abstract: Motoneurons MN-1 and MN-3 in the moth @entity4079 go through 3 distinct phases during postembryonic life. During larval life their neuritic fields show allometric growth in concert with larval growth. @entity527 are then lost during the larval-pupal transition, which is followed by the outgrowth of adult-specific neurites during adult development. In MN-1, the adult-specific arbor typically results from the outgrowth of neurites ipsilateral to the cell body. However, in a small percentage of cells, ipsilateral branches are not present and contralateral branches extend across the midline to fill the vacant space. This altered form of MN-1 is thought to result from the early failure of ipsilateral neurite extension. The @entity134 hormones, the @entity8827 , are responsible for the outgrowth of adult neurites. The onset of the latter is correlated with the @entity8827 increase that promotes adult differentiation and does not occur under conditions such as diapause, in which the normal @entity134 rise is absent. Artificial replacement of @entity8827 , however, induces the adult-specific growth. This action of @entity8827 to cause a change in neuronal form requires the absence of @entity2338 ( @entity2338 ). Application of @entity2338 mimics prior to the onset of the program of adult outgrowth blocks this outgrowth. MN-1 and MN-3 show different times of @entity2338 sensitivity, which appear to be correlated with different times of neurite outgrowth. It is concluded that the role of @entity2338 is to maintain the status quo of central neurons and prevent changes in form in response to @entity8827 . In the absence of @entity2338 , the @entity8827 can then exert morphogenetic changes, but the nature of these actions, neurite outgrowth or regression, is likely a function of the developmental history of the cell.

title: Hormonal regulation of the shape of identified motoneurons in the moth XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4079 :: ('7130', 'Species') :: ['Manduca sexta']

entities_list: @entity2338 :: ('MESH:D004393', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile hormone', 'JH']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['Larval neurites']

entities_list: @entity8827 :: ('MESH:D026461', 'Chemical') :: ['ecdysteroid', 'ecdysteroids']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity4079 :: (7130,Species) :: ['Manduca sexta']


abstract: The superior cervical @entity4494 (SCG) was reinnervated by vagal afferent fibers by cross @entity254 between the cranial end of nodose @entity4494 and the caudal end of SCG in @entity468 . Formation of functional synapses was evidenced by unilateral mydriasis and contraction of the nictitating membrane in response to inflation of the stomach with a balloon or to electrical stimulation of the afferent vagus. The @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) content in the cross-anastomosed SCG (reinnervated by vagal afferent fibers) was measured. In anastomosed SCG, the @entity1617 content was about half of normal SCG, but significantly higher than chronically decentralized SCG. Also the @entity1617 content in nodose @entity4494 (NDG) was investigated in situations in which there was @entity254 , chronic supra, infra, or supra-/infranodose vagotomy. The @entity1617 content of anastomosed NDG was near that of supranosdose vagotomized @entity4494 . The @entity1617 content of supra-/infranodose vagotomized NDG, which can be considered the NDG itself, was as much as that of normal intact NDG. It was found that the @entity1617 content of infranodose vagotomized NDG was increased, possibly the result of vagal efferent axonal flow or transport. The @entity1617 content of vagal trunk with or without infranodose vagotomy was also measured. The @entity1617 content of vagal trunk with infranodose vagotomy was smaller than that of the normal trunk, but there was still a considerable quantity of @entity1617 . There was no significant change in wet weight of the SCG and NDG before or after the operations. From these results we have concluded that the transmission of the cross-anastomosed SCG (reinnervated with vagal afferent nerve) was cholinergic; and that the vagal afferent nerve have afferent cell bodies not only in NDG but also in peripheral vagal trunks (infranodose portion). These results strongly suggest that vagal afferent fibers are in part cholinergic.

title: @entity934 content in superior cervical XXXX following reinnervation of vagal afferent fibers in cat.

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity4494 :: (MESH:D045888,Disease) :: ['ganglion']


abstract: The superior cervical @entity4494 (SCG) was reinnervated by vagal afferent fibers by cross @entity254 between the cranial end of nodose @entity4494 and the caudal end of SCG in @entity468 . Formation of functional synapses was evidenced by unilateral mydriasis and contraction of the nictitating membrane in response to inflation of the stomach with a balloon or to electrical stimulation of the afferent vagus. The @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) content in the cross-anastomosed SCG (reinnervated by vagal afferent fibers) was measured. In anastomosed SCG, the @entity1617 content was about half of normal SCG, but significantly higher than chronically decentralized SCG. Also the @entity1617 content in nodose @entity4494 (NDG) was investigated in situations in which there was @entity254 , chronic supra, infra, or supra-/infranodose vagotomy. The @entity1617 content of anastomosed NDG was near that of supranosdose vagotomized @entity4494 . The @entity1617 content of supra-/infranodose vagotomized NDG, which can be considered the NDG itself, was as much as that of normal intact NDG. It was found that the @entity1617 content of infranodose vagotomized NDG was increased, possibly the result of vagal efferent axonal flow or transport. The @entity1617 content of vagal trunk with or without infranodose vagotomy was also measured. The @entity1617 content of vagal trunk with infranodose vagotomy was smaller than that of the normal trunk, but there was still a considerable quantity of @entity1617 . There was no significant change in wet weight of the SCG and NDG before or after the operations. From these results we have concluded that the transmission of the cross-anastomosed SCG (reinnervated with vagal afferent nerve) was cholinergic; and that the vagal afferent nerve have afferent cell bodies not only in NDG but also in peripheral vagal trunks (infranodose portion). These results strongly suggest that vagal afferent fibers are in part cholinergic.

title: XXXX content in superior cervical @entity4494 following reinnervation of vagal afferent fibers in cat.

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['Acetylcholine']


abstract: Pulsed Doppler echocardiography in healthy individuals often shows a disturbance of diastolic flow in the right ventricular outflow tract just below the pulmonary valve that suggests regurgitation. This disturbance of diastolic flow was studied in 50 healthy individuals and 40 @entity1 with @entity66 , some of whom had a pulmonary regurgitant murmur. Diastolic flow was disturbed in 39 of the 50 healthy individuals. In 32, cross sectional echocardiography gave a satisfactory image of the pulmonary valve. The characteristic Doppler signals usually lasted throughout diastole, were directed toward the right ventricular cavity, and gradually waned towards end diastole; they formed a spindle shaped area of abnormal signals that extended to within 10 mm of the coaptation of the pulmonary valve towards the right ventricular cavity and the pressure difference estimated from the signals by the modified Bernoulli equation seemed to be proportional to the normal retrograde transpulmonary pressure difference. In all 40 @entity1 with @entity66 , signals indicating @entity338 were found whether or not a regurgitant murmur was present. When it was present, however, the spindle was longer than 20 mm and in @entity1 with @entity120 the velocity of abnormal diastolic flow was higher than in healthy individuals. The Doppler signals registering disturbed flow in the healthy individuals resembled the signals caused by @entity338 in the @entity1 in terms of location, orientation, and configuration. These results show that healthy individuals usually have trivial @entity338 . In practice the distance that the flow disturbance extends from the valve and estimated pressure difference across the valve are probably the most important variables for assessing the clinical significance of @entity338 .

title: Clinical implications of XXXX in healthy individuals: detection by cross sectional pulsed Doppler echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary regurgitation', 'pulmonary valve regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary disease']

answer: @entity338 :: (MESH:D011665,Disease) :: ['pulmonary regurgitation']


abstract: Enteroenteric anastomotic strictures of the upper gastrointestinal tract are common and require treatment if significant obstruction occurs. The authors performed 44 fluoroscopically guided balloon dilations in 19 @entity1 with symptomatic anastomotic strictures. The anastomoses were esophagoesophageal (n = 5), esophagogastric (n = 8), esophagoileocolonic (n = 4), and gastrojejunal (n = 2). Nine @entity1 required only one @entity384 for stricture lysis and relief of clinical symptoms. Recurrent symptoms developed in the remaining ten @entity1 , who required two to eight dilations. Radiographically, stenoses made up 40%-90% of the anastomotic lumen before dilation (mean, 72%). Complete resolution of the stricture was achieved during the procedure in 24 instances. Residual stenosis in 18 instances varied from 7% to 45% (mean, 21%). Two complications, a mucosal tear and a perforation, were immediately recognized and successfully treated non-operatively. The authors conclude that fluoroscopically guided @entity384 has an important role in the treatment of anastomotic strictures of the upper gastrointestinal tract.

title: Anastomotic strictures of the upper gastrointestinal tract: results of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['balloon dilation']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['balloon dilation']


abstract: The circulating levels of the plasma @entity3800 , @entity251 and @entity5444 , and their specific binding to skin cytosol, skin nuclear extract, and plasma were determined in mature male and immature male and female brown trout during a single spawning cycle. @entity5444 was not bound by any of the fractions examined whereas @entity251 was bound with high affinity to plasma (kD = 32.6 nM), skin cytosol (kD = 16.9 nM), and skin nuclear extract (kD = 2.6 nM). The binding capacity of each fraction varied independently with time. In mature male fish an increase in specific binding of @entity251 to nuclear extract, from 77 to 269 fmol @entity5090 protein, occurred between September and November, coincident with peak @entity342 levels. Following the spawning period and the decline in @entity342 levels, nuclear-binding capacity in mature fish dropped to a level similar to that of immature fish by June. Nuclear binding in immature fish remained in the range 25-75 fmol @entity5090 protein throughout. Plasma-binding capacity of both mature and immature fish declined during the spawning period, from 190 to 125 nM in mature fish and from 360 to 125 nM in immature fish. Plasma-binding capacity in both mature and immature fish increased following spawning to reach levels of 340 nM (mature) and 250 nM (immature). Little change was observed in cytosol-binding capacity of either mature or immature fish. The results suggest that @entity342 -induced structural changes in the integument are predominantly @entity251 stimulated, are initiated by an increase in the concentration of a specific @entity251 -binding protein within the nucleus, may be potentiated by a drop in plasma @entity251 -binding capacity, and that a cytosol-binding protein of intermediate affinity for @entity251 may maintain a high intracellular concentration of @entity134 .

title: Seasonal variation in specific plasma- and target-tissue binding of @entity3800 , relative to plasma XXXX levels, in the brown trout, Salmo trutta L.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity5444 :: ('MESH:C003600', 'Chemical') :: ['11-ketotestosterone', '11-Ketotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: The circulating levels of the plasma @entity3800 , @entity251 and @entity5444 , and their specific binding to skin cytosol, skin nuclear extract, and plasma were determined in mature male and immature male and female brown trout during a single spawning cycle. @entity5444 was not bound by any of the fractions examined whereas @entity251 was bound with high affinity to plasma (kD = 32.6 nM), skin cytosol (kD = 16.9 nM), and skin nuclear extract (kD = 2.6 nM). The binding capacity of each fraction varied independently with time. In mature male fish an increase in specific binding of @entity251 to nuclear extract, from 77 to 269 fmol @entity5090 protein, occurred between September and November, coincident with peak @entity342 levels. Following the spawning period and the decline in @entity342 levels, nuclear-binding capacity in mature fish dropped to a level similar to that of immature fish by June. Nuclear binding in immature fish remained in the range 25-75 fmol @entity5090 protein throughout. Plasma-binding capacity of both mature and immature fish declined during the spawning period, from 190 to 125 nM in mature fish and from 360 to 125 nM in immature fish. Plasma-binding capacity in both mature and immature fish increased following spawning to reach levels of 340 nM (mature) and 250 nM (immature). Little change was observed in cytosol-binding capacity of either mature or immature fish. The results suggest that @entity342 -induced structural changes in the integument are predominantly @entity251 stimulated, are initiated by an increase in the concentration of a specific @entity251 -binding protein within the nucleus, may be potentiated by a drop in plasma @entity251 -binding capacity, and that a cytosol-binding protein of intermediate affinity for @entity251 may maintain a high intracellular concentration of @entity134 .

title: Seasonal variation in specific plasma- and target-tissue binding of XXXX , relative to plasma @entity134 levels, in the brown trout, Salmo trutta L.

answer: @entity3800 :: (MESH:D000728,Chemical) :: ['androgens']


abstract: Using Holter monitoring the Authors compared the effectiveness of @entity3988 120 mg every 8 hours for three consecutive days with the results of a placebo administered with the same regimen, following a double-blind completely balanced cross-over trial in 20 @entity1 with @entity951 at rest. During treatment with @entity3988 the total number of recorded @entity63 episodes was 100, during treatment with placebo the total number was 357 (Tab. I); P less than 0.01 at analysis of variance (Tab. II). @entity63 episodes during treatment with @entity3988 had a shorter duration (3.9 versus 5.1 min.), less marked @entity10260 segment shifts (1.3 versus 2 mm), and were less symptomatic (20% versus 29%) than @entity63 episodes during placebo (Tab. III). No significant differences at a paired t test were noted. @entity3988 was more effective in the morning (12 p.m. - 12 a.m.: from 187 to 34 @entity63 episodes) than in the evening (12 a.m. - 12 p.m.: from 170 to 66 @entity63 episodes) (Fig. 1); P less than 0.01 at the chi-square test (Tab. IV). @entity3988 reduced the number of @entity63 episodes with @entity10260 segment elevation, peaking of T waves and negative T wave inversion (from 188 to 39) more than the number of episodes with @entity308 (from 169 to 61) (Tab. V); P less than 0.05 at the chi-square test. In conclusion, in @entity1 with @entity951 at rest, @entity3988 reduces the incidence and seems to reduce the severity of @entity63 episodes, too.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ @entity3988 in spontaneous XXXX : double-blind cross-over study with Holter monitoring].

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['ST segment depression']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemic', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem', 'Diltiazem']

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['angina']


abstract: Using Holter monitoring the Authors compared the effectiveness of @entity3988 120 mg every 8 hours for three consecutive days with the results of a placebo administered with the same regimen, following a double-blind completely balanced cross-over trial in 20 @entity1 with @entity951 at rest. During treatment with @entity3988 the total number of recorded @entity63 episodes was 100, during treatment with placebo the total number was 357 (Tab. I); P less than 0.01 at analysis of variance (Tab. II). @entity63 episodes during treatment with @entity3988 had a shorter duration (3.9 versus 5.1 min.), less marked @entity10260 segment shifts (1.3 versus 2 mm), and were less symptomatic (20% versus 29%) than @entity63 episodes during placebo (Tab. III). No significant differences at a paired t test were noted. @entity3988 was more effective in the morning (12 p.m. - 12 a.m.: from 187 to 34 @entity63 episodes) than in the evening (12 a.m. - 12 p.m.: from 170 to 66 @entity63 episodes) (Fig. 1); P less than 0.01 at the chi-square test (Tab. IV). @entity3988 reduced the number of @entity63 episodes with @entity10260 segment elevation, peaking of T waves and negative T wave inversion (from 188 to 39) more than the number of episodes with @entity308 (from 169 to 61) (Tab. V); P less than 0.05 at the chi-square test. In conclusion, in @entity1 with @entity951 at rest, @entity3988 reduces the incidence and seems to reduce the severity of @entity63 episodes, too.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ XXXX in spontaneous @entity951 : double-blind cross-over study with Holter monitoring].

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['Diltiazem']


abstract: Groups of @entity1 with @entity303 of @entity195 (DAT) and @entity191 , together with age and IQ-matched normal controls, were compared on several computerized tests of visuospatial memory and learning. Two different groups of @entity191 @entity1 were studied: (1) a newly diagnosed group, early in the course of the disease, not receiving medication (NMED) PD) and (2) a group later in the course of the disease, receiving medication (MED PD). The DAT and MED PD group were significantly @entity73 . The DAT group exhibited a delay-dependent deficit (over 0-16 s) in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure, but were not impaired at simultaneous-matching-to-sample. By contrast, the MED PD group showed delay-independent deficits in the delayed matching-to-sample test and both the MED PD and the NMED PD group were also significantly impaired in simultaneous matching. In a form of delayed response test, the subjects were required first to memorize and then to learn the locations of several abstract visual stimuli which varied progressively in number from 1 to 8. The DAT group were severely impaired in this conditional associative learning task. A significant proportion of @entity1 , but none of the controls, in the NMED and MED PD group also failed the test at the levels of 6 or 8 items. There was a significant correlation between the performance on the first trial, memory score in the delayed response task and indices of clinical disability and disease duration in the @entity1 with @entity191 . The results are discussed in terms of the utility of the comparison between DAT and PD in characterizing the nature of the @entity73 in these conditions and their relation to those findings from animal neuropsychology which use comparable paradigms.

title: A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in XXXX and @entity191 .

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits', 'impaired in both spatial and visual pattern recognition memory']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["idiopathic Parkinson's disease", "Parkinson's disease", 'parkinsonian']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer type']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer-type dementia']


abstract: Groups of @entity1 with @entity303 of @entity195 (DAT) and @entity191 , together with age and IQ-matched normal controls, were compared on several computerized tests of visuospatial memory and learning. Two different groups of @entity191 @entity1 were studied: (1) a newly diagnosed group, early in the course of the disease, not receiving medication (NMED) PD) and (2) a group later in the course of the disease, receiving medication (MED PD). The DAT and MED PD group were significantly @entity73 . The DAT group exhibited a delay-dependent deficit (over 0-16 s) in a delayed matching-to-sample procedure, but were not impaired at simultaneous-matching-to-sample. By contrast, the MED PD group showed delay-independent deficits in the delayed matching-to-sample test and both the MED PD and the NMED PD group were also significantly impaired in simultaneous matching. In a form of delayed response test, the subjects were required first to memorize and then to learn the locations of several abstract visual stimuli which varied progressively in number from 1 to 8. The DAT group were severely impaired in this conditional associative learning task. A significant proportion of @entity1 , but none of the controls, in the NMED and MED PD group also failed the test at the levels of 6 or 8 items. There was a significant correlation between the performance on the first trial, memory score in the delayed response task and indices of clinical disability and disease duration in the @entity1 with @entity191 . The results are discussed in terms of the utility of the comparison between DAT and PD in characterizing the nature of the @entity73 in these conditions and their relation to those findings from animal neuropsychology which use comparable paradigms.

title: A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in @entity195 and XXXX .

