abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1 with @entity2175 are at increased risk of @entity73 . The retinal and renal complications of @entity6 follow microvascular damage permitting small arterioles to leak, hence the @entity75 might also follow loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Magnetic resonance (MR) brain imaging with intravenous @entity2287 (Gd) diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ( @entity7241 ) was used to identify increased BBB permeability. METHODS: Ten well controlled type II @entity6 @entity1 aged 65-70 years and 10 controls underwent MR brain imaging with fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR); T1 weighted (T1W) volumetric imaging before; and T1W volumetric imaging at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after intravenous @entity7241 . The T1W image before @entity7241 was subtracted from the images at each time point after @entity7241 . Net signal intensity was plotted against time for different brain regions. @entity62 were scored from the FLAIR image. RESULTS: The signal intensity/time curves showed that brain signal intensity increased more in the @entity6 group than controls during the first 15 minutes after @entity7241 , particularly in the basal ganglia (p=0.018). Signal intensity in controls peaked at five minutes and @entity6 at 15 minutes. Subjects with more @entity62 had greater signal increase after @entity7241 , whether @entity6 or not (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased BBB permeability with MR imaging was detected in @entity1 with @entity62 . Increased permeability of the BBB might account for some of the cerebral effects of @entity2175 , and so possibly also for the effect of other conditions that affect the microvasculature (like @entity101 ), on the brain.

title: Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in XXXX demonstrated by @entity2287 magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity2175 :: (MESH:D003924,Disease) :: ['type II diabetes']


abstract: In @entity35 isolated anococcygeus muscle, @entity935 (2.6 x 10(-11) M to 8.3 x 10(-10) M) produced a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on field stimulated contractions. The effect of @entity935 was blocked by @entity1766 (2.2 x 10(-8) M) but not by @entity3160 (2.6 x 10(-10) M) or @entity1169 (1.0 x 10(-7) M), suggesting a specific prejunctional inhibitory effect. Higher concentrations of @entity935 (1.4 x 10(-7) M to 1.4 x 10(-4) M) elicited concentration-dependent contractions which were blocked competitively with higher concentrations of @entity1766 (2.2 x 10(-7) M to 1.4 x 10(-4) M) and 2.2 x 10(-6) M), suggesting a postjunctional activity. @entity1617 in very low concentrations (2.8 x 10(-11) M to 4.4 x 10(-10) M) blocked the field stimulated contractions. @entity3897 (2.6 x 10(-9) M) per se augmented them and also antagonized the inhibitory effects of @entity1617 , suggesting a prejunctional activity of @entity1617 . Higher concentrations of @entity1617 (5.5 x 10(-7) M to 7.0 x 10(-5) M) produced contractions which were not altered by @entity3897 in a concentration (2.6 x 10(-9) M) which antagonized the prejunctional activity of @entity1617 . @entity112 , in a wide range (3.1 x 10(-12) M to 2.6 x 10(-8) M), did not modify field stimulated contractions. Very low concentrations of @entity750 (1.2 x 10(-11) M to 3.8 x 10(-10) M) had an inhibitory effect on field stimulated contractions. @entity3858 (2.8 x 10(-9) M) enhanced the responses to electrical stimulation and antagonized the @entity750 -induced inhibitory effect. Still higher concentrations of @entity750 (1.9 x 10(-6) M to 1.0 x 10(-3) M) produced concentration-dependent contractions. @entity3858 (8.5 x 10(-7) M) failed to antagonize, whereas @entity5521 (1.0 x 10(-6) M) antagonized @entity750 competitively. @entity935 (8.3 x 10(-10) M), @entity1617 (4.4 x 10(-10) M) or @entity750 (3.9 x 10(-10) M), in concentrations which produced a maximal prejunctional inhibitory effect, did not alter the EC50 value of NA, ruling out a post-junctional effect. Moreover, the concentration ratios of these agents for EC50 pre to EC50 post were less than 1, suggesting their preferential prejunctional site of action. It is concluded that multiple prejunctional site of action. It is concluded that multiple prejunctional receptor activities for DA, @entity1617 (muscarinic) and @entity750 , which modify the release of neurotransmitter, may be operative in this preparation.

title: Evidence for multiple prejunctional receptor sites in XXXX isolated anococcygeus muscle.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1766 :: ('MESH:D010868', 'Chemical') :: ['pimozide']

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity3858 :: ('MESH:D008784', 'Chemical') :: ['Methysergide']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine', 'Dopamine']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine', 'atropine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Histamine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of medical records and imaging studies of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1566 without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) or SCIWORA-like symptoms at @entity1 's Hospital of Pittsburgh between 1965 and 1999 was undertaken. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the existence of occult segmental spinal instability and a role for bracing as treatment for SCIWORA, we contrasted the @entity1 's Hospital of Pittsburgh experience with literature reports on SCIWORA. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There is a great deal of @entity911 and conflicting evidence regarding pediatric SCIWORA in the literature. Previous reports from our institution reported unique findings, including the only description of serious, recurrent SCIWORA in the literature. These findings have frequently been cited as the justification for long-term immobilization in all cases of SCIWORA. METHODS: All records on @entity1 coded as @entity1566 without @entity174 or @entity3029 (ICD-9 code 952.xx) were reviewed. @entity1 17 years of age or younger with traumatic @entity1566 and normal plain radiographic findings were included. Penetrating @entity130 , @entity281 , or @entity209 were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 189 @entity1 were diagnosed with SCIWORA at our institution over the 35-year review period. These @entity1 differed from those reported in the literature with respect to a higher incidence, older age, less involved @entity16 , and more low-energy mechanisms, such as sports and falls. There were no cases of a @entity1 with SCIWORA who deteriorated and developed a permanent @entity51 after having either recovered or plateaued from an initial SCIWORA. All recurrent SCIWORA recovered to normal neurologic function. Bracing did not demonstrate any benefit in preventing these minor recurrent SCIWORAs. CONCLUSION: We identified no cases of serious, recurrent SCIWORA at our institution from 1965 to 1999. A case-by-case evaluation is required for the treatment of @entity1566 without apparent @entity3510 , and bracing is not uniformly indicated.

title: Pediatric XXXX without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA): the absence of occult instability and lack of indication for bracing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['spinal column injury']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic diseases']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic injury']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['dislocation']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to analyse whether there is an association between reduced susceptibility to biocides in @entity3064 and (i) antimicrobial resistance (co-resistance), (ii) prevalent ( @entity3082 ) clones, (iii) changes in the fitness or (iv) expression of genes related to efflux pumps and porins. METHODS: Susceptibility to biocides and antimicrobials was determined in 49 clonally unrelated isolates of A. baumannii. Biological cost, in terms of mean generation time, was determined by spectrophotometry. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to determine the relative expression of genes encoding several efflux pumps and porins. RESULTS: Reduced susceptibility to @entity5164 , @entity3676 and @entity71058 (  ) was associated with resistance to @entity581 , @entity803 and @entity2177 (P<0.05). The MICs of @entity2888 , @entity581 , @entity3403 and @entity2177 for isolate Ab70 ( @entity3082 clone) exposed to these biocides increased by >= 2 dilutions. Reduced susceptibility to Orsan(  ) was more frequent among prevalent clones than non-prevalent clones (P<0.05). Mean generation times for Ab70 before and after exposure to @entity3676 were 57.8 and 78.1 min, respectively (P=0.02). Relative expression of abeS and adeB was increased in Ab46 and Ab70 after exposure to @entity5164 , but was decreased for ompA and carO after exposure to @entity71058 (  ). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced susceptibility to biocides is associated with co-resistance to carbapenems, @entity581 , @entity803 and @entity2177 . Reduced susceptibility to Orsan(  ) may be a marker of prevalent clones. Acquisition of reduced susceptibility to @entity3676 has a biological cost. Exposure to biocides affects the relative expression of genes related to some efflux pump genes (increased expression) or porins (reduced expression).

title: Reduced susceptibility to biocides in XXXX : association with resistance to antimicrobials, epidemiological behaviour, biological cost and effect on the expression of genes encoding porins and efflux pumps.

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2888 :: ('MESH:D015780', 'Chemical') :: ['carbapenems']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity3064 :: ('470', 'Species') :: ['Acinetobacter baumannii']

entities_list: @entity3676 :: ('MESH:D001548', 'Chemical') :: ['benzalkonium chloride']

entities_list: @entity5164 :: ('MESH:C010882', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine digluconate']

answer: @entity3064 :: (470,Species) :: ['Acinetobacter baumannii']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A prospective epidemiologic cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of clearly defined pelvic @entity158 in pregnancy based on both history and objective confirmation and to classify pelvic @entity158 into four groups and determine their incidence. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: Pelvic and @entity1643 in pregnancy is a substantial problem, and the correct treatment is hampered by several factors, such as the lack of clearly defined clinical conditions, variety of nomenclature, and great variance in reported incidence (range 4-76.4%). This variation in incidence is a problem that calls for a clearly defined criteria and a study design aimed at resolving such varying incidence rates. METHODS: All pregnant @entity1 booked for delivery at two Danish hospitals over a 1-year period were offered to participate in the study in week 33 of gestation. @entity1 who reported daily @entity158 from @entity530 , which could be objectively confirmed, were divided, according to symptoms, into five subgroups: four classification groups ( @entity10100 , symphysiolysis, one-sided sacroiliac syndrome, and double-sided sacroiliac syndrome) and one miscellaneous. A total of 1460 @entity1 formed the incidence cohort based on geographic criteria. RESULTS: A total of 293 @entity1 (20.1%) were found to have pelvic @entity158 divided in one of the four classification groups: @entity10100 6.0%, symphysiolysis 2.3%, one-sided sacroiliac syndrome 5.5%, and double-sided sacroiliac syndrome 6.3%. CONCLUSION: This study proposes new, more precise procedures for the identification and classification of @entity2371 based on both reports from the @entity1 and a physical examination. Presumably, the 20.1% incidence rate, identified in the present study, represents the most precise and reliable information available hitherto, regarding the incidence of @entity2371 .

