abstract: BACKGROUND: Ophthalmological symptoms, particularly @entity1829 and transient visual obscuration as well as pulsatile head and ear noises are hallmarks of @entity5576 also known as @entity6437 cerebri. DIAGNOSTICS AND COURSE: Pronounced asymmetrical and unilateral @entity1829 are common occurrences in @entity1 with @entity5576 . Distension of the optic nerve sheath indicates @entity428 , which need to be confirmed by lumbar puncture. The presence of @entity1829 indicates @entity428 but its absence does not exceed it. Previous and long-standing @entity1829 obviously induces changes of the optic disc which prevent the further development of major disc swelling. The development of @entity227 can mimic a regression of @entity1829 . In cases of marked @entity1829 @entity227 may be caused by nonarteritic, @entity1781 or @entity1103 . @entity227 is present in the vast majority of cases of pronounced chronic @entity1829 and is an indication of long-standing @entity428 . Most @entity1 with @entity6437 cerebri and @entity1829 show only mild @entity227 , such as an enlarged blind spot and/or relatively mild @entity154 , which regress after reduction of the intracranial pressure. Some @entity1 , however, experience a relatively rapid progression of substantial @entity227 and @entity1952 requiring immediate and effective medicinal treatment. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmological symptoms are frequently key criteria for @entity5576 . More attention should be paid to these signs and the diagnostic approach should be multidisciplinary.

title: [Ophthalmological symptoms of XXXX : Importance for diagnosis and clinical course].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['arcuate defects']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['Visual obscuration', 'visual atrophy', 'visual loss', 'visual field defects']

entities_list: @entity1952 :: ('MESH:D009896', 'Disease') :: ['optic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['increased intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity6437 :: ('MESH:D006104', 'Disease') :: ['pseudotumor']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['macular edema']

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['papilledema']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity5576 :: ('MESH:D011559', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic intracranial hypertension']

answer: @entity5576 :: (MESH:D011559,Disease) :: ['idiopathic intracranial hypertension']


abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate by a computed tomography (CT) the Hounsfield unit (H.U.) of the thyroid in @entity1378 and euthyroid @entity2743 and destructive @entity2743 . The mean thyroid CT number in 95 controls was 122 +/- 18 H.U. (+/- SD) and did not change significantly with advancing age. The mean thyroid CT number (+/- SD) of 85 +/- 22 H.U. in 60 @entity1 with @entity2743 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than either in normal controls or 116 +/- 22 H.U. in 11 @entity1 with euthyroid @entity2743 (P < 0.001). Comparison of thyroid hormones and TSH receptor Ab values of untreated @entity1 with a normal and an abnormally low thyroid CT number showed that serum total and free T3 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the latter group than in the former group. With respect to the effect of @entity3937 ( @entity3936 ) on the thyroid CT number, in the untreated 10 @entity1 with a low thyroid CT number, the initial mean CT number was 65 +/- 11 H.U. and increased significantly (P < 0.05) to 76 +/- 14 H.U. after treatment with @entity3936 . In contrast, in 6 @entity1 with a normal thyroid CT number prior to therapy, the initial mean thyroid CT number was 102 +/- 11 H.U. and fell significantly (P < 0.05) to 84 +/- 16 H.U. after treatment with @entity3936 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Clinical studies on thyroid CT number in @entity2743 and destructive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3937 :: ('MESH:D008713', 'Chemical') :: ['methimazole']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease", "hyperthyroid Graves' disease", 'thyrotoxicosis']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroid']

answer: @entity2743 :: (MESH:D006111,Disease) :: ['thyrotoxicosis']


abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate by a computed tomography (CT) the Hounsfield unit (H.U.) of the thyroid in @entity1378 and euthyroid @entity2743 and destructive @entity2743 . The mean thyroid CT number in 95 controls was 122 +/- 18 H.U. (+/- SD) and did not change significantly with advancing age. The mean thyroid CT number (+/- SD) of 85 +/- 22 H.U. in 60 @entity1 with @entity2743 was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than either in normal controls or 116 +/- 22 H.U. in 11 @entity1 with euthyroid @entity2743 (P < 0.001). Comparison of thyroid hormones and TSH receptor Ab values of untreated @entity1 with a normal and an abnormally low thyroid CT number showed that serum total and free T3 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the latter group than in the former group. With respect to the effect of @entity3937 ( @entity3936 ) on the thyroid CT number, in the untreated 10 @entity1 with a low thyroid CT number, the initial mean CT number was 65 +/- 11 H.U. and increased significantly (P < 0.05) to 76 +/- 14 H.U. after treatment with @entity3936 . In contrast, in 6 @entity1 with a normal thyroid CT number prior to therapy, the initial mean thyroid CT number was 102 +/- 11 H.U. and fell significantly (P < 0.05) to 84 +/- 16 H.U. after treatment with @entity3936 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Clinical studies on thyroid CT number in XXXX and destructive @entity2743 .

answer: @entity2743 :: (MESH:D006111,Disease) :: ['Graves' disease']


abstract: We review the 35 cases with @entity1911 associated with pregnancy including our own 3 cases in the Japanese literature from 1958 to 1993. In a total of 35 cases, the overall maternal mortality rate was 11% and the fetal loss 22%. Recently, after 1981, the maternal mortality rate and the fetal loss were significantly reduced to one @entity1 (6%). Although antepartum diagnosis of @entity1911 was made in only 32% of the @entity1 , maternal mortality was reduced to zero and fetal loss to 18%. An initial diagnosis of @entity6064 of pregnancy was made in 17 @entity1 (49%) and of @entity1911 in 10 @entity1 (29%). A diagnosis of @entity1911 was made before delivery in 11 @entity1 (31%), after delivery in 22 @entity1 (63%), at autopsy in one @entity1 (3%), and unknown in one @entity1 (3%). The symptoms mostly suggestive of @entity1911 were paroxysmal @entity101 in 27 (77%) of the 35 @entity1 . The clinical symptoms generally appeared in the third trimester in 23 @entity1 (66%). @entity1911 is a rare disease, but a high index of clinical suspicion must be kept in mind and @entity1911 must be listed in the differential diagnosis of @entity101 associated with pregnancy. Recently, abdominal ultrasound study and MR imaging can be used to localize the @entity5 during the antepartum period. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, alpha-blockade is essential and beta-blockade may be required. In the first and second trimesters, @entity5 resection has a good fetal outcome; in later pregnancy, delivery by elective caesarean section followed by @entity5 resection is recommended.

title: XXXX in pregnancy: a review of the Japanese literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma', 'Pheochromocytoma']

answer: @entity1911 :: (MESH:D010673,Disease) :: ['Pheochromocytoma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We aimed to describe the clinico-radiological findings of @entity1 with disorders of diencephalic-mesencephalic junction (DMJ) formation and midbrain anteroposterior patterning. METHODS: We reviewed the DMJ anatomy of 445 @entity1 with @entity75 . Associated supra/infratentorial abnormalities and clinical findings were noted. Craniocaudal and anteroposterior diameters of midbrain, pons, medulla, vermis, and transverse cerebellar diameter were compared with age-matched controls. Post hoc tests were corrected according to Bonferroni (p B). RESULTS: Two patterns of @entity3308 were identified in 12 @entity1 (7 females, mean age 41  months). Type A was characterized by hypothalamic-mesencephalic fusion on axial plane, with possible midbrain ventral cleft (7 @entity1 ). Anteroposterior (p B   =   .006) and craniocaudal (p B   =   .027) diameters of the pons, craniocaudal diameter of the vermis (p B   =   .015), and transverse cerebellar diameter (p B   =   .011) were smaller than the controls. Corticospinal tract, basal ganglia, and commissural anomalies were also associated. Clinical findings included @entity3520 , @entity1640 , @entity302 , and severe @entity245 . Type B was characterized by incomplete thalamic-mesencephalic cleavage on sagittal plane, with parenchymal bands connecting the interthalamic adhesion with the midbrain (five @entity1 ). Anteroposterior diameters of midbrain (p B   =   .002), pons (p B   =   .0004), and medulla (p B   =   .002) as well as the vermian anteroposterior (p B   =   .040) and craniocaudal diameters (p B   =   .014) were smaller than the controls. These @entity1 were @entity16 , most presenting mild @entity245 . CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of DMJ patterning defects is wide and may be associated with several @entity75 . Infratentorial brain structures should be carefully evaluated to better define the type of associated @entity154 .

title: Expanding the spectrum of XXXX of the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['midbrain-hindbrain anomalies']

entities_list: @entity3308 :: ('MESH:D020295', 'Disease') :: ['DMJ anomaly']

entities_list: @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ['spastic-dystonic tetraparesis']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain malformations']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['less neurologically impaired']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity154 :: (MESH:D000013,Disease) :: ['congenital anomalies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Detection of lifestyle risk factors by GPs is the first step required for intervention. Despite significant investment in preventive health care in general practice, little is known about whether GP detection of lifestyle risk factors have improved over time. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether sensitivity and specificity of GP detection of smoking, risky @entity285 consumption and overweight and @entity28 has increased in @entity1 presenting to see their GP, by comparing results from four Australian studies conducted between 1982 and 2011. METHODS: Demographic characteristics of @entity1 and GP samples and the prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of detection of each risk factor were extracted from published studies. Differences between GP and @entity1 sample characteristics were examined. To identify trends over time in prevalence of risk factors, sensitivity and specificity of detection across studies and the Cochran-Armitage test for trend were calculated for each risk factor for the overall sample and by male and female subgroups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes in the sensitivity of GP detection of smoking or overweight or @entity28 over time. Specificity of detection of smoking increased from 64.7% to 98% (P < 0.0001) and decreased for overweight or @entity28 from 92% to 89% (P = 0.01). There was a small decrease in the sensitivity of detection of @entity285 consumption (P = 0.02) and an increase in specificity (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant investment to increase GP detection and intervention for lifestyle risk factors, accurate detection of smoking, risky @entity285 consumption and overweight and @entity28 occurs for less than two-thirds of all @entity1 .

