abstract: OBJECTIVE: Biological effects of @entity599 mustard (SM) on various systems have been investigated in both @entity1 and animals. However, few studies are available on the effect of SM on the peripheral nervous system. In the present study, long-term effects of a single dose of SM on nerve conduction velocity and electromyography (EMG) pattern is evaluated in hindlimb of adult male @entity35 . METHODS: SM @entity4968 was induced by two means: subcutaneous injection of 1 and 3.5 mg/kg SM in two experimental groups (1 and 2) and cutaneous application of 8 and 13 mg/kg SM in groups 3 and 4. Sham and control groups received SM vehicle, @entity5723 , and nothing, respectively. Electrophysiological assessments were performed after 26 weeks as follows: sciatic nerve conduction study that included measuring, amplitude, duration, and latency of M-wave, F-wave latency, and EMG study in resting and minimal contraction states. RESULTS: Results indicate that sciatic nerve conduction velocity did not significantly change in any experimental groups. However, resting EMG records showed some abnormalities very similar to positive sharp waves and @entity2901 reported in @entity1 . These abnormalities were observed in 6 of 36 intoxicated @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: Although the present data are in favor of @entity528 , to rule out the possibility of other types of @entity528 , additional thorough studies at ultrastructural level are suggested.

title: Long-term effect of a single dose of @entity599 mustard on nerve conduction velocity and electromyography pattern in XXXX hindlimb.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: This introductory article summarizes and comments on a group of four papers based in part on a panel discussion of @entity91 ( @entity91 ) held at the 53rd annual meeting of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. The purpose of this panel was to review the differential diagnosis of @entity91 and the evidence for @entity428 ( @entity428 ) and developmental problems in @entity91 @entity1 . First, a correct diagnosis must be made, with true @entity8213 being differentiated from positional deformities and other normal variants. Second, medical indications must be balanced against the risks of operating on @entity91 @entity1 . Release of fused sutures is commonly undertaken to avoid @entity428 , although studies of @entity428 in @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity91 are hampered by a lack of normative data and by difficulties with measurement techniques. A subgroup of @entity1 with @entity91 may have @entity428 , which can be deleterious to brain function. Longitudinal studies of @entity1 with isolated @entity91 suggest an increased risk of @entity1032 and @entity4207 ; surgical release of the suture may not diminish this risk. @entity1 with metopic suture fusion appear to be particularly at risk. These findings must be confirmed with a larger sample size. These uncertainties raise ethical issues and complicate medical decision-making for the @entity1 with @entity91 . A trusting and truthful relationship between the parents and the professional is necessary for a balanced discussion of the best interests of the @entity1 . All @entity1 with confirmed @entity8213 should be followed for evidence of progressive @entity85 , @entity428 , and @entity245 .

title: Controversies in the diagnosis and management of XXXX : a panel discussion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'infants', 'child', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['ICP', 'increased intracranial pressure', 'intracranial hypertension', 'increased ICP']

entities_list: @entity8213 :: ('MESH:D013580', 'Disease') :: ['synostosis']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['neurodevelopmental problems']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['learning disorders']

entities_list: @entity91 :: ('MESH:D003398', 'Disease') :: ['CS', 'isolated craniosynostosis', 'craniosynostosis']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity']

answer: @entity91 :: (MESH:D003398,Disease) :: ['craniosynostosis']


abstract: The effect of oral @entity8690 supplementation on the resynthesis of @entity3211 and performance after 1 wk of intense intermittent exercise was examined. Eight subjects performed a random double-blind crossover design. The subjects performed cycle training consisting of 15 x 10 s of all-out sprinting twice per day for 7 days. After training the subjects received either @entity8690 (200 mg/kg body wt; @entity30975 ) or placebo ( @entity1989 ) three times per day for 3 days. An exercise test was performed at 72 h after the last training session. Immediately after the last training session, muscle @entity855 was lowered (P < 0.05) by 25 +/- 2 and 22 +/- 3% in @entity1989 and @entity30975 , respectively. In both @entity1989 and @entity30975 , muscle @entity855 levels at 5 and 24 h after the exercise were still lower (P < 0.05) than pretraining. After 72 h, muscle @entity855 was similar (P > 0.05) to pretraining in @entity30975 (24.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 26.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/kg dry wt) but still lower (P < 0.05) in @entity1989 (21.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 26.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/kg dry wt) and higher (P < 0.05) in @entity30975 than in @entity1989 . Plasma @entity3625 levels after the test performed at 72 h were higher (P < 0.05) in @entity30975 compared with @entity1989 . Mean and peak power outputs during the test performed at 72 h were similar (P > 0.05) in @entity1989 and @entity30975 . The results support the hypothesis that the availability of @entity8690 in the muscle is a limiting factor for the rate of resynthesis of @entity855 . Furthermore, the reduction in muscle @entity855 observed after intense training does not appear to be limiting for high-intensity exercise performance.

title: Effect of XXXX supplementation on resynthesis of @entity3211 after intense intermittent training in humans.

entities_list: @entity3211 :: ('MESH:D000227', 'Chemical') :: ['adenine nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity3625 :: ('MESH:D019271', 'Chemical') :: ['hypoxanthine']

answer: @entity8690 :: (MESH:D012266,Chemical) :: ['ribose']


abstract: The effect of oral @entity8690 supplementation on the resynthesis of @entity3211 and performance after 1 wk of intense intermittent exercise was examined. Eight subjects performed a random double-blind crossover design. The subjects performed cycle training consisting of 15 x 10 s of all-out sprinting twice per day for 7 days. After training the subjects received either @entity8690 (200 mg/kg body wt; @entity30975 ) or placebo ( @entity1989 ) three times per day for 3 days. An exercise test was performed at 72 h after the last training session. Immediately after the last training session, muscle @entity855 was lowered (P < 0.05) by 25 +/- 2 and 22 +/- 3% in @entity1989 and @entity30975 , respectively. In both @entity1989 and @entity30975 , muscle @entity855 levels at 5 and 24 h after the exercise were still lower (P < 0.05) than pretraining. After 72 h, muscle @entity855 was similar (P > 0.05) to pretraining in @entity30975 (24.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 26.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/kg dry wt) but still lower (P < 0.05) in @entity1989 (21.1 +/- 0.5 vs. 26.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/kg dry wt) and higher (P < 0.05) in @entity30975 than in @entity1989 . Plasma @entity3625 levels after the test performed at 72 h were higher (P < 0.05) in @entity30975 compared with @entity1989 . Mean and peak power outputs during the test performed at 72 h were similar (P > 0.05) in @entity1989 and @entity30975 . The results support the hypothesis that the availability of @entity8690 in the muscle is a limiting factor for the rate of resynthesis of @entity855 . Furthermore, the reduction in muscle @entity855 observed after intense training does not appear to be limiting for high-intensity exercise performance.

title: Effect of @entity8690 supplementation on resynthesis of XXXX after intense intermittent training in humans.

answer: @entity3211 :: (MESH:D000227,Chemical) :: ['adenine nucleotides']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to compare endometrial biopsy and sonohysterography for evaluation of the endometrium in @entity440 -treated @entity1 . METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify 51 consecutive @entity440 -treated @entity1 who had sonohysterography and correlative endometrial biopsy for evaluation of @entity548 or thickened endometrium of greater than 8 mm. Endometrial biopsy and sonohysterographic results were compared in all @entity1 , and for 27 (53%) @entity1 who had hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage, endometrial biopsy and sonohysterographic findings also were compared with surgical pathologic findings. RESULTS: Thirty-two (63%) of 51 sonohysterograms revealed @entity1478 (8%) showed endometrium of greater than 5 mm; 14 (27%) showed endometrium of less than 5 mm; and 1 (2%) was inadequate. Endometrial biopsy findings were benign endometrium in 42 (82%), @entity1127 in 4 (8%), and insufficient samples in 5 (10%). Among the adequate sonohysterograms, 64% (32 of 50) resulted in a diagnosis of @entity1127 (95% confidence interval, 49%-77%) whereas the corresponding proportion for endometrial biopsy was 9% (4 of 46; 95% confidence interval, 2%-21%). For the group with hysteroscopy, 24 (92%) of 26 @entity1127 were confirmed histopathologically; 1 @entity1127 had @entity1373 . @entity1127 were present in 23 (89%) of 26 @entity1 with benign endometrium or insufficient samples by endometrial biopsy, and only 1 confirmed @entity1127 was identified by endometrial biopsy. The sensitivity of sonohysterography for diagnosis of @entity1478 (100%) was significantly higher than for endometrial biopsy (4%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity440 -treated @entity1 , sonohysterography provides a significant improvement in sensitivity for diagnosis of @entity1478 compared with endometrial biopsy.

title: Sonohysterography compared with endometrial biopsy for evaluation of the endometrium in XXXX -treated @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['polyp', 'polyps', 'Polyps']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['complex hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1478 :: ('MESH:D014591', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial polyps', 'endometrial polyps; 4']

