abstract: @entity3483 ( @entity3483 ) is a poor prognostic sign for @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). The generation of @entity3483 is largely regulated by @entity7 ( @entity7 ), and upregulation of @entity7 by @entity4104 has been observed in several types of @entity5 cells. In this study, we demonstrate constitutively activated @entity4104 in several @entity1 @entity2 cell lines and in @entity5 cells infiltrated in the pleurae of @entity1 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and @entity3483 . The observations suggest that activated @entity4104 plays a role in the pathogenesis of @entity2 . In PC14PE6/AS2 cells, a @entity4104 -positive @entity1 @entity2 cell line, autocrine @entity650 activated @entity4104 via JAKs, not via @entity19 kinase. PC14PE6/AS2 cells express higher @entity7 mRNA and protein than do @entity4104 -negative PC14PE6/AS2/dnStat3 cells. In an animal model, PC14P6/AS2/dnStat3 cells produced no @entity3483 and less lung @entity3 than did PC14P6/AS2 cells. PC14PE6/AS2 cells also expressed higher @entity7 protein, microvessel density, and vascular permeability in @entity5 than did PC14P6/AS2/dnStat3 cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that autocrine @entity650 activation of @entity4104 in @entity2 may be involved in the formation of @entity3483 by upregulating @entity7 . Higher levels of @entity650 and @entity7 were also found in the pleural fluids of @entity1 with @entity2 than in @entity1 with @entity712 . The autocrine @entity650 / @entity4104 / @entity7 signaling pathway may also be activated in @entity1 with @entity2 and @entity3483 . These findings provide novel targets for the management of @entity3483 .

title: Autocrine XXXX -induced @entity4104 activation contributes to the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma and @entity3483 .

answer: @entity650 :: (3569,Gene) :: ['IL-6']


abstract: @entity3483 ( @entity3483 ) is a poor prognostic sign for @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). The generation of @entity3483 is largely regulated by @entity7 ( @entity7 ), and upregulation of @entity7 by @entity4104 has been observed in several types of @entity5 cells. In this study, we demonstrate constitutively activated @entity4104 in several @entity1 @entity2 cell lines and in @entity5 cells infiltrated in the pleurae of @entity1 with @entity2 ( @entity2 ) and @entity3483 . The observations suggest that activated @entity4104 plays a role in the pathogenesis of @entity2 . In PC14PE6/AS2 cells, a @entity4104 -positive @entity1 @entity2 cell line, autocrine @entity650 activated @entity4104 via JAKs, not via @entity19 kinase. PC14PE6/AS2 cells express higher @entity7 mRNA and protein than do @entity4104 -negative PC14PE6/AS2/dnStat3 cells. In an animal model, PC14P6/AS2/dnStat3 cells produced no @entity3483 and less lung @entity3 than did PC14P6/AS2 cells. PC14PE6/AS2 cells also expressed higher @entity7 protein, microvessel density, and vascular permeability in @entity5 than did PC14P6/AS2/dnStat3 cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that autocrine @entity650 activation of @entity4104 in @entity2 may be involved in the formation of @entity3483 by upregulating @entity7 . Higher levels of @entity650 and @entity7 were also found in the pleural fluids of @entity1 with @entity2 than in @entity1 with @entity712 . The autocrine @entity650 / @entity4104 / @entity7 signaling pathway may also be activated in @entity1 with @entity2 and @entity3483 . These findings provide novel targets for the management of @entity3483 .

title: Autocrine @entity650 -induced XXXX activation contributes to the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma and @entity3483 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'adenocarcinoma cell lung cancer', 'ADCLC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3483 :: ('MESH:D016066', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant pleural effusion', 'MPE', 'malignant pleural effusion']

answer: @entity4104 :: (6774,Gene) :: ['Stat3']


abstract: @entity726 is a disease characterized by progressive @entity1781 resulting in @entity989 , which affects approximately 68 million @entity1 worldwide. Risk factors include intraocular pressure (IOP), genetics, race, age, and vascular factors. Exercise is known to affect IOP and systemic cardiovascular factors and, therefore, may affect @entity726 pathophysiology. This review discusses the results of articles relevant to @entity726 , IOP, @entity450 ( @entity450 ), and exercise. Isometric and dynamic exercises have been studied with respect to effects on IOP and @entity450 . Isometric exercise results in an acute decrease in IOP, which correlates with @entity13147 . Dynamic exercise results in a more pronounced but also short duration decrease in IOP. Physical fitness is associated with lower baseline IOP but diminished acute IOP-lowering response to exercise. Upon cessation of exercise, values return to pretrained levels within 1 month. In @entity726 @entity1 , these IOP-lowering effects are greater than in healthy subjects. In healthy subjects, @entity450 is unchanged during exercise due to vascular autoregulation. This autoregulation fails at ocular perfusion pressures greater than 70% above baseline. In conclusion exercise in @entity726 @entity1 results in acutely lowered IOP and lower baseline IOP. The effects of exercise on the prevention of @entity726 and @entity2789 remain unknown. The role of exercise in @entity726 management should be investigated.

title: Effects of exercise on intraocular pressure and XXXX : a review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2789 :: ('MESH:D018450', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous progression']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma', 'glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['OBF', 'ocular blood flow']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ganglion cell death']

entities_list: @entity13147 :: ('MESH:D016857', 'Disease') :: ['hypocapnia']

answer: @entity450 :: (MESH:D006940,Disease) :: ['ocular blood flow']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low dose @entity452 stress magnetic resonance imaging is valuable to assess viability in @entity1 with @entity296 . Analysis is usually qualitative with considerable operator dependency. The aim of the current study was to investigate the feasibility of cine images derived quantitative cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) myocardial feature tracking (FT) strain parameters to assess viability in @entity1 with @entity296 . METHODS: 15 consecutive @entity1 with @entity296 referred for viability assessment were studied at 3T at rest and during low dose @entity452 stress (5 and 10 g/kg/min of @entity452 ). Subendocardial and subepicardial circumferential (Eccendo and Eccepi) and radial ( @entity35107 ) strains were assessed using steady state free precession (SSFP) cine images orientated in 3 short axis slices covering 16 @entity296 . RESULTS: Dysfunctional segments without scar (n=75) improved in all three strain parameters: Eccendo (Rest: -10.5  6.9; 5 g: -12.1  6.9; 10 g: -14.1  9.2; p<0.05), Eccepi (Rest: -7  4.8; 5 g: -8.2  5.5; 10 g: -9.1  5.9; p<0.05) and @entity35107 (Rest: 11.7  8.3; 5 g: 16  10.9; 10 g: 16.5  12.8; p<0.05). There was no response to @entity452 in dysfunctional segments with scar transmurality above 75% (n=6): Eccendo (Rest: -4.7  3.0; 5 g: -2.9  2.5; 10 g: -6.6  3.3; p=ns), Eccepi (Rest: -2.9  2.9; 5 g: -5.4  3.9; 10 g: -4.5  4.2; p=ns) and @entity35107 (Rest:9.5  5; 5 g:5.4  6.2; 10 g:4.9  3.3; p=ns). Circumferential strain (Eccendo, Eccepi) improved in all segments up to a transmurality of 75% (n=60; p<0.05). @entity35107 improved in segments <50% transmurality (n=45; p<0.05) and remained unchanged above 50% transmurality (n=21; p=ns). CONCLUSIONS: CMR-FT is a novel technique, which detects quantitative wall motion derived from SSFP cine imaging at rest and with low dose @entity452 stress. CMR-FT holds promise of quantitative assessment of viability in @entity1 with @entity296 .

title: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial feature tracking for quantitative viability assessment in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial segments', 'ischemic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['ischemic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of the present review is to describe recent approaches aimed at improving the treatment of @entity56 through @entity6542 ( @entity6542 ). Special emphasis will be given to the approach based on specific targeting of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-II antigen-presentation pathway. RECENT FINDINGS: It is well recognized that IgE-mediated @entity56 including @entity2490 , @entity483 and @entity56 are increasing worldwide to a pandemic dimension. The only curative treatment remains allergen- @entity6542 , which, however, requires a long treatment time of 3-5 years with up to 80 injections to confer protection. Recent findings strongly indicate that the treatment time and the number of injections could be drastically reduced by turning immunotherapy to a true vaccination. Direct injection of allergen extracts into the inguinal lymph nodes and targeting the @entity11155 -presentation pathway by recombinant modular antigen-translocating vaccines have the potential to cure @entity56 in a very short time. SUMMARY: The mechanisms of @entity32 can be divided into four distinct stages: T cell activation, organ-selective homing, survival/reactivation and effector functions. On the basis of this new knowledge several novel concepts aimed at treating @entity56 have been developed. The area of allergen- @entity6542 is experiencing exciting developments. Reciprocal regulation of effector and regulatory T cell subsets is being more and more used to develop novel strategies for immunomodulation.

title: Modular antigen-translocation as a novel vaccine strategy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6542 :: ('MESH:C562465', 'Disease') :: ['allergen-specific immunotherapy', 'SIT']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic eczema']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['allergic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic diseases', 'allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity11155 :: ('3128', 'Gene') :: ['MHC class-II antigen']

answer: @entity6542 :: (MESH:C562465,Disease) :: ['allergen-specific immunotherapy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Some of the MAGE gene family that @entity5 -rejection antigens recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes are expressed at the mRNA level in various @entity5 . However, these genes are silent in normal tissues, except in the testis and placenta. It is therefore important to understand how MAGE gene expression changes with malignant transformation of the testis. We investigated the expression of @entity71987 genes at the mRNA level in @entity2969 . METHODS: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for MAGE genes was performed using 32 testicular germ cell @entity5 specimens. RESULTS: @entity71987 mRNA was detected in 16 (72%), 15 (68%), 18 (82%), and 17 (77%) of 22 @entity1 with pure @entity4797 or mixed type with @entity10711 elements. @entity71987 mRNA was found in 2 (20%), 5 (50%), 4 (40%), and 4 (40%) of 10 @entity1 with @entity10711 ( @entity10711 ). The expression rate of @entity71988 mRNA was significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity10711 elements than that in those with @entity10711 . MAGE expression did not correlate with disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: MAGE genes are more preserved in @entity4797 than in @entity10711 . This suggests that @entity4797 has traits more similar to normal testis than does @entity10711 .

title: Expression of MAGE genes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'encode tumor']

entities_list: @entity10711 :: ('MESH:C537844', 'Disease') :: ['nonseminomatous germ cell tumor', 'NSGCT', 'seminomatous']

entities_list: @entity2969 :: ('MESH:C563236', 'Disease') :: ['testicular germ cell tumors']

answer: @entity2969 :: (MESH:C563236,Disease) :: ['testicular germ cell tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A consecutive series of @entity1 with @entity438 in the practice of one neurovascular surgeon was retrospectively reviewed to illustrate that one physician can become proficient in microneurosurgery as well as endovascular surgery and achieve favorable outcomes in both disciplines. This supports one model of training for cerebrovascular surgeons that includes the complimentary practice of open microneurovascular surgery with endovascular surgery. METHODS: The senior author ( @entity14600 ) treated 351 @entity1 with 413 @entity439 between July 2001 and March 2007. Of these, 172 @entity1 (216 @entity439 ) were treated with open microneurosurgical techniques and 179 @entity1 (197 @entity439 ) were treated using endovascular techniques. RESULTS: Complete obliteration was attained in 94.3% of clipped @entity439 , and 61.9% and 65.9% of coiled @entity439 immediately and after at least 6 months of follow-up, respectively. At latest evaluation, 93% of endovascular @entity1 and 90% of microneurosurgical @entity1 had good clinical outcomes (GOS, 4 or 5; mean follow-up, 23 months; combines ruptured and unruptured cohorts). Procedure-related mortality included 1 surgical @entity1 and 2 endovascular @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Because the fields of microvascular and endovascular surgeries are both technically complex, there has been concern that hybrid cerebrovascular surgeons cannot perform each technique with the skill necessary to achieve good outcomes. When compared to clipping and coiling reviews in the neurosurgical literature, we illustrate that one hybrid neurovascular surgeon is capable of attaining great facility in both techniques and that this type of physician will represent one practice model of cerebrovascular specialist in the future. This has potential implications for the training of hybrid cerebrovascular surgeons.

title: The combined approach to XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['intracranial aneurysm']


abstract: @entity2 is the leading cause of @entity5 deaths worldwide. @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) is the largest subgroup of the disease and accounts for approximately 80% of @entity2 . Most @entity1 with @entity1149 are diagnosed with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The current treatment options for such @entity1 are associated with substantial limitations in efficacy and safety. Targeted therapies have provided some improvement in clinical outcomes. Recent efforts have focused on identifying specific markers that are predictive of response to treatment. A pretreatment detection of such markers could facilitate a more personalized and specific approach to therapy, whereby the most appropriate and efficacious treatment is selected for a specific subset of @entity1 . Such a tailored approach would maximize both the therapeutic index and cost-effectiveness of treatments. In addition, several novel agents are under development, which may have the potential for overcoming acquired resistance to existing treatments. This supplement will review the current and emerging treatments for @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 and the molecular predictors of response that may facilitate the future clinical application of personalized medicine.

title: The role of genetic testing in the prediction of response to EGFR inhibitors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'Non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer', 'lung cancers']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['NSCLC']


abstract: In Sweden, morbidity in dairy @entity291 is monitored through a national disease recording system. This system gives valuable information for research as well as advisory work and genetic evaluation. Our main objective was to evaluate the completeness in the disease recording system. Farm copies of veterinary records (n=851) from 112 herds, from March 2003 to April 2004, were compared with the information registered in the recording system. The evaluation of completeness was performed at two stages: (i) in the raw data transferred from the Swedish Board of Agriculture (SBA) to the Swedish Dairy Association (for records, cases and diagnostic events) and (ii) in the @entity66 ( @entity66 ) at the Swedish Dairy Association (for diagnostic events). The evaluation was stratified by record type: manual and computerized records from state-employed veterinarians and private veterinarians, respectively. The completeness was high both for records (95-100%) and cases (90-99%) except manual records from private veterinarians (76% for records and 74% for cases). The overall completeness for diagnostic events was 75% in the @entity66 , with significant differences between record types. For all record types other than manual records from private veterinarians, the majority of diagnostic events lost disappeared after registration in the raw data from the SBA. The reasons for loss found suggest that there is potential for improvement. A multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that the completeness of diagnostic events in the @entity66 depended on region, diagnosis and veterinary employment. The random effect of veterinarian accounted for 35% of the modeled variation. Future studies are needed to assess how the differential misclassification affect estimates based on the data, and how to account for it.

title: Validation of a national disease recording system for dairy XXXX against veterinary practice records.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['dairy disease database', 'DDD']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: The periplasmic molecular chaperone @entity71989 of @entity12502 is a typical representative of a subfamily of specific chaperones involved in assembly of surface adhesins with a very simple structure. One characteristic feature of this @entity71989 -like subfamily is possession of an extended, variable sequence (termed FGL) between the F1 and subunit binding G1 beta-strands. In contrast, @entity33354 subfamily members, characterized by PapD, have a short F1-G1 loop and are involved in assembly of complex pili. To elucidate the structural and functional significance of the FGL sequence, a mutant @entity71989 molecule (dCaf1M), in which the 27 @entity535 residues between the F1 and G1 beta-strands had been deleted, was constructed. Expression of the mutated @entity71989 in @entity526 resulted in accumulation of high levels of dCaf1M. The far-UV circular dichroism spectra of the mutant and wild-type proteins were indistinguishable and exhibited practically the same temperature and pH dependencies. Thus, the FGL sequence of @entity71989 clearly does not contribute significantly to the stability of the protein conformation. Preferential cleavage of @entity71989 by trypsin at Lys-119 confirmed surface exposure of this part of the FGL sequence in the isolated chaperone and periplasmic chaperone-subunit complex. There was no evidence of surface-localized @entity52477 subunit in the presence of the @entity52476 outer membrane protein and dCaf1M. In contrast to @entity71989 , dCaf1M was not able to form a stable complex with @entity52477 nor could it protect the subunit from proteolytic degradation in vivo. This demonstration that the FGL sequence is required for stable chaperone-subunit interaction, but not for folding of a stable chaperone, provides a sound basis for future detailed molecular analyses of the FGL subfamily of chaperones.

title: Structural and functional significance of the FGL sequence of the periplasmic chaperone XXXX M of @entity12502 .

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity12502 :: ('632', 'Species') :: ['Yersinia pestis']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity52477 :: (3077338(Tax:632),Gene) :: ['Caf1']


abstract: The periplasmic molecular chaperone @entity71989 of @entity12502 is a typical representative of a subfamily of specific chaperones involved in assembly of surface adhesins with a very simple structure. One characteristic feature of this @entity71989 -like subfamily is possession of an extended, variable sequence (termed FGL) between the F1 and subunit binding G1 beta-strands. In contrast, @entity33354 subfamily members, characterized by PapD, have a short F1-G1 loop and are involved in assembly of complex pili. To elucidate the structural and functional significance of the FGL sequence, a mutant @entity71989 molecule (dCaf1M), in which the 27 @entity535 residues between the F1 and G1 beta-strands had been deleted, was constructed. Expression of the mutated @entity71989 in @entity526 resulted in accumulation of high levels of dCaf1M. The far-UV circular dichroism spectra of the mutant and wild-type proteins were indistinguishable and exhibited practically the same temperature and pH dependencies. Thus, the FGL sequence of @entity71989 clearly does not contribute significantly to the stability of the protein conformation. Preferential cleavage of @entity71989 by trypsin at Lys-119 confirmed surface exposure of this part of the FGL sequence in the isolated chaperone and periplasmic chaperone-subunit complex. There was no evidence of surface-localized @entity52477 subunit in the presence of the @entity52476 outer membrane protein and dCaf1M. In contrast to @entity71989 , dCaf1M was not able to form a stable complex with @entity52477 nor could it protect the subunit from proteolytic degradation in vivo. This demonstration that the FGL sequence is required for stable chaperone-subunit interaction, but not for folding of a stable chaperone, provides a sound basis for future detailed molecular analyses of the FGL subfamily of chaperones.

title: Structural and functional significance of the FGL sequence of the periplasmic chaperone @entity52477 M of XXXX .

answer: @entity12502 :: (632,Species) :: ['Yersinia pestis']


abstract: During the autumn and winter of 2004 and 2005, an extensive outbreak of waterborne @entity7014 occurred in Bergen, Norway. Over 1,500 @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity7014 . Analysis of water from the implicated source revealed low numbers of @entity45 , but the initial contamination event probably occurred up to 10 weeks previously. While sewage leakage from a residential area is now considered to be the probable source of contamination, during the episode waste from one particular septic tank was thought to be a possible source. Genotyping of cysts from the septic tank demonstrated that they were assemblage A cysts, although the sequences were not identical to any previously published sequences. For the beta-giardin gene, the closest published subgenotype was subgenotype A3; for the @entity29521 gene, the closest published subgenotype was subgenotype A2. Genotyping of cysts from 21 @entity1 samples revealed that they were assemblage B cysts; thus, the septic tank was unlikely to be the contamination source. Sequencing of the beta-giardin and @entity29521 genes from @entity1 samples and a comparison of the sequences gave complex results. For the beta-giardin gene, three isolates had sequences identical to subgenotype B3 sequences. However, other isolates had between one and four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). For the @entity29521 gene, none of the sequences were identical to the sequence published for subgenotype B3, and the sequences had between one and three SNPs. One isolate, which was identical to subgenotype B3 at the beta-giardin gene, was more similar to subgenotype B2 at the @entity29521 gene. Grouping the isolates on the basis of SNPs resulted in different groups for the two genes. The results are discussed in relation to @entity7014 in Norway and to other Giardia genotyping studies.

title: Application of genotyping during an extensive outbreak of waterborne XXXX in Bergen, Norway, during autumn and winter 2004.

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['Giardia cysts']

entities_list: @entity7014 :: ('MESH:D005873', 'Disease') :: ['giardiasis']

answer: @entity7014 :: (MESH:D005873,Disease) :: ['giardiasis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the computed tomographic (CT) appearances of @entity3977 in @entity1 with @entity791 ( @entity791 ) can help differentiate the potential infectious and neoplastic causes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The thoracic CT scans obtained in 60 @entity1 with @entity791 and @entity3977 were reviewed retrospectively by two thoracic radiologists who were blinded to clinical and pathologic data. The scans were evaluated for nodule size, distribution, and morphologic characteristics. CT findings were correlated with final diagnoses. RESULTS: Thirty-six (84%) of 43 @entity1 with @entity1292 had a predominance of nodules smaller than 1 cm in diameter, whereas 14 (82%) of 17 @entity1 with a @entity5 had a predominance of nodules larger than 1 cm (P <.001). Of the 43 @entity1 with @entity1292 , 28 (65%) had a centrilobular distribution of nodules; only one (6%) of 17 @entity1 with a @entity5 had this distribution (P <.001). Seven (88%) of eight @entity1 with a peribronchovascular distribution had @entity2826 (P <.001). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with @entity791 who have @entity3977 at CT, nodule size and distribution are useful in the differentiation of potential causes. Nodules smaller than 1 cm, especially those with a centrilobular distribution, are typically infectious. Nodules larger than 1 cm are often neoplastic. A peribronchovascular distribution is suggestive of @entity2826 .

title: @entity3977 in XXXX : usefulness of CT in distinguishing among potential causes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2826 :: ('MESH:D012514', 'Disease') :: ['Kaposi sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity3977 :: ('MESH:D055613', 'Disease') :: ['multiple pulmonary nodules']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infection']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['acquired immunodeficiency syndrome', 'AIDS']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the computed tomographic (CT) appearances of @entity3977 in @entity1 with @entity791 ( @entity791 ) can help differentiate the potential infectious and neoplastic causes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The thoracic CT scans obtained in 60 @entity1 with @entity791 and @entity3977 were reviewed retrospectively by two thoracic radiologists who were blinded to clinical and pathologic data. The scans were evaluated for nodule size, distribution, and morphologic characteristics. CT findings were correlated with final diagnoses. RESULTS: Thirty-six (84%) of 43 @entity1 with @entity1292 had a predominance of nodules smaller than 1 cm in diameter, whereas 14 (82%) of 17 @entity1 with a @entity5 had a predominance of nodules larger than 1 cm (P <.001). Of the 43 @entity1 with @entity1292 , 28 (65%) had a centrilobular distribution of nodules; only one (6%) of 17 @entity1 with a @entity5 had this distribution (P <.001). Seven (88%) of eight @entity1 with a peribronchovascular distribution had @entity2826 (P <.001). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with @entity791 who have @entity3977 at CT, nodule size and distribution are useful in the differentiation of potential causes. Nodules smaller than 1 cm, especially those with a centrilobular distribution, are typically infectious. Nodules larger than 1 cm are often neoplastic. A peribronchovascular distribution is suggestive of @entity2826 .

title: XXXX in @entity791 : usefulness of CT in distinguishing among potential causes.

answer: @entity3977 :: (MESH:D055613,Disease) :: ['Multiple pulmonary nodules']


abstract: We conducted a randomized trial of dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy ( @entity3895 /PE-W) and standard alternating chemotherapy ( @entity3895 /PE) in @entity151 ( @entity151 ) @entity1 with good prognostic factors. A total of 76 @entity1 with @entity151 was randomized. The @entity3895 /PE-W consisted of 4 alternating cycles of @entity786 : 500 mg/m2, @entity632 : 30 mg/m2, and @entity1891 : 1 mg/m2 (day 1) and @entity900 : 50 mg/m2 (day 8) and etoposide: 75 mg/m2 (days 8 and 9). The @entity3895 /PE consisted of 2 alternating cycles of @entity786 : 800 mg/m2, @entity632 : 50 mg/m2, and @entity1891 : 1.4 mg/m2 (day 1), @entity900 : 100 mg/m2 (day 22) and etoposide: 100 mg/m2 (days 22, 23 and 24). Eligibility criteria were no prior therapy, no active concomitant malignancy, ECOG PS of 0 or 1, age < or =75, adequate hematologic functions and no brain @entity3 . The complete response (CR) rate for @entity3895 /PE-W (14/38, 36.8%) was significantly higher than that for @entity3895 /PE (6/38, 15.8%, chi2; p=0. 032). However, the response rate in @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE-W (36/38, 94. 7%) was not significantly higher than the rate for @entity3895 /PE (31/38, 81. 6%, chi2; p=0.076). Progression-free survival for @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE-W was significantly longer than that of @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE (41.4 weeks vs. 21.3 weeks, log-rank; p=0.0007, generalized Wilcoxon; p=0.0034) as was overall median survival (67.0 weeks vs. 51.2 weeks, log-rank; p=0.028). Actual dose-intensity of @entity3895 /PE-W was 1.74 times that of @entity3895 /PE. Hematological @entity137 were equally frequent and @entity1261 contributes to treatment efficacy by allowing administration of dose-intensive chemotherapy. The @entity3895 /PE-W achieved a higher CR rate and longer survival, than the @entity3895 /PE.

title: Dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy for @entity1 with XXXX : randomized trial, can it improve survival of @entity1 with good prognostic factors?

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['SCLC', 'small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity151 :: (MESH:D055752,Disease) :: ['small cell lung cancer']


abstract: We conducted a randomized trial of dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy ( @entity3895 /PE-W) and standard alternating chemotherapy ( @entity3895 /PE) in @entity151 ( @entity151 ) @entity1 with good prognostic factors. A total of 76 @entity1 with @entity151 was randomized. The @entity3895 /PE-W consisted of 4 alternating cycles of @entity786 : 500 mg/m2, @entity632 : 30 mg/m2, and @entity1891 : 1 mg/m2 (day 1) and @entity900 : 50 mg/m2 (day 8) and etoposide: 75 mg/m2 (days 8 and 9). The @entity3895 /PE consisted of 2 alternating cycles of @entity786 : 800 mg/m2, @entity632 : 50 mg/m2, and @entity1891 : 1.4 mg/m2 (day 1), @entity900 : 100 mg/m2 (day 22) and etoposide: 100 mg/m2 (days 22, 23 and 24). Eligibility criteria were no prior therapy, no active concomitant malignancy, ECOG PS of 0 or 1, age < or =75, adequate hematologic functions and no brain @entity3 . The complete response (CR) rate for @entity3895 /PE-W (14/38, 36.8%) was significantly higher than that for @entity3895 /PE (6/38, 15.8%, chi2; p=0. 032). However, the response rate in @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE-W (36/38, 94. 7%) was not significantly higher than the rate for @entity3895 /PE (31/38, 81. 6%, chi2; p=0.076). Progression-free survival for @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE-W was significantly longer than that of @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE (41.4 weeks vs. 21.3 weeks, log-rank; p=0.0007, generalized Wilcoxon; p=0.0034) as was overall median survival (67.0 weeks vs. 51.2 weeks, log-rank; p=0.028). Actual dose-intensity of @entity3895 /PE-W was 1.74 times that of @entity3895 /PE. Hematological @entity137 were equally frequent and @entity1261 contributes to treatment efficacy by allowing administration of dose-intensive chemotherapy. The @entity3895 /PE-W achieved a higher CR rate and longer survival, than the @entity3895 /PE.

title: Dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy for XXXX with @entity151 : randomized trial, can it improve survival of @entity1 with good prognostic factors?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We conducted a randomized trial of dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy ( @entity3895 /PE-W) and standard alternating chemotherapy ( @entity3895 /PE) in @entity151 ( @entity151 ) @entity1 with good prognostic factors. A total of 76 @entity1 with @entity151 was randomized. The @entity3895 /PE-W consisted of 4 alternating cycles of @entity786 : 500 mg/m2, @entity632 : 30 mg/m2, and @entity1891 : 1 mg/m2 (day 1) and @entity900 : 50 mg/m2 (day 8) and etoposide: 75 mg/m2 (days 8 and 9). The @entity3895 /PE consisted of 2 alternating cycles of @entity786 : 800 mg/m2, @entity632 : 50 mg/m2, and @entity1891 : 1.4 mg/m2 (day 1), @entity900 : 100 mg/m2 (day 22) and etoposide: 100 mg/m2 (days 22, 23 and 24). Eligibility criteria were no prior therapy, no active concomitant malignancy, ECOG PS of 0 or 1, age < or =75, adequate hematologic functions and no brain @entity3 . The complete response (CR) rate for @entity3895 /PE-W (14/38, 36.8%) was significantly higher than that for @entity3895 /PE (6/38, 15.8%, chi2; p=0. 032). However, the response rate in @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE-W (36/38, 94. 7%) was not significantly higher than the rate for @entity3895 /PE (31/38, 81. 6%, chi2; p=0.076). Progression-free survival for @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE-W was significantly longer than that of @entity1 on @entity3895 /PE (41.4 weeks vs. 21.3 weeks, log-rank; p=0.0007, generalized Wilcoxon; p=0.0034) as was overall median survival (67.0 weeks vs. 51.2 weeks, log-rank; p=0.028). Actual dose-intensity of @entity3895 /PE-W was 1.74 times that of @entity3895 /PE. Hematological @entity137 were equally frequent and @entity1261 contributes to treatment efficacy by allowing administration of dose-intensive chemotherapy. The @entity3895 /PE-W achieved a higher CR rate and longer survival, than the @entity3895 /PE.

title: Dose-intensive weekly alternating chemotherapy for @entity1 with @entity151 : randomized trial, can it improve survival of XXXX with good prognostic factors?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: The authors report their experiences with the problems encountered during and after stent-graft placement in @entity1 with @entity1580 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 1994 and December 2003, stent-graft placement was performed in 60 @entity1 with @entity1580 , 9 @entity1 with Stanford type A dissection and 51 @entity1 with type B. Ten @entity1 had acute dissection and 50 @entity1 had chronic dissection. Each @entity1 was followed for 12 to 107 months (mean, 33 mo). All cases were retrospectively reviewed for any problem that occurred during and after the procedure. RESULTS: During the procedure, there were two cases (3%) of stent-graft migration, one case (2%) of stent-graft torsion, two cases (3%) of stent-graft folding due to oversizing, three cases (5%) of persistent thoracic false lumen flow by the appearance of a hidden intimal tear, one case (2%) of new intimal tear that resulted in retrograde type A dissection, and 12 cases (20%) of type I endoleaks on aortograms taken immediately after the procedure. During the follow-up period, one case (2%) of transient @entity2806 , six cases (10%) of persistent type I endoleaks, two cases (3%) of @entity1070 through the intercostal artery, four cases (7%) with progressive dilatation of abdominal false lumen, six cases (10%) of new intimal tears which resulted in @entity439 (n=4) or new dissections (n=2) on either or both ends of the stent-graft, and two cases (3%) of mechanical failure were observed. Overall, five @entity1 (8%) required surgical conversion, and there were no cases of procedure-related mortality. CONCLUSION: Various problems can occur during and after stent-graft placement in @entity1580 . The thorough evaluation of preoperative imaging and close follow-up are mandatory to optimize the management of such problems.

title: Problems encountered during and after stent-graft treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['type II endoleaks']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['saccular aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissections', 'aortic dissection']

answer: @entity1580 :: (MESH:C562834,Disease) :: ['aortic dissection']


abstract: The tolerability, pharmacodynamic effects, and pharmacokinetics of belimumab (LymphoStat-B) were evaluated in @entity5434 . Belimumab is a fully human IgG1lambda antibody directed against B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein. BLyS is a TNF family member that supports B-lymphocyte maturation and survival and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity792 and B-lymphocyte @entity5 . Belimumab was developed to antagonize BLyS activity in @entity792 and B-lymphocyte @entity5 , where undesirable effects of B-lymphocyte activity may cause or contribute to disease. Pharmacodynamic effects of belimumab were monitored by immunophenotyping of peripheral blood. Pathology end points, including tissue immunophenotyping, are described after 13 and 26 weeks of treatment and after a 34-week treatment-free (recovery) period. Belimumab was safe and well tolerated in repeat-dose toxicology studies at 5-50 mg/kg for up to 26 weeks. Monkeys exposed to belimumab had significant decreases in peripheral blood B lymphocytes by 13 weeks of exposure, continuing into the recovery period, despite total lymphocyte counts similar to the controls. There were concomitant decreases in spleen and lymph node B-lymphocyte representation after 13 or 26 weeks of treatment with belimumab. Microscopically, monkeys treated with belimumab for 13 or 26 weeks had decreases in the number and size of lymphoid follicles in the white pulp of the spleen. All findings were generally reversible within a 34-week recovery period. These data confirm the specific pharmacologic activity of belimumab in reducing B lymphocytes in the @entity5434 . The favorable safety profile and lack of treatment-related @entity281 also support continued clinical development of belimumab.

title: Chronic administration of belimumab, a BLyS antagonist, decreases tissue and peripheral blood B-lymphocyte populations in XXXX : pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicologic effects.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['cynomolgus monkey', 'cynomolgus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity5434 :: (9541,Species) :: ['cynomolgus monkeys']


abstract: During the developmental process of emmetropization evidence shows that visual feedback guides the eye as it approaches a refractive state close to zero, or slightly hyperopic. How this "set-point" is internally defined, in the presence of continuous shifts of the focal plane with different viewing distances and accommodation, remains unclear. Minimizing defocus blur over time should produce similar end-point refractions in different individuals. However, we found that individual @entity1573 display considerable variability in their set-point refractive states, despite that they all had the same visual experience. This variability is not random since the refractions in both eyes were highly correlated - even though it is known that they can emmetropize independently. Furthermore, if chicks underwent a period of experimentally induced @entity2516 , they returned to their individual set-point refractions during recovery (correlation of the refractions before treatment versus after recovery: n=19 chicks, 38 eyes, left eyes: slope 1.01, R=0.860; right eyes: slope 0.85, R=0.610, p<0.001, linear regression). Also, the induced deprivation @entity1714 was correlated in both eyes (n=18 chicks, 36 eyes, p<0.01, orthogonal regression). If chicks were treated with spectacle lenses, the compensatory changes in refraction were, on average, appropriate but individual chicks displayed variable responses. Again, the refractions of both eyes remained correlated (negative lenses, n=18 chicks, 36 eyes, slope 0.89, R=0.504, p<0.01, positive lenses: n=21 chicks, 42 eyes, slope 1.14, R=0.791, p<0.001). The amount of deprivation @entity1714 that developed in two successive treatment cycles, with an intermittent period of recovery, was not correlated; only vitreous chamber growth was almost significantly correlated in both cycles (n=7 chicks, 14 eyes; p<0.05). The amounts of @entity2516 and vitreous chamber changes induced in two successive cycles of treatment, first with lenses and then with diffusers, were also not correlated, suggesting that the " @entity1017 " are different from those in deprivation @entity1714 . In summary, (1) there appears to be an endogenous, possibly genetic, definition of the set-point of emmetropization in each individual, which is similar in both eyes, (2) visual conditions that induce @entity2516 produce variable changes in refractions, with high correlations between both eyes, (3) overall, the "gain of emmetropization" appears only weakly controlled by endogenous factors.

title: Individual set-point and gain of emmetropization in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['gains of lens compensation']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['ametropia']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chickens']


abstract: @entity5425 in an uncommon entity. The authors report a well documented case of @entity5426 . The @entity1 , a 23 years old @entity1 , had a voluminous mass of the left breast without @entity32 . The evolution was rapidly fatal. Physical examination revealed a large painful breast mass with purplish discoloration cutaneous area in front of the lesion. The palpation revealed a thrill. The mammography had shown an area of increased density in the left breast. A complementary ultrasound examination detected a well circumscribed voluminous mass with hypoechogenic heterogenous echostructure. The Doppler examination detected a venous blood flow in the @entity5 . This finding was compatible with @entity5 as @entity2695 or @entity5426 . The angioscanner showed a peripheral vascular enhancement and a centripetal diffusion of the contrast product. This vascular kinetic is seen commontly in the @entity2695 . Magnetic resonance imaging in the T1 and T2 relaxation times detected an intermediate signal mass with @entity548 areas. The @entity1 had had a mastectomy and the histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnostic of @entity5426 . The radiological aspacts of @entity5425 are discussed depending on the literature data.

title: [ XXXX . About one case].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'vascular tumor']

entities_list: @entity5425 :: ('MESH:C536368', 'Disease') :: ['Angiosarcoma of the breast', 'angiosarcoma of the breast']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['angiosarcoma']

answer: @entity5425 :: (MESH:C536368,Disease) :: ['Angiosarcoma of the breast. Radiological aspects']


abstract: @entity2583 ( @entity2583 ) caused by more common zygomycetes (e.g., Mucor) is known to cause rapidly fatal @entity281 in immunocompromised @entity1 . Apophysomyces elegans is an emerging zygomycete that has been reported to cause invasive @entity281 in immunocompetent individuals. Limited data exist describing the syndrome of @entity2583 caused by A. elegans. We describe a recent case and performed a comprehensive literature review to delineate the clinical characteristics of @entity2583 caused by A. elegans. Our case is a 50-year-old @entity1 with @entity6 who presented with @entity158 and @entity735 . Endoscopic sinus sampling revealed A. elegans. He was treated with liposomal @entity2379 and multiple debridements, with no disease on 1.5-year follow-up examination. Seven cases were identified on literature review, including the present case. Most @entity1 (86%) were male, with a mean age of 40 years. Most @entity1 (71%) did not have predisposing medical conditions. Three @entity1 had predisposing @entity542 . All presented with @entity158 . All had magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of the head showing @entity32 . Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and deep tissue culture in all cases. All @entity1 required eye exenteration and extensive surgical debridement, in addition to intravenous @entity2379 . Six of the seven @entity1 (86%) recovered. @entity2583 caused by A. elegans is rarely reported in the literature. Most such @entity281 occurred in immunocompetent @entity1 , often after facial @entity130 . Survival in @entity2583 caused by A. elegans is favorable in reported cases, with prompt surgical debridement and antifungal therapy.

title: XXXX caused by Apophysomyces elegans.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['intraorbital and/or sinus inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2583 :: ('MESH:D009091', 'Disease') :: ['Rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis', 'ROCM']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections', 'cutaneous and rhino-orbitocerebral infections']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['right eye proptosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facial and/or periorbital pain', 'facial pain']

answer: @entity2583 :: (MESH:D009091,Disease) :: ['Rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity263 is the leading malignancy in @entity1 today and an increase in detected @entity263 is expected in the years to come. Even though radical prostatectomy is an effective treatment, it is associated with a considerable morbidity in some cases and efforts are made to provide minimally invasive alternative treatment options with equal efficacy but fewer side effects. METHODS: Cryosurgical ablation of the prostate ( @entity20834 ), brachytherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and radiofrequency interstitial @entity5 ablation (RITA) were evaluated after a literature review from a Medline Search (1966-1998). Furthermore, personal experience and latest data from the authors were taken into account. RESULTS: All alternative treatments nowadays make use of sophisticated technology, including the latest ultrasound devices for exact planning and monitoring of treatment, leading to increased safety compared to treatments in the 1960s and 1970s. Five-year results of @entity20834 show a PSA <1 ng/ml in 60% of cases whereas brachytherapy is able to achieve PSA <1 ng/ml in 80% of cases in a selected group. Recent outcome data come close to results of radical prostatectomy series. HIFU and RITA are promising new technologies that proved to be able to induce extensive @entity39 , but the follow-up is too short to determine their definite places in the treatment of @entity263 . CONCLUSION: Two alternative treatment options for @entity263 , @entity20834 and brachytherapy, have been studied with a sufficient number of @entity1 and an adequate follow-up. The overall results of brachytherapy are favorable when compared to @entity20834 and are in the same range as the outcome after radical prostatectomy. HIFU and RITA are relatively new techniques based on sophisticated technology that are very promising at present, but a longer follow-up is mandatory.

title: Current status of minimally invasive treatment options for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancers', 'prostate cancer', 'Prostate cancer', 'localized prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To gain information about the indications for and complications of conventional nephrectomy, also to create standards for future evaluation of nephrectomies performed by minimal invasive techniques. METHODS: We present a historical 20 years' series of 646 consecutive nephrectomies performed in the period of 1978-1997. @entity5 led to the operation in 437 cases, of which 98 were @entity5 in the renal pelvis or ureter. 209 kidneys were removed due to benign conditions. The incidence of nephrectomy for benign conditions has declined from 75 in the first 5-year period to 32 in the last. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: @entity260 occurred in 100 @entity1 (15.5%). Nephrectomy for @entity5 had a significantly higher rate of complications than operations for benign conditions (p<0.001), especially @entity548 complications and @entity55 were more frequent. There were no differences as a result of the operative approach. Reoperation was carried out in 3.0% of the cases. Overall mortality rate (<30 days) was 3.1%.

title: Nephrectomy - indications, complications and postoperative mortality in 646 consecutive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonias']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'Malignant disease', 'urothelial tumors']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided sextant biopsy technique, which puts more emphasis on the apical region of the prostate where @entity263 (PCs) develop, with the standard sextant biopsy technique. METHODS: A total of 280 @entity1 with suspected PC were included in this analysis. Twelve biopsy cores were obtained from all @entity1 . Six biopsy cores were taken within a lateral parasagittal plane from each lobe at the apex, middle and basis, with an angle of approximately 45 degrees (technique A), and 6 further biopsy cores were taken from the left to the right lateral margin always penetrating the prostate in the apex with the same angle (socalled fan-shaped technique, technique B). Technique A predominantly samples in the sagittal and technique B samples more in the transversal plane with emphasis on the apical region where most PCs develop. The sensitivity in detecting PCs for both techniques was calculated and correlated to the serum @entity1486 (PSA) levels. RESULTS: A total of 72 PCs (25.7%) were diagnosed. We subsequently performed subgroup analysis depending on the serum PSA levels: in @entity1 with a PSA of </=10 ng/ml (n = 27) technique A has a PC sensitivity of 88.8% (p = 0.037) and technique B 96.2% (p = 0.326) as compared to our reference standard of 100% by sampling 12 biopsy cores in the same prostate. The number of positive biopsy cores using technique B was superior in 12 cases as compared to 3 cases with technique A (p = 0.04). In 12 @entity1 the number of positive biopsy cores was identically. In @entity1 with a PSA of >10 ng/ml (n = 45) technique A has a PC sensitivity of 93.3% (p = 0.083) and technique B 88.8% (p = 0.023) as compared to our reference standard. The number of positive core biopsies using technique A was superior in 14 cases as compared to 12 with technique B (p = 0.154). In 19 @entity1 the number of positive biopsies was identical. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that in @entity1 with PSA of </=10 ng/ml technique B bring significant benefit with regard to the number of positive core biopsies, as well as an enhanced PC detection rate which is near the 12-core biopsy. Due to the fact that technique B samples more in the apical region where @entity5 develop, it should be performed in suspected early stage @entity5 of the prostate (PSA</=10 ng/ml).

title: Comparative study of two different TRUS-guided sextant biopsy techniques in detecting XXXX in one biopsy session.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['most prostate carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['most cancers', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Explore the possibility of an endoscopic urethroplasty with a free graft on a biodegradable, self-reinforced @entity6886 spiral stent. METHODS: Urethral strictures, failures of previous urethrotomies, which still can be incised endoscopically are selected. Strong fibrotic strictures which are bad indications for the use of a free graft are excluded. A free graft (skin on mucosa) is sutured around the stent and brought at the place of the endoscopically opened stricture where the graft is fixed with a suture through skin, bulbar muscles and spongiosum. A suprapubic diversion is left for 10 days. The stent keeps the graft in contact with surrounding well vascularized tissue where it can take. Other parts of the graft become @entity39 . The stent hydrolyses in about 3 weeks. MATERIAL AND RESULTS: 10 @entity1 with bulbar strictures from 2 to 4 cm in length and failed previous urethrotomies were treated successfully with this technique. The follow-up varies from 39 to 3 months (mean: 21 months). After 2 years 1 stricture recurred in a @entity1 who underwent regular endoscopies for recurrent @entity150 . All other @entity1 were successful until now. One stent got lost in the bladder during the procedure but could be brought at the right place. Other complications were 1 @entity811 , 1 urosepsis, 1 perineal @entity158 , 1 painful evacuation of a part of the stent 16 days after operation, and 1 difficult micturition. CONCLUSION: The preliminary experiences indicate that this technique is a possible treatment of short bulbar strictures after failure of endoscopic treatment.

title: Endoscopic urethroplasty with a free graft on a biodegradable XXXX spiral stent. A new technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity6886 :: ('CHEBI:53492', 'Chemical') :: ['polyglycolic acid']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumors']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity6886 :: (CHEBI:53492,Chemical) :: ['polyglycolic acid']


abstract: @entity3190 cannot stimulate intestinal protein synthesis in healthy individuals but does so in conditions characterized by an altered somatotropic axis such as @entity6 . Only in a state of @entity2124 resistance (high @entity2124 but low insulin like growth factor [IGF-1] concentrations), extra insulin may acutely reverse the impaired, growth-hormone-induced IGF-1 release, thereby exerting anabolic actions at the intestinal tract. @entity2124 resistance can be also found in @entity1 after surgical stress. Therefore, we wanted to test the hypothesis whether @entity3190 would stimulate ileal protein synthesis in the latter condition. Mass spectrometry techniques (capillary gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry) were used to directly determine the incorporation rate of 1-[(13)C]-leucine into ileal mucosal protein. All subjects had an ileostomy, which allowed easy @entity4628 , and consecutive sampling from the same tissue was performed during continuous isotope infusion (0.16 mumol/kg min). Isotopic enrichments and fractional protein synthesis were determined at baseline (period I) and after a 4-hour @entity413 infusion (170 mg/kg/h) or after infusion of saline (control group) (period II). In controls, ileal protein synthesis declined significantly during @entity1162 (period I: 1.11 +/- 0.14%/h, period II: 0.39 +/- 0.13%/h, p < .01). In contrast, ileal protein synthesis remained constant during @entity413 infusion (period I: 1.32 +/- 0.35%/h, period II: 1.33 +/- 0.21%/h, n.s. vs period I, but p < .005 vs the corresponding value at the end of period II in the control group). Using the continuous tracer infusion technique, ileal protein synthesis seemingly declines over a short time in control subjects. We found evidence that this artificial decline was due to mass effects of a rapidly turning over mucosa protein pool in which an isotopic plateau was reached during the experiment and of which the size amounted to approximately 4% of the total mixed protein pool. Maintenance of ileal protein synthesis during @entity413 infusion therefore indicates a rise of ileal protein synthesis in a slowly turning over protein pool. This effect in postsurgical @entity1 would be compatible with the concept of intestinal insulin action to depend on the specific clinical state (eg, @entity2124 resistance).

title: The effect of XXXX on small-intestinal mucosal protein synthesis in @entity1 after surgical stress.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4628 :: ('MESH:D007077', 'Disease') :: ['access to the ileal mucosa']

entities_list: @entity2124 :: ('2688', 'Gene') :: ['growth hormone', 'Growth hormone']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia', 'Hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['prolonged isotope infusion']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity3190 :: (MESH:D006946,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia']


abstract: @entity3190 cannot stimulate intestinal protein synthesis in healthy individuals but does so in conditions characterized by an altered somatotropic axis such as @entity6 . Only in a state of @entity2124 resistance (high @entity2124 but low insulin like growth factor [IGF-1] concentrations), extra insulin may acutely reverse the impaired, growth-hormone-induced IGF-1 release, thereby exerting anabolic actions at the intestinal tract. @entity2124 resistance can be also found in @entity1 after surgical stress. Therefore, we wanted to test the hypothesis whether @entity3190 would stimulate ileal protein synthesis in the latter condition. Mass spectrometry techniques (capillary gas chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry) were used to directly determine the incorporation rate of 1-[(13)C]-leucine into ileal mucosal protein. All subjects had an ileostomy, which allowed easy @entity4628 , and consecutive sampling from the same tissue was performed during continuous isotope infusion (0.16 mumol/kg min). Isotopic enrichments and fractional protein synthesis were determined at baseline (period I) and after a 4-hour @entity413 infusion (170 mg/kg/h) or after infusion of saline (control group) (period II). In controls, ileal protein synthesis declined significantly during @entity1162 (period I: 1.11 +/- 0.14%/h, period II: 0.39 +/- 0.13%/h, p < .01). In contrast, ileal protein synthesis remained constant during @entity413 infusion (period I: 1.32 +/- 0.35%/h, period II: 1.33 +/- 0.21%/h, n.s. vs period I, but p < .005 vs the corresponding value at the end of period II in the control group). Using the continuous tracer infusion technique, ileal protein synthesis seemingly declines over a short time in control subjects. We found evidence that this artificial decline was due to mass effects of a rapidly turning over mucosa protein pool in which an isotopic plateau was reached during the experiment and of which the size amounted to approximately 4% of the total mixed protein pool. Maintenance of ileal protein synthesis during @entity413 infusion therefore indicates a rise of ileal protein synthesis in a slowly turning over protein pool. This effect in postsurgical @entity1 would be compatible with the concept of intestinal insulin action to depend on the specific clinical state (eg, @entity2124 resistance).

title: The effect of @entity3190 on small-intestinal mucosal protein synthesis in XXXX after surgical stress.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity5860 is a known cause of male and female @entity249 . In this retrospective study, we investigated the effect of treatment of asymptomatic @entity491 on pregnancy rates. Twenty-five infertile @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity491 received broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (100 mg @entity3403 , 200 mg @entity800 , and 500 mg @entity868 twice a day for 7-10 days). Pregnancy rates and resolution of @entity491 were evaluated 6 months after treatment. Eleven @entity1 (44%) had persistent @entity491 and 16 (64%) had become pregnant within 6 months after treatment. Successful treatment of @entity491 resulted in an increase in the pregnancy rate: 13 of the 14 @entity1 (93%) who were cured of @entity491 became pregnant, while 3 of the 11 (27%) who did not become pregnant were cured (p = 0.002). @entity1 who did not achieve pregnancy were older (p = 0. 002) than those who did. @entity1 who were not cured were also older than those who were (p = 0.014). Our findings suggest that the treatment for @entity491 is less effective for older @entity1 than for younger @entity1 . However, treatment of asymptomatic @entity491 appears to help preserve the fertility of @entity1 with this disease.

title: Implications of asymptomatic endocervical @entity491 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity5860 :: ('MESH:D060737', 'Disease') :: ['Genital tract infection']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['ofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis', 'cervical leukocytosis']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['infertility']


abstract: @entity5860 is a known cause of male and female @entity249 . In this retrospective study, we investigated the effect of treatment of asymptomatic @entity491 on pregnancy rates. Twenty-five infertile @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity491 received broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (100 mg @entity3403 , 200 mg @entity800 , and 500 mg @entity868 twice a day for 7-10 days). Pregnancy rates and resolution of @entity491 were evaluated 6 months after treatment. Eleven @entity1 (44%) had persistent @entity491 and 16 (64%) had become pregnant within 6 months after treatment. Successful treatment of @entity491 resulted in an increase in the pregnancy rate: 13 of the 14 @entity1 (93%) who were cured of @entity491 became pregnant, while 3 of the 11 (27%) who did not become pregnant were cured (p = 0.002). @entity1 who did not achieve pregnancy were older (p = 0. 002) than those who did. @entity1 who were not cured were also older than those who were (p = 0.014). Our findings suggest that the treatment for @entity491 is less effective for older @entity1 than for younger @entity1 . However, treatment of asymptomatic @entity491 appears to help preserve the fertility of @entity1 with this disease.

title: Implications of asymptomatic endocervical XXXX in @entity249 .

answer: @entity491 :: (MESH:D007964,Disease) :: ['leukocytosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Since 1996 the classification of @entity788 was replaced by the new World Health Organization nomenclature. Formerly @entity8940 are now distinguished between intraductal papillary mucinous @entity5 of the @entity788 (IPMT) and @entity8940 . METHODS: We reevaluated the pathological specimen and surgical therapy of 23 consecutive @entity1 and followed up these @entity1 up for 4 years in median. Between 1987 and 1997 we treated 8 @entity1 with IPMT and 15 @entity1 with @entity8940 . RESULTS: Eighty-five per cent of all @entity1 were symptomatic. Ultrasonography and computed tomography were the most sensitive diagnostic techniques. In 25%, the entire @entity788 was involved with IPMT; that was not the case in any of the @entity1 with @entity8940 . All @entity1 were resected with no perioperative mortality. After dismissal from the hospital, all resected @entity1 are still alive after a median follow-up of 4 years. In no @entity1 with IPMT, but in 1 @entity1 with @entity8940 , the @entity5 recurred. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in all @entity5 , and the late outcome of IPMT is as good as for @entity8940 .

title: Intraductal @entity5 of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cystic tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas', 'pancreatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity8940 :: ('MESH:D018291', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous cystadenomas', 'mucinous cystadenoma']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Since 1996 the classification of @entity788 was replaced by the new World Health Organization nomenclature. Formerly @entity8940 are now distinguished between intraductal papillary mucinous @entity5 of the @entity788 (IPMT) and @entity8940 . METHODS: We reevaluated the pathological specimen and surgical therapy of 23 consecutive @entity1 and followed up these @entity1 up for 4 years in median. Between 1987 and 1997 we treated 8 @entity1 with IPMT and 15 @entity1 with @entity8940 . RESULTS: Eighty-five per cent of all @entity1 were symptomatic. Ultrasonography and computed tomography were the most sensitive diagnostic techniques. In 25%, the entire @entity788 was involved with IPMT; that was not the case in any of the @entity1 with @entity8940 . All @entity1 were resected with no perioperative mortality. After dismissal from the hospital, all resected @entity1 are still alive after a median follow-up of 4 years. In no @entity1 with IPMT, but in 1 @entity1 with @entity8940 , the @entity5 recurred. CONCLUSION: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in all @entity5 , and the late outcome of IPMT is as good as for @entity8940 .

title: Intraductal XXXX of the @entity788 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['papillary mucinous tumor']


abstract: The present study investigated the influence of trophic factors on the expression of @entity2072 - and @entity4944 -regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) in @entity840 cardiac ganglia maintained in explant culture. In acutely isolated @entity299 , <1% of the cholinergic cardiac neurons exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, this number increased to >25% of the cardiac neurons after 72 h in explant culture. This increase in the number of CARTp neurons in cultured @entity299 was accompanied by an increase in CARTp transcript levels as assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of @entity299 with neurturin or glial-derived trophic factor (both at 10 ng/ml) for 72 h prevented the increase in neurons that exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, treatment with @entity71990 (50 ng/ml) for 72 h produced a small significant increase in the percentage of CARTp-immunoreactive cardiac neurons and treatment with nerve growth factor (100 ng/ml) had no effect. @entity71991 treatment also decreased cardiac neuron CARTp levels after 72 h in explant culture. Cardiac neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to the neurturin receptor GFRalpha2 whereas non-neural cells preferentially exhibited immunoreactivity to the glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor GFRalpha1 and neurturin transcripts were detected in cardiac tissue extracts. We hypothesize that a target-derived inhibitory factor, very likely neurturin, is a critical factor suppressing the expression of CARTp in @entity840 cardiac neurons. These observations contrast with those reported in sympathetic neurons that suggest up-regulation of trophic factors after axotomy or during explant culture is a key factor contributing to the up-regulation of many neuropeptides.

title: Trophic factor modulation of XXXX - and @entity4944 -regulated transcript peptide expression in explant cultured @entity840 cardiac neurons.

entities_list: @entity71991 :: ('MESH:D051101', 'Chemical') :: ['Neurturin']

entities_list: @entity71990 :: ('100724905', 'Gene') :: ['ciliary neurotrophic factor']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac ganglia preparations', 'cardiac ganglia cultures', 'cardiac ganglia explants']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine']

answer: @entity2072 :: (MESH:D003042,Chemical) :: ['cocaine']


abstract: The present study investigated the influence of trophic factors on the expression of @entity2072 - and @entity4944 -regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) in @entity840 cardiac ganglia maintained in explant culture. In acutely isolated @entity299 , <1% of the cholinergic cardiac neurons exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, this number increased to >25% of the cardiac neurons after 72 h in explant culture. This increase in the number of CARTp neurons in cultured @entity299 was accompanied by an increase in CARTp transcript levels as assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of @entity299 with neurturin or glial-derived trophic factor (both at 10 ng/ml) for 72 h prevented the increase in neurons that exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, treatment with @entity71990 (50 ng/ml) for 72 h produced a small significant increase in the percentage of CARTp-immunoreactive cardiac neurons and treatment with nerve growth factor (100 ng/ml) had no effect. @entity71991 treatment also decreased cardiac neuron CARTp levels after 72 h in explant culture. Cardiac neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to the neurturin receptor GFRalpha2 whereas non-neural cells preferentially exhibited immunoreactivity to the glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor GFRalpha1 and neurturin transcripts were detected in cardiac tissue extracts. We hypothesize that a target-derived inhibitory factor, very likely neurturin, is a critical factor suppressing the expression of CARTp in @entity840 cardiac neurons. These observations contrast with those reported in sympathetic neurons that suggest up-regulation of trophic factors after axotomy or during explant culture is a key factor contributing to the up-regulation of many neuropeptides.

title: Trophic factor modulation of @entity2072 - and XXXX -regulated transcript peptide expression in explant cultured @entity840 cardiac neurons.

answer: @entity4944 :: (MESH:D000661,Chemical) :: ['amphetamine']


abstract: The present study investigated the influence of trophic factors on the expression of @entity2072 - and @entity4944 -regulated transcript peptide (CARTp) in @entity840 cardiac ganglia maintained in explant culture. In acutely isolated @entity299 , <1% of the cholinergic cardiac neurons exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, this number increased to >25% of the cardiac neurons after 72 h in explant culture. This increase in the number of CARTp neurons in cultured @entity299 was accompanied by an increase in CARTp transcript levels as assessed by real time polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of @entity299 with neurturin or glial-derived trophic factor (both at 10 ng/ml) for 72 h prevented the increase in neurons that exhibited CARTp immunoreactivity. In contrast, treatment with @entity71990 (50 ng/ml) for 72 h produced a small significant increase in the percentage of CARTp-immunoreactive cardiac neurons and treatment with nerve growth factor (100 ng/ml) had no effect. @entity71991 treatment also decreased cardiac neuron CARTp levels after 72 h in explant culture. Cardiac neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to the neurturin receptor GFRalpha2 whereas non-neural cells preferentially exhibited immunoreactivity to the glial-derived neurotrophic factor receptor GFRalpha1 and neurturin transcripts were detected in cardiac tissue extracts. We hypothesize that a target-derived inhibitory factor, very likely neurturin, is a critical factor suppressing the expression of CARTp in @entity840 cardiac neurons. These observations contrast with those reported in sympathetic neurons that suggest up-regulation of trophic factors after axotomy or during explant culture is a key factor contributing to the up-regulation of many neuropeptides.

title: Trophic factor modulation of @entity2072 - and @entity4944 -regulated transcript peptide expression in explant cultured XXXX cardiac neurons.

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency and risk factors for @entity322 ( @entity322 ) in Italy. METHODS: Eligible for this cross-sectional study were @entity1 aged >/=50 years and @entity1 aged >/=40, randomly identified among registered subjects of a network of general practitioners during the period March-October 1997. All subjects were invited by telephonic interview to determine the presence of @entity322 , reported by the subjects as loss of urine in the last year. The subjects with @entity322 were further questioned at home for evaluation of the type, degree and frequency of @entity322 episodes. RESULTS: Of the 5,488 subjects interviewed (2,767 @entity1 and 2,721 @entity1 ), 92 (3%) @entity1 and 316 (11%) @entity1 reported at least one episode of @entity322 during the year before the interview. The frequence of @entity322 increased with age both in @entity1 and @entity1 , being 2 and 11% in @entity1 and @entity1 , respectively, aged 50-60 years and 7 and 16% in those aged >/=70. Of the subjects with @entity322 identified, 229 @entity1 and 64 @entity1 and a group of 289 subjects without @entity322 were questionned at home using a detailed questionnaire. Six and 55% of @entity1 and @entity1 , respectively, reported @entity3142 , 20 and 12% urge @entity322 and 20 and 24% mixed @entity322 . The risk of @entity322 increased with body mass index in @entity1 . A history of recurrent @entity293 was associated with @entity322 in @entity1 and less markedly in @entity1 . No association emerged between education, smoking and @entity285 or coffee consumption and risk of @entity322 . Parity was directly associated with the risk of @entity322 in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The study offers a quantitative estimate of the prevalence of @entity322 and its main risk factors in this Italian population.

title: Prevalence and risk factors for XXXX in Italy.

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'UI', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary infection']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['urinary incontinence']


abstract: CONTEXT: Molecular and cell biology studies have demonstrated an association between bone and arterial wall disease, but the significance of a population-level association is less clear and potentially confounded by inability to account for shared risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To test population-level associations between @entity731 types and bone integrity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Volumetric trabecular lumbar bone mineral density (vBMD), ankle-brachial index (ABI), @entity121 ( @entity121 ) of the common carotid ( @entity4435 ) and internal carotid (ICA- @entity121 ) arteries, and carotid plaque echogenicity. DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity1 : A random subset of @entity1 from the Multi-Ethnic Study of @entity731 (MESA) assessed between 2002 and 2005. RESULTS: 904 post-menopausal female (62.4 years; 62% non-white; 12% @entity24671 ; 17% @entity4435 >1mm; 33% ICA- @entity121 >1mm) and 929 male (61.4 years; 58% non-white; 6% @entity24671 ; 25% @entity4435 >1mm; 40% ICA- @entity121 >1mm) were included. In serial, sex-specific regression models adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, @entity2299 , @entity101 , smoking, @entity167 consumption, @entity6 , @entity1255 , @entity650 , sex hormones, and renal function, lower vBMD was associated with lower ABI in @entity1 (p for trend <0.01) and greater ICA- @entity121 in @entity1 (p for trend <0.02). @entity4435 was not associated with vBMD in @entity1 or @entity1 . Carotid plaque echogenicity was independently associated with lower vBMD in both @entity1 (trend p=0.01) and @entity1 (trend p<0.04). In all models, adjustment did not materially affect results. CONCLUSIONS: Lower vBMD is independently associated with structural and functional measures of @entity731 in @entity1 and with more advanced and calcified @entity2998 in both sexes.

title: Bone mineral density and @entity731 : the Multi-Ethnic Study of XXXX , Abdominal Aortic Calcium Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid atherosclerotic plaques']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intima-media thickness']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['Atherosclerosis']


abstract: CONTEXT: Molecular and cell biology studies have demonstrated an association between bone and arterial wall disease, but the significance of a population-level association is less clear and potentially confounded by inability to account for shared risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To test population-level associations between @entity731 types and bone integrity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Volumetric trabecular lumbar bone mineral density (vBMD), ankle-brachial index (ABI), @entity121 ( @entity121 ) of the common carotid ( @entity4435 ) and internal carotid (ICA- @entity121 ) arteries, and carotid plaque echogenicity. DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity1 : A random subset of @entity1 from the Multi-Ethnic Study of @entity731 (MESA) assessed between 2002 and 2005. RESULTS: 904 post-menopausal female (62.4 years; 62% non-white; 12% @entity24671 ; 17% @entity4435 >1mm; 33% ICA- @entity121 >1mm) and 929 male (61.4 years; 58% non-white; 6% @entity24671 ; 25% @entity4435 >1mm; 40% ICA- @entity121 >1mm) were included. In serial, sex-specific regression models adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, @entity2299 , @entity101 , smoking, @entity167 consumption, @entity6 , @entity1255 , @entity650 , sex hormones, and renal function, lower vBMD was associated with lower ABI in @entity1 (p for trend <0.01) and greater ICA- @entity121 in @entity1 (p for trend <0.02). @entity4435 was not associated with vBMD in @entity1 or @entity1 . Carotid plaque echogenicity was independently associated with lower vBMD in both @entity1 (trend p=0.01) and @entity1 (trend p<0.04). In all models, adjustment did not materially affect results. CONCLUSIONS: Lower vBMD is independently associated with structural and functional measures of @entity731 in @entity1 and with more advanced and calcified @entity2998 in both sexes.

title: Bone mineral density and XXXX : the Multi-Ethnic Study of @entity731 , Abdominal Aortic Calcium Study.

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: Exercise capacity and exercise performance are reduced when the ambient temperature is high. This has mainly been attributed to the large sweat losses which lead to hypohydration, a failure of thermoregulation, and eventually circulatory collapse. Exercising athletes rarely drink enough before or during exercise to replace the ongoing fluid losses, especially in hot conditions. In order to combat @entity2700 , @entity221 , and impending circulatory collapse, athletes should drink fluids before, during, and after exercise. Preexercise strategies include attempts to maintain euhydration but also to hyperhydrate. Hyperhydration is relatively easy to achieve, but thermoregulatory benefits during prolonged exercise have not been observed in comparison to euhydration. In prolonged continuous exercise, fluid and @entity1735 ( @entity435 ) ingestion has clearly been shown to improve performance, but the evidence is not so clear for high-intensity intermittent exercise over a prolonged period. The general consensus is that fluid ingestion should match sweat losses during exercise and that the drink should contain @entity435 and electrolytes to assist water transport in the intestine and to improve palatability. Postexercise rehydration is essential when the strategies adopted before or during exercise have not been effective. The best postexercise rehydration strategy would be to ingest a large volume of a beverage that contains a @entity435 source and a high @entity1372 content.

title: XXXX , rehydration, and exercise in the heat: rehydration strategies for athletic competition.

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

answer: @entity2700 :: (MESH:D003681,Disease) :: ['Dehydration']


abstract: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) results in the rapid @entity39 of cortical tissue at the site of injury. In the ensuing hours and days, secondary injury exacerbates the original damage resulting in significant @entity51 . Recent reports from our lab demonstrate that a bolus injection of the immunosuppressant @entity205 ( @entity870 ) is neuroprotective following @entity131 . @entity870 transiently inhibits the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and maintains @entity460 homeostasis in isolated mitochondria. The present study utilized a unilateral controlled cortical impact model of @entity131 to assess whether the neuroprotective effects of @entity870 could be extended by chronic infusion. Adult @entity35 were subjected to a moderate (2 mm) cortical deformation and the extent of @entity16 was assessed using modern stereological techniques. Animals were administrated a 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal bolus of @entity870 or vehicle 15 min postinjury and osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously to deliver @entity870 (4.5 or 10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. All animals receiving @entity870 demonstrated a significant reduction in lesion volume, with the highest dose offering the most neuroprotection (74% reduction in lesion volume). These results extend our previous findings and demonstrate that chronic infusion of @entity870 is neuroprotective following @entity131 . These findings also suggest that the mechanisms responsible for tissue @entity39 following @entity131 are amenable to manipulation.

title: Continuous infusion of @entity205 postinjury significantly ameliorates XXXX following traumatic brain injury.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cortical damage']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['cortical damage']


abstract: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) results in the rapid @entity39 of cortical tissue at the site of injury. In the ensuing hours and days, secondary injury exacerbates the original damage resulting in significant @entity51 . Recent reports from our lab demonstrate that a bolus injection of the immunosuppressant @entity205 ( @entity870 ) is neuroprotective following @entity131 . @entity870 transiently inhibits the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and maintains @entity460 homeostasis in isolated mitochondria. The present study utilized a unilateral controlled cortical impact model of @entity131 to assess whether the neuroprotective effects of @entity870 could be extended by chronic infusion. Adult @entity35 were subjected to a moderate (2 mm) cortical deformation and the extent of @entity16 was assessed using modern stereological techniques. Animals were administrated a 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal bolus of @entity870 or vehicle 15 min postinjury and osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously to deliver @entity870 (4.5 or 10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. All animals receiving @entity870 demonstrated a significant reduction in lesion volume, with the highest dose offering the most neuroprotection (74% reduction in lesion volume). These results extend our previous findings and demonstrate that chronic infusion of @entity870 is neuroprotective following @entity131 . These findings also suggest that the mechanisms responsible for tissue @entity39 following @entity131 are amenable to manipulation.

title: Continuous infusion of XXXX postinjury significantly ameliorates @entity16 following traumatic brain injury.

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporin A']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity322 in @entity1 can be treated successfully by the general practitioner. However, little is known about the long-term effects of conservative treatment. AIM: To evaluate the long-term effect of treatment of female @entity322 by the general practitioner (pelvic floor exercises, and bladder training) in female @entity322 . METHOD: A total of 88 @entity1 , aged between 20 and 65, who had participated in a controlled trial between 1987 and 1990, were contacted to participate in a five-year follow-up study. @entity3142 and urge @entity322 were treated by means of pelvic floor exercises and bladder training respectively, while a mixed @entity322 was treated by bladder training followed by pelvic floor exercises. The outcome measures were a constructed scale for the severity of the @entity322 , a seven-day bladder chart, and a questionnaire concerning @entity1 ' opinions. All @entity1 were evaluated by an independent researcher. RESULTS: Compared with the one-year follow-up, the number of continent @entity1 remained the same, but a significantly greater number of @entity1 worsened. Forty per cent of the @entity1 stayed in the same category of severity, while 45% moved into the contiguous categories. The weekly frequency of wet episodes increased significantly, with a mean increase of 2.65 episodes. @entity1 with mixed @entity322 were especially prone to relapse in the long-term. Compliance with the exercises had a positive influence on the outcomes, with 67% of the @entity1 expressing satisfaction with the results. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a decline in the effect of conservative treatment in the long-term, the majority of the @entity1 are satisfied with their treatment. @entity1 compliance is the key to long-term success.

title: Long-term effect of treatment of female XXXX in general practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence', 'Urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['Stress incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The majority of @entity74 are non life-threatening and symptoms will resolve spontaneously. However, some @entity1 require further investigation and many disorders may benefit from specialist treatment it is unclear whether appropriate identification and referral of this group of @entity1 presently occurs. AIM: To review the management of @entity1 with symptoms of @entity1296 within primary care. METHOD: A retrospective review of the management of 503 @entity1 who visited their general practitioner (GP) complaining of @entity1296 between August 1993 and July 1995. Management was then compared with local criteria. RESULTS: On average, 2.2% of @entity1 per year at the practices studied consulted their GP about @entity1296 , amounting to 0.7% of all consultations. The most common GP diagnosis was of an ear, nose, and @entity2169 (33.8%). Similarly, many of the 16% referred were directed to ENT (36%) specialists. The proportion of @entity1 referred was significantly higher in those seeing their GP at least twice, those with symptoms lasting a year or more, or where there were additional symptoms associated with the @entity1296 , indicative of a cardiac, ENT, or @entity16 . Compared with the local criteria, 17% of management decisions were deemed inappropriate. The major failing was not referring appropriate @entity1 . This group comprised @entity1 with chronic, non-urgent symptoms, and were significantly older than those appropriately referred. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with chronic symptoms of @entity1296 , particularly the elderly, are under-referred for specialist consultation and, therefore, do not have access to appropriate treatment regimes. This suggests a need for further training of GPs and evaluation of therapeutic needs of elderly dizzy @entity1 .

title: An analysis of referral patterns for XXXX in the primary care setting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorder']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['balance disorders']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity2169 :: ('MESH:D004427', 'Disease') :: ['throat (ENT) disorder']

answer: @entity1296 :: (MESH:D004244,Disease) :: ['dizziness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms within a given population, as assessed by several tools, may vary and depend on several factors, such as age, menopausal status, chronic conditions and personal and partner socio-demographic profile. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms and related risk factors among middle-aged @entity1 . METHODS: In this cross-sectional study a total of 404 @entity1 aged 40 to 59 years, visiting inpatients at the Enrique C. Sotomayor Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador, were requested to fill out the @entity1168 ( @entity1168 ) and a questionnaire containing personal and partner data. RESULTS: Mean age of surveyed @entity1 (n=404) was 48.2+/-5.7 years, 85.1% had 12 or less years of schooling and 44.8% were postmenopausal. None was on hormonal therapy (HT) for the menopause or psychotropic drugs. Regarding their partner, @entity323 was present in 23.8%, @entity2754 in 21.2% and 43.5% abused @entity167 . The four most frequently found symptoms of those composing the @entity1168 were muscle and joint problems (80%), @entity308 mood (73.5%), physical and mental exhaustion (71.3%) and @entity146 (68%). Mean total @entity1168 score was 18+/-10.6 (median 17) and for subscales: 7.2+/-4.5 (somatic); 6.9+/-4.8 (psychological) and 3.9+/-3.4 (urogenital). @entity1 presented severe scores in 53, 36.1, 48.3 and 49.8% for total @entity1168 and somatic, psychological and urogenital subscales, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, logistic regression analysis determined that female higher parity and partner @entity2754 increased the risk for presenting severe total @entity1168 scores (impaired female quality of life), whereas @entity1 who had a positive perception of their health status were at decreased risk. CONCLUSION: In this middle-aged series psychological menopausal symptoms were the most frequent in which severity was associated to parity and partner @entity250 .

title: Severe menopausal symptoms in middle-aged XXXX are associated to female and male factors.

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritability']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity2754 :: ('MESH:D061686', 'Disease') :: ['premature ejaculation']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['MRS', 'menopause rating scale']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of self-reported @entity683 and pneumococcal vaccination status. DESIGN: Cross-sectional surveys of outpatients aged 65 years or older. SETTING: A Veterans Affairs Medical Center ( @entity22066 ) and a community @entity347 ( @entity347 ). Both organizations have organized @entity683 and pneumococcal vaccination programs. SUBJECTS: @entity22066 subjects included all elderly respondents to a mailed survey of 500 randomly selected outpatients. @entity347 subjects included all respondents to a telephone survey of 300 randomly selected elderly members of the @entity347 . MEASUREMENTS: The @entity22066 survey was conducted following the 1995-1996 @entity683 season while the @entity347 survey was conducted following the 1994-1995 season. Self-report from the mailed survey for @entity22066 subjects and from the telephone survey for @entity347 subjects was compared to medical record documentation (paper and computerized combined). RESULTS: The response rate was 77% (n = 369) for the @entity22066 subjects of whom 195 (53%) were aged 65 or older. The response rate for the @entity347 subjects was 84% (n = 237). Self-report of @entity683 vaccination had a sensitivity (SENS) of 1.0 and a specificity (SPEC) of .79 with a kappa of .72 (95% CI .58-.86) among @entity22066 @entity1 . Among @entity347 @entity1 , self-report of @entity683 vaccination had a SENS of .98 and a SPEC of .71 with kappa of .75 (95% CI .69-.89). Self-report of pneumococcal vaccination status among @entity22066 @entity1 had a SENS of .97 and a SPEC of .53 with a kappa of .42 (95% CI .32-.52). Among @entity347 @entity1 , self-report of pneumococcal vaccination had a SENS of .90 and a SPEC of .64 with a kappa of .54 (95% CI .40-.68). A secondary analysis excluding subjects living outside of the @entity22066 's catchment area improved the specificity and indices of concordance of self-report of both @entity683 and pneumococcal vaccination. A secondary analysis of @entity347 data which excluded subjects who received a pneumococcal vaccination > 2 years prior to the study also improved concordance and the negative predictive value of self-report. CONCLUSIONS: Self-report of @entity683 vaccination is a highly sensitive and moderately specific measure. Self-report of pneumococcal vaccination is also a highly sensitive but less specific measure of vaccination status. Lower rates of validity for pneumococcal vaccination may reflect both less accurate recall, particularly for more distant vaccination, and less complete documentation in medical records.

title: Validation of self-report of XXXX and pneumococcal vaccination status in elderly outpatients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity347 :: ('MESH:D019965', 'Disease') :: ['managed care organization', 'MCO']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']