title: Is identification of smoking, risky XXXX consumption and overweight and @entity28 by General Practitioner's improving? A comparison over time.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity285 :: (D000431,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Detection of lifestyle risk factors by GPs is the first step required for intervention. Despite significant investment in preventive health care in general practice, little is known about whether GP detection of lifestyle risk factors have improved over time. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether sensitivity and specificity of GP detection of smoking, risky @entity285 consumption and overweight and @entity28 has increased in @entity1 presenting to see their GP, by comparing results from four Australian studies conducted between 1982 and 2011. METHODS: Demographic characteristics of @entity1 and GP samples and the prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of detection of each risk factor were extracted from published studies. Differences between GP and @entity1 sample characteristics were examined. To identify trends over time in prevalence of risk factors, sensitivity and specificity of detection across studies and the Cochran-Armitage test for trend were calculated for each risk factor for the overall sample and by male and female subgroups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant changes in the sensitivity of GP detection of smoking or overweight or @entity28 over time. Specificity of detection of smoking increased from 64.7% to 98% (P < 0.0001) and decreased for overweight or @entity28 from 92% to 89% (P = 0.01). There was a small decrease in the sensitivity of detection of @entity285 consumption (P = 0.02) and an increase in specificity (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant investment to increase GP detection and intervention for lifestyle risk factors, accurate detection of smoking, risky @entity285 consumption and overweight and @entity28 occurs for less than two-thirds of all @entity1 .

title: Is identification of smoking, risky @entity285 consumption and overweight and XXXX by General Practitioner's improving? A comparison over time.

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay is described for @entity619 in neonatal plasma. Samples (100 microliters) were extracted with @entity1046 (1.0 ml) containing 50 ng of @entity2715 . The mobile phase of @entity1626 -0.01 M @entity1391 buffer (pH 7.0) (45:55, v/v) was pumped at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min through an Ultrasphere ODS column (5.0 microns particles). Detection was by UV absorbance at 240 nm. Calibration plots were linear (r2 > 0.999) from 10-1000 ng/ml. Within-day and between-day precision (C.V.%, coefficient of variation) between 15-900 ng/ml was 1.21-20.6%. Inaccuracy was 7.7%, or less. The minimum quantifiable concentration (C.V. approximately 20%) was 15 ng/ml. Recovery (20-1000 ng/ml) exceeded 75%. Concomitant neonatal medication did not interfere.

title: Determination of XXXX in plasma of premature neonates using high-performance liquid chromatography.

entities_list: @entity1046 :: ('MESH:C007650', 'Chemical') :: ['ethyl acetate']

entities_list: @entity2715 :: ('MESH:D001507', 'Chemical') :: ['beclomethasone']

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: Twenty four @entity1 with @entity3500 due to @entity3799 were operated on by the anterior approach. They all received anterior cervical discectomy and/or osteophytes resection with the operating microscope, without fusion. There were no deaths and no one deteriorated after surgery. The results in the 21 @entity1 with a year or more of post-operative follow-up are described. Seven had a congenital narrow canal associated with discopathy, with a history of up to 9 years. In 6, the @entity3500 improved, in 2, dramatically. One @entity1 had no change. The other 14 @entity1 had a normal cervical canal. Eight had an excellent result, and only one did not improve. The @entity1 with a narrow canal were a little worse than those with a normal canal, but both groups are not quite comparable. More experience is needed, but the evidence suggest that the anterior approach give good results in @entity3799 with discopathy associated with narrow canal, without mortality or @entity7441 .

title: [Surgery by anterior approach in XXXX with a narrow canal].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3500 :: ('MESH:D020336', 'Disease') :: ['spastic paraparesis']

entities_list: @entity7441 :: ('MESH:D056987', 'Disease') :: ['post-operative deterioration']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervical myelopathy']

answer: @entity3799 :: (MESH:D002575,Disease) :: ['cervical myelopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: Arterial spin-labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI, a noninvasive method of assessing cerebral blood flow, is becoming a diagnostic tool of @entity302 . This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic validity of ASL in @entity1 with @entity159 ( @entity159 ) in a periictal state. METHOD: Twenty cases with @entity159 were studied. @entity1 were imaged at a 3T MRI including ASL and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and were also examined using electroencephalography (EEG). The abnormal findings of ASL were compared with those obtained from DWI and EEG. RESULT: Focal hyperperfusion was found in the cortical territory of 13 cases (65%). In 10 of those 13 cases, the ASL hyperperfusion region corresponded to DWI high intensity and EEG abnormality. Two cases showed hyperperfusion corresponding to EEG abnormalities in ASL despite the absence of high intensity in DWI. The remaining single case showed hyperperfusion in ASL despite the absence of high intensity in DWI and EEG abnormalities. Hyperperfusion in the subcortical territory was observed in the ipsilateral thalamus in three cases and in the contralateral cerebellum in one case. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ASL is a useful tool to diagnose @entity159 and localization of the @entity302 focus.

title: Usefulness of arterial spin-labeling images in periictal state diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus', 'SE']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity1 was referred for evaluation of @entity2012 and @entity4089 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity699 due to @entity4383 . At this time a @entity977 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ), @entity4090 (PRL) and @entity3317 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity2012 and subsequently @entity6726 - @entity2588 had developed. Plasma @entity2124 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity2847 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity2124 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity2124 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity17685 ( @entity1218 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity5 was an @entity652 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity5 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity5 confirmed that @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity5 cells. The @entity1 was a rare case of @entity2012 with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity699 due to @entity4383 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity977 .

title: XXXX with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a @entity1 with @entity699 due to @entity4383 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinemia']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity6726 :: ('MESH:D005687', 'Disease') :: ['galactorrhea']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity17685 :: ('7200', 'Gene') :: ['thyrotropin releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumor', 'pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity3317 :: ('MESH:D000324', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenocorticotropin']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic adenoma']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['Acromegaly']


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity1 was referred for evaluation of @entity2012 and @entity4089 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity699 due to @entity4383 . At this time a @entity977 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ), @entity4090 (PRL) and @entity3317 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity2012 and subsequently @entity6726 - @entity2588 had developed. Plasma @entity2124 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity2847 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity2124 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity2124 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity17685 ( @entity1218 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity5 was an @entity652 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity5 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity5 confirmed that @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity5 cells. The @entity1 was a rare case of @entity2012 with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity699 due to @entity4383 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity977 .

title: @entity2012 with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a @entity1 with XXXX due to @entity4383 .

answer: @entity699 :: (MESH:D003480,Disease) :: ['Cushing's syndrome']


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity1 was referred for evaluation of @entity2012 and @entity4089 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity699 due to @entity4383 . At this time a @entity977 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ), @entity4090 (PRL) and @entity3317 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity2012 and subsequently @entity6726 - @entity2588 had developed. Plasma @entity2124 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity2847 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity2124 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity2124 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity17685 ( @entity1218 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity5 was an @entity652 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity5 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity5 confirmed that @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity5 cells. The @entity1 was a rare case of @entity2012 with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity699 due to @entity4383 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity977 .

title: @entity2012 with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a @entity1 with @entity699 due to XXXX .

answer: @entity4383 :: (MESH:D020518,Disease) :: ['adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia']


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity1 was referred for evaluation of @entity2012 and @entity4089 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity699 due to @entity4383 . At this time a @entity977 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ), @entity4090 (PRL) and @entity3317 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity2012 and subsequently @entity6726 - @entity2588 had developed. Plasma @entity2124 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity2847 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity2124 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity2124 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity17685 ( @entity1218 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity5 was an @entity652 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity5 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity5 confirmed that @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity5 cells. The @entity1 was a rare case of @entity2012 with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity699 due to @entity4383 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity977 .

title: @entity2012 with XXXX developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a @entity1 with @entity699 due to @entity4383 .

answer: @entity4089 :: (MESH:D006966,Disease) :: ['hyperprolactinemia']


abstract: A 27-yr-old @entity1 was referred for evaluation of @entity2012 and @entity4089 . She had undergone left adrenalectomy at 12 and right adrenalectomy at 17 for @entity699 due to @entity4383 . At this time a @entity977 was found by brain computerized tomography, but plasma levels of @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ), @entity4090 (PRL) and @entity3317 (ACTH) were normal. When she was 23, symptoms and signs of @entity2012 and subsequently @entity6726 - @entity2588 had developed. Plasma @entity2124 and PRL were increased and she was followed up by the administration of @entity2847 (2.5 mg-12.5 mg/day, p.o.). However the plasma @entity2124 level had been increasing gradually. On admission, plasma @entity2124 and PRL were high (19.5 micrograms/L, 61.0 micrograms/L, respectively) and increased in response to @entity17685 ( @entity1218 , 500 micrograms i.v.). An intrasella mass, which had been detected when she was 17, had become enlarged and was removed by Hardy's operation. Microscopically, the resected @entity5 was an @entity652 . Immunohistochemical studies showed @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH positive cells localized in the @entity5 . Immunoultrastructural analysis of the @entity5 confirmed that @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH were present in secretory granules and Golgi apparatus in the @entity5 cells. The @entity1 was a rare case of @entity2012 with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy of @entity699 due to @entity4383 , all of which manifestations may be caused by a @entity2124 , PRL and ACTH secreting @entity977 .

title: @entity2012 with @entity4089 developed after bilateral adrenalectomy in a XXXX with @entity699 due to @entity4383 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: The cytologic localization and cellular levels of @entity2690 receptors in the @entity1 ovary during follicular growth, regression and @entity1146 were examined by the avidin/ @entity1885 immunoperoxidase techniques with a monoclonal antibody to @entity8277 . In primordial follicles, only the oocyte showed a weak immunostaining for @entity8277 , whereas the stromal cells surrounding primordial follicles were moderately immunostained. The earliest stage of follicular growth at which immunostaining for @entity8277 in granulosa cells and theca interna cells became apparent was the preantral stage. With the increase in the size of the follicles, the immunostaining of the oocyte and follicular elements intensified, whereas the staining intensity of the stromal cells surrounding growing follicles was reduced compared to those surrounding primordial follicles. The immunostaining in granulosa and theca interna cells persisted in the corpus luteum, and further intensified during the midluteal phase. In the regressing corpus luteum, the immunostaining was present only in the peripheral lutein cells adjacent to the central scar tissue. The corpus albicans was negative for the immunostaining, but the surrounding stromal cells exhibited predominant staining. In atretic follicles, the theca interna cells exhibited intense staining for @entity8277 without appreciable staining in the scattered granulosa cells, whereas the surrounding stromal cells were moderately immunostained. This is the first study to demonstrate notable changes in @entity8277 expression in the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, lutein cells and surrounding stromal cells during follicular growth, regression and @entity1146 . The results obtained indicate @entity2690 participation in oocyte maturation, follicular growth and stromal cell function. The increased expression of @entity2690 receptors in theca interna cells of atretic follicles and in stromal cells surrounding the corpora albicans raises the intriguing possibility of @entity2690 involvement in the transformation of theca interna cells into stromal cells. This implies that @entity2690 may participate in remodelling ovarian local tissues following follicular @entity1146 and luteolysis in the @entity1 ovary.

title: XXXX expression in follicular and stromal compartments of the @entity1 ovary over the course of follicular growth, regression and @entity1146 .

entities_list: @entity8277 :: ('3643', 'Gene') :: ['insulin receptor']

answer: @entity8277 :: (3643,Gene) :: ['Insulin receptor']


abstract: The cytologic localization and cellular levels of @entity2690 receptors in the @entity1 ovary during follicular growth, regression and @entity1146 were examined by the avidin/ @entity1885 immunoperoxidase techniques with a monoclonal antibody to @entity8277 . In primordial follicles, only the oocyte showed a weak immunostaining for @entity8277 , whereas the stromal cells surrounding primordial follicles were moderately immunostained. The earliest stage of follicular growth at which immunostaining for @entity8277 in granulosa cells and theca interna cells became apparent was the preantral stage. With the increase in the size of the follicles, the immunostaining of the oocyte and follicular elements intensified, whereas the staining intensity of the stromal cells surrounding growing follicles was reduced compared to those surrounding primordial follicles. The immunostaining in granulosa and theca interna cells persisted in the corpus luteum, and further intensified during the midluteal phase. In the regressing corpus luteum, the immunostaining was present only in the peripheral lutein cells adjacent to the central scar tissue. The corpus albicans was negative for the immunostaining, but the surrounding stromal cells exhibited predominant staining. In atretic follicles, the theca interna cells exhibited intense staining for @entity8277 without appreciable staining in the scattered granulosa cells, whereas the surrounding stromal cells were moderately immunostained. This is the first study to demonstrate notable changes in @entity8277 expression in the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, lutein cells and surrounding stromal cells during follicular growth, regression and @entity1146 . The results obtained indicate @entity2690 participation in oocyte maturation, follicular growth and stromal cell function. The increased expression of @entity2690 receptors in theca interna cells of atretic follicles and in stromal cells surrounding the corpora albicans raises the intriguing possibility of @entity2690 involvement in the transformation of theca interna cells into stromal cells. This implies that @entity2690 may participate in remodelling ovarian local tissues following follicular @entity1146 and luteolysis in the @entity1 ovary.

title: @entity8277 expression in follicular and stromal compartments of the @entity1 ovary over the course of follicular growth, regression and XXXX .

answer: @entity1146 :: (MESH:D018633,Disease) :: ['atresia']


abstract: The cytologic localization and cellular levels of @entity2690 receptors in the @entity1 ovary during follicular growth, regression and @entity1146 were examined by the avidin/ @entity1885 immunoperoxidase techniques with a monoclonal antibody to @entity8277 . In primordial follicles, only the oocyte showed a weak immunostaining for @entity8277 , whereas the stromal cells surrounding primordial follicles were moderately immunostained. The earliest stage of follicular growth at which immunostaining for @entity8277 in granulosa cells and theca interna cells became apparent was the preantral stage. With the increase in the size of the follicles, the immunostaining of the oocyte and follicular elements intensified, whereas the staining intensity of the stromal cells surrounding growing follicles was reduced compared to those surrounding primordial follicles. The immunostaining in granulosa and theca interna cells persisted in the corpus luteum, and further intensified during the midluteal phase. In the regressing corpus luteum, the immunostaining was present only in the peripheral lutein cells adjacent to the central scar tissue. The corpus albicans was negative for the immunostaining, but the surrounding stromal cells exhibited predominant staining. In atretic follicles, the theca interna cells exhibited intense staining for @entity8277 without appreciable staining in the scattered granulosa cells, whereas the surrounding stromal cells were moderately immunostained. This is the first study to demonstrate notable changes in @entity8277 expression in the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca cells, lutein cells and surrounding stromal cells during follicular growth, regression and @entity1146 . The results obtained indicate @entity2690 participation in oocyte maturation, follicular growth and stromal cell function. The increased expression of @entity2690 receptors in theca interna cells of atretic follicles and in stromal cells surrounding the corpora albicans raises the intriguing possibility of @entity2690 involvement in the transformation of theca interna cells into stromal cells. This implies that @entity2690 may participate in remodelling ovarian local tissues following follicular @entity1146 and luteolysis in the @entity1 ovary.

title: @entity8277 expression in follicular and stromal compartments of the XXXX ovary over the course of follicular growth, regression and @entity1146 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The drama with the language is that "putting in words" creates an uncrossable chasm between the felt and the expressed. There are moments where the impossibility to communicate cuts the links between doctor and @entity1 . And this often happens in a consultation after the @entity0 has been announced. The unspeakable then, stands between the two protagonists, as the spectral appearance of @entity204 . For the @entity1 , the medical revelation then becomes an anathema. The doctor who says the word, becomes the one who overturns a destiny for ever. One knows from greek mythology that confronted to the tragic of his destiny, @entity1 hears the ineluctability of the oracle but cannot accepts it. It is the role of the psyche to divert the prophecy so as to have space for hope, for a project of live. To tell, not to tell, how to tell: there is no rule. The misunderstanding is inexorable: it sighs the discordance between the medical reality of the @entity0 , the subject desire and the implication of the doctor who is wedged between the one and the other.

title: [ XXXX : the unspeakable].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast cancer']


abstract: In cell culture, a perfusion bioreactor provides effective transportation of nutrients, @entity26 , and waste removal to and from the core of the scaffold. In addition, it provides mechanical stimuli for enhancing osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we used an axial distribution of cell numbers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, and @entity460 content across 4 cross-sections of 10mm thick scaffold, made of Thai silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin (G)/ @entity692 (HA), as a tool to evaluate the suitable perfusion flow rate. These evaluations cover all cellular developmental phases starting from seeding, to proliferation, and later osteogenic differentiation. @entity19 pre-osteoblastic @entity19 cell lines were used as a cell model during seeding and proliferation. The bioreactor seeded scaffold provided more uniform cell distribution across the scaffold compared to centrifugal and @entity2146 seeding, while the overall number of adhered cells from bioreactor seeding was slightly lower than @entity2146 seeding. The dynamic culture using 1ml/min perfusion flow rate (initial shear stress of 0.1dyn/cm(2)) enabled statistically higher MC3T3-E1 proliferation, ALP activity, and @entity460 deposition than those observed in the static-culturing condition. However, the perfusion flow rate of 1ml/min seemed not to be enough for enhancing ALP expression across all sections of the scaffold. @entity35 bone marrow derived stromal cells (rMSC) were used in the detachment test and osteogenic differentiation. It was found that perfusion flow rate of 5ml/min caused statistically higher cell detachment than that of 1 and 3ml/min. The perfusion flow rate of 3ml/min gave the highest rMSC osteogenic differentiation on a SF/G/HA scaffold than other flow rates, as observed from the significantly highest number of ALP enzyme activity and the @entity460 content without any significant cell growth. In addition, all of these parameters were evenly distributed across all scaffold sections.

title: An axial distribution of seeding, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of @entity19 cells and XXXX bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells across a 3D Thai silk fibroin/gelatin/ @entity692 scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In cell culture, a perfusion bioreactor provides effective transportation of nutrients, @entity26 , and waste removal to and from the core of the scaffold. In addition, it provides mechanical stimuli for enhancing osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we used an axial distribution of cell numbers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, and @entity460 content across 4 cross-sections of 10mm thick scaffold, made of Thai silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin (G)/ @entity692 (HA), as a tool to evaluate the suitable perfusion flow rate. These evaluations cover all cellular developmental phases starting from seeding, to proliferation, and later osteogenic differentiation. @entity19 pre-osteoblastic @entity19 cell lines were used as a cell model during seeding and proliferation. The bioreactor seeded scaffold provided more uniform cell distribution across the scaffold compared to centrifugal and @entity2146 seeding, while the overall number of adhered cells from bioreactor seeding was slightly lower than @entity2146 seeding. The dynamic culture using 1ml/min perfusion flow rate (initial shear stress of 0.1dyn/cm(2)) enabled statistically higher MC3T3-E1 proliferation, ALP activity, and @entity460 deposition than those observed in the static-culturing condition. However, the perfusion flow rate of 1ml/min seemed not to be enough for enhancing ALP expression across all sections of the scaffold. @entity35 bone marrow derived stromal cells (rMSC) were used in the detachment test and osteogenic differentiation. It was found that perfusion flow rate of 5ml/min caused statistically higher cell detachment than that of 1 and 3ml/min. The perfusion flow rate of 3ml/min gave the highest rMSC osteogenic differentiation on a SF/G/HA scaffold than other flow rates, as observed from the significantly highest number of ALP enzyme activity and the @entity460 content without any significant cell growth. In addition, all of these parameters were evenly distributed across all scaffold sections.

title: An axial distribution of seeding, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of @entity19 cells and @entity35 bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells across a 3D Thai silk fibroin/gelatin/ XXXX scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor.

answer: @entity692 :: (MESH:D017886,Chemical) :: ['hydroxyapatite']


abstract: In cell culture, a perfusion bioreactor provides effective transportation of nutrients, @entity26 , and waste removal to and from the core of the scaffold. In addition, it provides mechanical stimuli for enhancing osteogenic differentiation. In this study, we used an axial distribution of cell numbers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity, and @entity460 content across 4 cross-sections of 10mm thick scaffold, made of Thai silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin (G)/ @entity692 (HA), as a tool to evaluate the suitable perfusion flow rate. These evaluations cover all cellular developmental phases starting from seeding, to proliferation, and later osteogenic differentiation. @entity19 pre-osteoblastic @entity19 cell lines were used as a cell model during seeding and proliferation. The bioreactor seeded scaffold provided more uniform cell distribution across the scaffold compared to centrifugal and @entity2146 seeding, while the overall number of adhered cells from bioreactor seeding was slightly lower than @entity2146 seeding. The dynamic culture using 1ml/min perfusion flow rate (initial shear stress of 0.1dyn/cm(2)) enabled statistically higher MC3T3-E1 proliferation, ALP activity, and @entity460 deposition than those observed in the static-culturing condition. However, the perfusion flow rate of 1ml/min seemed not to be enough for enhancing ALP expression across all sections of the scaffold. @entity35 bone marrow derived stromal cells (rMSC) were used in the detachment test and osteogenic differentiation. It was found that perfusion flow rate of 5ml/min caused statistically higher cell detachment than that of 1 and 3ml/min. The perfusion flow rate of 3ml/min gave the highest rMSC osteogenic differentiation on a SF/G/HA scaffold than other flow rates, as observed from the significantly highest number of ALP enzyme activity and the @entity460 content without any significant cell growth. In addition, all of these parameters were evenly distributed across all scaffold sections.

title: An axial distribution of seeding, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of XXXX cells and @entity35 bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells across a 3D Thai silk fibroin/gelatin/ @entity692 scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['MC3T3-E1']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An avirulent, live transconjugant Shigella hybrid (LTSH  @entity58744 ) strain was constructed in our earlier study by introducing a plasmid vector, pPR1347, into a Shiga-toxingene deleted Shigella dysenteriae1. Three successive oral administrations of LTSH  @entity58744 to female adult @entity19 produced comprehensive passive heterologous protection in their offspring against challenge with wild type shigellae. Production of NO and different cytokines such asIL-12p70, @entity635 and @entity14293 in peritoneal @entity19 macrophages indicated that LTSH  @entity58744 induced innate and adaptive immunity in @entity19 . Furthermore, production of IFN-y, @entity1618 and @entity636 in LTSH-primed splenic CD4+ T-cell suggested that LTSH  @entity58744 may induce @entity630 and Th17 cellmediated immune responses. Exponential increase of the serum IgG and IgA titer against whole shigellae were observed in immunized adult @entity19 during and after the immunization with the highest peak on day 35. Antigen specific sIgA was also determined from intestinal lavage of immunized @entity19 . The stomach extracts of neonates from immunizedmice, mainly containing mother's milk, contained significant levels of anti-LTSH  @entity58744 immunoglobulin. These studies suggest that the LTSH  @entity58744 could be a new live oral vaccinecandidate against @entity6835 in the near future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Immunization of @entity19 with a live transconjugant Shigella hybrid strain induced XXXX and Th17 cell mediated immune responses and confirmed passive protection against heterologous Shigellae.

entities_list: @entity6835 :: ('MESH:D004405', 'Disease') :: ['shigellosis']

answer: @entity630 :: (57314(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Th1']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An avirulent, live transconjugant Shigella hybrid (LTSH  @entity58744 ) strain was constructed in our earlier study by introducing a plasmid vector, pPR1347, into a Shiga-toxingene deleted Shigella dysenteriae1. Three successive oral administrations of LTSH  @entity58744 to female adult @entity19 produced comprehensive passive heterologous protection in their offspring against challenge with wild type shigellae. Production of NO and different cytokines such asIL-12p70, @entity635 and @entity14293 in peritoneal @entity19 macrophages indicated that LTSH  @entity58744 induced innate and adaptive immunity in @entity19 . Furthermore, production of IFN-y, @entity1618 and @entity636 in LTSH-primed splenic CD4+ T-cell suggested that LTSH  @entity58744 may induce @entity630 and Th17 cellmediated immune responses. Exponential increase of the serum IgG and IgA titer against whole shigellae were observed in immunized adult @entity19 during and after the immunization with the highest peak on day 35. Antigen specific sIgA was also determined from intestinal lavage of immunized @entity19 . The stomach extracts of neonates from immunizedmice, mainly containing mother's milk, contained significant levels of anti-LTSH  @entity58744 immunoglobulin. These studies suggest that the LTSH  @entity58744 could be a new live oral vaccinecandidate against @entity6835 in the near future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Immunization of XXXX with a live transconjugant Shigella hybrid strain induced @entity630 and Th17 cell mediated immune responses and confirmed passive protection against heterologous Shigellae.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Although lymphatic washout of hyaluronan during lung hydration has been postulated to deplete lung interstitial hyaluronan content and thereby contribute to the decreased interstitial exclusion of albumin observed under these conditions, this hypothesis has not been directly tested. In anesthetized, ventilated mongrel @entity235 , a prenodal lung lymphatic was cannulated for measurement of lymph flow and hyaluronan concentration. Following baseline measurements, @entity1989 was increased in four steps of 5 cm @entity4358 in Group 1 or set to one pressure ranging between 6 and 32 cm @entity4358 in Group 2. In Group 3, saline (15% body weight) was infused over 30 min and then @entity1989 increased as in Group 2. Invariably, as lymph flow increased in Groups 1 through 3, lymph hyaluronan concentration and hyaluronan flux increased significantly (p < 0.05). In a separate control group, there were no changes in lymph flow, hyaluronan concentration, or hyaluronan flux. In Group 3, lung hyaluronan content at 5 h (0.76 +/- 0.08 mg/g dry weight) was not significantly less than that during baseline (0.88 +/- 0.05 mg/g dry weight), although total @entity13275 content actually increased by 38% over the same time course. In contrast, in the control group, both lung hyaluronan and @entity13275 content remained stable over the experimental period. From these data, approximately 2 to 3% of lung hyaluronan is predicted to leave the interstitium via lymphatic flux per day under baseline conditions. The daily turnover of interstitial hyaluronan by this route increased to 15 to 18% of total content when @entity1989 was elevated and to 54% following saline infusion. Thus, lung hyaluronan can be rapidly mobilized with increased lymph flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hyaluronan efflux from XXXX lung with increased hydrostatic pressure and saline loading.

entities_list: @entity13275 :: ('CHEBI:27252', 'Chemical') :: ['uronic acid']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: The responses of isolated quiescent segments of @entity291 mesenteric lymphatics to 10-s trains of pulses (50 V for 0.3 ms at 2 Hz) administered transmurally have been studied using various drugs. Each train of pulses consistently produced a brief contraction that was completely blocked by @entity1022 , alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, @entity17268 , and @entity2997 . @entity2072 potentiated the contractions. @entity6114 caused an increase in the basal tone, some spontaneous contractions, and an inhibition of contraction. The contraction was sometimes followed by a relaxation that could be of short duration or long lasting. Both types of relaxation were abolished by @entity1022 . @entity1169 reduced both types of relaxation, causing more suppression of the short type. Bretylium completely blocked the short type of relaxation and slightly reduced the long-lasting type. @entity4033 and @entity3897 had no effect on any of the responses. These findings suggest that the contraction resulting from transmural stimulation is due to the action of excitatory postganglionic sympathetic nerves. It is concluded that both types of relaxation occur mainly in response to beta-adrenergic inhibitory stimulation. The possibility of nonadrenergic inhibitory innervation in @entity291 mesenteric lymphatics is also discussed.

title: Relaxation of XXXX mesenteric lymphatics in response to transmural stimulation.

entities_list: @entity2997 :: ('MESH:D006145', 'Chemical') :: ['guanethidine']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['Hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity17268 :: ('MESH:C045166', 'Chemical') :: ['bretylium']

entities_list: @entity6114 :: ('MESH:D014439', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyramine']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Movement/arousal has been described as a characteristic of @entity27 ( @entity27 ), but opinions differ as to whether or not @entity27 in @entity1 increases the frequency of movement/arousal. The problem that we decided to address was the lack of a comprehensive definition and characterization of movement/arousals in @entity1 . We therefore quantified and classified movement/arousals during nocturnal polysomnography in 15 @entity1 5.2 +/- 2.7 SD yr of age being evaluated for @entity27 . Movement/arousals were defined by modifying the standard criteria for scoring arousals in adults. Median respiratory disturbance index was 4.4/h, with a range of 1 to 28/h. Videotape review was required to adequately distinguish technician-induced from spontaneous movement/arousals. Although movement/arousal durations varied from 1 s to prolonged awakenings, a high frequency of brief, 1- to 3-s movement/arousals occurred in all classification categories: respiratory, 44%; technician-induced, 33%; spontaneous, 36%. When comparing a 16-channel PSG montage with that of a seven-channel cardiorespiratory montage, we found that 84% of all movement/arousals could be detected using the abbreviated montage. In conclusion, we propose a simple classification system that distinguishes three types of movement/arousals: respiratory, technician-induced, and spontaneous. Our results further suggest that a simple montage using cardiorespiratory channels and videotaping would be suitable for home study and sensitive for identifying movement/arousals.

title: Movement/arousals. Description, classification, and relationship to sleep apnea in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['adult obstructive sleep apnea syndrome', 'OSAS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Although clinical trials are being used to evaluate economic outcomes of new agents, there are methodological problems. Decisions based on these analyses may lead to inefficient use of medical resources. Randomized clinical trials provide important information on the efficacy of new pharmaceutical agents for @entity5 @entity1 . Policy makers are likely to require both economic and clinical data in order to approve pharmaceuticals for widespread use. Clinical trials provide an opportunity to evaluate economic outcomes for new agents. However, the interpretation of economic analyses of clinical trials raises issues related to perspective of the investigators, study design, collection of data on resource utilization, and generalizability of data to other settings. In this paper, we review these issues and illustrate problems associated with analyses of economic data from a recent phase III trial of hematopoietic growth factors. Clinical results were similar in both Paris and New York in this phase III trial. However, economic results differed markedly between the hospital in Paris and the hospital in New York. While significant savings in terms of fewer days in the hospital and fewer laboratory tests and radiographs for the @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) @entity1 were noted at the New York hospital, resource savings were not identified at the hospital in France. Caution must be used when reimbursement policies are based on economic analyses of clinical trials. Policy decisions must be based on studies that are carefully conducted, analyzed, and interpreted from both a clinical and an economic perspective.

title: Economic analyses of clinical trials in XXXX : are they helpful to policy makers?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['GM-CSF', 'granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Within the context of a prospective randomized trial ( @entity514 PRIME), we assessed whether early imaging of @entity64 @entity1 , primary with CT perfusion, can estimate the size of the irreversibly injured @entity63 core and the volume of critically hypoperfused tissue. We also evaluated the accuracy of @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes for predicting @entity1188 volume in @entity1 with the target mismatch profile. METHODS: Baseline @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes were assessed prior to randomized treatment with IV tPA-alone vs. IV tPA   +   endovascular therapy (Solitaire stent-retriever) using RAPID automated post-processing software. Reperfusion was assessed with angiographic TICI scores at the end of the procedure (endovascular group) and Tmax >6s volumes at 27-hours (both groups). @entity1188 volume was assessed at 27-hours on non-contrast CT or MRI. RESULTS: 151 @entity1 with baseline imaging with CT perfusion (79%) or multimodal MRI (21%) were included. The median baseline @entity63 core volume was 6 ml (IQR 0-16). @entity63 core volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity1188 volumes in @entity1 who achieved reperfusion (r = 0.58, P <0.0001). In @entity1 who did not reperfuse (<10% reperfusion), baseline Tmax>6s lesion volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity1188 volume (r=0.78; P=0.005). In Target mismatch @entity1 , the union of baseline core and early follow-up Tmax>6s volume (i.e. predicted @entity1188 volume) correlated with the 27-hour @entity1188 volume (r=0.73; P<0.0001); the median absolute difference between the observed and predicted volume was 13 ml. INTERPRETATION: @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes, obtained primarily from CT perfusion scans, predict 27-hour @entity1188 volume in acute @entity64 @entity1 who were treated with reperfusion therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes predict XXXX size in @entity514 PRIME.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemic', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarct']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Within the context of a prospective randomized trial ( @entity514 PRIME), we assessed whether early imaging of @entity64 @entity1 , primary with CT perfusion, can estimate the size of the irreversibly injured @entity63 core and the volume of critically hypoperfused tissue. We also evaluated the accuracy of @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes for predicting @entity1188 volume in @entity1 with the target mismatch profile. METHODS: Baseline @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes were assessed prior to randomized treatment with IV tPA-alone vs. IV tPA   +   endovascular therapy (Solitaire stent-retriever) using RAPID automated post-processing software. Reperfusion was assessed with angiographic TICI scores at the end of the procedure (endovascular group) and Tmax >6s volumes at 27-hours (both groups). @entity1188 volume was assessed at 27-hours on non-contrast CT or MRI. RESULTS: 151 @entity1 with baseline imaging with CT perfusion (79%) or multimodal MRI (21%) were included. The median baseline @entity63 core volume was 6 ml (IQR 0-16). @entity63 core volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity1188 volumes in @entity1 who achieved reperfusion (r = 0.58, P <0.0001). In @entity1 who did not reperfuse (<10% reperfusion), baseline Tmax>6s lesion volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity1188 volume (r=0.78; P=0.005). In Target mismatch @entity1 , the union of baseline core and early follow-up Tmax>6s volume (i.e. predicted @entity1188 volume) correlated with the 27-hour @entity1188 volume (r=0.73; P<0.0001); the median absolute difference between the observed and predicted volume was 13 ml. INTERPRETATION: @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes, obtained primarily from CT perfusion scans, predict 27-hour @entity1188 volume in acute @entity64 @entity1 who were treated with reperfusion therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes predict @entity1188 size in XXXX PRIME.

answer: @entity514 :: (8895,Species) :: ['SWIFT']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Within the context of a prospective randomized trial ( @entity514 PRIME), we assessed whether early imaging of @entity64 @entity1 , primary with CT perfusion, can estimate the size of the irreversibly injured @entity63 core and the volume of critically hypoperfused tissue. We also evaluated the accuracy of @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes for predicting @entity1188 volume in @entity1 with the target mismatch profile. METHODS: Baseline @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes were assessed prior to randomized treatment with IV tPA-alone vs. IV tPA   +   endovascular therapy (Solitaire stent-retriever) using RAPID automated post-processing software. Reperfusion was assessed with angiographic TICI scores at the end of the procedure (endovascular group) and Tmax >6s volumes at 27-hours (both groups). @entity1188 volume was assessed at 27-hours on non-contrast CT or MRI. RESULTS: 151 @entity1 with baseline imaging with CT perfusion (79%) or multimodal MRI (21%) were included. The median baseline @entity63 core volume was 6 ml (IQR 0-16). @entity63 core volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity1188 volumes in @entity1 who achieved reperfusion (r = 0.58, P <0.0001). In @entity1 who did not reperfuse (<10% reperfusion), baseline Tmax>6s lesion volumes correlated with 27-hour @entity1188 volume (r=0.78; P=0.005). In Target mismatch @entity1 , the union of baseline core and early follow-up Tmax>6s volume (i.e. predicted @entity1188 volume) correlated with the 27-hour @entity1188 volume (r=0.73; P<0.0001); the median absolute difference between the observed and predicted volume was 13 ml. INTERPRETATION: @entity63 core and hypoperfusion volumes, obtained primarily from CT perfusion scans, predict 27-hour @entity1188 volume in acute @entity64 @entity1 who were treated with reperfusion therapies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: XXXX core and hypoperfusion volumes predict @entity1188 size in @entity514 PRIME.

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['Ischemic']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Orchialgia following inguinal @entity547 repair is rare complication and still challenging since there has been no established surgical treatment because of complexity of nerve innervation to the testicular area. Herein we report a case of @entity86 following Lichtenstein repair, which was successfully treated by mesh removal, orchiectomy and triple neurectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65-year-old @entity1 was referred to our department because of chronic @entity4265 following Lichtenstein @entity547 repair. He walked with a limp and was unable to walk a long distance. Physical examination revealed the presence of meshoma in the groin area and @entity1183 in the anterior skin of the right scrotum. His right testis was completely atrophic and located not in the scrotum but in the subcutaneous regions of right groin. He was diagnosed as both neuropathic and nociceptive orchialgia and underwent meshoma removal, triple-neurectomy, and orchiectomy to address these issues. Pathological examination revealed that meshoma was integrated with the structures of the spermatic cord, leading to @entity6377 and @entity82 around the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. The resected right testis was completely-scarred without @entity63 changes. Orchialgia disappeared immediately after operation and he was able to walk without a limp. DISCUSSIONS: It is important to distinguish between nociceptive and @entity1109 . Neuroanatomic understanding is essential to guide treatment options. Orchiectomy is an option but should be reserved for refractory cases with evidence of nociceptive @entity158 accompanied by anatomical changes. CONCLUSIONS: Triple neurectomy should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1109 .

title: Successful treatment for @entity1 with chronic orchialgia following inguinal XXXX repair by means of meshoma removal, orchiectomy and triple-neurectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1183 :: ('MESH:D006987', 'Disease') :: ['hypoesthesia']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic orchialgia']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative orchialgia']

entities_list: @entity4265 :: ('MESH:C535682', 'Disease') :: ['right orchialgia']

entities_list: @entity6377 :: ('MESH:D005549', 'Disease') :: ['foreign-body reaction']

answer: @entity547 :: (MESH:D006547,Disease) :: ['hernia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Orchialgia following inguinal @entity547 repair is rare complication and still challenging since there has been no established surgical treatment because of complexity of nerve innervation to the testicular area. Herein we report a case of @entity86 following Lichtenstein repair, which was successfully treated by mesh removal, orchiectomy and triple neurectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65-year-old @entity1 was referred to our department because of chronic @entity4265 following Lichtenstein @entity547 repair. He walked with a limp and was unable to walk a long distance. Physical examination revealed the presence of meshoma in the groin area and @entity1183 in the anterior skin of the right scrotum. His right testis was completely atrophic and located not in the scrotum but in the subcutaneous regions of right groin. He was diagnosed as both neuropathic and nociceptive orchialgia and underwent meshoma removal, triple-neurectomy, and orchiectomy to address these issues. Pathological examination revealed that meshoma was integrated with the structures of the spermatic cord, leading to @entity6377 and @entity82 around the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve. The resected right testis was completely-scarred without @entity63 changes. Orchialgia disappeared immediately after operation and he was able to walk without a limp. DISCUSSIONS: It is important to distinguish between nociceptive and @entity1109 . Neuroanatomic understanding is essential to guide treatment options. Orchiectomy is an option but should be reserved for refractory cases with evidence of nociceptive @entity158 accompanied by anatomical changes. CONCLUSIONS: Triple neurectomy should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1109 .

title: Successful treatment for XXXX with chronic orchialgia following inguinal @entity547 repair by means of meshoma removal, orchiectomy and triple-neurectomy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: High-throughput test methods including molecular, cellular, and alternative species-based assays that examine critical events of normal brain development are being developed for detection of developmental neurotoxicants. As new assays are developed, a "training set" of chemicals is used to evaluate the relevance of individual assays for specific endpoints. Different training sets are necessary for each assay that would comprise a developmental @entity2359 test battery. In contrast, evaluation of the predictive ability of a comprehensive test battery requires a set of chemicals that have been shown to alter brain development after in vivo exposure ("test set"). Because only a small number of substances have been well documented to alter @entity1 neurodevelopment, we have proposed an expanded test set that includes chemicals demonstrated to adversely affect neurodevelopment in animals. To compile a list of potential developmental neurotoxicants, a literature review of compounds that have been examined for effects on the developing nervous system was conducted. The search was limited to @entity1 studies published in the peer-reviewed literature and regulatory studies submitted to the U.S. EPA. The definition of developmental @entity2359 encompassed changes in behavior, brain morphology, and neurochemistry after gestational or lactational exposure. Reports that indicated developmental @entity2359 was observed only at doses that resulted in significant maternal @entity137 or were lethal to the fetus or offspring were not considered. As a basic indication of reproducibility, we only included a chemical if data on its developmental @entity2359 were available from more than one laboratory (defined as studies originating from laboratories with a different senior investigator). Evidence from @entity1 studies was included when available. Approximately 100 developmental @entity2359 test set chemicals were identified, with 22% having evidence in @entity1 .

title: Expanding the test set: Chemicals with potential to disrupt XXXX brain development.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: CONTEXT: Evaluating religious/spiritual influences in the growing Chinese-American population may inform the development of culturally relevant palliative care interventions. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the psychometric properties and acceptability of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale-Chinese (DSES-C) in Chinese Americans with @entity5 . METHODS: The translated 16-item DSES-C was administered as part of a symptom intervention for Chinese-American @entity5 @entity1 . @entity1 were recruited from four New York community oncology practices. RESULTS: Of 321 @entity1 , 78.7% were born in Mainland China, 79.1% spoke Cantonese, and 70.2% endorsed a religious affiliation (Ancestor worship, 31.7%; Chinese God worship, 29.8%; Buddhism, 17.1%; Christianity, 14.0%). In total, 82.6% completed the DSES-C (mean age  =  57.7 years; 60.8% @entity1 ) and 17.4% declined (mean age  =  59.3 years; 52.0% @entity1 ). Reasons for declining included low religiosity or perceived relevance of the scale items and difficulties separating spirituality from religiosity terms. Individuals having a religious affiliation were more likely to complete the DSES-C, whereas those not  engaging in individual spiritual/religious practices or frequent group spiritual/religious practices tended to decline (all  P  <  0.05). The DSES-C (mean total score  =  43.6, SD  =  19.3) demonstrated high reliability (alpha  =  0.94). Exploratory factor analysis suggested a one-factor solution, with significant loadings (>0.40) across items except Item 14 ("Accept others"). Construct validity was suggested by a positive association between DSES-C scores and having a religious affiliation  (P  <  0.05). CONCLUSION: In Chinese Americans with @entity5 , the DSES-C demonstrated acceptable psychometrics. Some @entity1 experienced linguistic or cultural barriers preventing completion. Future investigations should provide additional validation in different Asian subgroups and those with varied medical conditions.

title: Initial Validation of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale in Chinese Immigrants With XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer-related pain', 'cancer', 'cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer Pain']


abstract: AIMS: Rest echocardiography plays a role in @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ) diagnosis and risk stratification because left @entity1283 , severe left ventricle (LV) @entity1184 , and rest @entity3585 ( @entity3585 ) gradients >= 50 mmHg are @entity1164 risk factors that have been highlighted in recent guidelines. Conversely, the lack of evidence makes that exercise-echocardiography findings play a limited role. In clinical practice, @entity3585 gradient, but also @entity339 ( @entity339 ) or pulmonary pressure, seems relevant parameters to look for, during the exercise. Therefore, we sought to determine whether exercise-induced changes in myocardial and valvular functions could improve @entity1121 risk stratification. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive primitive @entity1121 @entity1 with a preserved LV ejection fraction underwent standardized exercise echocardiography (including the assessment of myocardial function, dynamic left intraventricular gradient, and @entity340 ) at baseline and were clinically followed for a median of 29.3 months. The primary endpoint was a composite criterion that included death from any cause, @entity1167 , and hospitalization for a cardiovascular event. A total of 126 @entity1 were included. Eighteen @entity1 reached the primary endpoint. According to univariate Cox regression analysis, exercise @entity3585 gradient >= 50 mmHg [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.31, P = 0.01] and significant (>= 2/4) exercise @entity339 (HR = 3.64, P < 0.01) were associated with the primary endpoint. @entity1 with significant @entity339 had significantly higher rest and exercise @entity3585 gradients (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001) and larger left atria volumes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Significant exercise-induced @entity339 appears to significantly impact the prognoses of @entity1121 @entity1 , and it is also associated with higher @entity3585 rest and exercise gradients.

title: Impact of exercise-induced @entity339 on XXXX outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity3585 :: ('MESH:D014694', 'Disease') :: ['LVOT', 'LV outflow tract']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['atrial enlargement']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory arrest']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular regurgitations']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['HCM', 'hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: AIMS: Rest echocardiography plays a role in @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ) diagnosis and risk stratification because left @entity1283 , severe left ventricle (LV) @entity1184 , and rest @entity3585 ( @entity3585 ) gradients >= 50 mmHg are @entity1164 risk factors that have been highlighted in recent guidelines. Conversely, the lack of evidence makes that exercise-echocardiography findings play a limited role. In clinical practice, @entity3585 gradient, but also @entity339 ( @entity339 ) or pulmonary pressure, seems relevant parameters to look for, during the exercise. Therefore, we sought to determine whether exercise-induced changes in myocardial and valvular functions could improve @entity1121 risk stratification. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive primitive @entity1121 @entity1 with a preserved LV ejection fraction underwent standardized exercise echocardiography (including the assessment of myocardial function, dynamic left intraventricular gradient, and @entity340 ) at baseline and were clinically followed for a median of 29.3 months. The primary endpoint was a composite criterion that included death from any cause, @entity1167 , and hospitalization for a cardiovascular event. A total of 126 @entity1 were included. Eighteen @entity1 reached the primary endpoint. According to univariate Cox regression analysis, exercise @entity3585 gradient >= 50 mmHg [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.31, P = 0.01] and significant (>= 2/4) exercise @entity339 (HR = 3.64, P < 0.01) were associated with the primary endpoint. @entity1 with significant @entity339 had significantly higher rest and exercise @entity3585 gradients (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001) and larger left atria volumes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Significant exercise-induced @entity339 appears to significantly impact the prognoses of @entity1121 @entity1 , and it is also associated with higher @entity3585 rest and exercise gradients.

title: Impact of exercise-induced XXXX on @entity1121 outcomes.

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral regurgitation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: General @entity73 predicts @entity146 across the life course. This study examines the role of pleiotropy in explaining the link between @entity73 and @entity146 . METHODS: We used two large genome-wide association study data sets on @entity73 -one from older age, n = 53,949, and one from childhood, n = 12,441. We also used genome-wide association study data on educational attainment, n = 95,427, to examine the validity of its use as a proxy phenotype for @entity73 . Using a new method, linkage disequilibrium regression, we derived genetic correlations, free from the confounding of clinical state between @entity146 and @entity73 . RESULTS: We found a genetic correlation of .711, (p = 2.26e-12) across the life course for general @entity73 . We also showed a positive genetic correlation between @entity72 and @entity73 in childhood (rg = .360, p = .0009) and for educational attainment (rg = .322, p = 1.37e-5) but not in older age. In @entity161 , we found a negative genetic correlation between older age @entity73 (rg = -.231, p = 3.81e-12) but not in childhood or for educational attainment. For @entity195 , we found negative genetic correlations with childhood @entity73 (rg = -.341, p = .001), educational attainment (rg = -.324, p = 1.15e-5), and with older age @entity73 (rg = -.324, p = 1.78e-5). CONCLUSIONS: The pleiotropy exhibited between @entity73 and @entity146 changed across the life course. These age-dependent associations might explain why negative selection has not removed variants causally associated with @entity72 or @entity161 .

title: Age-Dependent Pleiotropy Between General Cognitive Function and Major XXXX .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric illness', 'psychiatric disorders', 'psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive function']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['autism spectrum disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['Psychiatric Disorders']


abstract: The presenting features and their subsequent evolution in 36 @entity1 with pathologically proven or clinically probable @entity528 are described. The most common initial complaint was of a unilateral 'clumsy, stiff or jerky arm' (n = 20). Typically the arm was @entity2845 , rigid and apraxic. In about a third of these the arm was held in a striking and characteristic fixed @entity3520 . Jerking of the arm, due to action and stimulus-sensitive @entity2045 accompanied these symptoms in about a third of the cases. The next most common presentation (n = 10) was difficulty walking due to clumsiness and loss of fine motor control of one leg due to @entity1742 or dysequilibrium, or a combination of both. Sensory symptoms in the affected arm heralded the onset of illness in three and accompanied a motor disturbance in two cases. Presentation with @entity4653 or a behavioural syndrome were rare. The symptoms progressed slowly, usually involving first the ipsilateral arm and leg, but gradually spread to affect all four limbs. After a mean follow-up of 5.2 years (range 2-8 years) gait difficulties and a @entity7463 had emerged in most @entity1 and @entity4653 and @entity9718 were common. Higher mental function was relatively preserved in most and a cortical sensory loss was evident in a quarter of cases.

title: XXXX . A clinical study of 36 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9718 :: ('MESH:D015419', 'Disease') :: ['pyramidal signs']

entities_list: @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ['dystonic posture']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonus']

entities_list: @entity7463 :: ('MESH:D013494', 'Disease') :: ['supranuclear ophthalmoplegia']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['corticobasal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity528 :: (MESH:D009410,Disease) :: ['Corticobasal degeneration']


abstract: Post-tetanic ectopic discharges were studied in an identifiable @entity1 motor axon that could be stimulated non-invasively with high selectivity. This axon was tetanized at 300/s, for periods of 1-30 min, with 0.1 ms current pulses applied at the wrist. Repetitive discharges could be evoked by stimulation after @entity116 of 10 min or longer, and occurred spontaneously after @entity116 of 15 min or more. After a 20 min @entity116 , bursts of up to 20 impulses at intervals of about 7 ms could be evoked for more than 30 min. Immediately after @entity116 of short duration, the threshold current required to excite the unit was increased, and it subsequently recovered monotonically. After @entity116 of 15 min or more, the threshold rose, then fell rapidly to below resting threshold, where it stayed for about as long as the stimuli evoked repetitive firing, before rising slowly to a second, broader maximum. The final recovery phase followed a stereotyped time course, whether starting immediately after a 3 min @entity116 , or 2 h after a 30 min @entity116 . When excitability was tested at defined intervals after the last impulse, abrupt transitions from low to high threshold were recorded, indicating that the axon could stay depolarized for at least 4 s after an impulse before rapidly hyperpolarizing. Repetitive discharges were evoked both when the threshold was low and when it was high, but the latency between the direct response and the start of the burst was different in the two cases. Only the short latency bursts, occurring at high threshold, were affected by polarizing currents applied at the stimulation site. The bursts at long latency (up to 200 ms) were presumed to originate elsewhere. Spontaneous bursts, occurring at intervals of 4-20 s, resembled the bursts which could be evoked by stimulation at about the same time. Our observations suggest that these post-tetanic ectopic discharges, like post-ischaemic motor discharges, occur on transitions from a hyperpolarized to a depolarized state. The transitions may occur spontaneously, but are readily triggered by an action potential, giving rise to a prolonged supernormal period. The bistability of the membrane potential probably occurs because accumulation of @entity972 ions under the myelin makes the currents through internodal @entity972 channels regenerative.

title: Post-tetanic excitability changes and ectopic discharges in a XXXX motor axon.

entities_list: @entity116 :: ('MESH:D013746', 'Disease') :: ['tetani', 'tetanus']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of the receipt of medical care, including the receipt of pre-drug screening, for diagnostically targeted fungal or @entity281 among @entity1 prescribed a @entity5 @entity39 factor inhibitor (TNFi). METHODS: We conducted a case-control study using deidentified @entity1 health claims information from a data set representing a commercially insured US population of 15 million @entity1 annually from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009. Descriptive statistics as well as a 2-sample t-test, chi-square test of association, Fisher's exact test, and multivariate logistic regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 30,772 @entity1 received a TNFi during the study period. Of these, 158 @entity1 (0.51%) developed @entity364 (cases). The median number of @entity281 per case was 1.0 (interquartile range 1.0-2.0). @entity378 was diagnosed in 61% of cases, followed by @entity3219 in 60%, nontuberculous @entity281 in 11%, @entity6656 in 10%, unspecified @entity364 in 8%, @entity17101 in 4%, @entity281 in 3%, and @entity10592 in 2%. Compared to controls (n   = 474), a higher proportion of cases were prescribed @entity229 (55% versus 37%; P < 0.001). @entity1 who were prescribed @entity229 during the study period were twice as likely as those not taking @entity229 to seek medical care attributable to a targeted fungal or @entity281 (odds ratio 2.03; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Development of a targeted fungal or @entity281 among @entity1 taking a TNFi is rare. Concomitant use of @entity229 predicted development of such @entity281 .

title: Risk Factors for Targeted Fungal and Mycobacterial Infections in @entity1 Taking XXXX Necrosis Factor Inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10592 :: ('MESH:D011020', 'Disease') :: ['pneumocystosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['cryptococcal infection', 'infections', 'mycobacterial infections', 'mycobacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infection', 'targeted fungal and/or mycobacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity3219 :: ('MESH:D006660', 'Disease') :: ['histoplasmosis']

entities_list: @entity17101 :: ('MESH:D001759', 'Disease') :: ['blastomycosis']

entities_list: @entity6656 :: ('MESH:D003047', 'Disease') :: ['coccidioidomycosis']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculosis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of the receipt of medical care, including the receipt of pre-drug screening, for diagnostically targeted fungal or @entity281 among @entity1 prescribed a @entity5 @entity39 factor inhibitor (TNFi). METHODS: We conducted a case-control study using deidentified @entity1 health claims information from a data set representing a commercially insured US population of 15 million @entity1 annually from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2009. Descriptive statistics as well as a 2-sample t-test, chi-square test of association, Fisher's exact test, and multivariate logistic regression were used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 30,772 @entity1 received a TNFi during the study period. Of these, 158 @entity1 (0.51%) developed @entity364 (cases). The median number of @entity281 per case was 1.0 (interquartile range 1.0-2.0). @entity378 was diagnosed in 61% of cases, followed by @entity3219 in 60%, nontuberculous @entity281 in 11%, @entity6656 in 10%, unspecified @entity364 in 8%, @entity17101 in 4%, @entity281 in 3%, and @entity10592 in 2%. Compared to controls (n   = 474), a higher proportion of cases were prescribed @entity229 (55% versus 37%; P < 0.001). @entity1 who were prescribed @entity229 during the study period were twice as likely as those not taking @entity229 to seek medical care attributable to a targeted fungal or @entity281 (odds ratio 2.03; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Development of a targeted fungal or @entity281 among @entity1 taking a TNFi is rare. Concomitant use of @entity229 predicted development of such @entity281 .

title: Risk Factors for Targeted Fungal and Mycobacterial Infections in XXXX Taking @entity5 Necrosis Factor Inhibitors.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of golimumab through 5 years in adults with active @entity309 who had not previously received @entity1499 ( @entity6822 ). METHODS: In GO-BEFORE, 637 @entity6822 -na  ve adult @entity1 with active @entity309 were randomized (1:1:1:1) to placebo+ @entity6822 (Group 1), golimumab 100mg+placebo (Group 2), golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 (Group 3), or golimumab 100mg+ @entity6822 (Group 4). Inadequate responders in Groups 1, 2, and 3 entered early escape at week28 to golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 , golimumab 100mg+ @entity6822 , or golimumab 100mg + @entity6822 , respectively; remaining @entity1 in Group 1 could crossover to golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 at week52. Assessments included ACR20/50/70 response, DAS28-CRP scores, and vdH-mTSS. Efficacy was analyzed using an intent-to-treat analysis. Pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity were evaluated at selected visits. RESULTS: A total of 422 @entity1 completed golimumab treatment through week256. At week256, 72.8%, 54.6%, and 38.0% of all @entity1 in the full ITT population (n=637) had an ACR20/50/70 response, respectively, 84.1% had a good or moderate DAS28-CRP response, and 72.7% had a clinically meaningful improvement in physical function. Radiographic progression was minimal in all treatment groups through week256, and the overall mean change from baseline in vdH-mTSS was 1.36. Serum trough golimumab concentrations were approximately dose proportional and maintained through week256. Antibodies to golimumab occurred in 9.6% of @entity1 through week256. Infections were the most common type of AE; 204/616 @entity1 (33.1%) had >= 1 serious AE. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical efficacy with golimumab treatment was maintained through week256 of the GO-BEFORE trial of @entity6822 -na  ve @entity309 @entity1 . No unexpected AEs occurred; safety results through 5 years are consistent with earlier reports. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous golimumab in XXXX -na  ve @entity1 with @entity309 : 5-year results of the GO-BEFORE trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of golimumab through 5 years in adults with active @entity309 who had not previously received @entity1499 ( @entity6822 ). METHODS: In GO-BEFORE, 637 @entity6822 -na  ve adult @entity1 with active @entity309 were randomized (1:1:1:1) to placebo+ @entity6822 (Group 1), golimumab 100mg+placebo (Group 2), golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 (Group 3), or golimumab 100mg+ @entity6822 (Group 4). Inadequate responders in Groups 1, 2, and 3 entered early escape at week28 to golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 , golimumab 100mg+ @entity6822 , or golimumab 100mg + @entity6822 , respectively; remaining @entity1 in Group 1 could crossover to golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 at week52. Assessments included ACR20/50/70 response, DAS28-CRP scores, and vdH-mTSS. Efficacy was analyzed using an intent-to-treat analysis. Pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity were evaluated at selected visits. RESULTS: A total of 422 @entity1 completed golimumab treatment through week256. At week256, 72.8%, 54.6%, and 38.0% of all @entity1 in the full ITT population (n=637) had an ACR20/50/70 response, respectively, 84.1% had a good or moderate DAS28-CRP response, and 72.7% had a clinically meaningful improvement in physical function. Radiographic progression was minimal in all treatment groups through week256, and the overall mean change from baseline in vdH-mTSS was 1.36. Serum trough golimumab concentrations were approximately dose proportional and maintained through week256. Antibodies to golimumab occurred in 9.6% of @entity1 through week256. Infections were the most common type of AE; 204/616 @entity1 (33.1%) had >= 1 serious AE. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical efficacy with golimumab treatment was maintained through week256 of the GO-BEFORE trial of @entity6822 -na  ve @entity309 @entity1 . No unexpected AEs occurred; safety results through 5 years are consistent with earlier reports. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous golimumab in @entity1499 -na  ve @entity1 with XXXX : 5-year results of the GO-BEFORE trial.

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of golimumab through 5 years in adults with active @entity309 who had not previously received @entity1499 ( @entity6822 ). METHODS: In GO-BEFORE, 637 @entity6822 -na  ve adult @entity1 with active @entity309 were randomized (1:1:1:1) to placebo+ @entity6822 (Group 1), golimumab 100mg+placebo (Group 2), golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 (Group 3), or golimumab 100mg+ @entity6822 (Group 4). Inadequate responders in Groups 1, 2, and 3 entered early escape at week28 to golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 , golimumab 100mg+ @entity6822 , or golimumab 100mg + @entity6822 , respectively; remaining @entity1 in Group 1 could crossover to golimumab 50mg+ @entity6822 at week52. Assessments included ACR20/50/70 response, DAS28-CRP scores, and vdH-mTSS. Efficacy was analyzed using an intent-to-treat analysis. Pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity were evaluated at selected visits. RESULTS: A total of 422 @entity1 completed golimumab treatment through week256. At week256, 72.8%, 54.6%, and 38.0% of all @entity1 in the full ITT population (n=637) had an ACR20/50/70 response, respectively, 84.1% had a good or moderate DAS28-CRP response, and 72.7% had a clinically meaningful improvement in physical function. Radiographic progression was minimal in all treatment groups through week256, and the overall mean change from baseline in vdH-mTSS was 1.36. Serum trough golimumab concentrations were approximately dose proportional and maintained through week256. Antibodies to golimumab occurred in 9.6% of @entity1 through week256. Infections were the most common type of AE; 204/616 @entity1 (33.1%) had >= 1 serious AE. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical efficacy with golimumab treatment was maintained through week256 of the GO-BEFORE trial of @entity6822 -na  ve @entity309 @entity1 . No unexpected AEs occurred; safety results through 5 years are consistent with earlier reports. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous golimumab in @entity1499 -na  ve XXXX with @entity309 : 5-year results of the GO-BEFORE trial.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Surveillance of @entity1 identified with small @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) from an @entity1028 screening program poses a challenge for health systems because of numerous @entity1 follow-ups. This study evaluates the surveillance outcomes of @entity1 identified with small @entity1028 from a large screening program. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of all @entity1 screened for small @entity1028 (3.0-5.4  cm) from 2007 to 2011 was conducted. @entity1 with small @entity1028 and no previous history of repair were tracked for follow-up using the 2013 RESCAN follow-up guidelines according to aortic diameter (3.0-3.9  cm, 3  years; 4.0-4.4  cm, 2  years; 4.5-5.4  cm, 1  year). Socioeconomic factors that may influence the follow-up rate and all-cause mortality after screening, including marital status, distance to hospital from residence, estimated household income, and @entity717 status, were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 568 @entity1 (mean     standard deviation, 73.4     7.2  years old) with small @entity1028 (3.6     0.6  cm) were analyzed. @entity1 follow-up rate was 65.1% (n  = 370 of 568). Reasons for follow-up failure were lack of the physician's ordering a scan (n  = 139; 70.2%), delayed ordering of scans (n  = 36; 18.2%), @entity1 no-show (n  = 18; 9.1%), or @entity1 death before follow-up (n  = 5; 2.5%). Of all @entity1 -specific factors, @entity1 with smaller diameters were unlikely to achieve follow-up scans (P  < .001). A significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality was found for @entity1 with no ultrasound follow-up scan (hazard ratio [HR], 0.369; P  < .001), assisted living (HR, 0.381; P  < .001), older age (HR,  1.04; P  = .001), and lower household incomes (HR, 0.989; P  = .01). CONCLUSIONS: The follow-up rate of @entity1 with small @entity1028 was poor at 65.1%. The data indicate that socioeconomic factors do not significantly affect follow-up success. Therefore, physician ordering of scans may exert the greatest influence on follow-up rates in @entity1 with small @entity1028 . Automatic ordering of follow-up scans for @entity1 with small AAAs is proposed to improve follow-up rates.

title: Surveillance outcomes of small XXXX identified from a large screening program.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['employment disability']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'AAA']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']


abstract: The healing of a wound or blood cell regeneration following a @entity548 illustrates the existence of strong homeostatic mechanisms. The numbers of cells are maintained constant through a powerful control system of cell proliferation in the skin and bone marrow. For example, the control mechanisms were not understood at the beginning of the century and the first evidence of a humoral factor was reported in 1905 by P. Carnot and Deflandre. They found that after bleeding a @entity95 , there was in its serum 24 hours later some factor which stimulated red cell production in normal @entity95 . They called it hemopoietin, but it was later called @entity28216 . During the past decades, abscopal effects strongly supported the role of humoral factors. Further progress has been made. The first was the description of the growth factor cell receptor system by S. Cohen and R. Levy-Montalcini. This system which was initially described for skin is also valid for hemopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. Another major progress was the concept of hemopoietic stem cells. The first control mechanisms which regulate proliferation and differentiation in @entity1583 tissue were elucidated less than 25 years ago. Enormous progress has since been made to enable the purification and identification of several growth and inhibitory factors which already have their place in daily clinical practice. Their clinical role will continue to grow and a better understanding of these mechanisms will make a fundamental contribution to cellular biology.

title: [Mechanisms of increasing the proliferation of XXXX cells. Growth factors and inhibitors. Historical perspectives].

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematopoietic']