abstract: The decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in long-term @entity6 in @entity1 and animals in preceded by a period of hyperfiltration that may be responsible for it. The mediators of the increase in glomerular filtration are unknown, but recent studies suggest a prominent role for @entity2918 . To test the hypothesis that prostaglandins mediate early hyperfiltration and contribute to the progression of @entity2316 , we examined the effects of long-term @entity117 (ASA) treatment on whole kidney GFR and renal @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) synthesis in control and @entity6 @entity35 8 days and 16 weeks after @entity3839 administration. The @entity35 were divided into four groups, control, control with ASA (C/ASA), @entity6 , and @entity6 with ASA (D/ASA). We found that 8 days after @entity3839 treatment, @entity1421 synthesis and GFR were increased in @entity6 @entity35 . @entity1281 treatment inhibited renal prostaglandin synthesis and prevented the GFR increase. ASA given to control @entity35 reduced @entity1421 synthesis without changing GFR. In the 16-week study @entity6 @entity35 had lower GFR and increased renal @entity1421 synthesis. @entity6 @entity35 also had thickened @entity8 membrane compared with control @entity35 . By contrast GFR did not fall and thickening of the @entity8 membrane did not occur in @entity6 @entity35 receiving ASA. ASA had no effect on GFR or @entity8 membrane in normal @entity35 but decreased renal @entity1421 synthesis. The data demonstrate that @entity117 prevents early hyperfiltration and prevents the fall in GFR and @entity8 membrane thickening that occurs over time in @entity6 @entity35 . Inhibition of @entity1421 synthesis by @entity117 , or some other effect of @entity117 , may be responsible for the protection observed.

title: Effect of XXXX on experimental @entity2316 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular basement']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2', 'prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozocin']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['aspirin']


abstract: The decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in long-term @entity6 in @entity1 and animals in preceded by a period of hyperfiltration that may be responsible for it. The mediators of the increase in glomerular filtration are unknown, but recent studies suggest a prominent role for @entity2918 . To test the hypothesis that prostaglandins mediate early hyperfiltration and contribute to the progression of @entity2316 , we examined the effects of long-term @entity117 (ASA) treatment on whole kidney GFR and renal @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) synthesis in control and @entity6 @entity35 8 days and 16 weeks after @entity3839 administration. The @entity35 were divided into four groups, control, control with ASA (C/ASA), @entity6 , and @entity6 with ASA (D/ASA). We found that 8 days after @entity3839 treatment, @entity1421 synthesis and GFR were increased in @entity6 @entity35 . @entity1281 treatment inhibited renal prostaglandin synthesis and prevented the GFR increase. ASA given to control @entity35 reduced @entity1421 synthesis without changing GFR. In the 16-week study @entity6 @entity35 had lower GFR and increased renal @entity1421 synthesis. @entity6 @entity35 also had thickened @entity8 membrane compared with control @entity35 . By contrast GFR did not fall and thickening of the @entity8 membrane did not occur in @entity6 @entity35 receiving ASA. ASA had no effect on GFR or @entity8 membrane in normal @entity35 but decreased renal @entity1421 synthesis. The data demonstrate that @entity117 prevents early hyperfiltration and prevents the fall in GFR and @entity8 membrane thickening that occurs over time in @entity6 @entity35 . Inhibition of @entity1421 synthesis by @entity117 , or some other effect of @entity117 , may be responsible for the protection observed.

title: Effect of @entity117 on experimental XXXX .

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: @entity14 is the fourth leading cause of @entity5 in Korea. However, there have been few reports concerning the clinical or pathological characteristics of @entity1 in this area. The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics and trends of @entity14 in Korea. METHODS: The 1,468 @entity1 with a histologic diagnoses of @entity14 between 1990 and 1997 at the Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, were retrospectively examined. The data source was the medical record database of the Hospital. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was younger than in Western countries (57.4 years for @entity694 and 55.6 years for @entity5 ). @entity5 was found to be more frequent than @entity694 . However, the proportion of @entity694 has been steadily increasing with time. The changes in the colon-to-rectal ratio mainly arose from an increase in left-sided @entity694 . Moderately differentiated @entity420 was also increasing. @entity694 @entity1 demonstrated a more advanced stage than the @entity5 @entity1 . Surgery was performed in 93.7% of the @entity1 as a first course of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics of Korean @entity14 @entity1 were remarkably different from those seen in Western countries in age and primary @entity5 site distribution. However, the differences were less evident with time. A nationwide population-based registry is required to confirm the results of the study.

title: XXXX in Korea: characteristics and trends.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer', 'malignancy', 'Rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['Colon cancer', 'colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['Colorectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that a history of @entity130 (especially sexual @entity130 ) was associated with a reduced likelihood of having had medically appropriate @entity5 screening. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study using mailed self-report questionnaires. POPULATION: The questionnaires were completed by an age-stratified random sample of adult @entity1 members of a large health maintenance organization. The sample included 364 @entity1 who had received medically appropriate @entity5 screening and 372 who had not. OUTCOMES MEASURED: We defined cases as @entity1 who, according to their medical record, had not had @entity5 screening within 2 years before the study. Controls were defined as @entity1 who had been screened. We evaluated exposures to @entity130 that we hypothesized to be associated with the case/control state. RESULTS: @entity1 who had been sexually abused in childhood were less likely to have had a Pap smear within the past 2 years (36.0% vs. 50.4%, P =.050). Other traumatic events were associated with Pap testing in bivariate analyses but not when demographic characteristics and clinic location were controlled. Childhood @entity458 remained associated with reduced odds of Pap screening in logistic regression analyses that controlled for clinic location, demographics, attitudes about Pap screening, and @entity1005 (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that childhood @entity458 may lead to decreased probability of screening for @entity5 , potentially contributing to the poorer health seen in other studies of @entity1 who have been sexually abused.

title: Is a history of XXXX associated with a reduced likelihood of @entity5 screening?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual abuse']

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that a history of @entity130 (especially sexual @entity130 ) was associated with a reduced likelihood of having had medically appropriate @entity5 screening. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study using mailed self-report questionnaires. POPULATION: The questionnaires were completed by an age-stratified random sample of adult @entity1 members of a large health maintenance organization. The sample included 364 @entity1 who had received medically appropriate @entity5 screening and 372 who had not. OUTCOMES MEASURED: We defined cases as @entity1 who, according to their medical record, had not had @entity5 screening within 2 years before the study. Controls were defined as @entity1 who had been screened. We evaluated exposures to @entity130 that we hypothesized to be associated with the case/control state. RESULTS: @entity1 who had been sexually abused in childhood were less likely to have had a Pap smear within the past 2 years (36.0% vs. 50.4%, P =.050). Other traumatic events were associated with Pap testing in bivariate analyses but not when demographic characteristics and clinic location were controlled. Childhood @entity458 remained associated with reduced odds of Pap screening in logistic regression analyses that controlled for clinic location, demographics, attitudes about Pap screening, and @entity1005 (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.91). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that childhood @entity458 may lead to decreased probability of screening for @entity5 , potentially contributing to the poorer health seen in other studies of @entity1 who have been sexually abused.

title: Is a history of @entity130 associated with a reduced likelihood of XXXX screening?

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: Neural crest cells (NCCs) exit the dorsal neural tube and migrate to sites where they form diverse tissues. @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) is an anticonvulsant drug that induces neural tube and related defects. Altered NCC migration and proliferation have been proposed as mechanisms of teratogenicity. We cultured neural tube segments from @entity1573 embryos in 0.75-3.0mM @entity2052 . We used image analysis, proliferation assays, and fluorescence localization to investigate NCCs during @entity2052 exposure. @entity2052 inhibited attachment of explants and the number that produced migrating cells. @entity2052 markedly decreased the proportion of cells migrating individually, promoting migration as epithelial sheets. @entity2052 at 3mM decreased cellular spreading. Area and perimeter change per minute were reduced, but migration velocity was not. @entity2052 at 2mM reduced proliferation 11% and 3mM arrested proliferation. Immunostaining of @entity2052 -exposed explants revealed @entity39409 -positive cell boundaries within sheets, but independent NCCs did not stain. F-actin staining was reduced in independent NCCs. The data support a @entity2052 mechanism involving interference with epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

title: Neural crest cell motility in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Valproic acid']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['valproic acid']


abstract: African trypanosomes are lipid auxotrophs that live in the bloodstream of their @entity1 and animal hosts. Trypanosomes require lipoproteins in addition to other serum components in order to multiply under axenic culture conditions. Delipidation of the lipoproteins abrogates their capacity to support trypanosome growth. Both major classes of serum lipoproteins, LDL and HDL, are primary sources of lipids, delivering @entity8557 , @entity165 , and phospholipids to trypanosomes. We show evidence for the existence of a trypanosome lipoprotein scavenger receptor, which facilitates the endocytosis of both native and modified lipoproteins, including HDL and LDL. This lipoprotein scavenger receptor also exhibits selective lipid uptake, whereby the uptake of the lipid components of the lipoprotein exceeds that of the protein components. Trypanosome lytic factor (TLF1), an unusual HDL found in human serum that protects from infection by lysing @entity3177 brucei, is also bound and endocytosed by this lipoprotein scavenger receptor. HDL and LDL compete for the binding and uptake of TLF1 and thereby attenuate the trypanosome lysis mediated by TLF1. We also show that a @entity1 scavenger receptor facilitates lipid uptake from TLF1 in a manner similar to the trypanosome scavenger receptor. Based on these results we propose that HDL, LDL, and TLF1 are all bound and taken up by a lipoprotein scavenger receptor, which may constitute the parasite' @entity9855 pathway mediating the uptake of essential lipids.

title: Evidence for a XXXX lipoprotein scavenger receptor.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity3177 :: ('5691', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma brucei']

entities_list: @entity8557 :: ('MESH:D002788', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol esters']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3177 :: (5691,Species) :: ['Trypanosoma brucei']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 with @entity8487 chromosome-positive lymphoid (20 @entity1 ) or undifferentiated (ten @entity1 ) @entity1860 in @entity9638 were treated with 0.4 mg of @entity1891 by continuous intravenous infusion ( @entity4609 ) daily for 4 days; ( @entity632 ) 12 mg/m2 of @entity632 (Adria Laboratories, Columbus, @entity2145 ) by continuous intravenous infusion daily for 4 days; and 40 mg of @entity37438 daily on days 1 through 4, 9 through 12, and 17 through 20 (VAD). Course 2 was given starting on day 24 with the addition of @entity786 1 g/22. Overall nine @entity1 achieved complete remission (30%) and three attained a partial remission (10%), for an overall response rate of 40%. Four @entity1 expired during induction whereas 14 had resistant disease. Response rate was significantly higher for @entity1 with lymphoid compared to undifferentiated morphology (55% versus 10%; P = 0.05). In @entity706 , @entity66 was associated with a higher response rate compared to Calla-negative disease (75% versus 25%; P = 0.08). Eleven @entity1 developed @entity281 , and seven had @entity221 without documented @entity281 . The median overall survival was 29 weeks. Median survival was 43 weeks for @entity1 achieving complete remission and 20 weeks for those with resistant disease. Remission duration was 39 weeks. After primary and salvage therapy, nine @entity1 are alive, six of them in continuous remission for 19+ to 112+ weeks. The authors conclude that VAD chemotherapy is an effective regimen with acceptable @entity137 in @entity1 with @entity706 especially those with @entity66 . Alternate induction regimens for undifferentiated disease and for maintenance therapy are currently being investigated.

title: Therapy of lymphoid and undifferentiated @entity1860 in XXXX with continuous @entity1891 and @entity632 infusions plus high-dose decadron.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin', 'doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity8487 :: ('MESH:D010677', 'Disease') :: ['Philadelphia']

entities_list: @entity37438 :: ('CHEBI:41879', 'Chemical') :: ['decadron']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Calla-positive disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoid blast crisis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity9638 :: ('MESH:D001752', 'Disease') :: ['blast crisis']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['chronic myelogenous leukemia']

answer: @entity9638 :: (MESH:D001752,Disease) :: ['blast crisis']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 with @entity8487 chromosome-positive lymphoid (20 @entity1 ) or undifferentiated (ten @entity1 ) @entity1860 in @entity9638 were treated with 0.4 mg of @entity1891 by continuous intravenous infusion ( @entity4609 ) daily for 4 days; ( @entity632 ) 12 mg/m2 of @entity632 (Adria Laboratories, Columbus, @entity2145 ) by continuous intravenous infusion daily for 4 days; and 40 mg of @entity37438 daily on days 1 through 4, 9 through 12, and 17 through 20 (VAD). Course 2 was given starting on day 24 with the addition of @entity786 1 g/22. Overall nine @entity1 achieved complete remission (30%) and three attained a partial remission (10%), for an overall response rate of 40%. Four @entity1 expired during induction whereas 14 had resistant disease. Response rate was significantly higher for @entity1 with lymphoid compared to undifferentiated morphology (55% versus 10%; P = 0.05). In @entity706 , @entity66 was associated with a higher response rate compared to Calla-negative disease (75% versus 25%; P = 0.08). Eleven @entity1 developed @entity281 , and seven had @entity221 without documented @entity281 . The median overall survival was 29 weeks. Median survival was 43 weeks for @entity1 achieving complete remission and 20 weeks for those with resistant disease. Remission duration was 39 weeks. After primary and salvage therapy, nine @entity1 are alive, six of them in continuous remission for 19+ to 112+ weeks. The authors conclude that VAD chemotherapy is an effective regimen with acceptable @entity137 in @entity1 with @entity706 especially those with @entity66 . Alternate induction regimens for undifferentiated disease and for maintenance therapy are currently being investigated.

title: Therapy of lymphoid and undifferentiated @entity1860 in @entity9638 with continuous @entity1891 and XXXX infusions plus high-dose decadron.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['adriamycin']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 with @entity8487 chromosome-positive lymphoid (20 @entity1 ) or undifferentiated (ten @entity1 ) @entity1860 in @entity9638 were treated with 0.4 mg of @entity1891 by continuous intravenous infusion ( @entity4609 ) daily for 4 days; ( @entity632 ) 12 mg/m2 of @entity632 (Adria Laboratories, Columbus, @entity2145 ) by continuous intravenous infusion daily for 4 days; and 40 mg of @entity37438 daily on days 1 through 4, 9 through 12, and 17 through 20 (VAD). Course 2 was given starting on day 24 with the addition of @entity786 1 g/22. Overall nine @entity1 achieved complete remission (30%) and three attained a partial remission (10%), for an overall response rate of 40%. Four @entity1 expired during induction whereas 14 had resistant disease. Response rate was significantly higher for @entity1 with lymphoid compared to undifferentiated morphology (55% versus 10%; P = 0.05). In @entity706 , @entity66 was associated with a higher response rate compared to Calla-negative disease (75% versus 25%; P = 0.08). Eleven @entity1 developed @entity281 , and seven had @entity221 without documented @entity281 . The median overall survival was 29 weeks. Median survival was 43 weeks for @entity1 achieving complete remission and 20 weeks for those with resistant disease. Remission duration was 39 weeks. After primary and salvage therapy, nine @entity1 are alive, six of them in continuous remission for 19+ to 112+ weeks. The authors conclude that VAD chemotherapy is an effective regimen with acceptable @entity137 in @entity1 with @entity706 especially those with @entity66 . Alternate induction regimens for undifferentiated disease and for maintenance therapy are currently being investigated.

title: Therapy of lymphoid and undifferentiated @entity1860 in @entity9638 with continuous XXXX and @entity632 infusions plus high-dose decadron.

answer: @entity1891 :: (MESH:D014750,Chemical) :: ['vincristine']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 with @entity8487 chromosome-positive lymphoid (20 @entity1 ) or undifferentiated (ten @entity1 ) @entity1860 in @entity9638 were treated with 0.4 mg of @entity1891 by continuous intravenous infusion ( @entity4609 ) daily for 4 days; ( @entity632 ) 12 mg/m2 of @entity632 (Adria Laboratories, Columbus, @entity2145 ) by continuous intravenous infusion daily for 4 days; and 40 mg of @entity37438 daily on days 1 through 4, 9 through 12, and 17 through 20 (VAD). Course 2 was given starting on day 24 with the addition of @entity786 1 g/22. Overall nine @entity1 achieved complete remission (30%) and three attained a partial remission (10%), for an overall response rate of 40%. Four @entity1 expired during induction whereas 14 had resistant disease. Response rate was significantly higher for @entity1 with lymphoid compared to undifferentiated morphology (55% versus 10%; P = 0.05). In @entity706 , @entity66 was associated with a higher response rate compared to Calla-negative disease (75% versus 25%; P = 0.08). Eleven @entity1 developed @entity281 , and seven had @entity221 without documented @entity281 . The median overall survival was 29 weeks. Median survival was 43 weeks for @entity1 achieving complete remission and 20 weeks for those with resistant disease. Remission duration was 39 weeks. After primary and salvage therapy, nine @entity1 are alive, six of them in continuous remission for 19+ to 112+ weeks. The authors conclude that VAD chemotherapy is an effective regimen with acceptable @entity137 in @entity1 with @entity706 especially those with @entity66 . Alternate induction regimens for undifferentiated disease and for maintenance therapy are currently being investigated.

title: Therapy of lymphoid and undifferentiated XXXX in @entity9638 with continuous @entity1891 and @entity632 infusions plus high-dose decadron.

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['chronic myelogenous leukemia']


abstract: The penetration of anionic @entity3405 antibiotics through porins was evaluated as a mechanism of drug resistance. The major proteins with porin activity were purified from the outer membranes of six bacteria. Three of the six porins were oligomeric porins. The molecular weights of their monomers were 37 kDa from @entity36642 , 42 kDa from Serratia liquefaciens, and 36 kDa from @entity526 B. The other three porins were heat-modifiable monomeric porins with molecular weights of 43 kDa from @entity29704 and @entity3064 , and 37 kDa from @entity2624 . Comparison of the six porin proteins revealed that, independent of their aggregation state, their @entity535 content is similar but not identical. All have double the amount of negatively charged @entity1522 compared with positively charged @entity1522 . They have a similar polarity and polarity index. Two of the six tested bacteria do not produce beta-lactamase. These two bacteria were sensitive to the different @entity7660 tested. The other four bacteria were resistant to all or to several @entity7660 .A modified liposome swelling method was used for determining the rate of penetration of charged @entity3405 antibiotics. Zwitterionic @entity7660 were found to penetrate into liposomes at a rate that more or less fits their molecular weight, whether the porins are monomeric or oligomeric. The penetration rates of negatively charged @entity7660 are different for oligomeric and monomeric porins. Negatively charged @entity7660 penetrate through oligomeric porins better than estimated by their molecular weight, whereas monomeric porins are less penetrable to negatively charged @entity7660 than estimated by their molecular weight. The contribution of all types of porins to the susceptibility of bacteria to @entity3405 antibiotics (zwitterionic or negatively charged) is apparently doubtful. The porins may decrease or increase bacterial penetration rates to @entity7660 , and only the existence of a potential beta-lactamase that can destroy the penetrating drug will cause resistance.

title: Diffusion of XXXX antibiotics through oligomeric or monomeric porin channels of some gram-negative bacteria.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity7660 :: ('MESH:D047090', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactams']

entities_list: @entity29704 :: ('28123', 'Species') :: ['Porphyromonas asaccharolytica']

entities_list: @entity36642 :: ('38293', 'Species') :: ['Photobacterium damsela']

entities_list: @entity3064 :: ('470', 'Species') :: ['Acinetobacter baumannii']

entities_list: @entity2624 :: ('83333', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli K12']

answer: @entity3405 :: (CHEBI:35627,Chemical) :: ['beta-lactam']


abstract: PURPOSE: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) techniques were evaluated in the treatment of flat and sessile @entity14 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty-seven @entity1 (32 female, 25 male) with non-polypoid colorectal lesions (n = 71, size >or= 10 mm) were included in the study. @entity5 location, shape, size, and depth (in @entity5 ) were determined by endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound. EMR was performed using snare resection, endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy, or EMR using a cap-fitted endoscope. RESULTS: Lesion size ranged from 10 to 50 mm. Complete resection was achieved in 59 of 61 benign and 6 of 8 @entity5 . Thirty-five @entity5 were excised in one segment and 34 @entity5 in piecemeal technique. Pathological examination of @entity5 treated by EMR showed @entity652 in 61 and @entity5 in 8 cases. Because of the non-lifting sign, 2 of 71 @entity5 were not treated endoscopically and referred to surgical resection revealing a T2 @entity420 in both cases. Resection was incomplete in 2 of 61 @entity652 with histological positive resection margin. Complications occurred in 2 @entity1 , with 1 @entity548 treated endoscopically and 1 perforation treated by surgery. Local recurrence was observed in 2 of 59 completely resected @entity652 and in none of 6 @entity5 during a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 6 to 30 months). CONCLUSION: Advanced non-polypoid @entity2513 and @entity5 can be safely and effectively resected by endoscopic mucosal resection.

title: Endoscopic mucosal resection for advanced non-polypoid XXXX and early stage carcinoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lesions', 'early-stage carcinoma', 'malignant tumors', 'Tumor', 'early-stage carcinomas', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomas']

answer: @entity2513 :: (MESH:C563365,Disease) :: ['colorectal adenoma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous valvotomy is an alternative therapy to surgery in newborns with critical @entity472 . However, the retrograde technique commonly used has significant morbidity and mortality. We decided to introduce anterograde percutaneous aortic valvotomy in newborns in a Pediatric Cardiology Unit and assess the immediate and follow-up results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between July and December 2000, three newborns with critical @entity472 underwent transcatheter anterograde valvotomy. All were in mechanical ventilation and dissociative anesthesia; vascular access was through puncture of the right femoral vein. An end-hole catheter was advanced, via the foramen ovale, to the left ventricle; a guide wire was placed in the ascending aorta; the end-hole catheter was then exchanged for a coronary balloon catheter and the aortic valve was predilated; afterwards, other low profile balloon catheters were advanced but the largest balloon never exceeded 95% of the aortic annulus diameter, previously measured by 2D echo and angiography. Data of the pre- and post-dilatation left ventricular pressures were registered; aortic valve function in the follow-up period was monitored by Doppler. RESULTS: Transaortic gradients decreased after the procedure in all three @entity1 ; no @entity337 was detected. No morbidity or mortality was associated with the technique. In the follow-up period, all the @entity1 remained in class I NYHA; the echocardiogram revealed a significant aortic gradient in one @entity1 with a small aortic annulus and mild @entity337 in another @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Anterograde percutaneous valvotomy in newborns with critical @entity850 is a useful technique and overcomes the problems associated with surgery and the retrograde technique: it should be more widely used.

title: Anterograde balloon dilatation in neonatal critical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity472 :: (MESH:D001024,Disease) :: ['aortic stenosis']


abstract: Gene patterns of expression in purified @entity2280 (+) bone marrow cells from 7 @entity1 with low-risk @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) and 4 @entity1 with high-risk @entity2590 were compared with expression data from @entity2280 (+) bone marrow cells from 4 healthy control subjects. @entity2280 (+) cells were isolated by magnetic cell separation, and high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis was performed. For confirmation, the expression of selected genes was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Class membership prediction analysis selected 11 genes. Using the expression profile of these genes, we were able to discriminate @entity1 with low-risk from @entity1 with high-risk @entity2590 and both @entity1 groups from the control group by hierarchical clustering (Spearman confidence). The power of these 11 genes was verified by applying the algorithm to an unknown test set containing expression data from 8 additional @entity1 with @entity2590 (3 at low risk, 5 at high risk). @entity1 at low risk could be distinguished from those at high risk by clustering analysis. In low-risk @entity2590 , we found that the @entity1968 -induced gene ( @entity46794 ), the radiation-inducible, immediate-early response gene ( @entity35264 ), and the @entity31654 ( @entity31654 ) were down-regulated. These data suggest that @entity2280 (+) cells from @entity1 with low-risk @entity2590 lack defensive proteins, resulting in their susceptibility to cell damage. In summary, we propose that gene expression profiling may have clinical relevance for risk evaluation in @entity2590 at the time of initial diagnosis. Furthermore, this study provides evidence that in @entity2590 , hematopoietic stem cells accumulate defects that prevent normal hematopoiesis.

title: Characterization of gene expression of XXXX + cells from normal and myelodysplastic bone marrow.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity31654 :: ('10963', 'Gene') :: ['STIP1', 'stress-induced phosphoprotein 1']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic-acid']

answer: @entity2280 :: (947,Gene) :: ['CD34']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In @entity1 with @entity2175 (T2DM) and associated @entity409 , plasma levels of @entity413 , insulin and @entity1674 are high, lipid peroxidation is increased and natural antioxidant reserves are reduced. Thus, we hypothesised that the re-balancing of cell redox levels and amelioration of liver function could result in a better @entity413 and lipid metabolism. To study this, we assessed the effect of a new oral formulation of an antioxidant agent - @entity70997 (named IBI/S) - in @entity1 with chronic @entity5881 and concomitant T2DM. METHODS: Sixty outpatients were enrolled in a three-centre, double blind, randomised, IBI/S vs placebo study. Forty-two (21 in the group IBI/S - 135 mg/d silybin per os - and 21 in the placebo group) concluded the 6-month treatment period. The efficacy parameters included fasting and mean daily plasma @entity413 levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), basal, stimulated C-peptide and insulin levels, total-, HDL- @entity165 and @entity1674 levels in addition to conventional liver function tests. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by HOMA-IR. @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) was also measured before and after treatment as an index of oxidative stress. RESULTS: Fasting blood @entity413 levels, which were similar at baseline in IBI/S group and in the placebo group (173.9 mg/dl and 177.1 mg/dl, respectively), decreased to 148.4 mg/dl (-14.7% vs baseline; p = 0.03) in the IBI/S group while they were virtually unchanged in the placebo group. The comparison between the groups at mo 6 (T6) also showed a significant reduction of @entity413 levels in the IBI/S group (p = 0.03). The same trend was observed in mean daily blood @entity413 levels, HbA1c and HOMA-IR, although differences were not significant. Basal and stimulated C-peptide values showed that only a few changes had occured in both groups. Such results indicate that insulin secretion was virtually unaffected, as confirmed also by the insulinemia data. Plasma @entity1674 concentrations dropped from a baseline value of 186 mg/dl to 111 mg/dl (T6) in the IBI/S group, with significant differences at all instances with respect to baseline values. By contrast, @entity1674 increased from 159 mg/dl at entry to 185 mg/dl (T6) in the placebo group. The difference between the groups at T6 was highly significant (p < 0.01). Total and HDL @entity165 as well as liver function tests did not change significantly during the study in both groups. @entity1865 decreased significantly only in the group receiving IBI/S. No clinically relevant side effects were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration @entity70997 in @entity1 with T2DM and compensated chronic @entity5881 causes a significant decrease in both @entity413 and @entity412 plasma levels. These effects may be due to the recovery of energy substrates, consistent with a reduced lipid peroxidation and an improved insulin activity.

title: XXXX in the treatment of @entity1 with diabetes mellitus and @entity5881 . Efficacy study of a new preparation of an anti-oxidant agent.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity70997 :: ('MESH:C472368', 'Chemical') :: ['silybin-beta-cyclodextrin']

entities_list: @entity5881 :: ('MESH:D008108', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['Malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity70997 :: (MESH:C472368,Chemical) :: ['Silybin-beta-cyclodextrin']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In @entity1 with @entity2175 (T2DM) and associated @entity409 , plasma levels of @entity413 , insulin and @entity1674 are high, lipid peroxidation is increased and natural antioxidant reserves are reduced. Thus, we hypothesised that the re-balancing of cell redox levels and amelioration of liver function could result in a better @entity413 and lipid metabolism. To study this, we assessed the effect of a new oral formulation of an antioxidant agent - @entity70997 (named IBI/S) - in @entity1 with chronic @entity5881 and concomitant T2DM. METHODS: Sixty outpatients were enrolled in a three-centre, double blind, randomised, IBI/S vs placebo study. Forty-two (21 in the group IBI/S - 135 mg/d silybin per os - and 21 in the placebo group) concluded the 6-month treatment period. The efficacy parameters included fasting and mean daily plasma @entity413 levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), basal, stimulated C-peptide and insulin levels, total-, HDL- @entity165 and @entity1674 levels in addition to conventional liver function tests. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by HOMA-IR. @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) was also measured before and after treatment as an index of oxidative stress. RESULTS: Fasting blood @entity413 levels, which were similar at baseline in IBI/S group and in the placebo group (173.9 mg/dl and 177.1 mg/dl, respectively), decreased to 148.4 mg/dl (-14.7% vs baseline; p = 0.03) in the IBI/S group while they were virtually unchanged in the placebo group. The comparison between the groups at mo 6 (T6) also showed a significant reduction of @entity413 levels in the IBI/S group (p = 0.03). The same trend was observed in mean daily blood @entity413 levels, HbA1c and HOMA-IR, although differences were not significant. Basal and stimulated C-peptide values showed that only a few changes had occured in both groups. Such results indicate that insulin secretion was virtually unaffected, as confirmed also by the insulinemia data. Plasma @entity1674 concentrations dropped from a baseline value of 186 mg/dl to 111 mg/dl (T6) in the IBI/S group, with significant differences at all instances with respect to baseline values. By contrast, @entity1674 increased from 159 mg/dl at entry to 185 mg/dl (T6) in the placebo group. The difference between the groups at T6 was highly significant (p < 0.01). Total and HDL @entity165 as well as liver function tests did not change significantly during the study in both groups. @entity1865 decreased significantly only in the group receiving IBI/S. No clinically relevant side effects were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration @entity70997 in @entity1 with T2DM and compensated chronic @entity5881 causes a significant decrease in both @entity413 and @entity412 plasma levels. These effects may be due to the recovery of energy substrates, consistent with a reduced lipid peroxidation and an improved insulin activity.

title: @entity70997 in the treatment of @entity1 with diabetes mellitus and XXXX . Efficacy study of a new preparation of an anti-oxidant agent.

answer: @entity5881 :: (MESH:D008108,Disease) :: ['alcoholic liver disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In @entity1 with @entity2175 (T2DM) and associated @entity409 , plasma levels of @entity413 , insulin and @entity1674 are high, lipid peroxidation is increased and natural antioxidant reserves are reduced. Thus, we hypothesised that the re-balancing of cell redox levels and amelioration of liver function could result in a better @entity413 and lipid metabolism. To study this, we assessed the effect of a new oral formulation of an antioxidant agent - @entity70997 (named IBI/S) - in @entity1 with chronic @entity5881 and concomitant T2DM. METHODS: Sixty outpatients were enrolled in a three-centre, double blind, randomised, IBI/S vs placebo study. Forty-two (21 in the group IBI/S - 135 mg/d silybin per os - and 21 in the placebo group) concluded the 6-month treatment period. The efficacy parameters included fasting and mean daily plasma @entity413 levels, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), basal, stimulated C-peptide and insulin levels, total-, HDL- @entity165 and @entity1674 levels in addition to conventional liver function tests. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by HOMA-IR. @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) was also measured before and after treatment as an index of oxidative stress. RESULTS: Fasting blood @entity413 levels, which were similar at baseline in IBI/S group and in the placebo group (173.9 mg/dl and 177.1 mg/dl, respectively), decreased to 148.4 mg/dl (-14.7% vs baseline; p = 0.03) in the IBI/S group while they were virtually unchanged in the placebo group. The comparison between the groups at mo 6 (T6) also showed a significant reduction of @entity413 levels in the IBI/S group (p = 0.03). The same trend was observed in mean daily blood @entity413 levels, HbA1c and HOMA-IR, although differences were not significant. Basal and stimulated C-peptide values showed that only a few changes had occured in both groups. Such results indicate that insulin secretion was virtually unaffected, as confirmed also by the insulinemia data. Plasma @entity1674 concentrations dropped from a baseline value of 186 mg/dl to 111 mg/dl (T6) in the IBI/S group, with significant differences at all instances with respect to baseline values. By contrast, @entity1674 increased from 159 mg/dl at entry to 185 mg/dl (T6) in the placebo group. The difference between the groups at T6 was highly significant (p < 0.01). Total and HDL @entity165 as well as liver function tests did not change significantly during the study in both groups. @entity1865 decreased significantly only in the group receiving IBI/S. No clinically relevant side effects were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration @entity70997 in @entity1 with T2DM and compensated chronic @entity5881 causes a significant decrease in both @entity413 and @entity412 plasma levels. These effects may be due to the recovery of energy substrates, consistent with a reduced lipid peroxidation and an improved insulin activity.

title: @entity70997 in the treatment of XXXX with diabetes mellitus and @entity5881 . Efficacy study of a new preparation of an anti-oxidant agent.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Forty-eight @entity1 with @entity2590 and a platelet count greater than 80 x 10(9)/L were the subjects of a study of platelet function. A whole-blood platelet lumi-aggregometer was used for simultaneous measurement of @entity1423 by the impedance method and of @entity855 -dense granule release. The results were correlated with skin @entity548 time and episodes of clinical @entity548 or @entity715 . Thirty-five @entity1 had at least 1 abnormal result indicating @entity1423 ; 7 @entity1 had mixed @entity1423 and @entity2915 ; and 4 @entity1 had @entity2915 . Only 2 @entity1 had normal results. There was good correlation between @entity1423 and prolonged skin @entity548 time (P = .005); however, several @entity1 with @entity1423 had normal skin @entity548 times. This finding suggested that whole-blood @entity1423 studies may be more sensitive than @entity548 time in identification of @entity1 at risk of @entity548 . Clinical @entity548 was frequent (32 @entity1 ) in this cohort despite platelet counts greater than 100 x 10(9)/L. This finding indicated @entity1423 was clinically important. In contrast, only 2 of the 13 @entity1 with @entity715 events had evidence of @entity2915 , suggesting that other clinical factors are probably more important determinants of @entity715 . These observations confirm that @entity1423 is common in @entity1 with @entity2590 and suggest a useful role for routine whole-blood @entity1423 studies to identify @entity1 at risk of @entity548 .

title: @entity1423 in XXXX : a clinicopathological study.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet hypoactivity', 'platelet aggregation', 'platelet hypofunction', 'platelet dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['platelet hyperactivity', 'hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis', 'thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine triphosphate']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplastic syndromes']


abstract: Forty-eight @entity1 with @entity2590 and a platelet count greater than 80 x 10(9)/L were the subjects of a study of platelet function. A whole-blood platelet lumi-aggregometer was used for simultaneous measurement of @entity1423 by the impedance method and of @entity855 -dense granule release. The results were correlated with skin @entity548 time and episodes of clinical @entity548 or @entity715 . Thirty-five @entity1 had at least 1 abnormal result indicating @entity1423 ; 7 @entity1 had mixed @entity1423 and @entity2915 ; and 4 @entity1 had @entity2915 . Only 2 @entity1 had normal results. There was good correlation between @entity1423 and prolonged skin @entity548 time (P = .005); however, several @entity1 with @entity1423 had normal skin @entity548 times. This finding suggested that whole-blood @entity1423 studies may be more sensitive than @entity548 time in identification of @entity1 at risk of @entity548 . Clinical @entity548 was frequent (32 @entity1 ) in this cohort despite platelet counts greater than 100 x 10(9)/L. This finding indicated @entity1423 was clinically important. In contrast, only 2 of the 13 @entity1 with @entity715 events had evidence of @entity2915 , suggesting that other clinical factors are probably more important determinants of @entity715 . These observations confirm that @entity1423 is common in @entity1 with @entity2590 and suggest a useful role for routine whole-blood @entity1423 studies to identify @entity1 at risk of @entity548 .

title: XXXX in @entity2590 : a clinicopathological study.

answer: @entity1423 :: (MESH:D001791,Disease) :: ['Platelet dysfunction']


abstract: A phase I study with continuous administration of @entity1259 for 21 days using a venous access port and a portable pump was performed. The first dose step was 2 mg/m2/d for 21 days. Interval between courses was 3 weeks. Dose increment per step was 1 mg/m2/d. Twenty-two @entity1 entered the study and received a total of 58 courses with a median of two (range, one to nine). Up to 5 mg/m2/d no @entity137 (according to World Health Organization [WHO] criteria) occurred. At 6 mg/m2/d (six pts), one @entity1 had @entity1431 grade 3. Two others had some hair loss. At 7 mg/m2/d (four @entity1 ), all @entity1 developed @entity33 (two grade 3). Three @entity1 had @entity236 (one grade 3 @entity417 , one grade 4 @entity1431 ), and one @entity1 developed the @entity8566 . No other @entity137 occurred in the @entity1 . One @entity1 obtained a partial response (18 weeks), ten had stable disease (12 to 54 weeks), seven had progressive disease, and four were not evaluable for response. One @entity1 developed @entity2688 around the port, responding to antibiotic treatment; one @entity1 developed a @entity4264 that resolved with urokinase and removal of the access port. No @entity295 occurred. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorometric detection. Plasma steady state was reached after 57 hours. During steady state there was a linear relationship between @entity1259 dose administered and @entity1259 level in plasma (r = .58, P less than .05), whole blood (r = .75, P less than .005), and in leukocytes (r = .68, P less than .05). The area under the curve in leukocytes was higher with continuous infusion of 6 mg/m2 for 21 days compared with bolus injection of 80 mg/m2. This method of continuous infusion with @entity1259 may be a way to increase intracellular drug-uptake as expressed by intracellular area under curve (AUC). We recommend 6 mg/m2/d for 3 weeks for evaluation of antitumor efficacy in phase II studies.

title: A phase I and pharmacokinetic study with 21-day continuous infusion of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4264 :: ('MESH:D013479', 'Disease') :: ['vena cava superior syndrome']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia', 'leukocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity8566 :: ('MESH:D060831', 'Disease') :: ['hand-foot syndrome']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow depression']

answer: @entity1259 :: (MESH:D015251,Chemical) :: ['epirubicin']


abstract: @entity2553 is a well recognized complication during microvascular surgery of the hand. In the search for new spasmolytic drug therapies, the effects of @entity3302 , @entity1854 , @entity3931 and @entity3303 on isolated @entity1 hand veins contracted by several postulated mediators of @entity2553 were examined. Mechanical activity was recorded isometrically in ring segments of the vessels. @entity972 ions, @entity1063 (NA), @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity3774 (PGF2 alpha) all produced strong contractions that were highly dependent on the presence of extracellular @entity141 . @entity3302 acted as a nonselective vasodilator, as it produced an almost identical inhibition of contractile responses to all examined stimulants. @entity1854 inhibited contractions induced by agonists more than those evoked by K+, whereas the opposite was found for @entity3931 . @entity1854 also seemed to display a certain degree of selectivity among the agonist-induced responses (NA greater than PGF2 alpha greater than @entity750 ). @entity3303 increased the contractile response to K+ and at high concentrations (greater than 10(-5) M) produced a contraction per se. The clinical efficacy of @entity3303 as a vasodilator after topical application therefore seems to reflect an inhibitory action on vasoconstrictor nerves. @entity3302 , @entity1854 , @entity3931 and @entity3303 differ considerably in their profiles of action and therefore deserve to be further evaluated in the treatment of @entity2553 during microvascular surgery.

title: Actions of some vasodilators on isolated XXXX hand veins.

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitroprusside', 'nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity3931 :: ('MESH:D009553', 'Chemical') :: ['nimodipine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine', 'Lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity3302 :: ('MESH:D010208', 'Chemical') :: ['Papaverine', 'papaverine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', '5-HT']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['Potassium']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['Vasospasm', 'vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Many indexes of damage have been used to quantify the @entity460 ( @entity141 ) paradox. We report here how different conclusions may be reached concerning the severity of the paradox when different indexes of damage are used. Hearts from 3- to 24-day-old and adult @entity35 were isolated, depleted of @entity141 for 5 min, and then @entity141 repleted. @entity10943 loss, @entity141 gain, and ultrastructural changes were monitored. Our results indicate that with increasing age each of these parameters shows a progression toward the adult state. However, this progression does not proceed at the same rate for each parameter. There was very little release of @entity10943 from hearts of @entity35 of less than 11 days old, but the amount released increased with increasing age. There appeared to be a direct relationship between the amount of @entity10943 released and the proportion of extremely contracted cells with disrupted sarcolemma. However, hearts from @entity35 of all ages gained @entity141 , suggesting that @entity141 entry occurs via contracture-dependent and contracture-independent routes. Thus we are able to dissociate @entity141 gain from the development of contracted cells and @entity10943 release at the youngest ages. Different conclusions could therefore be reached as to the severity of the @entity141 paradox at these youngest ages depending on which indexes of damage are documented.

title: Quantification of XXXX paradox in neonatal @entity35 hearts.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Many indexes of damage have been used to quantify the @entity460 ( @entity141 ) paradox. We report here how different conclusions may be reached concerning the severity of the paradox when different indexes of damage are used. Hearts from 3- to 24-day-old and adult @entity35 were isolated, depleted of @entity141 for 5 min, and then @entity141 repleted. @entity10943 loss, @entity141 gain, and ultrastructural changes were monitored. Our results indicate that with increasing age each of these parameters shows a progression toward the adult state. However, this progression does not proceed at the same rate for each parameter. There was very little release of @entity10943 from hearts of @entity35 of less than 11 days old, but the amount released increased with increasing age. There appeared to be a direct relationship between the amount of @entity10943 released and the proportion of extremely contracted cells with disrupted sarcolemma. However, hearts from @entity35 of all ages gained @entity141 , suggesting that @entity141 entry occurs via contracture-dependent and contracture-independent routes. Thus we are able to dissociate @entity141 gain from the development of contracted cells and @entity10943 release at the youngest ages. Different conclusions could therefore be reached as to the severity of the @entity141 paradox at these youngest ages depending on which indexes of damage are documented.

title: Quantification of @entity460 paradox in neonatal XXXX hearts.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of a minimal-stimulation protocol with those of a standard protocol used for IVF. DESIGN: Retrospective, controlled study. SETTING: University center. @entity1 (S): Fifty-five @entity1 undergoing IVF using a minimal-stimulation protocol with or without adjuvant therapy with a GnRH antagonist. A control group consisted of age- and diagnosis-matched @entity1 undergoing a standard long GnRH agonist (GnRH-a)-gonadotropin stimulation during the same time period. INTERVENTION(S): @entity4082 and gonadotropins, with or without the GnRH antagonist ganirelix. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Oocytes recovered and pregnancy rates. RESULT(S): The number of oocytes retrieved was significantly lower for the minimal-stimulation regimen compared with the case of the long GnRH-a protocol (4.8 +/- 2.6 vs. 16.2 +/- 7.5, respectively). The clinical pregnancy rate per transfer, however, was not significantly different between the two regimens (37% vs. 41%, minimal stimulation vs. long GnRH-a protocol, respectively). The addition of ganirelix resulted in at least the same pregnancy outcome as compared with the case of cycles without the antagonist. CONCLUSION(S): Minimal stimulation using @entity4082 followed by gonadotropin for IVF results in pregnancy rates equal to the standard long GnRH-a-gonadotropin protocol. The addition of ganirelix resulted in at least similar results with the advantage of eliminating the occurrence of a premature endogenous LH surge.

title: Minimal ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization using sequential XXXX and gonadotropin with or without the addition of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity4082 :: ('MESH:D002996', 'Chemical') :: ['Clomiphene citrate', 'clomiphene citrate']

answer: @entity4082 :: (MESH:D002996,Chemical) :: ['clomiphene citrate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Clinical prognosis and treatment schedules of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) are dependent on @entity5 stage. This explains the importance of an exact pretreatment staging of the primary @entity5 and lymph nodes especially in locally advanced @entity1149 , to differentiate between resectable and non-resectable disease. To assess the lymph node status of the upper mediastinum, the diagnostic value of mediastinoscopy is accepted to be superior to radiological methods. In contrast, thoracoscopy is not yet established as a standard staging tool. @entity1 AND METHODS: Seventy-three consecutive @entity1 with CT-based suspicion of advanced @entity1149 have been investigated as part of a phase II study on neoadjuvant treatment of @entity1149 . All @entity1 underwent mediastinoscopy and mediastinal lymph node sampling. In the case of a negative result we performed additional thoracoscopy. RESULTS: In 52.1% (n = 38) of the @entity1 the invasive diagnostic methods led to results that were effectively different from those of the radiological findings. In 11 @entity1 (15.1%) CT-assessed lymph node @entity3 could invasively not be confirmed, whereas nine @entity1 (12.3%) had positive mediastinal lymph nodes but no corresponding CT signs (diameter <1 cm). The results were achieved by mediastinoscopy in 15 (20.5%) and by thoracoscopy in five (6.8.%) @entity1 . A radiologically unexpected T4 stage has been found in four (5.5%) and a M1 stage in four (5.5%) @entity1 by thoracoscopy. On the contrary, in seven @entity1 a suspected infiltration of mediastinum or parietal pleura could be thoracoscopically excluded. Four @entity1 have been in an unexpected high stage of @entity5 progression at the moment of diagnostic procedures and therefore have been included in palliative therapy schedules. Ten @entity1 have been 'overstaged' by radiological methods and benefited from a primarily curative resection after invasive staging. CONCLUSIONS: Of the 73 prospectively studied @entity1 with locally advanced @entity1149 , 12 (16.4%) have been staged too low and 13 (17.8%) too high. If exclusively staged by radiological methods, about 34% of @entity2 have been classified incorrectly. Therefore, these tools are not a sufficient basis for diagnosis of @entity5 . Mediastinoscopy with consecutive thoracoscopy is an essential part of the therapeutic planning in locally advanced @entity1149 , and results are significantly superior to clinical staging.

title: Invasive staging of XXXX --a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage III NSCLC disease']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether long-term improvement could be observed after orbital radiotherapy for @entity2743 ; in addition, to evaluate ancillary treatments needed for those who have received radiotherapy, to search for late-emerging adverse consequences of radiotherapy, and to relate orbital changes to serum levels of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). DESIGN: Three-year follow-up of noncomparative interventional case series. @entity1 : Forty-two @entity1 . INTERVENTION: All @entity1 had received orbital radiotherapy within 6 months of study entry. Twelve months after study entry, @entity1 were free to select any additional treatment for their @entity6875 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Need for surgery, @entity134 therapy, volume of extraocular muscles and fat, proptosis, area of @entity892 fields and range of extraocular muscle motion, volume changes after decompression and correlations of eye findings with serum TSI levels, retinal status. RESULTS: Half of the @entity1 elected to have a surgical procedure on their eyes or orbits. Among @entity1 who were not decompressed, we found only slight improvement in some of the main outcome measures. TSI did not positively correlate with baseline status or with any observed change in major outcome measures. After orbital decompression, the volumes of both muscle and fat increase, but bony orbital volume increases more and proptosis diminishes. @entity989 consistent with @entity989 developed de novo in five eyes of three @entity1 within 3 years of radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In this 3-year uncontrolled follow-up phase, limited evidence for a clinically significant improvement was observed, which may be the result of treatment or of natural remission. In either case, the changes are of little clinical significance. Because it is neither effective nor innocuous, radiotherapy does not seem to be indicated for treatment of mild to moderate @entity6875 .

title: The aftermath of orbital radiotherapy for graves' XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease"]

entities_list: @entity6875 :: ('MESH:D049970', 'Disease') :: ['ophthalmopathy']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['Retinal microvascular abnormalities', 'radiation retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

answer: @entity6875 :: (MESH:D049970,Disease) :: ['ophthalmopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of lacrimal balloon catheter dilatation in treating @entity1448 ( @entity1448 ) as a primary procedure in @entity1 more than 18 months of age and in @entity1 who have failed lacrimal probing or @entity1346 intubation. DESIGN: Retrospective, interventional case series. @entity1 : Fifty-nine @entity1 , ranging in age from 15 months to 9 years (mean, 35.6 months), with 73 lacrimal systems diagnosed with @entity1448 who underwent nasolacrimal balloon catheter dilatation. Thirty-four lacrimal systems (46.5%) had no previous procedures, whereas 39 lacrimal systems (53.5%) had failed probing, @entity1346 intubation, or both. INTERVENTION: Balloon catheter dilatation was performed following standard protocol, with a simplified regimen in most @entity1 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical patency of the nasolacrimal duct after balloon dilatation was the main outcome measure and was defined as complete resolution of signs and symptoms (crusting, discharge, and increased tear meniscus). Age, inferior turbinate infracture, and @entity1467 as related to the main outcome measure were also analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 56 of the 73 lacrimal systems (76.7%) had complete resolution of symptoms. Twenty-seven of all 34 primary balloon catheter dilatations (79.4%) remained clinically patent, whereas 29 of all 39 secondary balloon catheter dilatations (74.4%) remained clinically patent after surgery (P = 0.8165). Thirty-nine of 47 lacrimal systems (82.9%) in @entity1 older than 24 months remained clinically patent, whereas 17 of 26 lacrimal systems (65.4%) in @entity1 younger than 24 months remained clinically patent (P = 0.1573). The mean age of @entity1 with successful outcomes was 37 months, whereas the mean age of @entity1 with failed balloon catheter dilatations was 32 months (P = 0.3924). In the secondary procedure group, analysis showed that the mean age of success (32 months) was greater than the mean age of failure (18 months; P = 0.0491). Within the secondary group, 16 of 17 lacrimal systems (94.1%) older than 24 months were successful, whereas 13 of 22 lacrimal systems (59.1%) younger than 24 months were successful (P = 0.0344). CONCLUSIONS: Balloon catheter dilatation is an effective treatment for @entity1448 . In particular, balloon catheter dilatation in older @entity1 who failed previous probing is highly successful.

title: Success of balloon catheter dilatation as a primary or secondary procedure for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['CNLDO', 'congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Downe's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

answer: @entity1448 :: (MESH:D002779,Disease) :: ['congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether computer-assisted prescription writing reduces the frequency of prescription errors in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ). METHODS: A pre-post retrospective analysis was used to compare errors between handwritten (HW) and computer-assisted (CA) @entity341 prescriptions. Prescriptions were reviewed for pharmacist clarifications. A clarification was defined as an error if missing information, incorrect information, incorrect dose, non-formulary medication, or illegibility was the reason for clarification. The HW and @entity1168 were compared using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: During the pre-intervention period, there were 7,036 @entity1 visits with 2,326 HW @entity341 prescriptions filled for 1,459 @entity1 . There were 91 clarifications, with a rate of 3.9%. There were 54 HW errors, for an error rate of 2.3%. During the post-intervention period, there were 7,845 @entity1 visits with 1,594 CA prescriptions filled for 1,056 @entity1 . There were 13 clarifications, with a clarification rate of 0.8%, and 11 errors, for a @entity1168 .7%. The CA prescriptions were substantially less likely to contain an error [OR 0.31 (95% CI = 0.10 to 0.36)] or to require pharmacist clarification [OR 0.19 (95% CI = 0.10 to 0.36)] than were the HW prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS: Computer-assisted prescriptions were more than three times less likely to contain errors and five times less likely to require pharmacist clarification than handwritten prescriptions.

title: The effect of computer-assisted prescription writing on XXXX prescription errors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['CA error rate of 0', 'CA error rates']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['emergency department']


abstract: Calcineurin is a Ca(2+) and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase with diverse cellular functions. Here we examined the physical and functional interactions between calcineurin and @entity19340 ( @entity19340 ) in a C2C12 cell line derived from @entity19 skeletal muscle. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the association between @entity19340 and calcineurin exhibits a strong Ca(2+) dependence. This association involves a Ca(2+) dependent interaction between calcineurin and FK506-binding protein ( @entity36464 ), an accessory subunit of @entity19340 . Pretreatment with cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of calcineurin, enhanced the caffeine-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) in C2C12 cells. This effect was similar to those of FK506 and rapamycin, two drugs known to cause dissociation of @entity36464 from @entity19340 . Overexpression of a constitutively active form of calcineurin in C2C12 cells, DeltaCnA(391-521) (deletion of the last 131 amino acids from calcineurin), resulted in a decrease in CICR. This decrease in CICR activity was partially recovered by pretreatment with cyclosporin A. Furthermore, overexpression of an endogenous @entity30782 (cain) or an inactive form of calcineurin (DeltaCnA( @entity70998 )) in C2C12 cells resulted in up-regulation of CICR. Taken together, our data suggest that a trimeric-interaction among calcineurin, @entity36464 , and @entity19340 is important for the regulation of the @entity19340 channel activity and may play an important role in the Ca(2+) signaling of muscle contraction and relaxation.

title: Ca(2+)-dependent interaction between XXXX and calcineurin regulates activity of the Ca(2+) release channel in skeletal muscle.

answer: @entity36464 :: (14225(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['FKBP12']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Defects in the DNA repair system lead to genetic instability because replication errors are not corrected. This type of genetic instability is a key event in the malignant progression of HNPCC and a subset of sporadic @entity694 and mutation rates are particularly high at short repetitive sequences. Somatic deletions of coding mononucleotide repeats have been detected, for example, in the TGFbetaRII and BAX genes, and recently many novel target genes for @entity124 ( @entity124 ) have been proposed. Novel target genes are likely to be discovered in the future. More data should be created on background mutation rates in @entity5 to evaluate mutation rates observed in the candidate target genes. METHODS: Mutation rates in 14 neutral intronic repeats were evaluated in @entity5 . Bioinformatic searches combined with keywords related to @entity5 and @entity5 suppressor or CRC related gene homology were used to find new candidate @entity124 target genes. By comparison of mutation frequencies observed in intronic mononucleotide repeats versus exonic coding repeats of potential @entity124 target genes, the significance of the exonic mutations was estimated. RESULTS: As expected, the length of an intronic mononucleotide repeat correlated positively with the number of slippages for both G/C and A/T repeats (p=0.0020 and p=0.0012, respectively). @entity5345 , @entity70999 , and @entity996 associated @entity26994 and other candidates were found in a bioinformatic search combined with keywords related to @entity5 . Sequencing showed a significantly increased mutation rate in the exonic A9 repeat of @entity26994 (25/109=22.9%) as compared with similar intronic repeats (p< or =0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We propose a new candidate @entity124 target gene @entity26994 to be evaluated in further studies.

title: Screening for XXXX target genes in colorectal cancers.

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['MSI', 'microsatellite instability']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['MSI tumours', 'cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancers']

answer: @entity124 :: (MESH:D053842,Disease) :: ['microsatellite instability']


abstract: The reovirus core particle is a molecular machine that mediates synthesis, capping, and export of the viral plus strand RNA transcripts. Its assembly and structure-function relationships remain to be well understood. Following the lead of previous studies with other Reoviridae family members, most notably orbiviruses and rotaviruses, we used recombinant baculoviruses to coexpress reovirus core proteins lambda1, lambda2, and sigma2 in insect cells. The resulting core-like particles ( @entity52747 ) were purified and characterized. They were found to be similar to cores with regard to their sizes, morphologies, and protein compositions. Like cores, they could also be coated in vitro with the two major outer-capsid proteins, micro 1 and sigma3, to produce virion-like particles. Coexpression of core shell protein lambda1 and core nodule protein sigma2 was sufficient to yield @entity52747 that could withstand purification, whereas expression of lambda1 alone was not, indicating a required role for sigma2 as a previous study also suggested. In addition, @entity52747 that lacked lambda2 (formed from lambda1 and sigma2 only) could not be coated with micro 1 and sigma3, indicating a required role for lambda2 in the assembly of these outer-capsid proteins into particles. To extend the use of this system for understanding the core and its assembly, we addressed the hypothesis that the hydrophilic @entity1472 -terminal region of lambda1, which adopts an extended arm-like conformation around each threefold @entity2270 in the reovirus core crystal structure, plays an important role in assembling the core shell. Using a series of lambda1 deletion mutants, we showed that the @entity1472 -terminal 230 residues of lambda1, including its @entity219 finger, are dispensable for @entity23350 assembly. Residues in the 231-to-259 region of lambda1, however, were required. The core crystal structure suggests that residues in the 231-to-259 region are necessary because they affect the interaction of lambda1 with the threefold and/or fivefold copies of sigma2. An effective system for studies of reovirus core structure, assembly, and functions is hereby established.

title: The hydrophilic XXXX -terminal arm of reovirus core shell protein lambda1 is dispensable for particle assembly.

answer: @entity1472 :: (CHEBI:46882,Chemical) :: ['amino']


abstract: Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)-alpha ( @entity3901 ) is a @entity460 -sensitive enzyme involved in receptor-mediated eicosanoid production. In resting cells, @entity3901 is present in the cytosol and nucleus and translocates to membranes via its @entity460 -dependent lipid-binding (CaLB) domain following stimulation. @entity3901 is also regulated by phosphorylation on several residues, which results in enhanced @entity1426 release. Little is known about the factors controlling the nuclear localisation of @entity3901 . Here the nuclear localisation of @entity3901 in the EA.hy.926 @entity1 endothelial cell line was investigated. Nuclear localisation was dependent on proliferation, with subconfluent cells containing higher levels of nuclear @entity3901 than contact-inhibited confluent or serum-starved cells. The broad-range protein kinase inhibitor @entity866 caused a decrease in the nuclear level of @entity3901 , whereas the protein phosphatase inhibitor @entity18398 increased the level of nuclear @entity3901 . Using inhibitors for specific mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, both @entity3903 /44(MAPK) and @entity1435 (MAPK) were shown to be important in modulating nuclear localisation. Finally, inhibition of nuclear import and export using Agaricus bisporus lectin and @entity18421 , respectively, demonstrated that @entity3901 contains functional nuclear localisation and export signals. Thus we have identified a novel mode of regulation of @entity3901 . This, together with the increasing body of evidence supporting the role of nuclear lipid second messengers in gene expression and proliferation, may have important implications for controlling the growth of endothelial cells in angiogenesis and @entity5 progression.

title: Nuclear localisation of cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha in the EA.hy.926 XXXX endothelial cell line is proliferation dependent and modulated by phosphorylation.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity866 :: ('MESH:D019311', 'Chemical') :: ['staurosporine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity18398 :: ('MESH:D019319', 'Chemical') :: ['okadaic acid']

entities_list: @entity18421 :: ('MESH:C038753', 'Chemical') :: ['leptomycin B']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Engagement of the Fas receptor promotes apoptosis by activation of caspases. In addition, alterations in plasma membrane lipid orientation and intracellular ceramide levels are often observed. In A20 B-lymphoma cells, @entity12 -induced cell @entity204 and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization were completely prevented by the generic caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. By contrast, the @entity522 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-cho only partially restored cell viability and had no effect on surface exposure of PS. Flow cytometric analysis after @entity12 treatment identified two populations of dead cells. In one, @entity204 was dependent on @entity522 and paralleled by DNA fragmentation and cell shrinkage. In the second, @entity204 occurred in the absence of @entity522 activity and apoptotic features but was also blocked by zVAD-fmk. By morphological criteria these were identified as apoptotic and @entity39 cells, respectively. Using fluorescent substrates, @entity522 activity was detected only in the apoptotic cell population, whereas @entity8186 activity was detected in both. Both forms of @entity8186 -dependent cell @entity204 were also detected downstream of Fas in Jurkat T-cells, where Fas-dependent PS externalization and delayed ceramide production, which is similar to results shown here in A20 cells, have been reported. However, for Raji B-cells, lacking lipid scrambling and ceramide production in response to Fas activation, only apoptosis was detected. Short-chain C2- or C6-ceramides, but not the respective inactive dihydro compounds or treatment with bacterial sphingomyelinase, induced predominantly @entity39 rather than apoptotic cell @entity204 in A20 B-, Raji B- and Jurkat T-cells. Thus, delayed elevation of ceramide is proposed to promote @entity39 in those Fas-stimulated cells where @entity8186 activation was insufficient to trigger @entity522 -dependent apoptosis.

title: Caspase-dependent initiation of apoptosis and @entity39 by the Fas receptor in lymphoid cells: onset of XXXX is associated with delayed ceramide increase.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic', 'necrosis']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrosis']


abstract: Engagement of the Fas receptor promotes apoptosis by activation of caspases. In addition, alterations in plasma membrane lipid orientation and intracellular ceramide levels are often observed. In A20 B-lymphoma cells, @entity12 -induced cell @entity204 and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization were completely prevented by the generic caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk. By contrast, the @entity522 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-cho only partially restored cell viability and had no effect on surface exposure of PS. Flow cytometric analysis after @entity12 treatment identified two populations of dead cells. In one, @entity204 was dependent on @entity522 and paralleled by DNA fragmentation and cell shrinkage. In the second, @entity204 occurred in the absence of @entity522 activity and apoptotic features but was also blocked by zVAD-fmk. By morphological criteria these were identified as apoptotic and @entity39 cells, respectively. Using fluorescent substrates, @entity522 activity was detected only in the apoptotic cell population, whereas @entity8186 activity was detected in both. Both forms of @entity8186 -dependent cell @entity204 were also detected downstream of Fas in Jurkat T-cells, where Fas-dependent PS externalization and delayed ceramide production, which is similar to results shown here in A20 cells, have been reported. However, for Raji B-cells, lacking lipid scrambling and ceramide production in response to Fas activation, only apoptosis was detected. Short-chain C2- or C6-ceramides, but not the respective inactive dihydro compounds or treatment with bacterial sphingomyelinase, induced predominantly @entity39 rather than apoptotic cell @entity204 in A20 B-, Raji B- and Jurkat T-cells. Thus, delayed elevation of ceramide is proposed to promote @entity39 in those Fas-stimulated cells where @entity8186 activation was insufficient to trigger @entity522 -dependent apoptosis.

title: Caspase-dependent initiation of apoptosis and XXXX by the Fas receptor in lymphoid cells: onset of @entity39 is associated with delayed ceramide increase.

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrosis']


abstract: The effect of starvation on urinary output and biochemical indices of renal function was investigated in @entity35 . Starvation resulted in a marked fall in water intake. Urinary output paradoxically increased during the first day following starvation, but fell dramatically thereafter. Urinary @entity1011 excretion and @entity1011 clearance fell markedly, but plasma @entity1011 concentration did not alter. Plasma @entity1133 concentration and urinary @entity1133 excretion fell. Plasma @entity1372 concentration increased, whilst plasma @entity972 concentration did not alter; urinary @entity1372 and @entity972 excretion fell. Plasma @entity3157 concentration fell marginally, but the anion gap increased to a greater extent. Following re-feeding, water intake and urine output increased, as did urinary @entity1011 excretion and @entity1011 clearance. Plasma @entity1133 and urinary @entity1133 concentrations, as well as @entity1372 and @entity972 excretion, increased. Plasma @entity3157 increased and the anion gap decreased. These indices improved within 2 days of re-feeding and were restored to normal in 5 days.

title: Effect of starvation on biochemical indices of renal function in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1582 is a malignancy of plasma cells and is characterized by increased marrow angiogenesis. @entity2816 , an agent with antiangiogenic properties, is effective in relapsed @entity1582 . We report the results of a study combining @entity2816 and @entity619 as initial therapy for @entity1582 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity1582 were studied. @entity2816 was given at a dose of 200 mg/d orally. @entity619 was given at a dose of 40 mg/d orally on days 1 to 4, 9 to 12, and 17 to 20 (odd cycles) and 40 mg/d on days 1 to 4 (even cycles), repeated monthly. RESULTS: Of all 50 @entity1 , a confirmed response was seen in 32 @entity1 yielding a response rate of 64% (95% confidence interval, 49% to 77%). Thirty-one @entity1 (62%) proceeded to stem-cell collection after four cycles of therapy including 26 who underwent stem-cell transplantation and five who chose stem-cell cryopreservation. Major grade 3 or 4 @entity137 were observed in 16 @entity1 (32%), and the most frequent were @entity1150 (six @entity1 ), @entity1142 (four @entity1 ), @entity1910 (three @entity1 ), and @entity1353 (two @entity1 ). Three @entity204 occurred during active therapy because of a @entity788 , @entity1151 , and @entity281 . CONCLUSION: We conclude that the combination of @entity2816 plus @entity619 is a feasible and active regimen in the treatment of @entity1582 . It merits further study as an oral alternative to infusional chemotherapy with @entity1891 , @entity632 , and @entity619 and other intravenous regimens currently used as pretransplantation induction therapy for @entity1582 .

title: Combination therapy with XXXX plus @entity619 for newly diagnosed @entity1582 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2816 :: ('MESH:D013792', 'Chemical') :: ['Thalidomide', 'thalidomide']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'myeloma', 'Multiple myeloma']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone', 'dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity2816 :: (MESH:D013792,Chemical) :: ['thalidomide']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1582 is a malignancy of plasma cells and is characterized by increased marrow angiogenesis. @entity2816 , an agent with antiangiogenic properties, is effective in relapsed @entity1582 . We report the results of a study combining @entity2816 and @entity619 as initial therapy for @entity1582 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity1582 were studied. @entity2816 was given at a dose of 200 mg/d orally. @entity619 was given at a dose of 40 mg/d orally on days 1 to 4, 9 to 12, and 17 to 20 (odd cycles) and 40 mg/d on days 1 to 4 (even cycles), repeated monthly. RESULTS: Of all 50 @entity1 , a confirmed response was seen in 32 @entity1 yielding a response rate of 64% (95% confidence interval, 49% to 77%). Thirty-one @entity1 (62%) proceeded to stem-cell collection after four cycles of therapy including 26 who underwent stem-cell transplantation and five who chose stem-cell cryopreservation. Major grade 3 or 4 @entity137 were observed in 16 @entity1 (32%), and the most frequent were @entity1150 (six @entity1 ), @entity1142 (four @entity1 ), @entity1910 (three @entity1 ), and @entity1353 (two @entity1 ). Three @entity204 occurred during active therapy because of a @entity788 , @entity1151 , and @entity281 . CONCLUSION: We conclude that the combination of @entity2816 plus @entity619 is a feasible and active regimen in the treatment of @entity1582 . It merits further study as an oral alternative to infusional chemotherapy with @entity1891 , @entity632 , and @entity619 and other intravenous regimens currently used as pretransplantation induction therapy for @entity1582 .

title: Combination therapy with @entity2816 plus XXXX for newly diagnosed @entity1582 .

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1582 is a malignancy of plasma cells and is characterized by increased marrow angiogenesis. @entity2816 , an agent with antiangiogenic properties, is effective in relapsed @entity1582 . We report the results of a study combining @entity2816 and @entity619 as initial therapy for @entity1582 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity1582 were studied. @entity2816 was given at a dose of 200 mg/d orally. @entity619 was given at a dose of 40 mg/d orally on days 1 to 4, 9 to 12, and 17 to 20 (odd cycles) and 40 mg/d on days 1 to 4 (even cycles), repeated monthly. RESULTS: Of all 50 @entity1 , a confirmed response was seen in 32 @entity1 yielding a response rate of 64% (95% confidence interval, 49% to 77%). Thirty-one @entity1 (62%) proceeded to stem-cell collection after four cycles of therapy including 26 who underwent stem-cell transplantation and five who chose stem-cell cryopreservation. Major grade 3 or 4 @entity137 were observed in 16 @entity1 (32%), and the most frequent were @entity1150 (six @entity1 ), @entity1142 (four @entity1 ), @entity1910 (three @entity1 ), and @entity1353 (two @entity1 ). Three @entity204 occurred during active therapy because of a @entity788 , @entity1151 , and @entity281 . CONCLUSION: We conclude that the combination of @entity2816 plus @entity619 is a feasible and active regimen in the treatment of @entity1582 . It merits further study as an oral alternative to infusional chemotherapy with @entity1891 , @entity632 , and @entity619 and other intravenous regimens currently used as pretransplantation induction therapy for @entity1582 .

title: Combination therapy with @entity2816 plus @entity619 for newly diagnosed XXXX .

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['myeloma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate use of a short hook wire and suture system for preoperative localization of @entity358 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Percutaneous localization of 168 lesions was performed with computed tomographic (CT) guidance in 150 @entity1 . @entity1 were classified into three groups: a 3-year early-learning experience of treatment of 40 lesions mainly in one institution (group A1), a more recent 4-year experience of treatment of 88 lesions in the same institution (group A2), and the roughly synchronous recent 3-year experience of treatment of 40 lesions in a different hospital (group B). RESULTS: The hook wire was successfully placed without dislodgment in 146 @entity1 , accounting for 164 (97.6%) of 168 lesions. Group A2 showed a success rate of 100%. There was no difference in @entity1 among the three groups in regard to size of lesions or their distance from the pleural surface. In @entity1 in groups @entity3750 , the proportion of nodules with ground-glass opacity and primary @entity2 at CT was significantly greater than that in @entity1 in group A1. In 168 placements, nonsymptomatic pneumothorax cases were observed in 54 (32.1%), @entity548 into the lung were observed in 25 (14.9%), and @entity548 into the pleural space was observed in one (0.6%). No @entity1 complained of notable @entity158 during or after the procedure, and no serious complication was experienced. Unsuccessful placement was caused by too shallow a puncture with the introducer needle. CONCLUSION: This system with a flexible suture for preoperative localization has a high success rate.

title: Preoperative localization of small XXXX with a short hook wire and suture system: experience with 168 procedures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary nodular lesions']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary lesions']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence, risk factors, management, and visual outcome of @entity86 in comparison with preexisting @entity726 in repeated corneal transplantation. METHODS: The charts of all the @entity1 who underwent repeated corneal transplantation between 1985 and 1998 were reviewed for the occurrence of preexisting and @entity86 . Eighty @entity1 underwent 122 repeated corneal transplantations, of which six underwent surgery in both eyes. The mean follow-up period from the primary keratoplasty was 89.5 months and the minimal follow-up period was at least 6 months after the last transplantation. RESULTS: @entity86 affected 29 eyes (34%) in 28 @entity1 (35%) with repeated corneal transplantation. Herpetic scar as an indication for transplantation and a history of previous immune graft rejection were more common in @entity1 who developed @entity86 compared with the entire regrafted group ( p= 0.016 and p< 0.001, respectively). The incidence of @entity726 usually increased with the increased number of keratoplasties. The following types of @entity726 were disclosed: closed angle (59%), @entity228 induced (21%), open angle (11%), angle recession (3%), aqueous misdirection (3%), and unknown cause (3%). Surgical intervention was required in 62%. @entity726 was controlled in nine eyes (31%) and resolved following regrafting or discontinuation of @entity288 in four eyes (14%), of which five (17%) had clear regrafts. Better intraocular pressure control was achieved in those cases that did not require surgical intervention ( p= 0.019). In 15 eyes (52%), regrafts failed due to uncontrolled @entity726 and/or other causes. At the end of the follow-up period, visual acuity was 20/30 to 20/200 in 17%, counting fingers from less than 20 ft in 31%, hand movement/light perception in 35%, and no light perception in 17%. Six of the 86 eyes (7%) in six @entity1 (7.5%) had preexisting @entity726 . Graft clarity and @entity726 control in @entity1 with preexisting @entity726 were similar to those of @entity726 (50% had controlled @entity726 and 33% had clear regraft). CONCLUSIONS: @entity726 , either preexisting or postoperative, is one of the most devastating complications of repeated corneal transplantation and the cause for regraft failure and @entity227 even when intensively treated. Close monitoring and early targeted therapy are warranted to increase the survival of repeated corneal transplants in eyes affected by @entity726 .

title: Preexisting and XXXX in repeated corneal transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma', 'glaucoma', 'postkeratoplasty glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative glaucoma', 'postoperative glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative glaucoma']


abstract: Molecular biology studies have led to the identification of two different types of @entity14 . The first group, called LOH (for loss of heterozygosity), represents 80% of @entity14 and is characterised by aneuploidy, allelic losses and a location in the distal colon. The second group displays phenotypic microsatellite instability ( @entity5 ), has a near-diploid karyotype and a relatively low frequency of allelic losses. It accounts for 15% of all @entity14 and for about 30% of right-sided @entity5 . Four different pathways have been identified as responsible for @entity5 progression: the WNT/Wingless, the @entity984 , the Transforming growth factor (TGF) and the @entity876 pathways. The involvement of these pathways depends on the @entity5 type. In @entity5 , the WNT/Wingless pathway is activated through an APC mutation, whereas @entity5 do so through a catenin stabilising mutation. The TGFb growth inhibitory pathway is altered either by mutations in the signal transduction molecules @entity2536 and @entity1594 in LOH positive @entity5 or by mutations of TGFbRII in @entity5 . In the @entity876 pathway, mutations in @entity589 may contribute to the @entity2513 transition just as @entity876 mutations may do in LOH positive @entity5 . Until now, @entity5 phenotype determination has had no clinical implications. However, the predictive value of the MSI status was recently stressed as a predictive factor for response to chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry could represent a complementary strategy to molecular biology in assessing MSI status. This simple test would allow to screen all @entity14 for MSI status, which would provide valuable management information in addition to the histological assessment for @entity5 stage and grade.

title: [Genetic pathways in XXXX : interest for the pathologist].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['MSI-positive tumours', 'LOH-positive tumours', 'MSI+ tumours', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancers', 'colorectal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma-carcinoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: More than 60% of the @entity1 in both groups suffered from @entity3010 ( @entity3010 ) symptoms, such as @entity148 , @entity5026 , @entity22 , @entity390 and @entity344 , whereas a smaller number of @entity1 suffered from @entity913 , @entity10 and @entity2704 . There were three @entity1 from the first group and seven @entity1 from the second group who continued the medication treatment with @entity7828 , whereas one @entity1 from the first group and nine @entity1 from the second group continued to take @entity905 . In the first group, nine @entity1 stopped having @entity3010 symptoms after two AP treatments, eight @entity1 stopped having them after three treatments and one @entity1 stopped having them after four treatments. In four @entity1 from the first group and 16 @entity1 from the second group, @entity3010 symptoms appeared during the following period (cycle) or continued even after four treatments, so the medication was continued. In the first group, one @entity1 had a smaller subcutaneous @entity1410 after the AP acupoint @entity916 6. There was a statistical and relevant reduction in @entity3010 symptoms with the AP treatments in the first group (P<0.001), whereas their reduction was irrelevant in the placebo AP group (P>0.05). The success rate of AP in treating @entity3010 symptoms was 77.8%, whereas it was 5.9%. in the placebo group. The positive influence of AP in treating @entity3010 symptoms can be ascribed to its effects on the serotoninergic and opioidergic neurotransmission that modulates various psychosomatic functions. The initial positive results of @entity3010 symptoms with a holistic approach are encouraging and AP should be suggested to the @entity1 as a method of treatment.

title: Using acupuncture to treat XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity913 :: ('MESH:D010698', 'Disease') :: ['phobic disorders']

entities_list: @entity5026 :: ('MESH:D059373', 'Disease') :: ['mastalgia']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disorders']

entities_list: @entity7828 :: ('MESH:D011372', 'Chemical') :: ['progestins']

entities_list: @entity2704 :: ('MESH:D008881', 'Disease') :: ['migraines']

entities_list: @entity3010 :: ('MESH:D011293', 'Disease') :: ['PMS', 'premenstrual syndrome']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['premenstrual headaches']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity3010 :: (MESH:D011293,Disease) :: ['premenstrual syndrome']