abstract: Successful use of @entity2918 (PGs) for pregnancy termination was first reported by Karim and Filshie in 1970 following successful induction of abortion in 26 out of 27 @entity1 within less than 18 hours of continuous infusion of 50 mcg/minute PGF2alpha or 5 mcg/minute @entity1421 . Subsequent clinical trials of @entity1421 and PGF2alpha using the continuous infusion method also reported satisfactory success rates. The intravenous route at therapeutically effective doses is associated with side effects such as @entity390 , @entity391 , @entity294 , @entity221 and a local erythematous reaction at the site of venipuncture. These side effects may be minimized by using other routes of administration, such as the intrauterine route which requires considerably smaller total dosage compared to the intravenous route. The intrauterine route involves introducing the PGs via a thin @entity691 catheter between the fetal membranes and the uterine wall. The vaginal route is also used in abortion. In the only study reported so far, repeated vaginal administration of either 50 mg PGF2alpha or 20 mg @entity1421 into the vaginal fornix every 2 1/2 hours resulted in abortion in all 45 @entity1 (Karim 1971). There were no side effects, abortion-interval was shorter compared to the intravenous route, and the drug was easy to administer. The intraamniotic route can terminate pregnancy with a single dose (either 25 mg PGF2alpha or 5 mg @entity1421 ) or with 2 doses in some cases. The procedure of introducing PGs into the amniotic cavity is simple and does not require prior withdrawal of amniotic fluid as in cases of saline induced abortion. @entity390 and @entity391 occasionally occur in some @entity1 , but the procedure is relatively free from side effects. This method is suitable only in pregnancies of over 12 weeks' duration because of the inaccessibility of the amniotic sac before this period. PG use in early pregnancy termination is not highly recommended because of the medical personnel time required and the higher incidence of @entity6003 . In 2nd trimester abortions, PGs offer clear advantages over other methods.

title: The induction of abortion with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity6003 :: ('MESH:D000027', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete abortion']

entities_list: @entity390 :: ('MESH:D009325', 'Disease') :: ['Nausea', 'nausea']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

answer: @entity2918 :: (MESH:D011453,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandins']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the prognostic role of comorbidity in @entity5 ( @entity1149 ) treated definitively with radiotherapy alone. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 112 @entity1 with clinical @entity5 (American Joint Commission on Cancer 1997) enrolled in four Radiation Therapy Oncology Group studies (83-11, 84-03, 84-07, and 88-08 nonchemotherapy arms) at a single institution were analyzed retrospectively for @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and comorbidity. Of the 112 @entity1 , 105 (94%) completed their assigned radiotherapy. The median assigned dose was 50.4 Gy to the lymphatics (range 45-50.4 Gy) and 70.2 Gy to the @entity5 (range 60-79.2 Gy). Comorbidity was rated retrospectively using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) and Charlson scales. Karnofsky performance scores (KPSs) and weight loss were prospectively recorded. Because only 8 @entity1 had a KPS of <70, these @entity1 were combined with @entity1 who had a KPS of 70. The @entity1349 of this group was compared with that of the @entity1 with better KPSs (>70). RESULTS: The median survival was 10.39 months (range 7.87-12.91). The 2-, 3-, and 5-year @entity1349 rate was 20.5%, 12.5%, and 7.1%, respectively. On univariate analysis, clinical stage (IIIA vs. IIIB) was found to be a statistically significant factor influencing @entity1349 (p = 0.026), and the histologic features, grade, @entity5 size as measured on CT scans, age, @entity286 use, weight loss >or=5%, and total dose delivered to the @entity5 were not. A KPS of <or=70 (p = 0.001), the presence of a CIRS-G score of 4 (extremely severe; p = 0.0002), and a severity index of >2 (p <0.0001) were associated with statistically significant inferior @entity1349 . Multivariate analysis with clinical stage, KPS, and comorbidity (severity index) of all @entity1 showed that a KPS <or=70 and severity index >2 were independently associated with inferior @entity1349 ; clinical @entity5 stage was not found to be an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: KPS and comorbidity are important independent prognostic factors in @entity5 . Comorbidity should be included in protocols studying advanced stage @entity1149 and used for stratification.

title: Comorbidity and Karnofksy performance score are independent prognostic factors in XXXX : an institutional analysis of @entity1 treated on four RTOG studies. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stage III NSCLC', 'tumor', 'primary tumor', 'Stage III non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['stage III non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the prognostic role of comorbidity in @entity5 ( @entity1149 ) treated definitively with radiotherapy alone. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 112 @entity1 with clinical @entity5 (American Joint Commission on Cancer 1997) enrolled in four Radiation Therapy Oncology Group studies (83-11, 84-03, 84-07, and 88-08 nonchemotherapy arms) at a single institution were analyzed retrospectively for @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and comorbidity. Of the 112 @entity1 , 105 (94%) completed their assigned radiotherapy. The median assigned dose was 50.4 Gy to the lymphatics (range 45-50.4 Gy) and 70.2 Gy to the @entity5 (range 60-79.2 Gy). Comorbidity was rated retrospectively using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) and Charlson scales. Karnofsky performance scores (KPSs) and weight loss were prospectively recorded. Because only 8 @entity1 had a KPS of <70, these @entity1 were combined with @entity1 who had a KPS of 70. The @entity1349 of this group was compared with that of the @entity1 with better KPSs (>70). RESULTS: The median survival was 10.39 months (range 7.87-12.91). The 2-, 3-, and 5-year @entity1349 rate was 20.5%, 12.5%, and 7.1%, respectively. On univariate analysis, clinical stage (IIIA vs. IIIB) was found to be a statistically significant factor influencing @entity1349 (p = 0.026), and the histologic features, grade, @entity5 size as measured on CT scans, age, @entity286 use, weight loss >or=5%, and total dose delivered to the @entity5 were not. A KPS of <or=70 (p = 0.001), the presence of a CIRS-G score of 4 (extremely severe; p = 0.0002), and a severity index of >2 (p <0.0001) were associated with statistically significant inferior @entity1349 . Multivariate analysis with clinical stage, KPS, and comorbidity (severity index) of all @entity1 showed that a KPS <or=70 and severity index >2 were independently associated with inferior @entity1349 ; clinical @entity5 stage was not found to be an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION: KPS and comorbidity are important independent prognostic factors in @entity5 . Comorbidity should be included in protocols studying advanced stage @entity1149 and used for stratification.

title: Comorbidity and Karnofksy performance score are independent prognostic factors in @entity5 : an institutional analysis of XXXX treated on four RTOG studies. Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity901 ( @entity15114 )/ @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) have confirmed their preclinical synergy in advanced @entity14 @entity1 . Chemoradiotherapy with @entity1487 + @entity4181 (LV) is considered the standard treatment in unresectable @entity5 @entity1 . The objective was to evaluate @entity15114 with @entity1487 + LV and concurrent radiotherapy in unresectable @entity5 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="TREATMENT" NlmCategory="METHODS"> @entity15114 25 mg/m(2)/day in 30-min infusions, followed by bolus LV 20 mg/m(2)/day and bolus @entity1487 375 mg/m(2)/day. All drugs were given on 4 days during Weeks 1 and 5 of a standard radiotherapy cycle (50.4 Gy). A single @entity15114 dose (50 mg/m(2)) was also given on the third week of radiotherapy. A cycle of @entity15114 with @entity1487 + LV was administered 4 weeks after chemoradiotherapy, with surgery planned 4 weeks later. RESULTS: Between March 1998 and April 2000, 22 @entity1 with T3-T4 unresectable @entity5 were accrued. @entity1 characteristics included the following: 11 females, 11 males, median age 58 (range: 18-76). @entity159 ( @entity159 ) 0: 2 @entity1 , @entity159 1: 7 @entity1 , and @entity159 2: 13 @entity1 . The following RTOG Grade 3-4 @entity137 were reported: @entity294 , 6 @entity1 ; cutaneous, 3 @entity1 ; @entity1398 - @entity1431 , 2 @entity1 ; and @entity882 , 1 @entity1 ; 1 treatment-related @entity204 resulted ( @entity1398 - @entity295 after chemoradiotherapy). Only 1 @entity1 had neurosensory Grade 2 ( @entity15114 -specific Levi's scale) @entity137 . Nine @entity1 had @entity159 worsening during treatment. Five @entity1 had chemoradiotherapy delay (median: 6 days). Of 22 @entity1 , 16 underwent surgery (without serious surgical complications); 12/16 had a complete resection (5/12 had sphincter preservation). Pathologic examination revealed 3/12 complete remissions, 2/12 minimal microscopic residual disease, 2/12 T2N0, 1/12 T3N0, and 4/12 positive nodes; 4/16 had unresectable disease. Median follow-up was 15 months (range: 3.0-43.4 months), median time to progression was 15.7 months (CI 95%, 0, 31.7), and median overall survival was 19.5 months (CI 95%, 18.0, 21). CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient treatment with low-dose, 30-min daily @entity15114 infusion was feasible and very active, with acceptable @entity137 .

title: Radiochemotherapy with short daily infusion of low-dose XXXX , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 in T3-T4 unresectable @entity5 : a phase II IATTGI study.

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['Oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patient', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities', 'toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['Performance status ECOG', 'PS']

answer: @entity901 :: (MESH:C030110,Chemical) :: ['oxaliplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity901 ( @entity15114 )/ @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) have confirmed their preclinical synergy in advanced @entity14 @entity1 . Chemoradiotherapy with @entity1487 + @entity4181 (LV) is considered the standard treatment in unresectable @entity5 @entity1 . The objective was to evaluate @entity15114 with @entity1487 + LV and concurrent radiotherapy in unresectable @entity5 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="TREATMENT" NlmCategory="METHODS"> @entity15114 25 mg/m(2)/day in 30-min infusions, followed by bolus LV 20 mg/m(2)/day and bolus @entity1487 375 mg/m(2)/day. All drugs were given on 4 days during Weeks 1 and 5 of a standard radiotherapy cycle (50.4 Gy). A single @entity15114 dose (50 mg/m(2)) was also given on the third week of radiotherapy. A cycle of @entity15114 with @entity1487 + LV was administered 4 weeks after chemoradiotherapy, with surgery planned 4 weeks later. RESULTS: Between March 1998 and April 2000, 22 @entity1 with T3-T4 unresectable @entity5 were accrued. @entity1 characteristics included the following: 11 females, 11 males, median age 58 (range: 18-76). @entity159 ( @entity159 ) 0: 2 @entity1 , @entity159 1: 7 @entity1 , and @entity159 2: 13 @entity1 . The following RTOG Grade 3-4 @entity137 were reported: @entity294 , 6 @entity1 ; cutaneous, 3 @entity1 ; @entity1398 - @entity1431 , 2 @entity1 ; and @entity882 , 1 @entity1 ; 1 treatment-related @entity204 resulted ( @entity1398 - @entity295 after chemoradiotherapy). Only 1 @entity1 had neurosensory Grade 2 ( @entity15114 -specific Levi's scale) @entity137 . Nine @entity1 had @entity159 worsening during treatment. Five @entity1 had chemoradiotherapy delay (median: 6 days). Of 22 @entity1 , 16 underwent surgery (without serious surgical complications); 12/16 had a complete resection (5/12 had sphincter preservation). Pathologic examination revealed 3/12 complete remissions, 2/12 minimal microscopic residual disease, 2/12 T2N0, 1/12 T3N0, and 4/12 positive nodes; 4/16 had unresectable disease. Median follow-up was 15 months (range: 3.0-43.4 months), median time to progression was 15.7 months (CI 95%, 0, 31.7), and median overall survival was 19.5 months (CI 95%, 18.0, 21). CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient treatment with low-dose, 30-min daily @entity15114 infusion was feasible and very active, with acceptable @entity137 .

title: Radiochemotherapy with short daily infusion of low-dose @entity901 , XXXX , and @entity1487 in T3-T4 unresectable @entity5 : a phase II IATTGI study.

answer: @entity4181 :: (MESH:D002955,Chemical) :: ['leucovorin']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity901 ( @entity15114 )/ @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) have confirmed their preclinical synergy in advanced @entity14 @entity1 . Chemoradiotherapy with @entity1487 + @entity4181 (LV) is considered the standard treatment in unresectable @entity5 @entity1 . The objective was to evaluate @entity15114 with @entity1487 + LV and concurrent radiotherapy in unresectable @entity5 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="TREATMENT" NlmCategory="METHODS"> @entity15114 25 mg/m(2)/day in 30-min infusions, followed by bolus LV 20 mg/m(2)/day and bolus @entity1487 375 mg/m(2)/day. All drugs were given on 4 days during Weeks 1 and 5 of a standard radiotherapy cycle (50.4 Gy). A single @entity15114 dose (50 mg/m(2)) was also given on the third week of radiotherapy. A cycle of @entity15114 with @entity1487 + LV was administered 4 weeks after chemoradiotherapy, with surgery planned 4 weeks later. RESULTS: Between March 1998 and April 2000, 22 @entity1 with T3-T4 unresectable @entity5 were accrued. @entity1 characteristics included the following: 11 females, 11 males, median age 58 (range: 18-76). @entity159 ( @entity159 ) 0: 2 @entity1 , @entity159 1: 7 @entity1 , and @entity159 2: 13 @entity1 . The following RTOG Grade 3-4 @entity137 were reported: @entity294 , 6 @entity1 ; cutaneous, 3 @entity1 ; @entity1398 - @entity1431 , 2 @entity1 ; and @entity882 , 1 @entity1 ; 1 treatment-related @entity204 resulted ( @entity1398 - @entity295 after chemoradiotherapy). Only 1 @entity1 had neurosensory Grade 2 ( @entity15114 -specific Levi's scale) @entity137 . Nine @entity1 had @entity159 worsening during treatment. Five @entity1 had chemoradiotherapy delay (median: 6 days). Of 22 @entity1 , 16 underwent surgery (without serious surgical complications); 12/16 had a complete resection (5/12 had sphincter preservation). Pathologic examination revealed 3/12 complete remissions, 2/12 minimal microscopic residual disease, 2/12 T2N0, 1/12 T3N0, and 4/12 positive nodes; 4/16 had unresectable disease. Median follow-up was 15 months (range: 3.0-43.4 months), median time to progression was 15.7 months (CI 95%, 0, 31.7), and median overall survival was 19.5 months (CI 95%, 18.0, 21). CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient treatment with low-dose, 30-min daily @entity15114 infusion was feasible and very active, with acceptable @entity137 .

title: Radiochemotherapy with short daily infusion of low-dose @entity901 , @entity4181 , and XXXX in T3-T4 unresectable @entity5 : a phase II IATTGI study.

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-FU']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity901 ( @entity15114 )/ @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) have confirmed their preclinical synergy in advanced @entity14 @entity1 . Chemoradiotherapy with @entity1487 + @entity4181 (LV) is considered the standard treatment in unresectable @entity5 @entity1 . The objective was to evaluate @entity15114 with @entity1487 + LV and concurrent radiotherapy in unresectable @entity5 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="TREATMENT" NlmCategory="METHODS"> @entity15114 25 mg/m(2)/day in 30-min infusions, followed by bolus LV 20 mg/m(2)/day and bolus @entity1487 375 mg/m(2)/day. All drugs were given on 4 days during Weeks 1 and 5 of a standard radiotherapy cycle (50.4 Gy). A single @entity15114 dose (50 mg/m(2)) was also given on the third week of radiotherapy. A cycle of @entity15114 with @entity1487 + LV was administered 4 weeks after chemoradiotherapy, with surgery planned 4 weeks later. RESULTS: Between March 1998 and April 2000, 22 @entity1 with T3-T4 unresectable @entity5 were accrued. @entity1 characteristics included the following: 11 females, 11 males, median age 58 (range: 18-76). @entity159 ( @entity159 ) 0: 2 @entity1 , @entity159 1: 7 @entity1 , and @entity159 2: 13 @entity1 . The following RTOG Grade 3-4 @entity137 were reported: @entity294 , 6 @entity1 ; cutaneous, 3 @entity1 ; @entity1398 - @entity1431 , 2 @entity1 ; and @entity882 , 1 @entity1 ; 1 treatment-related @entity204 resulted ( @entity1398 - @entity295 after chemoradiotherapy). Only 1 @entity1 had neurosensory Grade 2 ( @entity15114 -specific Levi's scale) @entity137 . Nine @entity1 had @entity159 worsening during treatment. Five @entity1 had chemoradiotherapy delay (median: 6 days). Of 22 @entity1 , 16 underwent surgery (without serious surgical complications); 12/16 had a complete resection (5/12 had sphincter preservation). Pathologic examination revealed 3/12 complete remissions, 2/12 minimal microscopic residual disease, 2/12 T2N0, 1/12 T3N0, and 4/12 positive nodes; 4/16 had unresectable disease. Median follow-up was 15 months (range: 3.0-43.4 months), median time to progression was 15.7 months (CI 95%, 0, 31.7), and median overall survival was 19.5 months (CI 95%, 18.0, 21). CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient treatment with low-dose, 30-min daily @entity15114 infusion was feasible and very active, with acceptable @entity137 .

title: Radiochemotherapy with short daily infusion of low-dose @entity901 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 in T3-T4 unresectable XXXX : a phase II IATTGI study.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the intravenous urogram used in an appropriate setting is a valuable investigation for managing severe @entity158 in pregnancy. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: University teaching hospital. POPULATION: Fifteen pregnant @entity1 referred with severe @entity158 . METHODS: A prospective study collecting data over a 24-month period was performed. @entity1 with severe @entity158 believed to be of renal origin that had failed to respond to conservative treatment were referred by their obstetricians. The intravenous urogram was performed that consisted of a two-film series (plain film and a 20-minute postmicturition film). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Management of severe @entity158 in pregnancy based on the findings of the intravenous urogram. RESULTS: Over the two-year period, 15 @entity1 had an intravenous urogram performed at a median gestation of 32 weeks (24-36 weeks). All @entity1 had undergone a prior urinary tract ultrasound examination within 24 hours of referral, which showed dilatation on the symptomatic side in 15/15 cases. The intravenous urogram confirmed dilatation on the ipsilateral side in 14/15 cases and revealed the level of dilatation in all of these cases. Delayed excretion of contrast was seen in all 14/15 cases. Three @entity1 had obstructing ureteric calculi revealed by the intravenous urogram and one @entity1 had a non-dilated and non-obstructed system. CONCLUSIONS: An intravenous urogram is a safe investigation in the appropriate setting. It allows for an accurate diagnosis to be made and for appropriate treatment to be instigated with joint decisions from urologic, obstetric and radiologic teams. This multidisciplinary approach care can be specifically tailored to the individual @entity1 , which we feel is safer for both mother and baby.

title: Managing severe XXXX in pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['loin pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['loin pain']


abstract: All eukaryotic organisms have mechanisms to adapt to changing metabolic conditions. The @entity1 cell survival gene @entity1836 enables cells to adapt to changes in cellular metabolism. To identify genes whose function can be substituted by @entity1836 in a unicellular eukaryote, a genetic screen was performed using the @entity375 @entity375 . @entity375 grows by anaerobic glycolysis when @entity413 is available, switching to oxidative phosphorylation when @entity1735 in the media becomes limiting (diauxic shift). Given that @entity1836 appears to facilitate the switch from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism in @entity1 cells, a library of @entity375 mutants was tested for the ability to efficiently undergo diauxic shift in the presence and absence of @entity1836 . Several mutants were identified that have a defect in growth when switched from a fermentable to a nonfermentable @entity505 source that is corrected by the expression of @entity1836 . These genes include the mitochondrial chaperonin TCM62, as well as previously uncharacterized genes. One of these uncharacterized genes, SVF1, promotes cell survival in @entity1 cells in response to multiple apoptotic stimuli. The finding that TCM62 and the analogous @entity1 @entity5264 gene also inhibit @entity1 cell death following growth factor withdrawal implicates mitochondrial chaperones as regulators of apoptosis. Further characterization of the genes identified in this screen may enhance our understanding of @entity1836 function in @entity1 cells, and of cell survival pathways in general.

title: XXXX complements @entity375 genes that facilitate the switch from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'S. cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1836 :: (598,Gene) :: ['Bcl-x(L)']


abstract: All eukaryotic organisms have mechanisms to adapt to changing metabolic conditions. The @entity1 cell survival gene @entity1836 enables cells to adapt to changes in cellular metabolism. To identify genes whose function can be substituted by @entity1836 in a unicellular eukaryote, a genetic screen was performed using the @entity375 @entity375 . @entity375 grows by anaerobic glycolysis when @entity413 is available, switching to oxidative phosphorylation when @entity1735 in the media becomes limiting (diauxic shift). Given that @entity1836 appears to facilitate the switch from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism in @entity1 cells, a library of @entity375 mutants was tested for the ability to efficiently undergo diauxic shift in the presence and absence of @entity1836 . Several mutants were identified that have a defect in growth when switched from a fermentable to a nonfermentable @entity505 source that is corrected by the expression of @entity1836 . These genes include the mitochondrial chaperonin TCM62, as well as previously uncharacterized genes. One of these uncharacterized genes, SVF1, promotes cell survival in @entity1 cells in response to multiple apoptotic stimuli. The finding that TCM62 and the analogous @entity1 @entity5264 gene also inhibit @entity1 cell death following growth factor withdrawal implicates mitochondrial chaperones as regulators of apoptosis. Further characterization of the genes identified in this screen may enhance our understanding of @entity1836 function in @entity1 cells, and of cell survival pathways in general.

title: @entity1836 complements XXXX genes that facilitate the switch from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism.

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: BACKGROUND: On December 26, 2002, 124 dinners took ill while eating lunch at a seafood restaurant in the town of Chiching in Kaohsiung municipality of Taiwan. Sixty-nine @entity1 were sent to the emergency departments of the Municipal Chiching Hospital and Yuan's General Hospital. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical symptoms, detailed food history, and ingested amount of each food from 59 hospitalized adult @entity1 and identified the source of the outbreak. RESULTS: The median latency period from beginning eating to first symptoms was 5 min. Twenty-six symptoms and signs were recorded. The most commonly reported clinical effects were general weakness (84%), @entity2055 (82%), @entity1296 (82%), @entity391 (80%), sweating (75%), floating sensation (71%), @entity10 (69%), @entity1353 (69%), and @entity227 (67%). Thirty-one @entity1 had residual symptoms 7 days after ingestion. Of the six residual symptoms reported, the most frequent ones were @entity1296 (40%), poor appetite and @entity2133 (11%), and @entity344 (11%). The presence of residual symptoms correlated with the severity of the initial complaints (p < 0.01). Almost all @entity1 ate cooked @entity579 (93%) and leaf vegetable stir-fried with crab claw (93%). The amount of each food eaten by the @entity1 was not associated with the severity of symptoms (p > 0.05). High levels of @entity16035 in leaf vegetables of "leaf vegetables stir-fried with crab claws" (380 ppm) and fried mussels (1113 ppm) were found by the Food Inspection Center at the Department of Health. The food history and chemical analysis of the poison indicated @entity16035 was the cause of this outbreak. Twenty-four @entity1 recovered completely within 7 days. CONCLUSION: Food-related @entity16035 intoxication produced a rapid onset of significant clinical @entity137 in 124 individuals. Based on the analysis of 55 adult @entity1 , the most common effects were @entity11583 , @entity1296 , generalized @entity425 .

title: An outbreak of food-borne illness due to XXXX contamination.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['blurred vision']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disturbance']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness, and vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity11583 :: ('MESH:D020234', 'Disease') :: ['gait ataxia']

answer: @entity16035 :: (MESH:D008724,Chemical) :: ['methomyl']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9038 is a hypnosedative structurally unrelated to the @entity1245 but operating at the same receptor complex. Although @entity9038 has been used in clinical practice for many years, relatively little is known of its relative @entity137 in comparison with other hypnosedatives. METHOD: Deaths, where hypnosedatives were implicated, in New Zealand (NZ) in 2001 were identified from a @entity130 database. Prescription and aggregate @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) data forNZ in 2001 were obtained from a national prescribing database. Rates of @entity204 per prescription and @entity2794 , and relative rates between individual hypnosedatives and @entity1245 , and their respective 95% CI were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 200 @entity204 in NZ for 2001, 39 involved hypnosedatives, and @entity9038 was involved in 12. Hypnosedatives were the sole agents in only one @entity204 and were the primary agents in eight deaths. @entity9038 was the sixth most commonly involved agent in @entity204 in NZ in 2001. The relative rate of @entity204 per prescription (95% CI) and @entity2794 (95% CI) of @entity9038 compared with @entity1245 were 1.04 (0.49-2.05) and 0.59 (0.28-1.16), respectively. The relative rates of @entity204 per @entity2794 (95% CI) for @entity1401 and @entity34022 compared with the other sedatives/anxiolytics were 6.2 (1.6-17.0) and 20.9 (2.5-79.8) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The fatal @entity137 for @entity9038 was not significantly different from that for @entity1245 as a group when adjusted for usage, whereas @entity1401 and @entity34022 had greater @entity137 . Hypnosedatives are contributory factors rather than primary substances in @entity204 .

title: Comparison of the fatal XXXX index of @entity9038 with @entity1245 .

entities_list: @entity9038 :: ('MESH:C515050', 'Chemical') :: ['Zopiclone', 'zopiclone']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity1401 :: ('MESH:D000525', 'Chemical') :: ['alprazolam']

entities_list: @entity2794 :: ('MESH:D020773', 'Disease') :: ['defined daily dose', 'DDD']

entities_list: @entity34022 :: ('MESH:D002719', 'Chemical') :: ['chlormethiazole']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['chemical injury']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9038 is a hypnosedative structurally unrelated to the @entity1245 but operating at the same receptor complex. Although @entity9038 has been used in clinical practice for many years, relatively little is known of its relative @entity137 in comparison with other hypnosedatives. METHOD: Deaths, where hypnosedatives were implicated, in New Zealand (NZ) in 2001 were identified from a @entity130 database. Prescription and aggregate @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) data forNZ in 2001 were obtained from a national prescribing database. Rates of @entity204 per prescription and @entity2794 , and relative rates between individual hypnosedatives and @entity1245 , and their respective 95% CI were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 200 @entity204 in NZ for 2001, 39 involved hypnosedatives, and @entity9038 was involved in 12. Hypnosedatives were the sole agents in only one @entity204 and were the primary agents in eight deaths. @entity9038 was the sixth most commonly involved agent in @entity204 in NZ in 2001. The relative rate of @entity204 per prescription (95% CI) and @entity2794 (95% CI) of @entity9038 compared with @entity1245 were 1.04 (0.49-2.05) and 0.59 (0.28-1.16), respectively. The relative rates of @entity204 per @entity2794 (95% CI) for @entity1401 and @entity34022 compared with the other sedatives/anxiolytics were 6.2 (1.6-17.0) and 20.9 (2.5-79.8) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The fatal @entity137 for @entity9038 was not significantly different from that for @entity1245 as a group when adjusted for usage, whereas @entity1401 and @entity34022 had greater @entity137 . Hypnosedatives are contributory factors rather than primary substances in @entity204 .

title: Comparison of the fatal @entity137 index of XXXX with @entity1245 .

answer: @entity9038 :: (MESH:C515050,Chemical) :: ['zopiclone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9038 is a hypnosedative structurally unrelated to the @entity1245 but operating at the same receptor complex. Although @entity9038 has been used in clinical practice for many years, relatively little is known of its relative @entity137 in comparison with other hypnosedatives. METHOD: Deaths, where hypnosedatives were implicated, in New Zealand (NZ) in 2001 were identified from a @entity130 database. Prescription and aggregate @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) data forNZ in 2001 were obtained from a national prescribing database. Rates of @entity204 per prescription and @entity2794 , and relative rates between individual hypnosedatives and @entity1245 , and their respective 95% CI were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 200 @entity204 in NZ for 2001, 39 involved hypnosedatives, and @entity9038 was involved in 12. Hypnosedatives were the sole agents in only one @entity204 and were the primary agents in eight deaths. @entity9038 was the sixth most commonly involved agent in @entity204 in NZ in 2001. The relative rate of @entity204 per prescription (95% CI) and @entity2794 (95% CI) of @entity9038 compared with @entity1245 were 1.04 (0.49-2.05) and 0.59 (0.28-1.16), respectively. The relative rates of @entity204 per @entity2794 (95% CI) for @entity1401 and @entity34022 compared with the other sedatives/anxiolytics were 6.2 (1.6-17.0) and 20.9 (2.5-79.8) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The fatal @entity137 for @entity9038 was not significantly different from that for @entity1245 as a group when adjusted for usage, whereas @entity1401 and @entity34022 had greater @entity137 . Hypnosedatives are contributory factors rather than primary substances in @entity204 .

title: Comparison of the fatal @entity137 index of @entity9038 with XXXX .

answer: @entity1245 :: (MESH:D001569,Chemical) :: ['benzodiazepines']


abstract: @entity2348 are driven at their base by a rotary motor fueled by the membrane gradient of protons or @entity1372 ions. The stator of the flagellar motor is formed from the membrane proteins MotA and MotB, which function together to conduct ions across the membrane and couple ion flow to rotation. An invariant @entity492 residue in MotB ( @entity2574 32 in the protein of @entity526 ) is essential for rotation and appears to have a direct role in proton conduction. A recent study showed that changes at Asp32 in MotB cause a conformational change in the complex, as evidenced by altered patterns of protease susceptibility of MotA [Kojima, S., and Blair, D. F. (2001) Biochemistry 40 (43), 13041-13050]. It was proposed that protonation/deprotonation of @entity2574 32 might regulate a conformational change in the stator that acts as the powerstroke to drive rotation of the rotor. Biochemical studies of the MotA/MotB complex have been hampered by the absence of a suitable assay for its integrity in detergent solution. Here, we have studied the behavior of the MotA/MotB complex in a variety of detergents, making use of the protease-susceptibility assay to monitor its integrity. Among about 25 detergents tested, a few were found to solubilize the proteins effectively while preserving certain conformational properties characteristic of an intact complex. The detergent @entity19335 , or DPC, proved especially effective. MotA/MotB complexes purified in DPC migrate with an apparent size of approximately 300 kDa in gel-filtration columns, and retain the @entity2574 32-modulated conformational differences seen in membranes. @entity12486 -radiolabeling showed that MotA and MotB are present in a 2:1 ratio in the complex. Purified MotA/MotB complexes should enable in vitro study of the proton-induced conformational change and other aspects of stator function.

title: Solubilization and purification of the MotA/MotB complex of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity19335 :: ('MESH:C028810', 'Chemical') :: ['dodecylphosphocholine']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial flagella']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity879 and @entity2142 appeared quite suddenly as the first manifestations of @entity2360 ( @entity2360 ) in five of our @entity1 previously regarded as healthy @entity1 (although an interview showed that 2-4 weeks prior to the illness the @entity1 complained of several non-specific symptoms, such as @entity490 , @entity10 , @entity221 , @entity425 or behavioural changes). All the @entity1 were young @entity1 (17-23 years), none of them had any history of @entity409 . They were admitted with icterus, @entity390 , @entity391 and symptoms of increasing haemolysis. The diagnosis of @entity2360 was given as disturbed @entity920 metabolism. After a short period of observation ascites and @entity4 occurred, @entity548 and other symptoms of @entity1578 increased. Levels of clotting factors decreased rapidly. Despite treatment with @entity2361 , plasmapheresis, and symptomatic drugs, three of the @entity1 died in irreversible liver @entity772 , due to the unavailability of liver transplantation. The fourth @entity1 was carried to the Transplantation Centre, due to aggravation of the symptoms of @entity1578 , where liver transplantation was performed. Histopathologically micronodular @entity82 was shown in all these cases. The fifth @entity1 survived having undergone the above treatment without liver transplantation. The main differences between the @entity1 who survived and those who died or underwent transplantation were relatively higher activity of alkaline phosphatase (26 U/l vs. 10-20 U/l), slightly higher levels of clotting factors and prothrombin time, which never fall below 68% of the control (versus 14-44% in other @entity1 ). Only in the surviving @entity1 was the @entity3521 present. In four of our @entity1 we found family members who were carriers of @entity2360 .

title: Acute @entity2142 and @entity1578 as the first manifestations of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'persons', 'women', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic diathesis']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['Acute liver failure']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['anasarca']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity2361 :: ('MESH:D010396', 'Chemical') :: ['D-penicillamine']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity3521 :: ('MESH:D012303', 'Disease') :: ['Kayser-Fleischer ring']

entities_list: @entity2360 :: ('MESH:D006527', 'Disease') :: ['WD', 'Wilson disease']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['haemolytic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

answer: @entity2360 :: (MESH:D006527,Disease) :: ['Wilson's disease']


abstract: @entity879 and @entity2142 appeared quite suddenly as the first manifestations of @entity2360 ( @entity2360 ) in five of our @entity1 previously regarded as healthy @entity1 (although an interview showed that 2-4 weeks prior to the illness the @entity1 complained of several non-specific symptoms, such as @entity490 , @entity10 , @entity221 , @entity425 or behavioural changes). All the @entity1 were young @entity1 (17-23 years), none of them had any history of @entity409 . They were admitted with icterus, @entity390 , @entity391 and symptoms of increasing haemolysis. The diagnosis of @entity2360 was given as disturbed @entity920 metabolism. After a short period of observation ascites and @entity4 occurred, @entity548 and other symptoms of @entity1578 increased. Levels of clotting factors decreased rapidly. Despite treatment with @entity2361 , plasmapheresis, and symptomatic drugs, three of the @entity1 died in irreversible liver @entity772 , due to the unavailability of liver transplantation. The fourth @entity1 was carried to the Transplantation Centre, due to aggravation of the symptoms of @entity1578 , where liver transplantation was performed. Histopathologically micronodular @entity82 was shown in all these cases. The fifth @entity1 survived having undergone the above treatment without liver transplantation. The main differences between the @entity1 who survived and those who died or underwent transplantation were relatively higher activity of alkaline phosphatase (26 U/l vs. 10-20 U/l), slightly higher levels of clotting factors and prothrombin time, which never fall below 68% of the control (versus 14-44% in other @entity1 ). Only in the surviving @entity1 was the @entity3521 present. In four of our @entity1 we found family members who were carriers of @entity2360 .

title: Acute XXXX and @entity1578 as the first manifestations of @entity2360 .

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

answer: @entity2142 :: (MESH:D006461,Disease) :: ['haemolytic syndrome']


abstract: @entity879 and @entity2142 appeared quite suddenly as the first manifestations of @entity2360 ( @entity2360 ) in five of our @entity1 previously regarded as healthy @entity1 (although an interview showed that 2-4 weeks prior to the illness the @entity1 complained of several non-specific symptoms, such as @entity490 , @entity10 , @entity221 , @entity425 or behavioural changes). All the @entity1 were young @entity1 (17-23 years), none of them had any history of @entity409 . They were admitted with icterus, @entity390 , @entity391 and symptoms of increasing haemolysis. The diagnosis of @entity2360 was given as disturbed @entity920 metabolism. After a short period of observation ascites and @entity4 occurred, @entity548 and other symptoms of @entity1578 increased. Levels of clotting factors decreased rapidly. Despite treatment with @entity2361 , plasmapheresis, and symptomatic drugs, three of the @entity1 died in irreversible liver @entity772 , due to the unavailability of liver transplantation. The fourth @entity1 was carried to the Transplantation Centre, due to aggravation of the symptoms of @entity1578 , where liver transplantation was performed. Histopathologically micronodular @entity82 was shown in all these cases. The fifth @entity1 survived having undergone the above treatment without liver transplantation. The main differences between the @entity1 who survived and those who died or underwent transplantation were relatively higher activity of alkaline phosphatase (26 U/l vs. 10-20 U/l), slightly higher levels of clotting factors and prothrombin time, which never fall below 68% of the control (versus 14-44% in other @entity1 ). Only in the surviving @entity1 was the @entity3521 present. In four of our @entity1 we found family members who were carriers of @entity2360 .

title: Acute @entity2142 and XXXX as the first manifestations of @entity2360 .

answer: @entity1578 :: (MESH:D017093,Disease) :: ['liver failure']


abstract: Many hormones, growth factors, and cytokines regulate proliferation of their target cells. Perhaps the most universal signaling cascades required for proliferative responses are those initiated by transient rises in intracellular @entity460 ( @entity141 ). The major intracellular receptor for @entity141 is calmodulin (CaM). CaM is a small protein that contains four EF-hand @entity141 binding sites and is highly conserved among eukaryotes. In all organisms in which the CaM gene has been deleted, it is essential. Although @entity141 /CaM is required for proliferation in both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, the essential targets of @entity141 /CaM-dependent pathways required for cell proliferation remain elusive. Potential @entity141 /CaM-dependent targets include the @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase calcineurin and the family of multifunctional @entity141 /CaM-dependent protein kinases. Whereas these enzymes are essential in @entity14940 , they are not required under normal growth conditions in @entity375 . However, in @entity1 cells, studies demonstrate that both types of enzymes contribute to the regulation of cell cycle progression. Unfortunately, the mechanism by which @entity141 /CaM and its downstream targets, particularly calcineurin and the @entity141 /CaM-dependent protein kinases, regulate key cell cycle-regulatory proteins, remains enigmatic. By understanding how @entity141 /CaM regulates cell cycle progression in normal @entity1 cells, we may gain insight into how hormones control cell division and how @entity5 cells subvert the need for @entity141 and its downstream targets to proliferate.

title: Regulation of cell cycle progression by XXXX /calmodulin-dependent pathways.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity14940 :: ('162425', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity170 is associated epidemiologically with @entity731 and @entity407 . We previously found that atherogenic lipids regulate bone formation. To determine whether @entity407 also affects bone resorption, we compared osteoclastogenesis in marrow preosteoclasts derived from hyperlipidemic versus control @entity19 . METHODS: Nonadherent marrow cells from @entity1748 ( @entity1748 -/-)and C57BL/6J @entity19 were cultured with M-CSF and ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ( @entity5271 ). Functional @entity2527 activity, measured as number of resorption pits, was significantly greater in 12-month-old @entity1748 -/-. Similar results were obtained in 5- and 10-month-old @entity1748 -/- versus C57BL/6J @entity19 on a high-fat diet. Osteoclastic differentiation, indicated by @entity9334 ( @entity9334 ) activity, was significantly greater in the 12-month-old @entity1748 -/-, and there was a trend toward increased @entity9334 activity in @entity1748 -/- on a high-fat diet, at ages 5 and 10 months. Osteoclastic parameters correlated with total serum lipoproteins with a possible threshold effect. Osteoporotic @entity1 cortical bone stained positive for lipids in the perivascular space of Haversian canals by oil red O. The presence of lipid @entity8415 was detected in bone marrow from hyperlipidemic @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity407 may contribute to @entity170 via @entity79 .

title: @entity407 promotes XXXX potential of bone marrow cells ex vivo.

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperlipidemia', 'hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1748 :: ('16835(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['LDLR', 'low-density lipoprotein receptor-/-']

entities_list: @entity9334 :: ('11433(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['TRAP', 'tartrate resistant acid phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity8415 :: ('CHEBI:35924', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroperoxides']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['increased osteoclastic bone resorption']

entities_list: @entity2527 :: ('MESH:D001862', 'Disease') :: ['osteoclastic']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity2527 :: (MESH:D001862,Disease) :: ['osteoclastic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity170 is associated epidemiologically with @entity731 and @entity407 . We previously found that atherogenic lipids regulate bone formation. To determine whether @entity407 also affects bone resorption, we compared osteoclastogenesis in marrow preosteoclasts derived from hyperlipidemic versus control @entity19 . METHODS: Nonadherent marrow cells from @entity1748 ( @entity1748 -/-)and C57BL/6J @entity19 were cultured with M-CSF and ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ( @entity5271 ). Functional @entity2527 activity, measured as number of resorption pits, was significantly greater in 12-month-old @entity1748 -/-. Similar results were obtained in 5- and 10-month-old @entity1748 -/- versus C57BL/6J @entity19 on a high-fat diet. Osteoclastic differentiation, indicated by @entity9334 ( @entity9334 ) activity, was significantly greater in the 12-month-old @entity1748 -/-, and there was a trend toward increased @entity9334 activity in @entity1748 -/- on a high-fat diet, at ages 5 and 10 months. Osteoclastic parameters correlated with total serum lipoproteins with a possible threshold effect. Osteoporotic @entity1 cortical bone stained positive for lipids in the perivascular space of Haversian canals by oil red O. The presence of lipid @entity8415 was detected in bone marrow from hyperlipidemic @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity407 may contribute to @entity170 via @entity79 .

title: XXXX promotes @entity2527 potential of bone marrow cells ex vivo.

answer: @entity407 :: (MESH:D006949,Disease) :: ['Hyperlipidemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Poststroke @entity4854 (PSH) is a frequent finding for which there is currently no evidence to justify routine treatment. The United Kingdom @entity413 @entity2690 in @entity64 Trial (GIST-UK) is the only trial of @entity413 modulation in @entity64 from which evidence can be derived for the immediate management of PSH. Using safety-monitoring data from the trial we aimed to describe the immediate recovery of PSH in treated and control @entity1 , thus providing evidence for the use of @entity413 / @entity972 / @entity2690 (GKI) infusions as a means of maintaining euglycemia. METHODS: GIST-UK is a multicenter randomized controlled trial of GKI or saline infusions in @entity64 @entity1 presenting with mild to moderate @entity4854 (admission plasma @entity413 , 6.0 to 17 mmol). We analyzed the capillary BM and plasma @entity413 values in the 2 treatment groups to describe the recovery of PSH and the effectiveness of the GIST treatment regimen in maintaining euglycemia. RESULTS: The majority of @entity1 have only moderate PSH (mean plasma @entity413 , 8.37+/-SD 2.13). Without specific intervention, mean plasma @entity413 levels decline spontaneously. Treatment with the GIST GKI regimen rapidly achieved euglycemia at significantly lower levels than with saline hydration alone. Euglycemia was achieved with a median of 2 changes to the GKI regimen and a low risk of @entity4053 . CONCLUSIONS: GKI infusions as described in the GIST trial are a safe and effective means of correcting PSH and maintaining euglycemia in the acute phase of @entity64 . The clinical benefits of routine management of @entity4854 remain to be determined.

title: Poststroke XXXX : natural history and immediate management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke', 'acute stroke']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemia']


abstract: @entity2041 peroxidase (GPx) is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in @entity1 . We studied the relationship between erythrocyte GPx activity and fasting serum insulin, plasma @entity413 , and @entity2690 , estimates of insulin resistance from the homeostasis model of assessment as well as dietary fat intake in 408 normotensive nondiabetic pregnant @entity1 from Camden, NJ. GPx activity and the metabolic parameters were determined at entry to care (16 wk of pregnancy) and during the third trimester. GPx activity and the levels of insulin resistance increased significantly between entry and the third trimester. Statistically significant associations, all positive, were observed between GPx activity and fasting insulin (beta = 0.009, P < 0.001), @entity413 (beta = 0.975, P < 0.05), @entity2690 (beta = 1.537, P < 0.01), and insulin resistance from the homeostasis model of assessment (beta = 0.209, P < 0.01). Dietary intakes of fat and @entity1474 were positively correlated with GPx activity as well. African Americans had significantly higher GPx activity, dietary fat, and @entity5204 intake than Hispanics and Caucasians. In conclusion, we demonstrated that normal pregnancy is associated with increased GPx activity and insulin resistance. There are ethnic differences in antioxidant response and dietary fat intake. Our findings suggest a potential link among antioxidant defenses, insulin resistance, and dietary fat intake.

title: Association of XXXX peroxidase activity with insulin resistance and dietary fat intake during normal pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans']

entities_list: @entity5204 :: ('CHEBI:26208', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutathione']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2041 :: (MESH:D005978,Chemical) :: ['glutathione']


abstract: @entity1141 comprise a diverse group of conditions that usually compromise both linear growth and body proportions. It is of theoretical interest to evaluate the effect of @entity2338 treatment on linear growth, body proportion and final height in the different @entity1141 . Reported experience of @entity2338 treatment in short @entity1 with @entity1141 is sparse and often limited to short treatment periods and knowledge of its effects on final height and body proportion is generally lacking. Formal studies are almost all @entity5884 as the most common entity. First-year response is typically a 2-3 cm increase in growth velocity in prepubertal @entity1 , or a gain of about 0.5 @entity214 or less in relative height from a baseline level of -4 to -5 @entity214 . @entity2338 treatment for up to 5 years in achondroplasia can produce a total height gain of about 1 @entity214 . Apart from achondroplasia, treatment of @entity19008 and @entity36519 with @entity2338 has been reported in a small number of @entity1 . Long-term data are, however, lacking. Of theoretical interest is that in many syndromic or non-syndromic short-statured @entity1 body proportion, i.e. trunk to leg length ratio, does not seem to be dependent on the degree of @entity2338 sufficiency and does not seem to be changed by @entity2338 treatment. @entity2338 treatment, at least in the prepubertal period, does seem to influence degree of disproportion.

title: XXXX , growth hormone treatment and body proportion: comparison with other syndromic and non-syndromic short @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity36519 :: ('MESH:C537119', 'Disease') :: ['dyschondrosteosis']

entities_list: @entity5884 :: ('MESH:D000130', 'Disease') :: ['confined to achondroplasia']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal dysplasia', 'Skeletal dysplasias', 'skeletal dysplasias']

entities_list: @entity19008 :: ('MESH:C562937', 'Disease') :: ['hypochondroplasia']

answer: @entity1141 :: (MESH:C535662,Disease) :: ['Skeletal dysplasia']


abstract: @entity1141 comprise a diverse group of conditions that usually compromise both linear growth and body proportions. It is of theoretical interest to evaluate the effect of @entity2338 treatment on linear growth, body proportion and final height in the different @entity1141 . Reported experience of @entity2338 treatment in short @entity1 with @entity1141 is sparse and often limited to short treatment periods and knowledge of its effects on final height and body proportion is generally lacking. Formal studies are almost all @entity5884 as the most common entity. First-year response is typically a 2-3 cm increase in growth velocity in prepubertal @entity1 , or a gain of about 0.5 @entity214 or less in relative height from a baseline level of -4 to -5 @entity214 . @entity2338 treatment for up to 5 years in achondroplasia can produce a total height gain of about 1 @entity214 . Apart from achondroplasia, treatment of @entity19008 and @entity36519 with @entity2338 has been reported in a small number of @entity1 . Long-term data are, however, lacking. Of theoretical interest is that in many syndromic or non-syndromic short-statured @entity1 body proportion, i.e. trunk to leg length ratio, does not seem to be dependent on the degree of @entity2338 sufficiency and does not seem to be changed by @entity2338 treatment. @entity2338 treatment, at least in the prepubertal period, does seem to influence degree of disproportion.

title: @entity1141 , growth hormone treatment and body proportion: comparison with other syndromic and non-syndromic short XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Among the @entity5507 -associated risk factor, which can be influenced today, @entity417 is considered most relevant because it induces functional and organic alterations of cardiac/circulatory function. Research concerning influence of the @entity417 on the pulmonary hemodynamic and cardiac output (CO) in pre-uremic @entity1 are not available up to now. Cardiac and circulatory function of 52 @entity1 were examined before initiation of dialysis therapy using a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter. After excluding @entity1 with impaired cardiac pump function the results of 31 of the 52 @entity1 could be analyzed. They were divided into two groups (Hb > resp. < 7.0 g/dl): in @entity1 with severe @entity417 (Hb 5.7 +/- 0.6 g/dl; n = 7) cardiac index was higher (4.8 +/- 0.4 1/min/m2 < 0.01) compared with the other group (Hb 9.8 +/- 1.7 g/dl; n = 24; CI 3.9 +/- 1.1 1min/m2). The increase of cardiac index caused by @entity417 correlated with increased @entity64 volume and heart rate and lowered pulmonary and peripheral resistance. @entity1 with severe @entity417 showed a tendency to an impaired cardiac index below Hb < 5-6 g/dl. The hypercirculation did not cause an increase of the pulmonary arterial and pulmonary wedge pressure. Particularly in the case of already existing @entity296 and @entity453 the presence of @entity417 and @entity177 leads to a highly increased morbidity and mortality. This " @entity8 " is responsible for frequent @entity712 . Disturbances of cardiac/circulatory function are observed in pre-uremic @entity1 three times more frequently than in @entity1 after @entity583 . Early correction of @entity417 seems to reduce the risk of @entity455 and to improve the quality of life and the prognosis of pre-uremic @entity1 .

title: XXXX and its hemodynamic response--findings invasively determined over a period of 20 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['cardio-renal anemia-syndrom']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['refractory heart failure']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['fatal cardial complications']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Renal anemia']


abstract: The authors reviewed a series of 110 surgical specimens of primary @entity1149 from the Department of Pathology at the Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona Medical School, between 1987 and 1997. The sample included 25 @entity957 , 60 @entity420 , 14 @entity152 , and 11 @entity5 . Electron microscopic subcellular characteristics of the @entity2 cells were studied to define the squamous, adenoid, or neuroendocrine differentiation in each @entity5 . An immunohistochemical study for @entity4910 was performed in 96 cases. In 71 cases (65%) the author found a single ultrastructural differentiation, and in 30 cases (27%) ultrastructural differentiation was double: 25 adenosquamous and 5 adeno-neuroendocrine. In 3 cases a triple adeno- @entity1544 was found. There were no cases of @entity1544 . In 6 cases no differentiation of any kind could be found. @entity4910 overexpression was found in 58% of all @entity5 . The positive expression rates in @entity957 and @entity420 were 72% and 62%, respectively. In purely adenoid-differentiated @entity5 there was a strong association between high @entity4910 overexpression and differentiation (p=.006). In @entity133 the positivity rate was 70%; all were heavy expressers, compared with 25% of heavy expressers in @entity420 as a whole (p<.005). In purely squamous @entity5 differentiated ultrastructurally no relationship was found between high @entity4910 expression and degree of differentiation (p=.08). @entity2 are morphologically and molecularly heterogeneous, and certain molecular alterations are related to specific subcellular characteristics.

title: Ultrastructural and molecular heterogeneity in XXXX : study of 110 cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neuroendocrine tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancers', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['bronchioloalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous-neuroendocrine differentiation']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung carcinomas']


abstract: As part of a study of virulence gene regulation in @entity328 , we have identified a gene encoding a homologue of the staphylococcal catabolite control protein CcpA in the pneumococcal genome sequence. The pneumococcal protein, designated RegM, has significant similarity to members of the LacI/GalR family of @entity2348 . @entity20485 derivatives with insertion-duplication or deletion mutations in regM were significantly attenuated in virulence with respect to the wild-type strain. In defined media containing either @entity969 or @entity1132 as sole @entity505 sources, the in vitro growth rates of @entity20485 and the regM mutants were essentially the same. However, in the presence of @entity3649 the regM mutants grew significantly faster than the wild-type strain, whereas growth rates were significantly lower in the presence of @entity413 or @entity7969 . These data are consistent with the involvement of regM in the catabolism of @entity3363 in @entity2260 . RegM was a repressor of both @entity7791 activities in @entity2260 , but unlike the situation in certain other bacteria, it does not mediate the repression of these enzymes by @entity413 . The observed attenuation in virulence was not attributable to poorer growth of the regM mutants in @entity19 blood ex vivo, but nevertheless, the mutants were rapidly cleared from the blood of infected @entity19 in vivo. The regM mutation had no apparent impact on expression of several confirmed pneumococcal virulence proteins, but studies employing a lacZ transcriptional fusion construct indicated that mutation of regM resulted in a significant reduction in transcription of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis locus (cps). Thus, regM is the first gene outside of the cps locus to be implicated in regulation of capsular gene expression.

title: Role of RegM, a homologue of the catabolite repressor protein CcpA, in the virulence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity7791 :: ('MESH:D016537', 'Disease') :: ['alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial regulatory proteins']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity3649 :: ('MESH:D005690', 'Chemical') :: ['galactose']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity328 :: (1313,Species) :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The immunosuppressive drug @entity618 ( @entity2098 ) reduces expression of the @entity4725 and thereby prevents attachment of alloactivated leukocytes to donor endothelium. The authors speculated that @entity2098 might further diminish receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily which, however, act as homophilic binding elements. Because decrease of homophilic adhesion receptors correlates with @entity5 dissemination and @entity3 , @entity2098 could trigger development or recurrence of @entity5 . METHODS: The authors analyzed the influence of @entity2098 on homotypic adhesion receptors and its consequence for @entity5 cell attachment to an endothelial cell monolayer. @entity521 ( @entity521 ) cells, which self-aggregate by means of the homophilic-binding element @entity2940 ( @entity2940 ), were used. Effects of @entity2098 on the 140- and 180-kDa @entity2940 isoforms were investigated quantitatively by flow cytometry, Western blot, and reverse-transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The relevance of @entity2940 for @entity5 cell binding was proven by treating @entity521 with @entity2940 antisense oligonucleotides. RESULTS: @entity2098 profoundly increased the number of adherent @entity521 cells, with a maximum effect at 0.1 microM, compared with controls. Decrease of @entity2940 on the cell surface was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot and RT-PCR demonstrated reduced protein and RNA levels of the 140- and 180-kDa isoforms. Treatment of @entity521 cells with @entity2940 antisense oligonucleotides showed that reduced @entity2940 expression leads to enhanced @entity5 cell adhesion. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2098 decreases @entity2940 receptors, which is associated with enhanced @entity5 cell invasiveness. The authors conclude that an @entity2098 -based immunosuppressive regimen might increase the risk of @entity5 @entity3 if this process is predominantly conveyed by means of homophilic adhesion proteins.

title: Mycophenolate mofetil increases adhesion capacity of XXXX cells in vitro.

entities_list: @entity2940 :: ('4684', 'Gene') :: ['neural cell adhesion molecule', 'NCAM']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplastic tumors']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['NB', 'Neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['heterophilic binding elements intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The @entity9887 Effectiveness on Left ventricular MAss Reduction (TELMAR) trial will assess the effect of the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker, @entity9887 , on @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) compared with the b-blocker, @entity1406 , at similar antihypertensive doses. The rationale is that antihypertensives reduce @entity4346 , a cardiac adaptation to pressure overload, principally by pressure-related effects. Ang II plays a key role in pressure-independent mechanisms causing @entity4346 , and @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors induce more pronounced @entity4346 regression than some other antihypertensives. Blocking Ang II Type 1 receptors may be more effective than @entity1289 inhibition in reducing @entity4346 . TELMAR is a prospective, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial. A total of 140 @entity1 (age 18 80 years) with uncontrolled essential @entity101 (mean daytime systolic blood pressure [SBP] >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] >90 mmHg and/or night-time SBP >120 mmHg or DBP >70 mmHg, measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM]) and left ventricular mass index related to height (LVMI) >0.8 g/cm for females, >1.1 g/cm for males (defined by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) will be randomised to once-daily @entity9887 or @entity1406 . The @entity9887 dose will be 40 mg for the first two weeks, 80 mg for 5.5 months and 40 mg for the last two weeks. @entity1406 will be given at a dose of 47.5 mg for two weeks, 95 mg for 5.5 months and 47.5 mg for two weeks. Concomitant add-on medication with @entity918 and @entity3591 will be allowed. The primary endpoint is the percentage change in LVMI at treatment end versus baseline, using MRI. Secondary variables include blood pressure changes and response rates assessed by ABPM and manual cuff sphygmomanometry, and end-systolic wall stress, systolic @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) and diastolic @entity1002 determined by MRI. A separate study was performed prior to the main trial to define the normal range of MRI data in an age-matched population.

title: Reduction (TELMAR) as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in @entity1 with mild-to-moderate @entity101 --a prospective, randomised, double-blind comparison of XXXX with @entity1406 over a period of six months rationale and study design.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity1406 :: ('MESH:D008790', 'Chemical') :: ['Metoprolol', 'metoprolol']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['LVH', 'left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity9887 :: ('MESH:C084178', 'Chemical') :: ['Telmisartan', 'telmisartan']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular function', 'LVF']

answer: @entity9887 :: (MESH:C084178,Chemical) :: ['telmisartan']


abstract: The @entity9887 Effectiveness on Left ventricular MAss Reduction (TELMAR) trial will assess the effect of the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker, @entity9887 , on @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) compared with the b-blocker, @entity1406 , at similar antihypertensive doses. The rationale is that antihypertensives reduce @entity4346 , a cardiac adaptation to pressure overload, principally by pressure-related effects. Ang II plays a key role in pressure-independent mechanisms causing @entity4346 , and @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors induce more pronounced @entity4346 regression than some other antihypertensives. Blocking Ang II Type 1 receptors may be more effective than @entity1289 inhibition in reducing @entity4346 . TELMAR is a prospective, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial. A total of 140 @entity1 (age 18 80 years) with uncontrolled essential @entity101 (mean daytime systolic blood pressure [SBP] >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] >90 mmHg and/or night-time SBP >120 mmHg or DBP >70 mmHg, measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM]) and left ventricular mass index related to height (LVMI) >0.8 g/cm for females, >1.1 g/cm for males (defined by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) will be randomised to once-daily @entity9887 or @entity1406 . The @entity9887 dose will be 40 mg for the first two weeks, 80 mg for 5.5 months and 40 mg for the last two weeks. @entity1406 will be given at a dose of 47.5 mg for two weeks, 95 mg for 5.5 months and 47.5 mg for two weeks. Concomitant add-on medication with @entity918 and @entity3591 will be allowed. The primary endpoint is the percentage change in LVMI at treatment end versus baseline, using MRI. Secondary variables include blood pressure changes and response rates assessed by ABPM and manual cuff sphygmomanometry, and end-systolic wall stress, systolic @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) and diastolic @entity1002 determined by MRI. A separate study was performed prior to the main trial to define the normal range of MRI data in an age-matched population.

title: Reduction (TELMAR) as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in @entity1 with mild-to-moderate @entity101 --a prospective, randomised, double-blind comparison of @entity9887 with XXXX over a period of six months rationale and study design.

answer: @entity1406 :: (MESH:D008790,Chemical) :: ['metoprolol']


abstract: The @entity9887 Effectiveness on Left ventricular MAss Reduction (TELMAR) trial will assess the effect of the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker, @entity9887 , on @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) compared with the b-blocker, @entity1406 , at similar antihypertensive doses. The rationale is that antihypertensives reduce @entity4346 , a cardiac adaptation to pressure overload, principally by pressure-related effects. Ang II plays a key role in pressure-independent mechanisms causing @entity4346 , and @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors induce more pronounced @entity4346 regression than some other antihypertensives. Blocking Ang II Type 1 receptors may be more effective than @entity1289 inhibition in reducing @entity4346 . TELMAR is a prospective, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial. A total of 140 @entity1 (age 18 80 years) with uncontrolled essential @entity101 (mean daytime systolic blood pressure [SBP] >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] >90 mmHg and/or night-time SBP >120 mmHg or DBP >70 mmHg, measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM]) and left ventricular mass index related to height (LVMI) >0.8 g/cm for females, >1.1 g/cm for males (defined by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) will be randomised to once-daily @entity9887 or @entity1406 . The @entity9887 dose will be 40 mg for the first two weeks, 80 mg for 5.5 months and 40 mg for the last two weeks. @entity1406 will be given at a dose of 47.5 mg for two weeks, 95 mg for 5.5 months and 47.5 mg for two weeks. Concomitant add-on medication with @entity918 and @entity3591 will be allowed. The primary endpoint is the percentage change in LVMI at treatment end versus baseline, using MRI. Secondary variables include blood pressure changes and response rates assessed by ABPM and manual cuff sphygmomanometry, and end-systolic wall stress, systolic @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) and diastolic @entity1002 determined by MRI. A separate study was performed prior to the main trial to define the normal range of MRI data in an age-matched population.

title: Reduction (TELMAR) as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in @entity1 with mild-to-moderate XXXX --a prospective, randomised, double-blind comparison of @entity9887 with @entity1406 over a period of six months rationale and study design.

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The @entity9887 Effectiveness on Left ventricular MAss Reduction (TELMAR) trial will assess the effect of the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker, @entity9887 , on @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) compared with the b-blocker, @entity1406 , at similar antihypertensive doses. The rationale is that antihypertensives reduce @entity4346 , a cardiac adaptation to pressure overload, principally by pressure-related effects. Ang II plays a key role in pressure-independent mechanisms causing @entity4346 , and @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors induce more pronounced @entity4346 regression than some other antihypertensives. Blocking Ang II Type 1 receptors may be more effective than @entity1289 inhibition in reducing @entity4346 . TELMAR is a prospective, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial. A total of 140 @entity1 (age 18 80 years) with uncontrolled essential @entity101 (mean daytime systolic blood pressure [SBP] >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] >90 mmHg and/or night-time SBP >120 mmHg or DBP >70 mmHg, measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM]) and left ventricular mass index related to height (LVMI) >0.8 g/cm for females, >1.1 g/cm for males (defined by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) will be randomised to once-daily @entity9887 or @entity1406 . The @entity9887 dose will be 40 mg for the first two weeks, 80 mg for 5.5 months and 40 mg for the last two weeks. @entity1406 will be given at a dose of 47.5 mg for two weeks, 95 mg for 5.5 months and 47.5 mg for two weeks. Concomitant add-on medication with @entity918 and @entity3591 will be allowed. The primary endpoint is the percentage change in LVMI at treatment end versus baseline, using MRI. Secondary variables include blood pressure changes and response rates assessed by ABPM and manual cuff sphygmomanometry, and end-systolic wall stress, systolic @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) and diastolic @entity1002 determined by MRI. A separate study was performed prior to the main trial to define the normal range of MRI data in an age-matched population.

title: Reduction (TELMAR) as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in XXXX with mild-to-moderate @entity101 --a prospective, randomised, double-blind comparison of @entity9887 with @entity1406 over a period of six months rationale and study design.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In @entity25010 ( @entity25010 ), there is a large interfamily variation of phenotype. We report three subjects with @entity25010 in a single family (parents, two brothers and two sisters), of whom only one (proband) displayed classical features of the mineralocorticoid excess. The proband was a @entity1 found to be @entity101 and hypokalaemic at the age of 24 years. Plasma @entity916 activity was suppressed and plasma @entity1369 was repeatedly elevated. Blood pressure and @entity1369 levels normalized within 5 days of @entity619 therapy. The presence of a chimaeric @entity6043 / @entity6330 gene was demonstrated by long-PCR and Southern blotting (crossover site at the end of intron 3) in the proband, in the younger sister (sibling 1) and in the father. In these @entity1 , sequencing of the chimaeric portion of @entity6043 did not reveal any mutation, while sequencing of the chimaeric portion of @entity6330 showed a @entity66871 polymorphism in exon 7, known to cause only a minimal impairment of enzymatic activity. Sibling 1 was normotensive, normokalaemic and had normal PRA and @entity1369 . The father had normal blood pressure and @entity972 , low-normal PRA and normal @entity1369 . All three subjects had elevated levels of urinary @entity13232 and @entity49227 . Baseline @entity4420 ( @entity4420 ), @entity2819 (B) and @entity1369 were high in the proband and normal in the father and sibling 1; @entity4419 (S) and @entity701 (F) were normal. ACTH induced a normal increase of B, @entity4420 , S and F, and an excessive @entity1369 increase in all three @entity1 . Abnormalities in the chimaeric portions of CYB11B1 or @entity6330 genes did not account for the phenotypic disparity of the different members in a single @entity25010 family. Altered regulation of the chimaeric gene may be responsible for differences in its activity.

title: Coexistence of different phenotypes in a family with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity13232 :: ('MESH:C033689', 'Chemical') :: ['18-hydroxycortisol']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity4419 :: ('MESH:D003350', 'Chemical') :: ['11-deoxycortisol']

entities_list: @entity25010 :: ('MESH:C563177', 'Disease') :: ['GRA', 'glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity4420 :: ('CHEBI:16973', 'Chemical') :: ['11-deoxycorticosterone', 'DOC']

answer: @entity25010 :: (MESH:C563177,Disease) :: ['glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism']


abstract: Cranial @entity82 are rare and comprise less than one percent of all primary @entity79 . These painless progressively expanding destructive @entity79 produce @entity85 (commonest), @entity2694 (less common), peripheral @entity7577 (uncommon) and compressive central neurological manifestations (rarest). Until recently some of the primary @entity75 were either treated expectantly or excised incompletely. In a significant percentage of cases, these lesions were considered inaccessible. However, with the development of modern neuro-imaging ( @entity7994 ) and the applications of current skull base approaches, the more aggressive and radical surgical procedures are being undertaken, with a significant improvement in overall outcome. We present a series of 8 cases of @entity82 in the age group of 10-33 years with a mean age of 19.75 years. Four cases each had monostotic type and polyostotic type. All @entity1 presented with mild to moderate @entity10 , and seven cases with some form of @entity85 . In 4 @entity1 there was a unilateral proptosis, while only two had @entity227 . One @entity1 had @entity4838 and one @entity393 . In one case @entity82 was hemicranial, and in another case the disease was pancranial. Neuro-imaging studies have well delineated the extent of the lesions. In two @entity1 with @entity2694 , the removal of dysplastic bone, autoclaving and remodeling and replacement were performed. In two @entity1 of sphenoidal wing @entity82 a total excision was possible. In the remaining four @entity1 , a partial excision was performed. Overall outcome was good. There was no mortality. One @entity1 had recurrent post-operative extradural haematomas. The authors present the results of an analysis of eight surgically treated cases of symptomatic @entity82 along with their long-term outcome and the lessons learnt from this series.

title: Symptomatic XXXX : clinico-radiological analysis in a series of eight operative cases with follow-up results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deterioration']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous dysplasia', 'fibrous dysplasias', 'cranial fibrous dysplasias']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic skull base lesions']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['sino-orbital and auditive complications', 'unilateral fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone lesions', 'bone swellings']

entities_list: @entity7577 :: ('MESH:C536965', 'Disease') :: ['compressive cranial neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing impairment']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['cosmetic deformity', 'cosmetic deformities']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['cranial fibrous dysplasias']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of therapeutic modalities on survival of @entity1204 and also to evaluate the surgical morbidity and the prognostic importance of surgicopathological variables. METHODS: A hundred and ninety-six @entity1204 @entity1 treated at Hacettepe University Hospital between 1982 and 1997 were included. After initial diagnosis all @entity1 underwent surgical procedures including peritoneal cytology, infracolic omentectomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salphingoopherectomy, and complete pelvic-paraaortic lymphadenectomy. The mean age at initial diagnosis was 56 years (SD = 9.9 years) and the @entity1 were followed 3-18 years (median, 8 years). All @entity1 had @entity4348 . Stage IC and/or grade 3 @entity5 were considered high-risk factors and by this definition 147 (75%) @entity1 were low risk and 49 (25%) @entity1 were high risk. Forty-nine percent of high-risk @entity1 received adjuvant radiotherapy compared with 3.5% of @entity1 in the low-risk group. RESULTS: The 10-year disease-free and overall survival rates of the entire group were 97 and 98%, respectively. Ten-year overall survival rate for the low-risk group was 100% compared with 94% for @entity1 with high-risk features (P = 0.002). The 10-year disease-free survival rate in the high-risk group was 96% for 24 @entity1 who received adjuvant radiotherapy versus 92% for 25 @entity1 who did not receive adjuvant therapy (P = 0.53). Only high grade was a significant predictor of poor survival (P = 0.0004). Overall surgical morbidity rate was 8.1% without mortality related to surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical staging achieved excellent survival for @entity1204 @entity1 without incurring untoward morbidity and mortality. No survival advantage of adjuvant radiotherapy was detected even for high-risk @entity1 , so we suggest the use of radiotherapy may be reserved for relapse.

title: Is there a survival benefit to adjuvant radiotherapy in high-risk surgical XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['stage I endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4348 :: ('MESH:D018269', 'Disease') :: ['endometrioid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['stage I endometrial cancer']


abstract: To examine the effects of physical training on @entity413 effectiveness (S(G)), insulin sensitivity (S(I)), and endogenous @entity413 production (EGP) in middle-aged @entity1 , stable-labeled frequently sampled intravenous @entity413 tolerance tests (FSIGTT) were performed on 11 exercise-trained middle-aged @entity1 and 12 age-matched sedentary @entity1 . The time course of EGP during the FSIGTT was estimated by nonparametric stochastic deconvolution. @entity413 uptake-specific indexes of @entity413 effectiveness (S(2*)(G) x 10(2): 0.81 +/- 0.08 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.05 dl. min(-1). kg(-1), P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity [S(2*)(I) x 10(4): 24.59 +/- 2.98 vs. 11.89 +/- 2.36 dl. min(-1). (microU/ml)(-1). kg(-1), P < 0.01], which were analyzed using the two-compartment minimal model, were significantly greater in the trained group than in the sedentary group. Plasma clearance rate (PCR) of @entity413 was consistently greater in the trained @entity1 than in sedentary @entity1 throughout FSIGTT. Compared with sedentary controls, EGP of trained middle-aged @entity1 was higher before @entity413 load. The EGP of the two groups was similarly suppressed by approximately 70% within 10 min, followed by an additional suppression after insulin infusion. EGP returned to basal level at approximately 60 min in the trained @entity1 and at 100 min in the controls, followed by its overshoot, which was significantly greater in the trained @entity1 than in the controls. In addition, basal EGP was positively correlated with S(2*)(G) . The higher basal EGP and greater EGP overshoot in trained middle-aged @entity1 appear to compensate for the increased insulin-independent (S(2*)(G)) and -dependent (S(2*)(I)) @entity413 uptake to maintain @entity413 homeostasis.

title: S(G), S(I), and EGP of exercise-trained middle-aged XXXX estimated by a two-compartment labeled minimal model.

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: @entity174 are considered unstable spinal lesions. Chronic instability in this region leads to the development of an inflammatory @entity2070 , which can progress resulting in @entity1745 radiographically and a @entity602 clinically. In this report we document three cases of reversal of @entity2070 after @entity6350 transarticular screw fixation of an unstable odontoid @entity174 . Three @entity1 were identified with @entity174 and @entity1745 due to periodontoid @entity2070 formation. All @entity1 presented with a progressive @entity602 . All @entity1 underwent preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the craniovertebral junction. @entity6350 transarticular screw fixation was performed for stabilization of @entity6350 . Postoperatively there were no complications. Postoperative MRI at 6 months demonstrated resolution of the ventral @entity2070 . Moreover, all @entity1 exhibited improvement of preoperative @entity51 . MRI is the imaging technique of choice for diagnosis and follow-up of @entity1 with @entity174 . @entity6350 transarticular screw fixation provides a viable method for spinal stabilization in this region. In addition, stabilization can result in resolution of inflammatory @entity2070 formation secondary to instability of the @entity6350 articulation.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of resolution of periodontoid @entity2070 formation following XXXX posterior transarticular screw fixation.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['chronic odontoid fractures and ventral pannus', 'chronic odontoid fractures', 'fracture', 'Chronic odontoid fractures']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy syndrome']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

answer: @entity6350 :: (3183;717,Gene) :: ['C1/C2']


abstract: @entity174 are considered unstable spinal lesions. Chronic instability in this region leads to the development of an inflammatory @entity2070 , which can progress resulting in @entity1745 radiographically and a @entity602 clinically. In this report we document three cases of reversal of @entity2070 after @entity6350 transarticular screw fixation of an unstable odontoid @entity174 . Three @entity1 were identified with @entity174 and @entity1745 due to periodontoid @entity2070 formation. All @entity1 presented with a progressive @entity602 . All @entity1 underwent preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the craniovertebral junction. @entity6350 transarticular screw fixation was performed for stabilization of @entity6350 . Postoperatively there were no complications. Postoperative MRI at 6 months demonstrated resolution of the ventral @entity2070 . Moreover, all @entity1 exhibited improvement of preoperative @entity51 . MRI is the imaging technique of choice for diagnosis and follow-up of @entity1 with @entity174 . @entity6350 transarticular screw fixation provides a viable method for spinal stabilization in this region. In addition, stabilization can result in resolution of inflammatory @entity2070 formation secondary to instability of the @entity6350 articulation.

title: Magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of resolution of periodontoid XXXX formation following @entity6350 posterior transarticular screw fixation.

answer: @entity2070 :: (MESH:C537858,Disease) :: ['pannus']


abstract: A number of highly virulent, intracellular bacteria are known to induce cell death by apoptosis in infected host cells. In this work we demonstrate that phagocytosis of bacteria from the @entity526 laboratory strain K12 DH5alpha is a potent cell death stimulus for @entity19 macrophages. RAW264.7 @entity19 macrophages took up bacteria and digested them within 2-4 h as investigated with green fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria. No evidence of apoptosis was seen at 8 h postexposure, but at 24 h approximately 70% of macrophages displayed an apoptotic phenotype by a series of parameters. Apoptosis was blocked by inhibition of caspases or by forced expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein @entity1379 . Processing of @entity185 and @entity7349 but not @entity4699 was seen suggesting that the mitochondrial branch of the apoptotic pathway was activated. Active effector caspases could be detected in two different assays. Because the adapter molecule @entity5001 ( @entity5001 ) has been implicated in apoptosis, involvement of the Toll-like receptor pathway was investigated. In RAW264.7 cells, heat-treated bacteria were taken up poorly and failed to induce significant apoptosis. However, cell activation was almost identical between live and heat-inactivated bacteria as measured by extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, generation of free radicals, and @entity637 secretion. Furthermore, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild-type as well as from @entity5001 -deficient @entity19 underwent apoptosis upon phagocytosis of bacteria. These results show that uptake and digestion of bacteria leads to @entity5001 -independent apoptosis in @entity19 macrophages. This form of cell death might have implications for the generation of the immune response.

title: Caspase-9/-3 activation and apoptosis are induced in @entity19 macrophages upon ingestion and digestion of XXXX bacteria.

entities_list: @entity5001 :: ('17874(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['myeloid differentiation factor 88', 'MyD88']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: A number of highly virulent, intracellular bacteria are known to induce cell death by apoptosis in infected host cells. In this work we demonstrate that phagocytosis of bacteria from the @entity526 laboratory strain K12 DH5alpha is a potent cell death stimulus for @entity19 macrophages. RAW264.7 @entity19 macrophages took up bacteria and digested them within 2-4 h as investigated with green fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria. No evidence of apoptosis was seen at 8 h postexposure, but at 24 h approximately 70% of macrophages displayed an apoptotic phenotype by a series of parameters. Apoptosis was blocked by inhibition of caspases or by forced expression of the apoptosis-inhibiting protein @entity1379 . Processing of @entity185 and @entity7349 but not @entity4699 was seen suggesting that the mitochondrial branch of the apoptotic pathway was activated. Active effector caspases could be detected in two different assays. Because the adapter molecule @entity5001 ( @entity5001 ) has been implicated in apoptosis, involvement of the Toll-like receptor pathway was investigated. In RAW264.7 cells, heat-treated bacteria were taken up poorly and failed to induce significant apoptosis. However, cell activation was almost identical between live and heat-inactivated bacteria as measured by extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, generation of free radicals, and @entity637 secretion. Furthermore, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages from wild-type as well as from @entity5001 -deficient @entity19 underwent apoptosis upon phagocytosis of bacteria. These results show that uptake and digestion of bacteria leads to @entity5001 -independent apoptosis in @entity19 macrophages. This form of cell death might have implications for the generation of the immune response.

title: Caspase-9/-3 activation and apoptosis are induced in XXXX macrophages upon ingestion and digestion of @entity526 bacteria.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The first objective of this paper is to report the clinical symptoms of 77 @entity1 and the results of their neurologic, vestibular, and audiological evaluations done with magnetic resonance imaging, which confirmed @entity1645 . The second objective is to report how the results of a vestibular evaluation can help neurosurgeons decide on the need for surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of 77 @entity1 seen between 1988 and 2000. SETTING: Tertiary care center. @entity1 : The clinical data of @entity1 under diagnoses of @entity1645 , which was filed in the vestibular laboratory computer, was analyzed. INTERVENTION: The cases included in this study were derived from a population of @entity1 who were evaluated for @entity1296 , @entity393 , and @entity392 in the Torok Vestibular Laboratory. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Occurrence of central vestibular findings in the @entity1 with @entity1645 . RESULTS: In this group of 77 @entity1 , 10 had bilateral @entity1274 and 22 had unilateral @entity1274 of varying severities. Horizontal spontaneous nystagmus was noted in 27 @entity1 , vertical @entity346 in 3, and downbeat nystagmus in 4 others. Saccadic dysmetria was noted in 4 @entity1 , @entity346 was impaired in 3, and smooth-pursuit impairment was noted in 12 of the group. Positional nystagmus was noted in 9 @entity1 . The Torok monothermal caloric test showed normal responses in 19 @entity1 , hyperactive responses in 43, decruitment in 45, and rebound caloric nystagmus in 20. Surgical decompression of the @entity1645 was completed in 33 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: From this study it is clear that the results of the basic vestibular function-test battery reflect the functional deficit in the vestibulocerebellum that is presumed by its ectopic position. These tests results have given our neurosurgeons a stronger foundation on which to base surgical decisions for this disease.

title: The XXXX and the neurotologist.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1645 :: ('MESH:D001139', 'Disease') :: ['Chiari I malformations', 'Chiari I malformation']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['optokinetic nystagmus', 'upbeat nystagmus']

answer: @entity1645 :: (MESH:D001139,Disease) :: ['Chiari I malformation']