abstract: The correlation between in vitro activity, pharmacokinetic properties and effect in vivo of antibiotics has so far received relatively little attention, and the optimal dosing strategy for most antibiotics is still a matter of dispute. A review on this subject is presented based on observations from an experimental @entity281 model in @entity19 . The pneumococcus is particularly suitable as pathogen in experimental @entity281 models for antibiotic research, since it is clinically relevant, susceptible to a range of antibiotics, and naturally virulent to most laboratory animals without the need for potentiating factors. The course of @entity281 in animals is discussed in detail, including the parameters for measuring antibiotic effect in vivo. In screening models the most simple and relevant parameter is survival/death of the animal, which is usually incorporated in the determination of a 50% endpoint, e.g. the ED50 (50% effective dose). Among the variety of factors of potential influence upon the ED50, the importance of the bacterial growth kinetics in vivo is emphasized. Considering the correlation of pharmacokinetic properties with effect in vivo three parameters are considered important: The peak antibiotic concentration, the area under the drug concentration curve (AUC), and the time the antibiotic concentration remains above the minimal inhibitory concentration (time greater than MIC). For the @entity3405 antibiotics evidence is accumulating that the time greater than MIC is the most important. Comparing 14 cephalosporins in the @entity19 -protection test with intraperitoneal inoculation of a pneumococcus type 3, the time greater than MIC calculated from the pharmacokinetic profiles of a 5 mg/ @entity19 dose for all the 14 cephalosporins showed a high correlation with the ED50. When studying the serum antibiotic concentrations at doses similar to the ED50's for various cephalosporins and penicillins, the time greater than MIC was the parameter that varied the least. Neither the peak drug concentrations nor the AUC's showed any correlation with effect in vivo. The role of the time greater than MIC in context with other factors such as extravascular penetration of antibiotics, serum protein binding and the post-antibiotic effect is discussed. Most other experimental studies concerning dosing strategy for the @entity3405 antibiotics, including the few clinical studies available, confirm the importance of the time factor. The clinical implication for this group of antibiotics therefore is to strive for a constant, not necessarily high, concentration above the MIC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Correlation of in vitro activity and pharmacokinetic parameters with effect in vivo for antibiotics. Observations from experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcus infection', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['pneumococcus infection']


abstract: We conducted a retrospective study of @entity1 treated in our department for @entity5229 ( @entity5229 ) between 1986 and 1993. The 495 @entity1 were between 12 and 81 years old (mean 28.2 years). Four hundred fifteen (83.8%) were @entity1 and 80 (16.2%) were @entity1 . @entity5229 was in the right lung in 262 cases (52.9%) and in the left lung in 215 (43.5%). Both sides were affected in 18 cases (3.6%). The initial treatment was @entity456 ; small caliber drains were used in 85 and no associated complications were observed. On 185 occasions (37.3%), @entity1 required surgical repair as a result of air leaks, recurrence or acute @entity548 . There were postsurgical complications in 15 cases (8.1%) but no recurrences or @entity204 after surgery. We observed no significant differences in the number of recurrences after use of conventional drains or small caliber drains. Nor were there differences in mean time of hospital stay or complications after conventional surgery or video assisted surgery, a technique that has only recently been introduced. We conclude that @entity5229 responds well to treatment with pleural drains and that small caliber catheters offer a good alternative for treating first episodes. Surgery is indicated when there is recurrence or when air leaks are persistent. At present, video assisted thoracoscopic surgery has successfully replaced axillary thoracotomy for most @entity1 .

title: [ XXXX . A retrospective study of 495 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5229 :: ('MESH:D011030', 'Disease') :: ['PSP', 'primary spontaneous pneumothorax']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural drainage']

answer: @entity5229 :: (MESH:D011030,Disease) :: ['Primary spontaneous pneumothorax']


abstract: Despite the current trend toward monotherapy, polytherapy in @entity1 with @entity302 is still common. A drug combination is advantageous only if it achieves a higher efficacy: @entity137 ratio (therapeutic index) or if its antiepileptic spectrum is wider. Studies of brain concentrations of antiepileptic drugs have so far shown that a higher efficacy: @entity137 ratio is not achieved by most combinations. Problems are associated with drug combinations. First, numerous pharmacokinetic interactions are documented. These interactions, which can be associated with significant changes in blood levels at a given dose, make frequent measurements and dosage readjustments necessary. They can also alter the concentration of active metabolites or the free fraction of a drug. Second, @entity137 can be assumed to be at least partially cumulative, since reduction in polytherapy has been shown to be associated with a reduction in side effects. Third, the therapeutic range appears to depend on whether a drug is taken alone or in combination, so that polytherapy confuses the interpretation of serum drug measurements. Fourth, the presence of more than one drug will add to the difficulty in evaluating the efficacy or side effects of any single drug. Finally, a pharmacodynamic interaction between valproate and several other antiepileptics, particularly the barbiturates, can lead to a stuporous state. Transition from polytherapy to monotherapy is much more difficult to achieve than the opposite.

title: Problems of combination drug therapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to estimate the value of preoperative electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring in predicting postoperative @entity299 in @entity1 undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. DESIGN: A prospective open study. SETTING: University Hospital. MATERIALS: One hundred consecutive @entity1 were studied before aortic or aortofemoral surgery by ambulatory ECG monitoring for 24 hours. CHIEF OUTCOME MEASURES: An ischaemic episode by ECG criteria was defined as a > or = 1 mm horizontal or downsloping ST segment @entity308 measured 60 msec after the J point and persisting for at least 40 sec. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-four @entity1 had preoperative ambulatory ischaemia. Twenty @entity1 had postoperative @entity299 including three with fatal @entity583 , one with a nonfatal @entity1188 , eight with @entity1459 , three with @entity4 and five with @entity955 . Sixteen out of 24 (67%) @entity1 with ambulatory ischaemia had postoperative @entity299 (p < 0.01). Only four events occurred among 76 @entity1 without ischaemia (p < 0.005). The sensitivity of ambulatory ischaemia predicting @entity299 was 80% with a specificity of 90%, the predictive value of ischaemia was 67% and the predictive value of a negative result was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative ECG monitoring for @entity296 could non-invasively identify @entity1 at high risk for postoperative cardiac morbidity and mortality after vascular surgery.

title: Predicting of postoperative XXXX using ambulatory ECG monitoring prior to abdominal aortic surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary oedema']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac events']


abstract: Cytochemical assessments of the nuclear DNA contents in @entity189 of the breast can be used for both prognostic and diagnostic purposes. Two main techniques are currently being used, viz. flow cytometry (FCM) and microspectrophotometry (MSP). An account of their advantages and disadvantages is given. In addition, an old, rather crude, cytophotometric technique can be used for histopathological sections of @entity982 -embedded specimens. The principal sampling procedures are fine-needle aspiration biopsy and the so-called imprint technique, where the specimens are made from the cut surface of the freshly excised operation specimen. @entity982 -embedded histopathological material can also be used, applying a newly developed MSP procedure, where isolated nuclei from deparaffinized/disintegrated specimens are analyzed. Most important is that intact cell nuclei, representative for the whole tumour nodule, can be obtained. The simultaneous use of FCM and MSP is also of utmost importance for the reliability in the interpretation of the results. Then, a kind of "DNA malignancy grading" is obtained that in several investigations has proven itself to be an excellent prognosticating tool that can be used for making an adequate choice of therapy for the individual @entity1 . The diagnostic value of the results of the cytochemically assessed nuclear DNA distribution patterns is not so high as the prognostic one. Tumours with a diploid type of nuclear DNA content can be found both among benign and @entity5 . However, a @entity5 with an aneuploid DNA distribution pattern can almost certainly be considered highly malignant.

title: Diagnostic and prognostic impact of cytochemically assessed nuclear DNA contents in XXXX adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland.

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['Paraffin', 'paraffin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant neoplasms', 'neoplasm']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that the @entity299 that occurs after a major burn is mediated by @entity26 -derived free radicals. This hypothesis is based on the fact that @entity224 dismutase and @entity12609 , given with fluid resuscitation from @entity130 , provided significant cardioprotection. STUDY DESIGN: In this present study, @entity35 received either enteral @entity208 or @entity5335 -enriched diets to determine if @entity3624 oxidase mediates postburn defects in @entity299 and relaxation. @entity5309 ( @entity5309 ) were depleted to examine the contribution of @entity5309 -derived factors to postburn @entity299 . @entity35 were divided into eight groups: groups 1 to 6 received regular chow, and groups 7 and 8 received @entity5335 -enriched diets for 14 days before study. Groups 2, 4, 6, and 8 were given a third-degree burn comprising 43 +/- 2 percent total body surface area and were resuscitated with Ringer's lactated solution for 24 hours (4 mL/kg/percent burn). In group 2, burned @entity35 received fluid resuscitation alone; in group 4 (n = 10), @entity35 were given @entity208 , 10 mg/kg daily by gastric lavage for five days preburn, group 6 (n = 11) received @entity5713 (0.75 mg/kg) four days preburn, and group 8 (n = 11) received @entity5335 -enriched diets for 14 days before burn; sham burn controls included vehicle-treated (n = 10), @entity208 -treated (n = 8), @entity5309 -depleted (n = 8), and @entity5335 -fed @entity35 (n = 11) (groups 1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively). RESULTS: @entity130 produced mild @entity551 , @entity2332 , @entity1168 , and a significant decrease in left ventricular performance, despite aggressive fluid resuscitation (group 2). @entity208 , @entity5335 -enriched diets, and @entity5309 depletion partially attenuated burn-induced @entity299 and improved left ventricular responsiveness to increases in preload, coronary flow rate and exogenous @entity460 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that @entity3624 oxidase-derived @entity26 metabolites and @entity5309 -derived mediators contribute to postburn @entity299 .

title: Role of XXXX oxidase and leukocytes in postburn @entity299 .

entities_list: @entity5335 :: ('MESH:D014414', 'Chemical') :: ['tungsten']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac contraction', 'cardiac dysfunction', 'cardiac contractile dysfunction', 'cardiac contractile deficits']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity208 :: ('MESH:D000493', 'Chemical') :: ['allopurinol', 'Allopurinol']

entities_list: @entity5309 :: ('MESH:C564275', 'Disease') :: ['Polymorphonuclear neutrophil', 'PMN']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Burn injury', 'burn injury']

answer: @entity3624 :: (MESH:D019820,Chemical) :: ['xanthine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that the @entity299 that occurs after a major burn is mediated by @entity26 -derived free radicals. This hypothesis is based on the fact that @entity224 dismutase and @entity12609 , given with fluid resuscitation from @entity130 , provided significant cardioprotection. STUDY DESIGN: In this present study, @entity35 received either enteral @entity208 or @entity5335 -enriched diets to determine if @entity3624 oxidase mediates postburn defects in @entity299 and relaxation. @entity5309 ( @entity5309 ) were depleted to examine the contribution of @entity5309 -derived factors to postburn @entity299 . @entity35 were divided into eight groups: groups 1 to 6 received regular chow, and groups 7 and 8 received @entity5335 -enriched diets for 14 days before study. Groups 2, 4, 6, and 8 were given a third-degree burn comprising 43 +/- 2 percent total body surface area and were resuscitated with Ringer's lactated solution for 24 hours (4 mL/kg/percent burn). In group 2, burned @entity35 received fluid resuscitation alone; in group 4 (n = 10), @entity35 were given @entity208 , 10 mg/kg daily by gastric lavage for five days preburn, group 6 (n = 11) received @entity5713 (0.75 mg/kg) four days preburn, and group 8 (n = 11) received @entity5335 -enriched diets for 14 days before burn; sham burn controls included vehicle-treated (n = 10), @entity208 -treated (n = 8), @entity5309 -depleted (n = 8), and @entity5335 -fed @entity35 (n = 11) (groups 1, 3, 5, and 7, respectively). RESULTS: @entity130 produced mild @entity551 , @entity2332 , @entity1168 , and a significant decrease in left ventricular performance, despite aggressive fluid resuscitation (group 2). @entity208 , @entity5335 -enriched diets, and @entity5309 depletion partially attenuated burn-induced @entity299 and improved left ventricular responsiveness to increases in preload, coronary flow rate and exogenous @entity460 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that @entity3624 oxidase-derived @entity26 metabolites and @entity5309 -derived mediators contribute to postburn @entity299 .

title: Role of @entity3624 oxidase and leukocytes in postburn XXXX .

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac dysfunction']


abstract: The effects of antireflux surgery on @entity355 were studied. Fifty-six @entity1 (45 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 of median age 48.5 (range 20-78) years) with histologically confirmed @entity355 (greater than 3 cm in length) and gastro-oesophageal reflux underwent antireflux surgery. Symptoms were noted and @entity1 underwent manometry and pH recording before and after operation, and annual flexible endoscopy. Fundoplication resulted in a significant improvement in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (median (interquartile range (i.q.r.)) 8 (5-14) mmHg before operation versus 17 (11-22) mmHg after operation, P < 0.001). Twenty-four of the 56 @entity1 had partial or complete regression of @entity355 (median (i.q.r.) length 8 (3-18) cm before versus 4 (0-10) cm after operation, P < 0.001) but nine showed progression (median (i.q.r.) length 6 (3-11) cm before versus 10 (6-15) cm after operation, P < 0.01) (median follow-up 5.5 (range 2.0-10.5) years). @entity189 developed in one @entity1 . The length of @entity355 was unchanged in 23 @entity1 . @entity2357 was more likely to occur in @entity1 who underwent fundoplication with previous or concomitant vagotomy (chi 2 = 7.21, 1 d.f., P < 0.01) and in those with a good symptomatic result (chi 2 = 23.52, 1 d.f., P < 0.001).

title: @entity2357 and progression of XXXX after antireflux surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's oesophagus"]

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['Regression']

answer: @entity355 :: (MESH:D001471,Disease) :: ['Barrett's oesophagus']


abstract: The effects of antireflux surgery on @entity355 were studied. Fifty-six @entity1 (45 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 of median age 48.5 (range 20-78) years) with histologically confirmed @entity355 (greater than 3 cm in length) and gastro-oesophageal reflux underwent antireflux surgery. Symptoms were noted and @entity1 underwent manometry and pH recording before and after operation, and annual flexible endoscopy. Fundoplication resulted in a significant improvement in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (median (interquartile range (i.q.r.)) 8 (5-14) mmHg before operation versus 17 (11-22) mmHg after operation, P < 0.001). Twenty-four of the 56 @entity1 had partial or complete regression of @entity355 (median (i.q.r.) length 8 (3-18) cm before versus 4 (0-10) cm after operation, P < 0.001) but nine showed progression (median (i.q.r.) length 6 (3-11) cm before versus 10 (6-15) cm after operation, P < 0.01) (median follow-up 5.5 (range 2.0-10.5) years). @entity189 developed in one @entity1 . The length of @entity355 was unchanged in 23 @entity1 . @entity2357 was more likely to occur in @entity1 who underwent fundoplication with previous or concomitant vagotomy (chi 2 = 7.21, 1 d.f., P < 0.01) and in those with a good symptomatic result (chi 2 = 23.52, 1 d.f., P < 0.001).

title: XXXX and progression of @entity355 after antireflux surgery.

answer: @entity2357 :: (MESH:C537770,Disease) :: ['Regression']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between @entity195 of the Alzheimer type (PDAT) and family history, medical history, cigarette smoking, and exposure to @entity3775 . DESIGN: A case-control study in which 109 cases of clinically diagnosed PDAT and 109 controls matched for age and sex were compared for exposure to the risk factors. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using McNemar's test. SETTING: The northern health region of England. @entity1 : Cases comprised those under 65 years diagnosed as having @entity303 by specialist services, who met clinical algorithm criteria for @entity195 ( @entity195 ). Cases were confirmed at interview. MAIN RESULTS: Comparing cases with controls, (ORs) significantly greater than unity were obtained when there was a first degree relative with @entity303 (OR 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.05, 6.56), any relative with @entity303 (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.01, 4.55), and any relative aged less than 65 with @entity303 (OR 8.0, 95% CI 1.07, 348). Exposure to moderate levels of cigarette smoking (cumulative) was not significant; nor was exposure to @entity3775 in drinking water, diet, and medicinal sources. CONCLUSION: In this study of modest statistical power, a family history of @entity303 was confirmed as a risk factor in PDAT. No significant relationship between exposure to @entity5715 in water supplies, tea, and antacids was found. What is important, however, is the bioavailability of all dietary @entity5715 , determined by the concentrations of dissolved @entity6619 in water: this requires further investigation.

title: Risk factors in clinically diagnosed XXXX of the Alzheimer type: a case-control study in northern England.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3775 :: ('MESH:D000535', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminum']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease", 'presenile dementia']

entities_list: @entity5715 :: ('CHEBI:28984', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminium']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['presenile dementia']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of @entity101 in The Netherlands and to quantify the influence of methodological variables on the reported prevalences. DESIGN: A pooled analysis was performed based on reported age specific prevalences of @entity101 . A logistic model was used to estimate the probability of @entity101 . MAIN RESULTS: The age standardised prevalence of @entity101 varies more than fivefold between studies carried out in The Netherlands. The probability of having @entity101 was lower if blood pressure was measured at more than one point in time (Odds ratio 0.44 (OR) (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.38, 0.51) for @entity1 and 0.47 (0.41, 0.54) for @entity1 , and if the study was carried out more recently (OR 0.92 (0.91, 0.93) per year). The probability was higher if the study was carried out in a general practice (OR 1.14 (1.03, 1.27) for @entity1 and 1.52 (1.36, 1.69) for @entity1 ). The inclusion of treated @entity1 as @entity101 yields contradictory results for @entity1 and @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The strong variation in prevalence is explained by methodology and by a period effect indicating a decrease of the prevalence of @entity101 over time. Whether this decrease is true or caused by confounding due to unknown or unreported methodological variation over time is unknown. For future studies, a standardised method could reduce the influence of methodological variables and thereby the variation in reported prevalences.

title: Variation in reported prevalences of XXXX in The Netherlands: the impact of methodological variables.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: @entity6623 are @entity1462 of the brain which, before the advent of modern imaging, and in particular MRI, were thought to be rare. They have a specific angiographic aspect called "caput Meduse" as it corresponds to the description of a large draining vein to which converge numerous radial veins located in the white matter. These @entity1462 have characteristic histological features making it possible to differentiate them from other @entity1462 , notably cavernomas. These lesions are less scanty than classically believed, being the most frequent @entity600 encountered in post-mortem examination series. The circumstances in which cerebral @entity6623 are discovered vary considerably, and @entity548 can be the revealing sign. Some authors regard these @entity600 as "abnormalities" of white matter veins and not as pathological entities, since they derive from a change in development during embryogenesis, but this theory is not supported by any anatomical evidence. The same authors attribute the bleeding to an associated cavernoma. Whereas CT enables @entity6623 and possible associated cavernomas to be detected, only repeated MRI explorations performed after the finding of @entity6623 and @entity548 can permit, by analysis of signal changes, to confirm or invalidate the non-pathological theory of the @entity1211 and its tendency to bleed. Apart from hemorrhages, since @entity2287 is used MRI is the most reliable and least invasive means to diagnose @entity2695 and to detect associated occult angiographic @entity600 . For this reason, nowadays only hemorrhages require an angiography in search of an @entity2758 demanding prompt treatment. Moreover, MRI makes it possible to detect angiographically occult @entity600 .

title: [Modern imaging in cerebral XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

entities_list: @entity6623 :: ('MESH:D020787', 'Disease') :: ['venous angioma', 'Cerebral venous angiomas', 'venous angiomas']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous malformation']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['true vascular malformations', 'vascular malformations']

answer: @entity2695 :: (MESH:D006391,Disease) :: ['vein angioma']


abstract: The results following carotid endarterectomy were prospectively evaluated in 134 @entity1 (145 sides) by repeat ultrasonic duplex scanning and clinical evaluation extending for a period of 4 years. There were 107 @entity1 and 27 @entity1 in the study group. The perioperative @entity64 rate was 1.3% and the mortality rate, 0.7%. There were 9 late deaths, of which two were @entity64 related (1.4%). Focal symptoms occurred in 12 @entity1 on the ipsilateral side, six of which were @entity64 (one lacunar). The remaining symptoms developed in the presence of moderate degrees of @entity543 (less than 50%). There were seven @entity1 who had transient @entity63 attacks (TIAs) referable to the operated side, but only two of these were associated with a recurrent high-grade @entity850 . During follow-up 32 (22%) @entity1 had recurrent high-grade @entity850 . Restenosis regressed in seven, giving a persistent rate of 17.1%. The incidence of @entity256 was significantly higher in @entity1 (p less than 0.01). By life-table analysis, @entity256 occurred early, the majority within 24 months. There was no consistent association between the development of symptoms and the occurrence of @entity256 . Therefore, it is concluded that there is no justification for reoperation based on the degree of narrowing observed to prevent subsequent TIAs and @entity64 .

title: Carotid endarterectomy. Relationship of outcome to early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

answer: @entity256 :: (MESH:D023903,Disease) :: ['restenosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of in vivo imaging of @entity2184 in @entity19 using high-frequency contrast-enhanced ultrasound (HF-CE-US) with 2D or 3D modes and to correlate the sonographic findings with histopathologic characteristics. METHODS: Fourteen 12-week-old C57BL6 @entity19 were inoculated into their right eyes with aliquots of 5   10(5)/2.5  L B16LS9 @entity320 cells and were randomly assigned to either of two groups. At 7 days after inoculation, @entity2093 in group 1 (n = 8) were imaged using HF-CE-US to determine the 2D @entity5 size and relative blood volume; eyes in group 2 (n = 6) were imaged by 3D microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and the @entity5 volume was determined. @entity5 burden was quantified in enucleated eyes by image processing software, and microvascular density was determined by counting @entity2880 factor-positive vascular channels. Ultrasound images were evaluated and compared with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: Using HF-CE-US, @entity320 were visualized as relatively hyperechoic regions. The intraobserver variability of sonographic measurements was 9.65%    7.89%, and the coefficient of variation for multiple measurements was 7.33%    5.71%. The correlation coefficient of sonographic volume or size and histologic area was 0.71 (P = 0.11) and 0.79 (P = 0.32). The relative blood volume within the @entity5 demonstrated sonographically correlated significantly with @entity5 vascularity (r = 0.83; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive linear correlation between @entity5 measurements and @entity5 burden in the @entity19 @entity320 model. Contrast-enhanced intensity corresponded with microvascular density and blood volume. HF-CE-US is a real-time, noninvasive, reliable method for in vivo evaluation of experimental intraocular @entity320 area and relative blood volume.

title: In vivo high-frequency, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of XXXX in @entity19 : imaging features and histopathologic correlations.

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Histologic tumor', 'sonographic tumor', 'histologic tumor']

entities_list: @entity2184 :: ('MESH:C536494', 'Disease') :: ['uveal melanoma']

entities_list: @entity2093 :: ('MESH:D005134', 'Disease') :: ['tumor-bearing eyes']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas', 'melanoma tumor', 'ocular melanoma']

answer: @entity2184 :: (MESH:C536494,Disease) :: ['uveal melanoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of in vivo imaging of @entity2184 in @entity19 using high-frequency contrast-enhanced ultrasound (HF-CE-US) with 2D or 3D modes and to correlate the sonographic findings with histopathologic characteristics. METHODS: Fourteen 12-week-old C57BL6 @entity19 were inoculated into their right eyes with aliquots of 5   10(5)/2.5  L B16LS9 @entity320 cells and were randomly assigned to either of two groups. At 7 days after inoculation, @entity2093 in group 1 (n = 8) were imaged using HF-CE-US to determine the 2D @entity5 size and relative blood volume; eyes in group 2 (n = 6) were imaged by 3D microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and the @entity5 volume was determined. @entity5 burden was quantified in enucleated eyes by image processing software, and microvascular density was determined by counting @entity2880 factor-positive vascular channels. Ultrasound images were evaluated and compared with histopathologic findings. RESULTS: Using HF-CE-US, @entity320 were visualized as relatively hyperechoic regions. The intraobserver variability of sonographic measurements was 9.65%    7.89%, and the coefficient of variation for multiple measurements was 7.33%    5.71%. The correlation coefficient of sonographic volume or size and histologic area was 0.71 (P = 0.11) and 0.79 (P = 0.32). The relative blood volume within the @entity5 demonstrated sonographically correlated significantly with @entity5 vascularity (r = 0.83; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive linear correlation between @entity5 measurements and @entity5 burden in the @entity19 @entity320 model. Contrast-enhanced intensity corresponded with microvascular density and blood volume. HF-CE-US is a real-time, noninvasive, reliable method for in vivo evaluation of experimental intraocular @entity320 area and relative blood volume.

title: In vivo high-frequency, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of @entity2184 in XXXX : imaging features and histopathologic correlations.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity788 ( @entity788 ) and @entity9353 have recently been recognized as pancreatic or salivary gland lesions of IgG4-related @entity262 . These are frequently associated with elevated serum IgG4 levels. This study aimed to clarify clinical implications of serial changes of elevated serum IgG4 levels in IgG4-related @entity262 . METHODS: Serial changes of elevated serum IgG4 levels were examined in patients with IgG4-related @entity262 . @entity1 Serial changes of elevated serum IgG4 levels were examined in 44 @entity1 : @entity788 (n=24), @entity9353 (n=8), @entity788 (n=5), @entity1126 (n=1), @entity991 (n=1), @entity5441 (n=1), @entity10972 (n=1), @entity4611 (n=1), idiopathic @entity788 (n=1), and @entity2403 (n=1). RESULTS: The serum IgG4 levels decreased in all @entity1 with @entity788 and @entity9353 after @entity134 therapy. The serum IgG4 levels were normalized in 46% of @entity788 @entity1 and 38% of @entity9353 patients. The serum IgG4 levels were not normalized at remission in 3 of 4 relapsed @entity788 @entity1 , and re-elevation of serum IgG4 levels was detected in all relapsed patients. Elevated serum IgG4 levels decreased in 3 @entity1 with @entity788 after resection or chemotherapy, and decreased in @entity1 with @entity5441 , @entity991 , and @entity4611 after @entity134 therapy. CONCLUSION: Measurement of serial serum IgG4 levels is useful to determine the disease activity of IgG4-related @entity262 .

title: Serial changes of elevated serum IgG4 levels in IgG4-related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'Autoimmune pancreatitis', 'pancreatic cancer', 'AIP']

entities_list: @entity10972 :: ('MESH:C535842', 'Disease') :: ['chronic thyroiditis']

entities_list: @entity991 :: ('MESH:D015209', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosing cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic diseases', 'systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity1126 :: ('MESH:D001650', 'Disease') :: ['bile duct cancer']

entities_list: @entity5441 :: ('MESH:D017681', 'Disease') :: ['hypereosinophilic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['hypophysitis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity9353 :: ('MESH:D008882', 'Disease') :: ["Mikulicz's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2403 :: ('MESH:D001528', 'Disease') :: ["Behcet's disease"]

answer: @entity262 :: (MESH:D034721,Disease) :: ['systemic disease']


abstract: Incidence of @entity418 ( @entity418 ) is rising more rapidly in the Western world than that of any other @entity5 . Despite advances in therapy, more than 50% of @entity1 have incurable disease at the time of presentation. This precludes curative treatment and makes palliative treatment a more realistic option for most of these @entity1 . @entity1282 is the predominant symptom in more than 70% of @entity1 with @entity418 and although several management options have been developed in recent years to palliate this symptom, the optimum management is not established. @entity1702 ( @entity1702 ) are a well-established palliation modality for @entity1282 in such @entity1 . Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is becoming a major issue in the evaluation of any therapeutic or palliative intervention. To date, only a few published studies can be found on Medline examining HRQoL in @entity1 with advanced @entity418 treated with @entity1702 implantation. The aim of this study was to review the impact on HRQoL of @entity1702 implantation as palliative treatment in @entity1 with @entity418 . All Medline articles regarding HRQoL in @entity1 with advanced @entity418 , particularly those related to @entity1702 , were reviewed. In most studies, relief of @entity1282 was the only aspect of HRQoL being measured and @entity1702 implantation was compared with other palliative treatments such as brachytherapy and laser therapy. @entity1702 insertion provides a @entity514 palliation of @entity1282 compared to brachytherapy and no evidence was found to suggest that stent implantation is different to laser treatment in terms of improving @entity1282 , recurrent @entity1282 and better HRQoL, although @entity1702 insertion has a better technical success rate and also reduces the number of repeat interventions.

title: Quality of life in @entity1 with esophageal stenting for the palliation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1702 :: ('MESH:D013651', 'Disease') :: ['SEMS', 'Self-expanding metal stents']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer', 'EC']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant dysphagia']


abstract: Incidence of @entity418 ( @entity418 ) is rising more rapidly in the Western world than that of any other @entity5 . Despite advances in therapy, more than 50% of @entity1 have incurable disease at the time of presentation. This precludes curative treatment and makes palliative treatment a more realistic option for most of these @entity1 . @entity1282 is the predominant symptom in more than 70% of @entity1 with @entity418 and although several management options have been developed in recent years to palliate this symptom, the optimum management is not established. @entity1702 ( @entity1702 ) are a well-established palliation modality for @entity1282 in such @entity1 . Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is becoming a major issue in the evaluation of any therapeutic or palliative intervention. To date, only a few published studies can be found on Medline examining HRQoL in @entity1 with advanced @entity418 treated with @entity1702 implantation. The aim of this study was to review the impact on HRQoL of @entity1702 implantation as palliative treatment in @entity1 with @entity418 . All Medline articles regarding HRQoL in @entity1 with advanced @entity418 , particularly those related to @entity1702 , were reviewed. In most studies, relief of @entity1282 was the only aspect of HRQoL being measured and @entity1702 implantation was compared with other palliative treatments such as brachytherapy and laser therapy. @entity1702 insertion provides a @entity514 palliation of @entity1282 compared to brachytherapy and no evidence was found to suggest that stent implantation is different to laser treatment in terms of improving @entity1282 , recurrent @entity1282 and better HRQoL, although @entity1702 insertion has a better technical success rate and also reduces the number of repeat interventions.

title: Quality of life in XXXX with esophageal stenting for the palliation of @entity5 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We tested the short-term efficacy and feasibility of two stress education approaches toe the treatment of mild @entity101 in older African Americans. This was a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial with 3 months of follow-up in primary care, inner-city health center. Of 213 African American @entity1 and @entity1 screened, 127 individuals (aged 55 to 85 years with initial diastolic pressure of 90 to 109 mm Hg, systolic pressure of < or = 189 mm Hg, and final baseline blood pressure of < or = 179/104 mm Hg) were selected. Of these, 16 did not complete follow-up blood pressure measurements. Mental and physical stress reduction approaches (Transcendental Meditation and progressive @entity121 ) were compared with a lifestyle modification education control program and with each other. The primary outcome measures were changes in clinic diastolic and systolic pressures from baseline to final follow-up, measured by blinded observers. The secondary measures were linear blood pressure trends, changes in home blood pressure, and intervention compliance. Adjusted for significant baseline differences and compared with control, Transcendental Meditation reduced systolic pressure by 10.7 mm Hg (P < .0003) and diastolic pressure by 6.4 mm Hg (P <.00005). Progressive @entity121 lowered systolic pressure by 4.7 mm Hg (P = 0054) and diastolic pressure by 3.3 mm Hg (P <.02). The reductions in the Transcendental Meditation group were significantly greater than in the progressive @entity121 group for both systolic blood pressure (P = .02) and diastolic blood pressure (P = .03). Linear trend analysis confirmed these patterns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A randomised controlled trial of stress reduction for XXXX in older African Americans.

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle relaxation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) is present in a majority of hemodialysis (HD) @entity1 and is among the strongest risk factors for cardiovascular events and mortality. Hemofiltration (HF), a purely convective dialysis treatment, has been associated with enhanced hemodynamic stability compared with HD, possibly as a result of a more physiologic removal of fluid and solutes. METHODS: In a randomized controlled study conducted at ten dialysis centers in Sweden and Denmark, incident @entity1 (HD <3 months) without clinical signs or history of @entity65 were randomized to treatment with either online, predilution HF or low-flux HD. The primary endpoint was change in @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ), as measured by two-dimensional M-mode and Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: The analyses included 34 @entity1 (18 HF, 16 HD) followed for up to 2 years. At baseline, 65% of the @entity1 had @entity4346 , but @entity1002 did not differ between the study groups. In the HF group, @entity1002 decreased by 22    48 g/m(2) during a mean treatment time of 19    7 months, while in the HD group the decrease was 15    57 g/m(2) during 16    7 months. As analyzed by MANOVA (mixed model), the difference in @entity1002 over the whole period was statistically significant (p = 0.03) with a more favorable outcome in HF. Blood pressure and other study variables did not differ between the groups, but at baseline and throughout the study, HF @entity1 required heavier antihypertensive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In incident dialysis @entity1 , long-term predilution HF, a purely convective dialysis treatment, is associated with a significantly more favorable development of @entity1002 compared with regular low-flux HD. Considering the predictive strength of @entity1002 as a risk factor, the quantitative difference between the treatments is of clinical importance.

title: XXXX in incident dialysis @entity1 randomized to treatment with hemofiltration or hemodialysis: results from the ProFil study.

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['Left ventricular hypertrophy', 'LVH']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular mass index', 'LVMI']

answer: @entity4346 :: (MESH:D017379,Disease) :: ['Left ventricular hypertrophy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) is present in a majority of hemodialysis (HD) @entity1 and is among the strongest risk factors for cardiovascular events and mortality. Hemofiltration (HF), a purely convective dialysis treatment, has been associated with enhanced hemodynamic stability compared with HD, possibly as a result of a more physiologic removal of fluid and solutes. METHODS: In a randomized controlled study conducted at ten dialysis centers in Sweden and Denmark, incident @entity1 (HD <3 months) without clinical signs or history of @entity65 were randomized to treatment with either online, predilution HF or low-flux HD. The primary endpoint was change in @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ), as measured by two-dimensional M-mode and Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: The analyses included 34 @entity1 (18 HF, 16 HD) followed for up to 2 years. At baseline, 65% of the @entity1 had @entity4346 , but @entity1002 did not differ between the study groups. In the HF group, @entity1002 decreased by 22    48 g/m(2) during a mean treatment time of 19    7 months, while in the HD group the decrease was 15    57 g/m(2) during 16    7 months. As analyzed by MANOVA (mixed model), the difference in @entity1002 over the whole period was statistically significant (p = 0.03) with a more favorable outcome in HF. Blood pressure and other study variables did not differ between the groups, but at baseline and throughout the study, HF @entity1 required heavier antihypertensive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In incident dialysis @entity1 , long-term predilution HF, a purely convective dialysis treatment, is associated with a significantly more favorable development of @entity1002 compared with regular low-flux HD. Considering the predictive strength of @entity1002 as a risk factor, the quantitative difference between the treatments is of clinical importance.

title: @entity4346 in incident dialysis XXXX randomized to treatment with hemofiltration or hemodialysis: results from the ProFil study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the functional defects in two male @entity1 with progressive @entity6121 and hybrid L-M cone pigment genes. METHODS: Clinical evaluation, standard electroretinography, and electrooculography were performed in two affected @entity1 and two family members. Measurements of spectral sensitivity and transient @entity12707 were made in both @entity1 . RESULTS: In the @entity1 , visual acuity varied between 20/50 and 20/100. The electroretinogram showed reduced flicker responses. When light adapted, a-wave amplitudes were borderline, but b-wave amplitudes were reduced severely. Electroretinography with chromatic stimuli showed a difference between well-preserved responses to green and markedly reduced responses to red stimuli. Spectral sensitivity measurement revealed a lack of L (long-wavelength sensitive; red) cone function and normal function of the S (short-wavelength sensitive; blue) and M (middle-wavelength sensitive; green) cones. Transient @entity12707 was abnormal, indicating a severe disturbance of cone-cone interaction. CONCLUSIONS: Progressive @entity6121 with @entity409 of L cones exists in both @entity1 . The @entity6121 may be caused by a rearrangement of the X-chromosome pigment gene array that is associated with the deletion of L-cone sequences and the formation of hybrid L-M cone pigment genes. It cannot be excluded, however, that both @entity1 have @entity6024 and that @entity6121 developed because of other causes.

title: Selective XXXX with protan genotype.

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['predominant dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity6121 :: ('MESH:C566719', 'Disease') :: ['cone dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity6024 :: ('OMIM:303900', 'Disease') :: ['protanopia']

answer: @entity6121 :: (MESH:C566719,Disease) :: ['cone dystrophy']


abstract: @entity13592 is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes. We report on eight @entity1 in whom the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by direct immunofluorescence. The @entity1 ' age averaged 69 years; seven were female and one male. Initial symptoms were @entity2681 of the oral mucous membranes in four @entity1 , @entity272 in three @entity1 , and in one @entity1 an ocular involvement was the first manifestation of the disease. Indirect immunofluorescence on @entity1219 -split @entity1 skin revealed circulating IgG antibodies binding to the roof of the artificial blister in three @entity1 . Immunoblotting of epidermal and dermal extracts disclosed binding of IgG antibodies of one of these @entity1 to an epidermal 230-kD protein, whereas IgA-antibodies showed no specific binding. In four of five @entity1 with a strong ocular involvement IgA deposits were found by direct immunofluorescence. These studies were done on biopsies of perilesional skin or oral mucous membranes, and they were positive in one @entity1 even before the first @entity3217 appeared. Therefore, finding of IgA deposits by direct immunofluorescence may be taken as a prognostic criterion allowing selection of the proper treatment. We treated six @entity1 with a @entity619 - @entity786 pulse therapy, while two @entity1 received dapsone orally. The involvement of skin and oral mucous membrane responded well to both regimens, whereas the @entity3217 were progressive, except in one @entity1 . On the basis of our eight cases, we discuss both options and limitations in the treatment of cicatricial pemphigoid and review new aspects of the pathogenesis of this disease.

title: [ XXXX --a therapeutic problem].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3217 :: ('MESH:D015821', 'Disease') :: ['ocular lesions']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin blisters']

entities_list: @entity13592 :: ('MESH:D010390', 'Disease') :: ['Cicatricial pemphigoid']

answer: @entity13592 :: (MESH:D010390,Disease) :: ['Cicatricial pemphigoid']


abstract: Neural @entity141 -binding proteins (NCaPs) constitute a subfamily of 4-EF-hand proteins, and display a histological and structural dichotomy: the A-type NCaPs are selectively expressed by the retina and pineal organ and display two canonical EF-hands, whereas the B-type NCaPs are found in the entire brain and present three regular EF-hands. In this study, antisera were raised against the A-type NCaP @entity52447 (26 kDa) and the B-type NCaPs @entity73197 and @entity73198 (22 kDa). Since the sequence identity among NCaPs is high, specific polyclonal antibodies were purified by double cross-immunoaffinity chromatography; both ELISA and immunoblot analyses determined that the resulting antibodies showed selectivity ratios inferior to 1/363 for the two other related NCaPs. Besides, the anti- @entity73197 antibodies displayed some affinity toward @entity73199 , and the antirecoverin antibodies recognized a 24 kDa protein, which is most likely visinin. Thus, immunohistochemical studies on the @entity1573 , @entity35 and @entity291 retina revealed that anti- @entity52447 antibodies recognized the vertebrate photoreceptors and a small number of @entity1 bipolar cells. Anti- @entity73197 antibodies exclusively labelled the inner retina, i.e. the amacrine and ganglion cells. @entity73198 was mainly present in the photoreceptor inner segments, the inner plexiform layer and the ganglion cells. @entity73198 showed the highest species disparity. The retinal localization of @entity73198 and @entity73197 offered an important morphological basis for the understanding of their function. Furthermore, specific antibodies against the NCaPs may enable the identification of cell populations in more complex neural tissues, such as the brain.

title: Distribution pattern of three neural calcium-binding proteins (NCS-1, VILIP and XXXX ) in @entity1573 , @entity291 and @entity35 retina.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

answer: @entity52447 :: (281447(Tax:9913),Gene) :: ['recoverin']


abstract: Neural @entity141 -binding proteins (NCaPs) constitute a subfamily of 4-EF-hand proteins, and display a histological and structural dichotomy: the A-type NCaPs are selectively expressed by the retina and pineal organ and display two canonical EF-hands, whereas the B-type NCaPs are found in the entire brain and present three regular EF-hands. In this study, antisera were raised against the A-type NCaP @entity52447 (26 kDa) and the B-type NCaPs @entity73197 and @entity73198 (22 kDa). Since the sequence identity among NCaPs is high, specific polyclonal antibodies were purified by double cross-immunoaffinity chromatography; both ELISA and immunoblot analyses determined that the resulting antibodies showed selectivity ratios inferior to 1/363 for the two other related NCaPs. Besides, the anti- @entity73197 antibodies displayed some affinity toward @entity73199 , and the antirecoverin antibodies recognized a 24 kDa protein, which is most likely visinin. Thus, immunohistochemical studies on the @entity1573 , @entity35 and @entity291 retina revealed that anti- @entity52447 antibodies recognized the vertebrate photoreceptors and a small number of @entity1 bipolar cells. Anti- @entity73197 antibodies exclusively labelled the inner retina, i.e. the amacrine and ganglion cells. @entity73198 was mainly present in the photoreceptor inner segments, the inner plexiform layer and the ganglion cells. @entity73198 showed the highest species disparity. The retinal localization of @entity73198 and @entity73197 offered an important morphological basis for the understanding of their function. Furthermore, specific antibodies against the NCaPs may enable the identification of cell populations in more complex neural tissues, such as the brain.

title: Distribution pattern of three neural calcium-binding proteins (NCS-1, VILIP and @entity52447 ) in @entity1573 , XXXX and @entity35 retina.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Neural @entity141 -binding proteins (NCaPs) constitute a subfamily of 4-EF-hand proteins, and display a histological and structural dichotomy: the A-type NCaPs are selectively expressed by the retina and pineal organ and display two canonical EF-hands, whereas the B-type NCaPs are found in the entire brain and present three regular EF-hands. In this study, antisera were raised against the A-type NCaP @entity52447 (26 kDa) and the B-type NCaPs @entity73197 and @entity73198 (22 kDa). Since the sequence identity among NCaPs is high, specific polyclonal antibodies were purified by double cross-immunoaffinity chromatography; both ELISA and immunoblot analyses determined that the resulting antibodies showed selectivity ratios inferior to 1/363 for the two other related NCaPs. Besides, the anti- @entity73197 antibodies displayed some affinity toward @entity73199 , and the antirecoverin antibodies recognized a 24 kDa protein, which is most likely visinin. Thus, immunohistochemical studies on the @entity1573 , @entity35 and @entity291 retina revealed that anti- @entity52447 antibodies recognized the vertebrate photoreceptors and a small number of @entity1 bipolar cells. Anti- @entity73197 antibodies exclusively labelled the inner retina, i.e. the amacrine and ganglion cells. @entity73198 was mainly present in the photoreceptor inner segments, the inner plexiform layer and the ganglion cells. @entity73198 showed the highest species disparity. The retinal localization of @entity73198 and @entity73197 offered an important morphological basis for the understanding of their function. Furthermore, specific antibodies against the NCaPs may enable the identification of cell populations in more complex neural tissues, such as the brain.

title: Distribution pattern of three neural calcium-binding proteins (NCS-1, VILIP and @entity52447 ) in XXXX , @entity291 and @entity35 retina.

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: Neural @entity141 -binding proteins (NCaPs) constitute a subfamily of 4-EF-hand proteins, and display a histological and structural dichotomy: the A-type NCaPs are selectively expressed by the retina and pineal organ and display two canonical EF-hands, whereas the B-type NCaPs are found in the entire brain and present three regular EF-hands. In this study, antisera were raised against the A-type NCaP @entity52447 (26 kDa) and the B-type NCaPs @entity73197 and @entity73198 (22 kDa). Since the sequence identity among NCaPs is high, specific polyclonal antibodies were purified by double cross-immunoaffinity chromatography; both ELISA and immunoblot analyses determined that the resulting antibodies showed selectivity ratios inferior to 1/363 for the two other related NCaPs. Besides, the anti- @entity73197 antibodies displayed some affinity toward @entity73199 , and the antirecoverin antibodies recognized a 24 kDa protein, which is most likely visinin. Thus, immunohistochemical studies on the @entity1573 , @entity35 and @entity291 retina revealed that anti- @entity52447 antibodies recognized the vertebrate photoreceptors and a small number of @entity1 bipolar cells. Anti- @entity73197 antibodies exclusively labelled the inner retina, i.e. the amacrine and ganglion cells. @entity73198 was mainly present in the photoreceptor inner segments, the inner plexiform layer and the ganglion cells. @entity73198 showed the highest species disparity. The retinal localization of @entity73198 and @entity73197 offered an important morphological basis for the understanding of their function. Furthermore, specific antibodies against the NCaPs may enable the identification of cell populations in more complex neural tissues, such as the brain.

title: Distribution pattern of three neural calcium-binding proteins (NCS-1, VILIP and @entity52447 ) in @entity1573 , @entity291 and XXXX retina.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of prolonged overall radiation treatment (RT) time and surgery-to-radiation interval on local control (LC) and @entity66 ( @entity66 ) of surgically staged @entity1204 @entity1 in relation to known prognostic factors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1971 and 1993, 195 @entity1204 @entity1 received postoperative RT at the Fox Chase @entity5 Center. All @entity1 underwent total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), with 38% also having lymph node sampling. All @entity1 received whole pelvic external beam RT to a median dose of 45 Gy (range 40 to 60 Gy). Sixty-nine percent received a vaginal cuff boost with either low dose rate or high dose rate brachytherapy. @entity5 and treatment factors were analyzed for impact on LC and @entity66 . Median follow-up was 47 months (range: 6 to 187 months). RESULTS: The overall actuarial 5-year LC rate was 85%. In multivariate analysis, @entity5 grade, pathologic stage, external radiation dose, and surgical lymph node evaluation were independent prognostic variables for improved LC. Surgery-to-radiation interval of greater than 6 weeks was a marginally significant factor for decreased LC (p = 0.06). Overall RT time and external beam treatment time did not appear to impact LC rates. The overall actuarial 5-year @entity66 rate was 86%. In multivariate analysis, depth of myometrial invasion, @entity5 grade, and pathologic stage were independent prognostic variables for @entity66 . In addition, a surgery-to-radiation interval of greater than 6 weeks was significantly associated with decreased @entity66 (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Surgery-to-radiation interval of greater than 6 weeks is a significant independent prognostic variable for decreased @entity66 and a marginally significant variable for decreased LC in @entity1 irradiated postoperatively for @entity1204 . Other time factors (overall RT time and external beam treatment time) did not appear to impact outcome. Based on this analysis, postoperative radiation therapy for @entity1204 should be initiated within 6 weeks following surgery.

title: Postoperative radiation therapy for surgically staged XXXX : impact of time factors (overall treatment time and surgery-to-radiation interval) on outcome.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['DSS', 'disease-specific survival']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: The effect of cold exposure (0 degrees C) on profiles of total @entity3749 ( @entity3749 ), energy metabolism, and blood metabolite and hormone concentrations were measured in nine shorn Suffolk rams. Blood metabolite and hormone responses to feeding and to i.v. @entity369 injection (.625 mmol/kg BW) and postprandial changes in @entity3749 were also measured. Heat production was greater (P < .05) during cold exposure than in the thermoneutral environment due to enhanced (P < .05) nonprotein oxidation. Protein oxidation and @entity1568 balance remained unchanged during cold exposure. Plasma glucagon concentrations increased (P < .05) during the initial period of cold exposure. Heat production increased (P < .01) after the initiation of feeding in both environments. Heat production returned gradually to prefeeding values in the thermoneutral environment, but it remained close to the higher levels during cold exposure. Plasma @entity26434 and glucagon concentrations increased (P < .05), and plasma @entity12550 concentrations decreased (P < .10) after the initiation of feeding in both environments. Plasma glucagon responses to feeding (P < .05) and plasma @entity26434 responses to @entity369 injection (P < .01) were reduced by cold exposure. We suggest that 1) enhanced @entity3749 in @entity742 exposed to cold is maintained by enhanced nonprotein oxidation and 2) endocrine responses to stimulants are influenced by cold exposure, even though profiles after cold exposure change little.

title: Effect of cold exposure on profiles of metabolic and endocrine responses and on responses to feeding and @entity369 injection in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity3749 :: ('MESH:D007787', 'Disease') :: ['heat production', 'HP']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: The effect of cold exposure (0 degrees C) on profiles of total @entity3749 ( @entity3749 ), energy metabolism, and blood metabolite and hormone concentrations were measured in nine shorn Suffolk rams. Blood metabolite and hormone responses to feeding and to i.v. @entity369 injection (.625 mmol/kg BW) and postprandial changes in @entity3749 were also measured. Heat production was greater (P < .05) during cold exposure than in the thermoneutral environment due to enhanced (P < .05) nonprotein oxidation. Protein oxidation and @entity1568 balance remained unchanged during cold exposure. Plasma glucagon concentrations increased (P < .05) during the initial period of cold exposure. Heat production increased (P < .01) after the initiation of feeding in both environments. Heat production returned gradually to prefeeding values in the thermoneutral environment, but it remained close to the higher levels during cold exposure. Plasma @entity26434 and glucagon concentrations increased (P < .05), and plasma @entity12550 concentrations decreased (P < .10) after the initiation of feeding in both environments. Plasma glucagon responses to feeding (P < .05) and plasma @entity26434 responses to @entity369 injection (P < .01) were reduced by cold exposure. We suggest that 1) enhanced @entity3749 in @entity742 exposed to cold is maintained by enhanced nonprotein oxidation and 2) endocrine responses to stimulants are influenced by cold exposure, even though profiles after cold exposure change little.

title: Effect of cold exposure on profiles of metabolic and endocrine responses and on responses to feeding and XXXX injection in @entity742 .

answer: @entity369 :: (CHEBI:29016,Chemical) :: ['arginine']


abstract: From 1978 to 1986 a total of 189 pregnant @entity6 @entity1 gave birth at our hospital. In this randomized prospective study the influence of @entity6 treatment in normoglycemic @entity1 , continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (n = 48) versus intensified conventional treatment (n = 41), is evaluated. These two groups of @entity1 are further compared to @entity1 (n = 28) who underwent conventional @entity6 treatment during pregnancy. It can be shown from our data that the rate of complications such as @entity1468 , @entity1592 , @entity3152 and @entity3465 can be reduced by intensified conventional and insulin pump treatment as compared to conventionally treated @entity1 with late onset of pregnancy care. As expected, in the groups of CSII and @entity5835 @entity1 no difference in the rate of pregnancy complications nor in fetal outcome could be demonstrated. Among CSII pregnancies 12/48 were complicated, in the @entity5835 population the respective figure was 13/41 ( @entity73200 ). The mean gestational age at the time of delivery ranged between 38 and 40 weeks, depending on the severity of @entity6 . CT @entity1 were delivered earlier in all White classes. Fetal morbidity was nearly equal in CSII and @entity5835 @entity1 , in CT @entity1 it was greatly enhanced. Also the mortality (perinatal and neonatal) was considerably larger in CT @entity1 (6/28), again, in the CSII and @entity5835 population the mortality was nearly identical (2/48 and 3/41). We conclude, from our prospective information, that insulin pump therapy during pregnancy is indicated if intensified conventional treatment does not lead to normoglycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Complications and fetal outcome in XXXX pregnancy. Intensified conventional versus insulin pump therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['premature labor']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'maternal diabetes']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['premature delivery']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity306 ( @entity306 ) is characterized by a heterogeneous nature with a variety of problems. Therefore, individualized physical therapy might be more appropriate to address the needs for these @entity1 . AIM: The first aim was to compare the effectiveness of an individually-defined therapy program (IT) and a @entity34 ( @entity34 ) on gait and gross motor function in @entity1 with @entity306 . The second aim was to evaluate interaction-effects, time-effects, treatment with botulinum toxin A, age, gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS), treatment frequency and quality as factors influencing outcome. DESIGN: An evaluator-blinded, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient rehabilitation unit. POPULATION: Forty ambulant @entity1 with @entity306 (mean age 6 years 1 month). METHODS: All @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either IT or @entity34 over a 10 week period. Nineteen of these @entity1 were enrolled into a second and/or third program, resulting in 60 interventions. Primary outcome was assessed with the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) for gross motor function goals and z-scores for goals based on specific 3D gait parameters. Secondary outcome included the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) scores, time and distance gait parameters, Gait Profile Score, Movement Analysis Profiles and time needed to complete Timed-Up-and-Go and Five-Times-Sit-To-Stand tests. RESULTS: There were higher, but non-significant GAS and z-score changes following the IT program compared to the @entity34 program (GAS: 46.2 for the IT versus 42.2 for the @entity34 group, P=0.332, ES 0.15; z-score: 0.135 for the IT compared to 0.072 for the @entity34 group, P=0.669, ES 0.05). Significant time-effects could be found on the GAS (P<0.001) and the GMFM-88 total score (P<0.001). Age was identified as a predictor for GAS and GMFM-88 improvement (P=0.023 and P=0.044). CONCLUSION: No significant differences could be registered between the effects of the IT and the @entity34 . The favorable outcome after the IT program was only a trend and needs to be confirmed on larger groups and with programs of longer duration. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Both programs had a positive impact on the @entity1 's motor functioning. It is useful to involve older @entity1 more actively in the process of goal setting.

title: An evaluator-blinded randomized controlled trial evaluating therapy effects and prognostic factors for a general and an individually defined physical therapy program in ambulant @entity1 with bilateral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['general therapy program', 'GT']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['spastic bilateral CP', 'CP', 'Cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['spastic cerebral palsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity306 ( @entity306 ) is characterized by a heterogeneous nature with a variety of problems. Therefore, individualized physical therapy might be more appropriate to address the needs for these @entity1 . AIM: The first aim was to compare the effectiveness of an individually-defined therapy program (IT) and a @entity34 ( @entity34 ) on gait and gross motor function in @entity1 with @entity306 . The second aim was to evaluate interaction-effects, time-effects, treatment with botulinum toxin A, age, gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS), treatment frequency and quality as factors influencing outcome. DESIGN: An evaluator-blinded, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient rehabilitation unit. POPULATION: Forty ambulant @entity1 with @entity306 (mean age 6 years 1 month). METHODS: All @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either IT or @entity34 over a 10 week period. Nineteen of these @entity1 were enrolled into a second and/or third program, resulting in 60 interventions. Primary outcome was assessed with the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS) for gross motor function goals and z-scores for goals based on specific 3D gait parameters. Secondary outcome included the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) scores, time and distance gait parameters, Gait Profile Score, Movement Analysis Profiles and time needed to complete Timed-Up-and-Go and Five-Times-Sit-To-Stand tests. RESULTS: There were higher, but non-significant GAS and z-score changes following the IT program compared to the @entity34 program (GAS: 46.2 for the IT versus 42.2 for the @entity34 group, P=0.332, ES 0.15; z-score: 0.135 for the IT compared to 0.072 for the @entity34 group, P=0.669, ES 0.05). Significant time-effects could be found on the GAS (P<0.001) and the GMFM-88 total score (P<0.001). Age was identified as a predictor for GAS and GMFM-88 improvement (P=0.023 and P=0.044). CONCLUSION: No significant differences could be registered between the effects of the IT and the @entity34 . The favorable outcome after the IT program was only a trend and needs to be confirmed on larger groups and with programs of longer duration. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: Both programs had a positive impact on the @entity1 's motor functioning. It is useful to involve older @entity1 more actively in the process of goal setting.

title: An evaluator-blinded randomized controlled trial evaluating therapy effects and prognostic factors for a general and an individually defined physical therapy program in ambulant XXXX with bilateral @entity306 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Untreated @entity1 suffering from @entity4544 , @entity1203 and indeterminate @entity1201 , their domiciliary contacts, and healthy controls, all living in Guadeloupe, West Indies, were tested by an ELISA for detecting IgM antibodies to the terminal disaccharide of the phenolic glycolipid-I antigen of @entity4430 . On most subjects, a Mitsuda test was also performed. A large majority of the @entity4544 @entity1 and healthy subjects were Mitsuda positive. The seropositivity rate reached 44% among @entity4544 @entity1 , and 6% among healthy subjects, with low antibody levels. @entity1203 @entity1 were all Mitsuda negative and seropositive, with antibody production varying from low levels, as seen in @entity4544 @entity1 , to much higher levels. Indeterminate @entity1201 @entity1 included 62% Mitsuda-positive subjects and 54% seropositive subjects with a large dispersion of antibody levels. Comparing the results of the Mitsuda test to those of the ELISA by factorial analysis allowed us to define several subgroups among this population: some (25%) showed a " @entity1203 -like" immune status (Mitsuda negative, seropositive); others (54%) exhibited " @entity4544 -like" profiles (Mitsuda positive without antibodies or with low antibody levels). " @entity1203 -like" cases were significantly older than " @entity4544 -like" @entity1 . A group of subjects (17%) was Mitsuda negative and seronegative, thus displaying a true "indeterminate" immune profile, which had not been seen in other forms of the disease and had been observed in only 2 out of 51 healthy controls. A large majority of contacts was Mitsuda positive, with 33% of them being seropositive, indicating that the prevalence of @entity4430 infection greatly exceeds that of overt @entity1201 in this population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Use of anti-M. leprae phenolic glycolipid-I antibody detection for early diagnosis and prognosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1203 :: ('MESH:D015440', 'Disease') :: ['Lepromatous', 'lepromatous']

entities_list: @entity4430 :: ('1769', 'Species') :: ['M. leprae', 'Mycobacterium leprae']

entities_list: @entity4544 :: ('MESH:D015441', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculoid']

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['leprosy']


abstract: The control region of the carAB operon, encoding @entity12116 synthetase, comprises two tandem promoters (P1, upstream and P2, downstream) located 67 base-pairs apart and repressed respectively by @entity6245 and @entity369 . RNA polymerase and pure @entity369 repressor bind to the P2 region in mutually exclusive ways. Repressor protects the two adjacent palindromic @entity534 boxes overlapping P2 against DNase I. Binding of RNA polymerase to P1 is abnormal; the region protected against DNase I is shifted upstream by about 20 @entity2036 with respect to the position expected from the transcription startpoint. This pattern is not due to interference with polymerase binding at P2, since it is observed also in the presence of repressor and on an isolated P1 region. Binding of RNA polymerase is relatively weak and heparin-sensitive suggesting that, in vivo, an ancillary factor is required to promote the formation of an open complex. S1 nuclease mapping experiments show that the simultaneous presence of @entity6245 and @entity369 represses the downstream @entity369 -specific promoter (P2) more efficiently than @entity369 alone. This effect is not due to a direct regulatory interaction between @entity6245 and P2, since it is not observed when P1 is inactivated by insertion mutations or partial deletion. It has been shown that transcription initiated at P1 can proceed even when @entity369 represses P2. We therefore suggest that P2 operator- @entity369 repressor complex is destabilized by RNA polymerase binding at P1 or transcription from P1. We describe a novel technique to select for expression-down mutants in a lac fusion context.

title: Molecular interactions in the control region of the carAB operon encoding Escherichia coli XXXX synthetase.

entities_list: @entity12116 :: ('MESH:D002221', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamoylphosphate']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity6245 :: ('MESH:D011743', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidines']

answer: @entity12116 :: (MESH:D002221,Chemical) :: ['carbamoylphosphate']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract is influenced by primary microbial exposure and bioactive factors in breastmilk. The aim was to explore the prevalence of @entity6923 in the first year of life in relation to selected exposures. @entity6923 was studied in 100 healthy @entity1 at 4 and 8  weeks, 3, 6 and 12  months of age and related to delivery mode, birth weight, @entity1 health and feeding, antibiotics, antimycotics, @entity230 and probiotics in mother and @entity1 , living conditions, maternal smoking and infections The association between lactoferrin and antisecretory factor in breastmilk and maternal serum haemoglobin, @entity69 , and ferritin levels in relation to @entity6923 was also explored. About 11% to 15% of the @entity1 had @entity6923 at the respective age. Colonisation was fairly stable until 6  months of age. There was no conclusive impact of the investigated exposures at entry. @entity1 with a furry pet at home had a lower frequency of Candida at 3  months, (P  <  0.05) whereas all but one colonised @entity1 had older siblings at 12  months (P  <  0.01). Lactoferrin in breastmilk was negatively associated with colonisation at 6  months of age. It is concluded that 11 to 15% had @entity6923 . Exposure to furry pets and siblings @entity6923 .

title: Prevalence of XXXX in the first year of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity6923 :: ('MESH:C536777', 'Disease') :: ['impacted oral Candida', 'Oral Candida', 'oral Candida']

answer: @entity6923 :: (MESH:C536777,Disease) :: ['oral Candida']


abstract: This report deals with the operative results in 45 cases of @entity5513 treated in our service during the past six years. Surgery was performed in a lateral position through a small suboccipital craniectomy. @entity5 was achieved in 37 cases and nearly total resection was performed in 8 cases to preserve the facial nerve. Major complications occurred in 2 @entity1 ; one died of @entity649 and the other had persisting @entity2055 due to damage of AICA. The facial nerve was anatomically preserved in 38 cases. Six @entity1 in whom the facial nerve was not preserved underwent various types of facial nerve reconstruction. Postoperative follow-up showed excellent @entity2103 in 32 cases, good function in 11 and poor function in 3. Hearing was preserved in only one case of 11 cases who had preoperatively retained auditory function. Followings are important points for the preservation of postoperative @entity2103 and useful hearing. FACIAL NERVE: Intraoperative identification of facial nerve is crucial. The facial nerve was in most cases compressed ventrally by the @entity5 , however, 4 cases showed abnormal course of the facial nerve (dorsal in 1, rostral in 1 and caudal in 2 cases). The facial nerve was extremely thin and adherent at the ventral side of the @entity5 and invisible under the microscope in 60% of the cases. When the facial nerve is hardly separated from the @entity5 capsule, nearly total resection (leaving thin @entity5 capsule with the membranous facial nerve) is recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Operative results in 45 cases of XXXX : technical comments on the preservation of the facial nerve and hearing function].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['acoustic neurinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Radical total removal of the tumor']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve function']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['acoustic neurinoma']


abstract: The proto-oncogene product, @entity5315 , is a 120-kDa protein present in lymphocytes that contains numerous PXXP motifs in its @entity1473 -terminal region and constitutively binds the SH3-containing adaptor protein @entity10240 . Cross-linking of CD3 and @entity404 receptors in Jurkat T cells causes @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity5315 and its association with @entity4357 3'-kinase (Meisner, H., Conway, B., Hartley, D., and Czech, M. P. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 3571-3578). Here we demonstrate that @entity5315 is also present in nonlymphoid cells, and that @entity4179 ( @entity4179 ) elicits its rapid @entity669 phosphorylation in @entity1 embryonic 293 cells. Immunoprecipitates of @entity5315 from lysates of these cells contain @entity10240 in the basal state, while @entity4179 stimulation causes co-precipitation of @entity669 -phosphorylated @entity4179 receptors. Similarly, @entity470 immunoprecipitates from @entity4179 -treated 293 cells contain @entity5315 and @entity10240 . Both @entity10240 and @entity4179 receptors are released from @entity5315 in the presence of a @entity1521 -rich peptide that binds the @entity2733 -terminal SH3 domain of @entity10240 . These results indicate that autophosphorylated @entity4179 receptors associate with the SH2 domain of @entity10240 , which is complexed through its SH3 domain with @entity1521 -rich regions of @entity5315 . Such recruitment of @entity5315 to @entity4179 receptors may reflect an important mechanism for its @entity669 phosphorylation and for assembling signaling components that mediate or modulate @entity4179 actions.

title: Coupling of the proto-oncogene product @entity5315 to the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4179 :: ('1950', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor', 'EGF']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']


abstract: The proto-oncogene product, @entity5315 , is a 120-kDa protein present in lymphocytes that contains numerous PXXP motifs in its @entity1473 -terminal region and constitutively binds the SH3-containing adaptor protein @entity10240 . Cross-linking of CD3 and @entity404 receptors in Jurkat T cells causes @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity5315 and its association with @entity4357 3'-kinase (Meisner, H., Conway, B., Hartley, D., and Czech, M. P. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 3571-3578). Here we demonstrate that @entity5315 is also present in nonlymphoid cells, and that @entity4179 ( @entity4179 ) elicits its rapid @entity669 phosphorylation in @entity1 embryonic 293 cells. Immunoprecipitates of @entity5315 from lysates of these cells contain @entity10240 in the basal state, while @entity4179 stimulation causes co-precipitation of @entity669 -phosphorylated @entity4179 receptors. Similarly, @entity470 immunoprecipitates from @entity4179 -treated 293 cells contain @entity5315 and @entity10240 . Both @entity10240 and @entity4179 receptors are released from @entity5315 in the presence of a @entity1521 -rich peptide that binds the @entity2733 -terminal SH3 domain of @entity10240 . These results indicate that autophosphorylated @entity4179 receptors associate with the SH2 domain of @entity10240 , which is complexed through its SH3 domain with @entity1521 -rich regions of @entity5315 . Such recruitment of @entity5315 to @entity4179 receptors may reflect an important mechanism for its @entity669 phosphorylation and for assembling signaling components that mediate or modulate @entity4179 actions.

title: Coupling of the proto-oncogene product XXXX to the @entity470 .

answer: @entity5315 :: (867,Gene) :: ['c-Cbl']


abstract: In @entity375 , the mating @entity5681 -initiated signal is transduced by a heterotrimeric G protein and normally results in transient cell cycle arrest and differentiation. A null allele of the G alpha ( @entity33691 / @entity33691 ) subunit results in cell death due to unchecked signaling from the G beta gamma ( @entity5679 , @entity5680 , respectively) heterodimer. We have identified three high copy suppressors of @entity33691 lethality. Two of these genes encode known transcription factors. Mat @entity34215 and @entity32350 . The third is a truncated form of a novel gene, @entity73201 . Overexpressed wild type @entity73201 is a weak suppressor of @entity33691 . In contrast, the isolated mutant allele @entity73201 -1 is a strong suppressor that completely blocks the cell cycle arrest and differentiation phenotypes of @entity33691 cells of both mating types. One deletion mutant ( @entity73201 delta 340) can suppress the cell cycle arrest associated with @entity33691 , but the cells retain a differentiated morphology. @entity73201 -1 can suppress the effects of overexpressed wild type G beta but is not able to suppress the lethality of an activated G beta mutant (STE4Hpl). Consistent with these genetic observations, the suppressing form of @entity73201 can interact with the @entity5679 gene product, as determined by a two-hybrid assay. @entity73201 -1 is also capable of promoting @entity5681 recovery in wild type cells, as judged by halo assay. The sequence of @entity73201 predicts eight membrane-spanning domains. Deletion mutants of @entity73201 indicate that complete @entity33691 suppression requires removal of all of these hydrophobic regions. Interestingly, this truncated protein localizes to the same plasma membrane-enriched subcellular fraction as does full-length @entity73201 . Three hypothetical @entity375 proteins, identified by their similarity to the @entity73201 primary sequence within the @entity33691 suppression domain, also appear to have related structures. The properties of @entity73201 are consistent with those of a transmembrane signaling component that can respond to, or transduce signals through, G beta or G beta gamma.

title: Truncated forms of a novel XXXX protein suppress the lethality of a G protein alpha subunit deficiency by interacting with the beta subunit.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'yeast']

entities_list: @entity5681 :: ('CHEBI:26013', 'Chemical') :: ['pheromone']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy-induced @entity9 is a significant side effect of chemotherapeutic agents. Currently, there are no effective analgesics for chemotherapy-induced @entity9 . @entity7428 is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, which increases intracellular @entity1919 in nerve and immune cells. The aim of our study was to determine the analgesic effects of @entity7428 on @entity1311 ( @entity16180 )-induced @entity9 in @entity35 . METHODS: Chemotherapy-induced @entity9 was produced by intraperitoneal injection of @entity16180 on 4 alternate days in male @entity35 . Mechanical @entity1931 was measured by using von Frey filaments. RESULTS: After the @entity35 developed @entity16180 -induced @entity158 behavior (such as @entity1931 ), a single intraperitoneal injection and continuous infusion of @entity7428 ameliorated @entity16180 -induced @entity158 behavior. In addition, systemic infusion of the drug during the early phase of developing @entity158 behavior did not prevent the development of @entity1931 induced by @entity16180 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that @entity7428 alleviated @entity1931 induced by @entity16180 in @entity35 . Thus, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors may prove useful in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced @entity9 . However, further studies are needed to clarify their effects in clinical settings.

title: The Analgesic Effect of @entity7428 , a Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, on Chemotherapy-Induced XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia', 'mechanical allodynia']

entities_list: @entity7428 :: ('MESH:D020889', 'Chemical') :: ['Rolipram', 'rolipram']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['Neuropathic Pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy-induced @entity9 is a significant side effect of chemotherapeutic agents. Currently, there are no effective analgesics for chemotherapy-induced @entity9 . @entity7428 is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, which increases intracellular @entity1919 in nerve and immune cells. The aim of our study was to determine the analgesic effects of @entity7428 on @entity1311 ( @entity16180 )-induced @entity9 in @entity35 . METHODS: Chemotherapy-induced @entity9 was produced by intraperitoneal injection of @entity16180 on 4 alternate days in male @entity35 . Mechanical @entity1931 was measured by using von Frey filaments. RESULTS: After the @entity35 developed @entity16180 -induced @entity158 behavior (such as @entity1931 ), a single intraperitoneal injection and continuous infusion of @entity7428 ameliorated @entity16180 -induced @entity158 behavior. In addition, systemic infusion of the drug during the early phase of developing @entity158 behavior did not prevent the development of @entity1931 induced by @entity16180 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that @entity7428 alleviated @entity1931 induced by @entity16180 in @entity35 . Thus, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors may prove useful in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced @entity9 . However, further studies are needed to clarify their effects in clinical settings.

title: The Analgesic Effect of XXXX , a Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, on Chemotherapy-Induced @entity9 in @entity35 .

answer: @entity7428 :: (MESH:D020889,Chemical) :: ['Rolipram']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy-induced @entity9 is a significant side effect of chemotherapeutic agents. Currently, there are no effective analgesics for chemotherapy-induced @entity9 . @entity7428 is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, which increases intracellular @entity1919 in nerve and immune cells. The aim of our study was to determine the analgesic effects of @entity7428 on @entity1311 ( @entity16180 )-induced @entity9 in @entity35 . METHODS: Chemotherapy-induced @entity9 was produced by intraperitoneal injection of @entity16180 on 4 alternate days in male @entity35 . Mechanical @entity1931 was measured by using von Frey filaments. RESULTS: After the @entity35 developed @entity16180 -induced @entity158 behavior (such as @entity1931 ), a single intraperitoneal injection and continuous infusion of @entity7428 ameliorated @entity16180 -induced @entity158 behavior. In addition, systemic infusion of the drug during the early phase of developing @entity158 behavior did not prevent the development of @entity1931 induced by @entity16180 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that @entity7428 alleviated @entity1931 induced by @entity16180 in @entity35 . Thus, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors may prove useful in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced @entity9 . However, further studies are needed to clarify their effects in clinical settings.

title: The Analgesic Effect of @entity7428 , a Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor, on Chemotherapy-Induced @entity9 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rats']


abstract: Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of compound 48/80 (3.0 mg/kg) to conscious @entity35 produced a time-dependent long-lasting increase of plasma @entity3449 activity (PRA). A dose-related increase of the hematocrit was also observed after injection of compound 48/80. The onset of the hematocrit increase preceded that of PRA increase. Pretreatment with a dose of more than 20 mg/kg of @entity112 H1-receptor antagonists such as @entity29075 or @entity3933 prior to the injection of compound 48/80 (3.0 mg/kg s.c.) attenuated or abolished the effects of compound 48/80 on PRA, hematocrit and plasma extravasation. Pretreatment with @entity4444 ( @entity112 H2-receptor antagonist, 40 mg/kg i.p.) had no effect on these plasma variables. The increase of PRA caused by s.c. administration of compound 48/80 was not affected by the pretreatment with @entity1169 (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg i.p.), which completely inhibited the @entity3044 (0.5 mg/kg s.c.)-induced PRA increase. Administration of compound 48/80 did not induce a significant PRA increase in the nephrectomized @entity35 although the increase of hematocrit following s.c. administration of compound 48/80 persisted despite the absence of kidneys. S.c. administration of compound 48/80 (3.0 mg/kg) led to a significant decrease of @entity112 content at the site of injection and to a significant increase in plasma @entity112 concentration without affecting arterial blood pressure. The present data suggest that s.c. administration of compound 48/80 stimulates the release of @entity112 from cutaneous mast cells, which cause an increase in vascular permeability to plasma protein via the stimulation of @entity112 H1-receptors, then leads to @entity3485 . The resulting @entity3485 may directly stimulate the juxtraglomerular cells of the kidney to release @entity3449 .

title: Increase of plasma XXXX activity after subcutaneous application of compound 48/80 in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3933 :: ('MESH:D004155', 'Chemical') :: ['diphenhydramine']

entities_list: @entity29075 :: ('MESH:D014309', 'Chemical') :: ['tripelennamine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['hypovolemia']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

answer: @entity3449 :: (24715(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['renin']


abstract: Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of compound 48/80 (3.0 mg/kg) to conscious @entity35 produced a time-dependent long-lasting increase of plasma @entity3449 activity (PRA). A dose-related increase of the hematocrit was also observed after injection of compound 48/80. The onset of the hematocrit increase preceded that of PRA increase. Pretreatment with a dose of more than 20 mg/kg of @entity112 H1-receptor antagonists such as @entity29075 or @entity3933 prior to the injection of compound 48/80 (3.0 mg/kg s.c.) attenuated or abolished the effects of compound 48/80 on PRA, hematocrit and plasma extravasation. Pretreatment with @entity4444 ( @entity112 H2-receptor antagonist, 40 mg/kg i.p.) had no effect on these plasma variables. The increase of PRA caused by s.c. administration of compound 48/80 was not affected by the pretreatment with @entity1169 (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg i.p.), which completely inhibited the @entity3044 (0.5 mg/kg s.c.)-induced PRA increase. Administration of compound 48/80 did not induce a significant PRA increase in the nephrectomized @entity35 although the increase of hematocrit following s.c. administration of compound 48/80 persisted despite the absence of kidneys. S.c. administration of compound 48/80 (3.0 mg/kg) led to a significant decrease of @entity112 content at the site of injection and to a significant increase in plasma @entity112 concentration without affecting arterial blood pressure. The present data suggest that s.c. administration of compound 48/80 stimulates the release of @entity112 from cutaneous mast cells, which cause an increase in vascular permeability to plasma protein via the stimulation of @entity112 H1-receptors, then leads to @entity3485 . The resulting @entity3485 may directly stimulate the juxtraglomerular cells of the kidney to release @entity3449 .

title: Increase of plasma @entity3449 activity after subcutaneous application of compound 48/80 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']