abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1904 (PCT) is a recently described inflammatory marker that has been shown to increase significantly in @entity1 with severe systemic @entity2348 . Reports on the diagnostic and predictive value of @entity364 are limited. METHODS: In order to evaluate the role of PCT in systemic @entity3217 , 14 @entity1 (mean age 40 years) with proven or probable @entity364 were investigated. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5, and 10 after the onset of signs and symptoms of @entity364 (clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis and/or radiographic evidence). PCT measurements were performed using an immunoluminometric assay. RESULTS: In five @entity1 with severe @entity364 and an unfavorable course ( @entity1 group 2), PCT levels were moderately elevated on day 3 (0.5-1.0 ng/ml), whereas they were normal in the @entity1 who recovered ( @entity1 group 1). High PCT levels (>/=1.11 ng/ml) were detected on the 10th day of the course of the illness in @entity1 group 2. A normal or moderate elevation of PCT on day 10 was observed in @entity1 group 1. The difference in mean PCT levels in @entity1 groups 1 and 2 on days 3 and 10 were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: PCT levels seem to correlate with the severity and outcome of @entity364 . If this finding can be confirmed in a larger number of @entity1 , it could serve as a prognostic indicator.

title: Could XXXX be a predictive biological marker in @entity364 ?. Study of 14 cases.

answer: @entity1904 :: (MESH:C029100,Chemical) :: ['procalcitonin']


abstract: Multiple types of insults, such as @entity159 , @entity519 and @entity130 , may alter the central nervous system. Strategies to protect the brain against insults remain a very difficult and challenging problem. Damage to the central nervous system can be modulated via excessive excitatory and reduced inhibitory neurotransmission. In addition, increased @entity1372 and @entity460 loading through impaired voltage-sensitive channels, as well as alterations in the acid-base balance can contribute to both excitotoxic and apoptotic cell death. @entity302 treatment has always been related to neuroprotection, since it aims to reduce the duration or totally suppress @entity410 . Although the debate on the capacity of simple @entity410 to induce @entity528 is still ongoing, no doubt persists on the disastrous effects of prolonged episodes of status. The next step would be to prevent @entity302 . Several animal models have been used to study the various aspects of the epileptogenic process. In @entity1 , one of the most compelling examples of a series of epileptogenic events is @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ). @entity1315 is often attributed to @entity410 in childhood resulting in @entity3877 . However, the relationship between @entity1315 , @entity410 in childhood and @entity131 may not be apparent as initially believed. Furthermore, it is well recognized that in a number of @entity1 there is a delay from a specific insult to the onset of @entity410 . This "latent period" could be an opportunity for effective intervention, provided that the underlying mechanisms are understood and that appropriate means for a beneficial modification of the disease process become available. The present review discusses the various steps of @entity1315 and provides illustrations of the various mechanisms implicated in @entity528 . Data from animal models is also presented and illustrated with video sequences. Finally, on the basis of what is known on mechanisms of action of available antiepileptic drugs, some suggestions are put forward. Basic science and research are guided by clinical queries and from ongoing dialogue. The present illustrated review deals with only a small part of the important amount of work related to @entity302 and neuroprotection. As such it is necessarily schematic or even simplistic. The review is designed to inform clinicians about the basic issues related to the subject, thus allowing them to follow the ongoing debate and participate with pertinent questions. (Published with video sequences).

title: XXXX and neuroprotection: an illustrated review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3877 :: ('MESH:C566903', 'Disease') :: ['mesial temporal sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures', 'prolonged febrile convulsions']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['TLE', 'temporal lobe epilepsy', 'Temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epilepsy', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal injury', 'neuronal death']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epilepsy']


abstract: 1 The frequency and selectivity of individual variations of prostanoid agonist responses in aortic strips from a population of male @entity95 was studied. Three levels of responsiveness to the @entity2871 mimetic @entity2872 occurred: responders (R), intermediate responders (IR), and non-responders (NR). R could be subdivided into R1 and R2 based on an enhanced potency of @entity3774 (PGF2 alpha) in R2. In the total population (n = 92), the phenotype frequency was: R, 69%; IR, 11%; and NR, 20%. In a subgroup of this population in which R1 and R2 phenotypes were determined (n = 63), the phenotype frequency was: R1, 54%; R2, 19%; IR, 6%; and NR, 21%. 2 The four @entity95 aorta phenotypes, R1, R2, IR, and NR, were characterized with respect to the rank orders of prostanoid agonist potency, agonist intrinsic activities, and the effects of the @entity2871 receptor antagonist @entity13078 . The rank order of prostanoid agonist potency was @entity2872 greater than PGF2 alpha greater than @entity1421 in R1 and R2, and PGF2 alpha greater than or equal to @entity1421 greater than @entity2872 in IR and NR. For each prostanoid agonist, the intrinsic activity was highest in R (R1 congruent to R2), intermediate in IR, and lowest in NR. In R1, @entity13078 inhibited all prostanoid agonist responses equally. The contractile effects of PGF2 alpha and @entity1421 were partially resistant to inhibition by @entity13078 in R2. Prostanoid agonist responses were not inhibited by @entity13078 in IR. 3 The potency of @entity112 was equivalent in R1, R2, IR, and NR. 4 It is concluded that there are individual variations in the functional expression of @entity2871 receptor sensitivity, i.e., prostanoid agonist responses inhibited by @entity13078 . Also, there are individual variations in the functional expression of the sensitivity of a non- @entity2871 receptor or receptors, i.e., prostanoid agonist responses not inhibited by @entity13078 . It has been proposed by others that prostanoid receptors be termed P-receptors and that the prostanoid agonist to which they are most sensitive be indicated by a preceding letter, e.g., TP- for @entity2871 receptor and FP- for PGF2 alpha-selective receptor. Accordingly, we proposed a working hypothesis that suggests the four phenotypes could result from the independent regulation of the functional expression of TP- and FP-receptor subtypes with (a) R2 containing both the TP- and FP-receptor subtypes in a fully functional state; (b) R1 containing only the functional TP-receptor; (c) IR containing only the functional FP-receptor; and (d) NR containing only a low efficacy FP-receptor system. 5 The mechanisms underlying the observed individual variations are unknown but could include changes in receptor number or affinity, changes in receptor-effector coupling, changes in a second messenger system, or changes in tissue degradative or uptake processes. Further study is needed to differentiate between these possibilities.

title: Individual variations of prostanoid agonist responses in XXXX aorta: evidence for the independent regulation of prostanoid receptor subtypes.

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: The use of @entity205 long term after orthotopic liver transplantation has been analyzed in 73 adults with particular reference to the dose of drug used, either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents, and the side effects observed. The first 22 @entity1 were given @entity205 10 mg/kg/day for up to 2 years, but thereafter in these, and in all the other @entity1 , the drug dose was regulated by whole blood trough levels. The proportion of @entity1 maintained on @entity205 alone increased from 11% at 3 months to 54.9% and 55.6% at 3 and 4 years, respectively. The dose of @entity617 used in combination with @entity205 was lower than that used with @entity500 (P less than 0.05) up to 12 months after transplantation, but thereafter no significant difference was found. Acute cellular rejection was seen in 5 @entity1 and in all instances was related to cessation of @entity205 , while 10 @entity1 developed chronic graft rejection manifested by the @entity1157 . At 12 months and onward, 54.5-73.3% of @entity1 had normal serum @entity648 levels, and 47.6-80.0% had @entity492 aminotransferase levels in the normal range. @entity205 was discontinued in 12 @entity1 , in 8 cases because of @entity8 or @entity101 . A trend toward rising serum @entity1011 levels was seen, and after 4 years on @entity205 none of 12 @entity1 had normal levels, and these exceeded 200 mumol/L in 5. The rise in @entity1011 levels was probably in part related to the higher doses used early in the study period. The incidence of @entity101 progressively increased from 15.3% at 3 months to 63.6% at 4 years in @entity1 maintained on @entity205 .

title: An analysis of XXXX efficacy and toxicity after liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of renal function']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['vanishing bile duct syndrome']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine', 'cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: Between 1971 and March 1986, 61 @entity1 underwent surgery for @entity1121 . Age at operation varied from 3.5 to 76 years (mean 38). The standard approach was a generous transaortic myectomy. One-quarter of the @entity1 underwent concomitant repair of associated lesions. There was one operative and two late deaths, for an actuarial 5 years survival 93% (+/- 8%). Average follow-up is 3 years per @entity1 . Sixty-four percent of these @entity1 are asymptomatic and another 30% were in New York Heart Association class II. Persistent symptoms were usually related to @entity943 . Early @entity713 did not occur, but two @entity1 were paced for complex @entity943 3 and 4 years after surgery. Hemodynamic studies (n = 22), two-dimensional echocardiographic (n = 47), and Doppler assessments (n = 23) demonstrated a left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient of 70 and 14 mm Hg before and after surgery, respectively, left ventricular diastolic pressure of 18 and 14 mm Hg, percent of @entity1 with @entity339 of 70% and 30%, percent of @entity1 with systolic anterior motion of 100% and 35%, and percent of @entity1 with @entity337 of 9% and 49%. Eight-six percent of the @entity1 catheterized had no resting obstruction. Subaortic myectomy produces symptomatic improvement by reducing the left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient, @entity339 , and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and probably improves longevity.

title: Results of surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies have focussed on understanding the fundamental aspects of mineralization, searching for insight into the physical and chemical interactions between the organic and inorganic counterparts in bio-inorganic composites. Structural alterations in organic matrices interacting with minerals during the phase transition from un-calcified to calcified affect the mineral micro-environment, resulting in @entity730 . The present study deals with the fabrication of two novel bio-inorganic composites: collagen-brushite and collagen- @entity38106 . The mineral counterparts are grown onto collagen by crystal growth, to produce composites adapted to the ambient environment in bone, at pH 5.8 and pH 7.0. The biophysical and material characteristics provide some interesting insights into calcifying mechanisms. MATERIAL/METHODS: The biophysical parameters were evaluated by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopic studies, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ) studies, with biochemical characterization of demineralized and remineralized samples for @entity720 , @entity21775 , @entity13275 , and net protein content. RESULTS: The biochemical characterization of demineralized and remineralized samples revealed protein loss on mineralization and indicated the possible role of non-collagenous proteins (osteonectin) in mineralization. The FTIR spectra showed loss of @entity6346 peaks, while DSC and @entity4653 studies showed closer association of collagen with the mineral counterpart. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro collagen mineralization systems reveal the essential role of non-collagenous proteins (osteonectin) in mineralization. The novel composites have mineral counter parts with a physical similarity to bone, and their use as a substitutive tissue is presently being evaluated in animal models.

title: Preparation and characterization of two new composites: collagen-brushite and collagen XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13275 :: ('CHEBI:27252', 'Chemical') :: ['uronic acid']

entities_list: @entity21775 :: ('CHEBI:24586', 'Chemical') :: ['hexosamine']

entities_list: @entity38106 :: ('MESH:C022045', 'Chemical') :: ['octacalcium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['Scanning Electron Microscopic', 'SEM']

answer: @entity38106 :: (MESH:C022045,Chemical) :: ['octa-calcium phosphate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate, in a single-blind manner over a period of 12 weeks, the efficacy and tolerability of @entity906 versus @entity8991 in the treatment of @entity3119 ( @entity3119 ). METHOD: @entity1 with a DSM-IV diagnosis of @entity3119 and a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score >/= 16 were randomly assigned to receive @entity906 , 225 to 350 mg/day (26 @entity1 ), or @entity8991 , 150 to 225 mg/day (47 @entity1 ), for 12 weeks, with dosage adjustments according to tolerability and response to treatment. All @entity1 were medication-free from at least 2 months prior to study enrollment. Efficacy measures were the YBOCS and the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI), which were completed at baseline and every 4 weeks. We defined responders as @entity1 who had an improvement from baseline in YBOCS score of >/= 35% and a CGI score </= 2. An investigator who was blinded to @entity1 ' current medication administered rating scales independently. Moreover, @entity1 were instructed not to reveal their current treatment to this investigator. RESULTS: Twenty-five @entity1 in the @entity906 group and 40 in the @entity8991 group completed the 12-week trial. Responder rates at the end of the 12 weeks were 36% for @entity906 (9/25) versus 50% for @entity8991 (20/40) according to the visitwise analysis and 34.6% (9/26) for @entity906 versus 42.6% (20/47) for @entity8991 according to the last-observation-carried-forward analysis, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 drugs. Adverse experiences were reported by 61.5% of @entity1 receiving @entity906 (16/26) and by 91.5% of those receiving @entity8991 (43/47). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that @entity906 might be as efficacious as @entity8991 in the acute treatment of @entity3119 , with fewer side effects.

title: @entity906 versus @entity8991 in the treatment of XXXX : a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity906 :: ('MESH:C047426', 'Chemical') :: ['venlafaxine']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive-compulsive disorder', 'OCD']

entities_list: @entity8991 :: ('MESH:D002997', 'Chemical') :: ['clomipramine']

answer: @entity3119 :: (MESH:D009771,Disease) :: ['obsessive-compulsive disorder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate, in a single-blind manner over a period of 12 weeks, the efficacy and tolerability of @entity906 versus @entity8991 in the treatment of @entity3119 ( @entity3119 ). METHOD: @entity1 with a DSM-IV diagnosis of @entity3119 and a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score >/= 16 were randomly assigned to receive @entity906 , 225 to 350 mg/day (26 @entity1 ), or @entity8991 , 150 to 225 mg/day (47 @entity1 ), for 12 weeks, with dosage adjustments according to tolerability and response to treatment. All @entity1 were medication-free from at least 2 months prior to study enrollment. Efficacy measures were the YBOCS and the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI), which were completed at baseline and every 4 weeks. We defined responders as @entity1 who had an improvement from baseline in YBOCS score of >/= 35% and a CGI score </= 2. An investigator who was blinded to @entity1 ' current medication administered rating scales independently. Moreover, @entity1 were instructed not to reveal their current treatment to this investigator. RESULTS: Twenty-five @entity1 in the @entity906 group and 40 in the @entity8991 group completed the 12-week trial. Responder rates at the end of the 12 weeks were 36% for @entity906 (9/25) versus 50% for @entity8991 (20/40) according to the visitwise analysis and 34.6% (9/26) for @entity906 versus 42.6% (20/47) for @entity8991 according to the last-observation-carried-forward analysis, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 drugs. Adverse experiences were reported by 61.5% of @entity1 receiving @entity906 (16/26) and by 91.5% of those receiving @entity8991 (43/47). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that @entity906 might be as efficacious as @entity8991 in the acute treatment of @entity3119 , with fewer side effects.

title: XXXX versus @entity8991 in the treatment of @entity3119 : a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study.

answer: @entity906 :: (MESH:C047426,Chemical) :: ['Venlafaxine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate, in a single-blind manner over a period of 12 weeks, the efficacy and tolerability of @entity906 versus @entity8991 in the treatment of @entity3119 ( @entity3119 ). METHOD: @entity1 with a DSM-IV diagnosis of @entity3119 and a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) score >/= 16 were randomly assigned to receive @entity906 , 225 to 350 mg/day (26 @entity1 ), or @entity8991 , 150 to 225 mg/day (47 @entity1 ), for 12 weeks, with dosage adjustments according to tolerability and response to treatment. All @entity1 were medication-free from at least 2 months prior to study enrollment. Efficacy measures were the YBOCS and the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI), which were completed at baseline and every 4 weeks. We defined responders as @entity1 who had an improvement from baseline in YBOCS score of >/= 35% and a CGI score </= 2. An investigator who was blinded to @entity1 ' current medication administered rating scales independently. Moreover, @entity1 were instructed not to reveal their current treatment to this investigator. RESULTS: Twenty-five @entity1 in the @entity906 group and 40 in the @entity8991 group completed the 12-week trial. Responder rates at the end of the 12 weeks were 36% for @entity906 (9/25) versus 50% for @entity8991 (20/40) according to the visitwise analysis and 34.6% (9/26) for @entity906 versus 42.6% (20/47) for @entity8991 according to the last-observation-carried-forward analysis, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 drugs. Adverse experiences were reported by 61.5% of @entity1 receiving @entity906 (16/26) and by 91.5% of those receiving @entity8991 (43/47). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that @entity906 might be as efficacious as @entity8991 in the acute treatment of @entity3119 , with fewer side effects.

title: @entity906 versus XXXX in the treatment of @entity3119 : a preliminary single-blind, 12-week, controlled study.

answer: @entity8991 :: (MESH:D002997,Chemical) :: ['clomipramine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Approximately 50% of @entity1 diagnosed with major @entity308 will experience a recurrent or chronic @entity221 for which long-term treatment is recommended. Moreover, at least 20% of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity308 do not respond satisfactorily to several traditional antidepressant medication treatment trials. Very little is known about the health care costs of @entity1 with treatment-resistant @entity308 . METHOD: Based on medical claims data (MarketScan Research Database, The MEDSTAT Group, Cambridge, Mass.) from January 1, 1995, to June 30, 2000, a naturalistic, retrospective analysis was conducted to study the characteristics and health care utilization of @entity1 with treatment-resistant @entity308 . All @entity1 having an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), diagnosis code for @entity162 with specified antidepressant dosing and treatment durations were initially selected. @entity1 were then classified as "treatment resistant" if either they switched from or augmented initial antidepressant medication with other antidepressants at least twice (outpatient treatment-resistant group) or they switched from or augmented their initial antidepressant medication and also had a claim for either a @entity308 -related hospitalization or suicide attempt (hospitalized treatment-resistant group). Those meeting the initial medication and diagnosis selection criteria but not meeting the treatment-resistance criteria constituted the comparison group. Members of the comparison group had comparatively stable antidepressant medication use patterns, consistent with an acceptable response to treatment. @entity1 were followed for a minimum of 9 months. Resource utilization was calculated from index date to last available claims data point and then annualized. RESULTS: Treatment-resistant @entity1 were more likely to be diagnosed with @entity162 or concurrent @entity734 or @entity148 than the comparison group (p <.001). Treatment-resistant @entity1 were at least twice as likely to be hospitalized (general medical and @entity308 related) and had at least 12% more outpatient visits (p <.02). Treatment resistance was also associated with use of 1.4 to 3 times more psychotropic medications (including antidepressants) (p <.001). @entity1 in the hospitalized treatment-resistant group had over 6 times the mean total medical costs of non-treatment-resistant @entity308 @entity1 ( 42,344 vs.  6512) (p <.001) and their total @entity308 -related costs were 19 times greater than those of @entity1 in the comparison group ( 28,001 vs.  1455) (p <.001). CONCLUSION: Treatment-resistant @entity308 is costly and associated with extensive use of @entity308 -related and general medical services. These findings underscore the need for early identification and effective long-term maintenance treatment for treatment-resistant @entity308 .

title: The impact of treatment-resistant XXXX on health care utilization and costs.

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder', 'unipolar or bipolar depression']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder', 'depressed', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['course of illness']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity4 following @entity0 treatment is a frequent manifestation of @entity4269 . In order to document outcomes from @entity4269 treatments, reliable, valid, and practical measurements of UE swelling are necessary. The purpose of this study was to compare geometric methods of determining UE volumes with water displacement methods. SUBJECTS: The @entity4 hand, forearm, and upper arm of 50 @entity1 with UE swelling secondary to @entity4269 were measured. METHODS: Upper-extremity volumes were determined by water displacement using arm and hand volumeters. Displaced water was weighed to determine volume. Circumferential girth measurements were taken. Width and depth measurements of the hand were taken with a tension-controlled caliper. Geometric volume formulas for a cylinder, frustum, rectangular solid, and trapezoidal solid were used to calculate volumes of the arm and hand at different measurement intervals. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients [2,1] for interrater and intrarater reliability of all water and geometric measurements of the arm and hand were.91 to.99 and.92 to.99, respectively. Water displacement correlated with geometric measurements in the arm (r=.97-.98) and in the hand (r=.81-.91). The limits of agreement (LOA) indicated that water and geometric measurements of arm volume differed by 479 to 655 mL. Scatterplots of the LOA data indicated in that geometric volumes were either larger or smaller than water volumes. The smallest standard error of measurement for the arm measurements was for the 6-cm frustum method at 115 mL; for the hand measurements, the smallest standard error of measurement was for the frustum method at 16 mL. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Volume of an @entity4 UE calculated by geometric formulas correlated strongly with volume determined by water displacement. Although strongly correlated, the measurements obtained by the 2 methods did not agree.

title: Upper-extremity volume measurements in @entity1 with XXXX : a comparison of measurements obtained via water displacement with geometrically determined volume.

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous', 'Upper-extremity (UE) swelling']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity4269 :: (MESH:D008209,Disease) :: ['lymphedema']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity4 following @entity0 treatment is a frequent manifestation of @entity4269 . In order to document outcomes from @entity4269 treatments, reliable, valid, and practical measurements of UE swelling are necessary. The purpose of this study was to compare geometric methods of determining UE volumes with water displacement methods. SUBJECTS: The @entity4 hand, forearm, and upper arm of 50 @entity1 with UE swelling secondary to @entity4269 were measured. METHODS: Upper-extremity volumes were determined by water displacement using arm and hand volumeters. Displaced water was weighed to determine volume. Circumferential girth measurements were taken. Width and depth measurements of the hand were taken with a tension-controlled caliper. Geometric volume formulas for a cylinder, frustum, rectangular solid, and trapezoidal solid were used to calculate volumes of the arm and hand at different measurement intervals. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients [2,1] for interrater and intrarater reliability of all water and geometric measurements of the arm and hand were.91 to.99 and.92 to.99, respectively. Water displacement correlated with geometric measurements in the arm (r=.97-.98) and in the hand (r=.81-.91). The limits of agreement (LOA) indicated that water and geometric measurements of arm volume differed by 479 to 655 mL. Scatterplots of the LOA data indicated in that geometric volumes were either larger or smaller than water volumes. The smallest standard error of measurement for the arm measurements was for the 6-cm frustum method at 115 mL; for the hand measurements, the smallest standard error of measurement was for the frustum method at 16 mL. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Volume of an @entity4 UE calculated by geometric formulas correlated strongly with volume determined by water displacement. Although strongly correlated, the measurements obtained by the 2 methods did not agree.

title: Upper-extremity volume measurements in XXXX with @entity4269 : a comparison of measurements obtained via water displacement with geometrically determined volume.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity35 continuously exposed to @entity6836 at 0.04, 0.4, and 4.0 ppm for as long as 27 months were submitted to morphological observation and electronmicroscopic morphometry of the lung. At 4 ppm exposure for 9 months, bronchial epithelium showed typical proliferation, which progressed further at 18 months. At this stage, proliferation of @entity133 and @entity4 extension of interstitial tissue were evident and yielded @entity82 at 27 months. At 0.4 ppm, morphological changes in 18-month specimens were still ambiguous, although a tendency toward epithelial changes, as well as @entity4 of the alveolar wall, was noticed under the electron microscope. Slight but definite alteration of the epithelium became evident after 27 months. At 0.04 ppm there were no remarkable changes throughout the entire exposure period. The morphometry revealed concentration- and duration-dependent increases in arithmetic mean thickness (AMT) of the alveolar wall. At 4 ppm, increase of AMT started as early as 9 months, became significant at 18 months, and showed a slight decrease at 27 months. This decrease was interpreted as a recovery of alveolar epithelium and decreased amount of @entity4 , which in turn led to @entity82 . At 0.4 ppm, a slight increase of AMT started at 18 months and extended significantly in 27 months. A similar but insignificant tendency was found even at 0.04 ppm. The morphological alterations were parallel to the concentration and duration of exposure. These findings suggested that an intensive study should be conducted to confirm whether alterations were due to prolonged exposure and/or due to elevated sensitivity of the aged lung.

title: Effects of long-term nitrogen dioxide exposure on XXXX lung: morphological observations.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous', 'septal edema', 'interstitial edema']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['type II alveolar epithelium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The @entity18432 ( @entity18432 ) allows for the isolation of pure @entity5 crypts from @entity694 tissue. In a previous study we reported on the genetic alterations found in @entity14 crypts using the @entity18432 ; however, a direct comparison of the genetic alterations found in @entity14 using either conventional methods (CM) or the @entity18432 has not previously been performed. Here, we analyzed the impact of this method on the genetic analysis of @entity694 cells by comparing the observed frequency of genetic alterations in @entity694 isolated using CM or the @entity18432 . We used a combination of the @entity18432 and the fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assay to accurately assess the incidence of @entity74 ( @entity74 ) at a number of chromosomal loci (17p, 5q, 18q, 1p, 8p, 22q), @entity124 ( @entity124 ), and mutations of @entity5 -related genes ( @entity876 and @entity1412 genes) in 48 sporadic @entity14 . In addition, genetic alterations seen in @entity5 (defined as @entity5 with both diploid and aneuploid cell populations) identified by the @entity18432 were also examined. The incidence of @entity74 at the chromosomal loci tested was more frequently detected in samples isolated from @entity5 using the @entity18432 than in those isolated from the same @entity5 using CM. In contrast, we observed no differences in the frequency of @entity124 or @entity5 -related gene mutation between the two groups. Although there was no difference in the frequency of genetic alterations between @entity5 with evidence of multiploidy, sorting of diploid and aneuploid populations allowed detection of distinct genetic changes. The crypt isolation method thus appears to be useful in that it allows purification of @entity5 cells and the accurate assessment of their genetic alterations. In addition, it may also be of benefit in clarifying the genetic profile of multiploid @entity5 cell populations.

title: Application of the XXXX to the assessment of genetic alterations of @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['MSI', 'microsatellite instability']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer', 'multiploid tumors']

entities_list: @entity18432 :: ('MESH:D058739', 'Disease') :: ['crypt isolation technique', 'CIT']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['AI', 'allelic imbalances']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal tumor', 'colorectal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon tumors', 'colon tumor']

answer: @entity18432 :: (MESH:D058739,Disease) :: ['crypt isolation technique']


abstract: The @entity18432 ( @entity18432 ) allows for the isolation of pure @entity5 crypts from @entity694 tissue. In a previous study we reported on the genetic alterations found in @entity14 crypts using the @entity18432 ; however, a direct comparison of the genetic alterations found in @entity14 using either conventional methods (CM) or the @entity18432 has not previously been performed. Here, we analyzed the impact of this method on the genetic analysis of @entity694 cells by comparing the observed frequency of genetic alterations in @entity694 isolated using CM or the @entity18432 . We used a combination of the @entity18432 and the fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assay to accurately assess the incidence of @entity74 ( @entity74 ) at a number of chromosomal loci (17p, 5q, 18q, 1p, 8p, 22q), @entity124 ( @entity124 ), and mutations of @entity5 -related genes ( @entity876 and @entity1412 genes) in 48 sporadic @entity14 . In addition, genetic alterations seen in @entity5 (defined as @entity5 with both diploid and aneuploid cell populations) identified by the @entity18432 were also examined. The incidence of @entity74 at the chromosomal loci tested was more frequently detected in samples isolated from @entity5 using the @entity18432 than in those isolated from the same @entity5 using CM. In contrast, we observed no differences in the frequency of @entity124 or @entity5 -related gene mutation between the two groups. Although there was no difference in the frequency of genetic alterations between @entity5 with evidence of multiploidy, sorting of diploid and aneuploid populations allowed detection of distinct genetic changes. The crypt isolation method thus appears to be useful in that it allows purification of @entity5 cells and the accurate assessment of their genetic alterations. In addition, it may also be of benefit in clarifying the genetic profile of multiploid @entity5 cell populations.

title: Application of the @entity18432 to the assessment of genetic alterations of XXXX .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinomas']


abstract: The pheo/eumelanin ratio of cultured normal @entity1 melanocytes is distinct from the ratio observed for the same cells in vivo where they are in close contact with keratinocytes. To study the possible involvement of keratinocytes in the control of melanogenesis, we compared quantitatively and qualitatively the melanin production in melanocyte mono-cultures, in melanocyte-keratinocyte co-cultures and in pigmented reconstructed epidermis. @entity18606 and eumelanin contents were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorometric detection of their specific degradation products and revealed striking differences in the presence of keratinocytes. In the absence of keratinocytes (melanocyte mono-cultures), we observed a very limited eumelanin production and a very high @entity18606 synthesis. The pheo/eumelanin ratio in mono-cultures could be slightly influenced by changing the composition of the culture medium, however, the very strong imbalance in favor of @entity18606 remained unchanged. An induction of eumelanin synthesis accompanied by an important reduction of @entity18606 formation was only observed in the presence of keratinocytes. The pheo/eumelanin ratio in melanocyte mono-culture dropped from 1043 down to about 25 in the presence of keratinocytes (co-cultures). The same observations were made when the melanocytes were integrated into a reconstructed @entity1 epidermis. Interestingly, under co-culture conditions resulting in only a partial contact between melanocytes and keratinocytes, the reduction of the pheo/ @entity43483 ratio were less pronounced. From these results we conclude that keratinocytes play an important role in the melanin production, affecting the melanogenic pathways.

title: Keratinocytes control the pheo/eumelanin ratio in cultured normal XXXX melanocytes.

entities_list: @entity43483 :: ('MESH:C041877', 'Chemical') :: ['eumelanin']

entities_list: @entity18606 :: ('MESH:C018362', 'Chemical') :: ['Pheomelanin', 'pheomelanin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We have previously demonstrated that pretreatment of ACI recipients with ultraviolet-irradiated donor-specific blood transfusion (UV-DST) leads to permanent cardiac allograft survival without further host immunosuppression (ACI @entity35 are weak responders to Lewis lymphocytes in mixed-lymphocyte reaction). This study examines the effect of UV-DST and the timing of transfusions on ACI cardiac allograft survival in Lewis recipients with and without the addition of peritransplant @entity205 ( @entity870 ) (20 mg/kg i.m.) given on days 0, +1, and +2 in relation to the time of transplantation. The @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) of ACI cardiac allografts in Lewis recipients was significantly increased to 33.6 +/- 5.7 days (P less than 0.001) by @entity870 treatment alone as compared to 6.5 +/- 0.5 days survival in control. When DST was given on day -3 combined with @entity870 , graft survival was increased to 42.0 +/- 9.3 days (P less than 0.01), as compared to 5.8 +/- 1.3 days when DST alone was used. When DST was irradiated with ultraviolet B (UV-DST) and administered on day -3 combined with peritransplant @entity870 , the @entity1349 was increased to 68.83 +/- 16.1 days as compared to an @entity1349 of 10.0 +/- 1.0 days in controls treated with UV-DST alone. When UV-DST was given on day -7 and combined with peritransplant @entity870 immunosuppression, the results were similar. However, when UV-DST was peritransplant @entity870 course, 4 of 6 recipients maintained their ACI heart allografts indefinitely (greater than 300 days) in contrast to the effect of UV-DST alone ( @entity1349 of 13.5 days). Third-party (W/F) UV-irradiated blood transfusions were ineffective in prolonging ACI cardiac allografts in Lewis @entity35 , regardless of whether the transfusions were given alone or in combination with peritransplant immunosuppression with @entity870 . In conclusion, these results demonstrate that UV-DST combined with a brief peritransplant immunosuppression with @entity870 induces prolonged heart allograft survival in a histoincompatible, strong responder host, and that such effect is donor specific. The use of UV-DST combined with peritransplant @entity870 immunosuppression offers a promising approach to achieving organ transplant unresponsiveness, and decreased sensitization to the donor blood elements, which eventually may have important clinical implications.

title: Effect of ultraviolet-B-irradiated donor-specific blood transfusions and peritransplant immunosuppression with XXXX on @entity35 cardiac allograft survival.

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['mean survival time', 'MST']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: We have previously demonstrated that pretreatment of ACI recipients with ultraviolet-irradiated donor-specific blood transfusion (UV-DST) leads to permanent cardiac allograft survival without further host immunosuppression (ACI @entity35 are weak responders to Lewis lymphocytes in mixed-lymphocyte reaction). This study examines the effect of UV-DST and the timing of transfusions on ACI cardiac allograft survival in Lewis recipients with and without the addition of peritransplant @entity205 ( @entity870 ) (20 mg/kg i.m.) given on days 0, +1, and +2 in relation to the time of transplantation. The @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) of ACI cardiac allografts in Lewis recipients was significantly increased to 33.6 +/- 5.7 days (P less than 0.001) by @entity870 treatment alone as compared to 6.5 +/- 0.5 days survival in control. When DST was given on day -3 combined with @entity870 , graft survival was increased to 42.0 +/- 9.3 days (P less than 0.01), as compared to 5.8 +/- 1.3 days when DST alone was used. When DST was irradiated with ultraviolet B (UV-DST) and administered on day -3 combined with peritransplant @entity870 , the @entity1349 was increased to 68.83 +/- 16.1 days as compared to an @entity1349 of 10.0 +/- 1.0 days in controls treated with UV-DST alone. When UV-DST was given on day -7 and combined with peritransplant @entity870 immunosuppression, the results were similar. However, when UV-DST was peritransplant @entity870 course, 4 of 6 recipients maintained their ACI heart allografts indefinitely (greater than 300 days) in contrast to the effect of UV-DST alone ( @entity1349 of 13.5 days). Third-party (W/F) UV-irradiated blood transfusions were ineffective in prolonging ACI cardiac allografts in Lewis @entity35 , regardless of whether the transfusions were given alone or in combination with peritransplant immunosuppression with @entity870 . In conclusion, these results demonstrate that UV-DST combined with a brief peritransplant immunosuppression with @entity870 induces prolonged heart allograft survival in a histoincompatible, strong responder host, and that such effect is donor specific. The use of UV-DST combined with peritransplant @entity870 immunosuppression offers a promising approach to achieving organ transplant unresponsiveness, and decreased sensitization to the donor blood elements, which eventually may have important clinical implications.

title: Effect of ultraviolet-B-irradiated donor-specific blood transfusions and peritransplant immunosuppression with @entity205 on XXXX cardiac allograft survival.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of @entity1311 combined with a fixed dose of @entity136 and @entity1206 in the treatment of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) and to evaluate in a phase II trial the efficacy of this combination. @entity1 AND METHODS: Sixty-two @entity1 with stage IIIB/IV @entity1149 were treated with @entity1311 in escalating doses from 40-80 mg/m(2) combined with @entity136 and @entity1206 at fixed doses of 1000 mg/m(2) and 25 mg/m(2), respectively. All drugs were given intravenously on day 1 and 8 every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In a phase I trial, carried out on 21 @entity1 , grade 4 @entity1398 , as dose-limiting @entity137 , occurred at the dosage level of @entity1311 80 mg/m(2). In a phase II trial, with @entity1311 administered at 70 mg/m(2), 27 out of 41 (66%) assessable @entity1 responded (10% complete responses and 56% partial responses). Objective response was observed in 13 of 16 @entity1 (81%) with stage IIIB disease and in 14 of 25 (56%) with stage IV disease. The median time to treatment failure was 26 weeks (range 3-72 weeks; 32 weeks and 20 weeks for stages IIIB and IV, respectively) and median survival 62 weeks (range 4-176 weeks; 72 weeks and 56 weeks for stages IIIB and IV, respectively). One-year survival was 64% for all @entity1 (72% for @entity1 with stage IIIB and 52% for those with stage IV). Grade 3 and 4 @entity1398 were observed in 11 (27%) and seven (17%) cases, respectively; grade 3 @entity882 was observed in three @entity1 (7%) and grade 3 @entity417 in four @entity1 (10%). The most relevant non-hematological @entity137 was grade 2/3 asthenia, which was observed in 12 @entity1 (29%). Alopecia was almost universal, whereas @entity1209 were absent. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity1311 , @entity136 and @entity1206 is effective and tolerable in the treatment of @entity1149 . The high activity and low @entity137 of this regimen warrant randomized studies with @entity902 -containing combinations.

title: Phase I/II study of @entity1311 , @entity136 and @entity1206 as first-line chemotherapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of @entity1311 combined with a fixed dose of @entity136 and @entity1206 in the treatment of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) and to evaluate in a phase II trial the efficacy of this combination. @entity1 AND METHODS: Sixty-two @entity1 with stage IIIB/IV @entity1149 were treated with @entity1311 in escalating doses from 40-80 mg/m(2) combined with @entity136 and @entity1206 at fixed doses of 1000 mg/m(2) and 25 mg/m(2), respectively. All drugs were given intravenously on day 1 and 8 every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In a phase I trial, carried out on 21 @entity1 , grade 4 @entity1398 , as dose-limiting @entity137 , occurred at the dosage level of @entity1311 80 mg/m(2). In a phase II trial, with @entity1311 administered at 70 mg/m(2), 27 out of 41 (66%) assessable @entity1 responded (10% complete responses and 56% partial responses). Objective response was observed in 13 of 16 @entity1 (81%) with stage IIIB disease and in 14 of 25 (56%) with stage IV disease. The median time to treatment failure was 26 weeks (range 3-72 weeks; 32 weeks and 20 weeks for stages IIIB and IV, respectively) and median survival 62 weeks (range 4-176 weeks; 72 weeks and 56 weeks for stages IIIB and IV, respectively). One-year survival was 64% for all @entity1 (72% for @entity1 with stage IIIB and 52% for those with stage IV). Grade 3 and 4 @entity1398 were observed in 11 (27%) and seven (17%) cases, respectively; grade 3 @entity882 was observed in three @entity1 (7%) and grade 3 @entity417 in four @entity1 (10%). The most relevant non-hematological @entity137 was grade 2/3 asthenia, which was observed in 12 @entity1 (29%). Alopecia was almost universal, whereas @entity1209 were absent. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity1311 , @entity136 and @entity1206 is effective and tolerable in the treatment of @entity1149 . The high activity and low @entity137 of this regimen warrant randomized studies with @entity902 -containing combinations.

title: Phase I/II study of XXXX , @entity136 and @entity1206 as first-line chemotherapy of @entity1149 .

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of @entity1311 combined with a fixed dose of @entity136 and @entity1206 in the treatment of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) and to evaluate in a phase II trial the efficacy of this combination. @entity1 AND METHODS: Sixty-two @entity1 with stage IIIB/IV @entity1149 were treated with @entity1311 in escalating doses from 40-80 mg/m(2) combined with @entity136 and @entity1206 at fixed doses of 1000 mg/m(2) and 25 mg/m(2), respectively. All drugs were given intravenously on day 1 and 8 every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In a phase I trial, carried out on 21 @entity1 , grade 4 @entity1398 , as dose-limiting @entity137 , occurred at the dosage level of @entity1311 80 mg/m(2). In a phase II trial, with @entity1311 administered at 70 mg/m(2), 27 out of 41 (66%) assessable @entity1 responded (10% complete responses and 56% partial responses). Objective response was observed in 13 of 16 @entity1 (81%) with stage IIIB disease and in 14 of 25 (56%) with stage IV disease. The median time to treatment failure was 26 weeks (range 3-72 weeks; 32 weeks and 20 weeks for stages IIIB and IV, respectively) and median survival 62 weeks (range 4-176 weeks; 72 weeks and 56 weeks for stages IIIB and IV, respectively). One-year survival was 64% for all @entity1 (72% for @entity1 with stage IIIB and 52% for those with stage IV). Grade 3 and 4 @entity1398 were observed in 11 (27%) and seven (17%) cases, respectively; grade 3 @entity882 was observed in three @entity1 (7%) and grade 3 @entity417 in four @entity1 (10%). The most relevant non-hematological @entity137 was grade 2/3 asthenia, which was observed in 12 @entity1 (29%). Alopecia was almost universal, whereas @entity1209 were absent. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity1311 , @entity136 and @entity1206 is effective and tolerable in the treatment of @entity1149 . The high activity and low @entity137 of this regimen warrant randomized studies with @entity902 -containing combinations.

title: Phase I/II study of @entity1311 , @entity136 and XXXX as first-line chemotherapy of @entity1149 .

answer: @entity1206 :: (MESH:C030852,Chemical) :: ['vinorelbine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of @entity1311 combined with a fixed dose of @entity136 and @entity1206 in the treatment of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) and to evaluate in a phase II trial the efficacy of this combination. @entity1 AND METHODS: Sixty-two @entity1 with stage IIIB/IV @entity1149 were treated with @entity1311 in escalating doses from 40-80 mg/m(2) combined with @entity136 and @entity1206 at fixed doses of 1000 mg/m(2) and 25 mg/m(2), respectively. All drugs were given intravenously on day 1 and 8 every 3 weeks. RESULTS: In a phase I trial, carried out on 21 @entity1 , grade 4 @entity1398 , as dose-limiting @entity137 , occurred at the dosage level of @entity1311 80 mg/m(2). In a phase II trial, with @entity1311 administered at 70 mg/m(2), 27 out of 41 (66%) assessable @entity1 responded (10% complete responses and 56% partial responses). Objective response was observed in 13 of 16 @entity1 (81%) with stage IIIB disease and in 14 of 25 (56%) with stage IV disease. The median time to treatment failure was 26 weeks (range 3-72 weeks; 32 weeks and 20 weeks for stages IIIB and IV, respectively) and median survival 62 weeks (range 4-176 weeks; 72 weeks and 56 weeks for stages IIIB and IV, respectively). One-year survival was 64% for all @entity1 (72% for @entity1 with stage IIIB and 52% for those with stage IV). Grade 3 and 4 @entity1398 were observed in 11 (27%) and seven (17%) cases, respectively; grade 3 @entity882 was observed in three @entity1 (7%) and grade 3 @entity417 in four @entity1 (10%). The most relevant non-hematological @entity137 was grade 2/3 asthenia, which was observed in 12 @entity1 (29%). Alopecia was almost universal, whereas @entity1209 were absent. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity1311 , @entity136 and @entity1206 is effective and tolerable in the treatment of @entity1149 . The high activity and low @entity137 of this regimen warrant randomized studies with @entity902 -containing combinations.

title: Phase I/II study of @entity1311 , XXXX and @entity1206 as first-line chemotherapy of @entity1149 .

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This pilot study was undertaken to assess the feasibility, @entity137 and response to short-course multiagent chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) in @entity1 with poor prognosis @entity421 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 30 @entity1 entered the study. Chemotherapy consisted of four blocks of multiagent chemotherapy administered sequentially over a short period in a dose-intensive manner. This therapy was followed by HDC which consisted of @entity3003 at an AUC8 x 3 days, @entity2879 400 mg/m(2) x 3 days and @entity786 60 mg/kg x 2 days. RESULTS: A total of 227 cycles of chemotherapy were administered. The main @entity137 (for blocks 1-4) was haematological. There were two treatment-related @entity204 : one post HDC due to @entity295 and one during surgery. High-dose chemotherapy was administered to 11 @entity1 (10 with @entity5 and only one with a @entity5 ). Twenty-seven @entity1 underwent surgery to the primary. Histological response was assessed in 23 @entity1 . Seven @entity1 (30%) had >90% @entity39 . Eight @entity1 underwent pulmonary metastatectomy. The median survival time for the whole group was 16 months. The 2- and 3-year survival rates were 50% and 21% for those with @entity5 and 19% and 13% for those with @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Dose-intensive multiagent chemotherapy though feasible in the group of @entity1 with @entity5 did not significantly improve the treatment outcome compared with conventional relapse therapy. Inferior survival rates in the axial skeletal group are attributed to less intensive treatment and poor @entity5 control.

title: A pilot study of short-course intensive multiagent chemotherapy in metastatic and axial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['extremity tumours', 'local tumour', 'pelvic tumour', 'axial skeletal tumours']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['skeletal osteosarcoma']


abstract: Resting plasma fibrinolytic activity and fibrinolytic activity after stimulation by 10 min of @entity432 (fibrinolytic potential) were estimated in 51 @entity1 before femoropopliteal reconstructive surgery. Twelve @entity1 suffered a graft @entity715 in the first month. Resting plasma fibrinolytic activity was similar in @entity1 with thrombosed grafts and those with functioning grafts. However reduced fibrinolytic potential was found to be a risk factor for graft @entity715 in the month after surgery (P = 0.01). Other risk factors were increasing age (P = 0.007) and the indication for surgery (P = 0.03). Thirty-four @entity1 whose grafts were functioning after 1 month were followed up for a mean of 9 months. A further eight grafts thrombosed. Neither fibrinolytic activity nor fibrinolytic potential were found to be risk factors for late graft @entity715 . Fibrinolytic potential has been shown to be an independent risk factor for early graft @entity715 . Perioperative fibrinolytic stimulation might be a method of improving femoropopliteal graft patency.

title: Defective fibrinolysis: a risk factor in early femoropopliteal graft XXXX .

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: The incidence of mediastinal node involvement of T1 non-small-cell @entity153 was determined in 262 @entity1 for the period June 1981 to January 1986. All @entity1 underwent mediastinoscopy as part of their evaluation. Thirty-five @entity1 (13%) had clinical primary T1 lesions. There were 17 @entity420 , 10 @entity957 , 6 large-cell @entity189 and 2 @entity189 . Five @entity1 had node involvement at mediastinoscopy: two had large-cell @entity189 and one was a @entity957 . Thoracotomy in the remaining 30 @entity1 revealed 2 with pleural @entity3 , 1 with @entity420 with @entity3 to the subaortic nodal area (not assessed by cervical mediastinoscopy). The other @entity1 underwent resection, for a resectability rate of 90%. Therefore the overall incidence of mediastinal node involvement in this series was 17% (6 of 35) and was found to be highest among @entity1 with large-cell @entity189 (2 of 6), followed by @entity420 (3 of 19) and @entity957 (1 of 10). The larger number of large-cell @entity189 in this series probably accounts for the higher incidence of N2 disease found compared with that of previous studies in the literature. Accordingly, preoperative mediastinal staging is recommended for all T1 large-cell @entity189 and @entity420 and for suspicious lesions of undetermined histology.

title: Incidence of mediastinal node involvement in clinical T1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic carcinomas', 'bronchoalveolar carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'left upper lobe adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity153 :: (MESH:D002283,Disease) :: ['bronchogenic carcinomas']


abstract: @entity27866 ( @entity27866 ) is a chronic, familial, @entity9335 that primarily affects American Indians. It is more prevalent in young females and may be evident clinically as a pruritic lower lip @entity10212 that typically does not respond to conventional therapy. Other clinical features associated with @entity27866 include @entity2024 , alopecia of the eyebrows, and formation of @entity18550 . The histologic features of @entity27866 have been described as nonspecific. We are presenting five cases of @entity27866 in which the major clinical manifestation was a pruritic, unsightly lower lip @entity10212 . All of our @entity1 were American Indians. Three @entity1 were from the same family. The youngest @entity1 was 10 years old and the oldest was 69 years old. All five cases were characterized histologically by numerous germinal centers within the lamina propria and a dense perivascular plasma cell infiltrate. In four of the five cases, there was a moderate to dense infiltrate of eosinophils. All five @entity1 had been generally unresponsive to conventional therapy. With the exception of the youngest @entity1 , all had had the disease for at least several years. One @entity1 , now deceased, had the lower lip lesion surgically removed for cosmetic reasons. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the dental literature that describes the clinical and histologic features of @entity27866 of lower lip.

title: XXXX of the lower lip. Review of the literature and report of five cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity27866 :: ('MESH:C566780', 'Disease') :: ['AP', 'Actinic prurigo']

entities_list: @entity9335 :: ('MESH:D010787', 'Disease') :: ['photodermatitis']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

answer: @entity27866 :: (MESH:C566780,Disease) :: ['Actinic prurigo']


abstract: Wound management following laparotomy for @entity86 and varying degrees of @entity39 remains a challenging and controversial problem. Because maintained peritoneal integrity and primary wound closure offer the best opportunity for survival, an original technique involving bilateral incisions to relax skin and rectus fascia is proposed. This technique permits medial myocutaneous advancement and primary tension-free skin closure of midline laparotomy incisions. Sixty-nine @entity1 with severe @entity86 were treated according from 1980 through 1985. Nine of these @entity1 died of advanced @entity881 soon after referral, and eight more died after prolonged treatment. Fourteen @entity1 had one or more reoperations for complications. Only nine wound failures resulted, including five eviscerations and four wound @entity281 followed by progressive dehiscence. The bilateral relaxing incisions healed secondarily without complication. Survivors developed midline wound @entity547 ; ten of the 52 surviving @entity1 have had these repaired. This method of primary closure is safe when performed in conjunction with rigorous surgical care of intraperitoneal @entity281 and may enhance survival. We recommend the technique to surgeons who treat severe @entity86 and @entity39 of @entity601 .

title: @entity39 in XXXX . Successful management by debridement, myocutaneous advancement, and primary skin closure.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['parietal necrosis', 'septic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity601 :: ('MESH:D009436', 'Disease') :: ['midline laparotomy wounds']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative peritonitis']


abstract: Wound management following laparotomy for @entity86 and varying degrees of @entity39 remains a challenging and controversial problem. Because maintained peritoneal integrity and primary wound closure offer the best opportunity for survival, an original technique involving bilateral incisions to relax skin and rectus fascia is proposed. This technique permits medial myocutaneous advancement and primary tension-free skin closure of midline laparotomy incisions. Sixty-nine @entity1 with severe @entity86 were treated according from 1980 through 1985. Nine of these @entity1 died of advanced @entity881 soon after referral, and eight more died after prolonged treatment. Fourteen @entity1 had one or more reoperations for complications. Only nine wound failures resulted, including five eviscerations and four wound @entity281 followed by progressive dehiscence. The bilateral relaxing incisions healed secondarily without complication. Survivors developed midline wound @entity547 ; ten of the 52 surviving @entity1 have had these repaired. This method of primary closure is safe when performed in conjunction with rigorous surgical care of intraperitoneal @entity281 and may enhance survival. We recommend the technique to surgeons who treat severe @entity86 and @entity39 of @entity601 .

title: XXXX in @entity86 . Successful management by debridement, myocutaneous advancement, and primary skin closure.

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['Septic necrosis of the midline wound']


abstract: Massive deep-frozen bone allografts were implanted in 13 @entity1 after en bloc @entity5 resection. @entity1 were followed up for 14 months to 17 years. Most of the reconstructive procedures included a segmental bone allograft with knee or ankle fusion. Graft infections were the most critical complications in regard to the end results, finally requiring amputation in two cases. There were three stress @entity174 ; two of which were successfully treated without further complication. Graft incorporation was assessed by bone scintimetry in four cases. Isotope uptake by the center of the graft was found to be superior to control bone segments at only 15 years after surgery. Two recovered allograft specimens were available for a microradiographic study. Creeping substitution was a very slow process, initiated at the outer surface of the graft and characterized at 2-3 years after implantation by large, incompletely filled osteons. The present investigation demonstrates that massive bone allografts are very slowly revascularized and are intimately anchored by the host bone. Provided that @entity5 control is effective and graft infection is avoided, reconstructive surgery with massive bone allografts represents a successful alternative to prosthetic implants in young adult with a long life expectancy.

title: Massive bone allografts in large skeletal defects after XXXX surgery: a clinical and microradiographic evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: @entity3288 , a Gram-negative obligate anaerobic black-pigmented oral bacterium, belongs to a small group of microorganisms that is closely associated with the @entity2520 . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer membrane component, is one of the main virulence factors of this bacterium. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide, extracted by the hot- @entity3971 -water method, on differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) and mineralisation ( @entity460 incorporation) of fetal @entity19 calvarial cells in vitro and to determine the release of the important osteolytic factors @entity842 , @entity777 ( @entity777 ) and matrix metalloproteinases by these cells after treatment with different concentrations of Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide (0.2-25 microg/ml). By gelatin zymography, we also characterized the matrix metalloproteinases released by these osteoblasts. Treatment with Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide dose-dependently inhibited bone formation by reducing alkaline phosphatase activity and @entity460 incorporation and induced the release of @entity842 , @entity777 and the latent proforms of @entity5780 and @entity1235 by fetal @entity19 osteoblasts in organoid culture. These results indicate that the lipopolysaccharide from Prev. intermedia not only participates in periodontal tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption, but also inhibits bone formation.

title: Effects of lipopolysaccharide extracted from XXXX on bone formation and on the release of osteolytic mediators by fetal @entity19 osteoblasts in vitro.

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['initiation of periodontal diseases']

entities_list: @entity3288 :: ('28131', 'Species') :: ['Prevotella intermedia']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity3288 :: (28131,Species) :: ['Prevotella intermedia']


abstract: @entity3288 , a Gram-negative obligate anaerobic black-pigmented oral bacterium, belongs to a small group of microorganisms that is closely associated with the @entity2520 . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an outer membrane component, is one of the main virulence factors of this bacterium. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide, extracted by the hot- @entity3971 -water method, on differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) and mineralisation ( @entity460 incorporation) of fetal @entity19 calvarial cells in vitro and to determine the release of the important osteolytic factors @entity842 , @entity777 ( @entity777 ) and matrix metalloproteinases by these cells after treatment with different concentrations of Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide (0.2-25 microg/ml). By gelatin zymography, we also characterized the matrix metalloproteinases released by these osteoblasts. Treatment with Prev. intermedia lipopolysaccharide dose-dependently inhibited bone formation by reducing alkaline phosphatase activity and @entity460 incorporation and induced the release of @entity842 , @entity777 and the latent proforms of @entity5780 and @entity1235 by fetal @entity19 osteoblasts in organoid culture. These results indicate that the lipopolysaccharide from Prev. intermedia not only participates in periodontal tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption, but also inhibits bone formation.

title: Effects of lipopolysaccharide extracted from @entity3288 on bone formation and on the release of osteolytic mediators by fetal XXXX osteoblasts in vitro.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: The long-term prognosis of @entity5968 and the factors influencing it were assessed in 217 consecutive @entity1 hospitalized in our coronary care unit and followed for a mean of 65 months (range 2 to 123). @entity204 occurred in 30 @entity1 and an additional 54 experienced a nonfatal @entity583 . Survival at 1 and 5 years was 95% and 89%, respectively; survival without @entity1188 was 83% and 69%. @entity301 activity were strong predictors of survival by Cox analysis. Survival at 1 year was 99%, and that at 5 years was 95% and 94%, respectively, for @entity1 with one-vessel disease (n = 81) and for those without stenoses of 70% or greater (n = 87). Survival at 1 and 5 years was only 87% and 77% for those with multivessel disease (n = 40). The Cox analysis selected left ventricular function, initial treatment, extent score, duration of @entity951 at rest, and disease activity as multivariate predictors of survival without @entity1188 . @entity301 was a strong predictor (p less than .0001) of survival without @entity1188 by univariate analysis. Treatment with @entity594 , @entity3988 , or @entity1855 improved survival without @entity1188 compared with other medical treatment (p = .002). @entity583 occurred most commonly soon after diagnosis in @entity1 with a short history of @entity951 at rest. Late coronary events were almost never preceded by resting @entity951 .

title: Long-term prognosis of @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5968 :: ('MESH:D000788', 'Disease') :: ['variant angina']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary disease', 'Coronary disease and the degree of disease']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac death']

answer: @entity5968 :: (MESH:D000788,Disease) :: ['variant angina']


abstract: The long-term prognosis of @entity5968 and the factors influencing it were assessed in 217 consecutive @entity1 hospitalized in our coronary care unit and followed for a mean of 65 months (range 2 to 123). @entity204 occurred in 30 @entity1 and an additional 54 experienced a nonfatal @entity583 . Survival at 1 and 5 years was 95% and 89%, respectively; survival without @entity1188 was 83% and 69%. @entity301 activity were strong predictors of survival by Cox analysis. Survival at 1 year was 99%, and that at 5 years was 95% and 94%, respectively, for @entity1 with one-vessel disease (n = 81) and for those without stenoses of 70% or greater (n = 87). Survival at 1 and 5 years was only 87% and 77% for those with multivessel disease (n = 40). The Cox analysis selected left ventricular function, initial treatment, extent score, duration of @entity951 at rest, and disease activity as multivariate predictors of survival without @entity1188 . @entity301 was a strong predictor (p less than .0001) of survival without @entity1188 by univariate analysis. Treatment with @entity594 , @entity3988 , or @entity1855 improved survival without @entity1188 compared with other medical treatment (p = .002). @entity583 occurred most commonly soon after diagnosis in @entity1 with a short history of @entity951 at rest. Late coronary events were almost never preceded by resting @entity951 .

