abstract: For palliative therapy during the chronic phase of @entity1860 @entity1863 has proved to be the drug of choice. During the past years @entity1862 and also interferon-alpha have gained increasing significance since they might prolong the duration of the chronic phase. In a multicenter study it is being determined, whether the use of @entity1862 or of interferon-alpha instead of @entity1863 prolongs the duration of the chronic phase of Philadelphia positive @entity1860 . Additional goals are the examination of whether the types of disease evolution and the terminal phases differ between the treatment groups, and the prospective recognition of prognostic criteria for the duration of the chronic phase of @entity1860 . By December 31, 1987, 326 @entity1860 - @entity1 had been randomized, 150 for @entity1863 , 150 for @entity1862 and 26 for interferon-alpha. The average age is 50 years. 59 @entity1 reached the end of the chronic phase, 55 died. The mean observation time of all @entity1 is 1.34 years. At present no significant difference in survival is recognizable between the @entity1863 and @entity1862 groups. Fewer adverse effects have been observed in the @entity1862 group. Philadelphia chromosome negative @entity1 show a higher average age and tend to have lower white blood cell and platelet counts. The number of @entity1 having received interferon-alpha is still too small to allow evaluation. This report intends to document organization and progress of this study which to our knowledge is, at present, the largest ongoing prospective multicenter study on the therapy of @entity1860 .

title: Randomized study on the treatment of XXXX ( @entity1860 ) in chronic phase with @entity1863 versus @entity1862 versus interferon-alpha.

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['busulfan']

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['chronic myeloid leukemia']


abstract: For palliative therapy during the chronic phase of @entity1860 @entity1863 has proved to be the drug of choice. During the past years @entity1862 and also interferon-alpha have gained increasing significance since they might prolong the duration of the chronic phase. In a multicenter study it is being determined, whether the use of @entity1862 or of interferon-alpha instead of @entity1863 prolongs the duration of the chronic phase of Philadelphia positive @entity1860 . Additional goals are the examination of whether the types of disease evolution and the terminal phases differ between the treatment groups, and the prospective recognition of prognostic criteria for the duration of the chronic phase of @entity1860 . By December 31, 1987, 326 @entity1860 - @entity1 had been randomized, 150 for @entity1863 , 150 for @entity1862 and 26 for interferon-alpha. The average age is 50 years. 59 @entity1 reached the end of the chronic phase, 55 died. The mean observation time of all @entity1 is 1.34 years. At present no significant difference in survival is recognizable between the @entity1863 and @entity1862 groups. Fewer adverse effects have been observed in the @entity1862 group. Philadelphia chromosome negative @entity1 show a higher average age and tend to have lower white blood cell and platelet counts. The number of @entity1 having received interferon-alpha is still too small to allow evaluation. This report intends to document organization and progress of this study which to our knowledge is, at present, the largest ongoing prospective multicenter study on the therapy of @entity1860 .

title: Randomized study on the treatment of @entity1860 ( XXXX ) in chronic phase with @entity1863 versus @entity1862 versus interferon-alpha.

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['CML']


abstract: For palliative therapy during the chronic phase of @entity1860 @entity1863 has proved to be the drug of choice. During the past years @entity1862 and also interferon-alpha have gained increasing significance since they might prolong the duration of the chronic phase. In a multicenter study it is being determined, whether the use of @entity1862 or of interferon-alpha instead of @entity1863 prolongs the duration of the chronic phase of Philadelphia positive @entity1860 . Additional goals are the examination of whether the types of disease evolution and the terminal phases differ between the treatment groups, and the prospective recognition of prognostic criteria for the duration of the chronic phase of @entity1860 . By December 31, 1987, 326 @entity1860 - @entity1 had been randomized, 150 for @entity1863 , 150 for @entity1862 and 26 for interferon-alpha. The average age is 50 years. 59 @entity1 reached the end of the chronic phase, 55 died. The mean observation time of all @entity1 is 1.34 years. At present no significant difference in survival is recognizable between the @entity1863 and @entity1862 groups. Fewer adverse effects have been observed in the @entity1862 group. Philadelphia chromosome negative @entity1 show a higher average age and tend to have lower white blood cell and platelet counts. The number of @entity1 having received interferon-alpha is still too small to allow evaluation. This report intends to document organization and progress of this study which to our knowledge is, at present, the largest ongoing prospective multicenter study on the therapy of @entity1860 .

title: Randomized study on the treatment of @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) in chronic phase with @entity1863 versus XXXX versus interferon-alpha.

answer: @entity1862 :: (MESH:D006918,Chemical) :: ['hydroxyurea']


abstract: For palliative therapy during the chronic phase of @entity1860 @entity1863 has proved to be the drug of choice. During the past years @entity1862 and also interferon-alpha have gained increasing significance since they might prolong the duration of the chronic phase. In a multicenter study it is being determined, whether the use of @entity1862 or of interferon-alpha instead of @entity1863 prolongs the duration of the chronic phase of Philadelphia positive @entity1860 . Additional goals are the examination of whether the types of disease evolution and the terminal phases differ between the treatment groups, and the prospective recognition of prognostic criteria for the duration of the chronic phase of @entity1860 . By December 31, 1987, 326 @entity1860 - @entity1 had been randomized, 150 for @entity1863 , 150 for @entity1862 and 26 for interferon-alpha. The average age is 50 years. 59 @entity1 reached the end of the chronic phase, 55 died. The mean observation time of all @entity1 is 1.34 years. At present no significant difference in survival is recognizable between the @entity1863 and @entity1862 groups. Fewer adverse effects have been observed in the @entity1862 group. Philadelphia chromosome negative @entity1 show a higher average age and tend to have lower white blood cell and platelet counts. The number of @entity1 having received interferon-alpha is still too small to allow evaluation. This report intends to document organization and progress of this study which to our knowledge is, at present, the largest ongoing prospective multicenter study on the therapy of @entity1860 .

title: Randomized study on the treatment of @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) in chronic phase with XXXX versus @entity1862 versus interferon-alpha.

answer: @entity1863 :: (MESH:D002066,Chemical) :: ['busulfan']


abstract: An indirect immunofluorescence (IF) test for Legionella antibodies has been used since 1978 at Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen. An increasing annual number of blood specimens from all parts of the country has been tested by IF and the number of Legionella antigens in the test was increased from 4 over 10 to 13, resulting in an ever growing number of seropositive @entity1 over the years. We investigated the occurrence of serologically diagnosed @entity281 from November 1982 through February 1985, a period of 28 months during which the same 13 Legionella antigens were applied in the IF test. We used CDC's criteria for the serological diagnosis of a current @entity281 : a greater than or equal to 4-fold rise in antibody titre to greater than or equal to 128 in the IF test. In a test of more than 5,000 blood specimens from 3,374 @entity1 , 69 were found to have diagnostic titre rises. When analysed according to serological reactions with three groups of antigens, seroconversion to a L. pneumophila antigen was found to be more frequent in @entity1 30-59 years old than seroconversion to a non-L. pneumophila Legionella antigen, while in the age group 60-69 this relation was reversed. Thirteen of the 69 @entity1 had acquired their infection abroad. Twelve of these were below the age of 60, and they had all seroconverted to a L. pneumophila antigen. Clinical data were in accordance with the assumption that Legionella may have been the aetiological agent of the disease in our @entity1 selected by serological criteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Seroepidemiological study of XXXX in Denmark. A 28-month retrospective survey.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Legionella infection', 'Legionella infections']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['Legionella infection']


abstract: The use of @entity2740 diuretics as one of the preferred antihypertensive medications has stood the test of time. Since the introduction of orally effective agents in 1957 to 1958, these drugs have continued to prove their usefulness. Numerous clinical trials have confirmed that these medications are as or more effective in reducing blood pressure and cardiovascular events than any of the other effective antihypertensive agents. Although some metabolic changes may occur with higher dosages of these medications, they seem to be of limited clinical significance. In addition to being well tolerated and effective. @entity2740 -type diuretics are less expensive than other agents. This should be considered in view of the fact that quality of care is not compromised when the less expensive medication is used. beta-Blockers should also be considered as a major drug class in the management of @entity101 @entity1 . There are few studies directly comparing these drugs with other agents. Although some data suggest that they are less effective in reducing CHD events in the elderly, there are numerous situations where beta-blockers are clearly indicated. Combination therapy with a beta-blocker and diuretic has been shown to be highly effective in reducing cardiovascular events in both @entity6 and nondiabetic @entity1 .

title: Continued importance of diuretics and beta-adrenergic blockers in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: A cell line (NCE-G28) was established from the biopsy material of a @entity1 @entity3038 of low histological differentiation. The initial cultures showed a mixed population of cells which in later stages became more uniform due to loss of slower growing constituents. The cells have been growing steadily for 20 months. A suspension of NCE-G28 cells injected s.c. as well as i.p. into @entity19 produced @entity5 in all cases. Histologically these @entity5 closely resembled the @entity5 . The @entity5 , the nude @entity19 @entity5 , and NCE-G28 cells were immunochemically positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein as well as for neural plasma membrane antigen A2B5 expression. Two cell strains, 9B2C and 9B2E, were obtained by cloning of the initial cultures and another strain, NCE- @entity71089 , was derived after explantation of a @entity19 heterotransplant. The two subclones were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein expression but stained for cell surface fibronectin. NCE- @entity71089 cells initially were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein but lost this property within 8 months of cultivation. Karyotype analysis of NCE-G28 and the three strains revealed hyperdiploidy and six structurally altered marker chromosomes five of which were shared by nearly all cells. Receptors for @entity4179 were detected in all cell lines with the highest levels (about 300,000 receptors/cell) in the parental cell line. The @entity4179 receptors had an affinity of 2.5 nM (Kd) and by affinity cross-linking analysis a molecular weight of 170,000 was found. Initially, NCE-G28 cells responded to @entity4179 as well as fibroblast growth factor with increased rates of proliferation, while platelet derived growth factor had no effect. In higher passages the growth factor sensitivity was reduced. Using antibodies directed against synthetic protooncogene peptides the production of @entity6006 immunoreactive material was detected. NCE-G28 cells produce an autocrine factor which stimulated proliferation. This factor is present in conditioned medium and is active on cultured @entity1653 and other @entity11 cell lines. NCE-G28 cells can be maintained in serum-free defined medium on plastic coated with fibronectin or an extracellular matrix from @entity291 corneal endothelial cells. The NCE-G28 cell line with its strains provide an in vitro model system in which the complexity of @entity3038 cell populations and the interaction of the cloned cellular constituents can be studied.

