abstract: This study investigated whether @entity1504 and quantitative changes observed with intravascular ultrasound at the most stenotic site are representative of the ultimate outcome after @entity301 . @entity731 coronary arteries (n = 40) were studied in vitro with intravascular ultrasound. From each vascular specimen, 10 corresponding intravascular ultrasound cross sections obtained before and after balloon angioplasty were selected for comparison with their histologic counterpart. Morphologic and quantitative data obtained from all cross sections were compared with data derived from the most stenotic site. The incidence of @entity1504 (i.e., dissection, @entity397 , and media rupture) at the most stenotic site was lower than that seen for each vascular specimen. The sensitivity of intravascular ultrasound in detecting these morphologic features for each vascular specimen was high for dissection and media rupture (79% and 76%, respectively), and low for @entity397 (37%). After balloon angioplasty, quantitative changes seen at the most stenotic site were greater than those in all cross sections: free lumen area +58% versus +29%, media-bound area +17% versus +12%, and plaque area reduction -9% versus -6%, respectively. The increase in free lumen area was caused predominantly by media-bound area increase (81%) and to a lesser extent by plaque area decrease (19%). This study revealed that a higher incidence of @entity1504 is found when the whole segment is analyzed rather than 1 single cross section at the most stenotic site. Quantitative effects of @entity301 seen with intravascular ultrasound were greater at the most stenotic site than at all cross sections.

title: Comparison of intravascular ultrasonic findings after XXXX evaluated in vitro with histology.

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary balloon angioplasty']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['plaque rupture']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['vascular damage']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary balloon angioplasty']


abstract: Eight @entity1 , aged 5 to 57 years, with uncontrolled symptomatic @entity591 for 2.5 to 41 years (mean 15) and significant @entity1002 in the absence of any other apparent underlying @entity299 underwent evaluation. Incessant @entity591 was present for 0.5 to 6.0 years (mean 2.1) in 7 @entity1 . One @entity1 had an ectopic @entity591 and 7 @entity1 had an accessory atrioventricular pathway that participated in reciprocating @entity591 . Six @entity1 underwent surgery; the ectopic focus was ablated in 1 @entity1 and an accessory pathway was divided in 5 @entity1 . One @entity1 underwent open ablation of the His bundle and 1 @entity1 underwent closed-chest ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system. Myocardial biopsy specimens were obtained from 5 @entity1 , none of which yielded a specific diagnosis. Pretreatment radionuclide angiography demonstrated a mean ejection fraction (EF) of 19 +/- 9% (range 10 to 35%). Following @entity591 control a marked improvement in LV function was noted in 6 of 8 @entity1 at rest and in 1 additional @entity1 during exercise. The EF increased to 33 +/- 17% (range 16 to 56%) an average of 8 days after treatment and to 45 +/- 15% (range 22 to 67%) at late follow-up 3.5 +/- 40 months (mean 17) later (p less than 0.005). Seven @entity1 remain asymptomatic 11 to 40 months (mean 22) after the corrective procedure and have resumed normal activities. These findings suggest that chronic uncontrolled @entity591 may result in significant @entity1002 , which is reversible in some cases after control of the @entity943 .

title: @entity591 -induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia', 'atrial tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular (LV) dysfunction', 'LV dysfunction']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']


abstract: Eight @entity1 , aged 5 to 57 years, with uncontrolled symptomatic @entity591 for 2.5 to 41 years (mean 15) and significant @entity1002 in the absence of any other apparent underlying @entity299 underwent evaluation. Incessant @entity591 was present for 0.5 to 6.0 years (mean 2.1) in 7 @entity1 . One @entity1 had an ectopic @entity591 and 7 @entity1 had an accessory atrioventricular pathway that participated in reciprocating @entity591 . Six @entity1 underwent surgery; the ectopic focus was ablated in 1 @entity1 and an accessory pathway was divided in 5 @entity1 . One @entity1 underwent open ablation of the His bundle and 1 @entity1 underwent closed-chest ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system. Myocardial biopsy specimens were obtained from 5 @entity1 , none of which yielded a specific diagnosis. Pretreatment radionuclide angiography demonstrated a mean ejection fraction (EF) of 19 +/- 9% (range 10 to 35%). Following @entity591 control a marked improvement in LV function was noted in 6 of 8 @entity1 at rest and in 1 additional @entity1 during exercise. The EF increased to 33 +/- 17% (range 16 to 56%) an average of 8 days after treatment and to 45 +/- 15% (range 22 to 67%) at late follow-up 3.5 +/- 40 months (mean 17) later (p less than 0.005). Seven @entity1 remain asymptomatic 11 to 40 months (mean 22) after the corrective procedure and have resumed normal activities. These findings suggest that chronic uncontrolled @entity591 may result in significant @entity1002 , which is reversible in some cases after control of the @entity943 .

title: XXXX -induced cardiomyopathy: a reversible form of @entity1002 .

answer: @entity591 :: (MESH:D013610,Disease) :: ['Tachycardia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: to study the risk factors associated with @entity3152 in two busy obstetrics centers in Ouagadougou. this prospective case-control study included 115 @entity1 with preterm deliveries and 230 control @entity1 , or two controls per case, recruited from January through June 2011. The study took place in the maternity and neonatology departments of the University Hospital Center Yalgado-Ou  draogo (UHC-YO) and the Saint-Camille medical center, in the same city. Stillbirths were excluded from the study. Case @entity1 were born at gestational ages ranging from 28 to 37 weeks. during the study period, the @entity3152 rate was 6.1%. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression enabled us to identify the factors associated with @entity3152 . These factors were: advanced maternal age (>30 years) (OR  =  0.4 [0.2-0.8]), history of intentional abortions (OR  =  3.3 [1.43-7.6], high stress (OR  =  4.03 [2.14-3.39]), too few prenatal care visits (OR  =  4.92 [3.03-8]), fever during pregnancy (OR  =  1.59 [1.01-2.5]), @entity4942 (OR  =  3.72 [1.11-4.34]), @entity293 (OR  =  2.55 [1.55-4.19]), and threatened @entity3152 (OR  =  3.3 [1.43-7.6]). @entity3152 is very frequent at both these Ouagadougou health care facilities. Many factors are associated with @entity600 , including social and demographic as well as clinical characteristics. The effort to reduce the rate of @entity600 , which are associated with neonatal morbidity, must be strengthened by refocusing on prenatal consultations.

title: Factors associated with XXXX in an urban African environment: A case-control study at the University Teaching Hospital of Ouagadougou and Saint Camille Medical Center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery', 'Preterm delivery']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm births', 'preterm birth']

entities_list: @entity4942 :: ('MESH:D005322', 'Disease') :: ['premature rupture of membranes']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary infections']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['preterm birth']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Microvascular decompression (MVD) has been established as an effective treatment for @entity1649 ( @entity1649 ). However, replacement of bilateral vertebral arteries (VAs) from the root exit zone (REZ) is difficult and requires special techniques. Since reports of @entity1649 cases associated with bilateral VA compression are quite rare, the characteristics of these arteries and methods for safe and definite decompression were investigated. METHODS: Among 131 @entity1 who underwent MVD for @entity1649 , 33 @entity1 (25.2%) had associated VA compression. Four @entity1 (3.1%) had bilateral VA compression. Sufficient dissection of the arachnoid membrane allowed good visualization around the REZ, and the dolichoectatic VAs were successfully transposed and fixed to the nearby dura in three cases. RESULTS: The offending arteries were bilateral VAs plus the posterior @entity5487 (PICA) in two cases, bilateral VAs plus the anterior @entity5487 (AICA)-PICA in one case, and bilateral VAs in one case. In three @entity1 , the contralateral VA of the symptomatic side was more ectatic, dolichoectatic, and tougher than the ipsilateral VA and was difficult to remove. Three @entity1 treated with the transposition method experienced complete resolution of @entity2473 immediately after surgery. One @entity1 treated with the interposition method had minimal residual @entity2473 . Transient @entity3541 developed in one case, and moderate @entity393 developed in another case. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity1649 caused by bilateral VA compression is rare, replacement of VAs from the REZ is not easy, because such VAs are invariably dolichoectatic and tough. Treatment of such cases requires special techniques.

title: Microvascular decompression for XXXX associated with bilateral vertebral artery compression.

entities_list: @entity5487 :: ('MESH:D014854', 'Disease') :: ['inferior cerebellar artery']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity1649 :: ('MESH:D019569', 'Disease') :: ['hemifacial spasm', 'HFS']

answer: @entity1649 :: (MESH:D019569,Disease) :: ['hemifacial spasm']


abstract: @entity460 release activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and enzyme-histochemical properties were investigated in extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) and soleus muscles in young (4 months and old (24 months) male @entity35 . With age, the @entity5834 threshold concentration for @entity460 release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of soleus skinned muscle fibres showed only minor modifications. On the other hand, in e.d.l. skinned muscle fibres, the @entity5834 threshold concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The histochemical fibre type composition changed with age both in soleus and in e.d.l. muscles, showing a common transformation toward a more oxidative histochemical profile. In fact, in aged soleus, a significant (P < 0.05) increase was observed of type 1 fibres to represent almost the totality of the muscle fibres (more than 98%), while types 2C and 2A were reduced in proportion. In aged e.d.l. the percentage of type 1 (P < 0.05), 2A and 2X (a recently identified fourth component of the fast-twitch muscle types) fibres increased, with a reduction of type 2B (P < 0.01) fibres. The present results suggest that the changes in contractile properties of aged muscles may be related to the changes not only in fibre composition but also in the mechanism of @entity460 release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

title: Effects of age on sarcoplasmic reticulum properties and histochemical composition of fast- and slow-twitch XXXX muscles.

