abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Normal weight @entity28 (NWO) is defined as an excessive body fat associated with a normal body mass index (BMI) and has been associated with early @entity32 , but its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors await investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional study including 3213 @entity1 and 2912 @entity1 aged 35-75 years to assess the clinical characteristics of NWO in Lausanne, Switzerland. Body fat was assessed by bioimpedance. NWO was defined as a BMI<25 kg/m(2) and a % body fat >= 66(th) gender-specific percentiles. The prevalence of NWO was 5.4% in @entity1 and less than 3% in @entity1 , so the analysis was restricted to @entity1 . NWO @entity1 had a higher % of body fat than overweight @entity1 . After adjusting for age, smoking, educational level, physical activity and @entity167 consumption, NWO @entity1 had higher blood pressure and lipid levels and a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia (odds-ratio=1.90 [1.34-2.68]) and fasting hyperglycaemia (odds-ratio=1.63 [1.10-2.42]) than lean @entity1 , whereas no differences were found between NWO and overweight @entity1 . Conversely, no differences were found between NWO and lean @entity1 regarding levels of CRP, @entity1254 and liver markers ( @entity493 aminotransferase, @entity492 aminotransferase and @entity5428 transferase). Using other definitions of NWO led to similar conclusions, albeit some differences were no longer significant. CONCLUSION: NWO is almost nonexistent in @entity1 . @entity1 with NWO present with higher cardiovascular risk factors than lean @entity1 , while no differences were found for liver or inflammatory markers. Specific screening of NWO might be necessary in order to implement cardiovascular prevention.

title: Normal weight @entity28 : relationship with lipids, glycaemic status, liver enzymes and XXXX .

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: Immune effector mechanisms are central to the disease process in @entity29 , but it is not clear whether the mucosal or @entity1200 are primary phenomena, or are secondary to disease activity. Corticosteroid drugs remain the most effective treatment for active disease, but there is no evidence that they are useful for maintenance therapy. Some @entity1 , however, are dependent on low-dose @entity288 , and relapse when the drug is withdrawn. These drugs have widespread actions on the immune response, and monocytes are particularly sensitive to @entity288 . In contrast, @entity3378 and @entity2983 are effective in maintenance therapy, but do not act primarily by immunosuppressive mechanisms. They are effective in maintenance therapy of @entity31 , and mild relapses of @entity31 and @entity30 . New preparations of @entity2983 have reduced side effects, many of which are due to @entity27009 . @entity500 and @entity4446 are used less widely: in @entity30 there is reasonable evidence for benefit in chronic active disease unresponsive to @entity288 , and maintenance of remission. In @entity31 , the position is less clearcut. Overall, trials favour an effect in chronic active disease, and there are pointers to an effect in maintenance of remission. Because of their side effects, in particular marrow suppression, these drugs should be reserved for second-line therapy. Similarly, other cytotoxic drugs are not used because of their side effects. More recently, @entity205 , with its selective action on @entity1199 release and/or synthesis, and inhibition of helper T cell function, has been shown to be helpful in @entity30 . At present it should only be used in controlled trials, for @entity1 with unresponsive disease in whom surgery is contraindicated. @entity8 may limit long term use. There is little data for @entity205 in @entity31 . On the basis that there may be an underlying @entity1200 in @entity30 leading to @entity32 , immunostimulant therapy has been used, but there is no evidence for benefit from treatment with BCG or @entity7305 in active disease or in maintenance therapy. 7S-Immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis or T-lymphocyte apheresis have been used in acute relapse, but evidence is anecdotal, and does not support their use except as a desperate measure to avoid surgery. Further well-designed controlled trials are needed to define the role of all these drugs, and further research into the mechanism of action on the immune response may shed light on the pathogenesis of @entity29 .

title: Immunosuppressive drugs in XXXX . A review of their mechanisms of efficacy and place in therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['Azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity2983 :: ('MESH:D019804', 'Chemical') :: ['5-aminosalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity7305 :: ('MESH:D007978', 'Chemical') :: ['levamisole']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity4446 :: ('MESH:D015122', 'Chemical') :: ['6-mercaptopurine']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['systemic immunological abnormalities', 'immune defect']

entities_list: @entity27009 :: ('MESH:D013427', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphapyridine']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["colonic Crohn's disease", "Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3378 :: ('MESH:D012460', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphasalazine']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: Weight loss and the acute-phase response have been associated with poor quality of life and survival in advanced @entity788 ; however, little information is available on changes in these factors over time and their interrelationships. This study examined changes in weight, Karnofsky performance status, @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), and serum albumin in 25 @entity1 with advanced @entity788 given supportive symptomatic treatment only. @entity1 were assessed at approximately monthly intervals on a total of 70 occasions, allowing assessment of changes over 37 intervals. Overall, @entity1 had a median @entity353 of 2.3 kg/28 days. Median @entity1851 levels rose by 15 mg/l, and serum albumin fell by 1 g/l on average over 28 days. Karnofsky performance status fell by 4 points every 28 days. The nine @entity1 assessed close to @entity204 were compared with the 13 assessed close to diagnosis. The increase in @entity1851 level and fall in weight and performance status were significantly greater within eight weeks of @entity204 than within eight weeks of diagnosis. Among @entity1 close to diagnosis, 13% had an elevated @entity1851 compared with 100% of those close to @entity204 . In multivariate analysis, Karnofsky performance status was significantly associated with percent @entity353 and @entity1851 levels. These data further implicate the acute-phase protein response as being associated with the progressive @entity353 seen in @entity1 with advanced @entity788 . Changes appear to accelerate close to @entity204 . Moreover, the development of @entity3085 is associated with a reduction in @entity1 ' functional capacity.

title: Changes in nutritional, functional, and inflammatory markers in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: Loss of heterozygosity at tumor-suppressor loci is an important oncogenic mechanism first discovered in @entity995 . We explored this phenomenon by examining a set of matched @entity995 and leukocyte DNA samples from 158 @entity1 informative for DNA polymorphisms. Loss of heterozygosity at the @entity995 locus (13q14) was observed in 101 cases, comprising 7 cases with a somatic deletion causing hemizygosity and 94 with homozygosity (isodisomy). Homozygosity was approximately equally frequent in @entity5 from male and female @entity1 , among @entity1 with a germ-line vs. somatic initial mutation, and among @entity1 in whom the initial mutation occurred on the maternal vs. paternal allele. A set of 75 @entity5 exhibiting homozygosity was investigated with markers distributed in the interval 13cen-13q14. Forty-one @entity5 developed homozygosity at all informative marker loci, suggesting that homozygosity occurred through chromosomal nondisjunction. The remaining cases exhibited mitotic recombination. There was no statistically significant bias in apparent nondisjunction vs. mitotic recombination among male vs. female @entity1 or among @entity1 with germ-line vs. somatic initial mutations. We compared the positions of somatic recombination events in the analyzed interval with a previously reported meiotic recombination map. Although mitotic crossovers occurred throughout the assayed interval, they were more likely to occur proximally than a comparable number of meiotic crossovers. Finally, we observed four triple-crossover cases, suggesting negative interference for mitotic recombination, the opposite of what is usually observed for meiotic recombination.

title: Mitotic recombination map of 13cen-13q14 derived from an investigation of loss of heterozygosity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma', 'retinoblastomas']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['retinoblastomas']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that the sling technique provides better long term tuberosity fixation in hemiarthroplasty for severe @entity174 of the proximal humerus. BACKGROUND: After hemiarthroplasty for @entity6342 , problems exist with deterioration of shoulder function by secondary displacement of the initially fixated humeral tuberosities. This study evaluated a new technique for fixation of the greater and lesser tuberosities in uncemented hemiarthroplasties in severely displaced 3- or 4-part @entity6342 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 31 uncemented hemiarthroplasties using the new sling technique to repair the tuberosities was evaluated clinically and radiographically with special emphasis on the head-to-tuberosity distance (HTD). A historical cohort of 10 similar uncemented hemiarthroplasties was the control group in which the drill-hole technique was used for fixation of the humeral tuberosities. RESULTS: The sling technique had an overall better tuberosity positioning in terms of HTD compared with the drill-hole technique (8 vs 1 mm; P = .025, U test). There were significantly more normal HTD values in the sling-technique group (81% vs 44%; P = .032, chi(2) test). In the anatomic HTD group, the Constant score (70 vs 52; P = .009), @entity1 satisfaction (7.1 vs 5.7; P = .038), and visual analog scale score (3.2 vs 5.2; P = .025) were statistically significantly superior compared with the nonanatomic HTD group. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The sling technique for tuberosity fixation seems to provide solid fixation. In this study, anatomic HTD fixation was associated with significantly better functional outcome, @entity1 satisfaction, and @entity158 scores.

title: Alternative humeral tubercle fixation in shoulder hemiarthroplasty for XXXX of the proximal humerus.

entities_list: @entity6342 :: ('MESH:D012784', 'Disease') :: ['proximal humeral fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: A @entity1 with suspected @entity418 represents a challenge to the treating physicians. Most @entity1 present with an advanced stage of disease, and in the majority of cases only palliative treatment can be offered. Various treatment modalities are available, which are applied according to the TNM stage of the disease and the performance status of the @entity1 . A precise histological diagnosis and highly accurate @entity5 staging of a @entity1 with @entity418 is a prerequisite for the selection of the most suitable treatment option. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has emerged as the most accurate diagnostic modality for locoregional staging. Problems in identifying early @entity5 stages or @entity5 strictures can be generally overcome by using miniprobe sonography (MPS). EUS/fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) technology provides a valuable means of identifying suspicious locoregional lymph nodes. @entity1 with a proximal @entity5 ( @entity825 bifurcation) should undergo bronchoscopy to rule out infiltration of the tracheobronchial system. Ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and possibly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the diagnostic tools of choice for extended @entity5 staging. After excluding extended @entity5 stage and severe concomitant diseases, diagnostic laparoscopy with intra-abdominal ultrasound should be performed in @entity1 with @entity7145 prior to esophagectomy. Intra-abdominal metastases which can be missed preoperatively in some cases have to be ruled out in order to avoid unnecessary surgery.

title: XXXX : current staging strategies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7145 :: ('MESH:C562730', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the esophagus']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['Esophageal carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were threefold: to document complete glottic closure during artificially induced central @entity386 in @entity742 ; to unequivocally confirm that thyroarytenoid muscle electrical activity during @entity2417 in @entity742 reflects complete glottic closure; and to evaluate the physiologic significance of this phenomenon in artificially induced @entity2417 in @entity742 . METHODS: We recorded thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle EMG, subglottic pressure, and lung volume simultaneously with direct endoscopic vision of the glottis from beneath on nine 11- to 15-day-old @entity742 during artificially induced @entity2417 . RESULTS: Thirty-eight @entity2417 were induced. Complete glottic closure was present on 35/38 (92%) of these @entity386 . Complete glottic closure was always paralleled by thyroarytenoid muscle electromyogram (EMG) activity (35/38). In no instance was TA EMG recorded without complete glottic closure. Moreover, positive subglottic pressure and maintenance of lung volume above functional residual capacity were observed in 27/30 (90%) and 18/19 (95%), respectively, of these @entity386 where complete glottic closure was present. CONCLUSIONS: Complete glottic closure is present throughout most artificially induced @entity2417 in @entity742 . Complete glottic closure is paralleled by TA EMG in artificially induced @entity2417 . Thyroarytenoid muscle electromyographic activity is a reliable way to document complete glottic closure during @entity386 , especially in the presence of positive subglottic pressure. These observations suggest that complete glottic closure could be a physiologic mechanism aimed at maintaining higher lung volumes to improve gas exchange during @entity2417 .

title: Complete glottic closure during central @entity386 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2417 :: ('MESH:D020182', 'Disease') :: ['central apneas']

entities_list: @entity386 :: ('MESH:D001049', 'Disease') :: ['apneas', 'apnea']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['lambs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were threefold: to document complete glottic closure during artificially induced central @entity386 in @entity742 ; to unequivocally confirm that thyroarytenoid muscle electrical activity during @entity2417 in @entity742 reflects complete glottic closure; and to evaluate the physiologic significance of this phenomenon in artificially induced @entity2417 in @entity742 . METHODS: We recorded thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle EMG, subglottic pressure, and lung volume simultaneously with direct endoscopic vision of the glottis from beneath on nine 11- to 15-day-old @entity742 during artificially induced @entity2417 . RESULTS: Thirty-eight @entity2417 were induced. Complete glottic closure was present on 35/38 (92%) of these @entity386 . Complete glottic closure was always paralleled by thyroarytenoid muscle electromyogram (EMG) activity (35/38). In no instance was TA EMG recorded without complete glottic closure. Moreover, positive subglottic pressure and maintenance of lung volume above functional residual capacity were observed in 27/30 (90%) and 18/19 (95%), respectively, of these @entity386 where complete glottic closure was present. CONCLUSIONS: Complete glottic closure is present throughout most artificially induced @entity2417 in @entity742 . Complete glottic closure is paralleled by TA EMG in artificially induced @entity2417 . Thyroarytenoid muscle electromyographic activity is a reliable way to document complete glottic closure during @entity386 , especially in the presence of positive subglottic pressure. These observations suggest that complete glottic closure could be a physiologic mechanism aimed at maintaining higher lung volumes to improve gas exchange during @entity2417 .

title: Complete glottic closure during central XXXX in @entity742 .

answer: @entity386 :: (MESH:D001049,Disease) :: ['apnea']


abstract: The efficacy of a multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of @entity1118 has been well documented. A recent randomized prospective trial by Peters and co-workers confirmed that multidisciplinary management of chronic @entity2371 resulted in greater improvement in @entity158 severity, increased employment, and improved functional health scores when compared with a traditional medical approach. Unfortunately, many gynecologists do not have the luxury of working in these types of settings. The SAFE approach allows the busy practitioner to evaluate the nonorganic and organic nature of @entity2371 simultaneously to manage these difficult @entity1 better. Initially, it is important to set up regular weekly visits with a prespecified time limit. During these sessions, one should focus on compliance to treatment recommendations. Components of management that have led to @entity158 reduction should be defined. Over time, these short visits can be spaced to bimonthly and monthly intervals; however, this strategy should not be rushed. If possible, the gynecologist should coordinate the care of difficult @entity1 with a physical therapist and mental health provider who can work in tandem on @entity158 reduction strategies and focused psychotherapy. The gynecologist should focus the @entity1 's attention on improvements in @entity158 reports and in functioning at school or work and reinforce the consistent use of medications, even if the recommended dose is low. Small improvements in health beget larger improvements in daily functioning.

title: XXXX . A SAFE approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

answer: @entity2371 :: (MESH:D017699,Disease) :: ['Pelvic pain']


abstract: Recent trends in the management of superficial @entity418 consist of improved detection, pretherapeutic staging and reliable criteria for curative endoscopic therapy. The endoscopic treatment is legitimate when the @entity5 is at an early stage, intra-epithelial or microinvasive (m1 or m2) and N0. @entity5 should not be treated with a curative intent by endotherapy. Concerning @entity1544 , the oriental and occidental pathologists include high-grade @entity1141 in the same group as @entity5 . The distinction is however maintained for @entity420 in the @entity355 . Indications of endoscopic rather than surgical treatment rely on: (1) the small size of the @entity5 (not more than 2 cm in diameter); (2) the endoscopic morphology in the type 0 of the Japanese classification with the flat subtypes IIa and IIb rather than type IIc--there is high risk of submucosal invasion for the polypoid (type I) or ulcerated superficial @entity5 (type III); and (3) the endoscopic ultrasound staging, with confirmed integrity of the @entity655 . The high-frequency (20 MHz) miniprobe is preferred to the standard (7.5 MHz) instrument. The elective procedure for @entity5 eradication is endoscopic mucosectomy. The technique is associated with a 6.8% risk of severe complications ( @entity548 or perforation) and a recurrence rate of 3%-7%. The 5-year survival rate is similar to that of surgery (over 80%). In the small group of @entity1 with superficial @entity418 (less than 10% of the disease) endoscopic treatment may now be proposed in about 30% of cases, surgery is preferred for @entity5 and for @entity5 with a large surface. Areas of high-grade @entity1141 in the @entity355 offer a new and increasing sector of indications. The concurrent endoscopic procedure of destruction--photodynamic therapy--is preferred for the destruction of lesions with poorly delineated limits.

title: Endoscopic mucosectomy: an alternative treatment for superficial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia', 'tumor', 'intramucosal cancer', 'Submucosal cancer', 'cancer', 'submucosal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancer']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity655 :: ('MESH:C535504', 'Disease') :: ['hyperechoic submucosal layer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) maintain functional heart valve structure and display transient fibroblast and myofibroblast properties. Most cell characterization studies have been performed on plastic dishes; while insightful, these systems are limited. Thus, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) degradable @entity968 ( @entity970 ) hydrogel system is proposed in this communication as a useful tool for characterizing VIC function in 3D. When encapsulated, VICs attained spread morphology, and proliferated and migrated as shown through real-time cell microscopy. Additionally, fibronectin derived pendant RGD was incorporated into the system to promote integrin binding. As RGD concentration increased from 0 to 2000 microM, VIC process extension and @entity9615 ) binding increased within two days. By day 10, integrin binding was equalized between conditions. VIC morphology and rate of process extension were also increased through decreasing the hydrogel matrix density presented to the cells. VIC differentiation in response to exogenously delivered @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) was also examined within the hydrogel networks. @entity2533 increased expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and collagen-1 at both the mRNA and protein level by day 2 of culture, indicating myofibroblast differentiation, and was sustained over the course of the study (2 weeks). These studies demonstrate the utility, flexibility, and biological activity of this MMP-degradable system for the characterization of VICs, an important cell population for tissue engineering viable valve replacements and understanding valvular pathobiology.

title: Characterization of valvular interstitial cell function in three dimensional matrix metalloproteinase degradable XXXX hydrogels.

