive @entity1 with a confirmed first @entity583 . Thirty left ventricular thrombi were diagnosed in these 92 @entity1 . The cumulative percent of identified @entity715 in each echocardiographic examination in the surviving @entity1 was 27% at less than 24 h; 57% at 48 to 72 h; 75% at 1 week and 96% at 2 weeks. The @entity715 shape was defined as mural in 53% and protruding in 47% of @entity1 . Systemic @entity887 ( @entity64 ) was noted during hospitalization in two @entity1 with a protruding @entity715 . At 12 weeks of follow-up, @entity1 with @entity715 had poorer (and almost unchanged from baseline) global left ventricular function as expressed by wall motion score compared with that of @entity1 without @entity715 , who exhibited significant improvement. Global left ventricular wall motion in @entity1 with persisting or resolved @entity715 was similar during follow-up. Apical wall motion worsened in 70% of the @entity1 with persisting @entity715 and in 25% of the @entity1 with resolved @entity715 (p less than 0.1). In the 22 surviving @entity1 with @entity715 , resolution or change in @entity715 shape or size was noted in 14 of the 15 patients receiving anticoagulant therapy and in 4 of the 7 untreated @entity1 . Six of the 18 @entity1 with an early- (48 to 72 h) and none of the 12 @entity1 with a later-formed @entity715 died. Maximal serum enzyme levels, percent with Killip functional class III to IV and left ventricular wall motion score were higher in the @entity1 with an early- than in those with a later-formed @entity715 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Left ventricular thrombus incidence and behavior studied by serial two-dimensional echocardiography in XXXX : left ventricular wall motion, systemic @entity887 and oral anticoagulation.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute anterior myocardial infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Endovascular @entity1028 Repair (EVAR) has been criticized because of the need for frequent secondary interventions (2ndINT) to maintain effective @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) exclusion. The study goal is to detail such interventions and determine their effect on clinical outcomes. METHODS: From January 1997 to December 2007, 832 @entity1 underwent EVAR. Those requiring 2ndINT were stratified according to the indications and specific nature of 2ndINT and treatment. Study endpoints included freedom from 2ndINT, @entity439 -related and overall survival. RESULTS: There were 91 (11%) @entity1 who underwent 131 2ndINT (mean follow-up 35 months). No demographic features (age, gender, etc) predicted the need for 2ndINT. Actuarial 5-year freedom from 2ndINT was 80%. Indications for 2ndINT included: sac rupture 5 (4%), graft migration/ type I endoleak 37 (28%), persistent @entity1070 (38%), endotension with sac growth 5 (4%), and limb occlusion/kinking 24 (18%). The majority of 2ndINT were accomplished with an endovascular approach (76%) with a >80% initial success rate for all indications except @entity1070 in which the initial intervention was successful only 34% of the time. Initial 2ndINT were successful in 62% and 35 (38%) @entity1 underwent more than one 2ndINT. Multivariate predictors of 2ndINT were @entity1028 sac size >5.5cm (OR = 2.1, P = 0.004), and preprocedure coil embolization ( @entity7244 ) (OR = 2.1, P = 0.008). The actuarial survival was 70% at 5 years and the @entity439 -related survival was 97.5% with no difference in either parameter in @entity1 who underwent 2ndINT compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: Although 2ndINT are common after EVAR, most were addressed through an endovascular approach; technical success thereof varies widely with the specific indication for 2ndINT. Secondary intervention did not adversely affect @entity439 -related or overall actuarial 5-year survival.

title: Secondary intervention after endovascular XXXX repair.

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['type II endoleak 40', 'type II endoleak']

entities_list: @entity7244 :: ('MESH:D020765', 'Disease') :: ['hypogastric or inferior mesenteric artery']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'AAA', 'Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: MR techniques have been reported as an alternative to conventional sialography. High-field systems (7 T) provide new contrasts coupled with increased signal-to-noise ratio, and hence higher spatial resolution. To our knowledge, no measurements of the parotid gland at 7 T have been reported. Therefore, our study aimed to optimize sequences for high-field MR imaging of the parotid gland and duct, as well as the facial nerve at 7 T and show the potential of high field imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity42005 whole-body scanner was used together with a 10-cm-diameter loop coil. Various GRE (MEDIC, DESS) and TSE ( @entity1726 /T2, STIR) sequences were optimized and subsequently tested on 4 healthy volunteers and 4 @entity1 . High-resolution images were compared with 1.5 T images both quantitatively (signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise) and qualitatively (visual rating of 2 independent readers). RESULTS: The high 0.6 mm isotropic resolution of the 3D DESS sequence was very useful for defining an oblique orientation with most of the duct being in-plane for subsequent imaging. With the MEDIC sequence, very fine branches of the duct were visible; furthermore, MEDIC yielded a very good depiction of lymph nodes. Severe specific absorption rate problems were observed with the STIR sequence at 7 T. Gland tissue in @entity5 @entity1 can be well characterized with the @entity1726 /T2 TSE. Highest contrast-to-noise between duct and gland was achieved with the 7 T DESS. At 1.5 T, only the STIR sequence showed comparable quality to the overall superiority of the 7 T sequences. The facial nerve could only be depicted close to the skull base. CONCLUSION: MR imaging at 7 T provides excellent image contrast and resolution of the parotid gland and duct. The proposed protocol offers a noninvasive examination within about 30 minutes.

title: High-resolution MRI of the XXXX parotid gland and duct at 7 Tesla.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes endow epithelial cells with enhanced migratory/invasive properties and are therefore likely to contribute to @entity5 invasion and metastatic spread. Because of the difficulty in following EMT processes in @entity1 @entity5 , we have developed and characterized an animal model with transplantable @entity1 @entity0 cells (MDA-MB-468) uniquely showing spontaneous EMT events to occur. Using @entity2277 as a marker of EMT, heterogeneity was revealed in the primary MDA-MB-468 xenografts with @entity2277 -negative and @entity2277 -positive areas, as also observed on clinical @entity1 invasive @entity0 specimens. Reverse transcriptase-PCR after microdissection of these populations from the xenografts revealed EMT traits in the @entity2277 -positive zones characterized by enhanced 'mesenchymal gene' expression ( @entity4245 , @entity19099 and @entity12848 ) and diminished expression of epithelial molecules ( @entity5962 , @entity49713 and @entity17264 ). Circulating @entity5 cells (CTCs) were detected in the blood as soon as 8 days after s.c. injection, and lung metastases developed in all animals injected as examined by in vivo imaging analyses and histology. High levels of @entity2277 RNA were detected in CTCs by reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR as well as, to a lesser extent, @entity4245 and @entity19099 RNA. @entity2880 Factor/ @entity2277 double immunostainings further showed that @entity5 cells in vascular tumoral emboli all expressed @entity2277 . Tumoral emboli in the lungs also expressed @entity2277 whereas macrometastases displayed heterogenous @entity2277 expression, as seen in the primary xenografts. In conclusion, our data uniquely demonstrate in an in vivo context that EMT occurs in the @entity5 , and associates with an enhanced ability to intravasate and generate CTCs. They further suggest that mesenchymal-to-epithelial phenomena occur in secondary organs, facilitating the metastatic growth.

