abstract: The abundant expression of @entity18151 ( @entity18151 ) proteins in neurons, together with their modulatory function on G-protein-dependent neurotransmission, provides the basis for cellular adaptation to sensory inputs. To identify the molecular mechanism involved in the sensory experience-induced neural development, we performed a systematic survey of the localization of mRNAs encoding three subtypes of the RGSs ( @entity12152 , @entity52217 and @entity70751 ) in developing @entity35 brains by in situ hybridization through postnatal day 2 (P2), P10 and @entity12988 to adult. The most dramatic changes of expression patterns were observed in the discrete neuronal cell layers of the cerebral neocortex (for @entity70752 ), the hippocampus (for @entity70753 ), the thalamus (for @entity52217 ) and the cerebellum (for @entity12152 and 7). In the neocortex, @entity12152 mRNA was enriched in the superficial cortical plate at P2, in contrast to @entity52217 , which was enriched in more mature neurons of the deeper layer V and VI. In the hippocampus, the neuronal cell layer-specific expression pattern of @entity12152 developed from P2 to @entity12988 . @entity52217 expression was temporarily confined to the CA pyramidal cell layer and not detectable in the dentate gyrus at P10 and @entity12988 . Similarly, a high level of expression of @entity70751 was observed in the CA area, but not in the dentate gyrus at P2 and P10. In the cerebellum, the maturation of laminar expression patterns for the three RGSs correlated with neuronal maturation and synaptogenesis at @entity12988 . The most characteristic temporal pattern among the three RGSs was observed for @entity52217 mRNA, which was highly enriched in the thalamocortical regions. The peaks of @entity52217 expression were seen in the following regions with distinct onset and duration: the neocortex (from P2 onward), the hippocampus (P10 and @entity12988 ) and the thalamus (from @entity12988 onward). The divergent temporal and spatial expression of @entity18151 subtypes and their dynamic control in the cortex, the hippocampus and the thalamus suggest that the @entity18151 family could play multiple distinct roles in experience-dependent brain development.

title: Expression of XXXX , @entity52217 and @entity70751 in the developing postnatal brain.

entities_list: @entity18151 :: ('MESH:C538387', 'Disease') :: ['RGS', 'regulator of G-protein signalling']

answer: @entity12152 :: (84583(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['RGS2']


abstract: The abundant expression of @entity18151 ( @entity18151 ) proteins in neurons, together with their modulatory function on G-protein-dependent neurotransmission, provides the basis for cellular adaptation to sensory inputs. To identify the molecular mechanism involved in the sensory experience-induced neural development, we performed a systematic survey of the localization of mRNAs encoding three subtypes of the RGSs ( @entity12152 , @entity52217 and @entity70751 ) in developing @entity35 brains by in situ hybridization through postnatal day 2 (P2), P10 and @entity12988 to adult. The most dramatic changes of expression patterns were observed in the discrete neuronal cell layers of the cerebral neocortex (for @entity70752 ), the hippocampus (for @entity70753 ), the thalamus (for @entity52217 ) and the cerebellum (for @entity12152 and 7). In the neocortex, @entity12152 mRNA was enriched in the superficial cortical plate at P2, in contrast to @entity52217 , which was enriched in more mature neurons of the deeper layer V and VI. In the hippocampus, the neuronal cell layer-specific expression pattern of @entity12152 developed from P2 to @entity12988 . @entity52217 expression was temporarily confined to the CA pyramidal cell layer and not detectable in the dentate gyrus at P10 and @entity12988 . Similarly, a high level of expression of @entity70751 was observed in the CA area, but not in the dentate gyrus at P2 and P10. In the cerebellum, the maturation of laminar expression patterns for the three RGSs correlated with neuronal maturation and synaptogenesis at @entity12988 . The most characteristic temporal pattern among the three RGSs was observed for @entity52217 mRNA, which was highly enriched in the thalamocortical regions. The peaks of @entity52217 expression were seen in the following regions with distinct onset and duration: the neocortex (from P2 onward), the hippocampus (P10 and @entity12988 ) and the thalamus (from @entity12988 onward). The divergent temporal and spatial expression of @entity18151 subtypes and their dynamic control in the cortex, the hippocampus and the thalamus suggest that the @entity18151 family could play multiple distinct roles in experience-dependent brain development.

title: Expression of @entity12152 , @entity52217 and XXXX in the developing postnatal brain.

answer: @entity70751 :: (54296(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['RGS7']


abstract: The abundant expression of @entity18151 ( @entity18151 ) proteins in neurons, together with their modulatory function on G-protein-dependent neurotransmission, provides the basis for cellular adaptation to sensory inputs. To identify the molecular mechanism involved in the sensory experience-induced neural development, we performed a systematic survey of the localization of mRNAs encoding three subtypes of the RGSs ( @entity12152 , @entity52217 and @entity70751 ) in developing @entity35 brains by in situ hybridization through postnatal day 2 (P2), P10 and @entity12988 to adult. The most dramatic changes of expression patterns were observed in the discrete neuronal cell layers of the cerebral neocortex (for @entity70752 ), the hippocampus (for @entity70753 ), the thalamus (for @entity52217 ) and the cerebellum (for @entity12152 and 7). In the neocortex, @entity12152 mRNA was enriched in the superficial cortical plate at P2, in contrast to @entity52217 , which was enriched in more mature neurons of the deeper layer V and VI. In the hippocampus, the neuronal cell layer-specific expression pattern of @entity12152 developed from P2 to @entity12988 . @entity52217 expression was temporarily confined to the CA pyramidal cell layer and not detectable in the dentate gyrus at P10 and @entity12988 . Similarly, a high level of expression of @entity70751 was observed in the CA area, but not in the dentate gyrus at P2 and P10. In the cerebellum, the maturation of laminar expression patterns for the three RGSs correlated with neuronal maturation and synaptogenesis at @entity12988 . The most characteristic temporal pattern among the three RGSs was observed for @entity52217 mRNA, which was highly enriched in the thalamocortical regions. The peaks of @entity52217 expression were seen in the following regions with distinct onset and duration: the neocortex (from P2 onward), the hippocampus (P10 and @entity12988 ) and the thalamus (from @entity12988 onward). The divergent temporal and spatial expression of @entity18151 subtypes and their dynamic control in the cortex, the hippocampus and the thalamus suggest that the @entity18151 family could play multiple distinct roles in experience-dependent brain development.

title: Expression of @entity12152 , XXXX and @entity70751 in the developing postnatal brain.

answer: @entity52217 :: (29480(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['RGS4']


abstract: Injectable @entity1346 implants were assessed as vaccine delivery vehicles in @entity742 , using either the model antigen avidin or @entity3336 and @entity16592 toxoids. Two types of implant were compared, the matrix type, that has been shown to deliver antigen in vitro in a first-order profile over approximately 1 month, and the covered rod type, that delivers antigen for several months in a zero-order profile. The implants were prepared using lyophilized antigen and adjuvant (in this case, recombinant ovine @entity18732 ; rovIL-1beta) and manufactured in the absence of extremes of temperature or pH or the use of organic solvents. Use of the matrix type implant was capable of inducing antibody responses equivalent to those induced by conventional vaccination with @entity12525 adjuvant ("alum"). The use of the covered rod implants, that release very low levels of antigen over a long period, induced responses that were markedly enhanced over the alum control groups. The covered rod implant also favoured production of both IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes in contrast to responses of matrix-vaccinated @entity742 and conventionally vaccinated control @entity742 in which IgG1 predominated. Prolonged duration of the antibody response was also observed following vaccination with covered rod implants. Dose-response analysis using the matrix implant demonstrated a trend towards improved responses for lower antigen doses. Clostridial vaccination of @entity742 showed that protective antibody titres up to 4-fold higher than for alum-adjuvanted groups could be induced by administering the antigen in the covered rod implant. Responses elicited by all implant groups were dependent on the inclusion of adjuvant into the implant formulation.

title: Injectable XXXX implants as vaccine delivery vehicles.

entities_list: @entity16592 :: ('1542', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium novyi']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity3336 :: ('1513', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium tetani']

entities_list: @entity12525 :: ('CHEBI:33130', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminium hydroxide']

answer: @entity1346 :: (MESH:D012828,Chemical) :: ['silicone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the imaging features of benign hepatic nodules in @entity1 with @entity3181 and to correlate them with pathologic findings, with special attention placed on the presence of a central scar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Imaging findings of 59 benign hepatic nodules in four @entity1 with chronic @entity3181 were analyzed retrospectively, and radiologic- pathologic correlation was performed in three @entity1 with 50 hepatic nodules who underwent liver transplantation. All @entity1 underwent multiphasic helical CT. In three @entity1 with 29 lesions, MR imaging, including a multiphasic dynamic study, was performed. The CT and MR imaging findings in these @entity1 were compared with those of 103 small @entity157 in 56 other @entity1 (54 of them displayed @entity3619 or @entity1575 associated with @entity99 but none had @entity3181 ). Image analysis was performed by two radiologists with no knowledge of the diagnosis. RESULTS: All @entity1 with @entity3181 exhibited multiple benign nodules up to 3 cm in diameter, and 42 of 59 lesions were hypervascular. Microscopically, 15 of 32 nodules demonstrated a central scar; moreover, some nodules closely resembled @entity4383 . Frequencies of hyperintensity on T1-weighted images (14/29 vs 25/103), hypointensity on T2-weighted images (7/29 vs 1/103), and the presence of a central scar (6/59 vs 1/103) were significantly higher in benign nodules than in @entity157 (p < 0.05; Fisher's exact test). Moreover, for lesions larger than 1 cm, imaging studies revealed a central scar in six of 15 benign lesions. CONCLUSION: Benign hepatic nodules in @entity1 with in @entity3181 are usually small, multiple, and hypervascular. The presence of a central scar is a characteristic feature in those larger than 1 cm in diameter.

title: Benign hepatic nodules in XXXX : radiologic-pathologic correlation with emphasis on the central scar.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['focal nodular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity3181 :: ('MESH:D006502', 'Disease') :: ['Budd-Chiari syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['viral hepatitis']

answer: @entity3181 :: (MESH:D006502,Disease) :: ['Budd-Chiari syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of @entity2996 as an aid in predicting the need for intervention in @entity1 with @entity384 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty @entity1 with suspected @entity74 were separated into three groups. Group I @entity1 had @entity384 with periampullary lesions (n = 16), group II @entity1 had supraampullary obstructive lesions (n = 17), and group III @entity1 had @entity384 without @entity3885 (n = 17). Twenty consecutive single thick-slice MRCP images were obtained in the 15 degrees or 30 degrees left anterior oblique coronal plane. Two radiologists jointly reviewed the images without knowledge of the final diagnosis. The numbers of images showing relaxation of the sphincteric segment and the configuration of the distal margin of the common bile duct for the three groups were compared. RESULTS: Relaxation of the sphincteric segment was observed on the images of only two @entity1 (12%) in group I but on the images of all @entity1 in groups II and III, although not on all images. Lack of visualization of sphincteric relaxation on the kinematic MRCP images had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of periampullary lesions. Most @entity1 whose images did not show sphincteric relaxation required biliary intervention at the sphincter level. CONCLUSION: Nonvisualization of sphincteric relaxation on kinematic MRCP indicates ampullary or periampullary lesions. Kinematic MRCP can be used to determine the necessity of biliary intervention in @entity1 with @entity384 .

title: Using kinematic MR cholangiopancreatography to evaluate XXXX .

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['biliary dilatation']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['obstruction']

entities_list: @entity2996 :: ('MESH:C564543', 'Disease') :: ['kinematic MR cholangiopancreatographic (MRCP) images']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['pancreaticobiliary disorders']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['biliary dilatation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Hematogenous metastases to skeletal muscles have been reported to be rare. We report eight biopsy-proven cases of skeletal metastases occurring in sites of previously documented skeletal muscle @entity130 . We retrospectively reviewed MR imaging examinations obtained at a large orthopedic surgical oncology service from January 1994 through December 2000 for biopsy-proven metastases to skeletal muscles. Our retrospective review revealed 28 @entity1 with biopsy-proven skeletal muscle metastases. Of these 28 @entity1 , eight had a documented clinical history of previous @entity130 at the site of skeletal @entity3 . Five of these eight @entity1 underwent MR imaging before the development of a @entity3 . MR imaging revealed a @entity1410 in three of the five @entity1 and a partial muscle tear in two of the five @entity1 . The @entity1410 and @entity121 were in the same skeletal muscle location in which the @entity3 subsequently developed. @entity3 was documented by MR imaging and subsequent biopsy. CONCLUSION: Skeletal @entity121 may alter muscle physiology and result in increased susceptibility to the development of @entity3 at such sites.

title: Skeletal muscle metastases at sites of documented XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas', 'hematoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'Metastatic disease', 'metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['partial muscle tears', 'muscle injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: 1. We have studied the effects of @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) on action potential propagation in the isolated, desheathed vagus and saphenous nerves of @entity35 using an extracellular grease gap recording method. 2. @entity1421 evoked a small depolarization of vagus nerves but had no effect on the stimulation threshold, size or latency of either the A wave (corresponding to conduction in A fibres) or the C wave (corresponding to conduction in C fibres) of the compound action potential (CAP) recorded from either @entity4775 . 3. @entity3303 (0.01 - 10 mM) reduced all components of the @entity4775 . @entity1421 had no significant effect on the sensitivity of any component of the CAP to @entity3303 . 4. @entity1022 ( @entity4524 , 10 microM) blocked completely both the A wave and the C wave of the CAP in either @entity4775 . 5. In saphenous nerve preparations the A wave was blocked by lower concentrations of @entity4524 than the C wave or any component of the CAP in @entity4775 which suggests that somatosensory A fibres express a different sub-type of @entity4524 -sensitive voltage-gated @entity1372 channel (VGSC) than somatosensory C-fibres or visceral sensory fibres. 6. Chemical activation of VGSCs with @entity13981 (10 or 50 microM) induced a depolarization in either nerve. The depolarization induced by 50 microM @entity13981 was blocked by 10 microM @entity4524 . 7. Although @entity4524 -insensitive VGSCs are expressed by some vagal and some somatosensory neurones they do not appear to be expressed functionally in the axons.

title: Differential sensitivity to XXXX and lack of effect of @entity1421 on the pharmacology and physiology of propagated action potentials.

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE(2)', 'prostaglandin E(2)']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity13981 :: ('MESH:D014701', 'Chemical') :: ['veratridine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine', 'Lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity4775 :: ('MESH:D020421', 'Disease') :: ['vagus nerve preparations', 'CAP of both vagus and saphenous nerves', 'vagus or saphenous nerves']

answer: @entity1022 :: (MESH:D013779,Chemical) :: ['tetrodotoxin']


abstract: 1. We have studied the effects of @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) on action potential propagation in the isolated, desheathed vagus and saphenous nerves of @entity35 using an extracellular grease gap recording method. 2. @entity1421 evoked a small depolarization of vagus nerves but had no effect on the stimulation threshold, size or latency of either the A wave (corresponding to conduction in A fibres) or the C wave (corresponding to conduction in C fibres) of the compound action potential (CAP) recorded from either @entity4775 . 3. @entity3303 (0.01 - 10 mM) reduced all components of the @entity4775 . @entity1421 had no significant effect on the sensitivity of any component of the CAP to @entity3303 . 4. @entity1022 ( @entity4524 , 10 microM) blocked completely both the A wave and the C wave of the CAP in either @entity4775 . 5. In saphenous nerve preparations the A wave was blocked by lower concentrations of @entity4524 than the C wave or any component of the CAP in @entity4775 which suggests that somatosensory A fibres express a different sub-type of @entity4524 -sensitive voltage-gated @entity1372 channel (VGSC) than somatosensory C-fibres or visceral sensory fibres. 6. Chemical activation of VGSCs with @entity13981 (10 or 50 microM) induced a depolarization in either nerve. The depolarization induced by 50 microM @entity13981 was blocked by 10 microM @entity4524 . 7. Although @entity4524 -insensitive VGSCs are expressed by some vagal and some somatosensory neurones they do not appear to be expressed functionally in the axons.

title: Differential sensitivity to @entity1022 and lack of effect of XXXX on the pharmacology and physiology of propagated action potentials.

answer: @entity1421 :: (MESH:D015232,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin E2']


abstract: @entity28223 modulates a variety of cell functions such as adhesion, spreading, and migration. Using a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular region of Src homology 2 domain bearing protein @entity669 phosphatase substrate-1 ( @entity28224 ) and the Fc portion of @entity1 Ig ( @entity28224 -Ig) we investigated the effects of @entity28224 as a ligand for @entity28223 on B lymphocytes. Although @entity28224 -Ig binding to @entity1 B cell lines was solely mediated via @entity28223 , their binding capacity for soluble and immobilized @entity28224 -Ig varied among cell lines irrespective of the similar expression levels of @entity28223 , suggesting that distinctive affinity/avidity states exist during B cell maturation. @entity1 cell line and tonsilar B lymphocytes adhered to immobilized @entity28224 -Ig and showed polarization-like morphology. These effects of @entity28224 -Ig were blocked by anti- @entity28223 mAbs (B6H12 and SE5A5). Wortmannin, a @entity4357 -3 kinase inhibitor, but not pertussis toxin significantly inhibited the polarization induced by the immobilized @entity28224 -Ig. Thus, @entity28224 acts as an adhesive substrate via @entity28223 in @entity1 B lymphocyte. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that @entity28224 is expressed on high endothelial venule as well as macrophages in @entity1 tonsils. HUVECs also express @entity28224 in the absence of any stimuli, and the adhesion of tonsilar B lymphocytes to nonactivated HUVECs was significantly inhibited by SE5A5, indicating that @entity28224 / @entity28223 interaction is involved in the adhesion. Our findings suggest that @entity28224 / @entity28223 interaction may contribute to the recruitment of B lymphocytes via endothelial cells under steady state conditions.

