abstract: BACKGROUND: In response to the escalating burden of @entity102 in Australia, recent health policies have emphasised the promotion of @entity1 self-management and better preventive care. A notable omission from these policies is the acknowledgment that @entity1 with @entity102 tend to have co-morbid conditions. Our objectives were: to identify the common challenges co-morbidity poses to @entity1 and carers in their experiences of self-management; to detail the views and perceptions of health professionals about these challenges; and to discuss policy options to improve health care for @entity1 with co-morbid @entity102 . The method included semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 129 purposively sampled @entity1 . @entity1 were @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 , @entity1030 and/or chronic @entity712 as well as carers and health care professionals. Content analysis of the interview data was conducted using NVivo7 software. RESULTS: @entity1 and their carers found co-morbidity influenced their capacity to manage @entity102 in three ways. First, co-morbidity created barriers to @entity1 acting on risk factors; second, it complicated the process of recognising the early symptoms of deterioration of each condition, and third, it complicated their capacity to manage medication. CONCLUSION: Findings highlight challenges that @entity1 with multiple chronic conditions face in relation to preventive care and self-management. Future clinical policy initiatives need to move away from single illness orientation toward strategies that meet the needs of @entity1 with co-morbid conditions and strengthen their capacity to self-manage. These @entity1 will benefit directly from specialised education and services that cater to the needs of @entity1 with clusters of co-morbidities.

title: Challenges for co-morbid XXXX care and policy in Australia: a qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic illness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Psychotropic medication is widely prescribed in clinical practice for the management of @entity146 ( @entity146 ) in @entity195 ( @entity195 ). However, there have been few pharmaco-epidemiological studies or studies conducted in a natural setting on the real use of antidepressants in @entity195 . The aim of this survey was to assess the prevalence of antidepressant use in @entity195 and to identify the clinical factors associated with antidepressant prescription. METHODS: REAL.FR is a four-year, prospective, multi-center study. Baseline data including demographic characteristics, clinical variables and drug intake were obtained. @entity308 were determined using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). RESULTS: A total of 686 @entity195 @entity1 were included. Antidepressant treatment was prescribed for 34.8% of @entity1 . Clinically significant @entity308 (NPI >or= 4) were observed in 20.5% of the total population. Although @entity308 subjects were significantly more likely to be treated with antidepressants than non- @entity308 subjects (p<0.0001), only 60% of @entity308 subjects overall were prescribed an antidepressant. In multivariate analysis, clinically significant @entity308 were associated with antidepressant prescription although this result was only observed in subjects without a previous history of @entity308 . CONCLUSIONS: The available data on antidepressant efficacy in @entity146 other than @entity308 (in particular, @entity2146 , @entity146 and, occasionally, @entity716 ) do not influence prescription choices. @entity308 may be taken more seriously in the absence of a previous history of @entity308 , leading to increased antidepressant prescription rates in individuals presenting with @entity308 for the first time.

title: Antidepressant use in XXXX @entity1 : results of the REAL.FR cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms', 'depressed', 'depression', 'Depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia', 'aggression', 'BPSD']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Psychotropic medication is widely prescribed in clinical practice for the management of @entity146 ( @entity146 ) in @entity195 ( @entity195 ). However, there have been few pharmaco-epidemiological studies or studies conducted in a natural setting on the real use of antidepressants in @entity195 . The aim of this survey was to assess the prevalence of antidepressant use in @entity195 and to identify the clinical factors associated with antidepressant prescription. METHODS: REAL.FR is a four-year, prospective, multi-center study. Baseline data including demographic characteristics, clinical variables and drug intake were obtained. @entity308 were determined using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). RESULTS: A total of 686 @entity195 @entity1 were included. Antidepressant treatment was prescribed for 34.8% of @entity1 . Clinically significant @entity308 (NPI >or= 4) were observed in 20.5% of the total population. Although @entity308 subjects were significantly more likely to be treated with antidepressants than non- @entity308 subjects (p<0.0001), only 60% of @entity308 subjects overall were prescribed an antidepressant. In multivariate analysis, clinically significant @entity308 were associated with antidepressant prescription although this result was only observed in subjects without a previous history of @entity308 . CONCLUSIONS: The available data on antidepressant efficacy in @entity146 other than @entity308 (in particular, @entity2146 , @entity146 and, occasionally, @entity716 ) do not influence prescription choices. @entity308 may be taken more seriously in the absence of a previous history of @entity308 , leading to increased antidepressant prescription rates in individuals presenting with @entity308 for the first time.

title: Antidepressant use in @entity195 XXXX : results of the REAL.FR cohort.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity24810 is a diester prodrug of the antiviral drug @entity24488 , with much greater oral bioavailability than @entity24488 . Evidence shows that the prodrug is metabolized to @entity24488 in the enterocytes during intestinal absorption. However, it is unknown how the highly charged and hydrophilic @entity24488 crosses the basolateral membrane in the intestine. This study determines the role of specific basolateral transporter(s) in the egress of @entity24488 across the basolateral membrane when formed from @entity24810 in Caco-2 cells, a model for intestinal epithelium. @entity36620 ( @entity36620 ) plays an important role in renal secretion of @entity24488 . Immunofluorescence images showed that @entity36620 is localized in the basolateral membrane of Caco-2 cells. This localization was further confirmed by Western blotting of the apical and basolateral membrane fractions that were isolated by a novel method involving biotinylation of respective membrane proteins and affinity enrichment. @entity36620 -knockdown Caco-2 cells were produced by stable transfection with @entity36620 -specific siRNA expression plasmid. These cells showed reduced @entity36620 protein expression and corresponding reduction in the basolateral egress of @entity24488 when @entity24810 was dosed on the apical side. A comparison of these data with the reduction in the basolateral egress of @entity24488 by the general @entity11092 inhibitor @entity3352 established that @entity36620 , among MRPs, plays a predominant role in the basolateral egress of @entity24488 in Caco-2 cells. The results highlight the importance of @entity36620 in oral absorption of @entity24810 , and suggest that significant drug-drug interactions can occur if an @entity36620 inhibitor is co-administered with @entity24810 .

title: Role of basolateral efflux transporter @entity36620 in the intestinal absorption of the antiviral drug XXXX .

entities_list: @entity24810 :: ('MESH:C106812', 'Chemical') :: ['adefovir dipivoxil', 'Adefovir dipivoxil']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity36620 :: ('10257', 'Gene') :: ['Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4', 'MRP4']

answer: @entity24810 :: (MESH:C106812,Chemical) :: ['adefovir dipivoxil']


abstract: @entity24810 is a diester prodrug of the antiviral drug @entity24488 , with much greater oral bioavailability than @entity24488 . Evidence shows that the prodrug is metabolized to @entity24488 in the enterocytes during intestinal absorption. However, it is unknown how the highly charged and hydrophilic @entity24488 crosses the basolateral membrane in the intestine. This study determines the role of specific basolateral transporter(s) in the egress of @entity24488 across the basolateral membrane when formed from @entity24810 in Caco-2 cells, a model for intestinal epithelium. @entity36620 ( @entity36620 ) plays an important role in renal secretion of @entity24488 . Immunofluorescence images showed that @entity36620 is localized in the basolateral membrane of Caco-2 cells. This localization was further confirmed by Western blotting of the apical and basolateral membrane fractions that were isolated by a novel method involving biotinylation of respective membrane proteins and affinity enrichment. @entity36620 -knockdown Caco-2 cells were produced by stable transfection with @entity36620 -specific siRNA expression plasmid. These cells showed reduced @entity36620 protein expression and corresponding reduction in the basolateral egress of @entity24488 when @entity24810 was dosed on the apical side. A comparison of these data with the reduction in the basolateral egress of @entity24488 by the general @entity11092 inhibitor @entity3352 established that @entity36620 , among MRPs, plays a predominant role in the basolateral egress of @entity24488 in Caco-2 cells. The results highlight the importance of @entity36620 in oral absorption of @entity24810 , and suggest that significant drug-drug interactions can occur if an @entity36620 inhibitor is co-administered with @entity24810 .

title: Role of basolateral efflux transporter XXXX in the intestinal absorption of the antiviral drug @entity24810 .

answer: @entity36620 :: (10257,Gene) :: ['MRP4']


abstract: AIMS: @entity697 ( @entity697 ) still represent life-threatening conditions. The aim of this study was to describe our experience in the management of @entity1 (pts) with @entity697 and to evaluate the safety and feasibility of @entity34 ( @entity34 ) in high surgical risk @entity1 . METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and four @entity1 underwent @entity34 . We selected 56 pts with @entity697 : 17 complicated type B aortic dissections, five traumatic @entity1755 at the isthmus, 11 @entity439 and 23 pts with large AAA with impending @entity397 . All these pts were at high surgical risk because of their comorbidities and/or their emergency situation. They were clinically followed during hospitalisation and they underwent a 2 mm-interval CT-scan two weeks, six and 12 months after discharge and every year after. @entity204 , @entity451 , open surgical conversion did not occur. Two pts underwent a successful secondary @entity34 for @entity1070 . One @entity1 with @entity2334 died of septic shock from pneumonia 78 days after discharge and two pts with AAA suffering from a severe three-vessel @entity301 experienced @entity944 at one year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: @entity34 seems to be a safe and effective therapeutic option with good short- and midterm results in @entity1 with @entity697 at high surgical risk. Thus, it can be considered as a less-invasive alternative in @entity1 considered otherwise unsuitable for conventional surgery, even though a careful, continued follow-up is still necessary to confirm the long-term safety and effectiveness of @entity34 in @entity697 .

