abstract: BACKGROUND: Body mass index [BMI, weight (kg)/height (m2)], a measure of relative weight, is a good overall indicator of nutritional status and predictor of overall health. As in many developing countries, the high prevalence of very low BMIs in India represents an important public health risk. @entity286 , smoked in the form of cigarettes or bidis (handmade by rolling a dried rectangular piece of temburni leaf with 0.15-0.25 g of @entity286 ) or chewed, is another important determinant of health. @entity286 use also may exert a strong influence on BMI. METHODS: The relationship between very low BMI (< 18.5 kg/m2) and @entity286 use was examined using data from a representative cross-sectional survey of 99,598 adults (40,071 @entity1 and 59,527 @entity1 ) carried out in the city of Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) in western India. @entity1 were @entity1 and @entity1 aged > or = 35 years who were residents of the main city of Mumbai. RESULTS: All forms of @entity286 use were associated with low BMI. The prevalence of low BMI was highest in bidi-smokers (32% compared to 13% in non-users). For smokers, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were OR = 1.80(1.65 to 1.96) for @entity1 and OR = 1.59(1.09 to 2.32) for @entity1 , respectively, relative to non-users. For smokeless @entity286 and mixed habits (smoking and smokeless @entity286 ), OR = 1.28(1.19 to 1.38) and OR = 1.83(1.67 to 2.00) for @entity1 and OR = 1.50(1.43 to 1.59) and OR = 2.19(1.90 to 3.41) for @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity286 use appears to be an independent risk factor for low BMI in this population. We conclude that in such populations @entity286 control research and interventions will need to be conducted in concert with nutrition research and interventions in order to improve the overall health status of the population.

title: Association between XXXX use and body mass index in urban Indian population: implications for public health in India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1318 is characterized by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax in response to swallowing and by an absence of peristalsis in the esophageal body. Absence of a gastric air bubble is a well known radiological finding. @entity384 results in reappearance of the gastric bubble. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 43-year-old Indian @entity1 with @entity1318 whose chest X-ray at the time of presentation showed an air bubble in the gastric region causing a diagnostic quandary. Successful dilatation of the lower esophageal sphincter resulted in the appearance of another air bubble in the gastric region. Proper analysis showed that the first bubble was actually a colonic air bubble of the @entity4558 and the appearance of the second bubble was the anticipated gastric air bubble. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 presenting with @entity1318 , a colonic air bubble may be seen in the gastric region causing diagnostic difficulty. In these @entity1 , a gastric air bubble may appear after pneumatic dilatation. At the end of the procedure, there will be two air bubbles ("double bubble"): a colonic and a gastric air bubble. To our knowledge, this finding has not been reported in the literature thus far.

title: Appearance of a double bubble in XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['Achalasia cardia', 'achalasia cardia']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Pneumatic balloon dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity4558 :: ('MESH:D013158', 'Disease') :: ['splenic flexure']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia cardia']


abstract: The effects of chronic antidepressants were investigated in an animal procedure for the study of @entity148 and anxiolytics, the conditioned suppression of operant behavior in @entity35 . In daily 18-min sessions, three periods of nonpunished lever pressing for food alternated with two 4-min periods signaled by a light-on conditioned stimulus during which 50% of the responses were randomly punished by electric foot shocks. Antidepressants were administered once daily for 7-8 weeks to trained, food-restricted @entity35 . @entity5829 (dose regimen increase from 4 to 16 mg/kg/day) induced a gradual (4-5-week latency) release of response suppression during punished periods over the course of several weeks of testing. This anxiolytic-like effect was still present 3 weeks following drug discontinuation. In contrast, chronic @entity2645 (dose regimen increase from 4 to 16 mg/kg/day), @entity5081 (4 to 16 mg/kg/day), @entity20919 (2 to 4 mg/kg/day), and @entity905 (1 or 8 mg/kg/day; constant dose), resulted in no change in punished responding, suggesting that no anxiolytic-like effect developed in the course of chronic treatment with these compounds. The largest dose of all antidepressants studied (except @entity905 ) induced a moderate to marked reduction of nonpunished performance that disappeared within 1 week after the last injection. A transient release of conditioned response suppression emerged during the week that followed discontinuation of @entity2645 , @entity5081 , and @entity905 (8 mg/kg/day). This apparent anxiolytic-like activity might be due to a reduction of some adverse effect induced by the high doses used, and/or might have resulted from a new dynamic equilibrium between @entity1154 release, reuptake processes, and sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors. In conclusion, operant conflict procedures in @entity35 seem not particularly able to model @entity1 @entity148 sensitive to chronic antidepressant treatments.

title: Effects of chronic antidepressants in an operant conflict procedure of XXXX in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity20919 :: ('MESH:D010624', 'Chemical') :: ['phenelzine']

entities_list: @entity5081 :: ('MESH:D008376', 'Chemical') :: ['maprotiline']

entities_list: @entity5829 :: ('MESH:D003891', 'Chemical') :: ['Desipramine']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: The effects of chronic antidepressants were investigated in an animal procedure for the study of @entity148 and anxiolytics, the conditioned suppression of operant behavior in @entity35 . In daily 18-min sessions, three periods of nonpunished lever pressing for food alternated with two 4-min periods signaled by a light-on conditioned stimulus during which 50% of the responses were randomly punished by electric foot shocks. Antidepressants were administered once daily for 7-8 weeks to trained, food-restricted @entity35 . @entity5829 (dose regimen increase from 4 to 16 mg/kg/day) induced a gradual (4-5-week latency) release of response suppression during punished periods over the course of several weeks of testing. This anxiolytic-like effect was still present 3 weeks following drug discontinuation. In contrast, chronic @entity2645 (dose regimen increase from 4 to 16 mg/kg/day), @entity5081 (4 to 16 mg/kg/day), @entity20919 (2 to 4 mg/kg/day), and @entity905 (1 or 8 mg/kg/day; constant dose), resulted in no change in punished responding, suggesting that no anxiolytic-like effect developed in the course of chronic treatment with these compounds. The largest dose of all antidepressants studied (except @entity905 ) induced a moderate to marked reduction of nonpunished performance that disappeared within 1 week after the last injection. A transient release of conditioned response suppression emerged during the week that followed discontinuation of @entity2645 , @entity5081 , and @entity905 (8 mg/kg/day). This apparent anxiolytic-like activity might be due to a reduction of some adverse effect induced by the high doses used, and/or might have resulted from a new dynamic equilibrium between @entity1154 release, reuptake processes, and sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors. In conclusion, operant conflict procedures in @entity35 seem not particularly able to model @entity1 @entity148 sensitive to chronic antidepressant treatments.

title: Effects of chronic antidepressants in an operant conflict procedure of @entity148 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8232 , a Rho kinase inhibitor, was reported to dilate the constricted ductus arteriosus in vitro, and was suggested as a neonatal bridge to heart surgery. OBJECTIVES: To clarify the in vivo effectiveness of @entity8232 to dilate the neonatal ductus arteriosus, and its usefulness as a bridge to heart surgery. METHODS: We studied the dose and timing of administration of @entity8232 in the neonatal @entity35 . Postnatal ductal closure was studied on the 21st gestational day following cesarean section and incubation for 30-480 min in room air at 33 degrees C, with a rapid whole-body freezing method. In control @entity35 , the ductus closed rapidly after birth, and the ductal diameter was 0.80 and 0.12 mm at 0 and 30 min after birth. @entity8232 was injected peritoneally into the neonate, and the ductus was studied 30 min after injection and 60 min after birth. RESULTS: @entity8232 , 10 mg/kg, injected within 5 min after birth, dilated the ductus completely to 0.8 mm, and the dose used clinically, 1 mg/kg, dilated the ductus to 0.4 mm. The ductus-dilating effect of @entity8232 decreased rapidly as the neonatal ductus constricted. @entity8232 , 100 mg/kg, dilated the ductus completely, but induced severe @entity1576 and frequent death in 1-hour-old @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity8232 dilates the neonatal ductus arteriosus dose-dependently in the @entity35 . @entity8232 in large doses dilates the neonatal ductus completely, but is associated with fatal side effects, including @entity1576 .

title: In vivo dilatation of the ductus arteriosus by Rho kinase inhibition in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8232 :: ('MESH:C049347', 'Chemical') :: ['Fasudil', 'Fasudil hydrochloride', 'fasudil']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4538 ) infects a number of organs and tissues in vivo. The different symptoms and tissue tropisms of @entity2803 perhaps result from genetic polymorphism. A new region of DNA containing at least 19 open reading frames (ORFs) (denoted UL133 to 151) was found in the low-passage HCMV clinical strain, Toledo, and several other low-passage clinical isolates, but not present in the HCMV laboratory strain, AD169. One of these genes, UL143, was studied to explore the sequence variability of UL143 ORF in HCMV clinical isolates and examine the possible association between gene variability and the outcome of @entity2803 . METHODS: The UL143 gene of the strains obtained from suspected congenitally HCMV-infected @entity1 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. RESULTS: Nineteen sequences of the strains were divided into 2 major groups, G(1) (n = 16) and G(2) (n = 3). All of the sequences had frame-shift mutation compared to Toledo. Nucleotide polymorphisms conferred substantial @entity535 substitutions when compared with Toledo. All 16 UL143 putative proteins of the strains in G(1) had a new myristylation site and loss of two @entity6164 sites owing to missense mutations. No convincing relationships were observed between the presence of HCMV disease and the UL143 sequence group. CONCLUSIONS: HCMV-UL143 existed in low passage isolates. Sequence variability caused by frame-shift mutation was found in all HCMV clinical strains. No obvious linkage was observed between UL143 polymorphisms and the outcome of suspected @entity2803 .

title: Sequence variability of XXXX UL143 in low-passage clinical isolates.

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['congenital HCMV infection', 'HCMV infection']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity4538 :: ('10359', 'Species') :: ['Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV']

answer: @entity4538 :: (10359,Species) :: ['human cytomegalovirus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinicopathological @entity5 and to calculate survival rates (SR) with disease free survival rates (DFSR) and recurrence rates (RR) in different treatment modalities and to compare the results of surgery alone and radiotherapy alone in stage I and stage II disease and to calculate better option of treatment in @entity5 . DESIGN: A longitudinal study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad (PIMS) from January 1987 to June 1998. @entity1 AND METHODS: Case histories of 67 @entity1 were collected from departmental record. Clinical data included age at diagnosis, gender of @entity1 , location of @entity5 , presenting symptoms and their duration, biopsy report, predominant histological pattern of @entity5 , nodal status, stage of @entity5 , treatment modality employed, @entity5 recurrence, @entity3 and survival rates with disease-free survival rates after 2 year s follow-up. RESULTS: Among 67 @entity1 there were 31 males and 36 females. Mean age was 50 years (range 20 to 80 years). Sixtyseven @entity1 with primary @entity5 constituted 38.8% of oral @entity5 during period of 1987 to 1998 in PIMS. Smoking, poor orodental hygiene (PODH) and betel nuts chewing were the main risk factors. Odynophagia and painful @entity1066 on lateral border of tongue were the main clinical symptoms with average duration of 7 months. Regional lymph nodes were palpable in 32.8%, 5.5% was in stage I, 35.8% in stage II, 29.8% in stage III, and 28.3% was in stage IV. No @entity1 was found to have distant @entity3 . Histopathology in 94% of cases was @entity957 ( @entity957 ). Recurrence and survival rates were determined in 49 @entity1 . Average time of recurrence was 12.5 months. Recurrence was 100% loco regional (LR). It was 85.7% in @entity1 treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone, 42.1% in @entity1 treated with surgery alone and 31.2% in @entity1 treated with combination of surgery and radiotherapy (RT). Two years survival was 64.2%, 84.2%, 93.7% and 2 years disease-free survival was 14.2%, 57.8% and 68.7% in @entity1 treated with radiotherapy, surgery and combination of radiotherapy (RT) and surgery respectively. CONCLUSION: In early stages of @entity957 could be used but surgery is better option to decrease the recurrence and to improve the quality of life. In late stages combination of surgery and RT is better than single modality treatment.

title: Clinicopathological XXXX and early @entity5 treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['presentation of tongue cancers', 'cavity cancers', 'early tongue cancers', 'cancer of tongue', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC', 'SCC of tongue either surgery or RT']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['presentation of tongue cancers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinicopathological @entity5 and to calculate survival rates (SR) with disease free survival rates (DFSR) and recurrence rates (RR) in different treatment modalities and to compare the results of surgery alone and radiotherapy alone in stage I and stage II disease and to calculate better option of treatment in @entity5 . DESIGN: A longitudinal study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad (PIMS) from January 1987 to June 1998. @entity1 AND METHODS: Case histories of 67 @entity1 were collected from departmental record. Clinical data included age at diagnosis, gender of @entity1 , location of @entity5 , presenting symptoms and their duration, biopsy report, predominant histological pattern of @entity5 , nodal status, stage of @entity5 , treatment modality employed, @entity5 recurrence, @entity3 and survival rates with disease-free survival rates after 2 year s follow-up. RESULTS: Among 67 @entity1 there were 31 males and 36 females. Mean age was 50 years (range 20 to 80 years). Sixtyseven @entity1 with primary @entity5 constituted 38.8% of oral @entity5 during period of 1987 to 1998 in PIMS. Smoking, poor orodental hygiene (PODH) and betel nuts chewing were the main risk factors. Odynophagia and painful @entity1066 on lateral border of tongue were the main clinical symptoms with average duration of 7 months. Regional lymph nodes were palpable in 32.8%, 5.5% was in stage I, 35.8% in stage II, 29.8% in stage III, and 28.3% was in stage IV. No @entity1 was found to have distant @entity3 . Histopathology in 94% of cases was @entity957 ( @entity957 ). Recurrence and survival rates were determined in 49 @entity1 . Average time of recurrence was 12.5 months. Recurrence was 100% loco regional (LR). It was 85.7% in @entity1 treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone, 42.1% in @entity1 treated with surgery alone and 31.2% in @entity1 treated with combination of surgery and radiotherapy (RT). Two years survival was 64.2%, 84.2%, 93.7% and 2 years disease-free survival was 14.2%, 57.8% and 68.7% in @entity1 treated with radiotherapy, surgery and combination of radiotherapy (RT) and surgery respectively. CONCLUSION: In early stages of @entity957 could be used but surgery is better option to decrease the recurrence and to improve the quality of life. In late stages combination of surgery and RT is better than single modality treatment.

title: Clinicopathological @entity5 and early XXXX treatment.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: When presented with results from clinical measurements or research findings, clinicians must first make an interpretation of their importance, not only in statistical terms, but also the 'clinical importance' given the size of the change observed. To do this, they require an understanding of the relationship between their outcome measures, and the @entity1 's perception of change. The @entity922 ( @entity922 ) illustrates this relationship by calculating the smallest change in a given outcome that is meaningful to a @entity1 . There are few reports of calculated MCIDs in the Rhinology literature. OBJECTIVE: To calculate MCIDs for common subjective and objective outcome measures in @entity2023 ( @entity2023 ). METHODS: Nine randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials in intermittent and persistent @entity2023 (pooled subjects, n=204) were analysed using anchor- and distribution-based approaches, applying regression and meta-analysis techniques. RESULTS: MCIDs were obtained for the Mini @entity7370 Quality of Life Questionnaire: 0.4 units, peak nasal inspiratory flow: 5 L/min and total nasal symptoms score: 0.55 units. Nasal NO measurement changes had no correlation with @entity1 perceptions of benefit. CONCLUSION: Estimates of MCIDs were obtained for common subjective and objective rhinological outcomes. MCIDs can and should be applied by physicians interpreting research findings, as well as researchers reporting their findings. We can then be confident that our changes in practice will be of perceptible benefit to the @entity1 .

title: The @entity922 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7370 :: ('OMIM:613207', 'Disease') :: ['Rhinoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['AR', 'allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['minimal clinically important difference', 'MCID']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: When presented with results from clinical measurements or research findings, clinicians must first make an interpretation of their importance, not only in statistical terms, but also the 'clinical importance' given the size of the change observed. To do this, they require an understanding of the relationship between their outcome measures, and the @entity1 's perception of change. The @entity922 ( @entity922 ) illustrates this relationship by calculating the smallest change in a given outcome that is meaningful to a @entity1 . There are few reports of calculated MCIDs in the Rhinology literature. OBJECTIVE: To calculate MCIDs for common subjective and objective outcome measures in @entity2023 ( @entity2023 ). METHODS: Nine randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials in intermittent and persistent @entity2023 (pooled subjects, n=204) were analysed using anchor- and distribution-based approaches, applying regression and meta-analysis techniques. RESULTS: MCIDs were obtained for the Mini @entity7370 Quality of Life Questionnaire: 0.4 units, peak nasal inspiratory flow: 5 L/min and total nasal symptoms score: 0.55 units. Nasal NO measurement changes had no correlation with @entity1 perceptions of benefit. CONCLUSION: Estimates of MCIDs were obtained for common subjective and objective rhinological outcomes. MCIDs can and should be applied by physicians interpreting research findings, as well as researchers reporting their findings. We can then be confident that our changes in practice will be of perceptible benefit to the @entity1 .

title: The XXXX in @entity2023 .

answer: @entity922 :: (MESH:D013568,Disease) :: ['minimal clinically important difference']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find the association of time of referral of asphyxiated newborns with the outcome. DESIGN: Observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Neonatal Unit of @entity1 's Hospital, Lahore, from August to December 2000. @entity1 AND METHODS: One hundred fifty newborns with @entity600 were studied, who fulfilled four out of six Levene criteria. Exclusion criteria included age more than 48 hours at the time of admission, @entity1576 due to other causes, birth weight less than 1500 grams, gestational age less than 34 weeks, major @entity600 , @entity4238 , severe @entity3638 , @entity693 and @entity3459 . Newborns were divided into two groups. Group A (n=78,52%) comprised of those newborns who reached our hospital within 12 hours after birth and group B (n=7, 48%) were those newborns who reached between 12-48 hours. Outcome was described either good outcome (newborns discharged from hospital in good clinical condition having normal vital signs, taking oral feed and not requiring medicine) or poor outcome (newborns expired during stay in neonatal unit). Chi-square test was applied and p-value was calculated. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen (117) newborns (78%) were males and 33 (22%) were females. Thirty-five (35) mothers (23%) had proper antenatal visits to trained medical professionals. Majority of mothers (n=59, 39%) had their visits to untrained midwives, 56 mothers (37%) to semi-trained @entity1 like a midwife, LHV or nurse. Majority (n =93, 61%) of study population were home delivered. Thirty-six newborns (24%) were delivered at private clinics and maternity homes while only 21 newborns (14%) came from tertiary care centers. Mortality was 24% in group A as compared to 76% in group B (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Those asphyxiated newborns who reached to a tertiary care hospital earlier had significantly better outcome as compared to those who arrived late. Early recognition of @entity600 and referral, therefore, reduces morbidity and mortality.

title: Does early referral to tertiary care decrease the mortality related to XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Children', 'PATIENTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations', 'birth asphyxia']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding disorders']

entities_list: @entity4238 :: ('MESH:D057215', 'Disease') :: ['dysmorphism']

entities_list: @entity3638 :: ('MESH:D006932', 'Disease') :: ['hyperbilirubinemia']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['birth asphyxia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Respiratory complications can undermine outcome from low cervical @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) (C5-T1). Most devastating of these is catastrophic loss of airway control. This study sought to determine the incidence and effect of catastrophic airway loss ( @entity4619 ) and to define the need for elective intubation with subsequent tracheostomy to prevent potentially fatal outcomes. METHODS: A database of 54,838 consecutive @entity1 treated in a level I @entity130 center between January 1988 and December 2004 was queried to identify @entity1 with low cervical @entity1566 , without @entity131 . @entity1 were then stratified into complete or incomplete @entity1566 groups, based on clinical assessment of their @entity1566 . Mortality, age, injury severity, need for intubation, and tracheostomy were analyzed for each group using Fisher's exact test or Student's t test, as appropriate, accepting p < 0.05 as significant. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-six @entity1 met inclusion criteria. The majority of low cervical @entity1566 were complete (58%). Overall, 127 (68%) @entity1 required intubation, 88 (69%) required tracheostomy, and 27 died (15% of study population). Between each group there were significant differences in age and Injury Severity Score, however, within each group there were no significant differences in either. Eleven CSCI @entity1 were not intubated; four of whom were at family request. Six of the remaining seven @entity1 encountered fatal catastrophic airway loss. One @entity1 was discharged to rehabilitation. @entity1 with incomplete @entity1566 required intubation less frequently (38%); however, 50% of those required tracheostomy for intractable @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that regardless of severity of low cervical @entity1566 , immediate, thorough evaluation for @entity1576 is necessary. Early intubation is mandatory for CSCI @entity1 . For incomplete @entity1 evidence of @entity1576 should prompt immediate airway intervention, half of whom will require tracheostomy.

title: Definitive establishment of airway control is critical for optimal outcome in lower cervical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary failure']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injuries', 'spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The most controversial problem in treating @entity174 is whether bone grafts are necessary for @entity174 . METHODS: We treated 105 @entity174 using Herbert screws (1988-1997), AO 3.0 mm cannulated screws (1998-2002), and Acutrak screws (2003-2006). The @entity1 ranged in age from 14 years to 67 years (average, 26 years). Our classifications were based on the radiographic findings: linear type (51 cases); cystic type (24 cases); and @entity3808 or displaced type (30 cases). Linear and cystic types did not have any displacement more than 2 mm. If the @entity174 line had a @entity3808 zone thicker than 1 mm, it was classified as @entity3808 or displaced. The length of time before surgery did not affect the classification. Osteosynthesis was performed--without bone graft in all linear cases, with a bone graft in 7 and without a bone graft in 17 cases in cystic type, and with all bone graft in @entity3808 or displaced type. RESULTS: Bone union was achieved in all cases in linear type. There were one failure (AO) in 7 cases with bone graft and 3 failures (1 Herbert and 2 AO) in 17 cases without bone graft in cystic type. All 10 cases achieved bone union without bone graft in cystic type using Acutrak screw. There were two failure cases (2 AO) in @entity3808 or displaced type. CONCLUSIONS: Screw fixation without bone graft using Acutrak screws was a reliable strategy for the treatment of @entity174 .

title: Percutaneous screw fixation without bone graft for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3808 :: ('MESH:C538213', 'Disease') :: ['sclerotic']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['cystic-type scaphoid fractures', 'cystic-type fractures', 'fracture', 'scaphoid fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['cystic-type scaphoid fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, performance monitoring has gained increasing attention as a tool for evaluating the delivery of health care services and is a topic of increasing importance in @entity130 systems. The main objective of this article is to illustrate a proactive method for assessing the performance of @entity130 centers in England and Wales, while taking into account common causes of variation. The aim is to present a methodology that is easily interpretable and avoids the spurious ranking of hospitals which can often lead to the misinterpretation on what is perceived to be the best and worst performing hospital, as measured by a prespecified performance indicator. METHODS: The Ws statistic was introduced over 10 years ago to quantify the performance of @entity130 care systems through definitive outcome based evaluation ( @entity38954 ) methods. Little advancement on this methodology has been made since its introduction. In this article, we highlight some of the limitations and problems associated with these @entity38954 methods and introduce the funnel plot, a form of control chart to monitor hospital performance. RESULTS: The number of @entity1 included in a Ws statistical analysis can seriously change the ranking of a hospital. These complex issues with ranking means that league tables (or standings charts), which form part of the @entity38954 method are an unsatisfactory method to represent performance indicators. The funnel plot methodology is an alternative graphical method for monitoring hospital performance, which has no emphasis on ranking. We demonstrate the method using mortality data and length of stay as the performance indicators. CONCLUSION: The funnel plot is a flexible, attractively simple method for comparing hospital performance and avoids spurious ranking of hospitals in league tables. The method can be applied to any number of performance indicators and can help formulate hypotheses about individual hospital characteristics likely to improve performance.

title: The use of statistical process control for monitoring institutional performance in XXXX care.

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: When the clinical decision to treat a @entity3124 patient with antibiotics has been made, one must attempt to identify the site of @entity281 based on clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory or diagnostic radiology studies. Identification of site requires, examination of @entity1 , inspection of all wounds, chest radiograph, and calculation of clinical @entity358 score if ventilated, obtaining blood cultures, urinalysis, and line change if clinical suspicion of central venous catheter (CVC) source. If it is impossible to identify site, obtain cultures from all accessible suspected sites and initiate empiric, broad spectrum antibiotics. If likely site can be identified answer these questions: Is intra-abdominal site suspected? Is pulmonary source of @entity281 suspected? Is skin, skin structure or soft tissue site suspected? If yes, does the @entity1 have clinical signs suspicion for @entity39 soft tissue @entity281 (NSTI)? Is a CVC @entity281 suspected? Risk factors for more complicated @entity281 are discussed and specific antibiotic recommendations are provided for each type and severity of @entity922 . Decision to continue, discontinue and/or alter antibiotic/antimicrobial treatment should be based on the clinical response to treatment, diagnostic or interventional findings, and culture and sensitivity data, bearing in mind that not all @entity1 with @entity281 will have positive cultures because of limitations of specimen handling, microbiology laboratory variations, time between specimen acquisition and culture, or presence of effective antibiotics at the time that specimens were obtained. It should also be noted that not all @entity1 with increased temperature/WBC have an @entity281 . Discontinuation of antibiotics is appropriate if cultures and other diagnostic studies are negative.

title: Inflammation and the host response to injury, a large-scale collaborative project: XXXX -oriented research core--standard operating procedures for clinical care VII--Guidelines for antibiotic administration in severely injured @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infection']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinical infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: When the clinical decision to treat a @entity3124 patient with antibiotics has been made, one must attempt to identify the site of @entity281 based on clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory or diagnostic radiology studies. Identification of site requires, examination of @entity1 , inspection of all wounds, chest radiograph, and calculation of clinical @entity358 score if ventilated, obtaining blood cultures, urinalysis, and line change if clinical suspicion of central venous catheter (CVC) source. If it is impossible to identify site, obtain cultures from all accessible suspected sites and initiate empiric, broad spectrum antibiotics. If likely site can be identified answer these questions: Is intra-abdominal site suspected? Is pulmonary source of @entity281 suspected? Is skin, skin structure or soft tissue site suspected? If yes, does the @entity1 have clinical signs suspicion for @entity39 soft tissue @entity281 (NSTI)? Is a CVC @entity281 suspected? Risk factors for more complicated @entity281 are discussed and specific antibiotic recommendations are provided for each type and severity of @entity922 . Decision to continue, discontinue and/or alter antibiotic/antimicrobial treatment should be based on the clinical response to treatment, diagnostic or interventional findings, and culture and sensitivity data, bearing in mind that not all @entity1 with @entity281 will have positive cultures because of limitations of specimen handling, microbiology laboratory variations, time between specimen acquisition and culture, or presence of effective antibiotics at the time that specimens were obtained. It should also be noted that not all @entity1 with increased temperature/WBC have an @entity281 . Discontinuation of antibiotics is appropriate if cultures and other diagnostic studies are negative.

title: Inflammation and the host response to injury, a large-scale collaborative project: @entity1 -oriented research core--standard operating procedures for clinical care VII--Guidelines for antibiotic administration in severely injured XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Variances of drawing arm movements between @entity1 with @entity191 and healthy controls were compared. The aim was to determine whether differences in joint synergies or individual joint rotations affect the endpoint (hand position) variance. Joint and endpoint coordinates were measured while @entity1 performed drawing tasks. Variances of arm configurations and endpoints were computed and statistically analyzed for 12 @entity1 and 12 controls. The variance of arm movements for @entity1 (both for arm configuration and endpoint) was overall higher than that for the control group. Variation was smaller for drawing a circle versus a square and for drawing with the dominant versus the nondominant hand within both groups. The ratio of arm configuration variances between groups was similar to the ratio of endpoint variances. There were significant differences in the velocity, but not in the path lengths of movements comparing the two groups. @entity1 presented @entity717 stability while drawing different figures in different trials. Moreover, the similarity of the ratios suggests that the ill-coordinated hand movement was caused by the error in the movements of individual body parts rather than by the lack of intersegmental coordination. Thus, rehabilitation may focus on the improvement of the precision of individual joint rotations.

title: The relation of hand and arm configuration variances while tracking geometric figures in XXXX : aspects for rehabilitation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['less movement']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Urologic complications cause substantial morbidity in the pediatric population after renal transplantation, but their impact on graft survival and transplant costs is poorly understood. In this retrospective review, we evaluated the records of all pediatric renal transplant recipients at our center from 1995 to 2004. METHODS: @entity1 demographics, presence of urinary leak, stricture, compression, or @entity3025 , and hospital costs were analyzed. Univariable analysis identified predictors of complications and of need for reoperation, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess graft survival in relation to @entity1494 . RESULTS: One hundred forty-seven @entity1 received renal transplants; mean follow-up was 1478+/-965 days. Nine (6.1%) @entity1 had @entity5450 and seven (4.8%) @entity1 developed @entity3025 requiring reoperation. Sex, @entity63 time, race, previous transplant, donor type, nephrectomy technique, and stent use did not affect the incidence of @entity5450 . Previous urologic reconstruction and pretransplant ureteral pathologic conditions increased the risk of urologic complication and @entity3025 . @entity1 with @entity5450 had equivalent graft survival, but triple the hospital costs of unaffected recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Prior urologic surgery is associated with increased risk of @entity5450 posttransplant. Posttransplant @entity5450 are associated with substantially increased costs in the first year after transplant, but not with decreased graft survival.

title: Early XXXX after pediatric renal transplant: a single-center experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['urinary complications']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity5450 :: ('MESH:D014570', 'Disease') :: ['urologic complications']

entities_list: @entity3025 :: ('MESH:D014718', 'Disease') :: ['vesicoureteral reflux']

answer: @entity5450 :: (MESH:D014570,Disease) :: ['urologic complications']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity221 of unknown origin (FUO) at the present time is most frequently caused by @entity5 and less commonly by infection. Currently, @entity1413 ( @entity1413 ) are an uncommon cause of FUO because most are readily diagnosable by serologic methods and do not remain undiagnosed for sufficient time to present as FUOs. @entity1413 presenting as FUOs not readily diagnosable with specific tests include late-onset @entity309 , adult @entity309 , and @entity2760 rheumatica/ @entity226 (TA). TA, or @entity226 , is an uncommon @entity3468 of the mid- and large-sized extracranial arteries of the head and neck and is a rare cause of FUO. TA is characterized by @entity10 , scalp tenderness, @entity158 on chewing, and @entity1018 . @entity221 , @entity448 , @entity353 , and night sweats may also be present. With TA, respiratory symptoms occur in 9% and are the presenting feature in 4%. @entity854 associated with TA include a highly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, @entity417 , and @entity1148 , and mildly increased alkaline phosphatase/serum transaminases. @entity1 : We present a @entity1 with FUO caused by TA whose predominant presenting symptom was persistent cough that overshadowed head and neck symptoms of TA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of TA presenting as an FUO, with a highly elevated serum ferritin level. RESULTS: We conclude that highly elevated serum ferritin levels in @entity1 with FUO should alert the clinician to consider TA in the differential diagnosis.

title: @entity221 of unknown origin: XXXX presenting with persistent cough and elevated serum ferritin levels.

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['sudden loss of vision']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENT', 'patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1148 :: ('MESH:D013922', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytosis']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity226 :: ('MESH:D013700', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell arteritis', 'temporal arteritis']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Laboratory abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2760 :: ('MESH:D011111', 'Disease') :: ['polymyalgia']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['CVDs', 'collagen vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'juvenile rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity226 :: (MESH:D013700,Disease) :: ['temporal arteritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity221 of unknown origin (FUO) at the present time is most frequently caused by @entity5 and less commonly by infection. Currently, @entity1413 ( @entity1413 ) are an uncommon cause of FUO because most are readily diagnosable by serologic methods and do not remain undiagnosed for sufficient time to present as FUOs. @entity1413 presenting as FUOs not readily diagnosable with specific tests include late-onset @entity309 , adult @entity309 , and @entity2760 rheumatica/ @entity226 (TA). TA, or @entity226 , is an uncommon @entity3468 of the mid- and large-sized extracranial arteries of the head and neck and is a rare cause of FUO. TA is characterized by @entity10 , scalp tenderness, @entity158 on chewing, and @entity1018 . @entity221 , @entity448 , @entity353 , and night sweats may also be present. With TA, respiratory symptoms occur in 9% and are the presenting feature in 4%. @entity854 associated with TA include a highly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, @entity417 , and @entity1148 , and mildly increased alkaline phosphatase/serum transaminases. @entity1 : We present a @entity1 with FUO caused by TA whose predominant presenting symptom was persistent cough that overshadowed head and neck symptoms of TA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of TA presenting as an FUO, with a highly elevated serum ferritin level. RESULTS: We conclude that highly elevated serum ferritin levels in @entity1 with FUO should alert the clinician to consider TA in the differential diagnosis.

title: XXXX of unknown origin: @entity226 presenting with persistent cough and elevated serum ferritin levels.

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['Fever']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of isolated limb perfusion (ILP) with @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity310 ) and melphalan on circulating T cells from @entity5 @entity1 using two different methods. DESIGN: Eight @entity1 undergoing an ILP entered the study. At first, the number of T cells at several time points was determined using FACScan. Subsequently, production of @entity379 ) ( @entity3646 (T-helper 2) was measured at the intracytoplasmic level after stimulation with @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ) and @entity1360 . @entity379 , @entity3646 and @entity1199 (also T-helper 1) production in the whole-blood cell culture system was then determined after stimulation with a combination of anti-CD3/anti- @entity1361 monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: An enormous decrease in the number of circulating T cells was observed. In the remaining T-cell population cytokine production ( @entity1199 , @entity3646 , @entity379 ) was @entity308 , showing the same pattern in both methods. No difference could be detected between the effect of @entity310 and melphalan on @entity1198 cells and Th2 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that @entity310 and melphalan reduce the number of circulating T cells and at the single-cell level decrease cytokine production in the remaining circulating T cells. No selective effect of @entity310 on @entity1198 or Th2 cells could be detected. If the impaired T-cell function is representative of all T cells remaining in the systemic circulation, this could help to explain the tolerability of high TNF concentrations after ILP, perhaps by decreasing the synthesis and production of T-cell-derived cytokines.

title: Effects of @entity5 necrosis factor alpha and melphalan on the cytokine production of circulating T cells in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1359 :: ('CHEBI:37537', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon gamma (IFN-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity3646 :: ('3565', 'Gene') :: ['IL-4', 'T-helper 1) and interleukin (IL) 4']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of isolated limb perfusion (ILP) with @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity310 ) and melphalan on circulating T cells from @entity5 @entity1 using two different methods. DESIGN: Eight @entity1 undergoing an ILP entered the study. At first, the number of T cells at several time points was determined using FACScan. Subsequently, production of @entity379 ) ( @entity3646 (T-helper 2) was measured at the intracytoplasmic level after stimulation with @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ) and @entity1360 . @entity379 , @entity3646 and @entity1199 (also T-helper 1) production in the whole-blood cell culture system was then determined after stimulation with a combination of anti-CD3/anti- @entity1361 monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: An enormous decrease in the number of circulating T cells was observed. In the remaining T-cell population cytokine production ( @entity1199 , @entity3646 , @entity379 ) was @entity308 , showing the same pattern in both methods. No difference could be detected between the effect of @entity310 and melphalan on @entity1198 cells and Th2 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that @entity310 and melphalan reduce the number of circulating T cells and at the single-cell level decrease cytokine production in the remaining circulating T cells. No selective effect of @entity310 on @entity1198 or Th2 cells could be detected. If the impaired T-cell function is representative of all T cells remaining in the systemic circulation, this could help to explain the tolerability of high TNF concentrations after ILP, perhaps by decreasing the synthesis and production of T-cell-derived cytokines.

title: Effects of XXXX necrosis factor alpha and melphalan on the cytokine production of circulating T cells in @entity1 with @entity5 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of isolated limb perfusion (ILP) with @entity5 necrosis factor alpha ( @entity310 ) and melphalan on circulating T cells from @entity5 @entity1 using two different methods. DESIGN: Eight @entity1 undergoing an ILP entered the study. At first, the number of T cells at several time points was determined using FACScan. Subsequently, production of @entity379 ) ( @entity3646 (T-helper 2) was measured at the intracytoplasmic level after stimulation with @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ) and @entity1360 . @entity379 , @entity3646 and @entity1199 (also T-helper 1) production in the whole-blood cell culture system was then determined after stimulation with a combination of anti-CD3/anti- @entity1361 monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: An enormous decrease in the number of circulating T cells was observed. In the remaining T-cell population cytokine production ( @entity1199 , @entity3646 , @entity379 ) was @entity308 , showing the same pattern in both methods. No difference could be detected between the effect of @entity310 and melphalan on @entity1198 cells and Th2 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that @entity310 and melphalan reduce the number of circulating T cells and at the single-cell level decrease cytokine production in the remaining circulating T cells. No selective effect of @entity310 on @entity1198 or Th2 cells could be detected. If the impaired T-cell function is representative of all T cells remaining in the systemic circulation, this could help to explain the tolerability of high TNF concentrations after ILP, perhaps by decreasing the synthesis and production of T-cell-derived cytokines.

title: Effects of @entity5 necrosis factor alpha and melphalan on the cytokine production of circulating T cells in XXXX with @entity5 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Alpinia zerumbet, known in Brazil as col  nia, is popularly used as a diuretic, antihypertensive, anti-ulcerogenic and sedative. Based on this, we have investigated the central effects of the essential oil isolated from A. zerumbet leaves. METHODS: @entity19 were treated once with 50 or 100 mg/kg of the essential oil, intraperitoneally, 30 min before being submitted to behavioural models of: locomotor activity (open-field), @entity8364 , @entity148 (elevated plus maze), @entity308 (forced swimming test and tail suspension tests) as well as @entity3826 -induced stereotypy. KEY FINDINGS: Results showed a dose-related decrease on locomotor activity and @entity3826 -induced stereotypy. There was a decrease to the order of 55% of the grooming behaviour with both doses studied. The essential oil 100 mg/kg increased cataleptic activity (167%) and the immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Pretreatment with @entity1767 (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) alone also decreased locomotion, increased cataleptic activity and immobility time in the tail suspension test. No alterations in the elevated plus maze test were registered. CONCLUSIONS: The essential oil of A. zerumbet leaves had depressant and possible antipsychotic activity, since it could reverse the stereotypy induced by @entity3826 , presenting effects comparable with those obtained with @entity1767 treatment.

title: Central nervous system effects of the essential oil of the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity8364 :: ('MESH:D002375', 'Disease') :: ['catalepsy']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity447 is an @entity74 caused by defects in @entity2801 ( @entity2801 ) gene. In the present study, the frequencies of the microsatellite alleles at introns 13 and 22 in the @entity2801 gene were analyzed in the group of Han nationality in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to explore their diagnostic value for @entity447 . These two sites were also used to detect the carriers in 13 @entity447 families. METHODS: Ninty-one individuals of Han ethnic group in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (135 X chromosomes) and 13 @entity15773 families were subjected to molecular studies. First, these two fragments were PCR amplified simultaneously. Then, @entity575 staining was used later to show their polymorphisms. The investigators selected one sample at random to obtain its lengths of the PCR products at these two sites by ABI310 PCR amplifier. After counting its repeated numbers of (CA) according to the documents concerned, the repeated numbers of the other samples could be counted easily. RESULTS: In the 91 individuals, 6 and 4 alleles were detected at these two sites, respectively. At intron 13 the allele frequencies ranged from 0.0002 to 0.5408 and polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.5899. At intron 22 the allele frequencies ranged from 0.0444 to 0.4963 and its PIC was 0.5359. The actual heterozygosity for intron 13 and intron 22 were 0.6364 (28/44) and 0.5227 (23/44), respectively. In 13 @entity447 families with positive history, 9 of them were diagnosed by this method and the diagnosis rate was 69%. CONCLUSION: With high PICs, (CA)n at intron 13 and intron 22 were two valuable sites in the diagnosis of @entity447 in the population of Han ethnic group in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Compared with some other @entity15773 restrictive fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), intron 22 ( @entity1422 )n (AG)n was more informative.

title: [A study on the (CA)n in XXXX gene in Han ethnic group in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region by amplification polymorphisms combined with @entity575 staining].

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['Hemophilia A', 'hemophilia A']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited bleeding disorder']

answer: @entity2801 :: (2157,Gene) :: ['FVIII']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity447 is an @entity74 caused by defects in @entity2801 ( @entity2801 ) gene. In the present study, the frequencies of the microsatellite alleles at introns 13 and 22 in the @entity2801 gene were analyzed in the group of Han nationality in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to explore their diagnostic value for @entity447 . These two sites were also used to detect the carriers in 13 @entity447 families. METHODS: Ninty-one individuals of Han ethnic group in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (135 X chromosomes) and 13 @entity15773 families were subjected to molecular studies. First, these two fragments were PCR amplified simultaneously. Then, @entity575 staining was used later to show their polymorphisms. The investigators selected one sample at random to obtain its lengths of the PCR products at these two sites by ABI310 PCR amplifier. After counting its repeated numbers of (CA) according to the documents concerned, the repeated numbers of the other samples could be counted easily. RESULTS: In the 91 individuals, 6 and 4 alleles were detected at these two sites, respectively. At intron 13 the allele frequencies ranged from 0.0002 to 0.5408 and polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.5899. At intron 22 the allele frequencies ranged from 0.0444 to 0.4963 and its PIC was 0.5359. The actual heterozygosity for intron 13 and intron 22 were 0.6364 (28/44) and 0.5227 (23/44), respectively. In 13 @entity447 families with positive history, 9 of them were diagnosed by this method and the diagnosis rate was 69%. CONCLUSION: With high PICs, (CA)n at intron 13 and intron 22 were two valuable sites in the diagnosis of @entity447 in the population of Han ethnic group in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Compared with some other @entity15773 restrictive fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), intron 22 ( @entity1422 )n (AG)n was more informative.

title: [A study on the (CA)n in @entity2801 gene in Han ethnic group in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region by amplification polymorphisms combined with XXXX staining].

answer: @entity575 :: (MESH:D012834,Chemical) :: ['silver']


abstract: Naturally occurring mutants of membrane and secretory proteins are often associated with the pathogenesis of @entity1 diseases. Here, we describe the molecular basis of a novel phenotype of @entity23125 ( @entity23125 ), a @entity74 of the @entity1 intestine in which several structural features and functional capacities of the brush-border enzyme complex sucrase-isomaltase (SI) are affected. The cDNA encoding SI from a @entity1 with @entity23125 reveals a mutation in the isomaltase subunit of SI that results in the substitution of a @entity462 by an @entity369 at @entity535 residue 635 ( @entity70850 ). When this mutation is introduced into the wild type cDNA of SI a mutant enzyme, SI( @entity70850 ), is generated that shows a predominant localization in the endoplasmic reticulum. Nevertheless, a definite localization of SI( @entity70850 ) in the Golgi apparatus and at the cell surface could be also observed. Epitope mapping with conformation-specific mAbs protease sensitivity assays, and enzymatic activity measurements demonstrate an altered folding pattern of SI( @entity70850 ) that is responsible for a substantially increased turnover rate and an aberrant sorting profile. Thus, SI( @entity70850 ) becomes distributed also at the basolateral membrane in contrast to wild type SI. Concomitant with the altered sorting pattern, the partial detergent extractability of wild type SI shifts to a complete detergent solubility with Triton X-100. The mutation has therefore affected an epitope responsible for the apical targeting fidelity of SI. Altogether, the combined effects of the @entity70850 mutation on the turnover rate, function, polarized sorting, and detergent solubility of SI constitute a unique and novel pathomechanism of @entity23125 .

title: Altered folding, turnover, and polarized sorting act in concert to define a novel pathomechanism of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity23125 :: ('MESH:C538139', 'Disease') :: ['CSID', 'congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['disaccharide malabsorption disorder']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity23125 :: (MESH:C538139,Disease) :: ['congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency']


abstract: Fibrocytes are fibroblast-like cells, which appear to participate in wound healing and are present in pathological lesions associated with @entity565 , @entity3794 , and @entity2631 . Fibrocytes differentiate from @entity5750 + peripheral blood monocytes, and the presence of serum delays this process dramatically. We previously purified the factor in serum, which inhibits fibrocyte differentiation, and identified it as @entity2729 ( @entity2729 ). As @entity2729 binds to Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G (IgG; Fc gammaRs), Fc gammaR activation may be an inhibitory signal for fibrocyte differentiation. Fc gammaR are activated by aggregated IgG, and we find aggregated but not monomeric, human IgG inhibits @entity1 fibrocyte differentiation. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to @entity10685 ( @entity10685 ) or Fc gammaRII ( @entity222 ) also inhibit fibrocyte differentiation. Aggregated IgG lacking Fc domains or aggregated IgA, IgE, or IgM do not inhibit fibrocyte differentiation. Incubation of monocytes with @entity2729 or aggregated IgG inhibited fibrocyte differentiation. Using inhibitors of protein kinase enzymes, we show that @entity10255 - and Src-related @entity669 kinases participate in the inhibition of fibrocyte differentiation. These observations suggest that fibrocyte differentiation can occur in situations where @entity2729 and aggregated IgG levels are low, such as the resolution phase of @entity32 .

title: Aggregated IgG inhibits the differentiation of XXXX fibrocytes.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity2729 :: ('MESH:C537241', 'Disease') :: ['SAP', 'serum amyloid P']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A prognostic index based on widely available clinical and laboratory features was recently proposed to predict survival in @entity1 with previously untreated @entity1072 . We assessed the utility of this index for predicting time to first treatment in early @entity1072 . DESIGN AND METHODS: An observational database of the GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dell'Adulto), which included 310 @entity1 with newly diagnosed Binet stage A @entity1072 who were observed at different primary hematology centers during the period 1991 - 2000, was used for the purpose of this study. RESULTS: The new prognostic index enabled Binet stage A @entity1 to be divided into two subgroups that differed with respect to time to first treatment (P=0.003). The original prognostic index was derived from a database that included cases observed at a reference academic center; these @entity1 were younger (P<0.0001) and had more advanced disease (P<0.0001) than those in the current investigation, which studied community-based @entity1 whose data were recorded at presentation. With this in mind, we used an optimal cut-off search to determine how best to split @entity1 with Binet stage A disease into different prognostic groups. According to the recursive partitioning (RPART) model, a classification tree was built that identified three subsets of @entity1 who scores were 0-2 (low risk), 3-4 (intermediate risk) and 5-7 (high risk). The probability of remaining free from therapy at 5 years was 100% in the low risk group, 81.2% in the intermediate risk group and 61.3% in the high risk group (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm the utility of a new prognostic index for predicting time to first treatment in a large sample series of community-based @entity1 with early stage @entity1072 at presentation. Our effort to develop a revised scoring method meets the need to separate Binet stage A @entity1 into different prognostic groups in order to devise individualized and tailored follow-up during the treatment-free period.

title: The utility of a prognostic index for predicting time to first treatment in early XXXX : the GIMEMA experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and pathological features of synchronous @entity14 and explore the specificity of treatment for those @entity1 . METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of 326 @entity1 with primary @entity14 were performed. The @entity1 were divided into two groups: single cases (303 @entity1 ) and synchronous cases (23 @entity1 , index @entity5 and second @entity5 ). Clinical characteristics, routine pathological findings in the two groups were compared statistically. RESULTS: There was no difference in location of the lesions between the single cases and the index lesions of synchronous cases, while the differentiation and Ducke stage of index lesions were better than those in single cases. The secondary @entity5 of synchronous cases showed better grades and stages than those of single cases. The frequencies of complicating @entity652 and @entity1127 in synchronous cases were higher significantly than those in single cases, with the rate of 34.8% and 78.3%, 11.6% and 42.2%, respectively. All malignant lesions were resected radically, and @entity1127 (56.9%) were electro-resected under colonoscopy at 2 approximately 3 months after the @entity189 were radically resected. Of the @entity1 complicated with @entity652 , 79.1% (34 cases) were given one-stage local resection or local colectomy and the rest were given second stage electro-resection. CONCLUSIONS: For the clinical and pathological features of synchronous @entity14 , it is essential to perform a complete evaluation of all @entity14 , establish an individual surgical treatment and follow-up in time.

title: [Clinical research of synchronous XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['multiple polyps']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal lesions', 'colorectal cancer', 'colorectal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal neoplasms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The pathologic slides and clinical data of 119 @entity1 with @entity3975 ( @entity3975 ) of salivary glands were reviewed. All @entity1 underwent surgical therapy in Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University. The postoperative overall observed survival rates and specific survival rates were statistically caculated, and the correlative clinicopathologic factors influencing the prognosis were evaluated. METHODS: Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 10.0 software. The survival rates were obtained by the Kaplan-Meier method. The clinicopathologic parameters were evaluated using log rank test (univariate analysis) and Cox proportional hazards regression model (multivariate analysis). RESULTS: The overall observed survival rates of this group were 92.53%, 87.52% and 85.39% at 5, 10 and 15 years respectively after surgical therapy. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the factors correlated with lower in survival rates were @entity1 's age (> or = 40 years), advanced clinical stage (TNM III, IV stage) and the poorly differentiated @entity5 (P < 0.05). The survival rates of male @entity1 with @entity3975 in the major salivary glands were significantly lower than those of female @entity1 (P = 0.008). The degree of differentiation, TNM stage and preoperative symptoms were three important prognostic factors that were selected into the Cox proportional hazards regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 with highly differentiated @entity3975 in salivary glands had a favorable outcome after receiving adequate surgical treatment. The degree of differentiation and the TNM stage of @entity3975 in the salivary glands are two useful factors to evaluate the prognosis of these @entity5 .

title: [Analysis of postoperative survival rates of XXXX in salivary gland].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3975 :: ('MESH:D018277', 'Disease') :: ['mucoepidermoid carcinoma', 'MEC']

answer: @entity3975 :: (MESH:D018277,Disease) :: ['mucoepidermoid carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Sclerosing encapsulating @entity298 (SEP) or @entity10879 is a rare disease characterized by the formation of a fibrocollagenous membrane that wraps around the loops of the small bowel, producing obstruction. We present the results of the surgical treatment of this disease in three @entity1 with @entity177 who developed SEP during the course of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and provide a literature review on the subject aimed at the general surgeon. @entity1 AND METHOD: In our area, the PD program treated 150 @entity1 in 14 years, with seven cases of suspected SEP. In three @entity1 , exploratory laparotomy was required. Clinical data, diagnostic imaging tests, type of surgery, immediate postoperative course, and status of the @entity1 during subsequent follow-up are described. RESULTS: In one of the three @entity1 , @entity1744 led to perforation requiring resection with @entity254 ; the postoperative course was complicated and the @entity1 died. In the remaining two @entity1 , elective surgery was performed with the aim of removing the capsule enclosing the intestinal loops. In both @entity1 the immediate postoperative course was favorable, although recurrence of intestinal encapsulation occurred in one @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The success of surgery in this disease is determined by the technique used. The correct technique consists of freeing the adhesions and extirpating of the capsule as far as possible. Perforation, as well as resection and intestinal @entity254 , significantly increase mortality.

title: [Surgical treatment of sclerosing encapsulating XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity10879 :: ('OMIM:613630', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal cocoon']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritonitis']


abstract: Sch  nlein-Henoch purpura is a systemic @entity1333 due to IgA-mediated @entity56 , almost exclusively affecting the pediatric age group. Long-term prognosis is mainly conditioned by renal involvement, which can appear at onset or during the course of the disease. To evaluate renal involvement, 764 @entity1 with Sch  nlein-Henoch purpura were retrospectively reviewed. Of these, 153 (20 %) had renal involvement, the most frequent form of presentation being non-nephrotic @entity811 / @entity644 (67 @entity1 ) followed by isolated @entity811 (41 @entity1 ). Renal biopsy was performed in 39 @entity1 , and the most frequent pathological findings were diffuse mesangial proliferation with IgA deposits and less than 50 % of crescentic glomeruli. Treatment was not curative. Three @entity1 (2 %) progressed to @entity454 and required renal transplantation. One @entity1 died. Notably, two of the @entity1 who underwent renal transplantation had disease recurrence. We stress that @entity8 is usually benign and that it requires long-term follow-up.

title: [ XXXX in Sch  nlein-Henoch purpura: a retrospective study of the last 25 years].

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Nephropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the agreement between perceived heart rhythm and the ECG-registered heart rhythm, as well as between symptoms and the ECG after direct current (DC) cardioversion of @entity955 ( @entity955 ). METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 with symptomatic @entity955 subjected to DC cardioversion were interviewed about perceived heart rhythm and symptoms one week after restoration of sinus rhythm (SR). An ECG was obtained after the interview. A chance-corrected measure of agreement was calculated by using Cohen's kappa test. RESULTS: 356 @entity1 were enrolled. One week after successful cardioversion 160 @entity1 considered their rhythm to be regular and 222 ECGs showed SR. 130 @entity1 considered their heart rhythm to be regular in agreement with ECG in SR (kappa = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 0.44), indicating a fair agreement. At the same time 59 @entity1 perceived @entity955 and 134 ECGs showed @entity955 . Thirty eight @entity1 perceived @entity955 , in agreement with @entity955 found on their ECG (kappa = 0.13, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.25), a poor agreement. 141 of 356 @entity1 reported improvement of symptoms in agreement with SR on their ECG (kappa = 0.26, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.36), indicating fair agreement. Perceived SR and improvement of symptoms were strongly associated (n = 129; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Agreement between perceived heart rhythm and ECG, as well as between improvement of symptoms and SR recorded on the ECG, is no more than poor to fair after successful cardioversion of @entity1 with persistent @entity955 . The association between perceived SR and improvement of symptoms is strong. These findings support the need for objective criteria to select @entity1 who would benefit most from rhythm control. They also support the need for further studies on quality of life of @entity1 with @entity955 , with due attention paid to @entity1 ' perception of their cardiac rhythm.

title: Perceived heart rhythm in relation to ECG findings after direct current cardioversion of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Little is known about nutritional factors that influence circulating concentrations of @entity134 hormones, which are consistently associated with risk of @entity0 for postmenopausal @entity1 . We aimed to investigate the association between consumption of animal products and the plasma concentrations of @entity134 hormones and @entity443 ( @entity443 ). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis was conducted on plasma from 766 naturally postmenopausal @entity1 . We measured plasma concentrations of @entity134 hormones and @entity443 , and estimated dietary intakes using a 121-item food frequency questionnaire. Log-transformed values of hormone concentrations were regressed on quartiles of intake of meat and dairy products among food items, and fats, proteins and @entity165 among nutrient intake. RESULTS: Total red and fresh red meat consumption was negatively associated with @entity443 levels (P for trend=0.04 and <0.01, respectively). Mean @entity443 concentrations were approximately 8% and 13% lower for @entity1 in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of total red and fresh red meat consumption, respectively. Positive associations were observed between dairy product consumption and total and free @entity53 concentrations (P for trend=0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Mean concentrations of total and free @entity53 were 15 and 14% higher for @entity1 in the highest quartile of dairy product consumption than for those in the lowest quartile, respectively. No associations were observed with consumption of processed meat, @entity1573 , fish, eggs, @entity165 , fats or protein. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that greater consumption of total red and fresh red meat and dairy products might influence circulating concentrations of @entity443 and @entity53 , respectively. Confirmation and further investigation is required.

title: Consumption of animal products, their nutrient components and postmenopausal circulating XXXX hormone concentrations.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity443 :: ('6462', 'Gene') :: ['sex hormone-binding globulin', 'SHBG']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diagnostic strategies for @entity1211 must both accurately diagnose @entity715 when present, and safely exclude it when absent. This review summarizes recent data on diagnostic strategies for @entity1211 . RECENT FINDINGS: Noninvasive diagnostic strategies have emerged to limit the need for invasive testing for @entity1150 and @entity1151 . D-Dimer testing combined with clinical assessment can be used to safely exclude @entity1150 , limiting the need for further testing. Extended lower limb ultrasonography also shows promise although requires further data. Spiral computed tomography has become widely used for the diagnosis of @entity1151 . Evidence either for the use of single-detector spiral computed tomography combined with ultrasound or for multidetector spiral computed tomography as a safe and stand-alone test, for the purpose of excluding @entity1151 , is finally catching up with current practice. SUMMARY: Invasive testing for @entity1211 can be safely avoided in the majority of @entity1 , using diagnostic strategies combining noninvasive tests. Initial evidence suggests that multidetector spiral computed tomography is a safe stand-alone test for @entity1151 . Local cost and expertise with separate diagnostic tests will influence the appropriate choice of diagnostic strategies for @entity1211 at individual institutions.

title: Update in the diagnosis of @entity1150 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep-vein thrombosis', 'deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1151 :: (MESH:D011655,Disease) :: ['pulmonary embolism']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diagnostic strategies for @entity1211 must both accurately diagnose @entity715 when present, and safely exclude it when absent. This review summarizes recent data on diagnostic strategies for @entity1211 . RECENT FINDINGS: Noninvasive diagnostic strategies have emerged to limit the need for invasive testing for @entity1150 and @entity1151 . D-Dimer testing combined with clinical assessment can be used to safely exclude @entity1150 , limiting the need for further testing. Extended lower limb ultrasonography also shows promise although requires further data. Spiral computed tomography has become widely used for the diagnosis of @entity1151 . Evidence either for the use of single-detector spiral computed tomography combined with ultrasound or for multidetector spiral computed tomography as a safe and stand-alone test, for the purpose of excluding @entity1151 , is finally catching up with current practice. SUMMARY: Invasive testing for @entity1211 can be safely avoided in the majority of @entity1 , using diagnostic strategies combining noninvasive tests. Initial evidence suggests that multidetector spiral computed tomography is a safe stand-alone test for @entity1151 . Local cost and expertise with separate diagnostic tests will influence the appropriate choice of diagnostic strategies for @entity1211 at individual institutions.

title: Update in the diagnosis of XXXX and @entity1151 .

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep-vein thrombosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular profiles of a group of African @entity1 with different body mass indices and blood pressures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included a sample of 98 apparently healthy African @entity1 . The subjects were divided into three groups: lean normotensive (lean NT), overweight/obese normotensive (OW/OB NT), and overweight/obese @entity101 (OW/OB @entity101 ). The Finometer apparatus was used to obtain a more elaborate cardiovascular profile. The lipid profile and subcutaneous fat distributions were also determined. RESULTS: A positive correlation between blood pressure and increased adiposity was obtained. Cardiac output (CO) was elevated in both OW/OB groups. Arterial compliance (CW) was significantly decreased and total peripheral resistance (TPR) significantly increased in the OW/OB @entity101 group compared to the OW/OB NT group. In the total group, @entity551 could be explained best by the abdominal skinfold, which showed a direct positive association with TPR and a negative association with CW . In the OW/OB @entity101 group, the increased TPR could best be explained by the abdominal skinfold. CONCLUSIONS: In the OW/OB @entity101 group, an increase in CO and decrease in vascular function led to the @entity101 of this group. This seems to be related to a truncal, especially abdominal subcutaneous fat distribution. The decreased vascular function was reaffirmed by the pulse pressure (PP) exceeding 63 mmHg, indicating that this group was at high risk for the development of further @entity65 . Lack of significant differences between the OW/OB groups for the anthropometric and lipid profile variables and the difference in age may indicate that the younger OW/OB NT group was at high risk and should be followed up in ensuing years.

title: Cardiovascular function of African XXXX with different BMIs and blood pressures: the POWIRS study.

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['systolic and diastolic blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['HT', 'hypertensivity', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity572 ( @entity572 ) is an intriguing condition that evolves during infancy. It would be thus foolhardy to expect a screening tool at birth to be both highly sensitive and specific. Uncertainty regarding an optimal screening method is compounded by a general lack of sound epidemiological data. Clinical screening remains widely used. Some reports estimated that it did not pick up 60% of @entity1 who eventually needed surgery. Ultrasonography, it was hoped, would improve detection rates. There are 2 approaches to ultrasound; universal screening, which is adopted by some European countries, or selective screening of high risk @entity1 . The problems with universal ultrasound screening are high false positive rates and high costs. The benefit was a possible 6- to 10-fold reduction in surgery for late @entity572 . Similar reductions though had also been reported if ultrasound was used selectively for @entity1 with clinical and historical risk factors. A literature review on this topic is presented. There are pros and cons for both screening strategies. This is reflected in the different protocols that exist among various countries. For healthcare systems that are considering their options, universal ultrasound screening is generally not cost-effective and should not be the preferred screening strategy.

title: XXXX : universal or selective ultrasound screening?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['Developmental dysplasia of the hip', 'DDH']

answer: @entity572 :: (MESH:D006617,Disease) :: ['Developmental dysplasia of the hip']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity32735 ( @entity32736 ) is an investigational pharmaceutical with radiation enhancing properties. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to measure brain and @entity5 @entity32736 levels to evaluate (1) the degree to which @entity32736 passes through the intact blood brain barrier, and (2) the retention of @entity32736 in @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity463 ( @entity463 ). METHODS AND MATERIALS: MRI studies were performed on @entity463 @entity1 who participated in a phase I clinical trial in which @entity32736 was given during standard fractionated radiation therapy. @entity32736 was administered daily (Monday to Friday) for five or 10 doses as a loading regimen, followed by three times per week dosing as a maintenance schedule. T1-weighted MRI was performed at intervals throughout the course of the @entity32736 administration and radiation therapy in the 33 participating @entity1 . Eleven @entity1 had pre- and post- @entity32736 scans, allowing for study of @entity32736 's normal blood brain barrier penetration. Twenty-two @entity1 had adequate @entity41 for measurements to evaluate @entity32736 retention in @entity5 during the course of @entity32736 and radiation administration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The studies of uninvolved brain tissue support the conclusion that @entity32736 does not cross the intact blood brain barrier in detectable quantities. The @entity5 study showed @entity32736 uptake during loading and maintenance without measurably significant fall off on non-dosage days during the maintenance dosing. Although the number of cases is small, the 10-day loading regimen showed greater drug loading and retention compared with the 5 days loading regimen.

title: MRI measurement of the uptake and retention of XXXX in @entity463 and uninvolved normal @entity1 brain.

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity32735 :: ('MESH:C437683', 'Chemical') :: ['Motexafin gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma multiforme', 'GBM']

answer: @entity32735 :: (MESH:C437683,Chemical) :: ['motexafin gadolinium']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity32735 ( @entity32736 ) is an investigational pharmaceutical with radiation enhancing properties. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to measure brain and @entity5 @entity32736 levels to evaluate (1) the degree to which @entity32736 passes through the intact blood brain barrier, and (2) the retention of @entity32736 in @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity463 ( @entity463 ). METHODS AND MATERIALS: MRI studies were performed on @entity463 @entity1 who participated in a phase I clinical trial in which @entity32736 was given during standard fractionated radiation therapy. @entity32736 was administered daily (Monday to Friday) for five or 10 doses as a loading regimen, followed by three times per week dosing as a maintenance schedule. T1-weighted MRI was performed at intervals throughout the course of the @entity32736 administration and radiation therapy in the 33 participating @entity1 . Eleven @entity1 had pre- and post- @entity32736 scans, allowing for study of @entity32736 's normal blood brain barrier penetration. Twenty-two @entity1 had adequate @entity41 for measurements to evaluate @entity32736 retention in @entity5 during the course of @entity32736 and radiation administration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The studies of uninvolved brain tissue support the conclusion that @entity32736 does not cross the intact blood brain barrier in detectable quantities. The @entity5 study showed @entity32736 uptake during loading and maintenance without measurably significant fall off on non-dosage days during the maintenance dosing. Although the number of cases is small, the 10-day loading regimen showed greater drug loading and retention compared with the 5 days loading regimen.

title: MRI measurement of the uptake and retention of @entity32735 in XXXX and uninvolved normal @entity1 brain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma multiforme']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity32735 ( @entity32736 ) is an investigational pharmaceutical with radiation enhancing properties. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to measure brain and @entity5 @entity32736 levels to evaluate (1) the degree to which @entity32736 passes through the intact blood brain barrier, and (2) the retention of @entity32736 in @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity463 ( @entity463 ). METHODS AND MATERIALS: MRI studies were performed on @entity463 @entity1 who participated in a phase I clinical trial in which @entity32736 was given during standard fractionated radiation therapy. @entity32736 was administered daily (Monday to Friday) for five or 10 doses as a loading regimen, followed by three times per week dosing as a maintenance schedule. T1-weighted MRI was performed at intervals throughout the course of the @entity32736 administration and radiation therapy in the 33 participating @entity1 . Eleven @entity1 had pre- and post- @entity32736 scans, allowing for study of @entity32736 's normal blood brain barrier penetration. Twenty-two @entity1 had adequate @entity41 for measurements to evaluate @entity32736 retention in @entity5 during the course of @entity32736 and radiation administration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The studies of uninvolved brain tissue support the conclusion that @entity32736 does not cross the intact blood brain barrier in detectable quantities. The @entity5 study showed @entity32736 uptake during loading and maintenance without measurably significant fall off on non-dosage days during the maintenance dosing. Although the number of cases is small, the 10-day loading regimen showed greater drug loading and retention compared with the 5 days loading regimen.

title: MRI measurement of the uptake and retention of @entity32735 in @entity463 and uninvolved normal XXXX brain.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Deposition of @entity6701 ( @entity3759 ) on activated @entity505 (AC) surface has been widely utilized for the production of @entity3759 /AC photocatalyst, which can be used in photo-degradation of pollutants. In this work, a fast and simple digestion procedure has been developed for the spectrophotometric quantitative analysis of @entity3759 in @entity3759 /AC photocatalyst. Microwave-assisted digestion was used in the procedure. The microwave-digestion procedure was optimized using the single-variable method. Variables optimized included time of ashing, effective digestion time, volume and concentration of @entity8316 , effect of adding a digestion catalyst, effect of sample pulverizing and on-off time cycle of the microwave. The analysis was completed spectrophotometrically after addition of @entity273 to the digested solution. Procedure precision and accuracy was tested by application to photocatalyst samples containing known amounts of @entity3759 , and compared with previously published spectrophotometric procedures. The proposed microwave procedure was capable of recovering 98.4-101.1% of @entity3759 in the catalyst in less than 10min, without the need for sample ashing. Analytical precision is 1.42-2.39% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.). In terms of accuracy and precision, the proposed microwave procedure was comparable with other procedures, but the proposed microwave procedure was superior in terms of shorter procedure duration.

title: A rapid and simple microwave-assisted digestion procedure for spectrophotometric determination of @entity6701 photocatalyst on activated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8316 :: ('MESH:C033158', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfuric acid']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity6701 :: ('MESH:C009495', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium dioxide']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: Deposition of @entity6701 ( @entity3759 ) on activated @entity505 (AC) surface has been widely utilized for the production of @entity3759 /AC photocatalyst, which can be used in photo-degradation of pollutants. In this work, a fast and simple digestion procedure has been developed for the spectrophotometric quantitative analysis of @entity3759 in @entity3759 /AC photocatalyst. Microwave-assisted digestion was used in the procedure. The microwave-digestion procedure was optimized using the single-variable method. Variables optimized included time of ashing, effective digestion time, volume and concentration of @entity8316 , effect of adding a digestion catalyst, effect of sample pulverizing and on-off time cycle of the microwave. The analysis was completed spectrophotometrically after addition of @entity273 to the digested solution. Procedure precision and accuracy was tested by application to photocatalyst samples containing known amounts of @entity3759 , and compared with previously published spectrophotometric procedures. The proposed microwave procedure was capable of recovering 98.4-101.1% of @entity3759 in the catalyst in less than 10min, without the need for sample ashing. Analytical precision is 1.42-2.39% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.). In terms of accuracy and precision, the proposed microwave procedure was comparable with other procedures, but the proposed microwave procedure was superior in terms of shorter procedure duration.

title: A rapid and simple microwave-assisted digestion procedure for spectrophotometric determination of XXXX photocatalyst on activated @entity505 .

answer: @entity6701 :: (MESH:C009495,Chemical) :: ['titanium dioxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: One of the unfortunate sequelae in @entity5300 ( @entity5300 ) is upper limb length discrepancy. However, the influence of primary nerve reconstruction remains undetermined. In this study, the resultant discrepancy in @entity1 with @entity5300 who underwent primary reconstruction was analyzed in relation to the severity of the lesion, the timing of surgery, and the functional outcome following surgery. METHODS: Fifty-four @entity1 that met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. Preoperative and postoperative bilateral scanograms were obtained to document the effect of reinnervation on bone growth. The length of the humerus, ulna, third metacarpal, third proximal phalange, and total limb length were measured and the percentage between the affected and normal side were accessed. Correlations between all the measures of limb length and measures of active motion (i.e., three different classification systems) were performed. RESULTS: Spearman's rank correlation coefficients revealed significant correlations between limb length discrepancies and nearly all measures of active upper extremity movement. The timing of surgery and the severity of the lesion significantly influenced the resultant limb length discrepancy. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention of a non-acceptable upper limb discrepancy is fundamental for both the @entity1 and family. The extent of the resultant discrepancy appeared to be strongly related to the time between injury and surgery, degree of severity, and the outcome of surgery. @entity1 with better functional recoveries of the affected upper extremities showed smaller differences in limb length.

title: Bone discrepancy as a powerful indicator for early surgery in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric brachial plexus palsy', 'OBPP']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity5300 :: (MESH:D020516,Disease) :: ['obstetric brachial plexus palsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract. The pathophysiology is unknown but has been shown to be multifactorial. Free radical-mediated damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity1412 . @entity224 dismutases (SODs) are the first and the most important line of antioxidant enzyme defense against reactive @entity26 species. Moreover, isozymes of the SOD family are critical for modulating the activity of @entity842 , a gaseous free radical that is believed to play roles in the physiology and pathology of respiratory tracts. However, the expression profile of SOD isoforms in @entity1412 remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the expression profile of the SOD isoforms in nasal polyps from nonallergic @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: Nasal polyp tissues were obtained from eight nonallergic @entity1 who underwent elective polypectomy; mucosal specimens from the middle turbinates were acquired from eight subjects without @entity1412 as control tissues. The expression profile of SOD isoenzymes, @entity1367 , @entity4723 , and @entity39051 , in the nasal tissues was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting (WB). RESULTS: @entity1412 in all eight of the @entity1412 @entity1 manifested as severe or recurrent sinonasal @entity1412 clinically. The expression pattern of SOD isoenzymes evaluated by RT-PCR analysis indicated that the mean levels of @entity1367 mRNA and, to a greater extent, @entity39051 mRNA were higher in polyp tissues than in control tissues. There was no significant difference in the expression levels of @entity4723 mRNA between the two groups. The data from ELISA and WB analysis showed that there were increased expressions of @entity1367 and @entity39051 protein in polyp tissues compared with the control tissues, but there was no difference in the expression of @entity4723 protein between the two groups. The results from RT-PCR, ELISA, and WB were paralleled and revealed that the expressions of @entity1367 and, to a greater extent, @entity39051 were higher in polyp tissues than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The expressions of @entity39051 and @entity1367 were higher in polyp tissues. These results are consistent with previously reported data and support the hypothesis that there is increased oxidative stress in @entity1412 . Our data also suggest that the SODs might be important in the pathogenesis of @entity1412 ; however, the roles these SOD isoforms, especially @entity39051 , play in both normal nasal mucosa and @entity1412 require further clarification.

title: Altered expression profile of XXXX dismutase isoforms in nasal polyps from nonallergic @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['polyposis', 'NP', 'Nasal polyposis']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['Superoxide']

answer: @entity224 :: (MESH:D013481,Chemical) :: ['superoxide']