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: The effectiveness and acceptability of @entity28696 administered by vaginal route was evaluated in a group of 110 @entity1 with @entity46 . @entity1 were divided into four groups. The first three groups were treated by vaginal route. Group I (n = 17) received two 2.5-mg tablets weekly; group II (n = 31) received three 2.5-mg tablets weekly; group III (n = 35) received two 5.0-mg tablets weekly. Group IV consisted of 27 @entity1 who received 2.5 mg of @entity28696 orally twice weekly. Ninety-eight @entity1 completed the 6- to 8-month treatment period. @entity2588 developed in all treatment groups, including group I (34%). The disappearance of both @entity546 and @entity1834 occurred in most @entity1 in all treatment groups soon after the second month of therapy. @entity1 treated by vaginal route had significantly less @entity19857 and acne than those treated by oral route. @entity1017 was also significantly less in vaginally treated @entity1 than in those treated orally. Pregnancy rate following discontinuation was not significantly different for the various groups.

title: Treatment of @entity46 by vaginal administration of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1834 :: ('MESH:D004412', 'Disease') :: ['dysmenorrhea']

entities_list: @entity28696 :: ('MESH:D005867', 'Chemical') :: ['gestrinone']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Weight gain']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['dyspareunia']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['Amenorrhea']

answer: @entity28696 :: (MESH:D005867,Chemical) :: ['gestrinone']


abstract: The effectiveness and acceptability of @entity28696 administered by vaginal route was evaluated in a group of 110 @entity1 with @entity46 . @entity1 were divided into four groups. The first three groups were treated by vaginal route. Group I (n = 17) received two 2.5-mg tablets weekly; group II (n = 31) received three 2.5-mg tablets weekly; group III (n = 35) received two 5.0-mg tablets weekly. Group IV consisted of 27 @entity1 who received 2.5 mg of @entity28696 orally twice weekly. Ninety-eight @entity1 completed the 6- to 8-month treatment period. @entity2588 developed in all treatment groups, including group I (34%). The disappearance of both @entity546 and @entity1834 occurred in most @entity1 in all treatment groups soon after the second month of therapy. @entity1 treated by vaginal route had significantly less @entity19857 and acne than those treated by oral route. @entity1017 was also significantly less in vaginally treated @entity1 than in those treated orally. Pregnancy rate following discontinuation was not significantly different for the various groups.

title: Treatment of XXXX by vaginal administration of @entity28696 .

answer: @entity46 :: (MESH:D004715,Disease) :: ['endometriosis']


abstract: 1. The performance of 1680 male broiler @entity1573 was measured from one to 42 d of age. They were given diets with three (125, 165 and 205 mEq/kg) electrolyte balances ( @entity1372 + @entity972 - @entity2865 ), two sources of added @entity972 ( @entity6445 or @entity597 ) and two anticoccidial agents (90 mg/kg of either @entity6193 or lasalocid). 2. The dietary treatments had no significant effects on the growth performance of broiler @entity1573 in the starter phase. 3. In the finisher phase, the @entity1573 given the diets containing lasalocid utilised food less efficiently that those given the diets containing @entity6193 . 4. There were significant interactions between dietary electrolyte balance and source of added @entity972 on body weight gains and food:gain ratios in the finisher phase. In diets with an electrolyte balance of 205 mEq/kg, the inclusion of @entity65870 instead of @entity31143 increased body weight gains by 3.4% and reduced food:gain ratios by 4.6%. 5. The body weight gains of @entity1573 given the finisher diets containing lasalocid and added @entity31143 were reduced by 2.6% compared to those of @entity1573 given the diets containing @entity6193 or added @entity65870 . 6. The litter moisture content was higher in pens with @entity1573 on the diets with an electrolyte balance of 205 mEq/kg than on the diets with either 125 or 165 mEq/kg. Both lasalocid and @entity65870 tended to increase the litter moisture content. 7. It may be concluded that the inclusion of 90 mg/kg of either @entity6193 or lasalocid in broiler diets does not alter the balance of electrolytes required for optimum growth performance of broiler @entity1573 .

title: Influence of dietary electrolyte balance, source of added XXXX and anticoccidial agents on the performance of male broilers.

entities_list: @entity6193 :: ('MESH:D008985', 'Chemical') :: ['monensin']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity31143 :: ('MESH:C037593', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium carbonate']

entities_list: @entity6445 :: ('CHEBI:41609', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonate']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity65870 :: ('CHEBI:32036', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium sulphate']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphate']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: The seminal vesicles synthesize in an @entity342 -dependent manner a neutral protein of 13.5 kDa molecular weight that makes up about 40% of their secretion ("major protein"). An antiserum against this protein raised in @entity95 was used to localize the antigen within the seminal vesicles. In addition to intraluminal secretion of the seminal vesicles and the ampulla of the vas deferens, ejaculated and ampullary spermatozoa revealed an intense immunoreaction, which was restricted to the neck region of the sperm head and the middle piece, while the principal piece of the tail as well as the sperm head were devoid of immunoreactive material. Comparison of spermatozoa taken from the tail of the epididymis with ampullary spermatozoa showed that about 90% of the latter, but only 10-20% of the former presented this distributional pattern of immunoreactive sites. Epididymal epithelium as well as @entity291 seminal vesicle epithelium showed no immunoreactivity with major protein antiserum. Using a pre-embedding staining technique with gold-labeled primary or secondary antibodies, respectively, no immunostaining could be achieved at the ultrastructural level. Incubation experiments of epididymal spermatozoa in @entity4527 -containing solutions in the absence of @entity460 resulted in a gradual labilization and eventual loss of the plasma membrane of the sperm middle piece. After removal of (at least part of) the plasma membrane, bound major protein could be visualized immunohistochemically close to the mitochondria of the middle piece using a gold-labeled primary or secondary antibody. The acceptor site for major protein therefore seems to reside inside the plasma membrane of the sperm middle piece.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Binding of a major secretory protein from bull seminal vesicles to XXXX spermatozoa.

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Knowing the in vitro effects of @entity1286 on monkey leukocytes would be helpful in extending the utility of a monkey model for psychoneuroimmunological investigations. @entity1286 effects on @entity3138 , Leu2a, and Leu3a antigenic markers on leukocytes from @entity2608 and @entity1 were assessed by using single- and two-color cytofluorometric analyses. Kinetics of expression of these markers was determined after modulation of the original complement of @entity3138 markers from the surface of @entity3138 (+) cells. Percentages of leukocytes detectable by directly staining these markers before modulation were within the expected range for monkey and @entity1 cells. Also, as expected, @entity3138 modulation reduced the percentages of cells expressing @entity3138 . This reduction was particularly obvious for @entity3138 in the single-color analyses, with reductions being greater for monkey than @entity1 cells. Furthermore, in the single-color analyses, the effects of @entity1286 on kinetics of @entity3138 expression were quite similar for both @entity1 and monkey cells. In the two-color analyses, the simultaneous expression of @entity3138 and Leu3a markers was uniform for both monkey and @entity1 cells. The effects of @entity1286 on kinetics of expression of these markers varied only slightly between species. On the other hand, the distribution of Leu2a on @entity3138 cells was markedly different for monkey and @entity1 T-cells. Whereas all @entity1 Leu2a(+) cells expressed similar numbers of @entity3138 receptors, monkey cells with high-density Leu2a expressed fewer @entity3138 markers than those with low-density Leu2a. The effects of @entity1286 on kinetics of Leu2a and @entity3138 expression were at obvious variance between species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Comparative effects of XXXX on leukocytic antigenic markers of monkeys and @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine', 'Morphine']

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']


abstract: Knowing the in vitro effects of @entity1286 on monkey leukocytes would be helpful in extending the utility of a monkey model for psychoneuroimmunological investigations. @entity1286 effects on @entity3138 , Leu2a, and Leu3a antigenic markers on leukocytes from @entity2608 and @entity1 were assessed by using single- and two-color cytofluorometric analyses. Kinetics of expression of these markers was determined after modulation of the original complement of @entity3138 markers from the surface of @entity3138 (+) cells. Percentages of leukocytes detectable by directly staining these markers before modulation were within the expected range for monkey and @entity1 cells. Also, as expected, @entity3138 modulation reduced the percentages of cells expressing @entity3138 . This reduction was particularly obvious for @entity3138 in the single-color analyses, with reductions being greater for monkey than @entity1 cells. Furthermore, in the single-color analyses, the effects of @entity1286 on kinetics of @entity3138 expression were quite similar for both @entity1 and monkey cells. In the two-color analyses, the simultaneous expression of @entity3138 and Leu3a markers was uniform for both monkey and @entity1 cells. The effects of @entity1286 on kinetics of expression of these markers varied only slightly between species. On the other hand, the distribution of Leu2a on @entity3138 cells was markedly different for monkey and @entity1 T-cells. Whereas all @entity1 Leu2a(+) cells expressed similar numbers of @entity3138 receptors, monkey cells with high-density Leu2a expressed fewer @entity3138 markers than those with low-density Leu2a. The effects of @entity1286 on kinetics of Leu2a and @entity3138 expression were at obvious variance between species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Comparative effects of @entity1286 on leukocytic antigenic markers of monkeys and XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: The influence of different types of loading intervention on the resulting end-systolic pressure-volume relation (ESPVR) of the left ventricle in situ was investigated in anesthetized open-chest @entity235 . Left ventricular volume was measured by conductance catheter and pressure was measured by tip-micromanometer. Two loading interventions were applied: a pressure intervention (INp) by gradually occluding the descending aorta and a volume intervention (INv) by rapidly infusing 180 ml blood into the vena cava. The pressure-volume loops during an intervention always showed a linear ESPVR, the slope of which, Ees, was calculated. Possible method-related artifacts were assessed and could be excluded. Results from 16 @entity235 show that Ees(INp) was always larger (1.37 +/- 0.45 kPa/ml) than Ees(INv) (0.73 +/- 0.32 kPa/ml) (p less than 0.001). This difference was enhanced by beta-blockade through @entity1406 . The same phenomenon was found for the slope (SdPV) of the relation between dP/dtmax and end-diastolic volume: SdPV(INp) = 45.17 +/- 22.63 kPa/ml/sec and SdPV(INv) = 20.55 +/- 11.13 kPa/ml/sec. In seven @entity235 , a right heart bypass was performed to study the influence of @entity64 volume on the ESPVR by applying a pressure intervention under three conditions: with constant end-diastolic volume (decreasing @entity64 volume), Ees = 2.27 +/- 0.79 kPa/ml; with constant @entity64 volume, Ees = 1.59 +/- 0.51 kPa/ml; and with increasing @entity64 volume (and increasing end-diastolic volume), Ees = 1.36 +/- 0.49 kPa/ml. Analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant relation between Ees and @entity64 volume (p less than 0.01). From the right heart bypass experiments, we conclude that shortening-related deactivation plays a role in the observed behavior of the ESPVR. However, the results from the series with intact circulation indicate that @entity432 has an additional effect on the slope of the ESPVR, leading to increased myocardial inotropism, perhaps mediated through a peripheral stimulus in response to decreased perfusion.