title: A dynamic in vivo model of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in circulating @entity5 cells and metastases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12848 :: ('6275', 'Gene') :: ['fibroblast-specific protein-1']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['Von Willebrand']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes endow epithelial cells with enhanced migratory/invasive properties and are therefore likely to contribute to @entity5 invasion and metastatic spread. Because of the difficulty in following EMT processes in @entity1 @entity5 , we have developed and characterized an animal model with transplantable @entity1 @entity0 cells (MDA-MB-468) uniquely showing spontaneous EMT events to occur. Using @entity2277 as a marker of EMT, heterogeneity was revealed in the primary MDA-MB-468 xenografts with @entity2277 -negative and @entity2277 -positive areas, as also observed on clinical @entity1 invasive @entity0 specimens. Reverse transcriptase-PCR after microdissection of these populations from the xenografts revealed EMT traits in the @entity2277 -positive zones characterized by enhanced 'mesenchymal gene' expression ( @entity4245 , @entity19099 and @entity12848 ) and diminished expression of epithelial molecules ( @entity5962 , @entity49713 and @entity17264 ). Circulating @entity5 cells (CTCs) were detected in the blood as soon as 8 days after s.c. injection, and lung metastases developed in all animals injected as examined by in vivo imaging analyses and histology. High levels of @entity2277 RNA were detected in CTCs by reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR as well as, to a lesser extent, @entity4245 and @entity19099 RNA. @entity2880 Factor/ @entity2277 double immunostainings further showed that @entity5 cells in vascular tumoral emboli all expressed @entity2277 . Tumoral emboli in the lungs also expressed @entity2277 whereas macrometastases displayed heterogenous @entity2277 expression, as seen in the primary xenografts. In conclusion, our data uniquely demonstrate in an in vivo context that EMT occurs in the @entity5 , and associates with an enhanced ability to intravasate and generate CTCs. They further suggest that mesenchymal-to-epithelial phenomena occur in secondary organs, facilitating the metastatic growth.

title: A dynamic in vivo model of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in circulating XXXX cells and metastases of @entity0 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The presenting symptoms of @entity706 are usually similar to those of benign inflammatory diseases. Adequate amount of biopsy tissue is required for a definitive diagnosis because @entity5 coexisting with @entity39 or @entity32 is not uncommon. Therefore, the diagnosis of @entity706 is a challenge for rhinologists. Thirty-two @entity1 diagnosed as having @entity706 from 1990 to 2010 in our hospital were included in this study. The presenting symptoms of these @entity1 included @entity8968 , @entity5254 , bloody discharge/ @entity1415 , post nasal drip, @entity4 , neck mass, orbital symptoms, @entity221 , and body @entity353 . The average period between @entity1 ' awareness of their symptoms and their decision to seek medical help was 8.9 months. When they were referred to our hospital, the first impression of 20 @entity1 (62.5%) was benign or @entity5 , and that of the other 12 @entity1 (37.5%) was @entity2490 or rhinosinusitis. These @entity1 then received image studies and biopsy or surgical intervention. Most @entity1 needed repeated biopsies, endoscopic sinus surgery, turbinectomy, or Caldwell-Luc operation for a definitive diagnosis. Their histopathologic classification included @entity784 (n = 13, 40.6%), @entity3191 (n = 12, 37.5%), and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (n = 7, 21.9%). @entity3191 and @entity784 mostly occurred in the nasal cavity, whereas @entity50 without @entity11766 is common in @entity1892 Our results reveal that @entity1 with sinonasal NHL tend to ignore their symptoms until they become serious, and a definitive diagnosis usually requires repeat and deep biopsy.

title: The diagnosis of XXXX : a challenge for rhinologists.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['sinus involvement']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['sinonasal lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant nasal neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1415 :: ('MESH:D004844', 'Disease') :: ['epistaxis']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['facial swelling']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['NK/T cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity3191 :: ('MESH:D016411', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral T cell lymphoma', 'Peripheral T cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5254 :: ('MESH:D002559', 'Disease') :: ['rhinorrhea']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity11766 :: ('MESH:D009668', 'Disease') :: ['nasal disease']

entities_list: @entity8968 :: ('MESH:D015508', 'Disease') :: ['nasal obstruction']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['sinonasal lymphoma']


abstract: We have previously established in a large retrospective study that testing for @entity124 ( @entity124 ) in @entity14 ( @entity14 ) from @entity1 aged <60 years was an effective first screen to identify individuals with @entity4309 ( @entity4309 ). From these findings, @entity124 and/or immunohistochemical (IHC) screening was recommended for all newly diagnosed @entity14 @entity1 aged <60 years in Western Australia, regardless of family history of @entity5 . In the current study we evaluated the utility of routine @entity124 /IHC screening by diagnostic pathology laboratories for the detection of previously undiagnosed individuals and families with @entity4309 . From January 2009 to December 2010, 270 @entity5 were tested for @entity124 and for expression of @entity6756 , @entity14437 , @entity4311 and @entity4638 using IHC. Cases showing @entity124 and/or loss of expression were also tested for the @entity817 @entity8554 hotspot mutation. Seventy cases were found to have @entity124 , of which 25 were excluded from further investigation as possible @entity4309 cases due to presence of the @entity817 @entity8554 mutation. The remaining 45 "red flag" cases were eligible for germline testing based on their @entity124 , IHC and @entity817 status. From 31 cases tested to date, 15 germline mutations have been found. Thirteen were from individuals not previously recognized as @entity4309 and two were untested members from known @entity4309 families. Extrapolation of the mutation incidence (15/31, 48%) to all red flag cases (n = 45) suggests that approximately 22 mutation carriers exist in this cohort. This value approximates the number of @entity14 cases due to @entity4309 that could be expected to arise in the Western Australian population over a two-year period (n = 24), assuming that 1% of all CRCs are due to @entity4309 . Although further improvements in workflow can be made, our preliminary findings following the implementation of state-wide routine @entity124 and IHC testing in Western Australia indicate that the majority of @entity4309 cases are being identified.

