abstract: The role of the brain-gut axis interaction in the pathogenesis of @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ) is not well understood. To examine this possibility, a novel @entity35 model of @entity1744 subjected to both @entity14469 ( @entity14469 ) was established. G proteins play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of @entity308 . The @entity11026 ( @entity11026 ) and the @entity1063 reuptake transporter (NET) determine the sympathetic signal activity. It is conceivable that stress may induce brain G proteins, colonic alpha(2A)-ARs, and NET abnormal expression, which may be responsible for the abnormalities in @entity1744 . @entity1109 , and secretion were assessed by counting fecal pellets, abdominal muscle contractions in response to @entity14 ( @entity14 ), and short-circuit current study, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the expression of G proteins, alpha(2A)-ARs, and NET. Compared with control animals, the colonic epithelial secretion, fecal pellets, and numbers of @entity15342 induced by @entity14 were significantly higher in both @entity697 ( @entity697 ) and @entity14469 @entity35 . However, the G proteins, @entity11026 , and NET expression changed differently in @entity697 and @entity14469 @entity35 . We showed that exposure to either @entity697 or @entity14469 would cause the increase of secretion, motility, and sensation, but the change of protein expression in brain-gut axis was different. It may be responsible for the pathogenesis of @entity1744 .

title: Changes in brain G proteins and colonic sympathetic neural signaling in chronic-acute combined stress XXXX model of @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ).

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Proteasome regulates diverse cellular functions by eliminating ubiquitinated proteins. Protein kinase A (PKA) is a key regulator of proteasome activity. However, it remains unknown how PKA regulates proteasome activity and whether it controls proteasome activity in in vivo hearts. Both the in vitro peptidase assay and the in-gel peptidase assays showed that the treatment with PKA for 30 min dose-dependently activated purified 26S proteasome. Simultaneously, PKA treatment enhanced phosphorylation and assembly of purified 26S proteasome evaluated by non-reducing native @entity2975 gel electrophoresis, either of which was blunted by the pretreatment with a PKA inhibitor, @entity9501 . In in vivo @entity235 hearts, proteasome assembly and activity were enhanced 30 min after the exogenous or endogenous stimulation of PKA by the intracoronary administration of @entity3044 or @entity1928 for 30 min or by @entity63 ( @entity63 ) with 4 times of repeated 5 min of @entity63 . The intracoronary administration of @entity9501 blunted the enhancement of proteasome assembly and activity by @entity63 . Myocardial proteasome activity at the end of @entity63 was decreased compared with the control, however, it did not differ from the control in @entity235 with @entity63 . @entity63 decreased the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in the @entity235 @entity63 /reperfusion myocardium, which was blunted by the intracoronary administration of a proteasome inhibitor, @entity6395 . However, proteasome activation by @entity63 was not involved in its @entity1188 size-limiting effects. These findings indicate that PKA rapidly enhances proteasome assembly and activity in in vivo hearts. Further investigation will be needed to clarify pathophysiological roles of PKA-mediated proteasome activation in @entity63 /reperfusion hearts.

title: PKA rapidly enhances proteasome assembly and activity in in vivo XXXX hearts.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['IP', 'ischemia', 'ischemic preconditioning']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity6395 :: ('MESH:C078846', 'Chemical') :: ['epoxomicin']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Bone marrow biopsies of 720 @entity1 with @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) were investigated from 1968-1989. Histologic variables were correlated with clinical parameters and survivals to determine prognostic factors. In 207 of these @entity1 initial levels of serum @entity2262 (SB2M) were also measured for prognostic evaluation. Four @entity5 growth patterns were distinguished: interstitial (56%), interstitial/sheets (13%), nodular (15%) and packed marrow (16%) with median survivals of 46, 31, 22 and 16 months. When grouped according to the @entity5 cell mass in the biopsy, four histologic stages were recognized. Cellular characteristics were used to classify @entity1582 into 6 histologic types which were subsequently combined into 3 grades of @entity5 : low, intermediate and high, analogous to the @entity706 . With respect to @entity5 products, only SB2M proved to be a valuable prognostic indicator for staging and follow-up. Complications of @entity1582 such as @entity417 , azotaemia, @entity690 , hypercalcaemia and hypoalbuminaemia all predicted a poor prognosis, highly significant in the test statistics. We propose a new prognostic approach in @entity1582 , comprising 1) parameters defining the @entity5 itself, 2) the @entity5 products (SB2M) and 3) the @entity5 complications. This prognostic strategy combines information both on stage and @entity5 of @entity1582 and enables definition of smouldering and of aggressive variants of @entity1582 at an early stage.

title: Bone marrow histology and serum XXXX in @entity1582 --a new prognostic strategy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta 2 microglobulin']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity690 :: ('MESH:D030981', 'Disease') :: ['osteolytic lesions']

answer: @entity2262 :: (567,Gene) :: ['beta 2 microglobulin']


abstract: Bone marrow biopsies of 720 @entity1 with @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) were investigated from 1968-1989. Histologic variables were correlated with clinical parameters and survivals to determine prognostic factors. In 207 of these @entity1 initial levels of serum @entity2262 (SB2M) were also measured for prognostic evaluation. Four @entity5 growth patterns were distinguished: interstitial (56%), interstitial/sheets (13%), nodular (15%) and packed marrow (16%) with median survivals of 46, 31, 22 and 16 months. When grouped according to the @entity5 cell mass in the biopsy, four histologic stages were recognized. Cellular characteristics were used to classify @entity1582 into 6 histologic types which were subsequently combined into 3 grades of @entity5 : low, intermediate and high, analogous to the @entity706 . With respect to @entity5 products, only SB2M proved to be a valuable prognostic indicator for staging and follow-up. Complications of @entity1582 such as @entity417 , azotaemia, @entity690 , hypercalcaemia and hypoalbuminaemia all predicted a poor prognosis, highly significant in the test statistics. We propose a new prognostic approach in @entity1582 , comprising 1) parameters defining the @entity5 itself, 2) the @entity5 products (SB2M) and 3) the @entity5 complications. This prognostic strategy combines information both on stage and @entity5 of @entity1582 and enables definition of smouldering and of aggressive variants of @entity1582 at an early stage.

title: Bone marrow histology and serum @entity2262 in XXXX --a new prognostic strategy.

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: With the purpose of studying changes in the expression of glycoconjugate structures in urothelium, nine different lectins (PNA, WGA, VFA, GSA II, @entity8400 , UEA I, LCA, @entity7840 and HPA) with specificity for mono- or oligo-saccharides were used on @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissue sections from 47 @entity1 who had undergone surgical resection for @entity150 and on normal urothelial biopsies from 10 @entity1 . The @entity5 were graded and a lectinohistochemical method using biotinylated lectins and avidin- @entity1885 -peroxidase complex was used to demonstrate the lectin binding. Positive staining reactions of cells in cytoplasm and on membranes were evaluated in the basal, the intermediate, and the luminal cell layers, respectively. In both normal and atypical urothelium lectin binding predominated in the luminal cell layer and decreased towards the basal cell layer. In normal urothelium all lectins stained greater than 66% of the cells in the luminal cell layer in cytoplasm and between 5 and 100% of the cells on membranes depending on the lectin used. A gradual loss of lectin-binding structures was seen with increasing grade of atypia. The range of this decrease varied considerably from one lectin to another, but it was consistently found that the percentage of cells stained in cytoplasm and on membranes decreased. A significantly lower percentage of cells stained in cytoplasm was found in invasive @entity5 cell-islands compared to normal urothelium. In invasive @entity5 cell-islands staining of cells on membranes was completely absent, except for HPA lectin that stained less than 10% of the cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate a dramatic decrease in lectin-binding @entity1735 structures associated with urothelial malignant progression.

title: Lectinohistochemistry of @entity1 XXXX : loss of lectin binding structures in invasive carcinomas.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumors']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: With the purpose of studying changes in the expression of glycoconjugate structures in urothelium, nine different lectins (PNA, WGA, VFA, GSA II, @entity8400 , UEA I, LCA, @entity7840 and HPA) with specificity for mono- or oligo-saccharides were used on @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissue sections from 47 @entity1 who had undergone surgical resection for @entity150 and on normal urothelial biopsies from 10 @entity1 . The @entity5 were graded and a lectinohistochemical method using biotinylated lectins and avidin- @entity1885 -peroxidase complex was used to demonstrate the lectin binding. Positive staining reactions of cells in cytoplasm and on membranes were evaluated in the basal, the intermediate, and the luminal cell layers, respectively. In both normal and atypical urothelium lectin binding predominated in the luminal cell layer and decreased towards the basal cell layer. In normal urothelium all lectins stained greater than 66% of the cells in the luminal cell layer in cytoplasm and between 5 and 100% of the cells on membranes depending on the lectin used. A gradual loss of lectin-binding structures was seen with increasing grade of atypia. The range of this decrease varied considerably from one lectin to another, but it was consistently found that the percentage of cells stained in cytoplasm and on membranes decreased. A significantly lower percentage of cells stained in cytoplasm was found in invasive @entity5 cell-islands compared to normal urothelium. In invasive @entity5 cell-islands staining of cells on membranes was completely absent, except for HPA lectin that stained less than 10% of the cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate a dramatic decrease in lectin-binding @entity1735 structures associated with urothelial malignant progression.

title: Lectinohistochemistry of XXXX @entity150 : loss of lectin binding structures in invasive carcinomas.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Objective. Acute @entity955 often spontaneously resolves. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes and satisfaction of an evidence-based @entity2613 protocol employing a "wait and see" approach. Methods. A prospective observational cohort study of adult @entity1 presenting to the Emergency Department with stable acute @entity955 was performed. @entity1 were excluded if they were considered to be unstable, need hospitalization, or poor candidates for @entity2613 procedural sedation. Routine care was provided on the index visit, and suitable candidates were discharged and asked to return to the @entity2613 the following day for possible electrical cardioversion. Outcome measures included spontaneous reversion to sinus rhythm, success of cardioversion, length of stay, adverse event and return visits for AF within 30 days, and @entity1 satisfaction. Results. Thirty five @entity1 encounters were analysed over a 21-month period. Twenty two of the 35 @entity1 (63%) had spontaneous resolution of @entity955 upon presentation for potential cardioversion. All of the remaining @entity1 underwent successful cardioversion to normal sinus rhythm without significant adverse events recorded. No @entity1 required hospitalization. Three @entity1 (9%) returned to the @entity2613 within 30 days for recurrence of @entity955 . All @entity1 were reported to be "very satisfied" with this approach. Conclusion. A "wait and see" approach to the @entity2613 electrical cardioversion of @entity955 showed that almost two-thirds of @entity1 had spontaneous resolution without requiring cardioversion or observation in the @entity2613 or hospital. All @entity1 were successfully reverted to normal sinus rhythm and had a high degree of satisfaction.

title: "Wait and see" approach to the emergency department cardioversion of acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1756 can lead to devastating @entity16 and present a complex problem to treat. We report a unique case of a @entity438 (PCoA) @entity439 presenting with @entity1018 . CASE DESCRIPTION: A 39-year-old @entity1 presented with the acute onset of severe @entity10 and @entity227 loss. The @entity1 described @entity10 for several months prior to presentation. However, prior to the day of presentation, he had no visual disturbance. A CT angiogram (CTA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed a 1.6-cm, non-contrast enhancing suprasellar mass, eccentric to the left side, consistent with hemorrhagic mass. There was no obvious @entity439 or @entity1462 . The sella tursica was normal in appearance. The @entity1 was taken for an immediate endoscopic endonasal transtuberculum approach for @entity1781 . @entity1410 without an associated @entity5 was encountered and partially evacuated before aborting with resultant partial improvement in vision. A subsequent cerebral angiogram revealed an irregularly shaped, postero-laterally pointing, 2.5-mm left PCoA @entity439 . The @entity1 was then taken for open clipping of the @entity1756 . A large, fibrinous capsule was found over the superolateral aspect of the @entity439 . The @entity1756 was secured with clips and the surrounding @entity1410 was evacuated. CONCLUSION: In the immediate postoperative period, the @entity1 regained vision in the nasal field of his right eye. This case illustrates a unique presentation of a ruptured PCoA @entity439 , and thus must be considered in the differential diagnosis of @entity548 resulting in @entity227 in absence of a recognizable associated @entity5 .

title: Posterior communicating XXXX rupture mimicking apoplexy.

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['sudden and complete vision loss']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss', 'complete bilateral vision']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['a suprasellar hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured aneurysm', 'Cerebral aneurysm rupture']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological complications']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve decompression']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['Hematoma', 'hematoma']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache', 'headaches']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformation']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured posterior communicating artery']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['artery aneurysm']


abstract: In @entity7887 and @entity10108 , free @entity7888 ( @entity13880 ) and @entity1450 ( @entity29404 ), respectively, accumulate in erythrocytes. That PPIX and @entity29404 bind to @entity1 hemoglobin A ( @entity16920 ) is established, but the site of binding is still a matter of controversy. We investigated the interaction of @entity29404 with intact, tetrameric oxy @entity16920 , using batch microcalorimetry, front-face fluorometry, absorption difference spectroscopy, @entity26 equilibrium studies, and isoelectric focusing (IEF). In the presence of oxy @entity16920 (pH 7.35, 0.05 M @entity1391 ), the fluorescence emission maximum (excitation at 420 nm) of @entity29404 immediately shifts from 587 nm ( @entity29404 alone) to 594 nm, as expected when binding to protein. The fluorescence intensity increases with time and is correlated with the @entity29404 : @entity16920 mole ratio. A slow, time-dependent reaction is also observed with microcalorimetry: the rate of heat of reaction exhibits both a fast and a slow component. The heats of reaction range from -2.1 to -14.8 mcal depending upon the @entity29404 : @entity16920 ratio of 4:1 (0.4 mM:0.1 mM) to 38:1 (3.8 mM:0.1 mM), respectively, and are typical of weak, noncovalent protein-ligand interactions. The optical difference spectra are a function of the @entity29404 : @entity16920 molar ratio and also exhibit a slow increase in intensity over time. No time-dependent optical difference spectra are observed with @entity29404 or with @entity16920 alone. The @entity26 affinity of @entity16920 in the presence of @entity29404 decreases with increasing mole ratio. During IEF, all @entity29404 separates from @entity16920 , consistent with a weak, noncovalent interaction at a non- @entity1446 pocket site. We conclude that @entity29404 binds to intact, tetrameric hemoglobin at non- @entity1446 pocket sites in a nonspecific, weak, noncovalent interaction.

title: Interaction of XXXX with intact oxyhemoglobin.

entities_list: @entity1450 :: ('MESH:C017803', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc protoporphyrin']

entities_list: @entity10108 :: ('MESH:D007855', 'Disease') :: ['lead poisoning']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity7887 :: ('MESH:D046351', 'Disease') :: ['erythropoietic protoporphyria']

entities_list: @entity7888 :: ('CHEBI:15430', 'Chemical') :: ['protoporphyrin']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity1450 :: (MESH:C017803,Chemical) :: ['zinc protoporphyrin']


abstract: AIMS: Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is the diagnostic tool of choice for local staging of @entity189 . The accuracy in determining of @entity5 infiltration depth has been reported to reach 95% (on average, 85%). The aim of the study was to analyse the diagnostic accuracy of the TRUS in the clinical routine. @entity1 AND METHODS: From 01/01/2000 to 12/31/2003, all @entity1 with @entity189 were enrolled in a prospective multicenter observational study. In case of complete findings of pre-operative TRUS and post-operative histological investigation of the surgical specimen on the @entity5 infiltration depth, overall accuracy of TRUS was determined. RESULTS: Overall, 13,610 @entity1 with @entity189 were enrolled in the study. Five thousand and fifty-six subjects (37%) underwent TRUS. In 3,501 @entity1 , TRUS finding (uT-stage) could be compared with the result of the definitive histologic investigation (pT-stage). The accuracy of TRUS in all T-stages was 65.8%. The highest sensitivity was achieved in the T3-stage (74.9%), while in T2, T1, and T4, it was 59.6, 59.0 and 31.1%, respectively. In discriminating @entity5 growth limited to the rectal wall vs that through the rectal wall into the neighboring tissue, TRUS-associated accuracy was 76.5%. There were no differences between various @entity5 locations above the anocutaneous line. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic accuracy of TRUS in determining depth of @entity5 infiltration within or through the rectum wall in the routinuous diagnostic of @entity189 does not reach the excellent published study results. A considerable improvement of the qualitative outcome in using this specific diagnostic tool appears to be recommendable to utilize its advantages such as high accuracy, efficacy, and practicability in the diagnostic process and deriving consequences for a possible neoadjuvant treatment as well as optimal planning of the surgical approach.

title: Feasibility and accuracy of TRUS in the pre-treatment staging for XXXX in general practice.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['rectal carcinoma']


abstract: a-synuclein ( @entity2734 ) has been postulated to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of @entity191 ( @entity191 ). However, the physiological functions of @entity2734 and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying @entity528 remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that @entity2734 plays dual roles of neuroprotection and @entity2359 depending on its concentration or level of expression. In the present study, we explored the potential mechanisms for @entity2734 to regulate neuronal survival. @entity2734 at different concentrations (0.1 to 40 mumol/L) with or without 50 mumol/L @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) were added into the culture medium of the SH-SY5Y dopaminergic neural cells. The cell viability was measured on post-treatment day 1, 2 and 3. The activity of proteasome inhibited by @entity2734 was tested by a proteasome activity assay system after 2 h of @entity2734 treatment. According to the activity of proteasome inhibited by @entity2734 , the correlative dose of proteasome inhibitor-- @entity16628 (10 nmol/L to 5 mumol/L) with or without 50 mumol/L @entity2955 were used and the cell viability was assayed on post-treatment day 1, 2 and 3. The results showed that @entity2734 played dual roles of neuroprotection and @entity2359 depending on its concentration. At low concentration (0.1 to 5 mumol/L), @entity2734 promoted the proliferation and protected neurons against the @entity2359 of @entity2955 ; in contrast, at high concentration (10 to 40 mumol/L), @entity2734 possessed @entity137 . The results of @entity16628 treatment implied that the dual roles of @entity2734 were related to the moderate and strong inhibition of proteasome activity. The @entity16629 specific inhibitor @entity4286 completely blocked the protection of both @entity2734 and @entity16628 , suggesting that MAPK pathway might be involved in the neuroprotection of @entity2734 .

title: [Dual effects of different concentrations of alpha-synuclein on the @entity2359 of XXXX in SH-SY5Y cells].

entities_list: @entity16628 :: ('MESH:C067713', 'Chemical') :: ['lactacystin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal loss']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity2955 :: (MESH:D016627,Chemical) :: ['6-hydroxydopamine']


abstract: a-synuclein ( @entity2734 ) has been postulated to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of @entity191 ( @entity191 ). However, the physiological functions of @entity2734 and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying @entity528 remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that @entity2734 plays dual roles of neuroprotection and @entity2359 depending on its concentration or level of expression. In the present study, we explored the potential mechanisms for @entity2734 to regulate neuronal survival. @entity2734 at different concentrations (0.1 to 40 mumol/L) with or without 50 mumol/L @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) were added into the culture medium of the SH-SY5Y dopaminergic neural cells. The cell viability was measured on post-treatment day 1, 2 and 3. The activity of proteasome inhibited by @entity2734 was tested by a proteasome activity assay system after 2 h of @entity2734 treatment. According to the activity of proteasome inhibited by @entity2734 , the correlative dose of proteasome inhibitor-- @entity16628 (10 nmol/L to 5 mumol/L) with or without 50 mumol/L @entity2955 were used and the cell viability was assayed on post-treatment day 1, 2 and 3. The results showed that @entity2734 played dual roles of neuroprotection and @entity2359 depending on its concentration. At low concentration (0.1 to 5 mumol/L), @entity2734 promoted the proliferation and protected neurons against the @entity2359 of @entity2955 ; in contrast, at high concentration (10 to 40 mumol/L), @entity2734 possessed @entity137 . The results of @entity16628 treatment implied that the dual roles of @entity2734 were related to the moderate and strong inhibition of proteasome activity. The @entity16629 specific inhibitor @entity4286 completely blocked the protection of both @entity2734 and @entity16628 , suggesting that MAPK pathway might be involved in the neuroprotection of @entity2734 .

title: [Dual effects of different concentrations of alpha-synuclein on the XXXX of @entity2955 in SH-SY5Y cells].

answer: @entity2359 :: (MESH:D020258,Disease) :: ['neurotoxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Currently over 5000 @entity1 are receiving hemodialysis in Australia, which is an increase by approximately 7% each year. Distal @entity63 secondary to the steal syndrome ( @entity2992 ) is an uncommon but recognized complication. Several methods are now available to manage this problem including ligation, banding, and distal revascularization with interval ligation (DRIL). The aim of this report is to review the experience of the authors on this complication and its management at Royal Perth Hospital. METHODS: The Vascular Physiology Laboratory Database was used to identify those @entity1 referred for investigation of @entity2992 . Data were collected retrospectively from these @entity1 ' files concerning their demographics, graft particulars, and type of interventional procedure. @entity1 were then recalled to assess long-term patency and current venous access and for postoperative vascular studies. RESULTS: Eighteen @entity1 were identified with @entity63 symptoms. The mean age was 66 (range, 44 to 82). Fourteen (77.8%) were @entity1 , and 15 (83.3%) were @entity6 . @entity177 was secondary to @entity6 in 8 @entity1 , @entity101 in 3, and a combination of both in 7 @entity1 . Intervention was via the DRIL procedure in 12, ligation in 5, and banding in 1. One @entity1 underwent angioplasty of the ulnar artery before DRIL. At follow-up (between 1 and 12 months), all DRIL bypass were patents. The 5 ligated @entity1 all improved, and the @entity1 who underwent banding thrombosed their graft. CONCLUSION: The DRIL procedure should be considered the standard operation to manage @entity2992 in that it manages the @entity63 while maintaining the functional @entity292 . It is, however, still necessary to ligate some fistulae and seek alternative access. There are still no preoperative indicators as to who will suffer @entity2992 .

title: XXXX : a case series and review of current management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Renal failure']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['Ischemic steal syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively determine whether the addition of an intraarticular anesthetic to the magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography solution has an effect on periprocedural @entity158 , motion artifacts, and imaging time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained from all @entity1 . From September 2009 to March 2010, 127 @entity1 , most imaged for shoulder @entity158 , were randomized into two groups. The first group (group A, 63 @entity1 ) received intraarticular injection of @entity7241 , @entity1342 0.5%, and normal saline in a ratio of 1:100:100. The second group (group B, 64 @entity1 ) received intraarticular injection of @entity7241 and normal saline in a ratio of 1:200. @entity158 was assessed before and after injection and immediately after 1.5-T MR imaging and rated on a scale of 0 to 10. Motion artifact was assessed by two musculoskeletal radiologists and two fellows by using a scale of 0 to 3 (0=no artifact, 1=artifact present but not affecting diagnostic image quality, 2=artifact present and diminishing diagnostic image quality, and 3=artifact present and rendering image nondiagnostic). MR imaging time and examinations with repeated sequences were recorded. Wilcoxon rank sum, analysis of covariance, and permutation data analyses were performed. RESULTS: The mean @entity158 levels before injection, after injection, and after MR imaging were 3.5, 2.3, and 2.5, respectively, for group A and 3.6, 3.1, and 3.2 for group B. After adjusting for age, sex, and preinjection @entity158 level, the mean differences in pre- and postinjection @entity158 and preinjection @entity158 and post-MR imaging @entity158 between the two groups were -0.9 (P=.017) and -0.8 (P=.056), respectively. No significant difference in mean total MR imaging time or number of @entity1 with repeat sequences was noted. Radiologists 1 and 2 recorded grade 2 or 3 motion in six and five @entity1 , respectively, in group A and 15 and 14 @entity1 , respectively, in group B (P=.047 and .048, respectively). Radiologists 3 and 4 recorded grade 2 or 3 motion in 13 and 23 @entity1 , respectively, in group A and 23 and 33 @entity1 , respectively, in group B (P=.093 and .110, respectively). CONCLUSION: The use of an intraarticular anesthetic significantly reduces periprocedural @entity158 and major motion artifacts associated with MR shoulder arthrography; however, total MR imaging time is not reduced.

title: Shoulder MR arthrography: intraarticular anesthetic reduces periprocedural XXXX and major motion artifacts but does not decrease imaging time.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7241 :: ('MESH:D019786', 'Chemical') :: ['gadopentetate dimeglumine']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) in adolescents and the prevalence of comorbid @entity146 in adolescents with @entity1277 . METHOD: During stage 1 of the study the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) was administered to 2907 randomly selected adolescent students. During stage 2 of the study students with an EAT score >30 underwent a clinical interview and those diagnosed with an @entity2613 (based on DSM-IV criteria) were included in the @entity2613 group. The control group included students that were age- and sex-matched with the @entity2613 group, were not diagnosed with an @entity2613 , and had an EAT score <30. Psychiatric comorbidity in the @entity2613 and control groups was evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (outpatient and non- @entity1 forms). Additionally, a demographic data form, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to all the @entity1 . RESULTS: In total, 68 (9 male and 59 female) of the 2907 students met the diagnostic criteria for an @entity2613 . Point prevalence rates were as follows: @entity1278 : 0.034%; bulimia nervosa: 0.79%: eating disorder not otherwise specified: 1.51%; @entity5550 : 0.99%; any @entity2613 : 2.33%. None of the male @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity1278 . In all, 8 male students were diagnosed with @entity5550 . The prevalence of comorbid @entity146 was higher in the @entity2613 group. @entity308 was the most prevalent @entity74 in the @entity2613 group, followed by @entity148 and @entity913 . The body mass index, and BDI, BAI, and EAT scores were higher in the @entity2613 group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that whereas the point prevalence rate for @entity1277 among all the @entity1 was 2.3%, it was 4.03% among the female @entity1 . Moreover, @entity2613 not otherwise specified was the most prevalent @entity2613 , and @entity5550 was the most common @entity2613 among the males. The prevalence rates in the present study are similar to those observed in Western countries, except for the prevalence rate for @entity1278 , which in the present study was lower. @entity308 and @entity148 were the most prevalent @entity74 in the @entity2613 group.

title: The prevalence of @entity1277 ( XXXX ) and comorbid @entity146 in adolescents: a two-stage community-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Major depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity913 :: ('MESH:D010698', 'Disease') :: ['social phobia']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia nervosa', 'anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['generalized anxiety disorder']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['EDs', 'eating disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['comorbid disorder', 'comorbid disorders']

entities_list: @entity5550 :: ('MESH:D056912', 'Disease') :: ['binge eating disorder']

answer: @entity1277 :: (MESH:D001068,Disease) :: ['EDs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) in adolescents and the prevalence of comorbid @entity146 in adolescents with @entity1277 . METHOD: During stage 1 of the study the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) was administered to 2907 randomly selected adolescent students. During stage 2 of the study students with an EAT score >30 underwent a clinical interview and those diagnosed with an @entity2613 (based on DSM-IV criteria) were included in the @entity2613 group. The control group included students that were age- and sex-matched with the @entity2613 group, were not diagnosed with an @entity2613 , and had an EAT score <30. Psychiatric comorbidity in the @entity2613 and control groups was evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (outpatient and non- @entity1 forms). Additionally, a demographic data form, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to all the @entity1 . RESULTS: In total, 68 (9 male and 59 female) of the 2907 students met the diagnostic criteria for an @entity2613 . Point prevalence rates were as follows: @entity1278 : 0.034%; bulimia nervosa: 0.79%: eating disorder not otherwise specified: 1.51%; @entity5550 : 0.99%; any @entity2613 : 2.33%. None of the male @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity1278 . In all, 8 male students were diagnosed with @entity5550 . The prevalence of comorbid @entity146 was higher in the @entity2613 group. @entity308 was the most prevalent @entity74 in the @entity2613 group, followed by @entity148 and @entity913 . The body mass index, and BDI, BAI, and EAT scores were higher in the @entity2613 group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that whereas the point prevalence rate for @entity1277 among all the @entity1 was 2.3%, it was 4.03% among the female @entity1 . Moreover, @entity2613 not otherwise specified was the most prevalent @entity2613 , and @entity5550 was the most common @entity2613 among the males. The prevalence rates in the present study are similar to those observed in Western countries, except for the prevalence rate for @entity1278 , which in the present study was lower. @entity308 and @entity148 were the most prevalent @entity74 in the @entity2613 group.

title: The prevalence of XXXX ( @entity1277 ) and comorbid @entity146 in adolescents: a two-stage community-based study.

answer: @entity1277 :: (MESH:D001068,Disease) :: ['eating disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) in adolescents and the prevalence of comorbid @entity146 in adolescents with @entity1277 . METHOD: During stage 1 of the study the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) was administered to 2907 randomly selected adolescent students. During stage 2 of the study students with an EAT score >30 underwent a clinical interview and those diagnosed with an @entity2613 (based on DSM-IV criteria) were included in the @entity2613 group. The control group included students that were age- and sex-matched with the @entity2613 group, were not diagnosed with an @entity2613 , and had an EAT score <30. Psychiatric comorbidity in the @entity2613 and control groups was evaluated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (outpatient and non- @entity1 forms). Additionally, a demographic data form, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to all the @entity1 . RESULTS: In total, 68 (9 male and 59 female) of the 2907 students met the diagnostic criteria for an @entity2613 . Point prevalence rates were as follows: @entity1278 : 0.034%; bulimia nervosa: 0.79%: eating disorder not otherwise specified: 1.51%; @entity5550 : 0.99%; any @entity2613 : 2.33%. None of the male @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity1278 . In all, 8 male students were diagnosed with @entity5550 . The prevalence of comorbid @entity146 was higher in the @entity2613 group. @entity308 was the most prevalent @entity74 in the @entity2613 group, followed by @entity148 and @entity913 . The body mass index, and BDI, BAI, and EAT scores were higher in the @entity2613 group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that whereas the point prevalence rate for @entity1277 among all the @entity1 was 2.3%, it was 4.03% among the female @entity1 . Moreover, @entity2613 not otherwise specified was the most prevalent @entity2613 , and @entity5550 was the most common @entity2613 among the males. The prevalence rates in the present study are similar to those observed in Western countries, except for the prevalence rate for @entity1278 , which in the present study was lower. @entity308 and @entity148 were the most prevalent @entity74 in the @entity2613 group.

title: The prevalence of @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) and comorbid XXXX in adolescents: a two-stage community-based study.

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent data has implicated @entity794 (SA) superantigen as a potential disease modifier in @entity1 with @entity102 ( @entity102 ) with @entity480 (CRSwNP). The objective of this work was to compare total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and serum eosinophils in @entity1 with CRSwNP and @entity102 without @entity480 (CRSsNP) based on culture results of the 3 most commonly isolated bacteria. METHODS: Retrospective review at a tertiary rhinology referral center of @entity1 with @entity102 over a 4-year period. RESULTS: Bacterial cultures and immunologic data were obtained from 62 @entity1 with CRSwNP and 34 @entity1 with CRSsNP. SA was the most prevalent bacteria in the CRSwNP group, isolated in 19 @entity1 (31%). @entity1 with elevated total serum IgE (>114 IU/mL) were more likely to have SA on culture (p = 0.04) in this population. The percent serum eosinophil levels in the SA+ group compared with the SA- group was not significant (6.0 vs 5.1, p = 0.17). Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores, but not Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 20 (SNOT-20) scores were significantly higher in the SA+ vs SA- group (p = 0.03) in @entity1 with CRSwNP. The CRSsNP group demonstrated no difference in IgE or serum eosinophils between different bacterial groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that there is an association between SA sinonasal presence and elevated total serum IgE in @entity1 with CRSwNP. In addition, SA+ @entity1 had higher Lund-Mackay CT scores, indicating a higher objective burden of disease in this group of @entity1 .

title: @entity102 with XXXX : elevated serum immunoglobulin E is associated with @entity794 on culture.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyps']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic rhinosinusitis', 'CRS']

answer: @entity480 :: (MESH:D009298,Disease) :: ['nasal polyps']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent data has implicated @entity794 (SA) superantigen as a potential disease modifier in @entity1 with @entity102 ( @entity102 ) with @entity480 (CRSwNP). The objective of this work was to compare total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and serum eosinophils in @entity1 with CRSwNP and @entity102 without @entity480 (CRSsNP) based on culture results of the 3 most commonly isolated bacteria. METHODS: Retrospective review at a tertiary rhinology referral center of @entity1 with @entity102 over a 4-year period. RESULTS: Bacterial cultures and immunologic data were obtained from 62 @entity1 with CRSwNP and 34 @entity1 with CRSsNP. SA was the most prevalent bacteria in the CRSwNP group, isolated in 19 @entity1 (31%). @entity1 with elevated total serum IgE (>114 IU/mL) were more likely to have SA on culture (p = 0.04) in this population. The percent serum eosinophil levels in the SA+ group compared with the SA- group was not significant (6.0 vs 5.1, p = 0.17). Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores, but not Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 20 (SNOT-20) scores were significantly higher in the SA+ vs SA- group (p = 0.03) in @entity1 with CRSwNP. The CRSsNP group demonstrated no difference in IgE or serum eosinophils between different bacterial groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that there is an association between SA sinonasal presence and elevated total serum IgE in @entity1 with CRSwNP. In addition, SA+ @entity1 had higher Lund-Mackay CT scores, indicating a higher objective burden of disease in this group of @entity1 .

title: @entity102 with @entity480 : elevated serum immunoglobulin E is associated with XXXX on culture.

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent data has implicated @entity794 (SA) superantigen as a potential disease modifier in @entity1 with @entity102 ( @entity102 ) with @entity480 (CRSwNP). The objective of this work was to compare total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and serum eosinophils in @entity1 with CRSwNP and @entity102 without @entity480 (CRSsNP) based on culture results of the 3 most commonly isolated bacteria. METHODS: Retrospective review at a tertiary rhinology referral center of @entity1 with @entity102 over a 4-year period. RESULTS: Bacterial cultures and immunologic data were obtained from 62 @entity1 with CRSwNP and 34 @entity1 with CRSsNP. SA was the most prevalent bacteria in the CRSwNP group, isolated in 19 @entity1 (31%). @entity1 with elevated total serum IgE (>114 IU/mL) were more likely to have SA on culture (p = 0.04) in this population. The percent serum eosinophil levels in the SA+ group compared with the SA- group was not significant (6.0 vs 5.1, p = 0.17). Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores, but not Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 20 (SNOT-20) scores were significantly higher in the SA+ vs SA- group (p = 0.03) in @entity1 with CRSwNP. The CRSsNP group demonstrated no difference in IgE or serum eosinophils between different bacterial groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that there is an association between SA sinonasal presence and elevated total serum IgE in @entity1 with CRSwNP. In addition, SA+ @entity1 had higher Lund-Mackay CT scores, indicating a higher objective burden of disease in this group of @entity1 .

title: XXXX with @entity480 : elevated serum immunoglobulin E is associated with @entity794 on culture.

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['Chronic rhinosinusitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze complications following fibular free flap (FFF) transfer for mandibular reconstruction using our definition of @entity260 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. @entity1 AND METHODS: This retrospective study presents our 4-year experiences with FFF for mandibular reconstruction by a single microsurgical team. Data were collected through @entity1 record review and clinical evaluation by 2 independent assessors. We defined complications as any unwanted postoperative outcomes that compromised @entity1 care. Early complication occurred within the first 2 weeks postoperatively; late complications occurred afterward. RESULTS: Of 25 @entity1 included, 13 @entity1 (56%) experienced complications. Early and late complications occurred in 13 and 9 @entity1 , respectively. These included flap loss, malunion, skin-paddle @entity39 , @entity292 , wound dehiscence, @entity1410 , soft tissue contracture, intraoral hair growth, @entity7439 , @entity7190 , donor-site morbidity, and medical complications. Revision surgeries were performed in 10 @entity1 , ranging from wound dressing to flap removal. All but 2 flaps survived, yielding an overall success rate of 92%. Most of the @entity1 were alive without disease (92%) at the end of the study. Average follow-up was 47.2 months (range: 26-77). CONCLUSION: Despite the small number of @entity1 , these preliminary data suggest a relatively high frequency of complications following the FFF reconstruction based on our definition. Minor complications are common and should not be neglected because they may lead to devastating consequences. This should also be a part of informed consent for @entity1 . Complications after the FFF transfer await keen evaluation to establish guidelines to improve end results.

title: XXXX of fibular free flaps in mandibular reconstruction: an analysis of 25 consecutive cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity7190 :: ('MESH:D010025', 'Disease') :: ['osteoradionecrosis']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['orocutaneous fistula']

entities_list: @entity7439 :: ('MESH:D005146', 'Disease') :: ['facial asymmetry']

answer: @entity260 :: (MESH:D011183,Disease) :: ['Postoperative complications']


abstract: AIM: Carotid body (CB) @entity1823 are rare @entity5 , usually benign. This study deals with our 10-year experience in their surgical treatment and the evaluation of its effectiveness, without preoperative @entity887 . METHODS: During a 10-year period, from 1995 to 2004, we studied the medical records of 11 @entity1 with @entity10470 , 8 males and 3 females, whom only one had @entity5 . Their age ranged from 23 to 65 years (mean 35 years) and all had a palpable neck mass. Only two of the @entity1 were asymptomatic on admission to our department. Twelve @entity5 were surgically resected and no @entity1 underwent preoperative selective embolism of his @entity5 . Two @entity1 had carotid endarterectomies with venous patch angioplasty. No one of the @entity1 underwent radiotherapy or chemotherapy. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality was zero. No @entity64 or any other cerebral event was observed. One @entity1 , with a grade III @entity5 , had an @entity2998 that was repaired with a vein patch. Three @entity1 had temporal @entity129 that resolved within 3 months. No @entity5 was found even in a 10-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Early surgical treatment is strongly recommended in almost all @entity1 . Their resection is a very challenging operation with good postoperative results. Preoperative @entity12464 does not need to be a routine procedure. To exclude @entity5 , long term follow-up is necessary.

title: Surgical treatment of @entity10470 without XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve lesions']

entities_list: @entity12464 :: ('MESH:D009360', 'Disease') :: ['embolism of the tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'bilateral tumors', 'neoplasms', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['injury of the internal carotid artery']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolization']

entities_list: @entity1823 :: ('MESH:D010235', 'Disease') :: ['paragangliomas']

answer: @entity887 :: (MESH:D004617,Disease) :: ['embolization']


abstract: AIM: Carotid body (CB) @entity1823 are rare @entity5 , usually benign. This study deals with our 10-year experience in their surgical treatment and the evaluation of its effectiveness, without preoperative @entity887 . METHODS: During a 10-year period, from 1995 to 2004, we studied the medical records of 11 @entity1 with @entity10470 , 8 males and 3 females, whom only one had @entity5 . Their age ranged from 23 to 65 years (mean 35 years) and all had a palpable neck mass. Only two of the @entity1 were asymptomatic on admission to our department. Twelve @entity5 were surgically resected and no @entity1 underwent preoperative selective embolism of his @entity5 . Two @entity1 had carotid endarterectomies with venous patch angioplasty. No one of the @entity1 underwent radiotherapy or chemotherapy. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality was zero. No @entity64 or any other cerebral event was observed. One @entity1 , with a grade III @entity5 , had an @entity2998 that was repaired with a vein patch. Three @entity1 had temporal @entity129 that resolved within 3 months. No @entity5 was found even in a 10-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Early surgical treatment is strongly recommended in almost all @entity1 . Their resection is a very challenging operation with good postoperative results. Preoperative @entity12464 does not need to be a routine procedure. To exclude @entity5 , long term follow-up is necessary.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX without @entity887 .

answer: @entity10470 :: (MESH:D002345,Disease) :: ['carotid body tumors']


abstract: @entity24452 species (apicomplexan protists) are a major cause of @entity66 (= cryptosporidiosis) in @entity1 worldwide. The impact of cryptosporidiosis is also compounded by the spread of @entity645 / @entity791 and a lack of cost-effective anti-cryptosporidial chemotherapeutics or vaccines. Mitigation of the impact of cryptosporidiosis in @entity1 needs to focus on prevention and control strategies, built on a sound understanding of the epidemiology of @entity24452 species. Refined epidemiological studies rely on the use of molecular tools employing informative genetic markers. Currently, the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) is the most suitable and widely used genetic marker for @entity24452 species infecting @entity1 . Here, we undertake an analysis of all publicly-available gp60 sequence data and associated literature for @entity24453 and @entity2432 , and yield useful insights into the richness, diversity and distribution of genetic variants, and link these variants to @entity1 cryptosporidiosis. This global analysis reveals that, despite high genetic richness in @entity24452 isolates from @entity1 , there is a surprisingly low diversity. It also highlights limited knowledge about the genetics of cryptosporidiosis in developing nations and in many animals that might act as infection sources. Clearly, there is a major need for more comprehensive studies of @entity24452 infecting @entity1 and other animals in Africa and Asia. As molecular technologies improve and become affordable, future studies should utilize "next generation" sequencing and bioinformatic platforms to conduct comparative 'genome sequence surveys' to test the validity of current genetic classifications based on gp60 data. Complemented by in vitro and in vivo investigations, these biotechnological advances will also assist significantly in the search for new intervention strategies against @entity1 cryptosporidiosis.

title: Genetic richness and diversity in XXXX and @entity2432 reveals major knowledge gaps and a need for the application of "next generation" technologies--research review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity24452 :: ('237895', 'Species') :: ['Cryptosporidium']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoeal disease']

answer: @entity24452 :: (237895,Species) :: ['Cryptosporidium hominis']


abstract: @entity24452 species (apicomplexan protists) are a major cause of @entity66 (= cryptosporidiosis) in @entity1 worldwide. The impact of cryptosporidiosis is also compounded by the spread of @entity645 / @entity791 and a lack of cost-effective anti-cryptosporidial chemotherapeutics or vaccines. Mitigation of the impact of cryptosporidiosis in @entity1 needs to focus on prevention and control strategies, built on a sound understanding of the epidemiology of @entity24452 species. Refined epidemiological studies rely on the use of molecular tools employing informative genetic markers. Currently, the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) is the most suitable and widely used genetic marker for @entity24452 species infecting @entity1 . Here, we undertake an analysis of all publicly-available gp60 sequence data and associated literature for @entity24453 and @entity2432 , and yield useful insights into the richness, diversity and distribution of genetic variants, and link these variants to @entity1 cryptosporidiosis. This global analysis reveals that, despite high genetic richness in @entity24452 isolates from @entity1 , there is a surprisingly low diversity. It also highlights limited knowledge about the genetics of cryptosporidiosis in developing nations and in many animals that might act as infection sources. Clearly, there is a major need for more comprehensive studies of @entity24452 infecting @entity1 and other animals in Africa and Asia. As molecular technologies improve and become affordable, future studies should utilize "next generation" sequencing and bioinformatic platforms to conduct comparative 'genome sequence surveys' to test the validity of current genetic classifications based on gp60 data. Complemented by in vitro and in vivo investigations, these biotechnological advances will also assist significantly in the search for new intervention strategies against @entity1 cryptosporidiosis.

title: Genetic richness and diversity in @entity24452 and XXXX reveals major knowledge gaps and a need for the application of "next generation" technologies--research review.

answer: @entity2432 :: (5807,Species) :: ['C. parvum']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cancer @entity3085 is associated with marked alterations in skeletal muscle protein metabolism that lead to @entity2057 and, in some cases, @entity204 . The inflammatory response elicited by @entity5 is a likely, if not primary, mediator of these alterations. This review focuses on the possible relationship between inflammatory signaling and altered @entity535 metabolism in @entity5 . RECENT FINDINGS: Loss of skeletal muscle in @entity5 @entity1 can potentially be due to @entity448 and early satiety, reduced muscle protein synthesis, and/or increased muscle protein breakdown. @entity32 has been associated with each of these mechanisms. Effects on appetite appear to be mediated by the melanocortin system in the hypothalamus. Studies in animal models of @entity3085 suggest that modulation of orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways in this system may improve nutrient consumption. Inflammatory cytokines such as @entity650 and @entity310 are likely to contribute to the effects of @entity32 on muscle protein metabolism through several pathways. SUMMARY: Limited studies in @entity1 suggest that targeted anti-inflammatory and nutritional interventions may ameliorate the net catabolic effect on skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Future studies of the precise mechanism of muscle protein loss, as well as novel or combination therapies to inhibit @entity32 and promote anabolism, are warranted.

title: Inflammatory burden and @entity535 metabolism in @entity5 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle wasting']

answer: @entity3085 :: (MESH:D002100,Disease) :: ['cachexia']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cancer @entity3085 is associated with marked alterations in skeletal muscle protein metabolism that lead to @entity2057 and, in some cases, @entity204 . The inflammatory response elicited by @entity5 is a likely, if not primary, mediator of these alterations. This review focuses on the possible relationship between inflammatory signaling and altered @entity535 metabolism in @entity5 . RECENT FINDINGS: Loss of skeletal muscle in @entity5 @entity1 can potentially be due to @entity448 and early satiety, reduced muscle protein synthesis, and/or increased muscle protein breakdown. @entity32 has been associated with each of these mechanisms. Effects on appetite appear to be mediated by the melanocortin system in the hypothalamus. Studies in animal models of @entity3085 suggest that modulation of orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways in this system may improve nutrient consumption. Inflammatory cytokines such as @entity650 and @entity310 are likely to contribute to the effects of @entity32 on muscle protein metabolism through several pathways. SUMMARY: Limited studies in @entity1 suggest that targeted anti-inflammatory and nutritional interventions may ameliorate the net catabolic effect on skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Future studies of the precise mechanism of muscle protein loss, as well as novel or combination therapies to inhibit @entity32 and promote anabolism, are warranted.

title: Inflammatory burden and XXXX metabolism in @entity5 @entity3085 .

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cancer @entity3085 is associated with marked alterations in skeletal muscle protein metabolism that lead to @entity2057 and, in some cases, @entity204 . The inflammatory response elicited by @entity5 is a likely, if not primary, mediator of these alterations. This review focuses on the possible relationship between inflammatory signaling and altered @entity535 metabolism in @entity5 . RECENT FINDINGS: Loss of skeletal muscle in @entity5 @entity1 can potentially be due to @entity448 and early satiety, reduced muscle protein synthesis, and/or increased muscle protein breakdown. @entity32 has been associated with each of these mechanisms. Effects on appetite appear to be mediated by the melanocortin system in the hypothalamus. Studies in animal models of @entity3085 suggest that modulation of orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways in this system may improve nutrient consumption. Inflammatory cytokines such as @entity650 and @entity310 are likely to contribute to the effects of @entity32 on muscle protein metabolism through several pathways. SUMMARY: Limited studies in @entity1 suggest that targeted anti-inflammatory and nutritional interventions may ameliorate the net catabolic effect on skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Future studies of the precise mechanism of muscle protein loss, as well as novel or combination therapies to inhibit @entity32 and promote anabolism, are warranted.

title: Inflammatory burden and @entity535 metabolism in XXXX @entity3085 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: There are variable reported effects of @entity1 -prosthesis mismatch (P-PM) on outcome. It was hypothesized that the adverse effect attributed to P-PM is actually due to @entity1002 ( @entity67 ) in @entity1 with small hearts. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the association among P-PM, @entity67 , and outcomes. Doppler echocardiography was performed in 156 @entity1 after aortic valve replacement. In vivo effective orifice areas for each prosthesis type and size were obtained from published references values of normally functioning prostheses. P-PM was identified from the predicted indexed orifice area, obtained by dividing the effective orifice area by body surface area. @entity67 was classed as normal, delayed relaxation (prolonged deceleration time for age), or increased left atrial pressure (increased E/E' ratio, left @entity1283 , short deceleration time). Events (cardiac-related hospitalizations and all-cause mortality after aortic valve replacement) were determined over a median follow-up periods of 3.5 years (interquartile range 2.1 to 5.7). P-PM was found in 91 @entity1 (58%). Of the @entity1 with P-PM, no @entity67 was present on postoperative echocardiography in 15 @entity1 (16%), delayed relaxation in 35 (39%), and increased left atrial pressure in 41 (45%). There were 61 total events (18 @entity204 and 43 hospitalizations): 4 (7%) in the no- @entity67 group, 26 (42%) in the delayed relaxation group, and 31 (51%) in the increased left atrial pressure group. @entity67 (p = 0.034) but not age (p = 0.09), the left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.60), or the presence of mismatch (p = 0.20) was associated with events. In conclusion, P-PM was associated with 14% mortality and a 39% composite event rate over 2-year follow-up. Events were significantly associated with @entity67 .

title: Interaction and prognostic effects of XXXX and @entity1 -prosthesis mismatch as determinants of outcome after isolated aortic valve replacement.

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['atrial enlargement']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular diastolic dysfunction']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['left ventricular diastolic dysfunction']


abstract: There are variable reported effects of @entity1 -prosthesis mismatch (P-PM) on outcome. It was hypothesized that the adverse effect attributed to P-PM is actually due to @entity1002 ( @entity67 ) in @entity1 with small hearts. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the association among P-PM, @entity67 , and outcomes. Doppler echocardiography was performed in 156 @entity1 after aortic valve replacement. In vivo effective orifice areas for each prosthesis type and size were obtained from published references values of normally functioning prostheses. P-PM was identified from the predicted indexed orifice area, obtained by dividing the effective orifice area by body surface area. @entity67 was classed as normal, delayed relaxation (prolonged deceleration time for age), or increased left atrial pressure (increased E/E' ratio, left @entity1283 , short deceleration time). Events (cardiac-related hospitalizations and all-cause mortality after aortic valve replacement) were determined over a median follow-up periods of 3.5 years (interquartile range 2.1 to 5.7). P-PM was found in 91 @entity1 (58%). Of the @entity1 with P-PM, no @entity67 was present on postoperative echocardiography in 15 @entity1 (16%), delayed relaxation in 35 (39%), and increased left atrial pressure in 41 (45%). There were 61 total events (18 @entity204 and 43 hospitalizations): 4 (7%) in the no- @entity67 group, 26 (42%) in the delayed relaxation group, and 31 (51%) in the increased left atrial pressure group. @entity67 (p = 0.034) but not age (p = 0.09), the left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.60), or the presence of mismatch (p = 0.20) was associated with events. In conclusion, P-PM was associated with 14% mortality and a 39% composite event rate over 2-year follow-up. Events were significantly associated with @entity67 .

title: Interaction and prognostic effects of @entity1002 and XXXX -prosthesis mismatch as determinants of outcome after isolated aortic valve replacement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: Over 1 million @entity1 are living with @entity645 / @entity791 in Uganda and there is a need for the provision of comprehensive palliative care. There is minimal literature with regard to the provision of palliative care in Uganda and there is no evaluation literature on the quality of palliative care education programmes. The aim of the study was to conduct an evaluation of a modular @entity645 / @entity791 palliative care education programme undertaken in rural Uganda by the Mildmay Centre. The evaluation was based on a case study design where the researcher worked alongside the training team. It was undertaken in Rukungiri district and @entity1 on the programme were drawn from four different health facilities within the district. The evaluation took place between January 2004 and December 2005 and multiple sources of data were used. Forty interviews and twenty focus group discussions were held, the work of the mobile training team was observed, documents reviewed and a research diary maintained by the researcher. A perceived and reported impact was seen at the @entity1 and community level, @entity1 level, health facility and district levels. An increase in access to care by @entity1 living with @entity645 / @entity791 was seen as stigma was reduced and the attitudes of health workers towards @entity1 living with @entity645 / @entity791 improved. Strengths and weaknesses of the programme were identified along with recommendations for future programmes.

title: The impact of a modular @entity645 / XXXX palliative care education programme in rural Uganda.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'participant', 'patient', 'people']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: Over 1 million @entity1 are living with @entity645 / @entity791 in Uganda and there is a need for the provision of comprehensive palliative care. There is minimal literature with regard to the provision of palliative care in Uganda and there is no evaluation literature on the quality of palliative care education programmes. The aim of the study was to conduct an evaluation of a modular @entity645 / @entity791 palliative care education programme undertaken in rural Uganda by the Mildmay Centre. The evaluation was based on a case study design where the researcher worked alongside the training team. It was undertaken in Rukungiri district and @entity1 on the programme were drawn from four different health facilities within the district. The evaluation took place between January 2004 and December 2005 and multiple sources of data were used. Forty interviews and twenty focus group discussions were held, the work of the mobile training team was observed, documents reviewed and a research diary maintained by the researcher. A perceived and reported impact was seen at the @entity1 and community level, @entity1 level, health facility and district levels. An increase in access to care by @entity1 living with @entity645 / @entity791 was seen as stigma was reduced and the attitudes of health workers towards @entity1 living with @entity645 / @entity791 improved. Strengths and weaknesses of the programme were identified along with recommendations for future programmes.

title: The impact of a modular XXXX / @entity791 palliative care education programme in rural Uganda.

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The prescription of a long-term oral anticoagulant may pose several problems for the endoscopic surgery of @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). Questions regarding the length of its interruption, what it can be replaced by and the date oral treatment can be resumed must be asked at preoperative stage to avoid @entity548 or cardiovascular accidents. While the number of @entity1 concerned by this type of prescription continues to grow, surgical hemostasis techniques continue to progress and recommendations for good practice are evolving. It is therefore interesting to bring up to date the knowledge and recommendations for surgery of BHP while being treated with anticoagulants. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A systematic revue of publications and of recommendations by knowledgeable bodies in cardiology and anesthesia were carried out. RESULTS: The transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is an intervention which carries an intermediate risk of @entity548 . Whenever possible, it is recommended to briefly interrupt the anticoagulant treatment in the perioperative period. For antivitamins K, heparinotherapy takes over, which, thanks to a short half-life, allows for a quicker management of the anticoagulation. For antiplatelets, the tendency is towards proposing an interruption for 4 to 5 days before the intervention. In all cases, the anticoagulant must be reintroduced as quickly as possible because cardiovascular risks are in proportion to the length of time of interruption. CONCLUSION: The strategy for treatment of @entity1 taking oral anticoagulants is complex. It must be defined in consultation with the anesthetist, the cardiologist or hemostatis specialist. Nevertheless, the urologist remains at the center of the decision for treatment because he/she is the only one who can weigh up the risk of @entity548 , the cardiovascular risks and the necessity of an operation and technique used.

title: [ XXXX surgery and anticoagulant therapy: review of the literature by the French Association of Urology].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhaging']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['Benign prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: To investigate the characteristics of @entity2314 in the brains of centenarians, the autopsied brains and spinal cords from 23 cases were studied. Coronal slices were prepared from a section of the cerebral hemisphere, following the guidelines of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for @entity195 ( @entity195 ) (CERAD) and the consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of @entity1832 ( @entity1832 ). Spinal cord specimens were prepared at each segment from the third cervical to the third sacral segment. In all cases, we performed standard stainings of @entity1710 - @entity1711 , Kl  ver-Barrera, and Gallyas-Braak combined with Luxol fast blue/ @entity10371 , and @entity8095 (AS), phosphorylated tau (AT8) and beta-amyloid protein immunostainings. One-way ANOVA analysis, Chi-square or Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis. Overall, AS-positive structures were found in 8 (34.8%) of our 23 centenarians, 6 (35.3%) of 17 demented @entity1 , and four (40%) out of ten @entity195 @entity1 . The frequencies of @entity75 in the brains with @entity527 ( @entity527 ) stage 0-A, B, and C were 27.7, 33, and 50%, respectively. No statistical differences were found among the frequencies of @entity75 in the subgroups of NFT stages I-II, III-IV, and V-VI (P=0.478). Most cases showed a widespread distribution of AS-positive structures except for one @entity1 , in whose brain only the medulla was involved. The distribution pattern of @entity75 was similar to that in @entity191 or @entity1832 , but the pigmented neurons in substantia nigra were relatively well preserved. Our findings indicate that there is a high frequency of @entity2314 in centenarians, @entity527 -positive and @entity75 may involve a synergistic interaction.

title: Characteristics of XXXX in centenarians.

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['SP', 'senile plaque']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['AS-positive lesions', 'AS lesions']

entities_list: @entity10371 :: ('MESH:C028911', 'Chemical') :: ['cresyl violet']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity2314 :: ('MESH:D000795', 'Disease') :: ['alpha-synucleinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1832 :: ('MESH:D020961', 'Disease') :: ['dementia with Lewy bodies', 'DLB']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's Disease"]

answer: @entity2314 :: (MESH:D000795,Disease) :: ['alpha-synucleinopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: Based on previous experience, we combined topotecan with @entity1311 (weekly administration) in @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Our primary objective was to determine the response rate and survival and our secondary objective, the safety of the regimen. METHODS: From October 2003, until March 2005, 45 @entity1 all with histologically or cytologically confirmed @entity1149 were enrolled. All @entity1 were chemotherapy and radiotherapy naive. Both agents were infused on day 1 of every week once for three consecutive weeks, every 28 days. Three infusions were considered as one course. The treatment plan was to give three courses (nine infusions) and then to evaluate the response. Topotecan (1.75 mg/m2) was infused for 30 min and @entity1311 (70 mg/m2) for 90 min; these doses had been established as the maximum tolerated dose in a previous phase I-II trial. RESULTS: Eighteen/45 (40%) @entity1 responded, 2 (4.4%) complete responses and 16 (35.6%) partial responses. Twenty-one (46.7%) @entity1 had stable disease, and 6 (13.3%) disease progression. The median duration of response was 8 months and median time to @entity5 progression 9 months. Grade 3 and 4 @entity1398 was observed in two @entity1 (in these two @entity1 , the dose of both drugs was reduced by 25% and @entity1261 was given), grade 4 @entity882 in one @entity1 and grade 4 @entity417 in one @entity1 . CONCLUSION: This novel combination of topotecan- @entity1311 in a weekly administration rendered a 40% response rate, with very low @entity137 in stages IIIA, IIIB and IV @entity1149 @entity1 .

title: Front-line @entity1311 and topotecan chemotherapy in advanced or metastatic XXXX : a phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Based on previous experience, we combined topotecan with @entity1311 (weekly administration) in @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Our primary objective was to determine the response rate and survival and our secondary objective, the safety of the regimen. METHODS: From October 2003, until March 2005, 45 @entity1 all with histologically or cytologically confirmed @entity1149 were enrolled. All @entity1 were chemotherapy and radiotherapy naive. Both agents were infused on day 1 of every week once for three consecutive weeks, every 28 days. Three infusions were considered as one course. The treatment plan was to give three courses (nine infusions) and then to evaluate the response. Topotecan (1.75 mg/m2) was infused for 30 min and @entity1311 (70 mg/m2) for 90 min; these doses had been established as the maximum tolerated dose in a previous phase I-II trial. RESULTS: Eighteen/45 (40%) @entity1 responded, 2 (4.4%) complete responses and 16 (35.6%) partial responses. Twenty-one (46.7%) @entity1 had stable disease, and 6 (13.3%) disease progression. The median duration of response was 8 months and median time to @entity5 progression 9 months. Grade 3 and 4 @entity1398 was observed in two @entity1 (in these two @entity1 , the dose of both drugs was reduced by 25% and @entity1261 was given), grade 4 @entity882 in one @entity1 and grade 4 @entity417 in one @entity1 . CONCLUSION: This novel combination of topotecan- @entity1311 in a weekly administration rendered a 40% response rate, with very low @entity137 in stages IIIA, IIIB and IV @entity1149 @entity1 .

title: Front-line XXXX and topotecan chemotherapy in advanced or metastatic @entity1149 : a phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: We analysed 20 @entity1 with 24 knees affected by @entity3762 who were treated with an anterior opening wedge osteotomy of the proximal tibia because of anterior knee @entity158 . We managed to attain full satisfaction in 83% of the @entity1 with a mean follow-up of 7.4 years. The mean Hospital for Special Surgery score was 90.3 (range 70.5-99.5), and the mean Knee Society score score was 94.6 (70-100) for function and 87.7 (47-100) for @entity158 . The mean Western Ontario and @entity571 Index score for knee function was 87.5 (42-100), for stiffness 82.8 (25-100) and for @entity158 87.3 (55-100). Radiographs showed a significant increase in posterior tibial slope of 9.4 deg and a significant decrease of patellar height according to the Blackburne-Peel method of 0.16 postoperatively. No cases of non-union, deep @entity281 were seen. No osteoarthritic changes in the lateral or medial knee compartment were found with more than 5 years' follow-up in 16 @entity1 with 19 affected knees. Three out of the four dissatisfied @entity1 had a patella infera which led to patellofemoral complaints. One @entity1 in the study underwent a secondary superior displacement of the patella with excellent results. We conclude that in a selected group of @entity1 with @entity3762 and anterior knee @entity158 an opening wedge osteotomy of the proximal tibia can be beneficial.

title: Anterior opening wedge osteotomy of the proximal tibia for anterior knee XXXX in idiopathic hyperextension knees.

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['McMaster University Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection or compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic genu recurvatum']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: This note reviews recent literature relating to the use of @entity167 , @entity286 , and intravenous drugs in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Trends in substance use among subpopulations are discussed in relation to changes in the major population health indicators since 1990. This article summarizes recent work into understanding the role of substance use and misuse in the region in explaining demographic developments in terms of life expectancy and population growth. In 1993, 80% of Russian males drank, and among these, @entity167 intake averaged near 600 grams per day. Smoking is much more prevalent among Russian @entity1 (61.4%) than among @entity1 (10.3%). In 2003, 185.8 per 100 thousand Russian @entity1 were @entity734 . High rates of male @entity167 abuse, suicide, accidents, violence, and @entity65 appear to be major causes of the large falls in life expectancy and rising gender gaps in life expectancy in the region. Life expectancy at birth in Russia was estimated at 60.5 years for males and 74 years for females in 2005. Russia's population is now declining at a rate of 0.37% per annum, and with more than 1% of the population estimated to be @entity645 positive, it is likely that this population decline will accelerate further in the near future. Many of these population trends are mirrored across the former Soviet Union.

title: Alcoholism, XXXX , and drug use in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug addicted']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: The @entity5323 around shoulder in military recruits are not reported yet. Three young male soldiers presented with complaints of palpable mass at the anterior aspect of shoulder; tenderness around the superior part of deltopectoral groove close to acromioclavicular joint; and restriction of shoulder motion. They also noticed ecchymosis and @entity158 around the coracoid process and anterior shoulder region during regular firing exercises. Plain X-rays and computerized tomography showed extra-capsular, dense, irregular structure in the space between pectoralis and deltoid muscles which correlated with heterotopic bone. One @entity1 refused surgical intervention because of the completion of his military serving period. Surgical excision was performed for the other two @entity1 . During surgical exploration, both ossified masses were found in deltopectoral region and mostly in fibers of clavicular and acromial parts of deltoid muscle. Pathological reports confirmed the structure of masses as mature trabecular bone. Postoperatively @entity3352 treatment and active shoulder exercises were started until the full range of motion was regained. Mini soft bag was used on the rifle contact area of the shoulder. No complications or recurrences were observed during the 24 months of followup period.

title: XXXX around shoulder following military training programme.

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity5323 :: ('MESH:D009221', 'Disease') :: ['myositis ossificans']

answer: @entity5323 :: (MESH:D009221,Disease) :: ['Myositis ossificans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that central aortic blood pressure may be a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than peripheral blood pressure. The central @entity13519 (cSBP) can be estimated from the late systolic shoulder of the radial pulse waveform. We compared the second systolic peak of the radial waveform (pSBP(2)) with the central systolic pressure derived by a generalized transfer function in a large cohort, across a wide age range, of @entity1 from the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial. We also compared pSBP(2) with the true cSBP measured by cardiac catheterization [invasively measured cSBP (cSBPi)]. METHODS: Noninvasive measurements were made by applanation tonometry using the SphygmoCor device. The aortic pressure waveform was derived from the radial waveform using a validated transfer function. Invasive measures of cSBPi were carried out in a group of 38 @entity1 undergoing diagnostic cardiac angiography, and radial artery pressure waveforms were simultaneously recorded using the SphygmoCor device. RESULTS: Overall, there was a strong correlation (r = 0.99, P<0.001) and good agreement between pSBP(2) and the derived cSBP (mean difference +/- SD 1 +/- 4 mmHg). However, there was a systematic bias with a greater difference between these measures at lower average pressures. There was also a strong correlation and good agreement between the invasively measured cSBPi and pSBP(2) (r = 0.92, P<0.001, mean difference 2 +/- 6 mmHg). CONCLUSION: The second systolic shoulder of the peripheral pressure waveform approximates the cSBP in a large cohort of @entity1 across a wide age range, but this may be inaccurate at low @entity13519 values.

title: The accuracy of central XXXX determined from the second systolic peak of the peripheral pressure waveform.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity13519 :: (8991,Gene) :: ['SBP']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that @entity1200 during early childhood plays an important role in @entity565 pathogenesis. However, it is not known specifically whether changes in dendritic cells (DCs) during infancy antedate the development of @entity1729 , @entity565 , and related clinical phenotypes. OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the association between the level of blood DCs during the first year and the subsequent development of @entity1729 , wheezing, and allergic sensitization. METHODS: A community-based cohort of @entity1 with a family history of @entity402 was followed to age 5 years. @entity1 were monitored intensively for @entity1729 . History of wheeze and @entity565 was collected annually, @entity402 was documented at 5 years, and flow cytometry was used to identify DC subsets in blood samples collected when @entity1 were well. RESULTS: Levels of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) during infancy were inversely correlated with symptoms of @entity1729 , parent-reported wheezing, and the cumulative rate of physician-diagnosed @entity565 up to age 5 years. These relationships were independent of @entity402 , as determined by allergy skin test results and total and specific IgE levels. In contrast, levels of myeloid DCs were not associated with @entity1729 , @entity565 , or wheezing but were associated with total IgE levels at age 5 years. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with a family history of @entity402 of circulating pDCs during infancy appears to be a risk factor for more frequent and more severe @entity1729 , wheezing, and a diagnosis of @entity565 . @entity1 with higher numbers of pDCs are protected against these outcomes.

title: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells during infancy are inversely associated with childhood XXXX and wheezing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity402 :: ('MESH:C564133', 'Disease') :: ['atopy', 'atopy, relative deficiency']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immune dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infections', 'lower respiratory tract infections']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['respiratory tract infections']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Total or partial nasal amputation following @entity5 resection is one of the more severe @entity2652 . Successful nasal reconstruction can therefore be regarded as restoring a @entity1 's psychosocial health. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate different determinants of @entity1 's psychosocial functioning and their effect on @entity1 satisfaction after nasal reconstruction. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a case-control study design was conducted. Level of satisfaction with nasal appearance and psychosocial functioning were assessed with validated questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 30 consecutive @entity1 were recruited. They were treated between November 2001 and May 2005 for (sub)total @entity11766 following radical @entity5 resection. For the control group 99 consented to participate. @entity148 and avoidance were scored significantly higher within the @entity1 group (p=0.01). @entity1 cope significantly more passive than controls (p=0.04). Self-esteem levels did not differ significantly between @entity1 and controls (p=0.22). Determinants of satisfaction with nasal reconstruction were self-esteem (p=0.0001), active coping strategy (p=0.001), and passive coping strategy (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: Nasal reconstruction has an impact on psychosocial functioning of nasal reconstruction @entity1 . In addition, self-esteem and coping strategy are important determinants of satisfaction with nasal reconstruction, and should be held in mind when treating a @entity1 .

title: The impact of nasal reconstruction following XXXX resection on psychosocial functioning, a clinical-empirical exploration.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['facial disfigurements']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Social anxiety']

entities_list: @entity11766 :: ('MESH:D009668', 'Disease') :: ['nasal defects']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of preoperative @entity14340 @entity1372 injection for @entity158 relief after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective double-blind, randomized study was conducted in 268 @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic gynecologic surgery at Vajira Hospital between November 1, 2010 and March 31, 2011. The @entity1 were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either single intravenous 40 mg @entity14340 (treatment group; n = 133) or normal saline (control group; n = 135) 30 min before surgery. The degree of @entity282 was assessed every 2 h in the first 8 h postoperation, then every 4 h until completion of 24 h by using a verbal rating scale. Total consumption of @entity6882 over a 24-h period and the adverse events relevant to @entity14340 @entity1372 were also recorded. RESULTS: Mean @entity158 scores at all measured times in the treatment group were insignificantly lower than those in the control group (p = 0.106). The mean 24-h postoperative @entity6882 consumption in the treatment group was significantly lower compared to that in the control group (26.3 +/- 28.1 mg and 39.1 +/- 34.6 mg, respectively, p = 0.001). The proportion of @entity1 requiring @entity6882 in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (58.6% and 70.3%, respectively, p = 0. 045). No serious adverse events were observed in both groups. CONCLUSION: Preoperative @entity14340 @entity1372 significantly reduced postoperative @entity6882 requirement and consumption, while insignificantly declined the @entity158 scores. Serious adverse events were not encountered

title: @entity158 control in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery with/without preoperative (preemptive) XXXX @entity1372 injection: a randomized study.

entities_list: @entity14340 :: ('MESH:C409945', 'Chemical') :: ['parecoxib']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['meperidine']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity14340 :: (MESH:C409945,Chemical) :: ['parecoxib']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of preoperative @entity14340 @entity1372 injection for @entity158 relief after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective double-blind, randomized study was conducted in 268 @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic gynecologic surgery at Vajira Hospital between November 1, 2010 and March 31, 2011. The @entity1 were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either single intravenous 40 mg @entity14340 (treatment group; n = 133) or normal saline (control group; n = 135) 30 min before surgery. The degree of @entity282 was assessed every 2 h in the first 8 h postoperation, then every 4 h until completion of 24 h by using a verbal rating scale. Total consumption of @entity6882 over a 24-h period and the adverse events relevant to @entity14340 @entity1372 were also recorded. RESULTS: Mean @entity158 scores at all measured times in the treatment group were insignificantly lower than those in the control group (p = 0.106). The mean 24-h postoperative @entity6882 consumption in the treatment group was significantly lower compared to that in the control group (26.3 +/- 28.1 mg and 39.1 +/- 34.6 mg, respectively, p = 0.001). The proportion of @entity1 requiring @entity6882 in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (58.6% and 70.3%, respectively, p = 0. 045). No serious adverse events were observed in both groups. CONCLUSION: Preoperative @entity14340 @entity1372 significantly reduced postoperative @entity6882 requirement and consumption, while insignificantly declined the @entity158 scores. Serious adverse events were not encountered

title: XXXX control in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery with/without preoperative (preemptive) @entity14340 @entity1372 injection: a randomized study.

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['Pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of preoperative @entity14340 @entity1372 injection for @entity158 relief after laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective double-blind, randomized study was conducted in 268 @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic gynecologic surgery at Vajira Hospital between November 1, 2010 and March 31, 2011. The @entity1 were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either single intravenous 40 mg @entity14340 (treatment group; n = 133) or normal saline (control group; n = 135) 30 min before surgery. The degree of @entity282 was assessed every 2 h in the first 8 h postoperation, then every 4 h until completion of 24 h by using a verbal rating scale. Total consumption of @entity6882 over a 24-h period and the adverse events relevant to @entity14340 @entity1372 were also recorded. RESULTS: Mean @entity158 scores at all measured times in the treatment group were insignificantly lower than those in the control group (p = 0.106). The mean 24-h postoperative @entity6882 consumption in the treatment group was significantly lower compared to that in the control group (26.3 +/- 28.1 mg and 39.1 +/- 34.6 mg, respectively, p = 0.001). The proportion of @entity1 requiring @entity6882 in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (58.6% and 70.3%, respectively, p = 0. 045). No serious adverse events were observed in both groups. CONCLUSION: Preoperative @entity14340 @entity1372 significantly reduced postoperative @entity6882 requirement and consumption, while insignificantly declined the @entity158 scores. Serious adverse events were not encountered

title: @entity158 control in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery with/without preoperative (preemptive) @entity14340 XXXX injection: a randomized study.

answer: @entity1372 :: (MESH:D012964,Chemical) :: ['sodium']


abstract: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been described as important for maintaining and implementing contextual information in the service of goal-oriented behavior. Accordingly, impairments in context processing are thought to underlie @entity73 associated with @entity161 , a clinical disorder that has been linked to PFC dysfunction (Servan-Schreiber et al., 1996). However, task switching, a cognitive ability linked to PFC function, has not been consistently impaired in @entity161 . In this experiment, we assessed whether task-switching performance would be selectively impaired for @entity1 when context demands were high. In the @entity558 , a switch required the updating of the relevant task response rules whereas perceptual switching did not entail a switching of contextual information. Instead, a perceptual switch entailed a shift of visuospatial attention to the relevant feature. A second goal was to determine whether potential deficits in context switching would be observed in @entity161 even in situations when these @entity1 do not need to overcome a prepotent response. Studies of context processing have typically required @entity1 with @entity161 to use contextual rules to overcome prepotent response tendencies whereas our switching paradigm did not require the inhibition of a competing response. @entity1 were much slower to switch tasks than controls when contextual rules switched from one trial to the next whereas their performance was intact when the switch occurred between different feature sets and contextual demands were low. Our results demonstrate that context processing deficits are observable in @entity161 even when there is no prepotent response tendency to inhibit. Moreover, our results suggest that @entity550 influence performance primarily when @entity1 are required to switch the application of one explicit rule to another.

title: The impact of context processing deficits on task-switching performance in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['rule-switching condition']

entities_list: @entity550 :: ('MESH:D000303', 'Disease') :: ['PFC impairments']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']