abstract: UNASSIGNED: The objectives of study were to determine the transmission parameters (b), durations of @entity281 , and basic reproductive numbers (R0) of both @entity5967 and @entity8211 as pathogens causing @entity1271 outbreaks in dairy herds. A 10-mo longitudinal study was performed using 2 smallholder dairy herds with @entity1271 outbreaks caused by Strep. agalactiae and Strep. uberis, respectively. Both herds had poor @entity1271 control management and did not change their milking management during the entire study period. Quarter milk samples were collected at monthly intervals from all lactating animals in each herd for bacteriological identification. The durations of @entity281 for Strep. uberis intramammary @entity281 (IMI) and Strep. agalactiae IMI were examined using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and the Kaplan-Meier survival functions for Strep. uberis IMI and Strep. agalactiae IMI were compared using log rank survival-test. The spread of Strep. uberis and Strep. agalactiae through the population was determined by transmission parameter, b, the probability per unit of time that one infectious quarter will infect another quarter, assuming that all other quarters are susceptible. For the Strep. uberis outbreak herd (31 @entity291 ), 56 new infections and 28 quarters with spontaneous cure were observed. For the Strep. agalactiae outbreak herd (19 @entity291 ), 26 new infections and 9 quarters with spontaneous cure were observed. The duration of @entity281 for Strep. agalactiae (mean = 270.84 d) was significantly longer than the duration of @entity281 for Strep. uberis (mean = 187.88 d). The transmission parameters (b) estimated (including 95% confidence interval) for Strep. uberis IMI and Strep. agalactiae IMI were 0.0155 (0.0035-0.0693) and 0.0068 (0.0008-0.0606), respectively. The R0 (including 95% confidence interval) during the study were 2.91 (0.63-13.47) and 1.86 (0.21-16.61) for Strep. uberis IMI and Strep. agalactiae IMI, respectively. In conclusion, the transmission parameter and R0 values were not different between both pathogens; however, the duration of @entity281 for Strep. agalactiae was longer than Strep. uberis. These suggest that Strep. uberis may have a different transmission dynamic compared with Strep. agalactiae.

title: Comparison of transmission dynamics between @entity8211 and XXXX intramammary infections.

answer: @entity5967 :: (1311,Species) :: ['Streptococcus agalactiae']


abstract: In a four-and-a-half year period, 19 @entity1 with focal @entity51 accompanied by a focal @entity159 were encountered. Sixteen of these @entity1 showed clouding of @entity1662 or @entity911 . Computed tomography of the brain revealed focal lesions in 15 @entity1 . In 7 @entity1 the lesions were the result of a recent cerebral event and in 8 @entity1 they were long-standing. All @entity1 were treated with anti- @entity302 drugs. Ten of the 12 @entity1 without an acute lesion showed a complete recovery in a few days. In these @entity1 the symptoms may have been caused by the continuous @entity410 activity, classifying them as cases of non- @entity410 focal @entity159 . Only 2 of the 7 @entity1 with an acute lesion had a full recovery. In @entity1 with an acute lesion the part played by the @entity159 in the acquired deficits is unclear. Continuous or frequent intermittent focal @entity302 discharges on the EEG may warrant treatment with anti- @entity302 drugs in @entity1 with focal @entity51 , even when one of the hallmarks of @entity302 , @entity717 , is absent.

title: XXXX as cause for focal @entity51 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsive', 'seizure']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['clonic movements']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ['consciousness']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['electrographic status epilepticus', 'status epilepticus']

answer: @entity159 :: (MESH:D013226,Disease) :: ['Non-convulsive status epilepticus']


abstract: In a four-and-a-half year period, 19 @entity1 with focal @entity51 accompanied by a focal @entity159 were encountered. Sixteen of these @entity1 showed clouding of @entity1662 or @entity911 . Computed tomography of the brain revealed focal lesions in 15 @entity1 . In 7 @entity1 the lesions were the result of a recent cerebral event and in 8 @entity1 they were long-standing. All @entity1 were treated with anti- @entity302 drugs. Ten of the 12 @entity1 without an acute lesion showed a complete recovery in a few days. In these @entity1 the symptoms may have been caused by the continuous @entity410 activity, classifying them as cases of non- @entity410 focal @entity159 . Only 2 of the 7 @entity1 with an acute lesion had a full recovery. In @entity1 with an acute lesion the part played by the @entity159 in the acquired deficits is unclear. Continuous or frequent intermittent focal @entity302 discharges on the EEG may warrant treatment with anti- @entity302 drugs in @entity1 with focal @entity51 , even when one of the hallmarks of @entity302 , @entity717 , is absent.

title: @entity159 as cause for focal XXXX .

answer: @entity51 :: (MESH:D009461,Disease) :: ['neurological deficit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The CONTROL Surveillance Project was a comprehensive @entity1 -based survey conducted among @entity1375 @entity1 undergoing treatment. The primary objective of the study was to specifically quantify the prevalence of factors adversely affecting @entity1955 therapy. METHODS: @entity1 were selected from a large proprietary database. Those eligible for the study completed a 21-question survey. RESULTS: Of the eligible @entity1375 @entity1 , 925 (92.5  %) were being treated with @entity1955 monotherapy. The mean age was 60.4  years; 755 (81.6  %) were female and 168 (18.2  %) were male. Almost half of those receiving @entity1955 (435, 47.0  %) had at least one comorbid condition that could adversely affect its absorption: @entity354 (33.8  % of @entity1 ), @entity1744 (9.7  %), @entity1132 intolerance (7.8  %), or a history of gastric bypass surgery or bowel resection (3.0  %). Other factors reported by many @entity1 that could adversely affect @entity1955 absorption included use of prescription medications (20.6  %) and over-the-counter medications (34.3  %) used to treat comorbid gastrointestinal (GI) conditions; use of dietary supplements (51.8  %, primarily @entity460 and @entity68 ); and intake of foods/beverages high in fiber, @entity1496 , or soy (68.0  %). Of the 13.4  % who reported difficulty controlling their @entity1375 symptoms, significantly more @entity1 with comorbid GI conditions reported such difficulty (7.8 versus 5.6  %, P  <  0.01). Frequent changes in @entity1955 dosing (two or more dose changes in the past year) were reported by 8.0  % of survey @entity1 . Those with GI comorbidities were nearly twice as likely to have such changes (5.0 versus 3.0  %, P  <  0.01). CONCLUSION: Better initial workup of @entity1 , including identification of relevant GI comorbidities and @entity566 , may help in the early detection of factors that may affect the performance of @entity1955 .

title: Comorbidities, Concomitant Medications, and Diet as Factors Affecting XXXX Therapy: Results of the CONTROL Surveillance Project.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergies']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['levothyroxine']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']

answer: @entity1955 :: (MESH:D013974,Chemical) :: ['Levothyroxine']


abstract: Adiponectin is an adipokine playing an important role in regulating energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. However, the effect of adiponectin on bone metabolism shows contradictory results according to different research studies. In this study femurs were isolated from genetically double-labeled mBSP9.0Luc/b-ACT-EGFP @entity19 and were transplanted into adiponectin knock-out @entity19 or wild type @entity19 to investigate the effect of temporary exposure to @entity851 and metabolism. We found that the growth of bone explants in adiponectin knock-out @entity19 was significantly retarded. Histological analysis, microcomputed tomography analysis, and @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed reduced trabecular bone volume, decreased cortical bone, and @entity101 in bone explants in adiponectin knock-out @entity19 . We then found that adiponectin inhibits @entity5271 -induced osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 cells and down-regulates @entity5271 -enhanced expressions of osteoclastogenic regulators including @entity25314 , @entity25433 , @entity35364 , and @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase. Adiponectin also increases osteoclast apoptosis and decreases survival/proliferation of osteoclast precursor cells. Using siRNA specifically targeting @entity72918 , the first identified adaptor protein of adiponectin signaling, we found that the inhibitory effect of adiponectin on osteoclasts was induced by @entity72918 -mediated down-regulation of @entity1994 activity. In addition, overexpression of @entity1994 successfully reversed adiponectin-induced inhibition in @entity5271 -stimulated osteoclast differentiation. In conclusion, adiponectin is important in maintaining the balance of energy metabolism, inflammatory responses, and bone formation.

title: Adiponectin inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via XXXX -mediated suppression of @entity1994 .

entities_list: @entity5272 :: ('MESH:C029768', 'Chemical') :: ['tartrate']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['adiponectin deficiency on bone growth']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased osteoclast number']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

answer: @entity72918 :: (72993(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['APPL1']


abstract: Adiponectin is an adipokine playing an important role in regulating energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. However, the effect of adiponectin on bone metabolism shows contradictory results according to different research studies. In this study femurs were isolated from genetically double-labeled mBSP9.0Luc/b-ACT-EGFP @entity19 and were transplanted into adiponectin knock-out @entity19 or wild type @entity19 to investigate the effect of temporary exposure to @entity851 and metabolism. We found that the growth of bone explants in adiponectin knock-out @entity19 was significantly retarded. Histological analysis, microcomputed tomography analysis, and @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed reduced trabecular bone volume, decreased cortical bone, and @entity101 in bone explants in adiponectin knock-out @entity19 . We then found that adiponectin inhibits @entity5271 -induced osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 cells and down-regulates @entity5271 -enhanced expressions of osteoclastogenic regulators including @entity25314 , @entity25433 , @entity35364 , and @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase. Adiponectin also increases osteoclast apoptosis and decreases survival/proliferation of osteoclast precursor cells. Using siRNA specifically targeting @entity72918 , the first identified adaptor protein of adiponectin signaling, we found that the inhibitory effect of adiponectin on osteoclasts was induced by @entity72918 -mediated down-regulation of @entity1994 activity. In addition, overexpression of @entity1994 successfully reversed adiponectin-induced inhibition in @entity5271 -stimulated osteoclast differentiation. In conclusion, adiponectin is important in maintaining the balance of energy metabolism, inflammatory responses, and bone formation.

