abstract: Adolescent smoking, drinking and illegal @entity734 (drug-related problems) in Japan were treated as a legal model in the second prevention area. This study showed the necessity and usefulness of early intervention concerning adolescent drug-related problems as adolescent mental health problems. First, school nurses were asked if they were consulted about drug-related problems by students. Many school nurses in junior and senior high schools were consulted about drug-related problems by students, and they emphasized the need for counseling systems for drug-related problems by professionals. The second part of the study involved brief interventions by the authors in high school students with a high risk of drug-related problems. The authors went to three high schools and conducted brief interventions on students who had drug-related problems and sought advice. We prepared several screening tests for assessment of drug-related problems, such as the Fagerstr  m Test for @entity1239 @entity734 ( @entity17378 ). Adolescent @entity167 Involvement Scale (AAIS). Quantity-Frequency Scale (QF Scale). Core @entity167 Use Disorders Identification Test (Core AUDIT), @entity8877 (DAST-20). In the brief interventions, the authors assessed drug-related problems of students using these scales and advised them how to revolve such problems two or three times. Twenty-two students accepted brief interventions. All of them smoked, 62% of them showed problem drinking and 33% illegal drug use. At 6 months after the brief interventions, 16 out of 21 students reported their drug-related problems. Nineteen percent of them had reduced smoking, 67% of them decreased drinking and one half of them decreased their use of illegal drugs. Results of this study revealed the necessity and the usefulness of the brief intervention for high school students with drug-related problems.

title: [Brief intervention for smoking, problem drinking and XXXX by high school students].

entities_list: @entity8877 :: ('168400', 'Gene') :: ['CAGE and Drug Abuse Screening Test-20']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['Dependence', 'drug abuse']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['drug abuse']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study analyzed the results of a standardized approach in @entity834 following low anterior resection for @entity5 without performance of a protective ileostomy during the primary operation. @entity1 AND METHODS: The study included all 306 @entity1 with @entity5 electively undergoing low anterior resection with retroperitonealization of the @entity254 over 9 years. The diagnostic procedure for @entity834 included serum laboratory investigations and abdominal CT together with contrast enema. Minor leakages, i.e., small leakages and @entity530 , were treated with rectoscopic lavage and/or CT-guided drainage of the abscess, respectively. Major leakage was defined as @entity1887 with or without @entity295 . Nonseptic @entity1 were treated by ileostomy and rectoscopic treatment. In septic @entity1 a revision of the @entity254 with loop ileostomy was performed. RESULTS: @entity834 was diagnosed in 30 @entity1 (overall 9.8%; 12 major, 18 minor leakages). Common clinical signs were @entity2371 and @entity221 . No @entity1 developed a @entity298 . The most accurate diagnostic instrument was CT (96.7%). CONCLUSION: Retroperitonealization appears to prevent @entity298 in @entity1 with @entity834 following low anterior resection. A differential treatment leads to good results in terms of mortality and anorectal function.

title: XXXX following low anterior resection: results of a standardized diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['Anastomotic leakage', 'anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['broad insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic abscess']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity834 :: (MESH:D057868,Disease) :: ['Anastomotic leakage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We retrospectively reviewed @entity1 who were treated and followed-up for @entity174 within a 10-year period. METHODS: A total of 204 @entity1 (158 males, 46 females; mean age 22.4 years; range 5 to 72 years) were retrospectively evaluated with respect to age groups, sex, etiology, associated injuries, localization and type of the @entity174 , treatment methods, and early and late complications. The follow-up period ranged from four months to 10 years. RESULTS: The most common cause of injury was traffic accidents (44.1%), followed by falling (31.8%), and violence (17.1%). The highest incidence occurred at ages 21 to 30 years. Of 283 @entity174 detected, the most common @entity174 sites were the parasymphysis (83 @entity174 , 29.3%) and the angulus (52 @entity174 , 18.4%). Forty-eight @entity1 (24%) had associated injuries. The type of the @entity174 was simple in 80 @entity1 (39.2%), and complex in 62 @entity1 (30.4%). Treatment included open reduction with @entity702 mini-plates and screws in 130 @entity1 , and intermaxillary fixation in the remaining @entity1 . The @entity174 recovered without any complications in 167 @entity1 (81.8%). No occlusion-related complications occurred in the late follow-ups. Complications were encountered in 37 @entity1 (18.1%), being in the early ( @entity3232 in 5.9%, infections in 2.5%, inferior @entity128 in 2.5%) or late (plate-screw exposition in 4.4%, @entity3947 of the temporomandibular joint in 2%, and @entity292 in 1%) postoperative periods. CONCLUSION: Rigid fixation should be the first choice of treatment in @entity174 .

title: [A retrospective analysis of 204 XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture', 'mandibular fractures']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar nerve injuries']

entities_list: @entity3232 :: ('MESH:D008310', 'Disease') :: ['malocclusion']

entities_list: @entity3947 :: ('MESH:D000844', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosis']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['orocutaneous fistula']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['mandibular fractures']


abstract: Lateral column lengthening of the @entity8546 has been a powerful tool used to correct peritalar subluxation in symptomatic flat feet. The mechanical basis and limits for correction with this procedure are not well understood. A flatfoot model was created on 8 fresh-frozen cadaver feet by sectioning the deltoid ligament, talonavicular capsule, and spring ligament. Strain-gauge analysis of the long plantar ligament was performed (on 6 specimens) as the lateral column was sequentially lengthened from 4 to 12 mm in 2-mm increments. Results showed that only the lateral most one-third of the long plantar ligament measured positive strain during this procedure. The medial two-thirds of the long plantar ligament and plantar fascia decreased in @entity2701 and became fully lax during lengthening. Maximum @entity2701 in the long plantar ligament was measured after placing grafts 6 mm in thickness (P <.05). Larger grafts produced additional strain in the ligament, but were not significant. The authors conclude that grafts >6 mm have no additional corrective capacity without compromising the long plantar ligament. Either larger graft size or loss of the long plantar ligament could compromise the intrinsic stability of the lateral column of the foot. These findings may decrease the incidence of complications with this procedure, specifically lateral column @entity158 , instability, and calcaneocuboid @entity4040 .

title: Biomechanical consequences of lateral column lengthening of the XXXX : Part I. Long plantar ligament strain.

entities_list: @entity8546 :: ('MESH:C566069', 'Disease') :: ['calcaneus']

entities_list: @entity4040 :: ('MESH:C537208', 'Disease') :: ['arthrosis']

answer: @entity8546 :: (MESH:C566069,Disease) :: ['calcaneus']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: @entity1448 is one of the principal manifestations of @entity409 and often results from disorders involving bile duct epithelia rather than hepatocytes. @entity74 affects @entity253 , and no unifying pathophysiologic event in these cells has been identified as the cause of @entity1448 . Here we examined the role of the @entity671 receptor ( @entity15304 )/ @entity141 release channel in @entity141 signaling and ductular secretion in animal models of @entity1448 and in @entity1 with @entity1448 . METHODS: The expression and distribution of the @entity15304 and related proteins were examined in @entity35 cholangiocytes before and after bile duct ligation or treatment with endotoxin. @entity141 signaling was examined in isolated bile ducts from these animals, whereas ductular @entity3157 secretion was examined in isolated perfused livers. Confocal immunofluorescence was used to examine cholangiocyte @entity15304 expression in @entity1 liver biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Expression of the @entity15304 was selectively lost from @entity253 after bile duct ligation or endotoxin treatment. As a result, @entity141 signaling and @entity141 -mediated @entity3157 secretion were lost as well, although other components of the @entity141 signaling pathway and @entity268 ( @entity268 )-mediated @entity3157 secretion both were preserved. Examination of @entity1 liver biopsy specimens showed that InsP3Rs also were lost from bile duct epithelia in a range of @entity1 @entity1448 , although @entity15304 expression was intact in noncholestatic @entity409 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity15304 -mediated @entity141 signaling in bile duct epithelia appears to be important for normal bile secretion in the liver, and loss of InsP3Rs may be a final common pathway for @entity1448 .

title: XXXX shuts down calcium signaling in cholangiocytes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity671 :: ('MESH:D015544', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate']

entities_list: @entity268 :: ('CHEBI:17489', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate", 'cAMP']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis', 'Cholestasis', 'cholestatic disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['A range of disorders']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary epithelia']

answer: @entity1448 :: (MESH:D002779,Disease) :: ['Cholestasis']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: Recent power shortages in California resulted in rolling blackouts and increased utility prices. Residents turned to alternative heating devices, such as space heaters, to decrease utility bills. Our hypothesis is that the incidence of heater-related injuries increased owing to the use of alternative heating methods during the power crisis. DESIGN: Retrospective case-series database and medical record review of all burn admissions for the 4 months of November through February for the period 1998-2002. SETTING: Regional pediatric and adult burn unit in northern California. @entity1 : @entity1 admitted during the study interval with @entity130 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parameters recorded included @entity1 demographics, cause of burn, total body surface area burn, number of operative procedures, and hospital length of stay during each of the 4 months in the interval. RESULTS: A total of 512 @entity1 were admitted during all 4-month intervals. During the power crisis there were significant increases in the number of hospital admissions (151 in 2000-2001 vs 117 in 1998-1999, 124 in 1999-2000, and 152 in 2001-2002) and heater-related burn admissions (36 in 2000-2001 vs 25 in 1998-1999, 26 in 1999-2000, and 29 in 2001-2002). The percentage total body surface area burn (mean +/- SEM, 24.0% +/- 4.6% in 2000-2001 vs 16.5% in 1998-1999, 12.3% in 1999-2000, and 12.0% in 2001-2002), hospital length of stay (15.0 days in 2000-2001 vs 9.9 days in 1998-1999, 12.3 days in 1999-2000, and 7.0 days 2001-2002), and the number of operations (55 in 2000-2001 vs 7 in 1998-1999, 18 in 1999-2000, and 19 in 2001-2002) also increased during the crisis. CONCLUSIONS: The number of heater-related burn admissions, as well as their magnitude, increased during the energy crisis, resulting in increased resource use and health care costs. The economic stresses of the power shortage had societal costs that extended far beyond the price of electricity.

title: Increased incidence of heater-related XXXX during a power crisis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['burn injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['burn injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test whether @entity7400 , an antiparasitic drug, would affect recovery from @entity7868 . DESIGN: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial between April 1999 and September 2001. SETTING: A referral medical center. @entity1 : One hundred sixty-two @entity1 aged 5 to 16 years whose parents complained about their chronic bad breath. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive @entity7400 (n = 82) or placebo (n = 80). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Parents whose @entity1 had @entity7868 were evaluated for @entity7868 at 2 months of treatment by questionnaire. The microbiologist investigated the stool samples of @entity1 for @entity8143 at the beginning of the trial and also at the end of the trial in @entity1 who were treated with @entity7400 . RESULTS: Among those @entity1 who had evidence of parasites in stool samples at the beginning of the trial, 18 of 28 who were treated with @entity7400 recovered from @entity7868 , compared with 2 of 24 who received placebo (relative risk [RR] for recovery, 7.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-29.9). Among those who did not have stool parasites, 14 of 52 improved with @entity7400 , compared with 10 of 48 taking placebo (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-2.6). @entity7400 intake made a significant difference whether or not the @entity1 had parasites (P =.002). CONCLUSIONS: @entity8143 should be considered as a possible cause of @entity7868 in the pediatric @entity1 population. @entity7400 therapy seems to offer benefit to those @entity1 with parasites as a potential cause of their @entity7868 .

title: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of @entity7400 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity7400 :: ('MESH:D008463', 'Chemical') :: ['Mebendazole', 'mebendazole']

entities_list: @entity7868 :: ('MESH:D006209', 'Disease') :: ['halitosis']

entities_list: @entity8143 :: ('MESH:D063726', 'Disease') :: ['Parasitosis', 'parasitosis']

answer: @entity7868 :: (MESH:D006209,Disease) :: ['halitosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test whether @entity7400 , an antiparasitic drug, would affect recovery from @entity7868 . DESIGN: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial between April 1999 and September 2001. SETTING: A referral medical center. @entity1 : One hundred sixty-two @entity1 aged 5 to 16 years whose parents complained about their chronic bad breath. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive @entity7400 (n = 82) or placebo (n = 80). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Parents whose @entity1 had @entity7868 were evaluated for @entity7868 at 2 months of treatment by questionnaire. The microbiologist investigated the stool samples of @entity1 for @entity8143 at the beginning of the trial and also at the end of the trial in @entity1 who were treated with @entity7400 . RESULTS: Among those @entity1 who had evidence of parasites in stool samples at the beginning of the trial, 18 of 28 who were treated with @entity7400 recovered from @entity7868 , compared with 2 of 24 who received placebo (relative risk [RR] for recovery, 7.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-29.9). Among those who did not have stool parasites, 14 of 52 improved with @entity7400 , compared with 10 of 48 taking placebo (RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-2.6). @entity7400 intake made a significant difference whether or not the @entity1 had parasites (P =.002). CONCLUSIONS: @entity8143 should be considered as a possible cause of @entity7868 in the pediatric @entity1 population. @entity7400 therapy seems to offer benefit to those @entity1 with parasites as a potential cause of their @entity7868 .

title: A randomized placebo-controlled trial of XXXX for @entity7868 .

answer: @entity7400 :: (MESH:D008463,Chemical) :: ['mebendazole']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Nimesulid (Mesulid) is a non- @entity134 anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acting by the selective inhibition of the @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) isoenzyme. In this study the efficacy of nimesulid following cardiac surgery has been investigated in comparison with that of a @entity9859 isoenzyme inhibitor drug. @entity1 AND METHODS: 200 cardiac surgical @entity1 operated on cardiopulmonary bypass have been involved in this prospective study. 100 @entity1 received 100 mg. nimesulid bd. routinely in the postoperative period (group M). Another 100 @entity1 were given 275 mg @entity1623 bd. (group A). In both groups the White Blood Cell (WBC), the blood sedimentation (We), the @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) levels were determined from venous blood samples before the operation and on the first five postoperative days. Venous blood samples of 20 @entity1 of each group in the same period were used to determine the @entity650 ( @entity650 ), and the Soluble Tumour Necrosis Factor Receptor-I (sTNF-RI) levels. @entity260 related to the use of the investigated drugs as well as the side effects have been compared in the two groups. A visual analogue @entity158 scale was used before and after drug administration. Kruskal Wallis and student t tests were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: No serious complication related to the use of the investigated drugs has developed in either group. In group A gastrointestinal side effect were recorded in 7 cases (7%) whilst in group M no such complaints were found. Drug doses defined in the study protocol had to be raised or another drug had to be added in 11 and 3 cases in group A and M respectively. Neither the laboratory findings, nor the @entity227 scale results have not shown any significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of nimesulid in postoperative inflammatory inhibition and @entity158 relief has proved equal to that of the investigated @entity9859 inhibitor drug, however less gastrointestinal side effects have been related to its administration.

title: [Management of postoperative inflammatory response and XXXX with nimesulide after cardiac surgery].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual pain']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1623 :: ('MESH:D009288', 'Chemical') :: ['naproxen']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['CRP', 'C-Reactive Protein']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: To determine the feasibility of post-chemotherapy resection of @entity41 in @entity151 , 24 selected @entity1 with limited-stage disease were evaluated for exploratory thoracotomy. All 24 @entity1 achieved partial or complete clinical response to chemotherapy and were considered adequate medical candidates for surgical resection. Fifteen @entity1 underwent a lobectomy or pneumonectomy, 13 of whom had @entity41 in the resected specimen. Of the nine remaining @entity1 , seven had no @entity5 found on biopsy at thoracotomy and two had unresectable mediastinal node involvement. No chemotherapy was administered postoperatively in any @entity1 until disease progression or relapse was documented. Median survival for the entire group was 19 months and did not differ according to the surgical procedure performed. Nineteen @entity1 had relapse. @entity1 undergoing biopsy only recurred locally in six of seven cases a median of five months post-thoracotomy (range one to six months). Two "biopsy only" @entity1 were @entity5 free at 34+ and 56+ months. Local recurrence was observed in six of 12 resected @entity1 , while six @entity1 experienced only extrathoracic metastases. Median time to recurrence for resected @entity1 was also five months. Four resected @entity1 experienced late recurrence 16 to 36 months postoperatively and were alive with @entity5 at 29+ to 42+ months. Two resected @entity1 were @entity5 -free at 13+ and 37+ months. Post-chemotherapy surgical resection was feasible in limited-stage @entity1 and improved local control of disease.

title: Postchemotherapy resection of XXXX in @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity41 :: (MESH:D018365,Disease) :: ['residual tumor']


abstract: To determine the feasibility of post-chemotherapy resection of @entity41 in @entity151 , 24 selected @entity1 with limited-stage disease were evaluated for exploratory thoracotomy. All 24 @entity1 achieved partial or complete clinical response to chemotherapy and were considered adequate medical candidates for surgical resection. Fifteen @entity1 underwent a lobectomy or pneumonectomy, 13 of whom had @entity41 in the resected specimen. Of the nine remaining @entity1 , seven had no @entity5 found on biopsy at thoracotomy and two had unresectable mediastinal node involvement. No chemotherapy was administered postoperatively in any @entity1 until disease progression or relapse was documented. Median survival for the entire group was 19 months and did not differ according to the surgical procedure performed. Nineteen @entity1 had relapse. @entity1 undergoing biopsy only recurred locally in six of seven cases a median of five months post-thoracotomy (range one to six months). Two "biopsy only" @entity1 were @entity5 free at 34+ and 56+ months. Local recurrence was observed in six of 12 resected @entity1 , while six @entity1 experienced only extrathoracic metastases. Median time to recurrence for resected @entity1 was also five months. Four resected @entity1 experienced late recurrence 16 to 36 months postoperatively and were alive with @entity5 at 29+ to 42+ months. Two resected @entity1 were @entity5 -free at 13+ and 37+ months. Post-chemotherapy surgical resection was feasible in limited-stage @entity1 and improved local control of disease.

title: Postchemotherapy resection of @entity41 in XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['limited stage small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationships between @entity1643 ( @entity1643 ) frequency and intensity and self-reported and performance-based physical function in a large cohort of well-functioning older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey and examination. SETTING: Community-based cohort of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. @entity1 : @entity1 were 2,766 community-dwelling adults, aged 70-79; 42% were African American, 52% were @entity1 . OUTCOME MEASURES: 1) Back @entity158 -location, frequency, intensity; 2) Hip and/or knee @entity158 ; 3) Body mass index (BMI); 4) Self-reported difficulty doing functional tasks; 5) Lower extremity function, using the battery from the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies in the Elderly (EPESE); 6) Self-rated health; 7) Comorbidity; 8) @entity308 , using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. RESULTS: @entity1643 was common (36%), and its frequency/intensity was significantly associated with other @entity158 and comorbidities. In gender-specific models, @entity1643 frequency/intensity was not significantly associated with EPESE performance score after adjusting for age, race, BMI, CES-D score, knee @entity158 , @entity158 , and other comorbidities. @entity1643 frequency/intensity, however, was significantly associated with self-reported difficulty with most functional tasks after adjusting for important confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Among well-functioning community-dwelling older adults, @entity1643 frequency/intensity was associated with perceived difficulty in performing important functional tasks, but not with observed physical performance. The demonstrated dose-response relationship between @entity158 frequency/intensity and self-reported task performance difficulty underscores the importance of clinical efforts to treat @entity158 without necessarily eradicating it. Additional work is needed to determine whether back @entity158 is associated with a risk for progressive functional decline and loss of independence in older adults and whether therapeutic interventions can ameliorate decline and, therefore, preserve independence.

title: How does XXXX impact physical function in independent, well-functioning older adults? Evidence from the Health ABC Cohort and implications for the future.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain', 'LBP']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['hip pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']


abstract: While activated B cells, as well as T cells, can express functional @entity2902 ( @entity2902 ), the physiologic role of @entity1199 in B-cell responses is still in doubt. Accordingly, we have examined the role of recombinant @entity1199 ( @entity5041 ) in the proliferative response, @entity2902 expression, and the terminal differentiation of tonsillar B cells in comparative studies with T cells from the same source. For these analyses of physiologically activated lymphocytes, the B and T cells were first separated, then divided into subpopulations enriched for either resting or preactivated cells on the basis of relative cell density or activation antigen expression. As expected, the relatively low-density fraction of T cells was enriched for @entity2902 -positive (Tac+) cells and displayed vigorous proliferative responses to @entity1199 along with heightened @entity2902 expression. Moreover, limiting dilution analysis revealed that growth of these activated T cells could be perpetuated with the addition of @entity1199 . By comparison, relatively few tonsillar B cells expressed the @entity2902 . The addition of @entity5041 to cultured B cells of relatively low density resulted in an increase in Tac+ cells but only a minimal proliferative response. The subpopulation of tonsillar B cells expressing the Bac-1 activation antigen contained most of the @entity1199 inducible Tac+ B cells, and @entity5041 induced an efficient but transient proliferative response by these activated B cells. The @entity5041 -induced Tac+ B cells were noted to be relatively large. A fraction of these Tac+ cells, but not the Tac- cells, produced and secreted immunoglobulins. Incubation with @entity5041 enhanced the Ig secretion, and the anti-Tac antibody blocked this enhancement. Time-course analysis revealed that @entity5041 induced transient Tac expression, whereas mature plasma cells in 6-day cultures no longer expressed detectable @entity2902 . In conclusion, these observations suggest that @entity1199 transiently upregulates expression of @entity2902 , via which it induces the terminal growth and differentiation of activated B cells into plasma cells.

title: XXXX effects on human B cells activated in vivo.

entities_list: @entity2902 :: ('3559', 'Gene') :: ['IL-2R', 'interleukin-2 receptors', 'Tac antigen']

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['Interleukin-2']


abstract: The effect of a specific inhibitor of @entity2871 (Tx) A2 synthesis, @entity33283 , a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, @entity71015 , and a combination of both drugs was studied in @entity548 in @entity35 . Treatment with @entity71015 (1 microgram/kg) or @entity33283 (200 micrograms/kg) alone did not alter significantly postoligemic @entity551 or the increase in plasma @entity12827 activity in shocked @entity35 , compared with hemorrhaged @entity35 receiving only their vehicle. Combined treatment with both drugs maintained postreinfusion mean arterial blood pressure and attenuated the increase in plasma @entity12827 activity in hemorrhaged @entity35 . Treatment of shocked @entity35 with each drug alone attenuated the accumulation of a @entity296 factor activity in the plasma, but the lowest @entity296 factor activities were observed in @entity35 treated with the drug combination. Additionally, animals treated with the drug combination exhibited significantly longer postreinfusion survival times than @entity35 receiving either the vehicle (P less than .01), @entity71015 (P less than .05) or @entity33283 (P less than .02). @entity71015 (1 microgram/kg) attenuated significantly the pressor response to @entity4689 throughout the shock period. @entity33283 attenuated the increase in TxB2 plasma concentrations in shock when compared with hemorrhaged @entity35 receiving the vehicle (P less than .05). Greater attenuation of @entity3448 was found after treatment with the drug combination (P less than .01 from vehicle, P less than .05 from @entity33283 alone). @entity71015 , but not @entity33283 , was also found to have a direct antiproteolytic action in pancreatic homogenates. However, the drug combination ( @entity71015 and @entity33283 ) decreased proteolytic activity even further (P less than .001) from @entity71015 alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Potentiation of the protective effects of a converting enzyme inhibitor and a XXXX synthetase inhibitor in @entity548 .

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial depressant']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity4689 :: ('MESH:D000803', 'Chemical') :: ['angiotensin I']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity2871 :: (CHEBI:26995,Chemical) :: ['thromboxane']


abstract: The effect of a specific inhibitor of @entity2871 (Tx) A2 synthesis, @entity33283 , a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, @entity71015 , and a combination of both drugs was studied in @entity548 in @entity35 . Treatment with @entity71015 (1 microgram/kg) or @entity33283 (200 micrograms/kg) alone did not alter significantly postoligemic @entity551 or the increase in plasma @entity12827 activity in shocked @entity35 , compared with hemorrhaged @entity35 receiving only their vehicle. Combined treatment with both drugs maintained postreinfusion mean arterial blood pressure and attenuated the increase in plasma @entity12827 activity in hemorrhaged @entity35 . Treatment of shocked @entity35 with each drug alone attenuated the accumulation of a @entity296 factor activity in the plasma, but the lowest @entity296 factor activities were observed in @entity35 treated with the drug combination. Additionally, animals treated with the drug combination exhibited significantly longer postreinfusion survival times than @entity35 receiving either the vehicle (P less than .01), @entity71015 (P less than .05) or @entity33283 (P less than .02). @entity71015 (1 microgram/kg) attenuated significantly the pressor response to @entity4689 throughout the shock period. @entity33283 attenuated the increase in TxB2 plasma concentrations in shock when compared with hemorrhaged @entity35 receiving the vehicle (P less than .05). Greater attenuation of @entity3448 was found after treatment with the drug combination (P less than .01 from vehicle, P less than .05 from @entity33283 alone). @entity71015 , but not @entity33283 , was also found to have a direct antiproteolytic action in pancreatic homogenates. However, the drug combination ( @entity71015 and @entity33283 ) decreased proteolytic activity even further (P less than .001) from @entity71015 alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Potentiation of the protective effects of a converting enzyme inhibitor and a @entity2871 synthetase inhibitor in XXXX .

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']


abstract: This is a retrospective review of 43 @entity1 who had primary @entity96 diagnosed during 1974-1983. @entity1 ' ages ranged from 27 to 84 years (median 52.5). Nine of 39 @entity1 with @entity157 were females, while two of the four @entity1 with @entity201 were @entity1 . @entity99 surface antigen was positive in 90% tested, and 62% had @entity82 . Also, 60-65% were heavy users of @entity167 and cigarettes. @entity160 was elevated in one of four white @entity1 , and in six of eight @entity1 of other races (75%). Tissue diagnosis was obtained by peritoneoscopy in 16, by percutaneous biopsy in 7, by laparotomy in 9, and at autopsy in 11. Only one of 11 @entity1 who were explored has his lesion resected. About half of the cases diagnosed antemortem died 1 month or less after diagnosis. The median survival of @entity157 @entity1 who had no specific treatment or systemic chemotherapy was 2 months. Two @entity1 who received chemotherapy in conjunction with occlusion of the hepatic artery lived 16 to 19 months.

title: XXXX in a referral hospital in Hawaii.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['Alpha-fetoprotein']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatitis']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['Primary liver cancer']


abstract: A reliable system for evaluating @entity1437 (5-LO) pathway inhibitors employing @entity1 whole blood stimulated by the @entity460 ionophore, @entity3365 , and @entity375 cell walls (YCW) is described. In developing this system, we have shown that leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and @entity11902 ( @entity11902 ) can be recovered quantitatively from whole blood, and can be measured with accuracy and a precision (standard deviation) of +/- 12%. Apparent differences in LTB4/ @entity11902 levels between donors can be minimized by normalizing the LTB4/ @entity11902 production to neutrophil number. Variability in LTB4/ @entity11902 production among different donors was reduced by increasing the ionophore concentration. The kinetics of ionophore stimulated product production display a 1-4 min lag which is dependent on ionophore concentration. The lag is removed by pretreatment of blood with 5 micrograms/ml cytochalasin B. Likewise, the kinetics of product formation after stimulation with @entity375 cell walls demonstrated a lag period, which could be shortened by prior opsonization of the YCW. The amount of LTB4 metabolism to @entity27696 and 20- @entity1473 -LTB4 in this system is approximately 20%. @entity42430 , @entity2604 , and nafazatrom, known inhibitors of the 5-LO pathway, display half-maximal inhibition points of 0.4, 1.5, and 9 micrograms/ml, respectively. In summary, we believe that this assay offers a guide for predicting systemic levels of drug needed to be achieved for effective inhibition of cellular LTB4/ @entity11902 synthesis/release in @entity1 .

title: Development of a system for evaluating XXXX inhibitors using @entity1 whole blood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'humans']

entities_list: @entity2604 :: ('MESH:D009637', 'Chemical') :: ['nordihydroguaiaretic acid']

entities_list: @entity11902 :: ('MESH:C022022', 'Chemical') :: ['5-HETE', '5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity42430 :: ('MESH:C015429', 'Chemical') :: ['Phenidone']

answer: @entity1437 :: (240,Gene) :: ['5-lipoxygenase']


abstract: A reliable system for evaluating @entity1437 (5-LO) pathway inhibitors employing @entity1 whole blood stimulated by the @entity460 ionophore, @entity3365 , and @entity375 cell walls (YCW) is described. In developing this system, we have shown that leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and @entity11902 ( @entity11902 ) can be recovered quantitatively from whole blood, and can be measured with accuracy and a precision (standard deviation) of +/- 12%. Apparent differences in LTB4/ @entity11902 levels between donors can be minimized by normalizing the LTB4/ @entity11902 production to neutrophil number. Variability in LTB4/ @entity11902 production among different donors was reduced by increasing the ionophore concentration. The kinetics of ionophore stimulated product production display a 1-4 min lag which is dependent on ionophore concentration. The lag is removed by pretreatment of blood with 5 micrograms/ml cytochalasin B. Likewise, the kinetics of product formation after stimulation with @entity375 cell walls demonstrated a lag period, which could be shortened by prior opsonization of the YCW. The amount of LTB4 metabolism to @entity27696 and 20- @entity1473 -LTB4 in this system is approximately 20%. @entity42430 , @entity2604 , and nafazatrom, known inhibitors of the 5-LO pathway, display half-maximal inhibition points of 0.4, 1.5, and 9 micrograms/ml, respectively. In summary, we believe that this assay offers a guide for predicting systemic levels of drug needed to be achieved for effective inhibition of cellular LTB4/ @entity11902 synthesis/release in @entity1 .

title: Development of a system for evaluating @entity1437 inhibitors using XXXX whole blood.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The molecular signals regulating @entity1283 are unknown. We used a new model system to study this problem. Muscle cells from the neonatal @entity35 ventricle were cultured in serum-free medium. Control cells did not change in size over time and did not show spontaneous contractile activity. Incubation with @entity1063 or @entity1425 had two major trophic effects that developed over 1-2 days. The first was stimulation of muscle cell @entity1184 or increase in size. The second was induction of spontaneous contractile activity. The @entity1184 response was mediated through an alpha 1-adrenoceptor. The beating response required both alpha 1- and beta 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Alpha 1 stimulation alone produced enlarged cells that did not beat. Alpha 1 plus beta 1 stimulation induced contractile activity even when protein synthesis and @entity1184 were inhibited. Thus, the two alpha 1 responses could be dissociated, providing evidence for two independently-regulated cellular pathways for the dual alpha 1 trophic effects. One pathway leads to @entity1184 . The other, which requires concomitant beta 1 stimulation, controls the development of beating. Preliminary work raises the possibility that different products of @entity8580 phospholipid hydrolysis might initiate the two alpha 1 trophic pathways. Other preliminary work suggests that the growth pathway is associated with the expression of specific genes and might reflect an action of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor on the cell nucleus. These studies define previously unsuspected trophic roles for the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor.

title: Dual trophic effects of the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor in cultured neonatal XXXX heart muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy', 'hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1 with @entity63 always have a progressive reduction in nerve conduction resulting in a transient increase in sensation, such as @entity158 or @entity17401 . We examined the effect of acute complete @entity63 on neurophysiological functions in @entity35 and related electrophysiological changes in ischemic nerve with @entity6883 ( @entity855 ) administration. METHODS: The sciatic nerve of @entity35 was placed directly on 16 parallel 0.5 mm diameter @entity902 electrodes (5 mm interelectrode distance) in a Perspex chamber bathed in Ringer's solution. The stimulus was applied through the electrode at the rostral end of the nerve, and the action potential recorded along different recording electrodes towards the caudal end of the nerve. Measurements were recorded immediately upon initial nerve placing and then 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after nerve placing. RESULTS: We observed two major components in the monophasic compound action potential of the sciatic nerve of @entity35 (A and B waves). Nerve conduction and amplitude of A and B waves underwent an initial increase followed by a reduction and after @entity855 administration, the transient augmentation of conduction velocity and amplitude in A and B waves disappeared. The median survival time of peripheral nerve was 60 min. CONCLUSION: At the onset of @entity63 , the membrane Na-K pump does not work resulting in an increase of threshold potential in nerve membrane. When @entity855 levels further decrease, nerve function progressively fails.

title: Ischemic neurophysiological changes of XXXX sciatic nerve in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity6883 :: ('CHEBI:15422', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 5'-triphosphate"]

entities_list: @entity17401 :: ('MESH:D006941', 'Disease') :: ['hyperesthesia']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity224 radicals (SORs) are formed during @entity548 . However, the association between SOR formation and mortality remains undefined. Would neutralization of SORs during shock improve survival? @entity224 dismutase (SOD) was covalently linked to Ficoll to prolong vascular persistence and ensure ongoing neutralization of intravascular SORs. Six groups of @entity35 were studied. @entity35 were exsanguinated to a mean arterial pressure of 30 Torr, sustained for 60 min. Ficoll linked @entity224 dismutase (SOD-F), 5000 Units + catalase, 150 Units, was suspended in 1 ml of saline and injected following the 60-min @entity551 period. Resuscitation followed for appropriate groups. Pretreated SOD-F @entity35 received a 1-ml bolus prior to exsangination. Pretreatment with SOD-F did not improve survival in non-resuscitated groups despite improvement in vascular circulation (P greater than 0.10, @entity7031 ). In the standard non-resuscitation group, there is also no improvement (P greater than 0.10, @entity7031 ). Resuscitation with or without SOD-F significantly alters survival rates (P less than 0.025) with respect to non-resuscitated controls. However, application of SOD-F in conjunction with resuscitation does not improve survival with respect to resuscitation controls (P greater than 0.10, @entity7031 ). Although SOD-F has a vascular half-life advantage over SOD, the improvement in survival is statistically non-significant. Intravascular SORs do not appear to be associated with mortality. SOR release and consequent damage to the vasculature may be preceded by a more significant intracellular damage. Intracellular SOR damage and its association with mortality in @entity548 remains an open issue.

title: XXXX radicals and @entity548 : are intravascular radicals associated with mortality?

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide', 'Superoxide']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

answer: @entity224 :: (MESH:D013481,Chemical) :: ['Superoxide']


abstract: @entity224 radicals (SORs) are formed during @entity548 . However, the association between SOR formation and mortality remains undefined. Would neutralization of SORs during shock improve survival? @entity224 dismutase (SOD) was covalently linked to Ficoll to prolong vascular persistence and ensure ongoing neutralization of intravascular SORs. Six groups of @entity35 were studied. @entity35 were exsanguinated to a mean arterial pressure of 30 Torr, sustained for 60 min. Ficoll linked @entity224 dismutase (SOD-F), 5000 Units + catalase, 150 Units, was suspended in 1 ml of saline and injected following the 60-min @entity551 period. Resuscitation followed for appropriate groups. Pretreated SOD-F @entity35 received a 1-ml bolus prior to exsangination. Pretreatment with SOD-F did not improve survival in non-resuscitated groups despite improvement in vascular circulation (P greater than 0.10, @entity7031 ). In the standard non-resuscitation group, there is also no improvement (P greater than 0.10, @entity7031 ). Resuscitation with or without SOD-F significantly alters survival rates (P less than 0.025) with respect to non-resuscitated controls. However, application of SOD-F in conjunction with resuscitation does not improve survival with respect to resuscitation controls (P greater than 0.10, @entity7031 ). Although SOD-F has a vascular half-life advantage over SOD, the improvement in survival is statistically non-significant. Intravascular SORs do not appear to be associated with mortality. SOR release and consequent damage to the vasculature may be preceded by a more significant intracellular damage. Intracellular SOR damage and its association with mortality in @entity548 remains an open issue.

title: @entity224 radicals and XXXX : are intravascular radicals associated with mortality?

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']


abstract: This study analyzes the complications encountered in the surgical treatment of 17 @entity1 with @entity1823 . All 17 @entity1 sustained either new @entity129 or exacerbation of preexisting palsies. These involved, in descending order of frequency, the @entity2103 , and the hypoglossal nerve. Postoperative palsies of the facial nerve involved 17 @entity1 , as compared to 5 preoperatively. Fifteen @entity1 had postoperative partial or complete paralysis of the vagus nerve as compared to eight preoperatively. Ten @entity1 had postoperative palsies of the hypoglossal nerve as compared to six preoperatively. Other complications included CSF leak, @entity693 , and wound @entity281 . Aspiration and @entity1282 were encountered postoperatively in 13 @entity1 . Teflon injection of paretic vocal cords and cricopharyngeal myotomy effectively improved the ability to swallow and the quality of the voice. Prompt recognition and treatment of complications is essential for effective surgical management of @entity1823 .

title: Complications in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsies']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve, the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity1823 :: ('MESH:D010235', 'Disease') :: ['large glomus jugulare tumors']

answer: @entity1823 :: (MESH:D010235,Disease) :: ['large glomus jugulare tumors']


abstract: Two hundred seven mucinous @entity0 were morphologically classified into two different groups: pure @entity189 consisting only of areas with small epithelial islands of solid @entity5 floating in abundant extracellular @entity3558 , and mixed @entity189 where the @entity5 contains large areas of @entity3558 , as well as areas with infiltrating @entity189 devoid of extracellular @entity3558 . Of the 207 @entity5 , 95 were of the pure type and 112 of the mixed type. The pure and mixed @entity189 differed significantly with respect to a number of prognostic factors, the most important of which was lymph node status. @entity1 with pure @entity189 had significantly fewer lymph node @entity3 at the time of primary operation (P = 0.0001) and a significantly longer recurrence-free survival (P = 0.03) than @entity1 with mixed @entity189 . @entity1 with mixed @entity189 closely resembled @entity1 with @entity513 not otherwise specified (NOS) with respect to both lymph node status and recurrence-free survival. In multivariate analysis, the single most important factor for predicting recurrence-free survival among the 207 @entity1 was lymph node status. However, of 94 pure @entity189 , only 6 had lymph node @entity3 at the time of mastectomy. A detailed morphologic analysis demonstrated that two of these six cases were incorrectly diagnosed as being pure @entity189 --they were actually of the mixed type. In another two of these cases, the @entity3 originated from a co-existent infiltrating @entity513 . Thus, @entity3 to the regional lymph nodes were observed in only two cases of pure @entity189 . It is concluded that the biologic behavior of the pure @entity189 differs from that of both the mixed @entity189 and @entity513 NOS. Thus, a new definition is suggested, in which a @entity189 is classified as such only if it is a pure @entity189 , and mixed @entity189 are classified according to the component without extracellular @entity3558 production.

title: Prognostic factors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'mucinous carcinomas', 'mucinous carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma', 'infiltrating ductal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['primary mucinous breast carcinoma']


abstract: Macrophage activation--enhanced capacity to kill, in a cell that otherwise mostly scavenges--is essential for host survival from infection and contributes to containment of @entity5 . Both microbes and @entity5 cells, therefore, may be under pressure to inhibit or reverse the activation of macrophages. This reasoning led to the demonstration of macrophage deactivating factors from both microbes and @entity5 cells. In some circumstances the host itself probably requires the ability to deactivate macrophages. Macrophages are essential to the healing of wounds and repair of tissues damaged by @entity32 . Yet the cytotoxic products of the activated macrophages can damage endothelium, fibroblasts, smooth muscle and parenchymal cells (reviewed in ref. 6). Thus, after an inflammatory site has been sterilized, the impact of macrophage activation on the host might shift from benefit to detriment. These concepts led us to search for macrophage deactivating effects among polypeptide growth factors that regulate angiogenesis, fibrogenesis and other aspects of tissue repair. Among 11 such factors, two proteins that are 71% similar proved to be potent macrophage deactivators: these are @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) and @entity6474 .

title: Deactivation of macrophages by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-beta 1', 'TGF-beta 1']

answer: @entity2533 :: (7040,Gene) :: ['transforming growth factor-beta']


abstract: @entity4888 ( @entity4888 ) is a @entity784 characterized by multifocal disease and protracted clinical course. The few studies that have assessed T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements (GRs) present at different anatomic sites in @entity4888 have generally reported a common clone. We used a previously validated 4-color polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to assess the size and V-family usage of TCR-gamma GRs in 102 concurrent and/or sequential morphologically involved biopsy specimens (91 skin and 11 lymph nodes) from 39 @entity4888 @entity1 . This assay detected TCR-gamma clonal GRs in 89 samples (87%) from 36 @entity1 (92%). In 24 @entity1 (77%), an identical clonal GR was present in at least 2 skin samples. However, in one third of these @entity1 , additional different clonal GRs were also noted. Four @entity1 (13%) had clonal GRs that were distinct in different skin samples. In 3 @entity1 (10%), no GR was detected in any sample. In a comparison of lymph node and skin samples, 8 @entity1 had the identical clonal GRs at both sites, 2 @entity1 had different clonal GRs, and 1 @entity1 had no GR identified at either site. Independent of clinical stage, @entity1 who had the same GR detected in multiple concurrent biopsy specimens at the time of diagnosis were more likely to have progressive disease than those who had different GRs (P =.04). Four-color TCR-gamma PCR analysis can uncover multiple distinct clonal GRs in different samples consistent with multiclonal or @entity66 in a significant proportion of @entity4888 @entity1 . Demonstration of identical clonal GRs in multiple biopsy specimens at the time of diagnosis may provide prognostic information related to disease progression.

title: Clonal heterogeneity in XXXX and its relationship to clinical course.

entities_list: @entity4888 :: ('MESH:D009182', 'Disease') :: ['MF', 'Mycosis fungoides']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous T-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['oligoclonal disease']

answer: @entity4888 :: (MESH:D009182,Disease) :: ['mycosis fungoides']


abstract: Plasmid clones containing cDNA coding for the B-chain of @entity1 Clq were isolated from a liver cDNA library. The longest cDNA insert isolated contained all the coding sequence for @entity535 residues B1 to B226 plus a 3' non-translated region of 264 nucleotides that extended into the poly(A) tail, thus accounting for 950 nucleotides of the mRNA. The B-chain mRNA was estimated by Northern-blot analysis to be 1.46 kb (kilobases) long, which indicated that approx. 500 bases were not accounted for in the cDNA clone. A cosmid clone containing the @entity71016 chain gene was isolated from a @entity1 genomic DNA library. The precise 5' limit of gene was not established, but from the data available it appears that the gene is approx. 2.6 kb long. The coding sequence for residues B1 to B226 in the gene is interrupted by one intron, of 1.1 kb, which is located within the codon coding for @entity2228 at position B36. This @entity2228 residue is located in the middle of the triple-helical regions found in @entity6300 at exactly the position where there is an unusual structural feature, i.e. a bend in each of the helical regions brought about by the interruption of the @entity4022 -Xaa-Yaa repeating triplet sequences in the A- and C-chains and the presence of an 'extra' triplet in the B-chain. @entity377 sequencing of the 5' end of the gene indicates the presence of a predominantly hydrophobic stretch of 29 @entity1522 , immediately before residue B1, which could serve as a signal peptide.

title: Molecular cloning and characterization of the complementary DNA and gene coding for the B-chain of subcomponent XXXX of the @entity1 complement system.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['Nucleotide']

answer: @entity6300 :: (712,Gene) :: ['C1q']


abstract: Plasmid clones containing cDNA coding for the B-chain of @entity1 Clq were isolated from a liver cDNA library. The longest cDNA insert isolated contained all the coding sequence for @entity535 residues B1 to B226 plus a 3' non-translated region of 264 nucleotides that extended into the poly(A) tail, thus accounting for 950 nucleotides of the mRNA. The B-chain mRNA was estimated by Northern-blot analysis to be 1.46 kb (kilobases) long, which indicated that approx. 500 bases were not accounted for in the cDNA clone. A cosmid clone containing the @entity71016 chain gene was isolated from a @entity1 genomic DNA library. The precise 5' limit of gene was not established, but from the data available it appears that the gene is approx. 2.6 kb long. The coding sequence for residues B1 to B226 in the gene is interrupted by one intron, of 1.1 kb, which is located within the codon coding for @entity2228 at position B36. This @entity2228 residue is located in the middle of the triple-helical regions found in @entity6300 at exactly the position where there is an unusual structural feature, i.e. a bend in each of the helical regions brought about by the interruption of the @entity4022 -Xaa-Yaa repeating triplet sequences in the A- and C-chains and the presence of an 'extra' triplet in the B-chain. @entity377 sequencing of the 5' end of the gene indicates the presence of a predominantly hydrophobic stretch of 29 @entity1522 , immediately before residue B1, which could serve as a signal peptide.

title: Molecular cloning and characterization of the complementary DNA and gene coding for the B-chain of subcomponent @entity6300 of the XXXX complement system.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1988 is the archetype of diseases caused by the deposition of immune complexes. The characteristics which render only a portion of circulating immune complexes nephritogenic are not well delineated, but cat-ionic charge of antigen and/or antibody may contribute. @entity1988 is characterized by extreme diversity of clinical manifestations and pathologic features. Scrupulous monitoring of urinary sediment and renal function tests is necessary to identify renal involvement in a phase which is amenable to therapeutic intervention. Evaluation of renal biopsies also assists in development of indications for therapy. The pathology of @entity1988 is classified primarily as mesangial, focal proliferative, diffuse proliferative, and @entity8 . Indexes of activity and of chronicity provide a succinet description of the balance of reversible and irreversible disease. The activity index incorporates @entity8 , karyorrhexis/fibrinoid @entity39 , leucocyte exudation, hyaline thrombi, cellular crescents, and @entity32 . The chronicity index incorporates @entity8 , fibrous crescents, tubular @entity194 , and @entity82 . Delineation of the activity and chronicity indexes also facilitates the assessment of prognosis and the ordering of indications for therapy.

