abstract: Single portal @entity923 release was carried out in 107 hands of 88 @entity1 . There were 11 complications. These included incomplete release (2), post operative scarring around the median and ulnar nerves (2), laceration of the superficial palmar arterial arch (1), @entity6865 (2), @entity9156 (1), and wound @entity32 (3). In two cases there was no relief of symptoms. In one there was incorrect diagnosis and in another, incorrect indication for @entity923 release. The follow-up was from 3 to 18 months with an average of 6.8 months. The overall results of the @entity1 in this series are being presented in another paper. Of the 107 procedures, 73 were rated as having an excellent, 25 good, three fair, and six poor results. The case of laceration of the superficial palmar arterial arch is discussed in detail in the paper. The two cases of @entity6865 and the one case of @entity9156 had mild clinical features and resolved within 3 months. The @entity32 in three of the wounds at the wrist resolved within 2 days of removal of the percutaneous sutures. These three @entity1 had returned to heavy hand activities within a few days of surgery.

title: Risk and complications in XXXX release.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6865 :: ('MESH:D012019', 'Disease') :: ['reflex sympathetic dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic carpal tunnel']

entities_list: @entity9156 :: ('MESH:D005208', 'Disease') :: ['palmar fasciitis']

answer: @entity923 :: (MESH:D002349,Disease) :: ['endoscopic carpal tunnel']


abstract: Although two main hypotheses of mitochondrial origin have been proposed, i.e., the autogenous and the endosymbiotic, only the second is being seriously considered currently. The ' @entity3884 hypothesis' invokes metabolic symbiosis as the driving force for a symbiotic association between an anaerobic, strictly @entity3884 -dependent (the host) and an eubacterium (the symbiont) that was able to respire, but which generated molecular @entity3884 as an end product of anaerobic metabolism. The resulting proto-eukaryotic cell would have acquired the essentials of eukaryotic energy metabolism, evolving not only aerobic respiration, but also the physiological cost of the @entity26 consumption, i.e., generation of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) and the associated oxidative damage. This is not the only price to pay for respiring @entity26 : mitochondria possess @entity842 (NO  ) for regulatory purposes but, in some instances it may react with @entity224 anion radical to produce the toxic reactive @entity1568 species (RNS), i.e. @entity6710 anion, and the subsequent nitrosative damage. New mitochondria contain their own genome with a modified genetic code that is highly conserved among mammals. The transcription of certain mitochondrial genes may depend on the redox potential of the mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria are related to the life and @entity204 of cells. They are involved in energy production and conservation, having an uncoupling mechanism to produce heat instead of @entity855 , but they are also involved in programmed cell @entity204 . Increasing evidence suggest the participation of @entity4094 involving alterations in both nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) DNA. @entity2493 is a known powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and increasing experimental and clinical evidence shows its beneficial effects against oxidative/nitrosative stress status, including that involving @entity2383 . This review summarizes the data and mechanisms of action of @entity2493 in relation to mitochondrial pathologies.

title: XXXX -mitochondria Interplay in Health and Disease.

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondria in neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin', 'Melatonin']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity6710 :: ('MESH:D030421', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxynitrite']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity2493 :: (MESH:D008550,Chemical) :: ['Melatonin']


abstract: Although @entity1176 is believed to be the primary secretagogue for LH, @entity398 has also been shown to stimulate LH release from the anterior pituitary. We investigated the possibility that the two secretagogues interact in the modulation of LH release. Anterior pituitaries were removed from adult female @entity35 at pro-oestrus, and tissue pieces were pre-incubated in @entity398 for 3 h prior to being stimulated with 15 min pulses of @entity1176 . LH output over the 1 h period from the beginning of the @entity1176 pulse was determined. Control incubations were carried out in the absence of @entity398 , and background secretory activities without @entity1176 stimulation were also determined. Tissue which was pre-exposed to @entity398 (0.012-1.25 microM) had an increased LH response to @entity1176 (1.25 nM). The increase was larger than the sum of the LH outputs obtained with @entity398 and @entity1176 separately, revealing that @entity398 synergistically enhanced LH secretion elicited by @entity1176 (P < 0.05; ANOVA). If stimulation by @entity1176 was delayed for 2 h after incubation with @entity398 , an increase in LH secretion was still observed, indicating that @entity398 -induced modulation did not rapidly disappear. @entity398 pre-incubation was observed to result in an increase of maximal @entity1176 -induced LH output (P < 0.001; t-test), as well as an increase of intermediate responses. The LH response of the anterior pituitary to subsequent pulses of @entity1176 was modified by the self-priming process. The effect of @entity398 pretreatment on the response of primed tissue to @entity1176 was also investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX modulates the luteinizing hormone response of the @entity35 anterior pituitary to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in vitro.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin', 'Oxytocin']

answer: @entity398 :: (MESH:D010121,Chemical) :: ['Oxytocin']


abstract: Although @entity1176 is believed to be the primary secretagogue for LH, @entity398 has also been shown to stimulate LH release from the anterior pituitary. We investigated the possibility that the two secretagogues interact in the modulation of LH release. Anterior pituitaries were removed from adult female @entity35 at pro-oestrus, and tissue pieces were pre-incubated in @entity398 for 3 h prior to being stimulated with 15 min pulses of @entity1176 . LH output over the 1 h period from the beginning of the @entity1176 pulse was determined. Control incubations were carried out in the absence of @entity398 , and background secretory activities without @entity1176 stimulation were also determined. Tissue which was pre-exposed to @entity398 (0.012-1.25 microM) had an increased LH response to @entity1176 (1.25 nM). The increase was larger than the sum of the LH outputs obtained with @entity398 and @entity1176 separately, revealing that @entity398 synergistically enhanced LH secretion elicited by @entity1176 (P < 0.05; ANOVA). If stimulation by @entity1176 was delayed for 2 h after incubation with @entity398 , an increase in LH secretion was still observed, indicating that @entity398 -induced modulation did not rapidly disappear. @entity398 pre-incubation was observed to result in an increase of maximal @entity1176 -induced LH output (P < 0.001; t-test), as well as an increase of intermediate responses. The LH response of the anterior pituitary to subsequent pulses of @entity1176 was modified by the self-priming process. The effect of @entity398 pretreatment on the response of primed tissue to @entity1176 was also investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity398 modulates the luteinizing hormone response of the XXXX anterior pituitary to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in vitro.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse the prevalence of @entity1467 in a specific, geographical area and seek to explain variations with particular reference to ionising radiation. DESIGN: Cases were ascertained by one paediatrician as part of a prospective survey of major @entity600 in @entity1 born to residents of an area of Lancashire between 1957 and 1991. Temporal changes in prevalence rates were detected by a grid search technique using Poisson log linear models. These models were also used to determine the association between prevalence and ionising radiation from atomic fall out. SETTING: The Fylde district of Lancashire in the north west of England. @entity1 : There were 167 cases, including five @entity2209 and eight terminations, among 124,015 total births in a population which increased from about 250,000 to over 300,000 during the study period. MAIN RESULTS: There was significant increase in the prevalence of all cases conceived in 1963 and 1964, and a lesser peak in 1958 which did not quite reach statistical significance. There was no evidence that the increased prevalence in 1963-64 was a result of changes in the maternal age distribution in the population. Babies of mothers aged 35 years and over accounted for more of the variation, especially in 1958 when their increase was significant. There was a highly significant association between prevalence and radiation from fallout produced by atmospheric testing of atomic weapons. The 1963-64 peak coincided with the maximum estimated radiation dose. The lesser peak in 1958 also coincided with increased exposure to radiation from fallout, possibly enhanced by ground deposits after a fire at the Windscale reactor in October 1957. CONCLUSION: This study provides further support for low dose ionising radiation as one aetiological factor in @entity1467 .

title: XXXX : prevalence and ionising radiation in an area of north west England 1957-91.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2209 :: ('MESH:D050497', 'Disease') :: ['stillbirths']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

answer: @entity1467 :: (MESH:D004314,Disease) :: ['Down's syndrome']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1474 are key components of the biological membranes of all cells, and precursors of mediators for cell signalling. @entity1426 (AA) is an @entity5031 known to modulate the activities of various ion channels, including the voltage-gated proton (Hv) channel, which supports the rapid production of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) in phagocytes through regulation of pH and membrane potential. However, the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of the effects of AA on Hv channels remain unclear. Here we report an electrophysiological analysis of the effects of AA on the @entity19 Hv channel ( @entity73324 ) heterologously expressed in HEK293T cells. Application of AA to excised inside-out patch membranes rapidly induced a robust increase in the amplitude of the proton current through @entity73324 . The current increase was accompanied by accelerated activation kinetics and a small leftward shift of the current-voltage relationship. In monomeric channels lacking the coiled-coil region of the channel protein, the shift in the current-voltage relationship was diminished but activation and deactivation remained accelerated. Studies with several AA derivatives showed that double bonds and hydrophilic head groups are essential for the effect of AA, but charge was not important. The application of @entity3900 ( @entity3900 ), which generates AA from cell membrane phospholipids, stimulated @entity73324 activity to a similar extent as direct application of approximately 20  M AA, suggesting endogenous AA may regulate Hv channel activity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Effects of XXXX on the kinetics of voltage-gated proton channels heterologously expressed in cultured cells.

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['Arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['Unsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity5031 :: ('CHEBI:27208', 'Chemical') :: ['unsaturated fatty acid']

answer: @entity1474 :: (MESH:D005231,Chemical) :: ['unsaturated fatty acids']


abstract: The clinical diagnosis of work-related @entity16 is essentially one of exclusion because symptoms and signs are often nonspecific. The clinical reasoning requires a three-step approach: (1) establish the characteristics of the presenting disease; (2) ascertain that observed clinical features are consistent with those caused by the suspected agent(s); and (3) assess occupational exposures. A detailed history is of paramount importance in evaluating @entity1 with suspected work-related @entity16 as it is in other clinical contexts, especially because in some circumstances it may represent the only criterion to establish causality. Thus, besides characterization of @entity16 , including their location, quality, timecourse, and possible other associated symptoms, the work environment of the @entity1 should be understood in full detail. In this respect, when a neurotoxin is suspected, then the history collection can be guided by the knowledge of the likely syndromes it produces. Similarly, physical examination should be directed to the target of @entity137 /entrapment based on information from the work history. Although specific sites and elements of the nervous system may be affected depending on the offending agent, most @entity2359 are characterized by generalized rather than focal @entity16 . Laboratory toxicologic tests have limited application for the etiologic diagnosis of @entity2359 , except in cases of acute @entity4968 and in @entity1 exposed to @entity2359 chemicals with prolonged half-life. In most cases examination takes place after the end of exposure, when the offending chemical is no longer detectable in body fluids. Electrophysiologic studies, in particular evoked potentials, electromyography, and conduction velocities, are important to confirm the organic basis of symptoms, particularly to detect subclinical or early neurologic involvement and to reduce the number of disorders to be considered in the differential diagnoses. In general, imaging studies with computed tomography and magnetic resonance are of limited utility in the evaluation of suspected @entity2359 , except for helping to exclude other causes of the @entity1 's clinical state. Improved conditions and safer practices in the workplace have led to a gradual shift in application of neuropsychologic evaluation from the assessment of severe @entity2359 to the evaluation of mild subclinical disturbances, and these tests are nowadays extensively used in screening workers exposed to neurotoxicants. Tools used in the screening of large groups of workers exposed to neurotoxicants may differ from those used in the clinic. Whereas some are obviously impractical, such as physical examination, others, such as, for instance, toxicologic tests, are used for biologic monitoring of exposure to ascertain compliance with occupational exposure limits.

title: Evaluating suspected work-related XXXX (clinical diagnosis).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic symptoms', 'neurologic disorders', 'neurologic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic disorders', 'neurotoxic', 'neurotoxic damage']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neurologic disorders']


abstract: @entity1779 is one of the most common @entity281 in the central nervous system causing different clinical features such as @entity867 , @entity738 , @entity693 , and @entity198 . @entity1779 , however, may lead to a cerebral vascular accident such as @entity932 or @entity385 . In this report, we present two @entity1 with @entity1779 accompanied by @entity932 . A total of 124 reported cases of @entity1779 are reviewed to ascertain the pathogenesis of the associated @entity455 . The first @entity1 was a 9-year-old @entity1 , who developed drowsiness with a @entity10 during the medical treatment for @entity3052 . CT disclosed subarachnoid and @entity548 . The autopsy revealed that the aspergillus @entity3468 was the cause of repeated @entity548 . The second @entity1 was a 15-year-old @entity1 with @entity56 and @entity177 , who suddenly developed a stupor with @entity410 seizure. CT disclosed an @entity1779 in the right parieto-occipital area. The @entity1 gradually deteriorated and died in spite of the surgical removal of the @entity1410 . The autopsy revealed that the @entity548 was caused by the aspergillus @entity3468 . @entity1779 has two routes of @entity4767 : hematogenous dissemination from the distant site (usually the lung) and direct extension from the contiguous site (usually the paranasal sinuses or orbit). The primary mechanism of neuropathology is different between these two types. Primary @entity1779 is most often seen in @entity1 with the former type, whereas @entity693 occurs in the latter. The incidence of clinico-pathological features is different between hematogenous dissemination type and direct extension type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ XXXX as a cerebral vascular accident].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'girl', 'patients', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsive']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesion']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'intraventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity4767 :: ('MESH:D002494', 'Disease') :: ['infection to the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['primary basal meningitis', 'meningitis']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myelocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['mycotic infections']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic purpura']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral arteritis', 'intracerebral hemorrhage', 'Cerebral aspergillosis', 'cerebral aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity867 :: ('MESH:D001922', 'Disease') :: ['brain abscess']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['Cerebral aspergillosis']


abstract: Whether the basal ganglia have a cognitive function or not is a worldwide dispute. We have examined 13 @entity191 @entity1 and 12 age-matched non- @entity191 controls using the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MCST). All 12 controls could achieve all 6 sets of categories which were successively changed. On the other hand, in the @entity191 , 9 @entity1 could achieve all 6 sets, but 4 @entity1 could do only 4 to 0 sets. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. These 4 @entity1 who showed poor achievement on MCST had tendency showing higher percentage of perseverative errors. Taking the proportion of perseverative error (PE) to total error (TE) revealed that the @entity191 group had a peak ranged from 55% to 65% which meant higher occurrence of perseverative errors. When the 4 @entity191 whose proportion of PE/TE on MCST was over 55% were excluded, a comparison of the @entity191 with the controls showed no significant difference statistically in both groups. There were no clinical differences based upon Yahr's classification between the 4 @entity191 with poor MCST score and those with the normal score. Among these @entity191 whose proportion of PE/TE ranged from 55% to 65%, 3 cases showed @entity75 and 3 mild @entity303 on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults. Two @entity1 with @entity30154 and showing a marked @entity194 of the caudate nucleus were also examined. They showed excellent results on MCST.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Cognitive function in @entity1 with parkinsonism--in relationship with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['apparent frontal lobe signs']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonians', 'parkinsonian']

entities_list: @entity30154 :: ('MESH:D054546', 'Disease') :: ['chorea-acanthocytosis']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['frontal lobe symptoms']


abstract: Whether the basal ganglia have a cognitive function or not is a worldwide dispute. We have examined 13 @entity191 @entity1 and 12 age-matched non- @entity191 controls using the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (MCST). All 12 controls could achieve all 6 sets of categories which were successively changed. On the other hand, in the @entity191 , 9 @entity1 could achieve all 6 sets, but 4 @entity1 could do only 4 to 0 sets. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. These 4 @entity1 who showed poor achievement on MCST had tendency showing higher percentage of perseverative errors. Taking the proportion of perseverative error (PE) to total error (TE) revealed that the @entity191 group had a peak ranged from 55% to 65% which meant higher occurrence of perseverative errors. When the 4 @entity191 whose proportion of PE/TE on MCST was over 55% were excluded, a comparison of the @entity191 with the controls showed no significant difference statistically in both groups. There were no clinical differences based upon Yahr's classification between the 4 @entity191 with poor MCST score and those with the normal score. Among these @entity191 whose proportion of PE/TE ranged from 55% to 65%, 3 cases showed @entity75 and 3 mild @entity303 on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults. Two @entity1 with @entity30154 and showing a marked @entity194 of the caudate nucleus were also examined. They showed excellent results on MCST.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Cognitive function in XXXX with parkinsonism--in relationship with @entity75 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: The rate of relapse after emergency department treatment for acute @entity565 is high. Most studies on this subject were performed before the recent recommendations for routine use of @entity288 and followed the @entity1 for 10 or fewer days. We sought to evaluate relapse following @entity2613 treatment for acute @entity565 over a longer period, focusing particularly on the relationship between @entity134 use and outpatient follow-up visits. DESIGN: A prospective study in which we followed @entity1 for 21 days after discharge to determine their relapse rate (unscheduled return for @entity565 treatment) and compliance with scheduled outpatient appointments. SETTING: University-affiliated county hospital @entity2613 . @entity1 : One hundred four adult @entity748 @entity1 discharged from our @entity2613 after treatment under a standardized protocol. RESULTS: Follow-up was performed for 91 @entity1 (88%). There was no difference in the posttreatment forced expiratory volume at 1 second between those who relapsed (55.2%) and those who did not (57.8%; NS). Twenty-three @entity1 (25.3%) relapsed within 3 weeks of discharge. Ninety-one percent of relapses occurred before the @entity1 saw their primary care physician. Those who relapsed had a history of previous @entity2613 visits and hospitalizations. There was no difference in @entity2544 levels or history of cigarette use. @entity1 who relapsed within 3 days had higher eosinophil counts. CONCLUSION: Even with routine use of oral @entity288 , a high percentage of @entity1 relapse after @entity2613 treatment for acute @entity565 . @entity1 who relapse have a greater number of recent @entity2613 visits and so should be targeted for more aggressive management of their @entity565 .