title: XXXX at high surgical risk: the endovascular approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['AAS', 'Acute aortic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['aortic ruptures']

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['type I endoleak']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity2334 :: ('MESH:D017545', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['EVT', 'endovascular treatment']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['Acute aortic syndromes']


abstract: AIMS: To investigate sex differences in the prevalence and extent of overweight and @entity28 in adolescents aged 14-18 years. METHODS: Standardized measurements of height and weight were collected from surveys of adolescents in the same geographical area in 1966-69 (n = 8378) and in 1995-97 (n = 6673). The prevalence rates of overweight and @entity28 were calculated using criteria approved by the International Obesity Task Force. The extents of overweight and @entity28 were assessed by computing age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) percentiles. RESULTS: In 1995-97, 17.2% met the criteria for either overweight or @entity28 , as compared with 10.7% in 1966-69. The prevalence of overweight and @entity28 combined was higher in @entity1 (13.0%) than in @entity1 (8.5%) in 1966-69 (difference 4.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-5.9), while no sex difference was found in 1995-97 ( @entity1 16.9%, @entity1 17.5%, difference -0.6, 95% CI -2.3-1.1). The increase in overweight was greater in @entity1 (6.2PP, 95% CI 4.7-7.6) than in @entity1 (1.9PP, 95% CI 0.4-3.5), while the sex difference in increased @entity28 was smaller ( @entity1 2.8PP, 95% CI 2.1-3.4, @entity1 2.0PP, 95% CI 1.3-2.6). The increase in extent of overweight and @entity28 was highest in @entity1 . The values of the 85th percentile and the 95th percentile in @entity1 increased by 1.3 and 3.0 BMI units, respectively. The corresponding increases in @entity1 were 0.7 and 1.7 BMI units. CONCLUSIONS: A marked sex difference in time trends for both the prevalence and extent of overweight and @entity28 , with a more pronounced increase in @entity1 than in @entity1 , was demonstrated. This might have implications for preventive strategies.

title: Sex differences in time trends for overweight and XXXX in adolescents: the Young-HUNT study.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Long-segment colon interposition has been used for esophageal replacement for acquired @entity1208 . The indications for use, morbidity, and functional results of these conduits have been debated. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records, office visits, and operative reports of @entity1 undergoing long colon interposition for acquired @entity1208 at our institution from 1956 to 1997. RESULTS: Long colon interposition was performed in 52 @entity1 for @entity130 (n = 20), @entity354 (n = 16), previous irradiation (n = 8), primary @entity1319 (n = 4), and acquired absence of the esophagus (n = 4). From 1976 to 1997, acquired diseases accounted for 62% of long colon interposition. The left colon was used in 46 @entity1 and the right colon in 6. The in-hospital mortality rate was 4%. Early complications included graft @entity63 in 5 @entity1 , @entity834 in 3, and @entity1744 in 1. Late complications included @entity850 requiring dilation in 26 @entity1 , with 2 requiring surgical revision, and bile reflux requiring surgical diversion in 1 @entity1 . Swallowing function was excellent in 24% of @entity1 , good in 66%, and poor in 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Long colon interposition can be performed safely, with acceptable long-term functional results in @entity1 with acquired @entity1208 .

title: Long-segment colon interposition for acquired XXXX .

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leak']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['caustic injury']

entities_list: @entity1208 :: ('MESH:D004935', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal disease']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['small bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['motility disorders']

answer: @entity1208 :: (MESH:D004935,Disease) :: ['esophageal disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Only anecdotal reports about the results of combined resection of T4 @entity2 infiltrating the thoracic aorta exist. METHODS: Seven @entity1 (mean age, 57.5 years; range, 43 to 78 years) underwent a resection of the infiltrated segment of the thoracic aorta together with a left pneumonectomy (n = 6) or left upper lobectomy (n = 1). @entity5 were primary @entity1149 (T4N2 in 3 @entity1 , T4N1 in 2), one was a @entity3 of @entity0 , and one was @entity980 . RESULTS: No @entity1 died perioperatively. The 2 @entity1 with @entity980 and @entity3 of @entity0 died 2 and 7 months postoperatively. Of the 5 @entity1 with @entity153 , 3 died after 17, 26, and 27 months as a result of distant @entity3 . Two @entity1 are alive after 14 and 50 months without evidence of disease recurrence. One-year, 2-year, and 4-year survival rates for @entity1 with @entity153 were 100%, 75%, and 25%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Combined resection of the lung and thoracic aorta can be performed with low morbidity and mortality when offered to highly selected @entity1 . Adequate local control of @entity5 can be achieved for N1 and single-level N2 @entity1149 , but not for @entity5 with other histologies.

title: T4 XXXX with infiltration of the thoracic aorta: is an operation reasonable?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Five tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumors']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyosarcoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung tumors']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies suggest that @entity1459 ( @entity1459 ) might induce less @entity296 . The objective of this study is to evaluate whether @entity1 with @entity1459 have smaller @entity583 . METHODS: @entity1 with @entity583 of less than 12 hours since the onset symptoms were included. @entity1459 was defined as unstable @entity951 at rest during the 7 days before the @entity1188 . @entity1188 size was assessed with the area under the curve of CK-MB levels in the 24 hours following the onset of the @entity1188 . RESULTS: One hundred-seventy nine @entity1 were included, 75 (41.9%) with @entity1459 . There were more @entity1 in the group with @entity1459 (89.3% vs 70.2%, p = 0.004) and a higher prevalence of ex-smokers (38.7% vs 19.2%, p = 0.006). We did not find significant differences in @entity583 size between both groups, but a statistically significant interaction between @entity1459 and pre-treatment with @entity4136 drugs was noted (p = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1459 does not seem to induce less @entity296 in this study. There is a significant interaction between @entity1459 and pre-treatment with @entity4136 drugs.

title: [The effect of pre- @entity1188 unstable @entity951 on the size of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial necrosis']

entities_list: @entity4136 :: ('CHEBI:26831', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylurea']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['Preinfarction angina', 'PA', 'preinfarction angina']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarctions']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial necrosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies suggest that @entity1459 ( @entity1459 ) might induce less @entity296 . The objective of this study is to evaluate whether @entity1 with @entity1459 have smaller @entity583 . METHODS: @entity1 with @entity583 of less than 12 hours since the onset symptoms were included. @entity1459 was defined as unstable @entity951 at rest during the 7 days before the @entity1188 . @entity1188 size was assessed with the area under the curve of CK-MB levels in the 24 hours following the onset of the @entity1188 . RESULTS: One hundred-seventy nine @entity1 were included, 75 (41.9%) with @entity1459 . There were more @entity1 in the group with @entity1459 (89.3% vs 70.2%, p = 0.004) and a higher prevalence of ex-smokers (38.7% vs 19.2%, p = 0.006). We did not find significant differences in @entity583 size between both groups, but a statistically significant interaction between @entity1459 and pre-treatment with @entity4136 drugs was noted (p = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1459 does not seem to induce less @entity296 in this study. There is a significant interaction between @entity1459 and pre-treatment with @entity4136 drugs.

title: [The effect of pre- @entity1188 unstable XXXX on the size of @entity296 ].

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['angina']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies suggest that @entity1459 ( @entity1459 ) might induce less @entity296 . The objective of this study is to evaluate whether @entity1 with @entity1459 have smaller @entity583 . METHODS: @entity1 with @entity583 of less than 12 hours since the onset symptoms were included. @entity1459 was defined as unstable @entity951 at rest during the 7 days before the @entity1188 . @entity1188 size was assessed with the area under the curve of CK-MB levels in the 24 hours following the onset of the @entity1188 . RESULTS: One hundred-seventy nine @entity1 were included, 75 (41.9%) with @entity1459 . There were more @entity1 in the group with @entity1459 (89.3% vs 70.2%, p = 0.004) and a higher prevalence of ex-smokers (38.7% vs 19.2%, p = 0.006). We did not find significant differences in @entity583 size between both groups, but a statistically significant interaction between @entity1459 and pre-treatment with @entity4136 drugs was noted (p = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1459 does not seem to induce less @entity296 in this study. There is a significant interaction between @entity1459 and pre-treatment with @entity4136 drugs.

title: [The effect of pre- XXXX unstable @entity951 on the size of @entity296 ].