title: Incidence of four syndromes of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pregnancy-related pelvic joint pain']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic joints']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['joint pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity10100 :: ('MESH:D059388', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic girdle syndrome']

answer: @entity2371 :: (MESH:D017699,Disease) :: ['pregnancy-related pelvic joint pain']


abstract: The use of angiography to evaluate penetrating @entity130 with proximity to major @entity1504 remains controversial. Arteriography in the asymptomatic @entity1 with a penetrating extremity wound is reported to identify @entity1317 in 6% to 21% of @entity1 ; however, some injuries may have little clinical importance. This study attempted to determine the value of proximity as an indication for angiography. Five hundred seven asymptomatic @entity1 with 534 penetrating @entity130 underwent arteriography due to proximity to major @entity1504 . Thirty-six arteriograms (6.7%) were positive. Seven @entity1 did not undergo operative exploration, 19 @entity1 (3.6%) had arteriograms, and ten (1.9%) had false-positive arteriograms. The remaining 498 @entity1 had true-negative examination results. Arteriography was associated with 13 complications (2.6%). @entity1317 in the clinically asymptomatic @entity1 in our series was extremely low (3.6%). These data make it difficult to justify arteriography due to proximity of injury to major @entity1504 . However, it is difficult to abandon exclusion arteriography based on these retrospective data. These observations do suggest that better criteria to define proximity need to be identified.

title: Assessment of proximity of a wound to major XXXX as an indication for arteriography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['Proved vascular injury', 'arterial injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['extremity injuries', 'extremity wounds']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['vascular structures']

answer: @entity1504 :: (MESH:D002561,Disease) :: ['vascular structures']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Treatment with @entity15152 ( @entity15152 ) inhibitors, such as @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ), increase survival in animal models of @entity130 and @entity295 . @entity3262 is a pan-inhibitor that blocks most of the known @entity15152 isoforms. Targeting individual @entity15152 isoforms may increase survival and reduce complications, but little is known of the natural history of @entity15152 gene expression following @entity130 . We hypothesized that distinct @entity15152 isoform gene expression patterns would be associated with differences in outcomes following @entity130 . METHODS: 28 day longitudinal @entity15152 leukocyte gene expression profiles in 172 blunt @entity130 @entity1 were extracted from the Inflammation And Host Response to Injury (Glue Grant) dataset. Outcome was classified as complicated ( @entity204 or no recovery by day 28, n=51) or uncomplicated (n=121). Mixed modeling was used to compare the @entity15152 expression trajectories between the groups, corrected for Injury Severity Score, base deficit, and volume of blood products transfused over the initial 12 hours following admission. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) identified modules of genes with significant co-expression, and @entity15152 genes were mapped to these modules. Biological function of these modules was investigated using the Gene Ontology database. RESULTS: Elevated longitudinal @entity15152 expression trajectories for @entity17029 ,3,6 and 11 were associated with complicated outcomes. In contrast, suppressed expression of Sirtuin (SIRT) 3 was associated with adverse outcome (p<0.01). WGCNA analysis identified significant co-expression of @entity15152 and SIRT genes with genes involved in ribosomal function and downregulation of protein translation in response to stress ( @entity17029 ), T-cell signaling and T-cell selection ( @entity3997 ), as well as coagulation and hemostasis ( @entity34268 ). No co-expression of @entity46015 was identified. CONCLUSION: Expression trajectories of @entity15152 1,3,6,11 and @entity34268 correlate with outcomes following @entity130 , and may potentially serve as biomarkers. They may also be promising targets for pharmacological intervention. The effects of @entity15152 and SIRT gene expression in @entity130 may be mediated through pathways involved in ribosomal and T-cell function as well as coagulation and hemostasis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III STUDY TYPE: Prognostic.

title: Histone deactylase gene expression profiles are associated with outcomes in blunt XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity15152 :: ('9734', 'Gene') :: ['HDAC', 'histone deacetylase']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Treatment with @entity15152 ( @entity15152 ) inhibitors, such as @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ), increase survival in animal models of @entity130 and @entity295 . @entity3262 is a pan-inhibitor that blocks most of the known @entity15152 isoforms. Targeting individual @entity15152 isoforms may increase survival and reduce complications, but little is known of the natural history of @entity15152 gene expression following @entity130 . We hypothesized that distinct @entity15152 isoform gene expression patterns would be associated with differences in outcomes following @entity130 . METHODS: 28 day longitudinal @entity15152 leukocyte gene expression profiles in 172 blunt @entity130 @entity1 were extracted from the Inflammation And Host Response to Injury (Glue Grant) dataset. Outcome was classified as complicated ( @entity204 or no recovery by day 28, n=51) or uncomplicated (n=121). Mixed modeling was used to compare the @entity15152 expression trajectories between the groups, corrected for Injury Severity Score, base deficit, and volume of blood products transfused over the initial 12 hours following admission. Weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) identified modules of genes with significant co-expression, and @entity15152 genes were mapped to these modules. Biological function of these modules was investigated using the Gene Ontology database. RESULTS: Elevated longitudinal @entity15152 expression trajectories for @entity17029 ,3,6 and 11 were associated with complicated outcomes. In contrast, suppressed expression of Sirtuin (SIRT) 3 was associated with adverse outcome (p<0.01). WGCNA analysis identified significant co-expression of @entity15152 and SIRT genes with genes involved in ribosomal function and downregulation of protein translation in response to stress ( @entity17029 ), T-cell signaling and T-cell selection ( @entity3997 ), as well as coagulation and hemostasis ( @entity34268 ). No co-expression of @entity46015 was identified. CONCLUSION: Expression trajectories of @entity15152 1,3,6,11 and @entity34268 correlate with outcomes following @entity130 , and may potentially serve as biomarkers. They may also be promising targets for pharmacological intervention. The effects of @entity15152 and SIRT gene expression in @entity130 may be mediated through pathways involved in ribosomal and T-cell function as well as coagulation and hemostasis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III STUDY TYPE: Prognostic.

title: Histone deactylase gene expression profiles are associated with outcomes in blunt @entity130 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to evaluate effectiveness of using chest X-ray (CXR), pelvis X-ray (RXP) and FAST (Focused Abdominal Sonography on @entity130 ) to exclude significant lesions of the body in @entity130 . METHODS: a prospective study involving 74 @entity1 whom made the three tests (CXR, RXP and FAST) during the initial evaluation between October 2013 and February 2014. The results were compared to the tomography of the same @entity1 or clinical outcome. If the @entity1 did not have alterations on the CT scans or during the observation time, the initial workup was considered safe. All @entity1 were evaluated at the Hospital Jo  o XXIII, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. RESULTS: of the 74 @entity1 studied the average age was 33 years, RTS: 6.98, ECG: 12. From 44 (59.45%) @entity1 with exams (radiographs and FAST) unchanged, three had significant injuries (two @entity130 and one @entity99 ) diagnosed by clinical monitoring. The remaining @entity1 - 30 (40.55%) - had at least one alteration in conventional tests. Of these group 27 (90%) had significant injuries and three (10%) minor injuries. The sensitivity of all three tests for screening considerable lesions was 90% and the specificity was 93%. The negative predictive value was 93% and the positive predictive value 89%. CONCLUSION: this research showed that all the three exams - chest X-ray, pelvis and FAST - are safe to lead with the @entity130 if well used and associated with clinical examination.

title: XXXX . Perform only radiographs and fast: is it safe?

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['blunt trauma', 'Trauma', 'splenic injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Complementary exams in blunt torso trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of non-operative management (NOM) of @entity99 , being the only @entity3511 , from gunshot wounds to the abdomen. METHODS: @entity1 who had @entity409 diagnosed as single @entity3511 caused by PAF in the right thoracoabdominal region, hemodynamically stable were studied. All underwent examination with computed tomography. Were analyzed: age, gender, levels of @entity130 , hemodynamic condition and the abdominal examination on admission, the results of the CT scan, the extra-abdominal lesions found, the serum levels of hemoglobin, clinical course, complications, length of hospital stay, outpatient treatment and @entity204 . RESULTS: during the study period 169 @entity1 , treated non-operatively, presented @entity409 wounds. Of these, only 28 @entity1 (16.6%) had @entity99 as the only @entity3511 and consequently met the inclusion criteria for this study. The average age was 27.7 years and 25 @entity1 (89.2%) were male. The overall average of verified @entity130 scores were: RTS 7.45, ISS 10.9, and TRISS 98.7%. The most frequent injuries were grade II and grade III (85.7%). Complications occurred in only one @entity1 who presented a progressive decline in hemoglobin. He underwent a CT scan which showed @entity409 . An arteriography was performed, which showed a successfully embolized @entity2548 . There were no deaths in the @entity1 sample. The average hospital stay was 5.3 days. CONCLUSION: isolated @entity99 in gunshot @entity1661 is uncommon. However, the NOM protocol for this @entity130 is safe and has low morbidity. This approach should only be followed in institutions with adequate infrastructure, where an experienced and cohesive team is able to follow a specific protocol, with rigorous periodic evaluation of its results.

title: Isolated XXXX injuries: nonoperative management is feasible?

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver gunshot', 'blush in the liver parenchyma', 'liver damage']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity3511 :: ('MESH:D000007', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal injury']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous fistula']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic injury', 'liver injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['type of injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver gunshot']


abstract: During a 2-year period, 445 @entity130 @entity1 were transported directly from the scene by helicopter to a @entity130 center. The Glasgow Outcome Scale and a work status scale were used to evaluate followup information gathered 6 months to 2 1/2 years after the incident. Findings were cross-tabulated with Injury Severity Score (ISS) categories. Seventy-two per cent of the @entity1 had an ISS greater than 15. The overall mortality was 26.1%. Twenty-seven @entity1 (6.1%) were lost to followup. Eighty-three per cent of the @entity1 made a good recovery and 75% returned to their former work status (job, school, or household duties). Of the followed survivors, 5.6% had severe disability and 2.0% were permanently institutionalized. No one remained in permanent @entity47 after 6 months. In a second followup period (3 to 4 years after incident) half of the @entity1 contacted who were not working during the first followup period had either returned to their former work status or were currently trying to reenter the work force. Most survivors of serious injury benefit from an integrated @entity130 system as measured by their good recovery and the ability to return to work. Few @entity1 remain severely disabled or vegetative, requiring permanent institutionalization.

title: Quality of life after the XXXX center.

entities_list: @entity47 :: ('MESH:D018458', 'Disease') :: ['vegetative state']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4899 -derivative diet pills were withdrawn from the market in 1997 because of an association with @entity340 , but subsequent estimates of the prevalence of this condition have varied widely. We systematically reviewed evidence regarding the prevalence of @entity340 after @entity4899 exposure. METHODS: We searched multiple databases with multiple search terms. Conference proceedings from 1997 onward were searched by index. Authors of eligible studies were contacted to identify unpublished works. Selection criteria were liberally determined. Ten of the identified 11 articles met these criteria. Reviewers assessed the studies' methodologic quality by use of a standard form to evaluate selection, attrition, performance, and detection bias. The studies were analyzed in 2 groups on the basis of length of exposure (<90 days or >90 days). The Mantel-Haenszel method was used to summarize data. Quantitative and qualitative tests for heterogeneity were performed. Tests for publication bias were also done. RESULTS: Tests for heterogeneity were nonsignificant after removing 1 outlier trial. The pooled prevalence of @entity340 meeting Food and Drug Administration criteria (at least mild @entity337 or at least moderate @entity339 ) among @entity1 treated for >90 days was 12.0% compared with 5.9% for the unexposed group (prevalence odds ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.7-2.7). The combined analyses also identified a small but statistically significant increase in @entity339 not previously identified by individual studies (exposed 3.5%, unexposed 1.8%, prevalence odds ratio 1.6, 95% CI 1.05-2.3). Among @entity1 exposed for <90 days, a trend toward more regurgitation was not statistically significant by either combined Food and Drug Administration criteria (exposed 6.8%, unexposed 5.8%, prevalence odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 0.8-2.4) or by individual valve. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that @entity4899 -associated @entity340 is less common than initially reported, but still present in 1 of 8 @entity1 treated for >90 days.

title: Effect of XXXX -derivative diet pills on cardiac valves: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

entities_list: @entity4899 :: ('MESH:D005277', 'Chemical') :: ['fenfluramine', 'Fenfluramine']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular regurgitation', 'valvular disease']

answer: @entity4899 :: (MESH:D005277,Chemical) :: ['fenfluramine']


abstract: Donor T cells have a critical role in promoting engraftment after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), but also cause @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ). Ex vivo T cell depletion has been an effective strategy to reduce @entity2132 but has been associated with impaired alloengraftment and host immunity. Using an MHC-mismatched @entity19 model, we have examined an alternative approach to @entity2132 prevention whereby donor T cells are selectively eliminated in vivo after BMT using transgenic T cells in which a @entity1014 kinase (TK) suicide gene is targeted to the T cell. Lethally irradiated AKR/J (H-2k) @entity19 transplanted with @entity12705 C57BL/6 (B6)(H-2b) bone marrow (BM) plus B6 TK+ T cells and then treated with GCV post-BMT had significantly less @entity2132 severity and improved immune reconstitution compared to untreated @entity19 , providing proof of principle that this strategy could mitigate @entity2132 . To assess the impact of GCV administration on alloengraftment, sublethally irradiated AKR @entity19 were transplanted with @entity12705 B6 BM alone or admixed with limiting numbers (5 x 10(5)) of B6 TK+ T cells. When tested 3-4 weeks post-transplant, control @entity12705 BM @entity19 all rejected their grafts. Conversely, > 80% of GCV-treated @entity19 had sustained donor T cell engraftment comparable to what was observed in untreated animals. Notably, GCV-treated @entity19 were more likely to have mixed T cell chimerism early post-BMT than untreated animals, however, nearly all GCV-treated @entity19 progressed to complete donor T cell engraftment by 2-3 months post-transplant. Preservation of engraftment was critically dependent upon the GCV administration schedule and required that GCV be delayed for at least one week post-transplant. These studies demonstrate that specific incorporation of a suicide gene into donor T cells is a viable strategy that can be employed to reduce @entity2132 without compromising alloengraftment.

title: Regulation of alloresponses after bone marrow transplantation using donor T cells expressing a XXXX kinase suicide gene.

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft versus host disease']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

answer: @entity1014 :: (MESH:D013936,Chemical) :: ['thymidine']


abstract: Assays of neuron-localized (neurotypic) and glia-localized (gliotypic) proteins were used to detect and characterize the toxic effects of @entity2384 ( @entity2385 ) on the developing @entity35 central nervous system. Four proteins associated with specific aspects of neuronal and glial development were evaluated: 1) @entity12220 , a synaptic vesicle-associated protein; 2) neurofilament 200, an intermediate filament protein of the neuronal cytoskeleton; 3) @entity8382 , an oligodendroglia and myelin-sheath associated protein; and 4) glial fibrillary acidic protein, an intermediate filament protein of astrocytes. On postnatal days 13, 22 and 60, the amount of each protein in homogenates of cerebellum, forebrain and hippocampus was determined by radioimmunoassay. A single administration of @entity2385 (2, 3 or 4 mg/kg i.p.) on postnatal day 5 caused dose- and region-dependent decreases in brain weight with the cerebellum being most affected. These decrements were not associated with light microscopic evidence of altered brain development (on postnatal day 61) but were accompanied by large dose- and region-dependent decreases in @entity12220 and @entity8382 . Decrements in both the per tissue (total) and per milligram of tissue protein (concentration) values for these proteins were observed in cerebellum and forebrain; hippocampus was largely unaffected. @entity2385 -induced reductions in @entity12220 and @entity8382 were seen at dosages that did not affect brain, thymus or body weight. At dosages of @entity2385 that did not affect body weight, reductions in brain weight, @entity12220 and @entity8382 did not persist into adulthood. The data indicate that exposure to @entity2385 on postnatal day 5 is toxic to the developing nervous system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Acute exposure of the neonatal @entity35 to XXXX results in decreases in biochemical indicators of synaptogenesis and myelinogenesis.

entities_list: @entity2384 :: ('MESH:C011559', 'Chemical') :: ['tributyltin']

answer: @entity2384 :: (MESH:C011559,Chemical) :: ['tributyltin']


abstract: Assays of neuron-localized (neurotypic) and glia-localized (gliotypic) proteins were used to detect and characterize the toxic effects of @entity2384 ( @entity2385 ) on the developing @entity35 central nervous system. Four proteins associated with specific aspects of neuronal and glial development were evaluated: 1) @entity12220 , a synaptic vesicle-associated protein; 2) neurofilament 200, an intermediate filament protein of the neuronal cytoskeleton; 3) @entity8382 , an oligodendroglia and myelin-sheath associated protein; and 4) glial fibrillary acidic protein, an intermediate filament protein of astrocytes. On postnatal days 13, 22 and 60, the amount of each protein in homogenates of cerebellum, forebrain and hippocampus was determined by radioimmunoassay. A single administration of @entity2385 (2, 3 or 4 mg/kg i.p.) on postnatal day 5 caused dose- and region-dependent decreases in brain weight with the cerebellum being most affected. These decrements were not associated with light microscopic evidence of altered brain development (on postnatal day 61) but were accompanied by large dose- and region-dependent decreases in @entity12220 and @entity8382 . Decrements in both the per tissue (total) and per milligram of tissue protein (concentration) values for these proteins were observed in cerebellum and forebrain; hippocampus was largely unaffected. @entity2385 -induced reductions in @entity12220 and @entity8382 were seen at dosages that did not affect brain, thymus or body weight. At dosages of @entity2385 that did not affect body weight, reductions in brain weight, @entity12220 and @entity8382 did not persist into adulthood. The data indicate that exposure to @entity2385 on postnatal day 5 is toxic to the developing nervous system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Acute exposure of the neonatal XXXX to @entity2384 results in decreases in biochemical indicators of synaptogenesis and myelinogenesis.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity7459 ( @entity6836 ) is one of the commonly encountered environmental contaminants. Experiments were carried out to test for neonatal behavioral alterations associated with prenatal @entity6836 exposure. Pregnant CD-1 @entity19 were exposed in environmental chambers to 0, 22, or 45 ppm of @entity6836 in air from gestation day 7 to 18. The gas-air flow was set at 450 ml/min. Food and water were available at all times. The dams were allowed to deliver and neonatal behavioral development of the pups was studied. @entity7459 exposure did not affect the number of live pups born/litter; however, it significantly decreased their birth weight. Prenatal @entity6836 exposure at both levels significantly altered the righting reflex and aerial righting score of the pups on postnatal days 1 and 12, respectively. Prenatal @entity6836 exposure did not affect negative geotaxis and activity scores of pups on postnatal day 10 and 28, respectively. The data suggest that maternal @entity6836 exposure at low levels can affect neuromuscular coordination and thus produce deficits in the functional capability of the offspring.

title: XXXX exposure alters neonatal development.

entities_list: @entity7459 :: ('MESH:D009585', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrogen dioxide']

answer: @entity7459 :: (MESH:D009585,Chemical) :: ['Nitrogen dioxide']


abstract: We studied 24 @entity1 with histologically verified @entity5380 , reviewing the familial occurrence and presenting signs, symptoms, and radiographic features of the disorder. Eleven @entity1 had no evidence of a heritable trait and had negative family histories. Thirteen @entity1 were members of six unrelated Mexican-American families. Sixty-four first-degree and second-degree relatives were examined, and family pedigrees were established. Most relatives (83 percent) were asymptomatic; 11 percent had @entity410 . Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 16 relatives (5 of whom were asymptomatic). Fourteen of the 16 studies revealed cavernous @entity600 ; 11 studies identified @entity75 . As compared with computerized tomography and angiography, magnetic resonance imaging was far more accurate in detecting cavernous @entity600 . We conclude that cavernous @entity600 are more prevalent than previously reported, and that a familial form of the disorder exists that is more common than expected, with a high incidence of @entity75 and an increased frequency of occurrence among Mexican-American families. Magnetic resonance imaging is the radiographic technique of choice for the identification and follow-up of these lesions.

title: XXXX . Incidence and familial occurrence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['multiple lesions']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

entities_list: @entity5380 :: ('MESH:D020786', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral cavernous malformations']

answer: @entity5380 :: (MESH:D020786,Disease) :: ['Cerebral cavernous malformations']


abstract: @entity330 ( @entity331 ) is a simple alkylating agent. It induces gene mutations in fetal primordial germ cells (PGCs), and a high incidence of @entity600 is also found in the offspring of male @entity19 treated with @entity331 at the embryonic stage. It is also reported that decreases in the fertility rate and weights of the testis and ovary were found in the offspring from dams treated with @entity331 . In this study, we analyzed the occurrence of apoptotic cell death and the expression of @entity10740 protein which is thought to play an important role in the DNA damage-induced apoptosis after administration of @entity331 to pregnant @entity35 on day 13 of gestation to obtain a clue for clarifying the toxic effect of @entity331 on PGCs. Apoptotic cells increased in PGCs in fetal gonads from 3 h after treatment. The number of apoptotic PGCs peaked at 6 h and gradually decreased towards 24 h after treatment. On the other hand, @entity10740 -positive PGCs increased from I h after treatment, prior to the induction of apoptosis. The number of @entity10740 -positive PGCs peaked at 3 h and returned to the control level at 24 h after treatment. These results suggest that @entity331 induces apoptosis in @entity35 fetal PGCs immediately after its administration to dams and excess cell death by apoptosis may have a close relation to the later occurrence of decreases in the fertility rate and gonadal weight. Moreover, a possible involvement of @entity10740 is suggested in the @entity331 -induced apoptosis in PGCs.

title: XXXX -induced apoptosis in primordial germ cells of the @entity35 fetus.

entities_list: @entity330 :: ('MESH:D005038', 'Chemical') :: ['Ethylnitrosourea']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

answer: @entity330 :: (MESH:D005038,Chemical) :: ['Ethylnitrosourea']


abstract: @entity330 ( @entity331 ) is a simple alkylating agent. It induces gene mutations in fetal primordial germ cells (PGCs), and a high incidence of @entity600 is also found in the offspring of male @entity19 treated with @entity331 at the embryonic stage. It is also reported that decreases in the fertility rate and weights of the testis and ovary were found in the offspring from dams treated with @entity331 . In this study, we analyzed the occurrence of apoptotic cell death and the expression of @entity10740 protein which is thought to play an important role in the DNA damage-induced apoptosis after administration of @entity331 to pregnant @entity35 on day 13 of gestation to obtain a clue for clarifying the toxic effect of @entity331 on PGCs. Apoptotic cells increased in PGCs in fetal gonads from 3 h after treatment. The number of apoptotic PGCs peaked at 6 h and gradually decreased towards 24 h after treatment. On the other hand, @entity10740 -positive PGCs increased from I h after treatment, prior to the induction of apoptosis. The number of @entity10740 -positive PGCs peaked at 3 h and returned to the control level at 24 h after treatment. These results suggest that @entity331 induces apoptosis in @entity35 fetal PGCs immediately after its administration to dams and excess cell death by apoptosis may have a close relation to the later occurrence of decreases in the fertility rate and gonadal weight. Moreover, a possible involvement of @entity10740 is suggested in the @entity331 -induced apoptosis in PGCs.

title: @entity330 -induced apoptosis in primordial germ cells of the XXXX fetus.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Sixteen cases of histopathologically proved @entity1066 were encountered. Fifteen @entity1 underwent barium enema study; in nine cases the findings--including rectal stricture, granularity of the mucosa, and thickened rectal folds-were nonspecific. In six cases the study was normal. All @entity1 had a long history of @entity74 , and defecography was performed in all. In seven cases, intussusception of the rectal wall was seen; in another case the intussusception was accompanied by a rectocele. One case showed @entity3577 . In four cases, failed relaxation of the puborectalis occurred and prevented the passage of the bolus; in another case there was abnormal perineal descent. In two @entity1 studies were normal. In @entity1 with @entity74 , the possibility of this syndrome should be considered. Defecography is the method of choice for establishing the diagnosis.

title: XXXX : findings at barium enema study and defecography.

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['solitary rectal ulcer syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['rectal prolapse']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['defecation disorders']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost effectiveness of the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) @entity15632 , @entity9886 , @entity917 and @entity7056 for the treatment of @entity101 , from the perspective of a US managed care setting. METHODS: The evaluation was based on a recently completed, prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical trial comparing the antihypertensive efficacy of these agents. Differences in diastolic blood pressure reductions among the comparative agents were used to estimate reductions in the annualised risk of cardiovascular (CV) and cerebrovascular events using the Framingham model. These annualised risks were translated into reductions in healthcare expenditures associated with treating CV events covered by managed care in the US. Data sources included: the recently published clinical trial of ARB antihypertensive efficacy, the Framingham Heart Study and a managed care database. Actual reimbursed amounts were used. RESULTS: Based on antihypertensive efficacy data versus @entity7056 , the use of @entity9885 medoxomil is expected to reduce the number of new cases of @entity65 , resulting in a first-year reduction in cost in a cohort of 100,000 @entity1 of 906,000 US dollars. Similarly, a reduction in new cases of @entity301 ( @entity301 ) resulted in a cost reduction of 701,000 US dollars; a cost reduction of 196,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ( @entity583 ); and a cost reduction of 28,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 5,410,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity65 ; 3,975,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity301 ; 1,430,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ; and 497,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Compared with @entity917 , the use of @entity9885 medoxomil is estimated to reduce by 3,397,000 US dollars the expected cost of treating a cohort of 100 000 @entity1 in the first year for fewer cases of @entity65 ; by 2,426,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity301 ; by 565,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ; and by 124,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 16,231,000 US dollars for @entity65 ; 11,955,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 4,505,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 1,741,000 dollars for @entity64 . Compared with @entity9886 , the estimated reduction in first-year cost is 2,969,000 US dollars for @entity65 for the cohort of 100,000 @entity1 ; 2,163,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 732,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 124,000 US dollars for @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 15,149,000 US dollars for @entity65 ; 11,107,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 4,057,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 1,437,000 dollars for @entity64 . CONCLUSION: Based on comparative antihypertensive efficacy data, treatment of @entity101 @entity1 with @entity9885 medoxomil instead of the other leading ARBs has the potential to reduce overall cost of medical care in a US managed care setting.

title: Comparative cost effectiveness of angiotensin II receptor blockers in a US managed care setting: XXXX medoxomil compared with @entity9886 , @entity917 , and @entity7056 .