title: A state-wide population-based program for detection of XXXX based upon immunohistochemical and molecular testing of @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['MSI', 'microsatellite instability']

entities_list: @entity4309 :: ('MESH:D003123', 'Disease') :: ['Lynch syndrome', 'LS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity4309 :: (MESH:D003123,Disease) :: ['lynch syndrome']


abstract: We have previously established in a large retrospective study that testing for @entity124 ( @entity124 ) in @entity14 ( @entity14 ) from @entity1 aged <60 years was an effective first screen to identify individuals with @entity4309 ( @entity4309 ). From these findings, @entity124 and/or immunohistochemical (IHC) screening was recommended for all newly diagnosed @entity14 @entity1 aged <60 years in Western Australia, regardless of family history of @entity5 . In the current study we evaluated the utility of routine @entity124 /IHC screening by diagnostic pathology laboratories for the detection of previously undiagnosed individuals and families with @entity4309 . From January 2009 to December 2010, 270 @entity5 were tested for @entity124 and for expression of @entity6756 , @entity14437 , @entity4311 and @entity4638 using IHC. Cases showing @entity124 and/or loss of expression were also tested for the @entity817 @entity8554 hotspot mutation. Seventy cases were found to have @entity124 , of which 25 were excluded from further investigation as possible @entity4309 cases due to presence of the @entity817 @entity8554 mutation. The remaining 45 "red flag" cases were eligible for germline testing based on their @entity124 , IHC and @entity817 status. From 31 cases tested to date, 15 germline mutations have been found. Thirteen were from individuals not previously recognized as @entity4309 and two were untested members from known @entity4309 families. Extrapolation of the mutation incidence (15/31, 48%) to all red flag cases (n = 45) suggests that approximately 22 mutation carriers exist in this cohort. This value approximates the number of @entity14 cases due to @entity4309 that could be expected to arise in the Western Australian population over a two-year period (n = 24), assuming that 1% of all CRCs are due to @entity4309 . Although further improvements in workflow can be made, our preliminary findings following the implementation of state-wide routine @entity124 and IHC testing in Western Australia indicate that the majority of @entity4309 cases are being identified.

title: A state-wide population-based program for detection of @entity4309 based upon immunohistochemical and molecular testing of XXXX .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal tumours']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6659 ( @entity6659 ), secondary to pituitary metastatic lesions, is uncommon; however, lung and @entity0 are the commonest @entity5 to have @entity3 to the pituitary. Early management of systemic chemotherapy and pituitary irradiation might improve the prognosis of @entity1 . AIMS: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of @entity6659 caused by @entity2 @entity3 to the pituitary glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 10 @entity1 who had @entity6659 as their first symptom before their lung @entity5 were diagnosed. Their clinical presentations, anterior pituitary gland function, sellar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), management, and prognosis were described. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This retrospective cross-sectional clinical study was conducted in a medical college hospital. RESULTS: The @entity1 's mean age was 58.6  7.8 years. @entity2010 was the main complaint when they were referred to our hospital. MRI revealed specific dumbbell-shaped masses in the sella turcica in five @entity1 . In seven @entity1 whose hormones were measured, the levels of hormones from adenohypophysis were abnormally low in six @entity1 . The main treatments included surgery, systemic chemotherapy, and sellar irradiation. Although nine @entity1 had poor prognoses, one @entity1 has survived for more than 3 years, suggesting benefit from early diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset @entity6659 might be the only symptom presented by the @entity1 with pituitary @entity3 (PM) from @entity2 . Dumbbell-shaped sellar masses in MRI are prone to the diagnosis of PM. A thorough examination for primary @entity5 should be carried out in these aged and elderly @entity1 .

title: @entity2010 as the first symptom caused by XXXX @entity3 to the pituitary glands: clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity6659 :: ('MESH:D020790', 'Disease') :: ['Central diabetes insipidus', 'CDI']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6659 ( @entity6659 ), secondary to pituitary metastatic lesions, is uncommon; however, lung and @entity0 are the commonest @entity5 to have @entity3 to the pituitary. Early management of systemic chemotherapy and pituitary irradiation might improve the prognosis of @entity1 . AIMS: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of @entity6659 caused by @entity2 @entity3 to the pituitary glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 10 @entity1 who had @entity6659 as their first symptom before their lung @entity5 were diagnosed. Their clinical presentations, anterior pituitary gland function, sellar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), management, and prognosis were described. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This retrospective cross-sectional clinical study was conducted in a medical college hospital. RESULTS: The @entity1 's mean age was 58.6  7.8 years. @entity2010 was the main complaint when they were referred to our hospital. MRI revealed specific dumbbell-shaped masses in the sella turcica in five @entity1 . In seven @entity1 whose hormones were measured, the levels of hormones from adenohypophysis were abnormally low in six @entity1 . The main treatments included surgery, systemic chemotherapy, and sellar irradiation. Although nine @entity1 had poor prognoses, one @entity1 has survived for more than 3 years, suggesting benefit from early diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset @entity6659 might be the only symptom presented by the @entity1 with pituitary @entity3 (PM) from @entity2 . Dumbbell-shaped sellar masses in MRI are prone to the diagnosis of PM. A thorough examination for primary @entity5 should be carried out in these aged and elderly @entity1 .

title: @entity2010 as the first symptom caused by @entity2 XXXX to the pituitary glands: clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management.

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6659 ( @entity6659 ), secondary to pituitary metastatic lesions, is uncommon; however, lung and @entity0 are the commonest @entity5 to have @entity3 to the pituitary. Early management of systemic chemotherapy and pituitary irradiation might improve the prognosis of @entity1 . AIMS: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of @entity6659 caused by @entity2 @entity3 to the pituitary glands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 10 @entity1 who had @entity6659 as their first symptom before their lung @entity5 were diagnosed. Their clinical presentations, anterior pituitary gland function, sellar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), management, and prognosis were described. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This retrospective cross-sectional clinical study was conducted in a medical college hospital. RESULTS: The @entity1 's mean age was 58.6  7.8 years. @entity2010 was the main complaint when they were referred to our hospital. MRI revealed specific dumbbell-shaped masses in the sella turcica in five @entity1 . In seven @entity1 whose hormones were measured, the levels of hormones from adenohypophysis were abnormally low in six @entity1 . The main treatments included surgery, systemic chemotherapy, and sellar irradiation. Although nine @entity1 had poor prognoses, one @entity1 has survived for more than 3 years, suggesting benefit from early diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset @entity6659 might be the only symptom presented by the @entity1 with pituitary @entity3 (PM) from @entity2 . Dumbbell-shaped sellar masses in MRI are prone to the diagnosis of PM. A thorough examination for primary @entity5 should be carried out in these aged and elderly @entity1 .

title: XXXX as the first symptom caused by @entity2 @entity3 to the pituitary glands: clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management.