title: Factors associated with relapse after emergency department treatment for acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: Elderly @entity1 with @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) may be deemed inoperable due to the presence of comorbid conditions. Presentation of these @entity1 with acute @entity397 can then result in difficult ethical decisions regarding surgical treatment. Over six years, 80 @entity1 were treated emergently for @entity1755 . Of these @entity1 , 26 (32.5%) had known @entity439 . This study was performed to determine outcome and factors affecting mortality in @entity1 with known AAAs. There were no significant differences between known and unknown @entity1028 groups with regard to operative risk. In the overall group (n = 80), @entity1 delay in seeking treatment averaged 20.4 hours with a trend towards shorter times in those with known AAAs (13.8 hours) compared with the unknown group (23.6 hours; p = 0.09). Medical transport delay, however, was significantly shorter for @entity1 with known @entity1028 (124 minutes versus 230 minutes; p = 0.04). Overall mortality was 56 per cent (n = 45). Those @entity1 with known AAAs had a higher mortality (69%; n = 18) than those with unknown AAAs (50%, n = 27) but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.10). In @entity1 with known AAAs, operative @entity204 was related to @entity1 delay, with an average delay in seeking medical advice of 21.3 hours in nonsurvivors compared with 8.6 hours in survivors (P = 0.04). No other risk or demographic factors correlated with mortality. Despite a known @entity1028 , significant delay in seeking medical advice occurred, and this delay resulted in decreased survival. @entity1 education is imperative if nonoperative treatment is chosen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Rupture of known XXXX : an ethical dilemma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured AAA']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'AAA']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although optimizing glycemic and non-glycemic targets reduced micro- and macro-vascular complications in @entity164 2 @entity6 , multiple barriers hinder turning evidence into practice. Mounting evidence suggests that those with onset of disease in early or mid-adult life, compared with those with onset at an older age, may have a more severe disease course and worse glycemic control. AIMS _ OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that those diagnosed at younger age would have worse glycemic control, even after adjustment for duration of @entity6 , higher BMI and other known risk factors for worse glycemic control. MATERIALS _ METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 560 @entity164 2 @entity6 subjects from North Indian populace in the year 1999-2012 who reported to endocrine clinic was performed. Sixty @entity1 did not report in the successive year and final data analyses were done in 500 @entity1 attending clinic regularly over a period of 10 years for evaluation of glycemic and non-glycemic targets. They were followed up at 3 monthly intervals with all @entity1 undergoing anthropometric measurement (BMI (weight in kg/height in m(2)), diet and lifestyle advice by a @entity6 educator and consultation by endocrinologist. Fasting and postprandial plasma @entity413 , A1c (3 monthly), besides evaluation of SMBG that was performed in 50% of these @entity1 regularly. Fasting lipids, S. @entity1011 and microalbuminuria were assessed annually and blood pressure recoding was done at each visit. The treatment was modified as per the investigation reports. We classified age at @entity6 diagnosis as younger (<60 years) vs older (>= 60 years). The primary outcome of interest was HbA1c >= 9%. Secondary outcomes were HbA1c >= 8% to <9% and HbA1c >= 7% to <8%. RESULTS: After adjustment for sex, duration of @entity6 , @entity1602 medications, BMI, co-morbid conditions, age <60 years at diagnosis remains significantly associated with greater odds of HbA1c >= 9% [OR 0.95(0.84-1.07)], HbA1c >= 8% to <9% [OR 1.04(0.93-1.15)] and HbA1c >= 7% to <8% [OR 1.05(0.85-1.17)] for female sex. Seventy two (72.7%) of @entity1 <60 years achieved BP <140/90mmHg (p<0.001) as compared to 62.3% of @entity1 >= 60 years who achieved BP <150/90mmHg (p<0.001) and LDL- @entity165 <100mg/dl in 33.7% @entity1 and 39.1% respectively (p<0.002). CONCLUSION: Younger age (<60 years) at @entity164 2 @entity6 diagnosis is significantly associated with worse subsequent glycemic control and lipid control, as younger @entity1 at diagnosis have fewer competing co-morbidities and complications. As @entity1 -centeredness is a priority in @entity164 2 @entity6 care, safe, aggressive and individualized treatment could benefit this higher-risk group.

title: Glycemic and non-glycemic targets in younger and older North Indian subjects with XXXX 2 @entity6 in a Tertiary care hospital: A 10 year's retrospective data analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although optimizing glycemic and non-glycemic targets reduced micro- and macro-vascular complications in @entity164 2 @entity6 , multiple barriers hinder turning evidence into practice. Mounting evidence suggests that those with onset of disease in early or mid-adult life, compared with those with onset at an older age, may have a more severe disease course and worse glycemic control. AIMS _ OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that those diagnosed at younger age would have worse glycemic control, even after adjustment for duration of @entity6 , higher BMI and other known risk factors for worse glycemic control. MATERIALS _ METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 560 @entity164 2 @entity6 subjects from North Indian populace in the year 1999-2012 who reported to endocrine clinic was performed. Sixty @entity1 did not report in the successive year and final data analyses were done in 500 @entity1 attending clinic regularly over a period of 10 years for evaluation of glycemic and non-glycemic targets. They were followed up at 3 monthly intervals with all @entity1 undergoing anthropometric measurement (BMI (weight in kg/height in m(2)), diet and lifestyle advice by a @entity6 educator and consultation by endocrinologist. Fasting and postprandial plasma @entity413 , A1c (3 monthly), besides evaluation of SMBG that was performed in 50% of these @entity1 regularly. Fasting lipids, S. @entity1011 and microalbuminuria were assessed annually and blood pressure recoding was done at each visit. The treatment was modified as per the investigation reports. We classified age at @entity6 diagnosis as younger (<60 years) vs older (>= 60 years). The primary outcome of interest was HbA1c >= 9%. Secondary outcomes were HbA1c >= 8% to <9% and HbA1c >= 7% to <8%. RESULTS: After adjustment for sex, duration of @entity6 , @entity1602 medications, BMI, co-morbid conditions, age <60 years at diagnosis remains significantly associated with greater odds of HbA1c >= 9% [OR 0.95(0.84-1.07)], HbA1c >= 8% to <9% [OR 1.04(0.93-1.15)] and HbA1c >= 7% to <8% [OR 1.05(0.85-1.17)] for female sex. Seventy two (72.7%) of @entity1 <60 years achieved BP <140/90mmHg (p<0.001) as compared to 62.3% of @entity1 >= 60 years who achieved BP <150/90mmHg (p<0.001) and LDL- @entity165 <100mg/dl in 33.7% @entity1 and 39.1% respectively (p<0.002). CONCLUSION: Younger age (<60 years) at @entity164 2 @entity6 diagnosis is significantly associated with worse subsequent glycemic control and lipid control, as younger @entity1 at diagnosis have fewer competing co-morbidities and complications. As @entity1 -centeredness is a priority in @entity164 2 @entity6 care, safe, aggressive and individualized treatment could benefit this higher-risk group.

title: Glycemic and non-glycemic targets in younger and older North Indian subjects with @entity164 2 XXXX in a Tertiary care hospital: A 10 year's retrospective data analysis.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: A total of 64 resections, 24 operative bypasses and 35 nonoperative biliary intubations, were performed for @entity189 in U.S. Dept. of Veterans Affairs hospitals from 1987 to 1991. Mean survival after resection was 702 days, significantly higher (ANOVA, P < or = 0.005) than that after bypass (345 days) or intubation (385 days). Operative mortality rates were similar: resection or intubation = 14%, bypass = 12%. Operative (30-day) mortality was zero in four local resections, 10% in 51 Whipples and 44% in nine total pancreatectomies. TNM staging was available for 74 @entity1 , and mean survival after resection exceeded 2 years in 34 @entity1 with Stage I-II (localized) @entity5 , was 532 days in 10 @entity1 with Stage III (regional nodes +) and 77 days in two @entity1 with Stage IV (metastatic) disease. However, mean survival without resection was 498 days in 14 @entity1 with @entity5 , 634 days in two @entity1 with regional and 215 days in 11 @entity1 with distant metastases. Resection clearly increased survival only for @entity5 (P < or = 0.02). Predicted 5-year survival rates by stage after resection were: I-II = 21%, III < 10%, IV = 0%. Complications were recorded in 29 per cent of resected @entity1 , with @entity295 the most common (21% of resections). Both @entity295 and @entity548 significantly decreased mean survival (P < or = 0.05, ANOVA), but @entity55 , @entity3472 , or wound problems did not. @entity5 is a favorable subtype of @entity5 , but prolonged survival is also seen without resection and may be largely limited to @entity5 that do not involve regional nodes.

title: Recent experience with XXXX of the ampulla of Vater in a national hospital group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['GI bleeding']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Ampullary cancer', 'localized cancer', 'peri-ampullary cancers', 'cancers', 'tumors', 'Stage I cancers']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['ampullary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3472 :: ('MESH:D010185', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic fistula']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: @entity16138 ( @entity73325 ) as defined by Meyer-Schwickerath in 1957 is a rare entity (84 cases) which belongs to @entity2321 . It consists of: the characteristic features (long face, pinched nose); syndactyly; ocular, dental and @entity79 . This entity is usually transmitted on the autosomal dominant mode. We report two cases (a mother and daughter) with polymalformations which we classed as @entity73325 . Furthermore, agenesis of lacrimal duct and @entity790 were noted. The mother had a very particular complex hair shaft @entity1141 (incomplete pili torti, " @entity7928 tail" aspect, @entity174 ) with @entity1665 since she was fifteen years old. The daughter's hair was normal at birth. In @entity73325 , fine and sparse hair is often observed (44 p. 100). Only one @entity1 had hair shaft investigation under polarized light: pili annulati and monilethrix were described but not found in our cases. These two reports incite to the systematic hair shaft study in @entity73325 as other @entity2321 .

title: [Hair @entity1141 in XXXX . Apropos of a mother-daughter case].

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity16138 :: ('MESH:C563160', 'Disease') :: ['Oculo-dento-digital syndrome']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2321 :: ('MESH:D004476', 'Disease') :: ['ectodermal dysplasia syndromes', 'ectodermal dysplasias']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['genitourinary abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity16138 :: (MESH:C563160,Disease) :: ['oculo-dento-digital syndrome']


abstract: @entity16138 ( @entity73325 ) as defined by Meyer-Schwickerath in 1957 is a rare entity (84 cases) which belongs to @entity2321 . It consists of: the characteristic features (long face, pinched nose); syndactyly; ocular, dental and @entity79 . This entity is usually transmitted on the autosomal dominant mode. We report two cases (a mother and daughter) with polymalformations which we classed as @entity73325 . Furthermore, agenesis of lacrimal duct and @entity790 were noted. The mother had a very particular complex hair shaft @entity1141 (incomplete pili torti, " @entity7928 tail" aspect, @entity174 ) with @entity1665 since she was fifteen years old. The daughter's hair was normal at birth. In @entity73325 , fine and sparse hair is often observed (44 p. 100). Only one @entity1 had hair shaft investigation under polarized light: pili annulati and monilethrix were described but not found in our cases. These two reports incite to the systematic hair shaft study in @entity73325 as other @entity2321 .

title: [Hair XXXX in @entity16138 . Apropos of a mother-daughter case].

answer: @entity1141 :: (MESH:C535662,Disease) :: ['dysplasia']


abstract: We recently reported that the greatest distinguishing feature between eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) muscle loading lays in architectural adaptations: ECC favors increases in fascicle length (Lf), associated with distal @entity121 ( @entity121 ) @entity1184 , and CON increases in pennation angle (PA). Here, we explored the interactions between structural and morphological @entity5707 , assessed by ultrasound and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and long-term muscle protein synthesis (MPS), evaluated by @entity20962 ( @entity2768 ) tracing technique. Ten young males (23      4  years) performed unilateral resistance exercise training (RET) three times/week for 4  weeks; thus, one-leg trained concentrically while the contralateral performed ECC exercise only at 80% of either CON or ECC one repetition maximum (1RM). Subjects consumed an initial bolus of @entity2768 (150  mL), while a 25-mL dose was thereafter provided every 8 days. Muscle biopsies from @entity121 (MTJ) were collected at 0 and 4-weeks. MPS was then quantified via GC-pyrolysis-IRMS over the 4-week training period. Expectedly, ECC and CON RET resulted in similar increases in @entity121 @entity121 ( @entity121 ) (7.5% vs. 8.4%, respectively) and thigh lean mass (DXA) (2.3% vs. 3%, respectively), albeit through distinct @entity5707 : Lf increasing more after ECC (5%) versus CON (2%) and PA increasing after CON (7% vs. 3%). MPS did not differ between contractile modes or biopsy sites (MID-ECC: 1.42 vs. MID-CON: 1.4%  day(-1); MTJ-ECC: 1.38 vs. MTJ-CON: 1.39%  day(-1)). Muscle thickness at MID site increased similarly following ECC and CON RET, reflecting a tendency for a contractile mode-independent correlation between MPS and @entity121 (P  =  0.07; R(2)  =  0.18). We conclude that, unlike @entity121 , distinct structural @entity5707 responses to ECC or CON are not reflected in MPS; the molecular mechanisms of distinct @entity1131 , and/or the role of protein breakdown in mediating these responses remain to be defined.

title: Early structural XXXX and @entity20962 -derived protein metabolic responses to eccentric and concentric loading in human skeletal muscle.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1131 :: ('MESH:D011488', 'Disease') :: ['protein deposition']

entities_list: @entity20962 :: ('MESH:D017666', 'Chemical') :: ['deuterium oxide']

entities_list: @entity5707 :: ('MESH:D020257', 'Disease') :: ['remodeling']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['VL midbelly (MID) and distal myotendinous junction', 'MT', 'muscle thickness', 'vastus lateralis muscle', 'VL']

answer: @entity5707 :: (MESH:D020257,Disease) :: ['remodeling']


abstract: We recently reported that the greatest distinguishing feature between eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) muscle loading lays in architectural adaptations: ECC favors increases in fascicle length (Lf), associated with distal @entity121 ( @entity121 ) @entity1184 , and CON increases in pennation angle (PA). Here, we explored the interactions between structural and morphological @entity5707 , assessed by ultrasound and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and long-term muscle protein synthesis (MPS), evaluated by @entity20962 ( @entity2768 ) tracing technique. Ten young males (23      4  years) performed unilateral resistance exercise training (RET) three times/week for 4  weeks; thus, one-leg trained concentrically while the contralateral performed ECC exercise only at 80% of either CON or ECC one repetition maximum (1RM). Subjects consumed an initial bolus of @entity2768 (150  mL), while a 25-mL dose was thereafter provided every 8 days. Muscle biopsies from @entity121 (MTJ) were collected at 0 and 4-weeks. MPS was then quantified via GC-pyrolysis-IRMS over the 4-week training period. Expectedly, ECC and CON RET resulted in similar increases in @entity121 @entity121 ( @entity121 ) (7.5% vs. 8.4%, respectively) and thigh lean mass (DXA) (2.3% vs. 3%, respectively), albeit through distinct @entity5707 : Lf increasing more after ECC (5%) versus CON (2%) and PA increasing after CON (7% vs. 3%). MPS did not differ between contractile modes or biopsy sites (MID-ECC: 1.42 vs. MID-CON: 1.4%  day(-1); MTJ-ECC: 1.38 vs. MTJ-CON: 1.39%  day(-1)). Muscle thickness at MID site increased similarly following ECC and CON RET, reflecting a tendency for a contractile mode-independent correlation between MPS and @entity121 (P  =  0.07; R(2)  =  0.18). We conclude that, unlike @entity121 , distinct structural @entity5707 responses to ECC or CON are not reflected in MPS; the molecular mechanisms of distinct @entity1131 , and/or the role of protein breakdown in mediating these responses remain to be defined.

title: Early structural @entity5707 and XXXX -derived protein metabolic responses to eccentric and concentric loading in human skeletal muscle.

answer: @entity20962 :: (MESH:D017666,Chemical) :: ['deuterium oxide']


abstract: The method of anion exchange chromatography followed by pulsed amperometric detection (AE-PAD; Johnson, D. C., and Polta, T. Z. (1986) Chromatogr. Forum 1, 37-44) has been applied to the compositional analysis of glycoconjugates. Using 22 mM @entity6674 as a column effluent, underivatized @entity3953 , @entity11485 , @entity4823 , @entity3649 , @entity413 , and @entity3913 were readily separated in 15 min at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The limit of quantification of the @entity7787 was better than 100 pmol (signal to noise ratio 184:1). AE-PAD was employed to quantify the @entity7787 of several glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and oligosaccharides after hydrolysis with 2 M @entity6146 . Both neutral and @entity12016 could be rapidly estimated in a single chromatographic step using AE-PAD. Complete release of @entity3954 required more vigorous hydrolysis conditions (Lee, Y. C. (1972) in Methods in Enzymology (Ginsburg, V., Ed.), Vol. 28, pp. 63-73, Academic Press, New York). In both glycopeptides and oligosaccharides, approximately one less residue of @entity1 than predicted was determined. Both AE-PAD and liquid chromatographic analysis of @entity19131 - @entity9928 complexes with fluorometric detection (Mikami, H., and Ishida, Y. (1983) Bunseki Kagaku 32, E207-E210) gave similar quantification of @entity3913 and other @entity3363 . The capability of rapid, sensitive quantification of underivitized @entity7787 should facilitate structural analysis of glycoconjugates.

title: XXXX analysis of glycoconjugates by anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.

entities_list: @entity6146 :: ('MESH:D014269', 'Chemical') :: ['trifluoroacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity3954 :: ('CHEBI:28009', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylglucosamine']

entities_list: @entity7787 :: ('MESH:D009005', 'Chemical') :: ['monosaccharides']

entities_list: @entity11485 :: ('MESH:D005688', 'Chemical') :: ['galactosamine']

entities_list: @entity9928 :: ('CHEBI:35381', 'Chemical') :: ['monosaccharide']

entities_list: @entity4823 :: ('MESH:D005944', 'Chemical') :: ['glucosamine']

entities_list: @entity3649 :: ('MESH:D005690', 'Chemical') :: ['galactose']

entities_list: @entity12016 :: ('MESH:D000606', 'Chemical') :: ['amino sugars']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity9928 :: (CHEBI:35381,Chemical) :: ['Monosaccharide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aims of this analysis were to determine prospectively the effects of surgical resection and radiation therapy on the length and quality of survival as well as late @entity137 in @entity1 with @entity201 . BACKGROUND: Retrospective analyses have suggested that adjuvant radiation therapy improves survival in @entity1 with @entity201 . However, in these reports, @entity1 receiving radiotherapy tended to have smaller, often resectable @entity5 , and were relatively fit. In comparison, @entity1 who have not received radiotherapy often had unresectable @entity5 , @entity3 , or poor performance status. METHODS: From 1988 through 1993, surgically staged @entity1 with @entity201 and 1) no evidence of @entity3 , 2) Karnofsky score > 60, 3) no prior @entity5 or radiotherapy, and 4) a patent main portal vein were analyzed. Fifty @entity1 were stratified by resection (n = 31) versus operative palliation (n = 19) and by radiation (n = 23) versus no radiotherapy (n = 27). RESULTS: @entity1 undergoing resection had smaller @entity5 (1.9 +/- 2.8 vs. 2.4 +/- 2.1 cm, p < 0.01) that were less likely to invade the hepatic artery (3% vs. 42%, p < 0.05) or portal vein (6% vs. 53%, p < 0.05). Multiple parameters that might have affected outcome were similar between @entity1 who did and did not receive radiation therapy. Resection improved the length (24.2 +/- 2.5 vs. 11.3 +/- 1.0 months, p < 0.05) and quality of survival. Radiation had no effect on the length (18.4 +/- 2.9 vs. 20.1 +/- 2.4 months) or quality of survival or on late @entity137 . CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that in @entity1 with localized @entity201 , resection prolongs survival whereas radiation has no effect on either survival or late @entity137 . Thus, new agents or strategies to deliver adjuvant therapy are needed to improve survival in these @entity1 .

title: XXXX . Postoperative radiotherapy does not improve survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['perihilar cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: We review the incidence of @entity887 following cardioversion of @entity955 , as well as the literature that forms the basis for the current strategy of anticoagulation before, and following, cardioversion to reduce the risk of post-cardioversion @entity887 . We evaluate a new strategy that uses transesophageal echocardiography to identify @entity1 in @entity955 without @entity955 who may be safely cardioverted without preceding anticoagulation and we also address the embolic event and anticoagulation issues in @entity1 with @entity956 . Cardioversion of @entity955 to sinus rhythm is associated with a small but significant risk of @entity1031 events (average incidence, 1.5%; range, 0% to 7%). Anticoagulating these @entity1 before cardioversion appears to significantly reduce this risk, and because of the delay in return of atrial contraction, anticoagulation should be continued for several weeks following cardioversion. The current guidelines for anticoagulating @entity1 in @entity955 who are to be cardioverted is based primarily on clinical observations, numerous uncontrolled case series, two retrospective trials, and one prospective nonrandomized controlled trial. Anticoagulation for 3 weeks before cardioversion followed by 4 weeks of anticoagulation after cardioversion is a theoretically sound and effective approach to reduce the risk of @entity1031 events. The use of transesophageal echocardiography to rule out @entity715 and thus identify low-risk @entity1 who may undergo cardioversion without preceding anticoagulation has been supported by several small studies that successfully used this strategy. However, the demonstration of a postcardioversion atrial and @entity955 "stunning" suggests that anticoagulation needs to be given at the time of, and following, cardioversion. While promising, this transesophageal echocardiography--guided strategy for cardioversion of @entity1 in @entity955 requires more rigorous study before its routine use can be recommended. The current management of pure @entity956 requires no anticoagulation before cardioversion; however, several clinical observation suggest theoretical risks for @entity887 in these @entity1 , thus further investigation of this strategy may be warranted.

title: Prevention of XXXX after cardioversion of @entity955 . Current and evolving strategies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolic events', 'embolism']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity956 :: ('MESH:D001282', 'Disease') :: ['atrial flutter']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'atrial thrombi', 'atrial appendage']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity887 :: (MESH:D004617,Disease) :: ['embolic events']


abstract: We review the incidence of @entity887 following cardioversion of @entity955 , as well as the literature that forms the basis for the current strategy of anticoagulation before, and following, cardioversion to reduce the risk of post-cardioversion @entity887 . We evaluate a new strategy that uses transesophageal echocardiography to identify @entity1 in @entity955 without @entity955 who may be safely cardioverted without preceding anticoagulation and we also address the embolic event and anticoagulation issues in @entity1 with @entity956 . Cardioversion of @entity955 to sinus rhythm is associated with a small but significant risk of @entity1031 events (average incidence, 1.5%; range, 0% to 7%). Anticoagulating these @entity1 before cardioversion appears to significantly reduce this risk, and because of the delay in return of atrial contraction, anticoagulation should be continued for several weeks following cardioversion. The current guidelines for anticoagulating @entity1 in @entity955 who are to be cardioverted is based primarily on clinical observations, numerous uncontrolled case series, two retrospective trials, and one prospective nonrandomized controlled trial. Anticoagulation for 3 weeks before cardioversion followed by 4 weeks of anticoagulation after cardioversion is a theoretically sound and effective approach to reduce the risk of @entity1031 events. The use of transesophageal echocardiography to rule out @entity715 and thus identify low-risk @entity1 who may undergo cardioversion without preceding anticoagulation has been supported by several small studies that successfully used this strategy. However, the demonstration of a postcardioversion atrial and @entity955 "stunning" suggests that anticoagulation needs to be given at the time of, and following, cardioversion. While promising, this transesophageal echocardiography--guided strategy for cardioversion of @entity1 in @entity955 requires more rigorous study before its routine use can be recommended. The current management of pure @entity956 requires no anticoagulation before cardioversion; however, several clinical observation suggest theoretical risks for @entity887 in these @entity1 , thus further investigation of this strategy may be warranted.

title: Prevention of @entity887 after cardioversion of XXXX . Current and evolving strategies.

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: @entity320 of the head and neck are prognostically engimatic. In addition to known prognostic determinants of stage and lesion microstage, lesion location also appears to have prognostic importance. The authors have reviewed a series of 83 microstaged @entity135 @entity1 in order to analyze the relative importance of these factors. There were 36 males and 47 females with a median age of 56 years. Eighty-one percent had pathologic Stage I disease, 7% were Stage II, and 12% were Stage III. The primary location was face in 32 @entity1 , neck in 18, ear in 12, and scalp in 21 @entity1 . The actuarial 5-year survival according to lesion thickness was 86% for @entity320 less than 1.0 mm, 56% for 1 to 2 mm thick lesions, 47% for 2.1 to 4 mm thick lesions, and 25% for @entity320 greater than 4.0 mm. The 5-year survival according to lesion location was 78% for facial and 58% for neck @entity320 ; for ear and scalp, the respective survivals were 33% and 37%. Median thickness was 2.0 mm for facial and 1.85 mm for neck lesions. It was 2.7 mm for ear and 2.0 mm for scalp lesions (differences not significant). There were no microstage factors that correlated with the adverse prognosis seen with scalp and ear @entity320 . Multivariate analysis in the entire series (all clinical stages) showed the following to be significant: stage, thickness, and location of the primary @entity320 (all less than 0.0002). In clinical @entity320 , the significant prognostic factors were location (P = 0.035), thickness (P = 0.008), level (P = 0.024), and @entity1066 (P = 0.035). The prognosis of @entity135 is uniquely influenced by location of the primary lesions in addition to stage, thickness, level, and @entity1066 , as observed with other cutaneous @entity320 at other sites. Ear and scalp @entity320 are high-risk lesions whose poor prognosis is not readily explained by any of the microstage factors reviewed.

title: Prognostic factors in XXXX . Effect of lesion location.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas', 'Cutaneous malignant melanomas', 'Stage I melanoma']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck melanoma']


abstract: Contrast-enhanced ultrafast computed tomography (CT) of the left ventricle was done in the @entity1162 and @entity851 within one day of cardiac catheterization in 14 males with @entity741 and a mean age of 58 years. Imaging was R wave-triggered at 58-msec intervals (13/level). Left ventriculography was performed in 30 degrees right anterior oblique (RAO) and 60 degrees left anterior oblique (LAO) caudal 12 degrees. CT left ventricular ejection fraction was measured using a modified Simpson's reconstruction of end-systolic and end-diastolic slices. Catheterization left ventricular ejection fraction was measured by area-length method. Six left ventricular segments (septal, apex, anterior, lateral, inferior, and posterior) were scored by different paired observers as follows: dyskinesis (-1), akinesis (0), moderate-severe hypokinesis (1), mild hypokinesis (2), and normal (3). Correlations of left ventricular ejection fraction for catheterization vs. long-axis CT and short-axis CT were r = .83 and r = .86, respectively. Seven of eight @entity1 with transmural @entity583 were identified on CT by @entity2845 / @entity910 segments. Eighty-four segments were scored. There was agreement (normal vs. abnormal) in 76 (90%). CT detected 47 normal segments vs. 51 by catheterization (92%), 11 @entity2845 / @entity910 segments (92%), and 14 @entity5048 segments vs. 21 (67%). Wall motion scores between CT and catheterization differed by greater than 1 in 6 of 84 segments (7%). Therefore, ultrafast CT can accurately assess global and regional left ventricular function.

title: Assessment of global and regional left ventricular function in XXXX using ultrafast computed tomography.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short axis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinetic']

entities_list: @entity5048 :: ('MESH:C536231', 'Disease') :: ['hypokinetic']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['ischemic heart disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with heartburn that persists despite @entity7080 inhibitor (PPI) therapy, @entity354 is found rarely, and its pathogenesis has been scarcely studied. AIM: To assess reflux parameters by impedance-pH monitoring in PPI-resistant @entity354 . METHODS: Impedance-pH monitoring was performed on PPI therapy in @entity1 with symptomatic @entity354 detected despite standard or high-dose PPI therapy of at least 8-week duration. RESULTS: Twenty @entity1 , ten on once daily and ten on twice daily PPI regimens, were studied. The gastric acid exposure time (per cent time @entity10003 ) ranged from 10% to 81% and was >30% in 70% of cases, but the oesophageal acid exposure time (per cent time @entity10003 ) was abnormal in 20% of @entity1 only. The number of acid, weakly acidic and weakly alkaline refluxes was abnormal in 25%, 100% and 15% of @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Weakly acidic refluxes were above the normal range in all cases, whereas acid reflux parameters and weakly alkaline refluxes were normal in the vast majority of cases. Gastric acid secretion, with consequent intra-gastric pepsins activation, persists despite ongoing PPI therapy and activated pepsins may well be present in weakly acidic refluxes. As activated pepsins maintain their proteolytic activity in a weakly acidic environment, they may be responsible for @entity16 . We conclude that weakly acidic refluxes have a major role in the pathogenesis of PPI-resistant @entity354 . Therapeutic interventions in @entity1 with PPI-resistant @entity354 should be tailored on the basis of impedance-pH-monitoring results.

title: Weakly acidic refluxes have a major role in the pathogenesis of @entity7080 inhibitor-resistant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['reflux oesophagitis']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['reflux oesophagitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with heartburn that persists despite @entity7080 inhibitor (PPI) therapy, @entity354 is found rarely, and its pathogenesis has been scarcely studied. AIM: To assess reflux parameters by impedance-pH monitoring in PPI-resistant @entity354 . METHODS: Impedance-pH monitoring was performed on PPI therapy in @entity1 with symptomatic @entity354 detected despite standard or high-dose PPI therapy of at least 8-week duration. RESULTS: Twenty @entity1 , ten on once daily and ten on twice daily PPI regimens, were studied. The gastric acid exposure time (per cent time @entity10003 ) ranged from 10% to 81% and was >30% in 70% of cases, but the oesophageal acid exposure time (per cent time @entity10003 ) was abnormal in 20% of @entity1 only. The number of acid, weakly acidic and weakly alkaline refluxes was abnormal in 25%, 100% and 15% of @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Weakly acidic refluxes were above the normal range in all cases, whereas acid reflux parameters and weakly alkaline refluxes were normal in the vast majority of cases. Gastric acid secretion, with consequent intra-gastric pepsins activation, persists despite ongoing PPI therapy and activated pepsins may well be present in weakly acidic refluxes. As activated pepsins maintain their proteolytic activity in a weakly acidic environment, they may be responsible for @entity16 . We conclude that weakly acidic refluxes have a major role in the pathogenesis of PPI-resistant @entity354 . Therapeutic interventions in @entity1 with PPI-resistant @entity354 should be tailored on the basis of impedance-pH-monitoring results.

title: Weakly acidic refluxes have a major role in the pathogenesis of XXXX inhibitor-resistant @entity354 .

answer: @entity7080 :: (495,Gene) :: ['proton pump']


abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated an increment of polymorphonuclear (PMN) elastase plasma levels during hemodialysis, suggesting release of this proteinase during dialysis treatment. In order to gain further evidence that proteinases are liberated from PMN leukocytes during dialysis both plasma levels of @entity11891 and the content of elastase and @entity3921 in neutrophils were determined during 3 hours of hemodialysis with cellulosic membranes ( @entity8608 ) in 10 @entity1 . In blood smears, obtained at different times during dialysis, neutrophils were classified into 3 groups according to their proteinase content. Thus, group I neutrophils contained low, group II moderate, and group III leukocytes contained high amounts of both proteinases. With regard to their elastase content, prior to the onset of dialysis, 6% of the circulating PMN leukocytes were classified as fraction I, 58% as fraction II, and 36% as fraction III neutrophils. After 15 minutes of dialysis, at the nadir of @entity1431 , all fractions of PMN leukocytes were significantly reduced (fraction I: -9%, fraction II: -60%, and fraction III: -83%) as compared to initial values. 30 minutes into hemodialysis, there was a significant increase in fraction I (+ 78%), whereas fraction II (-28%) and fraction III (-70%) remained diminished. At 180 times of hemodialysis the increment of fraction I neutrophils was even more pronounced (+ 187%), fraction II was also increased (+ 16%), and fraction III neutrophils had almost reached initial values. The @entity3921 content of PMN leukocytes displayed a rather similar pattern during dialysis. As to plasma levels of @entity11891 , there was a steady and significant increase from baseline values of 107.3 +/- 11.5 ng/ml up to 388.1 +/- 51.6 ng/ml after 3 hours of hemodialysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Change of elastase and XXXX content in polymorphonuclear leukocytes during hemodialysis.

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity8608 :: ('MESH:C009865', 'Chemical') :: ['Cuprophan']

answer: @entity3921 :: (1511,Gene) :: ['cathepsin G']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to search for new, readily available and statistically reliable cytological markers for differentiating benign and @entity259 pre-operatively. METHODS: Cohesiveness of @entity5 cells in cytology slides from a series of 58 follicular @entity5 diagnosed between 1998 and 2004 inclusive was studied, including 48 @entity652 , and eight minimally invasive and two widely invasive @entity189 . Photomicrographs of the cytology slides were taken and the digital images were analysed using computer image analysis software. We evaluated the relative proportions of cells arranged in groups of various sizes. The cohesiveness of the cells in cytological smears was then correlated with the immunohistochemical expression of @entity5962 in corresponding histological slides. RESULTS: Cases from 15 @entity1 (26%) and 43 @entity1 (74%) with a mean age of 50 years (range, 19-79) were analysed. In @entity652 and @entity189 , respectively, isolated cells were seen in 16.8% and 24.7% (P = 0.028), groups of two to five cells in 9.7% and 11.5% (P = 0.145) and groups of more than five cells in @entity19 % and 63.8% (P = 0.041). The mean cell count in groups with more than five cells was 46.5 and 27.0 in @entity652 and @entity189 , respectively (P < 0.001). Cell cohesiveness, either as percentage of cells in groups of more than five (R(2) = 0.026) or as mean cell count per group of more than five (R(2) = 0.005), was not found to be dependent on the expression of @entity5962 . Using a threshold of 13% @entity5 cells in cytological smears, @entity652 and @entity189 could be distinguished with 90% sensitivity and 41% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Although we demonstrated a statistically significant difference in cell cohesion between @entity652 and @entity189 , these could not be distinguished in the clinical setting by evaluation of the percentage of isolated cells in cytological smears because the specificity was too low. The absence of correlation of cellular cohesiveness with @entity5962 expression indicates that other factors are probably responsible for the loss of cohesiveness observed in follicular thyroid malignancy.

title: Cellular cohesiveness in benign and XXXX varies significantly, but the difference is not useful in diagnosis of individual cases.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['isolated tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'follicular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['follicular adenomas', 'adenomas']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['malignant follicular thyroid neoplasms']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant thyroid follicular tumours']


abstract: Endothelins (ETs) were initially characterized as potent vasoactive peptides acting through at least two distinct receptors, @entity2231 and @entity1627 . Subsequently, their significant growth- and @entity1184 -promoting properties in cardiac and other cells were recognized. We investigated the expression of endothelin receptors during differentiation of a pluripotential @entity189 cell line ( @entity4452 ) to a cardiomyocyte or a neural lineage. These cells resemble those of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, and their differentiation is believed to closely mimic critical events in early embryogenesis. Differentiation of @entity4452 to a cardiomyocyte lineage, by aggregation and exposure to @entity3733 resulted in induction of @entity2231 receptors as demonstrated by radioligand binding studies, Northern blotting, and reporter gene analysis. Moreover, the @entity4452 differentiated to a cardiac lineage responded to ET-1 with a 3-fold increase in the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide. In contrast, differentiation to a neural lineage, by aggregation and exposure to @entity1968 , was associated with the induction of predominantly @entity1627 . Therefore, selective differentiation of the @entity4452 led to the differential expression of endothelin receptors in a pattern consistent with that observed in normal myocardial and neural tissue. The induction of endothelin receptors in a model system of early embryogenesis provides strong support for the critical role of this peptide/receptor family in differentiation and development. As well, this model system is well suited for the study of the mechanisms controlling endothelin receptor expression during differentiation.

title: Differentiation of XXXX cells to a neural or cardiomyocyte lineage is associated with selective expression of endothelin receptors.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethyl sulfoxide']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['embryonal carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of caregivers of @entity1 with @entity64 with respect to their own physical activity. METHODS: A qualitative, descriptive approach was used to study 10 caregivers of @entity1 with @entity64 , recruited from a @entity64 exercise class in a large urban rehabilitation facility. Caregivers participated in individual, semi-structured interviews that were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a constant comparative method. An inductive, iterative approach was applied to determine the codes and themes. RESULTS: Four main themes were identified: change in role, change in activity, barriers to activity and health, and change in meaning of activity. Barriers to activity included guilt, time, and energy. @entity1 revealed that activity became more therapeutic after @entity64 and that @entity1 preferred purposeful, functional, and partnered activities. CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize the importance of the husband-wife dyad and of movement toward a family-centred care approach. Education should be provided to caregivers regarding their role, barriers, and health-promoting activities. Future research should focus on determining appropriate physical-activity programmes for caregivers as well as on evaluating implementation of partnered exercise programmes for caregivers and @entity1 with @entity64 .

title: Changes in activities of wives caring for their husbands following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['persons', 'Participants', 'participants']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to establish and characterize a novel animal model of @entity263 -induced @entity158 . METHODS: Copenhagen @entity35 were injected with 10(6) MATLyLu (MLL) @entity263 cells or @entity1391 -buffered saline by per cutaneous intra femoral injections into the right hind leg distal epiphysis. Over 13 days, @entity35 progressively developed a @entity5 within the distal femoral epiphysis. On days 3, 7, 10, and 13 post injection, @entity35 were subjected to the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto behavioral tests as they are believed to be indirect reflections of @entity5 induced @entity158 . Ipsilateral hind limbs were subjected to X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans and histological sections were stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H_E). RESULTS: Intra femoral injections of MLL cells resulted in the progressive development of a @entity5 leading to @entity79 and @entity146 . @entity5 development resulted in the redistribution of weight to the contralateral hind leg and significantly reduced the paw withdrawal threshold of the ipsilateral hind paw as observed via the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto tests, respectively. X-ray and computed tomography scans along with H_E stains indicated @entity5 -associated structural damage to the distal femur. This model was challenged with administration of @entity9213 . Compared with vehicle-injected controls, the @entity9213 -treated @entity35 displayed smaller nociceptive responses as observed with the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto tests, suggesting that @entity9213 was effective in reducing the @entity158 -related symptoms displayed by model animals and that the model behaved in a predictable way to @entity4645 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This model is unique from other @entity3478 models in that it is a comprehensive model utilizing a competent immune system with a @entity5 . The model establishes a tool that will be useful to investigate mechanisms of @entity5 that are induced by @entity5 cells.

title: Characterization of a @entity35 model of XXXX @entity158 .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['nociceptive behaviors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'syngeneic tumor', 'Tumor', 'cancer', 'cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['bone cancer']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone destruction']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['bone pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity9213 :: ('MESH:C065757', 'Chemical') :: ['meloxicam']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['metastatic prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to establish and characterize a novel animal model of @entity263 -induced @entity158 . METHODS: Copenhagen @entity35 were injected with 10(6) MATLyLu (MLL) @entity263 cells or @entity1391 -buffered saline by per cutaneous intra femoral injections into the right hind leg distal epiphysis. Over 13 days, @entity35 progressively developed a @entity5 within the distal femoral epiphysis. On days 3, 7, 10, and 13 post injection, @entity35 were subjected to the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto behavioral tests as they are believed to be indirect reflections of @entity5 induced @entity158 . Ipsilateral hind limbs were subjected to X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans and histological sections were stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H_E). RESULTS: Intra femoral injections of MLL cells resulted in the progressive development of a @entity5 leading to @entity79 and @entity146 . @entity5 development resulted in the redistribution of weight to the contralateral hind leg and significantly reduced the paw withdrawal threshold of the ipsilateral hind paw as observed via the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto tests, respectively. X-ray and computed tomography scans along with H_E stains indicated @entity5 -associated structural damage to the distal femur. This model was challenged with administration of @entity9213 . Compared with vehicle-injected controls, the @entity9213 -treated @entity35 displayed smaller nociceptive responses as observed with the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto tests, suggesting that @entity9213 was effective in reducing the @entity158 -related symptoms displayed by model animals and that the model behaved in a predictable way to @entity4645 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This model is unique from other @entity3478 models in that it is a comprehensive model utilizing a competent immune system with a @entity5 . The model establishes a tool that will be useful to investigate mechanisms of @entity5 that are induced by @entity5 cells.

title: Characterization of a @entity35 model of @entity263 XXXX .

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['bone pain']


abstract: PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to establish and characterize a novel animal model of @entity263 -induced @entity158 . METHODS: Copenhagen @entity35 were injected with 10(6) MATLyLu (MLL) @entity263 cells or @entity1391 -buffered saline by per cutaneous intra femoral injections into the right hind leg distal epiphysis. Over 13 days, @entity35 progressively developed a @entity5 within the distal femoral epiphysis. On days 3, 7, 10, and 13 post injection, @entity35 were subjected to the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto behavioral tests as they are believed to be indirect reflections of @entity5 induced @entity158 . Ipsilateral hind limbs were subjected to X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans and histological sections were stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H_E). RESULTS: Intra femoral injections of MLL cells resulted in the progressive development of a @entity5 leading to @entity79 and @entity146 . @entity5 development resulted in the redistribution of weight to the contralateral hind leg and significantly reduced the paw withdrawal threshold of the ipsilateral hind paw as observed via the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto tests, respectively. X-ray and computed tomography scans along with H_E stains indicated @entity5 -associated structural damage to the distal femur. This model was challenged with administration of @entity9213 . Compared with vehicle-injected controls, the @entity9213 -treated @entity35 displayed smaller nociceptive responses as observed with the incapacitance and Randall-Selitto tests, suggesting that @entity9213 was effective in reducing the @entity158 -related symptoms displayed by model animals and that the model behaved in a predictable way to @entity4645 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This model is unique from other @entity3478 models in that it is a comprehensive model utilizing a competent immune system with a @entity5 . The model establishes a tool that will be useful to investigate mechanisms of @entity5 that are induced by @entity5 cells.

title: Characterization of a XXXX model of @entity263 @entity158 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Objective. To determine relative influences of @entity1592 ( @entity1592 ) and preterm birth on risks of @entity8 in adolescent @entity1 . Study Design. Retrospective cohort study. 71 periadolescent @entity1 were classified into four groups: premature small for gestational age (SGA), premature appropriate for gestational age (AGA), term SGA, and term AGA. Outcome Measures. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), augmentation index (Al), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) following protein load; plasma @entity413 and serum insulin levels. Results. SGA had higher SBP (average 4.6   mmHg) and lower GFR following protein load (average 28.5   mL/min/1.73   m(2)) than AGA. There was no effect of prematurity on SBP (P = .4) or GFR (P = .9). Both prematurity and SGA were associated with higher AI (average 9.7%) and higher serum insulin levels 2   hr after @entity413 load (average 15.5   mIU/L) than all other groups. Conclusion. @entity1592 is a more significant risk factor than preterm birth for later systolic @entity101 and @entity8 . Among @entity1 born preterm, those who are also SGA are at increased risk of @entity209 .

title: The long-term effects of prematurity and XXXX on cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic dysfunction', 'renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['IUGR', 'intrauterine growth restriction']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['arterial stiffness and metabolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1592 :: (MESH:D005317,Disease) :: ['intrauterine growth restriction']


abstract: Background. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is increasingly replacing the traditional bilateral neck exploration in the treatment of @entity459 ( @entity459 ). Intraoperative @entity461 (IOPTH) measurement has recently been introduced as a useful adjunct in confirming successful excision of abnormal parathyroid gland. Aims. We evaluate the safety, efficacy, and clinical usefulness of IOPTH measurement during @entity3 in a district general hospital. Methods. Retrospective review of eleven consecutive @entity1 with @entity459 who underwent @entity3 with IOPTH, following preoperative assessment with ultrasound and sestamibi scans. Results. All @entity1 had successful removal of the abnormal parathyroid gland. The concordance rate between ultrasound and sestamibi scan in localising the @entity3243 was 82%. IOPTH measurement confirmed the removal of @entity652 in all cases and, in one case, led to identification of a second @entity652 , not localised preoperatively. The median hospital stay was 2 days (range 1-7 days). All @entity1 remained normocalcaemic after a median of 6 months (range 1-10 months). Conclusions. @entity3 is a feasible, safe, and effective method for treatment of @entity459 . The use of IOPTH monitoring potentially offers increased sensitivity in detecting multiglandular disease, can minimise the need and risk associated with recurrent operations, and may facilitate cost-effective minimally invasive surgery.

title: Intraoperative @entity461 Assay during Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy May Be Helpful in the Detection of Double XXXX and May Minimise the Risk of Recurrent Surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['PHP', 'primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['MIP', 'Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid adenoma']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['Adenomas']


abstract: Background. @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is increasingly replacing the traditional bilateral neck exploration in the treatment of @entity459 ( @entity459 ). Intraoperative @entity461 (IOPTH) measurement has recently been introduced as a useful adjunct in confirming successful excision of abnormal parathyroid gland. Aims. We evaluate the safety, efficacy, and clinical usefulness of IOPTH measurement during @entity3 in a district general hospital. Methods. Retrospective review of eleven consecutive @entity1 with @entity459 who underwent @entity3 with IOPTH, following preoperative assessment with ultrasound and sestamibi scans. Results. All @entity1 had successful removal of the abnormal parathyroid gland. The concordance rate between ultrasound and sestamibi scan in localising the @entity3243 was 82%. IOPTH measurement confirmed the removal of @entity652 in all cases and, in one case, led to identification of a second @entity652 , not localised preoperatively. The median hospital stay was 2 days (range 1-7 days). All @entity1 remained normocalcaemic after a median of 6 months (range 1-10 months). Conclusions. @entity3 is a feasible, safe, and effective method for treatment of @entity459 . The use of IOPTH monitoring potentially offers increased sensitivity in detecting multiglandular disease, can minimise the need and risk associated with recurrent operations, and may facilitate cost-effective minimally invasive surgery.

title: Intraoperative XXXX Assay during Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy May Be Helpful in the Detection of Double @entity652 and May Minimise the Risk of Recurrent Surgery.

answer: @entity461 :: (5741,Gene) :: ['PTH']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Blastomycotic @entity4767 (CNS) occur infrequently. The medical literature concerning @entity17101 of the CNS contains little information regarding indications for surgery. METHODS: We report five cases of CNS @entity17101 that required surgery: four intracranial and one intraspinal. One @entity1 had a prior diagnosis of @entity370 , whereas none of the others had been diagnosed with any other @entity262 . The @entity1 were evaluated with plain x rays as well as with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Four of these @entity1 had extradural abscesses that required surgical drainage as well as debridement of granulomatous tissue and infected bone. The remaining @entity1 had an intracerebellar abscess. Postoperatively, three @entity1 were treated with @entity2379 , one with @entity2379 and @entity3102 , and one with an experimental protocol of @entity2380 alone. All of the @entity1 recovered without sequelae of @entity410 , recurrence of disease, or reaction to pharmacotherapy, although one @entity1 had transient @entity177 due to @entity2379 . CONCLUSIONS: Our experience with CNS @entity17101 managed surgically is reported. We propose three general surgical indications for these @entity1 : mass lesions, diagnostic biopsy, and @entity4034 refractory to pharmacotherapy.

title: Indications for the surgical management of central nervous system XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4767 :: ('MESH:D002494', 'Disease') :: ['infections of the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity3102 :: ('MESH:D007654', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoconazole']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic illness']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity17101 :: ('MESH:D001759', 'Disease') :: ['blastomycosis']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

answer: @entity17101 :: (MESH:D001759,Disease) :: ['blastomycosis']


abstract: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is an effective treatment for @entity6389 ( @entity6389 ). Long-term changes of several variables, including the dose of BoNT, in these @entity1 is largely unknown. We reviewed the clinical charts of 275 @entity1 with @entity6389 treated with BoNT type A (BoNT-A) for at least 5 years since 1989 at ten tertiary centers. The mean dose of BoNT-A per session during the first 5 years of treatment was calculated and the appearance of resistance was noted. The dose of BoNT-A for the whole group showed a significant trend to increase over time (year 1: 180    65 U; year 5: 203    63 U; ANOVA: p < 0.0001). However, when we studied the evolution of the dose of BoNT-A for those @entity1 (n = 49) first injected after 2000 (introduction of current BOTOX preparation in our country), there was no significant increase in dose (year 1: 181.8    75 U; year 5: 181.7    75 U; ANOVA p: ns). A total of 19 @entity1 became secondary nonresponders; all but one of these @entity1 began BoNT-A treatment before 2000. In summary, there is a statistically significant increase of mean dose of BoNT-A per session over time, and this could be explained by the appearance of secondary nonresponders. On the other hand, those @entity1 initially treated after 2000 did not show any statistically significant increase in dose for 5 years. This could be explained by better experience and techniques, fewer immunogenic problems with the current BoNT-A, and also less variability of the dose per vial.

title: Evolution of dose and response to botulinum toxin A in XXXX : a multicenter study.

entities_list: @entity6389 :: ('MESH:D014103', 'Disease') :: ['CD', 'cervical dystonia']

answer: @entity6389 :: (MESH:D014103,Disease) :: ['cervical dystonia']


abstract: @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD), by converting @entity701 and @entity2819 to hormonally inactive @entity821 and @entity19672 , respectively, is an important pre-receptor signaling pathway for the renal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). This receptor has an equal affinity for the glucocorticoids, @entity701 and @entity2819 , and for the mineralocorticoid, @entity1369 . In states of 11 beta-HSD deficiency such as the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) and licorice ingestion, @entity701 acts as a potent mineralocorticoid. In addition to the established and cloned type I 11 beta-HSD, a second 11 beta-HSD isoform has been reported in @entity95 kidney and @entity1 placenta. We have analyzed the kinetics of 11 beta-HSD activity in @entity1 kidney and compared it with the expressed @entity1 type I 11 beta-HSD cDNA. Microsomes were prepared from mid-gestational @entity1 fetal kidneys and incubated with various concentrations of @entity701 (0.0125-10 microM) and @entity2125 or @entity1110 . Kinetic analysis revealed a high affinity (apparent Km 60 nM) isoform, the activity of which was exclusively NAD-dependent. No convincing @entity1110 -dependent activity was seen. Similarly with @entity821 as a substrate no 11-oxoreductase activity was evident. In contrast, when type I @entity1 11 beta-HSD was ligated into the expression vector pcDNAI and transiently transfected into COS-I cells, low affinity (apparent Km 2.1 microM) @entity1110 -dependent activity was seen. 11-Oxoreductase activity was also observed. The cloned type I @entity1 11 beta-HSD encodes an enzyme with both low-affinity, @entity1110 -dependent, dehydrogenase and 11-oxoreductase activities, but this activity is absent in @entity1 fetal kidney (and probably adult kidney).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity701 to XXXX : glucocorticoid to mineralocorticoid.

entities_list: @entity821 :: ('MESH:D003348', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisone']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity19672 :: ('MESH:C003552', 'Chemical') :: ['11-dehydrocorticosterone']

entities_list: @entity11331 :: ('CHEBI:35346', 'Chemical') :: ['11 beta-hydroxysteroid']

answer: @entity821 :: (MESH:D003348,Chemical) :: ['cortisone']


abstract: @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD), by converting @entity701 and @entity2819 to hormonally inactive @entity821 and @entity19672 , respectively, is an important pre-receptor signaling pathway for the renal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). This receptor has an equal affinity for the glucocorticoids, @entity701 and @entity2819 , and for the mineralocorticoid, @entity1369 . In states of 11 beta-HSD deficiency such as the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) and licorice ingestion, @entity701 acts as a potent mineralocorticoid. In addition to the established and cloned type I 11 beta-HSD, a second 11 beta-HSD isoform has been reported in @entity95 kidney and @entity1 placenta. We have analyzed the kinetics of 11 beta-HSD activity in @entity1 kidney and compared it with the expressed @entity1 type I 11 beta-HSD cDNA. Microsomes were prepared from mid-gestational @entity1 fetal kidneys and incubated with various concentrations of @entity701 (0.0125-10 microM) and @entity2125 or @entity1110 . Kinetic analysis revealed a high affinity (apparent Km 60 nM) isoform, the activity of which was exclusively NAD-dependent. No convincing @entity1110 -dependent activity was seen. Similarly with @entity821 as a substrate no 11-oxoreductase activity was evident. In contrast, when type I @entity1 11 beta-HSD was ligated into the expression vector pcDNAI and transiently transfected into COS-I cells, low affinity (apparent Km 2.1 microM) @entity1110 -dependent activity was seen. 11-Oxoreductase activity was also observed. The cloned type I @entity1 11 beta-HSD encodes an enzyme with both low-affinity, @entity1110 -dependent, dehydrogenase and 11-oxoreductase activities, but this activity is absent in @entity1 fetal kidney (and probably adult kidney).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX to @entity821 : glucocorticoid to mineralocorticoid.

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['Cortisol']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this trial was to investigate whether @entity64 @entity1 who receive Cerebrolysin show improved motor function in the upper extremities at day 90 compared with @entity1 who receive a placebo. METHODS: This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study. @entity1 were treated with @entity33825 (30 mL/d) or a placebo (saline) once daily for 21 days, beginning at 24 to 72 hours after @entity64 onset. The @entity1 also participated in a standardized rehabilitation program for 21 days that was initiated within 72 hours after @entity64 onset. The primary end point was the Action Research Arm Test score on day 90. RESULTS: The nonparametric effect size on the Action Research Arm Test score on day 90 indicated a large superiority of Cerebrolysin compared with the placebo (Mann-Whitney estimator, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.79; P<0.0001). The multivariate effect size on global status, as assessed using 12 different outcome scales, indicated a small-to-medium superiority of Cerebrolysin (Mann-Whitney estimator, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.65; P<0.0001). The rate of premature discontinuation was <5% (3.8%). Cerebrolysin was safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebrolysin had a beneficial effect on function and global outcome in early rehabilitation @entity1 after @entity64 . Its safety was comparable with that of the placebo, suggesting a favorable benefit/risk ratio. Because this study was exploratory and had a relatively small sample size, the results should be confirmed in a large-scale, randomized clinical trial. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu. Unique identifier: 2007-000870-21.

title: Cerebrolysin and Recovery After XXXX (CARS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity33825 :: ('MESH:C006952', 'Chemical') :: ['Cerebrolysin']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Stroke']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To characterize the association among @entity27 indices (AHIs) determined using three common metrics for defining @entity387 , and to develop a model to calibrate between these AHIs. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of Sleep Heart Health Study Data. SETTING: Community-based. @entity1 : There were 6,441 @entity1 and @entity1 age 40 y or older. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS: Three separate AHIs have been calculated, using all @entity386 (defined as a decrease in airflow greater than 90% from baseline for >=  10 sec) @entity387 (defined as a decrease in airflow or chest wall or abdominal excursion greater than 30% from baseline, but not meeting @entity386 ) associated with either: (1) a 4% or greater fall in oxyhemoglobin saturation - AHI4; (2) a 3% or greater fall in oxyhemoglobin saturation - AHI3; or (3) a 3% or greater fall in oxyhemoglobin saturation or an event-related arousal - AHI3a. Median values were 5.4, 9.7, and 13.4 for AHI4, AHI3, and AHI3a, respectively (P < 0.0001). Penalized spline regression models were used to compare AHI values across the three metrics and to calculate prediction intervals. Comparison of regression models demonstrates divergence in AHI scores among the three methods at low AHI values and gradual convergence at higher levels of AHI. CONCLUSIONS: The three methods of scoring hypopneas yielded significantly different estimates of AHI, although the relative difference is reduced in severe disease. The regression models presented will enable clinicians and researchers to more appropriately compare AHI values obtained using differing metrics for @entity387 .

title: Calibration Model for XXXX : Impact of Alternative Criteria for @entity387 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['apnea-hypopnea']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['hypopnea', 'plus hypopneas']

entities_list: @entity386 :: ('MESH:D001049', 'Disease') :: ['apneas', 'apnea definitions']

answer: @entity27 :: (MESH:D020181,Disease) :: ['Apnea-Hypopneas Indices']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To characterize the association among @entity27 indices (AHIs) determined using three common metrics for defining @entity387 , and to develop a model to calibrate between these AHIs. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of Sleep Heart Health Study Data. SETTING: Community-based. @entity1 : There were 6,441 @entity1 and @entity1 age 40 y or older. MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS: Three separate AHIs have been calculated, using all @entity386 (defined as a decrease in airflow greater than 90% from baseline for >=  10 sec) @entity387 (defined as a decrease in airflow or chest wall or abdominal excursion greater than 30% from baseline, but not meeting @entity386 ) associated with either: (1) a 4% or greater fall in oxyhemoglobin saturation - AHI4; (2) a 3% or greater fall in oxyhemoglobin saturation - AHI3; or (3) a 3% or greater fall in oxyhemoglobin saturation or an event-related arousal - AHI3a. Median values were 5.4, 9.7, and 13.4 for AHI4, AHI3, and AHI3a, respectively (P < 0.0001). Penalized spline regression models were used to compare AHI values across the three metrics and to calculate prediction intervals. Comparison of regression models demonstrates divergence in AHI scores among the three methods at low AHI values and gradual convergence at higher levels of AHI. CONCLUSIONS: The three methods of scoring hypopneas yielded significantly different estimates of AHI, although the relative difference is reduced in severe disease. The regression models presented will enable clinicians and researchers to more appropriately compare AHI values obtained using differing metrics for @entity387 .

title: Calibration Model for @entity27 : Impact of Alternative Criteria for XXXX .

answer: @entity387 :: (MESH:D012891,Disease) :: ['Hypopneas']