abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) are frequent in @entity1 with @entity195 and cause considerable stress to @entity1 and their carers. Antipsychotics have been widely used as a first-line treatment, resulting in an estimated 1,800 excess @entity64 and 1,600 excess deaths in the UK alone. Safe and effective alternatives are urgently needed. Based upon preliminary evidence from clinical trials, aromatherapy with melissa oil may be such an alternative, but initial studies have been modest in size, and adequate blinding has been problematic. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of melissa aromatherapy in the treatment of @entity2146 in @entity1 with @entity195 in an adequately powered and robustly blinded randomized controlled trial comparing it with @entity8124 , an anticholinesterase drug used with some benefit to treat BPSD. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The study was a double-blind parallel-group placebo-controlled randomized trial across 3 specialist old age psychiatry centres in England. @entity1 had probable or possible @entity195 , were resident in a care home, had clinically significant @entity2146 (defined as a score of 39 or above on the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory) and were free of antipsychotics and/or anticholinesterase for at least 2 weeks. @entity1 were allocated to 1 of 3 groups: placebo medication and active aromatherapy; active medication and placebo aromatherapy or placebo of both. MAIN OUTCOME: The primary outcome measure was reduction in @entity2146 as assessed by the Pittsburgh Agitation Scale (PAS) at 4 weeks. This is an observational scale, and raters were required to wear nose clips to ensure that full blinding was maintained. The PAS, @entity146 Inventory (NPI; another measure of BPSD) and other outcome measures were completed at baseline, 4-week and 12-week follow-ups. 114 @entity1 were randomized, of whom 94 completed the week 4 assessment and 81 completed the week 12 assessment. Aromatherapy and @entity8124 were well tolerated. There were no significant differences between aromatherapy, @entity8124 and placebo at week 4 and week 12, but importantly there were substantial improvements in all 3 groups with an 18% improvement in the PAS and a 37% improvement in the NPI over 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: When assessed using a rigorous design which ensures blinding of treatment arms, there is no evidence that melissa aromatherapy is superior to placebo or @entity8124 , in the treatment of @entity2146 in @entity1 with @entity195 . However, the sizeable improvement in the placebo group emphasizes the potential non-specific benefits of touch and interaction in the treatment of @entity2146 in @entity1 with @entity195 .

title: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of Melissa officinalis oil and @entity8124 for the treatment of XXXX in @entity195 .

answer: @entity2146 :: (MESH:D011595,Disease) :: ['agitation']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Behavioural and psychological symptoms (BPSD) are frequent in @entity1 with @entity195 and cause considerable stress to @entity1 and their carers. Antipsychotics have been widely used as a first-line treatment, resulting in an estimated 1,800 excess @entity64 and 1,600 excess deaths in the UK alone. Safe and effective alternatives are urgently needed. Based upon preliminary evidence from clinical trials, aromatherapy with melissa oil may be such an alternative, but initial studies have been modest in size, and adequate blinding has been problematic. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of melissa aromatherapy in the treatment of @entity2146 in @entity1 with @entity195 in an adequately powered and robustly blinded randomized controlled trial comparing it with @entity8124 , an anticholinesterase drug used with some benefit to treat BPSD. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The study was a double-blind parallel-group placebo-controlled randomized trial across 3 specialist old age psychiatry centres in England. @entity1 had probable or possible @entity195 , were resident in a care home, had clinically significant @entity2146 (defined as a score of 39 or above on the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory) and were free of antipsychotics and/or anticholinesterase for at least 2 weeks. @entity1 were allocated to 1 of 3 groups: placebo medication and active aromatherapy; active medication and placebo aromatherapy or placebo of both. MAIN OUTCOME: The primary outcome measure was reduction in @entity2146 as assessed by the Pittsburgh Agitation Scale (PAS) at 4 weeks. This is an observational scale, and raters were required to wear nose clips to ensure that full blinding was maintained. The PAS, @entity146 Inventory (NPI; another measure of BPSD) and other outcome measures were completed at baseline, 4-week and 12-week follow-ups. 114 @entity1 were randomized, of whom 94 completed the week 4 assessment and 81 completed the week 12 assessment. Aromatherapy and @entity8124 were well tolerated. There were no significant differences between aromatherapy, @entity8124 and placebo at week 4 and week 12, but importantly there were substantial improvements in all 3 groups with an 18% improvement in the PAS and a 37% improvement in the NPI over 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: When assessed using a rigorous design which ensures blinding of treatment arms, there is no evidence that melissa aromatherapy is superior to placebo or @entity8124 , in the treatment of @entity2146 in @entity1 with @entity195 . However, the sizeable improvement in the placebo group emphasizes the potential non-specific benefits of touch and interaction in the treatment of @entity2146 in @entity1 with @entity195 .

title: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of Melissa officinalis oil and @entity8124 for the treatment of @entity2146 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'people', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Neuropsychiatric']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity8124 :: ('MESH:C076946', 'Chemical') :: ['donepezil']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: AIM: To differentiate between @entity12679 ( @entity12679 ) and @entity8703 ( @entity8703 ) of the pancreas using dynamic CT findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2001 and 2008, there were 3 @entity12679 and 15 @entity8703 surgically resected in our institute, for whom preoperative multidetector-row CT were available. Various CT features were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists in consensus for the differentiation between the two entities. Delay time for early and delayed phase images were 40 and 180 or 240s, respectively. For qualitative assessment, density of the @entity5 relative to the surrounding parenchyma was evaluated, along with other characteristic features. In @entity1 for whom digital data were available, CT values of the @entity5 were measured, and quantitative assessment was also performed. Relative and absolute washout rate (RWR and AWR, respectively) were also calculated. RESULTS: Mean sizes of the two groups were similar. @entity5 were seen as low density area more frequently in @entity12679 than in @entity8703 on unenhanced CT (3/3 vs 1/14), and also on the delayed phase image (2/3 vs 0/14) (p<0.05). Fibrous capsule was observed more frequently in @entity12679 (2/3) than in @entity8703 (0/14). CT value of the @entity5 on unenhanced CT was significantly lower, and RWR was higher in @entity12679 than in @entity8703 (p<0.05, Mann-Whitney's U test). The difference in delayed phase CT density and AWR did not reach statistically significant level. CONCLUSION: Unenhanced and enhanced CT findings may be of value in differentiation between @entity12679 and @entity8703 .

title: CT differentiation of solid serous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8703 :: ('MESH:D004701', 'Disease') :: ['ET', 'endocrine tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity12679 :: ('MESH:D018293', 'Disease') :: ['SSCA', 'solid serous cystadenoma']

answer: @entity8703 :: (MESH:D004701,Disease) :: ['cystadenoma vs endocrine tumor of the pancreas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND SETTING: @entity24174 (AZE) in a novel, eye drop, formulation, was compared with topically applied @entity9992 (SCG) and placebo (PLA) in the treatment of @entity56 or rhino- @entity2024 in a multicentre, parallel group study. RESEARCH DESIGN: 144 subjects ranging in age from 16 to 65 years participated. All had at least a 2-year history of @entity56 and were symptomatic at the time of inclusion. Medications were administered topically either twice daily (AZE/ @entity1989 ) or four times daily (SCG) over a 2-week treatment period. Method and outcome measures: @entity24174 and placebo were compared double-blind; the comparison versus SCG was carried out in an open manner. Itching, redness, flow of tears, eyelid swelling, @entity1109 , @entity3917 , soreness and discharge were scored on a 4-point severity scale. RESULTS: Results for the decrease of main @entity2024 symptoms (itching, tearing and conjunctival redness) showed a marked effect for both active treatments on day 3 with a sustained improvement on days 7 and 14. A clear response to treatment (an improvement of sum scores for day 3 of >/=3 points compared to baseline) occurred in 85.4% of @entity24174 -treated @entity1 , 83.0% of @entity9992 @entity1 and 56.3% of placebo @entity1 . Response rates for both active treatments were statistically superior to those for placebo ( @entity24174 p = 0.005; @entity9992 p = 0.007). Global assessment of efficacy was at least 'satisfactory' for 90.0% of @entity24174 @entity1 , 81.3% of @entity9992 @entity1 and 66.3% of placebo-treated @entity1 . The most frequent adverse effects were transient application site reactions which tended to disappear with increasing duration of treatment, and, less frequently, taste perversion. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the therapeutic use of @entity24174 eye drops in @entity1 with @entity56 or rhino- @entity2024 can be recommended.

title: Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of topically administered XXXX , @entity9992 and placebo in the treatment of @entity56 and rhino- @entity2024 .

entities_list: @entity9992 :: ('MESH:D004205', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium cromoglycate']

entities_list: @entity24174 :: ('MESH:C020976', 'Chemical') :: ['Azelastine', 'azelastine']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['foreign-body sensation']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['seasonal allergic conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['photophobia']

answer: @entity24174 :: (MESH:C020976,Chemical) :: ['azelastine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND SETTING: @entity24174 (AZE) in a novel, eye drop, formulation, was compared with topically applied @entity9992 (SCG) and placebo (PLA) in the treatment of @entity56 or rhino- @entity2024 in a multicentre, parallel group study. RESEARCH DESIGN: 144 subjects ranging in age from 16 to 65 years participated. All had at least a 2-year history of @entity56 and were symptomatic at the time of inclusion. Medications were administered topically either twice daily (AZE/ @entity1989 ) or four times daily (SCG) over a 2-week treatment period. Method and outcome measures: @entity24174 and placebo were compared double-blind; the comparison versus SCG was carried out in an open manner. Itching, redness, flow of tears, eyelid swelling, @entity1109 , @entity3917 , soreness and discharge were scored on a 4-point severity scale. RESULTS: Results for the decrease of main @entity2024 symptoms (itching, tearing and conjunctival redness) showed a marked effect for both active treatments on day 3 with a sustained improvement on days 7 and 14. A clear response to treatment (an improvement of sum scores for day 3 of >/=3 points compared to baseline) occurred in 85.4% of @entity24174 -treated @entity1 , 83.0% of @entity9992 @entity1 and 56.3% of placebo @entity1 . Response rates for both active treatments were statistically superior to those for placebo ( @entity24174 p = 0.005; @entity9992 p = 0.007). Global assessment of efficacy was at least 'satisfactory' for 90.0% of @entity24174 @entity1 , 81.3% of @entity9992 @entity1 and 66.3% of placebo-treated @entity1 . The most frequent adverse effects were transient application site reactions which tended to disappear with increasing duration of treatment, and, less frequently, taste perversion. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the therapeutic use of @entity24174 eye drops in @entity1 with @entity56 or rhino- @entity2024 can be recommended.

title: Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of topically administered @entity24174 , @entity9992 and placebo in the treatment of XXXX and rhino- @entity2024 .

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['seasonal allergic conjunctivitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND SETTING: @entity24174 (AZE) in a novel, eye drop, formulation, was compared with topically applied @entity9992 (SCG) and placebo (PLA) in the treatment of @entity56 or rhino- @entity2024 in a multicentre, parallel group study. RESEARCH DESIGN: 144 subjects ranging in age from 16 to 65 years participated. All had at least a 2-year history of @entity56 and were symptomatic at the time of inclusion. Medications were administered topically either twice daily (AZE/ @entity1989 ) or four times daily (SCG) over a 2-week treatment period. Method and outcome measures: @entity24174 and placebo were compared double-blind; the comparison versus SCG was carried out in an open manner. Itching, redness, flow of tears, eyelid swelling, @entity1109 , @entity3917 , soreness and discharge were scored on a 4-point severity scale. RESULTS: Results for the decrease of main @entity2024 symptoms (itching, tearing and conjunctival redness) showed a marked effect for both active treatments on day 3 with a sustained improvement on days 7 and 14. A clear response to treatment (an improvement of sum scores for day 3 of >/=3 points compared to baseline) occurred in 85.4% of @entity24174 -treated @entity1 , 83.0% of @entity9992 @entity1 and 56.3% of placebo @entity1 . Response rates for both active treatments were statistically superior to those for placebo ( @entity24174 p = 0.005; @entity9992 p = 0.007). Global assessment of efficacy was at least 'satisfactory' for 90.0% of @entity24174 @entity1 , 81.3% of @entity9992 @entity1 and 66.3% of placebo-treated @entity1 . The most frequent adverse effects were transient application site reactions which tended to disappear with increasing duration of treatment, and, less frequently, taste perversion. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the therapeutic use of @entity24174 eye drops in @entity1 with @entity56 or rhino- @entity2024 can be recommended.

title: Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of topically administered @entity24174 , XXXX and placebo in the treatment of @entity56 and rhino- @entity2024 .

answer: @entity9992 :: (MESH:D004205,Chemical) :: ['sodium cromoglycate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND SETTING: @entity24174 (AZE) in a novel, eye drop, formulation, was compared with topically applied @entity9992 (SCG) and placebo (PLA) in the treatment of @entity56 or rhino- @entity2024 in a multicentre, parallel group study. RESEARCH DESIGN: 144 subjects ranging in age from 16 to 65 years participated. All had at least a 2-year history of @entity56 and were symptomatic at the time of inclusion. Medications were administered topically either twice daily (AZE/ @entity1989 ) or four times daily (SCG) over a 2-week treatment period. Method and outcome measures: @entity24174 and placebo were compared double-blind; the comparison versus SCG was carried out in an open manner. Itching, redness, flow of tears, eyelid swelling, @entity1109 , @entity3917 , soreness and discharge were scored on a 4-point severity scale. RESULTS: Results for the decrease of main @entity2024 symptoms (itching, tearing and conjunctival redness) showed a marked effect for both active treatments on day 3 with a sustained improvement on days 7 and 14. A clear response to treatment (an improvement of sum scores for day 3 of >/=3 points compared to baseline) occurred in 85.4% of @entity24174 -treated @entity1 , 83.0% of @entity9992 @entity1 and 56.3% of placebo @entity1 . Response rates for both active treatments were statistically superior to those for placebo ( @entity24174 p = 0.005; @entity9992 p = 0.007). Global assessment of efficacy was at least 'satisfactory' for 90.0% of @entity24174 @entity1 , 81.3% of @entity9992 @entity1 and 66.3% of placebo-treated @entity1 . The most frequent adverse effects were transient application site reactions which tended to disappear with increasing duration of treatment, and, less frequently, taste perversion. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the therapeutic use of @entity24174 eye drops in @entity1 with @entity56 or rhino- @entity2024 can be recommended.

title: Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of topically administered @entity24174 , @entity9992 and placebo in the treatment of @entity56 and rhino- XXXX .

answer: @entity2024 :: (MESH:D003231,Disease) :: ['conjunctivitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in @entity286 , @entity167 , and @entity835 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona between 1987 and 1999. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys administered to representative samples of pupils in the second year of secondary school between 1987 and 1999. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-completed. We present data from 5013 secondary school pupils from Barcelona who participated in one of the five surveys. RESULTS: Regular smoking (daily and weekly) showed a uniform decrease between 1987 and 1996. The results of the last survey (1999) showed an increase over those the 1996 survey, ranging from 13.4% for regular smoking to 38.7% for experimental smoking. Between 1987 and 1999, the percentage of schoolchildren who reported drinking at least half a glass of @entity167 at some time showed an overall decrease of 14.0%. No differences in sex were found in problematic @entity167 consumption, while a higher proportion of @entity1 (14.0%) than @entity1 (10.5%) reported getting drunk at some time. Whereas in 1996, 6.9% of the population studied had smoked @entity835 at some time, in 1999 this proportion was 7.3%, with no differences between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period regular smoking increased, @entity167 consumption decreased and @entity835 consumption tended to level-off. Differences between @entity1 and @entity1 tended to disappear.

title: [Trends in @entity286 , XXXX and @entity835 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona, Spain (1987-1999)].

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity835 :: ('MESH:D002189', 'Disease') :: ['cannabis']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in @entity286 , @entity167 , and @entity835 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona between 1987 and 1999. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys administered to representative samples of pupils in the second year of secondary school between 1987 and 1999. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-completed. We present data from 5013 secondary school pupils from Barcelona who participated in one of the five surveys. RESULTS: Regular smoking (daily and weekly) showed a uniform decrease between 1987 and 1996. The results of the last survey (1999) showed an increase over those the 1996 survey, ranging from 13.4% for regular smoking to 38.7% for experimental smoking. Between 1987 and 1999, the percentage of schoolchildren who reported drinking at least half a glass of @entity167 at some time showed an overall decrease of 14.0%. No differences in sex were found in problematic @entity167 consumption, while a higher proportion of @entity1 (14.0%) than @entity1 (10.5%) reported getting drunk at some time. Whereas in 1996, 6.9% of the population studied had smoked @entity835 at some time, in 1999 this proportion was 7.3%, with no differences between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period regular smoking increased, @entity167 consumption decreased and @entity835 consumption tended to level-off. Differences between @entity1 and @entity1 tended to disappear.

title: [Trends in @entity286 , @entity167 and XXXX consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona, Spain (1987-1999)].

answer: @entity835 :: (MESH:D002189,Disease) :: ['cannabis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in @entity286 , @entity167 , and @entity835 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona between 1987 and 1999. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys administered to representative samples of pupils in the second year of secondary school between 1987 and 1999. The questionnaires were anonymous and self-completed. We present data from 5013 secondary school pupils from Barcelona who participated in one of the five surveys. RESULTS: Regular smoking (daily and weekly) showed a uniform decrease between 1987 and 1996. The results of the last survey (1999) showed an increase over those the 1996 survey, ranging from 13.4% for regular smoking to 38.7% for experimental smoking. Between 1987 and 1999, the percentage of schoolchildren who reported drinking at least half a glass of @entity167 at some time showed an overall decrease of 14.0%. No differences in sex were found in problematic @entity167 consumption, while a higher proportion of @entity1 (14.0%) than @entity1 (10.5%) reported getting drunk at some time. Whereas in 1996, 6.9% of the population studied had smoked @entity835 at some time, in 1999 this proportion was 7.3%, with no differences between sexes. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period regular smoking increased, @entity167 consumption decreased and @entity835 consumption tended to level-off. Differences between @entity1 and @entity1 tended to disappear.

title: [Trends in XXXX , @entity167 and @entity835 consumption among secondary school pupils in Barcelona, Spain (1987-1999)].