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: It was proposed that early vascular ageing may be an important mechanism of @entity1504 in large conductance arteries. However it is not known whether aging may also affect small resistance artery morphology. DESIGN AND METHOD: For this reason, we investigated 100 @entity1 with essential @entity101 . Secondary forms of @entity101 were excluded according to standard clinical evaluations and biochemical or instrumental assessments. In all @entity1 , an evaluation of small resistance arteries morphology was performed by a wire micromyographic approach (Mulvany's technique). A small amount of subcutaneous tissue was obtained by local biopsy or during election surgery and subcutaneous small resistance arteries were dissected and mounted on a myograph; the media to lumen ratio (M/L) was then measured. RESULTS: The age range of our population was 22-81 years, with a mean value of 57  12 years; 14% of them were current smokers, 32% had alterations in lipid patterns, none of them had @entity6 , 58 were males and average blood pressure values were 156/95  19/12 mmHg.We found a significant correlation between M/L and age (r=0.30, p=0.002): the statistical significance of the correlation persisted after correction for counfounding variables (gender, serum @entity165 , smoking status, serum @entity413 , systolic or diastolic blood pressure values). A statistically significant inverse correlation was also observed between internal diameter and age (r=-0.20, p=0.046), while the correlation between age and media thickness did not reach statistical significance (r=0.09, p=0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that aging may affect microvascular structure in @entity101 @entity1 . It is also possible that @entity101 may anticipate the effects of physiological aging, and this should be explored in a relatively large population of normotensive subjects.

title: 7D.03: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN SUBCUTANEOUS SMALL RESISTANCE ARTERIES IN HYPERTENSIVE XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['vascular damage']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['PATIENTS']


abstract: We investigated the rate of tension development (kappa td) after photolytical release of @entity855 from @entity73144 ('caged @entity855 ') of atrial and ventricular fibre bundles from @entity1707 . Contraction was initiated from @entity2701 ( @entity2701 ) and low-tension (LT) rigor at maximal @entity141 activation (pCa 4.5). The kappa td of atrial fibre bundles was 6.8 s-1 from LT and 6.9 s-1 from @entity2701 rigor. Rate of tension development of ventricular fibre bundles was significantly lower (P < 0.001) being 1.06 s-1 and 0.94 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively. The kappa td of skinned ventricular fibre bundles incubated in a high [K+], low [ @entity141 ] (cardioplegic) solution prior to the skinning procedure decreased significantly (P < 0.05) to 0.73 s-1 and 0.63 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively, whereas that of skinned atrial fibre bundles remained at 7.1 s-1 and 6.9 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of the @entity13143 light chain 2 isoform in the atrial fibre bundles (ALC-2) was 15.6 +/- 2.7%. The corresponding values for the two ventricular isoforms, VLC-2 and VLC-2*, were 31.2 +/- 0.4% and 25.1 +/- 2.1%, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of fibre bundles incubated in cardioplegic solution prior to skinning were 11.6%, 18.9%, and 15.4% of the ALC-2, VLC-2 and VLC-2*, respectively. The results show that the rate of tension development is more than seven-fold higher in the atrial compared with ventricular fibre bundles. These results correlate with the differences in ATPase activity of the contractile proteins in solution and, most likely, reflect differences in the @entity13143 isoform composition. In ventricular fibre bundles the increased levels of light chain phosphorylation were associated with increased rate of contraction.

title: Rate of active tension development from rigor in skinned atrial and ventricular cardiac fibres from @entity1707 following photolytic release of XXXX from caged @entity855 .

entities_list: @entity2701 :: ('MESH:D018781', 'Disease') :: ['HT', 'high-tension']

entities_list: @entity73144 :: ('MESH:C029273', 'Chemical') :: ["P3-1-(2-nitrophenyl)-ethyladenosine-5'-triphosphate"]

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']


abstract: We investigated the rate of tension development (kappa td) after photolytical release of @entity855 from @entity73144 ('caged @entity855 ') of atrial and ventricular fibre bundles from @entity1707 . Contraction was initiated from @entity2701 ( @entity2701 ) and low-tension (LT) rigor at maximal @entity141 activation (pCa 4.5). The kappa td of atrial fibre bundles was 6.8 s-1 from LT and 6.9 s-1 from @entity2701 rigor. Rate of tension development of ventricular fibre bundles was significantly lower (P < 0.001) being 1.06 s-1 and 0.94 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively. The kappa td of skinned ventricular fibre bundles incubated in a high [K+], low [ @entity141 ] (cardioplegic) solution prior to the skinning procedure decreased significantly (P < 0.05) to 0.73 s-1 and 0.63 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively, whereas that of skinned atrial fibre bundles remained at 7.1 s-1 and 6.9 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of the @entity13143 light chain 2 isoform in the atrial fibre bundles (ALC-2) was 15.6 +/- 2.7%. The corresponding values for the two ventricular isoforms, VLC-2 and VLC-2*, were 31.2 +/- 0.4% and 25.1 +/- 2.1%, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of fibre bundles incubated in cardioplegic solution prior to skinning were 11.6%, 18.9%, and 15.4% of the ALC-2, VLC-2 and VLC-2*, respectively. The results show that the rate of tension development is more than seven-fold higher in the atrial compared with ventricular fibre bundles. These results correlate with the differences in ATPase activity of the contractile proteins in solution and, most likely, reflect differences in the @entity13143 isoform composition. In ventricular fibre bundles the increased levels of light chain phosphorylation were associated with increased rate of contraction.

title: Rate of active tension development from rigor in skinned atrial and ventricular cardiac fibres from @entity1707 following photolytic release of @entity855 from caged XXXX .

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']


abstract: We investigated the rate of tension development (kappa td) after photolytical release of @entity855 from @entity73144 ('caged @entity855 ') of atrial and ventricular fibre bundles from @entity1707 . Contraction was initiated from @entity2701 ( @entity2701 ) and low-tension (LT) rigor at maximal @entity141 activation (pCa 4.5). The kappa td of atrial fibre bundles was 6.8 s-1 from LT and 6.9 s-1 from @entity2701 rigor. Rate of tension development of ventricular fibre bundles was significantly lower (P < 0.001) being 1.06 s-1 and 0.94 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively. The kappa td of skinned ventricular fibre bundles incubated in a high [K+], low [ @entity141 ] (cardioplegic) solution prior to the skinning procedure decreased significantly (P < 0.05) to 0.73 s-1 and 0.63 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively, whereas that of skinned atrial fibre bundles remained at 7.1 s-1 and 6.9 s-1 from LT and @entity2701 rigor, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of the @entity13143 light chain 2 isoform in the atrial fibre bundles (ALC-2) was 15.6 +/- 2.7%. The corresponding values for the two ventricular isoforms, VLC-2 and VLC-2*, were 31.2 +/- 0.4% and 25.1 +/- 2.1%, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of fibre bundles incubated in cardioplegic solution prior to skinning were 11.6%, 18.9%, and 15.4% of the ALC-2, VLC-2 and VLC-2*, respectively. The results show that the rate of tension development is more than seven-fold higher in the atrial compared with ventricular fibre bundles. These results correlate with the differences in ATPase activity of the contractile proteins in solution and, most likely, reflect differences in the @entity13143 isoform composition. In ventricular fibre bundles the increased levels of light chain phosphorylation were associated with increased rate of contraction.

title: Rate of active tension development from rigor in skinned atrial and ventricular cardiac fibres from XXXX following photolytic release of @entity855 from caged @entity855 .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Monocytes/macrophages are believed to play roles in @entity729 (VC). Here, we analyzed whether @entity1096 ( @entity1096 ) and @entity2159 ( @entity2159 ) might exert effects by promoting macrophage polarization into an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the @entity1 with @entity101 ( @entity101 )-related VC.(Figure is included in full-text article.) DESIGN AND METHOD:: In this study, 412 @entity101 @entity1 with or without VC were identified by using artery electronic calculators tomography(fig 1). Histological analysis was performed in the samples of aortic blood vessel from calcified vessels. @entity1 peripheral blood @entity5750 + monocytes including M1   like @entity2935 + and M2   like @entity11772 + cells were analysised by flow cytometery. The effects on M1 and M2 macrophages corrlated with cytokines and chemokines were assessed by qPCR. RESULTS: We show that in @entity101 @entity1 ,VC was correlated with higher systolic pressure,the higher incidence and more intima-media thickness of the @entity543 and was associated with arterial stiffness(including higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, aortic systolic pressure, augment pressure, augment index(P<0.05)). Furthermore, The phenotype of M1   like monocyte/macrophages was significantly increasesd in @entity101 @entity1 with VC (P<0.05)(Fig 3). Although both Serum @entity1096 and @entity2159 levels increased in @entity101 @entity1 with VC, they significantly upregulated anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages marks (P<0.05) and only @entity1096 downregulated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages marks. CONCLUSIONS: The phenotype of M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages is promoted by VC(fig 2). The ability of @entity1096 and @entity2159 to promote differentiation of macrophages into an alternative, anti-inflammatory phenotype may explain their protective effects in VC of @entity101 @entity1 . These data provide novel insight into the link between inflammtion and VC diseases.

title: 9A.03: @entity1096 AND XXXX ACTIVATE MONOCYTES INTO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN THE @entity1 WITH HYPERTENSION-RELATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['HT', 'hypertension']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['vascular calcification']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['plaque of carotid artery']

entities_list: @entity2159 :: ('4982', 'Gene') :: ['osteoprotegerin', 'OPG']

answer: @entity2159 :: (4982,Gene) :: ['OSTEOPROTEGERIN']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Monocytes/macrophages are believed to play roles in @entity729 (VC). Here, we analyzed whether @entity1096 ( @entity1096 ) and @entity2159 ( @entity2159 ) might exert effects by promoting macrophage polarization into an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the @entity1 with @entity101 ( @entity101 )-related VC.(Figure is included in full-text article.) DESIGN AND METHOD:: In this study, 412 @entity101 @entity1 with or without VC were identified by using artery electronic calculators tomography(fig 1). Histological analysis was performed in the samples of aortic blood vessel from calcified vessels. @entity1 peripheral blood @entity5750 + monocytes including M1   like @entity2935 + and M2   like @entity11772 + cells were analysised by flow cytometery. The effects on M1 and M2 macrophages corrlated with cytokines and chemokines were assessed by qPCR. RESULTS: We show that in @entity101 @entity1 ,VC was correlated with higher systolic pressure,the higher incidence and more intima-media thickness of the @entity543 and was associated with arterial stiffness(including higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, aortic systolic pressure, augment pressure, augment index(P<0.05)). Furthermore, The phenotype of M1   like monocyte/macrophages was significantly increasesd in @entity101 @entity1 with VC (P<0.05)(Fig 3). Although both Serum @entity1096 and @entity2159 levels increased in @entity101 @entity1 with VC, they significantly upregulated anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages marks (P<0.05) and only @entity1096 downregulated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages marks. CONCLUSIONS: The phenotype of M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages is promoted by VC(fig 2). The ability of @entity1096 and @entity2159 to promote differentiation of macrophages into an alternative, anti-inflammatory phenotype may explain their protective effects in VC of @entity101 @entity1 . These data provide novel insight into the link between inflammtion and VC diseases.

title: 9A.03: XXXX AND @entity2159 ACTIVATE MONOCYTES INTO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN THE @entity1 WITH HYPERTENSION-RELATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION.

answer: @entity1096 :: (6696,Gene) :: ['OSTEOPONTIN']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Monocytes/macrophages are believed to play roles in @entity729 (VC). Here, we analyzed whether @entity1096 ( @entity1096 ) and @entity2159 ( @entity2159 ) might exert effects by promoting macrophage polarization into an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the @entity1 with @entity101 ( @entity101 )-related VC.(Figure is included in full-text article.) DESIGN AND METHOD:: In this study, 412 @entity101 @entity1 with or without VC were identified by using artery electronic calculators tomography(fig 1). Histological analysis was performed in the samples of aortic blood vessel from calcified vessels. @entity1 peripheral blood @entity5750 + monocytes including M1   like @entity2935 + and M2   like @entity11772 + cells were analysised by flow cytometery. The effects on M1 and M2 macrophages corrlated with cytokines and chemokines were assessed by qPCR. RESULTS: We show that in @entity101 @entity1 ,VC was correlated with higher systolic pressure,the higher incidence and more intima-media thickness of the @entity543 and was associated with arterial stiffness(including higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, aortic systolic pressure, augment pressure, augment index(P<0.05)). Furthermore, The phenotype of M1   like monocyte/macrophages was significantly increasesd in @entity101 @entity1 with VC (P<0.05)(Fig 3). Although both Serum @entity1096 and @entity2159 levels increased in @entity101 @entity1 with VC, they significantly upregulated anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages marks (P<0.05) and only @entity1096 downregulated pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages marks. CONCLUSIONS: The phenotype of M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages is promoted by VC(fig 2). The ability of @entity1096 and @entity2159 to promote differentiation of macrophages into an alternative, anti-inflammatory phenotype may explain their protective effects in VC of @entity101 @entity1 . These data provide novel insight into the link between inflammtion and VC diseases.

title: 9A.03: @entity1096 AND @entity2159 ACTIVATE MONOCYTES INTO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN THE XXXX WITH HYPERTENSION-RELATED VASCULAR CALCIFICATION.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['PATIENTS']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent cause of secondary @entity101 responsible for an increased rate of cardiovascular events. According to the Endocrine Society Guidelines, up to 50% of @entity101 @entity1 should be screened for PA, using the @entity1369 to @entity916 (or plasma @entity916 activity, PRA) ratio (AARR and ARR, respectively). The automated Diasorin LIAISON   chemiluminescent immunoassay for @entity916 and @entity1369 measurement became available and in many laboratories is currently used instead of the classical radioimmunometric PRA and @entity1369 assay. Aim of the study was to prospectively compare the diagnostic accuracy of AARR and ARR as screening test for PA and the two @entity1369 assays also during confirmatory test in @entity1 with a positive screening test. DESIGN AND METHOD: One hundred @entity1 were screened for PA and 44 @entity1 underwent confirmatory test (either by intravenous saline load or by @entity20805 challenge test). We considered as cut off for the AARR 2.7(ng/dL/mU/L) and for the ARR 30(ng/dL/ng/mL/h). All @entity1 positive to one of the two screening test underwent confirmatory test; @entity1 with positive confirmatory test underwent subtype diagnosis by CT scanning and adrenal vein sampling. RESULTS: Seventy three @entity1 were diagnosed as essential @entity101 , 22 had @entity774 and 5 had an @entity1369 producing adenomas (APA). The AARR displayed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 100%, whereas the ARR had a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 90%. Of the 6/27 PA @entity1 missed by AARR, none resulted to be affected by APA. All PA @entity1 were correctly diagnosed by chemiluminescence at confirmatory test. In the overall sample of 181 measurements available both the correlation for the PRA with @entity916 and for @entity1369 in chemiluminescence and radioimmunoassay were highly significant (Rho=0.66, p<0.0001 and Rho=0.80, p<0.0001, respectively). On ROC curves, the AUC for AARR was 0.905 (95% CI 0.821-0.988) and for ARR 0.947 (95% CI 0.903-0.991) and they were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The automated @entity1369 and @entity916 chemiluminescent assay is a reliable alternative to the well-established radioimmunometric method, especially for the detection of APA.

title: 9B.06: COMPARISON BETWEEN @entity1369 AND XXXX MEASUREMENT BY CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY AND RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM.

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral adrenal hyperplasia']

answer: @entity916 :: (5972,Gene) :: ['RENIN']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most frequent cause of secondary @entity101 responsible for an increased rate of cardiovascular events. According to the Endocrine Society Guidelines, up to 50% of @entity101 @entity1 should be screened for PA, using the @entity1369 to @entity916 (or plasma @entity916 activity, PRA) ratio (AARR and ARR, respectively). The automated Diasorin LIAISON   chemiluminescent immunoassay for @entity916 and @entity1369 measurement became available and in many laboratories is currently used instead of the classical radioimmunometric PRA and @entity1369 assay. Aim of the study was to prospectively compare the diagnostic accuracy of AARR and ARR as screening test for PA and the two @entity1369 assays also during confirmatory test in @entity1 with a positive screening test. DESIGN AND METHOD: One hundred @entity1 were screened for PA and 44 @entity1 underwent confirmatory test (either by intravenous saline load or by @entity20805 challenge test). We considered as cut off for the AARR 2.7(ng/dL/mU/L) and for the ARR 30(ng/dL/ng/mL/h). All @entity1 positive to one of the two screening test underwent confirmatory test; @entity1 with positive confirmatory test underwent subtype diagnosis by CT scanning and adrenal vein sampling. RESULTS: Seventy three @entity1 were diagnosed as essential @entity101 , 22 had @entity774 and 5 had an @entity1369 producing adenomas (APA). The AARR displayed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 100%, whereas the ARR had a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 90%. Of the 6/27 PA @entity1 missed by AARR, none resulted to be affected by APA. All PA @entity1 were correctly diagnosed by chemiluminescence at confirmatory test. In the overall sample of 181 measurements available both the correlation for the PRA with @entity916 and for @entity1369 in chemiluminescence and radioimmunoassay were highly significant (Rho=0.66, p<0.0001 and Rho=0.80, p<0.0001, respectively). On ROC curves, the AUC for AARR was 0.905 (95% CI 0.821-0.988) and for ARR 0.947 (95% CI 0.903-0.991) and they were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The automated @entity1369 and @entity916 chemiluminescent assay is a reliable alternative to the well-established radioimmunometric method, especially for the detection of APA.

title: 9B.06: COMPARISON BETWEEN XXXX AND @entity916 MEASUREMENT BY CHEMILUMINESCENT IMMUNOASSAY AND RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM.

answer: @entity1369 :: (MESH:D000450,Chemical) :: ['ALDOSTERONE']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: White coat @entity101 is a pre- @entity101 state that has been associated with increased sympathetic drive. The objective of the study was to compare the exposure of the kidney to sympathetic nerve activity using urinary @entity6531 (UNMN) as a marker of renal sympathetic exposure in @entity19430 ( @entity19430 ) and healthy normotensive (HN) @entity1 . DESIGN AND METHOD: This was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. @entity19430 were included if office blood pressure was >140/80 mmHg and ambulatory blood pressure <135/85 mmHg and HN if @entity44950 was <140/90 mmHg and ABP <135/85 mmHg @entity1 were randomized to receive either 16mg of @entity1564 or a matched placebo for one week before study day. On the study day systemic and renal hemodynamics as well as plasma @entity1063 and urinary excretion of @entity6531 (measured by LC/ @entity15 - @entity15 were measured after one hour of baseline, one hour of lower body negative pressure and one hour of recovery period. Excretion of UNMN was expressed as the total of UNMN excreted during these three hours (cumUNMN). Paired or unpaired t-test were used for comparison. RESULTS: 25 HN and 12 @entity19430 @entity1 were included in the study. Mean age (  standard deviation), BMI were respectively 31.0  10.5 years and 22.0  2.2Kg/m2 in HN and 40.7  17.8 years and 26.7  6.3Kg/m2 in @entity19430 .Table 1 Baseline mean blood pressure, plasma @entity1063 and cumulated UNMN during placebo and @entity1564 (Figure is included in full-text article.)Mean blood pressure was higher during placebo and @entity1564 in @entity19430 compared to HN. Cumulated UNMN was higher in both groups after @entity1564 treatment. Cumulated UNMN was higher in @entity19430 than in HN only after @entity1564 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary excretion of @entity6531 is increased in @entity19430 compared to HN when treated with @entity1564 . The increased excretion of uNMN when the @entity916 angiotensin system is blocked might reflect an increased sensitivity of @entity19430 to stress conditions such as orthostatic stress.

title: 9C.09: TREATMENT WITH XXXX UNMASKS HIGHER URINARY NOREPINEPHRINE EXCRETION IN WHITE COAT HYPERTENSIVE @entity1 COMPARED TO HEALTHY NORMOTENSIVE @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity19430 :: ('MESH:D059466', 'Disease') :: ['white coat hypertensive', 'WCH']

entities_list: @entity6531 :: ('MESH:D009647', 'Chemical') :: ['normetanephrine']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1564 :: ('MESH:C081643', 'Chemical') :: ['candesartan']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline', 'norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1564 :: (MESH:C081643,Chemical) :: ['CANDESARTAN']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: White coat @entity101 is a pre- @entity101 state that has been associated with increased sympathetic drive. The objective of the study was to compare the exposure of the kidney to sympathetic nerve activity using urinary @entity6531 (UNMN) as a marker of renal sympathetic exposure in @entity19430 ( @entity19430 ) and healthy normotensive (HN) @entity1 . DESIGN AND METHOD: This was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. @entity19430 were included if office blood pressure was >140/80 mmHg and ambulatory blood pressure <135/85 mmHg and HN if @entity44950 was <140/90 mmHg and ABP <135/85 mmHg @entity1 were randomized to receive either 16mg of @entity1564 or a matched placebo for one week before study day. On the study day systemic and renal hemodynamics as well as plasma @entity1063 and urinary excretion of @entity6531 (measured by LC/ @entity15 - @entity15 were measured after one hour of baseline, one hour of lower body negative pressure and one hour of recovery period. Excretion of UNMN was expressed as the total of UNMN excreted during these three hours (cumUNMN). Paired or unpaired t-test were used for comparison. RESULTS: 25 HN and 12 @entity19430 @entity1 were included in the study. Mean age (  standard deviation), BMI were respectively 31.0  10.5 years and 22.0  2.2Kg/m2 in HN and 40.7  17.8 years and 26.7  6.3Kg/m2 in @entity19430 .Table 1 Baseline mean blood pressure, plasma @entity1063 and cumulated UNMN during placebo and @entity1564 (Figure is included in full-text article.)Mean blood pressure was higher during placebo and @entity1564 in @entity19430 compared to HN. Cumulated UNMN was higher in both groups after @entity1564 treatment. Cumulated UNMN was higher in @entity19430 than in HN only after @entity1564 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary excretion of @entity6531 is increased in @entity19430 compared to HN when treated with @entity1564 . The increased excretion of uNMN when the @entity916 angiotensin system is blocked might reflect an increased sensitivity of @entity19430 to stress conditions such as orthostatic stress.

title: 9C.09: TREATMENT WITH @entity1564 UNMASKS HIGHER URINARY NOREPINEPHRINE EXCRETION IN WHITE COAT HYPERTENSIVE XXXX COMPARED TO HEALTHY NORMOTENSIVE @entity1 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['PATIENTS']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: White coat @entity101 is a pre- @entity101 state that has been associated with increased sympathetic drive. The objective of the study was to compare the exposure of the kidney to sympathetic nerve activity using urinary @entity6531 (UNMN) as a marker of renal sympathetic exposure in @entity19430 ( @entity19430 ) and healthy normotensive (HN) @entity1 . DESIGN AND METHOD: This was a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. @entity19430 were included if office blood pressure was >140/80 mmHg and ambulatory blood pressure <135/85 mmHg and HN if @entity44950 was <140/90 mmHg and ABP <135/85 mmHg @entity1 were randomized to receive either 16mg of @entity1564 or a matched placebo for one week before study day. On the study day systemic and renal hemodynamics as well as plasma @entity1063 and urinary excretion of @entity6531 (measured by LC/ @entity15 - @entity15 were measured after one hour of baseline, one hour of lower body negative pressure and one hour of recovery period. Excretion of UNMN was expressed as the total of UNMN excreted during these three hours (cumUNMN). Paired or unpaired t-test were used for comparison. RESULTS: 25 HN and 12 @entity19430 @entity1 were included in the study. Mean age (  standard deviation), BMI were respectively 31.0  10.5 years and 22.0  2.2Kg/m2 in HN and 40.7  17.8 years and 26.7  6.3Kg/m2 in @entity19430 .Table 1 Baseline mean blood pressure, plasma @entity1063 and cumulated UNMN during placebo and @entity1564 (Figure is included in full-text article.)Mean blood pressure was higher during placebo and @entity1564 in @entity19430 compared to HN. Cumulated UNMN was higher in both groups after @entity1564 treatment. Cumulated UNMN was higher in @entity19430 than in HN only after @entity1564 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary excretion of @entity6531 is increased in @entity19430 compared to HN when treated with @entity1564 . The increased excretion of uNMN when the @entity916 angiotensin system is blocked might reflect an increased sensitivity of @entity19430 to stress conditions such as orthostatic stress.

title: 9C.09: TREATMENT WITH @entity1564 UNMASKS HIGHER URINARY NOREPINEPHRINE EXCRETION IN WHITE COAT HYPERTENSIVE @entity1 COMPARED TO HEALTHY NORMOTENSIVE XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['PARTICIPANTS']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity101 guidelines propose home ( @entity20166 ) or ambulatory ( @entity15032 ) blood pressure monitoring as indispensable after office measurement ( @entity44950 ). However, whether preference should be given to @entity20166 or @entity15032 remains undetermined. DESIGN AND METHOD: We recruited 831 consecutive @entity1 (mean age, 50.6 years; 49.8% @entity1 ) referred for @entity15032 monitoring to our clinic, if they had never taken (   90%) or had discontinued antihypertensive medication for at least 2 weeks (   10%). SpaceLabs 90217 monitors were programed to obtain 24-h @entity15032 recordings. @entity44950 was measured at three visits at 1 week intervals using the Omron HEM-7051 device. @entity1 were requested to measure their @entity20166 three times in the morning and three times in the evening at 1 minute intervals during 7 consecutive days. We applied @entity101 guidelines for cross-classification of @entity1 based on @entity44950 , @entity20166 and @entity15032 into normotension (NT) or white-coat (WCH), masked ( @entity8176 ) or sustained (SH) @entity101 . Aortic pulse wave velocity was measured by the SphygmoCor system and a first-morning urine sample was collected for the measurement of urinary albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio. RESULTS: Based on @entity44950 and @entity20166 , the prevalence of NT, WCH, @entity8176 and SH was 442 (53.2%), 61 (10.3%), 166 (20.0%) and 162 (19.5%), respectively. Using daytime @entity15032 (30 readings from 8 AM to 6 PM) instead of @entity20166 , confirmed the cross-classification based on @entity44950 and @entity20166 in 575 @entity1 (69.2%), downgraded risk from @entity8176 to NT (n=24) or from SH to WCH (n=9) in 33 (4.0%), but upgraded risk from NT to @entity8176 (n=179) or from WCH to SH (n=44) in 223 (26.8%). Analyses based on 24h @entity15032 were confirmatory. In adjusted analyses, both the urinary albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio (+20.6%; CI, 4.4-39.3) and aortic pulse wave velocity (+0.30m/s; CI, 0.09-0.51) were higher in @entity1 who moved up to a higher risk category. Both indexes of target organ damage were positively associated (P<0.008) with the odds of being reclassified. CONCLUSIONS: For reliably diagnosing @entity101 and starting treatment, @entity44950 should be followed by @entity15032 monitoring. Using @entity20166 instead of @entity15032 misses the high-risk diagnoses of @entity8176 or SH in over 25% of @entity1 .

title: 3C.09: STRATEGIES FOR CLASSIFYING XXXX BASED ON OFFICE, HOME AND AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['HT', 'hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['PATIENTS']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Recent observational studies have shown varied association between antihypertensive drugs and @entity6838 with either @entity5 risk or prognosis. We studied the time to incident @entity5 in two large @entity1 cohorts in relation to four antihypertensive drugs and @entity6838 . DESIGN AND METHOD: We studied a hospital admission based cohort of 525,046 @entity1 admitted at least once to the Western Infirmary and Gartnavel hospitals between 1980 and March 2013. @entity1 were classified into 6 mutually exclusive groups based on monotherapy with either ACEI/ARB( @entity5066 ), beta-blockers(BB), @entity460 antagonist(CCB), @entity7206 , @entity6838 and a control group without exposure to these drugs. All control subjects were included if they were not on the any of the above drugs and were aged 60-80 years at 1/4/2004. The inclusion criteria for the drug groups included new prescription of the drug after 1/4/2004, no previous prescription of any of the study drug, at least 90 days of prescription, discontinuation of the drug no later than 1 year before onset of @entity5 . Each of the 4 antihypertensive drug groups were mutually exclusive for any prescription for the other drugs while the @entity6838 group included all subjects exposed to @entity6838 . Age and sex adjusted time to first @entity5 diagnosis and time to death from @entity5 diagnosis were performed. RESULTS: 34,634 subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria and of them 6,153 had a new diagnosis of @entity5 after 1/4/2004. During 8-year period follow-up 6,557 @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity5 in the hospital cohort (2,313 gastrointestinal, 2,439 lung, 464 prostate, 321 @entity0 ). The results of the multivariate adjusted @entity797 model for incident @entity5 are presented in Figure 1.(Figure is included in full-text article.) CONCLUSIONS:: Exposure to @entity6838 or beta-blocker therapy appears to be protective against incident @entity5 while CCB increased risk. Thiazides are associated with @entity5 . CCB use at diagnosis of @entity0 improved survival.

title: LB01.03: INCIDENCE AND PROGNOSIS OF CANCER ASSOCIATED WITH XXXX AND COMMON ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['increased GIT cancers', 'cancer', 'respiratory cancers']

entities_list: @entity7206 :: ('MESH:D049971', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazides']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity6838 :: (MESH:D004077,Chemical) :: ['DIGOXIN']


abstract: The immune defense mechanisms of mucosal surfaces involve secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) antibodies and, to a lesser degree, other specific and nonspecific immune factors. These antibodies are dependent on a secretory component (SC) for their transmission through the epithelium. This SC is also secreted without Ig as @entity13654 ( @entity13654 ). The kidney does produce these proteins; however, the ability of the lower urinary tract to secrete them has not been shown. Thus, an @entity293 should produce more urinary sIg and possibly more @entity13654 than a lower tract @entity281 . To demonstrate this, urine was obtained from normal controls (N = 33), @entity2335 @entity1 (N = 22), and @entity2885 @entity1 (N = 27). Monoclonal antibodies binding to specific conformational epitopes were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the levels of sIgA and @entity13654 in these groups. Previous sIgA measurements have been hampered by lack of specificity of the capture antibody. Urine @entity1011 was obtained to correct for the effect of diuresis. A one-tailed Student's t-test for nonparametric populations was performed to assess differences. The sIgA levels in the normal and @entity2335 groups were equivalent (1.4 micrograms/mg/mL and 1.3 micrograms/mg/mL, respectively; P = 0.32). When these two groups were compared with the @entity2885 group (24.1 micrograms/mg/mL), a statistically significant difference was seen (P = 0.012 and P = 0.011, respectively), with no overlap. There was a statistical difference in the levels of @entity13654 in these same groups, but a large degree of overlap.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Urinary secretory immunoglobulin A and free secretory component in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['upper urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity2885 :: (MESH:D011704,Disease) :: ['pyelonephritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to determine the influence of single intra-articular or intra muscular injections of @entity8745 on the @entity2339 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity627 who had never been treated with systemic glucocorticoids and had not received local injections of these agents for the preceding 2 months, were given 40 mg of @entity8745 . Group I (11 @entity1 ) received one intra-articular injection into the knee, and Group II (10 @entity1 ) received the same dose intramuscularly. RESULTS: In Group I, serum @entity701 levels were significantly decreased 24 hours after injection (228.2 +/- 8.7 nmol/L versus 193 +/- 16.3 nmol/L; P < 0.05). Serum @entity701 levels were decreased in 9 of the 11 @entity1 , by an average of 21.5%. Two @entity1 ' levels were below 138 nmol/L, which is considered to be the lower limit of normal range. Serum @entity701 levels were below normal range in 3 @entity1 72 hours after intra-articular @entity134 injection. In Group II, serum @entity701 levels were significantly decreased at 72 hours after injection (239.6 +/- 10.3 nmol/L versus 175.6 +/- 21.4 nmol/L; P < 0.01). Three @entity1 ' levels were below normal. By 72 hours postinjection, serum @entity701 concentrations in 9 of 10 @entity1 were decreased by an average of 31% compared to preinjection values. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that decreased adrenocortical secretion, as reflected in depressed @entity701 levels, can result from a single, low-dose, intra-articular or intramuscular injection of depot corticosteroids.

title: Reduction of @entity701 levels after single intra-articular and intramuscular XXXX injection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic disease']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity8745 :: ('MESH:C000873', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone acetate']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to determine the influence of single intra-articular or intra muscular injections of @entity8745 on the @entity2339 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity627 who had never been treated with systemic glucocorticoids and had not received local injections of these agents for the preceding 2 months, were given 40 mg of @entity8745 . Group I (11 @entity1 ) received one intra-articular injection into the knee, and Group II (10 @entity1 ) received the same dose intramuscularly. RESULTS: In Group I, serum @entity701 levels were significantly decreased 24 hours after injection (228.2 +/- 8.7 nmol/L versus 193 +/- 16.3 nmol/L; P < 0.05). Serum @entity701 levels were decreased in 9 of the 11 @entity1 , by an average of 21.5%. Two @entity1 ' levels were below 138 nmol/L, which is considered to be the lower limit of normal range. Serum @entity701 levels were below normal range in 3 @entity1 72 hours after intra-articular @entity134 injection. In Group II, serum @entity701 levels were significantly decreased at 72 hours after injection (239.6 +/- 10.3 nmol/L versus 175.6 +/- 21.4 nmol/L; P < 0.01). Three @entity1 ' levels were below normal. By 72 hours postinjection, serum @entity701 concentrations in 9 of 10 @entity1 were decreased by an average of 31% compared to preinjection values. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that decreased adrenocortical secretion, as reflected in depressed @entity701 levels, can result from a single, low-dose, intra-articular or intramuscular injection of depot corticosteroids.

title: Reduction of XXXX levels after single intra-articular and intramuscular @entity134 injection.

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['cortisol']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: In prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, without @entity299 or multiple associated @entity154 , we study the presence of @entity2978 and its association with thymic dysgenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective observational study. It was performed in two multidisciplinary centers for prenatal diagnosis in the south of France between January 1, 2010 and June 30, 2013. Inclusion criteria were prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We excluded from the study any fetus with @entity299 or multiple associated @entity154 . RESULTS: During the inclusion period, eleven antenatal diagnoses of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome have been made. Six cases were excluded: 5  fetuses with @entity299 and one with multiple associated @entity154 . Therefore, five cases of isolated @entity2978 were included. All 5  fetuses had a thymic dysgenesis: 3 had a thymic agenesis and 1  thymic @entity509 diagnosed by sonography and 1 had a thymic agenesis diagnosed by retrospective reading of fetal MRI. CONCLUSION: When faced with a @entity2978 , the presence of a thymic dysgenesis should be search for by ultrasound screening and would alert to the possibility of a 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. The confirmation of this is diagnosis by amniocentesis would enable improved antenatal support for parents and would enable early implementation of the multidisciplinary neonatal care that is required to avoid serious complications of this syndrome.

title: [Absent or hypoplastic thymus: A marker for 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome in case of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2978 :: ('MESH:D006831', 'Disease') :: ['polyhydramnios']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac malformation']

answer: @entity2978 :: (MESH:D006831,Disease) :: ['polyhydramnios']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between @entity6 and cognitive functioning at baseline and @entity73 over time in a large, ethnically diverse sample of older adults. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project, a community-based, prospective study of risk factors for @entity303 in northern Manhattan, New York City. @entity1 : Hispanic, @entity7864 , and non-Hispanic white @entity1 and @entity1 aged 65 and older without @entity303 at baseline (N  =  1,493). MEASUREMENTS: @entity1 underwent baseline and follow-up cognitive and health assessments approximately every 18  months. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the longitudinal association between @entity6 and cognition. RESULTS: @entity6 was associated with poorer baseline cognitive performance in memory, language, processing speed and executive functioning, and visuospatial abilities. After adjusting for age, education, sex, race and ethnicity, and @entity2204 , @entity1 with @entity6 performed significantly worse at baseline than those without in language and visuospatial abilities. There were no differences between those with and without @entity6 in terms of rate of @entity73 over a mean follow-up time of 6  years. CONCLUSION: The rate of @entity73 in elderly @entity1 with and without @entity6 is similar, although cognitive performance is poorer in @entity1 with @entity6 . These findings suggest that cognitive changes may occur early during the @entity6 process and highlight the need for studies to follow @entity1 beginning at least in midlife, before the typical later-life onset of @entity303 .

title: Relationship Between XXXX and @entity73 in a Multiethnic Elderly Cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity7864 :: ('MESH:D055008', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hispanic black']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus', 'Diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive change']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between @entity6 and cognitive functioning at baseline and @entity73 over time in a large, ethnically diverse sample of older adults. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project, a community-based, prospective study of risk factors for @entity303 in northern Manhattan, New York City. @entity1 : Hispanic, @entity7864 , and non-Hispanic white @entity1 and @entity1 aged 65 and older without @entity303 at baseline (N  =  1,493). MEASUREMENTS: @entity1 underwent baseline and follow-up cognitive and health assessments approximately every 18  months. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the longitudinal association between @entity6 and cognition. RESULTS: @entity6 was associated with poorer baseline cognitive performance in memory, language, processing speed and executive functioning, and visuospatial abilities. After adjusting for age, education, sex, race and ethnicity, and @entity2204 , @entity1 with @entity6 performed significantly worse at baseline than those without in language and visuospatial abilities. There were no differences between those with and without @entity6 in terms of rate of @entity73 over a mean follow-up time of 6  years. CONCLUSION: The rate of @entity73 in elderly @entity1 with and without @entity6 is similar, although cognitive performance is poorer in @entity1 with @entity6 . These findings suggest that cognitive changes may occur early during the @entity6 process and highlight the need for studies to follow @entity1 beginning at least in midlife, before the typical later-life onset of @entity303 .

title: Relationship Between @entity6 and XXXX in a Multiethnic Elderly Cohort.

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['Cognitive Change']


abstract: Blood @entity1133 and serum @entity1011 levels are important factors in deciding when to start dialysis. Recently, in the assessment of dialysis adequacy, emphasis has shifted from reliance on these parameters to use of kinetic methods. We therefore applied @entity1133 kinetic modelling (UKM) to 63 consecutive @entity177 ( @entity177 ) @entity1 at the time dialysis commenced and compared the results to those obtained after 6 months of dialysis treatment. Mean normalised @entity1133 clearance (daily KT/V) at the commencement of dialysis (KTi/V) was 0.15 +/- 0.05, a level indicative of underdialysis in regularly dialysed @entity1 . After 6 months, mean daily KT/V was 0.35 +/- 0.12 in @entity1 subsequently established on CAPD, and 0.49 +/- 0.08 in those subsequently haemodialysed (both p < 0.001 compared to mean KTi/V). Serum @entity1011 levels on commencing dialysis were similar to those after 6 months treatment by either mode. Mean age (p < 0.01) and co-morbidity index (p < 0.05) were higher, and mean KTi/V lower (p < 0.05) in the 6 @entity1 who died during a mean follow-up period of 10 +/- 4.5 months than in survivors. Hospitalisation rates during follow-up (excluding admissions for access surgery and training) correlated with age (r = 0.332, p < 0.01), co-morbidity index (r = 0.351, p < 0.01) and KTi/V (r = -0.302, p < 0.05). Blood @entity1133 and serum @entity1011 levels on commencing dialysis were the same in those who died and in survivors and did not correlate with hospitalisation rates. @entity6 started dialysis with a similar mean KTi/V to non-diabetics but with a lower mean serum @entity1011 (p < 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX kinetics and when to commence dialysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetics']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure', 'CRF']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1133 :: (MESH:D014508,Chemical) :: ['Urea']


abstract: Fibronectin is a plasma opsonin which is depleted after @entity130 or surgery. The effect of major aortic surgery on plasma fibronectin has been studied in @entity1 and in an equivalent experimental model in @entity1707 . On the day after aortic surgery in eleven @entity1 mean fibronectin (+/- s.e.m.) had fallen from 363 +/- 11 mg/l pre-operatively to 179 +/- 19 mg/l (P less than 0.01). No such fall was observed in @entity1 undergoing herniorrhaphy. In fourteen @entity1707 aortic surgery produced reproducible @entity36304 and a fall in plasma fibronectin from 331 +/- 10 mg/l to 43 +/- 13 mg/l after resuscitation (P less than 0.01). Whenever plasma fibronectin fell below 190 mg/l the circulating free fibronectin was consumed in complexes of 1000 kDa containing collagenous debris. More severe depletion of plasma fibronectin was related to higher concentrations of circulating nonopsonized collagenous debris and to subsequent mortality in @entity1707 . The depletion of free fibronectin that occurs following major surgery may produce clinically important @entity409 . The clinical relevance of this fibronectin consumption may be missed if measurement is limited to circulating fibronectin levels without determining that proportion bound in complexes and no longer available as an opsonin.

title: XXXX secondary to plasma fibronectin depletion after aortic surgery.

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['opsonic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity36304 :: ('MESH:D012773', 'Disease') :: ['surgical shock']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['major injury']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['Opsonic dysfunction']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The clinical tests currently in use for obstructive @entity8 (such as renal ultrasonography, differential radionuclide renal scans and urinary @entity1011 concentration data) are not efficient predictors of the subsequent clinical course. Novel and simple biomarkers are required which, if proven, could be clinically beneficial in determining if a @entity1 is eligible for surgery or reno-protective therapy. More recently, the interest of clinicians has focused on the potential of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL), urinary @entity8 molecule-1 (uKIM-1) and urinary liver-type @entity844 -binding proteins (uL-FABP) as biomarkers for renal function in @entity1 with @entity3041 ( @entity3041 ). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate possible clinical applications of uNGAL, uKIM-1 and uL-FABP as beneficial non-invasive biomarkers to determine whether or not surgical intervention is required in @entity1 with @entity3041 . STUDY DESIGN: Renal ultrasonography and radionuclide renal scans were used as diagnostic tools to detect @entity3041 . @entity1 were divided into two groups based on the antero-posterior diameter of their renal pelvis and the presence of dysfunction. Group 1 included 26 @entity1 with severe @entity3041 (with dysfunction), and group 2 consisted of 36 @entity1 with mild @entity3041 (without dysfunction). Urine samples were collected from 62 @entity1 with @entity3041 and 20 healthy @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity3041 was more common in males than in females, with a male to female ratio of 9:1 in the study sample. The incidence of left kidney involvement (32 @entity1 ) was slightly higher than right kidney involvement (28 @entity1 ). Compared with controls and group 2, the ratio of uNGAL to @entity1011 was significantly higher in group 1 (p  <  0.05). The biomarker uNGAL/ @entity8818 exhibited fairly good diagnostic accuracy, with an area under the curve of 0.68 [95% confidence interval 0.6-0.7] and an optimal cut-off value of 0.16  ng/mg @entity8818 (sensitivity 58%, specificity 75%) (p  <  0.05). There was a positive correlation between the uNGAL/ @entity8818 ratio and the uKIM-1/ @entity8818 ratio (r  =  0.582, p  <  0.05) and uL-FABP/ @entity8818 ratio (r  =  0675, p  <  0.05) in group 1. DISCUSSION: The results clearly demonstrated that @entity1 with @entity3041 and dysfunction had significantly increased uNGAL, and uNGAL/ @entity8818 concentrations. However, uKIM-1, uKIM-1/ @entity8818 , uL-FABP and uL-FABP/ @entity8818 concentrations were not significantly different when compared with controls. These results support the use of uNGAL concentrations as an early marker for @entity8 in @entity3041 . CONCLUSIONS: The study clearly demonstrated that pediatric @entity1 with @entity3041 and dysfunction had significantly higher uNGAL to @entity1011 concentrations as compared with controls.

title: Urinary NGAL, KIM-1 and L-FABP concentrations in antenatal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'kidney injury', 'renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['Hydronephrosis', 'HN', 'hydronephrosis']

answer: @entity3041 :: (MESH:D006869,Disease) :: ['hydronephrosis']


abstract: Autologous transplants are often used in repair of @entity1897 . Quantitative evaluation of the results of such a transplant is obviously desirable. In previous study, we determined numerical and cytologic parameters of the regeneration that followed transection of @entity35 sciatic nerve, but no transplant was used. This work now serves as a basis for evaluating the use of an autologous transplant in the same transection paradigm. Our procedure is to remove 8 mm of sciatic nerve in the thigh. The removed segment is then put into the center of a @entity1346 tube and the proximal and distal stumps of the severed nerve are placed into the ends of the tube. The data show: (1) a high percentage of successful regenerations; (2) a relatively large nerve in the gap; (3) a typical outer perineurium underlying the epineurium; (4) a well-developed @entity714 perineurium; and (5) approximately equal numbers of @entity17 . If a transplant is not used there are: (1) a greater number of failures of regeneration; (2) a smaller nerve in the gap; (3) a less well-developed @entity714 perineurium; (4) unequal numbers of axons in the gap as compared to the distal stump; and (5) no outer perineurium forms. The presence of a typical outer perineurium after a transplant and its absence if a transplant is not used is probably the most striking cytologic difference between the two paradigms. The equal numbers of axons in the gap and distal stump following regeneration after transplantation presumably indicate that all axons in the gap enter the distal stump without branching or ending blindly, a situation that is presumably beneficial and contrasts with the findings when a transplant is not used. Both paradigms show a remarkable increase in the density of blood vessels in the regenerated nerve in the gap between the two stumps. These findings will serve as a basis for further studies on the mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration.

title: The effects of an autologous transplant on patterns of regeneration in XXXX sciatic nerve.

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the gap and distal stump']

entities_list: @entity714 :: ('MESH:D002037', 'Disease') :: ['fascicular']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Local activated macrophages derived from infiltrating monocytes play an important role in the damage and repair process of @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ). The present study investigates the dynamic change of classically activated proinflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) cells in a @entity35 model with contusive @entity1566 by flow cytometry (FCM) and immunohistochemistry. The macrophage subsets were immunophenotyped by using antibodies against cluster of differentiation (CD)-68, @entity25506 ( @entity25506 ), @entity40679 , and @entity37248 ( @entity37248 ). The @entity22519 (+) @entity40679 (-) and @entity22519 (+) @entity25506 (+) cells were determined to be M1 subsets, whereas the @entity22519 (+) @entity40679 (+) and @entity22519 (+) @entity37248 (+) cell subpopulations represented M2 cells. The subsets of macrophages in the injured spinal cord at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 days postinjury (dpi) were examined. In the sham-opened spinal cord, few M1 or M2 cells were found. After @entity1566 , the phenotypes of both M1 and M2 cells were rapidly induced. However, M1 cells were detected and maintained at a high level for up to 28 dpi (the longest time evaluated in this study). In contrast, M2 cells were transiently detected at high levels before 7 dpi and returned to preinjury levels at 14 dpi. These results indicate that M1 cell response is rapidly induced and sustained, whereas M2 induction is transient after @entity1566 in @entity35 . Increasing the fraction of M2 cells and prolonging their residence time in the injured local microenvironment is a promising strategy for the repair of @entity1566 .    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Temporal kinetics of macrophage polarization in the injured XXXX spinal cord.

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Several sonographic findings were analyzed to determine their significance in distinguishing @entity1086 from benign conditions of the gallbladder. The analyzed findings were @entity5990 number and size; floating stones; displaced stones; wall thickening, irregularity, and echogenicity; mucosal plaque; intraluminal mass; gallbladder-replacing mass; invasive gallbladder mass; @entity1085 ; @entity1085 ; and submucosal or transmural echolucency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sonograms of 20 @entity1 with unsuspected, pathologically proven @entity5 and 65 @entity1 with @entity1085 (predominantly acute or chronic @entity2679 ) were retrospectively assessed by two observers who were unaware of experimental conditions. Gallstone number and size were assessed, and the presence of floating stone (neither settling nor wall-adherent), displaced stone (lifted from the gallbladder wall by mass or focal wall thickening), wall irregularity, mucosal plaque, intracystic mass, and gallbladder-replacing or invasive mass was evaluated. The echogenicity pattern of the gallbladder wall was characterized, and its thickness was measured and classified as normal/mildly thickened (< 7 mm) or moderately/severely thickened (> or = 7 mm). In addition, the gallbladder wall was evaluated for discontinuous mucosal echo, @entity5932 , submucosal or mural echolucency, and pericholecystic fluid collection. Sonographic findings were compared by the Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric variables and by Student's t test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Solitary @entity5990 , displaced stone, intraluminal mass, gallbladder-replacing or invasive mass, and discontinuity of the mucosal echo were all statistically significantly more common in @entity1 with @entity1086 (.001 < p < .05). Mucosal plaque and wall irregularity were nonspecific findings. Gallbladder wall thickening by itself was nonspecific, although associated echolayering, transmural or submucosal @entity4 , or a distinctly specular mucosal lining favored benign etiologies. CONCLUSION: Several sonographic findings were significantly more common in @entity1 with @entity1086 compared with @entity1 with @entity1085 . Assessment of these signs may be helpful in distinguishing @entity1086 from benign conditions of the gallbladder.

