abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity308 in @entity1 with @entity195 is a treatable cause of functional decline, caregiver burden, and mortality. It is often associated with severe @entity353 , @entity22 , and @entity148 . These symptoms independently and collaboratively further worsen the prognosis of these vulnerable patients. An antidepressant medication with good adverse effect profile and salutary effects on these comorbid symptoms may be of significant therapeutic value in these @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: To describe the role of @entity13332 in the treatment of depressed @entity195 @entity1 with comorbid @entity353 , @entity22 , and @entity148 . CASE SUMMARY: Three @entity1 with @entity303 and @entity308 complicated by @entity353 , @entity22 , and @entity148 were treated with @entity13332 at an outpatient @entity2414 clinic of a university hospital. DISCUSSION: Despite the persistence of @entity2414 , the @entity1 experienced a prompt and sustained response to @entity13332 . There was a complete remission of poor appetite, @entity353 , @entity25 , and @entity148 . Other @entity308 symptoms, including sad mood, @entity4270 , and energy level, were also substantially improved. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical response of our @entity1 underscores the usefulness of @entity13332 in the treatment of the comorbid symptoms of @entity353 , @entity22 , and @entity148 . The effectiveness of @entity13332 in depressed @entity195 patents may be a reflection of its enhancement of brain serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. The usefulness of @entity13332 in depressed @entity195 @entity1 merits further study in a large randomized, controlled, clinically comparative trial.

title: XXXX for treatment of @entity308 and comorbidities in @entity195 .

answer: @entity13332 :: (MESH:C035133,Chemical) :: ['Mirtazapine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the use of systemic hemostatic medications for reducing @entity548 and transfusion requirements with cardiac surgery. DATA SOURCES: Articles were obtained through computerized searches involving MEDLINE (from 1966 to September 2000). Additionally, several textbooks containing information on the diagnosis and management of @entity548 associated with cardiac surgery were reviewed. The bibliographies of retrieved publications and textbooks were reviewed for additional references. STUDY SELECTION: Due to the large number of randomized investigations involving systemic hemostatic medications for reducing @entity548 associated with cardiac surgery, the article selection process focused on recent randomized controlled trials, metaanalyses and pharmacoeconomic evaluations. DATA EXTRACTION: The primary outcomes extracted from the literature were @entity190 and associated transfusion requirements, although other outcome measures such as mortality were extracted when available. DATA SYNTHESIS: Although the majority of investigations for reducing @entity299 and transfusion requirements have involved aprotinin, evidence from recent meta-analyses and randomized trials indicates that the synthetic antifibrinolytic agents, @entity7115 and @entity927 , have similar clinical efficacy. Additionally, @entity7115 (and to a lesser extent @entity927 ) is much less costly. More comparative information of hemostatic agents is needed retative to other outcomes (eg., reoperation rates, @entity583 , @entity64 ). There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of @entity7062 for reducing @entity548 and transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery, although certain subsets of @entity1 may benefit from its use. CONCLUSIONS: Of the medications that have been used to reduce @entity548 and transfusion requirements with cardiac surgery, the antifibrinolytic agents have the best evidence supporting their use. @entity7115 is the least costly therapy based on medication costs and transfusion requirements.

title: Antifibrinolytic agents and XXXX as hemostatic agents in cardiac surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7062 :: ('MESH:D003894', 'Chemical') :: ['desmopressin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity7115 :: ('MESH:D000614', 'Chemical') :: ['aminocaproic acid', 'Aminocaproic acid']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['tranexamic acid']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac bleeding']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity7062 :: (MESH:D003894,Chemical) :: ['desmopressin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine how prenatal care providers responded to a new provincial policy of offering @entity645 testing to all prenatal @entity1 , and to determine factors associated with self-reported high testing rates. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mailed survey. SETTING: Outpatient practices in three Ontario health-planning regions. @entity1 : Prenatal care providers: 784 family physicians, 200 obstetricians, and 103 midwives were sent questionnaires and were eligible to participate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported testing of 80% or more prenatal @entity1 ("high testers") and associated practice characteristics, attitudes, and counseling practices. RESULTS: Response rate was 57% (622/1087): 43% of respondents were high testers. Family physicians were most likely and midwives least likely to be high testers. High testers tended to report that they had adequate knowledge of @entity645 testing, that @entity645 risk among their @entity1 warranted testing all of them, and that testing should be routine. Encouraging @entity1 to test and not providing written information or choice were independently associated with high testing rates. CONCLUSION: Strongest predictors of high prenatal @entity645 testing rates were attitudes and practices that favoured a routine approach to testing and that placed little emphasis on informed consent.

title: Prenatal XXXX tests. Routine testing or informed choice?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'patients', 'women']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the sum of radiotherapy (RT)-induced reductions in regional lung perfusion is quantitatively related to changes in global lung function as assessed by reductions in pulmonary function tests (PFTs). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Two hundred seven @entity1 (70% with @entity2 ) who received incidental partial lung irradiation underwent PFTs (forced expiratory volume in 1 s and diffusion capacity for @entity1223 ) before and repeatedly after RT as part of a prospective clinical study. Regional lung function was serially assessed before and after RT by single photon emission computed tomography perfusion scans. Of these, 53 @entity1 had 105 post-RT evaluations of changes in both regional perfusion and PFTs, were without evidence of intrathoracic disease recurrence that might influence regional perfusion and PFT findings, and were not taking @entity230 . The summation of the regional functional perfusion changes were compared with changes in PFTs using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Follow-up ranged from 3 to 86 months (median 19). Overall, a significant correlation was found between the sum of changes in regional perfusion and the changes in the PFTs (p = 0.002-0.24, depending on the particular PFT index). However, the correlation coefficients were small (r = 0.16-0.41). CONCLUSIONS: A statistically significant correlation was found between RT-induced changes in regional function (i.e., perfusion) and global function (i.e., PFTs). However, the correlation coefficients are low, making it difficult to relate changes in perfusion to changes in the PFT results. Thus, with our current techniques, the prediction of changes in perfusion alone does not appear to be sufficient to predict the changes in PFTs accurately. Additional studies to clarify the relationship between regional and @entity651 are needed.

title: Relating radiation-induced XXXX to changes in pulmonary function tests.

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['global lung injury']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity651 :: (MESH:D055370,Disease) :: ['regional lung injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: Ipsilateral techniques designed to restrict treatment to the @entity5 and neck on the same side have been used in selected cases of cases of @entity189 of the tonsillar region at our institution for many years. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk of failure in the opposite neck in cases selected for unilateral radiotherapy over a 21-year period. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Ipsilateral radiotherapy techniques were used in 228 of 642 @entity1 with @entity189 of the tonsillar region from 1970 to 1991. Local control, regional lymph-node control (including contralateral failure), and survival were calculated for different degrees of @entity5 extent treated with these techniques. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 7 years. Cases tended to be T1 and T2, with N0 disease. The 3-year actuarial local control rate was 77% and cause-specific survival was 76%. @entity177 was seen in 8 @entity1 (crude rate of 3.5%). In the earlier period of the study, primary coverage was problematic in a proportion of cases and resulted in higher rates of local failure. CONCLUSION: Appropriately selected cases of @entity189 of the tonsil show minimal risk of failure in the opposite neck with ipsilateral techniques. @entity1 should undergo computed tomography planning to ensure adequate target coverage.

title: The benefits and pitfalls of ipsilateral radiotherapy in XXXX of the tonsillar region.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Opposite neck failure']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: The @entity10431 ( @entity10431 ) focuses @entity2290 proteolytic activity on the cell membrane, promoting localized degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and binds @entity4732 ( @entity4732 ), mediating cell adhesion to the ECM. @entity10431 -bound @entity2290 and @entity4732 induce proteolysis-independent intracellular signalling, regulating cell adhesion, migration, survival and proliferation. @entity10431 cross-talks with @entity436 , the receptor for the stroma-derived factor 1 chemokine. @entity436 is crucial in the trafficking of hematopoietic stem cells from/to the bone marrow, which involves also @entity10431 . Both @entity10431 and @entity436 are expressed in @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ), with a lower expression in undifferentiated and myeloid subsets, and higher expression in myelomonocytic and promyelocytic subsets. We hypothesized a microRNA (miR)-mediated co-regulation of @entity10431 and @entity436 expression, which could allow their cross-talk at the cell surface. We identified three miRs, @entity6991 , @entity16105 and @entity47582 , regulating the expression of both @entity10431 and @entity436 in @entity3052 cell lines. Indeed, these miRs directly target the 3'untranslated region of both @entity10431 - and @entity436 -mRNAs; accordingly, @entity10431 / @entity436 expression is reduced by their overexpression in @entity3052 cells and increased by their specific inhibitors. Overexpression of all three miRs impairs migration, invasion and proliferation of myelomonocytic cells. Interestingly, we observed an inverse relationship between @entity10431 / @entity436 expression and @entity6991 and @entity16105 levels in @entity3052 , suggesting their possible role in the regulation of @entity10431 / @entity436 expression also in  vivo.

title: Urokinase receptor and XXXX are regulated by common microRNAs in leukaemia cells.

entities_list: @entity10431 :: ('5329', 'Gene') :: ['urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) receptor', 'uPAR']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukaemia', 'AML', 'AML blasts']

answer: @entity436 :: (7852,Gene) :: ['CXCR4']


abstract: PURPOSE: Prospective analysis of @entity5 control, survival, and treatment complications in 44 consecutive @entity1 treated with fractionated @entity1161 for a @entity3580 or @entity511 of the skull base. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between December 1995 and December 1998, 45 @entity1 with a median age of 55 years (14-85) were treated using a 201-MeV proton beam at the Centre de Protonth  rapie d'Orsay, 34 for a @entity3580 and 11 for a @entity511 . Irradiation combined high-energy photons and protons. Photons represented two-thirds of the total dose and protons one-third. The median total dose delivered within the gross @entity5 volume was 67 cobalt Gray equivalent (CGE) (range: 60-70). RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 30.5 months (range: 2-56), the 3-year local control rates for @entity3580 and @entity511 were 83.1% and 90%, respectively, and 3-year overall survival rates were 91% and 90%, respectively. Eight @entity1 (18%) failed locally (7 within the clinical @entity5 volume and 1 unknown). Four @entity1 died of @entity5 and 2 others of intercurrent disease. In univariate analysis, young age at time of radiotherapy influenced local control positively (p < 0.03), but not in multivariate analysis. Only 2 @entity1 presented Grade 3 or 4 complications. CONCLUSION: In skull-base @entity3580 and @entity511 , the combination of photons with a proton boost of one-third the total dose offers an excellent chance of cure at the price of an acceptable @entity137 . These results should be confirmed with a longer follow-up.

title: Combination of @entity1161 therapy for @entity3580 and XXXX of the skull base: the Centre de Protonth  rapie D'Orsay experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma', 'chondrosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'local tumor']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['photon and proton radiation']

entities_list: @entity3580 :: ('MESH:D002817', 'Disease') :: ['chordomas', 'chordoma']

answer: @entity511 :: (MESH:D002813,Disease) :: ['chondrosarcomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: Prospective analysis of @entity5 control, survival, and treatment complications in 44 consecutive @entity1 treated with fractionated @entity1161 for a @entity3580 or @entity511 of the skull base. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between December 1995 and December 1998, 45 @entity1 with a median age of 55 years (14-85) were treated using a 201-MeV proton beam at the Centre de Protonth  rapie d'Orsay, 34 for a @entity3580 and 11 for a @entity511 . Irradiation combined high-energy photons and protons. Photons represented two-thirds of the total dose and protons one-third. The median total dose delivered within the gross @entity5 volume was 67 cobalt Gray equivalent (CGE) (range: 60-70). RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 30.5 months (range: 2-56), the 3-year local control rates for @entity3580 and @entity511 were 83.1% and 90%, respectively, and 3-year overall survival rates were 91% and 90%, respectively. Eight @entity1 (18%) failed locally (7 within the clinical @entity5 volume and 1 unknown). Four @entity1 died of @entity5 and 2 others of intercurrent disease. In univariate analysis, young age at time of radiotherapy influenced local control positively (p < 0.03), but not in multivariate analysis. Only 2 @entity1 presented Grade 3 or 4 complications. CONCLUSION: In skull-base @entity3580 and @entity511 , the combination of photons with a proton boost of one-third the total dose offers an excellent chance of cure at the price of an acceptable @entity137 . These results should be confirmed with a longer follow-up.

title: Combination of @entity1161 therapy for XXXX and @entity511 of the skull base: the Centre de Protonth  rapie D'Orsay experience.

answer: @entity3580 :: (MESH:D002817,Disease) :: ['chordomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: Prospective analysis of @entity5 control, survival, and treatment complications in 44 consecutive @entity1 treated with fractionated @entity1161 for a @entity3580 or @entity511 of the skull base. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between December 1995 and December 1998, 45 @entity1 with a median age of 55 years (14-85) were treated using a 201-MeV proton beam at the Centre de Protonth  rapie d'Orsay, 34 for a @entity3580 and 11 for a @entity511 . Irradiation combined high-energy photons and protons. Photons represented two-thirds of the total dose and protons one-third. The median total dose delivered within the gross @entity5 volume was 67 cobalt Gray equivalent (CGE) (range: 60-70). RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 30.5 months (range: 2-56), the 3-year local control rates for @entity3580 and @entity511 were 83.1% and 90%, respectively, and 3-year overall survival rates were 91% and 90%, respectively. Eight @entity1 (18%) failed locally (7 within the clinical @entity5 volume and 1 unknown). Four @entity1 died of @entity5 and 2 others of intercurrent disease. In univariate analysis, young age at time of radiotherapy influenced local control positively (p < 0.03), but not in multivariate analysis. Only 2 @entity1 presented Grade 3 or 4 complications. CONCLUSION: In skull-base @entity3580 and @entity511 , the combination of photons with a proton boost of one-third the total dose offers an excellent chance of cure at the price of an acceptable @entity137 . These results should be confirmed with a longer follow-up.

title: Combination of XXXX therapy for @entity3580 and @entity511 of the skull base: the Centre de Protonth  rapie D'Orsay experience.

answer: @entity1161 :: (MESH:D011832,Disease) :: ['photon and proton radiation']


abstract: Kidney irradiation clearly leads to a progressive reduction in function associated with concomitant @entity631 and/or tubulointerstitial @entity82 . However, the particular cell types, mediators and/or mechanisms involved in the development and progression of radiation @entity8 remain ill defined. @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ) plays a major pathogenic role; administration of @entity1808 blockers markedly abrogates the severity of radiation @entity8 in experimental models. Both ionizing radiation and @entity10340 II signal via generation of reactive @entity26 species (ROS). Thus, we hypothesized that localized kidney irradiation might lead to a chronic oxidative stress. In view of the difficulty in measuring ROS in vivo we adopted an indirect immunohistochemical approach in which we used a monoclonal antibody specific for @entity7599 ( @entity7599 ), one of the most commonly used markers of DNA oxidation. The right kidney of 7-8 week-old male @entity35 was removed. Five to 6 weeks later the remaining hypertrophied kidney was irradiated with single doses of 0-20.0 Gy X-rays. Groups of @entity35 , three per dose, were killed at 4, 8, 16 and 24 weeks post-irradiation, their kidneys fixed, and sections stained with the @entity7599 -specific antibody N45.1. For quantitation of glomerular DNA oxidation with the N45.1 antibody stained sections, 50 glomeruli/animal were counted. The presence of any intensely stained nuclei within the glomerular tuft was scored as positive. Quantitation of tubular DNA oxidation employed a 10 x 10 point ocular grid. Sections were examined at 400 magnification; 250 tubular profiles were counted. All tubules with any nuclear staining were scored as positive.Sham-irradiated kidneys showed little evidence of DNA oxidation over the experimental period. In contrast, localized kidney irradiation led to a marked, dose-independent increase in glomerular and tubular cell nuclear DNA oxidation. This increase was evident at the first time point studied, i.e. 4 weeks after irradiation, and persisted for up to 24 weeks postirradiation. DNA oxidation in the irradiated kidney was only seen in apparently viable glomerular and tubular cells. Thus, while from 16 to 24 weeks post-irradiation structural alterations had progressed to @entity8 and @entity194 , positive staining for @entity7599 was not observed in severely @entity3202 tubules. Similarly, fewer positive staining cells were noted in glomeruli undergoing @entity1463 , while none were seen in totally sclerotic glomeruli. These data support the hypothesis that renal irradiation is associated with a chronic and persistent oxidative stress.

title: Radiation-induced XXXX : a role for chronic oxidative stress?

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'glomerular sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity7599 :: ('MESH:C040791', 'Chemical') :: ['8-OHdG', "8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine"]

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['tubular atrophy']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulosclerosis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['kidney injury']


abstract: In the developing visual cortex activity-dependent refinement of synaptic connectivity is thought to involve synaptic plasticity processes analogous to long-term potentiation (LTP). The recently described conversion of so-called silent synapses to functional ones might underlie some forms of LTP. Using whole-cell recording and minimal stimulation procedures in immature pyramidal neurons, we demonstrate here the existence of functionally silent synapses, i.e., glutamatergic synapses that show only @entity143 receptor-mediated transmission, in the neonatal @entity35 visual cortex. The incidence of silent synapses strongly decreased during early postnatal development. After pairing presynaptic stimulation with postsynaptic depolarization, silent synapses were converted to functional ones in an LTP-like manner, as indicated by the long-lasting induction of @entity140 receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. This conversion was dependent on the activation of @entity143 receptors during the pairing protocol. The selective activation of @entity143 receptors at silent synapses could be explained presynaptically by assuming a lower @entity2227 concentration compared with functional ones. However, we found no differences in @entity2227 concentration-dependent properties of @entity143 receptor-mediated PSCs, suggesting that synaptic @entity2227 concentration is similar in silent and functional synapses. Our results thus support a postsynaptic mechanism underlying silent synapses, i.e., that they do not contain functional @entity140 receptors. Synaptic plasticity at silent synapses might be expressed postsynaptically by modification of nonfunctional @entity140 receptors or rapid membrane insertion of @entity140 receptors. This conversion of silent synapses to functional ones might play a major role in activity-dependent synaptic refinement during development of the visual cortex.