title: XXXX in systemic lupus erythematosus.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['membranous nephropathy', 'glomerular sclerosis', 'glomerular hypercellularity']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['Lupus nephritis', 'lupus nephritis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Renal disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether alefacept (a fully @entity1 lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 [ @entity7937 ]/IgG1 fusion protein that blocks the @entity7937 / @entity3138 interaction) is able to reduce the signs and symptoms of @entity32 in @entity1 with active @entity5144 ( @entity5144 ). METHODS: Eleven @entity1 with active @entity5144 were treated with alefacept for 12 weeks in an open-label and explorative study. Clinical joint assessment and laboratory assessments were performed at baseline and after 4, 9, 12, and 16 weeks of treatment. Serial synovial tissue (ST) biopsy specimens from an inflamed index joint (knee, ankle, wrist, or metacarpophalangeal joint) were obtained by arthroscopy at baseline and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: At the completion of treatment, 6 of 11 @entity1 (55%) fulfilled the Disease Activity Score (DAS) response criteria. Nine @entity1 (82%) fulfilled the DAS response criteria at any point during the study. There was a statistically significant reduction in @entity404 + lymphocytes (P < 0.05), @entity405 + lymphocytes (P = 0.05), and CD68+ macrophages (P < 0.02) in the ST after 12 weeks of treatment compared with baseline. The ST and peripheral blood of those @entity1 fulfilling the DAS response criteria contained more CD45RO+ cells at baseline and displayed a significant reduction in these cells compared with nonresponding @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The changes in ST, together with the improvement in clinical joint scores, after treatment with alefacept support the hypothesis that T cell activation plays an important role in this chronic inflammatory disease. Furthermore, since alefacept, a T cell-specific agent, led to decreased macrophage infiltration, the data indicate that T cells are highly involved in @entity32 in @entity5144 .

title: Alefacept treatment in XXXX : reduction of the effector T cell population in peripheral blood and synovial tissue is associated with improvement of clinical signs of arthritis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['joint inflammation', 'synovial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5144 :: ('MESH:D015535', 'Disease') :: ['PsA', 'psoriatic arthritis']

answer: @entity5144 :: (MESH:D015535,Disease) :: ['psoriatic arthritis']


abstract: We have reported that the divalent cation ionophore @entity3365 , like the beta-adrenergic agonist @entity3044 , increased the force of contraction and rate of relaxation and shortened the duration of contraction of papillary muscles isolated from @entity840 . @entity3365 produced a fall in resting tension and decreased the contracture tension of K +/- depolarized muscles, as did @entity3044 . In the present studies, @entity3044 produced a concentration-dependent, rapid, and sustained increase in the @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) content of papillary muscle. In contrast, @entity3365 had no detectable effect on @entity268 levels, even in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, @entity3302 . Neither drug, at concentrations maximal for contractile effects, altered @entity8262 ( @entity6708 ). @entity3044 increased the @entity268 -dependent protein kinase activity ratio, whereas @entity3365 did not change the activity of this enzyme. However, both @entity3365 and @entity3044 produced a concentration-dependent increase in phosphorylase activity. Concentrations of @entity3365 or @entity3044 that enhanced contractility maximally increased the alkali-labile @entity1391 (by ca. 35%) but were without effect on the acid-labile, alkali-stable @entity1391 in the total acid precipitable protein. Contractile effects of @entity3044 , which reflect activated @entity141 uptake, and the increase in phosphorylase activity produced by this agent are believed to be due to an increase in @entity268 with subsequent activation of @entity268 -dependent protein kinases and phosphorylation of proteins. @entity3365 may produce similar contractile effects without an increase in @entity268 or @entity268 -dependent protein kinase activity by activating other protein kinases and/or inhibiting phosphoprotein phosphatases, most likely by its effects on intracellular @entity460 .

title: Biochemical changes accompanying enhanced cardiac contractility by ionophore XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8262 :: ('MESH:D006152', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic GMP']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity3302 :: ('MESH:D010208', 'Chemical') :: ['papaverine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoproterenol', 'isoproterenol']

answer: @entity3365 :: (MESH:D000001,Chemical) :: ['A23187']


abstract: The mode of action of @entity4545 (ACTH) treatment in exacerbating @entity15 was studied by short-term infusions of agents that mimic specific and limited pharmacological actions of ACTH and observing for temporally phase-locked clinical changes. The study was double blinded, and agents were administered while the @entity1 were being treated with a standard course of 10-day intramuscular ACTH therapy (40 U twice daily). Antiedema, @entity14645 , extraadrenal, and @entity1372 -retaining actions were studied using infusions of @entity2656 , @entity4388 , ACTH, and @entity2827 , respectively. Seven of 8 @entity1 receiving placebo infusions (2.5% @entity413 ) showed no significant clinical change and 1 exhibited an equivocal improvement. Five of 9 @entity1 receiving @entity2656 showed definite signs of clinical improvement phase-locked to drug administration, with subsequent gradual reversal to baseline. Similar improvements occurred with infusions of @entity5993 in 5 of 8 @entity1 and of ACTH in 4 of 8 @entity1 . Three of 7 @entity1 given @entity1219 infusion showed possible mild improvements. The results indicate that @entity2656 and @entity5993 induced transient acute improvement in signs at the 95% confidence level in @entity1 with exacerbating @entity15 , with ACTH having a similar effect at the 90% confidence level. These agents mimic some of the known effects of ACTH, which may be important in the therapeutic action of ACTH in @entity15 . A possible role for @entity2656 and high-dose ACTH in the treatment of @entity17 disease warrants further study.

title: Acute improvement in exacerbating XXXX produced by intravenous administration of @entity2656 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4545 :: ('5443', 'Gene') :: ['adrenocorticotropic hormone']

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating']

entities_list: @entity14645 :: ('MESH:C562689', 'Disease') :: ['alkalotic-hypocalcemic']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: The mode of action of @entity4545 (ACTH) treatment in exacerbating @entity15 was studied by short-term infusions of agents that mimic specific and limited pharmacological actions of ACTH and observing for temporally phase-locked clinical changes. The study was double blinded, and agents were administered while the @entity1 were being treated with a standard course of 10-day intramuscular ACTH therapy (40 U twice daily). Antiedema, @entity14645 , extraadrenal, and @entity1372 -retaining actions were studied using infusions of @entity2656 , @entity4388 , ACTH, and @entity2827 , respectively. Seven of 8 @entity1 receiving placebo infusions (2.5% @entity413 ) showed no significant clinical change and 1 exhibited an equivocal improvement. Five of 9 @entity1 receiving @entity2656 showed definite signs of clinical improvement phase-locked to drug administration, with subsequent gradual reversal to baseline. Similar improvements occurred with infusions of @entity5993 in 5 of 8 @entity1 and of ACTH in 4 of 8 @entity1 . Three of 7 @entity1 given @entity1219 infusion showed possible mild improvements. The results indicate that @entity2656 and @entity5993 induced transient acute improvement in signs at the 95% confidence level in @entity1 with exacerbating @entity15 , with ACTH having a similar effect at the 90% confidence level. These agents mimic some of the known effects of ACTH, which may be important in the therapeutic action of ACTH in @entity15 . A possible role for @entity2656 and high-dose ACTH in the treatment of @entity17 disease warrants further study.

title: Acute improvement in exacerbating @entity15 produced by intravenous administration of XXXX .

answer: @entity2656 :: (MESH:D008353,Chemical) :: ['mannitol']


abstract: @entity5136 is a new @entity22461 with activity against gram-positive cocci. We determined the in vivo activity of @entity5136 against four strains of @entity794 (two @entity3256 -susceptible @entity794 [MSSA] strains and two @entity3256 -resistant @entity794 strains) and one @entity114 -susceptible @entity328 (PSSP) strain, two @entity114 -intermediate @entity2260 strains, and five @entity114 -resistant @entity2260 strains. The @entity19 had 10(6.3) to 10(7.7) CFU/thigh before therapy and were then treated for 24 h with 5 to 1,280 mg of @entity5136 /kg divided into 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 doses. The killing activities after 4 h of therapy ranged from 2.4 to 5.0 log(10) CFU/thigh against @entity2260 and 1.35 to 2.2 log(10) CFU/thigh against @entity794 . Increasing doses produced minimal concentration-dependent killing; doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg produced no in vivo postantibiotic effects (PAEs) with PSSP and modest PAEs (3.4 and 3.2 h) with MSSA. Pharmacokinetic studies at doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis exhibited peak dose values of 0.68 and 0.71 and elimination half-lives of 1.02 and 1.00 h. @entity5136 MICs ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 micro g/ml for @entity2260 and from 1.0 to 4.0 micro g/ml for @entity794 . A sigmoid dose-response model was used to estimate the dose required to achieve a net bacteriostatic effect over 24 h. Static doses against @entity2260 ranged from 22.2 to 97.1 mg/kg/24 h and from 133 to 167 mg/kg/24 h for @entity794 . The 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC ratio was the major parameter determining the efficacy of @entity5136 against PSSP (R(2) = 82% for AUC/MIC versus 57% for T>MIC and 59% for the peak level in serum/MIC [peak/MIC]). It was difficult to determine the most relevant pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter with @entity794 , although the outcomes correlated slightly better with the 24-h AUC/MIC ratio (R(2) = 75%) than with the other parameters (T>MIC R(2) = 75% and peak/MIC R(2) = 65%). The 24-h AUC/MIC ratio required for a bacteriostatic effect with @entity5136 varied from 22 to 97 (mean = 48) for pneumococci and from 39 to 167 (mean = 83) for staphylococci. Based upon a pharmacokinetic goal of a 24-h AUC/MIC of 50 to 100, a dosage regimen of 600 mg given either intravenously or orally twice daily would achieve success against organisms with MICs as high as 2 to 4 micro g/ml.

title: In vivo pharmacodynamics of a new XXXX ( @entity5136 ).

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['methicillin']

entities_list: @entity22461 :: ('CHEBI:55374', 'Chemical') :: ['oxazolidinone']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity5136 :: ('MESH:C098010', 'Chemical') :: ['linezolid', 'Linezolid']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity22461 :: (CHEBI:55374,Chemical) :: ['oxazolidinone']


abstract: @entity5136 is a new @entity22461 with activity against gram-positive cocci. We determined the in vivo activity of @entity5136 against four strains of @entity794 (two @entity3256 -susceptible @entity794 [MSSA] strains and two @entity3256 -resistant @entity794 strains) and one @entity114 -susceptible @entity328 (PSSP) strain, two @entity114 -intermediate @entity2260 strains, and five @entity114 -resistant @entity2260 strains. The @entity19 had 10(6.3) to 10(7.7) CFU/thigh before therapy and were then treated for 24 h with 5 to 1,280 mg of @entity5136 /kg divided into 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 doses. The killing activities after 4 h of therapy ranged from 2.4 to 5.0 log(10) CFU/thigh against @entity2260 and 1.35 to 2.2 log(10) CFU/thigh against @entity794 . Increasing doses produced minimal concentration-dependent killing; doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg produced no in vivo postantibiotic effects (PAEs) with PSSP and modest PAEs (3.4 and 3.2 h) with MSSA. Pharmacokinetic studies at doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis exhibited peak dose values of 0.68 and 0.71 and elimination half-lives of 1.02 and 1.00 h. @entity5136 MICs ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 micro g/ml for @entity2260 and from 1.0 to 4.0 micro g/ml for @entity794 . A sigmoid dose-response model was used to estimate the dose required to achieve a net bacteriostatic effect over 24 h. Static doses against @entity2260 ranged from 22.2 to 97.1 mg/kg/24 h and from 133 to 167 mg/kg/24 h for @entity794 . The 24-h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC ratio was the major parameter determining the efficacy of @entity5136 against PSSP (R(2) = 82% for AUC/MIC versus 57% for T>MIC and 59% for the peak level in serum/MIC [peak/MIC]). It was difficult to determine the most relevant pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter with @entity794 , although the outcomes correlated slightly better with the 24-h AUC/MIC ratio (R(2) = 75%) than with the other parameters (T>MIC R(2) = 75% and peak/MIC R(2) = 65%). The 24-h AUC/MIC ratio required for a bacteriostatic effect with @entity5136 varied from 22 to 97 (mean = 48) for pneumococci and from 39 to 167 (mean = 83) for staphylococci. Based upon a pharmacokinetic goal of a 24-h AUC/MIC of 50 to 100, a dosage regimen of 600 mg given either intravenously or orally twice daily would achieve success against organisms with MICs as high as 2 to 4 micro g/ml.

title: In vivo pharmacodynamics of a new @entity22461 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity5136 :: (MESH:C098010,Chemical) :: ['linezolid']


abstract: The @entity778 (HSV) through neural tissues was studied in three inbred @entity19 strains that differ in susceptibility to @entity1034 . The left eyes of BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 @entity19 were inoculated topically with @entity778 . The optic and trigeminal nerves, trigeminal ganglia, and eyes were assayed for infectious @entity778 on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11 and 14 after inoculation. At 2-4 months post-inoculation, eyes and trigeminal ganglia were assayed for latent @entity778 . Up to 7 days post-inoculation, infectious @entity778 was present at a similar frequency in the inoculated eyes of @entity19 from all three strains. The quantity of @entity778 recovered, however, was @entity19 -dependent: DBA @entity19 yielded the most @entity778 ; C57BL/6, the least. The frequency of @entity778 recovery and the quantity of @entity778 recovered from trigeminal nerves and ganglia also varied according to @entity19 . @entity778 was recovered from the uninoculated right eye of some @entity7840 and C57BL/6 @entity19 1 wk after inoculation. The overall incidence of latency differed among inbred @entity19 strains. However, in @entity19 that developed @entity2194 ( @entity14985 , @entity2343 , or @entity1036 ), there was no host strain-related difference in the incidence of latency. These results support the hypothesis that host genetic factors play a role in controlling HSV replication and the spread of @entity778 to neural tissues after ocular HSV inoculation. This control may influence the development and severity of disease. However, once infection occurs, latency is established in both susceptible and resistant @entity19 strains.

title: Spread of HSV and establishment of latency after corneal infection in inbred XXXX .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus', 'spread of herpes simplex virus', 'HSV type 1', 'Infectious virus']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular disease']

entities_list: @entity1034 :: ('MESH:D016849', 'Disease') :: ['HSV stromal keratitis']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['stromal keratitis']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'mouse strain']

entities_list: @entity14985 :: ('MESH:D001762', 'Disease') :: ['blepharitis']

entities_list: @entity2343 :: ('MESH:D007635', 'Disease') :: ['dendritic keratitis']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: @entity1426 is metabolized to @entity4352 (LT) B4, C4, D4, and E4 by lipoxygenase. LTB4 is a chemotactic agent while LTC4 and LTD4 stimulate smooth muscle fibers to contract. Mesenteric vessels have the capacity to release @entity4443 . The possibility that leukotrienes might be responsible for or contribute to @entity5327 during mesenteric low flow, @entity887 , and @entity715 prompted us to investigate their action on mesenteric vessels. LTB4, C4, and D4 were applied topically on small bowel mesentery of 22 @entity35 in sequentially increasing concentrations. Mesenteric arterioles with diameters of 8-20 microns were observed through a microscope and vessel diameters were measured using a video shear monitor. LTB4 had no effect on diameter, but doses as low as 3 X 10(-8) M induced white blood cell adherence to venular endothelium, reflecting the potent chemotactic properties of this compound. LTC4 and D4 had no effect on systemic blood pressure or white blood cell adherence. Applications of 6.4 X 10(-9), 3.2 X 10(-8), and 6.4 X 10(-8) M LTC4 decreased mesenteric arteriolar diameter to 85.3* +/- 4.7% (mean +/- SD), 75.7* +/- 7.5%, and 66.8* +/- 6.1% of baseline, and 4 X 10(-9), 2 X 10(-8), and 4 X 10(-8) M LTD4 decreased diameter to 84.9* +/- 6.1%, 75.1* +/- 4.2%, and 64.1* +/- 5% of baseline, respectively (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4 on XXXX mesenteric microcirculation.

entities_list: @entity4443 :: ('MESH:D015289', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotrienes']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['Arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity4352 :: ('CHEBI:25029', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotriene']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity5327 :: ('MESH:D065666', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric ischemia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Angiotensin converting enzyme was localized in @entity35 brain by quantitative in vitro autoradiography using an [125I]labelled converting enzyme inhibitor called "351A". This radioligand was found to bind with high affinity and specificity to angiotensin converting enzyme. Very high levels of converting enzyme were observed in the ventricular choroid plexus, ependyma of all ventricles and large and medium blood vessels, subfornical organ, and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. High levels of converting enzyme were found in the basal ganglia including caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, entopenduncular nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. The neurosecretory nuclei, paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus, as well as the median eminence and posterior pituitary displayed high levels of the enzyme. In the amygdala, basolateral, lateral, basomedial, medial and anterior cortical nuclei showed moderate converting enzyme activity. The medial habenula and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus showed high levels of activity. In the cerebellum, dense labelling was observed in the Purkinje cell layer. Moderate levels of converting enzyme occurred in the gelatinosus subnucleus of the caudal part of the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal. There was a close correspondence between the distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme and @entity1808 in the neurosecretory nuclei (paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei) and median eminence and this suggests a role of angiotensin converting enzyme in the production of @entity1808 in this system. There was also a good correspondence between the distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme and @entity1808 in the subfornical organ, median preoptic nucleus, and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, structures abutting the anterior wall of the third ventricle which are implicated in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. A striking discrepancy occurs in the basal ganglia which is reported to contain very little @entity1808 or @entity1808 receptors but is very rich in angiotensin converting enzyme. It is concluded that the enzyme may act to convert circulating @entity4689 to @entity1808 in circumventricular organs; generate intraneuronal @entity1808 in pathways such as the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract; and process neuropeptides other than @entity1808 in regions such as basal ganglia.

title: Angiotensin converting enzyme in XXXX brain visualized by quantitative in vitro autoradiography.

entities_list: @entity4689 :: ('MESH:D000803', 'Chemical') :: ['angiotensin I']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: We analyzed the possible risk factors for metachronous @entity694 after endoscopic resection of @entity5 . METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-one @entity1 entered the surveillance study after colonoscopic resection of @entity5 between 1985 and 1999. Histology of @entity5 was @entity652 in 214 @entity1 and @entity189 in 107 @entity1 . @entity5 was observed in 196 @entity1 and @entity5 in 125 at initial endoscopy. The median surveillance period was 39 (range, 12-112) months, and the median frequency of surveillance colonoscopy was three (range, 2-10) times. RESULTS: @entity34 were identified in 114 of 321 surveillance cases (36%). In the 114 cases, the number of @entity1 with metachronous @entity652 was 103 (90%) and that of @entity189 was 11 (10%). Clinical characteristics at entry - including age, gender, multiplicity of polyp, histology of polyp, and site of polyp - were not different between @entity1 with @entity5 and those without @entity5 . Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that @entity1 with a histology of @entity189 and those with @entity1127 at entry developed @entity5 significantly earlier than did @entity1 with initial @entity652 and @entity1127 , respectively ( P<0.001, P<0.001). However, other characteristics at entry did not produce significant differences in the rate of the development of @entity5 using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Proportional hazards model analysis revealed that histology of the initial @entity5 as @entity189 (relative risk, 1.690, 95% confidence interval, 1.118-2.555) and multiplicity (1.472, 1011-2.143) were significant risk factors for metachronous @entity694 . The 75%, 50%, and 25% metachronous @entity5 -free periods after initial polypectomy were 14, 21, and 39 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results may help optimizing surveillance strategies for metachronous @entity694 and raising the economic benefit of colonoscopy.

title: Metachronous XXXX : risk factors and rationale for the surveillance colonoscopy after initial polypectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['multiple polyps', 'initial solitary polyp']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'multiple tumors', 'metachronous tumors', 'initial tumors', 'Solitary tumor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon tumors']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['Metachronous neoplasms']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon tumors']


abstract: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the interest of using @entity5 -infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) as adjuvant therapy for stage III (regional lymph nodes) @entity320 . After lymph node excision, @entity1 without any detectable @entity3 were randomly assigned to receive either TIL plus @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) for 2 months, or @entity1199 only. The primary endpoint was determination of the duration of the relapse-free interval. Eighty-eight @entity1 determined as eligible for treatment were enrolled in the study. After a median follow-up of 46.9 months, for the study population the analysis did not show a significant extension of the relapse-free interval or overall survival. However, a significant interaction ( P<0.001) was found between the treatment and the number of invaded lymph nodes. In the group with only one invaded lymph node, the estimated relapse rate was significantly lower ( P(adjusted)=0.0285) and the overall survival was increased ( P(adjusted)=0.039) in the TIL+ @entity1199 arm compared with the @entity1199 only arm. No differences between the two arms, either as regards the duration of disease-free survival or overall survival, were noted in the group with more than one invaded lymph node whatever the number of invaded lymph nodes. Treatment was compatible with normal daily activity. This study demonstrates for the first time that the efficiency of TIL in @entity9910 (AJCC) is directly related to the number of invaded lymph nodes, indicating that @entity5 burden might be a crucial factor in the efficacy and/or in vitro expansion of T cells specific for autologous @entity5 antigen, a finding which could be of value in future vaccine development for the treatment of @entity320 .

title: Randomized trial of adoptive transfer of XXXX -infiltrating lymphocytes as adjuvant therapy for @entity9910 .

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity9910 :: ('MESH:C563985', 'Disease') :: ['stage III melanoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma tumor']


abstract: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the interest of using @entity5 -infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) as adjuvant therapy for stage III (regional lymph nodes) @entity320 . After lymph node excision, @entity1 without any detectable @entity3 were randomly assigned to receive either TIL plus @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) for 2 months, or @entity1199 only. The primary endpoint was determination of the duration of the relapse-free interval. Eighty-eight @entity1 determined as eligible for treatment were enrolled in the study. After a median follow-up of 46.9 months, for the study population the analysis did not show a significant extension of the relapse-free interval or overall survival. However, a significant interaction ( P<0.001) was found between the treatment and the number of invaded lymph nodes. In the group with only one invaded lymph node, the estimated relapse rate was significantly lower ( P(adjusted)=0.0285) and the overall survival was increased ( P(adjusted)=0.039) in the TIL+ @entity1199 arm compared with the @entity1199 only arm. No differences between the two arms, either as regards the duration of disease-free survival or overall survival, were noted in the group with more than one invaded lymph node whatever the number of invaded lymph nodes. Treatment was compatible with normal daily activity. This study demonstrates for the first time that the efficiency of TIL in @entity9910 (AJCC) is directly related to the number of invaded lymph nodes, indicating that @entity5 burden might be a crucial factor in the efficacy and/or in vitro expansion of T cells specific for autologous @entity5 antigen, a finding which could be of value in future vaccine development for the treatment of @entity320 .

title: Randomized trial of adoptive transfer of @entity320 -infiltrating lymphocytes as adjuvant therapy for XXXX .

answer: @entity9910 :: (MESH:C563985,Disease) :: ['stage III melanoma']


abstract: Sympathetic nervous system activity and myocardial response to adrenergic stimulation were studied in the @entity35 during endotoxicosis. Plasma @entity413 concentration, adrenal @entity1063 (NE) and @entity1425 (E) content, spleen NE content, and myocardial NE and @entity268 content were analyzed in fed @entity35 given saline or endotoxin ( @entity47211 , 16.7 mg/kg). Values were determined at various times during a 6-hour period or at the agonal stage of shock. Myocardial @entity268 content was reduced by 1 hour, recovered at 4 hours, and was again @entity308 at the agonal stage. In addition, @entity3044 -stimulated @entity268 production in ventricular slices from ETOX @entity35 was attenuated by 3 hours after administration. These data suggest that myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor mechanisms are altered during endotoxicosis, which may account for reports of decreased functional responsiveness to @entity2661 under similar conditions. At 1 hour after ETOX, adrenal NE did not change, but E was depleted and remained low throughout the period. By 2 hours, spleen NE was also found depleted. Myocardial NE did not change until the agonal stage, when it was severely @entity308 . This implies that there may be nonuniform activation (duration and/or intensity) of sympathetic pathways during endotoxicosis.

title: Beta-adrenergic stimulation of myocardial cyclic AMP in endotoxic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Methods to detect endotoxin in @entity1 plasma for LAL testing have been developed by use of a @entity9901 ( @entity4901 ) or a @entity6146 ( @entity13799 ) treatment. These acid oxidative treatments eliminate interferences present in plasma. The mode of action of the acids for the elimination of the interferences is indicated to be by their oxidative actions. The treated plasma is assayed by use of an automated microtiter plate-chromogenic substrate LAL assay method employing a modified Cetus Pro/Pette EXPRESS system. The automated system assays 96 samples in approximately 22 minutes. Assay sensitivity of the automated Pro/Pette system is approximately 0.01 endotoxin units (EU) per ml with a linear range from 0.03 to 0.14 EU/ml. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the assay system is approximately 6%. The improved precision of the LAL assay by the automated system has been attributed to its fast speed (2 minutes) in dispensing the unstable LAL reagent to all 96 samples in one assay block. The total operation, including the acid oxidative treatments and the 96 sample LAL assay, takes approximately 45 minutes. The recovery of spiked endotoxin from plasma ranged from 75 to approximately 100% by adding 0.4 ml of either 0.1-0.2 N @entity4901 or 0.2-0.35 N TFA to 0.2 ml plasma and reacting for 15 minutes at 37 degrees C. The standard deviation of the assay is approximately 0.1 EU/ml plasma. The method has been proven to be rugged, simple, rapid, and cost effective thus would be suitable for clinical application.

title: Recovery of endotoxin from XXXX plasma by acid oxidative treatments as monitored by an automated microtiter plate-chromogenic substrate Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay method.

entities_list: @entity6146 :: ('MESH:D014269', 'Chemical') :: ['trifluoroacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity9901 :: ('MESH:D010472', 'Chemical') :: ['perchloric acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) investigated the use of @entity8712 as an @entity519 cell sensitizer in a Phase III prospective randomized trial employing radiotherapy, 600 cGy twice weekly to a total of 3600 cGy with and without @entity8712 in the treatment of locally advanced non-metastatic squamous cell, adeno, or large cell @entity2 . Between January 1980 and July 1983, 117 @entity1 from 21 institutions were enrolled. One-hundred eight @entity1 were evaluable; 53 in the combined treatment arm and 55 in the radiation alone arm. Grade 3 or worse complications associated with radiation occurred in 17% of @entity1 . Esophageal @entity137 accounted for the majority of complications. Two (4%) @entity1 in the radiotherapy plus @entity8712 group experienced grade 3 peripheral @entity2359 . Complete or partial responses were produced in 58% of the @entity1 with radiotherapy alone and 36% of those treated with radiotherapy plus @entity8712 (p = 0.08). At the time of first progression, over 50% of the @entity1 had persistent @entity66 . Median survival was 7 months regardless of treatment. @entity8712 in the dose and schedule employed did not enhance the effect of radiotherapy on either @entity5 control or overall survival in @entity1 with advanced @entity2 .

title: Large fraction irradiation with or without @entity8712 in advanced non-oat cell XXXX : a phase III randomized trial of the RTOG. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity8712 :: ('MESH:D008920', 'Chemical') :: ['misonidazole', 'Misonidazole']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['local disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['local tumor']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the lung']


abstract: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) investigated the use of @entity8712 as an @entity519 cell sensitizer in a Phase III prospective randomized trial employing radiotherapy, 600 cGy twice weekly to a total of 3600 cGy with and without @entity8712 in the treatment of locally advanced non-metastatic squamous cell, adeno, or large cell @entity2 . Between January 1980 and July 1983, 117 @entity1 from 21 institutions were enrolled. One-hundred eight @entity1 were evaluable; 53 in the combined treatment arm and 55 in the radiation alone arm. Grade 3 or worse complications associated with radiation occurred in 17% of @entity1 . Esophageal @entity137 accounted for the majority of complications. Two (4%) @entity1 in the radiotherapy plus @entity8712 group experienced grade 3 peripheral @entity2359 . Complete or partial responses were produced in 58% of the @entity1 with radiotherapy alone and 36% of those treated with radiotherapy plus @entity8712 (p = 0.08). At the time of first progression, over 50% of the @entity1 had persistent @entity66 . Median survival was 7 months regardless of treatment. @entity8712 in the dose and schedule employed did not enhance the effect of radiotherapy on either @entity5 control or overall survival in @entity1 with advanced @entity2 .

title: Large fraction irradiation with or without XXXX in advanced non-oat cell @entity2 : a phase III randomized trial of the RTOG. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.

answer: @entity8712 :: (MESH:D008920,Chemical) :: ['misonidazole']