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarction']


abstract: PURPOSE: Radiotherapy is widely used in the treatment of @entity150 . The search for biological parameters that could select @entity1 who will respond to radiation treatment has become essential. The aim of this study is to assess whether the pretreatment apoptotic index is useful in predicting local control and survival in a group of @entity150 @entity1 treated by radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Fifty-five @entity1 with invasive @entity150 treated between 1983 and 1996 were included in this study. Radiotherapy was given to a median dose of 66 Gy, mean 63.28 Gy, in 1.8-2 Gy daily fractions. Apoptotic cells were studied in @entity1710 - @entity1711 slides. Clinicopathological @entity5 characteristics were studied in relation to the apoptotic index, and as prognostic factors for local control and survival in both univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Pretreatment apoptotic indexes were related to @entity5 stage, mitotic index, and Ki67 proliferation index. Five-year actuarial local control for the whole group was 45%. @entity1 with @entity5 showing low pretreatment apoptotic indexes had better local control (p < 0.037) and survival (p < 0.01) than highly apoptotic @entity5 . @entity5 stage (T2 vs. T3-4) and the pretreatment apoptotic index were significant predictive factors for local control and survival in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The pretreatment apoptotic index is useful in predicting the clinical outcome of @entity150 @entity1 treated by radiotherapy. @entity5 characteristics could allow the selection of @entity1 for different treatment strategies.

title: Apoptosis in XXXX : relation with radiation treatment results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'Tumor', 'Assessment of biological tumor']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinoma', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the bladder']


abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate if @entity519 in feline @entity1492 can be detected. This was done using positron emission tomography (PET), two @entity519 tracers and polarographic pO(2) measurements. Of the seven @entity468 included, five received @entity9241 and two @entity72382 . Perfusion was evaluated with [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 (n = 4) and with contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography (n = 5). @entity519 was detected in three @entity468 . Polarographic pO(2) measurements did not confirm PET results. In the ultrasonographic evaluation, low vascularity and low perfusion were seen with a peripheral vascular pattern and no perfusion in the centre of the @entity5 . This was in contrast to the [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 scans, where central perfusion of the @entity5 was also found. In conclusion, it appears that @entity519 exists in this @entity5 type. The presence of @entity5 @entity39 and heterogeneous @entity519 patterns in these @entity5 may explain the found discrepancies between the applied techniques.

title: Measurements of @entity519 ( @entity9241 , [(18)F]-EF5) with positron emission tomography (PET) and perfusion using PET ([ XXXX ]- @entity2507 ) and power Doppler ultrasonography in feline @entity1492 *.

entities_list: @entity72382 :: ('MESH:C096011', 'Chemical') :: ['2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide']

entities_list: @entity9241 :: ('MESH:C031843', 'Chemical') :: ['[(18)F]-fluoromisonidazole']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxia', 'hypoxia']

answer: @entity8493 :: (CHEBI:36932,Chemical) :: ['(15)O']


abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate if @entity519 in feline @entity1492 can be detected. This was done using positron emission tomography (PET), two @entity519 tracers and polarographic pO(2) measurements. Of the seven @entity468 included, five received @entity9241 and two @entity72382 . Perfusion was evaluated with [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 (n = 4) and with contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography (n = 5). @entity519 was detected in three @entity468 . Polarographic pO(2) measurements did not confirm PET results. In the ultrasonographic evaluation, low vascularity and low perfusion were seen with a peripheral vascular pattern and no perfusion in the centre of the @entity5 . This was in contrast to the [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 scans, where central perfusion of the @entity5 was also found. In conclusion, it appears that @entity519 exists in this @entity5 type. The presence of @entity5 @entity39 and heterogeneous @entity519 patterns in these @entity5 may explain the found discrepancies between the applied techniques.

title: Measurements of @entity519 ( @entity9241 , [(18)F]-EF5) with positron emission tomography (PET) and perfusion using PET ([ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 ) and power Doppler ultrasonography in feline XXXX *.

answer: @entity1492 :: (MESH:D005354,Disease) :: ['fibrosarcomas']


abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate if @entity519 in feline @entity1492 can be detected. This was done using positron emission tomography (PET), two @entity519 tracers and polarographic pO(2) measurements. Of the seven @entity468 included, five received @entity9241 and two @entity72382 . Perfusion was evaluated with [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 (n = 4) and with contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography (n = 5). @entity519 was detected in three @entity468 . Polarographic pO(2) measurements did not confirm PET results. In the ultrasonographic evaluation, low vascularity and low perfusion were seen with a peripheral vascular pattern and no perfusion in the centre of the @entity5 . This was in contrast to the [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 scans, where central perfusion of the @entity5 was also found. In conclusion, it appears that @entity519 exists in this @entity5 type. The presence of @entity5 @entity39 and heterogeneous @entity519 patterns in these @entity5 may explain the found discrepancies between the applied techniques.

title: Measurements of XXXX ( @entity9241 , [(18)F]-EF5) with positron emission tomography (PET) and perfusion using PET ([ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 ) and power Doppler ultrasonography in feline @entity1492 *.

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']


abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate if @entity519 in feline @entity1492 can be detected. This was done using positron emission tomography (PET), two @entity519 tracers and polarographic pO(2) measurements. Of the seven @entity468 included, five received @entity9241 and two @entity72382 . Perfusion was evaluated with [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 (n = 4) and with contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography (n = 5). @entity519 was detected in three @entity468 . Polarographic pO(2) measurements did not confirm PET results. In the ultrasonographic evaluation, low vascularity and low perfusion were seen with a peripheral vascular pattern and no perfusion in the centre of the @entity5 . This was in contrast to the [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 scans, where central perfusion of the @entity5 was also found. In conclusion, it appears that @entity519 exists in this @entity5 type. The presence of @entity5 @entity39 and heterogeneous @entity519 patterns in these @entity5 may explain the found discrepancies between the applied techniques.

title: Measurements of @entity519 ( @entity9241 , [(18)F]-EF5) with positron emission tomography (PET) and perfusion using PET ([ @entity8493 ]- XXXX ) and power Doppler ultrasonography in feline @entity1492 *.

answer: @entity2507 :: (CHEBI:33813,Chemical) :: ['H(2)O']


abstract: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate if @entity519 in feline @entity1492 can be detected. This was done using positron emission tomography (PET), two @entity519 tracers and polarographic pO(2) measurements. Of the seven @entity468 included, five received @entity9241 and two @entity72382 . Perfusion was evaluated with [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 (n = 4) and with contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography (n = 5). @entity519 was detected in three @entity468 . Polarographic pO(2) measurements did not confirm PET results. In the ultrasonographic evaluation, low vascularity and low perfusion were seen with a peripheral vascular pattern and no perfusion in the centre of the @entity5 . This was in contrast to the [ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 scans, where central perfusion of the @entity5 was also found. In conclusion, it appears that @entity519 exists in this @entity5 type. The presence of @entity5 @entity39 and heterogeneous @entity519 patterns in these @entity5 may explain the found discrepancies between the applied techniques.

title: Measurements of @entity519 ( XXXX , [(18)F]-EF5) with positron emission tomography (PET) and perfusion using PET ([ @entity8493 ]- @entity2507 ) and power Doppler ultrasonography in feline @entity1492 *.

answer: @entity9241 :: (MESH:C031843,Chemical) :: ['[(18)F]-FMISO']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of circumferential @entity358 for the treatment of chronic @entity955 . METHODS: A total of 146 @entity1 with a mean (+/-SD) age of 57+/-9 years who had chronic @entity955 were randomly assigned to receive @entity2643 and undergo two cardioversions during the first three months alone (the control group) or in combination with circumferential @entity358 . Cardiac rhythm was assessed with daily telephonic transmissions for one year. The left atrial diameter and the severity of symptoms were assessed at 12 months. RESULTS: Among the 77 @entity1 assigned to undergo circumferential @entity358 , ablation was repeated because of recurrent @entity955 in 26 percent of @entity1 and atypical @entity956 in 6 percent. An intention-to-treat analysis showed that 74 percent of @entity1 in the ablation group and 58 percent of those in the control group were free of recurrent @entity955 or flutter without antiarrhythmic-drug therapy at one year (P=0.05). Among the 69 @entity1 in the control group, 53 (77 percent) crossed over to undergo circumferential @entity358 for recurrent @entity955 by one year and only 3 (4 percent) were in sinus rhythm without antiarrhythmic-drug therapy or ablation. There were significant decreases in the left atrial diameter (12+/-11 percent, P<0.001) and the symptom severity score (59+/-21 percent, P<0.001) among @entity1 who remained in sinus rhythm after circumferential @entity358 . Except for atypical @entity956 , there were no complications attributable to circumferential @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: Sinus rhythm can be maintained long term in the majority of @entity1 with chronic @entity955 by means of circumferential @entity358 independently of the effects of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy, cardioversion, or both. The maintenance of sinus rhythm is associated with a significant decrease in both the severity of symptoms and the left atrial diameter.

title: Circumferential XXXX for chronic @entity955 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary-vein ablation']

entities_list: @entity956 :: ('MESH:D001282', 'Disease') :: ['atrial flutter']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary-vein ablation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of circumferential @entity358 for the treatment of chronic @entity955 . METHODS: A total of 146 @entity1 with a mean (+/-SD) age of 57+/-9 years who had chronic @entity955 were randomly assigned to receive @entity2643 and undergo two cardioversions during the first three months alone (the control group) or in combination with circumferential @entity358 . Cardiac rhythm was assessed with daily telephonic transmissions for one year. The left atrial diameter and the severity of symptoms were assessed at 12 months. RESULTS: Among the 77 @entity1 assigned to undergo circumferential @entity358 , ablation was repeated because of recurrent @entity955 in 26 percent of @entity1 and atypical @entity956 in 6 percent. An intention-to-treat analysis showed that 74 percent of @entity1 in the ablation group and 58 percent of those in the control group were free of recurrent @entity955 or flutter without antiarrhythmic-drug therapy at one year (P=0.05). Among the 69 @entity1 in the control group, 53 (77 percent) crossed over to undergo circumferential @entity358 for recurrent @entity955 by one year and only 3 (4 percent) were in sinus rhythm without antiarrhythmic-drug therapy or ablation. There were significant decreases in the left atrial diameter (12+/-11 percent, P<0.001) and the symptom severity score (59+/-21 percent, P<0.001) among @entity1 who remained in sinus rhythm after circumferential @entity358 . Except for atypical @entity956 , there were no complications attributable to circumferential @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: Sinus rhythm can be maintained long term in the majority of @entity1 with chronic @entity955 by means of circumferential @entity358 independently of the effects of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy, cardioversion, or both. The maintenance of sinus rhythm is associated with a significant decrease in both the severity of symptoms and the left atrial diameter.

title: Circumferential @entity358 for chronic XXXX .

