abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2689 is a @entity2008 where phenotypic females have either a missing X chromosome or a structural aberration of the X chromosome. Several @entity2194 have been associated with @entity2689 in the past, including one case only of proven @entity5502 . METHODS: In this study we report the clinical findings of three females with @entity2689 and @entity1596 followed up for a mean period of 12.6 months. Two were observed in childhood or adolescence (10 and 16 years old). RESULTS: All the @entity1 showed @entity5502 , in one case complicated by the onset of @entity1829 and @entity1103 . Associated @entity262 ( @entity1569 and @entity625 ) were diagnosed in two cases. The third @entity1 showed positive antinuclear antibody and HLA-DR11, without any clinical or radiologic signs of @entity625 . The @entity5502 tended to become chronic with time, and this may be partially due to the endocrinologic contraindications to the use of systemic @entity230 . Nevertheless, the final visual acuity was > or =8/10 in all three cases. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5502 should be included in the list of ocular manifestations in @entity2689 . It may tend to become chronic and may be found especially in those @entity1 presenting other associated @entity792 .

title: XXXX in @entity2689 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular diseases']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile seronegative arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['cystoid macular edema']

entities_list: @entity5502 :: ('MESH:D015863', 'Disease') :: ['Iridocyclitis', 'iridocyclitis']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ["Turner's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['papilledema']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormality']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune systemic disease']

answer: @entity1596 :: (MESH:D014605,Disease) :: ['Uveitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2689 is a @entity2008 where phenotypic females have either a missing X chromosome or a structural aberration of the X chromosome. Several @entity2194 have been associated with @entity2689 in the past, including one case only of proven @entity5502 . METHODS: In this study we report the clinical findings of three females with @entity2689 and @entity1596 followed up for a mean period of 12.6 months. Two were observed in childhood or adolescence (10 and 16 years old). RESULTS: All the @entity1 showed @entity5502 , in one case complicated by the onset of @entity1829 and @entity1103 . Associated @entity262 ( @entity1569 and @entity625 ) were diagnosed in two cases. The third @entity1 showed positive antinuclear antibody and HLA-DR11, without any clinical or radiologic signs of @entity625 . The @entity5502 tended to become chronic with time, and this may be partially due to the endocrinologic contraindications to the use of systemic @entity230 . Nevertheless, the final visual acuity was > or =8/10 in all three cases. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5502 should be included in the list of ocular manifestations in @entity2689 . It may tend to become chronic and may be found especially in those @entity1 presenting other associated @entity792 .

title: @entity1596 in XXXX .

answer: @entity2689 :: (MESH:D014424,Disease) :: ['Turner's syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sectorial @entity227 after macular hole surgery were described by several authors. The intraocular gas tamponade is discussed to be a possible causative factor for this complication. @entity1 AND METHODS: Goldmann perimetry and threshold perimetry were performed preoperatively and 6 weeks postoperatively in 48 @entity1 who underwent epimacular surgery because of @entity1020 (23 eyes) or macular holes stage II - IV (25 eyes). Laser polarimetry was performed additionally using the Nerve Fiber Analyzer. The results were compared quantitatively. In all cases an epimacular membrane was peeled off. Eyes with macular holes underwent fluid-gas exchange with SF 6 without drying up the retina completely. RESULTS: No @entity1 showed a sectorial @entity227 . The quantitative comparison of visual field examinations did not prove a difference between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: We could not detect any impairing influence of the intraocular gas tamponade in our @entity1 . Without complete desiccation of the vitreous cavity, @entity227 after macular hole surgery are unlikely.

title: [Comparative investigation of the etiology of XXXX after epimacular surgery].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular pucker']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defect', 'visual field defects']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['visual field defects']


abstract: Since the original description by Taylor, the term focal @entity6795 has been used to refer to a wide range of alterations of the cortical mantle. More recently, these conditions have been described from neuroimaging, neuropathological and genetic standpoints, generating several classifications. It is widely recognized that these classifications are unsatisfactory. We propose a simplified classification of focal @entity6795 based on easily recognized neuropathological characteristics. We retrospectively re-examined histological sections of cortex from 52 of 224 (23%) @entity1 operated on for drug-resistant partial @entity302 in which @entity6795 was present but not associated with other @entity75 except @entity131 . Three subgroups were identified: (i) @entity1141 (31 @entity1 ) characterized by abnormal cortical lamination and ectopic neurones in white matter; (ii) @entity1141 (six @entity1 ) characterized by giant neurofilament-enriched neurones in addition to altered cortical lamination; and (iii) @entity10067 (15 @entity1 ) with @entity528 and balloon cells (all but two @entity1 ) associated with @entity75 . The @entity1 with @entity1141 had lower @entity410 frequency than those with cytoarchitectural and @entity10067 , and the epileptogenic zone was mainly in the temporal lobe. In @entity1 with @entity10067 , the epileptogenic zone was mainly extratemporal, and interictal stereo-EEG was distinctive. MRI was unrevealing in 34% of @entity1 , but distinctive signal alterations characterized most @entity1 with @entity10067 , while focal @entity509 with @entity854 was found in @entity1141 . @entity1 with @entity10067 had the best outcome, with 75% @entity410 -free (Engel class Ia) after at least a year of follow-up compared with 50% of @entity1141 and 43% of @entity1141 @entity1 @entity410 -free. This three-category classification is based on easily recognized histopathological characteristics and avoids complicated terminology, while the distinctive ensemble of other characteristics defines clinically homogeneous groups.

title: Focal XXXX : neuropathological subtypes, EEG, neuroimaging and surgical outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain pathologies', 'cortical laminar disruption']

entities_list: @entity6795 :: ('MESH:D054220', 'Disease') :: ['cortical dysplasia', 'cortical dysplasias']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['MRI abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity10067 :: ('MESH:C537067', 'Disease') :: ['Taylor-type dysplasia', 'Taylor-type cortical dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['giant dysmorphic neurones']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['architectural dysplasia', 'cytoarchitectural dysplasia']

answer: @entity6795 :: (MESH:D054220,Disease) :: ['cortical dysplasia']


abstract: Rasmussen's @entity198 (RE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin, usually affecting one brain hemisphere. In the present study, a comprehensive assessment of the natural history of the disorder is presented. @entity410 frequency, degree of @entity1269 and degree of @entity1779 in 13 @entity1 with histopathologically proven RE are analysed over the time course prior to resective @entity302 surgery or introduction of long-term immunosuppressive pharmacotherapy. For the assessment of the degree of @entity1779 , on defined slices comprising the Sylvian fissure of hard copies of serial MRI investigations, the hemispheric ratio (HR) was determined. The data show an initial prodromal phase with an intermediate frequency of focal onset @entity410 and mostly no @entity1269 . The occurrence of this stage was mainly observed in the adolescent and adult @entity1 . All @entity1 went through an acute phase with a median duration of 8 months. During this stage, there were frequent simple partial motor @entity410 , development of @entity1269 and volume loss of the affected hemisphere. After this, the @entity1 passed into a residual stage with a marked decrease in @entity410 frequency. Twelve months after the onset of the acute stage, the average HR was 0.72. These data allow an estimation of the prognosis of newly affected @entity1 , and demonstrate that most of the @entity75 in RE occurs during the first 8-12 months. These findings should be taken into consideration when future therapeutic approaches to RE are evaluated.

title: The natural history of Rasmussen's XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral hemiatrophy']

answer: @entity198 :: (MESH:D004660,Disease) :: ['encephalitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the long-term outcome for @entity1 who recover from a primary @entity1779 . The authors examined the rate of recurrence, vascular events, and @entity204 in survivors of a primary @entity1779 and the factors related to the long-term prognosis. METHODS: All 243 @entity1 admitted to one of three hospitals with a primary @entity1779 who regained independence were interviewed about vascular events after the index @entity548 . The authors used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the event-free survival and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to identify predictors of recurrence, any vascular event, or @entity204 . RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 5.5 years, the annual rates of recurrent primary @entity1779 , vascular events, and @entity204 were 2.1% (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.3%), 5.9% (95% CI, 4.5 to 7.7%), and 3.2% (95% CI, 2.2 to 4.5%). Age of 65 years or older was the only predictor of a recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 6.1) and @entity204 (HR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.0 to 7.0). In addition to age, male sex predicted the occurrence of vascular events (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.0). Use of anticoagulation after the index bleeding tripled the risk of @entity548 events (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 7.2). CONCLUSION: @entity1 who recovered from a primary @entity1779 had a 2.1% to 5.9% annual rate of recurrence, @entity204 , or vascular events. Age of 65 years or older more than doubled the risk of recurrence, vascular event, or @entity204 . The risk of vascular events in @entity1 was increased twofold.

title: Long-term prognosis after recovery from primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['vascular death', 'death']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic', 'hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']


abstract: Intensive care unit (ICU) resources are frequently utilized in the supportive care of hospitalized @entity1 with @entity5 . @entity1 with @entity5 reportedly have poor outcomes from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and @entity1 care costs of CPR applied to @entity1 already receiving life support in an ICU. The medical records of @entity1 who developed @entity1167 and underwent CPR in the ICU of a comprehensive @entity5 center between 1993 and 2000 were reviewed. ICU charges after the first episode of CPR were analyzed. There were 5,196 admissions to the ICU during this time; 406 (8%) of the @entity1 underwent CPR; 67% had @entity1583 or had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: 256 @entity1 (63%) died at the time of the arrest, and in 150 (37%) spontaneous circulation was restored. There were 104 @entity1 (26%) who survived more than 24 hours but ultimately died during their hospitalization; their mean time to @entity204 was 4.3 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9-5.6), and mean ICU charges were  45,877 (95% CI  24,802- 66,952). Seven @entity1 (2%) survived to be discharged. @entity1 who survived after CPR and were discharged from the hospital were those who had acute @entity943 and were resuscitated promptly. The application of CPR to @entity5 @entity1 receiving life support is costly and typically does not lead to long-term survival. @entity5 @entity1 requiring admission to an ICU should receive full supportive care short of resuscitation. Providing assurances that care will remain appropriate, aggressive, and in accordance with the @entity1 's and family's wishes can optimize compassionate care while avoiding futile life-sustaining interventions.

title: Outcome and cost implications of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the medical intensive care unit of a comprehensive XXXX center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Although exercise stress testing does not allow certain diagnosis of @entity453 , its interpretation should not necessarily be vague. By using the Bayes theorem and the many studies available we can now quantify the probability of a correct result for each individual case. Three parameters need to be known to undertake this calculation; the prevalence of the disease and the sensitivity and specificity of the investigation. The prevalence of the disease is beginning to be recognised taking into account the character of the @entity158 . Four groups of increasing prevalence can thereby be defined: absence of @entity662 , @entity158 , @entity158 . Within each of these groups the prevalence of @entity301 is higher in @entity1 and increases with age. Information about the prevalence of multivessel disease after @entity1188 is more limited. Only two groups can be distinguished which do not take symptoms, age or sex into consideration. The prevalence is 57% after anterior and 65% after inferior @entity1188 . The sensitivity and specificity of stress testing can be determined by comparison with coronary angiography or, when this is available, by following up the @entity1 . These parameters depend mainly on the methodology which should be strictly defined. When only significant ST @entity308 is considered, the overall sensitivity and specificity of exercise stress testing is 70% and 80% respectively. These results vary according to the particular context; in @entity1 , the sensitivity and specificity are 72% and 75% respectively; in asymptomatic subjects the sensitivity and specificity are 50% and 85% respectively. With regards to the detection of multivessel disease after anterior @entity1188 , the sensitivity and specificity are 58 and 85% respectively and after inferior @entity1188 , 85 and 84% respectively. The use of diagnostic probability based on these parameters should lead to unambiguous practical management of @entity1 related to the degrees of probability obtained. The underlying principles of this diagnostic approach cannot be questioned as they are based on a well established mathematical formula. However, much work remains to be done, on the one hand to determine the exact prevalence of @entity301 , and on the other hand to improve the sensitivity of exercise stress testing.

title: [The diagnostic exercise test in XXXX . Proposal for a more rigorous and efficacious interpretation].

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['atypical pain and typical pain', 'pain', 'non-anginal pain']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary disease']


abstract: CASE REPORT: A 75-year-old @entity1 was hospitalized for @entity951 and @entity591 . Neither ECG nor laboratory examinations were diagnostic for @entity583 . Because of an abdominal thrill and a history of an @entity449 a @entity1514 and abdominal CT scan was performed. It revealed a @entity1755 . In an emergency operation the @entity292 was closed and the infrarenal aorta including both Aa. iliacae was replaced by a prosthesis. The @entity1 recovered rapidly and was discharged home on the 11th postoperative day. CONCLUSION: Aortocaval @entity292 are rare complications of @entity1028 . Due to altered hemodynamics they may become manifest by symptoms usually typical for other diseases. Computed tomography appears to be the most rapid and safe diagnostic measure. Particularly in @entity1 with unstable hemodynamics, surgical transaneurysmatic closure of the @entity292 together with a prosthetic replacement of the diseased vessel is the therapy of choice.

title: [Angina pectoris as initial clinical manifestation of @entity1755 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['rupture of the infrarenal aortic aneurysm into the inferior vena cava']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas', 'fistula', 'aortocaval fistula']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['aortocaval fistula']


abstract: CASE REPORT: A 75-year-old @entity1 was hospitalized for @entity951 and @entity591 . Neither ECG nor laboratory examinations were diagnostic for @entity583 . Because of an abdominal thrill and a history of an @entity449 a @entity1514 and abdominal CT scan was performed. It revealed a @entity1755 . In an emergency operation the @entity292 was closed and the infrarenal aorta including both Aa. iliacae was replaced by a prosthesis. The @entity1 recovered rapidly and was discharged home on the 11th postoperative day. CONCLUSION: Aortocaval @entity292 are rare complications of @entity1028 . Due to altered hemodynamics they may become manifest by symptoms usually typical for other diseases. Computed tomography appears to be the most rapid and safe diagnostic measure. Particularly in @entity1 with unstable hemodynamics, surgical transaneurysmatic closure of the @entity292 together with a prosthetic replacement of the diseased vessel is the therapy of choice.

title: [Angina pectoris as initial clinical manifestation of XXXX with @entity292 ].

answer: @entity1755 :: (MESH:D001019,Disease) :: ['ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: The question whether the @entity5 is primary or metastatic sometimes arises in @entity1 with @entity5 . Especially, @entity420 presents @entity4764 in distinguishing @entity5 from secondary or deciding its origin. We reported a case of mediastinal @entity2580 . A 51-year-old female was admitted because of an abnormal shadow during mass screening. Chest X-ray showed a semicircular, well-demarcated shadow on right cardiophrenic angle. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a homogeneous mass, approximately 4 cm in diameter. The investigations of whole body failed to reveal any other @entity5 . At operation, the @entity5 was adherent to the esophagus but easily resected. Histologically, the @entity5 was mainly composed of signet-ring cells. Immunohistochemically, surfactant apoprotein ( @entity11028 ) was strongly demonstrated in @entity5 cells. @entity11028 is specific to the lung and the @entity5 was diagnosed as the @entity3 in mediastinal lymph nodes. The primary site was considered to exist in lung. But the primary site was not found over 46 months in spite of repeated further examinations.

title: [Mediastinal XXXX of unknown primary site; report of a case].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'intrathoracic tumor']

entities_list: @entity2580 :: ('MESH:D018279', 'Disease') :: ['signet-ring cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity4764 :: ('MESH:D051346', 'Disease') :: ['more difficulties']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2580 :: (MESH:D018279,Disease) :: ['signet-ring cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of @entity2167 by health care practitioners and to explore outcomes of @entity1 with unsuccessful initial removal attempts. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: A case series of @entity1 presenting with @entity2167 to the emergency department of the authors' institution (Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center) over a 3-year period was studied retrospectively. Medical records were reviewed, and information including age at presentation, type of foreign body, side of presentation, length of time in place, signs and symptoms at presentation, management practices, and outcomes was recorded. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-two @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity2167 were identified. Emergency personnel successfully managed 67% of @entity1 using direct visualization techniques, and 33% required otolaryngological consultation. Otolaryngologists used otomicroscopy with standard otological instruments as their mainstay of management. Analysis of successfully managed emergency department cases revealed that 82% of foreign bodies were irregularly shaped objects with soft, graspable parts. Conversely, 72% of foreign bodies in otolaryngology referrals were firm, rounded objects such as beads and beans. Analysis of @entity1 referred to otolaryngologists revealed a requirement for removal under anesthesia of 19%. @entity1 with a history of one or more removal attempts before emergency department evaluation universally failed further direct visualization techniques. A disproportionate number of these @entity1 eventually required operative intervention and/or had tympanic membrane perforation. @entity1 with a history of previous removal attempt(s) who were referred directly to otolaryngologists were more likely to be successfully managed without general anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Emergency room personnel successfully manage the majority of @entity1 with foreign bodies of the external auditory canal. For @entity1 with firm, rounded objects, direct otolaryngology consultation without further manipulation should be strongly considered. @entity1 who have had previous removal attempts should not undergo further manipulation in the emergency department but rather should be referred directly to an otolaryngologist.

title: XXXX : management practices and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['external auditory canal foreign body removal attempts', 'external auditory canal foreign body']

answer: @entity2167 :: (MESH:D006311,Disease) :: ['External auditory canal foreign body removal']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the question of whether there is a difference in retronasal olfactory function between @entity1 suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis with @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ) and healthy controls. This question was based on the clinical observation that many of these @entity1 present with smell loss without complaining about loss of the appreciation of foods. STUDY DESIGN: Open prospective study comparing symptomatic @entity1 with healthy controls. METHODS: A total of 56 healthy volunteers and 42 @entity1412 @entity1 were tested for orthonasal and retronasal odor identification. All subjects received detailed nasal endoscopy; @entity1412 was staged according to the Malm classification. @entity1 rated their olfactory function on visual analogue scales. Orthonasal testing was performed using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test kit. Retronasal testing was evaluated with odorized powders applied to the oral cavity. In both tests, subjects were asked to identify 10 items using a forced choice paradigm. RESULTS: Overall, odor identification was better in controls compared with @entity1412 @entity1 (P <.001). Although controls exhibited no difference between orthonasal and retronasal smelling (P =.26), in @entity1412 @entity1 , olfactory function was significantly better when odors were applied through the retronasal route (P <.001). Ratings of general olfactory abilities correlated with retronasal and orthonasal olfactory function in @entity1412 @entity1 (P <.001) but not in healthy controls (P =.34). CONCLUSION: Better retronasal than orthonasal olfactory function seems to be associated with the presence of mechanical obstruction in the anterior portion of the olfactory cleft. In turn, these data indicate that olfactory loss in @entity1412 seems to be caused by regional mechanical or inflammatory factors.

title: Retronasal olfactory function in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['NP', 'nasal polyposis']

answer: @entity1412 :: (MESH:D011125,Disease) :: ['nasal polyposis']


abstract: Ovulation induction in the postpartum @entity2608 was attempted with the use of purified @entity1 pituitary gonadotropins for assessment of (1) whether this procedure could be used to provide a source of luteal tissue; (2) the extent of ovarian responsiveness to gonadotropic stimulation; (3) factors that might facilitate ovulation induction during the peurperium; and (4) factors that might be a contributory cause of induction failure. Twenty @entity2608 were treated with purified @entity1 follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) and @entity1 luteinizing hormone (hLH) twice daily, beginning on days 0, 10, or 20 postpartum, with or without prior administration of @entity2847 . Laparotomies were performed during the midluteal phase. Ovaries were examined, and all corpora lutea were removed. Neither the day of beginning the gonadotropin treatment nor @entity2847 administration had a significant effect on the success rate of ovulation induction, which averaged 60% overall. Inductions begun during July had a significantly (P less than 0.025) lower success rate than those started at other times of the year. Antibodies to hFSH and hLH were detected in serum from monkeys that had undergone ovulation induction. Antibodies to hFSH, but not hLH, were associated with significantly reduced induction success (P less than 0.05). Plasma @entity53 rose in response to gonadotropin treatment, and the induced follicular phase averaged 13.6 +/- 0.7 days. In all animals judged to have ovulated, corpora lutea were observed at laparotomy, and plasma concentrations of @entity1420 were significantly elevated (13.8 +/- 3.8 ng/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Induction of ovulation in the postpartum XXXX : factors determining success in obtaining primate luteal tissue.

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkey', 'rhesus monkeys']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkey']


abstract: We have compared the effects of long-term exposure to @entity9640 or @entity413 on nutrient-induced insulin release from pancreatic islets of the @entity35 . After 3 days of culture islets were finally tested in 1 h incubations for insulin responses to 16.7 mM of @entity413 , @entity1160 , @entity368 or a combination of @entity368 and @entity1160 . After culture at 11 mM @entity413 + 2 mM @entity1160 (A), @entity413 , @entity368 and @entity1160 stimulated release to a similar extent from islets. After culture at 1.7 mM @entity413 + 10 mM @entity1160 (B), only @entity368 stimulated insulin release. After culture at 11 mM @entity413 + 10 mM @entity1160 (C), both @entity368 and @entity1160 increased the insulin response. After culture at 1.7 mM @entity413 and 2 mM @entity1160 (D), only @entity1160 slightly stimulated release. After culture in high @entity1160 (B or C), a combination of @entity368 and @entity1160 significantly inhibited release as compared to @entity368 alone. A switch in culture media from B to A for 1 h prior to final incubations revived insulin release in response to @entity413 but not to @entity1160 . The reverse switch (A to B) abolished both subsequent @entity413 -and @entity1160 -induced insulin release. A switch from D to B revived an insulin response to @entity368 . Exposure of B-cells to 11 mM @entity413 during 30 min in another experimental system (perfused pancreas) induced a significant insulin response to subsequent stimulation with @entity1160 ; this response was, however, only 17% of that to @entity413 per se observed in the same experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differences in long-term effects of XXXX and @entity413 on insulin release from @entity35 pancreatic islets.

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity9640 :: ('CHEBI:18050', 'Chemical') :: ['L-glutamine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'D-glucose']

answer: @entity9640 :: (CHEBI:18050,Chemical) :: ['L-glutamine']


abstract: We have compared the effects of long-term exposure to @entity9640 or @entity413 on nutrient-induced insulin release from pancreatic islets of the @entity35 . After 3 days of culture islets were finally tested in 1 h incubations for insulin responses to 16.7 mM of @entity413 , @entity1160 , @entity368 or a combination of @entity368 and @entity1160 . After culture at 11 mM @entity413 + 2 mM @entity1160 (A), @entity413 , @entity368 and @entity1160 stimulated release to a similar extent from islets. After culture at 1.7 mM @entity413 + 10 mM @entity1160 (B), only @entity368 stimulated insulin release. After culture at 11 mM @entity413 + 10 mM @entity1160 (C), both @entity368 and @entity1160 increased the insulin response. After culture at 1.7 mM @entity413 and 2 mM @entity1160 (D), only @entity1160 slightly stimulated release. After culture in high @entity1160 (B or C), a combination of @entity368 and @entity1160 significantly inhibited release as compared to @entity368 alone. A switch in culture media from B to A for 1 h prior to final incubations revived insulin release in response to @entity413 but not to @entity1160 . The reverse switch (A to B) abolished both subsequent @entity413 -and @entity1160 -induced insulin release. A switch from D to B revived an insulin response to @entity368 . Exposure of B-cells to 11 mM @entity413 during 30 min in another experimental system (perfused pancreas) induced a significant insulin response to subsequent stimulation with @entity1160 ; this response was, however, only 17% of that to @entity413 per se observed in the same experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differences in long-term effects of @entity9640 and XXXX on insulin release from @entity35 pancreatic islets.

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['D-glucose']


abstract: We have compared the effects of long-term exposure to @entity9640 or @entity413 on nutrient-induced insulin release from pancreatic islets of the @entity35 . After 3 days of culture islets were finally tested in 1 h incubations for insulin responses to 16.7 mM of @entity413 , @entity1160 , @entity368 or a combination of @entity368 and @entity1160 . After culture at 11 mM @entity413 + 2 mM @entity1160 (A), @entity413 , @entity368 and @entity1160 stimulated release to a similar extent from islets. After culture at 1.7 mM @entity413 + 10 mM @entity1160 (B), only @entity368 stimulated insulin release. After culture at 11 mM @entity413 + 10 mM @entity1160 (C), both @entity368 and @entity1160 increased the insulin response. After culture at 1.7 mM @entity413 and 2 mM @entity1160 (D), only @entity1160 slightly stimulated release. After culture in high @entity1160 (B or C), a combination of @entity368 and @entity1160 significantly inhibited release as compared to @entity368 alone. A switch in culture media from B to A for 1 h prior to final incubations revived insulin release in response to @entity413 but not to @entity1160 . The reverse switch (A to B) abolished both subsequent @entity413 -and @entity1160 -induced insulin release. A switch from D to B revived an insulin response to @entity368 . Exposure of B-cells to 11 mM @entity413 during 30 min in another experimental system (perfused pancreas) induced a significant insulin response to subsequent stimulation with @entity1160 ; this response was, however, only 17% of that to @entity413 per se observed in the same experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differences in long-term effects of @entity9640 and @entity413 on insulin release from XXXX pancreatic islets.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The effect of pregnancy on @entity1 with @entity16488 of the vagina and cervix was evaluated based upon a review of 503 cases. Eighty-five had been pregnant (24 at diagnosis), 408 had never been pregnant, and the pregnancy history was unavailable in 10 cases. All of the 24 @entity1 pregnant at diagnosis were over 16 years of age; 14 were in the first trimester, 6 in the second, and 4 in the third trimester. By FIGO criteria, 15 were stage I, 7 stage II, and 2 were stage III. The 24 pregnant and 408 never pregnant (age corrected) cases were compared with regard to maternal hormone history, symptoms, stage, location, predominant histologic or cell type, greatest @entity5 diameter, surface area, depth of invasion, grade, and number of mitoses. No significant differences were detected. Twelve of the 24 pregnant @entity1 had radical hysterectomy with or without irradiation (9 stage I, 3 stage II); of the 7 treated by local therapy (5 stage I, 2 stage II), 3 required additional therapy due to persistent disease; 4 had radiotherapy alone (1 stage I, 2 stage II, and 1 stage III); one had teletherapy followed by exenteration (stage III). Six of the 24 died 2 to 12 years after diagnosis (1 stage I, 3 stage II, 2 stage III). Eighteen are alive at 1 to 17 years. The overall 5 and 10 year actuarial survival rates (age adjusted) for the group pregnant at diagnosis (86 and 68%) do not differ significantly from the never pregnant group. Pregnancy does not seem to adversely affect the outcome of @entity16488 . Guidelines are presented to treat pregnant @entity1 with @entity16488 .

title: @entity16488 ( XXXX ) of the vagina and cervix in association with pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity16488 :: (MESH:D018262,Disease) :: ['CCA']


abstract: The effect of pregnancy on @entity1 with @entity16488 of the vagina and cervix was evaluated based upon a review of 503 cases. Eighty-five had been pregnant (24 at diagnosis), 408 had never been pregnant, and the pregnancy history was unavailable in 10 cases. All of the 24 @entity1 pregnant at diagnosis were over 16 years of age; 14 were in the first trimester, 6 in the second, and 4 in the third trimester. By FIGO criteria, 15 were stage I, 7 stage II, and 2 were stage III. The 24 pregnant and 408 never pregnant (age corrected) cases were compared with regard to maternal hormone history, symptoms, stage, location, predominant histologic or cell type, greatest @entity5 diameter, surface area, depth of invasion, grade, and number of mitoses. No significant differences were detected. Twelve of the 24 pregnant @entity1 had radical hysterectomy with or without irradiation (9 stage I, 3 stage II); of the 7 treated by local therapy (5 stage I, 2 stage II), 3 required additional therapy due to persistent disease; 4 had radiotherapy alone (1 stage I, 2 stage II, and 1 stage III); one had teletherapy followed by exenteration (stage III). Six of the 24 died 2 to 12 years after diagnosis (1 stage I, 3 stage II, 2 stage III). Eighteen are alive at 1 to 17 years. The overall 5 and 10 year actuarial survival rates (age adjusted) for the group pregnant at diagnosis (86 and 68%) do not differ significantly from the never pregnant group. Pregnancy does not seem to adversely affect the outcome of @entity16488 . Guidelines are presented to treat pregnant @entity1 with @entity16488 .

title: XXXX ( @entity16488 ) of the vagina and cervix in association with pregnancy.

answer: @entity16488 :: (MESH:D018262,Disease) :: ['Clear cell adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess whether general practitioners (GPs) can be trained to use a simple battery of functional scales and neuropsychological tests to detect @entity1 likely to develop @entity303 as reliably as neuropsychologists in clinical practice. METHODS: Fifty GPs with medium-sized practices in the Bordeaux area of France were recruited by monitors and trained to use a battery of tests (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Isaacs Set Test (IST), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and Zazzo's Cancellation Test (ZCT)). Each GP was required to recruit one @entity1 . The tests were administered first by the GP,and then by a trained psychologist. RESULTS: Overall, the GPs showed interest in participating in the study. They had no difficulty in recruiting @entity1 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and none reported any difficulty in using the scales and tests battery. In total, 35 subjects were interviewed by both a trained GP and a psychologist. The scores obtained by the GPs and psychologists did not differ statistically for two of the four tests (IST, p = 0.6; BVRT, p = 0.7), but were statistically different for the other two tests (MMSE, p = 0.04; ZCT; p < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the feasibility of conducting a study for detecting @entity73 in general practice. The GPs were interested and participated well, @entity1 adherence was good, and the concordance correlation coefficients between the GPs' and psychologists' scores were satisfactory.

title: Inter-rater reliability of scales and tests used to measure mild XXXX by general practitioners and psychologists.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficit']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive impairment']


abstract: The purpose of the current study was to help define the role that endoprosthetic reconstructions have in the treatment of metastatic @entity79 . Of the 522 endoprostheses implanted at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) between December 1980 and January 2002, 37 (6.9%) were used in 37 @entity1 with @entity3 . @entity2045 locations outnumbered lower extremity locations 2:1. The 20 males and 17 females ranged in age from 10 to 82 years, with a median age of 54 years. Metastatic @entity0 predominated and accounted for 60% of the lesions. The lesion was a primary @entity3 in 27 @entity1 (73%) and a revision of failed previous surgery in 10 @entity1 (27%). Only five @entity1 experienced local complications none of whom required reoperation or amputation. Thirty-three of the 37 @entity1 died of disease progression at a median of 12 months (range, 4-49 months). Function after endoprosthetic reconstruction for @entity3 is similar to that of function for endoprosthetic reconstructions used for primary @entity5 , but clearly is dependent on the @entity1 's general condition. Although infrequently used to treat bone @entity3 , endoprosthetic reconstruction can be a useful alternative reconstruction in selected situations.

title: Endoprosthetic reconstructions for bone XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['renal and breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['Upper extremity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases', 'metastatic disease']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: Minimum doses of @entity1767 might show similar efficacy and side-effects compared to atypical antipsychotics. The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of minimum doses of @entity1767 with standard doses of @entity1090 and @entity1037 on a 6-month open trial in first @entity716 @entity1 and to examine the effect of compliance on their outcome. Forty-two @entity1 were recruited and started on flexible doses of these drugs. @entity1037 was given with no cost to the @entity1 . Efficacy and side-effects were monitored every 3 months using standardized assessments. Thirty @entity1 completed the study. All treatment groups showed improvement in positive, negative and @entity308 . There were no differences in side-effects among them. The @entity1767 group required higher doses of anticholinergics. The rate of treatment discontinuation was higher in the @entity1090 group due to the direct cost. Minimum doses of @entity1767 might prove to be a good choice of treatment for @entity1 with a first episode of @entity716 .

title: Minimum effective doses of @entity1767 for the treatment of first @entity716 : a comparative study with @entity1090 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic episode', 'psychosis']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['Olanzapine', 'olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity1037 :: (MESH:C076029,Chemical) :: ['olanzapine']


abstract: Minimum doses of @entity1767 might show similar efficacy and side-effects compared to atypical antipsychotics. The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of minimum doses of @entity1767 with standard doses of @entity1090 and @entity1037 on a 6-month open trial in first @entity716 @entity1 and to examine the effect of compliance on their outcome. Forty-two @entity1 were recruited and started on flexible doses of these drugs. @entity1037 was given with no cost to the @entity1 . Efficacy and side-effects were monitored every 3 months using standardized assessments. Thirty @entity1 completed the study. All treatment groups showed improvement in positive, negative and @entity308 . There were no differences in side-effects among them. The @entity1767 group required higher doses of anticholinergics. The rate of treatment discontinuation was higher in the @entity1090 group due to the direct cost. Minimum doses of @entity1767 might prove to be a good choice of treatment for @entity1 with a first episode of @entity716 .

title: Minimum effective doses of @entity1767 for the treatment of first XXXX : a comparative study with @entity1090 and @entity1037 .

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychotic episode']


abstract: Minimum doses of @entity1767 might show similar efficacy and side-effects compared to atypical antipsychotics. The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of minimum doses of @entity1767 with standard doses of @entity1090 and @entity1037 on a 6-month open trial in first @entity716 @entity1 and to examine the effect of compliance on their outcome. Forty-two @entity1 were recruited and started on flexible doses of these drugs. @entity1037 was given with no cost to the @entity1 . Efficacy and side-effects were monitored every 3 months using standardized assessments. Thirty @entity1 completed the study. All treatment groups showed improvement in positive, negative and @entity308 . There were no differences in side-effects among them. The @entity1767 group required higher doses of anticholinergics. The rate of treatment discontinuation was higher in the @entity1090 group due to the direct cost. Minimum doses of @entity1767 might prove to be a good choice of treatment for @entity1 with a first episode of @entity716 .

title: Minimum effective doses of @entity1767 for the treatment of first @entity716 : a comparative study with XXXX and @entity1037 .

answer: @entity1090 :: (MESH:D018967,Chemical) :: ['risperidone']


abstract: Minimum doses of @entity1767 might show similar efficacy and side-effects compared to atypical antipsychotics. The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of minimum doses of @entity1767 with standard doses of @entity1090 and @entity1037 on a 6-month open trial in first @entity716 @entity1 and to examine the effect of compliance on their outcome. Forty-two @entity1 were recruited and started on flexible doses of these drugs. @entity1037 was given with no cost to the @entity1 . Efficacy and side-effects were monitored every 3 months using standardized assessments. Thirty @entity1 completed the study. All treatment groups showed improvement in positive, negative and @entity308 . There were no differences in side-effects among them. The @entity1767 group required higher doses of anticholinergics. The rate of treatment discontinuation was higher in the @entity1090 group due to the direct cost. Minimum doses of @entity1767 might prove to be a good choice of treatment for @entity1 with a first episode of @entity716 .

title: Minimum effective doses of XXXX for the treatment of first @entity716 : a comparative study with @entity1090 and @entity1037 .

answer: @entity1767 :: (MESH:D006220,Chemical) :: ['haloperidol']


abstract: The purpose of this prospective study was to re-examine the relative importance of various factors in the pathogenesis of @entity10212 . Sixty-four @entity1 with @entity10212 were examined clinically and microbiologically. In addition, a subsample of 23 @entity1 was examined for serum @entity68 and @entity69 . The clinical appearance of the lip lesions fell into 4 categories. A ground rhagad at the corner of the mouth involving adjacent skin, was the most frequent type among dentate @entity1 , whereas among denture wearers a @entity75 following the labial marginal sulcus was frequently observed. Dentate @entity1 and denture wearers with @entity10212 often had atopic constitution or cutaneous diseases. Pathogenic microorganisms were cultured from the lesions in all 64 @entity1 ; @entity794 in 40 @entity1 and @entity5132 in 45. The results of this study indicate a correlation between @entity10212 and pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, among dentate @entity1 , a correlation exists between cutaneous discomfort and @entity10212 . Other etiological factors suggested for this disorder were found to be of subordinate importance.

title: XXXX : a clinical and microbial study.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['deep lesion']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans']

entities_list: @entity10212 :: ('MESH:D002613', 'Disease') :: ['cheilitis', 'angular cheilitis']

answer: @entity10212 :: (MESH:D002613,Disease) :: ['Angular cheilitis']


abstract: The mechanical properties of five different, equally distributed, and randomly oriented sites in natural and @entity3584 -fixed @entity291 pericardial sacs were investigated. Identical sites in different sacs were obtained by placing a template over each sac and using the ligaments still attached to the pericardium as a reference frame. Mean maximum extension of the fixed tissue was statistically significantly greater than that of natural tissue at the same degree of stress. There was no significant difference in thickness from position to position within a sac, from sac to sac, or from the natural to fixed pericardium. However, the extensibility of one particular site was significantly greater than that of other positions in the pericardial sac. This position lay entirely in a well-defined sector that emanated radially from the pericardial ligaments. Light and electron microscopy showed no difference in collagen structure in the five positions studied. In contrast, both the content and ultrastructure of the tissue @entity37544 differed in the region of high extensibility compared with those sites studied in the remainder of the sac. This region contained coarse condensed @entity37544 whereas the other sites had fine @entity37544 dispersed diffusely throughout the tissue. These results suggest that pericardial heterografts of uniform thickness may be harvested from any position in @entity291 pericardium. However, unless the region of coarse condensed @entity37544 is excluded, leaflets with significantly different mechanical properties may be produced.

title: Pericardial heterografts. Toward quality control of the mechanical properties of XXXX -fixed leaflets.