title: Adiponectin inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via @entity72918 -mediated suppression of XXXX .

answer: @entity1994 :: (11651(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Akt1']


abstract: Biological shapes are often produced by the iterative generation of repeated units. The mechanistic basis of such iteration is an area of intense investigation. Leaf development in the model plant @entity958 is one such example where the repeated generation of leaf margin protrusions, termed serrations, is a key feature of final shape. However, the regulatory logic underlying this process is unclear. Here, we use a combination of developmental genetics and computational modeling to show that serration development is the morphological read-out of a spatially distributed regulatory mechanism, which creates interspersed activity peaks of the growth-promoting hormone auxin and the @entity54070 ( @entity54070 ) transcription factor. This mechanism operates at the growing leaf margin via a regulatory module consisting of two feedback loops working in concert. The first loop relates the transport of auxin to its own distribution, via polar membrane localization of the pinformed1 (PIN1) efflux transporter. This loop captures the potential of auxin to generate self-organizing patterns in diverse developmental contexts. In the second loop, @entity54070 promotes the generation of PIN1-dependent auxin activity maxima while auxin represses @entity54070 expression. This @entity54070 -dependent loop regulates activity of the conserved auxin efflux module in leaf margins to generate stable serration patterns. Conceptualizing leaf margin development via this mechanism also helps to explain how other developmental regulators influence leaf shape.

title: Model for the regulation of XXXX leaf margin development.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Transfemorally placed endoluminal grafts are currently being evaluated as an alternative to open surgery for the treatment of @entity1028 . We determined the value of helical CT for the follow-up of @entity1 treated with this new procedure. The purposes of this study were to determine CT features of a technically successful procedure, detect complications, and compare findings on CT scans obtained 24-48 hr after insertion of the graft with findings on angiograms obtained at the end of the endovascular procedure. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seven @entity1 with large @entity1028 had helical CT within 48 hr after transfemoral insertion of an endoluminal graft. Findings on these CT scans were compared with findings on digital completion angiograms obtained immediately after placement of the graft. Additional follow-up CT scans were obtained for up to 15 months (mean, 8 months). The size of the aneurysmal sac; completeness of perigraft @entity715 ; and position, shape, and patency of the device were recorded. RESULTS: CT scans obtained 24-48 hr after placement of the grafts showed complete @entity715 of the aneurysmal sac in three @entity1 and incomplete @entity715 with patent perigraft channels in the four remaining @entity1 . Angiograms showed a patent perigraft channel in only one @entity1 . Two of four initially patent channels subsequently closed, but one of them recurred. Of four thrombosed @entity439 , two decreased in size, and two were unchanged on later follow-up. Of three @entity439 associated with perigraft channels, two became enlarged and one was stable. On the basis of CT criteria, successful endovascular repair was shown in four (57%) of seven @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Helical CT is a sensitive means of evaluating the efficacy of endoluminal grafts. Decreased or stable size of the aneurysmal sac without perigraft channels on late follow-up CT signifies technical success. Persistence or recurrence of perigraft channels is the most likely cause of later enlargement of an @entity439 and therefore suggests procedural failure. Helical CT was more sensitive than angiography for detection of perigraft channels that occurred soon after treatment.

title: Endovascular repair of XXXX : value of postoperative follow-up with helical CT.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: A key limiting factor impacting the success of cell transplantation for @entity191 is the survival of the grafted cells, which are often short lived. The focus of this study was to examine a novel strategy to optimize the survival of exogenous fetal ventromesencephalic (VM) grafts by treatment with the @entity10740 inhibitor, @entity12559 -a (PFT-a), to improve the biological outcome of @entity191 animals. Adult male @entity35 were given @entity2955 into the left medial forebrain bundle to induce a hemiparkinsonian state. At 7 weeks after lesioning, animals were grafted with fetal VM or cortical tissue into the lesioned striatum and, thereafter, received daily PFT-a or vehicle injections for 5 days. @entity3826 -induced @entity717 was examined at 2, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after grafting. Analysis of TUNEL or @entity669 hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining was undertaken at 5 days or 4 months after grafting. The transplantation of fetal VM tissue into the lesioned striatum reduced @entity717 . A further reduction in rotation was apparent in animals receiving PFT-a and VM transplants. By contrast, no significant reduction in rotation was evident in animals receiving cortical grafts or cortical grafts + PFT-a. PFT-a treatment reduced TUNEL labeling and increased TH(+) cell and fiber density in the VM transplants. In conclusion, our data indicate that early postgrafting treatment with PFT-a enhances the survival of @entity935 cell transplants and augments behavioral recovery in @entity191 animals.

title: Enhanced survival of dopaminergic neuronal transplants in hemiparkinsonian @entity35 by the XXXX inactivator PFT-a.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity12559 :: ('MESH:C121565', 'Chemical') :: ['pifithrin']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'parkinsonian']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['Apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['rotational behavior']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine']

answer: @entity10740 :: (301300(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: A key limiting factor impacting the success of cell transplantation for @entity191 is the survival of the grafted cells, which are often short lived. The focus of this study was to examine a novel strategy to optimize the survival of exogenous fetal ventromesencephalic (VM) grafts by treatment with the @entity10740 inhibitor, @entity12559 -a (PFT-a), to improve the biological outcome of @entity191 animals. Adult male @entity35 were given @entity2955 into the left medial forebrain bundle to induce a hemiparkinsonian state. At 7 weeks after lesioning, animals were grafted with fetal VM or cortical tissue into the lesioned striatum and, thereafter, received daily PFT-a or vehicle injections for 5 days. @entity3826 -induced @entity717 was examined at 2, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after grafting. Analysis of TUNEL or @entity669 hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining was undertaken at 5 days or 4 months after grafting. The transplantation of fetal VM tissue into the lesioned striatum reduced @entity717 . A further reduction in rotation was apparent in animals receiving PFT-a and VM transplants. By contrast, no significant reduction in rotation was evident in animals receiving cortical grafts or cortical grafts + PFT-a. PFT-a treatment reduced TUNEL labeling and increased TH(+) cell and fiber density in the VM transplants. In conclusion, our data indicate that early postgrafting treatment with PFT-a enhances the survival of @entity935 cell transplants and augments behavioral recovery in @entity191 animals.

title: Enhanced survival of dopaminergic neuronal transplants in hemiparkinsonian XXXX by the @entity10740 inactivator PFT-a.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of @entity497 ( @entity497 ) has expanded from outreach and education to working within a clinical team in a primary care setting. AIM: To improve self-management among @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 incorporating @entity497 as members of a clinical team. METHODS: A cohort of 114 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 enrolled in 2007 participated in a teambased self-management intervention with followup in 2008. The study assessed whether significant changes occurred in clinical, @entity1 satisfaction and activation measures after the intervention compared with baseline. The programme was located at St Luke's Health Care Center in San Francisco, California, in an ethnically diverse neighbourhood serving predominantly low-income Latino @entity1 . Clinical outcomes measured included glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood pressure and total @entity165 . A @entity1 Activation Measure (PAM) assessed self-management. Both provider and @entity1 experiences with the programme were also assessed using a @entity1 telephone satisfaction survey and provider focus group. RESULTS: The majority of @entity1 were Latino Spanish speaking @entity1 on public insurance. Thirty-one @entity1 participated in a telephone satisfaction survey. Six providers participated in a focus group to assess satisfaction with care. HealthFirst had a positive impact, improving @entity4051 c among high-risk @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (HbA1c>=  9.0) and maintaining glycaemic control among @entity1 with controlled glycaemic level at baseline ( @entity4051 c<7.0). In addition, LDL, total @entity165 and self-management outcomes significantly improved. Ninety-seven percent of @entity1 were satisfied with the @entity497 ' support. Overall, providers' comfort level in referring @entity1 to @entity497 was very high. CONCLUSIONS: Physician-CHW partnership had a positive impact on @entity1 ' self-management skills and clinical outcomes. @entity1 and physicians also had higher satisfaction with overall care. With appropriate training, @entity497 can collaborate as team members with primary care providers and with non-medical providers to improve the quality of care.

title: Physician-community health worker partnering to support XXXX self-management in primary care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['community health workers', 'CHWs']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Smooth muscle, striated muscle, their central and peripheral innervations and control, and @entity33 contribute to maintenance of continence. We used manual leak point pressure (mLPP) testing and electrical stimulation LPP (eLPP) testing in female @entity35 to quantify the contribution of these factors to urethral resistance, a measure of continence. Abdominal muscles were electrically stimulated to induce leakage for eLPP. A Crede maneuver was applied for mLPP. These were repeated after complete T8 @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) and/or bilateral pudendal nerve transection (PNT). After euthanasia, mLPP was repeated. MLPP was not significantly affected by opening the abdomen, suggesting that intra-abdominal pressure transmission contributes little to continence during slow pressure changes. ELPP was significantly higher than mLPP in intact @entity35 , after PNT, and after @entity1566 +PNT, suggesting that abdominal pressure transmission contributes to continence during rapid increases in intra-abdominal pressure. MLPP decreased significantly after PNT, indicating that urethral striated muscles contribute significantly to continence. ELPP decreased significantly after PNT with and without @entity1566 , suggesting that supraspinal control significantly affects continence during rapid pressure changes, but not during slow pressure changes. MLPP after euthanasia was significantly decreased compared to mLPP after @entity1566 +PNT, suggesting that urethral mucosal seal coaptation and tissue elasticity also contribute to continence. The urethra is a complex organ that maintains continence via a highly organized and hierarchical system involving both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

title: Quantification of neurological and other contributors to continence in female XXXX .

