abstract: The management of @entity158 is a controversial subject and the treatment recommended varies from one extreme to the other. Some authorities advise simply waiting for chronic @entity788 to 'burn out', while others practise removal of the entire gland. In this paper we present 141 @entity1 who underwent surgery for chronic @entity788 at the Mayo Clinic. The main indication for operation was @entity158 and the choice of operation was based on anatomical abnormalities in the gland. The long-term results of the policy are reviewed (mean follow-up 8.5 years). Length of history, @entity66 , @entity660 and pathology, time after operation and continued @entity167 abuse were computer analysed for a statistically significant influence on @entity158 relief, ability to work, pancreatic function and survival. There was one operative death (mortality rate 0.7 per cent). Continued drinking was not shown to affect postoperative @entity158 relief but 10-year survival was significantly less in alcoholics than in those with non-alcoholic @entity788 (P less than 0.02). Dilated ducts and duct calculi were associated with good results for @entity158 relief although this association did not achieve statistical significance. Parenchymal calcification and time after operation did not influence the results of surgery. When the operation failed to relieve @entity158 , spontaneous remission occurred in a few cases only. Seventy-seven per cent of @entity1 had lasting relief of @entity158 and operations selected on the basis of gross pathology were equally effective in relieving @entity158 . Longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy in those with dilated ducts and a Whipple operation for disease of the pancreatic head gave good results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Surgical management of chronic XXXX : long-term results in 141 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['aetiology of disease']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: The management of @entity158 is a controversial subject and the treatment recommended varies from one extreme to the other. Some authorities advise simply waiting for chronic @entity788 to 'burn out', while others practise removal of the entire gland. In this paper we present 141 @entity1 who underwent surgery for chronic @entity788 at the Mayo Clinic. The main indication for operation was @entity158 and the choice of operation was based on anatomical abnormalities in the gland. The long-term results of the policy are reviewed (mean follow-up 8.5 years). Length of history, @entity66 , @entity660 and pathology, time after operation and continued @entity167 abuse were computer analysed for a statistically significant influence on @entity158 relief, ability to work, pancreatic function and survival. There was one operative death (mortality rate 0.7 per cent). Continued drinking was not shown to affect postoperative @entity158 relief but 10-year survival was significantly less in alcoholics than in those with non-alcoholic @entity788 (P less than 0.02). Dilated ducts and duct calculi were associated with good results for @entity158 relief although this association did not achieve statistical significance. Parenchymal calcification and time after operation did not influence the results of surgery. When the operation failed to relieve @entity158 , spontaneous remission occurred in a few cases only. Seventy-seven per cent of @entity1 had lasting relief of @entity158 and operations selected on the basis of gross pathology were equally effective in relieving @entity158 . Longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy in those with dilated ducts and a Whipple operation for disease of the pancreatic head gave good results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Surgical management of chronic @entity788 : long-term results in 141 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In sub-Saharan Africa, the use of @entity311 rapid diagnostic tests (mRDT) has raised awareness of alternative @entity221 causes in @entity1 but few studies have included adults. To address this gap, we conducted a study of mRDT-negative @entity221 aetiologies among @entity1 and adults in Tanzania. METHODS: A total of 1028 @entity1 aged 3 months to 50 years with a @entity221 and negative mRDT were enrolled from a Tanzanian hospital outpatient department. All had a physical examination and cultures from blood, nasopharynx/throat and urine. @entity1 were followed on Days 7 and 14 and @entity1 meeting WHO criteria for @entity55 were followed on Day 2 with chest radiology. RESULTS: Respiratory symptoms were the most frequent presenting complaint, reported by 20.3% of adults and 64.0% (339/530) of @entity1 . Of 38 X-rayed @entity1 meeting WHO @entity55 criteria, 47.4% had a normal X-ray. Overall, only 1.3% of 1028 blood cultures were positive. @entity1680 was the most prevalent pathogen isolated (7/13, 53.8%) and @entity1680 @entity1 reported @entity221 for a median of 7 days (range 2-14). @entity1 with @entity582 did not present with WHO symptoms requiring antibiotic treatment. Young @entity1 and adults had similar prevalences of positive urine cultures (24/428 and 29/498, respectively). CONCLUSION: Few outpatient fevers are caused by blood stream @entity2348 would be identified by current clinical guidelines although paediatric @entity582 may be more difficult to diagnose. While @entity55 may be overdiagnosed, @entity293 was relatively common. Our results emphasise the difficulty in identifying African @entity1 in need of antibiotics among the majority who do not.

title: Causes of non-malarial XXXX in outpatients in Tanzania.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity1680 :: ('90370', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella typhi', 'S. typhi']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection, and most adult bacteraemia']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['febrile illness', 'fever']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity582 :: ('MESH:C531821', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemia']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['febrile illness']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT Preoperative corticosteroids and chemotherapy are frequently prescribed for @entity1 undergoing cranial neurosurgery but may pose a risk of @entity86 . @entity86 (SSIs) have significant morbidity and mortality, dramatically increase the length and cost of hospitalization, and are a major cause of 30-day readmission. In @entity1 undergoing cranial neurosurgery, there is a lack of data on the role of @entity1 -specific risk factors in the development of SSIs. The authors of this study sought to determine whether chemotherapy and prolonged @entity479 use before surgery increase the risk of an SSI at postoperative Day 30. METHODS Using the national prospectively collected American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database for 2006-2012, the authors calculated the rates of superficial, deep-incisional, and organ-space SSIs at postoperative Day 30 for neurosurgery @entity1 who had undergone chemotherapy or had significant @entity479 use within 30 days before undergoing cranial surgery. @entity130 @entity1 , @entity1 younger than 18 years, and @entity1 with a preoperative @entity281 were excluded. Univariate analysis was performed for 25 variables considered risk factors for superficial and organ-space SSIs. To identify independent predictors of SSIs, the authors then conducted a multivariate analysis in which they controlled for duration of operation, wound class, white blood cell count, and other potential confounders that were significant on the univariate analysis. RESULTS A total of 8215 @entity1 who had undergone cranial surgery were identified. There were 158 SSIs at 30 days (frequency 1.92%), of which 52 were superficial, 27 were deep-incisional, and 79 were organ-space @entity281 . Preoperative chemotherapy was an independent predictor of organ-space SSIs in the multivariate model (OR 5.20, 95% CI 2.33-11.62, p < 0.0001), as was corticosteroid use (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.03-3.37, p = 0.04), but neither was a predictor of superficial or deep-incisional SSIs. Other independent predictors of organ-space SSIs were longer duration of operation (OR 1.16), wound class of >=  2 (clean-contaminated and further contaminated) (OR 3.17), and morbid @entity28 (body mass index >=  40 kg/m(2)) (OR 3.05). Among superficial SSIs, wound class of 3 (contaminated) (OR 6.89), operative duration (OR 1.13), and infratentorial surgical approach (OR 2.20) were predictors. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative chemotherapy and corticosteroid use are independent predictors of organ-space SSIs, even when data are controlled for @entity1431 . This indicates that the disease process in organ-space SSIs may differ from that in superficial SSIs. In effect, this study provides one of the largest analyses of risk factors for SSIs after cranial surgery. The results suggest that, in certain circumstances, modulation of preoperative chemotherapy or @entity479 regimens may reduce the risk of organ-space SSIs and should be considered in the preoperative care of this population. Future studies are needed to determine optimal timing and dosing of these medications.

title: Preoperative chemotherapy and corticosteroids: independent predictors of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative surgical-site infections', 'postoperative infection']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['cranial surgical-site infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the epidemiology of @entity4436 in Japan. Additional information is needed about its clinical characteristics and the factors associated with complications of @entity4436 . OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the clinical characteristics of @entity4436 and factors associated with its complications in Japanese @entity1 . DESIGN: This was a retrospective, multicenter, large-scale, cross-sectional study. SETTINGS: All of the consecutive @entity1 in 21 Japanese hospitals with a final diagnosis of acute @entity12127 were included in this study. @entity1 : A total of 1112 @entity1 , including 658 @entity1 and 454 @entity1 , with a mean age of 54.8 years, who were diagnosed by CT and/or ultrasonography between January 2006 and May 2011, were included in this study. INTERVENTIONS: Data on medical history, investigations, treatments, and prognosis were collected using a standard form to create a dedicated database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clarification of the clinical characteristics of Japanese @entity1 with acute @entity4436 was the main outcome measured. RESULTS: @entity4436 was detected mainly in @entity1 and @entity1 aged 40 to 60 years. Although @entity4436 more frequently affected the right colon (70.1%), @entity4436 of the left colon was significantly more frequent (61.0%) in elderly @entity1 . Of the 1112 @entity1 with @entity4436 , 179 (16.1%) developed complications, including abscess formation, perforation, @entity850 , and/or @entity292 , some of which required surgical treatment, such as drainage or colonic resection. The duration of hospitalization (24.1        19.5 days) and mortality rate (2.8%) were significantly higher in @entity1 with versus without complications. Factors associated with complications were @entity221 (>38.5  C), involvement of the left colon, higher age, and delayed diagnosis. LIMITATIONS: Limitations included the nonconsideration of @entity4436 treatment, the effect of dietary fiber, and the retrospective design of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Complications were more frequent in elderly @entity1 with left-sided @entity4436 , although @entity4436 was more common in middle-aged @entity1 and on the right side of the colon. Factors associated with complications were @entity221 , site of involvement, older age, and longer time until diagnosis.

