abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the current epidemiology of @entity360 . DESIGN: Population based, unselected, multicentre, prospective survey. SETTING: 74 hospitals receiving emergency admissions in four health regions in the United Kingdom. SUBJECTS: 4185 cases of @entity360 in which @entity1 were aged over 16 years identified over four months. OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and mortality. RESULTS: The overall incidence of @entity360 in the United Kingdom is 103/100,000 adults per year. The incidence rises from 23 in those aged under 30 to 485 in those aged over 75. At all ages incidence in @entity1 was more than double that in @entity1 except in elderly @entity1 . 14% of the @entity548 occurred in inpatients already in hospital for some other reason. In 27% of cases (37% female, 19% male) @entity1 were aged over 80. Overall mortality was 14% (11% in emergency admissions and 33% in @entity548 in inpatients). In the emergency admissions, 65% of deaths in those aged under 80 were associated with @entity5 or organ failure at presentation. Mortality for @entity1 under 60 in the absence of @entity5 or organ failure at presentation was 0.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of @entity360 is twice that previously reported in England and similar to that reported in Scotland. The incidence increases appreciably with age. Although the proportion of elderly @entity1 continues to rise and mortality increases steeply with age, age standardised mortality is lower than in earlier studies. @entity204 occurred almost exclusively in very old @entity1 or those with severe comorbidity.

title: Incidence of and mortality from @entity360 in the United Kingdom. Steering Committee and members of the National Audit of XXXX .

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding (tube feeding) is offered to many @entity1 with @entity746 / @entity4681 experiencing @entity1282 ( @entity1282 ) and maintaining adequate nutritional intake leading to weight loss. OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement or other tube feeding placement on:  (1) survival;(2) nutritional status;  (3) quality of life;(4) minor and major complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity4094 Group Trials Register (24 November 2009), MEDLINE (from January 1966 to September 2009), and EMBASE (from January 1980 to September 2009) for all papers on enteral tube feeding in @entity746 / @entity4681 . The results were screened to identify randomised controlled trials and to identify non-randomized studies that might be worthy of review and discussion. We checked references in published articles and enlisted personal communications to identify any additional references.   SELECTION CRITERIA: A priori selection criteria included randomised and quasi-randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy or other feeding tube placement. Since no such trials were discovered, all prospective and retrospective controlled studies were reviewed in the 'Background' or 'Discussion' sections of the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We independently assessed study design and extracted data. We considered the following outcomes: (1) survival rate in months (of primary interest), (2) nutritional status measured by weight change, change in body mass index, or other quantitative index of nutritional status, (3) self-perceived quality of life and (4) safety of the procedure as indicated by minor and major complications of surgical or radiological guided @entity970 tube insertion.   MAIN RESULTS: We found no randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy of enteral tube feeding with those @entity1 who continued to eat orally, without enteral feeding. We summarized the results of retrospective and prospective studies in the 'Discussion' section. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are no randomised controlled trials to indicate whether enteral tube feeding is beneficial compared to continuation of oral feeding for any of the outcome measures. The 'best' evidence to date suggests a survival advantage for some @entity1 with @entity746 / @entity4681 , but these conclusions are tentative. Evidence for improved nutrition is also incomplete but tentatively favorable.   Quality of life has been addressed in studies and needs more attention. Based on a number of recent non-randomized studies comparing surgical and radiographic approaches to feeding tube insertion these two procedures for @entity970 tube insertion appear to be equivalent.

title: Enteral tube feeding for XXXX / @entity4681 .

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['Neuromuscular Disease']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['motor neuron disease']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['difficulty swallowing', 'dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

answer: @entity746 :: (MESH:D000690,Disease) :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding (tube feeding) is offered to many @entity1 with @entity746 / @entity4681 experiencing @entity1282 ( @entity1282 ) and maintaining adequate nutritional intake leading to weight loss. OBJECTIVES: To examine the efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement or other tube feeding placement on:  (1) survival;(2) nutritional status;  (3) quality of life;(4) minor and major complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity4094 Group Trials Register (24 November 2009), MEDLINE (from January 1966 to September 2009), and EMBASE (from January 1980 to September 2009) for all papers on enteral tube feeding in @entity746 / @entity4681 . The results were screened to identify randomised controlled trials and to identify non-randomized studies that might be worthy of review and discussion. We checked references in published articles and enlisted personal communications to identify any additional references.   SELECTION CRITERIA: A priori selection criteria included randomised and quasi-randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy or other feeding tube placement. Since no such trials were discovered, all prospective and retrospective controlled studies were reviewed in the 'Background' or 'Discussion' sections of the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We independently assessed study design and extracted data. We considered the following outcomes: (1) survival rate in months (of primary interest), (2) nutritional status measured by weight change, change in body mass index, or other quantitative index of nutritional status, (3) self-perceived quality of life and (4) safety of the procedure as indicated by minor and major complications of surgical or radiological guided @entity970 tube insertion.   MAIN RESULTS: We found no randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy of enteral tube feeding with those @entity1 who continued to eat orally, without enteral feeding. We summarized the results of retrospective and prospective studies in the 'Discussion' section. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are no randomised controlled trials to indicate whether enteral tube feeding is beneficial compared to continuation of oral feeding for any of the outcome measures. The 'best' evidence to date suggests a survival advantage for some @entity1 with @entity746 / @entity4681 , but these conclusions are tentative. Evidence for improved nutrition is also incomplete but tentatively favorable.   Quality of life has been addressed in studies and needs more attention. Based on a number of recent non-randomized studies comparing surgical and radiographic approaches to feeding tube insertion these two procedures for @entity970 tube insertion appear to be equivalent.

title: Enteral tube feeding for @entity746 / XXXX .

answer: @entity4681 :: (MESH:D016472,Disease) :: ['motor neuron disease']


abstract: The Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway is frequently activated in @entity157 ( @entity157 ). Downstream signaling events involving the Wnt/b-catenin cascade occur through @entity5907 ( @entity5907 ) proteins. The @entity1 @entity15914 gene is composed of 17 exons with multiple alternative splicing sites. However, the role of different @entity15914 isoforms in the pathogenesis of @entity157 is unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize @entity15914 isoforms in @entity157 . We identified 14 novel @entity15914 isoforms from four @entity157 cell lines. Functional analysis following transfection and expression in @entity157 cells revealed distinct effects on the phenotype. The @entity15914 J isoform expression produced striking features of malignant transformation characterized by high cell proliferation rate, migration and colony formation even though its transcriptional activity was low. In contrast, the @entity5907 -4K isoform displayed low @entity5907 transcriptional activity; cell proliferation rate and colony formation were reduced as well. Interestingly, @entity5907 -4J and @entity15914 K differed by only five @entity1522 (the SxxSS motif). Thus, these studies suggest that conserved splicing motifs may have a major influence on the transcriptional activity and functional properties of @entity15914 isoforms and alter the characteristics of the malignant phenotype.

title: Identification of T-cell factor-4 isoforms that contribute to the malignant phenotype of XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Endobronchial @entity5 are @entity5 composed of clonal populations of smooth muscle cells and a variable lymphocytic inflammatory component. They represent a challenge with respect to diagnosis, classification, and surgical resection due to their infrequent occurrence. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our experience with @entity1 who had @entity5 in the major airways over a 15-year period, in order to understand the incidence, natural biology, treatment, and long-term outcome of individuals with this type of @entity5 in an endobronchial location. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2010, 11 @entity1 (9 female, 2 male) underwent surgical resection of a @entity5 arising within the tracheobronchial tree. The mean age was 39.6 years (range, 22.3 to 53.6 years). All @entity1 were symptomatic, with cough and @entity1353 as the most common presenting complaints. Rigid bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy was utilized to establish the diagnosis in 9 of 11 @entity1 . Laser-mechanical debulking was performed to relieve @entity1224 prior to operation in 10 of 11 @entity1 . Because of wide submucosal infiltration of the @entity5 , surgical resection for complete removal was required for all individuals. Tracheal resection was performed in 3 @entity1 , carinal resection in 1 @entity1 , mainstem bronchial resection in 2 @entity1 , sleeve resection in 3 @entity1 , bilobectomy in 1 @entity1 , and right lower lobectomy in 1 @entity1 . Resection with @entity5 -free margins was accomplished in all @entity1 . Mean @entity5 size was 2.3 cm (range, 1.5 to 3.5 cm). There were no operative deaths, with all @entity1 alive and disease-free at a mean of 6.1    3.7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Complete surgical resection of inflammatory @entity5 presenting in a major airway is safe and leads to excellent survival for @entity1 with this uncommon disease.

title: Surgical management of endobronchial inflammatory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['myofibroblastic tumor', 'tumor', 'neoplasms', 'neoplasm', 'myofibroblastic tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['myofibroblastic tumors']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: systemic treatment options for @entity1 with @entity263 ( @entity263 ) that progress despite the use of @entity1205 are very limited. One of the options of compassionate use currently available is the use of @entity2240 . We present a joint preliminary experience with the use of @entity2240 in this clinical case. @entity1 AND METHODS: a series of eight cases is presented, which sets forth a prospective multicentre experience with @entity2240 in @entity1 with hormone-refractory metastatic and progressive @entity263 , previously treated with at least a regime of @entity1205 -based chemotherapy. Other alternative chemotherapy regimes had already been tried in some @entity1 . The primary objective of our study was the PSA response rate and our secondary objective was the progression-free period. We administered a dosage of 50mg/day for four-week cycles, followed by a two-week rest per cycle, until we reached a total of eight cycles or up to clinical progression or intolerable @entity137 . RESULTS: in four cases, the PSA dropped to below 50% of the baseline level at the beginning of the treatment, and five @entity1 presented some decrease in PSA. The progression-free time was 16.4 weeks. @entity137 arising from the treatment was moderate and manageable. CONCLUSIONS: despite the limits of this experience, we can say that @entity2240 appears to be an active and safe option in @entity1 with @entity263 that is resistant to chemotherapy with @entity1205 .

