abstract: Ultrastructural changes of the perineurium in the distal segment of the @entity19 phrenic nerve after crush were studied at various intervals of up to 56 days. In the control, the perineurium of the phrenic nerves was composed of multilayered perineurial cells joined together by tight junctions forming concentric laminae surrounding the endoneurium which mainly contained myelinated fibers with a relatively small amount of unmyelinated fibers. In the experiment, perineurial cells showed prominent morphological changes from day 3 to day 6 with the presence of proteinaceous exudate between the cellular laminae of the perineurium. Some of the perineurial cells appeared @entity1184 and often showed mitotic figures. Newly formed gaps between the perineurial cells forming the same lamina as well as between those of adjacent laminae were frequently observed. Intracellular microcavities in the perineurial cells associated with increased pinocytotic vesicles were also observed. In addition, debris-free macrophages were occasionally seen in the perineurium. At this stage, @entity528 , myelin breakdown and interstitial proteinaceous exudate, which were already noticed on day 2, were evident in the endoneurium, demonstrating the early stage of @entity6441 . From day 7 on, however, mitotic figures of perineurial cells were not encountered. Perineurial cells of inner laminae contained lipid droplets which increased in number with time. Our observations strongly suggest that perineurial cells play an important role in the early stage of @entity1897 .

title: Ultrastructural alterations of perineurial cells in the early stage of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['Wallerian degeneration of the peripheral nerve']

entities_list: @entity6441 :: ('MESH:D014855', 'Disease') :: ['Wallerian degeneration']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['axonal degeneration']

answer: @entity6441 :: (MESH:D014855,Disease) :: ['Wallerian degeneration']


abstract: Developments in the treatment of stage I testicular non-seminomatous germ cell @entity5 have aimed primarily at reducing morbidity since the introduction of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Surveillance after orchidectomy, i.e. follow-up alone with chemotherapy only for relapsed disease, was found to be logistically and psychologically taxing for @entity1 . Risk factors for relapse were, however, identified from analyses of @entity5 histology of the orchidectomy specimen. Between September 1988 and April 1992, 20 @entity1 with clinical stage I testicular non-seminomatous germ cell @entity5 and a relatively high risk of relapse were entered into a prospective study of adjuvant chemotherapy. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of 2 cycles of @entity900 , @entity2879 and @entity1732 . Each cycle of chemotherapy lasted 3 days. There have been no relapses at a median follow-up of 31 months (range 12-53 months). Acute and late @entity137 have been modest. We have found adjuvant chemotherapy to be effective after orchidectomy in @entity1 with stage I disease with adverse prognostic factors for relapse.

title: Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I non-seminomatous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular cancer']


abstract: The results of therapy with @entity2779 were evaluated in 45 @entity1 with complex @entity1540 that had been refractory to a mean of 3.8 antiarrhythmic drugs. The cardiac diagnoses were @entity741 (in 16 @entity1 ), @entity296 (in 7), @entity3454 (in 7), @entity3454 (in 7), idiopathic @entity1540 (in 6), @entity340 (in 5), and @entity101 (in 4). The frequency of @entity1540 was established after therapy with antiarrhythmic agents had been discontinued. @entity1 then received @entity2779 during a dose-ranging protocol. An effective response was defined as a reduction in total @entity1540 of 80% or more. During dose ranging, therapy failed in four @entity1 because of side effects, in eight because of a reduction in @entity1540 of less than 80%, and in three because of an aggravation of the @entity943 . Thirty @entity1 had a reduction in total @entity1540 of 80% or more. During a mean follow-up of 12.4 months, therapy failed in 1 @entity1 because of sustained @entity1165 and in 7 because of intolerable side effects; 22 @entity1 continued to receive @entity2779 . PR and QRS intervals were significantly prolonged (P = 0.001), but the corrected QT interval and the heart rate were unchanged. The mean trough plasma level of @entity2779 associated with an effective response was 756 ng/ml, and that associated with intolerable side effects was 920 ng/ml. Thus, in @entity1 with refractory complex @entity1540 , @entity2779 was effective and well tolerated initially in 67% of @entity1 and during long-term administration in 49%, and @entity137 was minor in most @entity1 .

title: @entity2779 for the treatment of refractory complex XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3454 :: ('MESH:D008945', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve prolapse']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1540 :: ('MESH:D018879', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular ectopic beats', 'ventricular ectopic activity']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular heart disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity2779 :: ('MESH:D011405', 'Chemical') :: ['propafenone']

answer: @entity1540 :: (MESH:D018879,Disease) :: ['ventricular ectopic activity']


abstract: The results of therapy with @entity2779 were evaluated in 45 @entity1 with complex @entity1540 that had been refractory to a mean of 3.8 antiarrhythmic drugs. The cardiac diagnoses were @entity741 (in 16 @entity1 ), @entity296 (in 7), @entity3454 (in 7), @entity3454 (in 7), idiopathic @entity1540 (in 6), @entity340 (in 5), and @entity101 (in 4). The frequency of @entity1540 was established after therapy with antiarrhythmic agents had been discontinued. @entity1 then received @entity2779 during a dose-ranging protocol. An effective response was defined as a reduction in total @entity1540 of 80% or more. During dose ranging, therapy failed in four @entity1 because of side effects, in eight because of a reduction in @entity1540 of less than 80%, and in three because of an aggravation of the @entity943 . Thirty @entity1 had a reduction in total @entity1540 of 80% or more. During a mean follow-up of 12.4 months, therapy failed in 1 @entity1 because of sustained @entity1165 and in 7 because of intolerable side effects; 22 @entity1 continued to receive @entity2779 . PR and QRS intervals were significantly prolonged (P = 0.001), but the corrected QT interval and the heart rate were unchanged. The mean trough plasma level of @entity2779 associated with an effective response was 756 ng/ml, and that associated with intolerable side effects was 920 ng/ml. Thus, in @entity1 with refractory complex @entity1540 , @entity2779 was effective and well tolerated initially in 67% of @entity1 and during long-term administration in 49%, and @entity137 was minor in most @entity1 .

title: XXXX for the treatment of refractory complex @entity1540 .

answer: @entity2779 :: (MESH:D011405,Chemical) :: ['Propafenone']


abstract: We conducted a prospective longitudinal study to determine the clinical significance of endothelial adhesion molecule expression in endomyocardial biopsies from @entity1 cardiac allografts. Ten to 18 (mean 13) consecutive allograft biopsies were obtained from 20 serial @entity1 transplant recipients over a one-year period. A total of 267 biopsies was examined. The expression of endothelial adhesion molecules @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ), @entity4725 ( @entity4725 ), and @entity4105 , as well as the presence of CD3+ T cell infiltrates was assessed by immunocytochemical staining of frozen sections. Separate specimens taken at the same time were analyzed histologically for @entity63 or rejection. @entity2071 --and, to a lesser extent @entity4725 --was expressed at low levels in normal biopsies. @entity4105 was only expressed in 15% of histologically normal biopsy specimens. @entity63 noted in the immediate posttransplant period was associated with increased expression of all three adhesion molecules. @entity4725 expression increased both with the degree of CD3+ T cell infiltrates (P < 0.001) and with the degree of rejection (P < 0.05). @entity2071 increased over constitutive levels in association with diffuse CD3+ infiltrates (P < 0.001) and with rejection (P < 0.05). @entity4105 was increased on occasional vessels in association with CD3+ infiltrates (P < 0.001), but was not associated with active rejection. Increases in @entity4105 were most likely to occur in biopsies just prior to rejection episodes (odds ratio 3.3), and were least likely to occur in biopsies following rejection (odds ratio 0.3). @entity2071 , but not @entity4725 , was also elevated in prerejection specimens. @entity4725 and @entity2071 declined in postrejection specimens. These data suggest a dynamic pattern in the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules during the course of cardiac allograft rejection. This study also suggests that endothelial @entity4105 expression may be a useful clinical marker of impending rejection. Finally, inducible @entity4725 expression may be a helpful adjunct in the diagnosis of ongoing acute rejection, and decreases in its expression may be indicative of successful antirejection therapy.

title: Predictive value of inducible endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression for acute rejection of XXXX cardiac allografts.

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1', 'VCAM-1']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury', 'Ischemic injury']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Carotid @entity2791 is a well-established risk factor of @entity385 , contributing to up to 10%-20% of @entity64 or transient @entity63 attacks. Many clinical trials over the last 20 years have used measurements of @entity543 as a means to risk stratify @entity1 . However, with improvements in vascular imaging techniques such as CT angiography and MR angiography, ultrasonography, and PET/CT, it is now possible to risk stratify @entity1 , not just on the degree of @entity543 but also on how vulnerable the plaque is to @entity397 , resulting in @entity385 . These imaging techniques are ushering in an emerging paradigm shift that allows for risk stratifications based on the presence of imaging features such as @entity548 ( @entity548 ), plaque @entity1066 , @entity2295 , fibrous cap thickness, and presence of a lipid-rich @entity39 core (LRNC). It is important for the neurosurgeon to be aware of these new imaging techniques that allow for improved @entity1 risk stratification and outcomes. For example, a @entity1 with a low-grade @entity850 but an @entity1066 may benefit more from a revascularization procedure than a @entity1 with a stable 70% asymptomatic @entity850 with a thick fibrous cap. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art advances in carotid plaque imaging. Currently, MRI is the gold standard in carotid plaque imaging, with its high resolution and high sensitivity for identifying @entity548 , @entity1066 , LRNC, and @entity32 . However, MRI is limited due to time constraints. CT also allows for high-resolution imaging and can accurately detect @entity1066 and calcification, but cannot reliably differentiate LRNC from @entity548 . PET/CT is an effective technique to identify active @entity32 within the plaque, but it does not allow for assessment of anatomy, @entity1066 , @entity548 , or LRNC. Ultrasonography, with the aid of contrast enhancement, is a cost-effective technique to assess plaque morphology and characteristics, but it is limited in sensitivity and specificity for detecting LRNC, @entity548 , and @entity1066 compared with MRI. Also summarized is how these advanced imaging techniques are being used in clinical practice to risk stratify @entity1 with low- and high-grade @entity543 . For example, identification of @entity548 on MRI in @entity1 with low-grade @entity543 is a risk factor for failure of medical therapy, and studies have shown that such @entity1 may fair better with carotid endarterectomy (CEA). MR plaque imaging has also been found to be useful in identifying revascularization candidates who would be better candidates for CEA than carotid artery stenting (CAS), as high intraplaque signal on time of flight imaging is associated with vulnerable plaque and increased rates of adverse events in @entity1 undergoing CAS but not CEA.

title: Contemporary carotid imaging: from degree of XXXX to plaque vulnerability.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['IPH', 'plaque hemorrhage', 'intraplaque hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration', 'ulcerated plaque']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['plaque neovascularity']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) in @entity0 ( @entity0 ) identifies @entity1 with good prognosis. AIM: To assess if the clinico-pathological subtype, determined by classic immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, is able to predict pCR and prognosis in @entity0 @entity1 treated with NCT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred thirty three @entity0 @entity1 aged 24-80 years, were treated with NCT. Clinico-pathological subtype was defined based on classic IHC markers. pCR was defined as the absence of invasive neoplastic cells in the breast and lymph nodes, on final breast surgery. RESULTS: pCR was achieved in 8.2% of @entity1 , 3.5 and 19.5% in luminal and hormonal receptor (HR) negative @entity5 respectively (p < 0.01). Median follow-up was 72.6 months (3.5-190). @entity1 who achieved pCR had higher overall survival (OS) (p = 0.04). A univariate analysis revealed that size of the @entity5 , ratio of metastatic to examined lymph nodes and absence of HR were significant predictors of pCR. These findings were not replicated in the multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Clinico-pathological subtypes were independent prognostic factors for pCR and OS in @entity0 @entity1 in our cohort. These findings support using classic and cheap biomarkers as a predictive tool for NCT in @entity0 .

title: [Predictive value of conventional immuno-histochemical biomarkers in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'BC']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity286 use is the single most preventable cause of @entity204 . Its cessation is the most cost-effective strategy for reducing long-term @entity65 and mortality. Although both healthcare professionals and the general population are aware of the detrimental effects of smoking on health, more than 25% of Italians are current smokers. Recent surveys showed that almost 50% of smoker @entity1 relapse to smoke after having been discharged for @entity1187 . Physicians who smoke may be a barrier for effective cessation interventions. Thus, it is important to assess cardiologists' attitude toward smoking habits and the implementation of smoking cessation programs. METHODS: The survey "Italian cardiologists and smoking habits" has been held in 2013 during the 44   National Congress of the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) to assess cardiologists' smoking status, their level of knowledge about smoking cessation interventions and their involvement in the management of smoking cessation. Out of more than 1200 cardiologists attending the ANMCO congress, 610 subjects (aged 51    11 years) answered an anonymous 35-item questionnaire; they were asked to declare their smoking status (9.5% current smokers). RESULTS: Among doctors who attended the survey, 58% correctly indicated smoking as an addiction and 45% regularly advised their @entity1 to stop smoking. The majority of cardiologists (93%) reported a positive attitude toward smoking cessation strategies, 62% of them thought that cardiologists themselves should treat smoking dependence, though specific tools (70%) and education for the management of smoking cessation are lacking (66%). Two thirds of the entire sample of ANMCO cardiologists declared their willingness to participate in specialized educational programs. CONCLUSIONS: More than a half of Italian cardiologists are aware that smoking is an addiction. Although they feel themselves yet inadequate toward this approach, they are favorable to implement their own knowledge and skills toward smoking cessation.

title: [Italian cardiologists and XXXX smoking. A survey on the prevalence and knowledge of smoking and strategies for smoking cessation in a cohort of Italian cardiologists].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1822 and @entity11004 and subtypes of @entity3960 . These rare @entity5 are usually treated with surgical resection. However, there is controversy regarding the optimal surgical management for these @entity5 and little information is available on the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy in the adjuvant or palliative setting. METHODS: The records of 32 @entity1 with @entity356 or @entity11004 were reviewed. Survival data were obtained and @entity1 outcome was analyzed with respect to the type of treatment given. Four different staging systems were compared for their ability to predict survival. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 with @entity1822 and two @entity1 with @entity11004 were followed after surgery. All 32 @entity1 were explored, and 21 curative and 11 palliative procedures were performed. Adjacent organs were included in 38% of resections. Only three @entity1 did not undergo gastric resection. Local recurrence developed in eight @entity1 after curative resection for a local control rate of 62%. Eight other @entity1 developed @entity3 for an overall recurrence rate of 76% after curative resection. Median survival of @entity1 undergoing curative resection was 40 months compared with 8 months for those having a palliative procedure. The estimated 5-year survival was 34% and 10%, respectively (p = 0.05). Twenty-five @entity1 with @entity1442 received systemic, hepatic arterial, or intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Eighty percent of @entity1 received a regimen including @entity632 . Four partial and one complete response were noted. Seven @entity1 received postoperative radiation therapy. Fourteen @entity1 underwent debulking surgery of recurrent or persistent disease in conjunction with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and debulking surgery did not result in statistically significant prolongation of survival. Seven @entity1 remain alive, two with liver metastases. Four different staging systems for @entity356 were compared, but none of them were found to be clearly superior in predicting survival. CONCLUSIONS: Curative gastric resection was achieved in 66% of @entity1 and resulted in a significant prolongation of survival as compared with @entity1 who had a palliative procedure. Wedge resection of @entity5 or partial gastric resection appears to be an acceptable surgical approach to these @entity5 as long as negative margins can be obtained. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and debulking surgery did not result in significant prolongation of survival in the face of @entity1442 . None of the staging systems for @entity356 currently in use is completely satisfactory. @entity5 grade and extent of disease seem to be the most important factors when determining prognosis or considering adjuvant therapy.

title: Results of aggressive treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'Tumor', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcoma', 'Leiomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity3960 :: ('MESH:D018235', 'Disease') :: ['gastric smooth muscle tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity11004 :: ('MESH:D018230', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyoblastoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric leiomyosarcoma', 'gastric sarcomas', 'gastric sarcoma']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric sarcoma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Information derived from social media sources is being used to save lives and take vital life altering decisions. You @entity2581 is one of the most widely used social media for seeking medical information. Quality of information available to @entity1 and medical professionals on YouTube with regards to @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ), a common urological condition, w.as assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First 1 00 videos results on @entity1067 were analysed by three independent observers and graded based on the quality of information provided using an indigenous grading system of five points ranging from not useful to Informative for the Medical Professional. Correlation of this score with rank, number of views and "likes" was performed. Source of videos was identified along with analysis of comments. RESULTS: A large proportion of videos (63%) was found to be irrelevant to the search, projected wrong facts or provided very basic    information about prostate and the disease. A small but significant number of videos contained useful and relevant information. Only a handful of videos were useful for the urologist and adequate to guide the @entity1 . A negative correlation between the quality of videos and their ranking on search was observed. CONCLUSIONS: YouTube offers very few high quality resources for @entity1 and physicians. There is a significant negative correlation between useful videos and higher ranks in search results, but no correlation with number of views and likes. The first video in such results should be issued by a governing body that serves as the gold standard for @entity1 and physicians.

title: [ XXXX related content on YouTube: unregulated and concerning].

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['Benign prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: Twenty-nine years experience with 346 @entity1 with invasive @entity189 is presented. More than 90 per cent had @entity957 . The primary mode of treatment was surgical. Two hundred and ninety-six @entity1 were treated primarily with surgical treatment, 120 underwent radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin and pelvic lymphadenectomy, 133 had radical vulvectomy with bilateral groin dissection and 390 receiving nonradical procedures. Thirteen @entity1 had radical operations plus pelvic exenteration for @entity1442 . There were no intraoperative deaths, but 16 (5.4 per cent) died within 28 days of the operation. The uncorrected over-all five year survival rate was 66 per cent. In the presence of negative nodes, it was 83 per cent and with positive nodes, it was 38 per cent. Fifty per cent of those treated with exenteration are alive and disease-free at five years or more. Since one-third of the @entity1 presented with @entity1442 (Stages III and IV), earlier diagnosis and prompt referral must be encouraged to improve surgical results.

title: Changing trends in the surgical treatment of invasive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the vulva']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the vulva']


abstract: To determine whether cerebral arteries in @entity2473 have an altered capacity to synthesize the vasoactive substances @entity4770 and @entity2871 A2, we measured levels of these @entity1426 metabolites using a primate model of @entity2553 . Twenty-four @entity5434 were assigned at random to one of three groups designated sham, clot, or clot-removal. All animals underwent base line cerebral angiography and bilateral dissection of the major cerebral arteries from the arachnoid. The clot and @entity4461 had autologous @entity1410 placed around the vessels to simulate @entity510 . The sham group had a similar volume of saline instilled into the subarachnoid space. Twenty-four hours later, the clot-removal group underwent a second craniotomy to remove the @entity1410 . Seven days after the initial operation, angiography was repeated on all animals. The animals were then killed, and the cerebral arteries were removed. Basal levels of @entity4770 and @entity2871 in the cerebral vessels were measured after incubation in vitro by radioimmunoassay. No detectable leukotriene C4 release by these arteries was measurable using radioimmunoassay. Angiography revealed severe @entity2553 in the clot group, but not in the clot-removal or sham groups. There were no statistical differences among the groups in @entity2871 release, but @entity4770 levels were significantly lower in the clot group than in the clot-removal group (P less than 0.05). It thus seems that, if an imbalance in constrictor and dilator eicosanoids occurs in association with @entity2553 , this is more likely to arise from a relative lack of the vasodilator component @entity4770 than from a surplus of the vasoconstrictor @entity2871 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of @entity2553 on levels of XXXX and thromboxane A2 in cerebral arteries of the monkey.

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['cynomolgus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['clot-removal groups']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral vasospasm', 'vasospasm']

answer: @entity4770 :: (MESH:D011464,Chemical) :: ['prostacyclin']


abstract: To determine whether cerebral arteries in @entity2473 have an altered capacity to synthesize the vasoactive substances @entity4770 and @entity2871 A2, we measured levels of these @entity1426 metabolites using a primate model of @entity2553 . Twenty-four @entity5434 were assigned at random to one of three groups designated sham, clot, or clot-removal. All animals underwent base line cerebral angiography and bilateral dissection of the major cerebral arteries from the arachnoid. The clot and @entity4461 had autologous @entity1410 placed around the vessels to simulate @entity510 . The sham group had a similar volume of saline instilled into the subarachnoid space. Twenty-four hours later, the clot-removal group underwent a second craniotomy to remove the @entity1410 . Seven days after the initial operation, angiography was repeated on all animals. The animals were then killed, and the cerebral arteries were removed. Basal levels of @entity4770 and @entity2871 in the cerebral vessels were measured after incubation in vitro by radioimmunoassay. No detectable leukotriene C4 release by these arteries was measurable using radioimmunoassay. Angiography revealed severe @entity2553 in the clot group, but not in the clot-removal or sham groups. There were no statistical differences among the groups in @entity2871 release, but @entity4770 levels were significantly lower in the clot group than in the clot-removal group (P less than 0.05). It thus seems that, if an imbalance in constrictor and dilator eicosanoids occurs in association with @entity2553 , this is more likely to arise from a relative lack of the vasodilator component @entity4770 than from a surplus of the vasoconstrictor @entity2871 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of XXXX on levels of @entity4770 and thromboxane A2 in cerebral arteries of the monkey.

answer: @entity2553 :: (MESH:D020301,Disease) :: ['vasospasm']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The increasing impact of diagnosing extracapsular spread by using imaging, especially in @entity1 with @entity957 , highlights the need to rigorously evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of imaging. Previous analysis suggested 62.5%-80.9% sensitivity and 60%-72.7% specificity. Our goals were to evaluate the accuracy of imaging in diagnosing extracapsular spread in a cohort of @entity1 with @entity1544 (pathologic confirmation of extracapsular spread routinely available), as a proxy for @entity957 , and to independently assess the reliability of imaging features (radiographic lymph node @entity39 , irregular borders/stranding, gross invasion, and/or node size) in predicting pathologically proven extracapsular spread. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eleven consecutive @entity1 with untreated @entity1544 and available preoperative imaging and subsequent lymph node dissection were studied. Two neuroradiologists blinded to pathologically proven extracapsular spread status and previous radiology reports independently reviewed all images to evaluate the largest suspicious lymph node along the expected drainage pathway. Radiologic results were correlated with pathologic results from the neck dissections. RESULTS: Of 111 @entity1 , 29 had radiographically determined extracapsular spread. Pathologic examination revealed that 28 of 111 (25%) had pathologically proven extracapsular spread. Imaging sensitivity and specificity for extracapsular spread were 68% and 88%, respectively. Radiographs were positive for lymph node @entity39 in 84% of the @entity1 in the pathology-proven extracapsular spread group and negative in only 7% of those in the pathologically proven extracapsular spread-negative group. On logistic regression analysis, @entity39 (P = .001), irregular borders (P = .055), and gross invasion (P = .068) were independently correlated with pathologically proven extracapsular spread. CONCLUSIONS: Although the specificity of cross-sectional imaging for extracapsular spread was high, the sensitivity was low. Combined logistic regression analysis found that the presence of @entity39 was the best radiologic predictor of pathologically proven extracapsular spread, and irregular borders and gross invasion were nearly independently significant.

title: Accuracy of Preoperative Imaging in Detecting Nodal Extracapsular Spread in Oral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity1544 :: (MESH:D018307,Disease) :: ['Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma']


abstract: A population-based survey, using data from the Framingham study, assessed sex-specific patterns of @entity301 occurring over a 26-year period of time. Among subjects ages 35 to 84 years, @entity1 have about twice the total incidence of morbidity and mortality of @entity1 . The sex gap in morbidity tends to diminish during the later years of the age range, mainly because of a surge in growth of female morbidity after age 45 years, while by that age, the growth in the male rate begins to taper off. An approximate 10-year difference between the sexes persists in mortality rates throughout the life span. The relative health advantage that is possessed by @entity1 , however, is buffered by a case fatality rate from coronary attacks that exceeds the male rate (32% vs 27%). @entity301 manifestations differ between the sexes. @entity583 is more likely to be unrecognized in @entity1 than in @entity1 (34% vs 27%). @entity951 in @entity1 more frequently is uncomplicated (80%), whereas in @entity1 angina tends to evolve out of @entity1188 (66%). Also, @entity944 comprises a greater proportion of male deaths than female deaths (50% vs 39%). Because @entity1 maintain a lesser probability of the disease than do @entity1 at any level of the major cardiovascular risk factors, distinctions in their risk factor profiles do not explain completely the observed disease patterns.

title: Patterns of XXXX morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population.

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease', 'Coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['Angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: In the context of @entity356 , lymph node target volume delineation for post-operative radiotherapy is currently built on the traditional system of dividing the stomach and 2-D treatment methods. Here, we have proposed a new delineation approach with irradiation indications for lymph node stations. Its safety and efficacy were evaluated in a phase II clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-four @entity356 @entity1 with D2 lymph node dissection received 2 cycles of FOLFOX4. They subsequently received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (45Gy at 1.8Gy per fraction, 5 fractions per week for 5weeks) with a @entity1487 / @entity4181 regimen, followed by 4 additional FOLFOX4 cycles. The target volume included the remnant stomach, @entity254 site, @entity5 bed, and regional lymph nodes selected through our new approach by taking gastric arteries as references. RESULTS: The most common grade 3-4 adverse event was @entity1398 (14.8%). @entity1398 , @entity417 , and @entity390 were common grade 1-2 @entity137 . No treatment-related @entity204 occurred during treatment. The 3-year overall, disease-free, and locoregional recurrence-free survival rates were 81.6%, 70.2%, and 91.1%, respectively. Eight @entity1 developed peritoneal or distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Using our new approach and irradiation indications, delineation of the target volume of post-operative lymph node stations was feasible and well tolerated after D2 resection in @entity1 with @entity356 .

title: A new approach to delineating lymph node target volumes for post-operative radiotherapy in XXXX : A phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['Neutropenia', 'neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) could affect @entity30 ( @entity30 ); however, no prospective clinical studies have explored the issue. METHODS: We measured @entity1386 with magnetic resonance imaging and total fat mass (FM) with air-displacement plethysmography in 31 @entity1 with @entity30 in remission and 19 matched control @entity1 . We assessed the @entity1386 /FM ratio as index of @entity1386 accumulation, measured cytokines, and monitored clinical features (duration of remission, disease behavior, and outcome) in @entity1 with @entity30 retrospectively and prospectively. We also tested whether ultrasound could provide a surrogate marker of @entity1386 in @entity1 with @entity30 . RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity30 had higher percentage of FM (37    10% versus 31    10%, P = 0.03), @entity1386 (1885    1403 mL versus 941    988 mL, P = 0.02), and @entity1386 /FM ratio (65    24 mL/kg versus 37    25 mL/kg, P = 0.004) than control @entity1 . In @entity1 with @entity30 , @entity1386 /FM ratio was associated with leptin (P = 0.009) and @entity650 (P = 0.032) concentrations, and higher in short-term than in long-term remission (72.6    27.1 mL/kg versus 54.8    16.1 mL/kg, P = 0.079). @entity1 with @entity30 with stricturing/fistulizing disease had a higher @entity1386 /FM ratio than @entity1 with nonstricturing/nonfistulizing behavior (79    0.15 mL/kg versus 63    28 mL/kg, P = 0.067). A higher baseline @entity1386 /FM ratio was associated with an increased disease activity at follow-up (P = 0.029). The ultrasound-determined thickness between the abdominal wall and the aorta was strongly associated with @entity1386 as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1386 accumulation could be a prospective risk factor for increased disease activity in @entity30 .

title: Visceral Adipose Tissue in @entity1 with XXXX Correlates with Disease Activity, Inflammatory Markers, and Outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['Visceral adipose tissue', 'VAT']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) could affect @entity30 ( @entity30 ); however, no prospective clinical studies have explored the issue. METHODS: We measured @entity1386 with magnetic resonance imaging and total fat mass (FM) with air-displacement plethysmography in 31 @entity1 with @entity30 in remission and 19 matched control @entity1 . We assessed the @entity1386 /FM ratio as index of @entity1386 accumulation, measured cytokines, and monitored clinical features (duration of remission, disease behavior, and outcome) in @entity1 with @entity30 retrospectively and prospectively. We also tested whether ultrasound could provide a surrogate marker of @entity1386 in @entity1 with @entity30 . RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity30 had higher percentage of FM (37    10% versus 31    10%, P = 0.03), @entity1386 (1885    1403 mL versus 941    988 mL, P = 0.02), and @entity1386 /FM ratio (65    24 mL/kg versus 37    25 mL/kg, P = 0.004) than control @entity1 . In @entity1 with @entity30 , @entity1386 /FM ratio was associated with leptin (P = 0.009) and @entity650 (P = 0.032) concentrations, and higher in short-term than in long-term remission (72.6    27.1 mL/kg versus 54.8    16.1 mL/kg, P = 0.079). @entity1 with @entity30 with stricturing/fistulizing disease had a higher @entity1386 /FM ratio than @entity1 with nonstricturing/nonfistulizing behavior (79    0.15 mL/kg versus 63    28 mL/kg, P = 0.067). A higher baseline @entity1386 /FM ratio was associated with an increased disease activity at follow-up (P = 0.029). The ultrasound-determined thickness between the abdominal wall and the aorta was strongly associated with @entity1386 as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1386 accumulation could be a prospective risk factor for increased disease activity in @entity30 .

title: Visceral Adipose Tissue in XXXX with @entity30 Correlates with Disease Activity, Inflammatory Markers, and Outcome.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9737 ( @entity9737 ) is one of the most frequent complications of neuraxial anesthesia and @entity1337 . The objective is to determine risk factors of @entity9737 receiving a blood patch in the @entity2143 population. METHODS: Between November 2009 and January 2013, 10914 @entity1 delivered in Port Royal maternity unit (Paris, France). The incidence of @entity9737 receiving a blood patch was calculated among those who received neuraxial @entity1337 or anesthesia for delivery. Then we performed a case-control study to identify risk factors for @entity9737 receiving a blood patch by comparing @entity1 who experienced @entity9737 receiving a blood patch with some @entity1 randomly selected by computer among those who delivered during the study period (4 controls for 1 case, univariate and multivariate analysis). RESULTS: Among the 10685 @entity1 who had neuraxial @entity1337 or anesthesia, 0.4% had a @entity9737 receiving a blood patch. In the univariate analysis, cervix dilatation >= 7 cm, lateral decubitus position during the neuraxial procedure and multiple punctures were significantly associated with @entity9737 receiving a blood patch, whereas maternal Body Mass Index, age, mode of delivery, performance at night and level of needle insertion were not. In the multivariate analysis, cervix dilatation >= 7 cm and multiple punctures significantly increased the risk of @entity9737 receiving a blood patch (odd ratios 6.5 [95% CI: 1.5-29.3] and 5.6 [95% CI: 2.2-14.0], respectively). Experience of the anesthesiologist was not associated with @entity9737 in both univariate and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In the @entity2143 population, a cervix dilation >= 7 cm during labor and multiple punctures are independent risk factors for @entity9737 receiving a blood patch.

title: Risk factors of post-dural puncture headache receiving a blood patch in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity2143 :: ('MESH:D048949', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity9737 :: ('MESH:D051299', 'Disease') :: ['Post-dural puncture headache', 'PDPH']

answer: @entity2143 :: (MESH:D048949,Disease) :: ['obstetric']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9737 ( @entity9737 ) is one of the most frequent complications of neuraxial anesthesia and @entity1337 . The objective is to determine risk factors of @entity9737 receiving a blood patch in the @entity2143 population. METHODS: Between November 2009 and January 2013, 10914 @entity1 delivered in Port Royal maternity unit (Paris, France). The incidence of @entity9737 receiving a blood patch was calculated among those who received neuraxial @entity1337 or anesthesia for delivery. Then we performed a case-control study to identify risk factors for @entity9737 receiving a blood patch by comparing @entity1 who experienced @entity9737 receiving a blood patch with some @entity1 randomly selected by computer among those who delivered during the study period (4 controls for 1 case, univariate and multivariate analysis). RESULTS: Among the 10685 @entity1 who had neuraxial @entity1337 or anesthesia, 0.4% had a @entity9737 receiving a blood patch. In the univariate analysis, cervix dilatation >= 7 cm, lateral decubitus position during the neuraxial procedure and multiple punctures were significantly associated with @entity9737 receiving a blood patch, whereas maternal Body Mass Index, age, mode of delivery, performance at night and level of needle insertion were not. In the multivariate analysis, cervix dilatation >= 7 cm and multiple punctures significantly increased the risk of @entity9737 receiving a blood patch (odd ratios 6.5 [95% CI: 1.5-29.3] and 5.6 [95% CI: 2.2-14.0], respectively). Experience of the anesthesiologist was not associated with @entity9737 in both univariate and multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In the @entity2143 population, a cervix dilation >= 7 cm during labor and multiple punctures are independent risk factors for @entity9737 receiving a blood patch.

title: Risk factors of post-dural puncture headache receiving a blood patch in @entity2143 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6981 ( @entity6981 ), a prevalent @entity281 in @entity1 of reproductive age, is associated with increased risk of upper genital tract and @entity2953 , and complications in pregnancy. Currently approved treatments include @entity868 , which requires once or twice daily intravaginal administration for 5 days or twice daily oral administration for 7 days. This phase 3 study determined the safety and efficacy of single-dose @entity868 vaginal gel (MVG) 1.3%. METHODS: In this double-blind, vehicle-controlled study, 651 @entity1 with clinical diagnosis of @entity6981 were randomized 1:1 to receive MVG 1.3% or vehicle vaginal gel. Primary efficacy measure was clinical cure (normal discharge, negative "whiff test," and <20% clue cells) at day 21. Secondary measures included therapeutic cure (both clinical and bacteriological; day 21) and bacteriologic cure (Nugent score <4), clinical cure, and time to resolution of symptoms (day 7). RESULTS: A total of 487 @entity1 were included in the primary analysis. Clinical and therapeutic cure rates (day 21) were higher in @entity1 treated with MVG 1.3% compared with vehicle gel (37.2% vs. 26.6% [P = 0.010] and 16.8% vs. 7.2% [P = 0.001], respectively). Clinical and bacteriologic cure rates (day 7) were also higher in the MVG 1.3% group (46.0% vs. 20.0% [P < 0.001] and 32.7% vs. 6.3% [P < 0.001], respectively). The median time to resolution of symptoms was shorter in the MVG 1.3% (day 6) than vehicle group (not reached). No serious adverse events were reported, and incidence was similar across treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose MVG 1.3% was safe and superior to vehicle gel in producing cure among @entity1 with @entity6981 .

title: A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of @entity868 Vaginal Gel 1.3% in the Treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity6981 :: ('MESH:D016585', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial vaginosis', 'BV']

answer: @entity6981 :: (MESH:D016585,Disease) :: ['Bacterial Vaginosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6981 ( @entity6981 ), a prevalent @entity281 in @entity1 of reproductive age, is associated with increased risk of upper genital tract and @entity2953 , and complications in pregnancy. Currently approved treatments include @entity868 , which requires once or twice daily intravaginal administration for 5 days or twice daily oral administration for 7 days. This phase 3 study determined the safety and efficacy of single-dose @entity868 vaginal gel (MVG) 1.3%. METHODS: In this double-blind, vehicle-controlled study, 651 @entity1 with clinical diagnosis of @entity6981 were randomized 1:1 to receive MVG 1.3% or vehicle vaginal gel. Primary efficacy measure was clinical cure (normal discharge, negative "whiff test," and <20% clue cells) at day 21. Secondary measures included therapeutic cure (both clinical and bacteriological; day 21) and bacteriologic cure (Nugent score <4), clinical cure, and time to resolution of symptoms (day 7). RESULTS: A total of 487 @entity1 were included in the primary analysis. Clinical and therapeutic cure rates (day 21) were higher in @entity1 treated with MVG 1.3% compared with vehicle gel (37.2% vs. 26.6% [P = 0.010] and 16.8% vs. 7.2% [P = 0.001], respectively). Clinical and bacteriologic cure rates (day 7) were also higher in the MVG 1.3% group (46.0% vs. 20.0% [P < 0.001] and 32.7% vs. 6.3% [P < 0.001], respectively). The median time to resolution of symptoms was shorter in the MVG 1.3% (day 6) than vehicle group (not reached). No serious adverse events were reported, and incidence was similar across treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose MVG 1.3% was safe and superior to vehicle gel in producing cure among @entity1 with @entity6981 .

title: A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of XXXX Vaginal Gel 1.3% in the Treatment of @entity6981 .

answer: @entity868 :: (MESH:D008795,Chemical) :: ['Metronidazole']


abstract: The purpose of this literature review is to determine whether and to what extent current post-fracture @entity170 interventions utilize theories of health behaviour change and whether those that are theory-based are more successful in producing desired behaviour changes. Studies were identified by applying additional criteria to the final selection stage of a systematic review of non-surgical @entity170 interventions in the orthopaedic environment. We identified 42 primary studies targeted at @entity1 and improving post-fracture @entity170 care. As well as describing the studies (in terms of design, population, interventions, outcomes), we focused on theoretical framework and elements of behaviour change models. The 42 studies included in this review utilized a variety of post-fracture interventions; however, none of them reported using an underlying theoretical base. Only three studies drew on what we felt to be elements of a theoretical framework. The lack of theoretically based studies points to a currently under-utilized area of behaviour change research that could be applied to post-fracture interventions in order to make them more effective. Despite an abundance of literature supporting theories of behaviour change, post-fracture @entity170 interventions do not report utilizing these theories. Theories of behaviour change could be applied to post-fracture @entity170 interventions to explain why @entity1 initiate @entity170 management. Future research should explore the application of theories of health behaviour change to post-fracture interventions.

title: A review of XXXX -centred post-fracture interventions in the context of theories of health behaviour change.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: TURB is the standard approach to @entity150 but suffers from several disadvantages. Waterjet hydrodissection is a new technology for removing superficial @entity5 in the GI tract promising to preserve the histological structures of biopsy specimens with favorable long-term results as recent studies have shown. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility and applicability of waterjet hydrodissection for removing papillary superficial @entity150 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: In five @entity1 diagnosed with superficial @entity150 , transurethral submucosal dissection was conducted using the T-type I-Jet HybridKnife (Erbe, Tuebingen). The resection edges were labeled by means of electrical coagulation with the HybridKnife. Subsequently, a submucosal fluid cushion specific to the tissue layer was formed by the waterjet implementation function of the HybridKnife, thereby elevating the tumorous tissue. The @entity5 was endoscopically extracted with a retrieval bag. Biopsy specimens of the @entity5 edges and base were subsequently collected. RESULTS: All @entity5 could be resected en bloc, and the lamina propria was intact in all specimens, allowing the pathologist to distinguish between superficial and invasive @entity5 . Pathological analysis confirmed R0 resection in all samples. CONCLUSION: These initial results prove the feasibility of waterjet hydrodissection for removing @entity150 . In contrast to conventional TURB, this new technique allows the pathologist to assess the entire lamina propria and the resection edges due to the en-bloc resection and to determine invasiveness as well as R0 versus R1 resection. These first results are promising, long-term oncological follow-up, and prospective randomized surveys investigating the recurrence rate have to be evaluated.

title: Waterjet hydrodissection: first experiences and short-term outcomes of a novel approach to XXXX resection.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['papillary bladder tumor', 'bladder tumors']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumor']


abstract: In a controlled study a single segment @entity4282 ( @entity4282 ) block was compared with @entity616 for cesarean section. Thirty healthy parturients were randomly divided into two groups. In both groups a T4 block was aimed at. @entity1341 was used to provide @entity1337 in both groups. All @entity1 receiving @entity4282 block had good to excellent @entity1337 , while 11 @entity1 (74%) receiving @entity616 had similar @entity158 relief. This was reflected in the requirement for additional analgesics, sedatives or @entity3727 anesthesia. The muscular relaxation was also better following @entity4282 block. The total dose of @entity1341 for a T4 block was three times larger in @entity1 receiving only @entity616 . The maternal and fetal blood @entity1341 levels were correspondingly about three times higher in the epidural group. Additionally, the incidence of @entity551 was higher in @entity1 receiving @entity616 . Apgar scores, blood gases and neurobehavioural evaluation did not show any differences between the two groups of neonates. No postspinal @entity10 was noted. @entity4282 block appears to combine the reliability of spinal block and the flexibility of @entity616 while minimizing their drawbacks.

title: Epidural versus XXXX block for cesarean section.

entities_list: @entity4282 :: ('MESH:D046748', 'Disease') :: ['combined spinal epidural', 'CSE']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine', 'Bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['maternal hypotension']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['epidural block']

answer: @entity4282 :: (MESH:D046748,Disease) :: ['combined spinal epidural']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Tissue engineering is a field in progressive expansion and requires constant updates in methods and devices. One of the central fields is the development of biocompatible, biodegradable, and injectable scaffolds, such as collagen microcarriers. To enhance cell attachment and produce a cost-effective cell culture solution with local stimulation of cells, basic fibroblast growth factor ( @entity540 ) or transforming growth factor-b1 ( @entity2533 ) was covalently immobilized on microcarriers either by @entity12259 / @entity14314 (EDC/NHS) or @entity8728 /UV ( @entity995 /UV) light-mediated cross-linking. Collagen microcarriers cross-linked with @entity540 or @entity2533 were used for expansion and chondrogenic differentiation of @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Evaluation methods included cell viability test, chondrogenic marker expression (aggrecan and collagen type I and type II), histological detection of proteoglycans, and immunohistochemical analysis. Cross-linking strengthened the collagen structure of the microcarriers and reduced collagenase-mediated degradation. MSCs effectively proliferated on microcarriers cross-linked with @entity540 , especially by EDC/NHS cross-linking. Chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs was induced by @entity2533 cross-linked on microcarriers, promoting gene expression and protein accumulation of aggrecan and collagen type I and type II, as well as proteoglycans. Cross-linking by @entity995 /UV enhanced chondrogenesis more than any other group. In addition, cross-linking reduced scaffold shrinkage exerted by MSCs during chondrogenesis, a desirable feature for microcarriers if used as tissue defect filler. In conclusion, cross-linking of @entity540 or @entity2533 to collagen microcarriers supported in vitro proliferation and chondrogenesis, respectively. If translated in vivo and in clinical practice, such approach might lead a step closer to development of a cost-effective and locally acting device for cell-based therapy.

title: Growth Factors Cross-Linked to Collagen Microcarriers Promote Expansion and Chondrogenic Differentiation of XXXX Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

entities_list: @entity12259 :: ('MESH:D005022', 'Chemical') :: ['1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide']

entities_list: @entity14314 :: ('MESH:C001426', 'Chemical') :: ['N-hydroxysuccinimide']

entities_list: @entity8728 :: ('MESH:D012256', 'Chemical') :: ['riboflavin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: RATIONALE: A major abnormality that characterizes the red cell "storage lesion" is increased @entity2142 and reduced red cell lifespan after infusion. Low levels of @entity2142 after transfusion of aged stored red cells disrupt @entity842 (NO) bioavailabity, via accelerated NO scavenging reaction with cell free plasma hemoglobin. The degree of @entity2142 post-transfusion and effects on endothelial-dependent vasodilation responses to @entity934 have not been fully characterized in @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of blood aged to the limits of FDA approved storage time on the @entity1 microcirculation and endothelial function. METHODS: Eighteen healthy individuals donated 1 unit of leukopheresed red cells, divided and autologously transfused into the forearm brachial artery 5 and 42-days after blood donation. Blood samples were obtained from stored blood bag supernatants and the antecubital vein of the infusion arm. Forearm blood flow measurements were performed using strain gauge plethysmography during transfusion, followed by testing of endothelium-dependent blood flow with increasing doses of intra-arterial @entity934 . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We demonstrate that stored, aged blood has higher levels of @entity20503 and cell free plasma hemoglobin. Compared to 5-day blood, the transfusion of 42-day packed red cells decreases @entity934 -dependent forearm blood flows. Intravascular venous levels of @entity20503 and cell free plasma hemoglobin increase immediately after red cell transfusion, with more significant increases observed after infusion of 42-day old blood. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that the transfusion of blood at the limits of FDA-approved storage has a significant effect on the forearm circulation and impairs endothelial function. Clinical trial registration available at www.clinicaltrials.gov, ID NCT01137656.

title: Effects of Aged Stored Autologous Red Blood Cells on XXXX Endothelial Function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis', 'intravascular hemolysis']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Corpora lutea were removed from regularly cycling dairy @entity291 , dissociated with collagenase and cultured for 8 or 10 days in Ham's F-12 medium. In Exp. 1 treatment with @entity8788 , or an @entity8788 - @entity45916 - @entity4259 combination (ITS), increased @entity1420 production from basal levels on Day 4 of culture to 234% (P less than 0.01) above controls on Day 10. LH alone increased @entity1420 production 45% above controls on Day 10 (P greater than 0.05). When LH was combined with @entity8788 or ITS, @entity1420 production was stimulated to an average of 1802% (P less than 0.01) above controls on Day 10 of culture. @entity45916 or @entity4259 without @entity8788 did not allow LH to stimulate @entity1420 synthesis. In Exp. II, LH alone or LH plus @entity801 or @entity114 - @entity3639 increased @entity1420 production from basal levels on Day 2 steadily to an average of 468% (P less than 0.01) above controls (no antibiotics) by Day 8 of culture. The addition of @entity2379 , alone or in combination with the other antibiotics, inhibited all LH-stimulated @entity1420 synthesis, but did not affect basal @entity1420 levels. We conclude that @entity8788 is essential for maximal steroidogenesis in a @entity291 luteal cell culture system, and that LH-stimulated @entity1420 production is inhibited in the presence of @entity2379 , but is not inhibited by @entity801 or @entity114 - @entity3639 . The elimination of @entity2379 , coupled with the addition of @entity8788 to the cell culture system increased the responsiveness of the cells to LH. These culture conditions represent the first report in which LH increased total @entity1420 production for 10 days, maintaining luteal function in a chemically-defined culture system.

title: Effects of antibiotics and medium supplements on steroidogenesis in cultured XXXX luteal cells.

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin-B']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cow']


abstract: Data are presented from 1,166 @entity1 with Dukes B and C @entity694 who were entered into the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Protocol C-01 between November 1977 and February 1983. @entity1 were randomized to one of three therapeutic categories: 1) no further treatment following curative resection (394 @entity1 ); 2) postoperative chemotherapy consisting of @entity1487 , @entity16418 , and @entity1891 (379 @entity1 ); or 3) postoperative BCG (393 @entity1 ). The average time on study was 77.3 months. A comparison between @entity1 receiving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and those treated with surgery alone indicated that there was an overall improvement in disease-free survival (P = .02) and survival (P = .05) in favor of the chemotherapy-treated group. At 5 years of follow-up, @entity1 treated with surgery alone were at 1.29 times the risk of developing a treatment failure and at 1.31 times the likelihood of dying as were similar @entity1 treated with combination adjuvant chemotherapy. Comparison of the BCG-treated group with the group treated with surgery alone indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in disease-free survival (P = .09). There was, however, a survival advantage in favor of the BCG-treated group (P = .03). At 5 years of follow-up, @entity1 randomized to the surgery-alone arm were at 1.28 times the risk of dying as were similar @entity1 treated with BCG. Further investigation disclosed that this survival advantage in favor of BCG was a result of a diminution in deaths that were @entity5 related. When analyses were conducted on which events not related to @entity5 recurrence were eliminated, the survival difference between the BCG and control groups became nonsignificant (P = .40); the cumulative odds at 5 years decreased from 1.28 to 1.10. The findings from this study are the first from a randomized prospective clinical trial to demonstrate that a significant disease-free survival and survival benefit can be achieved with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in @entity1 with Dukes B and C @entity694 who have undergone curative resection.

title: Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or BCG for XXXX : results from NSABP protocol C-01.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'non-cancer']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity16418 :: ('MESH:D012673', 'Chemical') :: ['semustine']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the colon']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Incidence of @entity3814 ( @entity3814 ) is increasing due to increase in @entity1 life expectancy and prevalence of @entity170 . Vertebroplasty had been traditional treatment for @entity158 , but it neither attempts to restore vertebral body height nor eliminates @entity85 and is associated with a high rate of cement leakage. Balloon kyphoplasty involves introduction of inflatable balloon into the fractured body of vertebra for elevation of the end-plates prior to fixation of the @entity174 with bone cement. This study evaluates short term functional and radiological outcomes of balloon kyphoplasty. The secondary aim is to explore short-term complications of the procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 199 kyphoplasty procedures in 135 @entity1 from March 2009 to March 2012 were evaluated with short form-36 (SF-36) score, visual analogue scale (VAS), detailed neurological and radiological evaluations. The mean followup was 18 months (range 12-20 months). Statistical analysis including paired sample t-test was done with statistical package for social sciences. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements in SF-36 (from 34.29 to 48.53, an improvement of 14.24, standard deviation (SD) - 20.08 P < 0.0001), VAS (drop of 4.49, from 6.74 to 2.24, SD - 1.44, P < 0.0001), percentage restoration of lost vertebral height (from 30.62% to 16.19%, improvement of 14.43%, SD - 15.37, P < 0.0001) and kyphotic angle correction (from 17.41   to 10.59  , improvement of 6.82, SD - 7.26  , P < 0.0001) were noted postoperatively. Six @entity1 had @entity887 , 65 had cement leak and three had adjacent level @entity174 which required repeat kyphoplasty later. One @entity1 with history of @entity741 had @entity1167 during the procedure. No @entity1 had @entity16 in the followup period. CONCLUSIONS: Kyphoplasty is a safe and effective treatment for @entity3814 . It improves physical function, reduces @entity158 and corrects @entity85 .

title: Outcome of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity3814 :: ('MESH:D050815', 'Disease') :: ['VCFs', 'vertebral compression fractures']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['cement embolism']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['kyphotic deformity', 'spinal deformity']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity3814 :: (MESH:D050815,Disease) :: ['percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty in vertebral compression fractures']


abstract: This chapter focused on three key regulators of PGC survival and proliferation; @entity10898 , @entity22618 , and @entity10245 . The survival of all animal cells may require multiple polypeptide factors and PGCs seem to be no exception (Fig. 7). A number of lines of evidence suggest that membrane-bound forms of @entity10898 may be required for PGC survival. These data suggest an exquisite mechanism for controlling both PGC survival and migration. Thus PGCs that stray from the normal migratory pathway might be eliminated through programmed cell death. @entity10898 , together with @entity22618 , can stimulate PGC proliferation in culture and it seems likely that @entity22618 or a related cytokine may function in vivo to regulate PGC survival and proliferation. Animals doubly deficient in @entity22618 and its relatives may soon allow the roles of these cytokines in PGC development to be determined. Although @entity10245 is a potent PGC mitogen in vitro, whether PGCs ever encounter @entity10245 in vivo remains questionable since in culture it alters both the proliferative and developmental potential of PGCs. @entity641 or @entity11493 may be important negative regulators of PGC development, and @entity19 lacking these factors should allow their role in PGC development to be assessed.

title: Growth factor regulation of XXXX primordial germ cell development.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Percutaneous lung biopsy is now a common procedure in pulmonary medicine, and several different techniques are in use. The most common has been the use of a fine needle under computed tomography (CT) guidance combined with the trucut needle for histology. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and immunocytochemistry in comparison with trucut biopsy and immunohistochemistry in @entity1 with localized intrathoracic lesions suspicious for @entity5 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty @entity1 with localized mass lesions in the lung on imaging (chest radiograph/CT) were selected for this study over a period of 1 year. FNAC was carried out by a 22 G spinal needle after localization of the mass in the CT scan followed by guided trucut biopsy. Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry were performed as and when required. RESULTS: The mean age of our study population was 57.6 years and the M:F ratio was 4.2:1. Majority of the lesions were peripheral and in the right lung. @entity420 was most prevalent (49%), followed by @entity957 and @entity4153 . Cyto-histopathological concordance was seen in 60 cases (75%). The highest rate of concordance was seen in @entity4153 (83.3%). The overall sensitivity of FNAC in distinguishing @entity358 from benign lesions was 84.2% and the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity of cytology in diagnosing @entity4153 was 83.3% and of @entity4153 was 65.38%. Immunocytochemistry was carried out in 34 cases, all of which were followed by immunohistochemistry. Cyto-histopathological concordance was noted in 31 of these cases (91.2%). We used the standard panel of four markers ( @entity5822 , @entity7457 , @entity4206 and @entity2940 ) for all selected cases. CONCLUSION: Cytology along with immunocytochemistry is highly effective in diagnosing and categorizing @entity2 , producing comparable results to trucut biopsy and immunohistochemistry.

title: Comparative study of cytology and immunocytochemistry with trucut biopsy and immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of XXXX : A prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma', 'non-small cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lung lesions']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['Adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7457 :: ('7080', 'Gene') :: ['thyroid transcription factor-1']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['localized lung lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the relation between autonomic control of heart rate and the spontaneous occurrence and inducibility of @entity943 in @entity1 with @entity453 . BACKGROUND: Low heart rate variability increases the risk of arrhythmic events. It is not known whether impaired autonomic heart rate control reflects alterations in functional factors that contribute to the initiation of spontaneous @entity943 or whether it is the consequence of an anatomic substrate for reentrant @entity591 . METHODS: Fifty-four @entity1 with @entity453 with a history of sustained @entity1165 (n = 25) or @entity1167 (n = 29) were studied by 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic recording and by programmed electrical stimulation. Heart rate variability was compared among the @entity1 with and without spontaneous @entity943 and with and without inducibility of sustained @entity1165 . RESULTS: Eight @entity1 had a total of 21 episodes of sustained @entity1165 on Holter recordings. Standard deviation of RR intervals and low frequency and very low frequency components of heart rate variability were significantly blunted in @entity1 with sustained @entity1165 compared with those without repetitive @entity1540 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). However, no significant alterations were observed in heart rate variability before the onset of 21 episodes of sustained @entity1165 . Heart rate variability did not differ between the @entity1 with or without nonsustained episodes of @entity1165 . In @entity1 with frequent @entity1540 , low frequency and very low frequency power components were significantly blunted compared with those with infrequent @entity1540 (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Heart rate variability did not differ significantly between the @entity1 with and without inducible sustained @entity1165 . CONCLUSIONS: Impaired very low and low frequency oscillation of heart rate reflects susceptibility to the spontaneous occurrence of @entity943 but may not reflect the instantaneous triggers for life-threatening @entity943 or a specific marker of the arrhythmic substrate for @entity1165 .

title: Relation between heart rate variability and spontaneous and induced XXXX in @entity1 with @entity453 .

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardias', 'ventricular tachyarrhythmias', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1540 :: ('MESH:D018879', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular ectopic activity']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the relation between autonomic control of heart rate and the spontaneous occurrence and inducibility of @entity943 in @entity1 with @entity453 . BACKGROUND: Low heart rate variability increases the risk of arrhythmic events. It is not known whether impaired autonomic heart rate control reflects alterations in functional factors that contribute to the initiation of spontaneous @entity943 or whether it is the consequence of an anatomic substrate for reentrant @entity591 . METHODS: Fifty-four @entity1 with @entity453 with a history of sustained @entity1165 (n = 25) or @entity1167 (n = 29) were studied by 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic recording and by programmed electrical stimulation. Heart rate variability was compared among the @entity1 with and without spontaneous @entity943 and with and without inducibility of sustained @entity1165 . RESULTS: Eight @entity1 had a total of 21 episodes of sustained @entity1165 on Holter recordings. Standard deviation of RR intervals and low frequency and very low frequency components of heart rate variability were significantly blunted in @entity1 with sustained @entity1165 compared with those without repetitive @entity1540 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). However, no significant alterations were observed in heart rate variability before the onset of 21 episodes of sustained @entity1165 . Heart rate variability did not differ between the @entity1 with or without nonsustained episodes of @entity1165 . In @entity1 with frequent @entity1540 , low frequency and very low frequency power components were significantly blunted compared with those with infrequent @entity1540 (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Heart rate variability did not differ significantly between the @entity1 with and without inducible sustained @entity1165 . CONCLUSIONS: Impaired very low and low frequency oscillation of heart rate reflects susceptibility to the spontaneous occurrence of @entity943 but may not reflect the instantaneous triggers for life-threatening @entity943 or a specific marker of the arrhythmic substrate for @entity1165 .

title: Relation between heart rate variability and spontaneous and induced @entity943 in @entity1 with XXXX .

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the relation between autonomic control of heart rate and the spontaneous occurrence and inducibility of @entity943 in @entity1 with @entity453 . BACKGROUND: Low heart rate variability increases the risk of arrhythmic events. It is not known whether impaired autonomic heart rate control reflects alterations in functional factors that contribute to the initiation of spontaneous @entity943 or whether it is the consequence of an anatomic substrate for reentrant @entity591 . METHODS: Fifty-four @entity1 with @entity453 with a history of sustained @entity1165 (n = 25) or @entity1167 (n = 29) were studied by 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic recording and by programmed electrical stimulation. Heart rate variability was compared among the @entity1 with and without spontaneous @entity943 and with and without inducibility of sustained @entity1165 . RESULTS: Eight @entity1 had a total of 21 episodes of sustained @entity1165 on Holter recordings. Standard deviation of RR intervals and low frequency and very low frequency components of heart rate variability were significantly blunted in @entity1 with sustained @entity1165 compared with those without repetitive @entity1540 (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). However, no significant alterations were observed in heart rate variability before the onset of 21 episodes of sustained @entity1165 . Heart rate variability did not differ between the @entity1 with or without nonsustained episodes of @entity1165 . In @entity1 with frequent @entity1540 , low frequency and very low frequency power components were significantly blunted compared with those with infrequent @entity1540 (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Heart rate variability did not differ significantly between the @entity1 with and without inducible sustained @entity1165 . CONCLUSIONS: Impaired very low and low frequency oscillation of heart rate reflects susceptibility to the spontaneous occurrence of @entity943 but may not reflect the instantaneous triggers for life-threatening @entity943 or a specific marker of the arrhythmic substrate for @entity1165 .

title: Relation between heart rate variability and spontaneous and induced @entity943 in XXXX with @entity453 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cytology of the endometrium is an underused technique in diagnostic pathology. It has been used in the past for @entity1204 . Only few studies have used cytology in the diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine @entity548 (DUB). Endometrial imprint cytology has been rarely used except for application of immunocytochemistry in diagnosis of @entity1204 . AIM: The present study was conducted to evaluate whether it is possible to assign histopathology-like diagnosis by imprint cytology and also to evaluate its usefulness in the assessment of @entity1 of dysfunctional uterine @entity548 of low clinical suspicion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Imprint smears were made from 93 curettage materials during a study of DUB. Blinded analysis of imprint smears was performed by using McKenzie's criteria and some criteria devised for the requirements of this study. Results of cytology were correlated with histopathology. Statistical analysis was carried out by GraphpadInStat Demo. RESULTS: Majority of the patterns classifiable in histopathology could also be classified in this study on imprint cytology. The overall sensitivity and specificity of cytology in the detection of endometrial patterns in DUB @entity1 were 91.23% and 83.87%, respectively, although the sensitivities and specificities differ according to the phase of endometrium. CONCLUSION: Histopathology-like categories can be assigned on imprint smears in the diagnosis of DUB. Endometrial imprint cytology can be helpful in centers where histopathology laboratories are not available and even in well-established institutes. It is possible to improve the sensitivity and specificity with better imprinting techniques.

title: Histopathology-like categories based on endometrial imprint cytology in dysfunctional uterine XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: T cell depletion of donor bone marrow can prevent @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) in @entity1 and @entity19 marrow graft recipients. However, engraftment in the recipient may be compromised as a consequence of donor marrow T cell depletion. The effect of recombinant @entity19 granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmu @entity2304 ) on engraftment and hematologic reconstitution was evaluated in a @entity19 allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) model involving T cell depletion of marrow. Before transplantation into irradiated @entity19 differing at major and minor histocompatibility loci, rmu @entity2304 was preincubated with T cell-depleted donor marrow. When low degrees of engraftment were noted in control recipients, treatment of donor marrow with high concentrations of rmu @entity2304 led to enhanced engraftment. Ex vivo donor graft incubation with rmu @entity2304 or a single in vivo injection of rmu @entity2304 were both effective means of promoting engraftment. When the engraftment rate in control recipients was high, rmu @entity2304 did not have an identifiable effect. Only slight increases in hematologic recovery were detected regardless of the rate of engraftment. Neither post-BMT survival nor marrow stem cell capacity was affected by rmu @entity2304 incubation. Furthermore, growth factor administration did not have a significant effect on the incidence of @entity2132 in recipients of non-T cell-depleted bone marrow splenocyte preparations. In vitro natural killer-mediated target cell lysis was not altered by incubation of effector cells with rmu @entity2304 . These results demonstrate the potential of ex vivo rmu @entity2304 treatment of donor marrow to facilitate engraftment across extensive histo-compatibility barriers.

title: Augmentation of donor bone marrow engraftment in histoincompatible XXXX recipients by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft v host disease']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I ( @entity442 ) levels are inversely correlated with @entity755 and low density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 in @entity1 . To identify a molecular basis for this observation, the effects of @entity442 on @entity754 expression in fibroblasts were studied. @entity442 increased LDL receptors in cultured @entity1 skin fibroblasts at concentrations greater than 25 ng/ml. However, @entity442 effects were not easily quantitated due to secretion of inhibitory IGF-binding proteins by the cells. To circumvent this difficulty, QAYL, an @entity442 analog that binds to the @entity2856 but not to IGF-binding proteins, was used. QAYL increased @entity754 number 56-72% with half-maximum effect at 0.6 ng/ml. alpha-IR3, a monoclonal antibody directed toward the @entity2856 , blocked this effect. QAYL treatment increased synthesis of @entity754 protein without increasing @entity754 mRNA levels or altering protein stability. Both QAYL and @entity442 increased LDL receptors prominently in cells that had been treated with physiological amounts of LDL @entity165 . @entity442 , acting through the @entity2856 and modulated by IGF-binding proteins, may contribute to the regulation of LDL metabolism by increasing translation of @entity754 message.

title: Increased XXXX expression mediated through the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in cultured fibroblasts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity754 :: (3949,Gene) :: ['low density lipoprotein receptor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1057 ( @entity1057 ) afflict around one billion individuals in the poorest parts of the world with many more at risk. @entity3754 is one of the most prevalent of the infections and causes significant morbidity in those who suffer the clinical conditions, particularly @entity4269 and hydrocele. @entity308 has been recognised as a prevalent disability in those with the disease because of the stigmatising nature of the condition. No estimates of the burden of @entity308 of any neglected @entity66 have been undertaken to date despite the recognition that such diseases have major consequences for mental health not only for @entity1 but also their caregivers. METHODS: We developed a mathematical model to calculate the burden of Disability- Adjusted Life Years (DALY) attributable to @entity308 in @entity3754 and that of their caregivers using standard methods for calculating DALYs. Estimates of numbers with clinical disease was based on published estimates in 2012 and the numbers with @entity308 from the available literature. RESULTS: We calculated that the burden of @entity308 in @entity6565 @entity1 was 5.09 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 229,537 DALYs attributable to their caregivers. These figures are around twice that of 2.78 million DALYs attributed to @entity6565 by the Global Burden of Disease study of 2010. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3754 and other neglected @entity66 , notably Buruli Ulcer, @entity4536 , @entity1201 , yaws, @entity7289 and @entity11738 cause significant co morbidity associated with @entity1032 in @entity1 . Studies to assess the prevalence of the burden of this co-morbidity should be incorporated into any future assessment of the Global Burden of neglected @entity66 . The prevalence of @entity308 in caregivers who support those who suffer from these conditions is required. Such assessments are critical for neglected @entity66 which have such a huge global prevalence and thus will contribute a significant burden of co-morbidity attributable to @entity1032 .

title: The burden of mental health in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6565 :: ('MESH:D005368', 'Disease') :: ['filariasis']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depressive illness', 'depressive illness']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['tropical diseases', 'tropical disease']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity3754 :: ('MESH:D004605', 'Disease') :: ['lymphatic filariasis', 'Lymphatic filariasis']

entities_list: @entity1057 :: ('MESH:D058069', 'Disease') :: ['Neglected Tropical Diseases', 'NTDs']

entities_list: @entity4536 :: ('MESH:D016773', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity7289 :: ('MESH:D009855', 'Disease') :: ['onchocerciasis']

answer: @entity3754 :: (MESH:D004605,Disease) :: ['lymphatic filariasis']


abstract: Complications involving the colon occurred in 28 of 325 @entity1 who received renal transplants. @entity8307 , the most common complication, affected 15 @entity1 , two of whom required surgery. Three instances of @entity4436 were complicated by free perforation in two cases, and by @entity4570 in one. @entity698 occurred in two cases. The other complications were @entity548 (from @entity7261 or @entity2817 ), nonspecific @entity1960 , and @entity63 . Spontaneous colonic perforation did not occur. Two thirds of the @entity1049 occurred within 30 days after transplantation. All cases of @entity694 , however, occurred later than one month after transplantation. It is concluded that @entity8307 is the most common @entity1049 in renal transplant recipients, that it usually occurs early, and that it carries a good prognosis. @entity694 occurred later in this series and were treated successfully. All cases of @entity63 were part of terminal multiorgan system failure.

title: XXXX in renal transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['Appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic colitis']

entities_list: @entity7261 :: ('MESH:D004240', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulosis']

entities_list: @entity8307 :: ('MESH:D004761', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomembranous colitis', 'Pseudomembranous colitis']

entities_list: @entity2817 :: ('MESH:D016888', 'Disease') :: ['angiodysplasia']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['Colonic perforations', 'colon perforation']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic complications', 'colonic complication']

entities_list: @entity4570 :: ('MESH:D007412', 'Disease') :: ['colovesical fistula']

answer: @entity1049 :: (MESH:D003108,Disease) :: ['Colonic complications']


abstract: A study was undertaken to compare the age, sex, preoperative diagnosis, and operative findings of @entity1 who had @entity420 with @entity1 who had @entity694 . The study consisted of an analysis of 316 case reports and collective reviews of @entity420 that were reported in the literature between 1960 and 1985. The mean age of @entity1 with this disease was 57.1 years and the male-to-female ratio for @entity420 was 1.4:1. Only rarely was a malignancy suspected, as 68 percent of the @entity1 presented with signs and symptoms of @entity32 . The @entity5 was perforated in 55 percent of @entity1 , making it the most frequently perforating @entity189 of the entire gastrointestinal tract. One half of these perforations were localized as abscesses. The presence of perforation did not necessarily predispose a poor prognosis. Synchronous appendiceal and other @entity694 occurred in 2.7 percent of @entity1 . @entity1725 occurred as a presenting feature in 5.6 percent of @entity1 and was generally a poor prognostic indicator. @entity189 peritonei was found at initial exploration in 10.3 percent of @entity1 and these @entity1 rarely survived one year.

title: A 25-year review of XXXX . A frequently perforating @entity189 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disease of the appendix']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinomatosis', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1725 :: ('MESH:D011553', 'Disease') :: ['Pseudomyxoma peritonei']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the colon', 'colonic neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the appendix']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the appendix']


abstract: A study was undertaken to compare the age, sex, preoperative diagnosis, and operative findings of @entity1 who had @entity420 with @entity1 who had @entity694 . The study consisted of an analysis of 316 case reports and collective reviews of @entity420 that were reported in the literature between 1960 and 1985. The mean age of @entity1 with this disease was 57.1 years and the male-to-female ratio for @entity420 was 1.4:1. Only rarely was a malignancy suspected, as 68 percent of the @entity1 presented with signs and symptoms of @entity32 . The @entity5 was perforated in 55 percent of @entity1 , making it the most frequently perforating @entity189 of the entire gastrointestinal tract. One half of these perforations were localized as abscesses. The presence of perforation did not necessarily predispose a poor prognosis. Synchronous appendiceal and other @entity694 occurred in 2.7 percent of @entity1 . @entity1725 occurred as a presenting feature in 5.6 percent of @entity1 and was generally a poor prognostic indicator. @entity189 peritonei was found at initial exploration in 10.3 percent of @entity1 and these @entity1 rarely survived one year.

title: A 25-year review of @entity420 . A frequently perforating XXXX .

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: @entity7227 ( @entity10155 ), a derivative of @entity57479 has been most commonly used as an ingredient of oxidative hair dye and permanent tattoos. We have studied the phototoxic potential of @entity10155 under ambient ultraviolet radiation. @entity10155 is photodegraded and form a novel photoproduct under UV A exposure. @entity10155 shows a concentration dependent decrease in cell viability of @entity1 Keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) through @entity98 and NRU test. Significant intracellular ROS generation was measured by @entity21184 assay. It caused an oxidative DNA damage via single stranded DNA breaks, micronuclei and CPD formation. Both lysosome and mitochondria is main target for @entity10155 induced apoptosis which was proved through lysosomal destabilization and release of @entity467 by immunofluorescence, real time PCR and western blot analysis. @entity467 process @entity5353 to active tBID which induces the release of @entity4674 from mitochondria. Mitochondrial depolarization was reported through transmission electron microscopy. The cathepsin inhibitor reduced the release of @entity4674 in @entity10155 treated cells. Thus study suggests that @entity10155 leads to apoptosis via the involvement of lysosome and mitochondria both under ambient UV radiation. Therefore, photosensitizing nature of hair dye ingredients should be tested before coming to market as a cosmetic product for the safety of @entity1 beings.

title: Involvement of @entity467 in mitochondrial apoptosis by XXXX under ambient UV radiation.

entities_list: @entity7227 :: ('MESH:C029728', 'Chemical') :: ['Paraphenylenediamine']

entities_list: @entity467 :: ('1508', 'Gene') :: ['Cathepsin B', 'cathepsin B']

entities_list: @entity57479 :: ('MESH:C019498', 'Chemical') :: ['paranitroaniline']

answer: @entity7227 :: (MESH:C029728,Chemical) :: ['p-phenylenediamine']


abstract: @entity7227 ( @entity10155 ), a derivative of @entity57479 has been most commonly used as an ingredient of oxidative hair dye and permanent tattoos. We have studied the phototoxic potential of @entity10155 under ambient ultraviolet radiation. @entity10155 is photodegraded and form a novel photoproduct under UV A exposure. @entity10155 shows a concentration dependent decrease in cell viability of @entity1 Keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) through @entity98 and NRU test. Significant intracellular ROS generation was measured by @entity21184 assay. It caused an oxidative DNA damage via single stranded DNA breaks, micronuclei and CPD formation. Both lysosome and mitochondria is main target for @entity10155 induced apoptosis which was proved through lysosomal destabilization and release of @entity467 by immunofluorescence, real time PCR and western blot analysis. @entity467 process @entity5353 to active tBID which induces the release of @entity4674 from mitochondria. Mitochondrial depolarization was reported through transmission electron microscopy. The cathepsin inhibitor reduced the release of @entity4674 in @entity10155 treated cells. Thus study suggests that @entity10155 leads to apoptosis via the involvement of lysosome and mitochondria both under ambient UV radiation. Therefore, photosensitizing nature of hair dye ingredients should be tested before coming to market as a cosmetic product for the safety of @entity1 beings.

title: Involvement of XXXX in mitochondrial apoptosis by @entity7227 under ambient UV radiation.

answer: @entity467 :: (1508,Gene) :: ['cathepsin B']