abstract: Pieces of theca interna or follicle wall (theca interna + attached granulosa cells), obtained from @entity291 preovulatory follicles prior to the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and cultured for 3 days, secreted @entity2671 . Luteinizing hormone, but not follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), increased production of @entity2671 3 to 4-fold. In both the presence and absence of LH, follicle wall preparations secreted about 4-fold more @entity2671 than did equivalent amounts of theca interna tissue. Isolated granulosa cells produced only negligible quantities of @entity2671 , which suggests that they may contribute to the greater production of @entity2671 by follicle wall by supplying progestin precursor to the theca cells. The addition of @entity3333 or @entity1420 to isolated theca interna increased the secretion of @entity2671 , but @entity3333 was by far the more effective precursor. This suggested that the delta 5 (delta 5) pathway is the preferred pathway for @entity2671 synthesis by @entity291 theca cells and that granulosa cells might supply progestin precursor in the form of @entity3333 . Follicle wall and granulosa cell cultures secreted 2 and 7 times more @entity3333 , respectively, than did theca cultures. Luteinizing hormone, but not FSH, increased production of @entity3333 by the follicle wall, whereas the gonadotropins had no effect on secretion by either granulosa or theca cells. Since exogenous @entity251 enhanced the production of @entity3333 by granulosa cells, thecal @entity342 (which is stimulated by LH) may increase the ability of granulosa cells to make @entity3333 and explain the stimulatory effect of LH on @entity3333 secretion by follicle wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX theca and granulosa cells interact to promote @entity342 production.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity3333 :: ('MESH:D011284', 'Chemical') :: ['pregnenolone']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['Bovine']


abstract: Pieces of theca interna or follicle wall (theca interna + attached granulosa cells), obtained from @entity291 preovulatory follicles prior to the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and cultured for 3 days, secreted @entity2671 . Luteinizing hormone, but not follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), increased production of @entity2671 3 to 4-fold. In both the presence and absence of LH, follicle wall preparations secreted about 4-fold more @entity2671 than did equivalent amounts of theca interna tissue. Isolated granulosa cells produced only negligible quantities of @entity2671 , which suggests that they may contribute to the greater production of @entity2671 by follicle wall by supplying progestin precursor to the theca cells. The addition of @entity3333 or @entity1420 to isolated theca interna increased the secretion of @entity2671 , but @entity3333 was by far the more effective precursor. This suggested that the delta 5 (delta 5) pathway is the preferred pathway for @entity2671 synthesis by @entity291 theca cells and that granulosa cells might supply progestin precursor in the form of @entity3333 . Follicle wall and granulosa cell cultures secreted 2 and 7 times more @entity3333 , respectively, than did theca cultures. Luteinizing hormone, but not FSH, increased production of @entity3333 by the follicle wall, whereas the gonadotropins had no effect on secretion by either granulosa or theca cells. Since exogenous @entity251 enhanced the production of @entity3333 by granulosa cells, thecal @entity342 (which is stimulated by LH) may increase the ability of granulosa cells to make @entity3333 and explain the stimulatory effect of LH on @entity3333 secretion by follicle wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity291 theca and granulosa cells interact to promote XXXX production.

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: The development of techniques for manipulating nucleic acids and strategies for delivering DNA to @entity1 has made gene therapy a reality. Although mostly focused on genetically based diseases so far, there is every reason to expand the concept to include @entity66 . @entity3124 may be a good target for gene therapy because of the high mortality and need for only transient treatment. Genes can be delivered in vivo using viral vectors (replication-deficient adenovirus and adeno-associated virus most often). Viral vectors have some negatives, mainly the triggering of an inflammatory and an immune response. Nonviral DNA delivery systems include liposomes (cationic or anionic), direct DNA injection, and polycation-DNA-glycoconjugates. Combining liposomes with viral components to deliver plasmids with a transgene may improve efficiency of delivery without causing @entity137 . In a model of @entity647 , in vivo delivery of a vector hyperexpressing the @entity3009 synthase gene using cationic liposomes resulted in increased production of @entity1421 and @entity4770 in the lungs, and protected the lungs from the effects of endotoxin. This end-result demonstrates the feasibility of this approach. A similar rationale for the treatment of @entity295 could be used. Other promising therapeutic genes would include those encoding antioxidant enzymes or antiproteases. The logistics for moving to initial studies of gene therapy in critically ill @entity1 have been worked out for other diseases; such steps should expedite the exploration of this new category of therapies.

title: Gene therapy in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['acquired diseases']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['Critical illness']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity3124 :: (MESH:D016638,Disease) :: ['critical illness']


abstract: Although @entity571 is common, it has been the focus of few therapeutic trials. In addition to the problems raised by clinical trials in @entity571 in general and to the difficulties due to the unforeseeable course of @entity571 of the trapezometacarpal and finger joints, the lack of a clinical tool for assessing @entity158 and function over time is an additional obstacle. We propose an algofunctional index designed for evaluation and symptomatic follow-up of @entity1 with @entity571 . The index is based on a physician-administered questionnaire on 10 daily activities involving the hands. The @entity1 is asked to answer each item using a 4-point verbal scale, from "possible without difficulty" (0) to "impossible" (3 points); thus, total scores range from 0 to 30. This index has been used in a few clinical placebo-controlled trials and was found sensitive to change. The aim of this study was to assess the metrological qualities of this index, including consistency (internal and external), sensitivity and specificity (by scoring the index in different groups of subjects), intra-observer reproducibility, and ease of use. Three hundred @entity1 were recruited by 25 rheumatologists: 100 had a @entity158 (mean age: 64.9 years) with a score of more than 40 mm on a visual analog scale for overall @entity158 severity (mean: 57.3 +/- 14 mm), 100 had "inactive" @entity571 (mean age 67.0 years), and 100 had no diseases of the upper limbs. Specificity/sensitivity: the mean index score was 12.41 +/- 5.41 in @entity1 with painful @entity571 , 4.28 +/- 3.87 in "inactive" cases, and 0.59 +/- 1.23 in controls. External consistency: the overall mean score was well correlated with @entity158 severity: r = 0.49 (p < 0.001). Internal consistency: principal component analysis identified a primary @entity2270 responsible for 44.2% of the variance and two secondary axes each responsible for slightly more than 9% of the variance. None of the questions seemed redundant. Intra-observer reproducibility: two evaluations done one hour apart in symptomatic @entity1 yielded the following scores: 12.32 +/- 5.41 and 12.5 +/- 5.51 (correlation: 0.95; mean difference: 0.17 +/- 1.64; coefficient of variation: 9.32%). Kappa values for both measurements of each item ranged from 0.68 to 0.87. Ease of use: mean time needed to determine the score 2.5 +/- 2 min. The scoring process was considered simple by 100% of investigators and easy/very easy by 98% of @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Validation of an algofunctional index for XXXX of the hand.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['hand osteoarthritis', 'digital osteoarthritis', 'osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful attack of digital and/or trapezometacarpal osteoarthritis', 'pain']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Combined intra-operative ablation and resection (CARe) is proposed to treat extensive @entity14 ( @entity14 ). This multicenter study was conducted to evaluate overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), hepatic recurrence-free survival (HRFS) and progression-free survival (PFS), to identify factors associated with survival, and to report complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four centers combined retropectively their clinical experiences regarding @entity14 treated by CARe. @entity14 characteristics, pre- and post-operative chemotherapy regimens, surgical procedures, complications and survivals were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 288 @entity1 who received CARe, 210 (73%) had synchronous and 255 (88%) had bilateral @entity14 . Twenty-two @entity1 (8%) had @entity6687 . Median follow-up was 3.17 years (95%CI 2.83-4.08). Median OS was 3.33 years (95%CI 3.08-4.17) and 5-year OS was 37% (95%CI 29-45). One- and 5-year LRFS from ablated lesions were 87.9% (95%CI 83.3-91.2) and 78.0% (95%CI 71-83), respectively. Median HRFS and PFS were 14 months (95%CI 11-18) and 9 months (95%CI 8-11), respectively. One hundred @entity1 experienced complications: 29 grade I, 68 grade II-III-IV, and three @entity204 . In the multivariate models adjusted for center, the occurrence of complications was confirmed as a major independent factor associated with 3-year OS (HR 1.80; P=0.008). Five-year OS was 25.6% (95%CI 14.9-37.6) for @entity1 with complications and 45% (95%CI 33.3-53.4) for @entity1 without. CONCLUSIONS: Recent strategies facing advanced @entity14 include non-anatomic resections, portal-induced @entity1184 of the future remnant liver and aggressive medical preoperative treatments. CARe has the qualities of an approach that allows effective @entity5 clearance while maintaining good tolerance for the @entity1 .

title: Combined Ablation and Resection (CARe) as an Effective Parenchymal Sparing Treatment for Extensive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal liver metastases', 'CLM']

entities_list: @entity6687 :: ('MESH:D001651', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic disease']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['Colorectal Liver Metastases']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity22532 and @entity6801 signaling pathways have been extensively studied in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) as possible mediators of disease. Monocytes are a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are understudied in @entity1252 . In the current project, we investigated sex differences in monocyte activation and its implications in @entity1252 disease pathogenesis. METHODS: @entity1 blood samples from 27 healthy male controls, 32 healthy female controls, and 25 female @entity1 with @entity1252 matched for age and race were studied. Monocyte activation was tested by flow cytometry and ELISA, including subset proportions, @entity5750 , @entity7938 and @entity2937 expression, the percentage of @entity650 -producing monocytes, plasma levels of sCD14 and @entity650 , and urine levels of @entity1011 . RESULTS: Monocytes were significantly more activated in @entity1 compared to @entity1 and in @entity1 with @entity1252 compared to controls in vivo. We observed increased proportions of non-classic monocytes, decreased proportions of classic monocytes, elevated levels of plasma sCD14 as well as reduced surface expression of @entity5750 on monocytes comparing @entity1 to @entity1 and @entity1252 @entity1 to controls. Plasma levels of @entity650 were positively related to sCD14 and serum @entity1011 . CONCLUSION: Monocyte activation and @entity2939 responsiveness are altered in @entity1 compared to @entity1 and in @entity1 with @entity1252 compared to controls. These sex differences may allow persistent systemic @entity32 and resultant enhanced @entity1252 susceptibility.

title: Sex Differences in Monocyte Activation in XXXX ( @entity1252 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Human', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus', 'lupus']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['Systemic Lupus Erythematosus']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity22532 and @entity6801 signaling pathways have been extensively studied in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) as possible mediators of disease. Monocytes are a major source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are understudied in @entity1252 . In the current project, we investigated sex differences in monocyte activation and its implications in @entity1252 disease pathogenesis. METHODS: @entity1 blood samples from 27 healthy male controls, 32 healthy female controls, and 25 female @entity1 with @entity1252 matched for age and race were studied. Monocyte activation was tested by flow cytometry and ELISA, including subset proportions, @entity5750 , @entity7938 and @entity2937 expression, the percentage of @entity650 -producing monocytes, plasma levels of sCD14 and @entity650 , and urine levels of @entity1011 . RESULTS: Monocytes were significantly more activated in @entity1 compared to @entity1 and in @entity1 with @entity1252 compared to controls in vivo. We observed increased proportions of non-classic monocytes, decreased proportions of classic monocytes, elevated levels of plasma sCD14 as well as reduced surface expression of @entity5750 on monocytes comparing @entity1 to @entity1 and @entity1252 @entity1 to controls. Plasma levels of @entity650 were positively related to sCD14 and serum @entity1011 . CONCLUSION: Monocyte activation and @entity2939 responsiveness are altered in @entity1 compared to @entity1 and in @entity1 with @entity1252 compared to controls. These sex differences may allow persistent systemic @entity32 and resultant enhanced @entity1252 susceptibility.

title: Sex Differences in Monocyte Activation in @entity1252 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['SLE']


abstract: @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) is widely used for the treatment of systemic @entity364 . The current therapeutic regimens for this drug are complex and somewhat empirical, in part because of very limited information about the disposition kinetics of this agent. In this study, we examined the disposition kinetics of @entity11015 as a function of dose and estimated clearance values using a steady state study design in an animal model. Groups of male @entity35 were given different two-step infusion regimens to achieve three different steady state concentrations (i.e., three different total infused doses). We observed no significant differences in systemic clearance among the three @entity11015 doses studied. Similarly, only small differences were seen in volumes of distribution as a function of dose. However, renal clearance decreased significantly as the total infused dose was increased (0.76 +/- 0.33, 0.86 +/- 0.24, and 0.37 +/- 0.04 mL min-1 kg-1 for the low-medium and high-dose groups, respectively; p < 0.05). Signs of @entity8 were observed in the high-dose group, as documented by decreased @entity1011 clearance. Dose-dependent renal clearance may have been due either to nephrotoxicity associated with the high dose of @entity11015 and/or to saturation of an active secretion process. Furthermore, clearance values estimated from steady state conditions were similar to those from time-averaged values (based on the estimation of area under the plasma concentration-time profile). This suggests that clearance calculations from time-averaged concentrations provide reasonable estimates, since steady state plasma concentrations could be reliably determined. However, the possibility that a true tissue steady state condition was not achieved with our study design cannot be ruled out. Further investigation is necessary to identify the renal excretion mechanisms of @entity11015 and to reach steady state tissue concentration to confirm the estimation of systemic clearance.

title: Pharmacokinetics of XXXX in @entity35 as a function of dose following constant-rate intravenous infusion.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['Amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['amphotericin B']


abstract: @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) is widely used for the treatment of systemic @entity364 . The current therapeutic regimens for this drug are complex and somewhat empirical, in part because of very limited information about the disposition kinetics of this agent. In this study, we examined the disposition kinetics of @entity11015 as a function of dose and estimated clearance values using a steady state study design in an animal model. Groups of male @entity35 were given different two-step infusion regimens to achieve three different steady state concentrations (i.e., three different total infused doses). We observed no significant differences in systemic clearance among the three @entity11015 doses studied. Similarly, only small differences were seen in volumes of distribution as a function of dose. However, renal clearance decreased significantly as the total infused dose was increased (0.76 +/- 0.33, 0.86 +/- 0.24, and 0.37 +/- 0.04 mL min-1 kg-1 for the low-medium and high-dose groups, respectively; p < 0.05). Signs of @entity8 were observed in the high-dose group, as documented by decreased @entity1011 clearance. Dose-dependent renal clearance may have been due either to nephrotoxicity associated with the high dose of @entity11015 and/or to saturation of an active secretion process. Furthermore, clearance values estimated from steady state conditions were similar to those from time-averaged values (based on the estimation of area under the plasma concentration-time profile). This suggests that clearance calculations from time-averaged concentrations provide reasonable estimates, since steady state plasma concentrations could be reliably determined. However, the possibility that a true tissue steady state condition was not achieved with our study design cannot be ruled out. Further investigation is necessary to identify the renal excretion mechanisms of @entity11015 and to reach steady state tissue concentration to confirm the estimation of systemic clearance.

title: Pharmacokinetics of @entity2379 in XXXX as a function of dose following constant-rate intravenous infusion.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Two @entity1 treated with parenteral @entity71956 (Triniol) and @entity619 (Sedionbel) are described. A few minutes after administration of the drugs, they presented @entity110 ( @entity1 1 and 2) and @entity2024 ( @entity1 1). The purpose of our study was to determine the cause of the @entity1 ' reactions, the immunological mechanisms involved and whether these @entity1 would be able to tolerate any kind of corticoid. Clinical examinations and skin, oral and parenteral challenges with different @entity288 and ELISA tests were performed. In the two @entity1 , skin and ELISA tests with @entity71956 were negative, as was the prick test with each of its excipients. A single-blind parenteral challenge with Triniol was positive in both @entity1 after the administration of 1 ml of the drug, and negative with its excipients. We also carried out oral and parenteral challenges with other @entity288 and found intolerance to some of them. These results suggest that @entity71956 caused pseudoallergic reactions in our @entity1 . @entity288 different from @entity71956 also produced @entity56 reactions in these @entity1 ; however, a few of them were tolerated. The basic mechanisms of those reactions are not yet fully understood. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pseudo- @entity566 caused by @entity71956 .

title: Pseudo- XXXX to @entity288 : diagnosis and alternatives.

entities_list: @entity71956 :: ('MESH:D010248', 'Chemical') :: ['paramethasone']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['Corticosteroids', 'corticosteroids']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['allergic reactions']


abstract: Two @entity1 treated with parenteral @entity71956 (Triniol) and @entity619 (Sedionbel) are described. A few minutes after administration of the drugs, they presented @entity110 ( @entity1 1 and 2) and @entity2024 ( @entity1 1). The purpose of our study was to determine the cause of the @entity1 ' reactions, the immunological mechanisms involved and whether these @entity1 would be able to tolerate any kind of corticoid. Clinical examinations and skin, oral and parenteral challenges with different @entity288 and ELISA tests were performed. In the two @entity1 , skin and ELISA tests with @entity71956 were negative, as was the prick test with each of its excipients. A single-blind parenteral challenge with Triniol was positive in both @entity1 after the administration of 1 ml of the drug, and negative with its excipients. We also carried out oral and parenteral challenges with other @entity288 and found intolerance to some of them. These results suggest that @entity71956 caused pseudoallergic reactions in our @entity1 . @entity288 different from @entity71956 also produced @entity56 reactions in these @entity1 ; however, a few of them were tolerated. The basic mechanisms of those reactions are not yet fully understood. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pseudo- @entity566 caused by @entity71956 .

title: Pseudo- @entity56 to XXXX : diagnosis and alternatives.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity288 :: (MESH:D000305,Chemical) :: ['corticosteroids']


abstract: Effective and less toxic treatments are needed for @entity1 with severe, @entity134 -dependent @entity565 . Both low-dose oral @entity1499 and high-dose intramuscular @entity2713 have been recommended for these @entity1 . We compared the effects of these two medications on pulmonary function, peak flow rates, airway reactivity, oral @entity134 use, emergency room (ER) visits, and hospitalizations in @entity1 with @entity134 -dependent, life-threatening @entity565 . In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we investigated 19 such @entity1 . Six of the @entity1 (Group I) received a single dose of 360 mg @entity2713 intramuscularly with placebo @entity1499 ; seven @entity1 (Group II) received placebo @entity2713 followed by low-dose oral @entity1499 (a first dose of 7.5 mg followed by 15 mg weekly); and six @entity1 (Group III) received placebo @entity2713 with placebo @entity1499 . All @entity1 used the same high-dose inhaled @entity230 . The @entity1 took tapering courses of oral @entity230 when needed, but attempted to reduce their oral @entity134 use whenever possible. @entity2710 challenge testing was performed every 6 wk, pulmonary function tests every 4 wk, and home peak-flow measurements twice daily. Oral @entity134 use, ER visits, and hospitalizations were also monitored. The @entity1 in the @entity2713 treatment group showed a significant and sustained increase in home peak-flow rates, and their FEV1 persistently improved by a mean of 40% (p < 0.05), whereas the FEV1 of the @entity1 in the @entity1499 treatment and placebo groups remained near baseline. The PC20 in the @entity2713 group increased progressively (p > 0.05), and the improvements in total mean reactivity were greater in this group than in either of the other two groups (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Single, high-dose intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide versus weekly oral XXXX in life-threatening @entity565 : a double-blind study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['Methacholine']

entities_list: @entity2713 :: ('MESH:D014221', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: Effective and less toxic treatments are needed for @entity1 with severe, @entity134 -dependent @entity565 . Both low-dose oral @entity1499 and high-dose intramuscular @entity2713 have been recommended for these @entity1 . We compared the effects of these two medications on pulmonary function, peak flow rates, airway reactivity, oral @entity134 use, emergency room (ER) visits, and hospitalizations in @entity1 with @entity134 -dependent, life-threatening @entity565 . In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, we investigated 19 such @entity1 . Six of the @entity1 (Group I) received a single dose of 360 mg @entity2713 intramuscularly with placebo @entity1499 ; seven @entity1 (Group II) received placebo @entity2713 followed by low-dose oral @entity1499 (a first dose of 7.5 mg followed by 15 mg weekly); and six @entity1 (Group III) received placebo @entity2713 with placebo @entity1499 . All @entity1 used the same high-dose inhaled @entity230 . The @entity1 took tapering courses of oral @entity230 when needed, but attempted to reduce their oral @entity134 use whenever possible. @entity2710 challenge testing was performed every 6 wk, pulmonary function tests every 4 wk, and home peak-flow measurements twice daily. Oral @entity134 use, ER visits, and hospitalizations were also monitored. The @entity1 in the @entity2713 treatment group showed a significant and sustained increase in home peak-flow rates, and their FEV1 persistently improved by a mean of 40% (p < 0.05), whereas the FEV1 of the @entity1 in the @entity1499 treatment and placebo groups remained near baseline. The PC20 in the @entity2713 group increased progressively (p > 0.05), and the improvements in total mean reactivity were greater in this group than in either of the other two groups (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Single, high-dose intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide versus weekly oral @entity1499 in life-threatening XXXX : a double-blind study.

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: 1. The release of @entity1812 (BK) and its metabolite, @entity51836 (des-Arg9-BK), was studied following reperfusion of a globally ischaemic @entity35 heart. 2. BK-like immunoreactivity increased from 13 +/- 3 (preischaemic value) to 48 +/- 12 fmol min-1 g-1 (P < 0.05, n = 14) 30 s after reperfusion. No difference in BK release was found between control hearts and hearts pretreated with the angiotensin converting enzyme ( @entity1811 or @entity1811 ) inhibitor, @entity17914 (50 ng ml-1). 3. No significant change in des-Arg9-BK-like immunoreactivity during reperfusion was observed in control hearts. In contrast, des-Arg9-BK-like immunoreactivity rose from 44 +/- 15 to 177 +/- 61 fmol min-1 g-1 (P < 0.05, n = 7) 30 s after reperfusion in enalaprilat-treated hearts. 4. In conclusion, BK is released upon reperfusion of the globally ischaemic @entity35 heart. @entity1811 inhibitors, through the inhibition of @entity1811 , increase the formation of the active metabolite, des-Arg9-BK.

title: Effect of enalaprilat on XXXX and des-Arg9- @entity1812 release following reperfusion of the ischaemic @entity35 heart.

entities_list: @entity17914 :: ('MESH:D015773', 'Chemical') :: ['enalaprilat']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity51836 :: ('MESH:C024626', 'Chemical') :: ['des-Arg9-bradykinin']

answer: @entity1812 :: (MESH:D001920,Chemical) :: ['bradykinin']


abstract: 1. The release of @entity1812 (BK) and its metabolite, @entity51836 (des-Arg9-BK), was studied following reperfusion of a globally ischaemic @entity35 heart. 2. BK-like immunoreactivity increased from 13 +/- 3 (preischaemic value) to 48 +/- 12 fmol min-1 g-1 (P < 0.05, n = 14) 30 s after reperfusion. No difference in BK release was found between control hearts and hearts pretreated with the angiotensin converting enzyme ( @entity1811 or @entity1811 ) inhibitor, @entity17914 (50 ng ml-1). 3. No significant change in des-Arg9-BK-like immunoreactivity during reperfusion was observed in control hearts. In contrast, des-Arg9-BK-like immunoreactivity rose from 44 +/- 15 to 177 +/- 61 fmol min-1 g-1 (P < 0.05, n = 7) 30 s after reperfusion in enalaprilat-treated hearts. 4. In conclusion, BK is released upon reperfusion of the globally ischaemic @entity35 heart. @entity1811 inhibitors, through the inhibition of @entity1811 , increase the formation of the active metabolite, des-Arg9-BK.

title: Effect of enalaprilat on @entity1812 and des-Arg9- XXXX release following reperfusion of the ischaemic @entity35 heart.

answer: @entity1812 :: (MESH:D001920,Chemical) :: ['bradykinin']


abstract: 1. The release of @entity1812 (BK) and its metabolite, @entity51836 (des-Arg9-BK), was studied following reperfusion of a globally ischaemic @entity35 heart. 2. BK-like immunoreactivity increased from 13 +/- 3 (preischaemic value) to 48 +/- 12 fmol min-1 g-1 (P < 0.05, n = 14) 30 s after reperfusion. No difference in BK release was found between control hearts and hearts pretreated with the angiotensin converting enzyme ( @entity1811 or @entity1811 ) inhibitor, @entity17914 (50 ng ml-1). 3. No significant change in des-Arg9-BK-like immunoreactivity during reperfusion was observed in control hearts. In contrast, des-Arg9-BK-like immunoreactivity rose from 44 +/- 15 to 177 +/- 61 fmol min-1 g-1 (P < 0.05, n = 7) 30 s after reperfusion in enalaprilat-treated hearts. 4. In conclusion, BK is released upon reperfusion of the globally ischaemic @entity35 heart. @entity1811 inhibitors, through the inhibition of @entity1811 , increase the formation of the active metabolite, des-Arg9-BK.

title: Effect of enalaprilat on @entity1812 and des-Arg9- @entity1812 release following reperfusion of the ischaemic XXXX heart.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gamma Knife (GK) surgery is a recognized treatment option for the management of small to medium-sized @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ) associated with high- @entity5 control and low morbidity. When a radiosurgical treatment fails to stop @entity5 growth, repeat GK surgery can be proposed in selected cases. METHODS: A series of 27 GK retreatments was performed in 25 @entity1 with @entity5513 ; 2 @entity1 underwent three procedures. The median time interval between GK treatments was 45 months. The median margin dose used for the first, second, and third GK treatments was 12 Gy, 12 Gy, and 14 Gy, respectively. Six @entity1 (4 @entity1 for the second irradiation and 2 @entity1 for the third irradiation) with partial @entity5 regrowth were treated only on the growing part of the @entity5 using a median margin dose of 13 Gy. The median @entity5 volume was 0.9, 2.3, and 0.7 cc for the first, second, and third treatments, respectively. Stereotactic positron emission tomography (PET) guidance was used for dose planning in 6 cases. RESULTS: Mean follow-up duration was 46 months (range 24-110). At the last follow-up, 85% of @entity808 were controlled. The @entity5 volume decreased, remained unchanged, or increased after retreatment in 15, 8, and 4 cases, respectively. Four @entity1 had PET during follow-up, and all showed a significant metabolic decrease of the @entity5 . Hearing was not preserved after retreatment in any @entity1 . New facial or trigeminal palsy did not occur after retreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the long-term efficacy and low morbidity of repeat GK treatment for selected @entity1 with @entity5 growth after initial treatment.

title: Repeat Gamma Knife surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VS', 'vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannomas']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannomas']


abstract: 1. The functional antagonism between @entity2710 - or @entity112 -induced @entity2472 and beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation was evaluated in @entity291 tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. In addition, the putative contribution of muscarinic M2 receptors mediating inhibition of beta-adrenoceptor-induced biochemical responses to this functional antagonism was investigated with the selective muscarinic antagonists, @entity4140 (M1 over M2), AF-DX 116 and @entity9563 (M2 over M3), and @entity37421 (M3 over M2). 2. By use of isotonic tension measurement, contractions were induced with various concentrations of @entity2710 or @entity112 , and @entity3044 concentration-relaxation curves were obtained in the absence or presence of the muscarinic antagonists. Antagonist concentrations were chosen so as to produce selective blockade of M2 receptors (AF-DX 116 0.1 microM, @entity9563 30 microM), or half-maximal blockade of M3 receptors ( @entity4140 0.1 microM, AF-DX 116 0.5 microM, @entity37421 0.03 microM). Since these latter antagonist concentrations mimicked KB values towards @entity291 tracheal smooth muscle M3 receptors, antagonist-induced decreases in contractile tone were compensated for by doubling the agonist concentration. 3. It was found that @entity3044 -induced relaxation of @entity291 tracheal smooth muscle preparations was dependent on the nature and the concentration of the contractile agonist used. Thus, @entity3044 pD2 (-log EC50) values were decreased 3.7 log units as a result of increasing cholinergic tone from 22 to 106%, and 2.4 log units by increasing @entity112 tone over a similar range. Furthermore, maximal relaxability of cholinergic tone decreased gradually from 100% at low to only 1.3% at supramaximal @entity2472 levels, whereas with @entity112 almost complete relaxation was maintained at all concentrations applied. As a result, @entity3044 relaxation was clearly hampered with @entity2710 compared to @entity112 at equal levels of contractile tone.4. In the presence of @entity9563 , @entity3044 relaxation was facilitated for most concentrations of @entity2710 , and for all concentrations of @entity112 . These changes could be explained by the decreased @entity2472 levels for both contractile agonists in the presence of @entity9563 .5. @entity3044 -induced relaxation of cholinergic @entity2472 was also facilitated by AF-DX 116 as well as by @entity4140 and @entity37421 , and these (small) changes were again related to the(small) decreases in cholinergic @entity2472 levels that were present in these experiments despite the additional administration of the agonist to readjust contractile tone. Similarly, changes in @entity3044 relaxation of @entity112 -induced tone could be explained by different @entity2472 levels.6. These results can be explained by the sole involvement of muscarinic M3 receptors, and provide no evidence for a role of muscarinic M2 receptors in functional antagonism in @entity291 @entity825 . Furthermore,they stress the importance of taking into account non-cholinergic controls as well as @entity2472 levels in these experiments.