title: Sensitivity of left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation to type of loading intervention in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1406 :: ('MESH:D008790', 'Chemical') :: ['metoprolol']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['aortic occlusion']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: Primate erythrocytes (RBCs) may be involved in the transport and processing of @entity4417 -containing @entity7110 ( @entity7110 ). Compared to RBCs from healthy controls, increased amounts of IgA were detectable on RBCs from 7 of 17 @entity1 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ). There was no difference in the amount of IgG or IgM. The highest amount of RBC-bound IgA corresponded to 6 ng IgA/10(8) cells. The mechanisms involved in the binding of IgA to RBCs were investigated in vitro. Isolated @entity5727 or IgA2 did not bind to RCBs from a @entity1 with @entity7491 . In contrast, incubation of RBCs with a @entity968 ( @entity970 ) precipitate of serum from a @entity1 with @entity8 which contained @entity7110 resulted in @entity5727 binding. However, this binding was not inhibited by monoclonal anti- @entity3432 or by an excess of IgG or IgM. Factor I did not cause release of IgA from RBCs from @entity1 with @entity8 . Heat-aggregated @entity5727 also bound to RBCs and this binding was not affected by the presence of complement. We conclude that minute amounts of @entity7110 are bound to RBCs by a complement- and Fc receptor-independent mechanism. The quantity of @entity7110 associated with RBC is so small that it is unlikely to represent an important in vivo route of @entity7110 transport or processing.

title: Binding of IgA to erythrocytes from @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IgA nephropathy', 'IgA NP']

entities_list: @entity7110 :: ('MESH:D007105', 'Disease') :: ['IgA-IC', 'immune complexes', 'IC']

entities_list: @entity7491 :: ('MESH:D017098', 'Disease') :: ['IgA deficiency']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethyleneglycol']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['IgA nephropathy']


abstract: Primate erythrocytes (RBCs) may be involved in the transport and processing of @entity4417 -containing @entity7110 ( @entity7110 ). Compared to RBCs from healthy controls, increased amounts of IgA were detectable on RBCs from 7 of 17 @entity1 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ). There was no difference in the amount of IgG or IgM. The highest amount of RBC-bound IgA corresponded to 6 ng IgA/10(8) cells. The mechanisms involved in the binding of IgA to RBCs were investigated in vitro. Isolated @entity5727 or IgA2 did not bind to RCBs from a @entity1 with @entity7491 . In contrast, incubation of RBCs with a @entity968 ( @entity970 ) precipitate of serum from a @entity1 with @entity8 which contained @entity7110 resulted in @entity5727 binding. However, this binding was not inhibited by monoclonal anti- @entity3432 or by an excess of IgG or IgM. Factor I did not cause release of IgA from RBCs from @entity1 with @entity8 . Heat-aggregated @entity5727 also bound to RBCs and this binding was not affected by the presence of complement. We conclude that minute amounts of @entity7110 are bound to RBCs by a complement- and Fc receptor-independent mechanism. The quantity of @entity7110 associated with RBC is so small that it is unlikely to represent an important in vivo route of @entity7110 transport or processing.

title: Binding of IgA to erythrocytes from XXXX with @entity8 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Twelve @entity28 @entity1 completed a maximal and an endurance exercise test (70% peak VO2) during a weight maintenance week. For the next 4 wk, the @entity1 consumed either a high (71%) @entity1735 (HC) or a low (33%) @entity1735 (LC), isonitrogenous very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) of 2,219 kJ (530 kcal).d-1. A supervised exercise session at 60% peak VO2 took place 3 times.wk-1 for 30 to 45 min. Peak VO2 and exercise endurance tests were repeated during the fourth week of the VLCD. One week of a 4,186 kJ (1000 kcal) diet followed the VLCD. The average weekly weight loss was 1.7 +/- 0.1 kg for the HC group and 2.0 +/- 0.2 kg for the LC group. Urinary @entity1568 loss was greater for the LC group early in the VLCD but not different than HC over the entire experimental period. Serum @entity165 and high-density lipoprotein- @entity165 decreased in both groups but the ratio of these lipids improved over the treatment. Serum @entity4322 and @entity414 increased significantly more for the LC than the HC group. Although absolute peak VO2 decreased, @entity4962 relative to body weight was maintained. Time to exhaustion improved by 36% for both groups in the endurance exercise tests. The endurance exercise R ratio was significantly more @entity308 by the LC than the HC treatment. In summary, both supervised treatments were effective in causing substantial weight reduction and improved blood lipid profiles in healthy young @entity1 but caused a net loss of body protein. Neither treatment compromised ability to participate in a thrice weekly exercise program. Although peak aerobic capacity did not increase, aerobic endurance at a fixed sub-maximal exercise load was improved.

title: Exercise capacity and XXXX loss during a high or low @entity1735 diet.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity4322 :: ('MESH:D020155', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-hydroxybutyrate']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity1568 :: (MESH:D009584,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen']


abstract: Twelve @entity28 @entity1 completed a maximal and an endurance exercise test (70% peak VO2) during a weight maintenance week. For the next 4 wk, the @entity1 consumed either a high (71%) @entity1735 (HC) or a low (33%) @entity1735 (LC), isonitrogenous very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) of 2,219 kJ (530 kcal).d-1. A supervised exercise session at 60% peak VO2 took place 3 times.wk-1 for 30 to 45 min. Peak VO2 and exercise endurance tests were repeated during the fourth week of the VLCD. One week of a 4,186 kJ (1000 kcal) diet followed the VLCD. The average weekly weight loss was 1.7 +/- 0.1 kg for the HC group and 2.0 +/- 0.2 kg for the LC group. Urinary @entity1568 loss was greater for the LC group early in the VLCD but not different than HC over the entire experimental period. Serum @entity165 and high-density lipoprotein- @entity165 decreased in both groups but the ratio of these lipids improved over the treatment. Serum @entity4322 and @entity414 increased significantly more for the LC than the HC group. Although absolute peak VO2 decreased, @entity4962 relative to body weight was maintained. Time to exhaustion improved by 36% for both groups in the endurance exercise tests. The endurance exercise R ratio was significantly more @entity308 by the LC than the HC treatment. In summary, both supervised treatments were effective in causing substantial weight reduction and improved blood lipid profiles in healthy young @entity1 but caused a net loss of body protein. Neither treatment compromised ability to participate in a thrice weekly exercise program. Although peak aerobic capacity did not increase, aerobic endurance at a fixed sub-maximal exercise load was improved.

title: Exercise capacity and @entity1568 loss during a high or low XXXX diet.

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: Aspartame (APM) is a dipeptide sweetener ( @entity33520 ). It has been suggested that excessive use of the product might elevate plasma @entity492 and @entity815 concentrations. Eight normal adults (four male, four female) ingested three successive 12-oz servings of APM-sweetened beverage at two-hour intervals. The study was carried out in two parts in a randomized cross-over design. In one study the beverage was not sweetened. In the other, the beverage provided 10 mg APM/kg body weight per serving. Plasma @entity535 concentrations were measured throughout the six-hour study period. The addition of APM to the beverage had no significant effect on plasma @entity492 concentration. APM addition did increase plasma @entity815 levels 1.64 to 2.05 mumol/dL above baseline values (5.09 +/- 0.82 mumol/dL) 30 to 45 minutes after each dose. However, plasma @entity815 levels did not exceed normal postprandial values at any time. The data indicate ready metabolism of APM's @entity535 content when administered at levels likely to be ingested by individuals who are heavy users of such beverages.

title: Repeated ingestion of aspartame-sweetened beverage: effect on plasma XXXX concentrations in normal adults.

entities_list: @entity33520 :: ('CHEBI:2877', 'Chemical') :: ['L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: Thirty-two strains of pectin-fermenting rumen bacteria were isolated from @entity291 rumen contents in a rumen fluid medium which contained pectin as the only added energy source. Based on differences in morphology and the Gram stain, 10 of these strains were selected for characterization. Two strains were identified as Lachnospira multiparus, four strains were identified as Butyrivbrio fibrisolvens, and three strains were identified as @entity8293 . Characteristics of the remaining strain did not correspond with any previously described species. It was a gram-positive anaerobic coccus, 1.0 to 1.2 mum in diameter, and occurred primarily as single cells or diplococci. The strain fermented pectin rapidly but showed little or no growth on any other energy sources tested. The only detectable end products were @entity1543 and gas, a portion of which was identified as @entity3884 . Although the physiological characteristics of this organism differ markedly from other described species, it has been placed in the genus Peptostreptococcus on the basis of morphology, Gram stain, relations to @entity26 , and the occurrence of cell division in only one plane. End products of fermentation are somewhat similar to those of the cellulolytic ruminococci. Eight previously characterized strains of cellulolytic bacteria isolated in nonselective media were unable to ferment pectin, whereas ten strains of hemicellulolytic rumen bacteria, eight of which were isolated with a xylan medium, showed considerable variation in this characteristic.

title: Pectin-fermenting bacteria isolated from the XXXX rumen.