title: Long-term prognosis of XXXX with @entity5968 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity296 and @entity1188 are major complications immediately after coronary artery bypass grafting. They may be due to incomplete surgical revascularization, perioperative anaesthetic management or @entity2553 of arterial grafts, e.g. the internal mammary artery. Infusions of @entity594 or @entity7604 have been advocated to prevent @entity2473 of the mammary artery. The study compared the incidence of @entity296 after continuous infusion of either @entity594 (0.2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) or @entity7604 (0.375 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) in @entity1 with compromised left ventricular function scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft. METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, this double-blinded randomized clinical study enrolled 30 adult @entity1 with compromised left ventricular function (ejection fraction < 0.4) scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting after written informed consent had been obtained. Ischaemia was detected by Holter electrocardiographic monitoring. The incidence of @entity296 death was monitored by serial determinations of the @entity908 kinase-MB (CK-MB) and troponin-I. RESULTS: New ST elevation > or = 0.2 mV or new ST @entity308 < or = 0.1 mV occurred in five of 15 @entity1 in the @entity7604 group (33.3%) and in 13 of 15 @entity1 (86.6%) in the @entity594 group (P < 0.05). There were increases in CK-MB and troponin-I in both groups. Twenty-four hours postoperatively, CK-MB (P = 0.003) and troponin-I (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in the @entity594 group. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative continuous infusion of @entity7604 , compared with @entity594 , results in a significantly lower incidence of @entity296 and @entity296 damage after elective coronary artery bypass grafting.

title: XXXX in @entity1 with impaired left ventricular function undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting-- @entity7604 versus nifedipin.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischaemia', 'myocardial cell', 'Myocardial ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity7604 :: ('MESH:D020105', 'Chemical') :: ['milrinone']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['Myocardial ischaemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity296 and @entity1188 are major complications immediately after coronary artery bypass grafting. They may be due to incomplete surgical revascularization, perioperative anaesthetic management or @entity2553 of arterial grafts, e.g. the internal mammary artery. Infusions of @entity594 or @entity7604 have been advocated to prevent @entity2473 of the mammary artery. The study compared the incidence of @entity296 after continuous infusion of either @entity594 (0.2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) or @entity7604 (0.375 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) in @entity1 with compromised left ventricular function scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft. METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, this double-blinded randomized clinical study enrolled 30 adult @entity1 with compromised left ventricular function (ejection fraction < 0.4) scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting after written informed consent had been obtained. Ischaemia was detected by Holter electrocardiographic monitoring. The incidence of @entity296 death was monitored by serial determinations of the @entity908 kinase-MB (CK-MB) and troponin-I. RESULTS: New ST elevation > or = 0.2 mV or new ST @entity308 < or = 0.1 mV occurred in five of 15 @entity1 in the @entity7604 group (33.3%) and in 13 of 15 @entity1 (86.6%) in the @entity594 group (P < 0.05). There were increases in CK-MB and troponin-I in both groups. Twenty-four hours postoperatively, CK-MB (P = 0.003) and troponin-I (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in the @entity594 group. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative continuous infusion of @entity7604 , compared with @entity594 , results in a significantly lower incidence of @entity296 and @entity296 damage after elective coronary artery bypass grafting.

title: @entity296 in @entity1 with impaired left ventricular function undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting-- XXXX versus nifedipin.

answer: @entity7604 :: (MESH:D020105,Chemical) :: ['milrinone']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity296 and @entity1188 are major complications immediately after coronary artery bypass grafting. They may be due to incomplete surgical revascularization, perioperative anaesthetic management or @entity2553 of arterial grafts, e.g. the internal mammary artery. Infusions of @entity594 or @entity7604 have been advocated to prevent @entity2473 of the mammary artery. The study compared the incidence of @entity296 after continuous infusion of either @entity594 (0.2 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) or @entity7604 (0.375 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) in @entity1 with compromised left ventricular function scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft. METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, this double-blinded randomized clinical study enrolled 30 adult @entity1 with compromised left ventricular function (ejection fraction < 0.4) scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting after written informed consent had been obtained. Ischaemia was detected by Holter electrocardiographic monitoring. The incidence of @entity296 death was monitored by serial determinations of the @entity908 kinase-MB (CK-MB) and troponin-I. RESULTS: New ST elevation > or = 0.2 mV or new ST @entity308 < or = 0.1 mV occurred in five of 15 @entity1 in the @entity7604 group (33.3%) and in 13 of 15 @entity1 (86.6%) in the @entity594 group (P < 0.05). There were increases in CK-MB and troponin-I in both groups. Twenty-four hours postoperatively, CK-MB (P = 0.003) and troponin-I (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in the @entity594 group. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative continuous infusion of @entity7604 , compared with @entity594 , results in a significantly lower incidence of @entity296 and @entity296 damage after elective coronary artery bypass grafting.

title: @entity296 in XXXX with impaired left ventricular function undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting-- @entity7604 versus nifedipin.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: During 1966 and 1986 202 @entity1 with @entity5734 in the bone marrow biopsy were observed. All hairy cells were categorized according to their nuclear morphology into ovoid subtype, convoluted subtype and indented subtype. The overall survival of 113 non-splenectomised @entity1 was 11 months. However, the median survival time of each subtype differed considerably with 55 months for the ovoid subtype, 8 months for the convoluted and 6 months for the indented type. The prognosis of splenectomy @entity1 were significantly better at a p-value of less than 0.0001 than the survival of the non-splenectomised @entity1 . The median survival time was 59 months. Also in this group of @entity1 the prognosis was different for the ovoid, convoluted and indented subtype. The median survival time of the ovoid subtype is not yet reached, despite a observation time of more than 180 months. In contrast, the survival time for the convoluted and indented subtypes was 26 months. These data elucidate that at least part of the heterogeneity in the clinical course of this disease can be explained by the morphologically distinct subtypes and that splenectomy prolongs profoundly but to a different degree the survival of @entity1 with all three histological subtypes. The response rate to r.-IFN alpha-2b is higher in @entity1 with the ovoid than with the convoluted and indented subtypes.

title: [Diagnosis and prognosis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5734 :: ('MESH:D007943', 'Disease') :: ['hairy cell leukemia']

answer: @entity5734 :: (MESH:D007943,Disease) :: ['hairy cell leukemia']


abstract: @entity1764 is an infrequent but life-threatening complication after cardiac operations. We reviewed our experience in treating eight select @entity1 in whom this complication developed. Diffuse @entity1764 was verified at operation, and all @entity1 were treated with the same surgical procedure by the same surgeon. The technique consisted of sternal bone d  bridement, mediastinal fat and connective tissue excision, pericardiectomy, and transfer of the greater omentum into the mediastinum on a vascular pedicle for obliteration of dead space. The sternum and sternal fascia were closed completely and the skin was closed loosely in each case. Postoperative drainage was not provided and postoperative irrigation was not performed. The mortality rate was 12.5% and the hospital stay averaged 27 days, comparable to other series in which irrigation has been used. We conclude from this review that the approach of omental transfer provides an alternative to prolonged irrigation and drainage of the mediastinum in the surgical management of these critically ill @entity1 . This is neither a radical nor a disfiguring procedure, but is simple and easily done by the cardiac surgeon. Early ambulation, because of a lack of cumbersome irrigation and drainage apparatus, results in improved pulmonary function. Dead space is obliterated with tissue that has demonstrable ability to resist infection. Also, loose closure of the skin allows for primary healing with a good cosmetic result.

title: Poststernotomy XXXX treated by omental transfer without postoperative irrigation or drainage.

entities_list: @entity1764 :: ('MESH:D008480', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinitis', 'Mediastinitis']

answer: @entity1764 :: (MESH:D008480,Disease) :: ['mediastinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies of @entity4512 @entity1 confirm that acceptance of @entity158 and values-based action are strong predictors of @entity158 and that interventions fostering " @entity458 " confer positive outcomes. However, data on these processes in @entity2704 remain limited. This cross-sectional study examined relations between components of @entity458 and @entity10 among treatment-seeking migraineurs. METHODS: A total of 103 adults (M age   =   41.5 (11.9) years; 88.2% female) with ICHD-confirmed @entity2704 (71.8% episodic, 28.2% chronic) across three clinics completed measures of @entity458 and @entity10 . Hierarchical regressions quantified relations between acceptance/values-based action and @entity10 variables after first controlling for @entity158 severity and gender. RESULTS: Acceptance of @entity158 and values-based action accounted for 10% of unique variance in @entity10 severity (  R(2) p   =   0.006) and up to 20% in @entity10 (  R(2) ps   =   0.02 and   <   0.001) but were weakly related to @entity10 frequency. Psychological flexibility was more strongly associated with MIDAS-measured disability than was @entity10 severity or @entity10 frequency. Significant effects were typically of medium-to-large size and driven primarily by values-based action. CONCLUSIONS: Paralleling results from the broader @entity1118 literature, @entity158 acceptance and values-based action play significant roles in @entity158 and disability. Further study of interventions targeting these processes may enhance existing treatments.

title: Psychological flexibility in @entity2704 : A study of XXXX acceptance and values-based action.