title: Characteristics of XXXX and Factors Associated With Complications: A Japanese Multicenter, Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity12127 :: ('MESH:D004239', 'Disease') :: ['colonic diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulitis', 'Diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity12127 :: (MESH:D004239,Disease) :: ['Colonic Diverticulitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) on @entity158 , function, and grip strength in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity2633 unresponsive to previous treatments. DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in outpatient clinics in a medical faculty hospital. Fifty-six @entity1 with @entity2633 were randomized to rESWT (n = 28) or sham rESWT (n = 28) groups. Both the @entity1 and the outcome assessing investigator were blinded to group assignment. The rESWT was administered to the @entity158 epicondyle at the elbow with a total of 2000 pulses of 10 Hz frequency at a 1.8 bar of air pressure at each session at three once weekly sessions. Sham rESWT was applied without the contact of the applicator at the same area. Study @entity1 were assessed at baseline and at 1 and 3 mos after treatment using a visual analog scale for @entity158 and Roles and Maudsley scale and @entity1 -Rated @entity2633 for @entity158 and function. Grip strength of the affected extremity was also measured using a hand dynamometer. RESULTS: Both rESWT and sham rESWT groups showed a significant improvement in all outcome measures at posttreatment follow-up points. Favorable absolute and percentage changes in assessments at 1- and 3-mo posttreatment did not show any significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The rESWT does not seem to be more effective either in reducing @entity158 or improving function or grip strength in @entity1 with @entity2633 at least at 3 mos after treatment when compared with sham rESWT.

title: Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Is Not More Effective Than Placebo in the Management of XXXX : A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity2633 :: ('MESH:D013716', 'Disease') :: ['lateral epicondylitis', 'Tennis Elbow Evaluation']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

answer: @entity2633 :: (MESH:D013716,Disease) :: ['Lateral Epicondylitis']


abstract: @entity3620 ( @entity3620 ) is a rare aggressive @entity5 associated with @entity1355 exposure. The possible role of genetic factors has also been suggested and @entity3620 has been associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of xenobiotic and oxidative metabolism enzymes. We have identified an association of the DNA repair gene @entity20319 with @entity3620 in the population of Casale Monferrato, a town exposed to high @entity1355 pollution. To extend this observation we examined 35 SNPs in 15 genes that could be involved in @entity3620 carcinogenicity in 220 @entity3620 @entity1 and 296 controls from two case-control studies conducted in Casale (151 @entity1 , 252 controls) and Turin (69 @entity1 , 44 controls), respectively. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Two DNA repair genes were associated with @entity3620 , i.e. @entity20319 and @entity11833 . Considering @entity1355 -exposed only, the risk increased with the increasing number of @entity20319 -399Q alleles (Casale: OR=1.44, 95%CI 1.02-2.03; Casale+Turin: OR=1.34, 95%CI 0.98-1.84) or @entity20319 -77T alleles (Casale+Turin: OR=1.33, 95%CI 0.97-1.81). The @entity20319 -TGGGGGAACAGA haplotype was significantly associated with @entity3620 (Casale: OR=1.76, 95%CI 1.04-2.96). @entity1 heterozygotes for @entity11833 @entity20315 showed an increased OR in all subjects (OR=1.66, 95%CI 1.06-2.60) and in @entity1355 -exposed only (OR=1.59, 95%CI 1.01-2.50). When the dominant model was considered (i.e. @entity11833 heterozygotes CT plus homozygotes CC versus homozygotes TT) the risk was statistically significant both in all subjects (OR=1.61, 95%CI 1.06-2.47) and in @entity1355 -exposed only (OR=1.56, 95%CI 1.02-2.40). The combination of @entity11833 @entity20315 and @entity20319 @entity20322 was statistically significant (Casale: OR=2.02, 95%CI 1.01-4.05; Casale+Turin: OR=2.39, 95%CI 1.29-4.43). The association of @entity3620 with DNA repair genes support the hypothesis that an increased susceptibility to DNA damage may favour @entity1355 .

title: @entity20319 and XXXX variants modify malignant mesothelioma risk: a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['MPM', 'Malignant pleural mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity1355 :: ('MESH:D001195', 'Disease') :: ['asbestos', 'asbestos carcinogenicity']

answer: @entity11833 :: (2067,Gene) :: ['ERCC1']


abstract: @entity3620 ( @entity3620 ) is a rare aggressive @entity5 associated with @entity1355 exposure. The possible role of genetic factors has also been suggested and @entity3620 has been associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of xenobiotic and oxidative metabolism enzymes. We have identified an association of the DNA repair gene @entity20319 with @entity3620 in the population of Casale Monferrato, a town exposed to high @entity1355 pollution. To extend this observation we examined 35 SNPs in 15 genes that could be involved in @entity3620 carcinogenicity in 220 @entity3620 @entity1 and 296 controls from two case-control studies conducted in Casale (151 @entity1 , 252 controls) and Turin (69 @entity1 , 44 controls), respectively. Unconditional multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Two DNA repair genes were associated with @entity3620 , i.e. @entity20319 and @entity11833 . Considering @entity1355 -exposed only, the risk increased with the increasing number of @entity20319 -399Q alleles (Casale: OR=1.44, 95%CI 1.02-2.03; Casale+Turin: OR=1.34, 95%CI 0.98-1.84) or @entity20319 -77T alleles (Casale+Turin: OR=1.33, 95%CI 0.97-1.81). The @entity20319 -TGGGGGAACAGA haplotype was significantly associated with @entity3620 (Casale: OR=1.76, 95%CI 1.04-2.96). @entity1 heterozygotes for @entity11833 @entity20315 showed an increased OR in all subjects (OR=1.66, 95%CI 1.06-2.60) and in @entity1355 -exposed only (OR=1.59, 95%CI 1.01-2.50). When the dominant model was considered (i.e. @entity11833 heterozygotes CT plus homozygotes CC versus homozygotes TT) the risk was statistically significant both in all subjects (OR=1.61, 95%CI 1.06-2.47) and in @entity1355 -exposed only (OR=1.56, 95%CI 1.02-2.40). The combination of @entity11833 @entity20315 and @entity20319 @entity20322 was statistically significant (Casale: OR=2.02, 95%CI 1.01-4.05; Casale+Turin: OR=2.39, 95%CI 1.29-4.43). The association of @entity3620 with DNA repair genes support the hypothesis that an increased susceptibility to DNA damage may favour @entity1355 .

title: XXXX and @entity11833 variants modify malignant mesothelioma risk: a case-control study.

answer: @entity20319 :: (7515,Gene) :: ['XRCC1']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity33 is the term used to describe damage caused by chemotherapy to mucous membranes of the alimentary tract. RT-PCR has recently been utilised to determine the molecular events that occur in @entity33 . As this method relies on the use of a validated endogenous control, this study aims to validate commonly used housekeeping genes in an @entity2600 -induced @entity33 model. METHODS: @entity35 were administered @entity2600 and sacrificed at different time points, in particular 1, 24, 72 and 144 h following treatment. Histopathological damage was assessed by @entity6175 and @entity1711 staining. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of 11 housekeeping genes. Expression stability was determined by the Normfinder program. @entity11017 was used as a target gene to validate the appropriateness of the top-ranking housekeeping gene. RESULTS: For normalisation to multiple housekeeping genes, the most stable combination across all time points in the jejunum was @entity64298 / @entity26651 and in the colon @entity26651 /b-actin. @entity64299 and GAPDH were the most variable genes in the jejunum and colon where they were 4.4 and 3.2 fold upregulated following @entity2600 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For normalisation of @entity2600 -induced @entity33 gene expression studies, a combination of @entity64298 / @entity26651 and @entity26651 /b-actin should be used in the jejunum and colon, respectively. @entity26651 is the most favourable if restricted to a single housekeeping gene across all time points.

title: Selection of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in a @entity35 model of @entity2600 -induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis', 'Mucositis']

entities_list: @entity6175 :: ('CHEBI:5601', 'Chemical') :: ['haematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity11017 :: ('81686(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Matrix metalloproteinase 2']

answer: @entity33 :: (MESH:D052016,Disease) :: ['mucositis']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity33 is the term used to describe damage caused by chemotherapy to mucous membranes of the alimentary tract. RT-PCR has recently been utilised to determine the molecular events that occur in @entity33 . As this method relies on the use of a validated endogenous control, this study aims to validate commonly used housekeeping genes in an @entity2600 -induced @entity33 model. METHODS: @entity35 were administered @entity2600 and sacrificed at different time points, in particular 1, 24, 72 and 144 h following treatment. Histopathological damage was assessed by @entity6175 and @entity1711 staining. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of 11 housekeeping genes. Expression stability was determined by the Normfinder program. @entity11017 was used as a target gene to validate the appropriateness of the top-ranking housekeeping gene. RESULTS: For normalisation to multiple housekeeping genes, the most stable combination across all time points in the jejunum was @entity64298 / @entity26651 and in the colon @entity26651 /b-actin. @entity64299 and GAPDH were the most variable genes in the jejunum and colon where they were 4.4 and 3.2 fold upregulated following @entity2600 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For normalisation of @entity2600 -induced @entity33 gene expression studies, a combination of @entity64298 / @entity26651 and @entity26651 /b-actin should be used in the jejunum and colon, respectively. @entity26651 is the most favourable if restricted to a single housekeeping gene across all time points.

title: Selection of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in a @entity35 model of XXXX -induced @entity33 .

answer: @entity2600 :: (MESH:C051890,Chemical) :: ['irinotecan']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity33 is the term used to describe damage caused by chemotherapy to mucous membranes of the alimentary tract. RT-PCR has recently been utilised to determine the molecular events that occur in @entity33 . As this method relies on the use of a validated endogenous control, this study aims to validate commonly used housekeeping genes in an @entity2600 -induced @entity33 model. METHODS: @entity35 were administered @entity2600 and sacrificed at different time points, in particular 1, 24, 72 and 144 h following treatment. Histopathological damage was assessed by @entity6175 and @entity1711 staining. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of 11 housekeeping genes. Expression stability was determined by the Normfinder program. @entity11017 was used as a target gene to validate the appropriateness of the top-ranking housekeeping gene. RESULTS: For normalisation to multiple housekeeping genes, the most stable combination across all time points in the jejunum was @entity64298 / @entity26651 and in the colon @entity26651 /b-actin. @entity64299 and GAPDH were the most variable genes in the jejunum and colon where they were 4.4 and 3.2 fold upregulated following @entity2600 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For normalisation of @entity2600 -induced @entity33 gene expression studies, a combination of @entity64298 / @entity26651 and @entity26651 /b-actin should be used in the jejunum and colon, respectively. @entity26651 is the most favourable if restricted to a single housekeeping gene across all time points.

title: Selection of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in a XXXX model of @entity2600 -induced @entity33 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Individuals manifesting high maximal @entity26 consumption (VO2max) have augmented adrenal responsivity to physical stress. We subjected 17 males representing a wide range of VO2max to cognitive stress and measured their forearm venous plasma @entity1425 , @entity1063 , and @entity701 responses. Six repeated blood samples were collected at resting, stress, and recovery intervals. Significant increases were observed for @entity1425 (X +/- SD; rest, 50 +/- 30; stress, 81 +/- 77 pg/ml; p less than or equal to 0.05) and @entity1063 (rest, 404 +/- 235; stress, 481 +/- 314 pg/ml; p less than or equal to 0.05). @entity701 changes were not significant. A positive association (r = 0.54; p less than or equal to 0.05) was observed between @entity1425 and VO2max during the first collection of the stress period. An inverse association (r = 0.49; p less than or equal to 0.05) was present between VO2max and @entity1063 . No significant correlations occurred with @entity701 . These results indicate that enhanced @entity65 is characterized by augmented @entity1425 responsivity to cognitive stress. This association exists in the presence of an inverse relationship between plasma free @entity1063 response and VO2max.

title: XXXX and selected adrenal hormone responses to cognitive stress.

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['Cortisol', 'cortisol']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular fitness']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['Cardiovascular fitness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Integrins are transmembrane receptors that modulate cell adhesion. Each is a heterodimer of varying alpha and beta subunits. In @entity5 , loss of integrin expression may result in less adhesive cells more likely to @entity3 . Our aim was to characterize the integrins in @entity1 breast tissue and to examine the relationship between integrin expression and nodal @entity3 in @entity0 . METHODS: Cryostat sections from 12 benign and 61 malignant (50 ductal and 11 lobular) samples were stained by the avidin- @entity1885 complex method with monoclonal antibodies to the beta 1, beta 3, beta 4, and @entity31741 subfamilies. All slides were read by two independent assessors with consensus agreement. Integrin expression was compared to variables by using the chi-squared test with Yates' correction and multivariate analysis based on logistic regression. RESULTS: All integrin subunits studied were significantly reduced on @entity0 compared with benign cells (chi-squared test) but were not related to @entity5 differentiation. Loss of alpha 1 beta 1, alpha 2 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1, alpha 6 beta 1, alpha v beta 1, and @entity31741 were related to the presence of axillary @entity3 . Independently the integrins were of limited clinical value as predictors of axillary spread. However, on multivariate analysis the combination of beta 1, alpha v, alpha 1, @entity5 size, and vascular invasion gave a cumulative overall accuracy in predicting @entity66 of 97%. CONCLUSIONS: Integrin expression is reduced in @entity0 and may explain @entity5 progression. Measuring the integrins might thus provide a means of selection for aggressive axillary treatment.

title: Integrin expression in primary XXXX and its relation to axillary nodal status.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastasize']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Based on the literature and on our own experience from a follow-up study of all @entity29 @entity1 in a defined population, the epidemiology, course and social economic aspects of the diseases are discussed. The incidence of @entity31 has shown geographical differences with a stable incidence in Stockholm, Cardiff, the United Kingdom and Copenhagen compared to a remarkable increase in incidence in Iceland, Faroe islands, Norway, Scotland and North Tees since 1970. For @entity30 there has been an overall increase in incidence in all studies with a tendency towards a plateau in recent years in some areas. The prevalence of @entity31 in 1978 was 117/10(5) and for @entity30 34/10(5) in Copenhagen county. The survival of the @entity1 did not differ from that of the background except for a small excess mortality in elderly @entity1 with @entity31 within the first 2 years with the disease. 10% of @entity1 with @entity31 were colectomized within 1 year and 23% within 10 years. 55% of @entity1 with @entity30 were operated on within 10 years, 11% two or more times. The number of @entity1 in complete remission for 10 years after the initial attack is practically zero. 90% of @entity1 with @entity31 and about 80% with @entity30 have full work capacity. The risk of @entity5 is 1.4% in @entity31 after 18 years (e.g. twice the risk in the background population) and is markedly lower than in previous reports. In @entity30 no increased risk of @entity5 was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Epidemiology, course and socio-economic influence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'intestinal cancer']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect a novel formulation of @entity28973 cream on skin barrier function in subjects with @entity483 . DESIGN: The authors performed an open-label, investigator-blinded, side-by-side, controlled trial examining skin barrier function before and after a two-week course of a class I, super-potent topical steroid. SETTING: Outpatient university-based dermatology clinic in Portland, OR. SUBJECTS: Twenty-five subjects aged 12 or older with a diagnosis of moderate, severe, or very severe @entity195 were recruited for this study. INTERVENTION: @entity28973 0.1% cream, a novel formulation of a class I super-potent topical @entity134 was applied to all affected areas, except a control site, once daily for two weeks or until clear. The control target site was treated with the vehicle once daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The study's primary outcome was change in skin barrier function as measured by basal transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in acute lesional skin from baseline as measured at two weeks. RESULTS: TEWL readings significantly decreased (reflecting improved barrier function) in both the active and control target sites. The active target site decreased 14.35+/-16 mg/cm2 per hour; 95 percent confidence interval, P<0.001. The control target site decreased 8.75+/-11.80 mg/cm2 per hour in 25 subjects; 95 percent confidence interval, P<0.001. Skin electrical capacitance also improved significantly, reflecting improved stratum corneum hydration with therapy. @entity111 , clinical severity, and quality of life scores all showed significant improvement by the end of the study. CONCLUSION: The authors have shown that short-term treatment with a novel formulation of 0.1% @entity28973 led to significantly improved barrier function as measured by basal TEWL in subjects with active moderate to severe @entity195 . These data suggest short-term treatment with @entity195 with a super-potent @entity228 improves skin barrier function.

title: Effects of a novel formulation of XXXX 0.1% cream on skin barrier function in @entity483 .

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity28973 :: ('MESH:D005447', 'Chemical') :: ['fluocinonide', 'Fluocinonide']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['Pruritus']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity28973 :: (MESH:D005447,Chemical) :: ['fluocinonide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect a novel formulation of @entity28973 cream on skin barrier function in subjects with @entity483 . DESIGN: The authors performed an open-label, investigator-blinded, side-by-side, controlled trial examining skin barrier function before and after a two-week course of a class I, super-potent topical steroid. SETTING: Outpatient university-based dermatology clinic in Portland, OR. SUBJECTS: Twenty-five subjects aged 12 or older with a diagnosis of moderate, severe, or very severe @entity195 were recruited for this study. INTERVENTION: @entity28973 0.1% cream, a novel formulation of a class I super-potent topical @entity134 was applied to all affected areas, except a control site, once daily for two weeks or until clear. The control target site was treated with the vehicle once daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The study's primary outcome was change in skin barrier function as measured by basal transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in acute lesional skin from baseline as measured at two weeks. RESULTS: TEWL readings significantly decreased (reflecting improved barrier function) in both the active and control target sites. The active target site decreased 14.35+/-16 mg/cm2 per hour; 95 percent confidence interval, P<0.001. The control target site decreased 8.75+/-11.80 mg/cm2 per hour in 25 subjects; 95 percent confidence interval, P<0.001. Skin electrical capacitance also improved significantly, reflecting improved stratum corneum hydration with therapy. @entity111 , clinical severity, and quality of life scores all showed significant improvement by the end of the study. CONCLUSION: The authors have shown that short-term treatment with a novel formulation of 0.1% @entity28973 led to significantly improved barrier function as measured by basal TEWL in subjects with active moderate to severe @entity195 . These data suggest short-term treatment with @entity195 with a super-potent @entity228 improves skin barrier function.

title: Effects of a novel formulation of @entity28973 0.1% cream on skin barrier function in XXXX .

answer: @entity483 :: (MESH:D003876,Disease) :: ['atopic dermatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cellular immune suppression is observed in @entity135 ( @entity135 ) and contributes to poor prognosis. Restoration of immune homeostasis may require primary cell-derived cytokines at physiologic doses. An immunotherapy regimen containing a biologic, with multiple-active cytokine components, and administered with cytoxan, @entity219 , and @entity3352 was developed to modulate cellular immunity. METHODS: Study methods were designed to determine the safety and efficacy of a 21-day neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimen in a phase 2 trial that enrolled 27 therapy-na  ve @entity1 with stage II to IVa @entity135 . Methods included safety, clinical and radiologic @entity5 response, disease-free survival (DFS), @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ), and @entity5 @entity2617 ( @entity2617 ) data collection. RESULTS: Acute @entity137 was minimal. @entity1 completed neoadjuvant treatment without surgical delay. By independent radiographic review, 83% had stable disease during treatment. @entity1349 was 92%, 73%, and 69% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Histologic analysis suggested correlation between survival and @entity5 @entity2617 . CONCLUSION: Immunotherapy regimen was tolerated. Survival results are encouraging.

title: Novel neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimen safety and survival in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck squamous cell cancer', 'HNSCC']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2617 :: ('MESH:D017254', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytic infiltrate', 'LI']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck squamous cell cancer']


abstract: Chitinases were produced by a lot of microorganisms. Chitinase gene expression in most of the chitinase producing bacteria was inducible by chitin. Low levels of chitinase were observed in the presence of @entity413 . To date, however, the regulation of such chitinase gene in @entity11137 had not been well studied. In this paper, all 77 @entity11137 strains were grown in the medium with or without chitin. We measured quantitatively the chitinase activity of the cultures. Moreover, we investigated the suppressive effect of @entity413 on chitinase of 4 strains. Also we studied the relationship between chitin induction and @entity413 suppression on chitinase. This investigation demonstrated that all tested @entity11137 strains could produce chitinase without chitin. After induction, the chitinolytic activity of 31 tested strains had no obvious response to the inducer, whereas 44 stains increased in different degree. Among these strains, most of them did not markedly increase the levels of chitinase, and many stains simultaneously displayed the expression mode of inducible and constitutive. The @entity413 inhibited the inductive effect of chitin, but it could not inhibit the basal expression of chitinase. Two strains No. 38 and No. 75 belonged to different expression types. But we just found several different bases in the regulatory region of chitinase genes chiA and chiB from them.

title: [Essential expression and inducible synthesis polymorphism of chitinase in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity11137 :: ('1428', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus thuringiensis', 'B. thuringiensis']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity11137 :: (1428,Species) :: ['Bacillus thuringiensis']


abstract: Intravitreally applied @entity2995 (TA) is used to treat a variety of @entity1020 . Commercially available products of TA are mainly intended for intramuscular application and contain @entity7471 (BA) as a bacteriostatic preservative. Since this agent damages ocular tissues, different methods such as filtration techniques and centrifugation are usually used to eliminate BA from commercial products (40 mg/mL TA, 9.9 mg/mL BA). In this study, we evaluated these methods in regard to their ability to eliminate @entity7471 and to guarantee standard doses of @entity2995 . A new formulation without BA (TA 40 mg/mL) was developped according to the following criteria: autoclavability, stability, and suitability for intravitreal use. For QA/QC evaluation a new rapid and simple HPLC procedure (C18 RP column, mobile phase consisting of @entity1042 -water, 48:52, v/v) to quantify the respective compounds was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines. The HPLC method was proven to be selective, linear, precise and accurate. Analysis of preparations based on commercial products undergoing different filtration techniques showed variable results: TA concentrations of 22-80% of the declared amount were found, and BA content was not reduced to safe levels (up to 39% of initial content remained). Centrifugation methods decreased the concentration of the preservative adequately, however agglomerated TA crystals were observed, leading to irreproducible and deviating particle sizes that are potentially harmful with ocular use. The newly developed preservative free formulation (TA 40 mg/mL) delivered uniform doses of TA, revealed no drug loss during forced light exposure and was proven to be stable, sterile and bacterial endotoxin free after autoclaving and after storage for three months,. The new formulation may offer an alternative for the in-house production of intravitreally applicable TA preparations in hospital pharmacies and should enhance medication safety.

title: Evaluation of different preparation methods for a preservative free XXXX preparation for intravitreal administration: a validated stability indicating HPLC-method.

entities_list: @entity7471 :: ('MESH:D019905', 'Chemical') :: ['benzyl alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular diseases']

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

answer: @entity2995 :: (MESH:D014222,Chemical) :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']


abstract: 1. In @entity468 , a venous long-circuit technique was used to measure the blood flows in the superior vena cava and the hepatic, renal and iliac segments of the inferior vena cava. The sum of these flows gave the venous return (minus coronary and bronchial flows). In further experiments using an electromagnetic flowmeter, flow in the portal vein and in the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries was measured.2. Approximately two-thirds of the hepatic blood flow is derived from the portal vein.3. After block of conduction in the cervical region of the spinal cord, the proportions of the venous return coming from each region during the control periods were not significantly altered although the arterial pressure and total venous return were decreased.4. Intravenous infusions of @entity1425 caused an increase in venous return which was associated with a marked @entity101 . The @entity101 was due to an increase in flow in the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein. Flow in the coeliac artery remained unchanged. This response was unaffected by block of the cervical region of the spinal cord and by @entity3897 or @entity30049 .5. Intravenous infusions of @entity1063 caused little change in venous return or regional blood flows. Small increases in superior mesenteric artery flow were occasionally seen and on cessation of the infusion a large but brief increase occurred. These facts suggest that @entity1063 has a similar action to @entity1425 but this is masked by concomitant vasoconstriction.

title: The effects of @entity1425 and XXXX on venous return and regional blood flows in the anaesthetized cat with special reference to intestinal blood flow.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increase in hepatic blood flow']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity30049 :: ('MESH:D010425', 'Chemical') :: ['pentolinium']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['noradrenaline']


abstract: 1. In @entity468 , a venous long-circuit technique was used to measure the blood flows in the superior vena cava and the hepatic, renal and iliac segments of the inferior vena cava. The sum of these flows gave the venous return (minus coronary and bronchial flows). In further experiments using an electromagnetic flowmeter, flow in the portal vein and in the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries was measured.2. Approximately two-thirds of the hepatic blood flow is derived from the portal vein.3. After block of conduction in the cervical region of the spinal cord, the proportions of the venous return coming from each region during the control periods were not significantly altered although the arterial pressure and total venous return were decreased.4. Intravenous infusions of @entity1425 caused an increase in venous return which was associated with a marked @entity101 . The @entity101 was due to an increase in flow in the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein. Flow in the coeliac artery remained unchanged. This response was unaffected by block of the cervical region of the spinal cord and by @entity3897 or @entity30049 .5. Intravenous infusions of @entity1063 caused little change in venous return or regional blood flows. Small increases in superior mesenteric artery flow were occasionally seen and on cessation of the infusion a large but brief increase occurred. These facts suggest that @entity1063 has a similar action to @entity1425 but this is masked by concomitant vasoconstriction.

title: The effects of XXXX and @entity1063 on venous return and regional blood flows in the anaesthetized cat with special reference to intestinal blood flow.

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['adrenaline']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The Habib 4       radiofrequency-assisted bipolar hemostatic device (AngioDynamics) was used during select open partial nephrectomies to minimize @entity190 and prevent warm @entity8 . The article and video demonstrate this novel technique for partial nephrectomies in select renal masses. METHODS: @entity1 with large @entity703 requiring partial nephrectomy where avoidance of warm @entity63 was deemed imperative underwent open partial nephrectomy at our institution utilizing the Habib 4       radiofrequency ablation device to avoid prolonged warm @entity63 time and prevent @entity190 . RESULTS: We have used the device successfully in 4 partial nephrectomies (2 @entity1 with solitary kidneys, 2 @entity1 with bilateral large masses). The mean age was 65 years. Mean @entity5 size was 6.4   cm. All @entity5 were located either in the upper pole or lower pole of the kidney. Mean hospital stay was 4.6 days. No @entity1 received an intraoperative blood transfusion. Two @entity1 required long-term ureteral stenting and surgical drainage for urine leakage. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar radiofrequency ablation offers avoidance of hilar clamping in carefully selected large partial nehrectomies.

title: Use of the Habib 4       radiofrequency-assisted bipolar hemostatic device to avoid warm XXXX in select large partial nephrectomies: description and video of technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal tumors']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: With the advances in laparoscopic instruments and surgical techniques, the use of laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has been increasing rapidly in recent years. In this retrospective analysis, we aimed to determine the competitive edge of LA versus @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ) in different settings of disease complexity, gender, and age difference. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the @entity1 diagnosed with @entity697 at Changhua and Chang-Bing Show-Chwan Memorial Hospitals from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2009 was conducted. Trend and indication of @entity1538 and LA were recorded, combined with a comparison of medical costs, complication rates, wound @entity281 rates, and hospital stays in different settings of disease complexity, gender, and age group. RESULTS: A total of 1366 @entity698 @entity1 were enrolled, and the rate of LA use increased rapidly, from 8.1% in 2004 to 90.3% in 2009. The increased use of LA was seen in both the uncomplicated and @entity532 @entity1 and in both gender and age groups (pediatric, adult, and elderly). Compared with @entity1538 , LA was associated with a lower complication rate (9.5% versus 5.8%; P   =   .013), a lower wound @entity281 rate (8.6% versus 4.2%; P   =   .001), and a shorter hospital stay (4.60        3.64 versus 4.06        1.84 days; P   =   .001), but a higher mean cost (32,670        28,568 versus 37,567        12,064 New Taiwan dollars). In the subgroup analysis, the @entity1 with @entity532 , female @entity1 , and pediatric and elderly @entity1 benefited from a reduced hospital stay. LA is about 15% more expensive than @entity1538 . CONCLUSIONS: LA is as safe and effective as @entity1538 in many settings of @entity698 and may be selectively advantageous in @entity1 with @entity532 and in elderly subgroups.

title: Competitive edge of laparoscopic appendectomy versus XXXX : a subgroup comparison analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open appendectomy', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['complicated appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity1538 :: (MESH:D005902,Disease) :: ['open appendectomy']


abstract: @entity1 liver and kidney organ slices were used to investigate the biotransformation competence of the slices in combination with several markers of cell viability and function. The immunosuppressant @entity205 ( @entity870 ) is extensively metabolized in liver slices to the three known primary metabolites and many secondary metabolites. In kidney cortex slices the biotransformation of @entity870 is far more pronounced in @entity1 than in @entity35 . In @entity1 liver slices, levels of @entity5322 , the proteins metabolizing @entity870 , are depressed about 25% by 1 and 10 mumol/L @entity870 within 24 h, indicating that high blood or tissue concentrations will inhibit @entity870 clearance. A clinical marker for @entity409 is the release of cellular alpha- @entity2041 -S-transferases (alpha GST). In this study the alpha GST levels were used to assess donor organ quality, organ slice incubation conditions, and compound exposure. A marker for cell death in @entity1 cells is the solubilization and release of nuclear matrix proteins (Numa). Increases were apparent only after 48 h of culture. A side-effect of @entity870 is that it induces @entity101 and perturbs the lipid profile of transplant recipients. A potential marker for lipid disturbances is levels of serum lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), which is synthesized in the liver and found only in @entity1 , apes, and nonhuman primates. @entity870 increases Lp(a) levels in the @entity1 liver slice cultures about 2-fold. This study has demonstrated that the biotransformation capability of the organ slices contributes to the optimization of the in vitro system and to the evaluation of markers for drug induced side-effects or @entity137 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Use of XXXX organ slices to evaluate the biotransformation and drug-induced side-effects of pharmaceuticals.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver damage']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Periodic hemodialysis requires the vascular access to be capable of functioning perfectly for a long time; therefore early diagnosis of the most common complications is very important. Fifty-four @entity1 in dialysis treatment for @entity454 ( @entity454 ) were examined over a six-year period for vascular access (VA) complications. Eighty vascular accesses were studied: 68 @entity2548 and 12 @entity2758 . The most frequent radiological investigation was phlebography, followed by arteriography by direct puncture of the humeral artery, and, in few cases only, by arteriography through femoral approach; the total number of radiographic examinations performed was 101. The most frequent complications were @entity715 (50%) and stenoses (21%); @entity439 , @entity2849 steals were observed in 11% of the cases. Findings prove complications to depend neither on the type of VA ( @entity292 , prosthesis) nor on its site (proximal, distal). In 50% of the cases angiography allowed a therapy to be adopted for VA recovery. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), performed on 3 @entity1 , failed. Thus, in the authors' opinion, angiography is the method of choice for the evaluation of VA pathology, and surgery is the most efficient treatment for complications. Despite failures, PTA represents a valid alternative in the treatment of stenoses in larger vessels and prostheses.

title: [Angiographic study of the complications of vascular access in XXXX under hemodialysis].

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous grafts']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thromboses']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous fistulas']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysms and radial artery']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['ESRF', 'end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Progressive @entity717 of the spine is rare and surgical treatment is challenging. Few reports have described surgical decompression, fusion, and partial correction by traditional 2-stage anterior decompression and the posterior fixation technique. The goal of this retrospective study was to report a series of 6 @entity1 with this deformity and the outcome after treatment by posterior-only 2-level vertebral column resection (PVCR). METHODS: Between 2011 and 2014, 6 @entity1 were treated for @entity85 with @entity717 . In these 6 @entity1 (2 males and 4 females), the diagnosis included 4 cases of @entity1513 and 2  cases of @entity4786 ; the distribution of spine level was from T4 to T11; the @entity1513 angle of the @entity1 was 115    (range, 107-125  ); the @entity1635 angle was 97   (range, 80  -117  ); follow-up ranged from 13 to 51 months (mean, 27 months). Four @entity1 developed progressive onset of @entity51 . All @entity1 underwent surgery by 2-level PVCR for decompression and correction of @entity3792 . RESULTS: Postoperatively, the @entity1 all had different @entity1513 correction rates, from 49% to 72% (mean, 63%) and @entity1635 correction rates, from 57% to 78% (mean, 65%). All @entity1 achieved successful spinal fusion with less than 3   of loss of correction at the latest follow-up evaluation. The 4 @entity1 with @entity51 improved 1 or 2 American @entity3510 Association scales at follow-up of at least 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Two-level PVCR is a safe and efficacious surgical option for the treatment of @entity717 in @entity3792 and associated @entity51 .

title: Posterior 2-Level Vertebral Column Resection for the Treatment of Progressive Rotational Dislocation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal Injury']

entities_list: @entity1513 :: ('MESH:D007738', 'Disease') :: ['congenital kyphosis', 'kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit', 'incomplete neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity3792 :: ('MESH:C565711', 'Disease') :: ['kyphoscoliosis']

entities_list: @entity4786 :: ('MESH:D017253', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibromatosis']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['progressive rotational dislocation', 'rotational dislocation']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['kyphoscoliotic deformities']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['Kyphoscoliotic Deformities']


abstract: The treatment of HeLa @entity1 @entity189 cells with @entity38750 (T4MPyP) and blue light led to damage of the microtubules (MTs). The morphologies of interphase MTs and the mitotic spindle apparatus were analysed by immunofluorescence staining of alpha-tubulin. The extent of MT damage depended on the light dose and the time after photodynamic treatment. After a period of 1 h after irradiation with doses of 0.3 or 1.5 J cm-2 (sublethal conditions, corresponding to survival rates of 90% and 60% respectively), the normal MT network arrangement of interphase cells and the mitotic spindle apparatus of many cells were clearly affected. However, these effects were found to be transient, and several hours after irradiation most MTs resumed control morphology. Higher irradiation doses (4.5 J cm-2, lethal conditions, less than 10% cell survival) resulted in the irreversible alteration of interphase and mitotic MTs. The change in MT organization appeared to be the reason for the observed increase in the @entity6578 ( @entity6578 ) after sublethal doses. The largest increase in @entity6578 was detected 6 h after treatment (twofold increase over untreated cells) for both sublethal light doses. Most of the cells in mitosis corresponded to metaphase, the number of ana-telophase cells being greatly reduced for the first hours after irradiation with a dose of 1.5 J cm-2. The results, which resemble those observed with inhibitors of MT assembly, suggest that MTs might represent an important target for T4MPyP action.

title: Photodynamic effects of the cationic porphyrin, XXXX , on microtubules of HeLa cells.

entities_list: @entity6578 :: ('MESH:C536987', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'mitotic index']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity38750 :: ('MESH:C021096', 'Chemical') :: ['mesotetra(4N-methylpyridyl)porphine']

answer: @entity38750 :: (MESH:C021096,Chemical) :: ['mesotetra(4N-methylpyridyl)porphine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity286 smoking by @entity5 @entity1 is associated with increased mortality. Less is known of the impact of smoking on recurrence risk and interaction with chemotherapy treatment. We examined these associations in @entity43 . METHODS: @entity1 were identified from the Alberta Cancer Registry between 1978 and 2010 and were oversampled for less-common histologic @entity43 types. Medical records were abstracted for 678 eligible @entity1 on lifestyle, medical and @entity5 treatment, and review of pathology slides was performed for 605 @entity1 . We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age at diagnosis, race, stage and @entity66 . RESULTS: Among @entity1 receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (N=432), current smoking was significantly associated with shorter duration of overall ( @entity3012 ; HR, 8.56; 95% CI, 1.50-48.7) and progression-free (PFS; HR, 5.74; 95% CI, 1.05-31.4) survival from mucinous @entity43 only. There was no significant association between neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival. However, among @entity1 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (N=44), current smokers had shorter PFS (HR, 4.32; 95% CI, 1.36-13.8; N=32 progressed/9 censored events) compared to never smokers, but the HRs were not statistically different across smoking categories (P interaction=0.87). CONCLUSIONS: Adverse associations were observed between smoking status and @entity3012 or PFS among @entity1 with mucinous @entity43 receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. No significant effect was found from neoadjuvant chemotherapy on PFS overall; however, smoking may modify this association. Although needing replication, these findings suggest that @entity1 may benefit from smoking cessation interventions prior to treatment with chemotherapy.

title: Smoking may modify the association between neoadjuvant chemotherapy and survival from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'ovarian tumor']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the @entity282 that followed root canal treatments performed with a single-file reciprocating system on asymptomatic @entity39 teeth with and without foraminal enlargements (FEs). METHODS: Forty-six volunteers were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the established working lengths. The FE group had a working length of 0.0  mm from the apex, and the control group had a working length of 1.0  mm short of the apex. The treatments of both groups were performed with a Reciproc R40 (VDW, Munich, Germany) instrument. Both groups underwent the same treatment protocol with the exception of the established working length. The volunteers were instructed to record their @entity158 (none, mild, moderate, or severe) on a visual analog scale at 24  hours, 72  hours, and 1 week after the procedures. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify significant differences. RESULTS: Overall, 82.22% of the @entity1 indicated no @entity158 or mild @entity158 . A greater proportion of the @entity1 in the FE group reported mild @entity158 compared with @entity1 in the control group in the first 24  hours  (P  <  .05). At 72  hours and 1 week, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups (P  >  .05). CONCLUSIONS: FEs during endodontic treatments of asymptomatic @entity39 , uniradicular teeth that were performed in single visits using the Reciproc R40 reciprocating file resulted in a low incidence of @entity158 . After 24  hours, the FEs resulted in more @entity1 reporting mild @entity158 compared with the control group, but no differences were observed at 72  hours or 1 week.

title: The Effect of Foraminal Enlargement of @entity39 with the Reciproc System on XXXX : A Prospective and Randomized Clinical Trial.

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic', 'uniradicular necrotic']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['Postoperative Pain']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the @entity282 that followed root canal treatments performed with a single-file reciprocating system on asymptomatic @entity39 teeth with and without foraminal enlargements (FEs). METHODS: Forty-six volunteers were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the established working lengths. The FE group had a working length of 0.0  mm from the apex, and the control group had a working length of 1.0  mm short of the apex. The treatments of both groups were performed with a Reciproc R40 (VDW, Munich, Germany) instrument. Both groups underwent the same treatment protocol with the exception of the established working length. The volunteers were instructed to record their @entity158 (none, mild, moderate, or severe) on a visual analog scale at 24  hours, 72  hours, and 1 week after the procedures. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to identify significant differences. RESULTS: Overall, 82.22% of the @entity1 indicated no @entity158 or mild @entity158 . A greater proportion of the @entity1 in the FE group reported mild @entity158 compared with @entity1 in the control group in the first 24  hours  (P  <  .05). At 72  hours and 1 week, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups (P  >  .05). CONCLUSIONS: FEs during endodontic treatments of asymptomatic @entity39 , uniradicular teeth that were performed in single visits using the Reciproc R40 reciprocating file resulted in a low incidence of @entity158 . After 24  hours, the FEs resulted in more @entity1 reporting mild @entity158 compared with the control group, but no differences were observed at 72  hours or 1 week.

title: The Effect of Foraminal Enlargement of XXXX with the Reciproc System on @entity282 : A Prospective and Randomized Clinical Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['Necrotic Teeth']


abstract: The retinofugal and retinopetal projections of the cichlid fish @entity9215 were studied by applying cobaltous- @entity376 to the optic nerve. Retinal axons terminate bilaterally in a preoptic-suprachiasmatic region between the base of the third ventricle and the anterior genu of the horizontal commissure and among periventricular cells along the sides of the ventricle. Other retinal axons innervate the tuberal region of the hypothalamus anterior to the infundibulum. Targets innervated in the pretectum include nucleus lateralis geniculatus and dorsal, medial, and ventral pretectal nuclei. Three other targets (nucleus opticus dorsolateralis, nucleus opticus commissurae posterior, nucleus opticus ventrolateralis) are innervated by fibers that leave the medial edge of the dorsal optic tract. Two other targets (basal optic nucleus and accessory optic nucleus) are innervated by fibers from the ventral optic tract. These retinal projections are similar to those previously reported for @entity2083 in an experiment that used the cobaltous- @entity376 method (Springer and Gaffney, J. Comp. Neurol. 203:401-424, '81). Retinotectal optic axons were found in a superficial lamina just above the stratum opticum, in the stratum opticum, in three layers of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, in a lamina just beneath the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale, and in the stratum album centrale just above the stratum periventriculare. This result is similar to that previously reported for @entity2083 ; however, the spatial relationships between the various retinorecipient laminae differ for @entity2083 and @entity9215 . Efferents to the retina originate in two nuclei and both project contralaterally. The first is the nucleus olfactoretinalis, which is located ventrally between the olfactory lobe and telencephalon. It consists of about 400 cells, of which, approximately 200 cells project to the retina. The second retinopetal nucleus, nucleus thalamoretinalis, is a diffuse group of about 200 cells that project to the retina.

title: Retinofugal and retinopetal projections in the cichlid fish XXXX .

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity9215 :: ('50733', 'Species') :: ['Astronotus ocellatus']

answer: @entity9215 :: (50733,Species) :: ['Astronotus ocellatus']


abstract: To assess the importance of erythrocyte deformability in the pulmonary @entity519 ( @entity519 ) we examined whether alterations in erythrocyte deformability are related to the differences between the brisk @entity519 in @entity35 vs the small @entity519 in hamsters, and between the @entity519 in low altitude @entity35 vs high altitude @entity35 (10 days in 10% @entity26 ). Deformability of the erythrocytes (RBC) was assessed by filtering equal volume of RBC suspension through Nucleopore filters (4.7 micron) using the same pressure head across the filter. The results show that during @entity519 , @entity35 RBC become relatively nondeformable compared to hamster's RBC. This finding is consistent with a large @entity519 in @entity35 but a small @entity519 in hamsters. Furthermore, the deformability of RBC from high altitude @entity35 became unaffected by @entity519 and was associated with blunting in the @entity519 in isolated lungs from high altitude @entity35 . The @entity519 in isolated lungs from low altitude @entity35 was larger when they were perfused with blood from normal @entity35 (= 86% increase in resistance) than when perfused with blood from high altitude @entity35 (= 36% increase in resistance). This finding further supports the possible role of RBC deformability in @entity519 . Inconsistent with the importance of deformability, however, was the finding that high altitude @entity35 lungs had a blunted @entity519 whether they were perfused with normal @entity35 blood or high altitude @entity35 blood. This may be due to restructuring of the pulmonary microvascular bed in the lung from high altitude @entity35 . The results favor the idea that changes in erythrocyte deformability may be responsible for the difference between the @entity519 in low altitude @entity35 and hamsters, and between the @entity519 in low and high altitude @entity35 . We suggest that 'obstruction' of the capillaries by less deformable erythrocyte is another factor, besides smooth muscle contraction, responsible for the @entity519 in the pulmonary vasculature.

title: Role of erythrocyte deformability in the acute XXXX in the pulmonary vasculature.

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic pressor response', 'HPR', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic pressor response']


abstract: The limited availability of @entity1 donors makes the search for alternative islet sources mandatory for future developments in pancreatic islet transplantation. In this study, we report on the massive isolation of @entity291 islets of proven in vitro and in vivo viability. The islets were prepared by collagenase digestion, sequential filtrations, and density-gradient purification by modifying a technique previously developed in our laboratory for the porcine pancreas. The prepurification yield was 2,743 +/- 78 islet equivalents (IE)/g pancreas (mean +/- SE), with a postpurification recovery of 78.7 +/- 2.2%. Purity ranged from 80 to 90%. The histological and immunocytochemical studies demonstrated the identity and integrity of the islets with well-preserved @entity8788 -, glucagon-, and @entity1943 -containing cells. The morphological integrity of cultured @entity291 islets was demonstrated for up to 4 weeks from isolation. @entity8788 secretion from freshly isolated islets was similar at 3.3 mmol/l @entity413 (0.36 +/- 0.06 pmol.IE-1.min-1) and at 14 mmol/l @entity413 (0.42 +/- 0.00 pmol.IE-1.min-1), and it increased significantly (P < 0.01) at 25 mmol/l @entity413 (1.44 +/- 0.12 pmol.IE-1.min-1). @entity369 , @entity2544 , and @entity6137 increased @entity8788 secretion from freshly isolated islets at 3.3 and 14 mmol/l @entity413 , but not at 25 mmol/l @entity413 . Islets cultured at 37 degrees C in CMRL 1066 culture medium for at least 10 days were shown to become responsive to a lower @entity413 concentration, as demonstrated by the significant increase of @entity8788 release in response to 14 mmol/l @entity413 , when compared with basal secretion. This recovered responsivity to @entity413 was maintained after 4 weeks of culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Massive isolation, morphological and functional characterization, and xenotransplantation of XXXX pancreatic islets.

