abstract: INTRODUCTION: Stabilisation of @entity174 with an intramedullary nail is a widespread technique in the treatment of femoral shaft @entity174 in adults. To ream or not to ream is still debated. The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary stabilisation of femoral @entity174 . Secondary objectives were intra- and @entity260 and implant failure. METHODS: Between March 1995 and June 2005, 125 @entity1 with 129 traumatic femoral shaft @entity174 were treated with as unreamed femoral nail. From this retrospective single centre study, 18 @entity1 were excluded due to insufficient follow up data, including 1 @entity1 who died within 2 days after severe @entity542 . Sixty-six @entity1 had suffered @entity1230 . 21 @entity174 were open. According to the AO classification, there were 54 type A, 42 type B, and 14 type C @entity174 . Dynamic proximal locking was performed in 44 cases (36 type A and 8 type B @entity174 ). RESULTS: Non-union occurred in two @entity1 (1.9%; one type B and one type C @entity174 ). Intra-operative complications were seen in three @entity1 (2.8%). @entity260 occurred in 29 @entity1 (27%). Local superficial @entity281 occurred in two @entity1 (1.9%), there were no cases of @entity281 . Implant failure occurred in three @entity1 (2.8%): nail breakage was seen in two @entity1 . CONCLUSION: In this study, the incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary nailing is low (1.9%) and comparable with the best results of reamed nailing in the literature.

title: The incidence of non-union following unreamed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative in-hospital complications', 'postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'deep infection']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple injuries']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively evaluate the outcomes in adults who were born with @entity2463 ( @entity2463 ), to assess the relationships between the major types of ARM and outcomes, and to examine the relationships between bowel and urinary function and sexual well-being, as advances in surgical treatment for @entity2463 have led to more @entity1 surviving into adult life, and adult data on urinary and bowel function are scant, with even less known about the effect of diagnosis and treatment on @entity458 . @entity1 AND METHODS: In all, 74 adult @entity1 with a diagnosis of ARM confirmed by review of paediatric medical records completed a series of validated questionnaires on urinary and bowel function, body esteem, sexual well being, fertility and overall quality of life. RESULTS: There were high levels of urinary and bowel @entity322 for both @entity1 and @entity1 . A high ARM was associated with a greater degree of @entity322 . Both @entity1 and @entity1 scored more poorly than controls on the body esteem, sexual well-being and quality-of-life assessments. Urinary and bowel @entity322 was associated with poorer sexual well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Bowel and urinary outcomes in adults appear to be worse than suggested in paediatric reports, with high levels of both urinary and fecal @entity322 . Poorer outcomes appeared to affect sexual well-being adversely. To date, attention to issues during transition from childhood to adulthood, particularly concerns about sexual function and well-being, has been conspicuous by its absence. @entity1 -focused multidisciplinary care during this transition must address these issues, which are central to an acceptable quality of life.

title: XXXX : what happens in adulthood?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual and reproductive function']

entities_list: @entity2463 :: ('MESH:C537771', 'Disease') :: ['anorectal malformations', 'ARMs']

answer: @entity2463 :: (MESH:C537771,Disease) :: ['Anorectal malformations']


abstract: PURPOSE: We have previously found that the developmental time frame of @entity302 onset influences adult personality traits and subsequent adjustment to intractable @entity410 . In the same cohort of @entity1 we now investigate the influence of these factors on psychosocial outcome after surgical treatment. METHODS: Fifty-seven adult @entity1 with @entity1625 were prospectively assessed before and after surgery. Measures of psychosocial outcome included mood, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychosocial adjustment, collected longitudinally at 1-, 3-, and 12-months after surgery. RESULTS: @entity1 with high @entity663 and low extraversion were predisposed to greater @entity308 after surgery. More than 70% of @entity1 with high @entity663 also reported disrupted family dynamics and difficulties adjusting to @entity410 freedom. The latter was associated with changes in self-identity that increased over time. @entity1 with @entity302 onset before or during the self-defining period of adolescence reported the greatest perceived self-change after surgery that had positive effects for HRQOL. DISCUSSION: Psychosocial outcome after @entity302 surgery appears intrinsically linked to a change in self and a transition from chronically sick to well. The development of personality traits and self-identity in the context of habitual @entity410 can impact psychosocial outcome and the extent of self-change reported after surgery, and paradoxically, can concur more beneficial effects.

title: Profiles of psychosocial outcome after XXXX surgery: the role of personality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['focal epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity663 :: ('MESH:C564323', 'Disease') :: ['neuroticism']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: While antipsychotic (AP) medications are frequently used in long-term care, current evidence suggests that the risks may offset the benefits, necessitating periodic reassessment of their use. The aims of this present study were: (1) to assess rates of AP use five years after our first intervention to determine the long-term impact; and (2) to implement an updated AP reduction educational intervention program at the same center five years later in order to determine whether AP use could be further reduced. METHODS: @entity1 were residents with @entity303 receiving AP medication. The educational program component included separate lectures on pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment of @entity146 ( @entity146 ). Completion of the Nursing Home Behavior Problems Scale (NHBPS), physician interviews concerning AP treatment plans for subjects with @entity303 , and AP administration and dose assessment occurred both at baseline and again between four to five months after the educational program. RESULTS: Of 308 long-term residents with @entity303 , 53 (17.2%) were receiving regular APs, primarily for @entity2146 , @entity146 , other @entity146 and @entity716 . Of these, six died and one was transferred, leaving 46 @entity1 . At five months, ten (21.7%) residents were no longer receiving APs and seven (15.2%) were on a lower dose; thus, 17 (37.0%) were either discontinued or on a lower dose. There was no worsening of NHBPS scores. CONCLUSION: Despite the low prevalence (17.2%) of AP users at the beginning of the current study compared to that observed five years prior (30.5%), it is still possible to further decrease the proportion of users.

title: A long-term care center interdisciplinary education program for antipsychotic use in XXXX : program update five years later.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia', 'behavioral problems', 'aggressivity', 'BPSD']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term effects of anatomic and functional changes after the surgical treatment of the optic disc pit @entity1020 in a retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six @entity1 with unilateral optic disc pit @entity1020 were included in this study. Four were females and 2 males, age ranged from 13 to 35 years (mean, 26 years). All @entity1 underwent the pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling and the intraocular tamponade with the air-gas mixture. These 6 @entity1 were divided into two groups: group A, the surgical treatment without aimed argon laser photocoagulation, and group B, the surgical treatment with aimed argon laser photocoagulation during 2 months after the pars plana vitrectomy. The follow-up period ranged from 41 to 73 months (mean, 53.3 months). RESULTS: In the group A, the best-corrected visual acuity improved by 2 and more lines (Snellen optotype) in all 3 @entity1 . In the group B, the improvement by 2 and more lines was found out in 2 @entity1 and the decrease by 2 lines was observed in one @entity1 . The recurrence of the @entity1020 occurred in 2 @entity1 from the group A. In the group B, the recurrence of the @entity1020 was recorded in one @entity1 53 months after pars plana vitrectomy and aimed argon photocoagulation. CONCLUSION: The surgical intervention by pars plana vitrectomy for the optic disc pit @entity1020 improves the anatomic and functional prognosis. The suitable aimed argon laser photocoagulation after the surgical treatment in selected @entity1 improves outcome and reduce the recurrence of the optic disc pit @entity1020 .

title: [Surgical treatment of the optic disc pit XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['maculopathy']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['maculopathy']


abstract: The Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF inhibits polar growth and induces apoptosis in @entity14940 . We report here that two signalling cascades are implicated in its antifungal activity. PAF activates the @entity268 /protein kinase A (Pka) signalling cascade. A pkaA deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards PAF. This was substantiated by the use of pharmacological modulators: PAF aggravated the effect of the activator @entity7410 and partially relieved the repressive activity of @entity5834 . Furthermore, the Pkc/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mpk) signalling cascade mediated basal resistance to @entity5567 , which was independent of the small GTPase RhoA. Non-functional mutations of both genes resulted in @entity56 towards PAF. PAF did not increase MpkA phosphorylation or induce enzymes involved in the remodelling of the cell wall, which normally occurs in response to activators of the cell wall integrity pathway. Notably, PAF exposure resulted in actin gene repression and a deregulation of the chitin deposition at hyphal tips of A. nidulans, which offers an explanation for the morphological effects evoked by PAF and which could be attributed to the interconnection of the two signalling pathways. Thus, PAF represents an excellent tool to study signalling pathways in this model organism and to define potential fungal targets to develop new antifungals.

title: The antifungal protein PAF interferes with PKC/MPK and XXXX /PKA signalling of @entity14940 .

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity14940 :: ('162425', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity268 :: (CHEBI:17489,Chemical) :: ['cAMP']


abstract: The Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF inhibits polar growth and induces apoptosis in @entity14940 . We report here that two signalling cascades are implicated in its antifungal activity. PAF activates the @entity268 /protein kinase A (Pka) signalling cascade. A pkaA deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards PAF. This was substantiated by the use of pharmacological modulators: PAF aggravated the effect of the activator @entity7410 and partially relieved the repressive activity of @entity5834 . Furthermore, the Pkc/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mpk) signalling cascade mediated basal resistance to @entity5567 , which was independent of the small GTPase RhoA. Non-functional mutations of both genes resulted in @entity56 towards PAF. PAF did not increase MpkA phosphorylation or induce enzymes involved in the remodelling of the cell wall, which normally occurs in response to activators of the cell wall integrity pathway. Notably, PAF exposure resulted in actin gene repression and a deregulation of the chitin deposition at hyphal tips of A. nidulans, which offers an explanation for the morphological effects evoked by PAF and which could be attributed to the interconnection of the two signalling pathways. Thus, PAF represents an excellent tool to study signalling pathways in this model organism and to define potential fungal targets to develop new antifungals.

title: The antifungal protein PAF interferes with PKC/MPK and @entity268 /PKA signalling of XXXX .

answer: @entity14940 :: (162425,Species) :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']


abstract: Scant literature investigates potential outcome differences between Level I @entity130 centers. We compared overall survival and survival after @entity649 ( @entity649 ) in @entity1 admitted to American College of Surgeons (ACS)-verified versus state-verified Level I @entity130 centers. Using the National @entity130 Data Bank Version 7.0, incident codes associated with admission to an ACS-verified facility were extracted and compared with the group admitted to state-verified centers. Overall, there were 382,801 (73.7%) @entity1 admitted to ACS and 136,601 (26.3%) admitted to state centers. There was no adjusted survival advantage after admission to either type (4.9% for ACS vs 4.8% for state centers; 1.014 [95% CI, 0.987 to 1.042], P = 0.311). However, in the 3,088 cases of @entity649 , mortality for admission to the ACS centers was 20.3 per cent (451 of 2,220) versus 27.1 per cent (235 of 868) for state centers. Adjusting for injury severity and facility size, admission to an ACS center was associated with a significantly greater survival after @entity649 (0.75 [0.654 to 0.860]; P < 0.001). Level I verification does not necessarily imply similar outcomes in all subgroups. Federal oversight may become necessary to ensure uniformity of care, maximizing outcomes across all United States @entity130 systems. Further study is needed.

title: Are all level I XXXX centers created equal? A comparison of American College of Surgeons and state-verified centers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS', 'acute respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Between 2003 and 2004 the largest epidemic of @entity4536 in Colombia (2,810 cases, with the highest incidence of 6,202 x 100,000 in 2004) occurred in the sub-Andean rural area of the municipalities of Chaparral and San Antonio in the department of Tolima. OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to identify suspected vectors and to establish the knowledge that the inhabitants have about sand flies in order to use this information for vector control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 46 houses were sampled with CDC light traps set up indoors to establish the sand @entity238 species composition, abundance and the percentage of @entity277 . Houses were examined during daylight to identify endophagy. A questionnaire was applied in order to estimate the knowledge about sand flies, their role in transmission and the sites and seasons of highest abundance. RESULTS: Three anthropophilic sand @entity238 species of possible epidemiological importance were found. L. longiflocosa was the dominant sand @entity238 species accounting for 81.7% (192 / 235) of all catches and infested the highest number of houses (41.7%). The other two species were L. columbiana and L. nuneztovari, with relative abundances of 3.4% and 2.1%, respectively, and house infestations of 13.0% and 6.5%, respectively. There was no evidence of endophilic behavior. Inhabitants recognized sand flies and their role in transmission. They identified the houses and the dry season as the site and time period of highest sand @entity238 abundance. CONCLUSIONS: Based on its high anthropophily, predominance and apparent endophagic behavior, L. longiflocosa is the most probable vector of @entity232 indoors. L. columbiana and L. nuneztovari could be involved as secondary vectors outdoors. The importance of these findings on sand @entity238 control is discussed.

title: [Lutzomyia longiflocosa as suspected vector of @entity4536 in a focus of XXXX on the sub-andean region of Tolima department, Colombia, and the knowledge on sandflies by the inhabitants].

entities_list: @entity4536 :: ('MESH:D016773', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity232 :: ('MESH:D007896', 'Disease') :: ['leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity277 :: ('MESH:D013984', 'Disease') :: ['infestation']

answer: @entity4536 :: (MESH:D016773,Disease) :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Between 2003 and 2004 the largest epidemic of @entity4536 in Colombia (2,810 cases, with the highest incidence of 6,202 x 100,000 in 2004) occurred in the sub-Andean rural area of the municipalities of Chaparral and San Antonio in the department of Tolima. OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to identify suspected vectors and to establish the knowledge that the inhabitants have about sand flies in order to use this information for vector control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 46 houses were sampled with CDC light traps set up indoors to establish the sand @entity238 species composition, abundance and the percentage of @entity277 . Houses were examined during daylight to identify endophagy. A questionnaire was applied in order to estimate the knowledge about sand flies, their role in transmission and the sites and seasons of highest abundance. RESULTS: Three anthropophilic sand @entity238 species of possible epidemiological importance were found. L. longiflocosa was the dominant sand @entity238 species accounting for 81.7% (192 / 235) of all catches and infested the highest number of houses (41.7%). The other two species were L. columbiana and L. nuneztovari, with relative abundances of 3.4% and 2.1%, respectively, and house infestations of 13.0% and 6.5%, respectively. There was no evidence of endophilic behavior. Inhabitants recognized sand flies and their role in transmission. They identified the houses and the dry season as the site and time period of highest sand @entity238 abundance. CONCLUSIONS: Based on its high anthropophily, predominance and apparent endophagic behavior, L. longiflocosa is the most probable vector of @entity232 indoors. L. columbiana and L. nuneztovari could be involved as secondary vectors outdoors. The importance of these findings on sand @entity238 control is discussed.

title: [Lutzomyia longiflocosa as suspected vector of XXXX in a focus of @entity4536 on the sub-andean region of Tolima department, Colombia, and the knowledge on sandflies by the inhabitants].

answer: @entity4536 :: (MESH:D016773,Disease) :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']


abstract: The total visualization of the intestinal surface through wireless capsule endoscopy has furnished new insights for the diagnosis of @entity1944 . The length, difficulty of access and particular morphology of this region makes a correct diagnosis of @entity344 associated with @entity548 possible only in 5% of cases. Our study was aimed at assessing the clinical impact and diagnostic outcomes of wireless capsule endoscopy through analysis of the first 50 cases observed in our Endoscopy and Coloproctology Unit. Fifty @entity1 aged 23-85 years (mean age: 43.5) were selected for wireless endoscopy. The main indications were @entity1 with a suspected or established diagnosis of @entity29 or @entity8884 , @entity490 , chronic @entity294 and obscure @entity548 . @entity1 with a clinical or radiological diagnosis of @entity344 , @entity15809 , or @entity6522 were excluded from the study. In 2 out of 8 @entity1 with @entity490 , erosions of the intestinal wall were detected, while in the only @entity1 with @entity360 a neoplastic lesion of the right colon was accidentally diagnosed. As far as @entity29 is concerned, in all the cases of established diagnosis of @entity31 no small bowel lesions were visible at wireless endoscopy, while all the cases with silent @entity30 of the terminal ileum were confirmed. No cases of @entity1313 of the small bowel were recorded in our series either in @entity1593 @entity1 or in @entity1 with @entity1412 . In @entity1593 @entity1 (N = 24) wireless capsule endoscopy allowed accurate definition of the extent of the @entity16 . On the basis of our preliminary experience wireless capsule endoscopy would appear to warrant an important role in the management of @entity1 with small bowel diseases, supplementing information obtained with other diagnostic techniques.

title: [The role of capsule endoscopy in the study of XXXX . Critical analysis and observation of the first 50 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['celiac-disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity8884 :: ('MESH:D008286', 'Disease') :: ['malabsorption']

entities_list: @entity6522 :: ('MESH:D043963', 'Disease') :: ['colonic diverticulosis']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic lesions']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal diseases', 'gastrointestinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity15809 :: ('MESH:D016672', 'Disease') :: ["Zencker's diverticula"]

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial intestinal polyposis']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity1944 :: (MESH:D007410,Disease) :: ['intestinal diseases']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Percutaneous coronary intervention for @entity75 of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) remains a complex procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of a method of treatment that we have termed the floating-stent approach. METHODS: The study involved 71 @entity1 with @entity75 who underwent implantation of a drug-eluting stent in the LAD, which totally or partially covered the ostium of the circumflex artery. No further interventions were planned. Intravascular ultrasound was performed both at baseline and after treatment in 49 @entity1 . All were followed up clinically (16+/-12 months). RESULTS: Angiography of the LAD demonstrated an immediate success rate of 100%. However, significant focal damage was observed in the circumflex ostium in 7 (10%) @entity1 , three of whom needed treatment. The mean protrusion of the stent over the origin of the circumflex artery was 2.48+/-0.91 mm. The only predictor of circumflex @entity130 identified in the study was the carina having a spiky appearance on intravascular ultrasound, visible in the longitudinal view. We termed this feature the "eyebrow sign". Carina displacement was responsible for the focal damage in 13 of the 14 @entity1 with this feature. Overall, the major cardiac adverse event rate during follow-up was 4%. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the floating-stent technique for treating @entity75 was straightforward and gave excellent medium-term RESULTS: Intravascular ultrasound showed that @entity1 who had a carina with specific vulnerable anatomical features were predisposed to circumflex @entity1317 .

title: Vulnerable carina anatomy and XXXX in the left anterior descending coronary artery after floating-stent treatment.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['ostial LAD lesions', 'LAD ostial lesions', 'ostial lesions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['artery ostial injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ostial injury']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['ostial lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The observation that taller @entity1 experience an increased risk of selected @entity5 is largely restricted to Caucasian cohorts. These associations may plausibly differ in Asian populations. For the first time, we make direct comparison in the same analyses of the associations between height and a series of @entity5 in Australasian (Caucasian) and Asian populations. METHODS: Analyses were based on the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration of 506 648 study @entity1 (408 381 Asia, 98 267 Australasia) drawn from 38 population-based cohort studies. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the relationship between height and @entity5 rates. RESULTS: A total of 3 272 600 @entity1 -years of follow-up gave rise to 7497 @entity5 deaths (4415 in Asia; 3082 in Australasia). After multiple adjustments and left censoring, taller individuals experienced increased rates of @entity189 of the intestine ( @entity1 and @entity1 ); all @entity5 , @entity409 , breast, 'other' @entity5 (all @entity1 ); and @entity5 of the prostate and bladder ( @entity1 ). No consistent regional (Asia versus Australasia) or sex differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, taller @entity1 and @entity1 had an elevated risk of selected @entity5 . These associations did not differ appreciably between Asian and Caucasian populations.

title: Adult height and XXXX mortality in Asia: the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'person', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver, lung']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'malignancies']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Controversy remains about the treatment of @entity1 with mild @entity356 (90 min < emptying half-time [T(1/2)] < 180 min) who undergo antireflux surgery. This retrospective, nonrandomized study reviewed the records of @entity1 treated from January 1996 through October 2003, during which time we applied two treatment algorithms for @entity1 with mild @entity356 . The goal of this study was to determine whether the most recent treatment algorithm was effective in reducing the need for a concomitant gastric drainage procedure, pyloroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 with mild @entity356 underwent antireflux surgery plus pyloroplasty (group A) before 2001, and 13 @entity1 with mild @entity356 underwent antireflux surgery plus gastric decompression with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement (group B) starting in 2001. We reviewed indications for the procedure, complications, and outcomes. Primary outcome measures for this study were recurrence of @entity7623 symptoms and need for pyloroplasty. RESULTS: The average T(1/2) was similar for both groups A and B: 129 min and 123 min, respectively. Eleven of 13 @entity1 (85%) in group B experienced resolution of @entity7623 symptoms, improved gastric emptying times, or both; only 1 @entity1 (8%) underwent subsequent pyloroplasty for treatment failure. Only one serious percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy-related event occurred (tube migration), and no @entity1 died. Significantly fewer @entity1 in group B required total pyloroplasty (8% vs. 56% in group A; P < 0.008), and significantly fewer required pyloroplasty for symptomatic control (15% vs. 56% in group A; P < 0.03). CONCLUSION: A treatment algorithm incorporating percutaneous @entity5274 placement at the time of antireflux surgery for gastric decompression successfully managed antireflux surgery @entity1 with mild @entity356 . This approach allows for a more selective use of pyloroplasty.

title: XXXX in patients undergoing antireflux surgery: analysis of a treatment algorithm.

entities_list: @entity7623 :: ('MESH:D018589', 'Disease') :: ['gastroparesis']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic gastrostomy tube']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['delayed gastric emptying']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['Delayed gastric emptying']


abstract: AIM: To investigate the value of virtual cystoscopy using contrast material to fill the bladder during routine abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) examinations for the detection of @entity150 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive @entity1 (25 @entity1 and eight @entity1 ; are range 51-82 years; mean age+/-SD, 65+/-7 years) who had painless macroscopic haematuria and were suspected to have @entity150 were prospectively evaluated with virtual cystoscopy. After intravenous injection of contrast medium, the contrast material-filled bladders were examined with single-detector helical CT with 2-mm section thicknesses. Source CT data were transferred to a workstation for interactive navigation using surface rendering. All the @entity1 also underwent conventional cystoscopy. RESULTS: The results of virtual cystoscopy were compared with the findings from the conventional cystoscopy. Seventy-one of 78 @entity150 detected with conventional cystoscopy in 28 @entity1 were also shown on virtual images. The bladders of five @entity1 appeared normal on both conventional cystoscopy and virtual cystoscopy. On virtual cystoscopy, seven of the 12 lesions that were < or =5 mm in diameter could be identified. The following statistical values for the identification of bladder lesions using virtual cystoscopy were calculated: sensitivity 94%, specificity 90%, positive predictive value 87%, negative predictive value 93%, and accuracy 93%. CONCLUSION: CT virtual cystoscopy is a noninvasive technique that can be used successfully for detection of @entity150 >5 mm in selected cases during daily routine abdominopelvic work.

title: Comparison of CT virtual cystoscopy of the contrast material-filled bladder with conventional cystoscopy in the diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder neoplasms', 'bladder tumours']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumours']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of extended transsphenoidal approach for removing the giant and invasive @entity977 . METHODS: The clinical data of 64 cases with giant and invasive @entity977 treated by extended transsphenoidal approach were studied retrospectively. RESULTS: Among 64 @entity1 , 51 had total resection and 13 had subtotal resection. 26 @entity1 occurred transient @entity2010 , 5 @entity1 with @entity1685 and 1 @entity1 occurred acute @entity4614 postoperatively. There were no death or @entity281 . After operation, 8 @entity1 get radiotherapy, 6 @entity1 receive medicine treatment. Postoperative follow-up period was 3 months to 6 years. No regrowth or recurrence was seen. CONCLUSION: The extended transsphenoidal approach has been proved to a safe and effective method to remove the giant and invasive @entity977 . @entity1 who got subtotal resection need be close followed-up and receive radiotherapy or medicine treatment it necessary.

title: [Extended transsphenoidal operation for giant and invasive XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1685 :: ('MESH:C563551', 'Disease') :: ['transient cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial infection']

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['hypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas', 'pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need to generate data from India on relative frequencies of specific @entity1292 ( @entity1292 ) in different regions and their relation to the choice of commonly used generic highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. OBJECTIVES: To document the prevailing prevalence pattern of @entity1292 both before and after HAART, to look for reduction in @entity1292 following HAART, to assess the risk of developing new @entity1292 within 6 months of HAART initiation and to see if there is any difference in the risk of developing a new @entity6926 within 6 months of HAART initiation, for those on Efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens and @entity5198 ( @entity16333 )-based regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective observational cohort study conducted in South India involving 108 ART-naive @entity791 @entity1 , different pathogens were isolated and identified using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 16.0). Risk of developing an @entity6926 after HAART initiation was assessed using the likelihood ratio test from Cox regression models. RESULTS: @entity378 (53.4%), @entity5253 (14.7%) were the common infections seen. There was a drastic reduction of 96.59% in @entity6926 events after 6 months of HAART. The risk of developing an @entity6926 within 6 months of HAART initiation was 5.56%. Time to development of an @entity6926 in the first 6 months of HAART was shorter for the @entity16333 -based regimens than with EFV-based regimens, but this difference was not statistically significant (HR=0.891, 95% CI: 0.179-4.429; P=0.888). CONCLUSION: @entity378 is the most important @entity6926 before initiation of HAART. Both EFV and @entity16333 -based regimens are equally efficacious in controlling @entity1292 .

title: @entity1292 in relation to antiretroviral status among XXXX @entity1 from south India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5253 :: ('MESH:D002180', 'Disease') :: ['oral Candidiasis (27.2%) and Herpes Zoster']

entities_list: @entity5198 :: ('MESH:D019829', 'Chemical') :: ['Nevirapine']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['OIs', 'opportunistic infections']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculosis']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need to generate data from India on relative frequencies of specific @entity1292 ( @entity1292 ) in different regions and their relation to the choice of commonly used generic highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. OBJECTIVES: To document the prevailing prevalence pattern of @entity1292 both before and after HAART, to look for reduction in @entity1292 following HAART, to assess the risk of developing new @entity1292 within 6 months of HAART initiation and to see if there is any difference in the risk of developing a new @entity6926 within 6 months of HAART initiation, for those on Efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens and @entity5198 ( @entity16333 )-based regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective observational cohort study conducted in South India involving 108 ART-naive @entity791 @entity1 , different pathogens were isolated and identified using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 16.0). Risk of developing an @entity6926 after HAART initiation was assessed using the likelihood ratio test from Cox regression models. RESULTS: @entity378 (53.4%), @entity5253 (14.7%) were the common infections seen. There was a drastic reduction of 96.59% in @entity6926 events after 6 months of HAART. The risk of developing an @entity6926 within 6 months of HAART initiation was 5.56%. Time to development of an @entity6926 in the first 6 months of HAART was shorter for the @entity16333 -based regimens than with EFV-based regimens, but this difference was not statistically significant (HR=0.891, 95% CI: 0.179-4.429; P=0.888). CONCLUSION: @entity378 is the most important @entity6926 before initiation of HAART. Both EFV and @entity16333 -based regimens are equally efficacious in controlling @entity1292 .

title: XXXX in relation to antiretroviral status among @entity791 @entity1 from south India.

answer: @entity1292 :: (MESH:D009894,Disease) :: ['Opportunistic infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a need to generate data from India on relative frequencies of specific @entity1292 ( @entity1292 ) in different regions and their relation to the choice of commonly used generic highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimens. OBJECTIVES: To document the prevailing prevalence pattern of @entity1292 both before and after HAART, to look for reduction in @entity1292 following HAART, to assess the risk of developing new @entity1292 within 6 months of HAART initiation and to see if there is any difference in the risk of developing a new @entity6926 within 6 months of HAART initiation, for those on Efavirenz (EFV)-based regimens and @entity5198 ( @entity16333 )-based regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective observational cohort study conducted in South India involving 108 ART-naive @entity791 @entity1 , different pathogens were isolated and identified using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 16.0). Risk of developing an @entity6926 after HAART initiation was assessed using the likelihood ratio test from Cox regression models. RESULTS: @entity378 (53.4%), @entity5253 (14.7%) were the common infections seen. There was a drastic reduction of 96.59% in @entity6926 events after 6 months of HAART. The risk of developing an @entity6926 within 6 months of HAART initiation was 5.56%. Time to development of an @entity6926 in the first 6 months of HAART was shorter for the @entity16333 -based regimens than with EFV-based regimens, but this difference was not statistically significant (HR=0.891, 95% CI: 0.179-4.429; P=0.888). CONCLUSION: @entity378 is the most important @entity6926 before initiation of HAART. Both EFV and @entity16333 -based regimens are equally efficacious in controlling @entity1292 .

title: @entity1292 in relation to antiretroviral status among @entity791 XXXX from south India.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early @entity1204 with low-risk pathological features can be successfully treated by surgery alone. External beam radiotherapy added to surgery has been investigated in several small trials, which have mainly included @entity1 at intermediate risk of recurrence. In these trials, postoperative radiotherapy has been shown to reduce the risk of isolated local recurrence but there is no evidence that it improves recurrence-free or overall survival. We report the findings from the ASTEC and EN.5 trials, which investigated adjuvant external beam radiotherapy in @entity1 with @entity5 and pathological features suggestive of intermediate or high risk of recurrence and @entity204 from @entity1204 . METHODS: Between July, 1996, and March, 2005, 905 (789 ASTEC, 116 EN.5) @entity1 with intermediate-risk or high-risk @entity5 from 112 centres in seven countries (UK, Canada, Poland, Norway, New Zealand, Australia, USA) were randomly assigned after surgery to observation (453) or to external beam radiotherapy (452). A target dose of 40-46 Gy in 20-25 daily fractions to the pelvis, treating five times a week, was specified. Primary outcome measure was overall survival, and all analyses were by intention to treat. These trials were registered ISRCTN 16571884 (ASTEC) and NCT 00002807 (EN.5). FINDINGS: After a median follow-up of 58 months, 135 @entity1 (68 observation, 67 external beam radiotherapy) had died. There was no evidence that overall survival with external beam radiotherapy was better than observation, hazard ratio 1.05 (95% CI 0.75-1.48; p=0.77). 5-year overall survival was 84% in both groups. Combining data from ASTEC and EN.5 in a meta-analysis of trials confirmed that there was no benefit in terms of overall survival (hazard ratio 1.04; 95% CI 0.84-1.29) and can reliably exclude an absolute benefit of external beam radiotherapy at 5 years of more than 3%. With brachytherapy used in 53% of @entity1 in ASTEC/EN.5, the local recurrence rate in the observation group at 5 years was 6.1%. INTERPRETATION: Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy cannot be recommended as part of routine treatment for @entity1 with intermediate-risk or high-risk early-stage @entity1204 with the aim of improving survival. The absolute benefit of external beam radiotherapy in preventing isolated local recurrence is small and is not without @entity137 .

title: Adjuvant external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of XXXX (MRC ASTEC and NCIC CTG EN.5 randomised trials): pooled trial results, systematic review, and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['early-stage disease']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: The @entity8034 ( @entity8034 ), also known as @entity8389 , has been shown previously to regulate T-cell function and is produced by T cells and endothelial cells. It was reported recently to be elevated in mild @entity779 @entity1 during @entity697 . The @entity8389 gene encodes several splice products: L (long), V (short) and s (soluble). A cohort of 38 @entity1 with @entity7643 ( @entity7643 ) and mild @entity779 ( @entity779 ) were evaluated using a secreted soluble @entity8389 (sST2) ELISA. The RNA expression of @entity8389 was evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR using @entity1 ' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vitro using @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to sera from @entity779 @entity1 . @entity7643 @entity1 had higher levels of serum sST2, @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity310 ), @entity687 and @entity688 compared with @entity779 @entity1 and normal healthy control individuals. However, viraemia was indistinguishable between mild and severe cases. No changes in @entity8389 mRNA expression were found in PBMCs from these two groups of @entity779 @entity1 . In vitro, sST2 was elevated in HUVECs treated with @entity1 sera. Neutralization of @entity310 in @entity1 sera by pre-treatment with a @entity310 antibody inhibited the upregulation of sST2 expression in HUVECs. These results implicate serum @entity310 in the modulation of expression of sST2 in an in vitro system, and indicate that sST2 could be associated with the severity of disease. Further studies to determine whether sST2 levels are predictive of the severe form of the disease and the role of sST2 in immune regulation are warranted.

title: Levels of soluble @entity8389 in serum associated with severity of XXXX due to @entity5 necrosis factor alpha stimulation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8034 :: ('9173', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-1 receptor-like-1 protein', 'IL1RL1']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity7643 :: ('MESH:D019595', 'Disease') :: ['DHF', 'dengue haemorrhagic fever']

entities_list: @entity779 :: ('MESH:D003715', 'Disease') :: ['dengue fever', 'DF', 'dengue']

answer: @entity779 :: (MESH:D003715,Disease) :: ['dengue']


abstract: The @entity8034 ( @entity8034 ), also known as @entity8389 , has been shown previously to regulate T-cell function and is produced by T cells and endothelial cells. It was reported recently to be elevated in mild @entity779 @entity1 during @entity697 . The @entity8389 gene encodes several splice products: L (long), V (short) and s (soluble). A cohort of 38 @entity1 with @entity7643 ( @entity7643 ) and mild @entity779 ( @entity779 ) were evaluated using a secreted soluble @entity8389 (sST2) ELISA. The RNA expression of @entity8389 was evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR using @entity1 ' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vitro using @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to sera from @entity779 @entity1 . @entity7643 @entity1 had higher levels of serum sST2, @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity310 ), @entity687 and @entity688 compared with @entity779 @entity1 and normal healthy control individuals. However, viraemia was indistinguishable between mild and severe cases. No changes in @entity8389 mRNA expression were found in PBMCs from these two groups of @entity779 @entity1 . In vitro, sST2 was elevated in HUVECs treated with @entity1 sera. Neutralization of @entity310 in @entity1 sera by pre-treatment with a @entity310 antibody inhibited the upregulation of sST2 expression in HUVECs. These results implicate serum @entity310 in the modulation of expression of sST2 in an in vitro system, and indicate that sST2 could be associated with the severity of disease. Further studies to determine whether sST2 levels are predictive of the severe form of the disease and the role of sST2 in immune regulation are warranted.

title: Levels of soluble XXXX in serum associated with severity of @entity779 due to @entity5 necrosis factor alpha stimulation.

answer: @entity8389 :: (6761,Gene) :: ['ST2']


abstract: The @entity8034 ( @entity8034 ), also known as @entity8389 , has been shown previously to regulate T-cell function and is produced by T cells and endothelial cells. It was reported recently to be elevated in mild @entity779 @entity1 during @entity697 . The @entity8389 gene encodes several splice products: L (long), V (short) and s (soluble). A cohort of 38 @entity1 with @entity7643 ( @entity7643 ) and mild @entity779 ( @entity779 ) were evaluated using a secreted soluble @entity8389 (sST2) ELISA. The RNA expression of @entity8389 was evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR using @entity1 ' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vitro using @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to sera from @entity779 @entity1 . @entity7643 @entity1 had higher levels of serum sST2, @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity310 ), @entity687 and @entity688 compared with @entity779 @entity1 and normal healthy control individuals. However, viraemia was indistinguishable between mild and severe cases. No changes in @entity8389 mRNA expression were found in PBMCs from these two groups of @entity779 @entity1 . In vitro, sST2 was elevated in HUVECs treated with @entity1 sera. Neutralization of @entity310 in @entity1 sera by pre-treatment with a @entity310 antibody inhibited the upregulation of sST2 expression in HUVECs. These results implicate serum @entity310 in the modulation of expression of sST2 in an in vitro system, and indicate that sST2 could be associated with the severity of disease. Further studies to determine whether sST2 levels are predictive of the severe form of the disease and the role of sST2 in immune regulation are warranted.

