abstract: BACKGROUND: Whether the phase relationship (phase shift) between cerebral blood flow velocity as assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasound and blood pressure at 0.1 Hz can be used to assess cerebral autoregulation (CA) in @entity1 with severe @entity131 ( @entity131 ). METHODS: In 33 healthy volunteers (mean age, SD; 37+/-17 years, range 17-65) middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood velocity (V) was recorded simultaneously with finger blood pressure (BP) over a period of 10 minutes under normocapnic and hypocapnic conditions to generate normative data. In 27 @entity1 with severe @entity131 (Glasgow @entity772 scale score < or =8) serial close in time investigations of cranial computed tomography (CT) scanning and phase shift assessment were performed on days 1, 3, 5, and 8 after @entity130 . Phase shift in the MCA was compared to brain parenchyma lesion size in the @entity9623 territory on CT scanning. Lesion size was classified into 0, normal; 1, presence of a small lesion (diameter <3 cm); 2, presence of a large lesion (>3 cm). FINDINGS: Compared to normocapnia, @entity13147 significantly increased phase shift at 0.1 Hz from 78+/-28 degrees to 101+/-25 degrees (p < 0.001). In the @entity131 @entity1 , 115 comparisons between CT findings and CA results were possible. Phase shift detected a pathological CA in 31 instances, which were more frequent in CT lesion type 2 (19/42) than in group 0 (7/44) and group 1 (5/29). INTERPRETATION: When CA is intended to be assessed by use of phase shift, the hyperventilation setting needs its own reference values. In MCA territories containing a traumatic lesion greater than 3 cm in diameter phase shift at 0.1 Hz will detect a high frequency (44%) of a disturbed state of CA.

title: Brain lesion size and phase shift as an index of cerebral autoregulation in XXXX with severe head injury.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity13147 :: ('MESH:D016857', 'Disease') :: ['hypocapnia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We analyzed, using a theoretical model, the modality of recurrence after a simple cruroplasty for large @entity357 , and on the basis of physical and geometrical principles, we conceived a new shaped mesh for a "tension-free" repair. METHODS: We performed a physical and geometrical analysis of the hiatal region on a theoretical model. We also performed an anatomic study on 20 fresh cadavers to verify the reproducibility of the theoretical model and to study the most suitable shape for mesh and its adaptability to the hiatal region. Between September 2000 and October 2001, eight @entity1 received laparoscopic reparation of large (type II or III) @entity357 by means of a composite "A"-shaped @entity736 ( @entity736 )- @entity7502 mesh. There were two @entity1 and six @entity1 ; mean age was 65 years (range, 35-78 years). Concomitant @entity2910 was found in five @entity1 and impaired esophageal peristalsis in two @entity1 . A total or a partial fundoplication was associated in these cases. RESULTS: The physical and geometrical analysis of the hiatal region explained the reasons for the recurrence after hiatoplasty. The anatomical study on fresh cadavers resulted in a mesh tailored in an "A" shape and permitted to verify the adaptability of such a shaped mesh composed of two layers, @entity7502 and @entity736 . In the clinical series no conversions occurred; the mortality rate was null. Persistent @entity1282 was present in two @entity1 and disappeared after 3 months of treatment. No recurrence was observed at an 8-month average follow-up. CONCLUSION: The preliminary clinical study confirms the feasibility of this tension-free repair and the effectiveness of this composite A-shaped mesh.

title: Laparoscopic physiological hiatoplasty for XXXX : new composite "A"-shaped mesh. Physical and geometrical analysis and preliminary clinical results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['hiatal hernias']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['PTFE', 'polytetrafluoroethylene']

answer: @entity357 :: (MESH:D006551,Disease) :: ['hiatal hernia']


abstract: This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of @entity562 once a week (35 mg and 50 mg) compared with @entity562 5 mg once daily in @entity1 with @entity170 . We conducted a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, 2-year study; the primary efficacy assessment was performed after 1 year. Subjects were @entity1 aged 50 years or older who had been postmenopausal for at least 5 years, with either a @entity79 ( @entity79 ) T-score of -2.5 or lower (lumbar spine or proximal femur) or a T-score lower than -2 and at least one prevalent @entity174 . Subjects received @entity562 5 mg once daily, 35 mg once a week or 50 mg once a week. All subjects also received 1 g daily of elemental @entity460 supplementation and supplemental @entity560 if the baseline serum levels were low. The primary efficacy measure was percent change in lumbar spine @entity79 at 12 months. A total of 1,456 @entity1 were randomized and received medication; 1,209 (83%) @entity1 completed 12 months. The mean percent change (SE) in lumbar spine @entity79 after 12 months was 4.0% (0.2%) in the 5 mg daily group, 3.9% (0.2%) in the 35 mg group, and 4.2% (0.2%) in the 50 mg group; each once-a-week treatment was determined to be as effective as the daily treatment. Outcomes of the secondary efficacy measurements and safety assessments were also similar in all 3 groups after 12 months. @entity562 35 mg and 50 mg once a week provide the same efficacy and safety as the daily 5 mg regimen; therefore, the lower dose, 35 mg once a week, is considered optimal for @entity1 with @entity170 who desire a once-a-week regimen.

title: The efficacy and tolerability of XXXX once a week for the treatment of @entity170 .

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity562 :: ('MESH:C073008', 'Chemical') :: ['risedronate', 'Risedronate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity562 :: (MESH:C073008,Chemical) :: ['risedronate']


abstract: This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of @entity562 once a week (35 mg and 50 mg) compared with @entity562 5 mg once daily in @entity1 with @entity170 . We conducted a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, 2-year study; the primary efficacy assessment was performed after 1 year. Subjects were @entity1 aged 50 years or older who had been postmenopausal for at least 5 years, with either a @entity79 ( @entity79 ) T-score of -2.5 or lower (lumbar spine or proximal femur) or a T-score lower than -2 and at least one prevalent @entity174 . Subjects received @entity562 5 mg once daily, 35 mg once a week or 50 mg once a week. All subjects also received 1 g daily of elemental @entity460 supplementation and supplemental @entity560 if the baseline serum levels were low. The primary efficacy measure was percent change in lumbar spine @entity79 at 12 months. A total of 1,456 @entity1 were randomized and received medication; 1,209 (83%) @entity1 completed 12 months. The mean percent change (SE) in lumbar spine @entity79 after 12 months was 4.0% (0.2%) in the 5 mg daily group, 3.9% (0.2%) in the 35 mg group, and 4.2% (0.2%) in the 50 mg group; each once-a-week treatment was determined to be as effective as the daily treatment. Outcomes of the secondary efficacy measurements and safety assessments were also similar in all 3 groups after 12 months. @entity562 35 mg and 50 mg once a week provide the same efficacy and safety as the daily 5 mg regimen; therefore, the lower dose, 35 mg once a week, is considered optimal for @entity1 with @entity170 who desire a once-a-week regimen.

title: The efficacy and tolerability of @entity562 once a week for the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']


abstract: @entity2 mortality patterns throughout Europe are very heterogeneous and largely reflect past smoking habits. In order to clarify the changing patterns of @entity2 in Europe we have plotted the overall @entity2 trends among @entity1 and @entity1 for 20 countries from 1950 up to 1998. Furthermore, using a Bayesian age-period-cohort approach, we have calculated 5 year projections of @entity2 rate up to 2003. Finally, we make some comments on probable future trends by analysing recent trends in adults aged <55 years. @entity2 mortality rates up to age 75 years portray a general trend of decreasing @entity2 rates among @entity1 and increasing @entity2 rates among @entity1 . Exceptions to this decrease among @entity1 include Hungary where not only are current mortality rates much higher than previously observed in any other country (at 76.7 out of 100,000 in 1998) but they are projected to increase further in the short term. Rates among adults aged <55 years have recently peaked, indicating that overall rates are likely to peak in the next decade. Among @entity1 , rapid increases have been observed in Denmark, Netherlands, Hungary, Ireland and UK. Whereas Ireland and UK rates have started to decrease and are projected to continue falling, rates in the other three countries are projected to increase further. Trends in @entity1 aged <55 years indicate that rates in Danish @entity1 will peak in the next decade, whereas @entity2 rates among Dutch @entity1 are likely to continue increasing. Rates in Hungarian @entity1 are likely to increase and will surpass the current high rate observed in Denmark.

title: Recent trends and future directions for XXXX mortality in Europe.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'Lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: Prior to putting in place a percutaneous device, the assessment of the @entity118 anatomy is mandatory. The 3D transthoracic echocardiography is a non-invasive method bringing an imaging of the @entity1757 surface and its borders. Fifty-two @entity1 ageing from 3 to 16 years old had a rotational 3D transthoracic echocardiography. Thirty-six (69%) were selected for a percutaneous closure (borders > 7 mm and a septal surface/ @entity118 ratio > 2). Thirty-two of these selected @entity1 (89%) benefited from the Amplatz prosthesis implantation with success. The maximal 3D diameter of the @entity1757 was 20 + 4 mm (14-30) compared to the mean size of prosthesis at 22 mm (18-30). Four of the 36 @entity1 (aneurismal septum or a borderline septal surface/ @entity118 ratio) were secondarily oriented to surgeons. Sixteen @entity1 (31%) were selected directly to a surgical closure. The lack of borders or septal surface were confirmed by the surgical view. The 3D transthoracic echocardiography allows to define new criteria for the selection of @entity1 prior to a percutaneous closure of @entity118 . This prospective study demonstrates that 9 out of 10 @entity1 who had the 3D criteria had a percutaneous closure of the @entity1757 .

