abstract: Simple reaction time (SRT), the latency to respond to a stimulus, has been widely used as a basic measure of processing speed. In the current experiments, we examined clinically-relevant properties of a new SRT test that presents visual stimuli to the left or right hemifield at varying stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Experiment 1 examined test-retest reliability in 48 @entity1 who underwent three test sessions at weekly intervals. In the first test, log-transformed (log-SRT) z-scores, corrected for the influence of age and computer-use, were well predicted by regression functions derived from a normative population of 189 control @entity1 . Test-retest reliability of log-SRT z-scores was measured with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.83) and equaled or exceeded those of other SRT tests and other widely used tests of processing speed that are administered manually. No significant learning effects were observed across test sessions. Experiment 2 investigated the same @entity1 when instructed to malinger during a fourth testing session: 94% showed abnormal log-SRT z-scores, with 83% producing log-SRT z-scores exceeding a cutoff of 3.0, a @entity854 never seen in full-effort conditions. Thus, a log-SRT z-score cutoff of 3.0 had a sensitivity (83%) and specificity (100%) that equaled or exceeded that of existing symptom validity tests. We argue that even expert malingerers, fully informed of the malingering-detection metric, would be unable to successfully feign impairments on the SRT test because of the precise control of SRT latencies that would be required. Experiment 3 investigated 26 @entity1 with @entity131 ( @entity131 ) tested more than 1 year post-injury. The 22 @entity1 with mild @entity131 showed insignificantly faster SRTs than controls, but a small group of four @entity1 with severe @entity131 showed slowed SRTs. Simple visual reaction time is a reliable measure of processing speed that is sensitive to the effects of malingering and @entity131 .

title: The Effects of Repeated Testing, Simulated Malingering, and XXXX on High-Precision Measures of Simple Visual Reaction Time.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['degree of abnormality']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['Traumatic Brain Injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether @entity736 grafts or Omniflow II biosynthetic grafts are more resistant to @entity281 caused by @entity794 . METHODS: Sixty @entity35 were divided into six groups. In Groups 1A, 1B and 1C, a @entity736 graft was implanted in each @entity35 , and, in Groups 2A, 2B and 2C, a biosynthetic graft was implanted in each @entity35 . @entity794 was inoculated into Groups 1B, 1C, 2B and 2C, and the @entity35 in Groups 1C and 2C were treated with @entity11248 . One week later, the @entity35 were euthanized, the grafts were removed and a microbiological count was performed. A histopathological examination was subsequently carried out, and the C-reactive protein, prealbumin and leukocyte levels were investigated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the C-reactive protein, prealbumin and leukocyte levels. The differences in the results of the microbiological evaluations between the groups were significant. The quantitative culture results showed no bacterial growth in Groups 1A, 1C and 2A. The number of bacteria in Group 1B was statistically lower than that in Group 2B. When the groups receiving treatment were compared, Group 2C had bacterial growth, whereas Group 1C did not. The histopathological examinations showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Omniflow II grafts are more susceptible to @entity281 than @entity736 grafts.

title: Which prosthesis is more resistant to vascular graft @entity281 : XXXX or Omniflow II biosynthetic grafts?

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity11248 :: ('MESH:D017334', 'Chemical') :: ['teicoplanin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['polytetrafluoroethylene']

answer: @entity736 :: (CHEBI:53251,Chemical) :: ['polytetrafluoroethylene']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether @entity736 grafts or Omniflow II biosynthetic grafts are more resistant to @entity281 caused by @entity794 . METHODS: Sixty @entity35 were divided into six groups. In Groups 1A, 1B and 1C, a @entity736 graft was implanted in each @entity35 , and, in Groups 2A, 2B and 2C, a biosynthetic graft was implanted in each @entity35 . @entity794 was inoculated into Groups 1B, 1C, 2B and 2C, and the @entity35 in Groups 1C and 2C were treated with @entity11248 . One week later, the @entity35 were euthanized, the grafts were removed and a microbiological count was performed. A histopathological examination was subsequently carried out, and the C-reactive protein, prealbumin and leukocyte levels were investigated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the C-reactive protein, prealbumin and leukocyte levels. The differences in the results of the microbiological evaluations between the groups were significant. The quantitative culture results showed no bacterial growth in Groups 1A, 1C and 2A. The number of bacteria in Group 1B was statistically lower than that in Group 2B. When the groups receiving treatment were compared, Group 2C had bacterial growth, whereas Group 1C did not. The histopathological examinations showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Omniflow II grafts are more susceptible to @entity281 than @entity736 grafts.

title: Which prosthesis is more resistant to vascular graft XXXX : @entity736 or Omniflow II biosynthetic grafts?

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: @entity653 ( @entity4022 ) and egg yolk (EY) are good cryoprotectants of avian and @entity1 sperm, but in birds, they strongly inhibit the eventual fertilization of ova. Using the sperm penetration (SP-holes) assay and fertility trials, the present study investigates (1) the possible mechanism by which this contraceptive effect occurs in @entity1573 and (2) the maximum concentrations of @entity4022 and EY tolerated by fresh rooster sperm. Seventy Black-Barred Andaluza hens (five per treatment) were inseminated four times (twice per week) with 0.1 mL of fresh semen from roosters of the same breed diluted 1:1 (v:v) with Lake and Ravie medium containing different concentrations of @entity4022 or EY. No adverse effects on acrosome integrity, sperm motility, or viability were seen with any concentration of @entity4022 or EY. The number of SP-holes on perivitelline layer samples taken from above the germinal disc became progressively lower at @entity4022 concentrations of 1.5% or greater (P > 0.05). No holes caused by sperms were seen in unfertilized eggs. The corresponding fertility results showed similar reductions when the @entity4022 concentration was 1.5% or greater. No changes in the number of SP-holes were seen with increasing EY concentrations (0%-7.5%), nor were any differences in fertility observed, except for a reduction when 15% EY was used. The results therefore reveal that @entity4022 affects the transit of sperms through the oviduct in their attempt to reach the infundibulum area, limiting their access to the ovum perivitelline layer. Egg yolk had no such effect, nor did it influence acrosome reaction capacity; its mechanism of contraceptive action therefore remains unknown. The maximum @entity4022 and EY concentrations tolerated by the rooster sperm were 0.75% and 7.5%, respectively.

title: Sperm-egg penetration assay assessment of the contraceptive effects of XXXX and egg yolk in rooster sperm diluents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['Glycerol']

answer: @entity653 :: (MESH:D005990,Chemical) :: ['glycerol']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1 skin is the first line of defense for the protection of the internal organs of the body from different stimuli. Ultraviolet  B  (UVB), one of the harmful radiations for skin, is widely known to induce abnormally increased cytokine release from keratinocytes leading to inflammatory @entity272 . @entity650 and @entity687 induce an acute  -phase response and stimulate leukocyte infiltration in the skin. Previous studies have shown that chronic exposure to UVB radiation increases @entity3840  ( @entity2247 ) expression through various cell signaling pathways, resulting in @entity1489 . Recent studies have shown that the activation of extracellular signal  -regulated kinase  (ERK), c  -Jun @entity2733  -terminal kinase  (JNK), and @entity1435 MAPK is strongly correlated with @entity32 and development of @entity1489 caused by an increased expression of @entity2247 . @entity71620  (IXA) is an active constituent of Ixeris dentata of the Compositae  (Asteraceae) family. The effect of IXA on @entity32 has yet to be elucidated. To determine the anti  -inflammatory effects of IXA, we examined its effect on UVB  -induced pro  -inflammatory cytokine production in @entity1 keratinocytes  (HaCaT cells) by observing these cells in the presence or absence of IXA. In this study, pro  -inflammatory cytokine production was determined by enzyme  -linked immunosorbent assay  (ELISA), reverse transcription  -polymerase chain reaction  (rt  -pcr), and western blot analysis to evaluate the activation of mitogen  -activated protein kinases  (MAPKs). IXA inhibited UVB  -induced production of the pro  -inflammatory cytokines @entity650 and @entity687 in a dose  -dependent manner. Moreover, IXA inhibited the expression of @entity2247 , ERK, JNK, and @entity1435 MAPKs, indicating that the secretion of the pro  -inflammatory cytokines @entity35189 , and @entity2247 expression was inhibited by blocking MAPK phosphorylation. These results indicated that IXA potentially protects against UVB  -induced @entity32 .

title: Protective effect of XXXX against UVB  -induced pro  -inflammatory cytokine production in @entity1 keratinocytes.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['acute inflammation', 'skin inflammation']

entities_list: @entity71620 :: ('MESH:C562105', 'Chemical') :: ['Ixerisoside  A']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorders']

answer: @entity71620 :: (MESH:C562105,Chemical) :: ['ixerisoside  A']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1 skin is the first line of defense for the protection of the internal organs of the body from different stimuli. Ultraviolet  B  (UVB), one of the harmful radiations for skin, is widely known to induce abnormally increased cytokine release from keratinocytes leading to inflammatory @entity272 . @entity650 and @entity687 induce an acute  -phase response and stimulate leukocyte infiltration in the skin. Previous studies have shown that chronic exposure to UVB radiation increases @entity3840  ( @entity2247 ) expression through various cell signaling pathways, resulting in @entity1489 . Recent studies have shown that the activation of extracellular signal  -regulated kinase  (ERK), c  -Jun @entity2733  -terminal kinase  (JNK), and @entity1435 MAPK is strongly correlated with @entity32 and development of @entity1489 caused by an increased expression of @entity2247 . @entity71620  (IXA) is an active constituent of Ixeris dentata of the Compositae  (Asteraceae) family. The effect of IXA on @entity32 has yet to be elucidated. To determine the anti  -inflammatory effects of IXA, we examined its effect on UVB  -induced pro  -inflammatory cytokine production in @entity1 keratinocytes  (HaCaT cells) by observing these cells in the presence or absence of IXA. In this study, pro  -inflammatory cytokine production was determined by enzyme  -linked immunosorbent assay  (ELISA), reverse transcription  -polymerase chain reaction  (rt  -pcr), and western blot analysis to evaluate the activation of mitogen  -activated protein kinases  (MAPKs). IXA inhibited UVB  -induced production of the pro  -inflammatory cytokines @entity650 and @entity687 in a dose  -dependent manner. Moreover, IXA inhibited the expression of @entity2247 , ERK, JNK, and @entity1435 MAPKs, indicating that the secretion of the pro  -inflammatory cytokines @entity35189 , and @entity2247 expression was inhibited by blocking MAPK phosphorylation. These results indicated that IXA potentially protects against UVB  -induced @entity32 .

title: Protective effect of @entity71620 against UVB  -induced pro  -inflammatory cytokine production in XXXX keratinocytes.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Recommended as a 'universal precaution' for improving provider- @entity1 communication, teach-back has a limited evidence base. Discharge from the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) to home is an important high-risk transition of care with potential for miscommunication of critical information. We examined whether teach-back improves: comprehension and perceived comprehension of discharge instructions and satisfaction among @entity1 with limited health literacy (LHL) in the @entity341 . METHODS: We performed a randomized, controlled study among adult @entity1 with LHL, to teach-back or standard discharge instructions. @entity1 completed an audio-recorded structured interview evaluating comprehension and perceived comprehension of (1) diagnosis, (2) @entity341 course, (3) post- @entity341 care, and (4) reasons to return and satisfaction using four Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems questions. Concordance with the medical record was rated using a five-level scale. We analyzed differences between groups using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: @entity1 randomized to receive teach-back had higher comprehension of post- @entity341 care areas: post- @entity341 medication (P < 0.02), self-care (P < 0.03), and follow-up instructions (P < 0.0001), but no change in @entity1 satisfaction or perceived comprehension. CONCLUSION: Teach-back appears to improve comprehension of post- @entity341 care instructions but not satisfaction or perceived comprehension. Our data from a randomized, controlled study support the effectiveness of teach-back in a busy clinical setting. Further research is needed to test the utility and feasibility of teach-back for routine use including its impacts on distal outcomes.

title: The impact of teach-back on comprehension of discharge instructions and satisfaction among emergency XXXX with limited health literacy: A randomized, controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIM: @entity1149 is the leading cause of @entity5 related to @entity204 in the world. @entity957 ( @entity957 ) is the second most frequent histological @entity2 . Recently, growth factors, growth factor receptors, and signal transduction system-related gene amplifications and mutations are extensively under investigation to estimate the prognosis and to develop individualized therapies in @entity957 . In this study, besides the signal transduction molecule @entity8736 kinase ( @entity13344 ) p110a, we explored the expressions of @entity540 ( @entity540 ) and receptor-1 ( @entity7167 ) in @entity5 tissue and also their clinical and prognostic significance in @entity1 with early/advanced @entity957 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2013, 129 @entity1 (23 early, 106 @entity1442 ) with a histopathological @entity957 diagnosis were selected from the hospital files of Cukurova University Medical Faculty for this study. Two independent pathologists evaluated @entity7167 , @entity540 , and @entity10412 (p110a) expressions in both @entity5 and stromal tissues from 99 of the @entity1 with sufficient tissue samples, using immunohistochemistry. Considering survival analysis separately for @entity1 with both early and advanced stage diseases, the relationship between the clinical features of the @entity1 and expressions were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: @entity7167 expression was found to be low in 59 (60%) @entity1 and high in 40 (40%) @entity1 . For @entity540 ; 12 (12%) @entity1 had high, 87 (88%) @entity1 had low expression and for @entity13344 ; 31 (32%) @entity1 had high and 66 (68%) @entity1 had low expressions. In univariate analysis, overall survival (OS) was significantly associated with stage of the disease and the performance status of the @entity1 (P<0.0001 and P<0.001). There was no significant difference in OS of the @entity1 with either low or high expressions of @entity7167 , @entity540 , and @entity13344 . When the @entity1 with early or advanced stage disease were separately taken into consideration, the relationship did not differ, either. Any of @entity7167 , @entity540 or @entity13344 expressions was not found predictive for the treatment of early or advanced staged @entity1 . On the other hand, the expressions of both @entity7167 and @entity540 were significantly different with respect to smoking, scar of @entity378 and scar of radiotherapy (P=0.002; P=0.06 and P=0.05, respectively). DISCUSSION: There has not been identified an effective individualized treatment for @entity957 yet. Therefore, in order to be able to develop such a treatment in the future, it is essential to identify the @entity74 that are responsible for the biological behaviors and carcinogenesis of @entity957 . Although we could not show the prognostic and predictive significance of @entity7167 , @entity540 and @entity13344 expressions in @entity957 , we determined the expression rates of @entity7167 , @entity540 and @entity13344 as a reference for Turkish @entity1 . In conclusion, we want to put some emphasis on the fact that, @entity3794 which is a late complication of radiotherapy at @entity5 , and the scar of @entity378 could be associated with @entity7167 and @entity540 expressions.

title: Expression of @entity7167 , @entity540 , phosphatidyl inositol 3 phosphate kinase and their clinical and prognostic significance in early and advanced stage of squamous cell XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8736 :: ('MESH:C055525', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidyl inositol-3-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage III disease', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['SqCLC', 'Squamous cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['Non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['subtype of lung carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity540 :: ('2247', 'Gene') :: ['fibroblast growth factor 2', 'FGF2']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the lung']


abstract: AIM: @entity1149 is the leading cause of @entity5 related to @entity204 in the world. @entity957 ( @entity957 ) is the second most frequent histological @entity2 . Recently, growth factors, growth factor receptors, and signal transduction system-related gene amplifications and mutations are extensively under investigation to estimate the prognosis and to develop individualized therapies in @entity957 . In this study, besides the signal transduction molecule @entity8736 kinase ( @entity13344 ) p110a, we explored the expressions of @entity540 ( @entity540 ) and receptor-1 ( @entity7167 ) in @entity5 tissue and also their clinical and prognostic significance in @entity1 with early/advanced @entity957 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2013, 129 @entity1 (23 early, 106 @entity1442 ) with a histopathological @entity957 diagnosis were selected from the hospital files of Cukurova University Medical Faculty for this study. Two independent pathologists evaluated @entity7167 , @entity540 , and @entity10412 (p110a) expressions in both @entity5 and stromal tissues from 99 of the @entity1 with sufficient tissue samples, using immunohistochemistry. Considering survival analysis separately for @entity1 with both early and advanced stage diseases, the relationship between the clinical features of the @entity1 and expressions were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: @entity7167 expression was found to be low in 59 (60%) @entity1 and high in 40 (40%) @entity1 . For @entity540 ; 12 (12%) @entity1 had high, 87 (88%) @entity1 had low expression and for @entity13344 ; 31 (32%) @entity1 had high and 66 (68%) @entity1 had low expressions. In univariate analysis, overall survival (OS) was significantly associated with stage of the disease and the performance status of the @entity1 (P<0.0001 and P<0.001). There was no significant difference in OS of the @entity1 with either low or high expressions of @entity7167 , @entity540 , and @entity13344 . When the @entity1 with early or advanced stage disease were separately taken into consideration, the relationship did not differ, either. Any of @entity7167 , @entity540 or @entity13344 expressions was not found predictive for the treatment of early or advanced staged @entity1 . On the other hand, the expressions of both @entity7167 and @entity540 were significantly different with respect to smoking, scar of @entity378 and scar of radiotherapy (P=0.002; P=0.06 and P=0.05, respectively). DISCUSSION: There has not been identified an effective individualized treatment for @entity957 yet. Therefore, in order to be able to develop such a treatment in the future, it is essential to identify the @entity74 that are responsible for the biological behaviors and carcinogenesis of @entity957 . Although we could not show the prognostic and predictive significance of @entity7167 , @entity540 and @entity13344 expressions in @entity957 , we determined the expression rates of @entity7167 , @entity540 and @entity13344 as a reference for Turkish @entity1 . In conclusion, we want to put some emphasis on the fact that, @entity3794 which is a late complication of radiotherapy at @entity5 , and the scar of @entity378 could be associated with @entity7167 and @entity540 expressions.

title: Expression of @entity7167 , XXXX , phosphatidyl inositol 3 phosphate kinase and their clinical and prognostic significance in early and advanced stage of squamous cell @entity2 .

answer: @entity540 :: (2247,Gene) :: ['fibroblast growth factor 2']


abstract: AIM: @entity1149 is the leading cause of @entity5 related to @entity204 in the world. @entity957 ( @entity957 ) is the second most frequent histological @entity2 . Recently, growth factors, growth factor receptors, and signal transduction system-related gene amplifications and mutations are extensively under investigation to estimate the prognosis and to develop individualized therapies in @entity957 . In this study, besides the signal transduction molecule @entity8736 kinase ( @entity13344 ) p110a, we explored the expressions of @entity540 ( @entity540 ) and receptor-1 ( @entity7167 ) in @entity5 tissue and also their clinical and prognostic significance in @entity1 with early/advanced @entity957 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2013, 129 @entity1 (23 early, 106 @entity1442 ) with a histopathological @entity957 diagnosis were selected from the hospital files of Cukurova University Medical Faculty for this study. Two independent pathologists evaluated @entity7167 , @entity540 , and @entity10412 (p110a) expressions in both @entity5 and stromal tissues from 99 of the @entity1 with sufficient tissue samples, using immunohistochemistry. Considering survival analysis separately for @entity1 with both early and advanced stage diseases, the relationship between the clinical features of the @entity1 and expressions were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: @entity7167 expression was found to be low in 59 (60%) @entity1 and high in 40 (40%) @entity1 . For @entity540 ; 12 (12%) @entity1 had high, 87 (88%) @entity1 had low expression and for @entity13344 ; 31 (32%) @entity1 had high and 66 (68%) @entity1 had low expressions. In univariate analysis, overall survival (OS) was significantly associated with stage of the disease and the performance status of the @entity1 (P<0.0001 and P<0.001). There was no significant difference in OS of the @entity1 with either low or high expressions of @entity7167 , @entity540 , and @entity13344 . When the @entity1 with early or advanced stage disease were separately taken into consideration, the relationship did not differ, either. Any of @entity7167 , @entity540 or @entity13344 expressions was not found predictive for the treatment of early or advanced staged @entity1 . On the other hand, the expressions of both @entity7167 and @entity540 were significantly different with respect to smoking, scar of @entity378 and scar of radiotherapy (P=0.002; P=0.06 and P=0.05, respectively). DISCUSSION: There has not been identified an effective individualized treatment for @entity957 yet. Therefore, in order to be able to develop such a treatment in the future, it is essential to identify the @entity74 that are responsible for the biological behaviors and carcinogenesis of @entity957 . Although we could not show the prognostic and predictive significance of @entity7167 , @entity540 and @entity13344 expressions in @entity957 , we determined the expression rates of @entity7167 , @entity540 and @entity13344 as a reference for Turkish @entity1 . In conclusion, we want to put some emphasis on the fact that, @entity3794 which is a late complication of radiotherapy at @entity5 , and the scar of @entity378 could be associated with @entity7167 and @entity540 expressions.

title: Expression of XXXX , @entity540 , phosphatidyl inositol 3 phosphate kinase and their clinical and prognostic significance in early and advanced stage of squamous cell @entity2 .

answer: @entity7167 :: (2260,Gene) :: ['fibroblast growth factor receptor 1']


abstract: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) @entity1373 is a common feature of pathologic cardiovascular event such as @entity256 and @entity731 . The role and mechanisms of microRNAs (miRs) in VSMCs proliferation are poorly understood. Here, we report that miR-181b promotes VSMCs proliferation and migration. In an animal model, miR-181b was significantly increased in the @entity35 carotid artery after balloon catheter injury. Delivery of miR-181b inhibitor to injured artery exhibited a marked inhibition of neointimal @entity1373 . Transfection of miR-181b with "mimics" to @entity35 cells accelerated cell proliferation, which was accompanied by an increase of cell migration. The induction of @entity35 cells proliferation by miR-181b appeared to be involved in activation of S and G2/M checkpoint, concomitant with decreases in cell-cycle inhibitors @entity7504 and @entity5447 , and increases in cell-cycle activators @entity19087 and @entity12003 . In contract, miR-181b inhibition attenuated @entity35 cells proliferation, inhibited cell migration and arrested cell cycle transition. Moreover, forced miR-181b expression elevated the phosphorylation levels of @entity2308 and @entity2508 , whereas inhibition of miR-181b produced the opposite effects. Additionally, inhibition of @entity39728 and MAPK signaling pathways with specific inhibitors, but not inhibition of JNK pathway, significantly abolished the effects of miR-181b in promoting cell proliferation. These findings demonstrate that miR-181b enhances the proliferation and migration of VSMCs through activation of @entity39728 and MAPK pathways.

title: MicroRNA 181b promotes vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation through activation of XXXX and MAPK pathways.

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity39728 :: (85243(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['PI3K']


abstract: The distribution of @entity140 -selective subunits, @entity7335 -4, was determined in the @entity1 hippocampus and cerebellum by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. In the hippocampus, in situ hybridization revealed that @entity7335 and @entity7336 mRNAs were similarly distributed and highly expressed in the dentate gyrus, with lower levels in the CA regions. @entity2374 and @entity11587 mRNAs were expressed at very low levels. Immunocytochemical studies showed that @entity7335 - and @entity7336 /3-immunoreactivity were highest in the dentate molecular and granular layers. In the CA regions, @entity7335 and @entity7336 /3 staining was observed in pyramidal cell bodies and surrounding neuropil and was more intense in @entity71621 compared with @entity1399 . @entity11587 -immunoreactivity was low throughout the hippocampus. In the cerebellum, @entity7335 and @entity11587 transcripts were expressed in the granular and Purkinje cell/Bergmann glia layers. @entity7336 mRNA was highly expressed in the granular layer and individual Purkinje cells, while @entity2374 mRNA was not detectable in the cerebellum. @entity7335 - and @entity11587 -immunoreactivity were localized to Purkinje cells and putative Bergmann glia, as well as their processes extending into the molecular layer. @entity7336 /3 staining was intense in Purkinje cells, with moderate staining in the granular layer. Thus, @entity7335 -4 subunits are differentially distributed in the hippocampus and cerebellum. In addition, the distribution of subunit mRNA and protein correlate well with each other and with the glutamatergic neuroanatomy of the hippocampus and cerebellum.

title: Distribution of XXXX -selective glutamate receptor subunits in the @entity1 hippocampus and cerebellum.

answer: @entity140 :: (MESH:D018350,Chemical) :: ['AMPA']


abstract: The distribution of @entity140 -selective subunits, @entity7335 -4, was determined in the @entity1 hippocampus and cerebellum by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. In the hippocampus, in situ hybridization revealed that @entity7335 and @entity7336 mRNAs were similarly distributed and highly expressed in the dentate gyrus, with lower levels in the CA regions. @entity2374 and @entity11587 mRNAs were expressed at very low levels. Immunocytochemical studies showed that @entity7335 - and @entity7336 /3-immunoreactivity were highest in the dentate molecular and granular layers. In the CA regions, @entity7335 and @entity7336 /3 staining was observed in pyramidal cell bodies and surrounding neuropil and was more intense in @entity71621 compared with @entity1399 . @entity11587 -immunoreactivity was low throughout the hippocampus. In the cerebellum, @entity7335 and @entity11587 transcripts were expressed in the granular and Purkinje cell/Bergmann glia layers. @entity7336 mRNA was highly expressed in the granular layer and individual Purkinje cells, while @entity2374 mRNA was not detectable in the cerebellum. @entity7335 - and @entity11587 -immunoreactivity were localized to Purkinje cells and putative Bergmann glia, as well as their processes extending into the molecular layer. @entity7336 /3 staining was intense in Purkinje cells, with moderate staining in the granular layer. Thus, @entity7335 -4 subunits are differentially distributed in the hippocampus and cerebellum. In addition, the distribution of subunit mRNA and protein correlate well with each other and with the glutamatergic neuroanatomy of the hippocampus and cerebellum.

title: Distribution of @entity140 -selective glutamate receptor subunits in the XXXX hippocampus and cerebellum.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Decay of the fecal source identifier Bacteroidales in sediments has not been studied until now. Two types of microcosms inoculated with @entity1 , @entity291 and @entity235 feces were constructed to investigate the survival and persistence of host-associated Bacteroidales cells and their DNA, respectively, in freshwater sediments: (i) a completely anaerobic microcosm where feces were entirely mixed with sediments for estimating decay of Bacteroidales in @entity26 -free sediments at two temperatures (6    C and 20    C) and (ii) a core microcosm where feces in the overlying water column settled on top of undisturbed core sediments. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) along with @entity15777 ( @entity4515 ) was used to differentiate between genetic markers present in intact cells and total intracellular as well as extracellular marker DNA. Regulated fecal indicator bacteria were measured by cultivation ( @entity526 and Enterococcus) and qPCR (Enterococcus) in relation to Bacteroidales-associated host markers. In anaerobic microcosms, the survival and persistence of Bacteroidales cells and DNA in sediments were considerably extended, especially at the lower temperature of 6    C, with two-log reduction times (T99) >56  d (cells) and >169  d (DNA). Bacteroidales DNA persisted up to five times longer than cells in anaerobic microcosms at 6    C, whereas decay rates of cells and DNA were not significantly different at 20    C in anaerobic microcosms. In core microcosms, the levels of Bacteroidales cells and DNA decreased approximately six times more slowly in sediments than in overlying water; T99 values of Bacteroidales cells and DNA were 6-9  d (water) and 29-82  d (sediment). The survival of universal, @entity1 -, ruminant- and @entity235 -associated Bacteroidales cells in sediments was similar in both microcosms under each given condition, as was the persistence of DNA. Decay rate constants of Bacteroidales cells and DNA were comparable with those of cultivable Enterococcus and @entity526 cells in core sediments while Enterococcus DNA levels fluctuated without noticeable decay. The prolonged persistence of host-associated Bacteroidales suggests that sediments should be considered in practical applications of microbial source tracking, because they can act as non-point sources of fecal markers.

title: Survival and persistence of host-associated Bacteroidales cells and DNA in comparison with XXXX and Enterococcus in freshwater sediments as quantified by @entity4515 -qPCR and qPCR.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity15777 :: ('MESH:C533957', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium monoazide']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E.  coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Decay of the fecal source identifier Bacteroidales in sediments has not been studied until now. Two types of microcosms inoculated with @entity1 , @entity291 and @entity235 feces were constructed to investigate the survival and persistence of host-associated Bacteroidales cells and their DNA, respectively, in freshwater sediments: (i) a completely anaerobic microcosm where feces were entirely mixed with sediments for estimating decay of Bacteroidales in @entity26 -free sediments at two temperatures (6    C and 20    C) and (ii) a core microcosm where feces in the overlying water column settled on top of undisturbed core sediments. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) along with @entity15777 ( @entity4515 ) was used to differentiate between genetic markers present in intact cells and total intracellular as well as extracellular marker DNA. Regulated fecal indicator bacteria were measured by cultivation ( @entity526 and Enterococcus) and qPCR (Enterococcus) in relation to Bacteroidales-associated host markers. In anaerobic microcosms, the survival and persistence of Bacteroidales cells and DNA in sediments were considerably extended, especially at the lower temperature of 6    C, with two-log reduction times (T99) >56  d (cells) and >169  d (DNA). Bacteroidales DNA persisted up to five times longer than cells in anaerobic microcosms at 6    C, whereas decay rates of cells and DNA were not significantly different at 20    C in anaerobic microcosms. In core microcosms, the levels of Bacteroidales cells and DNA decreased approximately six times more slowly in sediments than in overlying water; T99 values of Bacteroidales cells and DNA were 6-9  d (water) and 29-82  d (sediment). The survival of universal, @entity1 -, ruminant- and @entity235 -associated Bacteroidales cells in sediments was similar in both microcosms under each given condition, as was the persistence of DNA. Decay rate constants of Bacteroidales cells and DNA were comparable with those of cultivable Enterococcus and @entity526 cells in core sediments while Enterococcus DNA levels fluctuated without noticeable decay. The prolonged persistence of host-associated Bacteroidales suggests that sediments should be considered in practical applications of microbial source tracking, because they can act as non-point sources of fecal markers.

title: Survival and persistence of host-associated Bacteroidales cells and DNA in comparison with @entity526 and Enterococcus in freshwater sediments as quantified by XXXX -qPCR and qPCR.

answer: @entity4515 :: (CHEBI:60755,Chemical) :: ['PMA']


abstract: Calomys callosus a wild rodent, is a natural host of @entity1527 . Twelve C. callosus were infected with 10(5) trypomastigotes of the F strain (a myotropic strain) of @entity1527 . @entity5895 decreased on the 21st day becoming negative around the 40th day of @entity281 . All animals survived but had positive parasitological tests, until the end of the experiment. The infected animals developed severe @entity32 in the myocardium and skeletal muscle. This process was pronounced from the 26th to the 30th day and gradually subsided from the 50th day becoming absent or residual on the 64th day after @entity281 . Collagen was identified by the picro Sirius red method. Fibrogenesis developed early, but regression of @entity82 occurred between the 50th and 64th day. Ultrastructural study disclosed a predominance of macrophages and fibroblasts in the inflammatory infiltrates, with small numbers of lymphocytes. Macrophages had active phagocytosis and showed points of contact with altered muscle cells. Different degrees of matrix expansion were present, with granular and fibrillar deposits and collagen bundles. These alterations subsided by the 64th days. Macrophages seem to be the main immune effector cell in the C. callosus model of @entity281 with @entity1527 . The mechanisms involved in the rapid fibrogenesis and its regression deserve further investigation.

title: Morphological aspects of the myocarditis and myositis in Calomys callosus experimentally infected with XXXX : fibrogenesis and spontaneous regression of @entity82 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi', 'T. cruzi']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5895 :: ('MESH:D018512', 'Disease') :: ['Parasitemia']

answer: @entity1527 :: (5693,Species) :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi']


abstract: Calomys callosus a wild rodent, is a natural host of @entity1527 . Twelve C. callosus were infected with 10(5) trypomastigotes of the F strain (a myotropic strain) of @entity1527 . @entity5895 decreased on the 21st day becoming negative around the 40th day of @entity281 . All animals survived but had positive parasitological tests, until the end of the experiment. The infected animals developed severe @entity32 in the myocardium and skeletal muscle. This process was pronounced from the 26th to the 30th day and gradually subsided from the 50th day becoming absent or residual on the 64th day after @entity281 . Collagen was identified by the picro Sirius red method. Fibrogenesis developed early, but regression of @entity82 occurred between the 50th and 64th day. Ultrastructural study disclosed a predominance of macrophages and fibroblasts in the inflammatory infiltrates, with small numbers of lymphocytes. Macrophages had active phagocytosis and showed points of contact with altered muscle cells. Different degrees of matrix expansion were present, with granular and fibrillar deposits and collagen bundles. These alterations subsided by the 64th days. Macrophages seem to be the main immune effector cell in the C. callosus model of @entity281 with @entity1527 . The mechanisms involved in the rapid fibrogenesis and its regression deserve further investigation.

title: Morphological aspects of the myocarditis and myositis in Calomys callosus experimentally infected with @entity1527 : fibrogenesis and spontaneous regression of XXXX .

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of @entity7418 ( @entity7418 ) and @entity7420 ( @entity7420 ) on bone marrow-derived stem cell (BMSC) mobilization in @entity35 models of @entity8 /reperfusion (I/R) injury. In addition, the effects of @entity7418 and @entity7420 on cellular apoptosis were explored in order to determine the protective mechanism of the two factors against @entity8 . A unilateral @entity8 model was established for the model and treatment groups. The treatment and treatment control groups were subcutaneously injected with @entity7418 (200   g/kg/day) and @entity7420 (50   g/kg/day) 24 h after the establishment of the model for five consecutive days. The total number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood and the cellular percentages of @entity2686 ( @entity2686 )34(+), renal @entity6098 (+) and apoptotic cells were detected. The total number of leukocytes in the peripheral blood and the percentages of @entity6098 (+) cells in the treatment and treatment control groups reached maximum levels on the fifth postoperative day and were significantly higher than those in the normal control and model groups. The number of renal @entity6098 (+) cells in the treatment group was significantly increased compared with that in the treatment control and model groups. The apoptotic indices (AIs) of the model and treatment groups were higher than those of the normal control and treatment control groups. The AI of the model group was significantly higher than that of the treatment group. In conclusion, the combined application of @entity7418 and @entity7420 can mobilize sufficient numbers of BMSCs and cause cellular 'homing' to the injured site, thus inhibiting apoptosis and promoting the repair of @entity8 .

title: Effects of autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell mobilization on acute tubular necrosis and cell apoptosis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischemia', 'renal I/R injury', 'renal tubular injury']

entities_list: @entity2686 :: ('MESH:D003027', 'Disease') :: ['CD', 'cluster of differentiation']

entities_list: @entity7420 :: ('25610(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte colony-stimulating factor', 'G-CSF']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity44 ( @entity44 ) is a rare disease. RCITs manifest as solid and cystic masses. In pathological sections, cysts of various sizes, with internal @entity548 and @entity39 , are observed. Components of all germ layer tissue are also observed, the majority of which is located within the endoderm. As the @entity5 contains undifferentiated immature tissue components, RCITs are also termed malignant @entity44 . Immature @entity44 grow rapidly, often invading adjacent tissue to cause serious symptoms, and transfer through the blood and lymph vessels, often resulting in @entity5 . The present study reports the case of an @entity1 with @entity44 . The female @entity1 , aged six months and six days, was hospitalized due to an abdominal mass. Physical examination revealed a large mass (10*8 cm) below the xiphoid in the epigastrium. The mass, which ranged from the xiphoid to the umbilical region, was friable, and possessed a smooth surface, clear boundaries and poor activity, without @entity925 . Upper abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a large, solid, cystic mass in the left, middle and lower retroperitoneum. The @entity1 was admitted to the Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital for surgery. The pre-operative examination was improved following admission by documenting parameters that included the results from routine blood tests, @entity548 and clotting times and cardiography. Retroperitoneal @entity5 resection was then performed. During resection, the @entity5 was found to originate from the retroperitoneum. As the @entity5 involved the gastric wall, a section of the gastric wall was resected, in addition to the @entity5 . The resection surface was yellow and friable. Pathological examination of @entity5 tissue sections revealed the involvement of immature nerves and mesenchymal components, confirming the diagnosis of a grade II immature @entity44 . Subsequent to six months of outpatient follow-up, the @entity1 had recovered well, without recurrence. @entity44 is a clinically rare disease, and the present study adds to the current understanding of this rare condition in @entity1 .

title: XXXX : A case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'glandular cancer']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['tenderness']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['RCIT', 'teratoma', 'teratomas', 'Retroperitoneal cystic immature teratoma']

answer: @entity44 :: (MESH:D013724,Disease) :: ['Retroperitoneal cystic immature teratoma']


abstract: The @entity986 @entity5 suppressor gene encodes an inhibitor of type D cyclin dependent kinases. @entity986 is homozygously deleted in approximately 25% of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) cell lines and these deletions are associated with advanced stage @entity5 . Conflicting reports of the frequency of @entity986 alterations in @entity1149 prompted us to examine the relationship of these alterations and those of the related gene, @entity9288 , with @entity1 stage and site of @entity5 . One hundred twenty-five @entity1149 samples (71 cell lines and 54 @entity5 ) were examined by PCR-SSCP. Twenty of 71 (28%) @entity5 cell lines had homozygous deletions, and six (8%) had point mutations compared to 4 (7%) with point mutations among 54 @entity5 samples. All mutations were observed in @entity5 or cell lines from @entity1 with @entity5 . Two @entity1 with no mutations in their primary @entity5 had a @entity986 point mutation detected in a @entity3 . Point mutations were G:C to T:A transversion on the coding strand in five of 10 and resulted in nonsense mutations in seven of 10. Undetectable @entity986 mRNA, in the absence of detectable genetic alteration, was noted in a similar fraction of cell lines derived from @entity1 with stage I or II disease [two of seven (29%)] and @entity5 [15 of 49 (31%)]. Homozygous deletion of @entity9288 was found in 17 of 20 cell lines with @entity986 deletions; no point mutations of @entity9288 were identified by SSCP in the 125 samples. Thus, @entity986 is a frequent target of genetic alterations at 9p21 in @entity1149 . Both deletions and point mutations of @entity986 are closely associated with @entity5 dissemination.

title: Mechanism of inactivation of @entity986 and @entity9288 in XXXX and association with advanced stage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage III or IV disease', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'nonsmall cell lung cancer', 'NSCLC tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumor']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: The @entity986 @entity5 suppressor gene encodes an inhibitor of type D cyclin dependent kinases. @entity986 is homozygously deleted in approximately 25% of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) cell lines and these deletions are associated with advanced stage @entity5 . Conflicting reports of the frequency of @entity986 alterations in @entity1149 prompted us to examine the relationship of these alterations and those of the related gene, @entity9288 , with @entity1 stage and site of @entity5 . One hundred twenty-five @entity1149 samples (71 cell lines and 54 @entity5 ) were examined by PCR-SSCP. Twenty of 71 (28%) @entity5 cell lines had homozygous deletions, and six (8%) had point mutations compared to 4 (7%) with point mutations among 54 @entity5 samples. All mutations were observed in @entity5 or cell lines from @entity1 with @entity5 . Two @entity1 with no mutations in their primary @entity5 had a @entity986 point mutation detected in a @entity3 . Point mutations were G:C to T:A transversion on the coding strand in five of 10 and resulted in nonsense mutations in seven of 10. Undetectable @entity986 mRNA, in the absence of detectable genetic alteration, was noted in a similar fraction of cell lines derived from @entity1 with stage I or II disease [two of seven (29%)] and @entity5 [15 of 49 (31%)]. Homozygous deletion of @entity9288 was found in 17 of 20 cell lines with @entity986 deletions; no point mutations of @entity9288 were identified by SSCP in the 125 samples. Thus, @entity986 is a frequent target of genetic alterations at 9p21 in @entity1149 . Both deletions and point mutations of @entity986 are closely associated with @entity5 dissemination.

title: Mechanism of inactivation of @entity986 and XXXX in @entity1149 and association with advanced stage.

answer: @entity9288 :: (1030,Gene) :: ['MTS2']


abstract: The @entity986 @entity5 suppressor gene encodes an inhibitor of type D cyclin dependent kinases. @entity986 is homozygously deleted in approximately 25% of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) cell lines and these deletions are associated with advanced stage @entity5 . Conflicting reports of the frequency of @entity986 alterations in @entity1149 prompted us to examine the relationship of these alterations and those of the related gene, @entity9288 , with @entity1 stage and site of @entity5 . One hundred twenty-five @entity1149 samples (71 cell lines and 54 @entity5 ) were examined by PCR-SSCP. Twenty of 71 (28%) @entity5 cell lines had homozygous deletions, and six (8%) had point mutations compared to 4 (7%) with point mutations among 54 @entity5 samples. All mutations were observed in @entity5 or cell lines from @entity1 with @entity5 . Two @entity1 with no mutations in their primary @entity5 had a @entity986 point mutation detected in a @entity3 . Point mutations were G:C to T:A transversion on the coding strand in five of 10 and resulted in nonsense mutations in seven of 10. Undetectable @entity986 mRNA, in the absence of detectable genetic alteration, was noted in a similar fraction of cell lines derived from @entity1 with stage I or II disease [two of seven (29%)] and @entity5 [15 of 49 (31%)]. Homozygous deletion of @entity9288 was found in 17 of 20 cell lines with @entity986 deletions; no point mutations of @entity9288 were identified by SSCP in the 125 samples. Thus, @entity986 is a frequent target of genetic alterations at 9p21 in @entity1149 . Both deletions and point mutations of @entity986 are closely associated with @entity5 dissemination.

title: Mechanism of inactivation of XXXX and @entity9288 in @entity1149 and association with advanced stage.

answer: @entity986 :: (1029,Gene) :: ['CDKN2']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the proficiency of Spanish laboratories with respect to accurate susceptibility testing and the detection and interpretation of @entity1536 resistance phenotypes in Enterobacteriaceae. METHODS: Thirteen strains of Enterobacteriaceae were sent to 62 participating centres throughout Spain; strains harboured GyrA/ParC modifications, reduced permeability and/or plasmid-mediated @entity1536 resistance genes. The centres were requested to evaluate @entity802 and five @entity5176 , provide raw/interpreted clinical categories and to detect/infer resistance mechanisms. Consensus results from reference centres were used to assign minor, major and very major errors (mEs, MEs and VMEs, respectively). RESULTS: Susceptibility testing in the participating centres was frequently performed using the MicroScan WalkAway, Vitek 2 and Wider systems (48%, 30% and 8%, respectively). CLSI/EUCAST breakpoints were used in 71%/29% of the determinations. The percentage of VMEs for all @entity5176 was well below 2%. Only @entity800 and @entity3477 showed higher values for raw VMEs (6.6%), which decreased to 0% and 2.9%, respectively, in the interpreted VMEs. These errors were particularly associated with the CC-03 strain [qnrS2+aac(6')-Ib-cr]. For MEs, percentages were always <10%, except in the case of @entity800 and @entity802 . There was a significantly higher percentage of all types of errors for strains whose MICs were at the border of clinical breakpoints. CONCLUSIONS: The use of different breakpoints and methods, the complexity of mutation-driven and transferable resistance mechanisms and the absence of specific tests for detecting low-level resistance lead to high variability and represent a challenge to accuracy in susceptibility testing, particularly in strains with MICs on the border of clinical breakpoints.

title: Challenges to accurate susceptibility testing and interpretation of XXXX resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: results of a Spanish multicentre study.

entities_list: @entity3477 :: ('MESH:C104727', 'Chemical') :: ['moxifloxacin']

entities_list: @entity5176 :: ('MESH:D015363', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolones']

entities_list: @entity802 :: ('MESH:D009268', 'Chemical') :: ['nalidixic acid']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['ofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity1536 :: ('CHEBI:23765', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolone']

answer: @entity1536 :: (CHEBI:23765,Chemical) :: ['quinolone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcome of a modified onlay island flap (MOIF) with that of the Mathieu urethroplasty for @entity2650 repair. @entity1 AND METHODS: In a prospective randomised study, 60 @entity1 with coronal, subcoronal and distal @entity546 , with a urethral plate width of    6  mm, and minimal or no chordee, underwent either MOIF using a midline longitudinal outer preputial skin flap passed ventrally by penile buttonholing through dartos fascia incision, or a Mathieu urethroplasty. Closed envelopes were used for randomly selecting @entity1 for each procedure. The operative duration, complications, cosmetic outcome, urinary stream and relatives' satisfaction were reported for each procedure. RESULTS: Preoperative data ( @entity1 ' age and site of urethral meatus) and operative duration were insignificantly different between the groups (P  =  0.653, 0.786 and 0.710, respectively). There were no intraoperative complications in either group. The duration of follow-up was insignificantly different between the groups. @entity1 treated with the MOIF had a statistically significant lower complication rate (P  =  0.036), and a better cosmetic outcome, urinary stream and relatives' satisfaction (P  <  0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The MOIF urethroplasty seemed to be better than the Mathieu urethroplasty in @entity1 with @entity2650 and narrow urethral plates. Further studies including more @entity1 , and a longer follow-up with an objective evaluation of functional outcome should be encouraged to confirm these early results.

title: A modified onlay island flap vs. Mathieu urethroplasty for XXXX repair: A prospective randomised study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['penile hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['distal hypospadias']

answer: @entity2650 :: (MESH:D007021,Disease) :: ['distal hypospadias']


abstract: Although the vast majority of @entity1 with @entity5 receive effective @entity1337 from standard therapy, a few @entity1 , particularly those with @entity9 , continue to experience severe @entity158 despite large doses of systemic or intraspinal opioids. Animal studies suggest intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists may be effective in such cases. Eighty-five @entity1 with severe @entity5 despite large doses of opioids or with therapy-limiting side effects from opioids were randomized to receive, in a double-blind manner, 30 micrograms/h epidural @entity1338 or placebo for 14 days, together with rescue epidural @entity1286 . @entity158 was assessed by visual analog score (VAS), McGill @entity158 Questionnaire, and daily epidural @entity1286 use. Success was defined as a decrease in either @entity1286 use of VAS @entity158 , with the alternative variable either decreasing or remaining constant. Blood pressure, heart rate, and degree of @entity390 and sedation were monitored. Successful @entity1337 was more common with epidural @entity1338 (45%) than with placebo (21%). This was particularly prominent in those with @entity9 (56% vs. 5%). @entity158 scores were lower at the end of the treatment period in @entity1 with @entity9 treated with @entity1338 rather than placebo, whereas @entity1286 use was unaffected. @entity1338 , but not placebo, decreased blood pressure and heart rate. @entity551 was considered a serious complication in 2 @entity1 receiving @entity1338 and in 1 @entity1 receiving placebo. This study confirms the findings from previous animal studies which showed the effective, potent analgesic properties of intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and suggests that epidural @entity1338 may provide effective relief for intractable @entity5 , particular of the neuropathic type.

title: Epidural @entity1338 XXXX for intractable @entity5 . The Epidural @entity1338 Study Group.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['Clonidine', 'clonidine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Hypotension']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: Although the vast majority of @entity1 with @entity5 receive effective @entity1337 from standard therapy, a few @entity1 , particularly those with @entity9 , continue to experience severe @entity158 despite large doses of systemic or intraspinal opioids. Animal studies suggest intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists may be effective in such cases. Eighty-five @entity1 with severe @entity5 despite large doses of opioids or with therapy-limiting side effects from opioids were randomized to receive, in a double-blind manner, 30 micrograms/h epidural @entity1338 or placebo for 14 days, together with rescue epidural @entity1286 . @entity158 was assessed by visual analog score (VAS), McGill @entity158 Questionnaire, and daily epidural @entity1286 use. Success was defined as a decrease in either @entity1286 use of VAS @entity158 , with the alternative variable either decreasing or remaining constant. Blood pressure, heart rate, and degree of @entity390 and sedation were monitored. Successful @entity1337 was more common with epidural @entity1338 (45%) than with placebo (21%). This was particularly prominent in those with @entity9 (56% vs. 5%). @entity158 scores were lower at the end of the treatment period in @entity1 with @entity9 treated with @entity1338 rather than placebo, whereas @entity1286 use was unaffected. @entity1338 , but not placebo, decreased blood pressure and heart rate. @entity551 was considered a serious complication in 2 @entity1 receiving @entity1338 and in 1 @entity1 receiving placebo. This study confirms the findings from previous animal studies which showed the effective, potent analgesic properties of intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and suggests that epidural @entity1338 may provide effective relief for intractable @entity5 , particular of the neuropathic type.

title: Epidural XXXX @entity1337 for intractable @entity5 . The Epidural @entity1338 Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1338 :: (MESH:D003000,Chemical) :: ['clonidine']


abstract: Although the vast majority of @entity1 with @entity5 receive effective @entity1337 from standard therapy, a few @entity1 , particularly those with @entity9 , continue to experience severe @entity158 despite large doses of systemic or intraspinal opioids. Animal studies suggest intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists may be effective in such cases. Eighty-five @entity1 with severe @entity5 despite large doses of opioids or with therapy-limiting side effects from opioids were randomized to receive, in a double-blind manner, 30 micrograms/h epidural @entity1338 or placebo for 14 days, together with rescue epidural @entity1286 . @entity158 was assessed by visual analog score (VAS), McGill @entity158 Questionnaire, and daily epidural @entity1286 use. Success was defined as a decrease in either @entity1286 use of VAS @entity158 , with the alternative variable either decreasing or remaining constant. Blood pressure, heart rate, and degree of @entity390 and sedation were monitored. Successful @entity1337 was more common with epidural @entity1338 (45%) than with placebo (21%). This was particularly prominent in those with @entity9 (56% vs. 5%). @entity158 scores were lower at the end of the treatment period in @entity1 with @entity9 treated with @entity1338 rather than placebo, whereas @entity1286 use was unaffected. @entity1338 , but not placebo, decreased blood pressure and heart rate. @entity551 was considered a serious complication in 2 @entity1 receiving @entity1338 and in 1 @entity1 receiving placebo. This study confirms the findings from previous animal studies which showed the effective, potent analgesic properties of intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and suggests that epidural @entity1338 may provide effective relief for intractable @entity5 , particular of the neuropathic type.

title: Epidural @entity1338 @entity1337 for intractable @entity5 . The Epidural XXXX Study Group.

answer: @entity1338 :: (MESH:D003000,Chemical) :: ['Clonidine']


abstract: Although the vast majority of @entity1 with @entity5 receive effective @entity1337 from standard therapy, a few @entity1 , particularly those with @entity9 , continue to experience severe @entity158 despite large doses of systemic or intraspinal opioids. Animal studies suggest intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists may be effective in such cases. Eighty-five @entity1 with severe @entity5 despite large doses of opioids or with therapy-limiting side effects from opioids were randomized to receive, in a double-blind manner, 30 micrograms/h epidural @entity1338 or placebo for 14 days, together with rescue epidural @entity1286 . @entity158 was assessed by visual analog score (VAS), McGill @entity158 Questionnaire, and daily epidural @entity1286 use. Success was defined as a decrease in either @entity1286 use of VAS @entity158 , with the alternative variable either decreasing or remaining constant. Blood pressure, heart rate, and degree of @entity390 and sedation were monitored. Successful @entity1337 was more common with epidural @entity1338 (45%) than with placebo (21%). This was particularly prominent in those with @entity9 (56% vs. 5%). @entity158 scores were lower at the end of the treatment period in @entity1 with @entity9 treated with @entity1338 rather than placebo, whereas @entity1286 use was unaffected. @entity1338 , but not placebo, decreased blood pressure and heart rate. @entity551 was considered a serious complication in 2 @entity1 receiving @entity1338 and in 1 @entity1 receiving placebo. This study confirms the findings from previous animal studies which showed the effective, potent analgesic properties of intraspinal alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and suggests that epidural @entity1338 may provide effective relief for intractable @entity5 , particular of the neuropathic type.

title: Epidural @entity1338 @entity1337 for intractable XXXX . The Epidural @entity1338 Study Group.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer pain']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Laryngeal @entity2347 ( @entity2347 ) is extremely rare, worldwide. From January 1994 to January 2014, all cases of laryngeal @entity2347 that were diagnosed in the four largest hospitals in Hainan province, were reviewed. Only two such cases were identified. The first @entity1 had a @entity5 in the subglottic region and the second @entity1 , in the glottic region. The @entity1 with subglottic @entity2347 , who had experienced ongoing symptoms for 3 years, had previously been diagnosed with @entity565 , at a local hospital. Both presented at an advanced stage. The @entity1 with @entity66 received a total laryngectomy with a positive surgical margin, was treated with adjuvant radiotherapy, and later succumbed to a @entity1143 as a result of pulmonary metastases. The @entity1 with @entity66 received a partial laryngectomy and declined adjuvant radiotherapy. Subsequently, she developed recurrent disease and passed away following an episode of @entity1763 at 14 months post-surgery. Each of these cases had a poor prognosis at presentation. For @entity1 with locoregionally advanced laryngeal @entity2347 , more effective management strategies are required.

title: XXXX of the larynx: A report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['subglottic disease', 'glottic disease']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'ACC']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['Adenoid cystic carcinoma']


abstract: There are 40 @entity1 with @entity2360 diagnosed in Albania; 24 were males and 16 females with an average age 18.8 +/- 8.47 years. The incidence rate was 1:75.000 and prevalence rate 1:148.000. According to clinical data, the @entity3521 was found in 75% of the cases, the neurologic in 60% and mental disturbances in 27.5%. The liver was damaged in all the cases of @entity99 or @entity1575 . In 35% signs of @entity6118 were seen. Comparing these data with a control group of 60 alcoholic or viral @entity82 with @entity6118 , it was found that @entity6118 is encountered in younger ages (p < 0.0001). The platelets were lower in @entity2360 than in the control group (p < 0.05), but leucocytes were lower in the control group (p < 0.001). Portal @entity101 was found in 42.5% of the cases. Six of these (35.3%) were complicated by @entity360 . In two twins the disease was accompanied with another @entity154 : genu valgum bilateralis. Two other @entity1 had @entity1184 of the parotis gland, six @entity1 had signs of acute haemolysis, accompanied by @entity24520 , Coombs negative.

title: XXXX in Albania.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomaly']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity24520 :: ('MESH:D000746', 'Disease') :: ['nonspherocytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity3521 :: ('MESH:D012303', 'Disease') :: ['Kayser-Fleischer ring']

entities_list: @entity2360 :: ('MESH:D006527', 'Disease') :: ["Wilson's disease", 'WD']

entities_list: @entity6118 :: ('MESH:D006971', 'Disease') :: ['hypersplenism']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['acute and chronic hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal hemorrhage']

answer: @entity2360 :: (MESH:D006527,Disease) :: ['Wilson's disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that asymptomatic @entity66 may appear before 50 years of age. BACKGROUND: @entity195 has an asymptomatic stage during which @entity1 are cognitively intact despite having substantial pathologic changes in the brain. While this asymptomatic stage is common in older @entity1 , how early in life it may develop has been unknown. METHODS: We microscopically examined the postmortem brains of 154 @entity1 aged 30 to 39 years (n=59) and 40 to 50 years (n=95) for specific @entity195 : beta-amyloid plaques, @entity3072 , and tau-positive neurites. We genotyped DNA samples for the @entity2204 gene ( @entity2204 ). RESULTS: We found beta-amyloid lesions in 13 brains, all of them from @entity1 aged 40 to 49 with no history of @entity303 . These plaques were of the diffuse type only and appeared throughout the neocortex. Among these 13 brains, five had very subtle tau lesions in the entorhinal cortex and/or hippocampus. All individuals with @entity527 carried one or two @entity2204 alleles. Among the individuals aged 40 to 50 with genotype @entity2204 /4, 10 (36%) had @entity527 but 18 (64%) had none. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that @entity527 in the cerebral cortex appear as early as 40 years of age in @entity2204 carriers, suggesting that these lesions may constitute a very early stage of @entity195 . Future preventive and therapeutic measures for this disease may have to be stratified by risk factors like @entity2204 genotype and may need to target @entity1 in their 40s or even earlier.

title: XXXX in the Autopsied Brains of @entity1 30 to 50 Years of Age.

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['beta-amyloid deposits']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer disease lesions']

entities_list: @entity2204 :: ('348', 'Gene') :: ['APOE4', 'apolipoprotein E', 'APOE', 'APOE3']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity3072 :: ('MESH:C536599', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibrillary tangles']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer disease', 'Alzheimer lesions']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer Lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that asymptomatic @entity66 may appear before 50 years of age. BACKGROUND: @entity195 has an asymptomatic stage during which @entity1 are cognitively intact despite having substantial pathologic changes in the brain. While this asymptomatic stage is common in older @entity1 , how early in life it may develop has been unknown. METHODS: We microscopically examined the postmortem brains of 154 @entity1 aged 30 to 39 years (n=59) and 40 to 50 years (n=95) for specific @entity195 : beta-amyloid plaques, @entity3072 , and tau-positive neurites. We genotyped DNA samples for the @entity2204 gene ( @entity2204 ). RESULTS: We found beta-amyloid lesions in 13 brains, all of them from @entity1 aged 40 to 49 with no history of @entity303 . These plaques were of the diffuse type only and appeared throughout the neocortex. Among these 13 brains, five had very subtle tau lesions in the entorhinal cortex and/or hippocampus. All individuals with @entity527 carried one or two @entity2204 alleles. Among the individuals aged 40 to 50 with genotype @entity2204 /4, 10 (36%) had @entity527 but 18 (64%) had none. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that @entity527 in the cerebral cortex appear as early as 40 years of age in @entity2204 carriers, suggesting that these lesions may constitute a very early stage of @entity195 . Future preventive and therapeutic measures for this disease may have to be stratified by risk factors like @entity2204 genotype and may need to target @entity1 in their 40s or even earlier.

title: @entity195 in the Autopsied Brains of XXXX 30 to 50 Years of Age.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['People']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To use functional magnetic resonance imaging to map the auditory cortical fields that are activated, or nonreactive, to sounds in @entity1 M.L., who has @entity2167 caused by @entity130 to the inferior colliculi. BACKGROUND: The @entity1 cannot recognize speech or environmental sounds. Her discrimination is greatly facilitated by context and visibility of the speaker's @entity717 , and under forced-choice testing. Her auditory temporal resolution is severely compromised. Her discrimination is more impaired for words differing in voice onset time than place of articulation. Words presented to her right ear are extinguished with dichotic presentation; auditory stimuli in the right hemifield are mislocalized to the left. METHODS: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine cortical activations to different categories of meaningful sounds embedded in a block design. RESULTS: Sounds activated the caudal sub-area of M.L.'s primary auditory cortex ( @entity1938 ) bilaterally and her right posterior superior temporal gyrus (auditory dorsal stream), but not the rostral sub-area (hR) of her primary auditory cortex or the anterior superior temporal gyrus in either hemisphere (auditory ventral stream). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2167 reflects dysfunction of the auditory ventral stream. The ventral and dorsal auditory streams are already segregated as early as the primary auditory cortex, with the ventral stream projecting from hR and the dorsal stream from @entity1938 . M.L.'s leftward localization bias, preserved audiovisual integration, and phoneme perception are explained by preserved processing in her right auditory dorsal stream.

title: Functional Mapping of the XXXX Auditory Cortex: fMRI Investigation of a @entity1 with Auditory Agnosia from Trauma to the Inferior Colliculus.

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['Auditory agnosia', 'auditory agnosia']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['facial movements']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To use functional magnetic resonance imaging to map the auditory cortical fields that are activated, or nonreactive, to sounds in @entity1 M.L., who has @entity2167 caused by @entity130 to the inferior colliculi. BACKGROUND: The @entity1 cannot recognize speech or environmental sounds. Her discrimination is greatly facilitated by context and visibility of the speaker's @entity717 , and under forced-choice testing. Her auditory temporal resolution is severely compromised. Her discrimination is more impaired for words differing in voice onset time than place of articulation. Words presented to her right ear are extinguished with dichotic presentation; auditory stimuli in the right hemifield are mislocalized to the left. METHODS: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine cortical activations to different categories of meaningful sounds embedded in a block design. RESULTS: Sounds activated the caudal sub-area of M.L.'s primary auditory cortex ( @entity1938 ) bilaterally and her right posterior superior temporal gyrus (auditory dorsal stream), but not the rostral sub-area (hR) of her primary auditory cortex or the anterior superior temporal gyrus in either hemisphere (auditory ventral stream). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2167 reflects dysfunction of the auditory ventral stream. The ventral and dorsal auditory streams are already segregated as early as the primary auditory cortex, with the ventral stream projecting from hR and the dorsal stream from @entity1938 . M.L.'s leftward localization bias, preserved audiovisual integration, and phoneme perception are explained by preserved processing in her right auditory dorsal stream.

title: Functional Mapping of the @entity1 Auditory Cortex: fMRI Investigation of a XXXX with Auditory Agnosia from Trauma to the Inferior Colliculus.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: Many upper limb amputees experience an incessant, post-amputation "phantom @entity158 " and report that their missing limbs feel paralyzed in an uncomfortable posture. One hypothesis is that efferent commands no longer generate expected afferent signals, such as proprioceptive feedback from changes in limb configuration, and that the mismatch of motor commands and @entity227 is interpreted as @entity158 . Non-invasive therapeutic techniques for treating phantom @entity158 , such as @entity227 ( @entity227 ), rely on visualizations of postural changes. Advances in neural interfaces for artificial sensory feedback now make it possible to combine @entity227 with a high-tech " @entity10582 , in which subjects develop a sense of embodiment with a fake hand when subjected to congruent visual and somatosensory feedback. We discuss clinical benefits that could arise from the confluence of known concepts such as @entity227 and the @entity10582 , and new technologies such as neural interfaces for sensory feedback and highly sensorized robot hand testbeds, such as the "BairClaw" presented here. Our multi-articulating, anthropomorphic robot testbed can be used to study proprioceptive and tactile sensory stimuli during physical finger-object interactions. Conceived for artificial grasp, manipulation, and haptic exploration, the BairClaw could also be used for future studies on the neurorehabilitation of @entity73 or loss. A remote actuation system enables the modular control of tendon-driven hands. The artificial proprioception system enables direct measurement of joint angles and tendon @entity2701 while temperature, vibration, and skin deformation are provided by a multimodal tactile sensor. The provision of multimodal sensory feedback that is spatiotemporally consistent with commanded actions could lead to benefits such as reduced phantom @entity158 , and increased prosthesis use due to improved functionality and reduced cognitive burden.

title: A robot hand testbed designed for enhancing embodiment and functional neurorehabilitation of body schema in subjects with upper XXXX or loss.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['MVF', 'mirror visual feedback', 'visual feedback']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['somatosensory disorders due to upper limb impairment']

entities_list: @entity10582 :: ('MESH:D007088', 'Disease') :: ['rubber hand" illusion', 'rubber hand illusion']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'limb pain']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['limb impairment']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to compare the projected long-term clinical and cost implications associated with liraglutide, @entity12350 and @entity16024 in @entity1 with @entity6 failing to achieve glycemic control on @entity2449 monotherapy in France. METHODS: Clinical input data for the modeling analysis were taken from two randomized, controlled trials ( @entity5735 and LEAD-2). Long-term ( @entity1 lifetime) projections of clinical outcomes and direct costs (2013 @entity7634 ;    ) were made using a validated computer simulation model of @entity164 2 @entity6 . Costs were taken from published France-specific sources. Future costs and clinical benefits were discounted at 3% annually. Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Liraglutide was associated with an increase in quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.25 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and an increase in mean direct healthcare costs of    2558 per @entity1 compared with @entity12350 . In the comparison with @entity16024 , liraglutide was associated with an increase in quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.23 QALYs and an increase in direct costs of    4695. Based on these estimates, liraglutide was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of    10,275 per QALY gained vs @entity12350 and    20,709 per QALY gained vs @entity16024 in France. CONCLUSION: Calculated ICERs for both comparisons fell below the commonly quoted willingness-to-pay threshold of    30,000 per QALY gained. Therefore, liraglutide is likely to be cost-effective vs @entity12350 and @entity16024 from a healthcare payer perspective in France.

title: Evaluation of the long-term cost-effectiveness of liraglutide therapy for @entity1 with XXXX 2 @entity6 in France.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity16024 :: ('MESH:C057619', 'Chemical') :: ['glimepiride']

entities_list: @entity12350 :: ('MESH:C496398', 'Chemical') :: ['sitagliptin']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to compare the projected long-term clinical and cost implications associated with liraglutide, @entity12350 and @entity16024 in @entity1 with @entity6 failing to achieve glycemic control on @entity2449 monotherapy in France. METHODS: Clinical input data for the modeling analysis were taken from two randomized, controlled trials ( @entity5735 and LEAD-2). Long-term ( @entity1 lifetime) projections of clinical outcomes and direct costs (2013 @entity7634 ;    ) were made using a validated computer simulation model of @entity164 2 @entity6 . Costs were taken from published France-specific sources. Future costs and clinical benefits were discounted at 3% annually. Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Liraglutide was associated with an increase in quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.25 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and an increase in mean direct healthcare costs of    2558 per @entity1 compared with @entity12350 . In the comparison with @entity16024 , liraglutide was associated with an increase in quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.23 QALYs and an increase in direct costs of    4695. Based on these estimates, liraglutide was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of    10,275 per QALY gained vs @entity12350 and    20,709 per QALY gained vs @entity16024 in France. CONCLUSION: Calculated ICERs for both comparisons fell below the commonly quoted willingness-to-pay threshold of    30,000 per QALY gained. Therefore, liraglutide is likely to be cost-effective vs @entity12350 and @entity16024 from a healthcare payer perspective in France.

title: Evaluation of the long-term cost-effectiveness of liraglutide therapy for @entity1 with @entity164 2 XXXX in France.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to compare the projected long-term clinical and cost implications associated with liraglutide, @entity12350 and @entity16024 in @entity1 with @entity6 failing to achieve glycemic control on @entity2449 monotherapy in France. METHODS: Clinical input data for the modeling analysis were taken from two randomized, controlled trials ( @entity5735 and LEAD-2). Long-term ( @entity1 lifetime) projections of clinical outcomes and direct costs (2013 @entity7634 ;    ) were made using a validated computer simulation model of @entity164 2 @entity6 . Costs were taken from published France-specific sources. Future costs and clinical benefits were discounted at 3% annually. Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Liraglutide was associated with an increase in quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.25 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and an increase in mean direct healthcare costs of    2558 per @entity1 compared with @entity12350 . In the comparison with @entity16024 , liraglutide was associated with an increase in quality-adjusted life expectancy of 0.23 QALYs and an increase in direct costs of    4695. Based on these estimates, liraglutide was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of    10,275 per QALY gained vs @entity12350 and    20,709 per QALY gained vs @entity16024 in France. CONCLUSION: Calculated ICERs for both comparisons fell below the commonly quoted willingness-to-pay threshold of    30,000 per QALY gained. Therefore, liraglutide is likely to be cost-effective vs @entity12350 and @entity16024 from a healthcare payer perspective in France.

title: Evaluation of the long-term cost-effectiveness of liraglutide therapy for XXXX with @entity164 2 @entity6 in France.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIM: Many @entity146 , including @entity71 ( @entity71 ), disruptive @entity146 , @entity72 , and some @entity146 characteristics, such as poor empathizing, are regarded to be related to elevated levels of @entity3800 or @entity342 sensitivity. Thus, numerous studies have investigated the potential association between @entity342 -related physical diseases and these @entity146 conditions. @entity3427 ( @entity3427 ) is a disease characterized by an increased sensitivity of the pilosebaceous unit to circulating @entity3800 in @entity1 . The purpose of this study was to examine whether @entity3427 has a relationship with @entity342 -related @entity146 conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally 37 females with @entity3427 and 33 healthy female controls were included in this study. Childhood and present @entity71 symptoms of the @entity1 were assessed using the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and the Adult @entity71 Self-Report Scale, respectively. The Autism-spectrum quotient and the interpersonal reactivity index were used to assess autistic traits and different aspects of empathy. @entity3427 severity was measured using the Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the @entity1 and controls on @entity146 questionnaire scores, except for a trend for subjects with @entity3427 to show higher levels of the school-associated problems than controls according to WURS. The severity of @entity3427 was strongly correlated with the WURS @entity146 and @entity146 /impulsivity subscores and WURS total score, and moderately correlated with the WURS attentional deficit subscore. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that common etiological factors may be involved in both the severity of @entity3427 , @entity71 , and coexisting disruptive @entity146 .

title: Autistic Trait, Empathy, and XXXX in @entity1 with Idiopathic @entity3427 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorders', 'behavioral problems', 'behavioral disorders', 'irritability']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['autism spectrum disorders']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity3427 :: ('MESH:D006628', 'Disease') :: ['Idiopathic hirsutism', 'Hirsutism', 'IH', 'hirsutism']

answer: @entity71 :: (MESH:D001289,Disease) :: ['Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms']


abstract: AIM: Many @entity146 , including @entity71 ( @entity71 ), disruptive @entity146 , @entity72 , and some @entity146 characteristics, such as poor empathizing, are regarded to be related to elevated levels of @entity3800 or @entity342 sensitivity. Thus, numerous studies have investigated the potential association between @entity342 -related physical diseases and these @entity146 conditions. @entity3427 ( @entity3427 ) is a disease characterized by an increased sensitivity of the pilosebaceous unit to circulating @entity3800 in @entity1 . The purpose of this study was to examine whether @entity3427 has a relationship with @entity342 -related @entity146 conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally 37 females with @entity3427 and 33 healthy female controls were included in this study. Childhood and present @entity71 symptoms of the @entity1 were assessed using the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and the Adult @entity71 Self-Report Scale, respectively. The Autism-spectrum quotient and the interpersonal reactivity index were used to assess autistic traits and different aspects of empathy. @entity3427 severity was measured using the Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the @entity1 and controls on @entity146 questionnaire scores, except for a trend for subjects with @entity3427 to show higher levels of the school-associated problems than controls according to WURS. The severity of @entity3427 was strongly correlated with the WURS @entity146 and @entity146 /impulsivity subscores and WURS total score, and moderately correlated with the WURS attentional deficit subscore. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that common etiological factors may be involved in both the severity of @entity3427 , @entity71 , and coexisting disruptive @entity146 .

title: Autistic Trait, Empathy, and @entity71 in @entity1 with Idiopathic XXXX .

answer: @entity3427 :: (MESH:D006628,Disease) :: ['Hirsutism']


abstract: AIM: Many @entity146 , including @entity71 ( @entity71 ), disruptive @entity146 , @entity72 , and some @entity146 characteristics, such as poor empathizing, are regarded to be related to elevated levels of @entity3800 or @entity342 sensitivity. Thus, numerous studies have investigated the potential association between @entity342 -related physical diseases and these @entity146 conditions. @entity3427 ( @entity3427 ) is a disease characterized by an increased sensitivity of the pilosebaceous unit to circulating @entity3800 in @entity1 . The purpose of this study was to examine whether @entity3427 has a relationship with @entity342 -related @entity146 conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally 37 females with @entity3427 and 33 healthy female controls were included in this study. Childhood and present @entity71 symptoms of the @entity1 were assessed using the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and the Adult @entity71 Self-Report Scale, respectively. The Autism-spectrum quotient and the interpersonal reactivity index were used to assess autistic traits and different aspects of empathy. @entity3427 severity was measured using the Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the @entity1 and controls on @entity146 questionnaire scores, except for a trend for subjects with @entity3427 to show higher levels of the school-associated problems than controls according to WURS. The severity of @entity3427 was strongly correlated with the WURS @entity146 and @entity146 /impulsivity subscores and WURS total score, and moderately correlated with the WURS attentional deficit subscore. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that common etiological factors may be involved in both the severity of @entity3427 , @entity71 , and coexisting disruptive @entity146 .

title: Autistic Trait, Empathy, and @entity71 in XXXX with Idiopathic @entity3427 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Women']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity11544 transdermal patch has shown higher caregiver satisfaction and greater preference than oral formulation in @entity1 with @entity195 . However, there is limited literature available related to caregiver preference or treatment compliance in real-world clinical settings. To date, no such data are available from Asia and the Middle East, which account for a sizeable proportion of @entity1 with @entity195 . The objective of this study was to evaluate treatment preference and compliance with oral and transdermal medications in daily clinical practice in an ethnically diverse @entity1 population from Asia and the Middle East with mild-to-moderate @entity195 . @entity1 AND METHODS: RECAP (Real-world Evaluation of Compliance And Preference in the treatment of @entity195 ) was a 24-week, multicenter, prospective, noninterventional study. Two treatment cohorts were observed during the study: oral (cholinesterase inhibitors or @entity3393 ) and transdermal ( @entity11544 patch). Caregiver preference, physician preference, and @entity1 compliance were evaluated at week 24. RESULTS: A total of 978 of 1,931 enrolled @entity1 (mean age: 72.8 years; 50.5% female) were in the transdermal cohort. For @entity1 with exposure to both oral and transdermal monotherapy (n=330), a significant caregivers' preference for the transdermal monotherapy was observed (82.7%; P<0.0001). Of the 89 participating physicians, 71 indicated preference for transdermal monotherapy. @entity1 compliance was also significantly higher for transdermal than oral monotherapy (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study showed higher caregiver and physician preference and greater @entity1 compliance with transdermal monotherapy in daily practice.

title: Real-world evaluation of compliance and preference in XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity3393 :: ('MESH:D008559', 'Chemical') :: ['memantine']

entities_list: @entity11544 :: ('MESH:C072506', 'Chemical') :: ['Rivastigmine', 'rivastigmine']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies on economic impact of @entity3458 ( @entity3458 ) are scanty despite its being common among @entity1 in developing countries who are mostly Africans. OBJECTIVE: To determine the financial burden of @entity3458 on households in Ado Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: A longitudinal and descriptive study of household expenditures on care of 111 @entity1 with @entity3458 managed at the pediatric hematology unit of the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital was conducted between January and December 2014. RESULTS: There were 64 male and 47 female @entity1 involved, aged between 15 and 180 months. They were from 111 households, out of which only eight (7.2%) were enrolled under the National Health Insurance Scheme. The number of admissions and outpatients' consultations ranged from 1 to 5 and 1 to 10 per @entity1 , respectively. @entity311 , @entity432 , and severe @entity417 were the leading comorbidities. The monthly household income ranged between    12,500 and    330,000 ( @entity10479 76 and @entity10479 2,000) with a median of    55,000 ( @entity10479 333), and health expenditure ranged between    2,500 and    215,000 ( @entity10479 15 and @entity10479 1,303) with a mean of    39,554  35,479 ( @entity10479 240  215). Parents of 63 @entity1 lost between 1 and 48 working days due to their @entity1 's ill health. Parents of 23 @entity1 took loans ranging between    6,500 and    150,000 ( @entity10479 39 and @entity10479 909) to offset hospital bills. The percentage of family income spent as health expenditure on each @entity1 ranged from 0.38 to 34.4. Catastrophic health expenditure (when the health expenditure >10% of family income) occurred in 23 (20.7%) households. Parents who took loan to offset hospital bills, low social class, and @entity1 who took ill during the study period significantly had higher odds for catastrophic health expenditure (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.399-87.176, P=0.000; 95% CI 2.322-47.310, P=0.002; and 95% CI 1.128-29.694, P=0.035, respectively). CONCLUSION: @entity3458 poses enormous financial burden on parents and households.

title: The financial burden of XXXX on households in Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['SCD', 'sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vaso-occlusive crisis']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity14 is one of the most commonly diagnosed types of @entity5 and is a leading cause of @entity5  -associated mortality worldwide. Short chain enoyl coenzyme  A hydratase  1  ( @entity69356 ) is an important gene involved in the mitochondrial @entity844 b  -oxidation pathway. In addition, @entity69356 has been implicated in a variety of @entity5 , including @entity0 . The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of @entity69356 in the @entity1 HCT  -8 @entity14 cell line. The results showed that @entity69356 expression was significantly increased in poorly  -differentiated cells compared with that in well  -differentiated cells. In order to further investigate the functions of @entity69356 in @entity14 cells, a stably transfected HCT  -8 cell line expressing small interfering  (si)RNA targeting the @entity69356 gene was established. The expression of the @entity69356 siRNA was found to reduce @entity69356 protein levels in @entity69356  -silenced cells by >40%. Cell proliferation and cell migration of the siECHS1 cells were characterized using Cell Counting Kit  -8 and Transwell assays, respectively, the results of which showed that the constitutive knockdown of the ECSH1 gene in HCT  -8 cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, decreased levels of @entity584 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3b phosphorylation were observed in @entity69356  -silenced HCT  -8 cells compared with that of parental or pU6 empty vector  -transfected cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that @entity69356 may have an important role in @entity14 cell proliferation and migration via activation of @entity584  - and @entity9459  -associated signaling pathways.

title: Attenuation of enoyl coenzyme  A hydratase  1 expression in XXXX cells using small interfering  RNA inhibits cell proliferation and migration.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast, prostate, colon and liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']