title: Silent synapses in the developing XXXX visual cortex: evidence for postsynaptic expression of synaptic plasticity.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Half of all @entity204 in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ) arise from cardiovascular causes. @entity712 ( @entity712 ) is specifically more frequent with @entity740 . Cardiovascular therapies with proven benefit are often withheld from @entity1 with @entity8 for fear of adverse events. The renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system (RAAS) has been implicated as an important maladaptive neurohormonal pathway in @entity712 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to suppress it ineffectively. Current guidelines support the use of @entity1482 for more comprehensive suppression of the RAAS in @entity712 @entity1 . Most supporting trials have however excluded @entity1 with @entity8 resulting in a dearth of data to support use of @entity1482 in @entity740 @entity1 with @entity712 . Several small studies that prospectively interrogated the benefits of augmented RAAS blockade with @entity1482 in @entity740 @entity1 have shown improvement in predictors of @entity65 . More recently, improved mortality outcomes were demonstrated with the use of @entity1482 in hemodialysis @entity1 . Although reduction in glomerular filtration rate and @entity4144 are potential adverse effects with its use, the available evidence suggests that it is uncommon and serious consequences can be avoided with close monitoring. Studies investigating the optimal @entity1482 dosage in such a setting recommend starting with a low dose and careful uptitration. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive insight into the issues associated with the use of @entity1482 in the setting of concomitant @entity712 and @entity740 .

title: XXXX and @entity740 : Should We Use @entity1482 ?

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease', 'renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Congestive heart failure', 'heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

entities_list: @entity4144 :: ('MESH:D006947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemia']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['Heart Failure']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Half of all @entity204 in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ) arise from cardiovascular causes. @entity712 ( @entity712 ) is specifically more frequent with @entity740 . Cardiovascular therapies with proven benefit are often withheld from @entity1 with @entity8 for fear of adverse events. The renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system (RAAS) has been implicated as an important maladaptive neurohormonal pathway in @entity712 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to suppress it ineffectively. Current guidelines support the use of @entity1482 for more comprehensive suppression of the RAAS in @entity712 @entity1 . Most supporting trials have however excluded @entity1 with @entity8 resulting in a dearth of data to support use of @entity1482 in @entity740 @entity1 with @entity712 . Several small studies that prospectively interrogated the benefits of augmented RAAS blockade with @entity1482 in @entity740 @entity1 have shown improvement in predictors of @entity65 . More recently, improved mortality outcomes were demonstrated with the use of @entity1482 in hemodialysis @entity1 . Although reduction in glomerular filtration rate and @entity4144 are potential adverse effects with its use, the available evidence suggests that it is uncommon and serious consequences can be avoided with close monitoring. Studies investigating the optimal @entity1482 dosage in such a setting recommend starting with a low dose and careful uptitration. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive insight into the issues associated with the use of @entity1482 in the setting of concomitant @entity712 and @entity740 .

title: @entity712 and XXXX : Should We Use @entity1482 ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['Chronic Kidney Disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Half of all @entity204 in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ) arise from cardiovascular causes. @entity712 ( @entity712 ) is specifically more frequent with @entity740 . Cardiovascular therapies with proven benefit are often withheld from @entity1 with @entity8 for fear of adverse events. The renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system (RAAS) has been implicated as an important maladaptive neurohormonal pathway in @entity712 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to suppress it ineffectively. Current guidelines support the use of @entity1482 for more comprehensive suppression of the RAAS in @entity712 @entity1 . Most supporting trials have however excluded @entity1 with @entity8 resulting in a dearth of data to support use of @entity1482 in @entity740 @entity1 with @entity712 . Several small studies that prospectively interrogated the benefits of augmented RAAS blockade with @entity1482 in @entity740 @entity1 have shown improvement in predictors of @entity65 . More recently, improved mortality outcomes were demonstrated with the use of @entity1482 in hemodialysis @entity1 . Although reduction in glomerular filtration rate and @entity4144 are potential adverse effects with its use, the available evidence suggests that it is uncommon and serious consequences can be avoided with close monitoring. Studies investigating the optimal @entity1482 dosage in such a setting recommend starting with a low dose and careful uptitration. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive insight into the issues associated with the use of @entity1482 in the setting of concomitant @entity712 and @entity740 .

title: @entity712 and @entity740 : Should We Use XXXX ?

answer: @entity1482 :: (MESH:D013148,Chemical) :: ['Spironolactone']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Although @entity934 is widely utilized in vertebrate nervous systems, nicotinic @entity934 receptors (nAChRs), including the a9a10 subtype, also are expressed in a wide variety of non-neuronal cells. These cell types include cochlear hair cells, adrenal chromaffin cells and immune cells. a9 @entity35 nAChRs present in these cells may respectively play roles in protection from noise-induced @entity393 , response to stress and neuroprotection. Despite these critical functions, there are few available selective ligands to confirm mechanistic hypothesis regarding the role of a9a10 nAChRs. Conus, has been a rich source of ligands for receptors and ion channels. Here, we identified Conus geographus venom as a lead source for a novel a9a10 antagonist. The active component was isolated and the encoding gene cloned. The peptide signal sequence and @entity462 arrangement had the signature of the   -conotoxin superfamily. Previously isolated   -conotoxin GVIIIA, also from Conus geographus, targets the @entity5376 . In contrast, aS-GVIIIB blocked the a9a10 nAChR with an IC50 of 9.8nM, yet was inactive at the @entity5376 . Pharmacological characterization of aS-GVIIIB shows that it is over 100-fold selective for the a9a10 nAChR compared to other nAChR subtypes. Thus, the S-superfamily represents a novel conotoxin scaffold for flexibly targeting a variety of receptor subtypes. Functional competition studies utilized distinct off-rate kinetics of conotoxins to identify the a10/a9 nAChR interface as the site of aS-GVIIIB binding; this adds to the importance of the (+) face of the a10 rather than the (+) face of the a9 nAChR subunit as critical to binding of a9a10-targeted conotoxins.

title: aS-conotoxin GVIIIB potently and selectively blocks a9a10 nicotinic XXXX receptors.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: During the last decade an hypothesis has been developed linking certain chemicals (natural and synthetic) to observed and suspected adverse effects on reproduction in both wildlife and @entity1 . The issue of 'endocrine disruption' originally focused on chemicals that mimic the action of the natural hormone @entity2931 . However, the concern is now encompassing effects on the whole endocrine system. In response to public awareness, regulatory agencies (including the US EPA) and the OECD are formulating potential testing strategies and have begun the process of validating defined tests to systematically assess chemicals for their endocrine-disrupting activities. In order to investigate chemicals that have the potential to cause endocrine disruption, a large number of in vitro and in vivo assays have been identified. In vitro test systems (particularly when used in combination) offer the possibility of providing an early screen for large numbers of chemicals and can be useful in characterising the mechanism of action and potency. In vitro assays in widespread use for the screening/characterisation of endocrine disrupting potential include hormone receptor ligand binding assays (determination of the ability of a chemical to bind to the hormone receptor), cell proliferation assays (analysis of the ability of a chemical to stimulate growth of @entity2931 sensitive cells), reporter gene assays in @entity375 or @entity1 cells (analysis of the ability of a chemical to stimulate the transcription of a reporter gene construct in cell culture), and the analysis of the regulation of endogenous @entity2931 sensitive genes in cell lines. However, in vitro assays do not always reliably predict the outcome in vivo due to differences in metabolic capabilities of the test systems used and the diverse range of mechanisms by which endocrine disrupting chemicals may act. Therefore a complementary battery of short- and long-term in vitro and in vivo assays (that assess both receptor and non-receptor mediated mechanisms of action) seems the most appropriate way at present of assessing the potential endocrine disrupting activities of chemicals. At Unilever we have used a combination of in vitro assays (receptor binding, reporter gene and cell proliferation assays) together with short-term in vivo tests (uterotrophic assay in immature rodents) to examine the oestrogenic potential of a large number of chemicals. An evaluation of the advantages and limitations of these methods is provided. Finally, any potential test system needs to be validated and standardized before the information generated can be for the identification of hazard, and possibly for risk assessment purposes.

title: Endocrine disrupters--testing strategies to assess XXXX hazard.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'mammalian']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of quantitative analysis of the extension and attenuation of pericolonic fat in the local staging of @entity14 ( @entity14 ) using @entity9689 ( @entity9689 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 110 @entity1 who were operated due to pathologically proven @entity14 from January 2007 to January 2010, and who underwent preoperative @entity9689 of the abdomen and pelvis with administration of intravenous contrast material and image acquisition during the portal venous phase. The mean age was 69 years (range of 38-90 years). Pathological reports were reviewed for TNM staging. All @entity9689 studies were reviewed by two certified radiologists for maximal and minimal @entity5 diameter, extent of the infiltrated pericolonic fat (measured in mm), attenuation of the infiltrated pericolonic fat (measured in Hounsfield units), and attenuation of normally appearing fat next to the @entity5 . The sensitivity and specificity of these parameters in detecting @entity1 with >=  T3 @entity14 were calculated. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of pericolonic fat infiltration in detecting @entity1 with >= T3 stage were 95% (95% CI, 89.0-98.7%), 20% (5.8-43.7%), and 81.9% (74.7-89%) respectively. The mean extent and attenuation of the infiltrated pericolonic fat, in addition to the maximal @entity5 diameter, were higher in the >= T3 group (p<0.05). By defining threshold values to these parameters, the positive predictive value for detecting >= T3 stage @entity5 approaches 100%. CONCLUSION: Quantitative analysis of pericolonic fat increased the accuracy of @entity9689 in the detection of @entity5 spread in @entity14 .

