abstract: Reverse transcription in @entity778 ( @entity778 ) initiates from the 3' end of a @entity3915 primer, which anneals near the 5' end of the RNA genome. The region around the @entity3337 ( @entity3337 ) forms an elaborate stem structure composed of the U5-inverted repeat (U5-IR) stem, the U5-leader stem, and the association of the tRNA primer with the @entity3337 . There is evidence for an additional interaction between the viral U5 RNA and the T psi C loop of the @entity3915 (U5-T psi C). We now demonstrate that this U5-T psi C interaction is necessary for efficient replication of @entity778 in culture. By randomizing specific biologically relevant regions of the viral RNA, thereby producing a library of mutant viruses, we are able to select, through multiple rounds of @entity281 , those sequences imparting survival @entity410 . Randomizing the U5-T psi C interaction region of the viral RNA results in selection of largely wild-type sequences after five rounds of @entity281 . Also recovered are mutant viruses that maintain their ability to base pair with the T psi C loop of the @entity3915 . To prove this interaction is specific to the tRNA primer, we constructed a second library, in which we altered the @entity3337 to anneal to tRNA(Pro), while simultaneously randomizing the viral RNA U5-T psi C region. After five rounds of @entity281 , the consensus sequence 5'-GPuPuCPy-3' emerged, which is complementary to the 5'-GGTTC-3' sequence found in the T psi C loop of tRNA(Pro). These observations confirm the importance of the U5-T psi C interaction in vivo.

title: Replication of @entity778 in vivo requires an interaction between the viral RNA and the TpsiC loop of the XXXX primer.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['avian sarcoma virus', 'ASV']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['fitness to the virus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3337 :: ('MESH:D009371', 'Disease') :: ['PBS', 'primer-binding site']

answer: @entity3915 :: (4563,Gene) :: ['tRNA(Trp)']


abstract: Reverse transcription in @entity778 ( @entity778 ) initiates from the 3' end of a @entity3915 primer, which anneals near the 5' end of the RNA genome. The region around the @entity3337 ( @entity3337 ) forms an elaborate stem structure composed of the U5-inverted repeat (U5-IR) stem, the U5-leader stem, and the association of the tRNA primer with the @entity3337 . There is evidence for an additional interaction between the viral U5 RNA and the T psi C loop of the @entity3915 (U5-T psi C). We now demonstrate that this U5-T psi C interaction is necessary for efficient replication of @entity778 in culture. By randomizing specific biologically relevant regions of the viral RNA, thereby producing a library of mutant viruses, we are able to select, through multiple rounds of @entity281 , those sequences imparting survival @entity410 . Randomizing the U5-T psi C interaction region of the viral RNA results in selection of largely wild-type sequences after five rounds of @entity281 . Also recovered are mutant viruses that maintain their ability to base pair with the T psi C loop of the @entity3915 . To prove this interaction is specific to the tRNA primer, we constructed a second library, in which we altered the @entity3337 to anneal to tRNA(Pro), while simultaneously randomizing the viral RNA U5-T psi C region. After five rounds of @entity281 , the consensus sequence 5'-GPuPuCPy-3' emerged, which is complementary to the 5'-GGTTC-3' sequence found in the T psi C loop of tRNA(Pro). These observations confirm the importance of the U5-T psi C interaction in vivo.

title: Replication of XXXX in vivo requires an interaction between the viral RNA and the TpsiC loop of the @entity3915 primer.

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['avian sarcoma virus']


abstract: We propose herein that there are two functionally abnormal nephron populations in essential @entity101 : (1) a group of @entity63 @entity4295 with impaired @entity1372 excretion which chronically hypersecrete @entity916 . Numerically, these @entity63 @entity4295 comprise a minor subgroup since most @entity1 with essential @entity101 exhibit no overt evidence of @entity177 . (2) In reaction to this, a more numerous group of normal @entity4295 appears in adaptive hypernatriuresis. They have an increased distal @entity1372 supply and consequently, a chronically suppressed @entity916 secretion. One difference between @entity1 with @entity2792 and those with essential @entity101 is the intermingling of these two populations of @entity4295 . In our hypothesis, the adapting hyperfiltering normal @entity4295 accomplish the hypernatriuresis in response to saline infusion, that is characteristic of all essential @entity101 . However, the unsuppressed secretion of @entity916 , that arises from the @entity63 nephron population attenuates this compensatory natriuresis in the following ways: (1) by inappropriately acting on the hyperfiltering @entity4295 to enhance proximal tubular @entity1372 reabsorption; (2) by activating TGF-mediated afferent constriction in these @entity4295 , and (3) simultaneously, the reactive secretion of @entity916 from @entity63 @entity4295 is diluted by non-participation of the adapting hypernatriuretic @entity4295 so that plasma @entity916 settles at a level which is insufficient to fully compensate GFR in the @entity63 @entity4295 . These adaptive responses provide a basis for the observation that the inhibition of @entity916 activity with converting enzyme inhibitors in essential @entity101 increases renal blood flow and @entity1372 excretion. They also explain why converting enzyme inhibitors can effectively reduce blood pressure, even when @entity916 levels are not absolutely elevated, since any circulating @entity916 imposed upon the adapting @entity73 their @entity1372 excretion. In addition, the theory explains why basal @entity916 secretion is either not suppressed or inadequately suppressed in @entity1 with essential @entity101 . As a result, whole kidney homeostatic function is compromised because individual @entity4295 are responding to their individual stimuli to fulfil their individual need, rather than acting in concert with other @entity4295 . The net effect of this uncoordinated response is to shift total renal function so that systemic arterial @entity101 is sustained by abnormal @entity1372 retention for the inappropriately high plasma @entity916 level, or vice versa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: On the renal basis for essential @entity101 : nephron heterogeneity with discordant XXXX secretion and @entity1372 excretion causing a hypertensive vasoconstriction-volume relationship.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['hypernatriuretic nephrons inappropriately impairs']

entities_list: @entity2792 :: ('MESH:D006978', 'Disease') :: ['renovascular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

answer: @entity916 :: (5972,Gene) :: ['renin']


abstract: We propose herein that there are two functionally abnormal nephron populations in essential @entity101 : (1) a group of @entity63 @entity4295 with impaired @entity1372 excretion which chronically hypersecrete @entity916 . Numerically, these @entity63 @entity4295 comprise a minor subgroup since most @entity1 with essential @entity101 exhibit no overt evidence of @entity177 . (2) In reaction to this, a more numerous group of normal @entity4295 appears in adaptive hypernatriuresis. They have an increased distal @entity1372 supply and consequently, a chronically suppressed @entity916 secretion. One difference between @entity1 with @entity2792 and those with essential @entity101 is the intermingling of these two populations of @entity4295 . In our hypothesis, the adapting hyperfiltering normal @entity4295 accomplish the hypernatriuresis in response to saline infusion, that is characteristic of all essential @entity101 . However, the unsuppressed secretion of @entity916 , that arises from the @entity63 nephron population attenuates this compensatory natriuresis in the following ways: (1) by inappropriately acting on the hyperfiltering @entity4295 to enhance proximal tubular @entity1372 reabsorption; (2) by activating TGF-mediated afferent constriction in these @entity4295 , and (3) simultaneously, the reactive secretion of @entity916 from @entity63 @entity4295 is diluted by non-participation of the adapting hypernatriuretic @entity4295 so that plasma @entity916 settles at a level which is insufficient to fully compensate GFR in the @entity63 @entity4295 . These adaptive responses provide a basis for the observation that the inhibition of @entity916 activity with converting enzyme inhibitors in essential @entity101 increases renal blood flow and @entity1372 excretion. They also explain why converting enzyme inhibitors can effectively reduce blood pressure, even when @entity916 levels are not absolutely elevated, since any circulating @entity916 imposed upon the adapting @entity73 their @entity1372 excretion. In addition, the theory explains why basal @entity916 secretion is either not suppressed or inadequately suppressed in @entity1 with essential @entity101 . As a result, whole kidney homeostatic function is compromised because individual @entity4295 are responding to their individual stimuli to fulfil their individual need, rather than acting in concert with other @entity4295 . The net effect of this uncoordinated response is to shift total renal function so that systemic arterial @entity101 is sustained by abnormal @entity1372 retention for the inappropriately high plasma @entity916 level, or vice versa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: On the renal basis for essential XXXX : nephron heterogeneity with discordant @entity916 secretion and @entity1372 excretion causing a hypertensive vasoconstriction-volume relationship.

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: We propose herein that there are two functionally abnormal nephron populations in essential @entity101 : (1) a group of @entity63 @entity4295 with impaired @entity1372 excretion which chronically hypersecrete @entity916 . Numerically, these @entity63 @entity4295 comprise a minor subgroup since most @entity1 with essential @entity101 exhibit no overt evidence of @entity177 . (2) In reaction to this, a more numerous group of normal @entity4295 appears in adaptive hypernatriuresis. They have an increased distal @entity1372 supply and consequently, a chronically suppressed @entity916 secretion. One difference between @entity1 with @entity2792 and those with essential @entity101 is the intermingling of these two populations of @entity4295 . In our hypothesis, the adapting hyperfiltering normal @entity4295 accomplish the hypernatriuresis in response to saline infusion, that is characteristic of all essential @entity101 . However, the unsuppressed secretion of @entity916 , that arises from the @entity63 nephron population attenuates this compensatory natriuresis in the following ways: (1) by inappropriately acting on the hyperfiltering @entity4295 to enhance proximal tubular @entity1372 reabsorption; (2) by activating TGF-mediated afferent constriction in these @entity4295 , and (3) simultaneously, the reactive secretion of @entity916 from @entity63 @entity4295 is diluted by non-participation of the adapting hypernatriuretic @entity4295 so that plasma @entity916 settles at a level which is insufficient to fully compensate GFR in the @entity63 @entity4295 . These adaptive responses provide a basis for the observation that the inhibition of @entity916 activity with converting enzyme inhibitors in essential @entity101 increases renal blood flow and @entity1372 excretion. They also explain why converting enzyme inhibitors can effectively reduce blood pressure, even when @entity916 levels are not absolutely elevated, since any circulating @entity916 imposed upon the adapting @entity73 their @entity1372 excretion. In addition, the theory explains why basal @entity916 secretion is either not suppressed or inadequately suppressed in @entity1 with essential @entity101 . As a result, whole kidney homeostatic function is compromised because individual @entity4295 are responding to their individual stimuli to fulfil their individual need, rather than acting in concert with other @entity4295 . The net effect of this uncoordinated response is to shift total renal function so that systemic arterial @entity101 is sustained by abnormal @entity1372 retention for the inappropriately high plasma @entity916 level, or vice versa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: On the renal basis for essential @entity101 : nephron heterogeneity with discordant @entity916 secretion and XXXX excretion causing a hypertensive vasoconstriction-volume relationship.

answer: @entity1372 :: (MESH:D012964,Chemical) :: ['sodium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The optimal strategy for identifying @entity1 with @entity2980 requiring surgical repair has not been defined. The potential benefits of diagnostic laparoscopy by incorporating it into the routine diagnostic workup of @entity1 with anterior @entity2980 was evaluated in a two-layer, randomized study. METHODS: From May 1997 through January 2002, stable @entity1 without @entity298 but with demonstrated peritoneal violation were randomized (A) to exploratory laparotomy (AEL) (n = 23) or diagnostic laparoscopy (ADL) (n = 20). Simultaneously, @entity1 with equivocal peritoneal violation on local wound exploration were randomized (B) to diagnostic laparoscopy (BDL) (n = 28) or expectant nonoperative management (BNOM) (n = 31). Hospital morbidity, length of stay, and costs were primary endpoints, with postdischarge disability being a secondary endpoint. RESULTS: In @entity1 with peritoneal penetration (AEL vs. ADL), there were minimal differences in the therapeutic operation rate (8 of 23 [AEL] vs. 8 of 20 [ADL], p = 0.761), mortality (none), morbidity (3 of 23 vs. 2 of 20, p = 0.999), hospital stay (mean +/- SD) (5.7 +/- 2.5 vs. 5.1 +/- 4.0 days, p = 0.049), hospital costs (4.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 4.8 +/- 1.9 x 1,000 EUR, p = 0.576), and length of sick leave (34 +/- 12 vs. 29 +/- 11 days, p = 0.305). In @entity1 with equivocal peritoneal penetration (BDL vs. BNOM), laparoscopy found more mostly minor organ injuries (7 of 28 [BDL] vs. 1 of 31 [BNOM], p = 0.022) with no significant difference in therapeutic operations (3 of 28 vs. 1 of 31, p = 0.337) or morbidity (3 of 28 vs. 0 of 31, p = 0.101), but was associated with increased length of stay (2.6 +/- 2.1 vs. 1.9 +/- 1.8 days, p = 0.022), hospital costs (4.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 1.5 +/- 1.1 x 1,000 EUR, p = 0.000), and sick leave requirements (18 of 23 vs. 8 of 28 of eligible @entity1 , p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with demonstrated peritoneal violation, laparoscopy offers little benefit over exploratory laparotomy. In @entity1 with equivocal peritoneal penetration on local wound exploration, laparoscopy detects more mostly minor organ injuries than expectant nonoperative management but is associated with increased hospital stay, costs, and sick leave requirements. Overall, diagnostic laparoscopy cannot be recommended as a routine diagnostic tool in anterolateral abdominal and thoracoabdominal stab wounds.

title: Diagnostic laparoscopy in XXXX : a prospective, randomized study.

entities_list: @entity2980 :: ('MESH:D014951', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal stab wounds']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity2980 :: (MESH:D014951,Disease) :: ['abdominal stab wounds']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Undetected @entity174 ( @entity174 ) can lead to complications such as @entity393 , @entity3541 , @entity2972 , or otorhinorrhea, and can be the cause of life-threatening @entity4008 and can easily be missed. METHODS: We prospectively studied @entity1 with @entity542 between January 2000 and January 2001. All @entity1 were examined by the attending @entity130 physician and then underwent cranial helical computed tomographic (CT) scan independent of clinical findings and Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) score to determine the proportion of @entity174 that would have been missed if diagnosis had been based only on clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Three-hundred fifty consecutive @entity1 with @entity542 were studied during the 12-month period (GCS score: range, 3-15; median, 13). In 34 (9.7%) of these @entity1 , 38 TBF (30 unilateral and 4 bilateral) were diagnosed by CT scan. However, clinical signs of TBF were present in only 22 of the 34 @entity1 (65%). All missed @entity174 were unilateral. Of the @entity1 with missed @entity174 , 8 of 20 (40%) had GCS scores of 14 to 15, 1 of 8 (12.5%) had a GCS score of 9 to 13, and 3 of 6 (50%) had GCS scores < 9. Four of 34 (12%) @entity1 developed clinical complications. CONCLUSION: @entity174 are common injuries in @entity1 with @entity542 . More than one third of these @entity174 may be missed by clinical diagnosis alone. Although the clinical importance of the missed TBF is debatable, 12% of our @entity1 developed complications. Therefore, to rule out these lesions, routine cranial helical CT scan should be recommended in all @entity1 presenting with @entity542 , independent of clinical findings and GCS score.

title: The clinical correlation of XXXX and spiral computed tomographic scan: a prospective and consecutive study at a level I @entity130 center.

entities_list: @entity4008 :: ('MESH:D016920', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial meningitis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'TBFs', 'temporal bone fractures']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve paralysis']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['temporal bone fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Undetected @entity174 ( @entity174 ) can lead to complications such as @entity393 , @entity3541 , @entity2972 , or otorhinorrhea, and can be the cause of life-threatening @entity4008 and can easily be missed. METHODS: We prospectively studied @entity1 with @entity542 between January 2000 and January 2001. All @entity1 were examined by the attending @entity130 physician and then underwent cranial helical computed tomographic (CT) scan independent of clinical findings and Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) score to determine the proportion of @entity174 that would have been missed if diagnosis had been based only on clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Three-hundred fifty consecutive @entity1 with @entity542 were studied during the 12-month period (GCS score: range, 3-15; median, 13). In 34 (9.7%) of these @entity1 , 38 TBF (30 unilateral and 4 bilateral) were diagnosed by CT scan. However, clinical signs of TBF were present in only 22 of the 34 @entity1 (65%). All missed @entity174 were unilateral. Of the @entity1 with missed @entity174 , 8 of 20 (40%) had GCS scores of 14 to 15, 1 of 8 (12.5%) had a GCS score of 9 to 13, and 3 of 6 (50%) had GCS scores < 9. Four of 34 (12%) @entity1 developed clinical complications. CONCLUSION: @entity174 are common injuries in @entity1 with @entity542 . More than one third of these @entity174 may be missed by clinical diagnosis alone. Although the clinical importance of the missed TBF is debatable, 12% of our @entity1 developed complications. Therefore, to rule out these lesions, routine cranial helical CT scan should be recommended in all @entity1 presenting with @entity542 , independent of clinical findings and GCS score.

title: The clinical correlation of @entity174 and spiral computed tomographic scan: a prospective and consecutive study at a level I XXXX center.

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Current recommendations are to institute nocturnal nasal ventilation for @entity746 @entity1 with a forced vital capacity (FVC) of <50% of predicted normal. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this is appropriate. DESIGN: A total of 87 nocturnal oximetry evaluations were performed on 78 consecutive @entity746 @entity1 symptomatic for @entity387 . Nocturnal oximetry measurements were compared for those with FVC >50% vs. those with FVC of <50% of normal. FVC was measured sitting and supine. RESULTS: A considerable number of these symptomatic @entity1 manifested evidence of @entity519 as measured by oximetry. However, there was no significant difference between @entity1 with sitting percentage-predicted FVC above and below 50% predicted in minimum @entity26 saturation, mean @entity26 saturation, percentage of time spent with @entity26 saturation of <88%, and number of events per hour. There was no significant difference between @entity1 with supine percentage-predicted FVC above and below 50% predicted in minimum @entity26 saturation, mean @entity26 saturation, percentage of time spent with @entity26 saturation of <88%, and number of events per hour. CONCLUSION: The recommendation that FVC be <50% of normal is inappropriate for justifying introduction of nocturnal nasal ventilation. Many @entity1 are symptomatic at higher FVC and manifest evidence of @entity519 . Nocturnal oximetry adds additional practical information for justifying earlier respiratory intervention for symptomatic @entity1 .

title: Nocturnal oximetry: utility in the respiratory management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep-disordered breathing']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['nocturnal hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

answer: @entity746 :: (MESH:D000690,Disease) :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors on the progression of @entity472 . We hypothesized that risk factors for @entity731 might also be involved in the @entity340 and might lead to reoperation as a result of @entity712 , especially in younger @entity1 with high degeneration rates. METHODS: In 1984 and 1985, 161 @entity1 (74% male; mean age, 54.4 +/- 1.0 years; age range, 17-76 years; median age, 56.5 years) survived isolated aortic (n = 137) or combined aortic and mitral (n = 25) valve replacement with a Hancock extracorporeal pericardial valve. Of these @entity1 , 90 (56%) had reoperations as a result of tissue failure of the aortic valve 5.6 +/- 0.25 years postoperatively. RESULTS: The @entity1 group was split in half at the median age. In @entity1 aged 57 years or younger, @entity6 , female sex, cigarette smoking, and high @entity165 and @entity412 levels were associated with accelerated valve failure. In a multivariate model sex (female, P =.001), smoking (P =.001), @entity6 (P =.020), and @entity165 levels (P =.011) are risk factors for reoperation. @entity1 without risk factors had reoperation after a mean of 9.25 +/- 0.88 years compared with 4.05 +/- 0.43 years (P =.0002) in @entity1 with 2 or 3 risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors of @entity731 might play a substantial role in the @entity886 . Lowering of serum lipid levels, smoking cessation, therapy for @entity6 , and careful @entity1 selection could be new strategies to postpone degeneration. Younger @entity1 could then possibly benefit from the advantages of bioprostheses.

title: Risk factors for XXXX and the degeneration of pericardial valves after aortic valve replacement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['structural valve failure']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration of aortic bioprosthetic valves']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration of pericardial heart valves']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: We compare a "second-generation" immunoenzymometric assay (Tandem-E CKMB II) for @entity908 kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) MB with its electrophoretic (Beckman Paragon system) determination. In the former, two monoclonal antibodies are directed against the B and M subunits. We evaluated 502 samples from 253 @entity1 . Precision, linearity, and analytical recovery for both assays were excellent. The two methods correlated well (r = 0.936). The reference interval for individuals with no suspected @entity299 was 0-6.0 micrograms/L; that for non- @entity1188 @entity1 was 0-18.0 micrograms/L. Peak CK-MB values determined by the two assays agreed for 95% of the @entity1 , in terms of exceeding the normal reference interval or not. @entity3129 were 86% (Tandem) and 88% (electrophoresis). The immunoenzymometric assay showed no cross reaction with other CK isoenzymes. Both assay methods performed well in detecting CK-MB, although there were some false positives by both methods, as judged from electrocardiographic results. When total CK for the Tandem assay exceeds 2000 U/L, we recommend calculation of a ratio (CK-MB, micrograms/L:total CK, U/L).

title: Immunoenzymometric assay of XXXX kinase with monoclonal antibodies to the MB isoenzyme compared with electrophoresis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3129 :: ('MESH:D005119', 'Disease') :: ['Diagnostic efficiencies']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disorder']

answer: @entity908 :: (MESH:D003401,Chemical) :: ['creatine']


abstract: @entity6865 is a well-recognized disorder in adults, but it is rarely diagnosed in the pediatric age group. This report summarizes our experience with this condition from 1975 to 1985. We diagnosed, treated, and followed up this condition in 18 @entity1 and adolescents. The condition usually followed @entity130 . The most prominent feature in all @entity1 was a constant @entity158 with episodes of paroxysmal exacerbation. The @entity158 was associated with two or more of the following: @entity4 , @entity1119 or @entity3797 , @entity848 or erythema, and, in severe cases, dystrophic skin changes and @entity2057 . Roentgenograms were normal. Bone scans were helpful to exclude other possible causes of bone and joint @entity158 . @entity6865 in @entity1 probably often goes unrecognized, sometimes being confused with @entity146 conditions such as conversion reaction and malingering. @entity6865 should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained persistent @entity158 in @entity1 : early recognition and proper management may result in the prevention of potentially crippling sequelae.

title: XXXX in @entity1 and adolescents. Report of 18 cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity6865 :: ('MESH:D012019', 'Disease') :: ['Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1119 :: ('MESH:D006945', 'Disease') :: ['hyperhidrosis']

entities_list: @entity848 :: ('MESH:D003490', 'Disease') :: ['cyanosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'limb pain']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle atrophy']

entities_list: @entity3797 :: ('MESH:D007007', 'Disease') :: ['anhidrosis']

answer: @entity6865 :: (MESH:D012019,Disease) :: ['Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome']


abstract: @entity6865 is a well-recognized disorder in adults, but it is rarely diagnosed in the pediatric age group. This report summarizes our experience with this condition from 1975 to 1985. We diagnosed, treated, and followed up this condition in 18 @entity1 and adolescents. The condition usually followed @entity130 . The most prominent feature in all @entity1 was a constant @entity158 with episodes of paroxysmal exacerbation. The @entity158 was associated with two or more of the following: @entity4 , @entity1119 or @entity3797 , @entity848 or erythema, and, in severe cases, dystrophic skin changes and @entity2057 . Roentgenograms were normal. Bone scans were helpful to exclude other possible causes of bone and joint @entity158 . @entity6865 in @entity1 probably often goes unrecognized, sometimes being confused with @entity146 conditions such as conversion reaction and malingering. @entity6865 should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained persistent @entity158 in @entity1 : early recognition and proper management may result in the prevention of potentially crippling sequelae.

title: @entity6865 in XXXX and adolescents. Report of 18 cases and review of the literature.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: A critical review of adjuvant therapies of @entity1820 shows that this is a field of active clinical investigation. Unfortunately the results that have been achieved until now have not fulfilled the expectations. Neoadjuvant therapies of @entity957 of the esophagus and the anus in many cases lead to pathologically documented complete remissions. After a 10 years follow-up, it is evident that for @entity189 such pathological complete remissions translate into longterm remissions and eventually cures. The same conclusion, however, can not yet be drawn for @entity418 . The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in @entity356 remains unclear. The results of the current FAM-studies are eagerly awaited. In @entity788 the combination of radiotherapy and @entity1487 may probably prolong disease-free survival and survival for a limited time period. Many adjuvant studies have been done in @entity694 , without any conclusive data regarding the role of chemotherapy. Some indications point to biological response modifiers, immuno- and regional therapies to be effective in the adjuvant situation. The results of adjuvant chemotherapy in @entity5 after radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy are easier to judge. They show that some @entity1 profit from adjuvant therapy. But the most efficient combinations and the role of newer modalities remain to be elucidated (Fig. 8 a-8c).

title: [Adjuvant chemotherapy in XXXX of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)].

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['anal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal tumors']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic cancer']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present work was to study whether immunocytochemical parameters present in the normal ovary were altered after @entity5 development under high gonadotropin levels. METHODS: @entity43 ( @entity27977 ): castrated female @entity35 had an ovary grafted into the spleen; @entity5 were left to develop for 1, 2, 3 or 7 months. The presence of apoptotic cells (TUNEL method) and the expression of @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ), gap junction protein ( @entity10277 ), @entity24097 ( @entity24097 ), aromatase and @entity21111 ( @entity21111 ) were determined by immunocytochemistry. Some of these findings were confirmed by RT-PCR ( @entity10277 , @entity24097 , @entity21111 ). Inhibin subunit mRNAs were investigated by Northern blot. RESULTS: @entity1975 staining of @entity5 was mainly found in granulosa cells of transforming follicles and was absent from luteinized follicles. A nearly complete absence of apoptosis was observed. @entity10277 was mainly found in follicles, while it was very weakly expressed or absent in luteinized follicles. @entity24097 protein expression, indicating active steroidogenesis, was demonstrated only in luteinized follicles and in thecal cells, but was absent from granulosa cells. Aromatase immunoreactivity was very intense in granulosa and also present in luteal cells. Membrane-associated and cytoplasmic @entity21111 immunostaining was determined in patches of endocrine cells in the follicles, as well as in the luteinized follicles. The expression of mRNAs for @entity10277 , @entity24097 and @entity21111 (RT-PCR) and inhibin subunits (Northern blots) were confirmed in 1-, 3- and 7-month-old @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that @entity27977 most likely develop from unruptured follicles by @entity1184 and proliferation of follicular cells. Circulating gonadotropins seem to play a fundamental role in maintaining the expression of proteins typically expressed in normal ovary, while avoiding apoptosis in this tissue.

title: Development of an experimental XXXX : immunocytochemical analysis.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['Ovarian tumors']

entities_list: @entity21111 :: ('25012(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa', 'SNAP-25']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity24097 :: ('25557(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['StAR', 'steroidogenic acute regulatory protein']

entities_list: @entity1975 :: ('25737(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PCNA', 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian tumor']


abstract: Abnormal uterine @entity548 is the leading indication for discontinuation of long-term progestin-only contraceptives (LTPOCs). Histological sections of endometria from LTPOC-treated @entity1 display abnormally enlarged blood vessels at @entity548 sites. @entity2121 , a trend toward reduced endometrial perfusion in LTPOC users has been reported in these @entity1 . We hypothesized that @entity519 /reperfusion-induced free radical production inhibits the expression of @entity3658 ( @entity3658 ), a vessel stabilizing factor, leaving unopposed the effects of endothelial @entity877 , a vessel-branching and permeability factor. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed selective decreases in stromal cell @entity3658 in LTPOC-exposed endometrium. To indirectly assess whether LTPOC enhances endometrial free radical production, immunostaining was conducted for the phosphorylated form of the stress-activated kinases SAPK/JNK and @entity1435 . These kinases were greatly increased in endometria from LTPOC-treated @entity1 . Interestingly, the endothelial cells but not the stromal cells displayed enhanced immunostaining for the phosphorylated mitogen-activated kinase (pMAPK) after LTPOC treatment. To further examine the effects of progestin, @entity519 , and reactive @entity26 species (ROS) on the regulation of @entity3658 and @entity877 as well as the activation of MAPK, SAPK/JNK, and @entity1435 by the relevant cell types, we conducted in vitro studies with cultured @entity1 endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) and @entity1 endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs). Cultures of HESCs were treated with vehicle control, @entity53 (E(2)), or with @entity11796 +/- E(2) under @entity519 and normoxic conditions. Although @entity11796 but not E(2) increased @entity3658 expression, @entity519 greatly decreased @entity3658 protein and mRNA expression. In contrast, HESCs did not appear to express @entity877 protein or mRNA. Conversely, cultured HEECs did not appear to express @entity3658 , but expressed @entity877 , the levels of which were significantly increased by @entity519 . @entity519 also induced the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK and @entity1435 in both cultured HESCs and HEECs. Moreover, ROS such as that observed after @entity519 /reperfusion resulted in the activation of SAPK/JNK and @entity1435 in HESCs and HEECs and inhibited @entity3658 in cultured HESCs. These effects could be blocked by @entity26 radical scavengers. Consistent with the in vivo studies, MAPK was activated after ROS treatment in HEECs but not in HESCs. Our findings suggest that LTPOC-induced @entity1478 as a result of @entity519 /reperfusion-induced free radicals that directly damage vessels and alter the balance of @entity3658 and @entity877 to produce the characteristic enlarged and permeable vessels that are prone to @entity548 .

title: Abnormal uterine XXXX during progestin-only contraception may result from free radical-induced alterations in angiopoietin expression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2121 :: ('MESH:D019320', 'Disease') :: ['Paradoxically']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxia', 'hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity1478 :: ('MESH:D014591', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial bleeding occurs']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: @entity2779 is a new class Ic antiarrhythmic compound with a broad pharmacologic profile. In this study, its dose-response relationship was examined in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled five treatment parallel design protocol. @entity1 enrolled had @entity299 with Lown grade 2 @entity1540 ( @entity1540 ) (greater than or equal to 30/hr) documented on 24-hour Holter recordings. @entity2779 was compared in four doses (337.5, 450, 675, and 900 mg/day) to placebo. The double-blind phase lasted 2 weeks. Two hundred twenty-six @entity1 were enrolled, of whom 171 were @entity1 and 55 were @entity1 ; their mean age was 59.8 years and 85% were Caucasian and 4% were black. The @entity943 were symptomatic in 173. Twenty (8.8%) withdrew from the study before completion: 15 had adverse reactions, two had intercurrent illnesses, and three withdrew for administrative reasons. In one @entity1 , the density of @entity943 appeared to increase with @entity2779 . Side effects were of central nervous system or gastrointestinal origin; less than 5% of @entity1 developed first-degree @entity713 or @entity1757 . There were no deaths in the study. The occurrence of side effects was not related to dose. @entity2779 had no effect on heart rate. It increased the PR interval at all doses (9% to 22% compared to placebo at baseline; p less than 0.01) at 450 to 900 mg/day after 2 weeks of therapy. The drug increased the QRS duration at all doses, highly significantly at 675 mg/day (8.5 msec; p less than 0.01) and at 900 mg/day (15.7 msec; p less than 0.01) after 2 weeks of therapy. Only at the highest dose was the QTc slightly but significantly (14.3 msec; p less than 0.01) increased. @entity2779 exerted a dose-dependent effect on @entity1540 recorded on serial 24-hour Holter recordings: compared to placebo, at 2 weeks 337.5 mg/day reduced @entity1540 by 70.8% (p less than 0.05), 450 mg/day reduced @entity1540 by 82.0% (p less than 0.01), 675 mg/day reduced @entity1540 by 90.2% (p less than 0.01) and 900 mg/day reduced @entity1540 by 95.3% (p less than 0.01). The effects of the two highest doses of @entity2779 were significantly greater than those of 337.5 mg/day. In 68% of the @entity1 receiving 900 mg/day, 80% or greater reduction in total @entity1540 was found. In addition, there was a greater than 90% decrease in ventricular couplets, and 96% decrease in @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) beats. @entity2779 eliminated @entity1540 in 8% of all @entity1 , ventricular couplets in 58%, and @entity1165 beats in 91%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Effects of @entity2779 on XXXX : double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular conduction defect']

entities_list: @entity1540 :: ('MESH:D018879', 'Disease') :: ['premature ventricular contractions', 'PVCs']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity2779 :: ('MESH:D011405', 'Chemical') :: ['Propafenone', 'propafenone']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']


abstract: @entity2779 is a new class Ic antiarrhythmic compound with a broad pharmacologic profile. In this study, its dose-response relationship was examined in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled five treatment parallel design protocol. @entity1 enrolled had @entity299 with Lown grade 2 @entity1540 ( @entity1540 ) (greater than or equal to 30/hr) documented on 24-hour Holter recordings. @entity2779 was compared in four doses (337.5, 450, 675, and 900 mg/day) to placebo. The double-blind phase lasted 2 weeks. Two hundred twenty-six @entity1 were enrolled, of whom 171 were @entity1 and 55 were @entity1 ; their mean age was 59.8 years and 85% were Caucasian and 4% were black. The @entity943 were symptomatic in 173. Twenty (8.8%) withdrew from the study before completion: 15 had adverse reactions, two had intercurrent illnesses, and three withdrew for administrative reasons. In one @entity1 , the density of @entity943 appeared to increase with @entity2779 . Side effects were of central nervous system or gastrointestinal origin; less than 5% of @entity1 developed first-degree @entity713 or @entity1757 . There were no deaths in the study. The occurrence of side effects was not related to dose. @entity2779 had no effect on heart rate. It increased the PR interval at all doses (9% to 22% compared to placebo at baseline; p less than 0.01) at 450 to 900 mg/day after 2 weeks of therapy. The drug increased the QRS duration at all doses, highly significantly at 675 mg/day (8.5 msec; p less than 0.01) and at 900 mg/day (15.7 msec; p less than 0.01) after 2 weeks of therapy. Only at the highest dose was the QTc slightly but significantly (14.3 msec; p less than 0.01) increased. @entity2779 exerted a dose-dependent effect on @entity1540 recorded on serial 24-hour Holter recordings: compared to placebo, at 2 weeks 337.5 mg/day reduced @entity1540 by 70.8% (p less than 0.05), 450 mg/day reduced @entity1540 by 82.0% (p less than 0.01), 675 mg/day reduced @entity1540 by 90.2% (p less than 0.01) and 900 mg/day reduced @entity1540 by 95.3% (p less than 0.01). The effects of the two highest doses of @entity2779 were significantly greater than those of 337.5 mg/day. In 68% of the @entity1 receiving 900 mg/day, 80% or greater reduction in total @entity1540 was found. In addition, there was a greater than 90% decrease in ventricular couplets, and 96% decrease in @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) beats. @entity2779 eliminated @entity1540 in 8% of all @entity1 , ventricular couplets in 58%, and @entity1165 beats in 91%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Effects of XXXX on @entity943 : double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study.

answer: @entity2779 :: (MESH:D011405,Chemical) :: ['propafenone']


abstract: Both genetic and pharmacological studies raise the possibility that a primary increase in the amount or activity of @entity6864 ( @entity6864 ) in adipocytes could play a role in common types of @entity1 @entity28 . Using real-time RT-PCR assays we examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and @entity6864 isoform expression in freshly isolated @entity1 adipocytes. There were no consistent differences in the expression of either PPARgamma1 mRNA or PPARgamma2 mRNA between omental and sc adipocytes. In a group of 17 subjects (BMI range, 17-34 kg/m(2)) there was a strong and highly significant inverse correlation (r = -0.68; P < 0.005) between PPARgamma1 mRNA expression in adipocytes and BMI, whereas no significant relationship was apparent for PPARgamma2. In an independent study PPARgamma1 mRNA levels were decreased (1.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.8 arbitrary units; P < 0.01) in adipocytes from morbidly @entity28 (BMI, 50.6 +/- 14.1 kg/m(2)) vs. lean (BMI, 21.1 +/- 1.0 kg/m(2)) subjects. In contrast, there was a significant increase in the expression of PPARgamma2 mRNA levels between the morbidly @entity28 and lean groups (1.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2 arbitrary units; P < 0.05). Treatment of isolated @entity1 adipocytes with @entity310 resulted in a significant decrease in both PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2 mRNA levels [40.6 +/- 5.5% relative to control (P = 0.01) and 60.9 +/- 24.8% (P = 0.02) respectively]. The strong inverse relationship between BMI and PPARgamma1 expression in @entity1 adipocytes is striking and may represent part of an autoregulatory mechanism restraining the expansion of individual adipocytes in states of positive energy balance. On the other hand, the increase in PPARgamma2 observed in adipocytes of morbidly @entity28 individuals suggests a potential pathogenic effect of this isoform in promoting fat acquisition. Although an autocrine effect of the enhanced @entity310 secretion seen with increasing @entity28 might play a role in the changes in PPARgamma1, this would not provide an explanation for the different relationship of PPARgamma2 to adiposity. The significance of the divergent effect of @entity1 adiposity on the two isoforms will require a greater understanding of the differential properties of the two isoforms and of the differences in the functions of their respective regulatory elements.

title: Differential effects of adiposity on peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma1 and gamma2 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in XXXX adipocytes.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity6864 :: ('5468', 'Gene') :: ['peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma', 'PPARgamma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The complete @entity377 sequence of the small, cryptic plasmid pWKS1 (2697 bp) of @entity38622 DSM 11072 was determined. The G+C content of the sequence of this plasmid was 62 mol%. Analysis revealed that over 80% of the plasmid genome was covered by two ORFs, ORF1 and ORF2, which were capable of encoding putative peptides of 44.1 and 37.8 kDa, respectively. Mutational analysis showed that ORF2 was crucial for plasmid replication. The translational product of ORF2 shared local homologies with replication proteins of several theta-replicating lactococcal plasmids, as well as with the @entity70932 proteins of plasmids residing in Gram-negative hosts. An A+T-rich region, located upstream of the @entity70932 gene and containing three tandemly repeated 21 bp long iteron-like sequences, served as the origin of replication (oriV). ORF1 encoded a putative mobilization protein with similarities to mobilization proteins ( @entity70933 ) from the broad-host-range plasmid pBBR1 and plasmids of Gram-positive bacteria. A plasmid bearing the @entity70933 module of pWKS1 (the @entity70933 gene and the oriT sequence) could be mobilized for transfer (by IncP RP4 transfer apparatus) at low frequency between different strains of @entity526 . @entity70933 modules of pWKS1 and pBBR1 were functionally complementary to each other. Hybridization analysis revealed that only plasmid pSOV1 (6.5 kb), among all of the paracoccal plasmids identified so far, carries sequences related to pWKS1. Plasmid pWKS1 could replicate in 10 species of @entity38622 and in @entity3261 , @entity14441 and @entity11704 , but it could not replicate in @entity526 .

title: Molecular characterization of functional modules of plasmid pWKS1 of XXXX DSM 11072.

entities_list: @entity3261 :: ('358', 'Species') :: ['Agrobacterium tumefaciens']

entities_list: @entity11704 :: ('1063', 'Species') :: ['Rhodobacter sphaeroides']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity14441 :: ('384', 'Species') :: ['Rhizobium leguminosarum']

entities_list: @entity38622 :: ('82367', 'Species') :: ['Paracoccus pantotrophus', 'Paracoccus']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity38622 :: (82367,Species) :: ['Paracoccus pantotrophus']


abstract: Biochemical and immunologic properties of the cytotoxin (leukotoxin) produced by @entity8857 were examined. Crude, bacteria-free supernatants from logarithmic phase @entity8857 were fractionated, using a series of column chromatographic techniques. Sequential anion exchange chromatography, gel-filtration chromatography, and chromatofocusing resulted in a cytotoxic substance (cytotoxin-C) of approximately 160 kilodaltons (kD), as determined by use of gel-filtration chromatography. @entity2975 -gel electrophoresis of cytotoxin-C yielded 3 protein bands with relative mobilities of 0.37, 0.42, and 0.63. On the basis of immunoblotting with a cytotoxin-neutralizing @entity291 immunoglobulin for antigen detection, the 2 low-mobility bands shared a strong region of immunogenicity. Using @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis, principal protein constituents of cytotoxin-C were found at 160, 66, 57, and 23 kD. Using immunoblotting with cytotoxin-neutralizing immunoglobulin, strong, distinct reactions with the 66- and 57-kD bands were detected. Immunization of @entity95 and @entity19 with cytotoxin-C resulted in sera that reacted strongly with cytotoxin-C in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunodiffusion assays. The major immunogenic proteins also were detected by use of immunoblotting with anticytotoxin-C sera from @entity95 and @entity19 . Postinoculation @entity95 sera neutralized crude cytotoxin.

title: Chromatographic separation and characterization of XXXX cytotoxin.

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity8857 :: ('75985', 'Species') :: ['Pasteurella haemolytica', 'P haemolytica']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide', 'Polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity8857 :: (75985,Species) :: ['Pasteurella haemolytica']


abstract: Cultured primary @entity1 keratinocytes were screened for their expression of various members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Keratinocytes were found to constitutively express @entity11709 , @entity2938 , @entity6800 , @entity20040 , and @entity6801 but not @entity2939 , @entity13976 , @entity6438 , @entity22879 , or @entity34617 as shown by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of the crucial receptor for signaling of staphylococcal compounds @entity2938 was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry, in contrast to @entity2939 , which showed a negative staining pattern. Next, we analyzed the activation of the proinflammatory nuclear transcription factor kappaB by @entity794 8325-4. Using nuclear extract gel shifts, @entity9135 staining, and luciferase reporter transfection plasmids we found a clear induction of nuclear factor kappaB translocation by the bacteria. This translocation induced the transcription of nuclear factor kappaB controlled genes such as inducible @entity842 synthetase, @entity2247 , and @entity687 . Transcription of these genes was followed by production of increased amounts of @entity687 protein and NO. Inhibition experiments using monoclonal antibodies and the specific platelet activating factor receptor inhibitor @entity6848 showed that nuclear factor kappaB activation by @entity794 was @entity2938 but not @entity2939 or platelet activating factor receptor dependent. In line, the purified staphylococcal cell wall components lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan, known to signal through @entity2938 , also showed nuclear factor kappaB translocation in @entity1 keratinocytes, indicating a crucial role of the staphylococcal cell wall in the innate immune stimulation of @entity1 keratinocytes. These results help to explain the complex activation of @entity1 keratinocytes by @entity794 and its cell wall components in various inflammatory disorders of the skin.

title: Toll-like receptor expression in @entity1 keratinocytes: nuclear factor kappaB controlled gene activation by XXXX is toll-like receptor 2 but not toll-like receptor 4 or platelet activating factor receptor dependent.

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus strain', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: Cultured primary @entity1 keratinocytes were screened for their expression of various members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Keratinocytes were found to constitutively express @entity11709 , @entity2938 , @entity6800 , @entity20040 , and @entity6801 but not @entity2939 , @entity13976 , @entity6438 , @entity22879 , or @entity34617 as shown by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The expression of the crucial receptor for signaling of staphylococcal compounds @entity2938 was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry, in contrast to @entity2939 , which showed a negative staining pattern. Next, we analyzed the activation of the proinflammatory nuclear transcription factor kappaB by @entity794 8325-4. Using nuclear extract gel shifts, @entity9135 staining, and luciferase reporter transfection plasmids we found a clear induction of nuclear factor kappaB translocation by the bacteria. This translocation induced the transcription of nuclear factor kappaB controlled genes such as inducible @entity842 synthetase, @entity2247 , and @entity687 . Transcription of these genes was followed by production of increased amounts of @entity687 protein and NO. Inhibition experiments using monoclonal antibodies and the specific platelet activating factor receptor inhibitor @entity6848 showed that nuclear factor kappaB activation by @entity794 was @entity2938 but not @entity2939 or platelet activating factor receptor dependent. In line, the purified staphylococcal cell wall components lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan, known to signal through @entity2938 , also showed nuclear factor kappaB translocation in @entity1 keratinocytes, indicating a crucial role of the staphylococcal cell wall in the innate immune stimulation of @entity1 keratinocytes. These results help to explain the complex activation of @entity1 keratinocytes by @entity794 and its cell wall components in various inflammatory disorders of the skin.

title: Toll-like receptor expression in XXXX keratinocytes: nuclear factor kappaB controlled gene activation by @entity794 is toll-like receptor 2 but not toll-like receptor 4 or platelet activating factor receptor dependent.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity12136 oncoprotein is a transcription factor known to regulate the expression of numerous genes important in extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. Up-regulation of @entity12136 has been shown to be important in a variety of @entity1 @entity5 and to correlate with prognosis. To our knowledge, this oncoprotein has not been examined in @entity1489 . DESIGN: A series of 26 primary cutaneous @entity272 with @entity1 records were independently examined for diagnosis confirmation and immunohistochemical expression by two dermatopathologists. The immunohistochemical expression for @entity12136 (Novocastra, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, UK) was scored by an average of the mean labeling intensity (MLI), where no nuclear staining = 0, weak nuclear staining = 1, moderate nuclear staining = 2, and strong nuclear staining = 3. RESULTS: All @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ) and @entity3852 ( @entity3852 ) cases exhibited negative nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 0. @entity7390 , @entity957 in situ (SIS), and well-differentiated @entity957 ( @entity957 ) exhibited negative to weak nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 0.4 +/- 0.3. Moderately differentiated @entity957 exhibited moderate nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 1.8 +/- 0.6. Poorly differentiated @entity957 and metastatic @entity957 exhibited very strong nuclear staining, with an average MLI of 2.8 +/- 0.2. CONCLUSIONS: @entity12136 is not expressed in cutaneous @entity1491 or @entity3852 and is weakly expressed in SIS and forms of well-differentiated @entity6461 . Although the intensity of @entity12136 immunostaining distinguished between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated @entity6461 (p < 0.0001), it failed to discriminate between in situ and well-differentiated @entity957 . The preliminary data suggests @entity12136 may be important in the pathogenesis of invasive @entity6461 .

title: @entity12136 immunohistochemical expression in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3852 :: ('MESH:D015266', 'Disease') :: ['Merkel cell carcinoma', 'MCC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['non-melanoma skin carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCCs', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity7390 :: ('MESH:D007636', 'Disease') :: ['Keratoacanthomas']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinoma', 'BCC']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['non-melanoma skin carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity12136 oncoprotein is a transcription factor known to regulate the expression of numerous genes important in extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. Up-regulation of @entity12136 has been shown to be important in a variety of @entity1 @entity5 and to correlate with prognosis. To our knowledge, this oncoprotein has not been examined in @entity1489 . DESIGN: A series of 26 primary cutaneous @entity272 with @entity1 records were independently examined for diagnosis confirmation and immunohistochemical expression by two dermatopathologists. The immunohistochemical expression for @entity12136 (Novocastra, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, UK) was scored by an average of the mean labeling intensity (MLI), where no nuclear staining = 0, weak nuclear staining = 1, moderate nuclear staining = 2, and strong nuclear staining = 3. RESULTS: All @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ) and @entity3852 ( @entity3852 ) cases exhibited negative nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 0. @entity7390 , @entity957 in situ (SIS), and well-differentiated @entity957 ( @entity957 ) exhibited negative to weak nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 0.4 +/- 0.3. Moderately differentiated @entity957 exhibited moderate nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 1.8 +/- 0.6. Poorly differentiated @entity957 and metastatic @entity957 exhibited very strong nuclear staining, with an average MLI of 2.8 +/- 0.2. CONCLUSIONS: @entity12136 is not expressed in cutaneous @entity1491 or @entity3852 and is weakly expressed in SIS and forms of well-differentiated @entity6461 . Although the intensity of @entity12136 immunostaining distinguished between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated @entity6461 (p < 0.0001), it failed to discriminate between in situ and well-differentiated @entity957 . The preliminary data suggests @entity12136 may be important in the pathogenesis of invasive @entity6461 .

title: XXXX immunohistochemical expression in @entity1489 .

answer: @entity12136 :: (2113,Gene) :: ['Ets-1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Procollagen (PC) is secreted by fibroblasts into the extracellular matrix, where it is cleaved to form collagen. The rat anti-human @entity13704 monoclonal antibody has been reported to react with @entity1389 ( @entity1389 ), a poorly differentiated but usually benign @entity272 common in elderly @entity1 . We have studied @entity13704 staining in 50 @entity5 with @entity1389 histological features (four of which were subsequently reclassified as non- @entity1389 @entity5 ) to confirm this prior observation. In addition, we have investigated @entity13704 in other @entity1489 , particularly those with spindled cell or sclerosing/desmoplastic morphologies. METHOD: Archival material was retrieved and sections were prepared and immunostained with @entity13704 as well as a panel of antibodies, including @entity2281 and MNF-116 (cytokeratins 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, and 19). RESULTS: @entity13704 staining was strongly positive in 40 of 46 (87%) AFXs. Three AFXs displayed weak staining with @entity13704 even after repeat staining of 10 @entity5 that were initially weak. Three additional @entity5 stained with both @entity13704 and were classified as @entity1389 -like @entity957 ( @entity957 ). One @entity5 with @entity1389 -like histology was @entity13704 negative and @entity2281 positive and was classified as an @entity1389 -like @entity320 . Positive staining in @entity5 cells was observed in three of nine (33%) @entity320 , three of eight (38%) desmoplastic SCCs, zero of 10 (0%) @entity43852 , zero of 10 (0%) morpheic @entity1491 , and zero of 10 (0%) sclerosing sweat duct @entity189 . CONCLUSION: @entity13704 is a useful antibody in a diagnostic immunohistochemical panel when investigating @entity1389 and @entity1389 -like @entity5 ; however, good technical quality and careful interpretation are necessary when using a panel of antibodies, particularly to keratin and @entity2281 protein, for optimal accuracy.

title: Procollagen 1 expression in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'desmoplastic malignant melanomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesion']

entities_list: @entity1389 :: ('MESH:C566823', 'Disease') :: ['AFX', 'atypical fibroxanthoma']

entities_list: @entity43852 :: ('MESH:C566034', 'Disease') :: ['desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['atypical fibroxanthoma and other tumors']


abstract: The aim of this study was to review the long-term results of cytoreductive surgery in the treatment of advanced primary and recurrent @entity43 and @entity1377 of the peritoneum. Our goal was to identify clinical factors by which to select @entity1 likely to benefit from a comprehensive management plan. Clinical data of 28 females who underwent surgery were retrieved from a prospective database. Major cytoreductive procedures were possible in 25 @entity1 . Heated intraoperative or early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy was also used where appropriate. The median follow-up after cytoreduction was 26.9 months. The overall median survival after cytoreduction was 45.8 months. The prognostic indicators associated with a statistically significant impact on survival were the Prior Surgery Score (P < 0.001), the @entity1939 Score (P = 0.037) and response to chemotherapy prior to surgery (P = 0.012). Our findings suggest that cytoreductive surgery can be effective when combined with perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Results can be improved by excluding cases where completeness of cytoreduction seems unlikely. Extensive prior surgery without the protection of adjunctive intraperitoneal chemotherapy is associated with a poor prognosis. This may be due to disruption of anatomic planes leading to deep abdominal and pelvic dissemination intractable to further treatment.

title: Long-term results of cytoreductive surgery for advanced and recurrent XXXX and @entity1377 of the peritoneum.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial ovarian cancers']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary serous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['Completeness of Cytoreduction']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['epithelial ovarian cancers']


abstract: The aim of this study was to review the long-term results of cytoreductive surgery in the treatment of advanced primary and recurrent @entity43 and @entity1377 of the peritoneum. Our goal was to identify clinical factors by which to select @entity1 likely to benefit from a comprehensive management plan. Clinical data of 28 females who underwent surgery were retrieved from a prospective database. Major cytoreductive procedures were possible in 25 @entity1 . Heated intraoperative or early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy was also used where appropriate. The median follow-up after cytoreduction was 26.9 months. The overall median survival after cytoreduction was 45.8 months. The prognostic indicators associated with a statistically significant impact on survival were the Prior Surgery Score (P < 0.001), the @entity1939 Score (P = 0.037) and response to chemotherapy prior to surgery (P = 0.012). Our findings suggest that cytoreductive surgery can be effective when combined with perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Results can be improved by excluding cases where completeness of cytoreduction seems unlikely. Extensive prior surgery without the protection of adjunctive intraperitoneal chemotherapy is associated with a poor prognosis. This may be due to disruption of anatomic planes leading to deep abdominal and pelvic dissemination intractable to further treatment.

title: Long-term results of cytoreductive surgery for advanced and recurrent @entity43 and XXXX of the peritoneum.

answer: @entity1377 :: (MESH:D002291,Disease) :: ['papillary serous carcinoma']


abstract: Nineteen fractured vertebral bodies involving the spine from C1 to L2 in 14 @entity1 were imaged with a 0.6-T magnet using prototypical surface coils. Ten of these @entity1 were studied within the first week of @entity130 . CT and plain films are superior to MR in detecting @entity174 and identifying the origin of displaced fragments in cases of extensive comminution. However, all body @entity174 and most posterior element @entity174 in the thoracolumbar spine were visible on MR. @entity174 involving the cervical neural arch were difficult to detect on transverse section without CT correlation. Our results indicate that MR can probably replace CT in the thoracolumbar region. MR is superior to CT in demonstrating @entity130 and @entity130 to the disk. Unlike CT, MR shows the relation of the thecal sac and spinal cord to retropulsed fragments and @entity4282 . MR also visualizes cord parenchyma; two cases of @entity548 were not seen on CT. Even at this early stage of development, surface coil MR promises to become important in the evaluation of spinal @entity130 , not only in assessing the integrity of the spinal canal and cord, but in separating stable from unstable @entity174 on the basis of disruption of the posterior ligaments and elements. Additionally, the demonstration of rupture of specific ligaments may have an impact on surgical management.

title: Surface coil MR of spinal XXXX : preliminary experience.

entities_list: @entity4282 :: ('MESH:D046748', 'Disease') :: ['epidural hematoma']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'Fractures']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['cord hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ligamentous injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: The kinetics of @entity3990 , a new nonionic radiocontrast agent, were evaluated in 10 @entity1 undergoing lumbar myelography. The doses of @entity3990 administered intrathecally were 11 and 15 ml of a 200-mg @entity1496 per ml solution in one and nine @entity1 , respectively. Radiographs were made within 30 to 40 min and CTs were taken at about 1, 6, and 23 hr after @entity3990 administration. The diagnostic quality and usefulness of the conventional and CT myelograms were considered excellent. In the lumbosacral subarachnoid space, the densitometry CT readings were maximal at 1 hr, whereas in the cervical subarachnoid space, peak CT values were reached at 6 hr. Plasma and urine samples were taken at frequent intervals up to 48 hr after the contrast agent was administered. Peak plasma levels of @entity3990 were observed at 2.9 hr and were no longer detectable at 48 hr. The 48-hr urinary recovery for all @entity1 averaged 66 +/- 8% of the dose. In all but one @entity1 , @entity3990 was cleared almost completely from the CSF within 24 hr. Side effects after @entity3990 administration were transient and minor, and were not related to the CT readings or its systemic clearance.

title: Pharmacokinetics of lopamidol after intrathecal administration in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3990 :: ('MESH:D007479', 'Chemical') :: ['iopamidol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Clinical observations are presented on the sensory effects of lesions of different afferent pathways of the spinal cord, correlated whenever possible with histological evidence of the location and extent of the lesions. They are based on personal cases and on significant cases in the literature, including posterior column section, other causes of damage to the posterior columns, and cases of commissural myelotomy. It is concluded that the traditional view of the effects of lesions of the posterior columns is correct, but that evidence from cases proved by postmortem examination is still needed. When the information normally supplied by the posterior columns is cut off, primary sensibility for light touch and pressure is not lost, but any kind of discrimination is disturbed. There is also a disturbance in knowledge of movement and position, @entity2055 , and clumsiness in the use of the hands. These defects greatly affect the palpatory examination of objects and, although they may appear slight on routine neurological examination, they can cause severe disturbances in the activities of daily living. For tactile modalities, a lesion of the spinothalamic complex causes minimal or no defects and a lesion of the posterior columns causes only slight defects, whereas a lesion of both pathways gives rise to total loss of tactile and pressure sensibility in the part of the body served by both pathways. This conclusion is based on 2 cases with combined commissural myelotomy and anterolateral cordotomy. The following disturbances of mechanoreception attributed to lesions of the posterior columns are discussed: lability of threshold, persistence of sensation, tactile and postural @entity1833 and temporal and @entity132 . In @entity1 , lesions of the posterior columns cause an increase in @entity158 , tickle, warmth and cold. Cases are presented with and without lesions of the posterolateral columns in conjunction with lesions of one or both anterolateral columns. As these lesions did not affect sensation and as there was no difference in the sensory state following anterolateral cordotomies with or without involvement of the posterolateral column, it is concluded that lesions of this column have no effect on sensation. Cases with lesions of the anterior two-thirds of the cord are also presented to illustrate the sensory state with only the posterior third of the cord intact. In these cases, tactile and pressure sensibility and knowledge of movement and position are normal.

title: Sensory effects in XXXX of lesions of the posterior columns and of some other afferent pathways.

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['spatial disturbances']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: PURPOSE: The indirect morbidity/disability costs of @entity0 may be rising as a consequence of the growth in the population of long-term survivors. This study was conducted to test whether @entity1 who have survived @entity0 for at least 5 years experience long-lasting or continuing economic consequences that are attributable to their disease. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY: A group of 105 @entity1 who initially had been treated for @entity0 approximately 5 years before were interviewed to obtain data on economic, demographic, and health changes in the period since diagnosis. An age-matched and work-matched group of 105 @entity1 without @entity5 also was interviewed to obtain the same data for the same time period. Key changes in the economic position of subjects and their families were measured, including changes in work effort, pay rates, and annual earnings of working @entity1 and changes in household earnings, income, and assets of all @entity1 . RESULTS: These preliminary empirical findings suggest that @entity0 exacts an economic toll from long-term survivors. In particular, survivors who were working at the time of their diagnosis experienced significantly larger reductions in annual market earnings over the 5-year study period than did working control subjects. These losses appear to arise mostly from reduced work effort, not changes in pay rates. Also, changes in total household earnings were lower for survivors, suggesting the presence of family adjustments to the disease. However, no significant differences were detected between the groups in changes in total income or assets over the study period. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians and policy makers must seek ways to minimize the indirect economic losses that are attributable to @entity0 .

title: Indirect economic effects of long-term XXXX survival.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive intervention for @entity8 . Complications, which are rare and usually presented as case reports, are diversified as the utilization of the procedure is expanded. The procedure causes less @entity190 and less morbidity when compared to open surgical procedures. Yet, there are some reports involving severe @entity548 and relevant morbidity during surgery. These are usually related with the surgical technique or experience of the surgeon. Renal sheaths are designed to cause minimal @entity130 inside the kidney and, to our knowledge, there are no reports presenting the @entity397 of a sheath causing severe @entity548 during the procedure. CASE REPORT: We present an adult @entity1 who had severe @entity548 during percutaneous nephrolithotomy due to @entity130 caused by a @entity8 . During retrieval, due probably to rough handling of the equipment, a piece of stone with serrated edges ruptured the tip of the sheath, and this tip caused damage inside the kidney. The operation was terminated and measures were taken to control @entity548 . The @entity1 was transfused with a total of 1600 ml of blood, and the stones were cleared in a second look operation. CONCLUSION: Although considered to be a minimally invasive procedure, some unexpected complications may arise during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. After being fragmanted, stone pieces may damage surgical equipment, causing acute and severe harm to the kidney. Surgeons must manipulate the equipment with fine and careful movements in order to prevent this situation.

title: Severe XXXX caused by a @entity8 : case report of a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal stone disease', 'ruptured renal sheath']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma', 'parenchymal injury']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a minimally invasive intervention for @entity8 . Complications, which are rare and usually presented as case reports, are diversified as the utilization of the procedure is expanded. The procedure causes less @entity190 and less morbidity when compared to open surgical procedures. Yet, there are some reports involving severe @entity548 and relevant morbidity during surgery. These are usually related with the surgical technique or experience of the surgeon. Renal sheaths are designed to cause minimal @entity130 inside the kidney and, to our knowledge, there are no reports presenting the @entity397 of a sheath causing severe @entity548 during the procedure. CASE REPORT: We present an adult @entity1 who had severe @entity548 during percutaneous nephrolithotomy due to @entity130 caused by a @entity8 . During retrieval, due probably to rough handling of the equipment, a piece of stone with serrated edges ruptured the tip of the sheath, and this tip caused damage inside the kidney. The operation was terminated and measures were taken to control @entity548 . The @entity1 was transfused with a total of 1600 ml of blood, and the stones were cleared in a second look operation. CONCLUSION: Although considered to be a minimally invasive procedure, some unexpected complications may arise during percutaneous nephrolithotomy. After being fragmanted, stone pieces may damage surgical equipment, causing acute and severe harm to the kidney. Surgeons must manipulate the equipment with fine and careful movements in order to prevent this situation.

title: Severe @entity8 caused by a XXXX : case report of a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['ruptured renal sheath']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An increased heart rate is associated with an increased risk of @entity65 . However, the possible relationship between heart rate and the rate of progression of @entity8 has not been assessed so far. @entity1 AND METHOD: Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate recordings at baseline conditions were obtained in 24 @entity1 with non- @entity6 @entity177 and @entity101 . The rate of progression of @entity8 was estimated on the basis of the slope of the reciprocal of serum @entity1011 concentration against time. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 38 months, the rate of progression of @entity177 was 0.004 (0.039) dL/mg/month. Progression of @entity8 showed no correlation with baseline ambulatory @entity551 , and did not differ between dipper and non-dipper @entity1 . Twenty-four-hour (r = 0.40, p = 0.05) and day-time (r = 0.534, p = 0.007) heart rates showed a relationship with the progression of @entity177 . @entity644 displayed a correlation with night-time heart rate (r = 0.405, p = 0.05) but not with the progression of @entity177 . CONCLUSIONS: Baseline ambulatory heart rate, especially day-time heart rate, is associated with the decline of renal function in non- @entity6 @entity1 with @entity177 , suggesting that heart rate is a risk factor (or marker) for @entity8 . Prospective controlled studies with a larger sample of @entity1 are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in this association.

title: [Analysis of heart rate as a risk factor associated with the progression of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['Proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease', 'renal disease progression']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['systolic or diastolic blood pressures']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['chronic renal failure']


abstract: To evaluate immediate effects of two different modes of acupuncture on motion-related @entity158 and cervical spine mobility in @entity4048 @entity1 compared to a sham procedure. Thirty-six @entity1 with @entity4048 and limited cervical spine mobility participated in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover trial. Every @entity1 was treated once with needle acupuncture at distant points, dry needling (DN) of local myofascial trigger points and sham laser acupuncture (Sham). Outcome measures were motion-related @entity158 intensity (visual analogue scale, 0-100 mm) and @entity11535 ( @entity11535 ). In addition, @entity1 scored changes of general complaints using an 11-point verbal rating scale. @entity1 were assessed immediately before and after each treatment by an independent (blinded) investigator. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the effects of true acupuncture and needle site independently. For motion-related @entity158 , use of acupuncture at non-local points reduced @entity158 scores by about a third (11.2 mm; 95% CI 5.7, 16.7; P = 0.00006) compared to DN and sham. DN led to an estimated @entity158 .0 mm (95% CI -4.5, 6.5; P = 0.7). Use of DN slightly improved @entity11535 by 1.7 degrees (95% CI 0.2, 3.2; P = 0.032) with use of non-local points improving @entity11535 by an additional 1.9 degrees (95% CI 0.3, 3.4; P = 0.016). For @entity1 assessment of change, non-local acupuncture was significantly superior both to Sham (1.7 points; 95% CI 1.0, 2.5; P = 0.0001) and DN (1.5 points; 95% CI 0.4, 2.6; P = 0.008) but there was no difference between DN and Sham (0.1 point; 95% CI -1.0, 1.2; P = 0.8). Acupuncture is superior to Sham in improving motion-related @entity158 and @entity11535 following a single session of treatment in @entity4048 @entity1 . Acupuncture at distant points improves @entity11535 more than DN; DN was ineffective for motion-related @entity158 .

title: Immediate effects of dry needling and acupuncture at distant points in XXXX : results of a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['chronic neck pain']

entities_list: @entity11535 :: ('MESH:D009041', 'Disease') :: ['ROM', 'range of motion']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in pain of 1', 'pain']

answer: @entity4048 :: (MESH:D019547,Disease) :: ['chronic neck pain']


abstract: When inserted in the correct orientation at the BamHI site of plasmid YRp7, an 8.6-kilobase BamHI fragment of Arthrobacter sp. strain YCWD3 DNA gave @entity526 HB101 cells harboring the recombinant plasmid pBX20 the ability to lyse @entity375 cell walls or @entity375 glucan in agar medium. An extract of the transformed @entity526 cells contained an endo-beta-(1----3)-glucanase with the same activity pattern as that of glucanase I produced by Arthrobacter sp. strain YCWD3. Although part of the glucanase activity was contributed by apparently defective molecules, two protein species were found which had high lytic activity on @entity375 cell walls and adsorbed to microcrystalline cellulose, and both had a single constituent polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 55,000, as determined by @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis. In these properties the protein species were indistinguishable from those glucanase I protein species of Arthrobacter sp. strain YCWD3 which we believe are nearly the intact molecule. We conclude that the cloned fragment of Arthrobacter sp. strain YCWD3 DNA contains the structural gene for glucanase I. A recombinant plasmid obtained by subcloning a PstI fragment of pBX20 into pBR322 caused the transformed @entity526 cells to produce apparently defective glucanase molecules only. This observation serves as additional supporting evidence for our conclusion.

title: Cloning and expression in XXXX of the gene for an Arthrobacter beta-(1----3)-glucanase.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ["bakers' yeast", 'yeast']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity6 causes @entity231 and certain physical changes in the lens. The @entity6 lens is larger than the non- @entity6 and shows greater light scatter and fluorescence. Both hyperglycaemia and lowering of blood @entity413 case refractive changes and @entity3467 is the most common. @entity1624 ' juvenile @entity231 associated with hyperglycaemia is now rare. It has an osmotic mechanism. @entity6 is a risk factor for @entity231 in adults which is duration dependent, more frequent in @entity1 and leads to earlier surgery. It resembles @entity6 . Extracapsular @entity231 extraction is the method of choice for @entity6 with a better visual result and less risk of @entity2296 . A posterior chamber implant may still permit @entity2479 if necessary. @entity6 is still the leading cause of @entity1939 in the working age group. The beneficial effect of photocoagulation has been shown by randomized controlled trials to be long-lasting for both @entity989 and @entity1020 . Therefore there is a need for screening, especially for those with @entity66 which may be present without symptoms. A knowledge of risk factors will enhance detection rate with duration as the strongest determinant for @entity989 . Any screening modality should be highly sensitive as well as specific. The role of different professionals as potential screeners should be considered. Adequate provisions include facilities for checking vision and for dimming ambient lighting. @entity5564 and a good ophthalmoscope light will increase detection rate. The use of a 45 degrees non-mydriatic camera is unlikely to supplant the use of an ophthalmoscope as a single field is likely to miss important lesions. A 60 degrees camera may confer a large enough field and the use of transparencies will provide magnification when films are projected but the camera is more difficult to use. A list of features chosen by a recent study to characterize sight-threatening @entity989 is included and their presence indicates the need for referral to an ophthalmic clinic for treatment or close observation.

title: XXXX and @entity989 : screening for treatable @entity989 .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative disease']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic cataract', 'non-diabetic senile cataract', 'diabetic', 'Diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal photocoagulation']

entities_list: @entity3467 :: ('MESH:D006956', 'Disease') :: ['hypermetropia']

entities_list: @entity2296 :: ('MESH:C538115', 'Disease') :: ['rubeosis iridis']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'proliferative retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity5564 :: ('MESH:D015878', 'Disease') :: ['Mydriasis']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['maculopathy']

entities_list: @entity1624 :: ('MESH:D005693', 'Disease') :: ["Classical 'snow-flake"]

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['Cataract']


abstract: @entity6 causes @entity231 and certain physical changes in the lens. The @entity6 lens is larger than the non- @entity6 and shows greater light scatter and fluorescence. Both hyperglycaemia and lowering of blood @entity413 case refractive changes and @entity3467 is the most common. @entity1624 ' juvenile @entity231 associated with hyperglycaemia is now rare. It has an osmotic mechanism. @entity6 is a risk factor for @entity231 in adults which is duration dependent, more frequent in @entity1 and leads to earlier surgery. It resembles @entity6 . Extracapsular @entity231 extraction is the method of choice for @entity6 with a better visual result and less risk of @entity2296 . A posterior chamber implant may still permit @entity2479 if necessary. @entity6 is still the leading cause of @entity1939 in the working age group. The beneficial effect of photocoagulation has been shown by randomized controlled trials to be long-lasting for both @entity989 and @entity1020 . Therefore there is a need for screening, especially for those with @entity66 which may be present without symptoms. A knowledge of risk factors will enhance detection rate with duration as the strongest determinant for @entity989 . Any screening modality should be highly sensitive as well as specific. The role of different professionals as potential screeners should be considered. Adequate provisions include facilities for checking vision and for dimming ambient lighting. @entity5564 and a good ophthalmoscope light will increase detection rate. The use of a 45 degrees non-mydriatic camera is unlikely to supplant the use of an ophthalmoscope as a single field is likely to miss important lesions. A 60 degrees camera may confer a large enough field and the use of transparencies will provide magnification when films are projected but the camera is more difficult to use. A list of features chosen by a recent study to characterize sight-threatening @entity989 is included and their presence indicates the need for referral to an ophthalmic clinic for treatment or close observation.

title: @entity231 and XXXX : screening for treatable @entity989 .

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['retinopathy']


abstract: @entity6 causes @entity231 and certain physical changes in the lens. The @entity6 lens is larger than the non- @entity6 and shows greater light scatter and fluorescence. Both hyperglycaemia and lowering of blood @entity413 case refractive changes and @entity3467 is the most common. @entity1624 ' juvenile @entity231 associated with hyperglycaemia is now rare. It has an osmotic mechanism. @entity6 is a risk factor for @entity231 in adults which is duration dependent, more frequent in @entity1 and leads to earlier surgery. It resembles @entity6 . Extracapsular @entity231 extraction is the method of choice for @entity6 with a better visual result and less risk of @entity2296 . A posterior chamber implant may still permit @entity2479 if necessary. @entity6 is still the leading cause of @entity1939 in the working age group. The beneficial effect of photocoagulation has been shown by randomized controlled trials to be long-lasting for both @entity989 and @entity1020 . Therefore there is a need for screening, especially for those with @entity66 which may be present without symptoms. A knowledge of risk factors will enhance detection rate with duration as the strongest determinant for @entity989 . Any screening modality should be highly sensitive as well as specific. The role of different professionals as potential screeners should be considered. Adequate provisions include facilities for checking vision and for dimming ambient lighting. @entity5564 and a good ophthalmoscope light will increase detection rate. The use of a 45 degrees non-mydriatic camera is unlikely to supplant the use of an ophthalmoscope as a single field is likely to miss important lesions. A 60 degrees camera may confer a large enough field and the use of transparencies will provide magnification when films are projected but the camera is more difficult to use. A list of features chosen by a recent study to characterize sight-threatening @entity989 is included and their presence indicates the need for referral to an ophthalmic clinic for treatment or close observation.

title: @entity231 and @entity989 : screening for treatable XXXX .

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['retinopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: We completed a Phase I/II clinical trial (Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center 9603), in which we treated 62 Stage IIIA/IIIB inoperable @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) @entity1 with two cycles of induction @entity3003 / @entity1311 chemotherapy, followed by concurrent weekly @entity3003 / @entity1311 with radiation doses escalated from 60 to 74 Gy. The median survival of 24 months, 3-year survival rate of 38%, and the high dose of radiation used justified a critical analysis of the technical and clinical components of this trial. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1996 and 1999, 62 sequential @entity1 with inoperable Stage IIIA/IIIB @entity1149 were enrolled and treated with two cycles of induction @entity3003 (area under the concentration curve = 6 using the Calvert equation) and @entity1311 (225 mg/m(2)), followed by an escalating radiation dose of 60-74 Gy with concurrent @entity3003 weekly (area under the concentration curve = 2) and @entity1311 weekly (45 mg/m(2)). The goals of the trial were to determine whether 74 Gy of radiation could be safely delivered under these circumstances and whether @entity1 could potentially benefit in terms of survival. The radiation treatment plans for all 62 @entity1 were reviewed to determine the prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy @entity5 volume, as well as the dose-volume histograms of the normal lung and esophagus. RESULTS: Of the 62 @entity1 who entered the trial, 48 completed the entire course of treatment. At last follow-up, 20 @entity1 were alive (crude survival rate 32%). With a median follow-up of 43 months, the median survival was 24 months. The survival rate was 50% at 2 years and 38% at 3 years. Cox regression analysis showed that survival was best predicted by whether the @entity1 had received radiotherapy (finished the trial), performance status, disease stage, and log postchemotherapy @entity5 volume. The 3-year survival rate for the 48 @entity1 finishing the trial was 45%. Eight @entity1 (13%) suffered locoregional relapse as the only site of failure. Only 1 @entity1 had Grade 2 radiation @entity55 . Five @entity1 (8%) had Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 3 or 4 @entity2910 ; 40 (65%) had a Grade 1 or 2 @entity2910 . @entity137 could be predicted by the length of esophagus receiving 40 or 60 Gy. CONCLUSION: Radiation doses of 74 Gy, when given under the guidelines of the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center 9603, appear to be safe and may possibly contribute to increased survival in @entity1 with inoperable Stage IIIA/IIIB @entity1149 .

title: High-dose conformal radiotherapy for treatment of stage IIIA/IIIB XXXX : technical issues and results of a phase I/II trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Esophageal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']