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal coaptation']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: PURPOSE: Detailed strategy for regional hemodynamics is significant for knowledge of plaque development on @entity455 such as @entity731 . The aim of this study was to derive relation between @entity731 and hemodynamics at @entity1 carotid bifurcation by the use of @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ), and to provide more accurate hemodynamic information. METHODS: Blood velocity datasets at common carotid artery were obtained by phase-contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging (PC cine MRI). Carotid bifurcation model was computed for systolic, mid-diastolic, and end-diastolic phase. Comparison of @entity1642 ( @entity1642 ) was performed for each cardiac phase. RESULTS: PC cine MRI provided velocity measurement for common carotid artery with various cardiac phases. The blood velocity had acute variation from 0.21 m/s to 1.07 m/s at systolic phase. The variation of @entity1642 during cardiac phase was presented at carotid bifurcation model. High shear stress area was observed at dividing wall for all cardiac phases. The systole-diastole @entity1642 ratio was 10.15 at internal carotid side of bifurcation. And low shear stress (<0.5 Pa) was observed at internal carotid side of bifurcation. CONCLUSION: Bifurcation area represented low shear stress and changed significantly @entity1642 . The specific area with significant change in shear stress and low shear stress had good agreement with predilection sites of @entity731 . The result suggested that hemodynamics was related to @entity731 , and @entity5173 analysis with various cardiac phases that were provided by PC cine MRI was allowed to determine an accurate analysis condition. This led to the representation of hemodynamics in vivo.

title: Quantitative Analysis of Wall Shear Stress for XXXX Carotid Bifurcation at Cardiac Phases by the Use of Phase Contrast Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Computational Fluid Dynamics Study.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['CFD', 'computational fluid dynamics']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['WSS', 'wall shear stress']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In the positron emission tomography literature, markedly hypometabolic brain tissue ( @entity26 metabolism < 1.3 to 1.7 mL.100 g-1. @entity1009 ) has often been equated with irreversible damage in the @entity1 brain. By serial positron emission tomography measurements, we investigated the temporal evolution of the volume of severely hypometabolic brain tissue after permanent @entity2500 in anesthetized @entity6599 with, as a perspective, the development of rational therapeutic strategies. METHODS: Seven anesthetized and ventilated @entity6599 underwent sequential positron emission tomography examinations with the 15O steady-state technique before and 1, 4, 7, and 24 hours and 14 to 29 days after occlusion. In each @entity3474 the @entity1188 volume was calculated by quantitative histological procedures after 19 to 41 days of occlusion. RESULTS: The sequential measurement of regional @entity26 metabolism demonstrated an extension (for > or = 24 hours) of the volume of severely hypometabolic tissue as defined by both absolute and relative metabolic thresholds, and this profile of evolutivity is observed no matter the threshold used. Mean (+/- SEM) @entity1188 volume of 2.4 +/- 0.6 cm3 was comparable to a tissue volume with @entity26 consumption < 40% of contralateral metabolism. The volume of hypometabolic tissue was essentially stable at the 1-, 4-, and 7-hour postocclusion studies, increased markedly at the 24-hour study point, and increased even further in the chronic-stage study (on average, 17 days after occlusion). The tissue that eventually displayed a severely hypometabolic state at the final measurement showed a significant decrease of @entity26 metabolism and cerebral blood flow at each time analyzed. In that tissue, the @entity26 extraction fraction increased significantly at 1 hour (although not thereafter). CONCLUSIONS: The extension of severely hypometabolic volume after @entity2500 reinforces the concept of a dynamic penumbra and suggests the existence of a relatively large window of therapeutic opportunity in which it may be possible to develop neuroprotective strategies. Our study suggests that maximum @entity1188 volume is determined at some time between 24 hours and 17 days after permanent @entity2500 in anesthetized @entity6599 .

title: Sequential studies of severely hypometabolic tissue volumes after permanent @entity2500 . A positron emission tomographic investigation in anesthetized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction']

answer: @entity6599 :: (9557,Species) :: ['baboons']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In the positron emission tomography literature, markedly hypometabolic brain tissue ( @entity26 metabolism < 1.3 to 1.7 mL.100 g-1. @entity1009 ) has often been equated with irreversible damage in the @entity1 brain. By serial positron emission tomography measurements, we investigated the temporal evolution of the volume of severely hypometabolic brain tissue after permanent @entity2500 in anesthetized @entity6599 with, as a perspective, the development of rational therapeutic strategies. METHODS: Seven anesthetized and ventilated @entity6599 underwent sequential positron emission tomography examinations with the 15O steady-state technique before and 1, 4, 7, and 24 hours and 14 to 29 days after occlusion. In each @entity3474 the @entity1188 volume was calculated by quantitative histological procedures after 19 to 41 days of occlusion. RESULTS: The sequential measurement of regional @entity26 metabolism demonstrated an extension (for > or = 24 hours) of the volume of severely hypometabolic tissue as defined by both absolute and relative metabolic thresholds, and this profile of evolutivity is observed no matter the threshold used. Mean (+/- SEM) @entity1188 volume of 2.4 +/- 0.6 cm3 was comparable to a tissue volume with @entity26 consumption < 40% of contralateral metabolism. The volume of hypometabolic tissue was essentially stable at the 1-, 4-, and 7-hour postocclusion studies, increased markedly at the 24-hour study point, and increased even further in the chronic-stage study (on average, 17 days after occlusion). The tissue that eventually displayed a severely hypometabolic state at the final measurement showed a significant decrease of @entity26 metabolism and cerebral blood flow at each time analyzed. In that tissue, the @entity26 extraction fraction increased significantly at 1 hour (although not thereafter). CONCLUSIONS: The extension of severely hypometabolic volume after @entity2500 reinforces the concept of a dynamic penumbra and suggests the existence of a relatively large window of therapeutic opportunity in which it may be possible to develop neuroprotective strategies. Our study suggests that maximum @entity1188 volume is determined at some time between 24 hours and 17 days after permanent @entity2500 in anesthetized @entity6599 .

title: Sequential studies of severely hypometabolic tissue volumes after permanent XXXX . A positron emission tomographic investigation in anesthetized @entity6599 .

answer: @entity2500 :: (MESH:D020244,Disease) :: ['middle cerebral artery occlusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) related @entity66 (rSD) is a new disease entity, first described in 2001, that involves @entity788 . Considered a @entity262 with lesions described in multiple organ systems, IgG4-rSD that affects the sinonasal region is rare. Our goal was to highlight the sinonasal presentation of this unique disease and to review previously reported adult cases from 2003 to 2014. METHODS: Case report (a 72-year-old @entity1 who presented with left exophthalmos, @entity158 , and @entity9467 ) and review of the literature. RESULTS: Radiographic workup with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a left sinonasal mass that involved the left maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, with surrounding bony destruction and orbital invasion. Nasal endoscopy demonstrated a @entity82 emanating in the middle meatus, with surrounding @entity32 . The @entity1 underwent an endoscopic biopsy, medial maxillectomy, and ethmoidectomy with @entity5 debulking. Pathology demonstrated inflamed respiratory mucosa with dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and @entity82 ; flow cytometry demonstrated no malignant cell populations; immunophenotyping demonstrated multiple foci of IgG4 cells. Plasma IgG4 was elevated in the setting of normal total IgG. The @entity1 was treated with postoperative systemic and topical corticosteroids. Surveillance imaging studies and nasal endoscopy demonstrated disease resolution without recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Sinonasal IgG4-rSD is a rare disease that can present with bony and soft-tissue invasion. This was an exceptional case, with osseous involvement and orbital invasion. Immunohistologic workup is essential for diagnosis. It is important to differentiate this disease from @entity5 . Treatment includes corticosteroids and surgical debulking. Sinonasal IgG4-rSD represents an emerging disease that may present challenges for future rhinologists.

