abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity11252 ( @entity11252 ) is a type of @entity9 where @entity1746 symptoms persist despite structurally corrective spinal surgery. This implies more @entity16 rather than simply dysfunction whereby correcting the inciting structural derangement does not provide for clinical resolution. What remains unclear is how to predict which @entity1 are likely to derive benefit from surgical intervention, and whether specific @entity158 characteristics are associated with different likelihoods of good outcome. METHODS: This study analyzed a prospective data set of @entity1 managed surgically for painful @entity614 secondary to lumbar @entity179 by the senior author at Toronto Western Hospital neurosurgery over the past 24 months. Clinical parameters include general demographics, preoperative and postoperative clinical examination, surgical details, general self-reported @entity158 and disability scores, and @entity9 scores. The screening tests used in this study were Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), correlation tested by the Spearman coefficient. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to define predictors of persistent postoperative symptomatology. RESULTS: Among 250 @entity1 treated for @entity614 , 12% exhibited @entity11252 with modest relief of leg @entity158 compared with the cohort of @entity1 in whom substantial improvement was seen. The postoperative condition was associated with abnormal preoperative screens for @entity9 , but not sex, smoking status, or preoperative @entity158 severity. Good correlation was seen between the 2 screening tests used in this study for both absolute ordinal score and thresholding as @entity9 (Spearman, P < .001). CONCLUSION: While @entity11252 was more common among younger and female @entity1 , this occurred with low overall frequency. Higher @entity9 screening scores correlated strongly with the likelihood and severity of significant postoperative leg @entity158 . Further work is required to develop more accurate prognostication tools for @entity1 undergoing structural spinal surgery for @entity614 .

title: 184   Use of @entity9 Questionnaires in Predicting the Development of XXXX Following Lumbar Discectomy for @entity614 .

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['substantial nerve damage']

entities_list: @entity1746 :: ('MESH:D020335', 'Disease') :: ['extremity']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative spondylosis']

entities_list: @entity11252 :: ('MESH:D055111', 'Disease') :: ['FBSS', 'Failed back surgery syndrome']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar radiculopathy', 'radiculopathy']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity11252 :: (MESH:D055111,Disease) :: ['Failed Back Surgery Syndrome']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity11252 ( @entity11252 ) is a type of @entity9 where @entity1746 symptoms persist despite structurally corrective spinal surgery. This implies more @entity16 rather than simply dysfunction whereby correcting the inciting structural derangement does not provide for clinical resolution. What remains unclear is how to predict which @entity1 are likely to derive benefit from surgical intervention, and whether specific @entity158 characteristics are associated with different likelihoods of good outcome. METHODS: This study analyzed a prospective data set of @entity1 managed surgically for painful @entity614 secondary to lumbar @entity179 by the senior author at Toronto Western Hospital neurosurgery over the past 24 months. Clinical parameters include general demographics, preoperative and postoperative clinical examination, surgical details, general self-reported @entity158 and disability scores, and @entity9 scores. The screening tests used in this study were Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), correlation tested by the Spearman coefficient. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to define predictors of persistent postoperative symptomatology. RESULTS: Among 250 @entity1 treated for @entity614 , 12% exhibited @entity11252 with modest relief of leg @entity158 compared with the cohort of @entity1 in whom substantial improvement was seen. The postoperative condition was associated with abnormal preoperative screens for @entity9 , but not sex, smoking status, or preoperative @entity158 severity. Good correlation was seen between the 2 screening tests used in this study for both absolute ordinal score and thresholding as @entity9 (Spearman, P < .001). CONCLUSION: While @entity11252 was more common among younger and female @entity1 , this occurred with low overall frequency. Higher @entity9 screening scores correlated strongly with the likelihood and severity of significant postoperative leg @entity158 . Further work is required to develop more accurate prognostication tools for @entity1 undergoing structural spinal surgery for @entity614 .

title: 184   Use of @entity9 Questionnaires in Predicting the Development of @entity11252 Following Lumbar Discectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity614 :: (MESH:D011843,Disease) :: ['Radiculopathy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity11252 ( @entity11252 ) is a type of @entity9 where @entity1746 symptoms persist despite structurally corrective spinal surgery. This implies more @entity16 rather than simply dysfunction whereby correcting the inciting structural derangement does not provide for clinical resolution. What remains unclear is how to predict which @entity1 are likely to derive benefit from surgical intervention, and whether specific @entity158 characteristics are associated with different likelihoods of good outcome. METHODS: This study analyzed a prospective data set of @entity1 managed surgically for painful @entity614 secondary to lumbar @entity179 by the senior author at Toronto Western Hospital neurosurgery over the past 24 months. Clinical parameters include general demographics, preoperative and postoperative clinical examination, surgical details, general self-reported @entity158 and disability scores, and @entity9 scores. The screening tests used in this study were Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) and Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS), correlation tested by the Spearman coefficient. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to define predictors of persistent postoperative symptomatology. RESULTS: Among 250 @entity1 treated for @entity614 , 12% exhibited @entity11252 with modest relief of leg @entity158 compared with the cohort of @entity1 in whom substantial improvement was seen. The postoperative condition was associated with abnormal preoperative screens for @entity9 , but not sex, smoking status, or preoperative @entity158 severity. Good correlation was seen between the 2 screening tests used in this study for both absolute ordinal score and thresholding as @entity9 (Spearman, P < .001). CONCLUSION: While @entity11252 was more common among younger and female @entity1 , this occurred with low overall frequency. Higher @entity9 screening scores correlated strongly with the likelihood and severity of significant postoperative leg @entity158 . Further work is required to develop more accurate prognostication tools for @entity1 undergoing structural spinal surgery for @entity614 .

title: 184   Use of XXXX Questionnaires in Predicting the Development of @entity11252 Following Lumbar Discectomy for @entity614 .

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['Neuropathic Pain']


abstract: CONTEXT: Use of a handrim wheelchair could force the wrist into extreme excursions and encroachment of the median nerve. OBJECTIVE: We performed a study of the prevalence of @entity923 in prolonged wheelchair users. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted for one year in an outpatient clinic of @entity1566 . @entity1 : @entity1 had @entity130 at the first thoracic level and below, with time since injury of at least 5 years. OUTCOME MEASURE: The prevalence of @entity923 by history taking, clinical examinations and motor and sensory nerve conduction studies of median nerve performed for both hands. RESULTS: @entity1 (N   =   297) were all male. Mean (SD) age and duration since injury were 48 (8.5) and 23 (6.6) years, respectively. A significant difference in median duration of injury based on the severity of the syndrome (P   <   0.001), and a significant trend in time since injury for the severity (P (one tailed)   <   0.001) were seen. There was a significant difference in the median age among the groups (P   =   0.009), and the median increased with the severity (P (one tailed)   =   0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity923 is a common side effect of the long time use of wheelchair, and its severity is associated with duration of wheelchair use and age. Alternative methods for wheelchair propulsion should be developed to diminish the likelihood of the syndrome.

title: The prevalence of XXXX among long-term manual wheelchair users with @entity1566 : A cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome', 'Carpal tunnel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic injury']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

answer: @entity923 :: (MESH:D002349,Disease) :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']


abstract: CONTEXT: Use of a handrim wheelchair could force the wrist into extreme excursions and encroachment of the median nerve. OBJECTIVE: We performed a study of the prevalence of @entity923 in prolonged wheelchair users. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted for one year in an outpatient clinic of @entity1566 . @entity1 : @entity1 had @entity130 at the first thoracic level and below, with time since injury of at least 5 years. OUTCOME MEASURE: The prevalence of @entity923 by history taking, clinical examinations and motor and sensory nerve conduction studies of median nerve performed for both hands. RESULTS: @entity1 (N   =   297) were all male. Mean (SD) age and duration since injury were 48 (8.5) and 23 (6.6) years, respectively. A significant difference in median duration of injury based on the severity of the syndrome (P   <   0.001), and a significant trend in time since injury for the severity (P (one tailed)   <   0.001) were seen. There was a significant difference in the median age among the groups (P   =   0.009), and the median increased with the severity (P (one tailed)   =   0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity923 is a common side effect of the long time use of wheelchair, and its severity is associated with duration of wheelchair use and age. Alternative methods for wheelchair propulsion should be developed to diminish the likelihood of the syndrome.

title: The prevalence of @entity923 among long-term manual wheelchair users with XXXX : A cross-sectional study.

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: There is a high incidence of @entity393 in @entity1 with cochlear implants (CCI). However, the relationship between @entity393 and various outcomes is unknown in @entity1 . The objectives of this study are to (1) determine whether age-related changes in peripheral vestibular tests occur; (2) quantify peripheral vestibular function in @entity1 with normal hearing and CCI; and (3) determine whether amount of @entity393 predicts visual acuity and balance performance. DESIGN: Eleven CCI and 12 @entity1 with normal hearing completed the following tests of vestibular function: ocular and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential to assess utricle and saccule function and the video head impulse test to assess semicircular canal function. The relationship between amount of @entity393 and the following balance and visual acuity outcomes was assessed: dynamic gait index, single-leg stance, the sensory organization test, and tests of visual acuity, including dynamic visual acuity and the gaze stabilization test. RESULTS: (1) There were no significant age-related changes in peripheral vestibular testing with the exception of the n23 cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential latency, which was moderately correlated with age. (2) CCI had significantly higher rates of @entity393 for each test of canal and otolith function. (3) Amount of @entity393 predicted performance on single-leg stance, the dynamic gait index, some conditions of the sensory organization test, and the dynamic visual acuity test. Age was also a contributing factor for predicting the performance of almost all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminarily, @entity1 with @entity393 do not recover naturally to levels of their healthy peers, particularly with activities that utilize vestibular input; they have poorer visual acuity and balance function.

title: Vestibular, Visual Acuity, and Balance Outcomes in XXXX With Cochlear Implants: A Preliminary Report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular loss']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to develop and initially validate an objective, yet quick, method for assessment of @entity1 @entity1295 . This aim can be achieved by the use of an optical, non-contact method of analysis of pupil activity. The study involved 2 phenomena typical for the behavior of the @entity1 pupil: pupillary reflex and @entity717 . The 1st phenomenon is related to the pupillary light reflex (PLR), which presents the results of physiological adaptation mechanisms of the @entity1 eye. The pupillary unrest index (PUI) is an additional parameter referring to the tendency for instability of the pupil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Indicators of these 2 mechanisms were assessed under the same experimental laboratory conditions. Assessment was conducted on a group of volunteers (N = 10) during 4 controlled series of measurements performed at night. Pupillary reflex parameters associated with PLR and pupillary unrest index (PUI) were recorded using F  D Fit-For-Duty, a commercially available system made by AMTech Pupilknowlogy GmbH. Baseline pupil diameter, oscillations, reflex latency, maximum reaction time, pupil constriction time, pupil dilation time, and constriction amplitude were recorded. RESULTS: As a result of the study, we were able to demonstrate correlation and confirm the usefulness of PLR and @entity4913 methods in the assessment of @entity1949 . Parameters of PLR that may indicate @entity1 @entity1295 were identified. The effect of light impulse sequences on the dynamics of pupillary reflex and the relationship between PUI (pupillary unrest index) measurement duration and @entity25 assessment validity, were assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the pilot studies were sufficient to develop minimum requirements for a PLR sensor that would be capable of estimating the level of @entity1295 with accuracy of a PUI method, but at a 5 times faster rate.

title: Estimation of operators' XXXX using optical methods for determination of pupil activity.

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['sleep deprivation']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['pupillary movements']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleepiness']

answer: @entity1295 :: (MESH:D005221,Disease) :: ['fatigue']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Pentraxins are a family of evolutionary conserved proteins that contains two main members, namely c-reactive proteins (CRPs) and serum amyloid P (SAP), which are involved in acute phase responses in animals. In this study, a cDNA sequence of a CRP-like molecule was identified from a previously constructed @entity61494 cDNA database (RfCRP) and subsequently characterized at its molecular level. The complete coding region of RfCRP is 672  bp in length, and encodes a protein containing 224 @entity1522 with a predicted molecular mass of 25.19  kDa. Analysis of its derived @entity3689 sequence enabled typical features of pentraxin family members to be identified, including the pentraxin family signature in RfCRP. Results from multiple sequence alignment suggest the conservation of functionally important residues in RfCRP. According to the phylogenetic reconstruction that was generated using different pentraxin counterparts from different taxa, RfCRP shares a common vertebrate ancestral origin and most closely clusters with marine teleostan CRP. Furthermore, recombinant RfCRP demonstrated @entity141 -dependent agglutination activity against @entity526 , which could be completely inhibited in the presence of @entity1735 based ligands. Moreover, recombinant RfCRP also exhibited anti-bacterial activity against both @entity526 and Streptococcus iniae. In addition, qPCR analysis indicated that RfCRP is ubiquitously expressed in physiologically important tissues, with pronounced expression in the spleen. After healthy fish were treated with polysaccharides or live S.  iniae, basal expression of RfCRP was significantly upregulated in spleen and head kidney tissues. Collectively, our results suggest that RfCRP may be important in host anti-bacterial defense, and it might potentially participate in the acute phase of infection.

title: Identification of a C-reactive protein like homologue from XXXX ( @entity61494 ) evidencing its potent anti-microbial properties at molecular level.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E.  coli']

answer: @entity61494 :: (214486,Species) :: ['black rockfish']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Pentraxins are a family of evolutionary conserved proteins that contains two main members, namely c-reactive proteins (CRPs) and serum amyloid P (SAP), which are involved in acute phase responses in animals. In this study, a cDNA sequence of a CRP-like molecule was identified from a previously constructed @entity61494 cDNA database (RfCRP) and subsequently characterized at its molecular level. The complete coding region of RfCRP is 672  bp in length, and encodes a protein containing 224 @entity1522 with a predicted molecular mass of 25.19  kDa. Analysis of its derived @entity3689 sequence enabled typical features of pentraxin family members to be identified, including the pentraxin family signature in RfCRP. Results from multiple sequence alignment suggest the conservation of functionally important residues in RfCRP. According to the phylogenetic reconstruction that was generated using different pentraxin counterparts from different taxa, RfCRP shares a common vertebrate ancestral origin and most closely clusters with marine teleostan CRP. Furthermore, recombinant RfCRP demonstrated @entity141 -dependent agglutination activity against @entity526 , which could be completely inhibited in the presence of @entity1735 based ligands. Moreover, recombinant RfCRP also exhibited anti-bacterial activity against both @entity526 and Streptococcus iniae. In addition, qPCR analysis indicated that RfCRP is ubiquitously expressed in physiologically important tissues, with pronounced expression in the spleen. After healthy fish were treated with polysaccharides or live S.  iniae, basal expression of RfCRP was significantly upregulated in spleen and head kidney tissues. Collectively, our results suggest that RfCRP may be important in host anti-bacterial defense, and it might potentially participate in the acute phase of infection.

title: Identification of a C-reactive protein like homologue from @entity61494 ( XXXX ) evidencing its potent anti-microbial properties at molecular level.

answer: @entity61494 :: (214486,Species) :: ['Sebastes schlegelii']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Increasing evidence has shown that @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) is a risk factor for @entity195 . @entity3072 , which consist of hyperphosphorylated tau and misfolded microtubules, is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of @entity195 . Db/db @entity19 , a rodent model of @entity2175 , also exhibited age-dependent @entity3072 . @entity20647 ( @entity20647 ) mimetics, a type of drug used in @entity2175 , has been found to have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of liraglutide (a @entity20647 analog), or insulin, on tau phosphorylation in @entity2175 animals. Male db/db @entity19 (3-3.5  weeks) were daily injected subcutaneously with liraglutide (n  =  27), insulin (n  =  27), or saline (n  =  26), and five to seven @entity19 were killed every 2  weeks for analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal (CSF) insulin levels by ELISA, and protein levels in the hippocampal formation by western blot. We found that db/db @entity19 treated with saline exhibited an age-dependent decrease in CSF insulin and an increase in hippocampal tau phosphorylation. @entity32267 injection reversed the CSF insulin to ~1  mIU/L by the end of 8  weeks treatment, and prevented the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the hippocampal formation. By contrast, insulin injection had no effects on CSF insulin or phosphorylation of tau protein. In summary, this study indicates that early @entity20647 analog intervention prevented the age-dependent @entity3072 in @entity2175 @entity19 brain, probably by facilitating sequential activation in an insulin signaling pathway reflected in increased basal activation of Akt and basal suppression of @entity6913 . We found that liraglutide, a @entity20647 ( @entity20647 ) analog, prevented the age-dependent @entity3072 in @entity6 db/db @entity19 . We proposed that liraglutide crosses the blood-brain barrier, and binds @entity20647 receptors from which G beta gamma dissociates intracellularly to activate @entity3115 , resulting in activation of Akt, which suppress @entity6913 ( @entity6913 ), and thereby prevents it from phosphorylating tau. IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; @entity3238 : @entity3238 ; @entity3115 : @entity4357 3-kinase.

title: Early intervention with glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide prevents XXXX in @entity6 db/db @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['type 2 diabetes', 'T2D']

entities_list: @entity6913 :: ('56637(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['GSK-3b', 'glycogen synthase kinase-3b', 'glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity20647 :: ('14526(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['glucagon-like peptide-1', 'GLP-1', 'Glucagon-like peptide-1']

entities_list: @entity3072 :: ('MESH:C536599', 'Disease') :: ['tau hyperphosphorylation', 'Alzheimer-like tau hyperphosphorylation', 'Neurofibrillary tangles']

entities_list: @entity32267 :: ('MESH:C439759', 'Chemical') :: ['Liraglutide']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity3238 :: ('384783(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['insulin receptor substrate 2', 'IRS-2']

answer: @entity3072 :: (MESH:C536599,Disease) :: ['tau hyperphosphorylation']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Increasing evidence has shown that @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) is a risk factor for @entity195 . @entity3072 , which consist of hyperphosphorylated tau and misfolded microtubules, is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of @entity195 . Db/db @entity19 , a rodent model of @entity2175 , also exhibited age-dependent @entity3072 . @entity20647 ( @entity20647 ) mimetics, a type of drug used in @entity2175 , has been found to have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of liraglutide (a @entity20647 analog), or insulin, on tau phosphorylation in @entity2175 animals. Male db/db @entity19 (3-3.5  weeks) were daily injected subcutaneously with liraglutide (n  =  27), insulin (n  =  27), or saline (n  =  26), and five to seven @entity19 were killed every 2  weeks for analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal (CSF) insulin levels by ELISA, and protein levels in the hippocampal formation by western blot. We found that db/db @entity19 treated with saline exhibited an age-dependent decrease in CSF insulin and an increase in hippocampal tau phosphorylation. @entity32267 injection reversed the CSF insulin to ~1  mIU/L by the end of 8  weeks treatment, and prevented the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the hippocampal formation. By contrast, insulin injection had no effects on CSF insulin or phosphorylation of tau protein. In summary, this study indicates that early @entity20647 analog intervention prevented the age-dependent @entity3072 in @entity2175 @entity19 brain, probably by facilitating sequential activation in an insulin signaling pathway reflected in increased basal activation of Akt and basal suppression of @entity6913 . We found that liraglutide, a @entity20647 ( @entity20647 ) analog, prevented the age-dependent @entity3072 in @entity6 db/db @entity19 . We proposed that liraglutide crosses the blood-brain barrier, and binds @entity20647 receptors from which G beta gamma dissociates intracellularly to activate @entity3115 , resulting in activation of Akt, which suppress @entity6913 ( @entity6913 ), and thereby prevents it from phosphorylating tau. IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; @entity3238 : @entity3238 ; @entity3115 : @entity4357 3-kinase.

title: Early intervention with glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide prevents @entity3072 in XXXX db/db @entity19 .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Increasing evidence has shown that @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) is a risk factor for @entity195 . @entity3072 , which consist of hyperphosphorylated tau and misfolded microtubules, is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of @entity195 . Db/db @entity19 , a rodent model of @entity2175 , also exhibited age-dependent @entity3072 . @entity20647 ( @entity20647 ) mimetics, a type of drug used in @entity2175 , has been found to have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of liraglutide (a @entity20647 analog), or insulin, on tau phosphorylation in @entity2175 animals. Male db/db @entity19 (3-3.5  weeks) were daily injected subcutaneously with liraglutide (n  =  27), insulin (n  =  27), or saline (n  =  26), and five to seven @entity19 were killed every 2  weeks for analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal (CSF) insulin levels by ELISA, and protein levels in the hippocampal formation by western blot. We found that db/db @entity19 treated with saline exhibited an age-dependent decrease in CSF insulin and an increase in hippocampal tau phosphorylation. @entity32267 injection reversed the CSF insulin to ~1  mIU/L by the end of 8  weeks treatment, and prevented the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the hippocampal formation. By contrast, insulin injection had no effects on CSF insulin or phosphorylation of tau protein. In summary, this study indicates that early @entity20647 analog intervention prevented the age-dependent @entity3072 in @entity2175 @entity19 brain, probably by facilitating sequential activation in an insulin signaling pathway reflected in increased basal activation of Akt and basal suppression of @entity6913 . We found that liraglutide, a @entity20647 ( @entity20647 ) analog, prevented the age-dependent @entity3072 in @entity6 db/db @entity19 . We proposed that liraglutide crosses the blood-brain barrier, and binds @entity20647 receptors from which G beta gamma dissociates intracellularly to activate @entity3115 , resulting in activation of Akt, which suppress @entity6913 ( @entity6913 ), and thereby prevents it from phosphorylating tau. IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate 1; @entity3238 : @entity3238 ; @entity3115 : @entity4357 3-kinase.

title: Early intervention with glucagon-like peptide 1 analog liraglutide prevents @entity3072 in @entity6 db/db XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Lymph node status is one of the most important predictors of survival in @entity1124 . Surgically resected @entity788 is often locally invasive and may invade directly into peripancreatic lymph nodes. The significance of direct invasion into lymph nodes in the absence of true lymphatic metastases is unclear. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare clinical outcome in @entity1 with @entity1124 with direct invasion into peripancreatic lymph nodes with @entity1 with node-negative @entity420 and @entity1 with true lymphatic lymph node @entity3 . A total of 380 @entity1 with invasive @entity1124 classified as @entity1803 , were evaluated: @entity420 with true lymphatic @entity3 to regional lymph nodes (248 cases), @entity420 without lymph node involvement (97 cases), and @entity420 with regional lymph nodes involved only by direct invasion from the main @entity5 mass (35 cases). Isolated lymph node involvement by direct invasion occurred in 35 of 380 (9%) @entity1 . Overall survival for @entity1 with direct invasion of lymph nodes (median survival, 21 mo; 5-year overall survival, 36%) was not statistically different from @entity1 with node-negative @entity420 (median survival, 30 mo; 5-year overall survival, 31%) (P=0.609). @entity1 with node-negative @entity420 had an improved survival compared with @entity1 with lymph node involvement by true lymphatic @entity3 (median survival, 15 mo; 5-year overall survival, 8%) (P<0.001) regardless of the number of lymph nodes involved by @entity420 . There was a trend toward decreased overall survival for @entity1 with 1 or 2 lymph nodes involved by true lymphatic @entity3 compared with @entity1 with direct invasion of @entity5 into lymph nodes (P=0.056). However, this did not reach statistical significance. Our results indicate that @entity1 with isolated direct lymph node invasion have a comparable overall survival with @entity1 with node-negative @entity420 as opposed to true lymphatic lymph node @entity3 .

title: Pattern of lymph node involvement and prognosis in XXXX : direct lymph node invasion has similar survival to node-negative disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'ductal adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Virchow Robin spaces (VRSs) are perivascular spaces that act as drainage pathways for interstitial fluid. Dilatation of VRSs is visible on magnetic resonance images in asymptomatic individuals. However, giant dilatation of VRSs (dVRSs) is very rare. Such giant dVRSs may produce a pressure effect on surrounding structures and can be confused with more sinister conditions such as @entity5 . CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 30-year-old @entity1 who presented with complaints of @entity10 , poor attention and concentration, forgetfulness, @entity2011 , urinary incontinence for past 3 years and @entity2147 for 3 months. He was found to have a @entity75 in the midbrain with extension into the third ventricle, causing @entity1276 due to @entity8468 . Although at first look, the radiologic features suggested a @entity5 , a careful magnetic resonance imaging evaluation helped to establish the correct diagnosis of dVRS. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy resolved his symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Dilatation of VRS may produce @entity75 that can easily be confused with other pathologic condition that have a completely different prognosis and management. Knowledge about the existence of such an entity and their radiologic features is important to prevent such misdiagnosis and mismanagement in the form of biopsy/excision, which can have devastating consequences.

title: Giant Mesencephalic Dilated Virchow Robin Spaces Causing Obstructive XXXX Treated by Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy.

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cystic neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['multicystic giant lesions', 'multicystic lesion']

entities_list: @entity8468 :: ('OMIM:600791', 'Disease') :: ['aqueductal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity2147 :: ('MESH:D006970', 'Disease') :: ['hypersomnia']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['Hydrocephalus']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of posterior mediastinal @entity6010 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 14 pathologically confirmed @entity6010 seen in 13 @entity1 , 13 were evaluated by CT images with and without contrast, 11 were evaluated with conventional spin-echo MR images, and 5 were evaluated with contrast-enhanced MR examination. The morphologic features, attenuation, signal intensity, and dynamic enhancement pattern of the @entity5 were evaluated. RESULTS: All lesions were identified as a well-demarcated oval and/or lobular mass. CT attenuation was predominantly low. Calcification on CT scan was seen in 38% of the cases. Whorled appearance (42%) and tailed-shaped edge (14%) were seen on both CT and MR images. Fat components (29%) observed histologically were also detected in @entity5 on CT and MR images. MR signal intensity in the lesions was mainly low on T1-weighted images and high on T2-weighted images. Contrast enhancement of the @entity5 was poor in 46% on dynamic CT study. In all 5 contrast-enhanced MR examinations, all lesions were enhanced. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristic findings of posterior mediastinal @entity6010 are a craniocaudally oblong-shaped mass, @entity730 , whorled appearance, tail-like extension, and fat component. Poor enhancement on dynamic CT studies is commonly observed.

title: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6010 :: ('MESH:D005729', 'Disease') :: ['ganglioneuromas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'tumors']

answer: @entity6010 :: (MESH:D005729,Disease) :: ['posterior mediastinal ganglioneuroma']


abstract: Two @entity526 control regions have been compared in their ability to be unwound by RNA polymerase during formation of the transcriptionally active ("open") complex: the wild-type control region, consisting of two overlapping binding sites @entity8832 , both weakly transcribed, and an "up" P1 mutant, the strong lac L8UV5 promoter. The final complexes were characterized by their topological unwinding, by DNase I and @entity56639 footprints, as well as by methylation of unpaired @entity5538 residues. At the wild-type control region, the RNA polymerase footprint is weak, and single-strand formation is incomplete and slow. The same signals are strong, complete and quickly established at lac L8UV5; yet the final complexes were found to be equally unwound (by 1.7 turns) in the absence of @entity377 substrates as well as during an abortive initiation cycle. At the lac wild-type region, open complex formation occurs slowly enough to permit the measurement of the extent of a single-stranded region and of topological unwinding during the latency period. Not all the final species are active and unwinding appears to precede, in time, full open-complex formation. At the lac UV5 promoter the same conclusion was reached by a different method involving those changes in the various parameters that characterize open-complex formation monitored by an abortive initiation assay, conducted at increasing levels of template superhelicity. From both approaches we conclude that, at these promoters, the formation of the single-stranded region occurs at the expense of a negative change in linking number, initially stored in a closed intermediate, perhaps as negative writhing. Furthermore, abortive transcription assays indicate that the specific initiation efficiency of the species stored at both promoters, @entity8832 , on the wild-type template is increased as a whole with increasing superhelicity (conversion of inactive species to active ones, increased efficiency of active ones). We conclude that negative supercoiling is not an extra-regulatory element of the @entity1132 system, allowing modulation of expression of the wild-type promoter to the profit of P1. Instead, @entity8832 , in the absence of active catabolite receptor protein (CRP- @entity268 ), appear to be equally weak and to be equally affected by negative supercoiling in the range of superhelical densities examined. The physiological importance of the P1-P2 competition in the regulation of expression in this region is thus questioned. The major effect of CRP- @entity268 stimulation appears to be the direct activation at the P1 promoter.

title: Topological unwinding of strong and weak promoters by RNA polymerase. A comparison between the lac wild-type and the UV5 sites of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity5538 :: ('MESH:D003596', 'Chemical') :: ['cytosine']

entities_list: @entity56639 :: ('MESH:C001635', 'Chemical') :: ['orthophenanthroline']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To better define prelemniscal radiations (Raprl) as a target for the control of @entity400 and @entity2003 in @entity191 ( @entity191 ). METHODS: A total of 36 deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes were stereotactically implanted in Raprl contralateral to the extremities to be treated. Effects on symptoms were evaluated using UPDRS-III before and after DBS, and significance was determined using the Wilcoxon test. The location of DBS contacts in cases with optimum versus suboptimum results was evaluated using Student's t test and percentage improvement correlated through a bivariable Pearson test. The power and percentage of spike components for microelectrode recordings were statistically compared between the target point and structures located above and below. RESULTS: Raprl-DBS improved @entity400 and @entity2003 (p < 0.01). The potency of microelectrode recordings indicated that the target was formed by fibers. There was no correlation between demographic characteristics and clinical outcome, and there were no significant differences in stereotactic placement between cases with optimum and suboptimum results. @entity400 and @entity2003 were selectively improved in cases with suboptimum results. CONCLUSION: Raprl-DBS is an effective treatment for the motor symptoms of @entity191 . Selective improvement of symptoms suggests that the target has different fiber components related to either @entity400 or @entity2003 , and variations in improvement between cases may derive from individual variations of the location of these fibers.    2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

title: Optimizing Prelemniscal Radiations as a Target for Motor Symptoms in XXXX Treatment.

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['Tremor', 'tremor']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Patients with @entity1701 ( @entity1701 ) display a heterogeneous population of antibodies with @entity9500 ) as the major antigen. OBJECTIVES: We isolated and characterized @entity1 mAbs directed against @entity9500 from the immune repertoire of @entity1701 @entity1 . METHODS: Variable heavy chain repertoires from B cells from two @entity1701 patients with anti-b(2) @entity15327 antibodies were cloned into the pHEN1-VLrep vector. Constructed full-length IgG antibodies were tested for @entity4555 ( @entity4555 ) activity and binding to @entity9500 and its domains. RESULTS: Two clones of each @entity1 were selected on the basis of the reactivity of single chain Fv ( @entity10390 ) fragments displayed on phages towards full-length @entity9500 and its isolated domain I. The affinity of selected antibodies for @entity9500 was lost when transforming from phages to monovalent scFvs, and was regained when antibodies were constructed as complete IgG, indicating a role for bivalency in binding to @entity9500 . Both selected clones from @entity1 2 recognized domain I of @entity9500 , and for both clones selected from @entity1 1, binding required the presence of both domain I and domain II. All mAbs displayed @entity4555 activity in both activated partial thromboplastin time-based and dilute @entity9115 venom test-based clotting assays and in thrombin generation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we show successful cloning of @entity1 -derived mAbs that require domain I of @entity9500 for binding, and that display @entity4555 activity that is dependent on their affinity for @entity9500 . These antibodies can help us to gain more insights into the pathogenesis of @entity1701 , and may facilitate standardization of @entity1701 diagnosis.

title: Patient-derived monoclonal antibodies directed towards beta2 glycoprotein-1 display XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9115 :: ('8707', 'Species') :: ["Russell's viper"]

entities_list: @entity1701 :: ('MESH:D016736', 'Disease') :: ['APS', 'antiphospholipid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4555 :: ('MESH:C531622', 'Disease') :: ['lupus anticoagulant', 'LAC']

answer: @entity4555 :: (MESH:C531622,Disease) :: ['lupus anticoagulant activity']


abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous @entity859 therapy for prehospital treatment of @entity591 with a presumptive field diagnosis of @entity4710 ( @entity4710 ) by paramedics without direct physician control. A ten-month prospective case series was designed in an urban EMS system that has paramedics operating under standing orders before physician radio contact. All @entity1 with @entity4710 field diagnosis were included. Diagnosis of @entity4710 was made by regular, @entity591 with a heart rate greater than 160 beats/min by field ECG. Interpretation was performed solely by paramedics; ECG transmission was not available. In hemodynamically stable @entity1 , vagal maneuvers were followed by intravenous placement and administration of @entity859 was recommended by the manufacturer. If three @entity859 boluses failed to convert the @entity943 , @entity1 were monitored and transported, with electrical cardioversion available. Data collection included demographic, history, medications, vital signs, and EGG tracings. Of 14 included @entity1 , 31 were correctly diagnosed with @entity4710 (75.6%), with mean ventricular rate of 205 beats/min (SD 7 beats/min); one had @entity7129 ; nine had @entity955 ( @entity955 ) (22%). Of the 31 cases correctly diagnosed as @entity4710 , 28 converted to sinus rhythm after @entity859 (90.3%). Of those converted, 16 required a single dose (57.1%), nine required one additional dose (32.1%), and three required two additional doses (10.8%). None reverted to @entity4710 after @entity859 conversion during the study period (conversion to arrival at emergency department). No significant difference in length of @entity1167 pause or in outcome was detected between the true @entity4710 cases and the @entity955 cases receiving @entity859 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Intravenous @entity859 as first-line prehospital management of XXXX by EMS personnel without direct physician control.

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['narrow-complex tachycardias', 'narrow-complex tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['asystolic']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['PSVT', 'paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity7129 :: ('MESH:D013616', 'Disease') :: ['sinus tachycardia']

answer: @entity591 :: (MESH:D013610,Disease) :: ['narrow-complex tachycardias']


abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous @entity859 therapy for prehospital treatment of @entity591 with a presumptive field diagnosis of @entity4710 ( @entity4710 ) by paramedics without direct physician control. A ten-month prospective case series was designed in an urban EMS system that has paramedics operating under standing orders before physician radio contact. All @entity1 with @entity4710 field diagnosis were included. Diagnosis of @entity4710 was made by regular, @entity591 with a heart rate greater than 160 beats/min by field ECG. Interpretation was performed solely by paramedics; ECG transmission was not available. In hemodynamically stable @entity1 , vagal maneuvers were followed by intravenous placement and administration of @entity859 was recommended by the manufacturer. If three @entity859 boluses failed to convert the @entity943 , @entity1 were monitored and transported, with electrical cardioversion available. Data collection included demographic, history, medications, vital signs, and EGG tracings. Of 14 included @entity1 , 31 were correctly diagnosed with @entity4710 (75.6%), with mean ventricular rate of 205 beats/min (SD 7 beats/min); one had @entity7129 ; nine had @entity955 ( @entity955 ) (22%). Of the 31 cases correctly diagnosed as @entity4710 , 28 converted to sinus rhythm after @entity859 (90.3%). Of those converted, 16 required a single dose (57.1%), nine required one additional dose (32.1%), and three required two additional doses (10.8%). None reverted to @entity4710 after @entity859 conversion during the study period (conversion to arrival at emergency department). No significant difference in length of @entity1167 pause or in outcome was detected between the true @entity4710 cases and the @entity955 cases receiving @entity859 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Intravenous XXXX as first-line prehospital management of @entity591 by EMS personnel without direct physician control.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity859 :: (MESH:D000241,Chemical) :: ['adenosine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Continuous exposure to many chemicals, including through air, water, food, or other media and products results in health impacts which have been well assessed, however little is known about the total disease burden related to chemicals. This is important to know for overall policy actions and priorities. In this article the known burden related to selected chemicals or their mixtures, main data gaps, and the link to public health policy are reviewed. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature for global @entity66 estimates from chemicals was conducted. @entity66 due to chemicals was estimated using standard methodology of the Global Burden of Disease. RESULTS: In total, 4.9 million deaths (8.3% of total) and 86 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) (5.7% of total) were attributable to environmental exposure and management of selected chemicals in 2004. The largest contributors include indoor smoke from solid fuel use, outdoor air pollution and second-hand smoke, with 2.0, 1.2 and 0.6 million deaths annually. These are followed by occupational particulates, chemicals involved in acute @entity4968 , and pesticides involved in self- @entity4968 , with 375,000, 240,000 and 186,000 annual deaths, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The known burden due to chemicals is considerable. This information supports decision-making in programmes having a role to play in reducing @entity1 exposure to toxic chemicals. These figures present only a number of chemicals for which data are available, therefore, they are more likely an underestimate of the actual burden. Chemicals with known health effects, such as @entity11361 , @entity3409 , @entity349 or chronic exposure to pesticides could not be included in this article due to incomplete data and information. Effective public health interventions are known to manage chemicals and limit their public health impacts and should be implemented at national and international levels.

title: Knowns and unknowns on XXXX due to chemicals: a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Global disease', 'burden of disease']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisonings']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['burden of disease']


abstract: Sixty-five @entity11 ( @entity816 grade 3 and 4 and @entity463 ) were examined by means of immunoperoxidase staining on frozen tissue using various monoclonal antibodies directed against macrophages, lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Depending on the antibody used, the presence of macrophages in @entity5 ranged from 85%-100%. Many of the @entity5 contained substantial numbers of macrophages not only, as expected, in @entity39 areas but also in intact @entity5 tissue. Eighty-nine percent of 39 @entity5 tested contained Fc receptor-bearing mononuclear cells in viable @entity5 . In 100% of 44 @entity5 tested for HLADR class 2 major histocompatibility complex antigen this antigen was detected in the macrophages. In 40% of these 44 cases, HLADR antigen was also present on the @entity5 cells. Eighty-eight percent of 53 @entity5 tested contained T cells in viable @entity5 and the majority of these cells were T cytotoxic/suppressor (T8). Twenty-four percent of 33 @entity5 contained no T helper/inducer (T4) lymphocytes and in the other 76% there were few positive cells. Only 9% of 21 @entity5 contained natural killer cells (NK). B cells were absent from 88% of 61 @entity5 and almost all of the remainder contained only a small number of B cells. The findings are discussed with reference to a possible host immune response to @entity11 and relevant literature is reviewed.

title: Immunohistological study of mononuclear cell infiltrate in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas', 'malignant gliomas']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['malignant gliomas']


abstract: Twenty @entity306 ( @entity306 ) @entity1 undergoing chronic cerebellar stimulation (CCS) for reduction of @entity508 and improvement in function have participated in a double-blind study. Seven US centers involving 9 neurosurgeons (1984-6) have replaced the depleted Neurolith 601 fully implantable pulse generator (Pacesetter Systems Incorp.-Neurodyne Corp., Sylmar, CA) with new units in 19 @entity306 @entity1 , 1 @entity1 entered the study following his initial implant. A magnetically controllable switch was placed in line between the Neurolith stimulator and the cerebellar lead, so allowing switching sequences for the study. Physical therapists, living in the vicinity of the @entity1 's home, carried out two quantitative evaluations: 1. Joint angle motion measurements (passive and active). 2. Motor performance testing was done when possible and included: reaction time, hand dynamonetry, grooved peg board placement, hand/foot tapping, and rotary pursuit testing. Testing was done presurgery, at 2 weeks postimplant, then the switch was activated either "on" or "off" to a schedule, with testing and reswitching at 1, 2 and 4 months, then the switch was left turned "on". Of the 20 @entity1 , 16 finished the tests, 2 @entity1 failed to finish and 2 had switch problems and were deleted from the study. Two of the 16 @entity1 were "off" through the entire testing. Of the 14 that had periods of the stimulator being "on", 10 @entity1 (72%) had quantitative improvements of over 20%, (1 pt: 50+% improvements; 4 pts: 30-50%, 5 pts: 20-30%); while 1 @entity1 (7%) had improvements in the 10-20% level, whereas 3 @entity1 (21%) showed no improvement.

title: Cerebellar stimulation for XXXX --double blind study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['spastic cerebral palsy', 'CP']

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['cerebral palsy']


abstract: An outbreak of @entity5827 in the Taipei area occurred from January to August 1993. A total of 114 cases were identified by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination at National Taiwan University Hospital. Most of the cases were found from February to May 1993. The peak of age distribution was 3 to 11 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.1 to 1. Most @entity1 had @entity221 , @entity10 , and @entity391 and @entity390 . On initial CSF examination, protein concentrations > 400 mg/L were noted in 38 of 93 CSF samples, while 19 of 70 initial samples had hypoglycorrhachia (CSF/serum @entity413 ratio < 0.5). CSF white cell counts of the initial lumbar puncture were 0-9 x 10(6) cells/L in 4 @entity1 , 10-99 x 10(6) cells/L in 42 @entity1 , 100-199 x 10(6) cells/L in 27 @entity1 , 200-499 x 10(6) cells/L in 24 @entity1 , 500-999 x 10(6) cells/L in 12 @entity1 and > or = 1,000 x 10(6) cells/L in 5 @entity1 . Polymorphonuclear cells predominated in 73 of 114 cases. Viral cultures from CSF, throat swabs and rectal swabs were done with a majority yielding enteroviruses. Enterovirus as a definite etiology was found in 58 of 114 cases and was the presumptive etiology in 15 of 114 cases. The serotypes of the enteroviruses isolated were mostly echovirus type 30. All @entity1 recovered without obvious sequelae.

title: Outbreak of XXXX in Taipei in spring 1993.

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity5827 :: ('MESH:D008582', 'Disease') :: ['aseptic meningitis']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity5827 :: (MESH:D008582,Disease) :: ['aseptic meningitis']


abstract: @entity5125 has been recognized as an important pathogen in immunocompromised @entity1 , but it has been rarely reported in Taiwan. We reviewed 13 cases of @entity5125 @entity2259 at National Taiwan University Hospital over a 12-year period. All of the @entity1 had underlying diseases. Fever was the most common presenting symptom, and neurologic signs were found in 6 @entity1 . Most of the @entity1 received @entity3397 , @entity869 or @entity3400 with an @entity4028 . @entity288 were used in 9 of 13 @entity1 . The overall mortality directly due to @entity5125 @entity2259 was 31%. However, @entity1 treated with @entity2886 or @entity6101 had higher mortality than those treated with @entity3397 , @entity869 or @entity3400 (p = 0.05). Given the increasing number of immunosuppressed @entity1 in Taiwan, it is likely that more cases will be encountered. Physicians in Taiwan should be aware of @entity5125 @entity2259 and its treatment.

title: Antibiotic therapy for @entity5125 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes', 'L. monocytogenes']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity6101 :: ('MESH:D010068', 'Chemical') :: ['oxacillin']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin G']

entities_list: @entity3400 :: ('MESH:D010878', 'Chemical') :: ['piperacillin']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['Corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2259 :: (MESH:D016470,Disease) :: ['bacteremia']


abstract: @entity5125 has been recognized as an important pathogen in immunocompromised @entity1 , but it has been rarely reported in Taiwan. We reviewed 13 cases of @entity5125 @entity2259 at National Taiwan University Hospital over a 12-year period. All of the @entity1 had underlying diseases. Fever was the most common presenting symptom, and neurologic signs were found in 6 @entity1 . Most of the @entity1 received @entity3397 , @entity869 or @entity3400 with an @entity4028 . @entity288 were used in 9 of 13 @entity1 . The overall mortality directly due to @entity5125 @entity2259 was 31%. However, @entity1 treated with @entity2886 or @entity6101 had higher mortality than those treated with @entity3397 , @entity869 or @entity3400 (p = 0.05). Given the increasing number of immunosuppressed @entity1 in Taiwan, it is likely that more cases will be encountered. Physicians in Taiwan should be aware of @entity5125 @entity2259 and its treatment.

title: Antibiotic therapy for XXXX @entity2259 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5125 :: (1639,Species) :: ['Listeria monocytogenes']


abstract: Thirty-five consecutive cases of @entity420 of the ampulla of Vater seen over the past 36 years were reviewed. The introduction of new diagnostic techniques over the course of this study improved the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis but did not lead to earlier diagnosis. The surgical resectability rate was 88%, and 53% of postoperative survivors were free of disease at 5 years. Of the 14 @entity1 with @entity3 to regional lymph nodes, 27% survived disease-free for 5 years. Surgical mortality was 25% for the entire series but has been reduced to 6.6% over the past decade. Surgical mortality was primarily due to leakage of the pancreaticojejunostomy; the risk of pancreaticojejunostomy leak correlated inversely with the degree of chronic @entity788 in the pancreatic remnant. In 35% of resected cases, a benign adenomatous component was contained within the @entity5 of the ampulla of Vater. Cure rates are good for this lesion. The most important factor in maximizing cure rate is careful attention to the technical details of pancreaticojejunostomy in order to minimize surgical mortality. Benign @entity652 appear to be a frequent precursor of @entity189 of the ampulla of Vater.

title: XXXX of the ampulla of Vater.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Carcinoma']


abstract: To establish the impact of transplantation on the course of chronic @entity409 we performed a prospective study of the clinical and pathological sequelae of @entity1956 in all 22 @entity1 who had renal allografts that functioned for more than 1 year and who were @entity99 B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive following transplantation. No @entity1 converted to HBsAg-negative. During a mean follow-up of 83 months serial liver biopsies were performed in 20 @entity1 and 1 liver biopsy was available in the remaining 2 @entity1 . Eleven @entity1 died of @entity409 , 5 of whom died of @entity1578 , 3 with @entity157 , 2 of @entity360 , and 1 of ascites with @entity292 . @entity409 was observed in the vast majority of @entity1 : 12 ultimately developed @entity82 , (mean follow-up 81 months), 6 @entity3619 (mean follow-up 93 months), 3 chronic persistent @entity99 (mean follow-up 89 months), and in 1 @entity1 the presence of HB virus in hepatocytes was the sole morphologic alteration (follow-up 42 months). There was a marked tendency to progression in that 82% of @entity1 with virus only, reactive @entity99 , or chronic persistent @entity99 on initial biopsy subsequently developed @entity3619 or @entity82 . For comparison, 10 HBsAg-positive @entity1 whose @entity177 had been treated by hemodialysis were also studied over a comparable period. Four @entity1 converted to the negative state. Biochemical evidence of persistent @entity409 occurred in only 1 @entity1 and no @entity1 has died from complications of @entity409 . We conclude that in the immunosuppressed renal transplant @entity1 @entity281 often results in the development of @entity82 , leading to death from @entity157 and @entity1578 . This course is worse than that in dialysis @entity1 . Renal transplantation of HBsAg-positive @entity1 with @entity454 may be inadvisable.

title: The impact of renal transplantation on the course of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B disease']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver dysfunction', 'liver disease', 'hepatitis B liver disease', 'Aggressive liver disease']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['HB infection']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['pleuroperitoneal fistula']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic active hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['hepatitis B liver disease']


abstract: There is a very high prevalence of @entity101 in @entity6 subjects, which makes it necessary to use an antihypertensive drug with the least possible metabolic interference. For example, in the early phase of @entity101 , diuretics usually worsen the metabolic equilibrium. According to recent reports, a new diuretic, @entity17132 (MZ), which acts on the loop of Henle, seems to present a minor effect on @entity1735 metabolic balance. In order to determine whether this assumption was correct or not, we carried out a clinical trial on 26 type II (non- @entity2690 -dependent) @entity6 , in fairly good metabolic control and with moderate @entity101 (orthostatic diastolic pressure from 100 to 115 mmHg), comparing the effect of MZ with those of @entity9804 (CL). According to a randomized, single-blind cross-over design, the @entity1 were treated with MZ (20 mg/day) or CL (50 mg/day) for the duration of 4 weeks. After the treatment period with the first drug, there was a 2 week wash-out period on placebo (PL) before the second drug was given. During the study, a set of metabolic and non-metabolic parameters was monitored, as were the clinostatic and orthostatic blood pressure values. The results show that the antihypertensive effect of the two drugs was the same (both caused a more than 10% @entity551 ). No significant changes in plasma electrolyte levels occurred. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in urinary @entity1369 excretion after CL (20.7 +/- 11 micrograms/24 hours vs. 13.3 +/- 8.5 after PL, and 14.5 +/- 7.2 after MZ) (mean values +/- standard deviations).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Interference on metabolism induced by @entity17132 and XXXX in type II hypertensive @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity9804 :: ('MESH:D002752', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorthalidone']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity17132 :: ('MESH:D009156', 'Chemical') :: ['muzolimine']

answer: @entity9804 :: (MESH:D002752,Chemical) :: ['chlorthalidone']


abstract: There is a very high prevalence of @entity101 in @entity6 subjects, which makes it necessary to use an antihypertensive drug with the least possible metabolic interference. For example, in the early phase of @entity101 , diuretics usually worsen the metabolic equilibrium. According to recent reports, a new diuretic, @entity17132 (MZ), which acts on the loop of Henle, seems to present a minor effect on @entity1735 metabolic balance. In order to determine whether this assumption was correct or not, we carried out a clinical trial on 26 type II (non- @entity2690 -dependent) @entity6 , in fairly good metabolic control and with moderate @entity101 (orthostatic diastolic pressure from 100 to 115 mmHg), comparing the effect of MZ with those of @entity9804 (CL). According to a randomized, single-blind cross-over design, the @entity1 were treated with MZ (20 mg/day) or CL (50 mg/day) for the duration of 4 weeks. After the treatment period with the first drug, there was a 2 week wash-out period on placebo (PL) before the second drug was given. During the study, a set of metabolic and non-metabolic parameters was monitored, as were the clinostatic and orthostatic blood pressure values. The results show that the antihypertensive effect of the two drugs was the same (both caused a more than 10% @entity551 ). No significant changes in plasma electrolyte levels occurred. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in urinary @entity1369 excretion after CL (20.7 +/- 11 micrograms/24 hours vs. 13.3 +/- 8.5 after PL, and 14.5 +/- 7.2 after MZ) (mean values +/- standard deviations).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Interference on metabolism induced by @entity17132 and @entity9804 in type II hypertensive XXXX .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetics']


abstract: There is a very high prevalence of @entity101 in @entity6 subjects, which makes it necessary to use an antihypertensive drug with the least possible metabolic interference. For example, in the early phase of @entity101 , diuretics usually worsen the metabolic equilibrium. According to recent reports, a new diuretic, @entity17132 (MZ), which acts on the loop of Henle, seems to present a minor effect on @entity1735 metabolic balance. In order to determine whether this assumption was correct or not, we carried out a clinical trial on 26 type II (non- @entity2690 -dependent) @entity6 , in fairly good metabolic control and with moderate @entity101 (orthostatic diastolic pressure from 100 to 115 mmHg), comparing the effect of MZ with those of @entity9804 (CL). According to a randomized, single-blind cross-over design, the @entity1 were treated with MZ (20 mg/day) or CL (50 mg/day) for the duration of 4 weeks. After the treatment period with the first drug, there was a 2 week wash-out period on placebo (PL) before the second drug was given. During the study, a set of metabolic and non-metabolic parameters was monitored, as were the clinostatic and orthostatic blood pressure values. The results show that the antihypertensive effect of the two drugs was the same (both caused a more than 10% @entity551 ). No significant changes in plasma electrolyte levels occurred. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in urinary @entity1369 excretion after CL (20.7 +/- 11 micrograms/24 hours vs. 13.3 +/- 8.5 after PL, and 14.5 +/- 7.2 after MZ) (mean values +/- standard deviations).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Interference on metabolism induced by XXXX and @entity9804 in type II hypertensive @entity6 .

answer: @entity17132 :: (MESH:D009156,Chemical) :: ['muzolimine']


abstract: In 12 conscious @entity235 on a normal @entity1372 diet the renal venous-arterial plasma @entity1122 activity-difference as a function of mean renal artery pressure ( @entity1122 stimulus-response curve; RSRC) as well as long-term mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; pressure-histograms) were measured repeatedly. The RSRC @entity73186 ) a threshold pressure ( @entity38911 ), 2) a flat section above @entity38911 (plateau-level), and 3) a steep slope below @entity38911 . From @entity235 to @entity235 the slope varied from -0.20 to -0.54 ng AI/ml/h/mmHg and @entity38911 from 78.4 to 107.1 mmHg. In every @entity235 MAP was higher than @entity38911 (MAP- @entity38911 :12.8 +/- 1.58 mmHg). @entity235 with a higher @entity38911 regularly showed a higher MAP (r = 0.76; P less than 0.005). Due to its normal variability arterial pressure occasionally falls below @entity38911 and thus causes @entity1122 release. Therefore MAP will stabilize at a level above @entity38911 . The pressor effect (MAP- @entity38911 ) of this feedback system should depend on the sensitivity of the pressure-dependent @entity1122 release mechanism (slope of RSRC). Accordingly we observed a close correlation between the slope of the RSRC and the MAP- @entity38911 difference (r = 0.93; P less than 0.0001). We conclude that in healthy @entity235 the level of long-term blood pressure can be explained almost completely by @entity38911 and the slope of the pressure-dependent @entity1122 release. Our findings may offer new perspectives to the pathogenesis of @entity101 .

title: Pressure-dependent XXXX release: the kidney factor in long-term control of arterial blood pressure in conscious @entity235 .

answer: @entity1122 :: (403838(Tax:9615),Gene) :: ['renin']


abstract: In 12 conscious @entity235 on a normal @entity1372 diet the renal venous-arterial plasma @entity1122 activity-difference as a function of mean renal artery pressure ( @entity1122 stimulus-response curve; RSRC) as well as long-term mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; pressure-histograms) were measured repeatedly. The RSRC @entity73186 ) a threshold pressure ( @entity38911 ), 2) a flat section above @entity38911 (plateau-level), and 3) a steep slope below @entity38911 . From @entity235 to @entity235 the slope varied from -0.20 to -0.54 ng AI/ml/h/mmHg and @entity38911 from 78.4 to 107.1 mmHg. In every @entity235 MAP was higher than @entity38911 (MAP- @entity38911 :12.8 +/- 1.58 mmHg). @entity235 with a higher @entity38911 regularly showed a higher MAP (r = 0.76; P less than 0.005). Due to its normal variability arterial pressure occasionally falls below @entity38911 and thus causes @entity1122 release. Therefore MAP will stabilize at a level above @entity38911 . The pressor effect (MAP- @entity38911 ) of this feedback system should depend on the sensitivity of the pressure-dependent @entity1122 release mechanism (slope of RSRC). Accordingly we observed a close correlation between the slope of the RSRC and the MAP- @entity38911 difference (r = 0.93; P less than 0.0001). We conclude that in healthy @entity235 the level of long-term blood pressure can be explained almost completely by @entity38911 and the slope of the pressure-dependent @entity1122 release. Our findings may offer new perspectives to the pathogenesis of @entity101 .

title: Pressure-dependent @entity1122 release: the kidney factor in long-term control of arterial blood pressure in conscious XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Having acknowledge the need to treat arterial @entity101 concomitantly effective, safe and easy to comply with. These issues are the mainstay for a good adherence to a treatment that is long. AIM: This clinical trial addresses the efficacy and safety of an extended release tablet of 180 mg of @entity3988 , once daily, to treat mild to moderate @entity101 . POPULATION AND METHODS: Forty-five @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity101 were included in a multicentric, open trial consisting of three periods: washout (one week), placebo (one week) and a treatment period of four weeks with 180 mg slow-release tablets of @entity3988 . Arterial Blood Pressure (BP) was measured through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) at the end of the first, second and sixth weeks. The therapeutic response was evaluated in terms of decrease in mmHg and in terms of systolic and diastolic loads. Treatment was considered successful when there was a drop in the medium diastolic BP to 90 mmHg or less and/or a decrease of at least 10 mmHg. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity1 completed the trial. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in the medium diastolic and systolic 24-hour BP values. The efficacy parameters were met in 62.5% of the @entity1 , nonetheless there was a drop of at least 5 mmHg in 82.6%. There was a statistically more significant response during the diurnal versus the nocturnal periods, according to both criteria. CONCLUSION: @entity3988 , 180 mg extended-release tablet taken one daily, proved to be effective, over 24 hours, in controlling @entity101 in 62.5% of the enrolled @entity1 while decreasing the medium diastolic BP by at least 5 mmHg in 82.5%.

title: [ XXXX 180 mg in delayed release formulation in mild and moderate @entity101 ].

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem', 'Diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['Diltiazem']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Having acknowledge the need to treat arterial @entity101 concomitantly effective, safe and easy to comply with. These issues are the mainstay for a good adherence to a treatment that is long. AIM: This clinical trial addresses the efficacy and safety of an extended release tablet of 180 mg of @entity3988 , once daily, to treat mild to moderate @entity101 . POPULATION AND METHODS: Forty-five @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity101 were included in a multicentric, open trial consisting of three periods: washout (one week), placebo (one week) and a treatment period of four weeks with 180 mg slow-release tablets of @entity3988 . Arterial Blood Pressure (BP) was measured through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) at the end of the first, second and sixth weeks. The therapeutic response was evaluated in terms of decrease in mmHg and in terms of systolic and diastolic loads. Treatment was considered successful when there was a drop in the medium diastolic BP to 90 mmHg or less and/or a decrease of at least 10 mmHg. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity1 completed the trial. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in the medium diastolic and systolic 24-hour BP values. The efficacy parameters were met in 62.5% of the @entity1 , nonetheless there was a drop of at least 5 mmHg in 82.6%. There was a statistically more significant response during the diurnal versus the nocturnal periods, according to both criteria. CONCLUSION: @entity3988 , 180 mg extended-release tablet taken one daily, proved to be effective, over 24 hours, in controlling @entity101 in 62.5% of the enrolled @entity1 while decreasing the medium diastolic BP by at least 5 mmHg in 82.5%.

title: [ @entity3988 180 mg in delayed release formulation in mild and moderate XXXX ].

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['arterial hypertension']


abstract: The efficacy and proarrhythmic potential of antiarrhythmic agents were evaluated. Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in 160 consecutive @entity1 with @entity453 during a baseline study and 432 subsequent drug studies. The @entity591 induced during baseline studies were sustained @entity1165 (121 @entity1 ), @entity2224 (16 @entity1 ), and symptomatic nonsustained @entity1165 (23 @entity1 ). Regimens were completely successful if fewer than 6 repetitive ventricular responses were inducible during therapy and partially successful if no more than 15 repetitive ventricular responses were inducible. @entity1818 and @entity5126 were the most successful single agents, with overall success rates of 24% and 35%, respectively. Either @entity1818 or @entity5126 combined with @entity2683 was the most successful combination (overall success of 23%). Each anti-arrhythmic regimen showed a proarrhythmic potential. The incidence of proarrhythmic effects ranged from 4 to 13%, with no significant difference between regimens. In 13% of @entity1 at least 1 regimen produced a proarrhythmic effect. @entity1 treated with an antiarrhythmic regimen that prevented induction of @entity943 had significantly fewer @entity943 recurrences than @entity1 treated with a regimen that failed to prevent it. In conclusion, identification of an effective drug regimen is possible in 38% of @entity1 with lethal @entity943 , proarrhythmic effects occur in a significant number of @entity1 during electrophysiologic testing of antiarrhythmic regimens, and the clinical outcome in @entity1 in whom @entity943 are not inducible with ventricular stimulation have a better prognosis than those in whom @entity943 continue to be inducible on therapy.

title: Antiarrhythmic drug efficacy for XXXX associated with @entity453 as assessed by electrophysiologic studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity2683 :: ('MESH:D008801', 'Chemical') :: ['mexiletine']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1818 :: ('MESH:D011342', 'Chemical') :: ['procainamide', 'Procainamide']

answer: @entity1165 :: (MESH:D017180,Disease) :: ['ventricular tachyarrhythmias']


abstract: The efficacy and proarrhythmic potential of antiarrhythmic agents were evaluated. Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in 160 consecutive @entity1 with @entity453 during a baseline study and 432 subsequent drug studies. The @entity591 induced during baseline studies were sustained @entity1165 (121 @entity1 ), @entity2224 (16 @entity1 ), and symptomatic nonsustained @entity1165 (23 @entity1 ). Regimens were completely successful if fewer than 6 repetitive ventricular responses were inducible during therapy and partially successful if no more than 15 repetitive ventricular responses were inducible. @entity1818 and @entity5126 were the most successful single agents, with overall success rates of 24% and 35%, respectively. Either @entity1818 or @entity5126 combined with @entity2683 was the most successful combination (overall success of 23%). Each anti-arrhythmic regimen showed a proarrhythmic potential. The incidence of proarrhythmic effects ranged from 4 to 13%, with no significant difference between regimens. In 13% of @entity1 at least 1 regimen produced a proarrhythmic effect. @entity1 treated with an antiarrhythmic regimen that prevented induction of @entity943 had significantly fewer @entity943 recurrences than @entity1 treated with a regimen that failed to prevent it. In conclusion, identification of an effective drug regimen is possible in 38% of @entity1 with lethal @entity943 , proarrhythmic effects occur in a significant number of @entity1 during electrophysiologic testing of antiarrhythmic regimens, and the clinical outcome in @entity1 in whom @entity943 are not inducible with ventricular stimulation have a better prognosis than those in whom @entity943 continue to be inducible on therapy.

title: Antiarrhythmic drug efficacy for @entity1165 associated with XXXX as assessed by electrophysiologic studies.

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: 1. Blood lead levels were examined in 127 housepainters in North Carolina between April and September, 1993. Each @entity1 filled out a questionnaire and gave a blood sample. The questionnaire covered the individual's work history, concentrating on @entity3457 and personal protection, and also covered potential nonoccupational sources of lead exposure. Blood samples were analysed for lead content using atomic absorption spectroscopy. 2. The geometric mean blood lead level was 0.33 mumol @entity19444 (6.8 micrograms @entity19444 ). No blood lead samples were found to exceed the occupational standard of 1.93 mumol @entity19444 (40 micrograms @entity19444 ). The three highest samples had levels between 0.97 and 1.45 mumol @entity19444 (20 and 30 micrograms @entity19444 ); this represented 2.4% of the study sample. 3. No statistical association was found between blood lead levels in these painters and their painting activities, including using dust masks for personal protection. 4. Current painting practices in this group of North @entity4933 do not appear to elevate blood lead levels above the occupational standard.

title: Blood lead levels in North XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participant']

entities_list: @entity4933 :: ('MESH:C537835', 'Disease') :: ['Carolina painters']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['paint-removal activities']

answer: @entity4933 :: (MESH:C537835,Disease) :: ['Carolina painters']


abstract: AIMS: This study was carried out to investigate the precise pattern of @entity227 associated with subfoveal @entity1940 and the mechanism by which vision is stabilised or improved after submacular surgery. METHODS: Preoperative and postoperative quantitative microperimetry using the scanning laser ophthalmoscope was performed on six eyes of five @entity1 with age-related @entity1020 who underwent subfoveal @entity1940 . The relation of the microperimetry findings to the preoperative and postoperative @entity941 angiographic features was also assessed. RESULTS: Four of the six eyes had visual improvement by the 6 month postoperative visit; the other two had stabilisation of vision at the preoperative level. Despite these beneficial visual effects, none of the @entity1 fixated within the bed of the excised @entity1940 . Subfoveal choroidal membrane excision was associated with a 36% average increase in the @entity1019 at the 1 month postoperative visit, compared with the preoperative size. The postoperative @entity1019 appeared to remain stable or decreased slightly in size between the 6 month and 1 year postoperative visits. @entity227 was associated with the development of a more stable preferred eccentric fixation locus, of which the distance from the centre of the foveal avascular zone was related to @entity227 . Most of the eccentric fixation loci were inferotemporal to the bed of the excised @entity1940 . The surgical retinotomy site was associated with persistent postoperative relative @entity1019 in five of the six cases, but resolved in one @entity1 after 1 year. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that quantitative scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry may aid in the surgical planning of subfoveal @entity1940 .

title: Relation of the functional and structural fundus changes after submacular surgery for neovascular age-related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss', 'Recovery of vision', 'final postoperative vision']

entities_list: @entity1940 :: ('MESH:D020256', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascular membrane excision', 'choroidal neovascular membrane', 'choroidal neovascular membranes']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity1019 :: ('MESH:D012607', 'Disease') :: ['absolute scotoma', 'scotoma']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['macular degeneration']


abstract: From 1986 to 1990, 53 non-palpable @entity1062 were treated in the department of Pediatric Surgery and Endocrinology at the Regina Margherita Hospital, Turin, Italy. The reported @entity1 were 45, 8 of them were bilateral with both @entity1062 non-palpable, 13 of the remaining @entity1 were right cryptorchid and 24 were left. All @entity1 received medical treatment, by LH-RH nasal spray and @entity6740 , before surgery. None of the non-palpable @entity1062 descended by hormone therapy only, so that surgical exploration was always required. In the 53 reported cases, 10 gonads were not found, 13 were @entity3202 and 30 were abdominal. All abdominal gonads were positioned into the scrotum by orchiopexy in a single stage. Half of the @entity1 underwent operation before the age of 2. Therefore, it is to be pointed out that the younger a @entity1 the shorter his inguinal canal, this facilitates orchiopexy for high, undescended @entity1062 . In 10 @entity1 a testicular biopsy was made during surgical procedure. Normal morphology and normal spermatogonia content were observed in the abdominal @entity1062 of the @entity1 who had reached the age of 1 year. During the follow-up of the reported @entity1 no upward displacement was observed. Eleven @entity1 underwent postoperative testicular ultrasonography which showed that parenchymal structure of the operated testis was normal and the volume of the testis was slightly smaller than normal. Based on their experience, the authors suggest to correct cryptorchidism before the age of one year, surgical procedure follows immediately after ineffective hormone therapy.

title: Non-palpable XXXX . Orchiopexy in single stage.

answer: @entity1062 :: (MESH:D013736,Disease) :: ['testes']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We report a clinical case where transcatheter embolization was selected as the primary treatment for a large recurrent @entity10470 CLINICAL CASE: A 55 year-old female presented with a @entity158 , with progressive growth, for the past 12 months. She complained of @entity89 , odynophagia and @entity7364 . She had a former history of bilateral @entity10470 resection. The @entity1 underwent carotid ultrasound examination that showed a recurrent @entity10470 with 7x5 cm in dimension, and occlusion of the left internal carotid artery. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of a @entity5 . The @entity1 underwent transcatheter embolization of the @entity5 with 300-500   m and 500-700   m Bead-Block  . At 1 year of follow-up, the @entity1 was found asymptomatic. DISCUSSION: The carotid body is located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. With increased size, @entity10470 can induce significant symptoms and are usually detected by clinical examination. Confirmation of diagnosis is usually given by vascular ultrasound. For highly symptomatic, recurrent and frequently unresectable @entity5 --in @entity1 unfit for surgery--transcatheter embolization can also be used as an effective palliative treatment.

title: Recurrent XXXX : embolization as a treatment option.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Shamblin type III tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity7364 :: ('MESH:D055154', 'Disease') :: ['dysphonia']

entities_list: @entity89 :: ('MESH:D007571', 'Disease') :: ['jaw stiffness']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful left cervical mass']

entities_list: @entity10470 :: ('MESH:D002345', 'Disease') :: ['carotid body tumor', 'left carotid body tumor', 'carotid body tumors']

answer: @entity10470 :: (MESH:D002345,Disease) :: ['carotid body tumors']


abstract: Fifty-seven consecutive @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ), admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU) within 6 h from onset of symptoms were included in the study and randomly allocated to @entity594 treatment or placebo. The 23 @entity1 in the treatment group received 10 mg @entity594 orally at the onset of the study, after 30 min, and then every 6 h. Placebo was given to the 34 @entity1 in the control group. The study was double blind. Serum time-activity curves for creatine-kinase-MB (CK-MB) and myoglobin (MG) were established from frequent determinations. The two @entity1 groups did not differ significantly regarding average cumulative MG and CK-MB release. In both groups the range was wide, with the largest maximal individual release about 30 times larger than the smallest. In most @entity1 the enzyme release occurred stepwise, resulting in two or more separate peaks. In the treatment group significantly fewer @entity1 had multiple peaks of MG (P less than 0.05) and CK-MB (P less than 0.025) release. The initial peaks had a longer duration in the treatment group and total release tended to stop earlier. In the control group a highly significant correlation between cumulative MG and CK-MB release was obtained, while in the treatment group no such correlation was observed. In conclusion, oral administration of @entity594 during @entity583 appears to influence the pattern of enzyme release, although no effect on the total cumulative release could be demonstrated.

title: Complexity of enzyme release during @entity583 in a controlled study with early XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

answer: @entity594 :: (MESH:D009543,Chemical) :: ['nifedipine']


abstract: Fifty-seven consecutive @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ), admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU) within 6 h from onset of symptoms were included in the study and randomly allocated to @entity594 treatment or placebo. The 23 @entity1 in the treatment group received 10 mg @entity594 orally at the onset of the study, after 30 min, and then every 6 h. Placebo was given to the 34 @entity1 in the control group. The study was double blind. Serum time-activity curves for creatine-kinase-MB (CK-MB) and myoglobin (MG) were established from frequent determinations. The two @entity1 groups did not differ significantly regarding average cumulative MG and CK-MB release. In both groups the range was wide, with the largest maximal individual release about 30 times larger than the smallest. In most @entity1 the enzyme release occurred stepwise, resulting in two or more separate peaks. In the treatment group significantly fewer @entity1 had multiple peaks of MG (P less than 0.05) and CK-MB (P less than 0.025) release. The initial peaks had a longer duration in the treatment group and total release tended to stop earlier. In the control group a highly significant correlation between cumulative MG and CK-MB release was obtained, while in the treatment group no such correlation was observed. In conclusion, oral administration of @entity594 during @entity583 appears to influence the pattern of enzyme release, although no effect on the total cumulative release could be demonstrated.

title: Complexity of enzyme release during XXXX in a controlled study with early @entity594 treatment.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Cryopreservation allows for the long-term storage of aortic homografts, but a high risk of @entity730 and degeneration is often observed following their transplantation. The study aim was to investigate the cryoprotective effect of @entity7970 on aortic valve homografts preserved in liquid @entity1568 , and to determine the optimal @entity7970 concentration for such purpose. METHODS: Aortic valve homografts obtained from New Zealand White @entity95 were processed using different protectants. Samples were assigned at random to four groups: a control group treated with @entity3733 ( @entity3733 ; 0.1 mol/l), and test groups A, B and C, which were treated with 0.1 mol/l @entity7970 + 0.1 mol/l @entity3733 , 0.2 mol/l @entity7970 + 0.1 mol/l @entity3733 , or 0.3 mol/l @entity7970 + 0.1 mol/l @entity3733 , respectively, as protectant. Samples in each group were allocated randomly to three subgroups and cryopreserved for 12, 15, and 18 months, respectively. After thawing, apoptosis of the cryopreserved homograft samples was evaluated using immunohistochemistry, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting methods. The viability of the tissue cells was assessed by monitoring @entity413 utilization capacity. RESULTS: The apoptosis assay showed that, among the four groups and at all time points, the expression of caspase-3 was lowest in test groups A and B and highest in the @entity3733 group. In comparison, the @entity413 metabolic rates of test groups A and B were highest, while rates for test group C and the control ( @entity3733 ) group ranked second and third. CONCLUSION: When aortic homografts are preserved in liquid @entity1568 , the cryoprotective effect of @entity7970 combined with @entity3733 was superior to that of @entity3733 alone. The optimal @entity7970 concentration to cryoprotect @entity95 aortic homografts was between 0.1 and 0.2 mol/l.

title: Cryoprotective Effect and Optimal Concentration of XXXX on Aortic Valve Homografts.

entities_list: @entity7970 :: ('MESH:D014199', 'Chemical') :: ['trehalose']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethyl sulfoxide', 'DMSO']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity7970 :: (MESH:D014199,Chemical) :: ['Trehalose']


abstract: @entity342 and @entity2931 receptors have been demonstrated in @entity1 liver, but since it is generally accepted that they are probably non-functional at endogenous @entity134 concentrations, it is not apparent how they mediate physiological influences on this organ. Nor is it certain to what extent pharmacological actions of sex hormones reflect overstimulation of physiological routes or whether alternative mechanisms become available once threshold values have been reached. In this presentation an attempt has been made to answer some of these questions using data obtained from a study of the regulation of the activities of microsomal 3 alpha- @entity14128 dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSDH) and 5 alpha-reductase in @entity35 liver. Androgens exert their primary physiological and pharmacological influences at the level of the hypothalamus. Oestrogens can elicit three different types of effect-physiological, antiandrogenic and pharmacological--of which the first two involve primary effects on the pituitary. Hepatic @entity2931 receptors only become activated when @entity2931 concentrations reach pharmacological levels. @entity7828 probably have no physiological influence on the livers of non-pregnant @entity35 . Their pharmacological actions may either be traced back to secondary androgenic (e.g. @entity11796 , @entity2692 ) or oestrogenic (e.g. @entity8472 , @entity31426 ) properties, involving the routes described above, or to independent effects on the central nervous system (e.g. @entity3429 modulation of 5 alpha-reductase activity).

title: Mechanisms of physiological and pharmacological sex hormone action on the XXXX liver.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity3429 :: ('MESH:D017373', 'Chemical') :: ['cyproterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity31426 :: ('MESH:D008234', 'Chemical') :: ['lynestrenol']

entities_list: @entity14128 :: ('CHEBI:35350', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxysteroid']

entities_list: @entity7828 :: ('MESH:D011372', 'Chemical') :: ['Progestins']

entities_list: @entity2692 :: ('MESH:D016912', 'Chemical') :: ['levonorgestrel']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['Androgen']

entities_list: @entity8472 :: ('MESH:D009641', 'Chemical') :: ['norethynodrel']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']