entities_list: @entity917 :: ('MESH:C081489', 'Chemical') :: ['valsartan']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity7056 :: ('MESH:C081309', 'Chemical') :: ['irbesartan']

entities_list: @entity15632 :: ('MESH:C097933', 'Chemical') :: ['olmesartan medoxomil']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

entities_list: @entity9885 :: ('MESH:C437965', 'Chemical') :: ['olmesartan']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'myocardial infarctions']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CV disease']

answer: @entity9885 :: (MESH:C437965,Chemical) :: ['olmesartan']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost effectiveness of the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) @entity15632 , @entity9886 , @entity917 and @entity7056 for the treatment of @entity101 , from the perspective of a US managed care setting. METHODS: The evaluation was based on a recently completed, prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical trial comparing the antihypertensive efficacy of these agents. Differences in diastolic blood pressure reductions among the comparative agents were used to estimate reductions in the annualised risk of cardiovascular (CV) and cerebrovascular events using the Framingham model. These annualised risks were translated into reductions in healthcare expenditures associated with treating CV events covered by managed care in the US. Data sources included: the recently published clinical trial of ARB antihypertensive efficacy, the Framingham Heart Study and a managed care database. Actual reimbursed amounts were used. RESULTS: Based on antihypertensive efficacy data versus @entity7056 , the use of @entity9885 medoxomil is expected to reduce the number of new cases of @entity65 , resulting in a first-year reduction in cost in a cohort of 100,000 @entity1 of 906,000 US dollars. Similarly, a reduction in new cases of @entity301 ( @entity301 ) resulted in a cost reduction of 701,000 US dollars; a cost reduction of 196,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ( @entity583 ); and a cost reduction of 28,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 5,410,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity65 ; 3,975,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity301 ; 1,430,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ; and 497,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Compared with @entity917 , the use of @entity9885 medoxomil is estimated to reduce by 3,397,000 US dollars the expected cost of treating a cohort of 100 000 @entity1 in the first year for fewer cases of @entity65 ; by 2,426,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity301 ; by 565,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ; and by 124,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 16,231,000 US dollars for @entity65 ; 11,955,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 4,505,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 1,741,000 dollars for @entity64 . Compared with @entity9886 , the estimated reduction in first-year cost is 2,969,000 US dollars for @entity65 for the cohort of 100,000 @entity1 ; 2,163,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 732,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 124,000 US dollars for @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 15,149,000 US dollars for @entity65 ; 11,107,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 4,057,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 1,437,000 dollars for @entity64 . CONCLUSION: Based on comparative antihypertensive efficacy data, treatment of @entity101 @entity1 with @entity9885 medoxomil instead of the other leading ARBs has the potential to reduce overall cost of medical care in a US managed care setting.

title: Comparative cost effectiveness of angiotensin II receptor blockers in a US managed care setting: @entity9885 medoxomil compared with @entity9886 , XXXX , and @entity7056 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity917 :: (MESH:C081489,Chemical) :: ['valsartan']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost effectiveness of the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) @entity15632 , @entity9886 , @entity917 and @entity7056 for the treatment of @entity101 , from the perspective of a US managed care setting. METHODS: The evaluation was based on a recently completed, prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical trial comparing the antihypertensive efficacy of these agents. Differences in diastolic blood pressure reductions among the comparative agents were used to estimate reductions in the annualised risk of cardiovascular (CV) and cerebrovascular events using the Framingham model. These annualised risks were translated into reductions in healthcare expenditures associated with treating CV events covered by managed care in the US. Data sources included: the recently published clinical trial of ARB antihypertensive efficacy, the Framingham Heart Study and a managed care database. Actual reimbursed amounts were used. RESULTS: Based on antihypertensive efficacy data versus @entity7056 , the use of @entity9885 medoxomil is expected to reduce the number of new cases of @entity65 , resulting in a first-year reduction in cost in a cohort of 100,000 @entity1 of 906,000 US dollars. Similarly, a reduction in new cases of @entity301 ( @entity301 ) resulted in a cost reduction of 701,000 US dollars; a cost reduction of 196,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ( @entity583 ); and a cost reduction of 28,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 5,410,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity65 ; 3,975,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity301 ; 1,430,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ; and 497,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Compared with @entity917 , the use of @entity9885 medoxomil is estimated to reduce by 3,397,000 US dollars the expected cost of treating a cohort of 100 000 @entity1 in the first year for fewer cases of @entity65 ; by 2,426,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity301 ; by 565,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ; and by 124,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 16,231,000 US dollars for @entity65 ; 11,955,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 4,505,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 1,741,000 dollars for @entity64 . Compared with @entity9886 , the estimated reduction in first-year cost is 2,969,000 US dollars for @entity65 for the cohort of 100,000 @entity1 ; 2,163,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 732,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 124,000 US dollars for @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 15,149,000 US dollars for @entity65 ; 11,107,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 4,057,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 1,437,000 dollars for @entity64 . CONCLUSION: Based on comparative antihypertensive efficacy data, treatment of @entity101 @entity1 with @entity9885 medoxomil instead of the other leading ARBs has the potential to reduce overall cost of medical care in a US managed care setting.

title: Comparative cost effectiveness of angiotensin II receptor blockers in a US managed care setting: @entity9885 medoxomil compared with XXXX , @entity917 , and @entity7056 .

answer: @entity9886 :: (MESH:D019808,Chemical) :: ['losartan']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost effectiveness of the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) @entity15632 , @entity9886 , @entity917 and @entity7056 for the treatment of @entity101 , from the perspective of a US managed care setting. METHODS: The evaluation was based on a recently completed, prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical trial comparing the antihypertensive efficacy of these agents. Differences in diastolic blood pressure reductions among the comparative agents were used to estimate reductions in the annualised risk of cardiovascular (CV) and cerebrovascular events using the Framingham model. These annualised risks were translated into reductions in healthcare expenditures associated with treating CV events covered by managed care in the US. Data sources included: the recently published clinical trial of ARB antihypertensive efficacy, the Framingham Heart Study and a managed care database. Actual reimbursed amounts were used. RESULTS: Based on antihypertensive efficacy data versus @entity7056 , the use of @entity9885 medoxomil is expected to reduce the number of new cases of @entity65 , resulting in a first-year reduction in cost in a cohort of 100,000 @entity1 of 906,000 US dollars. Similarly, a reduction in new cases of @entity301 ( @entity301 ) resulted in a cost reduction of 701,000 US dollars; a cost reduction of 196,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ( @entity583 ); and a cost reduction of 28,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 5,410,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity65 ; 3,975,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity301 ; 1,430,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ; and 497,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Compared with @entity917 , the use of @entity9885 medoxomil is estimated to reduce by 3,397,000 US dollars the expected cost of treating a cohort of 100 000 @entity1 in the first year for fewer cases of @entity65 ; by 2,426,000 US dollars for fewer cases of @entity301 ; by 565,000 US dollars for fewer @entity583 ; and by 124,000 US dollars for fewer @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 16,231,000 US dollars for @entity65 ; 11,955,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 4,505,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 1,741,000 dollars for @entity64 . Compared with @entity9886 , the estimated reduction in first-year cost is 2,969,000 US dollars for @entity65 for the cohort of 100,000 @entity1 ; 2,163,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 732,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 124,000 US dollars for @entity64 . Over 5 years, these estimates increase to 15,149,000 US dollars for @entity65 ; 11,107,000 US dollars for @entity301 ; 4,057,000 US dollars for @entity583 ; and 1,437,000 dollars for @entity64 . CONCLUSION: Based on comparative antihypertensive efficacy data, treatment of @entity101 @entity1 with @entity9885 medoxomil instead of the other leading ARBs has the potential to reduce overall cost of medical care in a US managed care setting.

title: Comparative cost effectiveness of angiotensin II receptor blockers in a US managed care setting: @entity9885 medoxomil compared with @entity9886 , @entity917 , and XXXX .

answer: @entity7056 :: (MESH:C081309,Chemical) :: ['irbesartan']


abstract: More than 500,000 visits to the emergency room occur annually in the United States, for acute knee @entity130 . Many of these are twisting injuries in young @entity1 who can walk and bear weight, and emergent radiographs are not required. Several clinical decision rules have been devised that can considerably reduce the number of radiographs ordered without missing a clinically significant @entity174 . Although a @entity174 is seen on only 5% of emergency department knee radiographs, 86% of knee @entity174 result from @entity130 . In @entity1 with a fall or twisting injury who have focal tenderness, effusion, or inability to bear weight, radiographs should be the first imaging study obtained. If the radiograph shows no @entity174 , MRI is best for evaluating for a suspected meniscus or ligament tear, or the injuries from a reduced @entity8043 . @entity1 with a @entity3031 should undergo radiographs and an MRI, as well as an angiographic study such as a fluoroscopic, CT, or MR angiogram. The @entity12169 Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed every three years by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and review include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journals and the application of a well-established consensus methodology (modified Delphi) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures, by the panel. In those instances in which evidence is lacking or not definitive, expert opinion may be used to recommend imaging or treatment.

title: @entity12169 Appropriateness Criteria Acute XXXX to the Knee.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity3031 :: ('MESH:D031221', 'Disease') :: ['knee dislocation']

entities_list: @entity8043 :: ('MESH:D031222', 'Disease') :: ['patellar dislocation']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['blunt trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: More than 500,000 visits to the emergency room occur annually in the United States, for acute knee @entity130 . Many of these are twisting injuries in young @entity1 who can walk and bear weight, and emergent radiographs are not required. Several clinical decision rules have been devised that can considerably reduce the number of radiographs ordered without missing a clinically significant @entity174 . Although a @entity174 is seen on only 5% of emergency department knee radiographs, 86% of knee @entity174 result from @entity130 . In @entity1 with a fall or twisting injury who have focal tenderness, effusion, or inability to bear weight, radiographs should be the first imaging study obtained. If the radiograph shows no @entity174 , MRI is best for evaluating for a suspected meniscus or ligament tear, or the injuries from a reduced @entity8043 . @entity1 with a @entity3031 should undergo radiographs and an MRI, as well as an angiographic study such as a fluoroscopic, CT, or MR angiogram. The @entity12169 Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed every three years by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and review include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journals and the application of a well-established consensus methodology (modified Delphi) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures, by the panel. In those instances in which evidence is lacking or not definitive, expert opinion may be used to recommend imaging or treatment.

title: XXXX Appropriateness Criteria Acute @entity130 to the Knee.

