abstract: Four Macaca nemestrina monkeys were trained to pull a manipulandum to escape @entity9808 ( @entity9808 ) applied to either leg. The intensities of stimulation which the monkeys chose to escape were those that @entity1 identify as @entity158 . The duration of escape trials was inversely related to stimulus intensity, and the force of escape responses was directly related to @entity9808 intensity. Reflexive responses were elicited by stimulus intensities below and above the escape threshold, and the force of the flexion reflexes was a negatively accelerating function of stimulus magnitude. The monkeys were also trained to respond, for water reinforcement, to cued, low-intensity @entity9808 . The stimulus intensities detected for water reinforcement were 50-100 X less than the escape thresholds. Following unilateral, anterolateral chordotomy, all monkeys demonstrated a large reduction in percentage of escape responding to stimulation of the contralateral leg. When the animals did escape contralateral stimulation, the latencies to respond were longer than preoperatively. The percentage and latency of escape responses to stimulation of the ipsilateral leg were not changed following chordotomy. Despite the @entity308 of @entity158 reactivity, the animals continued to respond to low levels of stimulation on the detection task, demonstrating that anterolateral chordotomy reduced the @entity158 of strong stimulation without eliminating sensibility for low levels of stimulation. However, postoperative detection thresholds were consistently higher contralaterally than ipsilaterally. This effect resulted from slight contralateral decreases and significant ipsilateral increases in sensitivity to low levels of @entity9808 (relative to preoperative values). Thus, contralateral axons in the anterolateral column contribute to detection of light cutaneous stimulation, and chordotomy appears to disinhibit inputs from large myelinated afferent fibers to ipsilateral neurons in the spinal gray matter caudal to the lesion. The strictly contralateral slowing and reduction in percentage of @entity158 reactivity by chordotomy correlated with reports from @entity1 @entity1 . However, reflexive measures did not suffice as indicants of @entity158 sensitivity. The chordotomies produced bilateral attenuations of reflexive amplitudes. Also, the force of operant escape responses was reduced with stimulation of either side. Thus, the disfacilitation of motoric reactions extended both rostral and caudal to the spinal lesions that interrupted propriospinal axons in the vicinity of the ventral horns.

title: Sensitivity to XXXX and nonpainful electrocutaneous stimuli in monkeys: effects of anterolateral chordotomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity9808 :: ('MESH:C536917', 'Disease') :: ['electrocutaneous stimulation', 'ES']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral pain', 'pain', 'painful', 'painfulness']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['painful']


abstract: This article reviews some properties of @entity1 leucocyte elastase. This 30 kDa glycoprotein formed of 218 @entity535 residues, is a @entity563 proteinase which cleaves proteins at Val-X, Ala-X, Leu-X or Met-X bonds. Leucocyte elastase solubilizes fibrous @entity2362 and also degrades other extracellular matrix proteins. It hydrolyses and inactivates a number of plasma proteins. Synthetic substrates are more convenient than @entity2362 to measure elastase activity. A large number of natural and synthetic inhibitors of leucocyte elastase have been described. The former include alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor or alpha 1-antitrypsin, inter-alpha-inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin, bronchial and cervical mucous inhibitor and a number of animal and plant proteins. Numerous synthetic inhibitors with therapeutic potentials have been designed. The efficiency of an inhibitor depends, among others, upon its rate of association with the enzyme and upon the stability of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Elastase probably plays a physiological function in neutrophil migration, phagocytosis and tissue remodeling. It apparently plays a pathological role in @entity2542 , @entity309 , @entity281 and @entity32 . The pathogenic role of leucocyte elastase is best understood in @entity2415 .

title: [ XXXX leukocyte elastase].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity2542 :: ('MESH:D011656', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary emphysema']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: A @entity2521 Severity Index (PSI) was developed and then tested in a population of 154 @entity1 attending the University of Mississippi School of Dentistry screening clinic. @entity1 were grouped by age decade. The premises of the PSI follow: (1) @entity2521 is diagnosed on the concurrence of clinically apparent @entity32 and vertical loss of supporting periodontium (the severity of the associated clinical @entity32 does not seem to be related to the severity of the tissue loss) and (2) a Schei ruler is used to determine from the radiograph the percentage of @entity604 for a tooth surface. For each @entity1 , a 0 to 1 Clinical Inflammation Score (CIS) was determined at the mesial and distal of every tooth. A CIS of 0 reflected no demonstrable clinical @entity32 , whereas a CIS of 1 meant that clinical @entity32 could be detected. A modified Schei ruler was used to determine the percentage of @entity604 at each interproximal site. A Bone Loss Score (BLS) was calculated on a 0 to 10 whole number continuum. A BLS of 0 meant no @entity604 , 1 = up to 10%, etc., up to BLS 10 = 90 to 100% loss. The PSI was then calculated for each mesial and distal surface. PSI = BLS X CIS. The PSI could be 0 if either no @entity604 could be determined or the gingiva was healthy. In the presence of @entity32 , the PSI value was directly proportional to the percentage of @entity604 . Mean PSI values were calculated for each age group. The PSI tended to increase with age. The PSI offers several advantages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A XXXX Severity Index.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'marginal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['Periodontitis']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['Periodontitis']


abstract: A @entity1 presented with acute erythromyelosis (DiGuglielmo) which was developed after 3 yr of @entity2150 . @entity2150 differed from the classical form, since erythroid cells and megakaryocytes were relatively preserved in the bone marrow. Treatment with @entity3800 induced the increase of hematocrit and reticulocyte as well as general improvement. The sudden appearance of @entity548 due to @entity882 was associated with aggravation of @entity417 and @entity3028 . In the bone marrow, giant multinuclear proerythroblasts with bizarre nuclear morphology and PAS positivity with coarse granules was found. Serum @entity1307 (Ep) level was high. Bone marrow cells culture in vitro revealed two types of erythroid colonies: typical and giant multinuclear cells, both @entity16748 -positive. The number of colonies was irrespective to the Ep dose. "Autonomous" Ep independent growth of these colonies was also demonstrated. The number of colonies was more than 3 times higher per number of cells seeded when compared to normals, which indicated malignant proliferation and Ep independent growth. Treatment with @entity4446 and transfusions was without effect and the @entity1 died after 15 days with signs of @entity1779 .

title: Acute erythremic myelosis (DiGuglielmo) following atypical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['Aplastic anemia', 'aplastic anemia']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity4446 :: ('MESH:D015122', 'Chemical') :: ['6-mercaptopurine']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['granulocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral bleeding']

entities_list: @entity16748 :: ('MESH:C029876', 'Chemical') :: ['benzidine']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['aplastic anemia']


abstract: The @entity384 are characterized by an increase in left ventricular internal dimensions without an appropriate increase in ventricular wall thickness. The @entity296 often goes unrecognized until the offending cause is no longer apparent. Although specific diagnoses and treatment can sometimes be established, the majority of cases are designated idiopathic but are believed to result from previous @entity1800 , @entity18249 , or abnormalities of the coronary microvasculature. Despite impaired contractility and @entity2554 , @entity409 may prevail for some time. Excessive fluid retention, neurohumoral activation, systemic vasoconstriction, and @entity338 promote progressive @entity5122 . The meticulous matching of diuretic and vasodilator therapy to specific hemodynamic goals, particularly the normalization of ventricular filling pressure, frequently allows restoration and maintenance of reasonable functional capacity even in @entity1 with severe @entity712 . Nevertheless, @entity944 due to @entity943 and occasionally to @entity999 remains a major threat. Prophylactic use of antiarrhythmic agents and anticoagulant therapy is not of proven efficacy. Cardiac transplantation results in significant improvement in life expectancy for @entity1 with dilated @entity712 but is available only to a relatively small number of @entity1 because of the limited donor supply. Accordingly, programs providing cardiac transplantation should be equally committed to providing optimal medical management that is the only option for the majority of @entity1 with @entity384 .

title: The XXXX : clinical aspects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial injury']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity5122 :: ('MESH:C565430', 'Disease') :: ['hemodynamic deterioration']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathies', 'dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['compensated dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['systemic emboli']

entities_list: @entity2554 :: ('MESH:C563906', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dilatation']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular valve regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity18249 :: ('MESH:D020022', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune or genetic predisposition']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['dilated cardiomyopathies']


abstract: The structural effects of @entity6 and subsequent insulin treatment upon the contractile and supporting elements of the @entity35 myocardium were examined at progressive stages of both untreated and treated disease. @entity6 was induced by intravenous injection of @entity10835 , and tissue was examined after 6, 12, and 26 weeks. Insulin treatment began after 12 weeks of @entity6 and tissue from these animals was examined after the same intervals. Within the cardiocytes, @entity6 produced a focal yet progressive @entity393 , transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, and separation of the fasciae adherens was evident at the intercalated disk. @entity2383 was not evident. These cytoplasmic alterations were accompanied by intercellular and perivascular deposition of connective tissue, thickening of the endothelial cytoplasm with pinocytotic @entity2915 , and characteristic basal laminar changes. When insulin treatment began after 12 weeks of @entity6 , most, but not all, of these changes were reversed, and this reversal was essentially complete within 6-12 weeks. Even with longer periods of insulin treatment, cardiocytes still exhibited scattered areas of myofibril loss and extracellular matrix was retained. In contrast, @entity6 changes in the intercalated disk and capillaries, including their basal laminae, were completely and rapidly reversed. It is hypothesized that the structural manifestations of @entity13088 consist of two major components; the first is a short-term, physiologic adaptation to metabolic alterations, while the other represents degenerative changes for which the myocardium has only a limited capacity for repair.

