abstract: BACKGROUND: Radionuclide imaging-directed, minimally invasive parathyroid operation is promoted in the surgical literature and public domain as the fastest, most successful, and cheapest means of treating primary @entity2742 . The validity of these claims is unproven. This study reviews the treatment outcome results of a large series of @entity1 treated with standard parathyroid operation without preoperative localization studies. Cost comparisons are made between this series and previous reports of selected @entity1 in whom preoperative radionuclide imaging preceded minimally invasive parathyroid operation. METHODS: Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome data for 688 consecutive @entity1 undergoing first neck exploration for primary @entity2742 were prospectively collected. All @entity1 in our series underwent standard bilateral neck exploration without preoperative localization studies. Intraoperative @entity845 blue was used to aid identification of all parathyroid glands. Surgical findings, pathological diagnosis, operative time, length-of-stay, and treatment success data were collected. Cost data were calculated for our series using the identical calculations used in previous reports. Our outcome and calculated cost data were compared with previous reports by centers advocating scan-directed, minimally invasive parathyroid operation. RESULTS: Of 2,752 predicted total glands, 2,520 (91.6%) were identified using standard neck exploration without radionuclide localization studies. Single @entity652 , with at least 1 normal gland, was found in 542 @entity1 (78.8%), with 8 in a fifth gland. @entity1373 was identified in 98 @entity1 (14.2%) and of these 22 (3.2%) were double @entity652 . Ten @entity1 had @entity3243 (1.5%), and all received definitive surgical treatment during the primary operation. Cure rates were assessed by measurement of normal serum @entity460 and parathyroid hormone levels at 3 and 12 months after operation, and were 97.7% in our series. Mean operating time for the entire series was 65 minutes, decreased to 35 minutes in @entity1 with single @entity652 , and mean recovery room time was 30 minutes. Mean total costs for @entity1 undergoing standard exploration for single @entity652 was US dollars 1,107, and increased to US dollars 1,243 when @entity1 with @entity66 , @entity1373 , or @entity5 were included. CONCLUSIONS: Our series demonstrates operative times and treatment outcomes with costs that are approximately one-third less than those for scan-directed, minimally invasive operation for primary @entity2742 . Thus, claims that scan-directed parathyroid operation is the cheapest, fastest, and most successful means of treatment are not supported by these data.

title: Clinical outcomes and fiscal consequences of bilateral neck exploration for primary XXXX without preoperative radionuclide imaging or minimally invasive techniques.

entities_list: @entity845 :: ('CHEBI:29358', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multigland disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple-gland hyperplasia', 'hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic hyperparathyroidism']

answer: @entity2742 :: (MESH:D006961,Disease) :: ['idiopathic hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: Tight junctions create a rate-limiting barrier to the diffusion of solutes between vertebrate epithelial cells and endothelial cells. They are also controlled within individual cells by a variety of physiologically relevant signals. We investigated the effects of @entity1474 on the formation of tight junctions in brain capillary endothelial cells, monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance, and analyzed the expression of @entity11177 messenger RNA. Brain-capillary endothelial cells were grown to confluence on filters and exposed to @entity72317 , @entity18943 and @entity4722 . Transepithelial electrical resistance was determined with voltage-measuring electrodes. The messenger RNA expression of @entity11177 was quantitated by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The basal resistance across monolayers of porcine brain capillary endothelial cells was 83+/-8.1 Omega cm(2). Cells cultured in @entity72317 and @entity18943 , but not @entity7461 , displayed a 2.7-fold increase in transepithelial electrical resistance at 10 microM in brain capillary endothelial cells. The expression level of @entity11177 messenger RNA increased markedly immediately after the exposure to @entity72317 or @entity18943 . Following an 8 h exposure to exogenous @entity72317 or @entity18943 , @entity11177 messenger RNA levels were significantly increased. In addition, the rise in transepithelial electrical resistance induced by @entity72317 and @entity18943 was markedly inhibited by the @entity669 kinase inhibitors @entity670 and @entity24023 and protein kinase C inhibitor, @entity11616 . In contrast, the rise in transepithelial electrical resistance induced by @entity72317 and @entity18943 was not inhibited by the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, @entity2306 . We conclude that @entity72317 and @entity18943 increased the transepithelial electrical resistance and the expression of @entity11177 messenger RNA in brain capillary endothelial cells. This @entity18943 and @entity7784 induced assembly of tight junction is likely to be regulated by protein kinase C and @entity669 kinase activity.

title: XXXX induce tight junctions to form in brain capillary endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity7784 :: ('MESH:D015118', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosapentaenoic acid']

entities_list: @entity72317 :: ('CHEBI:36006', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosapentaenoic acids']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity11616 :: ('MESH:C058819', 'Chemical') :: ['calphostin C']

entities_list: @entity18943 :: ('MESH:D017965', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma linolenic acid']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity7461 :: ('MESH:D017962', 'Chemical') :: ['linolenic acid']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

answer: @entity1474 :: (MESH:D005231,Chemical) :: ['Polyunsaturated fatty acids']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the spatial variability of a @entity150 relative to the planning target volume boundaries during radical radiotherapy, and furthermore to develop strategies to reduce spatial variability. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventeen @entity1 with solitary T2-T4N0M0 @entity150 were treated with a technique delivering 40 Gy/2 Gy in 20 fractions to the whole bladder with a concomitant boost to the @entity150 of 20 Gy in 1 Gy fractions in an overall time of 4 weeks. CT scans were made weekly, immediately after treatment, and matched with the planning CT scan. Spatial variability of the @entity5 , as well as bladder volume and rectal diameter, were scored for each @entity1 each week. RESULTS: In 65% of @entity1 , a part of the @entity5 appeared outside the planning target volume boundaries at least one time during the course of radiotherapy. No consistent relation of this variability with time was found. Bladder volumes and rectal diameters showed marked variability during the course of treatment. A large initial bladder volume and rectal diameter predicted a large volume variation and a large @entity5 spatial variability. CONCLUSION: In this study, a margin of 1.5 to 2 cm seemed to be inadequate in 65% of the @entity1 with respect to spatial variability. Bladder volume and rectal diameter were found to be predictive for spatial variability of a @entity150 during concomitant boost radiotherapy.

title: Influence of bladder and rectal volume on spatial variability of a XXXX during radical radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumor', 'bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumor']


abstract: We have investigated the modulation by @entity2367 of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral sympathetic neurons. Our study was performed in vitro in @entity95 isolated @entity4494 , using intracellular recording techniques. We have used @entity20283 , a permeant analog of @entity2367 . The effects of @entity20283 were first assessed when nicotinic activation was elicited without modulatory mechanisms (fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials triggered by stimulation of the thoracic splanchnic nerves with a single pulse). In all the neurons tested, C(2) @entity2367 triggered an increase in the amplitude of the fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials demonstrating a direct facilitatory effect on the nicotinic activation. We then investigated the effects of @entity20283 on modulatory mechanisms of this activation. These mechanisms occur when a train of pulses of supramaximum intensity is applied on the splanchnic nerves. During the train, a gradual depression of fast nicotinic activation occurred: the pulses failed to systematically elicit action potentials. We have previously demonstrated that this regulatory phenomenon is partly modulated by @entity842 which exerts a dual effect: facilitation or inhibition of the nicotinic activation. In all the neurons tested, @entity20283 decreased the number of action potentials fired during a train of pulses, demonstrating an indirect inhibitory effect on the nicotinic activation. The use of @entity6706 ( @entity842 scavenger) suppressed the inhibitory effect of @entity20283 , demonstrating that this effect is mediated through the @entity842 pathway. @entity43460 , an inactive analog of @entity2367 , was without effect on the nicotinic activation of the ganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate that @entity2367 exerts a complex modulation of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral neurons: direct facilitation and indirect inhibition involving the @entity842 pathway. In fact, @entity20283 plays a key gating role in the dual effect of the @entity842 pathway by activating the inhibitory effect. The existence of this gating mechanism involving @entity2367 and @entity842 opens new perspectives in terms of our understanding of the modulation of synaptic transmission within the prevertebral ganglia. Our study demonstrates that @entity13740 are involved in complex modulations of the synaptic activation within the prevertebral ganglia, and thus contribute to their integrative properties.

title: Modulation by C2 XXXX of the nicotinic transmission within the @entity4494 in the @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity6706 :: ('MESH:C079393', 'Chemical') :: ['2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide']

entities_list: @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['coeliac ganglion']

entities_list: @entity13740 :: ('MESH:D013107', 'Chemical') :: ['sphingolipids']

entities_list: @entity2367 :: ('CHEBI:17761', 'Chemical') :: ['ceramide']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity43460 :: ('MESH:C109343', 'Chemical') :: ['C(2) dihydro-ceramide']

answer: @entity2367 :: (CHEBI:17761,Chemical) :: ['ceramide']


abstract: We have investigated the modulation by @entity2367 of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral sympathetic neurons. Our study was performed in vitro in @entity95 isolated @entity4494 , using intracellular recording techniques. We have used @entity20283 , a permeant analog of @entity2367 . The effects of @entity20283 were first assessed when nicotinic activation was elicited without modulatory mechanisms (fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials triggered by stimulation of the thoracic splanchnic nerves with a single pulse). In all the neurons tested, C(2) @entity2367 triggered an increase in the amplitude of the fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials demonstrating a direct facilitatory effect on the nicotinic activation. We then investigated the effects of @entity20283 on modulatory mechanisms of this activation. These mechanisms occur when a train of pulses of supramaximum intensity is applied on the splanchnic nerves. During the train, a gradual depression of fast nicotinic activation occurred: the pulses failed to systematically elicit action potentials. We have previously demonstrated that this regulatory phenomenon is partly modulated by @entity842 which exerts a dual effect: facilitation or inhibition of the nicotinic activation. In all the neurons tested, @entity20283 decreased the number of action potentials fired during a train of pulses, demonstrating an indirect inhibitory effect on the nicotinic activation. The use of @entity6706 ( @entity842 scavenger) suppressed the inhibitory effect of @entity20283 , demonstrating that this effect is mediated through the @entity842 pathway. @entity43460 , an inactive analog of @entity2367 , was without effect on the nicotinic activation of the ganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate that @entity2367 exerts a complex modulation of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral neurons: direct facilitation and indirect inhibition involving the @entity842 pathway. In fact, @entity20283 plays a key gating role in the dual effect of the @entity842 pathway by activating the inhibitory effect. The existence of this gating mechanism involving @entity2367 and @entity842 opens new perspectives in terms of our understanding of the modulation of synaptic transmission within the prevertebral ganglia. Our study demonstrates that @entity13740 are involved in complex modulations of the synaptic activation within the prevertebral ganglia, and thus contribute to their integrative properties.

title: Modulation by C2 @entity2367 of the nicotinic transmission within the @entity4494 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: We have investigated the modulation by @entity2367 of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral sympathetic neurons. Our study was performed in vitro in @entity95 isolated @entity4494 , using intracellular recording techniques. We have used @entity20283 , a permeant analog of @entity2367 . The effects of @entity20283 were first assessed when nicotinic activation was elicited without modulatory mechanisms (fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials triggered by stimulation of the thoracic splanchnic nerves with a single pulse). In all the neurons tested, C(2) @entity2367 triggered an increase in the amplitude of the fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials demonstrating a direct facilitatory effect on the nicotinic activation. We then investigated the effects of @entity20283 on modulatory mechanisms of this activation. These mechanisms occur when a train of pulses of supramaximum intensity is applied on the splanchnic nerves. During the train, a gradual depression of fast nicotinic activation occurred: the pulses failed to systematically elicit action potentials. We have previously demonstrated that this regulatory phenomenon is partly modulated by @entity842 which exerts a dual effect: facilitation or inhibition of the nicotinic activation. In all the neurons tested, @entity20283 decreased the number of action potentials fired during a train of pulses, demonstrating an indirect inhibitory effect on the nicotinic activation. The use of @entity6706 ( @entity842 scavenger) suppressed the inhibitory effect of @entity20283 , demonstrating that this effect is mediated through the @entity842 pathway. @entity43460 , an inactive analog of @entity2367 , was without effect on the nicotinic activation of the ganglionic neurons. These results demonstrate that @entity2367 exerts a complex modulation of the nicotinic activation of the prevertebral neurons: direct facilitation and indirect inhibition involving the @entity842 pathway. In fact, @entity20283 plays a key gating role in the dual effect of the @entity842 pathway by activating the inhibitory effect. The existence of this gating mechanism involving @entity2367 and @entity842 opens new perspectives in terms of our understanding of the modulation of synaptic transmission within the prevertebral ganglia. Our study demonstrates that @entity13740 are involved in complex modulations of the synaptic activation within the prevertebral ganglia, and thus contribute to their integrative properties.

title: Modulation by C2 @entity2367 of the nicotinic transmission within the XXXX in the @entity95 .

answer: @entity4494 :: (MESH:D045888,Disease) :: ['coeliac ganglion']


abstract: Angiotensin II ( @entity1808 ) type 2 receptors (AT2Rs) have been associated with apoptosis. We hypothesized that AT2Rs are increased in @entity64 and may contribute effects of @entity64 to the brain. To test this, we have examined the expression of @entity1809 ( @entity1809 ), @entity11082 and @entity1808 levels in the brain 24 h after transient @entity2500 ( @entity2500 ). The densities of @entity1809 and @entity11082 were measured by quantitative autoradiography (n=6). The levels of @entity1808 were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) (n=6) and by immunohistochemistry (n=3). @entity1809 levels on autoradiography showed a significant decrease (0.87+/-0.06 to 1.39+/-0.07 fmol/mg, p<0.01) in the ventral cortex of the @entity64 side compared to the cortices of non- @entity64 (NS) @entity35 (n=4). There was no significant difference on ATIR in the contralateral verbal cortex of the @entity64 @entity35 compared to NS control. In contrast, levels of @entity11082 in the ventral cortex of both the @entity64 and the contralateral sides were significantly increased (0.77+/-0.06, p<0.05 and 0.91+/-0.05, p<0.01 compared to 0.60+/-0.03 fmol/mg tissue, respectively). RIA showed that @entity1808 in the ventral cortex of both the @entity64 and the contralateral sides were significantly increased (241.63+/-47.72, p<0.01 and 165.51+/-42.59, p<0.05 compared to 76.80+/-4.10 pg/g tissue, respectively). Also, @entity1808 in the hypothalamus was significantly increased (179.50+/-17.49 to 118.50+/-6.65 pg/g tissue, p<0.05). Immunohistochemistry confirmed the increase of @entity1808 . These results demonstrate that brain @entity1808 and AT2Rs are increased whereas AT1Rs are decreased after transient @entity2500 in @entity35 . We conclude that in @entity64 , @entity1808 and @entity11082 are activated and may contribute neural effects to @entity2806 .

title: Expression of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors in brain after transient XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['brain ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['MCAO', 'middle cerebral artery occlusion']

answer: @entity2500 :: (MESH:D020244,Disease) :: ['middle cerebral artery occlusion']


abstract: Angiotensin II ( @entity1808 ) type 2 receptors (AT2Rs) have been associated with apoptosis. We hypothesized that AT2Rs are increased in @entity64 and may contribute effects of @entity64 to the brain. To test this, we have examined the expression of @entity1809 ( @entity1809 ), @entity11082 and @entity1808 levels in the brain 24 h after transient @entity2500 ( @entity2500 ). The densities of @entity1809 and @entity11082 were measured by quantitative autoradiography (n=6). The levels of @entity1808 were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) (n=6) and by immunohistochemistry (n=3). @entity1809 levels on autoradiography showed a significant decrease (0.87+/-0.06 to 1.39+/-0.07 fmol/mg, p<0.01) in the ventral cortex of the @entity64 side compared to the cortices of non- @entity64 (NS) @entity35 (n=4). There was no significant difference on ATIR in the contralateral verbal cortex of the @entity64 @entity35 compared to NS control. In contrast, levels of @entity11082 in the ventral cortex of both the @entity64 and the contralateral sides were significantly increased (0.77+/-0.06, p<0.05 and 0.91+/-0.05, p<0.01 compared to 0.60+/-0.03 fmol/mg tissue, respectively). RIA showed that @entity1808 in the ventral cortex of both the @entity64 and the contralateral sides were significantly increased (241.63+/-47.72, p<0.01 and 165.51+/-42.59, p<0.05 compared to 76.80+/-4.10 pg/g tissue, respectively). Also, @entity1808 in the hypothalamus was significantly increased (179.50+/-17.49 to 118.50+/-6.65 pg/g tissue, p<0.05). Immunohistochemistry confirmed the increase of @entity1808 . These results demonstrate that brain @entity1808 and AT2Rs are increased whereas AT1Rs are decreased after transient @entity2500 in @entity35 . We conclude that in @entity64 , @entity1808 and @entity11082 are activated and may contribute neural effects to @entity2806 .

title: Expression of angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors in brain after transient @entity2500 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Histopathologic features of @entity1466 were studied to establish new criteria for grading @entity5 . Thirteen items of histopathologic findings concerning the degree of differentiation and the forms of masses of trophoblasts (Trs), the manner of Tr invasion, and host response of surrounding tissues were studied with relationship to prognosis in 70 @entity1 with uterine lesions (alive, 49; dead, 21). Chi-square test results were examined for each item in relation to prognosis of the @entity1 . Four items were thought to have significance and were selected as criteria: (1) island formation; (2) massive proliferation of intermediate-type Trs; (3) rectangular infiltration of Trs to surrounding muscle fibers; and (4) atypia of Trs at the end-point of @entity5 invasion. A discriminant analysis was carried out (under the standardization of @entity5 extension and the historical staging of treatment). From the results obtained in discriminant analysis, scores were given to the four items that existed in the specimen. New criteria for grading @entity5 are proposed based on scoring these four items. The algebraic sum of the scores had a possible range of +4 to -16. @entity1 with scores of -9 and above had a low-grade @entity5 with a mortality rate of 7%. @entity1 with scores of -10 and lower had a mortality of 69% and were classified as having @entity5 of high-grade @entity5 .

title: Histopathologic classification of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1466 :: ('MESH:D002822', 'Disease') :: ['uterine choriocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy of the disease', 'malignancy', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1466 :: (MESH:D002822,Disease) :: ['uterine choriocarcinoma']


abstract: @entity5646 is a novel antimicrobial agent belonging to the monobactam class of antibiotics. It inhibits both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but it has no activity against gram-positive species or against anaerobic species. The efficacy of @entity5646 in the treatment of @entity281 in 76 @entity1 and its safety in 87 @entity1 was evaluated. The majority (91 percent) of @entity1 had significant underlying disease, and 47 percent were critically ill. @entity5646 produced an overall clinical response of 86 percent, with 10 of 11 cases of @entity2259 cured, including four due to @entity796 , seven of eight cases of @entity55 , and seven of nine episodes of @entity4034 . Infections due to bacteria resistant to @entity869 , @entity7911 , @entity7048 , @entity5503 , @entity3398 , and @entity801 were cured. Although 15 of 18 @entity1 with exacerbations of @entity358 due to @entity796 showed clinical improvement, bacteriologic cure was not achieved, as has been noted with other drugs. Similarly, @entity1 with major underlying structural abnormalities of the urinary tract showed early relapses of @entity793 . @entity5646 combined with antistaphylococcal, antistreptococcal, or antianaerobic agents provided an alternative to @entity4028 use in these non- @entity1398 @entity1 . Administration of 1 or 2 g every eight hours yield serum bactericidal levels well in excess of 1:8 against all Enterobacteriaceae and some @entity796 strains. There was a low incidence of adverse side effects, none serious. Overall, @entity5646 is a useful alternative to the drugs available for use in hospital-acquired gram-negative @entity281 and provides a chance for more directed therapy.

title: Use of @entity5646 in the treatment of serious @entity281 due to multiresistant gram-negative organisms, including XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5503 :: ('MESH:D002435', 'Chemical') :: ['cefamandole']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity7048 :: ('MESH:D002437', 'Chemical') :: ['cefazolin']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity7911 :: ('MESH:D002228', 'Chemical') :: ['carbenicillin']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic']

entities_list: @entity3398 :: ('MESH:D002440', 'Chemical') :: ['cefoxitin']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infection']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity5646 :: ('MESH:D001398', 'Chemical') :: ['aztreonam', 'Aztreonam']

answer: @entity796 :: (287,Species) :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']


abstract: @entity5646 is a novel antimicrobial agent belonging to the monobactam class of antibiotics. It inhibits both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but it has no activity against gram-positive species or against anaerobic species. The efficacy of @entity5646 in the treatment of @entity281 in 76 @entity1 and its safety in 87 @entity1 was evaluated. The majority (91 percent) of @entity1 had significant underlying disease, and 47 percent were critically ill. @entity5646 produced an overall clinical response of 86 percent, with 10 of 11 cases of @entity2259 cured, including four due to @entity796 , seven of eight cases of @entity55 , and seven of nine episodes of @entity4034 . Infections due to bacteria resistant to @entity869 , @entity7911 , @entity7048 , @entity5503 , @entity3398 , and @entity801 were cured. Although 15 of 18 @entity1 with exacerbations of @entity358 due to @entity796 showed clinical improvement, bacteriologic cure was not achieved, as has been noted with other drugs. Similarly, @entity1 with major underlying structural abnormalities of the urinary tract showed early relapses of @entity793 . @entity5646 combined with antistaphylococcal, antistreptococcal, or antianaerobic agents provided an alternative to @entity4028 use in these non- @entity1398 @entity1 . Administration of 1 or 2 g every eight hours yield serum bactericidal levels well in excess of 1:8 against all Enterobacteriaceae and some @entity796 strains. There was a low incidence of adverse side effects, none serious. Overall, @entity5646 is a useful alternative to the drugs available for use in hospital-acquired gram-negative @entity281 and provides a chance for more directed therapy.

title: Use of XXXX in the treatment of serious @entity281 due to multiresistant gram-negative organisms, including @entity796 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5646 :: (MESH:D001398,Chemical) :: ['aztreonam']


abstract: @entity5646 is a novel antimicrobial agent belonging to the monobactam class of antibiotics. It inhibits both beta-lactamase-producing and non-beta-lactamase-producing aerobic gram-negative bacilli, but it has no activity against gram-positive species or against anaerobic species. The efficacy of @entity5646 in the treatment of @entity281 in 76 @entity1 and its safety in 87 @entity1 was evaluated. The majority (91 percent) of @entity1 had significant underlying disease, and 47 percent were critically ill. @entity5646 produced an overall clinical response of 86 percent, with 10 of 11 cases of @entity2259 cured, including four due to @entity796 , seven of eight cases of @entity55 , and seven of nine episodes of @entity4034 . Infections due to bacteria resistant to @entity869 , @entity7911 , @entity7048 , @entity5503 , @entity3398 , and @entity801 were cured. Although 15 of 18 @entity1 with exacerbations of @entity358 due to @entity796 showed clinical improvement, bacteriologic cure was not achieved, as has been noted with other drugs. Similarly, @entity1 with major underlying structural abnormalities of the urinary tract showed early relapses of @entity793 . @entity5646 combined with antistaphylococcal, antistreptococcal, or antianaerobic agents provided an alternative to @entity4028 use in these non- @entity1398 @entity1 . Administration of 1 or 2 g every eight hours yield serum bactericidal levels well in excess of 1:8 against all Enterobacteriaceae and some @entity796 strains. There was a low incidence of adverse side effects, none serious. Overall, @entity5646 is a useful alternative to the drugs available for use in hospital-acquired gram-negative @entity281 and provides a chance for more directed therapy.

title: Use of @entity5646 in the treatment of serious XXXX due to multiresistant gram-negative organisms, including @entity796 .

entities_list: @entity5503 :: ('MESH:D002435', 'Chemical') :: ['cefamandole']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: The percutaneous absorption of two cosmetic fragrance materials, @entity61887 and @entity72318 , as well as of cinnamic @entity167 and @entity27469 , has been measured at occluded and non-occluded application sites. Absorption values were determined in the @entity2608 in vivo. Absorption through @entity1 skin was measured by using excised skin in diffusion cells. Because of the insolubility in water of @entity61887 and @entity72318 , a nonionic surfactant solution (6% oleth 20) was used in the receptor chamber of the diffusion cell in order to facilitate the partitioning of the compounds from the skin into the receptor fluid. The relative volatility of the compounds was determined in order to aid in the interpretation of the absorption results. The greatest difference between in vivo and in vitro absorption values occurred with @entity61887 , which was the least well absorbed and the most volatile compound. @entity27469 absorption through non-occluded @entity1 skin (17.8 +/- 4.9%, mean +/- SEM) was significantly lower than through monkey skin (38.6 +/- 8.3%). The values for absorption through @entity1 and monkey skin did not differ significantly for @entity72318 (24.0 +/- 5.1% v. 26.1 +/- 2.3%) or cinnamic @entity167 (33.9 +/- 7.3% v. 25.4 +/- 4.4%). Occlusion of the skin resulted in greater permeation of all of the compounds; a significant difference in permeability between the two types of skin occurred only with @entity61887 . The fragrances were absorbed well, but their volatility must be considered in a @entity137 evaluation. There was reasonable agreement between the values obtained from the studies of the @entity1 skin in vitro and the monkey skin in vivo.

title: Comparison of percutaneous absorption of fragrances by XXXX and monkeys.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity72318 :: ('MESH:C007068', 'Chemical') :: ['cinnamyl anthranilate']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkey']

entities_list: @entity27469 :: ('MESH:C029010', 'Chemical') :: ['Cinnamic acid', 'cinnamic acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Our previous studies demonstrated that @entity47491 (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor) enhanced the antineoplastic activity and induction of apoptosis when combined with @entity1311 against @entity259 cells. We found that @entity47491 induces endogenous expression of @entity3544 Waf-1 in @entity259 cells. @entity47491 increased the activity of the p21promoter, the level of @entity3544 mRNA, and the amount of @entity3544 protein. We hypothesized that @entity3544 had a proapoptotic effect in cells treated with @entity47491 , or @entity1311 , or both agents. By measuring viability and @entity522 activity, we found that stably transfected KAT-4 cells with @entity3544 cDNA under the control of a metallothionein promoter were more sensitive to @entity47491 alone, @entity1311 alone, and @entity47491 plus @entity1311 when @entity3544 was induced. The increased sensitivity of the cells with induced @entity3544 was associated with an increase in @entity522 activity (i.e. apoptosis). We also found that cells with both @entity3544 alleles deleted were less sensitive to @entity47491 plus @entity1311 than its wild-type parent cells. Expression of @entity3544 per se did not induce apoptosis but enhanced the cytotoxic effects of @entity47491 and @entity1311 . These findings suggested that @entity3544 might be required to maintain cell sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of @entity47491 and @entity1311 .

title: p21 Waf-1 (Cip-1) enhances apoptosis induced by @entity47491 and @entity1311 in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity47491 :: ('MESH:C054474', 'Chemical') :: ['manumycin', 'Manumycin']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic thyroid cancer']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['anaplastic thyroid cancer']


abstract: Our previous studies demonstrated that @entity47491 (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor) enhanced the antineoplastic activity and induction of apoptosis when combined with @entity1311 against @entity259 cells. We found that @entity47491 induces endogenous expression of @entity3544 Waf-1 in @entity259 cells. @entity47491 increased the activity of the p21promoter, the level of @entity3544 mRNA, and the amount of @entity3544 protein. We hypothesized that @entity3544 had a proapoptotic effect in cells treated with @entity47491 , or @entity1311 , or both agents. By measuring viability and @entity522 activity, we found that stably transfected KAT-4 cells with @entity3544 cDNA under the control of a metallothionein promoter were more sensitive to @entity47491 alone, @entity1311 alone, and @entity47491 plus @entity1311 when @entity3544 was induced. The increased sensitivity of the cells with induced @entity3544 was associated with an increase in @entity522 activity (i.e. apoptosis). We also found that cells with both @entity3544 alleles deleted were less sensitive to @entity47491 plus @entity1311 than its wild-type parent cells. Expression of @entity3544 per se did not induce apoptosis but enhanced the cytotoxic effects of @entity47491 and @entity1311 . These findings suggested that @entity3544 might be required to maintain cell sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of @entity47491 and @entity1311 .

title: p21 Waf-1 (Cip-1) enhances apoptosis induced by XXXX and @entity1311 in @entity259 cells.

answer: @entity47491 :: (MESH:C054474,Chemical) :: ['manumycin']


abstract: Our previous studies demonstrated that @entity47491 (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor) enhanced the antineoplastic activity and induction of apoptosis when combined with @entity1311 against @entity259 cells. We found that @entity47491 induces endogenous expression of @entity3544 Waf-1 in @entity259 cells. @entity47491 increased the activity of the p21promoter, the level of @entity3544 mRNA, and the amount of @entity3544 protein. We hypothesized that @entity3544 had a proapoptotic effect in cells treated with @entity47491 , or @entity1311 , or both agents. By measuring viability and @entity522 activity, we found that stably transfected KAT-4 cells with @entity3544 cDNA under the control of a metallothionein promoter were more sensitive to @entity47491 alone, @entity1311 alone, and @entity47491 plus @entity1311 when @entity3544 was induced. The increased sensitivity of the cells with induced @entity3544 was associated with an increase in @entity522 activity (i.e. apoptosis). We also found that cells with both @entity3544 alleles deleted were less sensitive to @entity47491 plus @entity1311 than its wild-type parent cells. Expression of @entity3544 per se did not induce apoptosis but enhanced the cytotoxic effects of @entity47491 and @entity1311 . These findings suggested that @entity3544 might be required to maintain cell sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of @entity47491 and @entity1311 .

title: p21 Waf-1 (Cip-1) enhances apoptosis induced by @entity47491 and XXXX in @entity259 cells.

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: Integration of @entity1082 ) DNA into host genome occurs early in @entity5 development and is probably an important event in @entity5 . The HPV genome integration usually disrupts E2 gene open reading frames. It results in the lack of E2 gene suppressor of the synthesis of E6 and E7 products which, in turn, leads to the overexpression of E6 and E7 genes. The oncogenic HPV types ( @entity1799 , -18, -45, and -58) can be present as episomes or may integrate into @entity1 chromosomes. Sixty-six cervical @entity5 @entity1 positive for @entity1799 were tested for the presence of @entity72319 genes. Multiplex PCR was carried out in all cases. Using cluster analysis, the calculated ratios of @entity6860 /(E1*E6) gene amplification products were divided into two or three statistically different groups. These were used for statistical analysis of the prevalence of specific gene types in histological types of @entity5 , different levels of clinical staging, and histologically confirmed nodal metastases. The statistical analysis proved a significant correlation in the ratios of @entity39174 only. The @entity39174 were higher in @entity189 in situ than in advanced @entity5 . The E2/E6 ratios were lower in higher clinical stages. The multiplex PCR estimation of the E2/E6 ratio could be a simple method for selecting @entity1 with a high risk of a poor outcome in a standard stage-dependent treatment procedure.

title: @entity1799 status in cervical XXXX cell DNA assayed by multiplex PCR.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant transformation of cervical cancer', 'cancer', 'squamous cancers']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: Integration of @entity1082 ) DNA into host genome occurs early in @entity5 development and is probably an important event in @entity5 . The HPV genome integration usually disrupts E2 gene open reading frames. It results in the lack of E2 gene suppressor of the synthesis of E6 and E7 products which, in turn, leads to the overexpression of E6 and E7 genes. The oncogenic HPV types ( @entity1799 , -18, -45, and -58) can be present as episomes or may integrate into @entity1 chromosomes. Sixty-six cervical @entity5 @entity1 positive for @entity1799 were tested for the presence of @entity72319 genes. Multiplex PCR was carried out in all cases. Using cluster analysis, the calculated ratios of @entity6860 /(E1*E6) gene amplification products were divided into two or three statistically different groups. These were used for statistical analysis of the prevalence of specific gene types in histological types of @entity5 , different levels of clinical staging, and histologically confirmed nodal metastases. The statistical analysis proved a significant correlation in the ratios of @entity39174 only. The @entity39174 were higher in @entity189 in situ than in advanced @entity5 . The E2/E6 ratios were lower in higher clinical stages. The multiplex PCR estimation of the E2/E6 ratio could be a simple method for selecting @entity1 with a high risk of a poor outcome in a standard stage-dependent treatment procedure.

title: XXXX status in cervical @entity189 cell DNA assayed by multiplex PCR.

answer: @entity1799 :: (333760,Species) :: ['Human papillomavirus type 16']


abstract: @entity22193 is classified by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics into Lancefield group C alpha-hemolytic @entity22193 . dysgalactiae and Lancefield group C, group G, and group L beta-hemolytic @entity30180 . In this study, we report the isolation of a catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, optochin- and @entity3637 -resistant viridans group strain, which does not grow in 10 or 40% bile, on MacConkey agar or bile esculin agar, or in 6% @entity1219 , from the blood culture of a 73-year-old @entity1 with @entity6735 and poststreptococcal @entity625 . Lancefield grouping revealed that the strain was a group G @entity30180 . The Vitek system (GPI) showed that it was unidentified, and the API system (20 STREP) showed that it was 95.7% @entity22193 . dysgalactiae. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that it was a strain of @entity22193 . Based on phylogenetic affiliation with 16S rRNA gene or GroEL @entity535 (another bacterial gene, in addition to 16S rRNA gene, that is highly conserved) sequences, the strain is most closely related to Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic @entity30180 . PCR amplification and sequencing of the streptolysin S structural gene (sagA) and M protein gene (emm) hypervariable region showed the presence of these suspected primary virulence factors. Further studies would delineate whether the isolate is just a hemolysin-deficient variant of group G beta-hemolytic @entity30180 or a novel type of @entity22193 . The present case showed that group G alpha-hemolytic @entity30180 can be associated with serious invasive infection and poststreptococcal sequelae.

title: Analysis of a viridans group strain reveals a case of bacteremia due to lancefield group G alpha-hemolytic @entity30180 in a @entity1 with XXXX and @entity625 .

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['reactive arthritis']

entities_list: @entity3637 :: ('MESH:D001414', 'Chemical') :: ['bacitracin']

entities_list: @entity30180 :: ('119602', 'Species') :: ['streptococcus', 'Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis', 'S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity22193 :: ('1334', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus dysgalactiae', 'S. dysgalactiae', 'Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp', 'S. dysgalactiae subsp']

entities_list: @entity6735 :: ('MESH:D052880', 'Disease') :: ['pyomyositis']

answer: @entity6735 :: (MESH:D052880,Disease) :: ['pyomyositis']


abstract: @entity22193 is classified by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics into Lancefield group C alpha-hemolytic @entity22193 . dysgalactiae and Lancefield group C, group G, and group L beta-hemolytic @entity30180 . In this study, we report the isolation of a catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, optochin- and @entity3637 -resistant viridans group strain, which does not grow in 10 or 40% bile, on MacConkey agar or bile esculin agar, or in 6% @entity1219 , from the blood culture of a 73-year-old @entity1 with @entity6735 and poststreptococcal @entity625 . Lancefield grouping revealed that the strain was a group G @entity30180 . The Vitek system (GPI) showed that it was unidentified, and the API system (20 STREP) showed that it was 95.7% @entity22193 . dysgalactiae. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that it was a strain of @entity22193 . Based on phylogenetic affiliation with 16S rRNA gene or GroEL @entity535 (another bacterial gene, in addition to 16S rRNA gene, that is highly conserved) sequences, the strain is most closely related to Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic @entity30180 . PCR amplification and sequencing of the streptolysin S structural gene (sagA) and M protein gene (emm) hypervariable region showed the presence of these suspected primary virulence factors. Further studies would delineate whether the isolate is just a hemolysin-deficient variant of group G beta-hemolytic @entity30180 or a novel type of @entity22193 . The present case showed that group G alpha-hemolytic @entity30180 can be associated with serious invasive infection and poststreptococcal sequelae.

title: Analysis of a viridans group strain reveals a case of bacteremia due to lancefield group G alpha-hemolytic @entity30180 in a @entity1 with @entity6735 and XXXX .

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['reactive arthritis']


abstract: @entity22193 is classified by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics into Lancefield group C alpha-hemolytic @entity22193 . dysgalactiae and Lancefield group C, group G, and group L beta-hemolytic @entity30180 . In this study, we report the isolation of a catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, optochin- and @entity3637 -resistant viridans group strain, which does not grow in 10 or 40% bile, on MacConkey agar or bile esculin agar, or in 6% @entity1219 , from the blood culture of a 73-year-old @entity1 with @entity6735 and poststreptococcal @entity625 . Lancefield grouping revealed that the strain was a group G @entity30180 . The Vitek system (GPI) showed that it was unidentified, and the API system (20 STREP) showed that it was 95.7% @entity22193 . dysgalactiae. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that it was a strain of @entity22193 . Based on phylogenetic affiliation with 16S rRNA gene or GroEL @entity535 (another bacterial gene, in addition to 16S rRNA gene, that is highly conserved) sequences, the strain is most closely related to Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic @entity30180 . PCR amplification and sequencing of the streptolysin S structural gene (sagA) and M protein gene (emm) hypervariable region showed the presence of these suspected primary virulence factors. Further studies would delineate whether the isolate is just a hemolysin-deficient variant of group G beta-hemolytic @entity30180 or a novel type of @entity22193 . The present case showed that group G alpha-hemolytic @entity30180 can be associated with serious invasive infection and poststreptococcal sequelae.

title: Analysis of a viridans group strain reveals a case of bacteremia due to lancefield group G alpha-hemolytic XXXX in a @entity1 with @entity6735 and @entity625 .

answer: @entity30180 :: (119602,Species) :: ['Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp equisimilis']


abstract: @entity22193 is classified by a combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics into Lancefield group C alpha-hemolytic @entity22193 . dysgalactiae and Lancefield group C, group G, and group L beta-hemolytic @entity30180 . In this study, we report the isolation of a catalase-negative, alpha-hemolytic, optochin- and @entity3637 -resistant viridans group strain, which does not grow in 10 or 40% bile, on MacConkey agar or bile esculin agar, or in 6% @entity1219 , from the blood culture of a 73-year-old @entity1 with @entity6735 and poststreptococcal @entity625 . Lancefield grouping revealed that the strain was a group G @entity30180 . The Vitek system (GPI) showed that it was unidentified, and the API system (20 STREP) showed that it was 95.7% @entity22193 . dysgalactiae. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that it was a strain of @entity22193 . Based on phylogenetic affiliation with 16S rRNA gene or GroEL @entity535 (another bacterial gene, in addition to 16S rRNA gene, that is highly conserved) sequences, the strain is most closely related to Lancefield group C beta-hemolytic @entity30180 . PCR amplification and sequencing of the streptolysin S structural gene (sagA) and M protein gene (emm) hypervariable region showed the presence of these suspected primary virulence factors. Further studies would delineate whether the isolate is just a hemolysin-deficient variant of group G beta-hemolytic @entity30180 or a novel type of @entity22193 . The present case showed that group G alpha-hemolytic @entity30180 can be associated with serious invasive infection and poststreptococcal sequelae.

title: Analysis of a viridans group strain reveals a case of bacteremia due to lancefield group G alpha-hemolytic @entity30180 in a XXXX with @entity6735 and @entity625 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: The increased expression of immediate-early genes is a key feature of the myocardial response to @entity1184 stimuli. In this study, we investigated whether pressure overload or @entity2647 treatment stimulated myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)-dependent transcriptional activation of c-jun in cardiac myocytes. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of @entity35 myocardium demonstrated that p70(MEF2) is highly expressed in the @entity35 heart and is predominantly located at the nuclei of cardiac myocytes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays of myocardial nuclear extracts revealed a consistent DNA binding activation of MEF2 after 1 and 2 hours of pressure overload. We further showed that pressure overload induced a progressive nuclear translocation and activation of @entity28141 ( @entity28141 ). Coimmunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays indicated that the activation of @entity28141 was paralleled by increased association of @entity28141 /p70(MEF2) and by enhanced ability of @entity28141 to phosphorylate p70(MEF2). Experiments with in vivo transfection of the left ventricle with the c-jun promoter reporter gene showed that pressure overload induced a consistent increase of c-jun transcriptional activity in the @entity35 myocardium. Rendering the MEF2 site of the c-jun plasmid inactive by mutation abolished the load-induced activation of the c-jun promoter reporter gene. Mutation of the MEF2 site also abolished the @entity2647 -induced c-jun promoter activation in neonatal @entity35 ventricular myocytes. In addition, we demonstrated that neonatal @entity35 ventricular myocyte transfection with @entity28141 -antisense oligodeoxynucleotide inhibited the @entity2647 -induced c-jun promoter activation. These findings identify MEF2 as a potential regulator of c-jun transactivation and suggest that @entity28141 might be an important mediator of MEF2 and c-jun promoter activation in response to @entity1184 stimuli in cardiac myocytes.

title: Load-induced transcriptional activation of c-jun in XXXX myocardium: regulation by myocyte enhancer factor 2.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity28141 :: ('114509(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ERK5', 'extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The diagnosis of @entity1 cases of @entity6588 often relies upon the demonstration of an antibody response to @entity5092 or the direct culturing of the bacteria from the patient. Antibody response is not detectable until 2 weeks or more after @entity281 , and culturing requires special media and suspicion of @entity6588 . In addition, handling live @entity5092 poses a risk to laboratory personnel due to the highly infectious nature of this pathogen. In an effort to develop a rapid diagnostic assay for @entity6588 , we investigated the use of TaqMan 5' hydrolysis fluorogenic PCR to detect the organism in tissues of infected @entity19 . @entity19 were infected to produce @entity1576 . The fopA and tul4 genes of @entity5092 were amplified from infected spleen, lung, liver, and kidney tissues sampled over a 5-day period. The samples were analyzed using the laboratory-based Applied Biosystems International 7900 and the Smiths Detection-Edgewood BioSeeq, a hand-held portable fluorescence thermocycler designed for use in the field. A comparison of culturing and PCR for detection of bacteria in infected tissues shows that culturing was more sensitive than PCR. However, the results for culture take 72 h, whereas PCR results were available within 4 h. PCR was able to detect @entity281 in all the tissues tested. Lung tissue showed the earliest response at 2 days when tested with the ABI 7900 and in 3 days when tested with the BioSeeq. The results were in agreement between the ABI 7900 and the BioSeeq when presented with the same sample. Template preparation may account for the loss of sensitivity compared to culturing techniques. The hand-held BioSeeq thermocycler shows promise as an expedient means of forward diagnosis of @entity281 in the field.

title: Detection of XXXX within infected @entity19 tissues by using a hand-held PCR thermocycler.

entities_list: @entity5092 :: ('263', 'Species') :: ['Francisella tularensis', 'Francisella', 'F. tularensis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tularemia']

entities_list: @entity6588 :: ('MESH:D014406', 'Disease') :: ['tularemia']

answer: @entity5092 :: (263,Species) :: ['Francisella tularensis']


abstract: The diagnosis of @entity1 cases of @entity6588 often relies upon the demonstration of an antibody response to @entity5092 or the direct culturing of the bacteria from the patient. Antibody response is not detectable until 2 weeks or more after @entity281 , and culturing requires special media and suspicion of @entity6588 . In addition, handling live @entity5092 poses a risk to laboratory personnel due to the highly infectious nature of this pathogen. In an effort to develop a rapid diagnostic assay for @entity6588 , we investigated the use of TaqMan 5' hydrolysis fluorogenic PCR to detect the organism in tissues of infected @entity19 . @entity19 were infected to produce @entity1576 . The fopA and tul4 genes of @entity5092 were amplified from infected spleen, lung, liver, and kidney tissues sampled over a 5-day period. The samples were analyzed using the laboratory-based Applied Biosystems International 7900 and the Smiths Detection-Edgewood BioSeeq, a hand-held portable fluorescence thermocycler designed for use in the field. A comparison of culturing and PCR for detection of bacteria in infected tissues shows that culturing was more sensitive than PCR. However, the results for culture take 72 h, whereas PCR results were available within 4 h. PCR was able to detect @entity281 in all the tissues tested. Lung tissue showed the earliest response at 2 days when tested with the ABI 7900 and in 3 days when tested with the BioSeeq. The results were in agreement between the ABI 7900 and the BioSeeq when presented with the same sample. Template preparation may account for the loss of sensitivity compared to culturing techniques. The hand-held BioSeeq thermocycler shows promise as an expedient means of forward diagnosis of @entity281 in the field.

title: Detection of @entity5092 within infected XXXX tissues by using a hand-held PCR thermocycler.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: The blockade of @entity4458 ( @entity4458 ) is effective in @entity792 prevention. Recently, a brief period of @entity4458 mAb treatment was reported to induce tolerance and enhancement of @entity1961 (+) @entity3783 (+) regulatory T cell activity. We therefore determined the efficacy of @entity4458 mAb treatment in autoimmunity that resulted from @entity1961 (+) @entity3783 (+) regulatory T cell deficiency. @entity2670 ( @entity2670 ) and oocyte autoantibody response of day 3-thymectomized (d3tx) @entity19 were inhibited by continuous @entity4458 mAb treatment from day 3, or from days 10-14, whereas @entity4458 mAb treatment confined to the neonatal week was ineffective. The enhanced expression of memory markers ( @entity3844 and @entity6232 (low)) on @entity1961 (+) T cells of the d3tx @entity19 was unaffected by @entity4458 mAb treatment. In contrast, their increased T cell activation markers ( @entity26490 and @entity3783 ) were eliminated by @entity4458 mAb treatment. Moreover, ex vivo activated T cells of d3tx @entity19 expressed elevated intracellular @entity60 , and this was also blocked by @entity4458 mAb. The memory T cells, although nonpathogenic in @entity4458 mAb-positive environment, transferred severe @entity2670 to @entity4458 mAb(-) neonatal recipients. Most importantly, @entity4458 mAb treatment inhibited @entity2670 in recipients of T cells from d3tx donors with severe @entity2670 and led to regression of @entity2670 in d3tx @entity19 documented at 4 wk. Therefore, 1) the continuous presence of @entity4458 mAb both prevents and causes regression of @entity2670 in the d3tx @entity19 ; and 2) the multiple steps of the d3tx @entity792 , including T cell activation, cytokine production, T cell-mediated @entity32 , and tissue injury, are @entity4458 dependent.

title: CD40 ligand in pathogenesis of XXXX of day 3-thymectomized @entity19 : implication for CD40 ligand antibody therapy.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['AOD', 'Autoimmune ovarian disease']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity2670 :: (MESH:D010049,Disease) :: ['autoimmune ovarian disease']


abstract: The blockade of @entity4458 ( @entity4458 ) is effective in @entity792 prevention. Recently, a brief period of @entity4458 mAb treatment was reported to induce tolerance and enhancement of @entity1961 (+) @entity3783 (+) regulatory T cell activity. We therefore determined the efficacy of @entity4458 mAb treatment in autoimmunity that resulted from @entity1961 (+) @entity3783 (+) regulatory T cell deficiency. @entity2670 ( @entity2670 ) and oocyte autoantibody response of day 3-thymectomized (d3tx) @entity19 were inhibited by continuous @entity4458 mAb treatment from day 3, or from days 10-14, whereas @entity4458 mAb treatment confined to the neonatal week was ineffective. The enhanced expression of memory markers ( @entity3844 and @entity6232 (low)) on @entity1961 (+) T cells of the d3tx @entity19 was unaffected by @entity4458 mAb treatment. In contrast, their increased T cell activation markers ( @entity26490 and @entity3783 ) were eliminated by @entity4458 mAb treatment. Moreover, ex vivo activated T cells of d3tx @entity19 expressed elevated intracellular @entity60 , and this was also blocked by @entity4458 mAb. The memory T cells, although nonpathogenic in @entity4458 mAb-positive environment, transferred severe @entity2670 to @entity4458 mAb(-) neonatal recipients. Most importantly, @entity4458 mAb treatment inhibited @entity2670 in recipients of T cells from d3tx donors with severe @entity2670 and led to regression of @entity2670 in d3tx @entity19 documented at 4 wk. Therefore, 1) the continuous presence of @entity4458 mAb both prevents and causes regression of @entity2670 in the d3tx @entity19 ; and 2) the multiple steps of the d3tx @entity792 , including T cell activation, cytokine production, T cell-mediated @entity32 , and tissue injury, are @entity4458 dependent.

title: CD40 ligand in pathogenesis of @entity2670 of day 3-thymectomized XXXX : implication for CD40 ligand antibody therapy.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: AIM: It has been demonstrated that branched-chain @entity1522 (BCAA) transaminase activation occurs simultaneously with exercise-induced muscle glycogen reduction, suggesting that BCAA supplementation might play an energetic role in this condition. This study aimed to test whether BCAA supplementation enhances exercise capacity and lipid oxidation in glycogen-depleted subjects. METHODS: Using a double-blind cross-over design, volunteers (N.=7) were randomly assigned to either the BCAA (300 mg . kg . day -1) or the placebo (maltodextrine) for 3 days. On the second day, subjects were submitted to an exercise-induced glycogen depletion protocol. They then performed an exhaustive exercise test on the third day, after which time to exhaustion, @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ), plasma @entity413 , free @entity1718 (FFA), blood @entity16623 and @entity880 were determined. BCAA supplementation promoted a greater resistance to fatigue when compared to the placebo (+17.2%). Moreover, subjects supplemented with BCAA showed reduced @entity1576 and higher plasma @entity413 levels during the exhaustive exercise test. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, BCAA supplementation increases resistance to fatigue and enhances lipid oxidation during exercise in glycogen-depleted subjects.

title: Branched-chain XXXX supplementation enhances exercise capacity and lipid oxidation during endurance exercise after muscle glycogen depletion.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory exchange ratio', 'RER']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: Adequate opsonic capability is vital for normal host defense against @entity281 . The presence of complement fraction 3 ( @entity4417 ) indicates both classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, while complement fraction 4 ( @entity10287 ) indicates only classical pathway activation. @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) functions as an opsonic substance. We measured serum levels of @entity4417 , @entity10287 , and @entity1851 in 32 @entity130 @entity1 . Six suffered minor @entity130 and 26 suffered major @entity130 . Nineteen of the @entity130 @entity1 developed post- @entity130 @entity295 . Complement levels fell immediately after injury and remained low for approximately 8 days in all @entity1 . @entity1851 levels rose by 12 h, peaked at 48 h, and correlated with the severity of injury and the presence of @entity295 . Elevated @entity1851 levels after 4 days postinjury indicated the presence of @entity295 in all cases. @entity1851 elevations preceded clinical diagnosis by an average of 2.4 days. Serial measurements of @entity1851 are valuable in monitoring the course of @entity130 @entity1 and may indicate the presence of septic complications before clinical detection.

title: Responses of opsonic substances to major @entity130 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['major-injury', 'injuries', 'trauma']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: Adequate opsonic capability is vital for normal host defense against @entity281 . The presence of complement fraction 3 ( @entity4417 ) indicates both classical and alternative pathways of complement activation, while complement fraction 4 ( @entity10287 ) indicates only classical pathway activation. @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) functions as an opsonic substance. We measured serum levels of @entity4417 , @entity10287 , and @entity1851 in 32 @entity130 @entity1 . Six suffered minor @entity130 and 26 suffered major @entity130 . Nineteen of the @entity130 @entity1 developed post- @entity130 @entity295 . Complement levels fell immediately after injury and remained low for approximately 8 days in all @entity1 . @entity1851 levels rose by 12 h, peaked at 48 h, and correlated with the severity of injury and the presence of @entity295 . Elevated @entity1851 levels after 4 days postinjury indicated the presence of @entity295 in all cases. @entity1851 elevations preceded clinical diagnosis by an average of 2.4 days. Serial measurements of @entity1851 are valuable in monitoring the course of @entity130 @entity1 and may indicate the presence of septic complications before clinical detection.

title: Responses of opsonic substances to major XXXX and @entity295 .

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study evaluated assessments of physical functioning and social functioning using the @entity64 Impact Scale (SIS) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) to characterize health-related quality of life for @entity1 after @entity64 . METHODS: The SIS and SF-36 were administered to 278 @entity64 subjects approximately 90 days after @entity64 . The SIS-16 and SF-36 Physical Functioning (PF) domain characterize physical function, whereas the SIS Participation and SF-36 Social Functioning (SF) domains characterize social function. Descriptive statistics and an analysis of variance were used to characterize physical and social functioning after @entity64 across levels of the @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ). Rasch analysis was used to compare the hierarchies and ranges of item difficulties in the SIS-16 and the SF-36 PF domains, as well as in the SIS Participation and the SF-36 SF domains. RESULTS: Item hierarchies for the SIS-16 and SF-36 PF domain demonstrate that the SIS-16 contains less difficult items that could differentiate physical function among @entity1 with more severe limitations. Compared with the SF-36 SF domain, the item hierarchy for the SIS Participation domain contained more difficult items that could differentiate social function among @entity1 who were more active. In contrast to SIS-16, the SF-36 PF has major floor effects. In contrast to SIS Participation, the SF-36 SF domain has major ceiling effects. Both SIS-16 and SF-36 PF were able to discriminate well among the @entity2653 levels of 0 to 1, 2, 3, and 4. The SIS Participation domain was also able to discriminate across the @entity2653 levels of 0 to 1, 2, and 3 to 4. On the other hand, the SF-36 SF was similar among @entity2653 levels 0, 1, and 2 and among @entity2653 levels 2, 3, and 4. CONCLUSIONS: Both the physical and participation subscales of the SIS cover a wider range of item difficulty than their counterparts from the SF-36. Compared with the SF-36 PF and SF domains, the SIS-16 and SIS Participation are better able to capture physical functioning and social well-being in @entity1 with @entity64 .

title: Physical and social functioning after XXXX : comparison of the @entity64 Impact Scale and Short Form-36.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['MRS', 'modified Rankin Scale']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study evaluated assessments of physical functioning and social functioning using the @entity64 Impact Scale (SIS) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) to characterize health-related quality of life for @entity1 after @entity64 . METHODS: The SIS and SF-36 were administered to 278 @entity64 subjects approximately 90 days after @entity64 . The SIS-16 and SF-36 Physical Functioning (PF) domain characterize physical function, whereas the SIS Participation and SF-36 Social Functioning (SF) domains characterize social function. Descriptive statistics and an analysis of variance were used to characterize physical and social functioning after @entity64 across levels of the @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ). Rasch analysis was used to compare the hierarchies and ranges of item difficulties in the SIS-16 and the SF-36 PF domains, as well as in the SIS Participation and the SF-36 SF domains. RESULTS: Item hierarchies for the SIS-16 and SF-36 PF domain demonstrate that the SIS-16 contains less difficult items that could differentiate physical function among @entity1 with more severe limitations. Compared with the SF-36 SF domain, the item hierarchy for the SIS Participation domain contained more difficult items that could differentiate social function among @entity1 who were more active. In contrast to SIS-16, the SF-36 PF has major floor effects. In contrast to SIS Participation, the SF-36 SF domain has major ceiling effects. Both SIS-16 and SF-36 PF were able to discriminate well among the @entity2653 levels of 0 to 1, 2, 3, and 4. The SIS Participation domain was also able to discriminate across the @entity2653 levels of 0 to 1, 2, and 3 to 4. On the other hand, the SF-36 SF was similar among @entity2653 levels 0, 1, and 2 and among @entity2653 levels 2, 3, and 4. CONCLUSIONS: Both the physical and participation subscales of the SIS cover a wider range of item difficulty than their counterparts from the SF-36. Compared with the SF-36 PF and SF domains, the SIS-16 and SIS Participation are better able to capture physical functioning and social well-being in @entity1 with @entity64 .

title: Physical and social functioning after @entity64 : comparison of the XXXX Impact Scale and Short Form-36.

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Stroke']


abstract: The physiological roles of neuronal gap junctions in the intact brain are not known. The recent generation of the connexin-36 knock-out ( @entity20764 KO) @entity19 has offered a unique opportunity to examine this problem. Recent in vitro recordings in @entity20764 KO @entity19 suggested that @entity20764 gap junction contributes to various oscillatory patterns in the theta (approximately 5-10 Hz) and gamma (approximately 30-80 Hz) frequency ranges and affects certain aspects of high-frequency (>100 Hz) patterns. However, the relevance of these pharmacologically induced patterns to the intact brain is not known. We recorded field potentials and unit activity in the @entity4778 stratum pyramidale of the hippocampus in the behaving @entity164 ( @entity164 ) and @entity20764 KO @entity19 . @entity2194 (140-200 Hz) were present in both @entity164 and KO @entity19 and did not differ significantly in power, intraepisode frequency, or probability of occurrence. Thus, fast-field oscillations either may not require electrical synapses or may be mediated by a hitherto unknown class of gap junctions. Theta oscillations, recorded during either wheel running or rapid eye @entity10522 , were not different either. However, the power in the gamma frequency band and the magnitude of theta-phase modulation of gamma power were significantly decreased in KO @entity19 compared with @entity164 controls during wheel running. This suggests that @entity20764 interneuronal gap junctions selectively contribute to gamma oscillations.

title: Selective impairment of hippocampal gamma oscillations in connexin-36 knock-out XXXX in vivo.

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['Fast-field "ripple" oscillations']

entities_list: @entity10522 :: ('MESH:D020189', 'Disease') :: ['movement sleep']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Recently we have shown that acute @entity1068 ( @entity167 ) exposure suppresses dorsal root-evoked synaptic potentials in spinal motoneurons. To examine the synaptic mechanisms underlying the reduced excitatory activity, @entity167 actions on properties of action potential-independent miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) were studied in spinal motoneurons of newborn @entity35 . Properties of mEPSCs generated by activation of @entity1024 receptors (NMDARs) and non- @entity143 receptors and of mIPSCs mediated by @entity2228 and @entity1246 -A receptors (GlyR and @entity1246 (A)R) were examined during acute exposure to 70 and 200 mM @entity167 . In the presence of 70 mM @entity167 , the frequency of NMDAR- and non-NMDAR-mediated mEPSCs decreased to 53 +/- 5 and 45 +/- 7% (means +/- SE) of control values, respectively. In contrast, the frequency of GlyR- and @entity1246 (A)R-mediated mIPSCs increased to 138 +/- 15 and 167 +/- 23% of control, respectively. Based on the quantal theory of transmitter release, changes in the frequency of miniature currents are correlated with changes in transmitter release, suggesting that @entity167 decreased presynaptic @entity2227 release and increased the release of both @entity2228 and @entity1246 . @entity167 did not change the amplitude or rise and decay times of either mEPSCs or mIPSCs, indicating that the presynaptic changes were not associated with changes in the properties of postsynaptic receptors/channels. Acute exposure to 200 mM @entity167 increased mIPSC frequency two- to threefold, significantly higher than the increase induced by 70 mM @entity167 . However, the decrease in mEPSC frequency was similar to that observed in 70 mM @entity167 . Those findings implied that the regulatory effect of @entity167 on @entity2228 and @entity1246 release was dose-dependent. Exposure to the higher @entity167 concentration had opposite actions on mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes: it attenuated the amplitude of NMDAR- and non-NMDAR-mediated mEPSCs to ~80% of control and increased GlyR- and @entity1246 (A)R-mediated mIPSC amplitude by ~20%. @entity167 -induced changes in the amplitude of postsynaptic currents were not associated with changes in their basic kinetic properties. Our data suggested that in spinal networks of newborn @entity35 , @entity167 was more effective in modulating the release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters than changing the properties of their receptors/channels.

title: XXXX dual modulatory actions on spontaneous postsynaptic currents in spinal motoneurons.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['Ethanol']


abstract: Similar phenotypic changes have evolved independently in many animal taxa. It is unknown whether independent changes involve the same or different developmental and genetic mechanisms. Myriad pigment patterns in the genus @entity238 offer numerous opportunities to address this question. Previous studies identified regulatory and structural genes involved in the development and diversification of pigmentation in selected species. Here, we examine @entity238 americana and @entity238 novamexicana, interfertile species that have evolved dramatic pigmentation differences during the few million years since their divergence. Interspecific genetic analysis was used to investigate the contribution of five specific candidate genes and other genomic regions to phenotypic divergence by testing for associations between molecular markers and pigmentation. At least four distinct genomic regions contributed to pigmentation differences, one of which included the @entity6014 gene. @entity6014 protein was expressed at higher levels in the more yellow D. novamexicana than the heavily melanized D. americana. Because @entity6014 promotes yellow pigment formation and suppresses melanization, the expression difference and genetic association suggest that evolution at the @entity6014 locus contributed to pigmentation divergence between D. americana and D. novamexicana. Surprisingly, no genetic association with the yellow locus was detected in this study, and Yellow expression was identical in the two species. Evolution at the yellow locus underlies pigmentation divergence among other @entity238 species; thus, similar pigment patterns have evolved through regulatory changes in different genes in different lineages. These findings bear upon understanding classic models of @entity1709 and mimicry.

title: XXXX pigmentation evolution: divergent genotypes underlying convergent phenotypes.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Metastatic @entity14 is frequently treated with @entity2600 , a topoisomerase-I inhibitor. The @entity6912 gene encodes for an enzyme that metabolizes @entity2600 , and its genetic variants were shown to be associated with increased @entity137 . We evaluated clinical outcomes associated with the @entity6912 *28 variant. METHODS: The study included 329 @entity14 @entity1 from the Israeli population-based Molecular Epidemiology of @entity14 who were treated with a chemotherapy regimen that included @entity2600 . @entity1 with @entity3 or disease recurrence were followed up for a median period of 2 years after occurrence of the event. Study end points were appearance of grade 3-4 hematological and gastroenterological @entity137 , hospitalization due to toxic events (mostly @entity1398 , @entity221 , @entity294 , or @entity391 ), length of hospitalization, and overall survival. @entity6912 *28 was genotyped from peripheral blood DNA by fragment analysis and reported as number of TATA sequence repeats in the promoter of the gene. RESULTS: The 7/7 variant of @entity6912 *28 was detected in 11.9% of the 329 @entity1 . Grade 3-4 hematological @entity137 was significantly higher in 7/7 carriers compared with 6/7 and 6/6 carriers (48.0%,10.2%, and 7.7% respectively; P < .001), as was the risk of @entity137 -related hospitalization (45.8%, 25.3%, and 14.4% respectively; P = .001). Both short-term @entity204 within 2 months of treatment start (12.8%, 5.2%, and 2.9%, respectively) and median overall survival (1.6, 2.0, and 2.4 years, respectively; P = .01) were significantly worse in the 7/7 carriers. The age/stage-adjusted hazard ratio for @entity1 with the 7/7 genotype compared with 6/6 was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity6912 *28 7/7 genotype is strongly associated with severe hematological @entity137 and higher hospitalization rate and predicts lower survival of @entity14 in users of @entity2600 .

title: Clinical implications of XXXX *28 genotype testing in @entity14 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['drug toxicity', 'toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal Cancer study', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity6912 :: (54658,Gene) :: ['UGT1A1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Metastatic @entity14 is frequently treated with @entity2600 , a topoisomerase-I inhibitor. The @entity6912 gene encodes for an enzyme that metabolizes @entity2600 , and its genetic variants were shown to be associated with increased @entity137 . We evaluated clinical outcomes associated with the @entity6912 *28 variant. METHODS: The study included 329 @entity14 @entity1 from the Israeli population-based Molecular Epidemiology of @entity14 who were treated with a chemotherapy regimen that included @entity2600 . @entity1 with @entity3 or disease recurrence were followed up for a median period of 2 years after occurrence of the event. Study end points were appearance of grade 3-4 hematological and gastroenterological @entity137 , hospitalization due to toxic events (mostly @entity1398 , @entity221 , @entity294 , or @entity391 ), length of hospitalization, and overall survival. @entity6912 *28 was genotyped from peripheral blood DNA by fragment analysis and reported as number of TATA sequence repeats in the promoter of the gene. RESULTS: The 7/7 variant of @entity6912 *28 was detected in 11.9% of the 329 @entity1 . Grade 3-4 hematological @entity137 was significantly higher in 7/7 carriers compared with 6/7 and 6/6 carriers (48.0%,10.2%, and 7.7% respectively; P < .001), as was the risk of @entity137 -related hospitalization (45.8%, 25.3%, and 14.4% respectively; P = .001). Both short-term @entity204 within 2 months of treatment start (12.8%, 5.2%, and 2.9%, respectively) and median overall survival (1.6, 2.0, and 2.4 years, respectively; P = .01) were significantly worse in the 7/7 carriers. The age/stage-adjusted hazard ratio for @entity1 with the 7/7 genotype compared with 6/6 was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity6912 *28 7/7 genotype is strongly associated with severe hematological @entity137 and higher hospitalization rate and predicts lower survival of @entity14 in users of @entity2600 .

title: Clinical implications of @entity6912 *28 genotype testing in XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Metastatic @entity14 is frequently treated with @entity2600 , a topoisomerase-I inhibitor. The @entity6912 gene encodes for an enzyme that metabolizes @entity2600 , and its genetic variants were shown to be associated with increased @entity137 . We evaluated clinical outcomes associated with the @entity6912 *28 variant. METHODS: The study included 329 @entity14 @entity1 from the Israeli population-based Molecular Epidemiology of @entity14 who were treated with a chemotherapy regimen that included @entity2600 . @entity1 with @entity3 or disease recurrence were followed up for a median period of 2 years after occurrence of the event. Study end points were appearance of grade 3-4 hematological and gastroenterological @entity137 , hospitalization due to toxic events (mostly @entity1398 , @entity221 , @entity294 , or @entity391 ), length of hospitalization, and overall survival. @entity6912 *28 was genotyped from peripheral blood DNA by fragment analysis and reported as number of TATA sequence repeats in the promoter of the gene. RESULTS: The 7/7 variant of @entity6912 *28 was detected in 11.9% of the 329 @entity1 . Grade 3-4 hematological @entity137 was significantly higher in 7/7 carriers compared with 6/7 and 6/6 carriers (48.0%,10.2%, and 7.7% respectively; P < .001), as was the risk of @entity137 -related hospitalization (45.8%, 25.3%, and 14.4% respectively; P = .001). Both short-term @entity204 within 2 months of treatment start (12.8%, 5.2%, and 2.9%, respectively) and median overall survival (1.6, 2.0, and 2.4 years, respectively; P = .01) were significantly worse in the 7/7 carriers. The age/stage-adjusted hazard ratio for @entity1 with the 7/7 genotype compared with 6/6 was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity6912 *28 7/7 genotype is strongly associated with severe hematological @entity137 and higher hospitalization rate and predicts lower survival of @entity14 in users of @entity2600 .

title: Clinical implications of @entity6912 *28 genotype testing in @entity14 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration approved an implantable balloon catheter that delivers accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). The objective of the current study was to determine the use of implantable APBI (IAPBI) in the United States and factors associated with IAPBI use. METHODS: By using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, the authors conducted a retrospective analysis of @entity1 who received whole-breast radiotherapy (WBRT) or IAPBI after BCS for @entity513 in situ, AJCC stage I, or @entity0 from 2000 to 2007. WBRT and IAPBI rates were determined across time and demographic and @entity5 factors using chi-square tests and Cochran-Armitage tests for trend for the unadjusted analyses. RESULTS: A total of 127,257 @entity1 who met inclusion criteria were identified. Over the study period, the proportion of @entity1 receiving IAPBI increased by 1600% (from 0.4% in 2000 to 6.8% in 2007; P <.001). This trend remained significant when using logistic regression (odds ratio, 20.3; 95% confidence interval, 15.5-26.6). The increase in IAPBI use was statistically significant across all stage and age categories >40 years (P <.001). The use of IAPBI was most notable in older @entity1 (ages 70-79 years), with a >2100% increase in use noted during the study period (0.4% in 2000 vs 9.0% in 2007; P <.001). The authors also found significant variation in IAPBI use by region. CONCLUSIONS: IAPBI use has markedly increased since 2000, particularly in the elderly population. The rapid and widespread adoption of IAPBI is concerning, because large multicenter randomized controlled trials have not yet demonstrated the long-term effectiveness of IAPBI compared with WBRT.

title: Trends in the use of implantable accelerated partial breast irradiation therapy for early stage XXXX in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage II breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: SCOPE: Sterigmatocystin (ST), a mycotoxin commonly found in foodstuff and feedstuff, has been shown to be a carcinogenic mycotoxin in animal models. Many studies showed that the high level of ST contamination in grains might be related to the high incidence of @entity356 in rural areas of China. However, up to now, the potential effects of ST on @entity1 gastric epithelium cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of ST on cell-cycle distribution and the regulatory mechanism in immortalized @entity1 gastric epithelium cells (GES-1). METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of ST on the cell cycle distribution of GES-1 cells were determined with flow cytometric (FCM) analysis, Giemsa staining and immunofluorescence staining, while that on the expression of related gene- @entity10609 , @entity10610 , @entity8189 and the complex of @entity8189 - @entity10610 were studied with Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoprecipitation assay respectively. We found that ST induced GES-1 cells arrested at G2 phase by regulating the expression of @entity10609 , @entity10610 , @entity8189 and the formation of @entity8189 - @entity10610 complex. Further study suggested @entity4675 , @entity3963 and @entity10412 / @entity584 / @entity3470 pathways to be involved in the process of G2 arrest induced by ST. The specific inhibitors of @entity4675 and @entity3963 reversed the role of ST, whereas that of @entity10412 / @entity584 / @entity3470 reinforced the effect of ST on cell-cycle distribution. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that @entity4675 , @entity3963 and @entity10412 / @entity584 / @entity3470 pathways participated in the G2 arrest induced by ST through the deregulation of @entity8189 , @entity10610 and @entity10609 . It may play some roles in the @entity356 in ST exposure populations.

title: Involvement of MAPK and XXXX signaling pathway in sterigmatocystin-induced G2 phase arrest in @entity1 gastric epithelium cells.

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinoma', 'gastric carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity10412 :: (5293,Gene) :: ['PI3K']


abstract: SCOPE: Sterigmatocystin (ST), a mycotoxin commonly found in foodstuff and feedstuff, has been shown to be a carcinogenic mycotoxin in animal models. Many studies showed that the high level of ST contamination in grains might be related to the high incidence of @entity356 in rural areas of China. However, up to now, the potential effects of ST on @entity1 gastric epithelium cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of ST on cell-cycle distribution and the regulatory mechanism in immortalized @entity1 gastric epithelium cells (GES-1). METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of ST on the cell cycle distribution of GES-1 cells were determined with flow cytometric (FCM) analysis, Giemsa staining and immunofluorescence staining, while that on the expression of related gene- @entity10609 , @entity10610 , @entity8189 and the complex of @entity8189 - @entity10610 were studied with Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoprecipitation assay respectively. We found that ST induced GES-1 cells arrested at G2 phase by regulating the expression of @entity10609 , @entity10610 , @entity8189 and the formation of @entity8189 - @entity10610 complex. Further study suggested @entity4675 , @entity3963 and @entity10412 / @entity584 / @entity3470 pathways to be involved in the process of G2 arrest induced by ST. The specific inhibitors of @entity4675 and @entity3963 reversed the role of ST, whereas that of @entity10412 / @entity584 / @entity3470 reinforced the effect of ST on cell-cycle distribution. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that @entity4675 , @entity3963 and @entity10412 / @entity584 / @entity3470 pathways participated in the G2 arrest induced by ST through the deregulation of @entity8189 , @entity10610 and @entity10609 . It may play some roles in the @entity356 in ST exposure populations.

title: Involvement of MAPK and @entity10412 signaling pathway in sterigmatocystin-induced G2 phase arrest in XXXX gastric epithelium cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although recent protocols for standardized knee radiography afford highly reproducible radioanatomic alignment of the joint and measurement of joint space width (JSW) in repeat radiographs acquired on the same day, the sensitivity of these techniques to joint space narrowing (JSN) over time in subjects with @entity626 ( @entity571 ) is unknown. The present study was undertaken to compare the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) view and the semiflexed anteroposterior (AP) view with respect to sensitivity to JSN in knee @entity571 . METHODS: In 49 subjects with definite knee @entity571 , 2 MTP radiographs and 1 semiflexed AP radiograph were obtained at baseline. Each examination was repeated 14 months later. In MTP views, minimum JSW and the distance between the anterior and posterior margins of the medial tibial plateau (intermargin distance [IMD], an indicator of parallel alignment of the tibial plateau and the x-ray beam) were measured with a pair of calipers and a magnifying lens fitted with a graticule. JSW in semiflexed AP views was measured by digital image analysis. RESULTS: The mean of within-knee standard deviations of JSW in the baseline MTP examinations (n = 52 @entity571 knees) was 0.24 mm (coefficient of variation 5.8%). Although IMDs in the 2 baseline MTP views were very highly correlated (+0.88), IMDs in the serial examinations were only moderately correlated (+0.45). Serial MTP views showed a small increase in mean JSW over 14 months that was not significantly greater than zero (mean +/- SD +0.09 +/- 0.66 mm; P not significant). In contrast, concurrent semiflexed AP examinations showed a marginally significant decrease in mean JSW (-0.09 +/- 0.31 mm; P = 0.10). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that evidence of the short-term reproducibility of a radiographic protocol is an insufficient basis on which to predict the quality of its longitudinal performance.

title: Detection of radiographic joint space narrowing in subjects with XXXX : longitudinal comparison of the metatarsophalangeal and semiflexed anteroposterior views.

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: In 1984, during 201 voyages of cargo ships of Polish Ocean Lines having doctors on board, 30340 medical consultations were given to crew members, in 15506 cases of complaints and diseases. Doctors also consulted injured seafarers 2456 times in cases of @entity130 , wounds, @entity2981 , @entity174 , @entity5391 etc. During these 201 voyages, 33 cases of serious medical conditions were reported among crew members, which required disembarkation and hospital treatment abroad; in this number two cases of @entity583 ended fatally. There were also 13 casualties among seamen, which were treated in hospitals in foreign ports; all of them survived. One of the important health problems of seafarers were diseases of teeth, pulp, and periapical tissue. Such cases constituted the majority (66.9%) of all 1868 cases referred for consultation and treatment in foreign ports. @entity66 prevention among seafarers needed improvement. The working time of doctors on board @entity2708 was under-utilized. To a greater extent they should be involved in training seafarers in first aid and primary health care, and in health education activities among seamen, during sea voyages. Materials presented in the paper may be of use in planning efficient and cost-effective health services for crews of ships.

title: The work of XXXX 's doctors of Polish Ocean Lines.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Oral diseases']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['broken bones, burns']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity2981 :: ('MESH:D003288', 'Disease') :: ['contusions']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity2708 :: (3635,Gene) :: ['ship']


abstract: The intracellular localization of invertase endocytosed by @entity35 liver was investigated by analytical centrifugation in @entity969 and Percoll gradients of mitochondrial fractions originating from @entity35 killed 15 h after injection. After isopycnic centrifugation in a @entity969 gradient, invertase is located in higher density zones than acid hydrolases. The difference between the distribution of invertase and that of acid hydrolases increases with the amount of invertase injected. When the invertase dose is sufficiently high, a change of lysosomal enzyme distribution is clearly visible. It consists in the shift of a proportion of these enzymes to higher density regions where invertase is located. The proportion of hydrolase activity affected by invertase is different for each enzyme measured; it is the least pronounced for acid phosphatase, and most for acid deoxyribonuclease and arylsulfatase. A pretreatment of the @entity35 with Triton @entity12218 considerably decreases the equilibrium density of structures bearing invertase. Nevertheless invertase distribution is quite distinct from that of the bulk of lysosomal enzymes that are recovered in lower density zones of the gradient; on the other hand the invertase injection to @entity35 treated with @entity12218 causes a spreading of the acid hydrolase distribution towards higher density zones. The distribution of acid hydrolases and invertase in a Percoll gradient depends on the @entity969 concentration of the solvent. It is shifted towards higher densities when the @entity969 concentration increases. The phenomenon is more important for invertase. These results are best explained by supposing that invertase accumulates in a distinct population of lysosomes that can be individualized as a result of the density increase they are subjected to by the invertase they accumulate. It is proposed that these lysosomes mainly originate from non-parenchymal cells of the liver.

title: Effect on lysosomes of invertase endocytosed by XXXX -liver.

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Non-cardiac @entity662 is one of the most common functional @entity344 . By recognising that @entity354 ( @entity354 ), @entity4423 and oesophageal hypersensitivity are the main underlying mechanisms of NCCP, a more directed therapeutic approach has been developed. AIM: To determine the value of the current therapeutic modalities for NCCP. METHODS: Electronic (Pubmed/Medline/Cochrane central) and manual search. RESULTS: Double-dose PPI treatment for two months is a reasonable first choice approach in @entity1 with NCCP because @entity354 is the most common aetiology. Studies evaluating the role of medical therapy in NCCP @entity1 with @entity1319 suggest a limited value to muscle relaxants like @entity460 channel blockers ( @entity594 , @entity3988 ), @entity3362 and @entity7855 . While most trials evaluating @entity158 modulators are small and many are not placebo-controlled, these type of medications appear efficacious in both @entity1 with NCCP due to @entity4423 and those with functional @entity662 . Cognitive behavioural therapy has been extensively studied in @entity1 with functional @entity662 with good results. Other psychological techniques such as hypnotherapy, group therapy or coping skills have been scarcely studied but appear to be effective in NCCP @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Medical, endoscopic and surgical therapeutic options are available for the treating physician, although some @entity1 with non-cardiac @entity662 may require a multimodal therapeutic approach.

title: Review article: the current treatment of non-cardiac XXXX .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3362 :: ('MESH:D009566', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrates']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disorders']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['GERD', 'gastro-oesophageal reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity4423 :: ('MESH:D015154', 'Disease') :: ['oesophageal dysmotility']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['hypercontractile oesophageal motility']

answer: @entity662 :: (MESH:D002637,Disease) :: ['chest pain']