abstract: CONTEXT: Blood pressure control (<140/90 mm Hg) rates for @entity101 fall far short of the US national goal of 50% or more. Achievable control rates in varied practice settings and geographic regions and factors that predict improved blood pressure control are not well identified. OBJECTIVE: To determine the success and predictors of blood pressure control in a large @entity101 trial involving a multiethnic population in diverse practice settings. DESIGN: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent @entity299 Trial is a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial with a mean follow-up of 4.9 years. @entity1 enrollment began in February 1994 and follow-up was completed in March 2002. SETTING: A total of 623 centers in the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean. @entity1 : A total of 33,357 @entity1 (aged > or =55 years) with @entity101 and at least one other @entity301 risk factor. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive (double-blind) @entity9804 , 12.5-25 mg/d (n=15,255), @entity3591 2.5-10 mg/d (n=9048), or @entity3593 10-40 mg/d (n=9054) after other medication was discontinued. Doses were increased within these ranges and additional drugs from other classes were added as needed to achieve blood pressure control (<140/90 mm Hg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures for this report are systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the proportion of @entity1 achieving blood pressure control (<140/90 mm Hg), and the number of drugs required to achieve control in all three groups combined. RESULTS: Mean age was 67 years, 47% were @entity1 , 35% black, 36% @entity6 ; 90% were on antihypertensive drug treatment at entry. At the first of two pre-randomization visits, blood pressure was <140/90 mm Hg in only 27.4% of @entity1 . After 5 years of follow-up, the percent controlled improved to 66%. Systolic blood pressure was <140 mm Hg in 67% of @entity1 , diastolic blood pressure was <90 mm Hg in 92%, the mean number of drugs prescribed was 2.0+/-1.0, and the percent on > or =2 drugs was 63%. Blood pressure control varied by geographic regions, practice settings, and demographic and clinical characteristics of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that blood pressure may be controlled in two thirds of a multiethnic @entity101 population in diverse practice settings. Systolic blood pressure is more difficult to control than diastolic blood pressure, and at least two antihypertensive medications are required for most @entity1 to achieve blood pressure control. It is likely that the majority of @entity1 with @entity101 could achieve a blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg with the antihypertensive medications available today.

title: Success and predictors of blood pressure control in diverse North American settings: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent XXXX trial (ALLHAT).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'people', 'Participant', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['lisinopril']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Heart Attack']

entities_list: @entity9804 :: ('MESH:D002752', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorthalidone']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['heart attack']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Molecular analysis of surgical margins is playing an increasingly important role in establishing surgical margins. Most markers lack the sensitivity and ease of applicability for effective clinical use. To date, the proto-oncogene eIF4E (4E) is elevated in 100% of @entity213 and is of prognostic value in predicting recurrence. In a retrospective study, 4E overexpression in the margins appeared to be a more sensitive predictor of recurrence when compared with @entity876 . The goal was to confirm this finding in a prospective study and also to compare the expression of @entity1495 ( @entity1495 ) to 4E expression in @entity5 and margins. Other objectives were to determine which of these markers have prognostic significance in predicting recurrence and elucidate whether there is any additional benefit to analysis of surgical margins with a combination of the three molecular markers. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study was performed on all @entity1 who consecutively underwent primary surgical resection between 1998 and 1999 for @entity213 . @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics were reviewed, and time to recurrence was noted. METHODS: @entity982 -embedded sections of @entity5 and all histologically @entity5 -free margins were analyzed for the presence or absence of 4E, @entity876 , and @entity1495 with immunohistochemical analysis. @entity1 were followed according to the institution's @entity135 protocol, and time to recurrence was noted. RESULTS: Ninety-eight percent of @entity5 overexpressed 4E, 65% overexpressed @entity876 , and 92% overexpressed @entity1495 . Of the 52 @entity1 with @entity5 -free margins, 52%, 46%, and 54% had positive margins for 4E, @entity876 , and @entity1495 , respectively. Although no significant correlation between 4E and @entity876 expression was seen in the margins (P =.16), a significant correlation between 4E and @entity1495 expression was noted (P =.0002). However, when expression of 4E and @entity876 in the margins of only the @entity1 who overexpressed @entity876 in the @entity5 was compared (n = 34), there was a significant correlation (P =.04). There was also a significant difference in the disease-free interval between @entity1 with 4E-positive and 4E-negative margins (P =.003). This difference in time to recurrence was not significant for the @entity876 -positive versus the @entity876 -negative group (P =.18) but approached significance when @entity1495 was used as a marker (P =.07). Although the univariate analysis showed that stage, nodal disease, grade, and 4E expression in the margins were significantly associated with disease-free interval, in the Cox multiple regression analysis, only 4E expression in the margin was significantly associated with disease-free interval (P =.01). CONCLUSIONS: The era for molecular analysis of surgical margins is here. Although a significant correlation was seen between 4E and @entity1495 , overexpression of 4E appears to be a significant predictor of recurrence when compared with the well-studied @entity5 suppressor gene @entity876 and a relatively novel marker, @entity1495 .

title: Molecular analysis of surgical margins in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['Paraffin']

entities_list: @entity1495 :: ('4318', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-9', 'matrix metalloproteinase-9']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumors', 'head and neck squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity213 :: (MESH:C535575,Disease) :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Molecular analysis of surgical margins is playing an increasingly important role in establishing surgical margins. Most markers lack the sensitivity and ease of applicability for effective clinical use. To date, the proto-oncogene eIF4E (4E) is elevated in 100% of @entity213 and is of prognostic value in predicting recurrence. In a retrospective study, 4E overexpression in the margins appeared to be a more sensitive predictor of recurrence when compared with @entity876 . The goal was to confirm this finding in a prospective study and also to compare the expression of @entity1495 ( @entity1495 ) to 4E expression in @entity5 and margins. Other objectives were to determine which of these markers have prognostic significance in predicting recurrence and elucidate whether there is any additional benefit to analysis of surgical margins with a combination of the three molecular markers. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study was performed on all @entity1 who consecutively underwent primary surgical resection between 1998 and 1999 for @entity213 . @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics were reviewed, and time to recurrence was noted. METHODS: @entity982 -embedded sections of @entity5 and all histologically @entity5 -free margins were analyzed for the presence or absence of 4E, @entity876 , and @entity1495 with immunohistochemical analysis. @entity1 were followed according to the institution's @entity135 protocol, and time to recurrence was noted. RESULTS: Ninety-eight percent of @entity5 overexpressed 4E, 65% overexpressed @entity876 , and 92% overexpressed @entity1495 . Of the 52 @entity1 with @entity5 -free margins, 52%, 46%, and 54% had positive margins for 4E, @entity876 , and @entity1495 , respectively. Although no significant correlation between 4E and @entity876 expression was seen in the margins (P =.16), a significant correlation between 4E and @entity1495 expression was noted (P =.0002). However, when expression of 4E and @entity876 in the margins of only the @entity1 who overexpressed @entity876 in the @entity5 was compared (n = 34), there was a significant correlation (P =.04). There was also a significant difference in the disease-free interval between @entity1 with 4E-positive and 4E-negative margins (P =.003). This difference in time to recurrence was not significant for the @entity876 -positive versus the @entity876 -negative group (P =.18) but approached significance when @entity1495 was used as a marker (P =.07). Although the univariate analysis showed that stage, nodal disease, grade, and 4E expression in the margins were significantly associated with disease-free interval, in the Cox multiple regression analysis, only 4E expression in the margin was significantly associated with disease-free interval (P =.01). CONCLUSIONS: The era for molecular analysis of surgical margins is here. Although a significant correlation was seen between 4E and @entity1495 , overexpression of 4E appears to be a significant predictor of recurrence when compared with the well-studied @entity5 suppressor gene @entity876 and a relatively novel marker, @entity1495 .

title: Molecular analysis of surgical margins in @entity213 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Although radical resection is the best treatment for @entity146 or @entity5 of the spine, total spondylectomy for lower thoracic vertebrae may cause @entity18213 . There are few reports in the literature in which this syndrome has been documented in association with thoracic spondylectomy, although this syndrome is the most common @entity16 after abdominal aortic surgery. A 50-year-old @entity1 with a @entity2967 of the thoracic vertebrae was treated by posterior and anterior surgery. @entity1347 from T10 to @entity7279 had to be resected bilaterally to dissect the aorta free from the @entity5 . After resection of all feeding arteries to the @entity5 , the @entity5 and entire parts of T10, @entity3138 , and @entity7279 were removed. Postoperative neurologic examination disclosed flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities and @entity322 . Although @entity158 and temperature sensation were absent, vibration and position sense were intact, showing @entity18213 . Intraoperative somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring only showed that transient deterioration failed to adequately reflect this @entity16 . Major reconstructive surgery involving lower thoracic regions may cause @entity18213 . Somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring might not reliably predict overall neurologic outcome involving the blood supply of the lower thoracic regions.

title: XXXX after total spondylectomy of T10, @entity3138 , and @entity7279 .

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter incontinence']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['local aggressive benign tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['Thoracic segmental arteries']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic complication', 'neurologic injury']

entities_list: @entity2967 :: ('MESH:D005870', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity18213 :: ('MESH:D020759', 'Disease') :: ['anterior spinal artery syndrome']

answer: @entity18213 :: (MESH:D020759,Disease) :: ['Anterior spinal artery syndrome']


abstract: Although radical resection is the best treatment for @entity146 or @entity5 of the spine, total spondylectomy for lower thoracic vertebrae may cause @entity18213 . There are few reports in the literature in which this syndrome has been documented in association with thoracic spondylectomy, although this syndrome is the most common @entity16 after abdominal aortic surgery. A 50-year-old @entity1 with a @entity2967 of the thoracic vertebrae was treated by posterior and anterior surgery. @entity1347 from T10 to @entity7279 had to be resected bilaterally to dissect the aorta free from the @entity5 . After resection of all feeding arteries to the @entity5 , the @entity5 and entire parts of T10, @entity3138 , and @entity7279 were removed. Postoperative neurologic examination disclosed flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities and @entity322 . Although @entity158 and temperature sensation were absent, vibration and position sense were intact, showing @entity18213 . Intraoperative somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring only showed that transient deterioration failed to adequately reflect this @entity16 . Major reconstructive surgery involving lower thoracic regions may cause @entity18213 . Somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring might not reliably predict overall neurologic outcome involving the blood supply of the lower thoracic regions.

title: @entity18213 after total spondylectomy of T10, XXXX , and @entity7279 .

answer: @entity3138 :: (914,Gene) :: ['T11']


abstract: Although radical resection is the best treatment for @entity146 or @entity5 of the spine, total spondylectomy for lower thoracic vertebrae may cause @entity18213 . There are few reports in the literature in which this syndrome has been documented in association with thoracic spondylectomy, although this syndrome is the most common @entity16 after abdominal aortic surgery. A 50-year-old @entity1 with a @entity2967 of the thoracic vertebrae was treated by posterior and anterior surgery. @entity1347 from T10 to @entity7279 had to be resected bilaterally to dissect the aorta free from the @entity5 . After resection of all feeding arteries to the @entity5 , the @entity5 and entire parts of T10, @entity3138 , and @entity7279 were removed. Postoperative neurologic examination disclosed flaccid paralysis of the lower extremities and @entity322 . Although @entity158 and temperature sensation were absent, vibration and position sense were intact, showing @entity18213 . Intraoperative somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring only showed that transient deterioration failed to adequately reflect this @entity16 . Major reconstructive surgery involving lower thoracic regions may cause @entity18213 . Somatosensory-evoked potential monitoring might not reliably predict overall neurologic outcome involving the blood supply of the lower thoracic regions.

title: @entity18213 after total spondylectomy of T10, @entity3138 , and XXXX .

answer: @entity7279 :: (923,Gene) :: ['T12']


abstract: Increasing numbers of @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity791 are being admitted to the PICU, especially in certain geographic areas. Clear diagnostic criteria are available to aid in the diagnosis. As many as 50 per cent of these @entity1 may be first diagnosed with @entity791 during their PICU stay. Most @entity1 are admitted because of ARF, but @entity326 are also common. Acute PICU mortality is in excess of 80 per cent, and presently the long-term mortality for this syndrome stands at 100 per cent. The economic impact of this epidemic is enormous and may become catastrophic if a national strategy to deal with these costs is not developed promptly. The PICU has an important role both in terms of resource use and cost containment. Awareness of unique stresses on medical and nursing staff caring for these @entity1 , as well as the unique psychoemotional needs of the @entity1 themselves, is vital. Specific infection control, nutritional, and medical-legal strategies will facilitate safe, effective delivery of care to these @entity1 and @entity1 in the PICU. The appropriate long-term role of the PICU in the care of @entity1 with an ultimately @entity66 has yet to be determined.

title: The XXXX : impact on the pediatric intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['terminal disease']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock and CNS disorders']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['acquired immunodeficiency syndrome']


abstract: The @entity6337 mechanism of a @entity71040 dye, @entity8794 (EDKC+), has been studied in RBC membranes and isolated mitochondria. Lipophilic, positively charged dyes, such as EDKC+, may be useful as tumor-cell-selective, light-activated cytotoxic agents. Exposure of the RBC membranes to 700-nm light and EDKC+ inhibited membrane @entity4360 and photodecomposed EDKC+ in air-purged but not @entity3503 -purged samples. Photoinactivation of @entity4360 was the same in @entity2768 as in @entity2507 and was not quenched by @entity224 dismutase. Ascorbate and @entity2769 (10 mM) quenched or slightly enhanced, respectively, the inactivation. In argon-purged samples containing @entity6453 , EDKC+ photodecomposed, but @entity4360 activity was unaffected. The mechanism may involve electron transfer to @entity26 and subsequent formation of toxic photoproducts from EDKC+. In contrast, exposure of @entity19 mitochondria to EDKC+ and 700-nm light caused inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in both the presence and absence of @entity26 . The photodecomposition of EDKC+ correlated with inhibition of respiration. Thus, the @entity6337 of EDKC+ in mitochondria may be due to electron transfer from photoexcited EDKC+ to @entity26 and electron acceptors in the membrane. These studies indicate that dyes such as EDKC+ may be useful for photochemotherapy of @entity519 regions in @entity5 .

title: XXXX mechanism of a @entity71040 dye in human red cell membranes and isolated @entity19 mitochondria.

entities_list: @entity6337 :: ('MESH:D017484', 'Disease') :: ['phototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity6453 :: ('MESH:D010269', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl viologen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity8794 :: ('MESH:C051149', 'Chemical') :: ["N,N'-bis(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane)kryptocyanine"]

entities_list: @entity4360 :: ('11423(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['acetylcholinesterase']

entities_list: @entity71040 :: ('MESH:C067343', 'Chemical') :: ['kryptocyanine']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity6337 :: (MESH:D017484,Disease) :: ['Phototoxicity']


abstract: The @entity6337 mechanism of a @entity71040 dye, @entity8794 (EDKC+), has been studied in RBC membranes and isolated mitochondria. Lipophilic, positively charged dyes, such as EDKC+, may be useful as tumor-cell-selective, light-activated cytotoxic agents. Exposure of the RBC membranes to 700-nm light and EDKC+ inhibited membrane @entity4360 and photodecomposed EDKC+ in air-purged but not @entity3503 -purged samples. Photoinactivation of @entity4360 was the same in @entity2768 as in @entity2507 and was not quenched by @entity224 dismutase. Ascorbate and @entity2769 (10 mM) quenched or slightly enhanced, respectively, the inactivation. In argon-purged samples containing @entity6453 , EDKC+ photodecomposed, but @entity4360 activity was unaffected. The mechanism may involve electron transfer to @entity26 and subsequent formation of toxic photoproducts from EDKC+. In contrast, exposure of @entity19 mitochondria to EDKC+ and 700-nm light caused inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in both the presence and absence of @entity26 . The photodecomposition of EDKC+ correlated with inhibition of respiration. Thus, the @entity6337 of EDKC+ in mitochondria may be due to electron transfer from photoexcited EDKC+ to @entity26 and electron acceptors in the membrane. These studies indicate that dyes such as EDKC+ may be useful for photochemotherapy of @entity519 regions in @entity5 .

title: @entity6337 mechanism of a XXXX dye in human red cell membranes and isolated @entity19 mitochondria.

answer: @entity71040 :: (MESH:C067343,Chemical) :: ['kryptocyanine']


abstract: The @entity6337 mechanism of a @entity71040 dye, @entity8794 (EDKC+), has been studied in RBC membranes and isolated mitochondria. Lipophilic, positively charged dyes, such as EDKC+, may be useful as tumor-cell-selective, light-activated cytotoxic agents. Exposure of the RBC membranes to 700-nm light and EDKC+ inhibited membrane @entity4360 and photodecomposed EDKC+ in air-purged but not @entity3503 -purged samples. Photoinactivation of @entity4360 was the same in @entity2768 as in @entity2507 and was not quenched by @entity224 dismutase. Ascorbate and @entity2769 (10 mM) quenched or slightly enhanced, respectively, the inactivation. In argon-purged samples containing @entity6453 , EDKC+ photodecomposed, but @entity4360 activity was unaffected. The mechanism may involve electron transfer to @entity26 and subsequent formation of toxic photoproducts from EDKC+. In contrast, exposure of @entity19 mitochondria to EDKC+ and 700-nm light caused inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in both the presence and absence of @entity26 . The photodecomposition of EDKC+ correlated with inhibition of respiration. Thus, the @entity6337 of EDKC+ in mitochondria may be due to electron transfer from photoexcited EDKC+ to @entity26 and electron acceptors in the membrane. These studies indicate that dyes such as EDKC+ may be useful for photochemotherapy of @entity519 regions in @entity5 .

title: @entity6337 mechanism of a @entity71040 dye in human red cell membranes and isolated XXXX mitochondria.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: After @entity583 , a broad range of left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is expected because of chamber remodeling. However, intrinsic characteristics of the infarcted tissue ( @entity39 or viability) may also play a role. We aimed to evaluate whether @entity296 ( @entity296 ) has an influence on LVEDP. METHODS: One hundred twenty-three consecutive @entity1 with @entity583 underwent low-dose @entity452 echocardiography (5-10 microg/kg/min) to assess @entity296 . @entity296 was quantitatively evaluated by the variation of Delta wall motion score index. @entity1 underwent left heart catheterization with recording of LVEDP and a complete echocardiographic examination with measurement of LV volumes, ejection fraction, and mass. RESULTS: The overall population (81% male; mean age 58 +/- 10 years) was divided into 2 groups according to the presence (group 1; 66 @entity1 ) or absence (group 2; 57 @entity1 ) of @entity296 . LVEDP was higher in @entity1 without @entity296 (16 +/- 8 vs 20 +/- 7 mm Hg; P =.02). The multivariate analysis showed that Delta wall motion score index correlated with LVEDP (P =.01) independent of wall motion score index and LV end-systolic volume. CONCLUSIONS: After @entity583 , LVEDP shows wide variability and is independently associated with @entity296 .

title: Myocardial viability independently influences left ventricular diastolic function in the early phase after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['Mviab', 'myocardial viability']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: 1. Measurements of the rate of @entity1091 clearance, which provides an estimate of proximal renal tubular iso-osmotic reabsorption (i.e. @entity1372 and @entity2507 ), were used to study @entity2507 and electrolyte reabsorption during the development of @entity205 ( @entity870 ) induced nephrotoxicity. 2. CsA, administered daily by gavage at 50 mg/kg body weight, produced a nephrotoxicity which was characterized by reductions in the clearance rates of @entity1011 , @entity1372 and @entity972 , and increased @entity10200 , enzymuria and urine flow rate. 3. Decreased @entity1091 clearance rate and increased proximal iso-osmotic reabsorption accompanied significant reductions in @entity1011 clearance rate. Absolute proximal tubular reabsorption, however, was not affected by CsA administration. 4. Reductions in the absolute distal tubular reabsorption of @entity1372 , @entity972 and @entity2507 were also observed. 5. Alterations in renal tubular function occur early in the development of CsA nephrotoxicity as a result of both direct proximal tubulotoxicity and an effect on the afferent arteriole. 6. Measurements of the rate of @entity1091 clearance may be a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of CsA nephrotoxicity.

title: XXXX clearance measurements as an indication of @entity205 nephrotoxicity in the rat.

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity10200 :: ('MESH:D006029', 'Disease') :: ['glycosuria']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1091 :: (MESH:D008094,Chemical) :: ['Lithium']


abstract: 1. Measurements of the rate of @entity1091 clearance, which provides an estimate of proximal renal tubular iso-osmotic reabsorption (i.e. @entity1372 and @entity2507 ), were used to study @entity2507 and electrolyte reabsorption during the development of @entity205 ( @entity870 ) induced nephrotoxicity. 2. CsA, administered daily by gavage at 50 mg/kg body weight, produced a nephrotoxicity which was characterized by reductions in the clearance rates of @entity1011 , @entity1372 and @entity972 , and increased @entity10200 , enzymuria and urine flow rate. 3. Decreased @entity1091 clearance rate and increased proximal iso-osmotic reabsorption accompanied significant reductions in @entity1011 clearance rate. Absolute proximal tubular reabsorption, however, was not affected by CsA administration. 4. Reductions in the absolute distal tubular reabsorption of @entity1372 , @entity972 and @entity2507 were also observed. 5. Alterations in renal tubular function occur early in the development of CsA nephrotoxicity as a result of both direct proximal tubulotoxicity and an effect on the afferent arteriole. 6. Measurements of the rate of @entity1091 clearance may be a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of CsA nephrotoxicity.

title: @entity1091 clearance measurements as an indication of XXXX nephrotoxicity in the rat.

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporin A']


abstract: Previous studies in @entity840 showed that DTDM, @entity71041 and @entity8758 were sensitizing agents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical basis of this sensitization reaction. The reactions of representative @entity1522 , @entity2569 , Lys _ @entity4022 , with @entity56363 , DTDM, @entity71041 _ @entity8758 were examined. New compounds were found between @entity71041 and all 3 @entity1522 . Additional new compounds were seen for @entity2569 / @entity8758 , @entity2569 /DTDM, Lys/ @entity8758 _ Gly/DTDM. No reaction was observed with @entity56363 . The new compounds were examined spectroscopically. Results suggest that the sensitizing nature of DTDM is probably a reaction of its @entity1520 bond with the -SH _ - @entity2733 groups of @entity535 moieties. The conjugation of @entity2569 / @entity71041 may be via the same reaction mechanism. The -SH group of @entity8758 may react either via oxidation and/or thioester formation with the @entity3338 group of @entity1522 . These results also suggest that in vitro tests may predict the sensitizing potential of certain compounds.

title: Studies of the reactivity of XXXX , 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 2 of their derivatives with selected @entity1522 .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity56363 :: ('MESH:C037574', 'Chemical') :: ['morpholine']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

entities_list: @entity3338 :: ('CHEBI:35757', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxylate']

answer: @entity56363 :: (MESH:C037574,Chemical) :: ['morpholine']


abstract: Previous studies in @entity840 showed that DTDM, @entity71041 and @entity8758 were sensitizing agents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical basis of this sensitization reaction. The reactions of representative @entity1522 , @entity2569 , Lys _ @entity4022 , with @entity56363 , DTDM, @entity71041 _ @entity8758 were examined. New compounds were found between @entity71041 and all 3 @entity1522 . Additional new compounds were seen for @entity2569 / @entity8758 , @entity2569 /DTDM, Lys/ @entity8758 _ Gly/DTDM. No reaction was observed with @entity56363 . The new compounds were examined spectroscopically. Results suggest that the sensitizing nature of DTDM is probably a reaction of its @entity1520 bond with the -SH _ - @entity2733 groups of @entity535 moieties. The conjugation of @entity2569 / @entity71041 may be via the same reaction mechanism. The -SH group of @entity8758 may react either via oxidation and/or thioester formation with the @entity3338 group of @entity1522 . These results also suggest that in vitro tests may predict the sensitizing potential of certain compounds.

title: Studies of the reactivity of @entity56363 , 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 2 of their derivatives with selected XXXX .

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: PURPOSE: We sought to present follow-up on 14 cases in which conchal cartilage graft was used to span small orbital floor defects (up to 2 x 2 cm). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen @entity1 with orbital floor blowout @entity174 were included in the study; in 8 cases, there was associated fracture of the inferior orbital rim. The decision to proceed surgically was based on the presence of at least one of the following conditions: @entity892 , @entity9577 , herniation of orbital tissues through gaps in the orbital floor bone, and concomitant displacement of bone fragments of the inferior orbital rim. Auricular cartilage was used in all cases. @entity2694 was via subtarsal incision unless a laceration was present and useable. RESULTS: The incidence of clinical signs during follow-up and the surgical complications found (1 case of entropion, 1 case of @entity4 ) are fully comparable with those reported in the literature; they do not appear to be correlated to the use of a cartilage graft. CONCLUSIONS: The use of auricular cartilage has wide application for small orbital floor defects. The conchal graft is easy to harvest. It provides an optimal support function for the globe with minimum donor-site morbidity. A graft of adequate size ensures adequate stability.

title: Treatment of orbital floor blowout XXXX with conchal auricular cartilage graft: a report on 14 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity9577 :: ('MESH:D015841', 'Disease') :: ['enophthalmos']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['palpebral edema']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['Access to the orbital floor']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: One of the key issues in successful pancreas transplantation is uncomplicated drainage of pancreas exocrine secretion. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to present results of side-to-side high duodeno-jejunal @entity254 as routine method of enteric drainage in simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation (SPK). METHODS: 30 @entity6 @entity1 underwent SPK at the Department of Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum in 2001. The pancreas was drained using a portion of duodenal segment anastomosed to the first loop of jejunum about 20-40 cm distal to the Treitz ligament. RESULTS: Early relaparotomy was required in 20% @entity1 . The mean time of first relaparotomy was 5.5 (range 1-11) days after transplantation. In 10% of cases graft pancreatectomy was necessary. Perioperative mortality was 3.3%. Currently 83.3% @entity1 are insulin-free and 86.6% @entity1 are free of dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest, that side-to-side high duodeno-jejunal @entity254 is a safe method of drainage of pancreas exocrine secretion in SPK.

title: High duodeno-jejunal XXXX as a safe method of enteric drainage in simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation.

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Environmental exposures in early life have been implicated in the aetiology of @entity29 ( @entity29 ). Siblings are used as proxy markers to characterize patterns of exposure relevant to the risk of @entity29 . METHODS: Some 15,823 @entity1 with @entity31 and 12,668 with @entity30 from the Swedish In- @entity1 Register were compared with 79,546 and 63,035 controls, respectively, in a case-control study. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate associations with older and younger siblings, and adjustment was made for sex, year of birth, mother's age, region and, additionally, father's social class. RESULTS: Older siblings are associated with a graded increased risk for @entity31 (P for trend <0.001) and an adjusted odds ratio of 1.15 (95% CI 1.07-1.24) for three or more older siblings. Younger siblings are associated with a graded decreased risk for @entity30 (P for trend <0.001) with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.83 (0.76-0.90) for three or more younger siblings. The greatest protective association with @entity30 was seen for younger siblings born within 2 years of the subject. Older maternal age is independently associated with a decreased risk of @entity30 , with P for trend <0.001. Additional adjustment for social class did not substantially alter the results. CONCLUSIONS: Having siblings is associated with the risk and phenotype of developing @entity29 , possibly through their influence on patterns of antigenic exposure in early life. The association of maternal age with @entity30 may reflect age-related changes in maternal immune profile.

title: Siblings and the risk of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['Crohn disease']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: To assess the @entity1 's tolerance and the complications of treatment associated with delivery of regional @entity221 using APAS BSD equipment, the data on 30 @entity1 who received regional @entity221 at the Radiation Oncology Center, Washington University School of @entity2837 , St. Louis, Missouri, has been reviewed. Most @entity1 presented with advanced or recurrent @entity5 not amenable to conventional treatment modalities. @entity221 was administered in combination with either radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Cardiovascular evaluation was a standard part of pre-treatment work-up. Temperatures were obtained through interstitial probes, catheters inserted into the body cavities and (to record core temperature) esophagus. Local discomfort, @entity148 , systemic temperature elevation, and @entity591 were the predominant factors limiting the number of sessions, the duration of sessions and the deposition of power, in 18, 6, 3, and 2 @entity1 , respectively. The complications of treatment were rare. Significant injuries of the superficial tissues were recorded in two @entity1 in whom this could be attributed to contact of urine and stool with the skin surface. @entity16 was observed in two @entity1 , both of whom had pelvic masses adjacent to or invading into the affected nerves. Both @entity1 had received pelvic irradiation. @entity16 developed within several days after the first @entity221 session and proved reversible within several months. No injuries of the visceral organs that could be clearly attributed to @entity221 have been recorded.

title: Regional XXXX --assessment of tolerance to treatment.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2837 :: ('CHEBI:23888', 'Chemical') :: ['Medicine']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia', 'Hyperthermia']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['hyperthermia']


abstract: There is increasing evidence that the use of @entity2072 can trigger lethal @entity299 , including @entity2224 . The mechanism responsible for these lethal @entity943 remains to be determined. Therefore, 13 mongrel @entity235 were instrumented so that heart rate, left ventricular pressure (LVP), and d(LVP)/dt could be measured. After a 3- to 4-wk recovery period, the left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for 2 min, beginning with the last minute of an exercise stress test and continuing for 1 min after the cessation of exercise. None of the @entity235 developed @entity943 during the control exercise plus @entity63 test. On a subsequent day, the test was repeated after the injection of @entity2072 @entity5828 (1.0 mg/kg). @entity2072 significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated heart rate, systolic LVP, and d(LVP)/dt, and it elicited @entity943 in 12 of the 13 animals during the exercise plus test. In fact, 11 animals developed @entity2224 . Verapamil, a @entity460 channel antagonist (250 micrograms/kg), attenuated the hemodynamic effects of @entity2072 and prevented the development of @entity943 . These data suggest that @entity2072 can induce @entity2224 during @entity741 and that these lethal @entity943 may be prevented by a @entity460 channel antagonist.

title: XXXX -induced @entity2224 : protection afforded by the @entity460 antagonist verapamil.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2072 :: ('MESH:D003042', 'Chemical') :: ['Cocaine', 'cocaine']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'cardiac arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias']

answer: @entity2072 :: (MESH:D003042,Chemical) :: ['Cocaine']


abstract: There is increasing evidence that the use of @entity2072 can trigger lethal @entity299 , including @entity2224 . The mechanism responsible for these lethal @entity943 remains to be determined. Therefore, 13 mongrel @entity235 were instrumented so that heart rate, left ventricular pressure (LVP), and d(LVP)/dt could be measured. After a 3- to 4-wk recovery period, the left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for 2 min, beginning with the last minute of an exercise stress test and continuing for 1 min after the cessation of exercise. None of the @entity235 developed @entity943 during the control exercise plus @entity63 test. On a subsequent day, the test was repeated after the injection of @entity2072 @entity5828 (1.0 mg/kg). @entity2072 significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated heart rate, systolic LVP, and d(LVP)/dt, and it elicited @entity943 in 12 of the 13 animals during the exercise plus test. In fact, 11 animals developed @entity2224 . Verapamil, a @entity460 channel antagonist (250 micrograms/kg), attenuated the hemodynamic effects of @entity2072 and prevented the development of @entity943 . These data suggest that @entity2072 can induce @entity2224 during @entity741 and that these lethal @entity943 may be prevented by a @entity460 channel antagonist.

title: @entity2072 -induced XXXX : protection afforded by the @entity460 antagonist verapamil.

answer: @entity2224 :: (MESH:D014693,Disease) :: ['ventricular fibrillation']


abstract: There is increasing evidence that the use of @entity2072 can trigger lethal @entity299 , including @entity2224 . The mechanism responsible for these lethal @entity943 remains to be determined. Therefore, 13 mongrel @entity235 were instrumented so that heart rate, left ventricular pressure (LVP), and d(LVP)/dt could be measured. After a 3- to 4-wk recovery period, the left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for 2 min, beginning with the last minute of an exercise stress test and continuing for 1 min after the cessation of exercise. None of the @entity235 developed @entity943 during the control exercise plus @entity63 test. On a subsequent day, the test was repeated after the injection of @entity2072 @entity5828 (1.0 mg/kg). @entity2072 significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated heart rate, systolic LVP, and d(LVP)/dt, and it elicited @entity943 in 12 of the 13 animals during the exercise plus test. In fact, 11 animals developed @entity2224 . Verapamil, a @entity460 channel antagonist (250 micrograms/kg), attenuated the hemodynamic effects of @entity2072 and prevented the development of @entity943 . These data suggest that @entity2072 can induce @entity2224 during @entity741 and that these lethal @entity943 may be prevented by a @entity460 channel antagonist.

title: @entity2072 -induced @entity2224 : protection afforded by the XXXX antagonist verapamil.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography (CWD) is widely used in the assessment of pressure gradients in @entity1 with @entity340 , utilizing the simplified Bernoulli equation. However determination of non-simultaneous @entity551 ( @entity551 ) in @entity4794 ( @entity4794 ) from CWD recordings has often been described as being unsatisfactory. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the estimates of trans-mitral @entity551 derived from CWD with gradients measured simultaneously at cardiac catheterization (beat to beat analysis). We studied 3 @entity1 (pts) with @entity4794 (1 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 , aged 55, 55 and 62 years respectively); one @entity1 (pt) was in sinus rhythm and 2 were in @entity955 . In each pt the trans-mitral flow velocity curve was obtained simultaneously with trans-mitral gradient measured directly at cardiac catheterization (cath). In this way it was possible to obtain a beat to beat correlation between Doppler and cath in 181 beats taken from the 3 pts. These beats were selected from a total number of 321 beats because of their excellent quality for analysis (74 beats were obtained from the first pt, 38 from the second pt and 69 from the third pt). Mean diastolic velocity, defined as the mean of maximal velocities throughout diastole, was obtained for each beat by planimetring the envelope of the spectral velocity profile. @entity551 was calculated from mean velocity by applying the simplified Bernoulli equation (delta P = 4V2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Comparison of continuous wave Doppler and heart catheterization in the determination of the mean transvalvular gradient in XXXX . A simultaneous beat to beat analysis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'mitral stenosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular heart disease']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['mean pressure gradient', 'MG']

answer: @entity4794 :: (MESH:D008946,Disease) :: ['mitral stenosis']


abstract: Eighty-one @entity1 were treated for crotalid @entity5900 over the past 12 years at the Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston. Bites were inflicted by copperheads (56%), water moccasins (15%), and rattlesnakes (12%). In 17% of @entity1 the species of snake was not identified. Using a grading scale of one to four from minimal to severe @entity5900 , 54% were grade I, 29% grade II, 7% grade III, 6% grade IV, and 4% were not graded because the @entity1 were seen more than 12 hours after @entity5900 and not evaluated by other physicians. Five @entity1 received one dose (10 cc) of crotalid antivenin each before transfer to our Emergency Center. All @entity1 were treated with intravenous fluids, antibiotics, @entity116 prophylaxis, immobilization of the injured part, and elevation of the extremity to the level of the heart. No patients received antivenin or excisional therapy at this institution and one @entity2048 was performed. There were no deaths or amputations in this series. Eight @entity1 developed superficial @entity39 of the skin but only one required a skin graft. Three @entity1 developed @entity1503 and were treated with either platelet transfusions or fresh-frozen plasma. One @entity1 required @entity935 for @entity551 refractory to fluid resuscitation. This experience supports a conservative @entity5900 and raises the question about the need to utilize traditional therapy for snakebites caused by species seen in our locality.

title: The treatment of crotalid XXXX without antivenin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2048 :: ('MESH:D004832', 'Disease') :: ['minor digital fasciotomy']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity5900 :: ('MESH:D012909', 'Disease') :: ['approach to venomous snakebites', 'envenomation']

answer: @entity5900 :: (MESH:D012909,Disease) :: ['envenomation']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Testis pure @entity44 accounts for 2.7% to 3% of all germ cell @entity5 in adult where it behaves as a malignant @entity5 . Pure @entity44 presents in clinical stage I disease in 44% of the @entity1 whose risk of having pathological @entity34 is 16.7% to 19.2%. Herein we report on 5 cases of adult pure @entity44 presenting itself in clinical stage I disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From September 1976 to February 2000, 75 @entity1 underwent orchidectomy for clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell @entity5 . Testis pure @entity44 was detected in 5 @entity1 (7%). @entity5 markers were evaluated in all cases. @entity1 underwent imaging examination to detect the clinical stage of the disease. Treatment options after orchidectomy included @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) in 4 @entity1 and surveillance in 1. RESULTS: The average age of the @entity1 was 31 years (range 24-45). The @entity5 was on the left sided in 3 cases (60%) and right in 2 (40%). Tumor average size was 3.2 cm (rang 1-6). Histopathology detected the following subtypes: mature @entity44 in 3 cases (60%), @entity44 in 1 (20%) and @entity44 with malignant transformation in (20%). All @entity1 were at clinical stage I disease. Germ cell cancer microscopic @entity3 including @entity189 was detected in I dissected lymph node of 1/4 @entity1 (25%). Average follow up was 166 months (range 93-249). All @entity1 were alive and disease free and no relapses were detected during the follow up period. CONCLUSIONS: Primary pure @entity44 does not respond to chemotherapy nor does it to radiation therapy. The disease treatment options after orchidectomy for @entity1 with clinical stage I disease include @entity1600 or surveillance with their relative risks and benefits. @entity1600 is the chosen treatment because it is both staging and treating. A close a long term follow up is required since pure @entity3 may clinically develop after more than 10 years.

title: Adult primary XXXX --report on 5 cases in clinical stage I disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer of the testis', 'Testis tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['RPLND', 'retroperitoneal lymph node dissection']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma metastatic disease', 'metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma of the testis', 'teratoma', 'immature teratoma']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['stage II disease']

answer: @entity44 :: (MESH:D013724,Disease) :: ['teratoma of the testis']


abstract: @entity50 has protean clinical and radiological manifestations ranging from minimal effacement of sulci with no symptoms to severe @entity1779 associated with focal deficits, @entity772 and even death. An uncommon form of presentation is characterized by unilateral lobar @entity548 associated with extensive @entity4 and parenchymal distortion. In an acute presentation, this might resemble @entity548 into a @entity5 . In delayed presentations, the haematoma, being iso- or hypodense and showing peripheral ring-like enhancement, can @entity5 or infective processes. As this is an uncommon @entity558 , misdiagnosis is common with the potential for mismanagement and adverse outcomes. We present five such consecutive cases that were initially misdiagnosed as other entities. Each of these cases on closer inspection show features observed on CT and MRI that should have suggested a diagnosis of dural @entity50 . One of these cases progressed to not only extensively involve the superficial sinuses but also the deep veins, with a significant adverse outcome. The imaging features of this interesting variant of dural sinus @entity715 are reviewed. The haemodynamic basis for @entity548 and anatomical basis for the lateralization of the lesions are discussed.

title: XXXX presenting as unilateral lobar haematomas with mass effect: an easily misdiagnosed cause of @entity1779 .

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['condition']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['mimic aggressive tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['venous sinus thrombosis', 'Dural sinus thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic infarcts']

answer: @entity50 :: (MESH:D012851,Disease) :: ['Dural sinus thrombosis']


abstract: @entity50 has protean clinical and radiological manifestations ranging from minimal effacement of sulci with no symptoms to severe @entity1779 associated with focal deficits, @entity772 and even death. An uncommon form of presentation is characterized by unilateral lobar @entity548 associated with extensive @entity4 and parenchymal distortion. In an acute presentation, this might resemble @entity548 into a @entity5 . In delayed presentations, the haematoma, being iso- or hypodense and showing peripheral ring-like enhancement, can @entity5 or infective processes. As this is an uncommon @entity558 , misdiagnosis is common with the potential for mismanagement and adverse outcomes. We present five such consecutive cases that were initially misdiagnosed as other entities. Each of these cases on closer inspection show features observed on CT and MRI that should have suggested a diagnosis of dural @entity50 . One of these cases progressed to not only extensively involve the superficial sinuses but also the deep veins, with a significant adverse outcome. The imaging features of this interesting variant of dural sinus @entity715 are reviewed. The haemodynamic basis for @entity548 and anatomical basis for the lateralization of the lesions are discussed.

title: @entity50 presenting as unilateral lobar haematomas with mass effect: an easily misdiagnosed cause of XXXX .

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['cerebral haemorrhage']


abstract: @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ) remains a common preventable cause of @entity204 in hospitalized @entity1 . The purpose of this study is to examine the in-hospital management, complications of treatment and clinical outcomes of inpatients undergoing lung scintigraphy for the diagnosis of @entity1151 in a regional hospital. Two hundred consecutive inpatients with suspected @entity1151 were enrolled. The results of lung scans, stratified according to the probability of @entity1151 , were correlated with anticoagulation status, discharge diagnosis, @entity548 and clinical outcome at 6 months. The use of complementary imaging investigations was also determined. Other imaging was performed infrequently (Doppler ultrasound in 18% of @entity1 , CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PA) in 0.5% and conventional pulmonary angiography in 4% of @entity1 ). Long-term anticoagulation was initiated in 66 @entity1 (33%), including 10 with intermediate probability lung scans (IPLS) who had no further investigations. Major @entity548 occurred in 14% of all long-term anticoagulated @entity1 followed up. The recognized recurrence rate was very low (3%) and there was no documented mortality from @entity1151 . Most @entity1 with suspected @entity1151 are treated on the basis of the lung scan result without further tests. However, other imaging (especially CT-PA and conventional pulmonary angiography) should be performed prior to anticoagulation in @entity1 with IPLS in whom the diagnosis is in doubt. Standard anticoagulation for 6 months appears to be effective for @entity1151 , and the recurrence rate is low. However, it has a significant risk of major @entity548 .

title: What happens after a lung scan? Management and outcome of XXXX in a regional hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic complications', 'haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary embolism', 'PE', 'pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: There are few long-term clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data on @entity1 treated with interferon-beta ( @entity2391 ) for relapsing-remitting @entity15 (RRMS). The aim of this study was to provide clinical and MRI data on 68 @entity1 with RRMS treated over a 6-year period and to investigate whether a baseline MRI predicts their long-term clinical and MRI outcome. Six MRI scans were performed monthly before treatment and a further 13 scans were performed during treatment with @entity2391 , the last of which 6 years after commencement of treatment. The relapse rate, disability as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and MRI parameters, including Gd-enhancing lesion load (Gd-LL), T2 hyperintense lesion load (T2-LL) T1 hypointense lesion load (T1-LL) and supratentorial brain volume (SBV) were measured throughout the study. The mean annual relapse rate over the 6 years was 0.52 (SD 0.67), which is significantly lower (68.6%) than the mean annual relapse rate of 1.6 observed during the 2-year period before the commencement of treatment (P < 0.01). The median EDSS score increased from 2 to 2.5, remaining stable in 60% of the @entity1 . From the baseline scan to the final scan, there was a median increase of 7% in the T2-LL and 23.9% in the T1-LL, whilst SBV decreased by 2.7%. The increase in the EDSS over the course of the study was significantly correlated with a reduction in brain volume (r = 0.46, P = 0.001). Greater brain damage at baseline, as measured by both T2-LL and T1-LL, was significantly associated with an increase in disability over the 6 years (r = 0.44, P = 0.0009; r = 0.50, P = 0.0007, respectively). This study shows a sustained effect of @entity2391 on the relapse rate, which is lower than during the 2 years before treatment commencement. More than half the @entity1 showed an improvement or stabilization in the EDSS score. The increment in disability was correlated with the development of @entity1010 but not with increases in lesion burden. Finally, the finding that the extent of lesion burden at the baseline was a strong predictor of increasing disability suggests that @entity2391 treatment might have a moderate effect in modifying the @entity15 ( @entity15 ) disease course over 6 years unless preventive treatment is started early.

title: A 6-year clinical and MRI follow-up study of @entity1 with relapsing-remitting XXXX treated with Interferon-beta.

entities_list: @entity1010 :: ('MESH:C566985', 'Disease') :: ['brain atrophy']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: There are few long-term clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data on @entity1 treated with interferon-beta ( @entity2391 ) for relapsing-remitting @entity15 (RRMS). The aim of this study was to provide clinical and MRI data on 68 @entity1 with RRMS treated over a 6-year period and to investigate whether a baseline MRI predicts their long-term clinical and MRI outcome. Six MRI scans were performed monthly before treatment and a further 13 scans were performed during treatment with @entity2391 , the last of which 6 years after commencement of treatment. The relapse rate, disability as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and MRI parameters, including Gd-enhancing lesion load (Gd-LL), T2 hyperintense lesion load (T2-LL) T1 hypointense lesion load (T1-LL) and supratentorial brain volume (SBV) were measured throughout the study. The mean annual relapse rate over the 6 years was 0.52 (SD 0.67), which is significantly lower (68.6%) than the mean annual relapse rate of 1.6 observed during the 2-year period before the commencement of treatment (P < 0.01). The median EDSS score increased from 2 to 2.5, remaining stable in 60% of the @entity1 . From the baseline scan to the final scan, there was a median increase of 7% in the T2-LL and 23.9% in the T1-LL, whilst SBV decreased by 2.7%. The increase in the EDSS over the course of the study was significantly correlated with a reduction in brain volume (r = 0.46, P = 0.001). Greater brain damage at baseline, as measured by both T2-LL and T1-LL, was significantly associated with an increase in disability over the 6 years (r = 0.44, P = 0.0009; r = 0.50, P = 0.0007, respectively). This study shows a sustained effect of @entity2391 on the relapse rate, which is lower than during the 2 years before treatment commencement. More than half the @entity1 showed an improvement or stabilization in the EDSS score. The increment in disability was correlated with the development of @entity1010 but not with increases in lesion burden. Finally, the finding that the extent of lesion burden at the baseline was a strong predictor of increasing disability suggests that @entity2391 treatment might have a moderate effect in modifying the @entity15 ( @entity15 ) disease course over 6 years unless preventive treatment is started early.

title: A 6-year clinical and MRI follow-up study of XXXX with relapsing-remitting @entity15 treated with Interferon-beta.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Does physical exercise in addition to a multicomponent smoking cessation program increase abstinence rate and suppress @entity1017 ? An intervention study @entity286 use is considered the single most preventable cause of premature morbidity and mortality. Smoking cessation programs aim at two interrelated purposes, to help @entity1 to give up smoking and to prevent relapse. A multicomponent intervention consisting of @entity1239 replacement therapy, health education, behaviour modification therapy and counselling is widely recommended in the health care literature. Smoking cessation studies from a nursing perspective are few. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to compare outcomes of two nurse-managed 1-year group smoking cessation interventions. Intervention 1 (n=34) was provided at a health care centre and consisted of @entity1239 replacement therapy, health education, behavioural modification and individual and group counselling. In intervention 2 (n=33), provided in a health club, physical exercise was added to the intervention provided in 1. @entity1 were self-referred with equal numbers in both interventions. A nonsignificant difference in lapse free abstinence time (LFAT) at 1 year was demonstrated between intervention 1 (20.6%, n=7) and intervention 2 (39.4%, n=13) (p=0.16, odds ratio=2.5). The difference in @entity1017 between intervention groups was also nonsignificant. Within intervention comparison between abstinent @entity1 and smokers showed that abstinent @entity1 had gained significantly more weight than smokers in intervention 2 (p=0.001), but in intervention 1 the difference was nonsignificant (p=0.2). The small sample size in the study detracts from the significance of the findings. However, a trend is observed showing that physical exercise increases the abstinence rate of @entity1 . The conclusion is drawn that a multicomponent smoking cessation program that includes physical exercise might be an effective intervention, but further studies with a larger sample size are needed.

title: Does physical exercise in addition to a multicomponent smoking cessation program increase abstinence rate and suppress XXXX ? An intervention study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity1017 :: (MESH:D015430,Disease) :: ['weight gain']


abstract: @entity12877 is a recently described, @entity263 -specific gene that encodes a protein involved in the beta-oxidation of @entity27949 . A recent study has shown that immunohistochemical detection of @entity12877 gene product is a sensitive and specific marker of @entity263 in formalin-fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissues. We performed a detailed analysis of @entity12877 protein expression in a large series of prostate and bladder specimens with special emphasis on staining in specific morphologic patterns of @entity263 , posthormonal and radiation therapy cases, and invasive @entity189 . A total of 366 prostate needle core biopsies from 124 @entity1 with @entity263 , 10 biopsies from 2 @entity1 without @entity263 , 28 prostatectomy specimens (16 with specific morphologic patterns, 7 posthormonal therapy and 5 postradiation therapy specimens), 5 bladder specimens with invasive @entity189 , and a single transurethral resection specimen from a @entity1 with hormonally treated @entity263 and invasive @entity189 were stained with @entity12877 monoclonal antibody at a 1:250 dilution using standard heat-induced epitope retrieval and avidin- @entity1885 technique. Extent (0, no staining; 1+, 1-10% staining; 2+, 11-50% staining; 3+, > or =51% staining) and location (luminal, subluminal, and diffuse cytoplasmic) of immunoreactivity in @entity189 and benign tissues were recorded. A total of 153 of 186 biopsies (82%) with @entity263 stained for @entity12877 . Pseudohyperplastic, @entity263 stained similarly, as did cases treated with hormone or radiotherapy. In 81 of 377 (21%) foci of benign prostatic tissue there was staining that was almost always focal, faint, and noncircumferential. Seminal vesicles did not stain for @entity12877 . Five of six (83%) specimens with invasive @entity189 had 2+ staining and one case had focal staining. We conclude that immunohistochemistry for @entity12877 has potential utility in the diagnosis of @entity263 , including those treated by hormones and radiation. Circumferential luminal to subluminal and diffuse cytoplasmic staining is the most specific staining pattern for @entity263 and is almost never associated with benign prostatic tissue. However, a negative @entity12877 immunostain does not automatically rule out @entity263 , as 18% of cases were negative. Additionally, occasional benign glands, high-grade @entity5436 , atypical @entity1412 , and @entity189 may express @entity12877 . Therefore, we think that @entity12877 is best used only in conjunction with strict light microscopic correlation and preferably with high molecular weight cytokeratin immunostaining.

title: XXXX immunohistochemical detection in 405 prostatic specimens including 376 18-gauge needle biopsies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic carcinoma', 'prostatic adenocarcinoma', 'atrophic, ductal, and mucinous prostatic carcinomas', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity27949 :: ('CHEBI:35819', 'Chemical') :: ['branched chain fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity5436 :: ('MESH:D019048', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia']

answer: @entity12877 :: (p|SUB|P|504|S,ProteinMutation) :: ['P504S']


abstract: The definitive diagnostic criteria for malignant @entity16663 are distant @entity3 and/or local invasion. The Weiss histopathologic system is the most commonly used method for assessing @entity5 because of its simplicity and reliability. Unfortunately, its application remains subjective. This current retrospective study evaluated the Weiss system and assessed the value of @entity1758 labeling in the diagnosis of @entity1636 . Twenty-four @entity5 with distant @entity3 , gross local invasion, or recurrence were selected and matched on their functioning status to 25 @entity5 . Two independent observers delineated the Weiss criteria. An @entity1758 labeling index was determined. Presence of three or more Weiss microscopic criteria was related to @entity5 (specificity 96%, sensitivity 100%), thus confirming the value of the Weiss system. Interobserver agreement for the Weiss system (total score) was excellent (r = 0.94). The lack of reliability for some Weiss criteria led us to propose a statistically modified system, based on the most reliable criteria (2.mitotic rate x 2.cytoplasm x abnormal mitoses x @entity39 x capsular invasion) with a significant correlation with the Weiss system (r = 0.98). The @entity1758 labeling index was significantly higher in @entity5 (p <0.0001). @entity1758 could also help to differentiate @entity16663 .

title: Weiss system revisited: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 49 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'benign tumors', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity16663 :: ('MESH:D000306', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical tumors', 'malignant from benign adrenocortical tumors']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity16663 :: (MESH:D000306,Disease) :: ['adrenocortical tumors']


abstract: Sequential necropsies and histologic evaluations of young adult @entity235 were performed after irradiation of the thorax. Total doses to the heart were 36, 44, or 52 Gy given in 4-Gy fractions in 4 weeks. One month after irradiation there was little histologic evidence of damage visible by light microscopy. However, ventricular and septal weights were increased, probably due to @entity4 . At 3 months damage to endothelial and mesothelial cells was evident. By 12 months the myocardium was thinned and @entity528 and loss of muscle cells and Purkinje fibers were observed. There was extensive @entity82 as well as intimal proliferation in coronary arteries. Morphometric analyses were performed on the myocardium, pericardium, atria, and aorta. There was a slight increase in perivascular connective tissue in the myocardium. The pericardium was increased in thickness and the ratio of smooth muscle to @entity17157 was decreased in the aorta. Severe @entity82 occurred only in the right atrium. At 1 year there was no clinical evidence of @entity712 ; however, evidence of @entity296 was present histologically and functionally. Additional stress and continued aging are likely to enhance the damage and lead to serious complications. The interactions of irradiated lung and heart require further investigation.

title: Radiation-induced XXXX in the @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['subendocardial and epicardial fibrosis', 'fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['beagle dogs']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['focal degeneration']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: Sequential necropsies and histologic evaluations of young adult @entity235 were performed after irradiation of the thorax. Total doses to the heart were 36, 44, or 52 Gy given in 4-Gy fractions in 4 weeks. One month after irradiation there was little histologic evidence of damage visible by light microscopy. However, ventricular and septal weights were increased, probably due to @entity4 . At 3 months damage to endothelial and mesothelial cells was evident. By 12 months the myocardium was thinned and @entity528 and loss of muscle cells and Purkinje fibers were observed. There was extensive @entity82 as well as intimal proliferation in coronary arteries. Morphometric analyses were performed on the myocardium, pericardium, atria, and aorta. There was a slight increase in perivascular connective tissue in the myocardium. The pericardium was increased in thickness and the ratio of smooth muscle to @entity17157 was decreased in the aorta. Severe @entity82 occurred only in the right atrium. At 1 year there was no clinical evidence of @entity712 ; however, evidence of @entity296 was present histologically and functionally. Additional stress and continued aging are likely to enhance the damage and lead to serious complications. The interactions of irradiated lung and heart require further investigation.

title: Radiation-induced @entity296 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This single-blind randomized study in general surgery evaluated the efficacy of @entity12915 emulsion (PFC) as an artificial @entity26 carrier being used to augment preoperative @entity697 to reduce and avoid transfusion of both allogeneic erythrocytes and erythrocytes from preoperative autologous donation compared with standard of care. METHODS: Subjects (N = 492) with hemoglobin concentrations of 12-15 g/dl undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures with 20 ml/kg or greater expected @entity190 were randomized into two groups. Control @entity1 were transfused intraoperatively at a hemoglobin concentration less than 8.0 +/- 0.5 g/dl or at protocol-defined, physiologic triggers. PFC-treated @entity1 first underwent @entity697 to hemoglobin of 8.0 +/- 0.5 g/dl, followed by dosing with @entity12915 emulsion (1.8 g/kg). When hemoglobin reached less than 6.5 +/- 0.5 g/dl, an additional 0.9-g/kg dose was given. PFC @entity1 were transfused at hemoglobin less than 5.5 +/- 0.5 g/dl or at predefined physiologic triggers. After surgery, hemoglobin was maintained at 8.5 +/- 0.5 g/dl or greater in all @entity1 until discharge. Efficacy endpoints included the number of allogeneic and preoperative autologous donation units transfused and the percentage of subjects avoiding transfusion. RESULTS: Both groups had similar hemoglobin concentrations at screening (13.5 +/- 1.0 g/dl) and at discharge: 10.8 +/- 1.2 g/dl (PFC) and 11.1 +/- 1.3 g/dl (control). At 24 h, more @entity1 in the PFC group avoided allogeneic and preoperative autologous donation erythrocyte transfusions (53% vs. 43%, < 0.05), and fewer erythrocytes were transfused (1.5 +/- 4.8 vs. 2.1 +/- 3.9 units; median, 0 vs. 1 unit; P = 0.013). By day of discharge, these differences were not significant in the intent-to-treat population, but overall there were less allogeneic and preoperative autologous donation erythrocyte transfusions in the PFC group (696 vs. 846 units). In the protocol-defined target population (n = 330 subjects with @entity190 > or = 20 ml/kg), significantly greater avoidance of any erythrocyte transfusion was maintained through day of hospital discharge (26% vs. 16% in the PFC and control groups, respectively; P < 0.05), and there was also a significant reduction in the number of erythrocyte units transfused (3.4 +/- 2.9 vs. 4.9 +/- 2.4 units; median 2 vs. 4 units; P < 0.001). Adverse events rates were similar in the PFC (86%) and control (81%) groups; however, more serious adverse events were reported in the PFC group (32%) than in controls (21%; P < 0.05). Overall mortality was 3%, and the difference between groups (PFC, 4% vs. controls, 2%) was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Augmented @entity697 with PFC reduces transfusion needs in @entity1 undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures with @entity190 20 ml/kg or greater.

title: Use of XXXX emulsion to decrease allogeneic blood transfusion in high-blood-loss non-cardiac surgery: results of a European phase 3 study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity12915 :: ('MESH:C003072', 'Chemical') :: ['perflubron']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute normovolemic hemodilution']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity12915 :: (MESH:C003072,Chemical) :: ['perflubron']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors' previous study demonstrated that a clinical antiarrhythmic dose of @entity3303 , when given before @entity63 , is neuroprotective in a @entity35 model of transient focal @entity2806 . In this study, the authors investigated whether the administration of this dose of @entity3303 , when delayed until 45 min after the onset of @entity63 , also reduces @entity2806 . METHODS: @entity3303 was administered as an intravenous bolus (1.5 mg/kg) followed by an intravenous infusion (2 mg. kg(-1).h(-1)) for 165 min, beginning 45 min after the onset of a 90-min period of transient focal @entity2806 . Control animals were given the same volume of saline. Focal @entity2806 was induced by occluding the right middle cerebral artery using an intraluminal suture. Neurologic outcome and body @entity353 were quantified 7 days later. The brain was fixed 7 days after @entity63 and brain sections were stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 for assessment of infarct size and the number of intact neurons. In separate experiments, local cerebral blood flow and the electroencephalogram were measured during @entity63 and 180 min into the reperfusion period. @entity1188 size was assessed after 24 h. RESULTS: @entity1188 size, at either 24 h or 7 days after @entity63 , was not significantly reduced in the @entity3303 group. However, the number of intact neurons was significantly increased in both the @entity63 penumbra and core of the @entity3303 group 7 days after @entity63 , compared with the vehicle group. @entity35 treated with @entity3303 demonstrated better neurologic outcome and less @entity353 (P < 0.05). @entity3303 treatment had no significant influence on local cerebral blood flow and electroencephalogram during @entity63 and reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of a clinical antiarrhythmic dose of @entity3303 , beginning 45 min after the onset of @entity63 , reduces @entity2806 after transient focal @entity2806 in the @entity35 . This indicates that delayed administration of neuroprotective agents may reduce @entity75 resulting from @entity63 .

title: Effects of delayed administration of low-dose XXXX on transient focal @entity2806 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic brain injury', 'cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['Lidocaine', 'lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['lidocaine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors' previous study demonstrated that a clinical antiarrhythmic dose of @entity3303 , when given before @entity63 , is neuroprotective in a @entity35 model of transient focal @entity2806 . In this study, the authors investigated whether the administration of this dose of @entity3303 , when delayed until 45 min after the onset of @entity63 , also reduces @entity2806 . METHODS: @entity3303 was administered as an intravenous bolus (1.5 mg/kg) followed by an intravenous infusion (2 mg. kg(-1).h(-1)) for 165 min, beginning 45 min after the onset of a 90-min period of transient focal @entity2806 . Control animals were given the same volume of saline. Focal @entity2806 was induced by occluding the right middle cerebral artery using an intraluminal suture. Neurologic outcome and body @entity353 were quantified 7 days later. The brain was fixed 7 days after @entity63 and brain sections were stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 for assessment of infarct size and the number of intact neurons. In separate experiments, local cerebral blood flow and the electroencephalogram were measured during @entity63 and 180 min into the reperfusion period. @entity1188 size was assessed after 24 h. RESULTS: @entity1188 size, at either 24 h or 7 days after @entity63 , was not significantly reduced in the @entity3303 group. However, the number of intact neurons was significantly increased in both the @entity63 penumbra and core of the @entity3303 group 7 days after @entity63 , compared with the vehicle group. @entity35 treated with @entity3303 demonstrated better neurologic outcome and less @entity353 (P < 0.05). @entity3303 treatment had no significant influence on local cerebral blood flow and electroencephalogram during @entity63 and reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of a clinical antiarrhythmic dose of @entity3303 , beginning 45 min after the onset of @entity63 , reduces @entity2806 after transient focal @entity2806 in the @entity35 . This indicates that delayed administration of neuroprotective agents may reduce @entity75 resulting from @entity63 .

title: Effects of delayed administration of low-dose @entity3303 on transient focal XXXX in @entity35 .

answer: @entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['cerebral ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors' previous study demonstrated that a clinical antiarrhythmic dose of @entity3303 , when given before @entity63 , is neuroprotective in a @entity35 model of transient focal @entity2806 . In this study, the authors investigated whether the administration of this dose of @entity3303 , when delayed until 45 min after the onset of @entity63 , also reduces @entity2806 . METHODS: @entity3303 was administered as an intravenous bolus (1.5 mg/kg) followed by an intravenous infusion (2 mg. kg(-1).h(-1)) for 165 min, beginning 45 min after the onset of a 90-min period of transient focal @entity2806 . Control animals were given the same volume of saline. Focal @entity2806 was induced by occluding the right middle cerebral artery using an intraluminal suture. Neurologic outcome and body @entity353 were quantified 7 days later. The brain was fixed 7 days after @entity63 and brain sections were stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 for assessment of infarct size and the number of intact neurons. In separate experiments, local cerebral blood flow and the electroencephalogram were measured during @entity63 and 180 min into the reperfusion period. @entity1188 size was assessed after 24 h. RESULTS: @entity1188 size, at either 24 h or 7 days after @entity63 , was not significantly reduced in the @entity3303 group. However, the number of intact neurons was significantly increased in both the @entity63 penumbra and core of the @entity3303 group 7 days after @entity63 , compared with the vehicle group. @entity35 treated with @entity3303 demonstrated better neurologic outcome and less @entity353 (P < 0.05). @entity3303 treatment had no significant influence on local cerebral blood flow and electroencephalogram during @entity63 and reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of a clinical antiarrhythmic dose of @entity3303 , beginning 45 min after the onset of @entity63 , reduces @entity2806 after transient focal @entity2806 in the @entity35 . This indicates that delayed administration of neuroprotective agents may reduce @entity75 resulting from @entity63 .

title: Effects of delayed administration of low-dose @entity3303 on transient focal @entity2806 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Individual differences are thought to influence the propensity for exposure to @entity130 and the subsequent development of @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) symptoms. Prior research has identified pre-existing @entity1316 as one such individual risk factor for traumatic events as well as for @entity1005 . The present study reports the incidence of traumatic events (and @entity1005 ) and examines @entity146 risk factors for @entity130 exposure in a prospective community sample. Data come from a prospective, longitudinal epidemiological study of adolescents and young adults (age 14-24) in Munich, Germany. Respondent diagnoses (N = 2,548) at baseline and at follow-up 34-50 months later were considered. Psychiatric diagnoses at baseline were examined as predictors of qualifying @entity130 . Baseline prevalence of @entity1 having experienced @entity130 meeting DSM-IV A1 and A2 criteria ('qualifying @entity130 ') was 16.7%; during the follow-up period, 20.3% @entity1 had experienced incident (new) qualifying traumata. The prevalence of @entity1005 , including subthreshold cases, at baseline was 5.6%; by the end of the follow-up period this had increased to 10.3%. Presence of an @entity148 at baseline predicted exposure to qualifying @entity130 during the follow-up period (adjusted ORs ranging from 1.36 for any @entity130 type to 3.00 for sexual @entity130 ); this association was apparently due to an increased tendency to report events as being particularly horrific (meeting A2 criteria). In contrast, presence of illicit drug use predicted the onset of traumatic events (specifically assaultive and sexual @entity130 ) meeting at least A1 criteria, suggesting an actual exposure to these types of traumatic events for this class of disorders. In this prospective study of urban adolescents and young adults, certain classes of pre-existing @entity146 (most notably @entity148 and illicit @entity734 ) were associated with increased risk for qualifying traumatic events. The mechanisms by which premorbid @entity146 promote exposure to traumatic events are unknown. Better understanding of these pathways may lead to novel strategies for primary and secondary prevention of @entity1005 .

title: Patterns of incidence and XXXX risk factors for traumatic events.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['post-traumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mood disorders']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorder', 'anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug use disorders']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumas', 'trauma']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: @entity519 interferes with the diversion of blood flow away from @entity519 regions of the lung, possibly through activation of the arterial chemoreceptor reflex. The purpose of this study was to determine if selective stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors reduces the diversion of flow ( @entity519 vasoconstriction) when normal systemic @entity26 levels are present. @entity4486 anesthetized @entity235 were paralyzed and each lung was separately ventilated via a dual-lumen endobronchial tube. @entity358 (QL) and @entity1503 flows were measured with electromagnetic flow probes. Chemoreceptors were stimulated by perfusion of the carotid sinuses with @entity519 , hypercapnic blood. QL/QT averaged 46 +/- 4, 29 +/- 2, and 36 +/- 4% during bilateral O2 ventilation (control), left lung N2 ventilation, and left lung N2 plus chemoreceptor stimulation in @entity235 treated with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor @entity5728 . After vagotomy, QL/QT averaged 45 +/- 4, 27 +/- 3, and 28 +/- 2% during the same conditions. QL/QT decreased significantly from control (P less than 0.05) during left lung N2 alone but did not decrease during left lung N2 plus chemoreceptor stimulation in @entity235 with intact vagi. In contrast, QL/QT decreased significantly both before and during chemoreceptor stimulation in vagotomized @entity235 . The same responses were observed in @entity235 not treated with @entity5728 . These results indicate that selective stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors can interfere with regional @entity519 vasoconstriction and suggest that the vagus nerves may mediate this effect.

title: Chemoreceptor stimulation interferes with regional XXXX pulmonary vasoconstriction.

entities_list: @entity5728 :: ('MESH:D008469', 'Chemical') :: ['meclofenamate']

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['Chloralose']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['main pulmonary artery (QT) blood']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxemia', 'hypoxic']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Left pulmonary artery']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic']


abstract: Conventional wisdom holds that @entity0 (with positive axillary nodes) is a late stage I (with negative axillary nodes). The use of direct (e.g., 5-year) survival analysis, has led to the concept that these stages reflect a "delay" in diagnosis. Controlled clinical trials and demographic @entity5 registries, in which life table analysis of survival is used, provide data that require that this concept be reconsidered and perhaps discarded. Survival data published by NSABP B04 and the Connecticut Tumor Registry show that deaths in both stages start shortly after diagnosis but show different annual rates of dying. The anticipated "delay" (lead time bias) is not seen. These rates are permanently and consistently different. The local recurrence rates occurring in the two stages are different. The clinical response to @entity440 in postmenopausal @entity1 and chemotherapy in premenopausal @entity1 has been shown to be different between the two stages. Histopathologic examination of the @entity5 shows the two stages to be different with respect to size of @entity5 at time of diagnosis and the presence of lymphatic and vascular invasion. The conclusion must be reached that the two stages represent variants of @entity0 ; stage II is not simply a late diagnosis of stage I.

title: XXXX is not simply a late stage I.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen citrate']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage II breast cancer', 'breast cancer disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Stage II breast cancer']


abstract: Simple clinical data, available in all coronary care units, were recorded in 1,013 consecutive @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ). In order to identify the @entity1 at highest and lowest risk of mortality during hospital stay, a prognostic index was established from a stepwise logistic discriminant analysis of 10 clinical variables obtained at admission in a consecutive series of 477 @entity1 hospitalized in 1 of 2 coronary care units admitting new @entity1 on alternate days and treating them similarly. This prognostic index was applied to a comparison group of 536 consecutive @entity1 admitted to the other coronary care unit. In the experimental group, 57 of the 477 @entity1 (12%) died during hospital stay; 60 of the 536 @entity1 (11%) died in the comparison group. As individual variables, age, previous history of @entity583 , anterior site and left ventricular function on admission were associated with increased mortality. Three variables were selected from the stepwise logistic discriminant analysis of the experimental group: age; site (anterior = 1, other = 0); and grade of left ventricular function (0 to 4). Prognostic index = 5.9019 - 0.8961 function - 0.5708 location - 0.0369 age. This index was validated in the comparison group. @entity1 were allocated into different classes with increasing index values associated with decreasing risk. Three subgroups of @entity1 were identified: high risk of hospital mortality (index less than or equal to 1; mortality: 51%), intermediate risk (index 1 to 3; mortality: 18%) and low risk (index greater than 3; mortality: 4%). The use of this simple prognostic index may improve clinical management and selection of @entity1 for intervention trials.

title: Short-term risk stratification at admission based on simple clinical data in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: 1. An investigation has been made on the stimulation of the anaerobic glycolysis by @entity35 -liver slices caused by previous incubation in @entity26 . 2. The stimulation is sustained partly by endogenous @entity3363 and partly by added @entity413 . The effect of @entity413 reaches a maximum at a concentration of 20mm; it is more pronounced when @entity413 is present in the actual glycolytic phase and not during the aerobic preincubation. The conversion of @entity948 and @entity2388 into @entity880 is not affected by the preincubation in @entity26 . 3. The stimulation occurs also when preincubation is carried out in a medium that blocks the action of phosphorylase. 4. Preincubation for 2-3min. at 37 degrees is enough to ensure maximum stimulation. The main effect of the aerobic incubation is on the initial velocity of the anaerobic glycolysis. 5. The stimulation depends on the nutritional state of the animal: it is decreased practically to nil in @entity35 starved overnight. In starved animals glycogen content and basal and stimulated glycolysis decline progressively with the same trend. If starved animals are injected with @entity413 , liver glycogen concentration increases but basal glycolysis remains at a low level; however, the rate of stimulated glycolysis becomes progressively higher and correlates with the amount of liver glycogen. 6. It is suggested that the aerobic preincubation modifies the factors that regulate glycolysis in liver slices at steps above the level of triose @entity6546 .

title: The stimulation of glycolysis by previous aerobiosis in XXXX -liver slices.

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity6546 :: ('MESH:D010710', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphates']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: With the increasing interest in callosotomy as treatment for intractable @entity302 , it seems to be important to define the neuropsychological consequences of the related surgical operation. 8 @entity1 suffering from drug-resistant seizures underwent section of the corpus callosum, 6 in the anterior part only and 2 undergoing complete two-stage commissurotomy including the posterior part. Before the callosotomy the @entity1 were studied using a cognitive, affective and behavioural battery which was repeated 15 and 90-100 days after the operation. The @entity1 with sufficient I.Q. were described in more detail using the cognitive parameters; the social and motor behaviour of @entity5761 subjects are accurately reported. No disconnection syndrome was ever observed after the partial commissurotomy while it occurred in one of the two complete callosotomies. The @entity1 showed longer reaction times and a mild impairment of linguistic, praxic, memory and motor functions in the former evaluation (15 days), but there was consistent improvement in the latter check up. At the 90-100 day follow-up the @entity5761 @entity1 responded more readily to the environmental stimulations and their postural, motor and behavioural functions were unchanged or improved, with respect to presurgical performances. The social and emotional behaviour of all the @entity1 had always improved by the time the long-term evaluation (90 days) was performed. Finally, by limiting the callosotomy to the anterior part only, the neurological and psychological consequences seem to be limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Neuropsychological changes after callosotomy in XXXX : a study of the short-term evolution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5761 :: ('MESH:D065768', 'Disease') :: ['Lennox-Gastaut']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['drug-resistant epilepsy']


abstract: In this study, @entity11898 was used as a model of @entity11898 and the pathogenesis of the @entity56515 of @entity11898 was investigated. @entity11898 was induced in @entity35 fetuses by a single oral administration of myleran to pregnant @entity35 on day 10 of pregnancy. The dose of myleran administered was 40 mg/kg of body weight. In order to observe the process of formation of the foot plates and digital rays of @entity11898 , histological examination was done. The period of development studied was from day 12 to 16 of pregnancy. A series of fetuses was surgically removed from their mothers at 12 hours' interval. Histological examinations of the hind limbbuds and foot plates were performed quantitatively. The formation of hind limbbuds was detected on day 12 in myleran treated group as in control group. The formation of digital rays in the myleran treated group was initially observed on day 14.5, 12 hours later than control. The size of hind limbbuds and the density of mesenchymal cells in hind limbbuds treated by myleran was smaller than control and the @entity509 of the limbbuds was maximum on day 14. The shape of foot plates treated by myleran was asymmetrical compared with the symmetrical limbbuds in controls. Concerning @entity3145 in limbbuds, dead cells of ectoderm were distributed on the top of the limbbuds on day 12 and they disappeared 24 hours later. On the other hand, dead cells of mesenchyme were scattered in hind limbbuds on day 12.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Histological analysis of myleran induced XXXX of longitudinal deficiency in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity11898 :: ('MESH:C564523', 'Disease') :: ['tibial ray deficiency', 'longitudinal ray deficiency', 'Tibial ray deficiency']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue damage']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity56515 :: ('MESH:C535688', 'Disease') :: ['oligodactyly']

answer: @entity56515 :: (MESH:C535688,Disease) :: ['oligodactyly']