abstract: During embryonic development, @entity2419 mesenchymal cells exhibit differential growth rates. Normal palatal growth is regulated in part by hormones and growth factors. Because hormonal responsiveness of some cells correlates with their cell density, we have investigated the relationship between @entity2419 mesenchymal cell population density and their ability to synthesize @entity2918 (PGs) and @entity1919 . Primary cultures of palate mesenchymal cells exhibited typical lag, log, and stationary phases of growth with a doubling time of 32-34 hrs. The ability of cells to produce PGE2 in response to a @entity460 ionophore ( @entity3365 ), an activator of @entity3900 (melittin), @entity1426 , or serum was maximal during the period of early exponential growth. @entity3774 alpha synthesis in response to @entity3365 or @entity1426 showed a similar transient increase also corresponding temporally to the period of early exponential growth. The ability to synthesize PGF2 alpha in response to melittin, however, failed to diminish after early exponential growth. The pattern of @entity268 synthesis in response to @entity3044 and @entity5015 was different from that seen for induced prostaglandin synthesis. A transient increase in sensitivity to @entity3044 and @entity5015 was seen that corresponded temporally to the period of late exponential growth just prior to attainment of confluency. Decreased sensitivity to stimulation of either @entity3009 or @entity268 production as the cells became confluent was shown to be a density-dependent phenomenon; confluent cultures that were subcultured to reestablish logarithmic growth exhibited density-dependent hormonal responses identical to those seen in primary cultures. The ability of palate mesenchymal cells to synthesize both @entity2918 and @entity268 , thought to be critical for proper palatal development, might thus be related to local differential craniofacial growth rates.

title: Synthesis of XXXX and @entity1919 by cultured @entity2419 mesenchyme at various population densities.

answer: @entity2918 :: (MESH:D011453,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandins']


abstract: The length of @entity235 gestation is 65 days from the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Early and accurate determination of @entity235 gestational age is useful for predicting and managing parturition. We performed a retrospective study on fetal measurements obtained by transabdominal ultrasonographic examination of 83 bitches (32 breeds) to estimate gestational age. Gestational age was estimated using two published tables correlating either (1). embryonic vesicle diameter (EVD), crown-rump length (CRL), @entity5562 ( @entity5562 ), and biparietal diameter ( @entity2033 ) to the LH surge in mid-gestational beagles or (2). @entity5562 and @entity2033 to parturition in late-gestation retrievers. Parturition date was predicted by obtaining the difference between the gestational age estimate and 65 days. Bitches were divided into four body weight (BW) groups based on nonpregnant body weight: small (<or=9 kg), medium (>9-20 kg), large (>20-40 kg), and giant (>40 kg). Mean+/-S.D. @entity5562 ( @entity5562 ) was calculated for each BW group. The BW groups were then divided into small, average, or large @entity5562 groups. The accuracy of the prediction was not affected by @entity5562 but was affected by maternal body weight for small and giant BW groups only. When adjusted for weight, the accuracy of prediction within +/-1 day and +/-2 day intervals was 75 and 87%, respectively. Using stepwise logisitic regression, the most accurate prediction of parturition date was obtained when fetuses were measured at 30 days after the LH surge, regardless of body weight or @entity5562 . Parturition date predictions made after 39 days of gestation using only biparietal and @entity5562 fetal measurements were <50% accurate within +/-2 days.

title: Accuracy of XXXX parturition date prediction using fetal measurements obtained by ultrasonography.

entities_list: @entity5562 :: ('MESH:D015875', 'Disease') :: ['litter size', 'LS', 'body diameter', 'BD']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify any effects that lead, @entity460 , @entity1760 , and @entity219 may have on the development of gestational @entity101 . METHODS: Third-trimester 110 normotensive and 33 gestational @entity101 cases were assayed for various metal levels, using standard techniques, including atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULTS: Gestational @entity101 cases showed significantly higher blood lead levels than normotensives. No differences were noticed regarding @entity460 (ionized and total), @entity1760 , and @entity219 levels. Blood lead was significantly related with blood pressure, even after correcting for the body mass indices and age. Blood pressure levels showed no relation to the other analyzed metals. However, the lead:ionized @entity460 ratio showed a stronger association with blood pressure, than lead alone. Blood lead showed a significant negative relationship with ionized @entity460 , but none with the other metals. CONCLUSIONS: Blood lead evidently influenced blood pressure increments and gestational @entity101 development. This implies that all efforts should be made to reduce the population's exposure.

title: Lead and other metals in gestational XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intranasal corticosteroids are effective for the treatment of @entity2023 . Sensory attributes associated with these sprays may affect @entity1 preference and adherence to treatment regimens. OBJECTIVES: These 2 studies compared @entity1 ' perceptions of and preferences for specific sensory attributes of @entity4184 aqueous nasal spray (BANS) and @entity5023 nasal spray (FPNS). METHODS: In 2 multicenter, randomized, single-blind ( @entity1 ), single-dose, 2-period, 1-day crossover studies, adults with mild to moderate @entity2023 received single doses of BANS (one 32-pg spray per nostril in both studies, 64-microg total dose) and FPNS (two 50-microg sprays per nostril in study 1, 200-pg total dose; one 50-microg spray per nostril in study 2, 100-microg total dose). Study 1 compared the once-daily recommended starting doses of BANS and FPNS, and study 2 compared BANS with half the once-daily recommended dose of FPNS to balance the number of actuations for delivery of study drug. @entity1 completed the 23-item Sensory Perceptions Questionnaire and indicated their product preference (if any). RESULTS: A total of 110 @entity1 and 71 @entity1 in study 1 and 136 @entity1 and 54 @entity1 in study 2 were randomized to treatment. None had previously used BANS or FPNS. In both studies, fewer @entity1 perceived scent or taste (both P < 0.001 in both studies), forceful spray (P < 0.001 in both studies), and a wet feel in both the nose and throat (study 1, P < 0.004; study 2, P < 0.002) with BANS than with FPNS. In addition, more @entity1 in both studies liked the spray force (study 1, P < 0.01; study 2, P < 0.001) and moisture content in the throat (study 1, P < 0.001; study 2, P < 0.006) of BANS and indicated a greater overall satisfaction with the sensory features of BANS than those of FPNS (study 1, P < 0.001; study 2, P < 0.015). In analyses that included all responding @entity1 , 54.4% of @entity1 in study 1 preferred BANS and 37.8% preferred FPNS (P < 0.022). In study 2, 47.4% preferred BANS and 41.1% preferred FPNS (not significant). Of the 92.2% of @entity1 in study 1 and 88.4% in study 2 who specified a product preference, 59.0% preferred BANS and 41.0% preferred FPNS in study 1 (P = 0.021), and 53.6% preferred BANS and 46.4% preferred FPNS in study 2 (not significant). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of perceptions of specific sensory attributes reported after 1 administration in these 2 studies, BANS was rated as more pleasing and preferred over the recommended QD starting dose of FPNS, and was also rated as more pleasing than half the QD recommended starting dose of FPNS.

title: Two multicenter, randomized, single-blind, single-dose, crossover studies of specific sensory attributes of @entity4184 aqueous nasal spray and XXXX nasal spray.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['budesonide']

entities_list: @entity5023 :: ('MESH:C065382', 'Chemical') :: ['fluticasone propionate']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity5023 :: (MESH:C065382,Chemical) :: ['fluticasone propionate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intranasal corticosteroids are effective for the treatment of @entity2023 . Sensory attributes associated with these sprays may affect @entity1 preference and adherence to treatment regimens. OBJECTIVES: These 2 studies compared @entity1 ' perceptions of and preferences for specific sensory attributes of @entity4184 aqueous nasal spray (BANS) and @entity5023 nasal spray (FPNS). METHODS: In 2 multicenter, randomized, single-blind ( @entity1 ), single-dose, 2-period, 1-day crossover studies, adults with mild to moderate @entity2023 received single doses of BANS (one 32-pg spray per nostril in both studies, 64-microg total dose) and FPNS (two 50-microg sprays per nostril in study 1, 200-pg total dose; one 50-microg spray per nostril in study 2, 100-microg total dose). Study 1 compared the once-daily recommended starting doses of BANS and FPNS, and study 2 compared BANS with half the once-daily recommended dose of FPNS to balance the number of actuations for delivery of study drug. @entity1 completed the 23-item Sensory Perceptions Questionnaire and indicated their product preference (if any). RESULTS: A total of 110 @entity1 and 71 @entity1 in study 1 and 136 @entity1 and 54 @entity1 in study 2 were randomized to treatment. None had previously used BANS or FPNS. In both studies, fewer @entity1 perceived scent or taste (both P < 0.001 in both studies), forceful spray (P < 0.001 in both studies), and a wet feel in both the nose and throat (study 1, P < 0.004; study 2, P < 0.002) with BANS than with FPNS. In addition, more @entity1 in both studies liked the spray force (study 1, P < 0.01; study 2, P < 0.001) and moisture content in the throat (study 1, P < 0.001; study 2, P < 0.006) of BANS and indicated a greater overall satisfaction with the sensory features of BANS than those of FPNS (study 1, P < 0.001; study 2, P < 0.015). In analyses that included all responding @entity1 , 54.4% of @entity1 in study 1 preferred BANS and 37.8% preferred FPNS (P < 0.022). In study 2, 47.4% preferred BANS and 41.1% preferred FPNS (not significant). Of the 92.2% of @entity1 in study 1 and 88.4% in study 2 who specified a product preference, 59.0% preferred BANS and 41.0% preferred FPNS in study 1 (P = 0.021), and 53.6% preferred BANS and 46.4% preferred FPNS in study 2 (not significant). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of perceptions of specific sensory attributes reported after 1 administration in these 2 studies, BANS was rated as more pleasing and preferred over the recommended QD starting dose of FPNS, and was also rated as more pleasing than half the QD recommended starting dose of FPNS.

