abstract: A nude @entity19 model for @entity1 @entity521 has been developed to examine possible relationships between amplification/over-expression of the @entity4180 oncogene and altered regulation of expression of specific integrin subunits during @entity5 progression. Subcutaneous (ectopic) or intra-adrenal (orthotopic) injection of the @entity521 cell lines SK-N-SH or IMR-32 has generated a number of derivative @entity5 cell lines. Tumor cell lines derived from SK-N-SH cells (which do not express @entity4180 ) or IMR-32 cells (which over-express @entity4180 ) produce @entity5 at higher rates when re-injected into the subcutaneous space of @entity19 . Moreover, cell lines derived from @entity5 initiated by IMR-32 cells exhibit shorter latent periods than do IMR-32 cells direct from tissue culture. With regard to integrin subunit expression, SK-N-SH and related cell lines express high levels of @entity2393 , which is associated with the alpha 2 and alpha 3 integrin subunits (predominantly alpha 3). IMR-32 cells display reduced beta 1 expression, and that which is produced is not associated with common alpha subunits. @entity1 cells, which express @entity4180 at even higher levels than do IMR-32 cells, express even less beta 1. Interestingly, the @entity5 -derived cell lines (especially those from @entity5 initiated in adrenal glands) also exhibit reduced integrin expression compared with the parental cell lines; this reduction is associated with the enhanced @entity5 take rate observed when the cells are re-injected into @entity19 . Our results raise the possibility of a relationship between over-expression of @entity4180 and down-regulation of @entity2393 expression (possibly some alpha subunits also). In addition, the data suggest that @entity1 @entity521 -derived cell lines which exhibit reduced integrin expression display more @entity146 growth in @entity19 .

title: Inverse expressions of the @entity4180 oncogene and @entity2393 in @entity1 XXXX : relationships to disease progression in a nude @entity19 model system.

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: A nude @entity19 model for @entity1 @entity521 has been developed to examine possible relationships between amplification/over-expression of the @entity4180 oncogene and altered regulation of expression of specific integrin subunits during @entity5 progression. Subcutaneous (ectopic) or intra-adrenal (orthotopic) injection of the @entity521 cell lines SK-N-SH or IMR-32 has generated a number of derivative @entity5 cell lines. Tumor cell lines derived from SK-N-SH cells (which do not express @entity4180 ) or IMR-32 cells (which over-express @entity4180 ) produce @entity5 at higher rates when re-injected into the subcutaneous space of @entity19 . Moreover, cell lines derived from @entity5 initiated by IMR-32 cells exhibit shorter latent periods than do IMR-32 cells direct from tissue culture. With regard to integrin subunit expression, SK-N-SH and related cell lines express high levels of @entity2393 , which is associated with the alpha 2 and alpha 3 integrin subunits (predominantly alpha 3). IMR-32 cells display reduced beta 1 expression, and that which is produced is not associated with common alpha subunits. @entity1 cells, which express @entity4180 at even higher levels than do IMR-32 cells, express even less beta 1. Interestingly, the @entity5 -derived cell lines (especially those from @entity5 initiated in adrenal glands) also exhibit reduced integrin expression compared with the parental cell lines; this reduction is associated with the enhanced @entity5 take rate observed when the cells are re-injected into @entity19 . Our results raise the possibility of a relationship between over-expression of @entity4180 and down-regulation of @entity2393 expression (possibly some alpha subunits also). In addition, the data suggest that @entity1 @entity521 -derived cell lines which exhibit reduced integrin expression display more @entity146 growth in @entity19 .

title: Inverse expressions of the @entity4180 oncogene and @entity2393 in XXXX @entity521 : relationships to disease progression in a nude @entity19 model system.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive tumor']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The aims of this study were to investigate the role of cytokines ( @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity310 ), @entity379 ( @entity379 ) and @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) in augmenting graft-versus- @entity1778 (GVL). We have investigated the effector cells involved in GVL, by studying the role of these cells in purging of the cell line K562 in short-term bone marrow cultures. The effect of the addition in vitro of @entity7420 was also studied. Monitoring of purging was achieved by @entity137 assays, DNA analysis and the use of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of bcr/abl transcripts in the Philadelphia positive (Ph+) K562 cell line. Supernatants from @entity1199 -treated and non-treated bone marrow were tested for cytokine production ( @entity310 and @entity379 ). The results have shown that the main cytotoxic effector cells in the bone marrow generated by @entity1199 have the @entity2940 + @entity405 + phenotype. Overnight incubation of bone marrow was sufficient to generate cytotoxic cells as measured by @entity8680 (Cr51) release assays. Measurable levels of @entity310 but not @entity379 were also detected in supernatants. Addition of @entity310 and @entity379 to the @entity1199 in the bone marrow cultures augmented the @entity137 but tended to inhibit progenitor cell growth as measured by granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (GM-CFU) and erythroid blast-forming unit (BFU-e) assays. An estimate of the purging of the marrow could also be achieved by DNA analysis of K562 DNA in bone marrow. The bcr/abl transcript could still be detected by PCR analysis in marrow containing 1% K562 and treated with @entity1199 for 24 h, but by 6 days of incubation the bcr/abl transcript was weak or undectable. The results suggest that although reduction in the proportion of @entity1778 in contaminated marrow can be detected after incubation with @entity1199 for 24 h, complete elimination of minimal @entity66 requires longer incubation times.

title: Cytokine treatment of human bone marrow activates anti- XXXX effector cells: monitoring of purging by polymerase chain reaction and DNA analysis.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN gamma', 'interferon gamma']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukaemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis of @entity358 usually relies on fluoroscopic guided procedures. As fluoroscopy is not routinely available in many respiratory units, an approach not using fluoroscopy but with a high diagnostic yield is highly desirable. METHODS: Immediate cytological examination of multiple @entity13391 using Riu's stain, a modified Wright's stain, was performed in 38 @entity1 with @entity358 not visible at bronchoscopy. The results were compared with the final diagnoses determined by histological examination or subsequent Papanicolaou staining of cytological specimens and clinical course. RESULTS: Of the 38 @entity1 29 were subsequently confirmed to have a @entity5 . Our method provided a diagnosis of @entity5 in 86% of these lesions. The accuracy (91%) and sensitivity (88%) were higher for lesions > 3 cm in diameter than for those of diameter < or = 3 cm (87% and 83%). There were no false positive results. The 29 lesions correctly diagnosed as malignant by Riu's stain required significantly fewer @entity13391 (mean (SD) 3 (2)) than the nine benign lesions (5 (4)). CONCLUSIONS: This technique provides a high diagnostic yield, avoids the need for fluoroscopy, and is probably safer than percutaneous biopsy.

title: Multiple XXXX with immediate Riu's stain via flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy without fluoroscopic guidance in the diagnosis of @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral pulmonary lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumour', 'malignancy']

answer: @entity13391 :: (MESH:C537470,Disease) :: ['brushings']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis of @entity358 usually relies on fluoroscopic guided procedures. As fluoroscopy is not routinely available in many respiratory units, an approach not using fluoroscopy but with a high diagnostic yield is highly desirable. METHODS: Immediate cytological examination of multiple @entity13391 using Riu's stain, a modified Wright's stain, was performed in 38 @entity1 with @entity358 not visible at bronchoscopy. The results were compared with the final diagnoses determined by histological examination or subsequent Papanicolaou staining of cytological specimens and clinical course. RESULTS: Of the 38 @entity1 29 were subsequently confirmed to have a @entity5 . Our method provided a diagnosis of @entity5 in 86% of these lesions. The accuracy (91%) and sensitivity (88%) were higher for lesions > 3 cm in diameter than for those of diameter < or = 3 cm (87% and 83%). There were no false positive results. The 29 lesions correctly diagnosed as malignant by Riu's stain required significantly fewer @entity13391 (mean (SD) 3 (2)) than the nine benign lesions (5 (4)). CONCLUSIONS: This technique provides a high diagnostic yield, avoids the need for fluoroscopy, and is probably safer than percutaneous biopsy.

title: Multiple @entity13391 with immediate Riu's stain via flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy without fluoroscopic guidance in the diagnosis of XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['peripheral pulmonary tumours']


abstract: Over the past few years, substantial clinical data have been presented showing that incretin-based therapies are effective @entity413 -lowering agents. Specifically, @entity8142 agonists demonstrate an efficacy comparable to insulin treatment with minimal @entity4053 and have favorable effects on body weight. Thus, many of the unmet clinical needs noted from prior therapies are addressed by these agents. However, even after many years of use, many continue to raise concerns about the long-term safety of these agents and, in particular, the concern with @entity788 . This clearly remains a complicated topic. Thus, in this issue of @entity6 Care, we continue to update our readers on this very important issue by presenting two studies evaluating incretin-based medications and risk of @entity788 . Both have undergone significant revisions based on peer review that provided significant clarification of the data. We applaud both author groups for being extremely responsive in providing the additional data and revisions requested by the editorial team. As such, because of the critical peer review, we feel both articles achieve the high level we require for @entity6 Care and are pleased to now present them to our readers. In keeping with our aim to comprehensively evaluate this topic, we asked for additional commentaries to be prepared. In the narrative outlined below, Prof. Edwin A.M. Gale provides a commentary on the report that focuses on clinical trials of liraglutide in the treatment of @entity6 . In the narrative that follows Prof. Gale's contribution, Dr. Laurent Azoulay provides a commentary about the remaining uncertainty in this area and also discusses the results from a nationwide population-based case-control study. From the journal's perspective, both of the articles on @entity788 and incretin-based therapies reported in this issue have been well vetted, and we feel both of the commentaries are insightful.

