abstract: Aim of this study has been to evaluate retrospectively morbidity and mortality of 42 colon substitutions after resection for @entity418 . Colon substitution was the intervention of first choice in six @entity1 . In the other @entity1 the stomach was useless, because of previous gastric surgery (n = 14), of gastric involvement by the @entity5 (n = 21) or technical problem (n = 1). @entity1 have been separated in 2 groups: from 1969 to 1983 (group A, n = 22), and from 1983 to 1997 (group B, n = 20). Mortality and morbidity (all eventful postoperative course) have been collected for the 30 postoperative days. Total morbidity has been 57% as 77% in group A and 35% in group B (p < 0.05). Cervical and colo-colic leak have been the most common complications. Total mortality has been 14% as 22% in group A and 5% in group B (p < 0.1). In group A 3 @entity1 died from anastomosis leak (intrathoracic or intraabdominal) and 2 from medical complications. In group B 1 @entity1 died from unexplained @entity295 . Our results show significative decrease of morbidity and mortality in group B. These results can be compared to those of gastroplasty for @entity5 or coloplasty for benign disease. In @entity5 , if stomach can not be used as substitutes, colon substitution is the best alternative, which can be used without increase of mortality and morbidity.

title: [Coloplasty after esophagectomy in XXXX . A retrospective study of morbidity and mortality].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer of the esophagus', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: It is well established that a @entity1 's reproductive history influences her risk of @entity0 . We examined whether the effect of reproductive history was similar for different sub-types of @entity0 . The study was based on a population-based cohort of 1.5 million Danish @entity1 born between 1935 and 1978, with individual information on births. Between 1978 and 1994, 10,790 incident cases of @entity0 were identified in a nationwide @entity5 registry, including detailed information on receptor status, histology, laterality and location of the @entity5 . Overall, the incidence of @entity0 was 13% lower in parous compared with nulliparous @entity1 . This reduction was significantly stronger for mucinous than for @entity513 and for @entity5 located centrally than for those non-central in the breast. Overall, the incidence in parous @entity1 increased by 10% by each 5-year postponement of their first birth. For the incidence of @entity1137 this increase was significantly stronger, and for @entity189 it tended to be stronger than for @entity513 . For the incidence of centrally located @entity5 the increase was stronger than for non-centrally located @entity5 . On average, there was a 10% decrease in @entity0 risk by each additional birth. This decrease was seen in most sub-types, but not for @entity1137 of for centrally located @entity5 . According to our findings, lobular and @entity189 and centrally located @entity5 may have risk-factor profiles that differ from other types of @entity0 .

title: Reproductive risk factors for XXXX by receptor status, histology, laterality and location.

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['lobular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast-cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinomas']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity23375 (80 mg bd) was administered to nine subjects with type 2 (non insulin dependent) @entity6 inadequately controlled on diet only. Twenty-four hour @entity413 , insulin and @entity2690 profiles were obtained before and after one week and four months of therapy. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp before and after four months of treatment. Twenty-four hour @entity413 levels were significantly lowered after one week and four months. Insulin secretion, as assessed by the areas under the insulin and @entity2690 curves, was enhanced after one week. The increase was most noted during the day in response to meals. The enhancement was maintained after four months of treatment with the increase in the postabsorptive phase becoming significant. @entity413 utilisation rate was significantly increased at four months. It is concluded that both acute and prolonged @entity23375 therapy directly or indirectly 1) enhances both meal stimulated and post absorptive insulin secretion and 2) @entity1720 . The relative contribution of each to improved diabetic control has not been established.

title: The effects of long term XXXX administration on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity23375 :: ('MESH:D005907', 'Chemical') :: ['Gliclazide', 'gliclazide']

entities_list: @entity1720 :: ('MESH:D007333', 'Disease') :: ['increases insulin sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity23375 :: (MESH:D005907,Chemical) :: ['gliclazide']


abstract: Diagnostic measurements and pharmacokinetic studies were performed in 17 @entity1 with various kinds of malignant, premalignant and benign lesions in the head and neck region by means of point monitoring laser-induced fluorescence. For marking different types of tissue, @entity8454 (ALA)-induced @entity13880 ( @entity13880 ) was used. The ALA-induced @entity13880 synthesis was monitored at different time intervals after oral administration of ALA in low doses, 5 and 15 mg/kg b.w. Besides the @entity7170 -related signal the tissue endogenous fluorescence was also recorded. The fluorescence spectra were evaluated at two different wavelengths corresponding to the specific drug-related fluorescence peak and the endogenous tissue fluorescence emission at 635 and 490 nm, respectively. The evaluated fluorescence data were correlated to the histopathological tissue investigation. A fall-off in the overall fluorescence intensity at 490 nm was obtained for all the malignant and premalignant areas, as well as an increased red fluorescence. A ratio between the red and the blue/green fluorescence intensity was formed for each time interval after the ALA administration. The lower drug dose seems to be sufficient to obtain a useful demarcation ratio between normal and diseased tissue with a very low @entity13880 fluorescence intensity in the normal tissue. A @entity13880 fluorescence maximum seems to occur between 3 and 4 h in normal tissues, whereas @entity5 tissue shows a higher level for a longer period of time.

title: Fluorescence diagnostics and kinetic studies in the head and neck region utilizing low-dose XXXX sensitization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumour']

entities_list: @entity7170 :: ('CHEBI:8337', 'Chemical') :: ['porphyrin']

entities_list: @entity13880 :: ('MESH:C028025', 'Chemical') :: ['PpIX', 'protoporphyrin IX']

entities_list: @entity8454 :: ('MESH:D000622', 'Chemical') :: ['delta-aminolevulinic acid']

answer: @entity8454 :: (MESH:D000622,Chemical) :: ['delta-aminolevulinic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several lines of evidence indicate that specific immunotherapy may act by modifying the patterns of cytokines produced by helper T cells. However, different protocols have been used and different results obtained. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effect of specific immunotherapy on the @entity1198 /TH2 T-cell cytokine pattern at the single cell level. METHODS: We examined the @entity379 / @entity3646 ratio in peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 12 subjects with house dust mite-sensitive @entity565 using a flow cytometric method of intracellular cytokine detection. Cytokine production was determined following stimulation with @entity10757 myristate @entity598 / @entity1360 , a policlonal activator. Subjects were examined at three occasions: before specific immunotherapy, after the 3-months dose increase phase and after 1 year of treatment. During the treatment year @entity1 kept a diary in which they recorded: (a) symptoms of @entity565 according to a 0-3 grading (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe); (b) number of puffs (100 microg) per day of @entity3045 required to control symptoms; and (c) peak expiratory flow. RESULTS: Specific immunotherapy improved clinical indices of disease activity including symptom scores and medication use during the treatment year, and had a marked effect in increasing the @entity379 / @entity3646 ratio in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells already after the dose increase phase (5.47 +/- 1.5 vs 4.07 +/- 1.49%, P = 0.03) with and a further rise after 1 year's treatment (16.12 +/- 2.8 vs 4.07 +/- 1.49 and 16.12 +/- 2.8 vs 5.47 +/- 1.5%, P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). There were no significant changes in the @entity379 / @entity3646 ratio in peripheral blood CD8+ T cells at the three times of the study. CONCLUSIONS: These data add to view that the efficacy of specific immunotherapy may be attributed to a modified cytokine secretion of CD4+ T cells.

title: T-cell cytokine pattern at three time points during specific immunotherapy for mite-sensitive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the appearance, frequency, and clinical consequences of corneal endothelial involvement in @entity1 @entity778 ( @entity778 ) @entity1036 as seen by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). DESIGN: Prospective observational case series. @entity1 : A total of 285 @entity1 with @entity1034 who visited the cornea department of the Rotterdam Eye Hospital between May 2005 and May 2008. The control groups comprised the unaffected fellow eyes of @entity1 with @entity1034 , the eyes of 58 healthy volunteers, and the affected eyes of 62 @entity1 with inflammatory @entity2687 other than @entity778 . METHODS: We examined the eyes of all @entity1 by IVCM and slit-lamp examination. For IVCM, corneas were scanned with Confoscan 3 or 4 (Nidek Technologies, Albignasego, Padova, Italy). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All IVCM examinations were qualitatively reviewed for signs of endothelial deviations characteristic of endotheliitis. Endothelial cell density (ECD) was evaluated on the first and last visits of @entity1 who were followed for more than 100 days. The differences in ECDs were calculated and converted to percent ECD change per year. RESULTS: Endothelial alterations characteristic of endotheliitis were detected by IVCM in 107 of 250 @entity1 with @entity1034 (43%). These deviations consisted of pseudoguttata, enlarged intercellular gaps, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the endothelial layer, loss of defined cell boundaries, spot-like holes, and endothelial denudation. All of these signs disappeared with appropriate antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatment. However, the endothelium in eyes with endotheliitis-characteristic alterations showed a significant decrease in ECD (10.3% per year) compared with healthy fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: IVCM allows earlier detection of endothelial alterations in @entity1 with @entity1034 compared with slit-lamp examination. Although endotheliitis-specific alterations appear to resolve, the corneal endothelium can become irreversibly damaged.

title: Endothelial involvement in XXXX : an in vivo confocal microscopy study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'human', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['HSV', 'herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity1034 :: ('MESH:D016849', 'Disease') :: ['HSV keratitis']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['keratitis']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal disorders']

answer: @entity1034 :: (MESH:D016849,Disease) :: ['herpes simplex virus keratitis']


abstract: The effect of @entity1968 and @entity619 on alkaline phosphatase (AP) expression was investigated in @entity1 @entity0 MCF-7 cells. Cellular AP activity was induced significantly by @entity1968 or @entity619 in a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion. A marked synergistic induction of AP activity was observed when the cells were incubated with both agents simultaneously. Two AP isozymes, tissue-nonspecific ( @entity72756 ) and intestinal (IAP), were shown to be expressed in MCF-7 cells as confirmed by the differential rate of thermal inactivation of these isozymes and RT-PCR. Based on the two-isozyme thermal-inactivation model, the specific activities for @entity72756 and IAP in each sample were analyzed. @entity72756 activity was induced only by @entity1968 and IAP activity was induced only by @entity619 . Whereas @entity619 conferred no significant effect on @entity72756 activity, @entity1968 was shown to inhibit IAP activity by approximately 50%. Interestingly, @entity72756 was found to be the only isozyme activity superinduced when the cells were costimulated with @entity1968 and @entity619 . Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis were then used to demonstrate that the steady-state @entity72756 mRNA level was also superinduced, which indicates that the superinduction is regulated at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. In the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist @entity3927 , the @entity619 -mediated induction of IAP activity was blocked completely as expected. However, the ability of @entity3927 to antagonize the action of glucocorticoid was greatly compromised in @entity619 -mediated superinduction of @entity72756 activity. Furthermore, in the presence of @entity1968 , @entity3927 behaved as an agonist, and conferred superinduction of @entity72756 gene expression in the same way as @entity619 . Taken together, these observations suggest that the induction of IAP activity by @entity619 and the superinduction of @entity72756 by @entity619 were mediated through distinct regulatory pathways. In addition, @entity1968 plays an essential role in the superinduction of @entity72756 gene expression by enabling @entity619 to exert its agonist activity, which otherwise has no effect.

title: Expression and regulation of alkaline phosphatases in @entity1 XXXX MCF-7 cells.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The effect of @entity1968 and @entity619 on alkaline phosphatase (AP) expression was investigated in @entity1 @entity0 MCF-7 cells. Cellular AP activity was induced significantly by @entity1968 or @entity619 in a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion. A marked synergistic induction of AP activity was observed when the cells were incubated with both agents simultaneously. Two AP isozymes, tissue-nonspecific ( @entity72756 ) and intestinal (IAP), were shown to be expressed in MCF-7 cells as confirmed by the differential rate of thermal inactivation of these isozymes and RT-PCR. Based on the two-isozyme thermal-inactivation model, the specific activities for @entity72756 and IAP in each sample were analyzed. @entity72756 activity was induced only by @entity1968 and IAP activity was induced only by @entity619 . Whereas @entity619 conferred no significant effect on @entity72756 activity, @entity1968 was shown to inhibit IAP activity by approximately 50%. Interestingly, @entity72756 was found to be the only isozyme activity superinduced when the cells were costimulated with @entity1968 and @entity619 . Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis were then used to demonstrate that the steady-state @entity72756 mRNA level was also superinduced, which indicates that the superinduction is regulated at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. In the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist @entity3927 , the @entity619 -mediated induction of IAP activity was blocked completely as expected. However, the ability of @entity3927 to antagonize the action of glucocorticoid was greatly compromised in @entity619 -mediated superinduction of @entity72756 activity. Furthermore, in the presence of @entity1968 , @entity3927 behaved as an agonist, and conferred superinduction of @entity72756 gene expression in the same way as @entity619 . Taken together, these observations suggest that the induction of IAP activity by @entity619 and the superinduction of @entity72756 by @entity619 were mediated through distinct regulatory pathways. In addition, @entity1968 plays an essential role in the superinduction of @entity72756 gene expression by enabling @entity619 to exert its agonist activity, which otherwise has no effect.

title: Expression and regulation of alkaline phosphatases in XXXX @entity0 MCF-7 cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This single-institution experience retrospectively reviews the outcomes of @entity1 undergoing reexploration for @entity189 at a high-volume center. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Many @entity1 are referred to tertiary centers with @entity189 after their @entity5 were deemed unresectable at previous laparotomy. In carefully selected @entity1 , @entity5 resection is often possible; however, the perioperative results and long-term outcome have not been well defined. METHODS: From November 1991 through December 1997, 78 @entity1 who underwent previous exploratory laparotomy and/or palliative surgery for suspected @entity189 underwent reexploration. The operative outcome, resectability rate, pathology, and long-term survival rate were compared with 690 concurrent @entity1 who had not undergone previous exploratory surgery. RESULTS: Fifty-two of the 78 @entity1 (67%) undergoing reexploration underwent successful resection by pancreaticoduodenectomy; the remaining 26 @entity1 (34%) were deemed to have unresectable disease. Compared with the 690 @entity1 who had not undergone recent related surgery, the @entity1 in the reoperative group were similar with respect to gender, race, and resectability rate but were significantly younger. The distribution of @entity5 by site in the reoperative group undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 52) was 60%, 19%, 15%, and 6% for pancreatic, ampullary, distal bile duct, and duodenal @entity5 , respectively. These figures were similar to the 65%, 14%, 16% and 5% for resectable @entity5 found in the primary surgery group (n = 460). Intraoperative @entity190 and transfusion requirements did not differ between the two groups. However, the mean operative time was 7.4 hours in the reoperative group, significantly longer than in the control group. On pathologic examination, reoperative @entity1 had @entity5 , and the percentage of @entity1 with positive lymph nodes in the resection specimen was significantly less. The incidence of positive margins was similar between the two groups. Postoperative lengths of stay, complication rates, and perioperative mortality rates were not higher in reoperative @entity1 . The long-term survival rate was similar between the two resected groups, with a median survival of 24 months in the reoperative group and 20 months in those without previous exploration. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that @entity1 undergoing reoperation for @entity189 have similar resectability, perioperative morbidity and mortality, and long-term survival rates as @entity1 undergoing initial exploration. The results suggest that selected @entity1 considered to have unresectable disease at previous surgery should undergo restaging and reexploration at specialized high-volume centers.

title: Reexploration for XXXX : resectability, perioperative results, pathology, and long-term outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'periampullary cancers', 'smaller tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['periampullary carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['periampullary carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have reviewed the results of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in @entity1 with @entity627 . METHODS: Sixty-seven @entity1 underwent operation for @entity340 and RFA concomitantly with the planned procedure. Twenty-two (32.8%) were male and 45 (67.2%) female. The mean duration of @entity955 ( @entity955 ) was 47.4+/-30.4 months (12-192). Logistic regression test was used to perform a risk factor analysis. RESULTS: Two @entity1 died postoperatively (3.0%) and 3 died in the follow-up period (4.5%). One @entity1 (1.5%) required permanent pacemaker. During the hospitalisation, 24 @entity1 (35.8%) had @entity955 but 6 of them returned to the normal sinus rhythm by the time of discharge. Forty-nine @entity1 (73.1%) were discharged with normal sinus rhythm. The mean duration of follow-up was 15.1+/-15.2 months (0-59). Six @entity1 (9.0%) had recurrent @entity955 during the follow-up period. For early @entity955 recurrence male sex was a significant risk factor (p=0.028) with an odds ratio 8627 (CI 95% 1261-59,006). CONCLUSIONS: The low sinus rhythm rate at discharge and high rates of recurrence may be attributed to the disease nature. Males are at increased risk of early @entity955 recurrence but no significant risk factors for late recurrence have been found.

title: Radiofrequency ablation for @entity955 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic valvular disease']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic valve disease']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['rheumatic valvular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have reviewed the results of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in @entity1 with @entity627 . METHODS: Sixty-seven @entity1 underwent operation for @entity340 and RFA concomitantly with the planned procedure. Twenty-two (32.8%) were male and 45 (67.2%) female. The mean duration of @entity955 ( @entity955 ) was 47.4+/-30.4 months (12-192). Logistic regression test was used to perform a risk factor analysis. RESULTS: Two @entity1 died postoperatively (3.0%) and 3 died in the follow-up period (4.5%). One @entity1 (1.5%) required permanent pacemaker. During the hospitalisation, 24 @entity1 (35.8%) had @entity955 but 6 of them returned to the normal sinus rhythm by the time of discharge. Forty-nine @entity1 (73.1%) were discharged with normal sinus rhythm. The mean duration of follow-up was 15.1+/-15.2 months (0-59). Six @entity1 (9.0%) had recurrent @entity955 during the follow-up period. For early @entity955 recurrence male sex was a significant risk factor (p=0.028) with an odds ratio 8627 (CI 95% 1261-59,006). CONCLUSIONS: The low sinus rhythm rate at discharge and high rates of recurrence may be attributed to the disease nature. Males are at increased risk of early @entity955 recurrence but no significant risk factors for late recurrence have been found.

title: Radiofrequency ablation for XXXX in @entity340 .

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Wandering is a @entity74 , which occurs in @entity195 or other @entity303 . @entity1 who wander are at risk of physical harm and untimely death. Moreover, wandering behaviour causes a lot of stress to the caregivers. In the last few years, different geolocation devices have been developed in order to minimise risk and manage unsafe wandering. These detection systems rarely meet @entity1 and caregivers' needs because they are not involved in the devices building process. AIM: The aim is to explore the needs and perceptions of wandering @entity1 and their caregivers towards existing tracking devices as well as their acceptability and usability. This paper reports a dyad case. MATERIALS: The tracking system tested is presented as a mobile @entity262 ( @entity262 ) receiver-shaped, including function of telephony and data transfer via GSM/GPRS. METHOD: Dyad @entity1 /caregiver expressed their needs and perceptions towards tracking devices and gave their impressions about the functioning of the tested device at the end of the test. RESULTS: The @entity1 focused on the device's shape which he found too voluminous and unaesthetic, and was unable to give an opinion about the device's functioning. The spouse highlighted malfunctions and usage difficulties, which made the device not appropriate to her needs. CONCLUSION: Involving end-users in the co-design of new technologies is necessary for building tailored devices. Moreover, in this area of @entity303 care, the @entity1 -centred approach is essential to a tailored wandering management.

title: Electronic tracking system and wandering in XXXX : a case study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person', 'persons', 'People']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['GPS', 'Global Positioning System']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['behavioural disorder']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: @entity1082 ) is one of the most common causes of @entity2953 in the world. France and Belgium present one of the highest incidence of @entity213 ( @entity213 ) worldwide. Besides, considering only the male population, HNSCCs represent the fourth most frequent @entity5 after prostate, lung and @entity694 . Although the causal link between high-risk HPVs and @entity2622 is well established, the implication of this @entity1800 in @entity213 remains debatable. Here, we discuss current knowledge concerning the HPV implication in HNSCCs. Based on our literature review, 20 to 25% of HNSCCs could be associated with oncogenic HPVs, in particular HPV type 16. The oropharynx--more precisely the tonsil--is the head and neck location presenting the highest incidence of @entity1083 . Moreover, a clear @entity189 incidence has been described. As observed in cervical @entity189 , HPV positive HNSCCs are sexually transmitted and characterized by alterations of @entity876 and @entity996 signalling pathways. Several studies have shown that HPV positive subgroup presented better prognosis particularly if these @entity1 overexpressed @entity986 . New studies regarding HPV status in HNSCCs are warranted to provide a rationale for large scale HPV vaccination in young male populations.

title: [Involvement of XXXX in upper aero-digestive tracts @entity5 ].

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted infection']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1083 :: ('MESH:D030361', 'Disease') :: ['HPV infection']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['increase of tonsillar carcinoma', 'carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['Human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancers']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['HNSCC', 'head and neck squamous cell carcinomas']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: @entity1082 ) is one of the most common causes of @entity2953 in the world. France and Belgium present one of the highest incidence of @entity213 ( @entity213 ) worldwide. Besides, considering only the male population, HNSCCs represent the fourth most frequent @entity5 after prostate, lung and @entity694 . Although the causal link between high-risk HPVs and @entity2622 is well established, the implication of this @entity1800 in @entity213 remains debatable. Here, we discuss current knowledge concerning the HPV implication in HNSCCs. Based on our literature review, 20 to 25% of HNSCCs could be associated with oncogenic HPVs, in particular HPV type 16. The oropharynx--more precisely the tonsil--is the head and neck location presenting the highest incidence of @entity1083 . Moreover, a clear @entity189 incidence has been described. As observed in cervical @entity189 , HPV positive HNSCCs are sexually transmitted and characterized by alterations of @entity876 and @entity996 signalling pathways. Several studies have shown that HPV positive subgroup presented better prognosis particularly if these @entity1 overexpressed @entity986 . New studies regarding HPV status in HNSCCs are warranted to provide a rationale for large scale HPV vaccination in young male populations.

title: [Involvement of @entity1082 in upper aero-digestive tracts XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancers']


abstract: Multidrug-resistant cells are believed to contain a plasma-membrane-efflux pump which is hypothesized to expel anticancer drugs from the cytosol to the cell exterior. Many of these drugs are classified as weak bases whose binding to intracellular targets is pH-dependent. Slight alterations in intracellular pH gradients have been shown to affect accumulation, endocytosis and secretion of drugs. In this study, we developed a new method based on confocal spectral imaging analysis to determine intracellular pH gradients in sensitive and MDR @entity5 cells. @entity2822 ( @entity2823 ) and @entity8008 conjugated to dextran (FRD) and SNAFL-calcein-AM were used to determine pH in acidic compartments. Carboxy-SNARF1-AM was used to examine cytosolic pH. We observed that sensitive (HL60, K562, CEM and MCF7) cells exhibit lower acidity of the subcellular organelles than that corresponding to drug-resistant derivatives. Moreover, results obtained with carboxy-SNARF1-AM show that resistant cells display a more alkaline cytosolic pH. This results in a considerably larger pH gradient between the vesicular compartments and the cytosol of resistant cells than of sensitive cells. The lower pH gradient observed in sensitive cells may be related to a disruption in the organization of the @entity10747 ( @entity10747 ). In drug-resistant cells, the organization of @entity10747 appears compact. In addition, confocal microscopic analysis of cells labelled with FRD and SNAFL-calcein showed that sensitive cells contain a lower number of acidified vesicles. This suggest a diminished capacity of these cells to remove protonated drugs from the cytoplasm to secretory compartments followed by their secretion through the activity of the secretory and recycling pathways.

title: Characterization of intracellular pH gradients in human multidrug-resistant XXXX cells by means of scanning microspectrofluorometry and dual-emission-ratio probes.

entities_list: @entity10747 :: ('MESH:D012183', 'Disease') :: ['trans-Golgi network', 'TGN']

entities_list: @entity2822 :: ('CHEBI:37926', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluorescein isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity8008 :: ('CHEBI:52282', 'Chemical') :: ['tetramethylrhodamine']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) has been identified as a key angiogenic factor involved in the growth and @entity5 . @entity463 ( @entity463 ) are the most common primary @entity1 @entity1313 , histo-pathologically characterized by intense @entity5 angiogenesis. GBMs do not harbour oncogenic Ras mutations, but there is a functional up-regulation of Ras signaling through activation of receptor @entity669 kinases overexpressed by these @entity5 . We demonstrate that Ras pathway activation regulates @entity7 secretion in @entity816 cell lines. Ras pathway inhibition was carried out using genetic and pharmacologic techniques. Astrocytoma cells that were transfected to express the dominant inhibitory mutant H-Ras(N17) demonstrated a reduction in @entity7 secretion under both normoxic and @entity519 conditions. Cells treated with the @entity11349 transferase inhibitor @entity72757 demonstrated similar reductions in @entity7 secretion. Furthermore, @entity816 cells expressing a constitutively phosphorylated and truncated EGF-R common in GBMs ( @entity25897 )) demonstrate further elevations in Ras activation, resulting in a further increase in @entity7 secretion. We have previously demonstrated that activation of Ras plays a vital role in transducing mitogenic signals in @entity1 @entity5 cells. Our present results further extend the role of Ras activation in modulating @entity5 angiogenesis in these @entity5 . We propose that Ras may contribute to the angiogenic switch in @entity816 .

title: Normoxic and XXXX regulation of @entity7 ( @entity7 ) by @entity816 cells is mediated by Ras.

entities_list: @entity11349 :: ('CHEBI:24017', 'Chemical') :: ['farnesyl']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant astrocytoma', 'malignant progression of tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'Vascular endothelial growth Factor']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma', 'astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'Glioblastoma multiforme']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic']


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) has been identified as a key angiogenic factor involved in the growth and @entity5 . @entity463 ( @entity463 ) are the most common primary @entity1 @entity1313 , histo-pathologically characterized by intense @entity5 angiogenesis. GBMs do not harbour oncogenic Ras mutations, but there is a functional up-regulation of Ras signaling through activation of receptor @entity669 kinases overexpressed by these @entity5 . We demonstrate that Ras pathway activation regulates @entity7 secretion in @entity816 cell lines. Ras pathway inhibition was carried out using genetic and pharmacologic techniques. Astrocytoma cells that were transfected to express the dominant inhibitory mutant H-Ras(N17) demonstrated a reduction in @entity7 secretion under both normoxic and @entity519 conditions. Cells treated with the @entity11349 transferase inhibitor @entity72757 demonstrated similar reductions in @entity7 secretion. Furthermore, @entity816 cells expressing a constitutively phosphorylated and truncated EGF-R common in GBMs ( @entity25897 )) demonstrate further elevations in Ras activation, resulting in a further increase in @entity7 secretion. We have previously demonstrated that activation of Ras plays a vital role in transducing mitogenic signals in @entity1 @entity5 cells. Our present results further extend the role of Ras activation in modulating @entity5 angiogenesis in these @entity5 . We propose that Ras may contribute to the angiogenic switch in @entity816 .

title: Normoxic and @entity519 regulation of XXXX ( @entity7 ) by @entity816 cells is mediated by Ras.

answer: @entity7 :: (7422,Gene) :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor']


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) has been identified as a key angiogenic factor involved in the growth and @entity5 . @entity463 ( @entity463 ) are the most common primary @entity1 @entity1313 , histo-pathologically characterized by intense @entity5 angiogenesis. GBMs do not harbour oncogenic Ras mutations, but there is a functional up-regulation of Ras signaling through activation of receptor @entity669 kinases overexpressed by these @entity5 . We demonstrate that Ras pathway activation regulates @entity7 secretion in @entity816 cell lines. Ras pathway inhibition was carried out using genetic and pharmacologic techniques. Astrocytoma cells that were transfected to express the dominant inhibitory mutant H-Ras(N17) demonstrated a reduction in @entity7 secretion under both normoxic and @entity519 conditions. Cells treated with the @entity11349 transferase inhibitor @entity72757 demonstrated similar reductions in @entity7 secretion. Furthermore, @entity816 cells expressing a constitutively phosphorylated and truncated EGF-R common in GBMs ( @entity25897 )) demonstrate further elevations in Ras activation, resulting in a further increase in @entity7 secretion. We have previously demonstrated that activation of Ras plays a vital role in transducing mitogenic signals in @entity1 @entity5 cells. Our present results further extend the role of Ras activation in modulating @entity5 angiogenesis in these @entity5 . We propose that Ras may contribute to the angiogenic switch in @entity816 .

title: Normoxic and @entity519 regulation of @entity7 ( XXXX ) by @entity816 cells is mediated by Ras.

answer: @entity7 :: (7422,Gene) :: ['VEGF']


abstract: @entity7 ( @entity7 ) has been identified as a key angiogenic factor involved in the growth and @entity5 . @entity463 ( @entity463 ) are the most common primary @entity1 @entity1313 , histo-pathologically characterized by intense @entity5 angiogenesis. GBMs do not harbour oncogenic Ras mutations, but there is a functional up-regulation of Ras signaling through activation of receptor @entity669 kinases overexpressed by these @entity5 . We demonstrate that Ras pathway activation regulates @entity7 secretion in @entity816 cell lines. Ras pathway inhibition was carried out using genetic and pharmacologic techniques. Astrocytoma cells that were transfected to express the dominant inhibitory mutant H-Ras(N17) demonstrated a reduction in @entity7 secretion under both normoxic and @entity519 conditions. Cells treated with the @entity11349 transferase inhibitor @entity72757 demonstrated similar reductions in @entity7 secretion. Furthermore, @entity816 cells expressing a constitutively phosphorylated and truncated EGF-R common in GBMs ( @entity25897 )) demonstrate further elevations in Ras activation, resulting in a further increase in @entity7 secretion. We have previously demonstrated that activation of Ras plays a vital role in transducing mitogenic signals in @entity1 @entity5 cells. Our present results further extend the role of Ras activation in modulating @entity5 angiogenesis in these @entity5 . We propose that Ras may contribute to the angiogenic switch in @entity816 .

title: Normoxic and @entity519 regulation of @entity7 ( @entity7 ) by XXXX cells is mediated by Ras.

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['astrocytoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: This article reports on the results of a study of the arthroscopic findings in the joint surfaces of osteoarthritic @entity1348 ( @entity1348 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Arthroscopy was performed in the upper joint compartment of 40 @entity1348 in 40 @entity1 . Thirty-one @entity1348 that were diagnosed with @entity571 ( @entity571 ) constituted the @entity571 group. On the basis of the presence of symptoms related to disc displacement and perforation, @entity571 subgroups were defined. Nine @entity1348 that were not involved with @entity571 constituted the control group. During the examination, various arthroscopic variables were recorded. Differences between groups and between subgroups were tested statistically. RESULTS: In the @entity571 group, several arthroscopic variables were found significantly more frequently than in the control group. These included retrodiscal tissue redundancy, adhesions, and heightened attachment to the posterior wall of the glenoid fossa; articular disc displacement and limited mobility; and cartilage @entity528 . Moreover, in the @entity571 group, disc displacement was found significantly more frequently in the period after 6 months than during the first 6 months of clinical signs and symptoms. Anterodiscal hypervascularity was found significantly more frequently during the first year than after the first year, as well as more during the first 2 years than after the first 2 years of clinical signs and symptoms, whereas a lowered attachment on the anterior slope of the articular eminence was found significantly more often after 2 years than during the first 2 years of clinical signs and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study suggest that @entity571 of the @entity1348 may initially result in synovial tissue hypervascularity, creeping @entity603 , and redundancy, and subsequently in adhesion formation and a reduction of the posterior and anterior recess. Because of cartilage fibrillation on the articular eminence, and the subsequently reduced surface smoothness, the articular disc may become displaced. Eventually, disc mobility is limited, and adhesions and a reduced posterior and anterior recess prevail.

title: Arthroscopic findings in osteoarthritic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration in the articular eminence']

entities_list: @entity1348 :: ('MESH:D013706', 'Disease') :: ['TMJs', 'TMJ', 'temporomandibular joints']

answer: @entity1348 :: (MESH:D013706,Disease) :: ['temporomandibular joints']


abstract: PURPOSE: A review of surgical outcomes in 280 @entity1 who underwent in-office excision of @entity272 , open wound therapy, and delayed reconstruction is presented. Advantages of open wound therapy and delayed reconstruction are discussed. @entity1 AND METHODS: The surgical records of all @entity1 treated between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1996 were evaluated for outcome and complications. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen @entity1 presented with biopsy-confirmed @entity272 of the head and neck. After surgical excision of the @entity5 , the wounds were treated with a semiocclusive dressing while waiting for the results of the biopsy report and reconstruction (open wound therapy). Eighty-nine percent of the residual @entity272 were repaired within 10 days. The remaining 11% were closed within 35 days. Except for one @entity56 to @entity5154 and slight blood oozing from the wound in two @entity1 , no other complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Open wound therapy is an effective method for managing @entity272 after excision of @entity5 . It is cost-effective and can be done quickly as an in-office procedure under local anesthesia without complications.

title: Delayed repair of skin XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lesions', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reaction']

entities_list: @entity5154 :: ('MESH:D009355', 'Chemical') :: ['neomycin']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions', 'malignant skin lesions', 'skin defects']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer defects']


abstract: PURPOSE: After reconstruction of jejunal @entity1146 at the ligament of Treitz, many @entity1 do not respond to simple tapering and @entity254 requiring repetitive operations because of dysfunction of dilated proximal bowel. A new operative approach using lateral duodenectomy and duodenojejunostomy (LDAD) is reported. METHODS: Three @entity1 with @entity1146 within 10 cm of the ligament of Treitz were treated with LDAD, and their records are reviewed retrospectively. The entire duodenum is visualized after creating a malrotation; this is followed by opening the dilated duodenum and resecting dilated proximal jejunum. The resection is extended proximally, incorporating the lateral duodenal incision, excising the lateral duodenal wall, and preserving the ampulla. The residual duodenum is fashioned into a tube and anastomosed to the spatulated distal jejunum. RESULTS: Three @entity1 underwent this procedure over a 4-year period. Two had undergone tapering enteroplasties previously but were unable to tolerate oral feedings; 1 @entity1 had LDAD primarily. All were ultimately successfully managed by LDAD and were feeding within 14 days. Follow-up is from 14 to 49 months. CONCLUSION: Although experience is limited to 3 @entity1 , the prompt return of intestinal function with LDAD may justify primary use of this more radical procedure in difficult-to-treat proximal @entity1146 .

title: A novel technique for correction of intestinal XXXX at the ligament of Treitz.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

answer: @entity1146 :: (MESH:D018633,Disease) :: ['atresia']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Glucagonlike peptide-2 ( @entity18586 ), a product of the posttranslational processing of proglucagon, has been shown to enhance mucosal mass and function in both normal intestine and in the residual intestine after massive small bowel resection. This study was designed to determine if a synthetic, protease-resistant analogue of @entity18586 (GLP-2alpha) can enhance mucosal mass in small intestine after @entity63 and reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS: Ten young adult male @entity35 underwent laparotomy and superior @entity432 for a period of 40 minutes. During this period of @entity63 , each @entity35 underwent placement of a jugular venous catheter that was connected to a subcutaneously placed osmotic pump designed to deliver its contents over 3 days. The @entity35 were divided into 2 groups based on the contents of the pumps: group 1, saline at 1 microL/h (n = 6) and group 2, GLP-2alpha at 100 microg/kg/d (n = 4). Three days after insertion of the pumps the small intestine was harvested from the surviving @entity35 for determination of mucosal DNA and protein content. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student's t test. RESULTS: After I/R injury to the small intestine, a 3-day systemic infusion of GLP-2alpha significantly increased mucosal DNA content 41% (P<.05) and mucosal protein content 60% (P<.05) when compared with saline-treated controls. In addition, infusion of GLP-2alpha reduced mortality from 50% to 25%. CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that GLP-2alpha enhances mucosal mass following I/R injury to the small intestine. GLP-2alpha may be of benefit to @entity1 with @entity63 syndromes such as @entity3166 and @entity20943 .

title: Glucagonlike peptide-2 analogue enhances intestinal mucosal mass after XXXX and reperfusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity20943 :: ('MESH:C562456', 'Disease') :: ['midgut volvulus']

entities_list: @entity3166 :: ('MESH:D020345', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: Several studies have demonstrated the importance of achieving the American @entity6 Association (ADA) clinical guidelines in adults. However, research is limited on adherence to these guidelines in the pediatric population. This retrospective chart review examined 56 charts from 6 physician offices and 1 multispecialty health care system in Ohio. Variables of interest included recommendations from the 2007 ADA Standards of Medical Care in @entity6 . HgA1c was measured every 3 months in 44.6% of @entity1 , while 55% achieved A1c goal. Blood pressure was monitored in all @entity1 , with 57% meeting goal. Lipids and urine microalbumin were tested annually in 51.7% and 26.7% of @entity1 , respectively. Dilated eye and foot exams were performed on 53.5% and 37.5% of @entity1 , respectively. Adherence to ADA clinical guidelines for pediatric @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 is suboptimal. The authors recommend that specific evidence-based guidelines be evaluated for @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: XXXX 2 @entity6 in the pediatric population: Are we meeting ADA clinical guidelines in Ohio?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['Type']


abstract: Several studies have demonstrated the importance of achieving the American @entity6 Association (ADA) clinical guidelines in adults. However, research is limited on adherence to these guidelines in the pediatric population. This retrospective chart review examined 56 charts from 6 physician offices and 1 multispecialty health care system in Ohio. Variables of interest included recommendations from the 2007 ADA Standards of Medical Care in @entity6 . HgA1c was measured every 3 months in 44.6% of @entity1 , while 55% achieved A1c goal. Blood pressure was monitored in all @entity1 , with 57% meeting goal. Lipids and urine microalbumin were tested annually in 51.7% and 26.7% of @entity1 , respectively. Dilated eye and foot exams were performed on 53.5% and 37.5% of @entity1 , respectively. Adherence to ADA clinical guidelines for pediatric @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 is suboptimal. The authors recommend that specific evidence-based guidelines be evaluated for @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: @entity164 2 XXXX in the pediatric population: Are we meeting ADA clinical guidelines in Ohio?

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of @entity384 and endobronchial stent placement for bronchial fibrous stenoses and @entity17593 after lung transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bronchial dilation and/or stent placement was performed on 25 lung transplant recipients. Indications included severe @entity1353 with @entity55 (n = 24) and @entity1576 (n = 1). All @entity1 underwent pulmonary function testing (PFT) before and after bronchial dilation, the results of which were evaluated for changes. A total of 63 procedures were performed between February 1996 and December 1998. Thirty-five lesions were treated (18 were due to @entity17593 , 17 were due to @entity82 ). Areas treated included the left mainstem bronchus (n = 11), bronchus intermedius (n = 10), right mainstem bronchus (n = 7), left upper lobe bronchus (n = 4), right lower lobe bronchus (n = 2), and right middle lobe bronchus (n = 1). Bronchoscopic and/or bronchographic follow-up ranged from 1 to 34 months (mean, 15 months). RESULTS: Six-month primary patency of stents placed for @entity17593 was 71% (10 of 14), with three of the four occlusions caused by mechanical failure of Palmaz stents in the mainstem bronchi. Six-month primary patency for treatment of @entity82 was 29%. Secondary patency at 1 year was 100% for both @entity17593 and @entity82 . After treatment, there was a significant improvement in mean PFT results (P = .01-.0001). There was one acute complication, obstruction of the left lower lobe bronchus by a Wallstent treated by dilating a hole in the side of the stent. CONCLUSIONS: @entity384 and stent placement are safe and effective for bronchial strictures and @entity17593 after lung transplantation, resulting in significant improvement in PFT results. However, there is almost universal restenosis in @entity1 treated for @entity82 necessitating reintervention for prolonged patency.

title: XXXX and endobronchial stent placement for bronchial strictures after lung transplantation.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous strictures', 'fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['postobstructive pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['balloon dilation', 'Balloon dilation']

entities_list: @entity17593 :: ('MESH:D055091', 'Disease') :: ['bronchomalacia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['Balloon dilation']


abstract: The aim of the study was presentation of our experiences in the diagnostics and treatment of @entity3123 in confrontation with current opinions. Between 1983 and April 1998 308 @entity1 (198 males and 110 females with mean age 61 years) were treated at our department. In 211 cases @entity5 was primarily localized in the head and in 97 cases (31.5%) in the body or tail of pancreas. The diagnosis was determined on the basis of clinical symptoms and laboratory investigations. Diagnostic accuracy of performed investigations was as following. Ultrasonography-86%, CT-scan-95%, and ERCP-94%. Ultrasonography or CT guided biopsy and serodiagnostics improved detectability of resectionable @entity189 in the last past years. Among 308 @entity1 , 292 underwent surgery. Since 1997 an intraoperative ultrasonography and cholangioscopy of common bile duct and Virsung were performed as a routine. The procedures depended on the localization and the grade of advance of the @entity5 . UICC classification of @entity788 , pTNM (4th edition 1987) it was used. Only in 25 @entity1 (8%) ( @entity5 pT1a-bN0M0) it was possible to perform radical operation (resection of the pancreas). However in 172 @entity1 (56%) only palliative procedures were done (pT2N1M0). In 95 @entity1 (31%) only laparotomy and biopsy were performed ( @entity5 pT2N1M1). The study shows that although diagnostic methods are improved, the @entity5 of the pancreas are diagnosed in stages making unable the radical procedures. Only about 10% of @entity189 are resectable. It is caused by with non-characteristic picture of the disease in its early stage.

title: [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

answer: @entity3123 :: (MESH:C562463,Disease) :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Mechanical loading of cell-laden synthetic hydrogels is one strategy for regenerating functional cartilage. This work tests the hypothesis that type of loading (continuous vs intermittent) and timing when loading is applied (immediate vs delayed) influence anabolic and catabolic activities of chondrocytes when encapsulated in @entity968 ( @entity970 ) hydrogels. METHODS: Primary @entity291 chondrocytes encapsulated in @entity970 hydrogels were subjected to unconfined dynamic compressive strains applied continuously or intermittently for 1 week (i.e., immediate) or intermittently for 1 week but after a 1 week free-swelling (FS) period (i.e., delayed). Anabolic activities were assessed by gene expression for collagen II and aggrecan (AGC) and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by (immuno)histochemistry. Catabolic activities were assessed by gene expression for matrix metalloproteinases, @entity72758 , and 13. RESULTS: Intermittent loading (IL) upregulated ECM and MMP expressions, e.g., 2-fold, 16-fold and 8-fold for collagen II, @entity29626 , @entity31033 , respectively. Continuous loading upregulated AGC expression 1.5-fold but down-regulated @entity29626 (3-fold) and -3 (2-fold) expressions. For delayed loading, chondrocytes responded to FS conditions by down-regulating MMP expressions (P<0.01), but were less sensitive to loading when applied during week 2. Spatially, deposition of ECM molecules was dependent on the timing of loading, where immediate loading favored enhanced collagen II deposition. CONCLUSIONS: The type and timing of dynamic loading dramatically influenced ECM and MMP gene expression and to a lesser degree matrix deposition. Our findings suggest that early applications of IL is necessary to stimulate both anabolic and catabolic activities, which may be important in regenerating and restructuring the engineered tissue long-term.

title: Mechanical loading regimes affect the anabolic and catabolic activities by chondrocytes encapsulated in XXXX hydrogels.

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(ethylene glycol)']

answer: @entity970 :: (CHEBI:46793,Chemical) :: ['PEG']


abstract: The administration of @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells to @entity1 with advanced @entity5 has yielded encouraging results. The purported ability of LAK cells to be discriminatively tumoricidal, thus sparing normal host tissue, represents a major advance over conventional chemotherapy. However, @entity1199 adoptive immunotherapy results in dose-limiting @entity137 characterized by @entity1017 , @entity1353 , @entity843 , and @entity3126 suggestive of a @entity455 . It is unclear whether the observed @entity137 is directly related to @entity1199 and/or LAK cells. The authors examined the cytolytic nature of @entity1 LAK cells against @entity1 endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast cell lines. @entity291 endothelial cells also were studied. Using a 51Cr release assay, the cytolytic potential, time course, and effect of reactive @entity26 intermediate inhibitors were studied. LAK cells were uniformly toxic against all cell lines, in contrast to high dose @entity5041 and excipient. Significant cytolysis was observed within 30 minutes and increased over the first 2 hours of LAK cells coming in contact with target cells. Reactive @entity26 intermediate inhibitors did not reduce cytolytic activity. The authors thus found @entity1 LAK cells to be rapidly cytolytic against a variety of @entity1 and @entity291 cell lines. This cytolysis was independent of reactive @entity26 intermediates.

title: Nonspecific XXXX of recombinant @entity1199 activated lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular leak syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral-pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: The administration of @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells to @entity1 with advanced @entity5 has yielded encouraging results. The purported ability of LAK cells to be discriminatively tumoricidal, thus sparing normal host tissue, represents a major advance over conventional chemotherapy. However, @entity1199 adoptive immunotherapy results in dose-limiting @entity137 characterized by @entity1017 , @entity1353 , @entity843 , and @entity3126 suggestive of a @entity455 . It is unclear whether the observed @entity137 is directly related to @entity1199 and/or LAK cells. The authors examined the cytolytic nature of @entity1 LAK cells against @entity1 endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast cell lines. @entity291 endothelial cells also were studied. Using a 51Cr release assay, the cytolytic potential, time course, and effect of reactive @entity26 intermediate inhibitors were studied. LAK cells were uniformly toxic against all cell lines, in contrast to high dose @entity5041 and excipient. Significant cytolysis was observed within 30 minutes and increased over the first 2 hours of LAK cells coming in contact with target cells. Reactive @entity26 intermediate inhibitors did not reduce cytolytic activity. The authors thus found @entity1 LAK cells to be rapidly cytolytic against a variety of @entity1 and @entity291 cell lines. This cytolysis was independent of reactive @entity26 intermediates.

title: Nonspecific @entity137 of recombinant XXXX activated lymphocytes.

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['interleukin-2']


abstract: To investigate the relationship between cytologic alterations and cellular proliferation during @entity731 remodeling, we examined experimental @entity1856 by immunohistochemistry. Plaques were formed on @entity95 aortas by @entity165 -enriched diets and mechanical stimulation over a period of 2 months. Plaques were examined 1 month and 6 months after induction. We used antibodies RAM-11, HHF-35, and monoclonal anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( @entity12914 ) antibody for detection of macrophages (Mphi), @entity3960 ( @entity3960 ), and @entity12914 , respectively. One month after induction, the plaques revealed a thickened intima with a fibrofatty histologic pattern or accumulation of foam cells. With either histologic pattern, foam cells were found to be Mphi and proliferative activity was mainly observed in Mphi. Six months after induction, calcification and organization were seen on the induced plaques, suggesting progression of remodeling. There were fewer Mphi and more @entity3960 compared with plaques examined 1 month after induction. Proliferative activity was observed mainly in @entity3960 . We have demonstrated that the proliferative activity of cell types changes during remodeling of @entity1856 . Our results suggest an important relationship between the proliferative activity of @entity3960 and remodeling.

title: Changes in the proliferative activities of cells in experimental XXXX plaques during remodeling.

entities_list: @entity3960 :: ('MESH:D018235', 'Disease') :: ['smooth muscle cells', 'SMC']

entities_list: @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['atheromatous plaques']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic']


abstract: Multiple @entity3167 (SA) residues conjugated to a linear @entity2975 backbone are more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting @entity683 -induced agglutination of red blood cells. However, "polymeric inhibitors" based on @entity2975 backbones are cytotoxic. @entity2343 offer a nontoxic alternative to @entity2975 and may provide a variety of potential synthetic inhibitors of @entity683 virus adhesion due to the wide range of available polymer structures. We evaluated several dendritic polymeric inhibitors, including spheroidal, linear, linear-dendron copolymers, comb-branched, and dendrigraft polymers, for the ability to inhibit virus hemagglutination (HA) and to block @entity281 of @entity1 cells in vitro. Four viruses were tested: @entity683 A @entity33105 (selectively propagated two ways), X-31 @entity683 A H3N2, and sendai. The most potent of the linear and spheroidal inhibitors were 32-256-fold more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting HA by the @entity33105 @entity683 virus. Linear-dendron copolymers were 1025-8200-fold more effective against @entity33105 @entity683 , X-31 @entity683 , and sendai viruses. The most effective were the comb-branched and dendrigraft inhibitors, which showed up to 50000-fold increased activity against these viruses. We were able to demonstrate significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent reduction of @entity683 @entity281 in @entity1 cells by polymeric inhibitors, the first such demonstration for multivalent SA inhibitors. Effective dendrimer polymers were not cytotoxic to @entity1 cells at therapeutic levels. Of additional interest, variation in the inhibitory effect was observed with different viruses, suggesting possible differences due to specific growth conditions of virus. SA-conjugated dendritic polymers may provide a new therapeutic modality for viruses that employ SA as their target receptor.

title: Inhibition of viral adhesion and @entity281 by XXXX -conjugated dendritic polymers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity3167 :: ('MESH:D019158', 'Chemical') :: ['sialic acid']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2343 :: ('MESH:D007635', 'Disease') :: ['Dendritic polymers']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity3167 :: (MESH:D019158,Chemical) :: ['sialic-acid']


abstract: Multiple @entity3167 (SA) residues conjugated to a linear @entity2975 backbone are more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting @entity683 -induced agglutination of red blood cells. However, "polymeric inhibitors" based on @entity2975 backbones are cytotoxic. @entity2343 offer a nontoxic alternative to @entity2975 and may provide a variety of potential synthetic inhibitors of @entity683 virus adhesion due to the wide range of available polymer structures. We evaluated several dendritic polymeric inhibitors, including spheroidal, linear, linear-dendron copolymers, comb-branched, and dendrigraft polymers, for the ability to inhibit virus hemagglutination (HA) and to block @entity281 of @entity1 cells in vitro. Four viruses were tested: @entity683 A @entity33105 (selectively propagated two ways), X-31 @entity683 A H3N2, and sendai. The most potent of the linear and spheroidal inhibitors were 32-256-fold more effective than monomeric SA at inhibiting HA by the @entity33105 @entity683 virus. Linear-dendron copolymers were 1025-8200-fold more effective against @entity33105 @entity683 , X-31 @entity683 , and sendai viruses. The most effective were the comb-branched and dendrigraft inhibitors, which showed up to 50000-fold increased activity against these viruses. We were able to demonstrate significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent reduction of @entity683 @entity281 in @entity1 cells by polymeric inhibitors, the first such demonstration for multivalent SA inhibitors. Effective dendrimer polymers were not cytotoxic to @entity1 cells at therapeutic levels. Of additional interest, variation in the inhibitory effect was observed with different viruses, suggesting possible differences due to specific growth conditions of virus. SA-conjugated dendritic polymers may provide a new therapeutic modality for viruses that employ SA as their target receptor.

title: Inhibition of viral adhesion and XXXX by @entity3167 -conjugated dendritic polymers.

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: Many cell types are currently being studied as potential sources of cardiomyocytes for cell transplantation therapy to repair and regenerate damaged myocardium. The question remains as to which progenitor cell represents the best candidate. Bone marrow-derived cells and endothelial progenitor cells have been tested in clinical studies. These cells are safe, but their cardiogenic potential is controversial. The functional benefits observed are probably due to enhanced angiogenesis, @entity5707 , or to cytokine-mediated effects that promote the survival of endogenous cells. @entity1 embryonic stem cells represent an unlimited source of cardiomyocytes due to their great differentiation potential, but each step of differentiation must be tightly controlled due to the high risk of @entity44 formation. These cells, however, confront ethical barriers and there is a risk of graft rejection. These last two problems can be avoided by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), which can be autologously derived, but the high risk of @entity44 formation remains. Cardiac progenitor cells have the advantage of being cardiac committed, but important questions remain unanswered, such as what is the best marker to identify and isolate these cells? To date the different markers used to identify adult cardiac progenitor cells also recognize progenitor cells that are outside the heart. Thus, it cannot be determined whether the cardiac progenitor cells identified in the adult heart represent resident cells present since fetal life or extracardiac cells that colonized the heart after @entity299 . Developmental studies have identified markers of multipotent progenitors, but it is unknown whether these markers are specific for adult progenitors when expressed in the adult myocardium. Cardiac regeneration is dependent on the stability of the cells transplanted into the host myocardium and on the electromechanical coupling with the endogenous cells. Finally, the promotion of endogenous regenerative processes by mobilizing endogenous progenitors represents a complementary approach to cell transplantation therapy.

title: Progenitor cell therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury']

entities_list: @entity5707 :: ('MESH:D020257', 'Disease') :: ['reduced ventricular remodeling']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['heart disease']


abstract: This article provides a systematic review of the frequency and severity of adverse gastrointestinal (GI) events among @entity1 using @entity9213 , a @entity2247 -selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). A MEDLINE search of English language articles from 1990-1998, a manual search of citations from primary trials and review articles, and a manual search of proceedings from international gastroenterology meetings were conducted. Randomized clinical trials comparing the frequency of GI adverse events for @entity9213 versus non- @entity2247 -selective NSAIDs were selected. Specific data about the frequency of @entity2210 ; perforations, @entity1066 , and @entity548 (PUBs); and withdrawal of medication because of adverse GI events was also extracted. From a pool of 62 potentially relevant citations, 12 randomized trials were identified. All trials concerning symptomatic GI adverse events used the World Health Organization's Adverse Reaction Terminology List (WHO-ARTL) to code adverse events. @entity1 using @entity9213 had fewer GI adverse events compared with non- @entity2247 -selective NSAIDs (odds ratio = 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-0.69). @entity1 using @entity9213 experienced less @entity2210 (odds ratio = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.64-0.84), fewer PUBs (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.28-0.96), and less frequent discontinuation of NSAID because of adverse GI events (odds ratio = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.52-0.67) compared with non- @entity2247 selective NSAIDs. @entity9213 , a @entity2247 -selective NSAID, appears to cause fewer adverse GI events than standard, non- @entity2247 -selective NSAIDs. However, the generalizability of these data may be limited by the low dose of @entity9213 used in most trials and the use of the WHO-ARTL to code adverse events.

title: Gastrointestinal safety profile of XXXX : a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

entities_list: @entity9213 :: ('MESH:C065757', 'Chemical') :: ['meloxicam', 'Meloxicam']

answer: @entity9213 :: (MESH:C065757,Chemical) :: ['meloxicam']


abstract: PURPOSE: The primary aim was to describe the response of plasma @entity908 kinase (CK) activity in a sample of African-American @entity1 after a bout of eccentric exercise. The study also described signal intensity changes detected by MR in the musculature of the right lower leg. METHODS: Subjects were 20 male volunteers of African descent (age = 24 +/- 4 [mean +/- SD] yr). Each walked backward for 60 min at 3 km x h(-1) down a 23% grade. Venous blood was sampled before exercise, immediately (0 d) after and 1, 2, 4, and 7 d after exercise for plasma CK assay. @entity925 was evaluated in 18 subjects at selected times during the 7 d postexercise. @entity121 was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: The subjects had high baseline plasma CK activity (187 +/- 127 IU x L(-1); 163 +/- 70 IU x L(-1) with one outlier excluded) compared with typical clinical norms. As a group, CK activity was increased (P < 0.05) 4 d (980 +/- 1331 IU L(-1)) and 7 d (1022 +/- 1031 IU L(-1)) postexercise, compared with preexercise. Eleven (55%) of the subjects had large, delayed increases in plasma CK activity ("hyperresponses"). As a group, the plasma CK response was similar to responses of comparison Caucasian subjects. All subjects reported delayed muscle soreness; there was no association between soreness and plasma CK. Every subject showed MRI evidence of @entity121 but varying in degree and time course. Plasma CK activity correlated to MRI signal intensity (rho = 0.445). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that changes in plasma CK activity and skeletal @entity121 in African-American @entity1 after eccentric exercise do not differ from the responses of Caucasians.

title: Plasma XXXX kinase responses of 18- to 30-yr-old African-American @entity1 to eccentric exercise.

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['Soreness in the plantar flexor muscles']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['injury to plantar flexor muscles postexercise', 'muscle injury', 'Injury to the plantar flexor muscles']

answer: @entity908 :: (MESH:D003401,Chemical) :: ['creatine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The primary aim was to describe the response of plasma @entity908 kinase (CK) activity in a sample of African-American @entity1 after a bout of eccentric exercise. The study also described signal intensity changes detected by MR in the musculature of the right lower leg. METHODS: Subjects were 20 male volunteers of African descent (age = 24 +/- 4 [mean +/- SD] yr). Each walked backward for 60 min at 3 km x h(-1) down a 23% grade. Venous blood was sampled before exercise, immediately (0 d) after and 1, 2, 4, and 7 d after exercise for plasma CK assay. @entity925 was evaluated in 18 subjects at selected times during the 7 d postexercise. @entity121 was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: The subjects had high baseline plasma CK activity (187 +/- 127 IU x L(-1); 163 +/- 70 IU x L(-1) with one outlier excluded) compared with typical clinical norms. As a group, CK activity was increased (P < 0.05) 4 d (980 +/- 1331 IU L(-1)) and 7 d (1022 +/- 1031 IU L(-1)) postexercise, compared with preexercise. Eleven (55%) of the subjects had large, delayed increases in plasma CK activity ("hyperresponses"). As a group, the plasma CK response was similar to responses of comparison Caucasian subjects. All subjects reported delayed muscle soreness; there was no association between soreness and plasma CK. Every subject showed MRI evidence of @entity121 but varying in degree and time course. Plasma CK activity correlated to MRI signal intensity (rho = 0.445). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that changes in plasma CK activity and skeletal @entity121 in African-American @entity1 after eccentric exercise do not differ from the responses of Caucasians.

title: Plasma @entity908 kinase responses of 18- to 30-yr-old African-American XXXX to eccentric exercise.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The exposure to intense physical and psychological stress during intensive care can result in @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) in survivors. @entity701 is a biological stress mediator that can have a protective effect during severe stress. The administration of stress doses of @entity701 during treatment in the intensive care unit could theoretically result in a lower incidence of @entity1005 . We tested this hypothesis in survivors of @entity326 . DESIGN: A retrospective case-controlled analysis. SETTING: A 20-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital. @entity1 : We identified 27 @entity1 who received standard therapy for @entity326 . These @entity1 served as controls and were compared with an equal number of @entity1 who received @entity701 in addition to standard treatment. These @entity1 were selected from our database with regard to age (+/-4 yrs), gender, and cause of @entity326 to be as similar as possible with control @entity1 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 from the @entity701 group had received stress doses of @entity701 (100 mg bolus, followed by 0.18 mg/kg/hr) in addition to standard treatment. @entity1 from the control group received standard protocol-driven treatment only. @entity1005 was diagnosed with the Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-10 inventory, a self-report scale for diagnosis of @entity1005 . Health-related quality of life was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Survey (Medical Outcomes Trust, Boston, MA), which consists of 36 questions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity1 who received @entity701 during @entity326 had a significantly lower incidence of @entity1005 than @entity1 who received standard treatment only (5 of 27 vs. 16 of 27; p = .01) and had significantly higher scores on the mental health index of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form health-related quality-of-life questionnaire (68 vs. 44 points; p = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study support the hypothesis that the administration of stress doses of @entity701 in doses equivalent to the maximal endocrine secretion rate during @entity326 reduces the incidence of @entity1005 and improves emotional well-being in survivors. This hypothesis should be tested in a prospective randomized trial.

title: The effect of stress doses of @entity701 during @entity326 on XXXX and health-related quality of life in survivors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['Cortisol', 'hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['posttraumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

answer: @entity1005 :: (MESH:D013313,Disease) :: ['posttraumatic stress disorder']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The exposure to intense physical and psychological stress during intensive care can result in @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) in survivors. @entity701 is a biological stress mediator that can have a protective effect during severe stress. The administration of stress doses of @entity701 during treatment in the intensive care unit could theoretically result in a lower incidence of @entity1005 . We tested this hypothesis in survivors of @entity326 . DESIGN: A retrospective case-controlled analysis. SETTING: A 20-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital. @entity1 : We identified 27 @entity1 who received standard therapy for @entity326 . These @entity1 served as controls and were compared with an equal number of @entity1 who received @entity701 in addition to standard treatment. These @entity1 were selected from our database with regard to age (+/-4 yrs), gender, and cause of @entity326 to be as similar as possible with control @entity1 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 from the @entity701 group had received stress doses of @entity701 (100 mg bolus, followed by 0.18 mg/kg/hr) in addition to standard treatment. @entity1 from the control group received standard protocol-driven treatment only. @entity1005 was diagnosed with the Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-10 inventory, a self-report scale for diagnosis of @entity1005 . Health-related quality of life was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Survey (Medical Outcomes Trust, Boston, MA), which consists of 36 questions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity1 who received @entity701 during @entity326 had a significantly lower incidence of @entity1005 than @entity1 who received standard treatment only (5 of 27 vs. 16 of 27; p = .01) and had significantly higher scores on the mental health index of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form health-related quality-of-life questionnaire (68 vs. 44 points; p = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study support the hypothesis that the administration of stress doses of @entity701 in doses equivalent to the maximal endocrine secretion rate during @entity326 reduces the incidence of @entity1005 and improves emotional well-being in survivors. This hypothesis should be tested in a prospective randomized trial.

title: The effect of stress doses of @entity701 during XXXX on @entity1005 and health-related quality of life in survivors.

answer: @entity326 :: (MESH:D012772,Disease) :: ['septic shock']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The exposure to intense physical and psychological stress during intensive care can result in @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) in survivors. @entity701 is a biological stress mediator that can have a protective effect during severe stress. The administration of stress doses of @entity701 during treatment in the intensive care unit could theoretically result in a lower incidence of @entity1005 . We tested this hypothesis in survivors of @entity326 . DESIGN: A retrospective case-controlled analysis. SETTING: A 20-bed multidisciplinary intensive care unit of a tertiary-care university hospital. @entity1 : We identified 27 @entity1 who received standard therapy for @entity326 . These @entity1 served as controls and were compared with an equal number of @entity1 who received @entity701 in addition to standard treatment. These @entity1 were selected from our database with regard to age (+/-4 yrs), gender, and cause of @entity326 to be as similar as possible with control @entity1 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 from the @entity701 group had received stress doses of @entity701 (100 mg bolus, followed by 0.18 mg/kg/hr) in addition to standard treatment. @entity1 from the control group received standard protocol-driven treatment only. @entity1005 was diagnosed with the Posttraumatic Stress Syndrome-10 inventory, a self-report scale for diagnosis of @entity1005 . Health-related quality of life was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Survey (Medical Outcomes Trust, Boston, MA), which consists of 36 questions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity1 who received @entity701 during @entity326 had a significantly lower incidence of @entity1005 than @entity1 who received standard treatment only (5 of 27 vs. 16 of 27; p = .01) and had significantly higher scores on the mental health index of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form health-related quality-of-life questionnaire (68 vs. 44 points; p = .009). CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study support the hypothesis that the administration of stress doses of @entity701 in doses equivalent to the maximal endocrine secretion rate during @entity326 reduces the incidence of @entity1005 and improves emotional well-being in survivors. This hypothesis should be tested in a prospective randomized trial.

title: The effect of stress doses of XXXX during @entity326 on @entity1005 and health-related quality of life in survivors.

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['hydrocortisone']


abstract: @entity28058 is an analogue of @entity11558 and @entity72759 which does not require metabolic activation and is sufficiently soluble to allow parenteral administration. A Phase I trial has been performed at the Royal Marsden Hospital in which two schedules of administration have been evaluated, a single i.v. infusion repeated every 3 weeks and 3 daily doses repeated every 3 weeks. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed at all dose levels on both schedules and a linear correlation was demonstrated between dose and area under the curve. Myelosuppression was dose limiting for single dose administration with a maximum tolerated dose of 2400 mg/m2. Median leukocyte nadirs at 1800, 2100, and 2400 mg/m2 were 3.2, 2.6, and 1.5 x 10(9)/liter. @entity882 and @entity417 also occurred but were not dose limiting. Doses greater than 1500 mg/m2 caused WHO grade 3 @entity390 and @entity391 but no acute sedation. Three day administration appeared to be less myelosuppressive, giving a maximum tolerated dose of 1000 mg/m2. Median leukocyte nadirs at 800, 900, and 1000 mg/m2 daily for 3 days were 3.0, 2.3, and 1.5 x 10(9)/liter. Nonhematological @entity137 were also less marked on the fractionated schedule. Antitumor effects were observed including 1 complete and 9 partial responses. Demonstration of activity in @entity43 has led to further evaluation in this disease using the 3-day schedule at a dose of 800 mg/m2 daily for 3 days.

title: Phase I trial and pharmacokinetics of XXXX ( @entity28058 ).

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity72759 :: ('MESH:C022048', 'Chemical') :: ['pentamethylmelamine']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity28058 :: ('MESH:C049507', 'Chemical') :: ['Trimelamol']

entities_list: @entity11558 :: ('MESH:D006585', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethylmelamine']

answer: @entity28058 :: (MESH:C049507,Chemical) :: ['trimelamol']


abstract: @entity28058 is an analogue of @entity11558 and @entity72759 which does not require metabolic activation and is sufficiently soluble to allow parenteral administration. A Phase I trial has been performed at the Royal Marsden Hospital in which two schedules of administration have been evaluated, a single i.v. infusion repeated every 3 weeks and 3 daily doses repeated every 3 weeks. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed at all dose levels on both schedules and a linear correlation was demonstrated between dose and area under the curve. Myelosuppression was dose limiting for single dose administration with a maximum tolerated dose of 2400 mg/m2. Median leukocyte nadirs at 1800, 2100, and 2400 mg/m2 were 3.2, 2.6, and 1.5 x 10(9)/liter. @entity882 and @entity417 also occurred but were not dose limiting. Doses greater than 1500 mg/m2 caused WHO grade 3 @entity390 and @entity391 but no acute sedation. Three day administration appeared to be less myelosuppressive, giving a maximum tolerated dose of 1000 mg/m2. Median leukocyte nadirs at 800, 900, and 1000 mg/m2 daily for 3 days were 3.0, 2.3, and 1.5 x 10(9)/liter. Nonhematological @entity137 were also less marked on the fractionated schedule. Antitumor effects were observed including 1 complete and 9 partial responses. Demonstration of activity in @entity43 has led to further evaluation in this disease using the 3-day schedule at a dose of 800 mg/m2 daily for 3 days.

title: Phase I trial and pharmacokinetics of @entity28058 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity28058 :: (MESH:C049507,Chemical) :: ['N2,N4,N6-trihydroxymethyl-N2,N4,N6-trimethylmelamine']


abstract: The transformed monocyte/macrophage cell line J774.2 undergoes apoptosis when treated for 48 h with competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes 1 and 2. Many of these nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but in particular @entity3522 , induce during this time period a COX activity that coincides with a robust induction of @entity10178 protein. Induction of this activity requires high, apoptosis-inducing concentrations of @entity3522 (>100 microM). Prolonged treatment of J774.2 cells with lower doses of @entity3522 inhibits COX activity, indicating that @entity3522 is a time-dependent, pseudoirreversible inhibitor of @entity10178 . It is difficult to wash out the inhibition. However, the activity evoked by high concentrations of @entity3522 has a profoundly distinct COX active site that allows @entity3522 , its inducer, to be washed readily from its active site. The @entity3522 -induced activity also has the unusual property of being more sensitive to inhibition by @entity1443 (IC50 = 0.1-1.0 mM) than @entity10178 induced with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, relative to @entity16538 or @entity10178 , @entity3522 -induced enzyme activity shows significantly reduced sensitivity to inhibition by @entity3522 or other competitively acting nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the enzyme activity is insensitive to @entity117 . If the robust induction of @entity10178 observed is responsible for @entity3522 -induced COX enzyme activity, it is clear that @entity10178 can, therefore, exist in two catalytically active states. A luciferase reporter-construct that contains part of the @entity10178 structure and binds into the membrane showed that chronic @entity3522 treatment of fibroblasts results in marked mobilization of the fusion protein. Such a mobilization could result in enzymatically distinct @entity10178 populations in response to chronic @entity3522 treatment.

title: Induction of an XXXX -sensitive cyclooxygenase with reduced sensitivity to nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs.

entities_list: @entity3522 :: ('MESH:D004008', 'Chemical') :: ['diclofenac']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['acetaminophen']


abstract: We recently reported that @entity1218 -deficient @entity19 showed characteristic @entity1375 . In the present study, we investigated how this @entity1375 occurred particularly in pre- and postnatal stages. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a number of TSH-immunopositive cells in the @entity1218 -/- pituitary on embryonic day 17.5 and at birth. The mutant pituitary at birth in pups born from @entity1218 -deficient dams also showed no apparent morphological changes, indicating no requirement of either maternal or embryonic @entity1218 for the development of pituitary thyrotrophs. In contrast, apparent decreases in number and level of staining of TSH-immunopositive cells were observed after postnatal day 10 in mutant pituitary. Similar decreases were observed in the 8-week-old mutant pituitary, while no apparent changes were observed in other pituitary hormone-producing cells, and prolonged @entity1218 administration completely reversed this effect. Consistent with these morphological results, @entity1218 -/- @entity19 showed normal @entity6145 levels at birth, but the subsequent postnatal increase was depressed, resulting in @entity1375 . As expected, TSH content in the @entity1218 -/- pituitary showed a marked reduction to only 40% of that in the wild type. Despite @entity1375 in the mutant @entity19 , both the pituitary TSHbeta and alpha mRNA levels were lower than those of the wild-type pituitary. These phenotypic changes were specific to the pituitary thyrotrophs. These findings indicated that 1) @entity1218 is essential only for the postnatal maintenance of the normal function of pituitary thyrotrophs, including the normal feedback regulation of the TSH gene by thyroid hormone; 2) neither maternal nor embryonic @entity1218 is required for normal development of the fetal pituitary thyrotroph; and 3) @entity1218 -deficient @entity19 do not exhibit @entity1375 at birth. Moreover, reflecting its name, @entity1218 has more critical effects on the pituitary thyrotrophs than on other pituitary hormone-producing cells.

title: Requirement of thyrotropin-releasing hormone for the postnatal functions of pituitary thyrotrophs: ontogeny study of congenital XXXX in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism', 'tertiary hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity6145 :: ('CHEBI:60311', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroid hormone']

answer: @entity1375 :: (MESH:D007037,Disease) :: ['tertiary hypothyroidism']


abstract: We recently reported that @entity1218 -deficient @entity19 showed characteristic @entity1375 . In the present study, we investigated how this @entity1375 occurred particularly in pre- and postnatal stages. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a number of TSH-immunopositive cells in the @entity1218 -/- pituitary on embryonic day 17.5 and at birth. The mutant pituitary at birth in pups born from @entity1218 -deficient dams also showed no apparent morphological changes, indicating no requirement of either maternal or embryonic @entity1218 for the development of pituitary thyrotrophs. In contrast, apparent decreases in number and level of staining of TSH-immunopositive cells were observed after postnatal day 10 in mutant pituitary. Similar decreases were observed in the 8-week-old mutant pituitary, while no apparent changes were observed in other pituitary hormone-producing cells, and prolonged @entity1218 administration completely reversed this effect. Consistent with these morphological results, @entity1218 -/- @entity19 showed normal @entity6145 levels at birth, but the subsequent postnatal increase was depressed, resulting in @entity1375 . As expected, TSH content in the @entity1218 -/- pituitary showed a marked reduction to only 40% of that in the wild type. Despite @entity1375 in the mutant @entity19 , both the pituitary TSHbeta and alpha mRNA levels were lower than those of the wild-type pituitary. These phenotypic changes were specific to the pituitary thyrotrophs. These findings indicated that 1) @entity1218 is essential only for the postnatal maintenance of the normal function of pituitary thyrotrophs, including the normal feedback regulation of the TSH gene by thyroid hormone; 2) neither maternal nor embryonic @entity1218 is required for normal development of the fetal pituitary thyrotroph; and 3) @entity1218 -deficient @entity19 do not exhibit @entity1375 at birth. Moreover, reflecting its name, @entity1218 has more critical effects on the pituitary thyrotrophs than on other pituitary hormone-producing cells.

title: Requirement of thyrotropin-releasing hormone for the postnatal functions of pituitary thyrotrophs: ontogeny study of congenital @entity1375 in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The 66 randomized @entity1 with mild @entity565 who took part in this study were divided into three nearly equal groups. Group one was treated with true acupuncture during the first and the fourth month (up to week 16). Group two was treated similarly but needled at non-acupuncture points. The third group served as a control. All @entity1 were allowed to maintain their normal asthma medication with the recommendation to keep the regimen unchanged until week 20, i. e. 4 weeks after termination of the specific treatment. The changes in peak flow variability up to week 16 served as main outcome criterion. Additional parameters included several spirometric analyses as well as various markers in blood and sputum that are specific for the allergic inflammatory reaction of the upper respiratory tract. The values measured showed considerable individual variability. This impeded the demonstration of efficacy. In conclusion it can be stated that there was a consistent, positive yet unspecified effect of the needling in both treated groups which can be interpreted as a trend in affecting the @entity558 . This effect could have been more pronounced or even clinically relevant for certain individuals had one considered a separate analysis of the data of each @entity1 .

title: [Acupuncture and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic condition']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Normal weight @entity28 (NWO) is defined as an excessive body fat associated with a normal body mass index (BMI) and has been associated with early @entity32 , but its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors await investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional study including 3213 @entity1 and 2912 @entity1 aged 35-75 years to assess the clinical characteristics of NWO in Lausanne, Switzerland. Body fat was assessed by bioimpedance. NWO was defined as a BMI<25 kg/m(2) and a % body fat >= 66(th) gender-specific percentiles. The prevalence of NWO was 5.4% in @entity1 and less than 3% in @entity1 , so the analysis was restricted to @entity1 . NWO @entity1 had a higher % of body fat than overweight @entity1 . After adjusting for age, smoking, educational level, physical activity and @entity167 consumption, NWO @entity1 had higher blood pressure and lipid levels and a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia (odds-ratio=1.90 [1.34-2.68]) and fasting hyperglycaemia (odds-ratio=1.63 [1.10-2.42]) than lean @entity1 , whereas no differences were found between NWO and overweight @entity1 . Conversely, no differences were found between NWO and lean @entity1 regarding levels of CRP, @entity1254 and liver markers ( @entity493 aminotransferase, @entity492 aminotransferase and @entity5428 transferase). Using other definitions of NWO led to similar conclusions, albeit some differences were no longer significant. CONCLUSION: NWO is almost nonexistent in @entity1 . @entity1 with NWO present with higher cardiovascular risk factors than lean @entity1 , while no differences were found for liver or inflammatory markers. Specific screening of NWO might be necessary in order to implement cardiovascular prevention.

title: Normal weight XXXX : relationship with lipids, glycaemic status, liver enzymes and @entity32 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5428 :: ('CHEBI:24190', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma glutamyl']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']