title: No evidence for a role of muscarinic M2 receptors in functional antagonism in XXXX @entity825 .

entities_list: @entity37421 :: ('MESH:C046773', 'Chemical') :: ['hexahydrosiladiphenidol']

entities_list: @entity9563 :: ('MESH:D005703', 'Chemical') :: ['gallamine']

entities_list: @entity4140 :: ('MESH:D010890', 'Chemical') :: ['pirenzepine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoprenaline', 'isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['contraction']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: 1. The functional antagonism between @entity2710 - or @entity112 -induced @entity2472 and beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation was evaluated in @entity291 tracheal smooth muscle in vitro. In addition, the putative contribution of muscarinic M2 receptors mediating inhibition of beta-adrenoceptor-induced biochemical responses to this functional antagonism was investigated with the selective muscarinic antagonists, @entity4140 (M1 over M2), AF-DX 116 and @entity9563 (M2 over M3), and @entity37421 (M3 over M2). 2. By use of isotonic tension measurement, contractions were induced with various concentrations of @entity2710 or @entity112 , and @entity3044 concentration-relaxation curves were obtained in the absence or presence of the muscarinic antagonists. Antagonist concentrations were chosen so as to produce selective blockade of M2 receptors (AF-DX 116 0.1 microM, @entity9563 30 microM), or half-maximal blockade of M3 receptors ( @entity4140 0.1 microM, AF-DX 116 0.5 microM, @entity37421 0.03 microM). Since these latter antagonist concentrations mimicked KB values towards @entity291 tracheal smooth muscle M3 receptors, antagonist-induced decreases in contractile tone were compensated for by doubling the agonist concentration. 3. It was found that @entity3044 -induced relaxation of @entity291 tracheal smooth muscle preparations was dependent on the nature and the concentration of the contractile agonist used. Thus, @entity3044 pD2 (-log EC50) values were decreased 3.7 log units as a result of increasing cholinergic tone from 22 to 106%, and 2.4 log units by increasing @entity112 tone over a similar range. Furthermore, maximal relaxability of cholinergic tone decreased gradually from 100% at low to only 1.3% at supramaximal @entity2472 levels, whereas with @entity112 almost complete relaxation was maintained at all concentrations applied. As a result, @entity3044 relaxation was clearly hampered with @entity2710 compared to @entity112 at equal levels of contractile tone.4. In the presence of @entity9563 , @entity3044 relaxation was facilitated for most concentrations of @entity2710 , and for all concentrations of @entity112 . These changes could be explained by the decreased @entity2472 levels for both contractile agonists in the presence of @entity9563 .5. @entity3044 -induced relaxation of cholinergic @entity2472 was also facilitated by AF-DX 116 as well as by @entity4140 and @entity37421 , and these (small) changes were again related to the(small) decreases in cholinergic @entity2472 levels that were present in these experiments despite the additional administration of the agonist to readjust contractile tone. Similarly, changes in @entity3044 relaxation of @entity112 -induced tone could be explained by different @entity2472 levels.6. These results can be explained by the sole involvement of muscarinic M3 receptors, and provide no evidence for a role of muscarinic M2 receptors in functional antagonism in @entity291 @entity825 . Furthermore,they stress the importance of taking into account non-cholinergic controls as well as @entity2472 levels in these experiments.

title: No evidence for a role of muscarinic M2 receptors in functional antagonism in @entity291 XXXX .

answer: @entity825 :: (MESH:D055090,Disease) :: ['trachea']


abstract: 1. We studied the inhibitory effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP 1-27) on the increase in total pulmonary resistance (RL) caused either by allergen or @entity112 in anaesthetized, ventilated @entity840 . 2. PACAP 1-27 given via i.v. infusion (0.045-4.5 nmol kg-1 min-1) dose-dependently reduced the increase in RL caused by inhaled ovalbumin and @entity112 . At the highest dose, PACAP 1-27 prevented the increase in RL caused by ovalbumin and @entity112 completely. Infusion of PACAP 1-27 and the @entity20530 agonist, @entity3045 (0.045-4.5 nmol kg-1 min-1) inhibited the increase in RL similarly, but @entity3045 increased the heart rate more than PACAP 1-27. 3. PACAP 1-27 and @entity3045 given via inhaled aerosol (0.1 mM, 20 breaths) significantly reduced the increase in RL caused by @entity112 infused i.v., whereas aerosolised sterile saline did not. Both PACAP 1-27 and @entity3045 caused bronchodilator effects within 1 min of drug inhalation and these effects remained throughout the 20 min of study. 4. Because PACAP 1-27 produced significant bronchodilatation and rapid onset of sustained action in vivo and without pronounced cardiovascular side effects, we conclude that this peptide may have therapeutic potential as a bronchodilator.

title: Inhibition of bronchoconstriction by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP 1-27) in XXXX in vivo.

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pigs']


abstract: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are well described in @entity2883 and some forms of @entity1333 . They have also been described in @entity1 with @entity625 , but the specificity of these ANCA and their relationship to the presence of @entity1333 , antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and granulocyte-specific ANA (GS-ANA), and to disease activity are uncertain. We studied 101 @entity1 with forms of @entity625 and detected four cytoplasmic ANCA, eight perinuclear ANCA and 16 atypical ANCA. There was no association between the presence of ANCA and ANA or rheumatoid factor. No anti- @entity7134 antibodies were found and no strong anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies were detected. Four GS-ANA were detected and were distinct from ANCA. There was no association between @entity309 and ANCA status. ANCA did not predict @entity1333 over a 3 yr follow-up. These ANCA appear to be epiphenomena. Their importance lies in their potential to mislead physicians towards a misdiagnosis of @entity1333 .

title: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in XXXX --potential for misdiagnosis?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity2883 :: ('MESH:D014890', 'Disease') :: ["Wegener's granulomatosis"]

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis disease activity or disability']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['inflammatory arthritis']


abstract: Corneal transplantations may survive when transplanted orthotopically even in the presence of massive @entity7499 , while such grafts would be rejected in heterotopic locations. Experiments with @entity19 tissues have shown that cultured corneal tissue as well as iris/ciliary body (I/CB) tissue produce immunosuppressive factors. This was not the case when traumatized corneas were tested. We therefore wondered whether the same difference could be observed when explants of normal or pathological @entity1 corneas or I/CB tissues were tested. Supernatant of cultured @entity267 and I/CB tissue was added to a mixed lymphocyte reaction (BALB/c responder and C57B1/6 stimulator cells) and @entity1014 incorporation was measured. Culture supernatants from normal corneas and corneas with @entity2372 achieved similar levels of MLR inhibition, which could not be blocked by addition of anti-transforming-growth factor-beta 2 antibody or @entity3352 . The supernatant from cultured I/CB cells from normal eyes and from eyes containing a posterior segment @entity320 did not differ in their immunosuppressive effect. The MLR inhibitory effect of supernatant from I/CB cells was partly blocked by addition of @entity3352 . We conclude that MLR inhibiting factors are produced by normal and pathological corneas and by I/CB cells, but the supernatants from these tissues achieve their effect by different means. It is likely that the ability of @entity267 and I/CB tissues to produce immunosuppressive factors contributes to the success of orthotopic corneal transplants in @entity1 .

title: Immunosuppressive properties of cultured @entity1 XXXX and ciliary body in normal and pathological conditions.

entities_list: @entity7499 :: ('MESH:D016510', 'Disease') :: ['corneal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity2372 :: ('MESH:C562399', 'Disease') :: ['bullous keratopathy']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity267 :: (MESH:D065306,Disease) :: ['cornea']


abstract: Corneal transplantations may survive when transplanted orthotopically even in the presence of massive @entity7499 , while such grafts would be rejected in heterotopic locations. Experiments with @entity19 tissues have shown that cultured corneal tissue as well as iris/ciliary body (I/CB) tissue produce immunosuppressive factors. This was not the case when traumatized corneas were tested. We therefore wondered whether the same difference could be observed when explants of normal or pathological @entity1 corneas or I/CB tissues were tested. Supernatant of cultured @entity267 and I/CB tissue was added to a mixed lymphocyte reaction (BALB/c responder and C57B1/6 stimulator cells) and @entity1014 incorporation was measured. Culture supernatants from normal corneas and corneas with @entity2372 achieved similar levels of MLR inhibition, which could not be blocked by addition of anti-transforming-growth factor-beta 2 antibody or @entity3352 . The supernatant from cultured I/CB cells from normal eyes and from eyes containing a posterior segment @entity320 did not differ in their immunosuppressive effect. The MLR inhibitory effect of supernatant from I/CB cells was partly blocked by addition of @entity3352 . We conclude that MLR inhibiting factors are produced by normal and pathological corneas and by I/CB cells, but the supernatants from these tissues achieve their effect by different means. It is likely that the ability of @entity267 and I/CB tissues to produce immunosuppressive factors contributes to the success of orthotopic corneal transplants in @entity1 .