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['Arginine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity6137 :: ('MESH:C029658', 'Chemical') :: ['propionic acid']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Obesity and family history of @entity6 are both risk factors for @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ), but it has been proposed that lean individuals with @entity2175 have a greater load of @entity6 susceptibility genes. If this is the case, one might expect a high prevalence of @entity2175 in relatives of @entity6 individuals with a low body mass index (BMI). Among Pima Indians participating in an epidemiological study, prevalence of @entity2175 was evaluated in relation to BMI of a @entity6 parent or to the average parental BMI when both parents had @entity6 in 1,535 offspring from 547 families. Prevalence of @entity2175 was also evaluated in relation to BMI of a randomly selected index @entity6 sibling in 1,722 siblings from 721 families. @entity2175 was diagnosed by an oral @entity413 tolerance test. Compared with offspring of @entity6 parent(s) at the 25th percentile of BMI, the odds ratio (OR) for @entity6 in offspring of @entity6 parents at the 75th percentile was 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-0.7), adjusted for age, sex, BMI in offspring, number of @entity6 parents, and age at onset of @entity6 and sex of the @entity6 parent(s). In the analysis according to BMI in a @entity6 sibling, the corresponding OR was 0.8 (95% CI 0.6-0.9). Risk ratios were only modestly higher when the analysis was restricted to relatives of subjects whose BMI had been determined before the onset of @entity6 . @entity2175 in the presence of a low BMI is more strongly familial than that at a higher BMI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Familial relationships between obesity and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['NIDDM', 'non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity2175 :: (MESH:D003924,Disease) :: ['NIDDM']


abstract: Several studies have reported devitalization of teeth following surgical procedures in the area of the root apices. The purpose of this investigation was to observe the 1-4-week wound healing pattern in monkey dental tissues following @entity2045 ( @entity2045 ). Two adult @entity2608 were used in this study. All of the teeth were surgically transected within the apical one-third with a bur. The soft tissues were then closed. At @entity204 , a maxillary and a mandibular quadrant for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks following surgery were obtained after vascular perfusion. Each quadrant was demineralized in @entity1098 , processed, serially sectioned at 7 microns and alternately stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 , Preece's modified trichome, and McKay's bacterial stains. Examination of sequential @entity2045 cuts showed an initial disruption of the @entity531 supply resulting in @entity39 . The pulpal tissues underwent a process of replacement with PDL-like connective tissues and deposition of cementum on all cut dentin surfaces of the tooth roots as well as in some of the pulp chambers. No abscesses, external resorption or @entity3947 were found.

title: Vital apicoectomy of the teeth: a 1-4 week histopathological study in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['pulpal necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['IVA', 'intentional vital apicoectomy']

entities_list: @entity3947 :: ('MESH:D000844', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosis']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['pulpal neurovascular']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['Macaca mulatta']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['Macaca mulatta']


abstract: PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the effectiveness of chemoembolization of the liver with @entity632 and @entity3990 emulsified in ethiodized oil for the treatment of metastatic @entity5 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with hepatic islet cell or @entity4303 @entity3 were treated with selected hepatic @entity1416 consisting of an emulsion of @entity632 and @entity3990 emulsified in @entity4831 followed by Gelfoam powder embolization. Fifteen @entity1 had failed intravenous chemotherapy. Two of the @entity1 with @entity5 had three embolizations over 4 and one 6 years earlier with gelatin sponge only. RESULTS: In 14 @entity1 with hormonally active @entity5 , hormones secretion decreased 90% (range 69-98%) in 10 days with relief of symptoms in all @entity1 . Average @entity5 size decrease was 84%. Average hospital stay was 8 days. Six @entity1 are alive and asymptomatic at 14-33 months postembolization. Fourteen @entity1 have died 2-16 months postembolization. Ten @entity1 died 2-37 months postembolization from progressive @entity409 . One of these @entity1 was 103 months @entity887 and 13 months postchemoembolization. In 8 @entity1 , the pancreas was the primary site: 5 were nonfunctioning @entity14380 , 1 @entity12983 , 1 @entity7581 and 1 @entity4303 . The primary site in 1 @entity1 with @entity4303 was the bronchus, and the primary site was unknown in 1 @entity1 with @entity7581 . The remaining 4 @entity1 died with @entity409 under control from @entity177 , @entity298 , @entity712 and generalized bone @entity3 . The response rate was 95% with median duration of response 8.5 months. The median survival was 24 months. CONCLUSION: Chemoembolization with @entity632 and @entity3990 emulsified in ethiodized oil is less morbid than embolization with particulate matter alone, is more convenient and less costly, and it is less morbid than the effects of systemic chemotherapy. The median survival, duration and response compare favorably with other reported therapies.

title: Hepatic arterial chemoembolization for metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity14380 :: ('MESH:D018273', 'Disease') :: ['islet cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid heart failure']

entities_list: @entity12983 :: ('MESH:D005935', 'Disease') :: ['glucagonoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'carcinoid tumors', 'neuroendocrine tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1416 :: ('MESH:D020762', 'Disease') :: ['arterial embolization']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['post-Gelfoam embolization']

entities_list: @entity4831 :: ('MESH:D004998', 'Chemical') :: ['ethiodol']

entities_list: @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity7581 :: ('MESH:D015408', 'Disease') :: ['gastrinoma']

entities_list: @entity3990 :: ('MESH:D007479', 'Chemical') :: ['iopamidol']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neuroendocrine tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity775 ( @entity775 ), an unresolving @entity409 characterized by periportal @entity99 and presence of serum autoantibodies, is distinguished by smooth muscle antibody and/or antinuclear antibody seropositivity. Type-2 @entity775 is characterized by antibodies to liver/kidney microsome type-1. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are highly specific for @entity31 , @entity991 , and, in this report, type-1 @entity775 determined by positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed by perinuclear indirect immunofluorescence staining. The studies described characterize the frequency and nature of ANCA in severe type-1 @entity775 @entity1 and define @entity775 -ANCA specificity and diagnostic significance. METHODS: One hundred four @entity1 , characterized by clinical, immunoserological, virological, histological, and antigenic criteria, were studied. ANCA expression was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: High-titer ANCA is present in 96% of @entity1 with type-1 @entity775 with 92% showing a perinuclear staining pattern (pANCA). Whereas many @entity1 were seropositive for antinuclear antibodies, the titer of ANCA did not correlate with the titer of antinuclear antibodies. ANCA expression did not correlate with the presence or absence of other @entity792 . Finally, 80% of @entity1 with @entity775 examined expressed only immunoglobulin G1 pANCA contrasting with the 33% of @entity1 with PSC with pANCA subclass specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of ANCA seems to be an independent and selective marker for type-1 @entity775 .

title: High-titer antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in type-1 autoimmune XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity991 :: ('MESH:D015209', 'Disease') :: ['primary sclerosing cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver inflammation']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorders']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['AIH', 'Autoimmune hepatitis']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatitis']


abstract: @entity1702 ( @entity1702 ) is one of the most important risk factors that contribute to many @entity455 including @entity385 . One proposed mechanism underlying the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediated by @entity1702 is indirectly through enhancing blood pressure. The direct role of @entity1702 on BBB integrity is unclear. Our purpose is to determine whether and how @entity1702 might be involved in BBB breakdown during @entity63 . To test that, we induced model of @entity2806 by permanent middle cerebral artery ligation (pMCAL) in either normal diet or @entity1702 fed @entity19 . We observed that @entity1702 significantly enhanced @entity63 @entity75 which was associated with enhanced BBB disruption, increased leukocytes infiltration and loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins expression without apparently altering blood pressure. Our in vitro experiment also revealed that @entity2827 ( @entity4202 ) treatment down-regulated TJ protein expression by endothelial cells and substantially increased BBB permeability during starvation. Inhibition of @entity1435 /MAPK/ @entity15188 pathway eliminated the effect of @entity4202 on BBB permeability in vitro. In addition, we noticed a positive correlation between urinary @entity1372 levels and @entity63 lesion size in @entity64 @entity1 . Together, our study demonstrates a @entity101 -independent role of @entity1702 during @entity63 and provides rationale for post cerebral @entity63 management.

title: Excess salt exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption via a XXXX /MAPK/ @entity15188 -dependent pathway in permanent @entity2806 .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic', 'ischemic attack']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity1702 :: ('MESH:D013651', 'Disease') :: ['HSD', 'High salt diet']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity1435 :: (1432,Gene) :: ['p38']


abstract: @entity1702 ( @entity1702 ) is one of the most important risk factors that contribute to many @entity455 including @entity385 . One proposed mechanism underlying the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediated by @entity1702 is indirectly through enhancing blood pressure. The direct role of @entity1702 on BBB integrity is unclear. Our purpose is to determine whether and how @entity1702 might be involved in BBB breakdown during @entity63 . To test that, we induced model of @entity2806 by permanent middle cerebral artery ligation (pMCAL) in either normal diet or @entity1702 fed @entity19 . We observed that @entity1702 significantly enhanced @entity63 @entity75 which was associated with enhanced BBB disruption, increased leukocytes infiltration and loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins expression without apparently altering blood pressure. Our in vitro experiment also revealed that @entity2827 ( @entity4202 ) treatment down-regulated TJ protein expression by endothelial cells and substantially increased BBB permeability during starvation. Inhibition of @entity1435 /MAPK/ @entity15188 pathway eliminated the effect of @entity4202 on BBB permeability in vitro. In addition, we noticed a positive correlation between urinary @entity1372 levels and @entity63 lesion size in @entity64 @entity1 . Together, our study demonstrates a @entity101 -independent role of @entity1702 during @entity63 and provides rationale for post cerebral @entity63 management.

title: Excess salt exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption via a @entity1435 /MAPK/ @entity15188 -dependent pathway in permanent XXXX .

answer: @entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['cerebral ischemia']


abstract: @entity1702 ( @entity1702 ) is one of the most important risk factors that contribute to many @entity455 including @entity385 . One proposed mechanism underlying the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediated by @entity1702 is indirectly through enhancing blood pressure. The direct role of @entity1702 on BBB integrity is unclear. Our purpose is to determine whether and how @entity1702 might be involved in BBB breakdown during @entity63 . To test that, we induced model of @entity2806 by permanent middle cerebral artery ligation (pMCAL) in either normal diet or @entity1702 fed @entity19 . We observed that @entity1702 significantly enhanced @entity63 @entity75 which was associated with enhanced BBB disruption, increased leukocytes infiltration and loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins expression without apparently altering blood pressure. Our in vitro experiment also revealed that @entity2827 ( @entity4202 ) treatment down-regulated TJ protein expression by endothelial cells and substantially increased BBB permeability during starvation. Inhibition of @entity1435 /MAPK/ @entity15188 pathway eliminated the effect of @entity4202 on BBB permeability in vitro. In addition, we noticed a positive correlation between urinary @entity1372 levels and @entity63 lesion size in @entity64 @entity1 . Together, our study demonstrates a @entity101 -independent role of @entity1702 during @entity63 and provides rationale for post cerebral @entity63 management.

title: Excess salt exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption via a @entity1435 /MAPK/ XXXX -dependent pathway in permanent @entity2806 .

answer: @entity15188 :: (6446,Gene) :: ['SGK1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The diagnostic value of biliary cytology for hilar bile duct stricture is uncertain. This study prospectively examined three methods for the evaluation of biliary cytology in a consecutive group of @entity1 . METHODS: Preoperative bile sampling by aspiration through a drainage catheter (aspiration samples), saline flush through a drainage catheter (saline samples) or direct sampling from a drainage bag (bag samples) was performed in consecutive @entity1 with suspected @entity201 who underwent resection after endoscopic nasobiliary drainage or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. All bile sampling was performed three times on separate days. The accuracy of cytology in the diagnosis of @entity189 was determined. RESULTS: Of 100 consecutive @entity1 with hilar strictures, 97 had histologically proven @entity201 . The proportion of these 97 @entity1 who had a positive finding on cytology in at least one of three sampling sessions was 55 per cent for aspiration samples, 48 per cent for bag samples and 38 per cent for saline samples (P = 0  021, aspiration versus saline). Tumour length correlated significantly with overall positivity. For aspiration samples, sensitivity was 55 per cent, specificity was 100 per cent and accuracy 56  0 per cent. CONCLUSION: For biliary cytology, sampling by catheter aspiration is more effective than catheter flushing or sampling from a drainage bag. Repeated sampling increases sensitivity. Biliary cytology has modest diagnostic yield, but is easy to perform, highly specific, and can provide a definitive diagnosis.

title: Prospective study of biliary cytology in suspected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma', 'perihilar cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['perihilar cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Loss of critical endothelial cell function and subsequent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration is central to the pathology of injury-induced neointimal @entity1373 and recurrent @entity850 . @entity9820 (TM), well known for its function as an endothelial surface anticoagulant, may have an unknown direct effect on VSMC physiology that would be lost after injury. Here, we examined a novel effect of TM on VSMC by testing the hypothesis that direct application of TM induces favorable changes to the morphology of VSMC and inhibits their migration. METHODS: Primary @entity1 VSMC were harvested using the explant technique and used in early passage (1-4) for all experiments. Laser-scanning confocal fluorescent imaging was performed to assess the effect of soluble TM on VSMC morphology. In  vitro, migration of VSMC was measured using: (1) a 4-hr modified Boyden chemotaxis assay and (2) a 24-hr electric cell-substrate impedance sensing injury migration assay. Migration experiments were conducted with VSMC exposed to increasing doses of soluble recombinant TM. Recombinant @entity556 served as a positive control and serum-free media as a negative control for all experimentation. Data were analyzed using a Student's t-test or repeated measures analysis of variance where appropriate (a  <  0.05). RESULTS: VSMC exposed to TM clearly demonstrated a quiescent morphology with organized stress fibers consistent with a quiescent, differentiated, contractile phenotype; whereas, @entity556 stimulation led to an activated, dedifferentiated, synthetic phenotype. VSMC demonstrated a low, baseline level of migration in unstimulated serum-free conditions. @entity556 significantly stimulated VSMC migration as expected. TM, independent of @entity556 , significantly inhibited baseline VSMC migration in a dose-response fashion. The maximal inhibition was observed at (5   g/mL) with 70% reduction (56      1.7 vs. 18      3.5  cells/5 high-power fields, P  =  0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: TM has a direct effect on VSMC resulting in a quiescent, differentiated and contractile phenotype, and inhibition of migration. This effect is independent of the presence of @entity556 . These findings provide new knowledge in understanding the pathophysiology of @entity1317 and support a strategy focused on restoring key endothelial function to prevent intimal @entity1373 .

title: XXXX Induces a Quiescent Phenotype and Inhibits Migration in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In  Vitro.

entities_list: @entity556 :: ('2147', 'Gene') :: ['Thrombin', 'thrombin']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity9820 :: ('7056', 'Gene') :: ['Thrombomodulin']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity9820 :: (7056,Gene) :: ['Thrombomodulin']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of tissue-engineered periosteum ( @entity25288 ) to allgeneic bone in @entity79 . @entity25288 was fabricated with osteoinduced @entity95 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS). Allogrfats were cryopreserved radial segments of @entity95 . Forty-eight radial @entity3124 ( @entity3124 ) were bilaterally produced in 24 @entity95 . The defects were divided into three groups, group A, @entity25288 implantation, group B, SIS implantation, and group C allograft. Bone defect reconstruction was kinetically analyzed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks by radiographic and histological scoring system. In group A, @entity79 were radiographically and histologically healed with mature cortex and @entity236 by 12 weeks, while none of the defects healed in group B. Group C showed a slow process of creeping substitution with lymphocyte infiltration. Statistical comparison confirmed that group A had a more efficient and rapid bone defect reparation as well as remodelling than Group B and C. In conclusion, @entity25288 is superior to structural allograft in reconstruction of @entity79 . Pure SIS cannot guide bone regeneration in this @entity95 model.

title: Comparative study between tissue-engineered periosteum and structural allograft in XXXX critical-sized radial defect model.

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critical-sized defects', 'CSD']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'New Zealand Rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['allogenic segmental bone defect', 'bone defects', 'repairing segmental bone defect']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['marrow cavity']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: The projections of the olfactory bulb, the primordial dorsal, piriform and @entity131 , and of the dorsal thalamus were studied in the lamprey @entity11883 using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP coupled to the @entity3505 germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). There was obtained an experimental morphological evidence of the presence of the direct thalamo- @entity4519 projections in this vertebrate species. The anterior and posterior parts of the dorsal thalamic nucleus, the nucleus of Bellonci, the primordial geniculate bodies, the rostral part of the midbrain were identified as the sources of the @entity4519 afferents. These connections may serve as a morphological substrate for transmission of nonolfactory impulses to the telencephalon of the lamprey. The projections of the nucleus of Bellonci into the primordial hippocamp were compared to the limbic thalamo-hippocampal pathways of other vertebrates. We have established, that the fibers ascending from the dorsal thalamus were distributed in the same areas, as those descending from the olfactory bulb. These are: mainly the primordial hippocamp and only a few fibers reach the dorsal and piriform pallia, as well as an area free of olfactory projections--the dorsal part of the subhippocampal lobe. We have also demonstrated that, the secondary olfactory fibers mainly projected ipsilaterally to the primordial dorsal and piriform pallia. A lesser dense bulbar projection has been observed ipsilaterally in the primordial hippocamp and in the ventral part of the subhippocampal lobe. Only few olfactory projections were found in the pallial areas and in the subhippocampal lobe contralaterally. The olfactory fiber terminals were also observed ipsilaterally in the septum, striatum, preoptic area and in the contralateral olfactory bulb. Bilateral bulbofugal projections also occur in the diencephalon, namely in the ventral thalamus and in the hypothalamus. Caudally, the secondary olfactory fibers can be traced up to the area of the posterior tuberculum. Afferents to the olfactory bulb in the river lamprey originate in the subhippocampal lobe, in all three pallial formations and probably in the dorsal thalamus. These structures are at the same time the target zones for the olfactory bulb efferent projections, thus being connected reciprocally with the olfactory bulb.

title: Olfactory and nonolfactory projections in the river lamprey ( XXXX ) telencephalon.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal pallia']

entities_list: @entity11883 :: ('7748', 'Species') :: ['Lampetra fluviatilis']

entities_list: @entity4519 :: ('MESH:C536954', 'Disease') :: ['telencephalic']

answer: @entity11883 :: (7748,Species) :: ['Lampetra fluviatilis']