abstract: PURPOSE: @entity788 is an aggressive @entity5 type, of which the most important characteristics are migration and @entity3 . @entity4211 ( @entity2830 ) are discussed to be protective phytochemicals; however, up to now only scarce data are available regarding their effects on @entity5 prevention. In this study, we aimed to determine whether @entity2830 and their metabolites from plasma (PAM), isolated from blood of healthy volunteers after ingestion of an @entity2830 -rich juice, are effective in modulating @entity5 cell migration in vitro. METHODS: PAM were isolated from blood of healthy volunteers (n  =  10) after consumption of an @entity2830 -rich berry juice. Before ingestion (PAM0min) and after 60  min (PAM60min), blood was taken and PAM were isolated from plasma by solid-phase extraction. Migration of @entity788 cells PANC-1 and AsPC-1 was assayed in a Boyden chamber. The influence of PAM on cellular reactive @entity26 species (ROS) or mitochondria-specific ROS was measured fluorimetrically. mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases ( @entity1476 and @entity1495 ) and NF-kB mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: After application of PAM60min to PANC-1, we observed a reduced cell migration, which was associated with reduced levels of endogenously generated ROS concomitant with reduced NF-kB as well as @entity1476 and @entity1495 mRNA expression levels. In @entity1 cells, however, migration was not affected by PAM60min. CONCLUSION: It can be assumed that physiologically relevant @entity2830 and their metabolites were able to inhibit @entity788 cell migration in dependency of the phenotype of cells and may thus deserve further attention as potential bioactive phytochemicals in @entity5 prevention.

title: Inhibition of @entity788 cell migration by plasma XXXX isolated from healthy volunteers receiving an @entity4211 -rich berry juice.

answer: @entity4211 :: (MESH:D000872,Chemical) :: ['anthocyanins']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity788 is an aggressive @entity5 type, of which the most important characteristics are migration and @entity3 . @entity4211 ( @entity2830 ) are discussed to be protective phytochemicals; however, up to now only scarce data are available regarding their effects on @entity5 prevention. In this study, we aimed to determine whether @entity2830 and their metabolites from plasma (PAM), isolated from blood of healthy volunteers after ingestion of an @entity2830 -rich juice, are effective in modulating @entity5 cell migration in vitro. METHODS: PAM were isolated from blood of healthy volunteers (n  =  10) after consumption of an @entity2830 -rich berry juice. Before ingestion (PAM0min) and after 60  min (PAM60min), blood was taken and PAM were isolated from plasma by solid-phase extraction. Migration of @entity788 cells PANC-1 and AsPC-1 was assayed in a Boyden chamber. The influence of PAM on cellular reactive @entity26 species (ROS) or mitochondria-specific ROS was measured fluorimetrically. mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases ( @entity1476 and @entity1495 ) and NF-kB mRNA were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS: After application of PAM60min to PANC-1, we observed a reduced cell migration, which was associated with reduced levels of endogenously generated ROS concomitant with reduced NF-kB as well as @entity1476 and @entity1495 mRNA expression levels. In @entity1 cells, however, migration was not affected by PAM60min. CONCLUSION: It can be assumed that physiologically relevant @entity2830 and their metabolites were able to inhibit @entity788 cell migration in dependency of the phenotype of cells and may thus deserve further attention as potential bioactive phytochemicals in @entity5 prevention.

title: Inhibition of @entity788 cell migration by plasma @entity4211 isolated from healthy volunteers receiving an XXXX -rich berry juice.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity4211 :: ('MESH:D000872', 'Chemical') :: ['Anthocyanins']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity4211 :: (MESH:D000872,Chemical) :: ['anthocyanin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity542 is a persistent and costly problem for both @entity1 and adults. Globally, approximately 10 million @entity1 are hospitalized each year for @entity542 . Knowing the structural properties of the head is important for modeling the response of the head in impact, and for providing insights into mechanisms of @entity542 . Hence, the goal of this study was to measure the sub-injurious structural stiffness of whole pediatric heads. 12 cadaveric pediatric (20-week-gestation to 16 years old) heads were tested in a battery of viscoelastic compression tests. The heads were compressed in both the lateral and anterior-posterior directions to 5% of gauge length at normalized deformation rates of 0.0005/s, 0.01/s, 0.1/s, and 0.3/s. Because of the non-linear nature of the response, linear regression models were used to calculate toe region (<2.5%) and elastic region (>2.5%) stiffness separately so that meaningful comparisons could be made across rate, age, and direction. The results showed that age was the dominant factor in predicting the structural stiffness of the @entity1 head. A large and statistically significant increase in the stiffness of both the toe region and the elastic region was observed with increasing age (p<0.0001), but no significant difference was seen across direction or normalized deformation rate. The stiffness of the elastic region increased from as low as 5N/mm in the neonate to >4500N/mm in the 16 year old. The changes in stiffness with age may be attributed to the disappearance of soft sutures and the thickening of skull bones with age.

title: The compressive stiffness of XXXX pediatric heads.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['Head injury', 'head injuries', 'head injury']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide economic, epidemiologic, and clinical data on initial hospitalizations of @entity1 with @entity130 . DESIGN: Concurrent prospective study; data obtained by medical records review. SETTING: A county university teaching hospital designated a level I @entity130 center. SUBJECTS: 34,893 @entity1 first hospitalized for @entity130 at the King/Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles from January 1978 through December 1992. RESULTS: The aggregate hospital cost for 34,893 @entity130 , exclusive of professional fees, was  264,506,455.00, of which 96% was borne directly or indirectly by public funds. The charge for initial hospitalizations was  240,700,855.00. Mean and median initial charges per case were  6898.00 and  1,022.00, respectively (range,  944.00 to  296,232.00). The 5% of @entity1 with charges greater than  100,000 accounted for 42% of all charges; 45% of all @entity1 days were attributable to the 4% @entity1 , with hospitalizations lasting more than 30 days. Three thousand thirty-one @entity1 were rehospitalized a total of 4,578 times; charges for rehospitalization totaled  23,805,600.00. At least 55% (75% of identifiable weapon and missile injuries) of all charges resulted from handgun injuries. Treating the majority of @entity1 on an outpatient basis and by using selective angiography for extremity wounds, a savings of more than  775,000,000.00 resulted. The potential cost of treating gunshot wounds at a single county hospital was more than  1 billion, or more than  100 million per year. CONCLUSIONS: The costs for hospital treatment of @entity130 are substantial. A lack of rehabilitation facilities forces prolonged acute hospital admissions in many cases. Avoiding prolonged hospitalization may be helpful in controlling these costs, but will be difficult to achieve. Ninety-six percent of the @entity1 in this report had their costs of care covered by the government, because they had no primary insurance coverage. Primary prevention of @entity130 , especially those caused by handguns, may be the most effective cost-control measure.

title: Hospital costs of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma', 'firearm injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['firearm injuries']


abstract: Mixed @entity444 and dysgenetic @entity31936 are 2 forms of @entity31936 that present with absent m  llerian regression and @entity4998 . We present a retrospective analysis of 10 @entity1 with the diagnosis of either mixed @entity444 or dysgenetic @entity31936 encountered during a 16-year period at our institution. We assigned a female gender to 4 @entity1 and a male gender to 3. Three @entity1 were assigned a male gender before referral (2 for whom we would have preferred female assignment). All intra-abdominal gonads were removed except in 2 @entity1 assigned a male gender who underwent bilateral orchiopexy. @entity1 underwent @entity2650 repair or feminizing genitoplasty depending upon the gender assigned. Although female gender assignment is usually preferred, male assignment is a justifiable alternative in instances of extreme virilization and a descended testis. However, in these male assigned @entity1 , consideration must be given to the role of periodic testicular biopsies. In light of @entity5 potential, all intra-abdominal gonads should be removed. When necessary, appropriate surgical genitoplasty should be performed at an early @entity1 age.

title: Mixed @entity444 and dysgenetic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4998 :: ('MESH:D012734', 'Disease') :: ['ambiguous genitalia']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity31936 :: ('MESH:D058490', 'Disease') :: ['male pseudohermaphroditism']

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal dysgenesis']

answer: @entity31936 :: (MESH:D058490,Disease) :: ['male pseudohermaphroditism']


abstract: Mixed @entity444 and dysgenetic @entity31936 are 2 forms of @entity31936 that present with absent m  llerian regression and @entity4998 . We present a retrospective analysis of 10 @entity1 with the diagnosis of either mixed @entity444 or dysgenetic @entity31936 encountered during a 16-year period at our institution. We assigned a female gender to 4 @entity1 and a male gender to 3. Three @entity1 were assigned a male gender before referral (2 for whom we would have preferred female assignment). All intra-abdominal gonads were removed except in 2 @entity1 assigned a male gender who underwent bilateral orchiopexy. @entity1 underwent @entity2650 repair or feminizing genitoplasty depending upon the gender assigned. Although female gender assignment is usually preferred, male assignment is a justifiable alternative in instances of extreme virilization and a descended testis. However, in these male assigned @entity1 , consideration must be given to the role of periodic testicular biopsies. In light of @entity5 potential, all intra-abdominal gonads should be removed. When necessary, appropriate surgical genitoplasty should be performed at an early @entity1 age.

title: Mixed XXXX and dysgenetic @entity31936 .

answer: @entity444 :: (MESH:D006059,Disease) :: ['gonadal dysgenesis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Leishmania spp. are able to survive and proliferate inside mammals' mononuclear phagocytes, causing @entity232 . Previous studies have noted that the regulation of apoptosis in host cells by these parasites may contribute to their ability to evade the immune system. However, current results remain unclear about whether the parasites can promote or delay the apoptotic process in host cells, because the regulatory effect of Leishmania was assumed to be strain-, species- and even @entity281 time-dependent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Sichuan isolates of Chinese Leishmania (SC10H2) can alter the process of intrinsic apoptosis induced by @entity1880 in different types of macrophage cell lines and to determine in which steps of the signaling pathway the parasites were involved. @entity1 @entity1357 and @entity19 RAW264.7 macrophages were infected by SC10H2 promastigotes followed by @entity1880 stimulation to assess the alteration of intrinsic apoptosis in these cells. The results indicated that SC10H2 @entity281 of @entity1 @entity1357 macrophages could promote the initiation of intrinsic apoptosis, but completely opposite results were found in @entity19 RAW264.7 macrophages. Nevertheless, the expression of @entity588 and the DNA fragmentation rates were not altered by SC10H2 @entity281 in the cell lines used in the experiments. This study suggests that SC10H2 promastigote @entity281 is able to promote and delay the transduction of early apoptotic signals induced by @entity1880 in @entity1357 and RAW264.7 macrophages, revealing that the regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in host cells by SC10H2 in vitro occurs in a host cell-dependent manner. The data from this study might play a significant role in further understanding the relationship between Leishmania and different host cells.

title: Regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in XXXX -treated macrophages by the Sichuan @entity1 of Chinese Leishmania isolates.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity232 :: ('MESH:D007896', 'Disease') :: ['Leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity1880 :: (MESH:D003513,Chemical) :: ['cycloheximide']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Leishmania spp. are able to survive and proliferate inside mammals' mononuclear phagocytes, causing @entity232 . Previous studies have noted that the regulation of apoptosis in host cells by these parasites may contribute to their ability to evade the immune system. However, current results remain unclear about whether the parasites can promote or delay the apoptotic process in host cells, because the regulatory effect of Leishmania was assumed to be strain-, species- and even @entity281 time-dependent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Sichuan isolates of Chinese Leishmania (SC10H2) can alter the process of intrinsic apoptosis induced by @entity1880 in different types of macrophage cell lines and to determine in which steps of the signaling pathway the parasites were involved. @entity1 @entity1357 and @entity19 RAW264.7 macrophages were infected by SC10H2 promastigotes followed by @entity1880 stimulation to assess the alteration of intrinsic apoptosis in these cells. The results indicated that SC10H2 @entity281 of @entity1 @entity1357 macrophages could promote the initiation of intrinsic apoptosis, but completely opposite results were found in @entity19 RAW264.7 macrophages. Nevertheless, the expression of @entity588 and the DNA fragmentation rates were not altered by SC10H2 @entity281 in the cell lines used in the experiments. This study suggests that SC10H2 promastigote @entity281 is able to promote and delay the transduction of early apoptotic signals induced by @entity1880 in @entity1357 and RAW264.7 macrophages, revealing that the regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in host cells by SC10H2 in vitro occurs in a host cell-dependent manner. The data from this study might play a significant role in further understanding the relationship between Leishmania and different host cells.

title: Regulation of intrinsic apoptosis in @entity1880 -treated macrophages by the Sichuan XXXX of Chinese Leishmania isolates.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human strain']


abstract: A 51-year-old @entity1 was admitted with acute @entity662 . A CT scan (2 hours after onset) was demonstrated acute @entity1580 . The dissecting lumen was already closed with @entity715 . A DSA was performed. It showed no intimal tear and a normal aortic figure. Repeat CT (5 hours after onset) was performed. It showed reduction of dissecting lumen compared with previous CT. Although medical treatment was continued, she recomplained intermittent slight @entity662 . On the sixteenth day after her admission, repeat CT revealed recrudescent dissection and opened dissecting lumen of ascending aorta. Graft replacement was successfully performed using circulatory arrest and retrograde cerebral perfusion. She was discharged in good health.

title: [A case of successful surgical treatment of recrudescent stanford XXXX after early thrombogenic closure and reduction of dissecting lumen].

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest and back pain']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['type A aortic dissection']

answer: @entity1580 :: (MESH:C562834,Disease) :: ['type A aortic dissection']


abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of desmopressin ( @entity7062 ), a synthetic analogue of antidiuretic hormone, as an alternative therapy in the management of @entity602 ( @entity602 ) @entity1 with neurogenic @entity1494 unresponsive to conventional therapy. Seven @entity602 @entity1 (three @entity1 and four @entity1 ) were treated with @entity7062 after urodynamic evaluation. Despite treatment with anticholinergic agents, urodynamic evaluation demonstrated uninhibited detrusor contractions exceeding 30 cm @entity2507 pressure at less than 300 ml cystometric capacity in all seven @entity1 . Three @entity1 had been managed with intermittent self-catheterization, but had socially unacceptable short intervals between catheterizations. Two @entity1 with @entity130 were afflicted with significant @entity2183 (> 3 episodes/night). The remaining two @entity1 managed with intermittent self-catheterization were troubled with nocturnal enuresis. The @entity1 received 10 micrograms intranasal @entity7062 once every 24 hours. Prior to @entity7062 administration, the four @entity1 who used @entity7062 nightly experienced a median of four episodes of @entity2183 . After one month of @entity7062 treatment, two @entity1 had only one episode of @entity2183 per night and in the other two @entity1 , nocturnal enuresis was completely eliminated. Three @entity1 used daytime @entity7062 administration at work to avoid frequent catheterization. The median period between bladder catheterizations increased from 2.5 hours before @entity7062 to 6 hours while using @entity7062 . Symptomatic improvement persisted during the follow-up period of 6-20 months (mean = 12). Side effects were infrequent; only one @entity1 complained of transient @entity10 . Neither @entity2753 nor serum electrolyte abnormalities occurred. Our preliminary results suggest that @entity7062 is safe and effective in the symptomatic management of complicated neurogenic @entity1494 in selected @entity602 @entity1 .

title: XXXX in the urological management of the difficult @entity1494 in spinal cord injury: preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['SCI', 'spinal cord injured']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete injury']

answer: @entity7062 :: (MESH:D003894,Chemical) :: ['DDAVP']


abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of desmopressin ( @entity7062 ), a synthetic analogue of antidiuretic hormone, as an alternative therapy in the management of @entity602 ( @entity602 ) @entity1 with neurogenic @entity1494 unresponsive to conventional therapy. Seven @entity602 @entity1 (three @entity1 and four @entity1 ) were treated with @entity7062 after urodynamic evaluation. Despite treatment with anticholinergic agents, urodynamic evaluation demonstrated uninhibited detrusor contractions exceeding 30 cm @entity2507 pressure at less than 300 ml cystometric capacity in all seven @entity1 . Three @entity1 had been managed with intermittent self-catheterization, but had socially unacceptable short intervals between catheterizations. Two @entity1 with @entity130 were afflicted with significant @entity2183 (> 3 episodes/night). The remaining two @entity1 managed with intermittent self-catheterization were troubled with nocturnal enuresis. The @entity1 received 10 micrograms intranasal @entity7062 once every 24 hours. Prior to @entity7062 administration, the four @entity1 who used @entity7062 nightly experienced a median of four episodes of @entity2183 . After one month of @entity7062 treatment, two @entity1 had only one episode of @entity2183 per night and in the other two @entity1 , nocturnal enuresis was completely eliminated. Three @entity1 used daytime @entity7062 administration at work to avoid frequent catheterization. The median period between bladder catheterizations increased from 2.5 hours before @entity7062 to 6 hours while using @entity7062 . Symptomatic improvement persisted during the follow-up period of 6-20 months (mean = 12). Side effects were infrequent; only one @entity1 complained of transient @entity10 . Neither @entity2753 nor serum electrolyte abnormalities occurred. Our preliminary results suggest that @entity7062 is safe and effective in the symptomatic management of complicated neurogenic @entity1494 in selected @entity602 @entity1 .

title: @entity7062 in the urological management of the difficult XXXX in spinal cord injury: preliminary report.

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['neurogenic bladder']


abstract: GABAergic inhibition synchronizes oscillatory activity in the thalamocortical system. To understand better the role of this neurotransmitter in generation of thalamocortical rhythmicity, the postnatal development of GABAergic function mediated through activation of GABAA receptors was studied in thalamus and cortex. @entity1246 -evoked @entity2865 currents were recorded in dissociated @entity35 cortical and thalamic neurons during postnatal development. Kinetic fits of @entity1246 concentration/response relationships revealed developmental and regional alterations in the potency of @entity1246 . Early in postnatal development (p5-p8), both thalamic and cortical neurons exhibited reduced potency of @entity1246 (27-31 microM KD). Potency increased by @entity12988 - @entity30236 in thalamic and cortical neurons (19-22 microM KD), to a level maintained in adult thalamic neurons. Adult cortical neurons exhibited reduced potency of @entity1246 (40 microM KD). @entity1245 modulation of GABAA currents was also studied. Kinetic analyses of @entity1245 augmentation of GABAA currents were best fitted assuming two effective sites with different affinities for @entity2053 . The high-affinity site (KD of 0.05-0.27 nM) showed little variation with development in cortical neurons, contributing about 16-23% potentiation at all postnatal ages. Developing thalamic neurons (p5- @entity30236 ) showed similar potency and efficacy of the high-affinity @entity1245 site to cortical neurons. High-affinity @entity1245 effects disappeared in adult thalamic neurons. A lower-affinity @entity1245 site (25-50 nM KD) was greater in efficacy in cortical neurons compared to thalamic neurons at all ages, with efficacy ranging from 50% to 110% in cortex and from 20% to 60% in thalamus. Knowledge of developmental and regional alterations in GABAA receptor function may aid in understanding mechanisms involved in generation and control of normal and pathological thalamocortical rhythms.

title: Postnatal development of GABAA receptor function in somatosensory thalamus and cortex: whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in acutely isolated XXXX neurons.

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity2053 :: ('MESH:D002998', 'Chemical') :: ['clonazepam']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In a randomized, crossover study, we compared arterial partial pressure of @entity26 and of @entity544 between consecutive periods of conventional and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV). We studied spontaneously breathing @entity1 with an endotracheal tube in place. The @entity1 were < 12 hours of age, had a diagnosis of @entity649 , and had an arterial/alveolar @entity26 ratio of < 0.25. The @entity1 had a mean birth weight of 1077 gm and gestational age of 28 weeks. The mean rate of asynchrony on intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) was 52% (range, 36% to 76%), and on SIMV was < 1%. @entity1 were randomly assigned to IMV or SIMV as their initial ventilator mode and underwent ventilation for four 15-minute periods, and crossed over to the alternate mode after each period. Ventilator settings and the fraction of inspired @entity26 were not changed between modes. At the end of each period, arterial blood gas measurements were obtained; 26 paired comparisons were made between modes. The mean arterial partial pressure of @entity26 was significantly higher during SIMV than during IMV (mean, 61.5 vs 53.3 mmHg; p < 0.01). The mean arterial partial pressure of @entity544 was slightly lower during SIMV than during IMV (mean, 42.7 vs 41.3 mm Hg; p < 0.05). The improvement in oxygenation demonstrated with SIMV may allow a reduction in ventilator pressure or @entity26 exposure in this group of @entity1 , who are at risk of having complications of ventilation.

title: Improved oxygenation during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation in neonates with XXXX : a randomized, crossover study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity649 :: (MESH:D012128,Disease) :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']


abstract: 1. Previous studies have shown that electrical stimulation (ES) of the @entity840 cochlea causes a neurally mediated increase in cochlear blood flow (CBF). It is known that the centrifugal neuronal input to the cochlea comes through the perivascular sympathetic plexus from the cervical sympathetic chain and along the vestibular nerve (VN) from the periolivary area of the brainstem. Both of these neuronal systems are distributed topographically in the cochlea. 2. In order to study the neural origins of ES-evoked CBF increase, laser Doppler flowmetry was used to test the following hypotheses. (a) The response is regional, that is, limited to the area of the cochlea stimulated. To test this we performed differential ES of the cochlear turns. CBF was measured from either the third or the first turn. (b) The response is mediated via autonomic receptors within the cochlea. To study this, we applied @entity3897 , @entity2900 and @entity9006 locally to the cochlea. (c) The response is influenced by neuronal input via the sympathetic cervical chain (SC) and components of the VN. We stimulated and sectioned the SC, and sectioned the VN, to test this hypothesis. 3. We observed that the CBF response was topographically restricted to the stimulated region. Locally applied muscarinic or nicotinic antagonists ( @entity3897 and @entity2900 respectively) did not affect the response. However, local @entity9006 (an alpha 2-blocker) eliminated the response. Locally applied adrenaline and SC stimulation modified the dynamic range of the response. SC sectioning enhanced the responsiveness of the cochlear vasculature to ES. The VN section caused a temporary decrease in CBF and elimination of the ES-evoked CBF response. 4. We conclude that the release of dilating agents is topographical with respect to ES current flow, the ES-evoked CBF increase is peripherally mediated via alpha 2-receptors, and the response is influenced by input via the SC. The elimination of the response by VN sectioning proximal to the brainstem indicated that fibres of the VN mediate the CBF increase during direct cochlear ES. The data suggest that these fibres may be the efferent limb of a neural loop involved with the regulation of CBF. Such a system could provide a mechanism for the rapid increase in CBF with organ stress.

title: Neuronal regulation of cochlear blood flow in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9006 :: ('MESH:D019329', 'Chemical') :: ['idazoxan']

entities_list: @entity2900 :: ('MESH:D013390', 'Chemical') :: ['succinylcholine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find out if The @entity625 Society (TAS) fellowship grants influenced career choice or career development. METHODS: Two hundred former TAS training fellowship recipients (1975-1990 inclusive) were sent a questionnaire to evaluate the effects of TAS clinical or research fellowship support on their subsequent career development. RESULTS: One hundred and forty (70%) completed questionnaires were returned by 88 clinical and 37 research fellowship recipients--a further 17 had received both a clinical and a research fellowship. Fifty-one percent of the respondents are now @entity4207 rheumatologists, 40% in community practice and 9% still in training. Seventy-three percent of the research fellowship recipients currently receive research grant support, compared to 16% of the former clinical fellowship recipients. Seventy-one percent agreed that their TAS fellowship support had "directly or indirectly influenced or facilitated their chosen career path"--this included 100% of the research fellowship recipients, compared to 55% of the clinical fellowship recipients. The majority decided on an @entity4207 or a community based career path during their postgraduate training. Fourteen percent who trained for an @entity4207 career are now in community practice and 9% who planned on a community based career later became @entity4207 rheumatologists. Eighty-nine respondents (64%) enclosed a CV. This subset was further analyzed using career markers such as @entity4207 rank, number and size of research grants and number of publications. In this subset those who had received both a clinical and a research fellowship had the most advanced @entity4207 rank (22% full professor), largest number of publications (n = 39) and largest number of grants (5.3/year; average  40,446), compared to former research fellowship recipients: 4.0% full professor, 22 publications, 3.2 grants/year; average  25,164. Recipients of clinical fellowships in this subset had lower levels of all the @entity4207 career markers. CONCLUSION: Of 200 consecutive TAS fellowship recipients 71% of those responding (n = 140) to a career tracking study agreed that the fellowship support "directly or indirectly" influenced or facilitated their career choice. An apparent synergistic effect of providing both clinical and research fellowships on subsequent development of an @entity4207 career deserves further study.

title: The effects of XXXX Society fellowships on career choice.

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['Arthritis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['Arthritis']


abstract: A sensitive and specific colorimetric dot assay following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed to detect 0.1 pg of eastern equine @entity1651 viral (EEEV) RNA. The assay is 250-fold more sensitive than analysis by electrophoresis and is based on converting a 291- @entity377 sequence of the viral coat protein @entity1472 terminus into a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and amplifying the DNA using a specific primer pair and PCR. The amplified complementary DNA (cDNA) is denatured adsorbed onto a nylon strip, baked, and detected with a @entity1859 -labeled probe. Dots with viral cDNA are stained dark red, whereas controls do not stain or stain lightly. The assay is very specific and sensitive and detects only EEEV. RNA of @entity37600 , St. Louis @entity198 , Keystone, Flanders, Tensaw, and western equine @entity198 viruses were not detected. EEEV (Ten Broeck) RNA was detected at the 10-ng level, indicating that the prototype we used may have different @entity2036 in the region where the primer pair binds. The PCR amplified EEEV cDNA that was 92% homologous to the consensus sequence of EEEV. The detection of EEEV in the liver of an infected @entity6498 bird and in field-collected mosquitoes from Florida and Massachusetts that were analyzed concurrently as blind samples by tissue culture plaque assay and by PCR dot analysis proved that the assay is sensitive and can be used to detect infected mosquitoes. The assay can detect at least 1 infected mosquito in a pool of 1,000 uninfected mosquitoes.

title: Sensitive and specific colorimetric dot assay to detect eastern equine XXXX viral RNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) after polymerase chain reaction amplification.

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity1859 :: ('MESH:D004076', 'Chemical') :: ['digoxigenin']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1651 :: ('MESH:D004679', 'Disease') :: ['encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity37600 :: ('MESH:D004685', 'Disease') :: ['Venezuelan equine encephalitis']

answer: @entity1651 :: (MESH:D004679,Disease) :: ['encephalomyelitis']


abstract: The @entity10789 ( @entity10789 ) has only recently been added into the reward circuit. It has been shown to encode information regarding rewards (4% @entity969 , 32% @entity2072 ). To investigate the encoding of negative value, @entity10789 neurons were recorded in @entity35 performing a task using discriminative stimuli predicting various rewards and especially during the replacement of a positive reinforcer (4% @entity969 ) by an aversive reinforcer ( @entity4807 ). The results show that @entity10789 neurons encode information relative to both positive and aversive reinforcers via specialized subpopulations. The specialization is reset when the context is modified (change from a favorable context (4% vs 32% @entity969 ) to an unfavorable context ( @entity4807 vs 32% @entity969 ). An excitatory response to the cue light predicting the reward seems to be associated with the preferred situation, suggesting that @entity10789 plays a role in encoding the relative value of rewards. @entity10789 also seems to play a critical role in the encoding of execution error. Indeed, various subpopulations of neurons responding exclusively at early (i.e., "oops neurons") or at correct lever release were identified. The oops neurons respond mostly when the preferred reward (32% @entity969 ) is missed. Furthermore, @entity10789 neurons respond to reward omission, suggesting a role in reward prediction error. These properties of @entity10789 neurons strengthen its position in the reward circuit as a key cerebral structure through which reward-related processes are mediated. It is particularly important given the fact that @entity10789 is the target of surgical treatment for @entity191 and @entity3119 , and has been suggested for the treatment of addiction as well.

title: The Good and Bad Differentially Encoded within the Subthalamic Nucleus in XXXX (1,2,3).

entities_list: @entity10789 :: ('MESH:D002527', 'Disease') :: ['STN', 'subthalamic nucleus']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive compulsive disorders']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rats']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to measure the thickness of bone labial and palatal to @entity1347 on @entity6121 ( @entity6121 ) images and to compare these measurements with direct clinical measurements to determine the reliability and accuracy of @entity6121 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen healthy subjects were randomly selected from among candidates for immediate implant placement in the anterior maxilla. After extraction, labial bone thickness was measured at 1, 4, and 8 mm from the bone crest. Palatal bone thickness was also measured at 1 and 4 mm from the bone crest. The same measurements were performed on presurgical @entity6121 images. The @entity6121 measurements were compared to the direct measurements, and their accuracy and reliability were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively. RESULTS: The mean width of labial bone was 0.50    0.32 mm and 0.76    0.37 mm for direct and @entity6121 measurements, respectively. Average thickness of the palatal bone was 1.16    0.53 mm and 1.41    0.51 mm for direct and @entity6121 measurements, respectively. The mean absolute error and mean relative error of @entity6121 measurements compared to direct measurements were 0.28    0.29 mm and 0.60    0.84 mm, respectively. The Pearson correlation between @entity6121 and direct measurements was 0.795 (P < .001) and the intraclass correlation coefficient between direct and @entity6121 measurements was 0.840. The correlation between the measurement series increased significantly when the measured bone was more than 1 mm thick. CONCLUSION: @entity6121 measurements of labial bone mostly overestimated bone thickness. @entity6121 has relatively good accuracy and reliability for measurement of labial bone thickness when the alveolar bone is thicker than 1 mm. However, most subjects have labial bone thinner than 1 mm; therefore, @entity6121 could result in large errors in many @entity1 .

title: Accuracy and Reliability of Cone Beam Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Bone Labial and Palatal to the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['maxillary anterior teeth']

entities_list: @entity6121 :: ('MESH:C566719', 'Disease') :: ['cone beam computed tomographic', 'CBCT']

answer: @entity1347 :: (MESH:C537775,Disease) :: ['Maxillary Anterior Teeth']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine if a relationship exists between bicycle-related injuries, consumption of @entity167 , helmet use, and medical resource utilization. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study with data from emergency department, operating room, and inpatient records. SETTING: University-based @entity130 center in a medium-sized metropolitan area. TYPE OF @entity1 : Adult victims (age > or = 18 years) of bicycle-related injury presenting to the emergency department. A total of 350 @entity1 made up the study population. RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 29 @entity1 (8.3%) with detectable blood @entity167 levels at the time of the incident. Group 2 (321 @entity1 ) had a measured blood @entity167 level of 0 or no clinical indication of @entity167 consumption. Group 1 mean Injury Severity Score was 10.3, with six (20.7%) sustaining at least one severe @entity130 . Group 2 had an Injury Severity Score of 3.3 (p < 0.0001), with only 4.4% (p = 0.0013) sustaining severe @entity130 . Mean length of hospitalization for group 1 was 3.5 days, including a mean of 1.4 intensive care unit days. Mean hospitalization (0.5 days, p < 0.0001) and intensive care unit (0.1 days, p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in group 2. Mean combined hospital and physician charges were more than six times greater for group 1 ( 7,206) than group 2 @entity1 ( 1170, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 presenting with bicycle-related injuries, prior consumption of @entity167 is highly associated with greater injury severity, longer hospitalization, and higher health care costs. This information is useful in the development of injury prevention strategies to decrease incidence and severity of adult bicycle injuries.

title: A prospective investigation of the impact of XXXX consumption on helmet use, injury severity, medical resource utilization, and health care costs in bicycle-related @entity130 .

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['anatomic injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine if a relationship exists between bicycle-related injuries, consumption of @entity167 , helmet use, and medical resource utilization. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study with data from emergency department, operating room, and inpatient records. SETTING: University-based @entity130 center in a medium-sized metropolitan area. TYPE OF @entity1 : Adult victims (age > or = 18 years) of bicycle-related injury presenting to the emergency department. A total of 350 @entity1 made up the study population. RESULTS: Group 1 consisted of 29 @entity1 (8.3%) with detectable blood @entity167 levels at the time of the incident. Group 2 (321 @entity1 ) had a measured blood @entity167 level of 0 or no clinical indication of @entity167 consumption. Group 1 mean Injury Severity Score was 10.3, with six (20.7%) sustaining at least one severe @entity130 . Group 2 had an Injury Severity Score of 3.3 (p < 0.0001), with only 4.4% (p = 0.0013) sustaining severe @entity130 . Mean length of hospitalization for group 1 was 3.5 days, including a mean of 1.4 intensive care unit days. Mean hospitalization (0.5 days, p < 0.0001) and intensive care unit (0.1 days, p < 0.0001) were significantly lower in group 2. Mean combined hospital and physician charges were more than six times greater for group 1 ( 7,206) than group 2 @entity1 ( 1170, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 presenting with bicycle-related injuries, prior consumption of @entity167 is highly associated with greater injury severity, longer hospitalization, and higher health care costs. This information is useful in the development of injury prevention strategies to decrease incidence and severity of adult bicycle injuries.

title: A prospective investigation of the impact of @entity167 consumption on helmet use, injury severity, medical resource utilization, and health care costs in bicycle-related XXXX .

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Roles of sacral spinal alpha-adrenoceptive mechanism in micturition reflex were examined in 19 decerebrate @entity235 . Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic agents were injected into the sacral subarachnoidal space. Micturition reflex was evoked by filling the bladder before and after the drug injection. The intravesical pressure (IVP), the intraurethral pressure (IUP) and the electromyogram (EMG) of the external urethral sphincter muscle (EUS) were recorded simultaneously. The bladder volume, the IVP at the threshold of micturition reflex, the minimum IUP, the maximum IUP and the mean IUP were measured during collecting phase. The maximum IVP and the minimum IUP were measured during contraction phase. The effects of adrenergic agents on these measured parameters were analyzed using Wilcoxon's test. The changes of the EUS-EMG were also studied. Intrathecal injection of @entity2647 , an alpha 1-agonist, significantly increased the bladder volume and the mean IUP during the collecting phase, and tended to enhance the EUS-EMG during both phases. Intrathecal injection of @entity3159 , an alpha 1-antagonist, tended to diminish the EUS-EMG during both phases. Intrathecal injection of @entity1338 , an alpha 2-agonist, significantly decreased the minimum IUP, the maximum IUP and the mean IUP during the collecting phase, and tended to diminish the EUS-EMG during both phases. Intrathecal injection of @entity3160 , an alpha 2-antagonist, decreased the maximum IVP during the collecting phase significantly. These results suggest that the sacral alpha-adrenoceptive mechanism mediates elevation of the threshold of micturition reflex and facilitation of the EUS activity via alpha 1-receptor, while facilitation of the bladder contractility and inhibition of the EUS activity via alpha 2-receptor.

title: [Roles of sacral spinal alpha-adrenoceptive mechanism in micturition reflex in the decerebrate XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: There are prospects for using novel feeds from various sources to provide ruminants with alternative sources of protein and energy such as by-products, and animal wastes. @entity95 feces are a concentrated source of fiber and could have commercial potential both as input biomass in anaerobic processes for biogas production, as well as a fibrous source for ruminal degradation. The aims of this work were to assess the potential as ruminant feeding and as biogas production of @entity95 feces, in comparison with 12 crops. The chemical composition and the potential and experimental @entity1625 ( @entity1625 ) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) of 148 feces samples were determined by using chemical methods, Daisy system digestibility and/or NIRS predictions. The average biomethane potential (BMP) was 286    10 lCH4/kg SV with -4% vs. the crops average. Milk forage unit (milk FU), @entity1625 and NDFD of feces were 0.54    0.06 milk FU/kg DM, 74%    3% and 50%    5%, respectively, with comparisons of -19%, -11% and -24% vs. the crops average. Reconstruction of the potential values based on the chemical constituents but using the crop partial least square model well agreed with the NIRS calibrations and cross-validation. In a global NIRS calibration of the feces and crops the relative predicted deviation for @entity1625 , NDFD and milk FU were 3.1, 2.9 and 2.6, respectively, and only 1.5 for BMP. Running the Daisy system for @entity95 feces in rumen fluid gave some inconsistencies, weakened the functional relationships, and appeared not to be correlated with the potential values of @entity1625 and NDFD. Nevertheless, the energetic potential of feces appears to be similar to some conventional crops at different degrees of @entity2175 . Thus we conclude that @entity95 feces has potential value as a ruminant feed and for biogas production.

title: XXXX Feces as Feed for Ruminants and as an Energy Source.

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['in vitro true digestibility', 'IVTD']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit', 'Rabbit']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['Rabbit']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSC) therapy may be promising for the treatment of @entity29 ( @entity29 ). However, clinical success remains poor, partly explained by limited HSC recruitment following systemic delivery. The mechanisms governing HSC adhesion within inflamed colon, and whether this event can be enhanced, are not known. An immortalised HSC-like line ( @entity71194 ) was pre-treated with @entity273 ( @entity5568 ), activated platelet releasate enriched supernatant (PES) or platelet microparticles (PMPs). Subsequent adhesion was monitored using adhesion assays or in vivo ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) and @entity1960 injured @entity19 colon intravitally. Integrin clustering was determined confocally and cell morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Both injuries resulted in increased @entity71194 within @entity1049 . @entity5568 and PES significantly enhanced adhesion in vitro and in the @entity1960 , but not IR injured, colon. PMPs had no effect on adhesion. PES and PMPs induced clustering of integrins on the @entity71194 surface, but did not alter their expression. Adhesion to the colon is modulated by injury but only in @entity130 can this recruitment be enhanced. The enhanced adhesion induced by PES is likely through integrin distribution changes on the @entity71194 surface. Improving local HSC presence in injured colon may result in better therapeutic efficacy for treatment of @entity8787 .

title: Targeting the delivery of systemically administered haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to the inflamed colon using XXXX and platelet microparticle pre-treatment strategies.

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['colitis injury']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disorders', 'IBDs']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic mucosal microcirculation']

answer: @entity273 :: (MESH:D006861,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen peroxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transient Generalized Glucocorticoid @entity56 is a @entity395 characterized by increased tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids and compensatory hypoactivation of the @entity2339 . The condition itself and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To present the clinical manifestations, endocrinologic evaluation and transcriptomic profile in a @entity1 with Transient Generalized Glucocorticoid @entity56 . DESIGN AND RESULTS: A 9-year old @entity1 presented with an 8-month history of clinical manifestations suggestive of @entity699 . Endocrinologic evaluation revealed undetectable 08:00h @entity4545 (<1 pg/mL) and @entity701 (0.025  g/dL) concentrations, which remained decreased throughout the 24h period and did not respond to stimulation with ovine @entity6192 . The disease gradually resolved spontaneously over the ensuing 3 months. Sequencing of the @entity1 @entity4738 gene revealed no mutations or polymorphisms. Western Blot analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed equal protein expression of hGRa of the @entity1 in the disease and post resolution phases compared with a control subject. Transcriptomic analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the disease and post resolution phases identified 903 differentially expressed genes. Of these, 106 genes were up-regulated and 797 were down-regulated in the disease compared with the resolution phase. Bioinformatics analysis on the differentially expressed gene networks revealed Nuclear Factor-kB as the predominant transcription factor influencing the expression of the majority of differentially expressed genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that a transient post-receptor defect, or a virus- or bacterium-encoded molecule may have enhanced glucocorticoid signal transduction, leading to transient generalized glucocorticoid @entity56 and @entity2270 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Transient Generalized Glucocorticoid XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4738 :: ('2908', 'Gene') :: ['glucocorticoid receptor']

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['hypoactivation of the HPA axis']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ['Cushing syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disorder']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['Hypersensitivity']


abstract: The detection of @entity1778 cells in the bone marrow of @entity1 during morphologic remission has been greatly facilitated by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify @entity1778 -specific sequences. While the current PCR strategies for estimating the @entity1778 claim a detection sensitivity of one @entity1778 cell amongst 10(5) or 10(6) normal cells, a rigorous assessment of the relative error associated with these techniques has not been presented. We have developed a method of estimating the @entity1778 in remission marrows that is analogous to the limiting dilution assays used to determine the frequency of immunocompetent cells in a responder cell population. Using this method we measured the fraction of all-or-none (i.e. positive or negative) reactions of the PCR amplification of the @entity1778 -specific @entity7513 gene rearrangement in replicate samples of serial dilutions of DNA obtained from diagnostic bone marrow specimens from 15 @entity1 with B-precursor @entity981 ( @entity981 ). A sigmoid curve representing the fraction of positive PCR reactions at a given dilution of @entity1778 DNA was found to be the best fit to the data. The narrowness of the log-linear region of this curve prevents the direct application of the analysis methodology that has previously been described for limiting dilution assays. However, the @entity1778 burden during morphological remission in these 15 @entity1 and in two additional @entity1 who experienced relapse could be estimated by the described dilution analysis method using the best-fit equation. Furthermore, the data generated for diagnostic, remission and relapse marrow samples exhibited a small interspecimen variation. The results suggest that this method can reliably estimate @entity1778 over a range of five orders of magnitude. Although the PCR reaction appears to be one of the most sensitive methods for detecting @entity1778 , all techniques based on this procedure, including our own, must exhibit limitations inherent to the amplification process. Our estimates or relative error suggest that a realistic limit for the PCR estimation of @entity1778 lies in the range of one @entity1778 cell per 10(5) normal cells. The suggested method is rapid, technically simple and relatively inexpensive. Furthermore, the principles that it is based upon can be applied to any PCR-based strategy.

title: Accurate quantitation of residual B-precursor XXXX by limiting dilution and a PCR-based detection system: a description of the method and the principles involved.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['residual leukemia', 'amount of residual leukemia', 'leukemia']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of US geographic region on outcomes of @entity14200 ( @entity14200 ) for @entity130 . BACKGROUND: @entity14200 is an integral component of @entity130 systems. Evidence suggests that @entity14200 is associated with improved outcomes; however, no studies examine the impact of geographic variation on outcomes for @entity14200 . METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of @entity1 undergoing scene @entity14200 or ground transport in the National @entity130 Databank (2009-2012). Subjects were divided by US census region. @entity14200 and ground transport subjects were propensity-score matched based on prehospital physiology and injury severity. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of @entity14200 on survival and discharge to home in each region. Region-level characteristics were assessed as potential explanatory factors. RESULTS: A total of 193,629 pairs were matched. @entity14200 was associated with increased odds of survival and discharge to home; however, the magnitude of these effects varied significantly across regions (P<0.01). The South had the greatest survival benefit (odds ratio: 1.44; 95% confidence interval: 1.39-1.49, P<0.01) and the Northeast had the greatest discharge to home benefit (odds ratio: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.18-1.41, P<0.01). A subset of region-level characteristics influenced the effect of @entity14200 on each outcome, including helicopter utilization, injury severity, @entity130 center and helicopter distribution, @entity130 center access, traffic congestion, and urbanicity (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Geographic region impacts the benefits of @entity14200 in @entity130 . Variations in resource allocation partially account for outcome differences. Policy makers should consider regional factors to better assess and allocate resources within @entity130 systems to optimize the role of @entity14200 .

title: Geographic Variation in Outcome Benefits of Helicopter Transport for XXXX in the United States: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity14200 :: ('MESH:C564766', 'Disease') :: ['helicopter transport', 'HT']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: @entity281 of an extremity is an uncommon feature of @entity5850 and can readily be confused with @entity13443 caused by aerobic actinomycetes such as Nocardia and Streptomyces. A case of primary @entity5850 of the leg is reported, and 35 cases published in the English-language literature are reviewed. There were 14 cases of @entity281 and 22 cases of @entity281 . Antecedent @entity130 had occurred in 21 cases. Lesions began in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, bone, and joint space. Spread to contiguous structures was characteristic, and most lesions eventually involved all of the aforementioned structures. The lesions were typical of @entity5850 with @entity50 formation and granules in the pus. Cultures were positive in 17 cases. Surgical therapy was necessary in most instances; @entity114 remains the drug of choice. Pending results of culturing, a lesion with granules of branching gram-positive bacteria would best be treated empirically with @entity114 and a @entity11682 . Prognosis is excellent.

title: Primary XXXX of an extremity: a case report and review.

entities_list: @entity11682 :: ('CHEBI:35358', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonamide']

entities_list: @entity13443 :: ('MESH:D008271', 'Disease') :: ['actinomycetoma']

entities_list: @entity5850 :: ('MESH:D000196', 'Disease') :: ['actinomycosis']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['lower extremity infections', 'Primary infection', 'upper extremity infections']

answer: @entity5850 :: (MESH:D000196,Disease) :: ['actinomycosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: There is a lack of evidence on the effects and quality of @entity1129 service delivery (ATSD). This study presents a quasi-experimental 3-months follow-up using a pre-test/post-test design aimed at evaluating outcomes of @entity1129 interventions targeting @entity1 with physical and @entity717 . A secondary aim was to evaluate the feasibility of the follow-up assessment adopted in this study with a view to implement the procedure in routine clinical practice. Forty-five @entity1 aged 3-17  years were included. Parents were asked to complete the IPPA for @entity1129 effectiveness; KWAZO and QUEST 2.0 for satisfaction with ATSD; @entity23406 for estimating the social cost of @entity1129 interventions. At follow-up, 25 @entity1 used the @entity1129 recommended. IPPA effect sizes ranged from 1.4 to 0.7, showing a large effect of @entity1129 interventions. Overall, parents were satisfied with ATSD, but Maintenance, Professional services, and @entity1129 delivery were rated not satisfactory. @entity23406 showed more resources spent for @entity1129 intervention compared to @entity1 assistance without technological supports. @entity1129 may be an effective intervention for @entity1 with disabilities. Issues concerning responsiveness and feasibility of the IPPA and the @entity23406 instruments are discussed with a view to inform routine clinical practice.

title: Implementing a Routine Outcome Assessment Procedure to Evaluate the Quality of Assistive Technology Service Delivery for XXXX with Physical or Multiple Disabilities: Perceived Effectiveness, Social Cost, and User Satisfaction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['multiple disabilities']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare time to clinical worsening (TTCW) based on initial oral therapy for @entity120 ( @entity120 ) in @entity1 with @entity785 ( @entity785 )-related @entity120 . METHODS: Using data from the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in @entity2631 (PHAROS) registry (a multicenter prospective observational study enrolling @entity785 @entity1 with incident @entity120 ), we selected @entity1 with group 1 @entity120 (World Health Organization Clinical Classification system) who received initial therapy (for 6 months) with an endothelin receptor antagonist ( @entity1782 ), a @entity7856 ( @entity7856 ) inhibitor, or a combination of these 2 agents ( @entity1782 / @entity7856 inhibitor). The main outcome was TTCW, defined as the first occurrence of @entity204 , @entity120 -related hospitalization, lung transplantation, initiation of parenteral @entity4770 treatment, or worsening symptoms. RESULTS: Ninety-eight @entity1 (24 in the @entity1782 group, 59 in the @entity7856 inhibitor group, and 15 in the @entity1782 / @entity7856 inhibitor group) were included. No significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the @entity1 were observed. TTCW was significantly worse in @entity1 in the @entity1782 group compared with those in the @entity7856 inhibitor group or the @entity1782 / @entity7856 inhibitor group. Ten @entity1 (41.6%) in the @entity1782 group died during the 3-year observation period, compared with 4 @entity1 (6.8%) in the @entity7856 inhibitor group and 1 @entity1 (6.7%) in the @entity1782 / @entity7856 inhibitor group. Baseline factors that were independently associated with a shorter TTCW were initial treatment with an @entity1782 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.63 [P   =   0.009]), lower diffusing capacity for @entity1223 (HR 0.69 per 10% of predicted change [P   =   0.04]), and higher pulmonary vascular resistance (HR 1.10 per Wood unit change [P   =   0.007]). CONCLUSION: Compared with initial treatment with a @entity7856 inhibitor or combination therapy with an @entity1782 and a @entity7856 inhibitor, initial therapy with an @entity1782 in @entity1 with @entity785 -related @entity120 was associated with significantly worse TTCW, even after adjustment for commonly accepted prognostic factors. Further study into the optimal initial oral therapy for @entity1 with @entity785 -related @entity120 is needed.

title: Association Between Initial Oral Therapy and Outcomes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7856 :: ('8654', 'Gene') :: ['PDE5', 'phosphodiesterase 5']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'PAH', 'pulmonary arterial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['Scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis', 'SSc']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['Systemic Sclerosis-Related Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension']


abstract: In November 1991, a third generation extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor (Piezolith 2500) was installed in our clinic. We examined the effective and safe aspect of this machine for @entity1791 . From November 1991 to October 1993, we experienced 530 sessions of ESWL treatment on 235 @entity1 (270 cases). All @entity1 except two underwent ESWL treatment without anesthesia, and in situ ESWL treatment was possible on 247 cases. The mean number of shock waves and sessions per @entity1 of @entity1290 were 3369 and 2.1, respectively. Those of ureteral stone were 3970 and 1.9, respectively. The complete removal rate of @entity1290 3 months after the last session were 86% and 92%, respectively. This outcome was very satisfactory. On the other hand, endoscopic procedure was needed on 13 @entity1 . In almost all cases @entity811 was noted after ESWL, but major complications such as subcapsular @entity1410 or @entity360 were not experienced at all. It was concluded that Piezolith 2500 was very effective and safe in the treatment of @entity1791 .

title: [Anesthesia-free extracorporeal piezoelectric shock wave lithotripsy for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['renal and ureteral stone', 'renal stone']

entities_list: @entity1791 :: ('MESH:D052878', 'Disease') :: ['urolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1791 :: (MESH:D052878,Disease) :: ['urolithiasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The following questions should be addressed: (1) Is minimal detachment surgery justified in @entity1713 with preoperative PVR stage B or C? (2) Can this reattach the retina with stabilization or regression of PVR? MATERIALS AND METHODS: 72 @entity1713 stage B or C (38 @entity6746 ) were treated by cryopexy, segmental buckling (n = 68) or balloon (n = 4) without drainage or vitrectomy. Reoperation (n = 10) was done without cerclage or vitrectomy. The follow-up of @entity1 alive is 11 to 13 1/2 years and of all @entity1 (31 died) x 7 1/2 years. RESULTS: After the primary operation the retina was reattached in 79%, partially in 15% and detached in 6%. An "early" redetachment (< or = 6 months postoperatively) occurred in 8.3%, no redetachment > 6 months to < 9 years and "late" redetachment (9-13 1/2 years postoperatively) in 2.8%. After reoperation (n = 10) the retina was reattached in 85%, partially in 3%, and detached in 12%. 34 eyes had delayed resorption (2 weeks to 18 months) with a residual concave detachment in area of starfolds and tractions, resulting in dry starfolds or their disappearance after months. Postoperatively there were no @entity2296 , no secondary @entity726 and no phthisis bulbi. Subsequent macular pucker developed in 12 eyes, which were not treated by vitreoretinal surgery. Six months postoperatively visual acuity was: 26x 20/60-20/25; 16x 20/200-20/100; 30x < or = 20/400 which was not statistically significant different (p = 0.549) after x 7 1/2 years. CONCLUSION: Primary treatment of a @entity1713 stage B or @entity6350 with cryopexy and segmental buckling and nondrainage seems justified to test for the chance of PVR-regression. The retina was reattached in 8 of 10 @entity1 x 7 1/2 years postoperatively after primary operation without reoperation or vitrectomy and visual acuity was 20/60-20/25 in every third @entity1 , thus implying a lack of late serious complications.

title: [Role of segmental buckling surgery in treatment of stages B and C proliferative XXXX . A long-term follow-up].

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['PVR detachments', 'PVR detachment', 'treating detachments']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2296 :: ('MESH:C538115', 'Disease') :: ['rubeosis iridis']

answer: @entity1713 :: (MESH:D012163,Disease) :: ['vitreoretinopathy detachment']


abstract: CONCLUSION: Factors prognostic of recovery from @entity1274 without @entity9468 are co-occurrence of @entity392 , PTA determined hearing level on the affected side before treatment initiation, and time from onset to treatment initiation. The rate of hearing recovery was higher in the oral @entity479 than in the intra-tympanic @entity479 and combined groups. OBJECTIVES: Although many studies have assessed acute sudden @entity393 , few have analyzed low-frequency @entity393 . Clinical characteristics of @entity1 with @entity393 may vary by type of @entity393 . This study, therefore, analyzed the clinical characteristics, recovery rates, and factors associated with hearing recovery in @entity1 with @entity1274 unaccompanied by @entity9468 . METHOD: This study included 50 @entity1 with severe low frequency @entity393 unaccompanied by @entity9468 and with normal tympanic membrane status who visited hospitals from July 2005 to May 2014 due to sudden @entity2169 , or @entity393 . Of these @entity1 , 29 were treated with oral @entity230 , eight with tympanic @entity479 injections, and 13 with both. Clinical and auditory characteristics before and after treatment, as well as treatment outcomes, were compared in these three groups. RESULTS: Age, sex, affected side, co-occurrence of ear fullness, and accompanying @entity102 were similar in the three groups. All @entity1 started on treatment within 10 days of @entity393 showed significant recovery, with complete recovery, unaccompanied by @entity392 , observed in 10 @entity1 . Treatment outcomes were not affected by hearing thresholds on the unaffected side. Of the @entity1 treated with both oral and intra-tympanic @entity230 , 39% showed complete recovery, and 77% showed audiometric improvement. The complete recovery rate was significantly higher in the oral @entity479 than in the other two groups (p   =   0.029); and the audiometric improvement rate tended to be lower in the intra-tympanic @entity479 group than in the other groups. Cure rates, defined as complete disappearance of symptoms and normal findings on pure tone audiograms (PTA), in the oral, intra-tympanic, and combined @entity479 groups were 49%, 25%, and 23%, respectively. There were no significant differences among the three groups in cure, subjective improvement, and audiometric improvement rates. Factors prognostic of non-recovery of hearing included late treatment initiation (p   =   0.044), accompanying @entity392 (p   =   0.049), and higher hearing thresholds on the affected side before treatment initiation (p   =   0.005).

title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis of @entity1274 without XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss', 'low frequency sensorineural hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity2169 :: ('MESH:D004427', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus, ear fullness']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity9468 :: (MESH:D014717,Disease) :: ['vertigo']


abstract: CONCLUSION: Factors prognostic of recovery from @entity1274 without @entity9468 are co-occurrence of @entity392 , PTA determined hearing level on the affected side before treatment initiation, and time from onset to treatment initiation. The rate of hearing recovery was higher in the oral @entity479 than in the intra-tympanic @entity479 and combined groups. OBJECTIVES: Although many studies have assessed acute sudden @entity393 , few have analyzed low-frequency @entity393 . Clinical characteristics of @entity1 with @entity393 may vary by type of @entity393 . This study, therefore, analyzed the clinical characteristics, recovery rates, and factors associated with hearing recovery in @entity1 with @entity1274 unaccompanied by @entity9468 . METHOD: This study included 50 @entity1 with severe low frequency @entity393 unaccompanied by @entity9468 and with normal tympanic membrane status who visited hospitals from July 2005 to May 2014 due to sudden @entity2169 , or @entity393 . Of these @entity1 , 29 were treated with oral @entity230 , eight with tympanic @entity479 injections, and 13 with both. Clinical and auditory characteristics before and after treatment, as well as treatment outcomes, were compared in these three groups. RESULTS: Age, sex, affected side, co-occurrence of ear fullness, and accompanying @entity102 were similar in the three groups. All @entity1 started on treatment within 10 days of @entity393 showed significant recovery, with complete recovery, unaccompanied by @entity392 , observed in 10 @entity1 . Treatment outcomes were not affected by hearing thresholds on the unaffected side. Of the @entity1 treated with both oral and intra-tympanic @entity230 , 39% showed complete recovery, and 77% showed audiometric improvement. The complete recovery rate was significantly higher in the oral @entity479 than in the other two groups (p   =   0.029); and the audiometric improvement rate tended to be lower in the intra-tympanic @entity479 group than in the other groups. Cure rates, defined as complete disappearance of symptoms and normal findings on pure tone audiograms (PTA), in the oral, intra-tympanic, and combined @entity479 groups were 49%, 25%, and 23%, respectively. There were no significant differences among the three groups in cure, subjective improvement, and audiometric improvement rates. Factors prognostic of non-recovery of hearing included late treatment initiation (p   =   0.044), accompanying @entity392 (p   =   0.049), and higher hearing thresholds on the affected side before treatment initiation (p   =   0.005).

title: Clinical characteristics and prognosis of XXXX without @entity9468 .

answer: @entity1274 :: (MESH:D006319,Disease) :: ['low frequency sensorineural hearing loss']


abstract: @entity2799 ( @entity2799 ) provides a model to examine the sequential use of selective oncogene product-targeted and lineage-targeted agents. @entity1968 (RA) has been shown to produce brief remissions by a novel differentiating mechanism in most @entity1 with @entity2799 . M195, a mouse monoclonal antibody (moAb) reactive with the cell-surface antigen @entity1116 , can target @entity2800 cells in @entity1 and reduce large leukemic burdens when labeled with 131I. We studied whether 131I-M195 could safely reduce minimal @entity66 and prolong remission and survival durations in @entity1 with relapsed @entity2799 after they had attained remission with all-trans RA. Seven @entity1 with relapsed @entity2799 in second remission were treated with either 70 (n = 2) or 50 (n = 5) mCi/m2 of 131I-M195. As a measure of minimal @entity66 , we serially monitored @entity49677 mRNA by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. There was no immediate @entity137 . Late @entity137 was limited to myelosuppression, but no episodes of @entity1398 were seen. Six @entity1 had detectable @entity49677 mRNA after all-trans RA therapy; two had single negative RT-PCR determinations following 131I-M195. Median disease-free survival of the seven @entity1 was 8 months (range 3-14.5). Four @entity1 with median follow-up of 24 months remain alive, and median overall survival exceeds 21+ months (range 5.5-33+). This regimen based on targeted therapy compares favorably to other approaches for the treatment of relapsed @entity2799 , including that used in the immediately preceding trial in which @entity1 were induced into remission and maintained with all-trans RA, as well as other chemotherapy-based regimens. These data support further study of moAb-based therapy for minimal @entity66 in @entity3052 .

title: Sequential targeted therapy for relapsed XXXX with all-trans @entity1968 and anti- @entity1116 monoclonal antibody M195.

entities_list: @entity2799 :: ('MESH:D015473', 'Disease') :: ['Acute promyelocytic leukemia', 'APL']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity2800 :: ('MESH:D007951', 'Disease') :: ['myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['All-trans retinoic acid']

answer: @entity2799 :: (MESH:D015473,Disease) :: ['acute promyelocytic leukemia']


abstract: @entity2799 ( @entity2799 ) provides a model to examine the sequential use of selective oncogene product-targeted and lineage-targeted agents. @entity1968 (RA) has been shown to produce brief remissions by a novel differentiating mechanism in most @entity1 with @entity2799 . M195, a mouse monoclonal antibody (moAb) reactive with the cell-surface antigen @entity1116 , can target @entity2800 cells in @entity1 and reduce large leukemic burdens when labeled with 131I. We studied whether 131I-M195 could safely reduce minimal @entity66 and prolong remission and survival durations in @entity1 with relapsed @entity2799 after they had attained remission with all-trans RA. Seven @entity1 with relapsed @entity2799 in second remission were treated with either 70 (n = 2) or 50 (n = 5) mCi/m2 of 131I-M195. As a measure of minimal @entity66 , we serially monitored @entity49677 mRNA by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. There was no immediate @entity137 . Late @entity137 was limited to myelosuppression, but no episodes of @entity1398 were seen. Six @entity1 had detectable @entity49677 mRNA after all-trans RA therapy; two had single negative RT-PCR determinations following 131I-M195. Median disease-free survival of the seven @entity1 was 8 months (range 3-14.5). Four @entity1 with median follow-up of 24 months remain alive, and median overall survival exceeds 21+ months (range 5.5-33+). This regimen based on targeted therapy compares favorably to other approaches for the treatment of relapsed @entity2799 , including that used in the immediately preceding trial in which @entity1 were induced into remission and maintained with all-trans RA, as well as other chemotherapy-based regimens. These data support further study of moAb-based therapy for minimal @entity66 in @entity3052 .

title: Sequential targeted therapy for relapsed @entity2799 with all-trans @entity1968 and anti- XXXX monoclonal antibody M195.

answer: @entity1116 :: (945,Gene) :: ['CD33']


abstract: @entity2799 ( @entity2799 ) provides a model to examine the sequential use of selective oncogene product-targeted and lineage-targeted agents. @entity1968 (RA) has been shown to produce brief remissions by a novel differentiating mechanism in most @entity1 with @entity2799 . M195, a mouse monoclonal antibody (moAb) reactive with the cell-surface antigen @entity1116 , can target @entity2800 cells in @entity1 and reduce large leukemic burdens when labeled with 131I. We studied whether 131I-M195 could safely reduce minimal @entity66 and prolong remission and survival durations in @entity1 with relapsed @entity2799 after they had attained remission with all-trans RA. Seven @entity1 with relapsed @entity2799 in second remission were treated with either 70 (n = 2) or 50 (n = 5) mCi/m2 of 131I-M195. As a measure of minimal @entity66 , we serially monitored @entity49677 mRNA by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. There was no immediate @entity137 . Late @entity137 was limited to myelosuppression, but no episodes of @entity1398 were seen. Six @entity1 had detectable @entity49677 mRNA after all-trans RA therapy; two had single negative RT-PCR determinations following 131I-M195. Median disease-free survival of the seven @entity1 was 8 months (range 3-14.5). Four @entity1 with median follow-up of 24 months remain alive, and median overall survival exceeds 21+ months (range 5.5-33+). This regimen based on targeted therapy compares favorably to other approaches for the treatment of relapsed @entity2799 , including that used in the immediately preceding trial in which @entity1 were induced into remission and maintained with all-trans RA, as well as other chemotherapy-based regimens. These data support further study of moAb-based therapy for minimal @entity66 in @entity3052 .

title: Sequential targeted therapy for relapsed @entity2799 with all-trans XXXX and anti- @entity1116 monoclonal antibody M195.

answer: @entity1968 :: (MESH:D014212,Chemical) :: ['retinoic acid']


abstract: Experiments were performed in a modified microfluidic platform recapitulating part of the in vivo @entity5 microenvironment by co-culturing @entity189 cell aggregates embedded in a three-dimensional (3D) collagen scaffold with @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were seeded in one channel of the @entity2383 in vitro prior to introducing the aggregates. The @entity2220 cell line A549 and the @entity150 cell line T24 were tested. Dose-response assays of four drugs known to interfere with Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) signaling pathways were quantified using relative dispersion as a metric of EMT progression. The presence of HUVECs in one channel induces cell dispersal in A549 which then can be inhibited by each of the four drugs. Complete inhibition of T24 aggregate dispersal, however, is not achieved with any single agent, although partial inhibition was observed with 10  M of the @entity7242 inhibitor, @entity8096 . Almost complete inhibition of T24 dispersal in monoculture was achieved only when the four drugs were added in combination, each at 10  M concentration. Coculture of T24 with HUVECs forfeits the almost-complete inhibition. The enhanced dispersal observed in the presence of HUVECs is a consequence of secretion of growth factors, including @entity11968 and @entity540 , by endothelial cells. This 3D microfluidic co-culture platform provides an in vivo-like surrogate for anti-invasive and anti-metastatic drug screening. It will be particularly useful for defining combination therapies for @entity146 such as invasive @entity150 .

title: Identification of drugs as single agents or in combination to prevent XXXX in a microfluidic 3D environment.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2220 :: ('MESH:C538231', 'Disease') :: ['lung adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['device to initiate vessel-like structures']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma dissemination']


abstract: Agonist-dependent phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) is proposed to be a key event initiating homologous receptor desensitization. A technical limitation hindering identification of GPRs as GRK substrates has been the necessity to use purified and reconstituted receptors in GRK assays. Here, the @entity1 m2 and @entity1 m3 ( @entity16237 ) muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs), which couple to attenuation of adenylyl cyclase and stimulation of phospholipase C, respectively, were expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells and an in vitro approach to studying GPR phosphorylation by GRKs in crude membranes was developed. The m2 mAChR, a known substrate of certain GRKs, was used to validate the approach. The GRK isoform @entity437 phosphorylated the membrane-bound @entity1 m2 mAChRs in an agonist-dependent manner. The results demonstrated that endogenous membrane-bound beta gamma subunits of G proteins stimulated the phosphorylation of the membrane-bound m2 mAChR. To reveal new GRK substrates, we tested the expressed @entity16237 mAChRs. The membrane-bound @entity16237 mAChRs were phosphorylated by @entity437 in an agonist-dependent, G beta gamma-enhanced manner. This is the first demonstration that @entity16237 mAChRs can serve as substrates for GRKs. The stoichiometry of receptor phosphorylation was approximately 2 mol of @entity1391 /mol of receptors in the absence of G beta gamma and approximately 4 mol of @entity1391 /mol of receptors upon addition of G beta gamma. When the specificity of various GRKs towards mAChRs was assessed, @entity47643 phosphorylated the agonist-activated @entity16237 mAChRs as efficiently as did @entity437 ; however, neither @entity47644 nor @entity47645 significantly phosphorylated the @entity16237 mAChRs under similar conditions. The approach of studying GRK-mediated phosphorylation of GPRs in their membrane-bound state identified the @entity16237 mAChRs as new substrates for GRKs. This approach should be valuable in identifying other new substrates of GRKs and should aid in studies that elucidate GRK/GPR pairing.

title: Agonist-dependent phosphorylation of XXXX muscarinic receptors in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cell membranes by G protein-coupled receptor kinases.

entities_list: @entity437 :: ('156', 'Gene') :: ['beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK)1', 'beta ARK1']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Elevated @entity3452 ( @entity3452 ) levels are a causal risk factor for @entity301 . Accumulating evidence suggests that @entity3452 can stimulate cellular inflammatory responses through the kringle-containing apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) component. Here, we report that recombinant apo(a) containing 17 kringle-IV domains (17K) elicits a dose-dependent increase in @entity687 mRNA and protein expression in THP-1 and U937 macrophages. This effect was blunted by mutation of the @entity376 binding site in apo(a) KIV10, which results in the loss of oxidized phospholipid (oxPL) on apo(a). Trypsin-digested 17K had the same stimulatory effect on @entity687 expression as intact apo(a) while enzymatic removal of oxPL from apo(a) significantly blunted this effect. Using siRNA to assess candidate receptors, we found that @entity4210 and @entity2938 may play roles in apo(a)-mediated @entity687 stimulation. Downstream of these receptors, inhibitors of MAP kinases JNK and @entity1366 abolished the effect of apo(a) on @entity687 gene expression. To assess roles of downstream transcription factors, luciferase reporter gene experiments were conducted using an @entity687 promoter fragment. Apo(a) induced expression of this reporter construct was eliminated by mutation of @entity687 promoter binding sites for either NF-kB or @entity23601 . Our results provide a mechanistic link between oxPL modification of apo(a) and stimulation of proinflammatory intracellular signaling pathways.

title: Mechanistic insights into XXXX -induced interleukin-8 expression: a role for oxidized phospholipid modification of apolipoprotein(a).

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

answer: @entity3452 :: (4018,Gene) :: ['lipoprotein(a)']


abstract: A longitudinal survey--parasitological, clinical, immunological and @entity7289 is being conducted in Gbaiima village in Sierra Leone. The estimated Annual Transmission Potential ( @entity855 ) is 5863. More than 80% of the annual transmission occurs between October and December. Four species of the Simulium damnosum complex are known to breed in a nearby river. The relative role of these species as vectors has yet to be determined. The total population (598 @entity1 ) aged one year and over were examined. Based on microfilarial and nodular rates the prevalence of @entity7289 was 68.6%. In @entity1 above 15 years of age this prevalence was 88.9%. Microfilarial and nodular rates were related to age. Severe @entity272 occurred in 1.0% of @entity1 . 24 adults (7.5%) were blind (but the cause of the @entity1939 was not determined).

title: XXXX in Sierra Leone. I. Studies on the prevalence and transmission at Gbaiima village.

entities_list: @entity7289 :: ('MESH:D009855', 'Disease') :: ['entomological--of onchocerciasis', 'onchocerciasis']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

answer: @entity7289 :: (MESH:D009855,Disease) :: ['Onchocerciasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Trans-anal irrigation (TAI) is used widely to treat @entity29 , although evidence for its use in adult chronic functional @entity1142 remains unclear. Long-term outcome data are lacking, and the effectiveness of therapy in this @entity1 group is not definitively known. METHODS: Evidence for effectiveness and safety was reviewed and the quality of studies was assessed. Primary research articles of @entity1 with chronic functional @entity1142 , treated with TAI as outpatients and published in English in indexed journals were eligible. Searching included major bibliographical databases and search terms: @entity29 , defecation, @entity1142 and irrigation. Fixed- and random-effect meta-analyses were performed. RESULTS: Seven eligible uncontrolled studies, including 254 @entity1 , of retrospective or prospective design were identified. The definition of treatment response varied and was investigator-determined. The fixed-effect pooled response rate (the proportion of @entity1 with a positive outcome based on investigator-reported response for each study) was 50.4  % (95 % CI: 44.3-56.5  %) but featured substantial heterogeneity (I(2)   =   67.1  %). A random-effects estimate was similar: 50.9  % (95 % CI: 39.4-62.3  %). Adverse events were inconsistently reported but were commonplace and minor. CONCLUSIONS: The reported success rate of irrigation for functional @entity1142 is about 50  %, comparable to or better than the response seen in trials of pharmacological therapies. TAI is a safe treatment benefitting some @entity1 with functional @entity1142 , which is a chronic refractory condition. However findings for TAI vary, possibly due to varying methodology and context. Well-designed prospective trials are required to improve the current weak evidence base.

title: Trans-anal irrigation therapy to treat adult chronic functional XXXX : systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['bowel dysfunction']

answer: @entity1142 :: (MESH:D003248,Disease) :: ['constipation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Two large trials have reported contradictory results at 1 year after @entity715 aspiration in @entity583 ( @entity583 ). In a 1-year follow-up of the largest randomised trial of @entity715 aspiration, we aimed to clarify the longer-term benefits, to help guide clinical practice. METHODS: The trial of routine aspiration ThrOmbecTomy with PCI versus PCI ALone in @entity1 with @entity583 (TOTAL) was a prospective, randomised, investigator-initiated trial of routine manual thrombectomy versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) alone in 10   732 @entity1 with @entity583 . Eligible adult @entity1 (aged >= 18 years) from 87 hospitals in 20 countries were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) within 12 h of symptom onset to receive routine manual thrombectomy with PCI or PCI alone. Permuted block randomisation (with variable block size) was done by a 24 h computerised central system, and was stratified by centre. @entity1 and investigators were not masked to treatment assignment. The trial did not show a difference at 180 days in the primary outcome of @entity65 , @entity583 , @entity1455 , or @entity712 . However, the results showed improvements in the surrogate outcomes of @entity1347 , but whether or not this finding would translate into a longer term benefit remained unclear. In this longer-term follow-up of the TOTAL study, we report the results on the primary outcome ( @entity65 , @entity583 , @entity1455 , or @entity712 ) and secondary outcomes at 1 year. Analyses of the primary outcome were by modified intention to treat and only included @entity1 who underwent index PCI. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01149044. FINDINGS: Between Aug 5, 2010, and July 25, 2014, 10   732 eligible @entity1 were enrolled and randomly assigned to thrombectomy followed by PCI (n=5372) or to PCI alone (n=5360). After exclusions of @entity1 who did not undergo PCI in each group (337 in the PCI and thrombectomy group and 331 in the PCI alone group), the final study population comprised 10   064 @entity1 (5035 thrombectomy and 5029 PCI alone). The primary outcome at 1 year occurred in 395 (8%) of 5035 @entity1 in the thrombectomy group compared with 394 (8%) of 5029 in the PCI alone group (hazard ratio [HR] 1  00 [95% CI 0  87-1  15], p=0  99). @entity65 within 1 year occurred in 179 (4%) of the thrombectomy group and in 192 (4%) of 5029 in the PCI alone group (HR 0  93 [95% CI 0  76-1  14], p=0  48). The key safety outcome, @entity64 within 1 year, occurred in 60 @entity1 (1  2%) in the thrombectomy group compared with 36 (0  7%) in the PCI alone group (HR 1  66 [95% CI 1  10-2  51], p=0  015). INTERPRETATION: Routine @entity715 aspiration during PCI for @entity583 did not reduce longer-term clinical outcomes and might be associated with an increase in @entity64 . As a result, @entity715 aspiration can no longer be recommended as a routine strategy in @entity583 . FUNDING: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Network and Centre for Trials Internationally, and Medtronic Inc.

title: Outcomes after XXXX aspiration for @entity583 : 1-year follow-up of the prospective randomised TOTAL trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['STEMI', 'myocardial infarction', 'ST elevation myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['ST segment resolution and distal embolisation']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular death', 'Cardiovascular death']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Two large trials have reported contradictory results at 1 year after @entity715 aspiration in @entity583 ( @entity583 ). In a 1-year follow-up of the largest randomised trial of @entity715 aspiration, we aimed to clarify the longer-term benefits, to help guide clinical practice. METHODS: The trial of routine aspiration ThrOmbecTomy with PCI versus PCI ALone in @entity1 with @entity583 (TOTAL) was a prospective, randomised, investigator-initiated trial of routine manual thrombectomy versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) alone in 10   732 @entity1 with @entity583 . Eligible adult @entity1 (aged >= 18 years) from 87 hospitals in 20 countries were enrolled and randomly assigned (1:1) within 12 h of symptom onset to receive routine manual thrombectomy with PCI or PCI alone. Permuted block randomisation (with variable block size) was done by a 24 h computerised central system, and was stratified by centre. @entity1 and investigators were not masked to treatment assignment. The trial did not show a difference at 180 days in the primary outcome of @entity65 , @entity583 , @entity1455 , or @entity712 . However, the results showed improvements in the surrogate outcomes of @entity1347 , but whether or not this finding would translate into a longer term benefit remained unclear. In this longer-term follow-up of the TOTAL study, we report the results on the primary outcome ( @entity65 , @entity583 , @entity1455 , or @entity712 ) and secondary outcomes at 1 year. Analyses of the primary outcome were by modified intention to treat and only included @entity1 who underwent index PCI. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01149044. FINDINGS: Between Aug 5, 2010, and July 25, 2014, 10   732 eligible @entity1 were enrolled and randomly assigned to thrombectomy followed by PCI (n=5372) or to PCI alone (n=5360). After exclusions of @entity1 who did not undergo PCI in each group (337 in the PCI and thrombectomy group and 331 in the PCI alone group), the final study population comprised 10   064 @entity1 (5035 thrombectomy and 5029 PCI alone). The primary outcome at 1 year occurred in 395 (8%) of 5035 @entity1 in the thrombectomy group compared with 394 (8%) of 5029 in the PCI alone group (hazard ratio [HR] 1  00 [95% CI 0  87-1  15], p=0  99). @entity65 within 1 year occurred in 179 (4%) of the thrombectomy group and in 192 (4%) of 5029 in the PCI alone group (HR 0  93 [95% CI 0  76-1  14], p=0  48). The key safety outcome, @entity64 within 1 year, occurred in 60 @entity1 (1  2%) in the thrombectomy group compared with 36 (0  7%) in the PCI alone group (HR 1  66 [95% CI 1  10-2  51], p=0  015). INTERPRETATION: Routine @entity715 aspiration during PCI for @entity583 did not reduce longer-term clinical outcomes and might be associated with an increase in @entity64 . As a result, @entity715 aspiration can no longer be recommended as a routine strategy in @entity583 . FUNDING: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Network and Centre for Trials Internationally, and Medtronic Inc.

title: Outcomes after @entity715 aspiration for XXXX : 1-year follow-up of the prospective randomised TOTAL trial.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['ST elevation myocardial infarction']