title: Immunosuppressive properties of cultured XXXX @entity267 and ciliary body in normal and pathological conditions.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Using an electrophysiological approach, a functional diagnosis was attempted to evaluate lumbosacral compression @entity614 . The cauda equina action potential (root- @entity17622 ) and the somatosensory evoked potential (root-SEP) were measured by stimulating a single nerve root. The mixed nerve root action potential (MRAP) and the @entity17622 ( @entity17622 ) were recorded by stimulating a peripheral nerve. When a root was stimulated, reproduction of @entity158 was also investigated. Seventy-four @entity1 with lumbago and sciatica were examined. Nerve roots involved with neurological signs showed some abnormal conductivity in the order of @entity17622 , MRAP, root-SEP and root- @entity17622 . Subclinical involvement was also observed. It seems to be that the relationship between neurological signs and classification of root-SEP and root- @entity17622 are rather close. @entity158 was reproduced by stimulating the root in all cases of disc herniations irrespective of the @entity51 . The above mentioned electrophysiological tests make it possible to identify and judge the extent of root involvement.

title: [Electrophysiological study on lumbosacral compression XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

answer: @entity614 :: (MESH:D011843,Disease) :: ['radiculopathy']


abstract: Calcification is a common feature of advanced @entity731 and is being reemphasized as a clinically significant element of @entity455 . However, the scarcity of in vitro models of @entity729 preclude studying its molecular and cellular mechanism. In the present study, we describe an in vitro calcification in which @entity730 can be induced by culturing @entity291 vascular smooth muscle cells (BVSMC) in the presence of @entity621 , @entity620 , and insulin in a manner analogous to in vitro mineralization by osteoblasts. Calcification was confirmed by von Kossa staining and 45Ca accumulation. Factor analysis revealed that @entity621 is the most important factor for this calcification process, suggesting that @entity4972 ( @entity4972 ) may be involved. As predicted, high levels of @entity4972 expression were detected by @entity4972 assay and Northern blot analysis. Functional significance of @entity4972 was confirmed by demonstrating that @entity7305 , a specific inhibitor of @entity4972 , inhibited BVSMC calcification in a dose-dependent manner. @entity171 such as @entity10210 and @entity5279 potently inhibited BVSMC calcification, suggesting that @entity692 formation may be involved. Importantly, expression of osteopontin mRNA was dramatically increased in calcified BVSMC compared with uncalcified control cells. These data suggest that @entity621 can induce @entity730 by an @entity4972 -dependent mechanism and that this in vitro calcification system is useful for analyzing the molecular and cellular mechanisms of @entity729 .

title: @entity621 accelerates calcification in cultured XXXX vascular smooth muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity621 :: ('MESH:C031463', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-glycerophosphate']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['Bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity5279 :: ('MESH:C019248', 'Chemical') :: ['pamidronate']

entities_list: @entity4972 :: ('MESH:C562645', 'Disease') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity10210 :: ('MESH:D012968', 'Chemical') :: ['etidronate']

entities_list: @entity7305 :: ('MESH:D007978', 'Chemical') :: ['levamisole']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse calcification']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['vascular calcification']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic lesions']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Calcification is a common feature of advanced @entity731 and is being reemphasized as a clinically significant element of @entity455 . However, the scarcity of in vitro models of @entity729 preclude studying its molecular and cellular mechanism. In the present study, we describe an in vitro calcification in which @entity730 can be induced by culturing @entity291 vascular smooth muscle cells (BVSMC) in the presence of @entity621 , @entity620 , and insulin in a manner analogous to in vitro mineralization by osteoblasts. Calcification was confirmed by von Kossa staining and 45Ca accumulation. Factor analysis revealed that @entity621 is the most important factor for this calcification process, suggesting that @entity4972 ( @entity4972 ) may be involved. As predicted, high levels of @entity4972 expression were detected by @entity4972 assay and Northern blot analysis. Functional significance of @entity4972 was confirmed by demonstrating that @entity7305 , a specific inhibitor of @entity4972 , inhibited BVSMC calcification in a dose-dependent manner. @entity171 such as @entity10210 and @entity5279 potently inhibited BVSMC calcification, suggesting that @entity692 formation may be involved. Importantly, expression of osteopontin mRNA was dramatically increased in calcified BVSMC compared with uncalcified control cells. These data suggest that @entity621 can induce @entity730 by an @entity4972 -dependent mechanism and that this in vitro calcification system is useful for analyzing the molecular and cellular mechanisms of @entity729 .

title: XXXX accelerates calcification in cultured @entity291 vascular smooth muscle cells.

answer: @entity621 :: (MESH:C031463,Chemical) :: ['Beta-glycerophosphate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) resection of @entity977 involves wide fluctuation in hemodynamic parameter and causes @entity101 and @entity591 due to intense noxious stimuli during various stages of surgery. None of routinely used anesthetic agents effectively blunts the undesirable hemodynamic responses, and therefore usually there is a need to use increased doses of anesthetic agents. @entity6948 ( @entity9170 ) an a-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, because its sympatholytic and antinociceptive properties may ensure optimal intraoperative hemodynamic stability during critical moments of surgical manipulation. In addition, @entity9170 reduced the anesthetic requirement with rapid recovery at the end of surgery. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of @entity9170 on perioperative hemodynamics, anesthetic requirements, and recovery characteristics in @entity1 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity977 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six @entity1 scheduled for elective TNTS resection of @entity977 were randomized to receive a continuous infusion of @entity9170 (group D) or 0.9% saline (group C). @entity1 in both the groups were subjected to a standardized anesthesia comprising of induction with @entity1875 , @entity3575 , @entity3369 , and positive pressure ventilation with @entity3612 /air (1:1)/ @entity5161 . The response entropy target range during maintenance of anesthesia was 40 to 60. The hemodynamic variables at various stages of surgery, intraoperative anesthetic, and analgesic and recovery characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: Total @entity3575 consumption during the study period was significantly lower in group D compared with group C (4.7 and 7.7   g/kg, respectively; P<0.01). End-tidal @entity5161 concentration requirement was found to be significantly reduced in group D compared with group C throughout the surgical period. @entity3575 and end-tidal @entity5161 concentration requirement was reduced in group D compared with group C by 40% and 33.3%, respectively. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the group C compared with group D after intubation, during various stages of surgery and immediately after extubation. The group D had excellent surgical conditions and lesser @entity548 in comparison to group C. Emergence time and extubation time were significantly shorter in group D compared with group C. CONCLUSIONS: @entity9170 as an anesthetic adjuvant improved hemodynamic stability and decreased anesthetic requirements in @entity1 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity977 . In addition, @entity9170 provided better surgical field exposure conditions and early recovery from anesthesia.

title: XXXX as an Anesthetic Adjuvant in @entity1 Undergoing Transsphenoidal Resection of @entity977 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3369 :: ('MESH:D014673', 'Chemical') :: ['vecuronium']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumor', 'pituitary tumors']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexmedetomidine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl', 'Fentanyl']

answer: @entity6948 :: (MESH:D020927,Chemical) :: ['Dexmedetomidine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) resection of @entity977 involves wide fluctuation in hemodynamic parameter and causes @entity101 and @entity591 due to intense noxious stimuli during various stages of surgery. None of routinely used anesthetic agents effectively blunts the undesirable hemodynamic responses, and therefore usually there is a need to use increased doses of anesthetic agents. @entity6948 ( @entity9170 ) an a-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, because its sympatholytic and antinociceptive properties may ensure optimal intraoperative hemodynamic stability during critical moments of surgical manipulation. In addition, @entity9170 reduced the anesthetic requirement with rapid recovery at the end of surgery. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of @entity9170 on perioperative hemodynamics, anesthetic requirements, and recovery characteristics in @entity1 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity977 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six @entity1 scheduled for elective TNTS resection of @entity977 were randomized to receive a continuous infusion of @entity9170 (group D) or 0.9% saline (group C). @entity1 in both the groups were subjected to a standardized anesthesia comprising of induction with @entity1875 , @entity3575 , @entity3369 , and positive pressure ventilation with @entity3612 /air (1:1)/ @entity5161 . The response entropy target range during maintenance of anesthesia was 40 to 60. The hemodynamic variables at various stages of surgery, intraoperative anesthetic, and analgesic and recovery characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: Total @entity3575 consumption during the study period was significantly lower in group D compared with group C (4.7 and 7.7   g/kg, respectively; P<0.01). End-tidal @entity5161 concentration requirement was found to be significantly reduced in group D compared with group C throughout the surgical period. @entity3575 and end-tidal @entity5161 concentration requirement was reduced in group D compared with group C by 40% and 33.3%, respectively. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the group C compared with group D after intubation, during various stages of surgery and immediately after extubation. The group D had excellent surgical conditions and lesser @entity548 in comparison to group C. Emergence time and extubation time were significantly shorter in group D compared with group C. CONCLUSIONS: @entity9170 as an anesthetic adjuvant improved hemodynamic stability and decreased anesthetic requirements in @entity1 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity977 . In addition, @entity9170 provided better surgical field exposure conditions and early recovery from anesthesia.

title: @entity6948 as an Anesthetic Adjuvant in @entity1 Undergoing Transsphenoidal Resection of XXXX .