title: Interaction between Src homology 2 domain bearing protein XXXX phosphatase substrate-1 and @entity28223 mediates the adhesion of @entity1 B lymphocytes to nonactivated endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: @entity28223 modulates a variety of cell functions such as adhesion, spreading, and migration. Using a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular region of Src homology 2 domain bearing protein @entity669 phosphatase substrate-1 ( @entity28224 ) and the Fc portion of @entity1 Ig ( @entity28224 -Ig) we investigated the effects of @entity28224 as a ligand for @entity28223 on B lymphocytes. Although @entity28224 -Ig binding to @entity1 B cell lines was solely mediated via @entity28223 , their binding capacity for soluble and immobilized @entity28224 -Ig varied among cell lines irrespective of the similar expression levels of @entity28223 , suggesting that distinctive affinity/avidity states exist during B cell maturation. @entity1 cell line and tonsilar B lymphocytes adhered to immobilized @entity28224 -Ig and showed polarization-like morphology. These effects of @entity28224 -Ig were blocked by anti- @entity28223 mAbs (B6H12 and SE5A5). Wortmannin, a @entity4357 -3 kinase inhibitor, but not pertussis toxin significantly inhibited the polarization induced by the immobilized @entity28224 -Ig. Thus, @entity28224 acts as an adhesive substrate via @entity28223 in @entity1 B lymphocyte. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that @entity28224 is expressed on high endothelial venule as well as macrophages in @entity1 tonsils. HUVECs also express @entity28224 in the absence of any stimuli, and the adhesion of tonsilar B lymphocytes to nonactivated HUVECs was significantly inhibited by SE5A5, indicating that @entity28224 / @entity28223 interaction is involved in the adhesion. Our findings suggest that @entity28224 / @entity28223 interaction may contribute to the recruitment of B lymphocytes via endothelial cells under steady state conditions.

title: Interaction between Src homology 2 domain bearing protein @entity669 phosphatase substrate-1 and XXXX mediates the adhesion of @entity1 B lymphocytes to nonactivated endothelial cells.

answer: @entity28223 :: (961,Gene) :: ['CD47']


abstract: @entity28223 modulates a variety of cell functions such as adhesion, spreading, and migration. Using a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular region of Src homology 2 domain bearing protein @entity669 phosphatase substrate-1 ( @entity28224 ) and the Fc portion of @entity1 Ig ( @entity28224 -Ig) we investigated the effects of @entity28224 as a ligand for @entity28223 on B lymphocytes. Although @entity28224 -Ig binding to @entity1 B cell lines was solely mediated via @entity28223 , their binding capacity for soluble and immobilized @entity28224 -Ig varied among cell lines irrespective of the similar expression levels of @entity28223 , suggesting that distinctive affinity/avidity states exist during B cell maturation. @entity1 cell line and tonsilar B lymphocytes adhered to immobilized @entity28224 -Ig and showed polarization-like morphology. These effects of @entity28224 -Ig were blocked by anti- @entity28223 mAbs (B6H12 and SE5A5). Wortmannin, a @entity4357 -3 kinase inhibitor, but not pertussis toxin significantly inhibited the polarization induced by the immobilized @entity28224 -Ig. Thus, @entity28224 acts as an adhesive substrate via @entity28223 in @entity1 B lymphocyte. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that @entity28224 is expressed on high endothelial venule as well as macrophages in @entity1 tonsils. HUVECs also express @entity28224 in the absence of any stimuli, and the adhesion of tonsilar B lymphocytes to nonactivated HUVECs was significantly inhibited by SE5A5, indicating that @entity28224 / @entity28223 interaction is involved in the adhesion. Our findings suggest that @entity28224 / @entity28223 interaction may contribute to the recruitment of B lymphocytes via endothelial cells under steady state conditions.

title: Interaction between Src homology 2 domain bearing protein @entity669 phosphatase substrate-1 and @entity28223 mediates the adhesion of XXXX B lymphocytes to nonactivated endothelial cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity302 , one of the most common @entity16 , is a major public health issue. Despite more than 20 approved @entity734 ( @entity734 ), about 30% of @entity1 are refractory to treatment. An important characteristic of pharmacoresistant @entity302 is that most @entity1 with @entity302 are resistant to several, if not all, @entity734 , even though these drugs act by different mechanisms. This argues against @entity302 -induced alterations in specific drug targets as a major cause of pharmacoresistant @entity302 , but rather points to nonspecific and possibly adaptive mechanisms, such as decreased drug uptake into the brain by intrinsic or acquired over-expression of multidrug transporters in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There is accumulating evidence demonstrating that multidrug transporters such as @entity1262 ( @entity1262 ) and members of the @entity22149 ( @entity22149 ) family are over-expressed in capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes in epileptogenic brain tissue surgically resected from @entity1 with medically intractable @entity302 . @entity1262 and MRPs in the BBB are thought to act as an active defense mechanism, restricting the penetration of lipophilic substances into the brain. A large variety of compounds, including many lipophilic drugs, are substrates for either @entity1262 or MRPs or both. It is thus not astonishing that several @entity734 , which have been made lipophilic to penetrate into the brain, seem to be substrates for multidrug transporters in the BBB. Over-expression of such transporters in epileptogenic tissue is thus likely to reduce the amount of drug that reaches the @entity528 , which would be a likely explanation for pharmacoresistance. @entity1262 and MRPs can be blocked by specific inhibitors, which raises the option to use such inhibitors as adjunctive treatment for medically @entity302 . However, although over-expression of multidrug transporters is a novel and reasonable hypothesis to explain multidrug resistance in @entity302 , further studies are needed to establish this concept. Furthermore, there are certainly other mechanisms of pharmacoresistance that need to be identified.

title: Role of multidrug transporters in pharmacoresistance to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity22149 :: ('8714', 'Gene') :: ['MRP', 'multidrug resistance-associated protein']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disorders']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['refractory epilepsy', 'epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['AEDs', 'antiepileptic drugs']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic neurons']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['antiepileptic drugs']


abstract: The role of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in lipid mobilization and blood flow was investigated in situ using microdialysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue in severely @entity28 subjects. The lipolysis rate was assessed by determination of interstitial @entity653 concentration. The alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist @entity56392 caused an increase in @entity653 level in adipose tissue that was similar to that observed with the physiologic alpha(1,2)- @entity2161 agonist @entity1063 , whereas the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity3773 showed no effect on basal lipolysis rate. However, the enhanced @entity653 concentration due to @entity56392 and @entity1063 was suppressed in the presence of @entity3773 . The beta-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity1169 showed no effect on @entity56392 -stimulated @entity653 outflow. Blood flow was assessed using the @entity1068 escape technique. Perfusion with @entity56392 decreased blood flow, whereas @entity3773 enhanced blood flow significantly. Despite the increase in blood flow, the basal interstitial @entity653 concentration remained unchanged. Although @entity56392 at high concentrations could inhibit the @entity3773 -induced increase in blood flow, the @entity56392 -induced @entity653 output was not affected. These results demonstrate that alpha(1)-adrenoceptors are involved in regulation of lipolysis rate and microcirculation of adipose tissue. However, the observed changes in local blood flow were not related to @entity653 output.

title: In vivo alpha(1)-adrenergic lipolytic activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue of XXXX subjects.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity56392 :: ('MESH:C005310', 'Chemical') :: ['norfenefrine']

entities_list: @entity3773 :: ('MESH:C015568', 'Chemical') :: ['urapidil']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents may cause relevant small bowel and colonic side effects, apart from @entity75 . The synthesis of selective @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) inhibitors has been an important breakthrough in antiinflammatory therapy by decreasing the incidence of @entity344 . However, there is little information available concerning their effects on gut mucosa distally to the duodenum. A case history is described of a 52-year-old @entity1 with a temporary colostomy after resection of a sigmoid @entity5 and who presented with bloody @entity294 5 days after beginning therapy with @entity13586 . The @entity548 had its origin in the transverse colon, and the endoscopic appearance was that of actively @entity548 acute @entity548 . No other @entity1049 were detected, nor was there any evidence of related @entity281 , @entity548 diathesis, or other @entity262 . On discontinuing @entity13586 and instituting parenteral rehydration, the @entity548 and @entity294 stopped. Endoscopic follow-up revealed regenerating mucosa in the transverse colon. The time relation, the absence of other causes of @entity548 , and the clinical evolution all strongly support the probability of a causal relation between @entity13586 and @entity548 . This case may raise awareness concerning the possibility of @entity1049 related to the new @entity3840 inhibitors, similar to what is known about nonselective antiinflammatory agents.

title: XXXX : a possible cause of acute colitis.

entities_list: @entity13586 :: ('MESH:C116926', 'Chemical') :: ['rofecoxib']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding', 'hemorrhagic colitis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['gastroduodenal lesions']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['upper gastrointestinal lesions']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic lesions']

answer: @entity13586 :: (MESH:C116926,Chemical) :: ['Rofecoxib']


abstract: PURPOSE: A recent outcome study of Randot stereopsis in @entity5971 reported early surgical alignment is associated with a higher percentage of @entity1 with stereopsis and a higher quality of stereopsis because early surgery minimized the duration of misalignment. We compared the Titmus stereopsis with the duration of misalignment and the age of alignment for a group of @entity1 who were surgically aligned by 24 months of age. METHODS: The data previously obtained in a study of 90 @entity1 aligned by 2 years of age, examined in a masked, independent evaluation for binocularity was analyzed. The age of alignment and duration of misalignment was correlated with the percentage of @entity1 with stereopsis and quality of the stereopsis result as determined by the Titmus vectograph overlay. RESULTS: @entity1 aligned by 6 or 12 months of age or within 6 or 12 months of duration of misalignment did not differ in percentage with stereopsis. However, @entity1 aligned after 12 months of age did show a decrease percentage with stereopsis (P <.05, power 0.8). The quality of the stereopsis that was established was similar for those aligned by 6 or 12 months (P >.05, power 0.8). The quality of stereopsis, however, was decreased for @entity1 with duration of misalignment greater than 12 months (P <.001, power 0.8). CONCLUSION: Alignment within 1 year of age or within 12 months of misalignment favorably affects the percentage of @entity1 who develop stereopsis in the treatment of @entity5971 . The quality of the stereopsis result is affected by the duration of the misalignment, rather, than the age of alignment per se.

title: Outcome study of stereopsis in relation to duration of misalignment in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity5971 :: ('MESH:D004948', 'Disease') :: ['congenital esotropia']

answer: @entity5971 :: (MESH:D004948,Disease) :: ['congenital esotropia']


abstract: We conducted this retrospective, cohort study to evaluate the quality of @entity1 care and procedure use in the medical care unit (MICU) following reorganisation and staffing by an intensivist. Consecutive admissions to an adult MICU in a university affiliated hospital during two 3-month periods, August to October 1993 (Period 1, n = 112) and January to March 1994 ( @entity5394 , n = 127) were analysed. In Period 1, the MICU was run under the open system in which @entity1 care was provided by the individual attending physicians. In @entity5394 , a resident MICU team led by a trained intensivist took over the medical care from the primary physicians when the @entity1 were admitted to the MICU. The intensivist also vetted MICU admission and decided on MICU discharge. In addition, there was a resident respiratory therapist to attend to ventilatory care during office hours. After office hours, the care of the MICU was delegated to the on-call team on a rotational basis among the medical departments. This was the semi-closed ICU model. The @entity1 in the two periods were similar with respect to age, sex, race, source of admission and APACHE II scores. There was improvement in the median ICU length of stay for survivors from 3 days in Period 1, to 2 days in @entity5394 (P = 0.0114). The relative risk of ICU death in Period 1 compared to @entity5394 was 1.23 (P = 0.286). There was no significant difference in the use of peritoneal dialysis (5.4% versus 6.3%) and mechanical ventilation (55.4% versus 49.6%). However, utilisation of intra-arterial lines and pulmonary artery catheters increased from 0% in both @entity5394 to 23.6% and 5.5%, respectively. Reorganisation of the MICU in @entity5394 resulted in reduced length of MICU stay for survivors. Hence, we believe that coverage by a dedicated ICU team and active respiratory care by a respiratory therapist during office hours were beneficial for the care of the critically ill. There was also a noticeable increase in the use of invasive monitoring.

title: Impact on quality of XXXX care and procedure use in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) following reorganisation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1512 typically affects @entity1 ; much less is known about the disease in adults. We examined the clinical characteristics and the role of surgery in spontaneous @entity1512 in adults. METHODS: Twenty-nine consecutive adult @entity1 (16 @entity1 , 13 @entity1 ) with spontaneous @entity1512 were treated by a single surgeon (MJE) over a 5-year period. These @entity1 were compared to 19 consecutive @entity1 with @entity86 over the same time period. Mean follow-up was 2.4 years. RESULTS: The average age of @entity1 with spontaneous @entity1512 was 69.0 years. Eleven of these @entity1 (38%) were @entity6 and 9 (31%) had a known concurrent @entity281 . @entity281 occurred at cervical (10%), @entity1514 (34%), and lumbar interspaces (59%), and at multiple disc spaces in eight cases (28%). Ten @entity1 (34%) had an elevated serum leukocyte count and 21 @entity1 (72%) had an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. While Gram-positive @entity281 was most common, a broad spectrum of microbes was isolated. All @entity1 were treated with i.v. antibiotics for a mean duration of 6 weeks. Four @entity1 required surgical fusion; the rest were treated with external immobilization. At follow-up, 21 @entity1 (72%) were symptom-free, 3 @entity1 (10%) had @entity66 , and 5 @entity1 (17%) had died of unrelated causes. Compared to @entity1 with @entity86 treated over the same time period, spontaneous @entity1512 in adults affected older @entity1 and required a broader spectrum of antibiotic coverage. Outcomes were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: While spontaneous @entity1512 has predominantly been reported in @entity1 , the disease also affects older adults. @entity1512 in adults is associated with advanced age, @entity6 , and @entity281 . Elevated serum leukocyte count lacks diagnostic sensitivity. A high cure rate is achieved with antibiotics and external immobilization. Surgical treatment is rarely required.

title: Spontaneous disc space XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['ongoing disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1512 :: ('MESH:D015299', 'Disease') :: ['discitis', 'Spontaneous discitis', 'infectious discitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'Infections', 'systemic infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative discitis']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: The effectiveness of granulocyte and @entity1261 and @entity2841 ) in the treatment of @entity5 @entity1 remains controversial. To assess their role in this condition, we conducted a systematic review of randomised trials published as full papers. A methodological evaluation using a specifically designed quality scale was performed before meta-analysis. Eleven trials were eligible, 8 of which were meta-analysable. The median quality score for the 11 pooled trials was 58.3% (range: 33.3%-68.8%). No significant quality difference was observed between positive (colony-stimulating factor more effective) and negative trials ( P=0.36). No quality difference was observed between the 8 meta-analysable studies and the 3 others, with respective median scores of 59.3% and 50%. No advantage was detected for the use of CSF in terms of mortality from @entity1398 , with a relative risk of 0.71 (95% CI 0.44-1.15). The relative risk was 0.66 (95% CI 0.39-1.13) in the @entity1261 subgroup and 0.97 (95% CI 0.34-2.79) in the @entity2841 subgroup. Aggregation of the results on infection-related mortality, length of stay in hospital, @entity221 and of @entity1398 duration, antibiotic therapy adaptation and duration, superinfection rate and @entity137 was not possible owing to the lack of adequate data in the publications. On the basis of this review, we cannot recommend the routine use of @entity1261 or @entity2841 in established @entity1398 .

title: Therapeutic use of granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors in XXXX @entity1 . A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['febrile neutropenic cancer']


abstract: The effectiveness of granulocyte and @entity1261 and @entity2841 ) in the treatment of @entity5 @entity1 remains controversial. To assess their role in this condition, we conducted a systematic review of randomised trials published as full papers. A methodological evaluation using a specifically designed quality scale was performed before meta-analysis. Eleven trials were eligible, 8 of which were meta-analysable. The median quality score for the 11 pooled trials was 58.3% (range: 33.3%-68.8%). No significant quality difference was observed between positive (colony-stimulating factor more effective) and negative trials ( P=0.36). No quality difference was observed between the 8 meta-analysable studies and the 3 others, with respective median scores of 59.3% and 50%. No advantage was detected for the use of CSF in terms of mortality from @entity1398 , with a relative risk of 0.71 (95% CI 0.44-1.15). The relative risk was 0.66 (95% CI 0.39-1.13) in the @entity1261 subgroup and 0.97 (95% CI 0.34-2.79) in the @entity2841 subgroup. Aggregation of the results on infection-related mortality, length of stay in hospital, @entity221 and of @entity1398 duration, antibiotic therapy adaptation and duration, superinfection rate and @entity137 was not possible owing to the lack of adequate data in the publications. On the basis of this review, we cannot recommend the routine use of @entity1261 or @entity2841 in established @entity1398 .

title: Therapeutic use of granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors in @entity5 XXXX . A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Ricin toxin, found in the bean of the castor plant, is one of the most toxic and easily produced plant toxin. It is composed of two polypeptide chains linked by a @entity1520 bond. The toxin irreversibly blocks protein synthesis. Oral intoxication is the most frequent mode of exposure, but direct contact and inhalation have also been described. A single intramuscular exposure was reported, related to an assassination event in 1978. The clinical signs of intoxication begin hours after the exposure, and include @entity344 , @entity1353 , @entity221 , @entity891 , @entity16 , @entity409 and @entity177 . Treatment is mainly supportive. A vaccine has been developed and found effective in animal studies. Ricin may be used as a biological weapon due to its heat stability and worldwide availability. A more friendly use, which has been tested in clinical trials, is the incorporation of ricin-immunotoxin for the treatment of @entity5 @entity1 .

title: [Ricin--from a Bulgarian umbrella to an optional treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological signs']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver necrosis']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal signs']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['vasculatory collapse']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to assess the association of childhood @entity565 with parental employment and welfare receipt, which has not been studied. METHOD: We analyzed cross-sectional data on 13 371 @entity1 younger than 18 from the 1997 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative stratified probability sample of the US noninstitutionalized population. Single-parent (n=3,907) and 2-parent families (n=9,464) were analyzed separately. Families with @entity1 younger than 6 and families with incomes below the @entity402 ( @entity402 ) were also analyzed separately. The main outcome measures were full-time parental employment and welfare receipt. RESULTS: Compared to single parents of nonasthmatic @entity1 younger than 6, single parents of young @entity1 with @entity565 were more likely to be employed less than full time (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.2). This relationship was also evident among single-parent families with incomes below @entity402 (adjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI, 1.2-6.5). Parental employment among 2-parent families with young @entity1 was similar regardless of @entity1 's @entity565 status. Two-parent families with young @entity748 @entity1 were more likely to have received welfare for at least 1 parent (adjusted OR 2.6, 95% CI, 1.5-4.6). Single-parent families of @entity748 @entity1 were also more likely to have received welfare (adjusted OR 1.4, 95% CI, 1.1-1.7). CONCLUSION: @entity1 's @entity565 is associated with reduced parental employment among single parents and increased welfare receipt among single- and 2-parent families. These associations with @entity1 's @entity565 may have implications for policy makers interested in increasing employment and decreasing welfare

title: The association of childhood XXXX with parental employment and welfare receipt.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity402 :: ('MESH:C564133', 'Disease') :: ['FPL', 'federal poverty level']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: Catheter ablation for the treatment of @entity943 has evolved dramatically over the past two decades. Researchers have investigated alternative energy sources and catheter constructs to improve the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation. This study tested the hypothesis that a new prototype cooled-tip laser catheter used with a low-power diode laser would improve catheter ablation of @entity1165 . Four mongrel @entity235 underwent a median sternotomy. The cooled-tip laser catheter was advanced into the left ventricle via the left carotid artery and positioned adjacent to the endocardium. Laser powers of 3 and 4 W were delivered at four exposure times to select areas of the endocardium. During application of laser energy, room-temperature saline was circulated through the catheter. At necropsy the hearts were examined and fixed in @entity406 for histologic examination. Gross examination of the endocardial surfaces showed no indication of crater or @entity715 formation. Cross-section of the lesions revealed sharply demarcated, circular-shaped areas of coagulative @entity39 extending into the mid-myocardium. Areas of coagulative @entity39 were identified within the myocardium extending into the mid-myocardium and occasionally the subepicardium. A sharp line of demarcation was observed between the lesions and the surrounding normal myocardium. The results of this study showed that we could use surface cooling during slow laser heating to create large subsurface lesions with characteristics appropriate for treatment of @entity1165 and little to no surface damage. We believe our catheter system addresses many of the previous issues with laser-based approaches.

title: Cooled-tip diode laser catheter for improved catheter ablation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardias', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

answer: @entity1165 :: (MESH:D017180,Disease) :: ['ventricular tachycardia']


abstract: There is evidence that early environmental conditions have profound effects on the morphology of the dentate granule cells. The aim of the present study was to obtain information about the effects of early environment on neuron morphology in the hippocampal field @entity8368 , a structure closely linked to the dentate gyrus. The dendritic trees and the somata of field CA3a pyramidal neurons were quantified in Golgi-stained brains of @entity840 of both sexes raised in either a social or an isolated environment. Two pyramidal neuron types were found in CA3a, characterized by either a long or a short shaft. Environment affected the apical tree of the long-shaft neurons only in males and that of the short-shaft neurons in both sexes. In isolated males the long-shaft neurons had a decrease in the number of dendritic intersections (62-82%), branching points (76%) and length (71%) in the middle third of the apical tree. The short-shaft neurons had a decrease in the number of intersections at two distal levels only in both isolated males (26, 83%) and females (77, 82%). The shaft spine density was affected by environment in the long-shaft neurons of males only, with a density increase (110%) in isolated males. In both sexes the basal tree of only the long-shaft neurons was affected by environment. Isolated males had a decrease in the number of dendritic intersections (65-88%), primary dendrites (80%) and @entity2343 (88%) and isolated females had a decrease in the number of intersections (51-89%), branching points (77%) and @entity2343 (85%). The soma major axis of only the long-shaft neurons was affected by environment with a reduction in isolated males (90%) but an increase in isolated females (111%). These results demonstrate @entity528 following early isolation and a different reactivity to environment of the two CA3a pyramidal neuron types, their apical and basal trees and the two sexes. The @entity194 of CA3a neurons caused by isolation is likely to be associated with an impairment in the physiology of the hippocampal formation and in the forms of memory in which the hippocampal formation plays a major role.

title: Effects of early environment on field CA3a pyramidal neuron morphology in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2343 :: ('MESH:D007635', 'Disease') :: ['dendritic length']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['dendritic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['dendritic atrophy of CA3a pyramidal neurons']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Veterans Administration-HDL Intervention Trial is an ongoing, 20-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aiming to assess the effect of @entity8445 -improved low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels on @entity65 and mortality rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eligible @entity1 were @entity1 with low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels and demonstrable @entity301 . A total of 2531 @entity1 (average age 63.5 years) were randomly assigned in this study, with a mean high-density lipoprotein @entity165 level of 0.83 mmol/L (32 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein @entity165 level of 2.87 mmol/L (111 mg/dL). Baseline data provided the opportunity to assess the interaction of several @entity301 risk factors and comorbid @entity455 . Of these @entity1 , 206 had @entity6 ( @entity6 ) alone, 1021 had @entity101 ( @entity101 ) alone, 421 had both @entity6 and @entity101 , and 883 had neither ("others"). Considering the influence of these risk factors on comorbidities independent of smoking status, @entity1 with @entity6 alone had a 2-fold increase in the prevalence of @entity1095 and a 1.5-fold increase in @entity712 . @entity1 with @entity101 had a significant increase in the prevalence of @entity66 , @entity64 , and @entity712 . @entity1 with @entity101 and @entity6 had a significant increase in all comorbidities. Smoking resulted in substantial increase of both @entity1095 and @entity66 . Compared with nonsmoking @entity1 with no @entity6 or @entity101 , @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity101 and smoking had a 3-fold increase in the prevalence of @entity1095 and a 3.5-fold increase in @entity66 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that @entity6 is a strong correlate of @entity1095 , @entity101 of @entity66 , and that there is a strong additive effect between @entity6 , @entity101 , and smoking on both.

title: Influence of risk factors on peripheral and XXXX in @entity1 with coronary artery disease, low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels, and desirable low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels. HIT Investigators. Department of Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'HTN']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity8445 :: ('MESH:D015248', 'Chemical') :: ['gemfibrozil']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['cerebrovascular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Veterans Administration-HDL Intervention Trial is an ongoing, 20-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aiming to assess the effect of @entity8445 -improved low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels on @entity65 and mortality rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eligible @entity1 were @entity1 with low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels and demonstrable @entity301 . A total of 2531 @entity1 (average age 63.5 years) were randomly assigned in this study, with a mean high-density lipoprotein @entity165 level of 0.83 mmol/L (32 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein @entity165 level of 2.87 mmol/L (111 mg/dL). Baseline data provided the opportunity to assess the interaction of several @entity301 risk factors and comorbid @entity455 . Of these @entity1 , 206 had @entity6 ( @entity6 ) alone, 1021 had @entity101 ( @entity101 ) alone, 421 had both @entity6 and @entity101 , and 883 had neither ("others"). Considering the influence of these risk factors on comorbidities independent of smoking status, @entity1 with @entity6 alone had a 2-fold increase in the prevalence of @entity1095 and a 1.5-fold increase in @entity712 . @entity1 with @entity101 had a significant increase in the prevalence of @entity66 , @entity64 , and @entity712 . @entity1 with @entity101 and @entity6 had a significant increase in all comorbidities. Smoking resulted in substantial increase of both @entity1095 and @entity66 . Compared with nonsmoking @entity1 with no @entity6 or @entity101 , @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity101 and smoking had a 3-fold increase in the prevalence of @entity1095 and a 3.5-fold increase in @entity66 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that @entity6 is a strong correlate of @entity1095 , @entity101 of @entity66 , and that there is a strong additive effect between @entity6 , @entity101 , and smoking on both.

title: Influence of risk factors on peripheral and @entity66 in @entity1 with coronary artery disease, low high-density lipoprotein XXXX levels, and desirable low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels. HIT Investigators. Department of Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial.

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Veterans Administration-HDL Intervention Trial is an ongoing, 20-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aiming to assess the effect of @entity8445 -improved low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels on @entity65 and mortality rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eligible @entity1 were @entity1 with low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels and demonstrable @entity301 . A total of 2531 @entity1 (average age 63.5 years) were randomly assigned in this study, with a mean high-density lipoprotein @entity165 level of 0.83 mmol/L (32 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein @entity165 level of 2.87 mmol/L (111 mg/dL). Baseline data provided the opportunity to assess the interaction of several @entity301 risk factors and comorbid @entity455 . Of these @entity1 , 206 had @entity6 ( @entity6 ) alone, 1021 had @entity101 ( @entity101 ) alone, 421 had both @entity6 and @entity101 , and 883 had neither ("others"). Considering the influence of these risk factors on comorbidities independent of smoking status, @entity1 with @entity6 alone had a 2-fold increase in the prevalence of @entity1095 and a 1.5-fold increase in @entity712 . @entity1 with @entity101 had a significant increase in the prevalence of @entity66 , @entity64 , and @entity712 . @entity1 with @entity101 and @entity6 had a significant increase in all comorbidities. Smoking resulted in substantial increase of both @entity1095 and @entity66 . Compared with nonsmoking @entity1 with no @entity6 or @entity101 , @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity101 and smoking had a 3-fold increase in the prevalence of @entity1095 and a 3.5-fold increase in @entity66 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that @entity6 is a strong correlate of @entity1095 , @entity101 of @entity66 , and that there is a strong additive effect between @entity6 , @entity101 , and smoking on both.

title: Influence of risk factors on peripheral and @entity66 in @entity1 with coronary artery disease, low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels, and desirable low-density lipoprotein XXXX levels. HIT Investigators. Department of Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial.

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Veterans Administration-HDL Intervention Trial is an ongoing, 20-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aiming to assess the effect of @entity8445 -improved low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels on @entity65 and mortality rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eligible @entity1 were @entity1 with low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels and demonstrable @entity301 . A total of 2531 @entity1 (average age 63.5 years) were randomly assigned in this study, with a mean high-density lipoprotein @entity165 level of 0.83 mmol/L (32 mg/dL) and low-density lipoprotein @entity165 level of 2.87 mmol/L (111 mg/dL). Baseline data provided the opportunity to assess the interaction of several @entity301 risk factors and comorbid @entity455 . Of these @entity1 , 206 had @entity6 ( @entity6 ) alone, 1021 had @entity101 ( @entity101 ) alone, 421 had both @entity6 and @entity101 , and 883 had neither ("others"). Considering the influence of these risk factors on comorbidities independent of smoking status, @entity1 with @entity6 alone had a 2-fold increase in the prevalence of @entity1095 and a 1.5-fold increase in @entity712 . @entity1 with @entity101 had a significant increase in the prevalence of @entity66 , @entity64 , and @entity712 . @entity1 with @entity101 and @entity6 had a significant increase in all comorbidities. Smoking resulted in substantial increase of both @entity1095 and @entity66 . Compared with nonsmoking @entity1 with no @entity6 or @entity101 , @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity101 and smoking had a 3-fold increase in the prevalence of @entity1095 and a 3.5-fold increase in @entity66 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that @entity6 is a strong correlate of @entity1095 , @entity101 of @entity66 , and that there is a strong additive effect between @entity6 , @entity101 , and smoking on both.

title: Influence of risk factors on peripheral and @entity66 in XXXX with coronary artery disease, low high-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels, and desirable low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels. HIT Investigators. Department of Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: Two monoclonal antibodies to cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage were established using a @entity1 glial cell-rich fraction as the immunogen. The antibodies, named @entity15327 and @entity15328 , were originally found to react with perivascular cells of the central nervous system. They are immunohistochemically applicable on routinely @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissue sections. @entity15327 binds to a lysosomal protein, and @entity15328 to a @entity1735 epitope of the cell membrane and lysosomes. Among the visceral organs, @entity15327 labeled blood monocytes, almost all kinds of tissue and infiltrating macrophages in both normal and diseased states, and renal tubules. @entity15327 staining of tissue macrophages tends to be intensified under inflammatory conditions. @entity15327 staining also suggested that perivascular cells and macrophages had different ontogeny. @entity15328 immunostained monocytes, Kupffer's cells, red pulp macrophages, infiltrating macrophages and reactive microglia, but not alveolar or tingible body macrophages. Besides those macrophages, @entity15328 stained mantle zone lymphocytes, some hematopoietic cells, pneumocytes and renal collecting ducts. The staining pattern of ligands on @entity1357 and HL-60 neoplastic @entity1 macrophage cell lines was dissimilar to that of other macrophage markers, suggesting that they recognize unknown macrophage-related antigens.

title: Immunohistochemical characterization of two novel monoclonal antibodies that recognize XXXX perivascular cells of the central nervous system and macrophage subsets.

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A 32-year-old female presented with a 2-year history of fluctuating generalized weakness including extraocular, bulbar, and limb muscles, suggesting @entity1737 , but with poor response to @entity4836 and unusual electromyographic findings. After rest, power increased on repeated maximal contractions, followed by progressive weakness. There were decremental responses at low-frequency stimulation, but incremental responses at high frequencies, and single stimuli evoked repetitive compound muscle action potentials. Plasmapheresis was ineffective. In a conventional assay, antibodies against @entity934 receptors (AChRs) were borderline. However, in an assay using cells expressing mainly adult-type @entity1 AChRs, the patient's serum was positive. Thymectomy revealed a hyperplastic thymus. An intercostal muscle specimen revealed small miniature end-plate potentials, 0.22+/-0.02 mV instead of 0.56+/-0.05 mV in controls. The number of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites was normal. The decay time constant of end-plate potentials was increased from 5.3+/-0.6 msec in controls to 23+/-3.6 msec in the @entity1 . Ultrastructurally, there was no destruction of the end plate. Transfer of the @entity1 's plasma to @entity19 in vivo produced similar physiological changes in their diaphragms. We conclude that the @entity1 has an immune-mediated disorder, in which an antibody specific to the adult form of the AChRs alters the channel properties, reducing total current and slowing the closure. We propose the name "acquired @entity73 " for this variant of @entity1737 .

title: Acquired @entity73 : a form of XXXX with prolonged open time of the @entity934 receptor channel.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['slow-channel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4836 :: ('MESH:D011729', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridostigmine']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['myasthenia gravis']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1737 :: (MESH:D009157,Disease) :: ['myasthenia gravis']


abstract: A 32-year-old female presented with a 2-year history of fluctuating generalized weakness including extraocular, bulbar, and limb muscles, suggesting @entity1737 , but with poor response to @entity4836 and unusual electromyographic findings. After rest, power increased on repeated maximal contractions, followed by progressive weakness. There were decremental responses at low-frequency stimulation, but incremental responses at high frequencies, and single stimuli evoked repetitive compound muscle action potentials. Plasmapheresis was ineffective. In a conventional assay, antibodies against @entity934 receptors (AChRs) were borderline. However, in an assay using cells expressing mainly adult-type @entity1 AChRs, the patient's serum was positive. Thymectomy revealed a hyperplastic thymus. An intercostal muscle specimen revealed small miniature end-plate potentials, 0.22+/-0.02 mV instead of 0.56+/-0.05 mV in controls. The number of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites was normal. The decay time constant of end-plate potentials was increased from 5.3+/-0.6 msec in controls to 23+/-3.6 msec in the @entity1 . Ultrastructurally, there was no destruction of the end plate. Transfer of the @entity1 's plasma to @entity19 in vivo produced similar physiological changes in their diaphragms. We conclude that the @entity1 has an immune-mediated disorder, in which an antibody specific to the adult form of the AChRs alters the channel properties, reducing total current and slowing the closure. We propose the name "acquired @entity73 " for this variant of @entity1737 .

title: Acquired @entity73 : a form of @entity1737 with prolonged open time of the XXXX receptor channel.

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: A 32-year-old female presented with a 2-year history of fluctuating generalized weakness including extraocular, bulbar, and limb muscles, suggesting @entity1737 , but with poor response to @entity4836 and unusual electromyographic findings. After rest, power increased on repeated maximal contractions, followed by progressive weakness. There were decremental responses at low-frequency stimulation, but incremental responses at high frequencies, and single stimuli evoked repetitive compound muscle action potentials. Plasmapheresis was ineffective. In a conventional assay, antibodies against @entity934 receptors (AChRs) were borderline. However, in an assay using cells expressing mainly adult-type @entity1 AChRs, the patient's serum was positive. Thymectomy revealed a hyperplastic thymus. An intercostal muscle specimen revealed small miniature end-plate potentials, 0.22+/-0.02 mV instead of 0.56+/-0.05 mV in controls. The number of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites was normal. The decay time constant of end-plate potentials was increased from 5.3+/-0.6 msec in controls to 23+/-3.6 msec in the @entity1 . Ultrastructurally, there was no destruction of the end plate. Transfer of the @entity1 's plasma to @entity19 in vivo produced similar physiological changes in their diaphragms. We conclude that the @entity1 has an immune-mediated disorder, in which an antibody specific to the adult form of the AChRs alters the channel properties, reducing total current and slowing the closure. We propose the name "acquired @entity73 " for this variant of @entity1737 .

title: Acquired XXXX : a form of @entity1737 with prolonged open time of the @entity934 receptor channel.

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['slow-channel syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study describes the technique and efficacy of split calvarial graft cranioplasty for the reconstruction of retrosigmoid/ @entity154 following surgery for @entity5513 . STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of the technique of split calvarial graft cranioplasty, its postoperative healing, and incidence of @entity86 . METHODS: The technique requires splitting of the craniotomy bone flap into outer and inner table bone grafts. The combination of both bony grafts allows the coverage of a wider area of posterior fossa dura. This technique was used in 18 @entity1 . All @entity1 were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Eleven of 18 @entity1 were followed for 1 year or longer. Four @entity1 had three-dimensional computed tomography of their skull and area of split calvarial bone graft. RESULTS: One of 18 @entity1 had a persistent disabling @entity10 at 1 year postoperatively. A natural contour of the retrosigmoid area was achieved in all @entity1 . Three-dimensional computed tomography scan, obtained 6 months postoperatively, showed total coverage of the retrosigmoid area and fusion of the bone flap to the surrounding skull. CONCLUSION: The technique of split calvarial grafting of posterior fossa defects is a feasible, safe, and effective way of separating the nuchal musculature and posterior fossa dura. The technique also allows the restoration of the contour and bony covering of the retrosigmoid area. The technique is a simple alternative to other types of cranioplasties aimed at reducing the incidence of @entity86 in @entity1 with @entity5513 .

title: Split calvarial graft cranioplasty for the prevention of @entity10 after retrosigmoid resection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['suboccipital defects']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['acoustic neuromas']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative headache']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['acoustic neuromas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study describes the technique and efficacy of split calvarial graft cranioplasty for the reconstruction of retrosigmoid/ @entity154 following surgery for @entity5513 . STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of the technique of split calvarial graft cranioplasty, its postoperative healing, and incidence of @entity86 . METHODS: The technique requires splitting of the craniotomy bone flap into outer and inner table bone grafts. The combination of both bony grafts allows the coverage of a wider area of posterior fossa dura. This technique was used in 18 @entity1 . All @entity1 were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Eleven of 18 @entity1 were followed for 1 year or longer. Four @entity1 had three-dimensional computed tomography of their skull and area of split calvarial bone graft. RESULTS: One of 18 @entity1 had a persistent disabling @entity10 at 1 year postoperatively. A natural contour of the retrosigmoid area was achieved in all @entity1 . Three-dimensional computed tomography scan, obtained 6 months postoperatively, showed total coverage of the retrosigmoid area and fusion of the bone flap to the surrounding skull. CONCLUSION: The technique of split calvarial grafting of posterior fossa defects is a feasible, safe, and effective way of separating the nuchal musculature and posterior fossa dura. The technique also allows the restoration of the contour and bony covering of the retrosigmoid area. The technique is a simple alternative to other types of cranioplasties aimed at reducing the incidence of @entity86 in @entity1 with @entity5513 .

title: Split calvarial graft cranioplasty for the prevention of XXXX after retrosigmoid resection of @entity5513 .

answer: @entity10 :: (MESH:D006261,Disease) :: ['headache']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Vocal rehabilitation of @entity1 who have undergone laryngectomy is best accomplished by a tracheoesophageal puncture. Optimal function of the prosthesis requires an adequate stoma. @entity1 with @entity850 require revision of the stoma if vocal rehabilitation is to take place. Revision and tracheoesophageal placement are usually done as two separate procedures. Creating a tracheoesophageal fistula at the time of stomal revision has not been addressed in the literature. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective analysis and follow-up of 10 @entity1 undergoing simultaneous tracheoesophageal puncture and stomal revision for @entity850 between 1991 and 1996. METHODS: Ten @entity1 were reviewed. An inferiorly based V-Y advancement flap was used so as not to interfere with the tracheoesophageal puncture. All @entity1 had received radiation prior to revision and tracheoesophageal puncture. @entity1 were followed for a minimum of 2 years (range, 2-6 y; median, 3 y). RESULTS: All @entity1 maintained an adequate stoma without stenting. Eight of ten @entity1 (80%) developed and maintained good tracheoesophageal speech. Two @entity1 had their speech fistulas removed. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Creation of a tracheoesophageal fistula at the time of stomal revision allows for vocal rehabilitation with a single visit to the operating room.

title: XXXX revision with simultaneous tracheoesophageal puncture.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['tracheostomal stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['Tracheostomal stenosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: We report eight new cases of the association primary @entity2835 ( @entity29629 ) and study the contribution of labial salivary gland biopsy to the disease diagnosis. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and biological data as well as results of labial salivary gland biopsies in eight @entity1 with @entity29629 . RESULTS: The eight @entity1 were female. @entity785 corresponded to a @entity4067 in three @entity1 , while in two other @entity1 two features of the @entity4067 were observed. Anticentromere antibodies were detected in these five cases. The last three @entity1 had @entity785 with @entity3794 in two cases. All @entity1 presented with Sj  gren's syndrome. Labial salivary gland biopsies performed in six @entity1 showed in five cases an inflammatory infiltrate and focal @entity7841 typically associated with Sj  gren's syndrome. In four cases, @entity455 and @entity82 were suggestive of @entity785 , and in four other cases, the presence of a pericanalicular infiltrate of lymphocytes and @entity39 of the excretory ducts epithelial cells suggested the existence of @entity2835 . In three @entity1 , all histological lesions were found in the same labial salivary gland biopsy. CONCLUSION: Coexistence of histological lesions on the same labial salivary gland suggestive of @entity2835 , @entity785 and Sj  gren's syndrome has never been described previously. The diagnostic value of labial salivary gland biopsy has to be assessed in this context.

title: [ @entity2835 and XXXX ( @entity29629 ): apropos of 8 new cases. The contribution of accessory salivary gland biopsy].

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['biliary cirrhosis--systemic sclerosis', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity7841 :: ('MESH:D012793', 'Disease') :: ['sialadenitis']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['organic microangiopathy']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity29629 :: ('OMIM:613471', 'Disease') :: ["Reynolds' syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity4067 :: ('MESH:D017675', 'Disease') :: ['CREST syndrome']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic sclerosis', 'systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity785 :: (MESH:D012595,Disease) :: ['systemic scleroderma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We report eight new cases of the association primary @entity2835 ( @entity29629 ) and study the contribution of labial salivary gland biopsy to the disease diagnosis. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and biological data as well as results of labial salivary gland biopsies in eight @entity1 with @entity29629 . RESULTS: The eight @entity1 were female. @entity785 corresponded to a @entity4067 in three @entity1 , while in two other @entity1 two features of the @entity4067 were observed. Anticentromere antibodies were detected in these five cases. The last three @entity1 had @entity785 with @entity3794 in two cases. All @entity1 presented with Sj  gren's syndrome. Labial salivary gland biopsies performed in six @entity1 showed in five cases an inflammatory infiltrate and focal @entity7841 typically associated with Sj  gren's syndrome. In four cases, @entity455 and @entity82 were suggestive of @entity785 , and in four other cases, the presence of a pericanalicular infiltrate of lymphocytes and @entity39 of the excretory ducts epithelial cells suggested the existence of @entity2835 . In three @entity1 , all histological lesions were found in the same labial salivary gland biopsy. CONCLUSION: Coexistence of histological lesions on the same labial salivary gland suggestive of @entity2835 , @entity785 and Sj  gren's syndrome has never been described previously. The diagnostic value of labial salivary gland biopsy has to be assessed in this context.

title: [ @entity2835 and @entity785 ( XXXX ): apropos of 8 new cases. The contribution of accessory salivary gland biopsy].

answer: @entity29629 :: (OMIM:613471,Disease) :: ['Reynolds syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: We report eight new cases of the association primary @entity2835 ( @entity29629 ) and study the contribution of labial salivary gland biopsy to the disease diagnosis. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical and biological data as well as results of labial salivary gland biopsies in eight @entity1 with @entity29629 . RESULTS: The eight @entity1 were female. @entity785 corresponded to a @entity4067 in three @entity1 , while in two other @entity1 two features of the @entity4067 were observed. Anticentromere antibodies were detected in these five cases. The last three @entity1 had @entity785 with @entity3794 in two cases. All @entity1 presented with Sj  gren's syndrome. Labial salivary gland biopsies performed in six @entity1 showed in five cases an inflammatory infiltrate and focal @entity7841 typically associated with Sj  gren's syndrome. In four cases, @entity455 and @entity82 were suggestive of @entity785 , and in four other cases, the presence of a pericanalicular infiltrate of lymphocytes and @entity39 of the excretory ducts epithelial cells suggested the existence of @entity2835 . In three @entity1 , all histological lesions were found in the same labial salivary gland biopsy. CONCLUSION: Coexistence of histological lesions on the same labial salivary gland suggestive of @entity2835 , @entity785 and Sj  gren's syndrome has never been described previously. The diagnostic value of labial salivary gland biopsy has to be assessed in this context.

title: [ XXXX and @entity785 ( @entity29629 ): apropos of 8 new cases. The contribution of accessory salivary gland biopsy].

answer: @entity2835 :: (MESH:D008105,Disease) :: ['Primary biliary cirrhosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: We assessed whether @entity1 referred with a diagnosis of @entity231 require outpatient assessment before listing for surgery or whether the general practitioner could have direct access to the waiting list. We also studied whether pre-assessment clinics made a significant difference to management even when waiting times were long. METHODS: Data about @entity1 referred with a diagnosis of @entity231 to the Oxford Eye Hospital and associated hospitals were collected. Seventy-five @entity1 were prospectively studied and 100 @entity1 records were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: Twenty-six per cent of @entity1 had a misdiagnosis or additional problems affecting management. Optometrists provided more information than general practitioners, but their diagnostic accuracy was equal (73% optometrists, 75% general practitioners). At the pre-assessment clinic pupil dilatation changed management in only 4% of @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Listing @entity1 on the basis of @entity1222 would be inappropriate in 1 in 4 @entity1 . Pre-assessment clinics rarely picked up a clinically relevant change. Thus if outpatient consultation included a decision on the exact surgical plan including implant power, then pre-assessment clinics may not be necessary.

title: Optimisation of outpatient resource utilisation in XXXX management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1222 :: ('MESH:D006646', 'Disease') :: ['referral letters']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In rodent models, investigators have transplanted donor tracheas into a recipient @entity35 's abdomen or s.c. tissue to study airway rejection. We describe a modification of this model, which provides improved histology to study the airway injury related to @entity5924 . METHODS: The standard technique of implanting the donor @entity825 was compared to a model in which a tracheal Y graft was created by @entity254 of the donor @entity825 to the recipient airway. Syngeneic and allogeneic tracheal grafts (Lewis and Brown @entity35 ) were harvested at 2 and 4 weeks using each model (eight groups). RESULTS: Gross patency at the tracheal @entity254 grafts was 100%. All donor tracheas, which were implanted without an @entity254 , were occluded with mucus (syngeneic) or granulation tissue (allogeneic). Syngeneic implant grafts demonstrated significantly less lumenal granulation tissue 35.3%+/-32 than the allograft implant group (95.3%+/-9.2, P=0.0005 at 4 weeks). The anastomotic allograft group demonstrated significantly less lumenal granulation tissue 48.3%+/-23.7 when compared with the implanted allograft group (P=0.003). The implanted allograft demonstrated a severe loss of epithelial integrity by 2 weeks (16.7%+/-38), which progressed to complete loss by 4 weeks (P=0.0001 and P=0.0001 vs. native). This loss was significantly more than that of the anastomotic group at 2 weeks (89.5%+/-13, P=0.004) and 4 weeks (88.3+/-29, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity35 tracheal allograft anastomosed to the recipient airway demonstrated less lumenal granulation tissue obstruction and better preservation of epithelial integrity than an implant allograft, suggesting that an open airway improves assessment of transplant-related changes associated with rejection.

title: A comparison of XXXX tracheal transplant models: implantation verses anastomotic techniques for the study of airway rejection.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Norway rats']

entities_list: @entity5924 :: ('MESH:D001988', 'Disease') :: ['obliterative bronchiolitis']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Intestinal metabolism and transport are now recognized as protective barriers against orally ingested xenobiotics, including drugs. However, in vitro studies of the expression and function of intestinal proteins are hampered by the limited availability of @entity1 intestinal tissues. Because enterocytes are constantly shed in large numbers into the gut lumen, this study investigated whether these cells could be collected with a multilumen perfusion catheter and whether they are functionally active. METHODS: In healthy volunteers, a 20-cm isolated jejunal segment was generated with the perfusion catheter by inflating 2 balloons with air. Shed cells were characterized by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis for leukocyte-specific @entity1195 and enterocyte-specific villin, as well as for apoptosis. Homogenates of the cells were used for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cytochrome P450 enzyme activity was determined with the @entity460 channel blocker @entity1855 as a substrate. RESULTS: On average, 4.83 mg protein and 56.23 million cells were collected from a 20-cm segment during 2 hours. A total of 84.2% of the cells were positive for enterocyte-specific villin, and only 1.6% of the collected cells were positive for @entity1195 . The majority of cells (65.3%) were not in early or late apoptosis or @entity39 . In all volunteers, drug-metabolizing enzymes (such as members of the cytochrome P450 family) could be detected as both messenger ribonucleic acid and proteins. Consistent with expression data, formation of @entity1855 metabolites catalyzed by @entity5322 and @entity4433 was shown. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of shed @entity1 enterocytes collected with a multilumen perfusion catheter were still functionally active and not apoptotic. Harvesting of spontaneously shed enterocytes provides a new tool for studies on expression and function of intestinal proteins.

title: Shed XXXX enterocytes as a tool for the study of expression and function of intestinal drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters.

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that a 50% increase in respiratory system elastance (Ers) would indicate similar degree of @entity358 (equi-damage, ED), independently of ventilation strategy. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective, randomized animal laboratory investigation at a university hospital laboratory. SUBJECTS: 35 anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated male @entity35 . INTERVENTIONS: Each @entity35 was ventilated with a different combination of tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure, and inspired fraction of @entity26 . Ers was determined throughout the experiment; the studies were interrupted when Ers reached 150% (ED) of its baseline value, or after 5 h. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Lung wet to dry weight ratio (W/D) was assessed. Morphological damage of the lung was scored on a grading of perivascular @entity4 , @entity548 , and breaks in the alveolar septa to obtain a @entity130 score. Twenty-four @entity35 achieved an Ers of 150%: nine within 1 h (class 1), nine in 1-2 h (class 2), and six in 2-5 h (class 3). Eleven @entity35 did not reach the target 50% increase in Ers (class 4). W/D was higher in @entity35 that reached the target than in those that did not. W/D did not differ among @entity35 that reached ED. Similarly, the @entity130 score did not differ among classes 1-3 but was higher than class 4. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of VILI a 50% increase in Ers corresponds to an equal level of @entity358 , irrespective of ventilatory setting and time of ventilation.

title: Equal increases in respiratory system elastance reflect similar XXXX in experimental ventilator-induced lung injury.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung damage']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['total injury']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['lung damage']


abstract: The kinetic properties of the nicotinic receptor/ionic channel complex ( @entity9176 ) were compared in cell cultures obtained from @entity342 -dependent skeletal muscles of the perineal complex (P) and from muscles less dependent upon sex hormones (the thigh musculature, T). Because the development of P is delayed compared to other skeletal muscles in the @entity35 , cultures were performed taking into account the age of the donor (4- or 6-day-old @entity35 ), and the time interval the cells remained in culture (7 days and 15 days). The ionic channel conductance (gamma) and the mean channel open time (tau) were determined with the patch-clamp technique in the cell-attached configuration at room temperature. Cultures from P and T muscles were morphologically identical in size and shape, independent of the animals' age at plating or on the plating time. In all of them, the @entity9176 was spread over the cell membrane. More than one @entity9176 ionic channel conductance was observed in P and T cultures, and the prevalent value of gamma in either culture ranged from 30 pS to 35 pS. In P fibers from 4-day-old @entity35 cultured for 7 days (P 4/7), the distribution of channel open times fitted a double exponential, while in T 4/7 they were fitted with a single exponential. In cultures from P and T muscles obtained from older @entity35 (6 days old) and in those cells remaining in culture for a prolonged time (15 days), the channel open times also fitted a double exponential. Because P and T cultures lack trophic neuronal influences, the difference observed between the tau of @entity70754 was thought to be the hormone requirement of P muscles to grow and differentiate. Likewise, the difference observed between T 4/7 and T 4/15 may indicate the need for neurotrophic influences to maintain higher tau values in older cultures. Since this requirement is not found in cultured fibers, tau would tend to assume slower values approaching those of P without hormone activation.

title: Nicotinic receptor/ionic channel complex ( @entity9176 ) in XXXX -dependent skeletal muscle cultures.

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: The kinetic properties of the nicotinic receptor/ionic channel complex ( @entity9176 ) were compared in cell cultures obtained from @entity342 -dependent skeletal muscles of the perineal complex (P) and from muscles less dependent upon sex hormones (the thigh musculature, T). Because the development of P is delayed compared to other skeletal muscles in the @entity35 , cultures were performed taking into account the age of the donor (4- or 6-day-old @entity35 ), and the time interval the cells remained in culture (7 days and 15 days). The ionic channel conductance (gamma) and the mean channel open time (tau) were determined with the patch-clamp technique in the cell-attached configuration at room temperature. Cultures from P and T muscles were morphologically identical in size and shape, independent of the animals' age at plating or on the plating time. In all of them, the @entity9176 was spread over the cell membrane. More than one @entity9176 ionic channel conductance was observed in P and T cultures, and the prevalent value of gamma in either culture ranged from 30 pS to 35 pS. In P fibers from 4-day-old @entity35 cultured for 7 days (P 4/7), the distribution of channel open times fitted a double exponential, while in T 4/7 they were fitted with a single exponential. In cultures from P and T muscles obtained from older @entity35 (6 days old) and in those cells remaining in culture for a prolonged time (15 days), the channel open times also fitted a double exponential. Because P and T cultures lack trophic neuronal influences, the difference observed between the tau of @entity70754 was thought to be the hormone requirement of P muscles to grow and differentiate. Likewise, the difference observed between T 4/7 and T 4/15 may indicate the need for neurotrophic influences to maintain higher tau values in older cultures. Since this requirement is not found in cultured fibers, tau would tend to assume slower values approaching those of P without hormone activation.

title: Nicotinic receptor/ionic channel complex ( XXXX ) in @entity342 -dependent skeletal muscle cultures.

answer: @entity9176 :: (170945(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['AChR']


abstract: @entity775 is characterized by an @entity32 of the portal tract with lymphocytes and plasma cells, an @entity4754 and a variety of circulating autoantibodies. The presence of smooth muscle antibodies and/or antinuclear antibodies define type 1. Type 2 is characterized by the presence of liver-kidney--microsomal antibodies. Environmental, genetic and infectious factors may explain the autoreactivity of T cells. Different non specific clinical features may be present. Sometimes the presentation may be an acute @entity99 ; in the remainder, the disease may not be recognized until @entity409 is advanced. @entity4754 and presence of circulating autoantibodies are the key for diagnosis. The association of @entity617 in combination with @entity500 remains the established treatment. If relapse or non response occur, other immunosuppressive therapy such as @entity205 may be useful. Liver transplantation is reserved for (sub)fulminant forms and @entity3851 .

title: [ XXXX . Physiopathologic, clinical, histological, and therapeutic features].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver damage']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin']

entities_list: @entity4754 :: ('MESH:D006942', 'Disease') :: ['Hypergammaglobulinemia', 'hypergammaglobulinemia']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['end stage liver disease']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['Autoimmune hepatitis']

answer: @entity775 :: (MESH:D019693,Disease) :: ['Autoimmune hepatitis']


abstract: @entity2332 is a frequent event during the perioperative period. Recent studies revealed a drop in core temperature of over 2 degrees C in more than 50% of all @entity1 undergoing an operation. This drop in core temperature seems to be primarily due to the following factors. Anaesthesia prevents behavioural adaptations to changes in ambient temperature. Simultaneously, autonomic mechanisms of temperature control are suppressed by general as well as by neuraxial anaesthesia. The interthreshold range between core temperatures that trigger responses to warmth and to cold increases up to 20-fold. This is primarily due to a decrease in the cold response threshold. As a result, body core temperature of anaesthetized @entity1 is primarily determined by the much lower temperature of the environment. On one hand, decreases in body temperatures may exert organ protective effects under certain conditions, e.g., by increasing ischemic tolerance. On the other hand, there is accumulating evidence that accidental perioperative @entity2332 may also adversely affect organ function and outcome. For example, unfavourable effects of perioperative @entity2332 on the immune defence, on the function of the coagulation system, on cardiovascular performance, as well as on postoperative recovery have been reported. Consequently, measures should be taken to actively control the perioperative heat balance of @entity1 .

title: [Etiology and sequelae of perioperative XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['Accidental hypothermia', 'hypothermia']

answer: @entity2332 :: (MESH:D007035,Disease) :: ['accidental hypothermia']