title: A rare and emerging entity: Sinonasal IgG4-related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'fibrous lesion']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosing disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'sinonasal tumors']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['periorbital pain']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['sclerosing disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pancreatodigestive tract anastomotic site @entity850 is a problematic complication after pancreatoduodenectomy. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of endoscopic treatments for a stenotic pancreatodigestive tract @entity254 . DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Endoscopic units of a university-affiliated hospital and a general hospital. @entity1 : Fourteen @entity1 with recurrent @entity788 (n=10) and pancreatic fluid @entity292 (n=4) after anatomy-altering surgery with pancreatodigestive tract @entity254 . INTERVENTIONS: The initial ERCP included obtaining a pancreatogram, introducing a 0.025-inch guidewire through the @entity254 , along which a 5F plastic stent or nasopancreatic drain was inserted. If initial ERCP failed, we attempted EUS-guided rendezvous, with a guidewire passed antegrade from the main pancreatic duct across the stenotic @entity254 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Rates of successful intervention and clinical relief. RESULTS: The initial intervention was successfully achieved in 6 of 14 @entity1 (38%). Of the 6 @entity1 with successful therapeutic endoscopies, 4 (66.7%) and 2 (25.0%) had undergone a previous pancreatogastrostomy or pancreatojejunostomy, respectively. Eight @entity1 with an initial unsuccessful intervention successfully underwent a second intervention using an EUS-guided or US-guided rendezvous method. Finally, @entity850 was relieved in all @entity1 with either the retrograde placement of a pancreatic duct stent across the @entity850 of an anastomotic site or antegrade percutaneous bougienage of the stenotic @entity254 . LIMITATIONS: Small sample size and lack of control @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic treatment of stenotic pancreatodigestive tract @entity254 for transanastomotic pancreatic juice drainage is safe and feasible.

title: Therapeutic endoscopy for stenotic pancreatodigestive tract XXXX after pancreatoduodenectomy (with videos).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Intrafractional motion consists of two components: (1) the movement between the on-line repositioning procedure and the treatment start and (2) the movement during the treatment delivery. The goal of this study is to estimate this intrafractional movement of the prostate during @entity263 radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-seven @entity1 with @entity263 and implanted fiducials underwent a marker match procedure before a five-field IMRT treatment. For all fields, in-treatment images were obtained and then processed to enable automatic marker detection. Combining the subsequent projection images, five positions of each marker were determined using the shortest path approach. The @entity41 ( @entity41 ) after kV-MV based prostate localization, the prostate position as a function of time during a radiotherapy session and the required margins to account for intrafractional motion were determined. RESULTS: The mean @entity41 and standard deviation in the antero-posterior, cranio-caudal and left-right direction were 2.3  1.5 mm, 0.2  1.1 mm and -0.1  1.1 mm, respectively. Almost all motions occurred in the posterior direction before the first treatment beam as the percentage of excursions>5 mm was reduced significantly when the @entity41 was not accounted for. The required margins for intrafractional motion increased with prolongation of the treatment. Application of a repositioning protocol after every beam could decrease the 1cm margin from CTV to @entity343 by 2 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity41 is the main contributor to intrafractional motion. This @entity41 after on-line prostate localization and @entity1 repositioning in the posterior direction emphasizes the need to speed up the marker match procedure. Also, a prostate IMRT treatment should be administered as fast as possible, to ensure that the pre-treatment repositioning efforts are not erased by intrafractional prostate motion. This warrants an optimized workflow with the use of faster treatment techniques.

title: Intrafractional prostate motion during online image guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual set-up error', 'RSE']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, @entity1085 with leakage of bile and/or @entity5990 into the abdominal cavity occurs frequently. When this occurs, our practice has been to lavage the operative field and retrieve as many @entity5990 as possible. We were concerned, however, that complications secondary to @entity281 might develop. To address this issue, our first 250 consecutive @entity1 undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were surveyed by postal questionnaire. In the 35-48 months (mean, 41 months) since operation, six @entity1 (2.6%) died of nonbiliary causes. Of the 225 @entity1 (90%) who completed the questionnaire, 73 (33%) suffered intraoperative @entity1085 . There were no late wound or @entity166 and no @entity1 has required reoperation for @entity295 or @entity1744 . In the entire group, @entity344 were prevalent and included flatulence (40%), loose stools or fecal urgency (35%), belching (23%), and @entity390 (4%). The prevalence of these complaints was similar in @entity1 with and without @entity1085 . @entity1085 perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, therefore, does not cause adverse long-term complications when accompanied by operative lavage and stone removal.

title: The influence of intraoperative XXXX on long-term outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder perforation', 'Intraoperative gallbladder']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['intraabdominal sepsis']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstones']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection or adhesions']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['intraabdominal infectious complications']

answer: @entity1085 :: (MESH:D005705,Disease) :: ['gallbladder perforation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The accepted treatment protocol for @entity39 ( @entity39 ) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for @entity39 , improving @entity1 mortality and outcome. However, the beneficial effect of HBO for @entity39 remains controversial. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of treatment outcome in 37 @entity1 treated for @entity39 between 1984 and 1993 was carried out. The mortality rate, morbidity criteria, and risk factors for grave prognosis were compared between a group of 25 @entity1 who received HBO as part of their treatment protocol and a group of the remaining 12 @entity1 treated by surgical excision and antibiotics alone. RESULTS: The two groups were found to be similar with regard to age, gender, the incidence of individual risk factors for ominous prognosis, and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score for disease's severity on presentation. The mortality rate among the HBO-treated @entity1 was 36%, as opposed to 25% in the non-HBO group. The mean number of surgical d  bridements required per @entity1 was significantly higher in the HBO group: 3.3 compared with 1.5 in the non-HBO-treated @entity1 . Although the average length of hospitalization for survivors was shorter for the HBO group, the difference between the groups did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study cast doubt on the suggested advantage of HBO in reducing @entity1 mortality and morbidity when used as adjuvant therapy for @entity39 .

title: XXXX : an indication for hyperbaric oxygenation therapy?

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing fasciitis', 'NF']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['Necrotizing fasciitis']


abstract: Xenograft @entity1779 models have been developed in normal @entity19 by growing the @entity35 @entity36 in either adult or neonatal @entity19 brains. Using this @entity5 line it was possible to grow discrete @entity1779 in either CBA or AKR adult @entity19 or neonatal @entity19 . The size of the @entity5 mass and length of survival was directly related to the number of @entity5 cells injected and the time after implantation. To obtain localized @entity5 growth cells were suspended in a 1% agarose solution before implantation. Following injection of 10(6) cells into the frontal lobe of adult CBA or AKR @entity19 , discrete @entity5 masses greater than 4 mm in diameter were obtained in 90% of animals at 14 days, and the @entity5 in adult @entity19 occurred between 21 and 28 days after implantation. The @entity5 size following implantation of 10(6) cells was significantly greater than with 10(5) cells at 7 days (P less than 0.05) and at 14 and 21 days (P less than 0.01). Less than 60% of @entity19 of BALB/c, RIII, or C57 black strains developed @entity5 greater than 4 mm diameter at 14 days after intracerebral injection of 10(6) C6 cells. Using neonatal @entity19 it was found that when 10(5) cells were injected intracranially @entity5 greater than 4 mm in diameter developed in 14 of 15 animals within 2 weeks (CBA @entity19 ). Similar results were seen in the RIII, AKR, C57 black, and BALB/c strains. Longer growth periods resulted in @entity5 , up to 8 mm in diameter (6 of 10 animals at 20 days). The @entity5 in the neonatal animals were not as discrete as in the adult @entity19 , and @entity5 often spread to the meninges and into the lateral ventricles. The @entity5 harvested from the brain had a cloning efficiency of 1.2 +/- 0.4% (SD). A panel of monoclonal antibodies was raised to the @entity36 , and this was used to define clearly the margins of the @entity5 within the brain. The xenograft @entity19 models should prove useful for the study of the therapy of @entity11 .

title: Development of a xenograft XXXX model in @entity19 brain.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'largest tumors', 'intracranial tumor', 'larger tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral gliomas', 'intracerebral glioma']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: Xenograft @entity1779 models have been developed in normal @entity19 by growing the @entity35 @entity36 in either adult or neonatal @entity19 brains. Using this @entity5 line it was possible to grow discrete @entity1779 in either CBA or AKR adult @entity19 or neonatal @entity19 . The size of the @entity5 mass and length of survival was directly related to the number of @entity5 cells injected and the time after implantation. To obtain localized @entity5 growth cells were suspended in a 1% agarose solution before implantation. Following injection of 10(6) cells into the frontal lobe of adult CBA or AKR @entity19 , discrete @entity5 masses greater than 4 mm in diameter were obtained in 90% of animals at 14 days, and the @entity5 in adult @entity19 occurred between 21 and 28 days after implantation. The @entity5 size following implantation of 10(6) cells was significantly greater than with 10(5) cells at 7 days (P less than 0.05) and at 14 and 21 days (P less than 0.01). Less than 60% of @entity19 of BALB/c, RIII, or C57 black strains developed @entity5 greater than 4 mm diameter at 14 days after intracerebral injection of 10(6) C6 cells. Using neonatal @entity19 it was found that when 10(5) cells were injected intracranially @entity5 greater than 4 mm in diameter developed in 14 of 15 animals within 2 weeks (CBA @entity19 ). Similar results were seen in the RIII, AKR, C57 black, and BALB/c strains. Longer growth periods resulted in @entity5 , up to 8 mm in diameter (6 of 10 animals at 20 days). The @entity5 in the neonatal animals were not as discrete as in the adult @entity19 , and @entity5 often spread to the meninges and into the lateral ventricles. The @entity5 harvested from the brain had a cloning efficiency of 1.2 +/- 0.4% (SD). A panel of monoclonal antibodies was raised to the @entity36 , and this was used to define clearly the margins of the @entity5 within the brain. The xenograft @entity19 models should prove useful for the study of the therapy of @entity11 .