title: The diagnostic accuracy of pericolonic fat extension and attenuation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9689 :: ('MESH:C564969', 'Disease') :: ['multi detector computed tomography', 'MDCT']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'local tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal tumors']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Previous animal studies showed that donor-derived blood cells treated with @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) prolong allograft survival when injected into recipients. This model was effective with whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (monocytes being the active cell subpopulation) or dendritic cells. In view of a potential clinical application, we study now the immunosuppressive properties of @entity1 myeloid cells in vitro. Mature dendritic cells (generated from na  ve monocytes) or monocytes treated with @entity1138 do not or only weakly inhibit allogeneic T cells in vitro, whereas cells in an early differentiation state between monocytes and DC exert suppressive activity when treated with @entity1139 . In contrast, DC generated from @entity1139 -treated monocytes show the morphology and phenotype of early immature DC (iDC) and suppress T-cell responses. It is known that untreated monocytes injected into a recipient encounter a cytokine milieu which differentiates them to stimulatory DC. In our in vitro experiment @entity1139 -treated monocytes cultured in a DC-maturing milieu transform themselves into suppressive early iDC. This reproduces a process which takes place when administering @entity1139 -monocytes to a recipient. In conclusion, @entity1 @entity1139 -DC or @entity1139 -monocytes are not or only weakly suppressive in vitro. When @entity1139 -monocytes are differentiated to DC the resulting cells become suppressive.

title: Immunosuppressive properties of XXXX -incubated @entity1 myeloid blood cells (MIC) in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin C']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Previous animal studies showed that donor-derived blood cells treated with @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) prolong allograft survival when injected into recipients. This model was effective with whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (monocytes being the active cell subpopulation) or dendritic cells. In view of a potential clinical application, we study now the immunosuppressive properties of @entity1 myeloid cells in vitro. Mature dendritic cells (generated from na  ve monocytes) or monocytes treated with @entity1138 do not or only weakly inhibit allogeneic T cells in vitro, whereas cells in an early differentiation state between monocytes and DC exert suppressive activity when treated with @entity1139 . In contrast, DC generated from @entity1139 -treated monocytes show the morphology and phenotype of early immature DC (iDC) and suppress T-cell responses. It is known that untreated monocytes injected into a recipient encounter a cytokine milieu which differentiates them to stimulatory DC. In our in vitro experiment @entity1139 -treated monocytes cultured in a DC-maturing milieu transform themselves into suppressive early iDC. This reproduces a process which takes place when administering @entity1139 -monocytes to a recipient. In conclusion, @entity1 @entity1139 -DC or @entity1139 -monocytes are not or only weakly suppressive in vitro. When @entity1139 -monocytes are differentiated to DC the resulting cells become suppressive.

title: Immunosuppressive properties of @entity1138 -incubated XXXX myeloid blood cells (MIC) in vitro.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Analysis of proteins recovered in the S100 precipitate fraction of @entity10644 after ultracentrifugation led to the identification of a 52-kDa protein which is produced during the late growth phase. The gene (eshA) which codes for this protein was cloned from @entity10644 , and then its homologue was cloned from @entity45743 ). The protein was deduced to be 471 @entity1522 in length. The protein EshA is characterized by a central region that shows homology to the eukaryotic-type cyclic @entity377 -binding domains. Significant homology was also found to MMPI in @entity4430 , a major antigenic protein to @entity1 . The eshA gene mapped near the chromosome end and was not essential for viability, as demonstrated by gene disruption experiments, but its disruption resulted in the abolishment of an antibiotic (actinorhodin but not @entity70679 ) production. Aerial mycelium was produced as abundantly as by the parent strain. Expression analysis of the EshA protein by Western blotting revealed that EshA is present only in late-growth-phase cells. The eshA gene was transcribed just preceding intracellular accumulation of the EshA protein, as determined by S1 nuclease protection, indicating that EshA expression is regulated at the transcription level. The expression of EshA was unaffected by introduction of the @entity70680 mutation, which blocks ppGpp synthesis.

title: Molecular and functional analyses of the gene (eshA) encoding the 52-kilodalton protein of XXXX ) required for antibiotic production.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity10644 :: ('1911', 'Species') :: ['S. griseus', 'Streptomyces griseus']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity4430 :: ('1769', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium leprae']

entities_list: @entity45743 :: ('100226', 'Species') :: ['Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2']

entities_list: @entity70679 :: ('MESH:C047347', 'Chemical') :: ['undecylprodigiosin']

answer: @entity45743 :: (100226,Species) :: ['Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2']


abstract: A 77-year-old @entity1 complaining of @entity448 and @entity390 was referred to the hospital with a diagnosis of advanced @entity356 . The @entity1 also had @entity712 with @entity955 and severe @entity9427 . @entity644 , @entity9427 and other laboratory data suggested that she had @entity1985 . Total protein level was 4.6 g/dl and @entity2313 level was 1.6 g/dl. In order to avoid @entity260 such as wound dehiscence, @entity834 and so on, careful pre- and post-operative management of @entity1985 is necessary. Administration of @entity2313 and fresh frozen plasma regimen was continued after the operation. Urinary protein level started to decrease after subtotal gastrectomy. Histological examination revealed moderately differentiated @entity420 with nodal metastases. Her post-operative course was uneventful. Although the signs and symptoms of @entity1985 did not improve immediately, twelve months after operation she has become well and has no symptoms of @entity843 and @entity9427 .

title: A case of XXXX with @entity1985 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['Proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity9427 :: ('MESH:D007019', 'Disease') :: ['hypoproteinemia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['tubular adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: A 77-year-old @entity1 complaining of @entity448 and @entity390 was referred to the hospital with a diagnosis of advanced @entity356 . The @entity1 also had @entity712 with @entity955 and severe @entity9427 . @entity644 , @entity9427 and other laboratory data suggested that she had @entity1985 . Total protein level was 4.6 g/dl and @entity2313 level was 1.6 g/dl. In order to avoid @entity260 such as wound dehiscence, @entity834 and so on, careful pre- and post-operative management of @entity1985 is necessary. Administration of @entity2313 and fresh frozen plasma regimen was continued after the operation. Urinary protein level started to decrease after subtotal gastrectomy. Histological examination revealed moderately differentiated @entity420 with nodal metastases. Her post-operative course was uneventful. Although the signs and symptoms of @entity1985 did not improve immediately, twelve months after operation she has become well and has no symptoms of @entity843 and @entity9427 .

title: A case of @entity356 with XXXX .

answer: @entity1985 :: (MESH:D009404,Disease) :: ['nephrotic syndrome']


abstract: @entity209 are not well-recognized by psychiatrists as a possible source of secondary psychoses. @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ) are not frequent. Although their prompt diagnosis may lead to suitable treatments. @entity2246 are well-known to pediatricians, in particular for their most serious forms, having an early expression most of the time. Recent years discoveries have unveiled later expression forms, and sometimes very discreet first physical signs. There is a growing body of evidence that supports the hypothesis that @entity2246 can manifest as @entity146 , even in the absence of clear neurological symptoms. In the present review, we propose a detailed overview at @entity161 -like and @entity2438 -like symptoms that can lead practitioners to bear in mind an IEM. Other @entity146 manifestations are also found, as behavioral, cognitive, learning, and @entity1316 . However, they are less frequent. Ensuring an accurate IEM diagnosis, in front of these @entity146 symptoms should be a priority, in order to grant suitable and valuable treatment for these pathologies.

title: Secondary psychosis induced by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['atypical psychiatric symptoms', 'psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mood disorders']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic disorders']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['IEMs', 'Inborn errors of metabolism']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic disorders']


abstract: We reported previously that an @entity4944 microinjection into the nucleus accumbens enables Pavlovian reward cues in a conditioned incentive paradigm to trigger excessive instrumental pursuit. Here we show that sensitization caused by previous @entity4944 administration also causes reward cues to trigger excessive pursuit of their associated reward, even when sensitized @entity35 are tested in a drug-free state. @entity35 learned to lever press for @entity969 pellets, and they separately learned to associate @entity969 pellets with Pavlovian cues (30 sec auditory cues). @entity4944 sensitization was induced by six daily injections of @entity4944 (3 mg/kg, i.p.; controls received saline). @entity35 were tested for lever pressing under extinction conditions 10 d later, after a bilateral microinjection of intra-accumbens vehicle or @entity4944 (5 microg/0.5 microl per side). Cue-triggered pursuit of @entity969 reward was assessed by increases in pressing on the @entity969 -associated lever during intermittent presentations of a free conditioned stimulus (CS+) @entity969 cue. Sensitized @entity35 pressed at normal levels during baseline and during the CS-, but the CS+ triggered 100% greater increases in pressing from sensitized @entity35 than from control @entity35 after vehicle microinjection. Sensitization therefore enhanced the incentive salience attributed to the CS+ even when @entity35 were tested while drug-free. For control @entity35 , a microinjection of intra-accumbens @entity4944 was needed to produce the same enhancement of cue-triggered reward "wanting." The @entity4944 microinjection also interacted synergistically in sensitized @entity35 to produce intrusive cue-triggered pursuit behaviors (e.g., investigatory sniffing) that interfered with goal-directed lever pressing. These results support the incentive-sensitization theory postulate that sensitization causes excessive cue-triggered "wanting" for an associated reward.

title: Incentive sensitization by previous XXXX exposure: increased cue-triggered "wanting" for @entity969 reward.

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine', 'Amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity4944 :: (MESH:D000661,Chemical) :: ['amphetamine']


abstract: We reported previously that an @entity4944 microinjection into the nucleus accumbens enables Pavlovian reward cues in a conditioned incentive paradigm to trigger excessive instrumental pursuit. Here we show that sensitization caused by previous @entity4944 administration also causes reward cues to trigger excessive pursuit of their associated reward, even when sensitized @entity35 are tested in a drug-free state. @entity35 learned to lever press for @entity969 pellets, and they separately learned to associate @entity969 pellets with Pavlovian cues (30 sec auditory cues). @entity4944 sensitization was induced by six daily injections of @entity4944 (3 mg/kg, i.p.; controls received saline). @entity35 were tested for lever pressing under extinction conditions 10 d later, after a bilateral microinjection of intra-accumbens vehicle or @entity4944 (5 microg/0.5 microl per side). Cue-triggered pursuit of @entity969 reward was assessed by increases in pressing on the @entity969 -associated lever during intermittent presentations of a free conditioned stimulus (CS+) @entity969 cue. Sensitized @entity35 pressed at normal levels during baseline and during the CS-, but the CS+ triggered 100% greater increases in pressing from sensitized @entity35 than from control @entity35 after vehicle microinjection. Sensitization therefore enhanced the incentive salience attributed to the CS+ even when @entity35 were tested while drug-free. For control @entity35 , a microinjection of intra-accumbens @entity4944 was needed to produce the same enhancement of cue-triggered reward "wanting." The @entity4944 microinjection also interacted synergistically in sensitized @entity35 to produce intrusive cue-triggered pursuit behaviors (e.g., investigatory sniffing) that interfered with goal-directed lever pressing. These results support the incentive-sensitization theory postulate that sensitization causes excessive cue-triggered "wanting" for an associated reward.

title: Incentive sensitization by previous @entity4944 exposure: increased cue-triggered "wanting" for XXXX reward.

answer: @entity969 :: (MESH:D013395,Chemical) :: ['sucrose']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the outcome of cardiac transplantation undertaken in @entity1 with @entity4297 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between November 1991 and March 1998 at our institution, cardiac transplantation was performed in 16 @entity1 with @entity299 (age range, 3 to 57 years; mean, 26.1). Preoperative diagnoses included univentricular heart (N = 4); @entity3886 (N = 3); @entity4924 (N = 2); tetralogy of Fallot (N = 2); levotransposition (N = 2); @entity5512 , corrected transposition, ventricular and @entity118 , and @entity849 (N = 1); double-outlet right ventricle (N = 1); and @entity1121 (N = 1). All @entity1 had undergone from one to five previous palliative operations. RESULTS: Four @entity1 required permanent pacemaker implantation during the first month postoperatively because of @entity1168 ; more than 2 years later, another @entity1 required a permanent pacemaker because of @entity1817 . In addition, one @entity1 had an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Three @entity1 required reconstruction of cardiovascular structures with use of prosthetic material (Teflon patches or donor tissue) at the time of cardiac transplantation. Actuarial 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival was 86.2 +/- 9.1%. During the first year after transplantation, two @entity204 occurred--one at 41 days of putative vascular rejection and the second at 60 days of severe cellular rejection. All other @entity1 are alive and functionally rehabilitated; the mean follow-up period has been 26.1 months (range, 2 to 89.6). CONCLUSION: Cardiac transplantation for @entity1 with @entity299 can be accomplished with a low perioperative mortality and an excellent medium-term survival despite the challenges presented by the technical difficulties during invasive diagnostic procedures and at operation and the need for adherence to long-term multiple-drug therapy in this @entity1 population.

title: Cardiac transplantation for end-stage XXXX : the Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Cardiothoracic Transplant Team.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3886 :: ('MESH:D014188', 'Disease') :: ['complete transposition of the great arteries']

entities_list: @entity5512 :: ('MESH:D003914', 'Disease') :: ['dextrocardia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1817 :: ('MESH:D012804', 'Disease') :: ['sick sinus syndrome']

entities_list: @entity849 :: ('MESH:D011666', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity4924 :: ('MESH:D004437', 'Disease') :: ["Ebstein's anomaly"]

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defects']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity4297 :: ('MESH:D006330', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart defects']

answer: @entity4297 :: (MESH:D006330,Disease) :: ['congenital heart defects']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the infiltration and prognostic significance of @entity5 -infiltrating mast cells (TIMs) in @entity189 ( @entity189 ). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry for tryptase was performed on 154 @entity189 specimens. The median value of @entity34705 density was used as a cutoff point to separate the @entity1 cohort into two groups with either low or high @entity34705 infiltration. The associations between @entity34705 and clinicopathological factors were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U text. Survival curves were plotted according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 13.0. RESULTS: @entity34705 was mainly in the stroma of @entity189 and detected in all specimens. The median value of @entity34705 density (25.60/high power field) was used as a cutoff point to separate the @entity1 cohort into two groups with either low or high @entity34705 infiltration. The density of @entity34705 was positively correlated with N stage (Z=-2.193, P<0.05) and clinical stage (Z=-2.551, P<0.05). The 3-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and progression-free survival (PFS) of @entity1 were 64.4% and 55.7% in the high @entity34705 density group; 78.3% and 77.0% in the low @entity34705 density group. For survival evaluation, high density of @entity34705 was associated with worse @entity1349 and PFS (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed @entity34705 infiltration was an independent risk factor for both @entity1349 and PFS. CONCLUSIONS: The density of @entity34705 in @entity189 increased with @entity5 stage. High @entity34705 infiltration was associated with poor @entity1349 and progression-free survival.

title: [Distribution and prognostic significance of @entity5 -infiltrating mast cells in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma', 'NPC']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the infiltration and prognostic significance of @entity5 -infiltrating mast cells (TIMs) in @entity189 ( @entity189 ). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry for tryptase was performed on 154 @entity189 specimens. The median value of @entity34705 density was used as a cutoff point to separate the @entity1 cohort into two groups with either low or high @entity34705 infiltration. The associations between @entity34705 and clinicopathological factors were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U text. Survival curves were plotted according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazard models, respectively. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 13.0. RESULTS: @entity34705 was mainly in the stroma of @entity189 and detected in all specimens. The median value of @entity34705 density (25.60/high power field) was used as a cutoff point to separate the @entity1 cohort into two groups with either low or high @entity34705 infiltration. The density of @entity34705 was positively correlated with N stage (Z=-2.193, P<0.05) and clinical stage (Z=-2.551, P<0.05). The 3-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and progression-free survival (PFS) of @entity1 were 64.4% and 55.7% in the high @entity34705 density group; 78.3% and 77.0% in the low @entity34705 density group. For survival evaluation, high density of @entity34705 was associated with worse @entity1349 and PFS (P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed @entity34705 infiltration was an independent risk factor for both @entity1349 and PFS. CONCLUSIONS: The density of @entity34705 in @entity189 increased with @entity5 stage. High @entity34705 infiltration was associated with poor @entity1349 and progression-free survival.

title: [Distribution and prognostic significance of XXXX -infiltrating mast cells in @entity189 ].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of @entity9001 and other 13 common antimicrobial agents, alone or in combination, against multi-drug resistant @entity3064 . METHODS: An in vitro susceptibility test of 101 A. baumannii was used to detect minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). A @entity19 @entity358 model of multi-drug resistant A. baumannii, established by the ultrasonic atomization method, was used to define in vivo antimicrobial activities. RESULTS: Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii showed high sensitivity to @entity9001 (98% inhibition), @entity6414 (78.2% inhibition), and @entity1214 (74.2% inhibition). However, the use of these antimicrobial agents in combination with other antimicrobial agents produced synergistic or additive effects. In vivo data showed that white blood cell (WBC) counts in drug combination groups C ( @entity1214 + @entity4509 ) and D ( @entity1214 + @entity1215 ) were significantly higher than in groups A ( @entity9001 ) and B ( @entity6414 ) (P < 0.05), after administration of the drugs 24 h post-infection. Lung tissue @entity32 gradually increased in the model group during the first 24 h after ultrasonic atomization infection; vasodilation, congestion with @entity548 were observed 48 h post infection. After 3 days of anti-infective therapy in groups A, B, C, and D, lung tissue @entity32 in each group gradually recovered with clear structures. The mortality rates in drug combination groups(groups C and D) were much lower than in groups A and B. CONCLUSION: The combination of @entity1214 with either @entity1215 or @entity4509 is more effective against multi-drug resistant A. baumannii than single-agent @entity9001 or @entity6414 . In addition, the @entity19 @entity358 by ultrasonic atomization is a suitable model for drug screening and analysis of infection mechanism.

title: In vitro and in vivo analysis of antimicrobial agents alone and in combination against multi-drug resistant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity6414 :: ('MESH:D011112', 'Chemical') :: ['polymyxin B']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung infection']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

entities_list: @entity3064 :: ('470', 'Species') :: ['Acinetobacter baumannii']

entities_list: @entity9001 :: ('MESH:C119092', 'Chemical') :: ['tigecycline']

answer: @entity3064 :: (470,Species) :: ['Acinetobacter baumannii']


abstract: Objectives. To assess the relationship between @entity281 and the risk of pediatric-onset @entity29 ( @entity29 ). Methods. We conducted a nested case-control study of 501 incident cases aged  <=17 years and 9,442 controls who were members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California for at least one consecutive year between 1996 and 2006. @entity29 was confirmed and the incidence date was adjudicated by pediatric gastroenterologists. @entity580 were identified from the principal diagnosis code of electronic inpatient records. Medications to treat @entity281 were identified during the hospitalization. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the associations between hospitalized @entity281 , medications, and @entity30 and @entity31 . Results. In the year prior to diagnosis, both hospitalized infection of any system (OR 6.3; 95% CI 1.6-23.9) and hospitalized @entity281 (OR 19.4; 95% CI 2.6-143.2) were associated with @entity1050 . @entity580 of any system were inversely associated with UC after excluding the year prior to diagnosis (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.2-0.9). No UC case had a hospitalized @entity344 prior to diagnosis. Conclusion. Infections appear to play opposite roles prior to the diagnosis of @entity1050 and UC. Infections may be associated with an increased risk of @entity1050 and a decreased risk of UC.

title: Infections Requiring Hospitalization as Predictors of Pediatric-Onset @entity30 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['Hospitalized infections']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['Ulcerative Colitis']


abstract: Objectives. To assess the relationship between @entity281 and the risk of pediatric-onset @entity29 ( @entity29 ). Methods. We conducted a nested case-control study of 501 incident cases aged  <=17 years and 9,442 controls who were members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California for at least one consecutive year between 1996 and 2006. @entity29 was confirmed and the incidence date was adjudicated by pediatric gastroenterologists. @entity580 were identified from the principal diagnosis code of electronic inpatient records. Medications to treat @entity281 were identified during the hospitalization. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess the associations between hospitalized @entity281 , medications, and @entity30 and @entity31 . Results. In the year prior to diagnosis, both hospitalized infection of any system (OR 6.3; 95% CI 1.6-23.9) and hospitalized @entity281 (OR 19.4; 95% CI 2.6-143.2) were associated with @entity1050 . @entity580 of any system were inversely associated with UC after excluding the year prior to diagnosis (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.2-0.9). No UC case had a hospitalized @entity344 prior to diagnosis. Conclusion. Infections appear to play opposite roles prior to the diagnosis of @entity1050 and UC. Infections may be associated with an increased risk of @entity1050 and a decreased risk of UC.

title: Infections Requiring Hospitalization as Predictors of Pediatric-Onset XXXX and @entity31 .

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Previous studies have shown that endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) sensitively detects morphologic abnormalities due to @entity1689 . However, morphologic EUS findings have limited specificity, particularly at the early stages of @entity1689 . Our aims were to study pancreatic morphology and @entity32 in @entity1 with @entity1689 , using EUS and fine-needle aspiration cytology (EUS-FNA), and to compare the results with those of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and pancreatic function tests. @entity1 AND METHODS: 37 @entity1 (48 +/- 13 years) with clinical symptoms and laboratory test findings suggestive of @entity1689 were prospectively studied. @entity1 with @entity5 or major concomitant disorders were excluded. Clinical evaluation included indirect pancreatic function tests. Morphologic criteria for @entity1689 included echo-intense septae/echo-reduced foci (i. e. pseudolobularity), ductal irregularities, and @entity730 . EUS-FNA was performed in 27/37 @entity1 , by means of the Hitachi FG34-UX echo endoscope and a 22-gauge needle, and tissue specimens were submitted for standard cytological evaluation. ERCP served as reference in all @entity1 , using the Cambridge classification. RESULTS: 31 @entity1 had @entity1689 while six had normal findings at ERCP. EUS showed morphologic @entity788 in 33 @entity1 . Morphologic abnormalities alone reached a sensitivity of 97 % for @entity1689 with a specificity of only 60 %, while the positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ) was 94 %, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 75 %. EUS-FNA increased the negative predictive value to 100 % and the specificity to 67 %. On average, 2.3 needle passes were necessary to obtain sufficient amounts of tissue. The correlation of EUS findings with pancreatic function tests was poor. EUS results were in agreement with regard to the severity of @entity1689 in 5/8 @entity1 with grade I disease, in 11/13 @entity1 with grade II, and in 10/10 @entity1 with @entity66 . Minor complications occurred in two @entity1 (7 %). CONCLUSIONS: EUS is as sensitive and effective as ERCP in the detection of @entity1689 , particularly when only mild disease is present. However, EUS findings have limited specificity, particularly in @entity1 with mild disease. EUS-FNA with cytology is safe and improves the negative predictive value. Negative EUS-FNA findings rule out @entity1689 , but cytological investigation alone does not improve the specificity of EUS findings, suggesting that further improvements in tissue sampling and analysis are necessary to support routine use of FNA in @entity1 with @entity1689 .

title: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology for diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['grade III disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1689 :: ('MESH:D050500', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcifications']

answer: @entity1689 :: (MESH:D050500,Disease) :: ['chronic pancreatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In @entity1 with low-grade @entity6595 , conventional endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is considered to be the most accurate modality for locoregional staging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic role of ultrasonic miniprobes as part of routine clinical staging. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 39 @entity1 who were histologically diagnosed with low-grade @entity1074 were reviewed retrospectively before treatment (n = 15) and during follow-up (n = 24). Assessment of @entity5 penetration into the gastric wall was based on the TNM system. Pathological lymph-node involvement was suggested by the presence of inhomogeneous hypoechoic echo patterns, with clearly demarcated borders. All examinations were carried out using a mechanical miniprobe (Olympus; diameter 2.4 mm, 12 MHz) introduced through the working channel of the endoscope. Ultrasonic miniprobe findings were compared with conventional EUS data and histology. RESULTS: Using pretreatment endoscopic ultrasonography, @entity6595 presented endoscopically with an @entity1066 (in five of 15 @entity1 ) or a diffuse infiltrative pattern (ten of 15 @entity1 ). The ultrasonic miniprobe identified a T1 lesion in 53 % (T2, 33 %) and EUS in 60 % (T2, 20 %) of cases. Pathological lymph-node involvement in T1-T2 lesions was diagnosed with the ultrasonic miniprobe in 53 % of cases and with EUS in 60 %. Using endoscopic ultrasonography during the follow-up period, in @entity1 with normal miniprobe ultrasonography (n = 15), the histological examination confirmed a complete remission in all @entity1 . @entity5932 , or both, was seen in nine @entity1 . Endoscopic biopsies in four of these nine @entity1 revealed @entity706 . CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasonic miniprobe can be recommended as part of routine care in @entity1 with @entity6595 , both initially and during the follow-up period. The clinical significance of ultrasonic miniprobe examinations is that they can be performed as a single-step procedure during diagnostic endoscopy.

title: Impact of miniprobes compared to conventional endosonography in the staging of low-grade gastric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['recurrent lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity6595 :: ('MESH:C535648', 'Disease') :: ['gastric lymphomas', 'gastric MALT lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1074 :: ('MESH:D018442', 'Disease') :: ['MALT lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5932 :: ('MESH:C565008', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoechoic thickening of the mucosa or submucosa']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['malt lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced @entity5694 can cause serious organ damage such as @entity647 and death by triggering the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and acute-phase reactants. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of b-glucan on inflammatory mediator levels and histopathological changes in LPS-induced @entity5694 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven male @entity35 albino @entity35 were randomly allocated into four groups as follows: control group, LPS group (10 mg/kg LPS), LPS + b-glucan group (100 mg/kg b-glucan before LPS administration), and b-glucan group. Twelve hours after LPS administration, lung and serum samples were collected. Concentrations of @entity568 , IL-8, @entity40109 ( @entity40109 ), and @entity1904 were measured in the serum at hours 0 (basal) and 12. The severity of @entity358 was assessed by an appropriate histopathological scoring system. RESULTS: Serum levels of @entity40109 in the LPS group at 12 h were significantly higher than in the other groups, whereas serum @entity568 levels in the LPS and LPS + b-glucan groups at 12 h were significantly decreased. The mean histopathological damage score of the LPS group was slightly higher than that of the LPS + b-glucan group. Moreover, mortality rate was significantly decreased in the LPS + b-glucan group versus the LPS group. CONCLUSION: b-glucan reduces @entity5694 -induced mortality and might be protective against @entity5694 -induced @entity358 .

title: Protective effect of b-glucan on XXXX induced by lipopolysaccharide in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung damage']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity647 :: (MESH:D055371,Disease) :: ['acute lung injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced @entity5694 can cause serious organ damage such as @entity647 and death by triggering the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and acute-phase reactants. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of b-glucan on inflammatory mediator levels and histopathological changes in LPS-induced @entity5694 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven male @entity35 albino @entity35 were randomly allocated into four groups as follows: control group, LPS group (10 mg/kg LPS), LPS + b-glucan group (100 mg/kg b-glucan before LPS administration), and b-glucan group. Twelve hours after LPS administration, lung and serum samples were collected. Concentrations of @entity568 , IL-8, @entity40109 ( @entity40109 ), and @entity1904 were measured in the serum at hours 0 (basal) and 12. The severity of @entity358 was assessed by an appropriate histopathological scoring system. RESULTS: Serum levels of @entity40109 in the LPS group at 12 h were significantly higher than in the other groups, whereas serum @entity568 levels in the LPS and LPS + b-glucan groups at 12 h were significantly decreased. The mean histopathological damage score of the LPS group was slightly higher than that of the LPS + b-glucan group. Moreover, mortality rate was significantly decreased in the LPS + b-glucan group versus the LPS group. CONCLUSION: b-glucan reduces @entity5694 -induced mortality and might be protective against @entity5694 -induced @entity358 .

title: Protective effect of b-glucan on @entity647 induced by lipopolysaccharide in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of stimulants in the treatment of @entity195 / @entity2033 has increased dramatically over the last twenty years. We wanted to assess the prevalence of students treated with stimulants in the elementary schools in the city of Trondheim, Norway. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty of 53 schools (94%), representing 16,141 students, answered two questionnaires. @entity1032 , @entity2438 and otherwise severely handicapped students attending special groups or schools, were excluded. RESULTS: In all, 57 students (3.5 per 1,000) were treated with either @entity2727 or racemic @entity4944 . Multivariate analysis suggested that the structure of the classroom was an essential risk factor for being treated with stimulants. The risk was higher in so-called "open schools" (no fixed walls between groups of students) than in schools with traditional classrooms (< 30 students in rooms separated by fixed walls). (Odds ratio: 5.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-26.4.) More detailed information was obtained from 47 of the 57 students; only one of whom was female. Teaching resources required for optimal pedagogical treatment were available for about one out of two of these 47 students. INTERPRETATION: Our results do not suggest that an inappropriately high proportion of students in the region are taking stimulants for @entity195 / @entity2033 . On the contrary, @entity195 / @entity2033 may be underdiagnosed and inadequately treated in @entity1 . It seems likely that students with @entity195 / @entity2033 are less likely to be treated with stimulants in schools with traditional classrooms, and our results also suggest a lack of teaching resources for these students.

title: [Drug treatment of school XXXX with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder].

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['Mentally retarded']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Anaesthetists may encounter parturients with a spectrum of anatomical and functional abnormalities secondary to @entity3570 , which are among the most common @entity245 . These range from surgically corrected open dysraphisms to previously undiagnosed closed dysraphisms. Both bony and @entity1274 may be abnormal. In true bony @entity3570 , which occurs in up to 50% of the population, failure of fusion of the vertebral arch is seen and @entity1274 are normal. Ninety percent of such cases are confined to the sacrum. In open dysraphisms, sensory preservation is variable and may be present even in those with grossly impaired motor function. Both epidural and spinal blockade have been described for labour analgesia and operative anaesthesia in selected cases but higher failure and complication rates are reported. Clinical assessment should be performed on an outpatient basis to assess neurological function, evaluate central nervous system shunts and determine @entity2144 status. Magnetic resonance imagining is recommended to clarify anatomical abnormalities and to identify levels at which neuraxial techniques can be performed. Of particular concern when performing neuraxial blockade is the possibility of a low-lying spinal cord or conus medullaris and spinal cord tethering. Previous corrective de-tethering surgery frequently does not result in ascent of the conus and re-tethering may be asymptomatic. Ultrasound is not sufficiently validated at the point of care to reliably detect low-lying cords. Epidurals should be performed at anatomically normal levels but spread of local anaesthetic may be impaired by previous surgery.

title: XXXX in the parturient: implications for perioperative anaesthetic care and labour analgesia.

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spinal dysraphisms', 'spina bifida']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['neural structures']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['neurodevelopmental anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2144 :: ('MESH:D020315', 'Disease') :: ['latex allergy']

answer: @entity3570 :: (MESH:D016135,Disease) :: ['Spinal dysraphisms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Current evidence suggests that local anesthetic wound infiltration should be employed as part of multimodal @entity282 management. There is scarce data concerning the benefits of this anesthetic modality in laparoscopic weight loss surgery. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of trocar site infiltration with @entity1341 on the management of @entity282 in laparoscopic bariatric surgery. METHODS: This retrospective randomized study included 47 @entity1 undergoing primary @entity28 surgery between January and September 2014. Laparoscopic gastric bypass was performed in 39 cases and sleeve gastrectomy in 8 cases. @entity1 were stratified into two groups depending on whether preincisional infiltration with @entity1341 and @entity1425 was performed (study group, 27 @entity1 ) or not (control group, 20 @entity1 ). Visual analogue scale (VAS), International @entity158 Outcomes questionnaire, and rescue medication records were reviewed to assess @entity282 . RESULTS: VAS scores in the study group and sleeve gastrectomy group were lower than those in the control and gastric bypass groups in the first 4  h postoperatively without reaching statistical significance (p   >   0.05). VAS scores did not differ in any other period of time. No statistically significant differences in @entity158 perception were registered according to the @entity1 's @entity158 outcomes questionnaire or the need for rescue medication. CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not conclusively prove the efficacy of @entity1341 infiltration by any of the three evaluation methods analyzed. Nevertheless, preincisional infiltration provides good level of comfort in the immediate postoperative period when @entity1337 is most urgent.

title: Does Preincisional Infiltration with @entity1341 Reduce XXXX in Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['Postoperative Pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Current evidence suggests that local anesthetic wound infiltration should be employed as part of multimodal @entity282 management. There is scarce data concerning the benefits of this anesthetic modality in laparoscopic weight loss surgery. Therefore, we analyzed the influence of trocar site infiltration with @entity1341 on the management of @entity282 in laparoscopic bariatric surgery. METHODS: This retrospective randomized study included 47 @entity1 undergoing primary @entity28 surgery between January and September 2014. Laparoscopic gastric bypass was performed in 39 cases and sleeve gastrectomy in 8 cases. @entity1 were stratified into two groups depending on whether preincisional infiltration with @entity1341 and @entity1425 was performed (study group, 27 @entity1 ) or not (control group, 20 @entity1 ). Visual analogue scale (VAS), International @entity158 Outcomes questionnaire, and rescue medication records were reviewed to assess @entity282 . RESULTS: VAS scores in the study group and sleeve gastrectomy group were lower than those in the control and gastric bypass groups in the first 4  h postoperatively without reaching statistical significance (p   >   0.05). VAS scores did not differ in any other period of time. No statistically significant differences in @entity158 perception were registered according to the @entity1 's @entity158 outcomes questionnaire or the need for rescue medication. CONCLUSIONS: The present study did not conclusively prove the efficacy of @entity1341 infiltration by any of the three evaluation methods analyzed. Nevertheless, preincisional infiltration provides good level of comfort in the immediate postoperative period when @entity1337 is most urgent.

title: Does Preincisional Infiltration with XXXX Reduce @entity282 in Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery?

answer: @entity1341 :: (MESH:D002045,Chemical) :: ['Bupivacaine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Ponseti method is the preferred treatment for @entity5149 . Although popularised by orthopaedic surgeons it has expanded to physiotherapists and other health practitioners. This study reviews the results of a physiotherapist-led Ponseti service for idiopathic and non-idiopathic clubfeet and compares these results with those reported by other groups. METHOD: A prospective cohort of clubfeet (2005-2012) with a minimum 2-year follow-up after correction was reviewed. Physiotherapists treated 91 @entity1 -41 @entity1 (69 feet) had @entity85 and 50 @entity1 (77 feet) were idiopathic. Objective outcomes were evaluated and compared to results from other groups managing similar @entity1 cohorts. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 4.6  years (range 2-8.3  years) for both groups. The non-idiopathic group required a median of 7 casts to correct the @entity85 with an 83  % tenotomy rate compared to a median of 5 casts for the idiopathic group with a 63  % tenotomy rate. Initial correction was achieved in 96  % of non-idiopathic feet and in 100  % of idiopathic feet. Recurrence requiring additional treatment was higher in the non-idiopathic group with 40  % of @entity1 (36  % of feet) sustaining a relapse as opposed to 8  % (6  % feet) in the idiopathic group. Surgery was required in 26  % of relapsed non-idiopathic feet and 6  % of idiopathic. CONCLUSIONS: Although Ponseti treatment was not as successful in non-idiopathic feet as in idiopathic feet, deformity correction was achieved and maintained in the mid-term for the majority of feet. These results compare favourably to other specialist orthopaedic-based services for Ponseti management of non-idiopathic clubfeet. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III.

title: Mid-term results of a physiotherapist-led Ponseti service for the management of non-idiopathic and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['non-idiopathic deformities', 'clubfoot deformity']

entities_list: @entity5149 :: ('MESH:D003025', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic clubfoot']

answer: @entity5149 :: (MESH:D003025,Disease) :: ['idiopathic clubfoot']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Nocebo is very prevalent among @entity16 resulting in low adherence and treatment outcome. We sought to examine the AEs following placebo administration in @entity23 ( @entity23 ) for @entity195 ( @entity195 ). METHODS: After a systematic Medline search for @entity23 for @entity195 pharmacological treatments, we assessed the number of placebo-treated @entity1 reporting at least one AE and the number of discontinuations because of placebo intolerance and searched for factors correlating to nocebo's extent. RESULTS: Data were extracted from 20 @entity23 fulfilling our search criteria. Of 3049 placebo-treated @entity1 , 57.8% (95% CI: 50.1%-66.7%) reported at least one AE and 6.6% (95% CI: 5.3%-8.4%) discontinued placebo treatment because of AEs. All @entity1 participating in these @entity23 reported similar AEs independently of the study arm they belonged. Nocebo AE rate and dropout rate were positively related to study population size. The rates of AEs and dropouts because of AEs were parallel between placebo and active arms of @entity23 (r=0.812, p<0.001 and r=0.787, p<0.001, respectively). Effectiveness rates correlated significantly to  -  s rate and dropout rate because of AEs in placebo treated @entity1 (r=0.787, p<0.001 and r=0.812, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: In @entity23 for @entity195 one out of fifteen @entity1 treated with placebo dropped out because of AEs and three out of five experienced AEs indicating that adherence and effectiveness may be adversely affected with additional implications for clinical practice. The principal implications of this paper are that nocebo deserves much.

title: Nocebo in XXXX ; meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['Randomized Controlled Studies', 'RCTs']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological diseases']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's Disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: Head and neck @entity2347 may invade the adjacent skull base by bone lysis and/or by perinervous and perivascular spread within the skull base foramina. @entity5516 making is not well defined regarding the extent of @entity5 component removal, as neurosurgical expertise is limited for this peculiar type of @entity5 . The issue is to decide whether a radical supposedly locally curative surgery should be attempted, or if a large non disfigurating surgery is mandatory, keeping in mind the frequency of local recurrences and of distant metastases. Over a 13-year period, four @entity2347 invading the skull base were operated on at our institution: two @entity5 originated in the parotid gland, one in the sphenoid sinus, and one in the ethmoid sinus. Surgical removal was total in one case, subtotal in three cases. Post-operative irradiation was delivered in the four @entity1 (two neutron irradiation, two conventional). One @entity1 with advanced @entity3 was submitted to chemotherapy. Three @entity1 died from @entity5 progression and distant metastases within three years after the @entity5 extension has been diagnosed. The @entity1 with an @entity5 is still alive seven years after surgery without any evidence of @entity5 progression nor distant metastases. Surgery remains the gold standard treatment for @entity2347 invading the skull base. However, in our opinion a @entity3478 , but without sacrifice of cranial nerves, cavernous sinus, internal carotid artery, and of the orbit allows @entity1 survival with an acceptable comfort and absence of @entity458 due to disfigurating surgery nor surgically induced neurological functional deficit. Post-operative irradiation may sometimes stabilize locally the lesions. The place of chemotherapy has, yet, to be determined.

title: [ XXXX invading the skull base. Apropos of 4 cases and review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['large tumor removal, without or with bone osteotomies']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['ethmoid tumor', 'intracranial tumor', 'local tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity5516 :: ('MESH:D020195', 'Disease') :: ['Neurosurgical decision']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['Adenoid cystic carcinomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study compared @entity285 's effects on the recognition of briefly displayed facial expressions of emotion (so-called microexpressions) with expressions presented for a longer period. METHOD: Using a repeated-measures design, we tested 18 @entity1 three times (counterbalanced), after (i) a placebo drink, (ii) a low-to-moderate dose of @entity285 (0.17   g/kg @entity1 ; 0.20   g/kg @entity1 ) and (iii) a moderate-to-high dose of @entity285 (0.52   g/kg @entity1 ; 0.60   g/kg @entity1 ). On each session, @entity1 were presented with stimuli representing six emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust and contempt) overlaid on a generic avatar in a six-alternative forced-choice paradigm. A neutral expression (1   s) preceded and followed a target expression presented for 200   ms (microexpressions) or 400   ms. @entity1 @entity19 clicked the correct answer. RESULTS: The recognition of disgust was significantly better after the high dose of @entity285 than after the low dose or placebo drinks at both durations of stimulus presentation. A similar profile of effects was found for the recognition of contempt. There were no effects on response latencies. CONCLUSION: @entity285 can increase sensitivity to expressions of disgust and contempt. Such effects are not dependent on stimulus duration up to 400   ms and may reflect contextual modulation of @entity285 's effects on emotion recognition. Copyright    2015 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.

title: The effects of XXXX on the recognition of facial expressions and microexpressions of emotion: enhanced recognition of disgust and contempt.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity285 :: ('D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

answer: @entity285 :: (D000431,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To design a diagnostic protocol that uses appropriate techniques, including ultrasonography, to assess @entity65 and detect primary @entity299 in @entity17056 and to establish a database of reference values for cardiac measurements in clinically normal @entity17056 . DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 5 adult male @entity30576 from 11 to 18 years old. PROCEDURE: A complete cardiac evaluation was performed on anesthetized @entity17056 , including physical examination, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, echocardiography, blood pressure determination, CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and serologic assay for @entity1800 . Standard cardiac measurements were made from images collected during ultrasonography. RESULTS: Cardiac measurements derived from ultrasonographic images were consistent with those considered normal in @entity1 beings. Results of other diagnostic tests were also considered normal. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: @entity299 is the primary cause of mortality in old captive @entity17056 . The technique used here provided excellent evaluation of cardiac function. Use of these techniques will allow early detection of @entity299 , making treatment or medical management possible.

title: Cardiovascular evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity30576 :: ('9595', 'Species') :: ['lowland gorillas']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral diseases']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease', 'Cardiac disease', 'cardiac diseases']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular health']

answer: @entity30576 :: (9595,Species) :: ['lowland gorillas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The interlead variation in duration of the Q-T interval on the surface electrocardiogram (Q-T interval dispersion [QTd]) has been shown to predict mortality in type 2 @entity6 @entity1 . We evaluated the prevalence of QTd prolongation in the EURODIAB population and its relation to corrected Q-T interval (QTc), sex, age, duration of @entity6 , blood @entity413 control, and complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS; A total of 3,042 type 1 @entity6 @entity1 were studied. QTc was calculated according to the Bazett's formula; QTc > 0.44 s was considered abnormally prolonged. QTd was calculated using the difference between the maximum and the minimum QTc in any thoracic lead. QTd >0.080 s was considered abnormally prolonged. RESULTS: The prevalence of an increased QTd was 7%. A significant relation was observed between QTd prolongation and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). A higher prevalence of QTd prolongation was observed in @entity1 with @entity741 (P = 0.004), whereas no relationship was observed with @entity989 , albumin excretion rate, or measures of somatic and @entity4148 . QTc and QTd were significantly related (P = 0.001); however, a proportion of @entity1 with normal QTd showed a prolonged QTc (>0.44 s). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 , QTd is associated with @entity551 but not @entity16 . Although QTd is statistically related to duration of QTc, increased QTd and increased QTc identify different @entity1 , and their predictive value deserves prospective evaluation.

title: Prevalence of Q-T interval dispersion in type 1 XXXX and its relation with cardiac ischemia : the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease and diastolic blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity1295 and symptom distress of @entity5 @entity1 have been researched extensively. However, few studies have focused on the @entity1295 and symptom distress experienced by @entity96 @entity1 following tran-scatheter @entity1416 (TAE) treatment. PURPOSE: This study explores the levels of symptom distress and @entity1295 in @entity96 @entity1 and related factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used purposive sampling to recruit 100 @entity96 @entity1 who had received TAE treatment from a medical center in southern Taiwan. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from the first, second, and third days following the TAE treatment. RESULTS: Notable reductions in @entity1295 and symptom distress levels were observed in post-TAE-treatment @entity1 . The 5 main symptoms were @entity490 , @entity1295 , @entity221 . Factors identified as influencing the level of @entity1295 were marital status, family members' accompaniment during the TAE treatment, physical performance status, age, and symptom distress. CONCLUSIONS / IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Physicians treating @entity96 @entity1 should better explain to @entity1 the symptoms and @entity1295 associated with TAE treatment. Physicians should also provide interventions that may reduce the related symptoms, @entity1295 levels, and mental distress.

title: [Relationship Between Symptom Distress and Fatigue in Hepatocellular Carcinoma XXXX Who Received Transcatheter Arterial Embolization].

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1416 :: ('MESH:D020762', 'Disease') :: ['arterial embolization']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['sleeplessness, fever, and abdominal distention']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']