answer: @entity2010 :: (MESH:D003919,Disease) :: ['Diabetes insipidus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Polymers used in saliva substitutes might inhibit remineralization. The present study evaluated the effects of various @entity460 , @entity1391 , and @entity1388 concentrations of linseed based solutions on the mineral loss of predemineralized @entity291 dentin in vitro. METHODS: Dentin specimens were prepared, embedded and polished. The specimens were demineralized (pH 5.6; 6 d; 37 degrees C) and half of each sample was covered with nail varnish. Subsequently, the specimens (n=10) were exposed to 14 linseed based solutions ( @entity460 0-1.1 mM; @entity1391 0-7.7 mM, @entity1388 0-0.03 mM) at pH 5.5 and 6.5 as well as to Salinum for 14 days (37 degrees C). The differences in mineral loss (DeltaDeltaZ) between the values prior to and after storage in the solutions were evaluated from microradiographs of thin sections. RESULTS: After the exposure to the various solutions decreased mineral contents compared to those after demineralization could be observed (p<0.05; paired t-test) whereas for the specimens stored in solution with the highest @entity460 and @entity1391 concentration no significant change in mineral loss could be evaluated (p>0.05). Salinum induced a significantly greater mineral loss compared to the equivalent saturated solution (p<0.05; ANOVA, Bonferroni). The general linear model revealed a significant dependency for DeltaDeltaZ on ' @entity1391 ' (p=0.000) and ' @entity1388 ' (p=0.001), but not on ' @entity460 ' (p=0.397) and 'pH' (p=0.368). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of @entity460 , @entity6546 , and @entity1388 seems to have a positive effect on the remineralizing qualities of linseed based saliva substitutes.

title: Linseed based saliva substitutes and their effect on mineral dissolution of predemineralized XXXX dentin in vitro.

entities_list: @entity6546 :: ('MESH:D010710', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphates']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1388 :: ('MESH:D005459', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoride', 'fluorides']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: As a result of intensive studies on @entity5344 , two @entity0 susceptibility genes, @entity5345 and @entity2674 , have been identified. In each gene, a small number of specific mutations have been found at relatively high frequency in certain ethnic populations. The mutations, @entity30070 and @entity26207 in @entity5345 and @entity30073 in @entity2674 , have been identified as common mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, with a combined frequency of 2.0 to 2.5%. @entity1 who have one of the above three common mutations are at a high risk of developing @entity5344 . Consequently, accurate and cost-effective detection of these three mutations may have important implications for risk assessment in susceptible @entity1 and @entity1 . In this report, we describe a fast and simple capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based method using a polymer network for screening the three common mutations in @entity5345 and @entity2674 . Fluorescent dye-labeled primers (6-FAM-tagged) were used to amplify three DNA fragments of 258, 296, and 201 bp for detection of the @entity30070 , @entity26207 , and @entity30073 mutations, respectively. After the PCR products were denatured, a single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) profile could be obtained for each mutation in less than 10 min by CE in a polymer network. We demonstrate the potential provided by translating this assay to the microchip format where the SSCP analysis is complete in 120 s, representing only a fraction of the reduction in analysis time that can be achieved with microchip technology. The speed and simplicity of the SSCP methodology for detection of these mutations make it attractive for use in the clinical diagnostic laboratory.

title: Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis by capillary and microchip electrophoresis: a fast, simple method for detection of common mutations in XXXX and @entity2674 .

entities_list: @entity5344 :: ('MESH:D061325', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary breast and ovarian cancers', 'breast or ovarian cancer']

answer: @entity5345 :: (672,Gene) :: ['BRCA1']


abstract: As a result of intensive studies on @entity5344 , two @entity0 susceptibility genes, @entity5345 and @entity2674 , have been identified. In each gene, a small number of specific mutations have been found at relatively high frequency in certain ethnic populations. The mutations, @entity30070 and @entity26207 in @entity5345 and @entity30073 in @entity2674 , have been identified as common mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, with a combined frequency of 2.0 to 2.5%. @entity1 who have one of the above three common mutations are at a high risk of developing @entity5344 . Consequently, accurate and cost-effective detection of these three mutations may have important implications for risk assessment in susceptible @entity1 and @entity1 . In this report, we describe a fast and simple capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based method using a polymer network for screening the three common mutations in @entity5345 and @entity2674 . Fluorescent dye-labeled primers (6-FAM-tagged) were used to amplify three DNA fragments of 258, 296, and 201 bp for detection of the @entity30070 , @entity26207 , and @entity30073 mutations, respectively. After the PCR products were denatured, a single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) profile could be obtained for each mutation in less than 10 min by CE in a polymer network. We demonstrate the potential provided by translating this assay to the microchip format where the SSCP analysis is complete in 120 s, representing only a fraction of the reduction in analysis time that can be achieved with microchip technology. The speed and simplicity of the SSCP methodology for detection of these mutations make it attractive for use in the clinical diagnostic laboratory.

title: Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis by capillary and microchip electrophoresis: a fast, simple method for detection of common mutations in @entity5345 and XXXX .

answer: @entity2674 :: (675,Gene) :: ['BRCA2']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The postoperative mortality following @entity2 surgery is relatively high. The purpose of the present study was to identify preoperative risk factors as well as fatal complications in 27 Norwegian hospitals. METHODS: In Norway, all clinical and pathologic departments submit reports on @entity5 @entity1 to the Cancer Registry of Norway. The Registry also has a law-regulated authority to collect supplemental information regarding diagnosis, treatment, and outcome for all @entity5 @entity1 from the hospitals in charge. This investigation included all @entity1 who died within 30 and 60 days after resection of @entity2 in the period 1993-2002. RESULTS: During the @entity2 was diagnosed in 19,582 @entity1 , 3224 (16.5%) were treated by surgery. The resection rate was almost similar in the two sexes, but postoperative mortality in @entity1 was less than half compared to @entity1 . Total mortality was 5% and 8% after 30 and 60 days, respectively. Bilobectomy and pneumonectomy were most risky with a mortality rate of about 10% within 60 days. In @entity1 more than 70 years of age, there was a considerably higher frequency of pneumonectomy in @entity1 compared to @entity1 . Dominating causes of @entity204 were @entity55 with @entity1576 and @entity299 . Other identifiable causes were @entity548 and @entity292 . CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based, unselected series, the postoperative mortality was relatively high, and increased markedly in @entity1 older than 70 years. Pneumonectomy in @entity1 older than 70 years should only be performed when heart-lung function is found to be acceptable following full pulmonary function testing and thorough preoperative assessment of cardiovascular risk factors.

