abstract: A study was undertaken to determine the pathological significance of previously unrecognized @entity1712 ( @entity1712 ) in @entity424 . The study group consisted of 58 @entity424 , all of which were pathologically characterized and graded according to the 1993 WHO classification. Electron microscopic studies were performed in 16 cases. The study showed that 33 (57%) @entity424 had @entity1712 and that in 8 cases these were abundant. Round and eosinophilic, their sizes varied from 10 microns to a tiny dot. Similar eosinophilic bodies were also observed between @entity5 cells. The inclusions were weakly PAS positive. On immunostains, @entity1712 were frequently positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, less often for @entity2281 protein, and for epithelial membrane protein and CAM 5.2. They were negative for @entity1325 / @entity1326 , carcinoembryonic antigen and Ber-EP4. Ultrastructurally, @entity1712 represented intracytoplasmic lumens containing microvilli and cilia. These microlumina also frequently contained granulo-tubular materials. With reference to @entity5 subtypes, @entity1712 occurred most frequently in @entity424 . @entity1712 were also present in 4 of 6 @entity424 studied. In conclusion, @entity1712 represent microlumina and occur in more than a half of @entity424 including malignant examples. Their finding is a helpful diagnostic feature of @entity424 .

title: Eosinophilic inclusions in XXXX represent microlumina: a light and electron microscopic study.

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions', 'IEIs']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ordinary and clear cell ependymomas', 'ependymoma', 'ependymomas', 'anaplastic ependymomas']

answer: @entity424 :: (MESH:D004806,Disease) :: ['ependymoma']


abstract: AIMS: This study aimed to explore gender differences in attitudes towards sexual relationships of adolescent attending nurse led sexual health clinics. BACKGROUND: Nurse led sexual health clinics are at the forefront of promoting adolescent sexual health. To provide sensitive, effective and non-judgemental care, nurses need to understand the complexities of adolescent sexual behaviour and the social factors that influence sexual relationships. Design. A qualitative, exploratory research design was used. METHODS: Ten focus groups (five male and five female) involving @entity458 attendees aged between 14-16 years were conducted. Focus groups were asked to comment on four sexual relationship 'case studies'. Group discussions were recorded and transcribed. Data were subject to thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the data analysis. 'Empathy' reflected how young @entity1 were more likely to try to see their partner's point of view. 'Complexity' also reflected that young @entity1 were more aware of the complex nature of relationships than were the male @entity1 . 'Language' related to how young males used aggressive language in the context of relationships - a feature absent from female @entity1 ' discourse. CONCLUSIONS: Male and female attitudes clearly differ. Female responses are more complex and empathic because of the more complex nature of the social pressures that sexualise young @entity1 . Young males are not as subject to these social forces. Young @entity1 are socialized into behaviour that can place females under pressure to have sex - this pressure can include the use of @entity167 . RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTISE: Nurses working in sexual health should attempt to encourage empathic thinking in male clients. Females should be educated to deal with the social pressures they may face from their partners. Practitioners should also recognise the problematic role @entity167 can play within sexual relationships.

title: Gendered attitudes towards XXXX adolescents attending nurse led sexual health clinics in England: a qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual health clinic']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['sexual relationships among']


abstract: @entity17393 is a common, acute, self-limited papulosquamous eruption of possible viral aetiology. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of @entity17393 seen at a referral skin centre in Singapore. A retrospective chart review was conducted of all the @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity17393 seen during 1996. There were 368 @entity1 ; their ages ranged from 9 months to 82 years with a peak in the 20 to 29 years age group. There were slightly more males (1.2:1). The clinic incidence was 6.5 per 1000 cases. No ethnic predilection was noted and cases were seen evenly throughout the year. About a quarter of the @entity1 gave a history of a @entity1800 shortly before or during the occurrence of the @entity1910 . Most cases had a typical truncal distribution. The herald patch was observed in 63 @entity1 (17%). Inverse distribution involving mainly the extremities were seen in 22 cases (6%) and eczematised lesions were noted in 20 cases (5.4%). The two main differential diagnoses considered were @entity281 and secondary syphilis. A fungal scrape and a rapid plasma reagin test were done in 58 and 59 @entity1 , respectively, and the results were negative. Treatment was symptomatic and consisted of topical @entity230 and antihistamines. Thirty @entity1 (8%) were given oral @entity617 for extensive @entity203 . The pattern of @entity17393 in Singapore is similar to that reported in other countries except for a male predominance and absence of monthly variation. A lower incidence and an older group of @entity1 were also seen in our series as compared to African @entity1 .

title: One-year review of XXXX at the National Skin Centre, Singapore.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity203 :: ('MESH:D003875', 'Disease') :: ['eruptions']

entities_list: @entity17393 :: ('MESH:D017515', 'Disease') :: ['pityriasis rosea', 'Pityriasis rosea']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['tinea infection']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity17393 :: (MESH:D017515,Disease) :: ['pityriasis rosea']


abstract: @entity6 , particularly those with very low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) type @entity165 and high levels of very low density type lipoprotein (VLDL), are associated with insulin resistance and @entity1720 . The evidence that elevation of HDL @entity165 and diminution of @entity1674 with drugs, with improvement in insulin sensitivity is still lacking. In the treatment of the @entity751 with hypolipidaemic drugs, the associated metabolic abnormality of insulin resistance/sensitivity has to be addressed. We investigated the degree of @entity1720 in 23 @entity1 with low HDL and/or raised @entity1674 by measuring the fasting, first and second hour insulin levels during an oral @entity413 tolerance test (OGTT) and repeated the measurements after a 6-month course of @entity3724 . The insulin levels were correlated with the OGTT, blood pressure, total @entity165 , HDL @entity165 , LDL @entity165 , and @entity1674 measured before and at the end of the trial. The serum insulin at the second hour of the OGTT fell from 100.79 +/- 42.79 mU/l to 54.56 +/- 25.43 mU/l (P < 0.0005) even though there was no change in the blood @entity413 level at this point. Our study shows that @entity3724 ( @entity3724 ) 300 mg daily significantly raises the pretreatment low HDL @entity165 (from 0.64 +/- 0.1 mmol/l to 0.99 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) as well as lowers the @entity412 level (from 2.17 +/- 1.1 mmol/l to 1.43 +/- 0.64 mmol/l) in @entity1 with @entity2101 . The data also support the conclusion that treatment with @entity3724 @entity1720 as measured by the corresponding insulin levels of the OGTT in the study subjects who presented with very low HDL @entity165 level. There was also a decrease in blood pressure readings in our study subjects. Throughout the trial, there was no significant change in body weight or exercise level in the subjects studied.

title: The effect of XXXX on insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile in non-diabetic males with low high @entity2101 .

entities_list: @entity3724 :: ('MESH:D011345', 'Chemical') :: ['fenofibrate', 'Lipanthyl']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Non-diabetic males']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidaemic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['low HDL/dyslipidaemic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1720 :: ('MESH:D007333', 'Disease') :: ['decreased insulin sensitivity', 'increases insulin sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3724 :: (MESH:D011345,Chemical) :: ['fenofibrate']


abstract: @entity6 , particularly those with very low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) type @entity165 and high levels of very low density type lipoprotein (VLDL), are associated with insulin resistance and @entity1720 . The evidence that elevation of HDL @entity165 and diminution of @entity1674 with drugs, with improvement in insulin sensitivity is still lacking. In the treatment of the @entity751 with hypolipidaemic drugs, the associated metabolic abnormality of insulin resistance/sensitivity has to be addressed. We investigated the degree of @entity1720 in 23 @entity1 with low HDL and/or raised @entity1674 by measuring the fasting, first and second hour insulin levels during an oral @entity413 tolerance test (OGTT) and repeated the measurements after a 6-month course of @entity3724 . The insulin levels were correlated with the OGTT, blood pressure, total @entity165 , HDL @entity165 , LDL @entity165 , and @entity1674 measured before and at the end of the trial. The serum insulin at the second hour of the OGTT fell from 100.79 +/- 42.79 mU/l to 54.56 +/- 25.43 mU/l (P < 0.0005) even though there was no change in the blood @entity413 level at this point. Our study shows that @entity3724 ( @entity3724 ) 300 mg daily significantly raises the pretreatment low HDL @entity165 (from 0.64 +/- 0.1 mmol/l to 0.99 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) as well as lowers the @entity412 level (from 2.17 +/- 1.1 mmol/l to 1.43 +/- 0.64 mmol/l) in @entity1 with @entity2101 . The data also support the conclusion that treatment with @entity3724 @entity1720 as measured by the corresponding insulin levels of the OGTT in the study subjects who presented with very low HDL @entity165 level. There was also a decrease in blood pressure readings in our study subjects. Throughout the trial, there was no significant change in body weight or exercise level in the subjects studied.

title: The effect of @entity3724 on insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile in non-diabetic males with low high XXXX .

answer: @entity2101 :: (MESH:C538394,Disease) :: ['density lipoprotein/dyslipidaemic syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: To present a single-center experience with 25 cases of @entity600 and the review the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the medical records of @entity1 with @entity600 who were operated between July 1997 and July 2007 in our institute; we examined the modes of presentations, management, and outcome. Outcome of all @entity1 was assessed over a short follow-up period (average 1.8 months). RESULTS: Out of 25 @entity1 , 18 (72%) were male and 7 (28%) were female. Age of @entity1 ranged from 1 day to 11 years. The histopathological diagnosis was @entity2977 [ @entity2977 ; n = 14 (56%)], @entity14943 [ @entity14943 ; n = 5 (20%)], pulmonary sequestrations [PS; n = 3 (12%)], and @entity5619 [ @entity5619 ; n = 3 (12%)]. Antenatal diagnosis was available in only 2 (8%) @entity1 . The common presenting symptoms were @entity649 and @entity5837 . Lobectomy was the procedure of choice. Mortality was 16% (n = 4; M: F = 3: 1). Two @entity1 died because of @entity295 , one from compromised cardiac function, and one from aspiration which might possibly have been prevented. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with progressive @entity649 due to these anomalies may require urgent surgical intervention regardless of age. The surgical outcome is favorable, with manageable complications. Plain x-ray chest and CT of thorax are usually sufficient for diagnosis and planning of treatment. Pathological diagnosis may differ from the imaging diagnosis. Mortality is found to be more in neonates. Apart from initial stabilization, resection of lesion and careful postoperative care is necessary to reduce mortality and morbidity.

title: XXXX : a single-center experience and a review of literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5619 :: ('MESH:D001994', 'Disease') :: ['BC', 'bronchogenic cysts']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['overwhelming sepsis']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['chest infections']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopulmonary malformations', 'congenital bronchopulmonary malformations']

entities_list: @entity14943 :: ('MESH:C535735', 'Disease') :: ['CLE', 'congenital lobar emphysema']

entities_list: @entity2977 :: ('MESH:D015615', 'Disease') :: ['congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations', 'CCAM']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['Congenital bronchopulmonary malformations']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In septuagenarians, lobectomy is the preferable operation, with lower morbidity than for pneumonectomy. However, the 1-year impact of lobectomy on lung function has not been well studied in elderly @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study including 30 @entity1 70 years or older (study group), 25 @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) under 70 years (control group 1), and 22 @entity1 under 70 years with normal lung function (control group 2) operated for @entity2 in a 2-year period. The study and control groups were compared related to lung function changes after lobectomy, operative morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: Postoperative lung function changes in the elderly followed the similar trend as in @entity1 with @entity1030 . There were no significant differences between these two groups related to changes in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV   ) and vital capacity (VC). Unlike that, the pattern of the lung function changes in the elderly was significantly different compared with @entity1 with normal lung function. The mean postoperative decrease in FEV    was 14.16% in the elderly, compared with a 29.23% decrease in @entity1 with normal lung function (P < 0.05). In the study and control groups, no @entity1 died within the first 30 postoperative days. The operative morbidity in the elderly group was significantly lower than in @entity1 with @entity1030 (23.3% vs. 60%). CONCLUSIONS: The lung function changes after lobectomy in the elderly are similar to those in @entity1 with @entity1030 . The explanation for such a finding needs further investigation. Despite a high proportion of concomitant diseases, the age itself does not carry a prohibitively high risk of operative mortality and morbidity.

title: Lung function changes and complications after lobectomy for XXXX in septuagenarians.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: A computer model was developed to determine the health outcomes and economic consequences of different combinations of @entity6 interventions in newly diagnosed @entity1 with @entity1723 in Switzerland. METHODS: We modelled seven complications of @entity6 : hypoglycaemia, @entity1270 , acute @entity583 , @entity64 , lower extremity amputation, @entity8 , and @entity989 . Transition probabilities and costs were taken from published literature. The Swiss health insurance payer perspective was taken. Various combinations of @entity6 management strategies, including intensive or conventional insulin therapy and screening and treatment strategies for @entity8 were defined. Life expectancy, cumulative incidences of complications, and mean expected total lifetime costs per @entity1 were calculated under six different management strategies. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated in terms of costs per life-year gained compared with conventional insulin therapy alone. RESULTS: The addition of screening for microalbuminuria and @entity989 followed by appropriate treatment, if detected, were cost saving, with reduction in cumulative incidence of @entity454 and @entity1939 respectively, and, in the case of microalbulminuria screening and treatment, an improvement in life expectancy. Intensive therapy improved life expectancy but increased total lifetime costs. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: Optimal management of Type I @entity6 @entity1 , including secondary and tertiary prevention, leads to reduced complications and improved life expectancy, with the increased costs of prevention offset to varying degrees by cost savings due to complications avoided.

title: The cost-effectiveness of different management strategies for XXXX : a Swiss perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'renal and eye disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1270 :: ('MESH:D007662', 'Disease') :: ['ketoacidosis']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end stage renal disease']

answer: @entity1723 :: (MESH:D003922,Disease) :: ['type I diabetes']


abstract: Both liquorice and @entity2740 diuretics have hypokalaemic effects. In spite of their prevalent use, there are no studies on hypokalaemia caused by the combination of liquorice and @entity7206 . We recruited 10 healthy volunteers in order to study the effects of 32 g liquorice alone or in combination with 25mg @entity918 a day for 2 weeks. The trial had a randomized, open and crossover design. During the liquorice phase, there were no changes in plasma @entity972 , @entity1372 , @entity1011 , @entity916 activity, serum @entity1369 , blood pressure or heart rate. Weight tended to increase by 0.4 kg (70.2 to 70.6 kg; p=0.056). During the liquorice- @entity918 phase, the plasma @entity972 decreased by 0.32 mmol/l (p=0.0015), plasma @entity916 activity increased by 1.6 microg/l/h (p=0.0064) and the weight decreased by 0.9 kg (70.5 to 69.6 kg, p=0.0065). Twenty per cent of the subjects (2/10) became hypokalaemic during the combined liquorice- @entity918 treatment. Furthermore, both subjects developed hypokalaemia within the first week of the combined treatment leading to premature discontinuation. The evaluation of liquorice consumption habits is warranted when initiating @entity2740 medications to avoid the excessive risk of hypokalaemia associated with the combined use of low-dose liquorice and @entity2740 diuretics.

title: Effects of low-dose liquorice alone or in combination with XXXX on the plasma @entity972 in healthy volunteers.

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity7206 :: ('MESH:D049971', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazides']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity918 :: (MESH:D006852,Chemical) :: ['hydrochlorothiazide']


abstract: Both liquorice and @entity2740 diuretics have hypokalaemic effects. In spite of their prevalent use, there are no studies on hypokalaemia caused by the combination of liquorice and @entity7206 . We recruited 10 healthy volunteers in order to study the effects of 32 g liquorice alone or in combination with 25mg @entity918 a day for 2 weeks. The trial had a randomized, open and crossover design. During the liquorice phase, there were no changes in plasma @entity972 , @entity1372 , @entity1011 , @entity916 activity, serum @entity1369 , blood pressure or heart rate. Weight tended to increase by 0.4 kg (70.2 to 70.6 kg; p=0.056). During the liquorice- @entity918 phase, the plasma @entity972 decreased by 0.32 mmol/l (p=0.0015), plasma @entity916 activity increased by 1.6 microg/l/h (p=0.0064) and the weight decreased by 0.9 kg (70.5 to 69.6 kg, p=0.0065). Twenty per cent of the subjects (2/10) became hypokalaemic during the combined liquorice- @entity918 treatment. Furthermore, both subjects developed hypokalaemia within the first week of the combined treatment leading to premature discontinuation. The evaluation of liquorice consumption habits is warranted when initiating @entity2740 medications to avoid the excessive risk of hypokalaemia associated with the combined use of low-dose liquorice and @entity2740 diuretics.

title: Effects of low-dose liquorice alone or in combination with @entity918 on the plasma XXXX in healthy volunteers.

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: CONTEXT: The existence of sex bias in the delivery of cardiac care is controversial, and little is known about the association between sex and delivery of care and outcomes at an early point in the diagnostic sequence, such as when @entity1 present for the evaluation of @entity662 . OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that female sex is negatively associated with care delivered to and outcomes of @entity1 diagnosed as having @entity1459 . DESIGN: Inception population-based cohort study with an average of 6 years of follow-up. SETTING: Emergency departments (EDs) in Olmsted County, Minnesota. @entity1 : A total of 2271 Olmsted County residents (1306 @entity1 and 965 @entity1 ) who presented to the ED for the first time with symptoms meeting criteria for @entity1459 between 1985 and 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of cardiac procedures within 90 days of ED visit, overall mortality, and @entity299 ( @entity204 , nonfatal @entity583 , nonfatal @entity1167 , and @entity712 ), compared by sex and Agency for Health Care Policy and Research cardiovascular risk category (low, intermediate, or high). RESULTS: @entity1 were older (P<.001), more likely to have a history of @entity101 (P = .001), and less likely to present with typical @entity951 (P = .004) than @entity1 . @entity1 were more likely than @entity1 to undergo noninvasive cardiac tests (relative risk [RR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.40) as well as invasive cardiac procedures (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.51-1.97). After adjustment, male sex was associated with a 24% increase in the use of cardiac procedures. Survival of both @entity1 and @entity1 in the high and intermediate risk categories was significantly lower than expected per the general population (P<.001). @entity1 had a worse outcome than @entity1 , but after multivariate adjustment, male sex was associated with a trend toward an increase in the risk of @entity204 (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.99-1.54) and significantly associated with increased risk of @entity299 (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.42). CONCLUSIONS: Our population-based data indicate that after an ED visit for symptoms of @entity1459 , the use of cardiac procedures was lower in @entity1 , but after taking into account baseline characteristics, @entity1 experienced worse outcomes.

title: Sex differences in evaluation and outcome of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'PATIENTS', 'Men', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death', 'death']

answer: @entity1459 :: (MESH:D000789,Disease) :: ['unstable angina']


abstract: Safe and effective echocardiography would represent a valuable tool for marine @entity1 veterinarians and physiologists evaluating the dolphin heart. Unfortunately, conventional ultrasound technology (transthoracic echocardiography) has been limited by logistic, anatomic, and behavioral challenges. Five mature male Atlantic bottlenose dolphins ( @entity13552 ) were trained for echocardiographic imaging (four for both transthoracic and transesophageal imaging, and one for only transthoracic imaging). It was noted that transesophageal image quality transiently improved when the dolphins spontaneously exhaled. Subsequently, dolphins were conditioned to hold their breath following forced exhalation, and imaging proceeded during such behavioral breath holds. Over 25 transthoracic and 100 transesophageal echocardiographic studies were performed, including both two-dimensional imaging and color flow mapping. Transthoracic imaging yielded poor-quality images of only small portions of the heart. In contrast, transesophageal imaging, which improved dramatically with behavioral breath holding following exhalation, yielded consistently high-quality images of the entire heart (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves, @entity2224 , left and right atria, left and right ventricles, and ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery). Color flow mapping demonstrated mild @entity997 in all dolphins, and mild @entity337 in one dolphin found to have a pedunculated mass arising from the sinutubular junction just above the aortic valve. There were no complications in nonsedated dolphins. The heart of the bottlenose dolphin can be safely, effectively, and reproducibly evaluated with the use of transesophageal echocardiography in conjunction with behavioral breath holding following forced exhalation. This approach, and the normative echocardiographic data generated from this work, lays the foundation for future echocardiographic studies of cetaceans.

title: Echocardiographic evaluation of the bottlenose dolphin ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity997 :: ('MESH:D014262', 'Disease') :: ['tricuspid regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['atrial and ventricular septa']

entities_list: @entity13552 :: ('9739', 'Species') :: ['Tursiops truncatus']

answer: @entity13552 :: (9739,Species) :: ['Tursiops truncatus']


abstract: Radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy in the management of locoregionally advanced @entity189 is evaluated in an attempt to improve locoregional response, reduce locoregional failure and reduce @entity177 . The current study was designed to investigate radiation therapy and concurrent @entity900 in this context. From 1992 through 1997, 70 @entity1 with locoregionally advanced @entity189 were treated with radiation therapy and concurrent @entity900 . External beam radiation dose was 60 Gy for T1, T2 and T3 @entity5 , 70 Gy for T4 @entity5 and 70 Gy for metastatic cervical lymph nodes. An intracavitary brachytherapy boost (10 Gy) was applied for T1, T2 and T3 @entity5 . @entity900 (30 mg/m2) was administered weekly during external beam radiation therapy. Locoregional complete response was achieved in 63 @entity1 , locoregional failure was observed in 4 @entity1 and @entity177 was observed in 15. N-stage predicted @entity177 . Overall survival, locoregional failure-free survival and @entity177 -free survival were 63%, 79% and 75%, respectively, at three years. Grade 3 acute @entity137 was observed in 2 @entity1 , Grade 3 acute mucous membrane @entity137 was observed in 6 and Grade 3 acute hematological @entity137 was observed in 2 @entity1 . Despite improved locoregional response, reduced locoregional failure and improved survival with radiation therapy and concurrent @entity900 , @entity177 remains prevalent for locoregionally advanced @entity189 .

title: Radiation therapy and concurrent XXXX in management of locoregionally advanced @entity189 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'skin toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['systemic failure']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: Radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy in the management of locoregionally advanced @entity189 is evaluated in an attempt to improve locoregional response, reduce locoregional failure and reduce @entity177 . The current study was designed to investigate radiation therapy and concurrent @entity900 in this context. From 1992 through 1997, 70 @entity1 with locoregionally advanced @entity189 were treated with radiation therapy and concurrent @entity900 . External beam radiation dose was 60 Gy for T1, T2 and T3 @entity5 , 70 Gy for T4 @entity5 and 70 Gy for metastatic cervical lymph nodes. An intracavitary brachytherapy boost (10 Gy) was applied for T1, T2 and T3 @entity5 . @entity900 (30 mg/m2) was administered weekly during external beam radiation therapy. Locoregional complete response was achieved in 63 @entity1 , locoregional failure was observed in 4 @entity1 and @entity177 was observed in 15. N-stage predicted @entity177 . Overall survival, locoregional failure-free survival and @entity177 -free survival were 63%, 79% and 75%, respectively, at three years. Grade 3 acute @entity137 was observed in 2 @entity1 , Grade 3 acute mucous membrane @entity137 was observed in 6 and Grade 3 acute hematological @entity137 was observed in 2 @entity1 . Despite improved locoregional response, reduced locoregional failure and improved survival with radiation therapy and concurrent @entity900 , @entity177 remains prevalent for locoregionally advanced @entity189 .

title: Radiation therapy and concurrent @entity900 in management of locoregionally advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinomas']


abstract: The @entity47323 mom gene encodes a novel DNA modification that protects the viral genome against a wide variety of restriction endonucleases. Expression of mom is subject to a series of unusual regulatory controls. Transcription requires the action of a phage-encoded protein, C, which binds (probably as a dimer) the mom promoter from -33 to -52 (with respect to the transcription start site) in two adjacent DNA major grooves on one face of the helix. No apparent direct interaction between C and the host RNA polymerase (RNAP) is evident; however, C binding alters mom DNA conformation. In the absence of C, RNAP binds the mom promoter at a site that results in transcription in a direction away from the mom gene. The function of this transcription is unknown. An additional layer of transcriptional regulation complexity is due to the fact that the host Dam DNA-(N6- @entity5536 )methyltransferase is required. Dam methylation of three closely spaced upstream GATC sequences is necessary to prevent binding by the host protein, OxyR, which acts as a repressor. Repression is not mediated by inhibition of C binding, but rather through interference with C-mediated recruitment of RNAP to the correct site. Translation of mom is regulated by the phage Com protein. Com is only 62 @entity1522 long and contains a @entity219 finger-like structure (coordinated by four @entity462 residues) in the @entity1472 terminal domain. Com binds mom mRNA 5' to the mom open reading frame, whose translation start signals are contained in a stem-loop translation-inhibition-structure. Com binding to its target site (5' to and adjacent to the translation-inhibition-structure) results in a stable change in RNA secondary structure that exposes the translation start signals.

title: Unusual transcriptional and translational regulation of the XXXX mom operon.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity47323 :: ('10677', 'Species') :: ['bacteriophage Mu']

answer: @entity47323 :: (10677,Species) :: ['bacteriophage Mu']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recurrent @entity8043 are common injuries in @entity1 and adolescents. The subjective and functional results of soft tissue surgical management in a population that was skeletally immature at the time of surgery have not been reported. HYPOTHESIS: The 3-in-1 procedure is an effective treatment for recurrent @entity8043 in skeletally immature @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Twenty-five skeletally immature @entity1 (age at operation, 13.5 +/- 3.8 years) who were practicing sports and suffering from recurrent @entity8043 were included in the study and followed until skeletal maturation. Clinical evaluation included the modified Cincinnati rating system and the Kujala score, anthropometry, plain radiography, and isokinetic dynamometry. RESULTS: The average follow-up was 3.8 years (range, 2.5-6 years). The mean modified Cincinnati score increased from 51.7 +/- 12.6 preoperatively to 94.3 +/- 10.8 (P < .02), while the mean Kujala scores increased from 52.4 +/- 12.7 preoperatively to 93.8 +/- 14.2 (P < .02). The Insall-Salvati index remained essentially unchanged, being 1.04 +/- 0.2 preoperatively and 1.02 +/- 0.3 at latest follow-up. Significant differences were found between the operated and the contralateral limb in the various isokinetic strength variables at all angular velocities measured at the latest follow-up (.05 < P < .0042). CONCLUSION: The 3-in-1 procedure is a safe, reliable management option for recurrent @entity8043 in skeletally immature @entity1 . Side-to-side differences in isokinetic strength and in anthropometric indices persist despite subjective success of the procedure.

title: The 3-in-1 procedure for recurrent dislocation of the patella in skeletally immature XXXX and adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8043 :: ('MESH:D031222', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral patellar dislocation', 'patellar dislocations', 'patellar dislocation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: In the general population, blacks have higher parathyroid gland mass and circulating @entity461 ( @entity461 ) levels than whites. This may predispose black @entity1 to more severe @entity8611 when @entity177 develops. Therefore, racial differences in the severity of @entity2742 were examined in a population of @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). Among @entity454 @entity1 receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, two or more values of intact @entity461 (immunoradiometric assay, pg/ml) obtained at least 90 d apart were available in 1270 prevalent cases (61.1% blacks, 51% males, and 31.1% @entity6 ), including 466 incident cases with onset of @entity454 after 1993. Maximum @entity461 levels were analyzed as a function of race, gender, age, @entity6 status, and levels of serum @entity460 , @entity3151 , alkaline phosphatase, and @entity3775 . Using a stepwise multiple regression model, the determinants of maximum @entity461 in the order of their importance were black race, serum @entity3151 , absence of @entity6 , younger age, serum @entity460 , and female gender. The maximum @entity461 levels averaged 641.7 in blacks and 346.0 in whites after adjusting for age, gender, @entity6 status, serum @entity460 , and @entity3151 (P < 0.0001). In blacks compared with whites, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for @entity79 (maximum @entity461 <150 pg/ml) was 0.26 (0.17 to 0.41), whereas the odds ratio for @entity79 (mean @entity461 >500 pg/ml) was 4.4 (2.10 to 9.25). Race is a major independent determinant of @entity1381 secondary @entity2742 . Among @entity454 @entity1 , blacks may be at an increased risk for @entity79 and whites for @entity79 .

title: Race is a major determinant of secondary XXXX in @entity1381 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity3775 :: ('MESH:D000535', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminum']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity8611 :: ('MESH:D010279', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid disease']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['adynamic bone disease', 'hyperparathyroid bone disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroidism', 'uremic hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['PTH', 'parathyroid hormone']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

answer: @entity2742 :: (MESH:D006961,Disease) :: ['hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: In the general population, blacks have higher parathyroid gland mass and circulating @entity461 ( @entity461 ) levels than whites. This may predispose black @entity1 to more severe @entity8611 when @entity177 develops. Therefore, racial differences in the severity of @entity2742 were examined in a population of @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). Among @entity454 @entity1 receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, two or more values of intact @entity461 (immunoradiometric assay, pg/ml) obtained at least 90 d apart were available in 1270 prevalent cases (61.1% blacks, 51% males, and 31.1% @entity6 ), including 466 incident cases with onset of @entity454 after 1993. Maximum @entity461 levels were analyzed as a function of race, gender, age, @entity6 status, and levels of serum @entity460 , @entity3151 , alkaline phosphatase, and @entity3775 . Using a stepwise multiple regression model, the determinants of maximum @entity461 in the order of their importance were black race, serum @entity3151 , absence of @entity6 , younger age, serum @entity460 , and female gender. The maximum @entity461 levels averaged 641.7 in blacks and 346.0 in whites after adjusting for age, gender, @entity6 status, serum @entity460 , and @entity3151 (P < 0.0001). In blacks compared with whites, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for @entity79 (maximum @entity461 <150 pg/ml) was 0.26 (0.17 to 0.41), whereas the odds ratio for @entity79 (mean @entity461 >500 pg/ml) was 4.4 (2.10 to 9.25). Race is a major independent determinant of @entity1381 secondary @entity2742 . Among @entity454 @entity1 , blacks may be at an increased risk for @entity79 and whites for @entity79 .

title: Race is a major determinant of secondary @entity2742 in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1381 :: (MESH:D006463,Disease) :: ['uremic']


abstract: In the general population, blacks have higher parathyroid gland mass and circulating @entity461 ( @entity461 ) levels than whites. This may predispose black @entity1 to more severe @entity8611 when @entity177 develops. Therefore, racial differences in the severity of @entity2742 were examined in a population of @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). Among @entity454 @entity1 receiving hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, two or more values of intact @entity461 (immunoradiometric assay, pg/ml) obtained at least 90 d apart were available in 1270 prevalent cases (61.1% blacks, 51% males, and 31.1% @entity6 ), including 466 incident cases with onset of @entity454 after 1993. Maximum @entity461 levels were analyzed as a function of race, gender, age, @entity6 status, and levels of serum @entity460 , @entity3151 , alkaline phosphatase, and @entity3775 . Using a stepwise multiple regression model, the determinants of maximum @entity461 in the order of their importance were black race, serum @entity3151 , absence of @entity6 , younger age, serum @entity460 , and female gender. The maximum @entity461 levels averaged 641.7 in blacks and 346.0 in whites after adjusting for age, gender, @entity6 status, serum @entity460 , and @entity3151 (P < 0.0001). In blacks compared with whites, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for @entity79 (maximum @entity461 <150 pg/ml) was 0.26 (0.17 to 0.41), whereas the odds ratio for @entity79 (mean @entity461 >500 pg/ml) was 4.4 (2.10 to 9.25). Race is a major independent determinant of @entity1381 secondary @entity2742 . Among @entity454 @entity1 , blacks may be at an increased risk for @entity79 and whites for @entity79 .

title: Race is a major determinant of secondary @entity2742 in @entity1381 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several factors predict functional status after @entity64 , but most studies have included hospitalized @entity1 with limited follow-up. We hypothesized that @entity1 with @entity385 experience functional decline over 5 years independent of recurrent @entity64 and other risk factors. METHODS: In the population-based Northern Manhattan Study, @entity1 > or =40 years of age with incident @entity385 were prospectively followed using the Barthel Index at 6 months and annually to 5 years. Baseline @entity64 severity was categorized as mild (National Institutes of Health @entity64 Scale <6), moderate (6 to 13), and severe (> or =14). Follow-up was censored at death, recurrent @entity64 , or @entity583 . Generalized Estimating Equations provided ORs and 95% CIs for predictors of favorable (Barthel Index > or =95) versus unfavorable (Barthel Index <95) functional status after adjusting for demographic and medical risk factors. RESULTS: Of 525 @entity1 , mean age was 68.6+/-12.4 years, 45.5% were male, 54.7% Hispanic, 54.7% had Medicaid/no insurance, and 35.1% had moderate @entity64 . The proportion with Barthel Index > or =95 declined over time (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.99). Changes in Barthel Index by insurance status were confirmed by a significant interaction term (beta for interaction=-0.167, P=0.034); those with Medicaid/no insurance declined (OR, 0.84; P=0.003), whereas those with Medicare/private insurance did not (OR, 0.99; P=0.92). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of @entity1 with functional independence after @entity64 declines annually for up to 5 years, and these effects are greatest for those with Medicaid or no health insurance. This decline is independent of age, @entity64 severity, and other predictors of functional decline and occurs even among those without recurrent @entity64 or @entity583 .

title: Long-term functional recovery after first XXXX : the Northern Manhattan Study.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: African-Americans have been underrepresented in most large @entity30 ( @entity30 ) trials. This study was undertaken to assess the course and character of @entity30 in African-Americans in comparison with whites. METHODS: We retrospectively compared the course and character of @entity30 in African-American and white @entity1 at 3 Atlanta hospitals. Ninety-nine @entity1 (55 African-American, 44 whites) were enrolled. Telephone interviews and chart reviews were used to identify disease location, presence of fistulae and perirectal disease, surgical history, and medication use. @entity1 with @entity31 or indeterminant @entity1960 , and all non-African-Americans or whites, were excluded. RESULTS: The numbers of male and female @entity1 were similar (50 and 49). Overall, @entity1 comprised 54% of white @entity1 and 47% of African-American @entity1 . There were no significant differences in the setting in which @entity30 were diagnosed, number of flares per year, or duration of symptoms before diagnosis. White @entity1 were more likely to seek care for their @entity30 in a clinic setting, both their primary care physicians (1.31 versus 0.21 visits/yr, P < 0.001) and their gastroenterologists (3.2 versus 2.3 visits/yr, P = 0.03). Small bowel (SB) disease was present more frequently in white @entity1 , 84% versus 65% (P = 0.03), and SB resection was more common in this group, 59% versus 16% (P < 0.01). @entity1049 was more common in African-American @entity1 , 89% versus 63% (P = 0.002). Perirectal fistulae were more frequent in African-American @entity1 , 58% versus 22% (P < 0.001) white @entity1 were more likely to report complete compliance with medical therapy, 77% versus 49% (P = 0.004). African-American @entity1 more frequently discontinued medical therapy because they "felt better" (27% versus 9%, P = 0.02). Medication usage, including immunosuppressants, was similar in both groups, except that white @entity1 were more likely to receive multiple doses of infliximab (34% versus 11%, P = 0.005). Both groups felt equally informed about @entity30 , but white @entity1 felt that their disease was under good control a greater percentage of the time, 71% versus 58% (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: These data lend credence to the suggestion that the nature of @entity30 may be different in African-Americans compared with whites. However, despite this apparent difference in disease manifestation, the contribution of socioeconomic factors, access to health care, and understanding of the disease likely play a role as well.

title: XXXX in an African-American population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['Colonic disease']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are only a few reported series of nontyphoid @entity5746 in renal transplant recipients. Data are scarce in heart transplant recipients. This article described our experience with nontyphoid @entity5746 in heart transplant recipients and reviewed the literature. METHODS: Retrospective chart review. Data were compared with previously reported series in renal transplant recipients. RESULTS: Of the 265 @entity1 undergoing heart transplantation from 1987 to 2005, 4 @entity1 (1.5%) had @entity281 caused by nontyphoid Salmonella. All @entity1 were male, aged ranging from 2 to 62 years. None of them had a history of acute rejection before the occurrence of @entity5746 . The time interval between transplantation and the @entity5746 ranged from 0 day to 17 months. @entity344 occurred in 1 @entity1 and @entity281 in 3 @entity1 . Intravenous @entity2756 was given in 3 bacteremic @entity1 . One @entity1 died after 6 days of @entity326 . For nontyphoid Salmonella serogroups, 2 cases were group D and 2 cases were group C. @entity2177 resistance was present in 1 of 4 Salmonella isolates. There was no recurrence in 3 survivors. Compared with previous reported cases in renal transplantation, @entity1 with heart transplantation had low rates of @entity293 and recurrence. The mortality rate was 25% in heart transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Nontyphoid @entity5746 in heart transplant recipients occurred in the early posttransplant period. A significant number of @entity1 had @entity281 . Although the mortality rate was high, there was no recurrence in survivors.

title: Nontyphoid XXXX in heart transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['Ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal salmonellosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'bloodstream infection']

entities_list: @entity5746 :: ('MESH:D012480', 'Disease') :: ['Salmonella infection']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity5746 :: (MESH:D012480,Disease) :: ['Salmonella infection']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A controlled study to evaluate a new technique for @entity4681 after @entity1566 in @entity35 . Alignment of implanted tissue-engineered scaffolds was assessed radiographically and by magnetic resonance imaging. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability of implanted scaffolds and the extent of @entity85 after spinal fixation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Biodegradable scaffolds provide an excellent platform for the quantitative assessment of cellular and molecular factors that promote regeneration within the transected cord. Successful delivery of scaffolds to the damaged cord can be hampered by @entity893 following transplantation, which in turn, hinders the assessment of neural regeneration. METHODS: Radio-opaque @entity6680 -impregnated @entity7050 scaffolds were implanted into spinal transection injuries in adult @entity35 . Spinal fixation was performed in one group of animals using a metal rod fixed to the spinous processes above and below the site of injury, while the control group received no fixation. Radiographic morphometry was performed after 2 and 4 weeks, and 3-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy analysis 4 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Over the course of 4 weeks, progressive @entity1635 was evident in the unfixed group, where a Cobb angle of 8.13 +/- 2.03 degrees was measured. The fixed group demonstrated significantly less @entity1635 , with a Cobb angle measurement of 1.89 +/- 0.75 degrees (P = 0.0004). Similarly, a trend for less @entity1513 was evident in the fixed group (7.33 +/- 1.68 degrees ) compared with the unfixed group (10.13 +/- 1.46 degrees ). Quantitative measurements of the degree of @entity893 of the scaffolds were also significantly less in the fixed group (5 +/- 1.23 degrees ) compared with the unfixed group (11 +/- 2.82 degrees ) (P = 0.0143). CONCLUSION: Radio-opaque @entity6680 allows for visualization of scaffolds in vivo using radiographic analysis. Spinal fixation was shown to prevent @entity1635 , reduce @entity1513 , and reduce scaffold @entity893 within the transected @entity35 spinal cord. Using a highly optimized model will increase the potential for finding a therapy for restoring function to the injured cord.

title: Rigid fixation of the spinal column improves scaffold alignment and prevents XXXX in the transected @entity35 spinal cord.

entities_list: @entity6680 :: ('MESH:D001466', 'Chemical') :: ['barium sulfate']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['spinal rod fixation']

entities_list: @entity7050 :: ('MESH:C043435', 'Chemical') :: ['poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['kyphoscoliotic deformities']

entities_list: @entity893 :: ('MESH:D017760', 'Disease') :: ['malalignment']

answer: @entity1635 :: (MESH:D012600,Disease) :: ['scoliosis']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A controlled study to evaluate a new technique for @entity4681 after @entity1566 in @entity35 . Alignment of implanted tissue-engineered scaffolds was assessed radiographically and by magnetic resonance imaging. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability of implanted scaffolds and the extent of @entity85 after spinal fixation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Biodegradable scaffolds provide an excellent platform for the quantitative assessment of cellular and molecular factors that promote regeneration within the transected cord. Successful delivery of scaffolds to the damaged cord can be hampered by @entity893 following transplantation, which in turn, hinders the assessment of neural regeneration. METHODS: Radio-opaque @entity6680 -impregnated @entity7050 scaffolds were implanted into spinal transection injuries in adult @entity35 . Spinal fixation was performed in one group of animals using a metal rod fixed to the spinous processes above and below the site of injury, while the control group received no fixation. Radiographic morphometry was performed after 2 and 4 weeks, and 3-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy analysis 4 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Over the course of 4 weeks, progressive @entity1635 was evident in the unfixed group, where a Cobb angle of 8.13 +/- 2.03 degrees was measured. The fixed group demonstrated significantly less @entity1635 , with a Cobb angle measurement of 1.89 +/- 0.75 degrees (P = 0.0004). Similarly, a trend for less @entity1513 was evident in the fixed group (7.33 +/- 1.68 degrees ) compared with the unfixed group (10.13 +/- 1.46 degrees ). Quantitative measurements of the degree of @entity893 of the scaffolds were also significantly less in the fixed group (5 +/- 1.23 degrees ) compared with the unfixed group (11 +/- 2.82 degrees ) (P = 0.0143). CONCLUSION: Radio-opaque @entity6680 allows for visualization of scaffolds in vivo using radiographic analysis. Spinal fixation was shown to prevent @entity1635 , reduce @entity1513 , and reduce scaffold @entity893 within the transected @entity35 spinal cord. Using a highly optimized model will increase the potential for finding a therapy for restoring function to the injured cord.

title: Rigid fixation of the spinal column improves scaffold alignment and prevents @entity1635 in the transected XXXX spinal cord.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: This is a report of a @entity1 with T6 butterfly vertebra, which is an uncommon @entity154 . OBJECTIVE: To illustrate the significance of identifying butterfly vertebra that may be confused with other pathologic conditions like @entity174 , @entity281 , and @entity3 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: We report a 46-year-old @entity1 with butterfly vertebra of T6 spine. The @entity1 presented with complaints of @entity1643 and examination showed an abnormal bony prominence at midthoracic level. Radiologic and hematologic investigations confirmed the presence of butterfly vertebrae at T6 level, which proved to be a coincidental finding along with nonspecific @entity1643 . Knowledge about this condition is very important, since the condition can be easily confused with a pathologic @entity174 . METHODS: The @entity1 presented with a history of @entity1643 of 2 months. The @entity1 was evaluated clinically and with hematological investigations. The diagnosis was confirmed with computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. RESULTS: Routine examination of the motor and sensory system was found to be normal. Roentgenogram of the thoracic and lumbosacral spine showed anterior wedging of T6 vertebrae in the lateral view and features suggestive of the presence of a butterfly vertebra at T6 level in the anteroposterior (AP) view. Hematologic evaluation was done to rule out pathologic causes of anterior wedging of the vertebra like @entity281 and @entity3 in the spine. MRI and CT scans of the spine confirmed the presence of T6 butterfly vertebra. @entity1 was treated for her @entity1643 and assured that the abnormal midthoracic bony prominence was a benign condition that needs no treatment. CONCLUSION: A high index of suspicion is needed to identify this @entity154 that may be confused with many pathologic conditions. Knowledge of this condition helps in making rational use of extensive noninvasive and invasive diagnostic procedures.

title: Butterfly vertebra: an uncommon XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['benign spinal anomaly', 'congenital spinal anomaly']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity154 :: (MESH:D000013,Disease) :: ['congenital spinal anomaly']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare responses in two @entity1 populations with a questionnaire developed to identify those prescribed ocular @entity551 medication whose adherence may need improvement and who may be ready to change. METHODS: The content/face validity of a 62-item, self-administered questionnaire was confirmed by nine @entity726 specialists. Questions concerned demographics, health and medications, use of/problems with medications, and visual function. The questionnaire was administered anonymously to 102 consecutive @entity1 in a @entity726 referral practice (' @entity726 practice') and 100 from a multispecialty ophthalmology practice ('multispecialty practice'). All @entity1 were prescribed >or=1 ocular @entity551 medication and had no previous trabeculectomy. RESULTS: @entity1 in the @entity726 practice were more likely to be younger, African-American, and better educated (P<0.05 for each). In both, >80% had @entity726 with >60% diagnosed >or=3 years previously. Most ( @entity726 , multispecialty: 87, 93%) reported administering drops every day, but more in the multispecialty practice reported administering drops at the same time every day (79, 92%; P<0.05). Number of adherence problems (mean, 1/ @entity1 ) and adherence scores (mean, 24; possible scale range, 0-25) were similar. Common adherence barriers were falling asleep and forgetting when the regular schedule changed or when travelling. In the @entity726 practice, the number of adherence problems was correlated with adherence score (r=-0.611; P<0.0001) and number of side effects (r=0.349; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Similarities between @entity1 populations limited our ability to compare responses between groups or to propose adherence counselling tailored to specific demographics. Until such recommendations are possible, physicians should incorporate adherence counselling broadly into their practices.

title: An assessment of readiness for behaviour change in @entity1 prescribed ocular XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['hypotensive']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare responses in two @entity1 populations with a questionnaire developed to identify those prescribed ocular @entity551 medication whose adherence may need improvement and who may be ready to change. METHODS: The content/face validity of a 62-item, self-administered questionnaire was confirmed by nine @entity726 specialists. Questions concerned demographics, health and medications, use of/problems with medications, and visual function. The questionnaire was administered anonymously to 102 consecutive @entity1 in a @entity726 referral practice (' @entity726 practice') and 100 from a multispecialty ophthalmology practice ('multispecialty practice'). All @entity1 were prescribed >or=1 ocular @entity551 medication and had no previous trabeculectomy. RESULTS: @entity1 in the @entity726 practice were more likely to be younger, African-American, and better educated (P<0.05 for each). In both, >80% had @entity726 with >60% diagnosed >or=3 years previously. Most ( @entity726 , multispecialty: 87, 93%) reported administering drops every day, but more in the multispecialty practice reported administering drops at the same time every day (79, 92%; P<0.05). Number of adherence problems (mean, 1/ @entity1 ) and adherence scores (mean, 24; possible scale range, 0-25) were similar. Common adherence barriers were falling asleep and forgetting when the regular schedule changed or when travelling. In the @entity726 practice, the number of adherence problems was correlated with adherence score (r=-0.611; P<0.0001) and number of side effects (r=0.349; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Similarities between @entity1 populations limited our ability to compare responses between groups or to propose adherence counselling tailored to specific demographics. Until such recommendations are possible, physicians should incorporate adherence counselling broadly into their practices.

title: An assessment of readiness for behaviour change in XXXX prescribed ocular @entity551 therapy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Genetic aberrations associated with the development of extranodal high-grade large @entity1892 originating in the stomach have not been fully identified yet. We analyzed 31 such @entity706 using 73 microsatellite markers for @entity74 and @entity124 . The highest frequency (42%) of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was found on the long arm of chromosome 6. We identified 2 LOH hot spots on 6q21-22.1 and 6q23.3-25, flanked by markers D6S246-D6S261 and D6S310-D6S441, respectively, containing putative @entity5 ( @entity5 ). These 6q aberrations were found to be the sole @entity74 in 1 @entity1 only; they were mostly accompanied by additional abnormalities. Several known @entity5 , namely, the APC, @entity9288 / @entity986 , @entity876 , and DCC genes, were found to suffer frequent LOH during lymphomagenesis. LOH was also detected in regions containing putative @entity5 on 7q and 13q14. Frequent amplification of genomic material was found in the 2p, 3q27 at the @entity4042 gene locus, 6p, 7q, 11q23-24 at the @entity11626 gene locus, and 18q regions. Analysis of the pattern of occurrence of these aberrations revealed an association of the amplification of the @entity11626 gene region with LOH at the @entity876 locus (P =.02). Only low frequency of @entity124 ( @entity124 ) was detected in these @entity706 and @entity124 incidence increased with age (P =.01). Karyotypic instability thus plays the main role in the development of gastric high-grade large @entity1892 . Common genetic aberrations responsible for lymphomagenesis are deletions of 6q, loss of @entity876 , and amplification of the 3q27 and the @entity11626 gene regions. (Blood. 2000;95:1180-1187)

title: Genetic aberrations common in gastric high-grade large XXXX .

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['microsatellite instability', 'MSI']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['TSGs', 'tumor suppressor genes']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['allelic imbalance']

answer: @entity1892 :: (MESH:D016393,Disease) :: ['B-cell lymphoma']


abstract: A 40-year-old @entity1 had an intrathecal @entity1286 - @entity1772 pump inserted for the treatment of severe @entity3519 affecting all limbs and severe @entity1643 . The etiology of his @entity3520 , despite thorough investigations, was uncertain. At age 45, the @entity1 fell resulting in a cervical @entity1566 . He underwent C2 through C5 instrumentation and fusion for cervical spine stabilization. Subsequently, an intrathecal @entity1286 - @entity1772 pump was implanted to control @entity158 and decrease @entity508 . The @entity1 ultimately died at age 48 from complications of @entity55 , and an autopsy was performed. Gross pathologic examination revealed that the intrathecal catheter entered the posterior aspect of the lumbar thecal sac, but coursed superiorly in the anterior intradural space. The catheter tip exited the thecal sac in the upper thoracic spine and became embedded in a @entity2318 . Displacement of the catheter tip of the intrathecal @entity1286 - @entity1772 pump and subsequent formation of @entity2318 tissue resulted in decreased drug delivery, contributing to diminished @entity158 control and functional status. Catheter displacement and epidural @entity2318 formation must be considered as a potential cause of @entity158 control and decreased functional status in @entity1 with intrathecal @entity1286 - @entity1772 pumps.

title: The complications of XXXX formation associated with intrathecal pump placement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ['dystonic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['scar', 'fibrotic scar']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'ineffective pain']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['baclofen']

answer: @entity2318 :: (MESH:D002921,Disease) :: ['scar']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) can enhance the neovascularization of the @entity63 myocardium. Peripheral blood and bone marrow are the most convenient resources for EPC. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate, in vitro and in vivo, the different biological properties between circulating EPC (CEPC) and bone marrow EPC (BM-EPC) of AMI @entity35 . METHODS: The proliferative, migrative, adherent and angiogenic properties were investigated in vitro. 1 x 10 (6) CEPCs, 1 x 10 (6) BM-EPCs and medium (EBM-2) were injected in the myocardium of AMI @entity35 . Echocardiography, @entity296 ( @entity296 ), capillary density and Y chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed at 4 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS: The CEPCs had higher proliferative, migrative, adherent capabilities and lower senescent ratio, could adhere more quickly to fibronectin than BM-EPCs. CEPCs could form capillary-like structures whereas BM-EPCs did not show similar structures on Matrigel. in vivo, transplanted CEPCs and BM-EPCs were found in cardiac tissue by FISH. CEPCs treatment led to a better cardiac function, @entity296 and capillary density than BM-EPCs. CONCLUSION: Different biological properties were observed between CEPCs and BM-EPCs. Autologous CEPCs are more suitable for the AMI @entity35 .

title: Different biological properties of circulating and bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction XXXX .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['regional myocardial blood flow', 'RMBF']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study examines the prevalence of @entity146 morbidity in a large sample of @entity8425 ( @entity8425 ) @entity1 in three phases of recovery and its effects on cognitive functioning. METHODS: Eight-six self-referred @entity8425 @entity1 received @entity146 and neuropsychological evaluations. Descriptive statistics were conducted to examine the prevalence of @entity146 morbidity. Polytomous logistic regression was used to identify predictors of @entity146 diagnosis. Between-subjects analysis of variances (ANOVA) was conducted to examine the effects of @entity146 morbidity on cognitive functioning. RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of subjects warranted a @entity146 diagnosis. Long-term @entity1 compared to acute @entity1 were more likely to be diagnosed with two diagnoses than not having any diagnosis (OR=14.30, 95% CI 1.40-38.71). @entity1 with two diagnoses performed worse than both @entity1 with a single or no diagnosis on all cognitive outcome measures (P<.05). Voltage level, @entity1118 and litigation status did not predict @entity146 morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric difficulties commonly emerge and persist following @entity8425 . @entity8425 @entity1 with @entity146 conditions exhibited poorer cognitive performance as compared to @entity8425 @entity1 with no post-injury @entity146 difficulties. Health care professionals need to devote careful attention to @entity146 and cognitive status when treating survivors of @entity8425 .

title: Psychiatric morbidity following XXXX and its effects on cognitive functioning.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8425 :: ('MESH:D004556', 'Disease') :: ['electrical injury', 'EI']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity8425 :: (MESH:D004556,Disease) :: ['electrical injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate whether electroacupuncture is a safe and effective alternative to pharmacologic sedation/analgesia in uterine artery embolization (UAE) for @entity2909 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A nonrandomized prospective study was undertaken in 70 consecutive @entity1 (mean age, 39.5 years) undergoing UAE with @entity4832 ( @entity939 ) particles between August 2006 and January 2007. Thirty-three @entity1 chose to undergo UAE under electroacupuncture anesthesia (EAA; group A) and 37 were treated under local pharmacologic anesthesia (group B). @entity158 scores (rated from 0 to 10) in both groups were compared during and after the procedure. The outcome of UAE was evaluated at 6 months. RESULTS: Mean @entity158 scores during embolization were 0.36 in group A and 0.84 in group B; scores after embolization and before discharge were 3.00 in group A and 4.49 in group B; and scores at discharge were 0.97 in group A and 2.11 in group B. These differences were statistically significant after embolization and at hospital discharge (P= .02 and P= .0001, respectively). All @entity1 except one in each group were discharged from the hospital 4-8 hours after UAE; the two who remained longer had severe @entity158 . There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes, nor in uterine and @entity2909 volumes, at discharge and at 6 months (P > 0.99 and P= .72, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was a statistically significant postembolization @entity158 reduction in @entity1 treated under EAA versus local pharmacologic anesthesia and no differences in UAE outcomes between groups at 6 months.

title: Uterine artery embolization under electroacupuncture for uterine XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4832 :: ('MESH:D011142', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl alcohol']

entities_list: @entity2909 :: ('MESH:D007889', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyomas', 'leiomyoma']

answer: @entity2909 :: (MESH:D007889,Disease) :: ['leiomyomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe two Japanese families with @entity20831 ( @entity20831 ) with unusual clinical features. METHODS: Two families from Kagoshima Prefecture with senile-onset @entity1020 were examined. Three affected individuals through three successive generations of one family and three affected siblings in another family were examined and followed. RESULTS: The initial symptom of these @entity1 was a rapid or slow central @entity227 that occurred at an average age of 67.4 years. The major ophthalmoscopic changes consisted of soft drusen and @entity548 or @entity66 in the macula, which were progressive and ultimately led to disciform @entity2318 . They had no difficulty with night vision. All the @entity1 had normal peripheral retina with intact peripheral fields. They maintained good ambulatory vision and could walk unguided until late in life. These @entity1 had a novel mutation in the tissue inhibitor of the metalloproteinases-3 ( @entity8111 ) gene. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of @entity20831 from the East. Its clinical features differ from those of @entity20831 @entity1 of the West, appearing closer to features of age-related @entity1020 . These two unrelated Japanese families with an identical mutation in the @entity8111 gene might be descendants of a common ancestor who carried the mutant gene.

title: XXXX in two Japanese families with unusual clinical features.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic lesions']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity20831 :: ('MESH:C564992', 'Disease') :: ["Sorsby's fundus dystrophy", 'SFD']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular dystrophy', 'macular degeneration']

answer: @entity20831 :: (MESH:C564992,Disease) :: ['Sorsby's fundus dystrophy']


abstract: @entity1 affected with early stage (IA-IB) @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), deemed medically inoperable, are usually treated by conventional 3D-CRT, with poor results in terms of @entity5 control and survival. Hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) appears to be a valid alternative option, with high rates of local control and promising survival rates according to recent reported series. We herein report the final results of a prospective phase II trial of SBRT in 62 stage I @entity1149 @entity1 , homogeneously treated with three fractions of 15Gy each, given every other day during a 1 week time, up to a total dose of 45Gy; dose was prescribed to the 80%-isodose encompassing planning target volume. @entity1 were immobilized in a dedicated stereotactic body frame; margins around gross @entity5 volume were 5mm in the axial plane and 10mm in the longitudinal direction. Median age was 73.7 years. A pathologic confirmation of @entity1149 was obtained in 64.5% of @entity1 . Forty-three @entity1 had stage IA and 19 stage IB disease. The majority of @entity1 did not experience any @entity137 ; mild skin reactions, fatigue, @entity1353 /cough or transient @entity158 were recorded in approximately 10% of @entity1 . With a median follow-up time of 28 months, 2 @entity1 experienced an isolated local relapse, 4 an isolated nodal relapse and 15 a systemic failure. At 3 years, local control rate was 87.8%, @entity5 .5%, overall survival 57.1%, with 8 out of 20 non- @entity5 related @entity204 . In multivariate analysis, @entity5 volume was associated with a better outcome. In our series, SBRT was well tolerated and confirmed its efficacy, with local control and survival rates globally superior to those reported using conventional radiotherapy. A longer follow-up is needed in order to establish a correct comparison with surgical series, and to fully ascertain a potential negative impact of SBRT on comorbidities of such a fragile @entity1 population.

title: Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early stage XXXX : results of a prospective trial.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer-specific survival 72', 'local tumour', 'cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic pain']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: Immunocompromised @entity1 , especially @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, have a high morbidity and mortality rate as a result of invasive @entity364 (IFIs). Therefore, effective and correct prophylaxis of these IFIs continues to be an important issue in these @entity1 populations. @entity364 in the lung are most often due to Aspergillus spp., but other non-Aspergillus moulds such as Mucor spp. can also cause @entity358 . Lung transplant recipients have the highest incidence of @entity3 of all @entity8 @entity1 . Prophylaxis should consider the risk factors affecting each group of @entity1 . As the lung is the target organ of most @entity364 due to moulds, aerosolised antifungal prophylaxis has been potentially considered to be a safe and effective strategy. Administration of a nebulised antibiotic achieves high local concentration of the drug, avoiding undesirable systemic effects and drug interactions. The use of aerosolised @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) as prophylaxis or co-adjuvant treatment for @entity12457 has been reported in several groups of immunosuppressed @entity1 . Lipid formulations of @entity11015 penetrate the lung better and have a longer half-life than @entity30392 (ABD). Prophylaxis with aerosolised lipid-based @entity11015 products has several advantages over ABD: it can be administered at much longer intervals and is equally effective and better tolerated. Although several studies have been published using aerosolised @entity11015 both as @entity6743 and lipid formulations, available data remain inconclusive owing a lack of standardisation of administration procedures and doses.

title: Invasive XXXX in lung transplantation: role of aerosolised @entity2379 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['solid organ transplant', 'SOT']

entities_list: @entity12457 :: ('MESH:D008172', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity30392 :: ('MESH:C059765', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B deoxycholate']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['Fungal infections', 'fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infections']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity6743 :: ('MESH:D003840', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxycholate']

answer: @entity364 :: (MESH:D009181,Disease) :: ['fungal infections']


abstract: Immunocompromised @entity1 , especially @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, have a high morbidity and mortality rate as a result of invasive @entity364 (IFIs). Therefore, effective and correct prophylaxis of these IFIs continues to be an important issue in these @entity1 populations. @entity364 in the lung are most often due to Aspergillus spp., but other non-Aspergillus moulds such as Mucor spp. can also cause @entity358 . Lung transplant recipients have the highest incidence of @entity3 of all @entity8 @entity1 . Prophylaxis should consider the risk factors affecting each group of @entity1 . As the lung is the target organ of most @entity364 due to moulds, aerosolised antifungal prophylaxis has been potentially considered to be a safe and effective strategy. Administration of a nebulised antibiotic achieves high local concentration of the drug, avoiding undesirable systemic effects and drug interactions. The use of aerosolised @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) as prophylaxis or co-adjuvant treatment for @entity12457 has been reported in several groups of immunosuppressed @entity1 . Lipid formulations of @entity11015 penetrate the lung better and have a longer half-life than @entity30392 (ABD). Prophylaxis with aerosolised lipid-based @entity11015 products has several advantages over ABD: it can be administered at much longer intervals and is equally effective and better tolerated. Although several studies have been published using aerosolised @entity11015 both as @entity6743 and lipid formulations, available data remain inconclusive owing a lack of standardisation of administration procedures and doses.

title: Invasive @entity364 in lung transplantation: role of aerosolised XXXX .

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['amphotericin B']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Motor disturbances are sometimes associated with @entity294 by unknown mechanisms. AIM: To determine if there is a quantitative link between intestinal motility and epithelial secretion. SUBJECTS: Experiments were performed in 21 healthy volunteers and three @entity1 with @entity194 . METHODS: Duodenal and jejunal motor activities were registered in the fasted state by open tip manometry. Secretion was measured directly by marker perfusion and indirectly by recording transmural @entity841 ( @entity841 ). RESULTS: A significant correlation was found between "low pass filtered" pressure and @entity841 , but no correlation was found between amplitudes of isolated contractions and @entity841 changes. During repeated phasic contractions (phase III of migrating motor complex), @entity841 increased at a rate that was higher in the duodenum than in the jejunum, and higher in @entity1 with @entity194 than in healthy controls. After reaching a peak, @entity841 decreased despite continuing phasic motor activity, provided that there was no concomitant increase in mean pressure. Fluid secretion increased roughly in parallel with @entity841 , except at the very end of the cycle. CONCLUSIONS: To explain these findings, one has to postulate participation of at least two types of receptor: a slowly adapting pressure sensitive receptor and another mechanoreceptor, possibly a mucosal touch receptor, to account for the run down phenomenon. This model predicts that short lasting trains of contractions, so called discrete clusters, will be a particularly potent stimulus for activation of mucosal secretion.

title: Pressure and frequency dependent linkage between motility and epithelial secretion in XXXX proximal small intestine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['villus atrophy']

entities_list: @entity841 :: ('MESH:C537245', 'Disease') :: ['potential difference', 'PD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment of @entity8205 (CMNs) has become controversial as better data on complications have been published. OBJECTIVES: To determine the longer-term risks and benefits of surgery in treatment of CMNs. METHODS: In this 19-year prospective study, 301 families completed yearly questionnaires about treatments and CMN changes. Forty per cent of CMNs were > 20 cm projected adult size (PAS) or multiple CMNs. RESULTS: @entity1 were more likely to have had surgical treatments. There were no significant effects of treatment on the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes, although the numbers for @entity320 were small. The majority of untreated CMNs lightened spontaneously during the follow-up period. Surgical treatment and satellites at birth were independently significantly associated with reported darkening of the CMN over the follow-up period. However there was no absolute measurement of final colour. Surgical treatment was associated with decreasing @entity20536 of the CMN over the follow-up period. PAS was associated with increasing @entity20536 . Excision with tissue expanders and PAS were significantly associated with an increased incidence of new satellite lesions. A proportion of @entity1 reported new pigmentation in previously unaffected skin at the edge of a treated area, the majority after complete excision. There was a high level of satisfaction with surgery in the < 20 cm group and in those with facial CMNs. This was significantly reduced with increasing PAS. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence here that surgery reduces the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes in childhood. The natural history of the majority of untreated CMNs is to lighten spontaneously, whereas some treatments may cause adverse effects.

title: Great Ormond Street Hospital for @entity1 Registry for XXXX : prospective study 1988-2007. Part 2--Evaluation of treatments.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity8205 :: ('MESH:D009508', 'Disease') :: ['congenital melanocytic naevi']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity8205 :: (MESH:D009508,Disease) :: ['Congenital Melanocytic Naevi']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment of @entity8205 (CMNs) has become controversial as better data on complications have been published. OBJECTIVES: To determine the longer-term risks and benefits of surgery in treatment of CMNs. METHODS: In this 19-year prospective study, 301 families completed yearly questionnaires about treatments and CMN changes. Forty per cent of CMNs were > 20 cm projected adult size (PAS) or multiple CMNs. RESULTS: @entity1 were more likely to have had surgical treatments. There were no significant effects of treatment on the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes, although the numbers for @entity320 were small. The majority of untreated CMNs lightened spontaneously during the follow-up period. Surgical treatment and satellites at birth were independently significantly associated with reported darkening of the CMN over the follow-up period. However there was no absolute measurement of final colour. Surgical treatment was associated with decreasing @entity20536 of the CMN over the follow-up period. PAS was associated with increasing @entity20536 . Excision with tissue expanders and PAS were significantly associated with an increased incidence of new satellite lesions. A proportion of @entity1 reported new pigmentation in previously unaffected skin at the edge of a treated area, the majority after complete excision. There was a high level of satisfaction with surgery in the < 20 cm group and in those with facial CMNs. This was significantly reduced with increasing PAS. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence here that surgery reduces the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes in childhood. The natural history of the majority of untreated CMNs is to lighten spontaneously, whereas some treatments may cause adverse effects.

title: Great Ormond Street Hospital for XXXX Registry for @entity8205 : prospective study 1988-2007. Part 2--Evaluation of treatments.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: Some cases of @entity11511 ( @entity981 ) express markers found in natural-killer (NK) cells, such as @entity2940 and @entity4071 . Out of 84 T-cell @entity981 cases diagnosed at our Institution, @entity2940 and/or @entity4071 was detected in 24 (28.5%), which we designated T/NK- @entity981 group. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, survival and expression of cytotoxic molecules were compared in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 @entity1 . Significant differences were observed regarding age (24.9 vs. 16.4 years in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 , respectively, P = 0.006) and platelet counts (177 x 10(9)/l vs. 75 x 10(9)/l in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 , respectively, P = 0.03). Immunophenotypic analysis demonstrated that @entity2280 , CD45RA and @entity1116 were more expressed in T/NK- @entity981 @entity1 , whereas @entity405 and @entity10730 were more expressed in @entity11511 @entity1 (P < 0.05). The mean overall survival (863 vs. 1869 d, P = 0.02) and disease-free survival (855 vs. 2095 d, P = 0.002) were shorter in @entity1 expressing @entity2940 / @entity4071 . However, multivariate analysis identified @entity2940 / @entity4071 as an independent prognostic factor only for DFS. Cytotoxic molecules were highly expressed in T/NK- @entity981 compared to @entity11511 . Perforin, @entity10807 and @entity13433 were detected in 12/17, 4/17 and 7/24 T/NK- @entity981 @entity1 and in 1/20, 0/20 and 1/20 @entity11511 respectively (P < 0.001, P = 0.036 and P = 0.054). Therefore, the presence of @entity2940 / @entity4071 was associated with distinct clinical features and expression of cytotoxic molecules in the blasts.

title: The presence of @entity2940 / @entity4071 in XXXX correlates with the expression of cytotoxic molecules and is associated with worse response to treatment.

entities_list: @entity10730 :: ('1791', 'Gene') :: ['terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase']

entities_list: @entity11511 :: ('MESH:D054218', 'Disease') :: ['T-ALL', 'T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia']

answer: @entity11511 :: (MESH:D054218,Disease) :: ['T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia']


abstract: Some cases of @entity11511 ( @entity981 ) express markers found in natural-killer (NK) cells, such as @entity2940 and @entity4071 . Out of 84 T-cell @entity981 cases diagnosed at our Institution, @entity2940 and/or @entity4071 was detected in 24 (28.5%), which we designated T/NK- @entity981 group. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, survival and expression of cytotoxic molecules were compared in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 @entity1 . Significant differences were observed regarding age (24.9 vs. 16.4 years in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 , respectively, P = 0.006) and platelet counts (177 x 10(9)/l vs. 75 x 10(9)/l in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 , respectively, P = 0.03). Immunophenotypic analysis demonstrated that @entity2280 , CD45RA and @entity1116 were more expressed in T/NK- @entity981 @entity1 , whereas @entity405 and @entity10730 were more expressed in @entity11511 @entity1 (P < 0.05). The mean overall survival (863 vs. 1869 d, P = 0.02) and disease-free survival (855 vs. 2095 d, P = 0.002) were shorter in @entity1 expressing @entity2940 / @entity4071 . However, multivariate analysis identified @entity2940 / @entity4071 as an independent prognostic factor only for DFS. Cytotoxic molecules were highly expressed in T/NK- @entity981 compared to @entity11511 . Perforin, @entity10807 and @entity13433 were detected in 12/17, 4/17 and 7/24 T/NK- @entity981 @entity1 and in 1/20, 0/20 and 1/20 @entity11511 respectively (P < 0.001, P = 0.036 and P = 0.054). Therefore, the presence of @entity2940 / @entity4071 was associated with distinct clinical features and expression of cytotoxic molecules in the blasts.

title: The presence of @entity2940 / XXXX in @entity11511 correlates with the expression of cytotoxic molecules and is associated with worse response to treatment.

answer: @entity4071 :: (2214,Gene) :: ['CD16']


abstract: Some cases of @entity11511 ( @entity981 ) express markers found in natural-killer (NK) cells, such as @entity2940 and @entity4071 . Out of 84 T-cell @entity981 cases diagnosed at our Institution, @entity2940 and/or @entity4071 was detected in 24 (28.5%), which we designated T/NK- @entity981 group. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics, survival and expression of cytotoxic molecules were compared in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 @entity1 . Significant differences were observed regarding age (24.9 vs. 16.4 years in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 , respectively, P = 0.006) and platelet counts (177 x 10(9)/l vs. 75 x 10(9)/l in T/NK- @entity981 and @entity11511 , respectively, P = 0.03). Immunophenotypic analysis demonstrated that @entity2280 , CD45RA and @entity1116 were more expressed in T/NK- @entity981 @entity1 , whereas @entity405 and @entity10730 were more expressed in @entity11511 @entity1 (P < 0.05). The mean overall survival (863 vs. 1869 d, P = 0.02) and disease-free survival (855 vs. 2095 d, P = 0.002) were shorter in @entity1 expressing @entity2940 / @entity4071 . However, multivariate analysis identified @entity2940 / @entity4071 as an independent prognostic factor only for DFS. Cytotoxic molecules were highly expressed in T/NK- @entity981 compared to @entity11511 . Perforin, @entity10807 and @entity13433 were detected in 12/17, 4/17 and 7/24 T/NK- @entity981 @entity1 and in 1/20, 0/20 and 1/20 @entity11511 respectively (P < 0.001, P = 0.036 and P = 0.054). Therefore, the presence of @entity2940 / @entity4071 was associated with distinct clinical features and expression of cytotoxic molecules in the blasts.

title: The presence of XXXX / @entity4071 in @entity11511 correlates with the expression of cytotoxic molecules and is associated with worse response to treatment.

answer: @entity2940 :: (4684,Gene) :: ['CD56']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Increased rectal compliance has been proposed to contribute to pediatric functional @entity1142 (FC). We evaluated the clinical relevance of increased rectal compliance and assessed whether regular use of enemas improves rectal compliance in @entity1 with FC. METHODS: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on @entity1 (8-18 years old) with FC. Pressure-controlled rectal distensions were performed at baseline and at 1 year. Rectal compliance was categorized into 3 groups: normal, moderately increased, or severely increased. @entity1 were randomly assigned to groups given conventional therapy or rectal enemas and conventional therapy. Clinical success was defined as >or=3 spontaneous defecations per week and @entity1241 <1 per week. RESULTS: Baseline measurements were performed in 101 @entity1 (11.0 +/- 2.1 years); rectal compliance was normal in 36%, moderately increased in 40%, and severely increased in 24%. @entity1 with severely increased rectal compliance had lower defecation frequency (P = .03), more @entity1241 (P = .04), and more @entity19219 (P < .001). After 1 year, success values were similar between groups: 42% normal, 41% moderately increased, and 40% with severely increased compliance. Barostat studies performed after 1 year in 80 @entity1 (37 conventional therapy and 43 rectal enemas in addition to conventional therapy) revealed that rectal compliance had not changed in either group and had not improved in successfully treated @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Constipated @entity1 with severely increased rectal compliance have severe symptoms. However, increased rectal compliance is not related to treatment failure. Regular use of enemas to avoid @entity19219 does not improve rectal compliance in pediatric FC.

title: No role for increased rectal compliance in pediatric functional XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1241 :: ('MESH:D005242', 'Disease') :: ['fecal incontinence']

entities_list: @entity19219 :: ('MESH:D005244', 'Disease') :: ['rectal fecal impaction']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity1142 :: (MESH:D003248,Disease) :: ['constipation']


abstract: @entity273 ( @entity274 ) increases protein @entity669 phosphorylation of numerous proteins in @entity1 gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Two main proteins, with an apparent molecular weight of 44 and 42kDa, were phosphorylated after @entity273 stimulation of the @entity1 gingival fibroblasts. Further analysis identified these two proteins as @entity1366 . Maximum phosphorylation was detected at 10min post- @entity274 treatment. Pretreatment with an @entity8047 inhibitor, @entity4286 , inhibited @entity274 -stimulated @entity1366 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with @entity274 also induced phosphorylation of @entity10185 ( @entity10185 ). @entity866 , a @entity6164 inhibitor, blocked @entity1366 phosphorylation induced by @entity274 . In addition, @entity274 -induced cell death was prevented by @entity4286 , @entity1441 , and @entity11616 , which are @entity8047 , @entity3963 and @entity6164 inhibitors, respectively. These results suggest that @entity274 leads to the phosphorylation and activation of @entity1366 in a @entity6164 -dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that the MAPK signaling pathway plays an active role in mediating the @entity274 -induced decrease in @entity18942 cell viability and @entity855 depletion.

title: Activation of @entity1366 by XXXX in response to @entity273 -induced cell death in @entity1 gingival fibroblasts.

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydrogen peroxide', 'hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity866 :: ('MESH:D019311', 'Chemical') :: ['Staurosporine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity11616 :: ('MESH:C058819', 'Chemical') :: ['calphostin C']

entities_list: @entity10185 :: ('5578', 'Gene') :: ['protein kinase C-alpha', 'PKCalpha']

answer: @entity10185 :: (5578,Gene) :: ['protein kinase C-alpha']


abstract: @entity273 ( @entity274 ) increases protein @entity669 phosphorylation of numerous proteins in @entity1 gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Two main proteins, with an apparent molecular weight of 44 and 42kDa, were phosphorylated after @entity273 stimulation of the @entity1 gingival fibroblasts. Further analysis identified these two proteins as @entity1366 . Maximum phosphorylation was detected at 10min post- @entity274 treatment. Pretreatment with an @entity8047 inhibitor, @entity4286 , inhibited @entity274 -stimulated @entity1366 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with @entity274 also induced phosphorylation of @entity10185 ( @entity10185 ). @entity866 , a @entity6164 inhibitor, blocked @entity1366 phosphorylation induced by @entity274 . In addition, @entity274 -induced cell death was prevented by @entity4286 , @entity1441 , and @entity11616 , which are @entity8047 , @entity3963 and @entity6164 inhibitors, respectively. These results suggest that @entity274 leads to the phosphorylation and activation of @entity1366 in a @entity6164 -dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that the MAPK signaling pathway plays an active role in mediating the @entity274 -induced decrease in @entity18942 cell viability and @entity855 depletion.

title: Activation of @entity1366 by @entity10185 in response to XXXX -induced cell death in @entity1 gingival fibroblasts.

answer: @entity273 :: (MESH:D006861,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen peroxide']