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: The active process in a short length of steel wire passivated by 65 per cent @entity32428 has been observed under the influence of a polarizing current, and the form of the potential recorded by the cathode ray oscillograph. In the passive wire, 80 per cent of the total potential drop takes place at the anode, 20 per cent at the cathode. The change from active to passive states, as measured by the potential change, is very abrupt compared to the duration of activity and the potential curve at a point on the wire is probably almost rectangular. The duration of the refractory state is decreased at the anode and increased at the cathode, as in nerve. This fact is against the idea that reactivity after passivation results from a partial reduction of an @entity8369 layer. Soft @entity68 wire passivated by anodal polarization repassivates after activation in acid of a dilution that fails to passivate it initially. It soon becomes rhythmic with a very short refractory phase, and then reacts continuously. Such a wire exhibits a very sharp alternation between a dark brown @entity8369 coat during activity, and a bright clean surface during passivation. A passive steel wire in @entity32428 shows many of the characteristics of an inert electrode such as @entity902 , and it may be inferred that, superposed upon the primary passivation potential, there exists an electrode or oxidation-reduction potential equilibrium between the effects of the various constituents of the solution. It is suggested that the phenomena of nerve-like reactivity in this system may involve an alternation between two protective coatings of the steel wire. During activity, the surface becomes mechanically coated with a brown @entity8369 . If this coating does not adhere, due to gas convection or to rapid solution of the @entity8369 , passivation does not result. Under sufficiently intense oxidizing conditions, a second @entity8369 coat may form in the interstices of the first, and cover the surface as the first coating dissolves off. This furnishes the electrochemical protection of passivation, which is followed by the gradual attainment of electrode equilibrium with the solution.

title: THE EFFECTS OF POLARIZATION UPON THE STEEL WIRE- XXXX MODEL OF NERVE ACTIVITY.

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity32428 :: ('MESH:D017942', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric acid']

answer: @entity32428 :: (MESH:D017942,Chemical) :: ['NITRIC ACID']


abstract: Peripheral blood flow can be regulated by specialized vessel segments, the arteriovenous anastomoses. Their wall consists of a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle cells and so-called epithelioid cells. The epithelioid cell is a specialized myogenic cell phenotype expressing @entity842 synthase. We studied the innervation of the different segments of arteriovenous anastomoses in the @entity95 ear using antisera against neuropeptide Y, @entity669 hydroxylase, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, as well as neuron-specific enolase, calbindin D and neurotubulin. The participation was especially examined of neuropeptidergic innervation and a possible morphological connection to the occurrence of epithelioid cells and a paracrine function. The @entity1110 diaphorase reaction and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunoelectron microscopy served to distinguish epithelioid cells from smooth muscle cells. Using conventional fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we found the most dense innervation pattern of pan-neuronal markers (neurotubulin, neuron-specific enolase), @entity669 hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibres and @entity129 fibres (neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P) around the intermediate segment in arteriovenous anastomoses, whereas the venous segment was barely marked. Single nerve fibres penetrated into the medial layer and reached the epithelioid cells. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we found intercellular contacts between epithelioid cells, but not the gap junction protein @entity1006 . Here, we report for the first time a correlation of the innervation pattern with epithelioid cell type in arteriovenous anastomoses. Our findings suggest that epithelioid cells of the arteriovenous anastomoses are controlled by a dense network of @entity129 fibres in functional connection to their paracrine role as a @entity842 producer.

title: Hints of a functional connection between the neuropeptidergic innervation of arteriovenous anastomoses and the appearance of epithelioid cells in the XXXX ear.

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['neuropeptidergic nerve']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: To assess and compare the long-term results of upper dorsal sympathetic ganglionectomy (UDS) and endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS), we examined 84 @entity1 who underwent UDS and 71 @entity1 who underwent ETS for the treatment of palmar @entity1119 . The period of follow-up ranged from 37 to 228 months. The immediate success rate was 100% in the UDS group and 98.6% in the ETS group. Troublesome @entity1119 occurred in 67.8% of the UDS @entity1 and 84.8% of the ETS @entity1 ; however, 55% of the UDS @entity1 and 63% of the ETS @entity1 felt satisfied with their operation. The main reasons for dissatisfaction were recurrence and @entity1119 . Interestingly, simultaneous cure of plantar @entity1119 occurred in 28 (40%) of the UDS @entity1 and 28 (44%) of the ETS @entity1 with @entity1119 . ETS required both a shorter operation time and hospital stay than UDS. Thus, we now perform ETS as the treatment of choice because of its excellent illumination and adequate magnification via a minimally invasive approach. The use of ETS as the first choice of treatment for palmar @entity1119 is supported not only by the immediate results, complications, and cure of plantar @entity1119 , but also by the long-term results. Nevertheless, @entity1119 was also a major complication after ETS.

title: The long-term results of upper dorsal sympathetic ganglionectomy and endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for palmar XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1119 :: ('MESH:D006945', 'Disease') :: ['compensatory hyperhidrosis', 'hyperhidrosis', 'concomitant plantar hyperhidrosis']

answer: @entity1119 :: (MESH:D006945,Disease) :: ['hyperhidrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Morphology and vascularization of @entity158 before and after an intervention targeting the degenerated tendon were examined. Functional status and @entity158 level were also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A10-week twice daily, progressive eccentric tendon loading, @entity291 stretching program with orthoses was implemented with ten, early stage TP @entity924 subjects. TP tendons were imaged by grayscale and Doppler ultrasound at INITIAL and POST evaluations to assess the tendon's morphology and signs of @entity2295 . The @entity10395 ( @entity10395 ), Physical Activity Scale (PAS), 5-Minute Walk Test, and single heel raise (SHR) test were completed at INITIAL and POST evaluations. The Global Rating Scale (GRS) was completed at 6 months followup. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the @entity10395 at INITIAL, POST, and 6-MONTH time points. Paired t-tests were used to compare means between the remaining variables. The level of significance was p = 0.05. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in @entity10395 total, @entity158 , and disability at the three time-points. Post-hoc paired t-tests revealed that the @entity10395 scores were lower for the total score and @entity158 and disability subcategories when comparing from INITIAL to POST and INITIAL to 6-MONTH evaluations (p < 0.05 for all). The number of SHR increased significantly on the involved side from INITIAL to POST evaluation (p = 0.041). The GRS demonstrated minimum clinically important differences for improvements in symptoms at 6-MONTH. Tendon morphology and vascularization remained abnormal following the intervention. CONCLUSION: A 10-week tendon specific eccentric program resulted in improvements in symptoms and function without changes in tendon morphology or @entity2295 .

title: Effect of eccentric exercise program for early tibialis posterior XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendinopathy']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful tibialis posterior (TP) tendons', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity10395 :: ('MESH:D005534', 'Disease') :: ['Foot Functional Index', 'FFI']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['tendinopathy']


abstract: Fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (fFLAIR) is more sensitive that conventional or fast spin echo T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting lesions in the brain of @entity1 with @entity63 , inflammatory, or @entity17 diseases of the CNS. We investigated whether the use of fFLAIR also increases the sensitivity of brain MRI assessment in @entity1 with systemic @entity792 . @entity9468 ( @entity9468 ) dual-echo and fFLAIR scans of the brain were obtained from @entity1 affected by @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) with (NSLE, n = 9) and without clinical CNS involvement (n = 15), Beh  et disease (n = 5), @entity2883 (n = 9), and @entity1701 (n = 6). @entity75 were counted and classified according to their size and their location by two observers by consensual agreement. The total lesion volume was measured using a semiautomated technique for lesion segmentation on both @entity9468 and fFLAIR scans. The imaging modalities showed brain hyperintense lesions in all 9 @entity1252 @entity1 with CNS involvement, 5 of 15 @entity1252 @entity1 without CNS involvement, 5 of 9 @entity1 with @entity2883 , 1 of 5 with Beh  et disease, and 3 of 6 with @entity1701 . A total of 342 lesions were seen on both sequences; 88 were seen only on @entity9468 and 54 only on fFLAIR scans. The average number of @entity75 per scan was higher on @entity9468 than on fFLAIR, since significantly more discrete (P<0.002) and small (P = 0.004) lesions were seen on @entity9468 than on fFLAIR. The median total lesion volume, however, was similar on @entity9468 and fFLAIR. Our study indicates that the use of fFLAIR does not improve the sensitivity of fast dual-echo MRI for detecting @entity75 in @entity1 with systemic @entity792 .

title: The contribution of fast-FLAIR MRI for lesion detection in the brain of @entity1 with systemic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain abnormalities', 'Brain hyperintense lesions', 'brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1701 :: ('MESH:D016736', 'Disease') :: ['antiphospholipid antibody syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2883 :: ('MESH:D014890', 'Disease') :: ['Wegener granulomatosis']

entities_list: @entity9468 :: ('MESH:D014717', 'Disease') :: ['TSE', 'Turbo spin echo']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorders']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune diseases']


abstract: Fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (fFLAIR) is more sensitive that conventional or fast spin echo T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting lesions in the brain of @entity1 with @entity63 , inflammatory, or @entity17 diseases of the CNS. We investigated whether the use of fFLAIR also increases the sensitivity of brain MRI assessment in @entity1 with systemic @entity792 . @entity9468 ( @entity9468 ) dual-echo and fFLAIR scans of the brain were obtained from @entity1 affected by @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) with (NSLE, n = 9) and without clinical CNS involvement (n = 15), Beh  et disease (n = 5), @entity2883 (n = 9), and @entity1701 (n = 6). @entity75 were counted and classified according to their size and their location by two observers by consensual agreement. The total lesion volume was measured using a semiautomated technique for lesion segmentation on both @entity9468 and fFLAIR scans. The imaging modalities showed brain hyperintense lesions in all 9 @entity1252 @entity1 with CNS involvement, 5 of 15 @entity1252 @entity1 without CNS involvement, 5 of 9 @entity1 with @entity2883 , 1 of 5 with Beh  et disease, and 3 of 6 with @entity1701 . A total of 342 lesions were seen on both sequences; 88 were seen only on @entity9468 and 54 only on fFLAIR scans. The average number of @entity75 per scan was higher on @entity9468 than on fFLAIR, since significantly more discrete (P<0.002) and small (P = 0.004) lesions were seen on @entity9468 than on fFLAIR. The median total lesion volume, however, was similar on @entity9468 and fFLAIR. Our study indicates that the use of fFLAIR does not improve the sensitivity of fast dual-echo MRI for detecting @entity75 in @entity1 with systemic @entity792 .

title: The contribution of fast-FLAIR MRI for lesion detection in the brain of XXXX with systemic @entity792 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A sensitive and selective HPLC-column switching method with single quadrupole mass spectrometric detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the oral platelet aggregation inhibitor @entity42392 (double protected prodrug), its prodrug and the active metabolite in @entity35 , @entity235 , and @entity1 plasma. The three analytes together with their tri-deuterated internal standards were isolated from plasma by protein precipitation (0.5 M @entity9901 ). The de-proteinated samples were injected onto a standard-bore trapping column (4.0 mm i.d., LC-ABZ) of an HPLC-column switching system. Polar plasma components were removed by flushing the trapping column with @entity5189 (pH 3.6; 5 mM). Enriched compounds (including the analytes of interest) were backflushed onto a narrow-bore analytical column (2.1 mm i.d., Inertsil ODS-2) and separated by gradient elution ( @entity5189 / @entity1042 ). The whole effluent (200 microl/min) from the analytical column was passed to the turbo ion spray interface without splitting. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for mass spectrometric detection. The limit of quantification for all three analytes was 1 ng/ml, using a 250-microl specimen of plasma. The mean precision and inaccuracy for the three analytes in all species were < 6 and < 5%, respectively. The practicability of the new analytical method was demonstrated by the analysis of about 500 @entity35 and @entity235 plasma and about 14,000 @entity1 plasma samples. The new method represents a successful example for the application of LC single MS with ionspray ionisation to the analysis of small molecule drugs in biological matrices from toxicokinetic studies and large clinical trials.

title: Determination of the oral platelet aggregation inhibitor @entity42392 in XXXX , @entity235 , and @entity1 plasma utilising HPLC-column switching combined with turbo ion spray single quadrupole mass spectrometry.

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity9901 :: ('MESH:D010472', 'Chemical') :: ['perchloric acid']

entities_list: @entity5189 :: ('MESH:C030544', 'Chemical') :: ['formic acid', 'ammonium formate']

entities_list: @entity42392 :: ('MESH:C100917', 'Chemical') :: ['Sibrafiban']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A sensitive and selective HPLC-column switching method with single quadrupole mass spectrometric detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the oral platelet aggregation inhibitor @entity42392 (double protected prodrug), its prodrug and the active metabolite in @entity35 , @entity235 , and @entity1 plasma. The three analytes together with their tri-deuterated internal standards were isolated from plasma by protein precipitation (0.5 M @entity9901 ). The de-proteinated samples were injected onto a standard-bore trapping column (4.0 mm i.d., LC-ABZ) of an HPLC-column switching system. Polar plasma components were removed by flushing the trapping column with @entity5189 (pH 3.6; 5 mM). Enriched compounds (including the analytes of interest) were backflushed onto a narrow-bore analytical column (2.1 mm i.d., Inertsil ODS-2) and separated by gradient elution ( @entity5189 / @entity1042 ). The whole effluent (200 microl/min) from the analytical column was passed to the turbo ion spray interface without splitting. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for mass spectrometric detection. The limit of quantification for all three analytes was 1 ng/ml, using a 250-microl specimen of plasma. The mean precision and inaccuracy for the three analytes in all species were < 6 and < 5%, respectively. The practicability of the new analytical method was demonstrated by the analysis of about 500 @entity35 and @entity235 plasma and about 14,000 @entity1 plasma samples. The new method represents a successful example for the application of LC single MS with ionspray ionisation to the analysis of small molecule drugs in biological matrices from toxicokinetic studies and large clinical trials.

title: Determination of the oral platelet aggregation inhibitor XXXX in @entity35 , @entity235 , and @entity1 plasma utilising HPLC-column switching combined with turbo ion spray single quadrupole mass spectrometry.

answer: @entity42392 :: (MESH:C100917,Chemical) :: ['Sibrafiban']


abstract: A sensitive and selective HPLC-column switching method with single quadrupole mass spectrometric detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the oral platelet aggregation inhibitor @entity42392 (double protected prodrug), its prodrug and the active metabolite in @entity35 , @entity235 , and @entity1 plasma. The three analytes together with their tri-deuterated internal standards were isolated from plasma by protein precipitation (0.5 M @entity9901 ). The de-proteinated samples were injected onto a standard-bore trapping column (4.0 mm i.d., LC-ABZ) of an HPLC-column switching system. Polar plasma components were removed by flushing the trapping column with @entity5189 (pH 3.6; 5 mM). Enriched compounds (including the analytes of interest) were backflushed onto a narrow-bore analytical column (2.1 mm i.d., Inertsil ODS-2) and separated by gradient elution ( @entity5189 / @entity1042 ). The whole effluent (200 microl/min) from the analytical column was passed to the turbo ion spray interface without splitting. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for mass spectrometric detection. The limit of quantification for all three analytes was 1 ng/ml, using a 250-microl specimen of plasma. The mean precision and inaccuracy for the three analytes in all species were < 6 and < 5%, respectively. The practicability of the new analytical method was demonstrated by the analysis of about 500 @entity35 and @entity235 plasma and about 14,000 @entity1 plasma samples. The new method represents a successful example for the application of LC single MS with ionspray ionisation to the analysis of small molecule drugs in biological matrices from toxicokinetic studies and large clinical trials.

title: Determination of the oral platelet aggregation inhibitor @entity42392 in @entity35 , XXXX , and @entity1 plasma utilising HPLC-column switching combined with turbo ion spray single quadrupole mass spectrometry.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: A sensitive and selective HPLC-column switching method with single quadrupole mass spectrometric detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the oral platelet aggregation inhibitor @entity42392 (double protected prodrug), its prodrug and the active metabolite in @entity35 , @entity235 , and @entity1 plasma. The three analytes together with their tri-deuterated internal standards were isolated from plasma by protein precipitation (0.5 M @entity9901 ). The de-proteinated samples were injected onto a standard-bore trapping column (4.0 mm i.d., LC-ABZ) of an HPLC-column switching system. Polar plasma components were removed by flushing the trapping column with @entity5189 (pH 3.6; 5 mM). Enriched compounds (including the analytes of interest) were backflushed onto a narrow-bore analytical column (2.1 mm i.d., Inertsil ODS-2) and separated by gradient elution ( @entity5189 / @entity1042 ). The whole effluent (200 microl/min) from the analytical column was passed to the turbo ion spray interface without splitting. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for mass spectrometric detection. The limit of quantification for all three analytes was 1 ng/ml, using a 250-microl specimen of plasma. The mean precision and inaccuracy for the three analytes in all species were < 6 and < 5%, respectively. The practicability of the new analytical method was demonstrated by the analysis of about 500 @entity35 and @entity235 plasma and about 14,000 @entity1 plasma samples. The new method represents a successful example for the application of LC single MS with ionspray ionisation to the analysis of small molecule drugs in biological matrices from toxicokinetic studies and large clinical trials.

title: Determination of the oral platelet aggregation inhibitor @entity42392 in @entity35 , @entity235 , and XXXX plasma utilising HPLC-column switching combined with turbo ion spray single quadrupole mass spectrometry.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and short-term efficacy of transcatheter @entity2478 closure using different occlusion devices. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 underwent transcatheter closure of either aortic or mitral @entity2478 from June 2002 to February 2006 using the Amplatzer PDA, @entity2438 or @entity1757 occluder. All @entity1 had symptoms and signs of haemolysis and/or @entity299 with dyspnoea.Implantation of a device was technically successful in twenty @entity1 (95%). Immediate residual leak was found in seventeen @entity1 (85%). Significant shunting persisted in nine cases during follow up (45%). @entity2319 was observed in one @entity1 . Severe complications during follow up led to early @entity204 in one @entity1 and surgical intervention in three. A successful second catheter treatment was performed in another three @entity1 . The event-free survival from re-operation, @entity204 and @entity64 at the end of the observation period was 80%. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter closure of @entity2478 is a technically feasible, but demanding procedure. Residual leaks are common and may worsen pre-existing haemolysis. Due to the significant ongoing morbidity in this group of @entity1 and the complexity of follow up individual @entity1 results differ considerably. Nevertheless, it is possible to achieve some symptomatic relief, thus an interventional approach should be discussed as a potential treatment option for those @entity1 with a limited defect and who are not deemed suitable for another operation.

title: Catheter closure of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2478 :: ('MESH:D019559', 'Disease') :: ['paravalvular leaks', 'paravalvular leak']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['Permanent leaflet obstruction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac decompensation']

answer: @entity2478 :: (MESH:D019559,Disease) :: ['paravalvular leak']


abstract: That portion of @entity1641 and human serum globulin precipitated by 33 per cent saturation with @entity1329 and precipitated on subsequent dialysis was taken as euglobulin; and the fraction precipitated between 33 and 50 per cent saturation and remaining in solution on subsequent dialysis was taken as pseudoglobulin. The sera of @entity95 injected with either of these antigens gave precipitation with both. However, two distinct and fraction-specific antibodies could be demonstrated by absorbing the sera with the one antigen, and testing the supernatant fluid with the other. The experimental results are adequately explained on the basis that there are at least two antigenically distinct globulins in serum which we may term globulin I and globulin II and which are largely associated with so called euglobulin and pseudoglobulin respectively. The ordinary methods of salting out and dialysis do not effect complete separation and each globulin preparation contains a trace of the other antigen. The antisera to these euglobulin and pseudoglobulin preparations therefore contain antibodies to both antigens. Each protein solution precipitates all the antibody specific for the one antigen and in addition, by virtue of the trace of contaminating protein, precipitates a portion, and only a portion of the antibody specific for the other antigen. The fact that antisera to whole serum contain these same fraction-specific antibodies suggests that this immunological specificity is an inherent property of two globulins present as such in serum and is not an artifact induced by their precipitation and purification. Lipoids extracted from the globulins by ether, @entity8144 , and @entity167 give no demonstrable reaction with antisera to these globulins; antisera absorbed with a large excess of lipoid are not affected as regards their reactivity with the original protein; and globulins extracted with ether and @entity8144 at room temperature are not affected as regards their reactivity with antisera. It is concluded that the immunological specificity of the globulin fractions as evidenced by the precipitation reaction is not determined by lipoids associated with the protein.

title: THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF THE EUGLOBULIN AND PSEUDOGLOBULIN FRACTIONS OF XXXX AND H;MAN SERUM.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity8144 :: ('MESH:C004544', 'Chemical') :: ['petroleum ether']

entities_list: @entity1329 :: ('MESH:D000645', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium sulfate']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['HORSE']


abstract: CONTEXT: Severe @entity810 among hospitalized @entity1 often necessitates initiation of short-term dialysis. Little is known about the long-term outcome of those who survive to hospital discharge. OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of chronic dialysis and all-cause mortality in individuals who experience an episode of @entity810 requiring dialysis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : We conducted a population-based cohort study of all adult @entity1 in Ontario, Canada, with @entity810 who required in-hospital dialysis and survived free of dialysis for at least 30 days after discharge between July 1, 1996, and December 31, 2006. These individuals were matched with @entity1 without @entity810 or dialysis during their index hospitalization. Matching was by age plus or minus 5 years, sex, history of @entity740 , receipt of mechanical ventilation during the index hospitalization, and a propensity score for developing @entity810 requiring dialysis. @entity1 were followed up until March 31, 2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point was the need for chronic dialysis and the secondary outcome was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: We identified 3769 adults with @entity810 requiring in-hospital dialysis and 13 598 matched controls. The mean age was 62 years and median follow-up was 3 years. The incidence rate of chronic dialysis was 2.63 per 100 @entity1 -years among individuals with @entity810 requiring dialysis, and 0.91 per 100 @entity1 -years among control @entity1 (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.23; 95% confidence interval, 2.70-3.86). All-cause mortality rates were 10.10 and 10.85 per 100 @entity1 -years, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-1.02). CONCLUSIONS: @entity810 necessitating in-hospital dialysis was associated with an increased risk of chronic dialysis but not all-cause mortality.

title: Chronic dialysis and death among survivors of XXXX requiring dialysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'person', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['Acute kidney injury', 'acute kidney injury']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute kidney injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between body mass index (BMI), a measure of @entity28 , with emergency department admission rate in @entity1 with @entity565 . METHODS: This was a prospective study in a tertiary care, urban pediatric emergency department. Treating physicians and academic associates enrolled subjects during June 2005 to April 2008. Eligible subjects with documented weight and height were between ages 6 and 18 years with chief complaint of wheezing. We compared admission rates between overweight @entity1 (BMI, > or = 85% percentile) and nonoverweight @entity1 (BMI, < 85% percentile). Data were expressed as mean (SD). Group comparisons were made by Student t test or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. All tests were 2-tailed with an alpha set at 0.05. RESULT: We studied 183 @entity1 , where 108 @entity1 were classified overweight. Demographic differences (mean age, male sex, and African-American race) between overweight and nonoverweight @entity1 were not statistically significant. In addition, changes in @entity565 outcome measures (inpatient admissions during the previous year, @entity565 visits in the last 30 days, and missed school days in the last 30 days) were not statistically significant. Only household @entity286 use approached statistical significance (P = 0.07). The admission rate for nonoverweight @entity1 was 9.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3-18.3) compared with the 10.2% (95% CI, 5.6-17.5) for overweight @entity1 ; a P = 1.0 was equivalent. CONCLUSIONS: Body mass index, a method to quantify overweight @entity1 , failed to predict admission of @entity1 with ambulatory @entity565 who presented to the pediatric emergency department.

title: Body mass index and pediatric XXXX outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An essential requirement related to treatment of @entity281 @entity1 is a rapid and accurate detection of dengue virus during febrile stage of the disease. OBJECTIVE: The study examined using direct immunofluorescence staining the presence of dengue viral antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS: Four hundred forty-five blood samples from 164 @entity1 with @entity779 , @entity7643 , and other febrile illnesses were collected daily from the day of admission until discharge and also at convalescent stage. Blood smear was stained with @entity2822 -conjugated polyvalent dengue antiserum and examined under a fluorescent microscope. @entity281 was confirmed by virus isolation and/or dengue-specific IgM and IgG enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test. RESULTS: Dengue viral antigens were found in most PBMC samples of @entity281 @entity1 collected on the day before defervescence and continued until 2 to 3 days afterward. The number of dengue viral antigen positive PBMCs was highest in @entity1 with @entity7643 . Sensitivity and specificity of this method during the febrile stage was 93.8% (95% confidence interval: 88.8%-98.9%) and 100%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 69.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Detection of dengue viral antigen in direct PBMC smear provides a useful and rapid technique for early diagnosis of @entity778 .

title: Early diagnosis of XXXX by detection of dengue viral antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cell.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['dengue virus infection']

entities_list: @entity2822 :: ('CHEBI:37926', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['dengue-infected', 'dengue infected', 'Dengue infection']

entities_list: @entity7643 :: ('MESH:D019595', 'Disease') :: ['dengue hemorrhagic fever', 'dengue shock syndrome']

entities_list: @entity779 :: ('MESH:D003715', 'Disease') :: ['dengue fever']

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['dengue virus infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Booster doses of diphtheria- @entity116 -acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines restore waning serum antibody values but frequently cause local @entity32 . Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) develops after primary DTaP vaccination and might contribute to local reactions to booster doses, a possibility explored in this study. METHODS: Healthy 4 to 5-year-old @entity1 were bled before DTaP.IPV booster vaccination. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for proliferative responses to D toxoid (DT), T toxoid, pertussis toxoid, pertactin, filamentous hemagglutinin and fimbriae (FIM) types 2, 3, and cytokine release patterns assessed. Proliferative responses were examined in relation to prebooster serum antibody concentrations and local reaction rates, previously reported. RESULTS: Among 167 subjects tested, proliferative response rates were: filamentous hemagglutinin 95%, pertussis toxoid 90%, T toxoid 84%, pertactin 67%, DT 41%, and FIM 31%. Responses were present to 3 to 6 antigens in 87% of subjects and absent altogether in 2%. Subjects without residual pertussis antibodies often had CMI to pertussis antigens. Subjects with CMI had higher corresponding serum antibody concentrations before the booster, compared with CMI-negative subjects. CMI responses were mixed @entity1198 /TH2 type by cytokine profile for all antigens. Injection site erythema (>or=5 mm) was twice as frequent in those with than without CMI to DT (P=0.009) or FIM (P=0.042, Fisher exact test), the only antigens evaluable. CONCLUSION: CMI to vaccine antigens was often detectable in @entity1 before preschool booster vaccination and preliminary evidence suggests a role for CMI in local reactions to this dose.

title: Cellular immunity as a potential cause of local reactions to booster vaccination with diphtheria and XXXX toxoids and acellular pertussis antigens.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

answer: @entity116 :: (MESH:D013746,Disease) :: ['tetanus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We investigate whether each of the following: @entity10464 , @entity5337 , @entity556 gene variant and the @entity21622 reductase gene ( @entity9769 ) mutation, are risk factors for acute @entity301 in Portuguese @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 blood donors and 52 @entity1 with an established diagnosis of @entity583 or @entity1459 were evaluated for genetic risk factors, by determining @entity10464 genotype, @entity5337 , @entity556 20210 variant and @entity9769 mutation. RESULTS: We found a prevalence of 2.0% for @entity5337 , 5.0% for the @entity556 20210 variant and 66% for the @entity9769 mutation in blood donors. These values are similar to those found in the @entity1 (1.9, 3.8 and 58%, respectively). We found that 28/100 controls had the PI(A2) polymorphism, a frequency statistically different from that in the @entity1 (23/52). This difference was even more pronounced in @entity1 less than 60 years old (27/96 vs. 13/24). CONCLUSION: @entity5337 , @entity556 20210 variant and @entity9769 mutation do not seem to represent risk factors for acute @entity301 . However, the PI(A2) polymorphism could have a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The presence of multiple genetic factors, more than single ones, could influence the development and outcome of @entity583 and @entity1459 . Larger studies are needed in order to have a better insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms of this disease, along with its prevention and the development of new treatments.

title: Genetic risk factors in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity556 :: ('2147', 'Gene') :: ['prothrombin', 'Prothrombin']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity21622 :: ('CHEBI:25297', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene tetrahydrofolate']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare self-complementary (sc) and single-stranded (ss) adeno-associated viral 2/5 ( @entity4700 /5) vectors for retinal cell transduction in the @entity235 when delivered by subretinal injection. METHODS: ScAAV2/5 and ssAAV2/5 vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the @entity1573 beta actin promoter were prepared to the same titer. Equal amounts of viral particles were delivered into the subretinal spaces of both eyes of two @entity235 . In each @entity235 , one eye received the scAAV2/5 and the other the ssAAV2/5. In vivo expression of GFP was monitored ophthalmoscopically. The @entity235 were sacrificed, and their retinas were examined by fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry to determine GFP expression patterns and to assay for glial reactivity. RESULTS: GFP expression in the scAAV2/5 injected eyes was detectable at a much earlier time point than in the ssAAV2/5 injected eyes. Expression of GFP was also at higher levels in the scAAV2/5-injected eyes. Expression levels remained stable for the seven month duration of the study. The types of cells transduced by both vectors were similar; there was strong reporter gene expression in the RPE and photoreceptors, although not all cones in the transduced area expressed GFP. Some horizontal and M  ller cells were also transduced. CONCLUSIONS: When delivered by subretinal injection in the @entity235 , scAAV2/5 induces faster and stronger transgene expression than ssAAV2/5. The spectrum of retinal neurons transduced is similar between the two vectors. These results confirm in a large animal model those previously reported in the @entity19 . ScAAV2/5 shows promise for use in the treatment of conditions where a rapid transgene expression is desirable. Furthermore, it may be possible to use a lower number of viral particles to achieve the same effect compared with ssAAV2/5 vectors.

title: AAV retinal transduction in a large animal model species: comparison of a self-complementary XXXX /5 with a single-stranded @entity4700 /5 vector.

answer: @entity4700 :: (10804,Species) :: ['AAV2']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare self-complementary (sc) and single-stranded (ss) adeno-associated viral 2/5 ( @entity4700 /5) vectors for retinal cell transduction in the @entity235 when delivered by subretinal injection. METHODS: ScAAV2/5 and ssAAV2/5 vectors encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the @entity1573 beta actin promoter were prepared to the same titer. Equal amounts of viral particles were delivered into the subretinal spaces of both eyes of two @entity235 . In each @entity235 , one eye received the scAAV2/5 and the other the ssAAV2/5. In vivo expression of GFP was monitored ophthalmoscopically. The @entity235 were sacrificed, and their retinas were examined by fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry to determine GFP expression patterns and to assay for glial reactivity. RESULTS: GFP expression in the scAAV2/5 injected eyes was detectable at a much earlier time point than in the ssAAV2/5 injected eyes. Expression of GFP was also at higher levels in the scAAV2/5-injected eyes. Expression levels remained stable for the seven month duration of the study. The types of cells transduced by both vectors were similar; there was strong reporter gene expression in the RPE and photoreceptors, although not all cones in the transduced area expressed GFP. Some horizontal and M  ller cells were also transduced. CONCLUSIONS: When delivered by subretinal injection in the @entity235 , scAAV2/5 induces faster and stronger transgene expression than ssAAV2/5. The spectrum of retinal neurons transduced is similar between the two vectors. These results confirm in a large animal model those previously reported in the @entity19 . ScAAV2/5 shows promise for use in the treatment of conditions where a rapid transgene expression is desirable. Furthermore, it may be possible to use a lower number of viral particles to achieve the same effect compared with ssAAV2/5 vectors.

title: AAV retinal transduction in a large animal model species: comparison of a self-complementary @entity4700 /5 with a single-stranded XXXX /5 vector.

answer: @entity4700 :: (10804,Species) :: ['AAV2']


abstract: PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitor @entity3593 on @entity1103 and @entity227 . DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. METHODS: setting: Outpatient clinic of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University Medical Center of Utrecht. @entity1 : Forty @entity1 with @entity1103 were included. intervention: Each @entity1 received @entity3593 (10 mg daily) or placebo for three months. After two months of a @entity3593 /placebo free wash-out period, the groups received the reverse study medication for three months. Fluorescein angiography was performed to evaluate the retina. main outcome measures: @entity1103 , @entity227 and contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: @entity3593 had no effect on @entity1103 , @entity227 , papillary leakage, @entity4816 , and @entity3193 . In a subgroup analysis, we observed a @entity551 ( @entity3593 , 14 of 36 @entity1 ; placebo, 5 of 36 @entity1 ; P = .02) and a decrease in morning @entity644 ( @entity3593 , 23 of 35 @entity1 ; placebo 10 of 34 @entity1 , P = .003) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity3593 had no effect on @entity1103 and @entity227 , we found a positive effect on the vascular system.

title: A randomized, masked, cross-over trial of @entity3593 for inflammatory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['urinary albumin excretion']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual acuity', 'best-corrected visual acuity']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory cystoid macular edema', 'Cystoid macular edema', 'cystoid macular edema']

entities_list: @entity3193 :: ('MESH:D015862', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal leakage']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['Lisinopril', 'lisinopril']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity4816 :: ('MESH:D031300', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vasculitis']

answer: @entity1103 :: (MESH:D008269,Disease) :: ['macular edema']


abstract: PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitor @entity3593 on @entity1103 and @entity227 . DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. METHODS: setting: Outpatient clinic of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University Medical Center of Utrecht. @entity1 : Forty @entity1 with @entity1103 were included. intervention: Each @entity1 received @entity3593 (10 mg daily) or placebo for three months. After two months of a @entity3593 /placebo free wash-out period, the groups received the reverse study medication for three months. Fluorescein angiography was performed to evaluate the retina. main outcome measures: @entity1103 , @entity227 and contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: @entity3593 had no effect on @entity1103 , @entity227 , papillary leakage, @entity4816 , and @entity3193 . In a subgroup analysis, we observed a @entity551 ( @entity3593 , 14 of 36 @entity1 ; placebo, 5 of 36 @entity1 ; P = .02) and a decrease in morning @entity644 ( @entity3593 , 23 of 35 @entity1 ; placebo 10 of 34 @entity1 , P = .003) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity3593 had no effect on @entity1103 and @entity227 , we found a positive effect on the vascular system.

title: A randomized, masked, cross-over trial of XXXX for inflammatory @entity1103 .

answer: @entity3593 :: (MESH:D017706,Chemical) :: ['lisinopril']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess @entity1494 status and its impact on target position during daily intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in @entity263 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: 23 @entity1 with @entity263 undergoing image-guided IMRT (78 Gy in 39 fractions) were included. On-board CBCT images were acquired daily and an endorectal balloon was placed daily. All @entity1 were instructed to have a full bladder. The interfraction changes in bladder dimensions in left-right (LR), anterior-posterior (AP), and superior-inferior (SI) directions were measured from CBCT images. Distances from the uppermost part of prostate to pubic bone (PP) and from the uppermost part of prostate to treatment isocenter (PI) were measured to determine changes in target position. Standard deviation (SD) in all fractions of each @entity1 was used to compare the variations between @entity1 . Bladder dimension change ratio and Z-score were used to normalize data between @entity1 . RESULTS: A total of 867 CBCT images were evaluated. The average LR, AP, and SI bladder dimensions were 7.8 +/- 1.5 cm, 6.7 +/- 1.4 cm, and 5.6 +/- 1.7 cm, respectively. The average LR, AP, and SI bladder dimension change ratios were 0.88 +/- 0.17, 0.90 +/- 0.15, and 0.86 +/- 0.32, respectively. The SD was significantly greater in SI dimension than in LR (p < 0.001) and AP (p < 0.001) dimensions. The interfraction changes in the three bladder dimensions were significantly larger than those of target position, and did not correlate with target position changes. CONCLUSION: Though they were not negligible, changes in @entity1494 status did not have a significant impact on target position.

title: Using cone-beam computed tomography to evaluate the impact of XXXX status on target position in prostate radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder filling']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder filling']


abstract: In @entity375 crops which were grown in the presence of various inhibitors, there was considerable variation in content of the various B vitamins. A higher degree of parallelism in variation in content was found to exist between @entity9138 and @entity1670 than between any other pair of vitamins; this has been interpreted as indicating that the predominant functions of these two vitamins are their established r  les in fermentation. Values for @entity8580 indicate that it may be involved in fermentation processes, but this is not the case for other members of the B complex. @entity1885 appears to be unique since in no case did the @entity1885 content of @entity375 grown in the presence of an inhibitor fall below that of the control @entity375 . There was some evidence of synthesis of @entity1885 , or a material with @entity1885 activity, in the presence of certain inhibitors, the most striking instance being with @entity37350 . An exogenous supply of @entity1885 was essential for extensive proliferation of F. @entity375 , and @entity375 grown in a medium to which @entity1885 was the only added vitamin contained the B vitamins in amounts very similar to those found in the control @entity375 , the most marked differences being in increased @entity2245 and @entity11894 contents. In the absence of @entity1885 , significant amounts of all of the B vitamins except @entity1885 were synthesized, both in the presence and absence of certain other members of the B complex. The addition of @entity9138 , @entity2764 , @entity8580 , and @entity11057 to the culture medium caused a reduction in the amounts of @entity2245 and @entity11894 synthesized. F. @entity375 was able to grow in a xylose medium only when certain of the B vitamins were present, and even then growth was limited. Evidence was obtained for some synthesis of all of the vitamins investigated except @entity1885 and @entity2245 . The most significant differences in @entity2221 content between galac @entity375 and the parent F. B. strain were in @entity1501 and @entity2245 , the former being considerably reduced in amount, the latter being increased.

title: EFFECTS OF CERTAIN LIMITING CONDITIONS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF B VITAMINS BY XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol']

entities_list: @entity1885 :: ('MESH:D001710', 'Chemical') :: ['biotin', 'Biotin']

entities_list: @entity37350 :: ('MESH:D013414', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfaguanidine']

entities_list: @entity2764 :: ('MESH:D011736', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridoxine']

entities_list: @entity9138 :: ('MESH:D013831', 'Chemical') :: ['thiamine']

entities_list: @entity11057 :: ('CHEBI:16958', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-alanine']

entities_list: @entity11894 :: ('MESH:D010129', 'Chemical') :: ['p-aminobenzoic acid']

entities_list: @entity2221 :: ('CHEBI:33229', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['YEAST']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the value of @entity4457 -related services by utilizing a health value model (HVM). Cost and quality criteria are evaluated in accordance with the interests of @entity1 , physicians, and purchasers. METHODS: We applied an HVM to a hypothetical statistical ("median") @entity1 with @entity4457 whose visual acuity is 20/80 and to a group of @entity1 with @entity4457 who are managed by our practice. We applied the model to calculate the value of these services by evaluating the responses of @entity1 and physicians and relating these responses to clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The consensus value of care for the hypothetical median @entity1 was calculated to be 0.406 (of 1.000). For those @entity1 managed in our practice, the calculated value is 0.682. Clinically, 79% achieved 20/40 or better visual acuity, and the mean final visual acuity was 0.2 logMAR (20/32). Value appraisals revealed significant concerns about the financial aspects of @entity4457 -related services, particularly among physicians. @entity1 rated services more positively than did physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Amblyopia care is difficult, sustained, and important work that requires substantial sensitivity to and support of @entity1 and families. Compliance and early detection are essential to success. The value of @entity4457 services is rated significantly higher by @entity1 than by physicians. Relative to the measured value, @entity4457 care is undercompensated. The HVM is useful to appraise clinical service delivery and its variation. The costs of failure and the benefits of success are high; high-value @entity4457 care yields substantial dividends and should be commensurately compensated in the marketplace.

title: A value analysis model applied to the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity4457 :: (MESH:D000550,Disease) :: ['amblyopia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the technical and diagnostic feasibility of commercial multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of blood stream infections in a cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) @entity1 with severe @entity295 , performed in addition to conventional blood cultures. DESIGN: Dual-center cohort study. SETTING: Surgical ICU of two university hospitals. @entity1 AND @entity1 : One hundred eight @entity3124 @entity1 fulfilling the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine (ACCP/SCCM) severe @entity295 criteria were included. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: PCR results obtained in 453 blood samples from 108 @entity1 were compared with corresponding blood culture results. PCR resulted in a twofold higher positivity rate when compared with conventional blood culture (BC) testing (114 versus 58 positive samples). In 40 out of 58 PCR positive assays the results of the corresponding blood cultures were identical to microorganisms detected by PCR. In 18 samples PCR and BC yielded discrepant results. Compared with conventional blood culture the sensitivity and specificity of PCR was 0.69 and 0.81, respectively. Further evaluation of PCR results against a constructed gold standard including conventional microbiological test results from other significant @entity1 specimen (such as bronchio-alveolar lavage fluid, urine, swabs) and additionally generated clinical and laboratory information yielded sensitivity of 0.83 and specificity of 0.93. CONCLUSIONS: Our cohort study demonstrates improved pathogen detection using PCR findings in addition to conventional blood culture testing. PCR testing provides increased sensitivity of blood stream infection. Studies addressing utility including therapeutic decision-making, outcome, and cost-benefit following diagnostic application of PCR tests are needed to further assess its value in the clinical setting.

title: Improved detection of blood stream pathogens by real-time PCR in severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: We examined the applicability of @entity921 -enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to the in vivo tracing of diffuse neuromodulatory projections by means of simultaneous iontophoretic injections of an extremely low, non-toxic concentration of @entity13718 (10mM) and fluorescent dextran in the locus coeruleus (LC) in the @entity35 . We validated the use of the iontophoretic injection by reproducing previously reported results from pressure injections of @entity13718 in primary somatosensory cortex. Twenty fourhours after injection in LC, @entity3281 labeling was detected in major cortical and subcortical targets of LC projections including predominantly ipsilateral primary motor and somatosensory cortices, hippocampus and amygdala. Although the injections were in most cases centered in the core of LC, the pattern of @entity3281 labeling greatly varied across @entity35 . In addition, despite a certain degree of overlap of the labeling obtained with both MEMRI and classical tracing, MEMRI tracing consistently failed to reliably label not only several minor but also major targets of LC, notably the thalamus. The lack of @entity3281 labeling in thalamus possibly reflected a weaker functional connectivity within coeruleothalamic projections that could not be predicted by anatomical tracing. Inversely, a number of brain regions, particularly contralateral motor cortex, that were not or only sparsely labeled with fluorescent dextran were strongly labeled by @entity3281 . This discrepancy could be partly due to both the activity-dependent and transsynaptic nature of @entity3281 transport. The overall labeling produced using MEMRI with iontophoretic injections in LC indicates that the @entity3281 imaging of highly diffuse projections is in principle feasible. However, the labeling pattern of each individual case needs to be carefully interpreted particularly before submitting data for group analysis or in the case of longitudinal examination of discrete changes in functional connectivity under various physiological or behavioral conditions.

title: Tracing of noradrenergic projections using XXXX -enhanced MRI.

entities_list: @entity921 :: ('MESH:D008345', 'Chemical') :: ['manganese']

answer: @entity921 :: (MESH:D008345,Chemical) :: ['manganese']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many studies have demonstrated that in @entity161 there are decreased rates of marriage, fertility and marital fertility. However, it is not clear whether this finding occurs as a social consequence of having the illness or is an inherent part of the illness. One would expect it to vary across cultures if it were being mediated by social and cultural factors. METHOD: We investigated this by reviewing the marital and fertility data from a multi-ethnic first-contact group of @entity1 in London with CATEGO broadly defined @entity161 , and comparing this with similar data from a group of controls who were matched for age, gender and ethnicity. RESULTS: Our sample comprised 38 White British, 38 Caribbean and 24 Asian subjects. The Asian group were significantly older (mean age 38, P < 0.003) and had a greater percentage of females (50%). When compared to controls, the White and Caribbean @entity1 , but not the Asians, had decreased marital and stable relationship rates. There was also decreased fertility and marital fertility as evidenced by number of @entity1 among the Whites and Caribbeans, but again significantly not among the Asians. Marital status did not predict fertility rates, particularly among the Caribbeans. Regression analysis demonstrated an effect for age on the number of @entity1 but not on marital status. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that marital and reproductive behaviour are reduced in @entity161 , but this effect may be mediated by social and cultural factors and therefore not apply consistently across ethnicity. Further research is needed to prospectively investigate populations to determine whether impairments of this nature are inherent or consequential to the illness.

title: Fertility and marital rates in first-onset XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'children']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Studies document various associated health risks for @entity1 with @entity717 ( @entity717 ). Further study is needed by disability type. Using the 2006-2010 National Health Interview Surveys, we assessed the prevalence of numerous medical conditions (e.g. @entity565 , frequent @entity294 / @entity1960 , @entity410 ), health care use measures (e.g. seeing a medical specialist and >9 office visits in past year), health impact measures (e.g. needing help with personal care), and selected indicators of unmet health needs (e.g. unable to afford needed prescription medications) among a nationally representative sample of @entity1 ages 3-17 years, with and without @entity717 . @entity1 in four mutually exclusive @entity717 groups: @entity2438 (N = 375), @entity717 ( @entity717 ) without @entity2438 (N = 238); @entity71 ( @entity71 ) without @entity2438 or @entity717 (N = 2901); and @entity4207 ( @entity4207 ) or other @entity245 without @entity71 , @entity2438 , or @entity717 (N = 1955); were compared to @entity1 without @entity717 (N = 35,775) on each condition or health care measure of interest. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated from weighted logistic regression models that accounted for the complex sample design. Prevalence estimates for most medical conditions examined were moderately to markedly higher for @entity1 in all four @entity336 groups than @entity1 without @entity717 . Most differences were statistically significant after adjustment for @entity1 sex, age, race/ethnicity, and maternal education. @entity1 in all @entity336 groups also had significantly higher estimates for health care use, impact, and unmet needs measures than @entity1 without @entity717 . This study provides empirical evidence that @entity1 with @entity717 require increased pediatric and specialist services, both for their core functional deficits and concurrent medical conditions.

title: Concurrent medical conditions and health care use and needs among XXXX with learning and behavioral developmental disabilities, National Health Interview Survey, 2006-2010.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['learning disability', 'LD']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['DDs', 'developmental disability', 'ID', 'intellectual disability', 'developmental disabilities']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']