abstract: OBJECTIVES: Comorbid major @entity308 is associated with reduced quality of life and greater use of healthcare resources. A recent randomised trial (SMaRT, Symptom Management Research Trials, Oncology-2) found that a collaborative care treatment programme ( @entity308 Care for @entity1 with @entity5 , @entity33679 ) was highly effective in treating @entity308 in @entity1 with @entity5 . This study aims to estimate the cost-effectiveness of @entity33679 compared with usual care from a health service perspective. METHODS: Costs were estimated using UK national unit cost estimates and health outcomes measured using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Incremental cost-effectiveness of @entity33679 compared with usual care was calculated and scenario analyses performed to test alternative assumptions on costs and missing data. Uncertainty was characterised using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. The probability of @entity33679 being cost-effective was determined using the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) cost-effectiveness threshold range of   20,000 to   30,000 per QALY gained. RESULTS: @entity33679 cost on average   631 more than usual care per @entity1 , and resulted in a mean gain of 0.066 QALYs, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of   9549 per QALY. The probability of @entity33679 being cost-effective was 0.9 or greater at cost-effectiveness thresholds above   20,000 per QALY for the base case and scenario analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with usual care, @entity33679 is likely to be cost-effective at the current thresholds used by NICE. This study adds to the weight of evidence that collaborative care treatment models are cost-effective for @entity308 , and provides new evidence regarding their use in specialist medical settings.

title: Cost-effectiveness of integrated collaborative care for comorbid major @entity308 in @entity1 with XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Comorbid major @entity308 is associated with reduced quality of life and greater use of healthcare resources. A recent randomised trial (SMaRT, Symptom Management Research Trials, Oncology-2) found that a collaborative care treatment programme ( @entity308 Care for @entity1 with @entity5 , @entity33679 ) was highly effective in treating @entity308 in @entity1 with @entity5 . This study aims to estimate the cost-effectiveness of @entity33679 compared with usual care from a health service perspective. METHODS: Costs were estimated using UK national unit cost estimates and health outcomes measured using quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Incremental cost-effectiveness of @entity33679 compared with usual care was calculated and scenario analyses performed to test alternative assumptions on costs and missing data. Uncertainty was characterised using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. The probability of @entity33679 being cost-effective was determined using the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) cost-effectiveness threshold range of   20,000 to   30,000 per QALY gained. RESULTS: @entity33679 cost on average   631 more than usual care per @entity1 , and resulted in a mean gain of 0.066 QALYs, yielding an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of   9549 per QALY. The probability of @entity33679 being cost-effective was 0.9 or greater at cost-effectiveness thresholds above   20,000 per QALY for the base case and scenario analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with usual care, @entity33679 is likely to be cost-effective at the current thresholds used by NICE. This study adds to the weight of evidence that collaborative care treatment models are cost-effective for @entity308 , and provides new evidence regarding their use in specialist medical settings.

title: Cost-effectiveness of integrated collaborative care for comorbid major @entity308 in XXXX with @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'People']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The @entity19 pancreas, an immature organ at birth, reaches its adult size and morphology after weaning (3 weeks of age). Around this time, apoptotic phenomena and various types of macrophages are normally present. During development, @entity9699 ( @entity9699 ) interactions are known to play a role in apoptotic events involved in tissue remodeling and elimination of damaged cells, and macrophages are routinely observed near apoptotic cells. Apoptosis and Fas- @entity9699 interactions are also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of @entity792 , particularly @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ). Therefore, we used early postnatal @entity19 pancreata from three control strains (C57BL/6, DBA/2, BALB/c) and from two strains with the nonobese @entity6 (NOD)-related genetic background (the spontaneous @entity1723 NOD model and the lymphocyte-deficient NODscid strain) to study apoptotic phenomena together with the molecular and immunohistochemical expression of proapoptosis (Fas, @entity9699 ) and antiapoptosis ( @entity1379 ) proteins. First, although no major difference in the numbers of total pancreatic apoptotic cells was noted among strains, significantly more @entity9699 (+) expression was detected immunohistochemically in @entity19 with the NOD genetic background than in control pancreata from birth to 1 month of age. Second, @entity9699 (+), Fas(+), and @entity1379 (+) structures seemed to be associated with innervation, regardless of the strain and age. Third, in control and NOD strains, nerves (identified by immunohistochemical labeling of @entity21772 or neurofilament 200), were often observed in periductular and peri-insular areas. Finally, some @entity21772 -positive nerves expressed the interferon-inducible protein-10 chemokine, and various types of macrophages were found to be in close proximity. These data highlight an overlooked, innervation-related aspect of normal @entity19 postnatal pancreas development with possible implications in @entity1723 pathogenesis.

title: Proapoptosis and antiapoptosis-related molecules during postnatal pancreas development in control and nonobese XXXX @entity19 : relationship with innervation.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['T1D', 'type 1 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: The @entity19 pancreas, an immature organ at birth, reaches its adult size and morphology after weaning (3 weeks of age). Around this time, apoptotic phenomena and various types of macrophages are normally present. During development, @entity9699 ( @entity9699 ) interactions are known to play a role in apoptotic events involved in tissue remodeling and elimination of damaged cells, and macrophages are routinely observed near apoptotic cells. Apoptosis and Fas- @entity9699 interactions are also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of @entity792 , particularly @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ). Therefore, we used early postnatal @entity19 pancreata from three control strains (C57BL/6, DBA/2, BALB/c) and from two strains with the nonobese @entity6 (NOD)-related genetic background (the spontaneous @entity1723 NOD model and the lymphocyte-deficient NODscid strain) to study apoptotic phenomena together with the molecular and immunohistochemical expression of proapoptosis (Fas, @entity9699 ) and antiapoptosis ( @entity1379 ) proteins. First, although no major difference in the numbers of total pancreatic apoptotic cells was noted among strains, significantly more @entity9699 (+) expression was detected immunohistochemically in @entity19 with the NOD genetic background than in control pancreata from birth to 1 month of age. Second, @entity9699 (+), Fas(+), and @entity1379 (+) structures seemed to be associated with innervation, regardless of the strain and age. Third, in control and NOD strains, nerves (identified by immunohistochemical labeling of @entity21772 or neurofilament 200), were often observed in periductular and peri-insular areas. Finally, some @entity21772 -positive nerves expressed the interferon-inducible protein-10 chemokine, and various types of macrophages were found to be in close proximity. These data highlight an overlooked, innervation-related aspect of normal @entity19 postnatal pancreas development with possible implications in @entity1723 pathogenesis.

title: Proapoptosis and antiapoptosis-related molecules during postnatal pancreas development in control and nonobese @entity6 XXXX : relationship with innervation.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: AIM: Antenatal detection of right-sided stomach (dextrogastria) is rare, and its significance in regards to @entity717 is unclear. We aimed to review all cases of antenatally-diagnosed dextrogastria in our regional fetal medicine unit over 10years. METHODS: A retrospective case-note review of @entity1 identified from a prospectively-maintained database was performed. RESULTS: Twenty cases of antenatally-diagnosed dextrogastria were identified from 2004 to 2014. There were 8 terminations and 1 @entity204 . One @entity1 has no post-natal information obtainable. Ten @entity1 were live-born, and 2 died secondary to @entity299 in the neonatal period. All had significant @entity299 on postnatal assessment, including the 3 neonates in whom dextrogastria was the only antenatal finding. Two neonates developed @entity391 and underwent Ladd's procedure. Operative findings were dextrogastria/ @entity1518 in both. A third @entity1 had @entity354 , and contrast demonstrated stable duodenal/midgut position. This @entity1 has not developed symptoms attributable to @entity1518 and not undergone surgery. All 3 of these @entity1 had @entity4032 or @entity4032 and were managed with antibiotic prophylaxis/immunisation. Five @entity1 in the series were not investigated for @entity1518 and have not come to surgical attention (one is known to be asplenic). CONCLUSION: Antenatally-detected dextrogastria, even if apparently isolated, was always associated with postnatal significant @entity854 , @entity4558 or situs inversus. This may be important for antenatal counselling. We currently recommend postnatal echocardiography and splenic assessment, but reserve GI investigation/intervention for symptomatic @entity1518 owing to potential significant cardiac comorbidity.

title: Antenatally diagnosed right-sided stomach (dextrogastria): A XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'infants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['bilious vomiting']

entities_list: @entity4032 :: ('MESH:D059446', 'Disease') :: ['asplenia', 'polysplenia']

entities_list: @entity4558 :: ('MESH:D013158', 'Disease') :: ['splenic abnormality']

entities_list: @entity1518 :: ('MESH:C562835', 'Disease') :: ['malrotation']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular anomaly']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-oesophageal reflux']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac/vascular anomaly', 'cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal rotation']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['intra-uterine death']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['rare rotational anomaly']


abstract: Our objectives were to document CT features of advanced primary @entity2 (LELC) and to determine features that may assist differentiation from other @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Imaging and clinical data of all @entity1 with biopsy-proven @entity2 ( n=12) were retrieved from a database of all @entity1149 @entity1 over a 2-year period. Twenty-five controls were recruited from other inoperable non-LELC @entity1149 @entity1 from the database. Pre-treatment CT scans of the thorax of both study and control @entity1 were reviewed for lobe involved; @entity5 site, borders and size; and pleural, vascular or @entity358 . Presence of @entity7749 was noted. Lymph node @entity3 was characterised as ipsilateral or contralateral enlarged (>1 cm) mediastinal or hilar nodes, or as peribronchovascular nodal spread. Differences between the two groups were tested using Mann-Whitney rank-sum test. The @entity5 were significantly larger (45.67 vs 17.71 cm(2)) than controls and were closely associated with the mediastinum. There were more @entity5 with well-defined borders ( p<0.001) and fewer with spiculated borders ( p<0001) than @entity5 . There was increased peribronchovascular nodal spread ( p=0.01) and vascular encasement ( p=0.02) in LELC compared with @entity5 . Advanced primary @entity2 has distinct radiological features, and can appear as well-defined @entity5 closely associated with the mediastinum, with peribronchovascular spread and vascular encasement.

title: Computed tomography characteristics of advanced primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['LELC tumours', 'non-LELC tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma', 'pulmonary LELC']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary involvement']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity7749 :: ('MESH:D008205', 'Disease') :: ['lymphangitis carcinomatosis']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma']


abstract: Aim of the study was to analyse the results following osteosynthesis of proximal humerus @entity174 with cannulated blade plate 90 degrees (Synthes, Mathys Medizinaltechnik AG, Bettlach, Schweiz) in elderly @entity1 . Between 6/1998 and 12/1999 we treated 20 @entity1 (12 female, 8 male) > 65 years (65-92 y, 75 y) with the cannulated blade plate ( @entity174 type according to AO: 8 x 11-A3, 5 x 11-B1, 3 x 11-B2, 1 x 11-B3 und 3 x 11-C2). Regarding to mechanical and functional advantages we modified the 90 degrees angulation of the implant by bending intraoperatively up to 110-120 degrees. Early post-op physiotherapy was permitted. The radiological results of all @entity1 were evaluated and in 13 @entity1 a clinical follow-up (median 8 months) was obtained. According to the Constant-score 62 points on average were achieved, which corresponds to a satisfactory result (contralateral shoulder 92 points). Complications due to the implant were loosening of the blade plate in 3 cases (A3, B2, C2) and 1 perforation of the blade plate (C2). The consecutive reoperation consisted in a compound osteosynthesis with the blade plate (A3, B2) in 2 cases, a prosthetic replacement and a removal of the implant (C2) in 1 case respectively. Neither @entity281 nor avascular @entity39 occurred. The cannulated blade plate 90 degrees represents a justified alternative in the treatment of displaced @entity174 of the proximal humerus in elderly @entity1 . Commendable indications are @entity174 types A and B according to AO with stable fixation of the blade plate in the humeral head, which allow early physiotherapy and avoid an alteration of the rotator cuff. @entity174 tend to complications (2/3).

title: [The cannulated blade plate 90 degrees for displaced proximal humeral fractures in elderly XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection, major nerve and vessel trauma']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture', 'C-type fractures']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: @entity1 with @entity299 are exposed by repeated imaging to ionizing radiation, which may have important implications for lifetime health risks. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a reliable biomarker of genomic instability, is associated with increased risk of @entity5 and @entity65 . We investigated LTL in grown-up @entity1 with CHD (GUCHs) and a positive history of medical radiation exposure as well as the influence of functional polymorphisms of genes involved in DNA repair. METHODS: A group of 50 GUCH @entity1 (26 males; age 25.2  9.0years) and 50 healthy age/gender-matched subjects (20 males; 27.0  3.1years) were enrolled. In GUCH @entity1 , the cumulative exposure was estimated as effective dose (ED) in milliSievert. LTL was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. @entity20319 ( @entity20319 ) and @entity20823 ( @entity20823 ) SNPs (XRCC1 @entity20322 , XRCC1Arg194Tr and @entity20823 @entity32271 ) were evaluated. RESULTS: GUCHs showed significantly shorter LTL compared with controls (1.0  0.3 vs 1.3  0.4, p=0.001). A significant inverse correlation between LTL and cumulative radiological ED was observed (r=-0.34, p=0.03). @entity1 with Thr/Met @entity20823 or Met/Met @entity20823 genotypes were significantly associated with a significantly shorter LTL compared with wild-type genotype (p=0.01 for Thr/Met and p=0.008 for Met/Met). Carriers of @entity20319 194Trp and @entity20823 241Met alleles presented a significant interaction with cumulative radiation dose exposure for LTL (both pinteraction=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: GUCH @entity1 have LTL shortening, suggesting evidence of early biological aging. Common SNPs in DNA repair genes modify the effects of medical exposure to radiation LTL-related @entity179 .

title: Leukocyte telomere shortening in grown-up @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity20322 :: ('p|SUB|R|399|Q', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Arg399Gln']

entities_list: @entity20319 :: ('7515', 'Gene') :: ['X-ray repair cross complementing-1', 'XRCC1']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity20823 :: ('7517', 'Gene') :: ['X-ray repair cross complementing-3', 'XRCC3']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity32271 :: ('p|SUB|T|241|M', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Thr241Met']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['congenital heart disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: @entity1 with @entity299 are exposed by repeated imaging to ionizing radiation, which may have important implications for lifetime health risks. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a reliable biomarker of genomic instability, is associated with increased risk of @entity5 and @entity65 . We investigated LTL in grown-up @entity1 with CHD (GUCHs) and a positive history of medical radiation exposure as well as the influence of functional polymorphisms of genes involved in DNA repair. METHODS: A group of 50 GUCH @entity1 (26 males; age 25.2  9.0years) and 50 healthy age/gender-matched subjects (20 males; 27.0  3.1years) were enrolled. In GUCH @entity1 , the cumulative exposure was estimated as effective dose (ED) in milliSievert. LTL was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. @entity20319 ( @entity20319 ) and @entity20823 ( @entity20823 ) SNPs (XRCC1 @entity20322 , XRCC1Arg194Tr and @entity20823 @entity32271 ) were evaluated. RESULTS: GUCHs showed significantly shorter LTL compared with controls (1.0  0.3 vs 1.3  0.4, p=0.001). A significant inverse correlation between LTL and cumulative radiological ED was observed (r=-0.34, p=0.03). @entity1 with Thr/Met @entity20823 or Met/Met @entity20823 genotypes were significantly associated with a significantly shorter LTL compared with wild-type genotype (p=0.01 for Thr/Met and p=0.008 for Met/Met). Carriers of @entity20319 194Trp and @entity20823 241Met alleles presented a significant interaction with cumulative radiation dose exposure for LTL (both pinteraction=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: GUCH @entity1 have LTL shortening, suggesting evidence of early biological aging. Common SNPs in DNA repair genes modify the effects of medical exposure to radiation LTL-related @entity179 .

title: Leukocyte telomere shortening in grown-up XXXX with @entity299 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity692 nanoparticles (HAP NPs) are widely used for preparations of biomedical and biotechnological fields such as drug delivery, gene therapy, and molecular imaging. However, the current toxicological knowledge about HAP NPs is relatively limited. The present study was designed to investigate the @entity137 potentials of various concentrations (0-1000   g cm(-2)) of HAP NPs in cultured primary @entity35 hepatocytes. Cell viability was detected by @entity2454 ( @entity98 ) assay and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and @entity66 ( @entity66 ) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The DNA damage was also analyzed via scoring liver micronuclei rates and determining @entity20821 ( @entity20821 ) levels. The results of @entity98 and LDH assays showed that the higher concentrations of dispersed HAP NPs (300, 500, and 1000   g cm(-2)) decreased cell viability. Also, HAP NPs increased @entity66 (500 and 1000   g cm(-2)) levels and decreased TAC (300, 500, and 1000   g cm(-2)) levels in cultured hepatocytes. On the basis of increasing doses, the NPs as depending on dose caused significant increases of the number of micronucleated hepatocytes and @entity20821 levels as compared to control culture. Furthermore, the highest concentration of HAP NPs (1000   g cm(-2)) exhibited cytotoxic activity. Based on these results, HAP NPs have a dose-dependent toxic effect in @entity35 hepatocytes. Further extensive research in this field is promising and reasonable.

title: XXXX assessment of @entity692 nanoparticles in @entity35 liver cell model in vitro.

entities_list: @entity20821 :: ('MESH:C067134', 'Chemical') :: ['8-OH-dG', '8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['total oxidative stress', 'TOS']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity2454 :: ('MESH:C022616', 'Chemical') :: ['3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['Toxicity']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity692 nanoparticles (HAP NPs) are widely used for preparations of biomedical and biotechnological fields such as drug delivery, gene therapy, and molecular imaging. However, the current toxicological knowledge about HAP NPs is relatively limited. The present study was designed to investigate the @entity137 potentials of various concentrations (0-1000   g cm(-2)) of HAP NPs in cultured primary @entity35 hepatocytes. Cell viability was detected by @entity2454 ( @entity98 ) assay and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and @entity66 ( @entity66 ) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The DNA damage was also analyzed via scoring liver micronuclei rates and determining @entity20821 ( @entity20821 ) levels. The results of @entity98 and LDH assays showed that the higher concentrations of dispersed HAP NPs (300, 500, and 1000   g cm(-2)) decreased cell viability. Also, HAP NPs increased @entity66 (500 and 1000   g cm(-2)) levels and decreased TAC (300, 500, and 1000   g cm(-2)) levels in cultured hepatocytes. On the basis of increasing doses, the NPs as depending on dose caused significant increases of the number of micronucleated hepatocytes and @entity20821 levels as compared to control culture. Furthermore, the highest concentration of HAP NPs (1000   g cm(-2)) exhibited cytotoxic activity. Based on these results, HAP NPs have a dose-dependent toxic effect in @entity35 hepatocytes. Further extensive research in this field is promising and reasonable.

title: @entity137 assessment of XXXX nanoparticles in @entity35 liver cell model in vitro.

answer: @entity692 :: (MESH:D017886,Chemical) :: ['hydroxyapatite']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity692 nanoparticles (HAP NPs) are widely used for preparations of biomedical and biotechnological fields such as drug delivery, gene therapy, and molecular imaging. However, the current toxicological knowledge about HAP NPs is relatively limited. The present study was designed to investigate the @entity137 potentials of various concentrations (0-1000   g cm(-2)) of HAP NPs in cultured primary @entity35 hepatocytes. Cell viability was detected by @entity2454 ( @entity98 ) assay and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) release, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and @entity66 ( @entity66 ) levels were determined to evaluate the oxidative injury. The DNA damage was also analyzed via scoring liver micronuclei rates and determining @entity20821 ( @entity20821 ) levels. The results of @entity98 and LDH assays showed that the higher concentrations of dispersed HAP NPs (300, 500, and 1000   g cm(-2)) decreased cell viability. Also, HAP NPs increased @entity66 (500 and 1000   g cm(-2)) levels and decreased TAC (300, 500, and 1000   g cm(-2)) levels in cultured hepatocytes. On the basis of increasing doses, the NPs as depending on dose caused significant increases of the number of micronucleated hepatocytes and @entity20821 levels as compared to control culture. Furthermore, the highest concentration of HAP NPs (1000   g cm(-2)) exhibited cytotoxic activity. Based on these results, HAP NPs have a dose-dependent toxic effect in @entity35 hepatocytes. Further extensive research in this field is promising and reasonable.

title: @entity137 assessment of @entity692 nanoparticles in XXXX liver cell model in vitro.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) are often found among @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 ( @entity1004 ). The role of @entity6100 ( @entity6100 ) as a protective factor against @entity2613 among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 is not firmly established. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of risk of @entity1277 among @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 and to examine the impact of @entity6100 on risk of @entity2613 among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 . METHODS: @entity1 (aged 18-64 years) exposed to @entity1004 during their lifetimes (defined by the Humiliation-Afraid-Rape-Kick instrument) were recruited from primary care and domestic violence service agencies and surveyed on demographics, mood/ @entity148 , psychosocial/community factors, and strategies used in response to @entity1004 . The Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care assessed the risk of @entity2613 . A modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey assessed overall functional support (scale range: 0-32; categorized into quartiles). Ordinal logistic regression examined the risk of @entity2613 based on @entity6100 , controlling for prespecified demographics (age, race/ethnicity, marital status, near-poverty level), and health-related factors significant in bivariate analyses (risky @entity285 use). RESULTS: Among 302 @entity1 with lifetime @entity1004 , 41 (14%) were at high risk, 127 (42%) were at moderate risk, and 134 (44%) were at low risk of an @entity2613 . In bivariate analyses, high risk of an @entity2613 was significantly more frequent among @entity1 with a low @entity6100 score (<19, 24%) versus a high @entity6100 score (>= 30, 12%) (P=0.03). High risk of an @entity2613 was significantly associated with risky @entity285 use (18%) versus non-risky @entity285 use (13%; P=0.008). In multivariable analysis, a 5-unit increase in overall @entity6100 was significantly associated with decreased odds of @entity2613 risk (P=0.007). CONCLUSION: Among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 , low @entity6100 is associated with an increased risk of @entity2613 . @entity6100 may protect against @entity2613 by reducing @entity148 and promoting positive actions, but further study is needed to confirm this.

title: The impact of XXXX on the risk of @entity1277 in @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 .

entities_list: @entity6100 :: ('OMIM:300082', 'Disease') :: ['social support', 'SS']

entities_list: @entity1004 :: ('MESH:C563733', 'Disease') :: ['IPV', 'intimate partner violence']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety', 'anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['EDs', 'Eating disorders']

answer: @entity6100 :: (OMIM:300082,Disease) :: ['social support']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) are often found among @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 ( @entity1004 ). The role of @entity6100 ( @entity6100 ) as a protective factor against @entity2613 among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 is not firmly established. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of risk of @entity1277 among @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 and to examine the impact of @entity6100 on risk of @entity2613 among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 . METHODS: @entity1 (aged 18-64 years) exposed to @entity1004 during their lifetimes (defined by the Humiliation-Afraid-Rape-Kick instrument) were recruited from primary care and domestic violence service agencies and surveyed on demographics, mood/ @entity148 , psychosocial/community factors, and strategies used in response to @entity1004 . The Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care assessed the risk of @entity2613 . A modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey assessed overall functional support (scale range: 0-32; categorized into quartiles). Ordinal logistic regression examined the risk of @entity2613 based on @entity6100 , controlling for prespecified demographics (age, race/ethnicity, marital status, near-poverty level), and health-related factors significant in bivariate analyses (risky @entity285 use). RESULTS: Among 302 @entity1 with lifetime @entity1004 , 41 (14%) were at high risk, 127 (42%) were at moderate risk, and 134 (44%) were at low risk of an @entity2613 . In bivariate analyses, high risk of an @entity2613 was significantly more frequent among @entity1 with a low @entity6100 score (<19, 24%) versus a high @entity6100 score (>= 30, 12%) (P=0.03). High risk of an @entity2613 was significantly associated with risky @entity285 use (18%) versus non-risky @entity285 use (13%; P=0.008). In multivariable analysis, a 5-unit increase in overall @entity6100 was significantly associated with decreased odds of @entity2613 risk (P=0.007). CONCLUSION: Among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 , low @entity6100 is associated with an increased risk of @entity2613 . @entity6100 may protect against @entity2613 by reducing @entity148 and promoting positive actions, but further study is needed to confirm this.

title: The impact of @entity6100 on the risk of XXXX in @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 .

answer: @entity1277 :: (MESH:D001068,Disease) :: ['eating disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) are often found among @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 ( @entity1004 ). The role of @entity6100 ( @entity6100 ) as a protective factor against @entity2613 among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 is not firmly established. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of risk of @entity1277 among @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 and to examine the impact of @entity6100 on risk of @entity2613 among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 . METHODS: @entity1 (aged 18-64 years) exposed to @entity1004 during their lifetimes (defined by the Humiliation-Afraid-Rape-Kick instrument) were recruited from primary care and domestic violence service agencies and surveyed on demographics, mood/ @entity148 , psychosocial/community factors, and strategies used in response to @entity1004 . The Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care assessed the risk of @entity2613 . A modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey assessed overall functional support (scale range: 0-32; categorized into quartiles). Ordinal logistic regression examined the risk of @entity2613 based on @entity6100 , controlling for prespecified demographics (age, race/ethnicity, marital status, near-poverty level), and health-related factors significant in bivariate analyses (risky @entity285 use). RESULTS: Among 302 @entity1 with lifetime @entity1004 , 41 (14%) were at high risk, 127 (42%) were at moderate risk, and 134 (44%) were at low risk of an @entity2613 . In bivariate analyses, high risk of an @entity2613 was significantly more frequent among @entity1 with a low @entity6100 score (<19, 24%) versus a high @entity6100 score (>= 30, 12%) (P=0.03). High risk of an @entity2613 was significantly associated with risky @entity285 use (18%) versus non-risky @entity285 use (13%; P=0.008). In multivariable analysis, a 5-unit increase in overall @entity6100 was significantly associated with decreased odds of @entity2613 risk (P=0.007). CONCLUSION: Among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 , low @entity6100 is associated with an increased risk of @entity2613 . @entity6100 may protect against @entity2613 by reducing @entity148 and promoting positive actions, but further study is needed to confirm this.

title: The impact of @entity6100 on the risk of @entity1277 in @entity1 exposed to XXXX .

answer: @entity1004 :: (MESH:C563733,Disease) :: ['intimate partner violence']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) are often found among @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 ( @entity1004 ). The role of @entity6100 ( @entity6100 ) as a protective factor against @entity2613 among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 is not firmly established. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of risk of @entity1277 among @entity1 exposed to @entity1004 and to examine the impact of @entity6100 on risk of @entity2613 among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 . METHODS: @entity1 (aged 18-64 years) exposed to @entity1004 during their lifetimes (defined by the Humiliation-Afraid-Rape-Kick instrument) were recruited from primary care and domestic violence service agencies and surveyed on demographics, mood/ @entity148 , psychosocial/community factors, and strategies used in response to @entity1004 . The Eating Disorder Screen for Primary Care assessed the risk of @entity2613 . A modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey assessed overall functional support (scale range: 0-32; categorized into quartiles). Ordinal logistic regression examined the risk of @entity2613 based on @entity6100 , controlling for prespecified demographics (age, race/ethnicity, marital status, near-poverty level), and health-related factors significant in bivariate analyses (risky @entity285 use). RESULTS: Among 302 @entity1 with lifetime @entity1004 , 41 (14%) were at high risk, 127 (42%) were at moderate risk, and 134 (44%) were at low risk of an @entity2613 . In bivariate analyses, high risk of an @entity2613 was significantly more frequent among @entity1 with a low @entity6100 score (<19, 24%) versus a high @entity6100 score (>= 30, 12%) (P=0.03). High risk of an @entity2613 was significantly associated with risky @entity285 use (18%) versus non-risky @entity285 use (13%; P=0.008). In multivariable analysis, a 5-unit increase in overall @entity6100 was significantly associated with decreased odds of @entity2613 risk (P=0.007). CONCLUSION: Among @entity1004 -exposed @entity1 , low @entity6100 is associated with an increased risk of @entity2613 . @entity6100 may protect against @entity2613 by reducing @entity148 and promoting positive actions, but further study is needed to confirm this.

title: The impact of @entity6100 on the risk of @entity1277 in XXXX exposed to @entity1004 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the open Lichtenstein repair and laparoscopic mesh repair for direct @entity169 in terms of immediate post operative @entity158 and length of hospital stay. METHODS: This randomized control trial was conducted at Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi from January 2009 to June 2010. All @entity1 presenting in the surgical OPD with @entity169 , ASA I/II, were randomly divided in two equal groups. Group-I, @entity1 underwent Lichtenstein's repair and Group-II had hernioplasty by laparoscopic method (TAPP). Post operative @entity158 intensity assessed by VAS and hospital stay measured in hours. RESULTS: A total 60 @entity1 of @entity169 were studied. The mean age was 61.48  7. The range of postoperative @entity158 experienced was 5.55 as per VAS among all @entity1 . In group-I (open hernioplasty) majority of @entity1 (53.33%, n=16) experience severe type of @entity158 where as in group-II, moderate severity of @entity158 was reported by large number of @entity1 (63.34%, n=19). The mean post operative @entity158 intensity as per VAS was 6.23 in group-I and 4.43 in group-II @entity1 . The mean length of hospital stay was slightly less (35.10 hrs) in group-I as compared to group-II (38.70 hrs). CONCLUSION: There is definitely less post operative @entity158 after laparoscopic repair but hospital stay is same in both the procedures but laparoscopic procedure does increase the cost.

title: A comparison of post operative @entity158 and hospital stay between Lichtenstein's repair and Laparoscopic Transabdominal Preperitoneal (TAPP) repair of XXXX : A randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernias', 'direct inguinal hernia']

answer: @entity169 :: (MESH:D006552,Disease) :: ['inguinal hernia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the open Lichtenstein repair and laparoscopic mesh repair for direct @entity169 in terms of immediate post operative @entity158 and length of hospital stay. METHODS: This randomized control trial was conducted at Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi from January 2009 to June 2010. All @entity1 presenting in the surgical OPD with @entity169 , ASA I/II, were randomly divided in two equal groups. Group-I, @entity1 underwent Lichtenstein's repair and Group-II had hernioplasty by laparoscopic method (TAPP). Post operative @entity158 intensity assessed by VAS and hospital stay measured in hours. RESULTS: A total 60 @entity1 of @entity169 were studied. The mean age was 61.48  7. The range of postoperative @entity158 experienced was 5.55 as per VAS among all @entity1 . In group-I (open hernioplasty) majority of @entity1 (53.33%, n=16) experience severe type of @entity158 where as in group-II, moderate severity of @entity158 was reported by large number of @entity1 (63.34%, n=19). The mean post operative @entity158 intensity as per VAS was 6.23 in group-I and 4.43 in group-II @entity1 . The mean length of hospital stay was slightly less (35.10 hrs) in group-I as compared to group-II (38.70 hrs). CONCLUSION: There is definitely less post operative @entity158 after laparoscopic repair but hospital stay is same in both the procedures but laparoscopic procedure does increase the cost.

title: A comparison of post operative XXXX and hospital stay between Lichtenstein's repair and Laparoscopic Transabdominal Preperitoneal (TAPP) repair of @entity169 : A randomized controlled trial.

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: The assumption of upright posture by @entity1 with @entity1575 leads to striking activation of adrenergic and @entity916 -angiotensin systems. The tilting-induced modifications in renal function of eight healthy controls and 14 untreated @entity1 with @entity1575 and @entity843 were related to plasma concentrations of @entity1063 , @entity916 activity and @entity1369 . All @entity1 had preserved renal blood perfusion. All parameters were evaluated during bed rest for two hours and in the sitting posture for one hour. Basal plasma @entity916 activity (0.1 greater than p greater than 0.05), @entity1369 and @entity1063 concentrations (p less than or equal to 0.01) were raised in cirrhotics. The renal function tests ( @entity1011 clearance, filtered @entity1372 , tubular rejection fraction, urinary @entity1372 excretion) were significantly reduced in @entity82 . Under basal conditions, in cirrhotic @entity1 tubular rejection fraction and urinary @entity1372 excretion were inversely related to both @entity1063 and @entity1369 concentrations. After tilting, the @entity1063 and @entity1369 integrated outputs (sigma delta) were significantly greater in @entity82 . All renal function tests significantly decreased in cirrhotics, whereas @entity1011 clearance only significantly decreased in controls. @entity1 's tubular rejection fraction of @entity1372 and @entity1372 excretion were related to sigma delta aldosteronaemia (r = -0.72; p less than 0.01), but no longer to sigma delta plasma @entity1063 .

title: Renal function impairment induced by change in posture in @entity1 with @entity82 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity843 :: (MESH:D001201,Disease) :: ['ascites']


abstract: The assumption of upright posture by @entity1 with @entity1575 leads to striking activation of adrenergic and @entity916 -angiotensin systems. The tilting-induced modifications in renal function of eight healthy controls and 14 untreated @entity1 with @entity1575 and @entity843 were related to plasma concentrations of @entity1063 , @entity916 activity and @entity1369 . All @entity1 had preserved renal blood perfusion. All parameters were evaluated during bed rest for two hours and in the sitting posture for one hour. Basal plasma @entity916 activity (0.1 greater than p greater than 0.05), @entity1369 and @entity1063 concentrations (p less than or equal to 0.01) were raised in cirrhotics. The renal function tests ( @entity1011 clearance, filtered @entity1372 , tubular rejection fraction, urinary @entity1372 excretion) were significantly reduced in @entity82 . Under basal conditions, in cirrhotic @entity1 tubular rejection fraction and urinary @entity1372 excretion were inversely related to both @entity1063 and @entity1369 concentrations. After tilting, the @entity1063 and @entity1369 integrated outputs (sigma delta) were significantly greater in @entity82 . All renal function tests significantly decreased in cirrhotics, whereas @entity1011 clearance only significantly decreased in controls. @entity1 's tubular rejection fraction of @entity1372 and @entity1372 excretion were related to sigma delta aldosteronaemia (r = -0.72; p less than 0.01), but no longer to sigma delta plasma @entity1063 .

title: Renal function impairment induced by change in posture in @entity1 with XXXX and @entity843 .

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['cirrhosis']


abstract: The assumption of upright posture by @entity1 with @entity1575 leads to striking activation of adrenergic and @entity916 -angiotensin systems. The tilting-induced modifications in renal function of eight healthy controls and 14 untreated @entity1 with @entity1575 and @entity843 were related to plasma concentrations of @entity1063 , @entity916 activity and @entity1369 . All @entity1 had preserved renal blood perfusion. All parameters were evaluated during bed rest for two hours and in the sitting posture for one hour. Basal plasma @entity916 activity (0.1 greater than p greater than 0.05), @entity1369 and @entity1063 concentrations (p less than or equal to 0.01) were raised in cirrhotics. The renal function tests ( @entity1011 clearance, filtered @entity1372 , tubular rejection fraction, urinary @entity1372 excretion) were significantly reduced in @entity82 . Under basal conditions, in cirrhotic @entity1 tubular rejection fraction and urinary @entity1372 excretion were inversely related to both @entity1063 and @entity1369 concentrations. After tilting, the @entity1063 and @entity1369 integrated outputs (sigma delta) were significantly greater in @entity82 . All renal function tests significantly decreased in cirrhotics, whereas @entity1011 clearance only significantly decreased in controls. @entity1 's tubular rejection fraction of @entity1372 and @entity1372 excretion were related to sigma delta aldosteronaemia (r = -0.72; p less than 0.01), but no longer to sigma delta plasma @entity1063 .

title: Renal function impairment induced by change in posture in XXXX with @entity82 and @entity843 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the neuro-radiologic findings in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) @entity1 with and without antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in different neuro- @entity146 manifestations. METHODS: This cross-sectional comparative study was carried out at King Khalid University Hospital, a tertiary care teaching hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from June 2012 to January 2015. Ninety seven @entity1252 @entity1 with neuro- @entity146 manifestations were included in the study and divided into two groups. Group I (50 @entity1 ) @entity1252 with aPL and group II (47 @entity1 ) @entity1252 without aPL. We compared Demographic features, clinical manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain findings. RESULTS: Demographic and clinical characteristics of two groups were similar. In Group-I, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) were most common (86%). In @entity1 with @entity10 , most of the @entity1 in Group-I had @entity62 ( @entity62 ) (50% vs 27%) while most of the @entity1 in Group-II had normal MRI brain (38% vs 73%). Similarly @entity62 were found more in Group-I @entity1 with @entity410 (60% vs 21%), while @entity63 / @entity1188 , @entity194 and normal MRI were found in Group-II. MRI brain in @entity1 with @entity51 and @entity146 were not much different in both the groups. CONCLUSION: We found no statistically significant differences in frequencies of @entity75 in @entity1252 @entity1 with and without aPL antibodies. Each of the three aPL may have a variable effect on the brain.

title: Pattern of MRI brain in neuro- @entity146 XXXX . Effect of anti-phospholipid antibodies: A study at a tertiary care teaching hospital.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['MRI brain abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'Systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter hyperintensities', 'WMHIs']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['SLE']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the neuro-radiologic findings in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) @entity1 with and without antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in different neuro- @entity146 manifestations. METHODS: This cross-sectional comparative study was carried out at King Khalid University Hospital, a tertiary care teaching hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from June 2012 to January 2015. Ninety seven @entity1252 @entity1 with neuro- @entity146 manifestations were included in the study and divided into two groups. Group I (50 @entity1 ) @entity1252 with aPL and group II (47 @entity1 ) @entity1252 without aPL. We compared Demographic features, clinical manifestations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain findings. RESULTS: Demographic and clinical characteristics of two groups were similar. In Group-I, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) were most common (86%). In @entity1 with @entity10 , most of the @entity1 in Group-I had @entity62 ( @entity62 ) (50% vs 27%) while most of the @entity1 in Group-II had normal MRI brain (38% vs 73%). Similarly @entity62 were found more in Group-I @entity1 with @entity410 (60% vs 21%), while @entity63 / @entity1188 , @entity194 and normal MRI were found in Group-II. MRI brain in @entity1 with @entity51 and @entity146 were not much different in both the groups. CONCLUSION: We found no statistically significant differences in frequencies of @entity75 in @entity1252 @entity1 with and without aPL antibodies. Each of the three aPL may have a variable effect on the brain.

title: Pattern of MRI brain in neuro- XXXX @entity1252 . Effect of anti-phospholipid antibodies: A study at a tertiary care teaching hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background: Our previous work has shown that there are sex differences in subjective responses to acute @entity5834 administration in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine if these sex differences are dependent on pubertal development. Materials and Methods: We examined subjective responses before and after administration of 0, 1, and 2   mg/kg of @entity5834 in pre- and postpubertal @entity1 and @entity1 (n   =   112). In addition, we examined differences in subjective responses to acute @entity5834 in both the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in postpubertal @entity1 . Results: @entity5834 at both doses resulted in greater changes in responses on the Addiction Research Center Inventory and the Brief Assessment of Mood States compared with placebo. @entity1 reported greater increases from baseline to peak in feeling different and liking the feeling than @entity1 after 2   mg/kg of @entity5834 regardless of pubertal stage. Postpubertal @entity1 also had a greater decrease from baseline in reports of feeling high and greater increases from baseline in reports of wanting more than postpubertal males. Finally, @entity1 had greater changes (both increases and decreases) in responses on the Brief Mood Questionnaire when in the follicular phase compared with the luteal phase. This was also true for reports of feeling high and feeling different on the Drug Effects Questionnaire. None of these effects varied as a function of usual @entity5834 use, suggesting that differences are not the result of tolerance or sensitization. Conclusions: These results suggest that subjective responses to @entity5834 emerge before puberty, but sex differences may be strengthened after pubertal development.

title: Subjective Responses to XXXX Are Influenced by @entity5834 Dose, Sex, and Pubertal Stage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girls', 'boys', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine', 'Caffeine']

answer: @entity5834 :: (MESH:D002110,Chemical) :: ['Caffeine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background: Our previous work has shown that there are sex differences in subjective responses to acute @entity5834 administration in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine if these sex differences are dependent on pubertal development. Materials and Methods: We examined subjective responses before and after administration of 0, 1, and 2   mg/kg of @entity5834 in pre- and postpubertal @entity1 and @entity1 (n   =   112). In addition, we examined differences in subjective responses to acute @entity5834 in both the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in postpubertal @entity1 . Results: @entity5834 at both doses resulted in greater changes in responses on the Addiction Research Center Inventory and the Brief Assessment of Mood States compared with placebo. @entity1 reported greater increases from baseline to peak in feeling different and liking the feeling than @entity1 after 2   mg/kg of @entity5834 regardless of pubertal stage. Postpubertal @entity1 also had a greater decrease from baseline in reports of feeling high and greater increases from baseline in reports of wanting more than postpubertal males. Finally, @entity1 had greater changes (both increases and decreases) in responses on the Brief Mood Questionnaire when in the follicular phase compared with the luteal phase. This was also true for reports of feeling high and feeling different on the Drug Effects Questionnaire. None of these effects varied as a function of usual @entity5834 use, suggesting that differences are not the result of tolerance or sensitization. Conclusions: These results suggest that subjective responses to @entity5834 emerge before puberty, but sex differences may be strengthened after pubertal development.

title: Subjective Responses to @entity5834 Are Influenced by XXXX Dose, Sex, and Pubertal Stage.

answer: @entity5834 :: (MESH:D002110,Chemical) :: ['Caffeine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sensitivity of arthrosonography of hip and knee joints for monitoring disease activity in @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: Twenty eight @entity1 with @entity309 with active disease at entry in 15 hips and 38 knee joints were followed up three times in intervals of 4-6 weeks. Sonographic, clinical, and laboratory findings were documented at the same time in clinically active and inactive disease. As controls of the sonographic variables 10 @entity1 without a history of @entity625 were examined by ultrasound. RESULTS: In active @entity625 joint 19/31 (61%) examinations showed a pathological widening of the synovial joint space. There was no significant correlation between sonographic and clinical measures of disease activity in coxitis. Marked effusion within the suprapatellar pouch was seen in 87% and thickening of the synovial membrane in 92% of cases of active gonarthritis in @entity1 with @entity309 . There was a significant difference in the number of @entity1 with joint effusion and in the mean joint effusion between @entity1 with clinically active gonarthritis at entry and inactive @entity625 at follow up (p<0.001). In contrast, synovial thickening persisted in about 80% after induction of clinical remission. CONCLUSION: The data confirm the high sensitivity of arthrosonography in imaging changes in hip and knee joints of @entity1 with @entity309 . Sonographic effusion of the knee provided the highest correlation with measures of clinical disease activity. Further prospective studies should evaluate whether persistent thickening of the synovial membrane detected by ultrasound in clinically inactive @entity625 indicates residual inflammatory activity and an increased risk of relapse.

title: Arthrosonography of hip and knee joints in the follow up of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile rheumatoid arthritis', 'JRA']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis', 'arthritis of the hip']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['juvenile rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and radiological response of chronic calcific @entity924 to extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in a single blind study. METHODS: 70 @entity1 showing chronic, symptomatic, calcifying @entity924 were examined. A single blind randomised study was performed with 35 @entity1 undergoing a regular treatment (group 1) and 35 a simulated one (group 2). @entity158 and functional assessment was carried out according to Constant and Murley. Variations in the dimension of the calcification were evaluated by anteroposterior x ray films. RESULTS: A significant @entity158 and a significant increase in shoulder function was seen in group 1. Examination by x ray showed partial resorption of the @entity460 deposits in 40% of cases and complete resorption in 31% of cases in group 1. In the control group no significant @entity158 and no significant increase in shoulder function was seen. No modifications were observed by x ray examination. CONCLUSION: Because of its good tolerance, safety, and clinical radiological response, ESWT can be considered as an alternative treatment for chronic calcific @entity924 .

title: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic calcific XXXX : single blind study.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendinitis of the shoulder']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['decrease of pain', 'Pain']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['tendinitis of the shoulder']


abstract: Adverse reactions to foods do occur. Their true degree of prevalence remains unknown. Many mechanisms are involved, including events at the gut mucosa surface, immunologic pathways, and nonimmunologic and possibly genetic influences, not all of which have yet been well studied. The major manifestations of @entity5419 have been cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary. Others are less convincingly established. Of particular interest is the likelihood that certain rheumatic symptoms may be related to @entity6766 . Establishing a diagnosis of adverse food reaction requires thoughtful clinical evaluation and laboratory testing, confirmatory immunologic studies, and double-blind food challenge. Skin testing is a valuable screening tool and can help direct the physician to those @entity1 for whom double-blind food challenge may be indicated. The simplest therapy is avoidance of foods to which an individual is sensitive. @entity9992 , @entity8610 , @entity3009 synthetase inhibitors, and @entity230 have been used, but their efficacy has not yet been carefully evaluated.

title: XXXX and other adverse reactions to foods.

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['food allergy']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['food sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity8610 :: ('MESH:D006633', 'Chemical') :: ['antihistamines']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity9992 :: ('MESH:D004205', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium cromoglycate']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity5419 :: (MESH:D005512,Disease) :: ['Food allergies']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the results of @entity1 who were treated with Ilizarov external fixation for @entity1605 and III @entity4422 . METHODS: Forty-five @entity1 (4 females, 41 males; mean age 33 years; range 8 to 65 years) with @entity4422 were treated with the Ilizarov external fixator. According to the Gustilo-Mendoza classification, the @entity174 were @entity1605 , IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC in 12, 20, 9, and 4 @entity1 , respectively. The mean follow-up was 58 months and 4 days (range 42 months and 10 days to 66 months and 11 days). The fixators were applied for a mean of 17.2 weeks (range 6.8 to 55.7 weeks). RESULTS: Union was achieved in all cases. A significant difference was observed between @entity174 in terms of time to union (p<0.05). @entity174 , the time to union was significantly longer in type IIIB and IIIC @entity174 (p<0.05). The most frequent complication was pin-tract infections (27.1%). Refracture occurred in four cases (8.8%). Three @entity1 developed late infections at the @entity174 site. Radiographically, the results were excellent in 14 @entity1 (31%), good in 22 @entity1 (48.8%), moderate in five @entity1 (11.1%), and poor in four @entity1 (8.8%). Functional results were excellent in 21 @entity1 (46.6%), good in 20 @entity1 (44.4%), and moderate in four @entity1 (8.8%). CONCLUSION: Despite technical difficulties and problems associated with pin-tract infections, the Ilizarov external fixator may be the preferred technique in @entity4422 because of high union rates, the use of thin K-wires with minimal traumatic effect, and more successful functional results.

title: [Treatment of XXXX and III @entity4422 with Ilizarov external fixation].

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'type II and III fractures', 'fracture', 'Compared to type IIIA fractures']

entities_list: @entity4422 :: ('MESH:D005597', 'Disease') :: ['open tibial fractures']

answer: @entity1605 :: (OMIM:217000,Disease) :: ['type II']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the results of @entity1 who were treated with Ilizarov external fixation for @entity1605 and III @entity4422 . METHODS: Forty-five @entity1 (4 females, 41 males; mean age 33 years; range 8 to 65 years) with @entity4422 were treated with the Ilizarov external fixator. According to the Gustilo-Mendoza classification, the @entity174 were @entity1605 , IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC in 12, 20, 9, and 4 @entity1 , respectively. The mean follow-up was 58 months and 4 days (range 42 months and 10 days to 66 months and 11 days). The fixators were applied for a mean of 17.2 weeks (range 6.8 to 55.7 weeks). RESULTS: Union was achieved in all cases. A significant difference was observed between @entity174 in terms of time to union (p<0.05). @entity174 , the time to union was significantly longer in type IIIB and IIIC @entity174 (p<0.05). The most frequent complication was pin-tract infections (27.1%). Refracture occurred in four cases (8.8%). Three @entity1 developed late infections at the @entity174 site. Radiographically, the results were excellent in 14 @entity1 (31%), good in 22 @entity1 (48.8%), moderate in five @entity1 (11.1%), and poor in four @entity1 (8.8%). Functional results were excellent in 21 @entity1 (46.6%), good in 20 @entity1 (44.4%), and moderate in four @entity1 (8.8%). CONCLUSION: Despite technical difficulties and problems associated with pin-tract infections, the Ilizarov external fixator may be the preferred technique in @entity4422 because of high union rates, the use of thin K-wires with minimal traumatic effect, and more successful functional results.

title: [Treatment of @entity1605 and III XXXX with Ilizarov external fixation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity4422 :: (MESH:D005597,Disease) :: ['open tibial fractures']


abstract: @entity8779 , a new analogue of @entity5699 , was administered to 27 @entity1 with @entity0 in a phase II trial. The drug was given orally at a dose of 30-35 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Twenty-two @entity1 were evaluable for response. All evaluable @entity1 were previously treated with one or more chemotherapeutic regimens, including an @entity4349 in more than 50% of the cases. Partial remissions were obtained in 5 @entity1 , for a response rate of 23%. The median duration of response was 191 days. Mild @entity1209 were common. @entity294 , which occurred in less than 50% of the @entity1 , was usually short-lived. @entity1665 was generally minimal. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxic effect. @entity1431 was frequently seen, with full recovery by day 28 in 81% of the courses. @entity882 was less common than @entity1431 . Four cases of grade 1 @entity1370 were recorded. This study suggests that @entity8779 can induce regressions in advanced @entity0 , and justifies further studies in combination with other agents.

title: Phase II trial with oral XXXX in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the breast', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity5699 :: ('MESH:D003630', 'Chemical') :: ['daunorubicin']

entities_list: @entity8779 :: ('MESH:D015255', 'Chemical') :: ['idarubicin', 'Idarubicin']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia', 'Leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['acute cardiac toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity8779 :: (MESH:D015255,Chemical) :: ['idarubicin']


abstract: @entity8779 , a new analogue of @entity5699 , was administered to 27 @entity1 with @entity0 in a phase II trial. The drug was given orally at a dose of 30-35 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Twenty-two @entity1 were evaluable for response. All evaluable @entity1 were previously treated with one or more chemotherapeutic regimens, including an @entity4349 in more than 50% of the cases. Partial remissions were obtained in 5 @entity1 , for a response rate of 23%. The median duration of response was 191 days. Mild @entity1209 were common. @entity294 , which occurred in less than 50% of the @entity1 , was usually short-lived. @entity1665 was generally minimal. Myelosuppression was the dose-limiting toxic effect. @entity1431 was frequently seen, with full recovery by day 28 in 81% of the courses. @entity882 was less common than @entity1431 . Four cases of grade 1 @entity1370 were recorded. This study suggests that @entity8779 can induce regressions in advanced @entity0 , and justifies further studies in combination with other agents.

title: Phase II trial with oral @entity8779 in XXXX .

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['advanced breast cancer']


abstract: From January 1993 to December 2006 we analyzed the clinical characteristics of @entity1 with @entity157 ( @entity157 ) with central nervous system (CNS) @entity3 at the Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. Forty-six @entity1 with @entity157 and CNS @entity3 were identified, of whom 36 had intracranial @entity3 and 10 had spinal @entity3 . The clinical presentations, laboratory data and imaging studies were collected and analyzed. The age at the time of @entity157 diagnosis ranged from 34 to 78 years; CNS @entity3 occurred between 0 and 85 months after diagnosis and @entity204 followed between 0 and 93 months later. The Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) score at the time of CNS @entity3 ranged from 7 to 15 and the @entity1 -Pugh score at diagnosis of @entity157 ranged from 5 to 15. @entity1 with spinal @entity3 had a higher GCS score and lower @entity1 -Pugh score at diagnosis. None of the serum biochemical studies showed unique abnormalities. From the data currently available, intracranial @entity3 is the most common site of CNS @entity3 of @entity157 . Advances in treating and diagnosing @entity157 have improved @entity1 outcomes remarkably; however, CNS @entity3 continues to have a grave prognosis. Without a specific biomarker for predicting CNS involvement in @entity157 , a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis should be maintained, particularly in @entity157 areas such as Taiwan.

title: Central nervous system involvement in XXXX : clinical characteristics and comparison of intracranial and spinal metastatic groups.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'HCC hyperendemic', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the ability of superparamagnetic @entity1933 (SPIO)-enhanced MR imaging to detect liver @entity82 in @entity1 with @entity409 and to compare the findings with histopathological data. Sixty-seven @entity1 with chronic @entity99 ( n=58) or @entity4383 ( @entity4383 ; n=9) were studied using a 1.5-T MR system. The protocol included proton density-weighted, T2-weighted spin-echo (SE) and fast SE (FSE) sequences before and after SPIO administration and T2*-weighted gradient-recalled-echo (GRE) sequences after SPIO. Pre- and post-contrast T2-weighted and T2*-weighted sequences were retrospectively evaluated by three independent observers for evidence of non-tumor hypersignal intensities. Three liver patterns were considered: thick reticulations; thin reticulations; and/or multiple areas of hypersignal intensities. Unenhanced or enhanced patterns were compared with histopathological specimens, which had been obtained by percutaneous biopsy of the right lobe within a maximum of 12 months of MR examination. Liver @entity82 was histologically graded using a five-level scale (F0-F4), according to the METAVIR classification. Histopathology demonstrated significant @entity82 (F2-F4) in 57 @entity1 , non-significant @entity82 in 1 @entity1 (F1), and normal liver surrounding @entity4383 in 9 @entity1 (F0). After SPIO administration, at least one pattern of non-tumor hypersignal intensities was seen in 43 (76%) of the 57 @entity1 with F>/=2 with good agreement (kappa=0.68) compared with 2 (20%) of the 10 F0/1 @entity1 ( p<0.01). Attenuated non-homogeneous liver-signal intensities with persistent thick reticulations, thin reticulations, or multiple areas of hypersignals were observed in, respectively, 30, 52, and 56% of @entity1 with F>/=2 with moderate agreement (kappa=0.51). Before SPIO, MR images were positive in 21 of 57 (37%) F>/=2 and zero F0/1 @entity1 . Post-contrast proton-density-weighted and T2*-weighted GRE were the most sensitive sequences for detecting non-tumor hypersignal intensities. In @entity1 with chronic @entity409 , SPIO-enhanced MR imaging exhibits non-tumor hypersignal intensities indicative of liver @entity82 by decreasing the signal from the non-fibrotic areas where Kupffer cells are present.

title: Non-invasive detection of liver XXXX : Is superparamagnetic @entity1933 particle-enhanced MR imaging a contributive technique?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease', 'liver diseases']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['FNH', 'focal nodular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the ability of superparamagnetic @entity1933 (SPIO)-enhanced MR imaging to detect liver @entity82 in @entity1 with @entity409 and to compare the findings with histopathological data. Sixty-seven @entity1 with chronic @entity99 ( n=58) or @entity4383 ( @entity4383 ; n=9) were studied using a 1.5-T MR system. The protocol included proton density-weighted, T2-weighted spin-echo (SE) and fast SE (FSE) sequences before and after SPIO administration and T2*-weighted gradient-recalled-echo (GRE) sequences after SPIO. Pre- and post-contrast T2-weighted and T2*-weighted sequences were retrospectively evaluated by three independent observers for evidence of non-tumor hypersignal intensities. Three liver patterns were considered: thick reticulations; thin reticulations; and/or multiple areas of hypersignal intensities. Unenhanced or enhanced patterns were compared with histopathological specimens, which had been obtained by percutaneous biopsy of the right lobe within a maximum of 12 months of MR examination. Liver @entity82 was histologically graded using a five-level scale (F0-F4), according to the METAVIR classification. Histopathology demonstrated significant @entity82 (F2-F4) in 57 @entity1 , non-significant @entity82 in 1 @entity1 (F1), and normal liver surrounding @entity4383 in 9 @entity1 (F0). After SPIO administration, at least one pattern of non-tumor hypersignal intensities was seen in 43 (76%) of the 57 @entity1 with F>/=2 with good agreement (kappa=0.68) compared with 2 (20%) of the 10 F0/1 @entity1 ( p<0.01). Attenuated non-homogeneous liver-signal intensities with persistent thick reticulations, thin reticulations, or multiple areas of hypersignals were observed in, respectively, 30, 52, and 56% of @entity1 with F>/=2 with moderate agreement (kappa=0.51). Before SPIO, MR images were positive in 21 of 57 (37%) F>/=2 and zero F0/1 @entity1 . Post-contrast proton-density-weighted and T2*-weighted GRE were the most sensitive sequences for detecting non-tumor hypersignal intensities. In @entity1 with chronic @entity409 , SPIO-enhanced MR imaging exhibits non-tumor hypersignal intensities indicative of liver @entity82 by decreasing the signal from the non-fibrotic areas where Kupffer cells are present.

title: Non-invasive detection of liver @entity82 : Is superparamagnetic XXXX particle-enhanced MR imaging a contributive technique?

answer: @entity1933 :: (MESH:C000499,Chemical) :: ['iron oxide']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation study. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate, adapt cross-culturally, and validate the Kannada version of the @entity717 Index (ODI). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity1643 is recognized as an important public health problem. Self-administered condition-specific questionnaires are important tools for assessing a @entity1 . For low backache, the ODI is used widely. Preferred language of a region can have an effect on interpretation of questions and thus scoring. A search of literature showed no previously validated Kannada version of the ODI. METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation and translation was carried out according to previously set guidelines. @entity1 were recruited from the orthopedic outpatient department. They filled out a booklet containing the Kannada version of the ODI, Kannada version of the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and a 10-point @entity227 ( @entity227 ). RESULTS: The Kannada ODI was answered by 91 @entity1 and retested in 35 @entity1 . After removing questionnaires with stray or ambiguous markings causing difficulty in computation of scores, 76 test questionnaires and 32 retest questionnaires were available for statistical analysis. The Kannada version showed an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.92). The Kannada version of the ODI showed good correlation with the RMDQ (r=0.72) and moderate correlation with @entity227 (r=0.58). It also showed an excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.96). Standard error of measurement (SEM) was also low (4.08) and a difference of 11 points is the "Minimum Detectable Change (MDC)." CONCLUSION: The Kannada version of the ODI that was developed showed consistency and reliability. It can be used for assessment of @entity1643 and treatment outcomes in Kannada-speaking populations. However, in view of a smaller sample size, it will benefit from verification at multiple centers and with more @entity1 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

title: Adaptation of the XXXX Index to Kannada Language and Evaluation of Its Validity and Reliability.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry Disability']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['Low back pain', 'low back pain']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual analog scale for pain', 'VASpain']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['Oswestry Disability']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity6191 ( @entity6191 ) is an important way to decrease medical costs. We aimed to study the opinions and attitudes of Finnish @entity1 about @entity6191 five years after it was introduced, the reasons for substituting and what @entity1 think about generic medicines. METHODS: We sent a postal survey to a random stratified population sample of 3000 Finnish @entity1 aged at least 18 years in 2008. The random sample was drawn from five mainland counties. The sampling was conducted by the Finnish Population Register Centre. The response rate was 62% (n=1844) after exclusion of unobtainable addressees (n=34). RESULTS: Most of the respondents (70.9%) considered @entity6191 a good law reform. However, there were many respondents who were unsure about their opinion (26.9%). The respondents also held the opinion that cheaper medicines are effective (80.9%) and that @entity6191 does not cause any risk to drug safety (84.9%). Most of the respondents (88.4%) who had substituted their medicines had not noticed any difference between the previously used and substituted medicines. Two main reasons for substituting were a desire to save money and recommendation by pharmacists. Of the respondents, 16.3% had experience with both substituting and refusing it. The percentage of the respondents who only had experience with refusing @entity6191 was 8.6%. Female gender, older age and use of prescription drugs were associated with refusing. CONCLUSIONS: Finnish @entity1 consider @entity6191 a good reform. They also have confidence in the effect of cheaper medicines. Savings are the main reason for accepting @entity6191 .

title: Do XXXX regard cheaper medicines effective? Population survey on public opinion of generic substitution in Finland.

entities_list: @entity6191 :: ('MESH:D004829', 'Disease') :: ['GS', 'Generic substitution']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: @entity1063 (NE) has been shown to facilitate learning and memory by modulating synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus in vivo. During memory consolidation, transiently stored information is transferred from the hippocampus into the cortical mantle. This process is believed to depend on the generation of sharp wave-ripple complexes (SPW-Rs), during which previously stored information might be replayed. Here, we used @entity35 hippocampal slices to investigate neuromodulatory effects of NE on SPW-Rs, induced by a standard long-term potentiation (LTP) protocol, in the @entity1251 and @entity1249 . NE (10-50  M) dose-dependently and reversibly suppressed the generation of SPW-Rs via activation of a1 adrenoreceptors, as indicated by the similar effects of @entity2647 (100  M). In contrast, the unspecific b adrenoreceptor agonist @entity3044 (2  M) significantly increased the incidence of SPW-Rs. Furthermore, b adrenoreceptor activation significantly facilitated induction of both LTP and SPW-Rs within the @entity1251 network. Suppression of SPW-Rs by NE was associated with a moderate hyperpolarization in the majority of @entity1251 pyramidal cells and with a reduction of presynaptic @entity141 uptake in the stratum radiatum. This was indicated by activity-dependent changes in [ @entity141 ](o) and @entity141 fluorescence signals, by changes in the paired pulse ratio of evoked EPSPs and by analysis of the coefficient of variance. In the presence of NE, repeated high frequency stimulation (high-frequency stimulation (HFS)) failed to induce SPW-Rs, although SPW-Rs appeared following washout of NE. Together, our data indicate that the NE-mediated suppression of hippocampal SPW-Rs depends on a1 adrenoreceptor activation, while their expression and activity-dependent induction is facilitated via b1-adrenoreceptors.

title: Adrenergic modulation of sharp wave-ripple activity in XXXX hippocampal slices.

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Aim of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of intraoperative identification of oculomotor nerves (OMN) in resection of skull base @entity5 invading superior orbital fissure and cavernous sinus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 69 @entity1 with @entity5 operated in Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute (Moscow, Russia) since 2000 until 2005 were included in the study. They were divided into 2 groups: 19 @entity1 treated with intraoperative identification of OMN and 50 @entity1 in the control group. @entity1653 were in the majority among all cases. Intraoperative identification of OMN was performed using coaxial electrode while muscular response was registered through electrodes inserted in m. levator palpebrae superioris, m. obliquus superior and m. rectus lateralis (for III, IV and VI cranial nerves, respectively). Identification of IMN trunci was repeated throughout the whole stage of @entity5 resection for their preservation. RESULTS: comparison of dynamics of @entity409 in early postoperative period in @entity1 of both groups demonstrated that intraoperative identification of OMN allowed to decrease the frequency of @entity51 . The rates in main and control groups were: for III and IV nerves--37% and 68% (p < 0.05), for VI nerve--47% and 54% (p > 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: application of intraoperative identification of OMN allows to decrease the risk of @entity51 by 1.8 times. Technically the method is quite simple and not time-consuming procedure.

title: [Intraoperative identification of oculomotor, trochlear and abducent nerves in surgery of invasive XXXX (new technique)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cranioorbital tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['oculomotor dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['oculomotor deterioration due to III and IV nerve dysfunction', 'oculomotor deficit']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['Craniorbital meningiomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cranioorbital tumors']


abstract: Secondary insults can adversely influence outcome following severe @entity131 . Monitoring of cerebral extracellular chemistry with microdialysis has the potential for early detection of metabolic derangements associated with such events. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the fundamental biochemical markers and neurological outcome in a large cohort of @entity1 with @entity131 . Prospectively collected observational neuromonitoring data from 223 @entity1 were analysed. Monitoring modalities included digitally recorded intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index and microdialysis markers @entity413 , @entity880 , @entity2388 , @entity2227 , @entity653 and the @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio. Outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months post-injury. @entity1 -averaged values of parameters were used in statistical analysis, which included univariate non-parametric methods and multivariate logistic regression. Monitoring with microdialysis commenced on median (interquartile range) Day 1 (1-2) from injury and median (interquartile range) duration of monitoring was 4 (2-7) days. Averaged over the total monitoring period levels of @entity2227 (P = 0.048), @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio (P = 0.044), intracranial pressure (P = 0.006) and cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index (P = 0.01) were significantly higher in @entity1 who died. During the initial 72 h of monitoring, median @entity653 levels were also higher in the mortality group (P = 0.014) and median @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio (P = 0.026) and @entity880 (P = 0.033) levels were significantly lower in @entity1 with favourable outcome. In a multivariate logistic regression model (P < 0.0001), which employed data averaged over the whole monitoring period, significant independent positive predictors of mortality were @entity413 (P = 0.024), @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio (P = 0.016), intracranial pressure (P = 0.029), cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index (P = 0.036) and age (P = 0.003), while @entity2388 was a significant independent negative predictor of mortality (P = 0.004). The results of this study suggest that extracellular metabolic markers are independently associated with outcome following @entity131 . Whether treatment-related improvement in biochemistry translates into better outcome remains to be established.

title: Cerebral extracellular chemistry and outcome following XXXX : a microdialysis study of 223 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: Secondary insults can adversely influence outcome following severe @entity131 . Monitoring of cerebral extracellular chemistry with microdialysis has the potential for early detection of metabolic derangements associated with such events. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the fundamental biochemical markers and neurological outcome in a large cohort of @entity1 with @entity131 . Prospectively collected observational neuromonitoring data from 223 @entity1 were analysed. Monitoring modalities included digitally recorded intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index and microdialysis markers @entity413 , @entity880 , @entity2388 , @entity2227 , @entity653 and the @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio. Outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months post-injury. @entity1 -averaged values of parameters were used in statistical analysis, which included univariate non-parametric methods and multivariate logistic regression. Monitoring with microdialysis commenced on median (interquartile range) Day 1 (1-2) from injury and median (interquartile range) duration of monitoring was 4 (2-7) days. Averaged over the total monitoring period levels of @entity2227 (P = 0.048), @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio (P = 0.044), intracranial pressure (P = 0.006) and cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index (P = 0.01) were significantly higher in @entity1 who died. During the initial 72 h of monitoring, median @entity653 levels were also higher in the mortality group (P = 0.014) and median @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio (P = 0.026) and @entity880 (P = 0.033) levels were significantly lower in @entity1 with favourable outcome. In a multivariate logistic regression model (P < 0.0001), which employed data averaged over the whole monitoring period, significant independent positive predictors of mortality were @entity413 (P = 0.024), @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio (P = 0.016), intracranial pressure (P = 0.029), cerebrovascular pressure reactivity index (P = 0.036) and age (P = 0.003), while @entity2388 was a significant independent negative predictor of mortality (P = 0.004). The results of this study suggest that extracellular metabolic markers are independently associated with outcome following @entity131 . Whether treatment-related improvement in biochemistry translates into better outcome remains to be established.

title: Cerebral extracellular chemistry and outcome following @entity131 : a microdialysis study of 223 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the @entity64 knowledge and expectations for recovery among the family members of @entity64 @entity1 in an acute rehabilitation hospital. DESIGN: Survey study of 50 family members of @entity64 @entity1 undergoing inpatient rehabilitation at a single urban rehabilitation hospital. RESULTS: Sixty percent of @entity1 were able to identify whether their family member had sustained a @entity1779 or @entity1188 ; 48% were able to identify at least one treatment provided to their family member for his or her @entity64 . The average length of stay predicted by @entity1 closely matched the average @entity1 length of stay. @entity1 tended to overestimate the functional abilities of their family member with a @entity64 , both on initial assessment and discharge. This overestimation was more substantial for discharge functional ability than for initial assessment. @entity1 were able to predict discharge location with substantial accuracy (82% agreement, kappa = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of @entity64 etiology and functional outcome of family members of individuals undergoing rehabilitation after @entity64 shows significant limitations. @entity1 ' ability to predict functional outcome on discharge was worse than their knowledge of current functional status. @entity1 predictions of length of stay and discharge disposition were areas of relative strength. Further efforts are needed to enhance the knowledge level of family members of @entity1 undergoing rehabilitation after @entity64 .

title: Family member knowledge and expectations for functional recovery after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participant', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Outpatient direct current (DC) cardioversion is performed routinely, yet scant data support this approach. We studied the efficacy, safety, and costs of outpatient cardioversion. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of outpatient cardioversions was performed in a 5-year period at an academic medical center in 532 consecutive outpatients with an @entity4710 . The protocol included anticoagulation (international normalized ratio >or=2.0) for >or=4 consecutive weekly draws and then DC cardioversion with the @entity1 under intravenous anesthesia. @entity943 symptoms, antiarrhythmic therapy use, and costs were evaluated. RESULTS: Ninety percent of @entity1 were discharged in sinus rhythm after cardioversion with a median number of shocks of 1 (range, 1-6) for @entity956 (n = 113), @entity591 (n = 13), and @entity955 (n = 406). Sixty-seven percent of @entity1 were treated with an antiarrhythmic drug. The complication rate was 2.6%, with 11 unplanned admissions. Thromboemboli occurred only in patients whose anticoagulation deviated from protocol and included chronic @entity1805 starting 4 days after cardioversion, transient right-sided weakness, and cerebral vascular accident 3 days after cardioversion, despite negative results on a transesophageal echocardiogram. Two @entity1 had @entity3126 . @entity1168 developed in 4 @entity1 ; transient pacemaker noncapture after the shock occurred in 4 @entity1 . Transient postshock rhythms also included @entity2917 and junctional rhythm. One @entity1 had @entity1174 . The mean cost of cardioversion was 464 dollars. Fees for anesthesia ranged from 525 dollars to 650 dollars. The anesthetic costs ranged from 2.84 dollars to 21.47 dollars. The cardiology fee averaged 501 dollars. CONCLUSION: Outpatient cardioversion is a low risk, effective, and economical procedure.

title: Outpatient cardioversion of XXXX : efficacy, safety, and costs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2917 :: ('MESH:D013611', 'Disease') :: ['AV nodal Wenckebach']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['postcardioversion pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1805 :: ('MESH:D006423', 'Disease') :: ['hemianopsia']

entities_list: @entity956 :: ('MESH:D001282', 'Disease') :: ['atrial flutter']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['Arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['Bradycardia']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['atrial arrhythmias']


abstract: Loss of oligodendrocytes is a feature of many @entity17 including @entity15 . Here, we have established and characterized a novel model of genetically induced adult oligodendrocyte death. Specific primary loss of adult oligodendrocytes leads to a well defined and highly reproducible course of disease development that can be followed longitudinally by magnetic resonance imaging. Histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed progressive myelin vacuolation, in parallel to disease development that includes @entity51 , @entity400 , and @entity2055 . Myelin damage and clearance were associated with induction of oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, albeit with some regional differences. Remyelination was present in the mildly affected corpus callosum. Consequences of acutely induced cell death of adult oligodendrocytes included secondary @entity21 . Microglia were activated in affected areas but without significant influx of B-cells, T-helper cells, or T-cytotoxic cells. Analysis of the model on a @entity5350 ( @entity5350 )-deficient background, lacking functional lymphocytes, did not change the observed disease and @entity4122 compared with immune-competent @entity19 . We conclude that this model provides the opportunity to study the consequences of adult oligodendrocyte death in the absence of primary @entity21 and reactive cells of the adaptive immune system. Our results indicate that if the blood-brain barrier is not disrupted, myelin debris is not removed efficiently, remyelination is impaired, and axonal integrity is compromised, likely as the result of @entity17 . This model will allow the evaluation of strategies aimed at improving remyelination to foster axon protection.

title: Genetically induced adult oligodendrocyte cell death is associated with poor myelin clearance, reduced remyelination, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating diseases', 'myelin detachment']

entities_list: @entity4122 :: ('MESH:D004108', 'Disease') :: ['pathology']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['motor deficits']

entities_list: @entity5350 :: ('19373(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['recombination activating gene-1', 'RAG-1']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['axonal injury', 'axonal damage']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity21 :: (MESH:D001480,Disease) :: ['axonal damage']


abstract: During locomotion, adult rodent lumbar motoneurons fire in high-frequency (80-100 Hz) 1-2 s bursts every several seconds, releasing between 10,000 and 20,000 vesicles per burst. The estimated total vesicle pool size indicates that all vesicles would be used within 30 s; thus, a mechanism for rapid endocytosis and @entity5222 is necessary to maintain effective transmission and motor behavior. However, whether such rapid recycling exists at @entity19 neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) or how it is regulated has been unclear. Here, we show that much less FM1-43 dye is lost per stimulus with 100 Hz stimulation than with 10 Hz stimulation even when the same number of vesicles undergo exocytosis. Electrophysiological data using @entity17173 show this lesser amount of @entity393 is caused in part by the rapid reuse of vesicles. We showed previously that a @entity23452 ( @entity23452 )-myosin II pathway was required for effective transmission at 100 Hz. Here, we confirm the activation of @entity23452 , based on increased nerve terminal phospho-MLC immunostaining, with 100 Hz but not with 10 Hz stimulation. We further demonstrate that activation of @entity23452 , by increased extracellular @entity141 , by PKC (protein kinase C) activation, or by a @entity23452 agonist peptide, reduces the amount of dye lost even with 10 Hz stimulation. @entity23452 activation at 10 Hz also resulted in more vesicles being rapidly reused. Thus, @entity23452 activation by 100 Hz stimulation switches the mechanism of vesicle cycling to a rapid-reuse mode and is required to sustain effective transmission in adult @entity19 NMJs.

title: Frequency-dependent modes of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and exocytosis at adult XXXX neuromuscular junctions.

entities_list: @entity17173 :: ('MESH:C036978', 'Chemical') :: ['folimycin']

entities_list: @entity5222 :: ('MESH:C567751', 'Disease') :: ['vesicle recycling']

entities_list: @entity23452 :: ('213435(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['MLCK', 'myosin light chain kinase']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: There is growing evidence that the palliative care needs of certain @entity1 , such as those from minority ethnic groups, are not being met. The aim of this study was to investigate whether place of @entity204 from @entity5 differs between ethnic groups. A total of 101,516 @entity1 resident in South East England and who died from lung, @entity0 between 1998 and 2006 were extracted from the Thames Cancer Registry database. Ethnicity data were available for 68,804 @entity1 (68%). The odds ratios (ORs) of @entity204 from @entity5 in a hospice, at home or in hospital were calculated. The results were adjusted for age at @entity204 , deprivation, @entity5 network of residence and time between diagnosis and @entity204 . Following adjustment, @entity204 in a hospice was significantly less likely for @entity15449 @entity1 (OR=0.47 95% CI [0.30-0.74]), Indian @entity1 (0.68 [0.55-0.84]) and Bangladeshi @entity1 (0.33 [0.19-0.56]). Death at home was significantly less likely in Black African @entity1 (0.48 [0.36-0.65]), Black Caribbean @entity1 (0.78 [0.67-0.90]) and Chinese @entity1 (0.46 [0.28-0.76]). @entity15449 , Indian, Bangladeshi, Black African, Black Caribbean and Chinese @entity1 were all significantly more likely than White @entity1 to die in hospital. The results were not substantially altered by recoding the unknown ethnicity group to White or using multiple imputation to assign those with a missing ethnicity an ethnic group. Place of @entity204 varies between ethnic groups. This may reflect differences in preferences for place of @entity204 or barriers to accessing specialist care in different settings. More detailed prospective qualitative studies are urgently required to determine reasons for this variation.

title: Does place of XXXX from @entity5 vary between ethnic groups in South East England?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal, breast or prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']