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal pain']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological flexibility']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain-related disability', 'pain', 'headache pain']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache-related disability', 'headache']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies of @entity4512 @entity1 confirm that acceptance of @entity158 and values-based action are strong predictors of @entity158 and that interventions fostering " @entity458 " confer positive outcomes. However, data on these processes in @entity2704 remain limited. This cross-sectional study examined relations between components of @entity458 and @entity10 among treatment-seeking migraineurs. METHODS: A total of 103 adults (M age   =   41.5 (11.9) years; 88.2% female) with ICHD-confirmed @entity2704 (71.8% episodic, 28.2% chronic) across three clinics completed measures of @entity458 and @entity10 . Hierarchical regressions quantified relations between acceptance/values-based action and @entity10 variables after first controlling for @entity158 severity and gender. RESULTS: Acceptance of @entity158 and values-based action accounted for 10% of unique variance in @entity10 severity (  R(2) p   =   0.006) and up to 20% in @entity10 (  R(2) ps   =   0.02 and   <   0.001) but were weakly related to @entity10 frequency. Psychological flexibility was more strongly associated with MIDAS-measured disability than was @entity10 severity or @entity10 frequency. Significant effects were typically of medium-to-large size and driven primarily by values-based action. CONCLUSIONS: Paralleling results from the broader @entity1118 literature, @entity158 acceptance and values-based action play significant roles in @entity158 and disability. Further study of interventions targeting these processes may enhance existing treatments.

title: Psychological flexibility in XXXX : A study of @entity158 acceptance and values-based action.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity2704 :: (MESH:D008881,Disease) :: ['migraine']


abstract: To evaluate pattern of using of three antifungal drugs: @entity2380 , @entity2379 and @entity5074 , at the hematology-oncology and bone marrow transplant wards of one large teaching hospital. In a prospective cross-sectional study, we evaluated the appropriateness of using antifungal drugs in @entity1 , using Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and National @entity5 Network (NCCN) guidelines. All the data were recorded daily by a pharmacist in a form designed by a clinical pharmacist and infectious diseases specialist, for antifungals usage, administration, and monitoring. During the study, 116 @entity1 were enrolled. Indications of prescribing @entity2379 , @entity2380 , and @entity5074 were appropriate according to guidelines in 83.4%, 80.6%, and 76.9% respectively. The duration of treatments were appropriate according to guidelines in 75%, 64.5%, and 71.1% respectively. The dose of @entity5074 was appropriate according to guidelines in 46.2% of @entity1 . None of the @entity1 received salt loading before administration of @entity2379 . The most considerable problems with the mentioned antifungals were about the indications and duration of treatment. In addition, prehydration for @entity2379 and dosage of @entity5074 were not completely compatible with the mentioned guidelines. A suitable combination of controlling the use of antifungals and educational programs could be essential for improving the general process of using antifungal drugs at our hospital.

title: Antifungal agent utilization evaluation in hospitalized neutropenic XXXX @entity1 at a large teaching hospital.

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Comprehensive Cancer']

entities_list: @entity5074 :: ('MESH:C102790', 'Chemical') :: ['voriconazole']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: To evaluate pattern of using of three antifungal drugs: @entity2380 , @entity2379 and @entity5074 , at the hematology-oncology and bone marrow transplant wards of one large teaching hospital. In a prospective cross-sectional study, we evaluated the appropriateness of using antifungal drugs in @entity1 , using Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and National @entity5 Network (NCCN) guidelines. All the data were recorded daily by a pharmacist in a form designed by a clinical pharmacist and infectious diseases specialist, for antifungals usage, administration, and monitoring. During the study, 116 @entity1 were enrolled. Indications of prescribing @entity2379 , @entity2380 , and @entity5074 were appropriate according to guidelines in 83.4%, 80.6%, and 76.9% respectively. The duration of treatments were appropriate according to guidelines in 75%, 64.5%, and 71.1% respectively. The dose of @entity5074 was appropriate according to guidelines in 46.2% of @entity1 . None of the @entity1 received salt loading before administration of @entity2379 . The most considerable problems with the mentioned antifungals were about the indications and duration of treatment. In addition, prehydration for @entity2379 and dosage of @entity5074 were not completely compatible with the mentioned guidelines. A suitable combination of controlling the use of antifungals and educational programs could be essential for improving the general process of using antifungal drugs at our hospital.

title: Antifungal agent utilization evaluation in hospitalized neutropenic @entity5 XXXX at a large teaching hospital.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To follow-up a population of @entity1 admitted to one Hospital Trust with @entity131 ( @entity131 ), and compare outcomes following mild @entity131 with outcomes following moderate or severe @entity131 . RESEARCH DESIGN: Population-based postal questionnaire survey. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Questionnaires were mailed to parents of all 974 surviving @entity1 on a register of paediatric @entity131 admissions, 525 completed questionnaires were returned (56.2%). Most @entity1 (419) had suffered mild @entity131 , 57 moderate, and 49 severe. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Thirty per cent of parents received no information on @entity130 symptoms, and clinical follow-up was limited. Statistically significant differences were observed between mild and moderate/severe groups for cognitive, social, emotional, and mobility problems. Nevertheless, approximately 20% of the mild group suffered from poor concentration, personality change and educational problems @entity130 . Few schools (20%) made special provision for @entity1 returning after injury. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 can have long-lasting and wide-ranging sequelae following @entity131 . Information should be routinely given to parents and schools after @entity1545 .

title: @entity1 's XXXX : a postal follow-up of 525 @entity1 from one health region in the UK.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['post-injury']

answer: @entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['brain injury']


abstract: PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To follow-up a population of @entity1 admitted to one Hospital Trust with @entity131 ( @entity131 ), and compare outcomes following mild @entity131 with outcomes following moderate or severe @entity131 . RESEARCH DESIGN: Population-based postal questionnaire survey. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Questionnaires were mailed to parents of all 974 surviving @entity1 on a register of paediatric @entity131 admissions, 525 completed questionnaires were returned (56.2%). Most @entity1 (419) had suffered mild @entity131 , 57 moderate, and 49 severe. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Thirty per cent of parents received no information on @entity130 symptoms, and clinical follow-up was limited. Statistically significant differences were observed between mild and moderate/severe groups for cognitive, social, emotional, and mobility problems. Nevertheless, approximately 20% of the mild group suffered from poor concentration, personality change and educational problems @entity130 . Few schools (20%) made special provision for @entity1 returning after injury. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 can have long-lasting and wide-ranging sequelae following @entity131 . Information should be routinely given to parents and schools after @entity1545 .

title: XXXX 's @entity1545 : a postal follow-up of 525 @entity1 from one health region in the UK.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: To follow-up a population of @entity1 admitted to one Hospital Trust with @entity131 ( @entity131 ), and compare outcomes following mild @entity131 with outcomes following moderate or severe @entity131 . RESEARCH DESIGN: Population-based postal questionnaire survey. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Questionnaires were mailed to parents of all 974 surviving @entity1 on a register of paediatric @entity131 admissions, 525 completed questionnaires were returned (56.2%). Most @entity1 (419) had suffered mild @entity131 , 57 moderate, and 49 severe. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Thirty per cent of parents received no information on @entity130 symptoms, and clinical follow-up was limited. Statistically significant differences were observed between mild and moderate/severe groups for cognitive, social, emotional, and mobility problems. Nevertheless, approximately 20% of the mild group suffered from poor concentration, personality change and educational problems @entity130 . Few schools (20%) made special provision for @entity1 returning after injury. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 can have long-lasting and wide-ranging sequelae following @entity131 . Information should be routinely given to parents and schools after @entity1545 .

title: @entity1 's @entity1545 : a postal follow-up of 525 XXXX from one health region in the UK.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To probe into effective surgical procedures and improve the outcome of treatment for @entity1 with severe @entity99 . METHODS: A retrospective study involving 113 @entity1 with severe @entity99 (AAST grade IV and V) during the past 12 years was carried out. Ninety-eight @entity1 underwent surgical treatment. Surgical interventions including hepatectomy or direct control of bleeding vessels by finger fracture technique with Pringle maneuver, selective ligation of hepatic artery, retrohepatic caval repair with total @entity99 , and perihepatic packing were mainly used. RESULTS: In the 98 @entity1 treated operatively, the survival rate was 69.4% (68/98). Among 40 @entity1 with @entity1317 ( @entity1317 ), 15 were cured with the maximum blood transfusion of 12,000 ml. Eight cases of Grade IV injury treated nonoperatively were cured. The percentage of failure of nonoperative management was 42.9% (6/14). The overall mortality rate was 32.7% (37/113), and 57% of the @entity204 were due to exsanguination. CONCLUSIONS: Reasonable surgical procedures based on classification of hepatic injuries can increase the survival rate of severe liver @entity130 . Accurate perihepatic packing is effective in dealing with @entity1317 .

title: Severe XXXX : surgical strategies.

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['juxtahepatic venous injury', 'JHVI']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic injury', 'hepatic trauma', 'hepatic vascular occlusion']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic trauma']