title: Development of a xenograft @entity11 model in XXXX brain.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: In view of the @entity308 immunity in @entity3147 , an assessment of the lymphoproliferative activity of the constantly stimulated mesenteric lymph node of the @entity840 was undertaken. A significant reduction of this activity was observed in @entity1131 . a) The germinal centers were reduced in number and size; new formation in the medulla was rarely seen. Lymphoid cells showed lowering of mitotic index and mitotic rate and prolongation of mitotic duration and turnover time. Nuclear labeling with @entity665 was focal and localized to the peripheral zone. b) Mitotic activity and nuclear labeling were less pronounced in the outer cortex and medulla and least in the paracortical area. Specific uptake of @entity665 paralleled the low labeling index. c) No appreciable reduction in the number of plasma cells in the medulla was observed. Serum gamma-globulin levels were not significantly altered, but albumin levels were consistently reduced. This was suggestive of preferential preservation of plasma cell activity in the malnourished host. d) There were significant @entity2905 and @entity1398 with relative increase of neutrophils in the peripheral blood. This might indicate more severe involvement of lymphopoiesis than myelopoiesis in @entity3147 .

title: Lymphopoiesis in @entity1131 . Stathmokinetic and tritiated thymidine uptake studies of the mesenteric lymph node of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity2905 :: ('MESH:D008231', 'Disease') :: ['lymphopenia']

entities_list: @entity1131 :: ('MESH:D011488', 'Disease') :: ['protein deficiency']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['(3)H-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['protein malnutrition']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: In view of the @entity308 immunity in @entity3147 , an assessment of the lymphoproliferative activity of the constantly stimulated mesenteric lymph node of the @entity840 was undertaken. A significant reduction of this activity was observed in @entity1131 . a) The germinal centers were reduced in number and size; new formation in the medulla was rarely seen. Lymphoid cells showed lowering of mitotic index and mitotic rate and prolongation of mitotic duration and turnover time. Nuclear labeling with @entity665 was focal and localized to the peripheral zone. b) Mitotic activity and nuclear labeling were less pronounced in the outer cortex and medulla and least in the paracortical area. Specific uptake of @entity665 paralleled the low labeling index. c) No appreciable reduction in the number of plasma cells in the medulla was observed. Serum gamma-globulin levels were not significantly altered, but albumin levels were consistently reduced. This was suggestive of preferential preservation of plasma cell activity in the malnourished host. d) There were significant @entity2905 and @entity1398 with relative increase of neutrophils in the peripheral blood. This might indicate more severe involvement of lymphopoiesis than myelopoiesis in @entity3147 .

title: Lymphopoiesis in XXXX . Stathmokinetic and tritiated thymidine uptake studies of the mesenteric lymph node of the @entity840 .

answer: @entity1131 :: (MESH:D011488,Disease) :: ['protein deficiency']


abstract: PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of focal @entity660 (FCPLs) among @entity1 undergoing computed tomographic (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at one institution and to examine any variation in radiologists' recommendation practice pattern with regards to FCPLs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained for this retrospective HIPPA-compliant study. The requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. A cohort of @entity1 with FCPLs was identified from radiology reports by using natural language processing. @entity1 -specific (ie, age, sex, symptoms, history of @entity788 ), radiologist-specific (ie, years of experience, area of expertise), and FCPL-specific (ie, size, location, septation, @entity730 , mural nodularity, pancreatic duct involvement, and presence of @entity45 ) variables were obtained. The outcome measure was whether a follow-up study was recommended. A logistic regression model was used to identify relative recommendation rates after controlling for key explanatory variables. RESULTS: Between January 1 and December 31, 2009, a total of 1067 FCPLs were identified in 765 @entity1 . Prevalence rates ranged from 2.2% at CT to 15.9% at MR imaging. Radiologists recommended a follow-up imaging study in 23.7% of cases of a FCPL. A 2.8-fold difference in the rate of recommendation of further imaging existed across radiologists after controlling for explanatory variables such as lesion-, radiologist-, and @entity1 -specific characteristics. A history of @entity788 was associated with a nearly two-fold decrease in recommending further imaging. CONCLUSION: FCPLs are common, and nearly one-quarter of radiology reports recommend at least one follow-up imaging study. Significant variation exists in the rate of recommendation for further imaging studies by radiologists, even after controlling for key explanatory variables.

title: Focal XXXX : assessing variation in radiologists' management recommendations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['cystic pancreatic lesions']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['multiple cysts']

answer: @entity660 :: (MESH:D010182,Disease) :: ['cystic pancreatic lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: More than 20,000 responders have been examined through the World Trade Center (WTC) Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program since September 11, 2001. Studies on WTC firefighters have shown elevated rates of @entity370 . The main objective of this study was to report the incidence of "sarcoid like" @entity358 in other WTC responders. METHODS: Cases of sarcoid like @entity358 were identified by: @entity1 self-report, physician report and ICD-9 codes. Each case was evaluated by three pulmonologists using the ACCESS criteria and only "definite" cases are reported. RESULTS: Thirty-eight @entity1 were classified as "definite" cases. Six-year incidence was 192/100,000. The peak annual incidence of 54 per 100,000 @entity1 -years occurred between 9/11/2003 and 9/11/2004. Incidence in black responders was nearly double that of white responders. Low FVC was the most common spirometric abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcoid like @entity358 is present among the WTC responders. While the incidence is lower than that reported among firefighters, it is higher than expected.

title: "Sarcoid like" XXXX in World Trade Center disaster responders.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['granulomatous pulmonary disease']


abstract: The fluorogenic @entity6115 reagent @entity28196 (CNBFz) reacts with @entity4478 to give one of two products, or a mixture, depending on the concentration of @entity6115 . At low concentrations (e.g. 5 X 10(-4) M) of unprotonated @entity6115 the normal replacement of the @entity3878 occurs, giving lambdamax approximately 470 nm. At high concentration of unprotonated @entity6115 (e.g. 0.5 M), a new product, lambdamax approximately 380 nm, is produced. At intermediate concentrations, both products are seen. These results were obtained with aqueous @entity3265 , @entity8776 and @entity28740 , and with @entity28740 in dry @entity4315 . The 380 nm product also is obtained with high local concentrations of @entity4478 , such as with [lys]n at pH 8.5-10 and micellar @entity27148 at pH 9.5. These results are suggested to be analogous to those of very primitive proto-enzyme systems, by which clusters of small molecules can produce quantitative changes in "metabolism". Reaction of CNBFz with gelatin gave qualitative evidence for cross-linking.

title: New reaction of @entity28196 with XXXX at high local concentrations. Primitive enzyme models.

entities_list: @entity28740 :: ('CHEBI:74526', 'Chemical') :: ['butylamine']

entities_list: @entity3878 :: ('MESH:D002713', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorine']

entities_list: @entity28196 :: ('MESH:D009327', 'Chemical') :: ['4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan']

entities_list: @entity27148 :: ('MESH:C003935', 'Chemical') :: ['dodecylamine']

entities_list: @entity8776 :: ('MESH:C027451', 'Chemical') :: ['methylamine']

answer: @entity4478 :: (MESH:D000588,Chemical) :: ['amines']


abstract: The fluorogenic @entity6115 reagent @entity28196 (CNBFz) reacts with @entity4478 to give one of two products, or a mixture, depending on the concentration of @entity6115 . At low concentrations (e.g. 5 X 10(-4) M) of unprotonated @entity6115 the normal replacement of the @entity3878 occurs, giving lambdamax approximately 470 nm. At high concentration of unprotonated @entity6115 (e.g. 0.5 M), a new product, lambdamax approximately 380 nm, is produced. At intermediate concentrations, both products are seen. These results were obtained with aqueous @entity3265 , @entity8776 and @entity28740 , and with @entity28740 in dry @entity4315 . The 380 nm product also is obtained with high local concentrations of @entity4478 , such as with [lys]n at pH 8.5-10 and micellar @entity27148 at pH 9.5. These results are suggested to be analogous to those of very primitive proto-enzyme systems, by which clusters of small molecules can produce quantitative changes in "metabolism". Reaction of CNBFz with gelatin gave qualitative evidence for cross-linking.

title: New reaction of XXXX with @entity4478 at high local concentrations. Primitive enzyme models.

answer: @entity28196 :: (MESH:D009327,Chemical) :: ['4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan']


abstract: Forty-six @entity1 with @entity309 underwent metacarpophalangeal-joint arthroplasty of the index through little fingers on 210 joints in fifty-five hands using the Swanson-design @entity1346 -rubber spacer. The @entity1 were followed for two to eight years (average, five and one-quarter years). They were evaluated both preoperatively and postoperatively for range of motion, deformity, subjective sense, grip strength, and prehension. In the initial postoperative evaluation, the majority of @entity1 expressed a strong subjective impression of improvement. Ulnar drift improved from the preoperative average of 25 degrees to less than 5 degrees. The preoperative average extension deficit decreased from 56 to 10 degrees, while the average range of motion increased from 17 to 51 degrees. In the long-term postoperative evaluation, the average ulnar drift had increased to 12 degrees, the average extension deficit had increased to 22 degrees, and the average range of motion had decreased to 39 degrees. Grip strength and prehension did not significantly improve at either evaluation. There were no fractures of the prosthesis and no @entity1 had @entity603 . We have found the procedure to be useful for the correction of deformity, increasing range of motion of the fingers, and improving the @entity1 's sense of well-being.

title: XXXX -rubber implant arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joints for @entity309 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

answer: @entity1346 :: (MESH:D012828,Chemical) :: ['Silicone']


abstract: Forty-six @entity1 with @entity309 underwent metacarpophalangeal-joint arthroplasty of the index through little fingers on 210 joints in fifty-five hands using the Swanson-design @entity1346 -rubber spacer. The @entity1 were followed for two to eight years (average, five and one-quarter years). They were evaluated both preoperatively and postoperatively for range of motion, deformity, subjective sense, grip strength, and prehension. In the initial postoperative evaluation, the majority of @entity1 expressed a strong subjective impression of improvement. Ulnar drift improved from the preoperative average of 25 degrees to less than 5 degrees. The preoperative average extension deficit decreased from 56 to 10 degrees, while the average range of motion increased from 17 to 51 degrees. In the long-term postoperative evaluation, the average ulnar drift had increased to 12 degrees, the average extension deficit had increased to 22 degrees, and the average range of motion had decreased to 39 degrees. Grip strength and prehension did not significantly improve at either evaluation. There were no fractures of the prosthesis and no @entity1 had @entity603 . We have found the procedure to be useful for the correction of deformity, increasing range of motion of the fingers, and improving the @entity1 's sense of well-being.

title: @entity1346 -rubber implant arthroplasty of the metacarpophalangeal joints for XXXX .

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: The relative importance of ACTH and the @entity916 angiotensin system for control of @entity1369 was studied in eight @entity1 with adenomatous primary (APA) and four with @entity1368 ( @entity1368 ). Plasma @entity1369 (PA) and @entity701 (PC) were measured in blood collected during the night at 15-min intervals between 0500--0800 h by integrated sampling on day 1 and in casual samples during the daytime while @entity1 were in the upright and in the supine position (days 1 and 2, at 1200, 1600, and 2000 h). PRA was measured in all daytime samples. On days 3, 4, and 5, 2 mg @entity619 were given, and the same protocol for blood sampling was repeated on days 4 and 5. During the night, mean PA in @entity1368 @entity1 was markedly lower than that in APA @entity1 . PA @entity1 correlated with PC in both groups. @entity619 reduced the mean nocturnal PA in both groups to equal proportions. In the daytime, the mean recumbent PA in @entity1368 @entity1 was also significantly lower than that in APA @entity1 but was equal in both groups while subjects were in the upright posture. Daytime PA significantly correlated with PC in APA @entity1 and with PRA in @entity1368 @entity1 . During upright posture, @entity619 did not reduce daytime PA in either group. In the supine position, @entity619 reduced daytime PA values in APA but not in @entity1368 @entity1 . Thus, short time fluctuations of PA during the night are equally influenced by ACTH in APA and @entity1368 @entity1 , though at markedly different levels of @entity1369 production. During the daytime, the influence of ACTH on PA remains apparent in the group with APA. However, the @entity916 -angiotensin system seems to play a predominant role in the control of PA during the daytime in @entity1 with @entity1368 . During @entity619 and ACTH suppression, PA in APA @entity1 rises in response to upright posture as it does in @entity1368 @entity1 .

title: Nocturnal, daytime, and postural changes of plasma @entity1369 before and during @entity619 in adenomatous and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone', 'dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic aldosteronism', 'IHA']

answer: @entity1368 :: (MESH:D006929,Disease) :: ['idiopathic aldosteronism']


abstract: The relative importance of ACTH and the @entity916 angiotensin system for control of @entity1369 was studied in eight @entity1 with adenomatous primary (APA) and four with @entity1368 ( @entity1368 ). Plasma @entity1369 (PA) and @entity701 (PC) were measured in blood collected during the night at 15-min intervals between 0500--0800 h by integrated sampling on day 1 and in casual samples during the daytime while @entity1 were in the upright and in the supine position (days 1 and 2, at 1200, 1600, and 2000 h). PRA was measured in all daytime samples. On days 3, 4, and 5, 2 mg @entity619 were given, and the same protocol for blood sampling was repeated on days 4 and 5. During the night, mean PA in @entity1368 @entity1 was markedly lower than that in APA @entity1 . PA @entity1 correlated with PC in both groups. @entity619 reduced the mean nocturnal PA in both groups to equal proportions. In the daytime, the mean recumbent PA in @entity1368 @entity1 was also significantly lower than that in APA @entity1 but was equal in both groups while subjects were in the upright posture. Daytime PA significantly correlated with PC in APA @entity1 and with PRA in @entity1368 @entity1 . During upright posture, @entity619 did not reduce daytime PA in either group. In the supine position, @entity619 reduced daytime PA values in APA but not in @entity1368 @entity1 . Thus, short time fluctuations of PA during the night are equally influenced by ACTH in APA and @entity1368 @entity1 , though at markedly different levels of @entity1369 production. During the daytime, the influence of ACTH on PA remains apparent in the group with APA. However, the @entity916 -angiotensin system seems to play a predominant role in the control of PA during the daytime in @entity1 with @entity1368 . During @entity619 and ACTH suppression, PA in APA @entity1 rises in response to upright posture as it does in @entity1368 @entity1 .

title: Nocturnal, daytime, and postural changes of plasma @entity1369 before and during XXXX in adenomatous and @entity1368 .

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: The relative importance of ACTH and the @entity916 angiotensin system for control of @entity1369 was studied in eight @entity1 with adenomatous primary (APA) and four with @entity1368 ( @entity1368 ). Plasma @entity1369 (PA) and @entity701 (PC) were measured in blood collected during the night at 15-min intervals between 0500--0800 h by integrated sampling on day 1 and in casual samples during the daytime while @entity1 were in the upright and in the supine position (days 1 and 2, at 1200, 1600, and 2000 h). PRA was measured in all daytime samples. On days 3, 4, and 5, 2 mg @entity619 were given, and the same protocol for blood sampling was repeated on days 4 and 5. During the night, mean PA in @entity1368 @entity1 was markedly lower than that in APA @entity1 . PA @entity1 correlated with PC in both groups. @entity619 reduced the mean nocturnal PA in both groups to equal proportions. In the daytime, the mean recumbent PA in @entity1368 @entity1 was also significantly lower than that in APA @entity1 but was equal in both groups while subjects were in the upright posture. Daytime PA significantly correlated with PC in APA @entity1 and with PRA in @entity1368 @entity1 . During upright posture, @entity619 did not reduce daytime PA in either group. In the supine position, @entity619 reduced daytime PA values in APA but not in @entity1368 @entity1 . Thus, short time fluctuations of PA during the night are equally influenced by ACTH in APA and @entity1368 @entity1 , though at markedly different levels of @entity1369 production. During the daytime, the influence of ACTH on PA remains apparent in the group with APA. However, the @entity916 -angiotensin system seems to play a predominant role in the control of PA during the daytime in @entity1 with @entity1368 . During @entity619 and ACTH suppression, PA in APA @entity1 rises in response to upright posture as it does in @entity1368 @entity1 .

title: Nocturnal, daytime, and postural changes of plasma XXXX before and during @entity619 in adenomatous and @entity1368 .

answer: @entity1369 :: (MESH:D000450,Chemical) :: ['aldosterone']


abstract: One hundred eleven impotent @entity1 and 25 potent @entity1 were prospectively evaluated with a standardized exercise treadmill test (SETT) used to noninvasively define their pelvic hemodynamics. Fifty-six @entity1 had @entity11539 , whereas the remaining 55 had @entity323 resulting from undetermined causes (31), psychogenic factors (10), or other identifiable reasons (14). Arteriography was performed on 40 (71%) of the @entity1 with @entity11539 without false positive results, as well as in 11 (44%) of the potent control @entity1 and in six (11%) of the @entity1 with nonvasculogenic @entity323 without false negative results, confirming the validity of the SETT. The distinction between vasculogenic and nonvasculogenic @entity323 can be accurately made with the SETT. @entity1 with @entity11539 had a resting penile-brachial index (PBI) equal to 0.60 +/- 0.022 (mean +/- SEM) and a PBI after exercise equal to 0.45 +/- 0.019 with a fall in the mean PBI of -0.15 (p less than 0.001). @entity1 with nonvasculogenic @entity323 had a resting PBI equal to 0.80 +/- 0.024 and a PBI after exercise equal to 0.88 +/- 0.019 with a rise in mean PBI of 0.08 (p less than 0.001). This response was not significantly different between the control group and the nonvasculogenic @entity323 @entity1 . The addition of PBI determinations after treadmill exercise revealed that 18% of the @entity1 with @entity11539 would have been incorrectly diagnosed, because their resting PBI was greater than the traditional standard of 0.70. Furthermore, 18% of the @entity1 with nonvasculogenic @entity323 would have been incorrectly diagnosed as having @entity11539 because their resting PBI was less than 0.70.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The noninvasive diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['impotence', 'erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity11539 :: ('MESH:D018783', 'Disease') :: ['vasculogenic impotence']

answer: @entity11539 :: (MESH:D018783,Disease) :: ['vasculogenic impotence']


abstract: Five @entity1 between 10 and 46 years old were reviewed after a latissimus dorsi muscle transfer to restore @entity14228 . @entity393 resulted from traumatic @entity5300 in all five @entity1 . All had some weakness in other muscle groups in the upper extremity. The follow-up period was from 25 to 68 months (average = 39.4 months). A range of motion of 0 degrees/115 degrees, 10 degrees/100 degrees, 0 degrees/110 degrees, 0 degrees/70 degrees was obtained. After the transfer, three @entity1 could supinate the forearm, and supination of 90 degrees, 15 degrees, and 10 degrees was measured. Two @entity1 could lift 4 lb, while two others could lift 1 and 1.5 lb, respectively. Evaluation of activities of daily living by a standardized test revealed disappointing results. The two @entity1 with less than 90 degrees @entity14228 had initial paralysis of the latissimus dorsi muscle at the time of injury. This procedure should not be done unless the latissimus dorsi muscle is normal.

title: Latissimus dorsi muscle transfer for restoration of XXXX after brachial plexus disruption.