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['Pituitary Tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) resection of @entity977 involves wide fluctuation in hemodynamic parameter and causes @entity101 and @entity591 due to intense noxious stimuli during various stages of surgery. None of routinely used anesthetic agents effectively blunts the undesirable hemodynamic responses, and therefore usually there is a need to use increased doses of anesthetic agents. @entity6948 ( @entity9170 ) an a-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, because its sympatholytic and antinociceptive properties may ensure optimal intraoperative hemodynamic stability during critical moments of surgical manipulation. In addition, @entity9170 reduced the anesthetic requirement with rapid recovery at the end of surgery. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of @entity9170 on perioperative hemodynamics, anesthetic requirements, and recovery characteristics in @entity1 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity977 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six @entity1 scheduled for elective TNTS resection of @entity977 were randomized to receive a continuous infusion of @entity9170 (group D) or 0.9% saline (group C). @entity1 in both the groups were subjected to a standardized anesthesia comprising of induction with @entity1875 , @entity3575 , @entity3369 , and positive pressure ventilation with @entity3612 /air (1:1)/ @entity5161 . The response entropy target range during maintenance of anesthesia was 40 to 60. The hemodynamic variables at various stages of surgery, intraoperative anesthetic, and analgesic and recovery characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: Total @entity3575 consumption during the study period was significantly lower in group D compared with group C (4.7 and 7.7   g/kg, respectively; P<0.01). End-tidal @entity5161 concentration requirement was found to be significantly reduced in group D compared with group C throughout the surgical period. @entity3575 and end-tidal @entity5161 concentration requirement was reduced in group D compared with group C by 40% and 33.3%, respectively. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the group C compared with group D after intubation, during various stages of surgery and immediately after extubation. The group D had excellent surgical conditions and lesser @entity548 in comparison to group C. Emergence time and extubation time were significantly shorter in group D compared with group C. CONCLUSIONS: @entity9170 as an anesthetic adjuvant improved hemodynamic stability and decreased anesthetic requirements in @entity1 undergoing TNTS resection of @entity977 . In addition, @entity9170 provided better surgical field exposure conditions and early recovery from anesthesia.

title: @entity6948 as an Anesthetic Adjuvant in XXXX Undergoing Transsphenoidal Resection of @entity977 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) is a major cause of @entity204 and disability worldwide. @entity1420 has been shown to improve neurologic outcome in multiple experimental models and two early-phase trials involving @entity1 with @entity131 . METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial in which @entity1 with severe, moderate-to-severe, or moderate acute @entity131 (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 4 to 12, on a scale from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating a lower level of consciousness) were randomly assigned to intravenous @entity1420 or placebo, with the study treatment initiated within 4 hours after injury and administered for a total of 96 hours. Efficacy was defined as an increase of 10 percentage points in the proportion of @entity1 with a favorable outcome, as determined with the use of the stratified dichotomy of the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 months after injury. Secondary outcomes included mortality and the Disability Rating Scale score. RESULTS: A total of 882 of the planned sample of 1140 @entity1 underwent randomization before the trial was stopped for futility with respect to the primary outcome. The study groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics; the median age of the @entity1 was 35 years, 73.7% were @entity1 , 15.2% were black, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 24.4 (on a scale from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating greater severity). The most frequent mechanism of injury was a motor vehicle accident. There was no significant difference between the @entity1420 group and the placebo group in the proportion of @entity1 with a favorable outcome (relative benefit of @entity1420 , 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.06; P=0.35). @entity3527 or @entity2268 was more frequent in the @entity1420 group than in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.03; CI, 1.96 to 4.66). There were no significant differences in the other prespecified safety outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical trial did not show a benefit of @entity1420 over placebo in the improvement of outcomes in @entity1 with acute @entity131 . (Funded by the National Institute of @entity16 and @entity64 and others; @entity2 .gov number, NCT00822900.).

title: Very early administration of @entity1420 for acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone', 'Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological Disorders']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['PROTECT III ClinicalTrials']

entities_list: @entity2268 :: ('MESH:D013924', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophlebitis']

entities_list: @entity3527 :: ('MESH:D010689', 'Disease') :: ['Phlebitis']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) is a major cause of @entity204 and disability worldwide. @entity1420 has been shown to improve neurologic outcome in multiple experimental models and two early-phase trials involving @entity1 with @entity131 . METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, multicenter clinical trial in which @entity1 with severe, moderate-to-severe, or moderate acute @entity131 (Glasgow Coma Scale score of 4 to 12, on a scale from 3 to 15, with lower scores indicating a lower level of consciousness) were randomly assigned to intravenous @entity1420 or placebo, with the study treatment initiated within 4 hours after injury and administered for a total of 96 hours. Efficacy was defined as an increase of 10 percentage points in the proportion of @entity1 with a favorable outcome, as determined with the use of the stratified dichotomy of the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 months after injury. Secondary outcomes included mortality and the Disability Rating Scale score. RESULTS: A total of 882 of the planned sample of 1140 @entity1 underwent randomization before the trial was stopped for futility with respect to the primary outcome. The study groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics; the median age of the @entity1 was 35 years, 73.7% were @entity1 , 15.2% were black, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 24.4 (on a scale from 0 to 75, with higher scores indicating greater severity). The most frequent mechanism of injury was a motor vehicle accident. There was no significant difference between the @entity1420 group and the placebo group in the proportion of @entity1 with a favorable outcome (relative benefit of @entity1420 , 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.06; P=0.35). @entity3527 or @entity2268 was more frequent in the @entity1420 group than in the placebo group (relative risk, 3.03; CI, 1.96 to 4.66). There were no significant differences in the other prespecified safety outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical trial did not show a benefit of @entity1420 over placebo in the improvement of outcomes in @entity1 with acute @entity131 . (Funded by the National Institute of @entity16 and @entity64 and others; @entity2 .gov number, NCT00822900.).

title: Very early administration of XXXX for acute @entity131 .

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: As the rate of opioid prescription grows, so does fetal exposure to opioids during pregnancy. With increasing fetal exposure to both prescription and nonprescription drugs, there has been a concurrent increase in identification of @entity6767 ( @entity6767 ) and adaptation difficulties after birth. In addition, extended use of opioids, barbiturates, and @entity1245 in neonatal intensive care has resulted in iatrogenic @entity3347 . There is a lack of evidence to support the use of any one specific evaluation strategy to identify @entity6767 . Clinicians caring for @entity1 must use a multimethod approach to diagnosis, including interview and toxicology screening. Signs of @entity6767 are widely variable, and reflect dysfunction in autonomic regulation, state control, and sensory and motor functioning. Several assessment tools have been developed for assessing severity of withdrawal in term neonates. These tools assist in determining need and duration of pharmacologic therapy and help in titration of these therapies. Considerable variability exists in the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches to affected babies across settings. An evidence-based protocol for identification, evaluation, and management of @entity6767 should be in place in every nursery. This article provides an overview of identification and assessment considerations for providers who care for babies at risk for or who are experiencing alterations in state, behavior, and responses after prenatal or iatrogenic exposure to agents associated with the spectrum of withdrawal.

title: Identifying and Assessing the Substance-Exposed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3347 :: ('MESH:D013375', 'Disease') :: ['withdrawal syndromes']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity6767 :: ('MESH:D009357', 'Disease') :: ['NWS', 'Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Infant']


abstract: BACKGROUND:: Treatment of pediatric type I @entity4422 is controversial. Centers have reported good success with emergency room (ER) treatment of low-energy (type I) open pediatric @entity174 . The purpose of this study was to ascertain the treatment preferences of pediatric orthopaedic surgeons for type I @entity4422 . We hypothesize that surgeons will have different treatment protocols and preferred location for these injuries. METHODS:: A questionnaire was given to Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) members at the 2012 annual meeting. Demographic questions inquired about surgeon's practice environment and experience, whereas clinical questions queried opinions regarding the typical treatments and past experiences with @entity4422 . Clinical scenarios questioned preferred management of @entity4422 . RESULTS:: A total of 181 surveys were collected from the 503 POSNA members in attendance (36%). Years in practice were well represented with 34%: <10 years, 37%: 10 to 19 years, and 29%: >20 years. Most respondents' practices comprised over 80% pediatric @entity1 (86%), were @entity4207 (68%), and worked with residents (77%). After initial treatment of an open @entity174 , 86% of respondents admitted @entity1 for intravenous antibiotics and 57% gave oral antibiotics. There was no consensus regarding the amount or type of irrigation preferred, use of antibiotics in the irrigation, or whether the bone ends are delivered during irrigation and d  bridement. Soft-tissue infections and delayed union were noted by 13% and 8%, respectively, of respondents in type I @entity4422 treated in the ER and in 16% and 30% treated in the operating room (OR). ER treatment was preferred in 19% to 31% of respondents for type I @entity4422 . When queried if level 1 evidence existed that demonstrated equivalent results between ER and OR management, 92% of respondents would change their practice. CONCLUSIONS:: Treatment methods of type I @entity4422 are variable. Many surgeons prefer to treat type I @entity4422 in the ER as opposed to the traditional OR irrigation and d  bridement. On the basis of this survey, either @entity1 are going to the OR when ER treatment would be adequate or they may be receiving inadequate care when they avoid OR management. This survey establishes the equipoise necessary for a randomized, prospective trial comparing ER and OR management in the treatment of pediatric type I @entity4422 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: This study is level V evidence reviewing trends in the management of type I @entity4422 in @entity1 . POSNA membership represents various levels of expertise in their preferred treatment method.

