abstract: BACKGROUND: Distal radial fractures occur earlier in life than hip and @entity174 and may be the first sign of @entity170 . The aims of this case-control study were to compare the prevalence of @entity2331 and @entity170 between female and male @entity1 with @entity174 and matched controls and to investigate whether observed differences in bone mineral density between @entity1 and controls could be explained by potential confounders. METHODS: Six hundred and sixty-four female and eighty-five male @entity1 who sustained a distal radial fracture, and 554 female and fifty-four male controls, were included in the study. All @entity174 were radiographically confirmed. Bone mineral density was assessed with use of dual x-ray absorptiometry at the femoral neck, total hip (femoral neck, trochanter, and intertrochanteric area), and lumbar spine (L2-L4). A self-administered questionnaire provided information on health and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity170 was 34% in female @entity1 and 10% in female controls. The corresponding values were 17% in male @entity1 and 13% in male controls. In the age group of fifty to fifty-nine years, 18% of female @entity1 and 5% of female controls had @entity170 . In the age group of sixty to sixty-nine years, the corresponding values were 25% and 7%, respectively. In adjusted conditional logistic regression analyses, @entity2331 and @entity170 were significantly associated with @entity174 in @entity1 . @entity170 was significantly associated with @entity174 in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity170 in @entity1 with @entity174 is high compared with that in control subjects, and @entity170 is a risk factor for @entity174 in both @entity1 and @entity1 . Thus, @entity1 of both sexes with an age of fifty years or older who have a distal radial fracture should be evaluated with bone densitometry for the possible treatment of @entity170 .

title: XXXX as a risk factor for @entity174 : a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['distal radial fractures', 'low-energy distal radial fractures', 'spinal fractures']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['Osteoporosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Distal radial fractures occur earlier in life than hip and @entity174 and may be the first sign of @entity170 . The aims of this case-control study were to compare the prevalence of @entity2331 and @entity170 between female and male @entity1 with @entity174 and matched controls and to investigate whether observed differences in bone mineral density between @entity1 and controls could be explained by potential confounders. METHODS: Six hundred and sixty-four female and eighty-five male @entity1 who sustained a distal radial fracture, and 554 female and fifty-four male controls, were included in the study. All @entity174 were radiographically confirmed. Bone mineral density was assessed with use of dual x-ray absorptiometry at the femoral neck, total hip (femoral neck, trochanter, and intertrochanteric area), and lumbar spine (L2-L4). A self-administered questionnaire provided information on health and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity170 was 34% in female @entity1 and 10% in female controls. The corresponding values were 17% in male @entity1 and 13% in male controls. In the age group of fifty to fifty-nine years, 18% of female @entity1 and 5% of female controls had @entity170 . In the age group of sixty to sixty-nine years, the corresponding values were 25% and 7%, respectively. In adjusted conditional logistic regression analyses, @entity2331 and @entity170 were significantly associated with @entity174 in @entity1 . @entity170 was significantly associated with @entity174 in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity170 in @entity1 with @entity174 is high compared with that in control subjects, and @entity170 is a risk factor for @entity174 in both @entity1 and @entity1 . Thus, @entity1 of both sexes with an age of fifty years or older who have a distal radial fracture should be evaluated with bone densitometry for the possible treatment of @entity170 .

title: @entity170 as a risk factor for XXXX : a case-control study.

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['distal radial fractures']


abstract: We directly compared three techniques for the diagnosis of group A @entity883 in 500 symptomatic @entity1 seen in the Emergency Department or @entity1 Care Clinic of The @entity1 's Hospital of Denver. Throats were vigorously swabbed with two rayon swabs, which were transported immediately to the Microbiology Laboratory. Each swab was cultured aerobically on Strep A Isolation Agar (Remel) and then tested for antigen-one swab by the Strep A OIA optical immune assay (BioStar) and the other by the TestPack Plus Strep A (Abbott) technique. Each test was performed blind to the others. The refrigerated pledget was cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth if an antigen test was positive and both direct plate cultures were negative (the "gold standard" was any culture positive). All isolates were serologically grouped. Of 500 complete @entity1 cultures, 151 (30%) were positive for group A streptococcal growth. The two antigen tests gave comparable results with an average sensitivity of 83%. Each was significantly (P < 0.02) less sensitive than its corresponding culture. The BioStar Strep A OIA optical immune assay produced significantly (P < 0.003) more false-positive results than did the Abbott test. Rapid antigen testing is not sensitive enough to eliminate the need for backup cultures.

title: Comparison of BioStar Strep A OIA optical immune assay, Abbott TestPack Plus Strep A, and culture with selective media for diagnosis of group A XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity883 :: ('MESH:D013290', 'Disease') :: ['streptococcal pharyngitis']

answer: @entity883 :: (MESH:D013290,Disease) :: ['streptococcal pharyngitis']


abstract: Noncardiovascular adverse effects associated with @entity2643 result in substantial morbidity. Adverse effects involving the skin, liver, thyroid, and lungs have been reported in as many as 57%, 55%, 11%, and 13% of @entity1 , respectively. Although risk factors for some @entity2643 -induced adverse effects have been identified, risk factors for these specific side effects have not been systematically evaluated. Therefore, risk factors for development of @entity2643 -induced dermatologic, hepatic, thyroid, or pulmonary adverse effects were identified using univariate analysis in 44 @entity1 receiving the drug for supraventricular or @entity943 (mean duration of therapy 99.5 +/- 110.8 weeks). Dermatologic side effects occurred in 4 (9.1%) @entity1 . @entity1 who experienced dermatologic side effects were younger than @entity1 who did not (mean age, 48.3 +/- 15.8 years versus 60.1 +/- 9.5 years, respectively; P = .03). @entity1 younger than 60 years of age were more likely to develop @entity272 than those aged 60 or older (P = .05). Hepatic adverse effects occurred in 3 (6.8%) @entity1 . Left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in those who developed hepatic adverse effects than in those who did not (15.0 +/- 4.0% versus 39.1 +/- 13.9%, P = .005). Adverse thyroid effects occurred in 6 (13.6%) @entity1 ; and @entity3794 occurred in 2 (4.5%) @entity1 . No specific risk factors for adverse thyroid effects or @entity3794 were revealed. In conclusion, age less than 60 may be a risk factor for @entity2643 -induced dermatologic adverse effects, whereas severely depressed left ventricular ejection fraction may be a risk factor for hepatic side effects associated with @entity2643 .

title: Risk factors for the development of specific noncardiovascular adverse effects associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['photosensitivity or blue-gray skin discoloration']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity2643 :: (MESH:D000638,Chemical) :: ['amiodarone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Only a few data regarding @entity6522 are available in Italy. We examined the frequency of @entity6522 and its associations with risk factors in a homogeneous Northern Sardinian population undergoing colonoscopy for any reason in the last decades. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study. Medical records of @entity1 undergoing colonoscopy for any indication between 1995 and 2013 were reviewed. Demographic information including age, gender, geographic area (urban, rural), marital status, smoking habit, occupation, body mass index, and comorbidities were collected. Presence, number, and extension of @entity7261 were assessed by colonoscopy. The diagnosis of @entity7261 was defined by the presence of more than five @entity7261 . RESULTS: A total of 4458 records were collected (39.8  % males). Analysis by birth cohorts showed a significant progressive age-related increase in the prevalence of @entity7261 . The average prevalence was 18.9  % without significant variation across the 19-year observation period. In 101 (12.1  %) subjects @entity7261 were single or few. Seventy-one percent of @entity7261 were located predominantly in the left side, 2  % in the right side, and 14.3  % were spread throughout the colon. There was a significant association with @entity28 but not with smoking habits, marital status, or urban versus rural environment. A strong association was observed between the presence of @entity7261 and cardiovascular and other @entity344 (p  <  0.0001). These associations were also confirmed by the logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this endoscopic study, @entity6522 in Northern Sardinia showed prevalence similar to other series in Western countries, and it was predominantly left sided and age related.

title: Risk factors associated with XXXX among @entity1 from a defined geographic area.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6522 :: ('MESH:D043963', 'Disease') :: ['colonic diverticulosis']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal and lung disease']

entities_list: @entity7261 :: ('MESH:D004240', 'Disease') :: ['diverticula', 'diverticulosis']

answer: @entity6522 :: (MESH:D043963,Disease) :: ['colonic diverticulosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Only a few data regarding @entity6522 are available in Italy. We examined the frequency of @entity6522 and its associations with risk factors in a homogeneous Northern Sardinian population undergoing colonoscopy for any reason in the last decades. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study. Medical records of @entity1 undergoing colonoscopy for any indication between 1995 and 2013 were reviewed. Demographic information including age, gender, geographic area (urban, rural), marital status, smoking habit, occupation, body mass index, and comorbidities were collected. Presence, number, and extension of @entity7261 were assessed by colonoscopy. The diagnosis of @entity7261 was defined by the presence of more than five @entity7261 . RESULTS: A total of 4458 records were collected (39.8  % males). Analysis by birth cohorts showed a significant progressive age-related increase in the prevalence of @entity7261 . The average prevalence was 18.9  % without significant variation across the 19-year observation period. In 101 (12.1  %) subjects @entity7261 were single or few. Seventy-one percent of @entity7261 were located predominantly in the left side, 2  % in the right side, and 14.3  % were spread throughout the colon. There was a significant association with @entity28 but not with smoking habits, marital status, or urban versus rural environment. A strong association was observed between the presence of @entity7261 and cardiovascular and other @entity344 (p  <  0.0001). These associations were also confirmed by the logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this endoscopic study, @entity6522 in Northern Sardinia showed prevalence similar to other series in Western countries, and it was predominantly left sided and age related.

