abstract: @entity1211 is now recognized more frequently in the pediatric age group. Caval interruption is indicated most commonly for prophylaxis against life-threatening or recurrent @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ) when anticoagulation is ineffective or contraindicated. Greenfield vena caval filters have been utilized locally in 415 adult @entity1 with 97% long-term patency and 5% recurrent embolization. Its application in adolescents is reported herein. Standard adult (30-mm) vena caval filters were placed in ten @entity1 , ages 13 to 18. Four filters were required following @entity1151 , six were used for @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) when anticoagulation was contraindicated, and one was inserted prophylactically. In eight @entity1 , filter insertion was accomplished with local anesthesia, while two underwent filter placement under general anesthesia administered for other procedures. One filter was misplaced into the right renal vein, requiring a second filter insertion. All @entity1 have been followed from 1 to 11 years with yearly vascular duplex imaging and radionuclide venograms documenting caval patency without clinical @entity887 . This duplicates the adult experience in safety and efficacy. As recognition of @entity1211 becomes more frequent in the pediatric age group, safe caval interruption may be necessary for those excluded from or not responsive to anticoagulation. This technique may be extended to smaller @entity1 with miniaturization of both filter and carrier.

title: Use of the Greenfield filter in adolescents for XXXX and @entity1151 .

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep vein thrombosis']


abstract: Soft tissue @entity281 may be acute or chronic and may be introduced by the haematogenous route, or by inoculation, including surgical @entity281 , or spread from other areas. The spectrum of infecting organism differs in @entity281 , in @entity465 or when foreign bodies, including prostheses, are present. @entity2348 are usually more rapid than those due to fungi or atypical organisms. Inflammation usually begins as @entity2688 , proceeding through @entity39 to cavitation and @entity733 formation, sometimes complicated by @entity548 . Imaging, apart from @entity7994 in selected cases, is rarely helpful in the early stages, but early diagnosis of @entity6735 and @entity39 is mandatory. When @entity281 is established, US, CT and @entity7994 all have individual value in diagnosis, including biopsy, and in directing therapy, including percutaneous or surgical drainage or debridement. Both @entity7994 and CT are best suited to monitoring progress. @entity5414 presents as rapidly progressive, @entity625 , and early diagnosis is essential to prevent long-term morbidity. Ultrasound offers the best method of detecting @entity1143 and @entity12897 , but aspiration is usually required for diagnosis. In more advanced stages CT is valuable for revealing destructive changes, and @entity7994 for documenting intra-articular changes and detecting @entity32 in surrounding bone.

title: Soft tissue and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['early joint effusion']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['destructive arthritis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing fasciitis', 'necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5414 :: ('MESH:D001170', 'Disease') :: ['Septic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity12897 :: ('MESH:D013581', 'Disease') :: ['synovial thickening']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'primary infection']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity6735 :: ('MESH:D052880', 'Disease') :: ['pyomyositis']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['joint infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with advanced @entity8 , administration of effective osmolar agents may lead to @entity2753 , @entity4144 , @entity520 , and intravascular expansion. To our knowledge, osmolar effects of contrast agents in @entity1 with advanced @entity8 have not been previously elucidated. METHODS: This retrospective case series includes 5 @entity1 with advanced @entity8 who underwent diagnostic and/or therapeutic cardiac catheterization and developed @entity2753 . Blood chemistry tests were performed before and after the procedure. @entity2753 is defined as a plasma @entity1372 concentration less than 135 mEq/L (mmol/L). RESULTS: Mean precontrast and postcontrast @entity1372 levels were 138.6 mEq/L (mmol/L) and 122.6 mEq/L (mmol/L), respectively. Plasma @entity972 levels increased after contrast exposure. There was no difference in degree of @entity4144 between @entity1 with and without @entity6 . Plasma @entity3157 levels were noted to decrease after contrast exposure in 4 of 5 @entity1 , with the exception of a @entity1 undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. There was a strong correlation between dose of contrast administered and change in @entity1372 level, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that large volumes of contrast may result in hypertonic @entity2753 through a dual effect of exogenous fluid dilution and translocation. The fluid translocated from intracellular to extracellular spaces may lead to a decrease in @entity1372 , @entity2865 , and @entity3157 levels. All @entity1 developed @entity4144 , which may be caused by solvent drag and/or passive diffusion, in addition to impaired excretory capacity. @entity1 with advanced @entity8 exposed to large volumes of contrast should be monitored for osmolar-induced chemical changes so that timely postcontrast dialytic therapy can be instituted.

title: Contrast-induced translocational @entity2753 and @entity4144 in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia', 'Hyponatremia']

entities_list: @entity4144 :: ('MESH:D006947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemia']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['kidney disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with advanced @entity8 , administration of effective osmolar agents may lead to @entity2753 , @entity4144 , @entity520 , and intravascular expansion. To our knowledge, osmolar effects of contrast agents in @entity1 with advanced @entity8 have not been previously elucidated. METHODS: This retrospective case series includes 5 @entity1 with advanced @entity8 who underwent diagnostic and/or therapeutic cardiac catheterization and developed @entity2753 . Blood chemistry tests were performed before and after the procedure. @entity2753 is defined as a plasma @entity1372 concentration less than 135 mEq/L (mmol/L). RESULTS: Mean precontrast and postcontrast @entity1372 levels were 138.6 mEq/L (mmol/L) and 122.6 mEq/L (mmol/L), respectively. Plasma @entity972 levels increased after contrast exposure. There was no difference in degree of @entity4144 between @entity1 with and without @entity6 . Plasma @entity3157 levels were noted to decrease after contrast exposure in 4 of 5 @entity1 , with the exception of a @entity1 undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. There was a strong correlation between dose of contrast administered and change in @entity1372 level, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that large volumes of contrast may result in hypertonic @entity2753 through a dual effect of exogenous fluid dilution and translocation. The fluid translocated from intracellular to extracellular spaces may lead to a decrease in @entity1372 , @entity2865 , and @entity3157 levels. All @entity1 developed @entity4144 , which may be caused by solvent drag and/or passive diffusion, in addition to impaired excretory capacity. @entity1 with advanced @entity8 exposed to large volumes of contrast should be monitored for osmolar-induced chemical changes so that timely postcontrast dialytic therapy can be instituted.

title: Contrast-induced translocational XXXX and @entity4144 in advanced @entity8 .

answer: @entity2753 :: (MESH:D007010,Disease) :: ['hyponatremia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with advanced @entity8 , administration of effective osmolar agents may lead to @entity2753 , @entity4144 , @entity520 , and intravascular expansion. To our knowledge, osmolar effects of contrast agents in @entity1 with advanced @entity8 have not been previously elucidated. METHODS: This retrospective case series includes 5 @entity1 with advanced @entity8 who underwent diagnostic and/or therapeutic cardiac catheterization and developed @entity2753 . Blood chemistry tests were performed before and after the procedure. @entity2753 is defined as a plasma @entity1372 concentration less than 135 mEq/L (mmol/L). RESULTS: Mean precontrast and postcontrast @entity1372 levels were 138.6 mEq/L (mmol/L) and 122.6 mEq/L (mmol/L), respectively. Plasma @entity972 levels increased after contrast exposure. There was no difference in degree of @entity4144 between @entity1 with and without @entity6 . Plasma @entity3157 levels were noted to decrease after contrast exposure in 4 of 5 @entity1 , with the exception of a @entity1 undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. There was a strong correlation between dose of contrast administered and change in @entity1372 level, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that large volumes of contrast may result in hypertonic @entity2753 through a dual effect of exogenous fluid dilution and translocation. The fluid translocated from intracellular to extracellular spaces may lead to a decrease in @entity1372 , @entity2865 , and @entity3157 levels. All @entity1 developed @entity4144 , which may be caused by solvent drag and/or passive diffusion, in addition to impaired excretory capacity. @entity1 with advanced @entity8 exposed to large volumes of contrast should be monitored for osmolar-induced chemical changes so that timely postcontrast dialytic therapy can be instituted.

title: Contrast-induced translocational @entity2753 and XXXX in advanced @entity8 .

answer: @entity4144 :: (MESH:D006947,Disease) :: ['hyperkalemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: There is limited information on the prevalence of @entity409 in nonwhite populations. We conducted a population-based study on the prevalence of @entity409 in Alaska natives. METHODS: Clinical records from 1984 to July, 2000 were reviewed to identify Alaska natives with @entity775 ( @entity775 ), @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ), @entity991 , @entity792 , and overlap syndromes of two of the above. @entity775 was defined as definite or probable, based on criteria established by the International @entity775 Group. The diagnosis of @entity2835 was based on a positive antimitochondrial antibody of > or = 1: 40, biochemical evidence of @entity1448 , and compatible liver biopsy. @entity792 was defined as @entity2835 but without a positive antimitochondrial antibody. @entity991 was diagnosed on the basis of cholangiogram. RESULTS: Seventy-seven @entity1 with possible @entity409 were identified. Of these, 42 had definite and seven probable @entity775 . At presentation, 34.7% of @entity1 with @entity775 presented with acute @entity99 , and 65.3% were asymptomatic. @entity1 presenting with mild or no symptoms were more likely to have moderate to severe @entity82 on liver biopsy than those presenting with @entity1087 . Eighteen @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity2835 , five with @entity792 , five with overlap syndrome, and none with @entity991 . The combined point prevalence of @entity775 Alaska natives was 42.9/100,000 (95% CI = 31-57.7). The prevalence of @entity2835 was 16/100,000 (95% CI = 12.9-25.4). CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study demonstrates that the prevalence rates of @entity775 and @entity2835 in Alaska natives are comparable with reported rates in other populations.

title: Prevalence of XXXX in Alaska Natives.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Persons', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune liver diseases', 'autoimmune liver disease']

entities_list: @entity991 :: ('MESH:D015209', 'Disease') :: ['primary sclerosing cholangitis', 'Primary sclerosing cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['icteric hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune cholangitis', 'Autoimmune cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['AIH', 'autoimmune hepatitis', 'Autoimmune Hepatitis']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['autoimmune liver disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Partial or complete @entity6716 occurring after severe @entity2194 is a difficult therapeutic problem. Diaphragm intraocular lenses were developed for the correction of @entity6716 , but the safety and efficacy of implanting such lenses are not well established in traumatic cases because of very few reports, and the small number of cases studied. @entity1 AND METHODS: Six @entity1 , 4 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 with a mean age of 44 years, were treated for @entity6716 using pars plana vitrectomy and transscleral fixation of a black diaphragm intraocular @entity2092 . Total @entity6716 was observed in 3 eyes and partial @entity6716 in 3 eyes. Four eyes were aphakic and severe @entity2092 subluxation was seen in 2 eyes. @entity548 coexisted in 2 @entity1 and @entity3225 was present in 1 @entity1 . Follow-up time ranged between 4 and 39 months (mean, 23 months). RESULTS: Best-corrected visual acuity improved in 5 @entity1 and 1 remained unchanged. Good visual acuity (20/20 - 20/40) was achieved in all cases and all lenses were well-centered. No severe complications were noted. Three of 6 @entity1 required @entity726 topical medications pre- and postoperatively achieving good intraocular pressure control. CONCLUSION: The management of @entity6716 using pars plana vitrectomy and implantation of scleral fixation black diaphragm intraocular lenses seem to be safe. Very good functional results and lack of severe complications are encouraging. Additional cases with a longer follow-up study are necessary to support our opinion.

title: Pars plana vitrectomy and transscleral fixation of black diaphragm intraocular XXXX for the management of @entity6716 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular trauma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Vitreous hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity6716 :: ('MESH:D015783', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic aniridia', 'aniridia']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial endophthalmitis']

answer: @entity2092 :: (MESH:D007905,Disease) :: ['lens']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Partial or complete @entity6716 occurring after severe @entity2194 is a difficult therapeutic problem. Diaphragm intraocular lenses were developed for the correction of @entity6716 , but the safety and efficacy of implanting such lenses are not well established in traumatic cases because of very few reports, and the small number of cases studied. @entity1 AND METHODS: Six @entity1 , 4 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 with a mean age of 44 years, were treated for @entity6716 using pars plana vitrectomy and transscleral fixation of a black diaphragm intraocular @entity2092 . Total @entity6716 was observed in 3 eyes and partial @entity6716 in 3 eyes. Four eyes were aphakic and severe @entity2092 subluxation was seen in 2 eyes. @entity548 coexisted in 2 @entity1 and @entity3225 was present in 1 @entity1 . Follow-up time ranged between 4 and 39 months (mean, 23 months). RESULTS: Best-corrected visual acuity improved in 5 @entity1 and 1 remained unchanged. Good visual acuity (20/20 - 20/40) was achieved in all cases and all lenses were well-centered. No severe complications were noted. Three of 6 @entity1 required @entity726 topical medications pre- and postoperatively achieving good intraocular pressure control. CONCLUSION: The management of @entity6716 using pars plana vitrectomy and implantation of scleral fixation black diaphragm intraocular lenses seem to be safe. Very good functional results and lack of severe complications are encouraging. Additional cases with a longer follow-up study are necessary to support our opinion.

title: Pars plana vitrectomy and transscleral fixation of black diaphragm intraocular @entity2092 for the management of XXXX .

answer: @entity6716 :: (MESH:D015783,Disease) :: ['traumatic aniridia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the temporal relationship of microaneurysmal dosure following focal laser photocoagulation in @entity1103 . @entity1 AND METHODS: This prospective study included 25 eyes of 23 @entity6 @entity1 with clinically significant macular @entity4 . Ten to 20 well-defined microaneurysms were preselected and marked on an enlarged photograph of the prelaser fundus @entity941 angiogram. These preselected microaneurysms were focally lasered and followed up angiographically at 48 hours, 1 week, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after photocoagulation. Thereafter, the average time span between photocoagulation and the closure of the microaneurysms was determined. RESULTS: The mean number of preselected microaneurysms at baseline was 18.24 +/- 3.51, which remained the same at 48 hours. However, the mean microaneurysmal count decreased to 11.76 +/- 2.65 (35% reduction) at 1 week, 9.12 +/- 2.53 (50% reduction), 7.12 +/- 2.26 (61% reduction), and 4.56 +/- 1.32 (75% reduction) at 3, 6, and 12 weeks, respectively. The majority of the microaneurysms (35%) closed between 48 hours and 1 week. CONCLUSIONS: The microaneurysmal closure following focal laser photocoagulation is a delayed process. None of the preselected microaneurysms showed closure within 48 hours, and 75% of the preselected microaneurysms closed at the end of 12 weeks.

title: Retinal microaneurysmal closure following focal laser photocoagulation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic macular edema']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

answer: @entity1103 :: (MESH:D008269,Disease) :: ['diabetic macular edema']


abstract: Both the prevalence and severity of @entity1576 such as @entity565 have increased in recent years. Among the factors implicated in this "epidemic" are indoor and outdoor airborne pollutants. Urbanisation with its high levels of vehicle emissions and Westernised lifestyle parallels the @entity1576 in most industrialised countries, and @entity1 who live in urban areas tend to be more affected by the disease than those of rural areas. In atopic subjects, exposure to air pollution increases airway responsiveness to aeroallergens. Pollen is a good model with which to study the interrelationship between air pollution and @entity1576 . Biological aerosols carrying antigenic proteins, such as pollen grains or plant-derived paucimicronic components, can produce allergic symptoms. By adhering to the surface of these airborne allergenic agents, air pollutants could modify their antigenic properties. Several factors influence this interaction, i.e., type of air pollutant, plant species, nutrient balance, climatic factors, degree of airway sensitisation and hyperresponsiveness of exposed subjects. However, the @entity16 and the impaired mucociliary clearance induced by air pollution may facilitate the penetration and the access of inhaled allergens to the cells of the immune system, and so promote airway sensitisation. As a consequence, an enhanced immunoglobulin E-mediated response to aeroallergens and enhanced airway @entity32 favoured by air pollution could account for the increasing prevalence of allergic @entity1576 in urban areas.

title: Outdoor air pollution, climatic changes and allergic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['airway mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['increase in respiratory allergy', 'respiratory diseases', 'respiratory allergic diseases']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma']


abstract: Antibiotics are often administrated prophylactically in spinal procedures to reduce the risk of infection of the disc space. It is still not known which antibiotics are able to penetrate the intervertebral disc effectively. In a prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical study, we examined the penetration of the intervertebral discs of two commonly used antibiotics, @entity2261 and @entity801 . The @entity1 , randomised into two groups, received either 1.5 g of @entity2261 or 5 mg/kg of @entity801 prophylactically two hours before their intervertebral discs were removed. A specimen of blood, from which serum antibiotic levels were determined, was obtained at the time of discectomy. Therapeutic levels of antibiotic were detectable in the intervertebral discs of the ten @entity1 who received @entity801 . Only two of the ten @entity1 (20%) who received @entity2261 had a quantifiable level of antibiotic in their discs although therapeutic serum levels of @entity2261 were found in all ten @entity1 . Our results show that @entity2261 does not diffuse into @entity1 intervertebral discs as readily as @entity801 . It is possible that the charge due to ionisable groups on the antibiotics can influence the penetration of the antibiotics. We therefore recommend the use of @entity801 in a single prophylactic dose for all spinal procedures in order to reduce the risk of @entity1512 .

title: Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery of the intervertebral disc. A comparison between XXXX and @entity2261 .

entities_list: @entity2261 :: ('MESH:D002444', 'Chemical') :: ['cefuroxime']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

answer: @entity801 :: (MESH:D005839,Chemical) :: ['gentamicin']


abstract: Antibiotics are often administrated prophylactically in spinal procedures to reduce the risk of infection of the disc space. It is still not known which antibiotics are able to penetrate the intervertebral disc effectively. In a prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical study, we examined the penetration of the intervertebral discs of two commonly used antibiotics, @entity2261 and @entity801 . The @entity1 , randomised into two groups, received either 1.5 g of @entity2261 or 5 mg/kg of @entity801 prophylactically two hours before their intervertebral discs were removed. A specimen of blood, from which serum antibiotic levels were determined, was obtained at the time of discectomy. Therapeutic levels of antibiotic were detectable in the intervertebral discs of the ten @entity1 who received @entity801 . Only two of the ten @entity1 (20%) who received @entity2261 had a quantifiable level of antibiotic in their discs although therapeutic serum levels of @entity2261 were found in all ten @entity1 . Our results show that @entity2261 does not diffuse into @entity1 intervertebral discs as readily as @entity801 . It is possible that the charge due to ionisable groups on the antibiotics can influence the penetration of the antibiotics. We therefore recommend the use of @entity801 in a single prophylactic dose for all spinal procedures in order to reduce the risk of @entity1512 .

title: Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery of the intervertebral disc. A comparison between @entity801 and XXXX .

answer: @entity2261 :: (MESH:D002444,Chemical) :: ['cefuroxime']


abstract: We have studied, prospectively, 116 @entity1 with @entity51 associated with herniation of a lumbar disc who underwent microdiscectomy. They were studied during the first six months and at a mean of 6.4 years after surgery. Before operation, @entity425 was mild (grade 4) in 67% of @entity1 , severe (grade 3) in 21% and very severe (grade 2 or 1) in 12%. The muscle which most frequently had severe or very severe @entity425 was @entity2003 longus, followed in order by triceps surae, extensor digitorum communis, tibialis anterior, and others. At the latest follow-up examination, 76% of @entity1 had complete recovery of strength. Persistent @entity425 was found in 16% of @entity1 who had had a mild preoperative deficit and in 39% of those with severe or very severe @entity425 . Muscle strength was graded 4 in all @entity1 with persistent @entity425 , except for four with a very severe preoperative deficit affecting the L5 or S1 nerve root. They showed no significant recovery. Excluding this last group, the degree of recovery of motor function was inversely related to the preoperative severity and duration of @entity425 . The @entity1 ' subjective functional capacity was not directly related to the degree of recovery except in those with persistent severe or very severe deficit.

title: XXXX after microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['motor deficits']

entities_list: @entity2003 :: ('MESH:D009127', 'Disease') :: ['extensor hallucis']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness', 'weakness']

answer: @entity51 :: (MESH:D009461,Disease) :: ['Recovery of motor deficits']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY: The authors' nine-year experience with @entity1 requiring mitral valve reoperations for @entity884 after previous mitral valve repair is reported. METHODS: Between June 1991 and June 2000, 1,275 mitral valve repairs were performed at the authors' institution. During this time, nine @entity1 with prior mitral valve repair presented with mitral valve (non-recurrent) @entity884 requiring surgical correction. Etiology at the initial mitral valve repair was @entity63 in four @entity1 (44%), floppy valve in one @entity1 (11%), @entity1252 in one (11%), irradiation-induced degeneration in one (11%), and @entity884 in two cases (22%). Median @entity1 age was 61 years (range: 36-81 years). Median ejection fraction was 50% (range: 23-70%), and seven @entity1 (78%) presented urgently or emergently. The median time interval between the two procedures was 8.6 months (range: 28 days to 14.3 years). RESULTS: Certain risk factors were identified in these @entity1 , including @entity281 , prosthetic implants in the bloodstream, and subsequent invasive procedures. The mitral valve was re-repaired in one @entity1 (11%), while eight @entity1 (89%) required valve replacement. All required excision of the ring. Hospital mortality was 11% (n = 1). @entity260 included perioperative @entity583 in two cases (25%), low cardiac output in two (25%), and prolonged ventilatory support in four (50%). There was no perioperative @entity64 , and no late recurrence of @entity884 . CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that the incidence of (non-recurrent) @entity884 after mitral valve repair requiring surgical intervention is infrequent. Attempts at re-repair may be successful only in selected @entity1 . Reoperation was accomplished with acceptable morbidity and mortality, and often required mitral valve replacement; however, late results indicated the absence of @entity340 .

title: Risk factors and management of XXXX after mitral valve repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['Libman-Sacks endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infections']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic valve endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['endocarditis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after treatment for @entity0 is associated with increased risk of recurrence and mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. @entity1 AND SETTING: Postmenopausal @entity1 diagnosed with @entity0 and treated by five Sydney doctors between 1964 and 1999. OUTCOME MEASURES: Times from diagnosis to @entity5 recurrence or new @entity0 , to death from all causes and to death from primary @entity5 were compared between @entity1 who used HRT for menopausal symptoms after diagnosis and those who did not. Relative risks (RRs) were determined from @entity797 regression analyses, adjusted for @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics. RESULTS: 1122 @entity1 were followed up for 0-36 years (median, 6.08 years); 154 were lost to follow-up. 286 @entity1 used HRT for menopausal symptoms for up to 26 years (median, 1.75 years). Compared with non-users, HRT users had reduced risk of @entity5 recurrence (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.87), all-cause mortality (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.19-0.59) and death from primary @entity5 (RR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22-0.72). Continuous combined HRT was associated with a reduced risk of death from primary @entity5 (RR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.12-0.88) and all-cause mortality (RR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.10-0.73). CONCLUSION: HRT use for menopausal symptoms by @entity1 treated for primary @entity0 is not associated with an increased risk of @entity0 recurrence or shortened life expectancy.

title: Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of XXXX : @entity5 recurrence and mortality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'invasive breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after treatment for @entity0 is associated with increased risk of recurrence and mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. @entity1 AND SETTING: Postmenopausal @entity1 diagnosed with @entity0 and treated by five Sydney doctors between 1964 and 1999. OUTCOME MEASURES: Times from diagnosis to @entity5 recurrence or new @entity0 , to death from all causes and to death from primary @entity5 were compared between @entity1 who used HRT for menopausal symptoms after diagnosis and those who did not. Relative risks (RRs) were determined from @entity797 regression analyses, adjusted for @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics. RESULTS: 1122 @entity1 were followed up for 0-36 years (median, 6.08 years); 154 were lost to follow-up. 286 @entity1 used HRT for menopausal symptoms for up to 26 years (median, 1.75 years). Compared with non-users, HRT users had reduced risk of @entity5 recurrence (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.87), all-cause mortality (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.19-0.59) and death from primary @entity5 (RR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22-0.72). Continuous combined HRT was associated with a reduced risk of death from primary @entity5 (RR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.12-0.88) and all-cause mortality (RR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.10-0.73). CONCLUSION: HRT use for menopausal symptoms by @entity1 treated for primary @entity0 is not associated with an increased risk of @entity0 recurrence or shortened life expectancy.

title: Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of @entity0 : XXXX recurrence and mortality.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: @entity3468 of the nasal philtrum is described in four @entity235 . Two of the Saint Bernards were related. The lesions were solitary, well-circumscribed, linear @entity1066 that were neither pruritic nor @entity158 . The age of the @entity235 at the time the owners first noticed the lesion ranged from 3 to 6 years. The @entity1066 had been present for 0.5-5 years before diagnosis was pursued. Three of the @entity235 experienced repeated, mild episodes of @entity548 from the @entity1066 . Two @entity235 also experienced a severe episode of @entity548 that required surgical intervention. Histopathological findings included a V-shaped @entity1066 , @entity32 subjacent to the @entity1066 and @entity1909 bordering the @entity1066 . The most remarkable pathological findings were present in the deep dermal arteries and arterioles subjacent to the @entity1066 . The changes were characterized by subendothelial spindle cell proliferation with marked extracellular matrix deposition that stained blue with Alcian Blue ( @entity34356 ) and Masson's trichrome (collagen) and resulted in intimal thickening, and stenosis of dermal arteries and arterioles. Immunohistochemical studies suggested that the proliferating spindle cells were of either myofibroblast or smooth muscle origin (actin and @entity28284 positive). Anti-inflammatory therapy (glucocorticoids; @entity803 and @entity4571 ; fish oil) may be beneficial for long-term control of this condition, however, long-term maintenance treatment appears to be necessary.

title: Dermal XXXX of the nasal philtrum in a Giant Schnauzer and three Saint Bernard @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['neutrophilic dermal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'arterial bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['Arteritis']

entities_list: @entity4571 :: ('MESH:D009536', 'Chemical') :: ['niacinamide']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis']

answer: @entity3468 :: (MESH:D001167,Disease) :: ['arteritis']


abstract: @entity3468 of the nasal philtrum is described in four @entity235 . Two of the Saint Bernards were related. The lesions were solitary, well-circumscribed, linear @entity1066 that were neither pruritic nor @entity158 . The age of the @entity235 at the time the owners first noticed the lesion ranged from 3 to 6 years. The @entity1066 had been present for 0.5-5 years before diagnosis was pursued. Three of the @entity235 experienced repeated, mild episodes of @entity548 from the @entity1066 . Two @entity235 also experienced a severe episode of @entity548 that required surgical intervention. Histopathological findings included a V-shaped @entity1066 , @entity32 subjacent to the @entity1066 and @entity1909 bordering the @entity1066 . The most remarkable pathological findings were present in the deep dermal arteries and arterioles subjacent to the @entity1066 . The changes were characterized by subendothelial spindle cell proliferation with marked extracellular matrix deposition that stained blue with Alcian Blue ( @entity34356 ) and Masson's trichrome (collagen) and resulted in intimal thickening, and stenosis of dermal arteries and arterioles. Immunohistochemical studies suggested that the proliferating spindle cells were of either myofibroblast or smooth muscle origin (actin and @entity28284 positive). Anti-inflammatory therapy (glucocorticoids; @entity803 and @entity4571 ; fish oil) may be beneficial for long-term control of this condition, however, long-term maintenance treatment appears to be necessary.

title: Dermal @entity3468 of the nasal philtrum in a Giant Schnauzer and three Saint Bernard XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of @entity4155 , @entity1356 and @entity310 on chemokine production by @entity1 chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts isolated from @entity1 with @entity571 ( @entity571 ). The expression of @entity1356 mRNA by @entity571 chondrocytes was also assessed, as well as the presence and expression of @entity29716 ( @entity29716 ) in @entity571 chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts after stimulation with @entity4155 , @entity1356 and @entity310 . DESIGN: Synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes isolated from @entity1 with @entity571 were stimulated in vitro with @entity4155 , @entity1356 or @entity310 . Supernatants were collected and immunoassayed for the presence of @entity687 , @entity2851 (CXC chemokines) and @entity2842 , @entity5737 (CC chemokines). The cells were used to detect the presence of @entity29716 and the expression of @entity29716 mRNA. Stimulated chondrocytes were also used to detect @entity1356 production and mRNA expression. RESULTS: @entity4155 upregulated the release of @entity687 and @entity2851 both by synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes, and the release of @entity2842 only by chondrocytes. @entity4155 was a weaker stimulator than @entity1356 and @entity310 , except for @entity2851 release which was maximally upregulated by @entity1356 , less by @entity4155 and minimally by @entity310 . When compared to @entity1356 , @entity4155 was more active on chondrocytes than on fibroblasts. In chondrocytes the expression of @entity1356 mRNA was enhanced by @entity4155 and @entity310 , with a maximum level reached by @entity1356 . @entity4155 and @entity310 stimulated @entity1356 release in few subjects. Neither @entity4155 , @entity1356 nor @entity310 modulated the presence of @entity29716 and the expression of @entity29716 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that @entity4155 could contribute to cartilage breakdown and synovial infiltration in @entity571 by inducing both the release of chemokines by chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts and, in a less extent, the synthesis of @entity1356 by chondrocytes.

title: Contribution of interleukin 17 to @entity1 cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of @entity4155 , @entity1356 and @entity310 on chemokine production by @entity1 chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts isolated from @entity1 with @entity571 ( @entity571 ). The expression of @entity1356 mRNA by @entity571 chondrocytes was also assessed, as well as the presence and expression of @entity29716 ( @entity29716 ) in @entity571 chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts after stimulation with @entity4155 , @entity1356 and @entity310 . DESIGN: Synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes isolated from @entity1 with @entity571 were stimulated in vitro with @entity4155 , @entity1356 or @entity310 . Supernatants were collected and immunoassayed for the presence of @entity687 , @entity2851 (CXC chemokines) and @entity2842 , @entity5737 (CC chemokines). The cells were used to detect the presence of @entity29716 and the expression of @entity29716 mRNA. Stimulated chondrocytes were also used to detect @entity1356 production and mRNA expression. RESULTS: @entity4155 upregulated the release of @entity687 and @entity2851 both by synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes, and the release of @entity2842 only by chondrocytes. @entity4155 was a weaker stimulator than @entity1356 and @entity310 , except for @entity2851 release which was maximally upregulated by @entity1356 , less by @entity4155 and minimally by @entity310 . When compared to @entity1356 , @entity4155 was more active on chondrocytes than on fibroblasts. In chondrocytes the expression of @entity1356 mRNA was enhanced by @entity4155 and @entity310 , with a maximum level reached by @entity1356 . @entity4155 and @entity310 stimulated @entity1356 release in few subjects. Neither @entity4155 , @entity1356 nor @entity310 modulated the presence of @entity29716 and the expression of @entity29716 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that @entity4155 could contribute to cartilage breakdown and synovial infiltration in @entity571 by inducing both the release of chemokines by chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts and, in a less extent, the synthesis of @entity1356 by chondrocytes.

title: Contribution of interleukin 17 to XXXX cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation in @entity571 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: For the treatment of @entity0 , modifications of decision making related to pregnancy could be assessed through three questions. Why a decision had been chosen? In that case, the hypothesis is that decisions are based on the expected utility. The theory assumes weighting and computation of complete possibilities with their associated probabilities and values. However values exhibits a wide inter-individual variation range. Therefore the predictability of choice based on this model is indeed very low. Furthermore it is likely that the willingness of pregnancy after @entity0 contains besides classic constituents of appeals of motherhood, a specific meaning of recovery both of health and femininity. The second question: who is in charge of the decision? And under the paradigm of autonomy, @entity1 ' decision is, merely by itself, the right decision. The last question is how? For some situations for which foreseeing is quiet complex, the value of the process in itself is increased and could help the end-oriented or self-determined decision. Casuistic analysis could therefore improve @entity1 ' decisions. The issue is not only about decision but also related to @entity1 -physician relationship, about an issue that is not only a biomedical problem.

title: [ XXXX and pregnancy: decision making and the point of view of the mother].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'women']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast cancer']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) is involved in the modulation of inflammatory responses. In psoriatic skin, NO is highly produced by epidermal keratinocytes in response to interferon-gamma and tumor @entity39 factor-alpha. In this study, we investigated whether the NO donors, @entity12557 ( @entity12558 ) and @entity40803 , could regulate chemokine production by @entity1 keratinocytes activated with interferon-gamma and tumor @entity39 factor-alpha. In addition, we studied the effects of the topical application of a @entity12558 ointment on chemokine expression in lesional psoriatic skin. NO donors diminished in a dose-dependent manner and at both mRNA and protein levels the @entity371 , @entity5737 , and @entity2842 expression in keratinocytes cultured from healthy @entity1 and psoriatic @entity1 . In contrast, constitutive and induced @entity687 production was unchanged. @entity12558 -treated psoriatic skin showed reduction of @entity371 , @entity5737 , and @entity2842 , but not @entity687 expression by keratinocytes. Moreover, the number of @entity5750 (+) and CD3(+) cells infiltrating the epidermis and papillary dermis diminished significantly. NO donors also down-regulated @entity2071 protein expression without affecting mRNA accumulation in vitro, and suppressed keratinocyte @entity2071 in vivo. Finally, NO donors inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B and @entity6897 , but not AP-1 activities in transiently transfected keratinocytes. These results define NO donors as negative regulators of chemokine production by keratinocytes.

title: XXXX donors suppress chemokine production by keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo.

entities_list: @entity12557 :: ('MESH:D026422', 'Chemical') :: ['S-nitrosoglutathione']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['Nitric oxide']


abstract: Bacterial colonization of the oropharynx is the initial event in most @entity1729 . To study the role of bacterial adherence in @entity1729 caused by @entity6729 ( @entity6729 ) in winter, in vitro adherence assays of the organism to @entity1 oropharyngeal cells were carried out in winter, spring, summer and autumn. A total of 57 adults of both sexes were studied from January to December 1985. Forty eight @entity1 of 57 had chronic @entity358 and the remaining 9 @entity1 had other clinical entities and served as the control group. Predominance of @entity1729 caused by @entity6729 with high adherence rate was observed in winter. Adherence activity was moderate in spring and autumn and low in summer and accompanied by a similar incidence of @entity1729 with this bacteria. In addition, similar results were found in @entity1 in whom investigations were done successively in the above four seasons. Bacterial adherence activity to cells however, was weak in winter in the control group. These results indicate that seasonal variation plays a significant role in the ability of @entity6729 to adhere to oropharyngeal cells. This is an important pathogenic factor correlated with the incidence of @entity1729 in these @entity1 .

title: Correlation between @entity6729 adherence to oropharyngeal cells and seasonal incidence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity6729 :: ('480', 'Species') :: ['Branhamella catarrhalis', 'B. catarrhalis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary diseases']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['lower-respiratory tract infections', 'lower respiratory tract infections']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['lower respiratory tract infections']


abstract: Bacterial colonization of the oropharynx is the initial event in most @entity1729 . To study the role of bacterial adherence in @entity1729 caused by @entity6729 ( @entity6729 ) in winter, in vitro adherence assays of the organism to @entity1 oropharyngeal cells were carried out in winter, spring, summer and autumn. A total of 57 adults of both sexes were studied from January to December 1985. Forty eight @entity1 of 57 had chronic @entity358 and the remaining 9 @entity1 had other clinical entities and served as the control group. Predominance of @entity1729 caused by @entity6729 with high adherence rate was observed in winter. Adherence activity was moderate in spring and autumn and low in summer and accompanied by a similar incidence of @entity1729 with this bacteria. In addition, similar results were found in @entity1 in whom investigations were done successively in the above four seasons. Bacterial adherence activity to cells however, was weak in winter in the control group. These results indicate that seasonal variation plays a significant role in the ability of @entity6729 to adhere to oropharyngeal cells. This is an important pathogenic factor correlated with the incidence of @entity1729 in these @entity1 .

title: Correlation between XXXX adherence to oropharyngeal cells and seasonal incidence of @entity1729 .

answer: @entity6729 :: (480,Species) :: ['Branhamella catarrhalis']


abstract: To determine whether changes in ECGs correlated with abnormalities in echocardiograms in @entity1 with acute and convalescent @entity4561 , we undertook a retrospective analysis of 44 @entity1 examined during the first 2 weeks of illness and followed for at least 6 months, 31 for longer than 1 year. We analyzed 360 ECGs, 282 echocardiograms, and clinical status. Results of echocardiography showed 18 @entity1 with @entity296 , @entity2294 , and/or @entity453 (41%); 26 @entity1 had no abnormalities. All 18 of the former and all but 10 of the latter had abnormalities on serial ECGs that normalized on recovery. Thirty-four of 44 @entity1 (77%) had ECG abnormalities. These abnormalities were most prevalent in the first month: 68% appeared in the first week, about 50% in the second to fourth weeks, 16% at 2 months, and 10% at 3 months. The type of ECG change did not predict the type of echocardiographic abnormality, except that low voltage of QRS was found only with @entity2294 . The most frequent early changes were in T waves, which were flattened in 28 (64%). Later 12 @entity1 had high, peaked, abnormal T waves. Prolonged PR interval occurred in 13 @entity1 , seven of whom had echocardiographic abnormalities. Of six with prolonged QT interval, four had abnormal echocardiograms. The possibility of having an abnormal echocardiogram increased with the number of ECG changes: from 0 risk with no change to 37% for one, 47% for two, 80% for three, and 100% for four changes in serial ECGs. Both ECGs and echocardiograms are important in early and subsequent evaluation of these @entity1 . Inasmuch as the ECGs showed abnormalities in 77% whereas echocardiograms showed changes in 41%, we believe that serial ECGs in comparison with prior tracings offer the more sensitive noninvasive indicator of pancarditis in young @entity1 during acute and convalescent @entity4561 .

title: Correlation of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity4561 :: ('MESH:D009080', 'Disease') :: ['Kawasaki syndrome']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary arterial abnormalities']

answer: @entity4561 :: (MESH:D009080,Disease) :: ['Kawasaki syndrome']


abstract: Recent analyses of the influence of renal function on the cardiovascular outcome in essential @entity101 @entity1 have confirmed the relevance of the kidney in cardiovascular prognosis even in the initial stages of @entity177 . The evaluation of renal function in clinical practice is based mainly on the finding of changes in serum @entity1011 , but the estimation of @entity1011 clearance or its determination after 24-hour urine collection is not usually performed. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of mild @entity740 (MCRI) through the determination of @entity1011 clearance in @entity1 with essential @entity101 to reinforce the need to consider using this parameter in daily clinical practice. We analyzed clinical and biochemical data from 2686 essential @entity101 @entity1 referred to our unit from 1979-1999. MCRI was defined as a serum @entity1011 > or =1.5 mg/dL in @entity1 and > or =1.4 mg/dL in @entity1 , or a @entity1011 clearance estimated by the Cockroft-Gault formula or by a 24-hour urine collection of <60 mL/min. A prevalence of MCRI was found in 7.6% according to serum @entity1011 levels. This prevalence increased to 22.3% and 21.5% respectively when the diagnostic criteria for MCRI was the estimation of 24-hour @entity1011 clearance in urine, or its estimation using the Cockroft-Gault formula. When classified by @entity1011 clearance values, @entity1 with MCRI were characterized by older age, elevated systolic blood pressure, higher serum total @entity165 , low-density lipoprotein @entity165 , and @entity1674 , lower levels of high-density lipoprotein @entity165 , higher serum @entity414 , fasting serum @entity413 , serum @entity972 , and higher levels of urinary albumin excretion. In summary, MCRI is more prevalent in essential @entity101 than previously thought, particularly if the estimated @entity1011 clearance is used to define MCRI. The finding of an altered renal function is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular risk. This fact reinforces the need to pay attention to any of the manifestations of renal damage observed in the usual clinical assessment of any @entity101 @entity1 .

title: How relevant and frequent is the presence of mild @entity177 in essential XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Recent analyses of the influence of renal function on the cardiovascular outcome in essential @entity101 @entity1 have confirmed the relevance of the kidney in cardiovascular prognosis even in the initial stages of @entity177 . The evaluation of renal function in clinical practice is based mainly on the finding of changes in serum @entity1011 , but the estimation of @entity1011 clearance or its determination after 24-hour urine collection is not usually performed. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of mild @entity740 (MCRI) through the determination of @entity1011 clearance in @entity1 with essential @entity101 to reinforce the need to consider using this parameter in daily clinical practice. We analyzed clinical and biochemical data from 2686 essential @entity101 @entity1 referred to our unit from 1979-1999. MCRI was defined as a serum @entity1011 > or =1.5 mg/dL in @entity1 and > or =1.4 mg/dL in @entity1 , or a @entity1011 clearance estimated by the Cockroft-Gault formula or by a 24-hour urine collection of <60 mL/min. A prevalence of MCRI was found in 7.6% according to serum @entity1011 levels. This prevalence increased to 22.3% and 21.5% respectively when the diagnostic criteria for MCRI was the estimation of 24-hour @entity1011 clearance in urine, or its estimation using the Cockroft-Gault formula. When classified by @entity1011 clearance values, @entity1 with MCRI were characterized by older age, elevated systolic blood pressure, higher serum total @entity165 , low-density lipoprotein @entity165 , and @entity1674 , lower levels of high-density lipoprotein @entity165 , higher serum @entity414 , fasting serum @entity413 , serum @entity972 , and higher levels of urinary albumin excretion. In summary, MCRI is more prevalent in essential @entity101 than previously thought, particularly if the estimated @entity1011 clearance is used to define MCRI. The finding of an altered renal function is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular risk. This fact reinforces the need to pay attention to any of the manifestations of renal damage observed in the usual clinical assessment of any @entity101 @entity1 .

title: How relevant and frequent is the presence of mild XXXX in essential @entity101 ?

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['renal insufficiency']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the authors' experience with local excision of early @entity5 to assess the effectiveness of initial treatment and of salvage surgery. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Local excision for @entity5 is appealing for its low morbidity and excellent functional results. However, its use is limited by inability to assess regional lymph nodes and uncertainty of oncologic outcome. METHODS: @entity1 with T1 and T2 @entity420 of the rectum treated by local excision as definitive surgery between 1969 to 1996 at the authors' institution were reviewed. Pathology slides were reviewed. Among 125 assessable @entity1 , 74 were T1 and 51 were T2. Thirty-one @entity1 (25%) were selected to receive adjuvant radiation therapy. Fifteen of these 31 @entity1 received adjuvant radiation in combination with @entity1487 chemotherapy. Median follow-up was 6.7 years. One hundred fifteen @entity1 (92%) were followed until @entity204 or for greater than 5 years, and 69 @entity1 (55%) were followed until @entity204 or for greater than 10 years. Recurrence was recorded as local, distant, and overall. Survival was disease-specific. RESULTS: Ten-year local recurrence and survival rates were 17% and 74% for T1 @entity5 and 26% and 72% for T2 @entity5 . Median time to relapse was 1.4 years (range 0.4-7.0) for local recurrence and 2.5 years (0.8-7.5) for distant recurrence. In @entity1 receiving radiotherapy, local recurrence was delayed (median 2.1 years vs. 1.1 years), but overall rates of local and overall recurrence and survival rates were similar to @entity1 not receiving radiotherapy. Among 26 @entity5 deaths, 8 (28%) occurred more than 5 years after local excision. On multivariate analysis, no clinical or pathologic features were predictive of local recurrence. Intratumoral vascular invasion was the only significant predictor of survival. Among 34 @entity1 who developed @entity5 recurrence, the pattern of first clinical recurrence was predominantly local: 50% local only, 18% local and distant, and 32% distant only. Among the 17 @entity1 with isolated local recurrence, 14 underwent salvage resection. Actuarial survival among these surgically salvaged @entity1 was 30% at 6 years after salvage. CONCLUSIONS The long-term risk of recurrence after local excision of T1 and T2 @entity5 is substantial. Two thirds of @entity1 with @entity5 recurrence have local failure, implicating inadequate resection in treatment failure. In this study, neither adjuvant radiotherapy nor salvage surgery was reliable in preventing or controlling local recurrence. The postoperative interval to @entity5 @entity204 is as long as 10 years, raising concern that @entity5 mortality may be higher than is generally appreciated. Additional treatment strategies are needed to improve the outcome of local excision.

title: Long-term results of local excision for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'rectal cancers', 'cancer', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity9058 ( @entity9058 ) is a rare condition characterized by abnormal proliferation of macrophages. Although the mortality rate in @entity1 diagnosed with primary @entity9058 is high, little has been described about the nature of adverse events. This review evaluates unfavorable events in @entity1 with primary @entity9058 to suggest methods of improving outcomes. METHODS: Charts of @entity1 who met diagnostic criteria for primary @entity9058 at the Hospital for Sick @entity1 between January 1985 and June 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome measure was an adverse event, defined as death, the subsequent diagnosis of @entity5 , or @entity245 . RESULTS: Twenty @entity1 were diagnosed with primary @entity9058 . The median age at diagnosis was 6.5 months (range 1-78 months). Nineteen @entity1 received chemotherapy and two underwent matched sibling donor bone marrow transplantation. Of the 20 @entity1 , 12 (60%) died. These @entity204 were attributed to progressive @entity9058 in 4 cases and invasive infection in 8 cases. These infections consisted of disseminated @entity2803 (n = 1), @entity295 (n = 1), and invasive @entity364 (n = 6). Eight @entity1 survived. Two were subsequently diagnosed with @entity5 . Two others were found to have significant @entity245 . CONCLUSIONS: The overall mortality rate was 60% in our series of 20 @entity1 with primary @entity9058 ; 50% of @entity204 were directly attributable to invasive @entity364 . @entity245 and the diagnosis of @entity5 are important events in this cohort.

title: Adverse outcomes in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus infection']

entities_list: @entity9058 :: ('MESH:D051359', 'Disease') :: ['HLH', 'Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['Developmental delay', 'developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections', 'fungal infection']

answer: @entity9058 :: (MESH:D051359,Disease) :: ['hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Total occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery has often been considered to be a predictor of poor outcome after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) of @entity543 . Data from both the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the Asymptomatic @entity2998 Study have suggested this to be true. However, each of these trials had relatively few @entity1 with @entity432 in the surgical arms of the studies. Recently, advocates of carotid angioplasty and stenting have suggested that this technique may be preferable in @entity1 with a @entity432 because of the perceived poor outcome with surgery. The purpose of this study was to review a large series of CEAs performed in @entity1 with @entity432 to see whether results differed from @entity1 with patent contralateral arteries and to determine whether the presence of preoperative symptoms was an important factor in outcome in these cases. @entity1 AND METHODS: A review was conducted of a prospectively compiled database of all primary CEAs performed at our institution from 1985 to 1999. Surgery was performed on 2420 @entity1 , of whom 338 (14.0%) had @entity432 . RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity432 were more likely to be symptomatic (65.7% versus 60.1%; P =.1), male (70.9% versus 58%; P <.001), and @entity101 (63.9% versus 58.4%; P =.07) with a positive smoking history (42.6% versus 31.4%; P <.001) than @entity1 with patent contralateral carotid artery. No significant difference was seen in the rates of perioperative neurologic events between @entity1 with @entity432 (3.0%) and those without (2.1%; P =.34). Among the total of 913 asymptomatic @entity1 , of whom 115 had @entity432 , no difference was seen in the rate of perioperative neurologic events (1.8% for @entity432 cases; 1.9% for cases without @entity432 ). Among the total of 1507 symptomatic @entity1 , of whom 223 had @entity432 , no significant difference was seen in the rate of perioperative neurologic events (3.7% for @entity432 cases; 2.2% for cases without @entity432 ; P =.2). CONCLUSION: The presence of @entity432 does not appear to increase the perioperative risk of CEA. Although the risk of CEA in symptomatic @entity1 with @entity432 may be slightly increased, this must be weighed against the risk with medical treatment alone. CEA can be performed safely in @entity1 with @entity432 , which should not necessarily be considered a high-risk condition for surgery in favor of angioplasty and stenting.

title: A reassessment of carotid endarterectomy in the face of contralateral carotid occlusion: surgical results in symptomatic and asymptomatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['Carotid Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral occlusion', 'contralateral total occlusion']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral carotid stenosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In @entity63 @entity810 @entity26 free radicals may mediate injury. In addition, @entity68 appears to play a critical role in @entity3787 radical formation and lipid peroxidation during reperfusion of @entity63 kidneys. To determine whether @entity68 may play a similar role in pigment (heme protein)-induced @entity810 , we studied the effects of the @entity68 chelator @entity5532 in two experimental models of pigment-induced @entity810 , intramuscular @entity653 injection and intravenous hemoglobin infusion without and with concurrent @entity63 in the @entity35 . Intramuscular injection of 50% @entity653 (5 ml/kg) caused inulin clearance to fall to 0.13 +/- 0.03 (SE) ml/min (normal value, 1.0-1.2 ml/min). Continuous infusion of @entity5532 beginning at the time of @entity653 injection significantly attenuated this @entity8 . @entity5532 -treated animals had an inulin clearance of 0.37 +/- 0.06 ml/min (P less than 0.01). @entity653 injection was also associated with significant lipid peroxidation, measured as renal @entity1234 content. @entity5532 -treated @entity653 -injected @entity35 had renal @entity1234 content not significantly different from control animals. In another model of @entity1446 pigment-induced @entity8 , hemoglobin was infused to produce @entity8763 . Inulin clearance 1 h after hemoglobin infusion was significantly reduced to 0.84 +/- 0.5 ml/min (P less than 0.025). Infusion of @entity5532 after hemoglobin prevented the hemoglobin-induced decrease in inulin clearance. Thirty minutes of @entity8 followed by infusion of hemoglobin resulted in more severe @entity8 with inulin clearance of 0.54 +/- 0.08 ml/min. @entity5532 infused at the time of reperfusion attenuated the fall in glomerular filtration rate after @entity63 and hemoglobin infusion:inulin clearance 1.04 +/- 0.07 (P less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hemoglobin- and myoglobin-induced XXXX in @entity35 : role of @entity68 in nephrotoxicity.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischemia', 'renal dysfunction', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity5532 :: ('MESH:D003676', 'Chemical') :: ['Deferoxamine', 'deferoxamine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity8763 :: ('MESH:D006456', 'Disease') :: ['hemoglobinuria']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['Glycerol', 'glycerol']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute renal failure']


abstract: In @entity63 @entity810 @entity26 free radicals may mediate injury. In addition, @entity68 appears to play a critical role in @entity3787 radical formation and lipid peroxidation during reperfusion of @entity63 kidneys. To determine whether @entity68 may play a similar role in pigment (heme protein)-induced @entity810 , we studied the effects of the @entity68 chelator @entity5532 in two experimental models of pigment-induced @entity810 , intramuscular @entity653 injection and intravenous hemoglobin infusion without and with concurrent @entity63 in the @entity35 . Intramuscular injection of 50% @entity653 (5 ml/kg) caused inulin clearance to fall to 0.13 +/- 0.03 (SE) ml/min (normal value, 1.0-1.2 ml/min). Continuous infusion of @entity5532 beginning at the time of @entity653 injection significantly attenuated this @entity8 . @entity5532 -treated animals had an inulin clearance of 0.37 +/- 0.06 ml/min (P less than 0.01). @entity653 injection was also associated with significant lipid peroxidation, measured as renal @entity1234 content. @entity5532 -treated @entity653 -injected @entity35 had renal @entity1234 content not significantly different from control animals. In another model of @entity1446 pigment-induced @entity8 , hemoglobin was infused to produce @entity8763 . Inulin clearance 1 h after hemoglobin infusion was significantly reduced to 0.84 +/- 0.5 ml/min (P less than 0.025). Infusion of @entity5532 after hemoglobin prevented the hemoglobin-induced decrease in inulin clearance. Thirty minutes of @entity8 followed by infusion of hemoglobin resulted in more severe @entity8 with inulin clearance of 0.54 +/- 0.08 ml/min. @entity5532 infused at the time of reperfusion attenuated the fall in glomerular filtration rate after @entity63 and hemoglobin infusion:inulin clearance 1.04 +/- 0.07 (P less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hemoglobin- and myoglobin-induced @entity810 in @entity35 : role of XXXX in nephrotoxicity.

answer: @entity68 :: (MESH:D007501,Chemical) :: ['iron']


abstract: In @entity63 @entity810 @entity26 free radicals may mediate injury. In addition, @entity68 appears to play a critical role in @entity3787 radical formation and lipid peroxidation during reperfusion of @entity63 kidneys. To determine whether @entity68 may play a similar role in pigment (heme protein)-induced @entity810 , we studied the effects of the @entity68 chelator @entity5532 in two experimental models of pigment-induced @entity810 , intramuscular @entity653 injection and intravenous hemoglobin infusion without and with concurrent @entity63 in the @entity35 . Intramuscular injection of 50% @entity653 (5 ml/kg) caused inulin clearance to fall to 0.13 +/- 0.03 (SE) ml/min (normal value, 1.0-1.2 ml/min). Continuous infusion of @entity5532 beginning at the time of @entity653 injection significantly attenuated this @entity8 . @entity5532 -treated animals had an inulin clearance of 0.37 +/- 0.06 ml/min (P less than 0.01). @entity653 injection was also associated with significant lipid peroxidation, measured as renal @entity1234 content. @entity5532 -treated @entity653 -injected @entity35 had renal @entity1234 content not significantly different from control animals. In another model of @entity1446 pigment-induced @entity8 , hemoglobin was infused to produce @entity8763 . Inulin clearance 1 h after hemoglobin infusion was significantly reduced to 0.84 +/- 0.5 ml/min (P less than 0.025). Infusion of @entity5532 after hemoglobin prevented the hemoglobin-induced decrease in inulin clearance. Thirty minutes of @entity8 followed by infusion of hemoglobin resulted in more severe @entity8 with inulin clearance of 0.54 +/- 0.08 ml/min. @entity5532 infused at the time of reperfusion attenuated the fall in glomerular filtration rate after @entity63 and hemoglobin infusion:inulin clearance 1.04 +/- 0.07 (P less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hemoglobin- and myoglobin-induced @entity810 in XXXX : role of @entity68 in nephrotoxicity.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Despite the success of chemotherapy in the treatment of @entity4177 ( @entity4177 ), the complete surgical resection of the primary @entity96 and @entity3 is the most important factor for survival. METHODS: From 1989 to 1998, 141 @entity1 with @entity4177 were treated in the German Cooperative Paediatric @entity96 Study @entity4177 89 and @entity4177 94. The study determines the results of surgical strategy, which adapts the procedure at the initial operation to the @entity5 extension in the liver and the occurrence of @entity3 . RESULTS: The median follow-up of the survivors was 72 months (range 24 - 132 months). 98/141 (78 %) @entity1 were alive and 31/141 (22 %) died. 12/141 (8.5 %) @entity1 had no surgical treatment. A complete resection of the primary @entity5 was achieved in 107/129 (83 %) cases. Forty-eight @entity1 were primary resected and eighty-one @entity1 were operated on after initial chemotherapy. In 36 cases, an @entity5 resection, in 90 cases an anatomical liver resection, was performed. Three @entity1 were transplanted. There was no perioperative @entity204 . 14/48 (30 %) @entity1 with primary @entity5 resection had microscopical or macroscopical @entity5 in the liver. Despite the larger number of advanced @entity4177 in the primary chemotherapy group, an incomplete @entity5 resection was performed in only 15/78 (19 %) cases after liver resection (p < 0.044). 14/36 (38 %) cases with @entity5 resection and only 16/90 (18 %) cases with anatomical liver resection had @entity5 in the liver (p < 0.019). These results underline the necessity for preoperative chemotherapy in all @entity4177 , which was accepted in the following study @entity4177 99. @entity5 resection should be avoided because of the higher rate of incomplete @entity5 resections and local relapse compared to the group with anatomical @entity5 resection.

title: The influence of preoperative chemotherapy and surgical technique in the treatment of @entity4177 --a report from the German Cooperative @entity96 Studies @entity4177 89 and XXXX 94.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumour', 'Liver Tumour']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'residual tumour', 'atypical tumour', 'residual tumours', 'Atypical tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity4177 :: ('MESH:D018197', 'Disease') :: ['HB', 'hepatoblastoma']

answer: @entity4177 :: (MESH:D018197,Disease) :: ['HB']


abstract: Despite the success of chemotherapy in the treatment of @entity4177 ( @entity4177 ), the complete surgical resection of the primary @entity96 and @entity3 is the most important factor for survival. METHODS: From 1989 to 1998, 141 @entity1 with @entity4177 were treated in the German Cooperative Paediatric @entity96 Study @entity4177 89 and @entity4177 94. The study determines the results of surgical strategy, which adapts the procedure at the initial operation to the @entity5 extension in the liver and the occurrence of @entity3 . RESULTS: The median follow-up of the survivors was 72 months (range 24 - 132 months). 98/141 (78 %) @entity1 were alive and 31/141 (22 %) died. 12/141 (8.5 %) @entity1 had no surgical treatment. A complete resection of the primary @entity5 was achieved in 107/129 (83 %) cases. Forty-eight @entity1 were primary resected and eighty-one @entity1 were operated on after initial chemotherapy. In 36 cases, an @entity5 resection, in 90 cases an anatomical liver resection, was performed. Three @entity1 were transplanted. There was no perioperative @entity204 . 14/48 (30 %) @entity1 with primary @entity5 resection had microscopical or macroscopical @entity5 in the liver. Despite the larger number of advanced @entity4177 in the primary chemotherapy group, an incomplete @entity5 resection was performed in only 15/78 (19 %) cases after liver resection (p < 0.044). 14/36 (38 %) cases with @entity5 resection and only 16/90 (18 %) cases with anatomical liver resection had @entity5 in the liver (p < 0.019). These results underline the necessity for preoperative chemotherapy in all @entity4177 , which was accepted in the following study @entity4177 99. @entity5 resection should be avoided because of the higher rate of incomplete @entity5 resections and local relapse compared to the group with anatomical @entity5 resection.

title: The influence of preoperative chemotherapy and surgical technique in the treatment of XXXX --a report from the German Cooperative @entity96 Studies @entity4177 89 and @entity4177 94.

answer: @entity4177 :: (MESH:D018197,Disease) :: ['hepatoblastoma']


abstract: Despite the success of chemotherapy in the treatment of @entity4177 ( @entity4177 ), the complete surgical resection of the primary @entity96 and @entity3 is the most important factor for survival. METHODS: From 1989 to 1998, 141 @entity1 with @entity4177 were treated in the German Cooperative Paediatric @entity96 Study @entity4177 89 and @entity4177 94. The study determines the results of surgical strategy, which adapts the procedure at the initial operation to the @entity5 extension in the liver and the occurrence of @entity3 . RESULTS: The median follow-up of the survivors was 72 months (range 24 - 132 months). 98/141 (78 %) @entity1 were alive and 31/141 (22 %) died. 12/141 (8.5 %) @entity1 had no surgical treatment. A complete resection of the primary @entity5 was achieved in 107/129 (83 %) cases. Forty-eight @entity1 were primary resected and eighty-one @entity1 were operated on after initial chemotherapy. In 36 cases, an @entity5 resection, in 90 cases an anatomical liver resection, was performed. Three @entity1 were transplanted. There was no perioperative @entity204 . 14/48 (30 %) @entity1 with primary @entity5 resection had microscopical or macroscopical @entity5 in the liver. Despite the larger number of advanced @entity4177 in the primary chemotherapy group, an incomplete @entity5 resection was performed in only 15/78 (19 %) cases after liver resection (p < 0.044). 14/36 (38 %) cases with @entity5 resection and only 16/90 (18 %) cases with anatomical liver resection had @entity5 in the liver (p < 0.019). These results underline the necessity for preoperative chemotherapy in all @entity4177 , which was accepted in the following study @entity4177 99. @entity5 resection should be avoided because of the higher rate of incomplete @entity5 resections and local relapse compared to the group with anatomical @entity5 resection.

title: The influence of preoperative chemotherapy and surgical technique in the treatment of @entity4177 --a report from the German Cooperative @entity96 Studies XXXX 89 and @entity4177 94.

answer: @entity4177 :: (MESH:D018197,Disease) :: ['HB']


abstract: Despite the success of chemotherapy in the treatment of @entity4177 ( @entity4177 ), the complete surgical resection of the primary @entity96 and @entity3 is the most important factor for survival. METHODS: From 1989 to 1998, 141 @entity1 with @entity4177 were treated in the German Cooperative Paediatric @entity96 Study @entity4177 89 and @entity4177 94. The study determines the results of surgical strategy, which adapts the procedure at the initial operation to the @entity5 extension in the liver and the occurrence of @entity3 . RESULTS: The median follow-up of the survivors was 72 months (range 24 - 132 months). 98/141 (78 %) @entity1 were alive and 31/141 (22 %) died. 12/141 (8.5 %) @entity1 had no surgical treatment. A complete resection of the primary @entity5 was achieved in 107/129 (83 %) cases. Forty-eight @entity1 were primary resected and eighty-one @entity1 were operated on after initial chemotherapy. In 36 cases, an @entity5 resection, in 90 cases an anatomical liver resection, was performed. Three @entity1 were transplanted. There was no perioperative @entity204 . 14/48 (30 %) @entity1 with primary @entity5 resection had microscopical or macroscopical @entity5 in the liver. Despite the larger number of advanced @entity4177 in the primary chemotherapy group, an incomplete @entity5 resection was performed in only 15/78 (19 %) cases after liver resection (p < 0.044). 14/36 (38 %) cases with @entity5 resection and only 16/90 (18 %) cases with anatomical liver resection had @entity5 in the liver (p < 0.019). These results underline the necessity for preoperative chemotherapy in all @entity4177 , which was accepted in the following study @entity4177 99. @entity5 resection should be avoided because of the higher rate of incomplete @entity5 resections and local relapse compared to the group with anatomical @entity5 resection.

title: The influence of preoperative chemotherapy and surgical technique in the treatment of @entity4177 --a report from the German Cooperative XXXX Studies @entity4177 89 and @entity4177 94.

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['Liver Tumour']


abstract: Our primary objective was to compare use of @entity1337 for @entity1 with and without @entity174 as a result of isolated lower extremity @entity130 , in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ). Our secondary objective was to compare the analgesic practices of emergency physicians (EPs) with that of physician assistants ( @entity6559 ). We performed a prospective, blinded cohort study with the presence of @entity174 as the risk factor and provision of any @entity158 medication while in the @entity341 as the primary outcome. Included in the study were all @entity1 who presented to a 90,000 visit suburban teaching hospital with an isolated @entity130 who received a radiograph of the foot or ankle over a 9-week period. We excluded @entity1 without @entity130 , with @entity1230 , admitted, or seen by one of the investigators. @entity1 admitted and those with @entity1230 were excluded because these @entity1 had contacts with multiple physicians and it is unlikely they would be able to differentiate which physician prescribed medication and if they were emergency personnel. We defined @entity1337 as any @entity158 medication at any dose. One investigator preformed follow-up interviews using a standardized questionnaire 3 days after the visit. @entity1 expressed their recollection of their degree of @entity158 using a verbal analog scale of 1 to 10. We report crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR). Of 516 consecutive @entity1 , 111 met exclusion criteria and 3 had incomplete data. Of the remaining 405, we contacted 384 (95%) in an average of 3 +/- 1 days. @entity1 with and without @entity174 recalled their initial degree of @entity158 similarly, with the mean initial @entity158 scores on the verbal analog scale of 6.6 +/- 2.5 versus 6.8 +/- 2.1 respectively. @entity1 with a @entity174 were more likely to @entity158 medication while in the @entity341 (23% v 15% P =.047, OR 1.75 (CI 95% 1.02, 2.99). EPs gave some form of @entity341 @entity1337 to 29% of @entity1 , as compared with 10% of @entity1 seen by @entity6559 (OR = 3.58 CI 95% 2.05, 6.24). EPs provided a prescription to 44% of @entity1 versus 21% of @entity1 seen by @entity6559 (OR = 2.91 CI 95% 1.85, 4.57). Our estimated adjusted ORs for providing @entity1337 in the @entity341 were: @entity174 = 2.0 (CI 95% 1.13, 3.58); EP: 3.52 (CI 95% 1.98, 2.99); and for every additional point on the verbal @entity158 scale: 1.28 (CI 95% 1.11, 1.48). @entity1 with @entity174 were more likely to @entity158 , despite reporting identical degree of @entity158 . EPs were more likely to provide @entity1337 than @entity6559 .

title: Painful discrimination: the differential use of XXXX in isolated lower limb injuries.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple trauma']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'receive pain']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['lower extremity injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: Right @entity1188 due to @entity741 can be diagnosed by a right precordial electrogram or by first-pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA). Prior FPRNA studies have shown that @entity299 after blunt @entity764 ( @entity296 ) is most often due to right @entity67 . We hypothesized that right @entity67 due to @entity741 and @entity296 should produce similar ECG changes due to myocyte disruption. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the right precordial electrogram in suspected @entity299 . Thirty-five @entity1 with suspected @entity296 based on mechanism of injury/clinical findings and no history of clinical @entity299 were enrolled prospectively. All @entity1 had conventional ECG, right precordial electrogram, and FPRNA studies. Twenty @entity1 had normal cardiac scans (group 1); percentage of myocardial @entity908 kinase (CK-MB) was measured in 12 of these @entity1 and was less than 5% in 11. Fifteen @entity1 had abnormal cardiac scans (wall motion abnormality and/or decreased right ventricular ejection fraction) (mean, 34% +/- 7% [SD]; normal, greater than 40%) (group 2); percentage of CK-MB was measured in 13 of 15 @entity1 and was less than 5% in all 13. Conventional ECGs and right precordial electrograms in all @entity1 were analyzed for differences in heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, @entity1162 complex and ST segment. There were no significant differences between group 1 and group 2 @entity1 . No @entity1 with @entity296 diagnosed by FPRNA had elevated ST segments in V4R through V6R or a percentage CK-MB of more than 5%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Conventional and right precordial ECGs, @entity908 kinase, and radionuclide angiography in post-traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial contusion']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular infarction']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['chest trauma']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac contusion', 'cardiac dysfunction', 'heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['corrected QT interval, and the axis of the frontal and horizontal plane QRS']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity67 :: (MESH:D018754,Disease) :: ['ventricular dysfunction']


abstract: Right @entity1188 due to @entity741 can be diagnosed by a right precordial electrogram or by first-pass radionuclide angiography (FPRNA). Prior FPRNA studies have shown that @entity299 after blunt @entity764 ( @entity296 ) is most often due to right @entity67 . We hypothesized that right @entity67 due to @entity741 and @entity296 should produce similar ECG changes due to myocyte disruption. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the right precordial electrogram in suspected @entity299 . Thirty-five @entity1 with suspected @entity296 based on mechanism of injury/clinical findings and no history of clinical @entity299 were enrolled prospectively. All @entity1 had conventional ECG, right precordial electrogram, and FPRNA studies. Twenty @entity1 had normal cardiac scans (group 1); percentage of myocardial @entity908 kinase (CK-MB) was measured in 12 of these @entity1 and was less than 5% in 11. Fifteen @entity1 had abnormal cardiac scans (wall motion abnormality and/or decreased right ventricular ejection fraction) (mean, 34% +/- 7% [SD]; normal, greater than 40%) (group 2); percentage of CK-MB was measured in 13 of 15 @entity1 and was less than 5% in all 13. Conventional ECGs and right precordial electrograms in all @entity1 were analyzed for differences in heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, @entity1162 complex and ST segment. There were no significant differences between group 1 and group 2 @entity1 . No @entity1 with @entity296 diagnosed by FPRNA had elevated ST segments in V4R through V6R or a percentage CK-MB of more than 5%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Conventional and right precordial ECGs, XXXX kinase, and radionuclide angiography in post-traumatic @entity67 .

answer: @entity908 :: (MESH:D003401,Chemical) :: ['creatine']


abstract: In 1982 and 1983 a prospective study was carried out involving 274 adult @entity1 hospitalized with community-acquired @entity697 . The results of the bacteriological and serological diagnoses are presented here. Conventional and standardized bacteriological methods were used. All the serodiagnoses of LD were carried out with the 13 antigens produced by the "Centre National de R  f  rence" ( @entity2114 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; L. micdadei; L. bozemanii, @entity17553 , L. jordanis; L. gormanii; @entity28664 1 and 2). Standardized criteria were used for the interpretation of results. Conventional methods were used for the other serodiagnoses. Because the laboratory results had been interpreted very rigorously, an etiological diagnosis was established only in 51% of @entity55 cases. Other reasons, such as the frequent prescription of antibiotics prior to hospitalization, may explain why no aetiology could be determined in 49% of cases. The microbial agents responsible were: @entity2260 , @entity28664 and @entity2260 in 62% of cases; @entity327 , @entity3274 , @entity1047 and @entity794 in 21.6%; and viruses in 8.6%. 29 (10%) of the 274 @entity55 cases were caused by @entity28664 , being second to @entity2260 . The preponderance of @entity2114 was striking (22 cases), 3 @entity28664 strains were isolated ( @entity2114 serogroup 1:2 strains, serogroup 6:1 strain). Three associated or successive infections were observed ( @entity683 , @entity2926 , @entity281 ). As regards the other bacteria, implication of the strain isolated was based on its multiple occurrence in several samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Bacteriological and serological diagnosis of community-acquired XXXX , specially Legionnaire's disease. Multicentric prospective study of 274 hospitalized @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2926 :: ('MESH:D007922', 'Disease') :: ['Leptospirosis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2260 :: ('2104', 'Species') :: ['M. pneumoniae', 'S. pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['H. influenzae']

entities_list: @entity3274 :: ('573', 'Species') :: ['K. pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity2114 :: ('446', 'Species') :: ['L. pneumophila']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Coxiella infection']

entities_list: @entity28664 :: ('450', 'Species') :: ['L. longbeachae', 'Legionella']

entities_list: @entity1047 :: ('MESH:D002690', 'Disease') :: ['Chlamydia']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute pneumonia']


abstract: In 1982 and 1983 a prospective study was carried out involving 274 adult @entity1 hospitalized with community-acquired @entity697 . The results of the bacteriological and serological diagnoses are presented here. Conventional and standardized bacteriological methods were used. All the serodiagnoses of LD were carried out with the 13 antigens produced by the "Centre National de R  f  rence" ( @entity2114 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; L. micdadei; L. bozemanii, @entity17553 , L. jordanis; L. gormanii; @entity28664 1 and 2). Standardized criteria were used for the interpretation of results. Conventional methods were used for the other serodiagnoses. Because the laboratory results had been interpreted very rigorously, an etiological diagnosis was established only in 51% of @entity55 cases. Other reasons, such as the frequent prescription of antibiotics prior to hospitalization, may explain why no aetiology could be determined in 49% of cases. The microbial agents responsible were: @entity2260 , @entity28664 and @entity2260 in 62% of cases; @entity327 , @entity3274 , @entity1047 and @entity794 in 21.6%; and viruses in 8.6%. 29 (10%) of the 274 @entity55 cases were caused by @entity28664 , being second to @entity2260 . The preponderance of @entity2114 was striking (22 cases), 3 @entity28664 strains were isolated ( @entity2114 serogroup 1:2 strains, serogroup 6:1 strain). Three associated or successive infections were observed ( @entity683 , @entity2926 , @entity281 ). As regards the other bacteria, implication of the strain isolated was based on its multiple occurrence in several samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Bacteriological and serological diagnosis of community-acquired @entity697 , specially Legionnaire's disease. Multicentric prospective study of 274 hospitalized XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Cardiac looping, which begins with ventral bending and rightward rotation of the primitive heart tube, is an essential morphogenetic event that occurs early in vertebrate development. The biophysical mechanism that drives this process is unknown. It has been speculated that increased stiffness along the dorsal side of the ventricle combined with an intrinsic cardiac force causes the heart to bend. There is no experimental support for this hypothesis, however, since little is known about regional mechanical properties of the heart during looping. We directly measured diastolic stiffness of the @entity389 ( @entity389 ), outer curvature (OC), and dorsal-ventral sides of the stage 12 @entity1573 heart by microindentation. The @entity389 of intact hearts was found to be significantly stiffer than either the OC or the sides. which were of similar stiffness. Isolated cardiac jelly, which is a thick, extracellular matrix compartment underlying the myocardium, was approximately an order of magnitude softer than intact hearts. The results of a computational model simulating the indentation experiments, combined with the stiffness measurements, suggests the regional variation in stiffness is due to the material properties of the myocardium. A second model shows that a relatively stiff @entity389 may facilitate bending of the heart tube during looping.

title: Mechanical asymmetry in the embryonic XXXX heart during looping.

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner curvature', 'IC']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: Thirteen @entity1 with metastatic @entity1313 were treated with two different chemotherapy regimens. Six @entity1 were treated with three antitumor drugs, UFT, @entity12169 (Group A) and the other seven @entity1 were treated with two antitumor drugs, @entity12169 (Group B). Initial response to each therapy was compared with the changes in @entity5 size on CT scan and clinical state before and after treatment. Five cases in Group A demonstrated complete remission and one case revealed partial response on CT scan. The @entity41 on CT scan at one month in one case of partial response also completely disappeared after three months. It was thought that there might have been an effect of UFT in this case. Four cases in Group B showed complete remission and three cases revealed partial response on CT scan. However, the CT findings in the three cases of partial response were unchanged on follow-up CT scan. Clinical state evaluated by Karnofsky scale did not deteriorate in Group A, while three cases showed a deteriorated Karnofsky scale in Group B. As side effects, there were mild myelosuppression, @entity390 and @entity391 in both Groups, which did not persist for a long time. The cause of @entity204 in both Groups was mainly recurrence of the @entity75 or @entity3 to other organs. It was thought that the effect in Group A was better than that in Group B as a result of these findings. The tissue concentration of @entity12169 was measured in six @entity1 , and the mean value was 0.558 micrograms/g at 15 min. This concentration was thought high enough to kill @entity5 cells.

title: [The effect of combined chemotherapy with UFT, cis-platinum and aclarubicin in metastatic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumors']


abstract: The effects of pineal peptides (mol. mass 1-4 kDa) intranasal infusions on some parameters of milk-ejection reflex were investigated. Peptides were extracted from dairy- @entity291 pineal glands. Pineal peptides increase body weight, levels of water intake, plasma prolactin concentration and milk yield in @entity35 when infusing daily in dose 1 microgram/kg from the third day of lactation. On 9th and 12th days of lactation during 1-hour nursing seance the significantly greater number of reflective milk ejections were found. When 1 hour before the peptides infusion @entity35 were intraperitoneally injected by rabbit antiserum to @entity398 (200 microliters at dilution of 1:20) the effects of pineal peptides were significantly less expressive or were absent at all. Using enzymimmunoassay it was demonstrated that there were greater increasing of @entity398 content in pineal gland in suckling-induced @entity398 release from neurohypophysial system in the chronic pineal peptides-treated female @entity35 compared with control. This effect was absent when @entity35 were injected by @entity398 antibodies. These data suggest that pineal peptides can participate in forming of reflect @entity398 release pattern. This pattern is initiated by suckling and is limited by @entity398 content in blood.

title: [Pineal peptides in the regulation of milk-ejection reflex in lactating XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']