title: Two multicenter, randomized, single-blind, single-dose, crossover studies of specific sensory attributes of XXXX aqueous nasal spray and @entity5023 nasal spray.

answer: @entity4184 :: (MESH:D019819,Chemical) :: ['budesonide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a @entity1909 -specific quality-of-life instrument. METHODS: Based on the results of directed focus sessions with 8 @entity1 with @entity11885 or @entity19857 , we conceptualized 3 major constructs that explain the way @entity28583 affect @entity1 quality of life: symptoms, functioning, and emotions. We constructed a 23-item instrument, Scalpdex, and tested its reliability, responsiveness, and validity. RESULTS: Fifty-two dermatology @entity1 completed the study. We demonstrated construct validity by confirming that the factors derived by principal axes factor analyses with orthogonal rotation correlated to our hypothesized scales (r = 0.76-0.84) and that differences in symptom, functioning, and emotion scores differed among the varying levels of self-reported scalp severity more than would be expected by chance (P<.05 by analysis of variance). The instrument demonstrated reliability with internal consistency (Cronbach alpha, 0.62-0.80) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.90-0.97). The quality-of-life scores changed in the expected direction in our test for responsiveness (P<or=.05, by paired t test for functioning and emotion for those who improved). We ascertained the discriminant capability of Scalpdex compared with a dermatological generic quality-of-life tool, Skindex, by demonstrating superior responsiveness (P<or=.005 by paired t test in functioning and emotion) and improved overall sensitivity in individual items. CONCLUSIONS: Scalpdex is, to our knowledge, the first quality-of-life instrument specifically for @entity1 with @entity1909 that is reliable, valid, and responsive. Clinicians can use the instrument to determine which aspect of the disease most bothers the @entity1 and to evaluate quality of life as one variable of responsiveness to the therapeutic intervention.

title: Scalpdex: a quality-of-life instrument for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity19857 :: ('MESH:D012628', 'Disease') :: ['seborrheic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity28583 :: ('MESH:D012536', 'Disease') :: ['scalp dermatoses']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['scalp dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity11885 :: ('MESH:C538225', 'Disease') :: ['scalp psoriasis']

answer: @entity1909 :: (MESH:D003872,Disease) :: ['scalp dermatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity23009 has been associated with @entity309 . Recently, it was detected in the joints and blood of @entity1 with @entity309 , but it is not clear yet how the bacteria enter the body and reach the joints. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of @entity23009 to induce experimental @entity625 in @entity95 following inoculation of the bacteria in the @entity825 and knee joints. METHODS: P-140 and PG-18 strains were each injected in the knee joints of 14 @entity95 in order to evaluate and compare their arthritogenicity. P-140 was also injected in the @entity825 of 14 @entity95 in order to test the ability of the bacteria to reach the joints and induce @entity625 . RESULTS: @entity23009 produced an acute @entity625 in @entity95 . Joint swelling appeared first in @entity95 injected with P-140, which caused a more severe @entity625 than PG-18. Both strains were able to migrate to the uninoculated knee joints and they were detected viable in the joints all along the duration of the experiment. Changes in the synovial tissue were more severe by the end of the experiment and characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils and substitution of adipose tissue by connective tissue. @entity95 intracheally injected with P-140 showed induced @entity625 and the bacteria could be isolated from lungs, blood, heart, kidney, spleen, brain and joints. CONCLUSION: @entity23009 induced @entity625 regardless of the inoculation route. These findings may help explain why @entity9463 are commonly isolated from the joints of @entity627 @entity1 .

title: Experimental @entity625 induced by a clinical XXXX isolate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['mycoplasmas']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Rabbits', 'rabbits']

entities_list: @entity23009 :: ('2115', 'Species') :: ['M. fermentans', 'Mycoplasma fermentans']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity23009 :: (2115,Species) :: ['Mycoplasma fermentans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity23009 has been associated with @entity309 . Recently, it was detected in the joints and blood of @entity1 with @entity309 , but it is not clear yet how the bacteria enter the body and reach the joints. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of @entity23009 to induce experimental @entity625 in @entity95 following inoculation of the bacteria in the @entity825 and knee joints. METHODS: P-140 and PG-18 strains were each injected in the knee joints of 14 @entity95 in order to evaluate and compare their arthritogenicity. P-140 was also injected in the @entity825 of 14 @entity95 in order to test the ability of the bacteria to reach the joints and induce @entity625 . RESULTS: @entity23009 produced an acute @entity625 in @entity95 . Joint swelling appeared first in @entity95 injected with P-140, which caused a more severe @entity625 than PG-18. Both strains were able to migrate to the uninoculated knee joints and they were detected viable in the joints all along the duration of the experiment. Changes in the synovial tissue were more severe by the end of the experiment and characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils and substitution of adipose tissue by connective tissue. @entity95 intracheally injected with P-140 showed induced @entity625 and the bacteria could be isolated from lungs, blood, heart, kidney, spleen, brain and joints. CONCLUSION: @entity23009 induced @entity625 regardless of the inoculation route. These findings may help explain why @entity9463 are commonly isolated from the joints of @entity627 @entity1 .

title: Experimental XXXX induced by a clinical @entity23009 isolate.

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: Early cervical @entity5 includes a @entity66 , from clinically undetectable microinvasive @entity5 that replace the entire cervix. Further subgrouping of this category is therefore necessary to define the optimal treatment approach for individual cases. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system stratifies stage I @entity5 into two broad categories, stage IA (microinvasive) and stage IB (gross @entity5 ). Management of @entity1 with stage IA disease is controversial. In the United States, @entity1 with stromal invasion of less than 3 mm and no lymphvascular involvement are usually treated conservatively with simple hysterectomy. In selected @entity1 who desire fertility, cone biopsy with negative surgical margins is also considered. @entity1 with invasion of more than 3 mm or lymphvascular space involvement are at risk for pelvic lymph node @entity3 and are most often treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Stage @entity3846 cervical @entity5 is managed by either radical surgery or radiotherapy with equivalent recurrence and survival rates. In @entity1 with @entity5 less than 4 cm in diameter, the decision between radical surgery and radiotherapy is guided by @entity1 ' overall health and treatment preferences. For younger @entity1 , radical surgery is preferred because ovarian function can be preserved and vaginal @entity850 secondary to radiation can be avoided. Radiation therapy is preferred for @entity1 who may not tolerate radical surgery. We always prefer primary radiation therapy for @entity1 with @entity5 larger than 4 cm in diameter. Recent data convincingly demonstrate that the addition of @entity900 -based chemotherapy significantly improves overall survival rates in cervical @entity5 @entity1 who undergo radiation therapy.

title: Early cervical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['broad range of disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer to large, bulky tumors', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Melphalan combined with @entity229 (MP) has been accepted as the standard therapy for previously untreated @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) because most studies demonstrate only a modest survival benefit of combination chemotherapy regimens when compared with MP. There have been modest gains with more intensive myeloablative regimens in combination with blood stem cell support, particularly for @entity1 with early primary @entity66 who subsequently achieve partial remission, and for the approximately 25% to 35% of @entity1 achieving complete remission. To preserve the ability to adequately collect stem cells, the use of alkylating agents, such as melphalan, should be limited in the previously untreated @entity1 with @entity1582 (including those older than 65 years of age) who is a candidate for myeloablative therapy. Pulse @entity619 -containing regimens provide rapid responses and may be considered the first regimens of choice. Although @entity1891 / @entity632 / @entity619 (VAD) produces responses in approximately 50% to 70% of @entity1 with previously untreated @entity1582 , use early in the disease has not improved survival. Outside of a specific study protocol, this regimen may be best reserved for @entity1 with refractory (particularly relapsing) disease. Notable exceptions include @entity1 with @entity177 or @entity9865 in whom the rapid responses provided by VAD may avoid potentially permanent, serious complications. Recently, new agents with novel mechanisms of action (ie, @entity2816 , immunomodulatory drugs, proteosome inhibitors) have demonstrated activity in resistant @entity1582 . Because these agents are likely to show activity alone or in combination, newly diagnosed @entity1 and previously untreated @entity1 should be considered for clinical trials. @entity2816 / @entity619 has already produced response rates of 65% to 75% in previously untreated @entity1 . Its ease of administration along with stem cell preservation are likely to make this, followed by myeloablative therapy with stem cell support, the treatment of choice for untreated @entity1582 as confirmatory studies are completed.

title: Newly diagnosed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['refractory disease']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity2816 :: ('MESH:D013792', 'Chemical') :: ['Thalidomide', 'thalidomide']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity9865 :: ('MESH:D007952', 'Disease') :: ['plasma cell leukemia']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: It is desirable to prevent dissemination of @entity22421 ) in macaque colonies because transmission of BV to @entity1 causes deadly @entity1651 . Vaccination of monkeys is one method that could confine spread of BV within macaque colonies. Availability of a BV DNA vaccine for use in macaques would eliminate the risk of working with infectious BV. Toward this end, we constructed a plasmid expressing the BV glycoprotein D (gD). Immunogenicity of this construct as a DNA vaccine was assessed in adult Japanese macaques by four intracutaneous injections at a dose of 500 microg per head. Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant @entity3307 ) gD, a homologue of BV gD, showed that significant levels of antibody was induced in all vaccinated animals following each booster injection. Western blot of sera from vaccinated macaques confirmed the specific recognition of authentic BV gD. Immune sera were also demonstrated to contain neutralizing activity against infectious BV. Weak lymphoproliferative responses were also observed in vaccinated macaques using recombinant @entity3307 gD as a stimulating antigen and flow cytometry analysis of one individual revealed the presence of @entity3307 gD-responsive effector T cells. Thus, the BV gD DNA vaccine was demonstrated to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in macaques which recognized BV gD.

title: Efficacy of a XXXX gD DNA vaccine for induction of humoral and cellular immune responses in Japanese macaques.

entities_list: @entity3307 :: ('10298', 'Species') :: ['HSV1', 'herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1']

entities_list: @entity1651 :: ('MESH:D004679', 'Disease') :: ['encephalomyelitis']

answer: @entity22421 :: (12286,Species) :: ['B virus']


abstract: The caveolin gene family consists of caveolins 1, 2, and 3. @entity14582 are co-expressed in many cell types, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and adipocytes, where they form a heteroligomeric complex. In contrast, the expression of @entity15587 is muscle-specific. Thus, the expression of @entity5689 is required for caveolae formation in non-muscle cells, while the expression of @entity15587 drives caveolae formation in striated muscle cell types (cardiac and skeletal). To create a truly caveolae-deficient @entity19 , we interbred @entity3895 -1 null @entity19 and @entity3895 -3 null @entity19 to generate @entity3895 -1/ @entity3895 -3 double-knockout ( @entity3895 -1/3 dKO) @entity19 . Here, we report that @entity3895 -1/3 dKO @entity19 are viable and fertile, despite the fact that they lack morphologically identifiable caveolae in endothelia, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle fibers, and cardiac myocytes. We also show that these @entity19 are deficient in all three caveolin gene products, as @entity70894 is unstable in the absence of @entity5689 . Interestingly, @entity3895 -1/3 dKO @entity19 develop a severe @entity296 . At 2 months of age, analysis of @entity3895 -1/3 dKO hearts via gated magnetic resonance imaging reveals a dramatic increase in left ventricular wall thickness, as compared with @entity3895 -1-KO, @entity3895 -3 KO, and wild-type @entity19 . Further functional analysis of @entity3895 -1/3 dKO hearts via transthoracic echocardiography demonstrates @entity1184 and dilation of the left ventricle, with a significant decrease in fractional @entity3207 . As predicted, Northern analysis of RNA derived from the left ventricle of @entity3895 -1/3 dKO @entity19 shows a dramatic up-regulation of the atrial natriuretic factor message, a well-established biochemical marker of @entity1283 . Finally, histological analysis of @entity3895 -1/3 dKO hearts reveals @entity1184 , disorganization, and degeneration of the cardiac myocytes, as well as chronic interstitial @entity82 and @entity32 . Thus, dual ablation of both @entity3895 -1 and @entity3895 -3 genes in @entity19 leads to a pleiotropic defect in caveolae formation and severe @entity296 .

title: Caveolin-1/3 double-knockout XXXX are viable, but lack both muscle and non-muscle caveolae, and develop a severe cardiomyopathic phenotype.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1315 with @entity131 (TLE- @entity8682 +) is one of the most common medically intractable @entity302 . Although the pathogenesis of @entity8682 + still remains highly controversial, genetics may play a role as a predisposing factor. Previous evidence in a Japanese population shows that the homozygotes for allele 2 at position -511 of the @entity1356 gene promoter region ( @entity1356 -511*2/2) confers susceptibility to the development of @entity8682 . However, this result has not been confirmed in populations of European ancestry. Given that the discrepancy may be attributed to ethnic differences, our aim in this study was to test the validity of a previous report in another Asian population. METHODS: This study consisted of total 112 nonlesional TLE @entity1 of Chinese ancestry, and 115 ethnically matched control subjects. A 304-base pair fragment in position of @entity1356 -511 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme AvaI, and run on a 12% @entity2975 gel. We compared the frequency of this gene variation among 67 refractory TLE- @entity8682 + @entity1 , 45 @entity1 without @entity8682 (TLE- @entity8682 -), and normal control subjects. RESULTS: The heterozygous type (-511*1/2) is the most common genotype in our @entity1 groups and controls. Allele 1 (-511C) and allele 2 (-511T) showed equal frequency ( approximately 50%), which is similar to that (46%) in Japanese. Analysis of genotype and allele distribution showed no significant difference among the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with the lower frequency in the white population (35 and 34%) and higher rate in the population of African ancestry (60%), the allele -511T frequency in our present study is approximately 50%, indicating differences in the distribution of allele frequencies in @entity1356 -511 among different ethnic groups. In this Chinese population, however, we still did not find a strong association between @entity1356 -511 polymorphism and the development of @entity8682 .

title: Association analysis of a polymorphism of @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ) gene with XXXX in a Chinese population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin (IL)-1 beta', 'IL-1 beta']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['Temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsies']

answer: @entity1315 :: (MESH:D004833,Disease) :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1315 with @entity131 (TLE- @entity8682 +) is one of the most common medically intractable @entity302 . Although the pathogenesis of @entity8682 + still remains highly controversial, genetics may play a role as a predisposing factor. Previous evidence in a Japanese population shows that the homozygotes for allele 2 at position -511 of the @entity1356 gene promoter region ( @entity1356 -511*2/2) confers susceptibility to the development of @entity8682 . However, this result has not been confirmed in populations of European ancestry. Given that the discrepancy may be attributed to ethnic differences, our aim in this study was to test the validity of a previous report in another Asian population. METHODS: This study consisted of total 112 nonlesional TLE @entity1 of Chinese ancestry, and 115 ethnically matched control subjects. A 304-base pair fragment in position of @entity1356 -511 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme AvaI, and run on a 12% @entity2975 gel. We compared the frequency of this gene variation among 67 refractory TLE- @entity8682 + @entity1 , 45 @entity1 without @entity8682 (TLE- @entity8682 -), and normal control subjects. RESULTS: The heterozygous type (-511*1/2) is the most common genotype in our @entity1 groups and controls. Allele 1 (-511C) and allele 2 (-511T) showed equal frequency ( approximately 50%), which is similar to that (46%) in Japanese. Analysis of genotype and allele distribution showed no significant difference among the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with the lower frequency in the white population (35 and 34%) and higher rate in the population of African ancestry (60%), the allele -511T frequency in our present study is approximately 50%, indicating differences in the distribution of allele frequencies in @entity1356 -511 among different ethnic groups. In this Chinese population, however, we still did not find a strong association between @entity1356 -511 polymorphism and the development of @entity8682 .

title: Association analysis of a polymorphism of XXXX ( @entity1356 ) gene with @entity1315 in a Chinese population.

answer: @entity1356 :: (3553,Gene) :: ['interleukin 1 beta']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1315 with @entity131 (TLE- @entity8682 +) is one of the most common medically intractable @entity302 . Although the pathogenesis of @entity8682 + still remains highly controversial, genetics may play a role as a predisposing factor. Previous evidence in a Japanese population shows that the homozygotes for allele 2 at position -511 of the @entity1356 gene promoter region ( @entity1356 -511*2/2) confers susceptibility to the development of @entity8682 . However, this result has not been confirmed in populations of European ancestry. Given that the discrepancy may be attributed to ethnic differences, our aim in this study was to test the validity of a previous report in another Asian population. METHODS: This study consisted of total 112 nonlesional TLE @entity1 of Chinese ancestry, and 115 ethnically matched control subjects. A 304-base pair fragment in position of @entity1356 -511 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme AvaI, and run on a 12% @entity2975 gel. We compared the frequency of this gene variation among 67 refractory TLE- @entity8682 + @entity1 , 45 @entity1 without @entity8682 (TLE- @entity8682 -), and normal control subjects. RESULTS: The heterozygous type (-511*1/2) is the most common genotype in our @entity1 groups and controls. Allele 1 (-511C) and allele 2 (-511T) showed equal frequency ( approximately 50%), which is similar to that (46%) in Japanese. Analysis of genotype and allele distribution showed no significant difference among the three groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast with the lower frequency in the white population (35 and 34%) and higher rate in the population of African ancestry (60%), the allele -511T frequency in our present study is approximately 50%, indicating differences in the distribution of allele frequencies in @entity1356 -511 among different ethnic groups. In this Chinese population, however, we still did not find a strong association between @entity1356 -511 polymorphism and the development of @entity8682 .

title: Association analysis of a polymorphism of @entity1356 ( XXXX ) gene with @entity1315 in a Chinese population.

answer: @entity1356 :: (3553,Gene) :: ['IL-1 beta']


abstract: Combination therapy is one way of improving the cure rate of @entity6313 . The LION Study examined the efficacies of @entity8974 and @entity2059 . The Icelandic cohort of the study reported that after 5 years only 46% of the @entity8974 -treated @entity1 and 13% of the @entity2059 -treated @entity1 were still disease-free, suggesting that relapses and reinfections were common in the long term treatment of @entity6313 with monotherapy. Combination therapy is a well-established principle in mycology; the current strategy involves the combination of oral and topical antifungal treatments. A number of specific drug combinations have proved to be useful in the treatment of @entity6313 : @entity37129 and @entity3101 , @entity20517 and @entity3101 , @entity20517 and @entity8974 , and @entity20517 and @entity2059 . However, comparison of the combination trials can be difficult because of the short duration of some of the studies and variation in global cure rates. Although it is necessary to consider these factors it is clear that combination therapy offers advantages when compared with monotherapy. Combination therapy can be administered sequentially or in parallel. Parallel therapy is recommended for @entity1 who are likely to fail therapy (e.g. @entity1 with @entity6 ), whereas sequential therapy is recommended for @entity1 who show a poor response to initial treatment.

title: Combination therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8974 :: ('MESH:C041359', 'Chemical') :: ['terbinafine']

entities_list: @entity3101 :: ('MESH:D006118', 'Chemical') :: ['griseofulvin']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity37129 :: ('MESH:C020527', 'Chemical') :: ['tioconazole']

entities_list: @entity6313 :: ('MESH:D014009', 'Disease') :: ['onychomycosis']

entities_list: @entity20517 :: ('MESH:C038974', 'Chemical') :: ['amorolfine']

entities_list: @entity2059 :: ('MESH:D017964', 'Chemical') :: ['itraconazole']

answer: @entity6313 :: (MESH:D014009,Disease) :: ['onychomycosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity706 other than @entity4888 ( @entity4888 ) are a heterogeneous group with wide variations in clinical presentation, biological behaviour and prognosis. New classification systems have been designed or proposed in recent years, with well-defined disease entities and emphasis on the importance of site. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyse a series of @entity706 in an institution-based dermatological setting in Singapore, based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. A secondary objective is to highlight the clinical utility of both classification systems. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty cases diagnosed over a 12-year period were examined by immunohistochemistry with antibodies targeting CD3, @entity404 , @entity5893 , @entity405 , @entity2225 , @entity5823 , @entity12910 , CD45RO, @entity2940 and @entity469 in @entity982 -embedded specimens. The immunohistological diagnosis was correlated with the clinical presentation and staging investigations for the final diagnosis and the course of disease recorded. RESULTS: Non- @entity4888 @entity784 presenting in the skin comprised 31 cases (78%) and were 3(1/2) times more common than @entity1892 , which comprised nine cases (22%). The common subtypes were @entity8548 , @entity5823 + large cell @entity784 and @entity40934 -like @entity784 . The commonly ascribed B-cell pattern with infiltrates in the mid and deep dermis and perivascular spaces was seen in 60% of @entity784 . Overall, there were equal numbers of primary @entity784 and those due to concurrent or secondary @entity706 . Five of six cases of @entity40934 -like @entity784 had concurrent cutaneous and @entity262 involvement and their median survival was 7 months. CONCLUSIONS: The predominance of @entity784 in this case series closely matched that reported from east Asia; cutaneous @entity1892 are much less common than in Europe. The EORTC classification, which is designed only for primary @entity706 , should be used in conjunction with the WHO classification because of the high prevalence of @entity706 as the secondary site of disease from @entity706 . In addition, @entity40934 -like @entity784 is a primary @entity706 where @entity262 involvement is common at initial presentation. We propose full immunophenotyping and complete clinical evaluation with staging investigations for all @entity1 presenting with @entity706 other than @entity4888 .

title: XXXX other than @entity4888 in Singapore: a clinicopathological analysis using recent classification systems.

entities_list: @entity4888 :: ('MESH:D009182', 'Disease') :: ['mycosis fungoides', 'MF']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous lymphomas', 'cutaneous lymphoma', 'systemic lymphoma', 'Cutaneous lymphomas', 'non-MF lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell lymphoma', 'cutaneous T-cell lymphomas', 'T-cell lymphomas', 'cutaneous T-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity40934 :: ('MESH:C537503', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous panniculitis']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity8548 :: ('MESH:D017731', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomatoid papulosis']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['Cutaneous lymphomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity706 other than @entity4888 ( @entity4888 ) are a heterogeneous group with wide variations in clinical presentation, biological behaviour and prognosis. New classification systems have been designed or proposed in recent years, with well-defined disease entities and emphasis on the importance of site. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyse a series of @entity706 in an institution-based dermatological setting in Singapore, based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. A secondary objective is to highlight the clinical utility of both classification systems. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty cases diagnosed over a 12-year period were examined by immunohistochemistry with antibodies targeting CD3, @entity404 , @entity5893 , @entity405 , @entity2225 , @entity5823 , @entity12910 , CD45RO, @entity2940 and @entity469 in @entity982 -embedded specimens. The immunohistological diagnosis was correlated with the clinical presentation and staging investigations for the final diagnosis and the course of disease recorded. RESULTS: Non- @entity4888 @entity784 presenting in the skin comprised 31 cases (78%) and were 3(1/2) times more common than @entity1892 , which comprised nine cases (22%). The common subtypes were @entity8548 , @entity5823 + large cell @entity784 and @entity40934 -like @entity784 . The commonly ascribed B-cell pattern with infiltrates in the mid and deep dermis and perivascular spaces was seen in 60% of @entity784 . Overall, there were equal numbers of primary @entity784 and those due to concurrent or secondary @entity706 . Five of six cases of @entity40934 -like @entity784 had concurrent cutaneous and @entity262 involvement and their median survival was 7 months. CONCLUSIONS: The predominance of @entity784 in this case series closely matched that reported from east Asia; cutaneous @entity1892 are much less common than in Europe. The EORTC classification, which is designed only for primary @entity706 , should be used in conjunction with the WHO classification because of the high prevalence of @entity706 as the secondary site of disease from @entity706 . In addition, @entity40934 -like @entity784 is a primary @entity706 where @entity262 involvement is common at initial presentation. We propose full immunophenotyping and complete clinical evaluation with staging investigations for all @entity1 presenting with @entity706 other than @entity4888 .

title: @entity706 other than XXXX in Singapore: a clinicopathological analysis using recent classification systems.

answer: @entity4888 :: (MESH:D009182,Disease) :: ['mycosis fungoides']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the feasibility of introducing advanced @entity8 ( @entity8 ) to a paediatric urology division, using the mentorship-training model. Although the scope of practice in paediatric urology is currently adapting endoscopic surgery into daily practice, most paediatric urologists in North America have had no formal training in laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: The study included four paediatric urologists with 3-25 years of practice; none had had any formal laparoscopic training or ever undertaken advanced @entity8 . An experienced laparoscopic surgeon (the mentor) assisted the learning surgeons over a year. The initial phases of learning incorporated detailed lectures, visualization through videotapes and 'hands-on' demonstration by the expert in the technique of the standardized steps for each type of surgery. Over 10 months, ablative and reconstructive @entity8 was undertaken jointly by the surgeons and the mentor. After this training the surgeons operated independently. To prevent lengthy operations, conversion to open surgery was planned if there was no significant progression after 2 h of laparoscopic surgery. RESULTS: Over the 10 months of mentorship, 36 @entity8 procedures were undertaken in 31 @entity1 (28 ablative and eight reconstructive). In all cases the mentored surgeons accomplished both retroperitoneal access and the creation of a working space within the cavity. The group was able to initiate ablative @entity8 but the mentor undertook all the reconstructive procedures. After the mentorship period, over 10 months, 12 ablative procedures were undertaken independently, and five other attempts at @entity8 failed. CONCLUSION: Although the mentored approach can successfully and safely initiate advanced @entity8 in a paediatric urology division, assessing the laparoscopic practice pattern after mentorship in the same group of trainees is warranted. Ablative @entity8 is easier to learn for the experienced surgeon, but reconstructive procedures, e.g. pyeloplasty, require a high degree of skill in laparoscopic technique, which may only be acquired through formal training focusing primarily on suturing techniques.

title: Mentored retroperitoneal laparoscopic renal surgery in XXXX : a safe approach to learning.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['RRLS', 'retroperitoneal renal laparoscopic surgery']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To longitudinally assess on-road driving performance in healthy older adults and those with early-stage @entity303 of the @entity195 (DAT). DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Large urban medical center and surrounding area. @entity1 : A sample of 58 healthy controls, 21 @entity1 with very mild DAT, and 29 @entity1 with mild DAT participated. DAT was diagnosed using validated clinical diagnostic criteria and staged according to the Clinical @entity303 Rating (CDR) Scale. MEASUREMENTS: Healthy controls and individuals with very mild DAT and mild DAT were administered a standardized on-road driving assessment over repeated times of testing. RESULTS: Subjects in the @entity7958 group (mild DAT) had a faster rate of receiving a rating of not safe on the driving test than subjects in the CDR=0 group (healthy controls; log rank test, P=.006), and the survival function of the CDR=0.5 group (very mild DAT) fell between those of the CDR=0 and @entity7958 groups. A Cox proportional hazards model indicated a significant difference in survival functions between the CDR=0 and @entity7958 groups after baseline age was controlled for (P<.001). Cox regression analysis also indicated that baseline age was a significant risk factor for a rating of "not safe" (P=.002). CONCLUSION: This study provides longitudinal evidence for a decline in driving performance over time, primarily in early-stage DAT, and supports the need not only for driving assessments, but also for reevaluation of individuals with very mild and mild DAT.

title: Longitudinal driving performance in early-stage @entity303 of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia', 'dementia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer type']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer type']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To longitudinally assess on-road driving performance in healthy older adults and those with early-stage @entity303 of the @entity195 (DAT). DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Large urban medical center and surrounding area. @entity1 : A sample of 58 healthy controls, 21 @entity1 with very mild DAT, and 29 @entity1 with mild DAT participated. DAT was diagnosed using validated clinical diagnostic criteria and staged according to the Clinical @entity303 Rating (CDR) Scale. MEASUREMENTS: Healthy controls and individuals with very mild DAT and mild DAT were administered a standardized on-road driving assessment over repeated times of testing. RESULTS: Subjects in the @entity7958 group (mild DAT) had a faster rate of receiving a rating of not safe on the driving test than subjects in the CDR=0 group (healthy controls; log rank test, P=.006), and the survival function of the CDR=0.5 group (very mild DAT) fell between those of the CDR=0 and @entity7958 groups. A Cox proportional hazards model indicated a significant difference in survival functions between the CDR=0 and @entity7958 groups after baseline age was controlled for (P<.001). Cox regression analysis also indicated that baseline age was a significant risk factor for a rating of "not safe" (P=.002). CONCLUSION: This study provides longitudinal evidence for a decline in driving performance over time, primarily in early-stage DAT, and supports the need not only for driving assessments, but also for reevaluation of individuals with very mild and mild DAT.

title: Longitudinal driving performance in early-stage XXXX of the @entity195 .