title: Smoke or fire? Acute XXXX and the liraglutide trials.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity8142 :: ('2740', 'Gene') :: ['glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of @entity3925 for preventing @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) after lumbar spine surgery. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled study, 665 @entity1 who underwent lumbar surgery were randomly assigned to receive either @entity3925 or @entity33285 . @entity3925 and @entity33285 were used for preventing @entity49 . The occurrence of postoperative efficacy endpoint events ( @entity49 ) and safety endpoint events ( @entity548 ) was compared for each group. RESULTS: Efficacy endpoint results: in the @entity3925 group, there were 6 thrombotic events (1.7 %), 2 cases with severe @entity1211 (0.6 %), and 3 cases with symptomatic @entity1211 (0.9 %). In the @entity33285 group, there were 10 thrombotic events (3.1 %), 4 cases with severe @entity1211 (1.2 %), and 6 cases with symptomatic @entity1211 (1.9 %). Safety endpoint results: in the @entity3925 group, there were 21 cases with @entity548 events (6.2 %), 2 cases with severe @entity548 (0.6 %), and 19 cases with non-severe @entity548 (5.6 %). In the @entity33285 group, there were 21 @entity548 events (6.2 %), 1 case with severe @entity548 (0.3 %), and 16 cases with non-severe @entity548 (4.9 %). The incidences of @entity1031 , including severe and symptomatic @entity1211 , were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Bleeding event rates, including severe and non-severe @entity548 , were also not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3925 proved to be equally effective as @entity33285 for anticoagulation therapy, with both drugs exhibiting a similar prevention effect against postoperative @entity1211 after lumbar spine surgery, without increasing the risk of @entity86 .

title: Comparison of XXXX and @entity33285 for preventing @entity1211 after lumbar spine surgery.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity33285 :: ('MESH:C080945', 'Chemical') :: ['parnaparin']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative venous thrombosis', 'venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3925 :: ('MESH:C503223', 'Chemical') :: ['Rivaroxaban', 'rivaroxaban']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic events']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['VTE', 'venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity3925 :: (MESH:C503223,Chemical) :: ['rivaroxaban']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of @entity3925 for preventing @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) after lumbar spine surgery. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled study, 665 @entity1 who underwent lumbar surgery were randomly assigned to receive either @entity3925 or @entity33285 . @entity3925 and @entity33285 were used for preventing @entity49 . The occurrence of postoperative efficacy endpoint events ( @entity49 ) and safety endpoint events ( @entity548 ) was compared for each group. RESULTS: Efficacy endpoint results: in the @entity3925 group, there were 6 thrombotic events (1.7 %), 2 cases with severe @entity1211 (0.6 %), and 3 cases with symptomatic @entity1211 (0.9 %). In the @entity33285 group, there were 10 thrombotic events (3.1 %), 4 cases with severe @entity1211 (1.2 %), and 6 cases with symptomatic @entity1211 (1.9 %). Safety endpoint results: in the @entity3925 group, there were 21 cases with @entity548 events (6.2 %), 2 cases with severe @entity548 (0.6 %), and 19 cases with non-severe @entity548 (5.6 %). In the @entity33285 group, there were 21 @entity548 events (6.2 %), 1 case with severe @entity548 (0.3 %), and 16 cases with non-severe @entity548 (4.9 %). The incidences of @entity1031 , including severe and symptomatic @entity1211 , were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Bleeding event rates, including severe and non-severe @entity548 , were also not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3925 proved to be equally effective as @entity33285 for anticoagulation therapy, with both drugs exhibiting a similar prevention effect against postoperative @entity1211 after lumbar spine surgery, without increasing the risk of @entity86 .

title: Comparison of @entity3925 and @entity33285 for preventing XXXX after lumbar spine surgery.

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous thromboembolism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of @entity3925 for preventing @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) after lumbar spine surgery. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled study, 665 @entity1 who underwent lumbar surgery were randomly assigned to receive either @entity3925 or @entity33285 . @entity3925 and @entity33285 were used for preventing @entity49 . The occurrence of postoperative efficacy endpoint events ( @entity49 ) and safety endpoint events ( @entity548 ) was compared for each group. RESULTS: Efficacy endpoint results: in the @entity3925 group, there were 6 thrombotic events (1.7 %), 2 cases with severe @entity1211 (0.6 %), and 3 cases with symptomatic @entity1211 (0.9 %). In the @entity33285 group, there were 10 thrombotic events (3.1 %), 4 cases with severe @entity1211 (1.2 %), and 6 cases with symptomatic @entity1211 (1.9 %). Safety endpoint results: in the @entity3925 group, there were 21 cases with @entity548 events (6.2 %), 2 cases with severe @entity548 (0.6 %), and 19 cases with non-severe @entity548 (5.6 %). In the @entity33285 group, there were 21 @entity548 events (6.2 %), 1 case with severe @entity548 (0.3 %), and 16 cases with non-severe @entity548 (4.9 %). The incidences of @entity1031 , including severe and symptomatic @entity1211 , were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Bleeding event rates, including severe and non-severe @entity548 , were also not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3925 proved to be equally effective as @entity33285 for anticoagulation therapy, with both drugs exhibiting a similar prevention effect against postoperative @entity1211 after lumbar spine surgery, without increasing the risk of @entity86 .

title: Comparison of @entity3925 and XXXX for preventing @entity1211 after lumbar spine surgery.

answer: @entity33285 :: (MESH:C080945,Chemical) :: ['parnaparin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We evaluated the management, outcome and @entity548 risk in a cohort of @entity64 @entity1 with mild symptoms treated with intravenous @entity1456 (tPA) within the first 4.5 h. METHODS: We analysed data from a prospective @entity64 thrombolysis registry. A total of 1,043 @entity1 received tPA between 2010 and 2014 in the 5 @entity64 units of the RESUVAL @entity64 network (Rh  ne Valley, France). Among them, 170 @entity1 had a National Institute of Health @entity64 Scale (NIHSS) score  <=4 (minor group: MG) before tPA and 873 @entity1 had a NIHSS score >4. RESULTS: A high rate (77%) of excellent outcome (3-month-modified Rankin Scale score  <=1) was observed in the MG. No symptomatic @entity1779 occurred and the rate of any @entity548 @entity4383 was 5%. Fifty-four percent of the MG @entity1 had visible @entity432 before tPA. @entity1 of the MG were less likely to be transported by Emergency Medical Services and to be directly admitted to the @entity64 unit or to imaging. Median delays from onset to admission, from admission to imaging and from onset to tPA were longer in the MG. CONCLUSION: Our data provided evidence of safety and suggested potential benefit of thrombolysis in @entity1 with NIHSS score  <=4. A majority of these @entity1 exhibited @entity432 before thrombolysis. Most often, @entity1 with mild @entity64 are not given priority in terms of the mode of transport, direct admission to @entity64 unit and rapid imaging, resulting in an increased delay from onset to thrombolysis. Health system improvements are needed to provide all suspected @entity64 victims equal access to imaging and treatment on an emergency basis.

title: Thrombolysis for Acute XXXX : Outcome and Barriers to Management. Results from the RESUVAL @entity64 Network.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic stroke', 'stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity1456 :: ('100128998', 'Gene') :: ['tissue plasminogen activator']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['transformation']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral haemorrhage']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Minor Stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We evaluated the management, outcome and @entity548 risk in a cohort of @entity64 @entity1 with mild symptoms treated with intravenous @entity1456 (tPA) within the first 4.5 h. METHODS: We analysed data from a prospective @entity64 thrombolysis registry. A total of 1,043 @entity1 received tPA between 2010 and 2014 in the 5 @entity64 units of the RESUVAL @entity64 network (Rh  ne Valley, France). Among them, 170 @entity1 had a National Institute of Health @entity64 Scale (NIHSS) score  <=4 (minor group: MG) before tPA and 873 @entity1 had a NIHSS score >4. RESULTS: A high rate (77%) of excellent outcome (3-month-modified Rankin Scale score  <=1) was observed in the MG. No symptomatic @entity1779 occurred and the rate of any @entity548 @entity4383 was 5%. Fifty-four percent of the MG @entity1 had visible @entity432 before tPA. @entity1 of the MG were less likely to be transported by Emergency Medical Services and to be directly admitted to the @entity64 unit or to imaging. Median delays from onset to admission, from admission to imaging and from onset to tPA were longer in the MG. CONCLUSION: Our data provided evidence of safety and suggested potential benefit of thrombolysis in @entity1 with NIHSS score  <=4. A majority of these @entity1 exhibited @entity432 before thrombolysis. Most often, @entity1 with mild @entity64 are not given priority in terms of the mode of transport, direct admission to @entity64 unit and rapid imaging, resulting in an increased delay from onset to thrombolysis. Health system improvements are needed to provide all suspected @entity64 victims equal access to imaging and treatment on an emergency basis.

title: Thrombolysis for Acute @entity64 : Outcome and Barriers to Management. Results from the RESUVAL XXXX Network.

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Stroke']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The @entity18084 ) triple gene block 1 (TGB1) protein is required for virus cell-to-cell movement. However, little information is available about how these activities are regulated by post-translational modifications. In this study, we showed that the @entity18084 Xinjiang strain TGB1 (XJTGB1) is phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by protein kinase CK2 from @entity2247 and Nicotiana benthamiana. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis and in vitro phosphorylation assays demonstrated that Thr-401 is the major phosphorylation site of the XJTGB1 protein, and suggested that a Thr-395 kinase docking site supports Thr-401 phosphorylation. Substitution of @entity71866 ( @entity71867 ) only moderately impaired virus cell-to-cell movement and @entity281 . In contrast, the @entity71868 ( @entity71869 ) virus mutant was unable to systemically infect N. benthamiana but had only minor effects in monocot hosts. Substitution of @entity71870 interfered with monocot and dicot cell-to-cell movement and the plants failed to develop @entity281 . However, virus derivatives with single @entity71871 developed nearly normal @entity281 in the monocot hosts but were unable to infect N. benthamiana systemically, and none of the double mutants was able to infect dicot and monocot hosts. The mutant XJTGB1 @entity71867 / @entity71869 weakened in vitro interactions between XJTGB1 and XJTGB3 proteins but had little effect on XJTGB1 RNA-binding ability. Taken together, our results support a critical role of CK2 phosphorylation in the movement of @entity18084 in monocots and dicots, and provide new insights into the roles of phosphorylation in TGB protein functions.

title: Phosphorylation of TGB1 by protein kinase CK2 promotes XXXX movement in monocots and dicots.

entities_list: @entity71866 :: ('p|SUB|T|395|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Thr-395 with alanine']

entities_list: @entity71870 :: ('p|SUB|T,T|395,401|D', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Thr-395 or Thr-401 with aspartic acid']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infections', 'systemic infection']

entities_list: @entity18084 :: ('12327', 'Species') :: ['BSMV', 'barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV']

entities_list: @entity71868 :: ('p|SUB|T|401|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Thr-401 alanine']

entities_list: @entity71871 :: ('p|SUB|T,T|395,401|E', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['glutamic acid substitutions at Thr-395 and Thr-401']

answer: @entity18084 :: (12327,Species) :: ['barley stripe mosaic virus']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Urocortin 1, a corticotropin-releasing factor related peptide, @entity694 under stressful conditions. We investigated the effect of urocortin 1 on @entity694 using an experimental model with isolated @entity35 colon in which the blood flow and intestinal nerves were preserved. Furthermore, we assessed whether this effect was mediated by adrenergic or cholinergic nerves. METHODS: Colonic motility was measured in the proximal and distal parts of resected @entity35 colon. The colon resected from the peritoneum was stabilized, and then urocortin 1 (13.8, 138, 277, and 1,388 pM) was administered via a blood vessel. Motility index was measured in the last 5 min of the 15 min administration of urocortin 1 and expressed as percentage change from baseline. Subsequently, the change in motility was measured by perfusing urocortin 1 in colons pretreated with @entity5521 , @entity1169 , @entity4033 , @entity3897 , or @entity1022 . RESULTS: At concentrations of 13.8, 138, 277, and 1,388 pM, urocortin 1 increased the motility of proximal colon (20.4    7.2%,48.4    20.9%, 67.0    25.8%, and 64.2    20.9%, respectively) and the motility of distal colon (3.3    3.3%, 7.8    7.8%, 71.1    28.6%,and 87.4    32.5%, respectively). The motility induced by urocortin 1 was significantly decreased by @entity3897 to 2.4    2.4% in proximal colon and 3.4    3.4% in distal colon (p <   0.05). However, @entity1022 , @entity1169 , @entity5521 , and @entity4033 did not inhibit motility. CONCLUSIONS: Urocortin 1 increased @entity694 and it is considered that this effect was directly mediated by local muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

title: The effect of urocortin 1 on motility in isolated, vascularly perfused XXXX colon.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['increases colonic motility', 'colonic motility']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Natriuretic peptides promote natriuresis, diuresis, and vasodilation. Experimental deficiency of natriuretic peptides leads to @entity101 ( @entity101 ) and @entity1283 , conditions more common among African Americans. Hospital-based studies suggest that African Americans may have reduced circulating natriuretic peptides, as compared to Caucasians, but definitive data from community-based cohorts are lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined plasma N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) levels according to race in 9137 @entity731 Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study @entity1 (22% African American) without prevalent @entity65 at visit 4 (1996-1998). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed adjusting for clinical covariates. Among African Americans, percent European ancestry was determined from genetic ancestry informative markers and then examined in relation to NTproBNP levels in multivariable linear regression analysis. NTproBNP levels were significantly lower in African Americans (median, 43 pg/mL; interquartile range [IQR], 18, 88) than Caucasians (median, 68 pg/mL; IQR, 36, 124; P<0.0001). In multivariable models, adjusted log NTproBNP levels were 40% lower (95% confidence interval [CI], -43, -36) in African Americans, compared to Caucasians, which was consistent across subgroups of age, gender, @entity101 , @entity6 , insulin resistance, and @entity28 . African-American race was also significantly associated with having nondetectable NTproBNP (adjusted OR, 5.74; 95% CI, 4.22, 7.80). In multivariable analyses in African Americans, a 10% increase in genetic European ancestry was associated with a 7% (95% CI, 1, 13) increase in adjusted log NTproBNP. CONCLUSIONS: African Americans have lower levels of plasma NTproBNP than Caucasians, which may be partially owing to genetic variation. Low natriuretic peptide levels in African Americans may contribute to the greater risk for @entity101 and its sequalae in this population.

title: Racial Differences in Circulating Natriuretic Peptide Levels: The XXXX Risk in Communities Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'HTN']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['Atherosclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Data on the seroprevalence of @entity1082 ) in China are limited. The objective of this study was to characterise the serological profiles of @entity1083 in a rural Chinese population and help establish effective vaccine policy. METHODS: Serum antibodies against the major capsid protein L1 of 10 HPV types (HPV-3, 6, 11, 16, 18, 45, 52, 57, 58 and 75) were evaluated with Luminex-based multiplex serology in a population-based study of 5548 adults (including 1587 couples) aged 25-65   years enrolled from rural Anyang, China, in 2007-2009. RESULTS: The seroprevalence for any HPV type and any of the types HPV-6/11/16/18 was 64.8% and 34.4%, respectively. 30.3% of adults were seropositive for any mucosal high-risk (HR) HPV, and HPV-58 (10.6%), @entity1799 (9.7%) and HPV-18 (9.3%) were the three most common types. 24.8% of seropositive individuals were @entity33 . Seroprevalence for most HPV types was similar among @entity1 and @entity1 . While mucosal low-risk HPV seropositivity was found to significantly decrease with age, the prevalence of antibodies to mucosal HR antigens showed a general trend of increase with age. The lifetime number of sex partners was independently associated with @entity33 . Positive correlation of spousal seropositivity was observed for mucosal HPV but not for cutaneous HPV. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1083 was common in both @entity1 and @entity1 in rural China. HPV seroprevalence differed significantly with age, @entity458 status. These findings will be useful for evaluating and establishing HPV vaccination programmes.

title: Seroprevalence of 10 XXXX types in the general rural population of Anyang, China: a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1083 :: ('MESH:D030361', 'Disease') :: ['HPV infection']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal HR-HPV seropositivity', 'positive for multiple mucosal HR-HPV serotypes']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual behaviour and spousal infection']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In normal subjects treadmill exercise usually produces the greatest maximal @entity26 consumption (VO2max). This may not be true for @entity1 with severe @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) in whom bicycle exercise, which offers support for the shoulder girdle, may produce a higher @entity26 consumption than treadmill exercise. The aim of this study was to determine which mode of exercise produced the greatest @entity26 consumption in @entity1 with severe @entity1030 . METHODS: Eight @entity1 with severe @entity1030 (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) more than three standardised residuals below predicted) exercised to a symptom limited maximum on a bicycle and on a treadmill on separate days. The workload on the bicycle wa increased by 10 watts each minute, and the treadmill gradient was increased by 2.5% alternate minutes whilst the speed remained constant. Measurements of @entity26 consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), heart rate, and @entity26 saturation were made, and capillary blood gases were measured before and immediately after exercise. @entity880 concentration was measured before and four minutes after exercise. RESULTS: There were no differences at peak exercise between the two forms of exercise for VO2 (median 11.7 and 12.2 ml/min/kg for bicycle and treadmill, respectively), for VE (median 26.6 and 25.0 l/min, respectively), and for heart rate (median 119 and 115 beats/min, respectively). The median @entity880 levels after bicycle exercise were higher than those after the treadmill (2.42 v 0.94 mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS: Although only a small number of @entity1 was studied and individual variability was large, there was no clear difference between the two forms of exercise. Regular bicycle exercise was unfamiliar to this group of @entity1 and generated the greatest @entity880 response. The results do not support the hypothesis that bicycle exercise will produce a better performance in @entity1 with severe @entity1030 , but the two modes of exercise cannot be used interchangeably.

title: Comparison of peak XXXX consumption during cycle and treadmill exercise in severe @entity1030 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactate', 'lactate']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In normal subjects treadmill exercise usually produces the greatest maximal @entity26 consumption (VO2max). This may not be true for @entity1 with severe @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) in whom bicycle exercise, which offers support for the shoulder girdle, may produce a higher @entity26 consumption than treadmill exercise. The aim of this study was to determine which mode of exercise produced the greatest @entity26 consumption in @entity1 with severe @entity1030 . METHODS: Eight @entity1 with severe @entity1030 (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) more than three standardised residuals below predicted) exercised to a symptom limited maximum on a bicycle and on a treadmill on separate days. The workload on the bicycle wa increased by 10 watts each minute, and the treadmill gradient was increased by 2.5% alternate minutes whilst the speed remained constant. Measurements of @entity26 consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), heart rate, and @entity26 saturation were made, and capillary blood gases were measured before and immediately after exercise. @entity880 concentration was measured before and four minutes after exercise. RESULTS: There were no differences at peak exercise between the two forms of exercise for VO2 (median 11.7 and 12.2 ml/min/kg for bicycle and treadmill, respectively), for VE (median 26.6 and 25.0 l/min, respectively), and for heart rate (median 119 and 115 beats/min, respectively). The median @entity880 levels after bicycle exercise were higher than those after the treadmill (2.42 v 0.94 mmol/l). CONCLUSIONS: Although only a small number of @entity1 was studied and individual variability was large, there was no clear difference between the two forms of exercise. Regular bicycle exercise was unfamiliar to this group of @entity1 and generated the greatest @entity880 response. The results do not support the hypothesis that bicycle exercise will produce a better performance in @entity1 with severe @entity1030 , but the two modes of exercise cannot be used interchangeably.

title: Comparison of peak @entity26 consumption during cycle and treadmill exercise in severe XXXX .

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: The majority of @entity1494 (80-90%) are caused by major blunt @entity1661 . Penetrating injuries account for the rest. @entity1494 is seen most often in @entity1 with @entity174 . More seldom, the @entity397 can be caused by energetic blunt @entity1661 . The @entity397 can either be intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal. The symptoms are macroscopic haematuria, @entity158 and, in some @entity1 , an inability to avoid. Retrograde cystography is the diagnostic procedure of choice. An intravenous infusion pyelogram does not provide adequate examination of the bladder. The @entity397 is treated by operative closure and drainage by catheter. @entity397 may be treated with only catheter drainage and close clinical evaluation. We describe two @entity1 with intraperitoneal @entity1494 after low energetic @entity1661 .

title: [ XXXX . Diagnosis, etiology and treatment].

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic fracture']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['Bladder rupture', 'bladder ruptures', 'bladder rupture']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['Extraperitoneal rupture', 'rupture']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['suprapubic pain']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['Bladder rupture']


abstract: It has been shown that, although iodinated swimming-pool waters are usually free from coliform bacteria and enterococci, the total counts frequently become relatively high. @entity17496 and Alcaligenes faecalis have been shown to account for most of these high counts. It was of interest, therefore, to compare the microbial flora of four alternately chlorinated and iodinated swimming pools. By means of the membrane filter method and suitable selective media, examinations were made for total viable counts, coliform bacteria, enterococci, staphylococci, @entity20842 , and @entity796 . Colonies also were picked from membrane filters incubated on standard plate count agar and identified. The results showed that, although viable counts were significantly higher during the iodinated periods, the specific types of bacteria determined were either fewer than or the same as in chlorinated periods. During chlorination, the predominant microbial flora consisted of staphylococci and members of the genus Bacillus. During iodination, however, the @entity17496 -A. faecalis group accounted for 92 to 99% of the microbial flora. The accumulation of high numbers of these bacteria was shown to be due to their @entity1496 resistance and their ability to grow rapidly in pool water in the absence of free @entity1496 .

title: Factors influencing the occurrence of high numbers of XXXX -resistant bacteria in iodinated swimming pools.

entities_list: @entity17496 :: ('43263', 'Species') :: ['P. alcaligenes', 'Pseudomonas alcaligenes']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity20842 :: ('1304', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus salivarius']

answer: @entity1496 :: (MESH:D007455,Chemical) :: ['iodine']


abstract: From February, 1975 through October, 1990, 26 @entity1 underwent surgical treatment for @entity884 at Tokai University Hospital. The overall operative mortality rate was 11.5% (3/26). The three @entity1 who died were suffering from aortic @entity340 ( @entity340 ) in the active stage. Among 16 @entity1 in the active stage, the mortality rate was 18.7% (3/16) Among 10 @entity1 with @entity340 ( @entity340 ) in the healed stage, all survived. Among the total of 21 @entity1 with @entity340 , the mortality rate was zero and among those with @entity340 , the rate was 60% (3/5). Various species of streptococci were the most common organisms encountered, followed by Staphylococcus epidermides. The two @entity340 @entity1 with S. epidermides died. Nine of the 11 @entity340 cases in the active stage were of the localized type. Only one case of the localized type of @entity340 suffered from an infected mitral bioprosthetic valve. The 6 extensive-type cases had @entity886 (2NVE, 4PVE). Three @entity1 with the extensive type of @entity340 died. We conclude that @entity1 with @entity884 who develop progressive @entity712 , recurrent embolization, or progressive @entity295 despite antimicrobial treatments, should undergo prompt valve replacement within 7 days after institution of therapy.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic valve endocarditis', 'native valve endocarditis', 'PVE', 'NVE']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['infective endocarditis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The accuracy of routine ultrasonography in detecting severe @entity543 was evaluated in comparison with cerebral angiography. The precision of ultrasonographic criteria in predicting the risk of @entity64 was also assessed. METHODS: A total of 1011 symptomatic carotid bifurcations were studied in @entity1 from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET). Given that all @entity1 were considered for entry into the trial, the chance of a verification bias affecting the analyses was minimized. The ultrasonographic data consisted of peak systolic velocities and frequency changes from both the internal and common carotid arteries. Angiographic @entity850 was calculated as in NASCET. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed from the ultrasonographic data for the detection of 70% or greater @entity850 on the basis of an angiographic assessment. Kaplan-Meier @entity64 -free survival curves were used to predict the risk of @entity64 . RESULTS: The areas under the ROC curves ranged from 0.74 to 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.79). The sensitivities and specificities ranged from 0.65 to 0.71. The risk of @entity64 at 18 months declined sharply as the degree of angiographically defined @entity850 declined from 99% to 70%. No pattern of decline was apparent on the basis of the ultrasonographic data. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the accuracy of ultrasonography is moderate when flow parameters are used to assess the degree of @entity850 . Ultrasonography should be used as a screening tool to exclude @entity1 with no @entity2998 from further testing. Conventional angiography remains an essential investigation before assigning the risk of @entity64 and deciding appropriate treatment for extracranial @entity2998 .

title: Accuracy and prognostic consequences of ultrasonography in identifying severe XXXX . North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Group.

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid artery disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid artery stenosis']

answer: @entity543 :: (MESH:D016893,Disease) :: ['carotid artery stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity2704 is a risk factor for clinical @entity64 and for subclinical @entity62 and @entity1188 . These subclinical lesions are linked to small-vessel pathology. @entity1779 ( @entity1779 ) are another biomarker of @entity6249 but have not yet been studied in @entity2704 . METHODS: Identification of @entity1779 in 63 migraineurs (25 with aura/35 without aura/3 unknown aura status) and 359 controls (aged, 73-85 years) from the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) magnetic resonance imaging study. We assessed the modifying role of @entity2704 in the co-occurrence of @entity1779 , @entity1188 , and white matter hyperintensity-load. RESULTS: Infratentorial microbleeds were more prevalent in @entity5330 @entity1 than controls (14% versus 4%). Prevalence of other @entity1779 , @entity1188 , and @entity62 did not differ between groups. Migraineurs with @entity1779 had more often @entity1188 than controls with @entity1779 (65% versus 43%). In comparison with controls with @entity1188 , migraineurs with @entity1188 had more commonly @entity1779 (55% versus 30%). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2704 , notably without aura, is associated with infratentorial @entity1779 at older age. @entity1779 and @entity1188 co-occur more often in @entity2704 than in controls. This supports the hypothesis of small-vessel involvement in @entity2704 pathophysiology.