title: Biological and karyotypic characterization of a new cell line derived from @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3038 :: ('MESH:D018316', 'Disease') :: ['gliosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'solid tumors', 'original tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4179 :: ('1950', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas']

answer: @entity3038 :: (MESH:D018316,Disease) :: ['gliosarcoma']


abstract: A cell line (NCE-G28) was established from the biopsy material of a @entity1 @entity3038 of low histological differentiation. The initial cultures showed a mixed population of cells which in later stages became more uniform due to loss of slower growing constituents. The cells have been growing steadily for 20 months. A suspension of NCE-G28 cells injected s.c. as well as i.p. into @entity19 produced @entity5 in all cases. Histologically these @entity5 closely resembled the @entity5 . The @entity5 , the nude @entity19 @entity5 , and NCE-G28 cells were immunochemically positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein as well as for neural plasma membrane antigen A2B5 expression. Two cell strains, 9B2C and 9B2E, were obtained by cloning of the initial cultures and another strain, NCE- @entity71089 , was derived after explantation of a @entity19 heterotransplant. The two subclones were negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein expression but stained for cell surface fibronectin. NCE- @entity71089 cells initially were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein but lost this property within 8 months of cultivation. Karyotype analysis of NCE-G28 and the three strains revealed hyperdiploidy and six structurally altered marker chromosomes five of which were shared by nearly all cells. Receptors for @entity4179 were detected in all cell lines with the highest levels (about 300,000 receptors/cell) in the parental cell line. The @entity4179 receptors had an affinity of 2.5 nM (Kd) and by affinity cross-linking analysis a molecular weight of 170,000 was found. Initially, NCE-G28 cells responded to @entity4179 as well as fibroblast growth factor with increased rates of proliferation, while platelet derived growth factor had no effect. In higher passages the growth factor sensitivity was reduced. Using antibodies directed against synthetic protooncogene peptides the production of @entity6006 immunoreactive material was detected. NCE-G28 cells produce an autocrine factor which stimulated proliferation. This factor is present in conditioned medium and is active on cultured @entity1653 and other @entity11 cell lines. NCE-G28 cells can be maintained in serum-free defined medium on plastic coated with fibronectin or an extracellular matrix from @entity291 corneal endothelial cells. The NCE-G28 cell line with its strains provide an in vitro model system in which the complexity of @entity3038 cell populations and the interaction of the cloned cellular constituents can be studied.

title: Biological and karyotypic characterization of a new cell line derived from XXXX @entity3038 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Amphibian skin has functional characteristics of epithelium in the @entity1 distal nephron and plays an important role in @entity1372 and water metabolism in these animals. A peptide extracted from the skin of the Australian frog Crinia georgiana has been purified, has been determined to have the @entity535 sequence of [ @entity71090 -(Ile3-Val5)]angiotensin II, and recently has been synthesized. We studied the renal effect of synthetic frog skin angiotensin II (FSAII) infused via the renal artery in doses that were confined to the kidney. FSAII was infused intrarenally at 0.2, 2, and 4 pmol/kg.min in uninephrectomized conscious @entity235 (n = 5) in metabolic balance at a @entity1372 intake of 80 meq/day. FSAII was confined to the kidney, as demonstrated by the absence of any systemic pressor response and/or any increase in plasma @entity1369 concentrations during intrarenal FSAII infusion at @entity35 of 0.2 and 2 pmol/kg.min. At 4 pmol/kg.min, FSAII traversed the kidney in amounts sufficient to stimulate @entity1369 secretion (P less than 0.05). All three doses of FSAII caused significant antidiuresis and antinatriuresis, and decreased fractional excretion of @entity1372 . There were no changes in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or renal plasma flow (RPF) during FSAII infusion at 0.2 and 2 pmol/kg.min. At 4 pmol/kg.min, FSAII engendered a significant decrease in GFR and RPF, while the filtration fraction increased. There were no significant changes in arterial blood pressure at any dose of FSAII. When confined to the kidney, FSAII caused antidiuresis and anti-natriuresis in the absence of a change in GFR and RPF. These results provide evidence that angiotensin acts directly at the renal tubular level to alter renal function.

title: Intrarenal effects of [ XXXX -(Ile3-Val5)] angiotensin II in the conscious @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity71090 :: (MESH:C545237,Chemical) :: ['Ala-Pro-Gly']


abstract: Amphibian skin has functional characteristics of epithelium in the @entity1 distal nephron and plays an important role in @entity1372 and water metabolism in these animals. A peptide extracted from the skin of the Australian frog Crinia georgiana has been purified, has been determined to have the @entity535 sequence of [ @entity71090 -(Ile3-Val5)]angiotensin II, and recently has been synthesized. We studied the renal effect of synthetic frog skin angiotensin II (FSAII) infused via the renal artery in doses that were confined to the kidney. FSAII was infused intrarenally at 0.2, 2, and 4 pmol/kg.min in uninephrectomized conscious @entity235 (n = 5) in metabolic balance at a @entity1372 intake of 80 meq/day. FSAII was confined to the kidney, as demonstrated by the absence of any systemic pressor response and/or any increase in plasma @entity1369 concentrations during intrarenal FSAII infusion at @entity35 of 0.2 and 2 pmol/kg.min. At 4 pmol/kg.min, FSAII traversed the kidney in amounts sufficient to stimulate @entity1369 secretion (P less than 0.05). All three doses of FSAII caused significant antidiuresis and antinatriuresis, and decreased fractional excretion of @entity1372 . There were no changes in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or renal plasma flow (RPF) during FSAII infusion at 0.2 and 2 pmol/kg.min. At 4 pmol/kg.min, FSAII engendered a significant decrease in GFR and RPF, while the filtration fraction increased. There were no significant changes in arterial blood pressure at any dose of FSAII. When confined to the kidney, FSAII caused antidiuresis and anti-natriuresis in the absence of a change in GFR and RPF. These results provide evidence that angiotensin acts directly at the renal tubular level to alter renal function.

title: Intrarenal effects of [ @entity71090 -(Ile3-Val5)] angiotensin II in the conscious XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: We have investigated the relative roles of the @entity3414 + and L3T4+ T lymphocyte subsets in rejection of class-I-MHC-antigen-disparate skin and @entity5 allografts. To deplete T cells in vivo, rat anti- @entity3414 or anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were administered to adult-thymectomized (ATX) recipient @entity19 prior to transplantation. BALB/c ( @entity8022 ) recipient @entity19 rejected the Ia- Sarcoma I (Sa1) (H-2a) tissue culture-derived @entity5 after depletion of the L3T4+ T cell subset in vivo. In contrast, depletion of the @entity3414 + T cell subset permitted @entity5 growth in all recipient @entity19 . To determine the role of particular T cell subsets in rejection of Ld class-I-MHC-antigen-disparate allografts, BALB/c skin was transplanted to BALB/c-H-2dm2 recipient @entity19 . Skin grafts were rejected by control @entity19 with a @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) of 14.5 days. The @entity1349 of skin grafts for @entity19 treated with anti-L3T4 mAb was 16.6 days. In contrast, administration of anti- @entity3414 mAb alone ( @entity1349 = greater than 47 days) or together with anti-L3T4 mAb ( @entity1349 = greater than 50 days) caused prolonged or indefinite graft survival in all recipient @entity19 . Depletion of specific T cell subsets was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis and by analysis of T cell function in vitro. These results suggest that @entity3414 + T lymphocytes are essential for rejection of class-I-MHC-disparate allografts; indirect presentation of @entity22140 to L3T4+ T cells may not be necessary for rejection.

title: Cellular pathways for rejection of class-I-MHC--disparate skin and XXXX allografts.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'lethal tumor']

entities_list: @entity22140 :: ('MESH:D007519', 'Chemical') :: ['alloantigen']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['mean survival time', 'MST']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: Animal data suggest that @entity943 can result from a variety of mechanisms. In clinical settings, @entity943 that are easily initiated and terminated with programmed electrical stimulation are often designated as @entity591 . However, proof of reentry is contingent upon demonstration of the entire circuit; this relation has been proposed for @entity943 associated with large circuits, such as those seen in the @entity3153 . Reentry has also been proposed as the mechanism responsible for a variety of other @entity591 , including bundle branch and @entity2917 , permanent junctional reentrant @entity591 , reentry @entity591 associated with nodoventricular Mahaim fibers and inducible atrial and @entity1165 . Documentation of triggered rhythms as the mechanism responsible for clinical @entity943 has been even more difficult. Examples of @entity943 resulting from triggered activity may include those associated with @entity137 arising from the atria, the atrioventricular junction or the ventricles. Clinical @entity943 due to triggered activity in the absence of digitalis have also been described. @entity943 that cannot be induced by electrical stimulation are presumably due to normal or abnormal automaticity. Examples of normal automaticity in the @entity1 heart are sinus rhythm and junctional and idioventricular escape rhythms. @entity591 by abnormal automaticity have seldom been investigated for the purpose of documenting the mechanism and therefore the limited data available make it difficult to draw any final conclusions.

