abstract: BACKGROUND: The response to neoadjuvant (radio-)chemotherapy for @entity418 is often assessed with the aid of positron-emission tomography (PET), either alone or in combination with computed tomography (PET-CT). In this review, we discuss the diagnostic validity and clinical benefit of these imaging techniques. METHODS: We systematically searched the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing PET-CT with conventional techniques such as endosonography and CT. We then determined the diagnostic validity of these methods on the basis of information from published systematic reviews, updated with further information from more recent primary studies. RESULTS: We did not find any RCTs that addressed the question of the @entity1 -relevant benefit of PET-CT. We found 20 studies of diagnostic methods, carried out on a total of 854 @entity1 , of whom 82.2% were male. These studies had a high potential for bias. In two of them, PET-CT was directly compared with endosonography or CT. Estimates of sensitivity and specificity varied widely across studies. 54% of all @entity1 (median value across studies) had no histopathological response to therapy at the end of treatment. Taking a reduction of the standard uptake value (SUV) by at least 35% as a threshold criterion, we found that the median negative predictive value of PET across all studies was 86.5. CONCLUSION: There is no robust evidence for a @entity1 -relevant benefit of PET and PET-CT in @entity1 with @entity418 . PET could potentially be used to distinguish treatment responders from non-responders after the first cycle of treatment. RCTs with @entity1 -relevant endpoints will be needed in order to determine whether this is useful.

title: The Role of PET and PET-CT Scanning in Assessing Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['Esophageal Carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is evidence to suggest that @entity74 ( @entity74 ) are influenced by physical @entity130 and psychosocial factors, as well as by medicolegal and compensation systems. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of noninjury related variables on self-reported disability at initial assessment among @entity1 presenting with @entity130 . DESIGN AND SETTING: We reviewed a total of 1101 consecutive files of @entity1 presenting to a single chiropractor's office in British Columbia, Canada. We included those who met the inclusion criteria. We extracted demographic variables and noninjury related information from 33 eligible @entity1 files. We calculated correlations between variables and created a multivariable linear regression model to evaluate their relative associations with @entity717 ( @entity717 ) scores on presentation. RESULTS: Higher @entity717 scores on initial assessment correlated with female sex (r = 0.40, P =.02), a greater number of subsequent treatments (r = 0.44, P =.01), a higher number of providers seen before presentation (r = 0.40, P =.02), and most strongly with the involvement of a lawyer (r = 0.73, P <.01). A multivariable linear regression model found that only female sex (P =.03) and the involvement of a lawyer (P =.01) remained significantly associated with higher @entity717 scores on presentation (adjusted R2 = 0.68 for the model). Female sex was associated with a 10-point increase in @entity717 scores on presentation (beta coefficient = 10.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8-18.2), and involvement of a lawyer was associated with a 15-point increase in @entity717 scores on presentation (beta coefficient = 14.9; 95% CI 5.0-24.7). CONCLUSION: Our analysis of @entity10540 @entity1 in receipt of compensation found that higher self-reported disability on initial assessment was associated with female sex and in particular by retaining a lawyer. Large prospective studies are needed to establish the validity of these findings.

title: The impact of non-injury-related factors on disability secondary to whiplash associated XXXX : a retrospective file review.

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['WADs', 'Whiplash Associated Disorders']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Neck Disability Index', 'NDI']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['WAD type II injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['disorder type II']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Central nervous system (CNS) involvement by @entity309 ( @entity309 ) in the form of @entity693 ( @entity693 ) is rare and most commonly occurs in the setting of longstanding severe @entity309 . Due to a wide range of clinical presentations and nonspecific laboratory findings, it presents a diagnostic challenge often requiring brain biopsy. Only a few histopathologically confirmed cases have been described in the literature. Our aim is to describe two cases of @entity693 and review the literature. The first case is of a previously healthy 37-year-old @entity1 who presented with severe @entity10 and focal @entity51 . Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated abnormal leptomeningeal enhancement in the left frontal and parietal sulci. The second case is of a 62-year-old @entity1 with a history of mild @entity1118 who presented with @entity911 , personality changes and @entity410 . Both @entity1 ultimately underwent brain biopsy which demonstrated @entity693 on pathologic examination. Administration of @entity288 resulted in significant clinical improvement in both cases. To our knowledge, our unusual case of @entity693 in the young @entity1 is the fifth reported case of @entity693 in a @entity1 with no prior history of @entity309 . Such an atypical presentation makes diagnosis even more difficult and highlights the need for awareness of this entity in the diagnostic consideration of a @entity1 presenting with unexplained neurologic symptoms. Our literature review underscores the clinical and pathologic heterogeneity of CNS involvement in @entity309 .

title: Two cases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['RM', 'rheumatoid meningitis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic joint pain']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity693 :: (MESH:D008581,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid meningitis']


abstract: The present study examines the development of @entity342 accumulation in cells of two brain nuclei that are involved in controlling vocal behavior in zebra finches ( @entity12128 ). HVc (caudal nucleus of the ventral hyperstriatum) is involved with vocal production in adult birds, and @entity1 (magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum) is involved with the initial ability to learn song. In both of these nuclei there is an increase in the proportion of cells that are labeled by systemic injections of tritiated @entity586 in juvenile male zebra finches during the time when production of song is becoming stereotyped (25-60 days). Within @entity1 there is an overall loss of cells during this time, such that the absolute number of @entity342 target cells in @entity1 remains at a constant level. However, it does not appear to be the case that unlabeled cells are selectively lost from @entity1 . Rather it appears that both labeled and unlabeled cells are lost, and the absolute number of labeled cells is maintained at a constant level via recruitment of additional labeled cells from the unlabeled population (i.e., some @entity1 cells that are unlabeled in young birds become labeled in older birds). In line with this hypothesis, there is a large increase in the density of labeling in individual @entity1 cells, indicating that these cells have an enhanced ability to concentrate @entity342 . In contrast to the situation in @entity1 , there is an increase in the overall number of cells within HVc during this time; this increase in total cell number combines with the increased proportion of labeled cells such that the absolute number of @entity342 target cells in HVc increases threefold. The ability of individual HVc cells to accumulate @entity342 remains constant. The relationship of these changes in the pattern of @entity342 accumulation to other aspects of neural and behavioral development related to song in zebra finches are discussed.

title: Ontogenetic changes in the pattern of XXXX accumulation in song-control nuclei of male zebra finches.

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity12128 :: ('59729', 'Species') :: ['Poephila guttata']

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: Because of the central role of the sympathetic nervous system in mediating the stress response, plasma @entity1063 (NE), @entity1425 (E), and @entity935 (DA) levels were measured in 61 traumatically brain-injured @entity1 to determine whether @entity2922 (CA) levels obtained within 48 hours after injury provide reliable prognostic markers of outcome. @entity1 outcome was determined at 1 week using the Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) and at the time of discharge using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Levels of NE, E, and DA correlated highly with the admission GCS score (NE: r = 0.58, p less than 0.0001; E: r = 0.46, p less than 0.0025; DA: r = 0.27, p less than 0.04). Moreover, in the 21 @entity1 with GCS scores of 3 or 4 on admission, NE levels predicted outcome at 1 week. All six @entity1 with NE levels less than 900 pg/ml (normal level less than 447 pg/ml) improved to GCS scores of greater than 11, while 12 of 15 with NE values greater than 900 pg/ml remained with GCS scores of 3 to 6 or died. Levels of E and DA were not as useful. @entity2922 levels also increased significantly as the GOS score worsened. Levels of NE and E were significantly higher in @entity1 who died or remained persistently vegetative than in those with better outcomes. In the 54 @entity1 who survived beyond 1 week, significant correlations were present between the length of hospitalization and NE (r = 0.71, p less than 0.0001) and E (r = 0.61, p less than 0.0001) levels. Concentrations of NE (r = 0.61, p less than 0.0004) and E (r = 0.48, p less than 0.01) were also highly correlated with the duration of ventilatory assistance. Analysis of the interactions of CA levels and GCS scores, duration of ventilatory assistance, and length of hospitalization revealed that the CA's either enhanced the reliability of the GCS score or were independent predictors of outcome. Thus, these findings indicate that alterations in circulating CA levels reflect the severity of the neurological insult and provide support for the use of CA measurements as a physiological marker of @entity1 outcome in both the acute and chronic phases of @entity131 .

title: The predictive value of catecholamines in assessing outcome in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine', 'Catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The present paper describes a component of a large population cost-effectiveness study that aimed to identify the averted burden and economic efficiency of current and optimal treatment for the major @entity146 . This paper reports on the findings for the @entity148 ( @entity4697 / @entity8396 , @entity913 , generalized @entity148 , @entity1005 and @entity3119 ). METHOD: Outcome was calculated as averted 'years lived with disability' ( @entity717 ), a population summary measure of disability burden. Costs were the direct health care costs in 1997-8 Australian dollars. The cost per @entity717 averted (efficiency) was calculated for those already in contact with the health system for a mental health problem (current care) and for a hypothetical optimal care package of evidence-based treatment for this same group. Data sources included the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being and published treatment effects and unit costs. RESULTS: Current coverage was around 40% for most disorders with the exception of @entity913 at 21%. Receipt of interventions consistent with evidence-based care ranged from 32% of those in contact with services for @entity913 to 64% for @entity1005 . The cost of this care was estimated at dollar 400 million, resulting in a cost per @entity717 averted ranging from dollar 7761 for generalized @entity148 to dollar 34 389 for @entity4697 / @entity8396 . Under optimal care, costs remained similar but health gains were increased substantially, reducing the cost per @entity717 to < dollar 20 000 for all disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based care for @entity148 would produce greater population health gain at a similar cost to that of current care, resulting in a substantial increase in the cost-effectiveness of treatment.

title: Modelling the population cost-effectiveness of current and evidence-based optimal treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['panic', 'panic disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders']

entities_list: @entity913 :: ('MESH:D010698', 'Disease') :: ['social phobia']

entities_list: @entity8396 :: ('MESH:D000379', 'Disease') :: ['agoraphobia']

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['post-traumatic stress disorder']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorder', 'anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive compulsive disorder']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety disorders']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: @entity697 ( @entity697 ) of the allograft is a major clinical problem after lungtransplantation. Repeated episodes of @entity697 increase the risk of developing @entity5924 , the main cause of mortality in this @entity1 group. It is believed that @entity697 is caused by T-lymphocytes reacting to donor antigens and in turn activating antigen presenting cells (APC) such as alveolar macrophages. Hypothetically, the interferon-gamma inducing cytokine @entity8923 released from activated macrophages can play a role in the development of @entity697 by modulating cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. DESIGN: To determine whether @entity8923 may serve as a marker of @entity697 , we retrospectively analysed the concentration of soluble @entity8923 protein and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) from lungtransplant recipients. @entity1 : To minimize confounding factors, eight pairs of @entity1 were matched for age, gender, pre-op diagnosis, type of operation, absence of infection and time post transplant. METHODS: BAL levels of @entity8923 (ELISA) and BAL cell differentials were analysed before, during and after an episode of @entity697 and compared with the matched control group. CONCLUSION: We found no changes in @entity8923 concentration in BAL associated with @entity697 . @entity8923 in BAL did not correlate with BAL lymphocyte percentage. We conclude that change in soluble @entity8923 protein does not constitute a useful marker of acute rejection in lung allograft recipients.

title: BAL levels of XXXX do not change before or during acute rejection in lungtransplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5924 :: ('MESH:D001988', 'Disease') :: ['obliterative bronchiolitis']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['Acute rejection', 'AR']

answer: @entity8923 :: (3606,Gene) :: ['interleukin-18']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8 in @entity370 may occur due to granulomatous @entity1986 . However, granulomatous @entity1986 in the absence of features of extrarenal sarcoid, or other causes, has been reported very rarely. In this report we describe seven such @entity1 . METHODS: Since 1995, we have identified a number of @entity1 with biopsy-proven granulomatous @entity1986 . @entity1 were excluded if they had (i) evidence of extrarenal sarcoid, (ii) infections that may have contributed to pathogenesis or (iii) an obvious drug-related aetiology. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 were identified, of whom five were male and two female, with a median age of 69. Median calculated creatinine clearance at presentation was 14 ml/min. Two had raised serum @entity460 at presentation and three had a raised serum @entity1289 . All @entity1 were treated with @entity230 and five out of seven had an improvement in their renal function. Two @entity1 progressed to @entity454 despite treatment with @entity230 . CONCLUSIONS: Idiopathic granulomatous @entity1986 may represent a renal-limited form of sarcoid. It may be associated with hypercalcaemia and a raised serum @entity1289 and usually responds to treatment with @entity288 .

title: Seven cases of granulomatous XXXX in the absence of extrarenal sarcoid.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial nephritis']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity1986 :: (MESH:D009395,Disease) :: ['interstitial nephritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Blockade of the @entity916 -angiotensin system is the primary target in the treatment of @entity2316 . Angiotensin II subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists reduce @entity633 and lower blood pressure, but the initial time course of these effects after initiation of treatment is unknown. We evaluated the time course of the antihypertensive and antialbuminuric effect after initiation of AT1 receptor blockade by @entity9886 in @entity2316 . METHODS: Ten hypertensive type 1 @entity6 @entity1 with @entity2316 were included in the study. After a washout period of 4 weeks, @entity1 received @entity9886 100 mg once daily for 28 days. Every morning, one urine sample was collected for daily determination of albumin/ @entity1011 ratio. Twenty-four hour blood pressure (Takeda TM2420), plasma @entity916 and plasma @entity1011 were measured at baseline and days 7, 14 and 28. RESULTS: Baseline levels of urinary albumin/ @entity1011 ratio and 24 h mean arterial blood pressure were 676 (402-1136) mg/g (geometric mean and 95% CI, respectively) and 100+/-3 mmHg (mean +/- SEM). Albumin/ @entity1011 ratio was significantly reduced after 7 days of treatment by 29% (15-41) (95% CI) without significant further reductions during the 28 day study period (P<0.01 vs baseline). Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lowered by 7 mmHg after 7 days of treatment and remained unchanged throughout the study (P<0.01 vs baseline). Plasma @entity916 was significantly increased from baseline after initiation of @entity9886 treatment and stabilized after 7 days (P<0.01). We found no changes in plasma @entity1011 during the study. CONCLUSIONS: The initial time course of the @entity551 and @entity633 are concordant, which suggests that systemic and renal haemodynamic mechanisms are of primary importance in the reduction of @entity633 .

title: Time course of the antiproteinuric and antihypertensive effect of XXXX in @entity2316 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'diabetic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in arterial blood pressure']

answer: @entity9886 :: (MESH:D019808,Chemical) :: ['losartan']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Blockade of the @entity916 -angiotensin system is the primary target in the treatment of @entity2316 . Angiotensin II subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists reduce @entity633 and lower blood pressure, but the initial time course of these effects after initiation of treatment is unknown. We evaluated the time course of the antihypertensive and antialbuminuric effect after initiation of AT1 receptor blockade by @entity9886 in @entity2316 . METHODS: Ten hypertensive type 1 @entity6 @entity1 with @entity2316 were included in the study. After a washout period of 4 weeks, @entity1 received @entity9886 100 mg once daily for 28 days. Every morning, one urine sample was collected for daily determination of albumin/ @entity1011 ratio. Twenty-four hour blood pressure (Takeda TM2420), plasma @entity916 and plasma @entity1011 were measured at baseline and days 7, 14 and 28. RESULTS: Baseline levels of urinary albumin/ @entity1011 ratio and 24 h mean arterial blood pressure were 676 (402-1136) mg/g (geometric mean and 95% CI, respectively) and 100+/-3 mmHg (mean +/- SEM). Albumin/ @entity1011 ratio was significantly reduced after 7 days of treatment by 29% (15-41) (95% CI) without significant further reductions during the 28 day study period (P<0.01 vs baseline). Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lowered by 7 mmHg after 7 days of treatment and remained unchanged throughout the study (P<0.01 vs baseline). Plasma @entity916 was significantly increased from baseline after initiation of @entity9886 treatment and stabilized after 7 days (P<0.01). We found no changes in plasma @entity1011 during the study. CONCLUSIONS: The initial time course of the @entity551 and @entity633 are concordant, which suggests that systemic and renal haemodynamic mechanisms are of primary importance in the reduction of @entity633 .

title: Time course of the antiproteinuric and antihypertensive effect of @entity9886 in XXXX .

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity323 ( @entity323 ) is common in @entity1 with @entity177 , but is not always alleviated following kidney transplant. The objective of the present study was to assess the feasibility in renal transplant @entity1 of @entity7855 treatment, an agent with proven efficacy in the management of @entity323 . METHODS: This was a phase IV, open, multicentre, 3 month, dose-escalation study. All @entity1 meeting the inclusion criteria were prescribed a dose of 50 mg @entity7855 at the first visit. Thereafter the dose could be increased to 100 mg or reduced to 25 mg based on efficacy or tolerability. The primary efficacy parameter assessed the ability of @entity1 to achieve erections sufficient for intercourse and to maintain erections after penetration. Secondary endpoints assessed @entity1 satisfaction with @entity7855 and the effect of @entity7855 on their quality of life. @entity1 were carefully monitored throughout the study for adverse events, interactions with immunosuppressive therapy and effect on graft function. RESULTS: The study included 50 @entity1 in the intent-to-treat population. @entity7855 significantly improved @entity1 's erection ability and the frequency of their erection maintenance. Analysis of the secondary efficacy parameters revealed that 66% of @entity1 believed treatment had improved their erections. @entity1 reported improvements in their sexual life and partner relationships and a high level of satisfaction with treatment. There were no interactions between @entity7855 and the immunosuppressive drugs and there was no significant adverse effect of @entity7855 on graft function. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7855 is an effective and well-tolerated agent for the treatment of @entity323 in renal transplant recipients.

title: Early experience with @entity7855 for the treatment of XXXX in renal transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['Erectile dysfunction', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil', 'sildenafil citrate', 'Sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

answer: @entity323 :: (MESH:D007172,Disease) :: ['erectile dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity323 ( @entity323 ) is common in @entity1 with @entity177 , but is not always alleviated following kidney transplant. The objective of the present study was to assess the feasibility in renal transplant @entity1 of @entity7855 treatment, an agent with proven efficacy in the management of @entity323 . METHODS: This was a phase IV, open, multicentre, 3 month, dose-escalation study. All @entity1 meeting the inclusion criteria were prescribed a dose of 50 mg @entity7855 at the first visit. Thereafter the dose could be increased to 100 mg or reduced to 25 mg based on efficacy or tolerability. The primary efficacy parameter assessed the ability of @entity1 to achieve erections sufficient for intercourse and to maintain erections after penetration. Secondary endpoints assessed @entity1 satisfaction with @entity7855 and the effect of @entity7855 on their quality of life. @entity1 were carefully monitored throughout the study for adverse events, interactions with immunosuppressive therapy and effect on graft function. RESULTS: The study included 50 @entity1 in the intent-to-treat population. @entity7855 significantly improved @entity1 's erection ability and the frequency of their erection maintenance. Analysis of the secondary efficacy parameters revealed that 66% of @entity1 believed treatment had improved their erections. @entity1 reported improvements in their sexual life and partner relationships and a high level of satisfaction with treatment. There were no interactions between @entity7855 and the immunosuppressive drugs and there was no significant adverse effect of @entity7855 on graft function. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7855 is an effective and well-tolerated agent for the treatment of @entity323 in renal transplant recipients.

title: Early experience with XXXX for the treatment of @entity323 in renal transplant recipients.

answer: @entity7855 :: (MESH:C101426,Chemical) :: ['sildenafil']


abstract: Sixty-three consecutive @entity1 presented during an 18-month period with isolated closed @entity174 of the fifth metacarpal neck. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 20 months. Forty were recalled for study and divided into a conservative group (25 @entity1 ) and an operative group (15 @entity1 ). Both groups were statistically comparable. All @entity1 obtained good results. Subjectively, no @entity1 had long-term @entity158 or dissatisfaction with the functional or cosmetic result. Objectively, all @entity1 regained full joint motion and normal grip strength. Mild @entity893 was present in both groups, but the conservative group had less extensor lag. The main difference between the two groups centered on residual dorsal angulation. This @entity85 was considerably less in the operative group, although the cost of this improvement was significantly longer rehabilitation. Failure to correct dorsal angulation was not associated with functional disability.

title: Boxer's XXXX --conservative or operative management?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['cosmetic deformity']

entities_list: @entity893 :: ('MESH:D017760', 'Disease') :: ['rotatory malalignment']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ossicular discontinuity may result from @entity2172 , with or without @entity3540 , and usually cannot be determined unless an operation is performed. If preoperative information can be used to determine whether or not the ossicular chain is intact, the @entity1 can be better informed and the surgeon can be better prepared before surgery. OBJECTIVE: To examine the correlation between preoperative findings and the status of the ossicular chain at surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: A tertiary referral center. @entity1 : Data from 190 @entity1 (212 ears) who were undergoing their first operations for @entity2172 were reviewed. INTERVENTION: The operations for the @entity3540 or noncholesteatoma ears were classified into different groups and analyzed separately. Ossicular discontinuity was identified only if the discontinuity of the ossicular chain was confirmed at the time of operation. RESULTS: The @entity3540 group consisted of 59 ears, and the noncholesteatoma group contained 153 ears. In the @entity3540 group, two statistically significant preoperative parameters were observed to be significantly correlated with ossicular discontinuity: persistently draining ears (p = 0.026) and a @entity3540 that extended to the tympanic sinus (p = 0.006). In the noncholesteatoma group, only one parameter was observed to be predictive of ossicular discontinuity. In this group of @entity1 , perforation of the tympanic membrane with an edge adherent to the promontory occurred significantly more frequently in @entity1 with ossicular discontinuity (p = 0.004) than in those with intact ossicular chains. Surprisingly, an air-bone gap was not significantly correlated with ossicular discontinuity. The @entity3540 and granulation tissue in the @entity2172 may serve as transmission bridges of acoustic energy, resulting in narrowed air-bone gaps. CONCLUSIONS: In the @entity3540 group, both @entity3540 extension into the tympanic sinus and persistently draining ears were predictive of ossicular discontinuity. In the noncholesteatoma group, perforation edges adhering to the promontory also revealed a higher incidence of ossicular discontinuity. Therefore, all these findings can be considered as potential preoperative predictors of ossicular discontinuity in @entity2172 .

title: Relationship of preoperative findings and ossicular discontinuity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3540 :: ('MESH:D002781', 'Disease') :: ['cholesteatoma']

entities_list: @entity2172 :: ('MESH:D010033', 'Disease') :: ['chronic otitis media', 'middle ear cavity']

answer: @entity2172 :: (MESH:D010033,Disease) :: ['chronic otitis media']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical significance of the House-Brackmann facial nerve grading scale (HBFNGS) in the setting of differential function along the branches of the facial nerve. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study of 38 @entity1 with @entity3541 who demonstrated differential facial function. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity1 : @entity1 with @entity2103 from any cause. @entity1 with complete @entity3541 (House-Brackmann Grade 6) were excluded. INTERVENTION: Physicians were provided with printed description of the HBFNGS and asked to report @entity2103 as a traditional global score and as a regional score based on the House-Brackmann scale for the forehead, eye, nose, and mouth. This was reported as F(w) E(x) N(y) M(z), where w, x, y, and z ranged from 1 to 6 based on the HBFNGS. Synkinesis was graded as none, mild, or severe. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The traditional HBFNGS score was compared with a regional grading facial nerve grading system based on the HBFNGS for the forehead, eye, nose, and mouth. Agreement between the traditional global score and the regional scores was analyzed. RESULTS: In @entity1 with variable @entity425 , the single House-Brackmann score did not fully communicate their facial function. Further, the single grade did not always correlate with the best or worst function along the four facial regions. The single House-Brackmann score most strongly correlated with the regional scoring of the eye (61%), followed by the nose/midface (40%), mouth (32%), and forehead (18%). The global score did not correlate with the worst regional score in 30 @entity1 (79%). In 3 of 5 @entity1 with synkinesis and an obligatory Grade 3 or higher in the global House-Brackmann grading system, the regional facial function was Grade 2 or better at one or more areas of the face. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with differential facial function, a single global number is inadequate to describe facial function and primarily reflects the function of the eye. Regional assessment using the HBFNGS and reported as F(w) E(x) N(y) M(z) more fully communicates facial function.

title: Significance of House-Brackmann facial nerve grading global score in the setting of differential XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['facial weakness']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve paralysis', 'facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve dysfunction', 'facial nerve function']

answer: @entity2103 :: (MESH:D005155,Disease) :: ['facial nerve function']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity73 is an important predictor of quality of life at all stages of MS. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) markers have been used to associate @entity3145 with @entity73 . OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to designate the MRI marker that predicts @entity73 and explore its effect on every day activities and employment status. METHODS: 50 RRMS @entity1 and 31 healthy @entity1 underwent neuropsychological assessment using the Trail Making Test (TMT) parts A and B, semantic and phonological verbal fluency task and a computerized cognitive screening battery (Central Nervous System Vital Signs). Everyday activities were evaluated with the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale and employment status. Brain MRI was performed in all @entity1 . We measured total lesion volume, third ventricle width, corpus callosum and thalamic @entity194 . RESULTS: The frequency of @entity73 for our RRMS @entity1 was 38%. RRMS @entity1 differed significantly from controls on the TMTA, TMTB, phonological verbal fluency task, memory, psychomotor speed, reaction time and @entity73 . Neuropsychological measures had a strong correlation with all MRI @entity194 measures and a weak or moderate correlation with lesion volume. Psychomotor speed was the most sensitive marker for IADL, while memory and TMTB for employment status. Thalamic area was the most sensitive MRI marker for memory, psychomotor speed and TMTB.. CONCLUSION: @entity9479 predicts the clinically meaningful @entity73 in our RRMS @entity1 .

title: XXXX predicts @entity73 in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Effect on instrumental activities of daily living and employment status.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue damage']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive flexibility', 'cognitive decline', 'cognitive dysfunction', 'Cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity9479 :: ('MESH:D013786', 'Disease') :: ['Thalamic atrophy']

answer: @entity9479 :: (MESH:D013786,Disease) :: ['Thalamic atrophy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity73 is an important predictor of quality of life at all stages of MS. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) markers have been used to associate @entity3145 with @entity73 . OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to designate the MRI marker that predicts @entity73 and explore its effect on every day activities and employment status. METHODS: 50 RRMS @entity1 and 31 healthy @entity1 underwent neuropsychological assessment using the Trail Making Test (TMT) parts A and B, semantic and phonological verbal fluency task and a computerized cognitive screening battery (Central Nervous System Vital Signs). Everyday activities were evaluated with the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale and employment status. Brain MRI was performed in all @entity1 . We measured total lesion volume, third ventricle width, corpus callosum and thalamic @entity194 . RESULTS: The frequency of @entity73 for our RRMS @entity1 was 38%. RRMS @entity1 differed significantly from controls on the TMTA, TMTB, phonological verbal fluency task, memory, psychomotor speed, reaction time and @entity73 . Neuropsychological measures had a strong correlation with all MRI @entity194 measures and a weak or moderate correlation with lesion volume. Psychomotor speed was the most sensitive marker for IADL, while memory and TMTB for employment status. Thalamic area was the most sensitive MRI marker for memory, psychomotor speed and TMTB.. CONCLUSION: @entity9479 predicts the clinically meaningful @entity73 in our RRMS @entity1 .

title: @entity9479 predicts XXXX in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Effect on instrumental activities of daily living and employment status.

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive impairment']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the responsiveness, minimal detectable change (MDC95), and @entity922 ( @entity922 ) of the @entity1662 Scale (DOCS-25) in @entity1 with severe @entity131 ( @entity131 ) and to report the percentages of @entity1 ' change scores exceeding @entity14421 and @entity922 after 3 weeks of inpatient rehabilitation. SETTING: Post-acute rehabilitation hospitals. @entity1 : One hundred seventy-two @entity1 with severe @entity131 . Ninety-two were included in the DOCS-25 3-week analysis. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. MAIN MEASURE(S): @entity1662 Scale, Glasgow @entity772 Scale. RESULTS: The effect size and standardized response mean of the DOCS-25 for those who improved were 0.45 and 1.3, respectively-moderate to large by Cohen criteria. The MDC95 (95% confidence interval) was 5.6. Distribution-based MCIDs for small (0.20 SD), moderate (0.33 SD), and large (0.50 SD) differences were 2.6 units, 4.4 units, and 6.6 units, respectively. The anchor-based @entity922 was 8.6 units. On average, @entity1 who improved (n = 57) gained 14.5 units by week 3, exceeding the anchor-based @entity922 . On average, @entity1 who did not improve (n = 35) declined by 7.2 units, which exceeds both the MDC95 and the largest distribution-based @entity922 . CONCLUSION(S): The DOCS-25 is a responsive, clinician-observed assessment tool for capturing change in neurobehavioral function in adults recovering from severe @entity131 . This is the first study to provide evidence for the size of neurobehavioral function change that might indicate meaningful recovery in @entity1 with severe @entity131 . Results from this study may support future research by better informing sample size calculations for clinical trials and also assist clinicians in identifying when variation in level of consciousness is consequential enough to warrant changes in intervention.

title: Responsiveness, Minimal Detectable Change, and Minimally Clinically Important Differences for the XXXX Scale.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ['Disorders of Consciousness']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['MCID', 'minimally clinically important difference']

answer: @entity1662 :: (MESH:D003244,Disease) :: ['Disorders of Consciousness']


abstract: @entity3378 (SASP) is a novel, potent inhibitor of cellular @entity1434 uptake mediated by the x(c)- @entity1434 / @entity2227 antiporter. Lymphoid cells cannot synthesize cyst(e)ine and depend for growth on its uptake from their micro-environment. We previously showed that SASP (0.2 mM) can abrogate @entity706 cell proliferation in vitro by specifically inhibiting x(c)- -mediated @entity1434 uptake. Intraperitoneal administration of SASP to Noble @entity35 markedly suppressed Nb2-U17 @entity35 @entity706 transplant growth, notably without major @entity137 to the hosts. Since Nb2-U17 cells are x(c)- -deficient, the @entity851 was apparently not due to SASP- @entity5 cell interaction, but possibly to interference with x(c)- -mediated @entity462 secretion by somatic cells. In this study we found that replication of x(c)- -deficient Nb2-11 @entity706 cells can be sustained in vitro, in the absence of @entity1434 uptake enhancers, by co-culturing with IMR-90 fibroblasts known to secrete @entity462 . SASP, at 0.15 and 0.2 mM, arrested replication of fibroblast-driven Nb2-11 cells by 93 and 100%, respectively, without impeding fibroblast proliferation. Addition of @entity6514 (60 microM), a @entity1434 uptake enhancer, almost completely prevented this @entity851 , indicating that SASP specifically inhibited @entity462 secretion by the fibroblasts, a process based on x(c)- -mediated @entity1434 uptake. It is proposed that the @entity706 growth-inhibitory activity of SASP in vivo involves inhibition of @entity462 secretion by @entity5 -associated somatic cells (macrophages, dendritic cells), leading to @entity462 starvation of the @entity5 cells and apoptosis. The difference between the @entity706 cells and fibroblasts in sensitivity to SASP treatment is consistent with the marked antitumor effect of SASP lacking significant side effects.

title: In vitro studies on the XXXX growth-inhibitory activity of @entity3378 .

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth arrest']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity6514 :: ('MESH:D008623', 'Chemical') :: ['2-mercapto-ethanol']

entities_list: @entity3378 :: ('MESH:D012460', 'Chemical') :: ['Sulfasalazine']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: @entity3378 (SASP) is a novel, potent inhibitor of cellular @entity1434 uptake mediated by the x(c)- @entity1434 / @entity2227 antiporter. Lymphoid cells cannot synthesize cyst(e)ine and depend for growth on its uptake from their micro-environment. We previously showed that SASP (0.2 mM) can abrogate @entity706 cell proliferation in vitro by specifically inhibiting x(c)- -mediated @entity1434 uptake. Intraperitoneal administration of SASP to Noble @entity35 markedly suppressed Nb2-U17 @entity35 @entity706 transplant growth, notably without major @entity137 to the hosts. Since Nb2-U17 cells are x(c)- -deficient, the @entity851 was apparently not due to SASP- @entity5 cell interaction, but possibly to interference with x(c)- -mediated @entity462 secretion by somatic cells. In this study we found that replication of x(c)- -deficient Nb2-11 @entity706 cells can be sustained in vitro, in the absence of @entity1434 uptake enhancers, by co-culturing with IMR-90 fibroblasts known to secrete @entity462 . SASP, at 0.15 and 0.2 mM, arrested replication of fibroblast-driven Nb2-11 cells by 93 and 100%, respectively, without impeding fibroblast proliferation. Addition of @entity6514 (60 microM), a @entity1434 uptake enhancer, almost completely prevented this @entity851 , indicating that SASP specifically inhibited @entity462 secretion by the fibroblasts, a process based on x(c)- -mediated @entity1434 uptake. It is proposed that the @entity706 growth-inhibitory activity of SASP in vivo involves inhibition of @entity462 secretion by @entity5 -associated somatic cells (macrophages, dendritic cells), leading to @entity462 starvation of the @entity5 cells and apoptosis. The difference between the @entity706 cells and fibroblasts in sensitivity to SASP treatment is consistent with the marked antitumor effect of SASP lacking significant side effects.

title: In vitro studies on the @entity706 growth-inhibitory activity of XXXX .

answer: @entity3378 :: (MESH:D012460,Chemical) :: ['sulfasalazine']


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated the long-term outcome, effectiveness and @entity1 satisfaction of corporeal plication for the correction of @entity546 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 25 @entity1 with @entity546 were included in the study. Mean age was 39 years (range 15 to 45). @entity1 with @entity545 , and/or chordee associated with @entity2650 or evidence of @entity323 were excluded from analysis. All procedures were done on an outpatient basis using local anesthesia. The technique of corporeal plication consists of placing longitudinal plication sutures of 2-zero braided @entity2635 on the opposing side of curvature until it is corrected during artificially induced erection. A standardized questionnaire was then completed via telephone interview to assess results as well as the @entity1 satisfaction rate. RESULTS: A total of 22 @entity1 were available for evaluation. Successful results at up to 3(1/2) years (range 1 to 42 months, mean 18) of followup were achieved in 21 of the 22 @entity1 (95%). Success was defined as the correction of curvature and a @entity1 satisfaction rate of 75% or greater. Curvature was ventral in 20 cases, dorsal in 2 and left lateral in 3. Shortening of the penis after surgery was noted by 4 @entity1 (18%), of whom 3 nevertheless had a satisfaction rate of 75% or greater. In 2 @entity1 postoperative @entity1410 resolved spontaneously. Mean operative time was 50 minutes and 22 of the 25 @entity1 (88%) received local anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Corporeal plication is a simple, minimally invasive surgical procedure that proved to be effective for congenital curvature of the penis compared with other, more extensive penile reconstruction surgery.

title: Corporeal plication for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity545 :: ('MESH:D010411', 'Disease') :: ["Peyronie's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2635 :: ('CHEBI:60160', 'Chemical') :: ['polyester']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['congenital penile curvature']

answer: @entity546 :: (MESH:D004414,Disease) :: ['congenital penile curvature']


abstract: PURPOSE: We assessed the relationship of trisomy 21 with the most severe dysfunctional elimination syndrome, nonneurogenic @entity1494 or the @entity751 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with @entity1 with @entity1467 (trisomy 21) in a 10-year period and identified a subset who presented for the evaluation and treatment of @entity293 associated with severe @entity29082 . RESULTS: Four males 9 months, 14 years, 18 years and 21 years old met the criteria for review. All @entity1 underwent radiological and urodynamic evaluation, and were diagnosed with @entity3041 and prostatic @entity384 with pelvic floor @entity508 . Renal function studies showed a @entity1011 of 0.7 mg./dl. in the 9-month-old, 1.2 mg./dl. in the 14-year-old, 1.9 mg./dl. in the 18-year-old and 2.2 mg./dl. in the 21-year-old @entity1 . Three @entity1 underwent surgical treatment to protect the upper urinary tract, including @entity1494 and an appendiceal Mitrofanoff stoma in 2, and vesicostomy in 1. The remaining @entity1 was treated conservatively with a behavioral modification program that included timed voiding and a bowel regimen. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with trisomy 21 may be at risk for the @entity751 . Surgical intervention and clean intermittent catheterization for renal preservation and continence can be performed in this population despite intellectual impairment. Further evaluation is necessary to determine whether this relationship is more common than appreciated and whether this syndrome occurs in females with trisomy 21.

title: Males with XXXX and nonneurogenic @entity1494 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Boys', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic bladder', 'bladder augmentation cystoplasty']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['urethral dilatation']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['Hinman-Allen syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity29082 :: ('MESH:D019960', 'Disease') :: ['disorders of urinary and fecal elimination']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity1467 :: (MESH:D004314,Disease) :: ['Down's syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: We assessed the relationship of trisomy 21 with the most severe dysfunctional elimination syndrome, nonneurogenic @entity1494 or the @entity751 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with @entity1 with @entity1467 (trisomy 21) in a 10-year period and identified a subset who presented for the evaluation and treatment of @entity293 associated with severe @entity29082 . RESULTS: Four males 9 months, 14 years, 18 years and 21 years old met the criteria for review. All @entity1 underwent radiological and urodynamic evaluation, and were diagnosed with @entity3041 and prostatic @entity384 with pelvic floor @entity508 . Renal function studies showed a @entity1011 of 0.7 mg./dl. in the 9-month-old, 1.2 mg./dl. in the 14-year-old, 1.9 mg./dl. in the 18-year-old and 2.2 mg./dl. in the 21-year-old @entity1 . Three @entity1 underwent surgical treatment to protect the upper urinary tract, including @entity1494 and an appendiceal Mitrofanoff stoma in 2, and vesicostomy in 1. The remaining @entity1 was treated conservatively with a behavioral modification program that included timed voiding and a bowel regimen. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with trisomy 21 may be at risk for the @entity751 . Surgical intervention and clean intermittent catheterization for renal preservation and continence can be performed in this population despite intellectual impairment. Further evaluation is necessary to determine whether this relationship is more common than appreciated and whether this syndrome occurs in females with trisomy 21.

title: Males with @entity1467 and nonneurogenic XXXX .

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['neurogenic bladder']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3174 @entity1445 results in a wide variety of signs and symptoms - ataxia, nistagmus, @entity909 . On occasions increased frequence of @entity410 may be seen in @entity1 with high @entity3174 serum levels and no evidence of standard @entity137 symptoms - paradoxical @entity137 . OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency of @entity3174 paradoxical @entity137 , and to analyze @entity1 " clinical status. @entity1 AND METHOD: Prospective study of 100% of @entity1 monitored by the Pharmacy Department during August-December, 1998 and who had @entity3174 serum levels above therapeutic range and @entity410 . Laboratory determinations in samples was performed by polarized immunofluorescence analysis. The outcome of each @entity1 was monitored through their pharmacotherapeutic record and clinical history. RESULTS: The number of @entity1 was 1706; 124 of wich had serum levels above the therapeutic range. Out of this group, 3 males and 1 female, with ages ranging from 17 to 73, a diagnosis of @entity302 , and chronic therapy using @entity3174 , come to our Emergency Department because of @entity410 . Serum levels of @entity3174 were ordered due to suspected lack of compliance or underdosing. In all 4 @entity1 @entity3174 was discontinued until the therapeutic range was reached, to be then reset with plasma level-adjusted dosages. CONCLUSIONS: Paradoxical @entity137 may lead to errors, and therefore we should rule out such possibility in @entity1 with exacerbated @entity302 undergoing treatment with @entity3174 .

title: [ @entity3174 : paradoxical XXXX ; a discussion of 4 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures', 'convulsions']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin', 'Phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdosing']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3174 @entity1445 results in a wide variety of signs and symptoms - ataxia, nistagmus, @entity909 . On occasions increased frequence of @entity410 may be seen in @entity1 with high @entity3174 serum levels and no evidence of standard @entity137 symptoms - paradoxical @entity137 . OBJECTIVE: To study the frequency of @entity3174 paradoxical @entity137 , and to analyze @entity1 " clinical status. @entity1 AND METHOD: Prospective study of 100% of @entity1 monitored by the Pharmacy Department during August-December, 1998 and who had @entity3174 serum levels above therapeutic range and @entity410 . Laboratory determinations in samples was performed by polarized immunofluorescence analysis. The outcome of each @entity1 was monitored through their pharmacotherapeutic record and clinical history. RESULTS: The number of @entity1 was 1706; 124 of wich had serum levels above the therapeutic range. Out of this group, 3 males and 1 female, with ages ranging from 17 to 73, a diagnosis of @entity302 , and chronic therapy using @entity3174 , come to our Emergency Department because of @entity410 . Serum levels of @entity3174 were ordered due to suspected lack of compliance or underdosing. In all 4 @entity1 @entity3174 was discontinued until the therapeutic range was reached, to be then reset with plasma level-adjusted dosages. CONCLUSIONS: Paradoxical @entity137 may lead to errors, and therefore we should rule out such possibility in @entity1 with exacerbated @entity302 undergoing treatment with @entity3174 .

title: [ XXXX : paradoxical @entity137 ; a discussion of 4 cases].

answer: @entity3174 :: (MESH:D010672,Chemical) :: ['Phenytoin']


abstract: Cytokine growth factor treatment of chronic wounds has met with mixed results. The chronic wound presents a hostile environment to peptides such as growth factors. Cytokine growth factors have not been studied extensively in acute wounds. However, incisional @entity547 are a major example of @entity810 that has not been solved by various mechanical approaches. A biological approach to @entity810 by use of cytokine growth factors may offer a new strategy. A rodent incisional @entity547 model was used. Seventy-six @entity35 underwent 3-cm midline celiotomies and were closed with fine, fast-absorbing sutures to induce intentional @entity810 . Group 1 received no other treatment. The midline fascia in Groups 2-10 was infiltrated with 100 microl of vehicle alone or vehicle containing various test cytokine growth factors. Necropsy was performed on postoperative day 28 and the wounds were examined for herniation. Incisional @entity547 developed in 83 percent (13/16) of untreated incisional and 88 percent (7/8) and 83 percent (5/6) of the two vehicle-treated incisions (PBS and @entity5224 ). @entity547 incidences were decreased by priming of the @entity4438 with transforming growth factor-beta(2) (12%, 1/8), basic fibroblast growth factor (25%, 2/8) and @entity3426 (50%, 3/6) (p < 0.05). Aqueous platelet-derived growth factor, becaplermin, insulin-like growth factor, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor did not significantly decrease the incidence of @entity810 (p > 0.05). A biological approach to @entity810 as measured by incisional @entity547 formation can be useful in reducing the incidence of this complication. Transforming growth factor-beta(2), basic fibroblast growth factor, and @entity3426 all eliminated or significantly reduced the development of incisional @entity547 in the @entity35 model.

title: Effect of cytokine growth factors on the prevention of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4438 :: ('MESH:C563219', 'Disease') :: ['fascial incision']

entities_list: @entity5224 :: ('MESH:D002266', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxymethylcellulose']

entities_list: @entity3426 :: ('24494(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 1 beta', 'interleukin-1 beta']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute wound failure']

entities_list: @entity547 :: ('MESH:D006547', 'Disease') :: ['Hernia', 'hernia', 'hernias']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute wound failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring has been widely recommended for evaluating the status of BP, but is lacking in practicality. Determination of the specific time points for BP measurement that are representative of 24-hour mean BP could be useful and convenient in @entity101 @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ). METHODS: A total of 1,317 @entity1 for whom 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring was performed were enrolled in a multicenter study on @entity101 @entity740 . We analyzed the time points at which systolic blood pressure ( @entity5351 ) values exhibited the smallest differences from 24-hour mean @entity5351 ( @entity5351 ). We included office @entity5351 and analyzed the relationships between SBPs at the office and the time points with the smallest differences from 24-hour @entity5351 using several methods. RESULTS: The time points with the smallest differences from 24-hour @entity5351 were 7:00 AM, 2:00 PM, and 9:30 PM. In regression analysis, SBPs at 7:00 AM and 9:30 PM were better correlated with 24-hour @entity5351 than SBPs at 2:00 PM and the office. The proportions of @entity1 with SBPs within 30% of 24-hour @entity5351 were higher at 7:00 AM and 9:30 PM. The best consistency between the uncontrolled @entity101 groups, defined as >=  135 mmHg of 24-hour @entity5351 and higher values of SBPs corresponding to 135 mmHg of 24-hour @entity5351 , were observed at the 7:00 AM and 9:30 PM time points. CONCLUSIONS: The specific time points for SBPs that correlated well with 24-hour @entity5351 in @entity101 @entity740 @entity1 were 7:00 AM and 9:30 PM.

title: Time points for obtaining representative values of 24-hour blood pressure in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['chronic kidney disease']


abstract: Between January 1970 and June 1985, 60 @entity1 underwent surgical repair of postinfarction @entity1757 . The preoperative cineangiograms of all @entity1 were reviewed to measure left ventricular ejection fraction and to quantitatively assess right ventricular function by measuring the percentage reduction in right ventricular midcavity diameter. There were 23 early deaths (within 30 days) and 14 late deaths occurring between 1 and 92 months after operation. Of the 23 long-term survivors, 87% are in New York Heart Association Class I or II. The early mortality was significantly higher for inferior @entity1188 (58%) than for anterior @entity1188 (25%). Early mortality was also influenced by the time interval between @entity1188 and operation (under 1 week 41%, over 4 weeks 22%). Early survival was favored by good preoperative right ventricular function; the percentage reduction in right ventricular midcavity diameter was 16.5% +/- 9.5% (mean +/- standard deviation) for the early death group and 26.7% +/- 10.6% for the early survival group. However, the early outcome was not influenced by left ventricular function before operation. Conversely, long-term survival was favored by preserved preoperative left ventricular function; left ventricular ejection fraction was 26.2% +/- 9.3% for the late death group and 35% +/- 8.5% for the late survival group. Long-term survival was not, however, affected by right ventricular function before operation. The results of surgical closure of postinfarction @entity1757 have improved between two successive time frames in this series, which is the largest to date.

title: Surgical repair of acquired XXXX . Determinants of early and late outcome.

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

answer: @entity1757 :: (MESH:D006345,Disease) :: ['ventricular septal defect']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The multiple @entity209 is defined by a clustering of risk factors for @entity65 . We sought to evaluate the familial correlations of the components of the syndrome using data from the Framingham Heart Study original and offspring cohorts as provided for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13. Measures of plasma @entity165 (total and HDL), body mass index (BMI), and systolic blood pressure were used from selected calendar years of exams. Familial correlations were calculated using FCOR in S.A.G.E. RESULTS: The sibling correlations were relatively high for all measures and exams, from 0.17 for systolic blood pressure to 0.27 for HDL @entity165 . The parent- @entity1 correlations were very similar, except for systolic blood pressure. The avuncular correlations were much smaller and the cousin correlations were even smaller. For HDL @entity165 the avuncular correlation was half the sibling correlation and the cousin correlation was half that again. Spousal correlations ranged from 0.07 for systolic blood pressure to 0.34 for BMI. Correlations were somewhat lower from 1984 to 1987 examinations than from 1971 to 1975 examinations, except for spousal correlations for systolic blood pressure and BMI. CONCLUSION: The results of the family pair correlations are suggestive of genetic determinants of lipid levels and BMI. These components have been shown to be predictive of @entity65 as well as @entity6 . Genes in common with each of the components might also influence development of @entity65 and @entity6 , both @entity66 .

title: XXXX in the Framingham Heart and Offspring Cohorts: Genetic Analysis Workshop Problem 1.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['complex diseases']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['Familial aggregation of components of the multiple metabolic syndrome']


abstract: A variety of surgical treatments for @entity302 with @entity10128 ( @entity10128 ) are described, although most are derived from limited @entity1 experience gathered from several centres. We describe the results of transcallosal resection of @entity10128 in 29 consecutive @entity1 undergoing surgery at one centre. Twenty-nine @entity1 aged 4-23 years (mean 10 years) underwent @entity10128 surgery with a minimum of 12 months follow-up. A comprehensive, presurgical @entity302 evaluation, supplemented with endocrine and ophthalmological assessments was performed in all cases. @entity10128 were resected via a transcallosal, interforniceal approach to the third ventricle, with the assistance of frameless stereotaxy, limiting the resection to the margins of the third ventricular walls and floor and minimising traction and diathermy. Complete or near-complete (>95%) resection of the @entity10128 was achieved in 18/29 @entity1 , 75-95% resection was achieved in seven @entity1 (four of whom had complete or near-complete disconnection of residual @entity10128 ) and less than 50% resection was achieved in four. Postoperatively (follow-up 12-70 months, mean 30 months), 15 became @entity410 -free (nine off antiepileptic medication), seven had >90% reduction in @entity410 frequency, three had 55-80% reduction in @entity410 frequency, and four had less than 40% reduction in @entity410 frequency. Of 16 @entity1 who had @entity410 in the early postoperative period, six became @entity410 . No @entity1 or lesion characteristics were associated with postoperative @entity410 freedom, including features of @entity302 . Neurobehavioural improvement and resolution of EEG abnormalities were seen in the majority. Complications were @entity1269 in two, transient hypernatraemia in 17, @entity73 in 14 (persistent in four), @entity1017 in ten (persistent in five), need for supplemental thyroxine in five, and lowered @entity2124 (uncertain clinical significance) in six. Transcallosal resection of @entity10128 is an effective treatment for @entity302 , with 76% @entity1 in our @entity410 being @entity410 -free or having >90% @entity410 reduction. The operative risks include @entity64 , short-term @entity2414 , @entity1017 and minor endocrine disturbances. Based on published data, the transcallosal approach appears to be safer and more effective than other operative strategies.

title: Transcallosal resection of @entity10128 in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['transient hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['short-term memory impairment']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'intractable epilepsy', 'symptomatic generalised epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity10128 :: ('MESH:C537158', 'Disease') :: ['HH', 'hypothalamic hamartoma']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory disturbance']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['intractable epilepsy']


abstract: A variety of surgical treatments for @entity302 with @entity10128 ( @entity10128 ) are described, although most are derived from limited @entity1 experience gathered from several centres. We describe the results of transcallosal resection of @entity10128 in 29 consecutive @entity1 undergoing surgery at one centre. Twenty-nine @entity1 aged 4-23 years (mean 10 years) underwent @entity10128 surgery with a minimum of 12 months follow-up. A comprehensive, presurgical @entity302 evaluation, supplemented with endocrine and ophthalmological assessments was performed in all cases. @entity10128 were resected via a transcallosal, interforniceal approach to the third ventricle, with the assistance of frameless stereotaxy, limiting the resection to the margins of the third ventricular walls and floor and minimising traction and diathermy. Complete or near-complete (>95%) resection of the @entity10128 was achieved in 18/29 @entity1 , 75-95% resection was achieved in seven @entity1 (four of whom had complete or near-complete disconnection of residual @entity10128 ) and less than 50% resection was achieved in four. Postoperatively (follow-up 12-70 months, mean 30 months), 15 became @entity410 -free (nine off antiepileptic medication), seven had >90% reduction in @entity410 frequency, three had 55-80% reduction in @entity410 frequency, and four had less than 40% reduction in @entity410 frequency. Of 16 @entity1 who had @entity410 in the early postoperative period, six became @entity410 . No @entity1 or lesion characteristics were associated with postoperative @entity410 freedom, including features of @entity302 . Neurobehavioural improvement and resolution of EEG abnormalities were seen in the majority. Complications were @entity1269 in two, transient hypernatraemia in 17, @entity73 in 14 (persistent in four), @entity1017 in ten (persistent in five), need for supplemental thyroxine in five, and lowered @entity2124 (uncertain clinical significance) in six. Transcallosal resection of @entity10128 is an effective treatment for @entity302 , with 76% @entity1 in our @entity410 being @entity410 -free or having >90% @entity410 reduction. The operative risks include @entity64 , short-term @entity2414 , @entity1017 and minor endocrine disturbances. Based on published data, the transcallosal approach appears to be safer and more effective than other operative strategies.

title: Transcallosal resection of XXXX in @entity1 with @entity302 .

answer: @entity10128 :: (MESH:C537158,Disease) :: ['hypothalamic hamartomas']


abstract: A variety of surgical treatments for @entity302 with @entity10128 ( @entity10128 ) are described, although most are derived from limited @entity1 experience gathered from several centres. We describe the results of transcallosal resection of @entity10128 in 29 consecutive @entity1 undergoing surgery at one centre. Twenty-nine @entity1 aged 4-23 years (mean 10 years) underwent @entity10128 surgery with a minimum of 12 months follow-up. A comprehensive, presurgical @entity302 evaluation, supplemented with endocrine and ophthalmological assessments was performed in all cases. @entity10128 were resected via a transcallosal, interforniceal approach to the third ventricle, with the assistance of frameless stereotaxy, limiting the resection to the margins of the third ventricular walls and floor and minimising traction and diathermy. Complete or near-complete (>95%) resection of the @entity10128 was achieved in 18/29 @entity1 , 75-95% resection was achieved in seven @entity1 (four of whom had complete or near-complete disconnection of residual @entity10128 ) and less than 50% resection was achieved in four. Postoperatively (follow-up 12-70 months, mean 30 months), 15 became @entity410 -free (nine off antiepileptic medication), seven had >90% reduction in @entity410 frequency, three had 55-80% reduction in @entity410 frequency, and four had less than 40% reduction in @entity410 frequency. Of 16 @entity1 who had @entity410 in the early postoperative period, six became @entity410 . No @entity1 or lesion characteristics were associated with postoperative @entity410 freedom, including features of @entity302 . Neurobehavioural improvement and resolution of EEG abnormalities were seen in the majority. Complications were @entity1269 in two, transient hypernatraemia in 17, @entity73 in 14 (persistent in four), @entity1017 in ten (persistent in five), need for supplemental thyroxine in five, and lowered @entity2124 (uncertain clinical significance) in six. Transcallosal resection of @entity10128 is an effective treatment for @entity302 , with 76% @entity1 in our @entity410 being @entity410 -free or having >90% @entity410 reduction. The operative risks include @entity64 , short-term @entity2414 , @entity1017 and minor endocrine disturbances. Based on published data, the transcallosal approach appears to be safer and more effective than other operative strategies.

title: Transcallosal resection of @entity10128 in XXXX with @entity302 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of helical CT in the detection of @entity420 of the pancreas measuring 2 cm or smaller at pathologic examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thin-section triple phase (20, 40, and 70 sec after the start of injection) contrast-enhanced helical CT scans of the abdomen in 18 @entity1 with a @entity3123 that was 2 cm or smaller and 18 @entity1 with a normal pancreas were retrospectively reviewed by two senior radiologists who specialized in oncologic abdominal imaging. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. The observers were unaware of the clinical information. CT scans were evaluated for the presence of a pancreatic mass, bile, and @entity788 . The location and size of @entity5 as determined on CT were compared with pathologic findings. The CT results were also compared with the prospective CT interpretations derived from the radiology reports and with the endoscopic sonographic reports when available. RESULTS: The sensitivity of thin-section triple-phase helical CT in the detection of small pancreatic masses was 77%, and the specificity was 100% for the two experienced observers. The sensitivity and specificity were 72% and 100%, respectively, for the prospective interpretations done by 10 observers. There was no correlation between the @entity5 size at pathology and the CT measurements. CONCLUSION: Thin-section contrast-enhanced helical CT is sensitive and highly specific for the detection of @entity788 measuring 2 cm or smaller. Improvement in the detection rate of this technique compared with previous techniques lies in the optimization of parenchymal enhancement during the pancreatic phase and the decrease in slice thickness.

title: Detection of small XXXX with multiphasic helical CT.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic tumors', 'pancreatic duct stricture']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study, we examined the variability of lesion sizes produced by a single radiofrequency ablation using the same device and algorithm in @entity1 with small malignant @entity99 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of the clinical records of 208 @entity1 who underwent radiofrequency ablation of malignant @entity99 during a 6-year period revealed 31 @entity1 with small @entity5 that were treated with a single ablation. Clinical data were recorded using standardized work sheets. @entity5 and lesion sizes after ablation were measured from CT scans. The influences of @entity5 size, @entity5 type, presence or absence of @entity82 , and tissue temperature on the ablation size were analyzed. RESULTS: The size of @entity5 before treatment ranged from 0.8 to 4.0 cm (mean diameter [+/- SD] = 1.8 +/- 0.9 cm) with corresponding volumes of 0.27-30.24 mL (mean volume = 27.1 +/- 15.9 mL). The lesion sizes after ablation ranged from 1.7 to 5.3 cm (mean diameter = 3.6 +/- 0.7 cm) with corresponding volumes of 2.29-75.87 mL (mean volume = 4.9 +/- 7.1 mL). @entity5 type (p > 0.25), presence or absence of @entity82 (p > 0.45), and tissue temperature (p = 0.055) had no relationship to ablation size. @entity5 size had a statistically significant influence on ablation lesion size (p < 0.04). Ablation of small @entity5 (diameter < or = 2.25 cm, n = 32) produced random lesion sizes whereas ablation of large @entity5 (diameter > 2.25 cm, n = 11) produced larger lesions (mean diameter = 4.0 +/- 0.8 cm). CONCLUSION: Significant variation occurs in the lesion size produced using the same ablation device and algorithm. These findings must be considered when planning ablation strategies.

title: Radiofrequency ablation of XXXX : variability of lesion size using a single ablation device.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic tumors']


abstract: The alternatively spliced and highly conserved EIIIA domain of fibronectin (FN) is included in most FN of the extracellular matrix in embryos. In adults, both extracellular matrix and plasma FN essentially lack EIIIA. In diverse inflammatory situations however, EIIIA is specifically included by regulated RNA splicing. In @entity731 , FN, including the EIIIA domain (EIIIA-FN), is abundant, whereas FN in the flanking vessel wall lacks EIIIA. Lesional EIIIA-FN is localized with endothelial cells and macrophage foam cells. To directly test the function of EIIIA-FN, we generated EIIIA-null (EIIIA(-/-)) @entity19 that lack the EIIIA exon and crossed them with @entity6970 ( @entity6970 )-null ( @entity6970 (-/-)) @entity19 that develop @entity455 . Compared with @entity6970 (-/-) controls, EIIIA(-/-) @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 had significantly smaller lesions throughout the aortic tree. EIIIA-FN was increased in @entity6970 (-/-) plasma, and total plasma @entity165 was reduced in EIIIA(-/-) @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 , specifically in large lipoprotein particles, suggesting a functional role for plasma EIIIA-FN. To assess a role for macrophage EIIIA-FN in the vessel wall, we conducted in vitro foam cell assays. EIIIA(-/-) @entity6970 (-/-) macrophages accumulated significantly less intracellular lipid than control @entity6970 (-/-) cells. These results provide genetic evidence that suggests roles for EIIIA-FN in plasma lipoprotein metabolism and in foam cell formation.

title: Deletion of the alternatively spliced fibronectin EIIIA domain in @entity19 reduces XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial wall lesions']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: The alternatively spliced and highly conserved EIIIA domain of fibronectin (FN) is included in most FN of the extracellular matrix in embryos. In adults, both extracellular matrix and plasma FN essentially lack EIIIA. In diverse inflammatory situations however, EIIIA is specifically included by regulated RNA splicing. In @entity731 , FN, including the EIIIA domain (EIIIA-FN), is abundant, whereas FN in the flanking vessel wall lacks EIIIA. Lesional EIIIA-FN is localized with endothelial cells and macrophage foam cells. To directly test the function of EIIIA-FN, we generated EIIIA-null (EIIIA(-/-)) @entity19 that lack the EIIIA exon and crossed them with @entity6970 ( @entity6970 )-null ( @entity6970 (-/-)) @entity19 that develop @entity455 . Compared with @entity6970 (-/-) controls, EIIIA(-/-) @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 had significantly smaller lesions throughout the aortic tree. EIIIA-FN was increased in @entity6970 (-/-) plasma, and total plasma @entity165 was reduced in EIIIA(-/-) @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 , specifically in large lipoprotein particles, suggesting a functional role for plasma EIIIA-FN. To assess a role for macrophage EIIIA-FN in the vessel wall, we conducted in vitro foam cell assays. EIIIA(-/-) @entity6970 (-/-) macrophages accumulated significantly less intracellular lipid than control @entity6970 (-/-) cells. These results provide genetic evidence that suggests roles for EIIIA-FN in plasma lipoprotein metabolism and in foam cell formation.

title: Deletion of the alternatively spliced fibronectin EIIIA domain in XXXX reduces @entity731 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Secondary prevention of @entity453 is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality, but deficiencies in implementation and prescription bias have been identified. AIM: To assess progress in secondary prevention measures for @entity301 and whether there was a difference between @entity1 subgroups with @entity951 , post @entity583 or revascularization. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2001, data were collected on prophylactic prescribing, demographic and lifestyle information, at baseline and 1 year following attendance at a hospital-based, cardiac-nurse-led out- @entity1 clinic. RESULTS: @entity1 (n = 945) were entered into the database at hospital discharge and 619 (72%) attended at 1 year. @entity117 and statin prescribing increased, though @entity1289 inhibitor use was less. Mean total @entity165 at baseline reduced to 4.92 +/- 0.11 mmol/l (p < 0.001) in 2000, with a further reduction to 4.59 +/- 0.08 mmol/l at the 1-year visit in 2001 (p < 0.001). The proportion of @entity1 with total @entity165 < 5 mmol/l increased to 38% in 2000, reaching 70% in 2001. Smokers at baseline were similar at around 30%, although this had reduced to 10% in 2001 (p < 0.001). No change in weight was seen for @entity1 with BMI >or=30 (p = NS). No significant differences were seen between @entity1 subgroups (p = NS). DISCUSSION: Secondary prevention measures are improving, especially in prophylactic prescribing, lipid management and smoking cessation, although scope for further improvement remains. No difference was seen between the @entity1 subgroups. Lifestyle measures need to be addressed to gain maximum benefit in addressing overall cardiovascular risk.

title: Secondary prevention for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that have a unique developmental cycle. Thirty nine viable isolates representing all nine currently recognised chlamydial species were screened by immunofluorescence with a cross-reacting chlamydiaphage monoclonal antibody. A novel chlamydiaphage ( @entity61448 ) was detected in @entity11292 , a chlamydial species not previously known to carry bacteriophages. @entity61448 belongs to the Microviridae, members of this virus family are characterised by circular, single-stranded DNA genomes and small T = 1 icosahedral capsids. Double-stranded replicative form @entity61448 DNA was purified from elementary bodies and used as a template to determine the complete genome sequence. The genome of @entity61448 is 4,554 base pairs and encodes eight open reading frames organised in the same genome structure as other chlamydiaphages. An unrooted phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the major coat proteins of 11 members of the Microviridae and @entity61448 . This showed that the Microviridae are clearly divided into two discrete sub-families; those that infect the Enterobacteriaceae e.g.   X174 and the bacteriophages that infect obligate intracellular bacteria or mollicutes including @entity10464 ( @entity10464 melliferum),   MH2K ( @entity11603 ) and the chlamydiaphages. Comparative analyses demonstrate that the chlamydiaphages can be further subdivided into two groupings, one represented by @entity61448 / @entity61448 and the other by   CPG1/  CPAR39.

title: Isolation, molecular characterisation and genome sequence of a bacteriophage (Chp3) from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11603 :: ('959', 'Species') :: ['Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus']

answer: @entity11292 :: (85991,Species) :: ['Chlamydophila pecorum']


abstract: Pancreatic stones that were removed from the pancreatic ducts of @entity1 with chronic calcifying @entity788 were decalcified so the organic matrix could be studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The observations made by scanning electron microscopy were compared with those made on undecalcified stones, and the findings were correlated with light microscopic observations. After the @entity4959 was removed, the stones consisted of multiple partitions arranged like a sponge. They were embedded in a gel-like matrix. The organic partitions frequently were composed of dense surface layers and @entity6220 , which had surrounded and bound @entity4959 crystals. The organic matrix was heterogeneous in texture. Some areas had dense, regular, proteinaceous fibrous material. Deposits resembling fibrin were observed. Altered cellular constituents appeared to make up minor portions of the matrix. @entity4959 , which was precipitated in vitro in pancreatic juice, resembled the morphology of pancreatic stones more than that of pure @entity4959 crystals. These results are consistent with the coformation of pancreatic stones from constituents in the pancreatic juice [including @entity16127 ( @entity16127 ), glycosaminoglycans, and occasional cells] and precipitated @entity4959 .

title: Fine structure of the organic matrix of XXXX pancreatic stones.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['sparse central reticular accumulations']

entities_list: @entity16127 :: ('5967', 'Gene') :: ['pancreatic stone protein', 'PSP']

entities_list: @entity4959 :: ('MESH:D002119', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium carbonate', 'Calcium carbonate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Action spectra were determined for cell killing and mutation by monochromatic ultraviolet and visible radiations (254-434 nm) in cultured @entity1 epithelial P3 cells. Cell killing was more efficient following radiation at the shorter wavelengths (254-434 nm) than at longer wavelengths (365-434 nm). At 254 nm, for example, a fluence of 11 Jm-2 gave 37% cell survival, while at 365 nm, 17 X 10(5) Jm-2 gave equivalent survival. At 434 nm little killing was observed with fluences up to 3 X 10(6) Jm-2. Mutant induction, determined at the @entity3625 - @entity2774 phosphoribosyltransferase locus, was caused by radiation at 254, 313, and 365 nm. There was no mutant induction at 334 nm although this wavelength was highly cytotoxic. Mutagenesis was not induced by 434 nm radiation, either. There was a weak response at 405 nm; the mutant frequencies were only slightly increased above background levels. For the mutagenic wavelengths, log-log plots of the mutation frequency against fluence showed linear regressions with @entity1605 .5, consistent with data from a previous study using @entity526 . The data points of the action spectra for lethality and mutagenesis were similar to the spectrum for DNA damage at wavelengths shorter than 313 nm, whereas at longer wavelengths the lethality spectrum had a shoulder, and the mutagenesis spectrum had a secondary peak at 365 nm. No correlation was observed for the P3 cells between the spectra for cell killing and mutagenesis caused by wavelengths longer than 313 nm and the induction of DNA breakage or the formation of DNA-to-protein covalent bonds in these cells.

title: Mutagenesis and cytotoxicity in XXXX epithelial cells by far- and near-ultraviolet radiations: action spectra.

entities_list: @entity1605 :: ('OMIM:217000', 'Disease') :: ['positive slopes of 2']

entities_list: @entity3625 :: ('MESH:D019271', 'Chemical') :: ['hypoxanthine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The ultimate step in @entity195 Abeta generation involves gamma-secretase, which releases Abeta from its membrane-bound precursor. A similar presenilin-dependent proteolytic activity is implicated in the release of the Notch intracellular domain. We have developed a novel assay for gamma-secretase activity based on green fluorescent protein detection. This involves cotransfection of a substrate-activator based on the amyloid precursor protein or the Notch sequence and a fluorescent reporter gene. Stable fluorescent cell populations were selected by fluorescent activated cell sorting and characterized. This assay enabled the identification and sorting of populations, which differ in their levels of gamma-secretase activity, with high fluorescent cells producing more Abeta than low fluorescent cells. Specific gamma-secretase inhibitors, @entity1658 and @entity45672 , reduced cell fluorescence in a dose-dependent manner that paralleled inhibition of Abeta secretion. Overexpression of @entity3666 increased the cell fluorescence. Cells expressing presenilin with different aspartate mutations ( @entity46372 , @entity72213 and @entity46372 / @entity72213 ) or exon 9 deletion mutation showed reduced fluorescence. The single aspartate mutations showed a concomitant reduction in Abeta secretion, whereas the @entity46372 / @entity72213 and DeltaE9 mutations had no effect on Abeta secretion.

title: Selecting cells with different XXXX gamma-secretase activity using FACS. Differential effect on presenilin exon 9 gamma- and epsilon-cleavage.

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: The @entity1 was a 46-year-old @entity1 . His chief complaints were urinary frequency and @entity158 on urination. They first appeared one year earlier. The @entity1 had had a history of @entity565 and @entity110 . Vesical capacity decreased and vesico-cutaneous developed. The urine sediment contained eosinophils and vesico ureteral reflux was observed. The bladder tissues contained a moderate amount of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The total IgE was 360 IU/ml. The IgE RAST score and immediate reaction to the skin tests were all negative. The Arthus and delayed-type reaction skin tests were positive to various Eumycetees and foods. Provocation tests by eating foods such as eggs, meats, and shellfish reproduced the above-mentioned @entity1494 . The @entity1 was therefore put on a diet that restricted the amount of animal protein consumed except for white meat fishes, and a mast cell membrane stabilizer was administered. The @entity2335 improved but the @entity565 aggravated. The @entity2335 was found to develop alternately with @entity565 .

title: [A case of XXXX that developed alternately with @entity565 ].

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder disorders']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['cystitis', 'interstitial cystitis']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

answer: @entity2335 :: (MESH:D003556,Disease) :: ['interstitial cystitis']


abstract: The @entity1 was a 46-year-old @entity1 . His chief complaints were urinary frequency and @entity158 on urination. They first appeared one year earlier. The @entity1 had had a history of @entity565 and @entity110 . Vesical capacity decreased and vesico-cutaneous developed. The urine sediment contained eosinophils and vesico ureteral reflux was observed. The bladder tissues contained a moderate amount of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The total IgE was 360 IU/ml. The IgE RAST score and immediate reaction to the skin tests were all negative. The Arthus and delayed-type reaction skin tests were positive to various Eumycetees and foods. Provocation tests by eating foods such as eggs, meats, and shellfish reproduced the above-mentioned @entity1494 . The @entity1 was therefore put on a diet that restricted the amount of animal protein consumed except for white meat fishes, and a mast cell membrane stabilizer was administered. The @entity2335 improved but the @entity565 aggravated. The @entity2335 was found to develop alternately with @entity565 .

title: [A case of @entity2335 that developed alternately with XXXX ].

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: While @entity1466 is a rapidly invasive, widely metastasizing @entity5 , it responds well to chemotherapy, so it is important to obtain an early diagnosis. We report the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of a case of @entity1466 metastatic to the breast. CASE: A 48-year-old female presented with a cough, hemoptysis and @entity1415 . Chest computed tomography revealed multiple nodules in both lung fields. Also, a firm, slightly tender mass in the lower outer quadrant of the left breast was palpated. The breast mass was clinically suspected to be a metastatic @entity2 . FNAC of the breast showed a @entity5 that had been misdiagnosed as a metastatic @entity1149 . Histologic examination of a nasal biopsy revealed @entity3 . CONCLUSION: The cytologic features of @entity1466 are quite characteristic, with side-by-side, malignant, mononucleated cells and multinucleated giant cells corresponding to cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts, respectively. The disease is possible to diagnose by a careful examination of FNAC samples.

title: Fine needle aspiration cytology of XXXX presenting as a breast lump. A case report.

entities_list: @entity1466 :: ('MESH:D002822', 'Disease') :: ['choriocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1415 :: ('MESH:D004844', 'Disease') :: ['epistaxis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic choriocarcinoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastatic choriocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Conservative interventions such as physiotherapy and ergonomic adjustments play a major part in the treatment of most @entity85 ( @entity85 ). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this systematic review is to determine whether conservative interventions have a significant impact on short and long-term outcomes for upper extremity @entity85 in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register (January 2002) and Cochrane Rehabilitation and Related Therapies Field specialised register (January 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2001), PubMed (1966 to November 2001), EMBASE (1988 to November 2001), and CINAHL (1982 to November 2001). We also searched the Physiotherapy Index (1988 to November 2001) and reference lists of articles. No language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomised controlled trials and concurrent controlled trials studying conservative interventions for adults suffering from upper extremity @entity85 were included. Conservative interventions may include exercises, relaxation, physical applications, biofeedback, myofeedback and work place adjustments. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected the trials from the search yield and assessed the clinical relevance and methodological quality using the Delphi list. In the event of clinical heterogeneity or lack of data we used a rating system to assess levels of evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included 15 trials involving 925 @entity1 . Twelve trials included @entity1 with chronic non-specific neck or shoulder complaints, or non-specific @entity851 . Over 20 interventions were evaluated; seven main subgroups of interventions could be determined: exercises, manual therapy, massage, ergonomics, multidisciplinary treatment, energised splint and individual treatment versus group therapy. Overall, the quality of the studies appeared to be poor. In 10 studies a form of exercise was evaluated, and there is limited evidence about the effectiveness of exercises only when compared to no treatment. Concerning manual therapy (1 study), massage (4 studies), multidisciplinary treatment (1 study) and energised splint (1 study) no conclusions can be drawn. Limited evidence is found concerning the effectiveness of specific keyboards for @entity1 with @entity923 . REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This review shows limited evidence for the effectiveness of keyboards with an alternative force-displacement of the keys or an alternative geometry, and limited evidence for the effectiveness of individual exercises. The benefit of expensive ergonomic interventions (such as new chairs, new desks etc) in the workplace is not clearly demonstrated.

title: Ergonomic and physiotherapeutic interventions for treating XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['WRMD', 'work-related musculoskeletal disorders']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['upper extremity disorders']

answer: @entity851 :: (MESH:D006130,Disease) :: ['upper extremity work related disorders']