title: Structural manifestations of XXXX in the @entity35 and its reversal by insulin treatment.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity13088 :: ('MESH:D058065', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of myofibrils']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['Mitochondrial damage']

answer: @entity13088 :: (MESH:D058065,Disease) :: ['diabetic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: The structural effects of @entity6 and subsequent insulin treatment upon the contractile and supporting elements of the @entity35 myocardium were examined at progressive stages of both untreated and treated disease. @entity6 was induced by intravenous injection of @entity10835 , and tissue was examined after 6, 12, and 26 weeks. Insulin treatment began after 12 weeks of @entity6 and tissue from these animals was examined after the same intervals. Within the cardiocytes, @entity6 produced a focal yet progressive @entity393 , transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, and separation of the fasciae adherens was evident at the intercalated disk. @entity2383 was not evident. These cytoplasmic alterations were accompanied by intercellular and perivascular deposition of connective tissue, thickening of the endothelial cytoplasm with pinocytotic @entity2915 , and characteristic basal laminar changes. When insulin treatment began after 12 weeks of @entity6 , most, but not all, of these changes were reversed, and this reversal was essentially complete within 6-12 weeks. Even with longer periods of insulin treatment, cardiocytes still exhibited scattered areas of myofibril loss and extracellular matrix was retained. In contrast, @entity6 changes in the intercalated disk and capillaries, including their basal laminae, were completely and rapidly reversed. It is hypothesized that the structural manifestations of @entity13088 consist of two major components; the first is a short-term, physiologic adaptation to metabolic alterations, while the other represents degenerative changes for which the myocardium has only a limited capacity for repair.

title: Structural manifestations of @entity13088 in the XXXX and its reversal by insulin treatment.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Data were obtained from 46 @entity1 with @entity2150 ( @entity2150 ) who received bone marrow transplants (BMT) from donors other than genotypically HLA-identical siblings. The data were collected in the @entity2150 Registry of the European Bone Marrow Transplant Group. The donors were non-HLA-identical siblings in six cases, parents in 28 cases, a son in one case and unrelated individuals in 11 cases. Fifteen donor-recipient pairs were @entity2149 identical and mutually non-reactive in mixed lymphocyte culture; nine were mismatched at one locus, 17 were mismatched at two or more loci and in five cases data were not available for D/DR determinants. Actuarial survival was predicted by the degree of mismatch. It was 45% for phenotypically HLA-identical grafts, 25% for grafts mismatched at one locus and 11% for graft mismatched at more than one locus. Whether the graft was derived from a family member or an unrelated donor seemed to be less important and results were comparable. Age, @entity1 sex and year of transplant had no significant influence on survival. The use of @entity205 (CSA) for @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) prophylaxis (n = 21, survival 34%) appeared superior to both @entity1499 (n = 9, survival 11%) and to CSA with T cell depletion of donor marrow (n = 13, survival 14%). The causes of death were rejection (n = 15), @entity2132 (n = 13), @entity55 (n = 5) and @entity281 (n = 1). Twelve @entity1 are alive at 16-84 months post-BMT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Bone marrow transplantation for XXXX from donors other than HLA identical siblings: a report of the BMT Working Party.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['severe aplastic anemia', 'SAA']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['severe aplastic anemia']


abstract: One hundred @entity1 operated for large bowel @entity189 were divided into a distinct aneuploid group of 63, and a near diploid one of 37. Flow cytometry was used for determination of the DNA ploidy pattern. All @entity5 in the aneuploid group contained one or more aneuploid cell populations. All @entity1 were followed clinically from 3.5 to 7.8 years. The corrected 5 year survival was 64% and 49% for @entity1 with near @entity5 , respectively (not significant). Significant differences in corrected survival time were not observed for Dukes' stages A, B, and C @entity1 pooled, nor for Dukes' stage D @entity1 . However, for Dukes' stage C @entity1 alone, there was a tendency (P = 0.10) for @entity1 with near @entity5 to show a better survival. A highly significant predominance of @entity5 was seen in males, in contrast to an equal distribution of aneuploid and near @entity5 in females. A slight predominance of @entity5 in the left colon and rectum was seen. Both these findings indicate the influence of environmental factors (hormonal, anatomical, phenotypical) on the development of @entity5 with a particular DNA ploidy pattern.

title: XXXX @entity1 with different DNA ploidy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['diploid tumours', 'diploid and aneuploid tumours', 'tumours', 'aneuploid tumours']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Survival of large bowel carcinoma']


abstract: One hundred @entity1 operated for large bowel @entity189 were divided into a distinct aneuploid group of 63, and a near diploid one of 37. Flow cytometry was used for determination of the DNA ploidy pattern. All @entity5 in the aneuploid group contained one or more aneuploid cell populations. All @entity1 were followed clinically from 3.5 to 7.8 years. The corrected 5 year survival was 64% and 49% for @entity1 with near @entity5 , respectively (not significant). Significant differences in corrected survival time were not observed for Dukes' stages A, B, and C @entity1 pooled, nor for Dukes' stage D @entity1 . However, for Dukes' stage C @entity1 alone, there was a tendency (P = 0.10) for @entity1 with near @entity5 to show a better survival. A highly significant predominance of @entity5 was seen in males, in contrast to an equal distribution of aneuploid and near @entity5 in females. A slight predominance of @entity5 in the left colon and rectum was seen. Both these findings indicate the influence of environmental factors (hormonal, anatomical, phenotypical) on the development of @entity5 with a particular DNA ploidy pattern.

title: @entity189 XXXX with different DNA ploidy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: This paper presents findings made using special techniques of imaging and/or of specimen preparation to investigate the changes in tooth structure which occur in caries. We have studied both coronal and root caries in enamel, dentine and cementum using scanning electron and confocal scanning optical microscopy. In preparation for backscattered electron (BSE) imaging in the SEM, teeth were stored in 70% @entity1068 until further dehydration in @entity1068 and embedding in polymethylmethacrylate ( @entity4625 ). Longitudinally cut surfaces were @entity11710 polished and coated with @entity505 or @entity575 before BSE imaging. Important changes in the distribution of densities in both enamel and dentine occurred during caries, and could be correlated with prior published studies using polarised light and microradiography to study demineralization in these tissues. However, the resolution of the BSE imaging technique is much higher than that of these previous methods. A new method was used for demonstrating local variations in microhardness with special relevance to the changes occurring in @entity1547 . Sectioned surfaces were subjected to treatment with a jet of soft abrasive particles, resulting in the selective removal of carious enamel, and enhanced removal of carious dentine. The tandem scanning reflected light microscope (ISRLM) has also been shown to be useful in characterising the spread of caries in the dental tissues. Teeth only need to be cut once, because the image is formed on looking into a bulk specimen. Fluorescent dyes can be used to study the distribution of pore volume, making use of the high resolution in depth of this confocal microscope.

title: Scanning microscopic observations on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['dental caries']

answer: @entity1547 :: (MESH:D003731,Disease) :: ['dental caries']


abstract: We present adult @entity6012 with giant regional lymph node @entity3 . The @entity1 was a 21-year-old male, who had a left @entity5 diagnosed by ultrasonography incidentally. He was moderately developed and physical examination was almost normal. Blood pressure was within the normal range. Only the value of the @entity17081 , which was 68.7 mg/day, in the urine was abnormal. Other laboratory data were almost normal. Neither chemical nor physical hormonal disorders were present. We carried out the radical surgical treatment by trans-thoracoabdominal approach under the diagnosis of @entity774 . Pathological diagnosis was @entity6012 . After the operation, the @entity1 received both systemic chemotherapy of @entity1891 and @entity786 and immunotherapy of @entity1012 by subcutaneous administration. Furthermore, 40 Gy of the regional irradiation of 60Co to the operative space after the surgery was performed. At eight months after the operation, he is alive with no evidence of disease. @entity6012 is a @entity5 including @entity521 , which commonly occurs in childhood. The prognosis of the @entity5 which occur either in the adrenal gland of a young @entity1 or in an older @entity1 is poor. On the other hand, the biological activity of the adult @entity5 is different from that of the pediatric @entity5 . In the adult, the @entity6012 does not always have a poor prognosis. The multimodality treatment which we performed is effective for the @entity5 . Ultrasonography is both effective and adequate for the screening of the retroperitoneal lesion such as in our case.