title: Levels of soluble @entity8389 in serum associated with severity of @entity779 due to XXXX necrosis factor alpha stimulation.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: @entity4443 (LTs) belong to a large family of lipid mediators, termed @entity1813 , which are derived from @entity71114 and released from the cell membrane by phospholipases. LTs are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as @entity565 , @entity309 , and peripheral @entity158 . In the present study, we examined whether LTs were implicated in pathomechanism of @entity9 following @entity1897 . Using the @entity128 ( @entity128 ) model in @entity35 , we investigated the expression of LT synthases (5-lipoxygenase; 5-LO, Five lipoxygenase activating protein; @entity19675 , @entity71115 ; @entity71115 and @entity71116 ; @entity71116 ) and receptors ( @entity71117 , 2 and @entity26547 , 2) mRNAs in the @entity35 spinal cord. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that 5-LO, @entity19675 , @entity71116 , @entity71117 , and @entity26547 mRNAs increased following @entity128 , but not @entity71118 mRNAs. Using double labeling analysis of in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry, we observed that 5-LO, @entity19675 , and @entity26547 mRNAs were expressed in spinal microglia. @entity71115 and @entity71116 mRNAs were expressed in both spinal neurons and microglia. @entity71117 mRNA was expressed in spinal neurons. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, but not MEK inhibitor, reduced the increase in 5-LO in spinal microglia. Continuous intrathecal administration of the 5-LO inhibitor or @entity71117 and @entity26547 receptor antagonists suppressed mechanical allodynia induced by @entity128 . Our findings suggest that the increase of LT synthesis in spinal microglia produced via p38 MAPK plays a role in the generation of @entity9 .

title: Leukotriene synthases and the receptors induced by @entity1897 in the spinal cord contribute to the generation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4443 :: ('MESH:D015289', 'Chemical') :: ['Leukotrienes']

entities_list: @entity71114 :: ('MESH:D001095', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acids']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['spared nerve injury', 'SNI']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory pain']

entities_list: @entity1813 :: ('MESH:D015777', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosanoids']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: @entity4443 (LTs) belong to a large family of lipid mediators, termed @entity1813 , which are derived from @entity71114 and released from the cell membrane by phospholipases. LTs are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as @entity565 , @entity309 , and peripheral @entity158 . In the present study, we examined whether LTs were implicated in pathomechanism of @entity9 following @entity1897 . Using the @entity128 ( @entity128 ) model in @entity35 , we investigated the expression of LT synthases (5-lipoxygenase; 5-LO, Five lipoxygenase activating protein; @entity19675 , @entity71115 ; @entity71115 and @entity71116 ; @entity71116 ) and receptors ( @entity71117 , 2 and @entity26547 , 2) mRNAs in the @entity35 spinal cord. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that 5-LO, @entity19675 , @entity71116 , @entity71117 , and @entity26547 mRNAs increased following @entity128 , but not @entity71118 mRNAs. Using double labeling analysis of in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry, we observed that 5-LO, @entity19675 , and @entity26547 mRNAs were expressed in spinal microglia. @entity71115 and @entity71116 mRNAs were expressed in both spinal neurons and microglia. @entity71117 mRNA was expressed in spinal neurons. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, but not MEK inhibitor, reduced the increase in 5-LO in spinal microglia. Continuous intrathecal administration of the 5-LO inhibitor or @entity71117 and @entity26547 receptor antagonists suppressed mechanical allodynia induced by @entity128 . Our findings suggest that the increase of LT synthesis in spinal microglia produced via p38 MAPK plays a role in the generation of @entity9 .

title: Leukotriene synthases and the receptors induced by XXXX in the spinal cord contribute to the generation of @entity9 .

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral nerve injury']


abstract: A survey has been conducted of 222 chemicals evaluated for carcinogenicity in @entity19 and @entity35 by the United States NCI/NTP. The structure of each chemical has been assessed for potential electrophilic (DNA-reactive) sites, its mutagenicity to Salmonella recorded, and the level of its carcinogenicity to rodents tabulated. Correlations among these 3 parameters were then sought. A strong association exists among chemical structure (S/A), mutagenicity to Salmonella (Salm.) and the extent and sites of rodent tumorigenicity among the 222 compounds. Thus, a approximately 90% correlation exists between S/A and Salm. across the 115 carcinogens, the 24 equivocal carcinogens and the 83 non-carcinogens. This indicates the Salmonella assay to be a sensitive method of detecting intrinsic genotoxicity in a chemical. Concordance between S/A and Salm. have therefore been employed as an index of genotoxicity, and use of this index reveals two groups of carcinogens within the database, genotoxic and putatively non-genotoxic. These two broad groups are characterized by different overall carcinogenicity profiles. Thus, 16 tissues were subject to @entity105 only by genotoxins, chief among which were the stomach, Zymbal's glands, lung, subcutaneous tissue and circulatory system. Conclusions of carcinogenicity in these 16 tissues comprised 31% of the individual chemical/tissue reports of carcinogenicity. In contrast, both genotoxins and non-genotoxins were active in the remaining 13 tissues, chief among which was the @entity19 liver which accounted for 24% of all chemical/tissue reports of carcinogenicity. Further, the group of 70 carcinogens reported to be active in both species and/or in 2 or more tissues contained a higher proportion of Salmonella mutagens (70%) than observed for the group of 45 single-species/single-tissue carcinogens (39%). 30% of the 83 non-carcinogens were mutagenic to Salmonella. This confirms earlier observations that a significant proportion of in vitro genotoxins are non-carcinogenic, probably due to their non-absorption or preferential detoxification in vivo. Also, only 30% of the @entity19 liver-specific carcinogens were mutagenic to Salmonella. This is consistent with @entity5 being induced in this tissue (and to a lesser extent in other tissues of the @entity19 and @entity35 ) by mechanisms not dependent upon direct interaction of the test chemical with DNA. Detection of 103 of the 115 carcinogens could be achieved by use of only male @entity35 and female @entity19 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Chemical structure, Salmonella mutagenicity and extent of carcinogenicity as indicators of genotoxic XXXX among 222 chemicals tested in rodents by the U.S. NCI/NTP.

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['carcinogenesis']


abstract: With the arrival of @entity1871 therapy for advanced, metastatic and recurrent @entity1204 a quarter of a century ago, came the discovery that approximately one-third of all these @entity5 would show a clinical response. Probably no more than half of this group will survive more than 5 years. Identification of the type of @entity1 who is most likely to respond has proven difficult. Both clinical and histopathological characteristics act only as an unreliable guide. The site of @entity3 and the time for a recurrence to appear are the most constant of these factors. It is hoped that the @entity134 receptor content of the @entity5 will prove to be as valuable as it has been in the case of @entity0 . At the moment this is under investigation with numerous ongoing studies. Type, dosage and mode of administration of @entity1871 do not appear to be critical factors in @entity5 response, nor does the type of synthetic agent used. However, @entity7839 has been the subject of numerous symposia and is the best researched. It also offers the opportunity of being administered orally and in large doses. All agents are virtually free of toxic effects and cessation on this basis is unusual. For @entity1 with @entity5 that either do not respond to @entity1871 , or else have a temporary response, other agents--antiestrogens and cytotoxic--may well prove to be of value either simultaneously or sequentially. These possibilities are under current investigation. The definitive therapy of primary 'nonadvanced' disease is not established and is at this point unproven in any significant published randomized study. Orthodox proven methods of treatment, i.e. surgery and irradiation, must form the initial component in every @entity1 's therapy, whatever the stage of the disease. It is hoped that prospective studies will elucidate the place of @entity7828 in an adjunctive primary setting. However, it must be emphasized that such studies must concentrate on 'high-risk' @entity1 . The probability of proof in any group of 'good prognosis' @entity1 --whatever the numbers entered--appears to be very low.

title: Adjunctive and therapeutic progestins in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity7839 :: ('MESH:D008525', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity7828 :: ('MESH:D011372', 'Chemical') :: ['progestins']

entities_list: @entity1871 :: ('CHEBI:59826', 'Chemical') :: ['progestin']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: @entity7776 is a drug with diverse uses ranging from prevention of @entity683 A illness to the treatment of @entity1 with @entity191 . It is available only in oral formulations from which it is well absorbed and widely distributed, little drug being present in the circulation. Apparent volume of distribution is inversely related to dose over the therapeutic range and accounts in part for a noteworthy logarithmic increase in plasma concentration as a function of dose. Elimination is primarily by renal clearance by both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. @entity7776 accumulates in @entity1 with @entity8 . Hence, doses must be reduced in such @entity1 to avoid @entity137 . Interactions with other drugs appear uncommon. Relationships have been demonstrated between @entity7776 therapeutic effects and plasma concentrations in different study cohorts, but not in individual @entity1 . Dose schedules have been suggested for individuals in whom @entity7776 kinetics are different from healthy subjects. However, these schedules are controversial in their choice of target concentrations and in being untested as to predictive value.

title: Clinical pharmacokinetics of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity7776 :: ('MESH:D000547', 'Chemical') :: ['amantadine', 'Amantadine']

answer: @entity7776 :: (MESH:D000547,Chemical) :: ['amantadine hydrochloride']


abstract: Contractile force of the myocardium can be increased by different molecular mechanisms, and therefore different energetic consequences may result. The influence of the inotropic substances @entity3044 and UDCG-115 on myocardial energetics in isometrically contracting left ventricular @entity35 papillary muscles was investigated by means of highly sensitive antimony bismuth thermopiles. @entity3044 increased total heat and initial heat by 147% (p less than 0.01) and 69% (p less than 0.02) when normalized to tension-time integral, respectively. No significant change of both heat terms occurred due to UDCG-115. Initial heat was separated into tension-independent heat (" @entity460 cycling") and @entity734 ("cross-bridge cycling") by means of a new method using @entity15480 . Both @entity734 per tension-time integral and tension-independent heat increased significantly, due to @entity3044 , from 4.9 +/- 1.17 to 7.6 +/- 2.72 mu cal/g.cm.s (p less than 0.05) and from 0.15 +/- 0.06 to 0.22 +/- 0.04 mcal/g (p less than 0.01). UDCG-115 influenced neither tension-independent heat nor @entity734 per tension-time integral significantly. Thus, the economy of force development was not significantly altered due to UDCG-115 whereas @entity3044 significantly increased the energy necessary for activation, i.e. @entity460 cycling, and the energy necessary for force production, i.e. cross-bridge cycling. The basic mechanisms of these energetic changes are discussed.

title: Energetic aspects of inotropic interventions in XXXX myocardium.

entities_list: @entity15480 :: ('MESH:C004717', 'Chemical') :: ['2,3-butanedione monoxime']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoproterenol', 'isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['tension-dependent heat']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Heat inactivation was studied at 45, 50, 55, and 60 degrees for all of the @entity71119 hydrolases (PVase), including @entity2359 esterase (NTE) and inhibitor-resistant esterase (IRE), in homogenates of hen or @entity35 brain or in preparations of hen brain microsomal membranes. Hen and @entity35 brain homogenates were prepared in buffer (50 mM Tris/0.20 mM @entity1098 , pH 8.00, at 25 degrees). Hen brain microsomes were suspended either in buffer or in aqueous @entity3733 ( @entity3733 , 40%, w/v), or solubilized either in aqueous @entity6000 (0.10%, w/v) or in 40% (w/v) @entity3733 . Enzyme activities were measured at 37 degrees using @entity71119 as substrate. Each enzyme activity in all of the preparations exhibited biphasic heat inactivation kinetics. Apparent rate constants were calculated for the fast (kf) and slow (ks) reactions, along with the relative amounts of activity in each component (Af, As) expressed as percentages of the total activity. For a given preparation and temperature, respective values of kf or ks were similar for PVase, NTE, and IRE, with a mean kf/ks ratio of 52 across all preparations. Af and As were a function of temperature. Mean values of the apparent activation energies (Ea) for all activities and preparations were 44 and 25 kcal/mol for the fast and slow inactivation reactions respectively. These results indicate that all @entity71119 hydrolases in hen and @entity35 brain undergo a common heat-induced structural change leading to loss of enzymic activity.

title: Kinetics of heat inactivation of XXXX hydrolases from hen and @entity35 brain.

entities_list: @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethyl sulfoxide', 'DMSO']

entities_list: @entity71119 :: ('MESH:C049867', 'Chemical') :: ['phenyl valerate']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

answer: @entity71119 :: (MESH:C049867,Chemical) :: ['phenyl valerate']


abstract: Heat inactivation was studied at 45, 50, 55, and 60 degrees for all of the @entity71119 hydrolases (PVase), including @entity2359 esterase (NTE) and inhibitor-resistant esterase (IRE), in homogenates of hen or @entity35 brain or in preparations of hen brain microsomal membranes. Hen and @entity35 brain homogenates were prepared in buffer (50 mM Tris/0.20 mM @entity1098 , pH 8.00, at 25 degrees). Hen brain microsomes were suspended either in buffer or in aqueous @entity3733 ( @entity3733 , 40%, w/v), or solubilized either in aqueous @entity6000 (0.10%, w/v) or in 40% (w/v) @entity3733 . Enzyme activities were measured at 37 degrees using @entity71119 as substrate. Each enzyme activity in all of the preparations exhibited biphasic heat inactivation kinetics. Apparent rate constants were calculated for the fast (kf) and slow (ks) reactions, along with the relative amounts of activity in each component (Af, As) expressed as percentages of the total activity. For a given preparation and temperature, respective values of kf or ks were similar for PVase, NTE, and IRE, with a mean kf/ks ratio of 52 across all preparations. Af and As were a function of temperature. Mean values of the apparent activation energies (Ea) for all activities and preparations were 44 and 25 kcal/mol for the fast and slow inactivation reactions respectively. These results indicate that all @entity71119 hydrolases in hen and @entity35 brain undergo a common heat-induced structural change leading to loss of enzymic activity.

title: Kinetics of heat inactivation of @entity71119 hydrolases from hen and XXXX brain.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The most important determinant of quality of life in @entity1 with @entity302 is complete @entity410 control, and therefore this should be the ultimate goal of pharmacological therapy. @entity410 freedom, or a reduction in @entity410 frequency, however, should not be sought at all costs, and the situation should never arise where a @entity1 with @entity302 is made to suffer more from the side effects of treatment than from the consequences of the underlying disease. Overtreatment is not uncommon in patients taking antiepileptic drugs, and it may occur in many forms and with a variety of mechanisms. Long-term use (or continuation) of anticonvulsant therapy in situations where it is not indicated (e.g. in @entity1 with @entity410 , or in non-epileptic @entity410 -free @entity1 who underwent brain surgery) constitutes a blatant case of overtreatment. Other forms of overtreatment include the use of unnecessarily fast dose escalation rates, which may expose the @entity1 to potentially serious or severe side effects, or the prescription of unnecessarily high maintenance dosages. The latter occurrence may result from inadequate understanding of dose-response relationships, from misinterpretation of serum drug concentrations (e.g. targeting concentrations within the 'range' in @entity1 who are well controlled at lower concentrations) or, at times, from failure to recognize a paradoxical increase in @entity410 frequency as a manifestation of @entity137 . The most common form of overtreatment, however, involves the unnecessary use of combination therapy (polypharmacy) in @entity1 who could be treated optimally with a single drug. Adverse effects associated with polypharmacy often result from undesirable drug-drug interactions. While pharmacokinetic interactions are somewhat predictable and can be minimized or controlled by monitoring serum drug concentrations and/or dose adjustment, pharmacodynamic interactions leading to enhanced @entity2359 (as seen, for example, in some @entity1 given a combination of @entity2812 and @entity2049 ) can only be identified by careful clinical observation. There is evidence that not all antiepileptic drug combinations are equally adverse, and that the combined use of specific drugs (e.g. @entity2812 and @entity1092 ) may even exhibit an improved therapeutic index compared with either agent given alone, provided appropriate dose adjustments are made. Although the suggestion has been made that adverse effects are more likely to result from combining anticonvulsants having a similar mode of action, our knowledge of the pharmacology of individual agents is insufficient to allow a reliable prediction of the clinical effects of specific drug combinations.

title: Overtreatment in XXXX : adverse consequences and mechanisms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'Seizure', 'simple febrile seizures']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['drug toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2812 :: ('MESH:C047781', 'Chemical') :: ['lamotrigine']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: The obstetric aspects of 54 pregnancies in 20 @entity1 with @entity12977 ( @entity12977 ) have been reviewed. Forty live births were delivered vaginally, three of them were preterm. Twelve pregnancies miscarried at between 6 and 14 weeks gestation and two were terminated in the 8th week for @entity146 reasons. Fetal losses in two instances were attributed to cervical @entity337 . One baby died at 4 days of age from a complex @entity154 . No abnormal maternal genital or @entity360 was recorded. @entity101 complicated seven pregnancies. Abdominal striae developed in all @entity1 , the severity of which correlated with @entity1017 and the number of pregnancies. All the @entity1 had normal gynaecological histories, none had excessive @entity548 or increased episodes of @entity931 . The eye, blood vessels and other organ systems involved in @entity12977 were unaffected by pregnancy. Apart from the increased risk of first trimester miscarriage and the cosmetic deterioration of the abdominal skin, there are few serious complications in pregnancy in @entity1 with @entity12977 .

title: The obstetric and gynaecological implications of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital cardiac anomaly']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual bleeding']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity12977 :: ('MESH:D011561', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoxanthoma elasticum', 'PXE']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['incompetence']

entities_list: @entity931 :: ('MESH:D008595', 'Disease') :: ['menorrhagia']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity12977 :: (MESH:D011561,Disease) :: ['pseudoxanthoma elasticum']


abstract: The @entity14783 is a @entity395 characterized by extremely high serum IgE levels; recurrent serious @entity281 , primarily involving the skin and sinopulmonary tract; and chronic @entity1909 dating from early infancy. The most common organisms that infect these @entity1 are @entity794 and @entity5132 . In addition, they have increased susceptibility to infection with @entity327 , @entity2260 , enteric gram-negative rods, herpesviruses, and a variety of fungal organisms. The @entity281 are frequently deep-seated, with @entity733 formation in the case of @entity272 and pneumatocele formation in the case of @entity55 . @entity4034 , @entity5414 , and visceral abscesses are also seen but less frequently. Associated features of this syndrome are coarse facies, @entity851 , @entity170 , @entity9849 , and @entity1712 . The immunologic basis of the @entity14783 is still speculative. It is believed that the elevated IgE levels reflect a T-cell imbalance characterized by T-cell activation and a deficiency of suppressor T cells to inhibit IgE production. The propensity for recurrent infection may be related to a unique abnormality in the humoral immune system: excessive production of IgE directed to @entity794 and other infectious organisms with a concurrent deficit in their ability to synthesize protective IgG antibody against the same organisms. The fluctuating neutrophil chemotactic abnormality found in these @entity1 may be secondary to the underlying T-cell defect with secretion of chemotactic inhibitor substances from mononuclear cells. Alternatively, the interaction of infectious agents with IgE on the surface of Fc epsilon R-bearing immune effector cells results in the release of inflammatory mediators that impair local host immune response. Activation of the immune system may also contribute to the associated features in this syndrome via the secretion of mediators that regulate connective tissue production and bone mineralization. Further studies will be needed before we completely understand the pathogenesis of @entity14783 . Therapy primarily involves use of prophylactic anti-S. aureus antibiotics and the use of intravenous antibiotics, antifungal agents, or antiviral agents during @entity697 . Surgical drainage or resection of @entity281 are frequently indicated. In @entity1 who do not respond to conservative management, there may be a role for intravenous gammaglobulin and/or plasmapheresis.

title: Clinical and immunologic aspects of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity14783 :: ('MESH:D007589', 'Disease') :: ['HIE syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute infections']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonias']

entities_list: @entity5414 :: ('MESH:D001170', 'Disease') :: ['septic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity9849 :: ('MESH:D007637', 'Disease') :: ['keratoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['H. influenzae']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['Osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections', 'deep-seated infections']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin infection']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disorder']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['eczematoid dermatitis']

answer: @entity14783 :: (MESH:D007589,Disease) :: ['hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome']


abstract: The rapid mixing/photocross-linking technique developed in our laboratory has been employed in the study of the mechanism of promoter binding by @entity526 RNA polymerase (RPase). We have previously reported on the quantitation of the one-dimensional diffusion coefficient (D1) for RPase along the DNA template (Singer, P. T., and Wu, C.-W. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 14178-14189). In this paper, we describe the effect of salt concentration and temperature on the kinetics of promoter search by RPase using plasmid pAR1319 DNA, which contains the A2 early promoter from @entity7683 , as template. Over a range of @entity4338 concentrations from 25 to 200 mM, the apparent bimolecular rate constant (ka) for the association of RPase with the A2 promoter on this DNA template varied approximately 2-fold, achieving a maximal value between 100 and 125 mM @entity4338 . More significantly, the transient distribution of RPase among nonspecific DNA binding sites changed markedly as a function of salt concentration, indicative of gross changes in the average number of base pairs covered by sliding during a nonspecific lifetime. Using the mathematical treatment outlined in our earlier report, the nonspecific dissociation rate constant (koff) was calculated from the binding curves for the nonspecific as well as promoter-containing DNA. The observed variations in ka as a function of monovalent cation concentration ([M+]) were due primarily to changes in koff, as D1 was found to be essentially independent of [M+]. Interestingly, D1 decreased by one-third as the concentration of @entity1760 was lowered from 10 to 1 mM. In addition, the dependence of koff (and consequently the nonspecific equilibrium association constant, keq) on [M+] agreed qualitatively with the results of deHaseth et al. (deHaseth, P.L., Lohman, T. M., Burgess, R. R., and Record, M. T., Jr. (1977) Biochemistry 17, 1612-1622), though we consistently measure a weaker Keq. The association rate constant was also measured between 4 and 37 degrees C, and was found to vary approximately 2-fold over that range. An activation energy for the bimolecular association of RPase to the A2 promoter was calculated to be 2.2 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol, while the activation energy for one-dimensional diffusion was 4.7 +/- 0.8 kcal/mol.

title: Kinetics of promoter search by XXXX RNA polymerase. Effects of monovalent and divalent cations and temperature.

entities_list: @entity7683 :: ('10760', 'Species') :: ['bacteriophage T7']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: The outcome of @entity325 by three species of microsporidia in the genera Endoreticulatus, Nosema, and Vairimorpha, isolated from different populations of @entity13476 in Bulgaria, was evaluated in the laboratory. All possible combinations of two species were administered either simultaneously or sequentially to larvae, and mortality, duration of development, and larval weight at 20 days post- @entity281 (simultaneous inoculation) or 23 days post- @entity281 (sequential inoculation) were chosen as the outcome variables. Larvae were also dissected and the presence of each species of microsporidia and the tissues infected were recorded for each treatment. Effects of @entity281 were dependent on both host sex and the type of exposure. Infected larvae were more likely to die than uninfected larvae, but there were no differences in mortality between single and @entity325 . Addition of @entity281 of Nosema or Vairimorpha significantly increased duration of development to the fourth ecdysis; this effect was additive. Addition of Nosema or Vairimorpha to an existing @entity281 had no such effect. When Nosema was administered simultaneously with Endoreticulatus or Vairimorpha, infected larvae weighed more than larvae that had single infections with either pathogen. Nosema was displaced from the silk glands by Vairimorpha and Nosema suppressed octospore formation by Vairimorpha in fat body. The histological evidence combined with the data on larval weight supports the hypothesis that competition occurred in @entity325 .

title: The impact of @entity325 of three species of microsporidia isolated from the XXXX , @entity13476 L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Endoreticulatus to infections', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infections', 'mixed infection']

entities_list: @entity13476 :: ('13123', 'Species') :: ['Lymantria dispar']

answer: @entity13476 :: (13123,Species) :: ['gypsy moth']


abstract: The outcome of @entity325 by three species of microsporidia in the genera Endoreticulatus, Nosema, and Vairimorpha, isolated from different populations of @entity13476 in Bulgaria, was evaluated in the laboratory. All possible combinations of two species were administered either simultaneously or sequentially to larvae, and mortality, duration of development, and larval weight at 20 days post- @entity281 (simultaneous inoculation) or 23 days post- @entity281 (sequential inoculation) were chosen as the outcome variables. Larvae were also dissected and the presence of each species of microsporidia and the tissues infected were recorded for each treatment. Effects of @entity281 were dependent on both host sex and the type of exposure. Infected larvae were more likely to die than uninfected larvae, but there were no differences in mortality between single and @entity325 . Addition of @entity281 of Nosema or Vairimorpha significantly increased duration of development to the fourth ecdysis; this effect was additive. Addition of Nosema or Vairimorpha to an existing @entity281 had no such effect. When Nosema was administered simultaneously with Endoreticulatus or Vairimorpha, infected larvae weighed more than larvae that had single infections with either pathogen. Nosema was displaced from the silk glands by Vairimorpha and Nosema suppressed octospore formation by Vairimorpha in fat body. The histological evidence combined with the data on larval weight supports the hypothesis that competition occurred in @entity325 .

title: The impact of @entity325 of three species of microsporidia isolated from the @entity13476 , XXXX L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).

answer: @entity13476 :: (13123,Species) :: ['Lymantria dispar']


abstract: The outcome of @entity325 by three species of microsporidia in the genera Endoreticulatus, Nosema, and Vairimorpha, isolated from different populations of @entity13476 in Bulgaria, was evaluated in the laboratory. All possible combinations of two species were administered either simultaneously or sequentially to larvae, and mortality, duration of development, and larval weight at 20 days post- @entity281 (simultaneous inoculation) or 23 days post- @entity281 (sequential inoculation) were chosen as the outcome variables. Larvae were also dissected and the presence of each species of microsporidia and the tissues infected were recorded for each treatment. Effects of @entity281 were dependent on both host sex and the type of exposure. Infected larvae were more likely to die than uninfected larvae, but there were no differences in mortality between single and @entity325 . Addition of @entity281 of Nosema or Vairimorpha significantly increased duration of development to the fourth ecdysis; this effect was additive. Addition of Nosema or Vairimorpha to an existing @entity281 had no such effect. When Nosema was administered simultaneously with Endoreticulatus or Vairimorpha, infected larvae weighed more than larvae that had single infections with either pathogen. Nosema was displaced from the silk glands by Vairimorpha and Nosema suppressed octospore formation by Vairimorpha in fat body. The histological evidence combined with the data on larval weight supports the hypothesis that competition occurred in @entity325 .

title: The impact of XXXX of three species of microsporidia isolated from the @entity13476 , @entity13476 L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).

answer: @entity325 :: (MESH:D060085,Disease) :: ['mixed infection']


abstract: The clinical, pathologic, and immunopathologic findings of 14 @entity1 with the @entity137 are presented. The @entity137 occurred in Madrid, Spain, as a consequence of ingestion of an industrial oil sold as olive oil. The syndrome occurred in two phases. In the acute phase @entity1 developed an @entity401 , @entity221 , and exanthem, and some died of @entity1576 . Of those who survived, some developed a chronic phase with a neuromyopathic and @entity2631 -like illness that had many features of a @entity1413 . Histologic examination of lung in the acute phase showed an endovasculitis and features of adult @entity649 . In the chronic phase the skin showed various degrees of sclerodermoid changes and @entity130 . Immunofluorescence with antiprocollagen and antifibronectin antibodies revealed abundant perivascular fluorescence suggestive of @entity1317 . Electron microscopy corroborated this by the presence of endothelial swelling and basal lamina reduplication. Similar findings have been described in @entity785 , and this provides an important model for study of connective tissue disease, including @entity2631 .

title: Clinical, pathologic, and immunopathologic manifestations of the XXXX . Analysis of fourteen cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxic oil syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['collagen vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['vessel injury']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxic oil syndrome']


abstract: Peripheral neurons can regenerate after axotomy; in this process, the role of cytoskeletal proteins is important because they contribute to formation and reorganization, growth, transport, stability and plasticity of axons. In the present study, we examined the effects of thyroid hormones (T3) on the expression of major cytoskeletal proteins during sciatic nerve regeneration. At various times after sciatic nerve transection and T3 local administration, segments of operated nerves from T3-treated @entity35 and control @entity35 were examined by Western blotting for the presence of neurofilament, tubulin and @entity7229 . Our results revealed that, during the first week after surgery, T3 treatment did not significantly alter the level of NF subunits and tubulin in the different segments of operated nerves compared to control nerves. Two or 4 weeks after operation, the concentration of @entity43731 and @entity18424 isoforms was clearly increased by T3 treatment. Moreover, under T3-treatment, NF proteins appeared more rapidly in the distal segment of operated nerves. Likewise, the levels of betaIII, and of acetylated and tyrosinated tubulin isotypes, were also up-regulated by T3-treatment during regeneration. However, only the tyrosinated tubulin form appeared earlier in the distal nerve segments. At this stage of regeneration, T3 had no effect on the level of @entity7229 expression. In conclusion, thyroid hormone improves and accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration and exerts a positive effect on cytoskeletal protein expression and transport involved in axonal regeneration. These results help us to understand partially the mechanism by which thyroid hormones enhance peripheral nerve regeneration. The stimulating effect of T3 on peripheral nerve regeneration may have considerable therapeutic potential.

title: Thyroid hormones stimulate expression and modification of cytoskeletal protein during XXXX sciatic nerve regeneration.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Recent evidence suggests that various @entity302 respond differently to antiepileptic drugs. It follows that a more precise diagnosis, together with a better understanding of AED mechanisms of action, enables them to be used more specifically, and therefore more effectively. @entity1 characteristics including age of onset, @entity410 frequency, EEG data and the findings of imaging studies, provide diagnostic pointers which enable the physician to reach a syndrome diagnosis and to choose the most appropriate AED for the individual @entity1 . Home videotapes of paroxysmal events are becoming increasingly available and are often of great assistance. Parents should be encouraged to record their @entity1 's attacks. Careful history-taking and correct interpretation of clinical data remain the cornerstones of accurate diagnosis and successful treatment. However, the specificity of antiepileptic drugs is relatively limited and often pharmacotherapy should start using an agent with a broad spectrum of activity appropriate for the primary @entity410 type. It is in fact common that several antiepileptic agents have similar or identical effectiveness for one particular form of @entity302 . Therefore, the eventual side effects and the greater or lesser difficulties in handling the drug play an essential role in the choice of a therapeutic agent. Polypharmacy should be avoided and surgery should be considered early for selected @entity1 , particularly @entity1 , who fail to respond to an appropriate drug trial. Correct diagnosis and the first drug(s) used may have a crucial impact on the evolution of given @entity302 . One major emphasis in the management of @entity302 is on information that should be complete, adapted to the level of understanding, and objective, although given in a positive manner. The understanding and cooperation of @entity1 and their families is clearly decisive for the success of therapy, and this requires a confident relationship between the physician and the @entity1 . Current knowledge, on antiepileptic drugs options in @entity302 , is discussed.

title: Treatment options in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy syndromes', 'epilepsy', 'paediatric epilepsy syndromes']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['pediatric epilepsy syndromes']


abstract: Effects of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on the pathology of the central nervous system were evaluated, at light and electron microscope levels, in the homozygous twitcher @entity19 (twi/twi), an authentic @entity19 @entity15224 ( @entity15224 , @entity15224 ) in @entity1 . In the twitcher @entity19 with BMT examined at ages 44 and 71 days (transplanted at the day 9 to 12), degeneration of oligodendrocytes and myelin was still present. In these @entity19 , oligodendrocytes and macrophages containing typical tubular and crystalloid inclusions of @entity15224 were observed in the white matter, in particular that of the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. However, significant morphologic improvement was observed in the central nervous system of the twitcher with BMT which survived more than 100 days. In the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord of these @entity19 , @entity17 and infiltration of macrophages containing typical @entity15224 inclusions were either absent or only rarely observed. Instead, many foamy macrophages, either scattered or clustered around blood vessels, were conspicuous. Many nerve fibers with thin myelin sheaths indicative of remyelination were present in the white matter. @entity15224 inclusions were, however, still found in the cytoplasm of apparently remyelinating oligodendrocytes. These results suggest that the foamy macrophages are of donor origin, since they are able to digest degraded myelin components completely, because of a sufficient @entity49506 activity, and are contributing to the improvement of the central nervous system pathology in the twitcher @entity19 following BMT, by supplying the deficient enzyme, @entity49506 . However, the presence of inclusions in oligodendrocytes in the twitcher with BMT, even after 100 days of age indicates that the basic enzymatic defect involving oligodendrocytes could not be completely corrected with BMT.

title: The twitcher XXXX . Central nervous system pathology after bone marrow transplantation.

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['myelin degeneration']

entities_list: @entity15224 :: ('MESH:D007965', 'Disease') :: ['model of globoid cell leukodystrophy', 'GLD', 'Krabbe disease']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Obligately aerobic tubercle bacilli are capable of adapting to survive @entity519 by developing into a nonreplicating or dormant form. Dormant bacilli maintain viability for extended periods. Furthermore, they are resistant to antimycobacterials, and hence, dormancy might play a role in the persistence of @entity378 infection despite prolonged chemotherapy. Previously, we have grown dormant @entity2497 BCG in an @entity26 -limited Wayne culture system and subjected the bacilli to proteome analysis. This work revealed the upregulation of the response regulator Rv3133c and three other polypeptides (alpha-crystallin and two "conserved hypothetical" proteins) upon entry into dormancy. Here, we replaced the coding sequence of the response regulator with a @entity7913 resistance cassette and demonstrated that the loss-of-function mutant died after @entity26 starvation-induced termination of growth. Thus, the disruption of this dormancy-induced transcription factor resulted in loss of the ability of BCG to adapt to survival of @entity519 . Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of protein extracts from the gene-disrupted strain showed that the genetic loss of the response regulator caused loss of the induction of the other three dormancy proteins. Thus, the upregulation of these dormancy proteins requires the response regulator. Based on these two functions, dormancy survival and regulation, we named the Rv3133c gene dosR for dormancy survival regulator. Our results provide conclusive evidence that DosR is a key regulator in the @entity26 starvation-induced mycobacterial dormancy response.

title: @entity2497 BCG response regulator essential for XXXX dormancy.

entities_list: @entity7913 :: ('MESH:D007612', 'Chemical') :: ['kanamycin']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity2497 :: ('1765', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium bovis']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic']


abstract: Obligately aerobic tubercle bacilli are capable of adapting to survive @entity519 by developing into a nonreplicating or dormant form. Dormant bacilli maintain viability for extended periods. Furthermore, they are resistant to antimycobacterials, and hence, dormancy might play a role in the persistence of @entity378 infection despite prolonged chemotherapy. Previously, we have grown dormant @entity2497 BCG in an @entity26 -limited Wayne culture system and subjected the bacilli to proteome analysis. This work revealed the upregulation of the response regulator Rv3133c and three other polypeptides (alpha-crystallin and two "conserved hypothetical" proteins) upon entry into dormancy. Here, we replaced the coding sequence of the response regulator with a @entity7913 resistance cassette and demonstrated that the loss-of-function mutant died after @entity26 starvation-induced termination of growth. Thus, the disruption of this dormancy-induced transcription factor resulted in loss of the ability of BCG to adapt to survival of @entity519 . Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of protein extracts from the gene-disrupted strain showed that the genetic loss of the response regulator caused loss of the induction of the other three dormancy proteins. Thus, the upregulation of these dormancy proteins requires the response regulator. Based on these two functions, dormancy survival and regulation, we named the Rv3133c gene dosR for dormancy survival regulator. Our results provide conclusive evidence that DosR is a key regulator in the @entity26 starvation-induced mycobacterial dormancy response.

title: XXXX BCG response regulator essential for @entity519 dormancy.

answer: @entity2497 :: (1765,Species) :: ['Mycobacterium bovis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1904 (PCT) is a recently described inflammatory marker that has been shown to increase significantly in @entity1 with severe systemic @entity2348 . Reports on the diagnostic and predictive value of @entity364 are limited. METHODS: In order to evaluate the role of PCT in systemic @entity3217 , 14 @entity1 (mean age 40 years) with proven or probable @entity364 were investigated. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5, and 10 after the onset of signs and symptoms of @entity364 (clinical and/or laboratory diagnosis and/or radiographic evidence). PCT measurements were performed using an immunoluminometric assay. RESULTS: In five @entity1 with severe @entity364 and an unfavorable course ( @entity1 group 2), PCT levels were moderately elevated on day 3 (0.5-1.0 ng/ml), whereas they were normal in the @entity1 who recovered ( @entity1 group 1). High PCT levels (>/=1.11 ng/ml) were detected on the 10th day of the course of the illness in @entity1 group 2. A normal or moderate elevation of PCT on day 10 was observed in @entity1 group 1. The difference in mean PCT levels in @entity1 groups 1 and 2 on days 3 and 10 were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: PCT levels seem to correlate with the severity and outcome of @entity364 . If this finding can be confirmed in a larger number of @entity1 , it could serve as a prognostic indicator.

title: Could @entity1904 be a predictive biological marker in XXXX ?. Study of 14 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['Procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections or sepsis']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['systemic fungal infection', 'systemic fungal infections', 'PCT in systemic fungal infections', 'fungal infection']

answer: @entity364 :: (MESH:D009181,Disease) :: ['systemic fungal infections']