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['tamoxifen']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to compare endometrial biopsy and sonohysterography for evaluation of the endometrium in @entity440 -treated @entity1 . METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify 51 consecutive @entity440 -treated @entity1 who had sonohysterography and correlative endometrial biopsy for evaluation of @entity548 or thickened endometrium of greater than 8 mm. Endometrial biopsy and sonohysterographic results were compared in all @entity1 , and for 27 (53%) @entity1 who had hysteroscopy with dilation and curettage, endometrial biopsy and sonohysterographic findings also were compared with surgical pathologic findings. RESULTS: Thirty-two (63%) of 51 sonohysterograms revealed @entity1478 (8%) showed endometrium of greater than 5 mm; 14 (27%) showed endometrium of less than 5 mm; and 1 (2%) was inadequate. Endometrial biopsy findings were benign endometrium in 42 (82%), @entity1127 in 4 (8%), and insufficient samples in 5 (10%). Among the adequate sonohysterograms, 64% (32 of 50) resulted in a diagnosis of @entity1127 (95% confidence interval, 49%-77%) whereas the corresponding proportion for endometrial biopsy was 9% (4 of 46; 95% confidence interval, 2%-21%). For the group with hysteroscopy, 24 (92%) of 26 @entity1127 were confirmed histopathologically; 1 @entity1127 had @entity1373 . @entity1127 were present in 23 (89%) of 26 @entity1 with benign endometrium or insufficient samples by endometrial biopsy, and only 1 confirmed @entity1127 was identified by endometrial biopsy. The sensitivity of sonohysterography for diagnosis of @entity1478 (100%) was significantly higher than for endometrial biopsy (4%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity440 -treated @entity1 , sonohysterography provides a significant improvement in sensitivity for diagnosis of @entity1478 compared with endometrial biopsy.

title: Sonohysterography compared with endometrial biopsy for evaluation of the endometrium in @entity440 -treated XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: A quantitative method for validating qualitative interview results and checking sample parameters is described and illustrated using common @entity158 descriptions among a sample of Anglo-American and mandarin Chinese @entity1 and dentists matched by age and gender. Assumptions were that subjects were members of a sociocultural group (e.g. ethnic or professional/lay) and answered questions independently about a monotonic domain (e.g. @entity158 ). Subjects answered 18 true/false items derived from and selected to reflect @entity158 perceptions consistent with published and unpublished interview data. Estimates of consistency in use of descriptors within groups, validity of description, accuracy of individuals compared with others in their group, and minimum required sample size were calculated using Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, and Bayesian probability. Ethnic and professional differences within and across groups were also tested using @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ) and hypothesis testing. Consensus (consistency of subject response by group) was .99 among Anglo-Americans and .97 among Chinese. Mean subject accuracy was .81 for Americans and .57 for Chinese, indicating the need for larger numbers of Chinese to supplement each others' statements. However, larger numbers of subjects were recruited than actually required for each ethnic group at .95 confidence limits. @entity2653 showed similarities in use of descriptors within ethnic groups, while there were differences (p < .001) between Chinese and American groups. Use of covalidating questionnaires that reflect results of qualitative interviews are recommended in order to estimate sample parameters such as intersubject agreement, individual subject accuracy, and minimum required sample sizes.

title: Consensus analysis: reliability, validity, and informant accuracy in use of American and Mandarin Chinese XXXX descriptors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['multidimensional scaling', 'MDS']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the magnitude of @entity735 and of @entity227 in a defined elderly population of a typical metropolitan area in England, and to assess the frequency they were in touch with, or known to, the eye care services. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey using two stage cluster random sampling. SETTING: General practices in north London. SUBJECTS: Random sample of @entity1 aged 65 and older, drawn from a defined population of elderly @entity1 registered with 17 general practice groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportions and population prevalence estimates were determined for visual acuity, assessed with the @entity1 's own spectacles (if any), classified into four categories: prevalence of @entity231 , age related @entity1020 , and @entity2516 causing @entity227 and of definite primary open @entity726 ; and status of contact with eye services. RESULTS: 1547 of 1840 (84%) eligible @entity1 were examined. The population prevalence of bilateral @entity227 (visual acuity <6/12) was 30%, of which 72% was potentially remediable. 92 of these 448 cases (21%) had @entity227 . Prevalence of @entity231 causing @entity227 was 30%; 88% of these @entity1 were not in touch with the eye services. The prevalence of vision impairing, age related @entity1020 was 8% and of @entity726 (definite cases) was 3%. Three quarters of the @entity1 with definite @entity726 were not known to the eye services. CONCLUSIONS: Untreated @entity227 and @entity735 affect a substantial proportion of @entity1 aged 65 years and older. These findings should contribute to the setting up of future strategies for preservation of sight and eye health services in general.

title: Prevalence of serious eye disease and XXXX in a north London population: population based, cross sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['person', 'people']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual acuity <6/60 ("blindness") in one or both eyes', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive error']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma', 'angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['serious eye disorders', 'eye disorders']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['visual impairment']


abstract: @entity3541 in @entity8352 remains one of the greatest challenges in reconstructive plastic surgery. Facial reanimation is an invaluable aid to such @entity1 because it allows for greater social interaction by means of the ability to smile. In performing facial reanimation surgery on @entity1 with @entity8352 , it is the observation of the senior author (Harrison) that @entity3305 is a consistent and previously unreported feature of the syndrome. It has been the practice of the senior author to perform upper labial augmentation on @entity8352 @entity1 by insertion of a lipodermal autograft, in addition to facial reanimation. Nine @entity1 with @entity8352 who presented to the Department of Plastic Surgery during an 8-year period were reviewed. All nine possessed bilateral @entity3541 and @entity3305 in addition to other abnormalities consistent with @entity8352 . Six @entity1 underwent bilateral facial reanimation and upper labial augmentation alone. One @entity1 refused facial reanimation surgery but consented to upper labial augmentation. One @entity1 , with concomitant @entity4239 , underwent bilateral facial reanimation, upper labial augmentation, and insertion of a Silastic chin implant. In one @entity1 , a @entity1 who also exhibited @entity4239 , bilateral facial reanimation alone was carried out, with further procedures for upper labial and chin cosmesis being postponed until adulthood. The indication for performing upper labial augmentation was cosmetic. The procedure improved upper labial appearance and restored balance to the mouth. @entity1 also expressed higher satisfaction with eating and drinking, which they related to the improved fullness of the upper lip. This was before the facial reanimation had become functional. Upper @entity3305 warrants addition to the list of facial features of @entity8352 and is something that must be assessed in the context of facial reanimation surgery.

title: Upper XXXX in Mobius syndrome: a previously unreported feature and its correction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity4239 :: ('MESH:D008844', 'Disease') :: ['micrognathia']

entities_list: @entity3305 :: ('MESH:D006560', 'Disease') :: ['upper labial deficiency', 'labial deficiency']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['Bilateral facial palsy', 'facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity8352 :: ('MESH:C566367', 'Disease') :: ['M  bius syndrome']

answer: @entity3305 :: (MESH:D006560,Disease) :: ['labial deficiency']


abstract: Free flap surgical procedures are technically challenging, and @entity254 failure may lead to arterial or @entity432 and flap @entity39 . To improve myocutaneous flap survival rates, more reliable methods to detect @entity63 are needed. On the basis of theoretical considerations, @entity544 tension, reflecting intracellular @entity520 , may be suitable indicators of @entity63 . It was hypothesized that tissue @entity544 tension increased rapidly when metabolism became anaerobic and would be correlated with acute venoarterial differences in @entity880 levels, @entity972 levels, and acid-base parameters. Because @entity209 have been observed to be less pronounced in flaps with @entity432 , it was hypothesized that tissue @entity544 tension and venoarterial differences in @entity880 and @entity972 levels and acid-base parameters would increase less during @entity432 than during @entity432 . In 14 @entity1707 , latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps were surgically isolated, exposed to acute @entity63 for 150 minutes with complete @entity432 (seven subjects) or @entity432 (seven subjects), and reperfused for 30 minutes. After @entity432 , pedicle blood flow decreased immediately to less than 10 percent of baseline flow. Blood flow decreased more slowly after @entity432 but within 3 minutes reached almost the same low levels as observed during @entity432 . Venous @entity26 saturation decreased from approximately 70 percent to approximately 20 percent, whereas @entity26 uptake was almost arrested. Tissue @entity544 tension increased to two times baseline values in both groups (p < 0.01). The venoarterial differences in @entity544 tension, pH, base excess, @entity413 levels, @entity880 levels, and @entity972 levels increased significantly (p < 0.01). Tissue @entity544 tension measured during the occlusion period were closely correlated with venoarterial differences in pH, base excess, @entity413 levels, @entity880 levels, and @entity972 levels (median r2, 0.67 to 0.92). After termination of arterial or @entity432 , more pronounced @entity450 was observed in the @entity432 group than in the @entity432 group (p < 0.05). @entity26 uptake (p < 0.05) and venoarterial differences in @entity880 and @entity972 levels (p < 0.05) were significantly more pronounced in the @entity432 group. In the @entity432 group, with less pronounced @entity450 , venoarterial differences in acid-base parameters remained significantly different from baseline values before occlusion (p < 0.01). The data indicate that tissue @entity544 tension can be used to detect anaerobic metabolism, caused by arterial or @entity432 , in myocutaneous flaps. The correlations between @entity544 tension and venoarterial differences in acid-base parameters were excellent. Because @entity544 tension can be measured continuously in real time, such measurements are more likely to represent a clinically useful parameter than are venoarterial differences.

