abstract: Surgical @entity1173 and/or drainage of @entity867 is considered to be the first-line treatment for @entity733 larger than 25 mm. This is ususally performed with the aid of CT-guided stereotaxy. A method of ultrasound guidance is presented that allows a single burr hole approach with real-time imaging of the whole procedure. A bayonet-like shaped ultrasound probe with tip dimension of 8 x 8 mm only (EUP-NS 32, Hitachi/Ecoscan) with frequencies of 3.5 and 5 MHz is used. After placement of a burr hole the target is identified by transdural insonation, a guideline is adjusted and a mounted puncture-adapter guides the cannula towards the lesion under real-time imaging control. Up to now 12 @entity733 in 10 @entity1 were treated. Visualization was always excellent. A second @entity1173 had to be performed twice. One abscess did not contain enough pus to be cured by @entity1173 and was removed by open surgery, another could not be tapped by the blunt cannula and was aspirated under stereotactic control using a sharp trocar. Outcome was excellent in 6 @entity1 and fair in 2 @entity1 but this was due to the pre-existing disease. Two @entity1 admitted in deep @entity772 died despite an emergency operation. The presented method has proven to be a very powerful guiding tool in the surgical treatment of @entity867 through a single burr hole approach.

title: Ultrasound-guided XXXX of @entity867 through a single burr hole.

answer: @entity1173 :: (MESH:D053120,Disease) :: ['aspiration']


abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity7765 ( @entity7312 ) for the treatment of @entity150 in terms of its anti- @entity5 effect and side effect. We administered @entity7312 to 22 @entity1 with superficial @entity150 intravesically and measured the @entity7312 concentration in the @entity5 tissues. @entity1 were divided into 3 groups by retention time; 8 for 30 minutes, 8 for 1 hour and 7 for 2 hours. Tumor tissues were obtained by transurethral resection 30 min., 1 or 2 hours after the intravesical instillation of @entity7312 at the fixed concentrations of 30 mg/30 ml. There was no significant difference in @entity7312 concentration between 3 groups. This indicates that the anti- @entity5 effect of intravesical instillation of the @entity7312 would be expected by only 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity7312 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml. Then, we administered 30 mg/30 ml of @entity7312 solution for 30 min. to 10 @entity1 intravesically 6 times every 48 hours to investigate its clinical anti- @entity5 effect and side effect. There were 2 complete responses, 3 partial responses and 5 cases with no changes for a total response rate of 50%. No side effect was observed. It is considered that 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity7312 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml would be appropriate in terms of its anti- @entity5 effect and side effect.

title: [Appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity7765 concentration based on its level in @entity5 tissue, anti- @entity5 effect and side effect in intravesical instillation therapy for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7765 :: ('MESH:C027260', 'Chemical') :: ['pirarubicin']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumor']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumor']


abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity7765 ( @entity7312 ) for the treatment of @entity150 in terms of its anti- @entity5 effect and side effect. We administered @entity7312 to 22 @entity1 with superficial @entity150 intravesically and measured the @entity7312 concentration in the @entity5 tissues. @entity1 were divided into 3 groups by retention time; 8 for 30 minutes, 8 for 1 hour and 7 for 2 hours. Tumor tissues were obtained by transurethral resection 30 min., 1 or 2 hours after the intravesical instillation of @entity7312 at the fixed concentrations of 30 mg/30 ml. There was no significant difference in @entity7312 concentration between 3 groups. This indicates that the anti- @entity5 effect of intravesical instillation of the @entity7312 would be expected by only 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity7312 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml. Then, we administered 30 mg/30 ml of @entity7312 solution for 30 min. to 10 @entity1 intravesically 6 times every 48 hours to investigate its clinical anti- @entity5 effect and side effect. There were 2 complete responses, 3 partial responses and 5 cases with no changes for a total response rate of 50%. No side effect was observed. It is considered that 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity7312 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml would be appropriate in terms of its anti- @entity5 effect and side effect.

title: [Appropriate intravesical retention time of XXXX concentration based on its level in @entity5 tissue, anti- @entity5 effect and side effect in intravesical instillation therapy for @entity150 ].

answer: @entity7765 :: (MESH:C027260,Chemical) :: ['pirarubicin']


abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity7765 ( @entity7312 ) for the treatment of @entity150 in terms of its anti- @entity5 effect and side effect. We administered @entity7312 to 22 @entity1 with superficial @entity150 intravesically and measured the @entity7312 concentration in the @entity5 tissues. @entity1 were divided into 3 groups by retention time; 8 for 30 minutes, 8 for 1 hour and 7 for 2 hours. Tumor tissues were obtained by transurethral resection 30 min., 1 or 2 hours after the intravesical instillation of @entity7312 at the fixed concentrations of 30 mg/30 ml. There was no significant difference in @entity7312 concentration between 3 groups. This indicates that the anti- @entity5 effect of intravesical instillation of the @entity7312 would be expected by only 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity7312 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml. Then, we administered 30 mg/30 ml of @entity7312 solution for 30 min. to 10 @entity1 intravesically 6 times every 48 hours to investigate its clinical anti- @entity5 effect and side effect. There were 2 complete responses, 3 partial responses and 5 cases with no changes for a total response rate of 50%. No side effect was observed. It is considered that 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity7312 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml would be appropriate in terms of its anti- @entity5 effect and side effect.

title: [Appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity7765 concentration based on its level in XXXX tissue, anti- @entity5 effect and side effect in intravesical instillation therapy for @entity150 ].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity7765 ( @entity7312 ) for the treatment of @entity150 in terms of its anti- @entity5 effect and side effect. We administered @entity7312 to 22 @entity1 with superficial @entity150 intravesically and measured the @entity7312 concentration in the @entity5 tissues. @entity1 were divided into 3 groups by retention time; 8 for 30 minutes, 8 for 1 hour and 7 for 2 hours. Tumor tissues were obtained by transurethral resection 30 min., 1 or 2 hours after the intravesical instillation of @entity7312 at the fixed concentrations of 30 mg/30 ml. There was no significant difference in @entity7312 concentration between 3 groups. This indicates that the anti- @entity5 effect of intravesical instillation of the @entity7312 would be expected by only 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity7312 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml. Then, we administered 30 mg/30 ml of @entity7312 solution for 30 min. to 10 @entity1 intravesically 6 times every 48 hours to investigate its clinical anti- @entity5 effect and side effect. There were 2 complete responses, 3 partial responses and 5 cases with no changes for a total response rate of 50%. No side effect was observed. It is considered that 30 min. of intravesical retention time at the @entity7312 concentration of 30 mg/30 ml would be appropriate in terms of its anti- @entity5 effect and side effect.

title: [Appropriate intravesical retention time of @entity7765 concentration based on its level in @entity5 tissue, anti- XXXX effect and side effect in intravesical instillation therapy for @entity150 ].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Erysipelas is a @entity272 generally caused by group A streptococci. Although @entity114 is the drug of choice, some physicians tend to treat @entity13171 with antibiotics other than @entity114 . OBJECTIVES: To define the pattern of antibiotic use, factors affecting antibiotic selection, and outcome of @entity1 treated with @entity114 versus those treated with other antimicrobial agents. METHODS: A retrospective review of charts of adult @entity1 with discharge diagnosis of @entity13171 was conducted for the years 1993-1996. RESULTS: The study group comprised 365 @entity1 (median age 67 years). In 76% of the cases @entity281 involved the leg/s. Predisposing condition/s were present in 82% of cases. Microorganisms were isolated from blood cultures in only 6 of 176 cases (3%), and Streptococcus spp. was recovered in four of these six @entity1 . Cultures from skin specimens were positive in 3 of 23 cases. @entity114 alone was given to 164 @entity1 (45%). Other antibiotics were more commonly used in the second half of the study period (P < 0.0001) in @entity1 with underlying conditions (P = 0.06) and in those hospitalized in the dermatology ward (P < 0.0001). Hospitalization was significantly shorter in the @entity114 group (P = 0.004). There were no in-hospital deaths. CONCLUSIONS: We found no advantage in using antibiotics other than @entity114 for treating @entity13171 . The low yield of skin and blood cultures and their marginal impact on management, as well as the excellent outcome suggest that this @entity281 can probably be treated empirically on an outpatient basis.

title: Antibiotic use in @entity1 with XXXX : a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['Penicillin', 'penicillin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin infection']

entities_list: @entity13171 :: ('MESH:D004886', 'Disease') :: ['erysipelas']

answer: @entity13171 :: (MESH:D004886,Disease) :: ['erysipelas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Erysipelas is a @entity272 generally caused by group A streptococci. Although @entity114 is the drug of choice, some physicians tend to treat @entity13171 with antibiotics other than @entity114 . OBJECTIVES: To define the pattern of antibiotic use, factors affecting antibiotic selection, and outcome of @entity1 treated with @entity114 versus those treated with other antimicrobial agents. METHODS: A retrospective review of charts of adult @entity1 with discharge diagnosis of @entity13171 was conducted for the years 1993-1996. RESULTS: The study group comprised 365 @entity1 (median age 67 years). In 76% of the cases @entity281 involved the leg/s. Predisposing condition/s were present in 82% of cases. Microorganisms were isolated from blood cultures in only 6 of 176 cases (3%), and Streptococcus spp. was recovered in four of these six @entity1 . Cultures from skin specimens were positive in 3 of 23 cases. @entity114 alone was given to 164 @entity1 (45%). Other antibiotics were more commonly used in the second half of the study period (P < 0.0001) in @entity1 with underlying conditions (P = 0.06) and in those hospitalized in the dermatology ward (P < 0.0001). Hospitalization was significantly shorter in the @entity114 group (P = 0.004). There were no in-hospital deaths. CONCLUSIONS: We found no advantage in using antibiotics other than @entity114 for treating @entity13171 . The low yield of skin and blood cultures and their marginal impact on management, as well as the excellent outcome suggest that this @entity281 can probably be treated empirically on an outpatient basis.

title: Antibiotic use in XXXX with @entity13171 : a retrospective study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Sensory inputs from the whiskers reach the primary somatosensory thalamus through the medial lemniscus tract. The main role of the thalamus is to relay these sensory inputs to the neocortex according to the regulations dictated by behavioural state. Intracellular recordings in @entity4774 -anaesthetized @entity35 show that whisker stimulation evokes EPSP-IPSP sequences in thalamic neurons. Both EPSPs and IPSPs depress with repetitive whisker stimulation at frequencies above 2 Hz. Single-unit recordings reveal that during quiescent states thalamic responses to repetitive whisker stimulation are suppressed at frequencies above 2 Hz, so that only low-frequency sensory stimulation is relayed to the neocortex. In contrast, during activated states, induced by stimulation of the brainstem reticular formation or application of @entity934 in the thalamus, high-frequency whisker stimulation at up to 40 Hz is relayed to the neocortex. Sensory suppression is caused by the @entity308 of lemniscal EPSPs in relatively hyperpolarized thalamocortical neurons. Sensory suppression is abolished during activated states because thalamocortical neurons depolarize and the depressed lemniscal EPSPs are able to reach firing threshold. Strong IPSPs may also contribute to sensory suppression by hyperpolarizing thalamocortical neurons, but during activated states IPSPs are strongly reduced altogether. The results indicate that the synaptic @entity308 of lemniscal EPSPs and the level of depolarization of thalamocortical neurons work together in thalamic primary sensory pathways to suppress high-frequency sensory inputs during non-activated (quiescent) states while permitting the faithful relay of high-frequency sensory information during activated (processing) states.

title: Different temporal processing of sensory inputs in the XXXX thalamus during quiescent and information processing states in vivo.

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecules @entity5962 and @entity25664 seems closely related to @entity5 invasiveness. The relationship between the expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in surgically resected @entity1149 of 3 cm or less in size was studied. The relationship to @entity1 survival was analyzed. METHODS: A total of 115 @entity1 with surgically resected @entity2 of 3 cm or less in size were enrolled in this study. Expression of @entity5962 and @entity25664 was immunohistochemically measured. The chi(2) test was used to correlate this expression with clinicopathologic parameters. Their influence on @entity1 survival was evaluated with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between @entity5962 and catenin expression in @entity2 . In general, @entity5962 and catenin expression were greater in @entity5 that were either @entity133 or @entity420 , well differentiated, early stage, peripheral, and without vascular or @entity3 . By using multicovariate analysis of @entity1 survival, only early-stage and @entity1263 were significantly favorable prognostic factors. Further analysis of the group of @entity1 with early-stage disease showed that higher alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin expression was a favorable prognostic indicator. CONCLUSION: Expression of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin can be used as a prognostic indicator in @entity1 with surgically resected stage I @entity1149 of 3 cm or less in size.

title: The significance of @entity5962 and XXXX expression in surgically treated @entity1149 of 3 cm or less in size.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1263 :: ('MESH:D010524', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['bronchioloalveolar carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['pleural invasion']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity25664 :: (1495;1499,Gene) :: ['alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecules @entity5962 and @entity25664 seems closely related to @entity5 invasiveness. The relationship between the expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in surgically resected @entity1149 of 3 cm or less in size was studied. The relationship to @entity1 survival was analyzed. METHODS: A total of 115 @entity1 with surgically resected @entity2 of 3 cm or less in size were enrolled in this study. Expression of @entity5962 and @entity25664 was immunohistochemically measured. The chi(2) test was used to correlate this expression with clinicopathologic parameters. Their influence on @entity1 survival was evaluated with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between @entity5962 and catenin expression in @entity2 . In general, @entity5962 and catenin expression were greater in @entity5 that were either @entity133 or @entity420 , well differentiated, early stage, peripheral, and without vascular or @entity3 . By using multicovariate analysis of @entity1 survival, only early-stage and @entity1263 were significantly favorable prognostic factors. Further analysis of the group of @entity1 with early-stage disease showed that higher alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin expression was a favorable prognostic indicator. CONCLUSION: Expression of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin can be used as a prognostic indicator in @entity1 with surgically resected stage I @entity1149 of 3 cm or less in size.

title: The significance of XXXX and @entity25664 expression in surgically treated @entity1149 of 3 cm or less in size.

answer: @entity5962 :: (999,Gene) :: ['E-cadherin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Expression of the cell-cell adhesion molecules @entity5962 and @entity25664 seems closely related to @entity5 invasiveness. The relationship between the expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in surgically resected @entity1149 of 3 cm or less in size was studied. The relationship to @entity1 survival was analyzed. METHODS: A total of 115 @entity1 with surgically resected @entity2 of 3 cm or less in size were enrolled in this study. Expression of @entity5962 and @entity25664 was immunohistochemically measured. The chi(2) test was used to correlate this expression with clinicopathologic parameters. Their influence on @entity1 survival was evaluated with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between @entity5962 and catenin expression in @entity2 . In general, @entity5962 and catenin expression were greater in @entity5 that were either @entity133 or @entity420 , well differentiated, early stage, peripheral, and without vascular or @entity3 . By using multicovariate analysis of @entity1 survival, only early-stage and @entity1263 were significantly favorable prognostic factors. Further analysis of the group of @entity1 with early-stage disease showed that higher alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin expression was a favorable prognostic indicator. CONCLUSION: Expression of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-catenin can be used as a prognostic indicator in @entity1 with surgically resected stage I @entity1149 of 3 cm or less in size.

title: The significance of @entity5962 and @entity25664 expression in surgically treated XXXX of 3 cm or less in size.

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and sterility issues with regard to the use of a robotic device to perform uterine horn @entity254 in a live porcine model. DESIGN: Prospective animal study. SETTING: Landrace-Yorkshire @entity1707 in a conventional laboratory setting. INTERVENTION(S): Six female @entity1707 underwent laparoscopic bipolar electrocoagulation of the distal uterine horns. Two weeks later, the uterine horns were reanastomosed laparoscopically with use of a robotic system for microsuturing. Necropsy was performed 4 weeks later to assess postoperative adhesions and @entity254 patency. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Tubal patency; secondary measures were operative time, complications, and surgeon fatigue. RESULT(S): The mean (+/-SD) total operative time per animal was 170+/-34 minutes including setting up and dismantling the robotic arms. The robot functioned well with only minor technical problems. All @entity1707 survived both surgeries with no perioperative complications related to the use of the robot. Patency was confirmed after completing each @entity254 (12 anastomoses; 100% patency). Four weeks later, necropsy showed that eight anastomoses were still patent (67%). Only one @entity1707 had bilateral occlusion. @entity1295 was mild for each animal study. CONCLUSION(S): Robotic technology can be used safely in creating laparoscopic microsurgical anastomoses. The robot functioned properly in a sterile operating room environment. Adequate patency rates were achieved during the acute phase and at 4-week follow-up. Robotic technology has the potential to make laparoscopic microsuturing easier.

title: Robotically assisted laparoscopic microsurgical uterine horn XXXX .

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1295 :: ('MESH:D005221', 'Disease') :: ["Surgeon's fatigue"]

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is reliable for differentiating @entity2909 subtypes. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: @entity4207 center. @entity1 (S): Forty-five @entity1 underwent MRI before surgery for leiomyomata. INTERVENTION(S): One radiologist blinded to @entity1 history and histologic diagnosis recorded the MRI characteristics and classification of the @entity2909 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Comparison of MRI and histologic diagnoses. RESULT(S): @entity2909 subtypes were diagnosed accurately by MRI in 69% of cases. Magnetic resonance imaging had a 95% sensitivity and 72% specificity for diagnosing an uncomplicated @entity2909 and a 10% sensitivity and 100% specificity for a @entity2909 . For @entity10401 , the sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 98%, and for @entity548 , 100% and 86%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging correctly diagnosed all @entity5 and did not incorrectly diagnose a @entity2909 as a @entity1822 in any case. Ill-defined MRI margins were significantly more likely to be @entity1822 , whereas well-defined margins were characteristic of benign lesions. @entity548 were significantly more likely to be hyperintense on T1-weighted images than other subtypes. CONCLUSION(S): Although MRI is only fairly accurate in differentiating the subtypes of benign uterine smooth @entity11090 , signal intensities and margin characteristics are useful to distinguish accurately benign from @entity5 .

title: Does pelvic magnetic resonance imaging differentiate among the histologic subtypes of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic leiomyomata', 'Hemorrhagic leiomyomata']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity10401 :: ('MESH:C535516', 'Disease') :: ['cystic leiomyomata']

entities_list: @entity11090 :: ('MESH:D019042', 'Disease') :: ['muscle tumors']

entities_list: @entity2909 :: ('MESH:D007889', 'Disease') :: ['cellular leiomyoma', 'largest leiomyoma', 'Leiomyoma', 'leiomyoma']

answer: @entity10401 :: (MESH:C535516,Disease) :: ['uterine leiomyomata']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation is effective in preventing primary and secondary @entity601 ( @entity601 ) and other @entity154 . However, debate exists regarding the effectiveness of public and physician education on @entity1 knowledge and compliance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the level of knowledge about the usefulness of periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation in a sample of @entity1 from primary care practices. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. A confidential, anonymous questionnaire was completed by @entity1 before physician encounters. A maximum of 20 consecutive female @entity1 from each of 3 age groups (16-24, 25-32, and 33-40 years) were recruited from each primary care practice. SETTINGS: Twenty-two Canadian teaching practices affiliated with the Northeastern Ontario Primary Care Research Group. OUTCOME: @entity1 's knowledge of periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation for the prevention of @entity601 . RESULTS: Of 1125 eligible female @entity1 between the ages of 16 and 40 years visiting their family physician in 1996, 1124 (99.9%) completed the questionnaire. General awareness of @entity601 was high (62.7%); however, knowledge that these defects were preventable was lower (22.5%). Only 7.8% of the @entity1 made the association between @entity1501 intake and @entity601 . The specific knowledge that @entity601 could be prevented with @entity1501 supplementation before conception was identified by 1.8% of the sample. Pregnant @entity1 were at least twice as likely to be informed about the link. Interpractice variability existed with respect to knowledge of @entity1501 supplementation. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation for the prevention of @entity601 was low in this sample and is likely to be reflected in missed opportunities to prevent an important class of @entity600 .

title: Knowledge of periconceptional @entity1501 for the prevention of XXXX . The missing links. Northeastern Ontario Primary Care Research Group.

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital defects']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'patient', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

entities_list: @entity601 :: ('MESH:D009436', 'Disease') :: ['NTDs', 'neural tube defects']

answer: @entity601 :: (MESH:D009436,Disease) :: ['neural tube defects']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation is effective in preventing primary and secondary @entity601 ( @entity601 ) and other @entity154 . However, debate exists regarding the effectiveness of public and physician education on @entity1 knowledge and compliance. OBJECTIVE: To examine the level of knowledge about the usefulness of periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation in a sample of @entity1 from primary care practices. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. A confidential, anonymous questionnaire was completed by @entity1 before physician encounters. A maximum of 20 consecutive female @entity1 from each of 3 age groups (16-24, 25-32, and 33-40 years) were recruited from each primary care practice. SETTINGS: Twenty-two Canadian teaching practices affiliated with the Northeastern Ontario Primary Care Research Group. OUTCOME: @entity1 's knowledge of periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation for the prevention of @entity601 . RESULTS: Of 1125 eligible female @entity1 between the ages of 16 and 40 years visiting their family physician in 1996, 1124 (99.9%) completed the questionnaire. General awareness of @entity601 was high (62.7%); however, knowledge that these defects were preventable was lower (22.5%). Only 7.8% of the @entity1 made the association between @entity1501 intake and @entity601 . The specific knowledge that @entity601 could be prevented with @entity1501 supplementation before conception was identified by 1.8% of the sample. Pregnant @entity1 were at least twice as likely to be informed about the link. Interpractice variability existed with respect to knowledge of @entity1501 supplementation. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation for the prevention of @entity601 was low in this sample and is likely to be reflected in missed opportunities to prevent an important class of @entity600 .

title: Knowledge of periconceptional XXXX for the prevention of @entity601 . The missing links. Northeastern Ontario Primary Care Research Group.

answer: @entity1501 :: (MESH:D005492,Chemical) :: ['folic acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the issues of diagnostic specificity and @entity146 "caseness" (i.e., whether a @entity1 meets the conditions to qualify as a "case" of a @entity66 ) for @entity308 in the primary care setting. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study comparing the demographic, clinical, and mental health characteristics of @entity1 identified as @entity308 by their family physicians with those meeting diagnostic criteria for @entity308 on the criterion standard Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , Revised Third Edition. SETTING: The offices of 50 family physicians from private and academic practice in southeast Michigan. @entity1 : A total of 1580 consecutive adult @entity1 being seen for routine primary care services, from whom a weighted sample of 372 @entity1 completed a set of mental health screening and diagnostic instruments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1 were assigned to 1 of 4 groups (true positive, false positive, false negative, and true negative) based on clinician identification and Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , Revised Third Edition diagnosis. Differences between the 4 groups in demographic and clinical characteristics, scores on mental health instruments and mental health history were explored. RESULTS: Physician identification of @entity308 was strongly associated with increased familiarity with the @entity1 and the presence of suggestive clinical cues, such as history of or treatment for @entity308 , @entity1 distress, and presence of vegetative symptoms. @entity1 in the false-positive group displayed significantly higher levels of distress and impairment and were significantly more likely to have a history of mental health problems and treatment than were those in the true-negative group. The 2 "misidentified" groups, false positives and false negatives, were indistinguishable in their clinical characteristics ( @entity73 , or mental health history). Both groups' scores occupied the middle ground between true positives and true negatives on most clinical characteristics. Physicians appeared to discriminate between these 2 groups on the basis of their knowledge of the @entity1 's clinical history. CONCLUSIONS: Misidentification of @entity308 in primary care may be in part an artifact of the use of the @entity146 model of caseness in the primary care setting. Our results are most consistent with a chronic disease-based model of @entity308 , in which @entity1 classified as false positive and false negative occupy a clinical middle ground between clearly @entity308 and clearly nondepressed @entity1 . Family physicians appear to respond to meaningful clinical cues in assigning the diagnosis of @entity308 to these @entity73 @entity1 .

title: False positives, false negatives, and the validity of the diagnosis of XXXX in primary care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder', 'depressed', 'depression', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['disease or syndrome']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'Mental Disorders']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['distressed and impaired', 'impairment, distress']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['major depression']


abstract: PURPOSE: This retrospective study aims to define the effects of different radiation dose levels on survival, local control and @entity137 in a series of 208 @entity1 with @entity263 consecutively treated with radical radiation therapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: From 1982 through 1996, 365 @entity1 with @entity263 have been consecutively treated with radical radiotherapy in Florence (n = 306) and Arezzo (n = 59). The 208 cases treated until January 1994 with Stage B (125/208, 60%) and C (83/208, 40%) are the objects of the present study. The treatment was most often limited to the prostatic area (81%), using a four-field "box technique" and 25 MV photon beams, up to a total dose of 60-65 Gy (21% of the @entity1 ), of 66-69 Gy (26%) and of 70 Gy (53%); conventional fractionation was used (fractional dose: 2 Gy; five fractions/week). Hormonal therapy was also given to 39% of the cases. The possible relationship between dose, stage, grading and survival has been analysed. The survival figures and the types of relapse observed (prostatic, lymphnodal or "biochemical") have been analysed also according to the extent of the target volume and to the @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) value at diagnosis, in the entire series or in selected subgroups. RESULTS: In the whole series and also after radiation alone, the @entity1 with Stage B, with more differentiated @entity5 and those treated with higher doses to the prostate obtained significantly better survival results. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the dose level has an independent prognostic value. The use of a limited target volume did not produce an excess of @entity177 . Among the @entity1 more recently treated with radiation alone, the @entity1486 level at diagnosis is strongly related with the risk of local and "biochemical" failure, and also with the relapse-free survival. @entity137 was acceptable, also for the @entity1 treated with higher doses, but late treatment-related damage is more frequent in @entity1 treated on larger volumes. CONCLUSION: The results of this retrospective analysis confirm the good results of small volume, high dose radiation therapy of @entity263 , even taking into account the possible biases due to the retrospective nature of the study, and the relevance of the @entity1486 level at diagnosis to define the risk of local failure.

title: Radical radiotherapy of XXXX : the relationship between radiation dose and survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic cancer', 'localised prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic lymphnodal failures']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['PSA', 'prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localised prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Our goals are to establish an in vitro screening system and to evaluate a new approach in improving oral absorption of peptides and peptide-like drugs by overexpression of the @entity1 intestinal oligopeptide transporter ( @entity37537 ). This study characterizes the expression of @entity37537 in @entity1 intestinal Caco-2 cells, @entity35 intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-18), and @entity1 cervix epithelial cells (Hela) after adenoviral transduction. METHODS: A recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus carrying the @entity37537 gene was made and used as a vector for the expression of @entity37537 . The increase in the uptake permeability of @entity7265 and @entity36900 was determined. The effects of time, dose, apical pH, and substrate specificity were evaluated. RESULTS: A significant increase in the uptake permeability of @entity36900 and @entity7265 was found in all three cell lines after viral transduction. The increase of @entity36900 permeability in Hela. IEC-18, and Caco-2 cells was 85-, 46-, and 15-fold respectively. Immunoblotting using an antibody against @entity37537 detected high levels of a 85-98-kDa protein in all three infected cell lines. Substrate permeability was dependent on time of @entity281 , inward pH gradients, and multiplicity of @entity281 (MOI). @entity281 and lower @entity37537 expression were observed in differentiated Caco-2 cells. The uptake was inhibited by @entity9881 and @entity3405 antibiotics but not @entity1522 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity281 Hela cells displayed a pronounced level of @entity37537 expression with a low background and high specificity to @entity9881 . These features make this system a useful tool for screening of potential substrates. The success of overexpression of @entity37537 in Caco-2 and IEC-18 cells may lead to a novel approach in improving oral absorption of peptides and peptidornimetic drugs.

title: Overexpression of XXXX intestinal oligopeptide transporter in @entity1 cells via adenoviral transduction.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Adenoviral infected', 'infection', 'Decreased infectivity']

entities_list: @entity7265 :: ('MESH:D002506', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalexin']

entities_list: @entity9881 :: ('MESH:D004151', 'Chemical') :: ['dipeptides']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: Our goals are to establish an in vitro screening system and to evaluate a new approach in improving oral absorption of peptides and peptide-like drugs by overexpression of the @entity1 intestinal oligopeptide transporter ( @entity37537 ). This study characterizes the expression of @entity37537 in @entity1 intestinal Caco-2 cells, @entity35 intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-18), and @entity1 cervix epithelial cells (Hela) after adenoviral transduction. METHODS: A recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus carrying the @entity37537 gene was made and used as a vector for the expression of @entity37537 . The increase in the uptake permeability of @entity7265 and @entity36900 was determined. The effects of time, dose, apical pH, and substrate specificity were evaluated. RESULTS: A significant increase in the uptake permeability of @entity36900 and @entity7265 was found in all three cell lines after viral transduction. The increase of @entity36900 permeability in Hela. IEC-18, and Caco-2 cells was 85-, 46-, and 15-fold respectively. Immunoblotting using an antibody against @entity37537 detected high levels of a 85-98-kDa protein in all three infected cell lines. Substrate permeability was dependent on time of @entity281 , inward pH gradients, and multiplicity of @entity281 (MOI). @entity281 and lower @entity37537 expression were observed in differentiated Caco-2 cells. The uptake was inhibited by @entity9881 and @entity3405 antibiotics but not @entity1522 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity281 Hela cells displayed a pronounced level of @entity37537 expression with a low background and high specificity to @entity9881 . These features make this system a useful tool for screening of potential substrates. The success of overexpression of @entity37537 in Caco-2 and IEC-18 cells may lead to a novel approach in improving oral absorption of peptides and peptidornimetic drugs.

title: Overexpression of @entity1 intestinal oligopeptide transporter in XXXX cells via adenoviral transduction.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity2909 is the most common type of @entity5 , whereas extramucosal cysts of the esophagus are @entity154 frequently asymptomatic in the adult and in most cases detected incidentally on chest x-ray. It is worthwhile considering these conditions together, because they present similar diagnostic and surgical problems. Conventional imaging tests do not lead to a precise diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of, and planning of treatment modalities for, these conditions. METHODOLOGY: Fifteen @entity1 with @entity2910 and seven @entity1 with extramucosal @entity28129 were studied with endoscopic ultrasonography using an Olympus GF- EU-M3 instrument with a 7.5-12 MHz echoprobe. In all @entity1 , the results of endoscopic ultrasonography were compared with the histology of the resected specimens. RESULTS: The histology of the resected specimens confirmed the endosonographic diagnosis in all @entity1 . No @entity5 was found in any specimen. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasonography is very accurate in visualizing these lesions and differentiating cystic from solid submucosal esophageal masses; in addition, the test can establish the exact location of the mass in relation to the esophageal wall and mediastinum. Therefore, endoscopic ultrasonography has a great impact in confirming the diagnosis of @entity2909 and extramucosal cysts of the esophagus and facilitates therapeutic decision-making because of its capacity to clearly define the size, layer of the origin, and pattern of the mass.

title: Endoscopic ultrasonography in the evaluation of XXXX and extramucosal cysts of the esophagus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['benign esophageal tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal leiomyoma']

entities_list: @entity28129 :: ('MESH:D004934', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cysts']

entities_list: @entity2909 :: ('MESH:D007889', 'Disease') :: ['Leiomyoma', 'leiomyoma']

answer: @entity2909 :: (MESH:D007889,Disease) :: ['leiomyoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To quantify the influence of treatment- and @entity1 -related factors on the severity of early @entity651 and to establish whether regional differences are present for local dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced @entity651 . METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 with @entity706 and 40 @entity0 @entity1 were examined prior to and 3 months after radiotherapy. The @entity706 @entity1 were irradiated with mantle fields to an average dose of 38 Gy and the @entity0 @entity1 were irradiated with internal mammary node fields with or without tangential breast fields to an average dose of 50 Gy. Dose-effect relations for local perfusion, ventilation and density changes were determined using correlated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT data. A multivariate analysis was performed to study the influence of irradiated volume, chemotherapy (CMF and MOPP/ABV), smoking, age and gender. In addition, dose-effect relations for different regions in the lung were determined. RESULTS: A similar and almost linear increase of early functional changes as a function of radiation dose was observed for perfusion and ventilation, whereas the shape of the dose-effect relation and the magnitude of early structural changes were different for density. For the three end-points studied, regional differences in radiosensitivity could not be demonstrated. For the posterior lung region compared to the anterior lung region, however, a difference was observed, which could be attributed to a gravity-related effect in the measuring procedure. Local structural changes (density) were significantly smaller for smokers (P = 0.002) and young @entity1 (P = 0.007), whereas the CMF chemotherapy regimen given after radiotherapy (P = 0.017) significantly increased the amount of functional changes (perfusion). The magnitude of local pulmonary changes was independent of the irradiated volume, the MOPP/ABV chemotherapy regimen and gender. CONCLUSION: The dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced local pulmonary changes were independent of the irradiated volume, MOPP/ABV, gender and lung region. CMF, smoking and age influenced the magnitude of early pulmonary changes and should be taken into account in dose-escalation protocols.

title: Dose-effect relations for early @entity651 after irradiation for @entity706 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['local pulmonary injury', 'pulmonary injury']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To quantify the influence of treatment- and @entity1 -related factors on the severity of early @entity651 and to establish whether regional differences are present for local dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced @entity651 . METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 with @entity706 and 40 @entity0 @entity1 were examined prior to and 3 months after radiotherapy. The @entity706 @entity1 were irradiated with mantle fields to an average dose of 38 Gy and the @entity0 @entity1 were irradiated with internal mammary node fields with or without tangential breast fields to an average dose of 50 Gy. Dose-effect relations for local perfusion, ventilation and density changes were determined using correlated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT data. A multivariate analysis was performed to study the influence of irradiated volume, chemotherapy (CMF and MOPP/ABV), smoking, age and gender. In addition, dose-effect relations for different regions in the lung were determined. RESULTS: A similar and almost linear increase of early functional changes as a function of radiation dose was observed for perfusion and ventilation, whereas the shape of the dose-effect relation and the magnitude of early structural changes were different for density. For the three end-points studied, regional differences in radiosensitivity could not be demonstrated. For the posterior lung region compared to the anterior lung region, however, a difference was observed, which could be attributed to a gravity-related effect in the measuring procedure. Local structural changes (density) were significantly smaller for smokers (P = 0.002) and young @entity1 (P = 0.007), whereas the CMF chemotherapy regimen given after radiotherapy (P = 0.017) significantly increased the amount of functional changes (perfusion). The magnitude of local pulmonary changes was independent of the irradiated volume, the MOPP/ABV chemotherapy regimen and gender. CONCLUSION: The dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced local pulmonary changes were independent of the irradiated volume, MOPP/ABV, gender and lung region. CMF, smoking and age influenced the magnitude of early pulmonary changes and should be taken into account in dose-escalation protocols.

title: Dose-effect relations for early @entity651 after irradiation for XXXX and @entity0 .

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['malignant lymphoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To quantify the influence of treatment- and @entity1 -related factors on the severity of early @entity651 and to establish whether regional differences are present for local dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced @entity651 . METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 with @entity706 and 40 @entity0 @entity1 were examined prior to and 3 months after radiotherapy. The @entity706 @entity1 were irradiated with mantle fields to an average dose of 38 Gy and the @entity0 @entity1 were irradiated with internal mammary node fields with or without tangential breast fields to an average dose of 50 Gy. Dose-effect relations for local perfusion, ventilation and density changes were determined using correlated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT data. A multivariate analysis was performed to study the influence of irradiated volume, chemotherapy (CMF and MOPP/ABV), smoking, age and gender. In addition, dose-effect relations for different regions in the lung were determined. RESULTS: A similar and almost linear increase of early functional changes as a function of radiation dose was observed for perfusion and ventilation, whereas the shape of the dose-effect relation and the magnitude of early structural changes were different for density. For the three end-points studied, regional differences in radiosensitivity could not be demonstrated. For the posterior lung region compared to the anterior lung region, however, a difference was observed, which could be attributed to a gravity-related effect in the measuring procedure. Local structural changes (density) were significantly smaller for smokers (P = 0.002) and young @entity1 (P = 0.007), whereas the CMF chemotherapy regimen given after radiotherapy (P = 0.017) significantly increased the amount of functional changes (perfusion). The magnitude of local pulmonary changes was independent of the irradiated volume, the MOPP/ABV chemotherapy regimen and gender. CONCLUSION: The dose-effect relations for early radiation-induced local pulmonary changes were independent of the irradiated volume, MOPP/ABV, gender and lung region. CMF, smoking and age influenced the magnitude of early pulmonary changes and should be taken into account in dose-escalation protocols.

title: Dose-effect relations for early XXXX after irradiation for @entity706 and @entity0 .

answer: @entity651 :: (MESH:D055370,Disease) :: ['local pulmonary injury']


abstract: AIM OF STUDY: To measure the effect of specific preoperative information on postoperative @entity148 , satisfaction with information, and demand for @entity1337 , of Chinese males having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). DESIGN: A controlled experimental design. The researchers allocated all @entity1 (n = 30) undergoing TURP in a general hospital in Hong Kong, during a 3-month period, to one of two groups. The experimental group (n = 15) received a specific information pamphlet and a general preoperative counselling video. The control group (n = 15) received a video alone. PROCEDURE AND MEASURES: Following ethical approval, a researcher took baseline measures of state and trait @entity148 using the Chinese State-Trait @entity148 Inventory (C -STAI). Five days after surgery the researcher administered the C-STAI ( @entity70707 ), a @entity1 ' satisfaction questionnaire, and, recorded requests for @entity1337 during the first 5 postoperative days. RESULTS: Experimental subjects reported significantly lower @entity148 levels post-operatively and a significantly higher level of satisfaction with the preoperative information, than controls. Postoperative demand for @entity1337 did not significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the importance of providing @entity1 with specific, written preoperative information about their surgery and its effects to minimize their postoperative @entity148 levels, and improve their satisfaction with the care provided.

title: Evidence-based care of Chinese XXXX having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Anxiety', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: In the present study, we characterized @entity3231 messenger RNA (mRNA) in mid-trimester @entity1 fetal @entity825 and bronchi. @entity3231 protein was localized by immunocytochemistry to scattered epithelial cells in the airway surface epithelium and in submucosal glands of the fetal @entity825 and bronchi. @entity3231 mRNA (2.2 kb) was detected by Northern blot analysis in @entity1 fetal @entity825 , as well as in primary and more distal bronchi. The levels of detectable @entity3231 mRNA were highest in the upper airways and were decreased in smaller bronchi in comparison. @entity3231 mRNA was barely detectable in the distal fetal lung tissue. In contrast, @entity3231 mRNA was abundant in cultured explants of distal @entity1 fetal lung tissue. @entity3231 and @entity11028 mRNA were detected by primer extension analysis in adult @entity1 lung tissue and in cultured @entity1 fetal lung explants. Only @entity11028 mRNA was detected in RNA isolated from @entity1 fetal @entity825 and bronchi. @entity3231 mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization in the fetal @entity825 and bronchi in scattered cells in the surface epithelium and, most prominently, in submucosal glands. Our results suggest that @entity11028 , and not @entity3231 , is produced in the @entity1 fetal tracheal and bronchial epithelium and in submucosal glands.

title: XXXX gene expression in @entity1 fetal lung airways.

answer: @entity11028 :: (729238,Gene) :: ['SP-A2']


abstract: In the present study, we characterized @entity3231 messenger RNA (mRNA) in mid-trimester @entity1 fetal @entity825 and bronchi. @entity3231 protein was localized by immunocytochemistry to scattered epithelial cells in the airway surface epithelium and in submucosal glands of the fetal @entity825 and bronchi. @entity3231 mRNA (2.2 kb) was detected by Northern blot analysis in @entity1 fetal @entity825 , as well as in primary and more distal bronchi. The levels of detectable @entity3231 mRNA were highest in the upper airways and were decreased in smaller bronchi in comparison. @entity3231 mRNA was barely detectable in the distal fetal lung tissue. In contrast, @entity3231 mRNA was abundant in cultured explants of distal @entity1 fetal lung tissue. @entity3231 and @entity11028 mRNA were detected by primer extension analysis in adult @entity1 lung tissue and in cultured @entity1 fetal lung explants. Only @entity11028 mRNA was detected in RNA isolated from @entity1 fetal @entity825 and bronchi. @entity3231 mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization in the fetal @entity825 and bronchi in scattered cells in the surface epithelium and, most prominently, in submucosal glands. Our results suggest that @entity11028 , and not @entity3231 , is produced in the @entity1 fetal tracheal and bronchial epithelium and in submucosal glands.

title: @entity11028 gene expression in XXXX fetal lung airways.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The molecular signaling mechanisms by which muscle contractions lead to changes in @entity413 metabolism and gene expression remain largely undefined. We assessed whether exercise activates MAP kinase proteins ( @entity1366 , @entity33644 , and @entity3963 MAP kinase) as well as @entity584 and @entity25449 in skeletal muscle from healthy volunteers obtained during and after one-leg cycle ergometry at approximately 70% VO2max. Exercise led to a marked increase in @entity1366 phosphorylation, which rapidly decreased to resting levels upon recovery. Exercise increased phosphorylation of @entity33644 and @entity3963 MAP kinase to a lesser extent than @entity1366 . In contrast to @entity1366 , @entity3963 MAP kinase phosphorylation was increased in nonexercised muscle upon cessation of exercise. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor @entity10366 was increased in nonexercised muscle upon cessation of exercise. Exercise did not activate @entity584 or increase @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity25449 . Thus, exercise has divergent effects on parallel MAP kinase pathways, of which only @entity3963 demonstrated a systemic response. However, our data do not support a role of @entity584 or @entity25449 in exercise/contraction-induced signaling in @entity1 skeletal. Activation of the different MAP kinase pathways by physical exercise appears to be important in the regulation of transcriptional events in skeletal muscle.

title: Divergent effects of exercise on metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways in XXXX skeletal muscle.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: To evaluate the role of @entity221 combined with chemotherapy in the loco-regional treatment of @entity5 , a retrospective analysis was done with 228 limb @entity320 @entity1 treated with hyperthermic antiblastic perfusion (HAP). A series of treatment- and @entity5 -related prognostic factors was analyzed to establish their influence on @entity5 response, loco-regional control, and survival. Concerning @entity5 response, the logistic model showed that the number of lesions and the minimal @entity5 temperature (min T) maintained their individual predictive values (P < 0.000001 and P = 0.04, respectively). For loco-regional control, only the number of lesions had a significant predictive value. No direct correlation was found between the treatment-related variables and loco-regional control. However, the 5-year survival rate was significantly higher for @entity1 who achieved a complete response (CR) (51.5%, P = 0.0033) as compared to those who did not (33.3%), providing indirect evidence of the role of the treatment. Multivariate analysis showed that both disease-free and overall survival are strongly influenced by numerous clinical variables and the min T always maintained its significance. When analyzing the subgroup of 119 @entity1 evaluable for @entity5 response, the @entity797 model selected the @entity5 response as the dominant factor for both disease-free and overall survival. These data seem to demonstrate that the optimization of treatment parameters is crucial in determining the CR rate, which, in turn, positively affects the disease outcome. HAP is the treatment of choice for recurrent limb @entity320 , and @entity221 plays an important role in exploiting the efficacy of this technique.

title: The application of XXXX in regional chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['hyperthermia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document changes in type of financing for office-based visits for the treatment of common @entity272 and to dermatologists. DESIGN: Data from a national survey of visits to office-based practitioners conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics were used. The stratified sampling technique permits @entity348 with specific characteristics in the United States. SETTING: A national probability sample of visits to office-based practitioners occurring in 1995. SUBJECTS: In 1995, 36,875 visits were sampled. Of these, 2121 were for common skin problems to any physician and 1886 were visits for any reason to dermatologists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The distribution source of payment and presence of managed care arrangements for office visits for common skin problems and to dermatologists. INTERVENTION: None. RESULTS: In 1995, preferred provider and health maintenance organizations provided payment for 34% of all ambulatory care and 38% of office visits for common skin complaints. CONCLUSION: Managed care is already the dominant mechanism of payment for the treatment of @entity272 for many @entity1 groups and in many areas of the country. Preferred provider organizations are much more likely to employ dermatologists to provide care of common skin problems than are health maintenance organizations. If the recent trends continue, by year 2000 most @entity1 seen by dermatologists will be seen under the auspices of managed care systems.

title: Managed care and the treatment of XXXX , 1995. Continued growth and emerging dominance.

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['estimation of the total number of office visits']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disease', 'skin conditions']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin disease']


abstract: The amygdala complex is one component of the temporal lobe that may be damaged unilaterally or bilaterally in @entity1 and adults with @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ) or following @entity159 . Most MR (magnetic resonance) imaging studies of @entity302 @entity1 have shown that volume reduction of the amygdala ranges from 10-30%. In the @entity1 amygdala, @entity528 and @entity5219 have been reported in the lateral and basal nuclei. Studies in @entity35 have more specifically identified the amygdaloid regions that are sensitive to @entity159 -induced @entity528 . These areas include the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, and portions of the anterior cortical and medial nuclei. Otherwise, other amygdala nuclei, such as the magnocellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus and the central nucleus, remain relatively well preserved. Amygdala kindling studies in @entity35 have shown that the density of a subpopulation of GABAergic inhibitory neurons that also contain @entity1943 may be reduced even after a low number of generalized @entity410 . While analyses of histological sections and MR images indicate that in approximately 10% of @entity1315 @entity1 , @entity410 -induced damage is isolated to the amygdala, more often amygdala damage is combined with damage to the hippocampus and/or other brain areas. Moreover, recent data from rodents and nonhuman primates suggest that structural and functional alterations caused by @entity410 activity originating in the amygdala are not limited to the amygdala itself, but may also affect other @entity3948 . The information gathered so far on @entity16 in @entity302 or after @entity159 suggests that local alterations in inhibitory circuitries may contribute to a lowered @entity410 threshold and greater excitability within the amygdala. Furthermore, damage to select nuclei in the amygdala may predict impairment of performance in behavioral tasks that depend on the integrity of the amygdaloid circuits.

title: XXXX in experimental and @entity1 @entity1315 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['damage to the amygdala']

entities_list: @entity3948 :: ('MESH:C538521', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe structures']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['TLE', 'temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal damage', 'neuronal loss']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['Amygdala damage']


abstract: The amygdala complex is one component of the temporal lobe that may be damaged unilaterally or bilaterally in @entity1 and adults with @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ) or following @entity159 . Most MR (magnetic resonance) imaging studies of @entity302 @entity1 have shown that volume reduction of the amygdala ranges from 10-30%. In the @entity1 amygdala, @entity528 and @entity5219 have been reported in the lateral and basal nuclei. Studies in @entity35 have more specifically identified the amygdaloid regions that are sensitive to @entity159 -induced @entity528 . These areas include the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, and portions of the anterior cortical and medial nuclei. Otherwise, other amygdala nuclei, such as the magnocellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus and the central nucleus, remain relatively well preserved. Amygdala kindling studies in @entity35 have shown that the density of a subpopulation of GABAergic inhibitory neurons that also contain @entity1943 may be reduced even after a low number of generalized @entity410 . While analyses of histological sections and MR images indicate that in approximately 10% of @entity1315 @entity1 , @entity410 -induced damage is isolated to the amygdala, more often amygdala damage is combined with damage to the hippocampus and/or other brain areas. Moreover, recent data from rodents and nonhuman primates suggest that structural and functional alterations caused by @entity410 activity originating in the amygdala are not limited to the amygdala itself, but may also affect other @entity3948 . The information gathered so far on @entity16 in @entity302 or after @entity159 suggests that local alterations in inhibitory circuitries may contribute to a lowered @entity410 threshold and greater excitability within the amygdala. Furthermore, damage to select nuclei in the amygdala may predict impairment of performance in behavioral tasks that depend on the integrity of the amygdaloid circuits.

title: @entity16 in experimental and @entity1 XXXX .

answer: @entity1315 :: (MESH:D004833,Disease) :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']


abstract: The amygdala complex is one component of the temporal lobe that may be damaged unilaterally or bilaterally in @entity1 and adults with @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ) or following @entity159 . Most MR (magnetic resonance) imaging studies of @entity302 @entity1 have shown that volume reduction of the amygdala ranges from 10-30%. In the @entity1 amygdala, @entity528 and @entity5219 have been reported in the lateral and basal nuclei. Studies in @entity35 have more specifically identified the amygdaloid regions that are sensitive to @entity159 -induced @entity528 . These areas include the medial division of the lateral nucleus, the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the accessory basal nucleus, the posterior cortical nucleus, and portions of the anterior cortical and medial nuclei. Otherwise, other amygdala nuclei, such as the magnocellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus and the central nucleus, remain relatively well preserved. Amygdala kindling studies in @entity35 have shown that the density of a subpopulation of GABAergic inhibitory neurons that also contain @entity1943 may be reduced even after a low number of generalized @entity410 . While analyses of histological sections and MR images indicate that in approximately 10% of @entity1315 @entity1 , @entity410 -induced damage is isolated to the amygdala, more often amygdala damage is combined with damage to the hippocampus and/or other brain areas. Moreover, recent data from rodents and nonhuman primates suggest that structural and functional alterations caused by @entity410 activity originating in the amygdala are not limited to the amygdala itself, but may also affect other @entity3948 . The information gathered so far on @entity16 in @entity302 or after @entity159 suggests that local alterations in inhibitory circuitries may contribute to a lowered @entity410 threshold and greater excitability within the amygdala. Furthermore, damage to select nuclei in the amygdala may predict impairment of performance in behavioral tasks that depend on the integrity of the amygdaloid circuits.

title: @entity16 in experimental and XXXX @entity1315 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Our goal was to compare operative vs. conservative therapeutic strategies after @entity130 following ERCP. METHODS: Eight @entity1 with ERCP-induced @entity130 were surveyed retrospectively. Four of them were treated operatively, four conservatively. Criteria for an operative therapy were clinical and radiological findings and laboratory data. RESULTS: The four @entity1 that were treated conservatively had an uncomplicated course whereas three of four @entity1 treated operatively had long and complicated stays. In these @entity1 the operation was performed more than 24 hours after injury. All of them showed advanced @entity298 . One @entity1 was operated on within 24 hours. He was discharged after a short stay without complications. All @entity130 were located in the retroperitoneum. Five @entity1 showed @entity854 of either duodenum, @entity1829 or common bile duct. In five cases the duodenum was involved in the injury. CONCLUSIONS: The course of disease of the operated @entity1 was longer and more complicated compared to those treated conservatively. According to our data the timing of the operation seems to be an important criterion with respect to the prognosis. Due to the small number of @entity1 , whether conservative therapy should be preferred cannot be determined. The role of the location of injury is also not clarified.

title: [Therapeutic results after XXXX following ERCP].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['anatomical abnormality']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['biliary peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['papilloduodenal injuries']


abstract: @entity3179 represent a significant public health problem that will increase as the population ages. The elderly, the most likely to be afflicted by this condition, present the clinician with special challenges. The diagnosis of @entity3179 involves taking a careful history, paying attention to the existence of factors that predispose individuals to the development of @entity4096 . Clinical features of @entity4096 are important because their recognition allows clinicians to distinguish venous from other chronic @entity1066 . An essential part of the assessment of all @entity1 with chronic wounds is an evaluation of intercurrent diseases, common in the elderly, which may impact on the wound healing process. Thus, in addition to managing @entity4096 and the wound bed, all other factors, systemic and local, that may impede healing need to be investigated and corrected if necessary. Social and psychological issues common to all @entity102 need to be addressed as well. This holistic approach should be standard practice and is applicable to the assessment and management of all @entity6008 . This often requires coordinating a multidisciplinary team of wound healing caregivers. More work needs to be done to clarify a few issues because areas of controversy persist. Although a great deal is known about the effects of @entity15248 on acute wounds, less is known about chronic @entity1066 . Similarly, the role of vitamin supplementation in managing chronic @entity1066 needs further study. Guidelines are needed to determine indications for wound culturing. In addition, more study is required to establish the most effective means of obtaining quantitative cultures. However, the relationship between bacteria and chronic wound healing goes beyond simple quantitation and other factors such as bacterial virulence and host resistance. These controversial issues will be reviewed. Treatment and prevention of @entity3179 will be discussed in a subsequent article.

title: Assessment of XXXX : an in-depth discussion of a literature-guided approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity15248 :: ('MESH:D001361', 'Disease') :: ['vitamin deficiency']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illnesses']

entities_list: @entity3179 :: ('MESH:D014647', 'Disease') :: ['venous leg ulcers', 'Venous leg ulcers']

entities_list: @entity4096 :: ('MESH:D014689', 'Disease') :: ['chronic venous insufficiency', 'venous insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity6008 :: ('MESH:D007871', 'Disease') :: ['chronic leg ulcers']

answer: @entity3179 :: (MESH:D014647,Disease) :: ['venous leg ulcers']


abstract: The data from the clinical course and epidemiology of @entity6312 suggest that sex hormones can directly influence the development of the disease through their intracellular receptor localised in cells of venous wall. The purpose of this study was to determine the stereometric differences in the structure of healthy and varicose @entity6250 and to determine the presence and localisation of @entity2931 and @entity1420 receptors in the cells of vein. The segments of greater saphenous vein obtained from the 8 @entity1 operated for varicose vein were used for the study. The segments of the greater saphenous vein obtained from 8 @entity1 that underwent femoro-popliteal venous bypass procedure were used as control group. The vein samples for stereometric analysis were preserved in Buin's solution, embedded in paraffin and then evaluated with automatic analyser MagiCal. To determine the presence of @entity2931 and @entity1420 receptors the immunohistochemic analysis LAB with monoclonal antibodies produced by DAKO was used. The decreased smooth muscle fraction in venous wall, thickening of adventitia, the change of the smooth muscle cells to stroma cells ratio in the muscular layer of venous wall and change of muscular layer to adventitia ratio were observed in varicose veins in comparison with control group. The @entity2931 receptors were found in the nuclei of the smooth muscle cells and endothelium. The @entity1420 receptors were localised in nuclei of smooth muscle cells and cells of subendothelial layer. It seems that quantitative analysis of sex hormones receptor in the venous wall could be useful in the determination of @entity1 with increased risk of the development of @entity6312 .

title: [Investigations on the pathogenesis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity6312 :: ('MESH:D014648', 'Disease') :: ['primary varicose veins of lower limb', 'primary varicose veins']

entities_list: @entity6250 :: ('MESH:D038061', 'Disease') :: ['veins of lower limb']

answer: @entity6312 :: (MESH:D014648,Disease) :: ['primary varicose veins']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of Gleason grading of @entity263 in multiple core biopsies, compared with the final Gleason score of total prostatectomy specimens, and to investigate whether the prediction of the correct Gleason score is improved by increasing the number of biopsies. @entity1 AND METHODS: Before total prostatectomy, 121 @entity1 had a mean (range) of 10.0 (8-14) transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided core biopsies taken from the apex, mid-medial, mid-lateral and basal regions, from the transition zone and from lesions detected on TRUS. The biopsies and prostatectomy specimens were reviewed and the Gleason scores assessed. RESULTS: The preoperative biopsies predicted the prostatectomy Gleason score exactly in 45.5% of the @entity1 and within one Gleason score in 93.4%. The biopsies under-graded the @entity263 in 38.8% and overgraded it in 15.7%. The weighted kappa value for exact agreement was 0.502. If one biopsy was positive for @entity5 , the prostatectomy Gleason score was predicted correctly in 43.8% and within one score in 93.8%, compared with 53.8% and 92.3%, respectively, if @entity5 was found in at least seven biopsies. If the mid-lateral and transition zone biopsies had been excluded from the biopsy protocol, 5% of the @entity5 would have been undetected. Among the remaining 115 @entity5 , grading accuracy only improved from 43.5% to 45.2% by adding biopsies to the sextant protocol. CONCLUSION: Despite a statistically significant agreement between biopsy and prostatectomy Gleason score, under-grading remains a major problem. The prediction of the prostatectomy Gleason score is only marginally improved by increasing the number of biopsies.

title: The value of multiple core biopsies for predicting the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Gleason score of prostate cancer']


abstract: Understanding mechanisms that regulate growth and reproduction are important for improving selection strategies in @entity291 . In this study, Angus, Brangus, and Brahman bulls (n = 7 per breed) of similar age were selected from a group of 65 weanlings. Bulls were evaluated after weaning (i.e., approximately 6 mo of age) for 112 d for serum concentrations of metabolic hormones and @entity413 , growth, and reproductive traits. Performance data and blood sera were collected on d 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112. Sera were also collected in periods from d 50 to 59 (56D) and 103 to 112 (112D). Angus bulls were heavier (P < 0.05) throughout the study than Brahman bulls and were heavier than Brangus bulls on d 56, 84, and 112. Initial and final BW for Angus, Brangus, and Brahman bulls were 292.7, 260.6, and 230.4 and 468.3, 435.6, and 350.7 +/- 12 kg, respectively. Conversely, Brahman bulls had greater hip height (P < 0.05) than Brangus, and Brangus were taller (P < 0.05) than Angus. Angus bulls had the greatest (P < 0.05) scrotal circumference (SC) and Brahman bulls the least. Mean SC across days was 31.5, 29.7, and 25.0 +/- 0.6 cm for the three respective breeds. Serum @entity251 was greater (P < 0.01) in Angus and Brangus bulls (10.0 and 8.9 +/- 1.4 ng/mL) than in Brahman bulls (4.0 +/- 1.4 ng/mL) throughout the study. After d 112, 100, 86, and 57% of the Angus, Brangus, and Brahman bulls passed a breeding soundness exam (P = 0.51). Serum concentrations of @entity4208 and leptin were greater (P < or = 0.06) in Angus bulls on d 56, 84, and 112 than in Brangus and Brahman bulls. Serum concentrations of GH (P < 0.08) and @entity413 (P < 0.03) were greater in Brangus bulls than in Angus or Brahman bulls throughout the study. Prediction analyses suggested that serum concentrations of leptin could be used to predict (P < or = 0.08) BW and SC (R2 > 0.82) in the 56D and 112D periods among these breeds. Leptin was also useful in predicting (P < or = 0.09) serum concentrations of GH and @entity251 in the 112D period (R2 > 0.32). Residual correlation analyses with the effect of breed removed suggested that leptin was correlated (r > or => 0.53, P < 0.05) with both SC and serum @entity251 . Angus and Brahman @entity291 differ in phenotype, level of adiposity, and rate of sexual development. Data herein suggest that these characteristics could be due to varying mechanisms by which metabolic hormones such as leptin, GH, and(or) @entity4208 are regulated.

title: Relationships of metabolic hormones and serum XXXX to growth and reproductive development in performance-tested Angus, Brangus, and Brahman bulls.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the cost effectiveness of minimally invasive therapy relative to medical (alpha-blocker) therapy and transurethral resection (TURP) for @entity1 with moderate to severe symptoms of @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). METHODS: We constructed a decision-analytic Markov model for a hypothetical cohort of 65-year-old @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity1067 symptoms. Microwave thermotherapy was selected to represent minimally invasive treatment. Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed with 25 health states using the 3 treatments, 5 short-term clinical events, and 17 possible long-term outcomes. Each health state had an associated cost and utility. Quality of life (QoL) and utility estimates were obtained by interviewing 13 @entity1 with @entity1067 symptoms using the standard gamble reference methods. @entity1 were classified as @entity458 ( @entity458 ) or non- @entity458 (NRA) on the basis of their attitudes to risk. We calculated the incremental cost effectiveness of microwave thermotherapy relative to medical therapy and TURP over 5 years after treatment initiation. Event probabilities were obtained from the literature, a consensus panel, and published randomized clinical trials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The utility values generated were internally consistent and externally valid for a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 @entity458 @entity1 . Microwave thermotherapy was preferred by the NRA group, while medical therapy was preferred by the @entity458 group. Surgery was least preferred by both groups. Microwave thermotherapy had a small incremental cost but improved QoL in comparison with medical therapy. Microwave thermotherapy had a higher utility and lower cost than TURP and thus was dominant over TURP. This analytical method can be applied to evaluate the cost effectiveness of any @entity1067 therapy.

title: Cost effectiveness of treatment for XXXX : an economic model for comparison of medical, minimally invasive, and surgical therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['RA', 'risk averse']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An important aspect in glomerular nephritic processes is the enhanced influx of leukocytes into the glomerulus. METHODS: To investigate the mechanisms of intraglomerular leukocyte infiltration in @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity3630 ( @entity3630 ), we immunohistochemically examined the intraglomerular expression of @entity1453 ( @entity1453 , @entity1453 / @entity1454 ), @entity9536 , @entity9536 / @entity1454 ) and @entity2071 ( @entity2071 , @entity2071 ) together with glomerular deposition of C3c and fibrinogen. RESULTS: In @entity8 (n=42), @entity1453 + cells were distributed mainly in glomeruli with intense expression of @entity2071 , and there was a positive correlation (P<0.001) between the number of @entity1453 + cells and the degree of @entity2071 expression. @entity9536 + cells had no correlation with glomerular C3c deposition, but had a significant correlation with fibrinogen deposition (P<0.05). The number of @entity1453 + cells was significantly greater than of @entity9536 + cells (P<0.05). The number of @entity1453 + cells was strongly correlated with that of @entity469 + cells (P<0.00001). In @entity3630 (n= 43), on the contrary, @entity9536 + cells correlated only with C3c deposition (P<0.001), and they were observed mainly in peripheral loops of glomerular capillaries where C3c was deposited with a similar distribution. However, there was no relationship between @entity1453 + cells and @entity2071 expression. The number of @entity9536 + cells was greater than that of @entity1453 + cells (P<0.0001), and most @entity9536 + cells were identical to @entity5824 + cells. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the possibility that different mechanisms may cause glomerular leukocyte infiltration in various forms of @entity1 @entity631 . The @entity1453 / @entity2071 pathway may play an important role in glomerular leukocyte infiltration in @entity8 , while the @entity9536 /complement pathway may be important in @entity3630 . The former may promote mainly the infiltration of @entity469 + cells, and the latter may promote that of @entity5824 + cells. In addition, @entity9536 + cells may act as fibrinogen and complement receptors in @entity8 and @entity3630 , respectively.

title: Differences in glomerular leukocyte infiltration between XXXX and @entity631 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IgA nephropathy', 'IgA-N']

entities_list: @entity3630 :: ('MESH:D015432', 'Disease') :: ['MPGN-I', 'membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I']

entities_list: @entity1453 :: ('3683', 'Gene') :: ['CD11a', 'leukocyte function-associated antigen-1', 'LFA-1']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1', 'CD54']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['IgA nephropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An important aspect in glomerular nephritic processes is the enhanced influx of leukocytes into the glomerulus. METHODS: To investigate the mechanisms of intraglomerular leukocyte infiltration in @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity3630 ( @entity3630 ), we immunohistochemically examined the intraglomerular expression of @entity1453 ( @entity1453 , @entity1453 / @entity1454 ), @entity9536 , @entity9536 / @entity1454 ) and @entity2071 ( @entity2071 , @entity2071 ) together with glomerular deposition of C3c and fibrinogen. RESULTS: In @entity8 (n=42), @entity1453 + cells were distributed mainly in glomeruli with intense expression of @entity2071 , and there was a positive correlation (P<0.001) between the number of @entity1453 + cells and the degree of @entity2071 expression. @entity9536 + cells had no correlation with glomerular C3c deposition, but had a significant correlation with fibrinogen deposition (P<0.05). The number of @entity1453 + cells was significantly greater than of @entity9536 + cells (P<0.05). The number of @entity1453 + cells was strongly correlated with that of @entity469 + cells (P<0.00001). In @entity3630 (n= 43), on the contrary, @entity9536 + cells correlated only with C3c deposition (P<0.001), and they were observed mainly in peripheral loops of glomerular capillaries where C3c was deposited with a similar distribution. However, there was no relationship between @entity1453 + cells and @entity2071 expression. The number of @entity9536 + cells was greater than that of @entity1453 + cells (P<0.0001), and most @entity9536 + cells were identical to @entity5824 + cells. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the possibility that different mechanisms may cause glomerular leukocyte infiltration in various forms of @entity1 @entity631 . The @entity1453 / @entity2071 pathway may play an important role in glomerular leukocyte infiltration in @entity8 , while the @entity9536 /complement pathway may be important in @entity3630 . The former may promote mainly the infiltration of @entity469 + cells, and the latter may promote that of @entity5824 + cells. In addition, @entity9536 + cells may act as fibrinogen and complement receptors in @entity8 and @entity3630 , respectively.

title: Differences in glomerular leukocyte infiltration between @entity8 and XXXX .

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis']


abstract: It is generally felt amongst the medical profession and the lay public that @entity5 is being treated more successfully than in the past. This is certainly true for childhood @entity5 and @entity1778 but evidence that significantly improved survival is occurring in the common solid @entity5 is lacking. Since 1963 the University of Liverpool Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery has collected data on all @entity1 with @entity135 presenting to the department. The present study investigates @entity1 with histologically proven @entity957 of the four main sites: larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx. From 1963 until the end of 1989, 2738 @entity1 were seen by the department and from 1990 a further 717 @entity1 have been seen. Since 1990 @entity1 have tended to be in better general physical condition but, on the other hand, have tended to have more @entity1442 at the primary site. The department has latterly tended to see fewer @entity5 and more @entity5 of the oropharynx. Significantly fewer @entity1 have presented with neck node metastases. Multiple logistic regression suggests that the most significant difference between the two groups is the great reduction in neck node recurrence rates in the group of @entity1 seen since 1990 (P = 0.0001). The recurrence of @entity5 at the primary site since 1990 has been 35% compared with 41% before 1990, and recurrence in the neck nodes since 1990 has been 12%, compared with 15% before 1990. These differences are significant (P = 0.0141 and P = 0.0494, respectively). When studying survival in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the 5-year cure rate was 50%, whereas since 1990 the figure has risen to 60% @entity5 -specific 5-year survival--a significant difference. A similar effect was noted in observed survival. This improvement in cure rate occurred for all four main sites. The results were confirmed by Cox's proportional hazards model where year of treatment was highly significantly associated with improved survival (P = 0.0001). It has been demonstrated that locoregional recurrence has improved since 1990 and this is reflected in improved survival figures. Although there are differences in the parameters of @entity5 referred before 1990 and since 1990, multivariate analysis suggests that the improvement in neck node recurrence rates may be responsible for this improved survival rate. Multivariate analysis for survival also suggests that the improvement in cure rates is independent of compounding variables and dependent on the year of presentation of the @entity5 . This improved survival may be related to factors, such as the administration of radical postoperative radiotherapy.

title: Improved survival in @entity1 with XXXX in the 1990s.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'laryngeal cancers', 'tumours', 'malignancies', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: It is generally felt amongst the medical profession and the lay public that @entity5 is being treated more successfully than in the past. This is certainly true for childhood @entity5 and @entity1778 but evidence that significantly improved survival is occurring in the common solid @entity5 is lacking. Since 1963 the University of Liverpool Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery has collected data on all @entity1 with @entity135 presenting to the department. The present study investigates @entity1 with histologically proven @entity957 of the four main sites: larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx. From 1963 until the end of 1989, 2738 @entity1 were seen by the department and from 1990 a further 717 @entity1 have been seen. Since 1990 @entity1 have tended to be in better general physical condition but, on the other hand, have tended to have more @entity1442 at the primary site. The department has latterly tended to see fewer @entity5 and more @entity5 of the oropharynx. Significantly fewer @entity1 have presented with neck node metastases. Multiple logistic regression suggests that the most significant difference between the two groups is the great reduction in neck node recurrence rates in the group of @entity1 seen since 1990 (P = 0.0001). The recurrence of @entity5 at the primary site since 1990 has been 35% compared with 41% before 1990, and recurrence in the neck nodes since 1990 has been 12%, compared with 15% before 1990. These differences are significant (P = 0.0141 and P = 0.0494, respectively). When studying survival in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, the 5-year cure rate was 50%, whereas since 1990 the figure has risen to 60% @entity5 -specific 5-year survival--a significant difference. A similar effect was noted in observed survival. This improvement in cure rate occurred for all four main sites. The results were confirmed by Cox's proportional hazards model where year of treatment was highly significantly associated with improved survival (P = 0.0001). It has been demonstrated that locoregional recurrence has improved since 1990 and this is reflected in improved survival figures. Although there are differences in the parameters of @entity5 referred before 1990 and since 1990, multivariate analysis suggests that the improvement in neck node recurrence rates may be responsible for this improved survival rate. Multivariate analysis for survival also suggests that the improvement in cure rates is independent of compounding variables and dependent on the year of presentation of the @entity5 . This improved survival may be related to factors, such as the administration of radical postoperative radiotherapy.

title: Improved survival in XXXX with @entity135 in the 1990s.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Controversy over the rate of @entity5 (AK) into @entity957 (SCC) has generated considerable debate regarding the importance of treating all such precancers to preclude their transofrmation. Current changes in US healthcare policy will deny many individuals access to certain simple and effective treatment modalities for @entity1613 . OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether there is a significant association between the presence of cutaneous SCC and pre-existing AK. METHODS: One hundred and sixty five consecutive cases of cutaneous SCC, retrieved from the files of a university-affiliated dermatopathology laboratory serving north-central Florida, were selected for review by a single dermatopathologist (D.M.). @entity1710 and @entity1711 stained skin tissue slides were examined under light microscopy for the presence of AK in close proximity to, or giving rise to, cutaneous SCC. RESULTS: Of the 165 cutaneous SCC cases reviewed, 82.4% (136 out of 165) were found to have concomitant AK giving rise to and/or in close proximity to SCC. Of the 136 AK-positive SCC cases, 26.7% (44) were identified as superficial SCC arising within an AK (AKSSCC) and 55.7% (92) had AK in close proximity to SCC (AK + SCC). Close proximity is defined to include AK changes located directly adjacent to (on the shoulder of) SCC, to a maximum distance of 8 mm away. CONCLUSIONS: The 82.4% prevalence of concomitant AK and cutaneous SCC in our biopsy population suggests a strong correlation between these two lesions. The fact that 26.7% of these lesions had SCC arising from AK highlights the importance of early recognition and effective treatment for AK.

title: Frequency of pre-existing actinic keratosis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant transformation of actinic keratosis']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['Hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['precancerous lesions']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) exert trophic effects on several different cell types in the nervous system, including spinal motoneurons. After @entity1897 , the increased expression of IGFs in the damaged nerve has been suggested to facilitate axonal regeneration. Here we have examined the expression pattern of mRNAs encoding @entity10680 , IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1-6 in the @entity35 spinal cord and peripheral nerve in three lesion models affecting lumbar motoneurons, i.e., sciatic nerve transection, ventral root avulsion, and a cut lesion in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord. The expression was also studied in enriched Schwann cell and astrocyte cultures. The injured sciatic nerve expressed @entity2135 and @entity2620 as well as @entity10777 and @entity10778 , whereas central nervous system (CNS) scar tissue expressed @entity2135 , @entity7815 , and @entity10778 . @entity2619 mRNA was strongly upregulated in spinal motoneurons after all three types of lesions. @entity2619 -like immunoreactivity was present in motoneuron cell bodies, @entity1930 . In line with the in vivo findings, cultured Schwann cells expressed @entity2135 , @entity2620 , @entity10777 , and @entity10778 mRNAs, whereas cultured astrocytes expressed @entity2135 , @entity7815 , and @entity10778 mRNAs. These findings show that @entity2135 is available for lesioned motoneurons both after peripheral and central @entity66 , whereas there are clear differences in the expression patterns for @entity2620 and some of the binding proteins in CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) scar tissue. The robust upregulation of @entity2619 mRNA in lesioned motoneurons suggests that this binding protein may be of special relevance for the severed cells.

title: Expression of insulin-like growth factors and corresponding binding proteins (IGFBP 1-6) in XXXX spinal cord and peripheral nerve after axonal injuries.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['axonal lesions']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['dendrites in the ventral horn, and axons in the sciatic nerve']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']