abstract: Previous morphologic studies on kidneys from adult @entity1 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ) indicates that the cysts developed from nephrons and collecting ducts in association with @entity1373 of epithelial cells lining the cyst walls. In the present study, we systematically evaluated by scanning electron microscopy 387 cysts in @entity8767 from 10 adult @entity1 . Some cysts were lined by cells typical of collecting duct (7.2%), proximal tubule (1.8%) or glomerular visceral (2.1%) epithelium. The remaining cysts were lined by a single layer of phenotypically undefined (84.0%) or markedly hyperplastic (4.9%) epithelium. The median plane surface area of individual cells within cysts was 182 X 10(-8) cm2. Among all cysts the surface area of single epithelial cells ranged between 22 and 2530 X 10(-8) cm2, but within single cysts the range of individual cell surface areas was more narrow. Mean cell surface area did not increase in direct proportion to cyst diameter; thus, @entity2543 is a central element in the progressive enlargement of cysts. In some @entity1373 was accentuated by projections into cyst lumens of @entity1127 , small @entity652 and cord-like arrangements of cells. Epithelial @entity1127 were found in the cysts of one @entity3257 @entity1 , excluding @entity177 as a cause of this accentuated type of epithelial proliferation. Morphologic evidence that cysts compressed adjacent renal parenchyma was observed in all kidneys. In 11 cysts bisected and then both halves thoroughly examined by scanning electron microscopy, one or two tubule openings were seen in one of the hemisections in three cysts (27.3%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Cyst formation and growth in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease', 'ADPKD']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia', 'cysts hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity8767 :: ('MESH:D007690', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic kidneys obtained']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity3257 :: ('MESH:C580335', 'Disease') :: ['non-azotemic']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease']


abstract: The effect of low doses of ionizing and nonionizing radiation on the radiation response of @entity375 @entity375 toward ionizing and nonionizing radiation was studied. The wild-type strain D273-10B on exposure to 54 Gy gamma radiation (resulting in about 10% cell killing) showed enhanced resistance to subsequent exposure to UV radiation. This induced UV resistance increased with the incubation time between the initial gamma radiation stress and the UV irradiation. Exposure to low doses of UV light on the other hand showed no change in gamma or UV radiation response of this strain. The strains carrying a mutation at @entity9871 behaved in a way similar to the wild type, but with slightly reduced induced response. In contrast to this, the @entity29815 mutants, defective in excision repair, showed no induced UV resistance. Removal of UV-induced @entity7391 dimers in wild-type @entity375 DNA after UV irradiation was examined by analyzing the sites recognized by UV endonuclease from @entity7178 . The samples that were exposed to low doses of gamma radiation before UV irradiation were able to repair the @entity7391 dimers more efficiently than the samples in which low gamma irradiation was omitted. The nature of enhanced repair was studied by scoring the frequency of induced gene conversion and reverse mutation at trp and ilv loci respectively in strain D7, which showed similar enhanced UV resistance induced by low-dose gamma irradiation. The induced repair was found to be essentially error-free. These results suggest that irradiation of strain D273-10B with low doses of gamma radiation enhances its capability for excision repair of UV-induced @entity7391 dimers.

title: Exposure to low dose of gamma radiation enhances the excision repair in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity7391 :: ('MESH:C030986', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine']

entities_list: @entity7178 :: ('1270', 'Species') :: ['Micrococcus luteus']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: Treatment by dialyzing represents an important contribution to the therapy of @entity8518 @entity1 . On the other hand, besides high financial costs it is not possible to forger significant social and psychic consequences of this therapy. The present paper aimed at a pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the costs of conservative treatment of @entity8518 @entity1 . The secondary aim was to compare the costs of conservative treatment in @entity1 with markedly limited renal functions, @entity1011 clearance (Ccr < 0.4 ml/s), with those in @entity1 with only slightly and medium-reduced renal functions (Ccr 0.4-1 ml/s). Health documentation from three nephrological out- @entity1 surgeries was used to evaluate the results, the criterion for the selection of @entity1 being a nephrological diagnosis with Ccr below 1 ml/s. The group comprised 102 @entity1 aged 21-84 years (average age being 63.99 years), including 56 females (54.9%) and 46 males (45.1%). According to the stage of @entity8 , they were divided into two groups. The @entity1 with slightly and medium-reduced renal functions (Ccr 0.4-1.0 ml/s) represented nearly three quarters, whereas the @entity1 with markedly reduced renal functions (Ccr < 0.4 ml/s) only slightly more than one quarter. In the group under study, the pharmacotherapeutic costs represented 2,889,778.0 SK/year (28,331.16 SK/1 @entity1 /1 day), in @entity1 with @entity177 the costs being markedly higher (47,427.3 SK/1 @entity1 /1 day in comparison with 21,456.7 SK/1 @entity1 /1 day). Of total pharmacotherapeutic costs, 29.38% was represented by antihypertensive agents, 24.47% by preparations supplementing essential @entity1522 , 14.83% by hypolipidemic agents, 14.37% by preparations supplementing @entity460 , 6.19% by antianaemic agents, and 7.76% by other drugs. The results demonstrate that pharmacotherapy of @entity8 is costly but in comparison with elimination methods (dialysis) it is incomparably less expensive. The spectrum of employed agents is in agreement with the present-day trends in conservative treatment which decelerates the progress of @entity8 .

title: [Analysis of the present status of conservative therapy of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathies', 'renal diseases', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity8518 :: ('MESH:D003554', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathic']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['nephropathies']


abstract: Three experiments were conducted to evaluate sow and piglet productivity under extended photoperiod. In Exp. 1, 98 crossbred, lactating sows were housed in one of four treatments: thermoneutral air temperature (23.6 degrees C) in either (h of light:dark) 1:23 or 16:8 photoperiods, or heat stress (30.4 degrees C) in either 1:23 or 16:8 photoperiods. @entity8291 reduced (P less than .05) sow feed intake, piglet mortality and piglet weaning weight and increased (P less than .01) sow lactation @entity353 . Number of @entity1707 weaned per litter was increased (P less than .01) when sows were heat-stressed. Extended photoperiod reduced (P greater than .05) time for sows to rebreed postweaning by .4 d. The interaction between air temperature and photoperiod was significant only for sow lactation @entity353 . @entity8291 increased sow lactation @entity353 , but this effect was more severe in the 1:23 than in the 16:8 photoperiod. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the effects of 1:23 or 16:8 photoperiods on nursery @entity1707 performance when @entity1707 were weaned from sows experiencing 1:23 (Exp. 3) or 16:8 (Exp. 2) photoperiods. In both nursery studies, photoperiod did not influence (P greater than .10) postweaning @entity1707 mortality, feed intake, weight gain or gain:feed ratio. In conclusion, extended photoperiod reduced days to return to estrus and reduced sow lactation @entity353 , especially during heat stress. No benefits in preweaning or postweaning piglet weight or survival were observed by use of extended photoperiod.

title: Photoperiod and heat stress influence on lactating sow performance and photoperiod effects on nursery XXXX performance.

entities_list: @entity8291 :: ('MESH:D018882', 'Disease') :: ['Heat stress']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: Little is known regarding the role of diaphragm small-fiber afferents (groups III and IV) in the control of breathing. This study was designed to determine whether activation of these afferents with use of @entity2951 affects phrenic efferent activity. @entity2951 injections into the phrenic artery were made in 10 alpha- @entity4486 -anesthetized @entity235 after each of the following procedures performed in succession: bilateral cervical vagotomy, C7 spinal cord transection, bilateral cervical dorsal rhizotomy. In six of these animals injections were also made after C2 spinal cord transection and removal of the cervical spinal cord. Injections made in the vagotomized animals were associated with apneusis followed by hyperpnea. C7 spinal transection eliminated the hyperpneic response, but the apneusis remained. @entity1605 spinal cord transection failed to abolish the apneusis in response to injection. No diaphragm response was obtained after removal of the cervical spinal cord. Experiments in three additional animals showed that @entity2951 does not have a direct excitatory effect on the muscle cells of the crural diaphragm, nor does it potentiate the release of neurotransmitter in the diaphragm. The results of this study indicate that small-fiber afferents in the diaphragm have an excitatory effect on phrenic motoneurons. There is a segmental component to this reflex, since the response is observed after C2 spinal cord transection. The data also suggest that at least some of these afferents enter the spinal cord through the ventral roots.

title: Effect of diaphragm small-fiber afferent stimulation on ventilation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['chloralose']

entities_list: @entity1605 :: ('OMIM:217000', 'Disease') :: ['Cervical dorsal rhizotomy or C2']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['Capsaicin', 'capsaicin']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Prediction of the effect of a home physiotherapy intervention on the basis of four clinical characteristics of @entity1 with advanced @entity191 . DESIGN: A repeated measures design comparing six weeks without treatment with six weeks of physiotherapy and a follow-up of 12 weeks. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with @entity191 without @entity303 and suffering from considerable functional disability. INTERVENTION: Community physiotherapists treated @entity1 in the home situation three times a week teaching cueing and conscious movement control for walking and carrying out transfers in and out of beds and chairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mental status, disease severity, age and mood were included as predictor variables. A new functional scale developed as part of a previous study was used as the dependent variable administered in both the hospital and the home to determine whether the outcome generalized from the learning to a different environment. RESULTS: Only disease severity was a negative predictor of treatment outcome at home. In the hospital setting none of the factors predicted the immediate effect of treatment but cognitive ability and age were determinants of whether the treatment effects were maintained in the long term. CONCLUSIONS: Using cueing and cognitive strategies benefited younger and older @entity1 with @entity191 alike. However, the findings indicate targeting of treatment at @entity1 with milder disease severity and providing follow-up treatment for older and cognitively less able @entity1 .

title: Prediction of outcome of physiotherapy in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Persons']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: Most published neuropsychologic studies on @entity4940 have been performed on mixed groups of adults and adolescents with @entity302 of varying etiology. The cognitive profile of @entity4940 in @entity1 has not been defined. The purpose of this study was to assess neuropsychologic performance in @entity1 with @entity4940 . Intelligence and executive functions were examined in eight @entity1 (age 6 7/12 years to 13 11/12 years) with @entity4940 . Performance was related to the focus side, @entity410 frequency, and age of @entity302 onset. @entity4940 was associated with a @entity75 , but IQ was generally spared. Left focus was associated with deficits in categorization, verbal long-term memory, and detailed visuospatial analysis. Frequent @entity410 correlated with attention difficulties and inability to inhibit impulsive responses. @entity1 whose @entity302 appeared before age 6 years had reduced ability to change behavioral strategies. Frontal @entity302 activity alone can cause selective frontal deficits, the severity and nature of which are related to side, @entity410 frequency, and age of @entity302 onset. These findings require confirmation on larger series of selected @entity1 .

title: Neuropsychologic effects of XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['range of frontal dysfunctions']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsies', 'epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity4940 :: ('MESH:D017034', 'Disease') :: ['Frontal lobe epilepsy', 'frontal lobe epilepsy']

answer: @entity4940 :: (MESH:D017034,Disease) :: ['frontal lobe epilepsy']


abstract: Most published neuropsychologic studies on @entity4940 have been performed on mixed groups of adults and adolescents with @entity302 of varying etiology. The cognitive profile of @entity4940 in @entity1 has not been defined. The purpose of this study was to assess neuropsychologic performance in @entity1 with @entity4940 . Intelligence and executive functions were examined in eight @entity1 (age 6 7/12 years to 13 11/12 years) with @entity4940 . Performance was related to the focus side, @entity410 frequency, and age of @entity302 onset. @entity4940 was associated with a @entity75 , but IQ was generally spared. Left focus was associated with deficits in categorization, verbal long-term memory, and detailed visuospatial analysis. Frequent @entity410 correlated with attention difficulties and inability to inhibit impulsive responses. @entity1 whose @entity302 appeared before age 6 years had reduced ability to change behavioral strategies. Frontal @entity302 activity alone can cause selective frontal deficits, the severity and nature of which are related to side, @entity410 frequency, and age of @entity302 onset. These findings require confirmation on larger series of selected @entity1 .

title: Neuropsychologic effects of @entity4940 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Tight control of the volume and composition of the pleural liquid is necessary to ensure an efficient mechanical coupling between lung and chest wall. Liquid enters the pleural space through the parietal pleura down a net filtering pressure gradient. Liquid removal is provided by an absorptive pressure gradient through the visceral pleura, by lymphatic drainage through the stomas of the parietal pleura, and by cellular mechanisms. Indeed, contrary to what was believed in the past, pleural mesothelial cells are metabolically active, and possess the cellular features for active transport of solutes, including vesicular transport of protein. Furthermore, the mesothelium was shown, on the basis of recent experimental evidence, both in vivo and in vitro, to be a less permeable barrier than previously believed, being provided with permeability characteristics similar to those of the microvascular endothelium. Direct assessment of the relative contribution of the different mechanisms of pleural fluid removal is difficult, due to the difficulty in measuring the relevant parameters in the appropriate areas, and to the fragility of the mesothelium. The role of the visceral pleura in pleural fluid removal under physiological conditions is supported by a number of findings and considerations. Further evidence indicates that direct lymphatic drainage through the stomas of the parietal pleura is crucial in removing particles and cells, and important in removing protein from the pleural space, but should not be the main effector of fluid removal. Its importance, however, increases markedly in the presence of increased intrapleural liquid loads. @entity1131 and liquid by transcytosis, although likely on the basis of morphological findings and suggested by recent indirect experimental evidence, still needs to be directly proven to occur in the pleura. When pleural liquid volume increases, an imbalance occurs in the forces involved in turnover, which favours fluid removal. In case of a primary abnormality of one ore more of the mechanisms of @entity456 , a @entity1143 ensues. The factors responsible for @entity1143 may be subdivided into three main categories: those changing transpleural pressure balance, those impairing lymphatic drainage, and those producing increases in mesothelial and capillary endothelial permeability. Except in the first case, pleural fluid protein concentration increases above normal: this feature underlies the classification of @entity1143 into transudative and exudative.

title: Physiology and pathophysiology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion', 'pleural effusions']

entities_list: @entity1131 :: ('MESH:D011488', 'Disease') :: ['Removal of protein']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural liquid turnover']

answer: @entity456 :: (MESH:D010995,Disease) :: ['pleural fluid turnover']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ertapenem is a once-daily parenteral @entity3405 licensed in the United States in November 2001 and in Europe in May 2002. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the efficacy and safety profiles of ertapenem with those of @entity2756 for the treatment of hospitalized adult @entity1 with serious @entity497 ( @entity497 ) requiring parenteral therapy. METHODS: In this prospective, double-blind (with sponsor blinding), multicenter study, adult @entity1 with @entity497 were stratified by Pneumonia Severity Index (< or = 3 or > 3) and age (< or = 65 or > 65 years) and randomized (2:1) to receive IV or intramuscular (IM) ertapenem 1 g once daily or IV or IM @entity2756 1 g once daily. Investigators could switch @entity1 to an oral antimicrobial agent if clinical improvement was shown after at least 3 days of parenteral therapy. RESULTS: A total of 364 @entity1 were randomized to treatment: 239 to the ertapenem group and 125 to the @entity2756 group. Three @entity1 in the ertapenem group and 2 in the @entity2756 group did not receive study therapy. Of the treated @entity1 , 77.1% (182/236) of @entity1 in the ertapenem group and 75.6% (93/123) in the @entity2756 group were clinically evaluable. Among clinically evaluable @entity1 , the mean (SD) durations of parenteral and total (parenteral plus optional oral) therapy were 5.5 (2.6) and 11.5 (2.7) days for ertapenem and 5.6 (2.8) and 11.7 (3.0) days for @entity2756 , respectively. @entity328 was the most frequently isolated pathogen in both treatment groups. Cure rates were 92.2% for clinically evaluable @entity1 in the ertapenem group and 93.6% for those in the @entity2756 group (95% CI for the difference, adjusted for stratum, -8.6 to 5.7), fulfilling the criteria for statistical equivalence. At completion of parenteral therapy, 94.7% of @entity1 in the ertapenem group and 95.8% in the @entity2756 group showed clinical improvement. Infused vein complications (ertapenem, 3.4% [8/236]; @entity2756 , 7.3% [9/123]) and elevated transaminase levels (ertapenem, 6.3% [13/207]; @entity2756 , 7.1% [8/113]) were the most common adverse events in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of hospitalized adult @entity1 , ertapenem therapy, with an oral switch option, was as effective as @entity2756 with the same oral switch option for treatment of @entity497 requiring initial parenteral therapy. The overall safety profiles of the 2 drugs were comparable.

title: A prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter comparison of parenteral ertapenem and XXXX for the treatment of hospitalized adults with @entity497 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['CAP', 'community-acquired pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity2756 :: (MESH:D002443,Chemical) :: ['ceftriaxone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ertapenem is a once-daily parenteral @entity3405 licensed in the United States in November 2001 and in Europe in May 2002. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the efficacy and safety profiles of ertapenem with those of @entity2756 for the treatment of hospitalized adult @entity1 with serious @entity497 ( @entity497 ) requiring parenteral therapy. METHODS: In this prospective, double-blind (with sponsor blinding), multicenter study, adult @entity1 with @entity497 were stratified by Pneumonia Severity Index (< or = 3 or > 3) and age (< or = 65 or > 65 years) and randomized (2:1) to receive IV or intramuscular (IM) ertapenem 1 g once daily or IV or IM @entity2756 1 g once daily. Investigators could switch @entity1 to an oral antimicrobial agent if clinical improvement was shown after at least 3 days of parenteral therapy. RESULTS: A total of 364 @entity1 were randomized to treatment: 239 to the ertapenem group and 125 to the @entity2756 group. Three @entity1 in the ertapenem group and 2 in the @entity2756 group did not receive study therapy. Of the treated @entity1 , 77.1% (182/236) of @entity1 in the ertapenem group and 75.6% (93/123) in the @entity2756 group were clinically evaluable. Among clinically evaluable @entity1 , the mean (SD) durations of parenteral and total (parenteral plus optional oral) therapy were 5.5 (2.6) and 11.5 (2.7) days for ertapenem and 5.6 (2.8) and 11.7 (3.0) days for @entity2756 , respectively. @entity328 was the most frequently isolated pathogen in both treatment groups. Cure rates were 92.2% for clinically evaluable @entity1 in the ertapenem group and 93.6% for those in the @entity2756 group (95% CI for the difference, adjusted for stratum, -8.6 to 5.7), fulfilling the criteria for statistical equivalence. At completion of parenteral therapy, 94.7% of @entity1 in the ertapenem group and 95.8% in the @entity2756 group showed clinical improvement. Infused vein complications (ertapenem, 3.4% [8/236]; @entity2756 , 7.3% [9/123]) and elevated transaminase levels (ertapenem, 6.3% [13/207]; @entity2756 , 7.1% [8/113]) were the most common adverse events in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of hospitalized adult @entity1 , ertapenem therapy, with an oral switch option, was as effective as @entity2756 with the same oral switch option for treatment of @entity497 requiring initial parenteral therapy. The overall safety profiles of the 2 drugs were comparable.

title: A prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter comparison of parenteral ertapenem and @entity2756 for the treatment of hospitalized adults with XXXX .

answer: @entity497 :: (MESH:D003147,Disease) :: ['community-acquired pneumonia']


abstract: The clinical records of 47 @entity1 with @entity4797 treated between 1973 and 1984 were reviewed. The mean age was 41 years. There were relatively few blacks and @entity1 of mixed race--4% and 17% respectively. The incidence of associated testicular maldescent was statistically significantly higher among the black and mixed-race @entity1 (40%) than among the white @entity1 (8%). Forty-three @entity1 underwent retroperitoneal irradiation after orchidectomy, with a 5-year survival rate of 87% at a median follow-up of 52 months. There were no relapses at follow-up in 27 stage I @entity1 ; 1 of 8 @entity1 with stage IIA and B (non-bulky) disease relapsed after 12 years, and relapses occurred in all 5 @entity1 with stage IIC (bulky) @entity4797 . Retroperitoneal and mediastinal irradiation has controlled disease in 2 @entity1 with @entity5 without bulky @entity3 . One @entity1 with stage IV @entity4797 treated with irradiation relapsed. One of the @entity1 with stage I disease has developed a major bowel complication following 3,000 cGy fractionated irradiation. Our experience with @entity900 -based chemotherapy includes noting its effectiveness in a @entity1 with unresectable locally advanced @entity4797 . We recommend retroperitoneal irradiation after orchidectomy for @entity1 with stage I and IIA/B disease and @entity900 combination chemotherapy after orchidectomy for those with more @entity1442 .

title: XXXX at Groote Schuur Hospital, 1973-1984.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage III disease']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cis-platinum']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['testicular seminoma', 'seminoma']

answer: @entity4797 :: (MESH:D018239,Disease) :: ['Seminoma of the testis']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ), previous studies have shown that @entity1011 clearance (CCr) overestimates true glomerular filtration rate as measured by inulin clearance ( @entity8046 ), and that among @entity1 the degree of overestimation is highly variable. We sought to determine whether the discrepancy between CCr and @entity8046 remains constant over time (months, years) in each individual @entity1 , and therefore whether serial measurements of CCr reliably reflect the direction and magnitude of change in @entity8046 . Twenty-five @entity1 with @entity8 underwent simultaneous determinations of CCr and @entity8046 performed two to four (mean 3.3) times over three years. In a given @entity1 , it was found that the ratio of CCr/ @entity8046 changed substantially over time (mean SD 0.16 with 95% confidence interval of 0.12 to 0.20). Thus, in about 32% of cases the ratio of CCr/ @entity8046 will vary more than +/- 16% from a previously measured value of CCr/ @entity8046 . @entity1 with both high and low values of @entity8046 showed similar variability in CCR/ @entity8046 over time. Variability in CCr/ @entity8046 was found regardless of whether @entity8046 was increasing, decreasing, or constant over time. In nearly one-half of all measurements of CCr, the corresponding change in @entity8046 was directionally discordant. @entity10817 and @entity42317 renal clearances correlated highly with @entity8046 (R2 = 0.99). We conclude that the discrepancy between CCr and @entity8046 can vary greatly over time in an individual @entity1 . Consequently, serial CCr does not accurately measure the direction or magnitude of change in glomerular filtration rate in @entity8 .

title: Serial assessment of glomerular filtration rate in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity42317 :: ('MESH:D016284', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-DTPA']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['LN', 'lupus nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity10817 :: ('MESH:D007483', 'Chemical') :: ['Iothalamate']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['lupus nephropathy']


abstract: In the @entity35 , there is a single @entity17001 -subunit gene represented by three exons interrupted by two introns. This gene contains two promoters which determines the synthesis of two mRNAs with 5'-untranslated regions that differ by 43 base pairs. This study evaluates the steady state levels of these @entity17001 mRNAs in various thyroidal states. Blot hybridization analyses of pituitary mRNA with synthetic probes designed to detect either one or both @entity17001 mRNAs were performed. One probe corresponds to 24 bases in the 5'-untranslated region of mRNA1 and a second corresponds to 25 @entity2036 in the coding region and detects both mRNA1 and mRNA2. These studies indicate the presence of @entity17001 mRNA species of indistinguishable size consistent with the presence of two @entity17001 mRNAs that contain slightly different 5'-untranslated regions. Comparison of pituitary RNA obtained from normal and @entity1375 @entity35 reveals that the shorter mRNA (mRNA2) is increased approximately 6- to 8-fold with @entity1375 while the abundance of the longer mRNA (mRNA1) is relatively unchanged. Treatment of either normal or @entity1375 animals with T3 decreases the abundance of mRNA2 while again mRNA1 is relatively unaffected. Thus, although both mRNAs are detected, only one mRNA is dramatically altered by thyroidal status. Therefore, the single @entity35 @entity17001 gene is transcribed into two mRNAs via the use of alternative promoters of which only one is markedly regulated by thyroid hormones.

title: Differential thyroid hormone-regulated XXXX thyrotropin beta gene expression detected by blot hybridization.

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism', 'hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The authors review their long-term results and complications with the use of botulinum A toxin in the treatment of @entity3519 . Two hundred thirty-two @entity1 in three diagnostic groups--essential @entity9663 , hemifacial @entity2473 , and Meige's syndrome--were treated with botulinum A toxin. A total of 1044 treatments were given over a 4-year period. A reduction in orbicularis @entity2473 intensity was noted in 1012 (96.9%) treatments (mean duration, 13.3 weeks). There was no clear relationship between toxin dose and the amount of @entity2473 reduction or duration of response, and average duration of beneficial effect remained constant from the first through the twelfth injections. Complications occurred in 236 (22.6%) treatments. In most cases, these were local and transient. Symptomatic @entity936 was the most common side effect, noted in 7.5% of cases. @entity1736 was reported in 7.3% of treatments and @entity3917 in 2.5%. @entity892 involving the inferior oblique or lateral rectus muscles was seen in less than 1% of cases. There were no differences in degree of response or in complications among the three diagnostic groups, although there was a slight difference in duration of effect. @entity1 who had undergone previous eyelid surgery for @entity9663 did not respond differently from those without prior surgery.

title: Long-term results and complications of botulinum A toxin in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['Diplopia']

entities_list: @entity9663 :: ('MESH:D001764', 'Disease') :: ['blepharospasm']

entities_list: @entity3519 :: ('MESH:D004421', 'Disease') :: ['facial dystonias']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['photophobia']

answer: @entity9663 :: (MESH:D001764,Disease) :: ['blepharospasm']


abstract: @entity7667 are rare @entity5 of the central nervous system containing neoplastic ganglion and low grade glial cells. In studying 10 surgically treated cases, we evaluated the clinical, pathological, radiological, and immunocytochemical features, with follow-up. Ranging from 18 to 58 years in age, 7 @entity1 were @entity1 , and 3 were @entity1 . The most common presenting symptom was @entity410 . Computed tomographic scan showed a low density enhancing mass in 8 and @entity730 in 5. Six had minimally abnormal vascularity on angiography. Seven @entity1 had total and 3 had subtotal resections of the @entity5 . The temporal lobe was the location of the @entity5 in 6 cases. All of the cases met the histological criteria of Russell and Rubinstein for @entity7667 . Four @entity1 received postoperative radiotherapy because of subtotal resection or aggressive histological makeup. On follow-up, from 2.5 to 7 years, 8 @entity1 are alive and @entity5 -free, and 7 are also @entity410 -free. Two died after operation: one immediately and the other of a @entity463 that developed 5 years later. Our study confirms that @entity7667 is a distinct histological entity, anatomically localized, with characteristic clinical and radiological findings and long term survival. Aggressive histological makeup is not a definite indication of malignant potential. The definitive role of follow-up radiotherapy for this @entity5 needs further study. Malignant evolution is rare, but warrants follow-up.

title: XXXX : a correlative clinicopathological and radiological study of ten surgically treated cases with follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'benign tumors']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity7667 :: ('MESH:D018303', 'Disease') :: ['ganglioglioma', 'Gangliogliomas']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity7667 :: (MESH:D018303,Disease) :: ['Ganglioglioma']


abstract: Thousands of salivary cells fill the interstices throughout the anterior ends of @entity89 . The somata are large (30-200 micron in diameter). They project single processes (ductules) into the three jaws, and were found to fire overshooting action potentials of 50-85 mV amplitude and 100-200 ms duration at low spontaneous rates. The action potentials were not detected in the presence of @entity1953 (10 mmol l-1), but could be recorded when @entity1372 was absent from the Ringer, so they appear to be @entity460 -dependent. Salivary material is transported by the long processes of these unicellular glands and secreted into ducts which alternate with paired teeth on the jaws. Secretion is activated reliably by 10(-6) mol l-1 @entity750 , but not by other neurotransmitters found in the leech nervous system. Each jaw secretes at an average rate of 230 nl @entity1009 in the presence of @entity750 , and secretion is completely abolished by @entity1953 . Perfusion with @entity750 excites the salivary gland cells into impulse activity, and often evokes bursting. Impulse activity of the peripherally projecting, serotonergic Retzius cells evokes both depolarizations and action potentials in the salivary gland cells. In @entity89 , central neurones appear to control salivation by a peripheral release of @entity750 . This neurotransmitter evokes @entity460 -dependent action potentials and @entity460 , in turn, stimulates secretion.

title: Excitability and secretory activity in the salivary gland cells of XXXX (Hirudinea: Gnathobdellida).

entities_list: @entity89 :: ('MESH:D007571', 'Disease') :: ['jawed leeches']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity89 :: (MESH:D007571,Disease) :: ['jawed leeches']


abstract: Hindleg muscles of normal and dystrophic @entity19 were immobilized unilaterally early during the postnatal period. After 1 week the casts were removed. Of one group of @entity19 hindleg muscles were processed for histopathological and morphometrical evaluation at the end of the immobilization period. Hindlegs of other groups of @entity19 were remobilized for various periods of time before the muscles were examined. In normal @entity19 immobilization of @entity291 muscles that were fixed in a shortened position resulted in @entity194 of about 35% compared with untreated muscles. This was accompanied by a reduction in fibre number of about 15%. The antagonists that had been fixed extended, did not show those effects. Immobilization of @entity121 minimized pathology in both agonists and antagonists, although @entity194 developed. Upon remobilization the normal muscles resumed postnatal development. They did not deviate from normal, untreated muscles at the age of 3.5 months. Upon remobilization of @entity121 pathology developed, but less severely than during the second and third postnatal week in untreated @entity121 . Significant differences in morphometrical parameters compared with untreated @entity121 were observed during the 3 months remobilization period studied.

title: Early immobilization of hindleg muscles of dystrophic XXXX : short-term and long-term effects.

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['dystrophic muscles']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: We undertook a case-control study to investigate the association between chemicals in maternal drinking water consumed during pregnancy and @entity299 in the offspring. Two hundred and seventy affected @entity1 and 665 healthy @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Information on contaminant levels in maternal drinking water was available from records of routine water analysis of samples taken from public taps in the communities where the mothers resided during pregnancy. Mothers provided information during a telephone interview on their health, pregnancy management, and demographic characteristics. Nine inorganic metals were analysed for detection of an association with @entity299 . The chemical exposures of particular interest were @entity3494 , lead, @entity349 and @entity4259 . None of the chemicals was associated materially with an increase in the frequency of @entity299 overall. @entity3494 exposure at any detectable level was associated with a threefold increase in occurrence of @entity1498 (prevalence odds ratio = 3.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-8.9). Detectable traces of @entity4259 in drinking water were associated with a lower frequency of any @entity299 than was observed among @entity1 exposed to drinking water not containing detectable levels of @entity4259 (prevalence odds ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence limits = 0.40-0.97). A dose-response effect was observed over four levels of @entity4259 exposure. Non-differential errors in the measurement and classification of exposure to contaminants routinely monitored in drinking water could account for lack of positive findings. In addition, most of the contaminant levels were below the maximum levels set by the Environmental Protection Agency, so that lack of evidence of effect may have been due to the low exposure levels in this population.

title: Chemical quality of maternal drinking water and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity3494 :: ('MESH:D001151', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic', 'Arsenic']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['congenital heart disease']


abstract: The effect of leukocyte depletion on @entity647 produced by intravenous or intratracheal @entity4514 ( @entity4515 ) administration was studied in isolated perfused @entity35 lungs. Vascular endothelial permeability was assessed by use of the capillary filtration coefficient (Kf,c). A predicted pulmonary capillary pressure (Ppc,p) was calculated from measurements of postcapillary resistances. These parameters were measured before and 90 min after the administration of @entity4515 , either intratracheally or intravascularly. When blood elements were present both intratracheal and intravascular @entity4515 caused an increased Kf,c [0.27 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.99 +/- 0.22 and 0.25 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.64 +/- 0.15 (SE) ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1, respectively; P less than 0.05] and an increased Ppc,p (8.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 74.7 +/- 18.3 and 8.7 +/- 0.8 vs. 74.2 +/- 25.1 cm @entity2507 , respectively; P less than 0.05). Removal of circulating leukocytes abolished the increased Kf,c when @entity4515 was given intratracheally (0.35 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.07 ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1) or intravascularly (0.39 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.07 ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1). In the absence of neutrophils, Ppc,p slightly increased with intratracheal @entity4515 , from 6.9 +/- 0.5 to 10.5 +/- 1.1 cm @entity2507 (P less than 0.05), but was unchanged at 90 min with intravascular @entity4515 . Depletion of circulating neutrophils with an antineutrophil serum failed to block the Kf,c change with intratracheal @entity4515 (from 0.24 +/- 0.03 to 0.42 +/- 0.09 ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1; P less than 0.05). Ppc,p also increased from 6.9 +/- 0.6 to 19.8 +/- 6.7 cm @entity2507 (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX -induced injury of isolated perfused @entity35 lungs: neutrophil dependence.

entities_list: @entity4514 :: ('MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol myristate acetate']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity4514 :: (MESH:D013755,Chemical) :: ['Phorbol myristate acetate']


abstract: The effect of leukocyte depletion on @entity647 produced by intravenous or intratracheal @entity4514 ( @entity4515 ) administration was studied in isolated perfused @entity35 lungs. Vascular endothelial permeability was assessed by use of the capillary filtration coefficient (Kf,c). A predicted pulmonary capillary pressure (Ppc,p) was calculated from measurements of postcapillary resistances. These parameters were measured before and 90 min after the administration of @entity4515 , either intratracheally or intravascularly. When blood elements were present both intratracheal and intravascular @entity4515 caused an increased Kf,c [0.27 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.99 +/- 0.22 and 0.25 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.64 +/- 0.15 (SE) ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1, respectively; P less than 0.05] and an increased Ppc,p (8.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 74.7 +/- 18.3 and 8.7 +/- 0.8 vs. 74.2 +/- 25.1 cm @entity2507 , respectively; P less than 0.05). Removal of circulating leukocytes abolished the increased Kf,c when @entity4515 was given intratracheally (0.35 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.23 +/- 0.07 ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1) or intravascularly (0.39 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.07 ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1). In the absence of neutrophils, Ppc,p slightly increased with intratracheal @entity4515 , from 6.9 +/- 0.5 to 10.5 +/- 1.1 cm @entity2507 (P less than 0.05), but was unchanged at 90 min with intravascular @entity4515 . Depletion of circulating neutrophils with an antineutrophil serum failed to block the Kf,c change with intratracheal @entity4515 (from 0.24 +/- 0.03 to 0.42 +/- 0.09 ml.min-1.cmH2O-1.100 g-1; P less than 0.05). Ppc,p also increased from 6.9 +/- 0.6 to 19.8 +/- 6.7 cm @entity2507 (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity4514 -induced injury of isolated perfused XXXX lungs: neutrophil dependence.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Hyaluronan or @entity7245 ( @entity7245 ) is a normal component of @entity1 follicular, oviduct, and uterine fluids. Granulosa and expanding cumulus cells secrete large amounts of @entity7245 , and when @entity7245 is added in maturation and culture media, it improves the developmental potential of oocytes and embryos. @entity7245 regulates gene expression, signaling, proliferation, motility, adhesion, and morphogenesis. Many of these biological activities of @entity7245 are mediated through binding to the receptor for @entity7245 -mediated motility/intracellular @entity7245 -binding protein ( @entity62613 /IHABP). We evaluated the presence and dynamics of @entity62613 /IHABP mRNA and protein expression in different stages of in vitro-produced @entity291 embryos using quantitative reverse transcriptase-real time-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. We also analyzed the effects of different culture systems on the relative abundance of @entity62613 /IHABP transcripts. @entity62613 /IHABP mRNA levels decreased from the 2-cell to the 16-cell stage, increased again at the morula stage, and reached their highest level at the expanded blastocyst stage. @entity62613 /IHABP mRNA abundance was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in embryos recovered in serum-containing medium than in embryos from serum-free media. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of @entity62613 /IHABP first in 8-cell stages. Whereas @entity62613 staining in 8-cell and morula stages was intense, it was weaker in blastocysts. Embryonic secretion of @entity7245 increased from the 2-cell stage until the 8-cell stage and then decreased in 16-cell embryos. After this, @entity7245 secretion increased in expanded and hatched blastocyst stages. These data suggest that the positive effects of @entity7245 on in vitro-produced @entity291 embryos may be mediated at least in part by @entity62613 /IHABP.

title: Developmental regulation of hyaluronan-binding protein ( XXXX /IHABP) expression in early @entity291 embryos.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity7245 :: ('MESH:D000592', 'Disease') :: ['hyaluronic acid', 'HA']

answer: @entity62613 :: (281227(Tax:9913),Gene) :: ['RHAMM']


abstract: Hyaluronan or @entity7245 ( @entity7245 ) is a normal component of @entity1 follicular, oviduct, and uterine fluids. Granulosa and expanding cumulus cells secrete large amounts of @entity7245 , and when @entity7245 is added in maturation and culture media, it improves the developmental potential of oocytes and embryos. @entity7245 regulates gene expression, signaling, proliferation, motility, adhesion, and morphogenesis. Many of these biological activities of @entity7245 are mediated through binding to the receptor for @entity7245 -mediated motility/intracellular @entity7245 -binding protein ( @entity62613 /IHABP). We evaluated the presence and dynamics of @entity62613 /IHABP mRNA and protein expression in different stages of in vitro-produced @entity291 embryos using quantitative reverse transcriptase-real time-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. We also analyzed the effects of different culture systems on the relative abundance of @entity62613 /IHABP transcripts. @entity62613 /IHABP mRNA levels decreased from the 2-cell to the 16-cell stage, increased again at the morula stage, and reached their highest level at the expanded blastocyst stage. @entity62613 /IHABP mRNA abundance was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in embryos recovered in serum-containing medium than in embryos from serum-free media. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of @entity62613 /IHABP first in 8-cell stages. Whereas @entity62613 staining in 8-cell and morula stages was intense, it was weaker in blastocysts. Embryonic secretion of @entity7245 increased from the 2-cell stage until the 8-cell stage and then decreased in 16-cell embryos. After this, @entity7245 secretion increased in expanded and hatched blastocyst stages. These data suggest that the positive effects of @entity7245 on in vitro-produced @entity291 embryos may be mediated at least in part by @entity62613 /IHABP.

title: Developmental regulation of hyaluronan-binding protein ( @entity62613 /IHABP) expression in early XXXX embryos.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: PURPOSE: To review cases of @entity5 managed at the University Malaya Medical Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, from January 1990 to December 1999. METHODS: Medical records of all @entity1 with @entity5 were reviewed. Demographic data, clinical presentation, surgical management, and clinical outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Most of the 31 @entity1 who were treated for @entity5 presented late on the basis of the duration of their symptoms and radiological features. Five of the @entity1 had been referred for local recurrences. 26 @entity1 were treated for primary @entity5 : 18 needed wide excision, 7 curettage, and one amputation. The joint could not be preserved and arthrodesis was performed for 11 @entity1 . Three (12%) of the 26 @entity1 had local recurrence during a mean follow-up of 60 months, including one (6%) who had recurrence after wide excision and 2 (29%) after curettage. Pulmonary metastasis was noted in 4 cases, 2 of which were confirmed histologically. CONCLUSION: Even in an advanced stage of disease, good clinical outcomes can be achieved with adequate excision and appropriate reconstruction. For lesions around the knee, autologous rotational grafting is a good alternative method of reconstruction.

title: XXXX with late presentation: review of treatment and outcome.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal tumours', 'giant cell tumour of bone or osteoclastoma', 'giant cell tumour of bone', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Giant cell tumour of bone']


abstract: This study was designed to determine whether the surgical procedures for @entity10189 influence @entity13136 ( @entity6842 ) absorption and disposition. Prior to and on the average 79 days after surgery, eight @entity1 received 10 mg kg-1 of @entity13136 orally. Blood samples were obtained at regular intervals over 24 h and urine was collected for 48 h. Vagotomy with pyloroplasty or with gastrojejunostomy had no effect on @entity6842 kinetics. Vagotomy with partial gastrectomy decreased the @entity6842 plasma peak concentrations from 43.9 +/- 7.1 (mean +/- SEM) to 17.2 +/- 5.2 micrograms ml-1 (p less than 0.05) and increased the time required to reach this peak from 2.6 +/- 0.8 to 9.8 +/- 2.8 h (p less than 0.05). @entity6842 rate constant of absorption decreased only slightly (1.22 +/- 0.45 to 0.24 +/- 0.07 h-1) and @entity6842 bioavailability was not affected at all. In two (out of four) @entity1 , @entity6842 volume of distribution and total body clearance increased, as reflected in the 41 per cent decrease in the mean area under the @entity6842 plasma concentration-time curve. No changes were detected in @entity6842 protein binding. Computer simulations indicated that in some subjects @entity6842 plasma concentrations at steady state could be 76 per cent lower following vagotomy with partial gastrectomy than before surgery. It was concluded that vagotomy and antrectomy with a gastroduodenostomy or Billroth I reconstruction decreased the rate of @entity6842 absorption and only in some subjects increased the @entity6842 volume of distribution and rate of elimination. The possible mechanisms involved in these reported kinetic changes are discussed.

title: @entity13136 absorption and disposition: effect of surgical procedures for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['gastroduodenal ulcers']

entities_list: @entity13136 :: ('MESH:D013418', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethazine']

answer: @entity10189 :: (MESH:D010437,Disease) :: ['gastroduodenal ulcers']


abstract: This study was designed to determine whether the surgical procedures for @entity10189 influence @entity13136 ( @entity6842 ) absorption and disposition. Prior to and on the average 79 days after surgery, eight @entity1 received 10 mg kg-1 of @entity13136 orally. Blood samples were obtained at regular intervals over 24 h and urine was collected for 48 h. Vagotomy with pyloroplasty or with gastrojejunostomy had no effect on @entity6842 kinetics. Vagotomy with partial gastrectomy decreased the @entity6842 plasma peak concentrations from 43.9 +/- 7.1 (mean +/- SEM) to 17.2 +/- 5.2 micrograms ml-1 (p less than 0.05) and increased the time required to reach this peak from 2.6 +/- 0.8 to 9.8 +/- 2.8 h (p less than 0.05). @entity6842 rate constant of absorption decreased only slightly (1.22 +/- 0.45 to 0.24 +/- 0.07 h-1) and @entity6842 bioavailability was not affected at all. In two (out of four) @entity1 , @entity6842 volume of distribution and total body clearance increased, as reflected in the 41 per cent decrease in the mean area under the @entity6842 plasma concentration-time curve. No changes were detected in @entity6842 protein binding. Computer simulations indicated that in some subjects @entity6842 plasma concentrations at steady state could be 76 per cent lower following vagotomy with partial gastrectomy than before surgery. It was concluded that vagotomy and antrectomy with a gastroduodenostomy or Billroth I reconstruction decreased the rate of @entity6842 absorption and only in some subjects increased the @entity6842 volume of distribution and rate of elimination. The possible mechanisms involved in these reported kinetic changes are discussed.

title: XXXX absorption and disposition: effect of surgical procedures for @entity10189 .

answer: @entity13136 :: (MESH:D013418,Chemical) :: ['Sulfamethazine']


abstract: @entity418 is one of the most common @entity5 . However, @entity86 are still resistant to currently available radiochemotherapy. We recently reported a study on the initial clinical efficacy of locoregional adoptive immunotherapy for advanced @entity418 . We report here our clinical experience of remarked responses in distant metastatic lesions in a @entity1 with @entity5 after receiving this immunotherapy. A male @entity1 underwent curative surgery, and presented with multiple recurrent metastases in the supraclavicular lymph nodes (LNs), liver, and abdominal aortic LNs. Autologous @entity5 -activated lymphocytes (AuTLs) generated ex vivo were regionally injected into supraclavicular LNs every 2 weeks 13 times. Mean numbers of the administrated cells were 0.8 x 10(9) cells/injection. AuTLs established from peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by autologous @entity5 cells with @entity1199 were tested for their @entity137 before every treatment. During immunotherapy, Grade 2 @entity294 and @entity221 were observed. The clinical partial responses were obtained in all lesions and were sustained for 11 months. Because clinical @entity137 was tolerable, this immunotherapy might be useful for @entity1 with far-advanced @entity418 .

title: Locoregional adoptive immunotherapy resulted in regression in distant metastases of a recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'recurrent cancer', 'malignant diseases']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative recurrences']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['Esophageal cancer', 'esophageal cancer', 'esophageal cancers']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Protein restriction delays the progression of non-diabetic and @entity164 1 @entity2316 . This study assessed whether protein restriction delays the onset or early progression of @entity8 in @entity164 2 @entity6 . DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. Outcomes were @entity633 (mg/24 h) and, as an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate, @entity4444 -influenced @entity1011 clearance. SETTING: Primary care. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 and microalbuminuria or at least detectable @entity633 , or a @entity6 duration >5 y. INTERVENTIONS: The experimental group received dietary counselling on protein restriction (n=63); a control group (n=68) received the usual dietary advice. The duration of intervention and follow-up was 28+/-7 months. RESULTS: After 6 months, protein intake differed only by 0.08 g/kg/day between the study groups. Subsequently, this difference decreased and eventually disappeared. An initial effect of protein restriction on @entity633 in favor of the experimental group was not sustained, and the glomerular filtration rate decreased in the experimental group at a 1.6+/-2.2 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2) y lower rate than in the control group (P=0.5). Comparison of @entity1 in the experimental group with a decrease in protein intake of at least 0.20 g/kg/day, with controls with no decrease, indicated a similarly small and insignificant effect on glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that, in the longer term prevention or delay of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 , protein restriction is neither feasible nor efficacious.

title: Protein restriction, glomerular filtration rate and @entity633 in @entity1 with XXXX : a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disorders', 'renal damage']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic renal disorders']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 2 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Protein restriction delays the progression of non-diabetic and @entity164 1 @entity2316 . This study assessed whether protein restriction delays the onset or early progression of @entity8 in @entity164 2 @entity6 . DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. Outcomes were @entity633 (mg/24 h) and, as an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate, @entity4444 -influenced @entity1011 clearance. SETTING: Primary care. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 and microalbuminuria or at least detectable @entity633 , or a @entity6 duration >5 y. INTERVENTIONS: The experimental group received dietary counselling on protein restriction (n=63); a control group (n=68) received the usual dietary advice. The duration of intervention and follow-up was 28+/-7 months. RESULTS: After 6 months, protein intake differed only by 0.08 g/kg/day between the study groups. Subsequently, this difference decreased and eventually disappeared. An initial effect of protein restriction on @entity633 in favor of the experimental group was not sustained, and the glomerular filtration rate decreased in the experimental group at a 1.6+/-2.2 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2) y lower rate than in the control group (P=0.5). Comparison of @entity1 in the experimental group with a decrease in protein intake of at least 0.20 g/kg/day, with controls with no decrease, indicated a similarly small and insignificant effect on glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that, in the longer term prevention or delay of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 , protein restriction is neither feasible nor efficacious.

title: Protein restriction, glomerular filtration rate and XXXX in @entity1 with @entity6 : a randomized trial.

answer: @entity633 :: (MESH:D000419,Disease) :: ['albuminuria']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Protein restriction delays the progression of non-diabetic and @entity164 1 @entity2316 . This study assessed whether protein restriction delays the onset or early progression of @entity8 in @entity164 2 @entity6 . DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. Outcomes were @entity633 (mg/24 h) and, as an estimate of the glomerular filtration rate, @entity4444 -influenced @entity1011 clearance. SETTING: Primary care. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 and microalbuminuria or at least detectable @entity633 , or a @entity6 duration >5 y. INTERVENTIONS: The experimental group received dietary counselling on protein restriction (n=63); a control group (n=68) received the usual dietary advice. The duration of intervention and follow-up was 28+/-7 months. RESULTS: After 6 months, protein intake differed only by 0.08 g/kg/day between the study groups. Subsequently, this difference decreased and eventually disappeared. An initial effect of protein restriction on @entity633 in favor of the experimental group was not sustained, and the glomerular filtration rate decreased in the experimental group at a 1.6+/-2.2 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m(2) y lower rate than in the control group (P=0.5). Comparison of @entity1 in the experimental group with a decrease in protein intake of at least 0.20 g/kg/day, with controls with no decrease, indicated a similarly small and insignificant effect on glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that, in the longer term prevention or delay of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 , protein restriction is neither feasible nor efficacious.

title: Protein restriction, glomerular filtration rate and @entity633 in XXXX with @entity6 : a randomized trial.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Monolayers of retracted endothelial cells exhibiting wounds or zones denuded of cells were obtained from aortic explants from 10- to 12-day-old @entity1573 embryos. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy, we investigated the sequence of events that occurred both during and after closure of the monolayer wounds. Such wound closure (re-endothelialization process) occurred 4-12 hr after removing the explants, depending on wound width and presence of serum. The cells from along the wound edges appeared to move toward one another. We suggest an important role for @entity9950 and @entity54147 during this process. Twenty-five hours after removal there were still some areas of retracted cells, and many of the cells displayed a @entity2880 's Factor ( @entity71077 ) immunoreactivity. Surprisingly, after 63-65 hr many of the endothelial cells had become epithelioid in shape and the @entity71077 immunoreactivity appeared increased. This epithelioid phenotype is currently considered typical of cultured vascular non-muscle-like cells and intimal thickening cells. By 5-7 days, the vast majority of cells in the monolayer had acquired an epithelioid morphology, showing a cobblestone appearance. These cells were significantly smaller than polygonal cells. Most importantly, they showed strong @entity71077 immunoreactivity. At the edge of the monolayers we found that the majority of the cells had become epithelioid. Some of them detached from their neighbors and became round in shape and acquired mesenchymal characteristics, some expressing smooth muscle @entity17923 (SM @entity17923 ). These findings demonstrate not only that embryonic endothelial cells that are transiently mechanically altered may change their phenotype to an epithelioid phenotype, but also that these cells may eventually transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells expressing SM @entity17923 . Since some aspects of endothelial cell behavior have been shown to be regulated by locally released growth factors such as TGFbeta and FGF, we also investigated @entity54147 and @entity9950 expression. Presence of @entity54147 and @entity9950 -immunoreactive epithelioid and mesenchymal cells indicates that these growth factors may be involved in the changes described.

title: Mechanically altered embryonic XXXX endothelial cells change their phenotype to an epithelioid phenotype.

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['weak von Willebrand']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the intra- and postoperative @entity1337 provided by the catheter-technique psoas compartment block and the @entity616 in hip- @entity174 @entity1 . We also compared hemodynamic stability, motor blockade, ease of performing the technique, and complications. METHODS: Thirty @entity1 who underwent partial hip replacement surgery were included in this prospective single-blind study. Subjects were randomly assigned to Group E (n=15; general anesthesia plus @entity616 with 15 ml of 0.5% @entity1341 ) or Group P (n=15; general anesthesia plus psoas compartment block with 30 ml of 0.5% @entity1341 ). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at 10-min intervals intraoperatively. Regional anesthesia procedure time, number of attempts at block, intraoperative @entity190 , and need for supplemental @entity3575 and/or @entity6358 were noted. Postoperatively, a @entity1 -controlled @entity1337 device delivered an infusion and boluses of @entity1341 / @entity3575 . @entity158 , motor blockade, ambulation time, @entity1 satisfaction with @entity1337 , and complications were recorded postsurgery. RESULTS: The epidural required significantly more attempts than the psoas block, thus procedure time was longer in this group. Group E also showed significantly greater drops in mean arterial blood pressure from baseline at 30, 40 and 50 min after the start of general anesthesia. Significantly more Group E @entity1 required epinephrine supplementation. The groups were similar regarding @entity158 scores (at rest and on movement) and @entity1 satisfaction, but Group E had higher motor blockade scores, longer ambulation time, and significantly more complications. CONCLUSION: The continuous psoas compartment block provides excellent intraoperative and postoperative @entity1337 with a low incidence of complications for partial hip replacement surgery

title: Comparison of the catheter-technique psoas compartment block and the @entity616 for XXXX in partial hip replacement surgery.

entities_list: @entity6358 :: ('MESH:D004809', 'Chemical') :: ['ephedrine']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractured']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['epidural block']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the intra- and postoperative @entity1337 provided by the catheter-technique psoas compartment block and the @entity616 in hip- @entity174 @entity1 . We also compared hemodynamic stability, motor blockade, ease of performing the technique, and complications. METHODS: Thirty @entity1 who underwent partial hip replacement surgery were included in this prospective single-blind study. Subjects were randomly assigned to Group E (n=15; general anesthesia plus @entity616 with 15 ml of 0.5% @entity1341 ) or Group P (n=15; general anesthesia plus psoas compartment block with 30 ml of 0.5% @entity1341 ). Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at 10-min intervals intraoperatively. Regional anesthesia procedure time, number of attempts at block, intraoperative @entity190 , and need for supplemental @entity3575 and/or @entity6358 were noted. Postoperatively, a @entity1 -controlled @entity1337 device delivered an infusion and boluses of @entity1341 / @entity3575 . @entity158 , motor blockade, ambulation time, @entity1 satisfaction with @entity1337 , and complications were recorded postsurgery. RESULTS: The epidural required significantly more attempts than the psoas block, thus procedure time was longer in this group. Group E also showed significantly greater drops in mean arterial blood pressure from baseline at 30, 40 and 50 min after the start of general anesthesia. Significantly more Group E @entity1 required epinephrine supplementation. The groups were similar regarding @entity158 scores (at rest and on movement) and @entity1 satisfaction, but Group E had higher motor blockade scores, longer ambulation time, and significantly more complications. CONCLUSION: The continuous psoas compartment block provides excellent intraoperative and postoperative @entity1337 with a low incidence of complications for partial hip replacement surgery

title: Comparison of the catheter-technique psoas compartment block and the XXXX for @entity1337 in partial hip replacement surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity616 :: (MESH:D006327,Disease) :: ['epidural block']


abstract: Nonspecific uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies in normal tissues is a significant problem for @entity5 imaging. A potential means of decreasing nonspecific antibody binding is to "blockade" nonspecific antibody binding sites by predosing with cold, nonspecific isotype-matched antibody, before injecting specific antibody. Nontumor-specific murine monoclonal antibody LK2H10 ( @entity6527 ) or Ab-1 ( @entity9749 ) was given i.v. at doses of 0 to 3.5 mg to @entity19 with xenografts of @entity1 @entity320 . These @entity19 were then given i.v. 4 micrograms of 131I anti-high molecular weight antigen of @entity320 (HMWMAA) monoclonal antibody 763.24T ( @entity6527 ) or 225.28S ( @entity9749 ), respectively. These @entity19 were also given a tracer dose of 125I LK2H10 or Ab-1, respectively. Specific @entity5 uptake of anti-HMWMAA antibodies was see in all cases. No drop in @entity5 or nontumor uptake was demonstrated for either of the @entity5 -specific or nonspecific monoclonal antibodies due to nonspecific monoclonal antibody pretreatment. These data suggest that high doses of isotype-matched unlabeled nonspecific monoclonal antibody given before 131I @entity5 -specific monoclonal antibody, will not enhance @entity5 imaging.

title: High-dose, unlabeled, nonspecific antibody pretreatment: influence on specific antibody localization to @entity1 XXXX xenografts.

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: Nonspecific uptake of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies in normal tissues is a significant problem for @entity5 imaging. A potential means of decreasing nonspecific antibody binding is to "blockade" nonspecific antibody binding sites by predosing with cold, nonspecific isotype-matched antibody, before injecting specific antibody. Nontumor-specific murine monoclonal antibody LK2H10 ( @entity6527 ) or Ab-1 ( @entity9749 ) was given i.v. at doses of 0 to 3.5 mg to @entity19 with xenografts of @entity1 @entity320 . These @entity19 were then given i.v. 4 micrograms of 131I anti-high molecular weight antigen of @entity320 (HMWMAA) monoclonal antibody 763.24T ( @entity6527 ) or 225.28S ( @entity9749 ), respectively. These @entity19 were also given a tracer dose of 125I LK2H10 or Ab-1, respectively. Specific @entity5 uptake of anti-HMWMAA antibodies was see in all cases. No drop in @entity5 or nontumor uptake was demonstrated for either of the @entity5 -specific or nonspecific monoclonal antibodies due to nonspecific monoclonal antibody pretreatment. These data suggest that high doses of isotype-matched unlabeled nonspecific monoclonal antibody given before 131I @entity5 -specific monoclonal antibody, will not enhance @entity5 imaging.

title: High-dose, unlabeled, nonspecific antibody pretreatment: influence on specific antibody localization to XXXX @entity320 xenografts.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity1643 during pregnancy (LBPP) in an Australian population. DESIGN: A representative population-based survey of @entity1 aged 15 years and older. SETTING AND SAMPLE: Four thousand four hundred randomly selected South Australian households were visited by trained surveyors who interviewed 1531 @entity1 (69.7% response rate) using pre-tested questions. METHODS: The South Australian Health Omnibus survey was utilised. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic data were collected along with details of previous pregnancies, and degree of @entity615 during pregnancy treatment regimens, and persistence of @entity615 . RESULTS: Thirty-five and a half per cent of @entity1 recall having at least moderately severe @entity615 during pregnancy. @entity1 who reported such @entity615 were younger, were more likely to report ill health and be unemployed. Increasing parity was not associated with current @entity615 . The most commonly used treatments were bed rest, @entity158 killing medication, physiotherapy, and chiropractic treatment. Half of those with symptoms were untreated. Sixty-eight per cent of @entity1 who experienced moderate or worse @entity1643 during pregnancy continued to experience recurring @entity1643 with a self reported reduction in their health. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1643 is commonly associated with an onset in pregnancy subjectively contributing to long-term morbidity The high prevalence may be an underestimate in view of the potential for recall bias in older @entity1 .

title: The prevalence of recalled XXXX during and after pregnancy: a South Australian population survey.

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic low back pain', 'low back pain']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']


abstract: The biologic and clinical heterogeneity of the various subtypes of @entity1893 is related to differences in morphologic, immunologic, and kinetic properties. Comprehensive studies characterizing these features in @entity1143 have yet to be reported. We recently studied 27 effusion specimens from 26 @entity1 with clinically suspected or confirmed @entity706 . Wright-Giemsa- and Papanicolaou-stained cytologic preparations, @entity8574 orange nucleic acid flow cytometry, and immunoperoxidase staining of cell suspensions using antibodies to a battery of T and B cell markers were evaluated and compared with prior histologic accessions. Specimens were classified by cytologic characteristics according to the International Working Formulation Scheme and by @entity8574 orange nucleic acid flow cytometry using the parameters of DNA, RNA, and proliferative activity. Correlation of the cytometric and morphologic data demonstrated that with increasing cytologic grade of @entity706 , the proliferative activity increased progressively and distinguished between grades (P less than 0.01). Immunologic studies identified B cell phenotype in 16 specimens, T cell in three, and true @entity4812 in one; one @entity706 had no cell markers (null cell). Six effusions proved to be inflammatory and reactive according to surface marker studies. Classification by cytologic characteristics showed good correlation with histologic classification performed previously. Immunologic study of cytologic specimens gave results identical to those achieved by frozen-section immunohistologic examination. Thus, immunologic and cytometric parameters can be readily performed on effusion specimens and @entity3224 in the diagnosis and classification of @entity706 .

title: A morphologic, immunologic, and cytometric approach to the classification of XXXX in effusions.

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomatous effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8574 :: ('CHEBI:36420', 'Chemical') :: ['acridine']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity4812 :: ('MESH:D016403', 'Disease') :: ['histiocytic lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether @entity1374 or treatment of @entity74 affects the risk of @entity0 . Subjects aged 35-64 years were @entity1 in the National Institute of @entity1 Health and @entity1 Development @entity1 's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study, a population-based, case-control study of @entity0 that was carried out at five sites in the United States. In- @entity1 interviews were completed for 4575 @entity1 (cases) with @entity0 (2953 white and 1622 black) and 4682 control @entity1 (3021 white and 1661 black). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multiple logistic regression methods. Models included adjustment for age (5-year age groups), race ( @entity62 ), and site. A history of any @entity1374 (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9-1.2) was not associated with @entity0 risk. Only @entity1 with a history of @entity259 had an increased risk, but this was restricted to parous @entity1 (parous OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.5-8.1; nulliparous OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.04-5.1). @entity0 risk was not associated with treatment for @entity1374 . There was no statistical interaction between @entity1374 , thyroid treatments, and race, menopausal status, or parity. We found no association between @entity1374 or their associated treatments and the risk of @entity0 .

title: Do @entity1374 increase the risk of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Child', 'women', 'Women', 'person', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'invasive breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['such disorders']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white or black']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancer']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid disorders', 'thyroid disorder']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The objective of this study was to determine whether @entity1374 or treatment of @entity74 affects the risk of @entity0 . Subjects aged 35-64 years were @entity1 in the National Institute of @entity1 Health and @entity1 Development @entity1 's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study, a population-based, case-control study of @entity0 that was carried out at five sites in the United States. In- @entity1 interviews were completed for 4575 @entity1 (cases) with @entity0 (2953 white and 1622 black) and 4682 control @entity1 (3021 white and 1661 black). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multiple logistic regression methods. Models included adjustment for age (5-year age groups), race ( @entity62 ), and site. A history of any @entity1374 (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9-1.2) was not associated with @entity0 risk. Only @entity1 with a history of @entity259 had an increased risk, but this was restricted to parous @entity1 (parous OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.5-8.1; nulliparous OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.04-5.1). @entity0 risk was not associated with treatment for @entity1374 . There was no statistical interaction between @entity1374 , thyroid treatments, and race, menopausal status, or parity. We found no association between @entity1374 or their associated treatments and the risk of @entity0 .

title: Do XXXX increase the risk of @entity0 ?

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid disorders']


abstract: The frequency at which the genes responsible for capsule biosynthesis occurred in field isolates of @entity8211 was determined. Of the two genotypes detected (hasABC and hasC), the capsular genotype (hasABC) was more common. This genotype was present at a higher frequency in a population isolated from @entity1271 cases than in a population isolated from @entity291 bedding. The virulence of a mutant strain of @entity8211 (TRF0-6) that lacked the ability to produce a @entity4023 capsule due to an insertion within its single copy of hasA (P. N. Ward, T. R. Field, W. G. F. Ditcham, E. Maguin, and J. A. Leigh, Infect. Immun. 69:392-399, 2001) was compared to that of the capsular parental strain (0140J). Strains TRF0-6 and 0140J infected all mammary gland quarters following experimental challenge. The wild type and the mutant induced overt signs of disease in four out of four and in six out of eight mammary gland quarters, respectively. Both the wild type and the hasA mutant were resistant to killing by @entity291 neutrophils following cultivation in @entity291 milk. The ability to withstand the bactericidal action of neutrophils following growth in milk was therefore independent of the capsule and coincided with the ability of supernatants from such cultures to prevent the bactericidal action of neutrophils. This investigation revealed that, in the absence of the capsule, @entity8211 is able to withstand the bactericidal effect of @entity291 neutrophils and induce @entity1271 in dairy @entity291 .

title: The hyaluronic acid capsule of XXXX is not required for the development of infection and clinical @entity1271 .

entities_list: @entity4023 :: ('MESH:D006820', 'Chemical') :: ['hyaluronic acid']

entities_list: @entity291 :: ('9913', 'Species') :: ['cows', 'cattle', 'bovine']

entities_list: @entity8211 :: ('1349', 'Species') :: ['S. uberis', 'Streptococcus uberis']

answer: @entity8211 :: (1349,Species) :: ['Streptococcus uberis']


abstract: The frequency at which the genes responsible for capsule biosynthesis occurred in field isolates of @entity8211 was determined. Of the two genotypes detected (hasABC and hasC), the capsular genotype (hasABC) was more common. This genotype was present at a higher frequency in a population isolated from @entity1271 cases than in a population isolated from @entity291 bedding. The virulence of a mutant strain of @entity8211 (TRF0-6) that lacked the ability to produce a @entity4023 capsule due to an insertion within its single copy of hasA (P. N. Ward, T. R. Field, W. G. F. Ditcham, E. Maguin, and J. A. Leigh, Infect. Immun. 69:392-399, 2001) was compared to that of the capsular parental strain (0140J). Strains TRF0-6 and 0140J infected all mammary gland quarters following experimental challenge. The wild type and the mutant induced overt signs of disease in four out of four and in six out of eight mammary gland quarters, respectively. Both the wild type and the hasA mutant were resistant to killing by @entity291 neutrophils following cultivation in @entity291 milk. The ability to withstand the bactericidal action of neutrophils following growth in milk was therefore independent of the capsule and coincided with the ability of supernatants from such cultures to prevent the bactericidal action of neutrophils. This investigation revealed that, in the absence of the capsule, @entity8211 is able to withstand the bactericidal effect of @entity291 neutrophils and induce @entity1271 in dairy @entity291 .

title: The hyaluronic acid capsule of @entity8211 is not required for the development of infection and clinical XXXX .

answer: @entity1271 :: (MESH:D008413,Disease) :: ['mastitis']


abstract: T cells in the Peyer's patches (PP) of the @entity1 ileum are exposed to a myriad of dietary and bacterial Ags from the gut lumen. Recall proliferative responses to common dietary @entity17754 are readily demonstrable by PP T cells from healthy individuals, and the cytokine response is dominated by @entity379 . Consistent with @entity1198 skewing, PP cells spontaneously secrete IL-12p70, and IL-12p40 protein can be visualized underneath the PP dome epithelium. In this study, we have analyzed IL-12 signaling in PP and investigated whether IL-12 plays a functional role. CD3+ T lymphocytes isolated from PP and adjacent ileal mucosa spontaneously secrete @entity379 with negligible @entity3646 or @entity225 . RNA transcripts for IL-12Rbeta2, the signaling component of the IL-12R, are present in purified CD4+ and CD8+ T PP lymphocytes. Active @entity7116 , a transcription factor essential for IL-12-mediated @entity1198 differentiation, is readily detectable in biopsies from PP and ileal mucosa and @entity7116 -DNA binding activity is demonstrable by EMSA. Nuclear proteins from CD3+ T PP lymphocytes contain @entity7116 and @entity10071 , a transcription factor selectively expressed in @entity1198 cells. Stimulation of freshly isolated PP cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B dramatically enhanced the production of @entity379 , an effect which was largely inhibited by neutralizing anti-IL-12 Ab. These data show that IL-12 in @entity1 PP is likely to be responsible for the @entity1198 -dominated cytokine response of the @entity1 mucosal immune system.

title: Activated XXXX and a functional role for IL-12 in @entity1 Peyer's patches.

answer: @entity7116 :: (6775,Gene) :: ['STAT4']


abstract: T cells in the Peyer's patches (PP) of the @entity1 ileum are exposed to a myriad of dietary and bacterial Ags from the gut lumen. Recall proliferative responses to common dietary @entity17754 are readily demonstrable by PP T cells from healthy individuals, and the cytokine response is dominated by @entity379 . Consistent with @entity1198 skewing, PP cells spontaneously secrete IL-12p70, and IL-12p40 protein can be visualized underneath the PP dome epithelium. In this study, we have analyzed IL-12 signaling in PP and investigated whether IL-12 plays a functional role. CD3+ T lymphocytes isolated from PP and adjacent ileal mucosa spontaneously secrete @entity379 with negligible @entity3646 or @entity225 . RNA transcripts for IL-12Rbeta2, the signaling component of the IL-12R, are present in purified CD4+ and CD8+ T PP lymphocytes. Active @entity7116 , a transcription factor essential for IL-12-mediated @entity1198 differentiation, is readily detectable in biopsies from PP and ileal mucosa and @entity7116 -DNA binding activity is demonstrable by EMSA. Nuclear proteins from CD3+ T PP lymphocytes contain @entity7116 and @entity10071 , a transcription factor selectively expressed in @entity1198 cells. Stimulation of freshly isolated PP cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B dramatically enhanced the production of @entity379 , an effect which was largely inhibited by neutralizing anti-IL-12 Ab. These data show that IL-12 in @entity1 PP is likely to be responsible for the @entity1198 -dominated cytokine response of the @entity1 mucosal immune system.

title: Activated @entity7116 and a functional role for IL-12 in XXXX Peyer's patches.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the long-term recurrence rate and other complications after conventional and laparoscopic @entity169 . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Reliable long-term follow-up of @entity1 with @entity169 treated by laparoscopic repair techniques is lacking. METHODS: The authors performed a randomized, multicenter trial in which 487 @entity1 with @entity169 were treated by totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic repair and 507 @entity1 were treated by conventional anterior @entity547 repair. @entity1 were followed and examined for recurrence and chronic @entity158 2, 3, and 5 years after surgery. Risk factors for recurrence and chronic @entity158 were assessed. RESULTS: @entity1 who underwent conventional repair had a high risk for recurrence compared to @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic repair. Risk factors for recurrence were operative time and type of conventional repair. Predictive independent risk factors for chronic @entity158 were conventional repair (Bassini repairs and non-bassini repairs), @entity158 before surgery, and perioperative lesion of the ilioinguinal nerve. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity169 who undergo laparoscopic repair have fewer recurrences and less chronic @entity158 than those who undergo conventional open repair. The Bassini repair produces unacceptably high recurrence rates.

title: Recurrences after conventional anterior and laparoscopic XXXX : a randomized comparison.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernias', 'inguinal hernia repair', 'inguinal hernia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal pain']

answer: @entity169 :: (MESH:D006552,Disease) :: ['inguinal hernia repair']


abstract: The epithelial cells of @entity43 may sometimes appear similar to those of @entity1820 , but most are composed of cells that do not suggest any particular derivation. We report four cases of mucinous @entity43 in which the cells were entirely or almost entirely endocervical-like. The @entity1 ' ages were 34, 43, 44, and 50 years. Two @entity1 had @entity5 confined to the ovaries at initial staging; both also had synchronous @entity1204 of the mucinous type. The two other @entity1 had @entity5 , both with invasive metastases in the pelvis and abdomen at initial staging. In one of the latter cases a @entity5 (MMBT) of the opposite ovary had been removed 5 years earlier, and in this case and two other cases the @entity43 had foci resembling @entity71041 , suggesting that they may be an invasive counterpart to these @entity5 . The six @entity5 ranged from 4 to 19 cm; five were grossly cystic with papillary or solid areas, and one was entirely solid. They were composed of closely packed glands, cysts, and cysts containing complex papillae. There was abundant intraglandular and intracystic mucin. The epithelial cells were well differentiated with infrequent mitoses and most were tall with mucinous cytoplasm resembling normal endocervical glandular cells. In three @entity5 there also were round to polygonal cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm; endometrioid foci were present in three @entity5 and a squamous focus was present in one. One @entity5 had a focally infiltrative growth pattern with a desmoplastic stromal reaction; the remaining five @entity5 had an exclusively confluent (expansile) pattern of invasion. Endometriosis was present in residual ovarian tissue adjacent to four @entity5 in three @entity1 and had marked epithelial proliferation in three. All @entity1 were treated postoperatively with chemotherapy and were without clinical recurrence with follow-up intervals of 8 months, 1.2 years, 2.9 years, and 3.8 years. By immunohistochemical analysis the neoplastic epithelium was positive for @entity172 and @entity1420 receptor proteins, @entity2277 , and @entity5822 , and negative or only focally positive for carcinoembryonic antigen and @entity2225 , a profile that differs from that of the @entity43 and is supportive of a mullerian derivation. As with MMBTs, there was a strong association with @entity46 , and these @entity5 likely arise from @entity46 , possibly through an MMBT precursor in some cases. To better understand their clinicopathologic features and pathogenesis, this uncommon variant should be separated from the usual type in future studies of @entity189 of the ovary.

title: Ovarian mucinous and mixed @entity189 of mullerian (endocervical-like) type: a clinicopathologic analysis of four cases of an uncommon variant associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma', 'ovarian carcinomas', 'ovarian mucinous carcinomas', 'usual mucinous ovarian carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'mullerian (endocervical-like) mucinous borderline tumor', 'bilateral tumors', 'unilateral tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal or endocervical mucinous carcinomas']

answer: @entity46 :: (MESH:D004715,Disease) :: ['endometriosis']


abstract: The epithelial cells of @entity43 may sometimes appear similar to those of @entity1820 , but most are composed of cells that do not suggest any particular derivation. We report four cases of mucinous @entity43 in which the cells were entirely or almost entirely endocervical-like. The @entity1 ' ages were 34, 43, 44, and 50 years. Two @entity1 had @entity5 confined to the ovaries at initial staging; both also had synchronous @entity1204 of the mucinous type. The two other @entity1 had @entity5 , both with invasive metastases in the pelvis and abdomen at initial staging. In one of the latter cases a @entity5 (MMBT) of the opposite ovary had been removed 5 years earlier, and in this case and two other cases the @entity43 had foci resembling @entity71041 , suggesting that they may be an invasive counterpart to these @entity5 . The six @entity5 ranged from 4 to 19 cm; five were grossly cystic with papillary or solid areas, and one was entirely solid. They were composed of closely packed glands, cysts, and cysts containing complex papillae. There was abundant intraglandular and intracystic mucin. The epithelial cells were well differentiated with infrequent mitoses and most were tall with mucinous cytoplasm resembling normal endocervical glandular cells. In three @entity5 there also were round to polygonal cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm; endometrioid foci were present in three @entity5 and a squamous focus was present in one. One @entity5 had a focally infiltrative growth pattern with a desmoplastic stromal reaction; the remaining five @entity5 had an exclusively confluent (expansile) pattern of invasion. Endometriosis was present in residual ovarian tissue adjacent to four @entity5 in three @entity1 and had marked epithelial proliferation in three. All @entity1 were treated postoperatively with chemotherapy and were without clinical recurrence with follow-up intervals of 8 months, 1.2 years, 2.9 years, and 3.8 years. By immunohistochemical analysis the neoplastic epithelium was positive for @entity172 and @entity1420 receptor proteins, @entity2277 , and @entity5822 , and negative or only focally positive for carcinoembryonic antigen and @entity2225 , a profile that differs from that of the @entity43 and is supportive of a mullerian derivation. As with MMBTs, there was a strong association with @entity46 , and these @entity5 likely arise from @entity46 , possibly through an MMBT precursor in some cases. To better understand their clinicopathologic features and pathogenesis, this uncommon variant should be separated from the usual type in future studies of @entity189 of the ovary.

title: Ovarian mucinous and mixed XXXX of mullerian (endocervical-like) type: a clinicopathologic analysis of four cases of an uncommon variant associated with @entity46 .

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['epithelial carcinomas']


abstract: The @entity1 prostate and seminal vesicles are both @entity342 -dependent sex accessory organs. Their growth behavior, response to hormone manipulation, susceptibility to benign and malignant processes and sex accessory functions, however, differ greatly. The growth behavior of most tissues correlates well with the cell turnover rate of that tissue. Therefore, we compared the cell turnover of normal @entity1 prostate and seminal vesicles. Immunohistochemical expression of @entity1758 (proliferation), @entity588 and transforming growth factor ( @entity2533 ) were examined in 20 different samples taken from histologically normal @entity1 prostatic and seminal vesicle tissue. For the quantification of apoptosis, the TUNEL technique was used. The apoptosis rates in normal prostatic tissue (0.73+/-0.60) were significantly greater (P=0.003) than those seen in seminal vesicles (0.02+/-0.01). The proliferation rates also differed significantly (P=0.002) between these tissues (prostate: 0.77+/-0.78; seminal vesicles: 0.02+/-0.02). Eighty percent of the prostate tissue stained for @entity588 , whereas only 55% of the seminal vesicle tissue showed staining for @entity588 . All seminal vesicles and 75% of the prostate samples stained for @entity2533 . For both @entity342 -dependent tissues, apoptotic rates closely equaled proliferation rates. The cell turnover, however, was much higher in the prostate than in the seminal vesicles. @entity2533 seems to be more important for the regulation of cell turnover in the seminal vesicles than @entity588 . These differences in the proliferative behavior may explain why disturbances of apoptotic regulation lead to a more extensive net cell gain in prostatic tissue compared to the seminal vesicles. This might help explain the vastly different incidence of benign and @entity5 in these organs.

title: Cell turnover in XXXX seminal vesicles and the prostate: an immunohistochemical study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']