title: [3D-transthoracic echocardiography: a selection method prior to percutaneous closure of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect', 'atrial septal defects']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['septal defect']

answer: @entity118 :: (MESH:D006344,Disease) :: ['atrial septal defects']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The practice environment for surgery is changing. However, little is known regarding the trends or current status of inpatient surgery at a population level. HYPOTHESIS: Inpatient surgical care has changed significantly over the last 10 years. DESIGN: Longitudinal analysis of @entity7452 inpatient discharge data (January 1, 1990, through December 31, 2000). SETTING: All 503 nonfederal acute care hospitals in @entity7452 . @entity1 : All inpatients undergoing general, vascular, and cardiothoracic surgery in @entity7452 from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 2000, were obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Volume, mean age, comorbidity profile, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality were obtained for inpatient general, vascular, and cardiothoracic surgical procedures performed during the period 1990 to 2000. Rates of change and trends were evaluated for the 10-year period. RESULTS: Between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2000, 1.64 million surgical procedures were performed. The number of surgical procedures increased 20.4%, from 135,795 in 1990 to 163,468 in 2000. Overall, @entity1 were older and had more comorbid disease in 2000 compared with 1990. Both crude and adjusted (by type of operation) in-hospital mortality decreased from 3.9% in 1990 to 2.75% (P<.001) and 2.58% (P<.001), respectively, in 2000. Length of hospital stay decreased over the period for all operations analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The total number of inpatient general, vascular, and cardiothoracic surgical procedures has increased over the past decade. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the outcomes of care (eg, in-hospital mortality and length of hospital stay) for @entity1 who undergo general, vascular, and cardiothoracic surgical procedures have improved. However, continued evaluations at the population level are needed.

title: Inpatient surgery in XXXX : 1990-2000.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7452 :: ('MESH:D004670', 'Disease') :: ['California']

answer: @entity7452 :: (MESH:D004670,Disease) :: ['California']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: @entity134 avoidance is possible in simultaneous @entity8 with the use of newer immunosuppressive agents and induction therapy. DESIGN: A retrospective consecutive case review. SETTING: A university tertiary referral center. @entity1 : Medical records of 40 consecutive @entity1 who underwent @entity8 from November 2000 to July 2002 were reviewed. INTERVENTION: The immunosuppression protocol used in this series of @entity1 consisted of Thymoglobulin induction combined with @entity618 , @entity1140 , and @entity3446 for maintenance immunosuppression. @entity230 were used as pretreatment only, given with Thymoglobulin, and were typically discontinued by postoperative week 1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Graft and @entity1 survival rates, rejection rates of the kidney or pancreas, @entity281 rates, and surgical complication rates. RESULTS: @entity1 , kidney, and pancreas survival rates were 95.0%, 92.5%, and 87.5%, respectively. Biopsy-proven pancreas rejection rates at 1 and 3 months' posttransplantation were 2.5%. Kidney rejection rates at 1 and 3 months were 2.5%. @entity230 were given only to @entity1 with documented transplant rejection. Surgical and medical complications were no different from earlier protocols. CONCLUSIONS: Immunosuppression protocols that do not include maintenance @entity230 have shown minimal rejection in the first 3 months and equivalent @entity1 and graft survival rates compared with protocols that use @entity230 . The potential beneficial long-term impact of @entity134 avoidance will require further study.

title: Excellent short-term results with @entity134 -free maintenance immunosuppression in low-risk simultaneous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas-kidney transplantation']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroids', 'steroids']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['pancreas-kidney transplantation']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: @entity134 avoidance is possible in simultaneous @entity8 with the use of newer immunosuppressive agents and induction therapy. DESIGN: A retrospective consecutive case review. SETTING: A university tertiary referral center. @entity1 : Medical records of 40 consecutive @entity1 who underwent @entity8 from November 2000 to July 2002 were reviewed. INTERVENTION: The immunosuppression protocol used in this series of @entity1 consisted of Thymoglobulin induction combined with @entity618 , @entity1140 , and @entity3446 for maintenance immunosuppression. @entity230 were used as pretreatment only, given with Thymoglobulin, and were typically discontinued by postoperative week 1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Graft and @entity1 survival rates, rejection rates of the kidney or pancreas, @entity281 rates, and surgical complication rates. RESULTS: @entity1 , kidney, and pancreas survival rates were 95.0%, 92.5%, and 87.5%, respectively. Biopsy-proven pancreas rejection rates at 1 and 3 months' posttransplantation were 2.5%. Kidney rejection rates at 1 and 3 months were 2.5%. @entity230 were given only to @entity1 with documented transplant rejection. Surgical and medical complications were no different from earlier protocols. CONCLUSIONS: Immunosuppression protocols that do not include maintenance @entity230 have shown minimal rejection in the first 3 months and equivalent @entity1 and graft survival rates compared with protocols that use @entity230 . The potential beneficial long-term impact of @entity134 avoidance will require further study.

title: Excellent short-term results with XXXX -free maintenance immunosuppression in low-risk simultaneous @entity8 .

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of reduced @entity79 ( @entity79 ) in a group of female @entity1252 @entity1 and to identify factors predictive of reduced @entity79 . @entity2249 ( @entity2249 ) and @entity3570 ( @entity3570 ) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry results were evaluated in 79 pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity1252 aged (mean, range) 49 (22-73) years). Variables evaluated were disease duration, SLEDAI, current and cumulative corticosteroid dose, Steinbrocker's functional classification, use of immunosuppressive agents, and history of @entity174 due to minor @entity130 . A T-score of < or = 1.0 was found in 61.9% at the @entity3570 and 48.3% at the @entity2249 , and 18 (23.7%) @entity1 belonged to the category of @entity170 at @entity3570 , compared to only three (5.4%) @entity1 at @entity2249 . A statistical difference (P = 0.014) was found when comparing @entity3570 @entity79 in pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 . @entity3570 @entity79 had a significant correlation with daily and cumulative @entity134 dose (P = 0.016 and 0.031, respectively). There was a significant difference in @entity3570 @entity79 between the daily @entity134 dose group receiving < or = 7.5 and those receiving > 7.5 mg/day (P = 0.008), and also in @entity2249 @entity79 comparing groups on 0 and > 7.5 mg/day (P = 0.022). There was significant difference in @entity3570 and @entity2249 @entity79 between @entity1 in Steinbrocker classes I and III (P = 0.016 and 0.005, respectively). No significant correlation was found in either subgroup between @entity79 and other studied parameters. We concluded that the prevalence of reduced bone mass at @entity3570 is pronounced among postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity1252 , in those with a high Steinbrocker functional classification and those on a high daily @entity134 dose. Therefore, these @entity1 should be considered as a high-risk group deserving regular spinal @entity79 scans and therapy in time to prevent @entity174 .

title: Bone mineral density in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar spine', 'LS']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['Femoral neck', 'FN']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of reduced @entity79 ( @entity79 ) in a group of female @entity1252 @entity1 and to identify factors predictive of reduced @entity79 . @entity2249 ( @entity2249 ) and @entity3570 ( @entity3570 ) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry results were evaluated in 79 pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity1252 aged (mean, range) 49 (22-73) years). Variables evaluated were disease duration, SLEDAI, current and cumulative corticosteroid dose, Steinbrocker's functional classification, use of immunosuppressive agents, and history of @entity174 due to minor @entity130 . A T-score of < or = 1.0 was found in 61.9% at the @entity3570 and 48.3% at the @entity2249 , and 18 (23.7%) @entity1 belonged to the category of @entity170 at @entity3570 , compared to only three (5.4%) @entity1 at @entity2249 . A statistical difference (P = 0.014) was found when comparing @entity3570 @entity79 in pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 . @entity3570 @entity79 had a significant correlation with daily and cumulative @entity134 dose (P = 0.016 and 0.031, respectively). There was a significant difference in @entity3570 @entity79 between the daily @entity134 dose group receiving < or = 7.5 and those receiving > 7.5 mg/day (P = 0.008), and also in @entity2249 @entity79 comparing groups on 0 and > 7.5 mg/day (P = 0.022). There was significant difference in @entity3570 and @entity2249 @entity79 between @entity1 in Steinbrocker classes I and III (P = 0.016 and 0.005, respectively). No significant correlation was found in either subgroup between @entity79 and other studied parameters. We concluded that the prevalence of reduced bone mass at @entity3570 is pronounced among postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity1252 , in those with a high Steinbrocker functional classification and those on a high daily @entity134 dose. Therefore, these @entity1 should be considered as a high-risk group deserving regular spinal @entity79 scans and therapy in time to prevent @entity174 .

title: Bone mineral density in XXXX with @entity1252 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence and management of @entity613 in primary care. DESIGN: In a longitudinal survey among 161 general practitioners (GPs) all incident diagnoses of @entity613 ( @entity613 ) were selected and available information on GP management was studied. SETTING: Dutch National Survey of Morbidity and Interventions in General Practice. SUBJECTS: 74153 @entity1 aged 55 years and over. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age- and sex-specific incidence rates. RESULTS: The overall incidence rate of @entity613 was 6.4 per 1000 @entity1 years (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.3-7.7). Incidence rate in creased from 4.0 per 1000 @entity1 years in @entity1 aged 55-59 to 12.9 per 1000 @entity1 years in @entity1 aged over 85, and for @entity1 in the same age categories from 3.3 per 1000 @entity1 years to 8.2 per 1000 @entity1 years, respectively. Of the 117 incident cases of @entity613 , 43 (37%) were referred to a hospital specialist. In 55 cases (47%), drugs were prescribed by the GP and in 101 cases (86%) the GP gave advice, notably pertaining to exercise and cessation of smoking. CONCLUSION: The incidence rate of @entity613 in primary care is high in both @entity1 and @entity1 , and clearly increases with age. Only a minority of @entity1 are referred to a hospital specialist, while the vast majority receive lifestyle advice.

title: Incidence and management of XXXX in primary care in The Netherlands.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['intermittent claudication', 'IC']

answer: @entity613 :: (MESH:D007383,Disease) :: ['intermittent claudication']


abstract: @entity10751 ( @entity10751 ) @entity1 suffer from @entity174 and have reduced @entity158 , which defers the diagnosis. The pathogenesis of @entity79 in @entity10751 is unknown. This study aimed to characterize bone mineral metabolism and density in @entity10751 . Seventy-nine @entity10751 @entity1 aged 8 months to 48 years (mean age 13.9 +/- 10.4 years, median 12.3) were studied. Clinical data included weight, height, bone age, weekly physical activity and history of @entity174 . @entity79 ( @entity79 ) of the lumbar spine (n = 43), femoral neck (n = 26), total hip (n = 22) and whole body (n = 15) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum @entity14951 , osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), parathyroid hormone and urinary @entity31095 cross-linked type 1 collagen (NTx) were determined in 68 @entity1 and age- and sex-matched controls. Forty-two of 79 @entity1 (53%) sustained 75 @entity174 . Twenty-four of 43 @entity1 had a spine Z-score < -2.0, and 13 of 26 had a femoral neck Z-score < -2.0. Mean femoral neck @entity79 Z-score was lower in @entity1 with @entity174 compared with those without (-2.5 +/- 0.9 vs -1.5 +/- 1.0, p = 0.01). Mean body mass index (BMI) was 16 kg/m2 in prepubertal @entity1 and 18.4 kg/m2 in postpubertal @entity1 . Bone age was significantly lower than chronological age (75.5 vs 99.3 months in prepubertal @entity1 , p < 0.001; 151 vs 174 in postpubertal @entity1 , p < 0.05). NTx and osteocalcin levels were higher in @entity10751 @entity1 compared with controls (400 +/- 338 vs 303 +/- 308, BCE/mM @entity1011 p < 0.02; 90 +/- 59.5 vs 61.8 +/- 36.9 ng/ml, p < 0.001, respectively). B-ALP was lower in @entity10751 @entity1 compared with controls (44.66 +/- 21.8 vs 55.36 +/- 36.6 ng/ml, p < 0.04). Mean spine Z-score was significantly lower in physically inactive compared with active @entity1 (-3.00 +/- 1.70 vs -1.77 +/- 1.3, respectively, p = 0.05). We conclude that @entity174 in @entity10751 @entity1 are associated with reduced @entity79 . @entity10751 @entity1 have increased NTx and osteocalcin. Contributing factors include reduced BMI, failure to thrive and reduced physical activity. Preventive therapy and early diagnosis are essential.

title: @entity79 and metabolism in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'multiple fractures']

entities_list: @entity10751 :: ('MESH:D004402', 'Disease') :: ['Familial dysautonomia', 'FD']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Bone mineral density', 'BMD', 'bone fragility']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['bone pain']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity31095 :: ('MESH:C052929', 'Chemical') :: ['N-telopeptide']

entities_list: @entity14951 :: ('MESH:D002112', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D3']

answer: @entity10751 :: (MESH:D004402,Disease) :: ['familial dysautonomia']


abstract: @entity10751 ( @entity10751 ) @entity1 suffer from @entity174 and have reduced @entity158 , which defers the diagnosis. The pathogenesis of @entity79 in @entity10751 is unknown. This study aimed to characterize bone mineral metabolism and density in @entity10751 . Seventy-nine @entity10751 @entity1 aged 8 months to 48 years (mean age 13.9 +/- 10.4 years, median 12.3) were studied. Clinical data included weight, height, bone age, weekly physical activity and history of @entity174 . @entity79 ( @entity79 ) of the lumbar spine (n = 43), femoral neck (n = 26), total hip (n = 22) and whole body (n = 15) were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum @entity14951 , osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP), parathyroid hormone and urinary @entity31095 cross-linked type 1 collagen (NTx) were determined in 68 @entity1 and age- and sex-matched controls. Forty-two of 79 @entity1 (53%) sustained 75 @entity174 . Twenty-four of 43 @entity1 had a spine Z-score < -2.0, and 13 of 26 had a femoral neck Z-score < -2.0. Mean femoral neck @entity79 Z-score was lower in @entity1 with @entity174 compared with those without (-2.5 +/- 0.9 vs -1.5 +/- 1.0, p = 0.01). Mean body mass index (BMI) was 16 kg/m2 in prepubertal @entity1 and 18.4 kg/m2 in postpubertal @entity1 . Bone age was significantly lower than chronological age (75.5 vs 99.3 months in prepubertal @entity1 , p < 0.001; 151 vs 174 in postpubertal @entity1 , p < 0.05). NTx and osteocalcin levels were higher in @entity10751 @entity1 compared with controls (400 +/- 338 vs 303 +/- 308, BCE/mM @entity1011 p < 0.02; 90 +/- 59.5 vs 61.8 +/- 36.9 ng/ml, p < 0.001, respectively). B-ALP was lower in @entity10751 @entity1 compared with controls (44.66 +/- 21.8 vs 55.36 +/- 36.6 ng/ml, p < 0.04). Mean spine Z-score was significantly lower in physically inactive compared with active @entity1 (-3.00 +/- 1.70 vs -1.77 +/- 1.3, respectively, p = 0.05). We conclude that @entity174 in @entity10751 @entity1 are associated with reduced @entity79 . @entity10751 @entity1 have increased NTx and osteocalcin. Contributing factors include reduced BMI, failure to thrive and reduced physical activity. Preventive therapy and early diagnosis are essential.

title: XXXX and metabolism in @entity10751 .

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['Bone mineral density']


abstract: A group of 100 adult @entity3392 were housed in a new system at a stocking density of 20 fish per tank. Four weeks after arrival, 15 fish presented with @entity548 and @entity1066 on the surfaces of the skin. Samples of the fish were collected for histopathology, fungal culture, and bacterial culture and sensitivity. Water samples were analyzed for pH, @entity3265 , @entity3542 , and submitted for bacterial and fungal culture. Histologically, the epidermis had multiple areas of @entity1066 and mononuclear cell infiltrate. Gram-positive bacteria were observed beneath the surface of the skin and surrounding the outer aspect of the spinal cord. Both @entity1678 and A. sobria were isolated from the affected fish, and a diagnosis of @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) was made. Water from the tanks had a @entity3542 level of 1-5 ppm, a toxic concentration that indicated poor water quality. Because the housing system had been seeded with Nitrobacter spp. and Nitrosomonas spp. only 2 weeks prior to the arrival of the fish, a lack of colonizing nitrifying bacteria was deemed to be the cause of the high @entity3542 level, which, along with over-crowding, stressed the fish and increased their susceptibility to @entity1319 . No further cases of @entity295 were observed once the @entity3542 level and stocking density were reduced.

title: High Mortality in XXXX ( @entity3392 ).

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['petechial hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity1678 :: ('644', 'Species') :: ['Aeromonas hydrophila']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['MAS', 'motile aeromonad septicemia']

answer: @entity3392 :: (7955,Species) :: ['Zebrafish']


abstract: A group of 100 adult @entity3392 were housed in a new system at a stocking density of 20 fish per tank. Four weeks after arrival, 15 fish presented with @entity548 and @entity1066 on the surfaces of the skin. Samples of the fish were collected for histopathology, fungal culture, and bacterial culture and sensitivity. Water samples were analyzed for pH, @entity3265 , @entity3542 , and submitted for bacterial and fungal culture. Histologically, the epidermis had multiple areas of @entity1066 and mononuclear cell infiltrate. Gram-positive bacteria were observed beneath the surface of the skin and surrounding the outer aspect of the spinal cord. Both @entity1678 and A. sobria were isolated from the affected fish, and a diagnosis of @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) was made. Water from the tanks had a @entity3542 level of 1-5 ppm, a toxic concentration that indicated poor water quality. Because the housing system had been seeded with Nitrobacter spp. and Nitrosomonas spp. only 2 weeks prior to the arrival of the fish, a lack of colonizing nitrifying bacteria was deemed to be the cause of the high @entity3542 level, which, along with over-crowding, stressed the fish and increased their susceptibility to @entity1319 . No further cases of @entity295 were observed once the @entity3542 level and stocking density were reduced.

title: High Mortality in @entity3392 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity3392 :: (7955,Species) :: ['Danio rerio']


abstract: This article reviews our immunotherapy research with natural killer (NK) cells in a syngeneic @entity35 @entity14 and lung metastasis model. Using adoptive transfer of @entity5041 -activated NK cells, NK cells were shown to selectively infiltrate the @entity5 . More NK cells were found in @entity5 when the NK cells were directly injected into @entity5 -draining blood vessels than when the cells were injected in systemic blood vessels. Under optimal conditions, a limited, though significant, effect of adoptively transferred NK cells on @entity5 growth was shown. We observed that both endogenous and adoptively transferred NK cells were predominantly present in the stroma surrounding the @entity5 cell nodules. It is possible that they did not penetrate the nodules containing the @entity5 cells because of the presence of a basal membrane-like structure around these nodules. Adoptively transferred NK cells may initiate elimination of @entity5 cells by activating other effector cells, whereas some may eliminate @entity5 cells by direct cell-cell contact. A diverse array of molecules was shown to be involved in this process. @entity1008 on NK cells was found to be important in initiating the lysis-inhibitory signal upon binding of 'self' major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on potential target cells. Our results indicate that NK-cell @entity5 therapy is still promising and needs improvement.