title: Tissue XXXX tension: a putative specific indicator of @entity63 in porcine latissimus dorsi flaps.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['early ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disturbances']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion', 'arterial occlusion']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity544 :: (MESH:D002245,Chemical) :: ['carbon dioxide']


abstract: Free flap surgical procedures are technically challenging, and @entity254 failure may lead to arterial or @entity432 and flap @entity39 . To improve myocutaneous flap survival rates, more reliable methods to detect @entity63 are needed. On the basis of theoretical considerations, @entity544 tension, reflecting intracellular @entity520 , may be suitable indicators of @entity63 . It was hypothesized that tissue @entity544 tension increased rapidly when metabolism became anaerobic and would be correlated with acute venoarterial differences in @entity880 levels, @entity972 levels, and acid-base parameters. Because @entity209 have been observed to be less pronounced in flaps with @entity432 , it was hypothesized that tissue @entity544 tension and venoarterial differences in @entity880 and @entity972 levels and acid-base parameters would increase less during @entity432 than during @entity432 . In 14 @entity1707 , latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps were surgically isolated, exposed to acute @entity63 for 150 minutes with complete @entity432 (seven subjects) or @entity432 (seven subjects), and reperfused for 30 minutes. After @entity432 , pedicle blood flow decreased immediately to less than 10 percent of baseline flow. Blood flow decreased more slowly after @entity432 but within 3 minutes reached almost the same low levels as observed during @entity432 . Venous @entity26 saturation decreased from approximately 70 percent to approximately 20 percent, whereas @entity26 uptake was almost arrested. Tissue @entity544 tension increased to two times baseline values in both groups (p < 0.01). The venoarterial differences in @entity544 tension, pH, base excess, @entity413 levels, @entity880 levels, and @entity972 levels increased significantly (p < 0.01). Tissue @entity544 tension measured during the occlusion period were closely correlated with venoarterial differences in pH, base excess, @entity413 levels, @entity880 levels, and @entity972 levels (median r2, 0.67 to 0.92). After termination of arterial or @entity432 , more pronounced @entity450 was observed in the @entity432 group than in the @entity432 group (p < 0.05). @entity26 uptake (p < 0.05) and venoarterial differences in @entity880 and @entity972 levels (p < 0.05) were significantly more pronounced in the @entity432 group. In the @entity432 group, with less pronounced @entity450 , venoarterial differences in acid-base parameters remained significantly different from baseline values before occlusion (p < 0.01). The data indicate that tissue @entity544 tension can be used to detect anaerobic metabolism, caused by arterial or @entity432 , in myocutaneous flaps. The correlations between @entity544 tension and venoarterial differences in acid-base parameters were excellent. Because @entity544 tension can be measured continuously in real time, such measurements are more likely to represent a clinically useful parameter than are venoarterial differences.

title: Tissue @entity544 tension: a putative specific indicator of XXXX in porcine latissimus dorsi flaps.

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Lameness in dairy herds is traditionally detected by visual inspection, which is time-consuming and subjective. Compared with healthy @entity291 , lame @entity291 often spend longer time lying down, walk less and change behaviour around feeding time. Accelerometers measuring @entity291 leg activity may assist farmers in detecting lame @entity291 . On four commercial farms, accelerometer data were derived from hind leg-mounted accelerometers on 348 Holstein @entity291 , 53 of them during two lactations. The @entity291 were milked twice daily and had no access to pasture. During a lactation, @entity426 ( @entity426 ) was assessed on average 2.4 times (s.d. 1.3). Based on daily lying duration, standing duration, walking duration, total number of steps, step frequency, @entity11535 ( @entity11535 , i.e. total acceleration) for lying, standing and walking, eight accelerometer means and their corresponding coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for each week immediately before an @entity426 . A principal component analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the variables. The effects of @entity426 and farm on the principal components (PC) and on the variables were analysed in a mixed model. The first four PC accounted for 27%, 18%, 12% and 10% of the total variation, respectively. @entity21603 corresponded to Activity variability due to heavy loading by five CV variables related to standing and walking. @entity21604 corresponded to Activity level due to heavy loading by @entity11535 walking, @entity11535 standing and walking duration. @entity21603 corresponded to Recumbency due to heavy loading by four variables related to lying. PC4 corresponded mainly to Stepping due to heavy loading by step frequency. Activity variability at LS4 was significantly higher than at the lower @entity426 levels. Activity level was significantly higher at LS1 than at LS2, which was significantly higher than at LS4. Recumbency was unaffected by @entity426 . Stepping at LS1 and LS2 was significantly higher than at LS3 and LS4. Activity level was significantly lower on farm 3 compared with farms 1 and 2. Stepping was significantly lower on farms 1 and 3 compared with farms 2 and 4. @entity11535 standing indicated increased restlessness while standing when @entity291 increased from LS3 to LS4. Lying duration was only increased in lame @entity291 . In conclusion, Activity level differed already between LS1 and LS2, thus detecting early signs of @entity1273 , particularly through contributions from walking duration and @entity11535 walking. @entity1273 models including walking duration, @entity11535 walking and @entity11535 standing seem worthy of further investigation.

title: XXXX via leg-mounted accelerometers on dairy @entity291 on four commercial farms.

entities_list: @entity1273 :: ('MESH:D007794', 'Disease') :: ['lameness', 'Lameness detection']

entities_list: @entity11535 :: ('MESH:D009041', 'Disease') :: ['motion index', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity426 :: ('MESH:D020233', 'Disease') :: ['locomotion score', 'LS']

answer: @entity1273 :: (MESH:D007794,Disease) :: ['Lameness detection']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Lameness in dairy herds is traditionally detected by visual inspection, which is time-consuming and subjective. Compared with healthy @entity291 , lame @entity291 often spend longer time lying down, walk less and change behaviour around feeding time. Accelerometers measuring @entity291 leg activity may assist farmers in detecting lame @entity291 . On four commercial farms, accelerometer data were derived from hind leg-mounted accelerometers on 348 Holstein @entity291 , 53 of them during two lactations. The @entity291 were milked twice daily and had no access to pasture. During a lactation, @entity426 ( @entity426 ) was assessed on average 2.4 times (s.d. 1.3). Based on daily lying duration, standing duration, walking duration, total number of steps, step frequency, @entity11535 ( @entity11535 , i.e. total acceleration) for lying, standing and walking, eight accelerometer means and their corresponding coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for each week immediately before an @entity426 . A principal component analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the variables. The effects of @entity426 and farm on the principal components (PC) and on the variables were analysed in a mixed model. The first four PC accounted for 27%, 18%, 12% and 10% of the total variation, respectively. @entity21603 corresponded to Activity variability due to heavy loading by five CV variables related to standing and walking. @entity21604 corresponded to Activity level due to heavy loading by @entity11535 walking, @entity11535 standing and walking duration. @entity21603 corresponded to Recumbency due to heavy loading by four variables related to lying. PC4 corresponded mainly to Stepping due to heavy loading by step frequency. Activity variability at LS4 was significantly higher than at the lower @entity426 levels. Activity level was significantly higher at LS1 than at LS2, which was significantly higher than at LS4. Recumbency was unaffected by @entity426 . Stepping at LS1 and LS2 was significantly higher than at LS3 and LS4. Activity level was significantly lower on farm 3 compared with farms 1 and 2. Stepping was significantly lower on farms 1 and 3 compared with farms 2 and 4. @entity11535 standing indicated increased restlessness while standing when @entity291 increased from LS3 to LS4. Lying duration was only increased in lame @entity291 . In conclusion, Activity level differed already between LS1 and LS2, thus detecting early signs of @entity1273 , particularly through contributions from walking duration and @entity11535 walking. @entity1273 models including walking duration, @entity11535 walking and @entity11535 standing seem worthy of further investigation.

title: @entity1273 via leg-mounted accelerometers on dairy XXXX on four commercial farms.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cows']


abstract: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy remains the mainstay of the diagnosis of @entity263 . Although this diagnostic method is a safe procedure and well tolerated by most @entity1 a significant number of @entity1 report discomfort and @entity158 during prostate biopsy. In order to define the best method of anesthesia, many studies, in which different methods were compared, have been performed. To determine the effectiveness of local injection anesthesia in TRUS-guided prostate biopsy, we designed and performed this prospective study in order to evaluate the utility of @entity616 for @entity158 management. A total of 100 @entity1 who had elevated total @entity1486 and/or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) were included in this study. Half of the @entity1 received periprostatic injection anesthesia (group I) and the remaining half received placebo (group II). @entity1 received 10 cm3 (5 cm3 each side) 1% @entity3303 injected into the periprostatic nerve plexus under transrectal ultrasonic guidance. @entity158 during biopsy was assessed using a 10-point modified visual analog scale (VAS). In groups I and II, mean @entity1 age was 66.8+2.5 and 65.6+11.5 y, mean tPSA was 7.87+/-3.6 and 11.3+/-1.7 ng/ml, mean biopsy duration was 6.5+/-2.5 and 6.6+/-2.2 min and mean @entity158 score during TRUS-guided biopsy was 1.46+/-2.2 and 4.5+/-2.1, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed with respect to age, tPSA and mean biopsy duration between these groups. Mean @entity158 VAS score was statistically or significantly better (P=0.0001) in the @entity3303 injection group (group I), and furthermore no @entity1 had a VAS @entity158 score > or =5 in this group. Only minor and transient complications occurred in both groups. This study reinforces the usage of @entity616 as a standard method of @entity158 management during TRUS-guided prostate biopsy, because it is simple, safe, uncostly and significantly effective without requiring additional time.

title: Transrectal periprostatic XXXX injection anesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy: a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen (tPSA)']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['periprostatic nerve block']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['lidocaine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the experience in the treatment of @entity3526 ( @entity3526 ) and the relation between @entity3526 and the damage of brain. METHODS: In 28 @entity1 with @entity3526 , 23 were operated on. They complained of vertigo, @entity4905 , and claudication of arms. One @entity1 suffered from severe stem @entity63 spasm. All the @entity1 were subjected to subtraction angiography. Fifteen of them showed retrograde flow in the vertebral arteries. Transcranial Doppler revealed retrograde blood flow in 8 @entity1 . Single photon emission tomography showed inadequate blood supply to the brain with affected subclavian arteries in 4 @entity1 . Carotid-subclavian arterial bypass was performed in 16 @entity1 , axilloauxillary bypass in 3, PTA in 1, and aorta-carotid graft bypass in 3. RESULTS: 13 @entity1 (13/23) had their cerebrovascular symptoms relieved. Transcranial Doppler and emission tomography after operation showed nothing abnormal. CONCLUSION: @entity3526 is harmful and the @entity1 should be closely monitored by means of transcranial Doppler and emission tomography.

title: XXXX : report of 28 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3526 :: ('MESH:D013349', 'Disease') :: ['SSS', 'subclavian steal syndrome']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity3526 :: (MESH:D013349,Disease) :: ['Subclavian steal syndrome']


abstract: There are two kinds of comparison in family planning (FP) practice. First, @entity1 compare the number of @entity1 they have with their desired family size. Second, @entity1 compare their number of @entity1 with other's. The extent of their satisfaction from the comparison often depends on their expectation. And @entity1 's expectation about their family size may have an impact on the level of fertility. One task in a FP program is to regulate @entity1 's objects for comparison and to reduce the number of @entity1 they expect to have. But, changes in @entity1 's desired number of @entity1 are largely dependent upon the socio economic charges which can not be achieved in short time. Therefore, it would be more advisable to direct @entity1 to compare their fertility behavior with those of couples who have only one @entity1 , rather than those who have 3 or 4. Satisfaction with family size also comes from a feeling of @entity21214 . @entity1 not only look at what they get, but also at what others get. @entity21214 and justice in FP program implementation is important. If those who violate local birth control policies and regulations are not properly punished, other @entity1 would feel that the situation is unfair and they would regret that they did not do the same. The pressure brought by over-population to socio-economic development has been gradually felt by most @entity1 . But, it is still difficult to have them strictly observe the present fertility regulation policy. If restrictions of various kinds are enforced and education and publicity are used, @entity1 will feel that they are being treated fairly. This will facilitate the promotion of the FP program.

title: [Comparison and XXXX in family planning].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'people', 'child', 'People']

entities_list: @entity21214 :: ('MESH:C567300', 'Disease') :: ['fairness', 'Fairness']

answer: @entity21214 :: (MESH:C567300,Disease) :: ['fairness']


abstract: PURPOSE: Although diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract are common in @entity1 with @entity191 , there is a paucity of data regarding postoperative outcomes after colorectal surgery. METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2007-2011) was utilized to analyze outcomes in @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity191 ) undergoing colorectal surgery. Main outcomes were risk-adjusted inpatient morbidity, mortality, hospital charge, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: A total of 6490 @entity1 were identified. Utilization of laparoscopic surgery in @entity191 @entity1 has progressively increased in frequency over the latest 5  years analyzed. The most common diagnoses were @entity14 (39  %) and @entity1321 (20  %). Right hemicolectomy (37  %) and sigmoidectomy (30  %) were the most common operations. Laparoscopy was used in 18  % of @entity191 @entity1 and most commonly in the elective setting. 54.3  % of @entity191 @entity1 had emergency surgery compared to 38.6  % in @entity191 . Overall morbidity and mortality were significantly lower after laparoscopic surgery compared to open (20 vs. 25  % and 2.1 vs. 6.6  %, respectively). Length of stay was significantly shorter (OR -1.86; p   <   0.01) for laparoscopic operations, but there were no significant differences in risk-adjusted outcomes between laparoscopic and open groups. CONCLUSION: @entity191 @entity1 have high rates of morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery; this may be because more than half of all @entity1 in this population undergo emergent surgery. The laparoscopic approach appears to have short-term benefits in this @entity1 population.

title: Colorectal surgery in XXXX -outcomes and predictors of mortality.

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal malignancy']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", "non-Parkinson's", "Parkinson's", 'PD']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: The USIT-tool is used to investigate the health care chain of @entity15 ( @entity15 ) in a Dutch region. The advantage of the USIT-tool is that is results in insight in the relevant problems, solutions and constraints of the caregivers both in the organisational and the information technological area. The main problem in the @entity15 -health care chain proved to be the lack of co-ordination and the inefficient communication between caregivers. Although most caregivers were convinced of the need to improve delivered care for @entity15 - @entity1 , most of them also expressed that they would spend little time and energy on improving @entity15 -care, because of the low relevance of @entity15 -care compared to other kinds of care. To improve care, taking in account this constraint we propose to build a @entity1 Relation Management (PRM) System. A PRM is a simple web-based application that is based on agreement by the caregivers about the route an @entity15 - @entity1 should follow through health care. PRM supports routing, tracking and tracing of a @entity1 and supplies the caregivers with professional guidelines. The PRM-concept can easily be expanded to other @entity1 groups or diseases and can serve as a first step to a regional Electronic @entity1 Record. It is likely that we would have suggested a far more complicated ICT solution if we had only analysed the @entity15 -care process as such, without specific consideration of the USIT dimensions. The USIT analysis helped us to balance the breadth of the proposed solution with the nature of the situation the future users of the system are in.

title: XXXX relation management: a relevant solution to connect the links of a healthcare chain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple Sclerosis', 'MS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between continuity of care and the quality of care received by @entity1 with @entity6 . STUDY DESIGN: We used a cross-sectional @entity1 survey and medical record review. POPULATION: Consecutive @entity1 with an established diagnosis of @entity6 presented to 1 of 6 clinics within the Residency Research Network of South Texas, a network of 6 family practice residencies affiliated with the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. OUTCOMES MEASURED: Continuity was measured as the proportion of visits within the past year to the @entity1 's usual primary care provider. A quality of care score was computed based on the American @entity6 Association's Provider Recognition Program criteria from data collected through medical record review and @entity1 surveys. Each @entity1 was awarded points based on the presence or absence of each criterion. RESULTS: The continuity score was associated significantly with the quality of care score in the anticipated direction (r =.15, P =.04). @entity1 who had seen their usual providers within the past year were significantly more likely to have had an eye examination, a foot examination, 2 blood pressure measurements, and a lipid analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Continuity of care is associated with the quality of care received by @entity1 with @entity6 . Continuity of care may influence provider and @entity1 behaviors in ways that improve quality. Further research on how continuity contributes to improved quality is needed.

title: Continuity and quality of care in type 2 XXXX : a Residency Research Network of South Texas study.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Chemotherapeutic resistance in @entity0 , whether acquired or intrinsic, remains a major clinical obstacle. Thus, increasing @entity5 cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents will be helpful in improving the clinical management of @entity0 . In the present study, we found an induction of @entity13975 expression in @entity632 ( @entity3105 )-treated MDA-MB-231 @entity1 @entity0 cells, which showed insensitivity to @entity3105 treatment. Knockdown @entity13975 expression dramatically upregulated the incidence of MDA-MB-231 cell @entity204 under @entity3105 treatment, indicating that @entity13975 functions as a critical contributor to drug resistance in MDA-MB-231 cells. We further observed that @entity3105 exposure induced a cytoprotective autophagic flux in MDA-MB-231 cells, which was dependent on @entity13975 induction. Moreover, upregulation of @entity13975 expression required the activation of both @entity4104 and its upstream regulator, protein kinase @entity7242 . Abrogating @entity7242 / @entity4104 pathway activation attenuated @entity13975 and autophagy induction, thus increasing the chemosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, we conclude that @entity7242 / @entity4104 -dependent @entity13975 induction protects MDA-MB-231 @entity0 cells from @entity3105 -induced @entity204 through promoting autophagy. In the following study, we further demonstrated the contribution of @entity7242 / @entity4104 / @entity13975 /autophagy pathway activation to @entity3105 resistance in another @entity0 cell line, MDA-MB-468, which bears a similar phenotype to MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, activation of @entity7242 / @entity4104 / @entity13975 /autophagy signaling pathway might play a general role in protecting certain subtypes of @entity0 cells from @entity3105 -induced @entity137 . Targeting this signaling event may provide a potential approach for overcoming @entity3105 resistance in @entity0 therapeutics.

title: XXXX / @entity4104 -dependent heme oxygenase-1 induction mediates chemoresistance of @entity0 cells to @entity632 by promoting autophagy.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4104 :: ('6774', 'Gene') :: ['STAT3', 'signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3']

answer: @entity7242 :: (6714,Gene) :: ['Src']


abstract: Chemotherapeutic resistance in @entity0 , whether acquired or intrinsic, remains a major clinical obstacle. Thus, increasing @entity5 cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents will be helpful in improving the clinical management of @entity0 . In the present study, we found an induction of @entity13975 expression in @entity632 ( @entity3105 )-treated MDA-MB-231 @entity1 @entity0 cells, which showed insensitivity to @entity3105 treatment. Knockdown @entity13975 expression dramatically upregulated the incidence of MDA-MB-231 cell @entity204 under @entity3105 treatment, indicating that @entity13975 functions as a critical contributor to drug resistance in MDA-MB-231 cells. We further observed that @entity3105 exposure induced a cytoprotective autophagic flux in MDA-MB-231 cells, which was dependent on @entity13975 induction. Moreover, upregulation of @entity13975 expression required the activation of both @entity4104 and its upstream regulator, protein kinase @entity7242 . Abrogating @entity7242 / @entity4104 pathway activation attenuated @entity13975 and autophagy induction, thus increasing the chemosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, we conclude that @entity7242 / @entity4104 -dependent @entity13975 induction protects MDA-MB-231 @entity0 cells from @entity3105 -induced @entity204 through promoting autophagy. In the following study, we further demonstrated the contribution of @entity7242 / @entity4104 / @entity13975 /autophagy pathway activation to @entity3105 resistance in another @entity0 cell line, MDA-MB-468, which bears a similar phenotype to MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, activation of @entity7242 / @entity4104 / @entity13975 /autophagy signaling pathway might play a general role in protecting certain subtypes of @entity0 cells from @entity3105 -induced @entity137 . Targeting this signaling event may provide a potential approach for overcoming @entity3105 resistance in @entity0 therapeutics.

title: @entity7242 / XXXX -dependent heme oxygenase-1 induction mediates chemoresistance of @entity0 cells to @entity632 by promoting autophagy.

answer: @entity4104 :: (6774,Gene) :: ['STAT3']


abstract: Chemotherapeutic resistance in @entity0 , whether acquired or intrinsic, remains a major clinical obstacle. Thus, increasing @entity5 cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents will be helpful in improving the clinical management of @entity0 . In the present study, we found an induction of @entity13975 expression in @entity632 ( @entity3105 )-treated MDA-MB-231 @entity1 @entity0 cells, which showed insensitivity to @entity3105 treatment. Knockdown @entity13975 expression dramatically upregulated the incidence of MDA-MB-231 cell @entity204 under @entity3105 treatment, indicating that @entity13975 functions as a critical contributor to drug resistance in MDA-MB-231 cells. We further observed that @entity3105 exposure induced a cytoprotective autophagic flux in MDA-MB-231 cells, which was dependent on @entity13975 induction. Moreover, upregulation of @entity13975 expression required the activation of both @entity4104 and its upstream regulator, protein kinase @entity7242 . Abrogating @entity7242 / @entity4104 pathway activation attenuated @entity13975 and autophagy induction, thus increasing the chemosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, we conclude that @entity7242 / @entity4104 -dependent @entity13975 induction protects MDA-MB-231 @entity0 cells from @entity3105 -induced @entity204 through promoting autophagy. In the following study, we further demonstrated the contribution of @entity7242 / @entity4104 / @entity13975 /autophagy pathway activation to @entity3105 resistance in another @entity0 cell line, MDA-MB-468, which bears a similar phenotype to MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, activation of @entity7242 / @entity4104 / @entity13975 /autophagy signaling pathway might play a general role in protecting certain subtypes of @entity0 cells from @entity3105 -induced @entity137 . Targeting this signaling event may provide a potential approach for overcoming @entity3105 resistance in @entity0 therapeutics.

title: @entity7242 / @entity4104 -dependent heme oxygenase-1 induction mediates chemoresistance of XXXX cells to @entity632 by promoting autophagy.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Chemotherapeutic resistance in @entity0 , whether acquired or intrinsic, remains a major clinical obstacle. Thus, increasing @entity5 cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents will be helpful in improving the clinical management of @entity0 . In the present study, we found an induction of @entity13975 expression in @entity632 ( @entity3105 )-treated MDA-MB-231 @entity1 @entity0 cells, which showed insensitivity to @entity3105 treatment. Knockdown @entity13975 expression dramatically upregulated the incidence of MDA-MB-231 cell @entity204 under @entity3105 treatment, indicating that @entity13975 functions as a critical contributor to drug resistance in MDA-MB-231 cells. We further observed that @entity3105 exposure induced a cytoprotective autophagic flux in MDA-MB-231 cells, which was dependent on @entity13975 induction. Moreover, upregulation of @entity13975 expression required the activation of both @entity4104 and its upstream regulator, protein kinase @entity7242 . Abrogating @entity7242 / @entity4104 pathway activation attenuated @entity13975 and autophagy induction, thus increasing the chemosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, we conclude that @entity7242 / @entity4104 -dependent @entity13975 induction protects MDA-MB-231 @entity0 cells from @entity3105 -induced @entity204 through promoting autophagy. In the following study, we further demonstrated the contribution of @entity7242 / @entity4104 / @entity13975 /autophagy pathway activation to @entity3105 resistance in another @entity0 cell line, MDA-MB-468, which bears a similar phenotype to MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, activation of @entity7242 / @entity4104 / @entity13975 /autophagy signaling pathway might play a general role in protecting certain subtypes of @entity0 cells from @entity3105 -induced @entity137 . Targeting this signaling event may provide a potential approach for overcoming @entity3105 resistance in @entity0 therapeutics.

title: @entity7242 / @entity4104 -dependent heme oxygenase-1 induction mediates chemoresistance of @entity0 cells to XXXX by promoting autophagy.

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: Relaxin and its receptor @entity21414 are co-expressed in Sertoli cells, and relaxin can stimulate proliferation of Sertoli cells. In this study, we investigated a role of relaxin in spermatogenesis, using a short-term culture of testicular cells of the @entity35 that allowed differentiation of spermatogonia to spermatids. Sertoli, germ, and peritubular myoid cells were the predominant cell types in the culture. Sertoli and germ cells expressed @entity21414 . Cultures were incubated without (control) or with 0.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 100  ng/mL H2 relaxin (RLN) for 2  days. Cell organization, number, and differentiation were analyzed after 2 (D2), 5 (D5) or 8 (D8) days of culturing. Although the proportion of germ cells decayed from D2 to D5, the relative contribution of @entity1 C, 2C, and 4C germ cell populations remained constant in the control group during the whole culture. RLN did not affect the proportion of germ cell populations compared with control, but increased gene and/or protein expression of the undifferentiated and differentiated spermatogonia markers @entity70614 and c-KIT, and of the post-meiotic marker @entity70615 in D5. RLN favored organization of cells in tubule-like structures, the arrangement of myoid cells around the tubules, arrangement of c-KIT-positive spermatogonia at the basal region of the tubules, and expression of the cell junction protein b-catenin close to the plasma membrane region. Knockdown of relaxin with small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced expression of b-catenin at the cell junctions, and shifted its expression to the nucleus. We propose that relaxin may affect spermatogenesis by modulating spermatogonial self renewal and favoring cell contact.

title: Relaxin affects cell organization and early and late stages of spermatogenesis in a coculture of XXXX testicular cells.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: To analyze @entity1 results after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (epi-LASEK) for @entity1714 and myopic @entity940 . SETTING: Private practice setting, Columbus, Ohio, USA. METHODS: Three hundred forty-three eyes of 188 @entity1 with @entity1714 or myopic @entity940 were prospectively evaluated after having epi-LASEK by a single surgeon using the VISX Star S2 excimer laser. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), manifest refraction, @entity282 , time to epithelial healing, and postoperative haze were recorded. The @entity1 were followed for up to 6 months. RESULTS: The mean preoperative sphere and cylinder were -5.42 diopters (D) +/- 2.62 (SD) (range -1.0 to -14.0 D) and 0.87 +/- 0.75 D (range 0 to 4.75 D), respectively. At 1 week, the mean UCVA was 20/30. At 6 months, it was 20/40 or better in 98% of @entity1 . At 3 months, 78% and 92% of @entity1 were within +/-0.5 D and +/-1.0 D, respectively, of the intended correction. This improved to 85% and 94%, respectively, at 6 months. The mean time to epithelial healing was 4.76 days (range 3 to 9 days). Most @entity1 (87%) reported no @entity282 . In the first 3 months, haze was noted in 1.6% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Epi-LASEK appeared to be a safe and effective treatment for the correction of @entity1714 and myopic @entity940 . Most @entity1 achieved postoperative visual acuities comparable to those with laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. There was a low incidence of haze and @entity158 postoperatively.

title: Epi-LASEK for the correction of XXXX and myopic @entity940 .

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity1714 :: (MESH:D009216,Disease) :: ['myopia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To analyze @entity1 results after laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (epi-LASEK) for @entity1714 and myopic @entity940 . SETTING: Private practice setting, Columbus, Ohio, USA. METHODS: Three hundred forty-three eyes of 188 @entity1 with @entity1714 or myopic @entity940 were prospectively evaluated after having epi-LASEK by a single surgeon using the VISX Star S2 excimer laser. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), manifest refraction, @entity282 , time to epithelial healing, and postoperative haze were recorded. The @entity1 were followed for up to 6 months. RESULTS: The mean preoperative sphere and cylinder were -5.42 diopters (D) +/- 2.62 (SD) (range -1.0 to -14.0 D) and 0.87 +/- 0.75 D (range 0 to 4.75 D), respectively. At 1 week, the mean UCVA was 20/30. At 6 months, it was 20/40 or better in 98% of @entity1 . At 3 months, 78% and 92% of @entity1 were within +/-0.5 D and +/-1.0 D, respectively, of the intended correction. This improved to 85% and 94%, respectively, at 6 months. The mean time to epithelial healing was 4.76 days (range 3 to 9 days). Most @entity1 (87%) reported no @entity282 . In the first 3 months, haze was noted in 1.6% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Epi-LASEK appeared to be a safe and effective treatment for the correction of @entity1714 and myopic @entity940 . Most @entity1 achieved postoperative visual acuities comparable to those with laser in situ keratomileusis and photorefractive keratectomy. There was a low incidence of haze and @entity158 postoperatively.

title: Epi-LASEK for the correction of @entity1714 and myopic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity940 :: (MESH:D001251,Disease) :: ['astigmatism']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether lens epithelial cells (LECs) undergo apoptosis during healing after @entity231 surgery to further characterize the healing process of the postoperative lens capsule. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan. METHODS: Apoptotic cells were detected in @entity1 postoperative lens capsules using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxy- @entity856 nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method. The effect of exogenous @entity11579 ( @entity11579 ) on @entity19 LEC apoptosis was also examined in an organ-culture system. RESULTS: Three of 17 postoperative specimens contained TUNEL-positive cells. In 2 lens capsules obtained earlier than 10 days, many TUNEL-positive cells, presumably apoptotic LECs, were observed beneath the residual anterior capsule. In cell multilayers in capsule opacification extracted later than 10 days, a few TUNEL-positive cells were seen in 1 specimen; most cells remained negative. In @entity19 lenses organ-cultured with 1.0 ng/mL @entity11579 for 48 hours, TUNEL-positive cells were detected beneath the lens capsule. CONCLUSIONS: Lens epithelial cells undergo apoptosis during healing after @entity231 surgery, especially in the early phase. @entity11579 may be a factor inducing apoptosis in in vivo LECs.

title: Lens epithelial cell death after XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity11579 :: ('21808(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Transforming growth factor-beta2', 'TGF-beta2', 'transforming growth factor-beta2']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study developed a semantic differential scale for assessing self-image during hot flushes, based on a previously published scale (Nursing Res. 35 (1986) 81). The objectives were to explore the sensitivity and validity of this scale, and to examine whether poor self-image during hot flushes is linked to @entity1671 , perceived control, flush frequency, flush chronicity, self-esteem and @entity308 . METHOD: Two community samples of @entity1 with current experience of hot flushes completed a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: The semantic differential scale was sensitive to individual differences in self-image, and was validated through its association with measured self-esteem using a standardised scale. Defining the self in negative ways during flushes was highly predictive of @entity1671 . Poor self-image was also closely associated with @entity308 . Correlations with perceived control, and flush frequency were weaker and did not reach significance in the second, smaller sample. CONCLUSION: The study extends previous findings that @entity1 low in self-esteem have more difficulty coping with menopausal changes, by showing that negative self-appraisal during flushes (e.g. defining self as unattractive or dirty) are highly demoralising and associated with distress. The findings suggest that cognitive behavioural strategies of challenging and re-interpreting thoughts about self could be helpful in moderating the discomfort and stressfulness of hot flushes for @entity1 not taking HRT. However, the findings are based on relatively small, volunteer samples and require further replication.

title: Exploring self-image during hot flushes using a semantic differential scale: associations between poor self-image, XXXX , @entity1671 .

entities_list: @entity1671 :: ('MESH:D005483', 'Disease') :: ['flush distress']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study developed a semantic differential scale for assessing self-image during hot flushes, based on a previously published scale (Nursing Res. 35 (1986) 81). The objectives were to explore the sensitivity and validity of this scale, and to examine whether poor self-image during hot flushes is linked to @entity1671 , perceived control, flush frequency, flush chronicity, self-esteem and @entity308 . METHOD: Two community samples of @entity1 with current experience of hot flushes completed a postal questionnaire. RESULTS: The semantic differential scale was sensitive to individual differences in self-image, and was validated through its association with measured self-esteem using a standardised scale. Defining the self in negative ways during flushes was highly predictive of @entity1671 . Poor self-image was also closely associated with @entity308 . Correlations with perceived control, and flush frequency were weaker and did not reach significance in the second, smaller sample. CONCLUSION: The study extends previous findings that @entity1 low in self-esteem have more difficulty coping with menopausal changes, by showing that negative self-appraisal during flushes (e.g. defining self as unattractive or dirty) are highly demoralising and associated with distress. The findings suggest that cognitive behavioural strategies of challenging and re-interpreting thoughts about self could be helpful in moderating the discomfort and stressfulness of hot flushes for @entity1 not taking HRT. However, the findings are based on relatively small, volunteer samples and require further replication.

title: Exploring self-image during hot flushes using a semantic differential scale: associations between poor self-image, @entity308 , XXXX .

answer: @entity1671 :: (MESH:D005483,Disease) :: ['flush frequency and flush distress']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report a case of a traumatic dislocation of an Ophtec Artisan phakic anterior chamber intraocular lens. METHODS: Retrospective case review. RESULTS: A 38-year-old female underwent successful implantation of an Ophtec Artisan lens in her left eye as part of the phase III U.S. clinical trials. Approximately 5 months postoperatively, the @entity1 was struck with a roll of packing tape in her left eye and noted immediate @entity227 . Following the @entity130 , the @entity1 had an uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/60 and a best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) of 20/20. The wound was intact, however, the superior claw was no longer enclaved to the iris and the lens had dislocated nasally with the optic of the lens resting in the angle. The @entity1 was taken back to the operating room, the lens was repositioned, and the superior claw was re-enclaved to the iris. One week after repositioning, UCVA was 20/30 and BSCVA was 20/20. CONCLUSION: Despite adequate positioning, significant @entity130 may result in the iris claw tearing free from the iris with dislocation of the Artisan lens. The lens may be repositioned with good visual outcome, however, the long-term effects on endothelial cell density in this @entity1 remain to be seen.

title: XXXX of an Ophtec Artisan phakic intraocular lens.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['decreased vision']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['blunt trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Traumatic dislocation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether a continuous regional infusion of a local anesthetic delivered to the operative site would result in decreased levels of @entity282 and narcotic requirements for @entity1 who undergo a standard median sternotomy for cardiac surgery. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at a single center. @entity1 who were undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery alone or combined with laser transmyocardial revascularization received bilateral intercostal nerve blocks with either @entity1342 or saline. At wound closure, 2 catheters with multiple side openings were inserted percutaneously and placed directly over the sternum. The same agent ( @entity1342 vs saline) was then administered as a continuous regional infusion for 48 hours through an elastomeric pump. Requirements for postoperative systemic narcotic analgesics and @entity158 assessment scores were recorded for 72 hours after the operation. Secondary outcome measures were hospital length of stay and pulmonary function test results. @entity158 scores and narcotic use on the second postoperative day were also compared to avoid the confounding influence of anesthesia administered at the time of the operation. RESULTS: The total amount of @entity1337 required by the @entity1342 group was significantly less than that of the control group (47.3 vs 78.7 mg, respectively; P =.038). The @entity1342 group required less narcotics on postoperative day 2 as well (15.5 vs 29.4 mg, P =.025). The mean overall @entity158 scores for the @entity1342 group were significantly less than the mean overall scores for the normal saline group (1.6 vs 2.6, respectively; P =.005). @entity1 receiving @entity1342 had a mean length of stay of 5.2 days compared with 8.2 days for @entity1 in the normal saline group (P =.001). Excluding the data from outliers (length of stay = 39 days), the normal saline group mean length of stay was 6.3 days (P <.01). There was no difference in assessment of pulmonary function. CONCLUSION: Continuous delivery of local anesthetics significantly improved @entity282 control while decreasing the amount of @entity1337 required in @entity1 who underwent standard median sternotomy. There was also a significant decrease in hospital length of stay, which is likely to result in significant cost reductions.

title: Improved XXXX control after cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['narcotic analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting are older and have greater comorbidity than those operated on previously. We evaluated the changes in the predictors of in-hospital mortality among @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting during the last 12 years. METHODS: Data on demographic characteristics, preoperative risk factors, operative variables, and hospital outcomes were collected prospectively for all @entity1 undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting at a single institution from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2001. To examine the effect of time on @entity1 risk profiles and outcomes, we divided @entity1 into three groups according to year of operation (1990-1993 n = 5171, 1994-1997 n = 5977, 1998-2001 n = 6893). RESULTS: In-hospital mortality declined from 2.4% (1990-1993) to 1.2% (1998-2001, P <.0001). @entity1002 , increasing age, female gender, @entity101 , @entity6 , @entity1455 , congestive @entity712 , @entity1095 , reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting, left main disease, and urgent surgery independently predicted in-hospital mortality in the entire cohort of 18,041 @entity1 . Severe @entity1002 was the most significant predictor of in-hospital mortality in the 12-year cohort, but it had a declining influence with time (1990-1993 odds ratio 7.1, 1994-1997 odds ratio 5.1, 1998-2001 not statistically significant) because of improving outcomes. Reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting similarly decreased in significance as a predictor of mortality. Emergency coronary artery bypass grafting was performed less frequently in recent years, but the requirement for emergency surgery carried an increasing odds ratio for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Despite increasing @entity1 age and comorbidity, improvements in perioperative management have reduced the significance of severe @entity1002 and reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting but not emergency surgery as predictors of in-hospital mortality.

title: Decreasing significance of XXXX and reoperative surgery in predicting coronary artery bypass grafting-associated mortality: a twelve-year study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction', 'Left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']


abstract: The "insertion" (I) rather than "deletion" (D) variant of the @entity1 @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) gene is associated with both lower tissue @entity1289 activity and elite performance at high altitude. Three genotypes, II, ID and @entity336 , are thus represented in the population. The authors examined whether an improved ventilatory response to @entity519 exercise may contribute to this effect. Subjects (n=60; 37 male, mean+/-SEM age 23.6+/-0.6 yrs, 14 II, 30 ID, 16 @entity336 ) underwent incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing to establish maximal @entity26 uptake and @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ). Four hours later, subjects exercised for 6 mins at 50% of the workload at @entity1576 . The protocol was repeated 15 mins later while breathing 12.5+/-0.5% @entity26 in @entity1568 . All subject characteristics were independent of genotype, as were data during normoxic exercise. However, the @entity519 -induced rise in minute ventilation was significantly greater among those of II genotype (39.6+/-4.1% versus 27.9+/-2.0% versus 28.4+/-2.2% for II versus ID versus @entity336 , respectively). These data are supported by a significantly greater decrease in end tidal @entity544 (consistent with an increase in @entity133 ) among those homozygous for the I allele (II -18.7+/-1.3%, ID -15.7+/-0.4%, @entity336 -15.1%+/-1.1). The ventilatory response to @entity519 exercise is influenced by @entity1289 genotype. Potential implications concern high altitude performance and the pathogenesis and management of @entity358 .

title: @entity1289 genotype and the ventilatory response to exertional XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar ventilation']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic lung disease']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventilatory threshold']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']


abstract: The "insertion" (I) rather than "deletion" (D) variant of the @entity1 @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) gene is associated with both lower tissue @entity1289 activity and elite performance at high altitude. Three genotypes, II, ID and @entity336 , are thus represented in the population. The authors examined whether an improved ventilatory response to @entity519 exercise may contribute to this effect. Subjects (n=60; 37 male, mean+/-SEM age 23.6+/-0.6 yrs, 14 II, 30 ID, 16 @entity336 ) underwent incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing to establish maximal @entity26 uptake and @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ). Four hours later, subjects exercised for 6 mins at 50% of the workload at @entity1576 . The protocol was repeated 15 mins later while breathing 12.5+/-0.5% @entity26 in @entity1568 . All subject characteristics were independent of genotype, as were data during normoxic exercise. However, the @entity519 -induced rise in minute ventilation was significantly greater among those of II genotype (39.6+/-4.1% versus 27.9+/-2.0% versus 28.4+/-2.2% for II versus ID versus @entity336 , respectively). These data are supported by a significantly greater decrease in end tidal @entity544 (consistent with an increase in @entity133 ) among those homozygous for the I allele (II -18.7+/-1.3%, ID -15.7+/-0.4%, @entity336 -15.1%+/-1.1). The ventilatory response to @entity519 exercise is influenced by @entity1289 genotype. Potential implications concern high altitude performance and the pathogenesis and management of @entity358 .

title: XXXX genotype and the ventilatory response to exertional @entity519 .

answer: @entity1289 :: (1636,Gene) :: ['Angiotensin-converting enzyme']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine diagnostic features and efficacy of treatment of @entity4040 of the cervical articular facet joints between C2 and C3 in Scottish Deerhounds. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 9 client-owned @entity235 . PROCEDURE: Medical records of affected @entity235 were reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by results of clinical examination (signs of severe @entity158 from unilateral or bilateral flexion of the cervical vertebral column), radiography, myelography, and computed tomography. Treatment consisted of fluoroscopy-guided intra-articular injection of @entity288 and @entity3303 . RESULTS: Unilateral or bilateral @entity4040 of the cervical facet joints between C2 and C3 was detected in all @entity235 . In 7 @entity235 , signs of @entity158 were elicited by flexion of the side of the neck in which affected joints were detected radiographically. Two @entity235 had signs of @entity158 during right lateral flexion, although @entity66 were detected. Five @entity235 had unilateral lesions, and 4 @entity235 had @entity66 ; @entity1463 and @entity1184 of the articular process were common. Two @entity235 had bridging of the articular space. Use of computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis. Myelography did not reveal abnormalities of the spinal cord or canal. After treatment, 8 @entity235 had rapid marked improvement of clinical signs, and 7 @entity235 remained free of clinical signs for > 4 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: @entity4040 of the cervical facet joints in Scottish Deerhounds is a severely @entity158 for which conventional radiography is a useful screening test. Intra-articular administration of @entity288 and anesthetic is efficacious, long-lasting, and minimally invasive.

title: Diagnosis and treatment of XXXX of cervical articular facet joints in Scottish Deerhounds: 9 cases (1998-2002).

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral lesions']

entities_list: @entity4040 :: ('MESH:C537208', 'Disease') :: ['arthrosis', 'Arthrosis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful condition', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity4040 :: (MESH:C537208,Disease) :: ['arthrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute @entity55 can be monitored by various biochemical readouts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the BALF content of ultrafine particles (UFP; <100 nm) as an inflammatory biomarker in early diagnosis of @entity358 . METHODS: @entity19 were exposed to different stress conditions and inflammatory insults (acute lipopolysaccharide inhalation, @entity286 smoke and lethal dose of total body irradiation, i.e. 950 rad). After centrifugation, the cellular pellet was assessed while cytokines and ultrafine particles were measured in the soluble fraction of the BALF. RESULTS: A characteristic UFP distribution with a D50 (i.e. the dimension of the 50th UFP percentile) was shared by all tested @entity19 strains in the BALF of resting lungs. All tested inflammatory insults similarly shifted this size distribution, resulting in a unique UFP fingerprint with an averaged D50 of 58.6 nm, compared with the mean UFP D50 of 23.7 nm for resting BALF (p < 0.0001). This UFP profile was highly reproducible and independent of the intensity or duration of the inflammatory trigger. It returned to baseline after resolution of the @entity32 . Neither total body irradiation nor induction of acute cough induced this fingerprint. CONCLUSIONS: The UFP fingerprint in the BALF of resting and inflamed lungs can serve as a binary biomarker of healthy and acutely inflamed lungs. This marker can be used as a novel readout for the onset of @entity55 and for complete lung recovery from different insults.    2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

title: Fingerprint of Lung Fluid Ultrafine Particles, a Novel Marker of Acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory lung diseases', 'lung inflammation']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['acute and chronic lung diseases']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['Lung Inflammation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14 is the third most common @entity5 in Sweden, and incidence is increasing. We analysed @entity14 detection by colonoscopy in a defined population in Sweden. METHODS: All colonoscopy records for the period 1979-95 in one Swedish county (population 258,000) were retrieved. Information was obtained about @entity1 demographics, date of examination, endoscopists, indications, findings, colonoscopy type and completion level. Records were linked to the Swedish @entity5 Register and the Cause of Death Register. RESULTS: The majority of 2214 @entity14 were detected by means other than colonoscopy. In total, 192 were diagnosed and 6 were not detected by colonoscopy, with no significant differences in gender, age, indications, presence of @entity1127 or @entity7261 , time-period or experience of the endoscopist. The mean completion rate of the endoscopist was lower in @entity1 with undetected @entity5 . Coexisting @entity29 was more common in @entity1 with late diagnosis. Sensitivity was 97.0%, and higher when the indication was @entity548 , @entity5 or unclear X-ray findings. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitivity in detecting @entity14 was high, and the proportion detected by colonoscopy increased over time. Mean completion rate was lower in @entity1 with undetected @entity5 . Coexisting @entity8787 was more common in @entity1 with a late diagnosis.

title: XXXX detection by colonoscopy in a Swedish county, 1979-95.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity7261 :: ('MESH:D004240', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulosis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancers', 'Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['Colorectal cancer']


abstract: RATIONALE: Hospitalization represents a major event for the @entity1 with chronic @entity1576 . There is a high risk of readmission, which over the longer term may be related more closely to the underlying condition of the @entity1 , such as skeletal @entity121 . OBJECTIVES: We assessed the risk of hospital readmission at 1 year, including measures of lower limb muscle as part of a larger clinical trial. METHODS: @entity1 hospitalized with an exacerbation of chronic @entity1576 underwent measures of muscle function including @entity121 ultrasound. Independent factors influencing time to hospital readmission or @entity204 were identified. @entity1 were classified into four quartiles based on @entity121 size and compared. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-one @entity1 (mean age, 71.6 [SD, 9.1] yr) were recruited. One hundred and thirty (68%) were either readmitted or died. Factors associated with readmission or @entity204 were age (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.08; P   =   0.015), Medical Research Council (MRC) @entity1353 grade (OR, 4.57; 95% CI, 2.62-7.95; P   <   0.001), home @entity26 use (OR, 12.4; 95% CI, 4.53-33.77; P   <   0.001), @entity121 (rectus femoris) cross-sectional area (Qcsa) (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.17-0.65; P   =   0.001), and hospitalization in the previous year (OR, 4.82; 95% CI, 2.42-9.58; P   <   0.001). In the multivariate analyses, home @entity26 use (OR, 4.80; 95% CI, 1.68-13.69; P   =   0.003), MRC @entity1353 grade (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.44-4.59; P   =   0.001), Qcsa (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.95; P   =   0.035), and previous hospitalization (OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.47-6.29; P   =   0.003) were independently associated with readmission or @entity204 . @entity1 with the smallest muscle spent more days in hospital than those with largest muscle (28.1 [SD, 33.9] vs. 12.2 [SD, 23.5] d; P   =   0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Smaller @entity121 muscle size, as measured by ultrasound in the acute care setting, is an independent risk factor for unscheduled readmission or @entity204 , which may have value both in clinical practice and for risk stratification.

title: Bedside assessment of XXXX muscle by ultrasound after admission for acute exacerbations of chronic @entity1576 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory disease']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['quadriceps', 'muscle dysfunction']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['quadriceps']


abstract: RATIONALE: Hospitalization represents a major event for the @entity1 with chronic @entity1576 . There is a high risk of readmission, which over the longer term may be related more closely to the underlying condition of the @entity1 , such as skeletal @entity121 . OBJECTIVES: We assessed the risk of hospital readmission at 1 year, including measures of lower limb muscle as part of a larger clinical trial. METHODS: @entity1 hospitalized with an exacerbation of chronic @entity1576 underwent measures of muscle function including @entity121 ultrasound. Independent factors influencing time to hospital readmission or @entity204 were identified. @entity1 were classified into four quartiles based on @entity121 size and compared. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-one @entity1 (mean age, 71.6 [SD, 9.1] yr) were recruited. One hundred and thirty (68%) were either readmitted or died. Factors associated with readmission or @entity204 were age (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.08; P   =   0.015), Medical Research Council (MRC) @entity1353 grade (OR, 4.57; 95% CI, 2.62-7.95; P   <   0.001), home @entity26 use (OR, 12.4; 95% CI, 4.53-33.77; P   <   0.001), @entity121 (rectus femoris) cross-sectional area (Qcsa) (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.17-0.65; P   =   0.001), and hospitalization in the previous year (OR, 4.82; 95% CI, 2.42-9.58; P   <   0.001). In the multivariate analyses, home @entity26 use (OR, 4.80; 95% CI, 1.68-13.69; P   =   0.003), MRC @entity1353 grade (OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.44-4.59; P   =   0.001), Qcsa (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22-0.95; P   =   0.035), and previous hospitalization (OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.47-6.29; P   =   0.003) were independently associated with readmission or @entity204 . @entity1 with the smallest muscle spent more days in hospital than those with largest muscle (28.1 [SD, 33.9] vs. 12.2 [SD, 23.5] d; P   =   0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Smaller @entity121 muscle size, as measured by ultrasound in the acute care setting, is an independent risk factor for unscheduled readmission or @entity204 , which may have value both in clinical practice and for risk stratification.

title: Bedside assessment of @entity121 muscle by ultrasound after admission for acute exacerbations of chronic XXXX .

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['respiratory disease']


abstract: We report our experience with a case of @entity130 during laparoscopic right adrenalectomy. A laparoscopic right adrenalectomy was performed in a 22-year-old @entity1 who suffered from a right surrenalian @entity652 . Four trocars were used for the transperitoneal laparoscopic approach with the @entity1 in the lateral decubitus position. After isolation of the medial margin of the gland and clipping and sectioning of the main adrenal vein, the right side of the vena cava was injured during dissection of the right upper pole, due to the use of monopolar scissors. The @entity548 was managed immediately with the aid of fenestrated atraumatic forceps and an aspiration probe. A fifth trocar was inserted to evaluate the size of the lesion, which was then sutured laparoscopically with croised 5/0 nonresorbable stitches. No transfusion was needed. Operating time was 210 min. The post-operative course was uneventful. Hospital stay was 7 days. At 10-month follow-up, the @entity1 had no problems related to the intraoperative complication. Our preliminary experience shows that the laparoscopic approach enables safer management of lesions involving large abdominal vessels. We believe that the transperitoneal approach is the preferential route for laparoscopic adrenalectomies. @entity3459 can be dangerous and must be avoided when dissecting large vessels.

title: XXXX . A serious complication during laparoscopic right adrenalectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['Monopolar coagulation']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['vena cava injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Vena cava injury']


abstract: @entity166 and underlying medical conditions common to Africa may affect @entity683 frequency and severity. We conducted a systematic review of published studies on @entity325 or co-morbidities that are prevalent in Africa: dengue, @entity311 , measles, meningococcus, @entity10592 ( @entity10592 ), @entity8453 , and @entity3147 . Articles were identified except for @entity683 and @entity10592 . Very few studies were from Africa. @entity3458 , @entity325 were found to increase the severity of @entity683 disease, though this is based on few studies of dengue and measles and the measles study was of low quality. The frequency of @entity683 was increased among @entity1 with @entity3458 . @entity281 increased the frequency of @entity7135 . Studies on @entity311 and @entity3147 found mixed results. Age-adjusted morbidity and mortality from @entity683 may be more common in Africa because @entity281 and diseases common in the region lead to more severe outcomes and increase the @entity683 burden. However, gaps exist in our knowledge about these interactions.

title: Potential Impact of XXXX and Co-Morbidities Prevalent in Africa on Influenza Severity and Frequency: A Systematic Review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10592 :: ('MESH:D011020', 'Disease') :: ['Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia', 'PCP']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['Sickle cell disease', 'sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections', 'Influenza infection']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['dengue, and measles co-infection', 'influenza and the following co-infections']

entities_list: @entity8453 :: ('MESH:D006453', 'Disease') :: ['hemoglobinopathies']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious diseases']

answer: @entity325 :: (MESH:D060085,Disease) :: ['Co-Infections']


abstract: @entity27 ( @entity27 ) is much more prevalent in older @entity1 than in middle-aged or young populations, and has been associated with @entity65 . Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the first-line therapy for @entity27 , but its long-term clinical benefit in the elderly is unclear. Here, we carried out a prospective cohort study to explore the survival rate and incidence of cardiovascular events in elderly @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity27 who did or did not receive CPAP treatment. The study included 130 @entity1 (104 male, 26 female; mean age: 77.8    6.2 years) who were followed up for a mean of 5    2.54 years (range, 1-8 years). Thirty-six @entity1 received CPAP and 88 had no CPAP. The results showed that mortality in the untreated group (21.6%) was significantly higher than in the CPAP group (5.6%). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the survival rate in the CPAP group was 94.4%, which was markedly higher than the rate of 78.4% in the untreated group. The incidence of cardiovascular events was 13.9% in the CPAP group and 55.7% in the untreated group. The present study provides evidence that CPAP can reduce mortality in older @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity27 , and lead to a good long-term prognosis. The study also indicates that @entity204 in older @entity27 @entity1 is associated with @entity65 and @entity6 .

title: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment Reduces Mortality in Elderly XXXX with Moderate to Severe Obstructive Severe Sleep Apnea: A Cohort Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['Obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: The leading cause of @entity204 in @entity1 is accidents. Severe @entity542 and injuries to the heart or major vessels are mainly responsible for immediate @entity204 . This phenomenon is also reflected in the increasing number of pediatric admissions for renal @entity130 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: From 1990 to 2000, the charts of 132 @entity1 with @entity8 secondary to blunt and penetrating @entity130 in childhood are reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 88 were male @entity1 and 126 sustained blunt @entity130 (motor accidents, falls, etc.). Gross and microscopic @entity811 were the most important finding at the time of presentation, and correlated with severe @entity8 , and both were present in 122 cases. Intravenous pyelography and CT scan were the most useful diagnosis tools. Only 27 @entity1 were managed operatively, the majority because of associated @entity3511 . CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous pyelography remains the most cost-effective means of investigating @entity8 in a second-level hospital. @entity8 and most laceration should be managed conservatively. Only few a renal transactions should be managed operatively.

title: [Renal XXXX in childhood. Second-level hospital experience].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal contusion', 'renal injuries', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['craniocerebral trauma']

entities_list: @entity3511 :: ('MESH:D000007', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal injury']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Retrobulbar injections of @entity285 and @entity2644 are used for the treatment of blind, @entity3856 . There have been reports of @entity32 after retrobulbar injections of these agents, but the histologic effects are not well characterized. A clinical case with histopathologic @entity32 after retrobulbar @entity285 injection led the authors to develop a @entity35 model to examine these effects. METHODS: Adult Lewis @entity35 were given retrobulbar injections of either 0.1 ml of absolute @entity285 or 25 mg/ml @entity2644 in the right orbit, and 0.1 ml of saline in the left orbit as a control. @entity35 were euthanized, perfused, and postfixed at 1 to 2 weeks after injection. Exenterated orbital tissue was sectioned for histologic staining. Slides were reviewed by a masked ocular pathologist who evaluated the level of orbital @entity32 . RESULTS: Histopathology demonstrated foci of @entity32 in the orbit of the @entity1 and similar @entity32 in the @entity35 orbits injected with retrobulbar @entity285 . In the @entity2644 group, only 1 @entity35 demonstrated small foci of @entity32 , while the control orbits injected with saline showed no @entity32 . On blinded qualitative analysis, the orbits receiving retrobulbar @entity285 had greater @entity32 than the orbits receiving either saline or @entity2644 . CONCLUSIONS: Our findings in this preclinical pilot study suggest that retrobulbar @entity285 injections @entity32 , whereas retrobulbar @entity2644 induces little or no @entity32 . This potential inflammatory response should be considered when selecting an agent for @entity158 management, particularly if future orbital surgery is anticipated.

title: Histologic Evidence of Orbital Inflammation from Retrobulbar @entity285 and @entity2644 Injection: A Clinicopathologic Study in XXXX _ @entity35 Orbits.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['incite significant orbital inflammation', 'inflammation', 'granulomatous inflammation', 'confirmation of inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2644 :: ('MESH:D002746', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorpromazine']

entities_list: @entity3856 :: ('MESH:D058447', 'Disease') :: ['painful eyes']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: PURPOSE: Retrobulbar injections of @entity285 and @entity2644 are used for the treatment of blind, @entity3856 . There have been reports of @entity32 after retrobulbar injections of these agents, but the histologic effects are not well characterized. A clinical case with histopathologic @entity32 after retrobulbar @entity285 injection led the authors to develop a @entity35 model to examine these effects. METHODS: Adult Lewis @entity35 were given retrobulbar injections of either 0.1 ml of absolute @entity285 or 25 mg/ml @entity2644 in the right orbit, and 0.1 ml of saline in the left orbit as a control. @entity35 were euthanized, perfused, and postfixed at 1 to 2 weeks after injection. Exenterated orbital tissue was sectioned for histologic staining. Slides were reviewed by a masked ocular pathologist who evaluated the level of orbital @entity32 . RESULTS: Histopathology demonstrated foci of @entity32 in the orbit of the @entity1 and similar @entity32 in the @entity35 orbits injected with retrobulbar @entity285 . In the @entity2644 group, only 1 @entity35 demonstrated small foci of @entity32 , while the control orbits injected with saline showed no @entity32 . On blinded qualitative analysis, the orbits receiving retrobulbar @entity285 had greater @entity32 than the orbits receiving either saline or @entity2644 . CONCLUSIONS: Our findings in this preclinical pilot study suggest that retrobulbar @entity285 injections @entity32 , whereas retrobulbar @entity2644 induces little or no @entity32 . This potential inflammatory response should be considered when selecting an agent for @entity158 management, particularly if future orbital surgery is anticipated.

title: Histologic Evidence of Orbital Inflammation from Retrobulbar XXXX and @entity2644 Injection: A Clinicopathologic Study in @entity1 _ @entity35 Orbits.

answer: @entity285 :: (D000431,Chemical) :: ['Alcohol']