answer: @entity12169 :: (49,Gene) :: ['ACR']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Without surgical treatment, @entity1699 ( @entity1699 ) mortality in the first year of life exceeds 90  % and, in spite of improved surgical outcomes, many families still opt for non-surgical management. The purpose of this study was to investigate trends in neonatal @entity1699 management and to identify characteristics of @entity1 who did not undergo surgical palliation. Neonates with @entity1699 were identified from a serial cross-sectional analysis using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Kids' Inpatient Database from 2000 to 2012. The primary analysis compared @entity1 undergoing surgical palliation to those discharged alive without surgery using a binary logistic regression model. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine factors associated with treatment choice. A total of 1750 @entity1 underwent analysis. Overall hospital mortality decreased from 35.3  % in 2000 to 22.9  % in 2012. The percentage of @entity1 undergoing comfort care discharge without surgery also decreased from 21.2 to 14.8  %. After controlling for demographics and comorbidities, older @entity1 at presentation were less likely to undergo surgery (OR 0.93, 0.91-0.96), and @entity1 in 2012 were more likely to undergo surgery compared to those in prior years (OR 1.5, 1.1-2.1). Discharge without surgical intervention is decreasing with a 30  % reduction between 2000 and 2012. Given the improvement in surgical outcomes, further dialogue about ethical justification of non-operative comfort or palliative care is warranted. In the meantime, clinicians should present families with surgical outcome data and recommend intervention, while supporting their option to refuse.

title: Management Options and Outcomes for Neonatal XXXX in the Early Twenty-First Century.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1699 :: ('MESH:D018636', 'Disease') :: ['HLHS', 'neonatal hypoplastic left heart syndrome']

answer: @entity1699 :: (MESH:D018636,Disease) :: ['Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: Implanting the largest valved conduit possible - oversizing - to reconstruct an absent connection from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery in certain types of @entity4297 has been suggested as a compensating measure for somatic outgrowth of the @entity1 . However, one effect that has not been investigated yet is the hemodynamic consequence. For this purpose, virtual implantation and flow simulations were conducted in this study. METHODS: To isolate the effects of conduit oversizing on the hemodynamics observed after conduit implantation and outgrowth, calculated @entity1642 ( @entity1642 ) of image-based @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ) simulations were used as indicators. Three different sizes of valved conduits (20 mm, 22 mm, and 24 mm), including the largest possible conduit size, virtually implanted in a @entity1 -sized healthy pulmonary artery and the corresponding adult-sized model were investigated. RESULTS: The @entity1 and adult models show a decrease of the mean @entity1642 (approx. 26%) in the whole domain with an increase of the conduit size. When looking at the mean @entity1642 at the @entity254 , for the @entity1 model the @entity1642 is significantly increased (approx. 40%) when oversizing (Z-score +3.21). In contrast, the stresses are decreased for the adult model (34%) when using the largest conduit (Z-score +0.25). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, it must be considered that choosing a prosthesis size that will lead to high @entity1642 and an associated intimal reaction, possibly leading to stenosis, can defeat the benefit of having a nominally larger orifice area directly after implantation.

title: Effect of pulmonary conduit oversizing on hemodynamics in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['CFD', 'computational fluid dynamic']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['wall shear stresses', 'WSS']

entities_list: @entity4297 :: ('MESH:D006330', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart defects']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Transdermal delivery of @entity3092 (QR, @entity3092 ), a natural @entity3096 with a considerable antioxidant capacity, is important for medical treatment of, e.g., @entity272 . QR permeability through skin is low, which, at the same time, makes the monitoring of percutaneous QR penetration difficult. The objective of this study was to assess an electrochemical method for monitoring QR penetration through skin membranes. An electrode was covered with the membrane, exposed to QR solution, and electrode current was measured. The registered current was due to electro-oxidation of QR penetrating the membrane. Exploiting strict current-QR flux relationships diffusion coefficient, D, of QR in skin and dialysis membranes was calculated. The D values were strongly dependent on the theoretical model and parameters assumed in the processing of the amperometric data. The highest values of D were in the range of 1.6-6.1*10(-7)cm(2)/s. This was reached only for skin membranes pretreated with buffer- @entity1068 mixture for more than 24h. QR solutions containing penetration enhancers, @entity1068 and @entity46098 , definitely increased D values. The results demonstrate that electrochemical setup gives a possibility to assess penetration characteristics as well as enables monitoring of penetration dynamics, which is more difficult by traditional methods using Franz cells.

title: Amperometric monitoring of XXXX permeation through skin membranes.

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorders']

entities_list: @entity3092 :: ('MESH:D011794', 'Chemical') :: ['quercetin', "3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone"]

entities_list: @entity3096 :: ('CHEBI:47916', 'Chemical') :: ['flavonoid']

answer: @entity3092 :: (MESH:D011794,Chemical) :: ['quercetin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Epigenetic regulation of oxidative stress is emerging as a critical mediator of @entity2316 . In @entity6 , oxidative damage occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive @entity26 species generation and enzymatic antioxidant repair. Here, we investigated the function of the histone methyltransferase enzyme enhancer of zeste homolog 2 ( @entity71059 ) in attenuating oxidative injury in podocytes, focusing on its regulation of the endogenous antioxidant inhibitor @entity22228 ( @entity22228 ). Pharmacologic or genetic depletion of @entity71059 augmented @entity22228 expression and oxidative stress in podocytes cultured under high- @entity413 conditions. Conversely, @entity71059 upregulation through inhibition of its regulatory microRNA, microRNA-101, downregulated @entity22228 and attenuated oxidative stress. In @entity6 @entity35 , depletion of @entity71059 decreased histone 3 @entity376 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), increased glomerular @entity22228 expression, induced podocyte injury, and augmented oxidative stress and @entity644 . Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed H3K27me3 enrichment at the promoter of the transcription factor @entity26660 , which was upregulated on @entity71059 depletion and bound to the @entity22228 promoter, controlling expression of its gene product. In high @entity413 -exposed podocytes and the kidneys of @entity6 @entity35 , the lower @entity71059 expression detected coincided with upregulation of @entity26660 and @entity22228 . Finally, in a gene expression array, @entity22228 was among seven of 30,854 genes upregulated by high @entity413 , @entity71059 depletion, and the combination thereof. Thus, @entity71059 represses the transcription factor @entity26660 , which controls expression of the antioxidant inhibitor @entity22228 , and in @entity6 , downregulation of @entity71059 promotes oxidative stress. These findings expand the extent to which epigenetic processes affect the @entity6 kidney to include antioxidant repair.

title: The Histone Methyltransferase Enzyme Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protects against Podocyte Oxidative Stress and Renal Injury in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity22228 :: ('117514(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['TxnIP', 'thioredoxin interacting protein']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: @entity4242 is a fairly common feature observed in @entity1 with delayed development, defined as head circumference less than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. It may be the result of an acquired insult to the brain, such prenatal or perinatal @entity1545 ( @entity281 or @entity519 ischemic @entity75 ), or be a part of a @entity74 . There are over 1000 conditions listed in OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in @entity1 ) where @entity4242 is a key finding; many of these are associated with specific somatic features and non-CNS anomalies. The term primary @entity4242 is used when @entity4242 and delayed development are the primary features, and they are not part of another recognized syndrome. In this case report, we present the clinical features of siblings (brother and sister) with primary @entity4242 and delayed development, and @entity154 . Both @entity1 had brain MRI studies that showed periventricular and subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, without signs of @entity62 , and no parenchymal calcifications by CT scan. The family was enrolled in a research study for whole exome sequencing of probands and parents. Analysis of variants determined that the @entity1 were compound heterozygotes for nonsense mutations, @entity71060 (p.Arg93*) and @entity71061 (p.Arg133*), in the @entity19205 gene. Mutations in this gene have only recently been reported in @entity1 with @entity4242 and early onset @entity6 . Our report adds to current knowledge of @entity19205 related @entity245 and demonstrates imaging findings suggestive of @entity6220 in this disorder. Accurate diagnosis through genomic testing, as in the @entity1 described here, allows for early detection and management of medical complications, such as @entity6 .

title: Case Report: Compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in @entity19205 are associated with @entity4242 , delayed development, and periventricular XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Man']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['subtle dysmorphic features']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['delayed or abnormal myelination of the white matter']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['neurodevelopmental disorders']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['congenital infection']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4242 :: ('MESH:D008831', 'Disease') :: ['Microcephaly', 'microcephaly']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter volume loss']

answer: @entity62 :: (MESH:D056784,Disease) :: ['white matter hyperintensities']


abstract: @entity4242 is a fairly common feature observed in @entity1 with delayed development, defined as head circumference less than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. It may be the result of an acquired insult to the brain, such prenatal or perinatal @entity1545 ( @entity281 or @entity519 ischemic @entity75 ), or be a part of a @entity74 . There are over 1000 conditions listed in OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in @entity1 ) where @entity4242 is a key finding; many of these are associated with specific somatic features and non-CNS anomalies. The term primary @entity4242 is used when @entity4242 and delayed development are the primary features, and they are not part of another recognized syndrome. In this case report, we present the clinical features of siblings (brother and sister) with primary @entity4242 and delayed development, and @entity154 . Both @entity1 had brain MRI studies that showed periventricular and subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, without signs of @entity62 , and no parenchymal calcifications by CT scan. The family was enrolled in a research study for whole exome sequencing of probands and parents. Analysis of variants determined that the @entity1 were compound heterozygotes for nonsense mutations, @entity71060 (p.Arg93*) and @entity71061 (p.Arg133*), in the @entity19205 gene. Mutations in this gene have only recently been reported in @entity1 with @entity4242 and early onset @entity6 . Our report adds to current knowledge of @entity19205 related @entity245 and demonstrates imaging findings suggestive of @entity6220 in this disorder. Accurate diagnosis through genomic testing, as in the @entity1 described here, allows for early detection and management of medical complications, such as @entity6 .

