abstract: A severe @entity1032 @entity1 with @entity10076 associated with @entity2008 is reported. The @entity1 had a characteristic facial appearance of @entity10076 and suffered from @entity410 after the age of 10 months. The @entity1 developed severe @entity1032 . The karyotype of the @entity1 revealed partial duplication of the short arm in chromosome 10 using G banding techniques. The @entity1 and her mother showed a fasting @entity10076 and an abnormal clearance curve after the @entity1521 load in the serum. The @entity1521 oxidase activities of the liver tissues obtained by biopsy in the @entity1 was about 9% of those of controls. Kinetic studies and mixed experiments of the enzyme were with normal limits. Restriction of dietary @entity1521 at the age of 12 months revealed a prompt fall of the plasma levels of @entity1521 to the normal range, and a low @entity1521 diet was continued until the present time. During the period of dietary treatment, growth was satisfactory, but her mental development did not improve. From the developmental patterns of @entity1521 oxidase activities postnataldy, we speculated that restriction of dietary @entity1521 intake should be relieved with age.

title: Clinical, biochemical and enzymatic studies in XXXX associated with @entity2008 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'patient', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental and motor retardation', 'mentally retarded']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsions']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity10076 :: ('MESH:C538384', 'Disease') :: ['type I hyperprolinemia', 'hyperprolinemia']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormality']

answer: @entity10076 :: (MESH:C538384,Disease) :: ['type I hyperprolinemia']


abstract: A severe @entity1032 @entity1 with @entity10076 associated with @entity2008 is reported. The @entity1 had a characteristic facial appearance of @entity10076 and suffered from @entity410 after the age of 10 months. The @entity1 developed severe @entity1032 . The karyotype of the @entity1 revealed partial duplication of the short arm in chromosome 10 using G banding techniques. The @entity1 and her mother showed a fasting @entity10076 and an abnormal clearance curve after the @entity1521 load in the serum. The @entity1521 oxidase activities of the liver tissues obtained by biopsy in the @entity1 was about 9% of those of controls. Kinetic studies and mixed experiments of the enzyme were with normal limits. Restriction of dietary @entity1521 at the age of 12 months revealed a prompt fall of the plasma levels of @entity1521 to the normal range, and a low @entity1521 diet was continued until the present time. During the period of dietary treatment, growth was satisfactory, but her mental development did not improve. From the developmental patterns of @entity1521 oxidase activities postnataldy, we speculated that restriction of dietary @entity1521 intake should be relieved with age.

title: Clinical, biochemical and enzymatic studies in @entity10076 associated with XXXX .

answer: @entity2008 :: (MESH:D002869,Disease) :: ['chromosomal abnormality']


abstract: We have developed a defined in vitro system for packaging @entity56197 DNA which is composed of purified proheads and the noncapsid proteins gp18 and gp19, products of genes 18 and 19. The reaction requires @entity1025 , @entity855 , and @entity968 and is inhibited by a nonhydrolyzable @entity855 analog, @entity12865 ( @entity855 -gamma-S) (K. Hamada, H. Fujisawa, and T. Minagawa, 1986, Virology 151, 119-123). About 30% of added mature @entity56197 DNA was packaged into heads in the defined system. A complex with a sedimentation coefficient of about 50 S (50 S complex) accumulated in the reaction mixture containing @entity855 -gamma-S. The 50 S complex was DNase sensitive and was converted to filled heads by a second reaction in the presence of @entity855 without addition of DNA, proheads, gp18, and gp19. These results indicate that during early stages of DNA packaging, formation of precursor complexes proceeds by an allosteric mechanism with @entity855 acting as effector. The movement of DNA into the head is driven by the energy released by hydrolysis of @entity855 . gp18 formed a complex with DNA without addition of @entity855 -gamma-S and gp19. gp18-DNA complex was DNase sensitive and did not bind gp19; it was converted to filled heads by way of a second reaction after addition of @entity855 , gp19, and proheads. gp19 formed a functional complex with prohead in the presence of @entity855 -gamma-S or @entity855 . The complex did not bind gp18 but was converted to filled heads by incubation with @entity855 , gp18, and DNA. In the absence of @entity855 -gamma-S, gp19 formed complexes with prohead that were abortive in DNA packaging. Formation of the 50 S complex occurred in a reaction mixture containing gp18-DNA and gp19-prohead complexes in the presence of @entity855 -gamma-S. From these results, we propose details of the molecular mechanism of DNA packaging in the defined in vitro system.

title: Early events in DNA packaging in a defined in vitro system of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12865 :: ('MESH:C022571', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine-5'-O-(3'-thiotriphosphate)"]

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol']

answer: @entity56197 :: (10759,Species) :: ['bacteriophage T3']


abstract: This study examines the expression of the photopigment gene in the developing retina of the freshwater crayfish @entity11110 (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Decapoda). Both sense and anti-sense RNA probes were used for in situ hybridization (ISH) of whole embryos collected at various stages during development. A characteristic of retinal development is the formation of screening pigment in the retinular cells of the retinal ommatidia. This pigmentation is seen as a band that begins at the lateral side of the retinal field and progresses medially. At hatching the retina is approximately 50% pigmented. ISH of whole embryos shows that expression of the photopigment gene by the retinular cells correlates with the extent of the screening pigment band in the retina and with the presence of rhabdoms within the ommatidia. Sections taken through embryos after being hybridized indicate that staining is localized in the cytoplasm of the retinular cells and in the axonal region below the basement membrane. No staining reaction was seen in the rhabdoms of older ommatidia. ISH staining was also seen at the anterior midline of the protocerebrum where extraretinal photoreceptors have been reported. The data presented here show a close correlation of @entity34203 expression within the retinular cells of the ommatidia and the formation of the very early rhabdoms, similar to @entity238 . The results will be discussed in relation to recent studies in @entity238 that suggest @entity34203 plays a role in effecting the organization of the terminal web-like cytoskeleton at the base of the developing rhabdom microvilli.

title: Photopigment gene expression and rhabdom formation in the crayfish ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

entities_list: @entity11110 :: ('6728', 'Species') :: ['Procambarus clarkii']

answer: @entity11110 :: (6728,Species) :: ['Procambarus clarkii']


abstract: All 455 @entity694 diagnosed in Finland in 1975 (19 at autopsy) were reviewed. The age-adjusted incidence was 8.0/100,000 population, equal in both sexes. Histologic verification was obtained in 88.4% of the cases. The stages at diagnosis were A 11%, B 44%, C 17% and D 28%. Of the @entity5 diagnosed during life, 8% were not operated on. Resectability was 75% in the cases with surgery and resectability for cure 59%. Operative mortality was 10.7% overall and 6.3% in elective surgery. Emergency surgery was performed on 27% of the total series and carried 22% mortality rate. The crude 5-year survival rate was 31% in the total series. The relative rate was 41% overall and 75% after resection for cure. All survival rates were significantly higher in @entity1 than in @entity1 . Following resection with curative intent, relative 5-year survival was 91% in stage A and 68% in stage B and C @entity5 . Survival was level with rates in population studies elsewhere, and greatly improved as compared with earlier Finnish Cancer Registry studies.

title: XXXX in Finland. A nation-wide clinical study of cases from 1975.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinomas']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['Carcinoma of the colon']


abstract: The clinical efficacy of @entity4258 ( @entity7264 ) was evaluated in 74 @entity1 having @entity1069 with the subjective symptoms suggesting the @entity32 of prostate and more than five white bloodcells (WBCs)/hpf in their prostatic secretions ( @entity21 ). Of these, gram negative rods with greater than or equal to 10(3)CFU/ml (GNR group) were isolated from the @entity21 in 10 @entity1 (13.6%) and gram positive cocci with greater than or equal to 10(3) CFU/ml (GPC group) were obtained in 46 @entity1 (62.2%). @entity526 (70.0%) was the most frequent strain isolated among GNR group and @entity5938 (40.4%), @entity794 (19.1%), @entity797 (17.0%) and @entity5939 (14.9%) were frequently isolated among the GPC group. The overall clinical efficacy of @entity7264 was determined at the second and fourth week by the three factors, (1) the effect on bacteria, (2) WBCs in the @entity21 and (3) the subjective symptoms in the @entity1 with bacteria of greater than or equal to 10(3) CFU/ml being isolated. The overall clinical effectiveness rate was 71.4% and 100%, respectively, in the GNR group. In the GPC group, its rate was 79.3% and 88.0%, respectively. The @entity1 with no bacteria or less than 10(3) CFU/ml isolated from the @entity21 had an overall clinical effectiveness rate of 89.8% at the second week and 90.0% at the fourth, when it was evaluated by the effect on WBCs and subjective symptoms. In the effect of @entity7264 on bacteria in the @entity21 , it eliminated them in 75.0% and 83.9% at the second and fourth week, respectively, of all @entity1 with GNR or GPC of greater than or equal to 10(3) CFU/ml isolated from the @entity21 . The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of @entity7264 against @entity526 isolated from the @entity21 was distributed from 0.025 microgram/ml to 3.13 micrograms/ml with most below 0.1 microgram/ml. Those against all other GNR were below 0.78 microgram/ml. @entity7264 showed good antimicrobial activities against GPC with most of MIC being distributed from 0.78 microgram/ml to 1.56 micrograms/ml. @entity7264 produced the highest eradication rate in bacteriological response not only against GNR such as 100% at the first, the second and fourth week but GPC as 89.2%, 93.8% and 96.0%, respectively. In the effect of @entity7264 on WBCs in @entity21 , 40-50% of @entity1 got free from the inflammation of prostate by @entity7264 treatment. This became prominent in the GNR group as the treatment was continued although not in the GPC group. The subjective symptoms were improved by @entity7264 treatment in most of the @entity1 .

title: [The therapeutic effect of @entity4258 on XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammations']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['chronic prostatitis']

entities_list: @entity4258 :: ('MESH:D009643', 'Chemical') :: ['norfloxacin']

entities_list: @entity5938 :: ('1282', 'Species') :: ['S. epidermidis']

entities_list: @entity5939 :: ('1283', 'Species') :: ['S. haemolyticus']

answer: @entity1069 :: (MESH:D053448,Disease) :: ['chronic prostatitis']


abstract: The clinical efficacy of @entity4258 ( @entity7264 ) was evaluated in 74 @entity1 having @entity1069 with the subjective symptoms suggesting the @entity32 of prostate and more than five white bloodcells (WBCs)/hpf in their prostatic secretions ( @entity21 ). Of these, gram negative rods with greater than or equal to 10(3)CFU/ml (GNR group) were isolated from the @entity21 in 10 @entity1 (13.6%) and gram positive cocci with greater than or equal to 10(3) CFU/ml (GPC group) were obtained in 46 @entity1 (62.2%). @entity526 (70.0%) was the most frequent strain isolated among GNR group and @entity5938 (40.4%), @entity794 (19.1%), @entity797 (17.0%) and @entity5939 (14.9%) were frequently isolated among the GPC group. The overall clinical efficacy of @entity7264 was determined at the second and fourth week by the three factors, (1) the effect on bacteria, (2) WBCs in the @entity21 and (3) the subjective symptoms in the @entity1 with bacteria of greater than or equal to 10(3) CFU/ml being isolated. The overall clinical effectiveness rate was 71.4% and 100%, respectively, in the GNR group. In the GPC group, its rate was 79.3% and 88.0%, respectively. The @entity1 with no bacteria or less than 10(3) CFU/ml isolated from the @entity21 had an overall clinical effectiveness rate of 89.8% at the second week and 90.0% at the fourth, when it was evaluated by the effect on WBCs and subjective symptoms. In the effect of @entity7264 on bacteria in the @entity21 , it eliminated them in 75.0% and 83.9% at the second and fourth week, respectively, of all @entity1 with GNR or GPC of greater than or equal to 10(3) CFU/ml isolated from the @entity21 . The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of @entity7264 against @entity526 isolated from the @entity21 was distributed from 0.025 microgram/ml to 3.13 micrograms/ml with most below 0.1 microgram/ml. Those against all other GNR were below 0.78 microgram/ml. @entity7264 showed good antimicrobial activities against GPC with most of MIC being distributed from 0.78 microgram/ml to 1.56 micrograms/ml. @entity7264 produced the highest eradication rate in bacteriological response not only against GNR such as 100% at the first, the second and fourth week but GPC as 89.2%, 93.8% and 96.0%, respectively. In the effect of @entity7264 on WBCs in @entity21 , 40-50% of @entity1 got free from the inflammation of prostate by @entity7264 treatment. This became prominent in the GNR group as the treatment was continued although not in the GPC group. The subjective symptoms were improved by @entity7264 treatment in most of the @entity1 .

title: [The therapeutic effect of XXXX on @entity1069 ].

answer: @entity4258 :: (MESH:D009643,Chemical) :: ['norfloxacin']


abstract: The relation between transmitral flow and diastolic mitral valve motion were examined in 17 normal @entity1 , 14 @entity1 with @entity101 and 12 @entity1 with @entity1000 . M-mode echograms were analyzed for early and late diastolic mitral leaflet separations, their ratio and E-F slope. Pulsed Doppler transmitral flow was analyzed for early and late velocities, their ratio and early flow deceleration. Early diastolic mitral valve leaflet separation was reduced in @entity1 with @entity101 (at 28 +/- 5 mm [p less than 0.05] ) and in @entity1 with @entity296 (at 22 +/- 3 mm [p less than 0.01] ). Flow velocity was also reduced in @entity1 with @entity101 (at 52 +/- 11 cm/s [p less than 0.05] ) and in @entity1 with @entity296 (at 48 +/- 15 cm/s [p less than 0.01] ). However, early leaflet separation and flow velocity were not related (r = 0.26). Late diastolic leaflet separation was similar (at 25 +/- 5 mm) in normal subjects and in those with @entity101 (at 23 +/- 6 mm), but was reduced in @entity1 with @entity296 (at 18 +/- 3 mm [p less than 0.01] ). In contrast, late flow velocity was increased in @entity1 with @entity101 (at 52 +/- 12 cm/s [p less than 0.05] ) but unchanged in @entity1 with @entity296 (at 42 +/- 16 cm/s). The ratio of early to late leaflet separation was similar in all groups, whereas the ratio of flow velocities was reduced in @entity101 @entity1 . Neither the E-F slope not early flow deceleration was altered in either pathologic group. Thus, @entity101 and @entity296 had similar effects in early rather than late diastole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Variable responses of mitral valve motion and flow in systemic @entity101 and in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1000 :: ('MESH:C536277', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

answer: @entity1000 :: (MESH:C536277,Disease) :: ['idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy']


abstract: The relation between transmitral flow and diastolic mitral valve motion were examined in 17 normal @entity1 , 14 @entity1 with @entity101 and 12 @entity1 with @entity1000 . M-mode echograms were analyzed for early and late diastolic mitral leaflet separations, their ratio and E-F slope. Pulsed Doppler transmitral flow was analyzed for early and late velocities, their ratio and early flow deceleration. Early diastolic mitral valve leaflet separation was reduced in @entity1 with @entity101 (at 28 +/- 5 mm [p less than 0.05] ) and in @entity1 with @entity296 (at 22 +/- 3 mm [p less than 0.01] ). Flow velocity was also reduced in @entity1 with @entity101 (at 52 +/- 11 cm/s [p less than 0.05] ) and in @entity1 with @entity296 (at 48 +/- 15 cm/s [p less than 0.01] ). However, early leaflet separation and flow velocity were not related (r = 0.26). Late diastolic leaflet separation was similar (at 25 +/- 5 mm) in normal subjects and in those with @entity101 (at 23 +/- 6 mm), but was reduced in @entity1 with @entity296 (at 18 +/- 3 mm [p less than 0.01] ). In contrast, late flow velocity was increased in @entity1 with @entity101 (at 52 +/- 12 cm/s [p less than 0.05] ) but unchanged in @entity1 with @entity296 (at 42 +/- 16 cm/s). The ratio of early to late leaflet separation was similar in all groups, whereas the ratio of flow velocities was reduced in @entity101 @entity1 . Neither the E-F slope not early flow deceleration was altered in either pathologic group. Thus, @entity101 and @entity296 had similar effects in early rather than late diastole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Variable responses of mitral valve motion and flow in systemic XXXX and in @entity1000 .

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: An autopsy case of @entity295 following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for metastatic @entity96 after bile duct reconstructive operation is reported. A 72-year-old @entity1 underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and reconstruction with the @entity6953 -method (PD-III) for @entity1126 in October 1998. A metastatic lesion was recognized in the liver (S3) in November 2001. Percutaneous RFA was performed for a recurrent lesion. A metastatic lesion was recognized again in the same segment in February 2002. Percutaneous RFA was performed again on February 26 and March 12. The @entity1 was discharged without @entity548 , @entity281 , or @entity1578 on March 22. He complained of general fatigue on March 26. He was diagnosed with @entity5572 , @entity295 , @entity810 , and disseminated @entity5642 , and received intensive care, but died on April 1. The autopsy revealed @entity5572 at the RFA locus and multiple microabscesses of the liver, heart, and kidney.

title: [An autopsy case of XXXX following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for metastatic @entity96 after bile duct reconstruction].

entities_list: @entity5572 :: ('MESH:D008100', 'Disease') :: ['liver abscess', 'liver necrotic abscess']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1126 :: ('MESH:D001650', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic bile duct cancer']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['intravascular coagulation']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: An autopsy case of @entity295 following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for metastatic @entity96 after bile duct reconstructive operation is reported. A 72-year-old @entity1 underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and reconstruction with the @entity6953 -method (PD-III) for @entity1126 in October 1998. A metastatic lesion was recognized in the liver (S3) in November 2001. Percutaneous RFA was performed for a recurrent lesion. A metastatic lesion was recognized again in the same segment in February 2002. Percutaneous RFA was performed again on February 26 and March 12. The @entity1 was discharged without @entity548 , @entity281 , or @entity1578 on March 22. He complained of general fatigue on March 26. He was diagnosed with @entity5572 , @entity295 , @entity810 , and disseminated @entity5642 , and received intensive care, but died on April 1. The autopsy revealed @entity5572 at the RFA locus and multiple microabscesses of the liver, heart, and kidney.

title: [An autopsy case of @entity295 following radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for metastatic XXXX after bile duct reconstruction].

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver carcinoma']


abstract: From March 1967 to February 1985 91 @entity1 aged from 11 months to 53 years underwent surgical treatment of isolated @entity1498 . The surgical procedures in descending order of frequency, were: resection with end to end @entity254 , resection with replacement by a tube graft, patch aortoplasty, and bypass graft. Resection with end to end @entity254 was achieved mainly in younger @entity1 . The number of @entity1 needing other procedures increased with advancing age. Eighty six @entity1 have been followed up (mean 10 years). There were no hospital or late deaths and none of the @entity1 suffered from @entity1566 . There were three recurrences of the @entity1498 , all in @entity1 who had had primary reconstruction below the age of one year. The @entity1 were divided into three groups by age: group 1, 0-5 years; group 2, 6-15 years; and group 3, over 15 years. It was found that there was no late @entity101 in group 1 while @entity101 persisted in 7% of group 2 and in 28% of group 3. Fifty per cent of the @entity1 with persistent @entity101 were above the age of 20 years at the time of operation and had resection with replacement by a tube graft. It is recommended that elective surgery for @entity1498 should be performed at the age of 3-5 years to avoid both recurrence of @entity850 and persistent @entity101 .

title: Surgical treatment of isolated XXXX : 18 years' experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['coarctation of the aorta']


abstract: In order to examine the effectiveness of surgical therapy for primary @entity2 , 200 surgical @entity1 were reviewed. Survival rates were compared to the initial operative approach, the @entity5 stage, and the histological type. The five year survival rate was 62% for Stage 1 @entity5 , 60% for Stage 2, 21% for Stage 3 and 32% for Stage 3 when @entity3 were confined to the ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes. The most profound influence on prognosis was exerted by the presence or absence of @entity3 to the mediastinal lymph nodes. Other factors such as @entity5 size, histological type, and degree of differentiation did not appear to affect prognosis. With extended resections of the adjoining organs, a 5 year survival rate of 37% was obtained in @entity1 in whom the @entity2617 did not extend beyond the boundaries of the aortic adventitia, pleura, or pericardium. However, it was 0% when this boundary was broken. The CT scan was found to be helpful in the preoperative identification of @entity2617 . In some @entity1 with preoperative CT scans demonstrating limited infiltration, the left atrium or aorta was resected and satisfactory long term survival was obtained. Finally we examined the effectiveness of the addition of radical lymphadenectomy of the right mediastinal nodes during the treatment of @entity2 . This was performed by adding a median sternotomy to the standard left thoractomy and was well tolerated.

title: Surgical results for the treatment of primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2617 :: ('MESH:D017254', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous infiltration']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['left lung carcinoma', 'lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the lung']


abstract: A 46-year-old @entity1 underwent polypectomy of sigmoid colon in January 1996. The @entity420 invaded the submucosal layer, and sigmoidectomy and D2 lymph node dissection were performed one month later. Follow-up CT revealed liver metastases, and partial hepatectomy was performed in January 1998. Afterward, weekly high dose intra-hepatic arterial chemotherapy ( @entity1487 : 1,000 mg/body) was performed 41 times, but CT revealed multiple liver metastases in October 1998. Therefore, intra-hepatic arterial infusion of @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) with degradable starch microspheres (DSM) was given in November 1998. As follow-up CT revealed that the liver metastases were growing, partial hepatectomy was performed again in March 1999. No @entity189 was seen in the resected liver. After the second hepatectomy, intra-hepatic arterial infusion of @entity1139 with DSM was performed five times. No evidence of recurrence has been seen. Intra-hepatic arterial infusion of @entity1139 with DSM is recommended for liver metastases of @entity14 as a second line treatment.

title: [A case report of intra-hepatic arterial infusion of XXXX with degradable starch microspheres for liver metastases of sigmoid colon carcinoma].

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin C']


abstract: A pretherapeutic staging system to design operative or neoadjuvant treatments in @entity356 is needed. In this study, a simple staging system based on diagnostic laparoscopic findings under local anesthesia to define a treatment was developed. This study was conducted with 68 @entity1 with advanced @entity356 . All the @entity1 had been diagnosed as more than T3, or were suspected to have peritoneal seeding. Preoperative diagnostic laparoscopy under local anesthesia was performed in the operation room. After insertion of the trocars, the abdominal cavity was inspected, and biopsy and/or abdominal lavage sampling was performed. @entity1 were allocated into three stages based on laparoscopic and histopathologic findings. Twenty-eight out of 68 @entity1 were diagnosed as P1, 34 @entity1 as P0CY0 and 6 as P0CY1. Based on these results, 57 @entity1 underwent operation. The accuracy rate of diagnosis was 95% in the P category, and 93% in the CY category. Lavage telomerase activity was examined on 10 @entity1 with P0CY0 @entity356 . Two out of 10 were positive for this activity, and both of them had died due to peritoneal recurrence within a year after operation. In conclusion, the proposed diagnostic laparoscopic staging system is a simple and reproducible method for selection of a suitable therapy. It is considered that diagnostic laparoscopy under local anesthesia is a useful preoperative examination in cases of advanced @entity356 . Moreover lavage telomerase activity may be a more sensitive predictor of peritoneal recurrence than lavage cytology.

title: [Preoperative diagnostic laparoscopy with local anesthesia and lavage telomerase activity for advanced XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: In a drug-free group of 15 older endogenous depressed inpatients, all-night @entity1949 ( @entity1949 ) was associated with a significant @entity308 scores and in Profile of Mood States self-ratings of @entity308 . Six of 15 @entity1 (40%) were responders to @entity1949 , as evidenced by greater than or equal to 30% improvement in Hamilton ratings. While symptomatic improvement was short-lived (8 of 15 @entity1 worsened after 1 night of @entity25 ), five @entity1 showed further improvement after 1 night of @entity25 . The final two @entity1 had an increase in Hamilton ratings after @entity1949 , with a return to baseline values after 1 night of @entity25 . Responders (but not nonresponders) showed significant improvement in sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and @entity25 during @entity25 (as did controls). The @entity1949 Hamilton @entity308 rating (at 9 a.m. after all-night @entity1949 ) showed a significant inverse correlation with the increase in @entity25 ( @entity25 ) minutes and in @entity25 % from baseline to first recovery night. Responders also had significantly larger increases in @entity25 minutes than did nonresponders (53.8 vs. 7 minutes). Similarly, the % change in Hamilton @entity308 ratings was predicted by baseline Stage 4 sleep. These findings suggest that there is a mutual interaction between the process of sleep regulation and the symptoms of @entity308 . They also confirm a prediction from the two-process model of sleep regulation--namely, that improved sleep initiation and maintenance and increased @entity25 , attained by @entity1949 , are associated with clinical improvement.

title: Sleep deprivation effects in older endogenous depressed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['sleep deprivation', 'SD']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['recovery sleep', 'slow wave sleep', 'SWS']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'decrease in Hamilton depression']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1636 ( @entity1636 ) that produces @entity1369 is an extremely rare, uncharacterized endocrine @entity5 . Our aim was to characterize this @entity5 in terms of its clinical behavior and @entity1 outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review was made of all @entity1 who had operative management of @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 from 1957 to 2000 at the Mayo Clinic. Comparisons were made to @entity1 with non- @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 treated during the same period. RESULTS: Of 141 @entity1 with @entity1636 , we identified 15 @entity1 with @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 . Isolated @entity1369 hypersecretion was present in 10 @entity1 , and mixed hormonal secretion was detected in 5. Mean @entity5 size and weight were 10.8 cm and 453 g, respectively. Surgical management included curative resection in 10 @entity1 (67%). Perioperative mortality was 20%. Disease recurred in 7 @entity1 (70%) with a median interval of 17 months. Five-year survival was 52%. @entity1 with @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 had an increased risk of perioperative mortality (20% vs 5%), yet they had an overall survival of 63 months compared to 19 months for @entity1 with non- @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1369 hypersecretion occurs in 11% of all ACCs and is associated with unique operative risk and outcome. Although @entity1 harboring @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 appear to have an increased risk of perioperative @entity204 , survivors may have an improved overall survival rate compared with @entity1 with non- @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 .

title: @entity1369 -secreting XXXX are associated with unique operative risks and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['Aldosterone', 'aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['Adrenocortical carcinoma', 'ACC']

answer: @entity1636 :: (MESH:D018268,Disease) :: ['adrenocortical carcinomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1636 ( @entity1636 ) that produces @entity1369 is an extremely rare, uncharacterized endocrine @entity5 . Our aim was to characterize this @entity5 in terms of its clinical behavior and @entity1 outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review was made of all @entity1 who had operative management of @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 from 1957 to 2000 at the Mayo Clinic. Comparisons were made to @entity1 with non- @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 treated during the same period. RESULTS: Of 141 @entity1 with @entity1636 , we identified 15 @entity1 with @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 . Isolated @entity1369 hypersecretion was present in 10 @entity1 , and mixed hormonal secretion was detected in 5. Mean @entity5 size and weight were 10.8 cm and 453 g, respectively. Surgical management included curative resection in 10 @entity1 (67%). Perioperative mortality was 20%. Disease recurred in 7 @entity1 (70%) with a median interval of 17 months. Five-year survival was 52%. @entity1 with @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 had an increased risk of perioperative mortality (20% vs 5%), yet they had an overall survival of 63 months compared to 19 months for @entity1 with non- @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1369 hypersecretion occurs in 11% of all ACCs and is associated with unique operative risk and outcome. Although @entity1 harboring @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 appear to have an increased risk of perioperative @entity204 , survivors may have an improved overall survival rate compared with @entity1 with non- @entity1369 -secreting @entity1636 .

title: XXXX -secreting @entity1636 are associated with unique operative risks and outcomes.

answer: @entity1369 :: (MESH:D000450,Chemical) :: ['Aldosterone']


abstract: @entity3557 is the most common @entity5 and usually behaves in an indolent fashion. At most institutions these @entity5 are treated by near-total or total thyroidectomy followed by radioactive @entity1496 ablation. The 2 main reasons for this extensive treatment include high rate of multicentricity in @entity1377 and difficulty in ablating large thyroid remnants with radioactive @entity1496 after partial thyroidectomy. Some authors believe, however, that this treatment protocol may not be justified in all cases of @entity1377 . We analyzed 253 total thyroidectomies performed for @entity3557 for the following pathologic variables: @entity5 size, presence of @entity5 capsular and/or vascular invasion, intrathyroidal spread, @entity5 in the contralateral lobe, and lymph node @entity3 . @entity5 measuring less than 1 cm and those with extrathyroidal soft tissue extension were excluded from this study. Among 253 cases (197 females, 56 males, age range 14-88 years), the primary @entity5 size ranged from 1-9.5 cm; 162 cases were completely encapsulated. Tumor capsule invasion was seen in 139 (86%) and vascular invasion was present in 32 (13%) cases; of these 27 (11% of the total) @entity1 showed both @entity5 capsule and vascular invasion. Seventy-four (29%) @entity1 showed @entity5 in the contralateral lobe; in 35 (47%) of these cases the @entity5 measured less than 1.0 cm. Lymph nodes were sampled in 106 cases, @entity3 were present in 67 (67/106 = 63%) and only 16 cases with lymph node @entity3 showed @entity5 . No significant correlation was noted between @entity5 size, occurrence of @entity5 , and lymph node @entity3 . Seventy-one percent of cases included in this study failed to show @entity5 . Hence, pathologic parameters such as lack of vascular invasion and lack of multifocality may be used to identify @entity1 who can benefit from conservative therapy alone.

title: Can we rely on pathologic parameters to define conservative treatment of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['papillary thyroid carcinoma', 'Papillary thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'malignant tumor of the thyroid', 'contralateral tumor', 'contralateral tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity3557 :: (MESH:C536915,Disease) :: ['papillary thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: The Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD) is an external defibrillator that automatically detects and treats @entity1165 without the need for assistance from a bystander while at the same time allowing the @entity1 to ambulate freely. The main components of the system are the defibrillator unit and a chest belt with electrodes for @entity943 detection and therapy delivery. Between December 1998 and October 2001, 84 @entity1 used the device at our institution. The majority of @entity1 had a history of acute @entity583 or coronary artery bypass surgery with an increased risk for @entity1164 or were awaiting heart transplantation. During a mean follow-up of 116+/-90 days, 7 episodes of @entity1165 were detected and terminated successfully by the WCD in 5 @entity1 . In 9720 days, there was one inappropriate shock due to oversensing of electrical noise. Four @entity1 died during follow-up; none of them had a @entity1167 while wearing the device. Five @entity1 were excluded because of irregularities in device use. An @entity1479 was implanted in 24 @entity1 at the end of the follow-up period. The WCD is effective in detecting and treating @entity1165 in @entity1 with an intermittently increased risk for @entity1164 . Further use of the system in larger @entity1 populations is needed to confirm its safety and cost effectiveness.

title: [The Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator (WCD) for the prevention of XXXX -- a single center experience].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

answer: @entity1164 :: (MESH:D016757,Disease) :: ['sudden cardiac death']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A variety of factors are predictors of @entity0 risk. However, the studies conducted to establish these risk factors have rarely included African American @entity1 . The few studies with sufficient numbers of African-American @entity1 suggest that risk factors for @entity0 among African-American @entity1 are similar to those of white @entity1 . Although risk factors may be similar for African-American and white @entity1 , differences in the prevalence of risk factors may explain the differences in patterns of incidence. METHODS: The authors reviewed the epidemiologic studies of @entity0 among African-American @entity1 and identified resources with information regarding the prevalence of risk factors among African American and white @entity1 . RESULTS: Considerable variation exists in the studies of @entity0 risk factors among African American @entity1 . Because few studies have included sufficient numbers of African-American @entity1 , no firm conclusions can be drawn regarding whether risk estimates for African American @entity1 differ from those of white @entity1 . Estimates of the prevalence of @entity0 risk factors indicate that African American and white @entity1 differ in terms of their ages at menarche, menstrual cycle patterns, birth rates, lactation histories, patterns of oral contraceptive use, levels of @entity28 , frequency of menopausal hormone use, physical activity patterns, and @entity167 intake. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factor profile of African-American @entity1 appears to differ from that of white @entity1 . This may explain in part, the higher incidence rates for African Americans before age 45 years and the lower incidence rates at older ages. Discussions of these data at a workshop highlighted the need for future research on @entity0 risk among African Americans. This research should acknowledge the heterogeneous heritage, cultural beliefs, and cultural knowledge of African-American @entity1 . Studies conducted in collaboration with the African-American community of @entity1 and with the @entity0 advocacy community can benefit from assistance in the design of questionnaires and recruitment of @entity1 .

title: Ethnicity-related variation in XXXX risk factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: As @entity11189 causes @entity8884 and its @entity137 is enhanced by a low protein diet, digestive enzymes formed in the pancreas apparently are influenced by @entity11189 . This hypothesis was investigated in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment. Six groups of 10 egg-type @entity1573 per treatment were analyzed for the absence and presence of @entity11189 (0 and 4 micrograms/g diet) and for normal (12.75%) and low (10.00%) protein in soy-dextrose diets. The specific activities of pancreatic chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase, but not trypsin, were increased significantly (P less than .01) by @entity11189 . Lowering dietary protein had no effect by itself except to increase amylase activity. Low protein and @entity11189 interacted to lessen but not prevent the effect of @entity11189 on chymotrypsin and amylase. Calculation of total pancreatic activities revealed that @entity11189 increased trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase to 107, 169, 113, and 119%, respectively, of control values on the low protein diet, whereas values were 99, 175, 115, and 115%, respectively, on the normal protein diet. Neither @entity11189 nor low protein altered significantly (P less than .05) the lipid content of fecal material. Thus, aflatoxicosis in egg-type @entity1573 is characterized by a surplus of some digestive enzymes and by normal fecal lipids in contrast to the specific @entity17326 and @entity6123 reported earlier in meat-type @entity1573 . Whereas @entity8884 caused by @entity11189 in broilers can be accounted for in part by impaired digestion, this mechanism apparently does not occur in egg-type @entity1573 .

title: Enhanced production of pancreatic digestive enzymes during aflatoxicosis in egg-type XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity8884 :: ('MESH:D008286', 'Disease') :: ['malabsorption']

entities_list: @entity6123 :: ('MESH:D045602', 'Disease') :: ['steatorrhea']

entities_list: @entity11189 :: ('MESH:D000348', 'Chemical') :: ['aflatoxin']

entities_list: @entity17326 :: ('MESH:D008072', 'Disease') :: ['deficiency of amylase and lipase']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chickens']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9646 replacement therapy (HRT) has proven and presumable benefits for @entity1 desiring postmenopausal health preservation. Among HRT-associated risks, the fear of @entity0 intimidates @entity1 and physicians contemplating hormonal treatment and limits long-term compliance. Identifying effective alternative medications that are not associated with @entity0 or that even may prevent its development would be a major advance. METHODS: This article discusses the clinical perspective of HRT and selective @entity172 receptor modulators (SERMs) in light of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of @entity172 and @entity1420 action on the breast. Emphasis is placed on the potential of selective receptor modulation as the future of postmenopausal treatment. RESULTS: Current epidemiologic evidence suggests that HRT is associated with a small but substantial increase in the risk of @entity0 , and combined @entity172 - @entity1420 regimens further increase this hazard. Ample biologic data support this clinical association and propose multiple molecular mechanisms for the effects of @entity172 and @entity1420 on breast cells. SERMs are a novel class of drugs that demonstrate @entity172 agonistic and antagonistic actions in a tissue specific manner. SERMs act by binding the @entity172 receptor and selectively modulating its effect on gene transcription at target tissues. CONCLUSIONS: SERMs offer an alternative to HRT that can successfully circumvent the intimidating side-effect of @entity0 . Further insight into the molecular mechanisms of SERM action may enable the development of agents with improved target-tissue selectivity. Identifying selective modulators with unique pharmacologic properties would facilitate the creation of individualized treatment for the postmenopausal @entity1 according to her particular predisposition for menopause-related morbidities and her overall clinical profile.

title: Selective modulation of postmenopausal @entity1 : cutting the Gordian knot of hormone replacement therapy with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9646 replacement therapy (HRT) has proven and presumable benefits for @entity1 desiring postmenopausal health preservation. Among HRT-associated risks, the fear of @entity0 intimidates @entity1 and physicians contemplating hormonal treatment and limits long-term compliance. Identifying effective alternative medications that are not associated with @entity0 or that even may prevent its development would be a major advance. METHODS: This article discusses the clinical perspective of HRT and selective @entity172 receptor modulators (SERMs) in light of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of @entity172 and @entity1420 action on the breast. Emphasis is placed on the potential of selective receptor modulation as the future of postmenopausal treatment. RESULTS: Current epidemiologic evidence suggests that HRT is associated with a small but substantial increase in the risk of @entity0 , and combined @entity172 - @entity1420 regimens further increase this hazard. Ample biologic data support this clinical association and propose multiple molecular mechanisms for the effects of @entity172 and @entity1420 on breast cells. SERMs are a novel class of drugs that demonstrate @entity172 agonistic and antagonistic actions in a tissue specific manner. SERMs act by binding the @entity172 receptor and selectively modulating its effect on gene transcription at target tissues. CONCLUSIONS: SERMs offer an alternative to HRT that can successfully circumvent the intimidating side-effect of @entity0 . Further insight into the molecular mechanisms of SERM action may enable the development of agents with improved target-tissue selectivity. Identifying selective modulators with unique pharmacologic properties would facilitate the creation of individualized treatment for the postmenopausal @entity1 according to her particular predisposition for menopause-related morbidities and her overall clinical profile.

title: Selective modulation of postmenopausal XXXX : cutting the Gordian knot of hormone replacement therapy with @entity0 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity693 should be suspected in a @entity1 who presents with @entity221 , @entity693 , or severe @entity10 . A careful physical examination should be performed of perimeningeal foci, with emphasis on the sinuses, ears, throat, neck, and lungs. A history of exposure to @entity378 , @entity1800 , rodents, or suspicious dairy products or farm animals may give clues to the source of the @entity693 . Immunosuppression through the use of @entity288 or chemotherapy for such conditions as @entity978 , @entity706 , @entity1778 , @entity3147 , or @entity791 ( @entity791 ) should also be noted and alert the clinician to the possible presence of an unusual pathogen. @entity693 associated with @entity1778 or most of the @entity784 is likely to be from a common bacterial agent (often Listeria), unless the @entity1 is being treated with a @entity134 or is receiving other chemotherapy. @entity1 with @entity978 or @entity791 or who have been treated with a @entity134 are more likely to have cryptococcal or @entity1906 . Neonates and the very elderly may present with only irritability or lethargy and @entity221 , without any of the other common symptoms. In neonates up to one week of age, group B @entity883 should be suspected. Gram-negative organisms should be suspected in elderly @entity1 and those who have had neurosurgery. In @entity1 with CSF shunts, infection with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus should be assumed and these @entity1 are treated empirically until results of cultures are received. Several noninfectious conditions may mimic @entity693 , as may some unusual causes of @entity693 (eg, @entity1065 and @entity2040 ), which have not been discussed in this article.

title: The many causes of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['acquired immunodeficiency syndrome', 'AIDS']

entities_list: @entity883 :: ('MESH:D013290', 'Disease') :: ['streptococcal infection']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['non-T-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningism', 'infectious meningitis', 'Meningitis', 'meningitis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral disease']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1906 :: ('MESH:D014390', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous meningitis']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity693 :: (MESH:D008581,Disease) :: ['meningitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the longitudinal change in visual acuity (VA) in the oldest members of the elderly population, to estimate future numbers of @entity1 with @entity227 , and to estimate needs for and the effects of visual rehabilitation. METHODS: In the Gerontological and Geriatric Population Studies in Gothenburg, Sweden (H 70), subjects underwent repeated eye examinations at the ages of 70, 82, 88, 95 and 97 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the probability of independent living as a function of distance VA at different ages. RESULTS: Rates of normal VA (>or= 0.8) declined from 86% of the study group at age 70 to 7% of the study group at age 95 (0% at age 97). The incidence of VA <or= 0.1 increased from 1.4% at age 70 to 27% (all @entity1 ) at age 97. The deterioration was faster at higher ages. No statistically significant difference in best-corrected distance VA between genders was found. A substantial improvement was achieved by correcting @entity2516 . There was a statistically significant correlation between distance VA and the probability of independent living at all ages except age 97. At ages 95 and 97, about 50% of the study group were able to read newspaper print with best-corrected glasses. CONCLUSIONS: The number of old @entity1 with @entity227 will increase. @entity1 aged 80 years and older should have regular eye-screening in order to preserve vision and present conditions of living. @entity231 surgery and @entity4064 rehabilitation should be offered when the subject can still benefit from it, preferably during their 80s at the latest.

title: XXXX needs in an urban Swedish population followed from the ages of 70 to 97 years of age.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'People']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['impaired vision', 'visual impairments']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['Cataract']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive errors']

entities_list: @entity4064 :: ('MESH:D015354', 'Disease') :: ['low vision']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['A longitudinal study of visual acuity and visual rehabilitation']


abstract: The purpose of the present study was to clarify the percentage of @entity1 with @entity9054 ( @entity9054 ) who also have @entity146 . A survey of comorbidity observed in @entity1 with @entity9054 , was carried out on 33 subjects from a disciplinary facility for @entity1 . Female teachers as the mother were interviewed as regards the subjects' condition using the semistructured interview, and male teachers as the father were interviewed for their psychosocial problems. The subjects underwent the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for @entity1 (WISC)-III and their conditions were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 (4th edn; DSM-IV). Of the 33 @entity1 , 27 were diagnosed as having @entity9054 . Of the 27 @entity9054 @entity1 , 18 (67%) were diagnosed as having @entity71 ( @entity71 ), and 19 (70%) had oppositional defiant feature (ODF). Eight @entity1 (30%) were diagnosed as having @entity1032 and in seven @entity1 (26%), the verbal IQ was significantly lower than the performance IQ. Two (7%) were diagnosed as having @entity245 ( @entity245 ). Of 27 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity9054 , 23 (85%) had some @entity146 . The classification of these @entity146 into the following three types appeared to be clinically useful: type 1, @entity71 and ODF; type 2, low intelligence, especially low verbal intelligence; and type 3, @entity245 . To understand and treat @entity1 with @entity9054 , the accurate diagnosis of these underlying @entity146 is indispensable.

title: @entity146 among XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Mental Disorders', 'behavioral and developmental disorders']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention deficit hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['pervasive developmental disorders', 'PDD']

entities_list: @entity9054 :: ('MESH:D019955', 'Disease') :: ['CD', 'conduct disorder']

answer: @entity9054 :: (MESH:D019955,Disease) :: ['conduct disorder']


abstract: The purpose of the present study was to clarify the percentage of @entity1 with @entity9054 ( @entity9054 ) who also have @entity146 . A survey of comorbidity observed in @entity1 with @entity9054 , was carried out on 33 subjects from a disciplinary facility for @entity1 . Female teachers as the mother were interviewed as regards the subjects' condition using the semistructured interview, and male teachers as the father were interviewed for their psychosocial problems. The subjects underwent the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for @entity1 (WISC)-III and their conditions were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 (4th edn; DSM-IV). Of the 33 @entity1 , 27 were diagnosed as having @entity9054 . Of the 27 @entity9054 @entity1 , 18 (67%) were diagnosed as having @entity71 ( @entity71 ), and 19 (70%) had oppositional defiant feature (ODF). Eight @entity1 (30%) were diagnosed as having @entity1032 and in seven @entity1 (26%), the verbal IQ was significantly lower than the performance IQ. Two (7%) were diagnosed as having @entity245 ( @entity245 ). Of 27 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity9054 , 23 (85%) had some @entity146 . The classification of these @entity146 into the following three types appeared to be clinically useful: type 1, @entity71 and ODF; type 2, low intelligence, especially low verbal intelligence; and type 3, @entity245 . To understand and treat @entity1 with @entity9054 , the accurate diagnosis of these underlying @entity146 is indispensable.

title: XXXX among @entity9054 .

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['Behavioral and developmental disorders']


abstract: The Bronx waltzer (bv) deaf @entity19 is characterized by massive degeneration of the primary auditory receptors, the inner hair cells, which occurs during the time of expected afferent synaptogenesis. The process is associated with degeneration and protracted division of the normally postmitotic afferent @entity528 . To investigate the potential role of neurotrophins in the afferent synaptogenesis of inner hair cells, we exposed bv newborn cochleas in organotypic culture to @entity9140 ( @entity9140 ), @entity9139 ( @entity9139 ) and nerve growth factor (NGF), and also to @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ), for up to 8 days. The study was done using light and electron microscopy. Only about 20% of the inner hair cells survived in culture, regardless of the treatment, similar to the number in the intact mutant in our colony. Depending on the exogenous treatment, this population consisted of either innervated ultrastructurally normal cells or denervated dedifferentiated cells wrapped-in lieu of nerve endings-by the supporting inner phalangeal and border cells. In the control and @entity1246 cultures, inner hair cells were mostly denervated. @entity9140 and @entity9139 alone or combined increased synaptogenesis and hair cell survival only during the first 3 days (by about 10%); however, the cells became denervated by 8 @entity16843 ( @entity16843 ). Only NGF induced stable innervation and differentiation of neurosensory relationships, including supernumerary innervation characteristic of the intact bv. Denervation among the remaining 20% of inner hair cells induced a reactive wrapping by inner phalangeal and border cells which evidently extended inner hair cell survival. Immunocytochemical studies of these reactive supporting cells were done in the intact (8 @entity16843 ) mutant cochlea. The supporting cells that provide sustenance to the denervated inner hair cells displayed strong @entity9140 (and possibly @entity9139 ) immunoreactivity. Subsequently, we revealed the presence of all three neurotrophins in the inner hair cell region of the developing (1-8 @entity16843 ) cochlea of the normal ICR @entity19 . The inner hair cells expressed all three neurotrophins; @entity9140 prevailed in the inner phalangeal cells, @entity9139 in the pillar cells and inner phalangeal cells, and NGF in the pillar cells. IN CONCLUSION: initially, the 80% loss of inner hair cells is apparently caused by their failed afferent synaptogenesis. Exogenous neurotrophins influence synaptogenesis in the bv in culture, but NGF alone is successful in promoting stable neurosensory relationships. The presence of neurotrophins in supporting cells in the normal and degenerating cochlea indicates their role in the sustenance of inner hair cells.

title: Influence of neurotrophins on the synaptogenesis of inner hair cells in the deaf Bronx waltzer (bv) XXXX organ of Corti in culture.

entities_list: @entity9140 :: ('12064(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['brain-derived neurotrophic factor', 'BDNF']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['spiral ganglion neurons']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between methods used to develop clinical practice guidelines and the recommendations that are made. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for @entity101 or @entity407 . OUTCOMES MEASURED: Two @entity1 independently appraised guideline methods by using 8 criteria and the @entity146 of recommendations for treatment thresholds, initial drug selection, and screening. RESULTS: We identified 33 guidelines. Only 6 fulfilled 5 or more of the 8 criteria. For 5 of the criteria, fewer than 50% of the guidelines fulfilled those criteria. There was wide variation in recommendations for treatment thresholds, drug selection, and @entity165 screening. Guidelines that did not fulfill the criteria tended to suggest more @entity146 recommendations than did guidelines that met the criteria. For 6 of the 8 criteria, guidelines published by specialty societies were less likely to fulfill them compared with guidelines not published by specialty societies. CONCLUSIONS: Guideline developers who did not use rigorous methods tended to promote intervening more aggressively for @entity101 and @entity407 .

title: The relation between methods and recommendations in clinical practice guidelines for XXXX and @entity407 .

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive', 'aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between methods used to develop clinical practice guidelines and the recommendations that are made. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for @entity101 or @entity407 . OUTCOMES MEASURED: Two @entity1 independently appraised guideline methods by using 8 criteria and the @entity146 of recommendations for treatment thresholds, initial drug selection, and screening. RESULTS: We identified 33 guidelines. Only 6 fulfilled 5 or more of the 8 criteria. For 5 of the criteria, fewer than 50% of the guidelines fulfilled those criteria. There was wide variation in recommendations for treatment thresholds, drug selection, and @entity165 screening. Guidelines that did not fulfill the criteria tended to suggest more @entity146 recommendations than did guidelines that met the criteria. For 6 of the 8 criteria, guidelines published by specialty societies were less likely to fulfill them compared with guidelines not published by specialty societies. CONCLUSIONS: Guideline developers who did not use rigorous methods tended to promote intervening more aggressively for @entity101 and @entity407 .

title: The relation between methods and recommendations in clinical practice guidelines for @entity101 and XXXX .

answer: @entity407 :: (MESH:D006949,Disease) :: ['hyperlipidemia']


abstract: Common fragile sites are non-randomly distributed unstable chromosomal regions thought to be hot spots for recombination. They appear as gaps, breaks and triradial figures when cells are cultured under conditions that inhibit replication or repair of DNA. The removal of replication-inhibitory challenges is followed by repair activation to restore the DNA damage at the fragile site. The @entity0 cell line MDA-MB-436 has a spontaneous and non-random expression pattern of fragile sites that appear to be related to the complex pattern of chromosomal rearrangements. The high frequency of which fragile sites are spontaneously activated should make @entity1 cells a powerful tool to study in greater detail the DNA sequences of a multiplicity of fragile sites. Here, we have explored if the DNA at spontaneously activated fragile sites in @entity1 cells can be genetically tagged by the repair-mediated insertion of an exogenously supplied drug resistance gene. The cells were transfected with pSV2Neo, stably transfected clones were selected with @entity5154 , and the sites of pSV2Neo integration were determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Eighty-eight of 100 isolated clones had a non-random distribution of a total of 112 pSV2Neo integrations. Of these, 95 integrations (85%) coincide with the position at which non-random gaps and breaks appear in the @entity1 cells. Forty-nine (44%) of the 112 integrations appeared to be at position of known fragile sites, 46 (41%) were at the non-random chromosomal sites not previously described as "true" fragile sites. It is possible, however, that these non-random instabilities signal of genomic regions equivalent to fragile sites, that either have not previously been detected due to low level expression or that are activated in a tissue- or cell-type-specific manner. Collectively, our results show a preferential integration of exogenous DNA into fragile sites and other non-random regions of high genomic instability in @entity1 cells. This approach has provided a platform for the efficient targeted cloning and characterization of a substantial number of both common fragile sites and other non-random instability regions possibly related to @entity0 , and possibly also to other types of @entity5 .

title: Preferential integration of a transfected marker gene into spontaneously expressed fragile sites of a XXXX cell line.

entities_list: @entity5154 :: ('MESH:D009355', 'Chemical') :: ['neomycin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have previously described a mixed chimerism protocol that avoids @entity558 and permits @entity1583 cell transplantation across MHC barriers without the need for whole body irradiation in miniature @entity1707 . Here, we report our current experience including animals conditioned without thymic irradiation, and we attempt to define the relationship between long-term chimerism and stable tolerance in these animals. METHODS: Recipient @entity1707 received in vivo T-cell depletion, with or without thymic irradiation on day -2. @entity205 was administered for 30 to 60 days beginning on day -1. A total of 1 to 2 x 10(10) /kg cytokine-mobilized donor @entity1583 cells were infused during 3 days. Chimerism was determined by flow cytometry. In vitro tolerance assays and donor-matched kidney transplantation were performed after cessation of @entity205 . RESULTS: Most recipients maintained stable chimerism (26 of 35) and were specifically tolerant to donor-matched cells in vitro regardless of whether they received thymic irradiation. Donor-matched kidney transplantations performed in chimeric animals without in vitro antidonor immune responses were accepted without immunosuppression. Some animals developed in vitro evidence of antidonor MHC responsiveness despite the persistence of donor cells in the peripheral blood. Donor-matched kidney transplantations performed in the face of these responses were rejected. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that this nonmyelosuppressive protocol can induce stable chimerism and robust tolerance even in animals conditioned without thymic irradiation. However, the data also demonstrate that macrochimerism does not always correlate with tolerance. Lack of in vitro antidonor immune responses in chimeric animals is an important predictor of renal allograft acceptance in this model.

title: Variable relationship between chimerism and tolerance after @entity1583 cell transplantation without XXXX .

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['myelosuppressive conditioning']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine', 'cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic']

answer: @entity558 :: (MESH:C536528,Disease) :: ['myelosuppressive conditioning']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have previously described a mixed chimerism protocol that avoids @entity558 and permits @entity1583 cell transplantation across MHC barriers without the need for whole body irradiation in miniature @entity1707 . Here, we report our current experience including animals conditioned without thymic irradiation, and we attempt to define the relationship between long-term chimerism and stable tolerance in these animals. METHODS: Recipient @entity1707 received in vivo T-cell depletion, with or without thymic irradiation on day -2. @entity205 was administered for 30 to 60 days beginning on day -1. A total of 1 to 2 x 10(10) /kg cytokine-mobilized donor @entity1583 cells were infused during 3 days. Chimerism was determined by flow cytometry. In vitro tolerance assays and donor-matched kidney transplantation were performed after cessation of @entity205 . RESULTS: Most recipients maintained stable chimerism (26 of 35) and were specifically tolerant to donor-matched cells in vitro regardless of whether they received thymic irradiation. Donor-matched kidney transplantations performed in chimeric animals without in vitro antidonor immune responses were accepted without immunosuppression. Some animals developed in vitro evidence of antidonor MHC responsiveness despite the persistence of donor cells in the peripheral blood. Donor-matched kidney transplantations performed in the face of these responses were rejected. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that this nonmyelosuppressive protocol can induce stable chimerism and robust tolerance even in animals conditioned without thymic irradiation. However, the data also demonstrate that macrochimerism does not always correlate with tolerance. Lack of in vitro antidonor immune responses in chimeric animals is an important predictor of renal allograft acceptance in this model.

title: Variable relationship between chimerism and tolerance after XXXX cell transplantation without @entity558 .

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematopoietic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bilateral adrenalectomy to control symptoms of @entity699 after failed transsphenoidal operation is effective. We examined surgical outcomes and quality of life after laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy for the treatment of @entity699 . METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 underwent laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy from November 1994 through December 2000. @entity1 data were obtained from chart reviews. @entity1 completed a follow-up survey including the SF-36 health survey (QualityMetric Inc, Lincoln, Neb). RESULTS: Laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy was accomplished in all 18 @entity1 . There was 1 intraoperative complication of a colotomy, and 2 postoperative complications including 1 @entity548 . Three @entity1 died at 12, 19, and 50 months after operation. At a median follow-up of 29 months, @entity1 reported improvement in all Cushing's-related symptoms. Nine of 11 @entity1 who responded to the survey stated their heath was improved after adrenalectomy. Results of the SF-36 health survey showed significantly lower scores in all 8 measured parameters when compared with the general population. CONCLUSIONS: Results of laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy show this procedure is comparable with open adrenalectomy in controlling symptoms of @entity699 . Despite @entity1 reported improvement in health after adrenalectomy, this @entity1 population continues to experience poor health as measured by the SF-36 when compared with the general population.

title: Quality of life after laparoscopic bilateral adrenalectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's disease"]

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic pseudocyst and 1 hemorrhage']

answer: @entity699 :: (MESH:D003480,Disease) :: ['Cushing's disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Graft nephrectomy is the treatment of choice in @entity1 with graft intolerance syndrome, but it is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. @entity8 has been suggested as a possible alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of @entity1416 of these nonfunctioning transplanted kidneys. METHODS: Twenty-six transplanted kidneys in 25 @entity1 with irreversible renal graft rejection and graft intolerance who underwent @entity1416 at our center from August 1994 to April 2001 were analyzed for procedural success and long-term outcome. Embolization was performed with absolute @entity167 or with @entity4832 (Ivalon) and coils. RESULTS: Twenty-four of the 26 (92%) procedures were technically successful, but in one @entity1 only partial occlusion of one of two renal arteries was achieved, and in another the renal artery was already completely occluded. There were two major complications: @entity2885 necessitating nephrectomy and groin abscess that was drained. Follow-up ranged from 8 to 84 months. Clinical success was achieved in 24 of the 26 procedures (92%), and only in one @entity1 did embolization fail to relieve the symptoms, and nephrectomy was performed 3 months later. CONCLUSION: @entity8 is a simple, safe and effective technique for the treatment of nonfunctioning renal allografts associated with graft intolerance syndrome. We suggest that it be considered the treatment of choice.

title: Nonfunctioning XXXX as an alternative to graft nephrectomy: report on seven years' experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal vascular embolization']

entities_list: @entity4832 :: ('MESH:D011142', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl alcohol']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1416 :: ('MESH:D020762', 'Disease') :: ['arterial embolization']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['emphysematous pyelonephritis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal allograft embolization']


abstract: AIM: The article focuses on the radioprotective effect of acute @entity519 on healthy tissues during preoperative accelerated hypoxyradiotherapy of @entity14 performed as locoregional irradiation including the common iliac lymph nodes. Analysis of early and late side effects and complications. @entity1 AND METHODS: In this prospective study, early and late complications were assessed in 50 @entity1 as a function of hypoxyradiotherapeutic dose increase. The preliminary treatment results of this radiotherapeutic modification were evaluated after a median follow-up of 48 months using Kaplen-Meier analysis. Between April 1991 and February 1997, 50 @entity1 (36 @entity1 and 14 @entity1 ) with @entity14 were treated preoperatively with locoregional accelerated hypofractionated hypoxyradiotherapy. The extent of disease was classified according to Dukes' criteria (A: four @entity1 , B. 28 @entity1 , C: 18 @entity1 ). We used a 20-MeV linear accelerator with two parallel opposed fields. Hypoxyradiotherapy was performed extending from the perineum to the L4 region. Acute @entity519 was induced during irradiation by ventilation of a @entity519 gas mixture containing 7.8-8.0% @entity26 . Total doses of 24 Gy/8 days, 28 Gy/9 days, and 32 Gy/10 days were applied in five, 20, and 25 @entity1 , respectively. Low anterior resection or abdominoperineal amputation of the rectum was performed the day after completion of preoperative hypoxyradiotherapy. The early reactions after irradiation were evaluated according to the Common @entity137 Criteria of the National @entity5 Institute (CTC-NCI). RESULTS: Early postirradiation @entity4272 was documented in three and early radiation-induced @entity2335 in two @entity1 only. Neither early nor late radiation-associated complications were observed in any of the three hypoxyradiotherapy schedules during the follow-up period of 6-105 months. Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis (median 48 months), a 5-year overall survival rate of 61.5% and a local relapse-free survival rate of 84.2% can be expected. Treatment failures were predominantly systemic. CONCLUSION: We believe it can be concluded that acute @entity519 has a radioprotective effect on normal tissues during accelerated hypoxyradiotherapy of @entity14 . Hypoxyradiotherapy permits safe administration of doses higher than those tolerated by normoxic, noncanceorus tissue, resulting in the amplification of the biological effect of radiation on @entity5 tissue and contributing to an improved outcome after combined radiosurgical treatment of @entity14 .

title: Preoperative hypoxyradiotherapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity4272 :: ('MESH:D011349', 'Disease') :: ['proctitis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: Patterns of gene expression are under precise spatial and temporal control. A particularly striking example is represented by several members of the zig gene family, which code for secreted immunoglobulin domain proteins required for maintaining ventral nerve cord organization in @entity2199 . These genes are coordinately expressed in a single interneuron in the ventral nerve cord, known as PVT. Their expression is initiated at a precise postembryonic stage, long after PVT has been generated in mid-embryogenesis. We define spatial and temporal cues that are required for the precise regulation of zig gene expression. We find that two LIM homeobox genes, the Lhx3-class gene @entity71079 and the Lmx-class gene @entity44416 are coordinately required for zig gene expression in PVT. Temporal control of zig gene expression is conferred by the heterochronic gene @entity58559 , a nuclear factor previously implicated in developmental timing in various contexts. Loss of the @entity44416 and @entity71079 transcription factors and the developmental timer @entity58559 cause not only a loss of zig gene expression but also lead to defects in the maintenance of ventral nerve cord architecture. Overriding the normal spatiotemporal control of zig gene expression through expression of one of the zig genes under control of heterologous promoters also causes axon patterning defects in the ventral nerve cord. Our findings illustrate the importance of spatial and temporal control of gene expression in the nervous system and, furthermore, implicate heterochronic genes in postmitotic neural patterning events.

title: Identification of spatial and temporal cues that regulate postembryonic expression of axon maintenance factors in the XXXX ventral nerve cord.

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['C. elegans']


abstract: The mechanisms causing high blood pressure in @entity1 with @entity699 were investigated by measurements of humoral factors and pharmacological maneuvers. Twelve @entity1 with @entity652 were studied. The mean systolic and diastolic pressures of the @entity1 were 171 +/- 28 and 109 +/- 15 mm Hg (+/- SEM), respectively, which were significantly higher than those of normal subjects. PRA, plasma @entity916 concentration, plasma @entity916 substrate, plasma @entity701 , plasma @entity1369 , urinary @entity7199 , and urinary @entity1421 were measured as the humoral factors. PC values were markedly elevated in @entity1 with @entity699 . Among the components of the @entity916 -angiotensin system, only plasma @entity916 substrate was increased. Urinary kallikrein and @entity1421 were decreased in @entity1 with @entity699 . Oral administration of @entity3371 lowered blood pressure, but infusion of an @entity2178 analog did not. Furthermore, the pressor responses to infusion of both @entity1063 and @entity2178 were increased. We conclude that blood pressure is elevated in @entity1 with @entity699 because they have enhanced pressor responses to vasoactive substances, suppression of depressor systems, and some abnormalities of the @entity916 -angiotensin system.

title: Multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity7199 :: ('MESH:D007610', 'Chemical') :: ['kallikrein']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal adenomas']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity699 :: (MESH:D003480,Disease) :: ['Cushing's syndrome']


abstract: One hundred @entity1 female breasts surgically removed by radical mastectomy for clinical @entity5 were analyzed under a dissecting microscope to search for other submacroscopic (less than 0.5 cm) foci collateral to and independent from the clinical one. These foci were found in 36 percent of cases, either in situ (17 percent), or infiltrating (12 percent), or both in situ and infiltrating (7 percent). This high percentage of @entity5 confirms previous data, suggesting the wide intramammary distribution of @entity0 . Multicentricity appears to be significantly associated with the incidence of @entity0 (p less than 0.05) and advanced @entity1 age in the range between 71 and 80 years (p less than 0.005). Axillary lymph node metastases are significantly associated with @entity5 (p less than 0.025), but not with submacroscopic foci of infiltrating @entity5 and the general character of the mammary glandular parenchyma, @entity5 size or histologic type of the clinical @entity5 . The critical question is whether multicentricity makes a difference clinically and especially to @entity1 who do not have their entire breast removed. Radical mastectomy results in a severe cosmetic and functional problem for @entity1 . According to many authors, the goal of the treatment should be the removal of @entity0 by conservative surgical techniques (lumpectomy, subcutaneous mastectomy, quadrantectomy), using adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The use of radiotherapy as primary treatment of early @entity0 has been also suggested. There is disagreement about surgical management of @entity0 . In fact, some investigators emphasize that the natural biologic history of @entity5 has not been documented by any adequate follow-up series in @entity1 who do not have their entire breast removed. Thus far, no difference has been seen in disease-free or overall survival between groups of @entity1 with early @entity0 treated by an alternative therapeutic procedure and @entity1 treated by radical mastectomy. However, Veronesi et al. (1981) refer to 4 second @entity5 of the ipsilateral breast in the 352 cases of small @entity5 treated by quadrantectomy, axillary dissection, and adjuvant radiotherapy. Moreover, Hellman et al. (1980), using radiation therapy without mastectomy for the primary treatment of 176 @entity1 with early @entity0 , found 1 case of new @entity5 in a separate quadrant. Further evaluation is necessary to establish the long-term results of the alternative treatments of @entity0 and for the understanding of the clinical significance of microscopic @entity5 in the mammary gland.

title: Multicentricity in XXXX : a submacroscopic study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'familial breast cancer', 'breast cancer disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['multiple cancer', 'tumor', 'primary tumors', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'multicentric cancers', 'collateral foci of in situ cancer', 'multifocal tumor', 'neoplasm']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The @entity669 kinase activity of the insulin receptor was examined in fat cells made insulin resistant by @entity3190 . Adipocytes previously treated for 16 h in vitro with 0.1 microM insulin were markedly insensitive to insulin as shown by the requirement of 2.3-fold higher concentration of insulin to stimulate half-maximal activation of @entity413 metabolism ( @entity413 oxidation and @entity413 conversion to lipids). A similar rightward shift in the insulin dose-response curve was also evident for an insulin action not dependent on @entity413 metabolism, i.e. the inhibition of hormone-stimulated lipolysis. The almost 60% @entity1720 occurred in conjunction with a 37% loss in insulin-binding activity, an alteration caused by a reduction in the number of insulin receptors. Studies of @entity669 kinase activity demonstrated a preferential alteration in this insulin receptor property, in addition to the receptor loss. The insulin-stimulated Vmax for the phosphorylation of the artificial substrate, @entity367 80-Tyr20, was significantly reduced by almost 40%, when the activity was expressed per insulin binding and measured in a receptor preparation purified by @entity3505 germ affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation. An elevation in basal @entity669 kinase activity was also present, which correlated with a lower apparent Km for @entity855 (0.025 mM) in comparison to the Km of 0.070 mM for the receptors from control cells. These findings indicate the presence of two types of alterations that involve the insulin receptor and @entity3190 : one constituted by a modest @entity353 and a second by modifications in the @entity669 kinase activity of the remaining receptors. Both alterations are required to explain the magnitude of the insulin resistance that develops after 16 h of insulin treatment.

title: Alterations in the XXXX kinase activity of the insulin receptor produced by in vitro @entity3190 .

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in receptor number']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity1720 :: ('MESH:D007333', 'Disease') :: ['loss of insulin sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: The @entity669 kinase activity of the insulin receptor was examined in fat cells made insulin resistant by @entity3190 . Adipocytes previously treated for 16 h in vitro with 0.1 microM insulin were markedly insensitive to insulin as shown by the requirement of 2.3-fold higher concentration of insulin to stimulate half-maximal activation of @entity413 metabolism ( @entity413 oxidation and @entity413 conversion to lipids). A similar rightward shift in the insulin dose-response curve was also evident for an insulin action not dependent on @entity413 metabolism, i.e. the inhibition of hormone-stimulated lipolysis. The almost 60% @entity1720 occurred in conjunction with a 37% loss in insulin-binding activity, an alteration caused by a reduction in the number of insulin receptors. Studies of @entity669 kinase activity demonstrated a preferential alteration in this insulin receptor property, in addition to the receptor loss. The insulin-stimulated Vmax for the phosphorylation of the artificial substrate, @entity367 80-Tyr20, was significantly reduced by almost 40%, when the activity was expressed per insulin binding and measured in a receptor preparation purified by @entity3505 germ affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation. An elevation in basal @entity669 kinase activity was also present, which correlated with a lower apparent Km for @entity855 (0.025 mM) in comparison to the Km of 0.070 mM for the receptors from control cells. These findings indicate the presence of two types of alterations that involve the insulin receptor and @entity3190 : one constituted by a modest @entity353 and a second by modifications in the @entity669 kinase activity of the remaining receptors. Both alterations are required to explain the magnitude of the insulin resistance that develops after 16 h of insulin treatment.

title: Alterations in the @entity669 kinase activity of the insulin receptor produced by in vitro XXXX .

answer: @entity3190 :: (MESH:D006946,Disease) :: ['hyperinsulinemia']


abstract: Levels of phospholipid/ @entity141 -dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C, 80 kDa) and its presumed proteolytic fragments were quantified in a variety of animal tissues and cultured @entity1 leukemic cell lines (HL60 and K562) using an immunoblot analysis technique. Of many tissues examined, the @entity35 brain and HL60 cells were by far the richest sources of the 80-kDa native enzyme, with its concentration estimated to be about 2-3 microM in both tissues. The major enzyme species detected in most tissues, however, was the 67-kDa fragment; the 80-kDa native enzyme was present in a smaller amount except in spleen which contained nearly equal amounts of both enzyme species. It was also found that HL60 and K562 leukemic cells contained the 50-kDa species instead of the 67-kDa species. A study of the subcellular distribution of the 80- and 67-kDa species showed the enzyme to be localized predominantly in the soluble fraction for some tissues (e.g. heart) and nearly equally distributed between soluble and particulate fractions in others (e.g. spleen). In the brain, however, the majority of the enzyme was present in the particulate fraction, in agreement with the findings made with immunocytochemical localization of the enzyme. The total enzyme content in developing @entity35 brain and heart increased during the first 2 to 4 weeks following birth and decreased to 60% of peak levels in the adult. The present immunological method, showing for the first time that the tissue levels of phospholipid/ @entity141 -dependent protein kinase and its fragments can be quantitated, would be useful for studies on the regulation of cellular events and pathophysiology of tissues thought to be involved in this multi-functional protein phosphorylation system.

title: Immunological quantitation of phospholipid/ XXXX -dependent protein kinase and its fragments. Tissue levels, subcellular distribution, and ontogenetic changes in brain and heart.

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2+']


abstract: Macrophage @entity137 for @entity1327 was investigated by culturing @entity19 peritoneal macrophages with a thin-capsuled clone of @entity1327 under conditions permitting efficient phagocytosis. @entity375 replication was quantitated by electronic particle counting after detergent lysis of macrophages, and viability was determined by quantitative plate counts. Under appropriate conditions, reproduction was completely inhibited; stasis began at 2 hr after addition of @entity375 and lasted for 30 hr. During this time organisms in medium alone proliferated rapidly, doubling their number every 2.5 hr. After removal from macrophages, 60 to 100% of macrophage-inhibited cryptococci formed colonies, indicating that the cytotoxic effect was primarily fungistatic. When @entity375 cells were removed from macrophages, replication recommenced within 5 hr. Supernatant medium from fungistatic co-cultures was not inhibitory for fresh @entity375 cells. Conditions required for complete fungistasis were 1) peritoneal macrophages induced by peptone from BCG-infected @entity19 , 2) endotoxin in nanogram per milliliter range added to serum-containing cell culture medium, 3) confluent macrophage monolayers, and 4) macrophage:cryptococci ratios of 20 to 100:1. Fungistasis occurred without phagocytosis but was more efficient when cryptococci were engulfed. For efficient fungistasis, macrophages must differentiate to and be maintained in the activated state. These results with @entity375 cells agree with the known requirements for macrophage effector function against neoplastic target cells.

title: Macrophage-mediated fungistasis in vitro: requirements for intracellular and extracellular XXXX .

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'yeasts', 'Yeast']

entities_list: @entity1327 :: ('5207', 'Species') :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans', 'cryptococcus']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a new minimally invasive and cosmetic approach for partial @entity474 (PAVSD) repair. METHODS: From November 1997 to January 2000, six @entity1 with a mean age of 19.2 +/- 7.7 years underwent minimal right vertical infra-axillary thoracotomy (VIAT) for PAVSD repair. Left @entity338 was tested on the beating heart before and after valvuloplasty. Commissuroplasty of the left AV valve and @entity955 repair were done in all @entity1 . RESULTS: There was no operative or late mortality, and no morbidity directly related to the thoracotomy approach. The average length of the incision was 8.3 +/- 1.3 cm. The arrest times averaged 32.8 +/- 8.3 minutes, and the cardiopulmonary bypass times averaged 66.0 +/- 9.0 minutes. One @entity1 had mild-to-moderate left AV valve regurgitation postoperatively. All @entity1 were free of symptoms during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Minimal right VIAT is a safe, more cosmetic, and less invasive approach than median sternotomy for the repair of PAVSD.

title: Repair of partial XXXX through a minimal right vertical infra-axillary thoracotomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular (AV) valve regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septum']

entities_list: @entity474 :: ('MESH:C562831', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular septal defect']

answer: @entity474 :: (MESH:C562831,Disease) :: ['atrioventricular septal defect']


abstract: Thirty-three @entity1 with free perforation in @entity30 are described. There are 14 males and 19 females in this series with ages ranging from 14 to 79 years. The sites of perforation were 22 of the ileum, nine colonic, one jejunal, and one gastroduodenal. Toxic megacolon coexisted in two. Reperforation occurred in three. Free perforation was the presenting sign of the disease in three. @entity134 therapy coexisted in 16 @entity1 but in five was administered for less than 10 days before perforation. Obstruction coexisted in only three @entity1 . There were two deaths. Twenty-two @entity1 were treated with resection and diversion, nine @entity1 with resection and drainage, and two with plication only. No relationship between @entity134 therapy, duration of disease, @entity137 , or obstruction with perforation could be established. Resection of the perforated disease segment is necessary when possible. In contradistinction to previous literature, free perforation in @entity30 is not as unusual as heretofore believed.

title: Free perforation in XXXX : a report of 33 cases and review of literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxic dilatation']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of recurrence prophylaxis using radiation and chemotherapy following bladder conservation surgery for muscle invasive @entity150 . METHODS: 23 @entity1 with muscle invasive @entity150 were treated with radiotherapy combined with bladder mitomycin infusion after bladder conservation surgery (study group). Radiotherapy was given using an external beam at an average dose of 5148 +/- 462 cGy with conventional fractionation. For comparison, 29 similar @entity1 treated with postoperative bladder @entity1138 infusion without radiation served as control (control group). All @entity1 were followed up for more than 3 years, an average of 41.6 months (36 - 60 months). RESULTS: The 3-year pelvic recurrent rate of muscle invasive @entity150 was 17.4% in the study group and 44.8% (P = 0.036) in the control group. The 3-year distant @entity3 rates were 17.4% and 24.1%, respectively (P = 0.554). The 3-year overall survival rates were 81.8% and 86.2%, respectively (P = 0.670). Two @entity1 from the study group had their treatment interrupted, one for 3 days and the other for one week due to @entity2335 , while the rest of the @entity1 were able to complete the treatment according to schedule. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy after bladder conservation surgery for muscle invasive @entity150 can decrease the rate of pelvic recurrence effectively and be used as a realistic adjuvant treatment.

title: Combined modality therapy following bladder conservation surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['acute cystitis']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancers']