abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess survival, prognostic factors, and complications in a cohort of @entity1 with @entity420 ( @entity420 ) treated with transnasal endoscopic surgery        radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: @entity1 with @entity420 who underwent endoscopic surgery        RT at 2 tertiary centers were retrospectively reviewed. Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival were calculated, and statistically significant variables were entered in a multivariate Cox regression model. Complications were also analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred-sixty-nine @entity1 were included. Major complications occurred in 9.5% of @entity1 . Adjuvant RT was delivered in 58.6% of @entity1 . Five-year OS and event-free survival were 68.9% and 63.6%, respectively. Advanced pT classification, high-grade, and positive surgical margins were independently predictive of poor survival. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic surgery        RT is a valid treatment option in most cases of @entity420 . When compared with series based on external surgery, our results support a definitive paradigm shift in the management of @entity420 .    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E996-E1003, 2016.

title: XXXX of the ethmoid: Outcomes of a treatment regimen based on endoscopic surgery with or without radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['ITAC', 'intestinal-type adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['Intestinal type adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Experimental scratching in animals has hitherto been provoked by substances injected into the skin or central nervous system. We aimed to investigate if spontaneous scratching in the @entity35 can be reduced by sedatives and antipruritics, and to assess if spontaneous scratching is elicited from the skin or the central nervous system. It may also be a complex behaviour related to the @entity35 species, different from clinical itch. Eight male hairless @entity35 were studied for 6 weeks. The animals were recorded on videotape in the middle of the day and at night, and the scratching activity was counted. The following substances were tested sequentially: @entity1363 , @entity8765 , a eutectic mixture of @entity3303 and @entity5403 ( @entity5404 , @entity9090 and a vehicle. On days 1-3 of each sequence, the test material was applied to a 42-cm(2) area on the rostral part of the back. Subsequent treatment of the whole body was made on day 4. @entity1363 was injected intraperitoneally from day 1 to day 4. After 4 days of treatment, there was a wash-out phase of 3 days until the next sequence. We found a positive correlation between minutes awake and number of scratch episodes. Spontaneous scratching was lower after @entity8765 on day 4 (p = 0.046) and after @entity1363 injections on days 1-3 (p = 0.009) and day 4 (p = 0.003). The local anaesthetic, @entity5404 , did not significantly influence spontaneous scratching. In conclusion, only the drugs with sedative properties suppressed spontaneous scratching, which is probably a cerebral phenomenon or otherwise explained general behaviour, rather than a reaction to skin stimuli. Thus, for testing of topically applied antipruritics, spontaneous scratching cannot be used as an animal model. Furthermore, evaluation of provocative scratching should eliminate/exclude spontaneous scratching.

title: Suppression of spontaneous scratching in hairless XXXX by sedatives but not by antipruritics.

entities_list: @entity5403 :: ('MESH:D011318', 'Chemical') :: ['prilocaine']

entities_list: @entity8765 :: ('MESH:D011738', 'Chemical') :: ['mepyramine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lignocaine']

entities_list: @entity9090 :: ('MESH:C011175', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone dipropionate']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['Midazolam', 'midazolam']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: PURPOSE: A report of the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of @entity1 who developed @entity5714 ( @entity5714 ) temporally associated with @entity3118 (Fludara; Berlex Laboratories, Richmond, CA) therapy for @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Data on 24 @entity1 who developed @entity5714 related to @entity3118 therapy were collected from the Spontaneous Reporting System of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (Washington, DC). RESULTS: Seventeen (71%) @entity1 developed @entity5714 after either the first, second, or third cycle of this drug. The longest duration of @entity3118 therapy before @entity5714 occurred was six cycles. The median decline in hematocrit from baseline during the hemolytic episode was 14.1 (range, 8.0 to 28.9) for the 18 @entity1 for whom this information was available. For the 11 @entity1 for whom transfusion requirements were known, the number of transfusions administered ranged between three and 36. Seven (29%) @entity1 died of medical complications associated with the @entity5714 . Seven of eight @entity1 who were re-challenged with @entity3118 after an episode of @entity5714 developed recurrent @entity5714 , and three of these @entity1 died. CONCLUSION: @entity5714 associated with @entity3118 therapy appears to be uncommon, but it can be severe and fatal, especially if a @entity1 is re-treated with this drug after a previous episode of @entity5714 . The mechanism of this @entity137 is unknown, but it may be caused by the release of a suppressed auto-antibody to a native red cell antigen.

title: @entity5714 after XXXX therapy for @entity1072 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3118 :: ('MESH:C024352', 'Chemical') :: ['fludarabine']

entities_list: @entity5714 :: ('MESH:D000743', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic anemia', 'HA']

answer: @entity3118 :: (MESH:C024352,Chemical) :: ['fludarabine']


abstract: PURPOSE: A report of the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of @entity1 who developed @entity5714 ( @entity5714 ) temporally associated with @entity3118 (Fludara; Berlex Laboratories, Richmond, CA) therapy for @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Data on 24 @entity1 who developed @entity5714 related to @entity3118 therapy were collected from the Spontaneous Reporting System of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (Washington, DC). RESULTS: Seventeen (71%) @entity1 developed @entity5714 after either the first, second, or third cycle of this drug. The longest duration of @entity3118 therapy before @entity5714 occurred was six cycles. The median decline in hematocrit from baseline during the hemolytic episode was 14.1 (range, 8.0 to 28.9) for the 18 @entity1 for whom this information was available. For the 11 @entity1 for whom transfusion requirements were known, the number of transfusions administered ranged between three and 36. Seven (29%) @entity1 died of medical complications associated with the @entity5714 . Seven of eight @entity1 who were re-challenged with @entity3118 after an episode of @entity5714 developed recurrent @entity5714 , and three of these @entity1 died. CONCLUSION: @entity5714 associated with @entity3118 therapy appears to be uncommon, but it can be severe and fatal, especially if a @entity1 is re-treated with this drug after a previous episode of @entity5714 . The mechanism of this @entity137 is unknown, but it may be caused by the release of a suppressed auto-antibody to a native red cell antigen.

title: XXXX after @entity3118 therapy for @entity1072 .

answer: @entity5714 :: (MESH:D000743,Disease) :: ['Hemolytic anemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: A report of the clinical features, treatment, and outcome of @entity1 who developed @entity5714 ( @entity5714 ) temporally associated with @entity3118 (Fludara; Berlex Laboratories, Richmond, CA) therapy for @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Data on 24 @entity1 who developed @entity5714 related to @entity3118 therapy were collected from the Spontaneous Reporting System of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (Washington, DC). RESULTS: Seventeen (71%) @entity1 developed @entity5714 after either the first, second, or third cycle of this drug. The longest duration of @entity3118 therapy before @entity5714 occurred was six cycles. The median decline in hematocrit from baseline during the hemolytic episode was 14.1 (range, 8.0 to 28.9) for the 18 @entity1 for whom this information was available. For the 11 @entity1 for whom transfusion requirements were known, the number of transfusions administered ranged between three and 36. Seven (29%) @entity1 died of medical complications associated with the @entity5714 . Seven of eight @entity1 who were re-challenged with @entity3118 after an episode of @entity5714 developed recurrent @entity5714 , and three of these @entity1 died. CONCLUSION: @entity5714 associated with @entity3118 therapy appears to be uncommon, but it can be severe and fatal, especially if a @entity1 is re-treated with this drug after a previous episode of @entity5714 . The mechanism of this @entity137 is unknown, but it may be caused by the release of a suppressed auto-antibody to a native red cell antigen.

title: @entity5714 after @entity3118 therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: Whether the postobstructive diuresis can in part be related to an altered regulation of Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) was investigated. Male @entity35 were bilaterally obstructed of their ureters. Control group was with sham @entity1695 . Forty-eight h later, tissue levels of DNP immunoreactivity were determined in the plasma, heart, and kidneys. Urine samples were collected in some @entity35 under anesthesia. The plasma DNP immunoreactivity was significantly increased by 45% in the experimental group. The tissue levels of DNP immunoreactivity in the atrium, ventricle, or kidneys did not significantly differ between the experimental and control groups. The urinary flow and @entity1372 excretion rate were 3- to 4-fold increased in the experimental group. The urinary DNP excretion was also increased in the experimental group, which was positively correlated with the urinary volume and @entity1372 excretion. The urinary excretion of @entity6708 was 2- to 3-fold increased in the experimental group. These results indicate that an enhanced DNP activity may in part be causally related to the postobstructive diuresis.

title: Enhanced Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity in experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral obstruction']

answer: @entity1695 :: (MESH:D014517,Disease) :: ['ureteral obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2967 rarely occur in the sphenoid bone. When they do occur in the base of the skull, surgical treatment is frequently difficult and therefore, the use of adjuvant therapy is important. However, there remains no optimal management regimen for @entity2967 of the sphenoid bone. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two cases of a @entity2967 involving the sphenoid bone that responded well to chemotherapy using @entity632 after a partial removal of the @entity5 are presented. In the first @entity1 , the @entity5 was partially removed via a transcranial subfrontal approach and a transnasal transsphenoidal approach. In the second @entity1 , the @entity5 was partially removed through a transcranial subfrontal approach. Both @entity5 demonstrated histologic features typical of @entity2967 . The @entity1 subsequently received adjuvant chemotherapy using @entity632 alone in the first @entity1 , and chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy in the second @entity1 . Partial regression of the @entity5 was later confirmed on a computed tomography (CT) scan after chemotherapy. In both @entity1 , @entity5 have been stable for more than 12 years despite an incomplete @entity5 . CONCLUSION: Based on the above findings, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using @entity632 may be effective for incompletely resected @entity2967 of the sphenoid bone.

title: XXXX of the sphenoid bone: long-term follow-up of two cases after chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'removal of the tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2967 :: ('MESH:D005870', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell tumors', 'giant cell tumor', 'Giant cell tumors']

answer: @entity2967 :: (MESH:D005870,Disease) :: ['Giant cell tumor']


abstract: To study the role of @entity70632 ( @entity70632 ) genes in the legumerhizobia symbiosis, we have characterized the four @entity4166 Gaernt. @entity70632 genes that are most highly expressed in roots. Three of these genes, MtLecRK7;1, MtLecRK7;2, and MtLecRK7;3, encode proteins most closely related to the Class A LecRKs of @entity958 , whereas the protein encoded by the fourth gene, MtLecRK1;1, is most similar to a Class B @entity958 @entity70632 . All four genes show a strongly enhanced root expression, and detailed studies on MtLecRK1;1 and MtLecRK7;2 revealed that the levels of their mRNAs are increased by @entity1568 starvation and transiently repressed after either rhizobial inoculation or addition of lipochitooligosaccharidic Nod factors. Studies of the MtLecRK1;1 and MtLecRK7;2 proteins, using green fluorescent protein fusions in transgenic @entity4166 roots, revealed that they are located in the plasma membrane and that their central transmembrane-spanning helix is required for correct sorting. Moreover, their lectin-like domains appear to be highly glycosylated. Of the four proteins, only MtLecRK1;1 shows a high conservation of key residues implicated in monosaccharide binding, and molecular modeling revealed that this protein may be capable of interacting with Nod factors. However, no increase in Nod factor binding was found in roots overexpressing a fusion in which the kinase domain of this protein had been replaced with green fluorescent protein. Roots expressing this fusion protein however showed an increase in nodule number, suggesting that expression of MtLecRK1;1 influences nodulation. The potential role of LecRKs in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis is discussed.

title: Characterization of four lectin-like receptor kinases expressed in roots of XXXX . Structure, location, regulation of expression, and potential role in the symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity4166 :: ('3880', 'Species') :: ['M. truncatula', 'Medicago truncatula']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity70632 :: ('25498540', 'Gene') :: ['LecRK', 'lectin-like receptor kinase']

answer: @entity4166 :: (3880,Species) :: ['Medicago truncatula']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Atopy may be a risk factor in the development of @entity565 . Indoor allergens are considered to be more potent @entity565 inducers than outdoor ones such as pollens. Lower @entity32 may be present in non-asthmatic subjects during natural exposure to relevant allergens and may eventually lead to the development of @entity565 . AIMS: To document seasonal variation in lower airway responsiveness and @entity32 in sensitized non-asthmatic subjects, during natural exposure to allergens, and to determine whether it is more marked in those exposed to animals to which they are sensitized. METHODS: Twenty-two atopic subjects were seen during and out of the pollen season. All (but the controls) were sensitized to domestic animals, and to trees, grasses or ragweed. Eleven were not exposed to animals at home and 8 were exposed. They were compared with 3 normal controls. A respiratory questionnaire was administered, @entity566 skin prick tests, spirometry, @entity2710 challenge, blood and induced sputum with differential cell counts were obtained during the pollen season for all subjects. These tests were repeated out of the pollen season. RESULTS: Throughout the study, none of the subjects had @entity565 symptoms. Mean PC(20) was significantly lower in subjects exposed to animals compared with unexposed subjects or controls, both during and out of the pollen season. In season, subjects exposed to animals had significantly higher sputum eosinophil numbers than unexposed or normal control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Non-asthmatic atopic subjects show variable degrees of airway responsiveness and @entity32 . However, subjects exposed to animals show higher airway @entity1712 , which may suggest they are at increased risk of developing airway hyperresponsiveness and @entity565 .

title: Influence of natural exposure to pollens and domestic animals on airway responsiveness and XXXX in sensitized non-asthmatic subjects.

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: The presence of telomerase activity has been analyzed in almost all @entity5 types and @entity5 -derived cell lines. However, there are very few studies that focus on the presence of telomerase activity in @entity3478 , and most of them report analysis on very few samples or bone-derived cell lines. The objective of this study was to analyze the telomere length and telomerase activity in @entity5 and metastatic lesions from @entity421 and @entity2828 @entity1 . The presence of telomerase activity was analyzed by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay, and the telomere length was measured by Southern blot. Results were related to survival and clinical outcome. Telomerase activity was detected in 85% of the @entity3478 metastases (100% Ewing's @entity242 and 75% @entity421 ) but only in 12% of the @entity5 (11.1% @entity421 and 12.5% Ewing's @entity242 ). @entity3478 tissues with telomerase activity had mean telomere lengths 3 kb shorter than those with no detectable telomerase activity (p = 0.041). The presence of telomerase activity was associated with survival (p = 0.009), and longer event-free survival periods were found in @entity1 who lacked telomerase activity compared with those who had detectable telomerase activity levels in their @entity5 tissues (p = 0.037). The presence of longer telomeres in primary pediatric @entity3478 than in metastases could be indicative of alternative mechanisms of lengthening of telomeres for their telomere maintenance rather than telomerase activity. Nevertheless, the activation of telomerase seems to be a crucial step in the malignant progression and acquisition of invasive capability of @entity3478 .

title: Telomerase activity and telomere length in primary and metastatic tumors from pediatric XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['bone tumors', 'Bone tumor', 'bone tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric osteosarcoma', 'osteosarcomas']

answer: @entity3478 :: (MESH:D001859,Disease) :: ['bone cancer']


abstract: The presence of telomerase activity has been analyzed in almost all @entity5 types and @entity5 -derived cell lines. However, there are very few studies that focus on the presence of telomerase activity in @entity3478 , and most of them report analysis on very few samples or bone-derived cell lines. The objective of this study was to analyze the telomere length and telomerase activity in @entity5 and metastatic lesions from @entity421 and @entity2828 @entity1 . The presence of telomerase activity was analyzed by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay, and the telomere length was measured by Southern blot. Results were related to survival and clinical outcome. Telomerase activity was detected in 85% of the @entity3478 metastases (100% Ewing's @entity242 and 75% @entity421 ) but only in 12% of the @entity5 (11.1% @entity421 and 12.5% Ewing's @entity242 ). @entity3478 tissues with telomerase activity had mean telomere lengths 3 kb shorter than those with no detectable telomerase activity (p = 0.041). The presence of telomerase activity was associated with survival (p = 0.009), and longer event-free survival periods were found in @entity1 who lacked telomerase activity compared with those who had detectable telomerase activity levels in their @entity5 tissues (p = 0.037). The presence of longer telomeres in primary pediatric @entity3478 than in metastases could be indicative of alternative mechanisms of lengthening of telomeres for their telomere maintenance rather than telomerase activity. Nevertheless, the activation of telomerase seems to be a crucial step in the malignant progression and acquisition of invasive capability of @entity3478 .

title: Telomerase activity and telomere length in primary and metastatic tumors from pediatric @entity3478 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Quantification of @entity62 is required for comprehensive assessment of neuroprotective drug efficacy. Although methods for quantification of neuronal perikaryal damage after @entity63 are well established, assessment of @entity21 has been limited. This article describes a new method for quantitation of @entity21 after @entity2500 in @entity35 and its application to the study of the antioxidant ebselen. The methodology is based on immunohistochemical detection of @entity5543 ( @entity5543 ) accumulation in deformed, swollen axons in zones of @entity63 . Sixty-five axon-rich sites throughout the MCA territory are assessed for the presence (scored 1) or absence (scored 0) of accumulated @entity5543 in @entity4 . Scores for individual sites are summated in predefined neuroanatomic regions (e.g. corpus callosum), stereotaxic levels, or for a total hemisphere @entity5543 score. Both intra-rater and inter-rater reproducibility were high (r = 0.87 and 0.80, respectively). @entity30572 (1 mg kg(-1) hr(-1), intravenously) significantly reduced the volume of neuronal perikaryal damage (24%, P < 0.01) and @entity21 (total @entity5543 score reduced from 27 [23.9 to 35.1, 95% CI] to 21.5 [18.2 to 23.3], P = 0.002 with ebselen treatment). In conclusion, a robust and generally applicable method is described for assessing pathologic features in myelinated fiber tracts that is sensitive for detection of drug effects on @entity21 .

title: New method for the quantitative assessment of XXXX in focal cerebral ischemia.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['axonal swellings']

entities_list: @entity5543 :: ('54226(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['APP', 'amyloid precursor protein']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['axonal injury', 'axonal damage']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['damage in both grey and white matter']

answer: @entity21 :: (MESH:D001480,Disease) :: ['axonal damage']


abstract: AIMS: To report the outcome of orbital implant removal and dermis fat graft (DFG) implantation in @entity1 with chronic @entity158 ( @entity158 ), in whom all detectable causes of @entity158 had been ruled out and medical management had failed. METHODS: Retrospective, multicentre case series. A review of all cases undergoing orbital implant replacement with DFG between 2007 and 2013 was conducted at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC), USA, and St. Erik Eye Hospital, Sweden. Inclusion criteria included (1) chronic @entity158 >2   years and unresponsive to treatment, (2) absence of pathological or structural cause for @entity158 established by socket examination and orbital imaging, and (3) minimum 12-month post-surgical follow-up. RESULTS: Six cases with chronic @entity158 were identified, four were post-enucleation and two were eviscerated at an average age of 45   years. The incidence of chronic @entity158 among enucleations at UIHC over a 6-year period was 0.7%. Indications for enucleation and evisceration included @entity5 and @entity726 . Intractable @entity158 had been present for an average of 11   years and persisted despite medical management. All @entity1 were free of @entity158 within 3   months of implant removal and DFG placement and remained @entity158 free at an average 24   months following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital implant replacement with DFG was effective at relieving chronic @entity158 , and @entity158 resolution was sustained in all cases. This surgical intervention may be a useful management option for @entity1 in whom all detectable causes of @entity1118 have been excluded and have failed medical @entity158 management.

title: XXXX treated by implant removal and dermis fat graft.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['anophthalmic socket pain', 'ASP', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['Chronic anophthalmic socket pain']


abstract: Progress in radiation science led to the development of two classes of biologically sound fractionation schedules for the treatment of @entity135 . These altered fractionation regimens are referred to as hyperfractionation and accelerated fractionation schedules. Hyperfractionation exploits the difference in fractionation sensitivity between @entity5 and tissues manifesting late morbidity and only minor variations exist among regimens tested. In contrast, accelerated fractionation attempts to reduce @entity5 proliferation as a major cause of radiotherapy failure. Although there are major permutations, the existing schedules can conceptually be grouped into two categories, namely pure accelerated fractionation and hybrid accelerated regimens, depending on whether there are concurrent changes in other fractionation parameters. The results of completed phase III clinical trials addressing different types of altered fractionation schedules in @entity135 are summarized and examined in this review paper. The data from trials on hyperfractionation regimens applying 10-15% total dose increment consistently revealed a 10-15% improvement in the local control rate of a subset of @entity5 without increasing the incidence of late complications. The available data on accelerated fractionation regimens already showed that @entity5 clonogen proliferation is a major cause of radiation failure. However, completed studies revealed that a 1-1.5 week treatment acceleration without total-dose reduction, achieved by administering 2 Gy fractions six times per week or concomitant boost schedule, yielded a 15% higher @entity5 control rate without increasing late @entity137 . Shortening the overall time to below 2 weeks with an associated total-dose reduction did not seem to improve the @entity5 control rate but might decrease some late normal-tissue injury. A weekly dose accumulation rate of > or =14 Gy or delivery of three fractions of 1.6 Gy per day, with a 6 h interval, without total-dose reduction was found to increase morbidity significantly. Further treatment refinements are being pursued based on these findings.

title: Altered fractionation in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'intermediate-stage carcinomas', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck carcinomas', 'head and neck cancers']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of multislice computed tomographic (MSCT) imaging, a recently developed computed tomographic technique, on imaging of @entity79 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: The study was performed at a tertiary referral center. @entity1 : High-resolution temporal bone studies of 168 consecutive @entity1 were reviewed for various @entity79 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visualization of various @entity6349 conditions of the temporal bone without the need for supplementary scan procedures or additional imaging techniques. INTERVENTION: MSCT imaging was performed on a scanner with four detector rows by using the following parameters: 120 kV, 50 mA/s, 0.5-mm slice thickness, 0.2-mm reconstruction increment, pitch factor of 0.75, and a field of view of 160 mm. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional image reconstructions were performed subsequent to data transfer to a workstation. In one @entity1 suspected of having a vascular @entity1141 , high-resolution MSCT imaging was supplemented by multislice computed tomographic angiography. RESULTS Temporal @entity18299 were encountered in 28 @entity1 (16.7%), affecting the external auditory canal (n = 15), the middle ear (n = 18), the inner ear (n = 5), and the vascular system (n = 3). All temporal @entity18299 were visualized by two-dimensional and three-dimensional images of excellent detail resolution. In none of the @entity1 were supplementary computed tomographic scans necessary, except for one @entity1 with evidence of an aberrant course of the internal carotid artery. Multislice computed tomographic angiography obviated the need for invasive diagnostic procedures. CONCLUSION: MSCT imaging of the temporal bone allows for comprehensively assessing various @entity1141 through high-quality two-dimensional and three-dimensional image reconstructions.

title: Multislice computed tomographic imaging in temporal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity18299 :: ('MESH:D001848', 'Disease') :: ['bone dysplasias']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['temporal bone malformations']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia', 'dysplasias']

answer: @entity18299 :: (MESH:D001848,Disease) :: ['bone dysplasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity693 is an uncommon @entity5 with a high propensity for recurrence. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of different treatment options in @entity1 with recurrent disease. METHODS: The records of all @entity1 with recurrent @entity693 treated at the study institution between 1976 and 1996 were reviewed. RESULTS: Thirty-four consecutive @entity1 were studied. The mainstay of treatment was brain surgery in 21 @entity1 (62%); the median time to recurrence from surgery was 12 months. Ten @entity1 (29%) had 20 recurrent central nervous system (CNS) lesions treated by stereotactic radiosurgery. Of these, 3 previously nonirradiated @entity1 (all with lesion size < 25 mm) achieved a complete response, which persisted at a median of 3 years. In 14 lesions (70%) a partial response (PR) occurred with a median duration of 12 months, whereas 3 lesions (15%) remained stable. Two @entity1 with inoperable CNS lesions received external beam radiation therapy and both had PRs lasting 14 and 24 months, respectively. Nine @entity1 (26%) received radiation therapy for @entity3 . Of these, seven @entity1 remained stable with good symptomatic relief, and two @entity1 experienced @entity5 progression. Chemotherapy with @entity632 -containing regimens was administered in 7 @entity1 (21%); there was only 1 PR that lasted 8 months. The median survival from first recurrence was 4.6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical management is important for the successful treatment of @entity1 with recurrent @entity693 . Radiosurgery plays a definite role in the treatment of smaller recurrent CNS lesions. Radiation therapy is helpful in the management of inoperable @entity5 . More effective chemotherapeutic agents are needed.

title: Management of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningeal hemangiopericytoma', 'Meningeal hemangiopericytoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity693 :: (MESH:D008581,Disease) :: ['meningeal hemangiopericytoma']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to present the latest findings on @entity2100 and to put them into perspective. @entity2100 is a relatively common form of @entity1032 , caused by loss of function of the @entity34141 gene on the long arm of the X chromosome. The molecular mechanisms underlying the syndrome are complex and continue to surprise researchers more than 12 years after the cloning of the gene. RECENT FINDINGS: We will specifically discuss the various aspects of the clinical phenotype, reassessed with the employment of functional imaging and electrophysiological techniques. The unexpected finding of a pathologic phenotype in premutation carriers is highlighted, as it represents a new and distinct condition with a different presentation in males and females. The third section deals briefly with the various functions of the @entity34141 protein, an RNA-binding protein interacting with multiple RNA molecules as well as proteins. It is important to realize that @entity34141 is probably changing partners several times, depending on its localization, on posttranslational modifications and on the available interacting proteins. In the following section, we present in short recent discoveries on the defective neuronal circuits in the @entity2100 . Most of these new data were made available by the study of animal models, mostly the @entity34141 knockout @entity19 , but also @entity238 . SUMMARY: We briefly discuss the alternative options for treating @entity2100 . Presently, a neuropharmacological approach acting on either critical receptors or aimed at reactivating the silenced @entity34141 gene appears promising.

title: Understanding the biological underpinnings of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['inherited mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity2100 :: ('MESH:D005600', 'Disease') :: ['fragile X syndrome', 'Fragile X syndrome']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity2100 :: (MESH:D005600,Disease) :: ['fragile X syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a prophylactic gastrojejunostomy on the development of @entity1084 and quality of life in @entity1 with unresectable @entity5 found during explorative laparotomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Several studies, including one randomized trial, propagate to perform a prophylactic gastrojejunostomy routinely in @entity1 with @entity5 found to be unresectable during laparotomy. Others suggest an @entity260 . Controversy still exists in general surgical practice if a double bypass should be performed routinely in these @entity1 . METHODS: Between December 1998 and March 2002, @entity1 with a @entity189 who were found to be unresectable during exploration were randomized to receive a double bypass (hepaticojejunostomy and a retrocolic gastrojejunostomy) or a single bypass (hepaticojejunostomy). Randomization was stratified for center and presence of @entity3 . @entity1 with @entity344 and @entity1 treated endoscopically for more than 3 months were excluded. Primary endpoints were development of clinical @entity1084 and surgical intervention for @entity1084 . Secondary endpoints were mortality, morbidity, hospital stay, survival, and quality of life, measured prospectively by the EORTC-C30 and Pan26 questionnaires. It was decided to perform an interim analysis after inclusion of 50% of the @entity1 (n = 70). RESULTS: Five of the 70 @entity1 randomized were lost to follow-up. From the remaining 65 @entity1 , 36 @entity1 underwent a double and 29 a single bypass. There were no differences in @entity1 demographics, preoperative symptoms, and surgical findings between the groups. Clinical symptoms of @entity1084 were found in 2 of the 36 @entity1 (5.5%) with a double bypass, and in 12 of the 29 @entity1 (41.4%) with a single bypass (P = 0.001). In the double bypass group, one @entity1 (2.8%) and in the single bypass group 6 @entity1 (20.7%) required (re-)gastrojejunostomy during follow-up (P = 0.04). The absolute risk reduction for reoperation in the double bypass group was 18%, and the numbers needed to treat was 6. Postoperative morbidity rates, including delayed @entity356 , were 31% in the double versus 28% in the single bypass group (P = 0.12). Median postoperative length of stay was 11 days (range 4-76 days) in the double versus 9 days (range 6-20 days) in the single bypass group (P = 0.06); median survival was 7.2 months in the double versus 8.4 months in the single bypass group (P = 0.15). No differences were found in the quality of life between both groups. After surgery most quality of life scores deteriorated temporarily and were restored to their baseline score (t = -1) within 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic gastrojejunostomy significantly decreases the incidence of @entity1084 without increasing complication rates. There were no differences in quality of life between the two groups. Together with the previous randomized trial from the Hopkins group, this study provides sufficient evidence to state that a double bypass consisting of a hepaticojejunostomy and a prophylactic gastrojejunostomy is preferable to a single bypass consisting of only a hepaticojejunostomy in @entity1 undergoing surgical palliation for unresectable @entity189 . Therefore, the trial was stopped earlier than planned.

title: The need for a prophylactic gastrojejunostomy for unresectable XXXX : a prospective randomized multicenter trial with special focus on assessment of quality of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['periampullary cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['periampullary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['increase of postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1084 :: ('MESH:D017219', 'Disease') :: ['gastric outlet obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric emptying']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['periampullary cancer']


abstract: This study describes the experience of Kartal Research and Training @entity580 . We reviewed medical records of 698 @entity1 admitted to our hospital in a 30 days' period after the earthquake and analysed the types of @entity130 , treatment, morbidity and mortality rates. The hospitalized 273 @entity1 were grouped according to the @entity130 ; @entity1 with @entity6717 were analysed separately. The most frequent @entity130 were @entity130 (23.1%), extremity @entity174 (16.8%) and pelvis and spine @entity130 (16.1%). More than two system @entity130 were seen most frequently in the @entity3511 (45.5%), @entity130 (24.4%), and pelvis and @entity130 (27.3%) groups (p < 0.05). Overall mortality rate was 7.3%. The highest mortality rates were seen in the @entity3511 (27.3%) and @entity130 (20%) groups (p < 0.05). 61.9% of the @entity1 with @entity6717 underwent fasciotomy due to the compartment syndrome; hemodialysis was performed in 31 @entity1 . The most serious problem with earthquake is organization in the earthquake area, between hospitals and in hospitals. @entity130 is the @entity130 seen earthquakes. Early diagnosis and proper treatment should be done to improve survival.

title: [Evaluation of XXXX wounded in the 17 August 1999 Marmara earthquake].

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity6717 :: ('MESH:D003444', 'Disease') :: ['crush syndrome']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['Hospital in the Marmara Earthquake']

entities_list: @entity3511 :: ('MESH:D000007', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'spine injury', 'Crush injury', 'major injury', 'crush injury']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1070 after @entity1028 repair is a failure of @entity439 sac exclusion with unknown long-term consequences. Elevated @entity439 sac pressures documented in these @entity1 have led us to aggressively treat @entity1070 with percutaneous transluminal coil embolization (PTCE). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results and the mechanisms of failure of PTCE for @entity1070 . METHODS: One hundred ninety-one @entity1 underwent endograft repair of @entity449 . Twenty-three of 28 @entity1 with persistent primary (>3 months) or secondary (new-onset) endoleak underwent angiography; 14 of these @entity1 had @entity1070 . We reviewed our endovascular registry data, hospital charts, and radiologic studies of @entity1 with @entity1070 and analyzed the results in those treated with PTCE of the inflow vessel. RESULTS: All 14 @entity1 with @entity1070 were @entity1 , with a mean age of 76.7 years and a mean preoperative maximal @entity439 diameter of 5.7 +/- 1.0 cm. The @entity1070 was primary in 12 @entity1 (86%) and secondary in two @entity1 (14%) and iliolumbar in 11 @entity1 (78%) and mesenteric in three @entity1 (21%). Although a dominant affluent collateral channel (inosculation) was apparent in eight @entity1 (57%), six @entity1 (43%) showed a network of collateral vessels (retiform @entity254 ). In six @entity1 (43%), angiography revealed a second or "outflow" vessel indicative of a complex endoleak. In four @entity1 with retiform iliolumbar @entity1070 , PTCE was not attempted because of the retiform nature of the endoleak. The remaining 10 @entity1 underwent PTCE, with coil deployment in all 10 and apparent initial technical success in nine @entity1 . Follow-up computed tomographic scans revealed persistent @entity1070 in six @entity1 (60%). Mechanisms of failure included persistent flow through the coils in the treated vessel in two @entity1 , development of a retiform @entity254 around the coiled vessel in three @entity1 , and development of a new @entity1070 after successful occlusion of an iliolumbar endoleak in one @entity1 . Two @entity1 underwent repeat PTCE with successful @entity439 sac exclusion in one. @entity1317 complicated one of the 12 PTCEs, and the resulting @entity2849 was successfully treated with PTCE. Angiographic visualization of an outflow vessel (complex endoleak) was associated with PTCE failure (P =.008). CONCLUSION: PTCE of @entity1070 has a high failure rate because of multiple anatomic mechanisms.

title: Mechanism of failure in the treatment of XXXX with percutaneous coil embolization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['infrarenal aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['endoleaks', 'mesenteric endoleak', 'Type II endoleak', 'type II endoleak', 'type II endoleaks']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['Internal iliac artery injury']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm']

answer: @entity1070 :: (MESH:D057867,Disease) :: ['type II endoleak']


abstract: The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between the radiographically measured width of the pericoronal space (PS) and the microscopic features of the follicle in order to contribute to the diagnosis of small dentigerous cysts and @entity45 . One hundred and thirty unerupted teeth (UT) and thirty-five partially erupted teeth (PET) were radiographed and extracted. The radiographic analysis consisted of measuring the width of the PS. The results of the radiographic analysis were compared with those of the histopathologic examination of the dental follicle. The width of the PS ranged from 0.1 to 5.6 mm. The most frequently observed lining of the follicles was a reduced enamel epithelium (REE) (68.4%) in UT and a @entity957 ( @entity957 ) (68.5%) in PET. @entity32 was present in 36.1% of the UT and in 82.8% of the PET. There was a statistically significant association between the presence of @entity957 ( @entity957 ) and PS enlargement for UT (p < 0.05). There was a tendency of association between @entity32 and PS enlargements in PET and, possibly, in UT, despite the absence of statistical significance. Surgically, we did not detect bone cavitation or luminal cystic contents in pericoronal spaces smaller than 5.6 mm. We suggest that the first radiographic diagnosis for a PS enlargement, in most of the routine clinical cases, should be of " @entity32 of the follicle". The hypothesis of "dentigerous cyst" or " @entity45 " is suggested as a second diagnosis. The final differential diagnosis between a small dentigerous or a @entity45 and a pericoronal follicle depends on clinical and/or surgical findings, such as the presence of bone cavitation and cystic content.

title: A contribution to the diagnosis of the small dentigerous cyst or the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium', 'SSE', 'stratified squamous epithelium', 'HSSE']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['paradental cysts', 'paradental cyst']

answer: @entity45 :: (MESH:D010181,Disease) :: ['paradental cyst']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mode of presentation of superficial femoral @entity438 , their association with other @entity438 , and their operative treatment. METHOD: Records of @entity1 with superficial femoral @entity438 seen at our institution from 1990 to 2000 were reviewed retrospectively with attention to presenting symptoms, clinical examination, arteriographic findings, and operative management. RESULTS: Eleven of 13 @entity439 (85%) were in @entity1 . Nine (69%) were associated with aortic or @entity1029 , and seven (54%) with femoral or popliteal @entity439 . Six @entity1 (46%) presented with distal @entity63 , four (31%) presented with a thigh mass, and three (23%) were discovered during investigation for other vascular problems. No @entity1756 were seen. Eleven @entity1 underwent successful @entity439 resection and bypass grafting. Two @entity1 underwent amputation. There were no operative mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with superficial femoral @entity438 may present with distal @entity63 , with a pulsatile thigh mass, with @entity397 and @entity548 , or the @entity439 may be discovered during other investigations. The high incidence of complications suggests that resection and grafting should be performed electively, and the frequent association of aortoiliac or peripheral @entity439 mandates thorough investigation and follow-up.

title: Superficial femoral XXXX : an unusual entity?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured superficial femoral artery aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1029 :: ('MESH:D017543', 'Disease') :: ['iliac aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['artery aneurysms', 'arterial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['artery aneurysms']


abstract: The authors report their experience with 70 pediatric @entity1 with @entity1745 ( @entity1745 ) due to @entity5 identified among 898 @entity1 with solid @entity5 . An @entity5 was the most frequent cause of @entity1745 (71%); 54% of these were soft tissue @entity242 and @entity521 . Most @entity5 (70%) were outside the spinal cord, 9/12 being metastatic medulloblastomas. The @entity1745 localized mainly to the dorsal and lumbosacral regions (42% each). @entity158 was the most common symptom (94%). MRI proved diagnostic in all cases in which it was used, while myelography was diagnostic in 85% of 26 @entity1 . CT scan demonstrated the lesion in 83% of the @entity1 . Laminectomy was provided for @entity1 with @entity451 of less than 96 h evolution; isolated recurrence of the main @entity5 ; a primary @entity4097 ; progression of neurologic symptoms after chemotherapy/radiotherapy; chemotherapy and radiotherapy-resistant @entity5 (when known); resection of a @entity5 . Surgery was avoided when prognosis of @entity66 was poor or risks exceeded possible benefits. Twelve/twenty-one (57%) @entity1 with @entity451 were able to walk after laminectomy only, while 14% (2/14) improved after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Survival rates were 38% for the former and 36% for the latter. Overall survival was related to the original malignancy. All @entity1 (12) admitted without @entity451 and submitted to laminectomy were able to walk, and of these, 6 presented a primary @entity4097 . The remaining had @entity5 that extended to the spinal canal. Almost 87% (20/23) of the @entity1 without @entity451 who submitted to medical treatment were able to walk, while only one progressed to @entity451 . @entity1 with @entity1745 may entertain radio- and chemotherapy when harboring @entity5 responding to such therapies and present no evidence of @entity16 progression. The latter manifestation is a strong indication for laminectomy without delay.

title: XXXX : a review of 70 pediatric @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['primary disease']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'paraspinal tumors', 'extradural tumor', 'intradural tumors', 'paraspinal tumor', 'malignancies', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic damage']

entities_list: @entity4097 :: ('MESH:D013120', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord tumor']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

answer: @entity1745 :: (MESH:D013117,Disease) :: ['Spinal cord compression']


abstract: The authors report their experience with 70 pediatric @entity1 with @entity1745 ( @entity1745 ) due to @entity5 identified among 898 @entity1 with solid @entity5 . An @entity5 was the most frequent cause of @entity1745 (71%); 54% of these were soft tissue @entity242 and @entity521 . Most @entity5 (70%) were outside the spinal cord, 9/12 being metastatic medulloblastomas. The @entity1745 localized mainly to the dorsal and lumbosacral regions (42% each). @entity158 was the most common symptom (94%). MRI proved diagnostic in all cases in which it was used, while myelography was diagnostic in 85% of 26 @entity1 . CT scan demonstrated the lesion in 83% of the @entity1 . Laminectomy was provided for @entity1 with @entity451 of less than 96 h evolution; isolated recurrence of the main @entity5 ; a primary @entity4097 ; progression of neurologic symptoms after chemotherapy/radiotherapy; chemotherapy and radiotherapy-resistant @entity5 (when known); resection of a @entity5 . Surgery was avoided when prognosis of @entity66 was poor or risks exceeded possible benefits. Twelve/twenty-one (57%) @entity1 with @entity451 were able to walk after laminectomy only, while 14% (2/14) improved after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Survival rates were 38% for the former and 36% for the latter. Overall survival was related to the original malignancy. All @entity1 (12) admitted without @entity451 and submitted to laminectomy were able to walk, and of these, 6 presented a primary @entity4097 . The remaining had @entity5 that extended to the spinal canal. Almost 87% (20/23) of the @entity1 without @entity451 who submitted to medical treatment were able to walk, while only one progressed to @entity451 . @entity1 with @entity1745 may entertain radio- and chemotherapy when harboring @entity5 responding to such therapies and present no evidence of @entity16 progression. The latter manifestation is a strong indication for laminectomy without delay.

title: @entity1745 : a review of 70 pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although recent studies have reported that high-volume surgeons and hospitals have better outcomes for @entity694 resections, it remains unclear whether there are other factors that are more important than volume. This study aims to evaluate the importance of the volume variables relative to other factors in an attempt to target specific areas for improving outcomes. METHODS: Using nationwide data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Program, full-model logistic regression was performed on all @entity1 undergoing @entity694 resection. In hospital mortality was regressed against more than 30 different independent variables, including demographic factors (eg, age, gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status), burden of morbid and comorbid disease (prevalence and severity), and provider variables (eg, hospital size, location, teaching status, hospital and surgeon volume). A separate baseline probability analysis was then performed to compare the relative importance for all predictor variables. RESULTS: The sample size for this analysis was 22,408; 622 in-hospital deaths occurred (2.8%). Average age was 70 years old, 51% of @entity1 were male, and 60% had at least 1 comorbid disease. An operation was elective (64%), urgent (19%), or emergency (15%). The significant predictors for mortality (at P <.05) included age, gender, comorbid disease (ie, cardiovascular, pulmonary, liver), operation severity (ie, emergency, urgent), and volume (both hospital and surgeon). The baseline probability analysis shows that the mortality for a baseline case is 12/1000. If this baseline case goes to a high-volume hospital or surgeon, the mortality will decrease to 11/1000 and 10/1000, respectively. If a @entity1 with a baseline case of @entity694 also has coexistent @entity409 or requires an emergency operation, mortality increases to 44/1000 and 45/1000, respectively. Overall, the volume variables, although statistically significant, have a relatively smaller effect on outcome compared with other factors. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas other factors have a stronger association with outcome than volume, volume is the only acutely mutable variable. Although the regionalization controversy (ie, using only high-volume surgeons or hospitals) is not solved with our findings, this study elucidates and compares the relative importance of several different factors on outcome, which is essential when considering the conclusions and implications of this type of policy-relevant outcomes research.

title: Are high-volume surgeons and hospitals the most important predictors of in-hospital outcome for XXXX resection?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'particIpants']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 sustaining major @entity130 are at risk of developing @entity881 . We have previously shown that resuscitated @entity548 primes for @entity651 in response to lippolysaccharide (LPS), in part by preventing upregulation of the counterinflammatory cytokine @entity688 . Because the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is known to participate in LPS signaling, we hypothesized that altered upstream signaling through these kinases might contribute to impaired LPS-simulated @entity688 release after shock and resuscitation. METHODS: @entity35 were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg and maintained for 1 hour, then resuscitated. Alveolar macrophages were retrieved at the end of resuscitation and exposed to LPS (0.5 microg/mL). Western blotting for @entity1435 , extracellular-regulated protein kinase, and c-Jun @entity2733 -terminal kinase was performed on whole cell lysates. In some studies, the alveolar macrophages were preincubated with the @entity1435 inhibitor or the extracellular-regulated protein kinase inhibitor before LPS stimulation. @entity688 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: LPS caused an early activation in all members of the MAPK family, whereas antecedent shock both delayed and attenuated the LPS induction. To discern whether this reduction in LPS-stimulated MAPK activation after shock might contribute to reduced @entity688 , specific inhibitors were used. Inhibition of @entity1435 MAPK completely inhibited LPS-induced @entity688 production, whereas blockade of extracellular-regulated protein kinase pathway had no effect. CONCLUSIONS: Shock resuscitation impairs LPS-induced activation of the members of the MAPK family. For the critical counterinflammatory cytokine @entity688 , inhibition of @entity1435 activation appears to contribute to the reduced levels of this cytokine in response to LPS. This study provides in vitro evidence for altered signaling through @entity1435 MAPK, as a mechanism leading to failed upregulation of a counterinflammatory cytokine, and thus the propagation of an unrestrained proinflammatory state. Restoration of normal signaling may represent an effective strategy to reverse this effect.

title: Impaired activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['increased lung injury']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['organ dysfunction']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']


abstract: We investigated the functional roles of putative active site residues in @entity526 CheA by generating nine site-directed mutants, purifying the mutant proteins, and quantifying the effects of those mutations on autokinase activity and binding affinity for @entity855 . We designed these mutations to alter key positions in sequence motifs conserved in the protein @entity3793 kinase family, including the N box (H376 and N380), the G1 box (D420 and G422), the F box (F455 and F459), the G2 box (G470, G472, and G474), and the " @entity616 " (T499), a motif identified by comparison of CheA to members of the GHL family of ATPases. Four of the mutant CheA proteins exhibited no detectable autokinase activity (Kin(-)). Of these, three ( @entity70633 , @entity70634 , and @entity70635 ) exhibited moderate decreases in their affinities for @entity855 in the presence or absence of @entity1025 . The other Kin(-) mutant ( @entity70636 / @entity70637 / @entity70638 ) exhibited wild-type affinity for @entity855 in the absence of @entity1025 , but reduced affinity (relative to that of wild-type CheA) in the presence of @entity1025 . The other five mutants (Kin(+)) autophosphorylated at rates slower than that exhibited by wild-type CheA. Of these, three mutants ( @entity70639 , @entity70640 , and @entity70641 / @entity70642 ) exhibited severely reduced k(cat) values, but preserved K(M)( @entity855 ) and K(d)( @entity855 ) values close to those of wild-type CheA. Two mutants ( @entity70643 and @entity70644 ) exhibited only small effects on k(cat) and K(M)( @entity855 ). Overall, these results suggest that conserved residues in the N box, G1 box, G2 box, and F box contribute to the @entity855 binding site and autokinase active site in CheA, while the @entity616 makes little, if any, contribution. We discuss the effects of specific mutations in relation to the three-dimensional structure of CheA and to binding interactions that contribute to the stability of the complex between CheA and @entity1025 -bound @entity855 in both the ground state and the transition state for the CheA autophosphorylation reaction.

title: Active site mutations in CheA, the signal-transducing protein kinase of the chemotaxis system in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity3263 leads to altered cerebral function and neurological alterations in @entity1 with @entity99 . We studied the effects of @entity3263 in @entity35 on the modulation by group I metabotropic @entity2227 receptors (mGluR) of motor and neurochemical functions in vivo. Locomotion induced by injection of the mGluR agonist @entity11724 into nucleus accumbens was increased in hyperammonemic @entity35 . In control @entity35 @entity11724 increased extracellular @entity935 (ca. 400%) but not @entity2227 . In contrast, in hyperammonemic @entity35 @entity11724 increased extracellular @entity2227 (ca. 600%), while @entity11724 -induced @entity935 increase was reduced. Blocking @entity9446 receptor with CPCCOEt prevented all @entity11724 effects, indicating that this receptor mediates its locomotor and neurochemical effects. Hyperammonemic @entity35 showed increased (32%) mGluR1alpha, but not @entity10092 content in nucleus accumbens. These results show that modulation of locomotor and neurochemical functions by mGluRs in nucleus accumbens is strongly altered in @entity3263 . These alterations may contribute to the neurological alterations in @entity3263 and @entity1578 .

title: @entity3263 alters motor and neurochemical responses to activation of group I metabotropic XXXX receptors in the nucleus accumbens in @entity35 in vivo.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity3263 :: ('MESH:D022124', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperammonemia', 'hyperammonemia']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: @entity3263 leads to altered cerebral function and neurological alterations in @entity1 with @entity99 . We studied the effects of @entity3263 in @entity35 on the modulation by group I metabotropic @entity2227 receptors (mGluR) of motor and neurochemical functions in vivo. Locomotion induced by injection of the mGluR agonist @entity11724 into nucleus accumbens was increased in hyperammonemic @entity35 . In control @entity35 @entity11724 increased extracellular @entity935 (ca. 400%) but not @entity2227 . In contrast, in hyperammonemic @entity35 @entity11724 increased extracellular @entity2227 (ca. 600%), while @entity11724 -induced @entity935 increase was reduced. Blocking @entity9446 receptor with CPCCOEt prevented all @entity11724 effects, indicating that this receptor mediates its locomotor and neurochemical effects. Hyperammonemic @entity35 showed increased (32%) mGluR1alpha, but not @entity10092 content in nucleus accumbens. These results show that modulation of locomotor and neurochemical functions by mGluRs in nucleus accumbens is strongly altered in @entity3263 . These alterations may contribute to the neurological alterations in @entity3263 and @entity1578 .

title: XXXX alters motor and neurochemical responses to activation of group I metabotropic @entity2227 receptors in the nucleus accumbens in @entity35 in vivo.

answer: @entity3263 :: (MESH:D022124,Disease) :: ['Chronic hyperammonemia']


abstract: @entity3263 leads to altered cerebral function and neurological alterations in @entity1 with @entity99 . We studied the effects of @entity3263 in @entity35 on the modulation by group I metabotropic @entity2227 receptors (mGluR) of motor and neurochemical functions in vivo. Locomotion induced by injection of the mGluR agonist @entity11724 into nucleus accumbens was increased in hyperammonemic @entity35 . In control @entity35 @entity11724 increased extracellular @entity935 (ca. 400%) but not @entity2227 . In contrast, in hyperammonemic @entity35 @entity11724 increased extracellular @entity2227 (ca. 600%), while @entity11724 -induced @entity935 increase was reduced. Blocking @entity9446 receptor with CPCCOEt prevented all @entity11724 effects, indicating that this receptor mediates its locomotor and neurochemical effects. Hyperammonemic @entity35 showed increased (32%) mGluR1alpha, but not @entity10092 content in nucleus accumbens. These results show that modulation of locomotor and neurochemical functions by mGluRs in nucleus accumbens is strongly altered in @entity3263 . These alterations may contribute to the neurological alterations in @entity3263 and @entity1578 .

title: @entity3263 alters motor and neurochemical responses to activation of group I metabotropic @entity2227 receptors in the nucleus accumbens in XXXX in vivo.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The two recently isolated hypothalamic peptides @entity22658 and orexin B, also known as hypocretin 1 and 2, are reported to be important signaling molecules in feeding and sleep/wakefulness. Orexin-containing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus project to numerous areas of the @entity35 brain and spinal cord including the intermediolateral cell column (IML) of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. An in vivo and in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the hypothesis that orexins, acting on sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) in the @entity35 spinal cord, increase sympathetic outflow. First, @entity22658 (0.3, 1, and 10 nmol) by intrathecal injection increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) by an average of 5, 18, and 30 mmHg and 10, 42, and 85 beats/min in @entity4774 -anesthetized @entity35 . Intrathecal injection of saline had no significant effects. Orexin B (3 nmol) by intrathecal administration increased MAP and HR by an average of 11 mmHg and 40 beats/min. The pressor effects of @entity22658 were attenuated by prior intrathecal injection of @entity22658 antibodies (1:500 dilution) but not by normal serum albumin. Intravenous administration of the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist @entity3159 (0.5 mg/kg) or the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist @entity1169 (0.5 mg/kg) markedly diminished, respectively, the @entity22658 -induced @entity551 . Second, whole cell patch recordings were made from antidromically identified SPNs of spinal cord slices from 12- to 16-day-old @entity35 . Superfusion of @entity22658 or orexin B (100 or 300 nM) excited 12 of 17 SPNs, as evidenced by a membrane depolarization and/or increase of neuronal discharges. @entity22658 - or B-induced depolarizations persisted in @entity4524 (0.5 microM)-containing Krebs solution, indicating that the peptide acted directly on SPNs. Results from our in vivo and in vitro studies together with the previous observation of the presence of @entity22658 -immunoreactive fibers in the IML suggest that orexins, when released within the IML, augment sympathetic outflow by acting directly on SPNs.

title: Orexins/hypocretins excite XXXX sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vivo and in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['increase of MAP and HR']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Experimental studies have shown that luminal bacteria may be involved in @entity30 . Probiotics are a possible alternative to antibiotics. The aim of this randomised placebo controlled study was to determine if Lactobacillus GG, given by mouth for one year, could prevent @entity30 after surgery or to reduce their severity. METHODS: @entity1 operated on for @entity30 in whom all of the diseased gut had been removed were randomly allocated to receive 12 billion colony forming units of Lactobacillus or identical placebo for one year. Ileocolonoscopy was performed at the end of the trial or at the onset of symptoms. Endoscopic recurrence was defined as grade 2 or higher of Rutgeerts scoring system. RESULTS: Eight of 45 @entity1 were excluded from the trial (three for non-compliance and five for protocol violations). Clinical recurrence was ascertained in three (16.6%) @entity1 who received Lactobacillus and in two (10.5%) who received placebo. Nine of 15 @entity1 in clinical remission on Lactobacillus (60%) had endoscopic recurrence compared with six of 17 (35.3%) on placebo (p=0.297). There were no significant differences in the severity of the lesions between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus GG seems neither to prevent endoscopic recurrence at one year nor reduce the severity of recurrent lesions.

title: Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for XXXX : a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's recurrent lesions", "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: Monitoring of atrial signals improves the accuracy in identifying supraventricular @entity591 to prevent inappropriate therapies in @entity1 with implantable ICDs. Since difficulties due to the additional atrial lead were found in dual chamber @entity1479 systems with two leads, the authors designed a single pass VDD lead for use with dual chamber ICDs. After a successful animal study, the prototype VDD lead (single coil defibrillation lead with two additional fractally coated rings for @entity162 sensing in the atrium) was temporarily used in 30 @entity1 during a German multicenter study. Atrial and ventricular signals were recorded during sinus rhythm (SR), @entity956 , AF, and VT or VF. The implantation of the lead was successful in 27 of 30 @entity1 . Mean atrial pacing threshold was 2.5 +/- 0.9 V/0.5 ms, mean atrial impedance was 213 +/- 31 ohms. Atrial amplitudes were greater during SR (2.7 +/- 1.6 mV) than during @entity956 (1.46 +/- 0.3 mV, P < 0.05) or AF (0.93 +/- 0.37 mV, P < 0.01). During VF atrial "sinus" signals had significantly (P < 0.01) lower amplitudes (1.4 +/- 0.52 mV) than during SR. The mean ventricular sensing was 13.3 +/- 7.9 mV and mean ventricular impedance was 577 +/- 64 ohms. Defibrillation was successful with a 20-J shock in all @entity1 . In addition, 99.6% of P waves could be detected in SR and 84.4% of flutter waves during @entity956 . During AF, 56.6% of atrial signals could be detected without modification of the signal amplifier. In conclusion, a new designed VDD dual chamber lead provides stable detection of atrial and ventricular signals during SR and @entity956 . Reliable detection of atrial signals is possible without modification of the @entity1479 amplifier.

title: Multicenter experiences with a single lead electrode for dual chamber XXXX systems.

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity956 :: ('MESH:D001282', 'Disease') :: ['atrial flutter']

answer: @entity1479 :: (OMIM:252500,Disease) :: ['ICD']


abstract: @entity4809 , which is an obstructing lesion of the left ventricular outflow tract, remains a surgical challenge. The recurrence rate is high despite sufficient conventional resection. We retrospectively reviewed the results of surgery for @entity4809 at our institution from September 1995 through March 2001. Twenty-one @entity1 with this lesion underwent surgical treatment during this period. Excision of the fibromuscular membrane with myectomy was performed in all of the @entity1 . Follow-up in all @entity1 ranged from 7 to 67 months (mean follow-up period, 39.57 +/- 15.46 months). The mean systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta decreased from 59.23 +/- 35.38 mmHg preoperatively to 9.47 +/- 9.91 mmHg postoperatively. There was no instance of @entity616 that required a permanent pacemaker, nor of @entity3555 . There was no early or late @entity204 . A 22nd @entity1 , who had 3+ @entity337 , required aortic valve replacement and was excluded from the study. Two of the @entity1 (9.5%) underwent reoperation because of recurrent gradient and residual @entity1757 . Our results suggest that fibromuscular membrane excision combined with myectomy in @entity1 with @entity4809 produces sufficient relief of obstruction with low morbidity.

title: XXXX : surgical outcomes and follow-up results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4809 :: ('MESH:D021922', 'Disease') :: ['Discrete subaortic stenosis', 'discrete subaortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative death']

entities_list: @entity3555 :: ('MESH:D004697', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['heart block']

answer: @entity4809 :: (MESH:D021922,Disease) :: ['Discrete subaortic stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) has been used to decrease @entity548 in a number of settings including @entity447 , liver transplantation, intractable @entity548 , and @entity82 . Experience in the @entity130 setting is limited. This study was performed to determine whether rFVIIa would reduce @entity548 after a grade V @entity99 in hypothermic, dilutionally coagulopathic @entity1707 when used as an adjunct to abdominal packing and to determine whether increasing the dose of the drug increased its hemostatic efficacy. METHODS: Thirty animals were randomized to receive 180 microg/kg of rFVIIa, 720 microg/kg of rFVIIa, or vehicle buffer control. After laparotomy and splenectomy, animals underwent a 60% blood volume isovolemic exchange transfusion with 5% @entity1 albumin. The animals' temperature was maintained at 33 degrees C and a standardized grade V @entity99 was made with a liver clamp. Thirty seconds after injury, the abdomen was packed with laparotomy sponges, resuscitation was initiated, and blinded therapy was given. Animals were resuscitated to their baseline mean arterial pressure and the study was continued for 2 hours. Serial coagulation parameters were measured at the temperature they were drawn. After the study period, surviving animals were killed, posttreatment @entity190 was measured, and an autopsy was performed. RESULTS: Ten animals were randomized to each group. After administration of study drug, factor VII clotting activity (FVII:C) was higher in the 720 microg/kg group than in the 180 microg/kg group (p < 0.01). FVII:C was higher in both treatment groups than in the control group (p < 0.01). The mean prothrombin time was shorter in the treatment groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was lower in the control group than in the treatment groups throughout the study (p < 0.01). Mean @entity190 was less in the treatment groups than in the control group (p = 0.03). Mortality was not different between groups. There were no differences between the groups that received rFVIIa in any measured parameters except for FVII:C. @entity99 were similar between groups and there was no evidence of microthrombosis on lung histology. CONCLUSION: rFVIIa reduces @entity190 in hypothermic, dilutionally coagulopathic @entity1707 with grade V injuries when used as an adjunct to packing. Increasing the dose does not enhance the hemostatic effect.

title: The effect of recombinant factor VIIa on coagulopathic @entity1707 with grade V XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['hemophilia']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Liver injuries', 'liver injury']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['liver injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) has been used to decrease @entity548 in a number of settings including @entity447 , liver transplantation, intractable @entity548 , and @entity82 . Experience in the @entity130 setting is limited. This study was performed to determine whether rFVIIa would reduce @entity548 after a grade V @entity99 in hypothermic, dilutionally coagulopathic @entity1707 when used as an adjunct to abdominal packing and to determine whether increasing the dose of the drug increased its hemostatic efficacy. METHODS: Thirty animals were randomized to receive 180 microg/kg of rFVIIa, 720 microg/kg of rFVIIa, or vehicle buffer control. After laparotomy and splenectomy, animals underwent a 60% blood volume isovolemic exchange transfusion with 5% @entity1 albumin. The animals' temperature was maintained at 33 degrees C and a standardized grade V @entity99 was made with a liver clamp. Thirty seconds after injury, the abdomen was packed with laparotomy sponges, resuscitation was initiated, and blinded therapy was given. Animals were resuscitated to their baseline mean arterial pressure and the study was continued for 2 hours. Serial coagulation parameters were measured at the temperature they were drawn. After the study period, surviving animals were killed, posttreatment @entity190 was measured, and an autopsy was performed. RESULTS: Ten animals were randomized to each group. After administration of study drug, factor VII clotting activity (FVII:C) was higher in the 720 microg/kg group than in the 180 microg/kg group (p < 0.01). FVII:C was higher in both treatment groups than in the control group (p < 0.01). The mean prothrombin time was shorter in the treatment groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was lower in the control group than in the treatment groups throughout the study (p < 0.01). Mean @entity190 was less in the treatment groups than in the control group (p = 0.03). Mortality was not different between groups. There were no differences between the groups that received rFVIIa in any measured parameters except for FVII:C. @entity99 were similar between groups and there was no evidence of microthrombosis on lung histology. CONCLUSION: rFVIIa reduces @entity190 in hypothermic, dilutionally coagulopathic @entity1707 with grade V injuries when used as an adjunct to packing. Increasing the dose does not enhance the hemostatic effect.

title: The effect of recombinant factor VIIa on coagulopathic XXXX with grade V @entity99 .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7334 of the distal radius pose a great challenge in orthopedic surgery. Conventional open reduction and internal fixation generally yields poor functional outcome. The technique of arthroscope-assisted surgery allows more accurate reduction of the articular surface and treatment of soft tissue lesions, both of which are necessary for regaining anatomic structure and satisfactory function. METHODS: Twenty wrists in 18 @entity1 with @entity7334 of the distal radius received arthroscopic surgery and percutaneous pinning with or without external skeletal fixation and bone grafting. A new traction method was designed that allows arthroscopic surgery and fluoroscopic monitoring to be performed simultaneously. Postoperative follow-up averaged 24.7 months. RESULTS: All except one of these @entity1 returned to work within 3 to 6 months after surgery. Later collapse with minimal articular step-off was noted on radiographs before osseous union in two @entity1 who did not undergo bone grafting. Decreased radial height because of subsequent displacement at the metaphyseal fracture was noted in one @entity1 who did not receive external skeletal fixation initially. CONCLUSION: The technique of arthroscope-assisted surgery, despite a steep learning curve, is an invaluable method. Results using this technique are promising and few complications are encountered in the treatment of complex radius platform @entity174 . The bone grafting procedure augments osseous union, shortens the duration of external skeletal fixation, and thus lessens joint stiffness.

title: Arthroscopically assisted osteosynthesis of XXXX of the distal radius.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity7334 :: ('MESH:D057072', 'Disease') :: ['Complex intra-articular fractures', 'intra-articular fracture']

answer: @entity7334 :: (MESH:D057072,Disease) :: ['complex intra-articular fractures']


abstract: Large @entity356 may occur in @entity1 with @entity1819 . Treatment options include dissolution with enzymes, @entity1949 , and surgery. We report our experience with nasogastric cola lavage therapy. Over an 8-year period, five consecutive @entity1 were referred to our unit for endoscopic treatment of large @entity356 . They included one @entity1 with lobectomy for @entity2 and four @entity1 with @entity6 . An initial attempt of @entity1949 and removal was unsuccessful. @entity1 were treated with 3 l of Coca-Cola nasogastric lavage over 12 h. Nasogastric lavage was very well tolerated by the @entity1 . @entity1939 was achieved in one session in all cases. There were no procedure-related complications. The dissolution of large @entity356 with cola nasogastric lavage is a safe, rapid and effective method. @entity1 may be treated in the medical ward, avoiding therapeutic endoscopy or surgery.

title: XXXX may be treated by nasogastric Coca-Cola lavage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic fragmentation with removal or aspiration', 'endoscopic fragmentation']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic gastroparesis']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric dysmotility disorders']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['Complete phytobezoar dissolution']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric phytobezoars']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['Gastric phytobezoars']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost and utility of healing and maintenance regimens of @entity4546 and @entity11035 ( @entity11035 ) in the framework of the Canadian medical system. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Medical therapy with proton pump inhibitors for endoscopically proven @entity354 is a safe and effective treatment option. Of late, the surgical treatment of choice for this disease has become @entity11035 . METHODS: The authors' base case was a 45-year-old @entity1 with erosive @entity354 refractory to H2-blockers. A cost-utility analysis was performed comparing the two strategies. A two-stage Markov model (healing and maintenance phases) was used to estimate costs and utilities with a time horizon of 5 years. Discounted direct costs were estimated from the perspective of a provincial health ministry, and discounted quality-of-life estimates were derived from the medical literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model to the authors' assumptions and to determine thresholds. A Monte Carlo simulation of 10,000 @entity1 was used to estimate variances and 95% interpercentile ranges. RESULTS: For the 5-year period studied, @entity11035 was less expensive than @entity4546 (3519.89 dollars vs. 5464.87 dollars per @entity1 ) and became the more cost-effective option at 3.3 years of follow-up. The authors found that 20 mg/day @entity4546 would have to cost less than 38.60 dollars per month before medical therapy became cost effective; conversely, the cost of @entity11035 would have to be more than 5,273.70 dollars or the length of stay more than 4.2 days for medical therapy to be cost effective. Estimates of quality-adjusted life-years did not differ significantly between the two treatment options, and the incremental cost for medical therapy was 129,665 dollars per quality-adjusted life-years gained. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 with severe @entity2910 , @entity11035 is a cost-effective alternative to long-term maintenance therapy with proton pump inhibitors.

title: Medical or surgical therapy for erosive XXXX : cost-utility analysis using a Markov model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity11035 :: ('MESH:C535647', 'Disease') :: ['LNF', 'laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['reflux esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['reflux esophagitis']


abstract: AIMS: This study compares the hazard of @entity204 among opiate and @entity4944 using clients who accessed drug treatment with individuals who had no specialist treatment contact between 1985 and 1998. DESIGN, SETTING, @entity1 : This was a retrospective cohort study of 4280 drug-using individuals (2887 opiate users, 1393 @entity4944 users) admitted to Perth metropolitan hospitals or Perth @entity146 institutions between 1985 and 1998. Of these, 1469 attended Next Step Specialist Drug and @entity167 Services (928 received @entity284 and 541 attended counselling or support groups) and 2811 had no contact with this service. METHODS: Data from two drug treatment programmes were linked with hospital morbidity, @entity146 services and the mortality database using record linkage. FINDINGS: The results show that @entity1 who were currently in drug treatment had a lower hazard of @entity204 compared with non-clients and those who had ceased treatment. Those who had ceased treatment more than 6 months ago had 7.0 times the hazard of all-cause @entity204 and 8.4 times the hazard of drug-cause @entity204 . Opiate users were at 1.4 times the hazard of all-cause @entity204 and 2.4 times the hazard of drug-cause @entity204 compared with @entity4944 users. Males were at 1.79 times the hazard of all-cause @entity204 and, unexpectedly, were found to be at 2.69 times the hazard of drug-cause @entity204 compared with females. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment protected clients from premature @entity204 compared with @entity1 who did not receive treatment and also those who ceased treatment. While @entity4944 users had a lower risk of mortality compared with opiate users, the full extent of the relationship between @entity4944 use and mortality needs to be examined further.

title: Mortality in a cohort of opiate and XXXX users in Perth, Western Australia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine']

answer: @entity4944 :: (MESH:D000661,Chemical) :: ['amphetamine']


abstract: AIM: The present study was aimed at assessing associations between psychological symptoms and khat use in the Yemeni population. SETTING: The survey was performed in 2000/2001, in different zones including three urban and three rural areas. @entity1 : The survey was carried out in 800 Yemeni adults (15-76), both male and female, representing mainly urban populations of students, state employees and housewives. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken using face-to-face interviews and no preset selection criteria regarding profession, socio-economic status, age or gender. MEASUREMENT: The Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90) was used containing 90 items, which cover nine scales of the following domains: somatization, @entity308 , @entity148 , @entity913 , hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, @entity10963 and psychoticism. Details of khat use and socio-demographic data were also collected. FINDINGS: At least one life-time episode of khat use was reported in 81.6% of @entity1 and 43.3% of @entity1 . Male users tended to use more frequently. The incidence of @entity304 was not greater in khat users; in fact, there was a negative association between the incidence of phobic symptoms and khat use. CONCLUSIONS: Khat use is very common in the Yemeni population, particularly @entity1 , but it is not associated with @entity304 .

title: Exploration of XXXX in Yemeni khat users by the Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['adverse psychological symptoms']

answer: @entity304 :: (MESH:D010302,Disease) :: ['adverse psychological symptoms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Angiographic embolization (AE) is a safe and effective method for controlling @entity548 in both blunt and penetrating @entity99 . Improved survival after @entity99 has been documented using a multimodality approach; however, @entity1 still have significant long-term morbidity. This study examines further the role of AE in both blunt and penetrating @entity99 and the outcomes of its use. METHODS: The medical records of 37 consecutive @entity1 admitted from 1995 to 2002 to a Level I @entity130 center who underwent hepatic angiography with the intent to embolize were reviewed. Demographic and clinical information including Injury Severity Score, length of stay, mortality, intra-abdominal complications, admission physiologic variables, and the number and type of abdominal operations performed were collected. RESULTS: Thirty-seven @entity1 underwent hepatic angiography and 26 @entity1 had @entity99 performed. Eleven @entity1 underwent early-AE, immediately after computed tomographic scanning, and 15 underwent late-AE, after liver-related operations or later in their hospital course. There was a 27% mortality rate overall. There were 11 liver-related complications in the 26 embolizations. Excluding the early deaths, the associated morbidity was 58%, which included @entity99 , @entity99 , and @entity1157 . CONCLUSION: There is increasing adjunctive use of AE in @entity1 managed both operatively and nonoperatively. @entity1320 are common in these salvaged @entity1 with severe @entity99 . Those @entity1 that underwent early-AE received significantly fewer blood transfusions and more commonly had sterile hepatic collections. Only 26% of @entity1 required liver-related surgery after AE. Therefore, the integration of AE as an adjunctive modality for @entity1 with high-grade @entity99 is a safe and effective therapeutic option.

title: Angiographic embolization for XXXX : low mortality, high morbidity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['bile leaks']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['Intra-abdominal complications']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injuries', 'hepatic abscesses', 'hepatic injuries', 'hepatic embolization', 'hepatic necrosis']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['liver injuries']


abstract: AIM: The clinical effects of home-therapy with 5% imiquimod cream in the treatment of @entity4891 are evaluated. METHODS: From March 2000 to January 2002, 57 @entity1 presenting clinical cutaneous external genital and perianal warts were selected in the base-population observed at our clinical of vulvar pathology and @entity2953 , @entity62580 Rome. The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups: Group A, with new cutaneous @entity1800 and Group B with recurrent @entity4891 pre-treated with @entity515 -laser therapy. A total of 36% (20) of all @entity1 presented @entity75 of cervix and/or vaginal wall. The follow-up was carried out at 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months, evaluating the safety, clinical efficacy and tolerance of @entity1 . The Pearson chi2 test was used to evaluate trends significance. All lesions were photo-documented. RESULTS: Sixty-four per cent (64%) of the @entity1 had complete clearance of @entity4891 within 16 weeks, for 3 times per week self-application of imiquimod, with clinical remission at short term (6/8 weeks) (chi2=1.42; p<0.05); 12% had partial clearance (<50%) and 20% had a clearance of about 75%. The coexistent lesions of cervix and/or vaginal walls had a high remission (>50%) and required surgical additional therapy with @entity515 -laser; 28% of @entity1 (16/57) experienced mild to moderate drug-related side effects. There was a significant increase in the severity of local skin reactions due to the increased time and number of applications. CONCLUSION: These data confirm that imiquimod cream at the dose regimen of 3 times per week, is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of cutaneous external warts and is associated to a reduction of coexistent mucous @entity1800 due to enhancement of local immune response.

title: [Topical imiquimod cream in the treatment of external XXXX : personal experience].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted diseases']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['contemporaneous HPV lesions']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral lesions']

entities_list: @entity4891 :: ('MESH:D014860', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous anogenital warts', 'anogenital warts']

answer: @entity4891 :: (MESH:D014860,Disease) :: ['anogenital warts']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Our aim was to determine whether early anatomical injury patterns on magnetic resonance imaging-correlate with the development of @entity302 in @entity1 treated with selective head cooling for @entity2806 . METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed @entity1 >= 35  weeks' gestation born between 2008 and 2013 and followed for at least one year at Northwestern University. All had brain magnetic resonance imaging scans at days 4-5 and electroencephalographs during rewarming and at 3 to 6  months of age. RESULTS: Outcome was favorable for our cohort of 73 individuals with a mean follow-up of 41 (  7) months. The majority (66%) survived with no @entity410 recurrence, whereas 13 (18%) developed @entity302 , including eight who had @entity739 . Twelve @entity1 (16%) died. The most common magnetic resonance imaging pattern was @entity1545 involving both cortical and subcortical gray matter (26/73, 35%), followed by @entity62 (18/73, 25%) and normal magnetic resonance imaging (16/73, 22%). In 13 @entity1 (18%), the brainstem was involved in addition to cortical and subcortical gray matter; nine died and all four surviving @entity1 developed @entity739 . All 18 @entity1 with @entity62 survived and none developed @entity302 . The risk of @entity302 was associated with @entity130 (basal ganglia, thalamus      brainstem) (12/39 versus 1/34, P  <  0.003). CONCLUSIONS: @entity130 was highly predictive of @entity739 , whereas @entity130 alone predicted low risk for short-term @entity302 . Location of anatomical injury on magnetic resonance imaging can be an early predictive factor for development of @entity739 and inform prognostic decisions in newborns treated with selective head cooling for @entity2806 .

title: Early Anatomical XXXX in Head Cooled Neonates With @entity2806 .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['infantile spasms']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['postneonatal epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['cortical and subcortical white matter injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['cortical injury', 'Brainstem injury', 'injury involving subcortical regions']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Injury Patterns Predict Epilepsy']