title: [Experience with @entity2240 in hormone-resistant metastatic XXXX that is unresponsive to @entity1205 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['hormone-refractory prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer', 'HRPC']

entities_list: @entity2240 :: ('MESH:C473478', 'Chemical') :: ['Sunitinib']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: systemic treatment options for @entity1 with @entity263 ( @entity263 ) that progress despite the use of @entity1205 are very limited. One of the options of compassionate use currently available is the use of @entity2240 . We present a joint preliminary experience with the use of @entity2240 in this clinical case. @entity1 AND METHODS: a series of eight cases is presented, which sets forth a prospective multicentre experience with @entity2240 in @entity1 with hormone-refractory metastatic and progressive @entity263 , previously treated with at least a regime of @entity1205 -based chemotherapy. Other alternative chemotherapy regimes had already been tried in some @entity1 . The primary objective of our study was the PSA response rate and our secondary objective was the progression-free period. We administered a dosage of 50mg/day for four-week cycles, followed by a two-week rest per cycle, until we reached a total of eight cycles or up to clinical progression or intolerable @entity137 . RESULTS: in four cases, the PSA dropped to below 50% of the baseline level at the beginning of the treatment, and five @entity1 presented some decrease in PSA. The progression-free time was 16.4 weeks. @entity137 arising from the treatment was moderate and manageable. CONCLUSIONS: despite the limits of this experience, we can say that @entity2240 appears to be an active and safe option in @entity1 with @entity263 that is resistant to chemotherapy with @entity1205 .

title: [Experience with XXXX in hormone-resistant metastatic @entity263 that is unresponsive to @entity1205 ].

answer: @entity2240 :: (MESH:C473478,Chemical) :: ['sunitinib']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: systemic treatment options for @entity1 with @entity263 ( @entity263 ) that progress despite the use of @entity1205 are very limited. One of the options of compassionate use currently available is the use of @entity2240 . We present a joint preliminary experience with the use of @entity2240 in this clinical case. @entity1 AND METHODS: a series of eight cases is presented, which sets forth a prospective multicentre experience with @entity2240 in @entity1 with hormone-refractory metastatic and progressive @entity263 , previously treated with at least a regime of @entity1205 -based chemotherapy. Other alternative chemotherapy regimes had already been tried in some @entity1 . The primary objective of our study was the PSA response rate and our secondary objective was the progression-free period. We administered a dosage of 50mg/day for four-week cycles, followed by a two-week rest per cycle, until we reached a total of eight cycles or up to clinical progression or intolerable @entity137 . RESULTS: in four cases, the PSA dropped to below 50% of the baseline level at the beginning of the treatment, and five @entity1 presented some decrease in PSA. The progression-free time was 16.4 weeks. @entity137 arising from the treatment was moderate and manageable. CONCLUSIONS: despite the limits of this experience, we can say that @entity2240 appears to be an active and safe option in @entity1 with @entity263 that is resistant to chemotherapy with @entity1205 .

title: [Experience with @entity2240 in hormone-resistant metastatic @entity263 that is unresponsive to XXXX ].

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: AIMS: This study evaluated whether arteriovenous access ( @entity9012 ) creation before hemodialysis might affect the rate of decline of renal function. METHODS: This was a retrospective, case-control study comparing two groups of 80 @entity1 each. The @entity9012 group underwent @entity9012 creation more than 2 months before initiation of @entity102 ( @entity102 ). The catheter group (i.e., the control group) commenced @entity102 through a temporary catheter. The catheter group @entity1 were matched with @entity9012 group @entity1 in terms of age, gender, nature of underlying disease, and rate of decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) before @entity9012 creation. The zero point (Z-point) was defined as the date of @entity9012 creation for @entity9012 @entity1 , or the date on which the same eGFR was attained by each catheter group @entity1 compared with a matched @entity9012 @entity1 . Time-to-dialysis was defined as the interval from the Z-point to the date of initiation of dialysis. The rates of change in eGFR before and after the Z-point were also measured. RESULTS: The @entity9012 and catheter groups were similar in terms of baseline characteristics. The Z-point eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) was 11.4  3.1 in the @entity9012 group and 11.3  3.2 in the catheter group. The eGFR at the time of dialysis was 6.4  2.0 in the @entity9012 group and 6.1  1.9 in the catheter group. The mean and median dialysis-free time was longer in the @entity9012 than in the catheter group (14.2  9.4 vs. 5.9  4.1 months, 13.1 (3-41) vs. 5.0 (2-17) months, p<0.001). Multivariate proportional Cox's hazard modeling showed that the @entity9012 group and the Z-point eGFR were each independent predictors of the time to initiation of @entity102 . The mean changes in eGFR per month (delta eGFR) before the Z-point were similar for the two groups. For the @entity9012 group, the mean delta eGFR was lower after the Z-point compared to before (-0.63 vs. -0.21 ml/min/1.73 m2, p=0.002). For the catheter group, the mean delta eGFR was similar before and after the Z-point (-0.63 vs. -0.67 ml/min/1.73 m2). The mean delta eGFR after the Z-point was less in the @entity9012 group compared to the catheter group (-0.67 vs. -0.21 ml/min/1.73 m2, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective observational study, @entity9012 creation appears to retard the rate of decline in eGFR and to defer @entity102 initiation.

title: Arteriovenous access creation defers XXXX initiation.

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'chronic hemodialysis']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic hemodialysis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite rigorous focus on extracorporeal CRRT parameters such as access, blood flow, hemoconcentration, and anticoagulation, some @entity1 have unexpected repetitive hemofilter clotting. We instead explored @entity1 or disease-related factors that could be responsible, and present a case of @entity1581 in which paraproteins caused hollow fiber failure. METHODS: A patient with IgG kappa chain multiple @entity1582 complicated by @entity295 and @entity810 was started on CVVH with a regional @entity1792 anticoagulation protocol that typically yields filter life of >50 h. @entity2264 hemofilters repetitively clotted every 2-4 h, even after excluding circuit-related problems. Failed filters were examined by light, electron (EM), and immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy. RESULTS: Imaging of the hemofilters revealed several ultrastructural features typical for @entity1582 -associated alterations in native @entity1 tissue. Red cell rouleaux formation occurred within the hollow fibers. There was extensive protein layering on the luminal surface of the fibers with some extension into their walls: these deposits were IF+ for IgG kappa, and had a fibrillary substructure on EM. CONCLUSION: Extracorporeal hollow fiber phenomena recapitulate many intra-corporeal paraprotein effects such as those described in the kidney with @entity1581 . Rapid protein layering suggests fouling of the membrane, decreased solute clearance before total device failure, and raises the theoretical concern that this might also occur during filtration plasmapheresis: we thus suggest serial serum free light chain levels to confirm their removal when using that technique. These findings emphasize the importance of disease rather than circuit-related factors that are under-appreciated causes of premature hemofilter failure.

title: A new form of XXXX "kidney": shortened hemofilter survival and implications for membrane filtration plasmapheresis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1581 :: ('MESH:D010265', 'Disease') :: ['plasma cell dyscrasias', 'plasma cell dyscrasia']

entities_list: @entity2264 :: ('MESH:C017662', 'Chemical') :: ['Polysulfone']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['myeloma']


abstract: The German Society of Pediatric Oncology in 1981 initiated the Cooperative @entity2828 Study (CESS 81) using a four-drug combination of chemotherapy prior to definitive local control with surgery and/or radiation. From January 1, 1981 until February 28, 1985, 93 @entity1 were registered at the trial office from 54 participating institutions in West Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. On February 1, 1987, 54 of 93 @entity1 were disease-free. Using the Kaplan-Meier life table analysis, the estimated disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 60% at 36 months and 55% at 69 months. The median period of observation was 29 months, ranging from 22 months to 69 months. Twenty-one of 93 @entity1 (23%) had local failure, 18 of 93 @entity1 (19%) developed systemic @entity3 . The local failure rate was particularly high in @entity1 treated with radiation and was reduced when radiation planning was centralized within the study based upon the extent of disease at diagnosis. Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors showed that @entity5 volume was a significant factor influencing prognosis. The estimated 3-year DFS rate was 80% for @entity1 with small @entity5 (volume less than 100 ml) compared to 31% for @entity1 with large @entity5 (volume greater than or equal to 100 ml). In @entity1 who had surgery for local control, the histologic response to chemotherapy was analyzed on the surgical specimen and had a strong influence on survival: 79% DFS at 3 years for @entity1 with less than 10% viable @entity5 (good responders) compared to 31% DFS for @entity1 with more than 10% viable @entity5 (poor responders). @entity5 load and responsiveness to chemotherapy are the two major factors influencing prognosis in @entity1 with primary @entity2828 of bone.