title: Case Report: Compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in XXXX are associated with @entity4242 , delayed development, and periventricular @entity62 .

answer: @entity19205 :: (93587,Gene) :: ['TRMT10A']


abstract: @entity4242 is a fairly common feature observed in @entity1 with delayed development, defined as head circumference less than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender. It may be the result of an acquired insult to the brain, such prenatal or perinatal @entity1545 ( @entity281 or @entity519 ischemic @entity75 ), or be a part of a @entity74 . There are over 1000 conditions listed in OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in @entity1 ) where @entity4242 is a key finding; many of these are associated with specific somatic features and non-CNS anomalies. The term primary @entity4242 is used when @entity4242 and delayed development are the primary features, and they are not part of another recognized syndrome. In this case report, we present the clinical features of siblings (brother and sister) with primary @entity4242 and delayed development, and @entity154 . Both @entity1 had brain MRI studies that showed periventricular and subcortical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities, without signs of @entity62 , and no parenchymal calcifications by CT scan. The family was enrolled in a research study for whole exome sequencing of probands and parents. Analysis of variants determined that the @entity1 were compound heterozygotes for nonsense mutations, @entity71060 (p.Arg93*) and @entity71061 (p.Arg133*), in the @entity19205 gene. Mutations in this gene have only recently been reported in @entity1 with @entity4242 and early onset @entity6 . Our report adds to current knowledge of @entity19205 related @entity245 and demonstrates imaging findings suggestive of @entity6220 in this disorder. Accurate diagnosis through genomic testing, as in the @entity1 described here, allows for early detection and management of medical complications, such as @entity6 .

title: Case Report: Compound heterozygous nonsense mutations in @entity19205 are associated with XXXX , delayed development, and periventricular @entity62 .

answer: @entity4242 :: (MESH:D008831,Disease) :: ['microcephaly']


abstract: The effect of hypobaric hypoxaemia on the concentration of metabolic substrates in the ovine fetus and pregnant ewe with implanted vascular catheters, was investigated. At 120 to 141 days of gestation @entity742 were subjected to hypobaria (mean fetal carotid @entity4095 12.7 +/- 0.7 torr; n = 9) or normobaria (mean fetal carotid @entity4095 22.7 +/- 0.7 torr; n = 11; P less than 0.001). At 141 days gestation mean fetal weight was 3.46 +/- 0.72 kg in the hypobaric group compared to 4.15 +/- 0.51 in the normobaric group (P less than 0.05). Concentrations of @entity413 in maternal and fetal plasma and @entity948 in fetal plasma were similar in hypobaric and normobaric fetuses. The concentration of @entity880 in fetal plasma rose from 1.68 +/- 1.34 to 8.79 +/- 5.8 mmol/l (P less than 0.001) within 24 h of onset of @entity519 , but fell to 3.36 +/- 1.13 mmol/l by day 3 of treatment, though still significantly above the concentration of @entity880 in the control fetuses (1.47 +/- 0.47; P less than 0.001). There was no significant effect of @entity519 on the concentration of @entity880 or @entity493 in maternal plasma. @entity493 concentration in the plasma of fetuses subjected to @entity519 significantly increased within 24 h of exposure (0.28 +/- 0.10 vs 0.58 +/- 0.39 mmol/l; P less than 0.01) and remained elevated for the duration of the study. There was no significant effect of gestational age on the concentration of metabolic substrates in either the control or experimental groups. @entity519 is associated with a sustained rise in the concentration of plasma @entity880 and @entity493 in the fetus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Changes to metabolite concentration in fetal @entity742 subjected to prolonged hypobaric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxia', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine', 'Alanine']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']


abstract: The effect of hypobaric hypoxaemia on the concentration of metabolic substrates in the ovine fetus and pregnant ewe with implanted vascular catheters, was investigated. At 120 to 141 days of gestation @entity742 were subjected to hypobaria (mean fetal carotid @entity4095 12.7 +/- 0.7 torr; n = 9) or normobaria (mean fetal carotid @entity4095 22.7 +/- 0.7 torr; n = 11; P less than 0.001). At 141 days gestation mean fetal weight was 3.46 +/- 0.72 kg in the hypobaric group compared to 4.15 +/- 0.51 in the normobaric group (P less than 0.05). Concentrations of @entity413 in maternal and fetal plasma and @entity948 in fetal plasma were similar in hypobaric and normobaric fetuses. The concentration of @entity880 in fetal plasma rose from 1.68 +/- 1.34 to 8.79 +/- 5.8 mmol/l (P less than 0.001) within 24 h of onset of @entity519 , but fell to 3.36 +/- 1.13 mmol/l by day 3 of treatment, though still significantly above the concentration of @entity880 in the control fetuses (1.47 +/- 0.47; P less than 0.001). There was no significant effect of @entity519 on the concentration of @entity880 or @entity493 in maternal plasma. @entity493 concentration in the plasma of fetuses subjected to @entity519 significantly increased within 24 h of exposure (0.28 +/- 0.10 vs 0.58 +/- 0.39 mmol/l; P less than 0.01) and remained elevated for the duration of the study. There was no significant effect of gestational age on the concentration of metabolic substrates in either the control or experimental groups. @entity519 is associated with a sustained rise in the concentration of plasma @entity880 and @entity493 in the fetus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Changes to metabolite concentration in fetal XXXX subjected to prolonged hypobaric @entity519 .

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of comorbidities in early @entity309 (ERA) and early @entity1691 (ESpA) versus the general population. METHODS: Baseline data of 689 @entity1 with ERA from the Etude et Suivi des Polyarthrites Indiff  renci  es R  centes (ESPOIR) cohort (age 48.2  12.1   years, symptoms duration 14.2  14.5   weeks) and 645 @entity1 with ESpA from Devenir des Spondylarthropathies Indiff  renci  es R  centes (DESIR; age 32.8  8.4   years, axial symptoms duration 79.0  45.7   weeks) were analysed. @entity65 ( @entity65 ), @entity281 and @entity5 were determined in each cohort. The prevalence (95% CI) of several comorbidities was compared with that in the French general population. For @entity1 without @entity65 , the 10-year risk of developing @entity65 was calculated using the Framingham and SCORE equations. The heart age was calculated using the 2008 Framingham points system. RESULTS: 42% of @entity1 with ERA and 20.3% of @entity1 with ESpA had at least 1 comorbidity; the most common were @entity101 ( @entity101 ) and dyslipidaemia. @entity101 prevalence (95% CI) in ERA (18.2% (15.5% to 21.3%)), but not in ESpA (5.08% (3.57% to 7.14%)), was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared with the general population (7.58%). Prevalence of @entity378 history was higher in ERA (4.7% (3.3% to 6.6%)), and ESpA (0.99% (0.4% to 2.3%)) than in the general population (0.02%; both p<0.05). No differences were observed in @entity5 , @entity301 or @entity6 . In ERA, among @entity1 without a history of @entity65 , an intermediate to high @entity65 risk was found. The heart age exceeded the real age by 4.1  9.6   years in ERA and by 2.1  7.0   years in ESpA (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found an increased prevalence of @entity101 and @entity378 history in ERA and ESpA, and an increased @entity65 risk. These results should prompt rheumatologists to check these comorbidities early in the disease.

title: Cardiovascular and selected comorbidities in early arthritis and XXXX , a comparative study: results from the ESPOIR and DESIR cohorts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['AHT', 'arterial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['axial spondyloarthritis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'Metabolic and cardiovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity1691 :: (MESH:D013167,Disease) :: ['early spondyloarthritis']


abstract: Nontuberculous @entity281 in an immunocompetent young @entity1 complicated with @entity5229 is rarely reported. A 36-year-old @entity1 presented to the emergency department with a history of worsening @entity1353 and @entity662 . The @entity1 had unstable vital signs on presentation, and was referred to the resuscitation area on a monitored bed. The @entity1 had a chest x-ray (CXR) performed on a prior occasion at a primary health clinic, revealing pneumothorax and some fluid at the left costophrenic angle. On arrival at the hospital, bedside ultrasound was performed which confirmed the diagnosis of pneumothorax. His vital signs were pulse 153, BP 88/62, RR 50  breaths per minute and his @entity26 saturation on air was 92%. Tension pneumothorax was diagnosed based on clinical presentation and given vital signs. It was managed immediately with needle decompression followed by chest tube insertion. The @entity1 improved dramatically after needle decompression with stabilization of vital signs. A CXR was repeated post-needle decompression which showed an @entity5229 with an increase in the size of the effusion. Iatrogenic haemothorax was a possible explanation for this increase in effusion size. Chest tube was successfully inserted in the fourth intercostal space just anterior to the midaxillary line under full aseptic precautions. The chest tube drained 1.4  liters of blood, which on analysis showed a low pH and elevated @entity859 deaminase level. Two out of three sputum samples sent from the medical ward were positive for mycobacteria other than @entity378 as confirmed on culture. The @entity1 's symptoms improved with percutaneous tube @entity2004 and antituberculous medications.

title: Nontuberculous XXXX presenting as empyema and life threatening pneumothorax: A challenging situation in the emergency department.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritic chest pain']

entities_list: @entity5229 :: ('MESH:D011030', 'Disease') :: ['empyema and pneumothorax', 'incompletely resolved pneumothorax']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['mycobacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity2004 :: ('MESH:D006468', 'Disease') :: ['drainage of hemopneumothorax']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['mycobacterial infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recalcitrant @entity2633 ( @entity924 ) is a common cause of @entity158 with many treatment options. In the present study, the medium-term results after open release and radiofrequency microtenotomy are reported. HYPOTHESIS: Microtenotomy would provide long-term @entity158 relief that was as good as the open release method. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized trial. METHODS: Twenty-four @entity1 randomized to either open release or microtenotomy were assessed after 5 to 7 years. Clinical examination and dynamic infrared thermography (DIRT) of both elbows were performed preoperatively and at the medium-term follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both elbows was performed at the medium-term follow-up. RESULTS: Significant @entity158 reduction was found using a visual analog scale (VAS) at the medium-term follow-up in both groups compared with the preoperative assessment (P < .005). The Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) increased significantly in both groups (P < .01). The improvement in grip strength was not significant in either group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of VAS, strength, and the MEPS. On the DIRT examinations, there were significantly fewer hot spots at the medium-term follow-up than preoperatively (P = .0067, both study groups together). The MRI examinations revealed grade II changes in the operated elbow in 1 @entity1 in each group at the medium-term follow-up, while all the other MRI examinations revealed a normal tendon. CONCLUSION: In this prospective, randomized trial with a medium-term follow-up, the results were similar after surgical release and microtenotomy in @entity1 with recalcitrant @entity2633 . The hypothesis was thus verified.

title: Medium-Term Results After Treatment of Recalcitrant XXXX : A Prospective, Randomized Study Comparing Open Release and Radiofrequency Microtenotomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2633 :: ('MESH:D013716', 'Disease') :: ['lateral epicondylitis']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['elbow extensor-origin tendinosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'elbow pain']

answer: @entity2633 :: (MESH:D013716,Disease) :: ['Lateral Epicondylitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the short-term surgical outcomes and cost-benefits following totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) and laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) for the treatment of @entity356 . METHODS: Between April 2007 and December 2013, a total of 100 @entity1 with @entity356 underwent laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. The @entity1 were classified into two groups according to whether intracorporeal @entity254 or extracorporeal @entity254 had been performed. The comparison between the groups was based on clinicopathological characteristics and surgical and economic outcomes. RESULTS: There were 57 and 43 @entity1 who underwent TLDG and LADG, respectively. The @entity1 ' demographics and @entity5 characteristics did not show any statistically significant differences with the exception for @entity5 location. In the LADG group, @entity5 were localized to relatively higher positions (p  =  0.024) and received Roux-en-Y reconstruction more frequently (p  <  0.001). There were no differences in the incidence of morbidity. @entity834 was not recorded in either group, although @entity850 occurred in one @entity1 (1.8  %) after TLDG and in two @entity1 (4.7  %) after LADG. Compared with the LADG group, the TLDG group was associated with significantly less operative @entity190 (p  <  0.001), a shorter time to oral intake (p  =  0.012), and hospital stay (p  =  0.018). The median operation costs were greater in the TLDG group than in the LADG group (  982,000 in TLDG vs.   879,830 in LADG; p  <  0.001), whereas the median total hospital costs were similar between the two groups (  1302,665 in LADG vs.   1383,322 in TLDG: p  =  0.119). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that TLDG is as technically feasible, safe, and effective as LADG for treating @entity1 with @entity356 . Furthermore, TLDG is associated with equivalent total hospital costs compared with LADG. The increased operation cost is offset by the decreased costs associated with longer periods of hospitalization.

title: Comparison of the cost and outcomes following totally laparoscopic and laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomies for XXXX : a single-institution comparison.

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['Anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An 8 yr old, reportedly castrated male Boston terrier presented with a history of generalized @entity17401 and intermittent shifting leg @entity1273 . Physical examination revealed a caudal abdominal mass and bilateral shoulder @entity158 . A complete blood count, serum biochemistry panel, and urinalysis were unremarkable. @entity1514 radiographs demonstrated bony proliferation and lysis of the third sternebra, an expansile lesion of the left tenth rib, and lucency in both proximal humeral metaphyses. Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound revealed a soft tissue mass within the caudoventral right abdomen. Ultrasonography also revealed an enlarged lymph node within the right retroperitoneal space. Exploratory laparotomy identified the mass as a retained testicle. A cryptorchidectomy, lymph node biopsy, and bilateral percutaneous core biopsies of the proximal humeri were performed. Histopathologic examination revealed @entity5 of the testicle with @entity3 to lymph node and bone. Adjuvant chemotherapy was recommended, but it was declined by the owner. All follow-up was lost. This case highlights a unique case for causative @entity17401 secondary to a novel site of @entity3 from @entity5 . @entity3 to bone has not been reported in @entity1 or @entity235 and represents a very unusual and aberrant variant of the normally relatively benign biological behavior of @entity4797 in the @entity235 .

title: An Unusual Case of Metastatic XXXX in a @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant seminoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'Metastasis']

entities_list: @entity17401 :: ('MESH:D006941', 'Disease') :: ['hyperesthesia']

answer: @entity4797 :: (MESH:D018239,Disease) :: ['Seminoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An 8 yr old, reportedly castrated male Boston terrier presented with a history of generalized @entity17401 and intermittent shifting leg @entity1273 . Physical examination revealed a caudal abdominal mass and bilateral shoulder @entity158 . A complete blood count, serum biochemistry panel, and urinalysis were unremarkable. @entity1514 radiographs demonstrated bony proliferation and lysis of the third sternebra, an expansile lesion of the left tenth rib, and lucency in both proximal humeral metaphyses. Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound revealed a soft tissue mass within the caudoventral right abdomen. Ultrasonography also revealed an enlarged lymph node within the right retroperitoneal space. Exploratory laparotomy identified the mass as a retained testicle. A cryptorchidectomy, lymph node biopsy, and bilateral percutaneous core biopsies of the proximal humeri were performed. Histopathologic examination revealed @entity5 of the testicle with @entity3 to lymph node and bone. Adjuvant chemotherapy was recommended, but it was declined by the owner. All follow-up was lost. This case highlights a unique case for causative @entity17401 secondary to a novel site of @entity3 from @entity5 . @entity3 to bone has not been reported in @entity1 or @entity235 and represents a very unusual and aberrant variant of the normally relatively benign biological behavior of @entity4797 in the @entity235 .

title: An Unusual Case of Metastatic @entity4797 in a XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['Dog']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1593 ( @entity1593 ) is a common @entity792 characterized by heightened immunological response to ingested gluten. Certain gene polymorphisms of @entity1199 / @entity15787 ( @entity12549 and @entity71062 ) and @entity31694 ( @entity31703 ) may influence susceptibility to @entity1593 , although the effects remain unclear. We performed a meta-analysis of the associations between @entity12549 , @entity71062 , and @entity31703 polymorphisms and @entity1593 risk. PubMed, EMBASE, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched. ORs and 95%CIs of each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were estimated using the fixed-effect model if I(2) < 50% in the test of heterogeneity; otherwise, the random-effect model was used. Our meta-analysis included 12,986 @entity1593 cases and 28,733 controls from 16 independent samples, and the analysis of each SNP contained a subset of the total. We found that the minor allele T of both @entity12549 (T vs G, OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.67-0.78, P < 0.001) and @entity71062 (T vs C, OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.71-0.83, P < 0.001) in @entity1199 / @entity15787 significantly decreased the risk of @entity1593 . However, the minor allele A of @entity31703 (A vs G, OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.12-1.24, P < 0.001) in @entity31694 significantly increased @entity1593 susceptibility. The estimated lambda values were 0.49, 0.50, and 0.53 for @entity12549 , @entity71062 , and @entity31703 , respectively, suggesting that a co-dominant model of genotype effect was most appropriate for the three SNPs. Our results support associations between the three SNPs and @entity1593 and provide a strong argument for further research.

title: Association between @entity1199 / @entity15787 and XXXX polymorphisms and risk of celiac disease: a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['Celiac disease', 'CD']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorder']

answer: @entity31694 :: (10019,Gene) :: ['SH2B3']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1593 ( @entity1593 ) is a common @entity792 characterized by heightened immunological response to ingested gluten. Certain gene polymorphisms of @entity1199 / @entity15787 ( @entity12549 and @entity71062 ) and @entity31694 ( @entity31703 ) may influence susceptibility to @entity1593 , although the effects remain unclear. We performed a meta-analysis of the associations between @entity12549 , @entity71062 , and @entity31703 polymorphisms and @entity1593 risk. PubMed, EMBASE, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched. ORs and 95%CIs of each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were estimated using the fixed-effect model if I(2) < 50% in the test of heterogeneity; otherwise, the random-effect model was used. Our meta-analysis included 12,986 @entity1593 cases and 28,733 controls from 16 independent samples, and the analysis of each SNP contained a subset of the total. We found that the minor allele T of both @entity12549 (T vs G, OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.67-0.78, P < 0.001) and @entity71062 (T vs C, OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.71-0.83, P < 0.001) in @entity1199 / @entity15787 significantly decreased the risk of @entity1593 . However, the minor allele A of @entity31703 (A vs G, OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.12-1.24, P < 0.001) in @entity31694 significantly increased @entity1593 susceptibility. The estimated lambda values were 0.49, 0.50, and 0.53 for @entity12549 , @entity71062 , and @entity31703 , respectively, suggesting that a co-dominant model of genotype effect was most appropriate for the three SNPs. Our results support associations between the three SNPs and @entity1593 and provide a strong argument for further research.

title: Association between XXXX / @entity15787 and @entity31694 polymorphisms and risk of celiac disease: a meta-analysis.

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['IL2']