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

answer: @entity3584 :: (MESH:D005976,Chemical) :: ['glutaraldehyde']


abstract: There are a great variety of computational methods available to study protein and nucleic acid sequences. The choice of a computer program appropriate to a particular problem and the critical interpretation of the results can lead to specific, and experimentally testable, predictions of a protein's structure and function and may yield insights into its evolution and the location of its gene. We have shown that @entity35 @entity12216 bears a striking structural similarity to @entity1 @entity1675 (summarized in Fig. 7). Statistical analyses of homologies between apolipoproteins A-I, A-IV, and E demonstrate conclusively that all three sequences diverged from a common ancestral gene. That @entity12216 largely composed of 22 @entity535 amphipathic segments with alpha-helical potential suggests that it possesses the structural requirements for @entity52061 activation. Analysis of the apoB, E receptor-binding domain of @entity1 @entity2204 has demonstrated that it evolved from an ancestral repeated sequence. Assuming that the genes for these proteins evolved as a result of a series of intra- and intergenic unequal crossovers, it is likely that their genetic loci were at one time linked. The repeated sequences of which these genes are composed have propagated themselves in an expansionary manner. Given this fact, the existence of other genes or pseudogenes based upon this repeated sequence motif is a distinct possibility.

title: @entity35 XXXX : application of computational methods for studying the structure, function, and evolution of a protein.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity12216 :: (25080(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['apolipoprotein A-IV']


abstract: There are a great variety of computational methods available to study protein and nucleic acid sequences. The choice of a computer program appropriate to a particular problem and the critical interpretation of the results can lead to specific, and experimentally testable, predictions of a protein's structure and function and may yield insights into its evolution and the location of its gene. We have shown that @entity35 @entity12216 bears a striking structural similarity to @entity1 @entity1675 (summarized in Fig. 7). Statistical analyses of homologies between apolipoproteins A-I, A-IV, and E demonstrate conclusively that all three sequences diverged from a common ancestral gene. That @entity12216 largely composed of 22 @entity535 amphipathic segments with alpha-helical potential suggests that it possesses the structural requirements for @entity52061 activation. Analysis of the apoB, E receptor-binding domain of @entity1 @entity2204 has demonstrated that it evolved from an ancestral repeated sequence. Assuming that the genes for these proteins evolved as a result of a series of intra- and intergenic unequal crossovers, it is likely that their genetic loci were at one time linked. The repeated sequences of which these genes are composed have propagated themselves in an expansionary manner. Given this fact, the existence of other genes or pseudogenes based upon this repeated sequence motif is a distinct possibility.

title: XXXX @entity12216 : application of computational methods for studying the structure, function, and evolution of a protein.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']


abstract: We studied four @entity1 with @entity1756 . All were @entity1 with a mean age of 33 years. The presenting illness was insidious in three and of abrupt onset in one. Physical examination showed a continuous murmur in all. Chest X ray film showed moderate @entity1283 . Electrocardiogram disclosed left @entity123 . Echocardiogram revealed the site of the @entity397 which was corroborated by aortography. Two @entity1756 to the right ventricle and two to the right atrium. All were corrected by surgery. All @entity1 became asymptomatic.

title: [ XXXX of the sinus of Valsalva. Presentation of 4 cases and review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomegaly']

entities_list: @entity123 :: ('MESH:D024741', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva', 'aneurysms ruptured']

answer: @entity1756 :: (MESH:D017542,Disease) :: ['Ruptured aneurysm']


abstract: Most surgeons prefer fistulotomy by laying an open technique in treating different types of @entity9292 . We used the radiofrequency fistulotomy procedure in 136 cases of various types of low anal fistulae in a one-year period. The @entity1 were followed for 18 months. The average time for complete wound @entity446 was 37 days and to resume routine 7 days. Delayed wound @entity446 occurred in 7 @entity1 . It failed completely in 2 @entity1 and 3 @entity1 lost to follow up. No @entity1 had interference with continence. Radiofrequency fistulotomy method was effective with easy tissue excision and minimum @entity548 . It permitted to be used in deep and difficult areas like the adjoining tracts. The failure rate was 3.7%. (Ref. 5.)

title: Radiofrequency fistulotomy in XXXX . An alternative to conventional surgical fistulotomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9292 :: ('MESH:D012003', 'Disease') :: ['anal fistula']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity9292 :: (MESH:D012003,Disease) :: ['anal fistula']


abstract: Ten normal @entity1 volunteers and 44 @entity1 with @entity129 were scanned using a. 3 Tesla permanent MR imaging system. MR images were obtained of the cranial nerves and brainstem using various spin-echo pulse sequences and scanning planes. 4 mm thick sections with .75 mm pixels on a 256 display matrix were used whenever possible. The normal MR images were correlated with thin section cryodissection specimens of fresh @entity1 cadavers. Brainstem structures including major nuclei and tracts were then identified. The cranial nerves were followed through the subarachnoid cisterns and the base of the skull. Pathological involvement of the brainstem by @entity5 , @entity1188 , and @entity17 was well shown and correlated with clinical findings. Examples of @entity5150 , fifth, eighth, and twelfth nerve @entity808 as well as other cranial nerve pathology were also demonstrated. Magnetic resonance produces excellent images of cranial nerves and brainstem with high contrast resolution. Unlike CT, there is no beam hardening artifact from bone. T1 weighted images maximize brainstem-CSF contrast and are useful for demonstrating the external anatomy of the @entity129 . The T2 weighted images show internal brainstem anatomy, CSF within neural foramina, and highlight many pathological conditions.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['brainstem and cranial nerves', 'pathology of the brainstem or cranial nerves']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating disease']

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity5150 :: ('MESH:D020339', 'Disease') :: ['optic glioma']

answer: @entity129 :: (MESH:D003389,Disease) :: ['brainstem and cranial nerves']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Recent studies have showed that proteins associated with @entity8 ( @entity8 ) are expressed in cilia, linking this organelle and cyst formation in the kidney, but involvement of cilia in @entity8 -related biliary cystogenesis has not been shown. We investigated: (1) the expression of fibrocystin (a product of @entity70956 , the @entity8 [ @entity8 ] gene) in cholangiocyte cilia; (2) @entity1125 formation in an orthologous @entity35 model, @entity23887 ; and (3) the effect of @entity70956 mutation on ciliary structure. METHODS: Biliary cystogenesis was assessed by microcomputed tomography. Fibrocystin expression in cholangiocytes of isolated intrahepatic bile ducts (IBDUs) and @entity96 was analyzed by confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, and ciliary structure and length by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were used to examine the effect of fibrocystin loss on ciliary structure. RESULTS: The biliary tree in the @entity23887 @entity35 was distorted markedly, showing multiple bile duct dilatation and focal budding. In normal IBDUs, each cholangiocyte had a single cilium that expressed fibrocystin. In contrast, cilia in the @entity23887 @entity35 were abnormal with bulbous extensions and diminished length, and were devoid of fibrocystin. In cholangiocytes of normal IBDUs, specific siRNA reduced @entity70956 messenger RNA by 80%, the length of cilia by 41%, and fibrocystin ciliary expression to an undetectable level. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that fibrocystin is expressed in cholangiocyte cilia and that disruption of @entity70956 by a germ line mutation in the @entity23887 @entity35 or by siRNA in IBDUs results in abnormalities in ciliary morphology and possibly biliary cystogenesis.

title: Defects in cholangiocyte fibrocystin expression and ciliary structure in the XXXX @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['PKD', 'polycystic kidney disease', 'ARPKD', 'autosomal-recessive PKD']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cysts']

entities_list: @entity1125 :: ('MESH:D001661', 'Disease') :: ['biliary cyst']

answer: @entity23887 :: (362282(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['PCK']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Recent studies have showed that proteins associated with @entity8 ( @entity8 ) are expressed in cilia, linking this organelle and cyst formation in the kidney, but involvement of cilia in @entity8 -related biliary cystogenesis has not been shown. We investigated: (1) the expression of fibrocystin (a product of @entity70956 , the @entity8 [ @entity8 ] gene) in cholangiocyte cilia; (2) @entity1125 formation in an orthologous @entity35 model, @entity23887 ; and (3) the effect of @entity70956 mutation on ciliary structure. METHODS: Biliary cystogenesis was assessed by microcomputed tomography. Fibrocystin expression in cholangiocytes of isolated intrahepatic bile ducts (IBDUs) and @entity96 was analyzed by confocal and immunoelectron microscopy, and ciliary structure and length by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) were used to examine the effect of fibrocystin loss on ciliary structure. RESULTS: The biliary tree in the @entity23887 @entity35 was distorted markedly, showing multiple bile duct dilatation and focal budding. In normal IBDUs, each cholangiocyte had a single cilium that expressed fibrocystin. In contrast, cilia in the @entity23887 @entity35 were abnormal with bulbous extensions and diminished length, and were devoid of fibrocystin. In cholangiocytes of normal IBDUs, specific siRNA reduced @entity70956 messenger RNA by 80%, the length of cilia by 41%, and fibrocystin ciliary expression to an undetectable level. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that fibrocystin is expressed in cholangiocyte cilia and that disruption of @entity70956 by a germ line mutation in the @entity23887 @entity35 or by siRNA in IBDUs results in abnormalities in ciliary morphology and possibly biliary cystogenesis.

title: Defects in cholangiocyte fibrocystin expression and ciliary structure in the @entity23887 XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Tumorigenesis can be viewed as an imbalance between the mechanisms of cell-cycle control and mutation rates within the genes. Genomic instability is broadly classified into @entity124 ( @entity124 ) associated with mutator phenotype, and @entity1344 ( @entity1344 ) recognized by gross @entity2008 . Three intracellular mechanisms are involved in DNA damage repair that leads to mutator phenotype. They include the @entity377 excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR). The @entity1344 pathway is typically associated with the accumulation of mutations in @entity5 suppressor genes and oncogenes. Defects in DNA MMR and @entity1344 pathways are responsible for a variety of @entity4310 predisposition syndromes including @entity14 ( @entity14 ), @entity10673 , @entity1129 , and @entity11807 . While there are many genetic contributors to @entity1344 and @entity124 , there are also epigenetic factors that have emerged to be equally damaging to cell-cycle control. Hypermethylation of @entity5 suppressor and DNA MMR gene promoter regions, is an epigenetic mechanism of gene silencing that contributes to tumorigenesis. Telomere @entity3207 has been shown to increase genetic instability and @entity5 formation in @entity19 , underscoring the importance of telomere length and telomerase activity in maintaining genomic integrity. @entity19 models have provided important insights for discovering critical pathways in the progression to @entity5 , as well as to elucidate cross talk among different pathways. This review examines various molecular mechanisms of genomic instability and their relevance to @entity5 .

title: Genomic instability and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4310 :: ('MESH:D009386', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary cancer']

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['MIN', 'microsatellite instability']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma', 'HNPCC']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['chromosome instability', 'CIN']

entities_list: @entity1129 :: ('MESH:D001260', 'Disease') :: ['ataxia-telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity10673 :: ('MESH:D001816', 'Disease') :: ['Bloom syndrome']

entities_list: @entity11807 :: ('MESH:D005199', 'Disease') :: ['Fanconi anaemia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The relationship between peripheral blood mononucleated cells spontaneously bearing the @entity3647 ( @entity3647 ) and cell @entity137 for the natural killer (NK)-sensitive K562 target cell line was investigated. For this purpose, three types of experiments were performed. (i) Positive selection of cells spontaneously bearing the @entity3647 was carried out by culturing peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in the sole presence of recombinant @entity1199 ( @entity5041 ). @entity137 was assessed at Day 6 of the culture in a 4 hr cytotoxic assay. (ii) Negative selection was performed by complement mediated lysis using the B1.49.9 monoclonal antibody which is specific for the @entity3647 . (iii) Limiting dilution analysis of non-adherent PBL was carried out in the presence of @entity5041 alone. The colonies obtained were divided and daughter colonies assayed for anti-K562 @entity137 in a 6 hr cytotoxic assay and for proliferation. The results show that: (i) a 6-day culture of @entity1 non-adherent PBL in the presence of @entity5041 alone leads to a sharp increase in anti-K562 @entity137 ; (ii) depletion of B1.49.9 positive PBL strongly decreases @entity137 against K562 targets; (iii) limiting dilution analysis indicates that all colonies grown without activation in the presence of autologous serum and @entity5041 can mediate @entity137 against K562 targets, which is not the case when the starting population is activated. Thus, our data taken together strongly suggest that lymphocytes spontaneously bearing the @entity3647 are directly involved in K562 lysis by fresh PBL (classical NK activity). Moreover, we demonstrate that all colonies able to proliferate without any activation, in the sole presence of @entity5041 , are potent K562 killers (in this case, these cells correspond to the so-called lymphokine activated killers, @entity10086 ).

title: Limiting dilution analysis (LDA) of cells responding to recombinant XXXX without previous stimulation: evidence that all responding cells are lymphokine-activated potent effectors.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['interleukin-2']


abstract: Effects of an antitumor antibiotic, @entity43801 (AF) on the @entity19 immune system were studied. Unlike lectins, AF did not induce any proliferative response of splenocytes. Furthermore, AF significantly inhibited proliferative response of splenocytes in response to lectins, such as concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide, or phytohemagglutinin above 5 micrograms/ml. In concanavalin A-induced T-lymphocyte response, AF selectively inhibited the formation of @entity2047 ( @entity2047 ) receptors, which was observed above 0.4 micrograms/ml. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect on the proliferative response to @entity2047 of T-lymphocytes, which had already obtained @entity2047 receptors, was observed above 10 micrograms/ml. @entity2047 production of splenocytes in response to concanavalin A was also suppressed by AF above 2 micrograms/ml and only 3% of @entity2047 was produced in the presence of AF, 10 micrograms/ml. However, AF-activated macrophages and their glycolysis was significantly stimulated. Activation of macrophages by AF was also confirmed by stimulation of interleukin 1 production and tumoricidal activity. However, natural killer activity of splenocytes was suppressed at the concentration where significant activation of tumoricidal activity of macrophages was observed. Therefore, AF had a dual effect on the immune system. Macrophages were activated to produce interleukin 1 and to kill @entity5 cells. On the other hand, functions of lymphocytes were suppressed.

title: In vitro effects of an antitumor antibiotic, XXXX , on the @entity19 immune system.

entities_list: @entity43801 :: ('MESH:C006640', 'Chemical') :: ['ascofuranone']

answer: @entity43801 :: (MESH:C006640,Chemical) :: ['ascofuranone']


abstract: Effects of an antitumor antibiotic, @entity43801 (AF) on the @entity19 immune system were studied. Unlike lectins, AF did not induce any proliferative response of splenocytes. Furthermore, AF significantly inhibited proliferative response of splenocytes in response to lectins, such as concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharide, or phytohemagglutinin above 5 micrograms/ml. In concanavalin A-induced T-lymphocyte response, AF selectively inhibited the formation of @entity2047 ( @entity2047 ) receptors, which was observed above 0.4 micrograms/ml. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect on the proliferative response to @entity2047 of T-lymphocytes, which had already obtained @entity2047 receptors, was observed above 10 micrograms/ml. @entity2047 production of splenocytes in response to concanavalin A was also suppressed by AF above 2 micrograms/ml and only 3% of @entity2047 was produced in the presence of AF, 10 micrograms/ml. However, AF-activated macrophages and their glycolysis was significantly stimulated. Activation of macrophages by AF was also confirmed by stimulation of interleukin 1 production and tumoricidal activity. However, natural killer activity of splenocytes was suppressed at the concentration where significant activation of tumoricidal activity of macrophages was observed. Therefore, AF had a dual effect on the immune system. Macrophages were activated to produce interleukin 1 and to kill @entity5 cells. On the other hand, functions of lymphocytes were suppressed.

title: In vitro effects of an antitumor antibiotic, @entity43801 , on the XXXX immune system.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: The association of fetal and neonatal distress, birth measurements, major @entity600 , and @entity154 was studied prospectively in 14 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) monotherapy and in 12 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity2052 in combination with other anticonvulsant drugs. Comparison was made with 26 matched-pair controls and 116 controls from a larger study of antiepileptic drugs. During the first trimester, total @entity2052 serum concentrations were well above therapeutic levels (100 to 184 micrograms/ml) in two @entity1 receiving high @entity2052 doses (2000 and 1500 mg daily). Although dosage remained the same, serum concentrations decreased during pregnancy to therapeutic levels (33.9 to 57.0 micrograms/ml). The @entity2052 percent free fraction increased in the third trimester and was threefold higher at birth. Almost half of the @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were distressed during labor, and 28% had low Apgar scores. @entity147 may be caused by the high @entity2052 percent free fraction during labor and at birth. Mean body measurements at birth after @entity2052 monotherapy were comparable to those in the matched control group, but were reduced in the group of @entity1 receiving @entity2052 combination therapy. Four @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were born with major @entity600 . The median number of @entity154 was four times higher in @entity1 whose mothers received @entity2052 alone or @entity2052 combination therapy than in controls. Seven @entity1 had a pattern of @entity2122 that was distinctly different from that observed after in utero exposure to other anticonvulsant medications. The occurrence of major @entity600 and the number of @entity154 may be dose related.

title: Fetal growth, major @entity600 , and XXXX in @entity1 born to @entity1 receiving @entity1092 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['minor anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2122 :: ('MESH:D019465', 'Disease') :: ['craniofacial and digital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['Fetal and neonatal distress']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity154 :: (MESH:D000013,Disease) :: ['minor anomalies']


abstract: The association of fetal and neonatal distress, birth measurements, major @entity600 , and @entity154 was studied prospectively in 14 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) monotherapy and in 12 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity2052 in combination with other anticonvulsant drugs. Comparison was made with 26 matched-pair controls and 116 controls from a larger study of antiepileptic drugs. During the first trimester, total @entity2052 serum concentrations were well above therapeutic levels (100 to 184 micrograms/ml) in two @entity1 receiving high @entity2052 doses (2000 and 1500 mg daily). Although dosage remained the same, serum concentrations decreased during pregnancy to therapeutic levels (33.9 to 57.0 micrograms/ml). The @entity2052 percent free fraction increased in the third trimester and was threefold higher at birth. Almost half of the @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were distressed during labor, and 28% had low Apgar scores. @entity147 may be caused by the high @entity2052 percent free fraction during labor and at birth. Mean body measurements at birth after @entity2052 monotherapy were comparable to those in the matched control group, but were reduced in the group of @entity1 receiving @entity2052 combination therapy. Four @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were born with major @entity600 . The median number of @entity154 was four times higher in @entity1 whose mothers received @entity2052 alone or @entity2052 combination therapy than in controls. Seven @entity1 had a pattern of @entity2122 that was distinctly different from that observed after in utero exposure to other anticonvulsant medications. The occurrence of major @entity600 and the number of @entity154 may be dose related.

title: Fetal growth, major @entity600 , and @entity154 in @entity1 born to @entity1 receiving XXXX .

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['valproic acid']


abstract: The association of fetal and neonatal distress, birth measurements, major @entity600 , and @entity154 was studied prospectively in 14 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) monotherapy and in 12 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity2052 in combination with other anticonvulsant drugs. Comparison was made with 26 matched-pair controls and 116 controls from a larger study of antiepileptic drugs. During the first trimester, total @entity2052 serum concentrations were well above therapeutic levels (100 to 184 micrograms/ml) in two @entity1 receiving high @entity2052 doses (2000 and 1500 mg daily). Although dosage remained the same, serum concentrations decreased during pregnancy to therapeutic levels (33.9 to 57.0 micrograms/ml). The @entity2052 percent free fraction increased in the third trimester and was threefold higher at birth. Almost half of the @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were distressed during labor, and 28% had low Apgar scores. @entity147 may be caused by the high @entity2052 percent free fraction during labor and at birth. Mean body measurements at birth after @entity2052 monotherapy were comparable to those in the matched control group, but were reduced in the group of @entity1 receiving @entity2052 combination therapy. Four @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were born with major @entity600 . The median number of @entity154 was four times higher in @entity1 whose mothers received @entity2052 alone or @entity2052 combination therapy than in controls. Seven @entity1 had a pattern of @entity2122 that was distinctly different from that observed after in utero exposure to other anticonvulsant medications. The occurrence of major @entity600 and the number of @entity154 may be dose related.

title: Fetal growth, major XXXX , and @entity154 in @entity1 born to @entity1 receiving @entity1092 .

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['malformations']


abstract: The association of fetal and neonatal distress, birth measurements, major @entity600 , and @entity154 was studied prospectively in 14 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) monotherapy and in 12 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity2052 in combination with other anticonvulsant drugs. Comparison was made with 26 matched-pair controls and 116 controls from a larger study of antiepileptic drugs. During the first trimester, total @entity2052 serum concentrations were well above therapeutic levels (100 to 184 micrograms/ml) in two @entity1 receiving high @entity2052 doses (2000 and 1500 mg daily). Although dosage remained the same, serum concentrations decreased during pregnancy to therapeutic levels (33.9 to 57.0 micrograms/ml). The @entity2052 percent free fraction increased in the third trimester and was threefold higher at birth. Almost half of the @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were distressed during labor, and 28% had low Apgar scores. @entity147 may be caused by the high @entity2052 percent free fraction during labor and at birth. Mean body measurements at birth after @entity2052 monotherapy were comparable to those in the matched control group, but were reduced in the group of @entity1 receiving @entity2052 combination therapy. Four @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were born with major @entity600 . The median number of @entity154 was four times higher in @entity1 whose mothers received @entity2052 alone or @entity2052 combination therapy than in controls. Seven @entity1 had a pattern of @entity2122 that was distinctly different from that observed after in utero exposure to other anticonvulsant medications. The occurrence of major @entity600 and the number of @entity154 may be dose related.

title: Fetal growth, major @entity600 , and @entity154 in XXXX born to @entity1 receiving @entity1092 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: The association of fetal and neonatal distress, birth measurements, major @entity600 , and @entity154 was studied prospectively in 14 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) monotherapy and in 12 @entity1 of @entity1 with @entity302 who were receiving @entity2052 in combination with other anticonvulsant drugs. Comparison was made with 26 matched-pair controls and 116 controls from a larger study of antiepileptic drugs. During the first trimester, total @entity2052 serum concentrations were well above therapeutic levels (100 to 184 micrograms/ml) in two @entity1 receiving high @entity2052 doses (2000 and 1500 mg daily). Although dosage remained the same, serum concentrations decreased during pregnancy to therapeutic levels (33.9 to 57.0 micrograms/ml). The @entity2052 percent free fraction increased in the third trimester and was threefold higher at birth. Almost half of the @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were distressed during labor, and 28% had low Apgar scores. @entity147 may be caused by the high @entity2052 percent free fraction during labor and at birth. Mean body measurements at birth after @entity2052 monotherapy were comparable to those in the matched control group, but were reduced in the group of @entity1 receiving @entity2052 combination therapy. Four @entity1 exposed to @entity2052 monotherapy were born with major @entity600 . The median number of @entity154 was four times higher in @entity1 whose mothers received @entity2052 alone or @entity2052 combination therapy than in controls. Seven @entity1 had a pattern of @entity2122 that was distinctly different from that observed after in utero exposure to other anticonvulsant medications. The occurrence of major @entity600 and the number of @entity154 may be dose related.

title: Fetal growth, major @entity600 , and @entity154 in @entity1 born to XXXX receiving @entity1092 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity1201 is a @entity66 in which cell mediated immunity (CMI) plays an important role in host defense and control of the clinical spectrum. This study was carried out to detect immune activation in the @entity738 of @entity1201 during multiple drug therapy (MDT) by studying the expression of human leukocytic antigen-DR (HLA-DR) in the @entity738 before and during therapy. Skin punch biopsies were taken before and at least once 2-4 weeks after starting MDT in 20 newly diagnosed @entity1 . Two biopsies, 2-4 weeks apart, were also taken from 10 new @entity1 who did not yet receive any treatment, for comparison. Furthermore, biopsies were taken before and during corticosteroid therapy in five @entity1 who developed reversal reaction during MDT. The biopsy specimens were studied for the expression of HLA-DR using the immunofluorescent staining which was found to be visibly increased in 17 out of 20 new cases (85%) within 2-4 weeks after starting MDT, while no change in the expression was noticed in those who did not receive any treatment (p < 0.001). This might reflect the increased production of @entity379 ( @entity379 ) specially from @entity738 lymphocytes after being stimulated with the excessive release of mycobacterial antigen from killed bacilli during therapy. The five @entity1 who developed reversal reaction during MDT had strong HLA-DR expression in the first biopsies which declined subsequently 2-6 weeks after starting prednisolone therapy. Our results suggest that CMI was activated in @entity272 of @entity1201 during MDT. Such activation was not only restricted to those who developed reversal reaction across the therapeutic course, which indicates that the difference between @entity1 who developed such reaction and those who did not, was likely to be quantitative rather than qualitative, with a more exaggerated CMI response in the former. Furthermore, it seems that the beneficial effect of MDT is accompanied by important changes in the immune cell profile which have a great role in overcoming such infection.

title: Study of HLA-DR expression on XXXX of @entity1201 before and during multiple drug therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['dynamic disease']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN gamma', 'interferon gamma']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity1201 :: ('MESH:D007918', 'Disease') :: ['Leprosy', 'leprosy']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin lesions']


abstract: @entity1201 is a @entity66 in which cell mediated immunity (CMI) plays an important role in host defense and control of the clinical spectrum. This study was carried out to detect immune activation in the @entity738 of @entity1201 during multiple drug therapy (MDT) by studying the expression of human leukocytic antigen-DR (HLA-DR) in the @entity738 before and during therapy. Skin punch biopsies were taken before and at least once 2-4 weeks after starting MDT in 20 newly diagnosed @entity1 . Two biopsies, 2-4 weeks apart, were also taken from 10 new @entity1 who did not yet receive any treatment, for comparison. Furthermore, biopsies were taken before and during corticosteroid therapy in five @entity1 who developed reversal reaction during MDT. The biopsy specimens were studied for the expression of HLA-DR using the immunofluorescent staining which was found to be visibly increased in 17 out of 20 new cases (85%) within 2-4 weeks after starting MDT, while no change in the expression was noticed in those who did not receive any treatment (p < 0.001). This might reflect the increased production of @entity379 ( @entity379 ) specially from @entity738 lymphocytes after being stimulated with the excessive release of mycobacterial antigen from killed bacilli during therapy. The five @entity1 who developed reversal reaction during MDT had strong HLA-DR expression in the first biopsies which declined subsequently 2-6 weeks after starting prednisolone therapy. Our results suggest that CMI was activated in @entity272 of @entity1201 during MDT. Such activation was not only restricted to those who developed reversal reaction across the therapeutic course, which indicates that the difference between @entity1 who developed such reaction and those who did not, was likely to be quantitative rather than qualitative, with a more exaggerated CMI response in the former. Furthermore, it seems that the beneficial effect of MDT is accompanied by important changes in the immune cell profile which have a great role in overcoming such infection.

title: Study of HLA-DR expression on @entity272 of XXXX before and during multiple drug therapy.

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['leprosy']


abstract: This study was done to examine the criteria for determining the adequacy of preoperative @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ). We hypothesized that an important criterion for adequate preoperative nutrition should be a contraction of the expanded extracellular fluid compartment known to occur in malnourished @entity1 undergoing surgical treatment. Clinical evidence of this included a rise in the serum albumin level and @entity353 . Fifty-nine @entity1 requiring preoperative nutritional support for at least five days were admitted to the study. The @entity1 were divided into three groups (group 1, group 2a and group 2b) based upon the response of the @entity1 to @entity3147 . Group 1 consisted of 23 @entity1 who demonstrated a rise in serum albumin value, loss in body weight and diuresis after seven days of @entity3147 . Group 2 was made up of 36 @entity1 who failed to demonstrate a rise in the albumin level in response to nutritional support for one week. Of these @entity1 , 20 underwent operation at the end of a week of nutritional support (group 2a) while 16 @entity1 received four to six weeks of nutritional support preoperatively (group 2b). The complication rate in the three groups was 4.3 per cent for those in group 1; 45 per cent for those in group 2a and 12.5 per cent for those in group 2b (p less than 0.05), group 2a versus group 2b). The results of this study demonstrate a high mortality and morbidity in @entity1 who fail to increase the serum albumin level after one week of @entity3147 . The data suggest that a prolonged period of parenteral nutrition results in a substantial decrease in perioperative complications in this group of @entity1 .

title: The influence of preoperative XXXX upon morbidity and mortality.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['total parenteral nutrition', 'TPN']

answer: @entity3147 :: (MESH:D044342,Disease) :: ['total parenteral nutrition']


abstract: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the carrying of respiratory tract viruses and the quantitative change of urinary protein of the steroid-responsive and simple @entity1985 (SRSNS), and to assess the function of respiratory tract viruses in the triggering of the SRSNS, 37 @entity1 with @entity1985 underwent the examination of respiratory tract viruses (APAAP method) once a week when they were hospitalized from August 1997 to March 1998. Among them, 17 @entity1 had simple @entity1985 and 10 had @entity3450 . Moreover, 18 @entity1 with @entity1729 in the same season were chosen as the control and were subjected to the examination of respiratory tract viruses by the same method. In the cases of SRSNS, the percentage for the carrying of respiratory tract viruses increases obviously in the acme, the percentage for the carrying of respiratory tract viruses of SRSNS has close relationship with the quantity of urinary protein (P < 0.05). There is no difference between the constitution of the category of the viruses carried in the acme of SRSNS and that of the viruses in the control (P > 0.05). The most frequently detected respiratory tract viruses in the acme of SRSNS is RNA virus, and that in the control is the same (P > 0.05). In the acme of SRSNS, most @entity1 have no symptoms of @entity1729 although respiratory tract viruses were detected. In the SRSNS, the percentage for the carrying of respiratory tract viruses increases obviously in the acme, it has an important relationship with the quantitative change of urinary protein. The category of the respiratory tract viruses detected in the SRSNS has a relationship with the season, this may be the reason why the cases of SRSNS so easily happen and relapse in this season. RNA virus perhaps plays an important role in the triggering of this disease, including the respiratory tract viruses infection and the carrying of respiratory tract viruses without the symptom of @entity1729 .

title: [Study of the carrying of respiratory tract viruses in steroid-responsive and simple XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infection']

entities_list: @entity3450 :: ('MESH:D009401', 'Disease') :: ['nephritic nephrosis']

answer: @entity1985 :: (MESH:D009404,Disease) :: ['nephrotic syndrome']


abstract: Between 1970 and 1979, 28 @entity1 (18 @entity1 and 10 @entity1 , aged 46 to 76 years, average 62 years) with @entity583 complicated by @entity9009 survived surgery performed during the acute phase. In the same period 62 @entity1 were admitted to the Cardiology Department and were operated early for @entity9009 complicating @entity583 . The site of @entity1188 was the anterior wall in 22 cases and the posterior wall in 6 cases; @entity9009 occurred on average after 4.2 days (range 1 to 10 days); 15 @entity1 including 13 with @entity1455 underwent intraaortic balloon pumping for an average of 3:7 (range 1 to 11 days) before surgery; the operation performed after an average interval of 11 days consisted in direct suture of the defect in 3 cases and a patch repair in the other 25 cases, associated in all cases with infarctectomy and @entity3980 coronary bypass grafting in 1 case. The immediate postoperative course was simple; three @entity1 with residual shunts were not reoperated. Five to 14 years later, in 1984, 4 @entity1 had been lost to follow-up; 4 @entity1 had died, 2 of cardiac causes (LVF after 1 year and an @entity943 after 4 years). Of the 20 survivors, 2 were successfully reoperated (1 coronary bypass after 10 years and 1 false @entity439 after 5 years). Only one @entity1 had recurrent @entity583 . The quality and longevity of long-term survival encourage early surgery. The factors affecting long-term survival are discussed: correction of associated @entity340 , resifual shunts, conservation of left ventricular function and evaluation of the coronary circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Long-term course of XXXX operated on during the acute phase of a @entity583 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity9009 :: ('MESH:D018658', 'Disease') :: ['septal rupture']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular defects']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity9009 :: (MESH:D018658,Disease) :: ['septal rupture']


abstract: Between 1970 and 1979, 28 @entity1 (18 @entity1 and 10 @entity1 , aged 46 to 76 years, average 62 years) with @entity583 complicated by @entity9009 survived surgery performed during the acute phase. In the same period 62 @entity1 were admitted to the Cardiology Department and were operated early for @entity9009 complicating @entity583 . The site of @entity1188 was the anterior wall in 22 cases and the posterior wall in 6 cases; @entity9009 occurred on average after 4.2 days (range 1 to 10 days); 15 @entity1 including 13 with @entity1455 underwent intraaortic balloon pumping for an average of 3:7 (range 1 to 11 days) before surgery; the operation performed after an average interval of 11 days consisted in direct suture of the defect in 3 cases and a patch repair in the other 25 cases, associated in all cases with infarctectomy and @entity3980 coronary bypass grafting in 1 case. The immediate postoperative course was simple; three @entity1 with residual shunts were not reoperated. Five to 14 years later, in 1984, 4 @entity1 had been lost to follow-up; 4 @entity1 had died, 2 of cardiac causes (LVF after 1 year and an @entity943 after 4 years). Of the 20 survivors, 2 were successfully reoperated (1 coronary bypass after 10 years and 1 false @entity439 after 5 years). Only one @entity1 had recurrent @entity583 . The quality and longevity of long-term survival encourage early surgery. The factors affecting long-term survival are discussed: correction of associated @entity340 , resifual shunts, conservation of left ventricular function and evaluation of the coronary circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Long-term course of @entity9009 operated on during the acute phase of a XXXX ].

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarct']


abstract: The biodegradation of @entity49470 ( @entity35786 ), a synthetic replacement detergent builder, in the estuarine environment was examined by using a laboratory estuarine simulation. Two interdependent microcosms were used; each of five vessels was equilibrated with a saline gradient between 1.30 and 17.17%, with the final vessel subsequently being increased to a maximum salinity of 31.6%. Each microcosm was seeded simultaneously with heterotrophic bacteria from both fresh and saline sources. Viable counts demonstrated the ability of each microcosm to sustain a mixed heterotrophic bacterial community throughout the range of salinities for 183 days after a stabilization period. Isolation studies demonstrated that both systems contained four bacterial species, representatives of the genera Vibrio and Flavobacterium and members of the coryneform group and the family Enterobacteriaceae. Total bacterial numbers and species diversity decreased with increased salinity. @entity35786 was administered at low and high concentrations, one concentration to each microcosm, initially with the least amount of saline. Removal of both concentrations of @entity35786 occurred and was attributed to biodegradation after a period of bacterial acclimatization. Subsequent dosing of @entity35786 to vessels of higher salinity demonstrated that biodegradation was incomplete at observed mean salinities of greater than 9.18% at low influent @entity35786 concentrations and greater than 5.08% at high influent @entity35786 concentrations. Therefore, acclimatization was dose dependent. It was concluded that @entity35786 acclimatization at the higher salinities ceased because of salinity stress-induced failure of @entity35786 catabolism and not the disappearance of a particular bacterial species.

title: Effect of salinity gradients and heterotrophic microbial activity on biodegradation of XXXX in laboratory simulations of the estuarine environment.

entities_list: @entity49470 :: ('MESH:D009571', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrilotriacetic acid']

answer: @entity49470 :: (MESH:D009571,Chemical) :: ['nitrilotriacetic acid']