abstract: The purpose of these studies was to examine the growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of freshly isolated @entity1 @entity14 implanted into athymic @entity19 . Four @entity5 lines were derived from primary @entity14 , three lines from hepatic @entity3 , and one line from a @entity3 to a mesenteric lymph node. Subsequent to implantation into the subcutis or the muscularis, @entity5 lines derived from @entity3 grew faster in the @entity19 than did cells isolated from the primary @entity5 . Regardless of the source of the cells, however, little or no visceral organ @entity3 was found. Subsequent to i.v. injection, experimental lung colonies could be produced by some of the cells, but there was no correlation between @entity2 colony formation and the origin of the @entity1 colorectal cells. The intrasplenic injection of @entity14 cells provided a useful procedure to identify @entity1 @entity14 cells with metastatic potential to liver. Extensive @entity5 burdens in the liver were observed as early as 30 days after injection with two of the three liver @entity3 -derived @entity5 lines. No liver @entity3 were found after the intrasplenic injection of cells isolated from the lymph node-derived @entity5 line. Ninety days after the intrasplenic injection of cells from the four primary @entity14 , limited liver @entity3 were observed. We conclude that @entity3 of @entity1 @entity14 can be studied in @entity19 , and its outcome depends upon both the intrinsic metastatic capacity of the @entity1 @entity5 cells and the organ environment of implantation.

title: Metastatic behavior of @entity5 cells isolated from primary and metastatic XXXX @entity14 implanted into different sites in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma', 'colorectal carcinomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The purpose of these studies was to examine the growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of freshly isolated @entity1 @entity14 implanted into athymic @entity19 . Four @entity5 lines were derived from primary @entity14 , three lines from hepatic @entity3 , and one line from a @entity3 to a mesenteric lymph node. Subsequent to implantation into the subcutis or the muscularis, @entity5 lines derived from @entity3 grew faster in the @entity19 than did cells isolated from the primary @entity5 . Regardless of the source of the cells, however, little or no visceral organ @entity3 was found. Subsequent to i.v. injection, experimental lung colonies could be produced by some of the cells, but there was no correlation between @entity2 colony formation and the origin of the @entity1 colorectal cells. The intrasplenic injection of @entity14 cells provided a useful procedure to identify @entity1 @entity14 cells with metastatic potential to liver. Extensive @entity5 burdens in the liver were observed as early as 30 days after injection with two of the three liver @entity3 -derived @entity5 lines. No liver @entity3 were found after the intrasplenic injection of cells isolated from the lymph node-derived @entity5 line. Ninety days after the intrasplenic injection of cells from the four primary @entity14 , limited liver @entity3 were observed. We conclude that @entity3 of @entity1 @entity14 can be studied in @entity19 , and its outcome depends upon both the intrinsic metastatic capacity of the @entity1 @entity5 cells and the organ environment of implantation.

title: Metastatic behavior of @entity5 cells isolated from primary and metastatic @entity1 XXXX implanted into different sites in @entity19 .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinomas']


abstract: The purpose of these studies was to examine the growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of freshly isolated @entity1 @entity14 implanted into athymic @entity19 . Four @entity5 lines were derived from primary @entity14 , three lines from hepatic @entity3 , and one line from a @entity3 to a mesenteric lymph node. Subsequent to implantation into the subcutis or the muscularis, @entity5 lines derived from @entity3 grew faster in the @entity19 than did cells isolated from the primary @entity5 . Regardless of the source of the cells, however, little or no visceral organ @entity3 was found. Subsequent to i.v. injection, experimental lung colonies could be produced by some of the cells, but there was no correlation between @entity2 colony formation and the origin of the @entity1 colorectal cells. The intrasplenic injection of @entity14 cells provided a useful procedure to identify @entity1 @entity14 cells with metastatic potential to liver. Extensive @entity5 burdens in the liver were observed as early as 30 days after injection with two of the three liver @entity3 -derived @entity5 lines. No liver @entity3 were found after the intrasplenic injection of cells isolated from the lymph node-derived @entity5 line. Ninety days after the intrasplenic injection of cells from the four primary @entity14 , limited liver @entity3 were observed. We conclude that @entity3 of @entity1 @entity14 can be studied in @entity19 , and its outcome depends upon both the intrinsic metastatic capacity of the @entity1 @entity5 cells and the organ environment of implantation.

title: Metastatic behavior of XXXX cells isolated from primary and metastatic @entity1 @entity14 implanted into different sites in @entity19 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The purpose of these studies was to examine the growth characteristics and metastatic behavior of freshly isolated @entity1 @entity14 implanted into athymic @entity19 . Four @entity5 lines were derived from primary @entity14 , three lines from hepatic @entity3 , and one line from a @entity3 to a mesenteric lymph node. Subsequent to implantation into the subcutis or the muscularis, @entity5 lines derived from @entity3 grew faster in the @entity19 than did cells isolated from the primary @entity5 . Regardless of the source of the cells, however, little or no visceral organ @entity3 was found. Subsequent to i.v. injection, experimental lung colonies could be produced by some of the cells, but there was no correlation between @entity2 colony formation and the origin of the @entity1 colorectal cells. The intrasplenic injection of @entity14 cells provided a useful procedure to identify @entity1 @entity14 cells with metastatic potential to liver. Extensive @entity5 burdens in the liver were observed as early as 30 days after injection with two of the three liver @entity3 -derived @entity5 lines. No liver @entity3 were found after the intrasplenic injection of cells isolated from the lymph node-derived @entity5 line. Ninety days after the intrasplenic injection of cells from the four primary @entity14 , limited liver @entity3 were observed. We conclude that @entity3 of @entity1 @entity14 can be studied in @entity19 , and its outcome depends upon both the intrinsic metastatic capacity of the @entity1 @entity5 cells and the organ environment of implantation.

title: Metastatic behavior of @entity5 cells isolated from primary and metastatic @entity1 @entity14 implanted into different sites in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['nude mice']


abstract: The acquisition of resistance to @entity115 , @entity803 , and @entity14116 by @entity39739 was examined by exposing growing cells to constant or stepwise increasing concentrations of these compounds. The @entity1987 ( @entity1987 ) of @entity526 for @entity115 increased from 4-8 to 32    g/ml after growth in the presence of 1.25 or 2.5    g/ml. By stepwise increasing the exposure, an @entity1987 of 512    g/ml was reached. This high @entity1987 was maintained after removal of the antibiotics, whereas the lesser increase after exposure to low levels was reversed, indicating that the high @entity1987 was due to a @entity74 , but the lower one to phenotypic adaptation only. The @entity1987 for @entity803 increased from 2    g/ml to maximally 32    g/ml. The @entity1987 decreased to control levels in the absence of @entity803 , so no genetic changes seem to have occurred. The @entity1987 for @entity14116 increased from 0.25    g/ml to maximally 512    g/ml depending on the concentration during growth. These data mostly support the "radical-based" theory that bactericidal antibiotics induce a common mechanism that contributes to cell killing. Our findings indicate that exposure to low levels of antibiotics causes an increase in @entity1987 above the concentration that the cells were exposed to. The implication is that exposure to low levels of antibiotics should be prevented as much as possible, because this causes resistance far more than high concentrations that inhibit growth or kill the cell and thus prevent acquisition of resistance.

title: De novo acquisition of resistance to three antibiotics by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1987 :: ('MESH:D009402', 'Disease') :: ['MIC', 'minimal inhibitory concentration']

entities_list: @entity14116 :: ('MESH:C052904', 'Chemical') :: ['enrofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic change']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: High grade primary @entity11 hold some of the worst prognoses of any @entity5 , with the vast majority of @entity1 dying within two years of diagnosis, even with aggressive modern treatments. Surgical resection and radiotherapy are cornerstones of treatment when possible. In spite of many years of research, only recently has management with chemotherapy been able to prolong survival in @entity1 with high grade @entity11 , albeit only modestly at best. Topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors target an enzyme critical for DNA replication and cell-cycle progression; they cross the blood-brain barrier and have antitumor activity against @entity463 cells in vitro. The most frequently associated @entity137 are @entity1398 and @entity294 , but are often manageable. The two most used agents are @entity2600 and topotecan. Due to enhanced cytochrome CY3A4/5 enzyme activity, @entity2600 dose must be adjusted with concomitant enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drug usage; the data is less clear regarding the effects on topotecan. Clinical trials in @entity1 with recurrent @entity11 have evaluated TOP1 inhibitors as monotherapy and in combination with other agents. There is evidence for using topotecan with radiotherapy. @entity2600 has limited efficacy as monotherapy, but shows promise in combination with other agents, particularly @entity2903 and bevacizumab. Newer generation TOP1 inhibitors are currently being evaluated in phase I trials. TOP1 inhibitors show promising activity in @entity1 with primary CNS @entity5 and warrant further study.

title: Topoisomerase I inhibitors in the treatment of primary CNS XXXX : an update on recent trends.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['Irinotecan', 'irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['CNS gliomas', 'malignant glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancies']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2926 has recently come to international attention as a globally important re-emerging @entity166 . Our case is unusual given the season, location and setting in which @entity2926 occurred. According to the New York City Board of Health, there were only two other cases of @entity2926 in New York City in the year that our @entity1 was diagnosed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old healthy Chinese @entity1 presented to our hospital with @entity295 and @entity177 . The @entity1 did not respond to antibiotics and his @entity177 worsened. His workup did not show any significant findings except for a positive nasopharyngeal swab result for @entity683 . Later the @entity1 developed hemoptysis with evidence of bilateral infiltrates on radiography. His status mildly improved after he was started on @entity230 . Eventually, a microagglutination test confirmed the presence of antibodies against Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. The @entity1 subsequently recovered after a course of intravenous antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The case of fulminant @entity2926 presented here should serve to alert health care providers and the general public to the clinical importance of this severe, sometimes fatal, disease. @entity2926 should be considered early in the diagnosis of any @entity1 with acute, non-specific @entity221 with multiorgan system involvement or high fever in a returning traveler. In addition, not only should it be considered in tropical and rural areas between late summer to early fall, but also in any location or time if the risk factors are present.

title: Fulminant XXXX (Weil's disease) in an urban setting as an overlooked cause of @entity177 : a case report.

entities_list: @entity2926 :: ('MESH:D007922', 'Disease') :: ['leptospirosis', 'Leptospirosis']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['febrile illness']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['multiorgan failure']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza A']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious disease']

answer: @entity2926 :: (MESH:D007922,Disease) :: ['Leptospirosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2926 has recently come to international attention as a globally important re-emerging @entity166 . Our case is unusual given the season, location and setting in which @entity2926 occurred. According to the New York City Board of Health, there were only two other cases of @entity2926 in New York City in the year that our @entity1 was diagnosed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old healthy Chinese @entity1 presented to our hospital with @entity295 and @entity177 . The @entity1 did not respond to antibiotics and his @entity177 worsened. His workup did not show any significant findings except for a positive nasopharyngeal swab result for @entity683 . Later the @entity1 developed hemoptysis with evidence of bilateral infiltrates on radiography. His status mildly improved after he was started on @entity230 . Eventually, a microagglutination test confirmed the presence of antibodies against Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. The @entity1 subsequently recovered after a course of intravenous antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The case of fulminant @entity2926 presented here should serve to alert health care providers and the general public to the clinical importance of this severe, sometimes fatal, disease. @entity2926 should be considered early in the diagnosis of any @entity1 with acute, non-specific @entity221 with multiorgan system involvement or high fever in a returning traveler. In addition, not only should it be considered in tropical and rural areas between late summer to early fall, but also in any location or time if the risk factors are present.

title: Fulminant @entity2926 (Weil's disease) in an urban setting as an overlooked cause of XXXX : a case report.

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['multiorgan failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 are more frequently diagnosed at an early stage and currently have improved long term outcomes. Late normal tissue complications induced by adjuvant radiotherapy like secondary @entity5 or @entity296 must now be avoided at all cost. Several new breast radiotherapy techniques have been developed and this work aims at comparing the scatter doses of internal organs for those techniques. METHODS: A CT-scan of a typical early stage left @entity0 @entity1 was used to describe a realistic anthropomorphic phantom in the MCNP Monte Carlo code. Dose tally detectors were placed in breasts, the heart, the ipsilateral lung, and the spleen. Five irradiation techniques were simulated: whole breast radiotherapy 50 Gy in 25 fractions using physical wedge or breast IMRT, 3D-CRT partial breast radiotherapy 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions, HDR brachytherapy delivering 34 Gy in 10 treatments, or Permanent Breast 103Pd Seed Implant delivering 90 Gy. RESULTS: For external beam radiotherapy the wedge compensation technique yielded the largest doses to internal organs like the spleen or the heart, respectively 2,300 @entity2073 and 2.7 Gy. Smaller scatter dose are induced using breast IMRT, respectively 810 @entity2073 and 1.1 Gy, or 3D-CRT partial breast irradiation, respectively 130 @entity2073 and 0.7 Gy. Dose to the lung is also smaller for IMRT and 3D-CRT compared to the wedge technique. For multicatheter HDR brachytherapy a large dose is delivered to the heart, 3.6 Gy, the spleen receives 1,171 @entity2073 and the lung receives 2,471 @entity2073 . These values are 44% higher in case of a balloon catheter. In contrast, breast seeds implant is associated with low dose to most internal organs. CONCLUSIONS: The present data support the use of breast IMRT or virtual wedge technique instead of physical wedges for whole breast radiotherapy. Regarding partial breast irradiation techniques, low energy source brachytherapy and external beam 3D-CRT appear safer than 192Ir HDR techniques.

title: Doses to internal organs for various breast radiation techniques--implications on the risk of secondary @entity5 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 are more frequently diagnosed at an early stage and currently have improved long term outcomes. Late normal tissue complications induced by adjuvant radiotherapy like secondary @entity5 or @entity296 must now be avoided at all cost. Several new breast radiotherapy techniques have been developed and this work aims at comparing the scatter doses of internal organs for those techniques. METHODS: A CT-scan of a typical early stage left @entity0 @entity1 was used to describe a realistic anthropomorphic phantom in the MCNP Monte Carlo code. Dose tally detectors were placed in breasts, the heart, the ipsilateral lung, and the spleen. Five irradiation techniques were simulated: whole breast radiotherapy 50 Gy in 25 fractions using physical wedge or breast IMRT, 3D-CRT partial breast radiotherapy 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions, HDR brachytherapy delivering 34 Gy in 10 treatments, or Permanent Breast 103Pd Seed Implant delivering 90 Gy. RESULTS: For external beam radiotherapy the wedge compensation technique yielded the largest doses to internal organs like the spleen or the heart, respectively 2,300 @entity2073 and 2.7 Gy. Smaller scatter dose are induced using breast IMRT, respectively 810 @entity2073 and 1.1 Gy, or 3D-CRT partial breast irradiation, respectively 130 @entity2073 and 0.7 Gy. Dose to the lung is also smaller for IMRT and 3D-CRT compared to the wedge technique. For multicatheter HDR brachytherapy a large dose is delivered to the heart, 3.6 Gy, the spleen receives 1,171 @entity2073 and the lung receives 2,471 @entity2073 . These values are 44% higher in case of a balloon catheter. In contrast, breast seeds implant is associated with low dose to most internal organs. CONCLUSIONS: The present data support the use of breast IMRT or virtual wedge technique instead of physical wedges for whole breast radiotherapy. Regarding partial breast irradiation techniques, low energy source brachytherapy and external beam 3D-CRT appear safer than 192Ir HDR techniques.

title: Doses to internal organs for various breast radiation techniques--implications on the risk of secondary XXXX and @entity296 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancers']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity228 treatment on topical and systemic metalloproteinase levels of @entity1 with @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. METHODS: The study included @entity1 undergoing a paranasal sinus operation due to @entity1412 . Oral @entity228 therapy was performed on all @entity1 before endoscopic sinus surgery. Endoscopic and radiological evaluation were performed and nasal tissue specimens and venous blood samples were collected before (preop phase) and after @entity228 treatment (periop phase) and also one month after surgery (postop phase). Endoscopic and computed tomography scan findings were scored adequately and all tissue and blood samples were examined cumulatively. RESULTS: The study included 27 @entity1 with inflammatory @entity1412 . Preop tissue @entity1476 ( @entity1476 ) levels were found to be significantly lower than preop and postop concentrations. In contrast, periop serum @entity1476 levels were found to be significantly higher than preop and postop concentrations. Periop @entity2843 ( @entity2843 ) levels were also found to be significantly lower than preop and postop concentrations, similar to @entity1476 tissue concentrations. However, there was no statistical difference among tissue @entity1495 concentrations of the three phases. In addition, there was also no statistical difference among serum @entity1495 levels of the three phases. CONCLUSIONS: Oral @entity228 treatment especially reduces tissue @entity1476 , then @entity2843 . Severity of @entity1412 primarily correlates with increasing tissue @entity1476 / @entity2843 ratio, then @entity1495 / @entity2843 . These results suggest that selective inhibition for @entity1476 and activation for @entity2843 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for @entity1 with @entity1412 .

title: The effect of @entity228 on metalloproteinase levels of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1476 :: ('4313', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase-2', 'MMP-2']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity2843 :: ('7076', 'Gene') :: ['TIMP-1', 'tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['NP', 'nasal polyposis']

answer: @entity1412 :: (MESH:D011125,Disease) :: ['nasal polyposis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity228 treatment on topical and systemic metalloproteinase levels of @entity1 with @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical trial. METHODS: The study included @entity1 undergoing a paranasal sinus operation due to @entity1412 . Oral @entity228 therapy was performed on all @entity1 before endoscopic sinus surgery. Endoscopic and radiological evaluation were performed and nasal tissue specimens and venous blood samples were collected before (preop phase) and after @entity228 treatment (periop phase) and also one month after surgery (postop phase). Endoscopic and computed tomography scan findings were scored adequately and all tissue and blood samples were examined cumulatively. RESULTS: The study included 27 @entity1 with inflammatory @entity1412 . Preop tissue @entity1476 ( @entity1476 ) levels were found to be significantly lower than preop and postop concentrations. In contrast, periop serum @entity1476 levels were found to be significantly higher than preop and postop concentrations. Periop @entity2843 ( @entity2843 ) levels were also found to be significantly lower than preop and postop concentrations, similar to @entity1476 tissue concentrations. However, there was no statistical difference among tissue @entity1495 concentrations of the three phases. In addition, there was also no statistical difference among serum @entity1495 levels of the three phases. CONCLUSIONS: Oral @entity228 treatment especially reduces tissue @entity1476 , then @entity2843 . Severity of @entity1412 primarily correlates with increasing tissue @entity1476 / @entity2843 ratio, then @entity1495 / @entity2843 . These results suggest that selective inhibition for @entity1476 and activation for @entity2843 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for @entity1 with @entity1412 .

title: The effect of XXXX on metalloproteinase levels of @entity1412 .

answer: @entity228 :: (CHEBI:50858,Chemical) :: ['corticosteroid']


abstract: Pyostomatitis vegetans (PV) is a rare, chronic @entity74 associated with @entity29 ( @entity29 ). Oral lesions of PV are distinct and present as multiple white or yellow pustules with an erythematous base that coalesce and undergo @entity39 to form a typical "snail tracks" appearance. Two cases of PV associated with @entity29 --one with @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and the other with @entity31 ( @entity31 ) are reported. In the first case, adalimumab therapy brought the oral and gastrointestinal manifestations to complete remission. In the second case, the remission was achieved with systemic @entity134 therapy, but the disease relapsed after therapy discontinuation. @entity500 was added leading to sustained remission of PV. Because of persistent active intestinal manifestation of @entity31 , in spite of immunosuppressive therapy, infliximab was introduced. With the therapy remission of intestinal manifestation of @entity31 was achieved as well. Our cases confirm previously reported good experience with immunomodulators and biologics in the treatment of PV. But, before using them we have to exclude an infectious etiology of @entity75 .

title: Pyostomatitis vegetans associated with XXXX --report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['Azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['oral lesions']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['mucocutaneous disorder']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: Malignant change at the site of a @entity6275 , a rare condition, is reported in a 45-year-old @entity1 , along with a review of the literature. This @entity1 with a 30-year history of @entity6275 of the right femur and an intermittently discharging sinus had a large abscess in the lower thigh. The abscess was drained, and an @entity1066 developed at the mouth of the sinus tract. Soon afterward, he sustained a pathologic @entity174 through the lower femur. Biopsy specimens of the @entity1066 showed a well-differentiated @entity957 . An amputation was performed at the level of the proximal 10 cm of the femur. The @entity1 remains well 18 months later with no clinical or radiologic evidence of @entity3 . Changes in character of a previously innocuous @entity4034 sinus tract should arouse suspicion of @entity5 . Biopsy of various depths of the sinus tract, including the bone marrow, is essential. Early amputation for @entity957 is indicated and offers a good prognosis.

title: XXXX in @entity6275 . Report of a case and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity6275 :: ('MESH:C535456', 'Disease') :: ['chronic osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic transformation']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Malignant change at the site of a @entity6275 , a rare condition, is reported in a 45-year-old @entity1 , along with a review of the literature. This @entity1 with a 30-year history of @entity6275 of the right femur and an intermittently discharging sinus had a large abscess in the lower thigh. The abscess was drained, and an @entity1066 developed at the mouth of the sinus tract. Soon afterward, he sustained a pathologic @entity174 through the lower femur. Biopsy specimens of the @entity1066 showed a well-differentiated @entity957 . An amputation was performed at the level of the proximal 10 cm of the femur. The @entity1 remains well 18 months later with no clinical or radiologic evidence of @entity3 . Changes in character of a previously innocuous @entity4034 sinus tract should arouse suspicion of @entity5 . Biopsy of various depths of the sinus tract, including the bone marrow, is essential. Early amputation for @entity957 is indicated and offers a good prognosis.

title: @entity957 in XXXX . Report of a case and review of the literature.

answer: @entity6275 :: (MESH:C535456,Disease) :: ['chronic osteomyelitis']


abstract: @entity2432 is a protozoan parasite that infects gastrointestinal epithelial cells and causes @entity66 in @entity1 and animals globally. Pathological changes following @entity2432 infection include crypt @entity1373 and a modest inflammatory reaction with increased infiltration of lymphocytes into intestinal mucosa. Expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ( @entity2071 ), on infected epithelial cell surfaces may facilitate adhesion and recognition of lymphocytes at infection sites. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules of 23 @entity2036 that negatively regulate protein-coding gene expression via translational suppression or mRNA degradation. We recently reported that microRNA-221 (miR-221) regulates @entity2071 translation through targeting the @entity2071 3'-untranslated region (UTR). In this study, we tested the role of miR-221 in regulating @entity2071 expression in epithelial cells in response to @entity2432 infection using an in vitro model of @entity1 @entity11447 . Up-regulation of @entity2071 at both message and protein levels was detected in epithelial cells following @entity2432 infection. Inhibition of @entity2071 transcription with @entity4316 could only partially block @entity2432 -induced @entity2071 expression at the protein level. @entity2432 infection decreased miR-221 expression in infected epithelial cells. When cells were transfected with a luciferase reporter construct covering the miR-221 binding site in the @entity2071 3'-UTR and then exposed to @entity2432 , an enhanced luciferase activity was detected. Transfection of miR-221 precursor abolished @entity2432 -stimulated @entity2071 protein expression. In addition, expression of @entity2071 on infected epithelial cells facilitated epithelial adherence of co-cultured Jurkat cells. These results indicate that miR-221-mediated translational suppression controls @entity2071 expression in epithelial cells in response to @entity2432 infection.

title: MicroRNA-221 controls expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in epithelial cells in response to XXXX infection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity11447 :: ('MESH:D003457', 'Disease') :: ['biliary cryptosporidiosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoeal disease']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity2432 :: ('5807', 'Species') :: ['Cryptosporidium parvum', 'C. parvum']

answer: @entity2432 :: (5807,Species) :: ['Cryptosporidium parvum']


abstract: In @entity2040 , the majority of symptoms of the disease is caused by the eggs that are trapped in the liver. These eggs elicit an immune reaction that leads to the formation of @entity738 . The eggshell, which is a rigid insoluble structure built from cross-linked proteins, is the site of direct interaction between the egg and the immune system. However, the exact protein composition of the insoluble eggshell was previously unknown. To identify the proteins of the eggshell of @entity380 we performed LC-MS/MS analysis, immunostaining and @entity535 analysis on eggshell fragments. For this, eggshell protein skeleton was prepared by thoroughly cleaning eggshells in a four-step stripping procedure of increasing strength including @entity1133 and @entity214 to remove all material that is not covalently linked to the eggshell itself, but is part of the inside of the egg, such as Reynold's layer, von Lichtenberg's envelope and the miracidium. We identified 45 proteins of which the majority are non-structural proteins and non-specific for eggs, but are house-keeping proteins that are present in large quantities in worms and miracidia. Some of these proteins are known to be immunogenic, such as HSP70, GST and enolase. In addition, a number of schistosome-specific proteins with unknown function and no homology to any known annotated protein were found to be incorporated in the eggshell. Schistosome-specific glycoconjugates were also shown to be present on the eggshell protein skeleton. This study also confirmed that the putative eggshell protein p14 contributes largely to the eggshell. Together, these results give new insights into eggshell composition as well as eggshell formation. Those proteins that are present at the site and time of eggshell formation are incorporated in the @entity2915 and this cross-linking does no longer occur when the miracidium starts secreting proteins.

title: The proteome of the insoluble XXXX eggshell skeleton.

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['cross-linked eggshell']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

answer: @entity380 :: (6183,Species) :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In recent years, gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) has emerged as an important treatment modality in the management of @entity977 . Treatment results after performing GKRS and the complications of this procedure are reviewed. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2002, a total of 78 @entity1 with @entity977 underwent a total of 84 GKRS procedures in our medical center. This @entity1 group comprised 46 @entity1 (59%) and 32 @entity1 (41%). All @entity1 were treated for recurrent or @entity66 after surgery or radiotherapy, with 83% presenting with extensive @entity5 involvement. The cavernous sinus was involved in 75 @entity1 (96%), and 22 @entity1 (28%) had hormone-secreting @entity652 . This latter subset of @entity1 included 12 @entity2013 (15%), 6 growth-hormone secreting @entity5 (8%), and 4 adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting @entity5 (5%). The median @entity5 volume was 2.3 cm(3), and the median radiation dose was 15 Gy defined to the 50% isodose line. The mean and median follow-up periods were 41 and 36 months, respectively. RESULTS: GKRS was tolerated well in these @entity1 ; acute @entity137 was uncommon and of no clinical significance. Late @entity137 was noted in three @entity1 (4%) and consisted of VIth @entity129 . In two @entity1 , there was spontaneous resolution of this palsy, and in one @entity1 , it persisted for the entire 3-year duration of follow-up. Of the 15 @entity1 who presented with @entity129 , 8 (53%) experienced complete recovery and 3 (20%) showed major improvement within 12 months of therapy. @entity5 volume reduction was slow, with 30% of @entity1 showing decreased @entity5 volume more than 3 years after undergoing GKRS. None of the 56 @entity1 with nonfunctioning @entity5 showed progression in the treated volume, and 4 (18%) of the 22 hormone-secreting @entity5 relapsed (P = 0.008). Of the four @entity1 with adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting @entity652 , therapy failed in two of them. All six @entity1 with growth hormone-producing @entity5 responded well to therapy. Of the 12 @entity1 with @entity2013 10 (83%) had normalization of hormone level and 2 @entity1 experienced increasing prolactin level. Two @entity1 with @entity2013 had three normal pregnancies after undergoing GKRS. CONCLUSION: GKRS is a safe and effective therapy in selected @entity1 with @entity977 . None of the @entity1 in our study experienced injury to the optic apparatus. A radiation dose higher than 15 Gy is probably needed to improve control of hormone-secreting @entity652 . Longer follow-up is required for a more complete assessment of late @entity137 and treatment efficacy.

title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for XXXX : early results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsy', 'cranial nerve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['prolactinomas']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Alterations in multiple functions of the microvasculature occur in response to gamma irradiation and are thought to contribute to radiation-induced end @entity16 by inducing inflammatory responses, particularly leukocyte infiltration into the affected area. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ECAMs) mediate leukocyte adhesion and migration. Here, we validate a method to study the effect of Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery on the expression of ECAMs on @entity1 cerebral endothelium at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation. METHODS: A @entity1 brain endothelial cell line (IHEC) was cultured on 12-mm coverslips and subjected to 50 Gy of collimated gamma irradiation with the Leksell gamma knife (Elekta Instruments, Inc., Atlanta, GA). @entity880 dehydrogenase release was measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation and @entity522 at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. ECAM expression was measured at postirradiation intervals of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours by cell enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. We used a cell irradiator composed of two chambers. The upper chamber holds the coverslips firmly in place while they are immersed in media. The lower chamber is connected to a peristaltic pump, which pumps water into the chamber and maintains the media in the upper chamber at 37 degrees C through convection. RESULTS: None of the ECAMs tested was significantly elevated compared with the control basally. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, @entity2071 was significantly elevated on brain endothelial cells but there was no significant elevation of @entity4105 . @entity4725 was increased slightly but not significantly and decreased at 48 hours. At 72 hours, @entity4105 expression was significantly increased; @entity2071 and @entity4725 were not altered relative to sham controls. CONCLUSION: Increased ECAM expression and @entity880 dehydrogenase release support the idea that the cerebral microvasculature undergoes an inflammatory response after Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery.

title: Gamma knife irradiation increases cerebral endothelial expression of XXXX and @entity4105 .

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule 1', 'Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['organ damage']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactate', 'lactate']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['intercellular adhesion molecule 1']

answer: @entity2071 :: (3383,Gene) :: ['intercellular adhesion molecule 1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Alterations in multiple functions of the microvasculature occur in response to gamma irradiation and are thought to contribute to radiation-induced end @entity16 by inducing inflammatory responses, particularly leukocyte infiltration into the affected area. Endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ECAMs) mediate leukocyte adhesion and migration. Here, we validate a method to study the effect of Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery on the expression of ECAMs on @entity1 cerebral endothelium at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation. METHODS: A @entity1 brain endothelial cell line (IHEC) was cultured on 12-mm coverslips and subjected to 50 Gy of collimated gamma irradiation with the Leksell gamma knife (Elekta Instruments, Inc., Atlanta, GA). @entity880 dehydrogenase release was measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours after irradiation and @entity522 at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. ECAM expression was measured at postirradiation intervals of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours by cell enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. We used a cell irradiator composed of two chambers. The upper chamber holds the coverslips firmly in place while they are immersed in media. The lower chamber is connected to a peristaltic pump, which pumps water into the chamber and maintains the media in the upper chamber at 37 degrees C through convection. RESULTS: None of the ECAMs tested was significantly elevated compared with the control basally. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, @entity2071 was significantly elevated on brain endothelial cells but there was no significant elevation of @entity4105 . @entity4725 was increased slightly but not significantly and decreased at 48 hours. At 72 hours, @entity4105 expression was significantly increased; @entity2071 and @entity4725 were not altered relative to sham controls. CONCLUSION: Increased ECAM expression and @entity880 dehydrogenase release support the idea that the cerebral microvasculature undergoes an inflammatory response after Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery.

title: Gamma knife irradiation increases cerebral endothelial expression of @entity2071 and XXXX .

answer: @entity4105 :: (6401,Gene) :: ['E-selectin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Maggot therapy has been in practice for effective debridement, disinfection and healing of chronic wounds. Due to their antiseptic action during wound healing, their metabolites have been investigated in the past for antibacterial activity. They have been particularly useful for treatment of @entity2737 with multi-drug resistant @entity794 aureus. Antibiotics, on the other hand, can predispose bacteria to develop resistance. Substances that are able to modulate or delay the occurrence of resistance in bacteria are under investigation by many researchers around the world. In the present study, antibacterial activity in excretions/secretions (ES) from maggots of Lucilia cuprina blowfly was demonstrated. The extracts were also screened in combination with antibiotic, @entity2177 . METHODS: L. cuprina blowfly maggots were reared for extraction of its metabolites. The ES extracted was screened against @entity794 , alone and in combination with @entity2177 , both for short term and long term exposure analysis. A microchannel-based device and system was used for experiments instead of conventional techniques. RESULTS: The original ES had shown partial bacterial growth inhibition. However, in combination with @entity2177 , at sub-inhibitory concentrations, certain combinations revealed anti-staphylococcal activity, with bacterial reduction of up to 50%, after 24 hours. The six day study on @entity794 exposed to ES- @entity2177 combination suggested a potential delay in development of adaptive resistance as opposed to when @entity2177 was used as single agent. CONCLUSIONS: The combination effect of ES and @entity2177 at sub-MIC levels showed enhanced antibacterial activity compared to the effect of ES and @entity2177 as single agents. Based on the results of ES- @entity2177 combinations, a more effective means of treatment for @entity794 can be proposed.

title: Maggot metabolites and their combinatory effects with antibiotic on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['S. aureus', 'Staphylococcus']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['wounds infected']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: As Westernised societies have become more affluent, the attitudes of the population have become more risk-aware. @entity1 are now intolerant of small risks as well as the physical or mental discomforts from @entity137 . Safety and tolerability are now major forces driving the development of new medicines for the treatment of @entity102 and the prevention of increasingly rare events. For example, over the past decades, lower and lower treatment thresholds have been recommended in @entity101 . Public perception of risk strongly influences the acceptability of lifetime treatment, especially for mild @entity101 . This era has also witnessed great advances in the development of antihypertensive drugs that combine efficacy with unsurpassed tolerability. However, the philosophy of Scottish teachers of Materia medica still appears to be followed-'never be the first or the last to prescribe a new drug'. @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists are as safe and as efficacious as other antihypertensive medications and better tolerated. Large trials (HOT, HOPE, UKPDS and PROGRESS) point to the need for rigorous control of blood pressure particularly in high-risk individuals. Antihypertensive drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system will probably impact significantly on achieving optimal blood pressure levels. Should it not now be accepted that high-risk @entity1 should have @entity1289 inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists prescribed as first-line agents? We review the evidence for the use of @entity1289 inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists as antihypertensive agents.

title: Why not prescribe the best drugs for XXXX now?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'People']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['drug side effects']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['Angiotensin-converting enzyme', 'ACE']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illnesses']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity3173 ( @entity3173 ) is the most important genomic region that contributes to the risk of @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Matching of @entity3173 class I and II genes is essential for the success of transplantation. However, the @entity3173 contains additional genes that also contribute to the risk of developing acute @entity2132 . It is difficult to identify these genes by genetic association studies alone due to linkage disequilibrium in this region. Therefore, we aimed to identify @entity3173 genes and other genes involved in the pathophysiology of @entity2132 by mRNA expression profiling. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To reduce the complexity of the task, we used genetically well-defined @entity35 inbred strains and a @entity35 skin explant assay, an in-vitro-model of the graft versus host reaction (GVHR), to analyze the expression of @entity3173 , natural killer complex (NKC), and other genes in cutaneous GVHR. We observed a statistically significant and strong up or down regulation of 11 @entity3173 , 6 NKC, and 168 genes encoded in other genomic regions, i.e. 4.9%, 14.0%, and 2.6% of the tested genes respectively. The regulation of 7 selected @entity3173 and 3 NKC genes was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and in independent skin explant assays. In addition, similar regulations of most of the selected genes were observed in @entity2132 -affected @entity272 of transplanted @entity35 and in @entity1 skin explant assays. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We identified @entity35 and @entity1 @entity3173 and NKC genes that are regulated during GVHR in skin explant assays and could therefore serve as biomarkers for @entity2132 . Several of the respective @entity1 genes, including HLA-DMB, C2, @entity11654 , @entity56113 , UBD, and @entity4493 , are polymorphic. These candidates may therefore contribute to the genetic risk of @entity2132 in @entity1 .

title: Expression profiling of major histocompatibility and natural killer complex genes reveals candidates for controlling risk of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3173 :: ('MESH:D004830', 'Disease') :: ['MHC', 'major histocompatibility complex']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft versus host disease']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

answer: @entity2132 :: (MESH:D006086,Disease) :: ['graft versus host disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity483 is an inflammatory dysfunction in whose physiopathology the lymphocytes T play an important role in the regulation of the inflammatory process. OBJECTIVE: To determine and to characterize the role of apoptosis of lymphocytes in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity483 before and after treatment with transfer factor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity483 in a range of age from 5 to 45 were included in the study. Fifteen healthy subjects were taken as a control group. In all subjects it was determined the apoptosis of the lymphocytes by means of annexin and TUNEL techniques, as well as the expression of @entity1197 cells. The 15 @entity1 with @entity483 received treatment with transfer factor in stepped dose as follows: 1 U/day/5 doses, 1 U/week/3 doses, 1 U/15 days/2 doses, 1 U/30 days, until completing three months. At the end of this period new determinations were done to measure apoptosis of lymphocytes and PMN. At the beginning and at the end assessments of the severity in relation to the scale SCORAD were made. RESULTS: By means of both techniques no significant difference was found in the percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes between @entity1 and control subjects. Differences of the expression of @entity1197 between @entity1 and control subjects before and after treatment were not significant. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) of severity from the beginning to the end of treatment with transfer factor in @entity1 with @entity483 . CONCLUSION: No significant differences of apoptosis of lymphocytes were found in @entity1 with @entity483 who received treatment and control subjects, neither before not after the treatment with transfer factor. It was verified the decrease in the severity of the symptoms related to the treatment with transfer factor.

title: [Lymphocyte apoptosis in XXXX treated with transfer factor].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['Atopic dermatitis', 'atopic dermatitis']

answer: @entity483 :: (MESH:D003876,Disease) :: ['atopic dermatitis']


abstract: AIM: Several techniques for radionuclide therapy of @entity157 ( @entity157 ) have been developed. In this overview the available radionuclide treatment modalities for @entity157 are presented, with an emphasis on Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres. METHODS: We comment on the commercially available products and describe the practical aspects of these treatment modalities. Medical literature was screened for clinical data on these therapies in @entity1 suffering from @entity157 . The most relevant studies are summarized, focusing on @entity1 selection, safety and outcome. DISCUSSION: Randomized trials are still ongoing or recently initialized. These trials will elucidate the role of 90Y-microspheres in relation to biotherapy and chemoembolization for palliative use in @entity1 not amenable to surgery. CONCLUSION: Large retrospective or cohort studies proof the safety of 90Y-microspheres for palliative use in @entity157 @entity1 suffering @entity1 -Pugh A or B7 @entity82 . Future research will yield more information on its efficacy when compared to chemoembolization or @entity2857 . Several groups have reported on the use of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) for downstaging @entity1 to surgical curative treatment.

title: Radionuclide therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity2857 :: ('MESH:C471405', 'Chemical') :: ['sorafenib']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The use of adjuvant @entity230 following Kasai porteoenterostomy (KPE) for @entity2876 is controversial. The aim of this study was twofold: a systematic review of published literature and an update of the clinical Kings College Hospital series to look for evidence of an effect of age on the outcome in a group of BA @entity1 treated with high-dose @entity230 . This clinical study included @entity1 treated between January 2006 and June 2014 who underwent KPE by day 70 of life and who received high-dose @entity230 (oral @entity617 starting 5  mg/kg/day). They were subdivided into cohorts according to age at which KPE was performed. The outcome measured was clearance of @entity1087 (<20    mol/L) by 6  months and native liver survival. R  *  C   (2) analysis and log-rank tests were used, respectively, and P   <=  0.05 was regarded as significant. 104 @entity1 were included with a median age at KPE of 45 (range 12-70) days. 71/104 (67  %) cleared their @entity1087 by 6  months of age. Age-cohort analysis showed a trend (P  =  0.03) favouring early KPE (e.g. 100  % of 11 @entity1 operated on <30  days clearing their @entity1087 compared to 66  % of those operated on between 61 and 70  days). There was a significant native liver survival benefit for those operated on <45  days (5  year NLS estimate 69 versus 46  %; P  =  0.05). Clearance of @entity1087 is related to the age at KPE in @entity1 who receive high-dose @entity230 . Native liver survival appears to be improved as a result of this. This is the first study to show tangible longer-term benefit from high-dose @entity230 in @entity2876 .

title: XXXX after the Kasai procedure for @entity2876 : the effect of age at Kasai portoenterostomy.

entities_list: @entity2876 :: ('MESH:D001656', 'Disease') :: ['biliary atresia']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['Steroids']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The use of adjuvant @entity230 following Kasai porteoenterostomy (KPE) for @entity2876 is controversial. The aim of this study was twofold: a systematic review of published literature and an update of the clinical Kings College Hospital series to look for evidence of an effect of age on the outcome in a group of BA @entity1 treated with high-dose @entity230 . This clinical study included @entity1 treated between January 2006 and June 2014 who underwent KPE by day 70 of life and who received high-dose @entity230 (oral @entity617 starting 5  mg/kg/day). They were subdivided into cohorts according to age at which KPE was performed. The outcome measured was clearance of @entity1087 (<20    mol/L) by 6  months and native liver survival. R  *  C   (2) analysis and log-rank tests were used, respectively, and P   <=  0.05 was regarded as significant. 104 @entity1 were included with a median age at KPE of 45 (range 12-70) days. 71/104 (67  %) cleared their @entity1087 by 6  months of age. Age-cohort analysis showed a trend (P  =  0.03) favouring early KPE (e.g. 100  % of 11 @entity1 operated on <30  days clearing their @entity1087 compared to 66  % of those operated on between 61 and 70  days). There was a significant native liver survival benefit for those operated on <45  days (5  year NLS estimate 69 versus 46  %; P  =  0.05). Clearance of @entity1087 is related to the age at KPE in @entity1 who receive high-dose @entity230 . Native liver survival appears to be improved as a result of this. This is the first study to show tangible longer-term benefit from high-dose @entity230 in @entity2876 .

title: @entity230 after the Kasai procedure for XXXX : the effect of age at Kasai portoenterostomy.

answer: @entity2876 :: (MESH:D001656,Disease) :: ['biliary atresia']


abstract: Ninety-two @entity1 with severe @entity354 submitted to fundoplication from 1979 to 1984 have been studied. Severity of symptoms pre- and postoperatively have been assessed using a symptom score. The mean pre-operative score was 5.39 out of 9. A standard procedure for the fundoplication was used, including a long (5 cm) wrap leaving the wrap in an intrathoracic position when it could not be brought completely into the abdomen. Vagotomy was added in 53 @entity1 . Posterior gastropexy was used in 54 @entity1 . There was a zero incidence of damage to the spleen and a zero mortality. The mean symptom score on follow up was 0.41 out of 9 with 90.5% @entity1 having absent or minimal symptoms. However, only 68% remained satisfied with their overall results. The incidence of sequelae related to the procedure itself including gas bloat (19.6%), dumping (7.6%) @entity294 (6.5%) and development of @entity2275 (2.2%) explained this discrepancy. The addition of vagotomy did not improve the results but added its complications especially dumping and @entity294 . There were no differences in clinical results whether the fundoplication had been left in the chest or in the abdomen but there were two hazardous complications of the intrathoracic fundoplication including a perforated gastric fundus and a @entity2275 in the thoracic part of the stomach. Posterior gastropexy conferred no benefit to the results. Measures which might improve results include: avoidance of vagotomy, intrathoracic fundoplication and gastropexy; shortening the wrap; and the use of a 50-60 F dilator in the oesophagus during the wrap.

title: Fundoplication for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-oesophageal reflux']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcer']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['gastro-oesophageal reflux']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Protocols for managing @entity1 with out-of-hospital @entity1167 (OHCA) may vary due to legal, cultural, or socioeconomic concerns. We sought to assess international variation in policies and protocols related to OHCA. METHODS: A brief survey was developed by consensus. Elicited information included protocols for managing @entity1 with nontraumatic OHCA or traumatic OHCA, policies for using @entity4610 ( @entity4610 ) during transportation of @entity1 with ongoing resuscitation, and application of terminations of resuscitation (TOR) rules in prehospital settings in the respondent's city or country. The populations of interest were emergency physicians, medical directors of emergency medical services (EMS), and policy makers. RESULTS: Responses were obtained from eight cities in six Asian countries. Only one (12.5%) city applied TOR rules for OHCAs. Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders were valid in prehospital settings in five (62.5%) cities. All cities used @entity4610 for nontraumatic OHCAs; seven (87.5%) cities did not routinely use @entity4610 for traumatic OHCAs. For nontraumatic OHCAs, four (50%) cities performed 2  minutes of on-scene cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and then transported the @entity1 with ongoing resuscitation to hospitals; three (37.5%) cities performed 4  minutes of on-scene CPR; one (12.5%) city allowed variation in the duration of on-scene CPR. CONCLUSION: International variation in practices and polices related to OHCAs do exist. Concerns regarding prehospital TOR rules include medical evidence, legal considerations, EMS manpower, public perception, medical oversight, education, EMS characteristics, and cost-effectiveness analysis. Further research is needed to achieve consensus regarding management protocols, especially for EMS that perform resuscitation during transportation of OHCA @entity1 .

title: Variation of current protocols for managing out-of-hospital XXXX in prehospital settings among Asian countries.

entities_list: @entity4610 :: ('MESH:D009886', 'Disease') :: ['AEDs', 'automated external defibrillators']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: While the molecular basis for cytokinin action is quite well understood in flowering plants, little is known about the cytokinin signal transduction in early diverging land plants. The genome of the bryophyte @entity17573 (Hedw.) B.S. encodes three classical cytokinin receptors, the CHASE domain-containing @entity3793 kinases, CHK1, CHK2, and CHK3. In a complementation assay with protoplasts of receptor-deficient @entity958 as well as in cytokinin binding assays, we found evidence that CHK1 and CHK2 receptors can function in cytokinin perception. Using gene targeting, we generated a collection of CHK knockout mutants comprising single (  chk1,   chk2,   chk3), double (  chk1,2,   chk1,3,   chk2,3), and triple (  chk1,2,3) mutants. Mutants were characterized for their cytokinin response and differentiation capacities. While the wild type did not grow on high doses of @entity19164 (1   M @entity3015 ), the   chk1,2,3 mutant exhibited normal protonema growth. Bud induction assays showed that all three cytokinin receptors contribute to the triggering of budding, albeit to different extents. Furthermore, while the triple mutant showed no response in this bioassay, the remaining mutants displayed budding responses in a diverse manner to different types and concentrations of cytokinins. Determination of cytokinin levels in mutants showed no drastic changes for any of the cytokinins; thus, in contrast to @entity958 , revealing only small impacts of cytokinin signaling on homeostasis. In summary, our study provides a first insight into the molecular action of cytokinin in an early diverging land plant and demonstrates that CHK receptors play an essential role in bud induction and gametophore development.

title: CHASE domain-containing receptors play an essential role in the cytokinin response of the moss XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana', 'Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity17573 :: ('3218', 'Species') :: ['Physcomitrella patens']

entities_list: @entity19164 :: ('CHEBI:23530', 'Chemical') :: ['cytokinin']

entities_list: @entity3015 :: ('CHEBI:29022', 'Chemical') :: ['benzyladenine']

answer: @entity17573 :: (3218,Species) :: ['Physcomitrella patens']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and histopathology of @entity2694 . METHODS: This study is a retrospective noncomparative interventional case series of three consecutive @entity1 with @entity2694 . After preoperative MRI, all @entity1 underwent orbitotomy and @entity5 removal. Histopathologic and immunopathologic studies of the excised @entity5 were performed. The main outcome measures were MRI features, histopathology, and their relationship to the @entity5 . RESULTS: The @entity1 ' ages were 56 years ( @entity1 1), 43 years ( @entity1 2), and 18 ( @entity1 3) years. MRI demonstrated that the @entity5 were well-circumscribed, intraconal in @entity1 1, superior extraconal in @entity1 2 and inferotemporal extraconal in @entity1 3. The @entity5 in @entity1 1 had a partly cavitary appearance, while the @entity5 in @entity1 2 and 3 had a solid appearance on MRI. The @entity5 had heterogeneous signal intensity in @entity1 1 and 2 and homogeneous signal intensity in @entity1 3 on T2-weighted images. All @entity1 underwent orbitotomy and @entity5 removal. In @entity1 1 and 2, the @entity5 was gelatinous and fragmented during removal. The fragments were completely excised in @entity1 1 and an incomplete piecemeal @entity5 excision was made in @entity1 2. In @entity1 3, complete excision without fragmentation was performed. Pathologic examination revealed that the @entity5 was of Antoni B pattern in @entity1 1, mixed Antoni A and B patterns in @entity1 2, and marked Antoni A pattern in @entity1 3. At a mean follow-up of 23.7 months (range: 22-26 months) after surgery, all @entity1 retained preoperative visual acuity. @entity1 2 developed recurrence at 21 months follow-up and underwent Kr  nlein orbitotomy for excision of the recurrent @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: MRI is useful in depicting both the anatomic location and internal consistency of @entity5 . Schwannomas with MRI evidence of cavitary change or heterogeneous signal intensity on T2-weighted images were found to have marked Antoni B pattern on histopathology, imparting a friable structure and fragmented excision.

title: XXXX : correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic findings.

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['orbital schwannoma', 'orbital schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['orbital tumors', 'tumor', 'cohesiveness of the tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity2694 :: (MESH:D009916,Disease) :: ['Orbital schwannoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: While inferior to @entity398 injection in both efficacy and safety, orally administered @entity396 has been included in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for use in the prevention of postpartum @entity548 (PPH) in low-resource settings. This study evaluates the costs and health outcomes of use of oral @entity396 to prevent PPH in settings where injectable uterotonics are not available. METHODS: A cost-consequences analysis was conducted from the international health system perspective, using data from a recent Cochrane systematic review and WHO's Mother-Baby Package Costing Spreadsheet in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 births in a mixed hospital (40  % births)/community setting (60  % births). Costs were estimated based on 2012 US dollars. RESULTS: Using @entity398 in the hospital setting and @entity396 in the community setting in a cohort of 1000 births, instead of @entity398 (hospital setting) and no treatment (community setting), 22 cases of PPH could be prevented. Six fewer @entity1 would require additional uterotonics and four fewer @entity1 a blood transfusion. An additional 130 @entity1 would experience shivering and an extra 42 @entity1 fever. @entity398 / @entity396 was found to be cost saving (US 320) compared to @entity398 /no treatment. If @entity396 is used in both the hospital and community setting compared with no treatment (i.e. @entity398 not available in the hospital setting), 37 cases of PPH could be prevented; ten fewer @entity1 would require additional uterotonics; and six fewer @entity1 a blood transfusion. An additional 217 @entity1 would experience shivering and 70 fever. The cost savings would be US 533. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the results are sensitive to the incidence of PPH-related outcomes, drug costs and the proportion of hospital births. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that, even though @entity396 is not the optimum choice in the prevention of PPH, @entity396 could be an effective and cost-saving choice where @entity398 is not or cannot be used due to a lack of skilled birth attendants, inadequate transport and storage facilities or where a quality assured @entity398 product is not available. These benefits need to be weighed against the large number of additional side effects such as shivering and fever, which have been described as tolerable and of short duration.

title: Prevention of postpartum XXXX : cost consequences analysis of @entity396 in low-resource settings.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin', 'Oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity396 :: ('MESH:D016595', 'Chemical') :: ['misoprostol']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['haemorrhage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: While inferior to @entity398 injection in both efficacy and safety, orally administered @entity396 has been included in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines for use in the prevention of postpartum @entity548 (PPH) in low-resource settings. This study evaluates the costs and health outcomes of use of oral @entity396 to prevent PPH in settings where injectable uterotonics are not available. METHODS: A cost-consequences analysis was conducted from the international health system perspective, using data from a recent Cochrane systematic review and WHO's Mother-Baby Package Costing Spreadsheet in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 births in a mixed hospital (40  % births)/community setting (60  % births). Costs were estimated based on 2012 US dollars. RESULTS: Using @entity398 in the hospital setting and @entity396 in the community setting in a cohort of 1000 births, instead of @entity398 (hospital setting) and no treatment (community setting), 22 cases of PPH could be prevented. Six fewer @entity1 would require additional uterotonics and four fewer @entity1 a blood transfusion. An additional 130 @entity1 would experience shivering and an extra 42 @entity1 fever. @entity398 / @entity396 was found to be cost saving (US 320) compared to @entity398 /no treatment. If @entity396 is used in both the hospital and community setting compared with no treatment (i.e. @entity398 not available in the hospital setting), 37 cases of PPH could be prevented; ten fewer @entity1 would require additional uterotonics; and six fewer @entity1 a blood transfusion. An additional 217 @entity1 would experience shivering and 70 fever. The cost savings would be US 533. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the results are sensitive to the incidence of PPH-related outcomes, drug costs and the proportion of hospital births. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that, even though @entity396 is not the optimum choice in the prevention of PPH, @entity396 could be an effective and cost-saving choice where @entity398 is not or cannot be used due to a lack of skilled birth attendants, inadequate transport and storage facilities or where a quality assured @entity398 product is not available. These benefits need to be weighed against the large number of additional side effects such as shivering and fever, which have been described as tolerable and of short duration.

title: Prevention of postpartum @entity548 : cost consequences analysis of XXXX in low-resource settings.

answer: @entity396 :: (MESH:D016595,Chemical) :: ['misoprostol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy with @entity4936 (Visudyne; Novartis, B  lach, Switzerland) has been proposed for the treatment of subfoveal @entity1940 secondary to pathologic @entity1714 . We retrospectively evaluated the effects of @entity4936 therapy of subfoveal recurrences of extrafoveal myopic @entity471 previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation. METHODS: Twelve eyes, previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation for extrafoveal @entity1940 , received photodynamic therapy with @entity4936 for subfoveal recurrence of choroidal new vessels. Thirteen eyes that did not receive photodynamic therapy served as control group. Vision and @entity941 angiography outcomes were analyzed on all study visits (every 3 months) through month 12. Visual acuity was measured in Snellen lines. RESULTS: On average, at the month 12 examination the @entity4936 -treated group had gained 2 lines and the untreated group had @entity20240 line of vision. Eleven eyes of the @entity4936 -treated group compared with nine eyes of the untreated group lost fewer than 3 lines of vision, including four eyes versus none improving at least 1 line of vision. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic therapy with @entity4936 might increase the chance of stabilizing or improving vision in @entity1 with subfoveal recurrences of extrafoveal myopic @entity471 previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation. A prospective, randomized study on larger series of @entity1 is mandatory.

title: Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal recurrences after laser photocoagulation of extrafoveal XXXX in pathologic @entity1714 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4936 :: ('MESH:C098350', 'Chemical') :: ['verteporfin']

entities_list: @entity1940 :: ('MESH:D020256', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

answer: @entity1940 :: (MESH:D020256,Disease) :: ['choroidal neovascularization']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy with @entity4936 (Visudyne; Novartis, B  lach, Switzerland) has been proposed for the treatment of subfoveal @entity1940 secondary to pathologic @entity1714 . We retrospectively evaluated the effects of @entity4936 therapy of subfoveal recurrences of extrafoveal myopic @entity471 previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation. METHODS: Twelve eyes, previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation for extrafoveal @entity1940 , received photodynamic therapy with @entity4936 for subfoveal recurrence of choroidal new vessels. Thirteen eyes that did not receive photodynamic therapy served as control group. Vision and @entity941 angiography outcomes were analyzed on all study visits (every 3 months) through month 12. Visual acuity was measured in Snellen lines. RESULTS: On average, at the month 12 examination the @entity4936 -treated group had gained 2 lines and the untreated group had @entity20240 line of vision. Eleven eyes of the @entity4936 -treated group compared with nine eyes of the untreated group lost fewer than 3 lines of vision, including four eyes versus none improving at least 1 line of vision. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic therapy with @entity4936 might increase the chance of stabilizing or improving vision in @entity1 with subfoveal recurrences of extrafoveal myopic @entity471 previously treated with thermal laser photocoagulation. A prospective, randomized study on larger series of @entity1 is mandatory.

title: Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal recurrences after laser photocoagulation of extrafoveal @entity1940 in pathologic XXXX .

answer: @entity1714 :: (MESH:D009216,Disease) :: ['myopia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1 intestinal spirochetosis (HIS) is a @entity14 , and its clinicopathologic features remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine its characteristics. We histologically reviewed paraffin-embedded section slides made in 2001, 2006, and 2011 at a single institution in Japan. Cases histologically exhibiting a distinct fringe formation were considered to have HIS. Information was obtained from pathology request forms. We identified 85 HIS cases among 4930 @entity1 (7 cases [0.5%) in 2001, 29 [1.7%] in 2006, and 49 [2.8%] in 2011]. Gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in 7.1% of HIS cases. @entity1 intestinal spirochetosis was more frequent in the right-side large intestine than in the left side. Among 224 samples from HIS cases, conventional (tubular, tubulovillous, and villous) @entity652 were found in 148 samples. These @entity652 were more frequent in the right side than in the left side, although neither their size nor morphology differed between the sides. Histopathologic evaluation suggested a year-upon-year increasing prevalence of HIS in Japan. A small number exhibited @entity344 . Both histologic sign of HIS and conventional @entity652 were more frequent in the right-side large intestine. Therefore, a right-side preference may be a characteristic of HIS.

title: XXXX intestinal spirochetosis: right-side preference in the large intestine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal bacterial infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Victims of mild closed- @entity542 who do not require hospitalization frequently are observed at home. The efficacy of home observation for such cases and the extent to which after-care management plans are executed in this setting, however, are unknown. We studied 47 consecutive victims of mild closed- @entity542 discharged from the emergency department for home observation under the care of a responsible individual with a set of written after-care instructions for management. The instructions were reinforced verbally by ED staff before discharge. Followup was performed within 24 hours by telephone, and a questionnaire was sent. Three patterns emerged. Nine @entity1 (19%), Group A, denied having received written after-care instructions despite documentation to the contrary in the medical record. Seventeen @entity1 (36%), Group B, received the instructions alone and were told to convey them to the individual responsible for performing the home management. In the remaining 21 cases (45%), Group C, the instructions were given directly to the individual responsible for providing the home management. Although the after-care management plan specified observing or awakening the @entity1 every two hours, this was done in only two @entity1 (22%) in Group A and in four @entity1 (24%) in Group B (NS). Fourteen @entity1 (67%) in Group C, by comparison, were observed correctly as specified by the after-care instructions (P less than .02). No one in Group A could recall more than two of the eight items in the after-care management plan, and only three individuals (18%) in Group B (NS), could recall more than two items.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Reliability of home observation for victims of mild closed- XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injury']


abstract: @entity159 ( @entity159 ) has a documented impact on brain and cognitive development. We demonstrate that engaging spatial selective attention mechanisms may counteract this negative influence of impoverished environments on early learning. We previously used a spatial cueing task to compare target object encoding in the context of basic orienting ("facilitation") versus a spatial selective attention orienting mechanism that engages distractor suppression ("IOR"). This work showed that object encoding in the context of IOR boosted 9-month-old @entity1 ' recognition memory relative to facilitation (Markant and Amso, 2013). Here we asked whether this attention-memory link further interacted with @entity159 in infancy. Results indicated that @entity159 was related to memory but not attention orienting efficacy. However, the correlation between @entity159 and memory performance was moderated by the attention mechanism engaged during encoding. @entity159 predicted memory performance when objects were encoded with basic orienting processes, with @entity1 from low- @entity159 environments showing poorer memory than those from high- @entity159 environments. However, @entity159 did not predict memory performance among @entity1 who engaged selective attention during encoding. Spatial selective attention engagement mitigated the effects of @entity159 on memory and may offer an effective mechanism for promoting learning among @entity1 at risk for poor cognitive outcomes related to @entity159 .

title: Selective attention neutralizes the adverse effects of low socioeconomic status on memory in 9-month-old XXXX .

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['Socioeconomic status', 'SES']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Manikins and simulated @entity1 (SPs) are commonly used in health care education and assessment. SPs appear to offer a more realistic experience for learners than 'plastic' manikins, and might be expected to engender interactions that approximate real clinical practice more closely. The analyses of linguistic patterns and touch are methodologies that could be used to explore this hypothesis. Our research aims were: (1) to compare verbal interactions and the use of procedural touch by @entity283 ( @entity283 ) in scenarios with SPs and with manikins; and (2) to evaluate the methodologies used to inform a large-scale study. METHODS: We conducted a pilot preliminary comparative study on conversations and touch in two scenarios in emergency care training, each performed using an SP and a high-fidelity manikin. The setting was a simulation centre. Two scripted acute-care scenarios ( @entity662 and acute @entity1353 ) were performed using both an SP and a high-fidelity manikin. Audiovisual recordings were subsequently analysed. Two teams comprising a clinician (medical student), a senior nurse and a clinical support worker took part in the study. The linguistics research methodology integrated a multimodal corpus-based approach and discourse analysis. Simulated @entity1 appear  to offer  a more realistic experience for  learners than 'plastic' manikins RESULTS: Overall, @entity283 had far more interactions with the SPs than with the manikins, and the utterances and behaviours were more akin to what one would expect in real clinical practice. @entity283 used procedural touch without the @entity1 's permission much more frequently with the manikin. DISCUSSION: These methodologies offer opportunities for further research projects studying interactions with SPs, manikins and real clinical practice.

title: Simulated XXXX versus manikins in acute-care scenarios.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['health care workers', 'HCWs']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathlessness']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) @entity378 can be acquired through de-novo mutation during @entity378 treatment or through transmission from other individuals with @entity6371 . Understanding the balance between these two mechanisms is essential when allocating resources for @entity6371 . We aimed to create a dynamic transmission model of an @entity6371 epidemic to estimate the contributions of treatment-related acquisition and @entity1 -to- @entity1 transmission of resistance to incident @entity6371 cases. METHODS: In this modelling analysis, we constructed a dynamic transmission model of an @entity6371 epidemic, allowing for both treatment-related acquisition and @entity1 -to- @entity1 transmission of resistance. We used national @entity378 notification data to inform Bayesian estimates of the proportion of each country's 2013 @entity6371 incidence that resulted from MDR transmission rather than treatment-related MDR acquisition. FINDINGS: Global estimates of 3  5% @entity6371 prevalence among new @entity378 notifications and 20  5% among re-treatment notifications translate into an estimate that resistance transmission rather than acquisition accounts for a median 95  9% (95% uncertainty range [UR] 68  0-99  6) of all incident @entity6371 , and 61  3% (16  5-95  2) of incident @entity6371 in previously treated individuals. The estimated proportion of @entity6371 resulting from transmission varied substantially with different countries' notification data-ranging from 48% (95% UR 30-75) in Bangladesh to 99% (91-100) in Uzbekistan. Estimates were most sensitive to estimates of the transmissibility of MDR strains, the probability of acquiring MDR during @entity378 treatment, and the responsiveness of @entity6371 to first-line treatment. INTERPRETATION: Notifications of MDR prevalence from most high-burden settings are consistent with most incident @entity6371 resulting from transmission rather than new treatment-related acquisition of resistance. Merely improving the treatment of drug-susceptible @entity378 is unlikely to greatly reduce future @entity6371 incidence. Improved diagnosis and treatment of @entity6371 -including new tests and drug regimens-should be highly prioritised. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health and the Bill _ Melinda Gates Foundation.

title: Burden of transmitted multidrug resistance in epidemics of XXXX : a transmission modelling analysis.

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity6371 :: ('MESH:D018088', 'Disease') :: ['MDR tuberculosis', 'active MDR tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The term @entity74 is an early attempt to define specific endotypes of @entity1 with @entity565 , @entity484 , or both and increased IgE levels. OBJECTIVE: We performed a longitudinal analysis of the relevance of the @entity1097 endotype from birth to age 13  years. METHODS: Allergic sensitization against 28 @entity6766 was assessed at   , 1  , 4, 6, and 13 years of age in 399 @entity1 from the Copenhagen Prospective Study on @entity565 in Childhood2000 birth cohort by using both skin prick test responses and specific IgE levels. @entity565 and @entity484 were diagnosed longitudinally by strictly adhering to predefined algorithms. Associations between allergic sensitization, @entity565 , and @entity484 were estimated by means of logistic regression, and a machine learning approach was used to identify temporal phenotype clusters of these traits. RESULTS: Allergic sensitization showed no association with @entity565 through early childhood (0-6  years) when analyzed as any sensitization (odds ratio [OR] range, 0.78-1.29; P  >=   .48). However, at 13  years of age, any sensitization was associated with @entity565 (OR range, 4.02-5.94; all P  <  .001). In contrast, any sensitization was associated with @entity484 at   , 1  , and 6  years of age (OR range, 2.06-6.02; P   <=  .01) and borderline associated at 4  years of age (OR, 1.61 [95% CI, 0.96-2.69]; P  =  .07) but not at 13  years of age (OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 0.78-3.16]; P  =  .21). We identified 4 latent patterns of disease development that were either dominated by sensitization (37%), @entity484 (26%), @entity565 (14%), or healthy status (24%). CONCLUSION: We found very little interdependency between @entity565 , @entity484 , and allergic sensitization through childhood. The associations between those entities were strongly dependent on age, type of allergens, and method of testing for sensitization. Therefore, atopy in @entity1 is unlikely to represent a true endotype.

title: XXXX in childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['inhalant and food allergens']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'Asthma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['atopic disorder']

answer: @entity1097 :: (MESH:C566404,Disease) :: ['Atopic endotype']


abstract: AIM: Our aim was to compare the different methods of treatment available for @entity1222 ( @entity1222 ) in the oral maxillofacial region. A classification based on clinical and immunohistochemical data is proposed and a grading for disease severity is provided. @entity1 AND METHODS: The records and clinical data of 12 @entity1 were evaluated retrospectively. The @entity1 ages ranged from 20 months to 47 years. Nine had manifestations in the maxillo-facial region, of which six had a single oral manifestation only, with the three remaining ones having multiple manifestations in this region. Three @entity1 had additional manifestations in the upper thorax (coming to a total of twelve @entity1 ). Eleven @entity1 were surgically treated with one having been treated previously with a @entity134 -therapy. One @entity1 had been treated with chemotherapy. The longest duration of follow-up was 16 years. Immunohistochemical stains for antigen-CD1a, antigen-S-100 and antigen-Ki-67 were performed. A proposal for staging the manifestations in the oromaxillo-facial-region was made. The intensity of the antigen-Ki-67 stains were evaluated. RESULTS: One @entity1 presented a relapse only implying that surgical treatment was very effective in the eradication and cure of the disorder. Eleven @entity1 exhibited no signs of recurrence. It is felt that the number of antigen-Ki-67-positive cells is related to the activity of the disease. CONCLUSION: @entity1222 should be treated surgically. Only in very severe cases should surgical treatment be complimented by either radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Especially in disseminated cases, chemotherapy seems to improve the outcome. Antigen-Ki-67 as a proliferation marker is suggested as a grading parameter for @entity5 behaviour.

title: Oral XXXX : antigen-Ki-67 as a indicator for @entity5 behaviour.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1222 :: ('MESH:D006646', 'Disease') :: ['Langerhans cell histiocytosis', 'LCH']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['local tumor']

answer: @entity1222 :: (MESH:D006646,Disease) :: ['Langerhans cell histiocytosis']


abstract: AIM: Our aim was to compare the different methods of treatment available for @entity1222 ( @entity1222 ) in the oral maxillofacial region. A classification based on clinical and immunohistochemical data is proposed and a grading for disease severity is provided. @entity1 AND METHODS: The records and clinical data of 12 @entity1 were evaluated retrospectively. The @entity1 ages ranged from 20 months to 47 years. Nine had manifestations in the maxillo-facial region, of which six had a single oral manifestation only, with the three remaining ones having multiple manifestations in this region. Three @entity1 had additional manifestations in the upper thorax (coming to a total of twelve @entity1 ). Eleven @entity1 were surgically treated with one having been treated previously with a @entity134 -therapy. One @entity1 had been treated with chemotherapy. The longest duration of follow-up was 16 years. Immunohistochemical stains for antigen-CD1a, antigen-S-100 and antigen-Ki-67 were performed. A proposal for staging the manifestations in the oromaxillo-facial-region was made. The intensity of the antigen-Ki-67 stains were evaluated. RESULTS: One @entity1 presented a relapse only implying that surgical treatment was very effective in the eradication and cure of the disorder. Eleven @entity1 exhibited no signs of recurrence. It is felt that the number of antigen-Ki-67-positive cells is related to the activity of the disease. CONCLUSION: @entity1222 should be treated surgically. Only in very severe cases should surgical treatment be complimented by either radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Especially in disseminated cases, chemotherapy seems to improve the outcome. Antigen-Ki-67 as a proliferation marker is suggested as a grading parameter for @entity5 behaviour.

title: Oral @entity1222 : antigen-Ki-67 as a indicator for XXXX behaviour.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['local tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The combination of @entity900 and @entity1206 has been shown to be effective in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Based on these data, we planned to treat @entity1 with stage IIIB @entity1149 without @entity3483 and/or metastatic supraclavicular lymph nodes, in order to study the potential effectiveness of this association as neoadjuvant treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 entered into the study and were treated preoperatively with @entity900 120 mg/m2 given on day 1 and @entity1206 30 mg/m2 given on days 1 and 8, recycled every 3 weeks for a maximum of 3 cycles. The main characteristics of @entity1 were: male/female 23/7, median age 61 years, performance status 0/1/2, 8/17/5. Only @entity1 who achieved an objective response underwent surgery. RESULTS: A total of 82 (91.1%) cycles were administered with moderate @entity137 : WHO grade (G) 2 and 3 @entity1398 occurred in 20 (66.6%) @entity1 , G 3 @entity417 occurred in 4 (13.3%), G 3 @entity390 / @entity391 in 20 (66.6%) and G 1-2 @entity8 in 2 (6.6%). Eighteen (60%; exact 95% confidence limits, 40.6% to 77.3%) @entity1 achieved a partial response and 14 (46.6%) underwent surgery. Complete resection (R0) was achieved in 11 (36.6% of all @entity1 ) and pathological complete resection in 5 (16.6%). No @entity260 were reported. The median survival for all @entity1 was 25.5 (exact 95% confidence limits, 13 to 39) months. The median progression-free survival in responsive @entity1 was 27 (exact 95% confidence limits, 13 to 33) months. CONCLUSION: The combination of @entity900 and @entity1206 is effective and safe as a neoadjuvant therapy in stage IIIB @entity1149 , showing a high response rate (60%) and amenability to surgery.

title: XXXX plus @entity1206 as induction chemotherapy followed by surgery in the treatment of stage IIIB @entity1149 . Final results of a multicenter phase II study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity3483 :: ('MESH:D016066', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pleural effusion']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['Cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The combination of @entity900 and @entity1206 has been shown to be effective in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Based on these data, we planned to treat @entity1 with stage IIIB @entity1149 without @entity3483 and/or metastatic supraclavicular lymph nodes, in order to study the potential effectiveness of this association as neoadjuvant treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 entered into the study and were treated preoperatively with @entity900 120 mg/m2 given on day 1 and @entity1206 30 mg/m2 given on days 1 and 8, recycled every 3 weeks for a maximum of 3 cycles. The main characteristics of @entity1 were: male/female 23/7, median age 61 years, performance status 0/1/2, 8/17/5. Only @entity1 who achieved an objective response underwent surgery. RESULTS: A total of 82 (91.1%) cycles were administered with moderate @entity137 : WHO grade (G) 2 and 3 @entity1398 occurred in 20 (66.6%) @entity1 , G 3 @entity417 occurred in 4 (13.3%), G 3 @entity390 / @entity391 in 20 (66.6%) and G 1-2 @entity8 in 2 (6.6%). Eighteen (60%; exact 95% confidence limits, 40.6% to 77.3%) @entity1 achieved a partial response and 14 (46.6%) underwent surgery. Complete resection (R0) was achieved in 11 (36.6% of all @entity1 ) and pathological complete resection in 5 (16.6%). No @entity260 were reported. The median survival for all @entity1 was 25.5 (exact 95% confidence limits, 13 to 39) months. The median progression-free survival in responsive @entity1 was 27 (exact 95% confidence limits, 13 to 33) months. CONCLUSION: The combination of @entity900 and @entity1206 is effective and safe as a neoadjuvant therapy in stage IIIB @entity1149 , showing a high response rate (60%) and amenability to surgery.

title: @entity900 plus @entity1206 as induction chemotherapy followed by surgery in the treatment of stage IIIB XXXX . Final results of a multicenter phase II study.

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']