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus paralysis']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['Loss of elbow flexion']

entities_list: @entity14228 :: ('MESH:C535618', 'Disease') :: ['elbow flexion']

answer: @entity14228 :: (MESH:C535618,Disease) :: ['elbow flexion']


abstract: Between 1977 and 1979, 34 consecutive, unselected @entity1 had a reversal of tubal sterilization. The characteristics of 23 @entity1 with more than a 6-month follow-up after end-to-end @entity254 are given, as are details of the operative procedures used. The overall intrauterine pregnancy rate was 56%, and the most reversible sterilization procedures, in terms of intrauterine pregnancies, were the Pomeroy, Uchida, and @entity3521 (67%). The least reversible were unipolar tubal cautery (42%) and fimbriectomy (50%). Eleven @entity1 had a microsurgical procedure (with the microscope) and 12 a gross surgical procedure. The use of the microscope was not associated with a significantly better pregnancy rate in cases matched for poststerilization tubal length, proximal and distal to the uterus. But insufficient numbers of tubal cautery reversals have been performed for an evaluation of the use of the microscope in this particular situation. The site of the @entity254 and the postoperative length of the tube were good predictors of intrauterine pregnancies. Five of six @entity1 who had isthmus-isthmus anastomoses on at least one side had term vaginal deliveries. Likewise, 10 of 16 @entity1 in whom the length of the longest tube was 6 cm or more had viable pregnancies, but only one of seven @entity1 had a viable pregnancy with tubes of 5 cm or less.

title: Reversal of female sterilization: comparison of microsurgical and gross surgical techniques for tubal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity3521 :: ('MESH:D012303', 'Disease') :: ['Falope ring']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: In 10 @entity1 with @entity424 , the @entity5 exhibited hyperdensity on computerized tomography (CT) scanning prior to contrast infusion and, with one exception, all @entity5 were @entity75 with the low densities suggesting @entity39 . Eighty percent of the @entity5 contained small calcifications. Characteristically, the @entity5 were well demarcated and demonstrated moderate to marked enhancement after the intravenous administration of contrast material. Angiograms obtained in some @entity1 showed mild @entity5 staining and absence of large feeding arteries. The degree of contrast enhancement, angiographic vascularity, and @entity5 stain was compared to the pathological anaplasia of the @entity5 . No correlation was observed. Of four @entity1 who were still alive during a follow-up period of 4 years or longer, three had recurrences with inoperable @entity5 ; the remaining @entity1 is without recurrence after craniospinal radiation. This same @entity1 belonged to a group of five @entity1 with a diagnosis of high-grade @entity424 , four of whom had recurrence. Follow-up CT accurately recorded the clinical course of each @entity1 . Annual routine follow-up examinations are proposed for @entity1 with @entity258 , and for those with high-grade @entity424 follow-up CT should be performed every 6 months. The characteristic appearance and behavior of these @entity5 include several distinctive features on angiographic and CT images.

title: XXXX . Neuroimaging and clinicopathological correlation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymoma', 'ependymomas', 'supratentorial ependymomas']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['cystic or necrotic portions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hypervascular tumor', 'tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['mixed lesions']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low-grade ependymomas']

answer: @entity424 :: (MESH:D004806,Disease) :: ['Supratentorial ependymomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: We studied @entity1 with @entity30 affecting the colon to characterize disease behavior and to determine whether such @entity1 might be candidates for sphincter-sparing surgery. METHODS: Ninety-two consecutive @entity1 with @entity30 were studied prospectively. Mean follow-up after diagnosis was 82 (range, 6-291) months. Parameters that were evaluated included previous surgery for @entity30 , granulomatous vs. @entity66 , extent of colonic involvement, and presence or absence of @entity66 . The clinical course of the disease and postoperative outcome were evaluated. The outcome of @entity30 @entity1 who underwent ileal pouch-anal @entity254 for presumed @entity31 was also evaluated. RESULTS: There were 39 @entity1 with @entity30 and 53 @entity1 without @entity738 . There was no statistical difference in the age of diagnosis or presence of small-bowel (23 vs. 27 percent), ileocolic (34 vs. 30 percent), or perineal (36 vs. 22 percent) disease in these @entity1 . At initial presentation, 88 percent of @entity1 with pancolitis had @entity1960 alone without other sites of @entity1944 compared with only 37 percent of @entity1 with segmental @entity1960 (P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that @entity1 with @entity738 and @entity1 with segmental @entity1960 at presentation have a significantly higher recurrence when compared with @entity1 without @entity738 and @entity1 with pancolitis (P < 0.03). Thirteen @entity1 without @entity738 and eight with @entity738 underwent ileal pouch-anal @entity254 . Seven @entity1 (3 with @entity738 , 4 without @entity738 ) had a recurrence of @entity30 in the ileal pouch; 2 required pouch removal and permanent diversion for fistulizing disease in the ileal pouch and 5 were successfully treated conservatively without surgery. CONCLUSION: The presence of @entity738 and segmental involvement of the colon in @entity1 with @entity30 may reflect a more virulent clinical course. Ileal pouch-anal @entity254 may be considered as an option in select @entity1 with @entity30 without @entity29 . Based on our data, @entity1 with nongranulomatous pancolitis may be better candidates for sphincter-sparing surgery.

title: Characterization and clinical behavior of XXXX initially presenting predominantly as @entity1960 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nongranulomatous disease', 'extracolonic disease']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas', 'granulomatous disease', 'granuloma']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['small-bowel or perianal disease']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's colitis", 'granulomatous colitis', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: We studied @entity1 with @entity30 affecting the colon to characterize disease behavior and to determine whether such @entity1 might be candidates for sphincter-sparing surgery. METHODS: Ninety-two consecutive @entity1 with @entity30 were studied prospectively. Mean follow-up after diagnosis was 82 (range, 6-291) months. Parameters that were evaluated included previous surgery for @entity30 , granulomatous vs. @entity66 , extent of colonic involvement, and presence or absence of @entity66 . The clinical course of the disease and postoperative outcome were evaluated. The outcome of @entity30 @entity1 who underwent ileal pouch-anal @entity254 for presumed @entity31 was also evaluated. RESULTS: There were 39 @entity1 with @entity30 and 53 @entity1 without @entity738 . There was no statistical difference in the age of diagnosis or presence of small-bowel (23 vs. 27 percent), ileocolic (34 vs. 30 percent), or perineal (36 vs. 22 percent) disease in these @entity1 . At initial presentation, 88 percent of @entity1 with pancolitis had @entity1960 alone without other sites of @entity1944 compared with only 37 percent of @entity1 with segmental @entity1960 (P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that @entity1 with @entity738 and @entity1 with segmental @entity1960 at presentation have a significantly higher recurrence when compared with @entity1 without @entity738 and @entity1 with pancolitis (P < 0.03). Thirteen @entity1 without @entity738 and eight with @entity738 underwent ileal pouch-anal @entity254 . Seven @entity1 (3 with @entity738 , 4 without @entity738 ) had a recurrence of @entity30 in the ileal pouch; 2 required pouch removal and permanent diversion for fistulizing disease in the ileal pouch and 5 were successfully treated conservatively without surgery. CONCLUSION: The presence of @entity738 and segmental involvement of the colon in @entity1 with @entity30 may reflect a more virulent clinical course. Ileal pouch-anal @entity254 may be considered as an option in select @entity1 with @entity30 without @entity29 . Based on our data, @entity1 with nongranulomatous pancolitis may be better candidates for sphincter-sparing surgery.

title: Characterization and clinical behavior of @entity30 initially presenting predominantly as XXXX .

answer: @entity1960 :: (MESH:D003092,Disease) :: ['colitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity15 ( @entity15 ) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, believed to be triggered by an autoimmune reaction to myelin. Recently, a fundamentally different pathomechanism termed 'chronic @entity4096 ' (CCSVI) was proposed, provoking significant attention in the media and scientific community. METHODS: Twenty @entity15 @entity1 (mean age 42.2    13.3 years; median Extended Disability Status Scale 3.0, range 0-6.5) were compared with 20 healthy controls. Extra- and intracranial venous flow direction was assessed by colour-coded duplex sonography, and extracranial venous cross-sectional area (VCSA) of the internal jugular and vertebral veins (IJV/VV) was measured in B-mode to assess the five previously proposed CCSVI criteria. IJV-VCSA  <= 0.3 cm(2) indicated ' @entity850 ,' and IJV-VCSA decrease from supine to upright position 'reverted postural control.' The sonographer, data analyser and statistician were blinded to the @entity1 /control status of the @entity1 . RESULTS: No @entity1 showed retrograde flow of cervical or intracranial veins. IJV-VCSA  <= 0.3 cm(2) was found in 13 @entity15 @entity1 versus 16 controls (p=0.48). A decrease in IJV-VCSA from supine to upright position was observed in all @entity1 , but this denotes a physiological finding. No @entity15 @entity1 and one control had undetectable IJV flow despite deep inspiration (p=0.49). Only one healthy control and no @entity15 @entity1 fulfilled at least two criteria for CCSVI. CONCLUSIONS: This triple-blinded extra- and transcranial duplex sonographic assessment of cervical and cerebral veins does not provide supportive evidence for the presence of CCSVI in @entity15 @entity1 . The findings cast serious doubt on the concept of CCSVI in @entity15 .

title: The perfect crime? CCSVI not leaving a trace in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'participant', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

entities_list: @entity4096 :: ('MESH:D014689', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal venous insufficiency']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['MS']


abstract: Abnormal radiographic densities in the midportion of the chest are most commonly caused by @entity5 , cysts, or @entity32 . However, @entity455 may present an identical x-ray appearance, with no distinguishing clinical history or physical findings. The cardiothoracic surgeon must be aware of this similarity in order to ensure the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approach. In our experience, the most frequent problem in differential diagnosis is a lesion of the thoracic aorta or its arch branches simulating @entity5 . Nine such cases are presented, with pertinent conventional radiographs angiograms, and computed tomographic (CT) scans. These are considered in anatomic sequence: (1) ruptured sinus of @entity439 ; (2) ascending aortic @entity439 ; (3) tortuosity or @entity439 of the innominate and subclavian arteries; (4) transverse arch @entity439 ; (5) pseudocoarctation; and (6) descending aortic @entity439 . Such @entity455 must be considered early in the evaluation of any juxta-aortic chest density, particularly if the @entity1 is @entity101 and has other manifestations of @entity731 . Angiography and computed tomography establish the diagnosis in most instances, although both are less reliable when @entity715 fills all or part of an @entity439 . If these methods fail to establish a vascular origin, the possibility of @entity5 is pursued. When neither a vascular nor neoplastic origin can be proved, surgical exploration is indicated in the otherwise good-risk @entity1 .

title: Lesions of the thoracic aorta and its arch branches simulating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['Valsalva aneurysm', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasm']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the management of mild to moderate cases of @entity656 . METHODS: The medical records of 158 @entity1 admitted to Riyadh Medical Complex, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) from July 1998 to December 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Acute @entity788 was diagnosed in @entity1 who presented with @entity490 with serum amylase level 3 times the normal limits in the absence of @entity2741 or @entity407 and presence of @entity5990 on ultrasonography. Severity of the disease was assessed using Atlanta Symposium criteria. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed in 106 @entity1 (74.6%) on selective basis. One hundred and eighteen @entity1 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy after clinical and biochemical resolution of the attack. Standard 4 ports technique was used. Intraoperative and postoperative morbidity and mortality, and postoperative hospital stay were reported. RESULTS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in 118 @entity1 and it was possible in 110 cases (93.2%) after 3-8 days of admission. Preoperative ERCP was performed in 106 @entity1 of mild to moderate @entity656 and common duct stones were retrieved in 19 cases (18%). The procedure was converted to open in 8 cases (6.7%). @entity260 were @entity390 and @entity391 in 10, @entity891 in 8, @entity5837 in 3, and prolonged ileus in 2. The wound complication occurred in 4. One @entity1 who had @entity1157 due to @entity1157 at CBD junction was treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy plus stenting and another @entity1 had partial @entity130 repaired primarily over a T-tube. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.4 days. One @entity1 died due to uncontrolled @entity943 and @entity712 . CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely performed for mild to moderate @entity656 after clinical and biochemical resolution of the attack during the same admission with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. This strategy will lead to reducing the recurring @entity656 , number of admissions and hospital stay.

title: Outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['biliary pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['acute biliary pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['bile leak', 'cystic duct stump avulsion']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstones']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['chest infection']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['atelectasis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['CBD injury']

answer: @entity656 :: (MESH:D019283,Disease) :: ['acute biliary pancreatitis']


abstract: MethodologyA purposive sample of large NHS dental practices with a minimum of three surgeries employing at least one hygiene-therapist (HT) was taken. Asymptomatic @entity1 attending for routine checkups who consented to the study underwent a screen by @entity8108 -T for @entity2520 (index test) followed by a screen by a general dental practitioner (reference test). @entity1 were recruited consecutively. @entity8108 -Ts and dentists attended a compulsory training day, which covered recruitment, consenting, screening process, calibration using stock photographs and @entity1 record form completion. Diagnostic threshold for caries was any tooth in the @entity1 's mouth that showed evidence of @entity11962 or shadowing and opacity that would indicate dental caries into the dentine. The diagnostic threshold for periodontal disease was any pocket in the @entity1 's mouth where the black-band of a basic periodontal examination (BPE) probe (3.5 to 5.5 mm) partially or totally disappeared (ie BPE code 3). The index test was compared with the reference test to determine true-positive, false-positive, false-negative and true-negative values. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic odds ratios are shown in Table 1.ResultsEighteen hundred and ninety-nine @entity1 consented to dental screening with 996 @entity1 being randomly allocated to see the dentist first and 903 @entity8108 -T first. The time interval between the index and reference test never exceeded 21 minutes. With the exception of two practices failing to collect data on smoking and dentures there were no missing results regarding the outcome of a positive or negative screening decision. No adverse events were reported. Mean screening time was five min 25 s for @entity8108 -Ts and four min 26 s for dentists. Dentists identified 668 @entity1 with caries (Prevalence of 0.35) while @entity8108 -Ts classified 548 positive and correctly identified 1,047 of the 1,231 @entity1 with no caries. Dentists identified 1074 @entity1 with at least one pocket exceeding 3.5 mm in depth. Of these 935 were correctly identified by the @entity8108 -Ts. For the 825 screened as negative by the dentist @entity8108 -Ts correctly identified 621.ConclusionsThe results suggest that hygiene-therapists could be used to screen for @entity2520 . This has important ramifications for service design in public-funded health systems.

title: Hygiene-therapists could be used to screen for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity11962 :: ('MESH:D001946', 'Disease') :: ['frank cavitation']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['dental caries and periodontal disease']

answer: @entity2520 :: (MESH:D010510,Disease) :: ['dental caries and periodontal disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We undertook to identify levels for plasma b isomerised @entity1473 -terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (p-bCTX-I) that are comparable to currently used urine @entity1472 -terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (u-NTX) cut-points and treatment targets in @entity170 . DESIGN AND METHODS: Fasting morning samples were collected from @entity1 attending tertiary hospitals and clinics for investigation of @entity2331 . @entity1 with @entity4261 or <20years of age were excluded. Second void spot urine for NTX and plasma (EDTA) samples were utilised. Urine was analysed routinely and plasma stored at -20C until analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Immunodiagnostic Systems plc), E170 (Roche Diagnostics) and IDS-iSYS (Immunodiagnostic Systems plc) methods. The relationship of u-NTX with each p-bCTX-I method's results was assessed by Passing and Bablok regression, and p-bCTX-I levels equivalent to u-NTX cut-points and targets were interpolated. RESULTS: One hundred and forty six @entity1 were included. Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.71 to 0.75 for the three bCTX-I assays. The equivalent bCTX-I concentrations for NTX/ @entity8818 values of 21 ( @entity174 risk reduction target following @entity562 therapy), 27 (healthy pre-menopausal @entity1 's mean value), and 38 (threshold for reduction of BMD on @entity460 alone) nmol BCE/mmol were 230, 312 and 462ng/L for the automated Roche assay and 271, 395 and 624ng/L for the automated IDS i-SYS assay respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The p-bCTX-I equivalent to the only available @entity174 outcome based absolute treatment threshold of 21nmol BCE/mmol established for u-NTX, is close to 250ng/L but will vary between p-bCTX-I assays.

title: Comparison of clinical cut-points and treatment targets for urine NTX and plasma bCTX-I in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity4261 :: ('MESH:D010001', 'Disease') :: ["Paget's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic bone disease']

entities_list: @entity562 :: ('MESH:C073008', 'Chemical') :: ['risedronate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1473 :: ('CHEBI:46883', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxy']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial arteries, a non-invasive parameter of endothelial function, is correlated with cardiovascular risk factors. An impairment of flow-mediated vasodilatation in the brachial artery is related to the extent of @entity453 . AIMS: The authors examined the relationship between flow-mediated vasodilatation and @entity453 morphology in young @entity1 who had @entity583 . @entity1 AND METHODS: 28 young @entity1 (all @entity1 ) with @entity583 (age 22-40, mean age: 35 years). Coronarography revealed one @entity66 in 16 @entity1 (A group) and multivessel disease in 12 @entity1 (B group). The control group was 14 healthy, young @entity1 (age 18-36 years mean age: 30 years) (C group). The authors examined in all subjects flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation following reactive hyperaemia and @entity1242 induced (NTG), endothelium-independent vasodilatation in the brachial artery with high resolution ultrasound (Acuson 128 X P/10). RESULTS: @entity1 after @entity583 showed @entity73 compared to those of controls. (p < 0.01). Flow-mediated vasodilatation was @entity66 compare to one @entity66 . @entity1242 induced similar degrees of vasodilatation in the @entity583 and control groups. CONCLUSION: Young @entity1 with @entity583 may have impaired endothelium-dependent dilatation and the decrease of flow-mediated vasodilatation is related to the angiographic extent of @entity453 .

title: [Endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation in young males with previous XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['vessel disease', 'lower in multivessel disease']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitroglycerin', 'nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired flow-mediated vasodilatation']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']