title: Sonographic diagnosis of unsuspected @entity1086 : imaging findings in comparison with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['benign gallbladder conditions', 'gallbladder mucosal discontinuity', 'hyperechoic gallbladder mucosa']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['gallbaldder cancer']

entities_list: @entity5932 :: ('MESH:C565008', 'Disease') :: ['hyperechoic mucosa']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstone']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder cancer']

answer: @entity1085 :: (MESH:D005705,Disease) :: ['benign gallbladder conditions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Several sonographic findings were analyzed to determine their significance in distinguishing @entity1086 from benign conditions of the gallbladder. The analyzed findings were @entity5990 number and size; floating stones; displaced stones; wall thickening, irregularity, and echogenicity; mucosal plaque; intraluminal mass; gallbladder-replacing mass; invasive gallbladder mass; @entity1085 ; @entity1085 ; and submucosal or transmural echolucency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sonograms of 20 @entity1 with unsuspected, pathologically proven @entity5 and 65 @entity1 with @entity1085 (predominantly acute or chronic @entity2679 ) were retrospectively assessed by two observers who were unaware of experimental conditions. Gallstone number and size were assessed, and the presence of floating stone (neither settling nor wall-adherent), displaced stone (lifted from the gallbladder wall by mass or focal wall thickening), wall irregularity, mucosal plaque, intracystic mass, and gallbladder-replacing or invasive mass was evaluated. The echogenicity pattern of the gallbladder wall was characterized, and its thickness was measured and classified as normal/mildly thickened (< 7 mm) or moderately/severely thickened (> or = 7 mm). In addition, the gallbladder wall was evaluated for discontinuous mucosal echo, @entity5932 , submucosal or mural echolucency, and pericholecystic fluid collection. Sonographic findings were compared by the Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric variables and by Student's t test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Solitary @entity5990 , displaced stone, intraluminal mass, gallbladder-replacing or invasive mass, and discontinuity of the mucosal echo were all statistically significantly more common in @entity1 with @entity1086 (.001 < p < .05). Mucosal plaque and wall irregularity were nonspecific findings. Gallbladder wall thickening by itself was nonspecific, although associated echolayering, transmural or submucosal @entity4 , or a distinctly specular mucosal lining favored benign etiologies. CONCLUSION: Several sonographic findings were significantly more common in @entity1 with @entity1086 compared with @entity1 with @entity1085 . Assessment of these signs may be helpful in distinguishing @entity1086 from benign conditions of the gallbladder.

title: Sonographic diagnosis of unsuspected XXXX : imaging findings in comparison with @entity1085 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['gallbladder cancer']


abstract: Phenotypic heterogeneity in @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ) makes definitive diagnosis difficult, particularly during family screening. We studied the electrocardiogram (ECG) as a potential initial screening test in @entity1 with @entity1121 . Using accepted diagnostic criteria, we examined the ECGs and echocardiograms of 159 @entity1 with a confirmed clinical or genetic diagnosis of @entity1121 . An abnormal ECG was found in 154 @entity1 (97%) while only 146 (92%) showed an abnormal echocardiogram. Of the former, 9 @entity1 (6%) had normal echocardiograms and had been diagnosed on the basis of identification of a mutation in the beta myosin heavy chain gene (n = 8) or obligate carrier status (n = 1). Only 1 of these 9 @entity1 was under age 20, the time at which @entity1184 is normally expressed on the echocardiogram. The remaining 5 @entity1 (3%) without ECG abnormality consisted of 1 @entity1 with an echocardiogram clearly diagnostic of @entity1121 and 4 clinically normal @entity1 (aged 13, 24, 29, and 33 years) with normal echocardiograms who had been diagnosed by mutation identification (n = 3) or obligate carrier status (n = 1). Thus only these latter 4 @entity1 (3%) would not have been diagnosed as having @entity1121 based on an abnormal ECG and/or abnormal echocardiogram. Screening relatives for @entity1121 by ECG criteria alone detects all those whom an echocardiogram will diagnose. While echocardiography aids in the specificity of @entity1121 diagnosis, the ECG, within the context of a family with a proven case of @entity1121 , is a more sensitive marker of the disease. It is therefore both a cost-effective and useful tool for screening those to proceed to echocardiography.

title: The standard electrocardiogram as a screening test for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', 'HC']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: Concurrent stimulation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system causes a diminished sympathetic response at high levels of vagal activity. This "accentuated antagonism" has been demonstrated for cardiac chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic responses. The effect on conduction was demonstrated with tonic stimulation of the vagus nerve. However, normally the vagus nerve fires periodically at certain times in the cardiac cycle. Thus, we have studied whether a similar interaction exists in the modulation of @entity713 when short bursts of vagal stimulation were placed in various portions of the cardiac cycle. Anesthetized open-chest mongrel @entity235 were instrumented for stimulation of the cervical vagi and stellate ganglia when the heart was paced. We determined the relationship between cardiac cycle length, direction of action potential propagation, and levels of sympathetic and vagal activation and their effects on @entity713 times. All of the factors investigated, namely levels of vagal and stellate stimulation, pacing intervals, and direction of propagation of action potentials, affected @entity713 times. Furthermore, the vagal effect was greater at short cardiac cycle lengths. When bursts of vagal stimulation were timed to result in maximal or minimal prolongation of @entity713 , no significant effects of sympathetic-parasympathetic interaction on @entity713 times were apparent. However, an analysis of the differences in prolongation of @entity713 with periodic vagal stimulation revealed that a significant sympathetic-vagal interaction existed for these differences. Thus, autonomic neurotransmitters differentially affect cardiac conduction times depending on time of application of the stimulus.

title: Sympathetic and periodic vagal influences on antegrade and retrograde conduction through the XXXX atrioventricular node.

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular conduction', 'atrioventricular condition']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: The effects of reactive species of @entity26 on the airway are not well known. This study examined the effects of @entity273 ( @entity274 ) on the structure and function of the airway epithelium. Tracheal rings were prepared from 200 g male @entity35 . Damage to the airway epithelium was assayed by monitoring the ciliary beat frequency, the release of 51Cr, and histology. @entity274 at concentrations of 1.0 mM and above caused a very rapid decrease in ciliary beat frequency. After ten minutes' exposure to 1.0 mM, the ciliary beat frequency was 72 +/- 20 percent of control. Release of 51Cr was a less sensitive measure with significant release occurring after four hours of exposure to ciliotoxic concentrations of @entity274 . Histologic changes were not evident within the experimental time period. All toxic effects of @entity274 were completely blocked by catalase. This study shows that @entity274 causes a rapid decline in ciliary activity and suggests that oxidant-mediated ciliary dysfunction could play a role in the pathogenesis of @entity1030 . The ciliary beat frequency provides a sensitive, physiologically relevant parameter for the in vitro study of these diseases.

title: Oxidant-mediated ciliary dysfunction. Possible role in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airway disease']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['airway disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is an @entity74 caused by mutations in the @entity1 thyroid receptor beta gene on chromosome 3. Individuals with RTH have an increased incidence of @entity71 ( @entity71 ). The purpose of this study was to search for @entity600 associated with RTH. METHOD: Forty-three subjects (20 affected males [AM], 23 @entity1316 [ @entity1316 ]) with resistance to thyroid hormone and 32 unaffected first degree relatives (18 unaffected males [UM], 14 unaffected females [UF]) underwent MRI brain scans with a volumetric acquisition that provided 90 contiguous 2 mm thick sagittal images. Films of six contiguous images beginning at a standard sagittal position lateral to the insula were analyzed by an investigator who was blind with respect to subject characteristics. The presence of extra or missing gyri in the parietal bank of the Sylvian fissure (multimodal association cortex) and multiple Heschl's transverse gyri (primary auditory cortex) were noted. RESULTS: There was a significantly increased frequency of anomalous Sylvian fissures in the left hemisphere in males with RTH (AM: 70%; @entity1316 : 30%; UM: 28% UF: 28%). Also, there was an increased frequency of anomalous Sylvian fissures on the left combined with multiple Heschl's gyri in either hemisphere in males with RTH (AM: 50%; @entity1316 : 9%; UM: 6%; UF: 0%). However, RTH subjects with anomalies did not have an increased frequency of @entity71 as compared with RTH subjects with no anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal thyroid hormone action in the male fetus early during brain development may be associated with grossly observable @entity1779 of the left hemisphere. The effects of mutations in the thyroid receptor beta gene provide a model system for studying the complex interaction of genetic and nongenetic factors on brain and behavioral development.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging of XXXX in subjects with resistance to thyroid hormone.

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention deficit hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['developmental brain malformations']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affected females', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant disease']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral anomalies']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['cerebral anomalies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) in predicting the extent of @entity1558 after preoperative chemotherapy. METHODS: @entity1 with stage II-III invasive @entity0 who received preoperative chemotherapy and were imaged with post-treatment MRI were included. Histopathological verification was available for all @entity1 . The longest diameter of @entity41 measured with MRI and US has been compared with the infiltrating @entity41 size at pathologic evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 108 @entity1 were enrolled: 59 were imaged with both MRI and US (MRI group), and 49 were imaged with US only (non-MRI group). The non-MRI group was enrolled as an external control to avoid possible bias in the selection of @entity1 . In the MRI group, the means of the deltas between MRI @entity41 size and pathologic size and between US and pathologic size were 0.16 cm and -0.06 cm respectively (P = not significant). Overall, a discrepancy limited in the interval from -0.5 cm to +0.5 cm compared with the pathologic size was observed in 54% and 51% of the @entity1 with MRI and US, respectively (P = not significant). The linear correlation between the radiological measurement and pathologic @entity5 size was r = 0.53 for MRI and r = 0.66 for breast US. In the non-MRI group, the mean of the deltas between US @entity41 size and pathologic size was 0.06 cm, and the linear correlation was r = 0.79. CONCLUSIONS: In this series of @entity1 , MRI and US do not show significant differences in predicting the breast residual infiltrating @entity5 after preoperative chemotherapy.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography in predicting infiltrating residual disease after preoperative chemotherapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast tumors']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast residual disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['stage II-III breast cancer']


abstract: To elucidate a possible involvement of @entity842 in the development of a mesangial proliferative @entity631 induced by anti- @entity5399 antibody administration, glomerular expression of three isoforms of @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ), @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ), brain @entity3623 , and endothelial @entity3623 , was examined at both mRNA and protein levels by ribonuclease protection assay and immunofluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy showed an accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes at 1 hour, lysis of mesangial cells at 1 day, a @entity7622 at 4 to 10 days, and minimal residual glomerular lesions by 28 days. Ribonuclease protection assay showed that the glomerular expression of @entity3623 mRNA peaked at 1 hour and decreased thereafter. No substantial expression of @entity3623 mRNA was observed in normal glomeruli or in the nephritic glomeruli obtained at different time points (1, 4, 10, or 28 days). By immunofluorescence microscopy with a specific monoclonal antibody, an intense reaction for @entity3623 was demonstrated in a few cells in the glomeruli at 1 hour. Most of the @entity3623 -positive cells were identified as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. @entity3623 -positive cells were found less frequently in the glomeruli on days 1 and 4. @entity9554 mRNA was constitutively expressed in normal glomeruli and increased biphasically with two peaks at 1 hour and at 4 days or later; however, the peak expression was much less than that of @entity3623 mRNA at 1 hour. Expression of brain @entity3623 mRNA was not detectable in either normal or nephritic glomeruli. These results show that @entity3623 is predominantly expressed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes accumulating at 1 hour in the glomeruli of anti- @entity5399 @entity631 and suggest an involvement of NO in the @entity66 .

title: Expression and localization of inducible @entity842 synthase in anti- @entity5399 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9554 :: ('4846', 'Gene') :: ['Endothelial NOS']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['initiation of the disease']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity3623 :: ('4843', 'Gene') :: ['inducible NOS', 'NOS', 'iNOS', 'NO synthase']

entities_list: @entity7622 :: ('MESH:C537346', 'Disease') :: ['mesangial proliferative lesion']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulonephritis']


abstract: To elucidate a possible involvement of @entity842 in the development of a mesangial proliferative @entity631 induced by anti- @entity5399 antibody administration, glomerular expression of three isoforms of @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ), @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ), brain @entity3623 , and endothelial @entity3623 , was examined at both mRNA and protein levels by ribonuclease protection assay and immunofluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy showed an accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes at 1 hour, lysis of mesangial cells at 1 day, a @entity7622 at 4 to 10 days, and minimal residual glomerular lesions by 28 days. Ribonuclease protection assay showed that the glomerular expression of @entity3623 mRNA peaked at 1 hour and decreased thereafter. No substantial expression of @entity3623 mRNA was observed in normal glomeruli or in the nephritic glomeruli obtained at different time points (1, 4, 10, or 28 days). By immunofluorescence microscopy with a specific monoclonal antibody, an intense reaction for @entity3623 was demonstrated in a few cells in the glomeruli at 1 hour. Most of the @entity3623 -positive cells were identified as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. @entity3623 -positive cells were found less frequently in the glomeruli on days 1 and 4. @entity9554 mRNA was constitutively expressed in normal glomeruli and increased biphasically with two peaks at 1 hour and at 4 days or later; however, the peak expression was much less than that of @entity3623 mRNA at 1 hour. Expression of brain @entity3623 mRNA was not detectable in either normal or nephritic glomeruli. These results show that @entity3623 is predominantly expressed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes accumulating at 1 hour in the glomeruli of anti- @entity5399 @entity631 and suggest an involvement of NO in the @entity66 .

title: Expression and localization of inducible @entity842 synthase in anti- XXXX @entity631 .

answer: @entity5399 :: (7070,Gene) :: ['Thy-1']


abstract: To elucidate a possible involvement of @entity842 in the development of a mesangial proliferative @entity631 induced by anti- @entity5399 antibody administration, glomerular expression of three isoforms of @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ), @entity3623 ( @entity3623 ), brain @entity3623 , and endothelial @entity3623 , was examined at both mRNA and protein levels by ribonuclease protection assay and immunofluorescence microscopy. Light microscopy showed an accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes at 1 hour, lysis of mesangial cells at 1 day, a @entity7622 at 4 to 10 days, and minimal residual glomerular lesions by 28 days. Ribonuclease protection assay showed that the glomerular expression of @entity3623 mRNA peaked at 1 hour and decreased thereafter. No substantial expression of @entity3623 mRNA was observed in normal glomeruli or in the nephritic glomeruli obtained at different time points (1, 4, 10, or 28 days). By immunofluorescence microscopy with a specific monoclonal antibody, an intense reaction for @entity3623 was demonstrated in a few cells in the glomeruli at 1 hour. Most of the @entity3623 -positive cells were identified as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. @entity3623 -positive cells were found less frequently in the glomeruli on days 1 and 4. @entity9554 mRNA was constitutively expressed in normal glomeruli and increased biphasically with two peaks at 1 hour and at 4 days or later; however, the peak expression was much less than that of @entity3623 mRNA at 1 hour. Expression of brain @entity3623 mRNA was not detectable in either normal or nephritic glomeruli. These results show that @entity3623 is predominantly expressed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes accumulating at 1 hour in the glomeruli of anti- @entity5399 @entity631 and suggest an involvement of NO in the @entity66 .

title: Expression and localization of inducible XXXX synthase in anti- @entity5399 @entity631 .

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: To define the relation between @entity11064 transfer via @entity908 kinase (CK) and the ability of the intact beating heart to do work, we chemically inhibited CK activity and then measured cardiac performance under physiological and acute stress conditions. Isolated perfused @entity35 hearts were exposed to @entity8867 (IA) and subjected to one of three cardiac stresses: hypercalcemic ( @entity141 = 3 mM) buffer perfusion (n = 7), @entity1063 (2 mumol/min) infusion (n = 6), or @entity519 buffer perfusion (n = 5). IA decreased CK activity to near zero, measured in intact hearts by 31P magnetization transfer, and to 2% of control CK activity, measured in myocardial homogenates. The CK isoenzyme profile was unchanged, suggesting nonselective IA inhibition of all isoenzymes. Mitochondria isolated from IA-treated hearts had normal @entity857 :O ratios, state 3 respiratory rates, and unchanged acceptor and respiratory control ratios. Neither actomyosin adenosinetriphosphatase nor @entity1920 kinase activities were changed. After IA exposure, end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular developed pressure, and heart rate were unchanged for at least 30 min at physiological perfusion pressures, but large changes were observed during stress conditions. The increase in left ventricular developed pressure induced by hypercalcemic perfusion and by @entity1063 infusion decreased by 39 and 54%, respectively. During @entity519 , the rate of @entity1734 depletion was decreased by 57%, left ventricular developed pressure declined, and end-diastolic pressure increased faster than in controls. These results show that inhibition of CK to < 2% of control activity by IA reduced contractile reserve by approximately 50%. We conclude that CK activity is essential for the expression of the full dynamic range of myocardial performance.

title: Inhibition of the XXXX kinase reaction decreases the contractile reserve of isolated @entity35 hearts.

entities_list: @entity1734 :: ('CHEBI:17287', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphocreatine']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity8867 :: ('MESH:D007460', 'Chemical') :: ['iodoacetamide']

entities_list: @entity1920 :: ('CHEBI:16027', 'Chemical') :: ['adenylate']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity11064 :: ('CHEBI:29315', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoryl']

answer: @entity908 :: (MESH:D003401,Chemical) :: ['creatine']


abstract: To define the relation between @entity11064 transfer via @entity908 kinase (CK) and the ability of the intact beating heart to do work, we chemically inhibited CK activity and then measured cardiac performance under physiological and acute stress conditions. Isolated perfused @entity35 hearts were exposed to @entity8867 (IA) and subjected to one of three cardiac stresses: hypercalcemic ( @entity141 = 3 mM) buffer perfusion (n = 7), @entity1063 (2 mumol/min) infusion (n = 6), or @entity519 buffer perfusion (n = 5). IA decreased CK activity to near zero, measured in intact hearts by 31P magnetization transfer, and to 2% of control CK activity, measured in myocardial homogenates. The CK isoenzyme profile was unchanged, suggesting nonselective IA inhibition of all isoenzymes. Mitochondria isolated from IA-treated hearts had normal @entity857 :O ratios, state 3 respiratory rates, and unchanged acceptor and respiratory control ratios. Neither actomyosin adenosinetriphosphatase nor @entity1920 kinase activities were changed. After IA exposure, end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular developed pressure, and heart rate were unchanged for at least 30 min at physiological perfusion pressures, but large changes were observed during stress conditions. The increase in left ventricular developed pressure induced by hypercalcemic perfusion and by @entity1063 infusion decreased by 39 and 54%, respectively. During @entity519 , the rate of @entity1734 depletion was decreased by 57%, left ventricular developed pressure declined, and end-diastolic pressure increased faster than in controls. These results show that inhibition of CK to < 2% of control activity by IA reduced contractile reserve by approximately 50%. We conclude that CK activity is essential for the expression of the full dynamic range of myocardial performance.

title: Inhibition of the @entity908 kinase reaction decreases the contractile reserve of isolated XXXX hearts.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The expression of large and small intestinal @entity3558 antigens (LIMA and SIMA) was investigated in 30 gastrectomy specimens of @entity189 and in 11 controls resected for various pathologic conditions. One hundred eighty-five samples of normal mucosa, @entity1373 , @entity1944 (types I, II, and III), @entity1141 , and @entity5 were studied to identify phenotypes indicative of premalignant change. Our results showed LIMA and SIMA were not detected in normal gastric epithelium from either control or @entity189 specimens. @entity1 characterized goblet cell @entity3558 in all types of @entity1944 and was not discriminatory between controls and @entity189 groups. On the other hand, LIMA was extensively expressed in columnar and goblet cells in @entity189 (97 per cent) but was absent in controls. There was a crescendo intensity and frequency of LIMA staining in an inverse relation to the degree of cell maturation and differentiation from type I @entity1944 (60 per cent) to type II (85 per cent), type III (100 per cent), and @entity1141 (100 per cent). In contrast, @entity1944 of any type in controls did not show LIMA. The distribution of LIMA seemed to be intimately related to cell differentiation in the proliferative zone at the base of metaplastic glands. @entity189 revealed antigenic phenotype heterogenicity. Our data indicate that LIMA sharpens the diagnosis of @entity1141 , discriminates between reactive and preneoplastic epithelium (particularly within @entity1944 ), and detects abnormal phenotypes that may represent early stages in @entity105 .

title: Expression of intestinal @entity3558 antigens in the gastric epithelium and its relationship with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinomas', 'carcinoma', 'carcinoma-bearing stomachs']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancy']