abstract: @entity1014 phosphorylase (TP) is an enzyme that converts 5'-DFUR to @entity1487 and also acts as an angiogenic factor. Measurement of serum TP levels has recently become possible by highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We examined 38 @entity1 with @entity356 to measure serum TP levels by highly sensitive ELISA method and tissue TP levels by conventional ELISA. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of normal and @entity5 tissues was also performed. Serum TP levels in @entity1 with stages III and IV and inoperable or recurrent @entity5 were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. A high correlation was found between serum TP levels and @entity5 TP levels (r=0.65, p<0.0001). Moreover, serum TP levels were about 1/2500 of @entity5 TP levels. Tissue TP values in @entity5 were significantly higher than those in normal tissue. On the other hand, no significant differences among the @entity5 stages were found in either serum or @entity5 tissue. In conclusion, we demonstrate that serum TP levels strongly reflect @entity5 TP levels, and it may predict clinicopathological factors, prognosis, or sensitivity of anti- @entity5 drugs.

title: Measurement of serum XXXX phosphorylase levels by highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in @entity356 .

answer: @entity1014 :: (MESH:D013936,Chemical) :: ['thymidine']


abstract: Implant containers made from @entity1346 rubber have shown little or no foreign body reaction. Prolonged implantation appears to be safe. Previous studies have reported that certain dyes and other materials have passed through the @entity1346 rubber capsule walls. This report examines the possibility of @entity230 passing through the walls of implanted @entity1346 rubber containers. The study used 28 ewes during breeding season. An additional 47 similar ewes were left untreated and served as the control group. The 28 ewes received a subcutaneous implant containing @entity230 . Five different silastic implants were used, with the main differences based on implant shape (surface area), size, and wall thickness. Implant containers were also examined for @entity134 passage in saturated saline solutions. Wall thickness affected @entity134 passage in that the thinner walled capsules allowed larger @entity134 amounts to pass through. @entity230 passed through the walls under in vivo conditions for at least 34 days. In saline solutions passage occurred for at least 7 days. After removal of the implants the ewes returned to the normal heat cyclic schedule.

title: Passage of @entity230 through XXXX rubber.

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroids', 'steroids']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

answer: @entity1346 :: (MESH:D012828,Chemical) :: ['silicone']


abstract: Implant containers made from @entity1346 rubber have shown little or no foreign body reaction. Prolonged implantation appears to be safe. Previous studies have reported that certain dyes and other materials have passed through the @entity1346 rubber capsule walls. This report examines the possibility of @entity230 passing through the walls of implanted @entity1346 rubber containers. The study used 28 ewes during breeding season. An additional 47 similar ewes were left untreated and served as the control group. The 28 ewes received a subcutaneous implant containing @entity230 . Five different silastic implants were used, with the main differences based on implant shape (surface area), size, and wall thickness. Implant containers were also examined for @entity134 passage in saturated saline solutions. Wall thickness affected @entity134 passage in that the thinner walled capsules allowed larger @entity134 amounts to pass through. @entity230 passed through the walls under in vivo conditions for at least 34 days. In saline solutions passage occurred for at least 7 days. After removal of the implants the ewes returned to the normal heat cyclic schedule.

title: Passage of XXXX through @entity1346 rubber.

answer: @entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroids']


abstract: An intense vaso-vagal reaction characterizes all the reflex induced @entity65 . In these syndromes the vagal cardio-inhibitor effect on heart rate is more evident than the vasodilatation and @entity551 . The vasodepressor mechanism is uncommon even in @entity50 . We have studied 6 male @entity1 , age range 56-73 years (mean age: 64) with recurrent @entity907 . The following were always present during such episodes: generalized malaise, profound fatigue, pallor, cyanosis, @entity9201 , lack of peripheral pulses, severe @entity551 (BP) (systolic BP less than or equal to 50-60 mmHg or unrecordable), @entity1163 . The first diagnosis in our @entity1 was @entity50 , but, the clinical picture was quite different from classic @entity50 : triggering factors were not present, the vasovagal episodes were longer, the @entity1163 more frequent and severe, and the VVI pacing uneffective. Further investigations, including computerized axial tomography, showed--in all these @entity1 --a @entity5 originally localized in or near the parapharyngeal space. We think that the symptoms of our @entity1 can be attributed to parapharyngeal @entity5 and that the parapharyngeal space lesions are able to cause severe @entity907 and @entity1163 . The pathogenetic mechanism in this syndrome, due to neural irritation of the glossopharyngeal afferent fibres, is similar to the @entity1167 , but it obviously doesn't involve @entity158 -pathways since none of our @entity1 had @entity158 . Therefore, this syndrome differs from @entity5587 - @entity1167 in the presence of @entity5 and in the absence of @entity9 and initiating factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [A new @entity65 : recurrent @entity1163 caused by lesions or @entity5 of the parapharyngeal space. Etiopathogenesis, clinical picture, differential diagnosis with XXXX and @entity1167 . Therapy by intracranial resection of the 9th cranial nerve].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal attacks', 'vasodepressor syncopes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'malignant tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['syncopes', 'syncope', 'mental disorientation and/or syncope']

entities_list: @entity5587 :: ('MESH:D020435', 'Disease') :: ['glossopharyngeal neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['asystole syndrome', 'glossopharyngeal neuralgia-asystole syndrome']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['fall in blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['carotid sinus syndrome']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular syncopes']

entities_list: @entity9201 :: ('MESH:D018614', 'Disease') :: ['copious sweating']

answer: @entity50 :: (MESH:D012851,Disease) :: ['carotid sinus syndrome']


abstract: An intense vaso-vagal reaction characterizes all the reflex induced @entity65 . In these syndromes the vagal cardio-inhibitor effect on heart rate is more evident than the vasodilatation and @entity551 . The vasodepressor mechanism is uncommon even in @entity50 . We have studied 6 male @entity1 , age range 56-73 years (mean age: 64) with recurrent @entity907 . The following were always present during such episodes: generalized malaise, profound fatigue, pallor, cyanosis, @entity9201 , lack of peripheral pulses, severe @entity551 (BP) (systolic BP less than or equal to 50-60 mmHg or unrecordable), @entity1163 . The first diagnosis in our @entity1 was @entity50 , but, the clinical picture was quite different from classic @entity50 : triggering factors were not present, the vasovagal episodes were longer, the @entity1163 more frequent and severe, and the VVI pacing uneffective. Further investigations, including computerized axial tomography, showed--in all these @entity1 --a @entity5 originally localized in or near the parapharyngeal space. We think that the symptoms of our @entity1 can be attributed to parapharyngeal @entity5 and that the parapharyngeal space lesions are able to cause severe @entity907 and @entity1163 . The pathogenetic mechanism in this syndrome, due to neural irritation of the glossopharyngeal afferent fibres, is similar to the @entity1167 , but it obviously doesn't involve @entity158 -pathways since none of our @entity1 had @entity158 . Therefore, this syndrome differs from @entity5587 - @entity1167 in the presence of @entity5 and in the absence of @entity9 and initiating factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [A new XXXX : recurrent @entity1163 caused by lesions or @entity5 of the parapharyngeal space. Etiopathogenesis, clinical picture, differential diagnosis with @entity50 and @entity1167 . Therapy by intracranial resection of the 9th cranial nerve].

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['reflex cardiovascular syndrome']


abstract: An intense vaso-vagal reaction characterizes all the reflex induced @entity65 . In these syndromes the vagal cardio-inhibitor effect on heart rate is more evident than the vasodilatation and @entity551 . The vasodepressor mechanism is uncommon even in @entity50 . We have studied 6 male @entity1 , age range 56-73 years (mean age: 64) with recurrent @entity907 . The following were always present during such episodes: generalized malaise, profound fatigue, pallor, cyanosis, @entity9201 , lack of peripheral pulses, severe @entity551 (BP) (systolic BP less than or equal to 50-60 mmHg or unrecordable), @entity1163 . The first diagnosis in our @entity1 was @entity50 , but, the clinical picture was quite different from classic @entity50 : triggering factors were not present, the vasovagal episodes were longer, the @entity1163 more frequent and severe, and the VVI pacing uneffective. Further investigations, including computerized axial tomography, showed--in all these @entity1 --a @entity5 originally localized in or near the parapharyngeal space. We think that the symptoms of our @entity1 can be attributed to parapharyngeal @entity5 and that the parapharyngeal space lesions are able to cause severe @entity907 and @entity1163 . The pathogenetic mechanism in this syndrome, due to neural irritation of the glossopharyngeal afferent fibres, is similar to the @entity1167 , but it obviously doesn't involve @entity158 -pathways since none of our @entity1 had @entity158 . Therefore, this syndrome differs from @entity5587 - @entity1167 in the presence of @entity5 and in the absence of @entity9 and initiating factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [A new @entity65 : recurrent @entity1163 caused by lesions or @entity5 of the parapharyngeal space. Etiopathogenesis, clinical picture, differential diagnosis with @entity50 and XXXX . Therapy by intracranial resection of the 9th cranial nerve].

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['glossopharyngeal neuralgia-asystole syndrome']


abstract: An intense vaso-vagal reaction characterizes all the reflex induced @entity65 . In these syndromes the vagal cardio-inhibitor effect on heart rate is more evident than the vasodilatation and @entity551 . The vasodepressor mechanism is uncommon even in @entity50 . We have studied 6 male @entity1 , age range 56-73 years (mean age: 64) with recurrent @entity907 . The following were always present during such episodes: generalized malaise, profound fatigue, pallor, cyanosis, @entity9201 , lack of peripheral pulses, severe @entity551 (BP) (systolic BP less than or equal to 50-60 mmHg or unrecordable), @entity1163 . The first diagnosis in our @entity1 was @entity50 , but, the clinical picture was quite different from classic @entity50 : triggering factors were not present, the vasovagal episodes were longer, the @entity1163 more frequent and severe, and the VVI pacing uneffective. Further investigations, including computerized axial tomography, showed--in all these @entity1 --a @entity5 originally localized in or near the parapharyngeal space. We think that the symptoms of our @entity1 can be attributed to parapharyngeal @entity5 and that the parapharyngeal space lesions are able to cause severe @entity907 and @entity1163 . The pathogenetic mechanism in this syndrome, due to neural irritation of the glossopharyngeal afferent fibres, is similar to the @entity1167 , but it obviously doesn't involve @entity158 -pathways since none of our @entity1 had @entity158 . Therefore, this syndrome differs from @entity5587 - @entity1167 in the presence of @entity5 and in the absence of @entity9 and initiating factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [A new @entity65 : recurrent XXXX caused by lesions or @entity5 of the parapharyngeal space. Etiopathogenesis, clinical picture, differential diagnosis with @entity50 and @entity1167 . Therapy by intracranial resection of the 9th cranial nerve].

answer: @entity1163 :: (MESH:D013575,Disease) :: ['vasodepressive syncope']


abstract: An intense vaso-vagal reaction characterizes all the reflex induced @entity65 . In these syndromes the vagal cardio-inhibitor effect on heart rate is more evident than the vasodilatation and @entity551 . The vasodepressor mechanism is uncommon even in @entity50 . We have studied 6 male @entity1 , age range 56-73 years (mean age: 64) with recurrent @entity907 . The following were always present during such episodes: generalized malaise, profound fatigue, pallor, cyanosis, @entity9201 , lack of peripheral pulses, severe @entity551 (BP) (systolic BP less than or equal to 50-60 mmHg or unrecordable), @entity1163 . The first diagnosis in our @entity1 was @entity50 , but, the clinical picture was quite different from classic @entity50 : triggering factors were not present, the vasovagal episodes were longer, the @entity1163 more frequent and severe, and the VVI pacing uneffective. Further investigations, including computerized axial tomography, showed--in all these @entity1 --a @entity5 originally localized in or near the parapharyngeal space. We think that the symptoms of our @entity1 can be attributed to parapharyngeal @entity5 and that the parapharyngeal space lesions are able to cause severe @entity907 and @entity1163 . The pathogenetic mechanism in this syndrome, due to neural irritation of the glossopharyngeal afferent fibres, is similar to the @entity1167 , but it obviously doesn't involve @entity158 -pathways since none of our @entity1 had @entity158 . Therefore, this syndrome differs from @entity5587 - @entity1167 in the presence of @entity5 and in the absence of @entity9 and initiating factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [A new @entity65 : recurrent @entity1163 caused by lesions or XXXX of the parapharyngeal space. Etiopathogenesis, clinical picture, differential diagnosis with @entity50 and @entity1167 . Therapy by intracranial resection of the 9th cranial nerve].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study sought to assess the long-term clinical benefits and predictors of survival of trans-catheter aortic valve closure in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) @entity1 . BACKGROUND: LVADs have been shown to increase survival and quality of life in @entity1 with end-stage @entity712 . However, severe @entity337 ( @entity337 ) can develop in up to 50% of @entity1 at 12 months resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Trans-catheter treatment of LVAD associated @entity337 has emerged as a potential alternative to surgical treatment. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all @entity1 undergoing trans-catheter aortic valve closure using an Amplatzer Multi-Fenestrated Septal Occluder "Cribriform" device to assess potential clinical and procedural factors associated with survival. Student's t-tests were used to compare baseline @entity1 demographics and procedural characteristics, as well as @entity1 outcomes immediately post procedure and at 6 months. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 10 @entity1 (70% male, median age 59 years) were included. Technical success was accomplished in 100% of @entity1 with a 6 month survival rate of 30% (3/10). Compared with survivors, non-survivors had a higher rate of pre-procedural clinical co-morbidities, an increased likelihood of @entity67 , and received larger occluder devices. CONCLUSIONS: Trans-catheter aortic valve closure successfully treats late severe @entity337 in LVAD @entity1 , however, the presence or development of @entity712 portends a worse prognosis. Further studies are needed to investigate the factors involved in the development of @entity67 , and potential treatment, in @entity1 undergoing trans-catheter aortic valve closure.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Predictors of survival following trans-catheter aortic valve closure for left ventricular assist device associated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular failure']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['right heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['AI', 'aortic insufficiency']

answer: @entity337 :: (MESH:D001022,Disease) :: ['aortic insufficiency']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the outcome of @entity24933 metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint implants with traumatic nonreconstructible articular cartilage loss. METHODS: We performed a review of all @entity1 at a single institution who underwent a @entity24933 MCP joint arthroplasty performed after an acute injury. Of 820 MCP joint arthroplasties performed, 10 were performed in 7 @entity1 for @entity2720 within 24 hours of the @entity130 . Six were hemi- and 4 were total arthroplasties. The mean follow-up was 4 years. All injuries were the result of a direct laceration over the MCP joint. RESULTS: There were no cases of revision or @entity86 . Mean total arc of motions for the MCP, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints were 56   (30   to 70  ), 76   (40   to 100  ), and 50   (21   to 70  ), respectively. Postoperative mean grip, oppositional pinch, and appositional pinch strengths were 28, 9, and 11 kg, respectively. All @entity1 except one reported no or mild @entity158 at the last follow-up. Half of the @entity1 required a tenolysis. CONCLUSIONS: MCP joint arthroplasty was performed safely in the setting of acute complex @entity2720 . @entity1 had preservation of adequate @entity2720 and experienced @entity158 . MCP arthroplasty should be a consideration in cases of @entity2720 to preserve motion, prevent @entity158 , and avoid fusion. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

title: Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroplasty in the Setting of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity24933 :: ('MESH:C009139', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrocarbon']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative infection']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'little pain']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['MCP joint motion', 'open MCP joint trauma']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['initial injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: The influence of the exocrine pancreatic secretions on development of small intestinal injury following localized @entity221 was studied. In male Holtzman @entity35 the excretory pancreatic ducts were occluded with metal hemostatic clips. An intraperitoneal injection of @entity665 was given 3 weeks later. Three or 48 h after the injection a 10 cm segment of small intestine was exteriorized through a midline abdominal incision and heated at 38.0 degrees C, 42.5 degrees C, or 43.5 degrees C for 45 min. Intestinal damage was assessed 24 h after @entity221 . The following four endpoints were used: histopathological injury score, the number of villi per intestinal circumference, the number of labelled epithelial cells in fixed areas of autoradiographic specimens, and incorporation of @entity665 as determined by liquid scintillation counting. The correlation of results among the four methods of assessment was highly significant. The autoradiography data showed better correlation with both morphological parameters than the results of liquid scintillation counting. There was significantly less damage in heated segments from pancreatic duct-occluded animals than in segments from sham-operated controls. @entity130 was assessed morphologically the protection conferred by @entity788 was equivalent to lowering the temperature of heating by 1 degree C. It is concluded that morphological criteria may be superior to endpoints based on @entity665 incorporation for assessment of @entity130 in @entity35 small intestine. Reducing the intraluminal pancreatic secretions appears to confer significant protection from small bowel injury after localized @entity221 .

title: Effects of exocrine pancreatic secretions on XXXX of @entity35 small intestine.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic duct occlusion']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermic injury', 'When hyperthermic injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['hyperthermic injury']


abstract: The influence of the exocrine pancreatic secretions on development of small intestinal injury following localized @entity221 was studied. In male Holtzman @entity35 the excretory pancreatic ducts were occluded with metal hemostatic clips. An intraperitoneal injection of @entity665 was given 3 weeks later. Three or 48 h after the injection a 10 cm segment of small intestine was exteriorized through a midline abdominal incision and heated at 38.0 degrees C, 42.5 degrees C, or 43.5 degrees C for 45 min. Intestinal damage was assessed 24 h after @entity221 . The following four endpoints were used: histopathological injury score, the number of villi per intestinal circumference, the number of labelled epithelial cells in fixed areas of autoradiographic specimens, and incorporation of @entity665 as determined by liquid scintillation counting. The correlation of results among the four methods of assessment was highly significant. The autoradiography data showed better correlation with both morphological parameters than the results of liquid scintillation counting. There was significantly less damage in heated segments from pancreatic duct-occluded animals than in segments from sham-operated controls. @entity130 was assessed morphologically the protection conferred by @entity788 was equivalent to lowering the temperature of heating by 1 degree C. It is concluded that morphological criteria may be superior to endpoints based on @entity665 incorporation for assessment of @entity130 in @entity35 small intestine. Reducing the intraluminal pancreatic secretions appears to confer significant protection from small bowel injury after localized @entity221 .

title: Effects of exocrine pancreatic secretions on @entity130 of XXXX small intestine.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: This review focuses on a specific cause of @entity1273 known as @entity2348 ( @entity71055 : ) in broilers. Rapid increases in body weight impose excessive torque and shear stress on structurally immature epiphyseal and physeal cartilage, primarily in the proximal femora, proximal tibiae, and flexible thoracic vertebrae. Excessive mechanical stress creates @entity2419 among the chondrocytes of susceptible growth plates. These wound sites are colonized by hematogenously distributed opportunistic bacteria, culminating in the gross @entity39 that are pathognomonic for terminal @entity71055 . Lameness attributable to characteristic @entity71055 lesions can be reproduced by rearing broilers on wire flooring to create persistent footing instability and physiological stress, without the need to inoculate the birds with pathogenic bacteria that presumably are present but quiescent within the bird's microbial communities or in the environment. Experiments using the wire-flooring model revealed innate differences in the susceptibility of broiler lines to @entity71055 , and demonstrated that @entity71055 incidences can be reduced by prophylactically providing probiotics in the feed, by prophylactically adding @entity14951 to the drinking water, or by therapeutically adding the antibiotic @entity14116 to the drinking water. Hatchery and @entity1573 quality issues clearly influence the susceptibility of broilers to @entity71055 . When broilers remain in a sitting posture for prolonged periods, the major arteries supplying their legs may be compressed. These episodes of inadequate blood flow may prevent chondrocyte maturation and trigger focal @entity39 , thereby making the epiphyseal and physeal cartilage highly susceptible to @entity6995 and @entity71055 . Much remains to be revealed regarding the pathogenesis of @entity71055 . Further revelations will be facilitated by the availability of the now-validated wire-flooring models that consistently trigger high incidences of @entity71055 in experimental flocks.

title: Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis and XXXX in broilers: a review.

entities_list: @entity6995 :: ('MESH:D055034', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondrosis']

entities_list: @entity14116 :: ('MESH:C052904', 'Chemical') :: ['enrofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['abscesses and necrotic voids', 'necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondrotic clefts']

entities_list: @entity14951 :: ('MESH:D002112', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxy vitamin D3']

answer: @entity1273 :: (MESH:D007794,Disease) :: ['lameness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Smoking is a risk factor for gastroduodenal ulcer and @entity356 . However, the pathophysiological mechanisms induced by acute cigarette smoking in the @entity1 gastric mucosa are poorly understood. AIM: To evaluate the effect of acute cigarette smoking, alone or with @entity167 , on the gastric permeability to @entity969 , a specific marker of @entity16 in the stomach. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers (8 smokers/12 non-smokers) were studied. Each fasted subject ingested 500 ml of a 20% @entity969 solution and the amount of @entity969 excreted in a 5-hour urine collection was measured by gas chromatography Four @entity969 permeability tests were carried out: 1. basal, 2. while smoking 5 cigarettes, 3. after drinking 50 ml of a 40 degrees alcoholic beverage, 4. a combination of 2+3. RESULTS: @entity969 excretion increased after @entity167 ingestion (40.5 +/- 6.0 mg vs 143.1 +/- 28.9 mg, p = 0.002), but was not modified by acute cigarette smoking (34.4 +/- 5.9 mg). When @entity167 and cigarettes were simultaneously consumed, the increase in @entity167 -induced @entity969 excretion was significantly reduced (73.1 +/- 16.6 mg, p = 0.03). Basal @entity969 excretion was similar in smokers and non-smokers. However, in acute cigarette smoking, a decrease in @entity969 excretion was observed in smokers (p = 0.02) but not in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that acute cigarette smoking may tighten the gastric mucosa in habitual smokers and this is associated with a smaller increase of gastric permeability induced by @entity167 .

title: Effect of acute cigarette smoking, alone or with XXXX , on gastric barrier function in healthy volunteers.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['Sucrose', 'sucrose']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: 1. In this article we review the studies of @entity2414 in a @entity35 model of @entity191 ( @entity191 ). 2. Intranigral administration of @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ) to @entity35 causes a partial lesion in the substantia nigra, compact part (SNc) and a specific loss of @entity935 and its metabolites in the striatum of @entity35 . 3. These animals present @entity4207 but no sensorimotor impairments, thus modeling the early phase of @entity191 when @entity73 are observed but the motor symptoms of the disease are barely present. 4. The @entity73 observed in these animals affect memory tasks proposed to model habit learning (the cued version of the water maze task and the two-way active avoidance task) and working memory (a working memory version of the water maze), but spare long-term spatial memory (the spatial reference version of the Morris water maze). 5. The treatment of these animals with levodopa in a dose that restores the striatal level of @entity935 does not reverse these @entity2414 , probably because this treatment promotes a high level of @entity935 in extrastriatal brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. 6. On the other hand, the @entity859 receptor antagonist, @entity5834 , partly reverse the @entity2414 effect of SNc lesion in these @entity35 . This effect may be due to @entity5834 action on nigrostriatal neurons, since it induces @entity935 release and modulates the interaction between @entity859 and @entity935 receptor activity. 7. These results suggest that the MPTP SNc-lesioned @entity35 are a good model to study @entity2414 related to @entity191 and that @entity5834 and other selective A(2A) @entity859 receptor antagonists are promising drugs to treat this symptoms in @entity191 @entity1 .

title: The lesion of the @entity35 substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons as a model for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5212 :: ('MESH:D015632', 'Chemical') :: ['MPTP', '1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits', 'cognitive impairments']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['learning and memory deficits']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairments', 'memory impairment', 'memory disabilities']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease memory disabilities']


abstract: 1. In this article we review the studies of @entity2414 in a @entity35 model of @entity191 ( @entity191 ). 2. Intranigral administration of @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ) to @entity35 causes a partial lesion in the substantia nigra, compact part (SNc) and a specific loss of @entity935 and its metabolites in the striatum of @entity35 . 3. These animals present @entity4207 but no sensorimotor impairments, thus modeling the early phase of @entity191 when @entity73 are observed but the motor symptoms of the disease are barely present. 4. The @entity73 observed in these animals affect memory tasks proposed to model habit learning (the cued version of the water maze task and the two-way active avoidance task) and working memory (a working memory version of the water maze), but spare long-term spatial memory (the spatial reference version of the Morris water maze). 5. The treatment of these animals with levodopa in a dose that restores the striatal level of @entity935 does not reverse these @entity2414 , probably because this treatment promotes a high level of @entity935 in extrastriatal brain regions, such as the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. 6. On the other hand, the @entity859 receptor antagonist, @entity5834 , partly reverse the @entity2414 effect of SNc lesion in these @entity35 . This effect may be due to @entity5834 action on nigrostriatal neurons, since it induces @entity935 release and modulates the interaction between @entity859 and @entity935 receptor activity. 7. These results suggest that the MPTP SNc-lesioned @entity35 are a good model to study @entity2414 related to @entity191 and that @entity5834 and other selective A(2A) @entity859 receptor antagonists are promising drugs to treat this symptoms in @entity191 @entity1 .

title: The lesion of the XXXX substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons as a model for @entity191 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The @entity1457 ( @entity1457 ) is an evolutionarily conserved molecular/biochemical reaction to thermal stress that is essential to the survival of eukaryotic organisms. Recessive Mutator transposon mutations at the @entity2829 empty pericarp2 ( @entity71056 ) locus led to dramatically increased expression of @entity1457 genes, retarded embryo development, and early-stage abortion of embryogenesis. The developmental timing of @entity71056 mutant embryo lethality was correlated with the initial competence of @entity2829 kernels to invoke the @entity1457 . Cloning and sequence analyses revealed that the @entity71056 gene encoded a predicted protein with high similarity to HEAT SHOCK BINDING PROTEIN1, which was first described in animals as a negative regulator of the @entity1457 . @entity71056 is a loss-of-function mutation of an @entity1457 -negative regulator in plants. Despite the recessive @entity71056 phenotype, steady state levels of @entity71056 transcripts were abundant in mutant kernels, and the predicted coding region was unaffected. These expression data suggest that @entity71056 transcription is feedback regulated, whereas S1 nuclease mapping suggests that @entity71056 mutant transcripts are 5' truncated and nontranslatable. In support of this model, immunoblot assays revealed that @entity71056 protein did not accumulate in mutant kernels. These data support a model whereby an unattenuated @entity1457 results in the early abortion of @entity71056 mutant embryos. Furthermore, the @entity851 of @entity71056 mutant kernels before the @entity1457 suggests an additional role for @entity71056 during embryo development distinct from the @entity1457 .

title: Empty pericarp2 encodes a negative regulator of the @entity1457 and is required for XXXX embryogenesis.

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock response', 'HSR', 'heat shock']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['developmental retardation']

answer: @entity2829 :: (4577,Species) :: ['maize']


abstract: The @entity1457 ( @entity1457 ) is an evolutionarily conserved molecular/biochemical reaction to thermal stress that is essential to the survival of eukaryotic organisms. Recessive Mutator transposon mutations at the @entity2829 empty pericarp2 ( @entity71056 ) locus led to dramatically increased expression of @entity1457 genes, retarded embryo development, and early-stage abortion of embryogenesis. The developmental timing of @entity71056 mutant embryo lethality was correlated with the initial competence of @entity2829 kernels to invoke the @entity1457 . Cloning and sequence analyses revealed that the @entity71056 gene encoded a predicted protein with high similarity to HEAT SHOCK BINDING PROTEIN1, which was first described in animals as a negative regulator of the @entity1457 . @entity71056 is a loss-of-function mutation of an @entity1457 -negative regulator in plants. Despite the recessive @entity71056 phenotype, steady state levels of @entity71056 transcripts were abundant in mutant kernels, and the predicted coding region was unaffected. These expression data suggest that @entity71056 transcription is feedback regulated, whereas S1 nuclease mapping suggests that @entity71056 mutant transcripts are 5' truncated and nontranslatable. In support of this model, immunoblot assays revealed that @entity71056 protein did not accumulate in mutant kernels. These data support a model whereby an unattenuated @entity1457 results in the early abortion of @entity71056 mutant embryos. Furthermore, the @entity851 of @entity71056 mutant kernels before the @entity1457 suggests an additional role for @entity71056 during embryo development distinct from the @entity1457 .

title: Empty pericarp2 encodes a negative regulator of the XXXX and is required for @entity2829 embryogenesis.

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock response']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: After focal @entity2806 , depending on its localization and extent, secondary @entity528 may occur that is remote from the initial lesion. In this study differences in secondary damage of the ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VPN) and the @entity9479 ( @entity9479 ) were investigated with the use of different @entity63 models. METHODS: Transient @entity2500 ( @entity2500 ) leads to cortical @entity1188 , including parts of the basal ganglia such as the globus pallidus, and to @entity4 . @entity63 generates pure cortical @entity1188 sparing the basal ganglia and with only minor @entity4 . @entity528 was quantified within the ipsilateral @entity9479 and VPN 14 days after @entity63 . Glial reactions were studied with the use of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: @entity2500 resulted in delayed neuronal cell loss of the ipsilateral VPN and @entity9479 . Glial activation occurred in both nuclei beginning after 24 hours. @entity63 resulted in delayed neuronal cell loss only within the VPN. Even 2 weeks after @entity63 , glial activation could only be seen within the VPN. CONCLUSIONS: Pure cortical @entity1188 after @entity63 , without major @entity4 and without effects on the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, only lead to secondary VPN damage that is possibly due to @entity10747 . @entity2500 , which results in @entity1188 and which causes @entity4 , leads to secondary damage in the VPN and @entity9479 . Thus, additional @entity16 may be due to loss of protective GABAergic input from the globus pallidus to the @entity9479 or due to the extensive @entity4 . @entity10747 is not possible because the @entity9479 , in contrast to the VPN, has no efferents to the cortex.

title: Different mechanisms of secondary XXXX in thalamic nuclei after focal @entity2806 in rats.

entities_list: @entity10747 :: ('MESH:D012183', 'Disease') :: ['Retrograde degeneration', 'retrograde degeneration']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Photothrombotic ischemia', 'ischemia', 'photothrombotic ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['MCAO', 'middle cerebral artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'widespread edema']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['RTN damage']

entities_list: @entity9479 :: ('MESH:D013786', 'Disease') :: ['reticular thalamic nucleus', 'RTN']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction of cortex and globus pallidus', 'infarcts', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal damage', 'Neuronal degeneration']

answer: @entity528 :: (MESH:D009410,Disease) :: ['neuronal damage']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: After focal @entity2806 , depending on its localization and extent, secondary @entity528 may occur that is remote from the initial lesion. In this study differences in secondary damage of the ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VPN) and the @entity9479 ( @entity9479 ) were investigated with the use of different @entity63 models. METHODS: Transient @entity2500 ( @entity2500 ) leads to cortical @entity1188 , including parts of the basal ganglia such as the globus pallidus, and to @entity4 . @entity63 generates pure cortical @entity1188 sparing the basal ganglia and with only minor @entity4 . @entity528 was quantified within the ipsilateral @entity9479 and VPN 14 days after @entity63 . Glial reactions were studied with the use of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: @entity2500 resulted in delayed neuronal cell loss of the ipsilateral VPN and @entity9479 . Glial activation occurred in both nuclei beginning after 24 hours. @entity63 resulted in delayed neuronal cell loss only within the VPN. Even 2 weeks after @entity63 , glial activation could only be seen within the VPN. CONCLUSIONS: Pure cortical @entity1188 after @entity63 , without major @entity4 and without effects on the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, only lead to secondary VPN damage that is possibly due to @entity10747 . @entity2500 , which results in @entity1188 and which causes @entity4 , leads to secondary damage in the VPN and @entity9479 . Thus, additional @entity16 may be due to loss of protective GABAergic input from the globus pallidus to the @entity9479 or due to the extensive @entity4 . @entity10747 is not possible because the @entity9479 , in contrast to the VPN, has no efferents to the cortex.

title: Different mechanisms of secondary @entity528 in thalamic nuclei after focal XXXX in rats.

answer: @entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['cerebral ischemia']


abstract: The aims of this study were to determine whether @entity1 @entity356 express @entity12 or Fas, whether @entity12 expression is associated with increased apoptotic induction, especially, @entity5 -infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) and whether apoptotic induction is associated with the @entity5 stage and histologic type. Early @entity356 (EGC) (n=38) and advanced @entity356 (AGC) (n=61) cases were analyzed in @entity1 who received gastric resection from 1997 to 1998. There were 38 diffuse type and 61 intestinal type cases. Immunohistochemical staining for Fas, @entity12 and @entity1195 , TACS trade mark in situ apoptosis detection kit, and double staining with the observation under a confocal scanning laser microscope were employed. @entity12 was localized to neoplastic cells in 23 cases (61%) of EGC group and 40 cases (66%) of AGC group. The extent of @entity12 expression was variable, with both @entity12 -positive and -negative neoplastic regions occurring within @entity5 . TILs were detected by @entity1195 , and apoptosis of TILs as detected by co-expression of @entity1195 and TACS on serial histologic sections. TILs adjacent to @entity12 expressing @entity5 regions were decreased in number and TILs adjacent to @entity12 -negative @entity5 regions were increased in number; apoptotic induction of TIL showed the opposite pattern (p<0.05). Fas was expressed homogeneously throughout the @entity5 masses independent of the @entity5 stage. Fas expression in 39 cases (64%) was intestinal type and in 26 cases (68%), diffuse type. Labeling indices for tumoral apoptosis in EGC and AGC were 6.72% and 7.13%, respectively. Co-expression of @entity12 and Fas, which occurrs over large areas of the @entity5 , did not result in an enhanced rate of @entity5 cell apoptosis. In addition, @entity5 stage and other prognostic factors were not associated with Fas and @entity12 expressions, number of TIL and apoptotic induction. A statistically significant @entity353 concomitant with significantly increased TIL apoptosis adjacent to @entity12 -expressing regions of @entity356 were demonstrated. This finding suggests Fas-mediated apoptotic depletion of TIL in response to @entity12 expression in @entity5 , and provides evidence to support the Fas counterattack theory as a mechanism of immune escape in @entity356 . Furthermore, @entity356 cells of the intestinal and the diffuse type did not differ in their expression of the Fas-apoptotic system.

title: Fas-related apoptosis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of TILs']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stomach cancers', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric adenocarcinomas', 'gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric adenocarcinoma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5684 ( @entity5684 , @entity5684 ) is a rare (~ 1/1500.000), @entity74 (affects @entity1 ) due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme @entity16369 sulfatase (Xq.28). The complex clinical picture includes @entity6287 with a tendency to @entity2693 and disability. In our country, the specific diagnosis and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), are recently available in the Center for Genetic Pathology Cluj. OBJECTIVES: Assessment of clinical features, radiological and imaging of @entity6287 in @entity5684 and their evolution under ERT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 9 male @entity1 with a suggestive clinical picture of @entity5684 ; the diagnosis was confirmed by enzymatic assay and the @entity1 were treated with ERT. @entity6287 was assessed before treatment: a) clinical tests (joint goniometry, walking test) and b) radiology (X-rays of the hand and wrist, spine and pelvis), bone densitometry in five @entity1 . Clinical tests were repeated after therapy. RESULTS: @entity102 was present in all @entity1 . Joint mobility was reduced with quasi stationary trend after 12 months of treatment. The walking test was improved after treatment. Radiological assessment revealed: hand bones changes, delayed bone age, vertebral changes, pelvis changes, kipho-scoliosis and @entity39 of the femoral head in 100%, 88%, 88%, 55% and 11% respectively. Bone mineral density was normal in five of the nine @entity1 evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: @entity102 with @entity2693 is an essential component of the clinical picture of @entity5684 . ERT allows an improvement/arrest of evolution (depending on disease severity and time of initiating therapy).

title: @entity6287 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['aseptic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity6287 :: ('MESH:C537144', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoarthropathy', 'osteoarthropathy']

entities_list: @entity16369 :: ('MESH:D007067', 'Chemical') :: ['iduronate']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic osteoarthropathy']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked inherited disorder']

entities_list: @entity5684 :: ('MESH:D016532', 'Disease') :: ['MPS type II', 'Mucopolysaccharidosis type II', 'Hunter syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2693 :: ('MESH:C566112', 'Disease') :: ['flexion stiffness']

answer: @entity5684 :: (MESH:D016532,Disease) :: ['mucopolysaccharidosis type II']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5684 ( @entity5684 , @entity5684 ) is a rare (~ 1/1500.000), @entity74 (affects @entity1 ) due to deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme @entity16369 sulfatase (Xq.28). The complex clinical picture includes @entity6287 with a tendency to @entity2693 and disability. In our country, the specific diagnosis and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), are recently available in the Center for Genetic Pathology Cluj. OBJECTIVES: Assessment of clinical features, radiological and imaging of @entity6287 in @entity5684 and their evolution under ERT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 9 male @entity1 with a suggestive clinical picture of @entity5684 ; the diagnosis was confirmed by enzymatic assay and the @entity1 were treated with ERT. @entity6287 was assessed before treatment: a) clinical tests (joint goniometry, walking test) and b) radiology (X-rays of the hand and wrist, spine and pelvis), bone densitometry in five @entity1 . Clinical tests were repeated after therapy. RESULTS: @entity102 was present in all @entity1 . Joint mobility was reduced with quasi stationary trend after 12 months of treatment. The walking test was improved after treatment. Radiological assessment revealed: hand bones changes, delayed bone age, vertebral changes, pelvis changes, kipho-scoliosis and @entity39 of the femoral head in 100%, 88%, 88%, 55% and 11% respectively. Bone mineral density was normal in five of the nine @entity1 evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: @entity102 with @entity2693 is an essential component of the clinical picture of @entity5684 . ERT allows an improvement/arrest of evolution (depending on disease severity and time of initiating therapy).

title: XXXX in @entity5684 .

answer: @entity6287 :: (MESH:C537144,Disease) :: ['Osteoarthropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To record and analyse the injuries and conditions requiring referral to the @entity2587 and Rehabilitation Centre over a three year period, with special reference to type and site of injury, aetiology, and outcome. METHODS: An ongoing prospective study in which data on the diagnosis, cause of injury, and treatment of all @entity1 referred to the Centre was coded and stored on a database. A total of seventeen variables were recorded. SUBJECTS: All @entity1 were trained, serving soldiers in the British Army referred via their General Practitioner to the Sports Injury and Rehabilitation Centre. RESULTS: A total of 3921 referrals were made over the three-year period. The most common specific condition seen was @entity1643 (22.2%) followed by sprain of the ankle (15.1%). Lower limb conditions, both overuse and traumatic, accounted for over half (55.8%) of all referrals. Military training was the most common cause of all conditions (35.2%) followed by organised or personal sport (28.5%). In addition to medical treatment and physiotherapy, 30% of @entity1 required formal rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first full review of the data collected by the Sports Injury and Rehabilitation Centre. It defines the injury patterns for trained soldiers rather than military recruits. Low back @entity158 is identified as a major cause of morbidity in this population. The review serves as a benchmark in the planning of injury prevention strategies and the establishment of future rehabilitation services.

title: Sports and training injuries in British soldiers: the XXXX and Rehabilitation Centre.

entities_list: @entity2587 :: ('MESH:D001265', 'Disease') :: ['Colchester Garrison Sports Injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

answer: @entity2587 :: (MESH:D001265,Disease) :: ['Colchester Garrison Sports Injury']


abstract: From 1966 to 1986, a total of 55 @entity1 underwent a @entity8276 (53 right and 2 left) for @entity153 . Preoperative radiotherapy was given in only 5 @entity1 . The overall operative death rate was 10.9%, but no @entity1 has died since 1975 (32 survivors). Seven @entity1 had a postoperative @entity3509 (12.7%); 4 of these @entity1 had a @entity292 . Twenty-five @entity1 had postoperative radiotherapy, 5 of whom also had chemotherapy. The actuarial survival rate, after exclusion of the 6 operative deaths, was 38% at 3 years and 23% at 5 years. Survival was correlated to regional lymph node involvement. The actuarial survival rate among @entity1 with tumoral spread to bronchial lymph nodes was 43% at 3 years. Among the 13 @entity1 with only subcarinal involvement, the actuarial survival rate was 34% at 3 years. None of the 8 @entity1 with paratracheal lymph node involvement survived more than 30 months. These results indicate that @entity8276 for @entity153 with extension to the carina is now fully justified considering the low operative mortality and the good results observed when lateral tracheal lymph nodes were not involved.

title: @entity8276 for XXXX : report of 55 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopleural fistula']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity8276 :: ('MESH:D014133', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy']

answer: @entity153 :: (MESH:D002283,Disease) :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']


abstract: From 1966 to 1986, a total of 55 @entity1 underwent a @entity8276 (53 right and 2 left) for @entity153 . Preoperative radiotherapy was given in only 5 @entity1 . The overall operative death rate was 10.9%, but no @entity1 has died since 1975 (32 survivors). Seven @entity1 had a postoperative @entity3509 (12.7%); 4 of these @entity1 had a @entity292 . Twenty-five @entity1 had postoperative radiotherapy, 5 of whom also had chemotherapy. The actuarial survival rate, after exclusion of the 6 operative deaths, was 38% at 3 years and 23% at 5 years. Survival was correlated to regional lymph node involvement. The actuarial survival rate among @entity1 with tumoral spread to bronchial lymph nodes was 43% at 3 years. Among the 13 @entity1 with only subcarinal involvement, the actuarial survival rate was 34% at 3 years. None of the 8 @entity1 with paratracheal lymph node involvement survived more than 30 months. These results indicate that @entity8276 for @entity153 with extension to the carina is now fully justified considering the low operative mortality and the good results observed when lateral tracheal lymph nodes were not involved.

title: XXXX for @entity153 : report of 55 cases.

answer: @entity8276 :: (MESH:D014133,Disease) :: ['Tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy']


abstract: Anti- @entity3391 -receptor ( @entity3391 -R) @entity198 is a new autoimmune, often @entity74 that presents with complex neuropsychiatric symptoms. It was first described in 2007 by Dalmau et al. Our @entity1 presented with @entity10 , behavioral changes and then @entity410 with @entity1833 . She was initially misdiagnosed to have @entity161 and was prescribed antipsychotics. She deteriorated and developed further @entity410 with @entity3316 and @entity8684 . Her blood investigations were positive for @entity9463 IGM. Her CSF studies showed high white cell counts, predominantly lymphocytes, and high anti- @entity3391 -R titre. Her brain MRI scans showed high @entity68682 and FLAIR intensities in the grey and white matter of the left cerebellar hemisphere suggestive of acute disseminated @entity1651 . She responded to treatment with antibiotics, multiple antiepileptics, @entity230 and needed five sessions of plasmapheresis. There was no underlying @entity5 on repeated scanning of the abdomen. She needed around one year for full recovery with intensive rehabilitation. The objective of this paper was to highlight the occurrence of this fairly new, challenging, easily missed, not-so-rare form of @entity198 often occurring in the absence of fever.

title: First Bahraini adolescent with anti-NMDAR-Ab XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['mycoplasma']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3391 :: ('D016202', 'Chemical') :: ['NMDA', 'N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['paraneoplastic disorder']

entities_list: @entity3316 :: ('MESH:D007040', 'Disease') :: ['hypoventilation']

entities_list: @entity8684 :: ('MESH:D001264', 'Disease') :: ['choreoathetosis']

entities_list: @entity1651 :: ('MESH:D004679', 'Disease') :: ['encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity198 :: (MESH:D004660,Disease) :: ['encephalitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage (AC) injuries and @entity600 are commonly noticed because of @entity130 or age-related degeneration. Many methods have been adopted for replacing or repairing the damaged tissue. Currently available AC repair methods, in several cases, fail to yield good-quality long-lasting results, perhaps because the reconstructed tissue lacks the cellular and matrix properties seen in @entity1844 ( @entity1844 ). PURPOSE: To reconstruct @entity1844 tissue from 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) cultures of AC-derived @entity1 chondrocytes that would specifically exhibit the cellular and biochemical properties of the deep layer of @entity1844 . STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS: Two-dimensional cultures of @entity1 AC-derived chondrocytes were established in classical medium (CM) and newly defined medium (NDM) and maintained for a period of 6 weeks. These cells were suspended in 2 mm-thick collagen I gels, placed in 24-well culture inserts, and further cultured up to 30 days. Properties of chondrocytes, grown in 2D cultures and the reconstructed 3D cartilage tissue, were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopic techniques, immunohistochemistry, and cartilage-specific gene expression profiling by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and were compared with those of the deep layer of native @entity1 AC. RESULTS: Two-dimensional chondrocyte cultures grown in NDM, in comparison with those grown in CM, showed more chondrocyte-specific gene activity and matrix properties. The NDM-grown chondrocytes in 3D cultures also showed better reproduction of deep layer properties of @entity1844 , as confirmed by microscopic and gene expression analysis. The method used in this study can yield cartilage tissue up to approximately 1.6 cm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness that satisfies the very low cell density and matrix composition properties present in the deep layer of normal @entity1844 . CONCLUSION: This study presents a novel and reproducible method for long-term culture of AC-derived chondrocytes and reconstruction of cartilage tissue with properties similar to the deep layer of @entity1844 in vitro. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The @entity1844 tissue obtained by the method described can be used to develop an implantable product for the replacement of damaged or malformed AC, especially in younger @entity1 where the lesions are caused by @entity130 or mechanical stress.

title: Reconstruction of Hyaline Cartilage Deep Layer Properties in 3-Dimensional Cultures of XXXX Articular Chondrocytes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['hyaline cartilage', 'HC']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are limited data on @entity130 sustained during @entity1 's lacrosse. As the sport gains popularity, practitioners will be more likely to treat lacrosse players. PURPOSE: To analyze data from the 2010 World Lacrosse Championships. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of @entity130 reported during the 2010 World Lacrosse Championships. An @entity130 was completed, and data were categorized into body part injured, diagnosis, mechanism, and time of injury. RESULTS: Over 9 days, 667 players from 29 countries competed in 105 games. A total of 150 @entity130 were sustained by 129 individuals aged 16 to 46 years. Five times more @entity130 occurred during games than in training (69.3% [n = 104] vs 13.3% [n = 20]; rate ratio [95% CI] = 5.2 [4.9-5.5]), resulting in 39.5 @entity130 per 1000 hours played. The most frequent mechanism was contact (53.3%; n = 80), including direct impact with another player (30%; n = 45), with a stick (16.7%; n = 25), or with a ball (5.3%; n = 8). Change of direction and/or speed were the most common noncontact mechanisms (27.3%; n = 41). The most frequently reported @entity130 were contusions (32.0%; n = 48), sprains (22.7%; n = 34), and strains (22.7%; n = 34). The lower limb was the most injured body part (50.7%; n = 76) compared with the upper limb (23.3%; n = 35; rate ratio [95% CI] = 2.2 [2.1-2.3]). The ankle was the most injured joint (14.0%; n = 21), followed by the shoulder (10.0%; n = 15). CONCLUSION: As participation expands, health professionals may become more responsible for treating lacrosse players. Players are susceptible to a range of @entity130 . Familiarity with the common injury patterns could help treatment and prevention. Despite differences in rules during international competition, this study corroborates reports from North America. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The epidemiology of @entity1 's lacrosse @entity130 needs to be documented and understood to effectively prevent @entity130 . The 2014 World Championships are to be held in Denver, Colorado (July 10-19, 2014), and it is important that practitioners treating players are aware of the differences in the international game. Publication of these data will allow for those planning lacrosse tournaments to do so more effectively.

title: Injuries in Elite XXXX 's Lacrosse: An Observational Study During the 2010 World Championships.

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'injury surveillance questionnaire']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Men']


abstract: To gain more insight into the relationship between foveal and peripheral @entity2516 in @entity1 , spheres, cylinders, and their axes were binocularly measured across the visual field in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic groups of young subjects. Both automated infrared photorefraction (the "PowerRefractor"; www. plusoptix.de) and a double-pass technique were used because the PowerRefractor provided extensive data from the central 44 deg of the visual field in a very convenient and fast way. Two-dimensional maps for the average cross cylinders and spherical equivalents, as well as for the axes of the power meridians of the cylinders, were created. A small amount of lower-field @entity1714 was detected with a significant vertical gradient in spherical equivalents. In the central visual field there was little difference among the three refractive groups. The established double-pass technique provided complementary data also from the far periphery. At 45 deg eccentricity the double-pass technique revealed relatively more hyperopic spherical equivalents in myopic subjects than in emmetropic subjects [+/-2.73 +/- 2.85 D relative to the fovea, p < 0.01 (+/- standard deviation)] and more myopic spherical equivalents in hyperopic subjects (-3.84 +/- 2.86 D relative to the fovea, p < 0.01). Owing to the pronounced peripheral @entity940 , spherical equivalents (refractions with respect to the plane of the circle of least @entity911 ) became myopic relative to the fovea in all three groups. The finding of general peripheral @entity1714 was unexpected. Its possible roles in foveal refractive development are discussed.

title: Peripheral XXXX in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic young subjects.

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive errors']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

answer: @entity2516 :: (MESH:D012030,Disease) :: ['refractive errors']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Prospectively follow pediatric @entity698 @entity1 to assess outcomes and rates of appendiceal perforations relative to duration of symptomatology and appendectomy timing. METHODS: Data were collected on the duration of symptomatology to diagnosis and from diagnosis to appendectomy. Symptomatology duration was evaluated in 24-hour increments, and diagnosis to appendectomy was evaluated in 3-hour intervals. Appendiceal perforation rates, hospital length of stay (LOS), and operating room (OR) times were evaluated. RESULTS: Data were analyzed on 230 @entity1 . Average age was 9.3 years (  3.2), 93 (40%) were female, and 64 (28%) appendectomies were perforated. Perforations had a mean 10 minutes longer OR time (63 vs 50 minutes, P < 0.001) and a 57% increase in hospital LOS (3 days' interquartile range, 1-5 vs 1 day's interquartile range, 1-3; P < 0.001). From diagnosis to appendectomy, those taken 0 to 3 hours, 4 to 6 hours, or longer than 6 hours after diagnosis had no statistically significant difference in hospital LOS or perforation rates and no clinically significant difference in OR times. Symptomatology greater than 48 hours had hospital LOS 55.7% greater and 4.9 times increased odds for perforation than those 0 to 23 hours (P < 0.05).We found no effect on perforation rates, hospital LOS, or OR time when symptomatology duration was compared independently with timing of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric @entity1 with @entity698 presenting with greater than 48 hours of symptomatology had 4.9 times increased odds of perforation and 56% greater hospital LOS than those presenting within 0 to 23 hours. We were unable to demonstrate a difference in perforation rates based on emergency department LOS before surgery.

title: Effects of Timing to Diagnosis and Appendectomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['Pediatric Appendicitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9689 ( @entity9689 ) is a high-resolution imaging technique with potential additive value in the evaluation of @entity1 with @entity472 ( @entity472 ). We aimed to assess the prognostic value of @entity9689 in asymptomatic @entity1 with @entity472 compared to conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). METHODS: 116 @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity472 (Vmax>2.5m/s assessed by clinical screening TTE, LVEF>50%) were examined with TTE (Vivid e9) and @entity9689 (Aquilion 320) on the same day. The treating physician was blinded for research protocol defined imaging results. Outcome was defined as indication for aortic valve replacement (AVR) determined by the treating physician or @entity1164 . RESULTS: The mean age was 72 (8) years, 27% were @entity1 , mean AVA by TTE was 1.01 (0.30) cm(2). Median follow up time was 27 (IQR 19-44) months. Forty seven @entity1 (41%) developed indication for AVR. No @entity1 suffered a @entity1164 . AVA and @entity7874 were significant univariable predictors of AVR when measured by both TTE and @entity9689 , whereas left ventricular mass was only significant measured by @entity9689 . Significant @entity453 by @entity9689 tended to predict future indication for AVR, but this did not reach statistical significance (HR: 1.79 (95% CI 0.96-3.44), p=0.08). CONCLUSION: @entity9689 derived AVA can be of use as an alternative to TTE derived @entity9012 in @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity472 to predict future clinical indication for AVR.

title: Prognostic value of multi-detector computed tomography in asymptomatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity9689 :: ('MESH:C564969', 'Disease') :: ['Multi-Detector Computed Tomography', 'MDCT']

entities_list: @entity7874 :: ('MESH:C562942', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve calcification']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['AS', 'aortic valve stenosis']

answer: @entity472 :: (MESH:D001024,Disease) :: ['aortic valve stenosis']


abstract: @entity342 -induced prostatic development encompasses many individual processes such as ductal branching morphogenesis, cellular proliferation, and secretory cytodifferentiation. Previous studies of ductal morphogenesis (Y. Sugimura, G.R. Cunha, and A.A. Donjacour, 1986, Biol. Reprod. 34, 961-971) demonstrated that the majority (approximately 70%) of ductal @entity3455 and branchpoints in the @entity19 prostate is generated before 15 days of age. Since circulating @entity342 levels are low during this neonatal period, it is possible that ductal branching morphogenesis may not require the continuous presence of @entity3800 . To test this hypothesis @entity19 were castrated within 24 hr of birth, and prostates from these @entity19 were microdissected at various ages from 5 to 120 days of age to assess the number of ductal @entity3455 and branchpoints; wet weight and DNA content were also determined. In intact males wet weight and DNA content increased rapidly between 15 and 60 days of age, after most of the prostatic ductal architecture had been laid down. Neonatal castration considerably reduced the number of @entity3455 and branchpoints in both the ventral and dorsolateral prostate, yet both lobes still underwent significant branching morphogenesis in the absence of testes. The administration of anti- @entity3800 to neonatal castrates did not suppress ductal branching to any greater extent than did neonatal castration alone. @entity342 replacement immediately following neonatal castration resulted in precocious attainment of the adult number of @entity3455 and branchpoints, but caused only modest increases in wet weight. In contrast, when @entity342 replacement was delayed until adulthood, prostatic wet weight increased to normal adult levels, but the number of ductal @entity3455 and branchpoints did not. These experiments show that neonatal prostatic ductal morphogenesis is sensitive to, but does not require, chronic @entity342 stimulation.

title: The effect of XXXX deprivation on branching morphogenesis in the @entity19 prostate.

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen', 'Androgen']

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: @entity342 -induced prostatic development encompasses many individual processes such as ductal branching morphogenesis, cellular proliferation, and secretory cytodifferentiation. Previous studies of ductal morphogenesis (Y. Sugimura, G.R. Cunha, and A.A. Donjacour, 1986, Biol. Reprod. 34, 961-971) demonstrated that the majority (approximately 70%) of ductal @entity3455 and branchpoints in the @entity19 prostate is generated before 15 days of age. Since circulating @entity342 levels are low during this neonatal period, it is possible that ductal branching morphogenesis may not require the continuous presence of @entity3800 . To test this hypothesis @entity19 were castrated within 24 hr of birth, and prostates from these @entity19 were microdissected at various ages from 5 to 120 days of age to assess the number of ductal @entity3455 and branchpoints; wet weight and DNA content were also determined. In intact males wet weight and DNA content increased rapidly between 15 and 60 days of age, after most of the prostatic ductal architecture had been laid down. Neonatal castration considerably reduced the number of @entity3455 and branchpoints in both the ventral and dorsolateral prostate, yet both lobes still underwent significant branching morphogenesis in the absence of testes. The administration of anti- @entity3800 to neonatal castrates did not suppress ductal branching to any greater extent than did neonatal castration alone. @entity342 replacement immediately following neonatal castration resulted in precocious attainment of the adult number of @entity3455 and branchpoints, but caused only modest increases in wet weight. In contrast, when @entity342 replacement was delayed until adulthood, prostatic wet weight increased to normal adult levels, but the number of ductal @entity3455 and branchpoints did not. These experiments show that neonatal prostatic ductal morphogenesis is sensitive to, but does not require, chronic @entity342 stimulation.

title: The effect of @entity342 deprivation on branching morphogenesis in the XXXX prostate.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: In vivo voltammetry was used to measure the synaptic release of @entity35 striatal @entity935 and @entity750 after the administration of the @entity535 @entity9484 to @entity3839 -induced @entity6 @entity35 . @entity935 and @entity750 release from @entity35 striatum was studied at a short-term or acute (3-day) interval and a long-term or chronic (3- to 7-wk) interval after the induction of @entity6 . The study was also done in age-, sex-, and food-matched controls. The findings show that @entity9484 decreased @entity935 release from @entity35 striatum in nondiabetic @entity35 . The decreased striatal @entity935 release, after @entity9484 administration, was exacerbated in acutely @entity6 @entity35 and further exacerbated in chronically @entity6 @entity35 . By contrast, @entity35 striatal @entity750 release predictably increased after @entity9484 injection in nondiabetic @entity35 . A further increased striatal @entity750 release was seen in acutely @entity6 @entity35 . Chronically @entity6 @entity35 , however, responded to @entity9484 with a dramatic and significant decrease in striatal @entity750 release. The results show that in acutely @entity6 and normal @entity35 , @entity9484 administration reduced striatal @entity935 and increased striatal @entity750 release, whereas in chronically @entity6 @entity35 , the release of both biogenic @entity4478 was decreased. The findings indicate that the progression of @entity6 is associated with an impaired ability to release primary neurotransmitter biogenic @entity4478 .

title: @entity6 -related changes in XXXX -induced release of striatal biogenic @entity4478 .

entities_list: @entity9484 :: ('CHEBI:16828', 'Chemical') :: ['L-tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine', 'Dopamine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozocin']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity9484 :: (CHEBI:16828,Chemical) :: ['L-tryptophan']


abstract: In vivo voltammetry was used to measure the synaptic release of @entity35 striatal @entity935 and @entity750 after the administration of the @entity535 @entity9484 to @entity3839 -induced @entity6 @entity35 . @entity935 and @entity750 release from @entity35 striatum was studied at a short-term or acute (3-day) interval and a long-term or chronic (3- to 7-wk) interval after the induction of @entity6 . The study was also done in age-, sex-, and food-matched controls. The findings show that @entity9484 decreased @entity935 release from @entity35 striatum in nondiabetic @entity35 . The decreased striatal @entity935 release, after @entity9484 administration, was exacerbated in acutely @entity6 @entity35 and further exacerbated in chronically @entity6 @entity35 . By contrast, @entity35 striatal @entity750 release predictably increased after @entity9484 injection in nondiabetic @entity35 . A further increased striatal @entity750 release was seen in acutely @entity6 @entity35 . Chronically @entity6 @entity35 , however, responded to @entity9484 with a dramatic and significant decrease in striatal @entity750 release. The results show that in acutely @entity6 and normal @entity35 , @entity9484 administration reduced striatal @entity935 and increased striatal @entity750 release, whereas in chronically @entity6 @entity35 , the release of both biogenic @entity4478 was decreased. The findings indicate that the progression of @entity6 is associated with an impaired ability to release primary neurotransmitter biogenic @entity4478 .

title: @entity6 -related changes in @entity9484 -induced release of striatal biogenic XXXX .

answer: @entity4478 :: (MESH:D000588,Chemical) :: ['amines']


abstract: In vivo voltammetry was used to measure the synaptic release of @entity35 striatal @entity935 and @entity750 after the administration of the @entity535 @entity9484 to @entity3839 -induced @entity6 @entity35 . @entity935 and @entity750 release from @entity35 striatum was studied at a short-term or acute (3-day) interval and a long-term or chronic (3- to 7-wk) interval after the induction of @entity6 . The study was also done in age-, sex-, and food-matched controls. The findings show that @entity9484 decreased @entity935 release from @entity35 striatum in nondiabetic @entity35 . The decreased striatal @entity935 release, after @entity9484 administration, was exacerbated in acutely @entity6 @entity35 and further exacerbated in chronically @entity6 @entity35 . By contrast, @entity35 striatal @entity750 release predictably increased after @entity9484 injection in nondiabetic @entity35 . A further increased striatal @entity750 release was seen in acutely @entity6 @entity35 . Chronically @entity6 @entity35 , however, responded to @entity9484 with a dramatic and significant decrease in striatal @entity750 release. The results show that in acutely @entity6 and normal @entity35 , @entity9484 administration reduced striatal @entity935 and increased striatal @entity750 release, whereas in chronically @entity6 @entity35 , the release of both biogenic @entity4478 was decreased. The findings indicate that the progression of @entity6 is associated with an impaired ability to release primary neurotransmitter biogenic @entity4478 .

title: XXXX -related changes in @entity9484 -induced release of striatal biogenic @entity4478 .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: @entity221 has emerged as an adjunct to other forms of @entity1313 therapy. Interstitial microwave irradiation is an effective method of inducing localized brain @entity221 . One of the problems with this technique, however, is the overheating of tissue adjacent to the antenna. In this study, a cooling system for the interstitial microwave antenna was developed for the purpose of providing uniform and accurate heating by the elimination of overheating. The ability to generate more uniform hyperthermic fields was evaluated in normal monkey brains. Six monkeys under general anesthesia and controlled respiration underwent parietooccipital craniectomies 4 x 4 cm in size. The antenna cooling system was constructed of a @entity1346 tube 5.0 mm in outer diameter. @entity1346 -coated interstitial microwave antennae 1.5 mm in diameter were used. A single antenna or a square array (1.6 cm on a side) of 4 antennae was inserted into the brain with the coupled system to a depth of 2 cm. The brain tissue was heated by 2450-MHz microwave irradiation. Temperature distributions were mapped using nonperturbing thermocouples. These thermal profiles were compared with those generated without the cooling system. In the experiments with the single antenna, the antenna cooling system eliminated the overheating and rapid radial falloff in temperature, without a reduction of the hyperthermic field. In the four-antennae experiments using the cooling system, the thermal field was dramatically flattened with minimal reduction in size; however, the area maintained at a therapeutic temperature range (42-45 degrees C) was significantly enlarged by the cooling system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX for @entity1313 : improved delivery with a new cooling system.

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['Silicone', 'silicone']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia', 'Hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['Hyperthermia']


abstract: @entity221 has emerged as an adjunct to other forms of @entity1313 therapy. Interstitial microwave irradiation is an effective method of inducing localized brain @entity221 . One of the problems with this technique, however, is the overheating of tissue adjacent to the antenna. In this study, a cooling system for the interstitial microwave antenna was developed for the purpose of providing uniform and accurate heating by the elimination of overheating. The ability to generate more uniform hyperthermic fields was evaluated in normal monkey brains. Six monkeys under general anesthesia and controlled respiration underwent parietooccipital craniectomies 4 x 4 cm in size. The antenna cooling system was constructed of a @entity1346 tube 5.0 mm in outer diameter. @entity1346 -coated interstitial microwave antennae 1.5 mm in diameter were used. A single antenna or a square array (1.6 cm on a side) of 4 antennae was inserted into the brain with the coupled system to a depth of 2 cm. The brain tissue was heated by 2450-MHz microwave irradiation. Temperature distributions were mapped using nonperturbing thermocouples. These thermal profiles were compared with those generated without the cooling system. In the experiments with the single antenna, the antenna cooling system eliminated the overheating and rapid radial falloff in temperature, without a reduction of the hyperthermic field. In the four-antennae experiments using the cooling system, the thermal field was dramatically flattened with minimal reduction in size; however, the area maintained at a therapeutic temperature range (42-45 degrees C) was significantly enlarged by the cooling system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity221 for XXXX : improved delivery with a new cooling system.

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumors']


abstract: Previous studies by a French group (Fertil Steril 44:645-651, 1985) have shown that two- to eight-cell @entity1 embryos can survive slow freeze-thawing with @entity33778 in a biological freezer. These embryos were assessed for morphological appearance by phase-contrast microscopy. We assessed the structure of 25 frozen-thawed one- to 12-cell embryos, obtained from our @entity52 ( @entity52 ) and GIFT programmes, by phase-contrast and electron microscopy, using the same method of cryopreservation. One-fourth of the embryos examined had all cells intact, and more than one-half the embryos had over 50% of their cells well preserved. Some of these embryos had unequal blastomeres and cytoplasmic fragments. Ultrastructural assessment revealed good preservation of fine structure in the intact blastomeres of all embryos and maintenance of cell-to-cell contacts. Most cytoplasmic organelles, cell membranes, and nuclei were well preserved compared to nonfrozen controls. The cells that were cryoinjured showed varying degrees of disorganization of the cell membrane, cytosol, and cellular membranes, including swelling and disruption of the nuclear envelope. Disruption of the zona was somewhat rare. Small cytoplasmic fragments were less prone to cryoinjury than blastomeres. The use of @entity33778 for embryo cryopreservation seems to be feasible; frozen embryos with more than 50% cells intact have produced 10 pregnancies after embryo transfer (Fertil Steril 46:268-272, 1986). Replacement of 17 frozen embryos in seven @entity1 has resulted in a twin pregnancy in Singapore. However, the effects of freezing on the mitotic spindles of embryonic cells need to be investigated further.

title: Fine structure of early @entity1 embryos frozen with 1,2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilization']

entities_list: @entity33778 :: ('CHEBI:26288', 'Chemical') :: ['propanediol']

answer: @entity33778 :: (CHEBI:26288,Chemical) :: ['propanediol']


abstract: Previous studies by a French group (Fertil Steril 44:645-651, 1985) have shown that two- to eight-cell @entity1 embryos can survive slow freeze-thawing with @entity33778 in a biological freezer. These embryos were assessed for morphological appearance by phase-contrast microscopy. We assessed the structure of 25 frozen-thawed one- to 12-cell embryos, obtained from our @entity52 ( @entity52 ) and GIFT programmes, by phase-contrast and electron microscopy, using the same method of cryopreservation. One-fourth of the embryos examined had all cells intact, and more than one-half the embryos had over 50% of their cells well preserved. Some of these embryos had unequal blastomeres and cytoplasmic fragments. Ultrastructural assessment revealed good preservation of fine structure in the intact blastomeres of all embryos and maintenance of cell-to-cell contacts. Most cytoplasmic organelles, cell membranes, and nuclei were well preserved compared to nonfrozen controls. The cells that were cryoinjured showed varying degrees of disorganization of the cell membrane, cytosol, and cellular membranes, including swelling and disruption of the nuclear envelope. Disruption of the zona was somewhat rare. Small cytoplasmic fragments were less prone to cryoinjury than blastomeres. The use of @entity33778 for embryo cryopreservation seems to be feasible; frozen embryos with more than 50% cells intact have produced 10 pregnancies after embryo transfer (Fertil Steril 46:268-272, 1986). Replacement of 17 frozen embryos in seven @entity1 has resulted in a twin pregnancy in Singapore. However, the effects of freezing on the mitotic spindles of embryonic cells need to be investigated further.

title: Fine structure of early XXXX embryos frozen with 1,2 @entity33778 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Sex reversed (Sxr), a duplication of the Y chromosomal @entity1062 -determining factor in @entity19 , causes @entity1062 development in XXSxr animals. No effects of Sxr on nongonadal organs are expected. However, we have previously shown that the epididymis of XXSxr pseudomale (sex-reversed) @entity19 lacks the Initial Segment. In the present study we examined the ultrastructure of the head of the epididymis of adult and 21-day old XXSxr pseudomale @entity19 . Epithelial cells of both adult and juvenile XXSxr animals contain numerous vesicles, some within mitochondria. The basal lamina is thickened and infolded. The periepithelial layer is abnormally thick, with distorted smooth muscle cells and fibrocytes that also contain lysosomelike vesicles, often in mitochondria, and excessively wide intercellular spaces. Normal collagen fibrils are infrequent; they are in part replaced by wisps of nondiscrete material, possibly immature collagen. Sxr is known to affect spermatogenesis and Sertoli cells. The abnormal conjugation of sex-determining genes in XXSxr appears also to subvert mesenchymal-epithelial development in both epididymis and @entity1062 . We believe the most likely explanation of our data is that the XXSxr genotype is not @entity1062 specific but also influences the epididymis directly.

title: Ultrastructural abnormalities of epididymal tissues in XXSxr pseudomale (sex-reversed) XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: This study examines the betel nut chewing practices, and the resulting oral clinical and histological features of 20 chewers who were without the diagnostic characteristics of @entity82 . All chewed pan; the average duration of the habit was 10.5 years and the average frequency 7.1 quids per day. Eleven complained of intermittent burning and soreness of the mouth and 12 depicted @entity5932 . Only 2 subjects were free from symptoms or signs. Eighteen chewers revealed an abnormal epithelium with extensive @entity1373 in 10 subjects and the rest demonstrated varying degrees of @entity1373 with abnormal maturation of the epithelium. Seven of the latter showed atypia as well. @entity8286 was present in 7 and pigment incontinence in 9. Varying degrees of @entity32 featured in 17 specimens and the lamina propria was dense and hyalinized in 9. No correlation was found between the histological features, the clinical features and the various aspects of the habit. It is concluded that chewing betel nut will lead to pathological changes in the mucosa, but that neither the frequency nor the duration of the habit are accurate predictors of the extent of these changes or when they are likely to occur.

title: The oral features of betel nut chewers without XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['submucous fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity8286 :: ('MESH:D010241', 'Disease') :: ['Parakeratosis']

entities_list: @entity5932 :: ('MESH:C565008', 'Disease') :: ['blanching of the mucosa']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['submucous fibrosis']


abstract: 1. We have devised an isolated innervated preparation of @entity95 @entity825 in which parasympathetic fibres can be stimulated either pre- or postganglionically. 2. Contractions induced by transmural stimulation of the tracheal smooth muscle and by stimulation of the proximal end of the vagus nerve were both inhibited by @entity1022 and @entity3897 indicating that @entity934 release from neural fibres was responsible for each contraction. 3. Only the contraction induced by stimulation of the vagus nerve was significantly inhibited by @entity4033 indicating that this response was mediated by preganglionic stimulation. 4. The contractions induced by both pre- and postganglionic stimulation were potentiated by @entity3774 (PGF2 alpha). The potentiation was short-lasting and could not be repeated in the same preparation. 5. In contrast @entity1672 (PGD2) inhibited each form of stimulation-induced contraction in a dose-related manner. 6. In separate experiments PGF2 alpha also potentiated the contractile response to exogenous @entity934 in isolated non-innervated tracheal segments. This localizes the action of PGF2 alpha to the smooth muscle. 7. These effects of PGF2 alpha may be important in the @entity32 which accompanies @entity1030 .

title: @entity3774 alpha augments the response to parasympathetic fibre stimulation in an isolated innervated preparation of XXXX @entity825 .

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity1672 :: ('MESH:D015230', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin D2']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airway disease']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: 1. We have devised an isolated innervated preparation of @entity95 @entity825 in which parasympathetic fibres can be stimulated either pre- or postganglionically. 2. Contractions induced by transmural stimulation of the tracheal smooth muscle and by stimulation of the proximal end of the vagus nerve were both inhibited by @entity1022 and @entity3897 indicating that @entity934 release from neural fibres was responsible for each contraction. 3. Only the contraction induced by stimulation of the vagus nerve was significantly inhibited by @entity4033 indicating that this response was mediated by preganglionic stimulation. 4. The contractions induced by both pre- and postganglionic stimulation were potentiated by @entity3774 (PGF2 alpha). The potentiation was short-lasting and could not be repeated in the same preparation. 5. In contrast @entity1672 (PGD2) inhibited each form of stimulation-induced contraction in a dose-related manner. 6. In separate experiments PGF2 alpha also potentiated the contractile response to exogenous @entity934 in isolated non-innervated tracheal segments. This localizes the action of PGF2 alpha to the smooth muscle. 7. These effects of PGF2 alpha may be important in the @entity32 which accompanies @entity1030 .

title: XXXX alpha augments the response to parasympathetic fibre stimulation in an isolated innervated preparation of @entity95 @entity825 .

answer: @entity3774 :: (MESH:D015237,Chemical) :: ['Prostaglandin F2']


abstract: 1. We have devised an isolated innervated preparation of @entity95 @entity825 in which parasympathetic fibres can be stimulated either pre- or postganglionically. 2. Contractions induced by transmural stimulation of the tracheal smooth muscle and by stimulation of the proximal end of the vagus nerve were both inhibited by @entity1022 and @entity3897 indicating that @entity934 release from neural fibres was responsible for each contraction. 3. Only the contraction induced by stimulation of the vagus nerve was significantly inhibited by @entity4033 indicating that this response was mediated by preganglionic stimulation. 4. The contractions induced by both pre- and postganglionic stimulation were potentiated by @entity3774 (PGF2 alpha). The potentiation was short-lasting and could not be repeated in the same preparation. 5. In contrast @entity1672 (PGD2) inhibited each form of stimulation-induced contraction in a dose-related manner. 6. In separate experiments PGF2 alpha also potentiated the contractile response to exogenous @entity934 in isolated non-innervated tracheal segments. This localizes the action of PGF2 alpha to the smooth muscle. 7. These effects of PGF2 alpha may be important in the @entity32 which accompanies @entity1030 .

title: @entity3774 alpha augments the response to parasympathetic fibre stimulation in an isolated innervated preparation of @entity95 XXXX .

answer: @entity825 :: (MESH:D055090,Disease) :: ['trachea']


abstract: Quantitative structural studies were performed in kidney biopsy specimens from 24 long-term Type 1 (insulin-dependent) @entity6 @entity1 with persistent @entity633 due to @entity2316 . Ten @entity1 were receiving antihypertensive treatment, and among the remaining @entity1 the mean blood pressure was 142/91 mm Hg (SD = 11/9). The urinary albumin excretion rate showed a range from 100 to 5494 micrograms/min (geometric mean 688 micrograms/min.) Glomerular filtration rate also showed a wide range, from supranormal to markedly decreased values (128 to 28 ml.min-1. (1.73 m2)-1, mean 75). The filtration surface (interface between capillary and urinary space) per total number of @entity4295 (open + occluded) was estimated by combined light-and electron microscopy. The percentage occluded glomeruli as well as structural quantities in the open glomeruli were taken into account in this estimate. A highly significant correlation was seen between glomerular filtration rate and filtration surface per nephron (r = 0.77, p less than 10(-4). The percentage occluded glomeruli contributed significantly to the variation in glomerular filtration rate (for this relationship tested separately r = -0.78, p less than 10(-5). The volume of open glomeruli was even larger than that seen in early @entity2316 and tended to increase with the percentage of glomerular closure, indicating that a @entity1184 might have taken place. In the open glomeruli the filtration surface constituted a smaller percent of total capillary surface (the remaining part facing the mesangial regions) than in early @entity6 @entity1 and control subjects. Our study has demonstrated that reduced glomerular filtration surface is closely associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate in Type 1 @entity6 @entity1 with @entity2316 .

title: A strong correlation between glomerular filtration rate and filtration surface in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'diabetic glomerulopathy', 'diabetic glomerular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['compensatory hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: The concentrations of total @entity165 , phospholipids, @entity1674 and lipoproteins were measured in 87 follicular fluids obtained from 35 @entity1 undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The results were correlated with the levels of @entity1420 in follicular fluid. Two different types of ovarian stimulation were used. High density lipoproteins were the dominant lipoproteins found in the preovulatory follicular fluid. Low density lipoproteins were absent or appeared in trace amounts. Significantly higher @entity1674 and high density lipoprotein levels were found when stimulation with @entity1 menopausal gonadotropins and chorionic gonadotropin was applied, as compared to the @entity4082 -menopausal gonadotropin-chorionic gonadotropin menstrual cycle. In both groups, extracorporal fertilization resulted in cleavage of oocytes and embryo transfer. No significant correlation between any follicular fluid lipid and @entity1420 concentration was found. The lipids estimated in the follicular fluid appeared to have no influence on the oocyte fertilizability. The presence of @entity1674 and high density lipoproteins in the follicular fluid may indicate follicular wall permeability under the treatment with menopausal gonadotropins.

title: Lipid and lipoprotein contents of XXXX follicular fluid.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity4082 :: ('MESH:D002996', 'Chemical') :: ['clomiphene citrate']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol', 'triacylglycerols']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']