title: Multidisciplinary treatment of primary XXXX of bone. A 6-year experience of a European Cooperative Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma", "Ewing's Sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity2828 :: (MESH:D012512,Disease) :: ['Ewing's sarcoma']


abstract: The cytogenetic changes in enhanced growth (EG) variants of @entity35 tracheal epithelial cells in culture were examined. These variants which are detectable at 35 days after carcinogen exposure are the first phenotypic alteration in the multistep @entity5 process studied in this model system. Karyotypic analysis of @entity2482 -induced EG variants at Day 35 was made possible by the development of an in situ method of cytogenetic analysis on intact colonies containing too few cells for conventional chromosome preparation methods. Of the transformed EG variant colonies in both control and @entity2482 -treated groups, 62-78% had abnormal karyotypes which included numerical and structural changes. There were no specific chromosome changes, although aberrations of chromosomes 3 and 4 were recurrently observed. However, some colonies of even the most morphologically transformed EG variants were composed of only diploid cells. To confirm this finding 10 EG variant colonies were bisected and half of the clone was prepared for chromosome analysis and the other half was subcultured to measure the clonogenicity and karyotypes of the cells. Cells from 3 colonies plated very poorly on 3T3 feeders and therefore no karyotypic analysis of the colony-forming cells was possible; the cells of the 3 parental colonies were diploid. Three other parental colonies were predominantly diploid (80-90%) but upon replating the resultant daughter colonies had progressively smaller fractions of diploid cells indicating a selection for cells with abnormal karyotypes. When more selective conditions were used (i.e., growth after removal of the feeder cells), the percentage of abnormal cells increased even further. In one case the parental cells had a karyotypic alteration in the long arm of chromosome 4 and this karyotypic alteration was accentuated in the daughter colonies. Thus, selection of cells with increased growth ability upon subculturing or growth in the absence of feeder cells (properties associated with the acquisition of immortality) resulted in concomitant selection for cells with abnormal karyotypes. Since some of the carcinogen-induced @entity35 tracheal epithelial cells expressing the EG variant phenotype were diploid, it is possible that the first step in this transformation process is an epigenetic change. However, most of the diploid cells became terminal. The aneuploid subpopulations present in these colonies have a selective growth advantage and comprise the cell compartment that expresses continued growth, immortality, and ultimately tumorigenicity.

title: Cytogenetic changes in @entity35 tracheal epithelial cells during early stages of carcinogen-induced XXXX progression.

entities_list: @entity2482 :: ('MESH:D008769', 'Chemical') :: ["N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplastic']


abstract: The cytogenetic changes in enhanced growth (EG) variants of @entity35 tracheal epithelial cells in culture were examined. These variants which are detectable at 35 days after carcinogen exposure are the first phenotypic alteration in the multistep @entity5 process studied in this model system. Karyotypic analysis of @entity2482 -induced EG variants at Day 35 was made possible by the development of an in situ method of cytogenetic analysis on intact colonies containing too few cells for conventional chromosome preparation methods. Of the transformed EG variant colonies in both control and @entity2482 -treated groups, 62-78% had abnormal karyotypes which included numerical and structural changes. There were no specific chromosome changes, although aberrations of chromosomes 3 and 4 were recurrently observed. However, some colonies of even the most morphologically transformed EG variants were composed of only diploid cells. To confirm this finding 10 EG variant colonies were bisected and half of the clone was prepared for chromosome analysis and the other half was subcultured to measure the clonogenicity and karyotypes of the cells. Cells from 3 colonies plated very poorly on 3T3 feeders and therefore no karyotypic analysis of the colony-forming cells was possible; the cells of the 3 parental colonies were diploid. Three other parental colonies were predominantly diploid (80-90%) but upon replating the resultant daughter colonies had progressively smaller fractions of diploid cells indicating a selection for cells with abnormal karyotypes. When more selective conditions were used (i.e., growth after removal of the feeder cells), the percentage of abnormal cells increased even further. In one case the parental cells had a karyotypic alteration in the long arm of chromosome 4 and this karyotypic alteration was accentuated in the daughter colonies. Thus, selection of cells with increased growth ability upon subculturing or growth in the absence of feeder cells (properties associated with the acquisition of immortality) resulted in concomitant selection for cells with abnormal karyotypes. Since some of the carcinogen-induced @entity35 tracheal epithelial cells expressing the EG variant phenotype were diploid, it is possible that the first step in this transformation process is an epigenetic change. However, most of the diploid cells became terminal. The aneuploid subpopulations present in these colonies have a selective growth advantage and comprise the cell compartment that expresses continued growth, immortality, and ultimately tumorigenicity.

title: Cytogenetic changes in XXXX tracheal epithelial cells during early stages of carcinogen-induced @entity5 progression.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity15 ( @entity15 ) is a chronic @entity6220 (CNS) characterized by @entity32 , but also degenerative changes. Besides @entity51 , the rate of @entity1316 such as @entity308 and @entity148 is at least six fold increased. Many aspects of @entity15 can be mimicked in the animal model of @entity6504 experimental autoimmune @entity1651 (MOG-EAE). Here we investigate behavioral changes in C57BL/6 @entity19 suffering from mild MOG-EAE. In the later phase of the disease, @entity19 were subjected to behavioral tests including the light-dark-box (LD Box), the acoustic startle response (SR) with a pre-pulse inhibition protocol as well as the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm. Behavioral data were correlated with the motor performance in an open field and rotarod test (RR). In the RR and open field, there was no significant difference in the motor performance between controls and @entity19 suffering from mild MOG-EAE. Yet EAE @entity19 displayed an increased @entity148 -like behavior with a 23% reduction of the time spent in the bright compartment of the LD Box as well as an increased SR. In the LH paradigm, @entity19 suffering from MOG-EAE were twice as much prone to depressive-like behavior. These changes correlate with an increase of hippocampal tissue @entity5 necrosis factor alpha levels and @entity528 in the hippocampus. Modulation of monoaminergic transmission by chronic application of the antidepressant @entity3659 resulted in a decreased startle reaction and increased hippocampal @entity1063 levels. These data imply that @entity32 in the CNS may impact on emotional responses in rodent models of @entity148 .

title: Inflammation modulates XXXX in an animal model of @entity15 .

entities_list: @entity6504 :: ('17441(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disease of the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3659 :: ('MESH:D000639', 'Chemical') :: ['amitriptyline']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity1651 :: ('MESH:D004679', 'Disease') :: ['encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal loss']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: @entity15 ( @entity15 ) is a chronic @entity6220 (CNS) characterized by @entity32 , but also degenerative changes. Besides @entity51 , the rate of @entity1316 such as @entity308 and @entity148 is at least six fold increased. Many aspects of @entity15 can be mimicked in the animal model of @entity6504 experimental autoimmune @entity1651 (MOG-EAE). Here we investigate behavioral changes in C57BL/6 @entity19 suffering from mild MOG-EAE. In the later phase of the disease, @entity19 were subjected to behavioral tests including the light-dark-box (LD Box), the acoustic startle response (SR) with a pre-pulse inhibition protocol as well as the learned helplessness (LH) paradigm. Behavioral data were correlated with the motor performance in an open field and rotarod test (RR). In the RR and open field, there was no significant difference in the motor performance between controls and @entity19 suffering from mild MOG-EAE. Yet EAE @entity19 displayed an increased @entity148 -like behavior with a 23% reduction of the time spent in the bright compartment of the LD Box as well as an increased SR. In the LH paradigm, @entity19 suffering from MOG-EAE were twice as much prone to depressive-like behavior. These changes correlate with an increase of hippocampal tissue @entity5 necrosis factor alpha levels and @entity528 in the hippocampus. Modulation of monoaminergic transmission by chronic application of the antidepressant @entity3659 resulted in a decreased startle reaction and increased hippocampal @entity1063 levels. These data imply that @entity32 in the CNS may impact on emotional responses in rodent models of @entity148 .

title: Inflammation modulates @entity148 in an animal model of XXXX .

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: Although @entity12369 ( @entity12370 ), a selective metabotropic @entity2227 receptor 5 antagonist, improves the motor symptoms of @entity191 ( @entity191 ), the effects of @entity12370 on the psychiatric symptom of @entity191 and the mechanism involved are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of @entity12370 in anxiolytic-like behavior and firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in @entity35 with @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) injected bilaterally into dorsal striatum. @entity35 were divided into three groups, sham-operated group, @entity2955 lesion with vehicle treatment group and @entity2955 lesion with @entity12370 treatment group. Injection of @entity2955 (10.5  g) into the dorsal striatum produced 31.5% loss of @entity669 hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the SNpc. The @entity2955 -lesioned @entity35 showed @entity146 and the firing rate of BLA projection neurons decreased significantly compared with sham-operated @entity35 , and no difference was found in the firing pattern of these neurons. Whereas chronic, systemic treatment of @entity12370 (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.; 14 days) attenuated loss of TH-ir neurons, produced anxiolytic-like effect and normalized the abnormal firing rate of projection neurons of the BLA in @entity35 with the bilateral lesions. Systemic administration of cumulative @entity3826 (10-160  g/kg, i.v.) inhibited the firing rate of BLA projection neurons in sham-operated, @entity2955 lesion with vehicle-treated and @entity12370 -treated @entity35 , but the @entity2955 lesion decreased the response of BLA projection neurons to @entity3826 stimulation, while @entity12370 reversed the reactivity of these neurons. These data demonstrate that the partial lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway causes @entity148 symptom and decreases firing rate of BLA projection neurons in the @entity35 . Furthermore, chronic, systemic @entity12370 treatment has the neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and reverses the abnormal firing rate of BLA projection neurons, suggesting that @entity12370 has important implication for the treatment of @entity191 .

title: Chronic, systemic treatment with a metabotropic XXXX receptor 5 antagonist produces anxiolytic-like effects and reverses abnormal firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in @entity35 with bilateral @entity2955 lesions.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety behavior']

entities_list: @entity12369 :: ('MESH:C121465', 'Chemical') :: ['2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: Although @entity12369 ( @entity12370 ), a selective metabotropic @entity2227 receptor 5 antagonist, improves the motor symptoms of @entity191 ( @entity191 ), the effects of @entity12370 on the psychiatric symptom of @entity191 and the mechanism involved are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of @entity12370 in anxiolytic-like behavior and firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in @entity35 with @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) injected bilaterally into dorsal striatum. @entity35 were divided into three groups, sham-operated group, @entity2955 lesion with vehicle treatment group and @entity2955 lesion with @entity12370 treatment group. Injection of @entity2955 (10.5  g) into the dorsal striatum produced 31.5% loss of @entity669 hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the SNpc. The @entity2955 -lesioned @entity35 showed @entity146 and the firing rate of BLA projection neurons decreased significantly compared with sham-operated @entity35 , and no difference was found in the firing pattern of these neurons. Whereas chronic, systemic treatment of @entity12370 (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.; 14 days) attenuated loss of TH-ir neurons, produced anxiolytic-like effect and normalized the abnormal firing rate of projection neurons of the BLA in @entity35 with the bilateral lesions. Systemic administration of cumulative @entity3826 (10-160  g/kg, i.v.) inhibited the firing rate of BLA projection neurons in sham-operated, @entity2955 lesion with vehicle-treated and @entity12370 -treated @entity35 , but the @entity2955 lesion decreased the response of BLA projection neurons to @entity3826 stimulation, while @entity12370 reversed the reactivity of these neurons. These data demonstrate that the partial lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway causes @entity148 symptom and decreases firing rate of BLA projection neurons in the @entity35 . Furthermore, chronic, systemic @entity12370 treatment has the neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and reverses the abnormal firing rate of BLA projection neurons, suggesting that @entity12370 has important implication for the treatment of @entity191 .

title: Chronic, systemic treatment with a metabotropic @entity2227 receptor 5 antagonist produces anxiolytic-like effects and reverses abnormal firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in @entity35 with bilateral XXXX lesions.

answer: @entity2955 :: (MESH:D016627,Chemical) :: ['6-OHDA']


abstract: Although @entity12369 ( @entity12370 ), a selective metabotropic @entity2227 receptor 5 antagonist, improves the motor symptoms of @entity191 ( @entity191 ), the effects of @entity12370 on the psychiatric symptom of @entity191 and the mechanism involved are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of @entity12370 in anxiolytic-like behavior and firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) in @entity35 with @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) injected bilaterally into dorsal striatum. @entity35 were divided into three groups, sham-operated group, @entity2955 lesion with vehicle treatment group and @entity2955 lesion with @entity12370 treatment group. Injection of @entity2955 (10.5  g) into the dorsal striatum produced 31.5% loss of @entity669 hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in the SNpc. The @entity2955 -lesioned @entity35 showed @entity146 and the firing rate of BLA projection neurons decreased significantly compared with sham-operated @entity35 , and no difference was found in the firing pattern of these neurons. Whereas chronic, systemic treatment of @entity12370 (3 mg/kg/day, i.p.; 14 days) attenuated loss of TH-ir neurons, produced anxiolytic-like effect and normalized the abnormal firing rate of projection neurons of the BLA in @entity35 with the bilateral lesions. Systemic administration of cumulative @entity3826 (10-160  g/kg, i.v.) inhibited the firing rate of BLA projection neurons in sham-operated, @entity2955 lesion with vehicle-treated and @entity12370 -treated @entity35 , but the @entity2955 lesion decreased the response of BLA projection neurons to @entity3826 stimulation, while @entity12370 reversed the reactivity of these neurons. These data demonstrate that the partial lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway causes @entity148 symptom and decreases firing rate of BLA projection neurons in the @entity35 . Furthermore, chronic, systemic @entity12370 treatment has the neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and reverses the abnormal firing rate of BLA projection neurons, suggesting that @entity12370 has important implication for the treatment of @entity191 .

title: Chronic, systemic treatment with a metabotropic @entity2227 receptor 5 antagonist produces anxiolytic-like effects and reverses abnormal firing activity of projection neurons in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in XXXX with bilateral @entity2955 lesions.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Fifty femur @entity174 were treated with the Brooker-Wills intramedullary locking nail. The indications included subtrochanteric, subisthmal, segmental or comminuted acute @entity174 or nonunions, and intramedullary @entity3207 procedures. Eighteen technical problems in 13 (26%) @entity1 were encountered during insertion of the nail. The incidence of technical problems was high early in the series and in procedures done with the @entity1 in the supine position. Adverse clinical results from technical errors occurred in two @entity1 . Most technical errors seem avoidable with careful technique. The mean healing time was only 12.1 weeks and there were four nonunions (8%). One @entity1 had a 10 degrees malunion, four @entity1 had 1-2 cm of @entity3207 , and there were two late device @entity174 . No @entity1 had @entity717 or @entity281 . The results and complication rate are comparable to those reported for other interlocking systems. The Brooker-Wills nail is useful for treatment of complex femur @entity174 and has been effective in preventing @entity1518 , angulation, and excessive @entity3207 .

title: Treatment of femoral shaft XXXX with the Brooker-Wills interlocking intramedullary nail.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infections']

entities_list: @entity1518 :: ('MESH:C562835', 'Disease') :: ['malrotation']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['rotational malalignment']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: Evoked responses in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are affected by the presence of acoustic scanner noise ( @entity2734 ). Particularly, stimulus-related activation of the auditory system and deactivation of the default mode network have repeatedly been shown to diminish. In contrast, little is known about the influence of @entity2734 on the spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity that are crucial for network-related neuroimaging methods like independent component analysis (ICA) or functional and effective connectivity analysis (ECA). The present study assessed the robustness of intrinsic connectivity networks in the @entity1 brain to the presence of @entity2734 by comparing 'silent' (sparse) and 'noisy' (continuous) acquisition schemes, both during task performance and during rest. In agreement with existing literature, @entity2734 strongly diminished conventional evoked response levels. In contrast, ICA and ECA robustly identified similar functional networks regardless of the scanning method. @entity2734 affected the strength of only few independent components, and effective connectivity was hardly sensitive to @entity2734 overall. However, unexpectedly, ICA revealed notable differences in the underlying neurodynamics. In particular, @entity4365 dominated in the commonly used continuous scanning environment, but signal spectra were significantly flatter during the less noisy sparse scanning runs. We tentatively attribute these differences to the ubiquitous influence of @entity2734 on alertness and arousal.

title: Robustness of intrinsic connectivity networks in the XXXX brain to the presence of acoustic scanner noise.

entities_list: @entity4365 :: ('MESH:C565121', 'Disease') :: ['low-frequency network oscillations']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity4034 were treated with surgical debridement and local antibiotic therapy. @entity4509 (19 @entity1 ) or @entity5153 (2 @entity1 ) was delivered locally via a pump implanted subcutaneously. The outflow catheters were led from the pump subcutaneously to the infected area and placed in the defect created by the surgical debridement. The pump was refilled at intervals, on an outpatient basis. The pump was surgically removed at the conclusion of therapy. Follow-up evaluation was for 12-27 months. The duration of hospitalization was five to 52 days (mean, 23 days). The infusions were sustained for 32-140 days (mean, 63 days). Systemic levels of antibiotics were always below acceptable trough levels. Levels in the wound drainage of the 11 @entity1 who drained after operation were always greater than the upper limit of the assay. Nephrotoxicity and @entity2167 were determined using pre- and posttherapy @entity1011 clearances and audiograms. Two @entity1 exhibited minimal nephrotoxicity ( @entity1011 clearance of 66 ml/minute and 55 ml/minute; normal, 70 ml/minute). There were no other adverse effects of the antibiotics. Sixteen @entity1 have not drained since removal of the pumps.

title: Local delivery of antibiotics via an implantable pump in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['Amikacin']

entities_list: @entity5153 :: ('MESH:D009428', 'Chemical') :: ['netilmicin']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['osteomyelitis']


abstract: @entity558 -stimulated macrophages (M phi) produce inflammatory mediators that are largely responsible for the pathophysiology associated with @entity326 . M phi respond to @entity558 with rapid protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on @entity563 , @entity1889 , and @entity669 residues. If these events are critical for the cellular response to @entity558 , the kinases and/or phosphatases involved may be vulnerable targets for pharmacologic intervention. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity669 kinase inhibitors block @entity558 -induced @entity669 phosphorylation of MAP kinases as well as @entity637 and @entity635 production. To investigate a role for @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatases, we evaluated the effect of @entity29478 , a potent @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase inhibitor, on @entity558 stimulation of @entity19 M phi. Pretreatment of M phi with @entity29478 inhibited @entity558 -induced expression of six immediate-early genes: @entity637 , @entity635 , @entity12421 , @entity15369 , @entity26187 , and @entity3721 . @entity29478 added 1.5 h after @entity558 treatment greatly reduced accumulation of @entity15369 , @entity26187 , and @entity3721 mRNA, but not @entity637 , @entity635 , and @entity12421 mRNA. @entity29478 , in the absence or presence of @entity558 , resulted in sustained @entity669 phosphorylation of the MAP kinases. These findings suggest that an "early" @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase activity is essential for @entity558 stimulation of M phi and that the activation of MAP kinases is not sufficient for the induction of these immediate-early genes. The requirement for a "late" phosphatase activity for expression of a subset of @entity558 -inducible genes dissociates at least two regulatory pathways in @entity558 signal transduction.

title: The @entity563 / XXXX phosphatase inhibitor, @entity29478 , inhibits and dissociates macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide.

entities_list: @entity29478 :: ('MESH:C059041', 'Chemical') :: ['Calyculin A', 'calyculin A']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity1889 :: (CHEBI:26986,Chemical) :: ['threonine']


abstract: @entity558 -stimulated macrophages (M phi) produce inflammatory mediators that are largely responsible for the pathophysiology associated with @entity326 . M phi respond to @entity558 with rapid protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on @entity563 , @entity1889 , and @entity669 residues. If these events are critical for the cellular response to @entity558 , the kinases and/or phosphatases involved may be vulnerable targets for pharmacologic intervention. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity669 kinase inhibitors block @entity558 -induced @entity669 phosphorylation of MAP kinases as well as @entity637 and @entity635 production. To investigate a role for @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatases, we evaluated the effect of @entity29478 , a potent @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase inhibitor, on @entity558 stimulation of @entity19 M phi. Pretreatment of M phi with @entity29478 inhibited @entity558 -induced expression of six immediate-early genes: @entity637 , @entity635 , @entity12421 , @entity15369 , @entity26187 , and @entity3721 . @entity29478 added 1.5 h after @entity558 treatment greatly reduced accumulation of @entity15369 , @entity26187 , and @entity3721 mRNA, but not @entity637 , @entity635 , and @entity12421 mRNA. @entity29478 , in the absence or presence of @entity558 , resulted in sustained @entity669 phosphorylation of the MAP kinases. These findings suggest that an "early" @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase activity is essential for @entity558 stimulation of M phi and that the activation of MAP kinases is not sufficient for the induction of these immediate-early genes. The requirement for a "late" phosphatase activity for expression of a subset of @entity558 -inducible genes dissociates at least two regulatory pathways in @entity558 signal transduction.

title: The XXXX / @entity1889 phosphatase inhibitor, @entity29478 , inhibits and dissociates macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity563 :: (CHEBI:17822,Chemical) :: ['serine']


abstract: @entity558 -stimulated macrophages (M phi) produce inflammatory mediators that are largely responsible for the pathophysiology associated with @entity326 . M phi respond to @entity558 with rapid protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on @entity563 , @entity1889 , and @entity669 residues. If these events are critical for the cellular response to @entity558 , the kinases and/or phosphatases involved may be vulnerable targets for pharmacologic intervention. Recent studies demonstrated that @entity669 kinase inhibitors block @entity558 -induced @entity669 phosphorylation of MAP kinases as well as @entity637 and @entity635 production. To investigate a role for @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatases, we evaluated the effect of @entity29478 , a potent @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase inhibitor, on @entity558 stimulation of @entity19 M phi. Pretreatment of M phi with @entity29478 inhibited @entity558 -induced expression of six immediate-early genes: @entity637 , @entity635 , @entity12421 , @entity15369 , @entity26187 , and @entity3721 . @entity29478 added 1.5 h after @entity558 treatment greatly reduced accumulation of @entity15369 , @entity26187 , and @entity3721 mRNA, but not @entity637 , @entity635 , and @entity12421 mRNA. @entity29478 , in the absence or presence of @entity558 , resulted in sustained @entity669 phosphorylation of the MAP kinases. These findings suggest that an "early" @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase activity is essential for @entity558 stimulation of M phi and that the activation of MAP kinases is not sufficient for the induction of these immediate-early genes. The requirement for a "late" phosphatase activity for expression of a subset of @entity558 -inducible genes dissociates at least two regulatory pathways in @entity558 signal transduction.

title: The @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase inhibitor, XXXX , inhibits and dissociates macrophage responses to lipopolysaccharide.

answer: @entity29478 :: (MESH:C059041,Chemical) :: ['calyculin A']


abstract: We have investigated the effect of oxidants on ligand recognition and internalization by the macrophage @entity3913 receptor. @entity35 bone marrow macrophages were treated with increasing concentrations of @entity274 for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Fifty percent inhibition of ligand uptake was observed at 250 microM, with only 10% of control uptake remaining following exposure to 1 mM @entity274 for 30 min. Electron micrographic analysis of macrophages following @entity274 treatment showed no morphological alterations compared to untreated cells. Ligand uptake was also inhibited by the following @entity274 generating systems: @entity8197 , @entity3624 / @entity3624 oxidase, @entity413 / @entity413 oxidase, and @entity1359 -stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Inhibition could be blocked by catalase plus or minus @entity224 dismutase. Treatment of macrophages at 4 degrees C with @entity274 had no effect on ligand binding, whereas treatment with @entity274 at 37 degrees C reduced binding to 15% of control levels and decreased the number of surface receptors to one-third of control cells. @entity274 treatment inhibited ligand degradation by macrophages, but did not prevent ligand movement from the surface to the interior of the cell. In addition, ligand delivery to lysosomes was blocked by oxidant treatment. These results suggest that treatment of macrophages with reagent @entity274 or @entity274 -generating systems inhibits the normal ligand delivery and receptor recycling process involving the @entity3913 receptor. Potential mechanisms might include receptor oxidation, alterations in @entity855 levels, or membrane lipid peroxidation.

title: Oxidant-mediated inhibition of ligand uptake by the macrophage XXXX receptor.

entities_list: @entity8197 :: ('MESH:D024483', 'Chemical') :: ['menadione']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity1359 :: ('CHEBI:37537', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity3913 :: (MESH:D008358,Chemical) :: ['mannose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Given the potential for the transfer of @entity166 among @entity1 in isolation, @entity283 ( @entity283 ), and other @entity1 in the hospital environment, the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is paramount. The literature is limited regarding studies of @entity283 ' use of PPE in @entity1 care tasks. METHODS: A pilot study was conducted to examine the feasibility of using a simulated health care environment to assess @entity283 ' technique when implementing standard airborne and contact isolation precautions. The @entity1 (n = 10) were assigned @entity1 care tasks based on their specific professional roles. The encounters were digitally recorded during donning and doffing of PPE, as well as during interactions with the simulated @entity1 . Powdered fluorescent marker was used as a measure of contamination. RESULTS: The pilot data show various inconsistencies in the @entity283 ' PPE technique. Each of the 10 @entity1 committed at least one breach of standard airborne and contact isolation precautions. CONCLUSION: An expanded research study of HCW behaviors is needed to properly examine these contamination and exposure pathways. Training programs should be developed that emphasize the common errors in @entity283 ' PPE technique.

title: A method for evaluating XXXX ' personal protective equipment technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['health care workers', 'HCWs']

answer: @entity283 :: (OMIM:603663,Disease) :: ['health care workers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document a 15 year experience of @entity292 in ano surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective audit of @entity1 . SUBJECTS: All @entity1 referred with @entity292 in ano between 1975 and 1990. SETTING: Colorectal Service, University Department of Surgery, Wellington School of Medicine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Resolution of symptoms and morbidity of surgery. RESULTS: 92 operations were performed in 88 @entity1 . There were 65 males (39.6 year) and 23 females (25.9 year). Two @entity1 were operated on two occasions and one @entity1 with @entity30 ( @entity30 ) had three fistulae laid open over a two year period. Three further @entity1 with @entity30 had one operation each. One @entity1 had mucosal @entity31 , one @entity1 was found to have a @entity189 in situ close to the @entity292 tract and one had a @entity189 in the fistulous tract. There were no postoperative deaths. Over 50% of the @entity1 were discharged within three days of surgery. No @entity1 complained of anal @entity322 at the time of discharge. Two @entity1 returned with recurrence (a cryptogenic sepsis recurrence rate of 2.3%). CONCLUSION: Low fistulae in ano can be very satisfactorily managed by simple laying open. The recurrence rate following surgery is low, and there have been no complaints of problems with continence.

title: XXXX in ano: a surgical audit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['Fistula']


abstract: Cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) and bacterial endotoxin ( @entity558 ) synergistically produce @entity137 . To elucidate possible mechanisms, three groups of @entity95 received @entity558 alone, @entity558 plus human serum albumin (HSA), or @entity558 plus Hb (Hb group). The intravascular retention of injected @entity1496 125-labeled @entity558 during the 30-minute period analyzed was significantly longer in the Hb group than in the @entity558 alone or HSA groups (p = 0.0007 and p = 0.03, respectively), especially during the initial 10 minutes. The intravascular half-life of @entity558 in the @entity558 control, HSA, and Hb groups was 2.8, 4.0, and 4.9 minutes, respectively; the area under the curve was 1369 +/- 483, 1594 +/- 360, and 1731 +/- 481, respectively (ng/ml x minutes, mean +/- SD); and the total body clearance was 24.7 +/- 9.2, 20.1 +/- 5.4, and 18.9 +/- 6.0 (ml/min, mean +/- SD), respectively. The proportion of @entity558 associated with blood cells was very small at the initial 1-minute time period, and this decreased even further during the 30-minute period analyzed (p = 0.0001). Over 96% of injected @entity558 was associated with the cell-free plasma, with 51% to 54% of @entity558 in the apoprotein fraction at the initial time point and 35% to 37% in the HDL fraction. The proportion of @entity558 increased significantly in the HDL fraction and decreased significantly in apoproteins during the 30-minute period analyzed (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.002, respectively). However, there were no differences between the three groups. The liver was the main distribution site (74%) of injected @entity558 among the six organs evaluated. In the Hb group the accumulation of 125I-labeled @entity558 in the spleen was significantly lower than that in the HSA group (p = 0.05). The synergism of the in vivo @entity137 reported for @entity558 and Hb may be due, in part, to the decreased rate of intravascular clearance of endotoxin.

title: The effect of cell-free hemoglobin on intravascular clearance and cellular, plasma, and organ distribution of bacterial endotoxin in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the ability of @entity499 ( @entity499 ) to spare critical organs immediately adjacent to the @entity5 target in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for centrally located lung lesions. METHODS AND MATERIALS: @entity499 SBRT plans for 10 @entity1 with centrally located lesions or lesions immediately adjacent to a critical structure were generated. A total of 70 Gy in 10 fractions was prescribed to the planning target volume ( @entity343 ) to satisfy a target volume coverage of >= 95% @entity343 receiving 70 Gy and an established set of dose constraints for the organs at risk (OARs). Quality assurance (QA) of the @entity499 plans was performed with both ion chamber and film measurements. RESULTS: The @entity343 coverage criteria was met with 95% of the @entity343 receiving 70.68    0.33 Gy for all cases even though the OARs immediately adjacent to the @entity343 ranged from 0.38 to 0.85 cm away. The @entity358 ( @entity358 ), and V(20) were 7.15    1.44 Gy, and 11.93    3.24 % for the total lung, respectively. The dose parameters of @entity358 , V(5), V(10), and V(20) for the contralateral lung were significantly lower than those for the ipsilateral lung (p < 0.05). An average dose fall off from the @entity343 periphery to the edge of the immediately adjacent OAR was 47.6% over an average distance of 4.87 mm. Comparison of calculated and measured doses with the ion chamber showed an average of 1.85% point dose error, whereas an average mean gamma and the area with a gamma larger than 1 of 0.20 and 0.94% were observed, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity499 allows the sparing of critical structures immediately adjacent to the @entity5 target, thus making SBRT for these centrally located lesions feasible.

title: Feasibility of XXXX in stereotactic body radiation therapy for centrally located early stage non   small-cell lung cancer or lung metastases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity499 :: ('MESH:C536217', 'Disease') :: ['HT', 'helical tomotherapy']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['mean lung dose', 'MLD']

answer: @entity499 :: (MESH:C536217,Disease) :: ['helical tomotherapy']


abstract: @entity8200 -deficient variants, selected from the @entity19 @entity706 , were recently shown to be less tumorigenic in syngeneic @entity19 compared with the corresponding @entity8200 -positive wild-type cell line. The present study focused on the detailed cellular interactions leading to the specific rejection of @entity8200 -deficient cells in vivo. In vivo experiments with @entity5 inocula, measuring either @entity5 outgrowth or rapid elimination, showed that the presence of @entity8200 -positive @entity706 cells did not suppress the rejection of @entity8200 -deficient cells. Conversely, @entity8200 -deficient cells did not activate a rejection of @entity8200 -positive cells. @entity8200 -deficient cells were selectively eliminated even when they were present in a 10-fold excess compared with the @entity8200 -positive @entity706 cells in the same inoculum. In vitro, @entity8200 -deficient cells were more sensitive to killing by spleen cells from @entity19 treated with interferon or natural killer-inducing agents. The presence of cold @entity8200 -deficient cells did not activate the killing of @entity8200 -positive cells, and @entity8200 -positive cells did not inhibit killing of @entity8200 -deficient cells. Such mixing experiments revealed a more efficient cold target inhibition by the @entity8200 -deficient cells, although no difference was seen between these and the @entity8200 -positive wild-type cells in target binding assays. When Thy-1.2+, nylon wool adherent or phagocytic populations were removed from normal spleen effectors, the difference in spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity between the @entity8200 -deficient and the @entity8200 -positive cells persisted. This result was also obtained when spleen cell effectors from @entity19 or asialo GM1+ effectors, positively enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorter, were used. The results show that the selectivity in the rejection of @entity8200 -deficient cells was not determined in the afferent arm alone. The present data fit with a previously proposed model where natural killer cells would bind equally well to both major histocompatibility complex class I negative and class I positive target cells, but only the latter would be able to present a postbinding inhibitory signal allowing them to escape killing which results in outgrowth in vivo and poor cold target competition in vitro.

title: Afferent and efferent cellular interactions in natural resistance directed against MHC class I deficient XXXX grafts.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'nude mice', 'murine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mixed tumor']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'lymphoma RBL-5']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: A simplified procedure for preparing washed @entity19 platelets, free of contaminating plasma proteins, has been developed. Platelet-rich plasma ( @entity21652 ) was prepared from diluted whole blood from C57BL/6 @entity19 by two centrifugations at 100 x g for 12 minutes. Platelets were concentrated and then washed by centrifugation through isosmolar 10% arabinogalactan (Stractan). Platelet recovery was 85% +/- 6% (1 SD) (n = 10) from whole blood to @entity21652 and 86% +/- 4% (1 SD) (n = 6) from @entity21652 to Stractan-washed platelets. Overall recovery of platelets with this technique was 73% +/- 10% (1 SD). Contamination of platelets with plasma proteins could not be detected with use of unlabeled platelets that had been incubated with radiolabeled plasma proteins followed by washing with Stractan. The Stractan-washed platelets were assessed for function by using aggregometry. The response of Stractan-washed platelets to collagen and @entity10993 was identical to that of unwashed platelets. Stractan-washed platelets did not respond to 20 mumol/L @entity857 unless supplemented with 12% platelet-free plasma. The morphology of the Stractan-washed platelets indicated that degranulation had not occurred. With use of antibodies directed against the alpha granule membrane protein @entity30922 or fibrinogen, no evidence of secretion or plasma protein contamination was observed. The use of this method resulted in an improved assay for the rate of thrombopoiesis, based on detection of radioactive proteins in newly synthesized platelets, by eliminating contamination by radioactive plasma proteins. Our results indicate that this procedure is a convenient method for the separation of platelets from platelet-rich plasma, free of plasma proteins, which are suitable for bioassays, functional studies, and morphologic investigations.

title: Use of arabinogalactan to obtain washed XXXX platelets free of contaminating plasma proteins and appropriate for studies of function, morphology, and thrombopoiesis.

entities_list: @entity857 :: ('MESH:D000244', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine diphosphate']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity14028 on the development of @entity272 , and on @entity957 and @entity1491 in a group of renal transplant recipients. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty-four renal transplant recipients with more than 10 @entity272 on the hands and forearms were enrolled onto a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the possible @entity1489 -preventing effect of a 6-month treatment with @entity14028 30 mg/d. RESULTS: No deterioration in renal function occurred in any of the 38 assessable @entity1 treated. During the 6-month treatment period, two of 19 @entity1 (11%) in the @entity14028 group reported a total of two new @entity957 , compared with nine of 19 @entity1 (47%) in the placebo group who developed a @entity189 (chi 2 = 6.27, P = .01). The relative decrease in the number of @entity272 in the @entity14028 group was 13.4%, as compared with a relative increase in the placebo group of 28.2% (difference, 41.6%; 95% confidence interval, 11.5 to 71.7). Most @entity1 treated with @entity14028 had mild mucocutaneous side effects, but these were easily manageable. Some @entity1 experienced mild hair loss. With the exception of three @entity1 , no increase in serum @entity165 or @entity412 above pretreatment levels was observed, and liver function remained unchanged in all @entity1 . CONCLUSION: @entity14028 30 mg/d over 6 months had significantly more effect than placebo in the prevention of @entity957 and reduced the occurrence of @entity272 in a group of renal transplant recipients with severe lesions. This effect was most pronounced in @entity1 with a history of @entity957 and @entity1491 .