title: [Multimodality treatment of XXXX : a case report].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity6012 :: ('MESH:D018305', 'Disease') :: ['ganglioneuroblastoma', 'adrenal ganglioneuroblastoma', 'Ganglioneuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastic tumor', 'neuroblastic tumors', 'adrenal tumor']

entities_list: @entity17081 :: ('MESH:D014642', 'Chemical') :: ['vanilmandelic acid']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['left adrenal neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity6012 :: (MESH:D018305,Disease) :: ['adrenal ganglioneuroblastoma']


abstract: We analyzed renal @entity1372 handling in a @entity1 with @entity9475 after equilibration on diets containing 200 and 700 mmol @entity1219 /day. No @entity972 supplements were given. Clearance studies were performed during maximal water diuresis, maximal free water clearance was taken as measure of diluting segment @entity1372 reabsorption. A normal reference frame of diluting segment @entity1219 reabsorption at varying delivery rates to that segment was drawn from data collected in similarly studied normal subjects after equilibration on low (20 and 200 mmol/day) or very high (916-1,224 mmol/day) @entity1372 intakes. The results were compatible with a defect in diluting segment reabsorption in the @entity1 , which appeared more pronounced during the high @entity1372 intake. Recent reports do not agree with the existence of such a defect in @entity9475 . One of the reasons of this difference may be the lack of a proper reference frame in previously published studies. We, therefore, compared clearance data in adults with @entity9475 published by others with our studies in normals. Our analysis showed that in @entity9475 (1) a moderate diluting segment @entity1219 reabsorption defect is often present, and (2) the proximal reabsorption is frequently elevated relative to @entity1372 intake. Severely suppressed diluting segment reabsorption and relatively low proximal reabsorption may also occur, particularly in association with salt loading or reduced glomerular filtration. It seems, therefore, that much of the continuing controversy on renal @entity1372 handling in @entity9475 may be solved by using the proper frame of reference.

title: Suppressed diluting segment reabsorption in XXXX : studies in 1 @entity1 and synthesis of literature data.

entities_list: @entity9475 :: ('MESH:D001477', 'Disease') :: ["Bartter's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity9475 :: (MESH:D001477,Disease) :: ['Bartter's syndrome']


abstract: We analyzed renal @entity1372 handling in a @entity1 with @entity9475 after equilibration on diets containing 200 and 700 mmol @entity1219 /day. No @entity972 supplements were given. Clearance studies were performed during maximal water diuresis, maximal free water clearance was taken as measure of diluting segment @entity1372 reabsorption. A normal reference frame of diluting segment @entity1219 reabsorption at varying delivery rates to that segment was drawn from data collected in similarly studied normal subjects after equilibration on low (20 and 200 mmol/day) or very high (916-1,224 mmol/day) @entity1372 intakes. The results were compatible with a defect in diluting segment reabsorption in the @entity1 , which appeared more pronounced during the high @entity1372 intake. Recent reports do not agree with the existence of such a defect in @entity9475 . One of the reasons of this difference may be the lack of a proper reference frame in previously published studies. We, therefore, compared clearance data in adults with @entity9475 published by others with our studies in normals. Our analysis showed that in @entity9475 (1) a moderate diluting segment @entity1219 reabsorption defect is often present, and (2) the proximal reabsorption is frequently elevated relative to @entity1372 intake. Severely suppressed diluting segment reabsorption and relatively low proximal reabsorption may also occur, particularly in association with salt loading or reduced glomerular filtration. It seems, therefore, that much of the continuing controversy on renal @entity1372 handling in @entity9475 may be solved by using the proper frame of reference.

title: Suppressed diluting segment reabsorption in @entity9475 : studies in 1 XXXX and synthesis of literature data.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: 24 @entity1 suffering from a mild @entity296 with normal or nearly normal ejection fraction and histologic evidence of cardiac fiber @entity1184 were followed-up over 5.5 +/- 1.9 years. @entity1 presented predominantly with @entity1353 , @entity951 . During the observation period, the severity of symptoms increased only slightly. The ECG showed @entity943 in 34% and premature ventricular beats or conduction disturbances in the majority. During the 5.5 year follow-up period four @entity1 had developed an intermittent III AV-block and two @entity1 a @entity5036 . The heart volume determined by X-ray increased insignificantly (893 +/- 224 to 933 +/- 245 ml/1.73 m2; n.s.), while left ventricle end-diastolic (5.5 +/- 1.1 to 5.6 +/- 0.6 cm) and end-systolic (3.9 +/- 1.2 to 3.7 +/- 0.7 cm) diameter remained nearly constant. Pulmonary artery pressure at rest (18 +/- 5.9 to 17.8 +/- 4 mm Hg) and during exercise (40.5 +/- 9.5 to 37.4 +/- 7.8 mm Hg) showed no significant change. However, cardiac output decreased significantly at rest from 5.6 +/- 1.6 l/min/1.73 m2 to 4.5 +/- 0.7 l/min/1.73 m2 (p less than 0.01) and during exercise from 13 +/- 4.1 l/min/1.73 m2 to 10.4 +/- 2.3 l/min/1.73 m2 (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that @entity1 with this mild @entity296 show only minor changes over a period of 5.5 years. The prognosis seems to be promising in most cases.

title: Long-term observations in mild forms of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity5036 :: ('OMIM:113900', 'Disease') :: ['bundle branch block']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina and palpitations']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['atrial arrhythmias']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: In a multidisciplinary study comprising 280 @entity1 with @entity697 (median age 76, range 30-96 years), instruments for functional assessment in @entity64 care were developed. The improvements of motor function and activities of daily living were investigated during a period of up to one year after a @entity64 . A new chart for motor capacity assessment, which includes both the paretic and the non-paretic side, modified after that of Fugl-Meyer et al, was tested for its reliability and validity. At the same time the Activity Index of Hamrin _ Wohlin was further tested. The internal consistency reliability measured with the standardized item alpha method confirmed that the two instruments have high homogeneity. Construct validity was investigated by factor analysis and showed a logical structure. The predictive validity of the scores on admission was significant and the two tools had a satisfactory predictive capacity for survival and later functional outcome. The improvements in different motor functions were followed up for up to one year after the @entity64 among the 183 one-year survivors. In @entity1 with @entity73 , the improvement occurred mostly during the first week. @entity1 with moderate or moderately severe @entity73 improved more continuously for up to three months, while the few surviving @entity1 with very severe @entity73 continued to recover to some extent even after three months. Older @entity1 with severe functional loss seemed to improve more slowly and not as well as younger @entity1 with equivalent @entity73 . The patterns of instrumental activities of daily living (I-ADL), such as household work, locomotion, psychosocial functions and intellectual activities, were investigated in the 207 three-month survivors and the 183 one-year survivors. At both the three-month and the one-year follow-ups the scores had decreased considerably, compared with before the @entity64 , for all activities except locomotion, and many @entity1 were dependent on somebody else for help. The same group of @entity1 was also examined by a Standardized Practical Equipment (SPE) test constructed by T  mquist three months and one year after the @entity64 . The construct validity of the SPE test was estimated through factor analysis. Three factors emerged, one concerning mainly cognitive factors and co-ordination, one concerning hand function and one concerning mainly mobility and balance. The instruments developed in the course of this study have proved to be reliable and valid, and useful in assessing functional losses and following progress. The tools are well suited for any clinical settings and for home care examinations as well as research.

title: Evaluation of functional capacity after XXXX with special emphasis on motor function and activities of daily living.

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['minor impairment', 'impairment']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: A national @entity791 -control program was developed in Uganda to deal with a potentially serious epidemic of the @entity791 ( @entity791 ). A cumulative total of 1,138 cases of @entity791 has been reported in Uganda between 1983-since @entity791 was introduced into the country-and March 1987. More than 80% of the victims are sexually active @entity1 whereas less than 10% are @entity1 and @entity1 younger than 5 years. Virtually no cases or seropositivity is reported in @entity1 between the ages of 5 and 14 years or after the age of 60 years. Most transmission has been through the heterosexual route, and, unlike in the United States, the male-female ratio is 1:1. Heterosexual high-risk behavior is cited as an important mode of transmission. A survey of household contacts showed that despite the closeness, only the sexual partners were seropositive.A five-year plan of action has been developed, and health education is the main thrust. It also includes blood screening, improved sterile procedures, improved surveillance and notification, research and terminal @entity1 care. The plan stresses integration based on primary health care. There are unresolved moral issues of whether or not to tell the truth to an @entity791 victim or any healthy seropositive @entity1 in developing countries, especially unstable @entity1 . The best approach is to sensitize everyone so that they become guardians of their lives because sexual behavior is an issue of individual responsibility.

title: Towards a national XXXX -control program in Uganda.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient', 'infants', 'person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['acquired immunodeficiency syndrome', 'AIDS']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: A 4-year-old @entity1641 was evaluated at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for rapidly progressing @entity76 . Euthanasia was elected and at postmortem examination a proliferative mass encompassing the right side of the cerebellum was discovered. The lesion was characterized by large, convoluted, vascular folia and absence of the core of central white matter. Histologically, there was a diminution or loss of the internal granule cell layer, cavitation of the central white matter, and absence of Purkinje cells. The molecular layer was thickened with myelinated axons originating from large neurons aberrantly located in this zone. The pathology of this cerebellar mass closely resembles that seen in the cerebellum of @entity1 with @entity1050 . Mature adults are most commonly affected and clinical signs associated with this disease are often vague. The disease is thought to result from hypertrophy of granule cells possibly due to an early maturation or @entity4222 defect. Because of the late age of onset and the rarity of the disorder, its pathogenesis has been difficult to discover. Awareness that other @entity1 species may be affected with @entity74 may lead to an understanding of the causative @entity245 .

title: Dysplastic disease of the cerebellum of an adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans']

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['migration']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental defect']

entities_list: @entity1050 :: ('MESH:D006223', 'Disease') :: ['Lhermitte-Duclos disease']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['a similar disorder']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['horse']


abstract: The effect on mucociliary (m.c.) activity in the @entity95 maxillary sinus of cigarette smoke and @entity3265 ( @entity3655 ) vapour delivered through a tracheal cannula or as nasal challenges was investigated by a photo-electric technique, and compared with simultaneously induced changes in the respiratory rate. Neither irritant had any effect on m.c. activity in the sinus after tracheo-bronchial exposure. However, the respiration rate was increased by @entity3655 vapour (2.5 ml, diluted 1:1 with room air) and neat cigarette smoke (10 ml) by 76.9% and 24.3% respectively (median values). In contrast, nasal challenges with both irritants increased m.c. activity by 24.1% ( @entity3655 ) and 19.1% (cigarette smoke), and reduced the respiration rate by 31.0% ( @entity3655 ) and 28.4% (cigarette smoke) (median values). @entity3655 vapour sometimes produced an @entity386 proper. Identical results were obtained in laryngectomized @entity95 , indicating that laryngeal afferents were not involved in the responses. Moreover, topical application of the C-fibre stimulant @entity2951 mimicked the effects produced by the airway irritants. It is concluded that nasal exposure to irritants triggers at least two different protective reflexes. One is the increase of m.c. activity in the upper airways involving sensory C-fibres and the other the apneic reflex of Kratschmer.

title: Nasal exposure to airway irritants triggers a mucociliary defence reflex in the XXXX maxillary sinus.

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Results of 606 equilibrium radionuclide ventriculographies performed in 348 non-selected @entity1 receiving @entity632 (ADM) therapy were stored in a data base system. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a potential @entity1370 therapy on left ventricular pump function. Increasing ADM doses yielded a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease of the resting ejection fraction (R- @entity20183 ), the peak ejection rate and the peak filling rate. End diastolic and end systolic volumes increased significantly. @entity64 volume, heart rate and time to peak filling rate did not change significantly. 368 follow-up studies were performed in 128 @entity1 : 65/128 @entity1 presented a decrease of R- @entity20183 , but only in 45 of these @entity1 R- @entity20183 values fell into the pathologic range. In 44 of these follow-ups, R- @entity20183 remained unchanged. In 19 @entity1 , a R- @entity20183 increase was observed. At the beginning of ADM therapy 14% of the @entity1 had subnormal R- @entity20183 values. With increasing ADM doses pathologic findings increased to 86% in @entity1 with ADM doses higher than 500 mg/m2.

title: [Evaluation of @entity632 XXXX using equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. I. Results at rest].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxic']

answer: @entity1370 :: (MESH:D066126,Disease) :: ['cardiotoxicity']


abstract: Results of 606 equilibrium radionuclide ventriculographies performed in 348 non-selected @entity1 receiving @entity632 (ADM) therapy were stored in a data base system. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a potential @entity1370 therapy on left ventricular pump function. Increasing ADM doses yielded a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease of the resting ejection fraction (R- @entity20183 ), the peak ejection rate and the peak filling rate. End diastolic and end systolic volumes increased significantly. @entity64 volume, heart rate and time to peak filling rate did not change significantly. 368 follow-up studies were performed in 128 @entity1 : 65/128 @entity1 presented a decrease of R- @entity20183 , but only in 45 of these @entity1 R- @entity20183 values fell into the pathologic range. In 44 of these follow-ups, R- @entity20183 remained unchanged. In 19 @entity1 , a R- @entity20183 increase was observed. At the beginning of ADM therapy 14% of the @entity1 had subnormal R- @entity20183 values. With increasing ADM doses pathologic findings increased to 86% in @entity1 with ADM doses higher than 500 mg/m2.

title: [Evaluation of XXXX @entity1370 using equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. I. Results at rest].

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['adriamycin']


abstract: We experienced a case of @entity3526 ( @entity3526 ) with a specific form of obstruction of the right proximal subclavian artery. The @entity1 was a 44-year-old @entity1 who complained of numbness of the right hand. Right carotid-subclavian artery anastomosis was performed under general anesthesia. The obstructed segment was a fibrous cord, 3.5 cm in length and 2.0 mm in diameter. Postoperatively, the @entity1 was free from the symptom. In the Japanese literature, 73 cases of @entity3526 were reported from 1965 to 1986, and the etiology was mentioned in 64 cases. In 28 cases the cause was @entity12040 (43.8%), in 22 cases @entity4288 (34.4%), in 13 cases @entity600 (20.3%), and in 1 case iatrogenic lesion (1.6%). These data indicated that @entity3526 caused by @entity600 was not so rare as previously believed. Of 13 cases with @entity600 , our case and 3 other cases had similar aspect in clinical features. All 4 @entity1 were middle-aged @entity1 (aged 34, 26, 45 and 44 years) with a fibrous cord at the proximal portion of the right subclavian artery. None had any other @entity854 .

title: A case of XXXX with a specific form of obstruction of the right proximal subclavian artery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man', 'men']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformation']

entities_list: @entity12040 :: ('MESH:D013625', 'Disease') :: ['aortitis syndrome']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity3526 :: ('MESH:D013349', 'Disease') :: ['SSS', 'subclavian steal syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity3526 :: (MESH:D013349,Disease) :: ['subclavian steal syndrome']


abstract: A series of 47 primary and seven metastatic @entity259 , including well, moderately and poorly differentiated, were tested for @entity3745 (Tg) using immunohistology. In addition, three combined follicular @entity189 , 17 @entity189 and @entity1358 metastatic to the thyroid were examined. Only two @entity189 did not stain for @entity3745 . Some @entity5 differences in Tg staining were found but there was no absolute correlation between this and the degree of @entity5 differentiation. The two @entity5 that failed to stain for Tg were poorly differentiated; @entity3745 positive poorly differentiated @entity5 demonstrated a clearly weaker staining pattern for Tg. All but one of 15 @entity189 stained positively for Tg but the staining intensity was often weak. Five of six @entity1358 were positive for Tg but the staining reaction was generally faint and there were often large areas devoid of positive cells. Positive staining was demonstrated in the differentiated areas of combined follicular @entity189 . @entity189 and metastatic @entity1358 gave negative results. @entity3745 is a reliable marker for @entity259 but the patchy staining pattern, particularly in the less well-differentiated @entity5 may produce less reliable results in small biopsies.

title: @entity3745 immunostaining in XXXX : relationship to the degree of differentiation and cell type.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['inter-tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['oxyphilic follicular carcinomas', 'Undifferentiated carcinomas', 'follicular carcinomas', 'undifferentiated carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinomas', 'five renal cell carcinomas', 'clear cell follicular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3745 :: ('7038', 'Gene') :: ['Thyroglobulin', 'thyroglobulin']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid follicular carcinoma', 'thyroid follicular carcinomas']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['follicular thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: A series of 47 primary and seven metastatic @entity259 , including well, moderately and poorly differentiated, were tested for @entity3745 (Tg) using immunohistology. In addition, three combined follicular @entity189 , 17 @entity189 and @entity1358 metastatic to the thyroid were examined. Only two @entity189 did not stain for @entity3745 . Some @entity5 differences in Tg staining were found but there was no absolute correlation between this and the degree of @entity5 differentiation. The two @entity5 that failed to stain for Tg were poorly differentiated; @entity3745 positive poorly differentiated @entity5 demonstrated a clearly weaker staining pattern for Tg. All but one of 15 @entity189 stained positively for Tg but the staining intensity was often weak. Five of six @entity1358 were positive for Tg but the staining reaction was generally faint and there were often large areas devoid of positive cells. Positive staining was demonstrated in the differentiated areas of combined follicular @entity189 . @entity189 and metastatic @entity1358 gave negative results. @entity3745 is a reliable marker for @entity259 but the patchy staining pattern, particularly in the less well-differentiated @entity5 may produce less reliable results in small biopsies.

title: XXXX immunostaining in @entity259 : relationship to the degree of differentiation and cell type.

answer: @entity3745 :: (7038,Gene) :: ['Thyroglobulin']


abstract: A retrospective study of 232 @entity150 with minimum follow-up 5 years is presented. The @entity189 was superficial in 66%, muscle-invasive in 31% and could not be staged in 3%. Primary treatment was mainly transurethral resection for superficial @entity5 , but was cystectomy or radiotherapy in 22 of 29 T1 G3. Of the superficial @entity5 , 71% recurred. Progression to higher T stage occurred in 15% of Ta and 29% of T1 @entity5 , and half of these @entity1 died of @entity150 . The corrected 5-year survival rates in grades 1, 2A, 2B and 3-4 were 96, 84, 64 and 43%, and in stages Ta, T1, T2 and T3 they were 94, 69, 40 and 31%. All @entity1 with T4 @entity5 died within 4 years. Among the 45 @entity1 with 40 Gy irradiation + cystectomy, the corrected 5-year survival rate was 83% in superficial and 64% in @entity5 , and among the 38 with radical radiotherapy the rates in @entity7460 were 46, 36 and 13%. Transurethral resection was successful in most Ta cases. Most T1 @entity5 were, like T2-4, of higher grade than Ta. Prognosis was worse in T1 than in Ta. After progression to @entity11090 , even during close follow-up the outlook was poor, as poor as for @entity1 with primary @entity11090 .

title: Recurrence, progression and survival in XXXX . A retrospective analysis of 232 @entity1 with greater than or equal to 5-year follow-up.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['muscle-invasive tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer', 'bladder tumours']

entities_list: @entity11090 :: ('MESH:D019042', 'Disease') :: ['muscle-invasive disease']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: A retrospective study of 232 @entity150 with minimum follow-up 5 years is presented. The @entity189 was superficial in 66%, muscle-invasive in 31% and could not be staged in 3%. Primary treatment was mainly transurethral resection for superficial @entity5 , but was cystectomy or radiotherapy in 22 of 29 T1 G3. Of the superficial @entity5 , 71% recurred. Progression to higher T stage occurred in 15% of Ta and 29% of T1 @entity5 , and half of these @entity1 died of @entity150 . The corrected 5-year survival rates in grades 1, 2A, 2B and 3-4 were 96, 84, 64 and 43%, and in stages Ta, T1, T2 and T3 they were 94, 69, 40 and 31%. All @entity1 with T4 @entity5 died within 4 years. Among the 45 @entity1 with 40 Gy irradiation + cystectomy, the corrected 5-year survival rate was 83% in superficial and 64% in @entity5 , and among the 38 with radical radiotherapy the rates in @entity7460 were 46, 36 and 13%. Transurethral resection was successful in most Ta cases. Most T1 @entity5 were, like T2-4, of higher grade than Ta. Prognosis was worse in T1 than in Ta. After progression to @entity11090 , even during close follow-up the outlook was poor, as poor as for @entity1 with primary @entity11090 .

title: Recurrence, progression and survival in @entity150 . A retrospective analysis of 232 XXXX with greater than or equal to 5-year follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity281 are a sufficiently common cause of @entity456 that @entity8143 should be considered in any effusion of unclear cause. They can involve the pleura with or without involvement of the adjacent lung. @entity8016 affects the pleural by crossing the diaphragm from a @entity5572 . This is particularly important to diagnose because of the ease of treatment and the severe course of the untreated disease; the gross appearance of the pus may be diagnostic. Cystic hydatid disease can be primarily pleural, but more often reaches the pleura by rupture of a @entity96 . @entity397 often calls for aggressive surgical treatment; it may be complicated immediately by anaphylaxis, earlier by @entity1997 , and later by secondary disseminated @entity8434 . @entity9643 is often mistaken for @entity378 . @entity1 are not likely to have diagnostic eggs in the sputum or stool, but the pleural fluid is characteristic. Other @entity281 that have rarely been associated with @entity456 include @entity10592 , @entity5930 , @entity5930 , @entity13871 , @entity12590 , hypodermiasis, @entity13739 , and @entity2040 . Some parasites, including pentastomids and Mansonella sp, can be found in the pleura incidentally by radiograph or autopsy, but seldom if ever cause @entity456 .

title: XXXX of the pleural space.

entities_list: @entity5572 :: ('MESH:D008100', 'Disease') :: ['liver abscess']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity1997 :: ('MESH:D008169', 'Disease') :: ['empyema or lung abscess']

entities_list: @entity10592 :: ('MESH:D011020', 'Disease') :: ['pneumocystosis']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['cyst in the lung or liver']

entities_list: @entity9643 :: ('MESH:D010237', 'Disease') :: ['Pleural paragonimiasis']

entities_list: @entity5930 :: ('MESH:D011657', 'Disease') :: ['tropical pulmonary eosinophilia', "Loeffler's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity12590 :: ('MESH:D017129', 'Disease') :: ['anisakiasis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic infections', 'Parasitic infections']

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['hydatidosis']

entities_list: @entity8016 :: ('MESH:D000562', 'Disease') :: ['Amebiasis']

entities_list: @entity13739 :: ('MESH:D013322', 'Disease') :: ['strongyloidiasis']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity13871 :: ('MESH:D014120', 'Disease') :: ['toxocariasis']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity8143 :: ('MESH:D063726', 'Disease') :: ['parasitosis']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural disease']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['Parasitic infections']


abstract: Null point titration techniques have been developed for measurements of cytosolic free @entity1025 in isolated cells and matrix free @entity1025 in @entity2383 using antipyrylazo III as a spectrophotometric @entity1025 indicator. A cytosolic free @entity1025 of 0.37 +/- 0.02 mM was obtained with hepatocytes. This represented about 6% of the total cytosolic @entity1760 content (activity coefficient of 5.8 X 10(-2). Nondiffusable @entity1025 -binding sites in the cytosol were equal to 11.1 nmol/mg cell dry weight with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.71 mM and accounted for binding of 32% of the cytosolic @entity1760 . The null point method gave a value of 0.35 +/- 0.01 mM for the mitochondrial matrix free @entity1025 concentration (activity coefficient of 8.8 X 10(-3). Nondiffusable @entity1025 binding sites in the mitochondria were estimated at 25.7 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.22 mM, compared with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.66 microM for bound @entity460 . These data demonstrate the absence of a significant gradient of free @entity1025 between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. They also demonstrate a high ligand binding capacity for @entity1760 in both compartments with relatively low affinity resulting in a constant value for free @entity1025 when total cell @entity1760 is constant. This maintains a ratio between free @entity1025 and free @entity141 of about 2000 in the cytosol and 100 in the mitochondria. The high concentration and low affinity of @entity1025 binding sites results in rather large changes of free @entity1025 with small variations in total cell @entity1760 . This is apparent in hepatocytes isolated from @entity3839 @entity6 @entity35 which had a decreased total @entity1760 content and a cytosolic free @entity1025 of 0.16 +/- 0.02 mM.

title: Regulation of free and bound XXXX in @entity35 hepatocytes and @entity2383 .

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['isolated mitochondria']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity1760 :: (MESH:D008274,Chemical) :: ['magnesium']


abstract: Null point titration techniques have been developed for measurements of cytosolic free @entity1025 in isolated cells and matrix free @entity1025 in @entity2383 using antipyrylazo III as a spectrophotometric @entity1025 indicator. A cytosolic free @entity1025 of 0.37 +/- 0.02 mM was obtained with hepatocytes. This represented about 6% of the total cytosolic @entity1760 content (activity coefficient of 5.8 X 10(-2). Nondiffusable @entity1025 -binding sites in the cytosol were equal to 11.1 nmol/mg cell dry weight with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.71 mM and accounted for binding of 32% of the cytosolic @entity1760 . The null point method gave a value of 0.35 +/- 0.01 mM for the mitochondrial matrix free @entity1025 concentration (activity coefficient of 8.8 X 10(-3). Nondiffusable @entity1025 binding sites in the mitochondria were estimated at 25.7 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.22 mM, compared with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.66 microM for bound @entity460 . These data demonstrate the absence of a significant gradient of free @entity1025 between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. They also demonstrate a high ligand binding capacity for @entity1760 in both compartments with relatively low affinity resulting in a constant value for free @entity1025 when total cell @entity1760 is constant. This maintains a ratio between free @entity1025 and free @entity141 of about 2000 in the cytosol and 100 in the mitochondria. The high concentration and low affinity of @entity1025 binding sites results in rather large changes of free @entity1025 with small variations in total cell @entity1760 . This is apparent in hepatocytes isolated from @entity3839 @entity6 @entity35 which had a decreased total @entity1760 content and a cytosolic free @entity1025 of 0.16 +/- 0.02 mM.

title: Regulation of free and bound @entity1760 in @entity35 hepatocytes and XXXX .

answer: @entity2383 :: (MESH:D028361,Disease) :: ['isolated mitochondria']


abstract: Null point titration techniques have been developed for measurements of cytosolic free @entity1025 in isolated cells and matrix free @entity1025 in @entity2383 using antipyrylazo III as a spectrophotometric @entity1025 indicator. A cytosolic free @entity1025 of 0.37 +/- 0.02 mM was obtained with hepatocytes. This represented about 6% of the total cytosolic @entity1760 content (activity coefficient of 5.8 X 10(-2). Nondiffusable @entity1025 -binding sites in the cytosol were equal to 11.1 nmol/mg cell dry weight with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.71 mM and accounted for binding of 32% of the cytosolic @entity1760 . The null point method gave a value of 0.35 +/- 0.01 mM for the mitochondrial matrix free @entity1025 concentration (activity coefficient of 8.8 X 10(-3). Nondiffusable @entity1025 binding sites in the mitochondria were estimated at 25.7 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.22 mM, compared with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.66 microM for bound @entity460 . These data demonstrate the absence of a significant gradient of free @entity1025 between the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments. They also demonstrate a high ligand binding capacity for @entity1760 in both compartments with relatively low affinity resulting in a constant value for free @entity1025 when total cell @entity1760 is constant. This maintains a ratio between free @entity1025 and free @entity141 of about 2000 in the cytosol and 100 in the mitochondria. The high concentration and low affinity of @entity1025 binding sites results in rather large changes of free @entity1025 with small variations in total cell @entity1760 . This is apparent in hepatocytes isolated from @entity3839 @entity6 @entity35 which had a decreased total @entity1760 content and a cytosolic free @entity1025 of 0.16 +/- 0.02 mM.

title: Regulation of free and bound @entity1760 in XXXX hepatocytes and @entity2383 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: During laparoscopy peritoneal fluid samples were collected for FSH, LH, PRL, 17 @entity10769 , @entity1420 , and total protein determinations in 100 @entity1 with a normal menstrual cycle. The samples were collected between cycle day -6 and cycle day +9, with the serum LH peak as a point of reference (day 0). The period investigated was divided into seven phases. FSH and LH concentrations in the peritoneal fluid varied in a cycle-dependent pattern that reflected the pattern in serum. In every phase of the cycle, however, peritoneal fluid FSH and LH concentrations were higher than or equal to the serum levels. This finding contrasts with the physiological behavior of other proteins in the peritoneal fluid. Peritoneal fluid 17 @entity10769 and @entity1420 levels also varied in a cyclic pattern, with an increase in concentration immediately after ovulation and a decrease after the midluteal phase. With the exception of 17 @entity10769 levels during the preovulatory phase of the cycle, peritoneal fluid levels of @entity53 and @entity1420 were always equal to or higher than serum levels. The increase in 17 @entity10769 concentration in the postovulatory phase was more gradual than that in the @entity1420 concentration. The elevated peritoneal fluid levels of gonadotropins in the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle were the most striking finding of the present study. This together with the finding of high peritoneal fluid to serum ratios of @entity134 hormones after ovulation shed new light upon the surroundings in which follicular development, ovulation, and fertilization take place.