title: Mechanisms of clinical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2917 :: ('MESH:D013611', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['digitalis toxicity']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia', 'Tachycardias', 'tachycardias', 'reentry tachycardias']

entities_list: @entity3153 :: ('MESH:D014927', 'Disease') :: ['Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'cardiac arrhythmias', 'Cardiac arrhythmias']

answer: @entity591 :: (MESH:D013610,Disease) :: ['tachycardias']


abstract: The treatment of partial @entity410 in @entity1 is based on the use of first generation and recently introduced antiepileptic drugs as well as nonpharmacological treatments such as the ketogenic diet, vagus nerve stimulation and surgical therapy. The present review discusses the efficacy and tolerability of different treatment options for partial @entity410 in childhood. Few adjunctive or monotherapy, placebo-controlled or comparative trials of the first-generation antiepileptic drugs and some of the more recently introduced antiepileptic drugs have been performed in @entity1 . This can be explained by the fact that it is only relatively recently (1989) that the International League against @entity302 proposed that randomised, controlled trials be included among the required criteria for assessing the efficacy and tolerability of an antiepileptic agent. This led to controlled, comparative trials among older antiepileptic drugs ( @entity109 , @entity3174 , @entity2049 and @entity1092 ), both in adults and in paediatric @entity1 , being performed relatively 'late', based on when these drugs were first introduced. @entity2049 and @entity1092 may still be considered as first-line antiepileptic therapies for @entity1 with partial @entity410 . @entity109 and @entity3174 are mostly considered as last choice drugs because of their adverse event profiles. The new generation of antiepileptic agents has added to the first- and second-line treatment options for paediatric partial @entity410 . To date, there are sufficient data to support the clinical use of some of the recently introduced antiepileptic drugs (e.g. @entity2051 , @entity1771 , @entity2682 and @entity2812 ) as adjunctive or first-line monotherapy. Because of the risk of @entity227 with @entity5305 , the use of this drug is currently limited to @entity1 refractory to other medications. @entity2810 , @entity2807 , @entity4677 and @entity10315 have been shown to be effective in adults with partial @entity410 ; however, at present there are not yet enough data on the efficacy of these drugs in @entity1 to support consideration of their use as either first-line or add-on therapy in this @entity1 population, although controlled studies are expected shortly. Furthermore, the use of @entity2807 is considerably limited by rare, but severe, hepatic and haematological @entity137 . Controlled trials for paediatric partial @entity410 are still lacking for the ketogenic diet and vagus nerve stimulation, though they may represent, in given @entity1 , useful adjunctive alternative treatments for refractory partial @entity410 . In conclusion, further trials are needed to determine an optimal sequence of first- and second-line therapies and to establish whether other newer antiepileptic drugs merit consideration as initial therapy in @entity1 with partial @entity410 .

title: Treatment of partial XXXX in childhood : an overview.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity2812 :: ('MESH:C047781', 'Chemical') :: ['lamotrigine']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field constriction']

entities_list: @entity4677 :: ('MESH:C026098', 'Chemical') :: ['levetiracetam']

entities_list: @entity2682 :: ('MESH:C040029', 'Chemical') :: ['gabapentin']

entities_list: @entity2051 :: ('MESH:C036006', 'Chemical') :: ['oxcarbazepine']

entities_list: @entity5305 :: ('MESH:D020888', 'Chemical') :: ['vigabatrin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity10315 :: ('MESH:C022189', 'Chemical') :: ['zonisamide']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital', 'Phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity1771 :: ('MESH:C052342', 'Chemical') :: ['topiramate']

entities_list: @entity2807 :: ('MESH:C047360', 'Chemical') :: ['felbamate']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine', 'Carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity2810 :: ('MESH:C059205', 'Chemical') :: ['Tiagabine']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizures']


abstract: Thrombelastography ( @entity17792 ) has been used to detect both exogenous and endogenous circulating heparin activity in clinical and laboratory settings. Thus, in this study I sought to compare the sensitivity of @entity17792 , activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and activated coagulation time (ACT) values with changes in anti-Xa activity after small-dose heparin administration in @entity95 . Conscious @entity95 (n = 11) had blood obtained from ear arteries for hematological analyses after the administration of 0, 10, 20, and 30 U/kg of IV heparin. Anti-Xa activities after the administration of 0, 10, 20, and 30 U/kg of heparin were, respectively, 38 +/- 9 mU/mL, 74 +/- 15 mU/mL, 105 +/- 14 mU/mL, and 134 +/- 17 mU/mL; all values were significantly different from each other. @entity17792 variables (R and alpha) significantly (P < 0.05) changed between 0, 10, and 20 U/kg heparin doses, but a difference between 20 and 30 U/kg could not be discerned secondary to loss of a detectable clot. The aPTT was significantly (P < 0.05) different between 0, 20, and 30 U/kg doses. ACT values were significantly different between the 0 U/kg heparin dose and all other doses; however, there were no significant differences between the 10, 20, and 30 U/kg heparin doses. Changes in anti-Xa activity were significantly linearly related to R (r = 0.81, P < 0.0001), alpha (r = -0.85, P < 0.0001), aPTT (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001), and ACT (r = 0.41, P = 0.005). In this model of small-dose heparin administration, @entity17792 variables were more sensitive to changes in heparin activity than aPTT and ACT. IMPLICATIONS: Changes in thrombelastography ( @entity17792 ) variables more sensitively reflect changes in circulating heparin activity than activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and activated coagulation time (ACT) after small-dose heparin administration in @entity95 . Thus, @entity17792 may be more helpful than aPTT and ACT in the detection of heparin in both laboratory and clinical settings wherein heparin may play a role in @entity1003 .

title: The detection of changes in heparin activity in the XXXX : a comparison of anti-xa activity, thrombelastography, activated partial thromboplastin time, and activated coagulation time.

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: The @entity7555 (coined to refer to @entity305 , @entity7555 , @entity2744 , M protein, and skin changes) remains poorly understood. Ambiguity exists over the features necessary to establish the diagnosis, treatment efficacy, and prognosis. We identified 99 @entity1 with @entity7555 . Minimal criteria were a @entity1897 and evidence of a monoclonal plasmaproliferative disorder. To distinguish POEMS from @entity16 associated with @entity1581 of undetermined significance, additional criteria were included: a @entity79 , @entity12692 , @entity7555 (or @entity3329 ), @entity2744 , @entity4 ( @entity4 , @entity843 , or effusions), and skin changes. The median age at presentation was 51 years; 63% were @entity1 . Median survival was 165 months. With the exception of fingernail clubbing (P =.03) and extravascular @entity1284 (P =.04), no presenting feature, including the number of presenting features, was predictive of survival. Response to therapy (P <.001) was predictive of survival. @entity120 , @entity177 , @entity715 events, and @entity712 were observed and appear to be part of the syndrome. In 18 @entity1 (18%), new disease manifestations developed over time. More than 50% of @entity1 had a response to radiation, and 22% to 50% had responses to @entity229 and a combination of melphalan and @entity229 , respectively. We conclude that the median survival of @entity1 with @entity7555 is 165 months, independent of the number of syndrome features, @entity79 , or plasma cells at diagnosis. Additional features of the syndrome often develop, but the complications of classic @entity1582 rarely develop.

title: XXXX : definitions and long-term outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1581 :: ('MESH:D010265', 'Disease') :: ['monoclonal gammopathy']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral edema', 'edema']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity12692 :: ('MESH:D005871', 'Disease') :: ['Castleman disease']

entities_list: @entity305 :: ('MESH:D011115', 'Disease') :: ['polyneuropathy']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone lesions', 'bone lesion']

entities_list: @entity2744 :: ('MESH:C567425', 'Disease') :: ['endocrinopathy']

entities_list: @entity7555 :: ('MESH:D016878', 'Disease') :: ['POEMS syndrome', 'organomegaly']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity1284 :: ('MESH:D019190', 'Disease') :: ['volume overload']

answer: @entity7555 :: (MESH:D016878,Disease) :: ['POEMS syndrome']


abstract: AIM: We aimed to review cases of primary subcutaneous @entity8434 whether this is a fearsome disease or a benign progressed pathology. These cysts are rare, have difficulty in diagnosis and management, particularly for inexperienced clinicians. METHODS: We searched key words of " @entity8434 , hydatid, soft tissue, subcutaneous, cutaneous" at MEDLINE/PUBMED. We eliminated unrelated articles, cases with primary visceral hydatid focus or muscular cysts. Twenty publications including 22 @entity1 were suitable for analysis. We contacted with authors of the articles for missing data. Follow-up periods and recurrences were updated. RESULTS: All @entity1 were from endemic areas and most from rural regions (90%). Most frequent locations were thigh (27%) and gluteal region (9%). Mean size was 5.7 + 3.1 cm (2-15 cm). Main symptom (70%) was painless, slow growing mass with normal overlying skin. Serologic tests were usually negative (79%). Only 45% of the @entity1 were diagnosed as hydatid cyst before treatment. Most cases (91%) were treated by surgical excision and spillage occurred at 25% of them. Cyst pouchs were irrigated with protoscolocidal solutions after cyst removal. There was no @entity2021 during procedures. There was no recurrence with a mean follow-up of 26 + 18 months (6-60 months). CONCLUSION: Primary subcutaneous hydatid cyst should be in mind for differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses particularly for @entity1 who lived in regions where hydatid cyst is endemic. There is no reported @entity2021 or recurrence during diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. Complete excision is the best treatment option. Primary subcutaneous @entity8434 generally look like a benign progressed disease.

title: Primary subcutaneous XXXX : a review of 22 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['hydatid cysts', 'echinococcosis']

entities_list: @entity2021 :: ('MESH:D000707', 'Disease') :: ['anaphylaxis']

answer: @entity8434 :: (MESH:D004443,Disease) :: ['hydatid cysts']


abstract: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and @entity1218 both produce enhanced @entity3695 ( @entity3695 ) gene transcription and @entity3695 secretion in GH4 @entity35 pituitary @entity5 cell lines. These agents also activate @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) in these cells. Previous studies have implicated the PKCepsilon isozyme in mediating @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 secretion. However, indirect studies using @entity4621 down-regulation to investigate the role of @entity7131 in EGF- and @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 gene transcription have been inconclusive. In the present study, we examined the role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes on EGF- and @entity1218 -induced activation of the @entity3695 promoter by utilizing general and selective @entity7131 inhibitors and by expression of genes for wild-type and kinase-negative forms of the @entity7131 isozymes. Multiple nonselective @entity7131 inhibitors, including @entity866 , @entity30825 I, and @entity11616 , inhibited both EGF and @entity1218 induced @entity35 @entity3695 promoter activity. @entity1218 effects were more sensitive to @entity11616 , a competitive inhibitor of @entity2366 , whereas @entity9295 , a selective inhibitor of @entity141 -dependent PKCs, produced a modest inhibition of EGF but no inhibition of @entity1218 effects. @entity12703 , a specific inhibitor of the novel nPKCdelta isozyme, significantly blocked both EGF and @entity1218 effects. Overexpression of genes encoding PKCs alpha, betaI, betaII, delta, gamma, and lambda failed to enhance either EGF or @entity1218 responses, whereas overexpression of nPKCeta enhanced the EGF response. Neither stable nor transient overexpression of nPKCepsilon produced enhancement of EGF- or @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 promoter activity, suggesting that different processes regulate @entity3695 transcription and hormone secretion. Expression of a kinase inactive nPKCdelta construct produced modest inhibition of EGF-mediated rPRL promoter activity. Taken together, these data provide evidence for a role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes in mediating both EGF and @entity1218 stimulated @entity3695 gene transcription. Both EGF and @entity1218 responses appear to require the novel isozyme, nPKCdelta, whereas nPKCeta may also be able to transmit the EGF response. Inhibitor data suggest that the EGF response may also involve @entity141 -dependent isozymes, whereas the @entity1218 response appears to be more dependent on @entity2366 .

title: Role of specific @entity7131 isozymes in mediating epidermal growth factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and XXXX regulation of the @entity35 @entity3695 promoter in GH4/ @entity35 pituitary cells.

entities_list: @entity2366 :: ('CHEBI:41847', 'Chemical') :: ['diacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity12703 :: ('MESH:C085746', 'Chemical') :: ['Rottlerin']

entities_list: @entity7131 :: ('MESH:D020151', 'Disease') :: ['protein kinase C', 'PKC']

entities_list: @entity4621 :: ('CHEBI:37532', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol ester']

entities_list: @entity866 :: ('MESH:D019311', 'Chemical') :: ['staurosporine']

entities_list: @entity30825 :: ('MESH:C088060', 'Chemical') :: ['bisindolylmaleimide']

entities_list: @entity11616 :: ('MESH:C058819', 'Chemical') :: ['Calphostin C']

answer: @entity4621 :: (CHEBI:37532,Chemical) :: ['phorbol ester']


abstract: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and @entity1218 both produce enhanced @entity3695 ( @entity3695 ) gene transcription and @entity3695 secretion in GH4 @entity35 pituitary @entity5 cell lines. These agents also activate @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) in these cells. Previous studies have implicated the PKCepsilon isozyme in mediating @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 secretion. However, indirect studies using @entity4621 down-regulation to investigate the role of @entity7131 in EGF- and @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 gene transcription have been inconclusive. In the present study, we examined the role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes on EGF- and @entity1218 -induced activation of the @entity3695 promoter by utilizing general and selective @entity7131 inhibitors and by expression of genes for wild-type and kinase-negative forms of the @entity7131 isozymes. Multiple nonselective @entity7131 inhibitors, including @entity866 , @entity30825 I, and @entity11616 , inhibited both EGF and @entity1218 induced @entity35 @entity3695 promoter activity. @entity1218 effects were more sensitive to @entity11616 , a competitive inhibitor of @entity2366 , whereas @entity9295 , a selective inhibitor of @entity141 -dependent PKCs, produced a modest inhibition of EGF but no inhibition of @entity1218 effects. @entity12703 , a specific inhibitor of the novel nPKCdelta isozyme, significantly blocked both EGF and @entity1218 effects. Overexpression of genes encoding PKCs alpha, betaI, betaII, delta, gamma, and lambda failed to enhance either EGF or @entity1218 responses, whereas overexpression of nPKCeta enhanced the EGF response. Neither stable nor transient overexpression of nPKCepsilon produced enhancement of EGF- or @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 promoter activity, suggesting that different processes regulate @entity3695 transcription and hormone secretion. Expression of a kinase inactive nPKCdelta construct produced modest inhibition of EGF-mediated rPRL promoter activity. Taken together, these data provide evidence for a role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes in mediating both EGF and @entity1218 stimulated @entity3695 gene transcription. Both EGF and @entity1218 responses appear to require the novel isozyme, nPKCdelta, whereas nPKCeta may also be able to transmit the EGF response. Inhibitor data suggest that the EGF response may also involve @entity141 -dependent isozymes, whereas the @entity1218 response appears to be more dependent on @entity2366 .

title: Role of specific @entity7131 isozymes in mediating epidermal growth factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and @entity4621 regulation of the @entity35 XXXX promoter in GH4/ @entity35 pituitary cells.

answer: @entity3695 :: (24683(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['prolactin']


abstract: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and @entity1218 both produce enhanced @entity3695 ( @entity3695 ) gene transcription and @entity3695 secretion in GH4 @entity35 pituitary @entity5 cell lines. These agents also activate @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) in these cells. Previous studies have implicated the PKCepsilon isozyme in mediating @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 secretion. However, indirect studies using @entity4621 down-regulation to investigate the role of @entity7131 in EGF- and @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 gene transcription have been inconclusive. In the present study, we examined the role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes on EGF- and @entity1218 -induced activation of the @entity3695 promoter by utilizing general and selective @entity7131 inhibitors and by expression of genes for wild-type and kinase-negative forms of the @entity7131 isozymes. Multiple nonselective @entity7131 inhibitors, including @entity866 , @entity30825 I, and @entity11616 , inhibited both EGF and @entity1218 induced @entity35 @entity3695 promoter activity. @entity1218 effects were more sensitive to @entity11616 , a competitive inhibitor of @entity2366 , whereas @entity9295 , a selective inhibitor of @entity141 -dependent PKCs, produced a modest inhibition of EGF but no inhibition of @entity1218 effects. @entity12703 , a specific inhibitor of the novel nPKCdelta isozyme, significantly blocked both EGF and @entity1218 effects. Overexpression of genes encoding PKCs alpha, betaI, betaII, delta, gamma, and lambda failed to enhance either EGF or @entity1218 responses, whereas overexpression of nPKCeta enhanced the EGF response. Neither stable nor transient overexpression of nPKCepsilon produced enhancement of EGF- or @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 promoter activity, suggesting that different processes regulate @entity3695 transcription and hormone secretion. Expression of a kinase inactive nPKCdelta construct produced modest inhibition of EGF-mediated rPRL promoter activity. Taken together, these data provide evidence for a role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes in mediating both EGF and @entity1218 stimulated @entity3695 gene transcription. Both EGF and @entity1218 responses appear to require the novel isozyme, nPKCdelta, whereas nPKCeta may also be able to transmit the EGF response. Inhibitor data suggest that the EGF response may also involve @entity141 -dependent isozymes, whereas the @entity1218 response appears to be more dependent on @entity2366 .

title: Role of specific XXXX isozymes in mediating epidermal growth factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and @entity4621 regulation of the @entity35 @entity3695 promoter in GH4/ @entity35 pituitary cells.

answer: @entity7131 :: (MESH:D020151,Disease) :: ['protein kinase C']


abstract: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and @entity1218 both produce enhanced @entity3695 ( @entity3695 ) gene transcription and @entity3695 secretion in GH4 @entity35 pituitary @entity5 cell lines. These agents also activate @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) in these cells. Previous studies have implicated the PKCepsilon isozyme in mediating @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 secretion. However, indirect studies using @entity4621 down-regulation to investigate the role of @entity7131 in EGF- and @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 gene transcription have been inconclusive. In the present study, we examined the role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes on EGF- and @entity1218 -induced activation of the @entity3695 promoter by utilizing general and selective @entity7131 inhibitors and by expression of genes for wild-type and kinase-negative forms of the @entity7131 isozymes. Multiple nonselective @entity7131 inhibitors, including @entity866 , @entity30825 I, and @entity11616 , inhibited both EGF and @entity1218 induced @entity35 @entity3695 promoter activity. @entity1218 effects were more sensitive to @entity11616 , a competitive inhibitor of @entity2366 , whereas @entity9295 , a selective inhibitor of @entity141 -dependent PKCs, produced a modest inhibition of EGF but no inhibition of @entity1218 effects. @entity12703 , a specific inhibitor of the novel nPKCdelta isozyme, significantly blocked both EGF and @entity1218 effects. Overexpression of genes encoding PKCs alpha, betaI, betaII, delta, gamma, and lambda failed to enhance either EGF or @entity1218 responses, whereas overexpression of nPKCeta enhanced the EGF response. Neither stable nor transient overexpression of nPKCepsilon produced enhancement of EGF- or @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 promoter activity, suggesting that different processes regulate @entity3695 transcription and hormone secretion. Expression of a kinase inactive nPKCdelta construct produced modest inhibition of EGF-mediated rPRL promoter activity. Taken together, these data provide evidence for a role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes in mediating both EGF and @entity1218 stimulated @entity3695 gene transcription. Both EGF and @entity1218 responses appear to require the novel isozyme, nPKCdelta, whereas nPKCeta may also be able to transmit the EGF response. Inhibitor data suggest that the EGF response may also involve @entity141 -dependent isozymes, whereas the @entity1218 response appears to be more dependent on @entity2366 .

title: Role of specific @entity7131 isozymes in mediating epidermal growth factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and @entity4621 regulation of the XXXX @entity3695 promoter in GH4/ @entity35 pituitary cells.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and @entity1218 both produce enhanced @entity3695 ( @entity3695 ) gene transcription and @entity3695 secretion in GH4 @entity35 pituitary @entity5 cell lines. These agents also activate @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) in these cells. Previous studies have implicated the PKCepsilon isozyme in mediating @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 secretion. However, indirect studies using @entity4621 down-regulation to investigate the role of @entity7131 in EGF- and @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 gene transcription have been inconclusive. In the present study, we examined the role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes on EGF- and @entity1218 -induced activation of the @entity3695 promoter by utilizing general and selective @entity7131 inhibitors and by expression of genes for wild-type and kinase-negative forms of the @entity7131 isozymes. Multiple nonselective @entity7131 inhibitors, including @entity866 , @entity30825 I, and @entity11616 , inhibited both EGF and @entity1218 induced @entity35 @entity3695 promoter activity. @entity1218 effects were more sensitive to @entity11616 , a competitive inhibitor of @entity2366 , whereas @entity9295 , a selective inhibitor of @entity141 -dependent PKCs, produced a modest inhibition of EGF but no inhibition of @entity1218 effects. @entity12703 , a specific inhibitor of the novel nPKCdelta isozyme, significantly blocked both EGF and @entity1218 effects. Overexpression of genes encoding PKCs alpha, betaI, betaII, delta, gamma, and lambda failed to enhance either EGF or @entity1218 responses, whereas overexpression of nPKCeta enhanced the EGF response. Neither stable nor transient overexpression of nPKCepsilon produced enhancement of EGF- or @entity1218 -induced @entity3695 promoter activity, suggesting that different processes regulate @entity3695 transcription and hormone secretion. Expression of a kinase inactive nPKCdelta construct produced modest inhibition of EGF-mediated rPRL promoter activity. Taken together, these data provide evidence for a role of multiple @entity7131 isozymes in mediating both EGF and @entity1218 stimulated @entity3695 gene transcription. Both EGF and @entity1218 responses appear to require the novel isozyme, nPKCdelta, whereas nPKCeta may also be able to transmit the EGF response. Inhibitor data suggest that the EGF response may also involve @entity141 -dependent isozymes, whereas the @entity1218 response appears to be more dependent on @entity2366 .

title: Role of specific @entity7131 isozymes in mediating epidermal growth factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and @entity4621 regulation of the @entity35 @entity3695 promoter in GH4/ XXXX pituitary cells.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['GH4C1']


abstract: In @entity1030 , skeletal muscle @entity855 resynthesis may be insufficient to meet demand during exercise due to excessive anaerobic and reduced oxidative (mitochondrial) energy production, leading to metabolic stress. We investigated the effect of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on the metabolic response (measured by exercise-induced accumulation of plasma @entity3265 ) and determined whether this response predicted functional improvement following PR. 25 subjects with stable @entity1030 [mean (SD) age 67 (8)years and FEV(1) 47 (18)% predicted] performed maximal cycling ergometry before and after PR. Plasma @entity3265 was measured at rest, during exercise and 2 min post-exercise. Following PR, there were significant increases in peak cycle WR and ISWT performance (Mean (SEM) changes 13.1 (2.0) W and 93 (15) m respectively, p < 0.001). Mean (SEM) rise in plasma @entity3265 was reduced at peak (Pre vs Post-PR: 29.0 (4.5) vs 20.2 (2.5)  mol/l, p < 0.05) and isotime (Pre vs Post-PR: 29.0 (4.5) vs 10.6 (1.7)  mol/l, p < 0.001) exercise. Improvements in exercise performance after PR were similar among subgroups who did versus those who did not show a rise in @entity3265 at baseline. The results suggest that muscle cellular energy production was better matched to the demands of exercise following PR. We conclude that a pragmatic outpatient PR programme involving high intensity walking exercise results in significant adaptation of the skeletal muscle metabolic response with a reduction in exercise-related metabolic stress. However, the outcome of PR could not be predicted from baseline metabolic response.

title: Exercise induced skeletal muscle metabolic stress is reduced after pulmonary rehabilitation in XXXX .

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: @entity47398 mRNA is present only in @entity375 alpha cells, not in a or a/alpha cells, and the transcript level increases about fivefold when cells are treated with a-factor mating pheromone. Deletions in the 5' noncoding region of @entity47398 defined a 43-base-pair (bp) upstream activation sequence (UAS) that can impart both modes of regulation to a @entity10937 -lacZ fusion when substituted for the native @entity10937 UAS. UAS activity required the alpha 1 product of MAT alpha, which is known to be required for transcription of alpha-specific genes. A chromosomal deletion that removed only 14 bp of the @entity47398 UAS reduced @entity47398 transcript levels 50- to 100-fold, indicating that the UAS is essential for expression. The @entity47398 UAS shares a 26-bp homology with the 5' noncoding sequences of the only other known alpha-specific genes, @entity71091 . We view the homology as having two components--a nearly palindromic 16-bp "P box" and an adjacent 10-bp "Q box." A synthetic @entity47398 P box was inactive as a UAS; a perfect palindrome P box was active in all three cell types. We propose that the P box is the binding site for a transcription activator, but that alpha 1 acting via the Q box is required for this activator to bind to the imperfect P boxes of alpha-specific genes. Versions of the P box are also found upstream of a-specific genes, within the binding sites of the repressor alpha 2 encoded by MAT alpha. Thus, the products of MAT alpha may render gene expression alpha or a-specific by controlling access of the same transcription activator to its binding site, the P box.

title: Identification of a DNA segment that is necessary and sufficient for alpha-specific gene control in XXXX : implications for regulation of alpha-specific and a-specific genes.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: The Medicare @entity454 program has received considerable attention as a model of government funding for high-cost medical treatment. This paper examines how the program has been influenced by renal transplantation. In the past decade, the number of kidney transplantations has increased substantially, and the success rate of these procedures has improved. From 1980 to 1985, the number of transplantations increased by 10 percent per year. During that time, the survival rates for grafts from cadavers and living related donors increased by 7 and 3 percent, respectively, in part because of the introduction of @entity205 . As a result, the fastest-growing group of beneficiaries of the Medicare @entity454 program are those with functioning grafts. As of the end of 1985, these @entity1 accounted for 18 percent of all beneficiaries and 32 percent of all beneficiaries less than 55 years of age. In the youngest groups, transplantation has reached a level sufficient to reduce the absolute numbers of @entity1 on dialysis, beginning in 1983. Increases in transplantation are not evenly distributed among subgroups of beneficiaries. Relatively few @entity1 65 years of age and older receive transplants; blacks receive transplants at a rate roughly half that among whites, but the rate is increasing. Because the costs of maintaining @entity1 with functioning grafts are only one third of those for @entity1 on dialysis and because the quality of life is usually much better, renal transplantation is causing a convergence of the best clinical and economic outcomes for @entity1 with @entity454 .

title: Effect of transplantation on the Medicare XXXX program.

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['end-stage renal disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic value of the preoperative serum alpha-L-fucosidase (AFU) activity in @entity14 and to assess whether it could add prognostic information that Dukes' stages do not give. METHODS: A postoperative follow-up of 137 @entity14 @entity1 was performed, and survival analyses were carried out to evaluate the impact of AFU activity on disease-free survival. Dukes' stage classification, preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels and six other clinicopathological features of the @entity1 were also analysed. RESULTS: In previous studies, we have stressed the diagnostic value of AFU activity in preoperatively obtained serum from @entity14 @entity1 . In the present work, we have found that the enzymatic activity of serum AFU was not related to the Dukes' stage of the primary @entity5 , but it was associated with the type of @entity3 and recurrence of the disease. The mean value of preoperative serum AFU activity was higher in @entity1 with distant metastases than in those with lymph node or peritoneal metastases, or without @entity3 (p = 0.034). After a mean postoperative follow-up period of 22 months, three groups of @entity1 with different recurrence rates could be distinguished (p = 0.0014). Similar results were found when only @entity1 in Dukes' stage B (p = 0.0439) or C (p = 0.0122) were considered. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, serum AFU activity appears to be a good prognostic factor of @entity5 recurrence in @entity14 . Furthermore, @entity1 in Dukes' stage B or C at high or very high risk of @entity5 recurrence could be spotted.