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography findings in four cases of @entity697 and identify features that may differentiate @entity697 from similar conditions in the acute @entity14930 complex. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity697 underwent complete periodic examinations, including ophthalmoscopy, color photography and autofluorescence photography, visual field testing, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. @entity854 as seen by multimodal imaging were documented and evaluated during follow-up. RESULTS: The average age of the 4 @entity1 was 32 years (range, 28-34 years), and 2 had bilateral involvement. The follow-up ranged from 1 month to 5 months. In each @entity1 , dark lobular areas seen by ophthalmoscopy corresponded to the measured @entity227 and what appeared to be a regional loss of outer segments of the photoreceptors. The outer segment defect resolved in two @entity1 and improved in the other two during follow-up. All @entity1 showed a colocalizing regional thinning of the outer nuclear layer, which did not change during the follow-up period. There were no associated @entity854 . CONCLUSION: @entity697 causes reddish brown patches that are because of outer retinal damage as documented by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Unlike other entities in the acute @entity14930 complex, @entity697 has no other @entity854 . These lesions may resolve over time, with restoration of the outermost retinal architecture, but persistent thinning of the overlying outer nuclear layer remained.

title: Outer retinal abnormalities in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defect']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute macular neuroretinopathy', 'Acute macular neuroretinopathy']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['synchronic ophthalmoscopically visible fundus abnormalities', 'abnormalities in the fundus appearance', 'Abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity14930 :: ('MESH:C538223', 'Disease') :: ['zonal occult outer retinopathy']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute macular neuroretinopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between decision to delivery interval and perinatal outcome in severe @entity5869 . DESIGN: A case-control study. SETTING: Large inner city teaching hospital. METHODS: Retrospective case note review of pregnancies terminated following severe placental aburption and fetal @entity1168 . One year paediatric follow up by case note review or postal questionnaire. The differences in outcome ( @entity204 or @entity306 ) were examined using non-parametric and univariate analysis for the following time periods--times from onset of symptoms to delivery, onset of symptoms to admission, admission to delivery, onset @entity1168 to delivery and decision to delivery interval. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prenatal @entity204 or survival with @entity306 . RESULTS: Thirty-three @entity1 with singleton pregnancies over 28 weeks of gestation, admitted with clinically overt @entity5869 , where delivery was effected for fetal @entity1168 . Eleven of the pregnancies had a poor outcome (cases), eight @entity1 died and three surviving @entity1 have @entity306 . Twenty-two pregnancies had a good outcome (controls): survival with no @entity245 . No statistically significant relationship was found between maternal age, parity, gestation, or birthweight and a poor outcome. A statistically significant relationship between time from decision to delivery was identified (P = 0.02, Mann-Whitney U test). The results of a univariate logistic regression for this variable suggest that the odds ratio of a poor outcome for delivery at 20 minutes compared with 30 minutes is 0.44 (95% CI 0.22-0.86). Fifty-five percent of @entity1 were delivered within 20 minutes of the decision to deliver. Serious maternal morbidity was rare. CONCLUSION: In this small study of severe @entity5869 complicated by fetal @entity1168 , a decision to delivery interval of 20 minutes or less was associated with substantially reduced neonatal morbidity and mortality.

title: Pregnancy outcome in severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity5869 :: ('MESH:D000037', 'Disease') :: ['placental abruption']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity5869 :: (MESH:D000037,Disease) :: ['placental abruption']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Clinical series of @entity1 with @entity179 undergoing an endoscopic posterolateral transforaminal procedure that used a reaming foraminoplasty technique to enlarge the foramen coupled with insertion of the B-Twin expandable spacer. OBJECTIVES: This retrospective analysis of 107 consecutive @entity1 sought to assess the outcome of this surgical procedure. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Reamed endoscopic foraminoplasty under direct endoscopic vision has been shown to be suitable for extremely collapsed disks (>50% total disk height) despite the difficult access, especially at L5-S1. The authors tried to investigate the efficacy of an expandable spacer being inserted by the endoscopic transforaminal approach to solve @entity850 without bone fusion techniques. METHODS: The procedure consists of bone reaming under direct endoscopic control to wide the foramen followed by insertion of the B-Twin expandable device as a disk spacer to restore partially or to maintain the height of the collapsed disk. Outcome measures included visual analog scale (VAS) for @entity158 , the @entity717 Index (ODI) for functional disability, and radioimaging studies. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 27.2 months. Clinical outcome was considered excellent in 64 @entity1 , good in 25, fair in 10, and poor in 8. Results were similar in single and double B-Twin spacer insertions. Postoperative mean values for VAS and ODI scores improved significantly as compared with preoperative data. Mean VAS and ODI scores were significantly higher in @entity1 with fair or poor results than in those with excellent or good outcome. In 2 cases, clear signs of end plate bone resorption in the control computed tomographic scans at 6 months and 12 months leading to a substantial loss of disk height were documented. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study has shown the efficacy of an endoscopic surgical technique for the treatment of @entity850 in extremely collapsed disks.

title: Usefulness of an expandable interbody spacer for the treatment of XXXX in extremely collapsed disks: preliminary clinical experience with endoscopic posterolateral transforaminal approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disk disease']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry Disability']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['foraminal stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['foraminal stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Utah state @entity130 audit filters assess expeditious care at referring emergency departments for severely injured @entity1 to avoid delays in transfer. We evaluated two state performance measures related to pediatric @entity130 care before arrival at the Level I @entity130 center. METHODS: Analysis of the Primary @entity1 's Medical Center (PCMC) @entity130 database for @entity1 with Injury Severity Scores (ISS)>15 from 2006 to 2009 was performed. @entity1 care was evaluated for referring hospital emergency department triage time of <2 hours and total transfer time of  <=6 hours for rural and  <=4 hours for urban place of injury. RESULTS: Four hundred twelve @entity1 with ISS>15 were admitted via interhospital transfer from within Utah. Approximately 50% of @entity1 were triaged<2 hours, which increased to almost two thirds when restricted to those initially evaluated within 100 miles (helicopter range) of PCMC. Factors associated with delayed triaged included lower ISS, less severe @entity542 , greater distance from the @entity130 center, and primary @entity764 . @entity204 and poor outcome did not differ significantly by triage in <2 hours or >= 2 hours. Adherence with the total transfer time goal was 94% for rural and 76% for urban place of injury. CONCLUSIONS: There was substantial nonadherence with @entity130 performance measures for triage in <2 hours among pediatric @entity130 @entity1 with ISS >15. Because of low rates of poor outcome, we are unable to determine whether adherence with state triage goals lessens morbidity or mortality.

title: Pediatric XXXX transport performance measures in a mountain state: adherence and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['chest/abdominal injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Adrenochromaffin cells have been shown to physiologically synthesize and secrete @entity4545 . We have thus hypothesized that excessive intraadrenal @entity4545 production may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary @entity699 . In this report we describe a case of @entity699 due to bilateral adrenocortical macronodular @entity1373 associated with suppression of plasma @entity4545 levels. HPLC analysis of adrenal tissue extracts revealed the presence of a peptide coeluting with bioactive @entity4545 . Immunohistochemical studies showed that @entity4545 immunoreactivity was detectable in a subpopulation of steroidogenic cells, but not in chromaffin cells. @entity4545 -positive cells were also labeled by antibodies against relaxin-like factor, a marker of Leydig cells. The presence of @entity4545 in the hyperplastic tissue resulted from local expression of the gene encoding the @entity4545 precursor proopiomelanocortin. Finally, @entity1373 fragments, contrary to normal adrenal cortex explants, appeared to release in vitro measurable amounts of @entity4545 . In conclusion, this observation shows that @entity699 associated with suppressed plasma @entity4545 levels may be dependent upon @entity4545 produced within adrenocortical tissue. The term @entity4545 -independent used to designate primary @entity699 may therefore be inappropriate in some cases of bilateral macronodular @entity774 with @entity699 and undetectable plasma @entity4545 levels.

title: Intraadrenal adrenocorticotropin production in a case of bilateral macronodular @entity774 causing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndromes", "Cushing's syndrome", 'hypercortisolism', "adrenal Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal hyperplasia']

answer: @entity699 :: (MESH:D003480,Disease) :: ['Cushing's syndrome']


abstract: Adrenochromaffin cells have been shown to physiologically synthesize and secrete @entity4545 . We have thus hypothesized that excessive intraadrenal @entity4545 production may be involved in the pathogenesis of primary @entity699 . In this report we describe a case of @entity699 due to bilateral adrenocortical macronodular @entity1373 associated with suppression of plasma @entity4545 levels. HPLC analysis of adrenal tissue extracts revealed the presence of a peptide coeluting with bioactive @entity4545 . Immunohistochemical studies showed that @entity4545 immunoreactivity was detectable in a subpopulation of steroidogenic cells, but not in chromaffin cells. @entity4545 -positive cells were also labeled by antibodies against relaxin-like factor, a marker of Leydig cells. The presence of @entity4545 in the hyperplastic tissue resulted from local expression of the gene encoding the @entity4545 precursor proopiomelanocortin. Finally, @entity1373 fragments, contrary to normal adrenal cortex explants, appeared to release in vitro measurable amounts of @entity4545 . In conclusion, this observation shows that @entity699 associated with suppressed plasma @entity4545 levels may be dependent upon @entity4545 produced within adrenocortical tissue. The term @entity4545 -independent used to designate primary @entity699 may therefore be inappropriate in some cases of bilateral macronodular @entity774 with @entity699 and undetectable plasma @entity4545 levels.

title: Intraadrenal adrenocorticotropin production in a case of bilateral macronodular XXXX causing @entity699 .

answer: @entity774 :: (MESH:D000312,Disease) :: ['adrenal hyperplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Some evidence exists that @entity1 with @entity421 and @entity2828 are taller than the general population. However, previous studies are under-powered, lack comprehensive data and show inconsistencies. METHODS: Relevant studies linking @entity421 and @entity2828 with height at diagnosis were identified in two major online databases, Medline (1950 to 2009) and Embase (1980 to 2009). Outcomes in individual studies were reported as @entity5494 ( @entity5494 ) scores or percentages of study population with height at diagnosis above the median of the reference population. We performed separate random-effects meta-analyses for each outcome and @entity5 type. RESULTS: 14 studies examined the height of @entity1 with @entity421 or @entity2828 . Meta-analyses on @entity5494 scores found @entity1 with @entity421 were 0.260 @entity5494 (95% CI: 0.088-0.432) taller than the reference population (five studies). A meta-analysis on percentages found 62% (95% CI: 57%-67%) of @entity1 were estimated to have a height above the median (six studies). @entity1 with @entity2828 were 0.096 @entity5494 (95% CI 0.004-0.188) taller (four studies). Only one study reported the percentage of @entity2828 @entity1 with height above the median. CONCLUSION: The average height of @entity1 with @entity421 , but not @entity2828 , was significantly above the average height of the reference population by 2-3 centimetres. The observed differences indicate the involvement of pubertal longitudinal bone growth in @entity421 development while different biological pathways could be relevant for @entity2828 .

title: Relationship between height at diagnosis and XXXX in young @entity1 : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ['Ewing sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5494 :: ('MESH:D010262', 'Disease') :: ['standard deviation', 'SD']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['bone tumours']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Some evidence exists that @entity1 with @entity421 and @entity2828 are taller than the general population. However, previous studies are under-powered, lack comprehensive data and show inconsistencies. METHODS: Relevant studies linking @entity421 and @entity2828 with height at diagnosis were identified in two major online databases, Medline (1950 to 2009) and Embase (1980 to 2009). Outcomes in individual studies were reported as @entity5494 ( @entity5494 ) scores or percentages of study population with height at diagnosis above the median of the reference population. We performed separate random-effects meta-analyses for each outcome and @entity5 type. RESULTS: 14 studies examined the height of @entity1 with @entity421 or @entity2828 . Meta-analyses on @entity5494 scores found @entity1 with @entity421 were 0.260 @entity5494 (95% CI: 0.088-0.432) taller than the reference population (five studies). A meta-analysis on percentages found 62% (95% CI: 57%-67%) of @entity1 were estimated to have a height above the median (six studies). @entity1 with @entity2828 were 0.096 @entity5494 (95% CI 0.004-0.188) taller (four studies). Only one study reported the percentage of @entity2828 @entity1 with height above the median. CONCLUSION: The average height of @entity1 with @entity421 , but not @entity2828 , was significantly above the average height of the reference population by 2-3 centimetres. The observed differences indicate the involvement of pubertal longitudinal bone growth in @entity421 development while different biological pathways could be relevant for @entity2828 .

title: Relationship between height at diagnosis and @entity5 in young XXXX : a meta-analysis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity490 attributed to compression of the celiac artery at the level of the median arcuate ligament (MAL) of the diaphragm is an uncommon disorder. Although ultrasound investigation and arteriography can be suggestive of the diagnosis, no definitive criteria exist with only cases reports in the literature. This study presents the only known reported case series in which a combination of open and laparoscopic access techniques of MAL decompression are reported. METHODS: A retrospective review of prospectively collected electronic databases of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was performed for the period February 1999 until February 2009. @entity1 having undergone operation for @entity2850 were identified and participated in a telephone interview. Questions were asked about the success of the operation, the recovery period, and @entity1 satisfaction. RESULTS: Six @entity1 were identified, 3 were male; mean age was 37.7 years. Four underwent open MAL division and celiac ganglion neurolysis, and 2 underwent a laparoscopic approach. Mean follow-up was 48.6 months. All @entity1 experienced symptomatic improvement and were satisfied with their outcome. No @entity1 had symptoms recurrence. CONCLUSION: In this limited experience, MAL division with celiac ganglion neurolysis appears to be an effective treatment for @entity2850 in appropriately selected @entity1 . Both the open and laparoscopic approaches are safe with durable midterm follow-up results.

title: Treatment options and outcomes for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['celiac artery compression syndrome']

answer: @entity2850 :: (MESH:D009408,Disease) :: ['celiac artery compression syndrome']


abstract: @entity328 remains a leading cause of serious paediatric disease. However, there are few published epidemiological data regarding invasive @entity66 (IPD) in many countries in South East Asia, including Singapore. Baseline data for IPD are essential to inform policy regarding pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( @entity1485 ) use in Singapore. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to investigate clonal relationships among Singaporean IPD isolates. We characterized 86 invasive pneumococci isolated from Singaporean @entity1 between 2001 and 2006 using serotyping and MLST. The objectives were to compare Singaporean MLST data to worldwide data and to assess serotype distribution in relation to current @entity1485 formulations. We observed 50 sequence types (STs), a high proportion of which (n=16) were novel STs. Despite the presence of these novel STs, serotype distribution was similar to that observed elsewhere. Serotypes 14, 6B, @entity5686 and 19F accounted for 85% of IPD cases. PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 covered 85%, 86% and 97% of IPD isolates, respectively. We have demonstrated a pressing need for larger studies to determine the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of circulating pneumococcal clones from both carriage and disease in Singapore.

title: Molecular analysis of XXXX clones causing invasive disease in @entity1 in Singapore.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity328 :: (1313,Species) :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']


abstract: @entity328 remains a leading cause of serious paediatric disease. However, there are few published epidemiological data regarding invasive @entity66 (IPD) in many countries in South East Asia, including Singapore. Baseline data for IPD are essential to inform policy regarding pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( @entity1485 ) use in Singapore. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to investigate clonal relationships among Singaporean IPD isolates. We characterized 86 invasive pneumococci isolated from Singaporean @entity1 between 2001 and 2006 using serotyping and MLST. The objectives were to compare Singaporean MLST data to worldwide data and to assess serotype distribution in relation to current @entity1485 formulations. We observed 50 sequence types (STs), a high proportion of which (n=16) were novel STs. Despite the presence of these novel STs, serotype distribution was similar to that observed elsewhere. Serotypes 14, 6B, @entity5686 and 19F accounted for 85% of IPD cases. PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 covered 85%, 86% and 97% of IPD isolates, respectively. We have demonstrated a pressing need for larger studies to determine the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of circulating pneumococcal clones from both carriage and disease in Singapore.

title: Molecular analysis of @entity328 clones causing invasive disease in XXXX in Singapore.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the value of computed tomographic (CT) myelography in the detection of root damage and differentiation of root @entity155 from neurotmesis in a large cohort of @entity1 with an obstetric @entity5300 (OBPL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained. Informed consent was waived by the medical ethics committee. One hundred eighteen @entity1 with OBPL born in the cephalic position and six @entity1 born in the breech position were selected for surgery by two neurosurgeons in a multidisciplinary team. Functional loss of the C5 through T1 innervated muscles was noted. All @entity1 underwent preoperative CT myelography at an average age of 19 weeks. CT myelographic examination results were reviewed by two radiologists, who were blinded to the clinical findings, for the presence of root @entity155 and @entity9007 . Interobserver agreement was assessed by calculating k values. RESULTS: CT myelographic results showed root @entity155 in at least one level in 66 (56%) of 118 @entity1 born in the cephalic position and in six (100%) of six @entity1 born in the breech position. Levels C7 and C8 showed the most root @entity155 , even if not expected from clinical examination results. A large number of root @entity155 showed @entity9007 (73 [68%] of 107 levels in @entity1 born in the cephalic position and 11 [73%] of 15 levels in @entity1 born in the breech position). CONCLUSION: CT myelographic results showed root @entity155 in more than half of @entity1 with OBPL. Root @entity155 were even detected at levels that were not expected at clinical examination. Because root @entity155 require specific reconstructive techniques, CT myelography is recommended for every preoperative @entity1 with OBPL.

title: Obstetric XXXX : CT myelography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus lesion']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsions']

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['pseudocysts']

answer: @entity5300 :: (MESH:D020516,Disease) :: ['brachial plexus lesions']


abstract: PURPOSE: To provide data on prevalence and types of @entity2516 and the spectacle-wearing rate among adults in Nigeria and the degree to which the need for distance correction could be met by off-the-shelf spectacles. METHODS: Multistage, stratified, cluster random sampling with probability proportional to size was used to identify a nationally representative sample of 15,027 @entity1 aged >= 40 years. Distance vision was measured using a reduced logMAR tumbling-E chart. All @entity1 underwent autorefraction, and those with presenting acuity of <6/12 in one or both eyes had their corrected acuity measured and underwent detailed clinical examination to determine the cause. RESULTS: Included in the survey were 13,599 (89.9%) of the 15,122 @entity1 aged >= 40 years who were enumerated. Uncorrected @entity2516 was responsible for 77.9% of mild @entity227 (<6/12-6/18), 57.1% of moderate @entity227 (<6/18-6/60), 11.3% of severe @entity227 (<6/60-3/60), and 1.4% of @entity1939 (<3/60). The crude prevalence of @entity1714 ( <=0.5 D) and high @entity1714 ( <=5.0 D) were 16.2% and 2.1%, respectively. Spectacles could improve the vision of 1279 (9.4%) and 882 (6.5%) @entity1 at the 6/12 and 6/18 level, respectively, but only 3.4% and 4.4% of these individuals wore spectacles to the examination site. Approximately 2,140,000 adults in Nigeria would benefit from spectacles that improved their vision from <6/12 to >= 6/12. More than a third of the need could be met by low-cost, off-the-shelf spectacles. CONCLUSIONS: Uncorrected @entity2516 are an important cause of @entity227 in Nigeria, and services must be dramatically improved to meet the need.

title: XXXX in Nigerian adults: prevalence, type, and spectacle coverage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive errors', 'refractive error']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

answer: @entity2516 :: (MESH:D012030,Disease) :: ['Refractive error']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity7840 /2J @entity19 are a standard preclinical @entity726 model, which spontaneously developed mutations resulting in chronic age-related @entity1538 . The goals of this study were to identify the degree of @entity227 in @entity7840 /2J @entity19 before and after disease onset by quantifying the optokinetic reflex responses and to compare them to the less-researched strain of @entity7840 /2NHsd @entity19 . METHODS: Visual performance was measured in healthy, nonglaucomatous, and glaucomatous male @entity7840 /2NHsd or @entity7840 /2J @entity19 using a visuospatial testing box. The optokinetic reflex resulting in optomotor head tracking was manually detected. Measured threshold levels equate to the maximum contrast or spatial frequency the @entity19 responds to. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by applanation tonometry. RESULTS: IOP increased with age in both @entity7840 /2J and @entity7840 /2NHsd @entity19 and was not different between the two substrains. Both visual acuity and ability to detect contrast decreased significantly, and similarly with age in both substrains. However, @entity7840 /2NHsd had poorer visual acuity even at a younger age compared to age-matched @entity7840 /2J @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity7840 /2J and @entity7840 /2NHsd @entity19 show a progressive glaucomatous phenotype of age-related @entity227 and contrast sensitivity when compared to other inbred or outbred strains. Given the similar increases in IOP and contrast sensitivity threshold and loss of visual acuity between these two @entity7840 /2 substrains, we also conclude that @entity7840 /2NHsd @entity19 are a suitable alternative model for @entity1538 .

title: Quantification of deficits in spatial visual function of @entity19 models for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['increases in IOP and loss of visual acuity', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['pigmentary glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity7840 /2J @entity19 are a standard preclinical @entity726 model, which spontaneously developed mutations resulting in chronic age-related @entity1538 . The goals of this study were to identify the degree of @entity227 in @entity7840 /2J @entity19 before and after disease onset by quantifying the optokinetic reflex responses and to compare them to the less-researched strain of @entity7840 /2NHsd @entity19 . METHODS: Visual performance was measured in healthy, nonglaucomatous, and glaucomatous male @entity7840 /2NHsd or @entity7840 /2J @entity19 using a visuospatial testing box. The optokinetic reflex resulting in optomotor head tracking was manually detected. Measured threshold levels equate to the maximum contrast or spatial frequency the @entity19 responds to. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by applanation tonometry. RESULTS: IOP increased with age in both @entity7840 /2J and @entity7840 /2NHsd @entity19 and was not different between the two substrains. Both visual acuity and ability to detect contrast decreased significantly, and similarly with age in both substrains. However, @entity7840 /2NHsd had poorer visual acuity even at a younger age compared to age-matched @entity7840 /2J @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity7840 /2J and @entity7840 /2NHsd @entity19 show a progressive glaucomatous phenotype of age-related @entity227 and contrast sensitivity when compared to other inbred or outbred strains. Given the similar increases in IOP and contrast sensitivity threshold and loss of visual acuity between these two @entity7840 /2 substrains, we also conclude that @entity7840 /2NHsd @entity19 are a suitable alternative model for @entity1538 .

title: Quantification of deficits in spatial visual function of XXXX models for @entity726 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: The significance of @entity851 and its impact on failure after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are unknown. Although @entity1 with severe esophageal shortening that requires Collis gastroplasty comprise a small percentage of @entity1 undergoing fundoplication, we hypothesize that @entity1 with moderate esophageal shortening requiring extended mediastinal dissection make up a larger subgroup and that extended laparoscopic mediastinal dissection is a good treatment strategy for such @entity1 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective comparative analysis in an academic and private practice-based tertiary referral center. @entity1 : A total of 205 @entity1 underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for @entity354 or @entity357 over 4 years. Outcomes in @entity1 requiring either a type I (<5 cm) or type II (>5 cm) mediastinal dissection were compared. INTERVENTIONS: Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication with or without extended mediastinal dissection and esophageal physiology testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptom assessments, operative reports, and outcomes were prospectively recorded on standardized data sheets. Postoperative symptom assessment and esophageal physiology testing were performed. RESULTS: A total of 133 (65%) of the 205 @entity1 underwent type I dissection, and 72 (35%) of the 205 @entity1 underwent type II dissection. Failure occurred in 15 (11%) of 133 @entity1 and 6 (10%) of 72 @entity1 , respectively. The presence of a large hiatal or paraesophageal hernia predicted the need for type II dissection. CONCLUSIONS: No difference was seen in failure rates between @entity1 who required a type II dissection and those who did not. This finding suggests that aggressive application of laparoscopic transmediastinal dissection to obtain adequate esophageal length may reduce fundoplication failure in @entity1 with esophageal shortening and provide a success rate similar to that of @entity1 with normal esophageal length. More liberal application of Collis gastroplasty in these @entity1 is not warranted.

title: Extended transmediastinal dissection: an alternative to gastroplasty for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short esophagus']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['paraesophageal hernias']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease']

answer: @entity851 :: (MESH:D006130,Disease) :: ['short esophagus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical and biochemical safety profile of long-term @entity968 ( @entity970 ) therapy in @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 and to assess pediatric @entity1 acceptance of @entity970 therapy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Pediatric clinics at a referral center. @entity1 Eighty-three @entity1 (44 with chronic @entity1142 , 39 with @entity1142 and @entity2464 ) receiving @entity970 therapy for more than 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical adverse effects related to @entity970 therapy and acceptance and compliance with @entity970 therapy. Serum electrolyte levels, osmolality, albumin levels, and liver and renal function test results were measured. RESULTS: At the time of evaluation, the mean duration of @entity970 therapy was 8.7 months, and the mean @entity970 dose was 0.75 g/kg daily. There were no major clinical adverse effects. All blood test results were normal, except for transient minimal @entity493 aminotransferase elevation unrelated to therapy in 9 @entity1 . All @entity1 preferred @entity970 to previously used laxatives, and daily compliance was measured as good in 90% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Long-term @entity970 therapy is safe and is well accepted by @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 with and without @entity2464 .

title: Safety of @entity968 for the treatment of chronic XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2464 :: ('MESH:D004688', 'Disease') :: ['encopresis']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol 3350']

answer: @entity1142 :: (MESH:D003248,Disease) :: ['constipation']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical and biochemical safety profile of long-term @entity968 ( @entity970 ) therapy in @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 and to assess pediatric @entity1 acceptance of @entity970 therapy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Pediatric clinics at a referral center. @entity1 Eighty-three @entity1 (44 with chronic @entity1142 , 39 with @entity1142 and @entity2464 ) receiving @entity970 therapy for more than 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical adverse effects related to @entity970 therapy and acceptance and compliance with @entity970 therapy. Serum electrolyte levels, osmolality, albumin levels, and liver and renal function test results were measured. RESULTS: At the time of evaluation, the mean duration of @entity970 therapy was 8.7 months, and the mean @entity970 dose was 0.75 g/kg daily. There were no major clinical adverse effects. All blood test results were normal, except for transient minimal @entity493 aminotransferase elevation unrelated to therapy in 9 @entity1 . All @entity1 preferred @entity970 to previously used laxatives, and daily compliance was measured as good in 90% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Long-term @entity970 therapy is safe and is well accepted by @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 with and without @entity2464 .

title: Safety of XXXX for the treatment of chronic @entity1142 in @entity1 .

answer: @entity968 :: (MESH:D011092,Chemical) :: ['polyethylene glycol 3350']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical and biochemical safety profile of long-term @entity968 ( @entity970 ) therapy in @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 and to assess pediatric @entity1 acceptance of @entity970 therapy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Pediatric clinics at a referral center. @entity1 Eighty-three @entity1 (44 with chronic @entity1142 , 39 with @entity1142 and @entity2464 ) receiving @entity970 therapy for more than 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical adverse effects related to @entity970 therapy and acceptance and compliance with @entity970 therapy. Serum electrolyte levels, osmolality, albumin levels, and liver and renal function test results were measured. RESULTS: At the time of evaluation, the mean duration of @entity970 therapy was 8.7 months, and the mean @entity970 dose was 0.75 g/kg daily. There were no major clinical adverse effects. All blood test results were normal, except for transient minimal @entity493 aminotransferase elevation unrelated to therapy in 9 @entity1 . All @entity1 preferred @entity970 to previously used laxatives, and daily compliance was measured as good in 90% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Long-term @entity970 therapy is safe and is well accepted by @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 with and without @entity2464 .

title: Safety of @entity968 for the treatment of chronic @entity1142 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are morphogens regulating epithelial-mesenchymal signaling during several crucial processes of embryonic development, including muscle patterning. Sonic ( @entity4851 ), Indian (Ihh), and Desert ( @entity32356 ) hedgehog constitute the repertoire of Hh genes in @entity1 . The activities of all 3 are transduced via the Patched ( @entity2750 ) receptor. Recent observations indicate that exogenous administration of @entity4851 induces angiogenesis. Here, we studied whether the endogenous Hh pathway, in addition to its functions during embryogenesis, plays a physiological role in muscle regeneration after @entity63 in adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that skeletal @entity63 induces strong local upregulation of @entity4851 mRNA and protein. In addition, the @entity2750 receptor is activated in interstitial mesenchymal cells within the @entity63 area, indicating that these cells respond to @entity4851 and that the @entity4851 pathway is functional. We also found that @entity4851 -responding cells produce @entity7 under @entity63 conditions and that systemic treatment with a @entity4851 -blocking antibody inhibits the local angiogenic response and the upregulation of @entity7 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the Hh signaling may be recapitulated postnatally in adult and fully differentiated muscular tissues and has a regulatory role on angiogenesis during muscle regeneration after @entity63 . These findings demonstrate a novel biological activity for the Hh pathway with both fundamental and potential therapeutic implications.

title: Postnatal recapitulation of embryonic hedgehog pathway in response to skeletal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['muscle ischemia', 'ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['muscle ischemia']


abstract: Neuropeptide Y regulates numerous physiological processes via at least five different Y receptors, but the specific roles of each receptor are still unclear. We previously demonstrated that @entity36888 knockout results in a lean phenotype, increased cancellous bone volume, and an increase in plasma @entity43049 ( @entity43049 ), a ligand for Y4 receptors. @entity43049 -overexpressing @entity19 are also known to have a lean phenotype. Deletion of the @entity52465 also produced a lean phenotype and increased plasma @entity43049 levels. We therefore hypothesized that part of the Y2 phenotype results from increased @entity43049 action on Y4 receptors and tested this in @entity43049 transgenic Y4(-/-) and Y2(-/-) Y4(-/-) double knockout @entity19 . Bone mass was not altered in Y4 knockout @entity19 . Surprisingly, despite significant @entity7298 , Y2(-/-) Y4(-/-) @entity19 retained a markedly lean phenotype, with reduced body weight, white adipose tissue mass, leptinemia, and insulinemia. Furthermore, bone volume was also increased threefold in Y2(-/-) Y4(-/-) @entity19 , and this was associated with enhanced osteoblastic activity. These changes were more pronounced than those observed in Y2(-/-) @entity19 , suggesting synergy between @entity36888 pathways. The lack of bone changes in @entity43049 @entity19 suggests that @entity43049 alone is not responsible for the bone mass increases but might play a major role in the lean phenotype. However, a synergistic interaction between Y2 and Y4 pathways seems to regulate bone volume and adiposity and could have important implications for possible interventions in @entity28 and for anabolic treatment of @entity604 .

title: Synergistic effects of Y2 and Y4 receptors on adiposity and bone mass revealed in double knockout XXXX .

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity7298 :: ('MESH:D006963', 'Disease') :: ['hyperphagia']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic bone loss']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative importance of the extent and regional distribution of fat for metabolic risk factors in young adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of findings from a hospital-based case-control study. SUBJECTS: A total of 46 adult Danish Caucasian @entity1 (40 @entity1 and six @entity1 , aged 34-54 y). Of these, 22 had had non fatal @entity583 before 41 y of age and 24 were age- and gender-matched controls without @entity301 . MEASUREMENTS: Four measurements of fat: body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)), body fat percentage measured using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanner, waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR), and intra-abdominal adipose tissue area measured using computed tomography (CT) scanning, and eight metabolic risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA(1c) percentage, fasting concentrations of capillary whole blood @entity413 , high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 , serum @entity412 , plasma @entity2289 ( @entity2289 ), and urinary albumin: @entity1011 excretion ratio. RESULTS: Of 46 @entity1 , 10 were @entity28 (BMI >30 kg/m(2)), 12 were @entity1144 (WHR >0.90 for @entity1 and >0.85 for @entity1 ), and 20 were @entity1144 (intra-abdominal adipose tissue area >135 cm(2)). @entity1 had a higher intra-abdominal adipose tissue area than @entity1 (P=0.0053, Mann-Whitney U-test). In multiple regression analyses of the four fat variables, only intra-abdominal adipose tissue area significantly predicted the levels of six metabolic risk factors: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting concentrations of capillary whole blood @entity413 , serum HDL @entity165 , serum @entity412 , and @entity2289 . The intra-abdominal adipose tissue area had a linear relation with the six metabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: For young individuals, intra-abdominal fat is the important component of the body fat for six of the eight metabolic risk factors. Intra-abdominal fat might contribute to that most @entity1 with @entity583 at a young age are @entity1 .

title: XXXX and metabolic risk factors: a study of young adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2289 :: ('5054', 'Gene') :: ['plasminogen activator inhibitor 1', 'PAI-1']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['abdominally obese', 'intra-abdominally obese']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1144 :: (MESH:D056128,Disease) :: ['Intra-abdominal obesity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3765 ( @entity3765 ) has been found on @entity1 keratinocytes to bind @entity5567 , a proinflammatory phospholipid. We aimed to study @entity3765 in a range of dermal cell lines and in samples of normal and psoriatic @entity1 skin to learn about its further role in @entity1 . METHODS: @entity3765 was labeled immunocytochemically, histochemically and additionally studied with western blotting in @entity1 keratinocytes, @entity1 fibroblasts, embryonal keratinocytes, @entity5 cell lines and samples of normal and psoriatic @entity1 skin. RESULTS: Keratinocytes from adult and embryonal epidermis of the 20th week of pregnancy showed a low level of labeling for @entity3765 , but 3 +/- 0.05% of plantar keratinocytes from adults were positive as were 4.2 +/- 0.05% of embryonal plantar keratinocytes from the 21st week of pregnancy. In fibroblasts from adult and embryonal epidermis the protein was expressed at low levels. Western blotting revealed @entity3765 positive bands at 67 k.Da in normal @entity1 skin and @entity1569 , in @entity1569 additionally at 45 k.Da. A 68 k.Da band was found in the @entity694 29 (control), and HaCaT cells, in embryonal keratinocytes additionally at 116 k.Da. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3765 seems not to be important for embryonal or adult fibroblasts. In embryonal keratinocytes it is turned on after the 21st pregnancy week in a few cells seen as a band of 67 k.Da and at 116 k.Da, the latter is not found in adult keratinocytes. An additional 45 k.Da band of @entity3765 was found in @entity1569 that might stand for a truncated receptor. In the @entity5 cell line HaCaT and the HT29 @entity694 cell line @entity3765 characterizes the anti-apoptotic effect of this receptor propagating @entity5 proliferation.

title: PAF-receptor in inflammatory versus non inflammatory XXXX epidermis, cell cultures and embryonal cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'epithelial tumor']

entities_list: @entity3765 :: ('5724', 'Gene') :: ['PAF-R', 'platelet activating factor-receptor']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer line HT', 'colon cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We have developed a dispersed cell monolayer system derived from @entity291 anterior pituitary glands. Fresh 1- to 6-week-old @entity291 anterior pituitaries were mechanically and enzymatically dispersed and incubated with Dulbecco's Modified Minimal Essential Medium containing 10% hypothyroid goat serum. The media and cell extracts from confluent monolayers were analyzed for @entity291 TSH and free alpha, and @entity72839 subunits by specific homologous RIAs. Basal levels of TSH, free alpha, and free @entity72839 subunits in the media were 6.2 +/- 0.3, and 0.95 +/- 0.05 ng/10(6) cells . 24 h, respectively. Hence, an 8- to 10-fold excess of free alpha over free @entity72839 subunits was released into the medium. Intracellular basal levels of TSH, free alpha, and free @entity72839 subunits were 27.6 +/- 1.7, 10.7 +/- 0.2, and 2.6 +/- 0.3 ng/10(6) cells . 24 h, respectively, and indicated a 3- to 4-fold excess of free alpha over free @entity72839 subunits within the cells. The total alpha-subunit to total beta-subunit ratio was 2:1. @entity1218 stimulated release of TSH and its subunits in a dose-dependent fashion, with a half-maximal dose of 2 nM and a maximal response dose of 10 nM. Stimulation with 100 nM @entity1218 increased the levels of TSH, free alpha, and free @entity72839 subunits (450-900%, 180-200%, and 300-400%, respectively) in medium, with concomitant decreases within cells. Treatment with thyroid hormones decreased basal and blunted @entity1218 -stimulated levels of TSH and its subunits in medium but had no effect on intracellular stores. However, large doses of T4 (25 nM) or T3 (1 nM) did not completely abolish the @entity1218 (100 nM)-stimulated hormone response. @entity1218 and thyroid hormones affect the release of TSH and @entity72839 to a greater extent than they do the alpha-subunit. Finally, total alpha and @entity72839 subunit production was increased with @entity1218 stimulation and decreased with @entity6145 exposure. Thus, an in vitro system to study the net production and secretion of TSH and its subunits in the normal pituitary thyrotrope has been established. (Endocrinology 108: 387, 1981)

title: Production and release of thyrotropin and its subunits by monolayer cultures containing XXXX anterior pituitary cells.

entities_list: @entity6145 :: ('CHEBI:60311', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroid hormone']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Erythrocytes from @entity1707 with experimental porcine @entity9463 were examined using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Three distinct forms of @entity13173 were attached to the plasma surface of erythrocyte membrane. Erythrocytes were initially parasitized by one or several immature forms. Immature forms enlarged and developed into juvenile and mature forms. The parasite replicated by budding of small immature forms from larger immature forms, juvenile forms, and mature forms. Small immature forms attached to adjacent membrane of the same erythrocyte or a nonparasitized erythrocyte. @entity13173 organisms were intimately associated with, but distinctly separated from erythrocyte membrane by a 30-nm electron lucent zone. Cell membrane in this area was denser than adjacent nonparasitized membrane. Early interaction between erythrocyte membrane and small immature forms resulted in no membrane deformation, but as this form enlarged, it later became embedded in a deep cup-like membrane invagination. As the immature form developed into the juvenile form a shallow, broad-based @entity308 was observed in the membrane. A similar @entity308 that covered a greater surface area was observed in the membrane parasitized by the mature form. The interaction between the parasitic forms and erythrocyte membrane resulted ultimately in severe membrane deformation. Parasite-membrane interactions may play an important role in the development of misdirected immune responses in experimental porcine @entity9463 .

title: Erythrocyte membrane alterations associated with the attachment and replication of XXXX : a light and electron microscopic study.

entities_list: @entity13173 :: ('57372', 'Species') :: ['E. suis', 'Eperythrozoon suis']

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['eperythrozoonosis']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

answer: @entity13173 :: (57372,Species) :: ['Eperythrozoon suis']


abstract: The antihypertensive drugs @entity11848 and @entity1169 can produce identical liver injuries which must be distinguished clinically and morphologically from @entity99 . In 19 cases selected from our biopsy file during the last two years, clinical and morphological findings suggested that the @entity99 diagnosed by light microscopy had been caused by an adverse reaction to @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 . In order to establish a causal relation the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) was performed with @entity11848 in 11 cases. Positive results were observed in 9 cases, demonstrating an etiologic role for @entity11848 in @entity99 in these cases. The @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 induced @entity99 consisted mainly of @entity99 with confluent (bridging) @entity39 . Different findings were observed in three cases: In two of these @entity99 with @entity39 was observed together with eosinophilic cholangio-cholangiolitis. In one other case the histologic changes corresponded to drug @entity99 resembling @entity99 . Each of the three cases showed @entity1448 , a feature which is unusual in @entity99 with @entity39 irrespective of serum @entity648 levels. In one third of our cases we found morphological features of @entity56 in the liver biopsies. Considered together with the results of LPT these features emphasize the role of cell mediated immune reaction in the mechanism of @entity99 caused by @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 .

title: [Liver lesions induced by @entity11848 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['confluent necrosis', 'necrosis']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['conspicuous centrolobular cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity reactions']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['acute viral hepatitis', 'drug-induced hepatitis', 'liver injury', 'viral hepatitis', 'hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity11848 :: ('MESH:D004078', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydralazine']

answer: @entity1169 :: (MESH:D011433,Chemical) :: ['propranolol']


abstract: The antihypertensive drugs @entity11848 and @entity1169 can produce identical liver injuries which must be distinguished clinically and morphologically from @entity99 . In 19 cases selected from our biopsy file during the last two years, clinical and morphological findings suggested that the @entity99 diagnosed by light microscopy had been caused by an adverse reaction to @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 . In order to establish a causal relation the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) was performed with @entity11848 in 11 cases. Positive results were observed in 9 cases, demonstrating an etiologic role for @entity11848 in @entity99 in these cases. The @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 induced @entity99 consisted mainly of @entity99 with confluent (bridging) @entity39 . Different findings were observed in three cases: In two of these @entity99 with @entity39 was observed together with eosinophilic cholangio-cholangiolitis. In one other case the histologic changes corresponded to drug @entity99 resembling @entity99 . Each of the three cases showed @entity1448 , a feature which is unusual in @entity99 with @entity39 irrespective of serum @entity648 levels. In one third of our cases we found morphological features of @entity56 in the liver biopsies. Considered together with the results of LPT these features emphasize the role of cell mediated immune reaction in the mechanism of @entity99 caused by @entity11848 and/or @entity1169 .

title: [Liver lesions induced by XXXX and @entity1169 ].

answer: @entity11848 :: (MESH:D004078,Chemical) :: ['dihydralazine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was (1). to report long-term objective and subjective outcome data after total colpocleisis with high levator plication and (2). to compare operative morbidity of total colpocleisis in @entity1 with prior versus concurrent hysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN: The medical records of @entity1 who underwent total colpocleisis with high levator plication between August 1, 1988, and December 31, 2000, were retrospectively reviewed. @entity1 characteristics, operative data, and objective outcome measures including @entity3577 staging measurements were obtained from subject records. Subjective outcome measures were obtained by a standardized telephone survey. A t test was used to compare continuous variables between @entity1 who underwent prior versus concurrent hysterectomy. The Fisher exact test was used to test for association between @entity1 group and each categorical variable. RESULTS: During the 12-year study period, 92 subjects underwent total colpocleisis with high levator plication. Of the 92 subjects, 90 (97.8%) underwent concurrent operations and 37 (40.2%) underwent simultaneous hysterectomy. With objective cure defined as absence of prolapse to the hymen, 90 subjects (97.8%) were objectively cured after a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 0-64 months). Of 62 subjects available for telephone follow-up, 56 (90.3%) reported being satisfied or very satisfied with how the surgery cured their prolapse after a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 13-161 months). Concurrent hysterectomy was associated with statistically significant increases in absolute change in hematocrit (9.5% without vs 11.9% with hysterectomy) and transfusion requirement (12.7% without vs 35.1% with hysterectomy). There was no significant difference in surgical complications between groups. CONCLUSION: Total colpocleisis is an effective operation for the treatment of advanced @entity3577 . Concurrent hysterectomy is associated with higher @entity190 and transfusion requirements.

title: Total colpocleisis with high levator plication for the treatment of advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic organ prolapse']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

answer: @entity3577 :: (MESH:D056887,Disease) :: ['pelvic organ prolapse']


abstract: @entity3124 @entity1 have multiple risk factors for @entity1150 and @entity1151 . The majority of @entity1 with @entity1151 have a lower extremity @entity1150 as a source of origin. @entity1151 causes a high mortality rate in the hemodynamically compromised individual. Awareness of risk factors relative to the development of @entity1150 and @entity1151 is important for the critical care nurse. Understanding the pathophysiology can help guide prophylaxis and treatment plans. The therapies, from invasive to mechanical, all carry risks and benefits, and are weighed for each @entity1 . The advanced practice nurse, whether in the direct or indirect role, has an opportunity to impact the care of the high risk @entity1 . Options range from teaching the nurse who is new to critical care, to teaching @entity1 and families. Development of multidisciplinary protocols and clinical pathways are ways to impact the standard of care. Improved delivery of care methods can optimize the care rendered in an ever changing field of critical care.

title: Optimizing the flow of care for prevention and treatment of @entity1150 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['Critically ill']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary embolism', 'pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity1151 :: (MESH:D011655,Disease) :: ['pulmonary embolism']


abstract: @entity3124 @entity1 have multiple risk factors for @entity1150 and @entity1151 . The majority of @entity1 with @entity1151 have a lower extremity @entity1150 as a source of origin. @entity1151 causes a high mortality rate in the hemodynamically compromised individual. Awareness of risk factors relative to the development of @entity1150 and @entity1151 is important for the critical care nurse. Understanding the pathophysiology can help guide prophylaxis and treatment plans. The therapies, from invasive to mechanical, all carry risks and benefits, and are weighed for each @entity1 . The advanced practice nurse, whether in the direct or indirect role, has an opportunity to impact the care of the high risk @entity1 . Options range from teaching the nurse who is new to critical care, to teaching @entity1 and families. Development of multidisciplinary protocols and clinical pathways are ways to impact the standard of care. Improved delivery of care methods can optimize the care rendered in an ever changing field of critical care.

title: Optimizing the flow of care for prevention and treatment of XXXX and @entity1151 .

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep vein thrombosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated the utility of three dimensional (3D) treatment planning in the management of @entity1 with @entity135 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Five @entity1 with parameningeal @entity980 were referred for treatment at our radiation oncology center from May 1990 through January 1993. Each @entity1 was evaluated, staged, and treated according to the Intergroup @entity980 Study. @entity1 were immobilized and underwent a computed tomography scan with contrast in the treatment position. @entity5 and normal tissues were identified with assistance from a diagnostic radiologist and defined in each slice. The @entity1 were then planned and treated with the assistance of a 3D treatment planning system. A second plan was then devised by another physician without the benefit of the 3D volumetric display. The target volumes designed with the 3D system and the two-dimensional (2D) method were then compared. The dosimetric coverage to @entity5 , @entity5 plus margin, and normal tissues was also compared with the two methods of treatment planning. RESULTS: The apparent size of the gross @entity5 volume was underestimated with the conventional 2D planning method relative to the 3D method. When margin was added around the gross @entity5 to account for microscopic extension of disease in the 2D method, the expected area of coverage improved relative to the 3D method. In each circumstance, the minimum dose that covered the gross @entity5 was substantially less with the 2D method than with the 3D method. The inadequate dosimetric coverage was especially pronounced when the necessary margin to account for subclinical disease was added. In each case, the 2D plans would have delivered substantial dose to adjacent normal tissues and organs, resulting in a higher incidence of significant complications. CONCLUSIONS: 3D conformal radiation therapy has a demonstrated advantage in the treatment of @entity242 of the head and neck. The improved dosimetric coverage of the @entity5 and its margin for subclinical extensions may result in improvement in local control of these @entity5 . In addition, lowering of radiation dose to adjacent critical structures may help lower the incidence of adverse late effects in @entity1 .

title: Three dimensional conformal radiation therapy in pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['parameningeal head and neck rhabdomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['Rhabdomyosarcoma', 'rhabdomyosarcoma']

answer: @entity980 :: (MESH:D012208,Disease) :: ['parameningeal rhabdomyosarcomas']


abstract: The wood-degrading fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius produces at least two laccase isoforms, Lcc1 and Lcc2, when grown on @entity3505 bran solid state medium. The main laccase, Lcc2, was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by using @entity1324 precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Lcc2 had been purified 5.9-fold with a yield of 49%. A specific activity of 19750 U/mg protein was found using @entity44400 as a substrate under standard assay conditions. The enzyme is a homodimeric glycoprotein containing 44% glycosilation and an apparent molecular mass of 46 kDa. Type I and type III @entity8863 centers were identified by spectrophotometry. The laccase showed optimal activity at pH 6.2-6.5, 4.0-5.5, and 6.0-8.0 with @entity44400 , @entity16376 and guaiacol as substrates, respectively. For all substrates, the highest oxidation rates were obtained at 50 degrees C. The enzyme was stable over a large range of pH (4.5-8.0) and at temperatures up to 50 degrees C. Under standard assay conditions, the apparent K(M) values were 12, 210 and 550 microM for @entity44400 , @entity16376 and @entity12682 , respectively. Purified Lcc2 was strongly inhibited by @entity4627 , @entity6514 and @entity10694 , and slightly inhibited by @entity3281 and the chelant agents, @entity1098 and EGTA. The enzyme was activated by @entity8863 and it retained a high percentage of its activity in the presence of organic solvents, such as @entity1626 and @entity1324 .

title: Purification and characterization of the main laccase produced by the white-rot fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius on XXXX bran solid state medium.

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity6514 :: ('MESH:D008623', 'Chemical') :: ['2-mercaptoethanol']

entities_list: @entity44400 :: ('MESH:C009370', 'Chemical') :: ['syringaldazine']

entities_list: @entity4627 :: ('MESH:D019810', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium azide']

answer: @entity3505 :: (4565,Species) :: ['wheat']


abstract: The mechanisms by which @entity5 leave the primary @entity5 site, invade lymphatics, and metastasize to regional lymph nodes (RLNs) are complex and interrelated. Although the phenomenon of lymph node @entity3 has been recognized for over 200 years, the exact mechanisms have only recently been the subject of intense interest and sophisticated experimentation. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has rapidly entered the clinical mainstream for @entity320 and @entity0 , and this technique has provided confirmation of the orderly anatomic progression of @entity5 cells from primary site to the RLNs through lymphatic capillaries and trunks. Exciting studies involving the pathophysiology of interstitial fluid pressure in @entity5 and the peritumoral extracellular matrix have focused on lymphatic flow and @entity5 microenvironment and microcirculation. Molecular techniques have led to the definition of unique markers found on lymphatic endothelial cells. These markers have enabled scientists to identify peritumoral and intratumoral lymphatics and to visualize the ingrowth of @entity5 cells into the lumena of lymphatic capillaries. Tumor-secreted cytokines, such as @entity27484 , bind to VEGF receptors on lymphatic endothelial cells and induce proliferation and growth of new lymphatic capillaries; this process is similar to the well-known mechanism of angiogenesis, which results from the proliferation of new blood vessel capillaries. Lymphangiogenesis is associated with an increased incidence of RLN @entity3 , and it is possible that this step is essential to the metastatic process. Directional movement toward lymphatics and lymph nodes appears to follow a chemokine gradient, and it is likely that some @entity5 cells that express certain types of chemokine receptors are more likely to metastasize to the RLNs. In contrast, @entity5 cells that do not express specific receptors that are responsive to lymphatic chemokines may not metastasize. New knowledge regarding the molecules involved in these processes should enable improvements in prognostic and possibly therapeutic approaches to the management of @entity5 .

title: Insights into the mechanisms of lymph node XXXX .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity27484 :: ('7424;2277', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)-C and -D']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to direct stimuli, such as @entity2710 (MCh), is observed not only in @entity565 but other diseases. AHR to indirect stimuli is suggested to be more specific for @entity565 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether @entity32 is more closely related to @entity1224 (HS), an indirect stimulus, than to MCh. METHODS: Sixty-four consecutive adult @entity1 with suspected @entity565 (45 @entity565 and 19 non- @entity565 ) performed a combined bronchial challenge and sputum induction with 4.5% saline, and MCh challenge on the next day. RESULTS: Both HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 were significantly lower in @entity565 @entity1 than in non- @entity565 @entity1 . However, the sensitivity/specificity for @entity565 was 48.9%/100%, respectively, in the HS test and 82.2%/84.2%, respectively, in the MCh test. There was a significant relationship between HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 and only 52.9% of @entity1 with MCh-PC20 < or = 4 mg/mL showed HS-AHR, but 4 @entity1 with HS-AHR showed MCh-PC20 > 4 mg/mL. There were significant correlations between both HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 and FEV1, or sputum eosinophils, but FEV1 was more closely related to MCh-PC20 (r = 0.478, p < 0.01) than to HS-PD15 (r = 0.278, p < 0.05), and sputum eosinophils were more closely related to HS-PD15 (r = -0.324, p < 0.01) than to MCh-PC20 (r = -0.317, p < 0.05). Moreover, the @entity225 level (r = 0.285, p < 0.05) and @entity379 / @entity225 ratio (r = 0.293, p < 0.05) in sputum were significantly related to HS-PD15, but not to MCh-PC20. CONCLUSION: HS-AHR may reflect allergic @entity32 more closely than MCh-AHR.

title: @entity32 is more closely related to airway hyperresponsiveness to hypertonic saline than to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['AHR to hypertonic saline']

answer: @entity2710 :: (MESH:D016210,Chemical) :: ['methacholine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to direct stimuli, such as @entity2710 (MCh), is observed not only in @entity565 but other diseases. AHR to indirect stimuli is suggested to be more specific for @entity565 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether @entity32 is more closely related to @entity1224 (HS), an indirect stimulus, than to MCh. METHODS: Sixty-four consecutive adult @entity1 with suspected @entity565 (45 @entity565 and 19 non- @entity565 ) performed a combined bronchial challenge and sputum induction with 4.5% saline, and MCh challenge on the next day. RESULTS: Both HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 were significantly lower in @entity565 @entity1 than in non- @entity565 @entity1 . However, the sensitivity/specificity for @entity565 was 48.9%/100%, respectively, in the HS test and 82.2%/84.2%, respectively, in the MCh test. There was a significant relationship between HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 and only 52.9% of @entity1 with MCh-PC20 < or = 4 mg/mL showed HS-AHR, but 4 @entity1 with HS-AHR showed MCh-PC20 > 4 mg/mL. There were significant correlations between both HS-PD15 and MCh-PC20 and FEV1, or sputum eosinophils, but FEV1 was more closely related to MCh-PC20 (r = 0.478, p < 0.01) than to HS-PD15 (r = 0.278, p < 0.05), and sputum eosinophils were more closely related to HS-PD15 (r = -0.324, p < 0.01) than to MCh-PC20 (r = -0.317, p < 0.05). Moreover, the @entity225 level (r = 0.285, p < 0.05) and @entity379 / @entity225 ratio (r = 0.293, p < 0.05) in sputum were significantly related to HS-PD15, but not to MCh-PC20. CONCLUSION: HS-AHR may reflect allergic @entity32 more closely than MCh-AHR.

title: XXXX is more closely related to airway hyperresponsiveness to hypertonic saline than to @entity2710 .

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Asthmatic airway inflammation']


abstract: We reported an @entity1 with occult @entity2259 caused by @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ). An 8-week-old @entity1 , who was uneventfully born to an 18-year-old mother, was hospitalized because of a 4-hour history of fever. On admission, she appeared nontoxic, and the temperature was 39.0 degrees C, and the pulse and respiratory rates were 162/min and 42/min, respectively. Laboratory findings showed a total white blood count of 5,200/microliter with 44% neutrophils and C-reactive protein of 0.7 mg/dl. Cerebrospinal fluid and urine examinations did not disclosed any abnormalities. After a complete evaluation of sepsis including cultures from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, stool, and throat swab, intravenous @entity3524 was administered at 100 mg/kg/day in three fractions. Nine hours after the start of the culture, @entity1892 was isolated from blood, and thereafter from the throat, but not from other culture sites obtained on admission. However, at that time she fed well and her temperature was subsiding. Forty-eight hours after admission, she became afebrile and @entity3524 administration was continued for 7 days. Based on the examinations of minimal inhibitory concentrations of various antibiotics, serotype analysis, and restriction-digestion patterns of genomic DNA, the 3 @entity1892 strains isolated from the @entity1 's blood and throat and the maternal anus were identical, suggesting that the @entity1 was infected by her mother. This is the first report in Japan describing the clinical course of @entity2259 . According to a case series published in the English literature and our case, there are few clinical and laboratory markers predictive for @entity2259 , but this condition may develop focal invasive @entity281 . A high index of suspicion is required for correct diagnosis. Further accumulation of such @entity1 is warranted to establish the appropriate treatment.

title: [A case of group B streptococcal occult XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients', 'patient', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['group B Streptococcus', 'GBS']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia', 'GBS occult bacteremia']

answer: @entity2259 :: (MESH:D016470,Disease) :: ['bacteremia']


abstract: Substrate-specific inhibition of the proteasome has been unachievable despite great interest in proteasome inhibitors as drugs. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity45659 , a natural @entity1521 - and @entity369 -rich antibacterial peptide, stimulates angiogenesis and inhibits inflammatory responses by specifically blocking degradation of @entity4284 and @entity7738 by the proteasome. However, molecular events involved in the @entity45659 -proteasome interaction have not been elucidated. Here we show that @entity45659 is a noncompetitive and reversible inhibitor of the proteasome function. This effect is achieved by a unique allosteric mechanism allowing for specific inhibition of degradation of selected proteins without affecting total proteasome-dependent proteolysis. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies demonstrate that 20S and 26S proteasomes treated with @entity45659 or its derivatives exhibit serious perturbations in their structure and their normal allosteric movements. These effects are universal for proteasomes from @entity375 to @entity1 . The shortest functional sequence derived from @entity45659 still showing the allosteric inhibitory effect consists of eleven @entity2733 -terminal residues containing essential three @entity2733 -terminal arginines. The noncompetitive and reversible in vitro action of @entity45659 and its truncated derivatives is matched by the ability of the peptides to induce angiogenesis in vivo. We postulate that @entity45659 changes conformational dynamics of the proteasomes by interactions with the noncatalytic subunit alpha7 in a way that prevents the enzyme from cleaving the substrates of unique structural constraints.

title: XXXX - and @entity369 -rich peptides constitute a novel class of allosteric inhibitors of proteasome activity.

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity1521 :: (CHEBI:26271,Chemical) :: ['Proline']