title: Prevention of @entity1489 and @entity272 during XXXX therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity14028 :: ('MESH:D017255', 'Chemical') :: ['acitretin', 'Acitretin']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['total of 18 new carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['keratotic skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinomas']

answer: @entity14028 :: (MESH:D017255,Chemical) :: ['acitretin']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity14028 on the development of @entity272 , and on @entity957 and @entity1491 in a group of renal transplant recipients. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty-four renal transplant recipients with more than 10 @entity272 on the hands and forearms were enrolled onto a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the possible @entity1489 -preventing effect of a 6-month treatment with @entity14028 30 mg/d. RESULTS: No deterioration in renal function occurred in any of the 38 assessable @entity1 treated. During the 6-month treatment period, two of 19 @entity1 (11%) in the @entity14028 group reported a total of two new @entity957 , compared with nine of 19 @entity1 (47%) in the placebo group who developed a @entity189 (chi 2 = 6.27, P = .01). The relative decrease in the number of @entity272 in the @entity14028 group was 13.4%, as compared with a relative increase in the placebo group of 28.2% (difference, 41.6%; 95% confidence interval, 11.5 to 71.7). Most @entity1 treated with @entity14028 had mild mucocutaneous side effects, but these were easily manageable. Some @entity1 experienced mild hair loss. With the exception of three @entity1 , no increase in serum @entity165 or @entity412 above pretreatment levels was observed, and liver function remained unchanged in all @entity1 . CONCLUSION: @entity14028 30 mg/d over 6 months had significantly more effect than placebo in the prevention of @entity957 and reduced the occurrence of @entity272 in a group of renal transplant recipients with severe lesions. This effect was most pronounced in @entity1 with a history of @entity957 and @entity1491 .

title: Prevention of @entity1489 and XXXX during @entity14028 therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['reduction of keratotic skin lesions']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity14028 on the development of @entity272 , and on @entity957 and @entity1491 in a group of renal transplant recipients. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty-four renal transplant recipients with more than 10 @entity272 on the hands and forearms were enrolled onto a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the possible @entity1489 -preventing effect of a 6-month treatment with @entity14028 30 mg/d. RESULTS: No deterioration in renal function occurred in any of the 38 assessable @entity1 treated. During the 6-month treatment period, two of 19 @entity1 (11%) in the @entity14028 group reported a total of two new @entity957 , compared with nine of 19 @entity1 (47%) in the placebo group who developed a @entity189 (chi 2 = 6.27, P = .01). The relative decrease in the number of @entity272 in the @entity14028 group was 13.4%, as compared with a relative increase in the placebo group of 28.2% (difference, 41.6%; 95% confidence interval, 11.5 to 71.7). Most @entity1 treated with @entity14028 had mild mucocutaneous side effects, but these were easily manageable. Some @entity1 experienced mild hair loss. With the exception of three @entity1 , no increase in serum @entity165 or @entity412 above pretreatment levels was observed, and liver function remained unchanged in all @entity1 . CONCLUSION: @entity14028 30 mg/d over 6 months had significantly more effect than placebo in the prevention of @entity957 and reduced the occurrence of @entity272 in a group of renal transplant recipients with severe lesions. This effect was most pronounced in @entity1 with a history of @entity957 and @entity1491 .

title: Prevention of XXXX and @entity272 during @entity14028 therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['skin cancer']


abstract: The results of @entity2103 following @entity5513 removal have generally ignored the sensory component of the nerve. This lack of reporting occurs partly because the distress relating to these functions is less obvious to the surgeon, and partly because the @entity2103 grading systems currently used do not include the functions of the nervus intermedius. We have estimated the frequency and nature of abnormalities of nervus intermedius function following @entity5513 removal using a retrospective questionnaire. Questionnaires were mailed to 257 @entity1 and correctly completed and returned by 224 (87%) of the @entity1 . Prior to surgery 5 (2%) of the @entity1 complained of crocodile tears, 9 (4%) noted @entity735 (6%) complained of an abnormality of taste. Postoperative crocodile tears occurred in 98 (44%), an absence or significant reduction in the production of tears was noted in 162 (72%), and a taste abnormality, either a significant reduction or an alteration in character, was noted in 107 (48%). The onset of crocodile tears approximated to a bimodal distribution, and the recovery of nervus intermedius functions was variable. This study has demonstrated that nervus intermedius abnormalities are common following @entity5513 removal. It also documents their natural history and discusses the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. We suggest that appropriate preoperative counseling be given to all @entity1 undergoing surgery and that the functions of the nervus intermedius be included in the surgical reporting of @entity2103 results in cerebellopontine angle surgery.

title: Nervus intermedius function after XXXX removal: clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms.

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['dryness of the eye, and 15']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve outcome', 'facial nerve']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannoma']


abstract: A high efficiency procedure for the purification to homogeneity of an ovine fetal @entity9418 is described. Fetal sheep serum was used as the source material, and activity was followed throughout purification by an @entity5100 RRA. @entity5100 -like activity was initially enriched through binding at acid pH to a column of SP-Sephadex C-25 and elution with a neutral pH high-salt buffer. Further chromatography on SP-Sephadex resulted in a preparation containing less than 0.1% of the original serum protein content, but retaining much of the @entity5100 -like activity. This enriched fetal IGF preparation was then purified to homogeneity using reverse phase HPLC. However, chromatography on an HPLC gel filtration column was found to be essential to ensure the stability of the purified peptide during storage, although this procedure did not result in any apparent increase in purification. The final yield of purified ovine fetal IGF was 80 micrograms from 400 ml fetal sheep serum. Only one polypeptide chain was detected during @entity1472 -terminal sequencing of the fetal @entity9418 , and the preparation gave a single band on both gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, indicating that the peptide was essentially pure. The sequence (eight @entity535 residues) was identical to the equivalent sequence in @entity5100 from @entity1 , @entity35 , and @entity291 sources. In additional, @entity535 analysis of the ovine fetal IGF showed close similarity to the @entity535 content of @entity5100 from other species. The mol wt of the purified peptide, estimated by HPLC gel filtration, was approximately 7000, close to that of previously purified somatomedins, and the isoelectric point, obtained by chromatofocusing, was around pH 6.8. Thus, the purified ovine fetal @entity9418 appears to be similar to @entity5100 from other species, and may be the ovine homolog of @entity1 @entity5100 .

title: Purification and characterization of a fetal XXXX from the sheep: similarity to insulin-like growth factor II.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity5100 :: ('3481', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II', 'IGF-II']

answer: @entity9418 :: (443318(Tax:9940),Gene) :: ['somatomedin']


abstract: A family history of @entity14 is believed to place @entity1 at increased risk for development of the disease. It is unclear, however, how "strong" a family history must be to increase this risk or to make colonoscopic screening appropriate. We performed initial colonoscopy in 154 asymptomatic subjects whose only suspected risk factor was one or two first-degree relatives with @entity14 ; 48 of these subjects also had affected second- and third-degree relatives. We found 45 @entity652 in 28 subjects (18%). One subject had a 3-cm villous adenoma. In 6 subjects, the most advanced findings were tubular @entity652 5-9 mm in diameter; in 21 subjects, we found only tubular @entity652 that were 2-4 mm in diameter. The prevalence of @entity652 increased significantly with age of subjects (p less than 0.01). Although the overall prevalence of @entity14 in our group was no greater than might be expected in the general population, subjects with two first-degree relatives tended to have more diminutive @entity652 than those with one such relative. Our findings suggest that colonoscopy is not an appropriate first step in screening @entity1 with one affected first-degree relative. For those with more complex family histories, more data are needed--particularly on the prevalence of advanced @entity5 --to determine whether a screening technique that is less costly and less invasive than colonoscopy may be adequate.

title: Colonoscopic screening of XXXX with suspected risk factors for colon cancer. I. Family history.

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer', 'colorectal neoplasms']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['persons']


abstract: A mixture of 3 MAbs directed against 3 different @entity787 epitopes was radiolabelled with 131I and used for the treatment of a @entity1 @entity694 transplanted s.c. into @entity19 . Intact MAbs and F(ab')2 fragments were mixed because it had been shown by autoradiography that these 2 antibody forms can penetrate into different areas of the @entity5 nodule. Ten days after transplantation of @entity694 T380 a single dose of 600 microCi of 131I MAbs was injected i.v. The @entity5 grafts were well established (as evidenced by exponential growth in untreated @entity19 ) and their size continued to increase up to 6 days after radiolabelled antibody injection. @entity5 shrinking was then observed lasting for 4-12 weeks. In a control group injected with 600 microCi of 131I coupled to irrelevant monoclonal IgG, @entity5 growth was delayed, but no regression was observed. @entity5 of @entity19 injected with the corresponding amount of unlabelled antibodies grew like those of untreated @entity19 . Based on measurements of the effective whole-body half-life of injected 131I, the mean radiation dose received by the animals was calculated to be 382 rads for the antibody group and 478 rads for the normal IgG controls. The genetically immunodeficient animals exhibited no increase in mortality, and only limited bone-marrow @entity137 was observed. Direct measurement of radioactivity in @entity19 dissected 1, 3 and 7 days after 131I-MAb injection showed that 25, 7.2 and 2.2% of injected dose were recovered per gram of @entity5 , the mean radiation dose delivered to the @entity5 being thus more than 5,000 rads. These experiments show that therapeutic doses of radioactivity can be selectively directed to @entity1 @entity694 by i.v. injection of 131I-labelled anti- @entity787 MAbs.

title: Radioimmunotherapy of XXXX @entity694 by 131I-labelled monoclonal anti- @entity787 antibodies in a nude @entity19 model.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon tumor', 'colon carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A mixture of 3 MAbs directed against 3 different @entity787 epitopes was radiolabelled with 131I and used for the treatment of a @entity1 @entity694 transplanted s.c. into @entity19 . Intact MAbs and F(ab')2 fragments were mixed because it had been shown by autoradiography that these 2 antibody forms can penetrate into different areas of the @entity5 nodule. Ten days after transplantation of @entity694 T380 a single dose of 600 microCi of 131I MAbs was injected i.v. The @entity5 grafts were well established (as evidenced by exponential growth in untreated @entity19 ) and their size continued to increase up to 6 days after radiolabelled antibody injection. @entity5 shrinking was then observed lasting for 4-12 weeks. In a control group injected with 600 microCi of 131I coupled to irrelevant monoclonal IgG, @entity5 growth was delayed, but no regression was observed. @entity5 of @entity19 injected with the corresponding amount of unlabelled antibodies grew like those of untreated @entity19 . Based on measurements of the effective whole-body half-life of injected 131I, the mean radiation dose received by the animals was calculated to be 382 rads for the antibody group and 478 rads for the normal IgG controls. The genetically immunodeficient animals exhibited no increase in mortality, and only limited bone-marrow @entity137 was observed. Direct measurement of radioactivity in @entity19 dissected 1, 3 and 7 days after 131I-MAb injection showed that 25, 7.2 and 2.2% of injected dose were recovered per gram of @entity5 , the mean radiation dose delivered to the @entity5 being thus more than 5,000 rads. These experiments show that therapeutic doses of radioactivity can be selectively directed to @entity1 @entity694 by i.v. injection of 131I-labelled anti- @entity787 MAbs.

title: Radioimmunotherapy of @entity1 XXXX by 131I-labelled monoclonal anti- @entity787 antibodies in a nude @entity19 model.

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon carcinoma']


abstract: A mixture of 3 MAbs directed against 3 different @entity787 epitopes was radiolabelled with 131I and used for the treatment of a @entity1 @entity694 transplanted s.c. into @entity19 . Intact MAbs and F(ab')2 fragments were mixed because it had been shown by autoradiography that these 2 antibody forms can penetrate into different areas of the @entity5 nodule. Ten days after transplantation of @entity694 T380 a single dose of 600 microCi of 131I MAbs was injected i.v. The @entity5 grafts were well established (as evidenced by exponential growth in untreated @entity19 ) and their size continued to increase up to 6 days after radiolabelled antibody injection. @entity5 shrinking was then observed lasting for 4-12 weeks. In a control group injected with 600 microCi of 131I coupled to irrelevant monoclonal IgG, @entity5 growth was delayed, but no regression was observed. @entity5 of @entity19 injected with the corresponding amount of unlabelled antibodies grew like those of untreated @entity19 . Based on measurements of the effective whole-body half-life of injected 131I, the mean radiation dose received by the animals was calculated to be 382 rads for the antibody group and 478 rads for the normal IgG controls. The genetically immunodeficient animals exhibited no increase in mortality, and only limited bone-marrow @entity137 was observed. Direct measurement of radioactivity in @entity19 dissected 1, 3 and 7 days after 131I-MAb injection showed that 25, 7.2 and 2.2% of injected dose were recovered per gram of @entity5 , the mean radiation dose delivered to the @entity5 being thus more than 5,000 rads. These experiments show that therapeutic doses of radioactivity can be selectively directed to @entity1 @entity694 by i.v. injection of 131I-labelled anti- @entity787 MAbs.

title: Radioimmunotherapy of @entity1 @entity694 by 131I-labelled monoclonal anti- XXXX antibodies in a nude @entity19 model.

answer: @entity787 :: (1084,Gene) :: ['CEA']


abstract: A mixture of 3 MAbs directed against 3 different @entity787 epitopes was radiolabelled with 131I and used for the treatment of a @entity1 @entity694 transplanted s.c. into @entity19 . Intact MAbs and F(ab')2 fragments were mixed because it had been shown by autoradiography that these 2 antibody forms can penetrate into different areas of the @entity5 nodule. Ten days after transplantation of @entity694 T380 a single dose of 600 microCi of 131I MAbs was injected i.v. The @entity5 grafts were well established (as evidenced by exponential growth in untreated @entity19 ) and their size continued to increase up to 6 days after radiolabelled antibody injection. @entity5 shrinking was then observed lasting for 4-12 weeks. In a control group injected with 600 microCi of 131I coupled to irrelevant monoclonal IgG, @entity5 growth was delayed, but no regression was observed. @entity5 of @entity19 injected with the corresponding amount of unlabelled antibodies grew like those of untreated @entity19 . Based on measurements of the effective whole-body half-life of injected 131I, the mean radiation dose received by the animals was calculated to be 382 rads for the antibody group and 478 rads for the normal IgG controls. The genetically immunodeficient animals exhibited no increase in mortality, and only limited bone-marrow @entity137 was observed. Direct measurement of radioactivity in @entity19 dissected 1, 3 and 7 days after 131I-MAb injection showed that 25, 7.2 and 2.2% of injected dose were recovered per gram of @entity5 , the mean radiation dose delivered to the @entity5 being thus more than 5,000 rads. These experiments show that therapeutic doses of radioactivity can be selectively directed to @entity1 @entity694 by i.v. injection of 131I-labelled anti- @entity787 MAbs.

title: Radioimmunotherapy of @entity1 @entity694 by 131I-labelled monoclonal anti- @entity787 antibodies in a nude XXXX model.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: At the Mayo Clinic, between 1978 and 1982, forty-four total knee arthroplasties were performed with cement in twenty-six adults who had @entity309 . The age at operation ranged from nineteen to thirty-nine years old. The twenty-six @entity1 were followed for two to eight years (average, five years). At the time of final follow-up, thirty-nine knees were free of @entity158 and five were mildly painful during weight-bearing. The Hospital for Special Surgery knee score improved from a mean of 52 points preoperatively to 84 points postoperatively. There were twenty-four excellent, fourteen good, six fair, and no poor results. Radiographic analysis revealed an incomplete radiolucent line that was more than one millimeter in width adjacent to five tibial and four femoral components in eight knees (18 per cent). The positions of the components had not changed. Postoperatively, there was one transient @entity912 and two knees required patellar resurfacing. No revisions were performed for loosening of a prosthesis. We concluded that use of a cemented total knee prosthesis in a @entity1 who has @entity309 and is less than forty years old provides a satisfactory result and that the component will not loosen after an average of five years.

title: Total knee arthroplasty in young adults who have XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['peroneal palsy']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: Since 1976, 70 @entity3084 have been used to reconstruct extremities from which @entity5 not requiring chemotherapy or radiotherapy have been resected. Allografts excised from cadavers were stored in the vapor phase of liquid @entity1568 in liquid @entity1568 freezers (-150 degrees) after exposure to 15% @entity653 . Prior to their use, the allografts were thawed rapidly in either tissue culture or balanced salt solutions. Following resection of the @entity5 , the excised bone was replaced with allografts that were rigidly internally fixed with plates and screws or, occasionally, with intramedullary rods. @entity1 were observed carefully for complications and were subjected to functional evaluations. Complications did not include alterations suggestive of a pronounced immunologic response to the graft. Five @entity1 developed either local recurrences or distal metastasis. Of the remaining 65 @entity1 , followed for one year or longer, osteochondral allografts performed satisfactorily in 55 (84.6%). This group included eight @entity1 with initial complications that were successfully treated. The group of ten @entity1 with unsatisfactory results included four @entity1 with @entity174 of the grafts, one with fragmentation of the humeral head, three with @entity281 , and two with joint instabilities. Since all @entity1 had either hemi-joint or quarter joint replacements, the overall results achieved so far have been rewarding. However, continued long-term observations of @entity1 with allografts are indicated, as are studies that would allow for the improvement of cartilage preservation, decrease the incidence of @entity174 , and improve @entity2003 of internal fixation. The incidence of infection can be reduced by the improvement in surgical technique, particularly with reference to the wound closure.

title: Massive XXXX in the reconstruction of extremities following resection of @entity5 not requiring chemotherapy and radiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity3084 :: ('MESH:D014394', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarticular allografts']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

answer: @entity3084 :: (MESH:D014394,Disease) :: ['osteoarticular allografts']


abstract: Since 1976, 70 @entity3084 have been used to reconstruct extremities from which @entity5 not requiring chemotherapy or radiotherapy have been resected. Allografts excised from cadavers were stored in the vapor phase of liquid @entity1568 in liquid @entity1568 freezers (-150 degrees) after exposure to 15% @entity653 . Prior to their use, the allografts were thawed rapidly in either tissue culture or balanced salt solutions. Following resection of the @entity5 , the excised bone was replaced with allografts that were rigidly internally fixed with plates and screws or, occasionally, with intramedullary rods. @entity1 were observed carefully for complications and were subjected to functional evaluations. Complications did not include alterations suggestive of a pronounced immunologic response to the graft. Five @entity1 developed either local recurrences or distal metastasis. Of the remaining 65 @entity1 , followed for one year or longer, osteochondral allografts performed satisfactorily in 55 (84.6%). This group included eight @entity1 with initial complications that were successfully treated. The group of ten @entity1 with unsatisfactory results included four @entity1 with @entity174 of the grafts, one with fragmentation of the humeral head, three with @entity281 , and two with joint instabilities. Since all @entity1 had either hemi-joint or quarter joint replacements, the overall results achieved so far have been rewarding. However, continued long-term observations of @entity1 with allografts are indicated, as are studies that would allow for the improvement of cartilage preservation, decrease the incidence of @entity174 , and improve @entity2003 of internal fixation. The incidence of infection can be reduced by the improvement in surgical technique, particularly with reference to the wound closure.

title: Massive @entity3084 in the reconstruction of extremities following resection of XXXX not requiring chemotherapy and radiation.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']