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity8293 :: ('839', 'Species') :: ['Bacteroides ruminicola']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: @entity2041 transferase (GST) from @entity1 placenta was purified by affinity chromatography and anion-exchange h.p.l.c. The enzyme exhibited different chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviours according to the concentration of @entity2197 , suggesting a possible change in the net charge of the molecule and a concomitant conformational change due to ligand binding. Two interconvertible forms were quantitatively separated into distinct catalytically active states by h.p.l.c. Depending upon the @entity2197 concentration, @entity2975 -gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of one or two bands. A Kd of 0.42 mM for @entity2197 was determined fluorimetrically. The loss in intrinsic fluorescence also suggested a conformational change in the enzyme. Kinetic studies using @entity7734 were conducted to determine whether the presumed conformational change could effect the catalytic capability of placental GST. A biphasic response in initial velocities was observed with increasing concentrations of @entity2197 . Two apparent Km values of 0.38 and 50.27 mM were obtained for @entity2197 , whereas Vmax. values showed a 46-fold difference. It was concluded that the enzyme assumes a highly anionic form in the presence of a low @entity2197 concentration, whereas it is converted into relatively weaker anionic form when its immediate environment contains a high @entity2197 concentration. Since the average tissue concentration of total @entity2197 was estimated at 0.11 mM for term placenta, the results suggest that the high-affinity-low-activity conformer would predominate in vivo.

title: H.p.l.c. separation and study of the charge isomers of @entity1 placental XXXX transferase.

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutathione']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity7734 :: ('MESH:D004976', 'Chemical') :: ['ethacrynic acid']

answer: @entity2041 :: (MESH:D005978,Chemical) :: ['glutathione']


abstract: @entity2041 transferase (GST) from @entity1 placenta was purified by affinity chromatography and anion-exchange h.p.l.c. The enzyme exhibited different chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviours according to the concentration of @entity2197 , suggesting a possible change in the net charge of the molecule and a concomitant conformational change due to ligand binding. Two interconvertible forms were quantitatively separated into distinct catalytically active states by h.p.l.c. Depending upon the @entity2197 concentration, @entity2975 -gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of one or two bands. A Kd of 0.42 mM for @entity2197 was determined fluorimetrically. The loss in intrinsic fluorescence also suggested a conformational change in the enzyme. Kinetic studies using @entity7734 were conducted to determine whether the presumed conformational change could effect the catalytic capability of placental GST. A biphasic response in initial velocities was observed with increasing concentrations of @entity2197 . Two apparent Km values of 0.38 and 50.27 mM were obtained for @entity2197 , whereas Vmax. values showed a 46-fold difference. It was concluded that the enzyme assumes a highly anionic form in the presence of a low @entity2197 concentration, whereas it is converted into relatively weaker anionic form when its immediate environment contains a high @entity2197 concentration. Since the average tissue concentration of total @entity2197 was estimated at 0.11 mM for term placenta, the results suggest that the high-affinity-low-activity conformer would predominate in vivo.

title: H.p.l.c. separation and study of the charge isomers of XXXX placental @entity2041 transferase.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Receptor-mediated activation of many cells, including blood platelets, leads to changes at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. In platelets, phospholipases, such as phospholipase C and @entity3900 , have been shown to become activated. From phospholipids they generate the second messengers @entity2366 and @entity19260 (s) and @entity1718 , respectively. At the same time, actin polymerization and reorganization of actin filaments into bundles and networks occurs. Here, the association of lipids, radiolabeled either with saturated ( @entity7609 ) or unsaturated (arachidonic acid) fatty acids, with the cytoskeletons of resting and activated @entity1 blood platelets was studied. The relative binding of lipid components to the cytoskeleton of activated platelets labeled with @entity7609 is six times higher than that of platelets labeled with @entity1426 . Analysis of lipids associated with isolated cytoskeletons of resting and activated platelets (labeled with @entity7609 ) showed a 30-fold increase in the binding of labeled lipids to the cytoskeletal structures during activation. Both @entity2366 and @entity1718 were found to be associated with the cytoskeleton of activated platelets. Gel filtration, chromatofocusing, and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated tight binding of these lipids to @entity8859 . @entity8859 is one of the proteins that rapidly becomes associated with the cytoskeleton during @entity1423 ; it is also one of the molecules proposed to act as an actin-membrane linker. The results reported indicate a possible participation of @entity8859 , @entity1718 , and the phosphoinositide-derived second messenger @entity2366 in the regulation of cytoskeleton-membrane interactions. Together with the results of others they suggest a possible involvement of the @entity4357 cycle in the assembly of actin filaments and their anchoring to membranes.

title: XXXX cycle and its possible involvement in the regulation of cytoskeleton-membrane interactions.

entities_list: @entity2366 :: ('CHEBI:41847', 'Chemical') :: ['diacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity8859 :: ('87', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-Actinin', 'alpha-actinin']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity7609 :: ('MESH:D019308', 'Chemical') :: ['palmitic acid']

entities_list: @entity19260 :: ('CHEBI:24846', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol phosphate']

answer: @entity4357 :: (MESH:D010716,Chemical) :: ['Phosphatidylinositol']


abstract: Recently, recombinant DNA methods have been successfully applied to interferon production, making adequate quantities available for both in vitro and in vivo testing. Although interferons are in the class of biologic response modifiers, they do have some direct cytotoxic effects on @entity1 @entity5 cells that can be quantitated in vitro with the colony-forming assay. In the clonogenic assay, RPMI-8226 @entity1582 cells were tested with interferon alfa-2b (Intron A, Schering Corp., Kenilworth, NJ), @entity3601 , @entity786 , and @entity229 . With concentrations of interferon alfa-2b as low as 1 U/ml (international antiviral activity), colony number was reduced to less than 30% of the untreated control cultures. Both @entity3601 and @entity786 showed measurable cytotoxic activity, with the ID50 of @entity3601 at 0.15 microgram/ml and that of @entity786 at 0.4 microgram/ml. @entity229 had the least cytotoxic effect when tested with these @entity1582 cells as a single agent. Additive antiproliferative effects were noted with combinations of interferon alfa-2b plus @entity786 and interferon alfa-2b plus @entity229 . However, the interferon- @entity3601 combination showed synergistic effects on @entity5 colony cell reduction. Even greater cytotoxic activity was seen with the three-drug combination of interferon alfa-2b, @entity3601 , and @entity229 . Clinical trials have shown that interferon alfa-2b may be effective in relapsing and refractory @entity1 with @entity1582 . Of 38 evaluable @entity1 , a total of seven responded to treatment; one @entity1 had a complete response, and six had a partial response. Three of the seven responders have continued to respond for over 33 months, with monoclonal proteins approaching undetectable levels. A pilot study of the feasibility of combining interferon alfa-2b with @entity3601 and @entity229 in previously untreated @entity1 with @entity1582 has been completed. It is concluded that interferon alfa-2b, in dosages not exceeding 2.0 X 10(6) IU/m2, can be safely given in combination with @entity3601 and @entity229 , without compromising @entity3601 dosage. Although response was not the primary objective of the study, an overall response of 75% was achieved using the criteria established by the @entity1778 Task Force.

title: Interferons in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone', 'Prednisone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'myeloma']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic Leukemia-Myeloma']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: @entity376 biosynthesis in @entity794 has been studied by use of a series of @entity376 auxotrophs. The strains were isolated after chemical mutagenesis. The majority of these mutant strains were classified according to the enzymatic step found to be deficient. Specific enzyme assays as well as nutritional tests were used to group the organisms. The enzymes included were @entity73298 synthetase, @entity73298 reductase, @entity73299 epimerase, and @entity73299 decarboxylase. The accumulation of @entity73299 in certain mutants and the demonstration of @entity73298 synthetase and reductase provide the first detailed evidence that @entity794 utilizes the @entity73299 pathway for @entity376 biosynthesis. A cell-free system was used to study the regulation of these enzymes with the exception of @entity73299 epimerase. @entity376 repressed all of the enzymes tested. The repression appeared to be coordinate in nature. The data presented provide suggestive evidence that the @entity376 biosynthetic region in @entity794 constitutes an operon.

title: Biochemical characterization of @entity376 auxotrophs of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity73298 :: ('CHEBI:14148', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrodipicolinate']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['Lysine', 'lysine']

entities_list: @entity73299 :: ('CHEBI:23671', 'Chemical') :: ['diaminopimelate']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: @entity376 biosynthesis in @entity794 has been studied by use of a series of @entity376 auxotrophs. The strains were isolated after chemical mutagenesis. The majority of these mutant strains were classified according to the enzymatic step found to be deficient. Specific enzyme assays as well as nutritional tests were used to group the organisms. The enzymes included were @entity73298 synthetase, @entity73298 reductase, @entity73299 epimerase, and @entity73299 decarboxylase. The accumulation of @entity73299 in certain mutants and the demonstration of @entity73298 synthetase and reductase provide the first detailed evidence that @entity794 utilizes the @entity73299 pathway for @entity376 biosynthesis. A cell-free system was used to study the regulation of these enzymes with the exception of @entity73299 epimerase. @entity376 repressed all of the enzymes tested. The repression appeared to be coordinate in nature. The data presented provide suggestive evidence that the @entity376 biosynthetic region in @entity794 constitutes an operon.

title: Biochemical characterization of XXXX auxotrophs of @entity794 .

answer: @entity376 :: (CHEBI:25094,Chemical) :: ['lysine']


abstract: The osmotic phenotype of @entity1980 is characterized by inhibition of growth at high osmolalities of growth medium. Mutations at six osmotic loci of linkage group I were examined to assess the biochemical and physiological effects of these mutants. Isolated cell walls from 23 osmotic strains were compared with the wild type with regard to quantitative levels of the following components: percentage of total dry weight, total @entity413 , alkali-soluble @entity413 , nonglucose @entity3363 , @entity1522 , @entity4823 , @entity11485 , and a compound tentatively identified as @entity73300 . The last component has not previously been observed in @entity1980 cell walls. Although the cell wall dry weight content of osmotic mutants was not altered, walls isolated from all of the osmotic strains had less alkali-insoluble @entity413 than those from the wild type. In addition, all of the loci except cut exhibited other consistent differences from the wild type. The os-1, os-3, and os-5 mutants had low levels of alkali-soluble @entity413 . The os-3 and os-5 mutants had high levels of nonglucose @entity3363 , and flm-2 had a low level of nonglucose @entity3363 . The os-4 mutants had low levels of @entity11485 and @entity1522 and high levels alkali-soluble @entity413 . An os-1 mutant, B135, produced less of the whole alkali-soluble fraction of the cell wall.

title: Locus-specific changes in cell wall composition characteristic of osmotic mutants of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity73300 :: ('MESH:C009149', 'Chemical') :: ['quinovosamine']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity11485 :: ('MESH:D005688', 'Chemical') :: ['galactosamine']

entities_list: @entity4823 :: ('MESH:D005944', 'Chemical') :: ['glucosamine']

entities_list: @entity1980 :: ('5141', 'Species') :: ['Neurospora crassa', 'N. crassa']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

answer: @entity1980 :: (5141,Species) :: ['Neurospora crassa']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathological characteristics of @entity957 (SCC) of the renal pelvis and SCC of the ureter. METHODS: The clinical data of two cases of @entity1358 and SCC of the ureter were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. In case 1, a 68-year-old @entity1 with @entity811 for a month, imaging modalities revealed a right @entity703 and a right distal @entity1698 . The @entity1 underwent nephroureterectomy and excision of the bladder cuff. Case 2, a 60-year-old @entity1 with the complaint of lower @entity490 and @entity812 for a month, was diagnosed as @entity1901 in another hospital. Ureterolithotomy was performed and a @entity5 was found at the lower site of the stone intraoperatively. The pathological report demonstrated SCC, and the @entity1 was transferred to our hospital for further treatment. We found a left renal mass invading the left hemicolon during surgery, and nephroureterectomy was performed with a bladder cuff excision, left hemicolon resection, and also complete lymph node dissection. Neither of @entity1 received adjuvant radiotherapy/chemotherapy. RESULTS: Moderately differentiated SCC was reported in both of @entity8 in case 1 and the @entity5 invaded the subepithelial connective tissue in the renal pelvis and superficial muscle in the ureter. In case 2, moderately differentiated @entity1358 with colon @entity3 and poorly differentiated SCC of the ureter was reported with two retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 . The two @entity1 died from @entity5 recurrence and @entity3 5 and 6 months after the surgery, respectively. CONCLUSION: Synchronous SCC of the renal pelvis and SCC of the ureter are rare and has high likeliness of early recurrence and @entity3 , often with poor prognosis.

title: [Synchronous squamous cell @entity703 and XXXX : report of two cases and review of literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal pelvis and ureter']

entities_list: @entity1901 :: ('MESH:D014515', 'Disease') :: ['left distal ureteral stone']

entities_list: @entity1698 :: ('MESH:D014516', 'Disease') :: ['ureter tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'ureteral tumor']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['left flank pain']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous SCC of the renal pelvis', 'SCC of the left renal pelvis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal pelvis tumor']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the ureter']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathological characteristics of @entity957 (SCC) of the renal pelvis and SCC of the ureter. METHODS: The clinical data of two cases of @entity1358 and SCC of the ureter were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. In case 1, a 68-year-old @entity1 with @entity811 for a month, imaging modalities revealed a right @entity703 and a right distal @entity1698 . The @entity1 underwent nephroureterectomy and excision of the bladder cuff. Case 2, a 60-year-old @entity1 with the complaint of lower @entity490 and @entity812 for a month, was diagnosed as @entity1901 in another hospital. Ureterolithotomy was performed and a @entity5 was found at the lower site of the stone intraoperatively. The pathological report demonstrated SCC, and the @entity1 was transferred to our hospital for further treatment. We found a left renal mass invading the left hemicolon during surgery, and nephroureterectomy was performed with a bladder cuff excision, left hemicolon resection, and also complete lymph node dissection. Neither of @entity1 received adjuvant radiotherapy/chemotherapy. RESULTS: Moderately differentiated SCC was reported in both of @entity8 in case 1 and the @entity5 invaded the subepithelial connective tissue in the renal pelvis and superficial muscle in the ureter. In case 2, moderately differentiated @entity1358 with colon @entity3 and poorly differentiated SCC of the ureter was reported with two retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 . The two @entity1 died from @entity5 recurrence and @entity3 5 and 6 months after the surgery, respectively. CONCLUSION: Synchronous SCC of the renal pelvis and SCC of the ureter are rare and has high likeliness of early recurrence and @entity3 , often with poor prognosis.

title: [Synchronous squamous cell XXXX and @entity957 : report of two cases and review of literature].

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the renal pelvis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM:    @entity850 is a complication that may occur after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of @entity356 . The goal of the present study was to investigate the incidence, risk factors and management of @entity356 after ESD. METHODS: The medical records of 308 @entity1 who underwent ESD for @entity356 were reviewed. @entity850 is defined as having symptoms caused by an obstruction through which a 1-cm diameter endoscopic fiber cannot be passed. RESULTS: @entity850 was identified in six of 308 @entity1 (1.9%). Three of the six lesions were located in the prepylorus, two cases in the antrum and one in the @entity418 . The mean longitudinal distance and the mean area of the resected specimens in the six cases with stricture (7.8    2.0 cm, 34.0    15.8cm(2) , respectively) was significantly larger than in those without stricture (4.5    1.4cm, 12.7    8.3cm(2) , respectively, P<0.01). The ratio of the resected circumference/whole circumference was 83.3  7.5% in those with stricture in comparison to 25.4    16.3% in those without stricture (P<0.01). All six @entity1 underwent @entity384 , and obtained relief from stricture. However, one @entity1 experienced a @entity356 and recovered following conservative therapy. CONCLUSION:    Sub-circumferential resection over 75% of the circumference by ESD in the prepylorus, antrum and @entity418 is a risk factor for the occurrence of stricture. Early intervention might be considered for this high-risk group to avoid a perforation during balloon dilation.

title: XXXX after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early @entity356 and adenomas.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic balloon dilations']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['Stricture']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric stricture', 'gastric perforation', 'gastric neoplasms']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['Stricture']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM:    @entity850 is a complication that may occur after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of @entity356 . The goal of the present study was to investigate the incidence, risk factors and management of @entity356 after ESD. METHODS: The medical records of 308 @entity1 who underwent ESD for @entity356 were reviewed. @entity850 is defined as having symptoms caused by an obstruction through which a 1-cm diameter endoscopic fiber cannot be passed. RESULTS: @entity850 was identified in six of 308 @entity1 (1.9%). Three of the six lesions were located in the prepylorus, two cases in the antrum and one in the @entity418 . The mean longitudinal distance and the mean area of the resected specimens in the six cases with stricture (7.8    2.0 cm, 34.0    15.8cm(2) , respectively) was significantly larger than in those without stricture (4.5    1.4cm, 12.7    8.3cm(2) , respectively, P<0.01). The ratio of the resected circumference/whole circumference was 83.3  7.5% in those with stricture in comparison to 25.4    16.3% in those without stricture (P<0.01). All six @entity1 underwent @entity384 , and obtained relief from stricture. However, one @entity1 experienced a @entity356 and recovered following conservative therapy. CONCLUSION:    Sub-circumferential resection over 75% of the circumference by ESD in the prepylorus, antrum and @entity418 is a risk factor for the occurrence of stricture. Early intervention might be considered for this high-risk group to avoid a perforation during balloon dilation.

title: @entity850 after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early XXXX and adenomas.

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancers']


abstract: A 75-year-old @entity1 with general malaise and @entity1277 was transferred to our hospital for assessment and treatment of @entity1578 . Laboratory findings on admission showed @entity417 , and gastroduodenoscopy (GDS) revealed linear esophageal varices and tensive duodenal varices (DV) in the second portion of the duodenum. Systemic examinations did not reveal any significant lesion capable of explaining his @entity417 , except for DV. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration was carried out to prevent DV @entity548 . Good pooling of sclerosant was observed using two balloon catheters. However, contrast-enhanced computed tomography after the procedure revealed no @entity715 in DV, and the @entity1 complained of tarry stools before additional therapy. Emergent GDS revealed @entity397 with fresh blood and erosions on the surface. Emergent endoscopic obliteration using the tissue adhesive @entity7548 was carried out and complete hemostasis was achieved. Although no rebleeding episodes were observed after emergent obliteration, the @entity1 died of @entity295 following spontaneous @entity298 53 days after admission. Autopsy revealed that DV dropped out, and the deep vein was replaced by granulation tissue. No signs of thrombi were detected, except varices. This autopsy case revealed the difficulty in DV management.