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta1', 'transforming growth factor-beta1']

entities_list: @entity9615 :: ('3685', 'Gene') :: ['integrin alpha(v)beta(3']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(ethylene glycol)']

answer: @entity970 :: (CHEBI:46793,Chemical) :: ['PEG']


abstract: Heart rate (HR), freezing score, and motor component were estimated during acoustic startle (ASR) habituation (two sessions with 24-hour interval, 10 trials in a session). It was shown that @entity35 previously exposed to the experimental context (once for 5 min 24 h before training) demonstrated HR decrease in response to the first stimulus and @entity591 in response to the 4th-10th stimuli during the first session. The interstimulus HR declined from the 4th to the 6th trials. The same profile of cardiovascular response was observed in this group at the beginning of the second session with the following (to the 7th trial) habituation of @entity591 . These @entity35 didn't demonstrate the intertrial HR decrease during the second session. Nonadapted @entity35 responded by @entity1168 to the 1st and 2nd trials of the first session. The response didn't change for @entity591 with continuation of stimuli presentation. @entity591 appeared only in response to the 7th-10th trials of the second session and didn't habituate. The intertrial HR level decreased in this group only during the second session. The results are discussed in terms of contextual latent inhibition of the cardiac acoustic startle response.

title: [Latent contextual inhibition of the cardiac component in the startle reaction to a sound stimulus in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia', 'Tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity308 and @entity65 are among the most prevalent health problems. The evidence that @entity308 is a risk factor for the development and progression of @entity301 has strengthened over the past several years, but the exact reasons are not yet clear. @entity2101 (a) ( @entity3452 ) concentrations seem to be the major factor for the progression of the @entity731 and @entity301 . In this study, we measured the plasma levels of @entity3452 in 35 @entity1 with @entity308 and 35 healthy controls. The two groups were matched by age and gender. @entity3452 measurement was performed using an immunoturbidimetric method. Total @entity165 was significantly lower in the @entity1 group (mean +/-SD: 144.65+/-22.13 vs. 186.14+/-34.48 mg/dl. The @entity3452 levels of the @entity1 group differed significantly from control values. @entity1 with @entity308 had higher plasma levels of @entity3452 than healthy controls (34.94+/-18.01 vs. 20.08+/-11.27 mg/dl). The results of the present study suggest that the increase of @entity3452 may contribute to higher cardiovascular risk in @entity1 with @entity308 .

title: Plasma levels of lipoprotein (a) in @entity1 with major XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression', 'major depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['Elevated lipoprotein']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depressive disorders']


abstract: @entity308 and @entity65 are among the most prevalent health problems. The evidence that @entity308 is a risk factor for the development and progression of @entity301 has strengthened over the past several years, but the exact reasons are not yet clear. @entity2101 (a) ( @entity3452 ) concentrations seem to be the major factor for the progression of the @entity731 and @entity301 . In this study, we measured the plasma levels of @entity3452 in 35 @entity1 with @entity308 and 35 healthy controls. The two groups were matched by age and gender. @entity3452 measurement was performed using an immunoturbidimetric method. Total @entity165 was significantly lower in the @entity1 group (mean +/-SD: 144.65+/-22.13 vs. 186.14+/-34.48 mg/dl. The @entity3452 levels of the @entity1 group differed significantly from control values. @entity1 with @entity308 had higher plasma levels of @entity3452 than healthy controls (34.94+/-18.01 vs. 20.08+/-11.27 mg/dl). The results of the present study suggest that the increase of @entity3452 may contribute to higher cardiovascular risk in @entity1 with @entity308 .

title: Plasma levels of lipoprotein (a) in XXXX with major @entity308 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: Eight different subunits of metabotropic @entity2227 receptors (mGluRs) are known to date. mGluRs have been linked to an extensive list of neuromodulatory effects, depending on which intracellular or membrane-bound effector system is activated. Activation of mGluRs can influence neuronal activity and can result in changes of intracellular @entity141 homeostasis-that is, changes in factors that are known to be crucial for cellular differentiation and cell death. Because mGluRs are known in modulating both intracellular and intercellular activities, this study was designed to determine which types of mGluRs are coexpressed in a neuron and whether distinct coexpression patterns can be found that reflect the different physiological requirements of a neuron at different stages of development and to learn whether @entity528 results in adaptive changes of mGluR expression. METHODS: Juvenile and adult @entity35 retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and adult RGCs after axotomy were analyzed for their gene expression pattern of mGluRs by single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Adult RGCs predominantly expressed one or two different mGluR mRNAs, whereas juvenile RGCs coexpressed two and more. @entity9445 , -5, and -7 mRNAs were found more frequently in juvenile than in adult RGCs. @entity10880 was detected in juvenile RGCs in low abundance but never in adult RGCs. However, @entity10880 was expressed in adult RGCs after axotomy. @entity9446 and -7 were also found more frequently in axotomized RGCs than in the adult control group. CONCLUSIONS: All types of mGluR mRNAs are expressed in RGCs. This is in contrast with previous in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies in which expression of @entity9445 , -5, and -6 was not reported. The expression of some mGluR mRNAs seems to be developmental, although no distinct copatterns were found.

title: Coexpression patterns of mGLuR mRNAs in XXXX retinal ganglion cells: a single-cell RT-PCR study.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity2109 ( @entity2109 ), a diarrheal enterotoxin originally isolated from @entity72760 , is composed of three antigenically distinct proteins designated B, L1, and L2. All three components are required for biological activity. Here, we report antigenic and physical variations in @entity2109 components produced by other @entity5259 isolates. Reactions of partial identity were observed in double gel immunodiffusion assays using antibodies to highly purified B, L1, and L2 components of F837/76 and culture supernatants of strains F837/76 and S1C. Western blot analysis showed that F837/76 produced one 38-kDa B protein, one 38-kDa L1, and one 43-kDa L1 protein. In strain S1C, two B (38 and 42 kDa), two L1 (38 and 41 kDa), and one L1 (43 kDa) proteins were detected. Further Western blot analysis of 127 @entity5259 isolates showed that 90 produced one or more of the three @entity2109 components. Approximately half of these 90 isolates (43/90; 48%) produced protein profiles which differed from that of F837/76. A total of four B, two L1, and three L2 component profiles with proteins of different sizes were observed. Individual strains produced various combinations of single or multiple bands of each component. In addition, some strains produced only one or two of the three @entity2109 components. The public health significance of these strains is unknown, as all three components are required for biological activity. The data presented here demonstrates a high degree of heterogeneity in @entity2109 and provide the basis for further studies to characterize the variations in @entity2109 and to determine the role of the variant components in pathogenicity.

title: Heterogeneity observed in the components of hemolysin BL, an enterotoxin produced by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['Hemolysin BL', 'HBL']

entities_list: @entity72760 :: ('347495', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus cereus strain F837/76']

answer: @entity5259 :: (1396,Species) :: ['Bacillus cereus']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity8253 are known to have acute @entity1370 . @entity4349 -induced @entity384 may have late onset and present years after administration of the drug. Several studies have described the clinical findings in @entity1 with late-onset @entity296 , including electrocardiography, exercise testing, echocardiography, and histological findings in endomyocardial biopsies; however, there is little information on the pathological changes that are found in explanted or autopsy hearts. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records and microscopic slides of heart tissue from one @entity1 who had an autopsy and from nine @entity1 who had cardiac transplants between 2001 and 2008. Heart weights were compared to historic controls (heart weights normalized for the @entity1 's heights). @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H_E)-stained slides were semiquantitated for evidence of @entity39 , myocytolysis, @entity82 , replacement @entity82 , and the presence of @entity32 . RESULTS: The average heart weight ranged from 231 to 470 g (mean=317    65 g, median=303 g). Review of the histological sections revealed no evidence of significant @entity39 or myocytolysis. Interstitial @entity82 was identified in all 10 @entity1 , with six @entity1 showing multifocal @entity82 , three @entity1 showing diffuse @entity82 , and only one @entity1 showing focal @entity82 . Replacement @entity82 was identified in six @entity1 , with two @entity1 displaying multifocal and four @entity1 displaying focal replacement @entity82 . CONCLUSION: Late-onset @entity296 is a serious consequence of @entity4349 therapy resulting in @entity204 or the need for cardiac transplantation in some @entity1 . Unlike most other forms of @entity384 , the major pathological changes appear to be interstitial and/or replacement @entity82 without significant @entity1283 .

title: Pathology of late-onset @entity4349 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis', 'fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['Anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['Anthracycline', 'anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['Hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxicity']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity8253 are known to have acute @entity1370 . @entity4349 -induced @entity384 may have late onset and present years after administration of the drug. Several studies have described the clinical findings in @entity1 with late-onset @entity296 , including electrocardiography, exercise testing, echocardiography, and histological findings in endomyocardial biopsies; however, there is little information on the pathological changes that are found in explanted or autopsy hearts. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records and microscopic slides of heart tissue from one @entity1 who had an autopsy and from nine @entity1 who had cardiac transplants between 2001 and 2008. Heart weights were compared to historic controls (heart weights normalized for the @entity1 's heights). @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H_E)-stained slides were semiquantitated for evidence of @entity39 , myocytolysis, @entity82 , replacement @entity82 , and the presence of @entity32 . RESULTS: The average heart weight ranged from 231 to 470 g (mean=317    65 g, median=303 g). Review of the histological sections revealed no evidence of significant @entity39 or myocytolysis. Interstitial @entity82 was identified in all 10 @entity1 , with six @entity1 showing multifocal @entity82 , three @entity1 showing diffuse @entity82 , and only one @entity1 showing focal @entity82 . Replacement @entity82 was identified in six @entity1 , with two @entity1 displaying multifocal and four @entity1 displaying focal replacement @entity82 . CONCLUSION: Late-onset @entity296 is a serious consequence of @entity4349 therapy resulting in @entity204 or the need for cardiac transplantation in some @entity1 . Unlike most other forms of @entity384 , the major pathological changes appear to be interstitial and/or replacement @entity82 without significant @entity1283 .

title: Pathology of late-onset XXXX @entity296 .

answer: @entity4349 :: (CHEBI:48120,Chemical) :: ['anthracycline']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to establish whether @entity4048 @entity1 suffering from vertigo and instability have @entity74 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Ninety-two @entity1 having suffered from @entity4048 for at least 3 months were enrolled in the present study. @entity1 with a history of neck @entity130 or ear, nose and throat, ophthalmological or @entity16 were excluded. The @entity1 were evaluated in a clinical examination (neck mobility) and a test of dynamic and static balance on the Satel((R)) platform in which mediolateral (Long X) and anterior-posterior deviations (Long Y) were monitored. Our @entity1 were divided into three groups: a group of 32 @entity1 with @entity4048 and vertigo (G1), a group of 30 @entity1 with @entity4048 but no vertigo (G2) and a group of 30 healthy controls. RESULTS: All groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, weight and shoe size. @entity571 was found in 75% and 70% of the subjects in G1 and G2, respectively. Neck-related @entity10 was more frequent in G1 than in G2 (65.5% versus 40%, respectively; p=0.043). @entity717 was more frequent in G1 and concerned flexion (p<0.001), extension (p<0.001), rotation (p<0.001), right inclination (p<0.001) and left inclination (p<0.001). @entity854 were found more frequently in G1 than in G2 or G3. Static and dynamic posturographic assessments (under " @entity735 shut" conditions) revealed @entity854 (Long X and Long Y) in G1. CONCLUSION: Our study evidenced abnormal static and dynamic balance parameters in @entity4048 @entity1 with vertigo. These disorders can be explained by @entity3325 and neck movement limitations. @entity10 was more frequent in these @entity1 .

title: XXXX and vertigo: Is a @entity74 present?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3325 :: ('MESH:D020886', 'Disease') :: ['impaired cervical proprioception']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['eyes open" and "eyes']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in statokinetic parameters', 'Balance abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['neck pain', 'chronic neck pain']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['true balance disorders']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Restricted neck movement']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['Headache', 'headache']

answer: @entity4048 :: (MESH:D019547,Disease) :: ['Chronic neck pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to establish whether @entity4048 @entity1 suffering from vertigo and instability have @entity74 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Ninety-two @entity1 having suffered from @entity4048 for at least 3 months were enrolled in the present study. @entity1 with a history of neck @entity130 or ear, nose and throat, ophthalmological or @entity16 were excluded. The @entity1 were evaluated in a clinical examination (neck mobility) and a test of dynamic and static balance on the Satel((R)) platform in which mediolateral (Long X) and anterior-posterior deviations (Long Y) were monitored. Our @entity1 were divided into three groups: a group of 32 @entity1 with @entity4048 and vertigo (G1), a group of 30 @entity1 with @entity4048 but no vertigo (G2) and a group of 30 healthy controls. RESULTS: All groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, weight and shoe size. @entity571 was found in 75% and 70% of the subjects in G1 and G2, respectively. Neck-related @entity10 was more frequent in G1 than in G2 (65.5% versus 40%, respectively; p=0.043). @entity717 was more frequent in G1 and concerned flexion (p<0.001), extension (p<0.001), rotation (p<0.001), right inclination (p<0.001) and left inclination (p<0.001). @entity854 were found more frequently in G1 than in G2 or G3. Static and dynamic posturographic assessments (under " @entity735 shut" conditions) revealed @entity854 (Long X and Long Y) in G1. CONCLUSION: Our study evidenced abnormal static and dynamic balance parameters in @entity4048 @entity1 with vertigo. These disorders can be explained by @entity3325 and neck movement limitations. @entity10 was more frequent in these @entity1 .

title: @entity4048 and vertigo: Is a XXXX present?

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['true balance disorder']


abstract: Although imaging studies show the nature of most @entity8 (RCs), many RCs require fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for accurate diagnosis. Interpretation of the FNAs remains challenging. The FNA specimens of 41 RCs were reviewed and correlated with imaging studies. Final diagnoses for 30 cytologically benign lesions were simple cyst (28), acquired @entity5409 (1), and @entity703 (1). The fluid from the benign cysts displayed macrophages, epithelial cells from the cyst lining, tubular cells, neutrophils, and Liesegang rings. Fluid from the acquired @entity703 showed features similar to those of the benign cysts. The 9 cases with "suspicious" cytology included 5 @entity5409 displaying rare but atypical epithelial cell clusters, 3 low-grade @entity1358 with many mildly atypical papillary clusters of epithelial cells, and 1 simple benign cyst with many tubular cells. The 2 cytologically malignant lesions were @entity1358 with @entity5 cells with partially clear cytoplasm and atypical nuclei admixed with abundant macrophages and lymphocytes; 1 case developed in a kidney with acquired @entity66 . @entity45 remain the most frequently aspirated RCs, but @entity5409 are increasingly recognized. Since many RCs are composed of independent loculi, a nonrepresentative sample is a potential problem, and cytologic-radiologic correlation becomes mandatory. The "suspicious" patterns identified in this study should serve as diagnostic guidelines and set the foundation for future validation.

title: Fine-needle aspiration of XXXX . Morphologic spectrum and diagnostic problems in 41 cases.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesions of the kidney']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic kidney', 'complex cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cystic disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['abundant tumor']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinomas', 'cystic renal cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['Simple cysts']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['cystic renal carcinoma', 'cystic kidney and the cystic renal cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['cystic lesions of the kidney']


abstract: The healing process of @entity1543 -induced @entity2275 in @entity35 was observed with an endoscope for 365 d after @entity1066 induction. The @entity1066 were induced by @entity1543 solutions of various concentrations (2.5 (I), 5.0 (II), 10 (III) and 20% (IV); 0.05 ml). On day 3, a positive correlation was observed between the @entity1066 index (UI) and the concentration of @entity1543 solution. On day 365, cumulative healing rates in groups I, II, III and IV amounted to 100, 100, 58.3 and 51.7%, respectively. The cumulative relapse rates in groups I, II, III and IV were 0, 13.6, 66.7 and 58.6%, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between initial UI values and cumulative healing or cumulative relapse rate. On day 365, @entity35 were divided into two groups, a healed group and non-healed group, and the gastric mucosal @entity4770 (PGI2) level was measured by bioassay. The @entity4770 level around @entity1066 in @entity1066 -induced @entity35 was higher than in normal @entity35 , and it was higher in non-healed @entity35 than in healed @entity35 . Moreover, the PGI2 level was higher in those groups which showed a higher cumulative relapse rates. The above results indicated that the initial @entity1066 size and the PGI2 level around the @entity1066 might correlate to @entity1066 or exacerbation.

title: Relapse of @entity1543 -induced @entity2275 and gastric mucosal XXXX level in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer', 'ulcer healing', 'ulcers']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['PGI2', 'prostaglandin I2']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcer']

answer: @entity4770 :: (MESH:D011464,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin I2']


abstract: The healing process of @entity1543 -induced @entity2275 in @entity35 was observed with an endoscope for 365 d after @entity1066 induction. The @entity1066 were induced by @entity1543 solutions of various concentrations (2.5 (I), 5.0 (II), 10 (III) and 20% (IV); 0.05 ml). On day 3, a positive correlation was observed between the @entity1066 index (UI) and the concentration of @entity1543 solution. On day 365, cumulative healing rates in groups I, II, III and IV amounted to 100, 100, 58.3 and 51.7%, respectively. The cumulative relapse rates in groups I, II, III and IV were 0, 13.6, 66.7 and 58.6%, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between initial UI values and cumulative healing or cumulative relapse rate. On day 365, @entity35 were divided into two groups, a healed group and non-healed group, and the gastric mucosal @entity4770 (PGI2) level was measured by bioassay. The @entity4770 level around @entity1066 in @entity1066 -induced @entity35 was higher than in normal @entity35 , and it was higher in non-healed @entity35 than in healed @entity35 . Moreover, the PGI2 level was higher in those groups which showed a higher cumulative relapse rates. The above results indicated that the initial @entity1066 size and the PGI2 level around the @entity1066 might correlate to @entity1066 or exacerbation.

title: Relapse of @entity1543 -induced XXXX and gastric mucosal @entity4770 level in @entity35 .

answer: @entity2275 :: (MESH:D013276,Disease) :: ['gastric ulcer']


abstract: The healing process of @entity1543 -induced @entity2275 in @entity35 was observed with an endoscope for 365 d after @entity1066 induction. The @entity1066 were induced by @entity1543 solutions of various concentrations (2.5 (I), 5.0 (II), 10 (III) and 20% (IV); 0.05 ml). On day 3, a positive correlation was observed between the @entity1066 index (UI) and the concentration of @entity1543 solution. On day 365, cumulative healing rates in groups I, II, III and IV amounted to 100, 100, 58.3 and 51.7%, respectively. The cumulative relapse rates in groups I, II, III and IV were 0, 13.6, 66.7 and 58.6%, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between initial UI values and cumulative healing or cumulative relapse rate. On day 365, @entity35 were divided into two groups, a healed group and non-healed group, and the gastric mucosal @entity4770 (PGI2) level was measured by bioassay. The @entity4770 level around @entity1066 in @entity1066 -induced @entity35 was higher than in normal @entity35 , and it was higher in non-healed @entity35 than in healed @entity35 . Moreover, the PGI2 level was higher in those groups which showed a higher cumulative relapse rates. The above results indicated that the initial @entity1066 size and the PGI2 level around the @entity1066 might correlate to @entity1066 or exacerbation.

title: Relapse of XXXX -induced @entity2275 and gastric mucosal @entity4770 level in @entity35 .

answer: @entity1543 :: (MESH:D019342,Chemical) :: ['acetic acid']


abstract: The healing process of @entity1543 -induced @entity2275 in @entity35 was observed with an endoscope for 365 d after @entity1066 induction. The @entity1066 were induced by @entity1543 solutions of various concentrations (2.5 (I), 5.0 (II), 10 (III) and 20% (IV); 0.05 ml). On day 3, a positive correlation was observed between the @entity1066 index (UI) and the concentration of @entity1543 solution. On day 365, cumulative healing rates in groups I, II, III and IV amounted to 100, 100, 58.3 and 51.7%, respectively. The cumulative relapse rates in groups I, II, III and IV were 0, 13.6, 66.7 and 58.6%, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between initial UI values and cumulative healing or cumulative relapse rate. On day 365, @entity35 were divided into two groups, a healed group and non-healed group, and the gastric mucosal @entity4770 (PGI2) level was measured by bioassay. The @entity4770 level around @entity1066 in @entity1066 -induced @entity35 was higher than in normal @entity35 , and it was higher in non-healed @entity35 than in healed @entity35 . Moreover, the PGI2 level was higher in those groups which showed a higher cumulative relapse rates. The above results indicated that the initial @entity1066 size and the PGI2 level around the @entity1066 might correlate to @entity1066 or exacerbation.

title: Relapse of @entity1543 -induced @entity2275 and gastric mucosal @entity4770 level in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The effect of acute exposure to @entity7459 ( @entity6836 ) on splenic T lymphocyte subpopulations was studied in C57BL/6cum @entity19 . The @entity19 were exposed to 4 ppm @entity6836 for 8 hr. Monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocyte differentiation antigens and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis were used to detect changes in T lymphocyte subpopulations. Percentages of total T lymphocytes (Thy-1.2-positive), T-helper/inducer lymphocytes (L3T4-positive), and T-cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes ( @entity3414 -positive) were significantly lower in @entity6836 -exposed animals than in filtered-air-breathing controls. Large T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells were found to be the most susceptible subpopulation. Spleen and body weights of the @entity19 were also determined. There were no differences between body weights of control and exposed animals; however, exposed @entity19 had significantly lower spleen weights. This is the first report providing evidence linking alterations in T lymphocyte subpopulations to acute @entity6836 exposure at occupational levels. T lymphocytes play a central role in regulatory and effector immunological functions such as mediating delayed @entity56 , regulating immunoglobulin production, and lysing virus-infected and neoplastic cells. The biological significance of these findings remains to be established, but it is very likely that functional impairment occurs since an optimal immune response depends upon a proper balance of the T lymphocyte subpopulations. Detection of alterations in T lymphocyte subpopulations using monoclonal antibodies and FACS analysis may provide an extremely sensitive means of demonstrating @entity6836 -induced changes in the immune system.

title: Reduction in T lymphocyte subpopulations following acute exposure to 4 ppm XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7459 :: ('MESH:D009585', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen dioxide']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity7459 :: (MESH:D009585,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen dioxide']


abstract: We have previously shown that 1 h of maternal insulin-induced @entity4053 is teratogenic to @entity35 embryos during the initial stages of neurulation, when they are dependent on uninterrupted glycolysis (day 9.5-9.7 of development). To determine whether this vulnerability persists in later stages of neural tube and cardiac development, we infused insulin into 16 conscious pregnant @entity35 for 1 h beginning after embryos had developed the capacity for aerobic @entity413 metabolism (day 10.6 of development). Half of the pregnant animals were allowed to become hypoglycemic (44 +/- 2 mg/dl) during the insulin infusions. The other half received @entity413 infusions to maintain normoglycemia (130 +/- 3 mg/dl). Normal plasma @entity413 levels were maintained in all animals after the insulin infusions. Embryos were examined on day 11.5 of development. At that time, 1 of 111 embryos from the normoglycemic group and 1 of 109 embryos from the hypoglycemic group were grossly malformed (P greater than .5). Means of embryo crown-rump length (4.15 +/- 0.03 vs. 4.14 +/- 0.03 mm), somite number (29.7 +/- 0.1 vs. 29.8 +/- 0.2), and total protein content (320 +/- 5 vs. 326 +/- 6 micrograms) were also similar in the two groups (P greater than .5). Thus, we could not detect an embryotoxic effect of 1 h of maternal insulin-induced @entity4053 beginning at day 10.6 of development. This finding is in contrast to our prior demonstration that a similar period of @entity4053 occurring earlier in neurulation (day 9.7) caused @entity851 and @entity600 in embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Lack of teratogenic effect of brief maternal insulin-induced XXXX in @entity35 during late neurulation.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['developmental anomalies']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4053 :: (MESH:D007003,Disease) :: ['hypoglycemia']


abstract: We have previously shown that 1 h of maternal insulin-induced @entity4053 is teratogenic to @entity35 embryos during the initial stages of neurulation, when they are dependent on uninterrupted glycolysis (day 9.5-9.7 of development). To determine whether this vulnerability persists in later stages of neural tube and cardiac development, we infused insulin into 16 conscious pregnant @entity35 for 1 h beginning after embryos had developed the capacity for aerobic @entity413 metabolism (day 10.6 of development). Half of the pregnant animals were allowed to become hypoglycemic (44 +/- 2 mg/dl) during the insulin infusions. The other half received @entity413 infusions to maintain normoglycemia (130 +/- 3 mg/dl). Normal plasma @entity413 levels were maintained in all animals after the insulin infusions. Embryos were examined on day 11.5 of development. At that time, 1 of 111 embryos from the normoglycemic group and 1 of 109 embryos from the hypoglycemic group were grossly malformed (P greater than .5). Means of embryo crown-rump length (4.15 +/- 0.03 vs. 4.14 +/- 0.03 mm), somite number (29.7 +/- 0.1 vs. 29.8 +/- 0.2), and total protein content (320 +/- 5 vs. 326 +/- 6 micrograms) were also similar in the two groups (P greater than .5). Thus, we could not detect an embryotoxic effect of 1 h of maternal insulin-induced @entity4053 beginning at day 10.6 of development. This finding is in contrast to our prior demonstration that a similar period of @entity4053 occurring earlier in neurulation (day 9.7) caused @entity851 and @entity600 in embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Lack of teratogenic effect of brief maternal insulin-induced @entity4053 in XXXX during late neurulation.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which childhood @entity851 is associated with cognitive, behavioural and chronic health problems, and whether these problems could be attributed to recognized adverse biological, psychosocial or psychological factors. METHODOLOGY: At their first antenatal session, 8556 @entity1 were enrolled in a prospective study of pregnancy. When their @entity1 were 4 and 6 years of age, mothers completed a detailed questionnaire concerning their @entity1 's health and behaviour. A Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) was completed by the @entity1 at 5 years of age. Z scores were used to categorize height measurements in 3986 @entity1 . The relationship of these height categories with the @entity1 's health, and behavioural and cognitive problems was then examined. RESULTS: No association was found between height and symptoms of @entity102 or behaviour problems in @entity1 or @entity1 . On the unadjusted analysis, mean PPVT-R scores were significantly lower in @entity1 with heights < 3 percentile and 3-< 10 percentile compared with study @entity1 between 10 to 90 percentile (P < 0.01). Scores were similarly significantly lower in @entity1 with heights < 3 percentile and 3-10 percentile (P = 0.01). Even after adjusting for psychosocial and biological confounders, @entity851 remained a significant predictor for lower PPVT-R scores in both @entity1 and @entity1 , although height only accounted for 1.1% of the variance in scores in @entity1 and 0.5% of the variance in PPVT-R scores in @entity1 . Psychosocial factors had a greater role than height in determining PPVT-R scores at 5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a significant, though small, association between height and PPVT-R scores at 5 years of age, independent of @entity2673 and known biological risk factors.

title: Behavioural and cognitive associations of XXXX at 5 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'boys', 'girls', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2673 :: ('MESH:C535569', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial disadvantage']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short stature']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

answer: @entity851 :: (MESH:D006130,Disease) :: ['short stature']


abstract: @entity7855 is a selective and by oral administration potent type-5 phosphodiesterase ( @entity7856 ) inhibitor, which increases the erection by corpus cavernosum smooth @entity121 . In a non-placebo controlled study, 134 @entity1 with @entity323 were treated with oral @entity7855 . The aim of the study was to estimate the efficacy and adverse effects of this treatment. 51 @entity1 (38%) had psychogenic, and 83 (62%) organic origin of the @entity323 . 73 of them have already had some treatment for this problem before. The effective dose was 50 mg for 84 @entity1 (63%), 100 mg for 32 (24%) and 25 mg for 4 @entity1 . The treatment was effective for 120 @entity1 (90%). The most common adverse effect was @entity1671 in 18 (13%) and @entity10 in 9 (7%) cases, two @entity1 had @entity10 and @entity1671 together. Nasal congestion and @entity227 were complained by two @entity1 . Two @entity1 reported prolonged (max. 2h) erections. Cardiological investigation was performed for cardiovascular @entity1 and for @entity1 with risk factors. Exact criteria of the cardiological opinion of @entity7855 treatment are reviewed. Cardial or other serious adverse effects were not observed. It was not necessary to stop the treatment because of the adverse effects. The authors found, that @entity7855 is an effective and safe treatment for the @entity323 .

title: [Effectiveness and adverse effects of @entity7855 in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual disturbances']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil', 'Sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle relaxation']

answer: @entity323 :: (MESH:D007172,Disease) :: ['erectile dysfunction']


abstract: @entity7855 is a selective and by oral administration potent type-5 phosphodiesterase ( @entity7856 ) inhibitor, which increases the erection by corpus cavernosum smooth @entity121 . In a non-placebo controlled study, 134 @entity1 with @entity323 were treated with oral @entity7855 . The aim of the study was to estimate the efficacy and adverse effects of this treatment. 51 @entity1 (38%) had psychogenic, and 83 (62%) organic origin of the @entity323 . 73 of them have already had some treatment for this problem before. The effective dose was 50 mg for 84 @entity1 (63%), 100 mg for 32 (24%) and 25 mg for 4 @entity1 . The treatment was effective for 120 @entity1 (90%). The most common adverse effect was @entity1671 in 18 (13%) and @entity10 in 9 (7%) cases, two @entity1 had @entity10 and @entity1671 together. Nasal congestion and @entity227 were complained by two @entity1 . Two @entity1 reported prolonged (max. 2h) erections. Cardiological investigation was performed for cardiovascular @entity1 and for @entity1 with risk factors. Exact criteria of the cardiological opinion of @entity7855 treatment are reviewed. Cardial or other serious adverse effects were not observed. It was not necessary to stop the treatment because of the adverse effects. The authors found, that @entity7855 is an effective and safe treatment for the @entity323 .

title: [Effectiveness and adverse effects of XXXX in @entity323 ].

answer: @entity7855 :: (MESH:C101426,Chemical) :: ['sildenafil']


abstract: The etiology of @entity6312 remains elusive. We hypothesized that abnormal cell cycle events in the vein wall may contribute to changes in its structural integrity predisposing to varicosity development. Since cell cycle checkpoint controls are linked to the signaling and execution of apoptotic cascades, possibly apoptosis is a contributing factor in the pathophysiology of varicosities. The present study was designed to investigate whether programmed cell death varies in varicosities as compared to normal veins. Twenty-seven normal greater saphenous vein specimens were obtained from @entity1 undergoing infrainguinal arterial bypass surgery, and 20 varicose vein specimens were retrieved from @entity1 undergoing varicose vein excision. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. Expression of @entity588 and @entity4910 was noted by standard immunohistochemical techniques. Apoptotic cells were identified in 32 of the 47 specimens. Forty-eight percent of normal vein specimens displayed >3 apoptotic cells per 100 cells in the adventitia; 15% of the specimens of the varicose vein group showed such magnitude of apoptosis (p < 0.03). This increased apoptotic activity was not observed in media or intima of either vein group (p < 0.001). No significant difference in immunoreactivity to @entity588 protein was observed in varicose vein specimens as compared to controls. Varicose vein specimens demonstrated increased nuclear expression of @entity4910 whereas its cytoplasmic expression was significantly diminished (p </=0.02). These data show that programmed cell death is inhibited in @entity6312 . Differential expression of @entity4910 suggests that it may deregulate cell cycle events, thereby leading to varicosity formation.

title: Programmed cell death (Apoptosis) and its role in the pathogenesis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6312 :: ('MESH:D014648', 'Disease') :: ['varicose veins']

answer: @entity6312 :: (MESH:D014648,Disease) :: ['lower extremity varicose veins']


abstract: In subdiaphragmatic @entity978 the most common sites of involvement include the para-aortic region, in particular the celiac trunk, the splenic pedicle, and the spleen. In treatment planning, no imaging modalities (i.e. lymphography, CT, US) have so far been able to realize the need for direct imaging of any of these areas on a simulation film, necessary for individual beam shaping. With intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV DSA) a new imaging method is available that allows direct imaging of these regions in a frontal view. The way and extent the splenic artery crosses the left kidney can exactly be delineated. By using a subtrascope (as common in angiography) the DSA can exactly be superimposed and documented on a simulation film. The DSA drawn onto the simulation film serves as a base for defining an individual target volume in the upper abdominal region (splenic pedicle etc.). The kidney can be shielded in a highly individualized way by individual beamshaping blocks. From December 1985 to December 1986, we treated 35 @entity1 by using this technique for treatment planning. In 32 evaluable @entity1 the imaging accuracy for all sites was judged as "excellent" in 74%, "reasonable" in 19%, and "poor" in 7%. The course of the splenic artery in relation to the left kidney revealed 78% within or above the upper third. By DSA assisted localization the target volume could be accurately defined in every case with shielding of the kidney as much as possible. Compared to nonindividualized standard definitions ("including @entity5022 and "including upper third of the kidney") DSA assisted individual target volume definition was more precise: "including @entity5022 overestimates in 63%, "including upper third" underestimates in 53%. Compared to the standard definition ("including @entity5022 ) reduction of up to 25% kidney volume to be irradiated could be achieved in 63%. DSA could be performed on an outpatient basis. The median duration of DSA performance was 20 minutes; superimposing and drawing at the subtrascope took median 20 minutes. There were no severe side effects.

title: Digital subtraction angiography (IV DSA) in treatment planning of subdiaphragmatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was a retrospective analysis of the presenting features of @entity8709 , its response to therapy and its clinical course. DESIGN AND METHODS: Forty-six cases diagnosed between August 1970 and June 1993 were carefully reviewed. The follow-up was continued until June 1998 and the median observation time was 118 months. RESULTS: The disease was most frequently localized in the upper airways (37/46; 80%), with the mass limited to a single site in all but seven @entity1 in whom two contiguous sites were involved. Other localizations were the lymph nodes, thyroid, skin, stomach, and brain. The clinical symptoms were related to the site of presentation, and the median time between appearance and diagnosis was 7.5 months. The median age at diagnosis was 55 years (range 16-80), with 14 @entity1 (30%) being under 50 years old. The disorder was approximately twice as common in males as in females. Ten @entity1 (21%) had a monoclonal component. The therapeutic strategy varied, although the most frequent form of treatment was local radiotherapy. Thirty-nine @entity1 (85%) achieved complete remission (CR), five (11%) a partial remission (PR) and two (4%) did not respond to therapy (NR). Local recurrence (LR) or recurrence at other sites (ROS) occurred in 7.5% and 10%, respectively. Seven @entity1 (15%) developed @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ), characterized by multiple sites of @entity3061 in almost all cases with soft tissue involvement in some of them. The 15 year survival rate was 78%. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: This review of a relatively large series of @entity1 confirms the favorable prognosis of @entity9236 when treated locally by irradiation and/or surgery.

title: Clinical outcome of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity8709 :: ('MESH:C537514', 'Disease') :: ['extramedullary plasmacytoma']

answer: @entity8709 :: (MESH:C537514,Disease) :: ['extramedullary plasmacytoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2227 and non- @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors have been implicated in the development of neuroplasticity in the spinal cord in @entity9 . The spinal cord has been identified as one of the sites of the analgesic action of @entity2682 . In the current study, the authors determined the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ) in a @entity35 model of @entity9 . Also tested was a hypothesis that intrathecal injection of @entity1023 and @entity2682 produces a synergistic effect on @entity1931 in @entity1109 @entity35 . METHODS: Allodynia was produced in @entity35 by ligation of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Allodynia was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the left hind paw. Through an implanted intrathecal catheter, 10-100 microg @entity2682 or 0.5-8 microg @entity1023 disodium (a water-soluble formulation of @entity1023 ) was injected in conscious @entity35 . Isobolographic analysis was performed comparing the interaction of intrathecal @entity2682 and @entity1023 using the ED50 dose ratio of 15:1. RESULTS: Intrathecal treatment with @entity2682 or @entity1023 produced a dose-dependent increase in the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation. The ED50 for @entity2682 and @entity1023 was 45.9+/-4.65 and 3.4+/-0.22 microg, respectively. Intrathecal injection of a combination of @entity1023 and @entity2682 produced a strong synergistic antiallodynic effect in @entity1109 @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that intrathecal administration of @entity1023 exhibits an antiallodynic effect in this @entity35 model of @entity9 . Furthermore, @entity1023 and @entity2682 , when combined intrathecally, produce a potent synergistic antiallodynic effect on @entity9 in spinal nerve-ligated @entity35 .

title: Synergistic effect between intrathecal non- @entity143 antagonist and @entity2682 on XXXX induced by spinal nerve ligation in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia']

entities_list: @entity2682 :: ('MESH:C040029', 'Chemical') :: ['gabapentin']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic']

entities_list: @entity1023 :: ('MESH:D018750', 'Chemical') :: ['6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione', 'CNQX']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity1931 :: (MESH:D006930,Disease) :: ['allodynia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2227 and non- @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors have been implicated in the development of neuroplasticity in the spinal cord in @entity9 . The spinal cord has been identified as one of the sites of the analgesic action of @entity2682 . In the current study, the authors determined the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ) in a @entity35 model of @entity9 . Also tested was a hypothesis that intrathecal injection of @entity1023 and @entity2682 produces a synergistic effect on @entity1931 in @entity1109 @entity35 . METHODS: Allodynia was produced in @entity35 by ligation of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Allodynia was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the left hind paw. Through an implanted intrathecal catheter, 10-100 microg @entity2682 or 0.5-8 microg @entity1023 disodium (a water-soluble formulation of @entity1023 ) was injected in conscious @entity35 . Isobolographic analysis was performed comparing the interaction of intrathecal @entity2682 and @entity1023 using the ED50 dose ratio of 15:1. RESULTS: Intrathecal treatment with @entity2682 or @entity1023 produced a dose-dependent increase in the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation. The ED50 for @entity2682 and @entity1023 was 45.9+/-4.65 and 3.4+/-0.22 microg, respectively. Intrathecal injection of a combination of @entity1023 and @entity2682 produced a strong synergistic antiallodynic effect in @entity1109 @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that intrathecal administration of @entity1023 exhibits an antiallodynic effect in this @entity35 model of @entity9 . Furthermore, @entity1023 and @entity2682 , when combined intrathecally, produce a potent synergistic antiallodynic effect on @entity9 in spinal nerve-ligated @entity35 .

title: Synergistic effect between intrathecal non- @entity143 antagonist and XXXX on @entity1931 induced by spinal nerve ligation in @entity35 .

answer: @entity2682 :: (MESH:C040029,Chemical) :: ['gabapentin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2227 and non- @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors have been implicated in the development of neuroplasticity in the spinal cord in @entity9 . The spinal cord has been identified as one of the sites of the analgesic action of @entity2682 . In the current study, the authors determined the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ) in a @entity35 model of @entity9 . Also tested was a hypothesis that intrathecal injection of @entity1023 and @entity2682 produces a synergistic effect on @entity1931 in @entity1109 @entity35 . METHODS: Allodynia was produced in @entity35 by ligation of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Allodynia was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the left hind paw. Through an implanted intrathecal catheter, 10-100 microg @entity2682 or 0.5-8 microg @entity1023 disodium (a water-soluble formulation of @entity1023 ) was injected in conscious @entity35 . Isobolographic analysis was performed comparing the interaction of intrathecal @entity2682 and @entity1023 using the ED50 dose ratio of 15:1. RESULTS: Intrathecal treatment with @entity2682 or @entity1023 produced a dose-dependent increase in the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation. The ED50 for @entity2682 and @entity1023 was 45.9+/-4.65 and 3.4+/-0.22 microg, respectively. Intrathecal injection of a combination of @entity1023 and @entity2682 produced a strong synergistic antiallodynic effect in @entity1109 @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that intrathecal administration of @entity1023 exhibits an antiallodynic effect in this @entity35 model of @entity9 . Furthermore, @entity1023 and @entity2682 , when combined intrathecally, produce a potent synergistic antiallodynic effect on @entity9 in spinal nerve-ligated @entity35 .

title: Synergistic effect between intrathecal non- XXXX antagonist and @entity2682 on @entity1931 induced by spinal nerve ligation in @entity35 .

answer: @entity143 :: (CHEBI:6121,Chemical) :: ['NMDA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2227 and non- @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors have been implicated in the development of neuroplasticity in the spinal cord in @entity9 . The spinal cord has been identified as one of the sites of the analgesic action of @entity2682 . In the current study, the authors determined the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal @entity1023 ( @entity1023 ) in a @entity35 model of @entity9 . Also tested was a hypothesis that intrathecal injection of @entity1023 and @entity2682 produces a synergistic effect on @entity1931 in @entity1109 @entity35 . METHODS: Allodynia was produced in @entity35 by ligation of the left L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Allodynia was determined by application of von Frey filaments to the left hind paw. Through an implanted intrathecal catheter, 10-100 microg @entity2682 or 0.5-8 microg @entity1023 disodium (a water-soluble formulation of @entity1023 ) was injected in conscious @entity35 . Isobolographic analysis was performed comparing the interaction of intrathecal @entity2682 and @entity1023 using the ED50 dose ratio of 15:1. RESULTS: Intrathecal treatment with @entity2682 or @entity1023 produced a dose-dependent increase in the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation. The ED50 for @entity2682 and @entity1023 was 45.9+/-4.65 and 3.4+/-0.22 microg, respectively. Intrathecal injection of a combination of @entity1023 and @entity2682 produced a strong synergistic antiallodynic effect in @entity1109 @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that intrathecal administration of @entity1023 exhibits an antiallodynic effect in this @entity35 model of @entity9 . Furthermore, @entity1023 and @entity2682 , when combined intrathecally, produce a potent synergistic antiallodynic effect on @entity9 in spinal nerve-ligated @entity35 .

title: Synergistic effect between intrathecal non- @entity143 antagonist and @entity2682 on @entity1931 induced by spinal nerve ligation in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: A previously published survey has evaluated the natural history and clinical outcome of fetal @entity2914 ( @entity7195 ) in 94 cases. This study showed that the prenatal diagnosis is accurate, the mortality is high (80%), and @entity2978 is a prenatal predictor of poor clinical outcome. As a follow-up study, 38 consecutive cases of @entity7195 diagnosed in utero were evaluated and treated by the same surgical team. This permitted detailed assessment of prognostic factors and evaluation of the impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on outcome. We found the following. (1) Survival is poor despite optimal postnatal therapy including ECMO. (2) Polyhydramnios is both a common prenatal marker for @entity7195 (present in 69% of fetuses) and a predictor for poor clinical outcome (only 18% survival), but tends to occur after the second trimester. (3) Amniocentesis is indicated to rule out chromosomal abnormalities that were present in 16% of fetuses. (4) All 14 fetuses diagnosed prior to 25 weeks' gestation died. Improved postnatal therapy or surgical intervention before birth will be necessary to salvage the @entity7195 fetus with an early gestational diagnosis or associated @entity2978 .

title: Fetal XXXX : ultrasound diagnosis and clinical outcome in 38 cases.

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragmatic hernia']

entities_list: @entity2978 :: ('MESH:D006831', 'Disease') :: ['polyhydramnios']

answer: @entity2914 :: (MESH:D065630,Disease) :: ['diaphragmatic hernia']


abstract: Current treatment of newly diagnosed widespread @entity521 may include chemotherapy, delayed surgical resection, marrow ablative chemoradiotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation. @entity2996 ( @entity2996 ) with computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to determine response to therapy and timing of delayed resection. We assessed the accuracy of @entity2996 in 25 @entity1 (26 total cases) treated over 21 months. @entity5 size and location were estimated prior to surgical resection by @entity2996 , and the sensitivity and specificity of these studies were determined from operative findings. @entity2996 consisted of CT (15), MRI (8), and MRI and CT (3). Discordance between @entity2996 and operative findings was found in ten @entity1 (38%). This included three @entity2246 (12%), including two false-positives and one false-negative. Seven errors of specificity were noted; they included a positive scan with no viable @entity5 identified (3), much more @entity66 (3), or less @entity66 (1). Viable @entity5 was identified in 18 cases, and in 11 @entity1 , complete resection of macroscopic @entity5 at the primary site was carried out. Ten of 13 @entity1 operated on within 5 months of beginning chemotherapy were rendered grossly free of @entity521 at the primary site after surgery. Eight of 12 @entity1 operated on 6 months or longer after starting chemotherapy were rendered grossly free of @entity5 at the primary site. Bone marrow transplantation was performed in 21 @entity1 , ten of whom are alive with a median follow up of 20 months. Survival was similar for @entity1 who underwent surgical resection at less than or equal to 5 v greater than 6 months after starting chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Accuracy of diagnostic imaging as determined by delayed operative intervention for advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['extensive disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity2996 :: ('MESH:C564543', 'Disease') :: ['Diagnostic imaging', 'DI']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['errors of sensitivity']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: This study investigates the treatment management and survival of inoperable advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) @entity1 . The objective was to treat all @entity1 with induction chemotherapy and then to stratify them for surgery, radiotherapy, second-line chemotherapy or supportive treatment. Of the 359 @entity1 enrolled in the study, 336 fulfilled the study criteria and were classified as follows: 90 stage IIIa, 135 stage IIIb and 111 stage IV. Histological types included 131 squamous cell, 123 @entity420 , 53 undifferentiated non-small, 15 large cell, 3 adenosquamous, 3 bronchoalveolar and 8 unclassified. For all @entity1 induction therapy involved @entity900 (CDDP) combined chemotherapy and 84% of the @entity1 were also treated with @entity7324 and @entity1259 . The mean number of courses was 4 (minimum 2, maximum 11). The result of induction therapy was 49% complete and partial for at least 8 weeks; with minor response included, the total response rate was 67.6%. Fourteen @entity1 (4.16%) achieved analytically complete response, 151 (45%) partial response and 62 (18.5%) minor response. The second-line treatment implemented was as follows: surgical excision, 22 @entity1 (Group A); radiotherapy, 106 @entity1 (Group B); chemotherapy, 91 @entity1 (Group C) and supportive treatment, 117 @entity1 (Group D). Median survival in months was 72 (range 5-120+), 12 (range 2-118), 15 (range 3-48) and 7 (range 3-120) for Groups A-D respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in survival in Group A @entity1 (p < 0.001) but no difference was observed between Groups B and C. Group D @entity1 had significantly lower survival than the other three groups. In conclusion, induction chemotherapy renders a reasonably high response rate in operable @entity1149 @entity1 and second-line radiotherapy treatment is not superior to second-line chemotherapy.

title: Induction chemotherapy in XXXX stage IIIa-b and IV and second-line treatment.

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['Vindesine']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['Epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity6583 is commonly observed in developing countries but can also occur in industrialized countries. The aim of this work was to analyze diagnostic and therapeutic data on cases of @entity6583 diagnosed in southeastern France over the last 10 years. METHODS: We collected data from @entity1 files and compared them with those reported in the literature. RESULTS: We collected 29 cases of @entity6583 diagnosed in southeastern France between 1988 and 1999. None of the @entity1 had acquired the disease in France. @entity410 were the most common inaugural sign. Four @entity1 had @entity272 and very few had radiologically identifiable muscle @entity730 . CT scan and MRI provided the diagnosis of @entity6583 and contributed to follow-up. Brain imaging showed cyst formation and @entity730 . @entity3993 serology was positive in only 52% of our patients. Antiparasite treatments with @entity3753 provided improvement in most @entity1 although aggravation was observed in 4 despite a well-conducted regimen. There was one death. CONCLUSION: Neurological manifestations, particularly @entity410 , in a @entity1 returning from an endemic zone should prompt search for @entity6583 with @entity75 and MRI. Regression of clinical and radiological signs with treatment confirms the diagnosis.

title: [ XXXX in the South-East of France 1988-1998].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity6583 :: ('MESH:D020019', 'Disease') :: ['neurocysticercosis', 'Neurocysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['Seizures', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity3993 :: ('MESH:D003551', 'Disease') :: ['Cysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain CT']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcifications']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

answer: @entity6583 :: (MESH:D020019,Disease) :: ['Neurocysticercosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that @entity944 ( @entity944 ) in @entity302 is related to geomagnetic activity. BACKGROUND: Prior studies presume that geomagnetic activity (with average amplitudes above 50 nanotesla [nT]) is associated with @entity944 in @entity302 @entity1 @entity1 and in @entity302 @entity35 . METHODS: In a retrospective study, 46 @entity302 @entity1 with definite @entity944 were compared with 108 @entity302 @entity1 with @entity204 ( @entity204 ) who died between 1981 and 1992. A complete postmortem examination was performed in all cases. The time of the day and date of @entity204 , as well as two international geomagnetic indices concerning Bartels' planetary 3-hour signs (Kp) and the mean planetary daily amplitudes (Ap) at time of @entity204 , were assessed. RESULTS: Among 45 @entity944 individuals, the local time (37.8%) and the universal time of @entity204 (35.6%) peaked within the critical period between 3 to 9 AM. However, the @entity944 and @entity204 group did not substantially differ in regard to the distribution of local or universal time of @entity204 (p > 0.2, Fisher test). Neither the Kp signs at @entity204 and 2 hours before @entity204 nor the Ap values showed considerable differences between the @entity944 and @entity204 series (p > 0.2, Mann-Whitney test). Merely 4.3% of @entity944 @entity1 and 3.7% of @entity204 @entity1 were associated with Ap indices above 50 nT (p > 0.2, Fisher test). CONCLUSION: The results do not support the hypothesis that geomagnetic activity is related to occurrence of @entity944 in @entity302 @entity1 .

title: Is geomagnetic activity a risk factor for @entity944 in XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['SUD', 'sudden unexplained death']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['laboratory rats']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['KCD', 'known cause of death', 'death']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsies']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that @entity944 ( @entity944 ) in @entity302 is related to geomagnetic activity. BACKGROUND: Prior studies presume that geomagnetic activity (with average amplitudes above 50 nanotesla [nT]) is associated with @entity944 in @entity302 @entity1 @entity1 and in @entity302 @entity35 . METHODS: In a retrospective study, 46 @entity302 @entity1 with definite @entity944 were compared with 108 @entity302 @entity1 with @entity204 ( @entity204 ) who died between 1981 and 1992. A complete postmortem examination was performed in all cases. The time of the day and date of @entity204 , as well as two international geomagnetic indices concerning Bartels' planetary 3-hour signs (Kp) and the mean planetary daily amplitudes (Ap) at time of @entity204 , were assessed. RESULTS: Among 45 @entity944 individuals, the local time (37.8%) and the universal time of @entity204 (35.6%) peaked within the critical period between 3 to 9 AM. However, the @entity944 and @entity204 group did not substantially differ in regard to the distribution of local or universal time of @entity204 (p > 0.2, Fisher test). Neither the Kp signs at @entity204 and 2 hours before @entity204 nor the Ap values showed considerable differences between the @entity944 and @entity204 series (p > 0.2, Mann-Whitney test). Merely 4.3% of @entity944 @entity1 and 3.7% of @entity204 @entity1 were associated with Ap indices above 50 nT (p > 0.2, Fisher test). CONCLUSION: The results do not support the hypothesis that geomagnetic activity is related to occurrence of @entity944 in @entity302 @entity1 .

title: Is geomagnetic activity a risk factor for XXXX in @entity302 ?

answer: @entity944 :: (MESH:D003645,Disease) :: ['sudden unexplained death']


abstract: In order to find some treatments for @entity1576 caused by @entity3126 , we investigated the mechanism of @entity3126 . Previously, stimulation of sympathetic nerves caused an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability, possibly due to neuropeptide Y. Neuropeptide Y injected into the @entity825 increased lung vascular permeability dose-dependently, the ED50 of which was 0.3-1 nM. Such an effect remained even after treatment with @entity2515 , as well as in the presence of alpha- and beta-blockers. And @entity1063 enhanced the effect of neuropeptide Y on lung vascular permeability. These responses were almost similar to those obtained by stimulation of sympathetic nerves. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y, in fibrin-induced @entity3126 , was localized in alveolar macrophages and alveolar spaces, amounting to approximately 200 nM in @entity4 fluid. The value was significantly greater than that obtained in hydrostatic @entity3126 by 10-30 times. @entity1942 , an analogue of neuropeptide Y, had no action on lung vascular permeability, whereas the effect of neuropeptide Y was inhibited by pretreatment with neuropeptide Y- 13-36, an antagonist for Y3-recetor subtype. These results suggested that neuropeptide Y enhances the lung vascular permeability via Y3-recetor subtype. Neuropeptide Y- 13-36, in fibrin-induced @entity3126 , decreased a ratio of protein concentration in @entity4 fluid to that in serum, indicating that neuropeptide Y actually acts a role in the development of @entity3126 , via an increase in lung vascular permeability.

title: [Participation of neuropeptide Y Y3-receptor subtype in the increase in lung vascular permeability--for therapy of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic pulmonary edema', 'pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity2515 :: ('MESH:D012110', 'Chemical') :: ['reserpine']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['respiratory failure']


abstract: Although wound healing is essentially a physiologic process, some chronic wounds exhibit considerable delay in healing. Often these do not heal perfectly in individuals with low immune profiles. Thus, the present study was undertaken to develop an excision wound model in the immunocompromised state induced by pretreatment with @entity701 (HC) 40 mg/kg intramuscularly in male @entity35 . Wounds of 8-mm diameter were made on the preshaved dorsal surface of @entity35 using an Acuderm biopsy punch, following pretreatment with HC. After 14 days HC-treated animals exhibited @entity194 and a significant reduction of circulating lymphocytes and increase in neutrophils; these changes are indicative of immunosuppressive state of animals. The cell proliferation was significantly affected as shown by decreases in DNA (23%) and protein (11%). Furthermore, there were also significant reductions in tensile strength (37%) and @entity720 (33%) contents. These results were further supported by lack of contraction of wound edges. It is concluded that animals primed with HC 1 week prior to wounding developed prolonged immunosuppression, which significantly impaired the wound healing as compared with other groups. Thus, this can be experimentally employed as an immunocompromised wound model for evaluating compounds as novel wound healers suitable for immunocompromised subjects.

title: A time course study for the development of an immunocompromised wound model, using XXXX .

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy of spleen and adrenal glands']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['hydrocortisone']


abstract: Ependymomas usually arise from the ventricular surface and approximately two-thirds of them are infratentorial. We present an unusual case of @entity424 located in the parietal parenchyma and exhibiting no continuity with the ventricular system. On March 30, 1998, a 63-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our neurosurgical service because of a @entity909 attack two weeks before. On admission, neurological examination revealed no abnormal findings. Computerized tomography (CT) revealed a @entity66 of the parietal lobe which was enhanced homogeneously. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also showed the mass of the parietal lobe which was iso-intense on T1-weighted images, iso and high intense on T2-weighted images and homogeneously enhanced by administration of @entity7241 . In the angiography, left carotid angiograms showed a @entity5 stain. On February 26, 1998, total @entity5 was performed using stereotactic craniotomy with neuronavigator and intraoperative echography. After surgery, focal radiation therapy (56Gy) was carried out. The pathological diagnosis was @entity424 with partial clear cell components. Several kinds of @entity5 may occur in the cerebral parenchyma. We conclude, however, that @entity424 has to be included in the differential diagnosis when the @entity5 location is distant from the ventricles.

title: [Supratentorial XXXX : a case report].

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['mass lesion']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymoma', 'cellular ependymoma', 'supratentorial ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'removal of the tumor']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['sudden consciousness loss']

answer: @entity424 :: (MESH:D004806,Disease) :: ['ectopic ependymoma']


abstract: The activity and the tissue distribution of the @entity26 radical producing enzyme @entity3624 oxidoreductase (XOR) were measured in the digestive gland of the common marine mussel @entity20984 Lmk along an annual cycle. No @entity3624 oxidase (XOX) activity could be measured, the enzyme only displaying @entity3624 dehydrogenase (XDH) activity in all the cases. This is interpreted as a mechanism to avoid the harmful effects of the @entity26 radicals that would be produced by XOX during periods following anoxic conditions at low tide. The highest XDH activities coincided with the late spring/early summer months, the activity maxima being recorded from May to July. Histochemically XOR activity was very pronounced in duct and stomach epithelial cells as well as in the surrounding connective tissue and hemolymph vessels, the activity increasing towards the summer months. These seasonal variations in XDH or XOR activities are possibly linked to hormonal changes governing the reproductive cycle and to changes in food availability. The localization of the protein in the connective tissue lining the hemolymph vessels was confirmed immunohistochemically using a polyclonal antibody against @entity35 liver protein that cross-reacted specifically with a polypeptide of 150 kDa of molecular mass in homogenates of the digestive gland. This polypeptide was linked to cytosolic fractions isolated by differential centrifugation from mussel digestive glands. In paraffin sections the antibody labeled the digestive cells of digestive tubules, as well as the connective tissue surrounding the hemolymph vessels, gonadal follicles, digestive epithelia and certain protozoan parasites. Taken together our results suggest that in the digestive gland of bivalve molluscs XOR is involved in the metabolism of @entity3042 and in the scavenging of @entity26 free radicals.

title: Seasonal variation of @entity3624 oxidoreductase activity in the digestive gland cells of the mussel XXXX : a biochemical, histochemical and immunochemical study.

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity20984 :: ('29158', 'Species') :: ['Mytilus galloprovincialis']

answer: @entity20984 :: (29158,Species) :: ['Mytilus galloprovincialis']