title: XXXX surgery: the first 60 days. A population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['surgical hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'investigation lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopleural fistula']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify the best method for the prediction of postoperative mortality in individual @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) @entity1 by comparing statistical modelling with artificial @entity1274 ' ( @entity1274 ) and clinicians' estimates. METHODS: An observational multicenter study was conducted of prospectively collected postoperative Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II data for a 9-year period from 24 intensive care units (ICU) in the Thames region of the United Kingdom. The study cohort consisted of 1205 elective and 546 emergency @entity1028 @entity1 . Four independent physiologic variables-age, acute physiology score, emergency operation, and chronic health evaluation-were used to develop multiple regression and @entity1274 models to predict in-hospital mortality. The models were developed on 75% of the @entity1 population and their validity tested on the remaining 25%. The results from these two models were compared with the observed outcome and clinicians' estimates by using measures of calibration, discrimination, and subgroup analysis. RESULTS: Observed in-hospital mortality for elective surgery was 9.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.7% to 11.1%) and for emergency surgery, 46.7% (95% CI, 42.5 to 51.0%). The @entity1274 and the statistical models were both more accurate than the clinicians' predictions. Only the statistical model was internally valid, however, when applied to the validation set of observations, as evidenced by calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow C statistic, 14.97; P = .060), discrimination properties (area under receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.869; 95% CI, 0.824 to 0.913), and subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction of in-hospital mortality in @entity1028 @entity1 by multiple regression is more accurate than clinicians' estimates or @entity1274 modelling. Clinicians can use this statistical model as an objective adjunct to generate informed prognosis.

title: Informed prognosis [corrected] after XXXX repair using predictive modeling techniques [corrected].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['neural networks', 'ANN']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery', 'AAA']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: AIMS: We investigated the preventive effect of @entity3650 reductase inhibitor ( @entity10916 ) on the adhesion of SV40-transformed @entity1 corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to high @entity413 , and the underlying mechanism focusing on the role of @entity12791 . METHODS: HCECs were cultured in medium containing a normal (5.5 mM) or high (31.2 mM) concentration of @entity413 in the presence or absence of @entity10916 , fidarestat. Cell attachment ability was evaluated by short-term adhesion assay. The levels of intracellular @entity8371 were measured by liquid-gas chromatography. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting were used to determine the expression levels. RESULTS: Decreased attachment activity and increased accumulation of @entity8371 induced by exposure to high @entity413 were abrogated by @entity10916 . Supply of recombinant @entity12791 decreased integrin alpha3beta1-expression and cell adhesion. The expression level of @entity12791 was enhanced at both protein and mRNA levels by exposure to high @entity413 , while that of integrin alpha3beta1 was decreased at the protein level, but remained unchanged at the mRNA level. These alterations in the expression levels of @entity12791 and integrin alpha3beta1 were normalized by @entity10916 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity10916 counteracts the decreased adhesion of HCECs induced by high @entity413 exposure, through the modulation of the expression of @entity12791 .

title: Aldose reductase inhibitor counteracts the attenuated adhesion of @entity1 corneal epithelial cells induced by high @entity413 through modulation of XXXX expression.

entities_list: @entity12791 :: ('4319', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-10', 'MMP-10']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'D-glucose']

answer: @entity12791 :: (4319,Gene) :: ['MMP-10']


abstract: AIMS: We investigated the preventive effect of @entity3650 reductase inhibitor ( @entity10916 ) on the adhesion of SV40-transformed @entity1 corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to high @entity413 , and the underlying mechanism focusing on the role of @entity12791 . METHODS: HCECs were cultured in medium containing a normal (5.5 mM) or high (31.2 mM) concentration of @entity413 in the presence or absence of @entity10916 , fidarestat. Cell attachment ability was evaluated by short-term adhesion assay. The levels of intracellular @entity8371 were measured by liquid-gas chromatography. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting were used to determine the expression levels. RESULTS: Decreased attachment activity and increased accumulation of @entity8371 induced by exposure to high @entity413 were abrogated by @entity10916 . Supply of recombinant @entity12791 decreased integrin alpha3beta1-expression and cell adhesion. The expression level of @entity12791 was enhanced at both protein and mRNA levels by exposure to high @entity413 , while that of integrin alpha3beta1 was decreased at the protein level, but remained unchanged at the mRNA level. These alterations in the expression levels of @entity12791 and integrin alpha3beta1 were normalized by @entity10916 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity10916 counteracts the decreased adhesion of HCECs induced by high @entity413 exposure, through the modulation of the expression of @entity12791 .

title: Aldose reductase inhibitor counteracts the attenuated adhesion of @entity1 corneal epithelial cells induced by high XXXX through modulation of @entity12791 expression.

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: AIMS: We investigated the preventive effect of @entity3650 reductase inhibitor ( @entity10916 ) on the adhesion of SV40-transformed @entity1 corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to high @entity413 , and the underlying mechanism focusing on the role of @entity12791 . METHODS: HCECs were cultured in medium containing a normal (5.5 mM) or high (31.2 mM) concentration of @entity413 in the presence or absence of @entity10916 , fidarestat. Cell attachment ability was evaluated by short-term adhesion assay. The levels of intracellular @entity8371 were measured by liquid-gas chromatography. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting were used to determine the expression levels. RESULTS: Decreased attachment activity and increased accumulation of @entity8371 induced by exposure to high @entity413 were abrogated by @entity10916 . Supply of recombinant @entity12791 decreased integrin alpha3beta1-expression and cell adhesion. The expression level of @entity12791 was enhanced at both protein and mRNA levels by exposure to high @entity413 , while that of integrin alpha3beta1 was decreased at the protein level, but remained unchanged at the mRNA level. These alterations in the expression levels of @entity12791 and integrin alpha3beta1 were normalized by @entity10916 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity10916 counteracts the decreased adhesion of HCECs induced by high @entity413 exposure, through the modulation of the expression of @entity12791 .

title: Aldose reductase inhibitor counteracts the attenuated adhesion of XXXX corneal epithelial cells induced by high @entity413 through modulation of @entity12791 expression.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity438 ( @entity4435 ), although uncommon, represents a challenge to treatment strategy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the treatment evolution and clinical outcome of all @entity1 with @entity4435 over a two decade period. METHODS: Clinical data of all @entity1 diagnosed with @entity4435 who underwent interventions from 1984 to 2004 were reviewed. @entity1 were divided into two groups. Group I (1985-1994) and group II (1995-2004) were compared with regards to clinical presentation, treatment modality, and clinical outcome. RESULTS: A total of 42 cases of @entity4435 were found during the study period (group I, n=22; group II, n=20). Pulsatile neck mass was the most common presenting symptom (n=39, 93%), followed by @entity16 (n=6, 14%). Twenty two (52%) were @entity731 , fifteen (36%) @entity2849 , and five (12%) posttraumatic @entity439 . Both groups shared similar comorbidities and demographic profiles. All @entity1 in group I underwent operative interventions, which included 12 resection with interposition bypass grafting (55%), six resection with patch angioplasty (27%), and four carotid ligation (18%). In group II, five @entity1 underwent resection with interposition placement (25%) and one carotid ligation (5%). The remaining 14 @entity1 underwent endovascular interventions (70%) which included seven stent-graft exclusions, six carotid stenting with coil exclusions, and one @entity432 . Hospital length of stay was significantly shorter in group II than group I (3.5 vs. 9.4 days, p<0.01). The incidence of @entity128 in group I and II were 14% vs. 5% (p<0.04), respectively. The 30-day mortality/major @entity64 rates in group I and II were 14% vs. 5% (p< 0.04), respectively. During the follow-up period (0.8 months-20 years; mean, 4.6 years), 16 @entity1 died, largely due to cardiac etiologies (n=11, 69%). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment modality of @entity4435 has largely evolved from operative to endovascular intervention at our institution. Treatment benefits of endovascular modality include shorter convalescent and less procedural-related complications. This evolution reflects the improvement of endovascular devices and increased utility of endovascular applications.

title: XXXX : evolution of management over two decades.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['endovascular occlusion']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['false aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['Extracranial carotid artery aneurysm']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['Carotid artery aneurysm']


abstract: AIM: Adjuvant therapy is not routinely recommended in UICC stages I and II @entity694 , but may be considered for high-risk @entity1 . Our aim is to identify clinicopathologic characteristics in @entity694 stages I and II, which are associated with an increased risk of @entity5 recurrence and @entity5 . METHODS: We analysed our prospectively documented clinical database of 775 @entity1 with @entity694 stages I and II, which underwent curative resection between 1982 and 2006. No adjuvant chemotherapy was applied. The median follow-up time was 80 months. RESULTS: For the entire study group, 5- and 10-year @entity5 -specific survival probabilities were 94.8+/-0.9% and 91.0+/-1.4%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified three @entity5 characteristics as independent prognostic factors: lymphatic vessel invasion (p=0.034), poor @entity5 grading (G3/G4) (p=0.020) and extended @entity5 length (6 cm) (p=0.042). Five-year (10-year) @entity5 -specific survival for @entity1 without any of the poor prognostic @entity5 characteristics (ppTCs) was 96.0% (94.7%). There was a significantly increased risk for @entity5 with increasing numbers of ppTCs (p<0.001). While @entity1 with only one ppTC had a 5-year (10-year) @entity5 -specific survival of 94.8% (88.9%), it decreased to 88.9% (78.4%) for @entity1 with two ppTCs (hazard ratio (HR) 3.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.67-8.13) and to 87.5% (72.9%) for @entity1 with all three ppTCs (HR 6.56, 95% CI 1.50-26.62). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with stage I or II @entity694 have a favourable prognosis after radical resection. The presence of two or three poor prognostic @entity5 characteristics identifies a small @entity1 subgroup (12%) with an increased risk of @entity5 that may be considered for adjuvant chemotherapy.

title: Defining a high-risk subgroup with XXXX stages I and II for possible adjuvant therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour-related death', 'tumour']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: Purified @entity1919 -dependent protein kinase (cAK) catalytic subunit phosphorylated 180-, 49-, 31-, 19-, and 14-kilodalton (kDa) proteins of @entity95 sciatic nerve membranes. The ability of cAK to phosphorylate these membrane substrate proteins was inhibited by @entity7746 GM1, GD1a, and GT1b with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (I50) = 7-25 microM. Neutral glycolipids and @entity6579 were much less effective. @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) kinase phosphorylation of histone IIA was inhibited by GM1, GD1a, and GT1b (I50 = 115 microM, 75 microM, and 75 microM, respectively). Inhibition by GM1 was competitive with respect to histone (Ki = 108 microM). Autophosphorylation of @entity268 kinase was inhibited by GM1 (I50 = 15 microM). GT1b, GD1a, and GM1 half-maximally stimulated calmodulin-dependent cyclic @entity377 phosphodiesterase at 0.1 microM, 0.2 microM, and 0.3 microM, respectively. Although GT1b stimulated phosphodiesterase by increasing Vmax and decreasing Km (similar to calmodulin), GD1a and GM1 produced only an increase in Vmax. These results suggest that @entity4163 can modulate the activity of @entity268 kinase by both direct inhibition of the enzyme and indirect reduction of @entity268 levels through activation of phosphodiesterase. Through these mechanisms, @entity7746 may alter @entity268 -dependent protein phosphorylation and cell function within the nervous system.

title: Ganglioside modulation of XXXX -dependent protein kinase and cyclic @entity377 phosphodiesterase in vitro.

entities_list: @entity7746 :: ('MESH:D005732', 'Chemical') :: ['gangliosides']

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclic AMP', 'cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity4163 :: ('CHEBI:28892', 'Chemical') :: ['ganglioside']

answer: @entity1919 :: (MESH:D000242,Chemical) :: ['cyclic AMP']


abstract: Purified @entity1919 -dependent protein kinase (cAK) catalytic subunit phosphorylated 180-, 49-, 31-, 19-, and 14-kilodalton (kDa) proteins of @entity95 sciatic nerve membranes. The ability of cAK to phosphorylate these membrane substrate proteins was inhibited by @entity7746 GM1, GD1a, and GT1b with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (I50) = 7-25 microM. Neutral glycolipids and @entity6579 were much less effective. @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) kinase phosphorylation of histone IIA was inhibited by GM1, GD1a, and GT1b (I50 = 115 microM, 75 microM, and 75 microM, respectively). Inhibition by GM1 was competitive with respect to histone (Ki = 108 microM). Autophosphorylation of @entity268 kinase was inhibited by GM1 (I50 = 15 microM). GT1b, GD1a, and GM1 half-maximally stimulated calmodulin-dependent cyclic @entity377 phosphodiesterase at 0.1 microM, 0.2 microM, and 0.3 microM, respectively. Although GT1b stimulated phosphodiesterase by increasing Vmax and decreasing Km (similar to calmodulin), GD1a and GM1 produced only an increase in Vmax. These results suggest that @entity4163 can modulate the activity of @entity268 kinase by both direct inhibition of the enzyme and indirect reduction of @entity268 levels through activation of phosphodiesterase. Through these mechanisms, @entity7746 may alter @entity268 -dependent protein phosphorylation and cell function within the nervous system.

title: Ganglioside modulation of @entity1919 -dependent protein kinase and cyclic XXXX phosphodiesterase in vitro.

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: The prevalence and diversity of different @entity8177 spp. in various poultry species in Denmark were investigated using cultural and multiplex PCR methods. A pool of three fresh droppings obtained at the production site from 70 broiler @entity1573 flocks aged 4-5 weeks was examined. In addition, pools of 10 cloacal swabs taken at the abattoir prior to stunning from each of 15, and 37 @entity4186 and @entity233 flocks, respectively, were analyzed. Thirty fresh broiler @entity1573 carcasses and 29 cloacal swabs from the respective viscera were also examined at the abattoir. Finally, 10 caecal and 10 cloacal swabs from @entity4186 at the abattoir were analyzed individually. In total, 85 @entity8177 isolates were obtained. Of these 45, 20 and 7 were identified as @entity8177 , @entity8177 cryaerophilus and @entity8177 skirrowii, respectively, using a multiplex PCR. Interestingly, some @entity1573 isolates of A. butzleri showed urease activity, and 6 out of seven A. skirrowi isolates were unable to hydrolyse @entity45128 . All @entity1573 carcasses examined were found positive for A. butzleri and/ @entity71984 . cryaerophilus, whereas 21 (72%) of the 29 @entity1573 cloacal swabs were positive for either A. butzleri (13) @entity71984 . cryaerophilus (9). Three (4.3%) out of 70 @entity1573 flocks analyzed were positive only for A. cryaerophilus. Of the ten @entity4186 examined individually, 7 carried A. skirrowii and/ @entity71984 . cryaerophilus in their cloacae. None of the respective caecal samples were positive. Of the remaining 15 @entity4186 flocks, 11 (73%) were positive for A. cryaerophilus (7), A. butzleri (2) @entity71984 . skirrowii (2). Four (11%) of the 37 @entity233 flocks analyzed harboured either A. butzleri @entity71984 . cryaerophilus. The carriage rate of @entity8177 was higher in live @entity4186 than those of live broiler @entity1573 and @entity233 in the present study. In addition, @entity1573 carcasses slaughtered in Denmark were found to be contaminated with @entity8177 . The presence of @entity8177 spp. both on @entity1573 carcasses and in poultry intestine may be of significance to @entity1 health.

title: Detection and diversity of various XXXX species in Danish poultry.

entities_list: @entity233 :: ('9103', 'Species') :: ['turkey', 'turkeys']

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chickens', 'chicken']

entities_list: @entity45128 :: ('MESH:C053640', 'Chemical') :: ['indoxyl acetate']

entities_list: @entity8177 :: ('28197', 'Species') :: ['Arcobacter', 'Arcobacter butzleri']

answer: @entity8177 :: (28197,Species) :: ['Arcobacter']


abstract: The percutaneous epiphysiodesis is recommended as a save and reliable technique. We have performed 21 distal femoral, 17 proximal tibial and 3 proximal fibular percutaneous epiphyseodeses on 25 @entity1 . On 11 @entity1 the epiphysiodesis was caused by an average @entity3656 ,7 cm (1-4 cm). 13 @entity1 had angular @entity85 near the knee joint in frontal plane (6 valgus and 7 varus deformities). One @entity1 suffered from a combined @entity85 with 3, 5 cm shortened leg and varus deviation of 10 degrees. The average @entity85 angle of the knee was 7,4 degrees (4 degrees -16 degrees ). 9 @entity1 have reached maturity. On 3 @entity1 the @entity85 could be corrected incompletely with @entity85 of 3 degrees, 4 degrees and 6 degrees as a direct result of late referral. On 1 @entity1 an imminent over-correction could be avoided by hemiepiphysiodesis of the residual epiphysis. Till the present follow up the other @entity1 have been corrected as calculated preoperatively. No complications like @entity11169 , @entity281 , stiff knee or @entity85 occurred. We prefer the percutaneous epiphysiodesis as a save and minimal invasive technique instead of the open Phemister-technique to tread @entity3656 and @entity85 of the knee in frontal plane.

title: [Percutaneous epiphyseodesis. Correction of leg length XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3656 :: ('MESH:D007870', 'Disease') :: ['leg length discrepancy', 'leg length discrepancy of 2']

entities_list: @entity11169 :: ('MESH:D004839', 'Disease') :: ['epiphysiolysis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity', 'residual deformity', 'angular deformities']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['inequalities and frontal plane deformities']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the effect of pre-operative angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) therapy on early clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). BACKGROUND: Therapy with ACEIs has been shown to reduce the rate of mortality and prevent @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity453 . However, their pre-operative use in @entity1 undergoing CABG is still controversial. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, cohort study was undertaken of prospectively collected data on 10,023 consecutive @entity1 undergoing isolated CABG between April 1996 and May 2008. Of these, 3,052 @entity1 receiving pre-operative ACEI were matched to a control group by propensity score analysis. RESULTS: Overall rate of mortality was 1%. Pre-operative ACEI therapy was associated with a doubling in the risk of @entity204 (1.3% vs. 0.7%; odds ratio [OR]: 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17 to 3.42; p = 0.013). There was also a significant difference between the ACEI and control group in the risk of @entity8 ( @entity8 ) (7.1% vs. 5.4%; OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.67; p = 0.006), @entity955 ( @entity955 ) (25% vs. 20%; OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.51; p < 0.0001), and increased use of inotropic support (45.9% vs. 41.1%; OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.36; p < 0.0001). In a multivariate analysis, pre-operative ACEI treatment was an independent predictor of mortality (p = 0.04), @entity8 (p = 0.0002), use of inotropic drugs (p < 0.0001), and @entity955 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-operative therapy with ACEI is associated with an increased risk of mortality, use of inotropic support, @entity8 , and new onset of post-operative @entity955 .

title: Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on clinical outcome in XXXX undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['PRD', 'post-operative renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Side effects of the most commonly used primary antituberculosis (anti- @entity1906 ) drugs may be mild as well as fatal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the side effects of and the risk factors for developing side effects against anti- @entity1906 drugs. @entity1 AND METHODS: Records of 1149 @entity1 with established @entity378 who initially received anti- @entity1906 therapy were evaluated retrospectively. The major side effects, which resulted in a definitive termination from 1 or more drugs related to anti- @entity1906 therapy, and the risk factors associated with these side effects, were analyzed. RESULTS: Ninety-five @entity1 (8.3%), constituting 104 cases in total, experienced side effects. Although the frequency of drug reactions were increased from 0.6% at ages <20 to 5.2% at ages 20-40, no gender or age differences were observed between @entity1 who did and did not have side effects. While asymptomatic liver function disturbance was established in 56 of the @entity1 (4.9%) with initiation of anti- @entity1906 therapy, the rate of hepatotoxicity was found to be 2.4% in this present study. No age or gender differences were observed among those who had hepatotoxicity and who had not. The major side effects were @entity2167 (1.7%), hepatotoxicity (0.8%), neuropsychiatric manifestations (0.7%), and @entity5052 (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS: It must be remembered that severe side effects associated with anti- @entity1906 drugs were encountered with different frequencies especially among @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1907 , and these @entity1 should be followed up by closer monitoring for side effects related to anti- @entity1906 drugs.

title: Side effects due to primary antituberculosis drugs during the initial phase of therapy in 1149 hospitalized @entity1 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Side effects of the most commonly used primary antituberculosis (anti- @entity1906 ) drugs may be mild as well as fatal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the side effects of and the risk factors for developing side effects against anti- @entity1906 drugs. @entity1 AND METHODS: Records of 1149 @entity1 with established @entity378 who initially received anti- @entity1906 therapy were evaluated retrospectively. The major side effects, which resulted in a definitive termination from 1 or more drugs related to anti- @entity1906 therapy, and the risk factors associated with these side effects, were analyzed. RESULTS: Ninety-five @entity1 (8.3%), constituting 104 cases in total, experienced side effects. Although the frequency of drug reactions were increased from 0.6% at ages <20 to 5.2% at ages 20-40, no gender or age differences were observed between @entity1 who did and did not have side effects. While asymptomatic liver function disturbance was established in 56 of the @entity1 (4.9%) with initiation of anti- @entity1906 therapy, the rate of hepatotoxicity was found to be 2.4% in this present study. No age or gender differences were observed among those who had hepatotoxicity and who had not. The major side effects were @entity2167 (1.7%), hepatotoxicity (0.8%), neuropsychiatric manifestations (0.7%), and @entity5052 (0.6%). CONCLUSIONS: It must be remembered that severe side effects associated with anti- @entity1906 drugs were encountered with different frequencies especially among @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1907 , and these @entity1 should be followed up by closer monitoring for side effects related to anti- @entity1906 drugs.

title: Side effects due to primary antituberculosis drugs during the initial phase of therapy in 1149 hospitalized XXXX for @entity378 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: RATIONALE: Extracellular @entity1063 concentration in the @entity35 forebrain is increased by aversive environmental stimuli. This study investigated whether conditioned cues for such stimuli have the same effect. METHODS: After training @entity35 to associate a tone (conditioned cue) with transfer from a neutral zone to a brightly lit zone of a light/dark shuttle-box (unconditioned stimulus), microdialysis probes were implanted into the frontal cortex and hypothalamus under @entity1508 anaesthesia. Changes in extracellular @entity1063 concentration were then monitored on exposure to the tone alone. Parallel experiments monitored @entity35 ' behaviour in the light arena. RESULTS: A single exposure to the light arena increased extracellular @entity1063 in the frontal cortex and the hypothalamus but neither a single, nor repeated, exposure to the tone alone had any effect. After conditioning trials, the tone alone increased extracellular @entity1063 in the frontal cortex but not the hypothalamus, whilst the tone+transfer to the light arena resulted in a prolonged increase in extracellular @entity1063 in both brain regions. The time that @entity35 spent within the light arena was also prolonged. CONCLUSIONS: Noradrenergic neurones in the frontal cortex, but not the hypothalamus, respond to conditioned cues for aversive environmental stimuli. However, prolongation of the noradrenergic response in both brain regions could contribute to the behavioural adaptation to such unconditioned stimuli.

title: A microdialysis study of the noradrenergic response in XXXX frontal cortex and hypothalamus to a conditioned cue for aversive, naturalistic environmental stimuli.

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1636 ( @entity1636 ), a @entity5 that is rare among @entity1 , causes clinically evident hormonal disturbances. Imaging methods are used to stage disease and to plan surgical resection. OBJECTIVE: To describe the findings of the various imaging methods used to evaluate @entity1636 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of ten consecutive @entity1 (mean age, 8.1 years) who presented from 1987 to 1998 with @entity1636 . All @entity1 underwent computed tomography (CT) scanning; five underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging; four underwent ultrasonography (US); and eight underwent radionuclide bone scans. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 presented with signs of hormonally functional @entity5 . Typical imaging findings consisted of a large, well-defined suprarenal @entity5 , containing @entity730 (seven @entity1 ) with a thin capsule and central @entity39 or @entity548 (six @entity1 ). The inferior vena cava (IVC) was compressed by @entity5 in three @entity1 , and ultrasonography demonstrated invasion of the IVC wall in one of these. Three @entity1 ' bone scans showed that the @entity5 took up radioactive tracer. Spread to lungs or liver or both was demonstrated in six @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: CT, US and MR imaging are effective methods of imaging the @entity5 . Chest CT and bone scintigraphy should be performed to detect metastases. The presence of a thin @entity5 capsule, a stellate central zone of @entity39 , and evidence of hormonal function help distinguish @entity1636 from @entity521 .

title: Imaging findings in pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcifications']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['Adrenocortical carcinoma', 'ACC']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity1636 :: (MESH:D018268,Disease) :: ['adrenocortical carcinoma']


abstract: Two cell lines, @entity27521 and @entity27521 , were established from biopsied specimens of @entity320 of spindle B and mixed cell type morphologies. Both cell lines were phenotypically malignant. Karyotypic analyses revealed @entity1 chromosomes with a modal number of 95 and 85, respectively. These cell lines have been passaged for over 2 years and are essentially immortal. The cells grew without contact inhibition as monolayers in liquid culture or as clones in soft agar. Electron microscopy revealed @entity320 cells containing premelanosomes and cultures free from contamination by fibroblasts. To categorize the morphologies of these cultured cells better by the Callender classification, they were grown as xenografts in the anterior chambers of @entity95 immunosuppressed with daily i.m. doses of @entity205 (10 mg/kg). @entity5 plaques were detected after 10 days. The eyes were enucleated and fixed in @entity406 and stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 for histopathological evaluation. The xenograft from @entity27521 was found to consist predominantly of spindle B-type @entity320 cells. In contrast, the xenograft from @entity27521 contained epithelioid, spindle B and clear cell ("balloon") @entity320 cells. The ability of these cell lines to grow as xenografts confirmed their neoplastic origin. In fact, the types of the @entity2184 cells in the xenografts resembled those in the original biopsied @entity5 . This suggests that the morphology of @entity1 @entity2184 cells is an inherited trait and may be genetically fairly stable.

title: Characterization of @entity2184 cell lines that grow as xenografts in XXXX eyes.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity2184 :: ('MESH:C536494', 'Disease') :: ['uveal melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'choroidal melanomas']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']