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: CONTEXT: In some individuals, chronic @entity2701 fails to respond to tricyclic antidepressant medications that often serve as first-line therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of @entity903 for chronic @entity2701 not responding to @entity3659 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Open-label trial of @entity903 conducted at 2 outpatient sites in Ohio. @entity1 AND INTERVENTION: Thirty-one adults (mean age, 37 years; 20 @entity1 ) with chronic @entity2701 (mean, 25 @entity10 days per month) who had failed to respond (less than 30% improvement) to treatment with either @entity3659 (n = 13) or matched placebo (n = 18). All @entity1 were treated with @entity903 (up to 40 mg per day) in a 9-month protocol. OUTCOME MEASURES: Monthly @entity10 index calculated as the mean of @entity158 ratings (0 to 10 scale) recorded by @entity1 in a diary 4 times per day, number of days per month with at least moderate @entity158 ( @entity158 rating of 5 or greater), and analgesic medication use. RESULTS: In @entity1 who had not responded to @entity3659 , @entity903 failed to reduce chronic @entity2701 or analgesic medication use. In @entity1 who had not responded to placebo, @entity903 produced modest reductions in chronic @entity2701 and analgesic use. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that chronic @entity2701 that failed to respond to tricyclic antidepressant therapy with @entity3659 improved when subsequently treated with @entity903 . More support was found for the efficacy of @entity903 in @entity1 with chronic @entity2701 who had failed to respond to placebo.

title: Treating chronic @entity2701 not responding to XXXX with @entity903 : a pilot evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity3659 :: ('MESH:D000639', 'Chemical') :: ['amitriptyline hydrochloride', 'amitriptyline']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine hydrochloride', 'paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity2701 :: ('MESH:D018781', 'Disease') :: ['tension-type headaches', 'tension-type headache']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity3659 :: (MESH:D000639,Chemical) :: ['amitriptyline hydrochloride']


abstract: CONTEXT: In some individuals, chronic @entity2701 fails to respond to tricyclic antidepressant medications that often serve as first-line therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of @entity903 for chronic @entity2701 not responding to @entity3659 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Open-label trial of @entity903 conducted at 2 outpatient sites in Ohio. @entity1 AND INTERVENTION: Thirty-one adults (mean age, 37 years; 20 @entity1 ) with chronic @entity2701 (mean, 25 @entity10 days per month) who had failed to respond (less than 30% improvement) to treatment with either @entity3659 (n = 13) or matched placebo (n = 18). All @entity1 were treated with @entity903 (up to 40 mg per day) in a 9-month protocol. OUTCOME MEASURES: Monthly @entity10 index calculated as the mean of @entity158 ratings (0 to 10 scale) recorded by @entity1 in a diary 4 times per day, number of days per month with at least moderate @entity158 ( @entity158 rating of 5 or greater), and analgesic medication use. RESULTS: In @entity1 who had not responded to @entity3659 , @entity903 failed to reduce chronic @entity2701 or analgesic medication use. In @entity1 who had not responded to placebo, @entity903 produced modest reductions in chronic @entity2701 and analgesic use. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that chronic @entity2701 that failed to respond to tricyclic antidepressant therapy with @entity3659 improved when subsequently treated with @entity903 . More support was found for the efficacy of @entity903 in @entity1 with chronic @entity2701 who had failed to respond to placebo.

title: Treating chronic XXXX not responding to @entity3659 with @entity903 : a pilot evaluation.

answer: @entity2701 :: (MESH:D018781,Disease) :: ['tension-type headache']


abstract: CONTEXT: In some individuals, chronic @entity2701 fails to respond to tricyclic antidepressant medications that often serve as first-line therapy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of @entity903 for chronic @entity2701 not responding to @entity3659 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Open-label trial of @entity903 conducted at 2 outpatient sites in Ohio. @entity1 AND INTERVENTION: Thirty-one adults (mean age, 37 years; 20 @entity1 ) with chronic @entity2701 (mean, 25 @entity10 days per month) who had failed to respond (less than 30% improvement) to treatment with either @entity3659 (n = 13) or matched placebo (n = 18). All @entity1 were treated with @entity903 (up to 40 mg per day) in a 9-month protocol. OUTCOME MEASURES: Monthly @entity10 index calculated as the mean of @entity158 ratings (0 to 10 scale) recorded by @entity1 in a diary 4 times per day, number of days per month with at least moderate @entity158 ( @entity158 rating of 5 or greater), and analgesic medication use. RESULTS: In @entity1 who had not responded to @entity3659 , @entity903 failed to reduce chronic @entity2701 or analgesic medication use. In @entity1 who had not responded to placebo, @entity903 produced modest reductions in chronic @entity2701 and analgesic use. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that chronic @entity2701 that failed to respond to tricyclic antidepressant therapy with @entity3659 improved when subsequently treated with @entity903 . More support was found for the efficacy of @entity903 in @entity1 with chronic @entity2701 who had failed to respond to placebo.

title: Treating chronic @entity2701 not responding to @entity3659 with XXXX : a pilot evaluation.

answer: @entity903 :: (MESH:D017374,Chemical) :: ['paroxetine hydrochloride']


abstract: The large size of the serpin reactive site loop (RSL) suggests that the role of the RSL in protease inhibition is more complex than that of presenting the reactive site (P1 residue) to the protease. This study examines the effect on inhibition of relocating the reactive site (Leu-358) of the serpin @entity8698 either one residue closer (P2) or further (P1') from the base of the RSL ( @entity367 -342). @entity8698 variants were produced by mutation within the P4-P2' region; the sequence ITLLSA was changed to ITLSSA to relocate the reactive site to P2 (Leu-357) and to ITITLS to relocate it to P1' (Leu-359). Inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like proteases @entity1 @entity3920 and chymotrypsin and the non-target protease @entity1 neutrophil elastase ( @entity13789 ) were analyzed. The P2 variant inhibited @entity3920 and chymotrypsin but not @entity13789 . Relative to P1, interaction at P2 was characterized by greater complex stability, lower inhibition rate constants, and increased stoichiometry of inhibition values. In contrast, the P1' variant inhibited @entity13789 (stoichiometry of inhibition = 4) but not @entity3920 or chymotrypsin. However, inhibition of @entity13789 was by interaction with Ile-357, the P2 residue. The P1' site was recognized by all proteases as a cleavage site. Covalent-complexes resistant to @entity214 -PAGE were observed in all inhibitory reactions, consistent with the trapping of the protease as a serpin-acyl protease complex. The complete loss in inhibitory activity associated with lengthening the @entity367 -342-reactive site distance by a single residue and the enhanced stability of complexes associated with shortening this distance by a single residue are compatible with the distorted-protease model of inhibition requiring full insertion of the RSL into the body of the serpin and translocation of the linked protease to the pole opposite from that of encounter.

title: The effects of reactive site location on the inhibitory properties of the serpin XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8698 :: ('12', 'Gene') :: ['alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin', 'alpha(1)-Antichymotrypsin']

answer: @entity8698 :: (12,Gene) :: ['alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin']


abstract: @entity630 cell activation and cytokine production shift the balance between @entity630 and @entity61 , favoring the up-regulation of proinflammatory activity that leads to destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells in type 1 @entity6 . @entity61 -type cytokines, such as @entity1618 , have immune regulatory function. Administration of @entity1618 , or @entity1618 gene transfer, prevents @entity12011 in nonobese @entity6 (NOD) @entity19 . However, constant administration of purified @entity13358 is not practical for long-term therapy to prevent @entity6 . In this study, we transferred the BCRF-1 gene, an open reading frame in the @entity2025 with remarkable homology to @entity19 @entity1618 (viral @entity1618 or vIL-10), by an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to NOD @entity19 to attain sustained vIL-10 gene expression. Like endogenous @entity19 @entity1618 , vIL-10 has potent immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive functions, but can be specifically distinguished from endogenous @entity19 @entity1618 for monitoring of the transgene expression. A single systemic administration of AAV vIL-10 significantly @entity146 and prevented @entity6 development in NOD @entity19 . This protective effect correlated with sustained transgene expression and protein production. Moreover, splenocytes from the treated @entity19 blocked @entity6 transfer to NOD recipients, suggesting that vIL-10 induces an active suppression of @entity792 . This study provides evidence to support the possibility of using vIL-10 gene therapy to prevent type 1 @entity6 .

title: Suppression of @entity12011 by viral XXXX gene transfer.

entities_list: @entity12011 :: ('MESH:C565730', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['reduced insulitis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

entities_list: @entity2025 :: ('MESH:D020031', 'Disease') :: ['Epstein-Barr viral genome']

answer: @entity1618 :: (16153(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IL-10']


abstract: @entity630 cell activation and cytokine production shift the balance between @entity630 and @entity61 , favoring the up-regulation of proinflammatory activity that leads to destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells in type 1 @entity6 . @entity61 -type cytokines, such as @entity1618 , have immune regulatory function. Administration of @entity1618 , or @entity1618 gene transfer, prevents @entity12011 in nonobese @entity6 (NOD) @entity19 . However, constant administration of purified @entity13358 is not practical for long-term therapy to prevent @entity6 . In this study, we transferred the BCRF-1 gene, an open reading frame in the @entity2025 with remarkable homology to @entity19 @entity1618 (viral @entity1618 or vIL-10), by an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to NOD @entity19 to attain sustained vIL-10 gene expression. Like endogenous @entity19 @entity1618 , vIL-10 has potent immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive functions, but can be specifically distinguished from endogenous @entity19 @entity1618 for monitoring of the transgene expression. A single systemic administration of AAV vIL-10 significantly @entity146 and prevented @entity6 development in NOD @entity19 . This protective effect correlated with sustained transgene expression and protein production. Moreover, splenocytes from the treated @entity19 blocked @entity6 transfer to NOD recipients, suggesting that vIL-10 induces an active suppression of @entity792 . This study provides evidence to support the possibility of using vIL-10 gene therapy to prevent type 1 @entity6 .

title: Suppression of XXXX by viral @entity1618 gene transfer.

answer: @entity12011 :: (MESH:C565730,Disease) :: ['autoimmune diabetes']


abstract: Ring @entity155 replantation is a technically challenging procedure with a very low success rate. Because the zone of @entity1317 is more extensive than what it appears to be in such @entity155 amputations, a technique was developed to debride the avulsed digital artery for a long distance, extending well into the digital pulp, thereby creating healthy arterial ends to be bridged by one or two segments of long venous grafts. Using this technical approach, 7 @entity1 with complete amputations of ring @entity130 (Urbaniak's class III) were operated. In all amputations the bone was disrupted at the distal interphalangeal level (except in 1 @entity1 ) and the soft tissues at the proximal phalanx level, with the proximal interphalangeal joint and the flexor digitorum superficialis tendons being intact. Results indicated that replantation was successful in all @entity1 . However, 2 @entity1 presented with unusually late arterial failure 28 and 30 days after surgery respectively. Although one of these cases was salvaged by reoperation, the other case (followed by conservative management) demonstrated @entity39 . Therefore, the ultimate success rate in this series was 85% in the long term. At follow-up, sensibility was protective in all @entity1 , with an average static two-point discrimination of 7.8 mm (range, 6-14 mm). The total active motion of the replanted digits was 194 deg on average (range, 155-205 deg) without loss of function of the proximal interphalangeal joint except in 2 @entity1 who had late vascular problems. The authors conclude that microsurgical replantation of completely amputated ring @entity155 injuries with an intact proximal interphalangeal joint and flexor digitorum superficialis tendon, is a worthwhile procedure that results in good functional and aesthetic results. Furthermore, using an aggressive approach for debridement of the avulsed digital artery, as described in this article, an experienced microsurgeon can replant successfully nearly all cases. However, one should be cautious in the follow-up of such @entity1 , because late arterial failure may be encountered, as was observed in 2 @entity1 in this series. The authors suggest immediate reoperation in such unusual circumstances.

title: Ring XXXX replantation by extended debridement of the avulsed digital artery and interposition with long venous grafts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['partial distal necrosis']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['arterial injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion injury']

answer: @entity155 :: (MESH:D014084,Disease) :: ['avulsion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To test whether @entity63 ( @entity63 ) is able to protect the myocardium in recently unstable CABG @entity1 . METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">prospective, randomised, controlled clinical study. SETTING: University Hospital. @entity1 : Forty CABG @entity1 with recent unstable @entity951 were randomised into an @entity63 group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). Subgroup was divided based on the time of the most recent @entity63 onset before the operation. INTERVENTION: The @entity63 group was preconditioned with 2 cycles of 2-min @entity63 followed by 3-min reperfusion before cross clamping. MEASURES: Hemodynamic data were monitored till the 1st POD. Biochemical markers were measured till the 2nd POD. RESULTS: There were no differences in cardiac index (Cl) and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) in @entity1 experiencing @entity951 within 48 hours prior to operation. The percentage changes in CI and RVEF at 1 hour after declamping were significantly better in the @entity63 group in @entity1 experienced @entity951 within 48-72 hours (106% vs 88% of baseline, p=0.027 and 103% vs 81% of baseline, p=0.023). No difference in postoperative @entity6949 ( @entity6949 ) and CK-MB was found between the @entity63 and controls in either subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: @entity63 has a beneficial effect on global and right ventricular hemodynamic functional recovery in unstable CABG @entity1 experiencing @entity951 within 48-72 hours prior to the operation. However, @entity63 has no additional protective effects in unstable CABG @entity1 who experience @entity951 within 48 hours.

title: Ischemic preconditioning protects right ventricular function in coronary artery bypass grafting @entity1 experiencing XXXX within 48-72 hours.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6949 :: ('7137', 'Gene') :: ['cardiac troponin I', 'CTnI']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic preconditioning', 'IP', 'ischemia']

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['angina']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To test whether @entity63 ( @entity63 ) is able to protect the myocardium in recently unstable CABG @entity1 . METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">prospective, randomised, controlled clinical study. SETTING: University Hospital. @entity1 : Forty CABG @entity1 with recent unstable @entity951 were randomised into an @entity63 group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). Subgroup was divided based on the time of the most recent @entity63 onset before the operation. INTERVENTION: The @entity63 group was preconditioned with 2 cycles of 2-min @entity63 followed by 3-min reperfusion before cross clamping. MEASURES: Hemodynamic data were monitored till the 1st POD. Biochemical markers were measured till the 2nd POD. RESULTS: There were no differences in cardiac index (Cl) and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) in @entity1 experiencing @entity951 within 48 hours prior to operation. The percentage changes in CI and RVEF at 1 hour after declamping were significantly better in the @entity63 group in @entity1 experienced @entity951 within 48-72 hours (106% vs 88% of baseline, p=0.027 and 103% vs 81% of baseline, p=0.023). No difference in postoperative @entity6949 ( @entity6949 ) and CK-MB was found between the @entity63 and controls in either subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: @entity63 has a beneficial effect on global and right ventricular hemodynamic functional recovery in unstable CABG @entity1 experiencing @entity951 within 48-72 hours prior to the operation. However, @entity63 has no additional protective effects in unstable CABG @entity1 who experience @entity951 within 48 hours.

title: Ischemic preconditioning protects right ventricular function in coronary artery bypass grafting XXXX experiencing @entity951 within 48-72 hours.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Non randomized studies suggest that mitral valve repair for @entity627 is technically more difficult than repair for @entity179 , and that operative and late results are worse. New surgical techniques have been developed in our and other institutes during the last 5 years, and this moved us to review the experience with these two pathologies and to compare the operative and mid-term RESULTS:                 <AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">From March 1996 to September 1997, 66 @entity1 underwent primary mitral valve repair for treatment of @entity627 . Fifty-two @entity1 (79%) were in the former group (group A) and 14 in the latter (group B). Surgery was performed by 2 experienced cardiac surgeons. A new technique to calculate the exact artificial chordae length was introduced. In 2 cases, tricuspid autografts were transposed to mitral position and reinforced with artificial chordae. @entity1 were followed both clinically and echocardiographically. The follow-up data were collected in a 1-month period (May 2000). The average clinical follow-up was 3.1+/-0.9 years (range 1.7 to 4.2 years) while the average echocardiographic follow-up was 2.7+/-0.7 years (range 9 months to 4 years). All values were expressed by means of the average and standard deviation. chi(2) and Student's "t"-test were used to analyze the significance between variables. The Kaplan-Meyer method was used for actuarial statistics. RESULTS: There were no operative deaths in either group. In group A, 1 @entity1 underwent a second surgical repair 1 week later, successfully. In group B no @entity1 underwent reoperation within 30 days or during the initial hospitalization. At follow-up of group A there were the following events: deaths from @entity5 (n=2), @entity884 (n=1), @entity1580 (n=1). At follow-up of group B there were mitral valve replacement (1 year after first operation, n=1), Ross procedure (n=1), @entity712 (n=1). Among the remaining 62 @entity1 followed, 32 were in NYHA class I, 15 in class II, 3 in class III, and none in class IV, in group A. In group B, 7 @entity1 were in class I, 4 in class II, 1 in class III and none in class IV (p=ns). In group A @entity339 was absent in 23 @entity1 , mild in 21, moderate in 6, while in group B it was absent in 4, mild in 6, and moderate in 2 (p=ns). In both groups there were no cases of severe insufficiency. The mean gradient was 1.1+/-1.7 mmHg in group A (median=0), and 2.4+/-3.1 mmHg in group B (median=0), (p=ns). No case of systolic anterior movement was seen at mid-term. The event free-survival rate was 92.8% in group A and 92.3% in B. CONCLUSIONS: Perfecting and innovation of surgical techniques make possible nowadays to reach good and equivalent operative and mid-term results in both pathologies.

title: Surgical repair for degenerative and XXXX . Operative and mid-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart failure']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative or rheumatic disease', 'rheumatic disease']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissection']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['rheumatic mitral valve disease']


abstract: A Japanese @entity1 aged 12 years who presented with a month history of @entity1596 developed a significant elevation of urinary @entity2262 ( @entity2262 ) up to 13,933 micrograms/l. A percutaneous renal biopsy revealed a dense @entity404 -positive T-cell infiltration with focal @entity9538 in the interstitium. The tubulointerstitial score (TI score) described by Foster et al. was 7 points. She was diagnosed as having @entity32117 ( @entity32117 ). Due to the severe @entity1986 , a 6-month course of @entity617 at the dose of 30 mg per alternate day was started. The levels of urinary @entity2262 dramatically decreased following treatment and the renal function remained normal. The second renal biopsy performed 6 months later revealed mild persistent @entity404 -positive T-cell infiltration associated with 19% periglomerular thickening, with the TI score of 4 points. These clinical observations suggest that the interstitial cell infiltration persists for a relatively long time in a proportion of @entity1 with @entity32117 . Since persistent @entity1986 has been known to be harmful to the kidney, we therefore speculate that prompt administration of corticosteroids might be beneficial to these @entity1 . Although the renal outcome of @entity32117 has been reported to be favorable to date, @entity1 with severe @entity1986 should be followed under close observation. Study of similar @entity1 is needed to clarify our understanding of effective therapy for @entity32117 .

title: [Repeat renal biopsy in XXXX : report of a case].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity9538 :: ('MESH:D007673', 'Disease') :: ['tubulitis']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta 2MG', 'beta 2 microglobulin']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial infiltration']

entities_list: @entity32117 :: ('MESH:C536922', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome', 'TINU']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity32117 :: (MESH:C536922,Disease) :: ['tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome']


abstract: The evaluation of penetrating @entity823 for the presence of a @entity130 presents a diagnostic challenge to the @entity130 surgeon. The use of diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) in this setting was reviewed at a level-one @entity130 institution. Eighty @entity1 (71 males, 9 females) with penetrating injuries to the thoracoabdominal region underwent DL to rule out @entity130 . Fifty-eight @entity1 (72.5%) had a negative study and were spared a celiotomy. In the remaining 22 @entity1 (27.5%), @entity130 was identified. This subset of @entity1 underwent a mandatory celiotomy to rule out an associated @entity3511 . Seventeen out of 22 (77.2%) @entity1 had a positive exploration requiring surgical intervention, representing an associated @entity3511 rate of 21.2 per cent. Intra-abdominal injuries requiring repair included small bowel, colon, spleen, liver, and stomach, in descending order. There were no missed injuries or @entity204 . One @entity1 with a left @entity130 secondary to a stab wound developed a @entity3117 . @entity1576 secondary to atelectasis was the most common complication. Diagnostic laparoscopy is an essential and safe modality for the evaluation of @entity130 in penetrating @entity823 .

title: Laparoscopy in the evaluation of penetrating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3117 :: ('MESH:D013369', 'Disease') :: ['subdiaphragmatic abscess']

entities_list: @entity823 :: ('MESH:D058502', 'Disease') :: ['thoracoabdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['Respiratory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity3511 :: ('MESH:D000007', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the diaphragm', 'diaphragmatic injury', 'diaphragmatic injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity823 :: (MESH:D058502,Disease) :: ['thoracoabdominal trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is not uncommon that some @entity1 in poor general condition and advanced @entity3083 cannot proceed with the staged anterior spinal surgery after posterior instrumentation. We demonstrated a group of @entity1 with advanced @entity3083 that were treated posterior procedure alone. METHODS: From January 1993 to January 2001, 12 @entity1 in our hospital in poor general condition and advanced @entity3083 -marked abscess with @entity85 more than 25 degrees and/or spinal canal compromised more than 30%, were treated in our hospital with posterior instrumentation and chemotherapy only. All @entity1 were immobilized postoperatively with orthosis until solid fusion was noted on bony graft. The chemotherapy persisted for at least 12 months in all @entity1 . RESULTS: Spontaneous bony fusion of vertebrae at 1-year follow-up averaged 75%. Solid union on posterior or posterolateral fusion was about 91.7%. Implant loosening and deep wound @entity281 were noted in 2 of the @entity1 respectively. We assessed the functional results with the postoperative activity condition, symptom relief and medication dependence in the 6th month after the spinal surgery. Seven cases of the 12 @entity1 (58.3%) had good to excellent results in this series. CONCLUSIONS: The one-stage posterior surgery adjunct with chemotherapy is a considerable and alternative treatment for @entity1 with advanced @entity3083 and in poor general condition.

title: One-stage posterior surgery for treatment of advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['angular deformity']

entities_list: @entity3083 :: ('MESH:D014399', 'Disease') :: ['spinal tuberculosis']

answer: @entity3083 :: (MESH:D014399,Disease) :: ['spinal tuberculosis']


abstract: Fibrin glue has been shown to be effective in improving postoperative chylothorax following various thoracic procedures and in reducing lymphorrhea after axillary dissection. It is unknown, however, whether fibrin glue is effective in reducing @entity2680 ( @entity1143 ) after esophagectomy. A series of 43 consecutive @entity1 with @entity418 who underwent extended esophagectomy were prospectively randomized to two groups: group A (n = 21), in whom 3 ml of fibrin glue was applied to the dissected mediastinum; and group B (n = 22), in whom fibrin glue was not applied. The time of drain removal and the volume of the thoracic drainage were compared. All data were expressed as the mean +/- standard deviation. There were no significant differences in the clinicopathologic characteristics between the two groups. None of the @entity1 developed chylothorax or died during their hospital stay. The daily volume from the thoracic drain (457 +/- 273 ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) larger on postoperative day (POD) 1 in group A than in group B (298 +/- 158 ml) and tended to be larger (p < 0.10) on PODs 4 and 6 in group A than in group B. The cumulative drainage volume was significantly (p < 0.05) larger on PODs 4 to 6 and POD 9, and it tended to be larger (p < 0.10) on PODs 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, and 11 in group A than in group B, suggesting that the cumulative drainage volume in group A was consistently larger than that in group B. The cumulative numbers of @entity1 with a drain remaining in place were not significantly different for the two groups (p = 0.4683). Three @entity1 in group A, however, had prolonged insertion (> 20 days) of the chest tube. There were no significant differences in the incidence of @entity260 . No @entity1 in group A developed @entity1800 during the long-term follow-up. Application of fibrin glue to the dissected mediastinum seems to induce @entity86 and thus be responsible for prolonged chest tube insertion in some @entity1 . Hence the use of fibrin glue cannot be recommended for reducing @entity2680 after esophagectomy.

title: Does fibrin glue reduce XXXX ( @entity1143 ) after extended esophagectomy? Prospective randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity2680 :: ('MESH:D003763', 'Disease') :: ['lymph leakage']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative chest-related complications']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infectious disease']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative lymph leakage']

answer: @entity2680 :: (MESH:D003763,Disease) :: ['lymph leakage']


abstract: Fibrin glue has been shown to be effective in improving postoperative chylothorax following various thoracic procedures and in reducing lymphorrhea after axillary dissection. It is unknown, however, whether fibrin glue is effective in reducing @entity2680 ( @entity1143 ) after esophagectomy. A series of 43 consecutive @entity1 with @entity418 who underwent extended esophagectomy were prospectively randomized to two groups: group A (n = 21), in whom 3 ml of fibrin glue was applied to the dissected mediastinum; and group B (n = 22), in whom fibrin glue was not applied. The time of drain removal and the volume of the thoracic drainage were compared. All data were expressed as the mean +/- standard deviation. There were no significant differences in the clinicopathologic characteristics between the two groups. None of the @entity1 developed chylothorax or died during their hospital stay. The daily volume from the thoracic drain (457 +/- 273 ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) larger on postoperative day (POD) 1 in group A than in group B (298 +/- 158 ml) and tended to be larger (p < 0.10) on PODs 4 and 6 in group A than in group B. The cumulative drainage volume was significantly (p < 0.05) larger on PODs 4 to 6 and POD 9, and it tended to be larger (p < 0.10) on PODs 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, and 11 in group A than in group B, suggesting that the cumulative drainage volume in group A was consistently larger than that in group B. The cumulative numbers of @entity1 with a drain remaining in place were not significantly different for the two groups (p = 0.4683). Three @entity1 in group A, however, had prolonged insertion (> 20 days) of the chest tube. There were no significant differences in the incidence of @entity260 . No @entity1 in group A developed @entity1800 during the long-term follow-up. Application of fibrin glue to the dissected mediastinum seems to induce @entity86 and thus be responsible for prolonged chest tube insertion in some @entity1 . Hence the use of fibrin glue cannot be recommended for reducing @entity2680 after esophagectomy.

title: Does fibrin glue reduce @entity2680 ( XXXX ) after extended esophagectomy? Prospective randomized clinical trial.

answer: @entity1143 :: (MESH:D010996,Disease) :: ['pleural effusion']


abstract: Combination surgery and radiotherapy (RT) is frequently used in soft tissue @entity242 (STS). Because lower doses and smaller irradiation volumes are possible in preoperative RT (pre-op RT), this approach can be especially valuable in anatomic settings where critical organs are in close proximity to the RT target area. A recent multicenter phase III trial (SR.2 trial of the National @entity5 Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group) comparing pre-op RT against post-op RT for extremity STS has shown significantly higher major wound complication rates (35%) with pre-op RT. We postulated that wound complication rates may be less frequent in the head and neck with better vascularity and wider use of secondary wound reconstruction. Using a prospective database, we identified 40 consecutive @entity1 with head and neck STS treated with pre-op RT (50 Gy) and subsequent (4 to 6 weeks later) resection between 1/89 and 8/99 in a single institution setting. Major wound complications (MWC) were classified by the identical criteria used in the SR.2 trial. Intracranial extension was evident in 5 @entity1 , whereas 50% of the @entity1 had large @entity5 (> 5 cm). @entity5 was present in 34 (85%), and 6 (15%) were superficial to fascia. In this series, 31 @entity1 (77.5%) had secondary reconstruction of the acquired soft tissue deficit. The actuarial 2-year local relapse-free rate was 80%, and the metastatic relapse-free rate was 85%. Major wound complications occurred in 8 of 40 @entity1 (20%) within 120 days of surgery according to the SR.2 criteria: secondary wound surgery (3), readmission or prolonged hospital admission for wound care (2), deep packing (0), prolonged dressing changes (2), and invasive procedure for wound care (1). The latter was a minor wound management problem (a single outpatient drainage of a @entity2080 ) for the combined rate of 8/20 or 20%. Our findings show that (1) pre-op RT in head and neck STS is associated with lower rates of major wound complications compared to extremity cases; (2) pre-op RT provides high rates of local control in an adverse group of cases of adult head and neck STS; (3) the choice of scheduling of RT should be based on anatomic issues with emphasis on the trade-offs between RT doses and volumes versus wound morbidity for individual @entity1 . This is especially important when @entity5 may be adjacent to critical head and neck structures which may be protected from the high-dose RT area.

title: Preoperative radiotherapy for adult head and neck soft tissue XXXX : assessment of wound complication rates and @entity5 outcome in a prospective series.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Deep tumor', 'Cancer', 'tumors']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcoma']


abstract: Combination surgery and radiotherapy (RT) is frequently used in soft tissue @entity242 (STS). Because lower doses and smaller irradiation volumes are possible in preoperative RT (pre-op RT), this approach can be especially valuable in anatomic settings where critical organs are in close proximity to the RT target area. A recent multicenter phase III trial (SR.2 trial of the National @entity5 Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group) comparing pre-op RT against post-op RT for extremity STS has shown significantly higher major wound complication rates (35%) with pre-op RT. We postulated that wound complication rates may be less frequent in the head and neck with better vascularity and wider use of secondary wound reconstruction. Using a prospective database, we identified 40 consecutive @entity1 with head and neck STS treated with pre-op RT (50 Gy) and subsequent (4 to 6 weeks later) resection between 1/89 and 8/99 in a single institution setting. Major wound complications (MWC) were classified by the identical criteria used in the SR.2 trial. Intracranial extension was evident in 5 @entity1 , whereas 50% of the @entity1 had large @entity5 (> 5 cm). @entity5 was present in 34 (85%), and 6 (15%) were superficial to fascia. In this series, 31 @entity1 (77.5%) had secondary reconstruction of the acquired soft tissue deficit. The actuarial 2-year local relapse-free rate was 80%, and the metastatic relapse-free rate was 85%. Major wound complications occurred in 8 of 40 @entity1 (20%) within 120 days of surgery according to the SR.2 criteria: secondary wound surgery (3), readmission or prolonged hospital admission for wound care (2), deep packing (0), prolonged dressing changes (2), and invasive procedure for wound care (1). The latter was a minor wound management problem (a single outpatient drainage of a @entity2080 ) for the combined rate of 8/20 or 20%. Our findings show that (1) pre-op RT in head and neck STS is associated with lower rates of major wound complications compared to extremity cases; (2) pre-op RT provides high rates of local control in an adverse group of cases of adult head and neck STS; (3) the choice of scheduling of RT should be based on anatomic issues with emphasis on the trade-offs between RT doses and volumes versus wound morbidity for individual @entity1 . This is especially important when @entity5 may be adjacent to critical head and neck structures which may be protected from the high-dose RT area.

title: Preoperative radiotherapy for adult head and neck soft tissue @entity242 : assessment of wound complication rates and XXXX outcome in a prospective series.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The purpose of this retrospective study is to show the pattern of penetrating @entity764 , methods of management and the outcome. Were viewed all consecutive penetrating chest injured @entity1 admitted to the Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan between May 1975 and April 1999. We found that 597 @entity1 had penetrating @entity764 . This was 31% of all @entity764 treated. To analyse pattern of injuries, period of study was divided into 2 periods of 12 years each, May 1975 to April 1987 (Group A) and May 1987 to April 1999 (Group B). Mean ages of the @entity1 in group A and B were, respectively, 27 +/- 12.5years and 48 +/- 10.2 years; male:female ratio for the 2 groups were 20:1 and 17:1, respectively. The main mechanisms of injury were gunshot wounds (GSW) in 364 @entity1 (61%) and stab wounds (SW) in 214 @entity1 (35.8%). The ratio of GSW to SW was reversed for the 2 periods, 1:3 for group A and 7:1 for group B. Nine @entity1 died during resuscitation. Four hundred and eleven @entity1 of 588 @entity1 (69.9%) were managed conservatively. Sixty-five (11.1%) by clinical observation and 346 (58.8%) by closed thoracostomy drainage. Mortality among the conservatively managed was 2.2%, morbidity was 18.2% (75 out of 411 @entity1 ). Ninety @entity1 had early major surgery, 75 had late major surgical management of complication of conservative management. The operative mortality was 22% (in 39 @entity1 ). The determinant of mortality were @entity548 , @entity1576 and @entity295 . We conclude that @entity2982 is a third of @entity764 we see. It is commoner in @entity1 and currently involves the older age group and it is most frequently inflicted by gunshot. Majority may be managed conservatively with low incidence of complications. Prompt major surgery limits mortality among the salvageable.

title: Penetrating XXXX in civilian practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2982 :: ('MESH:D020197', 'Disease') :: ['penetrating injury']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['chest injury', 'chest injuries']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory insufficiency']

answer: @entity764 :: (MESH:D013898,Disease) :: ['chest injuries']


abstract: @entity1364 -dependent kinase ( @entity15308 interacting cyclins perform essential functions for DNA replication and cellular proliferation. The @entity1 genome encodes two E-type cyclins (E and E2) and two A-type cyclins (A1 and A2). Dysregulation of the @entity15308 -bound cyclins plays an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity5 . @entity7596 is associated with cellular proliferation and can be used for molecular diagnostics as a proliferation marker. In addition, @entity7596 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in several types of @entity5 . @entity58665 is a tissue-specific @entity1364 that is highly expressed in @entity3052 and in @entity5 . High levels of @entity1364 E expression are found in many types of @entity5 . Overexpression of @entity1364 E at the mRNA level can be based on gene amplification and transcriptional mechanisms. In addition, proteolytically cleaved forms of @entity1364 E that show oncogenic functions have been described. @entity1364 E plays a critical role for G1/S transition. Its overexpression is not only associated with proliferation but rather indicates a more malignant phenotype which is likely to be linked to the induction of chromosomal instability. These biological functions of @entity1364 E relate to a poor prognosis when high @entity1364 E levels are found. The link between @entity1364 E and poor prognosis is well established in @entity0 but is likely to be observed in other @entity5 as well. The second E-type @entity1364 , @entity20408 , has been shown to be overexpressed in @entity0 although the potential role as a diagnostic or prognostic marker is unknown. This review provides an overview of the potential of cyclins E and A as markers for diagnosis and prognosis in @entity1 @entity5 .

title: E- and A-type cyclins as markers for XXXX diagnosis and prognosis.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast and lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer', 'cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The purpose of this review, based on studies from our laboratory as well as from others, is to summarize salient features of mast cell immunobiology and to describe their associations with @entity344 . Gastrointestinal mast cells are involved in many pathologic effects, such as @entity56 . On the other hand, they also play a protective role in defense against @entity281 . Thus, they have both positive and negative effects, but presently the mechanisms that control the balance of these various effects are poorly known. It has been suggested that stabilization of mast cells may be a key mechanism to protect the gastrointestinal tract from injury. Few molecules are known to possess both mast cell stabilizing and gastrointestinal cytoprotective activity. These include @entity219 compounds, @entity9992 , @entity58884 , @entity6850 , aloe vera, certain @entity3088 such as @entity3092 , some sulfated proteoglycans such as @entity12006 and @entity37474 . @entity37474 , a @entity28285 isolated from Artemisia douglasiana Besser, exhibits anti-inflammatory and gastrointestinal cytoprotective action. The @entity13629 stimulates mucus production, and inhibits @entity112 and @entity750 release from intestinal mast cells. The @entity13629 could act as a selective mast cell stabilizer by releasing cytoprotective factors and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mast cell mediators.

title: Role of mast cells in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12006 :: ('MESH:D002809', 'Chemical') :: ['chondroitin sulfate']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal mucosal defense']

entities_list: @entity28285 :: ('CHEBI:37667', 'Chemical') :: ['sesquiterpene lactone']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic and microbial infections']

entities_list: @entity3088 :: ('MESH:D005419', 'Chemical') :: ['flavonoids']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['food hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity37474 :: ('MESH:C079949', 'Chemical') :: ['dehydroleucodine', 'Dehydroleucodine']

entities_list: @entity9992 :: ('MESH:D004205', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium cromoglycate']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity3092 :: ('MESH:D011794', 'Chemical') :: ['quercetin']

entities_list: @entity6850 :: ('MESH:D007665', 'Chemical') :: ['ketotifen']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal mucosal defense']


abstract: A mathematical kinetic model for the adsorption and desorption of @entity22914 on Amberlite XAD-2 resin is proposed. The model can represent Langmuir, Freundlich or linear isotherms at equilibrium. The intrinsic kinetic parameters and adsorption isotherms as well as physical parameters such as the effective diffusivity and the external mass transfer coefficient were obtained at different temperatures and @entity1068 concentrations. An unfavourable @entity22914 adsorption occurred when @entity1068 was present in the solution. It has been shown that at 25 degrees C the @entity1068 , at concentrations from 1.5% to 2.5%, decreases the @entity22914 adsorption. However, this behaviour was not observed at 10 degrees C. The kinetic model fitted the experimental data well under different conditions. The model was validated in a continuous process of @entity22914 purification using the same resin. The model with the validated parameters is able to predict the behaviour of the reactor system. The continuous process is composed of two stirred tank reactors with adsorber recycle. The adsorption occurs in the first stage, and elution of the product takes place in the second stage with @entity1068 as eluent. The dynamic behaviour of the process was described using the following parameters: hydraulic residence time for the first (theta(h1)) and second stage (theta(h2)), solid residence time (theta(s)), initial concentration of CPC (C(0)), inlet @entity1068 concentration (C(ET0)) and kinetics parameters.

title: Continuous XXXX purification: dynamic modelling and parameter validation.

entities_list: @entity22914 :: ('MESH:C025163', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporin C']

answer: @entity22914 :: (MESH:C025163,Chemical) :: ['cephalosporin C']