abstract: To determine the regional accuracy of computed tomography of the mediastinum in staging @entity2 , we compared the results of preoperative computed tomographic staging to pathologic findings in lymph nodes taken at mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy in 61 @entity1 . Twenty-two @entity1 had @entity420 , 24 had @entity957 , eight had large cell @entity5 , and seven had @entity5 or mixed cellular types. Sixteen @entity1 had Stage I, eight had Stage II, and 37 had @entity5 . Thirteen @entity1 had mediastinoscopy only, and the remaining 48 @entity1 had thoracotomy. Computed tomographic staging of the mediastinum as a whole had an accuracy of 88% with a negative predictive index of 96.1%. In examining the differential regional accuracy within the mediastinum we found results in the aortopulmonary window to be inferior to those of other regions, with an accuracy of 80% and a negative predictive index of 83.3%. The reliability of computed tomographic scan staging varied relative to cell type. The accuracy rate in @entity420 was 94.7% compared to 70.6% in @entity957 . Computed tomography is accurate for staging the mediastinum in @entity2 , and this accuracy holds over the regions of the mediastinum except the aortopulmonary window. Computed tomography is more accurate for staging @entity420 than @entity1544 .

title: Regional accuracy of computed tomography of the mediastinum in staging of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stage III disease', 'small cell cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: We conducted research to detect the proteomic profiles in synovial fluid (SF) from @entity626 ( @entity571 ) @entity1 to better understand the pathogenesis and aetiology of @entity571 . Our long-term goal is to identify reliable candidate biomarkers for @entity571 in SF. The SF proteins obtained from 10 knee @entity571 @entity1 and 10 non- @entity571 @entity1 (9 of whom were @entity1 with a @entity130 in the knee; 1 had a discoid meniscus in the knee, and all exhibited intact articular cartilage) were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The repeatability of the obtained protein spots regarding their intensity was tested via triplicate 2-DE of selected samples. The observed protein expression patterns were subjected to statistical analysis, and differentially expressed protein spots were identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI- @entity215 / @entity215 MS). Our analyses showed low intrasample variability and clear intersample variation. Among the protein spots observed on the gels, there were 29 significant differences, of which 22 corresponded to upregulation and 7 to downregulation in the @entity571 group. One of the upregulated protein spots was confirmed to be @entity2104 by mass spectrometry, and the levels of @entity2104 in SF are positively correlated with the severity of @entity571 (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). This study showed that 2-DE could be used under standard conditions to screen SF samples and identify a small subset of proteins in SF that are potential markers associated with @entity571 . Spots of interest identified by mass spectrometry, such as @entity2104 , may be associated with @entity571 severity.

title: Proteomic analysis of synovial fluid as an analytical tool to detect candidate biomarkers for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['meniscus injury']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: The case history of a 38-year-old white housewife, Mrs. T, who was admitted to Touro Infirmary because of hemoptysis is presented. The @entity1 was the mother of 9 @entity1 who began to take oral contraceptives after the eighth @entity1 . On discontinuing this form of prophylaxis, the ninth pregnancy ensued. Following the birth of the ninth baby, the @entity1 resumed oral contraceptives (C-Quens), which she continued until a year before her admission to the hospital. The @entity1 was always obese, and at one time she weighed 266 pounds. There was also a family history of @entity65 . The c linical impression on admission was that the @entity1 had @entity1151 secondary to @entity49 of the left lower extremity. The clinical impression of severe @entity120 was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Because the @entity1 's long-term prognosis was hopeless, early hospital discharge was planned. Mrs. T. had irreversible and extensive @entity16 . Dr. Bice was convinced that oral contraceptives played a significant part in the development of the @entity1 's illness. He noted that oral contraceptives in most cases are apparently safe, but they should be given only to @entity1 who do not exhibit predisposing causes to @entity1031 .

title: Medical Grand Rounds from Touro Infirmary. XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary damage']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: We examined cardiac changes in 8 @entity1 (4 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 , age 21-43 years) with @entity121 proven by skeletal muscle biopsy. Of 8 @entity1 , 4 showed cardiac changes, including 1 with cytoplasmic body @entity121 ( @entity1 1), 2 with minimal change @entity121 ( @entity1 2 and 3) and 1 with @entity121 ( @entity1 4). @entity1 1 and 2 showed @entity5988 with severe @entity2026 of left ventricular wall. These clinical features were quite similar to those of @entity384 and the @entity1 were in NYHA class 3 or 4. @entity1 3 had severe @entity339 with @entity3454 . This @entity1 also had a persistent @entity4264 and @entity509 of the aorta, and her cardiac function was in NYHA class 3. @entity1 4 showed moderate @entity1002 but the left ventricle was not dilated. This @entity1 also had sino-atrial block and type A @entity3153 . His cardiac function was NYHA class 1. In conclusion, various types of @entity121 are associated with cardiac changes which can result in severe @entity712 .

title: Cardiac involvement in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4264 :: ('MESH:D013479', 'Disease') :: ['left superior vena cava']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity5988 :: ('MESH:C565277', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dilatation']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity3454 :: ('MESH:D008945', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve prolapse']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity2026 :: ('MESH:D001037', 'Disease') :: ['global hypokinesis']

entities_list: @entity3153 :: ('MESH:D014927', 'Disease') :: ['Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathy', 'congenital myopathy', 'nemaline myopathy']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['global left ventricular hypokinesis']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['congenital myopathy']


abstract: @entity4258 is an antibacterial drug chiefly eliminated by the kidney and therefore useful in the treatment of @entity293 . To study its pharmacokinetics in @entity177 , we administered a single oral dose of 400 mg to 14 @entity1 and 6 controls with normal renal function. @entity1 were divided into three groups according to the severity of @entity177 . @entity4258 was measured in serum and urine by bioassay. Serum half-life in controls was 3.87 hours and prolonged to 5.85 hours in group I ( @entity1011 clearance 80-45 ml/min), 7.25 hours (p less than 0.05) in group II ( @entity1011 clearance 44-20 ml/min) and 8.34 hours (p less than 0.01) in group III @entity1 ( @entity1011 clearance less than 20 ml/min). A good linear correlation between the elimination rate constant and @entity1011 clearance (r = 0.79, p less than 0.01) has been found. Total urinary excretion in the 72 hour period after administration achieves 40.4% in controls, falls to 23.5% (p less than 0.05), 15.6% (p less than 0.01) and 8.2% (p less than 0.01) of administered dose in groups I, II and III, respectively. Similarly, urinary concentrations decrease in all @entity1 groups with respect to controls. Our data show that effective urinary antibacterial concentrations of @entity4258 after 400 mg single oral dose were obtained even in @entity1 with severe @entity177 . In these @entity1 systemic accumulation after repeated dose administration is a probable event. Therefore, dosage adjustment is advisable in @entity1 with @entity1011 clearance less than 20 ml/min, although it will inevitably cause lower urinary concentrations.

title: Pharmacokinetics of @entity4258 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4258 :: ('MESH:D009643', 'Chemical') :: ['Norfloxacin', 'norfloxacin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['chronic renal failure']


abstract: @entity4258 is an antibacterial drug chiefly eliminated by the kidney and therefore useful in the treatment of @entity293 . To study its pharmacokinetics in @entity177 , we administered a single oral dose of 400 mg to 14 @entity1 and 6 controls with normal renal function. @entity1 were divided into three groups according to the severity of @entity177 . @entity4258 was measured in serum and urine by bioassay. Serum half-life in controls was 3.87 hours and prolonged to 5.85 hours in group I ( @entity1011 clearance 80-45 ml/min), 7.25 hours (p less than 0.05) in group II ( @entity1011 clearance 44-20 ml/min) and 8.34 hours (p less than 0.01) in group III @entity1 ( @entity1011 clearance less than 20 ml/min). A good linear correlation between the elimination rate constant and @entity1011 clearance (r = 0.79, p less than 0.01) has been found. Total urinary excretion in the 72 hour period after administration achieves 40.4% in controls, falls to 23.5% (p less than 0.05), 15.6% (p less than 0.01) and 8.2% (p less than 0.01) of administered dose in groups I, II and III, respectively. Similarly, urinary concentrations decrease in all @entity1 groups with respect to controls. Our data show that effective urinary antibacterial concentrations of @entity4258 after 400 mg single oral dose were obtained even in @entity1 with severe @entity177 . In these @entity1 systemic accumulation after repeated dose administration is a probable event. Therefore, dosage adjustment is advisable in @entity1 with @entity1011 clearance less than 20 ml/min, although it will inevitably cause lower urinary concentrations.

title: Pharmacokinetics of XXXX in @entity177 .

answer: @entity4258 :: (MESH:D009643,Chemical) :: ['norfloxacin']


abstract: To determine the compensatory reserve capacity of the ventricular myocardium following infarction, the left coronary artery in @entity35 was ligated, and the animals were killed 40 days later. @entity1188 affecting an average 23% of the left ventricle were characterized by a 27% @entity1184 growth of the remaining myocardium that produced a complete replacement of the @entity39 tissue. In contrast, @entity1188 with an average 50% loss of mass resulted in 83% expansion of the spared myocardium that was inadequate for a complete restoration of ventricular tissue. Myocyte @entity1184 was 26% and 78% in small and large @entity1188 , respectively. Cellular @entity1184 in both cases involved significant increases in myocyte transverse area and myocyte length. After large @entity1188 , there was an 18% reduction in capillary surface and a 16% increase in the diffusion distance. Corresponding values for small @entity1188 were -10% and 9%. These alterations combined with the deficient reconstitution of myocardial mass following large @entity1188 resulted in 25%, 29%, and 30% deficits in the absolute amounts of capillary lumen, surface, and length per ventricle respectively. Even with small @entity1188 , a deficit was seen in capillary luminal surface (-16%), and length (-19%). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that @entity1283 following @entity583 is consistent with cellular shape changes characteristic of a combination of concentric and eccentric @entity1184 growth. However, cardiac muscle cells appear to be unable to compensate for the loss of mass induced by a 50% @entity1188 . The inadequate adaptation of the capillary vasculature in the infarcted hearts suggests that the injured ventricle is more vulnerable to additional @entity63 episodes.

title: XXXX in @entity35 . Infarct size, myocyte @entity1184 , and capillary growth.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic', 'hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcts', 'infarct', 'Infarcts']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['Myocardial infarction']


abstract: To determine the compensatory reserve capacity of the ventricular myocardium following infarction, the left coronary artery in @entity35 was ligated, and the animals were killed 40 days later. @entity1188 affecting an average 23% of the left ventricle were characterized by a 27% @entity1184 growth of the remaining myocardium that produced a complete replacement of the @entity39 tissue. In contrast, @entity1188 with an average 50% loss of mass resulted in 83% expansion of the spared myocardium that was inadequate for a complete restoration of ventricular tissue. Myocyte @entity1184 was 26% and 78% in small and large @entity1188 , respectively. Cellular @entity1184 in both cases involved significant increases in myocyte transverse area and myocyte length. After large @entity1188 , there was an 18% reduction in capillary surface and a 16% increase in the diffusion distance. Corresponding values for small @entity1188 were -10% and 9%. These alterations combined with the deficient reconstitution of myocardial mass following large @entity1188 resulted in 25%, 29%, and 30% deficits in the absolute amounts of capillary lumen, surface, and length per ventricle respectively. Even with small @entity1188 , a deficit was seen in capillary luminal surface (-16%), and length (-19%). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that @entity1283 following @entity583 is consistent with cellular shape changes characteristic of a combination of concentric and eccentric @entity1184 growth. However, cardiac muscle cells appear to be unable to compensate for the loss of mass induced by a 50% @entity1188 . The inadequate adaptation of the capillary vasculature in the infarcted hearts suggests that the injured ventricle is more vulnerable to additional @entity63 episodes.

title: @entity583 in @entity35 . Infarct size, myocyte XXXX , and capillary growth.

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['hypertrophy']


abstract: To determine the compensatory reserve capacity of the ventricular myocardium following infarction, the left coronary artery in @entity35 was ligated, and the animals were killed 40 days later. @entity1188 affecting an average 23% of the left ventricle were characterized by a 27% @entity1184 growth of the remaining myocardium that produced a complete replacement of the @entity39 tissue. In contrast, @entity1188 with an average 50% loss of mass resulted in 83% expansion of the spared myocardium that was inadequate for a complete restoration of ventricular tissue. Myocyte @entity1184 was 26% and 78% in small and large @entity1188 , respectively. Cellular @entity1184 in both cases involved significant increases in myocyte transverse area and myocyte length. After large @entity1188 , there was an 18% reduction in capillary surface and a 16% increase in the diffusion distance. Corresponding values for small @entity1188 were -10% and 9%. These alterations combined with the deficient reconstitution of myocardial mass following large @entity1188 resulted in 25%, 29%, and 30% deficits in the absolute amounts of capillary lumen, surface, and length per ventricle respectively. Even with small @entity1188 , a deficit was seen in capillary luminal surface (-16%), and length (-19%). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that @entity1283 following @entity583 is consistent with cellular shape changes characteristic of a combination of concentric and eccentric @entity1184 growth. However, cardiac muscle cells appear to be unable to compensate for the loss of mass induced by a 50% @entity1188 . The inadequate adaptation of the capillary vasculature in the infarcted hearts suggests that the injured ventricle is more vulnerable to additional @entity63 episodes.

title: @entity583 in XXXX . Infarct size, myocyte @entity1184 , and capillary growth.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: More than one application of the potent @entity5 -promoting agent, @entity864 ( @entity865 ), to @entity19 skin at intervals of more than 48 h led to a larger induction of @entity7222 decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17; ODC) than did a single application. In contrast, at intervals of less than 24 h, the first application of @entity865 appeared to induce a refractory state; the second application of @entity865 did not induce ODC. The extent of the inhibitory effect caused by the first application of @entity865 was dependent on the dose. The abilities of a series of @entity4996 to induce the refractory state correlated with their promoting abilities. However, both @entity18878 and @entity40065 , potent hyperplastic agents with little or no promoting properties, induced the refractory state. On the other hand, pretreatment with @entity865 caused a refractory effect on ODC induction by mezerein but potentiated ODC induction by @entity40065 . The epidermal cells escaped from the refractory state by repeated application of @entity865 at intervals of 24 h as well as at intervals of twice a week; that is, there was a full induction of ODC activity following a second application within 24 h of a prior application. @entity865 did not elicit production of detectable ODC-antizyme activity in @entity19 epidermis. Mixing of a soluble extract from @entity19 epidermis in the refractory state with that from @entity865 -stimulated epidermis gave essentially additive ODC activity. Elimination of ODC induction by topical application of @entity1968 or injection of @entity1880 concurrent with the first application of @entity865 did not restore the ability of a second application of @entity865 to induce ODC. These results suggest that the refractory effect on ODC induction by @entity865 does not result from feedback regulation of ODC.

title: @entity5 promoter-induced refractory state against @entity7222 decarboxylase induction by XXXX in @entity19 epidermis.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity7222 :: ('CHEBI:18257', 'Chemical') :: ['ornithine']

entities_list: @entity40065 :: ('MESH:C015202', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylphenylpropiolate']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity4996 :: ('MESH:D010703', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol esters']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity864 :: (MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755,Chemical) :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']


abstract: More than one application of the potent @entity5 -promoting agent, @entity864 ( @entity865 ), to @entity19 skin at intervals of more than 48 h led to a larger induction of @entity7222 decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17; ODC) than did a single application. In contrast, at intervals of less than 24 h, the first application of @entity865 appeared to induce a refractory state; the second application of @entity865 did not induce ODC. The extent of the inhibitory effect caused by the first application of @entity865 was dependent on the dose. The abilities of a series of @entity4996 to induce the refractory state correlated with their promoting abilities. However, both @entity18878 and @entity40065 , potent hyperplastic agents with little or no promoting properties, induced the refractory state. On the other hand, pretreatment with @entity865 caused a refractory effect on ODC induction by mezerein but potentiated ODC induction by @entity40065 . The epidermal cells escaped from the refractory state by repeated application of @entity865 at intervals of 24 h as well as at intervals of twice a week; that is, there was a full induction of ODC activity following a second application within 24 h of a prior application. @entity865 did not elicit production of detectable ODC-antizyme activity in @entity19 epidermis. Mixing of a soluble extract from @entity19 epidermis in the refractory state with that from @entity865 -stimulated epidermis gave essentially additive ODC activity. Elimination of ODC induction by topical application of @entity1968 or injection of @entity1880 concurrent with the first application of @entity865 did not restore the ability of a second application of @entity865 to induce ODC. These results suggest that the refractory effect on ODC induction by @entity865 does not result from feedback regulation of ODC.

title: @entity5 promoter-induced refractory state against XXXX decarboxylase induction by @entity864 in @entity19 epidermis.

answer: @entity7222 :: (CHEBI:18257,Chemical) :: ['ornithine']


abstract: More than one application of the potent @entity5 -promoting agent, @entity864 ( @entity865 ), to @entity19 skin at intervals of more than 48 h led to a larger induction of @entity7222 decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17; ODC) than did a single application. In contrast, at intervals of less than 24 h, the first application of @entity865 appeared to induce a refractory state; the second application of @entity865 did not induce ODC. The extent of the inhibitory effect caused by the first application of @entity865 was dependent on the dose. The abilities of a series of @entity4996 to induce the refractory state correlated with their promoting abilities. However, both @entity18878 and @entity40065 , potent hyperplastic agents with little or no promoting properties, induced the refractory state. On the other hand, pretreatment with @entity865 caused a refractory effect on ODC induction by mezerein but potentiated ODC induction by @entity40065 . The epidermal cells escaped from the refractory state by repeated application of @entity865 at intervals of 24 h as well as at intervals of twice a week; that is, there was a full induction of ODC activity following a second application within 24 h of a prior application. @entity865 did not elicit production of detectable ODC-antizyme activity in @entity19 epidermis. Mixing of a soluble extract from @entity19 epidermis in the refractory state with that from @entity865 -stimulated epidermis gave essentially additive ODC activity. Elimination of ODC induction by topical application of @entity1968 or injection of @entity1880 concurrent with the first application of @entity865 did not restore the ability of a second application of @entity865 to induce ODC. These results suggest that the refractory effect on ODC induction by @entity865 does not result from feedback regulation of ODC.

title: XXXX promoter-induced refractory state against @entity7222 decarboxylase induction by @entity864 in @entity19 epidermis.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Tumor']


abstract: More than one application of the potent @entity5 -promoting agent, @entity864 ( @entity865 ), to @entity19 skin at intervals of more than 48 h led to a larger induction of @entity7222 decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17; ODC) than did a single application. In contrast, at intervals of less than 24 h, the first application of @entity865 appeared to induce a refractory state; the second application of @entity865 did not induce ODC. The extent of the inhibitory effect caused by the first application of @entity865 was dependent on the dose. The abilities of a series of @entity4996 to induce the refractory state correlated with their promoting abilities. However, both @entity18878 and @entity40065 , potent hyperplastic agents with little or no promoting properties, induced the refractory state. On the other hand, pretreatment with @entity865 caused a refractory effect on ODC induction by mezerein but potentiated ODC induction by @entity40065 . The epidermal cells escaped from the refractory state by repeated application of @entity865 at intervals of 24 h as well as at intervals of twice a week; that is, there was a full induction of ODC activity following a second application within 24 h of a prior application. @entity865 did not elicit production of detectable ODC-antizyme activity in @entity19 epidermis. Mixing of a soluble extract from @entity19 epidermis in the refractory state with that from @entity865 -stimulated epidermis gave essentially additive ODC activity. Elimination of ODC induction by topical application of @entity1968 or injection of @entity1880 concurrent with the first application of @entity865 did not restore the ability of a second application of @entity865 to induce ODC. These results suggest that the refractory effect on ODC induction by @entity865 does not result from feedback regulation of ODC.

title: @entity5 promoter-induced refractory state against @entity7222 decarboxylase induction by @entity864 in XXXX epidermis.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Experience of 30 cases with reoperation for recurrent symptoms after @entity357 repair is reported. The primary operation had been transabdominal in 21 cases (11 simple cruroplasty, 7 Nissen, 3 Hill) and transthoracic in 9 (5 Husfeldt, 4 simple cruroplasty). @entity850 and/or esophageal shortening were present in at least 8 @entity1 at the primary operation. Symptoms recurred within a year in 26 of the 30 @entity1 . A transthoracic approach was used for all reoperations. At the time of reoperation, 14 @entity1 had no @entity532 or had @entity2910 only. At follow-up (2-12 years) 13 were symptom-free and 1 was improved: X-ray showed @entity547 in one case and 3 had positive standard reflux test. Of the 16 @entity1 with severe @entity532 before reoperation, 12 had shortened esophagus, combined with stricture in 6 cases, and 4 had isolated stricture. The results were less satisfactory in this complicated group, though all were postoperatively improved. There was no operative mortality. Initial failure to recognize esophageal shortening and inadequate repair were common causes of recurrent @entity547 . Symptomatic relief after reoperation was comparable with that after primary repair.

title: Surgical treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux recurring after XXXX repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['reflux complications']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['hiatal hernia']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['Stenosis']

answer: @entity357 :: (MESH:D006551,Disease) :: ['hiatal hernia']


abstract: Interferon ( @entity3027 ) has extensive immunoregulatory effects but its role in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) remains obscure. The observations that a high proportion of @entity1 with active @entity1252 have increased @entity3027 levels in their sera, and that @entity3027 injected to lupus-prone @entity19 aggrevates their disease, led us to examine the effects of @entity3027 on the production of 16/6--a high frequency idiotype of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies produced by @entity1 - @entity1 hybridomas derived from @entity1252 @entity1 . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors or of @entity1 with @entity1252 were incubated with @entity3027 and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Seven-day supernatants were assayed for total IgM, for IgM with 16/6 idiotype, and for IgM anti-DNA activity. PWM-stimulated PBMC of all healthy donors examined produced the 16/6 idiotype (mean 2.5 ng/ml). A significant increase of 16/6 in normals (above the level with PWM alone) was noted with 10-100 u/ml of @entity3027 but not with 500 u/ml. In 3/10 normals the addition of @entity3027 resulted in detectable anti-DNA activity. The @entity3027 -induced increase in 16/6 idiotype was significantly more than the increase in IgM (335% vs 47% above baseline, with 10 u/ml of @entity3027 ). These effects of @entity3027 could not be demonstrated in the absence of PWM nor in T-cell-depleted preparations. Recombinant @entity379 had no augmenting effect on 16/6 production. Three @entity1252 @entity1 in remission had elevated levels of 16/6 in their PBMC supernatant (15-200 ng/ml) which could not be further augmented by @entity3027 . Thus, we have demonstrated the potential of PWM-stimulated normal lymphocytes to generate a "lupus" idiotype and shown that production of this idiotype requires T cells and is preferentially enhanced by @entity3027 . Further studies of the effects of @entity3027 on the expression of anti-DNA antibodies may clarify a postulated role of @entity3027 in @entity792 .

title: Effects of interferon-alpha on the expression of a XXXX in normal @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['lupus idiotype']


abstract: Interferon ( @entity3027 ) has extensive immunoregulatory effects but its role in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) remains obscure. The observations that a high proportion of @entity1 with active @entity1252 have increased @entity3027 levels in their sera, and that @entity3027 injected to lupus-prone @entity19 aggrevates their disease, led us to examine the effects of @entity3027 on the production of 16/6--a high frequency idiotype of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies produced by @entity1 - @entity1 hybridomas derived from @entity1252 @entity1 . Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy donors or of @entity1 with @entity1252 were incubated with @entity3027 and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Seven-day supernatants were assayed for total IgM, for IgM with 16/6 idiotype, and for IgM anti-DNA activity. PWM-stimulated PBMC of all healthy donors examined produced the 16/6 idiotype (mean 2.5 ng/ml). A significant increase of 16/6 in normals (above the level with PWM alone) was noted with 10-100 u/ml of @entity3027 but not with 500 u/ml. In 3/10 normals the addition of @entity3027 resulted in detectable anti-DNA activity. The @entity3027 -induced increase in 16/6 idiotype was significantly more than the increase in IgM (335% vs 47% above baseline, with 10 u/ml of @entity3027 ). These effects of @entity3027 could not be demonstrated in the absence of PWM nor in T-cell-depleted preparations. Recombinant @entity379 had no augmenting effect on 16/6 production. Three @entity1252 @entity1 in remission had elevated levels of 16/6 in their PBMC supernatant (15-200 ng/ml) which could not be further augmented by @entity3027 . Thus, we have demonstrated the potential of PWM-stimulated normal lymphocytes to generate a "lupus" idiotype and shown that production of this idiotype requires T cells and is preferentially enhanced by @entity3027 . Further studies of the effects of @entity3027 on the expression of anti-DNA antibodies may clarify a postulated role of @entity3027 in @entity792 .

title: Effects of interferon-alpha on the expression of a @entity1252 in normal XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: ERCP is frequently the technique of choice for the diagnosis and palliative treatment of @entity5 . The sensitivity of tissue sampling techniques has been disappointing. Two small series have reported a high diagnostic yield from cytological examination of cellular debris from removed biliary stents. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical utility of stent cytology for the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic @entity5 . METHODS: @entity1 who had biliary or pancreatic stents removed at ERCP and evaluated cytologically were the subjects of this study. Stents were scraped and washed, and the cellular debris was examined cytologically and recorded as positive, atypical, or negative. @entity1 demographics, ductal stricture, and stent characteristics were recorded. RESULTS: Between January, 1994 and January, 2001 a total of 126 biliary stents from 101 @entity1 (61 male, 40 female, mean age 62 yr) and 29 pancreatic stents from 19 @entity1 (seven male, 12 female, mean age 58 yr) were examined. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of biliary and pancreatic stents for the diagnosis of @entity5 were: 11%, 100%, 100%, 53%, and 25%, 100%, 100%, 77.8%, respectively. The sensitivity improved slightly if all degrees of atypia were considered positive for @entity5 . The mean duration of stent placement was 93.6 days for biliary stents and 43.5 days for pancreatic stents. CONCLUSIONS: Biliary and pancreatic stent cytology has limited clinical utility in the diagnosis of @entity5 , owing to poor sensitivity. In addition, the time lag between stent placement and removal for cytologic examination further limits its contribution to @entity1 management.

title: Clinical utility of stent cytology for the diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pancreaticobiliary neoplasms', 'pancreaticobiliary neoplasia', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['pancreaticobiliary neoplasms']


abstract: Exposure to @entity4003 is a risk in the Hunter New England (HNE) region of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, based on yearly reported cases of @entity4002 . We assessed seroprevalence of phase II antibodies to @entity4003 by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA; screening at 1/50 dilution) of residents of 24 local government areas (LGA) of the HNE region of NSW. A total of 2,438 randomly selected sera sent to the Hunter Area Pathology Service for routine diagnostic purposes (not @entity4002 testing) during the period of 2006-2009 were tested. The overall seroprevalence in sample group was 7%. The proportion of males (59%) was higher than females (41%). In age distribution, the largest proportion (37%) of seropositives was in the > 60 years age group. Lower prevalence was observed in 0-9 years (1%) and 10-19 years (5%) age groups. The seroprevalence in different LGAs varied between 0.5% and 22%. It was highest in Guyra (22%), Gunnedah (21%), Tenterfield (18%), and Narrabri (16%), with Newcastle (0.5%), Port Stephens (2%), Lake Macquarie (3%), and Singleton (3%) being the lowest. In most of the LGAs, seroprevalence was between 6% and 12%. This report indicates a considerable exposure to @entity4003 of residents in rural areas of the HNE region and is consistent with the high notification rate for @entity4002 in this part of Australia.

title: Seroprevalence to XXXX among residents of the Hunter New England region of New South Wales, Australia.

entities_list: @entity4003 :: ('777', 'Species') :: ['C. burnetii', 'Coxiella burnetii']

answer: @entity4003 :: (777,Species) :: ['Coxiella burnetii']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1691 ( @entity1691 ) is a chronic inflammatory disease mainly affecting the axial skeleton and @entity358 is a well known feature of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the pulmonary @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) findings of @entity1 with early @entity1691 . The relationship between pulmonary function tests (PFT) and @entity2101 findings was also determined. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight @entity1 with @entity1691 (mean age 30.8+/-7.4 and disease duration 7.0+/-2.6) were included in the study. @entity1 with a disease duration of >10 years or had other @entity358 were excluded. All @entity1 underwent plain chest radiography (posteroanterior and lateral views), thoracic @entity2101 and PFT. RESULTS: All chest radiographs were normal and @entity2101 revealed @entity854 @entity1 . The most common abnormalities seen on @entity2101 were mosaic pattern (ten of 28), subpleural nodule (seven of 28) and parenchymal bands (five of 28). Seven of ten @entity1 with mosaic pattern revealed air trapping areas on end expiratory scans. Twelve @entity1 had abnormal PFT and all had restrictive type of involvement. Ten of these 12 @entity1 had abnormal @entity2101 and the remaining two @entity1 had normal @entity2101 . On the other hand, eight @entity1 with normal PFT had abnormalities on @entity2101 . CONCLUSION: @entity1 with early @entity1691 frequently have abnormalities on @entity2101 , even though they have normal PFT and chest X-ray. Small airway involvement was found as frequent as @entity401 in early @entity1691 .

title: Lung findings on high resolution CT in early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in 18']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['Ankylosing spondylitis', 'AS']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary involvement', 'pulmonary diseases']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['high resolution computed tomography', 'HRCT']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial lung disease']

answer: @entity1691 :: (MESH:D013167,Disease) :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']


abstract: Delayed @entity56 (DTH) to @entity742 erythrocytes (SRBC) in @entity19 is a simple model of cellular immunity mediated primarily by Ly 1+ T-cells. Because little is known about the pharmacology of this model, the therapeutic effects of a variety of antiarthritic agents were tested. Swelling was determined using @entity349 plethysmography and used to determine drug activity. Two immunosuppressive agents ( @entity786 and @entity500 ) and two @entity230 ( @entity619 and @entity701 ) significantly reduced @entity4 . Only one of six nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), @entity117 , reduced @entity4 . @entity3352 , @entity11464 , and @entity3366 augmented @entity4 and @entity5018 and @entity11364 were inactive. Four disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), @entity2361 , @entity7305 , @entity503 , and @entity13394 , were tested and none inhibited @entity4 . @entity13394 significantly augmented @entity4 . In conclusion, only @entity230 and immunosuppressive agents had consistent effects on DTH to SRBC. In general, NSAIDs and DMARDs were either inactive or augmented @entity4 . These results suggest that this model may be of use as a routine screen for immunomodulatory agents.

title: Effects of antiarthritic compounds on @entity742 erythrocyte-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity11464 :: ('MESH:D010653', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylbutazone']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity5018 :: ('MESH:D007052', 'Chemical') :: ['ibuprofen']

entities_list: @entity3366 :: ('MESH:C011677', 'Chemical') :: ['benoxaprofen']

entities_list: @entity2361 :: ('MESH:D010396', 'Chemical') :: ['D-penicillamine']

entities_list: @entity7305 :: ('MESH:D007978', 'Chemical') :: ['levamisole']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity13394 :: ('MESH:D006051', 'Chemical') :: ['aurothioglucose', 'Aurothioglucose']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['delayed-type hypersensitivity']


abstract: Delayed @entity56 (DTH) to @entity742 erythrocytes (SRBC) in @entity19 is a simple model of cellular immunity mediated primarily by Ly 1+ T-cells. Because little is known about the pharmacology of this model, the therapeutic effects of a variety of antiarthritic agents were tested. Swelling was determined using @entity349 plethysmography and used to determine drug activity. Two immunosuppressive agents ( @entity786 and @entity500 ) and two @entity230 ( @entity619 and @entity701 ) significantly reduced @entity4 . Only one of six nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), @entity117 , reduced @entity4 . @entity3352 , @entity11464 , and @entity3366 augmented @entity4 and @entity5018 and @entity11364 were inactive. Four disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), @entity2361 , @entity7305 , @entity503 , and @entity13394 , were tested and none inhibited @entity4 . @entity13394 significantly augmented @entity4 . In conclusion, only @entity230 and immunosuppressive agents had consistent effects on DTH to SRBC. In general, NSAIDs and DMARDs were either inactive or augmented @entity4 . These results suggest that this model may be of use as a routine screen for immunomodulatory agents.

title: Effects of antiarthritic compounds on XXXX erythrocyte-induced @entity56 .

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: The action of glucocorticoids in target tissues is dependent on the local expression of glucocorticoid receptors and two @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) enzymes, @entity72299 , which interconvert active and inactive glucocorticoids. This study examined expression of the 11beta-HSD enzymes in the male reproductive tract of the adult @entity35 . @entity72300 was immunolocalized to the apical region of principal epithelial cells of the caput epididymis, with the less numerous clear cells devoid of signal. Epididymal @entity72300 expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis, with immunoreactive species identified at 34 kDa (the expected size for @entity72300 ) and at approximately 48 kDa. 11beta-HSD bioactivity was readily detectable in the epididymis, with 11-oxoreductase activity clearly the favored reaction (as observed in liver), consistent with @entity72300 expression. The epithelium of the vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and penile urethra were also immunopositive for @entity72300 , as were smooth muscle cells of the vas deferens and penile blood vessels. @entity47640 was also immunolocalized to the epididymal epithelium, but its distribution was complementary to that of @entity72300 (i.e. clear cells showing intense @entity47640 staining but principal cells devoid of signal). @entity47640 was also present in the corpora cavernosa of the penis but not in other tissues. In conclusion, the differential expression of @entity72299 throughout the male reproductive tract suggests that these enzymes locally modulate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions, particularly in the epididymis and penile vasculature.

title: Localization of XXXX dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 in the male reproductive tract.

entities_list: @entity11331 :: ('CHEBI:35346', 'Chemical') :: ['11beta-hydroxysteroid']

answer: @entity11331 :: (CHEBI:35346,Chemical) :: ['11beta-hydroxysteroid']


abstract: @entity1781 ( @entity1781 ) is a rare @entity5 that generally induces a slow progressive @entity227 in affected @entity1 . Radiotherapy (RT) has currently become the first choice to treat @entity1781 . In this study our experience in @entity1781 treatment with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) is reported. Five @entity1 with diagnosis of orbital @entity1781 were treated between April 2007 and December 2009 at the Radiation Oncology department of our institution. All @entity1 underwent history and physical, and ophthalmic examinations. Orbital MRI was performed before and 6 weeks after treatment; thereafter every 6 months for the first 2 years. By previous stereotactic localization of the target, RT was delivered with 28 daily fraction of 1.8 Gy by multiple non coplanar arcs dynamically conformed by a micro multileaf-collimator. At diagnosis, in all 5 @entity1 , visual acuity limitations of different degrees were found, while exophthalmos was present in 2, diplopy in 2, @entity158 in 1, and proptosis in 1. In all @entity1 pre-treatment MRI showed an orbital mass involving the optic nerve. After radiotherapy, previous symptoms improved in all @entity1 . However, after RT the MRI consistently showed a stationary status compared to the MRI before RT. At a median follow up of 26 months (range 9-37) all @entity1 had a subjective and/or objective better visual performance than before RT without any evidence of disease progression. No late side effects were recorded. Accordingly to the current literature, our experience confirms the efficacy and the safety of FSRT in @entity1 with orbital @entity1781 .

title: Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy for orbital XXXX - a single institution experience and a short review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['orbital tumor']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['ONSM', 'Optic nerve sheath meningioma']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['orbital pain']

answer: @entity1781 :: (MESH:D009901,Disease) :: ['optic nerve sheath meningioma']


abstract: The nature and etiology of plasma @entity66 in @entity1 with varying stages of @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ) were assessed. Two distinct lipoprotein patterns were observed. In @entity1 with early and intermediate histologic stages of @entity2835 , mild elevations of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins (LDLs), and marked increases in high density lipoproteins (HDLs) were often noted (group 1). In contrast, @entity1 with @entity1442 had marked elevations in LDLs with the presence of lipoprotein-X, and a significant decrease in HDLs (group 2). The lipoprotein pattern in group 1 was characterized by a normal ratio of free @entity165 to total @entity165 , whereas in group 2, this ratio was elevated. In plasma from group 1 @entity1 only spherical micelles were observed on electron microscopy, whereas in plasma from group 2 @entity1 bilayered disks could be seen in LDLs and HDLs. The increase in HDLs observed in group 1 subjects was associated with elevations in @entity9477 , whereas in group 2 subjects only very low amounts of @entity9478 were observed on analytic ultracentrifugation. Mean plasma @entity755 and C-II concentrations were increased in both groups; but @entity1675 and AII values were divergent, with group 1 subjects having elevated values,and group 2 subjects having decreases values. Mean postheparin @entity5705 activity was decreased in both groups of @entity1 with @entity2835 due to the presence of an inhibitor in @entity2835 plasma, while altered @entity165 esterification was only observed in group 2. These data indicate that @entity5705 inhibition may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the @entity66 seen in early and intermediate @entity2835 , and these abnormalities are then further modified by altered @entity165 esterification in @entity1442 .

title: @entity66 in XXXX . Association with @entity5705 inhibition as well as altered @entity165 esterification.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['lipoprotein abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity1675 :: ('335', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein A-I']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity2835 :: (MESH:D008105,Disease) :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']


abstract: The nature and etiology of plasma @entity66 in @entity1 with varying stages of @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ) were assessed. Two distinct lipoprotein patterns were observed. In @entity1 with early and intermediate histologic stages of @entity2835 , mild elevations of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins (LDLs), and marked increases in high density lipoproteins (HDLs) were often noted (group 1). In contrast, @entity1 with @entity1442 had marked elevations in LDLs with the presence of lipoprotein-X, and a significant decrease in HDLs (group 2). The lipoprotein pattern in group 1 was characterized by a normal ratio of free @entity165 to total @entity165 , whereas in group 2, this ratio was elevated. In plasma from group 1 @entity1 only spherical micelles were observed on electron microscopy, whereas in plasma from group 2 @entity1 bilayered disks could be seen in LDLs and HDLs. The increase in HDLs observed in group 1 subjects was associated with elevations in @entity9477 , whereas in group 2 subjects only very low amounts of @entity9478 were observed on analytic ultracentrifugation. Mean plasma @entity755 and C-II concentrations were increased in both groups; but @entity1675 and AII values were divergent, with group 1 subjects having elevated values,and group 2 subjects having decreases values. Mean postheparin @entity5705 activity was decreased in both groups of @entity1 with @entity2835 due to the presence of an inhibitor in @entity2835 plasma, while altered @entity165 esterification was only observed in group 2. These data indicate that @entity5705 inhibition may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the @entity66 seen in early and intermediate @entity2835 , and these abnormalities are then further modified by altered @entity165 esterification in @entity1442 .

title: XXXX in @entity2835 . Association with @entity5705 inhibition as well as altered @entity165 esterification.

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Lipoprotein abnormalities']


abstract: The nature and etiology of plasma @entity66 in @entity1 with varying stages of @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ) were assessed. Two distinct lipoprotein patterns were observed. In @entity1 with early and intermediate histologic stages of @entity2835 , mild elevations of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins (LDLs), and marked increases in high density lipoproteins (HDLs) were often noted (group 1). In contrast, @entity1 with @entity1442 had marked elevations in LDLs with the presence of lipoprotein-X, and a significant decrease in HDLs (group 2). The lipoprotein pattern in group 1 was characterized by a normal ratio of free @entity165 to total @entity165 , whereas in group 2, this ratio was elevated. In plasma from group 1 @entity1 only spherical micelles were observed on electron microscopy, whereas in plasma from group 2 @entity1 bilayered disks could be seen in LDLs and HDLs. The increase in HDLs observed in group 1 subjects was associated with elevations in @entity9477 , whereas in group 2 subjects only very low amounts of @entity9478 were observed on analytic ultracentrifugation. Mean plasma @entity755 and C-II concentrations were increased in both groups; but @entity1675 and AII values were divergent, with group 1 subjects having elevated values,and group 2 subjects having decreases values. Mean postheparin @entity5705 activity was decreased in both groups of @entity1 with @entity2835 due to the presence of an inhibitor in @entity2835 plasma, while altered @entity165 esterification was only observed in group 2. These data indicate that @entity5705 inhibition may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the @entity66 seen in early and intermediate @entity2835 , and these abnormalities are then further modified by altered @entity165 esterification in @entity1442 .

title: @entity66 in @entity2835 . Association with @entity5705 inhibition as well as altered XXXX esterification.

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: The nature and etiology of plasma @entity66 in @entity1 with varying stages of @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ) were assessed. Two distinct lipoprotein patterns were observed. In @entity1 with early and intermediate histologic stages of @entity2835 , mild elevations of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins (LDLs), and marked increases in high density lipoproteins (HDLs) were often noted (group 1). In contrast, @entity1 with @entity1442 had marked elevations in LDLs with the presence of lipoprotein-X, and a significant decrease in HDLs (group 2). The lipoprotein pattern in group 1 was characterized by a normal ratio of free @entity165 to total @entity165 , whereas in group 2, this ratio was elevated. In plasma from group 1 @entity1 only spherical micelles were observed on electron microscopy, whereas in plasma from group 2 @entity1 bilayered disks could be seen in LDLs and HDLs. The increase in HDLs observed in group 1 subjects was associated with elevations in @entity9477 , whereas in group 2 subjects only very low amounts of @entity9478 were observed on analytic ultracentrifugation. Mean plasma @entity755 and C-II concentrations were increased in both groups; but @entity1675 and AII values were divergent, with group 1 subjects having elevated values,and group 2 subjects having decreases values. Mean postheparin @entity5705 activity was decreased in both groups of @entity1 with @entity2835 due to the presence of an inhibitor in @entity2835 plasma, while altered @entity165 esterification was only observed in group 2. These data indicate that @entity5705 inhibition may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the @entity66 seen in early and intermediate @entity2835 , and these abnormalities are then further modified by altered @entity165 esterification in @entity1442 .

title: @entity66 in @entity2835 . Association with XXXX inhibition as well as altered @entity165 esterification.

answer: @entity5705 :: (3990,Gene) :: ['hepatic lipase']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of total drainage time on the risk of @entity1212 , and the predictive value of standard laboratory examinations for the diagnosis of bacteriologically recorded cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) @entity281 during external ventricular drainage. METHODS: During a three year period, all @entity1 of the neurosurgical intensive care unit (ICU), who received an external ventricular drain, were prospectivly studied. Daily CSF samples were obtained and examined for cell count, @entity413 and protein content. Bacteriological cultures were taken three times a week, and serum sepsis parameters were determined. RESULTS: 130 @entity1 received a total of 186 external ventricular drains. The ventricular catheters were in place from one to 25 days (mean 7.1 days). In 1343 days of drainage, the authors recorded 41 positive bacteriological cultures in 21 @entity1 between the first and the 22nd drainage day (mean 6.4). No significant correlation was found between drainage time and positive CSF culture. The only parameter that significantly correlated with the occurrence of a positive CSF culture was the CSF cell count (unpaired t test, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Drainage time is not a significant risk factor for @entity1212 . Increasing CSF cell count should lead to the suspicion of bacteriological drainage contamination. Other standard laboratory parameters, such as peripheral leucocyte count, CSF @entity413 , CSF protein, or serum sepsis parameters, are not reliable predictors for @entity1212 .

title: Early diagnosis of external ventricular drainage XXXX : results of a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1212 :: ('MESH:D055499', 'Disease') :: ['incipient ventricular catheter infection', 'catheter infection']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: To evaluate the efficacy of surveillance colonoscopy with biopsy for the detection of @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) or @entity694 in @entity1 with chronic @entity31 , we undertook a retrospective review of 248 @entity1 who underwent 370 examinations (mean duration of disease 12 yr). High-grade @entity1141 or @entity189 was found in 24 examinations in 16 @entity1 , with a mean duration of disease of 16 yr. There were 15 @entity1 with @entity1893 . Nine @entity1 had @entity1893 alone, 6 had @entity1893 and @entity189 , and 1 had @entity189 without @entity1893 . The overall incidence of @entity1893 was 6%. @entity1141 -associated lesions or mass were the most consistent indicators of @entity189 , the combination being present in four instances. Of the 7 @entity1 with @entity5 , 6 were recognized by colonoscopy, and 1 @entity1 with negative @entity227 was discovered using surveillance biopsies. The conclusions of this study are that @entity1141 is a reliable histopathologic marker and correlates with the presence of @entity5 in chronic @entity31 ; the absence of @entity1141 correlates with the absence of @entity5 . The presence of @entity1141 -associated lesions or mass with @entity1893 is the strongest indication for operation. This study supports the use of surveillance colonoscopy in managing high-risk @entity31 @entity1 .

title: Surveillance for XXXX in @entity31 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual endoscopic findings']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['HGD', 'high-grade dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia', 'Dysplasia']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colonic carcinoma']


abstract: To evaluate the efficacy of surveillance colonoscopy with biopsy for the detection of @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) or @entity694 in @entity1 with chronic @entity31 , we undertook a retrospective review of 248 @entity1 who underwent 370 examinations (mean duration of disease 12 yr). High-grade @entity1141 or @entity189 was found in 24 examinations in 16 @entity1 , with a mean duration of disease of 16 yr. There were 15 @entity1 with @entity1893 . Nine @entity1 had @entity1893 alone, 6 had @entity1893 and @entity189 , and 1 had @entity189 without @entity1893 . The overall incidence of @entity1893 was 6%. @entity1141 -associated lesions or mass were the most consistent indicators of @entity189 , the combination being present in four instances. Of the 7 @entity1 with @entity5 , 6 were recognized by colonoscopy, and 1 @entity1 with negative @entity227 was discovered using surveillance biopsies. The conclusions of this study are that @entity1141 is a reliable histopathologic marker and correlates with the presence of @entity5 in chronic @entity31 ; the absence of @entity1141 correlates with the absence of @entity5 . The presence of @entity1141 -associated lesions or mass with @entity1893 is the strongest indication for operation. This study supports the use of surveillance colonoscopy in managing high-risk @entity31 @entity1 .

title: Surveillance for @entity694 in XXXX .

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: A prospective study of EEG changes following @entity6161 myelography was made on 34 @entity1 aged 17-79 years. EEGs were recorded just before and 22-26 hours after myelography. Usually 8-10 ml of @entity6161 was injected by either lumbar or lateral cervical puncture. The concentration of @entity6161 was relatively high. EEGs were abnormal in 15 out of the 20 @entity1 whose baseline EEGs were normal. EEGs deteriorated in 10 of the 14 @entity1 whose control tracings were abnormal. High voltage delta activity and/or a great deal of theta activity were common abnormalities. Three @entity1 showed triphasic waves. No relationships were found between the EEG changes and clinical variables. But central nervous system involvements by @entity6161 tended to be accompanied by a severe EEG slowing.

title: EEG changes 24 hours after myelography with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6161 :: ('MESH:D008793', 'Chemical') :: ['metrizamide']

answer: @entity6161 :: (MESH:D008793,Chemical) :: ['metrizamide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with acute life threatening diseases, and in their relatives, the ability to make a balanced decision on participation in a clinical trial may be impaired. OBJECTIVES: To assess what relevant information could be recalled by @entity1 who were living independently after a @entity510 , and by their relatives; and to determine how these @entity1 and relatives had reacted to the informed consent encounter. METHODS: Twenty months (range 7 to 31) after treatment for @entity510 , 49 @entity1 and 47 relatives who had participated in one of two randomised trials on medical management were interviewed. The interview consisted of items on: spontaneous recall and knowledge of trial design; understanding of the trial design and the informed consent procedure; the amount and clarity of the information given; and reasons for participating. Finally @entity1 and relatives were asked whether they would participate again in similar circumstances. RESULTS: One third of the @entity1 recalled having participated in a clinical trial. Thirteen per cent of the @entity1 and 20% of the relatives felt that the information supplied had not been sufficient. Nine per cent of the @entity1 and half the relatives had read the written information. None of the @entity1 and one relative thought that participation had been obligatory. Twenty eight per cent of the @entity1 and 94% of the relatives felt in retrospect that they had been capable of making an adequate decision. Virtually all @entity1 and relatives would participate again in similar circumstances. CONCLUSIONS: Many @entity1 and their relatives have little recall of the informed consent procedure and the essentials of acute @entity510 trials. However, most were satisfied with the overall procedure and would participate again.

title: Informed consent in trials for neurological emergencies: the example of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage']


abstract: Amblyopia is characterised by @entity227 and motion perception. While the @entity51 are thought to result from deficient processing at both low and higher level stages of visual processing, the @entity51 appear to result primarily from deficits involving higher level processing. Specifically, it has been argued that the motion deficit in @entity4457 occurs when local motion information is pooled spatially and that this process is abnormally susceptible to the presence of noise elements in the stimulus. Here we investigated motion direction discrimination for abruptly presented two-frame Gabor stimuli in a group of five strabismic amblyopes and five control observers. Motion direction discrimination for this stimulus is inherently noisy and relies on the signal/noise processing of motion detectors. We varied viewing condition (monocular vs. binocular), stimulus size (5.3-18.5  ) and stimulus contrast (high vs. low) in order to assess the effects of binocular summation, spatial summation and contrast on task performance. No differences were found for the high contrast stimuli; however the low contrast stimuli revealed differences between the control and amblyopic groups and between fellow fixing and amblyopic eyes. Control @entity1 exhibited pronounced binocular summation for this task (on average a factor of 3.7), whereas amblyopes showed no such effect. In addition, the spatial summation that occurred for control eyes and the fellow eye of amblyopes was significantly attenuated for the @entity735 . Our results support the hypothesis that pooling of local motion information from amblyopic eyes is abnormal and highly sensitive to noise.

title: Impaired spatial and binocular summation for motion direction discrimination in strabismic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deficits in both spatial vision']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['deficits in motion perception', 'spatial deficits']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopic eyes relative to fellow eyes']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity4457 :: (MESH:D000550,Disease) :: ['amblyopia']


abstract: @entity4786 1 is the most common @entity66 . Neurologic manifestations are mainly represented by @entity5 such as @entity5150 , focal areas of high T2-weighted signal known as unidentified bright objects, and @entity1032 or @entity4207 . The prevalence of @entity410 has been reported to range from 3.8 to 6%. In the present study, we evaluated prevalence, type, and etiology of @entity302 in a @entity4786 1 population. A retrospective analysis of 198 @entity1 affected by @entity4786 1 was performed. Fourteen @entity1 (7%) were found to be @entity302 . Every @entity1 underwent electroencephalographic examination and neuroimaging investigations. Thirteen were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study and one to computed tomographic (CT) scanning. Single-photon emission computed tomographic and positron emission tomographic studies were performed in a few selected cases. @entity410 were partial in 12 of these (85%) and generalized in 2 (15%). In nine (64%), @entity302 was secondary to @entity75 : five of these had @entity5 (three with @entity302 as the fist symptom), three had cortical @entity600 , and one had @entity3877 . @entity410 were controlled rapidly in eight (57%) and drug resistant in four (29%). Two @entity1 were lost at follow-up. All @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity410 had severe @entity1032 , and three of these had @entity6795 . Our observations and our re-evaluation of the literature indicate that @entity1 with @entity4786 1 have an increased risk of @entity302 related to intracranial masses and @entity410 can represent the first symptom of a @entity5 or cortical @entity600 . Brain MRI and, in selected cases, functional studies appear to be useful in @entity1 with @entity4786 1 who present with @entity410 , especially if associated with @entity1032 .

title: XXXX in @entity4786 1.

entities_list: @entity3877 :: ('MESH:C566903', 'Disease') :: ['mesial temporal sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['Seizures', 'seizures', 'cytoarchitectural abnormalities, and seizures']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['neurocutaneous disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cerebral tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity6795 :: ('MESH:D054220', 'Disease') :: ['malformations of cortical development']

entities_list: @entity5150 :: ('MESH:D020339', 'Disease') :: ['optic gliomas']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['learning disabilities']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity4786 :: ('MESH:D017253', 'Disease') :: ['Neurofibromatosis', 'neurofibromatosis']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epilepsy']


abstract: @entity4786 1 is the most common @entity66 . Neurologic manifestations are mainly represented by @entity5 such as @entity5150 , focal areas of high T2-weighted signal known as unidentified bright objects, and @entity1032 or @entity4207 . The prevalence of @entity410 has been reported to range from 3.8 to 6%. In the present study, we evaluated prevalence, type, and etiology of @entity302 in a @entity4786 1 population. A retrospective analysis of 198 @entity1 affected by @entity4786 1 was performed. Fourteen @entity1 (7%) were found to be @entity302 . Every @entity1 underwent electroencephalographic examination and neuroimaging investigations. Thirteen were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study and one to computed tomographic (CT) scanning. Single-photon emission computed tomographic and positron emission tomographic studies were performed in a few selected cases. @entity410 were partial in 12 of these (85%) and generalized in 2 (15%). In nine (64%), @entity302 was secondary to @entity75 : five of these had @entity5 (three with @entity302 as the fist symptom), three had cortical @entity600 , and one had @entity3877 . @entity410 were controlled rapidly in eight (57%) and drug resistant in four (29%). Two @entity1 were lost at follow-up. All @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity410 had severe @entity1032 , and three of these had @entity6795 . Our observations and our re-evaluation of the literature indicate that @entity1 with @entity4786 1 have an increased risk of @entity302 related to intracranial masses and @entity410 can represent the first symptom of a @entity5 or cortical @entity600 . Brain MRI and, in selected cases, functional studies appear to be useful in @entity1 with @entity4786 1 who present with @entity410 , especially if associated with @entity1032 .

title: @entity302 in XXXX 1.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity4786 :: (MESH:D017253,Disease) :: ['neurofibromatosis']


abstract: Translocation of bacteria and endotoxtin has long been documented in @entity3883 , and altered intestinal barrier function is considered to be one of the important mechanisms for this phenomenon. The regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal response to injury is thus of important clinical as well as biological relevance. Integrins play a critical role in enterocyte migration, which is essential to @entity33 . This study is designed to evaluate the integrins status in @entity3883 . Male @entity35 (N = 37) were randomized to three groups. Group 1 (N = 12) underwent common bile duct ligation (CBDL), group 2 (N = 12) underwent common bile duct ligation with oral @entity1160 administration (CBDL + G), and group 3 (N = 13) underwent a sham operation (sham control). After seven days, segments of proximal jejunum and distal ileum were harvested, and cell surface immunohistochemical expression of LFA-1alpha and VLA-6 were evaluated and recorded. The staining intensities were graded on a scale of 0-4. Comparisons among the three groups were performed. There was no significant difference in VLA-6 staining on small intestine among the three groups (P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in LFA-1alpha staining the on jejunum between group 1 (CBDL) and group 3 (sham control) (P > 0.05). However, the LFA-1alpha staining on the ileum in group 1 (CBDL) significantly decreased when compared with group 3 (sham control) (P = 0.008). With oral @entity1160 administration (0.2 g/kg body weight, once daily), LFA-1alpha staining on the ileum was significantly restored in group 2 (CBDL + G). In conclusion, @entity3883 for one week down-regulates LFA-1alpha expression on @entity35 ileum. With oral @entity1160 administration, such down-regulation of LFA-1alpha expression on @entity35 ileum can be restored. Such a phenomenon is intriguing and deserves further evaluation and elucidation.

title: XXXX alters LFA-1alpha expression in @entity35 small intestine.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal healing']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

answer: @entity3883 :: (MESH:D041781,Disease) :: ['Obstructive jaundice']


abstract: Translocation of bacteria and endotoxtin has long been documented in @entity3883 , and altered intestinal barrier function is considered to be one of the important mechanisms for this phenomenon. The regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal response to injury is thus of important clinical as well as biological relevance. Integrins play a critical role in enterocyte migration, which is essential to @entity33 . This study is designed to evaluate the integrins status in @entity3883 . Male @entity35 (N = 37) were randomized to three groups. Group 1 (N = 12) underwent common bile duct ligation (CBDL), group 2 (N = 12) underwent common bile duct ligation with oral @entity1160 administration (CBDL + G), and group 3 (N = 13) underwent a sham operation (sham control). After seven days, segments of proximal jejunum and distal ileum were harvested, and cell surface immunohistochemical expression of LFA-1alpha and VLA-6 were evaluated and recorded. The staining intensities were graded on a scale of 0-4. Comparisons among the three groups were performed. There was no significant difference in VLA-6 staining on small intestine among the three groups (P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in LFA-1alpha staining the on jejunum between group 1 (CBDL) and group 3 (sham control) (P > 0.05). However, the LFA-1alpha staining on the ileum in group 1 (CBDL) significantly decreased when compared with group 3 (sham control) (P = 0.008). With oral @entity1160 administration (0.2 g/kg body weight, once daily), LFA-1alpha staining on the ileum was significantly restored in group 2 (CBDL + G). In conclusion, @entity3883 for one week down-regulates LFA-1alpha expression on @entity35 ileum. With oral @entity1160 administration, such down-regulation of LFA-1alpha expression on @entity35 ileum can be restored. Such a phenomenon is intriguing and deserves further evaluation and elucidation.

title: @entity3883 alters LFA-1alpha expression in XXXX small intestine.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: Cumulative evidence has suggested investigation of the efficacy of Replication-Competent Adenovirus-mediated Suicide Gene Therapy in newly-diagnosed @entity263 (ReCAP). There is a challenge in designing an efficacy trial for newly-diagnosed @entity263 given its long natural history. The regulatory agency recommended a Phase II trial for safety before conducting the efficacy trial. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The ReCAP trial is an adaptive seamless, multi-site open-label, randomized Phase II/III trial. Two hundred eighty @entity1 will be randomized to receive either replication-competent adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy followed by radiation ( @entity18504 ) or radiation alone ( @entity489 ). Phase II trial component will include the first 21 @entity1 in @entity18504 with complete @entity137 through day 90 for safety evaluation. The primary efficacy endpoint is the time free from biochemical and/or clinical failure (FFF). The secondary efficacy endpoints are 2-year prostate biopsies and overall survival. Unequal spaced interim looks are proposed with the adaptive sample-size re-estimation. RESULTS: This trial has been approved by the FDA for the study therapy investigation and is currently recruiting @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Challenges remain in designing newly-diagnosed @entity263 trials. Adaptive seamless design is time-saving and a cost-effective design in the development of novel medical therapies, but requires a specified statistical plan in the decision process involved.

title: Adaptive seamless design for an efficacy trial of replication-competent adenovirus-mediated suicide gene therapy and radiation in newly-diagnosed XXXX (ReCAP Trial).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate Cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Culture and ethnicity have been suggested to influence the presentation of @entity1 with @entity161 . These factors are thought to affect the diagnoses, courses of treatment, and medical utilization patterns of @entity1 with @entity161 . Specifically, the differences between whites, African Americans, and Mexican Americans are of particular importance, as these groups comprise the majority of the population in the United States today. The traditional course of treatment for many @entity1 with @entity161 is the drug @entity1767 . However, research has shown that some ethnic groups (African Americans and Mexican Americans) may respond better to atypical drugs, such as @entity1037 , but may be less likely to receive these drugs. A better response to the course of treatment results in improved medical utilization patterns. The purpose of this study was to examine if ethnicity helped predict whether Texas Medicaid @entity1 were prescribed @entity1767 versus @entity1037 when other factors were controlled for. METHOD: The study population consisted of 726 @entity1 whose index drug was @entity1767 and 1875 @entity1 whose index drug was @entity1037 . @entity1 had an ICD-9-CM diagnosis of @entity161 or @entity914 . Texas medical and prescription claims data were used in a logistic regression analysis to determine significant predictors of the type of antipsychotic ( @entity1767 vs. @entity1037 ) @entity1 were prescribed. Variables included in the analysis were ethnicity, gender, age, region, other @entity1032 , and previous utilization of medications and resources. Data were collected from Jan. 1, 1996, to Aug. 31, 1998. RESULTS: The results show that when other demographic and utilization factors were controlled for, African Americans were less likely than whites to receive @entity1037 rather than @entity1767 . CONCLUSION: Ethnicity is a significant predictor of the type of antipsychotic that is prescribed.

title: Ethnic differences in use of antipsychotic medication among Texas medicaid clients with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness comorbidities']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['schizoaffective disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-induced ejaculatory delay is a common problem that has no treatment with established efficacy. @entity7855 is effective for @entity323 and appears to be safe at doses up to 200 mg. METHOD: We enrolled @entity1 who were in remission from @entity308 according to DSM-IV criteria and who reported that they had developed new-onset ejaculatory delay in the setting of SSRI treatment. Enrolled @entity1 were instructed to use 25 mg of @entity7855 1 hour prior to sexual activity on at least 2 occasions. If this was not effective for the ejaculatory delay, they were instructed to increase the dose progressively up to a maximum of 200 mg. We compared baseline sexual functioning to 2 phases of open treatment: low-dose phase ( @entity7855 25-100 mg) and high-dose phase ( @entity7855 150-200 mg). The primary outcome measure was a modified, self-report Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale that was specific for erectile (CGI-EF) and ejaculatory (CGI-EJF) aspects of sexual function. RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 (mean age = 56 years) with @entity308 ( @entity308 ) in remission and SSRI-associated ejaculatory delay enrolled in the study and received @entity7855 . At baseline, 14 of 21(67%) had comorbid @entity323 . At the low-dose phase follow-up assessment, 12 of 14 achieved full @entity323 remission, and 4 of 21 achieved ejaculatory delay remission. Sixteen @entity1 with persistent ejaculatory delay were eligible for the high-dose phase: 5 withdrew from the study, 4 increased to a maximum dose of 150 mg, and 6 increased to a maximum dose of 200 mg. The 1 @entity1 who had clinically significant @entity323 and ejaculatory delay reported improvement of both conditions after the high-dose phase. Of the 10 @entity1 who had ejaculatory delay without significant @entity323 and who chose to take high-dose @entity7855 , 9 reported a significant clinical improvement in ejaculatory delay (CGI-EJF improvement score of 1 or 2) and 7 achieved full remission (CGI-EJF severity score of 1 or 2 and CGI-EJF improvement score of 1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In this open clinical trial with @entity1 who had SSRI-induced ejaculatory delay, high-dose @entity7855 appeared to be effective in reducing ejaculatory latency.

title: High-dose XXXX for selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor-associated ejaculatory delay: open clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['MDD', 'depression', 'major depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil', 'Sildenafil citrate']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity7855 :: (MESH:C101426,Chemical) :: ['sildenafil citrate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-induced ejaculatory delay is a common problem that has no treatment with established efficacy. @entity7855 is effective for @entity323 and appears to be safe at doses up to 200 mg. METHOD: We enrolled @entity1 who were in remission from @entity308 according to DSM-IV criteria and who reported that they had developed new-onset ejaculatory delay in the setting of SSRI treatment. Enrolled @entity1 were instructed to use 25 mg of @entity7855 1 hour prior to sexual activity on at least 2 occasions. If this was not effective for the ejaculatory delay, they were instructed to increase the dose progressively up to a maximum of 200 mg. We compared baseline sexual functioning to 2 phases of open treatment: low-dose phase ( @entity7855 25-100 mg) and high-dose phase ( @entity7855 150-200 mg). The primary outcome measure was a modified, self-report Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale that was specific for erectile (CGI-EF) and ejaculatory (CGI-EJF) aspects of sexual function. RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 (mean age = 56 years) with @entity308 ( @entity308 ) in remission and SSRI-associated ejaculatory delay enrolled in the study and received @entity7855 . At baseline, 14 of 21(67%) had comorbid @entity323 . At the low-dose phase follow-up assessment, 12 of 14 achieved full @entity323 remission, and 4 of 21 achieved ejaculatory delay remission. Sixteen @entity1 with persistent ejaculatory delay were eligible for the high-dose phase: 5 withdrew from the study, 4 increased to a maximum dose of 150 mg, and 6 increased to a maximum dose of 200 mg. The 1 @entity1 who had clinically significant @entity323 and ejaculatory delay reported improvement of both conditions after the high-dose phase. Of the 10 @entity1 who had ejaculatory delay without significant @entity323 and who chose to take high-dose @entity7855 , 9 reported a significant clinical improvement in ejaculatory delay (CGI-EJF improvement score of 1 or 2) and 7 achieved full remission (CGI-EJF severity score of 1 or 2 and CGI-EJF improvement score of 1 or 2). CONCLUSION: In this open clinical trial with @entity1 who had SSRI-induced ejaculatory delay, high-dose @entity7855 appeared to be effective in reducing ejaculatory latency.

title: High-dose @entity7855 for selective XXXX reuptake inhibitor-associated ejaculatory delay: open clinical trial.

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome and predictors of @entity1 with @entity161 20 years later. METHOD: The @entity1 , aged 15-39 years, with diagnosis of @entity161 and first admitted to a national mental hospital in Singapore in 1975 were included. In 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1995, their hospital records were examined and the @entity1 were interviewed to determine their working and treatment status. Possible predictors of good outcome and suicide data were determined. RESULTS: A total of 402 @entity1 were included. Over 20 years, there was lower percentage of @entity1 working full time and proportionately more @entity1 were receiving out- @entity1 treatment. Overall, about two-third of the @entity1 had a good/fair outcome. Shorter illness duration before admission was significantly associated with a good outcome. The suicide rate was the highest in the first 10 years. CONCLUSION: Most @entity1 with @entity161 had a good/fair outcome at 20 years.

title: A 20-year follow-up study on XXXX in Singapore.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To locate preoperatively continent @entity1 with @entity3577 at risk of developing @entity322 after surgery by means of reducing the prolapse preoperatively with a speculum and a pessary. DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Northern Alvborgs County Hospital, Varbergs Hospital, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden, between 2000 and 2004. POPULATION: @entity1 scheduled for anterior wall repair with no history of @entity322 . METHODS: Data were collected using a questionnaire, a voiding diary, a gynecological examination including staging of prolapse with the Pelvic Organ Quantification System and clinical testing preoperatively and one year after vaginal repair. The first test included a cough test while the prolapse was reduced with a speculum. The second test was performed with the @entity1 undergoing a standardized quantification test and a 48-hour pad test after reducing the prolapse with a pessary. Postoperatively, clinical testing was repeated one year after surgery without any device in place. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported symptoms of leakage during movement or coughing. RESULTS: Seventy-four @entity1 were included. Before surgery, six (8.1%) @entity1 tested positive during the speculum test and seven (9.5%) during the pessary test. Eight @entity1 (10.8%) were found to have subjective @entity3142 after 1 year. This was only confirmed in four @entity1 during stress testing. The positive predictive values for subjective @entity3142 of the speculum and the pessary tests were 42.9% (95%CI 12.0-76.9) and 33.3% (95%CI -4.4 to +71.5), respectively. The negative predictive values of the tests were 92.5% (95%CI 90.3-1.00) and 91.1% (95%CI 88.5-99.7). CONCLUSIONS: The tested preoperative methods predicting de novo subjective @entity3142 after anterior wall repair did not show sufficient positive predictive values to be clinically useful.

title: Can de novo XXXX after anterior wall repair be predicted?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic organ prolapse']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['urinary stress incontinence', 'stress incontinence']

answer: @entity3142 :: (MESH:D014550,Disease) :: ['stress incontinence']


abstract: WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT:     The cholinergic system is important for different central nervous system functions, including memory, learning and attention. @entity5591 , a centrally active muscarinic antagonist, has been used to model @entity303 and to demonstrate the pharmacological effects of cholinergic drugs, but for most effects the concentration-effect relationships are unknown. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:     We determined the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of @entity5591 using a multidimensional central nervous system test battery in a large group of healthy volunteers. The results suggested there are various functional cholinergic systems with different pharmacological characteristics, which can be used to study the effects of drugs that directly or indirectly modify cholinergic systems. The design of such studies should take the different concentration-effect relationships into account. AIM(S) Although @entity5591 is a frequently used @entity2414 model, the relationships between exposure and corresponding central nervous system (CNS) effects are mostly unknown. The aim of our study was to characterize these using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK- @entity1726 ) modelling. METHODS: In two double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover studies, 0.5-mg @entity5591 was administered i.v. to 90 healthy male subjects. PK and @entity1726 /safety measures were monitored pre-dose and up to 8.5 h after administration. PK- @entity1726 relationships were modelled using non-linear mixed-effect modelling. RESULTS: Most @entity1726 responses following @entity5591 administration in 85 subjects differed significantly from placebo. As @entity1726 measures lagged behind the plasma PK profile, PK- @entity1726 relationships were modelled using an effect compartment and arbitrarily categorized according to their equilibration half-lives (t(1/2) k(eo) ; hysteresis measure). t(1/2) k(eo) for heart rate was 17 min, saccadic eye movements and adaptive tracking 1-1.5 h, body sway, smooth pursuit, visual analogue scales alertness and psychedelic 2.5-3.5 h, pupil size, finger tapping and visual analogue scales feeling high more than 8 h. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5591 affected different CNS functions in a concentration-dependent manner, which based on their distinct PK- @entity1726 characteristics seemed to reflect multiple distinct functional pathways of the cholinergic system. All @entity1726 effects showed considerable albeit variable delays compared with plasma concentrations. The t(1/2) k(eo) of the central effects was longer than of the peripheral effects on heart rate, which at least partly reflects the long CNS retention of @entity5591 , but possibly also the triggering of independent secondary mechanisms. PK- @entity1726 analysis can optimize @entity5591 administration regimens for future research and give insight into the physiology and pharmacology of @entity1 cholinergic systems.

title: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of central nervous system effects of XXXX in healthy subjects.

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['Scopolamine', 'scopolamine']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairment']

answer: @entity5591 :: (MESH:D012601,Chemical) :: ['scopolamine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the characteristic clinical and imaging findings of pelvi-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction caused by @entity8 ( @entity8 ), as it presents particular features within the spectrum of congenital @entity3041 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between April 1982 and December 2000, 384 @entity1 underwent surgery for PUJ obstruction. In 71 (18.5%; mean age 8.5 years, range 2 months to 14 years; 49 aged> 5 years), the obstruction was caused by @entity8 . The data collected from the medical records of these @entity1 were analysed for their clinical presentation and imaging findings, i.e. ultrasonography (US), intravenous urography (IVU) and diuretic renography. RESULTS: The main presenting symptom was recurrent renal colic ( @entity158 , @entity390 , @entity391 ) in 59%, followed by @entity293 ( @entity293 ) in 20%, gross haematuria in 11% and an incidental diagnosis in 10%. By contrast, in the 313 @entity1 with @entity4145 was present in only 10.5%. Moreover, from 1991 to 2000, when the use of prenatal US became widespread, @entity3041 was detected prenatally in 42 of 212 @entity1 (20%) with @entity4145 , but in only two of 31 (6%) with obstruction by @entity8 . However, in 10 @entity1 with @entity8 operated on during this period, prenatal US had shown mild @entity3041 (< 15 mm), which during the follow-up decreased until the @entity1 became symptomatic after 5-9 years (eight renal colic, two @entity293 ). US during acute symptoms showed significant @entity3041 (> 25 mm), and colour Doppler US of two @entity1 directly showed the @entity8 . In all 71 @entity1 with @entity8 and renography during the acute symptoms had an obstructive pattern, and in 24 renal colic was reproduced during the examination. The differential kidney function was < 40% in 11 @entity1 who presented with @entity293 ; two required nephrectomy and in the remaining 69 an Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty, after which none had an episode of renal colic or @entity293 during a mean (range) follow-up of 10.2 (2-20) years. CONCLUSIONS: PUJ obstruction by @entity8 should be suspected in older @entity1 presenting with recurrent renal colic and @entity3041 . Good kidney function is expected in most of these @entity1 , despite their age, because the @entity455 is intermittent. Mild prenatal @entity3041 that could decrease postnatally does not exclude the possibility of @entity455 , which may later become symptomatic. Imaging (US, diuretic IVU and renography) during an episode of @entity158 is essential and colour Doppler US could help to establish the diagnosis in these cases. Knowing that a @entity1 has a @entity8 is important for choosing an open surgical approach rather than endoscopic pyelotomy, to avoid potential complications

title: @entity4145 by XXXX : clinical and imaging features.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['CRV', 'CRV obstruction diuretic IVU', 'crossing renal vessels']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular obstruction']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['UTI', 'urinary infection']

entities_list: @entity4145 :: ('MESH:C537373', 'Disease') :: ['intrinsic PUJ obstruction, renal colic', 'intrinsic PUJ obstruction']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['crossing renal vessels']