abstract: Opioid receptors are expressed in a cell type-specific manner. Here we show that the @entity19 delta-opioid receptor ( @entity15320 ) gene is regulated by promoter region CpG methylation. The @entity15320 promoter containing a putative CpG island is highly methylated in Neuro2A cells, correlating with the repression of this gene in these cells. This is in contrast with the unmethylated state of the @entity15320 promoter in @entity19 cells, which express a high level of @entity15320 . Repression of @entity15320 transcription in Neuro2A cells could be partially relieved by chemically induced demethylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. In addition, in vitro methylation of the luciferase reporter gene driven by the @entity15320 promoter resulted in an inhibition of transcription in @entity19 cells. Methyl-CpG-binding protein complex 1 (MeCP1) has been implicated in methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of several genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that fully methylated, but not unmethylated, @entity15320 promoter fragment formed a MeCP1-like protein complex that contained @entity61663 ( @entity61663 ) and @entity39985 . Furthermore, the expression level of @entity39985 was decreased when Neuro2A cells were demethylated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and increasing @entity39985 levels in Schneider's @entity238 line 2 cells led to the repression of @entity15320 promoter activity when the promoter was methylated. These results demonstrate that @entity39985 and @entity61663 are involved in the transcriptional repression of @entity15320 in Neuro2A cells through binding to the methylated CpG sites in the promoter region and may play a role in the cell type-specific expression of @entity15320 .

title: Transcriptional regulation of @entity19 delta-opioid receptor gene by CpG methylation: involvement of XXXX and a methyl-CpG-binding protein, @entity61663 , in transcriptional repression of @entity19 delta-opioid receptor gene in Neuro2A cells.

answer: @entity39985 :: (20687(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Sp3']


abstract: Opioid receptors are expressed in a cell type-specific manner. Here we show that the @entity19 delta-opioid receptor ( @entity15320 ) gene is regulated by promoter region CpG methylation. The @entity15320 promoter containing a putative CpG island is highly methylated in Neuro2A cells, correlating with the repression of this gene in these cells. This is in contrast with the unmethylated state of the @entity15320 promoter in @entity19 cells, which express a high level of @entity15320 . Repression of @entity15320 transcription in Neuro2A cells could be partially relieved by chemically induced demethylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. In addition, in vitro methylation of the luciferase reporter gene driven by the @entity15320 promoter resulted in an inhibition of transcription in @entity19 cells. Methyl-CpG-binding protein complex 1 (MeCP1) has been implicated in methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of several genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that fully methylated, but not unmethylated, @entity15320 promoter fragment formed a MeCP1-like protein complex that contained @entity61663 ( @entity61663 ) and @entity39985 . Furthermore, the expression level of @entity39985 was decreased when Neuro2A cells were demethylated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and increasing @entity39985 levels in Schneider's @entity238 line 2 cells led to the repression of @entity15320 promoter activity when the promoter was methylated. These results demonstrate that @entity39985 and @entity61663 are involved in the transcriptional repression of @entity15320 in Neuro2A cells through binding to the methylated CpG sites in the promoter region and may play a role in the cell type-specific expression of @entity15320 .

title: Transcriptional regulation of XXXX delta-opioid receptor gene by CpG methylation: involvement of @entity39985 and a methyl-CpG-binding protein, @entity61663 , in transcriptional repression of @entity19 delta-opioid receptor gene in Neuro2A cells.

entities_list: @entity61663 :: ('17191(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['MBD2', 'methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Opioid receptors are expressed in a cell type-specific manner. Here we show that the @entity19 delta-opioid receptor ( @entity15320 ) gene is regulated by promoter region CpG methylation. The @entity15320 promoter containing a putative CpG island is highly methylated in Neuro2A cells, correlating with the repression of this gene in these cells. This is in contrast with the unmethylated state of the @entity15320 promoter in @entity19 cells, which express a high level of @entity15320 . Repression of @entity15320 transcription in Neuro2A cells could be partially relieved by chemically induced demethylation with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. In addition, in vitro methylation of the luciferase reporter gene driven by the @entity15320 promoter resulted in an inhibition of transcription in @entity19 cells. Methyl-CpG-binding protein complex 1 (MeCP1) has been implicated in methylation-mediated transcriptional repression of several genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that fully methylated, but not unmethylated, @entity15320 promoter fragment formed a MeCP1-like protein complex that contained @entity61663 ( @entity61663 ) and @entity39985 . Furthermore, the expression level of @entity39985 was decreased when Neuro2A cells were demethylated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and increasing @entity39985 levels in Schneider's @entity238 line 2 cells led to the repression of @entity15320 promoter activity when the promoter was methylated. These results demonstrate that @entity39985 and @entity61663 are involved in the transcriptional repression of @entity15320 in Neuro2A cells through binding to the methylated CpG sites in the promoter region and may play a role in the cell type-specific expression of @entity15320 .

title: Transcriptional regulation of @entity19 delta-opioid receptor gene by CpG methylation: involvement of @entity39985 and a methyl-CpG-binding protein, @entity61663 , in transcriptional repression of XXXX delta-opioid receptor gene in Neuro2A cells.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity5962 -catenin adhesion complex is crucial for intercellular adhesiveness and maintenance of tissue architecture. Its impairment is associated with poorly differentiated phenotype and increased invasiveness of @entity189 . AIMS: To evaluate @entity5962 , @entity3546 , gamma catenin, and ezrin expression and its relation to histopathological features of primary and metastatic @entity3969 . METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression and cellular distribution of @entity5962 , @entity3546 , gamma catenin, and ezrin in primary and metastatic @entity3969 . Western blotting was used to determine polypeptide size and expression of @entity5962 and @entity3546 in @entity3969 compared with normal kidney. RESULTS: Moderate expression of @entity5962 was found mainly in cytoplasm and occasionally cell membranes of dysplastic tubules, whereas low expression was seen in cytoplasm of blastemal cells. Primary and @entity5 showed moderate to high @entity3546 expression in blastemal and epithelial cells, with predominantly membranous and cytoplasmic staining. Occasional nuclear staining was noted in @entity5 . Low to high gamma catenin and ezrin expression was seen in cytoplasm of blastemal and epithelial cells of primary and @entity5 . Higher amounts of 92 kDa @entity3546 were detected in @entity5 than in normal kidney. Low expression of 120 kDa @entity5962 was seen in moderately differentiated @entity5 , whereas expression was lacking in poorly differentiated @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Compared with primary @entity5 , @entity5 showed lower expression of @entity5962 and gamma catenin, with nuclear staining for @entity3546 . Low @entity5962 was associated with poorly differentiated @entity5 . These results suggest that abnormal expression of adhesion proteins correlates with the invasive and metastatic phenotype in @entity3969 .

title: Differential expression of @entity5962 and XXXX in primary and metastatic @entity3969 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ["Wilms's tumours"]

answer: @entity3546 :: (1499,Gene) :: ['beta catenin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity5962 -catenin adhesion complex is crucial for intercellular adhesiveness and maintenance of tissue architecture. Its impairment is associated with poorly differentiated phenotype and increased invasiveness of @entity189 . AIMS: To evaluate @entity5962 , @entity3546 , gamma catenin, and ezrin expression and its relation to histopathological features of primary and metastatic @entity3969 . METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression and cellular distribution of @entity5962 , @entity3546 , gamma catenin, and ezrin in primary and metastatic @entity3969 . Western blotting was used to determine polypeptide size and expression of @entity5962 and @entity3546 in @entity3969 compared with normal kidney. RESULTS: Moderate expression of @entity5962 was found mainly in cytoplasm and occasionally cell membranes of dysplastic tubules, whereas low expression was seen in cytoplasm of blastemal cells. Primary and @entity5 showed moderate to high @entity3546 expression in blastemal and epithelial cells, with predominantly membranous and cytoplasmic staining. Occasional nuclear staining was noted in @entity5 . Low to high gamma catenin and ezrin expression was seen in cytoplasm of blastemal and epithelial cells of primary and @entity5 . Higher amounts of 92 kDa @entity3546 were detected in @entity5 than in normal kidney. Low expression of 120 kDa @entity5962 was seen in moderately differentiated @entity5 , whereas expression was lacking in poorly differentiated @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Compared with primary @entity5 , @entity5 showed lower expression of @entity5962 and gamma catenin, with nuclear staining for @entity3546 . Low @entity5962 was associated with poorly differentiated @entity5 . These results suggest that abnormal expression of adhesion proteins correlates with the invasive and metastatic phenotype in @entity3969 .

title: Differential expression of XXXX and @entity3546 in primary and metastatic @entity3969 .

answer: @entity5962 :: (999,Gene) :: ['E-cadherin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity5962 -catenin adhesion complex is crucial for intercellular adhesiveness and maintenance of tissue architecture. Its impairment is associated with poorly differentiated phenotype and increased invasiveness of @entity189 . AIMS: To evaluate @entity5962 , @entity3546 , gamma catenin, and ezrin expression and its relation to histopathological features of primary and metastatic @entity3969 . METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression and cellular distribution of @entity5962 , @entity3546 , gamma catenin, and ezrin in primary and metastatic @entity3969 . Western blotting was used to determine polypeptide size and expression of @entity5962 and @entity3546 in @entity3969 compared with normal kidney. RESULTS: Moderate expression of @entity5962 was found mainly in cytoplasm and occasionally cell membranes of dysplastic tubules, whereas low expression was seen in cytoplasm of blastemal cells. Primary and @entity5 showed moderate to high @entity3546 expression in blastemal and epithelial cells, with predominantly membranous and cytoplasmic staining. Occasional nuclear staining was noted in @entity5 . Low to high gamma catenin and ezrin expression was seen in cytoplasm of blastemal and epithelial cells of primary and @entity5 . Higher amounts of 92 kDa @entity3546 were detected in @entity5 than in normal kidney. Low expression of 120 kDa @entity5962 was seen in moderately differentiated @entity5 , whereas expression was lacking in poorly differentiated @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: Compared with primary @entity5 , @entity5 showed lower expression of @entity5962 and gamma catenin, with nuclear staining for @entity3546 . Low @entity5962 was associated with poorly differentiated @entity5 . These results suggest that abnormal expression of adhesion proteins correlates with the invasive and metastatic phenotype in @entity3969 .

title: Differential expression of @entity5962 and @entity3546 in primary and metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity3969 :: (MESH:D009396,Disease) :: ['Wilms's tumours']


abstract: Reprogramming somatic nuclear function by transplantation of nuclei into recipient oocytes is associated with a morphological @entity5707 of the somatic nucleus. Successful cloning of animals by nuclear transplantation (NT) demonstrates that reprogramming somatic cell function is possible. However, low pregnancy rates and high frequencies of @entity854 in animals born suggest that reprogramming is rarely complete. To address this issue, we tested the hypothesis that nuclear transplantation leads to nuclear @entity5707 . We report the identification of several markers of morphological @entity5707 , or lack thereof, of @entity19 cumulus cell nuclei after transplantation into oocytes. Notably, nuclear transplant @entity19 embryos exhibit nuclear assembly of the differentiated cell-specific A-type lamins at the one-cell stage, as a result of misregulation of @entity31330 gene expression. The transplanted nuclei also display enhanced concentration of the nuclear matrix-associated protein NuMA as a result of translation from maternal mRNA and de novo transcription. The @entity36909 ( @entity36909 ), a marker of the nuclear envelope-chromatin interface, is of somatic origin. Furthermore, greater resistance of @entity36909 and DNA to in situ extractions of one-cell stage NT embryos with non-ionic detergent, DNase, RNase and @entity1219 reflects an enhanced proportion of heterochromatin in these embryos. Passage through first embryonic mitosis does not rescue the defects detected in one-cell stage embryos. We propose that somatic nuclear reprogramming deficiencies by NT might emanate from, at least in part, failure to remodel the somatic nucleus morphologically into a functional embryonic nucleus.

title: Architectural defects in pronuclei of XXXX nuclear transplant embryos.

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['lethal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity5707 :: ('MESH:D020257', 'Disease') :: ['remodeling deficiencies', 'remodeling']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) permits en bloc removal of superficial @entity1721 . However, postprocedure stricture is common after ESD for extensive @entity5 , and multiple @entity384 ( @entity384 ) is required for recalcitrant cases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of oral @entity617 in controlling postprocedure @entity3332 . DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Endoscopy department at a university hospital. @entity1 : @entity1 who underwent complete circular or semicircular ESD for @entity1721 involving more than three fourths of the lumen were treated with either pre-emptive @entity384 or oral @entity617 . INTERVENTION: Preemptive @entity384 was started on the third day post-ESD and continued twice weekly for 8 weeks. Oral @entity617 was started at 30 mg/day on the third day post-ESD , tapered gradually, and then discontinued 8 weeks later. An additional @entity384 was performed on demand in both groups whenever @entity1282 appeared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: The incidence of @entity3332 and number of @entity384 sessions required to relieve @entity1282 . RESULTS: Stricture at 3 months after ESD was found in 7 of 22 @entity1 in the preemptive @entity384 group but only 1 of 19 in the oral @entity617 group (P < .05). The average number of @entity384 sessions required was 15.6 in the preemptive @entity384 group and 1.7 in the oral @entity617 group (P < .0001). After complete circular ESD, 32.7 @entity384 sessions were needed on average in the preemptive @entity384 group, whereas fewer were needed in the oral @entity617 group (P < .05). LIMITATIONS: Nonrandomized study. CONCLUSIONS: Post-ESD esophageal strictures were persistent even if treated preemptively with multiple @entity384 sessions, but oral @entity617 may offer a useful preventive option.

title: Usefulness of oral @entity617 in the treatment of XXXX after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial @entity1721 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3332 :: ('MESH:D004940', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal stricture']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['EBD', 'endoscopic balloon dilation']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity3332 :: (MESH:D004940,Disease) :: ['esophageal stricture']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) permits en bloc removal of superficial @entity1721 . However, postprocedure stricture is common after ESD for extensive @entity5 , and multiple @entity384 ( @entity384 ) is required for recalcitrant cases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of oral @entity617 in controlling postprocedure @entity3332 . DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Endoscopy department at a university hospital. @entity1 : @entity1 who underwent complete circular or semicircular ESD for @entity1721 involving more than three fourths of the lumen were treated with either pre-emptive @entity384 or oral @entity617 . INTERVENTION: Preemptive @entity384 was started on the third day post-ESD and continued twice weekly for 8 weeks. Oral @entity617 was started at 30 mg/day on the third day post-ESD , tapered gradually, and then discontinued 8 weeks later. An additional @entity384 was performed on demand in both groups whenever @entity1282 appeared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: The incidence of @entity3332 and number of @entity384 sessions required to relieve @entity1282 . RESULTS: Stricture at 3 months after ESD was found in 7 of 22 @entity1 in the preemptive @entity384 group but only 1 of 19 in the oral @entity617 group (P < .05). The average number of @entity384 sessions required was 15.6 in the preemptive @entity384 group and 1.7 in the oral @entity617 group (P < .0001). After complete circular ESD, 32.7 @entity384 sessions were needed on average in the preemptive @entity384 group, whereas fewer were needed in the oral @entity617 group (P < .05). LIMITATIONS: Nonrandomized study. CONCLUSIONS: Post-ESD esophageal strictures were persistent even if treated preemptively with multiple @entity384 sessions, but oral @entity617 may offer a useful preventive option.

title: Usefulness of oral @entity617 in the treatment of @entity3332 after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial XXXX .

answer: @entity1721 :: (MESH:C562729,Disease) :: ['esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) permits en bloc removal of superficial @entity1721 . However, postprocedure stricture is common after ESD for extensive @entity5 , and multiple @entity384 ( @entity384 ) is required for recalcitrant cases. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of oral @entity617 in controlling postprocedure @entity3332 . DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Endoscopy department at a university hospital. @entity1 : @entity1 who underwent complete circular or semicircular ESD for @entity1721 involving more than three fourths of the lumen were treated with either pre-emptive @entity384 or oral @entity617 . INTERVENTION: Preemptive @entity384 was started on the third day post-ESD and continued twice weekly for 8 weeks. Oral @entity617 was started at 30 mg/day on the third day post-ESD , tapered gradually, and then discontinued 8 weeks later. An additional @entity384 was performed on demand in both groups whenever @entity1282 appeared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: The incidence of @entity3332 and number of @entity384 sessions required to relieve @entity1282 . RESULTS: Stricture at 3 months after ESD was found in 7 of 22 @entity1 in the preemptive @entity384 group but only 1 of 19 in the oral @entity617 group (P < .05). The average number of @entity384 sessions required was 15.6 in the preemptive @entity384 group and 1.7 in the oral @entity617 group (P < .0001). After complete circular ESD, 32.7 @entity384 sessions were needed on average in the preemptive @entity384 group, whereas fewer were needed in the oral @entity617 group (P < .05). LIMITATIONS: Nonrandomized study. CONCLUSIONS: Post-ESD esophageal strictures were persistent even if treated preemptively with multiple @entity384 sessions, but oral @entity617 may offer a useful preventive option.

title: Usefulness of oral XXXX in the treatment of @entity3332 after endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial @entity1721 .

answer: @entity617 :: (MESH:D011239,Chemical) :: ['prednisolone']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Organ procurement practices are tending towards the use of older or more borderline donors. In the current context of steadily decreasing availability of traumatic donors, @entity64 victims make up the majority of donors. In France, where organ procurement activity has stabilized following a period of growth, the possibility of organ donation after a @entity64 is variable and uncertain. STATE OF THE ART: Among potential donors--severe @entity772 @entity1 beyond therapeutic possibilities--those who are @entity64 victims are also those for whom emergency units often initiate the support withdrawal process early, before @entity1620 . Yet the time to the final diagnosis of @entity1620 is also the time necessary for intensive care before organ procurement. Several teams with expert experience in dealing with relatives in these circumstances have demonstrated the steps of the process. PERSPECTIVES: Potential donors can be admitted to intensive care units with the exclusive aim of organ removal. This strategy can be accepted only if the organ donation has a reasonable chance of success. The probability of @entity1620 must therefore be likely and no contraindications found. The key element is open and frank communication with relatives about the severity of @entity1545 and the lack of therapeutic alternatives. With the relatives, it is recommended to separate the discussion of withdrawal from the question of possible opposition to organ donation. CONCLUSIONS: This approach allows both support for end-of-life @entity1 , and fulfillment of their wishes with regards to organ donation. It enables case-by-case decision-making, after relatives have agreed on transfer to the intensive care unit for organ removal. Thus, each hospital should institute a fully cooperative care procedure where all therapeutic possibilities are evaluated in order to enable the most appropriate therapeutic approach, and, if applicable, organ procurement.