title: Infratentorial Microbleeds: Another Sign of Microangiopathy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6249 :: ('MESH:D059345', 'Disease') :: ['small-vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity5330 :: ('MESH:D020326', 'Disease') :: ['migraine without aura']

entities_list: @entity2704 :: ('MESH:D008881', 'Disease') :: ['migraine', 'Migraine']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infratentorial infarcts', 'infarcts']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter hyperintensities']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral microbleeds', 'CMBs']

answer: @entity2704 :: (MESH:D008881,Disease) :: ['Migraine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dual-energy CT features the opportunity to differentiate among up to 3 different materials because the absorption of x-rays depends on the applied tube voltage and the atomic number of the material. For example, it is possible to distinguish between blood-brain barrier disruption and an @entity1779 following treatment for a @entity64 . The aim of this study was to evaluate whether dual-energy CT is capable of distinguishing intra-arterial contrast agent from residually clotted vessels immediately after @entity64 therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen @entity1 (9 @entity1 , 7 @entity1 ; mean age, 63.6    13.09 years) were examined. Measurements were made on the postinterventional dual-energy CT virtual noncontrast, iodine map, and "weighted" brain window (weighted dual-energy) series. Postinterventional conventional angiography was used as the criterion standard method. RESULTS: A residual clot was found in 10 @entity1 . On the virtual noncontrast series, the Hounsfield attenuation of the clotted arteries was higher than that in the corresponding perfused contralateral arteries (53.72    9.42 HU versus 41.64    7.87 HU; P < .05). The latter had higher absorption values on the weighted dual-energy series than on the virtual noncontrast series (49.37    7.44 HU versus 41.64    7.87 HU; P < .05). The sensitivity for the detection of a residual clot was 90%; the specificity was 83.3%, and the accuracy was 87.5%. Interrater agreement was good (k = 0.733). CONCLUSIONS: Dual-energy CT may be valuable in the detection of clot persistence or early re- @entity715 without the necessity of additional contrast administration. However, its relevance for the prediction of outcomes remains to be determined in further studies.

title: Residual Thromboembolic Material in Cerebral Arteries after XXXX Therapy Can Be Identified by Dual-Energy CT.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'endovascular stroke']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Endovascular Stroke']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Cerebral @entity62 , resulting in @entity16 that ranges from @entity1188 to @entity62 seen on magnetic resonance imaging. These lesions are common and result in both @entity64 and accumulate over time, resulting in @entity73 and @entity303 . Magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that these lesions progress over time, accumulate adjacent to prior lesions and have a penumbral region susceptible to further injury. The pathological correlates of this adjacent injury in surviving myelinated axons have not been previously defined. In this study, we sought to determine the molecular organization of axons in tissue adjacent to @entity1188 and in the regions surrounding microinfarcts, by determining critical elements in axonal function: the morphology and length of node of Ranvier segments and adjacent paranodal segments. We examined post-mortem brain tissue from six @entity1 with @entity1188 and tissue from two @entity1 with @entity989 and @entity62 (previously known as @entity74 with @entity989 , @entity8 and @entity64 ) who accumulate progressive @entity62 in the form of lacunar and microinfarcts. In axons adjacent to @entity1188 yet extending up to 150% of the @entity1188 diameter away, both nodal and paranodal length increase by    20% and 80%, respectively, reflecting a loss of normal cell-cell adhesion and signalling between axons and oligodendrocytes. Using premorbid magnetic resonance images, brain regions from @entity1 with @entity989 and @entity62 that harboured periventricular @entity62 were selected and the molecular organization of axons was determined within these regions. As in regions adjacent to @entity1188 , nodal and paranodal length in white matter of these @entity1 is increased. @entity2610 and neurofilament immunolabelling demonstrates that axons in these adjacent regions have preserved axonal cytoskeleton organization and are generally myelinated. This indicates that the loss of normal axonal microdomain architecture results from disrupted axoglial signalling in white matter adjacent to lacunar and microinfarcts. The loss of the normal molecular organization of nodes and paranodes is associated with @entity528 and may lead to impaired conduction velocity across surviving axons after @entity64 . These findings demonstrate that the degree of @entity62 associated with cerebral @entity66 extends well beyond what can be identified using imaging techniques and that an improved understanding of the neurobiology in these regions can drive new therapeutic strategies for this disease entity.

title: Molecular disorganization of axons adjacent to @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['clinical stroke syndromes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity2610 :: ('4155', 'Gene') :: ['Myelin basic protein']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['microvascular disease']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic damage']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'lacunar infarcts']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary endotheliopathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant retinal vasculopathy', 'retinal vasculopathy', 'retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter ischaemic lesions', 'cerebral leukoencephalopathy', 'white matter injury', 'microvascular disease predominantly affects brain white matter and deep grey matter', 'white matter hyperintensities']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['axonal degeneration']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['lacunar infarcts']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Cerebral @entity62 , resulting in @entity16 that ranges from @entity1188 to @entity62 seen on magnetic resonance imaging. These lesions are common and result in both @entity64 and accumulate over time, resulting in @entity73 and @entity303 . Magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that these lesions progress over time, accumulate adjacent to prior lesions and have a penumbral region susceptible to further injury. The pathological correlates of this adjacent injury in surviving myelinated axons have not been previously defined. In this study, we sought to determine the molecular organization of axons in tissue adjacent to @entity1188 and in the regions surrounding microinfarcts, by determining critical elements in axonal function: the morphology and length of node of Ranvier segments and adjacent paranodal segments. We examined post-mortem brain tissue from six @entity1 with @entity1188 and tissue from two @entity1 with @entity989 and @entity62 (previously known as @entity74 with @entity989 , @entity8 and @entity64 ) who accumulate progressive @entity62 in the form of lacunar and microinfarcts. In axons adjacent to @entity1188 yet extending up to 150% of the @entity1188 diameter away, both nodal and paranodal length increase by    20% and 80%, respectively, reflecting a loss of normal cell-cell adhesion and signalling between axons and oligodendrocytes. Using premorbid magnetic resonance images, brain regions from @entity1 with @entity989 and @entity62 that harboured periventricular @entity62 were selected and the molecular organization of axons was determined within these regions. As in regions adjacent to @entity1188 , nodal and paranodal length in white matter of these @entity1 is increased. @entity2610 and neurofilament immunolabelling demonstrates that axons in these adjacent regions have preserved axonal cytoskeleton organization and are generally myelinated. This indicates that the loss of normal axonal microdomain architecture results from disrupted axoglial signalling in white matter adjacent to lacunar and microinfarcts. The loss of the normal molecular organization of nodes and paranodes is associated with @entity528 and may lead to impaired conduction velocity across surviving axons after @entity64 . These findings demonstrate that the degree of @entity62 associated with cerebral @entity66 extends well beyond what can be identified using imaging techniques and that an improved understanding of the neurobiology in these regions can drive new therapeutic strategies for this disease entity.

title: Molecular disorganization of axons adjacent to XXXX @entity1188 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Accumulating evidence shows that high @entity2827 intake increases urinary @entity460 excretion and may be a risk factor for @entity170 . However, the effect of oral @entity2827 intake on @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and risk of @entity170 has been inadequately researched. The aim of the present study was to determine whether urinary @entity1372 excretion (reflecting oral @entity2827 intake) associates with @entity79 and prevalence of @entity170 in postmenopausal @entity1 . This cross-sectional study involved a nationally representative sample consisting of 2,779 postmenopausal @entity1 who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys in 2008-2011. The association of urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio with @entity79 and other @entity170 risk factors was assessed. In addition, the prevalence of @entity170 was assessed in four groups with different urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratios. @entity1 with @entity170 had significantly higher urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratios than the @entity1 without @entity170 . After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio correlated inversely with lumbar spine @entity79 (P  =  0.001). Similarly, when @entity1 were divided into quartile groups according to urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio, the average @entity79 dropped as the urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio increased. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to quartile 1, quartile 4 had a significantly increased prevalence of lumbar spine @entity170 (odds ratios 1.346, P for trend  =  0.044). High urinary @entity1372 excretion was significantly associated with low @entity79 and high prevalence of @entity170 in lumbar spine. These results suggest that high @entity2827 intake decreases lumbar spine @entity79 and increases the risk of @entity170 in postmenopausal @entity1 .

title: Association of urinary @entity1372 / XXXX ratio with @entity79 in postmenopausal @entity1 : KNHANES 2008-2011.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

answer: @entity1011 :: (MESH:D003404,Chemical) :: ['creatinine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Accumulating evidence shows that high @entity2827 intake increases urinary @entity460 excretion and may be a risk factor for @entity170 . However, the effect of oral @entity2827 intake on @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and risk of @entity170 has been inadequately researched. The aim of the present study was to determine whether urinary @entity1372 excretion (reflecting oral @entity2827 intake) associates with @entity79 and prevalence of @entity170 in postmenopausal @entity1 . This cross-sectional study involved a nationally representative sample consisting of 2,779 postmenopausal @entity1 who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys in 2008-2011. The association of urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio with @entity79 and other @entity170 risk factors was assessed. In addition, the prevalence of @entity170 was assessed in four groups with different urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratios. @entity1 with @entity170 had significantly higher urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratios than the @entity1 without @entity170 . After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio correlated inversely with lumbar spine @entity79 (P  =  0.001). Similarly, when @entity1 were divided into quartile groups according to urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio, the average @entity79 dropped as the urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio increased. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to quartile 1, quartile 4 had a significantly increased prevalence of lumbar spine @entity170 (odds ratios 1.346, P for trend  =  0.044). High urinary @entity1372 excretion was significantly associated with low @entity79 and high prevalence of @entity170 in lumbar spine. These results suggest that high @entity2827 intake decreases lumbar spine @entity79 and increases the risk of @entity170 in postmenopausal @entity1 .

title: Association of urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio with XXXX in postmenopausal @entity1 : KNHANES 2008-2011.

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['bone mineral density']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Accumulating evidence shows that high @entity2827 intake increases urinary @entity460 excretion and may be a risk factor for @entity170 . However, the effect of oral @entity2827 intake on @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and risk of @entity170 has been inadequately researched. The aim of the present study was to determine whether urinary @entity1372 excretion (reflecting oral @entity2827 intake) associates with @entity79 and prevalence of @entity170 in postmenopausal @entity1 . This cross-sectional study involved a nationally representative sample consisting of 2,779 postmenopausal @entity1 who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys in 2008-2011. The association of urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio with @entity79 and other @entity170 risk factors was assessed. In addition, the prevalence of @entity170 was assessed in four groups with different urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratios. @entity1 with @entity170 had significantly higher urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratios than the @entity1 without @entity170 . After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio correlated inversely with lumbar spine @entity79 (P  =  0.001). Similarly, when @entity1 were divided into quartile groups according to urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio, the average @entity79 dropped as the urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio increased. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to quartile 1, quartile 4 had a significantly increased prevalence of lumbar spine @entity170 (odds ratios 1.346, P for trend  =  0.044). High urinary @entity1372 excretion was significantly associated with low @entity79 and high prevalence of @entity170 in lumbar spine. These results suggest that high @entity2827 intake decreases lumbar spine @entity79 and increases the risk of @entity170 in postmenopausal @entity1 .

title: Association of urinary XXXX / @entity1011 ratio with @entity79 in postmenopausal @entity1 : KNHANES 2008-2011.

answer: @entity1372 :: (MESH:D012964,Chemical) :: ['sodium']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Accumulating evidence shows that high @entity2827 intake increases urinary @entity460 excretion and may be a risk factor for @entity170 . However, the effect of oral @entity2827 intake on @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and risk of @entity170 has been inadequately researched. The aim of the present study was to determine whether urinary @entity1372 excretion (reflecting oral @entity2827 intake) associates with @entity79 and prevalence of @entity170 in postmenopausal @entity1 . This cross-sectional study involved a nationally representative sample consisting of 2,779 postmenopausal @entity1 who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys in 2008-2011. The association of urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio with @entity79 and other @entity170 risk factors was assessed. In addition, the prevalence of @entity170 was assessed in four groups with different urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratios. @entity1 with @entity170 had significantly higher urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratios than the @entity1 without @entity170 . After adjusting for multiple confounding factors, urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio correlated inversely with lumbar spine @entity79 (P  =  0.001). Similarly, when @entity1 were divided into quartile groups according to urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio, the average @entity79 dropped as the urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio increased. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to quartile 1, quartile 4 had a significantly increased prevalence of lumbar spine @entity170 (odds ratios 1.346, P for trend  =  0.044). High urinary @entity1372 excretion was significantly associated with low @entity79 and high prevalence of @entity170 in lumbar spine. These results suggest that high @entity2827 intake decreases lumbar spine @entity79 and increases the risk of @entity170 in postmenopausal @entity1 .

title: Association of urinary @entity1372 / @entity1011 ratio with @entity79 in postmenopausal XXXX : KNHANES 2008-2011.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Data on bacterial resistance in @entity1 seen by general practitioners are usually not readily available. The objective of this paper is to present the antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from @entity1 seen by private practitioners in the Klang Valley. A total of 18 clinics participated in this study. From mid August 1991 to end of June 1993, 2,823 specimens were received. Throat swabs and urine specimens constituted 56% of all the specimens. A large proportion of the specimens (55%) yielded no growth or just normal flora. The common bacteria encountered were @entity794 (18.4%), @entity526 (16.2%), @entity4005 spp (13.7%) and @entity6368 (9.3%). The @entity794 strains were mainly isolated from wound, pus and ear swabs. Not one out of the 218 strains tested was resistant to @entity3256 . In vitro susceptibility tests showed that 91% were resistant to @entity114 while 23% were resistant to @entity803 and 13% to @entity2929 . Eighty-two percent of the @entity526 were isolated from urine. It was also the most common isolate from urine. Fifty percent of these strains were resistant to @entity869 , 33% to @entity799 , 17% to @entity5821 , 21% to @entity869 - @entity5899 , 18% to @entity115 - @entity798 while only 2.3% were resistant to @entity802 and @entity6616 and none to @entity2261 . Generally the gram negative bacilli encountered in general practice are less resistant to the third generation cephalosporins and @entity581 when compared to the hospital strains.

title: Antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from XXXX seen by private practitioners in the Klang Valley.

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['methicillin']

entities_list: @entity2261 :: ('MESH:D002444', 'Chemical') :: ['cefuroxime']

entities_list: @entity6616 :: ('MESH:D009582', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrofurantoin']

entities_list: @entity6368 :: ('485', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria gonorrhoeae']

entities_list: @entity5899 :: ('MESH:D013407', 'Chemical') :: ['sulbactam']

entities_list: @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['cotrimoxazole']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxycillin']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['S. aureus', 'Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity5821 :: ('MESH:D002512', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalothin']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanic acid']

entities_list: @entity802 :: ('MESH:D009268', 'Chemical') :: ['nalidixic acid']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An increased proportion of @entity204 occur in the intensive care unit (ICU). We performed this prospective study in 41 ICUs to determine the prevalence and determinants of complicated grief after @entity204 of a loved one in the ICU. Relatives of 475 adult @entity1 were followed up. Complicated grief was assessed at 6 and 12   months using the Inventory of Complicated Grief (cut-off score >25). Relatives also completed the Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 Scale at 3   months, and the Revised Impact of Event Scale for post-traumatic @entity66 symptoms at 3, 6 and 12   months. We used a mixed multivariate logistic regression model to identify determinants of complicated grief after 6   months. Among the 475 @entity1 , 282 (59.4%) had a relative evaluated at 6   months. Complicated grief symptoms were identified in 147 (52%) relatives. Independent determinants of complicated grief symptoms were either not amenable to changes (relative of female sex, relative living alone and intensivist board certification before 2009) or potential targets for improvements (refusal of treatment by the @entity1 , @entity1 died while intubated, relatives present at the time of @entity204 , relatives did not say goodbye to the @entity1 , and poor communication between physicians and relatives). End-of-life practices, communication and loneliness in bereaved relatives may be amenable to improvements.

title: Complicated grief after XXXX of a relative in the intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['stress disorder']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Detailed morphometric analysis of the neonatal brain is required to characterise brain development and define neuroimaging biomarkers related to impaired brain growth. Accurate @entity75 MRI is a prerequisite to analyse large datasets. We have previously presented an accurate and robust automatic segmentation technique for parcellating the neonatal brain into multiple cortical and subcortical regions. In this study, we further extend our segmentation method to detect cortical sulci and provide a detailed delineation of the cortical ribbon. These detailed segmentations are used to build a 4-dimensional spatio-temporal structural atlas of the brain for 82 cortical and subcortical structures throughout this developmental period. We employ the algorithm to segment an extensive database of 420 MR images of the developing brain, from 27 to 45weeks post-menstrual age at imaging. Regional volumetric and cortical surface measurements are derived and used to investigate brain growth and development during this critical period and to assess the impact of @entity44 at birth. Whole brain volume, the absolute volume of all structures studied, cortical curvature and cortical surface area increased with increasing age at scan. Relative volumes of cortical grey matter, cerebellum and cerebrospinal fluid increased with age at scan, while relative volumes of white matter, ventricles, brainstem and basal ganglia and thalami decreased. Preterm @entity1 at term had smaller whole brain volumes, reduced regional white matter and cortical and subcortical grey matter volumes, and reduced cortical surface area compared with term born controls, while ventricular volume was greater in the preterm group. Increasing @entity3465 at birth was associated with a @entity62 , cortical and subcortical grey matter volume, an increase in ventricular volume, and reduced cortical surface area.

title: Regional growth and atlasing of the developing XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['automatic segmentation of neonatal brain']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in total and regional white matter']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['immaturity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the @entity3039 treatment modalities and their results in a series of 30 adult @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: 30 @entity1 , age 15-74, were diagnosed of @entity3039 in our institution between 1988 and December 1991. We defined the @entity3039 as: mild (platelets > or = 50 x 10(9)/L and < or = 120 x 10(9)/L), moderate (platelets 25-50 x 10(9)/L) and severe (platelets < or = 25 x 10(9)/L). Treatment was initiated when the platelet count reached a level < 50 x 10(9)/L. Initial therapy was oral @entity229 or @entity1667 in all @entity1 . In 12 unresponsive @entity1 the treatment included splenectomy. @entity1 who fail @entity134 therapy and splenectomy received additional lines of therapy, that included: @entity1891 (n = 2), @entity5713 (n = 1), @entity1872 (n = 5), anti D immunoglobulin (n = 6), @entity1499 (n = 2), intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 3). RESULTS: Complete remission was obtained in 19 @entity1 with a follow-up of 3 to 55 months (median, 30 months). Partial remission was achieved in 4 @entity1 , that was sustained for 9 to 39 months (median, 22.5 months) after initial therapy. One unresponsive @entity1 died of @entity281 . Six mild @entity3039 @entity1 did not require therapy with a follow-up of 14 to 56 months (median, 33.1 months). CONCLUSION: In adult @entity1 with mild @entity3039 , therapy is not required. @entity134 therapy remains the initial therapeutic choice for moderate and severe @entity3039 . In unresponsive @entity1 useful alternative choices are splenectomy, danazol, anti D immunoglobulin and @entity1499 .

title: [Efficacy of various treatments in the management of XXXX in the adult].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl-prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity3039 :: (MESH:D016553,Disease) :: ['idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Dientamoeba fragilis, a trichomonad parasite is usually found in the gastrointestinal tract of @entity1 , and it is known to be the cause for @entity344 . The parasite is globally distributed and mostly found in rural and urban areas. The parasite is found in @entity1 and nonhuman primates such as the macaques, @entity6599 , and @entity17056 . Often, the parasite is confused with another largely found organism in stools called @entity8184 sp. especially when seen directly under light microscopy on culture samples containing both parasites. Both sometimes are seen with two nuclei with sizes tending to be similar which complicates identification. Stools were collected fresh from nine previously diagnosed @entity1 infected with D. fragilis who also were found to be positive for @entity8184 sp. Samples were then cultured in Loeffler's medium and were stained with Giemsa, iron hematoxylin, and modified Fields' ( @entity2194 ) stain, respectively. D. fragilis was differentiated from @entity8184 sp. when stained with @entity2194 stain by the presence of a thinner outer membrane with clearly demarcated nuclei in the center of the cell whilst @entity8184 sp. had a darker and thicker stained outer membrane with the presence of two nuclei. The staining contrast was more evident with modified Fields' stain when compared with the other two. The simplicity in preparing the stain as well as the speed of the staining procedure make @entity2194 stain an ideal alternate. The modified Fields' stain is faster and easier to prepare when compared to the other two stains. @entity2194 stain provides a better contrast differentiating the two organisms and therefore provides a more reliable diagnostic method to precisely identify one from the other especially when cultures show @entity325 .

title: Modified fields' stain: ideal to differentiate Dientamoeba fragilis and XXXX sp.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disease']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infections']

entities_list: @entity8184 :: ('MESH:D016776', 'Disease') :: ['Blastocystis']

answer: @entity8184 :: (MESH:D016776,Disease) :: ['Blastocystis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effects of antivascular ultrasound (US) with dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 ( @entity2996 ), contrast-enhanced sonography, and histopathologic analysis in a @entity19 @entity320 model. METHODS: Subcutaneous K1735 @entity19 @entity320 were grown in syngeneic C3H/HeN @entity19 . @entity5 perfusion characteristics were measured before antivascular US treatment with both dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 and high-resolution contrast-enhanced sonography. @entity5 were subsequently treated with 1 or 3 minutes of continuous low-intensity US after intravenous administration of a US contrast agent. Treatment effects were assessed by quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 , contrast-enhanced sonography, histopathologic analysis, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Low-intensity antivascular US treatment resulted in approximately a doubling and tripling of the time to peak enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 in the 1- and 3-minute treatment groups, respectively, along with a significant decrease in contrast wash-out (P < .01). There was a potent reduction in @entity5 perfusion on contrast-enhanced sonography, with approximately 40% and 70% reductions in the @entity5 area perfused as assessed by contrast-enhanced sonography after 1 (P < .05) and 3 (P < .01) minutes of antivascular US. The pathologic and histologic changes spatially correlated with the regions of diminished perfusion seen on contrast-enhanced sonography and dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 . Antivascular US therapy resulted in a significant increase in the number of @entity519 -inducible factor 1A(+) cells, indicating @entity5 (P < .01), and of @entity8236 (+)/CD3(+) cells in @entity5 after treatment, in keeping with increased T-cell infiltration (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Antivascular US treatment effects extend beyond direct @entity137 from @entity548 to include @entity63 -mediated @entity137 , enhanced small molecule retention, and intratumoral immune activation.

title: Antivascular ultrasound therapy: @entity2996 validation and activation of the immune response in @entity19 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumor hypoxia', 'Quantitative tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2996 :: ('MESH:C564543', 'Disease') :: ['MRI', 'magnetic resonance imaging']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanoma tumors']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effects of antivascular ultrasound (US) with dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 ( @entity2996 ), contrast-enhanced sonography, and histopathologic analysis in a @entity19 @entity320 model. METHODS: Subcutaneous K1735 @entity19 @entity320 were grown in syngeneic C3H/HeN @entity19 . @entity5 perfusion characteristics were measured before antivascular US treatment with both dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 and high-resolution contrast-enhanced sonography. @entity5 were subsequently treated with 1 or 3 minutes of continuous low-intensity US after intravenous administration of a US contrast agent. Treatment effects were assessed by quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 , contrast-enhanced sonography, histopathologic analysis, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Low-intensity antivascular US treatment resulted in approximately a doubling and tripling of the time to peak enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 in the 1- and 3-minute treatment groups, respectively, along with a significant decrease in contrast wash-out (P < .01). There was a potent reduction in @entity5 perfusion on contrast-enhanced sonography, with approximately 40% and 70% reductions in the @entity5 area perfused as assessed by contrast-enhanced sonography after 1 (P < .05) and 3 (P < .01) minutes of antivascular US. The pathologic and histologic changes spatially correlated with the regions of diminished perfusion seen on contrast-enhanced sonography and dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 . Antivascular US therapy resulted in a significant increase in the number of @entity519 -inducible factor 1A(+) cells, indicating @entity5 (P < .01), and of @entity8236 (+)/CD3(+) cells in @entity5 after treatment, in keeping with increased T-cell infiltration (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Antivascular US treatment effects extend beyond direct @entity137 from @entity548 to include @entity63 -mediated @entity137 , enhanced small molecule retention, and intratumoral immune activation.

title: Antivascular ultrasound therapy: XXXX validation and activation of the immune response in @entity19 @entity320 .

answer: @entity2996 :: (MESH:C564543,Disease) :: ['magnetic resonance imaging']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effects of antivascular ultrasound (US) with dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 ( @entity2996 ), contrast-enhanced sonography, and histopathologic analysis in a @entity19 @entity320 model. METHODS: Subcutaneous K1735 @entity19 @entity320 were grown in syngeneic C3H/HeN @entity19 . @entity5 perfusion characteristics were measured before antivascular US treatment with both dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 and high-resolution contrast-enhanced sonography. @entity5 were subsequently treated with 1 or 3 minutes of continuous low-intensity US after intravenous administration of a US contrast agent. Treatment effects were assessed by quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 , contrast-enhanced sonography, histopathologic analysis, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Low-intensity antivascular US treatment resulted in approximately a doubling and tripling of the time to peak enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 in the 1- and 3-minute treatment groups, respectively, along with a significant decrease in contrast wash-out (P < .01). There was a potent reduction in @entity5 perfusion on contrast-enhanced sonography, with approximately 40% and 70% reductions in the @entity5 area perfused as assessed by contrast-enhanced sonography after 1 (P < .05) and 3 (P < .01) minutes of antivascular US. The pathologic and histologic changes spatially correlated with the regions of diminished perfusion seen on contrast-enhanced sonography and dynamic contrast-enhanced @entity2996 . Antivascular US therapy resulted in a significant increase in the number of @entity519 -inducible factor 1A(+) cells, indicating @entity5 (P < .01), and of @entity8236 (+)/CD3(+) cells in @entity5 after treatment, in keeping with increased T-cell infiltration (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Antivascular US treatment effects extend beyond direct @entity137 from @entity548 to include @entity63 -mediated @entity137 , enhanced small molecule retention, and intratumoral immune activation.

title: Antivascular ultrasound therapy: @entity2996 validation and activation of the immune response in XXXX @entity320 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Even at low doses, @entity167 has been reported to impair left ventricular pump function. To characterize further the effects of @entity167 on the normal cardiovascular system, using the Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter, we studied 6 healthy physicians, aged 27-36 years, while they were lightly intoxicated. Within a period of 30 min the subjects ingested 0.5 g/kg of @entity1068 diluted to 15% (w/v) in fruit juice. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained before the first ingestion and every half-hour thereafter for 2 hours. A peak blood @entity1068 concentration (mean +/- SE) of 13.3 +/- 1.6 mmol/l (0.61 mg/dl) was recorded at 60 min. Unexpectedly, pulmonary artery pressure rose during the early part of the increasing blood @entity1068 phase, probably due to @entity358 . At 30 min, the systolic pulmonary artery pressure had increased by 10% (p less than 0.05) and the diastolic pressure by 14% (p less than 0.001); both returned to baseline levels by the end of the experiment. Calculated pulmonary vascular resistance rose from a baseline value of 0.50 +/- 0.30 to 0.85 +/- 0.34 units (p less than 0.01) at 30 min. Left ventricular preload decreased significantly during the declining blood @entity1068 phase: mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased from 12 +/- 3 to 10 +/- 2 mmHg (p less than 0.01), and mean right atrial pressure decreased significantly. This study suggests that @entity167 causes changes in cardiac function by altering its loading conditions. The combined diuretic and systemic venodilatory actions of @entity167 provide the most probable explanation for the decrease in preload.

title: Effects of XXXX on systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in normal humans.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary vascular constriction']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The acute response to bronchodilators in @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is modest; it has, however, been suggested that these @entity1 may benefit from long term treatment. METHODS: To investigate the efficacy of @entity10453 in smokers with moderate to severe @entity1030 a double blind, randomised, crossover comparison was performed between @entity10453 (50 micrograms twice daily) and placebo in 63 @entity1 with stable @entity1030 (mean age 65 years). Prior to inclusion, all @entity1 had a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of < 60% of predicted and an improvement in FEV1 of < 15% following 400 micrograms inhaled @entity3045 . @entity1 received four weeks of therapy with each of the treatment regimens. Assessment of efficacy was made with recording of morning and evening peak expiratory flow rates (PEF), respiratory symptoms, and use of rescue @entity3045 . FEV1 was measured before and after nebulised @entity3045 prior to randomisation and at the end of each treatment period. RESULTS: Morning PEF values were higher during the @entity10453 than during the placebo period, although the mean treatment difference was small (12 l/min (95% confidence limits 6 to 17)). No difference in mean evening PEF values was found. Diurnal variation in PEF, assessed as the difference between the morning PEF and that of the previous evening, was more pronounced during the placebo than during the @entity10453 period. The mean spirometric values (including reversibility in FEV1) obtained at the end of the two treatment periods were similar. Compared with placebo, treatment with @entity10453 was associated with lower daytime and night time symptom scores and less use of rescue @entity3045 both during the day and the night. The @entity1 rated the treatment with @entity10453 better than treatment with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that, compared with placebo, treatment with @entity10453 produces an improvement in respiratory symptoms and morning PEF values in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity1030 . Treatment with long acting beta agonists may therefore result in an improvement in functional status, even in @entity1 suffering from apparently nonreversible @entity3885 .

title: Efficacy of inhaled XXXX in the management of smokers with @entity1030 : a single centre randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity10453 :: ('MESH:C057823', 'Chemical') :: ['salmeterol']

answer: @entity10453 :: (MESH:C057823,Chemical) :: ['salmeterol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The acute response to bronchodilators in @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is modest; it has, however, been suggested that these @entity1 may benefit from long term treatment. METHODS: To investigate the efficacy of @entity10453 in smokers with moderate to severe @entity1030 a double blind, randomised, crossover comparison was performed between @entity10453 (50 micrograms twice daily) and placebo in 63 @entity1 with stable @entity1030 (mean age 65 years). Prior to inclusion, all @entity1 had a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of < 60% of predicted and an improvement in FEV1 of < 15% following 400 micrograms inhaled @entity3045 . @entity1 received four weeks of therapy with each of the treatment regimens. Assessment of efficacy was made with recording of morning and evening peak expiratory flow rates (PEF), respiratory symptoms, and use of rescue @entity3045 . FEV1 was measured before and after nebulised @entity3045 prior to randomisation and at the end of each treatment period. RESULTS: Morning PEF values were higher during the @entity10453 than during the placebo period, although the mean treatment difference was small (12 l/min (95% confidence limits 6 to 17)). No difference in mean evening PEF values was found. Diurnal variation in PEF, assessed as the difference between the morning PEF and that of the previous evening, was more pronounced during the placebo than during the @entity10453 period. The mean spirometric values (including reversibility in FEV1) obtained at the end of the two treatment periods were similar. Compared with placebo, treatment with @entity10453 was associated with lower daytime and night time symptom scores and less use of rescue @entity3045 both during the day and the night. The @entity1 rated the treatment with @entity10453 better than treatment with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that, compared with placebo, treatment with @entity10453 produces an improvement in respiratory symptoms and morning PEF values in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity1030 . Treatment with long acting beta agonists may therefore result in an improvement in functional status, even in @entity1 suffering from apparently nonreversible @entity3885 .

title: Efficacy of inhaled @entity10453 in the management of smokers with XXXX : a single centre randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study.

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical management of the @entity1 with @entity1109 is becoming commonplace in orthotic clinics worldwide. The presentations that can result from @entity1109 are diverse, requiring clinicians to understand the pathomechanics of @entity1066 , and @entity2720 to provide effective interventions. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this clinical perspective is to provide a review of the literature regarding clinical conceptsassociated with orthotic management of @entity1109 . STUDY DESIGN: Literature review and clinical case study. METHODS: Relevant literature were reviewed and summarized, and a clinical case study synthesizing reviewed concepts was presented. RESULTS: Given the multifactorial nature of the @entity1109 , treatments must be multifaceted and @entity1 -specific to effectively address the underlying disease processes. While systemic issues such as @entity3657 are treated by physicians, local issues such as @entity5109 are managed by orthotists. Orthotic interventions commonly include custom footwear to reduce the risk of @entity1066 through creation of a protective environment or targeted plantar offloading. @entity1 and caregiver education to encourage management compliance is equally as important to ensure successful treatment. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity1109 benefit from an interdisciplinary care approach which engages physicians, wound care practitioners, and orthotists to treat and manage systemic and local problems. Addressing this pathology through interdisciplinary care may positively affect the @entity1 's health status while lowering associated healthcare costs through improved treatment efficacy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The commonality of @entity1109 and associated complications including @entity1066 , and @entity2720 requires that the @entity1 care team have a fundamental understanding of these pathologies and common treatment modalities. We review orthotic treatment modalities to assist clinicians with the management of @entity1 with @entity1109 .

title: Orthotic management of the XXXX : An interdisciplinary care perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity5109 :: ('MESH:D005530', 'Disease') :: ['foot deformity']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration, infection', 'ulceration']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic foot']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['Charcot joint arthropathy']

answer: @entity1109 :: (MESH:D012678,Disease) :: ['neuropathic foot']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2 with thoracic wall involvement constitutes @entity5 . The management of @entity1 with this condition is complicated. However, improvement in perioperative care coupled with advances in surgical technique have enabled a more aggressive approach to the problem to be adopted. METHODS: A retrospective review was carried out of 58 @entity1 (40 @entity1 ) of mean age 63 years who underwent thoracotomy for @entity2 with chest wall invasion between 1980 and 1993. RESULTS: Chest wall resection was performed in 55 @entity1 (94.8%); in three @entity1 the discovery of N2 disease at operation precluded resection. The @entity2802 status was T3N0M0 in 38 @entity1 , T3N1M0 in 13, and T3N2M0 in seven. @entity957 was the commonest cell type (26 @entity1 ). Reconstruction of the chest wall was performed in 29 @entity1 (Marlex mesh in six, Marlex- @entity11379 in 22, myocutaneous flap in one @entity1 ). The morbidity and mortality were 22.4% and 3.4% respectively. Follow up was complete in 51 @entity1 . Nineteen (37.2%) survived > or = 5 years. The absolute five year survival for N0 and N1 disease was 44.7% and 38.4%, respectively. No @entity1 with N2 disease survived five years. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity2 and chest wall invasion, combined pulmonary and thoracic wall resection offers the prospect of cure with minimal morbidity and mortality. The prognosis of @entity1 with coexistent N2 disease remains poor.

title: Combined pulmonary and thoracic wall resection for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity11379 :: ('CHEBI:25218', 'Chemical') :: ['methacrylate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage III disease']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoma of the lung', 'carcinoma of the lung', 'lung cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['stage III lung cancer']


abstract: To investigate the function of alveolar macrophages (AM) and the mechanisms of impairment in @entity5970 , we established in culture AM from three @entity1 and from eight normal nonsmokers and assessed phagocytosis and phagolysosome fusion by the @entity9186 assay with live @entity375 as the phagocytic challenge. Alveolar macrophages from the @entity1 with @entity5970 ingested fewer @entity375 per cell than did normal AM (mean +/- SE, 2.3 +/- 0.3 vs 3.3 +/- 0.2; p less than 0.05) and had decreased phagolysosome fusion (33 +/- 6 percent vs 64 +/- 1 percent; p less than 0.001). Alveolar macrophages from three normal subjects were incubated with cell-free fractions isolated by centrifugation of lavage fluid from the @entity1 at 250 g (P1) or centrifugation of P1 supernatant at 20,000 g (P2). The P1 fraction did not decrease the number of AM ingesting @entity375 or the number of @entity375 cells ingested per cell, but the P2 fraction decreased both phagocytic indices. Conversely, phagolysosome fusion was depressed by the P1 fraction (48 +/- 3 percent vs 66 +/- 2 percent for untreated AM from the same subject; p less than 0.02) but not by the P2 fraction. Significant morphologic changes were noted in AM cocultured with both @entity3881 . Comparable concentrations of pooled P2 fractions from normal subjects did not decrease phagocytic indices in normal AM. These data confirm that AM in @entity5970 are dysfunctional, and, in particular, the finding of decreased phagolysosome fusion may be related to the high incidence of uncommon @entity281 in these @entity1 . We have shown that different fractions of alveolar filling material from @entity1 with @entity5970 have unique effects on the phagocytic process in the normal AM, and the induced defects may be associated with apparent uptake of this material. These observations further support the hypothesis that in @entity1 with @entity5970 , locally produced "toxic" substances may lead to @entity73 and contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease.

title: XXXX . Further evaluation of abnormal alveolar macrophages.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired alveolar clearance']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity5970 :: ('MESH:D011649', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary alveolar proteinosis']

entities_list: @entity9186 :: ('MESH:D000165', 'Chemical') :: ['acridine orange']

answer: @entity5970 :: (MESH:D011649,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis']