abstract: In answering the @entity1 's question regarding how treatments are likely to "help [her] @entity890 ," the mechanical and chemical components of @entity614 should be addressed. Focal disc abnormalities often can be observed in those without @entity158 , and symptomatic discs can become asymptomatic. Disc lesions can resolve radiologically with time, and @entity1 ' symptoms can improve before their radiographs. The literature reviewed in this article suggests that the best opportunity to offer therapies that address the chemical @entity130 might be in those @entity1 with acute disc pathology. In the case of @entity179 , gradually evolving mechanical stressors may comprise the primary @entity130 . In other instances, @entity1 with radiographic evidence of neural foraminal or lumbar central stenosis may become symptomatic secondary to a superimposed mechanochemical injury. Such stressors can include a focal disc protrusion, leaking nuclear material from an annular tear, or synovial fluid from an adjacent arthrotic zygapophyseal joint. In these @entity1 , the successful treatment of the acute injury process might allow the affected neural elements to return to their state of accommodation in an environment of gradually evolving mechanical compromise. A growing body of literature has helped clinicians to better understand the mechanisms behind @entity74 . As spine clinicians, we should strive to educate our @entity1 so that they may become more knowledgeable consumers of spine care. As the components of radicular pathology are elucidated further, new biochemical therapies will likely evolve. Similarly, there will probably always be a subset of @entity1 who will require mechanical decompression, and some of these individuals should be offered such treatment without delay. There may a time in the @entity130 process at which a window of opportunity for treatment begins to close. After this point, any therapy offered will not be as likely to result in a more complete symptomatic response. @entity1 with chronic @entity158 may have neural structural insults and an increased sensitivity of the somatosensory system. Clinicians should strive to avoid this end stage of @entity130 , which is less reversible from a chemical or mechanical standpoint and may respond only to @entity1118 management modalities.

title: Pathophysiology of inflammatory, degenerative, and compressive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative stenosis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['radicular disorders']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'radicular pain']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['component of injury', 'radicular injury', 'neural injury']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['herniated disc']

answer: @entity614 :: (MESH:D011843,Disease) :: ['radiculopathies']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: To test the usefulness of the new WHO criteria for clinical staging of @entity6 in the characterization of 1977 @entity6 @entity1 . METHODS: The following clinical stages were used: @entity1 on diet and/or oral antidiabetic agents 2 years after diagnosis were considered as non-insulin requiring (NIR; n = 711) and @entity1 who required insulin therapy after 1 year as insulin requiring for control (IRC; n = 543). @entity1 who because of deteriorating @entity4854 within 1 year required insulin therapy were considered as insulin requiring for survival (IRS; n = 743). RESULTS: The NIR @entity1 had the highest age at onset (52 +/- 12 years; mean +/- SD), BMI (29.3 +/- 5.2 kg/m2) and C-peptide concentrations (median 0.98 nmol/l; interquartile range 0.72-1.31 nmol/l) but the lowest frequency of @entity9372 antibodies (5.5%) compared to the IRC and IRS groups. The IRC group had a high age at onset (49 +/- 13 years), BMI (28.0 +/- 4.8 kg/m2), frequency of @entity9372 antibodies (16.8%), intermediate C-peptide concentrations (0.56 nmol/l, interquartile range 0.28 +/- 0.94), and the highest prevalence of @entity8 (31.5%) and @entity16 (68.1%). The IRS group had the lowest age at onset (23 +/- 15 years), BMI (24.2 +/- 3.4 kg/m2), C-peptide concentrations (0.05 nmol/l, interquartile range below detection limit 0.01) and highest frequency of @entity9372 antibodies (44.5%). @entity989 was more common in IRS than in IRC @entity1 (62.1 vs. 43.9%;p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The new WHO criteria seem to discriminate three distinct subgroups and thus provide a useful tool for clinical staging. The IRC @entity1 seem to have a more severe disease than the IRS @entity1 , which has not been clearly acknowledged in the etiological classification. However, because of the cross-sectional nature of these data, they need to be confirmed in a prospective study with defined cut-off limits for when insulin should be initiated.

title: Classifying XXXX according to the new WHO clinical stages.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['Retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: 1. @entity1169 , @entity3897 and @entity3352 (i.p.) affect neither the amount (PLalv), nor the specific activity (PLalvsp.act.) of alveolar surfactant-type phospholipids lavaged from the lungs of unanaesthetized @entity35 , either at rest or made hyperpnoeic for 24 h with 5% @entity515 /13%O2/82%N2. 2. Whereas @entity3045 (280 micrograms kg-1 body weight, i.p.) consistently increased PLalv and PLalvsp.act., @entity2134 (1.5, 3, 10 and 50 mg kg-1, i.p.) and @entity6555 (1 and 5 mg kg-1, i.p.) had no effect. The dose of @entity2134 reported by others to release surfactant (150 mg kg-1) induced marked salivation, @entity294 , chromodacryorrhoea and a three-fold increase in tidal volume. 3. In the isolated perfused lung of the @entity35 , @entity3045 (1.5 microM) consistently increased PLalvsp.act, whereas @entity2134 (0.1 and 1 microM) had no effect on these variables. 4. In the isolated perfused lung, the maximum amount of surfactant that could be released by @entity3045 (0.5 mM) was smaller than that which could be released in response to an increase in tidal volume (peak inflation pressure 28 cm @entity2507 ). 5. When the concentration of @entity3045 in the isolated perfused lung was adjusted to produce the same increase in PLalv as did a single simulated deep breath, the PLalvsp.act was significantly increased by @entity3045 , but not by the simulated deep breath. 6. We conclude, that neither the autonomic nervous system nor the prostaglandin system is essential for the release of surfactant at rest or during hyperpnoea. Furthermore, we suggest that two pools of surfactant, with different release mechanisms, exist in lung tissue.

title: Control of alveolar surfactant in XXXX at rest and during prolonged hyperpnoea: pharmacological evidence for two tissue pools of surfactant.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity6555 :: ('MESH:D007741', 'Chemical') :: ['labetalol']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity4140 and @entity5591 on the peristaltic reflex were investigated in the @entity840 isolated small intestine. Peristalsis was induced by raising the intraluminal pressure and the volume of fluid propelled was taken as a measure of the efficiency of peristaltic activity. 2. Low concentrations of @entity4140 (0.1-1 nM) and of @entity5591 (0.01 nM) significantly enhanced peristalsis, whereas larger concentrations of both drugs caused inhibition. @entity4140 was about 6 times less potent than @entity5591 in increasing peristalsis, but was about 100 times less potent in inhibiting it. 3. Neither @entity6116 (1 microM) nor @entity1510 (0.3 microM) affected the stimulatory action of @entity4140 on peristalsis. 4. @entity1027 increased the efficiency of peristalsis at concentrations of 1 microM and 10 microM; at 10 nM, @entity1027 reduced significantly the increase of peristalsis by @entity4140 . @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) did not affect peristaltic activity, but the stimulatory effect of @entity4140 was abolished in the presence of 100 microM @entity1246 . 5. The results indicate that activation of neuronal M1-receptors causes inhibition of small intestinal peristalsis. Bicuculline-sensitive 'GABAergic' synapses are probably involved in this inhibition.

title: Enhancement of XXXX intestinal peristalsis by blockade of muscarinic M1-receptors.

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['GABA', 'gamma-Aminobutyric acid']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline', 'Bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity6116 :: ('MESH:D014043', 'Chemical') :: ['tolazoline']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity4140 :: ('MESH:D010890', 'Chemical') :: ['Pirenzepine', 'pirenzepine']

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['hyoscine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Inducibility of @entity943 at programmed electrical stimulation (PES) ranges between 50% and 80% of @entity1 with @entity1789 . However, the variety of PES protocols and the lack of data relative to a control group or to @entity943 reproducibility contribute to a still undefined interpretation of PES outcome in @entity1789 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity1789 (18 @entity1 and 3 @entity1 ; mean age 34 years; 9/21 symptomatic; 8/21 with @entity1788 gene mutation) underwent a PES protocol from two right ventricular sites. The endpoint was PES protocol completion or induction of sustained or reproducible (>6 consecutive inductions) nonsustained (>6 beats) fast @entity943 . In 17 of 21 @entity1 with @entity1789 , PES was repeated 2 months later to test @entity943 reproducibility. Twenty-five healthy @entity1 (17 @entity1 ; mean age 36 years) formed the control group. In @entity1 with @entity1789 , @entity943 inducibility rate at PES was high (18/21 @entity1 [85%]) and increased with protocol @entity146 , independent of clinical presentation. In control subjects, no @entity943 were induced. Among @entity1 with @entity1789 , 14 (82%) of 17 @entity1 remained inducible at a second PES. CONCLUSION: In our experience, @entity943 inducibility in @entity1 with @entity1789 , at variance with healthy controls, is high and does not correlate with clinical presentation. PES inducibility is deeply influenced by the protocol used. PES outcome is reproducible at a mid-term follow-up mainly if a categorical endpoint (inducible vs noninducible) is used. The need to assess the predictive value of specific PES protocols in targeted studies is widely emerging and is confirmed by our results.

title: Programmed electrical stimulation in XXXX : how reproducible are the results?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1789 :: ('MESH:D053840', 'Disease') :: ['Brugada syndrome']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmia', 'ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity1789 :: (MESH:D053840,Disease) :: ['Brugada syndrome']


abstract: A new method of chemoembolization with degradable starch microspheres (DSM) was used for @entity1 with @entity99 . DSM, 40-45 micron in diameter, which are degraded by serum amylase, temporarily obstruct arterial blood flow at the arteriolar capillary bed. Experimental studies have demonstrated that such occlusion enhances the regional uptake and reduces systemic exposure to simultaneously administered arterial anticancer drugs. Transcatheter chemoembolization with DSM was performed in 14 cases of @entity157 and 8 cases of metastatic @entity96 . @entity632 or @entity1138 mixed with @entity9854 was injected into the @entity1 with @entity157 or metastatic @entity96 , respectively, through the proper hepatic artery. The therapeutic effect of this chemoembolization was evaluated by the change in @entity5 size measured by angiography or computed tomography. In @entity157 , @entity5 regression of over 50% was observed in 5 of 14 patients. Elevated serum @entity160 level of more than 200 ng/ml was decreased in all 6 cases. In metastatic @entity96 , @entity5 regression of over 50% was observed in 4 of 8 cases. Although half of the @entity1 had transient @entity158 within 2 hours, no major side effects such as @entity236 and hepatotoxicity were observed. Our results suggest that chemoembolization with DSM can be effectively used in the treatment of @entity99 .

title: [Chemoembolization with degradable starch microspheres in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['Mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow suppression']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['malignant hepatic tumors']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['malignant hepatic tumors']


abstract: A 49-year-old @entity1 presented with a 3-week history of @entity391 and @entity294 . He reported foamy stools but no blood or melena and had crampy @entity158 . He denied usage of antibiotics. He had been taking @entity5616 for intermittent @entity158 for the last few months and noted an 11-pound weight loss during the 3 weeks before admission. Stool was positive for @entity2718 toxin and Giardia lamblia antigen. Cultures and occult blood tests were negative. Oral @entity868 , 500 mg 3 times a day, was administered, and the @entity1 was hydrated. The @entity294 resolved, and @entity1 was discharged on the fourth hospital day. Prior antibiotic therapy is the most common risk factor for @entity2718 @entity1960 . This @entity1 developed concomitant infection with @entity2718 and @entity461 while he used @entity5616 . He had no other risk factors for these infections. Hence, we propose that @entity5616 -induced @entity17313 predisposed this @entity1 to the @entity281 .

title: Coinfection with @entity461 and @entity2718 after use of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity17313 :: ('MESH:D000126', 'Disease') :: ['hypochlorhydria']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['enteric infections']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['epigastric pain']

entities_list: @entity5616 :: ('MESH:D011899', 'Chemical') :: ['ranitidine']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium difficile', 'C difficile']

answer: @entity5616 :: (MESH:D011899,Chemical) :: ['ranitidine']


abstract: A 49-year-old @entity1 presented with a 3-week history of @entity391 and @entity294 . He reported foamy stools but no blood or melena and had crampy @entity158 . He denied usage of antibiotics. He had been taking @entity5616 for intermittent @entity158 for the last few months and noted an 11-pound weight loss during the 3 weeks before admission. Stool was positive for @entity2718 toxin and Giardia lamblia antigen. Cultures and occult blood tests were negative. Oral @entity868 , 500 mg 3 times a day, was administered, and the @entity1 was hydrated. The @entity294 resolved, and @entity1 was discharged on the fourth hospital day. Prior antibiotic therapy is the most common risk factor for @entity2718 @entity1960 . This @entity1 developed concomitant infection with @entity2718 and @entity461 while he used @entity5616 . He had no other risk factors for these infections. Hence, we propose that @entity5616 -induced @entity17313 predisposed this @entity1 to the @entity281 .

title: Coinfection with @entity461 and XXXX after use of @entity5616 .

answer: @entity2718 :: (1496,Species) :: ['Clostridium difficile']


abstract: A 49-year-old @entity1 presented with a 3-week history of @entity391 and @entity294 . He reported foamy stools but no blood or melena and had crampy @entity158 . He denied usage of antibiotics. He had been taking @entity5616 for intermittent @entity158 for the last few months and noted an 11-pound weight loss during the 3 weeks before admission. Stool was positive for @entity2718 toxin and Giardia lamblia antigen. Cultures and occult blood tests were negative. Oral @entity868 , 500 mg 3 times a day, was administered, and the @entity1 was hydrated. The @entity294 resolved, and @entity1 was discharged on the fourth hospital day. Prior antibiotic therapy is the most common risk factor for @entity2718 @entity1960 . This @entity1 developed concomitant infection with @entity2718 and @entity461 while he used @entity5616 . He had no other risk factors for these infections. Hence, we propose that @entity5616 -induced @entity17313 predisposed this @entity1 to the @entity281 .

title: Coinfection with XXXX and @entity2718 after use of @entity5616 .

answer: @entity461 :: (5741,Species) :: ['Giardia lamblia']


abstract: ST segment elevation in right precordial leads is thought to be good predictor of right ventricular involvement in @entity1 with @entity4156 . This view, however, is rapidly disappearing. Therefore, using QRS changes in body surface potential maps in the chronic phase, we have attempted to differentiate @entity1 with or without right ventricular involvement. Thirty @entity1 with chronic @entity583 (2 or more months after onset) were studied, in whom 87 unipolar ECGs and right ventriculograms were recorded. The @entity1 were then divided into three groups depending on the locations of their abnormal QRS potentials (-2SD area) exceeding the normal range (mean -2SD). In group A, the -2SD area was located predominantly on the right inferior chest, in group B on the left inferior chest, and in group N on both the right and left inferior chests equally. The results showed that group A had a lower right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) compared with group B (A, 40 +/- 7%; B, 53 +/- 10%; p less than .001), while there was no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction between the two groups (49 +/- 11% and 49 +/- 11%, respectively). Moreover, right @entity67 occurred in 14 of the 18 @entity1 (78%) of group A but in only one of the 10 @entity1 (10%) of group B. Group N was presumed to be intermediate between groups A and B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Diagnosis of right ventricular involvement in chronic XXXX by means of body surface QRS changes.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['inferior myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular asynergy']

entities_list: @entity4156 :: ('MESH:D056989', 'Disease') :: ['acute inferior myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['inferior myocardial infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of childbearing with weight and waist circumference (WC) changes, we compared @entity1 with and without pregnancies or births during follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, longitudinal observational study over 10 years. Comparison groups defined by the number of pregnancies and births during follow-up: P0 (0 pregnancies; nongravid), P1 (1+ miscarriages or abortions; 'short' pregnancies), B1 (1 birth), and B2 (2+ births). Mean changes in weight and WC for P1, B1 and B2 groups vs P0 were examined separately by race (black and white), baseline parity (nulliparous and parous) and baseline weight status (normal weight; BMI <25 kg/m(2) and overweight; BMI >/=25 kg/m(2)). SUBJECTS: A population-based sample of 2070 @entity1 aged 18-30 y at baseline (1053 black subjects and 1017 white subjects) from Birmingham, Alabama, Chicago, Illinois, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Oakland, California were examined five times between 1985-1986 and 1995-1996. MEASUREMENTS: Weight and WC measurements were obtained using standardized protocol at baseline and examinations at years 2, 5, 7 and 10. Sociodemographic, reproductive, and behavioral attributes were assessed at baseline and follow-up examinations. RESULTS: Gains in weight and WC associated with pregnancy and childbearing varied by race (P<0.001), baseline parity (P<0.05) and overweight status (P<0.001). Among overweight nulliparas, excess gains in weight (black subjects: 3-5 kg, white subjects: 5-6 kg) and WC (black subjects: 3-4 cm, white subjects: 5-6 cm) were associated with 'short' pregnancies and one or more birth(s) during follow-up compared to no pregnancies (P<0.01 and 0.001). Among normal weight nulliparas, excess gains in weight (about 1 kg) and WC (2-3 cm) were associated with follow-up birth(s) (P<0.05). Among @entity1 parous at baseline, no excess @entity1017 were found, but excess WC gains (2-4 cm) were associated with follow-up births. CONCLUSION: Substantial excess @entity1017 is associated with both short pregnancies and a first birth in @entity1 overweight prior to initiation of childbearing. Excess @entity1017 was not associated with higher order births. Increases in waist girth were cumulative with both first and higher order births among overweight as well as normal weight @entity1 . Interventions to prevent @entity28 should be targeted at @entity1 who are overweight prior to initiation of childbearing. The impact of excess WC gains associated with childbearing on @entity1 's future health risk should be evaluated further.

title: XXXX in weight and waist circumference associated with childbearing: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA).

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain', 'weight gains']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity1017 :: (MESH:D015430,Disease) :: ['Excess gains']


abstract: @entity712 is a common and costly medical condition. @entity741 and @entity101 account for most cases of @entity712 in developed countries. Estimates of the one-year mortality rates for @entity1 with @entity299 ( @entity299 ) Class II, III, and IV are 10%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors reduce mortality of @entity712 @entity1 by approximately 25% (odds ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.67 0.88). Larger doses of @entity1289 inhibitors are more effective in preventing hospitalization than are lower doses. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are an alternative for @entity1 who cannot tolerate @entity1289 inhibitors because of their side effects (e.g., cough). Evidence for benefits of using combination of @entity1289 inhibitors and ARBs is encouraging, but requires further study. For @entity1 who cannot tolerate either @entity1289 inhibitors or ARBs, vasodilator therapy with @entity2514 and @entity3362 will probably provide benefit. (Diuretic therapy, while a mainstay of @entity712 treatment, is primarily used for symptom relief.) There is also evidence that @entity1482 reduces mortality (relative risk reduction 30%, 95% CI 18 40%) for @entity1 with @entity299 class III and IV @entity712 . When administering @entity1482 to @entity712 @entity1 , monitoring for @entity4144 is essential. After two centuries of use, randomized controlled trials have finally demonstrated that digoxin is effective in preventing hospitalizations (relative risk reduction 28%, 95% CI 21 34%). There is now overwhelming evidence that beta-blockers are safe for @entity712 @entity1 but that they reduce the risk of @entity204 for these @entity1 by approximately 30%. In addition to these medical interventions, @entity712 @entity1 may also benefit from a number of non-pharmacological interventions.

title: A review of XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['Angiotensin-converting enzyme', 'ACE']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3362 :: ('MESH:D009566', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrates']

entities_list: @entity2514 :: ('MESH:D006830', 'Chemical') :: ['hydralazine']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['New York Heart Association', 'NYHA']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

entities_list: @entity4144 :: ('MESH:D006947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemia']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: Our results reviewed here may be summarized as follows: 1. @entity5694 significantly interferes with @entity141 -dependent information flow in the liver. 2. The subcellular sites where these molecular lesions can be localized include: a.) the plasma membrane-there are effects at the level of alpha 1-adrenergic and vasopressin binding, and also in the coupling of receptor activation to @entity8580 lipid metabolism in terms of PIP2 degradation and resynthesis b.) the endoplasmic reticulum in terms of @entity141 release and PI synthesis. Another one of the sequelae of @entity141 -associated receptor activation, namely, cytosolic ionized @entity141 concentration is also affected. 3. Finally, in addition to seeing the impact of acute or continuous @entity5694 at the level of receptor activation and signal generation, we can also document alterations in the expression of physiologic function subserved by these @entity141 - and @entity8580 lipid-associated signaling processes--i.e. in glycogen phosphorylase activity-being consistent with the above described changes. In conclusion, we state that a causal link is shown between receptor binding, agonist-induced @entity7425 hydrolysis, intracellular @entity141 mobilization and activation of phosphorylase a in the liver, suggesting that these alterations may underlie some of the metabolic consequences of chronic @entity295 .

title: Perturbation of transmembrane signaling mechanisms in acute and chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['Continuous endotoxemia', 'endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol']

entities_list: @entity7425 :: ('CHEBI:18179', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoinositide']

answer: @entity5694 :: (MESH:D019446,Disease) :: ['endotoxemia']


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity4140 and @entity9563 on the membrane and contractile properties of smooth muscle cells and on excitatory neuro-effector transmission in the @entity235 @entity825 were investigated by means of microelectrode, double @entity969 gap and tension recording methods. 2. @entity4140 (10(-7) M) and @entity9563 (10(-5) M) had no effect on the resting membrane potential or the input resistance of the smooth muscle cells. 3. @entity4140 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) and @entity9563 (10(-7) M) enhanced the amplitude of twitch contractions evoked by field stimulation in the combined presence of @entity3352 (10(-5) M) and @entity1169 (10(-6) M). At higher concentrations @entity4140 (10(-8) M) inhibited the twitch contractions in a dose-dependent manner. Both @entity4140 and @entity9563 in doses over 10(-7) and 10(-5) M, respectively, reduced muscle tone. 4. @entity4140 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) and @entity9563 (10(-7) M) enhanced the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) evoked by field stimulation (single or repetitive stimulation). However, a high concentration of @entity4140 (10(-8) M) reduced the amplitude of e.j.ps. In parallel with its action on e.j.ps, @entity4140 (over 10(-9) M) reduced the response of smooth muscle cells to @entity934 ( @entity1617 ), in a dose-dependent manner. @entity9563 (5 X 10(-5) M) markedly enhanced the amplitude of e.j.ps but also reduced the response of muscle cells to @entity1617 . 5. @entity1617 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) inhibited twitch contractions evoked by field stimulation, with a slight increase of resting tension. 6. @entity9563 enhanced the summation of e.j.ps during repetitive field stimulation at a high frequency (20 Hz), but was without effect on the @entity308 phenomena of e.j.ps observed during double stimulus experiments at different time intervals (5-60 s). 7. These results indicate that both @entity4140 and @entity9563 have dual actions on pre- and post-junctional muscarinic receptors in @entity235 tracheal tissue. At low concentrations both agents potentiate excitatory neuro-effector transmission, presumably due to enhancement of release of @entity1617 from vagal nerve terminals through blockade of a negative auto-regulatory process activated by endogenous @entity1617 . At higher concentrations, these agents inhibit the response of smooth muscle cells to @entity1617 through post-junctional muscarinic receptors and relaxation of the muscle tissue occurs.

title: Autoregulation of XXXX release from vagus nerve terminals through activation of muscarinic receptors in the @entity235 @entity825 .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity9563 :: ('MESH:D005703', 'Chemical') :: ['Gallamine', 'gallamine']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity4140 :: ('MESH:D010890', 'Chemical') :: ['Pirenzepine', 'pirenzepine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity4140 and @entity9563 on the membrane and contractile properties of smooth muscle cells and on excitatory neuro-effector transmission in the @entity235 @entity825 were investigated by means of microelectrode, double @entity969 gap and tension recording methods. 2. @entity4140 (10(-7) M) and @entity9563 (10(-5) M) had no effect on the resting membrane potential or the input resistance of the smooth muscle cells. 3. @entity4140 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) and @entity9563 (10(-7) M) enhanced the amplitude of twitch contractions evoked by field stimulation in the combined presence of @entity3352 (10(-5) M) and @entity1169 (10(-6) M). At higher concentrations @entity4140 (10(-8) M) inhibited the twitch contractions in a dose-dependent manner. Both @entity4140 and @entity9563 in doses over 10(-7) and 10(-5) M, respectively, reduced muscle tone. 4. @entity4140 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) and @entity9563 (10(-7) M) enhanced the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) evoked by field stimulation (single or repetitive stimulation). However, a high concentration of @entity4140 (10(-8) M) reduced the amplitude of e.j.ps. In parallel with its action on e.j.ps, @entity4140 (over 10(-9) M) reduced the response of smooth muscle cells to @entity934 ( @entity1617 ), in a dose-dependent manner. @entity9563 (5 X 10(-5) M) markedly enhanced the amplitude of e.j.ps but also reduced the response of muscle cells to @entity1617 . 5. @entity1617 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) inhibited twitch contractions evoked by field stimulation, with a slight increase of resting tension. 6. @entity9563 enhanced the summation of e.j.ps during repetitive field stimulation at a high frequency (20 Hz), but was without effect on the @entity308 phenomena of e.j.ps observed during double stimulus experiments at different time intervals (5-60 s). 7. These results indicate that both @entity4140 and @entity9563 have dual actions on pre- and post-junctional muscarinic receptors in @entity235 tracheal tissue. At low concentrations both agents potentiate excitatory neuro-effector transmission, presumably due to enhancement of release of @entity1617 from vagal nerve terminals through blockade of a negative auto-regulatory process activated by endogenous @entity1617 . At higher concentrations, these agents inhibit the response of smooth muscle cells to @entity1617 through post-junctional muscarinic receptors and relaxation of the muscle tissue occurs.

title: Autoregulation of @entity934 release from vagus nerve terminals through activation of muscarinic receptors in the @entity235 XXXX .

answer: @entity825 :: (MESH:D055090,Disease) :: ['trachea']


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity4140 and @entity9563 on the membrane and contractile properties of smooth muscle cells and on excitatory neuro-effector transmission in the @entity235 @entity825 were investigated by means of microelectrode, double @entity969 gap and tension recording methods. 2. @entity4140 (10(-7) M) and @entity9563 (10(-5) M) had no effect on the resting membrane potential or the input resistance of the smooth muscle cells. 3. @entity4140 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) and @entity9563 (10(-7) M) enhanced the amplitude of twitch contractions evoked by field stimulation in the combined presence of @entity3352 (10(-5) M) and @entity1169 (10(-6) M). At higher concentrations @entity4140 (10(-8) M) inhibited the twitch contractions in a dose-dependent manner. Both @entity4140 and @entity9563 in doses over 10(-7) and 10(-5) M, respectively, reduced muscle tone. 4. @entity4140 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) and @entity9563 (10(-7) M) enhanced the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) evoked by field stimulation (single or repetitive stimulation). However, a high concentration of @entity4140 (10(-8) M) reduced the amplitude of e.j.ps. In parallel with its action on e.j.ps, @entity4140 (over 10(-9) M) reduced the response of smooth muscle cells to @entity934 ( @entity1617 ), in a dose-dependent manner. @entity9563 (5 X 10(-5) M) markedly enhanced the amplitude of e.j.ps but also reduced the response of muscle cells to @entity1617 . 5. @entity1617 (10(-10)-10(-9) M) inhibited twitch contractions evoked by field stimulation, with a slight increase of resting tension. 6. @entity9563 enhanced the summation of e.j.ps during repetitive field stimulation at a high frequency (20 Hz), but was without effect on the @entity308 phenomena of e.j.ps observed during double stimulus experiments at different time intervals (5-60 s). 7. These results indicate that both @entity4140 and @entity9563 have dual actions on pre- and post-junctional muscarinic receptors in @entity235 tracheal tissue. At low concentrations both agents potentiate excitatory neuro-effector transmission, presumably due to enhancement of release of @entity1617 from vagal nerve terminals through blockade of a negative auto-regulatory process activated by endogenous @entity1617 . At higher concentrations, these agents inhibit the response of smooth muscle cells to @entity1617 through post-junctional muscarinic receptors and relaxation of the muscle tissue occurs.

title: Autoregulation of @entity934 release from vagus nerve terminals through activation of muscarinic receptors in the XXXX @entity825 .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: Lentiviruses are unique retroviruses which cause diseases with long incubation periods and prolonged clinical courses. The prototype lentiviruses, @entity37886 of @entity742 and @entity625 - @entity198 virus of @entity1237 ( @entity71032 ), infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage system and replicate at a restricted level in these cells. The virus life cycle is closely associated with maturational factors in the cells; monocytes support the early stages of the replication cycle which goes to completion only when the cells mature to macrophages. Virus replication in the monocyte-macrophage results in lesions characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS), lungs, synovium and mammary gland and their draining lymph nodes. Co-cultivation of @entity742 or @entity1237 lymphocytes with macrophages infected with visna or CAE viruses results in production of a unique interferon (LV-IFN). LV-IFN is a non-glycosylated protein of 54,000 to 64,000 daltons and has biological properties which have several implications for pathogenesis. Firstly, it retards the rate of maturation of monocytes and thus indirectly slows the rate of virus replication. Second, it restricts the rate of virus replication in mature macrophages by preventing virus maturation. Third, it induces expression of class II (Ia) antigens of the major histocompatibility complex on cells of macrophage lineage. Thus, by curtailing virus replication and enhancing expression of MHC class II antigens, LV-IFN may contribute to the induction and augmentation of the host's lymphoproliferative response to the virus.

title: Pathogenesis of @entity37886 and caprine XXXX - @entity198 : new leads on the mechanism of restricted virus replication and persistent inflammation.

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: Lentiviruses are unique retroviruses which cause diseases with long incubation periods and prolonged clinical courses. The prototype lentiviruses, @entity37886 of @entity742 and @entity625 - @entity198 virus of @entity1237 ( @entity71032 ), infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage system and replicate at a restricted level in these cells. The virus life cycle is closely associated with maturational factors in the cells; monocytes support the early stages of the replication cycle which goes to completion only when the cells mature to macrophages. Virus replication in the monocyte-macrophage results in lesions characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS), lungs, synovium and mammary gland and their draining lymph nodes. Co-cultivation of @entity742 or @entity1237 lymphocytes with macrophages infected with visna or CAE viruses results in production of a unique interferon (LV-IFN). LV-IFN is a non-glycosylated protein of 54,000 to 64,000 daltons and has biological properties which have several implications for pathogenesis. Firstly, it retards the rate of maturation of monocytes and thus indirectly slows the rate of virus replication. Second, it restricts the rate of virus replication in mature macrophages by preventing virus maturation. Third, it induces expression of class II (Ia) antigens of the major histocompatibility complex on cells of macrophage lineage. Thus, by curtailing virus replication and enhancing expression of MHC class II antigens, LV-IFN may contribute to the induction and augmentation of the host's lymphoproliferative response to the virus.

title: Pathogenesis of @entity37886 and caprine @entity625 - XXXX : new leads on the mechanism of restricted virus replication and persistent inflammation.

answer: @entity198 :: (MESH:D004660,Disease) :: ['encephalitis']


abstract: Lentiviruses are unique retroviruses which cause diseases with long incubation periods and prolonged clinical courses. The prototype lentiviruses, @entity37886 of @entity742 and @entity625 - @entity198 virus of @entity1237 ( @entity71032 ), infect cells of the monocyte-macrophage system and replicate at a restricted level in these cells. The virus life cycle is closely associated with maturational factors in the cells; monocytes support the early stages of the replication cycle which goes to completion only when the cells mature to macrophages. Virus replication in the monocyte-macrophage results in lesions characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS), lungs, synovium and mammary gland and their draining lymph nodes. Co-cultivation of @entity742 or @entity1237 lymphocytes with macrophages infected with visna or CAE viruses results in production of a unique interferon (LV-IFN). LV-IFN is a non-glycosylated protein of 54,000 to 64,000 daltons and has biological properties which have several implications for pathogenesis. Firstly, it retards the rate of maturation of monocytes and thus indirectly slows the rate of virus replication. Second, it restricts the rate of virus replication in mature macrophages by preventing virus maturation. Third, it induces expression of class II (Ia) antigens of the major histocompatibility complex on cells of macrophage lineage. Thus, by curtailing virus replication and enhancing expression of MHC class II antigens, LV-IFN may contribute to the induction and augmentation of the host's lymphoproliferative response to the virus.

title: Pathogenesis of XXXX and caprine @entity625 - @entity198 : new leads on the mechanism of restricted virus replication and persistent inflammation.

answer: @entity37886 :: (MESH:D016182,Disease) :: ['visna/maedi']


abstract: Postischaemic @entity296 (stunning) induced by partial occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and its relation to @entity880 production during reperfusion were studied in nine @entity1707 . A 40% reduction in regional left ventricular wall thickening, as measured by ultrasonic crystals, was prospectively defined as stunning. A perfusion pressure of 20 mmHg was maintained with a hydraulic occluder for each ischaemic period and was monitored by a distal arterial catheter. To achieve a 40% reduction in function, four animals required three ischaemic periods (mean ischaemic @entity450 73%), four two (86% @entity450 ), and one one (93% @entity450 ). At 25 min of reperfusion transmural flow was slightly reduced from 0.67 ml.g-1.min-1 at control to 0.58 ml.g-1.min-1 (p less than 0.05), whereas regional flow endocardial to epicardial flow ratio was unchanged. At 60 min reperfusion, percentage systolic wall thickening was reduced to 25% from a control of 39% (p less than 0.01) and parallel reductions in regional myocardial @entity26 consumption from 4.3 ml.min-1 to 2.7 ml.min-1 occurred (p less than 0.01). @entity880 extraction was @entity308 at 15 min reperfusion (-4.0% compared with control +18.0% (p less than 0.05)) but returned to control values by 30 min. It is concluded that postischaemic @entity296 (stunning) can be induced by partial @entity1563 and that the extent of dysfunction depends on the degree of @entity450 . The reductions in myocardial @entity26 consumption parallel those of wall thickening during reperfusion after stunning. Finally, @entity880 production occurs during early reperfusion but does not persist with the postischaemic reductions in function and myocardial @entity26 consumption.

title: Relation of XXXX production to postischaemic reduction in function and myocardial @entity26 consumption after partial coronary occlusion in @entity1707 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusions']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['flow reduction']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactate', 'lactate']

answer: @entity880 :: (MESH:D019344,Chemical) :: ['lactate']


abstract: Postischaemic @entity296 (stunning) induced by partial occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and its relation to @entity880 production during reperfusion were studied in nine @entity1707 . A 40% reduction in regional left ventricular wall thickening, as measured by ultrasonic crystals, was prospectively defined as stunning. A perfusion pressure of 20 mmHg was maintained with a hydraulic occluder for each ischaemic period and was monitored by a distal arterial catheter. To achieve a 40% reduction in function, four animals required three ischaemic periods (mean ischaemic @entity450 73%), four two (86% @entity450 ), and one one (93% @entity450 ). At 25 min of reperfusion transmural flow was slightly reduced from 0.67 ml.g-1.min-1 at control to 0.58 ml.g-1.min-1 (p less than 0.05), whereas regional flow endocardial to epicardial flow ratio was unchanged. At 60 min reperfusion, percentage systolic wall thickening was reduced to 25% from a control of 39% (p less than 0.01) and parallel reductions in regional myocardial @entity26 consumption from 4.3 ml.min-1 to 2.7 ml.min-1 occurred (p less than 0.01). @entity880 extraction was @entity308 at 15 min reperfusion (-4.0% compared with control +18.0% (p less than 0.05)) but returned to control values by 30 min. It is concluded that postischaemic @entity296 (stunning) can be induced by partial @entity1563 and that the extent of dysfunction depends on the degree of @entity450 . The reductions in myocardial @entity26 consumption parallel those of wall thickening during reperfusion after stunning. Finally, @entity880 production occurs during early reperfusion but does not persist with the postischaemic reductions in function and myocardial @entity26 consumption.

title: Relation of @entity880 production to postischaemic reduction in function and myocardial XXXX consumption after partial coronary occlusion in @entity1707 .

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: Postischaemic @entity296 (stunning) induced by partial occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and its relation to @entity880 production during reperfusion were studied in nine @entity1707 . A 40% reduction in regional left ventricular wall thickening, as measured by ultrasonic crystals, was prospectively defined as stunning. A perfusion pressure of 20 mmHg was maintained with a hydraulic occluder for each ischaemic period and was monitored by a distal arterial catheter. To achieve a 40% reduction in function, four animals required three ischaemic periods (mean ischaemic @entity450 73%), four two (86% @entity450 ), and one one (93% @entity450 ). At 25 min of reperfusion transmural flow was slightly reduced from 0.67 ml.g-1.min-1 at control to 0.58 ml.g-1.min-1 (p less than 0.05), whereas regional flow endocardial to epicardial flow ratio was unchanged. At 60 min reperfusion, percentage systolic wall thickening was reduced to 25% from a control of 39% (p less than 0.01) and parallel reductions in regional myocardial @entity26 consumption from 4.3 ml.min-1 to 2.7 ml.min-1 occurred (p less than 0.01). @entity880 extraction was @entity308 at 15 min reperfusion (-4.0% compared with control +18.0% (p less than 0.05)) but returned to control values by 30 min. It is concluded that postischaemic @entity296 (stunning) can be induced by partial @entity1563 and that the extent of dysfunction depends on the degree of @entity450 . The reductions in myocardial @entity26 consumption parallel those of wall thickening during reperfusion after stunning. Finally, @entity880 production occurs during early reperfusion but does not persist with the postischaemic reductions in function and myocardial @entity26 consumption.

title: Relation of @entity880 production to postischaemic reduction in function and myocardial @entity26 consumption after partial coronary occlusion in XXXX .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: A 5-day continuous infusion of @entity1891 (VCR; total dose 4 mg/m2) has been given as part of a high-dose chemoradiotherapy regimen with bone marrow transplantation. Evidence of @entity2359 , such as @entity425 , paraesthesia and @entity1944 , was evaluated prospectively in nine @entity1 . Five @entity1 had advanced @entity521 and four, relapsed @entity242 , and all had responded to initial conventional-dose therapy. VCR was combined with high-dose melphalan (180 mg/m2) and fractionated @entity348 . Plasma concentrations of VCR were measured by radioimmunoassay during and up to 24 h after the infusion. Serum and urine electrolytes and liver function tests were measured during VCR treatment and at regular intervals thereafter. VCR concentration at 1 h ranged from 1.8 to 10.9 (median 6.6) ng/ml, and a steady state was achieved by 13-30 h (median 16 h). Levels above 1 ng/ml were maintained throughout the 5-day period with a mean steady-state concentration of 1.7 ng/ml (range 1.3-2.15). After cessation of the infusion, serum concentrations fell to below 0.25 ng/ml within 24 h. @entity490 occurred in one @entity1 , but neither @entity1142 nor ileus was seen. In two @entity1 severe @entity925 occurred in the lower limbs towards the end of the infusion. Significant electrolyte problems did not occur and, in particular, there was no evidence of @entity6085 . Transient increases in liver enzymes were common but @entity648 was not elevated during the period of monitoring. This regimen allows a two-fold escalation in the dose of VCR to be administered, producing sustained high serum drug levels without major @entity137 .

title: Continuous @entity1891 infusion as part of a high dose chemoradiotherapy regimen: drug kinetics and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal hypomotility']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['muscle pain']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['total-body irradiation']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity6085 :: ('MESH:D007177', 'Disease') :: ['inappropriate ADH secretion']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: A 5-day continuous infusion of @entity1891 (VCR; total dose 4 mg/m2) has been given as part of a high-dose chemoradiotherapy regimen with bone marrow transplantation. Evidence of @entity2359 , such as @entity425 , paraesthesia and @entity1944 , was evaluated prospectively in nine @entity1 . Five @entity1 had advanced @entity521 and four, relapsed @entity242 , and all had responded to initial conventional-dose therapy. VCR was combined with high-dose melphalan (180 mg/m2) and fractionated @entity348 . Plasma concentrations of VCR were measured by radioimmunoassay during and up to 24 h after the infusion. Serum and urine electrolytes and liver function tests were measured during VCR treatment and at regular intervals thereafter. VCR concentration at 1 h ranged from 1.8 to 10.9 (median 6.6) ng/ml, and a steady state was achieved by 13-30 h (median 16 h). Levels above 1 ng/ml were maintained throughout the 5-day period with a mean steady-state concentration of 1.7 ng/ml (range 1.3-2.15). After cessation of the infusion, serum concentrations fell to below 0.25 ng/ml within 24 h. @entity490 occurred in one @entity1 , but neither @entity1142 nor ileus was seen. In two @entity1 severe @entity925 occurred in the lower limbs towards the end of the infusion. Significant electrolyte problems did not occur and, in particular, there was no evidence of @entity6085 . Transient increases in liver enzymes were common but @entity648 was not elevated during the period of monitoring. This regimen allows a two-fold escalation in the dose of VCR to be administered, producing sustained high serum drug levels without major @entity137 .

title: Continuous XXXX infusion as part of a high dose chemoradiotherapy regimen: drug kinetics and @entity137 .

answer: @entity1891 :: (MESH:D014750,Chemical) :: ['vincristine']


abstract: To determine the time course of changes in left ventricular diastolic properties after a large @entity583 , we serially measured left ventricular relaxation, chamber stiffness, and the ratio of left ventricular cavity to wall volume (V/VW) after coronary artery ligation in @entity35 . Left ventricular relaxation was measured during the occlusion and then both relaxation and chamber stiffness were measured at 3 hr, 24 hr, and 3, 5, and more than 22 days after @entity1188 . @entity1002 and left ventricular dP/dt were recorded with micromanometer-tipped catheters. Left ventricular relaxation was measured by computer digitization of the left ventricular pressure tracings and averaged over 100 to 150 cardiac cycles. Five chamber stiffness constants were calculated from pressure-volume curves that were obtained ex vivo. We found ventricular relaxation prolonged for the first hour after @entity1563 ; relaxation was maximally prolonged at 10 to 15 min after onset of occlusion. After 1 hr relaxation returned to normal. However, by 5 days ventricular relaxation was again prolonged. Left ventricular stiffness constants were increased at 3 and 24 hr, resulting in a shift of the left ventricular pressure-volume relation to the left. At 3 days after coronary artery ligation, all stiffness constants and the pressure-volume relation returned to normal. At more than 22 days the pressure-volume relation was shifted to the right and the stiffness constant for low filling pressures was decreased. V/VW was significantly decreased from 0.603 +/- 0.021 at 3 and 24 hr to 0.379 +/- 0.024 and 0.362 +/- 0.032, respectively. V/VW was significantly increased at more than 22 days (0.921 +/- 0.094).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Serial changes in left ventricular relaxation and chamber stiffness after large XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['Left ventricular pressures']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: To determine the time course of changes in left ventricular diastolic properties after a large @entity583 , we serially measured left ventricular relaxation, chamber stiffness, and the ratio of left ventricular cavity to wall volume (V/VW) after coronary artery ligation in @entity35 . Left ventricular relaxation was measured during the occlusion and then both relaxation and chamber stiffness were measured at 3 hr, 24 hr, and 3, 5, and more than 22 days after @entity1188 . @entity1002 and left ventricular dP/dt were recorded with micromanometer-tipped catheters. Left ventricular relaxation was measured by computer digitization of the left ventricular pressure tracings and averaged over 100 to 150 cardiac cycles. Five chamber stiffness constants were calculated from pressure-volume curves that were obtained ex vivo. We found ventricular relaxation prolonged for the first hour after @entity1563 ; relaxation was maximally prolonged at 10 to 15 min after onset of occlusion. After 1 hr relaxation returned to normal. However, by 5 days ventricular relaxation was again prolonged. Left ventricular stiffness constants were increased at 3 and 24 hr, resulting in a shift of the left ventricular pressure-volume relation to the left. At 3 days after coronary artery ligation, all stiffness constants and the pressure-volume relation returned to normal. At more than 22 days the pressure-volume relation was shifted to the right and the stiffness constant for low filling pressures was decreased. V/VW was significantly decreased from 0.603 +/- 0.021 at 3 and 24 hr to 0.379 +/- 0.024 and 0.362 +/- 0.032, respectively. V/VW was significantly increased at more than 22 days (0.921 +/- 0.094).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Serial changes in left ventricular relaxation and chamber stiffness after large @entity583 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of @entity150 was accomplished in 26 @entity1 who had histologically proven transitional cell @entity189 through transurethral resection. All 26 @entity1 were simultaneously studied by computed tomography (CT) and 21 were also studied by transurethral ultrasonography (US) before surgery or preoperative irradiation. The evaluations of the MRI and CT were carried out by the same radiologist and urologist postoperatively; the evaluation of the US was carried out by several urologists preoperatively, and their results compared with the postoperative pathological findings. The staging accuracy for pT2 @entity5 and above for each imaging modality was as follows. MRI: sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 71.4%, accuracy 76.9%; CT: sensitivity 58.3%, specificity 42.8%, accuracy 50%; US: sensitivity 100%, specificity 70%, accuracy 85.7%. The results of the staging with regard to extravesical extensions were as follows. MRI: sensitivity 60%, specificity 85.7%, accuracy 80.8%; CT: sensitivity 60%, specificity 81%, accuracy 76.9%. On the other hand, the sensitivity of US was 25%, specificity 94.1% and accuracy was 81%. The higher the pathological staging, the more the diagnostic accuracy was likely to be increased with MRI and CT, but diminished for US. There were three cases of @entity2558 @entity5 being over-diagnosed by US, but two of them were accurately staged by MRI. The other 11 cases, diagnosed as T2 or above by US, were only minimally overstaged or understaged by MRI. MRI seemed able to overcome the disadvantage of US which tended to over-diagnose @entity2558 @entity5 and which was not suitable for use in diagnosing infiltrative @entity5 correctly. CT seemed useless for local staging.

title: The validity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the staging of XXXX : comparison with computed tomography (CT) and transurethral ultrasonography (US).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: Immunologic aspects of autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT), immunodiagnosis, @entity1 monitoring, and the purging of bone marrow have been studied in individual @entity1 . It was demonstrated that the most sensitive method for detecting lymphoid cells which show the phenotypes of ALLs of B or T lineage was double immunofluorescence staining for nuclear @entity10730 ( @entity10730 ) and B or T lineage antigens. With the help of these sensitive tests in the presence of @entity95 complement (C'), MAbs CD10 (RFAL3 of IgM class), @entity54182 (SB4 of IgM class), and their cocktail were capable of eliminating greater than 3 log blast cells of B lineage @entity981 in 84%, 75.5%, and 90% of cases, respectively. The same reagents lysed 26.8%, 0%, and 45% of blasts in the presence of @entity1 C'. @entity4587 ( @entity44693 , IgG2) eliminated greater than 3 log @entity11511 blast cells in 73% of cases. The proliferative fractions of @entity1778 were also @entity10730 + and sensitive to lysis with MAb and C'. On the basis of these observations MABs were selected for purging in 36 @entity1 undergoing ABMT in first remission (10 @entity1 considered to be at a high risk of relapse), second and third remissions (23 and 2 @entity1 ), and without entering into remission (1 @entity1 ). The efficacy of eliminating the MAb-reactive cells from the bone marrow inoculum was also documented in five @entity1 . By the use of sensitive immunologic assay ( @entity10730 /cytoplasmic CD3 double staining) in @entity1 with @entity11511 , no residual @entity1778 (less than 10(-4] could be detected at the time of transplantation. Following an observation period of 5-34 months, 24 of the 36 @entity1 are alive and well with no procedure-related mortality.

title: Autologous bone marrow transplantation in XXXX --preclinical immunologic studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10730 :: ('1791', 'Gene') :: ['TdT', 'terminal transferase']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemic blasts', 'leukemia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although @entity1875 -based sedation can be used during emergency endoscopy for @entity360 ( @entity360 ), there is a potential risk of sedation-related adverse events, especially in @entity1 with @entity548 . AIM: We compared adverse events related to @entity1875 -based sedation during emergency endoscopy between @entity1 with @entity6312 . METHODS: Clinical records of @entity1 who underwent emergency endoscopy for @entity360 under sedation were reviewed. Adverse events, including shock, @entity519 , and paradoxical reaction, were compared between the @entity6312 groups. RESULTS: Of 703 endoscopies, 539 and 164 were performed for @entity6312 , respectively. Shock was more common in @entity1 with @entity548 compared to those with @entity548 (12.2 vs. 3.5  %, P  <  0.001). All @entity1 except one recovered from shock after normal saline hydration, and emergency endoscopy could be finished without interruption in most cases. The incidence of @entity519 and paradoxical reaction did not differ based on the source of @entity548 ( @entity548 vs. @entity548 : @entity519 , 3.5 vs. 1.8  %, P  =  0.275; paradoxical reaction interfering with the procedure, 4.1 vs. 5.5  %, P  =  0.442). CONCLUSIONS: Although shock was more common in @entity1 with @entity548 compared to those with @entity548 , most cases could be controlled without procedure interruption. Paradoxical reaction, rather than shock or @entity519 , was the most common cause of procedure interruption in @entity1 with @entity548 , but the rate did not differ between @entity1 with @entity6312 .

title: Outcomes of @entity1875 Sedation During Emergency Endoscopy Performed for Upper XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['non-variceal bleeding', 'variceal bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity6312 :: ('MESH:D014648', 'Disease') :: ['non-variceal and variceal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['UGIB', 'upper gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['Gastrointestinal Bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although @entity1875 -based sedation can be used during emergency endoscopy for @entity360 ( @entity360 ), there is a potential risk of sedation-related adverse events, especially in @entity1 with @entity548 . AIM: We compared adverse events related to @entity1875 -based sedation during emergency endoscopy between @entity1 with @entity6312 . METHODS: Clinical records of @entity1 who underwent emergency endoscopy for @entity360 under sedation were reviewed. Adverse events, including shock, @entity519 , and paradoxical reaction, were compared between the @entity6312 groups. RESULTS: Of 703 endoscopies, 539 and 164 were performed for @entity6312 , respectively. Shock was more common in @entity1 with @entity548 compared to those with @entity548 (12.2 vs. 3.5  %, P  <  0.001). All @entity1 except one recovered from shock after normal saline hydration, and emergency endoscopy could be finished without interruption in most cases. The incidence of @entity519 and paradoxical reaction did not differ based on the source of @entity548 ( @entity548 vs. @entity548 : @entity519 , 3.5 vs. 1.8  %, P  =  0.275; paradoxical reaction interfering with the procedure, 4.1 vs. 5.5  %, P  =  0.442). CONCLUSIONS: Although shock was more common in @entity1 with @entity548 compared to those with @entity548 , most cases could be controlled without procedure interruption. Paradoxical reaction, rather than shock or @entity519 , was the most common cause of procedure interruption in @entity1 with @entity548 , but the rate did not differ between @entity1 with @entity6312 .

title: Outcomes of XXXX Sedation During Emergency Endoscopy Performed for Upper @entity360 .

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['Propofol']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Taiwan had been considered rabies free since 1961. In 2013, Taiwan confirmed the detection of @entity17839 in wild Taiwan ferret-badgers. Up to December 2014, there have been 423 rabies-confirmed ferret-badgers and three cases of spillover infection into non-reservoir hosts. Genetic analysis indicates that TFBV is distinct from all other known @entity17839 variants. To date, ferret-badger rabies is known to occur only in China and Taiwan. The temporal dynamics of rabid ferret-badgers in Taiwan suggests that the epizootic appears to have subsided to enzootic levels as of December 2014. According to the current epidemiologic data, there is only one TFBV strain in Taiwan. TFBV is still sequestered to the mountainous regions. @entity1 are at risk mainly through exposure to the virus from infected domestic meso-carnivores, mainly @entity235 and @entity468 . @entity235 and @entity468 should be vaccinated to establish an immunological barrier to stop the spread of the disease from mountainous regions to domestic meso-carnivores.

title: Government Response to the Discovery of a XXXX Reservoir Species on a Previously Designated Rabies-Free Island, Taiwan, 1999-2014.

answer: @entity17839 :: (11292,Species) :: ['Rabies Virus']


abstract: The ultrastructure of the zymogen granule (ZG) membrane has been observed in vitro by rapid freezing and freeze- @entity174 techniques. Unidirectional shadowing of the plasmic @entity174 (PF) leaflet of the intact granule reveals a relatively smooth surface uniformly studded by intramembrane particles ( @entity15129 ; 360 microns2) their diameters ranging from 5 to 18 nm (mean = 10.2 nm) but does not allow a clear visualization of the particles on the external @entity174 (EF) leaflet. Indeed, rotary shadowing reveals that the EF leaflet presents a highly textured subparticle background with a significantly lower frequency of @entity15129 (44 microns2) showing diameters from 9 to 18 nm and a shift to larger @entity15129 (mean = 12.3 nm). Two hitherto undescribed types of @entity15129 are found on both leaflets of the membrane: first a population of 13-nm particles with an electron-lucent center or "pore", the most frequent type on the EF face (26%), is a second population of large @entity15129 (15 nm) characterized by a large "pore" (5.0 nm diameter) subdivided by a delicate cross-shaped structure. In alkaline conditions, pH 8.2, ZG lysis occurs rapidly and membrane ghosts thus obtained were rapidly frozen or suspended in dextran and filtered immediately. @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ) shows many opened ghosts with adhering amorphous material and numerous small vesicles near or still attached to openings in the ghosts. Freeze- @entity174 preparations show that granule lysis is accompanied by major alterations of membrane ultrastructure; the subparticle background on the EF leaflet is now visible only as a cap or linear crest at one pole of the ghosts. These two newly formed zones are demarcated by a row of 13-nm particles, whereas the other @entity15129 are confined to the subparticle background. Some images suggest that the subparticle background and 13-nm @entity15129 necklace give rise to vesicles, some of them occasionally attached to the ghosts. The subparticle background on the EF leaflet shows a complementary imprint on the PF leaflet which is similarly modified. This study shows the presence of hitherto undescribed types of @entity15129 and also demonstrates alterations of certain domains of zymogen granule membranes that occur at the moment of lysis, associated with a redistribution of different particle populations.

title: Freeze- XXXX study of the zymogen granule membrane of pancreas: two novel types of intramembrane particles.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['Transmission electron microscopy', 'TEM']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fracture']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Clear cell @entity8 (CCSK) although uncommon, is the second most frequent @entity8 of childhood. Until now, the sole recurrent genetic aberration identified in CCSKs is t(10;17)(q22;p13), which gives rise to a fusion transcript of @entity35795 and @entity40992 /E. So far, the clinical relevance of this fusion transcript is unknown. The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the clinical phenotype of t(10;17)(q22;p13) positive CCSKs. Snap-frozen tissues, @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded tissues or RNA previously extracted from CCSK samples throughout European, North-American and Japanese study groups were screened by RT-PCR for the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E transcript. Clinical characteristics, @entity5 characteristics, and outcome of @entity1 with and without the fusion transcript were studied. The cohort comprised 51 previously published cases to which were added 139 internationally collected CCSK samples. RNA from 57 of these additionally collected cases was of sufficient quality to be successfully screened for the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E transcript. In total, seven of the 108 cases harbored the fusion transcript. @entity1 with @entity5 containing the fusion transcript were relatively young (median age 10 months), had associated low median @entity5 volumes and stage I disease was not observed in these @entity1 . Two of seven @entity1 relapsed and one of seven @entity1 died of disease. Ranges of values were not overtly different between @entity1 with and without the fusion transcript; however, the number of fusion transcript positive cases turned out to be too small to permit reliable statistical analysis. The current study did not identify an explicit clinical phenotype of CCSK cases harboring the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E fusion transcript.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: The clinical phenotype of @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E positive pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma of the kidney', 'renal malignancy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['clear cell sarcoma of the kidney']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Clear cell @entity8 (CCSK) although uncommon, is the second most frequent @entity8 of childhood. Until now, the sole recurrent genetic aberration identified in CCSKs is t(10;17)(q22;p13), which gives rise to a fusion transcript of @entity35795 and @entity40992 /E. So far, the clinical relevance of this fusion transcript is unknown. The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the clinical phenotype of t(10;17)(q22;p13) positive CCSKs. Snap-frozen tissues, @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded tissues or RNA previously extracted from CCSK samples throughout European, North-American and Japanese study groups were screened by RT-PCR for the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E transcript. Clinical characteristics, @entity5 characteristics, and outcome of @entity1 with and without the fusion transcript were studied. The cohort comprised 51 previously published cases to which were added 139 internationally collected CCSK samples. RNA from 57 of these additionally collected cases was of sufficient quality to be successfully screened for the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E transcript. In total, seven of the 108 cases harbored the fusion transcript. @entity1 with @entity5 containing the fusion transcript were relatively young (median age 10 months), had associated low median @entity5 volumes and stage I disease was not observed in these @entity1 . Two of seven @entity1 relapsed and one of seven @entity1 died of disease. Ranges of values were not overtly different between @entity1 with and without the fusion transcript; however, the number of fusion transcript positive cases turned out to be too small to permit reliable statistical analysis. The current study did not identify an explicit clinical phenotype of CCSK cases harboring the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E fusion transcript.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: The clinical phenotype of XXXX - @entity40992 /E positive pediatric @entity8 .

answer: @entity35795 :: (7531,Gene) :: ['YWHAE']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Clear cell @entity8 (CCSK) although uncommon, is the second most frequent @entity8 of childhood. Until now, the sole recurrent genetic aberration identified in CCSKs is t(10;17)(q22;p13), which gives rise to a fusion transcript of @entity35795 and @entity40992 /E. So far, the clinical relevance of this fusion transcript is unknown. The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the clinical phenotype of t(10;17)(q22;p13) positive CCSKs. Snap-frozen tissues, @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded tissues or RNA previously extracted from CCSK samples throughout European, North-American and Japanese study groups were screened by RT-PCR for the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E transcript. Clinical characteristics, @entity5 characteristics, and outcome of @entity1 with and without the fusion transcript were studied. The cohort comprised 51 previously published cases to which were added 139 internationally collected CCSK samples. RNA from 57 of these additionally collected cases was of sufficient quality to be successfully screened for the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E transcript. In total, seven of the 108 cases harbored the fusion transcript. @entity1 with @entity5 containing the fusion transcript were relatively young (median age 10 months), had associated low median @entity5 volumes and stage I disease was not observed in these @entity1 . Two of seven @entity1 relapsed and one of seven @entity1 died of disease. Ranges of values were not overtly different between @entity1 with and without the fusion transcript; however, the number of fusion transcript positive cases turned out to be too small to permit reliable statistical analysis. The current study did not identify an explicit clinical phenotype of CCSK cases harboring the @entity35795 - @entity40992 /E fusion transcript.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: The clinical phenotype of @entity35795 - XXXX /E positive pediatric @entity8 .

answer: @entity40992 :: (729262,Gene) :: ['NUTM2B']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The fractional exhaled @entity842 (FENO) and the blood eosinophil count (B-eos) are markers of eosinophilic inflammation used in the diagnosis and management of @entity565 . The relationships between smoking cigarette and both FENO and B-eos are complex and raise questions about the association between these markers and @entity565 in smokers. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationships between both FENO and B-eos on one hand and @entity565 and @entity402 on the other, according to smoking status. METHODS: FENO and B-eos were measured in respectively 1579 and 1496 of the 1607 middle-aged adults randomly selected from the general population in the cross-sectional ELISABET survey. @entity56 was defined as @entity565 (a self-report of physician-diagnosed @entity565 , and wheezing in the previous 12 months or the use of @entity565 medications) with @entity402 ( @entity2023 or @entity2023 in the previous 12 months, or a previous positive prick test or allergen desensitization therapy). @entity565 was defined as @entity565 without @entity402 . RESULTS: The analysis included 812 (51.4%) never-, 473 (30%) former- and 294 (18.6%) current smokers. A total of 490 (32%) @entity1 were @entity1097 , 80 (5.1%) had @entity56 , and 31 (2%) had @entity565 . Only 16.2% (18/111) of @entity748 were treated with glucocorticoid inhalants, suggesting that among them a majority of @entity1 had mild @entity565 . A positive interaction between smoking status and @entity56 was observed in multivariate models explaining FENO (p=0.003) and B-eos (p=0.001). Thus, compared to those without @entity56 , @entity1 with @entity56 had higher FENO values (+63.4%, 95%CI=[39; 92]) and higher B-eos (+63.2% [38.2; 92.7]) in never and former smokers, but not in current smokers. Lastly, an analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves showed that each of the two markers was able to discriminate moderately @entity56 but only in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS _ CLINICAL RELEVANCE: FENO and B-eos were associated with the presence of mild @entity56 only in non-smokers, not in current smokers. These findings raise questions about the clinical value of FENO and B-eos in smokers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Both exhaled @entity842 and blood eosinophil count were associated with mild XXXX only in non-smokers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatics']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['hay fever', 'allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['nonallergic asthma', 'asthma', 'Nonallergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Allergic asthma', 'allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['allergic asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The fractional exhaled @entity842 (FENO) and the blood eosinophil count (B-eos) are markers of eosinophilic inflammation used in the diagnosis and management of @entity565 . The relationships between smoking cigarette and both FENO and B-eos are complex and raise questions about the association between these markers and @entity565 in smokers. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationships between both FENO and B-eos on one hand and @entity565 and @entity402 on the other, according to smoking status. METHODS: FENO and B-eos were measured in respectively 1579 and 1496 of the 1607 middle-aged adults randomly selected from the general population in the cross-sectional ELISABET survey. @entity56 was defined as @entity565 (a self-report of physician-diagnosed @entity565 , and wheezing in the previous 12 months or the use of @entity565 medications) with @entity402 ( @entity2023 or @entity2023 in the previous 12 months, or a previous positive prick test or allergen desensitization therapy). @entity565 was defined as @entity565 without @entity402 . RESULTS: The analysis included 812 (51.4%) never-, 473 (30%) former- and 294 (18.6%) current smokers. A total of 490 (32%) @entity1 were @entity1097 , 80 (5.1%) had @entity56 , and 31 (2%) had @entity565 . Only 16.2% (18/111) of @entity748 were treated with glucocorticoid inhalants, suggesting that among them a majority of @entity1 had mild @entity565 . A positive interaction between smoking status and @entity56 was observed in multivariate models explaining FENO (p=0.003) and B-eos (p=0.001). Thus, compared to those without @entity56 , @entity1 with @entity56 had higher FENO values (+63.4%, 95%CI=[39; 92]) and higher B-eos (+63.2% [38.2; 92.7]) in never and former smokers, but not in current smokers. Lastly, an analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves showed that each of the two markers was able to discriminate moderately @entity56 but only in non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS _ CLINICAL RELEVANCE: FENO and B-eos were associated with the presence of mild @entity56 only in non-smokers, not in current smokers. These findings raise questions about the clinical value of FENO and B-eos in smokers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Both exhaled XXXX and blood eosinophil count were associated with mild @entity56 only in non-smokers.

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: To describe clinically relevant between-group differences in @entity601 Anderson @entity1282 Inventory (MDADI) scores among @entity135 ( @entity135 ) @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,136 @entity135 @entity1 seen for @entity1282 ( @entity1282 ) studies. METHODS: The MDADI was administered by written questionnaire at the @entity1282 appointment. @entity601 Anderson @entity1282 Inventory global, composite, and subscale scores were calculated. Anchor-based methods were employed to determine clinically meaningful between-group differences by feeding tube status, aspiration status (per @entity1282 study), and diet level. RESULTS: Mean MDADI scores for the 1,136 @entity1 were: emotional 65.8        17.3, functional 68.1        19.6, physical 60.1        18.6, global 59.3        28.3, and composite 64.0        17.1. Three hundred seventy-eight @entity1 (33%) were feeding tube-dependent; 395 (34.8%) were aspirators; 122 (11%) were nothing per oral (Performance Status Scale-Head and Neck [PSS-HN] diet   =   0); and 249 (22%) ate unrestricted, regular diets (PSS-HN diet   =   100). Statistically significant (P < 0.0001) between-group differences (feeding tube vs. no feeding tube, aspirator vs. nonaspirator, oral vs. nonoral diet, PSS-HN diet levels) were observed for all mean MDADI scores (global, composite, and subscales). A mean difference of 10 points in composite MDADI scores differentiated feeding tube-dependent from nontube-dependent @entity1 , aspirators from nonaspirators, and distinct PSS-HN diet levels. CONCLUSIONS: We identify that a 10-point between-group difference in composite MDADI scores was associated with clinically meaningful between-group differences in swallowing function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 126:1108-1113, 2016.

title: What is a clinically relevant difference in MDADI scores between groups of XXXX @entity1 ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer', 'HNC']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['MBS', 'Dysphagia', 'modified barium swallow']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: To describe clinically relevant between-group differences in @entity601 Anderson @entity1282 Inventory (MDADI) scores among @entity135 ( @entity135 ) @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,136 @entity135 @entity1 seen for @entity1282 ( @entity1282 ) studies. METHODS: The MDADI was administered by written questionnaire at the @entity1282 appointment. @entity601 Anderson @entity1282 Inventory global, composite, and subscale scores were calculated. Anchor-based methods were employed to determine clinically meaningful between-group differences by feeding tube status, aspiration status (per @entity1282 study), and diet level. RESULTS: Mean MDADI scores for the 1,136 @entity1 were: emotional 65.8        17.3, functional 68.1        19.6, physical 60.1        18.6, global 59.3        28.3, and composite 64.0        17.1. Three hundred seventy-eight @entity1 (33%) were feeding tube-dependent; 395 (34.8%) were aspirators; 122 (11%) were nothing per oral (Performance Status Scale-Head and Neck [PSS-HN] diet   =   0); and 249 (22%) ate unrestricted, regular diets (PSS-HN diet   =   100). Statistically significant (P < 0.0001) between-group differences (feeding tube vs. no feeding tube, aspirator vs. nonaspirator, oral vs. nonoral diet, PSS-HN diet levels) were observed for all mean MDADI scores (global, composite, and subscales). A mean difference of 10 points in composite MDADI scores differentiated feeding tube-dependent from nontube-dependent @entity1 , aspirators from nonaspirators, and distinct PSS-HN diet levels. CONCLUSIONS: We identify that a 10-point between-group difference in composite MDADI scores was associated with clinically meaningful between-group differences in swallowing function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 126:1108-1113, 2016.

title: What is a clinically relevant difference in MDADI scores between groups of @entity135 XXXX ?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We report here the presence of a @entity3913 -specific receptor on apical membranes of @entity35 retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. For pinocytic studies, 125I- @entity3913 -BSA (125I- @entity1 -BSA) was incubated with RPE explants from normal (Long Evans) and dystrophic (pigmented RCS) @entity35 retinas. Normal RPE bound 36.1 ng of ligand and, in the presence of mannan competitor, the amount bound was 18.3 ng. In a similar assay, total ligand uptake by @entity1713 was 25.9 ng with 9.8 ng specific for @entity3913 recognition. Comparing the amounts of ligand bound, @entity1713 recognized 55% of the amount recognized by normal RPE. The presence of the @entity3913 receptor was localized on both normal and @entity1713 apical plasma membranes by autoradiographic techniques using 125I- @entity1 -BSA. Normal RPE showed a greater number of @entity575 grains present at the apical cell membrane as compared to @entity1713 . @entity575 grains were significantly reduced when incubation with the ligand was carried out in the presence of a mannan competitor. Further, in phagocytic studies, latex beads coated with mannan were used as phagocytic particles. Normal RPE phagocytized 4.52 mannan-beads per cell profile by a @entity3913 -specific mechanism, whereas @entity1713 did not recognize mannan-beads. Our data suggest that RPE cells express surface receptors which recognize both soluble and particulate @entity3913 ligands. The pinocytic and autoradiographic studies suggest that normal RPE binds more soluble ligand than does @entity1713 . If the @entity3913 receptors mediate both pinocytosis and phagocytosis, a possible reduction in number of soluble @entity3913 binding sites on the @entity1713 may be related to the diminished phagocytic recognition of particulate ligand by the @entity1713 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Expression of XXXX receptors for pinocytosis and phagocytosis on @entity35 retinal pigment epithelium.

entities_list: @entity575 :: ('MESH:D012834', 'Chemical') :: ['Silver', 'silver']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['dystrophic RPE']

entities_list: @entity3913 :: ('MESH:D008358', 'Chemical') :: ['mannose', 'Mannose']

answer: @entity3913 :: (MESH:D008358,Chemical) :: ['mannose']


abstract: We report here the presence of a @entity3913 -specific receptor on apical membranes of @entity35 retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. For pinocytic studies, 125I- @entity3913 -BSA (125I- @entity1 -BSA) was incubated with RPE explants from normal (Long Evans) and dystrophic (pigmented RCS) @entity35 retinas. Normal RPE bound 36.1 ng of ligand and, in the presence of mannan competitor, the amount bound was 18.3 ng. In a similar assay, total ligand uptake by @entity1713 was 25.9 ng with 9.8 ng specific for @entity3913 recognition. Comparing the amounts of ligand bound, @entity1713 recognized 55% of the amount recognized by normal RPE. The presence of the @entity3913 receptor was localized on both normal and @entity1713 apical plasma membranes by autoradiographic techniques using 125I- @entity1 -BSA. Normal RPE showed a greater number of @entity575 grains present at the apical cell membrane as compared to @entity1713 . @entity575 grains were significantly reduced when incubation with the ligand was carried out in the presence of a mannan competitor. Further, in phagocytic studies, latex beads coated with mannan were used as phagocytic particles. Normal RPE phagocytized 4.52 mannan-beads per cell profile by a @entity3913 -specific mechanism, whereas @entity1713 did not recognize mannan-beads. Our data suggest that RPE cells express surface receptors which recognize both soluble and particulate @entity3913 ligands. The pinocytic and autoradiographic studies suggest that normal RPE binds more soluble ligand than does @entity1713 . If the @entity3913 receptors mediate both pinocytosis and phagocytosis, a possible reduction in number of soluble @entity3913 binding sites on the @entity1713 may be related to the diminished phagocytic recognition of particulate ligand by the @entity1713 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Expression of @entity3913 receptors for pinocytosis and phagocytosis on XXXX retinal pigment epithelium.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: AIMS: Kv7 voltage-gated @entity972 channels have been suggested to modulate mechano-afferent transduction and nociception in the bladder. We investigated the effects of @entity14216 , a Kv7 channel activator, on @entity1494 ( @entity1494 ), and single-unit afferent activities (SAAs) of the primary bladder mechanosensitive afferent nerve fibers in @entity4774 -anesthetized @entity35 . In addition, the effects of pretreatment with @entity14216 on the @entity146 provoked by an intravesical instillation of resiniferatoxin (RTX) were evaluated in the conscious condition. METHODS: Female @entity35 were used. Under @entity4774 anesthesia, saline was instilled into the bladder until @entity1494 were induced reproducibly. Then, the effects of intravenous, cumulative administrations of @entity14216 (0.1-3   mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) on @entity1494 were assessed. In separate animals, SAAs of A  - and C-fibers were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve and by @entity1494 with saline. After baseline recording, vehicle or @entity14216 (0.01-1   mg/kg) was administered intravenously and further recordings were performed. Under pretreatment with vehicle or @entity14216 (3   mg/kg intraperitoneally), the frequencies of lower abdominal licking and freezing were counted and scored as the bladder @entity146 induced by intravesical RTX instillation (3     M, 0.3   ml). RESULTS: @entity14216 dose-dependently decreased both the frequency and the amplitude of @entity1494 and SAAs of both A  - and C-fibers. The effect on @entity1494 was more potent on the frequency than the amplitude. @entity14216 inhibited the RTX-induced abdominal licking, but not freezing. CONCLUSION: Kv7 channels are likely to be implicated in inhibition of bladder mechano- and nociceptive sensory transduction. Neurourol. Urodynam.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Inhibitory effects of @entity14216 , a Kv7 channel activator, on mechanosensitive primary bladder afferent activities and XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['RBCs', 'bladder distention', 'rhythmic bladder contractions']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['nociceptive behaviors']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity14216 :: ('MESH:C101866', 'Chemical') :: ['retigabine', 'Retigabine']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['nociceptive behaviors']


abstract: AIMS: Kv7 voltage-gated @entity972 channels have been suggested to modulate mechano-afferent transduction and nociception in the bladder. We investigated the effects of @entity14216 , a Kv7 channel activator, on @entity1494 ( @entity1494 ), and single-unit afferent activities (SAAs) of the primary bladder mechanosensitive afferent nerve fibers in @entity4774 -anesthetized @entity35 . In addition, the effects of pretreatment with @entity14216 on the @entity146 provoked by an intravesical instillation of resiniferatoxin (RTX) were evaluated in the conscious condition. METHODS: Female @entity35 were used. Under @entity4774 anesthesia, saline was instilled into the bladder until @entity1494 were induced reproducibly. Then, the effects of intravenous, cumulative administrations of @entity14216 (0.1-3   mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) on @entity1494 were assessed. In separate animals, SAAs of A  - and C-fibers were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve and by @entity1494 with saline. After baseline recording, vehicle or @entity14216 (0.01-1   mg/kg) was administered intravenously and further recordings were performed. Under pretreatment with vehicle or @entity14216 (3   mg/kg intraperitoneally), the frequencies of lower abdominal licking and freezing were counted and scored as the bladder @entity146 induced by intravesical RTX instillation (3     M, 0.3   ml). RESULTS: @entity14216 dose-dependently decreased both the frequency and the amplitude of @entity1494 and SAAs of both A  - and C-fibers. The effect on @entity1494 was more potent on the frequency than the amplitude. @entity14216 inhibited the RTX-induced abdominal licking, but not freezing. CONCLUSION: Kv7 channels are likely to be implicated in inhibition of bladder mechano- and nociceptive sensory transduction. Neurourol. Urodynam.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Inhibitory effects of XXXX , a Kv7 channel activator, on mechanosensitive primary bladder afferent activities and @entity146 in @entity35 .

answer: @entity14216 :: (MESH:C101866,Chemical) :: ['retigabine']


abstract: AIMS: Kv7 voltage-gated @entity972 channels have been suggested to modulate mechano-afferent transduction and nociception in the bladder. We investigated the effects of @entity14216 , a Kv7 channel activator, on @entity1494 ( @entity1494 ), and single-unit afferent activities (SAAs) of the primary bladder mechanosensitive afferent nerve fibers in @entity4774 -anesthetized @entity35 . In addition, the effects of pretreatment with @entity14216 on the @entity146 provoked by an intravesical instillation of resiniferatoxin (RTX) were evaluated in the conscious condition. METHODS: Female @entity35 were used. Under @entity4774 anesthesia, saline was instilled into the bladder until @entity1494 were induced reproducibly. Then, the effects of intravenous, cumulative administrations of @entity14216 (0.1-3   mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) on @entity1494 were assessed. In separate animals, SAAs of A  - and C-fibers were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve and by @entity1494 with saline. After baseline recording, vehicle or @entity14216 (0.01-1   mg/kg) was administered intravenously and further recordings were performed. Under pretreatment with vehicle or @entity14216 (3   mg/kg intraperitoneally), the frequencies of lower abdominal licking and freezing were counted and scored as the bladder @entity146 induced by intravesical RTX instillation (3     M, 0.3   ml). RESULTS: @entity14216 dose-dependently decreased both the frequency and the amplitude of @entity1494 and SAAs of both A  - and C-fibers. The effect on @entity1494 was more potent on the frequency than the amplitude. @entity14216 inhibited the RTX-induced abdominal licking, but not freezing. CONCLUSION: Kv7 channels are likely to be implicated in inhibition of bladder mechano- and nociceptive sensory transduction. Neurourol. Urodynam.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Inhibitory effects of @entity14216 , a Kv7 channel activator, on mechanosensitive primary bladder afferent activities and @entity146 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Mitochondrial function is thought to play a role in @entity295 -induced @entity881 . However, the temporal and organ-specific alterations in mitochondrial function have yet to be fully elucidated. Many studies show reduced phosphorylating capacity, while others have indicated that mitochondrial respiration is enhanced. The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal dynamics of brain and liver mitochondrial function in a @entity19 model of @entity295 . @entity295 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Controls were sham operated. Using high-resolution respirometry, brain and liver homogenates from 31C57BL/6 @entity19 were analyzed at either 6 or 24h. Reactive @entity26 species (ROS) production was simultaneously measured in brain samples using fluorometry.Septic brain tissue exhibited an early increased uncoupling of respiration. Temporal changes between the two time points were diminutive and no difference in ROS production was detected.Liver homogenate from the septic @entity19 displayed a significant increase in the respiratory control ratio at 6h. In the 24-h group, the rate of maximal oxidative phosphorylation, as well as LEAK respiration, was significantly increased compared with controls and the resultant respiratory control ratio was also significantly increased. Maximal protonophore-induced respiratory (uncoupled) capacity was similar between the two treatment groups.The present study suggests a diverse and tissue-specific mitochondrial respiratory response to @entity295 . The brain displayed an early impaired mitochondrial respiratory efficiency. In the liver the primary finding was a substantial activation of the maximal phosphorylating capacity.

title: DIVERSE AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY RESPONSE IN A XXXX MODEL OF SEPSIS-INDUCED MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['MOUSE']