title: [Management of organ donation for @entity1 with severe @entity772 due to XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'cerebral stroke']

entities_list: @entity1620 :: ('MESH:D001926', 'Disease') :: ['brain death']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['cerebrovascular stroke']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Organ procurement practices are tending towards the use of older or more borderline donors. In the current context of steadily decreasing availability of traumatic donors, @entity64 victims make up the majority of donors. In France, where organ procurement activity has stabilized following a period of growth, the possibility of organ donation after a @entity64 is variable and uncertain. STATE OF THE ART: Among potential donors--severe @entity772 @entity1 beyond therapeutic possibilities--those who are @entity64 victims are also those for whom emergency units often initiate the support withdrawal process early, before @entity1620 . Yet the time to the final diagnosis of @entity1620 is also the time necessary for intensive care before organ procurement. Several teams with expert experience in dealing with relatives in these circumstances have demonstrated the steps of the process. PERSPECTIVES: Potential donors can be admitted to intensive care units with the exclusive aim of organ removal. This strategy can be accepted only if the organ donation has a reasonable chance of success. The probability of @entity1620 must therefore be likely and no contraindications found. The key element is open and frank communication with relatives about the severity of @entity1545 and the lack of therapeutic alternatives. With the relatives, it is recommended to separate the discussion of withdrawal from the question of possible opposition to organ donation. CONCLUSIONS: This approach allows both support for end-of-life @entity1 , and fulfillment of their wishes with regards to organ donation. It enables case-by-case decision-making, after relatives have agreed on transfer to the intensive care unit for organ removal. Thus, each hospital should institute a fully cooperative care procedure where all therapeutic possibilities are evaluated in order to enable the most appropriate therapeutic approach, and, if applicable, organ procurement.

title: [Management of organ donation for @entity1 with severe XXXX due to @entity64 ].

answer: @entity772 :: (MESH:D003128,Disease) :: ['coma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Organ procurement practices are tending towards the use of older or more borderline donors. In the current context of steadily decreasing availability of traumatic donors, @entity64 victims make up the majority of donors. In France, where organ procurement activity has stabilized following a period of growth, the possibility of organ donation after a @entity64 is variable and uncertain. STATE OF THE ART: Among potential donors--severe @entity772 @entity1 beyond therapeutic possibilities--those who are @entity64 victims are also those for whom emergency units often initiate the support withdrawal process early, before @entity1620 . Yet the time to the final diagnosis of @entity1620 is also the time necessary for intensive care before organ procurement. Several teams with expert experience in dealing with relatives in these circumstances have demonstrated the steps of the process. PERSPECTIVES: Potential donors can be admitted to intensive care units with the exclusive aim of organ removal. This strategy can be accepted only if the organ donation has a reasonable chance of success. The probability of @entity1620 must therefore be likely and no contraindications found. The key element is open and frank communication with relatives about the severity of @entity1545 and the lack of therapeutic alternatives. With the relatives, it is recommended to separate the discussion of withdrawal from the question of possible opposition to organ donation. CONCLUSIONS: This approach allows both support for end-of-life @entity1 , and fulfillment of their wishes with regards to organ donation. It enables case-by-case decision-making, after relatives have agreed on transfer to the intensive care unit for organ removal. Thus, each hospital should institute a fully cooperative care procedure where all therapeutic possibilities are evaluated in order to enable the most appropriate therapeutic approach, and, if applicable, organ procurement.

title: [Management of organ donation for XXXX with severe @entity772 due to @entity64 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: RNA turnover is an essential element of cellular homeostasis and response to environmental change. Whether the ribonucleases that mediate RNA turnover can respond to cellular metabolic status is an unresolved question. Here we present evidence that the Krebs cycle metabolite @entity1792 affects the activity of @entity526 polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) and, conversely, that cellular metabolism is affected widely by PNPase activity. An @entity526 that requires PNPase for viability has suppressed growth in the presence of increased @entity1792 concentration. Transcriptome analysis reveals a PNPase-mediated response to @entity1792 , and PNPase deletion broadly impacts on the metabolome. In vitro, @entity1792 directly binds and modulates PNPase activity, as predicted by crystallographic data. Binding of metal-chelated @entity1792 in the active site at physiological concentrations appears to inhibit enzyme activity. However, metal-free @entity1792 is bound at a vestigial active site, where it stimulates PNPase activity. Mutagenesis data confirmed a potential role of this vestigial site as an allosteric binding pocket that recognizes metal-free @entity1792 . Collectively, these findings suggest that RNA degradative pathways communicate with central metabolism. This communication appears to be part of a feedback network that may contribute to global regulation of metabolism and cellular energy efficiency.

title: Polynucleotide phosphorylase activity may be modulated by metabolites in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli strain']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim if this study was to compare @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ) of the gallbladder to emergency cholecystectomy (EC) in a well-defined @entity1 group with @entity295 related to acute calculous/ @entity7140 (ACC/AAC). METHODS: Between 2001 and 2007, all consecutive @entity1 of our ICU treated by either @entity5173 or EC were retrospectively analyzed. Cases were collected from a prospective database. Percutaneous drainage was performed by a transhepatic route and EC by open or laparoscopic approach. @entity1 ' general condition and organ dysfunction were assessed by two validated scoring systems (SAPS II and SOFA, respectively). Morbidity, mortality, and long-term outcome were systematically reviewed and analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: Forty-two @entity1 [median age = 65.5 years (range = 32-94)] were included; 45% underwent EC (ten laparoscopic, nine open) and 55% @entity5173 (n = 23). Both @entity1 groups had similar preoperative characteristics. Percutaneous drainage and EC were successful in 91 and 100% of @entity1 , respectively. @entity881 were similarly improved by the third postoperative/postdrainage days. Despite undergoing @entity5173 , two @entity1 required EC due to @entity2679 . The conversion rate after laparoscopy was 20%. Overall morbidity was 8.7% after @entity5173 and 47% after EC (P = 0.011). Major morbidity was 0% after @entity5173 and 21% after EC (P = 0.034). The mortality rate was not different (13% after @entity5173 and 16% after EC, P = 1.0) and the deaths were all related to the @entity1 ' preexisting disease. Hospital and ICU stays were not different. Recurrent symptoms (17%) occurred only after ACC in the @entity5173 group. CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk @entity1 , @entity5173 and EC are both efficient in the resolution of @entity14784 . However, EC is associated with a higher procedure-related morbidity and the laparoscopic approach is not always possible. Percutaneous drainage represents a valuable intervention, but secondary cholecystectomy is mandatory in cases of acute @entity2679 .

title: Percutaneous drainage versus emergency cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute XXXX in critically ill @entity1 : does it matter?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity14784 :: ('MESH:D041881', 'Disease') :: ['acute cholecystitis sepsis']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['percutaneous drainage', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['gangrenous cholecystitis', 'calculous cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity7140 :: ('MESH:D042101', 'Disease') :: ['acalculous cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['Organ dysfunctions']

answer: @entity2679 :: (MESH:D002764,Disease) :: ['cholecystitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim if this study was to compare @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ) of the gallbladder to emergency cholecystectomy (EC) in a well-defined @entity1 group with @entity295 related to acute calculous/ @entity7140 (ACC/AAC). METHODS: Between 2001 and 2007, all consecutive @entity1 of our ICU treated by either @entity5173 or EC were retrospectively analyzed. Cases were collected from a prospective database. Percutaneous drainage was performed by a transhepatic route and EC by open or laparoscopic approach. @entity1 ' general condition and organ dysfunction were assessed by two validated scoring systems (SAPS II and SOFA, respectively). Morbidity, mortality, and long-term outcome were systematically reviewed and analyzed in both groups. RESULTS: Forty-two @entity1 [median age = 65.5 years (range = 32-94)] were included; 45% underwent EC (ten laparoscopic, nine open) and 55% @entity5173 (n = 23). Both @entity1 groups had similar preoperative characteristics. Percutaneous drainage and EC were successful in 91 and 100% of @entity1 , respectively. @entity881 were similarly improved by the third postoperative/postdrainage days. Despite undergoing @entity5173 , two @entity1 required EC due to @entity2679 . The conversion rate after laparoscopy was 20%. Overall morbidity was 8.7% after @entity5173 and 47% after EC (P = 0.011). Major morbidity was 0% after @entity5173 and 21% after EC (P = 0.034). The mortality rate was not different (13% after @entity5173 and 16% after EC, P = 1.0) and the deaths were all related to the @entity1 ' preexisting disease. Hospital and ICU stays were not different. Recurrent symptoms (17%) occurred only after ACC in the @entity5173 group. CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk @entity1 , @entity5173 and EC are both efficient in the resolution of @entity14784 . However, EC is associated with a higher procedure-related morbidity and the laparoscopic approach is not always possible. Percutaneous drainage represents a valuable intervention, but secondary cholecystectomy is mandatory in cases of acute @entity2679 .

title: Percutaneous drainage versus emergency cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute @entity2679 in critically ill XXXX : does it matter?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sporadic malignant non-functioning @entity788 (NF-PETs) are an important subset of @entity788 . The aim of this study was to assess the impact of improved imaging on these features in a tertiary referral centre within a 20-year follow-up. @entity1 AND METHODS: From 1988 to 2009, 51 @entity1 were treated for sporadic malignant NF-PETs. Forty-one @entity1 who underwent @entity5 resection were retrospectively attributed according to the date of the initial diagnosis, group 1: 1988-1999 vs. group 2: 2000-2009. RESULTS: Cross-sectional imaging led to positive prediction of NF-PETs in all @entity1 . Curative resection was achieved in 76%. Synchronous metastases were present in 56% with a positive prediction of 43%. In group 1, the mean reported CT-determined @entity5 size was 56 vs. 54  mm in group 2 (p   =   0.89). Synchronous metastases were present in 61% in group 1 vs. 57% (p   =   0.99) in group 2. Metachronous metastases were recorded in 39% in group 1 vs. 43% (p   =   0.84) in group 2. The mean interval from initial resection to diagnosis of @entity3 was significantly shorter (p   =   0.01) in @entity1 from group 1 (14 vs. 61  months). Cumulative 5- and 10-year survival rates were 77% and 72% in group 1 vs. a 5-year survival rate of 66% in group 2. CONCLUSION: So far, improved CT-based imaging has no impact on earlier detection of initial synchronous metastases in sporadic malignant NF-PETs, while metachronous metastases are detected earlier.

title: Impact of CT-based diagnostic imaging on management and outcome of nonfunctioning XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic endocrine tumors', 'pancreatic neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although ion fluxes are considered to be an integral part of signal transduction during responses to pathogens, only a few ion channels are known to participate in the plant response to infection. @entity72830 is a disease resistance-related cyclic @entity377 -gated ion channel. @entity958 @entity72830 mutants @entity72830 and @entity72830 display an impaired hypersensitive response (HR), @entity851 , a constitutively active @entity3785 (SA)-mediated pathogenesis-related response and elevated resistance against bacterial pathogens. @entity2247 @entity72830 shares 67% aa identity with @entity72830 . The @entity2247 mutant nec1 comprising of a frame-shift mutation of @entity72830 displays a @entity39 phenotype and constitutively over-expresses PR-1, yet it is not known what effect the nec1 mutation has on @entity2247 resistance against different types of pathogens. RESULTS: nec1 mutant accumulated high amount of SA and @entity273 compared to parental cv. Parkland. Experiments investigating nec1 disease resistance demonstrated positive effect of nec1 mutation on non-host resistance against @entity3437 . tomato (Pst) at high inoculum density, whereas at normal Pst inoculum concentration nec1 resistance did not differ from wt. In contrast to augmented @entity3437 resistance, penetration resistance against biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis @entity10327 . hordei (Bgh), the causal agent of powdery mildew, was not altered in nec1. The nec1 mutant significantly over-expressed race non-specific Bgh resistance-related genes BI-1 and MLO. Induction of BI-1 and MLO suggested putative involvement of nec1 in race non-specific Bgh resistance, therefore the effect of nec1on mlo-5-mediated Bgh resistance was assessed. The nec1/mlo-5 double mutant was as resistant to Bgh as Nec1/mlo-5 plants, suggesting that nec1 did not impair mlo-5 race non-specific Bgh resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Together, the results suggest that nec1 mutation alters activation of systemic acquired resistance-related physiological markers and non-host resistance in @entity2247 , while not changing rapid localized response during compatible interaction with host pathogen. Increased resistance of nec1 against non-host pathogen Pst suggests that nec1 mutation may affect certain aspects of @entity2247 disease resistance, while it remains to be determined, if the effect on disease resistance is a direct response to changes in SA signaling.

title: Differential disease resistance response in the XXXX @entity39 mutant nec1.

entities_list: @entity3785 :: ('MESH:D020156', 'Chemical') :: ['salicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['retarded growth']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity3437 :: ('317', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas syringae pv', 'P. syringae']

answer: @entity2247 :: (4513,Species) :: ['barley']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although ion fluxes are considered to be an integral part of signal transduction during responses to pathogens, only a few ion channels are known to participate in the plant response to infection. @entity72830 is a disease resistance-related cyclic @entity377 -gated ion channel. @entity958 @entity72830 mutants @entity72830 and @entity72830 display an impaired hypersensitive response (HR), @entity851 , a constitutively active @entity3785 (SA)-mediated pathogenesis-related response and elevated resistance against bacterial pathogens. @entity2247 @entity72830 shares 67% aa identity with @entity72830 . The @entity2247 mutant nec1 comprising of a frame-shift mutation of @entity72830 displays a @entity39 phenotype and constitutively over-expresses PR-1, yet it is not known what effect the nec1 mutation has on @entity2247 resistance against different types of pathogens. RESULTS: nec1 mutant accumulated high amount of SA and @entity273 compared to parental cv. Parkland. Experiments investigating nec1 disease resistance demonstrated positive effect of nec1 mutation on non-host resistance against @entity3437 . tomato (Pst) at high inoculum density, whereas at normal Pst inoculum concentration nec1 resistance did not differ from wt. In contrast to augmented @entity3437 resistance, penetration resistance against biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis @entity10327 . hordei (Bgh), the causal agent of powdery mildew, was not altered in nec1. The nec1 mutant significantly over-expressed race non-specific Bgh resistance-related genes BI-1 and MLO. Induction of BI-1 and MLO suggested putative involvement of nec1 in race non-specific Bgh resistance, therefore the effect of nec1on mlo-5-mediated Bgh resistance was assessed. The nec1/mlo-5 double mutant was as resistant to Bgh as Nec1/mlo-5 plants, suggesting that nec1 did not impair mlo-5 race non-specific Bgh resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Together, the results suggest that nec1 mutation alters activation of systemic acquired resistance-related physiological markers and non-host resistance in @entity2247 , while not changing rapid localized response during compatible interaction with host pathogen. Increased resistance of nec1 against non-host pathogen Pst suggests that nec1 mutation may affect certain aspects of @entity2247 disease resistance, while it remains to be determined, if the effect on disease resistance is a direct response to changes in SA signaling.

title: Differential disease resistance response in the @entity2247 XXXX mutant nec1.

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrotic']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity9229 is widely considered to be poorly effective in @entity2012 . OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to obtain a more accurate picture of the efficacy of @entity9229 in @entity2012 , both alone and in combination with @entity1943 analogs. DESIGN: We systematically reviewed all trials of @entity9229 therapy for @entity2012 published up to 2009 in four databases (PubMed, Pascal, Embase, and Google Scholar). We identified 15 studies (11 prospective) with a total of 237 @entity1 ; none were randomized or placebo-controlled. A meta-analysis was conducted on individual data (n = 227). RESULTS: @entity9229 was used alone in nine studies. Fifty-one (34%) of the 149 @entity1 achieved normal @entity442 levels. In multivariate analysis, the decline in @entity442 was related to the baseline @entity442 concentration (b = 1.16; P <0.001), treatment duration (b = 0.28; P < 0.001), and baseline prolactin concentration (b = -0.18; P = 0.01), and with a trend toward a relation with the @entity9229 dose (b = 0.38; P =0.07). In five studies, @entity9229 was added to ongoing @entity1943 analog treatment that had failed to normalize @entity442 . Forty @entity1 (52%) achieved normal @entity442 levels. The change in @entity442 was significantly related to the baseline @entity442 level (b = 0.74; P < 0.001) but not to the dose of @entity9229 , the duration of treatment, or the baseline prolactin concentration. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that @entity9229 single-agent therapy normalizes @entity442 levels in one third of @entity1 with @entity2012 . When a @entity1943 analog fails to control @entity2012 , @entity9229 adjunction normalizes @entity442 in about 50% of cases. This effect may occur even in @entity1 with normoprolactinemia.

title: Place of XXXX in @entity2012 : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9229 :: ('MESH:C047047', 'Chemical') :: ['Cabergoline', 'cabergoline']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

answer: @entity9229 :: (MESH:C047047,Chemical) :: ['cabergoline']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity9229 is widely considered to be poorly effective in @entity2012 . OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to obtain a more accurate picture of the efficacy of @entity9229 in @entity2012 , both alone and in combination with @entity1943 analogs. DESIGN: We systematically reviewed all trials of @entity9229 therapy for @entity2012 published up to 2009 in four databases (PubMed, Pascal, Embase, and Google Scholar). We identified 15 studies (11 prospective) with a total of 237 @entity1 ; none were randomized or placebo-controlled. A meta-analysis was conducted on individual data (n = 227). RESULTS: @entity9229 was used alone in nine studies. Fifty-one (34%) of the 149 @entity1 achieved normal @entity442 levels. In multivariate analysis, the decline in @entity442 was related to the baseline @entity442 concentration (b = 1.16; P <0.001), treatment duration (b = 0.28; P < 0.001), and baseline prolactin concentration (b = -0.18; P = 0.01), and with a trend toward a relation with the @entity9229 dose (b = 0.38; P =0.07). In five studies, @entity9229 was added to ongoing @entity1943 analog treatment that had failed to normalize @entity442 . Forty @entity1 (52%) achieved normal @entity442 levels. The change in @entity442 was significantly related to the baseline @entity442 level (b = 0.74; P < 0.001) but not to the dose of @entity9229 , the duration of treatment, or the baseline prolactin concentration. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that @entity9229 single-agent therapy normalizes @entity442 levels in one third of @entity1 with @entity2012 . When a @entity1943 analog fails to control @entity2012 , @entity9229 adjunction normalizes @entity442 in about 50% of cases. This effect may occur even in @entity1 with normoprolactinemia.

title: Place of @entity9229 in XXXX : a meta-analysis.

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: Kakkon-to, a traditional herbal medicine (Kampo formula), has been used historically in China and Japan for the treatment of @entity166 such as @entity683 and the common cold. However, the biological mechanism of its therapeutic action has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the immunological function of Kakkon-to and found that the high molecular weight fraction of the extract activated macrophages in vitro. This fraction was found to be composed primarily of @entity1735 and in vitro intensively stimulated @entity19 peritoneal macrophages that produce @entity630 inflammatory cytokines such as @entity5 @entity39 factor a ( @entity637 ), @entity635 ( @entity635 ), @entity60 ( @entity60 ), and @entity777 ( @entity777 ). The fraction did not activate macrophages from C3H/HeJ lacking @entity1990 ( @entity1990 ) or @entity5001 -deficient @entity19 , indicating that macrophage activation by the fraction was mediated by @entity1990 . The route of administration of the fraction into @entity19 regulated the kinetics of @entity637 production in immune organs. Intravenous administration induced @entity637 production in the four target organs of spleen, liver, lung, and Peyer  s patch; however, the most abundant production occurred in the liver and peaked at 30-60 min post administration. Peritoneal administration induced similar kinetics but the most abundant production occurred in the spleen. In contrast, oral administration induced @entity637 production in the liver, lung, and Peyer  s patch, but not in the spleen. Although liver and lung are @entity637 -abundant organs, production peaks in these organs occurred later than in Peyer  s patch. We also found that the fraction induced antibody production as an adjuvant against a specific antigen ovalbumin (OVA) when administered simultaneously and subcutaneously in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the fraction induced IgG-class antibody in response to low doses of the antigen, which induced only IgM-class antibody when administered alone, suggesting that the fraction induces a class switch of immunoglobulin as an adjuvant in vivo. The high molecular weight fraction of Kakkon-to extract could be applicable as a potent immunostimulating drug and adjuvant.

title: XXXX -dependent adjuvant activity of Kakkon-to extract exists in the high molecular weight polysaccharide fraction.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['saccharides']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

answer: @entity1990 :: (21898(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Toll-like receptor 4']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a rare case of 45,X @entity2689 with @entity1619 and clitoromegaly caused by @entity43 . DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric hospital. @entity1 (S): An 11-and-a-half-year-old @entity1 with 45,X karyotype showed signs of accelerated growth and clitoromegaly and was found to have elevated serum T. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to confirm her karyotype as monosomy X and absence of the @entity16438 gene. Elevated gonadotropins indicated @entity2670 . INTERVENTION(S): Laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Serum T level. RESULT(S): Pathology showed @entity43 within the removed gonads. Serum T levels returned to normal after gonadectomy. CONCLUSION(S): Ovarian @entity1373 is an extremely rare cause of virilization in @entity2689 . Gonadectomy should be considered for @entity1 with confirmed 45,X karyotype who exhibit virilization.

title: Ovarian XXXX as the cause of virilization in 45,X @entity2689 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian hilus cell hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['elevated T']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hilus cell hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ["Turner's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['absence of ovarian function']

answer: @entity1373 :: (MESH:D006965,Disease) :: ['hilus cell hyperplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a rare case of 45,X @entity2689 with @entity1619 and clitoromegaly caused by @entity43 . DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric hospital. @entity1 (S): An 11-and-a-half-year-old @entity1 with 45,X karyotype showed signs of accelerated growth and clitoromegaly and was found to have elevated serum T. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to confirm her karyotype as monosomy X and absence of the @entity16438 gene. Elevated gonadotropins indicated @entity2670 . INTERVENTION(S): Laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Serum T level. RESULT(S): Pathology showed @entity43 within the removed gonads. Serum T levels returned to normal after gonadectomy. CONCLUSION(S): Ovarian @entity1373 is an extremely rare cause of virilization in @entity2689 . Gonadectomy should be considered for @entity1 with confirmed 45,X karyotype who exhibit virilization.

title: Ovarian @entity1373 as the cause of virilization in 45,X XXXX .

answer: @entity2689 :: (MESH:D014424,Disease) :: ['Turner's syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: We determined whether increasing the number of cores at first prostate biopsy would improve the @entity5 detection rate without increasing the detection of clinically insignificant @entity5 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2009 to January 2010 @entity1 scheduled for prostate biopsy were randomized to 12 or 18-core sampling. Study inclusion criteria were 1) age 45 to 75 years, 2) abnormal digital rectal examination and/or prostate specific antigen 4 to 20 ng/ml, and 3) no previous biopsy. The primary end point was the @entity5 detection rate. Secondary end points were clinically insignificant @entity5 detection and morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 150 @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Preoperative variables were similar in the 2 groups of 75 @entity1 each. @entity5 was detected in 23 @entity1 (30.7%) in group 1 and in 36 (48%) in group 2 (p = 0.02). More cases of insignificant @entity5 were detected in group 2 (p not significant). In @entity1 with prostate volume 65 cc or less the detection rate was 30.9% in group 1 and 52.8% in group 2 (p = 0.02). In @entity1 with prostate specific antigen 10 ng/ml or less the detection rate was 19.6% in group 1 and 38.4% in group 2 (p = 0.03). Two group 2 @entity1 (5.5%) were diagnosed based on additional samples but the diagnosis corresponded to insignificant @entity5 . There was no statistically significant difference in morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The 18-core protocol improves @entity263 detection without increasing morbidity. Results suggest that the 12-core biopsy protocol is adequate for @entity263 detection at first biopsy.

title: Extended sampling at first biopsy improves XXXX detection rate: results of a prospective, randomized trial comparing 12 versus 18-core prostate biopsy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Recent studies evaluating interposed abdominal compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (IAC-CPR) have demonstrated a significant increase in cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion, as compared with standard CPR. A clinical evaluation of IAC-CPR effectiveness on resuscitation outcome has not been reported. A prospective randomized study comparing IAC-CRP with standard CPR for resuscitation of prehospital @entity1167 was undertaken using the Milwaukee County Paramedic System. The @entity1 were randomized following endotracheal intubation into IAC-CPR and standard CPR groups. Since October 1983, 291 @entity1 have qualified for the study group. Of these, 146 @entity1 had standard CPR, and 45 (31%) were successfully resuscitated. Of the 145 @entity1 treated with IAC-CPR, 40 (28%) were successfully resuscitated. Chi-square analysis reveals no significant difference between these groups. To determine whether abdominal compression increases regurgitation, the frequency of emesis before and after intubation was analyzed. No significant difference was found between the IAC-CPR and standard CPR groups. Thus, IAC-CPR applied by paramedics in the field to @entity1 following intubation does not improve cardiac resuscitation rates.

title: Pre-hospital IAC-CPR versus standard CPR: paramedic resuscitation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrests']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and evolutive characteristics of pediatric @entity1 with severe @entity542 (SHI). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A review was made of the @entity1 admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with SHI between July 1983 and December 2009. RESULTS: Of the 389 @entity1 with @entity542 admitted to the PICU during the study period, 174 (45%) presented SHI. The mean age in this group was of 67  9 months, with a Glasgow @entity772 Score (GCS) of 5.5  1.8 and a PRISM score of 10.7  6.7. The most frequent etiology of SHI was traffic accidents (56%), though these have decreased significantly in the last decade (58.5% vs 45.3%; P<.001). Twenty-one percent of the @entity1 required evacuation of the lesions detected by computed tomography (CT), and 39% presented severe @entity131 ( @entity131 ). Seventy-nine percent of the @entity1 in whom @entity428 ( @entity428 ) was monitored presented @entity428 . Sequelae of clinical relevance were recorded in 59 @entity1 (39%), and proved serious in 64% of the cases. The mortality rate in this @entity1 series was 24.7%. Intracranial @entity101 decreased significantly in the last decade (88% vs 54%; P<.05), and clinical recovery has improved (23.3% vs 63.1%; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: a) The incidence of traffic accidents has decreased in the last decade in the studied population; b) @entity1 with SHI in which @entity428 was monitored showed a high incidence of @entity428 ; c) morbidity-mortality among pediatric @entity1 with SHI has decreased over the course of the study period.

title: [Severe pediatric XXXX (I). Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and course].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse encephalic injury', 'DEI']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['ICP', 'intracranial hypertension', 'intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries', 'head injury']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injuries']


abstract: PURPOSE: The effect of the type of @entity128 on subjective @entity132 and recovery has not been addressed in orthognathic surgery. Using neurophysiologic monitoring during 19 bilateral sagittal split osteotomy operations, we were able to classify intraoperative inferior @entity128 as either @entity17 . This study aimed to analyze the quality and extent of the subjective sensations experienced by the @entity1 after these 2 injury types at different time points up to 12 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 36 injured nerves, 21 showed signs of @entity17 and 15 showed signs of @entity21 . The quality of subjective sensory symptoms was asked about at 2 weeks and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively and classified into 4 categories: normal, negative, positive (including @entity158 ), and mixed sensations. In addition, the extent of the sensory alteration was determined by measuring the affected skin regions from symptom charts. RESULTS: The quantity, quality, and evolution of experienced subjective sensations differed between the injury types during follow-up: Subjective sensations normalized more rapidly after demyelinating-type injuries than after axonal-type injuries. Persistence of mixed sensation patterns at 3 months and appearance instead of disappearance of positive sensory phenomena after 3 months indicated @entity21 . @entity158 sensations at 1 month or later after surgery indicated @entity21 and predicted poor recovery and more long-term sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: @entity282 at 1 month and type of @entity128 are important prognostic factors for the persistence of subjective symptoms and development of @entity9 .

title: Subjective sensory symptoms associated with XXXX after mandibular sagittal split osteotomy.

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['axonal or demyelinating', 'demyelinating injury']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disturbances']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury', 'alveolar nerve injuries']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Painful', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['axonal damage']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity17 :: (MESH:D003711,Disease) :: ['axonal and demyelinating nerve injuries']


abstract: In this study we aimed to determine current distribution and short-term analgesic effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in @entity239 using different electrode montages. For each electrode montage, clinical effects were correlated with predictions of induced cortical current flow using magnetic resonance imaging-derived finite element method head model. Thirty @entity1 were randomized into 5 groups (Cathodal-M1 [primary motor cortex], Cathodal-SO [supra-orbital area], Anodal-M1, Anodal-SO, and Sham) to receive tDCS application (2 mA, 20 minutes) using an extracephalic montage. @entity158 was measured using a visual numerical scale (VNS), pressure @entity158 threshold (PPT), and a body diagram (BD) evaluating @entity158 area. There was significant @entity158 reduction in cathodal-SO and anodal-SO groups indexed by VNS. For @entity3445 there was a trend for a similar effect in anodal-SO group. Computer simulation indicated that the M1-extracephalic montage produced dominantly temporo-parietal current flow, consistent with lack of clinical effects with this montage. Conversely, the SO-extracephalic montage produced current flow across anterior prefrontal structures, thus supporting the observed analgesic effects. Our clinical and modeling findings suggest that electrode montage, considering both electrodes, is critical for the clinical effects of M1-tDCS as electric current needs to be induced in areas associated with the @entity158 matrix. These results should be taken into consideration for the design of @entity158 tDCS studies. PERSPECTIVE: Results in this article support that electrode montage is a critical factor to consider for the clinical application of tDCS for @entity158 control, as there is an important correlation between the location of induced electrical current and tDCS-induced analgesic effects.

title: Transcranial DC stimulation in XXXX : optimized cortical target supported by high-resolution computational models.

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['fibromyalgia']

answer: @entity239 :: (MESH:D005356,Disease) :: ['fibromyalgia']


abstract: Attempts to repair @entity121 in @entity1555 ( @entity1555 ) by transplanting skeletal myoblasts directly into muscles are faced with the problem of the limited migration of these cells in the muscles. The delivery of myogenic stem cells to the sites of @entity121 via the systemic circulation is a potential alternative approach to treat this disease. Muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) were obtained by a MACS(R) multisort method. Clones of MDSCs, which were @entity17776 +/ @entity22416 -/ @entity6232 +, were found to adhere firmly to the endothelium of mdx dystrophic muscles after i.v. or i.m. injections. The subpopulation of @entity17776 +/ @entity22416 - MDSCs expressing @entity6232 was called homing MDSCs (HMDSCs). Treatment of HMDSCs with antibodies against @entity6232 prevented adhesion to the muscle endothelium. Importantly, we found that vascular endothelium from striate muscle of young mdx @entity19 expresses mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 ( @entity37196 ), a ligand for @entity6232 . Our results showed for the first time that the expression of the adhesion molecule @entity6232 is important for muscle homing of MDSCs. This discovery will aid in the improvement of a potential therapy for @entity3986 based on the systemic delivery of MDSCs.

title: Identification of a putative pathway for the muscle homing of stem cells in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'DMD']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle lesions', 'muscle damage']

answer: @entity3986 :: (MESH:D009136,Disease) :: ['muscular dystrophy']


abstract: During @entity20332 (HSV) glycoprotein D (gD) interacts with a specific cellular receptor such as nectin-1 ( @entity6765 /HveC/CD111) or the herpesvirus entry mediator A (HVEM/HveA). Nectin-1 is involved in cell-to-cell adhesion. It is located at adherens junctions, where it bridges cells through homophilic or heterophilic interactions with other nectins. Binding of @entity778 prevents nectin-1-mediated cell aggregation. Since @entity778 affects the natural function of nectin-1, we further investigated the effects of gD expression on nectin-1 during @entity2025 or in transfected cells. We also studied the importance of the interaction between nectin-1 and the cytoplasmic protein afadin for HSV entry and spread as well as the effects of infection on this interaction. In these investigations, we used a panel of cells expressing nectin-1 or nectin-1-green fluorescent protein fusions as the only mediators of HSV entry. During @entity2025 , nectin-1 localization at adherens junction was dramatically altered in a manner dependent on gD expression. Nectin-1 and gD colocalized at cell contact areas between infected and noninfected cells and at the edges of plaques. This specific accumulation of gD at junctions was driven by expression of nectin-1 in trans on the surface of adjacent cells. Reciprocally, nectin-1 was maintained at junctions by the trans expression of gD in the absence of a cellular natural ligand. Our observations indicate that newly synthesized gD substitutes for nectin-1 of infected cells at junctions with noninfected cells. We propose that gD attracts and maintains the receptor at junctions where it can be used for virus spread.

title: Cellular localization of nectin-1 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2025 :: ('MESH:D020031', 'Disease') :: ['HSV infection']

entities_list: @entity20332 :: ('MESH:D006525', 'Disease') :: ['viral entry, herpes simplex virus']

answer: @entity2025 :: (MESH:D020031,Disease) :: ['glycoprotein D during herpes simplex virus infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for proteins, @entity413 , and leukocytes still remains the basic gold standard investigation for the initial diagnosis of @entity693 . Early diagnosis and initiation of antibiotics within 3 h can reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with @entity693 . Hence, we conducted this study to document the usefulness of urinary reagent strip for the semi-quantitative analysis of CSF chemistry and cellularity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All clear CSF samples were subjected for two types of tests, the definitive test and the index test. CSF microscopy and biochemical values are considered as definitive. Combur-10 urinary reagent strip was used as the index test for proteins, @entity413 , and leukocytes. The diagnostic accuracy of each index test was calculated using different cut-off levels (leukocyte esterase positivity 1+ vs. CSF granulocytes >= 10/cumm, proteins 1+ and 2+ vs. CSF protein >= 30 mg/dl and >= 100 mg/dl, respectively, and @entity413 0 vs.  <=40 mg/dl and  <=50 mg/dl). Statistical analysis was performed to derive the specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, likelihood ratio (LR)+, LR-, and area under curve (AUC). RESULTS: The study subjects comprised 103 cases. The strip showed a high sensitivity and specificity for leukocytes >= 10 cells/cumm. The strip showed a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 87.1% for proteins at a cut-off >= 100 mg/dl while the strip was less specific at a cut-off of >= 30 mg/dl. With respect to @entity413 , the strip was highly specific (100%) and less sensitive at both the cut-off levels. The AUC for leukocytes >= 10 cells/cumm was 99.05%; for proteins >= 30 mg/dl and >= 100 mg/dl, it was 84.86% and 95.69%, respectively; and, for @entity413  <=40 mg/dl and  <=50 mg/dl, it was 86.51% and 76.99%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The routinely used urinary reagent strip can be utilized for the rapid analysis of CSF. If implemented, this technique will be useful in rural areas. It would also decrease the turnaround time in centers where the facility is available.

title: Semi-quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid chemistry and cellularity using urinary reagent strip: An aid to rapid diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

answer: @entity693 :: (MESH:D008581,Disease) :: ['meningitis']


abstract: Nine hundred forty-five @entity1 with @entity957 of the upper aerodigestive tract (SCC-UADT) were treated at three University of Louisville-affiliated hospitals from 1970 through 1979. Retrospective analysis disclosed that 33 @entity1 (3.4%) never used @entity286 . This group offers interesting contrasts to the more prevalent @entity286 -related epidermoid @entity5 . Cancers in nonusers of @entity286 (mean age, 68 years) occurred approximately 10 years later than most epidermoid UADT @entity5 . @entity1 predominated with a ratio of 2.7 to 1. Fifteen of 16 @entity1 (94%) older than 70 years were @entity1 . Twenty-four of 33 primary lesions (72%) were in the oral cavity and two thirds of these were staged 0, I, and II (American Joint Commission [AJC]). Of the @entity1 younger than 70 years of age, 42% were @entity1 , 42% had non-oral primaries, and most (74%) had @entity1442 in AJC Stages III and IV. Second squamous cell primaries of the UADT developed in 6 of the 33 @entity1 (18%) with an average of 48 disease-free months. Five of six were @entity75 in @entity1 with original oral primaries. Of the 16 @entity1 older than 70 years with small, localized @entity5 , conservative surgery failed in 9 (56%). Although 4 were salvaged by re-excision or radiation, 5 of these 16 @entity1 in AJC Stage 0, I, and II died of this @entity5 (32%). The tendency for conservative initial surgical treatment in older @entity1 is believed to be responsible for the higher than expected rate of treatment failure. An @entity146 approach is recommended and further supported by the complete absence of surgical mortality in this group of @entity1 .

title: XXXX of the upper aerodigestive tract in nonusers of @entity286 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['oral cancers', 'cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['oral lesions']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Nine hundred forty-five @entity1 with @entity957 of the upper aerodigestive tract (SCC-UADT) were treated at three University of Louisville-affiliated hospitals from 1970 through 1979. Retrospective analysis disclosed that 33 @entity1 (3.4%) never used @entity286 . This group offers interesting contrasts to the more prevalent @entity286 -related epidermoid @entity5 . Cancers in nonusers of @entity286 (mean age, 68 years) occurred approximately 10 years later than most epidermoid UADT @entity5 . @entity1 predominated with a ratio of 2.7 to 1. Fifteen of 16 @entity1 (94%) older than 70 years were @entity1 . Twenty-four of 33 primary lesions (72%) were in the oral cavity and two thirds of these were staged 0, I, and II (American Joint Commission [AJC]). Of the @entity1 younger than 70 years of age, 42% were @entity1 , 42% had non-oral primaries, and most (74%) had @entity1442 in AJC Stages III and IV. Second squamous cell primaries of the UADT developed in 6 of the 33 @entity1 (18%) with an average of 48 disease-free months. Five of six were @entity75 in @entity1 with original oral primaries. Of the 16 @entity1 older than 70 years with small, localized @entity5 , conservative surgery failed in 9 (56%). Although 4 were salvaged by re-excision or radiation, 5 of these 16 @entity1 in AJC Stage 0, I, and II died of this @entity5 (32%). The tendency for conservative initial surgical treatment in older @entity1 is believed to be responsible for the higher than expected rate of treatment failure. An @entity146 approach is recommended and further supported by the complete absence of surgical mortality in this group of @entity1 .

title: @entity957 of the upper aerodigestive tract in nonusers of XXXX .

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: The @entity1 on the Move through Activity and Nutrition ( @entity1 ) study was designed to test whether a nonpharmacological intervention including qualitative and quantitative dietary changes to induce @entity353 and increased physical activity levels would reduce blood @entity412 levels and number of low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL-P). Such decreases in lipoproteins and other risk factors could reduce or slow progression of subclinical @entity65 ( @entity65 ). Study @entity1 were randomized to either the intervention (Lifestyle Change) or assessment (Health Education) group. Most of the intervention ended at the 30-month visit. The last 48-month examination was completed in 9/2008. There was very substantial @entity353 and increased exercise during the first 30 months of the trial resulting in significant decreases in CV risk factors. Most of the intervention effect was lost through 48 months. Weight loss was 3.4  kg in Lifestyle Intervention and 0.2  kg in the Health Education at 48 months (P = 0.000). There were no significant changes at 48 months in lipid levels, blood pressure (BP), @entity413 , insulin, or in the subclinical measures of coronary @entity460 , carotid intima media thickness, or plaque. There was a significant decrease in long-distance corridor walk time in the Lifestyle vs. Health Education groups. Significant lifestyle changes can be achieved that result in decreases in CV risk factors. Whether such changes reduce CV outcomes is still untested in clinical trials of @entity353 or exercise. Long-term maintenance of successful lifestyle changes, @entity353 and reduced risk factors is the hurdle for lifestyle interventions attempting to prevent CV and other @entity102 .

title: The XXXX on the Move Through Activity and Nutrition ( @entity1 ) study: final 48-month results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Women', 'WOMAN']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Women']


abstract: The @entity1 on the Move through Activity and Nutrition ( @entity1 ) study was designed to test whether a nonpharmacological intervention including qualitative and quantitative dietary changes to induce @entity353 and increased physical activity levels would reduce blood @entity412 levels and number of low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL-P). Such decreases in lipoproteins and other risk factors could reduce or slow progression of subclinical @entity65 ( @entity65 ). Study @entity1 were randomized to either the intervention (Lifestyle Change) or assessment (Health Education) group. Most of the intervention ended at the 30-month visit. The last 48-month examination was completed in 9/2008. There was very substantial @entity353 and increased exercise during the first 30 months of the trial resulting in significant decreases in CV risk factors. Most of the intervention effect was lost through 48 months. Weight loss was 3.4  kg in Lifestyle Intervention and 0.2  kg in the Health Education at 48 months (P = 0.000). There were no significant changes at 48 months in lipid levels, blood pressure (BP), @entity413 , insulin, or in the subclinical measures of coronary @entity460 , carotid intima media thickness, or plaque. There was a significant decrease in long-distance corridor walk time in the Lifestyle vs. Health Education groups. Significant lifestyle changes can be achieved that result in decreases in CV risk factors. Whether such changes reduce CV outcomes is still untested in clinical trials of @entity353 or exercise. Long-term maintenance of successful lifestyle changes, @entity353 and reduced risk factors is the hurdle for lifestyle interventions attempting to prevent CV and other @entity102 .

title: The @entity1 on the Move Through Activity and Nutrition ( XXXX ) study: final 48-month results.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['WOMAN']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Acoustic communication between insects serves as an excellent model system for analyzing the neuronal mechanisms underlying auditory information processing. The detailed organization of auditory neural circuits in the brain has not yet been described. To understand the central auditory pathways, we used the brain of the @entity238 @entity238 as a model and performed a large-scale analysis of the interneurons associated with the primary auditory center. By screening expression driver strains and performing single-cell labeling of these strains, we identified 44 types of interneurons innervating the primary auditory center - 5 types were local interneurons whereas the other 39 types were projection interneurons connecting the primary auditory center with other brain regions. The projection neurons comprised three frequency-selective pathways and two frequency-embracive pathways. Mapping of their connection targets revealed that five neuropils in the brain - the wedge, anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PVLP), @entity1972 ( @entity1972 ), and gnathal ganglia (GNG) - were intensively connected with the primary auditory center. In addition, several other neuropils, including @entity227 in the brain, were directly connected to the primary auditory center. The distribution patterns of the spines and boutons of the identified neurons suggest that auditory information is sent mainly from the primary auditory center to the PVLP, WED, @entity1972 , GNG, and the thoracico-abdominal ganglia. Based on these findings, we established the first comprehensive map of secondary auditory interneurons, which indicates the downstream information flow to parallel ascending pathways, multimodal pathways, and descending pathways. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: The organization of projection neurons and local neurons of the primary auditory center in the XXXX @entity238 .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual and olfactory centers']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster', 'fruit fly']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['fruit fly']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Acoustic communication between insects serves as an excellent model system for analyzing the neuronal mechanisms underlying auditory information processing. The detailed organization of auditory neural circuits in the brain has not yet been described. To understand the central auditory pathways, we used the brain of the @entity238 @entity238 as a model and performed a large-scale analysis of the interneurons associated with the primary auditory center. By screening expression driver strains and performing single-cell labeling of these strains, we identified 44 types of interneurons innervating the primary auditory center - 5 types were local interneurons whereas the other 39 types were projection interneurons connecting the primary auditory center with other brain regions. The projection neurons comprised three frequency-selective pathways and two frequency-embracive pathways. Mapping of their connection targets revealed that five neuropils in the brain - the wedge, anterior ventrolateral protocerebrum, posterior ventrolateral protocerebrum (PVLP), @entity1972 ( @entity1972 ), and gnathal ganglia (GNG) - were intensively connected with the primary auditory center. In addition, several other neuropils, including @entity227 in the brain, were directly connected to the primary auditory center. The distribution patterns of the spines and boutons of the identified neurons suggest that auditory information is sent mainly from the primary auditory center to the PVLP, WED, @entity1972 , GNG, and the thoracico-abdominal ganglia. Based on these findings, we established the first comprehensive map of secondary auditory interneurons, which indicates the downstream information flow to parallel ascending pathways, multimodal pathways, and descending pathways. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: The organization of projection neurons and local neurons of the primary auditory center in the @entity238 XXXX .

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']


abstract: The study aimed to determine the natural history of @entity794 nasal colonization in hemodialysis outpatients. Surveillance cultures were taken from @entity1 presenting for hemodialysis or routine care to identify @entity794 nasal carriers. A prospective cohort study was performed to identify risks for persistent colonization. Detailed microbiologic and molecular studies of colonizing isolates were performed. Only 23/145 (15.9%) dialysis @entity1 were persistently colonized, and only @entity645 -positive status was associated with persistence (P = 0.05). Prior hospitalization was the only risk factor for @entity3256 -resistant @entity794 carriage (OR 2.5, P = 0.03). In isolates from @entity1 with  <= 42 days of @entity2176 exposure, @entity2176 @entity6252 ( @entity6252 ) increased with duration of exposure. Among dialysis @entity1 , @entity794 colonization was limited and transient; only @entity645 status was associated with persistence. Nevertheless, duration of @entity2176 exposure was associated with increasing @entity2176 @entity6252 . @entity2176 exposure in @entity794 carriers may be involved in increasing resistance.

title: Prevalence, persistence, and microbiology of XXXX nasal carriage among hemodialysis outpatients at a major New York Hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['methicillin']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin', 'Vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity6252 :: ('MESH:D010585', 'Disease') :: ['MBCs', 'minimum bactericidal concentrations']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: A large number of mutations leading to @entity8453 (abnormal hemoglobins, @entity2395 ) have been discovered. Gene diagnosis for a point mutation or a deletion/insertion of a few @entity2036 is now readily performed. For a large deletion, once the precise breakpoints are unraveled, the same type of deletion is promptly diagnosed by gap PCR. However, a number of new types of large deletions remain unexamined. They need meticulous Southern blot analysis and/or cloning. Here we present a new technique to determine their precise breakpoints. One of the two breakpoints needs to be first assigned within the 5-kb portion estimated by gene dosage by quantitative PCR. The other breakpoint is left unexamined. The genome DNA is digested with one of eight kinds of endonucleases and subjected to recombination with pUC18 cloning vector digested with the same endonuclease. The gap PCR is subsequently performed between the common primers of pUC18 and five arbitrary primers within the aforementioned 5-kb portion. An abnormal gap PCR product, if detected by electrophoresis, discloses precise 5' and 3' breakpoints after direct sequencing. This method successfully disclosed the breakpoints for two epsilon gamma delta @entity8674 , one delta @entity8674 and one beta-thalassmeia in a relatively short period. All are new mutations. This method uses neither cloning procedures nor Southern blot, but employs gene dosage estimation and PCR. Thus, it is relatively simple. The progress of the genome project facilitated analysis of any large deletions.

title: [Gene diagnosis of XXXX --the determination of breakpoints for a large deletion].

entities_list: @entity8674 :: ('MESH:D017086', 'Disease') :: ['beta-thalassemia', 'beta-thalassemias']

entities_list: @entity8453 :: ('MESH:D006453', 'Disease') :: ['hemoglobinopathies']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['thalassemias']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

answer: @entity8453 :: (MESH:D006453,Disease) :: ['hemoglobinopathies']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity130 is a major cause of mortality in @entity1 aged 1 to 14 years old and its patterns differs from country to country. In this study we investigated the epidemiology and distribution of non-intentional @entity130 in the pediatric population. MATERIALS _ METHODS: The archives of 304 @entity1 below 10 years old who presented to Taleghani @entity130 care center in Kermanshah, Iran from March to September 2008, were reviewed. @entity1 ' @entity130 related information were registered. The @entity1 were categorized into three age groups of 0-2, 3-6 and 7-10 years old and the data was compared among age groups and between both sexes. FINDINGS: The most common cause for @entity130 was falling from heights (65.5%) and road traffic accidents (16.4%). The most common anatomical sites of injury were the upper limbs followed by the head and neck (36.8% and 31.2%, respectively). Injuries mostly occurred in homes (67.4%). The injuries were mostly related to the orthopedics and the neurosurgery division (84.1% and 13.1%, respectively). Accident rates peaked during the hours of 18-24 (41.3%). Male and female @entity1 did display any difference regarding the variables. @entity1 between the ages of 0-2 years old had the highest rate of @entity542 and neck area (40.3%) (p=0.024). Falls and road traffic accidents displayed increasing rates from the ages of 0-2 to 3-6 and decreasing rates to the ages of 7-10 years old (p=0.013). From the ages of 0-2 to 3-6 years old, street accidents increased and household @entity130 decreased. After that age household @entity130 rates increased and street accidents decreased (p=0.005). @entity1 between the ages of 7-10 years old had the highest rate of @entity130 (p=0.029). CONCLUSION: Special planning and health policies are needed to prevent road accidents especially in @entity1 between the ages of 3-6 years old. Since homes were the place where @entity1 between the ages of 0-2 were mostly injured, parents should be educated about the correct safety measures that they need to take regarding their @entity1 's environments. The orthopedics department needs to receive the most training and resources for the management of pediatric @entity130 .

title: Epidemiology of XXXX and Its Patterns in Western Iran: A Hospital Based Experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the head']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['demographic and injury', 'traumas', 'orthopedic injury', 'Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Pediatric Trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The objective was to determine the safety and clinical activity of atezolizumab (MPDL3280A), a humanized @entity4634 ( @entity4634 ) antibody, in @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). Exploratory biomarkers were analyzed and associated with outcomes. @entity1 AND METHODS: Seventy @entity1 with metastatic @entity1358 , including clear cell (ccRCC; n = 63) and non-clear cell (ncc; n = 7) histologies, received atezolizumab intravenously every 3 weeks. @entity4634 expression was scored at four diagnostic levels (0/1/2/3) that were based on @entity4634 staining on @entity5 cells and @entity5 -infiltrating immune cells (IC) with the SP142 assay. Primary end points were safety and @entity137 ; secondary end points assessed clinical activity per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 and immune-related response criteria. Plasma and tissue were analyzed for potential biomarkers of atezolizumab response. RESULTS: Grade 3 treatment-related and immune-mediated adverse events occurred in 17% and 4% of @entity1 , respectively, and there were no grade 4 or 5 events. Sixty-three @entity1 with ccRCC were evaluable for overall survival (median, 28.9 months; 95% CI, 20.0 months to not reached) and progression-free survival (median, 5.6 months; 95% CI, 3.9 to 8.2 months), and 62 @entity1 were evaluable for objective response rate (ORR; 15%; 95% CI, 7% to 26%). ORR was evaluated on the basis of @entity4634 IC expression ( @entity72831 : n = 33; 18%; 95% CI, 7% to 35%; and IC0: n = 22; 9%; 95% CI, 1% to 29%). The ORR for @entity1 with Fuhrman grade 4 and/or sarcomatoid histology was 22% (n = 18; 95% CI, 6% to 48%). Decreases in circulating plasma markers and acute-phase proteins and an increased baseline effector T-cell-to-regulatory T-cell gene expression ratio correlated with response to atezolizumab. CONCLUSION: Atezolizumab demonstrated a manageable safety profile and promising antitumor activity in @entity1 with metastatic @entity1358 . Correlative studies identified potential predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. These results have guided ongoing studies and combinations with atezolizumab in @entity1358 .

title: Atezolizumab, an Anti- @entity4634 Antibody, in XXXX : Long-Term Safety, Clinical Activity, and Immune Correlates From a Phase Ia Study.

entities_list: @entity4634 :: ('29126', 'Gene') :: ['programmed death-ligand 1', 'PD-L1']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The objective was to determine the safety and clinical activity of atezolizumab (MPDL3280A), a humanized @entity4634 ( @entity4634 ) antibody, in @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). Exploratory biomarkers were analyzed and associated with outcomes. @entity1 AND METHODS: Seventy @entity1 with metastatic @entity1358 , including clear cell (ccRCC; n = 63) and non-clear cell (ncc; n = 7) histologies, received atezolizumab intravenously every 3 weeks. @entity4634 expression was scored at four diagnostic levels (0/1/2/3) that were based on @entity4634 staining on @entity5 cells and @entity5 -infiltrating immune cells (IC) with the SP142 assay. Primary end points were safety and @entity137 ; secondary end points assessed clinical activity per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 and immune-related response criteria. Plasma and tissue were analyzed for potential biomarkers of atezolizumab response. RESULTS: Grade 3 treatment-related and immune-mediated adverse events occurred in 17% and 4% of @entity1 , respectively, and there were no grade 4 or 5 events. Sixty-three @entity1 with ccRCC were evaluable for overall survival (median, 28.9 months; 95% CI, 20.0 months to not reached) and progression-free survival (median, 5.6 months; 95% CI, 3.9 to 8.2 months), and 62 @entity1 were evaluable for objective response rate (ORR; 15%; 95% CI, 7% to 26%). ORR was evaluated on the basis of @entity4634 IC expression ( @entity72831 : n = 33; 18%; 95% CI, 7% to 35%; and IC0: n = 22; 9%; 95% CI, 1% to 29%). The ORR for @entity1 with Fuhrman grade 4 and/or sarcomatoid histology was 22% (n = 18; 95% CI, 6% to 48%). Decreases in circulating plasma markers and acute-phase proteins and an increased baseline effector T-cell-to-regulatory T-cell gene expression ratio correlated with response to atezolizumab. CONCLUSION: Atezolizumab demonstrated a manageable safety profile and promising antitumor activity in @entity1 with metastatic @entity1358 . Correlative studies identified potential predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. These results have guided ongoing studies and combinations with atezolizumab in @entity1358 .

title: Atezolizumab, an Anti- XXXX Antibody, in @entity1358 : Long-Term Safety, Clinical Activity, and Immune Correlates From a Phase Ia Study.

answer: @entity4634 :: (29126,Gene) :: ['Programmed Death-Ligand 1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Treat and extend (TE) treatment regimens have the potential to reduce the treatment burden placed upon @entity1 receiving ranibizumab for neovascular age-related @entity1020 (nAMD). This study aimed to analyse changes in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and anatomical parameters in @entity1 switching from a pro re nata (PRN) to a TE regimen during routine clinical practice. METHODS: Retrospective, consecutive, comparative case series of treatment-na  ve @entity1 who were initially treated with 0.5   mg ranibizumab according to a PRN schedule, and subsequently switched to a TE schedule (12-month follow-up). RESULTS: 146 eyes from 134 consecutive treatment-na  ve @entity1 were included. Mean BCVA (decimal  SD) increased from 0.39  0.23 to 0.55  0.22 (p<0.001) during the PRN loading regimen, declining to 0.49  0.22 (p<0.001) during the PRN maintenance phase (mean duration 17   months; range 3-55). Following the switch to TE, BCVA improved to 0.55  0.23 and 0.56  0.24 by 6 and 12   months, respectively (p<0.001). Mean intraindividual variance in BCVA was higher during the PRN phase than at 12   months for TE (0.30  0.18 vs 0.09  0.08, respectively; p<0.001). After switching to TE, mean central retinal thickness decreased from 355  112     m to 330  105 and 320  103     m at 6 and 12   months, respectively (p<0.001). Mean number of visits per month was higher during PRN than TE periods (1.05  0.13 vs 0.73  0.18; respectively; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A TE regimen can improve and stabilise @entity1 outcomes in nAMD compared with PRN, with the potential to reduce the healthcare resource burden incurred from fixed monitoring requirements.

title: Changing from a pro re nata treatment regimen to a treat and extend regimen with ranibizumab in neovascular age-related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['macular degeneration']


abstract: PURPOSE: Chronic @entity4611 is increasingly recognized as a sequela of @entity131 ( @entity131 ). Our aim was to rule out any late morphometric changes of the @entity4611 in survivors of @entity131 during childhood requiring intensive care. METHODS: We assessed morphometric @entity854 region and @entity2339 in @entity1 who sustained @entity131 during childhood. The @entity1 showed no clinical hormonal dysfunction at the acute phase and pituitary hormone levels at the time of our study were within normal limits. From the 18 enrolled @entity1 in the magnetic resonance study, five were removed due to morphological changes or anatomical variations. We studied the MRI of 13 male survivors (mean age 27 years, mean time after @entity130 20 years) and compared them to 13 male control subjects who were matched in terms of age (mean age, 26 years), education and ethnicity. Analyses of the @entity4611 on a midsagittal T2- and T1-weighted image were performed. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM), an unbiased MRI morphometric method to investigate hypothalamic region in this group of @entity1 . RESULTS: There was only a trend towards a reduced @entity4611 in the @entity1 group compared to controls. However, no significant morphological and morphometric abnormality was seen and VBM showed no hypothalamic grey matter loss. CONCLUSION: In the @entity409 , no persisting morphometric changes of the @entity4611 were seen in survivors of childhood @entity131 requiring intensive care.

title: Morphometry of the @entity4611 in long-term survivors of childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['absence of hormonal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary dysfunction', 'pituitary gland and sella', 'pituitary gland and hypothalamus', 'pituitary gland width']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of the sella']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Chronic @entity4611 is increasingly recognized as a sequela of @entity131 ( @entity131 ). Our aim was to rule out any late morphometric changes of the @entity4611 in survivors of @entity131 during childhood requiring intensive care. METHODS: We assessed morphometric @entity854 region and @entity2339 in @entity1 who sustained @entity131 during childhood. The @entity1 showed no clinical hormonal dysfunction at the acute phase and pituitary hormone levels at the time of our study were within normal limits. From the 18 enrolled @entity1 in the magnetic resonance study, five were removed due to morphological changes or anatomical variations. We studied the MRI of 13 male survivors (mean age 27 years, mean time after @entity130 20 years) and compared them to 13 male control subjects who were matched in terms of age (mean age, 26 years), education and ethnicity. Analyses of the @entity4611 on a midsagittal T2- and T1-weighted image were performed. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM), an unbiased MRI morphometric method to investigate hypothalamic region in this group of @entity1 . RESULTS: There was only a trend towards a reduced @entity4611 in the @entity1 group compared to controls. However, no significant morphological and morphometric abnormality was seen and VBM showed no hypothalamic grey matter loss. CONCLUSION: In the @entity409 , no persisting morphometric changes of the @entity4611 were seen in survivors of childhood @entity131 requiring intensive care.

title: Morphometry of the XXXX in long-term survivors of childhood @entity130 .

answer: @entity4611 :: (MESH:D010900,Disease) :: ['pituitary gland and hypothalamus']