title: Preoperative serum alpha-L-fucosidase activity as a prognostic marker in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: @entity5 angiogenesis is a complicated process for which the mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical significance of several angiogenic factor expression as a predictor of the invasive/metastatic potential and of the prognosis of advanced @entity14 ( @entity14 ) in relation to their intratumoral histologic heterogeneity. One hundred fifty two @entity1 who had undergone surgical resection for advanced @entity14 entered this study. @entity1015 , @entity7 , and @entity9961 were examined immunohistochemically with antibodies 1C6-203, A-20, and C-20, respectively. @entity5 @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) was determined immunohistochemically with anti- @entity2280 antibody. Expression of @entity1015 , of @entity7 , and of @entity9961 at the deepest invasive site were detected in 77 (50.7%), 62 (30.8%), and 71 (46.7%) of the 152 lesions, respectively. @entity1015 , @entity7 , and @entity9961 expression at the deepest invasive site in lesions with liver @entity3 (77, 67, and 70%) was significantly higher than that in those without liver @entity3 (44, 34, and 41%). In cases with curative surgery, @entity1 with @entity1015 , @entity7 , and @entity9961 expression at the deepest invasive site had a significantly poorer prognosis than those without @entity1015 , @entity7 , and @entity9961 expression at the deepest invasive site. @entity1015 , @entity7 , and @entity9961 expression at the deepest invasive site correlated significantly with @entity2101 . Multivariate analysis with logistic regression for 5-year survival in @entity1 with curative surgery showed that lymph node @entity3 and @entity7 expression were significant risk factors. Expression of @entity1015 , @entity7 , and @entity9961 was correlated significantly with metastatic potential and prognosis in relation to @entity2101 . Of the several angiogenic factors, @entity7 expression at the deepest invasive site of @entity5 was the most statistically significant indicator of prognosis in advanced @entity14 .

title: Clinical significance of angiogenic factor expression at the deepest invasive site of advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['microvessel density', 'MVD']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: @entity281 in neonates include (1) infections beginning in skin or mucous membranes, (2) infections of the central nervous system, and (3) disseminated herpes of the newborn. Early recognition of infections beginning in skin or mucous membranes is essential because 75% will disseminate internally if untreated. @entity272 provide important diagnostic clues in herpes of the nervous system and disseminated herpes, but they often appear late and in only about 60% of infected neonates. @entity1033 and @entity12948 are effective therapies but they must be administered early to prevent serious damage or @entity204 . Herpetic @entity272 in neonates may be confused with @entity6793 . Direct immunofluorescence and cultures are reliable diagnostic tests. @entity12949 may cause widespread skin involvement and @entity156 . The mother is the source of neonatal herpes in about two thirds of cases. Asymptomatic genital shedding of virus late in pregnancy does not accurately predict whether maternal cultures will be positive at the time of delivery. The risk of the @entity1 acquiring neonatal herpes from a mother with recurrent herpes at birth is about 5%, but the risk is much higher if the mother has true primary @entity281 .

title: Antiviral treatment of XXXX in neonates and pregnant @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1033 :: ('MESH:D000212', 'Chemical') :: ['Acyclovir']

entities_list: @entity12948 :: ('MESH:D014740', 'Chemical') :: ['vidarabine']

entities_list: @entity12949 :: ('MESH:C536395', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital herpes']

entities_list: @entity6793 :: ('MESH:D011711', 'Disease') :: ['pyodermas']

entities_list: @entity156 :: ('MESH:D000015', 'Disease') :: ['multiple eye and nervous system diseases']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['genital infection', 'Herpes simplex infections']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['Skin lesions', 'skin lesions']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['herpes simplex infection']


abstract: @entity281 in neonates include (1) infections beginning in skin or mucous membranes, (2) infections of the central nervous system, and (3) disseminated herpes of the newborn. Early recognition of infections beginning in skin or mucous membranes is essential because 75% will disseminate internally if untreated. @entity272 provide important diagnostic clues in herpes of the nervous system and disseminated herpes, but they often appear late and in only about 60% of infected neonates. @entity1033 and @entity12948 are effective therapies but they must be administered early to prevent serious damage or @entity204 . Herpetic @entity272 in neonates may be confused with @entity6793 . Direct immunofluorescence and cultures are reliable diagnostic tests. @entity12949 may cause widespread skin involvement and @entity156 . The mother is the source of neonatal herpes in about two thirds of cases. Asymptomatic genital shedding of virus late in pregnancy does not accurately predict whether maternal cultures will be positive at the time of delivery. The risk of the @entity1 acquiring neonatal herpes from a mother with recurrent herpes at birth is about 5%, but the risk is much higher if the mother has true primary @entity281 .

title: Antiviral treatment of @entity281 in neonates and pregnant XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence and risk factors for reduced endothelial cell density before @entity231 surgery. SETTING: Ohtsuki Eye Clinic, Sendai, Japan. METHODS: The records of 1304 eyes of 700 consecutive Japanese @entity1 who had @entity231 surgery from 1995 through 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. The incidence of reduced endothelial cell density to less than 2000 cells/mm(2) was calculated, and potential risk factors for the reduced density were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean preoperative endothelial cell density was 2561.4 cells/mm(2) +/- 375.2 (SD). Reduced endothelial cell density was observed preoperatively in 123 eyes (9%) of 85 @entity1 (12%). In these @entity1 , factors responsible for the decrease were identified in 37 eyes (30%) of 28 (33%) @entity1 . Logistic regression analysis revealed that @entity2687 (P =.003), @entity2747 (P =.004), pseudoexfoliation (P =.031), and a history of @entity130 (P <.001) were significantly associated with reduced endothelial cell density. @entity231 and @entity358 were also significant risk factors (both P <.001). A subset quantitative comparison study showed that the mean endothelial cell densities in the subgroups of eyes with these risk factors were significantly less than those in a control group (P <.05, analysis of variance). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 10% of @entity1 had reduced endothelial cell density before @entity231 surgery; the reason for the reduction was unknown in two thirds. @entity231 and @entity358 were significant risk factors for reduced density. Although the mechanisms are unknown, @entity231 surgeons should recognize that @entity1 with these risk factors may have a poor endothelial reserve.

title: Risk factors for reduced corneal endothelial cell density before XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract', 'Advanced nuclear cataract']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal diseases']

entities_list: @entity2747 :: ('MESH:D015812', 'Disease') :: ['angle-closure glaucoma']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the value of various durations of ambulatory ECG recording with regard to providing useful prognostic information. The authors explored a decision theoretic approach to determine the most useful period of monitoring for making a treatment decision based upon postulated benefit-to-risk ratios of antiarrhythmic therapies. They used data collected as part of the Beta-Blocker @entity299 Trial (BHAT), a randomized clinical trial of @entity1169 versus placebo in 3,837 post- @entity583 @entity1 . In BHAT, 1,336 placebo-treated @entity1 had a 24-hour ambulatory ECG that had at least 23 readable hours. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for eight definitions of @entity943 using either total mortality or @entity944 ( @entity204 within one hour of symptoms) as an endpoint. These indices were obtained using the first 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours plus a random hour, a random daytime hour, and a random nighttime hour of the 24-hour ECG of 1,336 placebo-treated @entity1 . The study showed that in the case of high-risk, low-benefit therapies, no test is needed to make a treatment decision. No one should be treated. In the case of high-benefit, low-risk therapies, again, no test is required. Everyone should be treated. For therapies in the middle benefit-to-risk ratio range the most appropriate test for a treatment decision changes from the very specific to the most sensitive. Twenty-four hours of ambulatory monitoring is usually not necessary for a treatment decision, since four hours is likely to be sufficient.

title: The prognostic value of the duration of the ambulatory electrocardiogram after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Heart Attack']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial-infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmia']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: The secretion of transforming growth factors (TGFs) alpha and beta by normal, chemically transformed, and malignant @entity35 liver epithelial cell lines was investigated. The WB-F344 normal cultured @entity35 liver epithelial cell line does not secrete an epidermal growth factor-like (putatively @entity18696 ) activity, but several clonal cell strains derived from WB-F344 cells which had been treated with @entity2482 , especially those that expressed high levels of @entity5428 transpeptidase, secreted @entity18696 -like activity into their conditioned media. Cell lines obtained from @entity5 which were produced by these cell strains varied in their abilities to secrete @entity18696 , even though they all expressed high levels of @entity5428 transpeptidase activity. When two of the non- @entity18696 -secreting @entity5 cell lines were transplanted into isogeneic @entity35 , the @entity5 that formed contained high levels of @entity18696 -like activity. Although epidermal growth-factor (hence, @entity18696 also) inhibited the proliferation of several of these @entity5 cell lines in monolayer cultures, this growth factor often paradoxically stimulated the anchorage-independent growth of the same cell lines. In contrast to @entity18696 -like activity, all cell lines/strains released @entity1810 activity into their conditioned media. However, while both normal or chemically transformed cell strains typically produced the inactive form of @entity1810 , the @entity5 cell lines tended to produce activated @entity1810 de novo. Anchorage-independent growth of cell lines that produced active @entity1810 was either stimulated, inhibited, or unaffected by @entity1810 . Cell lines that were inhibited by @entity1810 concurrently produced @entity18696 which was usually able to overcome the negative "autocrine" effect of @entity1810 . We conclude that both @entity18696 and @entity1810 , singly or in combination, are variously involved in the growth of transformed @entity35 liver epithelial cells. @entity18696 has a predominantly positive autocrine action on the growth of @entity35 liver @entity5 cell lines. The "paracrine" effect of @entity1810 may be at least as important as its autocrine effect in the growth of these transformed epithelial cell lines.

title: Transforming growth factors produced by normal and neoplastically transformed XXXX liver epithelial cells in culture.

entities_list: @entity5428 :: ('CHEBI:24190', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-glutamyl']

entities_list: @entity2482 :: ('MESH:D008769', 'Chemical') :: ["N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'epithelial tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Knowledge of lymph node stage is the most important prognostic factor in @entity0 . The sentinel lymph node biopsy technique (SLNBT), initially developed to avoid unnecessary dissection in @entity320 , has been shown to be able to predict the axillary stage of @entity0 . The difficulty of applying the SLNBT in hospitals without a nuclear medicine service has led to the existence of external teams that allow these hospitals to apply the technique. OBJECTIVE: To test the application of the SLNBT in our hospital which has no nuclear medicine service. @entity1 AND METHODS: Coinciding with the validation of the SLNBT in the Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital in Badalona in November 1999, and with their help, the Centre Hospitalari de Manresa began to apply this technique. In 2002, the technique was used in all the hospitals of the ALTHAIA-Xarxa Assistencial de Manresa. From November 1999 to June 2005, the technique was applied in 163 @entity1 . RESULTS: Of the 163 @entity1 , the technical success rate was 97.55%. In 98% of the @entity1 , the sentinel lymph node was found in the axilla. In 10.7% of the @entity1 , the node was found in the internal mammary basin. Twenty-six percent of the axillas had metastases of over 2 mm, and 16% had micrometastases. One hundred and five @entity1 were spared axillary dissection. CONCLUSIONS: The SLNBT can be performed in a hospital without a nuclear medicine service. This technique improves and simplifies the surgical technique and reduces length of hospital stay and morbidity.

title: [Sentinel lymph node biopsy technique in XXXX surgery in a hospital without a nuclear medical service].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the maximal tolerated dose of hypofractionated @entity1514 radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for @entity5 @entity1 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Three radiotherapy regimens were used. Radiotherapy was given in two phases: @entity1 initially received 20 Gy in 10 fractions to gross @entity5 plus uninvolved mediastinal nodes, followed by a boost to gross disease of 30, 38, or 42 Gy in 15 fractions. Radiotherapy was planned with conformal techniques. All @entity1 received four cycles of @entity900 (25 mg/m2) and @entity2879 (100 mg/m2) chemotherapy. Radiotherapy commenced with Day 1 of Cycle 2 of chemotherapy. All complete/near-complete responders were offered prophylactic cranial irradiation. The maximal tolerated dose of radiotherapy was based on the dose that caused unacceptably high rates of radiotherapy-related @entity137 . RESULTS: Thirteen @entity1 were accrued. All @entity1 who commenced radiotherapy received all prescribed chemo- and radiotherapy. There were no treatment-related @entity204 . There was one Grade 3 acute nonhematologic @entity137 in the 50-Gy group. Of the 6 @entity1 given 58 Gy, 3 experienced acute Grade 3 @entity2910 . With a median follow-up of 7 months, median overall survival was 9.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: The maximal tolerated dose of @entity1514 radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy on this trial was 50 Gy in 25 daily fractions.

title: Phase I study of hypofractionated dose-escalated XXXX radiotherapy for @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'limited-stage small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

answer: @entity1514 :: (MESH:D013896,Disease) :: ['thoracic']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the maximal tolerated dose of hypofractionated @entity1514 radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for @entity5 @entity1 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Three radiotherapy regimens were used. Radiotherapy was given in two phases: @entity1 initially received 20 Gy in 10 fractions to gross @entity5 plus uninvolved mediastinal nodes, followed by a boost to gross disease of 30, 38, or 42 Gy in 15 fractions. Radiotherapy was planned with conformal techniques. All @entity1 received four cycles of @entity900 (25 mg/m2) and @entity2879 (100 mg/m2) chemotherapy. Radiotherapy commenced with Day 1 of Cycle 2 of chemotherapy. All complete/near-complete responders were offered prophylactic cranial irradiation. The maximal tolerated dose of radiotherapy was based on the dose that caused unacceptably high rates of radiotherapy-related @entity137 . RESULTS: Thirteen @entity1 were accrued. All @entity1 who commenced radiotherapy received all prescribed chemo- and radiotherapy. There were no treatment-related @entity204 . There was one Grade 3 acute nonhematologic @entity137 in the 50-Gy group. Of the 6 @entity1 given 58 Gy, 3 experienced acute Grade 3 @entity2910 . With a median follow-up of 7 months, median overall survival was 9.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: The maximal tolerated dose of @entity1514 radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy on this trial was 50 Gy in 25 daily fractions.

title: Phase I study of hypofractionated dose-escalated @entity1514 radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['limited-stage small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity15198 is defined as a partial closure of the medial half of the distal radial growth plate, with anatomical consequences (wrist deformity), and functional impairment (decrease range of motion, loss of grip strength, and @entity158 ). We report a new surgical procedure including a shortening of the ulna combined with slight @entity1347 aiming to correct the radio-ulnar dislocation and to improve the range of @entity717 , without correcting the @entity85 . METHODS: This was a retrospective study of four symptomatic wrists in three @entity1 . The follow-up was 24 months. @entity1 were assessed clinically and radiologically pre and post operatively. The ulnar shaft was shortened and anteriorly flexed through a dorsal and ulnar approach and fixed with a fitted internal @entity1289 plate. The aim of this osteotomy was to reduce the dislocated distal radio-ulnar joint. RESULTS: At 24 months follow-up, the function was considerably improved with a correction of the ulno-carpial conflict. The range of @entity717 improved. The post-operative views showed a correction of the dorsal dislocation of the ulnar head. CONCLUSION: This technique seemed to be safe and demonstrated good results in these four wrists. It should be proposed in @entity1 with @entity15198 and assessed prospectively.

title: [ XXXX : isolated ulnar wedge osteotomy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['forearm rotation', 'painfree forearm rotation']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['anterior flexion osteotomy']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['wrist pain']

entities_list: @entity15198 :: ('MESH:C562398', 'Disease') :: ['Madelung deformity']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['global deformity']

answer: @entity15198 :: (MESH:C562398,Disease) :: ['Madelung deformity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a brace intended to reduce load in @entity1 with medial or lateral compartmental @entity571 ( @entity571 ) and concurrent varus or valgus alignment, respectively. DESIGN: This multi-centre randomized controlled trial (performed 2001-2003) studies the additive effect of a brace intended to reduce load in conservative treatment of unicompartmental @entity571 of the knee. SETTING: Orthopedic department of a university medical centre and of one general hospital. The follow-up was 12 months. @entity1 : 117 @entity1 with unicompartmental @entity571 of the knee. Intervention group (n=60) comprising conservative treatment with additional brace treatment and a control group (n=57) comprising conservative treatment alone. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity158 severity and knee function score. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Walking distance and quality of life. ANALYSIS: Multiple linear regression models according to the intention-to-treat-principle were used to assess outcome differences for the entire group of @entity1 . In addition, we performed explorative subgroup analyses on primary overall outcomes stratified for alignment, degree of @entity571 , origin of @entity571 , and age. RESULTS: Although the primary outcome measures were improved in the intervention group in comparison with the controls at each assessment point, the differences reached only borderline significance. The reported walking distances at 3 months, 12 months and overall were significantly longer in the brace group (P=0.03, P=0.04 and P=0.02, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed a better effect in the varus group, in @entity1 with severe @entity571 , in @entity1 with secondary @entity571 and in @entity1 younger then 60 years. In total 25 @entity1 in the brace group and 14 in the control group changed their initial treatment, mostly (74%) because of a lack of beneficial effect. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that a brace intended to reduce load shows small effects in @entity1 with unicompartmental @entity571 . However, many @entity1 do not adhere in the long run to this kind of conservative treatment.

title: Brace treatment for XXXX of the knee: a prospective randomized multi-centre trial.

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: One of the most important mechanisms proposed in the pathogenesis of neurally mediated @entity1163 considers the stimulation of myocardial mechanoreceptors as the final trigger leading to reflex @entity551 and @entity1168 . The aim of our study was to analyze the modifications of systolic and diastolic velocities of the left ventricle by tissue Doppler echocardiography, during the upright tilt test, to confirm the presence of an increased ventricular contractility before @entity1163 . We evaluated 47 @entity1 (mean age 43 years) with unexplained @entity1163 and 13 healthy subjects. Three echocardiographic recordings were collected: at baseline, during the initial 5 minutes of the test, and after 15 minutes of tilt. The upright tilt test was positive in 28 @entity1 . During the test, all of them had a similar, significant, progressive reduction of left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left atrial area, and left atrial volume. In contrast, the left ventricular ejection fraction showed an early, more pronounced decrease in those with positive tests. By tissue Doppler echocardiography, the systolic waves remained almost unchanged, and the early filling waves decreased similarly in those with positive or negative findings and the controls. In contrast, the atrial filling waves showed a significant decrease only in @entity1 with positive tests. In conclusion, our study did not find increased ventricular contractility before @entity1163 . In contrast, a decreased atrial contribution to ventricular filling characterized @entity1 with positive upright tilt test results, which, we postulate, may be an important contributory factor to @entity907 .

title: Contribution of decreased atrial function in the pathogenesis of neurally mediated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal syncope']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity1163 :: (MESH:D013575,Disease) :: ['syncope']


abstract: @entity2753 is common and is associated with a poor prognosis. Traditional management with fluid restriction is difficult to maintain, and it is often ineffective. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tolvaptan versus fluid restriction on serum @entity1372 concentration. The study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, active-controlled, open-label trial. Twenty-eight hospitalized subjects with serum @entity1372 <135 mmol/L were enrolled in the study. After a 2-day run-in period, subjects were randomized 2:1 to tolvaptan alone (n = 17) or fluid restriction (1,200 ml/day) plus placebo (n = 11). Oral tolvaptan was started at 10 mg/day and increased to 60 mg/day as needed. Treatment was continued for up to 27 days, and follow-up continued for up to 65 days. The primary end point was the normalization of serum @entity1372 , defined as >135 mmol/L or a > or =10% increase from baseline. At the last inpatient visit, serum @entity1372 had increased by 5.7 +/- 3.2 mmol/L in the tolvaptan group and 1.0 +/- 4.7 mmol/L in the fluid restriction group (p = 0.0065). No differences in adverse events were observed between the groups. In conclusion, tolvaptan appears to be more effective than fluid restriction at correcting @entity2753 in hospitalized subjects, without an increase in adverse events.

title: Vasopressin v(2) receptor blockade with tolvaptan versus fluid restriction in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia', 'Hyponatremia']

answer: @entity2753 :: (MESH:D007010,Disease) :: ['hyponatremia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to evaluate serum and testicular @entity9315 levels and to find whether it is related to @entity444 in adult male offsprings exposed to cigarette smoking in utero. METHODS: Adult male @entity35 were divided in two groups: 1. 20 @entity35 born to mothers exposed to cigarette smoking (CS) during pregnancy (CSE group); 2. 20 @entity35 born to normal non exposed pregnant @entity35 (control group). @entity9315 concentration was determined by ELISA in the sera and testicular tissue of adult offsprings and also in sera of their mothers. Serum and testicular @entity251 , luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated using chemiluminescence immunoassay in adult male @entity35 . In male offspring also the body weight and testicular weight was measured. RESULTS: Significantly higher @entity9315 levels were found in serum and testicular homogenates of CSE male @entity35 and also in sera of their mothers when compared to controls (p<0.001). Moreover, in CSE male @entity35 the body weight, testicular weight, serum and testicular @entity251 as well as serum LH and FSH were significantly lower than these in controls (p<0.001). Significant positive correlation was found between serum and testicular @entity9315 in CSE group, while, in contrast, the correlations between serum @entity9315 level and the other studied parameters in the same group were significantly negative. CONCLUSION: The data obtained supported the view that @entity9315 operates as a modifier of @entity444 . Hyperghrelinemia as a result of maternal smoking during pregnancy may contribute to the suppression of male reproductive function. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of @entity9315 after quitting smoking.

title: XXXX as a regulator of gonadal function in adult male offsprings exposed to cigarette smoking in utero.

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary-gonadal axis']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity9315 :: (59301(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Ghrelin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously reported that post-mortem heparinization by closed-chest cardiac massage is beneficial in lung transplantation from non-heart-beating donors by preventing formation of microthrombi. In this study, we evaluated the optimal time for post-mortem heparinization in @entity235 lung transplantation from non-heart-beating donors. METHODS: Left lung transplantation was performed in 25 weight-matched pairs of mongrel @entity235 . Donors were killed with an intravenous injection of @entity4337 and left at room temperature for 2 hours. The cadaver donors were assigned randomly to one of five study groups. In Group H0, @entity6950 (1,000 U/kg) was given intravenously before @entity1167 . In Groups H10, H30, H45 and H60, @entity6950 (1,000 U/kg) was given intravenously 10, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after @entity1167 , respectively, followed by closed-chest cardiac massage for 2 minutes. After 2 hours of @entity1167 , donor lungs were flushed with low- @entity972 dextran @entity413 solution and preserved for 60 minutes. After left lung allotransplantation, the right pulmonary artery was ligated, and recipient animals were followed up for 3 hours. Uni- and multivariate repeat analyses were utilized for statistical assessment. RESULTS: After transplantation, gas exchange was significantly worse in Groups H45 and H60 than in Groups H0, H10 and H30. Thrombin/anti-thrombin III complex concentration during warm @entity63 was significantly higher in Groups H30, H45 and H60 than in Groups H0 and H10. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal time for post-mortem heparinization in lung transplantation from non-heart-beating donors is approximately 30 minutes after @entity1167 .

title: Optimal time for post-mortem heparinization in XXXX lung transplantation with non-heart-beating donors.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity6950 :: ('MESH:D006493', 'Chemical') :: ['heparin sodium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity4337 :: ('MESH:D011189', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium chloride']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: AIM: In this retrospective cohort study we investigated the long-term course and visual outcomes of intermediate @entity1596 (IU). METHODS: We performed an institutional study of @entity1 with IU with a follow-up of at least 10 years, followed at a tertiary referral centre. RESULTS: We studied 29 @entity1 with unilateral or bilateral IU. The average age at onset of IU was 31 (range 8-64) years. At onset, three @entity1 (10%) had associated @entity262 (two with @entity370 and one with @entity15 ) and one @entity1 had @entity738 annulare. During the follow-up period, one additional @entity1 was diagnosed with @entity370 and one with @entity15 . The percentage of eyes with @entity1939 and @entity227 gradually increased over time (from 9/53 (17%) at onset to 15/53 (28%) at 10-year follow-up), with @entity4 , @entity231 and vitreous opacities being the most common causes of @entity1018 . The presence of associated anterior @entity1596 was more frequently noted in @entity1 younger than 20 years at onset. Remissions of @entity32 of at least 1 year were noted in 10/29 (34%) of @entity1 . The mean time-to-remission was 8.6 years; @entity1 who had remissions were younger at the onset of IU than those with ongoing active IU (p = 0.036). Remissions of IU showed borderline association with the absence of @entity262 (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: One-third of IU @entity1 achieved a remission of their @entity32 for longer than 1 year and had a mean time-to-remission of 8.6 years. @entity1 who were younger at onset of IU were more likely to achieve remission than those who were older at onset.

title: Intermediate XXXX : long-term course and visual outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['vision loss']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['intraocular inflammation']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['macular oedema']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['legal blindness']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity1596 :: (MESH:D014605,Disease) :: ['uveitis']


abstract: Spontaneous luteal regression and @entity3009 -induced luteolysis in bitches were evaluated by measuring the apoptotic index for DNA fragmentation and the relative level of @entity46926 gene expression in ovaries removed from nine untreated nonpregnant bitches at selected times during diestrus and in nine pregnant bitches after 1 day of administering abortive doses of a @entity44494 -analog gel formulation given intravaginally at selected times during gestation. Nonpregnant diestrus was divided into three periods (early, mid and late) based on vaginal cytology and plasma @entity1420 concentration. Pregnant bitches were treated with a @entity44494 -analog gel at corresponding stages of pregnancy (early, mid and late) and evaluated by ultrasound. Another eight pregnant bitches were similarly studied and serum @entity1420 concentrations were determined after 1, 2, 3 or 4 days of @entity44494 -analog gel. Corpora lutea obtained by ovariohysterectomy were analyzed for apoptotic internucleosomal DNA fragmentation relative to that in a control cell line (U937), using an apoptotic DNA ladder kit and gel electrophoresis and for relative expression of the pro-apoptotic @entity46926 gene by RT-PCR and electrophoresis. In nonpregnant bitches, the DNA fragmentation apoptotic index was greater in late than in early diestrus (P < 0.01). The index after 1 day of @entity44494 -analog gel was higher in early pregnant bitches than in early diestrus bitches (P < 0.05); it was highest in midpregnancy (P < 0.05). The degree of apoptosis was related to the number of times @entity44494 -analog gel was administered. @entity46926 mRNA was detected in the corpus luteum (CL) and @entity46926 expression increased from early to middiestrus in nonpregnant subjects (P < 0.05). Potential elevation in @entity46926 due to @entity44494 -analog gel treatment in pregnancy was only significant in relation to normal diestrus during early pregnancy (P < 0.01). In conclusion, we inferred that the effects of endogenous or exogenous @entity3009 on CL life span in bitches involved increases in apoptotic activity and that increased apoptosis was implicated in normal luteal regression in nonpregnant bitches.

title: Apoptosis in canine corpus luteum during spontaneous and XXXX -induced luteal regression.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

answer: @entity3009 :: (CHEBI:26333,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the treatment of acute @entity385 , intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue plasminogen (rt-PA) and intraarterial (IA) interventions are often combined. However, the optimal dose of IV rt-PA preceding endovascular treatment has not been established. METHODS: Studies that used combined IV and IA thrombolysis were identified from a search of the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. We compared the rates of angiographic recanalization, symptomatic @entity1779 (sICH), and favorable functional outcome between @entity1 who had been treated with .6 mg/kg IV rt-PA and those who had received .9 mg/kg rt-PA. RESULTS: Eleven studies met our criteria. In 7 studies, .6 mg/kg IV rt-PA had been administered to 317 @entity1 , whereas 140 @entity1 in 4 studies had received .9 mg/kg of IV rt-PA. The weighted mean of median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at presentation was 18.3 in the .6 mg/kg group (median range 9-34), and 17.3 in the .9 mg/kg group (median range 4-39). @entity1 in the .9 mg/kg group had higher rates of favorable outcome [odds ratio (OR)=1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI)=(1.07-2.40), P=.022] and similar rates of sICH [OR=.86 (95% CI .41-1.83), P=.70]. Depending on the statistics used, the higher angiographic recanalization rate among @entity1 treated with .9 mg/kg was significant (P=.03, events/trial syntax logistic regression) or borderline significant (P=.07, random effects model). CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that using .9 mg/kg IV rt-PA prior to IA thrombolysis is safe and may be associated with higher recanalization rates and better functional outcome at 3 months.

title: Comparison of partial (.6 mg/kg) versus full-dose (.9 mg/kg) intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator followed by endovascular treatment for acute XXXX : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']