title: Role of NK cells in adoptive immunotherapy of metastatic XXXX in a syngeneic @entity35 model.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer liver']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: This article reviews our immunotherapy research with natural killer (NK) cells in a syngeneic @entity35 @entity14 and lung metastasis model. Using adoptive transfer of @entity5041 -activated NK cells, NK cells were shown to selectively infiltrate the @entity5 . More NK cells were found in @entity5 when the NK cells were directly injected into @entity5 -draining blood vessels than when the cells were injected in systemic blood vessels. Under optimal conditions, a limited, though significant, effect of adoptively transferred NK cells on @entity5 growth was shown. We observed that both endogenous and adoptively transferred NK cells were predominantly present in the stroma surrounding the @entity5 cell nodules. It is possible that they did not penetrate the nodules containing the @entity5 cells because of the presence of a basal membrane-like structure around these nodules. Adoptively transferred NK cells may initiate elimination of @entity5 cells by activating other effector cells, whereas some may eliminate @entity5 cells by direct cell-cell contact. A diverse array of molecules was shown to be involved in this process. @entity1008 on NK cells was found to be important in initiating the lysis-inhibitory signal upon binding of 'self' major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on potential target cells. Our results indicate that NK-cell @entity5 therapy is still promising and needs improvement.

title: Role of NK cells in adoptive immunotherapy of metastatic @entity14 in a syngeneic XXXX model.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognosis of @entity1 with severe @entity120 is poor. The role of balloon atrial septostomy as a palliative procedure in these @entity1 is not well defined. We retrospectively analyzed our data regarding the safety, clinical outcome and survival benefit of graded balloon atrial septostomy in @entity1 with severe @entity120 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 (7 males), aged 6 to 30 years (mean age 16.2+/-8.9 years), with severe @entity120 (mean pulmonary artery pressure of 76+/-16.9 mmHg) and refractory congestive @entity712 and/or recurrent syncope underwent balloon atrial septostomy. Graded balloon dilatation under echocardiographic guidance and arterial @entity26 saturation monitoring was done in all the @entity1 . Procedure-related mortality was 18.2%. Significant acute hemodynamic improvement was seen in the survivors (pre-balloon atrial septostomy cardiac index 1.88+/-0.48 L/min/m2; post-balloon atrial septostomy cardiac index 2.18+/-0.37 L/min/m2, p<0.009). @entity1 were followed up for a mean period of 20.3 months after the procedure (range: 3 months-5 years). There was functional improvement and increased exercise tolerance in all the @entity1 for a mean follow-up period of 14.6 months (NYHA functional class 3.62+/-0.69 to 2+/-0.50). The estimated probability of survival in this cohort at 1 year was only 48%; but 7 of 8 @entity1 (87%) who survived the procedure were alive at 1 year. CONCLUSION: We conclude that balloon atrial septostomy improves clinical status, hemodynamic variables and possibly also improves survival in selected @entity1 with severe @entity120 . It remains a definite palliative option for refractory @entity120 . However, the procedure-related risks are high in very sick @entity1 and, therefore, balloon atrial septostomy may be advocated early in the course of the disease.

title: Graded balloon atrial septostomy in severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'pulmonary artery hypertension', 'primary pulmonary hypertension']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: Our studies have focused on the role of @entity1426 and its products in chemically and UV light-induced @entity19 models of @entity105 , with an emphasis on determining the importance of @entity2918 (PGs), which are synthesized by the two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX). Different types of @entity5 promoters elevate @entity10178 expression in keratinocytes, with little change in @entity16538 , suggesting that there are multiple signaling pathways by which @entity10178 expression can be regulated. We found that the expression of both COX isoforms is increased by treatment with PGs and that this autoregulation occurs via PG receptors linked to a @entity268 signaling pathway. We also observed that @entity10178 is constitutively upregulated in @entity1185 and @entity189 from either chemical initiation-promotion or UV-irradiation @entity105 experiments. We next investigated cis- and transacting factors required for @entity10178 expression. Two regions of the @entity10178 promoter, an E box and a nuclear factor-IL6 ( @entity19775 ) site, were identified as positive regulatory elements through transient transfection with luciferase reporter vectors containing various 5'-flanking regions of the promoter. We found that overexpression of @entity10178 in @entity5 maybe caused by a dysregulation in the expression pattern of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors. To demonstrate the importance of PG synthesis in the @entity105 process, several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) drugs were administered either orally or topically during UV @entity105 . Dietary administration of @entity3352 , @entity5230 , or the selective @entity10178 inhibitor @entity12698 prevented the development of UV-induced @entity1489 by up to 85%. In addition, @entity12698 had therapeutic efficacy in that it caused regression of preexisting @entity5 . Topical administration of @entity3352 after each UV exposure was also effective, suggesting that a postexposure approach to @entity1489 prevention maybe effective. Collectively, these studies suggest that @entity2918 play a critical role in @entity1489 development.

title: Is cyclooxygenase-2 important in XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity5230 :: ('MESH:D010894', 'Chemical') :: ['piroxicam']

entities_list: @entity12698 :: ('MESH:C105934', 'Chemical') :: ['celecoxib']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomas']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer', 'skin cancers']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis', 'skin carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['skin carcinogenesis']


abstract: Weight bearing physical activity plays an important role in bone development. This is particularly important in @entity1 and adolescents since bone mineral density reaches about 90% of its peak by the end of the second decade, and because about one quarter of adult bone is accumulated during the two years surrounding the peak bone growth velocity. Recent studies suggested that the exercise-induced increase in bone mineralization is maturity dependent, and that there is a "window of opportunity" and a critical period for bone response to weight bearing exercise during early puberty and premenarchal years. This supports the idea that increase in physical activity during childhood and adolescence can prevent @entity79 (like @entity170 ) later in life. In contrast, strenuous physical activity may affect the female reproductive system and lead to " @entity2588 ". The prevalence of " @entity2588 " is 4-20 times higher than the general population. As a consequence, @entity79 may develop with increased risk of @entity2100 , @entity174 , @entity1344 , and curvature. @entity1866 in the female athlete result from hypothalamic suppression of the spontaneous pulsatile secretion of @entity4396 . Recent studies suggested that reduced energy availability (increased energy expenditure with inadequate caloric intake) is the main cause of the central suppression of the hypothalamic @entity444 . Therefore, effort should be made to optimize the nutritional state of female athletes, and if not successful, to reduce the training load in order to prevent @entity1866 , and deleterious bone effects in particular during the critical period of rapid bone growth.

title: Exercise training, XXXX and bone development in @entity1 and adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity4396 :: ('2796', 'Gene') :: ['gonadotropin releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone demineralization', 'bone disorders']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual abnormalities', 'Menstrual abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2100 :: ('MESH:D005600', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal fragility']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral instability']

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary-gonadal axis']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['athletic amenorrhea']

answer: @entity1866 :: (MESH:D008599,Disease) :: ['menstrual irregularities']


abstract: Weight bearing physical activity plays an important role in bone development. This is particularly important in @entity1 and adolescents since bone mineral density reaches about 90% of its peak by the end of the second decade, and because about one quarter of adult bone is accumulated during the two years surrounding the peak bone growth velocity. Recent studies suggested that the exercise-induced increase in bone mineralization is maturity dependent, and that there is a "window of opportunity" and a critical period for bone response to weight bearing exercise during early puberty and premenarchal years. This supports the idea that increase in physical activity during childhood and adolescence can prevent @entity79 (like @entity170 ) later in life. In contrast, strenuous physical activity may affect the female reproductive system and lead to " @entity2588 ". The prevalence of " @entity2588 " is 4-20 times higher than the general population. As a consequence, @entity79 may develop with increased risk of @entity2100 , @entity174 , @entity1344 , and curvature. @entity1866 in the female athlete result from hypothalamic suppression of the spontaneous pulsatile secretion of @entity4396 . Recent studies suggested that reduced energy availability (increased energy expenditure with inadequate caloric intake) is the main cause of the central suppression of the hypothalamic @entity444 . Therefore, effort should be made to optimize the nutritional state of female athletes, and if not successful, to reduce the training load in order to prevent @entity1866 , and deleterious bone effects in particular during the critical period of rapid bone growth.

title: Exercise training, @entity1866 and bone development in XXXX and adolescents.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of @entity1 with metastatic @entity10711 requiring reoperative retroperitoneal surgery at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, because such @entity1 are poorly characterized. METHODS: The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center germ cell @entity5 surgical database was reviewed from January 1989 through April 2001, and the clinical characteristics of @entity1 undergoing reoperative retroperitoneal surgery for @entity10711 were identified. The initial presentation, histologic findings, morbidity, and survival were analyzed. Disease-specific survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 56 @entity1 underwent 61 repeat operations: 22 after primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) and 34 after postchemotherapy RPLND. Left testicular primary @entity5 were more common than right (33 versus 23), and the most common sites of disease prompting reoperation were the para-aortic and left hilar regions. @entity44 was the most common histologic finding at the time of reoperation. Of 56 @entity1 , 37 (66%) required chemotherapy between the initial operation and reoperation. The overall perioperative complication rate was 27%, and median length of hospital stay was 8 days. Sixty-nine percent of @entity1 required adjunctive procedures at the time of reoperation, the most common of which was thoracotomy. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 67% for the entire group (86% following reoperation after primary RPLND and 56% following reoperation after postchemotherapy RPLND). CONCLUSIONS: Reoperative retroperitoneal surgery for @entity10711 can be performed with acceptable morbidity in select referral centers. @entity44 is highly prevalent in the retroperitoneum at the time of reoperation. A significant subset of these high-risk @entity1 can be salvaged with complete resection.

title: Reoperative retroperitoneal surgery for XXXX : clinical presentation, patterns of recurrence, and outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10711 :: ('MESH:C537844', 'Disease') :: ['nonseminomatous germ cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['Teratoma']

answer: @entity10711 :: (MESH:C537844,Disease) :: ['nonseminomatous germ cell tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To present our experience with the use of stomach, ileum, and colon for augmentation cystoplasty to examine the incidence of, and risk factors for, spontaneous perforation. Spontaneous @entity1494 is a potentially life-threatening complication of augmentation cystoplasty with a reported incidence of up to 13%. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records from 1988 to 2001 identified 107 @entity1 (57 males and 50 females) who underwent augmentation cystoplasty at our institution. The etiology for @entity1494 included myelomeningocele, VATER ( @entity154 , imperforate anus, @entity4501 , radial and renal dysplasia) syndrome, bladder and @entity7891 , @entity340 , and @entity5 . Thirteen @entity1 also had @entity454 . RESULTS: The median follow-up was 7.4 years. Gastrocystoplasty was performed in 50 @entity1 (47%), ileocystoplasty in 37 (35%), colocystoplasty in 18 (17%), and @entity356 in 2 (2%). Augmentation cystoplasty procedures were performed using a standard technique that included a two-layer @entity254 . Additional procedures at the time of reconstruction included Mitrofanoff neourethra in 66 @entity1 (62%) and @entity1494 repair in 44 (41%). Postoperatively, most @entity1 started a strict incremental catheterization regimen. The overall incidence of @entity1494 was 5%, with one traumatic (1%) and four spontaneous (4%) perforations. All @entity1 recovered uneventfully after exploratory laparotomy. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the relatively low incidence of spontaneous @entity1494 encountered in this series may be explained by the large number of @entity1 with gastrocystoplasty, as well as our strict adherence to a postoperative incremental catheterization program.

title: Risk factors for spontaneous XXXX after augmentation cystoplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral defects']

entities_list: @entity4501 :: ('MESH:D014138', 'Disease') :: ['tracheoesophageal fistula']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder perforation', 'bladder dysfunction', 'bladder neck']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic malignancy']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity7891 :: ('MESH:D001746', 'Disease') :: ['cloacal exstrophy']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['posterior urethral valves']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric-ileal composite neobladder']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder perforation']


abstract: The morphological and functional differences between the retinal and choroidal vascular bed raise the question of whether the smallest functional unit, the microvascular endothelial cell (MVEC), also differs in its basal characteristics. Here, we examined @entity291 retinal and choroidal MVECs (rMVECs, cMVECs) for the presence and regulation of angiogenic mediators and their receptors, and cytokines at the mRNA level using quantitative RT-PCR and differential display. @entity25805 ( @entity25805 ) mRNA was expressed in both rMVECs and cMVECs. The basal and @entity519 -increased @entity25805 mRNA levels were significantly higher in cMVECs, which may indicate a higher capacity for autocrine stimulation in these cells. The mRNA for two @entity25805 receptors, @entity37607 and @entity35872 , was present in rMVECs and cMVECs. Interestingly, rMVECs expressed higher @entity37607 but lower @entity35872 mRNA levels compared to cMVECs. Examining the angiopoietin (Ang)/Tie-2 system, we only detected @entity70913 mRNA at very low levels. While @entity70914 mRNA levels were high in both rMVECs and cMVECs, rMVECs expressed 2-3 times the basal and @entity519 -upregulated @entity70914 mRNA levels than did cMVECs. No difference was found in basal Tie-2 mRNA levels. rMVECs are the more potent producers of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and @entity45359 ( @entity45359 ), whereas cMVECs expressed higher @entity29017 mRNA levels. In our second approach - screening rMVECs and cMVECs for differentially expressed genes - we found @entity70915 , @entity70916 , and @entity70917 ( @entity70917 ) mRNA in both MVEC types at varying levels. In summary, MVECs from the retinal and choroidal vascular beds showed quantitative differences in angiogenic regulator expression and in their capability to produce cytokines.

title: Differences between retinal and choroidal microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) under normal and XXXX conditions.

entities_list: @entity45359 :: ('281095(Tax:9913)', 'Gene') :: ['GM-CSF', 'granulocyte-macrophage CSF']

entities_list: @entity70917 :: ('337918(Tax:9913)', 'Gene') :: ['SRPX', 'sushi-repeat-containing protein, x chromosome']

entities_list: @entity25805 :: ('281572(Tax:9913)', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'Vascular endothelial growth factor']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic']


abstract: Between 1978 and 1997 the Institute of Legal Medicine of the Hannover Medical School examined 17 fatal @entity204 . The incidence for the Hannover region was 0.49 cases per million inhabitants per year. The victims included 17 @entity1 with an average age of 36.8 years; a peak in the age distribution was seen between 20 and 29 years. Twelve of the @entity1 were found by friends or family in a domestic environment, while other situations in which the victims were found included the victim's own car, a hotel room, a canal embankment, a public parking lot as well as the holding cell of the youth detention center. The @entity1 were of varying socioeconomic status and held a number of different types of jobs or still attended school. Five of the @entity1 were found completely nude, while five were only undressed below the waist. Four @entity1 wore @entity1 's clothes and two were fully clothed with exposed genitals. Besides @entity1 's clothes, other objects found at the scene included various types of sexual aids, including ropes, chains, metal bars, locks, sex magazines, condoms, plastic bags, rubber items, etc. In four cases blood @entity167 levels between 0.1 and 2.5 per thousand (urine @entity167 levels between 0.2 and 2.5 per thousand ) were found. Toxicologic examination revealed @entity3636 , @entity3652 , a @entity24336 - @entity24335 gas mixture in one case each, and in two cases @entity2072 and @entity1286 . Causes of @entity204 included central @entity912 after strangulation (seven cases), @entity2063 (4), @entity510 (2), intoxication (1), @entity2332 (1), @entity712 (1), and drowning (1). The history, findings at scene, and autopsy findings and, in individual cases, other investigations are of utmost importance to accurately reconstruct a fatal autoerotic accident.

title: Accidental XXXX between 1978 and 1997. Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical School Hannover.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['left heart failure']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity2063 :: ('MESH:C537571', 'Disease') :: ['asphyxiation']

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['autoerotic deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['autoerotic deaths']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy, tolerability, and acceptance of a vaginal ring delivering the equivalent of 50 or 100 microg per day of @entity53 (E2), compared with placebo, for relief of moderate to severe @entity1109 and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal @entity1 . METHODS: @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity1109 (seven or more per day or 56 per week average) received 13 weeks of treatment with a vaginal ring delivering 50 microg per day E2 (n = 113) or 100 microg per day E2 (n = 112), or a placebo vaginal ring (n = 108). Severity of @entity1109 was assessed by a daily diary card and the Greene Climacteric Scale. Urogenital signs and symptoms were evaluated via @entity1 and physician assessment and vaginal cytology. @entity1 satisfaction with the vaginal ring was evaluated via questionnaire. RESULTS: Vasomotor symptoms significantly improved in both treatment groups, compared with placebo (P <.05). There was a trend toward greater improvement in @entity1 assessment of urogenital signs with active rings compared with placebo. For @entity1 with @entity194 at baseline (n = 60), the maturation index improved significantly in both treatment groups compared with placebo. Total Greene Climacteric Scale scores significantly improved for both E2 vaginal ring groups (P <.05) compared with placebo. The vaginal rings were well tolerated. Most adverse events were mild or moderate and consistent with @entity172 therapy. CONCLUSION: A novel vaginal ring delivering the equivalent of 50 or 100 microg per day of E2 significantly reduced the number and severity of @entity1109 and improved urogenital symptoms, compared with placebo. The E2 vaginal ring was well tolerated.

title: Efficacy and tolerability of a novel XXXX vaginal ring for relief of menopausal symptoms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'Women', 'Participant']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['vasomotor symptoms']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal atrophy']

answer: @entity53 :: (MESH:D004958,Chemical) :: ['estradiol']


abstract: @entity8290 is a small modifier protein that is conjugated to substrates to target them for degradation. Recently, a surprising number of @entity8290 -like proteins have been identified that also can be attached to proteins. Herein, we identify two molecular functions for the posttranslational protein modifier from @entity375 , @entity70918 . Simultaneous loss of @entity70918 and @entity46279 , a p21-activated kinase that functions in budding, is lethal. This result suggests a role for the urmylation pathway in budding. Furthermore, loss of the urmylation pathway causes defects in @entity851 and confers sensitivity to @entity3446 . Our results indicate that the sensitivity to @entity3446 is due to a genetic interaction with the TOR pathway, which is important for regulation of cell growth in response to nutrients. We have found that @entity70918 can be attached to a number of proteins. Loss of five genes that are also essential in a cla4Delta strain, @entity70919 , @entity70920 , @entity70921 , @entity70922 , and @entity23264 , affect the level of at least one @entity70918 conjugate. Moreover, these five genes have a role in @entity851 and display genetic interactions with the TOR pathway. In summary, our results suggest the urmylation pathway is involved in nutrient sensing and budding.

title: Urmylation: a @entity8290 -like pathway that functions during XXXX and budding in @entity375 .

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['invasive growth']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity851 :: (MESH:D006130,Disease) :: ['invasive growth']


abstract: @entity8290 is a small modifier protein that is conjugated to substrates to target them for degradation. Recently, a surprising number of @entity8290 -like proteins have been identified that also can be attached to proteins. Herein, we identify two molecular functions for the posttranslational protein modifier from @entity375 , @entity70918 . Simultaneous loss of @entity70918 and @entity46279 , a p21-activated kinase that functions in budding, is lethal. This result suggests a role for the urmylation pathway in budding. Furthermore, loss of the urmylation pathway causes defects in @entity851 and confers sensitivity to @entity3446 . Our results indicate that the sensitivity to @entity3446 is due to a genetic interaction with the TOR pathway, which is important for regulation of cell growth in response to nutrients. We have found that @entity70918 can be attached to a number of proteins. Loss of five genes that are also essential in a cla4Delta strain, @entity70919 , @entity70920 , @entity70921 , @entity70922 , and @entity23264 , affect the level of at least one @entity70918 conjugate. Moreover, these five genes have a role in @entity851 and display genetic interactions with the TOR pathway. In summary, our results suggest the urmylation pathway is involved in nutrient sensing and budding.

title: Urmylation: a @entity8290 -like pathway that functions during @entity851 and budding in XXXX .

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: @entity8290 is a small modifier protein that is conjugated to substrates to target them for degradation. Recently, a surprising number of @entity8290 -like proteins have been identified that also can be attached to proteins. Herein, we identify two molecular functions for the posttranslational protein modifier from @entity375 , @entity70918 . Simultaneous loss of @entity70918 and @entity46279 , a p21-activated kinase that functions in budding, is lethal. This result suggests a role for the urmylation pathway in budding. Furthermore, loss of the urmylation pathway causes defects in @entity851 and confers sensitivity to @entity3446 . Our results indicate that the sensitivity to @entity3446 is due to a genetic interaction with the TOR pathway, which is important for regulation of cell growth in response to nutrients. We have found that @entity70918 can be attached to a number of proteins. Loss of five genes that are also essential in a cla4Delta strain, @entity70919 , @entity70920 , @entity70921 , @entity70922 , and @entity23264 , affect the level of at least one @entity70918 conjugate. Moreover, these five genes have a role in @entity851 and display genetic interactions with the TOR pathway. In summary, our results suggest the urmylation pathway is involved in nutrient sensing and budding.

title: Urmylation: a XXXX -like pathway that functions during @entity851 and budding in @entity375 .

answer: @entity8290 :: (850620(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['ubiquitin']


abstract: @entity22658 (hypocretin 1 and 2) are the endogenous ligands of orexin receptors, a G-protein-coupled orphan receptor family containing orexin 1 (OX1) and orexin 2 (OX2) types. @entity22658 induces @entity1337 in acute and @entity158 models. We further elucidated the possible antiallodynic effect of intrathecal orexins in a @entity35 model of @entity282 . Mechanical @entity1931 was induced by incising the @entity35 hind paw and evaluated with the withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament stimulation. Intrathecal @entity22658 (0.03-1 nmol) and orexin B (0.1-3 nmol) dose dependently attenuated the incision-induced @entity1931 . @entity22658 (ED50 = 0.06 nmol) is more potent than orexin B. The effects of @entity22658 were abolished by their respective antibodies, but not by @entity1510 , and were attenuated by @entity5747 and @entity1026 , the P2X purinergic and @entity2228 receptor antagonists, respectively. @entity23908 , an OX1 receptor antagonist, at 30 nmol completely blocked the effect of @entity22658 but, even at 100 nmol, only partially antagonized the effect of orexin B. @entity22658 antibody, @entity23908 , @entity5747 , @entity1026 , or @entity1510 enhanced the incision-induced allodynic response. It is concluded that intrathecal orexins reduce incision-induced @entity1931 through OX1 receptors. @entity2228 and P2X purinergic receptors, but not opioid receptors, might be involved in the antiallodynic effects of orexins. Endogenous orexin might be released after incision injury to activate the spinal OX1 receptors as an endogenous analgesic protector.

title: Antiallodynic effects of intrathecal orexins in a @entity35 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1026 :: ('MESH:D013331', 'Chemical') :: ['strychnine']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia']

entities_list: @entity22658 :: ('25723(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['orexin A and B', 'Orexin A and B', 'Orexin A', 'orexin A']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine', 'Glycine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory pain']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['postoperative pain']


abstract: @entity22658 (hypocretin 1 and 2) are the endogenous ligands of orexin receptors, a G-protein-coupled orphan receptor family containing orexin 1 (OX1) and orexin 2 (OX2) types. @entity22658 induces @entity1337 in acute and @entity158 models. We further elucidated the possible antiallodynic effect of intrathecal orexins in a @entity35 model of @entity282 . Mechanical @entity1931 was induced by incising the @entity35 hind paw and evaluated with the withdrawal threshold to von Frey filament stimulation. Intrathecal @entity22658 (0.03-1 nmol) and orexin B (0.1-3 nmol) dose dependently attenuated the incision-induced @entity1931 . @entity22658 (ED50 = 0.06 nmol) is more potent than orexin B. The effects of @entity22658 were abolished by their respective antibodies, but not by @entity1510 , and were attenuated by @entity5747 and @entity1026 , the P2X purinergic and @entity2228 receptor antagonists, respectively. @entity23908 , an OX1 receptor antagonist, at 30 nmol completely blocked the effect of @entity22658 but, even at 100 nmol, only partially antagonized the effect of orexin B. @entity22658 antibody, @entity23908 , @entity5747 , @entity1026 , or @entity1510 enhanced the incision-induced allodynic response. It is concluded that intrathecal orexins reduce incision-induced @entity1931 through OX1 receptors. @entity2228 and P2X purinergic receptors, but not opioid receptors, might be involved in the antiallodynic effects of orexins. Endogenous orexin might be released after incision injury to activate the spinal OX1 receptors as an endogenous analgesic protector.

title: Antiallodynic effects of intrathecal orexins in a XXXX model of @entity282 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: A promising treatment strategy for stage 4 @entity521 @entity1 is the repeated application of anti-GD2 immunotherapy after activating myeloid effectors with @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ). To use early marrow response as a prognostic marker is particularly relevant for @entity1 not likely to benefit from this therapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eighty-six stage 4 @entity521 @entity1 older than 1 year at diagnosis were classified in four clinical groups on protocol entry: complete remission or very good partial remission (n = 33), primary refractory (n = 33), secondary refractory (n = 10), and progressive disease (n = 10). Bone marrow samples collected before and following treatment were assayed for GD2 synthase mRNA by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Response and survival analyses were performed on posttreatment samples before the third cycle at 1.8 months from protocol entry. RESULTS: GD2 synthase mRNA was evident in pretreatment marrow samples of the four clinical groups (42%, 52%, 60%, and 80% of samples, respectively), with median transcript level of 10.0, 16.6, 26.5, and 87.2, respectively. This marker became negative following antibody plus @entity2841 in 77% of complete remission or very good partial remission, 45% of primary refractory, 25% of secondary refractory, and 0% of progressive disease group. Progression-free survival was statistically different between responder and nonresponder groups (P <.0001). Among @entity1 with @entity41 , molecular responders had a significantly lower risk of disease progression at a median follow-up of 29.8 months (P =.0001). CONCLUSION: GD2 synthase mRNA is a sensitive response marker of @entity521 in the bone marrow. It is particularly useful for @entity41 evaluation and may potentially be useful as an early predictor of resistance to antibody plus @entity2841 immunotherapy.

title: Early molecular response of marrow disease to biologic therapy is highly prognostic in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['minimal residual disease']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and volume expansion on renal function in the @entity35 were studied to gain more knowledge of the @entity1458 seen during laparoscopic procedures and to reduce the detrimental renal effects of IAP. METHODS: IAP was elevated to 5 or 10 mmHg by insufflation of @entity515 and maintained for 2 h in anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated @entity35 . @entity35 with normal IAP served as controls. An @entity1808 receptor I antagonist, @entity1564 , was given as a bolus injection and a 5% volume expansion was achieved by i.v. saline infusion. An @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) inhibitor was also given. Renal parameters were the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine production, the urinary concentrations of @entity1372 and @entity972 and the osmolality in the urine. The arterial acid-base balance and blood pressure were also monitored. RESULTS: The GFR deteriorated by 70% during @entity516 ( @entity516 ) of 10 mmHg. There was a dramatic drop in @entity1372 excretion (88-97%). With @entity1564 and elevated IAP, there was a drop in mean arterial pressure (from 90 to 55 mmHg) and the negative renal effects were very pronounced. Renal function was better preserved during elevated IAP in combination with volume expansion. CONCLUSIONS: Capnoperitoneum suppresses renal function, especially in combination with @entity1808 receptor 1 blockade and @entity1811 inhibition. Volume expansion reduces the deleterious effects of @entity516 on renal function during elevated IAP. The results suggest that @entity1 should not be given pharmaceuticals blocking the renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system prior to procedures that may increase IAP. It may be beneficial, however, to reduce @entity1808 tension by volume expansion.

title: Effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure and volume expansion on renal function in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity1564 :: ('MESH:C081643', 'Chemical') :: ['candesartan']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity516 :: ('MESH:D011027', 'Disease') :: ['PP', 'pneumoperitoneum']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Cyclic @entity377 -gated (CNG) channels are nonselective cation channels first identified in retinal photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). They are opened by the direct binding of @entity8613 , @entity268 and @entity6708 . Although their activity shows @entity734 , CNG channels belong to the superfamily of voltage-gated ion channels. Like their cousins the voltage-gated K+ channels, CNG channels form heterotetrameric complexes consisting of two or three different types of subunits. Six different genes encoding CNG channels, four A subunits (A1 to A4) and two B subunits (B1 and B3), give rise to three different channels in rod and cone photoreceptors and in OSNs. Important functional features of these channels, i.e., ligand sensitivity and selectivity, ion permeation, and gating, are determined by the subunit composition of the respective channel complex. The function of CNG channels has been firmly established in retinal photoreceptors and in OSNs. Studies on their presence in other sensory and nonsensory cells have produced mixed results, and their purported roles in neuronal pathfinding or synaptic plasticity are not as well understood as their role in sensory neurons. Similarly, the function of invertebrate homologs found in @entity2199 , @entity238 , and Limulus is largely unknown, except for two subunits of @entity2199 that play a role in chemosensation. CNG channels are nonselective cation channels that do not discriminate well between alkali ions and even pass divalent cations, in particular @entity141 . @entity141 entry through CNG channels is important for both excitation and adaptation of sensory cells. CNG channel activity is modulated by @entity141 /calmodulin and by phosphorylation. Other factors may also be involved in channel regulation. Mutations in CNG channel genes give rise to @entity2000 . In particular, mutations in the A and B subunits of the CNG channel expressed in @entity1 cones cause various forms of complete and incomplete @entity3641 .

title: Cyclic XXXX -gated ion channels.

entities_list: @entity2000 :: ('MESH:D012162', 'Disease') :: ['retinal degeneration and color blindness']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['C. elegans', 'Caenorhabditis elegans']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity8613 :: ('MESH:D009712', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity3641 :: ('MESH:D003117', 'Disease') :: ['achromatopsia']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['very little voltage dependence']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: The development of @entity167 -induced @entity99 is, in part, a consequence of the immunological/inflammatory response that @entity167 stimulates. The abnormalities of immune function in heavy drinkers have been documented well. Cytokines, especially @entity1505 , produced from macrophages/Kupffer cells, play a role in the induction of liver cell @entity39 and apoptosis. @entity1505 can cause liver cell apoptosis through the @entity1505 receptor or Fas/CD95 which is expressed by liver cells. Furthermore, chronic @entity1068 consumption may damage the liver by inhibiting the hepatotrophic and hepatoprotective actions of @entity1505 and other cytokines. There exists an intrinsic lymphocyte population in the normal liver. Intrahepatic T lymphocytes consist of a heterogeneous population of cells that has many and varied functional characteristics in addition to classical T cell activity. The population of intrahepatic T lymphocytes may arise via a thymus-independent pathway. Our recent work has demonstrated the role of liver-associated T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of @entity167 related @entity99 initiated by a variety of stimuli such as endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, @entity558 ) or concanavalin A (Con A). Our studies have, for the first time, suggested that @entity167 consumption alone does not lead to the development of marked @entity409 (at least in the @entity35 ), but rather that a second insult is required for this to occur. Liver-associated T lymphocytes in @entity35 spontaneously secrete @entity8885 , @entity568 and @entity1505 in vitro culture. There is a significant decline in the amounts of @entity8885 and @entity1505 secreted in @entity1068 -consuming @entity35 compared with non- @entity1068 consuming @entity35 . The numbers of T cells, NK cells and Kupffer cells in liver perfusates remains stable over a prolonged period of @entity1068 consumption. However, following Con A injection, there was an inappropriate increase in the amounts of @entity568 and @entity1505 secreted in in vitro culture of liver-associated T lymphocytes and a significant increase in the percentage of CD4+ T cells and CD25+ T cells in liver perfusates compared with non- @entity1068 consuming @entity35 . It suggested that liver-associated T lymphocytes are involved in the inflammatory process associated with @entity167 related @entity99 through increased cytokine secretion ( @entity1505 ).

title: Molecular pathogenesis of T lymphocyte-induced @entity99 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver necrosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['alcoholic hepatitis']


abstract: The development of @entity167 -induced @entity99 is, in part, a consequence of the immunological/inflammatory response that @entity167 stimulates. The abnormalities of immune function in heavy drinkers have been documented well. Cytokines, especially @entity1505 , produced from macrophages/Kupffer cells, play a role in the induction of liver cell @entity39 and apoptosis. @entity1505 can cause liver cell apoptosis through the @entity1505 receptor or Fas/CD95 which is expressed by liver cells. Furthermore, chronic @entity1068 consumption may damage the liver by inhibiting the hepatotrophic and hepatoprotective actions of @entity1505 and other cytokines. There exists an intrinsic lymphocyte population in the normal liver. Intrahepatic T lymphocytes consist of a heterogeneous population of cells that has many and varied functional characteristics in addition to classical T cell activity. The population of intrahepatic T lymphocytes may arise via a thymus-independent pathway. Our recent work has demonstrated the role of liver-associated T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of @entity167 related @entity99 initiated by a variety of stimuli such as endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, @entity558 ) or concanavalin A (Con A). Our studies have, for the first time, suggested that @entity167 consumption alone does not lead to the development of marked @entity409 (at least in the @entity35 ), but rather that a second insult is required for this to occur. Liver-associated T lymphocytes in @entity35 spontaneously secrete @entity8885 , @entity568 and @entity1505 in vitro culture. There is a significant decline in the amounts of @entity8885 and @entity1505 secreted in @entity1068 -consuming @entity35 compared with non- @entity1068 consuming @entity35 . The numbers of T cells, NK cells and Kupffer cells in liver perfusates remains stable over a prolonged period of @entity1068 consumption. However, following Con A injection, there was an inappropriate increase in the amounts of @entity568 and @entity1505 secreted in in vitro culture of liver-associated T lymphocytes and a significant increase in the percentage of CD4+ T cells and CD25+ T cells in liver perfusates compared with non- @entity1068 consuming @entity35 . It suggested that liver-associated T lymphocytes are involved in the inflammatory process associated with @entity167 related @entity99 through increased cytokine secretion ( @entity1505 ).

title: Molecular pathogenesis of T lymphocyte-induced XXXX in @entity99 .

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['liver injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the soluble form of @entity42214 (sIL-1RAcP), whose physiologic function remains to be established, can serve as a specific inhibitor of @entity5003 signaling in vitro, and to evaluate its applicability in @entity1753 ( @entity1753 ). METHODS: Soluble @entity42214 was cloned from @entity19 liver complementary DNA and expressed by the use of either an adenoviral vector (AdRGD) for sIL-1RAcP or a stable-transfected NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line. The ability of affinity-purified @entity70923 RAcP to inhibit @entity5003 signaling was tested on NF-kappaB luciferase reporter fibroblasts and quantified by luminometer. To investigate therapeutic efficacy, sIL-1RAcP was both locally (knee joint) and systemically overexpressed in collagen-immunized male DBA/1 @entity19 . Severity of @entity625 was monitored visually, and the pathologic process in the joint was examined histologically. Serum was obtained from @entity19 to quantify @entity777 and anti-bovine type II collagen (BCII) antibody levels. RESULTS: Incubation of the NF-kappaB reporter fibroblast with purified @entity70923 RAcP protein showed a marked reduction of @entity5003 -induced, but not @entity5 @entity39 factor-induced, NF-kappaB activation. This showed a novel role for @entity70923 RAcP as a specific inhibitor of @entity5003 signaling. Local transplantation of @entity70923 RAcP-producing NIH3T3 fibroblasts into the knee before onset of @entity1753 had little or no effect on general disease severity in these @entity19 . Histologic evaluation of the knee joints receiving @entity70923 RAcP cell transplantation showed a marked @entity32 and bone and cartilage @entity2681 . Local treatment with @entity70923 RAcP had no profound effect on serum levels of @entity777 and anti-BCII antibodies, which is indicative of the ongoing presence of @entity625 in @entity2720 . In contrast to local treatment, systemic treatment with the AdRGD for @entity70923 RAcP markedly ameliorated @entity1753 in all joints. CONCLUSION: In this study we demonstrated that @entity70923 RAcP is a biologically active and innovative inhibitor of @entity5003 , and treatment of @entity19 with @entity70923 RAcP had a profound prophylactic effect on @entity1753 .

title: Effectiveness of the soluble form of the @entity5003 receptor accessory protein as an inhibitor of @entity5003 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in both joint inflammation']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1753 :: ('MESH:D001169', 'Disease') :: ['collagen-induced arthritis', 'CIA']

entities_list: @entity42214 :: ('16180(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor accessory protein', 'IL-1RAcP']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['distal joints']

answer: @entity1753 :: (MESH:D001169,Disease) :: ['collagen-induced arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the soluble form of @entity42214 (sIL-1RAcP), whose physiologic function remains to be established, can serve as a specific inhibitor of @entity5003 signaling in vitro, and to evaluate its applicability in @entity1753 ( @entity1753 ). METHODS: Soluble @entity42214 was cloned from @entity19 liver complementary DNA and expressed by the use of either an adenoviral vector (AdRGD) for sIL-1RAcP or a stable-transfected NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line. The ability of affinity-purified @entity70923 RAcP to inhibit @entity5003 signaling was tested on NF-kappaB luciferase reporter fibroblasts and quantified by luminometer. To investigate therapeutic efficacy, sIL-1RAcP was both locally (knee joint) and systemically overexpressed in collagen-immunized male DBA/1 @entity19 . Severity of @entity625 was monitored visually, and the pathologic process in the joint was examined histologically. Serum was obtained from @entity19 to quantify @entity777 and anti-bovine type II collagen (BCII) antibody levels. RESULTS: Incubation of the NF-kappaB reporter fibroblast with purified @entity70923 RAcP protein showed a marked reduction of @entity5003 -induced, but not @entity5 @entity39 factor-induced, NF-kappaB activation. This showed a novel role for @entity70923 RAcP as a specific inhibitor of @entity5003 signaling. Local transplantation of @entity70923 RAcP-producing NIH3T3 fibroblasts into the knee before onset of @entity1753 had little or no effect on general disease severity in these @entity19 . Histologic evaluation of the knee joints receiving @entity70923 RAcP cell transplantation showed a marked @entity32 and bone and cartilage @entity2681 . Local treatment with @entity70923 RAcP had no profound effect on serum levels of @entity777 and anti-BCII antibodies, which is indicative of the ongoing presence of @entity625 in @entity2720 . In contrast to local treatment, systemic treatment with the AdRGD for @entity70923 RAcP markedly ameliorated @entity1753 in all joints. CONCLUSION: In this study we demonstrated that @entity70923 RAcP is a biologically active and innovative inhibitor of @entity5003 , and treatment of @entity19 with @entity70923 RAcP had a profound prophylactic effect on @entity1753 .

title: Effectiveness of the soluble form of the XXXX receptor accessory protein as an inhibitor of @entity5003 in @entity1753 .

answer: @entity5003 :: (111343(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interleukin-1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the soluble form of @entity42214 (sIL-1RAcP), whose physiologic function remains to be established, can serve as a specific inhibitor of @entity5003 signaling in vitro, and to evaluate its applicability in @entity1753 ( @entity1753 ). METHODS: Soluble @entity42214 was cloned from @entity19 liver complementary DNA and expressed by the use of either an adenoviral vector (AdRGD) for sIL-1RAcP or a stable-transfected NIH3T3 fibroblast cell line. The ability of affinity-purified @entity70923 RAcP to inhibit @entity5003 signaling was tested on NF-kappaB luciferase reporter fibroblasts and quantified by luminometer. To investigate therapeutic efficacy, sIL-1RAcP was both locally (knee joint) and systemically overexpressed in collagen-immunized male DBA/1 @entity19 . Severity of @entity625 was monitored visually, and the pathologic process in the joint was examined histologically. Serum was obtained from @entity19 to quantify @entity777 and anti-bovine type II collagen (BCII) antibody levels. RESULTS: Incubation of the NF-kappaB reporter fibroblast with purified @entity70923 RAcP protein showed a marked reduction of @entity5003 -induced, but not @entity5 @entity39 factor-induced, NF-kappaB activation. This showed a novel role for @entity70923 RAcP as a specific inhibitor of @entity5003 signaling. Local transplantation of @entity70923 RAcP-producing NIH3T3 fibroblasts into the knee before onset of @entity1753 had little or no effect on general disease severity in these @entity19 . Histologic evaluation of the knee joints receiving @entity70923 RAcP cell transplantation showed a marked @entity32 and bone and cartilage @entity2681 . Local treatment with @entity70923 RAcP had no profound effect on serum levels of @entity777 and anti-BCII antibodies, which is indicative of the ongoing presence of @entity625 in @entity2720 . In contrast to local treatment, systemic treatment with the AdRGD for @entity70923 RAcP markedly ameliorated @entity1753 in all joints. CONCLUSION: In this study we demonstrated that @entity70923 RAcP is a biologically active and innovative inhibitor of @entity5003 , and treatment of @entity19 with @entity70923 RAcP had a profound prophylactic effect on @entity1753 .

title: Effectiveness of the soluble form of the @entity5003 receptor accessory protein as an inhibitor of XXXX in @entity1753 .

answer: @entity5003 :: (111343(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interleukin-1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between cumulative CS dose and risk of @entity173 . DESIGN: Population-based case-control design. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 6660 subjects with @entity173 and 33,272 age-matched population controls were identified using the County Hospital Discharge Registry in North Jutland County, Denmark and the Danish Central Personal Registry, respectively. Data on redeemed prescriptions for CS within the last 5 years before the index date were retrieved from a population-based prescription database, and recalculated to @entity617 equivalents. Cases and controls were categorized according to cumulative CS dose: (i) no use; (ii) <130 mg (e.g. equivalent to 30 mg of @entity617 for 4 days given for an acute exacerbation of @entity565 ); (iii) 130-499 mg (e.g. equivalent to a short course of @entity617 of 450 mg for acute @entity565 ); (iv) 500-1499 mg (e.g. equivalent to 7.5 mg @entity617 daily for 6 months or 800 microg day(-1) of inhaled budesonide for 1 year); and (v) > or =1500 mg (e.g. equivalent to >4.1 mg day(-1) for 1 year, a long-term high dose). Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders including gender, redeemed prescriptions for hormone replacement therapy, antiosteoporotic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs. RESULTS: Compared with never users, an increased risk of @entity173 was found for CS users, with increasing cumulative doses of any type of CS use during the preceding 5 years [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.89-1.04] for <130 mg @entity617 ; OR=1.17 (CI=1.01-1.35) for 130-499 mg; OR=1.36 (CI=1.19-1.56) for 500-1499 mg; and OR=1.65 (CI=1.43-1.92) for > or =1500 mg. An increased risk was also found when the study population was stratified according to gender, age and type of CS (systemic or topical). CONCLUSIONS: Even a limited daily dose of CS (more than an average dose of approximately 71 microg @entity617 per day) was associated with an increased risk of @entity173 .

title: Corticosteroid use and risk of XXXX : a population-based case-control study in Denmark.

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fracture']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity23772 ( @entity11721 ) has been used in many fields as a coating of surgical instruments, with the purpose of creating materials more resistant to wear and corrosion and also reducing adhesion. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of @entity11721 -coated dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five @entity35 were used in this study. One hundred eighty 2 mm x 2 mm implants (P.H.I. San Vittore Olona, Milano, Italy) were used. The implants were divided into the following three groups: Group 1 (n = 60): 30 machined and 30 machined coated with Group 2 (n = 60): 30 sandblasted and 30 sandblasted coated with Group 3 (n = 60): 30 @entity702 plasma sprayed, 30 @entity702 plasma sprayed and coated with @entity11721 Four implants were placed in each @entity35 , two implants coated with @entity11721 on the right tibia and two uncoated implants on the left. The animals were killed after 5, 10, 20, 30, or 60 days. Another 18 implants were used for surface roughness analysis. RESULTS: The present study showed that the healing around the @entity11721 -coated implants was similar to that observed around the uncoated surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: @entity11721 coating demonstrated a good biocompatibility, did not have untoward effects on the periimplant bone formation, and did not change the surface roughness values.

title: Bone healing around XXXX and @entity23772 -coated dental implants with three surfaces: an experimental study in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity23772 :: ('MESH:C041500', 'Chemical') :: ['Titanium nitride']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity23772 ( @entity11721 ) has been used in many fields as a coating of surgical instruments, with the purpose of creating materials more resistant to wear and corrosion and also reducing adhesion. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of @entity11721 -coated dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five @entity35 were used in this study. One hundred eighty 2 mm x 2 mm implants (P.H.I. San Vittore Olona, Milano, Italy) were used. The implants were divided into the following three groups: Group 1 (n = 60): 30 machined and 30 machined coated with Group 2 (n = 60): 30 sandblasted and 30 sandblasted coated with Group 3 (n = 60): 30 @entity702 plasma sprayed, 30 @entity702 plasma sprayed and coated with @entity11721 Four implants were placed in each @entity35 , two implants coated with @entity11721 on the right tibia and two uncoated implants on the left. The animals were killed after 5, 10, 20, 30, or 60 days. Another 18 implants were used for surface roughness analysis. RESULTS: The present study showed that the healing around the @entity11721 -coated implants was similar to that observed around the uncoated surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: @entity11721 coating demonstrated a good biocompatibility, did not have untoward effects on the periimplant bone formation, and did not change the surface roughness values.

title: Bone healing around @entity702 and XXXX -coated dental implants with three surfaces: an experimental study in @entity35 .

answer: @entity23772 :: (MESH:C041500,Chemical) :: ['titanium nitride']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity23772 ( @entity11721 ) has been used in many fields as a coating of surgical instruments, with the purpose of creating materials more resistant to wear and corrosion and also reducing adhesion. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of @entity11721 -coated dental implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five @entity35 were used in this study. One hundred eighty 2 mm x 2 mm implants (P.H.I. San Vittore Olona, Milano, Italy) were used. The implants were divided into the following three groups: Group 1 (n = 60): 30 machined and 30 machined coated with Group 2 (n = 60): 30 sandblasted and 30 sandblasted coated with Group 3 (n = 60): 30 @entity702 plasma sprayed, 30 @entity702 plasma sprayed and coated with @entity11721 Four implants were placed in each @entity35 , two implants coated with @entity11721 on the right tibia and two uncoated implants on the left. The animals were killed after 5, 10, 20, 30, or 60 days. Another 18 implants were used for surface roughness analysis. RESULTS: The present study showed that the healing around the @entity11721 -coated implants was similar to that observed around the uncoated surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: @entity11721 coating demonstrated a good biocompatibility, did not have untoward effects on the periimplant bone formation, and did not change the surface roughness values.

title: Bone healing around @entity702 and @entity23772 -coated dental implants with three surfaces: an experimental study in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Although @entity12828 has been reported in a large proportion of @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, its clinical significance and pathogenetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. The study was designed to investigate whether avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass would limit amylase elevation. Serum levels of amylase and lipase were measured preoperatively as well as 24 and 48 hours postoperatively in 58 @entity1 undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Three surgical approaches were used: cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 32) and off-pump through a median sternotomy (n = 14) or a left minithoracotomy (n = 12). There was no hospital mortality or postoperative abdominal complications. Transient @entity12828 occurred in 14 @entity1 : 7 (22%), 5 (36%), and 2 (17%) in the respective groups. The increase in amylase levels was similar among the groups. However, no lipase elevation was detected in any @entity1 . There was no clear correlation between @entity12828 and increased @entity1011 levels. Perioperative plasma @entity460 levels were normal in @entity1 who had @entity12828 . Our results indicate that @entity12828 after bypass surgery is not related to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass or the mode of surgical access.

title: Is XXXX after cardiac surgery due to cardiopulmonary bypass?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity12828 :: ('MESH:D034321', 'Disease') :: ['hyperamylasemia']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity12828 :: (MESH:D034321,Disease) :: ['hyperamylasemia']