title: Successful endoscopic hemostasis for XXXX after balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured DV']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['appetite loss']

entities_list: @entity7548 :: ('MESH:D004659', 'Chemical') :: ['N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial peritonitis']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['ruptured duodenal varices']


abstract: @entity308 ( @entity308 ) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Current first line therapies target modulation of the @entity1154 system. A large variety of agents are currently available that effectively alter @entity1154 levels; however, approximately one third of @entity308 @entity1 remain treatment refractory after adequate trials of multiple @entity1154 based therapies. Therefore, @entity1 with @entity13217 ( @entity13217 ) may require modulation of pathways outside of the classic @entity1154 system. The purpose of this review was thus to discuss novel targets for @entity13217 , to describe their potential mechanisms of action, the available clinical evidence for these targets, the limitations of available evidence as well as future research directions. Several alternate pathways involved in the patho-etiology of @entity13217 have been uncovered including the following: inflammatory pathways, the oxidative stress pathway, the @entity2339 , the metabolic and bioenergetics system, neurotrophic pathways, the @entity3264 system, the opioid system and the cholinergic system. For each of these systems, several targets have been assessed in preclinical and clinical models. Preclinical models strongly implicate these pathways in the patho-etiology of @entity308 . Clinical trials for @entity13217 have been conducted for several novel targets; however, most of the trials discussed are small and several are uncontrolled. Therefore, further clinical trials are required to assess the true efficacy of these targets for @entity13217 . As well, several promising novel agents have been clinically tested in @entity308 populations, but have yet to be assessed specifically for @entity13217 . Thus, their applicability to @entity13217 remains unknown.

title: Beyond XXXX -Novel Targets for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Comprehensive Review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['MDD', 'Major depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity13217 :: ('MESH:D061218', 'Disease') :: ['TRD', 'treatment-resistant depression']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

answer: @entity1154 :: (CHEBI:25375,Chemical) :: ['Monoamines']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Emergency department bedside ultrasonography (EUS) can expedite treatment for @entity1 . However, it is unknown how much experience is required for competency in the sonographic diagnosis of @entity2963 and @entity2679 . OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the learning curve of physicians training in right upper quadrant (RUQ) EUS. METHODS: This was a prospective study at an urban, academic emergency department from August 1999 to July 2006. @entity1 with suspected @entity253 underwent RUQ EUS followed by abdominal ultra sonography (AUS) by the Department of Radiology. Results of EUS were compared to AUS using a predesigned, standardized data sheet. RESULTS: A total of 1,837 @entity1 underwent EUS by 127 physicians. The overall sensitivity and specificity of EUS for @entity2963 were 84% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 81% to 86%) and 86% (95% CI = 83% to 88%), respectively. The overall sensitivity of EUS for ductal dilation, gallbladder wall thickening, pericholecystic fluid, and sludge were each < 60%. When analyzing the EUS test characteristics, for every increase in 10 examinations up to 50 examinations, there was no significant improvement in the sensitivity or specificity for any of these sonographic findings. Moreover, on probit regression analysis, accounting for clustering or correlation among the examinations performed by each of the operators, there was no improvement for detecting any of the sonographic findings except for pericholecystic fluid for every 10 additional examinations performed. CONCLUSIONS: When adjusting for operator dependence, performing up to 50 EUS examinations appears to have little effect on the accuracy of RUQ EUS. Rather than simply requiring an arbitrary number of examinations, another method of competency assessment may be necessary.

title: The learning curve of resident physicians using emergency ultrasonography for @entity2963 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary tract disease']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

answer: @entity2679 :: (MESH:D002764,Disease) :: ['cholecystitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Emergency department bedside ultrasonography (EUS) can expedite treatment for @entity1 . However, it is unknown how much experience is required for competency in the sonographic diagnosis of @entity2963 and @entity2679 . OBJECTIVES: The objective was to assess the learning curve of physicians training in right upper quadrant (RUQ) EUS. METHODS: This was a prospective study at an urban, academic emergency department from August 1999 to July 2006. @entity1 with suspected @entity253 underwent RUQ EUS followed by abdominal ultra sonography (AUS) by the Department of Radiology. Results of EUS were compared to AUS using a predesigned, standardized data sheet. RESULTS: A total of 1,837 @entity1 underwent EUS by 127 physicians. The overall sensitivity and specificity of EUS for @entity2963 were 84% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 81% to 86%) and 86% (95% CI = 83% to 88%), respectively. The overall sensitivity of EUS for ductal dilation, gallbladder wall thickening, pericholecystic fluid, and sludge were each < 60%. When analyzing the EUS test characteristics, for every increase in 10 examinations up to 50 examinations, there was no significant improvement in the sensitivity or specificity for any of these sonographic findings. Moreover, on probit regression analysis, accounting for clustering or correlation among the examinations performed by each of the operators, there was no improvement for detecting any of the sonographic findings except for pericholecystic fluid for every 10 additional examinations performed. CONCLUSIONS: When adjusting for operator dependence, performing up to 50 EUS examinations appears to have little effect on the accuracy of RUQ EUS. Rather than simply requiring an arbitrary number of examinations, another method of competency assessment may be necessary.

title: The learning curve of resident physicians using emergency ultrasonography for XXXX and @entity2679 .

answer: @entity2963 :: (MESH:D002769,Disease) :: ['cholelithiasis']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity5 is a manifestation of aberrant cellular proliferation, and the cell cycle is one of the most successfully drugged targets in oncology. No prior study has been reported that simultaneously targets the three principal cell cycle phases populated by proliferating cells - G1, S, and G2/M. METHODS: @entity13850 (G1 inhibitor), @entity1945 (S inhibitor), and @entity1749 (G2/M inhibitor) were administered in combination to @entity1 with advanced @entity5 using a 3+3 dose escalation schedule to assess the safety and establish the maximum tolerated dose (primary endpoints) of this cell cycle targeting approach. An in silico pharmacodynamic model using established effects of each of these agents on the cell cycle was used to validate the regimen and to guide the dosing regimen. RESULTS: Sixty-two subjects were enrolled. The most common adverse events and dose-limiting @entity137 were @entity1503 , consistent with the cell cycle targeting approach employed. All @entity1503 resolved to baseline values upon holding study drug administration. The maximum tolerated dose was @entity13850 15  mg/kg IV D1, 8, 15; topotecan 2.8  mg/m(2) IV D1, 8; and @entity1749 0.9  mg/m(2) IV D1, 4, 8, 11 of a 21-day cycle. In silico modeling suggests the regimen induces cell population shifts from G2/M and S phases to G1 phase and the quiescent G0 phase. Eighteen percent of subjects (11/62) achieved partial response (n=2, serous ovarian and papillary thyroid) or stable disease for > 6  months (n=9). CONCLUSION: Combining drugs with inhibitory activity of G1 phase, S phase, and G2/M phase is safe and warrants further evaluation.

title: Novel Phase I Study Combining G1 Phase, S Phase, and G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Inhibitors in XXXX with Advanced Malignancies.

entities_list: @entity13850 :: ('MESH:C401859', 'Chemical') :: ['temsirolimus', 'Temsirolimus']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['cytopenias']

entities_list: @entity1749 :: ('MESH:C400082', 'Chemical') :: ['bortezomib']

entities_list: @entity1945 :: ('MESH:D019772', 'Chemical') :: ['topotecan']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The 2014 guidelines endorsed by Society of Surgical Oncology, the American Society of Breast Surgeons, and the American Society for Radiation Oncology advocate "no ink on @entity5 " as the new margin requirement for breast-conserving therapy (BCT). We used our lumpectomy margins database from 2004 to 2006 to predict the effect of these new guidelines on BCT. METHODS: @entity1 with neoadjuvant therapy, pure @entity513 -in situ, or incomplete margin data were excluded. We applied new ("no ink on @entity5 ") and old (>= 2  mm) margin guidelines and compared rates of positive margins, reexcision, and rates of @entity66 found at reexcision. RESULTS: A total of 437 lumpectomy surgeries met the eligibility criteria. Eighty-six percent had @entity513 , 12  % @entity1137 , and 2  % @entity513 and @entity1137 . Using a >= 2  mm margin standard, 36  % of lumpectomies had positive margins compared to 18  % using new guidelines (p  <  0.0001). Seventy-seven percent of @entity1 with "ink on @entity5 " had @entity66 found at reexcision. Fifty percent of subjects with margins <2  mm had @entity66 (p  =  0.0013) but would not have undergone reexcision under the new guidelines. With margins of >= 2  mm, @entity41 was seen in the shaved margins of 14  % of lumpectomies. @entity41 was more common in reexcisions for @entity513 -in situ <2  mm from a margin than for invasive @entity5 (53 vs. 40  %), although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Use of new lumpectomy margin guidelines would have reduced reoperation for BCT by half in our @entity1 cohort. However, @entity66 was present in many @entity1 who would not have been reexcised with the new guidelines. Long-term follow-up of local recurrence rates is needed to determine if this increase in @entity66 is clinically significant.

title: Implications of New Lumpectomy Margin Guidelines for Breast-Conserving Surgery: Changes in Reexcision Rates and Predicted Rates of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['invasive lobular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor', 'Residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma', 'invasive ductal carcinoma']

answer: @entity41 :: (MESH:D018365,Disease) :: ['Residual Tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity1 with @entity3254 ( @entity3254 ) treated with urokinase suffer less from @entity456 ( @entity456 ) than those treated with simple drainage. However, the role of intrapleural urokinase in free-flowing @entity3254 @entity1 remains unclear. METHODS: A total of 318 @entity1 with presumed @entity3254 were screened. The final 171 @entity1 who participated in the study were randomly allocated to the urokinase group (n = 86) and the control group (n = 85). Personalised doses of urokinase were infused via a catheter. This procedure was repeated every 24 h until the volume of pleural fluid obtained was less than 50 ml after three injections. Changes in lung function and @entity456 were recorded and compared between both groups periodically for 24 weeks. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 (9.1%) had restrictive functional sequelae in the control group, while no @entity1 in the urokinase group suffered from sequelae (P < 0.05). The incidence of @entity456 (   10 mm) was 0 for the urokinase group and 9.1% for the control group (P < 0.05). A lower percentage of @entity1 treated with intrapleural urokinase had blunted costophrenic angle than controls (5.1% vs.19.5%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with free-flowing @entity3254 treated with urokinase suffered less from @entity456 than those treated with drainage.

title: Treatment of free-flowing XXXX with intrapleural urokinase.

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['RPT', 'pleural thickening', 'residual pleural thickening']

entities_list: @entity3254 :: ('MESH:D014396', 'Disease') :: ['TBP', 'loculated tuberculous pleurisy']

answer: @entity3254 :: (MESH:D014396,Disease) :: ['tuberculous pleurisy']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The clinical benefits of targeting the ventral intermediate nucleus ( @entity2277 ) for the treatment of @entity400 in essential @entity400 (ET) @entity1 suggest that the @entity2277 is a key hub in the network of @entity400 generation and propagation and that the @entity2277 can be considered as a seed region to study the @entity400 network. However, little is known about the central @entity400 network in ET @entity1 . Twenty-six ET @entity1 and 26 matched healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. After considering structural and head-motion factors and establishing the accuracy of our seed region, a @entity2277 seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) data was performed to characterize the @entity2277 FC network in ET @entity1 . We found that ET @entity1 and HCs shared a similar @entity2277 FC network that was generally consistent with the @entity2277 anatomical connectivity network inferred from normal nonhuman primates and healthy @entity1 . Compared with HCs, ET @entity1 displayed @entity2277 -related FC changes, primarily within the @entity2277 -motor cortex (MC)-cerebellum (CBLM) circuit, which included decreased FC in the CBLM and increased FC in the MC. Importantly, @entity400 severity correlated with these FC changes. These findings provide the first evidence that the pathological @entity400 observed in ET @entity1 might be based on a physiologically pre-existing @entity2277 - MC - CBLM network and that disruption of FC in this physiological network is associated with ET. Further, these findings demonstrate a potential approach for elucidating the neural network mechanisms underlying this disease. Hum Brain Mapp, 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Essential XXXX is associated with disruption of functional connectivity in the ventral intermediate Nucleus-Motor Cortex-Cerebellum circuit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['tremor', 'tremors']

answer: @entity400 :: (MESH:D014202,Disease) :: ['tremor']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: More and more microRNA (miRNA) are found to be involved in @entity5 genesis and progress. @entity4447 has been an effective chemotherapeutic drug in @entity5 therapy for many years. In this study, we aimed to find the miRNA involved in the mechanisms of @entity4447 treatment in @entity5 therapy. METHODS: We detected the expression profile of miRNA by miRNA microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability assay, flow cytometry analysis, prediction of miRNA targets, Western blot analysis and luciferase reporter assay were carried out to determine the role of one selected miRNA, namely @entity695 , in affecting the biological behaviors of HepG-2 cells. RESULTS: Among the 677 @entity1 miRNA in the microarray, five miRNA were upregulated and four were downregulated in HepG-2 cells treated with @entity4447 compared to their controls. If only changes above two folds were considered, four miRNA were identified, namely miR-24, @entity695 , @entity15073 and @entity10018 , which were all upregulated. Among them, @entity695 showed a positive therapeutic effect in @entity96 cells by inhibiting cell growth and inducing cell apoptosis, and @entity16113 was confirmed to be the target gene of @entity695 . Furthermore, a synergy effect was detected between @entity695 and @entity4447 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity4447 altered miRNA expression profile in HepG-2 cells. Among the altered miRNA, @entity695 seemed to take a role in the mechanism of @entity4447 in @entity96 therapy. The synergy effect between @entity695 and @entity4447 may offer this drug a new chance in @entity5 therapy by decreasing its dose and toxic side-effects.

title: microRNA expression alteration after XXXX treatment in HepG-2 cells.

entities_list: @entity4447 :: ('MESH:C006632', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic trioxide', 'Arsenic trioxide']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

answer: @entity4447 :: (MESH:C006632,Chemical) :: ['arsenic trioxide']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We examined the effect of chronic angiotensin ( @entity23374 ) @entity101 on activity of post-ganglionic renal sympathetic units to determine whether altered whole renal nerve activity is due to recruitment or changes in firing frequency. @entity95 were treated with low (20ng/kg/min, 8  weeks) or high (50ng/kg/min, 4  weeks) dose @entity23374 before the experiment under @entity4486 - @entity4774 anaesthesia. Spontaneously active units were detected from multi-unit recordings using an algorithm that separated units by action potential shape using templates that matched spikes within a prescribed standard deviation. Multi-unit sympathetic nerve activity was 40% higher in low dose @entity23374 than sham (P  =  0.012) but not different in high @entity23374 @entity95 . Resting firing frequency was similar in sham (1.00      0.09  spikes/s, n  =  144) and high @entity23374 @entity95 (1.10      0.08  spikes/s, n  =  112) but was lower with low @entity23374 (0.65      0.08  spikes/s, n  =  149, P<0.05). Unit firing rhythmicity was linked to the cardiac cycle and was similar in sham and low @entity23374 groups but 29-32% lower in high @entity23374 @entity95 (P<0.001). Cardiac linkage followed a similar pattern during @entity519 . All units showed baroreceptor dependency. @entity1017 and range were reduced and curves shifted to the right in @entity23374 groups. Firing frequency during @entity519 increased by +39% in low @entity23374 and +82% in shams but the greatest increase was in the high @entity23374 group (+103%, Pdose  =   0.001). Responses to @entity2944 were similar in all groups. Increases in sympathetic outflow in low dose chronic @entity23374 @entity101 are due to recruitment of neurons but high dose @entity23374 increases firing frequency to chemoreceptor stimuli independently of the arterial baroreceptors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Characteristics of renal sympathetic nerve single units in XXXX with angiotensin-induced @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2944 :: ('MESH:D006935', 'Disease') :: ['hypercapnia']

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['chloralose']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Rabbits', 'rabbits']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Baroreflex gain']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We examined the effect of chronic angiotensin ( @entity23374 ) @entity101 on activity of post-ganglionic renal sympathetic units to determine whether altered whole renal nerve activity is due to recruitment or changes in firing frequency. @entity95 were treated with low (20ng/kg/min, 8  weeks) or high (50ng/kg/min, 4  weeks) dose @entity23374 before the experiment under @entity4486 - @entity4774 anaesthesia. Spontaneously active units were detected from multi-unit recordings using an algorithm that separated units by action potential shape using templates that matched spikes within a prescribed standard deviation. Multi-unit sympathetic nerve activity was 40% higher in low dose @entity23374 than sham (P  =  0.012) but not different in high @entity23374 @entity95 . Resting firing frequency was similar in sham (1.00      0.09  spikes/s, n  =  144) and high @entity23374 @entity95 (1.10      0.08  spikes/s, n  =  112) but was lower with low @entity23374 (0.65      0.08  spikes/s, n  =  149, P<0.05). Unit firing rhythmicity was linked to the cardiac cycle and was similar in sham and low @entity23374 groups but 29-32% lower in high @entity23374 @entity95 (P<0.001). Cardiac linkage followed a similar pattern during @entity519 . All units showed baroreceptor dependency. @entity1017 and range were reduced and curves shifted to the right in @entity23374 groups. Firing frequency during @entity519 increased by +39% in low @entity23374 and +82% in shams but the greatest increase was in the high @entity23374 group (+103%, Pdose  =   0.001). Responses to @entity2944 were similar in all groups. Increases in sympathetic outflow in low dose chronic @entity23374 @entity101 are due to recruitment of neurons but high dose @entity23374 increases firing frequency to chemoreceptor stimuli independently of the arterial baroreceptors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Characteristics of renal sympathetic nerve single units in @entity95 with angiotensin-induced XXXX .

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Mast cell infiltration of the arterial wall has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic vessels and implicated in @entity3361 . @entity2473 of vein bypass grafts has also been reported. In this study we performed vein bypass grafting of the carotid arteries in @entity95 and examined the grafts for the presence of mast cells. We also determined vein graft vasoreactivity to @entity112 , to assess whether mediators of mast cells may have a functional role in vivo. In the control veins no mast cells were identified in 80 high-power fields (400X). In the vein bypass grafts an average of 2.6 +/- 0.8 (p = 0.01) mast cells were identified in the same number of high-power fields. Isometric tension studies of control vein and vein bypass grafts treated with @entity112 resulted in sigmoid dose-response curves. The ED50 for control vein was 4.69 +/- 0.63 X 10(-5) mol/L. Compared with control vein, the vein bypass grafts showed a rightward shift in the dose-response curve to @entity112 (ED50 11.6 +/- 1.7 X 10(-5) mol/L, p = 0.01). The histaminergic response in both vessels was blocked by the H1 receptor antagonist @entity8765 (10(-7) mol/L) and was not altered by the H2 receptor antagonist @entity4444 (10(-5) mol/L). The decreased sensitivity of vein bypass grafts to @entity112 suggests receptor down-regulation and is possibly the result of increased @entity112 in the vein bypass grafts. The presence of mast cells and @entity112 receptors, as well as altered @entity112 sensitivity, in vein bypass grafts suggests that infiltration by these cells may contribute to vein bypass graft @entity2553 .

title: Mast cell infiltration: a possible mechanism for vein graft XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity3361 :: ('MESH:D003329', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery spasm']

entities_list: @entity8765 :: ('MESH:D011738', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrilamine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

answer: @entity2553 :: (MESH:D020301,Disease) :: ['vasospasm']