abstract: alpha-Adrenergic blockers are potential alternative antihypertensive agents for @entity6 @entity1 . Data on their relative efficacy and their effect on kidney function and @entity633 are very limited however. 76 @entity1 with @entity2175 , @entity101 (>/=140/90 mm Hg) and @entity633 (>/=30 mg/24 h) were randomized into three groups to receive @entity21261 (2.5-10 mg), @entity16427 (2-8 mg) or both. @entity1 of the first and second groups received a single agent for 4 months, the agents were then crossed for an additional period of 4 months followed by the addition of @entity918 (25 mg) for a third 4-month period. Blood pressure was monitored monthly, @entity1011 clearance and HbA1c were measured before and at the end of each treatment period. @entity1 of the third group received reduced doses of @entity21261 and @entity16427 for 4 months. @entity918 was then added for the subsequent 4 months. There was a significant decline in blood pressure values during the first period in all groups. @entity21261 : systolic blood pressure (SBP) 160 +/- 6 to 149 +/- 5 mm Hg; diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 101 +/- 3 to 94 +/- 3 mm Hg (p = 0.001). @entity633 declined from 350 +/- 105 to 205 +/- 96 mg/24 h (p = 0.001), @entity1011 clearance (CrCl) was unchanged. @entity16427 : SBP: 160 +/- 7 to 151 +/- 6 mm Hg; DBP: 97 +/- 4 to 90 +/- 4 mm Hg (p = 0.001). @entity633 373 +/- 121 to 322 +/- 107 mg/24 h (p = 0.065) and CrCl 87 +/- 7 to 91 +/- 6 ml/min. The combination of both agents at half doses was equipotent or superior to either drug alone. Cross-over of @entity21261 and @entity16427 reproduced the @entity551 effect and reversed the antialbuminuric effect. The addition of @entity918 resulted in a further decline of 6-14 mm Hg in SBP and 3-11 mm Hg in @entity11592 .

title: Effect of an alpha-adrenergic blocker, and ACE inhibitor and @entity918 on blood pressure and on renal function in type 2 @entity6 XXXX with @entity101 and @entity633 . A randomized cross-over study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Autologous stem-cell transplantation has become a widely used therapy in @entity978 ( @entity978 ). To appreciate the early and late risks associated with this procedure, its lethal @entity137 and effects on the incidence of @entity5 were studied. Data related to 467 French @entity1 grafted from 1982 to 1995 for primary sensitive disease (PSD, 22%), @entity66 ( @entity66 , 18%), first relapse (R1, 45%), or subsequent relapses (R2, 15%) were analyzed. Grafted @entity1 (PSD, @entity66 , and R1; n = 393) were matched (3 controls for 1 case) on age, gender, clinical stage, B symptoms, and time at risk with 1179 conventionally treated @entity1 issued from international databases. The proportional hazards (Cox) model was used to assess relative risks (RR). Among grafted @entity1 , 8% died of @entity137 related to the procedure, and 18 @entity5 occurred leading to a 5-year cumulative incidence rate of 8.9%. In this series, risk factors for second @entity5 were age >/=40 years (RR = 3.73, P = .007) and the use of peripheral blood stem cells as source of graft (RR = 3.10, P = .03). Among grafted and matched ungrafted @entity1 , risk factors for the development of secondary @entity5 were age >/=40 years (RR = 2.90, P < .001), relapse versus no relapse (RR = 5.22, P = .006), @entity66 versus other @entity1 (RR = 3.86, P = .033), and grafted versus ungrafted @entity1 (RR = 2.04, P = . 024). @entity5 were more frequent in grafted than in ungrafted @entity1 (RR = 5.19, P = .001) although the incidence of @entity2590 and @entity3052 was similar in the two groups. We conclude that high-dose chemotherapy administered as first-line treatment or after relapse is associated with an acceptable toxic death rate. The risk of secondary @entity2590 or @entity3052 is not significantly increased after autologous stem-cell transplantation for @entity978 , whereas an increased risk of solid @entity5 exists. The peripheral blood stem-cell-associated risk of secondary @entity5 among grafted @entity1 needs further investigations.

title: Treatment-related deaths and second @entity5 risk after autologous stem-cell transplantation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['PRD', 'primary refractory disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['secondary cancers', 'Solid tumors', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplasia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['HD', "Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: Autologous stem-cell transplantation has become a widely used therapy in @entity978 ( @entity978 ). To appreciate the early and late risks associated with this procedure, its lethal @entity137 and effects on the incidence of @entity5 were studied. Data related to 467 French @entity1 grafted from 1982 to 1995 for primary sensitive disease (PSD, 22%), @entity66 ( @entity66 , 18%), first relapse (R1, 45%), or subsequent relapses (R2, 15%) were analyzed. Grafted @entity1 (PSD, @entity66 , and R1; n = 393) were matched (3 controls for 1 case) on age, gender, clinical stage, B symptoms, and time at risk with 1179 conventionally treated @entity1 issued from international databases. The proportional hazards (Cox) model was used to assess relative risks (RR). Among grafted @entity1 , 8% died of @entity137 related to the procedure, and 18 @entity5 occurred leading to a 5-year cumulative incidence rate of 8.9%. In this series, risk factors for second @entity5 were age >/=40 years (RR = 3.73, P = .007) and the use of peripheral blood stem cells as source of graft (RR = 3.10, P = .03). Among grafted and matched ungrafted @entity1 , risk factors for the development of secondary @entity5 were age >/=40 years (RR = 2.90, P < .001), relapse versus no relapse (RR = 5.22, P = .006), @entity66 versus other @entity1 (RR = 3.86, P = .033), and grafted versus ungrafted @entity1 (RR = 2.04, P = . 024). @entity5 were more frequent in grafted than in ungrafted @entity1 (RR = 5.19, P = .001) although the incidence of @entity2590 and @entity3052 was similar in the two groups. We conclude that high-dose chemotherapy administered as first-line treatment or after relapse is associated with an acceptable toxic death rate. The risk of secondary @entity2590 or @entity3052 is not significantly increased after autologous stem-cell transplantation for @entity978 , whereas an increased risk of solid @entity5 exists. The peripheral blood stem-cell-associated risk of secondary @entity5 among grafted @entity1 needs further investigations.

title: Treatment-related deaths and second XXXX risk after autologous stem-cell transplantation for @entity978 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Bow hunter's @entity64 is a symptomatic @entity9085 caused by @entity850 or occlusion of the vertebral artery at the C1C2 level with @entity717 . No case of anterior decompression of the vertebral artery for surgical treatment of bow hunter's @entity64 has been reported. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 47-year-old male @entity1 presented with repeated episodes of @entity909 caused by turning his head approximately 40 degrees to the right; he recovered consciousness within approximately 10 seconds after his head was returned to the neutral position. Angiography revealed an occluded right vertebral artery and temporary occlusion of the left vertebral artery, at the level of the C2 transverse foramen, when the @entity1 's head was turned approximately 40 degrees to the right. INTERVENTION: Anterior decompression of the left vertebral artery at the transverse foramen of the axis was performed. Postoperative angiography demonstrated sufficient flow in the left vertebral artery even when the neck was rotated. CONCLUSION: The @entity1 was discharged without @entity51 . We demonstrate that simple surgical untethering of the vertebral artery at the transverse foramen of the axis is an effective method of treatment that avoids the limitation of @entity717 . The advantage of this procedure is that it does not result in postoperative restriction of the @entity1 's neck movements. The anterior approach, with decompression of the transverse foramen of the axis, in the present case provided adequate exposure of the vertebral artery and resulted in a satisfactory outcome.

title: Anterior decompression of the atlantoaxial vertebral artery to treat bow hunter's XXXX : technical case report.

entities_list: @entity9085 :: ('MESH:D014715', 'Disease') :: ['vertebrobasilar insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['unconsciousness']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['head rotation']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: Under-prescribing and low attendance continue to be cited as reasons for ongoing @entity565 symptoms in primary care despite marked increases in prescribing and structured care for @entity565 over the past 10 years. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between continuing @entity565 morbidity and the attendance of and prescribing for symptomatic @entity748 @entity1 in primary care. A random sample of 402 subjects from 801 who reported at least one of six symptoms in the previous month on most or every day were identified from responses to a validated morbidity questionnaire. An analysis of their care over a 2-year period (1 year before and 1 year after the questionnaire) was carried out from their general practice case-notes. Data on 308 @entity1 was available for analysis. Ninety-four per cent of these symptomatic @entity565 @entity1 attended over the 2-year period, with 77% attending for an @entity565 related consultation. Most @entity1 were managed exclusively in primary care. Inhaled @entity230 were prescribed for 78% of @entity1 and high dose inhaled @entity230 (> or = 800 mcg of @entity2715 or equivalent per day) were prescribed for 38%. @entity1 with most symptoms were more likely to be prescribed inhaled @entity230 . Rescue courses of oral @entity230 were prescribed for 29% of @entity1 . Changes in @entity565 medications were recorded for 31% during the study period. @entity4185 ( @entity4185 ) were prescribed for 86% with more than half prescribed MDIs combined with some other delivery device. Elements of structured care were more frequently recorded in @entity1 who reported most symptoms. In conclusion the @entity565 management of the majority of @entity1 in this study was active with high levels of @entity134 prescribing. There appeared to be room to increase prescribing and to improve the structure of care. While @entity1 who were 'symptomatic on @entity230 ' should have had their medications, delivery devices and structured care reviewed regularly many were already on maximal treatment and were therefore likely to remain symptomatic. It is unclear how practitioners could improve morbidity in many of these @entity1 as under-treatment and low attendance seem unlikely to be the principal causes of continuing symptoms.

title: Symptomatic XXXX : attendance and prescribing in general practice.

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2715 :: ('MESH:D001507', 'Chemical') :: ['beclomethasone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity4185 :: ('MESH:D058545', 'Disease') :: ['MDI', 'Metered dose inhalers']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: In this study, we describe functional characteristics of neurons forming networks generating oral ingestive motor behaviours. Neurons in medial reticular nuclei on the right side of the brainstem between the trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei were recorded in anaesthetized and paralysed @entity95 during two types of masticatory-like motor patterns induced by electrical stimulation of the left (contralateral) or right (ipsilateral) cortical masticatory areas. Sixty-seven neurons in @entity12288 pontis caudalis (nPontc), @entity12288 parvocellularis (nParv), and @entity12288 gigantocellularis (Rgc) were studied. These were classified as phasic or tonic depending on their firing pattern during the fictive jaw movement cycle. Phasic neurons located in the dorsal part of nPontc were active during the jaw opening phase, whilst those in dorsal nParv tended to fire during the closing phase. In most neurons, burst duration and firing frequency changed between the two motor patterns, but there was little change in phase of firing. Tonic units were mainly recorded in the ventral half of nPontc, and at the junction between Rgc and caudal nParv. @entity6795 with short latency from the contralateral masticatory area were more frequent in phasic (82%) than tonic (44%) neurons, whilst inputs from the ipsilateral cortex were equal in the two subgroups (57% and 56%). Phasic neurons had significantly shorter mean contralateral than ipsilateral cortical latencies, whilst there was no difference among tonic neurons. Intra- and perioral primary afferent inputs activated both types of neurons at oligo-synaptic latencies. Our results show that subpopulations of neurons in medial reticular nuclei extending from the caudal part of the trigeminal motor nucleus to the rostral third of the hypoglossal motor nucleus are active during the fictive masticatory motor behaviour. Unlike masticatory neurons in the lateral tegmentum, the medial subpopulations are spatially organized according to discharge pattern.

title: Discharge patterns of neurons in the medial pontobulbar reticular formation during fictive mastication in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6795 :: ('MESH:D054220', 'Disease') :: ['Cortical inputs']

entities_list: @entity12288 :: ('MESH:D054068', 'Disease') :: ['nucleus reticularis']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Historically, early stage @entity5 has been treated with low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy with or without external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Complication rates have been low and treatment efficacious. Although @entity1168 ( @entity1168 ) brachytherapy has been used for cervical @entity5 in many countries for over a decade, only more recently has it been integrated into treatment plans for @entity5 . This paper describes three @entity1 treated with @entity1168 brachytherapy who experienced significant late effects. Given the very limited amount of literature regarding the use of @entity1168 brachytherapy in @entity5 , this analysis potentially contributes to an understanding of treatment-related risk factors for complications among @entity1 treated with this modality.A focused review of hospital and departmental treatment records was done on three @entity1 treated with @entity1168 brachytherapy. Abstracted information included clinical data, treatment parameters (technique, doses, volume, combinations with other treatments) and outcomes (local control, survival, early and late effects). A review of the available literature was also undertaken. All @entity1 had significant complications. Although statistical correlations between treatment parameters and complications are impossible given the limited number of @entity1 , this descriptive analysis suggests that vaginal length treated with @entity1168 brachytherapy is a risk factor for early and late effects, that the distal vagina has a lower radiation tolerance than the upper vagina with @entity1168 as in LDR, and that combining @entity1168 with LDR as done in our experience carries a high risk of late @entity137 . Integration of @entity1168 brachytherapy techniques into treatment plans for early stage @entity5 must be done cautiously. The etiology of the significant side effects seen here is likely to be multifactorial. For users of @entity1168 brachytherapy in @entity5 , there is a need to further refine and standardize treatment concepts and treatment delivery. Ideally this will be based on continued careful observation and reporting of both favorable and unfavorable outcomes and experiences.

title: High-dose-rate brachytherapy for XXXX : learning from treatment complications.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal cancer', 'vaginal cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['HDR', 'high-dose-rate']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['vaginal cancer']


abstract: Passive local immunization against @entity1547 is a promising approach to its prevention, as clinical evidence of active oral or nasal immunization is still limited and controversial. By means of systemic immunization of pregnant @entity291 with a multivalent vaccine, high titres of IgG antibodies against @entity1 cariogenic bacteria, @entity6586 and @entity6586 sobrinus, were produced in @entity291 colostrum. The purified @entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) of this preparation has a number of anticariogenic properties, such as inhibition of streptococcal adherence to saliva-coated @entity692 and inhibition of glucosyltransferase enzymes. This study investigated whether @entity1200 antibodies remained active and functional when added to ultra-high temperature (UHT)-treated milk or to @entity1905 (LGG)-fermented milk stored for an extended time. LGG was chosen because of its widely known health benefits in @entity1 and animals. A commercial UHT toddler's milk was supplemented with @entity1200 and stored for 2 months at 5, 21 and 30 degrees C. The antistreptococcal titres in UHT milk did not decline at any temperature during storage, and UHT- @entity1200 inhibited the adherence of @entity6586 for up to 2 months. This was not the case with UHT toddler's milk without IgG antibodies. Milk was fermented with live LGG cells in the presence or absence of 5% @entity1200 . The antistreptococcal titres declined to about 30% of the original titres after storage. Fresh milk alone slightly enhanced streptococcal adhesion but fresh milk with @entity1200 inhibited the adherence of @entity6586 by over 50%. LGG-positive fermented milk without antibodies also inhibited (P < 0.05) the adhesion by about 40%. In both LGG-fermented and UHT immune milk, the activity of antibodies against cariogenic streptococci was maintained during the expected shelf-life of these products. From the anticariogenic point of view it may be beneficial to add bovine-specific antibodies against mutans streptococci to probiotic LGG-containing milk products.

title: Stability and activity of specific antibodies against @entity6586 and @entity6586 sobrinus in XXXX milk fermented with @entity1905 or treated at ultra-high temperature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity6586 :: ('1309', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus', 'Streptococcus mutans', 'S. mutans']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['dental caries']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['IP', 'immune product']

entities_list: @entity1905 :: ('568703', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Passive local immunization against @entity1547 is a promising approach to its prevention, as clinical evidence of active oral or nasal immunization is still limited and controversial. By means of systemic immunization of pregnant @entity291 with a multivalent vaccine, high titres of IgG antibodies against @entity1 cariogenic bacteria, @entity6586 and @entity6586 sobrinus, were produced in @entity291 colostrum. The purified @entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) of this preparation has a number of anticariogenic properties, such as inhibition of streptococcal adherence to saliva-coated @entity692 and inhibition of glucosyltransferase enzymes. This study investigated whether @entity1200 antibodies remained active and functional when added to ultra-high temperature (UHT)-treated milk or to @entity1905 (LGG)-fermented milk stored for an extended time. LGG was chosen because of its widely known health benefits in @entity1 and animals. A commercial UHT toddler's milk was supplemented with @entity1200 and stored for 2 months at 5, 21 and 30 degrees C. The antistreptococcal titres in UHT milk did not decline at any temperature during storage, and UHT- @entity1200 inhibited the adherence of @entity6586 for up to 2 months. This was not the case with UHT toddler's milk without IgG antibodies. Milk was fermented with live LGG cells in the presence or absence of 5% @entity1200 . The antistreptococcal titres declined to about 30% of the original titres after storage. Fresh milk alone slightly enhanced streptococcal adhesion but fresh milk with @entity1200 inhibited the adherence of @entity6586 by over 50%. LGG-positive fermented milk without antibodies also inhibited (P < 0.05) the adhesion by about 40%. In both LGG-fermented and UHT immune milk, the activity of antibodies against cariogenic streptococci was maintained during the expected shelf-life of these products. From the anticariogenic point of view it may be beneficial to add bovine-specific antibodies against mutans streptococci to probiotic LGG-containing milk products.

title: Stability and activity of specific antibodies against @entity6586 and @entity6586 sobrinus in @entity291 milk fermented with XXXX or treated at ultra-high temperature.

answer: @entity1905 :: (568703,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG']


abstract: Passive local immunization against @entity1547 is a promising approach to its prevention, as clinical evidence of active oral or nasal immunization is still limited and controversial. By means of systemic immunization of pregnant @entity291 with a multivalent vaccine, high titres of IgG antibodies against @entity1 cariogenic bacteria, @entity6586 and @entity6586 sobrinus, were produced in @entity291 colostrum. The purified @entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) of this preparation has a number of anticariogenic properties, such as inhibition of streptococcal adherence to saliva-coated @entity692 and inhibition of glucosyltransferase enzymes. This study investigated whether @entity1200 antibodies remained active and functional when added to ultra-high temperature (UHT)-treated milk or to @entity1905 (LGG)-fermented milk stored for an extended time. LGG was chosen because of its widely known health benefits in @entity1 and animals. A commercial UHT toddler's milk was supplemented with @entity1200 and stored for 2 months at 5, 21 and 30 degrees C. The antistreptococcal titres in UHT milk did not decline at any temperature during storage, and UHT- @entity1200 inhibited the adherence of @entity6586 for up to 2 months. This was not the case with UHT toddler's milk without IgG antibodies. Milk was fermented with live LGG cells in the presence or absence of 5% @entity1200 . The antistreptococcal titres declined to about 30% of the original titres after storage. Fresh milk alone slightly enhanced streptococcal adhesion but fresh milk with @entity1200 inhibited the adherence of @entity6586 by over 50%. LGG-positive fermented milk without antibodies also inhibited (P < 0.05) the adhesion by about 40%. In both LGG-fermented and UHT immune milk, the activity of antibodies against cariogenic streptococci was maintained during the expected shelf-life of these products. From the anticariogenic point of view it may be beneficial to add bovine-specific antibodies against mutans streptococci to probiotic LGG-containing milk products.

title: Stability and activity of specific antibodies against XXXX and @entity6586 sobrinus in @entity291 milk fermented with @entity1905 or treated at ultra-high temperature.

answer: @entity6586 :: (1309,Species) :: ['Streptococcus mutans']


abstract: Passive local immunization against @entity1547 is a promising approach to its prevention, as clinical evidence of active oral or nasal immunization is still limited and controversial. By means of systemic immunization of pregnant @entity291 with a multivalent vaccine, high titres of IgG antibodies against @entity1 cariogenic bacteria, @entity6586 and @entity6586 sobrinus, were produced in @entity291 colostrum. The purified @entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) of this preparation has a number of anticariogenic properties, such as inhibition of streptococcal adherence to saliva-coated @entity692 and inhibition of glucosyltransferase enzymes. This study investigated whether @entity1200 antibodies remained active and functional when added to ultra-high temperature (UHT)-treated milk or to @entity1905 (LGG)-fermented milk stored for an extended time. LGG was chosen because of its widely known health benefits in @entity1 and animals. A commercial UHT toddler's milk was supplemented with @entity1200 and stored for 2 months at 5, 21 and 30 degrees C. The antistreptococcal titres in UHT milk did not decline at any temperature during storage, and UHT- @entity1200 inhibited the adherence of @entity6586 for up to 2 months. This was not the case with UHT toddler's milk without IgG antibodies. Milk was fermented with live LGG cells in the presence or absence of 5% @entity1200 . The antistreptococcal titres declined to about 30% of the original titres after storage. Fresh milk alone slightly enhanced streptococcal adhesion but fresh milk with @entity1200 inhibited the adherence of @entity6586 by over 50%. LGG-positive fermented milk without antibodies also inhibited (P < 0.05) the adhesion by about 40%. In both LGG-fermented and UHT immune milk, the activity of antibodies against cariogenic streptococci was maintained during the expected shelf-life of these products. From the anticariogenic point of view it may be beneficial to add bovine-specific antibodies against mutans streptococci to probiotic LGG-containing milk products.

title: Stability and activity of specific antibodies against @entity6586 and XXXX sobrinus in @entity291 milk fermented with @entity1905 or treated at ultra-high temperature.

answer: @entity6586 :: (1309,Species) :: ['Streptococcus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity0 is the most common @entity5 in @entity1 all over the world. It is necessary to establish monitoring methods and to identify risk factors. METHODS: Six cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing, Wuhan and Guangzhou were chosen as the sample areas. 2 100 cases with 1:1 matched controls were interviewed with a uniformed questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression and cluster analysis were used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The common risk factors for the combined data of the six cities were high educational level (OR: 1.17), high body mass index (OR: 1.51), high intake of milk products (OR: 1.49), high intake of eggs (OR: 1.14), @entity308 (OR: 2.78), history of @entity1558 (OR: 2.24), old age at marriage (OR: 1.42), @entity1834 (OR: 1.22), short duration of lactation (OR: 1.17). Among these factors, different cities had different ORs, as high educational level (OR: 1.20 - 1.61), high body mass index (OR: 1.40 - 22.36), high intake of milk products (OR: 1.64 - 3.39), @entity308 (OR: 1.60 - 10.50), history of @entity1558 (OR: 1.73 - 19.44). Some statistically significant correlations existed in different cities such as early age at menarche, old age at marriage, long menstrual periods, high intake of meat, eggs, sea food and passive smoking were risk factors. Some risk factors varied between premenopausal and postmenopausal @entity1 . Beijing, Wuhan and Chongqing were clustered as the same group in cluster analysis, so did Shanghai and Tianjin, but Guangzhou could not be grouped with other cities. CONCLUSION: Some common risk factors for @entity0 did exist in the six cities, but there were varieties in different areas which showed different places would have their own characteristics. Thus, careful study of risk factors, especially in the selection of variables and data analysis need to be carried on.

title: [Study on risk factors of XXXX among urban @entity1 in China].

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['psychological depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1834 :: ('MESH:D004412', 'Disease') :: ['dysmenorrhea']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['benign breast diseases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity0 is the most common @entity5 in @entity1 all over the world. It is necessary to establish monitoring methods and to identify risk factors. METHODS: Six cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing, Wuhan and Guangzhou were chosen as the sample areas. 2 100 cases with 1:1 matched controls were interviewed with a uniformed questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression and cluster analysis were used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The common risk factors for the combined data of the six cities were high educational level (OR: 1.17), high body mass index (OR: 1.51), high intake of milk products (OR: 1.49), high intake of eggs (OR: 1.14), @entity308 (OR: 2.78), history of @entity1558 (OR: 2.24), old age at marriage (OR: 1.42), @entity1834 (OR: 1.22), short duration of lactation (OR: 1.17). Among these factors, different cities had different ORs, as high educational level (OR: 1.20 - 1.61), high body mass index (OR: 1.40 - 22.36), high intake of milk products (OR: 1.64 - 3.39), @entity308 (OR: 1.60 - 10.50), history of @entity1558 (OR: 1.73 - 19.44). Some statistically significant correlations existed in different cities such as early age at menarche, old age at marriage, long menstrual periods, high intake of meat, eggs, sea food and passive smoking were risk factors. Some risk factors varied between premenopausal and postmenopausal @entity1 . Beijing, Wuhan and Chongqing were clustered as the same group in cluster analysis, so did Shanghai and Tianjin, but Guangzhou could not be grouped with other cities. CONCLUSION: Some common risk factors for @entity0 did exist in the six cities, but there were varieties in different areas which showed different places would have their own characteristics. Thus, careful study of risk factors, especially in the selection of variables and data analysis need to be carried on.

title: [Study on risk factors of @entity0 among urban XXXX in China].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: A review of all prenatal and postnatal diagnoses of trisomy 16 and trisomy 16 mosaicism was carried out in the context of the current understanding of confined placental mosaicism and @entity8882 ( @entity8882 ). The prenatal detection of trisomy 16 cells is associated with a high probability of @entity5617 , @entity3152 , @entity1592 , and @entity2241 . @entity600 were typical of those seen in nonmosaic partial duplications of chromosome 16. Surprisingly, anomalies were sometimes limited to a single organ and included some relatively common @entity154 such as a @entity1757 , @entity2650 , imperforate anus, @entity169 , and clubfoot. The risk for abnormality appeared to be higher in those pregnancies in which trisomy 16 cells were identified in amniotic fluid compared to the detection in chorionic villi samples. Contrary to nonmosaic trisomy 16 with an excess of males, @entity1692 shows an excess of female karyotypes. Following the prenatal detection of trisomy 16 cells, @entity2007 cells are almost never found in fetal or neonatal lymphocytes. Studies on fibroblasts also often fail to confirm the presence of the abnormal cell line even in cases in which @entity156 are present. It is likely that trisomy 16 cells are sometimes present in the early developing embryo even though subsequent cytogenetic studies on fetal or neonatal tissues may not detect any @entity2007 cells. @entity8882 can be excluded as a mechanism for those anomalies that are common to @entity1692 and nonmosaic partial duplications. The term "occult mosaicism" is suggested to describe the situation in which the presence of an abnormal cell line is suspected on the basis of clinical data but unproven by laboratory analysis.

title: XXXX : a review.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['isolated defects']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploid']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity1692 :: ('MESH:C538041', 'Disease') :: ['mosaic trisomy 16']

entities_list: @entity156 :: ('MESH:D000015', 'Disease') :: ['multiple anomalies']

entities_list: @entity5617 :: ('MESH:D005313', 'Disease') :: ['fetal death']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['Birth defects']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia']

entities_list: @entity8882 :: ('MESH:D024182', 'Disease') :: ['UPD', 'uniparental disomy']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['fetal anomalies']

answer: @entity1692 :: (MESH:C538041,Disease) :: ['Trisomy 16 and trisomy 16 Mosaicism']


abstract: The activities of crude plant extracts of five plants popularly used in Guatemala against @entity2348 and some of their fractions have been evaluated against the trypomastigote and epimastigote forms of @entity1527 in vitro. The most active fraction of Neurolaena lobata has also been screened in vivo. Main in vitro activities against trypomastigotes have been observed for the @entity4315 and @entity1068 extracts of N. lobata (Asteraceae). Both extracts were also active against epimastigotes, whereas all other extracts tested had no effect on epimastigotes. For the @entity4315 extracts of Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) and Tridax procumbens (Asteraceae) a marked inhibition of trypomastigotes has been found. Also the @entity1068 extracts of Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae) leafs and Gliricidia sepium (Papilionaceae) bark showed some trypanocidal activity. Fraction 2 of the @entity1068 extract of N. lobata was highly active against @entity1527 as well in vitro as in vivo. The @entity39320 fraction of P. alliacea showed a high inhibition of trypomastigotes in vitro. Also three fractions of the active extract of B. crassifolia inhibited @entity1527 trypomastigotes. No fraction of G. sepium bark extract showed a marked trypanocidal activity.

title: Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections: II. Activity of extracts and fractions of five Guatemalan plants against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi', 'T. cruzi']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial and protozoal infections']

entities_list: @entity39320 :: ('CHEBI:35255', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroforme']

answer: @entity1527 :: (5693,Species) :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi']


abstract: Ambulatory management of @entity6677 requires careful and continuing care by the obstetrician. The initial evaluation should include a comprehensive history, including use of fertility enhancing drugs and ART, family history, social history; a general physical examination, including a pelvic examination; laboratory evaluation, including complete blood cell count, dipstick urinalysis for protein and @entity413 , urine culture, blood type, Rh factor and irregular blood antibody determination, serology for @entity2462 , syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen and varicella (if there is no history). A Papanicolaou smear should be done at the time of the pelvic examination, as should evaluation for @entity6981 . Ultrasound assessment of placentation should be done at 14 weeks' gestation, but vaginal or perineal ultrasound of cervical length should be done at the initial visit. Other testing procedures should include repeat ultrasound evaluation for fetal growth every 4 weeks in a dichorionic placentation and every 3 weeks if monochorionic placentation is present. Triple screen MSAFP at 16-18 weeks' gestation and blood sugar screening at 22-26 weeks should be performed. After the first trimester, the @entity1 should schedule physician visits every 2 weeks or less. Routine medications should include one prenatal vitamin per day, additional @entity1501 supplementation of 1.0 mg per fetus, supplemental @entity68 preparation, and additional @entity460 to equal 1500 mg/day. The use of low-dose @entity117 to prevent @entity1468 in twin gestations has not been adequately studied. Continuing vigilance by the knowledgeable obstetrician should occur. Multiple gestations should not be cared for by non-physician providers or by family physicians. Referral to a maternal-fetal medicine unit is recommended.

title: Ambulatory management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity6677 :: ('MESH:D016640', 'Disease') :: ['multiple gestation']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity6981 :: ('MESH:D016585', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial vaginosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6677 :: (MESH:D016640,Disease) :: ['multiple gestation']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity15 ( @entity15 ) is infrequent in childhood (0.3-2% of all cases of @entity15 ). At the present time more and more paediatric @entity1 are being described. In this paper we describe our experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We review seven @entity1 diagnosed as having @entity15 before the age of 16, between 1984 and 1996. We have recorded: age, sex, personal and family history, form of onset and clinical course. CSF, neurophysiological and neuroimaging tests, treatment and diagnostic category according to the criteria of Poser. RESULTS: Four @entity1 and three @entity1 aged between three and thirteen years at the onset of the disorder. In one case there was a family history of @entity15 . The most frequent form of onset was hemiparesia, followed by @entity4610 and @entity76 . Six cases followed a recurrent-remittent course and one followed a secondarily progressive course. There were oligoclonal bands (OGB) in the CSF in three cases. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) were abnormal in six cases. Magnetic resonance (RM) was a great help in diagnosis and in six cases was very informative. Six @entity1 were treated with @entity288 during the acute phase and two with long-term @entity500 . CONCLUSION: The commonest form of presentation, hemiparesia, makes the differential diagnosis with acute @entity1158 of childhood obligatory. Neurophysiological techniques, especially the VEP are very useful for initial assessment. RM is the most sensitive method, although it is not specific for diagnosis. The average follow-up period (4.5 years) is too short to determine the prognosis.

title: [ XXXX in childhood: our experience and a review of literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity4610 :: ('MESH:D009886', 'Disease') :: ['oculomotor paralysis']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar disorders']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['Multiple sclerosis']


abstract: This article reports on the effect of dietary modification on changes in eating patterns and serum lipids among @entity753 @entity1 aged 40-59 years with no evidence of @entity301 in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, between 1995 and 1996. A total of 381 @entity1 with total @entity165 levels > or = 240 mg/dl and @entity412 levels < 400 mg/dl were educated, counseled, and followed-up by the mobile health team at the health centres in the communities. The team comprised both hospital personnel (a physician, a health educator, and public health nurses) and the health centre workers. Of the 381 study @entity1 , 331 (86.9%) completed the one-year follow-up. The @entity1 at one-year follow-up were more likely than at baseline to reduce intakes of dietary fat and @entity165 , whereas, there was an increased intake of vegetables and fruits. The mean total @entity165 level significantly decreased from 258.9 mg/dl at baseline to 236.1 mg/dl at one-year follow-up (p < 0.01), giving an 8.8 per cent reduction. The mean change in low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels was a 26.0 mg/dl decrease (p < 0.01), yielding a 15.1 per cent fall. The mean high-density lipoprotein @entity165 level increased from 44.6 mg/dl at baseline to 46.8 mg/dl at one-year follow-up (p < 0.01). The proportion of those who had a body mass index of < 25 slightly increased from 70.7 per cent at baseline to 72.5 per cent at one-year follow-up. The dietary intervention program by the mobile team may be useful for lowering serum @entity165 among the rural population with @entity1007 .

title: Effect of dietary modification on changes in serum lipids among rural Thai @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1007 :: (MESH:D006937,Disease) :: ['hypercholesterolemia']


abstract: This article reports on the effect of dietary modification on changes in eating patterns and serum lipids among @entity753 @entity1 aged 40-59 years with no evidence of @entity301 in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, between 1995 and 1996. A total of 381 @entity1 with total @entity165 levels > or = 240 mg/dl and @entity412 levels < 400 mg/dl were educated, counseled, and followed-up by the mobile health team at the health centres in the communities. The team comprised both hospital personnel (a physician, a health educator, and public health nurses) and the health centre workers. Of the 381 study @entity1 , 331 (86.9%) completed the one-year follow-up. The @entity1 at one-year follow-up were more likely than at baseline to reduce intakes of dietary fat and @entity165 , whereas, there was an increased intake of vegetables and fruits. The mean total @entity165 level significantly decreased from 258.9 mg/dl at baseline to 236.1 mg/dl at one-year follow-up (p < 0.01), giving an 8.8 per cent reduction. The mean change in low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels was a 26.0 mg/dl decrease (p < 0.01), yielding a 15.1 per cent fall. The mean high-density lipoprotein @entity165 level increased from 44.6 mg/dl at baseline to 46.8 mg/dl at one-year follow-up (p < 0.01). The proportion of those who had a body mass index of < 25 slightly increased from 70.7 per cent at baseline to 72.5 per cent at one-year follow-up. The dietary intervention program by the mobile team may be useful for lowering serum @entity165 among the rural population with @entity1007 .

title: Effect of dietary modification on changes in serum lipids among rural Thai XXXX with @entity1007 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['persons']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although @entity308 has been associated with increased mortality in @entity1 after @entity583 ( @entity583 ), little is known about the effects of @entity308 on autonomic nervous system control of heart rate. This study evaluated whether @entity308 is associated with @entity73 ( @entity4375 ) in @entity1 with @entity583 . METHODS: Two hundred four hospitalized @entity1 with @entity583 were evaluated 6 +/- 3 (mean +/- SD) days after @entity583 . @entity4375 was assessed using cross-spectral analysis to measure baroreceptor-mediated R-R interval oscillations. @entity308 was determined using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, and severity of @entity308 symptoms was measured with the Beck @entity308 Inventory. In order to adjust for possible differences in @entity148 , we also measured state @entity148 using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: @entity308 was not significantly related to @entity4375 . However, @entity148 was significantly related to low @entity4375 in multivariate analysis, after the potentially confounding variables of age, blood pressure, and respiratory frequency were controlled for. Comparison of groups with high and low @entity148 (on the basis of a median split of state @entity148 scores) showed that @entity4375 was reduced by approximately 20% in the @entity1 with the higher @entity148 scores (4.7 +/- 3.2 ms/mm Hg vs 5.7 +/- 3.3 ms/mm Hg, P <.05), after adjustment for differences in age, blood pressure, and respiratory frequency. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of @entity148 , but not @entity308 , are associated with reduced vagal control in @entity1 after @entity583 .

title: Association of XXXX with reduced baroreflex cardiac control in @entity1 after @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression', 'depressive']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired baroreflex sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although @entity308 has been associated with increased mortality in @entity1 after @entity583 ( @entity583 ), little is known about the effects of @entity308 on autonomic nervous system control of heart rate. This study evaluated whether @entity308 is associated with @entity73 ( @entity4375 ) in @entity1 with @entity583 . METHODS: Two hundred four hospitalized @entity1 with @entity583 were evaluated 6 +/- 3 (mean +/- SD) days after @entity583 . @entity4375 was assessed using cross-spectral analysis to measure baroreceptor-mediated R-R interval oscillations. @entity308 was determined using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, and severity of @entity308 symptoms was measured with the Beck @entity308 Inventory. In order to adjust for possible differences in @entity148 , we also measured state @entity148 using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: @entity308 was not significantly related to @entity4375 . However, @entity148 was significantly related to low @entity4375 in multivariate analysis, after the potentially confounding variables of age, blood pressure, and respiratory frequency were controlled for. Comparison of groups with high and low @entity148 (on the basis of a median split of state @entity148 scores) showed that @entity4375 was reduced by approximately 20% in the @entity1 with the higher @entity148 scores (4.7 +/- 3.2 ms/mm Hg vs 5.7 +/- 3.3 ms/mm Hg, P <.05), after adjustment for differences in age, blood pressure, and respiratory frequency. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of @entity148 , but not @entity308 , are associated with reduced vagal control in @entity1 after @entity583 .

title: Association of @entity148 with reduced baroreflex cardiac control in @entity1 after XXXX .

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although @entity308 has been associated with increased mortality in @entity1 after @entity583 ( @entity583 ), little is known about the effects of @entity308 on autonomic nervous system control of heart rate. This study evaluated whether @entity308 is associated with @entity73 ( @entity4375 ) in @entity1 with @entity583 . METHODS: Two hundred four hospitalized @entity1 with @entity583 were evaluated 6 +/- 3 (mean +/- SD) days after @entity583 . @entity4375 was assessed using cross-spectral analysis to measure baroreceptor-mediated R-R interval oscillations. @entity308 was determined using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, and severity of @entity308 symptoms was measured with the Beck @entity308 Inventory. In order to adjust for possible differences in @entity148 , we also measured state @entity148 using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: @entity308 was not significantly related to @entity4375 . However, @entity148 was significantly related to low @entity4375 in multivariate analysis, after the potentially confounding variables of age, blood pressure, and respiratory frequency were controlled for. Comparison of groups with high and low @entity148 (on the basis of a median split of state @entity148 scores) showed that @entity4375 was reduced by approximately 20% in the @entity1 with the higher @entity148 scores (4.7 +/- 3.2 ms/mm Hg vs 5.7 +/- 3.3 ms/mm Hg, P <.05), after adjustment for differences in age, blood pressure, and respiratory frequency. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of @entity148 , but not @entity308 , are associated with reduced vagal control in @entity1 after @entity583 .

title: Association of @entity148 with reduced baroreflex cardiac control in XXXX after @entity583 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The energy requirement for internal ventricular defibrillation is reduced by reversal of shock polarity. The influence of shock polarity on the efficacy of transthoracic @entity955 is unknown. METHODS: This prospective, randomized study enrolled 110 consecutive @entity1 who were referred for elective cardioversion of persistent @entity955 ( @entity955 ). The electrodes were placed in the anteroposterior position. The @entity1 were randomized to receive either standard (anterior pad = cathode) or reversed polarity (anterior pad = anode) shocks with a damped sinusoidal monophasic waveform. A step-up protocol was used to estimate the cardioversion threshold. The initial shock energy was 50 J, with subsequent increments to 100, 200, 300, and 360 J in the event of cardioversion failure. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of the @entity1 population were @entity1 , with a mean age of 66 +/- 13 years and a mean duration of @entity955 of 242 +/- 556 days. The overall success rates of cardioversion were 84% for standard polarity and 78% for reversed polarity (P not significant). Among the @entity1 who were successfully cardioverted, the mean @entity955 threshold was 198 +/- 103 J for standard polarity and 212 +/- 107 J for reversed polarity (P not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Reversal of shock polarity does not improve transthoracic cardioversion efficacy with a standard damped sinusoidal monophasic waveform. Alternate strategies should be considered for @entity1 who fail external cardioversion, such as adjunctive pharmacologic treatment, use of a biphasic shock waveform, or internal cardioversion.

title: Effect of shock polarity on the efficacy of transthoracic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF', 'atrial defibrillation']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial defibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that the level of end-systolic wall stress (sigma(m)) is a feedback signal that regulates the level of @entity1184 . Thus, low levels of sigma(m) may signify inappropriate @entity1184 . METHODS: To characterize left ventricular (LV) structure and systolic function in @entity101 subjects with low levels of sigma(m), we studied 763 @entity1 . LV function was studied by midwall stress-shortening analysis. Partition values for sigma(m) were derived from a separate group of normal subjects, and the study population was divided into low stress (group I, n = 136), high stress (group III, n = 157), and intermediate stress group II (n = 470). LV chamber and myocardial function were characterized by relating shortening at the endocardium and at the midwall, respectively, to stress. RESULTS: As expected, group III @entity1 had the highest values for systolic blood pressure and LV cavity size but the lowest values for wall thickness and relative wall thickness. Surprisingly, however, there were no significant differences among stress groups with regard to age or body mass index. Contrary to the hypothesis that low levels of stress are indicative of excessive @entity1184 , there were no significant differences among the 3 groups with regard to LV mass or any form of LV mass index. Furthermore, despite lower mean values for afterload, group I @entity1 had significantly lower values for midwall shortening, and this finding was indicative of reduced myocardial function; stress-shortening plots demonstrated that 28% of group I @entity1 fell below 95% CI compared with 10% of group II and only 5% of group III @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity101 subjects with low values for sigma(m) have more concentric LV geometry (higher relative wall thickness) and, on average, reduced myocardial function.

title: Myocardial function and geometry in XXXX subjects with low levels of afterload.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive', 'Hypertensive']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: We report a case of misinterpretation of @entity25 @entity1353 due to @entity10522 . A 67-year-old @entity1 was diagnosed with @entity25 @entity1353 and subsequently placed on treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The initial diagnostic evaluation did not include measurement of anterior tibialis electromyogram. The respiratory disturbance index of the initial evaluation was 23. After a brief period of nasal CPAP use, the @entity1 discontinued the treatment because no significant change in daytime alertness was noted and signs of CPAP-related @entity22 appeared. The @entity1 was restudied polysomnographically with monitoring of anterior tibialis electromyograms. This study identified 392 leg movements of which 65% were associated with brief EEG arousal from sleep. Double-blind analysis of respiratory disturbance and leg movements yielded a total number of 360 arousals in the overnight recording. Eighty-five percent of all respiratory events could be associated with @entity11627 following periodic limb movement-associated EEG arousal. No significant @entity519 was recorded with these events. We hypothesize that chemoreceptor stimulation secondary to EEG arousal during sleep is responsible for this @entity11627 . This case report highlights that recording and scoring of leg movements must be an integral part of polysomnographic evaluations.

title: Misinterpretation of sleep-breathing disorder by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11627 :: ('MESH:C536209', 'Disease') :: ['central hypoventilation']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity10522 :: ('MESH:D020189', 'Disease') :: ['periodic limb movement disorder']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep-disordered']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity10522 :: (MESH:D020189,Disease) :: ['periodic limb movement disorder']


abstract: @entity146 is a rare and nonmetastasizing soft tissue @entity5 of the pelvis and perineum and occurs almost exclusively in adult females. It infiltrates locally and has a high risk of local recurrence. Recommended treatment of the symptomatic @entity1 is wide excision with @entity5 -free margins and close postoperative monitoring. Herein, a case of @entity146 in an adult male is described, which arose in the scrotum over 12 months. The @entity5 showed an intermediate signal on T1-weighted MRI images. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images showed good enhancement. Wide excision of the @entity5 was performed. The surgical specimen measured 7 x 5 x 5 cm in size and weighed 80 g. The @entity5 's surface was smooth and had a gelatinous cut surface. Grossly, it was encapsulated with a pleura-like membrane and had a finger-like projection. Microscopically, sections showed many walled vessels of various sizes, collagen fibrils, a loose myxoid background. and spindle stroma cells. MRI and CT showed the angiomatous and myxomatous nature of the @entity5 wall. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report to describe MRI findings in @entity3291 .

title: XXXX of the scrotum.

entities_list: @entity3291 :: ('MESH:D009232', 'Disease') :: ['scrotal angiomyxoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive angiomyxoma', 'Aggressive angiomyxoma']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['Aggressive angiomyxoma']


abstract: In Belgium Infection Control Nurses must register postoperative wound @entity281 , @entity295 and ventilation associated @entity55 . At the author's hospital, the incidence of pressure sores is scored four times a year and there is a register of new @entity1 with M.R.S.A. (methicillin resistant @entity794 ) and @entity378 . Procedures for hospital hygiene can be consulted in order to see which @entity1 must be isolated and what kind of precautions must be taken. The microorganisms and diseases are sorted alphabetically and the cause of @entity580 , isolation procedure and duration of isolation are noted. These procedures must be translated to the different departments and individual @entity1 . For instance a @entity1 with M.R.S.A. is strictly isolated in the general hospital, but not in the @entity146 department. As far as the haemodialysis unit is concerned, @entity1 with @entity740 are more sensitive to @entity281 . For this reason correct hand hygiene is very important. Hand washing, hand disinfection techniques and the use of gloves must be promoted. A microbiological control of the hands of staff once a year, combined with an educational programme, can motivate staff in a positive way @entity2949 present a serious occupational hazard for health care workers, especially those working in a haemodialysis unit. Information and needleless haemodialysis may reduce the risk of @entity2949 and the risk of viral transmission. Can a nurse, at risk of viral contamination and transmission, refuse to treat a @entity1 ? Is the use of hats, overshoes, glasses necessary? How many times are these materials changed, etc.? This paper presents the data of 1. years of M.R.S.A. registration at the author's hospital. M.R.S.A. has become a serious problem in many hospitals since the mid 1970s. Strenuous efforts need to be taken to control its spread. Screening of the nose of @entity1 and of staff can be helpful. The carriers can be treated with mupirocin ointment. Body washing with @entity1216 is preferred. The use of @entity2176 and @entity11248 is a decision for the physician.

title: Practical initiatives in the prevention of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1216 :: ('MESH:D002710', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity2949 :: ('MESH:D016602', 'Disease') :: ['Needle-stick injuries', 'needle-stick injuries']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity11248 :: ('MESH:D017334', 'Chemical') :: ['teicoplanin']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['cross-infection']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['cross infection']


abstract: The term ' @entity295 ' is often used synonymously with ' @entity281 '. Additional definitions, e.g. 'systemic @entity32 ', have been proposed. These terms have been employed to establish entry criteria for clinical trials of antibiotic therapy and adjunctive therapies. It may be appropriate to utilize these descriptions when initiating therapy of suspected @entity2348 , since culture confirmation is often not available for days after initial clinical presentation. Empiric antibiotic therapy is now the rule rather than the exception for febrile hospitalized patients. No antimicrobial agent is superior for all major clinical situations and thus history and physical examination are critical factors which guide the clinician. Guidelines have been derived for the initial empiric management of serious @entity281 . While these were initially refined for the immunocompromized host, they may be considered generally applicable for the hospitalized @entity1 with a suspected serious systemic @entity2348 . Currently, monotherapy with agents such as @entity6944 , @entity5505 , @entity2892 / @entity9234 and @entity2889 has been sanctioned on the basis of their broad antimicrobial coverage and stability to clinically important beta-lactamases (although there is considerable variation from one compound to another). Perception of local epidemiologic patterns is a major factor in the selection of initial antibacterial therapy for hospital-acquired @entity281 .

title: Therapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory response syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity6944 :: ('MESH:C043266', 'Chemical') :: ['cefepime']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections', 'bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity9234 :: ('MESH:D015377', 'Chemical') :: ['cilastatin']

entities_list: @entity2889 :: ('MESH:C059500', 'Chemical') :: ['meropenem']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ["infection' or 'bacteremia", 'infection']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftazidime']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: As the few randomized controlled trials available in the literature comparing botulinum toxin (BT) injection with established endoscopic treatment of @entity1318 , i.e. @entity384 , showed conflicting results, we conducted a prospective randomized trial. Seventeen consecutive @entity1 with @entity1318 diagnosed during a period between December 1997 and February 2000 were randomized into two treatment groups [ @entity384 by Rigiflex dilator (n=10), BT injection by sclerotherapy needle into four quadrants of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (n=7) 80 units in five cases, 60 units in two cases] after @entity1282 grading, endoscopy, barium esophagogram, and manometry, all of which were repeated 1 week after treatment. @entity1 were followed up clinically for 35.2+/-14 weeks. Chi-squares, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used for statistical analysis. After 1 week, 6/7 (86%) BT-treated vs. 8/10 (80%) dilatation-treated @entity1 improved (P=NS). There was no difference in LES pressure and maximum esophageal diameter in the barium esophagogram in the two groups before therapy. Both therapies resulted in significant reduction in LES pressure. The cumulative @entity1282 -free state using the Kaplan-Meier method decreased progressively in BT-treated compared with dilatation-treated @entity1 (P=0.027). Two @entity1 with tortuous megaesophagus, one of whom had failed dilatation complicated by perforation previously, improved after BT. One other @entity1 in whom @entity384 had previously failed improved in a similar manner. BT is as good as @entity384 in achieving an initial improvement in @entity1282 of @entity1318 . It is also effective in @entity1 with tortuous megaesophagus and previous failed @entity384 . However, @entity1282 often recurs during 1-year follow up.

title: Randomized controlled trial of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin A injection versus balloon dilatation in treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia cardia']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['pneumatic dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia cardia']


abstract: Healthcare costs are continuously increasing, and impose a strong responsibility on governments for an adequate allocation of resources among healthcare provisions and @entity1 . The aims of the present study were to describe the healthcare costs of @entity717 ( @entity717 ) and other @entity146 in the context of the total costs of all other diseases, and to determinate the future need of healthcare resources, especially for @entity146 . The present authors performed a top-down cost-of-illness study comprising all healthcare costs of the Netherlands in 1994. Data on healthcare use were obtained for all 22 healthcare sectors, and used to ascribe costs to disease groups, age and sex. Costs of @entity146 are by far the largest in the Dutch healthcare system. Some 25.8% of total disease-specific costs could be ascribed to @entity146 : @entity146 conditions, 10.6%; @entity717 , 9.0%; and @entity303 , 6.2%. There are large differences between age and sex groups. The costs of @entity717 and @entity161 are higher among @entity1 , and the costs of @entity303 and @entity308 are higher among @entity1 . The age pattern shows two peaks: the first occurs at 25-35 years of age ( @entity717 and @entity146 conditions); and the second at 75-85 years of age ( @entity303 ). Time trends between 1988 and 1994 show an average annual growth rate of 5.2% for total healthcare costs: @entity146 conditions, 4.8%; @entity717 , 5.4%; and @entity303 , 9.4%. Demographic projections suggest a less-than-average cost increase for @entity717 and @entity146 (with annual growth rates of 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively) compared to the costs of @entity303 and total healthcare (with annual growth rates of 1.6% and 0.9%, respectively). @entity717 and @entity146 represent a large part of healthcare use in the Netherlands. The costs will inevitably increase because of the ageing of the population and increasing life expectancy among @entity1 with disabilities. Non-specific cost containment measures may endanger the quality of care for vulnerable @entity1 at younger and older ages.

title: Healthcare costs of XXXX in the Netherlands: a cost-of-illness perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders', 'psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorders', 'ID and mental disorders']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['ID', 'Intellectual disability', 'intellectual disability']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['intellectual disability']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation of @entity3799 and @entity5 with @entity281 . METHODS: Cervical biopsies and histopathological examinations were performed on 179 cases which had abnormal cervical cytological smears. PCR was used to study the HPV-DNA of 128 cases and in situ hybridization (ISH) was used to study 10 cases. RESULTS: 1. Morphologic observations. Most @entity3799 cases were of the morphologically flat type (97.7%). Two koilocyte types were observed, the classical, or so called diagnostic koilocyte type (39.7%) and the atypical type (60.3%). @entity3799 often occurred together with @entity3146 ( @entity3146 , 42.5%). 2. PCR HPV DNA subtype analysis. Of the 58 cervical @entity12318 , 5 were PHV6/11 positive (8.6%) and 28 were @entity1799 /18 positive (48.3%). 86.1% of those with atypical koilocyte and 9.1% of those with diagnostic koilocyte had @entity1799 /18 @entity281 . 66.7% of the lesions in which @entity6205 coexisted with @entity3146 (2-3) had @entity1799 /18 @entity281 . CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity3799 lesions were of the flat type. The appearance of atypical koilocyte is correlated to @entity1799 /18 @entity281 , which in turn is correlated to the degree of @entity5 .

title: [A pathological study on the correlation of XXXX with precancerous cervical lesions].

entities_list: @entity6205 :: ('MESH:D062688', 'Disease') :: ['condyloma']

entities_list: @entity12318 :: ('MESH:D005413', 'Disease') :: ['flat condyloma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancerous lesions', 'CIN malignancy']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'HPV infection']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervical condyloma', 'Cervical condyloma']

entities_list: @entity3146 :: ('MESH:D018290', 'Disease') :: ['cervical intraepithelial neoplasia', 'CIN']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['HPV infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Establishment of a @entity1 pancreatic mixed @entity513 cell line. METHODS: A specimen of this type of @entity5 was obtained from a male @entity1 at the head of pancreas. The @entity5 tissue was minced into pieces and inoculated subcutaneously in @entity19 . With two successive subcutaneous implants, a piece of @entity5 tissue taken from the 2(nd) implanted @entity5 of a nude @entity19 was minced into minute tissue masses and inoculated in a media containing 10% fetal bovine serum. RESULTS: Currently, it has been passed to the 55(th) passage. Cells of this cell line (PC-EN) kept simultaneously the morphologic patterns of a @entity788 which were verified by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry assays. Some of the PC-EN cells showed presence of neuroendocrine granules by electron microscopy. The growth rate of this cell line was relatively low. Kakryotype analysis showed two cell populations with its major mode of chromosomes numbers as 48 in one, and 56 in the other. Study on @entity984 gene demonstrated that PC-EN harbored a mutated codon 12. Several gastrointestinal hormones and CEA were detected in PC-EN cells and in the supra-cultured medium using radioimmunoassay. CONCLUSIONS: The cellular and molecular biologic characteristics of PC-EN cells illustrated that this cell line preserved the morphology of a @entity788 and possessed a special growth property, chromosome karyotype, and mutation of @entity984 gene, but also showed a biologic exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. The establishment of PC-EN cell line will provide a useful model in vitro for further investigating the cellular and molecular biology of exocrine and endocrine @entity5 of the pancreas.

title: [The establishment of a @entity1 pancreatic mixed XXXX cell line].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic ductal and endocrine tumor']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal-endocrine carcinoma']

answer: @entity513 :: (MESH:D044584,Disease) :: ['ductal-endocrine carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Establishment of a @entity1 pancreatic mixed @entity513 cell line. METHODS: A specimen of this type of @entity5 was obtained from a male @entity1 at the head of pancreas. The @entity5 tissue was minced into pieces and inoculated subcutaneously in @entity19 . With two successive subcutaneous implants, a piece of @entity5 tissue taken from the 2(nd) implanted @entity5 of a nude @entity19 was minced into minute tissue masses and inoculated in a media containing 10% fetal bovine serum. RESULTS: Currently, it has been passed to the 55(th) passage. Cells of this cell line (PC-EN) kept simultaneously the morphologic patterns of a @entity788 which were verified by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry assays. Some of the PC-EN cells showed presence of neuroendocrine granules by electron microscopy. The growth rate of this cell line was relatively low. Kakryotype analysis showed two cell populations with its major mode of chromosomes numbers as 48 in one, and 56 in the other. Study on @entity984 gene demonstrated that PC-EN harbored a mutated codon 12. Several gastrointestinal hormones and CEA were detected in PC-EN cells and in the supra-cultured medium using radioimmunoassay. CONCLUSIONS: The cellular and molecular biologic characteristics of PC-EN cells illustrated that this cell line preserved the morphology of a @entity788 and possessed a special growth property, chromosome karyotype, and mutation of @entity984 gene, but also showed a biologic exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. The establishment of PC-EN cell line will provide a useful model in vitro for further investigating the cellular and molecular biology of exocrine and endocrine @entity5 of the pancreas.

title: [The establishment of a XXXX pancreatic mixed @entity513 cell line].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Various nerve blocks using local anaesthetic agents have been used in order to reduce @entity158 after @entity173 . OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of nerve blocks (inserted either pre-operatively, operatively or post-operatively) as part of the treatment for a @entity173 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register (October 2001), MEDLINE -OVID WEB (1996 to October 2001) and reference lists of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials involving the use of nerve blocks as part of the care of a @entity173 @entity1 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality, by use of a nine item scale, and extracted data. Wherever appropriate, results of outcome measures were pooled. MAIN RESULTS: Eight randomised or quasi-randomised trials involving 328 @entity1 were included. Three trials related to insertion of a nerve block pre-operatively and the remaining five to peri-operative insertion. @entity616 resulted in a reduction of the quantity of parenteral or oral analgesia administered to control @entity158 from the @entity174 /operation or during surgery and/or a reduction in reported @entity158 levels. It was not possible to demonstrate if this reduction in analgesia use was associated with any other clinical benefit. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Because of the small number of @entity1 included in this review and the differing type of nerve blocks and timing of insertion, it is not possible to determine if nerve blocks confer any significant benefit when compared with other analgesic methods as part of the treatment of a @entity173 . Further trials with larger numbers of @entity1 and full reporting of clinical outcomes would be justified.

title: XXXX (subcostal, lateral cutaneous, femoral, triple, psoas) for @entity173 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['Nerve blocks']

answer: @entity616 :: (MESH:D006327,Disease) :: ['Nerve blocks']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Various nerve blocks using local anaesthetic agents have been used in order to reduce @entity158 after @entity173 . OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of nerve blocks (inserted either pre-operatively, operatively or post-operatively) as part of the treatment for a @entity173 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register (October 2001), MEDLINE -OVID WEB (1996 to October 2001) and reference lists of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials involving the use of nerve blocks as part of the care of a @entity173 @entity1 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality, by use of a nine item scale, and extracted data. Wherever appropriate, results of outcome measures were pooled. MAIN RESULTS: Eight randomised or quasi-randomised trials involving 328 @entity1 were included. Three trials related to insertion of a nerve block pre-operatively and the remaining five to peri-operative insertion. @entity616 resulted in a reduction of the quantity of parenteral or oral analgesia administered to control @entity158 from the @entity174 /operation or during surgery and/or a reduction in reported @entity158 levels. It was not possible to demonstrate if this reduction in analgesia use was associated with any other clinical benefit. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Because of the small number of @entity1 included in this review and the differing type of nerve blocks and timing of insertion, it is not possible to determine if nerve blocks confer any significant benefit when compared with other analgesic methods as part of the treatment of a @entity173 . Further trials with larger numbers of @entity1 and full reporting of clinical outcomes would be justified.

title: @entity616 (subcostal, lateral cutaneous, femoral, triple, psoas) for XXXX .

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung disease in preterm @entity1 is often complicated with @entity4 . OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to assess the risks and benefits of administration of a diuretic acting on the loop of Henle (loop diuretic) in preterm @entity1 with or developing @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). Primary objectives were to assess changes in need for @entity26 or ventilatory support and effects on long-term outcome, and secondary objectives were to assess changes in pulmonary mechanics and potential complications of therapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We used the standard search method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. We searched MEDLINE (1966-October 2001), EMBASE (1974-November 2001) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR) (Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001). In addition, we hand searched several abstract books of national and international American and European Societies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included in this analysis trials in which preterm @entity1 with or developing @entity1030 and at least 5 days of age were all randomly allocated to receive a loop diuretic either enterally or intravenously. Eligible studies needed to assess at least one of the outcome variables defined a priori for this systematic review. Primary outcome variables included important clinical outcomes, and secondary outcome variables included @entity137 and pulmonary mechanics (e.g., lung compliance and airway resistance). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used the standard method for the Cochrane Collaboration which is described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. Two investigators extracted, assessed and coded separately all data for each study, using a form that was designed specifically for this review. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion. We combined parallel and cross-over trials and, whenever possible, transformed baseline and final outcome data measured on a continuous scale into change scores using Follmann's formula. MAIN RESULTS: The only loop diuretic used in the studies which met the selection criteria was @entity1483 . Most studies focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review, or the potential complications of diuretic therapy. In preterm @entity1 < 3 weeks of age developing @entity1030 , @entity1483 administration has either inconsistent effects or no detectable effect. In @entity1 > 3 weeks of age with @entity1030 , a single intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg of @entity1483 improves lung compliance and airway resistance for 1 hour. Chronic administration of @entity1483 improves both oxygenation and lung compliance. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: In preterm @entity1 > 3 weeks of age with @entity1030 , acute and chronic administration of @entity1483 improve lung compliance. Chronic administration of intravenous or enteral @entity1483 improves oxygenation. In view of the lack of data from randomized trials concerning effects on important clinical outcomes, routine or sustained use of systemic loop diuretics in @entity1 with (or developing) @entity1030 cannot be recommended based on current evidence. Randomized trials are needed to assess the effects of @entity1483 administration on survival, duration of ventilatory support and @entity26 administration, length of hospital stay, potential complications and long-term outcome.

title: Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm @entity1 with (or developing) XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['lung edema']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lung disease', 'CLD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic lung disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung disease in preterm @entity1 is often complicated with @entity4 . OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to assess the risks and benefits of administration of a diuretic acting on the loop of Henle (loop diuretic) in preterm @entity1 with or developing @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). Primary objectives were to assess changes in need for @entity26 or ventilatory support and effects on long-term outcome, and secondary objectives were to assess changes in pulmonary mechanics and potential complications of therapy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We used the standard search method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. We searched MEDLINE (1966-October 2001), EMBASE (1974-November 2001) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR) (Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001). In addition, we hand searched several abstract books of national and international American and European Societies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included in this analysis trials in which preterm @entity1 with or developing @entity1030 and at least 5 days of age were all randomly allocated to receive a loop diuretic either enterally or intravenously. Eligible studies needed to assess at least one of the outcome variables defined a priori for this systematic review. Primary outcome variables included important clinical outcomes, and secondary outcome variables included @entity137 and pulmonary mechanics (e.g., lung compliance and airway resistance). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used the standard method for the Cochrane Collaboration which is described in the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. Two investigators extracted, assessed and coded separately all data for each study, using a form that was designed specifically for this review. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion. We combined parallel and cross-over trials and, whenever possible, transformed baseline and final outcome data measured on a continuous scale into change scores using Follmann's formula. MAIN RESULTS: The only loop diuretic used in the studies which met the selection criteria was @entity1483 . Most studies focused on pathophysiological parameters and did not assess effects on important clinical outcomes defined in this review, or the potential complications of diuretic therapy. In preterm @entity1 < 3 weeks of age developing @entity1030 , @entity1483 administration has either inconsistent effects or no detectable effect. In @entity1 > 3 weeks of age with @entity1030 , a single intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg of @entity1483 improves lung compliance and airway resistance for 1 hour. Chronic administration of @entity1483 improves both oxygenation and lung compliance. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: In preterm @entity1 > 3 weeks of age with @entity1030 , acute and chronic administration of @entity1483 improve lung compliance. Chronic administration of intravenous or enteral @entity1483 improves oxygenation. In view of the lack of data from randomized trials concerning effects on important clinical outcomes, routine or sustained use of systemic loop diuretics in @entity1 with (or developing) @entity1030 cannot be recommended based on current evidence. Randomized trials are needed to assess the effects of @entity1483 administration on survival, duration of ventilatory support and @entity26 administration, length of hospital stay, potential complications and long-term outcome.