title: Risk factors associated with @entity6522 among XXXX from a defined geographic area.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A 30-year-old @entity1 fell from the fourth floor of a building and suffered a @entity764 . He was transported to our hospital within 50 minutes. Chest roentgenography showed left hemopneumothorax and a shift of the mediastinal shadow to the right. Furthermore, most of the left upper lobe did not appear collapsed, and an infiltrative shadow and light macular shadows were noted. These findings led to a diagnosis of @entity358 . The volume of blood in the left drainage tube reached about 1,000 mL within 1 hour. Therefore, we performed emergency room thoracotomy (ERT) and clamped the pulmonary hilum manually. We then moved him to an operating room. Upon surgery, we found extensive laceration of the whole lung, and left pneumonectomy was necessary. He was discharged on hospital day 58. ERT and pulmonary hilum clamping may improve the survival of @entity1 with @entity358 and uncontrollable @entity548 .

title: A case of @entity358 associated with blunt XXXX treated by emergency room thoracotomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['chest injury']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['deep pulmonary laceration']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['pleural hemorrhage']

answer: @entity764 :: (MESH:D013898,Disease) :: ['chest trauma']


abstract: A 30-year-old @entity1 fell from the fourth floor of a building and suffered a @entity764 . He was transported to our hospital within 50 minutes. Chest roentgenography showed left hemopneumothorax and a shift of the mediastinal shadow to the right. Furthermore, most of the left upper lobe did not appear collapsed, and an infiltrative shadow and light macular shadows were noted. These findings led to a diagnosis of @entity358 . The volume of blood in the left drainage tube reached about 1,000 mL within 1 hour. Therefore, we performed emergency room thoracotomy (ERT) and clamped the pulmonary hilum manually. We then moved him to an operating room. Upon surgery, we found extensive laceration of the whole lung, and left pneumonectomy was necessary. He was discharged on hospital day 58. ERT and pulmonary hilum clamping may improve the survival of @entity1 with @entity358 and uncontrollable @entity548 .

title: A case of XXXX associated with blunt @entity764 treated by emergency room thoracotomy.

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['deep pulmonary laceration']


abstract: @entity957 of the esophagus with @entity5 invasion beyond the muscularis mucosae is known to have lymph node @entity3 and lymphatic or blood vessel invasion compared with @entity189 . In submucosal and T2-3 @entity189 , lymph node and lymphatic/vascular involvement are shown more frequently, leading to a poor prognosis. Therefore, we examined proliferative activity of @entity1721 including @entity189 in relation to clinicopathological findings. 77 cases of @entity1721 , including 23 cases of @entity1697 (Tis+ @entity13712 ), 35 cases of @entity189 (T1b) and 19 cases of advanced @entity189 (T2+T3) undergoing surgical resection without preoperative treatment were studied using monoclonal antibody @entity1758 for Ki-67 antigen immunohistochemically, and the @entity894 ( @entity894 ) was calculated. The @entity894 of @entity1758 positive nuclei correlated with the depth of @entity5 invasion was significantly increased in the @entity5 invading beyond the musculais mucosae. The @entity894 at the invasive tip was significantly higher than that at the core of differentiated @entity189 . The @entity894 values at both invasive tip and core of poorly differentiated @entity189 were higher than those of differentiated @entity189 with significant difference. The @entity894 at the invasive @entity189 with lymph node @entity3 or lymphatic invasion was significantly higher than that without them. Proliferative activities of @entity418 cell, immunostaining with @entity1758 , had correlations to depth of @entity5 invasion, differentiation, lymph node @entity3 and lymphatic invasion with significant difference. But if invading deeper than m3, the proliferative activity did not increase anymore.

title: Acceleration of the proliferative activity of @entity418 with invasion beyond the muscularis mucosae; immunohistochemical analysis using XXXX for the Ki-67 antigen.

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['labeling index', 'LI']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['tip of the carcinoma', 'intramucosal carcinoma', 'submucosal carcinoma', 'carcinoma', 'invasive carcinoma', 'early carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1758 :: (57534,Gene) :: ['MIB-1']


abstract: @entity957 of the esophagus with @entity5 invasion beyond the muscularis mucosae is known to have lymph node @entity3 and lymphatic or blood vessel invasion compared with @entity189 . In submucosal and T2-3 @entity189 , lymph node and lymphatic/vascular involvement are shown more frequently, leading to a poor prognosis. Therefore, we examined proliferative activity of @entity1721 including @entity189 in relation to clinicopathological findings. 77 cases of @entity1721 , including 23 cases of @entity1697 (Tis+ @entity13712 ), 35 cases of @entity189 (T1b) and 19 cases of advanced @entity189 (T2+T3) undergoing surgical resection without preoperative treatment were studied using monoclonal antibody @entity1758 for Ki-67 antigen immunohistochemically, and the @entity894 ( @entity894 ) was calculated. The @entity894 of @entity1758 positive nuclei correlated with the depth of @entity5 invasion was significantly increased in the @entity5 invading beyond the musculais mucosae. The @entity894 at the invasive tip was significantly higher than that at the core of differentiated @entity189 . The @entity894 values at both invasive tip and core of poorly differentiated @entity189 were higher than those of differentiated @entity189 with significant difference. The @entity894 at the invasive @entity189 with lymph node @entity3 or lymphatic invasion was significantly higher than that without them. Proliferative activities of @entity418 cell, immunostaining with @entity1758 , had correlations to depth of @entity5 invasion, differentiation, lymph node @entity3 and lymphatic invasion with significant difference. But if invading deeper than m3, the proliferative activity did not increase anymore.

title: Acceleration of the proliferative activity of XXXX with invasion beyond the muscularis mucosae; immunohistochemical analysis using @entity1758 for the Ki-67 antigen.

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe @entity733 formation complications in @entity765 of @entity1 with @entity4511 and percutaneous drainage. METHODS: Three @entity1 with @entity4511 and @entity765 were diagnosed as having intratumor @entity733 formation. Percutaneous drainage was the initial method of treatment in each case. Two subsequently underwent surgical resection and one @entity1 refused surgery and was lost to follow-up. RESULTS: In each case, percutaneous drainage and antibiotics resulted in clinical improvement. In two, fistulous communication with the small bowel could be demonstrated, presumed to be the cause of @entity733 formation. Surgical resection confirmed @entity292 communication to the small bowel. In the third @entity1 , no @entity292 was seen and only percutaneous drainage was performed. CONCLUSION: @entity490 and @entity221 in @entity1 with @entity4511 and desmoids is suggestive of @entity733 formation in these @entity5 . Percutaneous drainage is useful as initial management.

title: XXXX formation in @entity765 of @entity4511 and percutaneous drainage: a report of three cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4511 :: ('MESH:D005736', 'Disease') :: ["Gardner's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['intramesenteric desmoid tumors', 'desmoid tumors']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal pain']

answer: @entity733 :: (MESH:D000038,Disease) :: ['Abscess']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe @entity733 formation complications in @entity765 of @entity1 with @entity4511 and percutaneous drainage. METHODS: Three @entity1 with @entity4511 and @entity765 were diagnosed as having intratumor @entity733 formation. Percutaneous drainage was the initial method of treatment in each case. Two subsequently underwent surgical resection and one @entity1 refused surgery and was lost to follow-up. RESULTS: In each case, percutaneous drainage and antibiotics resulted in clinical improvement. In two, fistulous communication with the small bowel could be demonstrated, presumed to be the cause of @entity733 formation. Surgical resection confirmed @entity292 communication to the small bowel. In the third @entity1 , no @entity292 was seen and only percutaneous drainage was performed. CONCLUSION: @entity490 and @entity221 in @entity1 with @entity4511 and desmoids is suggestive of @entity733 formation in these @entity5 . Percutaneous drainage is useful as initial management.

title: @entity733 formation in @entity765 of XXXX and percutaneous drainage: a report of three cases.

answer: @entity4511 :: (MESH:D005736,Disease) :: ['Gardner's syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe @entity733 formation complications in @entity765 of @entity1 with @entity4511 and percutaneous drainage. METHODS: Three @entity1 with @entity4511 and @entity765 were diagnosed as having intratumor @entity733 formation. Percutaneous drainage was the initial method of treatment in each case. Two subsequently underwent surgical resection and one @entity1 refused surgery and was lost to follow-up. RESULTS: In each case, percutaneous drainage and antibiotics resulted in clinical improvement. In two, fistulous communication with the small bowel could be demonstrated, presumed to be the cause of @entity733 formation. Surgical resection confirmed @entity292 communication to the small bowel. In the third @entity1 , no @entity292 was seen and only percutaneous drainage was performed. CONCLUSION: @entity490 and @entity221 in @entity1 with @entity4511 and desmoids is suggestive of @entity733 formation in these @entity5 . Percutaneous drainage is useful as initial management.

title: @entity733 formation in XXXX of @entity4511 and percutaneous drainage: a report of three cases.