title: Current Practice in the Management of Type I Open Fractures in XXXX : A Survey of POSNA Membership.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4422 :: ('MESH:D005597', 'Disease') :: ['open fractures']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: Twenty-four @entity1 who had a major complication after attempted stabilization of the spine with @entity3677 were referred for treatment. The initial instability that necessitated stabilization was caused by a traumatic condition in fifteen of these @entity1 and by a @entity3 in nine. The average length of time before failure of fixation was 208.3 days for the @entity1 who had a traumatic condition and 193.7 days for those who had a @entity5 . In eleven @entity1 a progressive @entity51 developed postoperatively, and in six others the recovery of neural function was possibly hindered by the cement. A @entity2737 developed in six @entity1 , and in five of them treatment by removal of the @entity3677 and metal, followed by a prolonged period of cervical traction, was required. Loosening and failure of fixation was the most common complication--it occurred in twelve of the fifteen @entity1 who had a traumatic lesion and in eight of the nine who had a @entity5 . Salvage operations that included removal of the cement and conventional bone-grafting procedures were performed in eleven of the twelve @entity1 who had loosening associated with a traumatic lesion and in six of the eight who had loosening and a @entity5 . Stability was restored in every @entity1 . Improved long-term results can be achieved by using grafts of iliac bone and triple-wire stabilization methods (a midline wiring between the spinous processes and two iliac-crest grafts, one on each side, wired to the posterior elements) instead of @entity11379 in the primary treatment of @entity130 . The treatment of choice for instability caused by neoplastic destruction of two or more vertebral bodies includes a construct of @entity3677 anteriorly. However, if cement is used, early augmentation with posterior fusion of the spine and stabilization should be considered. As a rule, combined anterior and posterior stabilization is recommended for the reconstruction of a spine that is unstable due to neoplastic destruction. In general, whenever @entity3677 is used for spinal stabilization, it should be augmented with grafts of iliac bone to provide long-term stability.

title: Failure of stabilization of the spine with XXXX . A retrospective analysis of twenty-four cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity11379 :: ('CHEBI:25218', 'Chemical') :: ['methacrylate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['deep wound infection']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neural deficit']

entities_list: @entity3677 :: ('MESH:D020366', 'Chemical') :: ['methylmethacrylate']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic injuries']

answer: @entity3677 :: (MESH:D020366,Chemical) :: ['methylmethacrylate']


abstract: Background and Purpose: Increased uptake in the @entity1374 ( @entity1374 ) is often identified as an incidental finding on the whole body @entity419 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( @entity419 PET/CT) in @entity259 @entity1 . Currently, there is no consensus on the appropriate approach for the management of these cases. Thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy and @entity400 ( @entity400 ) are suggested to exclude @entity1374 . Our aim is to determine the importance of increased F-18-FDG uptake in the @entity1374 on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans in @entity1 who are being screened for various forms of @entity259 . Materials and Methods: We evaluated 2000 cases undergoing whole body PET/CT scanning between April 2011 and October 2012. The age, sex, type of primary @entity5 , maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ), size of the thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) on @entity419 PET/CT images and if available, the biopsy results were evaluated. Results: In total, 57 @entity1 (23 @entity1 , 34 @entity1 , mean age    standard deviation (SD), 60.89    14 years) showed an increased @entity419 ( @entity419 ) uptake by the @entity1374 (average SUV max : 4.07    3.7). The CLNs were detected in 19/57 @entity1 (33%). Only 20 cases (35%) received @entity400 . The final histopathological diagnosis was @entity3557 in seven @entity1 (mean SUV max    SD: 6.0    5.43) and benign @entity1374 in seven @entity1 (mean SUV max    SD: 2.36    0.63). The @entity400 results were undetermined for six @entity1 . Conclusion: Focal high @entity419 uptake in the @entity1374 may be associated with an increased risk of @entity5 , but the clinical significance is unclear. More data are needed to elucidate the role of the SUV in the differentiation of benign and @entity1374 . If a focal increase in @entity419 uptake in the @entity1374 on PET/CT is present, a prompt histopathological evaluation should be suggested to clinicians for definitive diagnosis.

title: Evaluation of focal XXXX incidentally detected in @entity419 positron emission tomography/computed tomography images.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['papillary thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose', '18 F-FDG']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['fine-needle aspiration biopsy', 'FNAB']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['non-thyroid cancer']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['malign thyroid lesions', 'thyroid disease', 'malignant thyroid lesions', 'thyroid gland', 'TG']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid lesions']


abstract: Background and Purpose: Increased uptake in the @entity1374 ( @entity1374 ) is often identified as an incidental finding on the whole body @entity419 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( @entity419 PET/CT) in @entity259 @entity1 . Currently, there is no consensus on the appropriate approach for the management of these cases. Thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy and @entity400 ( @entity400 ) are suggested to exclude @entity1374 . Our aim is to determine the importance of increased F-18-FDG uptake in the @entity1374 on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans in @entity1 who are being screened for various forms of @entity259 . Materials and Methods: We evaluated 2000 cases undergoing whole body PET/CT scanning between April 2011 and October 2012. The age, sex, type of primary @entity5 , maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ), size of the thyroid nodules and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) on @entity419 PET/CT images and if available, the biopsy results were evaluated. Results: In total, 57 @entity1 (23 @entity1 , 34 @entity1 , mean age    standard deviation (SD), 60.89    14 years) showed an increased @entity419 ( @entity419 ) uptake by the @entity1374 (average SUV max : 4.07    3.7). The CLNs were detected in 19/57 @entity1 (33%). Only 20 cases (35%) received @entity400 . The final histopathological diagnosis was @entity3557 in seven @entity1 (mean SUV max    SD: 6.0    5.43) and benign @entity1374 in seven @entity1 (mean SUV max    SD: 2.36    0.63). The @entity400 results were undetermined for six @entity1 . Conclusion: Focal high @entity419 uptake in the @entity1374 may be associated with an increased risk of @entity5 , but the clinical significance is unclear. More data are needed to elucidate the role of the SUV in the differentiation of benign and @entity1374 . If a focal increase in @entity419 uptake in the @entity1374 on PET/CT is present, a prompt histopathological evaluation should be suggested to clinicians for definitive diagnosis.

title: Evaluation of focal @entity1374 incidentally detected in XXXX positron emission tomography/computed tomography images.

answer: @entity419 :: (MESH:D019788,Chemical) :: ['fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose']


abstract: SETTING: Tribal area in South India with a population of 96,000, where the @entity378 case-finding activity was very poor. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility of (1) involving literate (who can read and write) tribal youth volunteers for detecting cases of @entity1907 ( @entity1907 ) in their respective hamlets; and (2) antituberculosis drug delivery to sputum-positive @entity1 at their homes by village health nurses (VHNs). DESIGN: One volunteer from each of 61 hamlets was selected and trained in the detection of subjects with chest symptoms, sputum collection and transportation to the Primary Health Centre for smear examination. All smear-positive @entity1 were treated with 2RHZ/6TH and the drugs were supplied by VHNs fortnightly at their homes. RESULTS: During a period of 1 year (1992-93), the total population screened was 9383 @entity1 ; of these 5755 were aged 15 years and above. A total of 338 symptomatic subjects were identified; 12 sputum-positive cases were detected and started on treatment. Antituberculosis drugs were supplied by VHNs to @entity1 for the first 9 months of the study and by literate youths for the next 3 months. Spot drug checks revealed that 11 of the 12 @entity1 were regular in drug consumption. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to train literate tribal youth volunteers within a short time to detect subjects with chest symptoms in the community and thereby cases of @entity1907 . They can serve as an excellent model for community participation in difficult areas.

title: Feasibility of involving literate tribal youths in XXXX case-finding in a tribal area in Tamil Nadu.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis', 'PT']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculosis']


abstract: Study Design. Observational cross-sectional population study using national sample of @entity4806 hospital discharges from 2000 through 2009.Objective. To determine whether there is an association between insurance status and in-hospital surgical outcome for @entity4806 @entity1 with @entity2112 .Summary of Background Data. Association between health insurance status and in-hospital surgical outcome following spinal fusion for @entity4806 @entity2112 is unknown.Methods. An analysis of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009 was performed. @entity1 aged 0 to <18 years with @entity2112 and no underlying @entity16 who underwent fusion were included. National trends, @entity1 , hospital and surgical characteristics, @entity260 , and associated factors were studied. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regressions were used.Results. There were an estimated 19,439 surgeries (Medicaid 4,766 vs. Private 14,673) for @entity4806 @entity2112 from 2000 to 2009 in the U.S. Spinal fusions for @entity4806 @entity2112 steadily increased from 2000 to 2009 by 18.0%. @entity1 with private insurance were more likely to have surgery than Medicaid @entity1 (7.7 vs. 5.9 per 100,000 capita, p = 0.003). @entity1 with private insurance were slightly older than Medicaid @entity1 at the time of surgery (mean age 13.9 vs. 13.4 years, p<0.001). Medicaid @entity1 had higher prevalence of @entity565 (10.8% vs. 7.4%, p<0.001), @entity101 (1.4% vs. 0.4%, p<0.001), @entity407 (0.3% vs. 0.1%, p = 0.01), @entity6 (0.8% vs. 0.3%, p<0.001), and @entity28 (2.6% vs. 1.5%, p<0.001). Medicaid @entity1 underwent more fusions involving >= 9 vertebrae than private @entity1 (43.0% vs. 33.9%, p<0.001). Postoperative in-hospital complications were similar, including neurologic (Medicaid 1.8% vs. Private 1.7%, p = 0.64) and infectious (Medicaid 0.3% vs. Private 0.2%, p = 0.44). Length of stay was longer (6.1 vs. 5.6 days, p<0.001) and hospital costs higher ( 45,443 vs.  41,635, p<0.001) for Medicaid @entity1 . Surgery performed in the South and Midwest regions, older age, and female gender were associated with lower rates of in-hospital neurologic complications, while the presence of @entity299 , @entity28 , and re-fusion were associated with higher rates of in-hospital neurologic complications.Conclusion. Medicaid @entity1 were younger, underwent longer fusions, and had more medical comorbidities than @entity1 with private insurance. However, insurance status was not associated with increased rate of @entity260 .

title: The Association between Insurance Status and Complications, Length of Stay and Costs for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disorders']

entities_list: @entity4806 :: ('MESH:D063766', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative in-hospital complications']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

answer: @entity2112 :: (MESH:C564593,Disease) :: ['Pediatric Idiopathic Scoliosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluate the efficacy of combination medical therapy in the treatment of @entity3039 and AIHA episodes for @entity1 with @entity5934 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Five @entity1 with @entity5934 were followed for a median of 3.8 years and were treated according to our multiagent (IVIG, @entity230 , vinca alkaloids, @entity3800 , and @entity205 ) protocol. RESULTS: All @entity1 initially received IVIG and IV @entity230 for either acute @entity2142 or @entity882 . IV vinca alkaloids and oral @entity1872 were added in three @entity1 for @entity3039 . All responded, but two required frequently repeated vinca alkaloid treatments. Both @entity1 treated with vinca alkaloids for severe @entity2142 responded. Two @entity1 received oral @entity205 for refractory @entity3039 ; one had a transient response. Splenectomy was not included in our regimen. Two @entity1 underwent splenectomy prior to their referral; both required further therapy. In addition, review of the clinical courses of our @entity1 indicate that the @entity7712 may be a prognostic factor for the chronicity of @entity3039 . CONCLUSION: In view of the high relapse rates after splenectomy and the encouraging results of our pilot study, we suggest that medical treatment with combination agents (IVIG, @entity230 , vinca alkaloids, @entity3800 and possibly @entity205 ) may provide a useful therapeutic approach to @entity1 with @entity5934 .

title: XXXX . Results of a pilot study utilizing a multiagent treatment protocol.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin']

entities_list: @entity5934 :: ('MESH:C536380', 'Disease') :: ['Evans syndrome']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis']

answer: @entity5934 :: (MESH:C536380,Disease) :: ['Evans syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity64 volume variation ( @entity6355 ) is known to be a simple and less invasive hemodynamic parameter for evaluating fluid responsiveness and preload status. Central venous pressure (CVP) has been targeted to achieve an adequate level for improving the graft perfusion and long-term graft function in kidney transplantation (KT) recipients, despite the various potential complications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether @entity6355 could substitute for CVP in guiding intravascular volume management during KT. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 635 @entity1 who underwent KT because of @entity454 . Hemodynamic variables including CVP and @entity6355 were obtained before skin incision (T1), 5 minutes after iliac vein clamping (T2), and 10 minutes after renal graft reperfusion (T3). The ability of @entity6355 to predict CVP level was investigated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: CVPs were 6.0    2.6, 8.6    2.7, and 9.3    2.5 mm Hg, and SVVs were 6.9    3.0, 5.0    2.1, and 4.3    2.1% at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. ROC analysis showed that the discriminative power of @entity6355 was fairly good with an area under the ROC curve of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.72) for a CVP of 8 mm Hg, and that an optimal cutoff value of @entity6355 was 6% as an alternative to CVP of 8 mm Hg during KT. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6355 may replace CVP in the volume management of @entity1 who have undergone KT. Our results suggest that @entity6355 can guide volume management to improve graft perfusion at critical time points during KT.

title: Can XXXX volume variation be an alternative to central venous pressure in @entity1 undergoing kidney transplantation?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity64 volume variation ( @entity6355 ) is known to be a simple and less invasive hemodynamic parameter for evaluating fluid responsiveness and preload status. Central venous pressure (CVP) has been targeted to achieve an adequate level for improving the graft perfusion and long-term graft function in kidney transplantation (KT) recipients, despite the various potential complications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether @entity6355 could substitute for CVP in guiding intravascular volume management during KT. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 635 @entity1 who underwent KT because of @entity454 . Hemodynamic variables including CVP and @entity6355 were obtained before skin incision (T1), 5 minutes after iliac vein clamping (T2), and 10 minutes after renal graft reperfusion (T3). The ability of @entity6355 to predict CVP level was investigated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: CVPs were 6.0    2.6, 8.6    2.7, and 9.3    2.5 mm Hg, and SVVs were 6.9    3.0, 5.0    2.1, and 4.3    2.1% at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. ROC analysis showed that the discriminative power of @entity6355 was fairly good with an area under the ROC curve of 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.72) for a CVP of 8 mm Hg, and that an optimal cutoff value of @entity6355 was 6% as an alternative to CVP of 8 mm Hg during KT. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6355 may replace CVP in the volume management of @entity1 who have undergone KT. Our results suggest that @entity6355 can guide volume management to improve graft perfusion at critical time points during KT.

title: Can @entity64 volume variation be an alternative to central venous pressure in XXXX undergoing kidney transplantation?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between gender and risk of @entity281 . We sought to assess the impact of gender on @entity1906 prevalence among @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 at a regional referral hospital in a high @entity1906 and @entity645 prevalence setting. METHODS: We analyzed data from two diagnostic @entity1906 studies conducted in rural, southwestern Uganda. @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 were evaluated by chest X-ray, fluorescence microscopy, @entity1906 culture, and @entity645 testing. Our primary outcome of interest was @entity281 , as defined by a positive @entity1906 culture. Our primary explanatory variable of interest was gender. We fit univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to investigate associations between @entity281 and gender, before and after adjusting or possible confounding factors, including ability to produce sputum, age and residence. RESULTS: Between April 2010 and September 2012, 863 @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 (PWPTB) were enrolled in the two studies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. Among them 664 (76.9%) were able to produce sputum. X-ray was suggestive of @entity1906 for 258 (66.5%) of males and 175 (44.8%) of female (p   <   0.001). using microscopy 84 (20%) of males and 48 (10.9%) of females were diagnosed with @entity1906 (p   <   0.001) while 122 (30.3%) of males and 76 (18.4%) of females were diagnosed with @entity1906 (p   <   0.001) using @entity1906 culture. In multivariable logistic regression models, the odds of having @entity1906 was higher in males than females (AOR 2.2 (1.56-3.18 95% CI  , P   <   0.001), after adjustment for age, @entity645 status, ability to produce sputum, and residence. CONCLUSION: In Southwestern Uganda, @entity1906 prevalence is higher among male than female @entity1 with presumptive @entity1906 . The increased risk of @entity1906 among males is independent of other @entity1906 risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for gender-focused interventions aimed at reducing @entity1906 transmission.

title: Male Gender is independently associated with pulmonary tuberculosis among sputum and non-sputum producers @entity1 with presumptive XXXX in Southwestern Uganda.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'People']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['TB infection']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association between gender and risk of @entity281 . We sought to assess the impact of gender on @entity1906 prevalence among @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 at a regional referral hospital in a high @entity1906 and @entity645 prevalence setting. METHODS: We analyzed data from two diagnostic @entity1906 studies conducted in rural, southwestern Uganda. @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 were evaluated by chest X-ray, fluorescence microscopy, @entity1906 culture, and @entity645 testing. Our primary outcome of interest was @entity281 , as defined by a positive @entity1906 culture. Our primary explanatory variable of interest was gender. We fit univariable and multivariable logistic regression models to investigate associations between @entity281 and gender, before and after adjusting or possible confounding factors, including ability to produce sputum, age and residence. RESULTS: Between April 2010 and September 2012, 863 @entity1 with presumptive @entity378 (PWPTB) were enrolled in the two studies at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. Among them 664 (76.9%) were able to produce sputum. X-ray was suggestive of @entity1906 for 258 (66.5%) of males and 175 (44.8%) of female (p   <   0.001). using microscopy 84 (20%) of males and 48 (10.9%) of females were diagnosed with @entity1906 (p   <   0.001) while 122 (30.3%) of males and 76 (18.4%) of females were diagnosed with @entity1906 (p   <   0.001) using @entity1906 culture. In multivariable logistic regression models, the odds of having @entity1906 was higher in males than females (AOR 2.2 (1.56-3.18 95% CI  , P   <   0.001), after adjustment for age, @entity645 status, ability to produce sputum, and residence. CONCLUSION: In Southwestern Uganda, @entity1906 prevalence is higher among male than female @entity1 with presumptive @entity1906 . The increased risk of @entity1906 among males is independent of other @entity1906 risk factors. These findings emphasize the need for gender-focused interventions aimed at reducing @entity1906 transmission.

title: Male Gender is independently associated with pulmonary tuberculosis among sputum and non-sputum producers XXXX with presumptive @entity378 in Southwestern Uganda.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']