abstract: INTRODUCTION: The commensal intestinal microbiota drive the @entity32 associated with @entity30 . However, bacteria such as bifidobacteria and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii appear to be immunoregulatory. In healthy subjects the intestinal microbiota are influenced by prebiotic @entity3363 such as fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Preliminary data suggest that FOS increase faecal bifidobacteria, induce immunoregulatory dendritic cell (DC) responses and reduce disease activity in @entity1 with @entity30 . AIMS AND METHODS: To assess the impact of FOS in @entity1 with active @entity30 using an adequately powered randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial with predefined clinical, microbiological and immunological end points. @entity1 with active @entity30 were randomised to 15 g/day FOS or non-prebiotic placebo for 4 weeks. The primary end point was clinical response at week 4 (fall in @entity30 Activity Index of >=  70 points) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. RESULTS: 103 @entity1 were randomised to receive FOS (n = 54) or placebo (n = 49). More @entity1 receiving FOS (14 (26%) vs 4 (8%); p = 0.018) withdrew before the 4-week end point. There was no significant difference in the number of @entity1 achieving a clinical response between the FOS and placebo groups in the ITT analysis (12 (22%) vs 19 (39%), p = 0.067). @entity1 receiving FOS had reduced proportions of interleukin (IL)-6-positive lamina propria DC and increased DC staining of @entity688 (p < 0.05) but no change in IL-12p40 production. There were no significant differences in the faecal concentration of bifidobacteria and F prausnitzii between the groups at baseline or after the 4-week intervention. CONCLUSION: An adequately powered placebo-controlled trial of FOS showed no clinical benefit in @entity1 with active @entity30 , despite impacting on DC function. ISRCTN50422530.

title: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fructo-oligosaccharides in active XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's Disease", "Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: To evaluate the prognostic value of two-dimensional echocardiography we have studied 43 consecutive @entity1 during the acute stage of @entity583 . Recording of sufficient quality where obtained in 74% of the @entity1 . The extent of @entity296 was estimated by a left ventricular wall motion index (SFR). Regional dyssynergy was found in all @entity1 . Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic @entity1188 localization were in agreement in 93%. Four @entity1 died during hospitalization. The mean SFR in these @entity1 (2.04 +/- 0.46) was significantly higher than in surviving @entity1 (1.16 +/- 0.12; p less than 0.025). The SFR was higher than 2 in three of the four @entity1 who died. All surviving @entity1 had an SFR of 2 or less. In conclusion, two-dimensional echocardiography performed during the first hours of @entity583 serves to localize the @entity1188 and estimate the extent of @entity296 . In addition, this technique seems to offer an appropriate means of identifying high risk @entity1 .

title: [Prognostic value of bidimensional echocardiography in the acute phase of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarct']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In @entity2199 , the dosage compensation complex (DCC) specifically binds to and represses transcription from both X chromosomes in hermaphrodites. The DCC is composed of an X-specific condensin complex that interacts with several proteins. During embryogenesis, DCC starts localizing to the X chromosomes around the 40-cell stage, and is followed by X-enrichment of H4K20 @entity19 between 100-cell to comma stage. Here, we analyzed dosage compensation of the X chromosome between sexes, and the roles of @entity72420 (condensin subunit), @entity51575 (non-condensin DCC member), @entity66028 (H4K20 monomethylase) and @entity66029 (H4K20 di-/tri-methylase) in X chromosome repression using mRNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses across several developmental time points. We found that the DCC starts repressing the X chromosomes by the 40-cell stage, but X-linked transcript levels remain significantly higher in hermaphrodites compared to males through the comma stage of embryogenesis. @entity72420 and @entity51575 are required for X chromosome repression throughout development, but particularly in early embryos @entity72420 and @entity51575 mutations produced distinct expression changes, suggesting a DCC independent role for @entity51575 . We previously hypothesized that the DCC increases H4K20me1 by reducing @entity66029 activity on the X chromosomes. Accordingly, in the @entity66029 mutant, H4K20me1 increased more from the autosomes compared to the X, equalizing H4K20me1 level between X and autosomes. H4K20me1 increase on the autosomes led to a slight repression, resulting in a relative effect of X derepression. H4K20me1 depletion in the @entity66028 mutant showed greater X derepression compared to equalization of H4K20me1 levels between X and autosomes in the @entity66029 mutant, indicating that H4K20me1 level is important, but X to autosomal balance of H4K20me1 contributes only slightly to X-repression. Thus H4K20me1 by itself is not a downstream effector of the DCC. In summary, X chromosome dosage compensation starts in early embryos as the DCC localizes to the X, and is strengthened in later embryogenesis by H4K20me1.

title: Developmental Dynamics of X-Chromosome Dosage Compensation by the DCC and H4K20me1 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['C. elegans']


abstract: A controlled comparison of 3 short-course regimens was undertaken in @entity1 with newly diagnosed, sputum-positive, @entity1907 in South India. The regimens were: R3: @entity1215 plus @entity3639 plus @entity3109 plus @entity5585 daily for 3 months; 5: the same as regimen R3 followed by @entity3639 plus @entity3109 plus @entity5585 twice weekly for 2 months; Z5: the same as regimen R5 but without @entity1215 . The distributions of various pretreatment characteristics were similar in the 3 series. At the end of treatment, 6 @entity1 (3 R3, 3 Z5) of 694 (228 R3, 230 R5, 236 Z5) with drug-sensitive organisms initially were classified as having an unfavorable response. By 24 months (21 months of follow-up for the R3 regimen and 19 months for the R5 and Z5 regimens), a bacteriologic relapse requiring treatment occurred in 20% of 200 R3, 4% of 187 R5, and 13% of 199 Z5 @entity1 , the difference between the R3 and R5 series being highly significant (p = 0.00001). Considering @entity1 with cultures initially resistant to @entity3109 , 4 of 57 in the R3 and R5 series combined had an unfavorable response to treatment compared with 13 of 26 in the Z5 series (p less than 0.0001). Of the 4 @entity1 with an unfavorable response in the R3 and R5 series combined, resistance to @entity1215 emerged in 2. Complaints of @entity4841 were made by 45% of the R3 and R5 @entity1 combined and 70% of the Z5 @entity1 (p less than 0.00001). However, chemotherapy was modified in only 5 and 12%, respectively. @entity1087 occurred in 7% of the R3 and R5 @entity1 and 1% of the Z5 @entity1 (p less than 0.00001).

title: A controlled clinical trial of 3- and 5-month regimens in the treatment of sputum-positive XXXX in South India. Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras, and National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore.

entities_list: @entity5585 :: ('MESH:D011718', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrazinamide']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

entities_list: @entity3109 :: ('MESH:D007538', 'Chemical') :: ['isoniazid']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampin']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgia']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity1907 :: (MESH:D014397,Disease) :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Fatigue is a significant problem in approximately 50% of @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ) @entity1 , with 20% of all @entity1 experiencing significant or life-altering @entity1295 . Large-scale population studies show that @entity1295 has a major impact on quality of life (QoL) in @entity2835 , and that it disproportionately affects younger @entity1 . The presence of social dysfunction that accompanies @entity1295 appears to be a major factor in determining whether @entity1295 of a particular severity impacts on QoL. The pathogenesis of @entity1295 in @entity2835 remains unclear, although it is unrelated to the severity of underlying disease and is unresponsive to @entity10055 . Perhaps, unsurprisingly, it appears to be complex in origin, probably multifactorial in the majority of @entity1 and associated with @entity308 , @entity5433 and @entity25 . Clinically, @entity1295 has both central and peripheral components. The central component is associated with @entity73 and @entity25 and characterised by neurophysiological abnormalities of activation and facilitation, together with CNS changes. Peripheral @entity1295 is associated with @entity121 and an inability to sustain exercise. One hypothesis is that the central processes result directly from cholestasis, which impacts autonomic centres in the brain; these processes then regulate peripheral muscle perfusion, leading to systemic peripheral effects. At present, there is no specific drug therapy for @entity1295 in @entity2835 and no significant improvement following transplantation. In managing @entity1 with @entity1295 , understanding their situation is crucial and advice regarding pacing and maintaining social interactions is critical. Most important of all is an understanding of the impact this symptom has on @entity1 ' lives and an empathetic clinical interaction.

title: Fatigue in XXXX : Prevalence, Pathogenesis and Management.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity5433 :: ('MESH:C563939', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbance']

entities_list: @entity10055 :: ('MESH:D014580', 'Chemical') :: ['ursodeoxycholic acid']

answer: @entity2835 :: (MESH:D008105,Disease) :: ['Primary Biliary Cirrhosis']


abstract: This study examines the acute hemodynamic response to intravenous and oral @entity7604 in 12 @entity1 with moderate to moderately severe @entity712 . The @entity1 received @entity7604 or placebo at random in an 8-week double-blind trial. Dosing level and schedule were determined by the hemodynamic results. Acute and chronic plasma samples for @entity7604 concentration were drawn from @entity1 throughout the study. @entity7604 was administered intravenously in successive doses of 25, 50, and 75 micrograms/kg. This resulted in a 16.5%, 12.5%, and 28.4% peak increase in cardiac index, with a concomitant 24%, 29%, and 38% decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. There were no significant relationships between any of the mean maximal hemodynamic values and @entity7604 plasma concentration. Six @entity1 received @entity7604 and six @entity1 received placebo; only five @entity1 completed the blinded phase. There was no significant difference between the groups in exercise capacity, but the conditions of five of the six @entity1 who received placebo deteriorated. In two of the @entity1 who received @entity7604 the aerobic capacity improved greater than 2 cc/min/kg over baseline, and an additional two @entity1 reported a marked subjective improvement. The results of this study indicate that oral @entity7604 in the management of @entity1 with @entity712 would justify larger controlled studies.

title: @entity7604 in the treatment of XXXX : a controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity7604 :: ('MESH:D020105', 'Chemical') :: ['milrinone', 'Milrinone']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic cardiac failure', 'heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['chronic cardiac failure']


abstract: This study examines the acute hemodynamic response to intravenous and oral @entity7604 in 12 @entity1 with moderate to moderately severe @entity712 . The @entity1 received @entity7604 or placebo at random in an 8-week double-blind trial. Dosing level and schedule were determined by the hemodynamic results. Acute and chronic plasma samples for @entity7604 concentration were drawn from @entity1 throughout the study. @entity7604 was administered intravenously in successive doses of 25, 50, and 75 micrograms/kg. This resulted in a 16.5%, 12.5%, and 28.4% peak increase in cardiac index, with a concomitant 24%, 29%, and 38% decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. There were no significant relationships between any of the mean maximal hemodynamic values and @entity7604 plasma concentration. Six @entity1 received @entity7604 and six @entity1 received placebo; only five @entity1 completed the blinded phase. There was no significant difference between the groups in exercise capacity, but the conditions of five of the six @entity1 who received placebo deteriorated. In two of the @entity1 who received @entity7604 the aerobic capacity improved greater than 2 cc/min/kg over baseline, and an additional two @entity1 reported a marked subjective improvement. The results of this study indicate that oral @entity7604 in the management of @entity1 with @entity712 would justify larger controlled studies.

title: XXXX in the treatment of @entity712 : a controlled trial.

answer: @entity7604 :: (MESH:D020105,Chemical) :: ['Milrinone']


abstract: Intact spermatozoa from @entity1237 cauda epididymides possess an ecto-( @entity1919 -independent protein kinase) activity that causes transfer of the terminal @entity1391 of exogenously added [gamma-32P]ATP to the @entity563 and @entity1889 residues of several endogenous plasma-membrane phosphoproteins located on the external cell surface. @entity1919 , @entity8262 , calmodulin and muscle @entity1919 -dependent protein kinases I and II had no appreciable effect on the rate of phosphorylation of ecto-proteins by the intact cells. The ecto-enzyme is not derived from the catalytic subunit of a @entity1919 -dependent kinase. Sperm ecto-kinase activity is not due to contamination of broken cells or any possible cell damage during incubation and isolation of spermatozoa. The phosphorylation reaction was linear for approx. 1 min and there was no detectable uptake of @entity855 by these cells. The activity of the ecto-kinase was strongly inhibited by proteinases and by the membrane-nonpenetrating surface probes. The products of the reaction were associated with the intact cells and the 32P of the labelled cells was largely lost when treated with @entity6000 or proteinases: trypsin and pronase. These data are consistent with the view that the observed protein kinase and the phosphoproteins are located on the external surface of spermatozoa. Vigorously forward-motile whole spermatozoa showed a relatively high capacity to phosphorylate ecto-proteins that undergo rapid turnover. The results suggest the occurrence of a novel coupled-enzyme system (ecto-protein kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase) on the sperm external surface that may modulate sperm physiology by determining the phosphorylated states of the ecto-proteins.

title: Phosphorylation of external cell-surface proteins by an endogenous ecto-protein kinase of XXXX epididymal intact spermatozoa.

entities_list: @entity8262 :: ('MESH:D006152', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic GMP']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclic AMP', 'cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity1237 :: (9925,Species) :: ['goat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In male @entity19 , targeted disruption of the homeobox gene @entity30995 causes @entity246 and @entity249 . Genetic alterations in exon 1 of @entity35770 have been found in a high number of @entity1 with @entity246 . AIM: To evaluate whether mutations of @entity35770 can be a common cause of @entity246 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from 18 @entity1 with @entity246 (age 7-44 years; unilateral n = 13; no familial cases) and 28 healthy controls (age 9-39 years). @entity35770 was amplified by PCR and all coding sequences of exon 1 and 2 were sequenced. The PCR products were digested by ScrFI restriction enzyme and the restriction fragments obtained were analyzed on 2% agarose gel. RESULTS: One silent polymorphism, @entity72421 , was detected in 2/18 @entity1 (11.1%). The same polymorphism was detected in 3/28 controls (10.7%). CONCLUSIONS: These data on @entity35770 analysis indicate that alterations of this gene may be more rare in males with @entity246 than previously suggested. This finding agrees with the rare occurrence of @entity32407 gene mutations in @entity1 @entity246 , but needs to be confirmed in a larger series of selected @entity1 .

title: Homeobox @entity35770 gene analysis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human', 'PATIENTS', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity246 :: ('MESH:D003456', 'Disease') :: ['cryptorchidism']

entities_list: @entity72421 :: ('c|SUB|G|1203|A', 'DNAMutation') :: ['G-->A substitution at position 1203']

answer: @entity246 :: (MESH:D003456,Disease) :: ['cryptorchidism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In male @entity19 , targeted disruption of the homeobox gene @entity30995 causes @entity246 and @entity249 . Genetic alterations in exon 1 of @entity35770 have been found in a high number of @entity1 with @entity246 . AIM: To evaluate whether mutations of @entity35770 can be a common cause of @entity246 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from 18 @entity1 with @entity246 (age 7-44 years; unilateral n = 13; no familial cases) and 28 healthy controls (age 9-39 years). @entity35770 was amplified by PCR and all coding sequences of exon 1 and 2 were sequenced. The PCR products were digested by ScrFI restriction enzyme and the restriction fragments obtained were analyzed on 2% agarose gel. RESULTS: One silent polymorphism, @entity72421 , was detected in 2/18 @entity1 (11.1%). The same polymorphism was detected in 3/28 controls (10.7%). CONCLUSIONS: These data on @entity35770 analysis indicate that alterations of this gene may be more rare in males with @entity246 than previously suggested. This finding agrees with the rare occurrence of @entity32407 gene mutations in @entity1 @entity246 , but needs to be confirmed in a larger series of selected @entity1 .

title: Homeobox XXXX gene analysis in @entity246 .

answer: @entity35770 :: (3206,Gene) :: ['HOXA10']


abstract: @entity4242 is a severe @entity851 which is induced either genetically or environmentally. The archaeological evidence for the occurrence of this abnormality is minimal. Out of six possible cases, only three have been published; all are adult and represented solely by cranial remains. The focus of the current study is the nearly complete skeleton of a 3-year-old @entity1 recovered during archaeological excavations in San Jose, California. The individual is compared to a sample of 184 California Indians, ranging from 0.5 to 5 years, which were also recovered from archaeological excavations. In order to determine if @entity4242 was the only disorder represented, metrical comparisons of the skull and postcrania and gross morphological comparisons of endocranial casts were made. Based on these comparisons the individual was determined to have a cranial vault size comparable to 6-month-old @entity1 (630 cc), a facial skeleton equivalent to the 9-month-old to 2-year-old age groups, and a reduced stature. Due to the mosaic nature of the skull, the observed morphology was interpreted in terms of functional cranial components. Severe @entity600 of the orbital aspect of the frontal lobes was found in conjunction with a significant reduction in size of the cerebral cortex and left temporal lobe. On the basis of this analysis, the individual was found to exhibit the total morphological pattern associated with @entity4242 . A differential diagnosis of other possible @entity74 is also presented.

title: Analysis of a microcephalic XXXX from the late period (ca. 1100-1700 A.D.) of central California.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['developmental abnormality']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic disorders']

entities_list: @entity4242 :: ('MESH:D008831', 'Disease') :: ['Microcephaly', 'microcephaly']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']


abstract: The prerequisites for stable crutch supported standing were analyzed in this paper. For this purpose, a biomechanical model of crutch supported paraplegic stance was developed assuming the @entity1 was standing with extended knees. When using crutches during stance, the crutches will put a position constraint on the shoulder, thus reducing the number of degrees of freedom. Additional @entity572 was applied to stabilize the hip joint and, therefore, to stabilize stance. The required @entity572 for changing crutch placement and hip-joint offset angle was studied under static and dynamic conditions. Modeling results indicate that, by using additional @entity572 , stable crutch supported paraplegic standing can be achieved, both under static as well as dynamic situations. The static equilibrium postures and the stability under perturbations were calculated to be dependent on crutch placement and @entity2693 applied. However, postures in which the hip joint was in extension (C postures) appeared to the most stable postures. Applying at least 60 N x m/rad @entity572 gave stable equilibrium postures in all cases. Choosing appropriate hip-joint offset angles, the static equilibrium postures changed to more erect postures, without causing instability or excessive arm forces to occur.

title: A model-based approach to stabilizing crutch supported paraplegic standing by artificial hip joint XXXX .

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip-joint stiffness']

entities_list: @entity2693 :: ('MESH:C566112', 'Disease') :: ['stiffness']

answer: @entity2693 :: (MESH:C566112,Disease) :: ['stiffness']


abstract: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy was performed in six critically ill @entity1 who had acute @entity7140 . The clinical conditions of all six @entity1 improved dramatically following transhepatic cholecystostomy. No complications of this bedside procedure occurred. Cholangiography via the inserted pigtail catheter was normal in four @entity1 . Their catheters were removed after ten to 21 days. At follow-up examinations at four to 30 months they were free of signs of @entity1085 . In one @entity1 , ultrasonography showed desquamation of the mucosa in the gallbladder, which led to the decision to perform cholecystectomy two days after cholecystostomy. One @entity1 , suffering from @entity201 , died 120 days after cholecystostomy with the catheter in situ. In our experience, ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy is the treatment of choice to overcome a critical period in @entity1 with acute @entity7140 . When post-drainage cholangiography is normal, cholecystectomy at a later stage is not indicated in the majority of these @entity1 .

title: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy for acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder disease']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7140 :: ('MESH:D042101', 'Disease') :: ['acalculous cholecystitis']

answer: @entity7140 :: (MESH:D042101,Disease) :: ['acalculous cholecystitis']


abstract: The @entity1 complement component @entity30023 is known to bind in vitro to the surfaces of all developmental stages of schistosomes as a consequence of complement activation by the alternative pathway. @entity30023 bound to @entity380 parasites has now been used in combination with fluorescent labeled antibodies against @entity30023 to label the surfaces of living schistosomes. Binding of complement components and labeled antibodies to adult schistosomes rendered their surface membrane homogeneously fluorescent. At the ultrastructural level, the label was seen as a dense deposit lying on the tegumental membrane. Surface damage was not observed in labeled adults by electron microscopy. Fluorescent schistosomes were cultured in vitro for periods of up to 2 weeks, during which time the parasites remained fully viable and their surface membrane was still fluorescent. The electron dense deposit persisted, and tegumental damage at the electron microscope level was minimal or absent. Consequently, adult schistosomes would seem able to survive in vitro in the absence of rapid and general turnover of their surface membrane. Loss of fluorescence was observed consistently only at the anterior end of the parasite, including the suckers, a finding which indicates that membrane turnover may occur at different rates on different parts of the body. Fluorescent 3-week-old juveniles and 6-day-old lung stage parasites were cultured under the same conditions with similar results: they remained viable and fluorescent for at least 2 weeks. Results with skin schistosomula were different in the sense that many worms died during culture, and those which survived lost large parts of their fluorescent surface. A few of the surviving and fluorescent schistosomula developed the elongate shape typical of lung stage parasites. Fluorescent viable skin schistosomula were injected intravenously into @entity19 and subsequently recovered from the lungs after varying periods. Fluorescence was lost in a patchy way within a few minutes from some individuals and within several hours from most of the worms. These data permit the following conclusions: @entity30023 is a suitable tracer for membrane renewal in all developmental stages of schistosomes. Very slow membrane renewal in vitro and very rapid renewal in vivo are both compatible with parasite survival.

title: XXXX : surface membrane stability in vitro and in vivo.

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

answer: @entity380 :: (6183,Species) :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe fulminant toxoplasma retinochoroiditis induced by @entity228 monotherapy. METHODS: Clinical records of nine @entity1 were reviewed. RESULTS: All @entity1 (five female, four male; aged 15-64 years) had been misdiagnosed as unilateral non-infectious @entity1596 and given systemic and/or local corticosteroid injections elsewhere. Mean disease duration before referral was 105.6    71 (45-240) days. Visual acuity at presentation was <20/200 in six eyes. Average lesion size was 6.6 disc areas in eight eyes and all four quadrants were involved in one. Toxoplasma DNA was detected in eight tested eyes. Mean duration of anti-toxoplasmic therapy was 92.5    37.1 days. Three eyes developed @entity1713 . Four @entity1 underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Final visual acuity was <20/200 in five eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Iatrogenic immunosuppression due to initial misdiagnosis may lead to an aggressive course and serious complications of @entity17577 , a potentially self-limiting @entity281 .

title: XXXX : The Hazards of Corticosteroid Monotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['rhegmatogenous retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity17577 :: ('MESH:D014126', 'Disease') :: ['ocular toxoplasmosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity17577 :: (MESH:D014126,Disease) :: ['Fulminant Ocular Toxoplasmosis']


abstract: From a review of our experience in the past 4 years and of the literature generally, the following comments can be made about selecting @entity1 with @entity3762 for a shunt procedure. (a) In the clinical presentation, either significant gait difficulty or the full triad of @entity303 , @entity2055 , and @entity322 should be present. If @entity303 occurred first or is the major symptom, shunting may not improve the @entity1 . (b) A CT scan with periventricular low density and/or small sulci along with expansion of the entire ventricular system (especially the temporal horns) is strongly associated with good shunt outcome. However, presence of significant @entity194 does not prevent shunt success if the clinical picture is appropriate. Some surgeons now feel that the clinical presentation and CT scan findings are enough in themselves to indicate a shunt. If further testing is desired, the following may be useful: Lumbar puncture: A pressure over 100 mm is associated with better chances of improvement. Improvement after lumbar puncture is associated with high likelihood of shunt success, but lack of improvement after lumbar puncture is not useful as a predictor. Isotope or @entity6161 cisternography: A typical NPH pattern suggests a good response; a mixed or normal pattern is irrelevant to shunt outcome. Overnight recording of CSF pressure: If pressure is above 180 mm at night, or if there are frequent B-waves, shunting is likely to be helpful. Lumboventricular perfusion: This technique appears to give the most accurate prediction but requires special expertise and probably @entity1 studies approval to be done, as it is still an experimental procedure. These features make it difficult to use as a routine test. With regards to results of shunting once accomplished, it is important to follow @entity1 carefully to exclude a chronic subdural collection. If a shunted @entity1 fails to improve with persistent large ventricles and a medium or high pressure valve was used, consideration should be given to shunt revision with insertion of a lower pressure valve.

title: CSF shunts for @entity303 , XXXX , and gait disturbance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity6161 :: ('MESH:D008793', 'Chemical') :: ['metrizamide']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic NPH']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: From a review of our experience in the past 4 years and of the literature generally, the following comments can be made about selecting @entity1 with @entity3762 for a shunt procedure. (a) In the clinical presentation, either significant gait difficulty or the full triad of @entity303 , @entity2055 , and @entity322 should be present. If @entity303 occurred first or is the major symptom, shunting may not improve the @entity1 . (b) A CT scan with periventricular low density and/or small sulci along with expansion of the entire ventricular system (especially the temporal horns) is strongly associated with good shunt outcome. However, presence of significant @entity194 does not prevent shunt success if the clinical picture is appropriate. Some surgeons now feel that the clinical presentation and CT scan findings are enough in themselves to indicate a shunt. If further testing is desired, the following may be useful: Lumbar puncture: A pressure over 100 mm is associated with better chances of improvement. Improvement after lumbar puncture is associated with high likelihood of shunt success, but lack of improvement after lumbar puncture is not useful as a predictor. Isotope or @entity6161 cisternography: A typical NPH pattern suggests a good response; a mixed or normal pattern is irrelevant to shunt outcome. Overnight recording of CSF pressure: If pressure is above 180 mm at night, or if there are frequent B-waves, shunting is likely to be helpful. Lumboventricular perfusion: This technique appears to give the most accurate prediction but requires special expertise and probably @entity1 studies approval to be done, as it is still an experimental procedure. These features make it difficult to use as a routine test. With regards to results of shunting once accomplished, it is important to follow @entity1 carefully to exclude a chronic subdural collection. If a shunted @entity1 fails to improve with persistent large ventricles and a medium or high pressure valve was used, consideration should be given to shunt revision with insertion of a lower pressure valve.

title: CSF shunts for XXXX , @entity322 , and gait disturbance.

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: In @entity238 , the germline precursor cells, i.e. pole cells, are formed at the posterior of the embryo. As observed for newly formed germ cells in many other eukaryotes, the pole cells are distinguished from the soma by their transcriptional quiescence. To learn more about the mechanisms involved in establishing quiescence, we ectopically expressed a potent transcriptional activator, Bicoid (Bcd), in pole cells. We find that Bcd overrides the machinery that downregulates transcription, and activates not only its target gene @entity25638 but also the normally female specific Sex-lethal promoter, @entity21704 , in the pole cells of both sexes. Unexpectedly, the terminal pathway gene torso-like is required for Bcd-dependent transcription. However, terminal signaling is known to be attenuated in pole cells, and this raises the question of how this is accomplished. We present evidence indicating that polar granule component ( @entity46970 ) is required to downregulate terminal signaling in early pole cells. Consistently, pole cells compromised for @entity46970 function exhibit elevated levels of activated MAP kinase and premature transcription of the target gene tailless (tll). Furthermore, @entity46970 is required to establish a repressive chromatin architecture in pole cells.

title: Overlapping mechanisms function to establish transcriptional quiescence in the embryonic XXXX germline.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity124 ( @entity124 ) has been identified as a factor with good prognosis and @entity5 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the routine use of immunohistochemical analysis (immunohistochemical staining of @entity4311 and @entity6756 ) to identify T3N0M0 (stage II) @entity694 with @entity124 and assess the prognostic value of this analysis. The study was conducted in a large cohort of @entity1 in a single institution who had a curatively resected T3N0M0 @entity694 and were not receiving adjuvant therapy. METHODS: Between June 1995 and December 2001, 142 @entity1 (77 females) with a mean age of 68 years, suffering from T3N0M0 @entity694 curatively resected and not receiving adjuvant therapy, were checked in terms of their follow up status. The results of colonoscopy, hepatic ultrasonography, chest x ray, and blood carcinoembryological antigen were noted. All @entity5 were immunohistochemically stained for @entity4311 and @entity6756 . Perineural invasion, @entity3 , and the presence of @entity1350 were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty four @entity1 (17%) had @entity5 . @entity1 with @entity124 and microsatellite stable (MSS) @entity5 did not differ in terms of age, @entity3 , or the presence of @entity1350 . @entity1 with @entity5 were more frequently female (18/24 v 60/118; p = 0.001) and more frequently suffered from right sided @entity5 (19/24 v 58/118; p<0.001). @entity1 with @entity5 exhibited significantly better recurrence free survival than those with @entity5 (p = 0.02). Cox analysis identified age and @entity124 determined by immunohistochemistry as independent predictive factors of good prognosis (p = 0.009, odds ratio 1.04 (1.01-1.08); p = 0.04, odds ratio 7.9 (1.05-59.6)). CONCLUSIONS: @entity124 determined by immunohistochemistry is an independent predictive factor of good prognosis in T3N0M0 @entity694 . The prognosis for @entity124 T3N0M0 @entity694 is excellent and chemotherapy should not be proposed in these @entity1 as immunohistochemical analysis produces rapid results.

title: Prognostic significance of microsatellite instability determined by immunohistochemical staining of @entity4311 and @entity6756 in sporadic T3N0M0 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['Microsatellite instability', 'MSI']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['chemosensitivity in stage III C colon cancer', 'MSS tumours', 'MSI tumours', 'cancer', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1350 :: ('MESH:D019043', 'Disease') :: ['vascular neoplastic emboli']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['lymphovascular invasion', 'perineural or lymphovascular invasion']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity124 ( @entity124 ) has been identified as a factor with good prognosis and @entity5 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the routine use of immunohistochemical analysis (immunohistochemical staining of @entity4311 and @entity6756 ) to identify T3N0M0 (stage II) @entity694 with @entity124 and assess the prognostic value of this analysis. The study was conducted in a large cohort of @entity1 in a single institution who had a curatively resected T3N0M0 @entity694 and were not receiving adjuvant therapy. METHODS: Between June 1995 and December 2001, 142 @entity1 (77 females) with a mean age of 68 years, suffering from T3N0M0 @entity694 curatively resected and not receiving adjuvant therapy, were checked in terms of their follow up status. The results of colonoscopy, hepatic ultrasonography, chest x ray, and blood carcinoembryological antigen were noted. All @entity5 were immunohistochemically stained for @entity4311 and @entity6756 . Perineural invasion, @entity3 , and the presence of @entity1350 were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty four @entity1 (17%) had @entity5 . @entity1 with @entity124 and microsatellite stable (MSS) @entity5 did not differ in terms of age, @entity3 , or the presence of @entity1350 . @entity1 with @entity5 were more frequently female (18/24 v 60/118; p = 0.001) and more frequently suffered from right sided @entity5 (19/24 v 58/118; p<0.001). @entity1 with @entity5 exhibited significantly better recurrence free survival than those with @entity5 (p = 0.02). Cox analysis identified age and @entity124 determined by immunohistochemistry as independent predictive factors of good prognosis (p = 0.009, odds ratio 1.04 (1.01-1.08); p = 0.04, odds ratio 7.9 (1.05-59.6)). CONCLUSIONS: @entity124 determined by immunohistochemistry is an independent predictive factor of good prognosis in T3N0M0 @entity694 . The prognosis for @entity124 T3N0M0 @entity694 is excellent and chemotherapy should not be proposed in these @entity1 as immunohistochemical analysis produces rapid results.

title: Prognostic significance of microsatellite instability determined by immunohistochemical staining of @entity4311 and XXXX in sporadic T3N0M0 @entity694 .

answer: @entity6756 :: (4292,Gene) :: ['MLH1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity124 ( @entity124 ) has been identified as a factor with good prognosis and @entity5 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the routine use of immunohistochemical analysis (immunohistochemical staining of @entity4311 and @entity6756 ) to identify T3N0M0 (stage II) @entity694 with @entity124 and assess the prognostic value of this analysis. The study was conducted in a large cohort of @entity1 in a single institution who had a curatively resected T3N0M0 @entity694 and were not receiving adjuvant therapy. METHODS: Between June 1995 and December 2001, 142 @entity1 (77 females) with a mean age of 68 years, suffering from T3N0M0 @entity694 curatively resected and not receiving adjuvant therapy, were checked in terms of their follow up status. The results of colonoscopy, hepatic ultrasonography, chest x ray, and blood carcinoembryological antigen were noted. All @entity5 were immunohistochemically stained for @entity4311 and @entity6756 . Perineural invasion, @entity3 , and the presence of @entity1350 were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty four @entity1 (17%) had @entity5 . @entity1 with @entity124 and microsatellite stable (MSS) @entity5 did not differ in terms of age, @entity3 , or the presence of @entity1350 . @entity1 with @entity5 were more frequently female (18/24 v 60/118; p = 0.001) and more frequently suffered from right sided @entity5 (19/24 v 58/118; p<0.001). @entity1 with @entity5 exhibited significantly better recurrence free survival than those with @entity5 (p = 0.02). Cox analysis identified age and @entity124 determined by immunohistochemistry as independent predictive factors of good prognosis (p = 0.009, odds ratio 1.04 (1.01-1.08); p = 0.04, odds ratio 7.9 (1.05-59.6)). CONCLUSIONS: @entity124 determined by immunohistochemistry is an independent predictive factor of good prognosis in T3N0M0 @entity694 . The prognosis for @entity124 T3N0M0 @entity694 is excellent and chemotherapy should not be proposed in these @entity1 as immunohistochemical analysis produces rapid results.

title: Prognostic significance of microsatellite instability determined by immunohistochemical staining of XXXX and @entity6756 in sporadic T3N0M0 @entity694 .

answer: @entity4311 :: (4436,Gene) :: ['MSH2']


abstract: Variant B1 is a rare type of @entity10707 . Clinically, it shows a wide spectrum of forms ranging from infantile to juvenile. We report the first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings from three @entity1 affected by @entity72422 , two presenting with the infantile form and one with the juvenile form. The MRI appearances of the two @entity1 with the @entity16441 are congruent with those reported for the early-onset type of both @entity1051 , and are characterized by early involvement of the basal ganglia and thalamus with cortical @entity194 appearing later. In contrast, the @entity1 with the juvenile form of variant B1 showed progressive @entity62 of the supratentorial structures and, to a lesser extent, the infratentorial structures. No basal @entity9479 were observed. Because in the adult forms of both @entity1051 a @entity76 represents the only abnormality detectable, it appears that an MRI pattern peculiar to @entity10707 can be defined. This pattern ranges from the @entity21 associated with the early and severe @entity17 process noted in the infantile form of the disease, to @entity76 with no supratentorial anomalies in the adult form. An "intermediate" MRI picture, with cortical @entity194 and mild @entity76 , but without basal @entity73 , can be observed in the juvenile form. In addition, our investigations suggest that @entity854 in @entity10707 correlate with the clinical form of the disease rather than with the biochemical variant of the enzymatic defect.

title: XXXX neuroradiological findings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity72422 :: ('MESH:C567601', 'Disease') :: ['GM2 gangliosidosis variant B1']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination']

entities_list: @entity10707 :: ('MESH:D020143', 'Disease') :: ['GM2 gangliosidosis']

entities_list: @entity1051 :: ('MESH:D013661', 'Disease') :: ['Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases']

entities_list: @entity16441 :: ('MESH:D052919', 'Disease') :: ['infantile form disease']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['ganglia impairment']

entities_list: @entity9479 :: ('MESH:D013786', 'Disease') :: ['ganglia or thalamic anomalies']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['MRI abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar atrophy', 'progressive cerebellar atrophy']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['basal ganglia injury']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['cortical and white-matter atrophy']

answer: @entity72422 :: (MESH:C567601,Disease) :: ['GM2 gangliosidosis variant B1']


abstract: From 1974 to 1982 a total of 58 @entity1 with @entity0 , judged not suitable for demolitive surgery because of old age, bad general conditions or other reasons, were treated with simple tumorectomy followed by radiotherapy. The median age of the @entity1 was 71 years. Two @entity1 had @entity0 , both treated with the same conservative approach. Thirty-three @entity5 were classified as T1, 24 as T2, 1 as T3, and 2 as T4 of a small size. The median size of the @entity5 was 2 cm; mean size was 2.24 cm. Radiotherapy was given to the whole breast, followed by a conedown on the @entity5 bed. The median dose to the @entity5 bed was 64 Gy, over 7-9 weeks. Thirty-two @entity1 received irradiation on nodal sites too, up to 45-60 Gy. The median follow-up for the whole series was 44 months. Only 4 of 60 treated breasts have presented a local recurrence (6.6%); relapse-free survival at 3 and 5 years is 85.4% and 79%, respectively. Our results confirm that tumorectomy followed by radiotherapy appears to be a very effective alternative to radiotherapy alone and to demolitive surgery. In fact, local control, survival and cosmetic results are quite satisfactory and achievable through a simple therapeutic modality.

title: Tumorectomy plus radiotherapy in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['locoregional breast cancer', 'synchronous bilateral breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the early results of conversion from atriopulmonary to total cavopulmonary connection in @entity1 with failing Fontan operation. DESIGN: Early clinical and instrumental evaluation of @entity1 undergoing conversion from atriopulmonary to total cavopulmonary connection from April 1999 to November 2000. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre for @entity299 . @entity1 : 11 Fontan @entity1 (mean (SD) age 20.9 (6.7) years) with refractory @entity943 or @entity67 . INTERVENTIONS: Total cavopulmonary connection, intraoperative ablation, and AAIR pacemaker implantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Holter monitoring, transoesophageal atrial stimulation, ergometric test, and @entity296 at a mean (SD) follow up of 16.8 (5.6) months. RESULTS: One early postoperative @entity204 occurred. During follow up three @entity1 had relapse of @entity591 , controlled by medical treatment, and two were pacemaker dependent. Transoesophageal stimulation did not induce @entity591 in any @entity1 . Ergometric test showed a diminished exercise tolerance in all but one @entity1 . Mean minute ventilation and maximum @entity26 consumption were 62% and 40% of their respective predicted values. @entity296 showed reversal of rest or exercise dysfunction in five @entity1 and improved systemic ventricular function in seven. Mean basal ejection fraction increased from 39.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 32% to 46%) to 46.5% (95% CI 41.7% to 51.2%) and ejection fraction on effort from 42.3% (95% CI 33.9% to 50.7%) to 50.2% (95% CI 44.5% to 55.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that total cavopulmonary connection associated with intraoperative ablation and pacemaker implantation allows for better control of @entity943 and improves ventricular function in the majority of @entity1 with failing Fontan.

title: Fontan conversion to total cavopulmonary connection and XXXX ablation: clinical and functional results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial scintigraphy', 'myocardial scintigraphy']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['arrhythmia']


abstract: It is generally believed that bryophytes are the earliest land plants. However, the phylogenetic relationships among bryophytes, including mosses, @entity42721 and @entity11611 , are not clearly resolved. To obtain more information on the earliest land plants, we determined the complete @entity377 sequence of the chloroplast genome from the @entity11611 @entity72423 . The circular double-stranded DNA of 161 162 bp is the largest genome ever reported among land plant chloroplasts. It contains 76 protein, 32 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes and 10 open reading frames (ORFs), which are identical with the chloroplast genome of the other green plants analyzed. The major difference is a larger inverted repeat than that of the @entity42721 @entity42721 , @entity72423 contains an excess of ndhB and @entity72424 genes and the 3' exon of @entity72425 . The genes @entity72426 and @entity72427 , commonly found in the chloroplast genomes of land plants, are pseudogenes. The intron of @entity72428 is the first finding in the known chloroplast genomes of land plants. A striking feature of the @entity11611 chloroplast is that more than half of the protein-coding genes have nonsense codons, which are converted into sense codons by RNA editing. Maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis, based on 11 518 @entity535 sites of 52 proteins encoded in the chloroplast genomes of the green plants, placed @entity42721 as the sister to all other land plants.

title: The complete @entity377 sequence of the @entity11611 ( XXXX ) chloroplast genome: insight into the earliest land plants.

entities_list: @entity42721 :: ('3197', 'Species') :: ['Marchantia', 'liverworts', 'liverwort']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity11611 :: ('4428', 'Species') :: ['hornworts', 'hornwort']

entities_list: @entity72423 :: ('48387', 'Species') :: ['Anthoceros', 'Anthoceros formosae']

answer: @entity72423 :: (48387,Species) :: ['Anthoceros formosae']


abstract: It is generally believed that bryophytes are the earliest land plants. However, the phylogenetic relationships among bryophytes, including mosses, @entity42721 and @entity11611 , are not clearly resolved. To obtain more information on the earliest land plants, we determined the complete @entity377 sequence of the chloroplast genome from the @entity11611 @entity72423 . The circular double-stranded DNA of 161 162 bp is the largest genome ever reported among land plant chloroplasts. It contains 76 protein, 32 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes and 10 open reading frames (ORFs), which are identical with the chloroplast genome of the other green plants analyzed. The major difference is a larger inverted repeat than that of the @entity42721 @entity42721 , @entity72423 contains an excess of ndhB and @entity72424 genes and the 3' exon of @entity72425 . The genes @entity72426 and @entity72427 , commonly found in the chloroplast genomes of land plants, are pseudogenes. The intron of @entity72428 is the first finding in the known chloroplast genomes of land plants. A striking feature of the @entity11611 chloroplast is that more than half of the protein-coding genes have nonsense codons, which are converted into sense codons by RNA editing. Maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis, based on 11 518 @entity535 sites of 52 proteins encoded in the chloroplast genomes of the green plants, placed @entity42721 as the sister to all other land plants.

title: The complete @entity377 sequence of the XXXX ( @entity72423 ) chloroplast genome: insight into the earliest land plants.

answer: @entity11611 :: (4428,Species) :: ['hornwort']


abstract: It is generally believed that bryophytes are the earliest land plants. However, the phylogenetic relationships among bryophytes, including mosses, @entity42721 and @entity11611 , are not clearly resolved. To obtain more information on the earliest land plants, we determined the complete @entity377 sequence of the chloroplast genome from the @entity11611 @entity72423 . The circular double-stranded DNA of 161 162 bp is the largest genome ever reported among land plant chloroplasts. It contains 76 protein, 32 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes and 10 open reading frames (ORFs), which are identical with the chloroplast genome of the other green plants analyzed. The major difference is a larger inverted repeat than that of the @entity42721 @entity42721 , @entity72423 contains an excess of ndhB and @entity72424 genes and the 3' exon of @entity72425 . The genes @entity72426 and @entity72427 , commonly found in the chloroplast genomes of land plants, are pseudogenes. The intron of @entity72428 is the first finding in the known chloroplast genomes of land plants. A striking feature of the @entity11611 chloroplast is that more than half of the protein-coding genes have nonsense codons, which are converted into sense codons by RNA editing. Maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis, based on 11 518 @entity535 sites of 52 proteins encoded in the chloroplast genomes of the green plants, placed @entity42721 as the sister to all other land plants.

title: The complete XXXX sequence of the @entity11611 ( @entity72423 ) chloroplast genome: insight into the earliest land plants.

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: Sixty-seven operations were performed in 59 @entity1 for @entity439 occurring after previous operations involving the ascending aorta and transverse aortic arch. The initial aortic pathological condition included the following: @entity439 due to @entity179 in 34 @entity1 , 12 of whom had @entity1614 ; @entity1580 in a previously undilated aorta in 23; and @entity439 persisting or occurring after brachiocephalic bypass in 2. One of the latter had an @entity439 because of @entity3665 . Various operations initially performed did not completely treat the disease, and certain complications occurred spontaneously, including infection and dissection. The residual pathological condition led to the development of @entity337 , @entity1580 , @entity453 , and progressive @entity384 . These complications were treated by composite valve graft replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta or the transverse aortic arch or both, simple @entity886 , graft replacement of the ascending aorta or arch or both, and suture of false @entity439 with viable tissue wrap. Twenty @entity1 (34%) had an @entity439 of the distal aorta. The entire aorta was replaced in 3, thoracoabdominal segments in 9, and the abdominal aorta in 1. Of the 59 @entity1 , 49 (83%) were early survivors and 40 (68%) were alive on January 1, 1985. Principles of therapy that may have prevented the complications leading to reoperation include @entity439 replacement at the time of @entity886 and coronary artery bypass; total replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve in @entity1 with @entity1614 ; the same procedure or @entity886 and separate graft replacement in @entity1 with non-Marfan's @entity179 ; ascending aortic replacement in all @entity1 with dissection combined with valve resuspension, @entity886 , or composite valve graft depending on the involvement of the aortic sinuses and the presence of @entity337 .

title: Redo operations for recurrent XXXX of the ascending aorta and transverse aortic arch.

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ["Marfan's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve replacement']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['fusiform aneurysm', 'aneurysmal disease', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['medial degenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissection']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysmal disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of early treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in reducing radiographic progression over a 5-year period in @entity1 with new-onset @entity32 . METHODS: Three hundred thirty-five consecutive @entity1 with paired radiographs obtained 1 year and 5 years after enrollment in a population-based @entity625 register were studied. Logistic regression was used to model differences in baseline factors associated with the start of DMARDs. The time from symptom onset to first use of DMARDs was stratified to represent 4 groups: no DMARD use, <6 months, 6-12 months, and >12 months. Radiographs of the hands and feet were scored using the Larsen method. Progression in the Larsen score was evaluated as a 5-year score adjusted for the first film score. Negative binomial regression was used to compare Larsen score progression for each of the 3 treatment groups with that for @entity1 not receiving DMARDs. Results were then adjusted for severity, based on propensity modeling. RESULTS: @entity1 who received treatment had more radiographic progression than did @entity1 who were untreated. Coefficients (95% confidence intervals), expressed as a multiple of the Larsen score in DMARD-treated @entity1 compared with untreated @entity1 , were as follows: 1.6 (1.1-2.3) for <6 months, 2.4 (1.5-3.6) for 6-12 months, and 2.0 (1.4-2.8) for >12 months. As expected, @entity1 receiving treatment had more severe disease at baseline. Using the propensity score as a method of adjusting for disease severity, the influence of treatment on outcome became attenuated as follows: 1.1 (0.8-1.7) for <6 months, 1.6 (1.0-2.6) for 6-12 months, and 1.5 (1.0-2.2) for >12 months. This effect was also seen in the crude Larsen score at year 5. CONCLUSION: In this observational study, DMARD treatment was a marker not only of worse disease at presentation but also of the radiographic state and radiographic progression at 5 years. After adjustments were made for baseline disease severity, earlier therapy was shown to have a beneficial effect on outcome.

title: Influence of disease-modifying therapy on radiographic outcome in XXXX at five years: results from a large observational inception study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory polyarthritis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammatory polyarthritis']


abstract: @entity1838 carries homologs of plasmid-borne parA and parB genes on both of its chromosomes. The par genes help to segregate many plasmids and chromosomes. Here we have studied the par genes of @entity1838 chromosome I. Earlier studies suggested that ParBI binds to the centromeric site parSI near the origin of replication (oriI), and parSI-ParBI complexes are placed at the cell poles by ParAI. Deletion of parAI and parSI caused the origin-proximal DNA to be less polar. Here we found that deletion of parBI also resulted in a less polar localization of oriI. However, unlike the deletion of parAI, the deletion of parBI increased the oriI number. Replication was normal when both parAI and parBI were deleted, suggesting that ParBI mediates its action through ParAI. Overexpression of ParAI in a parABI-deleted strain also increased the DNA content. The results are similar to those found for @entity3881 , where @entity33934 (Soj) stimulates replication and this activity is repressed by ParB (SpoOJ). As in @entity3881 , the stimulation of replication most likely involves the replication initiator DnaA. Our results indicate that control of chromosomal DNA replication is an additional function of chromosomal par genes conserved across the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide.

title: Participation of chromosome segregation protein ParAI of XXXX in chromosome replication.

entities_list: @entity3881 :: ('1423', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus subtilis', 'B. subtilis']

entities_list: @entity1838 :: ('666', 'Species') :: ['V. cholerae', 'Vibrio cholerae']

answer: @entity1838 :: (666,Species) :: ['Vibrio cholerae']


abstract: The Gynecologic Oncology Group conducted a Phase II trial of @entity3003 in @entity1 with measurable advanced @entity957 . No prior therapy with cytotoxic drugs was permitted in @entity1 entered into this study. @entity1 entered were GOG performance status 2 or better. @entity3003 400 mg/m2 (340 mg/m2 in @entity1 who had had prior pelvic radiotherapy with subsequent escalation to 400 mg/m2 if bone marrow tolerance was good) was administered as a 15-minute IV infusion. Treatments were repeated every four weeks until disease progressed or until @entity137 prohibited further therapy. Thirty-nine evaluable @entity1 were treated. Two complete and nine partial responses were observed (response rate 28.2%). No @entity2359 and only mild reversible nephrotoxicity was seen. @entity344 was severe in three @entity1 (7.7%). Dose limiting @entity137 was myelosuppression. @entity3003 is active against @entity957 and appears to be less nephrotoxic, @entity2359 , and nauseogenic than @entity900 . Randomized studies of this drug against @entity900 are indicated to determine the role of @entity3003 in the therapy of @entity957 .

title: A phase II study of @entity3003 in advanced XXXX (a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin', 'carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of cervix']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity', 'neurotoxic']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix']


abstract: The Gynecologic Oncology Group conducted a Phase II trial of @entity3003 in @entity1 with measurable advanced @entity957 . No prior therapy with cytotoxic drugs was permitted in @entity1 entered into this study. @entity1 entered were GOG performance status 2 or better. @entity3003 400 mg/m2 (340 mg/m2 in @entity1 who had had prior pelvic radiotherapy with subsequent escalation to 400 mg/m2 if bone marrow tolerance was good) was administered as a 15-minute IV infusion. Treatments were repeated every four weeks until disease progressed or until @entity137 prohibited further therapy. Thirty-nine evaluable @entity1 were treated. Two complete and nine partial responses were observed (response rate 28.2%). No @entity2359 and only mild reversible nephrotoxicity was seen. @entity344 was severe in three @entity1 (7.7%). Dose limiting @entity137 was myelosuppression. @entity3003 is active against @entity957 and appears to be less nephrotoxic, @entity2359 , and nauseogenic than @entity900 . Randomized studies of this drug against @entity900 are indicated to determine the role of @entity3003 in the therapy of @entity957 .

title: A phase II study of XXXX in advanced @entity957 (a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study).

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We present the results of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in @entity1 with unresectable primary @entity1419 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2000 to 2009, 13 @entity1 with 17 primary @entity1419 underwent RFA at our institution. @entity1419 was unresectable because of poor hepatic reserve due to liver @entity82 in nine @entity1 , extrahepatic extension in two, @entity99 in one, and underlying comorbidities in one. @entity5 had a diameter of less than 3 cm, five were between 3 and 5 cm, and two were larger than 5 cm. Technical effectiveness was defined as the complete ablation of the @entity5 , shown by imaging follow-up 1 month later. Local progression-free survival, overall survival periods, and complications after RFA were also evaluated. RESULTS: Technical effectiveness of RFA was achieved for 15 of the 17 @entity5 (88%), all smaller than 5 cm in diameter. Treatment failure occurred in two @entity1 with large @entity5 (7 and 8 cm). After the 17 RFA sessions, one major complication (6%), a @entity5572 , occurred 1 month later. During follow-up (median, 19.5 months; range, 3.3-82.1 months), nine @entity1 died and four remain alive. Median local progression-free survival and overall survival periods were 32.2 and 38.5 months, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 85%, 51%, and 15%, respectively. CONCLUSION: RFA may provide successful local @entity5 control in @entity1 with primary @entity1419 of intermediate (3-5 cm) or small (< 3 cm) diameter. RFA for unresectable primary @entity1419 resulted in a median overall survival period of 38.5 months.

title: Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5572 :: ('MESH:D008100', 'Disease') :: ['liver abscess']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'Ten tumors']

entities_list: @entity1419 :: ('MESH:C535533', 'Disease') :: ['Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma', 'intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas', 'intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy of the left hepatic lobe']

answer: @entity1419 :: (MESH:C535533,Disease) :: ['intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Delayed enhancement MRI using fast segmented k-space inversion recovery (IR) gradient-echo imaging is a well established "bright-blood" technique for identifying @entity583 and is used as the reference standard sequence in this study. The purpose of this study was to validate a recently developed dark blood-pool delayed enhancement technique in a porcine animal model, evaluate its performance in @entity1 @entity1 , and quantify its performance compared with the reference standard in both. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In an animal study, the reference standard and dark blood-pool delayed enhancement were assessed in three @entity1707 with induced @entity583 . In a @entity1 study, 26 @entity1 , 31-81 years old (19 @entity1 and seven @entity1 ), with a known history of @entity583 were imaged using the reference standard and dark blood-pool delayed enhancement. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal intensity ratio, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and qualitative scores of hyperenhancement were recorded. Measurements were compared using paired samples t test and Wilcoxon's signed rank test. RESULTS: In the animal study, the mean CNR of @entity1188 to blood pool was 11 times higher for dark blood-pool delayed enhancement than for the reference standard. The mean SNR was 4.4 times higher for the reference standard. In the @entity1 study, the mean CNR and signal intensity ratio of hyperenhancing @entity1562 to the blood pool were 1.9 (p = 0.04) and 5.5 (p < 0.01) times higher, respectively, for dark blood-pool delayed enhancement compared with reference standard. The mean CNR and signal intensity ratio of hyperenhancing @entity1562 to normal @entity1562 and SNR were 2.8 (p < 0.01), 1.3 (p = 0.07), and 2.8 (p < 0.01) higher, respectively, for the reference standard. Qualitative analysis identified seven extra segments with grade 1 scars using dark blood-pool delayed enhancement (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Dark blood-pool delayed enhancement is complementary to the reference standard. It can detect more @entity7905 , thus potentially identifying more @entity1188 and changing @entity1 management.

title: Improved detection of subendocardial hyperenhancement in XXXX using dark blood-pool delayed enhancement MRI.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity7905 :: ('MESH:C565785', 'Disease') :: ['subendocardial foci of hyperenhancement']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcts', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardium']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity22148 manifests in the thorax as @entity358 . The purpose of this article is to describe the CT characteristics of cysts in @entity1 with @entity22148 and to note other thoracic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The thoracic CT examinations of 17 @entity1 with @entity22148 were reviewed retrospectively for the presence, anatomic distribution (upper lung predominant, lower lung predominant, or diffuse), extent (size, number), and morphology (shape, wall thickness) of cysts. Any additional thoracic findings were also noted. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 13 @entity1 (76%) and four @entity1 (24%) with a mean age of 50.2   15.2 years. Two @entity1 (12%) had normal findings on CT. Fifteen @entity1 had @entity9129 , all of whom had more than one cyst. Most @entity1 had bilateral (13/15, 87%) and @entity358 (13/15, 87%). The cysts varied in size from 0.2 to 7.8 cm. The largest cysts were located in the lower lobes of 14 of 15 @entity1 (93%). Of the nine @entity1 with large cysts, most had at least one multiseptated cyst (7/9, 78%). Five of 15 @entity1 (33%) had more than 20 cysts. Cyst shape varied among the 15 @entity1 and also within individual @entity1 (10/15, 67%) ranging from round to oval, lentiform, and multiseptated. Cysts showed no central or peripheral predominance. CONCLUSION: Discrete thin-walled cysts in @entity1 with @entity22148 are more numerous and larger in the lower lobes and vary in size and shape. Large @entity358 are frequently multiseptated. These features may aid in differentiating @entity22148 from other more common @entity9129 .

title: Thoracic CT findings in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung cysts', 'lower lung-predominant cysts']

entities_list: @entity22148 :: ('MESH:D058249', 'Disease') :: ['Birt-Hogg-Dub   syndrome']

entities_list: @entity9129 :: ('MESH:C563237', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lung diseases', 'cystic lung disease']

answer: @entity22148 :: (MESH:D058249,Disease) :: ['Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome']


abstract: Records of 101 @entity1 with @entity3052 who received allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with preparation using @entity786 and @entity348 ( @entity348 ) from September 1975 through July 1984 were collected into Japanese Bone Marrow Transplant Registry from 15 of the participating hospitals. These @entity1 were divided into two groups by year of BMT. Group I included nine @entity981 ( @entity981 ) and nine @entity981 ( @entity981 ) @entity1 who received BMT before 1980. Group II consisted 39 @entity981 and 44 @entity981 @entity1 who were treated after 1981. One-year survivals were 11% and 58% in groups I and II, respectively (p less than 0.001). Probabilities of developing @entity401 at one year were 93% and 37% in groups I and II, respectively (p less than 0.001). Of 14 @entity1 who developed @entity401 in group I, twelve (86%) died of @entity401 . Fifteen of 22 (68%) were fatal in group II. Using proportional hazard regression model, year of BMT (p = 0.0001) and selection of platelet donor with negative cytomegalovirus ( @entity2834 ) titer (p = 0.0215) were found to be significant risk factors associated with @entity401 . The present analysis indicated that change in the selection of @entity1 , e.g., in remission without @entity281 at the time of BMT, as well as treatment modality, e.g., fractionated @entity348 , and selection of platelet donor with negative @entity2834 titer, resulted in the significant improvement in the survival and decreased incidence of @entity401 .

title: Risk factors associated with XXXX following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukemia in Japanese experience.

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute non-lymphocytic leukemia', 'ALL', 'acute lymphocytic leukemia', 'ANL']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'total body irradiation']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial pneumonia']

answer: @entity401 :: (MESH:D017563,Disease) :: ['interstitial pneumonia']


abstract: The fully grown but nonmetamorphosed (juvenile) @entity7547 @entity7547 was ureogenic and primarily ureotelic in water. A complete @entity7222 - @entity1133 cycle (OUC) was present in the liver. Aerial exposure impeded @entity1133 (but not @entity3265 ) excretion, leading to a decrease in the percentage of @entity1568 excreted as @entity1133 in the first 24 h. However, @entity1133 and not @entity3265 accumulated in the muscle, liver, and plasma during aerial exposure. By 48 h, the rate of @entity1133 excretion recovered fully, probably due to the greater @entity1133 concentration gradient in the kidney. It is generally accepted that an increase in @entity12116 synthetase activity is especially critical in the developmental transition from ammonotelism to ureotelism in the amphibian. Results from this study indicate that such a transition in A. mexicanum would have occurred before migration to land. Aerial exposure for 72 h exhibited no significant effect on @entity12116 synthetase-I activity or that of other OUC enzymes (with the exception of @entity7222 transcarbamoylase) from the liver of the juvenile A. mexicanum. This supports our hypothesis that the capacities of OUC enzymes present in the liver of the aquatic juvenile @entity7547 were adequate to prepare it for its invasion of the terrestrial environment. The high OUC capacity was further supported by the capability of the juvenile A. mexicanum to survive in 10 mM @entity8777 without accumulating @entity1522 in its body. The majority of the accumulating endogenous and exogenous @entity3265 was detoxified to @entity1133 , which led to a greater than twofold increase in @entity1133 levels in the muscle, liver, and plasma and a significant increase in @entity1133 excretion by hour 96. Hence, it can be concluded that the juvenile @entity7547 acquired ureotelism while submerged in water, and its hepatic capacity of @entity1133 synthesis was more than adequate to handle the @entity137 of endogenous @entity3265 during migration to land.

title: Excretory XXXX metabolism in the juvenile @entity7547 @entity7547 : differences in aquatic and terrestrial environments.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity12116 :: ('MESH:D002221', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamoyl phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity7547 :: ('8296', 'Species') :: ['axolotl', 'Ambystoma mexicanum']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity7222 :: ('CHEBI:18257', 'Chemical') :: ['ornithine']

answer: @entity1568 :: (MESH:D009584,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen']


abstract: The fully grown but nonmetamorphosed (juvenile) @entity7547 @entity7547 was ureogenic and primarily ureotelic in water. A complete @entity7222 - @entity1133 cycle (OUC) was present in the liver. Aerial exposure impeded @entity1133 (but not @entity3265 ) excretion, leading to a decrease in the percentage of @entity1568 excreted as @entity1133 in the first 24 h. However, @entity1133 and not @entity3265 accumulated in the muscle, liver, and plasma during aerial exposure. By 48 h, the rate of @entity1133 excretion recovered fully, probably due to the greater @entity1133 concentration gradient in the kidney. It is generally accepted that an increase in @entity12116 synthetase activity is especially critical in the developmental transition from ammonotelism to ureotelism in the amphibian. Results from this study indicate that such a transition in A. mexicanum would have occurred before migration to land. Aerial exposure for 72 h exhibited no significant effect on @entity12116 synthetase-I activity or that of other OUC enzymes (with the exception of @entity7222 transcarbamoylase) from the liver of the juvenile A. mexicanum. This supports our hypothesis that the capacities of OUC enzymes present in the liver of the aquatic juvenile @entity7547 were adequate to prepare it for its invasion of the terrestrial environment. The high OUC capacity was further supported by the capability of the juvenile A. mexicanum to survive in 10 mM @entity8777 without accumulating @entity1522 in its body. The majority of the accumulating endogenous and exogenous @entity3265 was detoxified to @entity1133 , which led to a greater than twofold increase in @entity1133 levels in the muscle, liver, and plasma and a significant increase in @entity1133 excretion by hour 96. Hence, it can be concluded that the juvenile @entity7547 acquired ureotelism while submerged in water, and its hepatic capacity of @entity1133 synthesis was more than adequate to handle the @entity137 of endogenous @entity3265 during migration to land.

title: Excretory @entity1568 metabolism in the juvenile XXXX @entity7547 : differences in aquatic and terrestrial environments.

answer: @entity7547 :: (8296,Species) :: ['axolotl']


abstract: The fully grown but nonmetamorphosed (juvenile) @entity7547 @entity7547 was ureogenic and primarily ureotelic in water. A complete @entity7222 - @entity1133 cycle (OUC) was present in the liver. Aerial exposure impeded @entity1133 (but not @entity3265 ) excretion, leading to a decrease in the percentage of @entity1568 excreted as @entity1133 in the first 24 h. However, @entity1133 and not @entity3265 accumulated in the muscle, liver, and plasma during aerial exposure. By 48 h, the rate of @entity1133 excretion recovered fully, probably due to the greater @entity1133 concentration gradient in the kidney. It is generally accepted that an increase in @entity12116 synthetase activity is especially critical in the developmental transition from ammonotelism to ureotelism in the amphibian. Results from this study indicate that such a transition in A. mexicanum would have occurred before migration to land. Aerial exposure for 72 h exhibited no significant effect on @entity12116 synthetase-I activity or that of other OUC enzymes (with the exception of @entity7222 transcarbamoylase) from the liver of the juvenile A. mexicanum. This supports our hypothesis that the capacities of OUC enzymes present in the liver of the aquatic juvenile @entity7547 were adequate to prepare it for its invasion of the terrestrial environment. The high OUC capacity was further supported by the capability of the juvenile A. mexicanum to survive in 10 mM @entity8777 without accumulating @entity1522 in its body. The majority of the accumulating endogenous and exogenous @entity3265 was detoxified to @entity1133 , which led to a greater than twofold increase in @entity1133 levels in the muscle, liver, and plasma and a significant increase in @entity1133 excretion by hour 96. Hence, it can be concluded that the juvenile @entity7547 acquired ureotelism while submerged in water, and its hepatic capacity of @entity1133 synthesis was more than adequate to handle the @entity137 of endogenous @entity3265 during migration to land.

title: Excretory @entity1568 metabolism in the juvenile @entity7547 XXXX : differences in aquatic and terrestrial environments.

answer: @entity7547 :: (8296,Species) :: ['Ambystoma mexicanum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, without the use of radiation, has infrequently been reported in operable chemo-na  ve stage III @entity420 @entity1 . METHODS: Twenty-nine eligible @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Neoadjuvant therapy consisted of @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 and was administered in two 4-week cycles. Following therapy, @entity1 underwent surgical resection. Those @entity1 having @entity66 were offered adjuvant chemotherapy. @entity1 having a complete pathologic response were not offered any further chemotherapy. RESULTS: Twenty-four out of 29 @entity1 finished neoadjuvant therapy and underwent curative esophagectomy. Two @entity1 were declared inoperable after treatment, and three @entity1 died prior to surgery. The median follow-up on all @entity1 was 20.2 months. Median progression-free survival and median overall survival were 13.6 and 21.4 months, respectively. Clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 21 out of 29 @entity1 (72.4%). Complete pathologic response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 4 out of 24 @entity1 (16.7%). Those four @entity1 have been alive and progression-free for 20-37 months. Grade 3-4 @entity137 occurred in 16 of the 29 @entity1 during neoadjuvant therapy. Grade 3-4 @entity137 were seen in 6 out of 14 @entity1 during adjuvant therapy. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values of >= 8 correlated with better progression-free survival. CONCLUSION: @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 regimen is active in @entity1 with @entity420 . @entity137 profiles are manageable. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy allowed achievement of complete pathologic response without radiation. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values might be prognostic.

title: A phase II study of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 in the treatment of previously untreated advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity10049 :: ('MESH:D005467', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorodeoxyuridine', '5-Fluorodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['esophageal adenocarcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, without the use of radiation, has infrequently been reported in operable chemo-na  ve stage III @entity420 @entity1 . METHODS: Twenty-nine eligible @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Neoadjuvant therapy consisted of @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 and was administered in two 4-week cycles. Following therapy, @entity1 underwent surgical resection. Those @entity1 having @entity66 were offered adjuvant chemotherapy. @entity1 having a complete pathologic response were not offered any further chemotherapy. RESULTS: Twenty-four out of 29 @entity1 finished neoadjuvant therapy and underwent curative esophagectomy. Two @entity1 were declared inoperable after treatment, and three @entity1 died prior to surgery. The median follow-up on all @entity1 was 20.2 months. Median progression-free survival and median overall survival were 13.6 and 21.4 months, respectively. Clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 21 out of 29 @entity1 (72.4%). Complete pathologic response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 4 out of 24 @entity1 (16.7%). Those four @entity1 have been alive and progression-free for 20-37 months. Grade 3-4 @entity137 occurred in 16 of the 29 @entity1 during neoadjuvant therapy. Grade 3-4 @entity137 were seen in 6 out of 14 @entity1 during adjuvant therapy. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values of >= 8 correlated with better progression-free survival. CONCLUSION: @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 regimen is active in @entity1 with @entity420 . @entity137 profiles are manageable. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy allowed achievement of complete pathologic response without radiation. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values might be prognostic.

title: A phase II study of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with @entity10049 , @entity4181 , XXXX and @entity1205 in the treatment of previously untreated advanced @entity420 .

answer: @entity901 :: (MESH:C030110,Chemical) :: ['oxaliplatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, without the use of radiation, has infrequently been reported in operable chemo-na  ve stage III @entity420 @entity1 . METHODS: Twenty-nine eligible @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Neoadjuvant therapy consisted of @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 and was administered in two 4-week cycles. Following therapy, @entity1 underwent surgical resection. Those @entity1 having @entity66 were offered adjuvant chemotherapy. @entity1 having a complete pathologic response were not offered any further chemotherapy. RESULTS: Twenty-four out of 29 @entity1 finished neoadjuvant therapy and underwent curative esophagectomy. Two @entity1 were declared inoperable after treatment, and three @entity1 died prior to surgery. The median follow-up on all @entity1 was 20.2 months. Median progression-free survival and median overall survival were 13.6 and 21.4 months, respectively. Clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 21 out of 29 @entity1 (72.4%). Complete pathologic response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 4 out of 24 @entity1 (16.7%). Those four @entity1 have been alive and progression-free for 20-37 months. Grade 3-4 @entity137 occurred in 16 of the 29 @entity1 during neoadjuvant therapy. Grade 3-4 @entity137 were seen in 6 out of 14 @entity1 during adjuvant therapy. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values of >= 8 correlated with better progression-free survival. CONCLUSION: @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 regimen is active in @entity1 with @entity420 . @entity137 profiles are manageable. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy allowed achievement of complete pathologic response without radiation. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values might be prognostic.

title: A phase II study of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with @entity10049 , XXXX , @entity901 and @entity1205 in the treatment of previously untreated advanced @entity420 .

answer: @entity4181 :: (MESH:D002955,Chemical) :: ['leucovorin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, without the use of radiation, has infrequently been reported in operable chemo-na  ve stage III @entity420 @entity1 . METHODS: Twenty-nine eligible @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Neoadjuvant therapy consisted of @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 and was administered in two 4-week cycles. Following therapy, @entity1 underwent surgical resection. Those @entity1 having @entity66 were offered adjuvant chemotherapy. @entity1 having a complete pathologic response were not offered any further chemotherapy. RESULTS: Twenty-four out of 29 @entity1 finished neoadjuvant therapy and underwent curative esophagectomy. Two @entity1 were declared inoperable after treatment, and three @entity1 died prior to surgery. The median follow-up on all @entity1 was 20.2 months. Median progression-free survival and median overall survival were 13.6 and 21.4 months, respectively. Clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 21 out of 29 @entity1 (72.4%). Complete pathologic response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 4 out of 24 @entity1 (16.7%). Those four @entity1 have been alive and progression-free for 20-37 months. Grade 3-4 @entity137 occurred in 16 of the 29 @entity1 during neoadjuvant therapy. Grade 3-4 @entity137 were seen in 6 out of 14 @entity1 during adjuvant therapy. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values of >= 8 correlated with better progression-free survival. CONCLUSION: @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 regimen is active in @entity1 with @entity420 . @entity137 profiles are manageable. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy allowed achievement of complete pathologic response without radiation. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values might be prognostic.

title: A phase II study of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with XXXX , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 in the treatment of previously untreated advanced @entity420 .

answer: @entity10049 :: (MESH:D005467,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorodeoxyuridine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A complete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, without the use of radiation, has infrequently been reported in operable chemo-na  ve stage III @entity420 @entity1 . METHODS: Twenty-nine eligible @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Neoadjuvant therapy consisted of @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 and was administered in two 4-week cycles. Following therapy, @entity1 underwent surgical resection. Those @entity1 having @entity66 were offered adjuvant chemotherapy. @entity1 having a complete pathologic response were not offered any further chemotherapy. RESULTS: Twenty-four out of 29 @entity1 finished neoadjuvant therapy and underwent curative esophagectomy. Two @entity1 were declared inoperable after treatment, and three @entity1 died prior to surgery. The median follow-up on all @entity1 was 20.2 months. Median progression-free survival and median overall survival were 13.6 and 21.4 months, respectively. Clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 21 out of 29 @entity1 (72.4%). Complete pathologic response with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was seen in 4 out of 24 @entity1 (16.7%). Those four @entity1 have been alive and progression-free for 20-37 months. Grade 3-4 @entity137 occurred in 16 of the 29 @entity1 during neoadjuvant therapy. Grade 3-4 @entity137 were seen in 6 out of 14 @entity1 during adjuvant therapy. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values of >= 8 correlated with better progression-free survival. CONCLUSION: @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and @entity1205 regimen is active in @entity1 with @entity420 . @entity137 profiles are manageable. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy allowed achievement of complete pathologic response without radiation. @entity419 -positron emission tomography standardized uptake values might be prognostic.

title: A phase II study of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy with @entity10049 , @entity4181 , @entity901 and XXXX in the treatment of previously untreated advanced @entity420 .

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: One case of @entity3580 is described. A review of literature shows that this condition is rare. This @entity5 grows slowly. The symptoms owing to the surrounding structures compression appear insidiously. Standard radiography, tomography, echography and computed tomography are an aid to diagnosis confirmed by biopsy. Surgical @entity5 is the primary modality of treatment. Surgical resection is carried out using a combined abdominal and trans-sacral approach. Complete tumoral resection is limited by preservation of sacral stability and urinary and fecal continence. Many @entity1 are referred for radiation therapy after subtotal resection. Local recurrence is frequent. @entity3 is rare. 90 per cent of @entity1 are dead in ten years.

title: [Sacral XXXX , a rare @entity5 ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['removal of the tumor', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Metastasis']

answer: @entity3580 :: (MESH:D002817,Disease) :: ['chordoma']


abstract: One case of @entity3580 is described. A review of literature shows that this condition is rare. This @entity5 grows slowly. The symptoms owing to the surrounding structures compression appear insidiously. Standard radiography, tomography, echography and computed tomography are an aid to diagnosis confirmed by biopsy. Surgical @entity5 is the primary modality of treatment. Surgical resection is carried out using a combined abdominal and trans-sacral approach. Complete tumoral resection is limited by preservation of sacral stability and urinary and fecal continence. Many @entity1 are referred for radiation therapy after subtotal resection. Local recurrence is frequent. @entity3 is rare. 90 per cent of @entity1 are dead in ten years.

title: [Sacral @entity3580 , a rare XXXX ].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted a retrospective analysis of radical nephrectomies performed in our clinic in order to evaluate the incidence of multifocality in relation to the stage, grade, size and histological type. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative imaging studies and the final pathological results of surgical specimens were reviewed. Separate @entity5 at a distance of more than one cm from the @entity5 were counted. Of 56 @entity1358 10 (17.8%) were multifocal. Of these 10, 3 were found with @entity5 less than or equal to 4 cm, while 7 were found with @entity5 between 4-10 cm. Three multiflocal @entity5 were found with TI @entity5 , none with T2, 4 with T3a and three with T3b @entity5 . Six cases were present where the histological subtype of the @entity5 was clear cell, while 4 had mixed cell histology. No multifocality was observed in the 4 grade I @entity5 , while 3 of the 32 grade II @entity5 and 6 of the 20 grade III @entity5 were multifocal. The only grade IV @entity5 presented with a separate @entity5 . Statistically significant correlation was found between multifocality and @entity5 grade stage and clear cell histology subtype. There was no correlation between the @entity5 size and the possibility of multifocality. CONCLUSION: Although partial nephrectomies are justified from their survival rates, close follow-up is necessary because separate @entity5 may still exist in the kidney, left behind, irrespective of @entity5 size.

title: XXXX is a factor to consider before performing a partial nephrectomy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'largest tumor', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell cancers']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['Multifocality of renal cell tumors']


abstract: Neutrophil leucocytes are known to migrate actively into 3-dimensional gels of collagen or fibrin. In this paper, we have used such gels to study chemotaxis of @entity1 blood neutrophils towards gradient sources of @entity5037 ( @entity5038 ) using 2 assay systems. The first resembled the micropore filter assay in that neutrophils on the upper surface of collagen gels were allowed to invade in the presence of either an isotropic concentration or a gradient of @entity5038 . Neutrophils invaded the gel vigorously in both cases. The effect of the gradient was assessed by determining the population distribution at different levels in the gel. Cells moving randomly should be distributed normally, and directional locomotion should cause deviation from normal distribution. Such a deviation was seen, but was of marginal significance. A more direct demonstration of chemotaxis was achieved by the second assay in which an agarose slab containing @entity5038 was incorporated into a gel, and the paths of nearby neutrophils were filmed. These cells showed an unequivocal directional response to the @entity5038 gradient. Protein gels can thus be used in the same way as both the presently used filter assays and visual assays using plane substrata, but with the advantage of providing a more physiological environment for the study of chemotaxis than either.

title: The use of collagen or fibrin gels for the assay of XXXX neutrophil chemotaxis.

entities_list: @entity5037 :: ('MESH:D009240', 'Chemical') :: ['formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']