answer: @entity765 :: (MESH:D018222,Disease) :: ['desmoid tumors']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Dynamic regulation of endothelial cell adhesion is central to vascular development and maintenance. Furthermore, altered endothelial adhesion is implicated in numerous diseases. Thus, normal vascular patterning and maintenance require tight regulation of endothelial cell adhesion dynamics. Yet, the mechanisms that control junctional plasticity are not fully understood. @entity3545 is an adhesive protein found in adherens junctions of endothelial cells. @entity3545 mediates adhesion through trans interactions formed by its extracellular domain. Trans binding is followed by cis interactions that laterally cluster the cadherin in junctions. @entity3545 is linked to the actin cytoskeleton through cytoplasmic interactions with b and a-catenin, which serve to increase adhesive strength. Furthermore, @entity8780 binds to the cytoplasmic tail of the cadherin and stabilizes it at the plasma membrane. Here, we report that induced cis-dimerization of @entity3545 inhibits endocytosis independent of both @entity8780 binding and trans interactions. However, we find that @entity16854 , a protein that links membrane proteins to the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton, associates with @entity3545 and inhibits its endocytosis. @entity16854 inhibits @entity3545 endocytosis independent of @entity8780 binding. We propose a model in which @entity16854 associates with and inhibits the endocytosis of @entity3545 cis-dimers. Our findings support a novel mechanism for regulation of @entity3545 endocytosis through ankyrin association with cadherin engaged in lateral interactions.

title: XXXX inhibits endocytosis of cadherin dimers.

answer: @entity16854 :: (288,Gene) :: ['Ankyrin-G']


abstract: Regurgitation and aspiration of feedings is a significant problem in @entity1 with impaired oral intake fed via gastrostomy. Using extended (18-24 hour) esophageal pH monitoring to assess @entity354 ( @entity354 ), we studied prospectively 32 @entity1 (aged 2 to 16 years) referred for feeding gastrostomy. Twenty-five @entity1 had repeat esophageal pH monitoring after surgery. Prior to surgery, @entity354 was documented in 23 (72%) of the 32 @entity1 . Twenty-two of the 23 @entity1 with @entity354 before surgery had an antireflux operation performed in conjunction with the feeding gastrostomy. @entity354 was clinically significant in the single failed antireflux operation and in the @entity1 with @entity354 before surgery who only had a gastrostomy performed. All nine @entity1 without @entity354 only had gastrostomy performed. Six of these developed @entity354 by pH monitoring after surgery, with significant @entity391 in four. Of our 11 @entity1 remaining at risk for @entity354 after surgery, seven (64%) had persistent @entity391 with @entity3685 . Thus, 91% (29 of 32) of the @entity1 were potentially at risk for @entity354 if a gastrostomy only was performed. We believe these data support the need for a "protective" antireflux operation in @entity1 referred for feeding gastrostomy.

title: Protective antireflux operation with feeding gastrostomy. Experience with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity3685 :: ('MESH:D019959', 'Disease') :: ['gastrostomy feedings']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux', 'GER', 'Gastroesophageal reflux']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The reactions of kidney function elicited by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion were studied in six groups of chloralosed @entity468 in which the Nn. vagi, the breathing reaction, the increase of the mean systemic arterial blood pressure, and the carotid body chemoreceptors were excluded successively. @entity432 in the control animals caused a rise of the mean systemic arterial blood pressure, hyperventilation, and an increase in renal @entity1372 and water excretion, resulting from an inhibition of tubular reabsorption. Bilateral cervical vagotomy, relaxation and constant artificial ventilation only slightly modified this renal response. Inactivation of the carotid body chemoreceptors in vagotomized and constantly ventilated @entity468 attenuated the natriuresis due to @entity432 regardless of the behaviour of the renal perfusion pressure. On the other hand, keeping the mean arterial blood pressure during @entity432 constant by the bleeding technique also reduced the natriuretic reaction. @entity468 with both inactivated carotid body chemoreceptors and constant renal perfusion pressure exhibited an antinatriuretic reaction during carotid clamping. From these data it is concluded that in narcotized @entity468 the natriuretic response during @entity432 is the result of both a stimulation of the carotid body chemoreceptors and the rise of the renal perfusion pressure. In contrast, in @entity235 this so-called carotid-sinus- @entity2011 seems to be induced solely by the increase of the systemic arterial blood pressure. The findings additionally indicated that the arterial chemoreceptors may be involved in the physiological daily control of renal @entity1372 excretion already at normal arterial @entity26 tension under sea-level conditions.

title: Kidney function during common carotid artery occlusion in anaesthetized XXXX : influence of vagotomy, constant ventilation, blood pressure stabilization, and carotid body chemoreceptor inactivation.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['Carotid occlusion', 'carotid occlusion']

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Since little information is available on the capacity of the @entity28 to adapt to a moderate decrease in energy intake, the effect of a 10-week moderately energy-restricted diet (ER) on energy expenditure and body composition was studied. DESIGN: A controlled intervention study. After a weight-maintaining run-in period of 2 weeks, the ER group received a diet that contained 9.2 MJ/day on average, i.e. 80% of the energy of their habitual diet (estimated by means of a 7-day dietary record) for the next ten weeks while the control group received the weight-maintaining diet. SETTING: Subjects continued daily life habits and came to the Institute every evening to have dinner and to receive food for the next 24 h. SUBJECTS: 24 healthy @entity28 , middle-aged @entity1 participated. Subjects were matched for age and body mass index and randomly assigned to a control group (n = 8) or an ER group (n = 16). RESULTS: Average daily metabolic rate (ADMR, i.e. total energy expenditure), measured with doubly labeled water in eight subjects of the ER group, appeared to be 82.5% of reported energy intake resulting in an actual level of energy restriction in these eight subjects of 33% on average (range 18-42%), rather than 20%. Subjects in the ER group lost 7.4 +/- 1.7 kg; 83% of this @entity353 was fat mass, 17% was fat-free mass. Subjects in the control group lost some weight too (2.1 +/- 1.5 kg). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) (MJ/day) decreased in the ER group (P < 0.001). In this group the thyroid hormone @entity1954 (T3) decreased (P < 0.001), while reverse T3 (rT3) increased (P < 0.05). ADMR decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: Under conditions of a controlled moderately energy-restricted diet in daily life a significant @entity353 can be induced, similar to that observed after a balanced dietary deficit, providing 5 MJ/day. In addition, moderate energy restriction induces a decrease in fat-free mass and a fall in RMR.

title: Impact of a moderately energy-restricted diet on energy metabolism and body composition in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['non-obese']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['non-obese']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Since little information is available on the capacity of the @entity28 to adapt to a moderate decrease in energy intake, the effect of a 10-week moderately energy-restricted diet (ER) on energy expenditure and body composition was studied. DESIGN: A controlled intervention study. After a weight-maintaining run-in period of 2 weeks, the ER group received a diet that contained 9.2 MJ/day on average, i.e. 80% of the energy of their habitual diet (estimated by means of a 7-day dietary record) for the next ten weeks while the control group received the weight-maintaining diet. SETTING: Subjects continued daily life habits and came to the Institute every evening to have dinner and to receive food for the next 24 h. SUBJECTS: 24 healthy @entity28 , middle-aged @entity1 participated. Subjects were matched for age and body mass index and randomly assigned to a control group (n = 8) or an ER group (n = 16). RESULTS: Average daily metabolic rate (ADMR, i.e. total energy expenditure), measured with doubly labeled water in eight subjects of the ER group, appeared to be 82.5% of reported energy intake resulting in an actual level of energy restriction in these eight subjects of 33% on average (range 18-42%), rather than 20%. Subjects in the ER group lost 7.4 +/- 1.7 kg; 83% of this @entity353 was fat mass, 17% was fat-free mass. Subjects in the control group lost some weight too (2.1 +/- 1.5 kg). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) (MJ/day) decreased in the ER group (P < 0.001). In this group the thyroid hormone @entity1954 (T3) decreased (P < 0.001), while reverse T3 (rT3) increased (P < 0.05). ADMR decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: Under conditions of a controlled moderately energy-restricted diet in daily life a significant @entity353 can be induced, similar to that observed after a balanced dietary deficit, providing 5 MJ/day. In addition, moderate energy restriction induces a decrease in fat-free mass and a fall in RMR.

title: Impact of a moderately energy-restricted diet on energy metabolism and body composition in @entity28 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: The cyanobacterial toxin @entity16588 (MCLR) is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, and is selectively toxic to the liver in vivo and to isolated hepatocytes in vitro. This selectivity is believed to be due to toxin uptake via @entity6741 carriers. We investigated at the light and ultrastructural levels the effects of high concentrations of MCLR and long incubation times to determine in vitro whether fibroblasts and kidney cells (non-target cells) respond in the same manner as do hepatocytes (target cells) at low concentrations and short incubation times. Cultured @entity35 skin fibroblasts (ATCC 1213) and @entity35 kidney epithelial cells (ATCC 1571) were incubated with with MCLR at 133 microM for 1-24 hr. Lesions in these cells were compared with those in cultured hepatocytes incubated MCLR at 13.3 microM from 1 to 32 min. Lesions in hepatocytes, kidney cells, and fibroblasts were noted at 4 min, 1 hr, and 8 hr, respectively, after initial exposure to MCLR. Lesions in all three cell types progressed and included plasma membrane blebbing, loss of cell-to-cell contact, clumping and rounding of cells, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and redistribution of cytoplasmic organelles. Loss of microvilli, whorling of rough endoplasmic reticulum, dense staining and dilated cristae in mitochondria, and @entity4530 were noted only in hepatocytes. Nuclear changes typical of apoptosis were observed only in fibroblasts and kidney cells. Similarities in responses of different cell types to MCLR exposure probably reflect a common biochemical mechanism of action, i.e., inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A as described by others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Comparative pathology of XXXX in cultured hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and renal epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity16588 :: ('MESH:C057862', 'Chemical') :: ['microcystin-LR']

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

entities_list: @entity4530 :: ('MESH:D001768', 'Disease') :: ['pinching off of membrane blebs']

answer: @entity16588 :: (MESH:C057862,Chemical) :: ['microcystin-LR']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many topical agents have been used for promotion of healing of @entity3179 . One such agent that has been tried is @entity3174 . The effect of @entity3174 on cutaneous healing has been suggested. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of topical @entity3174 in healing of venous ulcerations. METHODS: One hundred and four @entity1 with @entity3179 were recruited in this study. They were divided into study group and control group. The study group was 54 @entity1 while control group was 50 @entity1 . @entity1 in the study group were subjected to dressing of their @entity1066 with topical @entity3174 once daily while @entity1 in the control group were subjected to dressing with normal saline. All @entity1 were followed up for eight weeks and assessed for their @entity1066 status and recorded as: complete healing, partial healing, no improvement or worsening of the condition. RESULTS: By the end of the eight weeks, complete healing was evident in 35/54 of the @entity1 (64.8%) in the study group and 26/50 of the @entity1 (52%) in the control group. It was statistically significant (p = .04). The rate of reduction in the mean surface area of the @entity1066 was faster in the study group than control group. Minor side effects were reported among 4 @entity1 (7.4%) of the study group in the form of burning sensation. CONCLUSION: Topical @entity3174 can be used to enhance healing of @entity3179 in conjunction with the established treatment. It has favorable results and tolerable local side effects.

title: The use of topical XXXX for healing of chronic venous ulcerations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity3179 :: ('MESH:D014647', 'Disease') :: ['chronic venous ulcers']

answer: @entity3174 :: (MESH:D010672,Chemical) :: ['phenytoin']


abstract: Bioprocesses for recombinant protein production with @entity1 cells are typically controlled for several physicochemical parameters including the pH and dissolved @entity26 concentration (DO) of the culture medium. Here we studied whether these controls are necessary for efficient and reproducible bioprocesses in an orbitally shaken bioreactor (OSR). Mixing, gas transfer, and volumetric power consumption (P(V)) were determined in both a 5-L OSR and a 3-L stirred-tank bioreactor (STR). The two cultivation systems had a similar mixing intensity, but the STR had a lower volumetric mass transfer coefficient of @entity26 (k(L)a) and a higher P(V) than the OSR. Recombinant @entity3569 expressing either @entity5 necrosis factor receptor as an Fc fusion protein (TNFR:Fc) or an anti-RhesusD monoclonal antibody were cultivated in the two systems. The 5-L OSR was operated in an incubator shaker with 5% @entity515 in the gas environment but without pH and DO control whereas the STR was operated with or without pH and DO control. Higher cell densities and recombinant protein titers were obtained in the OSR as compared to both the controlled and the non-controlled STRs. To test the reproducibility of a bioprocess in a non-controlled OSR, the two @entity3569 were each cultivated in parallel in six 5-L OSRs. Similar cell densities, cell viabilities, and recombinant protein titers along with similar pH and DO profiles were achieved in each group of replicates. Our study demonstrated that bioprocesses can be performed in OSRs without pH or DO control in a highly reproducible manner, at least at the scale of operation studied here.

title: Efficient and reproducible XXXX cell bioprocesses without probes and controllers?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity3569 :: ('10029', 'Species') :: ['CHO cell lines']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity358 in @entity1 with @entity465 ( @entity1112 [ @entity1112 ] and @entity6078 [ @entity6078 ]). METHODS: Thirty @entity1 over six years of age regularly followed in a reference out- @entity1 clinic on @entity465 were studied. All of them have been treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement therapy. @entity358 were evaluated analysing clinical data (medical records review), lung function test (spirometry) and pulmonary imaging (chest computed tomography [CCT]). RESULTS: @entity1 with normal CCT (N = 14) and those with abnormal CCT (N = 16) have shown no differences regarding the age at onset of symptoms, age of diagnosis, and duration of IVIG treatment. The mean number of @entity55 episodes before IVIG replacement was significantly higher among @entity1 with abnormal CCT (4 vs 7 episodes, p = 0.008). @entity764 observed in 16 @entity1 were: bronchiectasis (12/16); peribronchial thickening (3/16); air trapping (5/16); lung volume reduction (4/16); atelectasis (2/16), @entity5924 and ground-glass abnormality (2/16) and parenchyma nodule (1/16). Lung function tests showed ventilatory disturbance in 18/30: obstructive pattern in 38.8%, restrictive pattern in 44.4%, and mix pattern in 16.7%. There were no significant differences in lung function between those with and without @entity764 . Negative significant correlations were observed between lung function and number of episodes of @entity55 . Chronic persistent cough was associated with a @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity358 are not rare in patients with antibody deficiencies and they must be monitored.

title: XXXX in patients with antibody deficiency.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity6078 :: ('MESH:D017074', 'Disease') :: ['common variable immunodeficiency', 'CVID']

entities_list: @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ['XLA', 'X-linked agammaglobulinaemia']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['primary immunodeficiency', 'primary antibody deficiency']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary complications', 'pulmonary complications', 'reduction in lung function']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['CCT abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity5924 :: ('MESH:D001988', 'Disease') :: ['follicular bronchiolitis']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary complications']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1320 ( @entity1320 ) is a valuable predictor of @entity65 . However, neither reference values nor determinants are known in @entity1 . METHODS: @entity1320 was assessed as sonographically measured intra-abdominal depth in 1,046 @entity1 [median age 7.6 years, interquartile range (IQR) 7.2-7.9; 54% @entity1 ] of the URMEL-ICE study. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient for intraobserver agreement was 0.93. The median @entity1320 showed a significant gender difference ( @entity1 : 54.6 mm, IQR 50.1-59.3, vs. @entity1 : 51.7 mm, IQR 46.3-56.4; p < 0.001). Age- and gender-specific centiles were generated. @entity1320 showed a positive correlation to systolic blood pressure [regression coefficient (b) = 0.24 mm Hg/mm; p < 0.001] and a negative correlation to HDL @entity165 (b = -0.01 mmol/l/mm; p < 0.001). @entity1320 showed a positive association with increased paternal and maternal BMI (b = 0.28 mm/kg/m(2) and 0.27 mm/kg/m(2); p < 0.001), increased @entity1017 in the first 2 years of life (b = 3.04 mm; p < 0.001), and maternal @entity287 during pregnancy (b = 2.4 mm; p = 0.001). Increased parental education was negatively associated with @entity1320 (maternal: b = -0.65 mm/degree; p = 0.004, and paternal: b = -0.61 mm/degree; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Sonography was a reliable tool to estimate @entity1320 . Factors influencing @entity1320 included rapid @entity1 @entity1017 , smoking during pregnancy, and parental BMI and education. Since @entity1320 showed an association with cardiovascular risk factors even in prepubertal @entity1 , it might become a valuable predictor of @entity65 .

title: Reference values and early determinants of intra-abdominal fat mass in primary school XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['Intra-abdominal fat', 'IAF']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular vulnerability', 'cardiovascular morbidity']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We reviewed our institution's experience in treating soft tissue @entity242 of the extremity to identify factors associated with local recurrence, @entity3 , and overall survival, to identify @entity1 who may benefit from intensification of therapy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for @entity1 who underwent both limb-sparing surgery and external beam radiotherapy for extremity @entity242 . Those who had gross @entity66 or who presented with recurrent or metastatic disease were excluded. The Kaplan-Meier product limit and multivariate Cox regression were used to estimate local failure-free probability, distant failure-free probability, and overall survival along with associations with @entity1 , @entity5 , and treatment characteristics. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-eight @entity1 were included in the analysis. Twenty-five (13%) and 46 (24%) experienced local and distant recurrence, respectively. @entity1 with high/intermediate-grade @entity5 [hazard ratio (HR)=5.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27-24.89, P=0.023] or with multifocally positive margins (HR=4.27, 95% CI: 1.20-15.24, P=0.026) were more likely to fail locally. Those with a preceding local recurrence (HR=8.58, 95% CI: 3.87-19.04, P<0.0001), high/intermediate-grade @entity5 (HR=5.68, 95% CI: 1.28-25.25, P=0.023), or no secondary reexcision (HR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.09-5.74, P=0.031) were more likely to develop @entity3 . @entity1 with local recurrence (HR=3.6, 95% CI: 1.77-7.29, P<0.001), @entity3 (HR=16.0, 95% CI: 7.93-32.31, P<0.0001), or without secondary reexcision (HR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.27-8.09, P=0.014) had decreased overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 whose @entity5 grade or margin status put them at high risk for local failure should be considered for intensification of therapy. Those with a local recurrence should be considered for increased surveillance or systemic therapy, as local failure is associated with subsequent @entity3 and decreased survival.

title: Risk factors for local recurrence and XXXX in soft tissue @entity242 of the extremity.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We reviewed our institution's experience in treating soft tissue @entity242 of the extremity to identify factors associated with local recurrence, @entity3 , and overall survival, to identify @entity1 who may benefit from intensification of therapy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for @entity1 who underwent both limb-sparing surgery and external beam radiotherapy for extremity @entity242 . Those who had gross @entity66 or who presented with recurrent or metastatic disease were excluded. The Kaplan-Meier product limit and multivariate Cox regression were used to estimate local failure-free probability, distant failure-free probability, and overall survival along with associations with @entity1 , @entity5 , and treatment characteristics. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-eight @entity1 were included in the analysis. Twenty-five (13%) and 46 (24%) experienced local and distant recurrence, respectively. @entity1 with high/intermediate-grade @entity5 [hazard ratio (HR)=5.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27-24.89, P=0.023] or with multifocally positive margins (HR=4.27, 95% CI: 1.20-15.24, P=0.026) were more likely to fail locally. Those with a preceding local recurrence (HR=8.58, 95% CI: 3.87-19.04, P<0.0001), high/intermediate-grade @entity5 (HR=5.68, 95% CI: 1.28-25.25, P=0.023), or no secondary reexcision (HR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.09-5.74, P=0.031) were more likely to develop @entity3 . @entity1 with local recurrence (HR=3.6, 95% CI: 1.77-7.29, P<0.001), @entity3 (HR=16.0, 95% CI: 7.93-32.31, P<0.0001), or without secondary reexcision (HR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.27-8.09, P=0.014) had decreased overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 whose @entity5 grade or margin status put them at high risk for local failure should be considered for intensification of therapy. Those with a local recurrence should be considered for increased surveillance or systemic therapy, as local failure is associated with subsequent @entity3 and decreased survival.

title: Risk factors for local recurrence and @entity3 in soft tissue XXXX of the extremity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcomas']


abstract: An understanding of interaction of nanomaterials with living systems is fundamental to address nanosafety issues, which, in turn will dictate the future prospects of nanomedicine. Herein, we examine the molecular effects of uptake of @entity3703 ( @entity13528 ) Nanocrystals (MNC) using a transcriptomics approach. The uptake of MNC was studied by electron microscopy. This was followed by transcriptional profiling using whole genome microarrays, functional analysis of microarray data, real time PCR and biochemical assay for @entity8187 . Transcriptional profiling revealed 69 genes to be differentially expressed upon MNC treatment. Many of these genes are associated with TGF-beta signaling and include @entity13863 , @entity29096 , @entity22236 , @entity8187 , @entity14607 and @entity8110 , which are important negative regulators of signaling pathways involved in development and tumorigenesis. Moreover, upon treatment with MNC, expression of @entity8187 was also found to decrease in a dose dependent manner. This approach could help us to identify specific effects of MNC upon cells and give us simultaneous clues about their biocompatibility and therapeutic potential. The MNC can specifically interfere with TGF-beta signaling by inhibiting the expression of ID and SMAD genes. As TGF-beta signaling invokes different responses in undifferentiated cells and adult tissues in a cell-type specific manner, our findings have far reaching implications in cellular development, differentiation and @entity5 .

title: XXXX ( @entity13528 ) nanocrystals affect the expression of genes involved in the TGF-beta signalling pathway.

entities_list: @entity3703 :: ('MESH:D052203', 'Chemical') :: ['Magnetite']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity3703 :: (MESH:D052203,Chemical) :: ['Magnetite']


abstract: An understanding of interaction of nanomaterials with living systems is fundamental to address nanosafety issues, which, in turn will dictate the future prospects of nanomedicine. Herein, we examine the molecular effects of uptake of @entity3703 ( @entity13528 ) Nanocrystals (MNC) using a transcriptomics approach. The uptake of MNC was studied by electron microscopy. This was followed by transcriptional profiling using whole genome microarrays, functional analysis of microarray data, real time PCR and biochemical assay for @entity8187 . Transcriptional profiling revealed 69 genes to be differentially expressed upon MNC treatment. Many of these genes are associated with TGF-beta signaling and include @entity13863 , @entity29096 , @entity22236 , @entity8187 , @entity14607 and @entity8110 , which are important negative regulators of signaling pathways involved in development and tumorigenesis. Moreover, upon treatment with MNC, expression of @entity8187 was also found to decrease in a dose dependent manner. This approach could help us to identify specific effects of MNC upon cells and give us simultaneous clues about their biocompatibility and therapeutic potential. The MNC can specifically interfere with TGF-beta signaling by inhibiting the expression of ID and SMAD genes. As TGF-beta signaling invokes different responses in undifferentiated cells and adult tissues in a cell-type specific manner, our findings have far reaching implications in cellular development, differentiation and @entity5 .

title: @entity3703 ( XXXX ) nanocrystals affect the expression of genes involved in the TGF-beta signalling pathway.

answer: @entity13528 :: (CHEBI:50821,Chemical) :: ['Fe3O4']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation can be used to replace @entity4713 ( @entity4713 ) with single bulk osteochondral graft. While limited studies report improvement of function, improvement in quality of life and radiographic durability is unknown. QUESTIONS/PURPOSE: We therefore determined if this technique improved function, increased quality of life, and provided durable graft stability radiographically and by MRI. @entity1 AND METHODS: We prospectively followed 19 @entity1 (19 @entity4713 ). We excluded seven @entity1 (four with insufficient followup, two who were lost to followup, and one with graft failure), leaving 12 @entity1 with a minimum followup of 2 years (average, 3.3 years; range, 2.0-4.6 years). Functional and quality of life outcomes were quantified using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and the SF-12 Health Survey. Graft incorporation and stability were assessed through radiographs and MRI. RESULTS: Mean total AOFAS scores (61  9 to 79  6), @entity158 subscores (17  8 versus 26  5), and function subscores (34  3 versus 42  4) improved from preoperatively to last followup. We observed no improvements of the physical and mental health components of the SF-12 Health Survey from preoperatively to last followup. At last followup, three of the 12 grafts had radiolucencies, four had @entity4 , one failed to incorporate, and none had subsidence. One of the 19 @entity1 in the overall series underwent graft revision. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity4713 can expect functional improvement after this technique. The majority will have stable grafts at least short term. Larger studies with longer followup are needed to determine if this procedure substantially improves quality of life, if graft radiolucencies and @entity4 have any long-term implications, and whether the grafts are durable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

title: Does fresh XXXX improve function?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4713 :: ('MESH:D010007', 'Disease') :: ['talar OCDs', 'talar osteochondral defects', 'OCDs']

answer: @entity4713 :: (MESH:D010007,Disease) :: ['osteochondral allograft transplantation of talar osteochondral defects']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The spinal canal @entity850 is a common disease in elderly. The thecal sac narrowing is considered as the anatomical cause for the disease. There is evidence that the anatomical proportions of the lumbar spinal canal are influenced by postural changes. The liquor volume shift during these postural changes is a valuable parameter to estimate the dynamic qualities of this disease. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this @entity1 cadaver study was the determination of intrathecal fluid volume changes during the lumbar flexion and the extension. A special measuring device was designed and built for the study to investigate this issue under controlled conditions. METHODS: The measuring apparatus fixed the lumbar spine firmly and allowed only flexion and extension. The dural sac was closed water tight. The in vitro changes of the intrathecal volumes during the motion cycle were determined according to the principle of communicating vessels. Thirteen @entity1 cadaver spines from the Institute of Anatomy were examined in a test setting with a continuous adjustment of motion. The diagnosis of the @entity2649 was confirmed by a positive computer tomography prior testing. The volume changes during flexion and extension cycles were measured stepwise in a 2 degree distance between 18   flexion and 18   extension. Three complete series of measurements were performed for each cadaver. RESULTS: Two specimens were excluded because of fluid leaks from further investigation. The flexion of the lumbar spine resulted in an intrathecal volume increase. The maximum volume effects were seen in the early flexion positions of 2   and 4  . The spine reclination resulted in a @entity353 . The maximum extension effect was seen between 14   and 16  . CONCLUSION: According to our results, remarkable volume effects were seen in the early movements of the lumbar spine especially for the flexion. The results support the concept of the @entity612 as a dynamic disease and allow a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this nosological entity. Under clinical aspects our data support the value of a body upright position under avoiding of extended spinal inclination and reclination.

title: Intrathecal volume changes in lumbar spinal canal XXXX following extension and flexion: An experimental cadaver study.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['volume reduction']

entities_list: @entity612 :: ('MESH:D013130', 'Disease') :: ['spinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar spinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) appear to offer many benefits for the treatment of @entity5 and in @entity706 (1). They are natural products that can be made with precise specificity and in almost unlimited amounts. In addition, mAbs can be selected or engineered to efficiently recruit the body's effector systems, such as complement and natural killer cells, against the unwanted cells in much the same way as they might destroy an invading pathogen. Unfortunately, progress in the clinic has been slow, and the cytotoxic activity achieved with mAb in vitro has failed to be transferred into @entity1 . Despite this rather disappointing outcome, recent results in treating @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) and @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) with anti- @entity2225 and anti- @entity7638 (CAMPATH 1) mAb suggest, at least for certain @entity5 , that the situation may be changing (2,3). Stevenson and colleagues (personal communication) have recently achieved more than 70% complete responses in @entity706 treated with a chimeric anti- @entity2225 mAb, and Maloney and co-workers (2) recently reported a 50% response rate in relapsed, low-grade, @entity1893 , with a 10---11 mo duration. Encouragingly, @entity1 in these studies did not raise antibody responses to the treatment anti- @entity2225 mAb and, unlike the situation following therapy in @entity706 with anti-idiotype (Id) mAb, the emergence of antigen-negative @entity5 has not been seen (4). To underline its clinical success, anti- @entity2225 mAb (Rituximab) has now become the first anticancer mAb to become licensed by the FDA for @entity706 treatment. One of the most encouraging aspects of Rituximab treatment is that, in addition to its therapeutic activity, which appears to match that of more conventional chemotherapy in a similar setting, it has very few adverse effects and can be given to @entity1 who are in poor condition with @entity1442 . Early experience suggests that it will be this lack of adverse effects that will be its most attractive feature.

title: The application of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'many lymphomas', 'posttransplant lymphoma', 'particular lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'NHL']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) variability ( @entity15882 ) and vascular endothelial function in a cohort of elderly @entity101 @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 174 elderly @entity1 with essential @entity101 were included in the study. The @entity1 had their office BP measured during the 12-month follow-up. Right brachial artery diameter was assessed at rest, during reactive @entity450 (flow-mediated dilation, @entity4631 ), and after @entity1242 administration ( @entity1242 -mediated dilation, NMD). The @entity1 were divided into two groups according to @entity4631 % or @entity4631 /NMD ratio. The correlations between @entity15882 and endothelial function were analyzed by univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The @entity1 classified as having a decreased endothelial function according to @entity4631 /NMD ratio had significantly lower @entity4631 % and higher @entity15882 and NMD% (P<0.05). The percentage of CCBs use in normal endothelial function group was significantly higher than that in decreased endothelial function group (79.55% vs 63.95%, P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between @entity4631 /NMD ratio and @entity15882 , and this association remained significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, and mean BP levels. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4631 /NMD ratio is a better marker of endothelial function than @entity4631 , and an increased visit-to-visit variability of BP is associated with a decreased endothelial function.

title: [Impact of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability on vascular function in elderly XXXX @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) variability ( @entity15882 ) and vascular endothelial function in a cohort of elderly @entity101 @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 174 elderly @entity1 with essential @entity101 were included in the study. The @entity1 had their office BP measured during the 12-month follow-up. Right brachial artery diameter was assessed at rest, during reactive @entity450 (flow-mediated dilation, @entity4631 ), and after @entity1242 administration ( @entity1242 -mediated dilation, NMD). The @entity1 were divided into two groups according to @entity4631 % or @entity4631 /NMD ratio. The correlations between @entity15882 and endothelial function were analyzed by univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The @entity1 classified as having a decreased endothelial function according to @entity4631 /NMD ratio had significantly lower @entity4631 % and higher @entity15882 and NMD% (P<0.05). The percentage of CCBs use in normal endothelial function group was significantly higher than that in decreased endothelial function group (79.55% vs 63.95%, P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between @entity4631 /NMD ratio and @entity15882 , and this association remained significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, and mean BP levels. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4631 /NMD ratio is a better marker of endothelial function than @entity4631 , and an increased visit-to-visit variability of BP is associated with a decreased endothelial function.

title: [Impact of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability on vascular function in elderly @entity101 XXXX ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Inhibition of intestinal nutrient absorption by the @entity1501 antagonist @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) and the effects of several organic acid drugs and @entity1891 on @entity1500 -induced @entity344 were investigated. Male Swiss-Webster @entity19 received @entity1500 , 25 mg/kg, i.p. once daily for 4 successive days. Using the everted sac technique, the rates of @entity413 and @entity9109 transport were decreased by @entity1500 to 10.9 and 6.3 mumol/g/h from control values of 35.0 and 10.0 mumol/g/h, respectively. @entity20660 , @entity11141 , @entity11464 , or @entity1891 administered simultaneously with @entity1500 , further decreased the rates of @entity413 transport to 3.6, 2.0, 0.8, and 2.6 mumol/g/h, respectively, and the rates of @entity9109 transport to 1.2, 1.9, 0.6 and 0.9 mumol/g/h, respectively. When intestinal sacs from untreated animals were exposed to @entity1500 (10(-3) M) on the serosal side only, the drug had no significant effect on the rate of transport of @entity413 or @entity9109 . The rate of @entity880 production in everted intestinal sacs from @entity1500 treated animals decreased to 11.8 from a control value of 30.3 mumol/g/h. Co-administration of @entity11464 with @entity1500 further decreased the rate of @entity880 production to 8.2 mumol/g/h. Body @entity353 caused by @entity1500 treatment (15.0%) was potentiated by the concurrent administration of probenecid (19.4%), @entity2697 (22.4%), @entity11464 (23.0%) or @entity1891 (22.8%). These results demonstrate that @entity1891 and several commonly used organic acid drugs can potentiate the inhibitory effect of @entity1500 on intestinal nutrient absorption. Thus, @entity1500 dosage adjustment may be required in @entity1 receiving such drugs.

title: Potentiation of XXXX -induced @entity344 by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and @entity1891 .

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity2697 :: ('CHEBI:30762', 'Chemical') :: ['salicylate']

entities_list: @entity11141 :: ('MESH:D012980', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium salicylate']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity9109 :: ('CHEBI:17895', 'Chemical') :: ['L-tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity11464 :: ('MESH:D010653', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylbutazone']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['D-glucose']

entities_list: @entity20660 :: ('MESH:D011339', 'Chemical') :: ['Probenecid']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: Inhibition of intestinal nutrient absorption by the @entity1501 antagonist @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) and the effects of several organic acid drugs and @entity1891 on @entity1500 -induced @entity344 were investigated. Male Swiss-Webster @entity19 received @entity1500 , 25 mg/kg, i.p. once daily for 4 successive days. Using the everted sac technique, the rates of @entity413 and @entity9109 transport were decreased by @entity1500 to 10.9 and 6.3 mumol/g/h from control values of 35.0 and 10.0 mumol/g/h, respectively. @entity20660 , @entity11141 , @entity11464 , or @entity1891 administered simultaneously with @entity1500 , further decreased the rates of @entity413 transport to 3.6, 2.0, 0.8, and 2.6 mumol/g/h, respectively, and the rates of @entity9109 transport to 1.2, 1.9, 0.6 and 0.9 mumol/g/h, respectively. When intestinal sacs from untreated animals were exposed to @entity1500 (10(-3) M) on the serosal side only, the drug had no significant effect on the rate of transport of @entity413 or @entity9109 . The rate of @entity880 production in everted intestinal sacs from @entity1500 treated animals decreased to 11.8 from a control value of 30.3 mumol/g/h. Co-administration of @entity11464 with @entity1500 further decreased the rate of @entity880 production to 8.2 mumol/g/h. Body @entity353 caused by @entity1500 treatment (15.0%) was potentiated by the concurrent administration of probenecid (19.4%), @entity2697 (22.4%), @entity11464 (23.0%) or @entity1891 (22.8%). These results demonstrate that @entity1891 and several commonly used organic acid drugs can potentiate the inhibitory effect of @entity1500 on intestinal nutrient absorption. Thus, @entity1500 dosage adjustment may be required in @entity1 receiving such drugs.

title: Potentiation of @entity1499 -induced XXXX by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and @entity1891 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal toxicity']


abstract: Inhibition of intestinal nutrient absorption by the @entity1501 antagonist @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) and the effects of several organic acid drugs and @entity1891 on @entity1500 -induced @entity344 were investigated. Male Swiss-Webster @entity19 received @entity1500 , 25 mg/kg, i.p. once daily for 4 successive days. Using the everted sac technique, the rates of @entity413 and @entity9109 transport were decreased by @entity1500 to 10.9 and 6.3 mumol/g/h from control values of 35.0 and 10.0 mumol/g/h, respectively. @entity20660 , @entity11141 , @entity11464 , or @entity1891 administered simultaneously with @entity1500 , further decreased the rates of @entity413 transport to 3.6, 2.0, 0.8, and 2.6 mumol/g/h, respectively, and the rates of @entity9109 transport to 1.2, 1.9, 0.6 and 0.9 mumol/g/h, respectively. When intestinal sacs from untreated animals were exposed to @entity1500 (10(-3) M) on the serosal side only, the drug had no significant effect on the rate of transport of @entity413 or @entity9109 . The rate of @entity880 production in everted intestinal sacs from @entity1500 treated animals decreased to 11.8 from a control value of 30.3 mumol/g/h. Co-administration of @entity11464 with @entity1500 further decreased the rate of @entity880 production to 8.2 mumol/g/h. Body @entity353 caused by @entity1500 treatment (15.0%) was potentiated by the concurrent administration of probenecid (19.4%), @entity2697 (22.4%), @entity11464 (23.0%) or @entity1891 (22.8%). These results demonstrate that @entity1891 and several commonly used organic acid drugs can potentiate the inhibitory effect of @entity1500 on intestinal nutrient absorption. Thus, @entity1500 dosage adjustment may be required in @entity1 receiving such drugs.

title: Potentiation of @entity1499 -induced @entity344 by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and XXXX .

answer: @entity1891 :: (MESH:D014750,Chemical) :: ['vincristine']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Computer-aided diagnosis of @entity1489 requires accurate lesion segmentation, which must overcome noise such as hair, skin color variations, and ambient light variability. METHODS: A biologically inspired geodesic active contour (GAC) technique is used for lesion segmentation. The algorithm presented here employs automatic contour initialization close to the actual lesion boundary, overcoming the 'sticking' at minimum local energy spots caused by noise artifacts such as hair. The border is significantly smoothed to mimic natural lesions. In addition, features that mimic biological parameters include spectral image subtraction and removal of peninsulas and inlets. Multiple boundary choices borders are created by parameter options used at different steps. These choices can allow future improvement over the basic default border. RESULTS: The basic GAC algorithm was tested on 100 images (30 @entity320 and 70 benign lesions), yielding a median @entity45281 border error of 6.7%, comparable to the median inter-dermatologist @entity45281 border error (7.4%), and lower than the gradient vector flow snake median @entity45281 error of 14.2% on the same image set. On a difficult low-contrast border set of 1238 images, which included 350 non-melanocytic lesions, a median @entity45281 error of 23.9% is obtained. CONCLUSION: GAC techniques show promise in attaining the goal of @entity272 segmentation.

title: Biologically inspired XXXX segmentation using a geodesic active contour technique.

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['automatic skin lesion']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanomas']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin lesion']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 3B (rAAV3B) can transduce cultured @entity1 @entity96 cells and primary @entity1 hepatocytes efficiently. @entity563 (S)- and @entity1889 (T)-directed capsid modifications further augment its transduction efficiency. Systemically delivered capsid-optimized rAAV3B vectors can specifically target @entity5 cells in a @entity1 @entity96 xenograft model, suggesting their potential use for @entity1 liver-directed gene therapy. Here, we compared transduction efficiencies of @entity21481 B and AAV8 vectors in cultured primary @entity1 hepatocytes and @entity5 cells as well as in @entity1 and @entity19 hepatocytes in a @entity1 liver xenograft NSG-PiZ @entity19 model. We also examined the safety and transduction efficacy of @entity164 ( @entity164 ) and capsid-optimized rAAV3B in the livers of nonhuman primates (NHPs). Intravenously delivered @entity73274 + @entity73275 (ST)-modified self-complementary (sc) @entity21481 B-EGFP vectors led to liver-targeted robust enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) expression in NHPs without apparent hepatotoxicity. Intravenous injections of both @entity164 and ST-modified rAAV3B.ST-rhCG vectors also generated stable super-physiological levels of rhesus chorionic gonadotropin (rhCG) in NHPs. The vector genome predominantly targeted the liver. Clinical chemistry and histopathology examinations showed no apparent vector-related @entity137 . Our studies should be important and informative for clinical development of optimized @entity21481 B vectors for @entity1 liver-directed gene therapy.Molecular Therapy (2015); doi:10.1038/mt.2015.174.

title: Efficient and Targeted Transduction of Nonhuman Primate Liver With Systemically Delivered Optimized XXXX B Vectors.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['Serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity21481 :: (57579,Species) :: ['AAV3']


abstract: Developmental expression of the @entity4986 gene 4521 requires extracellular A-signal. This signal is generated in response to nutrient limitation and functions in cell density sensing. To identify the upstream limit of the minimum region required in vivo for A-signal-dependent 4521 expression, a 5' deletion analysis of the 4521 regulatory region was performed. A new vector, pHBK280, was designed to facilitate this analysis. This vector creates tandem copies of the 4521 gene in the @entity4986 chromosome, such that the regulatory region to be tested is upstream of a single copy of the lacZ reporter gene. The 5' deletion analysis revealed that at most, 146 bp of DNA upstream of the @entity1021 ( @entity1021 ) was required for full developmental expression of 4521. Basal expression levels were observed with constructions containing 90 bp of DNA upstream of the @entity1021 . In vitro gel retardation assays revealed that DNA fragments with 5' ends of 146 and 125 bp upstream of the @entity1021 and a common 3' end of +24 bp were retarded in their mobility after incubation with all of the @entity4986 developmental crude cell extracts tested. In contrast, a fragment starting at 90 bp upstream of the @entity1021 and ending at +24 bp was not retarded in its mobility after incubation with the same cell extracts. These in vivo and in vitro data suggest that cis-acting elements located between 146 and 90 bp upstream of the @entity1021 serve as binding sites for one or more trans-acting regulatory factors required for 4521 developmental expression.

title: Identification of the minimum regulatory region of a XXXX A-signal-dependent developmental gene.

entities_list: @entity4986 :: ('34', 'Species') :: ['Myxococcus xanthus', 'M. xanthus']

entities_list: @entity1021 :: ('MESH:D020922', 'Disease') :: ['transcription start site', 'TSS']

answer: @entity4986 :: (34,Species) :: ['Myxococcus xanthus']


abstract: The bioavailability and diuretic effect of @entity1483 40 mg administered orally for at least 6 months have been compared in @entity1 with @entity1576 and in healthy controls. The mean urinary recovery of unchanged drug was 11.5 mg and 9.41 mg in 24 h after pre- and postprandial administration to 10 @entity1 , whereas the recovery was 14.4 mg in 10 healthy subjects. The diuretic effect, in terms of urine flow and @entity1372 ion excretion in the 6 h after administration, was also less in @entity1 than in healthy subjects. This was ascribed to the lower bioavailability of @entity1483 in @entity1 , based on the urinary recovery of unchanged drug, and not to a lower level of response to @entity1483 than in healthy subjects. The mean absolute bioavailability of @entity1483 in 6 @entity1 was 41.3% and 63.4%, respectively, calculated from unchanged drug and total drug (unchanged plus glucuronide conjugate). Approximately 53.9% of the dose of @entity1483 was excreted as the glucuronide conjugate after oral administration, and 34.2% after i.v. injection in the 6 @entity1 . In 3 of the 6 @entity1 studied, a distinct first-pass effect for glucuronidation of @entity1483 was observed after oral administration. In another study, the mean glucuronide fraction recovered in 24-h urine was 20.7% and 7.3% (p less than 0.01) in 38 @entity1 and 12 healthy subjects, respectively. The fraction in urine was not affected by changing the dose of @entity1483 from 20 to 120 mg. The lower bioavailability in @entity1 as compared to healthy subjects is ascribed to enhanced glucuronidation and incomplete drug absorption.

title: Bioavailability and diuretic effect of @entity1483 during long-term treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['chronic respiratory failure']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['chronic respiratory failure']


abstract: The bioavailability and diuretic effect of @entity1483 40 mg administered orally for at least 6 months have been compared in @entity1 with @entity1576 and in healthy controls. The mean urinary recovery of unchanged drug was 11.5 mg and 9.41 mg in 24 h after pre- and postprandial administration to 10 @entity1 , whereas the recovery was 14.4 mg in 10 healthy subjects. The diuretic effect, in terms of urine flow and @entity1372 ion excretion in the 6 h after administration, was also less in @entity1 than in healthy subjects. This was ascribed to the lower bioavailability of @entity1483 in @entity1 , based on the urinary recovery of unchanged drug, and not to a lower level of response to @entity1483 than in healthy subjects. The mean absolute bioavailability of @entity1483 in 6 @entity1 was 41.3% and 63.4%, respectively, calculated from unchanged drug and total drug (unchanged plus glucuronide conjugate). Approximately 53.9% of the dose of @entity1483 was excreted as the glucuronide conjugate after oral administration, and 34.2% after i.v. injection in the 6 @entity1 . In 3 of the 6 @entity1 studied, a distinct first-pass effect for glucuronidation of @entity1483 was observed after oral administration. In another study, the mean glucuronide fraction recovered in 24-h urine was 20.7% and 7.3% (p less than 0.01) in 38 @entity1 and 12 healthy subjects, respectively. The fraction in urine was not affected by changing the dose of @entity1483 from 20 to 120 mg. The lower bioavailability in @entity1 as compared to healthy subjects is ascribed to enhanced glucuronidation and incomplete drug absorption.

title: Bioavailability and diuretic effect of XXXX during long-term treatment of @entity1576 .

answer: @entity1483 :: (MESH:D005665,Chemical) :: ['furosemide']


abstract: Clinico-pathological and parasitological studies have been performed on spontaneous and experimental @entity7843 in @entity840 . Among 11,244 Hartley @entity840 purchased from suppliers during 1968, 410 (3.6%) of the animals had @entity294 due to @entity7843 . The incidence rate was high in the spring and fall with a mortality rate of 14.4 per cent. A particularly high number of fatal cases were found in the spring. In experimentally induced @entity7843 , clinical signs observed were @entity294 , @entity2700 , @entity353 and @entity204 . The @entity294 developed in all animals on the eleventh day after @entity281 and continued for one to five days. Food and water intakes were markedly reduced after the appearance of @entity294 , followed by @entity448 and @entity2700 . Correlating with the appearance of @entity294 was a striking drop in body weight of the @entity840 . Death usually occurred on the third to fifth day after the onset of @entity294 . The mortality rate was 30 per cent. The major macroscopic findings were characterized by a markedly thickened wall from the ascending to the descending colon and gelatinous @entity4 of the mesenterium of the spiral of the ascending colon. Histologically, there was marked @entity1373 of the mucosal epithelium in the colon and numerous coccidia at different stages of development within the mucus membrane. In the advanced stages of the disease, there was degeneration and desquamation of the epithelia, marked @entity4 of neutrophil leukocytes and lymphocytes into the lamina propria and submucosa, many oocysts in the lumen of the intestine and in the intestinal glands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Studies on XXXX in @entity840 . 1. Clinico-pathological observation].

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'edematous change and infiltration']

entities_list: @entity7843 :: ('MESH:D003048', 'Disease') :: ['coccidiosis']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity7843 :: (MESH:D003048,Disease) :: ['coccidiosis']


abstract: Clinico-pathological and parasitological studies have been performed on spontaneous and experimental @entity7843 in @entity840 . Among 11,244 Hartley @entity840 purchased from suppliers during 1968, 410 (3.6%) of the animals had @entity294 due to @entity7843 . The incidence rate was high in the spring and fall with a mortality rate of 14.4 per cent. A particularly high number of fatal cases were found in the spring. In experimentally induced @entity7843 , clinical signs observed were @entity294 , @entity2700 , @entity353 and @entity204 . The @entity294 developed in all animals on the eleventh day after @entity281 and continued for one to five days. Food and water intakes were markedly reduced after the appearance of @entity294 , followed by @entity448 and @entity2700 . Correlating with the appearance of @entity294 was a striking drop in body weight of the @entity840 . Death usually occurred on the third to fifth day after the onset of @entity294 . The mortality rate was 30 per cent. The major macroscopic findings were characterized by a markedly thickened wall from the ascending to the descending colon and gelatinous @entity4 of the mesenterium of the spiral of the ascending colon. Histologically, there was marked @entity1373 of the mucosal epithelium in the colon and numerous coccidia at different stages of development within the mucus membrane. In the advanced stages of the disease, there was degeneration and desquamation of the epithelia, marked @entity4 of neutrophil leukocytes and lymphocytes into the lamina propria and submucosa, many oocysts in the lumen of the intestine and in the intestinal glands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Studies on @entity7843 in XXXX . 1. Clinico-pathological observation].

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pigs']


abstract: Zymosan--a non-specific macrophage-stimulating agent--reduces @entity5 take in the liver. The mechanism for this effect is not clear, but it may be mediated via the Kupffer cells and @entity2918 . On the other hand, the Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor, @entity3352 , inhibits @entity5 growth. Pretreatment with @entity31156 (3 mg 100 g-1) for 3 days of two different strains of @entity35 , inoculated in the liver with a @entity157 or an @entity420 cell suspension respectively, reduced @entity5 take and also initial @entity5 growth. The effect on @entity5 take and initial growth was inhibited by concomitant administration of @entity3352 (0.2 mg 100 g-1). When zymosan was administered after @entity5 cell inoculation the growth rate of the @entity157 was retarded, but this effect was not abrogated by @entity3352 . Pretreatment with @entity3352 had no significant effect on @entity5 take or initial growth. When given after the @entity5 was established in the liver, @entity3352 reduced the growth rate of the @entity157 , but not of the @entity420 . These results suggest that there are different mechanisms for the effects of zymosan on @entity5 take and on growth of an established @entity5 . In immunoincompetent @entity19 the effect on the @entity157 was similar to the effect in the @entity35 . In vitro both @entity5 were insensitive to zymosan and @entity3352 . This study confirms that pretreatment with a non-specific macrophage stimulator (zymosan) diminishes @entity5 take and growth in the liver, that the effect of zymosan on @entity5 take in the liver is abrogated by @entity3352 and that the zymosan effect on @entity5 take in the liver is at least partly mediated by the Kupffer cells and @entity2918 .

title: Influence of zymosan (a non-specific macrophage stimulator) and of XXXX on liver tumours--an experimental study in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity3352 :: (MESH:D007213,Chemical) :: ['indomethacin']


abstract: Zymosan--a non-specific macrophage-stimulating agent--reduces @entity5 take in the liver. The mechanism for this effect is not clear, but it may be mediated via the Kupffer cells and @entity2918 . On the other hand, the Prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitor, @entity3352 , inhibits @entity5 growth. Pretreatment with @entity31156 (3 mg 100 g-1) for 3 days of two different strains of @entity35 , inoculated in the liver with a @entity157 or an @entity420 cell suspension respectively, reduced @entity5 take and also initial @entity5 growth. The effect on @entity5 take and initial growth was inhibited by concomitant administration of @entity3352 (0.2 mg 100 g-1). When zymosan was administered after @entity5 cell inoculation the growth rate of the @entity157 was retarded, but this effect was not abrogated by @entity3352 . Pretreatment with @entity3352 had no significant effect on @entity5 take or initial growth. When given after the @entity5 was established in the liver, @entity3352 reduced the growth rate of the @entity157 , but not of the @entity420 . These results suggest that there are different mechanisms for the effects of zymosan on @entity5 take and on growth of an established @entity5 . In immunoincompetent @entity19 the effect on the @entity157 was similar to the effect in the @entity35 . In vitro both @entity5 were insensitive to zymosan and @entity3352 . This study confirms that pretreatment with a non-specific macrophage stimulator (zymosan) diminishes @entity5 take and growth in the liver, that the effect of zymosan on @entity5 take in the liver is abrogated by @entity3352 and that the zymosan effect on @entity5 take in the liver is at least partly mediated by the Kupffer cells and @entity2918 .

title: Influence of zymosan (a non-specific macrophage stimulator) and of @entity3352 on liver tumours--an experimental study in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity73276 ( @entity435 ) was given po to male and female Fischer 344 @entity35 at dose levels of 10, 25, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, five times a week for a period of 2 weeks. Control animals received distilled water. All animals given intermediate dose levels (10, 25, 75, and 150 mg/kg) and one half of the animals which were dosed at the high dose (300 mg/kg) as well as one half of the controls were terminated 14 days after administration of the first dose. The remaining @entity35 received no treatment for an additional 14 days and were sacrificed on Day 28 of the study (recovery phase). Dose-related decreases in erythrocyte number, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, with an accompanying increase in reticulocytes and circulating nucleated erythrocytes, were observed in both sexes at Day 14. Methemoglobin levels, determined only at the high dose, were elevated in both sexes at this time. @entity381 and @entity382 were observed in both sexes at 14 and 28 days. Histopathological examination of the spleen and bone marrow revealed dose-related @entity1373 at 14 days which subsided by Day 28. The above effects were more pronounced in males. Erythrocyte numbers were only slightly depressed and reticulocytes mildly elevated in males at Day 28. Hematological values were not statistically different from controls in females at this time. These results suggest that @entity435 induces oxidative damage to the erythrocyte, resulting in a @entity5714 accompanied by increased erythropoiesis. The toxic effects appear reversible upon cessation of exposure.

title: Toxicity of XXXX . I. Hematotoxicity following subacute exposure in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity73276 :: ('MESH:C044686', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclohexanone oxime']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['erythroid hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity381 :: ('MESH:D013163', 'Disease') :: ['Splenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity5714 :: ('MESH:D000743', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity382 :: ('MESH:D006529', 'Disease') :: ['hepatomegaly']

answer: @entity73276 :: (MESH:C044686,Chemical) :: ['cyclohexanone oxime']


abstract: @entity73276 ( @entity435 ) was given po to male and female Fischer 344 @entity35 at dose levels of 10, 25, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, five times a week for a period of 2 weeks. Control animals received distilled water. All animals given intermediate dose levels (10, 25, 75, and 150 mg/kg) and one half of the animals which were dosed at the high dose (300 mg/kg) as well as one half of the controls were terminated 14 days after administration of the first dose. The remaining @entity35 received no treatment for an additional 14 days and were sacrificed on Day 28 of the study (recovery phase). Dose-related decreases in erythrocyte number, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, with an accompanying increase in reticulocytes and circulating nucleated erythrocytes, were observed in both sexes at Day 14. Methemoglobin levels, determined only at the high dose, were elevated in both sexes at this time. @entity381 and @entity382 were observed in both sexes at 14 and 28 days. Histopathological examination of the spleen and bone marrow revealed dose-related @entity1373 at 14 days which subsided by Day 28. The above effects were more pronounced in males. Erythrocyte numbers were only slightly depressed and reticulocytes mildly elevated in males at Day 28. Hematological values were not statistically different from controls in females at this time. These results suggest that @entity435 induces oxidative damage to the erythrocyte, resulting in a @entity5714 accompanied by increased erythropoiesis. The toxic effects appear reversible upon cessation of exposure.

title: Toxicity of @entity73276 . I. Hematotoxicity following subacute exposure in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We report our experience with add-on clobazam therapy over a 5-year period in 63 @entity1 with @entity302 . The mean duration of @entity302 was 6.7 years. @entity1 were followed for 15 to 64 months. Of 63 @entity1 , 57 were developmentally delayed, and 54 had a symptomatic/cryptogenic @entity302 . Forty-one percent became either @entity410 free or had a greater than 90% reduction in @entity410 frequency. @entity410 frequency was reduced 50% to 90% in another 24%. The average daily dose of clobazam was 0.8 mg/kg. Thirty-five percent had the medication withdrawn for persistent or unacceptable side effects or the development of tolerance (seven @entity1 ). Side effects included severe @entity146 outbursts, @entity2915 , @entity22 , and @entity308 with suicidal ideation. Clobazam is a useful add-on medication for 65% of @entity1 with @entity302 . Clinical utility may be limited by behavioral side effects in some @entity1 .

title: Clobazam for intractable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['refractory epilepsy', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['pediatric epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several cationic polymers exhibit a useful antimicrobial property, however the structure-activity relationship still requires a more complete investigation. The main objective of this work is the comparison between the antimicrobial activity and @entity137 of free and immobilized @entity10069 ( @entity27704 ) in biocompatible @entity4625 ( @entity4625 ) nanoparticles (NPs). RESULTS: NPs synthesis by emulsion polymerization is performed over a range of [ @entity27704 ] at two @entity3677 ( @entity15745 ) concentrations. The @entity4625 / @entity27704 dispersions are characterized by dynamic light-scattering for sizing, polydispersity and zeta-potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), plating plus colony forming unities (CFU) counting for determination of the minimal microbicidal concentrations (MMC) against @entity526 , @entity794 and @entity5132 and @entity2142 evaluation against @entity1 erythrocytes. There is a high colloidal stability for the cationic @entity4625 / @entity27704 NPs over a range of [ @entity27704 ]. NPs diverse antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms reduces cell viability by eight-logs ( @entity526 ), seven-logs ( @entity794 ) or two-logs ( @entity5132 ). The NPs completely kill @entity526 over a range of [ @entity27704 ] that are innocuous to the erythrocytes. Free @entity27704 antimicrobial activity is higher than the one observed for @entity27704 in the NPs. There is no @entity27704 induced- @entity2142 at the MMC in contrast to the hemolytic effect of immobilized @entity27704 in the NPs. @entity2142 is higher than 15  % for immobilized @entity27704 at the MMC for @entity794 and @entity5132 . CONCLUSIONS: The mobility of the cationic antimicrobial polymer @entity27704 determines its access to the inner layers of the cell wall and the cell membrane, the major sites of @entity27704 antimicrobial action. @entity27704 freedom does matter for determining the antimicrobial activity at low @entity27704 concentrations and absence of @entity2142 .

title: The antimicrobial activity of free and immobilized XXXX in nanoparticles of @entity4625 .

entities_list: @entity4625 :: ('MESH:D019904', 'Chemical') :: ['poly (methylmethacrylate)', 'PMMA']

entities_list: @entity10069 :: ('MESH:C041004', 'Chemical') :: ['poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity3677 :: ('MESH:D020366', 'Chemical') :: ['methylmethacrylate']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis', 'Hemolysis']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity10069 :: (MESH:C041004,Chemical) :: ['poly (diallyldimethylammonium) chloride']