abstract: BACKGROUND: Goodpasture's, or anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM), disease is unusual among @entity792 in that it rarely follows a relapsing-remitting course. Moreover, untreated, autoantibodies disappear spontaneously after 1 to 3 years and, following treatment, autoreactive T cells diminish in frequency. This suggests that operational tolerance toward the autoantigen is reestablished. However, the mechanisms underlying this have remained unclear. Recent data have suggested that a population of regulatory T lymphocytes can suppress both autoimmune and alloimmune responses in animal models and are present in normal individuals. However, to date, they have not been demonstrated to play a role in @entity1 @entity8 . METHODS: We studied the role of regulatory @entity2902 + cells in suppressing T-cell responses to the Goodpasture autoantigen in nine @entity1 with @entity7860 . RESULTS: At the time of acute presentation, there was no evidence of a regulatory cell population. However, from 3 months onward a population emerged, capable of suppressing the response to the Goodpasture autoantigen. Following depletion of @entity2902 + cells, the frequencies of autoreactive-, GBM-, or collagen alpha 3(IV)NC1-specific T cells were significantly increased (P = 0.031 by paired t test), with five of seven (71%) convalescent @entity1 and no acute @entity1 demonstrating regulation. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that, in @entity7860 , regulatory @entity2902 + T cells play a role in inhibiting the autoimmune response. Their emergence and persistence may underlie the "single hit" nature of this condition. Understanding the conditions required for the development and propagation of these cells would allow development of novel therapeutic strategies for inducing @entity6306 in @entity792 .

title: Regulation by @entity2902 + lymphocytes of autoantigen-specific T-cell responses in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6306 :: ('MESH:C566417', 'Disease') :: ['hyporesponsiveness']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal autoimmune disease']

entities_list: @entity7860 :: ('MESH:D019867', 'Disease') :: ["Goodpasture's disease"]

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Goodpasture's (anti-GBM) disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Goodpasture's, or anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM), disease is unusual among @entity792 in that it rarely follows a relapsing-remitting course. Moreover, untreated, autoantibodies disappear spontaneously after 1 to 3 years and, following treatment, autoreactive T cells diminish in frequency. This suggests that operational tolerance toward the autoantigen is reestablished. However, the mechanisms underlying this have remained unclear. Recent data have suggested that a population of regulatory T lymphocytes can suppress both autoimmune and alloimmune responses in animal models and are present in normal individuals. However, to date, they have not been demonstrated to play a role in @entity1 @entity8 . METHODS: We studied the role of regulatory @entity2902 + cells in suppressing T-cell responses to the Goodpasture autoantigen in nine @entity1 with @entity7860 . RESULTS: At the time of acute presentation, there was no evidence of a regulatory cell population. However, from 3 months onward a population emerged, capable of suppressing the response to the Goodpasture autoantigen. Following depletion of @entity2902 + cells, the frequencies of autoreactive-, GBM-, or collagen alpha 3(IV)NC1-specific T cells were significantly increased (P = 0.031 by paired t test), with five of seven (71%) convalescent @entity1 and no acute @entity1 demonstrating regulation. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that, in @entity7860 , regulatory @entity2902 + T cells play a role in inhibiting the autoimmune response. Their emergence and persistence may underlie the "single hit" nature of this condition. Understanding the conditions required for the development and propagation of these cells would allow development of novel therapeutic strategies for inducing @entity6306 in @entity792 .

title: Regulation by XXXX + lymphocytes of autoantigen-specific T-cell responses in @entity8 .

answer: @entity2902 :: (3559,Gene) :: ['CD25']


abstract: Postoperative @entity810 (PO-ARF) is a serious complication resulting in a prolonged stay and high mortality. @entity1 may be at risk for this problem because of an underlying medical illness, nature of surgery, nephrotoxin exposure, or combinations of these factors. An increase in the intra abdominal pressure above 20-mm Hg is associated with an increase in the incidence of PO-ARF. Based on many clinical studies in high-risk surgical @entity1 and @entity1 undergoing renal transplantation, the only proven management strategies for prevention of PO-ARF are adequate volume expansion and avoidance of hypovolaemia. Drugs known to be nephrotoxic should be avoided or used with caution. Three main pharmacological agents namely @entity2656 , @entity1483 and @entity935 have been extensively tried in the prevention of PO-ARF. @entity2656 has proven of value only in the presence of adequate volume expansion in attenuating @entity8 in transplant @entity1 . @entity1483 converts oliguric @entity177 to non-oliguric @entity177 . The bulk of the data, including that from prospective studies indicate @entity935 is only a diuretic. Fenoldopam, a @entity935 analogue, has shown early promise in reports. @entity460 channel blockers have not been shown to improve the outcome in renal transplantation or help in the prevention of contrast-induced @entity8 . Atrial natriuretic peptide has not been proven to be of benefit in established @entity177 and its role in prevention has not been assessed.

title: Prevention of postoperative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['Mannitol', 'mannitol']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['frusemide', 'Frusemide']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute renal failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity161 can be a severe and @entity102 characterised by lack of insight and poor compliance with treatment. Psychoeducational approaches have been developed to increase @entity1 ' knowledge of, and insight into, their illness and its treatment. It is supposed that this increased knowledge and insight will enable @entity1 with @entity161 to cope in a more effective way with their illness, thereby improving prognosis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of psychoeducational interventions compared to the standard levels of knowledge provision. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searches of CINAHL (1982-1999), The Cochrane Library CENTRAL (Issue 1, 1999), The Cochrane @entity161 Group's Register (May 2001), EMBASE (1980-1999), MEDLINE (1966-1999), PsycLit (1974-1999), and Sociofile (1974-1999) were undertaken. These were supplemented by cross-reference searching and personal contact with authors of all included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All relevant randomised controlled trials focusing on psychoeducation for @entity161 and/or related serious mental illnesses involving individuals or groups. Quasi-randomised trials were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently from included papers by at least two reviewers. Authors of trials were contacted for additional and missing data. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of homogeneous dichotomous data were calculated. A random effects model was used for heterogeneous dichotomous data. Where possible the numbers needed to treat (NNT) were also calculated. Weighted or standardised means were calculated for continuous data. MAIN RESULTS: Ten studies are included in this review. All studies of group education included family members. Compliance with medication was significantly improved in a single study using brief group intervention (at one year) but other studies produced equivocal or skewed data. Any kind of psychoeducational intervention significantly decreased relapse or readmission rates at nine to 18 months follow-up compared with standard care (RR 0.8 CI 0.7-0.9 NNT 9 CI 6-22). Several of the secondary outcomes (knowledge gain, mental state, global level of functioning, expressed emotion in family members) were measured using scales that are difficult to interpret. Generally, however, findings were consistent with the possibility that psychoeducation has a positive effect on a @entity1 ' well being. No impact was found on insight, medication related attitudes or on overall satisfaction with services of @entity1 or relatives but these findings rested on very few studies. Health economic outcome was only measured in one study and data were skewed. It was not possible to analyse whether different duration or formats of psychoeducation influenced effectiveness. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from trials suggests that psychoeducational approaches are useful as a part of the treatment programme for @entity1 with @entity161 and @entity221 . The fact that the interventions are brief and inexpensive should make them attractive to managers and policy makers. More well-designed, conducted and reported randomised studies investigating the efficacy of psychoeducation are needed.

title: Psychoeducation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['related illness']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'Schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Beta-blocker therapy has a proven mortality benefit in @entity1 with @entity101 , @entity712 and @entity453 , as well as during the perioperative period. These drugs have traditionally been considered contraindicated in @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of cardioselective beta-blockers on respiratory function of @entity1 with @entity1030 . SEARCH STRATEGY: A comprehensive search of EMBASE, MEDLINE and CINAHL was performed using the Cochrane Airways Group registry to identify randomised blinded controlled trials from 1966 to May 2001. The search was completed using the terms: asthma*, @entity6587 *, respiratory sounds*, wheez*, @entity3885 * or obstructive airway disease*, and adrenergic antagonist*, sympatholytic* or adrenergic receptor block*. We did not exclude trials on the basis of language. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, blinded, controlled trials of single dose or longer duration that studied the effects of cardioselective beta-blockers on the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or symptoms in @entity1 with @entity1030 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent reviewers extracted data from the selected articles, reconciling differences by consensus. Two interventions studied were the administration of beta-blocker, given either as a single dose or for longer duration, and the use of @entity2263 -agonist given after the study drug. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven studies of single-dose treatment and 8 of treatment for longer duration, ranging from 2 days to 12 weeks, met selection criteria. Cardioselective beta-blockers produced no statistically significant change in FEV1 or respiratory symptoms compared to placebo, given as a single dose (Weighted Mean Difference -2.05% [95% Confidence interval, -6.05 to 1.96%]) or for longer duration ( @entity1605 .55% [95% CI, -5.94 to 0.84]), and did not significantly affect the FEV1 treatment response to @entity2263 -agonists. Exacerbations and hospitalizations were recorded in all trials, but none occurred during the periods of study, in either group. A subgroup analysis revealed no significant change in results for those @entity1 with severe chronic @entity1224 or for those with a reversible obstructive component. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that cardioselective beta-blockers, given to @entity1 with @entity1030 do not produce a significant short-term reduction in airway function or in the incidence of @entity1030 exacerbations. However, the trials were small and of short duration. Given their demonstrated benefit in conditions such as @entity712 , @entity453 and @entity101 , cardioselective beta-blockers should be considered for @entity1 with @entity1030 , but administered with careful monitoring since data concerning long term administration and their effects during exacerbations are not available.

title: Cardioselective beta-blockers for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive lung disease']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity6587 :: ('MESH:D016535', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial hyperreactivity']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airways obstruction']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: We assessed the functional capacity of hypertrophied liver after portal vein ligation (PL) in a test group of @entity35 compared to a control group (without PL) having the same size liver. METHODS: The portal veins of the left and median lobes in the test group were ligated in an initial operation. Four days after the PL, the liver volume of the posterior caudate lobe (5%) increased two-fold, accounting for 10% of the liver. Then a 90% hepatectomy was performed, leaving only the hypertrophied posterior caudate lobe. @entity35 in a sham group underwent a 90% hepatectomy 4 days after having laparotomy, leaving the normal anterior and posterior caudate lobes (10%). RESULTS: The survival rate for the PL group was significantly higher than for the sham group at 4 days after hepatectomy (56.3 and 26.7%, P<0.05). The regeneration ratio and the @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ) labeling index in the PL group was markedly higher than in the sham group 24h after hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertrophied liver at 4 days after PL still showed @entity409 . Regenerating liver provided greater tolerance for extended hepatectomy than normal liver. This is because of the induced rapid regeneration of the remaining liver after hepatectomy.

title: Improved functional reserve of hypertrophied contra lateral liver after portal vein ligation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1975 :: ('25737(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PCNA', 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver regeneration']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity149 is the leading cause of disability in the United States. @entity528 is one of the causes of disability. Among @entity1 who survive this @entity130 , various degrees of recovery in brain function are observed. The molecular basis of functional recovery is poorly understood. Clinical observations and research using experimental injury models have implicated several metabolites in the cascade of events that lead to @entity528 . The levels of intracellular @entity855 (energy source) and pH are decreased, whereas levels of extracellular @entity2227 , intracellular @entity460 ions, and oxidative damage to RNA/DNA, protein, and lipid are increased. These initiating events can be associated with energy failure and @entity2383 , resulting in functional or structural @entity75 . The injured brain is known to express immediate early genes. Recent studies show that reactive @entity26 species (ROS) cause lesions in genes from which mRNA is transcribed as part of the endogenous neuroprotective response. Although degenerating proteins and lipids may contribute to @entity39 significantly after severe @entity66 in genetic material, if not repaired, disturb cellular function at every level by affecting replication, transcription, and translation. These lesions include abnormal nucleic acids, known as oxidative lesions of DNA (ODLs) or of RNA (ORLs). In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the various effects of neuronal @entity842 synthase on the formation of modified bases in DNA and RNA that are induced in the brain after injury, and how ODLs and ORLs affect cell function.

title: The association between neuronal XXXX synthase and neuronal sensitivity in the brain after brain injury.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['injury, abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['type of injury']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['Injury to the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Neuronal death', 'neuronal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There is growing awareness of the significance of @entity27 in the general population and in the medical community and, as a result, there is a growing demand for diagnosis and treatment. Attended, in-laboratory polysomnography is resource intensive and not readily available in some communities. Alternate diagnostic strategies have been proposed including the use of home sleep studies. Although these portable systems have been in use for many years, only in the past few years have a significant number of studies been performed to evaluate these systems in the home setting. The use of actigraphy and peripheral arterial tonometry for diagnostic purposes has also recently been investigated. RECENT FINDINGS: In the laboratory setting, measurements of @entity387 with specific portable sleep systems correspond well with measurements provided by standard polysomnography. In the home setting, portable systems demonstrate several important limitations including lost or inadequate data collection, logistic concerns, and mildly reduced diagnostic accuracy. Data regarding the potential cost benefit of home studies is inconclusive. SUMMARY: Home polysomnography is a viable option for evaluating @entity1 with moderate or high clinical suspicion for @entity387 . However, @entity1 with failed or equivocal home studies and those with negative studies but persistent symptoms should undergo standard polysomnography. Further investigations are needed to compare long-term outcomes in @entity1 evaluated using portable devices versus standard polysomnography.

title: Role of portable sleep studies for diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep-disordered breathing']

answer: @entity27 :: (MESH:D020181,Disease) :: ['obstructive sleep apnea']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sleep disturbances are frequent during pregnancy. The spectrum of association between pregnancy and sleep disturbances ranges from an increased incidence of @entity22 , nocturnal awakenings, and @entity4939 (especially @entity4531 ) to snoring and excessive @entity25 . These disturbances occur as a result of physiologic, hormonal, and physical changes associated with pregnancy. Although the timing and occurrence of different @entity25 varies, they are most prevalent during the third trimester. Despite reports of the various sleep problems, the exact nature and incidence of @entity25 in pregnancy is not known. Given that limitation, we are presenting an up-to-date review of the current understanding of the relation between sleep and pregnancy. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies suggest that pregnancy affects sleep in multiple ways. There are hormonal changes, physiologic changes, physical factors, and behavioral changes in a pregnant @entity1 -all of which may affect her sleep. They may affect the duration and @entity25 and lead to a variety of @entity25 . Pregnancy may also affect an existing @entity25 . Particular attention may be given to obese pregnant @entity1 who would gain more weight during pregnancy or those who develop @entity101 conditions (eg, @entity1468 ). Snoring may be more common in @entity1 with @entity1468 and the pressor responses to obstructive respiratory events during sleep may be enhanced in preeclamptic @entity1 when compared with those with @entity27 alone. Several investigators have suggested that @entity27 ( @entity27 ) may be common in pregnant @entity1 despite the presence of intrinsic mechanisms that seem to be geared towards preventing @entity387 . However, the exact incidence and prevalence of @entity387 in pregnant @entity1 is uncertain. In addition, it is unclear if criteria that are used to define @entity387 in the general population should be applied to pregnant @entity1 . Further investigations are needed to determine if lower thresholds for management of @entity27 should be used in pregnant @entity1 to prevent harm to the fetus. SUMMARY: In conclusion, sleep disturbances are common during pregnancy though the full extent of this relation remains undefined. Large, multi-center, prospective studies are needed for better understanding.

title: XXXX in pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity4939 :: ('MESH:D020447', 'Disease') :: ['parasomnias']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity4531 :: ('MESH:D012148', 'Disease') :: ['restless legs syndrome']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleepiness', 'sleep disorders', 'quality of sleep', 'sleep disorder']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity25 :: (MESH:D012893,Disease) :: ['Sleep disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the extent of comorbid @entity1650 ( @entity1650 ) in a group of adults with @entity245 . An additional objective was to compare performance on auditory tasks to results from standardized tests of reading in an attempt to generate a clinically useful profile of developmental dyslexics with comorbid @entity1650 . DESIGN: A group of eleven @entity1 with @entity245 and 14 age- and intelligence-matched controls participated in the study. Behavioral audiograms, 226-Hz tympanograms, and word recognition scores were obtained binaurally from all subjects. Both groups were administered the frequency-pattern test (FPT) and duration-pattern test ( @entity12952 ) monaurally (30 items per ear) in both the left and right ear. Gap detection results were obtained in both groups (binaural presentation) using narrowband noise centered at 1 kHz in an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) paradigm. The FPT, @entity12952 , and gap detection results were analyzed for interaural (where applicable), intergroup, and intragroup differences. Correlations between performance on the auditory tasks and the standardized tests of reading were examined. Additive logistic regression models were fit to the data to determine which auditory tests proved to be the best predictors of group membership. RESULTS: The @entity1 with @entity245 as a group performed significantly poorer than controls on both the FPT and @entity12952 . Furthermore, the group differences were significant in both monaural conditions. On the FPT and @entity12952 , five of the eleven @entity1 with @entity5545 performed below the widely used clinical criterion for @entity1650 of 70% correct in either ear. All five of these @entity1 performed below criterion on the FPT, whereas four of the five additionally performed below 70% on the @entity12952 . The data also were analyzed by fitting a series of stepwise logistic regression models, which indicated that gap detection did not significantly predict group membership, whereas the FPT and @entity12952 were significant predictors. The addition of the FPT score after the @entity12952 did not result in a significant change in the residual deviance. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the @entity1 with @entity245 showed clinically significant diminished performance on the FPT and @entity12952 indicative of @entity1650 . These results indicate that the percentage of @entity1 with @entity245 and comorbid @entity1650 may be substantial enough to warrant serious clinical considerations.

title: XXXX in @entity245 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1650 :: ('MESH:D001308', 'Disease') :: ['auditory processing disorder', 'APD']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental dyslexia']

answer: @entity1650 :: (MESH:D001308,Disease) :: ['Comorbid auditory processing disorder']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the extent of comorbid @entity1650 ( @entity1650 ) in a group of adults with @entity245 . An additional objective was to compare performance on auditory tasks to results from standardized tests of reading in an attempt to generate a clinically useful profile of developmental dyslexics with comorbid @entity1650 . DESIGN: A group of eleven @entity1 with @entity245 and 14 age- and intelligence-matched controls participated in the study. Behavioral audiograms, 226-Hz tympanograms, and word recognition scores were obtained binaurally from all subjects. Both groups were administered the frequency-pattern test (FPT) and duration-pattern test ( @entity12952 ) monaurally (30 items per ear) in both the left and right ear. Gap detection results were obtained in both groups (binaural presentation) using narrowband noise centered at 1 kHz in an adaptive two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) paradigm. The FPT, @entity12952 , and gap detection results were analyzed for interaural (where applicable), intergroup, and intragroup differences. Correlations between performance on the auditory tasks and the standardized tests of reading were examined. Additive logistic regression models were fit to the data to determine which auditory tests proved to be the best predictors of group membership. RESULTS: The @entity1 with @entity245 as a group performed significantly poorer than controls on both the FPT and @entity12952 . Furthermore, the group differences were significant in both monaural conditions. On the FPT and @entity12952 , five of the eleven @entity1 with @entity5545 performed below the widely used clinical criterion for @entity1650 of 70% correct in either ear. All five of these @entity1 performed below criterion on the FPT, whereas four of the five additionally performed below 70% on the @entity12952 . The data also were analyzed by fitting a series of stepwise logistic regression models, which indicated that gap detection did not significantly predict group membership, whereas the FPT and @entity12952 were significant predictors. The addition of the FPT score after the @entity12952 did not result in a significant change in the residual deviance. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the @entity1 with @entity245 showed clinically significant diminished performance on the FPT and @entity12952 indicative of @entity1650 . These results indicate that the percentage of @entity1 with @entity245 and comorbid @entity1650 may be substantial enough to warrant serious clinical considerations.

title: @entity1650 in XXXX .

answer: @entity245 :: (MESH:D002658,Disease) :: ['developmental dyslexia']


abstract: The value of surgical resection for @entity1 with @entity1689 has been debated on account of persistent symptoms and the morbidity of the operative procedure, both immediate and delayed. This paper explores the consequence of pancreatoduodenectomy in 175 @entity1 with @entity1689 who were operated on between 1976 and 1997. All @entity1 were carefully selected after varying periods of conservative management. The operation was a classical Kausch-Whipple resection in 98 @entity1 and a pylorus-preserving procedure in 67. There were four postoperative @entity204 (days 7, 10, 35, and 70), and only two reoperations were performed. The median number of postoperative events was one, with delayed @entity356 being the most common (31 @entity1 ). The median length of in-hospital stay was 20 days (range: 8-215 days), but no @entity1 was discharged until medical and social disabilities were resolved. There were seven late @entity204 , most of them linked to cigarette smoking and @entity167 consumption; 75% of @entity1 had a good clinical outcome, but 18 @entity1 required further pancreatic surgery at a mean of 12 months, either a pancreatojejunostomy or a completion pancreatectomy. @entity6 occurred in 40% of @entity1 by 5 years, and most, at some stage of their postoperative period, required pancreatic enzyme supplementation. It is suggested that resection of the pancreas provides a reasonable life-style in 75% of @entity1 , but the outcome depends in large part on the predisposing disease.

title: Pancreatoduodenectomy in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1689 :: ('MESH:D050500', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric emptying']

answer: @entity1689 :: (MESH:D050500,Disease) :: ['chronic pancreatitis']


abstract: @entity143 receptor (NMDAR) activation requires concurrent membrane depolarization, and glutamatergic synapses lacking @entity140 receptors (AMPARs) are often considered "silent" in the absence of another source of membrane depolarization. During the second postnatal week, @entity143 currents can be enhanced in @entity35 auditory cortex through activation of the alpha7 nicotinic @entity934 receptor (alpha7nAChR). Electrophysiological results support a mainly presynaptic role for alpha7nAChR at these synapses. However, immunocytochemical evidence that alpha7nAChR is prevalent at postsynaptic sites of glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and neocortex, along with emerging electrophysiological evidence for postsynaptic nicotinic currents in neocortex and hippocampus, has prompted speculation that alpha7nAChR allows for activation of NMDAR postsynaptically at synapses lacking AMPAR. Here we used dual immunolabeling and electron microscopy to examine the distribution of alpha7nAChR relative to AMPAR ( @entity4860 , @entity139 , and @entity18858 subunits combined) at excitatory synapses in somatosensory cortex of adult and 1-week-old @entity35 . alpha7nAChR occurred discretely over most of the thick postsynaptic densities in all cortical layers of both age groups. AMPAR immunoreactivity was also detectable at most synapses; its distribution was independent of that of alpha7nAChR. In both age groups, approximately one-quarter of asymmetrical synapses were alpha7nAChR positive and AMPAR negative. The variability of postsynaptic alpha7nAChR labeling density was greater at @entity227 ( @entity227 ) 7 than in adulthood, and @entity227 7 neuropil contained a subset of small @entity140 receptor-negative synapses with a high density of alpha7nAChR immunoreactivity. These observations support the idea that @entity934 receptors can aid in activating glutamatergic synapses and work together with @entity140 receptors to mediate postsynaptic excitation throughout life.

title: Alpha7 nicotinic XXXX receptors occur at postsynaptic densities of @entity140 receptor-positive and -negative excitatory synapses in @entity35 sensory cortex.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['postnatal day', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: @entity143 receptor (NMDAR) activation requires concurrent membrane depolarization, and glutamatergic synapses lacking @entity140 receptors (AMPARs) are often considered "silent" in the absence of another source of membrane depolarization. During the second postnatal week, @entity143 currents can be enhanced in @entity35 auditory cortex through activation of the alpha7 nicotinic @entity934 receptor (alpha7nAChR). Electrophysiological results support a mainly presynaptic role for alpha7nAChR at these synapses. However, immunocytochemical evidence that alpha7nAChR is prevalent at postsynaptic sites of glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and neocortex, along with emerging electrophysiological evidence for postsynaptic nicotinic currents in neocortex and hippocampus, has prompted speculation that alpha7nAChR allows for activation of NMDAR postsynaptically at synapses lacking AMPAR. Here we used dual immunolabeling and electron microscopy to examine the distribution of alpha7nAChR relative to AMPAR ( @entity4860 , @entity139 , and @entity18858 subunits combined) at excitatory synapses in somatosensory cortex of adult and 1-week-old @entity35 . alpha7nAChR occurred discretely over most of the thick postsynaptic densities in all cortical layers of both age groups. AMPAR immunoreactivity was also detectable at most synapses; its distribution was independent of that of alpha7nAChR. In both age groups, approximately one-quarter of asymmetrical synapses were alpha7nAChR positive and AMPAR negative. The variability of postsynaptic alpha7nAChR labeling density was greater at @entity227 ( @entity227 ) 7 than in adulthood, and @entity227 7 neuropil contained a subset of small @entity140 receptor-negative synapses with a high density of alpha7nAChR immunoreactivity. These observations support the idea that @entity934 receptors can aid in activating glutamatergic synapses and work together with @entity140 receptors to mediate postsynaptic excitation throughout life.

title: Alpha7 nicotinic @entity934 receptors occur at postsynaptic densities of XXXX receptor-positive and -negative excitatory synapses in @entity35 sensory cortex.

answer: @entity140 :: (MESH:D018350,Chemical) :: ['AMPA']


abstract: @entity143 receptor (NMDAR) activation requires concurrent membrane depolarization, and glutamatergic synapses lacking @entity140 receptors (AMPARs) are often considered "silent" in the absence of another source of membrane depolarization. During the second postnatal week, @entity143 currents can be enhanced in @entity35 auditory cortex through activation of the alpha7 nicotinic @entity934 receptor (alpha7nAChR). Electrophysiological results support a mainly presynaptic role for alpha7nAChR at these synapses. However, immunocytochemical evidence that alpha7nAChR is prevalent at postsynaptic sites of glutamatergic synapses in hippocampus and neocortex, along with emerging electrophysiological evidence for postsynaptic nicotinic currents in neocortex and hippocampus, has prompted speculation that alpha7nAChR allows for activation of NMDAR postsynaptically at synapses lacking AMPAR. Here we used dual immunolabeling and electron microscopy to examine the distribution of alpha7nAChR relative to AMPAR ( @entity4860 , @entity139 , and @entity18858 subunits combined) at excitatory synapses in somatosensory cortex of adult and 1-week-old @entity35 . alpha7nAChR occurred discretely over most of the thick postsynaptic densities in all cortical layers of both age groups. AMPAR immunoreactivity was also detectable at most synapses; its distribution was independent of that of alpha7nAChR. In both age groups, approximately one-quarter of asymmetrical synapses were alpha7nAChR positive and AMPAR negative. The variability of postsynaptic alpha7nAChR labeling density was greater at @entity227 ( @entity227 ) 7 than in adulthood, and @entity227 7 neuropil contained a subset of small @entity140 receptor-negative synapses with a high density of alpha7nAChR immunoreactivity. These observations support the idea that @entity934 receptors can aid in activating glutamatergic synapses and work together with @entity140 receptors to mediate postsynaptic excitation throughout life.

title: Alpha7 nicotinic @entity934 receptors occur at postsynaptic densities of @entity140 receptor-positive and -negative excitatory synapses in XXXX sensory cortex.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Somatotropic effects are described in the skin. Indeed, @entity2012 is in part clinically recognized by cutaneous coarsening. The actual changes in tensile properties associated with the cutaneous manifestations are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To study the relationships between the skin tensile properties and the severity of @entity2012 as assessed by serum levels of @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) and @entity442 ( @entity442 ). @entity1 AND METHOD: Assessments were made in 13 @entity1 with @entity2012 treated by @entity1943 agonists combined or not with surgery. A total of 39 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Skin tensile properties were measured on the forearm and nape of the neck using a computerized suction device. RESULTS: Significant differences were yielded between the skin tensile properties in @entity1 and normal subjects. The highest @entity442 values in the @entity1 ' medical records were positively correlated with both skin distensibility and biologic elasticity. The most recent @entity442 serum levels were negatively correlated with the visco-elastic ratio. No correlations were yielded between any of the biomechanical parameters and @entity2124 levels, disease duration and treatment dosages, respectively. CONCLUSION: The skin in @entity2012 appears to be functionally more redundant and elastic than normal skin. The biomechanical changes appear quite different from those observed in other diseases with collagen deposition such as @entity6 and @entity2631 .

title: Skin tensile properties in @entity1 treated for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor 1', 'IGF-1']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Somatotropic effects are described in the skin. Indeed, @entity2012 is in part clinically recognized by cutaneous coarsening. The actual changes in tensile properties associated with the cutaneous manifestations are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To study the relationships between the skin tensile properties and the severity of @entity2012 as assessed by serum levels of @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) and @entity442 ( @entity442 ). @entity1 AND METHOD: Assessments were made in 13 @entity1 with @entity2012 treated by @entity1943 agonists combined or not with surgery. A total of 39 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Skin tensile properties were measured on the forearm and nape of the neck using a computerized suction device. RESULTS: Significant differences were yielded between the skin tensile properties in @entity1 and normal subjects. The highest @entity442 values in the @entity1 ' medical records were positively correlated with both skin distensibility and biologic elasticity. The most recent @entity442 serum levels were negatively correlated with the visco-elastic ratio. No correlations were yielded between any of the biomechanical parameters and @entity2124 levels, disease duration and treatment dosages, respectively. CONCLUSION: The skin in @entity2012 appears to be functionally more redundant and elastic than normal skin. The biomechanical changes appear quite different from those observed in other diseases with collagen deposition such as @entity6 and @entity2631 .

title: Skin tensile properties in XXXX treated for @entity2012 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The lack of data regarding health habits of medical students in Greece prompted a cross-sectional study to assess @entity286 use, @entity167 consumption and serum lipoprotein levels among students in the University of Crete School of Medicine. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire on smoking and @entity167 consumption was distributed to third-year medical students for twelve consecutive years (1989-2000). A total of 849 students (462 males, 387 females) participated in the survey. Biochemical measurements were taken and multi-variant analysis of the data was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking among males and females was 33.2% (N = 150) and 28.4% (N = 108), respectively (mean cigarette consumption 13/day). As many as 349 males (77.2%) and 220 females (58.0%) reported consuming @entity167 on a regular basis. The prevalence of low HDL- @entity165 (< 0.9 mmol/l) was 14.5% in males and 5.1% in females, and of high LDL- @entity165 levels (> 4.1 mmol/l) in 11.1% of male and 5.5% of female @entity1 . Smoking was related to higher @entity412 (p = 0.032), and lower HDL- @entity165 (p = 0.037) serum levels. Total @entity165 , LDL- @entity165 , and the TC/HDL- @entity165 ratio were strongly related with the level of smoking (p = 0.006, p = 0.008, and p = 0.006 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results document a high prevalence of smoking among physicians-to-be in Greece. @entity286 use was strongly associated with a lipid profile predisposing to increased risk for @entity65 . Health promotion programmes should therefore be instituted not only during the first years of medical studies, but rather at a much earlier stage in life.

title: Cigarette smoking, XXXX consumption, and serum lipid profile among medical students in Greece.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: This study was performed to evaluate the healing process of vascularized cartilage tubes after reconstruction of circumferential @entity8276 in @entity95 . Vascularized cartilage was obtained by applying ear cartilage to a vascularized fascia flap in the lateral thoracic area in 10 animals. Five animals (control group) were used to evaluate the viability of the vascularized cartilage after 2 weeks. Circumferential @entity8276 were reconstructed in 5 animals by means of tubes of vascularized cartilage with preservation of the established blood supply around the grafts. The experimental animals were followed until signs of @entity1353 became apparent. After follow-up and euthanasia, cartilage viability and regeneration of respiratory epithelium were evaluated. A viable plate of cartilage that was intensely attached to the vascularized fascia flap was found in the control animals. The animals from the experimental group showed @entity1353 after a mean follow-up period of 22.6 days because of cartilage @entity39 with loss of airway support. Cartilage graft revascularization and remucosalization were limited to 18.1% of the initial surface area of the cartilage tube. Mucosal coverage was seen at the anastomoses, whereas the middle part of the cartilage tube underwent @entity39 . We conclude that tubes of autologous cartilage show problematic healing when placed inside the airway. Migration of vascularized connective tissue, migration of respiratory epithelium, and preservation of the viability of the cartilaginous graft were limited to a short segment at the anastomotic sites.

title: Tubes of vascularized cartilage used for replacement of XXXX cervical trachea.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity8276 :: ('MESH:D014133', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal defects']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Angiogenic factors, including @entity25452 ( @entity25452 ), are expressed during follicular development. Our objective was to investigate the role of @entity25452 in the early follicular phase to test whether early cyclic follicle development and selection are angiogenesis-dependent processes. After documentation of two normal ovulatory cycles, female @entity2608 (n = 6) received five iv injections of anti- @entity25452 receptor 2 (anti- @entity25452 -R2) antibody at 3-d intervals starting on cycle d 2-4. To evaluate nonspecific effects of the treatment antibody, all monkeys also received iv injections of nonspecific humanized mouse IgG, using an identical regimen. Daily measurements of FSH, LH, @entity53 , and @entity1420 were obtained, throughout the entire period, to monitor cyclicity. Administration of anti- @entity25452 -R2 antibody resulted in a significant decline in mean inhibin B levels [control, 181.0 +/- 29.6 (mean +/- SE); treatment d 2, 44.5 +/- 13.1 pg/ml; P < 0.05]. No decrease was observed after IgG treatment. Anti- @entity25452 -R2 antibody treatment also delayed the first significant increase in @entity53 and lengthened the follicular phase from 10-12 d in the preceding two control cycles to 20-42 d in treatment cycles. FSH and LH concentrations increased significantly, within 24 h after anti- @entity25452 -R2 antibody treatment, to levels 2-2.5 times over controls. Our results demonstrate that anti- @entity25452 -R2 antibody therapy in the early follicular phase interferes with the normal development of the cohort of recruited antral follicles. The data clearly indicate that the recruitment-selection process of follicles in the early follicular phase in the nonhuman primate is controlled by @entity25452 , through the @entity25452 -R2.

title: Administration of antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antibody in the early follicular phase delays follicular selection and development in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity25452 :: ('574209(Tax:9544)', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'vascular endothelial growth factor']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkey']


abstract: An unusual presentation of secondary malignant @entity82 of the femur in a @entity1 with diaphyseal medullary stenosis is described. The @entity1 , a 42-year-old @entity1 , presented with a painful lump in the right knee. A radiograph of the right femur showed @entity2835 . Characteristic features of @entity49517 in the metaphysis and medullary stenosis in the diaphysis were observed in radiographs of the long tubular bones. A radiograph of the pelvis showed bilateral acetabular bone scleroses. After chemotherapy, surgical resection was done. On light microscopic examination, the @entity5 had features characteristic of malignant @entity82 . Specimens from the diaphyseal medullary stenosis from the femur and tibia showed typical features of @entity1188 . Radiographs of other members of the @entity1 's family showed similar features of linear striation, cortical bone thickening, and @entity7195 , including wavy, open growth plate of the iliac crest. The @entity1 's aunt had died of a @entity79 in the shoulder region. It is important to recognize this extremely rare clinicopathologic type of diaphyseal medullary stenosis that frequently is associated with secondary high-grade @entity242 .

title: Malignant XXXX associated with diaphyseal medullary stenosis.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['lytic destruction']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous histiocytoma']

entities_list: @entity7195 :: ('OMIM:142700', 'Disease') :: ['acetabular sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity49517 :: ('MESH:C536053', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal linear striations']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['bone infarction']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrous histiocytoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Torsion of the @entity1062 is a urologic emergency that requires early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment for testicular survival. However, the early differential diagnosis of acute @entity4115 from @entity3892 or @entity11570 is often difficult. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate and compare the value of Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute @entity4115 and inflammatory @entity10523 . METHODS: Twenty @entity1 (age range, 5 to 38 years) with possible acute @entity4115 from July 2000 to July 2001 were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonography was performed in all @entity1 in the emergency room. Within 3 hours of ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging was also performed after intravenous injection of 5 to 15 mCi Tc-99m pertechnetate in the forearms. All of the @entity1 with clinically suspected acute @entity4115 underwent surgery. The surgical findings and pathologic reports of these @entity1 were reviewed and definite diagnoses were established. None of the other @entity1 had surgery and were followed clinically for at least 1 month after ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging. RESULTS: Four @entity1 with @entity4115 , 13 @entity1 with inflammatory @entity10523 , and three healthy @entity1 had a final surgical and pathologic diagnosis or clinical follow-up, and all were accurately diagnosed by Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging. In contrast, ultrasonography was less accurate in the diagnosis and differentiation of acute @entity4115 from @entity32 . Only 1 of 4 @entity1 with @entity4115 , 5 of 13 @entity1 with inflammatory @entity10523 , and 2 of 3 healthy @entity1 were diagnosed by ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging is a more useful and accurate imaging method than ultrasonography in the detection and differentiation of acute @entity4115 from inflammatory @entity10523 in @entity1 with @entity12761 .

title: Comparison of radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute XXXX and inflammatory @entity10523 .

entities_list: @entity10523 :: ('MESH:D013733', 'Disease') :: ['testicular disease', 'testicular diseases']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4115 :: ('MESH:D013086', 'Disease') :: ['testicular torsion']

entities_list: @entity3892 :: ('MESH:D004823', 'Disease') :: ['epididymitis']

entities_list: @entity12761 :: ('MESH:D059787', 'Disease') :: ['acute scrotal pain']

answer: @entity4115 :: (MESH:D013086,Disease) :: ['testicular torsion']


abstract: PURPOSE: Torsion of the @entity1062 is a urologic emergency that requires early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment for testicular survival. However, the early differential diagnosis of acute @entity4115 from @entity3892 or @entity11570 is often difficult. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate and compare the value of Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute @entity4115 and inflammatory @entity10523 . METHODS: Twenty @entity1 (age range, 5 to 38 years) with possible acute @entity4115 from July 2000 to July 2001 were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonography was performed in all @entity1 in the emergency room. Within 3 hours of ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging was also performed after intravenous injection of 5 to 15 mCi Tc-99m pertechnetate in the forearms. All of the @entity1 with clinically suspected acute @entity4115 underwent surgery. The surgical findings and pathologic reports of these @entity1 were reviewed and definite diagnoses were established. None of the other @entity1 had surgery and were followed clinically for at least 1 month after ultrasonography and radionuclide imaging. RESULTS: Four @entity1 with @entity4115 , 13 @entity1 with inflammatory @entity10523 , and three healthy @entity1 had a final surgical and pathologic diagnosis or clinical follow-up, and all were accurately diagnosed by Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging. In contrast, ultrasonography was less accurate in the diagnosis and differentiation of acute @entity4115 from @entity32 . Only 1 of 4 @entity1 with @entity4115 , 5 of 13 @entity1 with inflammatory @entity10523 , and 2 of 3 healthy @entity1 were diagnosed by ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that Tc-99m pertechnetate radionuclide imaging is a more useful and accurate imaging method than ultrasonography in the detection and differentiation of acute @entity4115 from inflammatory @entity10523 in @entity1 with @entity12761 .

title: Comparison of radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute @entity4115 and inflammatory XXXX .

answer: @entity10523 :: (MESH:D013733,Disease) :: ['testicular disease']


abstract: @entity15340 @entity7748 has become in a very short time, a major new tool to explore muscle metabolism for clinical diagnostic purposes, while offering a unique non-invasive way to conduct advanced basic research in muscle physiopathology. The comparative analysis of normal and diseased muscle remains a major requirement to further define metabolic events surrounding muscle contraction and the metabolic anomalies underlying pathologies. Also, standardized rest-exercise-recovery protocols for exploration of muscle metabolism by @entity15340 @entity7748 in healthy volunteers as well as in @entity1 with intolerance to exercise need to be developed. Our protocol is based on a short term intense exercise which is very informative and well accepted by volunteers and @entity1 . Invariant metabolic parameters have been defined to characterize the normal metabolic response to the protocol. Deviations from normality can be directly interpreted in terms of specific pathologies in some favorable cases. In most cases, @entity15340 @entity7748 provides valuable information which has to be processed in conjunction with traditional invasive biochemical, electrophysiological and histoenzymological tests. For malignant and exercise @entity221 , @entity15340 @entity7748 constitutes a diagnostic tool with 100p.cent sensitivity, as compared to contracture tests on muscle biopsies. @entity15340 @entity7748 has proved particularly useful in the therapeutic follow-up of palliative therapies (coenzyme Q treatment of mitochondriopathies) and in family investigations. It is now an accepted diagnostic tool in the array of tests which are used to characterize @entity121 in clinical routine. As a research tool, it will keep bringing new information on the physiopathology of @entity121 in animal models and in @entity1 and should play a role in the metabolic characterization of gene therapy.

title: [Non invasive investigation of XXXX using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: potential in clinical applications].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle disorders', 'muscle diseases']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermias']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['muscle diseases']


abstract: The @entity375 @entity57497 gene encodes a homolog of the delta isoform of @entity1 phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Cells deleted for @entity57497 ( @entity57497 ) are viable, but display several phenotypes, including osmotic, temperature, and @entity10612 sensitivity. We have used a two-hybrid screen to identify @entity57497 -interacting proteins. One of the interacting proteins found was @entity70927 , a recently identified, essential, nuclear protein. The @entity70927 gene was originally cloned by complementation of an osmostress-sensitive mutant. The @entity57497 - @entity70927 interaction was confirmed biochemically by affinity chromatography. @entity70927 interacts genetically with both @entity57497 and @entity18385 (which encodes an osmosensing mitogen-activated protein kinase). Overexpression of @entity70927 suppresses the temperature sensitivity of cells bearing the @entity57497 -4 allele, and the double mutant strain @entity57497 Delta @entity70927 -1 displays enhanced temperature and @entity10612 sensitivity. The @entity57497 hog1Delta strain displays increased osmosensitivity, and has a synthetic defect in @entity653 synthesis and the expression of @entity27032 (which encodes the enzyme @entity7685 dehydrogenase that is involved in @entity653 biosynthesis), suggesting that @entity57497 and @entity18385 function in independent pathways. The @entity18385 Delta @entity70927 -1 double mutant displays enhanced osmosensitivity relative to that of either single mutant. The triple mutant @entity57497 hog1Delta @entity70927 -1 is inviable, while the @entity57497 hog1Delta @entity70927 -2 strain grows extremely slowly and is more osmosensitive than the @entity57497 hog1Delta or @entity18385 Delta @entity70927 -2 strain. These results are consistent with a model in which @entity57497 and @entity18385 function in parallel pathways affecting osmoregulation, and signals from both these pathways converge, at least partly, on @entity70927 .

title: Phospholipase C interacts with @entity70927 and is required for expression of XXXX and osmoresistance in @entity375 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity10612 :: ('MESH:D015739', 'Chemical') :: ['nocodazole']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity7685 :: ('MESH:C029620', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol 3-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity27032 :: (851539(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['GPD1']


abstract: The @entity375 @entity57497 gene encodes a homolog of the delta isoform of @entity1 phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Cells deleted for @entity57497 ( @entity57497 ) are viable, but display several phenotypes, including osmotic, temperature, and @entity10612 sensitivity. We have used a two-hybrid screen to identify @entity57497 -interacting proteins. One of the interacting proteins found was @entity70927 , a recently identified, essential, nuclear protein. The @entity70927 gene was originally cloned by complementation of an osmostress-sensitive mutant. The @entity57497 - @entity70927 interaction was confirmed biochemically by affinity chromatography. @entity70927 interacts genetically with both @entity57497 and @entity18385 (which encodes an osmosensing mitogen-activated protein kinase). Overexpression of @entity70927 suppresses the temperature sensitivity of cells bearing the @entity57497 -4 allele, and the double mutant strain @entity57497 Delta @entity70927 -1 displays enhanced temperature and @entity10612 sensitivity. The @entity57497 hog1Delta strain displays increased osmosensitivity, and has a synthetic defect in @entity653 synthesis and the expression of @entity27032 (which encodes the enzyme @entity7685 dehydrogenase that is involved in @entity653 biosynthesis), suggesting that @entity57497 and @entity18385 function in independent pathways. The @entity18385 Delta @entity70927 -1 double mutant displays enhanced osmosensitivity relative to that of either single mutant. The triple mutant @entity57497 hog1Delta @entity70927 -1 is inviable, while the @entity57497 hog1Delta @entity70927 -2 strain grows extremely slowly and is more osmosensitive than the @entity57497 hog1Delta or @entity18385 Delta @entity70927 -2 strain. These results are consistent with a model in which @entity57497 and @entity18385 function in parallel pathways affecting osmoregulation, and signals from both these pathways converge, at least partly, on @entity70927 .

title: Phospholipase C interacts with @entity70927 and is required for expression of @entity27032 and osmoresistance in XXXX .

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: The @entity375 @entity57497 gene encodes a homolog of the delta isoform of @entity1 phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Cells deleted for @entity57497 ( @entity57497 ) are viable, but display several phenotypes, including osmotic, temperature, and @entity10612 sensitivity. We have used a two-hybrid screen to identify @entity57497 -interacting proteins. One of the interacting proteins found was @entity70927 , a recently identified, essential, nuclear protein. The @entity70927 gene was originally cloned by complementation of an osmostress-sensitive mutant. The @entity57497 - @entity70927 interaction was confirmed biochemically by affinity chromatography. @entity70927 interacts genetically with both @entity57497 and @entity18385 (which encodes an osmosensing mitogen-activated protein kinase). Overexpression of @entity70927 suppresses the temperature sensitivity of cells bearing the @entity57497 -4 allele, and the double mutant strain @entity57497 Delta @entity70927 -1 displays enhanced temperature and @entity10612 sensitivity. The @entity57497 hog1Delta strain displays increased osmosensitivity, and has a synthetic defect in @entity653 synthesis and the expression of @entity27032 (which encodes the enzyme @entity7685 dehydrogenase that is involved in @entity653 biosynthesis), suggesting that @entity57497 and @entity18385 function in independent pathways. The @entity18385 Delta @entity70927 -1 double mutant displays enhanced osmosensitivity relative to that of either single mutant. The triple mutant @entity57497 hog1Delta @entity70927 -1 is inviable, while the @entity57497 hog1Delta @entity70927 -2 strain grows extremely slowly and is more osmosensitive than the @entity57497 hog1Delta or @entity18385 Delta @entity70927 -2 strain. These results are consistent with a model in which @entity57497 and @entity18385 function in parallel pathways affecting osmoregulation, and signals from both these pathways converge, at least partly, on @entity70927 .

title: Phospholipase C interacts with XXXX and is required for expression of @entity27032 and osmoresistance in @entity375 .

answer: @entity70927 :: (851049(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['Sgd1p']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In a randomized trial concerning radiotherapy for age-related @entity1020 , @entity941 angiograms were taken of controls and @entity1 . In this study the frequency of side effects in eyes receiving radiotherapy with the Nijmegen technique is compared with the findings in the eyes of controls. METHODS: @entity1 receiving treatment were irradiated by two isocentric photon beams in four fractions of 6 Gy that were directed to the macular area at 30 degrees and -30 degrees with regard to the @entity1781 . The most recent @entity941 angiograms of the randomized eyes (32 treated and 31 control eyes) were scored by two independent researchers, using a scoring form with nine features of @entity989 : nonperfusion, macular @entity4 , microaneurysms, @entity5861 , @entity2708 -wool spots, perifoveal @entity8721 , @entity989 , and radiation-associated @entity3193 . The results were graded as: no @entity989 (grade 0), mild @entity989 (grade 1), moderate @entity989 (grade 2), and severe @entity989 (grade 3). RESULTS: In the treated group 6 @entity1 (18.8%) were grade 1, 10 @entity1 (31.2%) were grade 2 and 7 @entity1 (21.9%) were grade 3. In the control group 9 @entity1 (29.0%) were grade 1, 11 @entity1 (35.5%)were grade 2 and 2 @entity1 (6.5%) were grade 3. There were no @entity1 with @entity2479 . CONCLUSION: With the Nijmegen technique a relatively high dose of radiation can be applied to a small retinal area. In only a minority of cases does some evidence of @entity989 occur.

title: Side effects after radiotherapy of age-related XXXX with the Nijmegen technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8721 :: ('MESH:D013684', 'Disease') :: ['telangiectasis']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optical axis']

entities_list: @entity3193 :: ('MESH:D015862', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovasculopathy']

entities_list: @entity5861 :: ('MESH:D012166', 'Disease') :: ['retinal hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['vascular sheathing, retinal neovascularization', 'retinopathy', 'radiation retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['macular degeneration']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) is the first choice antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial @entity410 . Many clinical studies show high efficacy and good tolerance of @entity2050 in the majority of @entity1 . However, poor water solubility and erratic absorption as well as autoinduction of its metabolism, cause wide and unpredictable fluctuations in @entity2050 serum concentration. In order to avoid these problems controlled-release formulations of @entity2050 (Tegretol CR 400) were developed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the therapy of partial @entity410 in adults with controlled-release @entity2050 (Tegretol CR 400). @entity1 AND METHODS: Over a three-year period we conducted an open pragmatic study of controlled-release @entity2050 in the therapy of 141 adult @entity1 with established diagnosis of localized related @entity302 . @entity1 with progressive @entity75 were excluded. All @entity1 had unacceptable @entity410 frequency and were divided into four groups: 1) 34 with newly-diagnosed @entity302 ; 2) 42 with chronic @entity302 and no previous antiepileptic medication; 3) 27 with chronic @entity302 previously treated with conventional preparations of @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ); and 4) 38 with chronic @entity302 previously treated with other antiepileptic medications. @entity1 were switched to controlled-release @entity2050 and the dosage was slowly adjusted. Baseline evaluation included the analysis of efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the controlled-release @entity2050 therapy. Three categories of efficiency were defined: 1) successful ( @entity1 without @entity410 ); 2) partially successful ( @entity1 with improvement of at least 50% in frequency and severity of @entity410 ); and 3) unsuccessful therapy (same or worse than before controlled-release @entity2050 ). Tolerance and practicity were evaluated through the analysis of side effects and frequency of daily doses, respectively. These variables were compared to the corresponding ones after a period of at least three months of full dosage controlled-release @entity2050 therapy. RESULTS: In all four groups the therapy was successful in 76%, 52%, 30% and 29%, partially successful in 18%, 43%, 30% and 32%, and unsuccessful in 6%, S%, 40% and 39%, respectfully. Side effects occurred less frequently in all 4 groups during the therapy with controlled-release @entity2050 . We found reduced frequency of drug administration (once or twice daily) in 97.9% of our @entity1 . DISCUSSION: Due to its slow and irregular absorption, short half life, wide and unpredictable fluctuation in plasma levels @entity2050 has decreased ability to control @entity410 , with the appearance of the intermittent side-effects such as @entity892 , @entity2055 , @entity10 and @entity1296 . Controlled-release formulation of @entity2050 sustains stable absorption and reduces fluctuations in @entity2049 serum concentration. Steady serum levels permit to the majority of @entity1 to tolerate a higher total daily dose by reducing peak-dependent side-effects and improve compliance as a result of less frequent daily doses (1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with partial @entity410 controlled-release vs. conventional @entity2049 had better efficiency, based on an excellent tolerance, favorable daily dosage and superior compliance.

title: [A practical study of the efficacy of a delayed-action preparation of @entity2049 ( @entity2049 CR 400) in the treatment of @entity1 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain or systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine', 'Carbamazepine']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['partial epilepsy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) is the first choice antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial @entity410 . Many clinical studies show high efficacy and good tolerance of @entity2050 in the majority of @entity1 . However, poor water solubility and erratic absorption as well as autoinduction of its metabolism, cause wide and unpredictable fluctuations in @entity2050 serum concentration. In order to avoid these problems controlled-release formulations of @entity2050 (Tegretol CR 400) were developed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the therapy of partial @entity410 in adults with controlled-release @entity2050 (Tegretol CR 400). @entity1 AND METHODS: Over a three-year period we conducted an open pragmatic study of controlled-release @entity2050 in the therapy of 141 adult @entity1 with established diagnosis of localized related @entity302 . @entity1 with progressive @entity75 were excluded. All @entity1 had unacceptable @entity410 frequency and were divided into four groups: 1) 34 with newly-diagnosed @entity302 ; 2) 42 with chronic @entity302 and no previous antiepileptic medication; 3) 27 with chronic @entity302 previously treated with conventional preparations of @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ); and 4) 38 with chronic @entity302 previously treated with other antiepileptic medications. @entity1 were switched to controlled-release @entity2050 and the dosage was slowly adjusted. Baseline evaluation included the analysis of efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the controlled-release @entity2050 therapy. Three categories of efficiency were defined: 1) successful ( @entity1 without @entity410 ); 2) partially successful ( @entity1 with improvement of at least 50% in frequency and severity of @entity410 ); and 3) unsuccessful therapy (same or worse than before controlled-release @entity2050 ). Tolerance and practicity were evaluated through the analysis of side effects and frequency of daily doses, respectively. These variables were compared to the corresponding ones after a period of at least three months of full dosage controlled-release @entity2050 therapy. RESULTS: In all four groups the therapy was successful in 76%, 52%, 30% and 29%, partially successful in 18%, 43%, 30% and 32%, and unsuccessful in 6%, S%, 40% and 39%, respectfully. Side effects occurred less frequently in all 4 groups during the therapy with controlled-release @entity2050 . We found reduced frequency of drug administration (once or twice daily) in 97.9% of our @entity1 . DISCUSSION: Due to its slow and irregular absorption, short half life, wide and unpredictable fluctuation in plasma levels @entity2050 has decreased ability to control @entity410 , with the appearance of the intermittent side-effects such as @entity892 , @entity2055 , @entity10 and @entity1296 . Controlled-release formulation of @entity2050 sustains stable absorption and reduces fluctuations in @entity2049 serum concentration. Steady serum levels permit to the majority of @entity1 to tolerate a higher total daily dose by reducing peak-dependent side-effects and improve compliance as a result of less frequent daily doses (1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with partial @entity410 controlled-release vs. conventional @entity2049 had better efficiency, based on an excellent tolerance, favorable daily dosage and superior compliance.

title: [A practical study of the efficacy of a delayed-action preparation of XXXX ( @entity2049 CR 400) in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity302 ].

answer: @entity2049 :: (MESH:D002220,Chemical) :: ['carbamazepine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) is the first choice antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial @entity410 . Many clinical studies show high efficacy and good tolerance of @entity2050 in the majority of @entity1 . However, poor water solubility and erratic absorption as well as autoinduction of its metabolism, cause wide and unpredictable fluctuations in @entity2050 serum concentration. In order to avoid these problems controlled-release formulations of @entity2050 (Tegretol CR 400) were developed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the therapy of partial @entity410 in adults with controlled-release @entity2050 (Tegretol CR 400). @entity1 AND METHODS: Over a three-year period we conducted an open pragmatic study of controlled-release @entity2050 in the therapy of 141 adult @entity1 with established diagnosis of localized related @entity302 . @entity1 with progressive @entity75 were excluded. All @entity1 had unacceptable @entity410 frequency and were divided into four groups: 1) 34 with newly-diagnosed @entity302 ; 2) 42 with chronic @entity302 and no previous antiepileptic medication; 3) 27 with chronic @entity302 previously treated with conventional preparations of @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ); and 4) 38 with chronic @entity302 previously treated with other antiepileptic medications. @entity1 were switched to controlled-release @entity2050 and the dosage was slowly adjusted. Baseline evaluation included the analysis of efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the controlled-release @entity2050 therapy. Three categories of efficiency were defined: 1) successful ( @entity1 without @entity410 ); 2) partially successful ( @entity1 with improvement of at least 50% in frequency and severity of @entity410 ); and 3) unsuccessful therapy (same or worse than before controlled-release @entity2050 ). Tolerance and practicity were evaluated through the analysis of side effects and frequency of daily doses, respectively. These variables were compared to the corresponding ones after a period of at least three months of full dosage controlled-release @entity2050 therapy. RESULTS: In all four groups the therapy was successful in 76%, 52%, 30% and 29%, partially successful in 18%, 43%, 30% and 32%, and unsuccessful in 6%, S%, 40% and 39%, respectfully. Side effects occurred less frequently in all 4 groups during the therapy with controlled-release @entity2050 . We found reduced frequency of drug administration (once or twice daily) in 97.9% of our @entity1 . DISCUSSION: Due to its slow and irregular absorption, short half life, wide and unpredictable fluctuation in plasma levels @entity2050 has decreased ability to control @entity410 , with the appearance of the intermittent side-effects such as @entity892 , @entity2055 , @entity10 and @entity1296 . Controlled-release formulation of @entity2050 sustains stable absorption and reduces fluctuations in @entity2049 serum concentration. Steady serum levels permit to the majority of @entity1 to tolerate a higher total daily dose by reducing peak-dependent side-effects and improve compliance as a result of less frequent daily doses (1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with partial @entity410 controlled-release vs. conventional @entity2049 had better efficiency, based on an excellent tolerance, favorable daily dosage and superior compliance.

title: [A practical study of the efficacy of a delayed-action preparation of @entity2049 ( XXXX CR 400) in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity302 ].

answer: @entity2049 :: (MESH:D002220,Chemical) :: ['Tegretol']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) is the first choice antiepileptic drug in the treatment of partial @entity410 . Many clinical studies show high efficacy and good tolerance of @entity2050 in the majority of @entity1 . However, poor water solubility and erratic absorption as well as autoinduction of its metabolism, cause wide and unpredictable fluctuations in @entity2050 serum concentration. In order to avoid these problems controlled-release formulations of @entity2050 (Tegretol CR 400) were developed. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the therapy of partial @entity410 in adults with controlled-release @entity2050 (Tegretol CR 400). @entity1 AND METHODS: Over a three-year period we conducted an open pragmatic study of controlled-release @entity2050 in the therapy of 141 adult @entity1 with established diagnosis of localized related @entity302 . @entity1 with progressive @entity75 were excluded. All @entity1 had unacceptable @entity410 frequency and were divided into four groups: 1) 34 with newly-diagnosed @entity302 ; 2) 42 with chronic @entity302 and no previous antiepileptic medication; 3) 27 with chronic @entity302 previously treated with conventional preparations of @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ); and 4) 38 with chronic @entity302 previously treated with other antiepileptic medications. @entity1 were switched to controlled-release @entity2050 and the dosage was slowly adjusted. Baseline evaluation included the analysis of efficacy, tolerance and practicality of the controlled-release @entity2050 therapy. Three categories of efficiency were defined: 1) successful ( @entity1 without @entity410 ); 2) partially successful ( @entity1 with improvement of at least 50% in frequency and severity of @entity410 ); and 3) unsuccessful therapy (same or worse than before controlled-release @entity2050 ). Tolerance and practicity were evaluated through the analysis of side effects and frequency of daily doses, respectively. These variables were compared to the corresponding ones after a period of at least three months of full dosage controlled-release @entity2050 therapy. RESULTS: In all four groups the therapy was successful in 76%, 52%, 30% and 29%, partially successful in 18%, 43%, 30% and 32%, and unsuccessful in 6%, S%, 40% and 39%, respectfully. Side effects occurred less frequently in all 4 groups during the therapy with controlled-release @entity2050 . We found reduced frequency of drug administration (once or twice daily) in 97.9% of our @entity1 . DISCUSSION: Due to its slow and irregular absorption, short half life, wide and unpredictable fluctuation in plasma levels @entity2050 has decreased ability to control @entity410 , with the appearance of the intermittent side-effects such as @entity892 , @entity2055 , @entity10 and @entity1296 . Controlled-release formulation of @entity2050 sustains stable absorption and reduces fluctuations in @entity2049 serum concentration. Steady serum levels permit to the majority of @entity1 to tolerate a higher total daily dose by reducing peak-dependent side-effects and improve compliance as a result of less frequent daily doses (1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with partial @entity410 controlled-release vs. conventional @entity2049 had better efficiency, based on an excellent tolerance, favorable daily dosage and superior compliance.

title: [A practical study of the efficacy of a delayed-action preparation of @entity2049 ( @entity2049 CR 400) in the treatment of XXXX with @entity302 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the amount of @entity3045 , in various particle size ranges, delivered from a @entity27395 -propelled metered-dose inhaler (Airomir) in 3 models of pediatric intubation (ages 8 months, 4 years, and 16 years) using 4 types of aerosol reservoir: 3 spacers ( @entity1289 , AeroChamber HC MV, metal NebuChamber without 1-way valve) and 1 holding chamber (metal NebuChamber with 1-way valve). METHODS: Five reservoirs of each type were tested with @entity3045 delivered via metered-dose inhaler that delivers 100 microg of @entity3045 per actuation. Each reservoir was connected to an endotracheal tube (ETT) that corresponded to the given @entity1 age (8 months = 4 French; 4 years = 5 French; 16 years = 7.5 French) and to a valved system that allowed connection of the ETT to a cascade impactor. Simulated tidal volumes representative of @entity1 of the given ages were passed through the reservoir. Both the cascade impactor and the ETT were enclosed within a 100% humidity, 37 degrees C environment. RESULTS: For the total amount of @entity3045 inhaled onto the impactor, and both the 1.1-4.7 microm and 1.1-3.3 microm inhaled fine-particle fractions, the NebuChamber-with-valve showed significantly greater drug delivery than the NebuChamber-without-valve, the AeroChamber HC MV, or the @entity1289 (p < 0.001). Among the reservoirs without valves the NebuChamber showed significantly greater delivery than the AeroChamber HC MV or @entity1289 (p < 0.001) for total drug deposition and for both the 1.1-4.7 microm and 1.1-3.3 microm fine-particle fractions. These results were consistent over all age groups. The AeroChamber HC MV had significantly greater delivery (total deposition) than the @entity1289 (p < 0.001), except in the 4-year-old model. There were no significant differences between the AeroChamber HC MV and the @entity1289 for either the 1.1-4.7 microm or the 1.1-3.3 microm fine-particle fraction. CONCLUSION: An aerosol reservoir with 1-way valve positioned between the spacer and the ETT improved the amount of inhaled @entity3045 300-900%, compared to the other reservoirs.

title: XXXX aerosol delivered via metered-dose inhaler to intubated pediatric models of 3 ages, with 4 spacer designs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['albuterol sulfate', 'albuterol']

entities_list: @entity27395 :: ('MESH:C094049', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrofluoroalkane']

answer: @entity3045 :: (MESH:D000420,Chemical) :: ['Albuterol']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To measure @entity2858 discordance among migrant and non-migrant @entity1 and their rural partners, and to estimate the relative risk of @entity281 from inside versus outside primary relationships. DESIGN: A cross-sectional behavioural and @entity2858 seroprevalence survey among 168 couples in which the male partner either a migrant, or not. METHODS: A detailed questionnaire was administered and blood was collected for laboratory analysis. A mathematical model was developed to estimate the relative risk of @entity281 from inside versus from outside regular relationships. RESULTS: A total of 70% (117 of 168) of couples were negatively concordant for @entity645 , 9% (16 of 168) were positively concordant and 21% (35 of 168) were discordant. Migrant couples were more likely than non-migrant couples to have one or both partners infected [35 versus 19%; P = 0.026; odds ratio (OR) = 2.28] and to be @entity2858 discordant (27 versus 15%; P = 0.066; OR = 2.06). In 71.4% of discordant couples, the male was the infected partner; this did not differ by migration status. In the mathematical model, migrant @entity1 were 26 times more likely to be infected from outside their regular relationships than from inside [relative risk (RR) = 26.3; P = 0.000]; non-migrant @entity1 were 10 times more likely to be infected from outside their regular relationships than inside (RR = 10.5; P = 0.00003). CONCLUSIONS: Migration continues to play an important role in the spread of @entity2858 in South Africa. The direction of spread of the epidemic is not only from returning migrant @entity1 to their rural partners, but also from @entity1 to their migrant partners. Prevention efforts will need to target both migrant @entity1 and @entity1 who remain at home.

title: Who infects whom? XXXX concordance and discordance among migrant and non-migrant couples in South Africa.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity2858 :: (11676,Species) :: ['HIV-1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Secondary infection of the inflamed pancreas is the principal cause of @entity204 after severe acute @entity788 (AP). Although @entity1 are not always managed early in the course of AP in clinical practice, prophylactic antibiotics that were used in experimental studies in @entity35 were always initiated early after induction of @entity788 . The effectiveness of antibiotics initiated later is unknown. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of @entity2177 and @entity2889 initiated early versus later in the course of @entity656 ( @entity656 ) in @entity35 . METHODS: 100 @entity35 were studied. @entity656 was induced in @entity35 by intraductal injection of 3% @entity7362 . @entity35 were divided randomly into five groups: group I @entity35 received normal saline as a placebo, group II and IV @entity35 received three times daily @entity2889 60 mg/kg i.p. at 2 and 24 h, respectively and group III and V @entity35 received twice daily @entity2177 50 mg/kg i.p. at 2 and 24 h, respectively, after induction. At 96 h, all @entity35 were killed for quantitative bacteriologic study. A point-scoring system of histological features was used to evaluate the severity of @entity788 . RESULTS: @entity2889 and @entity2177 initiated 2 h after induction of @entity788 significantly reduced the prevalence of @entity788 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.04, respectively) as compared to controls. Neither of the antibiotics initiated later during the course of AP caused a significant decrease in @entity788 in @entity35 (p > 0.05). Although the @entity35 treated early infected less frequently than the @entity35 treated later, the comparison reached statistical significance only in the @entity2889 group (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: Early antibiotic treatment reduces @entity788 more efficiently than late antibiotic treatment in @entity656 in @entity35 .

title: Is late antibiotic prophylaxis effective in the prevention of secondary XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'pancreatic infection']

entities_list: @entity7362 :: ('MESH:D013656', 'Chemical') :: ['taurocholate']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['ANP', 'acute necrotizing pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2889 :: ('MESH:C059500', 'Chemical') :: ['meropenem', 'Meropenem']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic infection']


abstract: PURPOSE: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the standard treatment for symptomatic @entity2963 . The perforation of @entity1085 , bile and stone spillage, @entity130 to bile duct are the most common complications of LC. This study was carried out to assess the outcome of @entity1085 ( @entity1085 ) during LC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1991 and 2001, intraoperative @entity1085 occurred in 48 @entity1 during LC among 336 @entity1 who were operated on for acute @entity2679 in 14, and for chronic @entity2679 in 322. RESULTS: Perforation was observed in 48 @entity1 (14%). Perforation occurred during traction and grasping in 36 @entity1 (75%), dissection of @entity1085 in 8 @entity1 (16%), and @entity1085 in 4 @entity1 (8%). @entity1157 occurred in 40 @entity1 (83%) while bile and stone spillage was present in 8 @entity1 (16%). During the follow-up period, a @entity1 was diagnosed with a @entity733 on the 15th postoperative day and percutaneous drainage was performed. CONCLUSIONS: During LC careful attention must be taken in order to prevent perforation, and the procedure must be performed by experienced surgeons with adequate instrumentations. If perforation occurs, extensive prompt retrieval of the bile and stone spillage must be done along with abundant irrigation. In case of inadequate @entity1173 and irrigation, the @entity1 must be closely followed.

title: The outcome of XXXX during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder perforation', 'GBP', 'removal of the gallbladder', 'gallbladder']

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['Bile spillage']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['subhepatic abscess']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity1085 :: (MESH:D005705,Disease) :: ['gallbladder perforation']


abstract: Identifying the cause of @entity158 can be difficult because of the extensive differential diagnosis. A thorough history and a complete physical examination are essential. Six clinical factors are helpful in narrowing the possible causes: disease chronology, @entity32 , distribution, extra-articular manifestations, disease course, and @entity1 demographics. @entity1 with an @entity625 are more likely to have palpable @entity603 and morning stiffness; if the condition is severe, they may have @entity221 , @entity353 , and @entity1295 . @entity1800 , crystal-induced @entity625 , and serum sickness reactions are common causes of acute, self-limited @entity625 . Because chronic arthritides may present abruptly, they need to be considered in @entity1 who present with acute @entity158 . Joint palpation can help to distinguish inflammatory @entity603 from the bony @entity1184 and crepitus that typically occur with @entity571 . Extra-articular manifestations of @entity66 may be helpful in arriving at a more specific diagnosis. Many classic rheumatologic laboratory tests are nonspecific. A complete blood count, urinalysis, and a metabolic panel may provide more useful diagnostic clues. Plain-film radiographs may demonstrate classic findings of specific @entity66 ; however, radiographs can be normal or only show nonspecific changes early in the disease process.

title: Diagnostic approach to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory arthritis', 'arthritis', 'polyarthritis']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatologic disease', 'rheumatologic diseases']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['Viral infections']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['polyarticular joint pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['polyarticular joint pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Using data from @entity1 who developed elevations in serum @entity1011 concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion @entity2934 , we sought to determine the correlations between the magnitude of serum @entity1011 concentration rise and each of the following variables: serum @entity2771 level, cumulative @entity2934 dose, and duration of @entity2934 administration. An additional objective was to identify clinical markers for @entity2771 @entity137 . DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Medical-surgical intensive care unit and burn unit at a university hospital. @entity1 : Eight @entity1 who developed elevations in serum @entity1011 concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion @entity2934 (range 2-28 mg/hr). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean cumulative dose of @entity2934 was 4305 mg (range 1200-10,920 mg), and the mean @entity2771 level determined at the time of peak serum @entity1011 concentration was 1103 microg/ml (range 186-3450 microg/ml). Serum @entity1011 concentrations increased in all eight @entity1 during @entity2934 infusion and decreased in seven within 3 days after stopping infusion. A weak-to-moderate correlation existed between the magnitude of the rise in serum @entity1011 concentration and @entity2771 level (r=0.53). A weak-to-moderate correlation also was identified between cumulative @entity2934 dose and magnitude of serum @entity1011 concentration rise (r=0.43), and a strong-to-moderate correlation was found between duration of @entity2934 infusion and magnitude of serum @entity1011 concentration rise (r=0.60). @entity2771 levels were strongly correlated with both serum osmolality and osmol gap. CONCLUSION: The patients' increased serum @entity1011 concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to @entity2771 as a result of @entity2934 infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for @entity2771 @entity137 .

title: XXXX -associated renal toxicity from @entity2934 infusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2771 :: ('MESH:D019946', 'Chemical') :: ['propylene glycol', 'Propylene glycol']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity2934 :: ('MESH:D008140', 'Chemical') :: ['lorazepam']

answer: @entity2771 :: (MESH:D019946,Chemical) :: ['Propylene glycol']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Using data from @entity1 who developed elevations in serum @entity1011 concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion @entity2934 , we sought to determine the correlations between the magnitude of serum @entity1011 concentration rise and each of the following variables: serum @entity2771 level, cumulative @entity2934 dose, and duration of @entity2934 administration. An additional objective was to identify clinical markers for @entity2771 @entity137 . DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Medical-surgical intensive care unit and burn unit at a university hospital. @entity1 : Eight @entity1 who developed elevations in serum @entity1011 concentrations while receiving continuous-infusion @entity2934 (range 2-28 mg/hr). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean cumulative dose of @entity2934 was 4305 mg (range 1200-10,920 mg), and the mean @entity2771 level determined at the time of peak serum @entity1011 concentration was 1103 microg/ml (range 186-3450 microg/ml). Serum @entity1011 concentrations increased in all eight @entity1 during @entity2934 infusion and decreased in seven within 3 days after stopping infusion. A weak-to-moderate correlation existed between the magnitude of the rise in serum @entity1011 concentration and @entity2771 level (r=0.53). A weak-to-moderate correlation also was identified between cumulative @entity2934 dose and magnitude of serum @entity1011 concentration rise (r=0.43), and a strong-to-moderate correlation was found between duration of @entity2934 infusion and magnitude of serum @entity1011 concentration rise (r=0.60). @entity2771 levels were strongly correlated with both serum osmolality and osmol gap. CONCLUSION: The patients' increased serum @entity1011 concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to @entity2771 as a result of @entity2934 infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for @entity2771 @entity137 .

title: @entity2771 -associated renal toxicity from XXXX infusion.

answer: @entity2934 :: (MESH:D008140,Chemical) :: ['lorazepam']