title: Intravenous or enteral loop diuretics for preterm XXXX with (or developing) @entity1030 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Infection with @entity328 is an important cause of @entity55 and other serious illnesses, particularly amongst those with certain high-risk medical conditions such as @entity565 . Although pneumococcal vaccine is routinely advocated for @entity1 with @entity565 , there is uncertainty about the evidence base that underpins this recommendation. OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in reducing mortality or morbidity from @entity66 in @entity748 . SEARCH STRATEGY: Randomised controlled trials were identified using the Cochrane Airways Group's register derived from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL electronic databases and hand searched respiratory journals and meeting abstracts. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials, with or without blinding, in which pneumococcal vaccine has been compared with placebo or no treatment in @entity1 with clinician diagnosed @entity565 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed all abstracts and full papers of all articles of potential relevance were retrieved. Methodological quality was rated using the Cochrane approach and the Jadad rating scale. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer and checked independently by a second. We planned to perform quantitative analyses of outcomes on an intention-to-treat basis, where possible. MAIN RESULTS: Of the three papers retrieved, only one satisfied the inclusion criteria and the methodological quality of this study was low (unblinded and inadequate allocation concealment). None of the data could be aggregated in a meta-analysis. Comparisons in a sub-set of 30 asthmatic @entity1 prone to recurrent episodes of @entity2346 media, showed that pneumococcal vaccination decreased the incidence of acute @entity565 exacerbations from 10 to 7 (per @entity1 per year). A further search conducted in September 2001 did not yield any further studies. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This review found very limited evidence to support the routine use of pneumococcal vaccine in @entity1 with @entity565 . A randomised trial of vaccine efficacy in @entity1 and adults with @entity565 is needed.

title: Pneumococcal vaccine for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'people']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatics']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1332 salts are often used for the prevention of @entity293 ( @entity293 ). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of @entity1332 hippurate in preventing @entity293 . SEARCH STRATEGY: Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials were identified from the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Current Contents, reference lists of review articles and retrieved trials. The manufacturers' of @entity1332 salts were contacted for unpublished studies and contact was made with known investigators in the area. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of @entity1332 hippurate used for the prevention of UTIs in all population groups were eligible for inclusion. A comparison with a control (no treatment) group was a prerequisite to selection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers (BL and @entity1906 ) performed independent assessment and data extraction using a standardised format. Discrepancies, methodological and interpretative issues were discussed with JS or JC. An exploration of heterogeneity as well as a detailed description of results grouped by population was conducted. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. All trials were included in a descriptive analysis. Seven trials were included in meta-analyses. Four trials (199 @entity1 ) studied symptomatic @entity793 and six trials (341 @entity1 ) studied @entity793 as an outcome measure. Overall, trial quality was poor. The direction of six of the pooled trials was towards a favourable treatment effect from @entity1332 hippurate. Interpretation of the pooled estimates was not done in view of underlying heterogeneity. The study by Pettersson 1989 explained some, but not all, of the underlying heterogeneity. This study differed from all others by including @entity1 with known @entity8 . Adverse reactions were mentioned by 10 studies. The rate of adverse events was low. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to conclusively support the use of @entity1332 hippurate for urinary prophylaxis. An exploration of heterogeneity raises the (hypothesis generating) possibility that @entity43628 may have some efficacy in @entity1 without but not in @entity1 with known upper @entity8 (with asymptomatic @entity793 as the outcome measure). Due to the small sample size and methodological problems within the studies involved, interpretation of these data should be done cautiously. The rate of adverse events reported by the trials was low, which suggests that current usage is unlikely to be causing significant harm.

title: XXXX for preventing @entity293 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity43628 :: ('MESH:C011481', 'Chemical') :: ['methenamine hippurate']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal tract abnormality', 'upper renal tract abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity1332 :: ('MESH:D008709', 'Chemical') :: ['Methenamine', 'methenamine']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'UTI']

answer: @entity43628 :: (MESH:C011481,Chemical) :: ['Methenamine hippurate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1332 salts are often used for the prevention of @entity293 ( @entity293 ). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of @entity1332 hippurate in preventing @entity293 . SEARCH STRATEGY: Published and unpublished randomised controlled trials were identified from the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Current Contents, reference lists of review articles and retrieved trials. The manufacturers' of @entity1332 salts were contacted for unpublished studies and contact was made with known investigators in the area. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of @entity1332 hippurate used for the prevention of UTIs in all population groups were eligible for inclusion. A comparison with a control (no treatment) group was a prerequisite to selection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers (BL and @entity1906 ) performed independent assessment and data extraction using a standardised format. Discrepancies, methodological and interpretative issues were discussed with JS or JC. An exploration of heterogeneity as well as a detailed description of results grouped by population was conducted. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. All trials were included in a descriptive analysis. Seven trials were included in meta-analyses. Four trials (199 @entity1 ) studied symptomatic @entity793 and six trials (341 @entity1 ) studied @entity793 as an outcome measure. Overall, trial quality was poor. The direction of six of the pooled trials was towards a favourable treatment effect from @entity1332 hippurate. Interpretation of the pooled estimates was not done in view of underlying heterogeneity. The study by Pettersson 1989 explained some, but not all, of the underlying heterogeneity. This study differed from all others by including @entity1 with known @entity8 . Adverse reactions were mentioned by 10 studies. The rate of adverse events was low. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to conclusively support the use of @entity1332 hippurate for urinary prophylaxis. An exploration of heterogeneity raises the (hypothesis generating) possibility that @entity43628 may have some efficacy in @entity1 without but not in @entity1 with known upper @entity8 (with asymptomatic @entity793 as the outcome measure). Due to the small sample size and methodological problems within the studies involved, interpretation of these data should be done cautiously. The rate of adverse events reported by the trials was low, which suggests that current usage is unlikely to be causing significant harm.

title: @entity43628 for preventing XXXX .

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Analysis of DNA polymorphic sites is a powerful tool for detection of gene flow in @entity1 evolutionary studies and to trace genetic background associated with abnormal genes. The beta-globin locus contains more than 20 single-base restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites spanning over 80 kb on chromosome 11. Far downstream of the expressed genes, there is a hypersensitive site (HS). The function of the 3'-HS remains unknown. As an approach to the understanding of the 3'-HS region in @entity3458 we searched for sequence polymorphism in the AT-rich region, using a non-radioactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) technique. DESIGN AND METHODS: A 460 bp fragment located at the 3' of the b globin gene was amplified from @entity1 (with @entity3458 and @entity66 ), and from @entity5427 individuals. Standard RFLP-haplotyping was performed and compared with the PCR-SSCP screening strategy. RESULTS: Two distinct band patterns were revealed by SSCP testing, each one in strict linkage disequilibrium with either Benin or Bantu haplotypes. Direct sequencing of the amplified segment revealed a @entity2796 insertion in the AT-rich region, in all 121 beta(S) Benin chromosomes tested, but not in other beta(S) haplotypes from the total of 380 beta(S) chromosomes typed. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: SSCP analysis could easily distinguish sequence variations in the 3'AT-rich region of the beta-globin cluster, and a @entity2796 insertion in this region seems to be specific for the Benin-beta(S) chromosome.

title: DNAase I hypersensitive site 3' to the beta-globin gene cluster contains a XXXX insertion specific for beta(S)-Benin haplotype.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['HbSC disease']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle cell anemia']

answer: @entity2796 :: (CHEBI:32497,Chemical) :: ['TAA']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A longstanding belief among many clinicians is that @entity1 with @entity308 and comorbid @entity1314 pathology have a worse response to standard @entity308 treatment. This presents potentially significant treatment implications, since @entity1314 pathology in @entity308 @entity1 appears to be common. METHOD: PsycINFO and MEDLINE were systematically searched for studies relating @entity1314 to treatment outcome. Over 50 studies were obtained and grouped according to the method used to assess @entity1314 pathology. RESULTS: High @entity663 scores generally predicted worse outcome, especially over long-term follow-up. Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire scores did not have a consistent relationship to treatment outcome despite some promising initial findings. Most studies involved @entity1 with @entity1314 ; these studies produced conflicting results. Other measures of @entity1314 pathology produced an array of findings ranging from a moderately worse outcome to no difference. CONCLUSIONS: Whether or not @entity1314 pathology significantly worsens outcome in @entity1 with @entity308 appears to depend on study design, since the rate of @entity1314 pathology varies markedly depending on how it is measured. In addition, @entity308 @entity1 with @entity1314 pathology appear less likely to receive adequate treatment in uncontrolled studies. Finally, studies rarely control for @entity308 characteristics (e.g., chronicity, severity) that may influence outcome and be related to @entity1314 pathology. Overall, the best-designed studies reported the least effect of @entity1314 pathology on @entity308 treatment outcome. Clinically, this suggests that comorbid @entity1314 pathology should not be seen as an impediment to good treatment response.

title: Personality pathology and treatment outcome in XXXX : a review.

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality', 'comorbid personality disorders']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed', 'depression', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity663 :: ('MESH:C564323', 'Disease') :: ['neuroticism']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['major depression']