title: Patterns of changes in glycoproteins, polypeptides, and steroids in the peritoneal fluid of XXXX during the periovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17 beta-estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity10769 :: ('CHEBI:16469', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: C57BL/KsJ (BKs) and CBA/J, but not C57BL/6J (B6) @entity19 are susceptible to the diabetogenic action of the @entity28 gene, " @entity6 " (db). BKs and CBA/J, but not B6 @entity19 , constitutively express intracisternal type A particles (IAP), an endogenous class of retrovirus, in beta cells and in cortical thymocytes. IAP genetic expression in these cell types included production of the group-specific antigen, @entity70995 , as well as higher-molecular mass @entity70995 -related antigens (p114-120). We used islet culture techniques to show that both transcription and translation of IAP genomes in beta cells in enhanced by @entity413 . Maintenance of CBA/J islets for 48 h in 16.5 mM @entity413 -containing medium effected a fivefold induction of IAP protein synthesis in comparison to islets cultured in low- (5.5 mM) @entity413 medium. Analysis of RNA from 16.5 mM @entity413 -cultured islets revealed induction of 7.2 and 5.4 kbp transcripts known to code for @entity70995 and the p114-120 polypeptides, respectively. This induction in CBA/J islets was 10-15-fold on a tissue basis, and 5-7-fold on an RNA basis. @entity413 induction of preproinsulin mRNA levels was also analyzed in the same samples. Islets cultured in 16.5 mM @entity413 showed an eightfold higher level on a tissue basis, and a fourfold increase in terms of total recovered RNA. Comparison of these @entity413 -inducible parameters in islets isolated from the @entity6 -susceptible BKs strain vs. the resistant B6 strain revealed that expression of the group-specific retroviral @entity70995 antigen was limited to BKs beta cells. This inbred strain control of @entity70995 expression was also found in cortical thymocytes, with B6 thymocytes producing a 117 kD component to the exclusion of @entity70995 , while both components were expressed in thymocytes from normal BKs @entity19 . In comparison to normal BKs males, thymocytes from four week-old genetically @entity6 (db/db) BKs males showed no change in labeling of p117, but showed a sharply diminished incorporation into @entity70995 . This suggested that accelerated thymic involution characteristic of db/db @entity19 may entail selective elimination of @entity70995 -producing cells. The possibility that @entity413 -stressed BKs pancreatic beta cells are marked for autoimmune elimination by the elaboration of @entity70995 or other IAP-related proteins is discussed.

title: XXXX induces intracisternal type A retroviral gene transcription and translation in pancreatic beta cells.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['Glucose']


abstract: The effectiveness of prophylactic mastectomy in preventing @entity0 was studied in female albino @entity35 . Group A served as untreated controls. Groups B, C, and D underwent 50%, 75%, and total mastectomies 2 weeks after the administration of @entity106 ( @entity106 ). Group E was initially subjected to total mastectomy. Two weeks after surgery, group E received 5 mg of @entity106 intravenously. Group F underwent sham procedures. All animals were sacrificed at age 8 months. The mean number of @entity5 per animal developing in groups A through E was 5.00, 5.17, 4.67, 5.46, and 5.20, respectively. There was 0.21 @entity5 per animal in group F. The mean time to @entity5 development in groups A through E was 11.33, 10.05, 9.88, 19.25, and 19.38 weeks, respectively. All results were subjected to an analysis of variance. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of @entity106 -induced @entity5 in groups A through E. Groups D and E had a significant prolonged time to @entity5 development. The overall risk of the development of @entity0 was not significantly reduced by prophylactic mastectomy. Residual breast tissue after prophylactic mastectomy is at increased risk for the development of @entity0 . The risk of developing @entity0 in this model is not reduced in proportion to the amount of breast tissue removed. (This study suggests that subcutaneous mastectomy in high-risk individuals may not have appropriate prophylaxis against the development of carcinoma of the breast.)

title: Analysis of the risk reduction of prophylactic partial mastectomy in @entity35 with XXXX -induced @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity106 :: ('MESH:D015127', 'Chemical') :: ['DMBA', '7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumors']

answer: @entity106 :: (MESH:D015127,Chemical) :: ['7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene']


abstract: The effectiveness of prophylactic mastectomy in preventing @entity0 was studied in female albino @entity35 . Group A served as untreated controls. Groups B, C, and D underwent 50%, 75%, and total mastectomies 2 weeks after the administration of @entity106 ( @entity106 ). Group E was initially subjected to total mastectomy. Two weeks after surgery, group E received 5 mg of @entity106 intravenously. Group F underwent sham procedures. All animals were sacrificed at age 8 months. The mean number of @entity5 per animal developing in groups A through E was 5.00, 5.17, 4.67, 5.46, and 5.20, respectively. There was 0.21 @entity5 per animal in group F. The mean time to @entity5 development in groups A through E was 11.33, 10.05, 9.88, 19.25, and 19.38 weeks, respectively. All results were subjected to an analysis of variance. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of @entity106 -induced @entity5 in groups A through E. Groups D and E had a significant prolonged time to @entity5 development. The overall risk of the development of @entity0 was not significantly reduced by prophylactic mastectomy. Residual breast tissue after prophylactic mastectomy is at increased risk for the development of @entity0 . The risk of developing @entity0 in this model is not reduced in proportion to the amount of breast tissue removed. (This study suggests that subcutaneous mastectomy in high-risk individuals may not have appropriate prophylaxis against the development of carcinoma of the breast.)

title: Analysis of the risk reduction of prophylactic partial mastectomy in @entity35 with @entity106 -induced XXXX .

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The effectiveness of prophylactic mastectomy in preventing @entity0 was studied in female albino @entity35 . Group A served as untreated controls. Groups B, C, and D underwent 50%, 75%, and total mastectomies 2 weeks after the administration of @entity106 ( @entity106 ). Group E was initially subjected to total mastectomy. Two weeks after surgery, group E received 5 mg of @entity106 intravenously. Group F underwent sham procedures. All animals were sacrificed at age 8 months. The mean number of @entity5 per animal developing in groups A through E was 5.00, 5.17, 4.67, 5.46, and 5.20, respectively. There was 0.21 @entity5 per animal in group F. The mean time to @entity5 development in groups A through E was 11.33, 10.05, 9.88, 19.25, and 19.38 weeks, respectively. All results were subjected to an analysis of variance. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of @entity106 -induced @entity5 in groups A through E. Groups D and E had a significant prolonged time to @entity5 development. The overall risk of the development of @entity0 was not significantly reduced by prophylactic mastectomy. Residual breast tissue after prophylactic mastectomy is at increased risk for the development of @entity0 . The risk of developing @entity0 in this model is not reduced in proportion to the amount of breast tissue removed. (This study suggests that subcutaneous mastectomy in high-risk individuals may not have appropriate prophylaxis against the development of carcinoma of the breast.)

title: Analysis of the risk reduction of prophylactic partial mastectomy in XXXX with @entity106 -induced @entity0 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']


abstract: Otologic-audiologic examination was carried out in 171 @entity1 (aged between 37-86; average age 64) with confirmed internal angiologic peripheral @entity455 . Additional findings were observed in 94 of these @entity1 who revealed an obliteration of the internal carotid artery or cerebral @entity64 . Diseases of the ear were excluded clinically and audiologically. The mean @entity393 shows a sensory-neural high-tone loss in the tone audiogram. The range of scatter increases proportionately to the increase in tone loss. If compared with the physiologic examination of geriatric @entity1 , the @entity1650 and minimal discrimination loss in the speech audiogram point towards a pathologic impairment of hearing in old age. The @entity1650 amounts to 251.20% in the 51-60 age group, 250.40% in the @entity1 61-70 years of age, 180.96% for the 71-80 age group and 131.67% for those over 80 years of age. The minimal discrimination loss comprises 4.00% for the 51-60 age group, 4.19% for the 61-70 group, 21.35% for 71-80 age bracket and 35.62% for those over 80. On the strength of these findings, an @entity455 should be considered as one of the multifactorial genesis of @entity393 in old age. Special attention should be focussed on decompensation of the @entity1650 and minimal discrimination loss before the age of eighty. This would contribute towards a differentiation of physiologic and pathologic @entity393 in old age.

title: [Hearing disorders in peripheral arterial vascular diseases. A contribution on XXXX in the aged].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic stroke']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial vascular disease', 'arterial sclerotic vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1650 :: ('MESH:D001308', 'Disease') :: ['total word comprehension']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss', 'hearing impairment', 'hearing diseases']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['hearing loss']


abstract: @entity2103 is rare. Since the first description by Schmid, about 150 cases have been reported mainly in the otological field. The authors recently had a case of @entity2103 with a marked capsular calcification, extending into the middle cranial fossa. A 63-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital on June 20, 1986. About 44 years prior to the admission, he noted @entity425 of the right side which gradually progressed. Neurological examination on admission revealed complete right facial @entity912 of the peripheral type with loss of taste, right @entity393 , diminution of lacrimal secretion and no reaction to caloric stimulation. Stenvers' view and tomogram of the right temporal bone showed destruction of petrous ridge. CT scan demonstrated bony destruction of the right petrous pyramid and high dense @entity66 , extending into the middle cranial fossa. Peritumoral and intratumoral calcifications, characteristics of @entity2103 were also noted. Right external carotid angiography demonstrated the @entity5 was fed by petrous branch of the right middle meningeal artery. On July 11, 1986 right temporal craniotomy and extradural approach to the floor of the petrous portion of the middle cranial fossa were performed. There was an extradural mass which extended to the middle cranial fossa through the destroyed pyramis. The @entity5 appeared to originate from the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve and invaded the inner and middle ear which were almost completely removed. Operative specimen demonstrated that the @entity5 was a @entity808 . Postoperative hearing test and facial nerve function showed no changes as compared with preoperative findings. Similar case reports with CT findings were reviewed.

title: [A case of XXXX extending into the middle cranial fossa with characteristic CT findings].

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['mass lesion']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['facial weakness']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve schwannoma', 'Facial nerve schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity2103 :: (MESH:D005155,Disease) :: ['facial nerve schwannoma']


abstract: Cultured @entity1 articular and costal chondrocytes were used as a model system to examine the effects of recombinant gamma-interferon ( @entity379 ) on synthesis of procollagens, the steady state levels of types I and II procollagen mRNAs, and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (Ia-like) antigens on the cell surface. Adult articular chondrocytes synthesized mainly type II collagen during weeks 1-3 of primary culture, whereas types I and III collagens were also produced after longer incubation and predominated after the first subculture. Juvenile costal chondrocytes synthesized no detectable @entity4173 chains until after week 1 of primary culture; type II collagen was the predominant species even after weeks of culture. The relative amounts of types I and II collagens synthesized were reflected in the levels of alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I), and alpha 1(II) procollagen mRNAs. In articular chondrocytes, the levels of alpha 1(I) procollagen mRNA were disproportionately low (alpha 1(I)/alpha 2(I) less than 1.0) compared with costal chondrocytes (alpha 1 (I)/alpha 2(I) approximately 2). Recombinant @entity379 (0.1-100 units/ml) inhibited synthesis of type II as well as types I and III collagens associated with suppression of the levels of alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I), and alpha 1(II) procollagen mRNAs. @entity379 suppressed the levels of alpha 1(I) and alpha 1(II) procollagen mRNAs to a greater extent than @entity4173 mRNA in articular but not in costal chondrocytes. @entity1 leukocyte interferon ( @entity3027 ) at 1000 units/ml suppressed collagen synthesis and procollagen mRNA levels to a similar extent as @entity379 at 1.0 unit/ml. In addition, @entity379 but not @entity3027 induced the expression of HLA-DR antigens on intact cells. The lymphokine @entity379 could, therefore, have a role in suppressing cartilage matrix synthesis in vivo under conditions in which the chondrocytes are in proximity to T lymphocytes and their products.

title: Immune interferon suppresses levels of procollagen mRNA and type II collagen synthesis in cultured XXXX articular and costal chondrocytes.

entities_list: @entity4173 :: ('1278', 'Gene') :: ['alpha 2(I) procollagen', 'alpha 2(I) collagen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We tried to demonstrate that the cell kinetics-directed chemoendocrine therapy is more effective on hormone dependent @entity0 than empirical combination of the endocrine therapy and chemotherapy. Cell kinetics of each @entity5 was measured by flow cytometric analysis. @entity172 dependent @entity1 @entity0 cell line MCF-7 was used in vitro. In vivo, @entity342 dependent SC-115 @entity189 was transplanted to @entity15353 @entity19 . In vitro, @entity440 was administered as the endocrine therapy. In vivo, we carried out testectomy on @entity15353 @entity19 . Effect of the endocrine therapy on the cell kinetics of the @entity5 was thought to be G1-S @entity308 . High density 5FU was administered as the chemotherapeutic agents, whose content was 1 microgram/ml in vitro and 40 mg/kg in vivo. 5FU brought temporary decrease of cells in S phase. Only anteceding 5FU administration had synergistic effect in combination of 5FU and the endocrine therapy. 5FU was convinced to act more effectively on cells in S phase, so it was shown that cell kinetics-directed schedule was superior to the empirical treatment schedule in chemoendocrine therapy.

title: [Synergistic effect of cell kinetics-directed chemo-endocrine therapy on experimental mammary XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: Cholinoceptive properties of 180 medullary respiration-related neurones (RRN) were studied in @entity4774 -anaesthetized @entity95 . @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) and agonists, as well as antagonists of muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors, were administered iontophoretically. Respiration-related neurons were classified with respect to the correlation of their activity with the activity of the phrenic nerve: phase-bound inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) neurones and phase-spanning expiratory-inspiratory and inspiratory-expiratory neurones were discriminated. @entity934 altered the activity of 170 respiration-related neurones. In 49 cells the discharge-rate (f) alone was affected. In 44 respiration-related neurones the burst-duration (tbd) only was altered. In 77 respiration-related neurones the discharge rate and burst duration were affected simultaneously. Inhibitory actions of @entity1617 prevailed over excitatory actions on inspiratory neurones. In expiratory neurones the discharge rate was increased or decreased in about the same number of cases. In most phase-spanning neurones the discharge rate was increased. Cholinergic inhibition of burst duration was observed in most respiration-related neurones. In all phase-types of respiration-related neurones muscarinic as well as nicotinic actions of @entity1617 were demonstrated. In inspiratory and expiratory-inspiratory neurones muscarinic effects on the discharge rate prevailed over nicotinic effects. More nicotinic than muscarinic effects on discharge rate were observed in expiratory and inspiratory-expiratory neurones. Cholinergic effects on burst duration in about the same number of respiration-related neurones were mediated by muscarinic or by nicotinic receptors, respectively. Various types of cholinoceptors may be involved in these effects. The results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms play an important role in the control of the central regulation of respiratory movements. The functional significance of cholinergic effects on respiration-related neurones is discussed with special emphasis of effects on burst duration.

title: Cholinergic effects on spike-density and burst-duration of medullary respiration-related neurones in the XXXX : an iontophoretic study.

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: The evolution of @entity2806 was documented by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in 13 mongrel @entity468 with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery through a transorbital approach. The animals were imaged under anesthesia at intervals from 30 min to 10 days after production of the lesion. An MR imager operating at 0.35 T was used with multislice, multi-spin-echo technique (TR = 500-2000 msec; TE = 28, 56 msec). The animals were sacrificed after imaging for pathologic correlation. @entity1188 beyond 4 hr of age were visualized in all subjects. The earliest @entity1188 was seen at 30 min (two @entity468 ) as an area of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. In three other @entity468 , however, 3-hr-old @entity1188 were not detectable. In one animal, a @entity548 within a 1-week-old area of @entity1188 was not characterized by MR imaging but was identified on CT scanning. The mass effect of the @entity1188 appeared greatest at 2-4 days after @entity1188 . The basal ganglia showed ischemic effects to best advantage. MR imaging offers previously unavailable sensitivity for the early noninvasive detection of @entity2806 in vivo.

title: MR imaging of acute experimental ischemia in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcts', 'infarct', 'infarction', 'Infarcts']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['acute cerebral ischemia', 'cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: Factors affecting solubilities of @entity460 and @entity1391 in neonatal total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions containing a new @entity535 formulation were examined. Twelve TPN solutions containing various concentrations of @entity21931 , an @entity535 formulation specific for @entity1 and young @entity1 , were prepared in 10% @entity413 injection. Some of the solutions also contained @entity462 40 mg/g of protein and either @entity4388 or @entity5836 (lipid emulsion buffer) to buffer the solution pH to simulate that produced by simultaneously administering lipid emulsion through the i.v. line. @entity10041 and monobasic and dibasic @entity17500 were added to 20-mL samples of the TPN solutions to achieve @entity460 concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 meq/L with @entity1391 concentrations of either 10, 20, 30, or 40 mmol/L; a total of 20 samples of each @entity8856 solution was prepared. Samples were inspected visually for precipitation or crystallization after 18 hours at 25 degrees C and again after 30 minutes in a water bath at 37 degrees C. Clear samples at this time were also examined microscopically for evidence of microcrystallization. Solubility curves were prepared by plotting graphically the concentrations at which either visual or microscopic precipitation occurred. Temperature, @entity535 concentration, and the addition of @entity462 and lipid emulsion buffer each influenced the solubilities of @entity460 and @entity1391 in the TPN solutions. The use of @entity21931 as the @entity535 source allowed slightly greater concentrations of @entity1391 to be solubilized as compared with older @entity535 formulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity460 and XXXX solubility in neonatal parenteral nutrient solutions containing @entity21931 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity17500 :: ('MESH:C013216', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity5836 :: ('MESH:D006851', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochloric acid']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity10041 :: ('MESH:D002125', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium gluconate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity21931 :: ('MESH:C545824', 'Chemical') :: ['TrophAmine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['dextrose']

answer: @entity1391 :: (CHEBI:26020,Chemical) :: ['phosphate']


abstract: Factors affecting solubilities of @entity460 and @entity1391 in neonatal total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions containing a new @entity535 formulation were examined. Twelve TPN solutions containing various concentrations of @entity21931 , an @entity535 formulation specific for @entity1 and young @entity1 , were prepared in 10% @entity413 injection. Some of the solutions also contained @entity462 40 mg/g of protein and either @entity4388 or @entity5836 (lipid emulsion buffer) to buffer the solution pH to simulate that produced by simultaneously administering lipid emulsion through the i.v. line. @entity10041 and monobasic and dibasic @entity17500 were added to 20-mL samples of the TPN solutions to achieve @entity460 concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 meq/L with @entity1391 concentrations of either 10, 20, 30, or 40 mmol/L; a total of 20 samples of each @entity8856 solution was prepared. Samples were inspected visually for precipitation or crystallization after 18 hours at 25 degrees C and again after 30 minutes in a water bath at 37 degrees C. Clear samples at this time were also examined microscopically for evidence of microcrystallization. Solubility curves were prepared by plotting graphically the concentrations at which either visual or microscopic precipitation occurred. Temperature, @entity535 concentration, and the addition of @entity462 and lipid emulsion buffer each influenced the solubilities of @entity460 and @entity1391 in the TPN solutions. The use of @entity21931 as the @entity535 source allowed slightly greater concentrations of @entity1391 to be solubilized as compared with older @entity535 formulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX and @entity1391 solubility in neonatal parenteral nutrient solutions containing @entity21931 .

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['Calcium']


abstract: Factors affecting solubilities of @entity460 and @entity1391 in neonatal total parenteral nutrient (TPN) solutions containing a new @entity535 formulation were examined. Twelve TPN solutions containing various concentrations of @entity21931 , an @entity535 formulation specific for @entity1 and young @entity1 , were prepared in 10% @entity413 injection. Some of the solutions also contained @entity462 40 mg/g of protein and either @entity4388 or @entity5836 (lipid emulsion buffer) to buffer the solution pH to simulate that produced by simultaneously administering lipid emulsion through the i.v. line. @entity10041 and monobasic and dibasic @entity17500 were added to 20-mL samples of the TPN solutions to achieve @entity460 concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 meq/L with @entity1391 concentrations of either 10, 20, 30, or 40 mmol/L; a total of 20 samples of each @entity8856 solution was prepared. Samples were inspected visually for precipitation or crystallization after 18 hours at 25 degrees C and again after 30 minutes in a water bath at 37 degrees C. Clear samples at this time were also examined microscopically for evidence of microcrystallization. Solubility curves were prepared by plotting graphically the concentrations at which either visual or microscopic precipitation occurred. Temperature, @entity535 concentration, and the addition of @entity462 and lipid emulsion buffer each influenced the solubilities of @entity460 and @entity1391 in the TPN solutions. The use of @entity21931 as the @entity535 source allowed slightly greater concentrations of @entity1391 to be solubilized as compared with older @entity535 formulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity460 and @entity1391 solubility in neonatal parenteral nutrient solutions containing XXXX .

answer: @entity21931 :: (MESH:C545824,Chemical) :: ['TrophAmine']


abstract: Antenatal exposure to @entity288 is known to increase the pulmonary compliance of preterm animals. We wished to determine whether this was due solely to alteration in lung surfactant content. @entity95 does were injected with either vehicle alone or betamethasone on days 25 and 26 of gestation. Fetuses were delivered at 27 days and given either 50% lactated Ringer's or intratracheal natural surfactant prior to their first breath. Fetuses were mechanically ventilated at a tidal volume of 12 ml/kg for 60 min with periodic compliance measurements. Following ventilation an alveolar lavage was collected for @entity2434 determination. Some fetuses did not undergo ventilation but had saline compliance studies instead. Fetuses given intratracheal surfactant had a higher dynamic compliance than fetuses exposed to antenatal @entity288 (0.55 +/- 0.01 versus 0.48 +/- 0.02 ml/cm @entity2507 /kg, respectively). Fetuses exposed to antenatal @entity288 and given intratracheal surfactant had a dynamic compliance (0.66 +/- 0.02) that was greater than those exposed to either single therapy. This was found despite an alveolar surfactant content equal to that in fetuses receiving intratracheal surfactant alone. Saline compliance at birth was significantly greater for fetuses exposed antenatally to @entity230 . These data imply the existence of a nonsurfactant mechanism by which antenatal @entity288 increase fetal pulmonary compliance.

title: Betamethasone increases pulmonary compliance in part by surfactant-independent mechanisms in preterm XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: The total cytoplasmic @entity855 content (bound and free) increased in @entity526 when the bacteria were submitted to electric pulses with field strengths of 1-6 kV/cm and a decay time of 7-20 microseconds. The electron-transport chain was blocked by @entity3789 , and @entity855 synthesis was detected by a luminescence assay. The amount of newly formed @entity855 depends on the field strength. A total of 150 pmol of @entity855 was formed per milligram of bacteria submitted to a 3 kV/cm pulse. Synthesis was blocked by uncouplers and ionophores ( @entity9942 ). The F1F0- @entity855 synthase inhibitor @entity12475 blocked a large part of this synthesis. Synthesis was not induced in unc mutants (unc B, unc D). The synthesis of @entity855 is related to the induced transmembrane potential, not to the Joule heating. A minimum 35-50-mV increase in membrane potential must be maintained for at least 12 microseconds to trigger this synthesis. This very fast energy transduction in bacteria is in good agreement with our previous results concerning submitochondrial particles. Because of the localized character of the induced membrane potential, these results are in agreement with the recent hypothesis of "mosaic proton coupling".

title: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis in XXXX submitted to a microsecond electric pulse.

entities_list: @entity12475 :: ('MESH:D004024', 'Chemical') :: ['dicyclohexylcarbodiimide']

entities_list: @entity9942 :: ('MESH:D014634', 'Chemical') :: ['valinomycin']

entities_list: @entity3789 :: ('CHEBI:17514', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanide']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: We measured thyrotropin in plasma by an ultrasensitive immunoradiometric assay (TSH-IRMA, "Sucrosep," Boots-Celltech), before and after @entity37738 ( @entity1218 ) stimulation, in 71 @entity1 with suspected @entity1374 . Thirty-three were taking @entity2643 ; none was receiving (anti)thyroid drugs. The @entity1 were divided into four groups, according to their TSH response to @entity1218 (as measured previously by conventional TSH-RIA) and the concentrations of @entity1955 (T4) and @entity1954 (T3) in their plasma. Observed ranges of plasma TSH-IRMA (milli-int. units/L) before and after @entity1218 were: euthyroid (n = 20), 0.2-3.0 and 1.7-15.5; subclinically @entity1375 (n = 14), 4.3-18.5 and 20-75; @entity1378 (n = 17), less than 0.09 and less than 0.09-0.4; and subclinically @entity1378 (n = 20), less than 0.09-1.1 and less than 0.09-2.6. Evidently TSH-IRMA results for a single sample completely distinguish @entity1378 from euthyroidism. However, TSH-IRMA values may also be undetectable in subclinical @entity1378 . The TSH response to @entity1218 can be predicted from basal TSH-IRMA results less than 0.09 or greater than or equal to 0.8 milli-int. unit/L, intermediate values can be associated with either a normal TSH response (euthyroidism) or a decreased TSH response (subclinical @entity1378 only). We advocate TSH-IRMA as the first diagnostic test of thyroid function for @entity2643 -treated @entity1 .

title: Immunoradiometric assay of thyrotropin in plasma: its value in predicting response to thyroliberin stimulation and assessing thyroid function in XXXX -treated @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxin']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism', 'hyperthyroid']

entities_list: @entity37738 :: ('MESH:D013973', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroliberin']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid-function disorders']

answer: @entity2643 :: (MESH:D000638,Chemical) :: ['amiodarone']


abstract: We measured thyrotropin in plasma by an ultrasensitive immunoradiometric assay (TSH-IRMA, "Sucrosep," Boots-Celltech), before and after @entity37738 ( @entity1218 ) stimulation, in 71 @entity1 with suspected @entity1374 . Thirty-three were taking @entity2643 ; none was receiving (anti)thyroid drugs. The @entity1 were divided into four groups, according to their TSH response to @entity1218 (as measured previously by conventional TSH-RIA) and the concentrations of @entity1955 (T4) and @entity1954 (T3) in their plasma. Observed ranges of plasma TSH-IRMA (milli-int. units/L) before and after @entity1218 were: euthyroid (n = 20), 0.2-3.0 and 1.7-15.5; subclinically @entity1375 (n = 14), 4.3-18.5 and 20-75; @entity1378 (n = 17), less than 0.09 and less than 0.09-0.4; and subclinically @entity1378 (n = 20), less than 0.09-1.1 and less than 0.09-2.6. Evidently TSH-IRMA results for a single sample completely distinguish @entity1378 from euthyroidism. However, TSH-IRMA values may also be undetectable in subclinical @entity1378 . The TSH response to @entity1218 can be predicted from basal TSH-IRMA results less than 0.09 or greater than or equal to 0.8 milli-int. unit/L, intermediate values can be associated with either a normal TSH response (euthyroidism) or a decreased TSH response (subclinical @entity1378 only). We advocate TSH-IRMA as the first diagnostic test of thyroid function for @entity2643 -treated @entity1 .

title: Immunoradiometric assay of thyrotropin in plasma: its value in predicting response to thyroliberin stimulation and assessing thyroid function in @entity2643 -treated XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']