abstract: Clinical manifestations and imaging findings of @entity1073 involving gastrointestinal tract were evaluated. The subjects were 7 cases of @entity1073 involving the gastrointestinal tract. All cases were pathologically confirmed in our hospital during the period from April 1994 to July 2000. Five @entity1 were male and 2 were female, and their age ranged from 49 to 63 years (average 57.4). The objectives were: 1) characteristics and distribution of multiple @entity1412 , 2) presence, location and enhancement pattern of bowel wall thickening or mass formation, 3) presence of @entity381 , 4) presence and location of @entity1600 , 5) involved extra-abdominal organs, 6) combined @entity5 and location, and 7) other findings. All @entity1073 occurred in elderly @entity1 , over 40 years, and most showed multiple @entity1412 (6/7), bowel wall thickening or mass formation (6/7), @entity1600 (6/7) and extra- abdominal involvement (5/7). All cases of @entity1412 involved the small bowel and colon, and the size of the @entity1127 ranged from 0.1-4.0cm. Four of 6 @entity1 showed combined sessile and polypoid @entity1127 , while the other 2 showed only sessile @entity1127 . Most of or some of the @entity1127 in 3 @entity1 showed small central ulcerations. Most of the @entity1 (5/6) showed an uncountable number of @entity1127 . @entity1412 was predominant in the rectum, ascending colon, rather than other sections in the colon, and the ileum were almost always involved by @entity1412 . Bowel wall thickening or mass formation developed exclusively in the ascending colon, rectum or ileum. Extra- abdominal involvement developed either simultaneously or nonconcurrently with gastrointestinal involvement. Some of @entity1 showed @entity381 (3/7), appendiceal enlargement (2/7), and intussusception (1/7), and some had associated @entity420 (3/7).

title: Imaging findings of XXXX involving gastrointestinal tract.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal lymph node enlargement', 'lymph node enlargements']

entities_list: @entity381 :: ('MESH:D013163', 'Disease') :: ['splenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity1073 :: ('MESH:D020522', 'Disease') :: ['mantle cell lymphomas', 'mantle cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['Polyposis', 'polyposis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity1073 :: (MESH:D020522,Disease) :: ['mantle cell lymphoma']


abstract: Ghrelin modulates somatotroph, lactotroph, corticotroph, and insulin secretion and @entity413 metabolism. To clarify the influence of gender and age on the endocrine actions of ghrelin in @entity1 , we studied the effects of ghrelin (1.0 micro g/kg iv) or placebo on GH, prolactin (PRL), ACTH, @entity701 , insulin, glucagon, and @entity413 levels in 18 young subjects (YS) and 16 elderly subjects (ES) of both genders. The GH response to @entity7704 (1.0 micro g/kg iv) was also studied. The GH response to ghrelin in YS was higher (P < 0.01) than in ES and both higher (P < 0.01) than to @entity7704 , without gender-related differences. In YS ghrelin also induced: 1) gender-independent increase (P < 0.01) in PRL, ACTH, and @entity701 levels; 2) gender-independent increase in @entity413 levels (P < 0.01); 3) decrease (P < 0.01) in insulin levels in male YS; and 4) no change in glucagon. In ES, ghrelin induced gender-independent PRL, ACTH, and @entity701 responses (P < 0.01). In ES ghrelin elicited gender-independent transient decrease in insulin (P < 0.01) coupled with increase in @entity413 levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the GH-releasing effect of ghrelin is independent of gender but undergoes age-related decrease. The effect of ghrelin on lactotroph and corticotroph secretion is age and gender independent. In both ES and YS, ghrelin influences insulin secretion and @entity413 metabolism.

title: The endocrine response to ghrelin as a function of gender in XXXX in young and elderly subjects.

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the use of triweekly combination chemotherapy together with radiation exerts a more beneficial systemic effect than weekly @entity900 chemoradiation in @entity1 with @entity5 after radical surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed @entity1 with stage @entity3846 to @entity5 who had undergone radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, followed by concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups: the triweekly combination chemotherapy group and the weekly @entity900 chemotherapy group. We evaluated the survival and adverse effects of the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 201 @entity1 were included. The mean duration of follow-up was 52.2 months. Of the 201 @entity1 , 130 received triweekly combination chemotherapy, and 71 @entity1 received weekly @entity900 chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment. The 5-year disease-free survival was 82.2% for @entity1 treated with weekly @entity900 chemotherapy and 74.3% for those treated with triweekly combination chemotherapy (P = 0.3929). The 5-year overall survival was 81.4% and 79.3% for the same treatment groups, respectively (P = 0.9833). The overall survival of the @entity1 with @entity5 was marginally higher in the triweekly combination chemotherapy group than in the weekly @entity900 group (P = 0.0582). @entity1431 , @entity1398 , @entity882 , @entity417 , and hepatopathy were significantly more common in the triweekly combination chemotherapy group. CONCLUSIONS: The weekly @entity900 chemotherapy group experienced the same therapeutic effect as the triweekly combination chemotherapy group but with less @entity137 . Therefore, weekly @entity900 chemotherapy is considered the more useful concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation regimen after radical surgery.

title: Weekly XXXX therapy compared with triweekly combination chemotherapy as concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation therapy after radical hysterectomy for @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage IIB cervical cancer', 'cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['Leukopenia']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the use of triweekly combination chemotherapy together with radiation exerts a more beneficial systemic effect than weekly @entity900 chemoradiation in @entity1 with @entity5 after radical surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed @entity1 with stage @entity3846 to @entity5 who had undergone radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, followed by concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups: the triweekly combination chemotherapy group and the weekly @entity900 chemotherapy group. We evaluated the survival and adverse effects of the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 201 @entity1 were included. The mean duration of follow-up was 52.2 months. Of the 201 @entity1 , 130 received triweekly combination chemotherapy, and 71 @entity1 received weekly @entity900 chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment. The 5-year disease-free survival was 82.2% for @entity1 treated with weekly @entity900 chemotherapy and 74.3% for those treated with triweekly combination chemotherapy (P = 0.3929). The 5-year overall survival was 81.4% and 79.3% for the same treatment groups, respectively (P = 0.9833). The overall survival of the @entity1 with @entity5 was marginally higher in the triweekly combination chemotherapy group than in the weekly @entity900 group (P = 0.0582). @entity1431 , @entity1398 , @entity882 , @entity417 , and hepatopathy were significantly more common in the triweekly combination chemotherapy group. CONCLUSIONS: The weekly @entity900 chemotherapy group experienced the same therapeutic effect as the triweekly combination chemotherapy group but with less @entity137 . Therefore, weekly @entity900 chemotherapy is considered the more useful concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation regimen after radical surgery.

title: Weekly @entity900 therapy compared with triweekly combination chemotherapy as concurrent adjuvant chemoradiation therapy after radical hysterectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bladder compliance deteriorates immediately after radical hysterectomy (RH), and @entity1494 causes upper urinary tract dysfunctions such as progressive @entity3041 . The aims of this study were to clarify risk factors for persistent @entity1494 after RH and to propose a postsurgical management protocol for improved recovery of bladder function. METHODS: A total of 113 consecutive @entity1 who underwent RH with the intention to preserve the pelvic autonomic nerve system were included in this prospective study. Urodynamic studies were performed according to a planned schedule: presurgery and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Autonomic nerves were preserved at least unilaterally in 95 (84.1%) of the 113 @entity1 , but this was not possible in the remaining 18 @entity1 (15.9%). Postoperative adjuvant @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ) was performed in 14 @entity1 . The relationships between bladder compliance and various clinical factors were investigated using logistic regression analysis. Covariates included age, nerve-sparing procedure, adjuvant @entity1161 , and maximum abdominal pressure during the voiding phase. Bladder compliance at 12 months after surgery was used as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Radical hysterectomy with a non-nerve-sparing procedure (odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-11.0), adjuvant @entity1161 (OR, 10.3; 95% CI, 2.5-43.5), and voiding with abdominal pressure at 3 months after surgery (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.1-7.2) were risk factors for persistent @entity1494 . CONCLUSIONS: A nerve-sparing procedure and prohibition of voiding with abdominal strain during the acute and subacute phases after RH resulted in improved recovery of bladder compliance. @entity1161 should be avoided in @entity1 who undergo nerve-sparing RH if an alternative postoperative strategy is possible.

title: Risk factors for persistent XXXX after radical hysterectomy.

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['low bladder compliance']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT', 'Adjuvant RT']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['low bladder compliance']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential value of distributional-phase T1-weighted ferumoxides-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for tissue characterization of focal @entity409 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging was performed using a 1.5-T system in 46 @entity1 referred for evaluation of known or suspected @entity99 . Seventy-three focal @entity409 (30 @entity157 ( @entity157 ), 12 @entity3 , 15 cysts, 13 @entity2695 , and three @entity201 ) were evaluated. MR imaging included T1-weighted double-echo gradient-echo (TR/TE: 150/4.2 and 2.1 msec), T2*-weighted gradient-echo (TR/TE: 180/12 msec), and T2-weighted turbo spin-echo MR imaging at 1.5 T before and after intravenous administration of ferumoxides (15 mmol/kg body weight). Postcontrast T1-weighted imaging was performed within eight minutes of infusion of the contrast medium (distributional phase). Both qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed. RESULTS: During the distributional phase after infusion of ferumoxides, unique enhancement patterns of focal @entity409 were observed for @entity2695 , @entity3 , and @entity157 . On T1-weighted GRE images obtained during the distributional phase, @entity2695 showed a typical positive enhancement pattern of increased signal; @entity3 showed ring enhancement; and @entity189 showed slight enhancement. Quantitatively, the signal-to-noise ratio of @entity2695 was much higher than that of other @entity5 (p <.05) and was similar to that of intrahepatic vessels. This finding permitted more effective differentiation between @entity2695 and other @entity5 . CONCLUSION: T1-weighted double-echo FLASH images obtained soon after the infusion of ferumoxides, show characteristic enhancement patterns and improved the differentiation of focal @entity409 .

title: Characterization of focal XXXX with superparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced MR imaging: value of distributional phase T1-weighted imaging.

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver lesions']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellar carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic malignancies']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report on all complications experienced by @entity1 with displaced @entity7334 (DIACFs) following nonoperative management or @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, multicenter study. SETTING: Four level I @entity130 centers. @entity1 : The @entity1 population consisted of consecutive @entity1 , age 17 to 65 at the time of injury, presenting to 1 of the centers with DIACFs between April 1991 and December 1998. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomized to the nonoperative treatment group or to operative reduction using a lateral approach to the calcaneus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Follow-up for @entity1 was at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 12 months, 24 months, and once greater than 24 months following injury. At each follow-up interval, @entity1 were assessed for the development of major and minor complications. After a minimum of 2-year follow-up, @entity1 were asked to fill out a validated visual analogue scale questionnaire (VAS) and a general health review (SF-36). RESULTS: There were 226 DIACFs (206 @entity1 ) in the @entity1538 group with 57 of 226 (25%) @entity174 (57 of 206 @entity1 [28%]) having at least 1 major complication. Of 233 @entity174 (218 @entity1 ) nonoperatively managed, 42 (18%) (42 of 218 @entity1 [19%]) developed at least 1 major complication (indirectly resulting in surgery). CONCLUSION: Complications occur regardless of the management strategy chosen for DIACFs and despite management by experienced surgeons. Complications are a cause of significant morbidity for @entity1 . Outcome scores in this study tend to support @entity1538 for calcaneal @entity174 . However, @entity1538 @entity1 are more likely to develop complications. Certain @entity1 populations (WCB and Sanders type IV) developed a high incidence of complications regardless of the management strategy chosen.

title: Complications following management of displaced @entity7334 : a prospective randomized trial comparing XXXX with nonoperative management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['ORIF', 'open reduction internal fixation']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity7334 :: ('MESH:D057072', 'Disease') :: ['intra-articular calcaneal fractures']

answer: @entity1538 :: (MESH:D005902,Disease) :: ['open reduction internal fixation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report on all complications experienced by @entity1 with displaced @entity7334 (DIACFs) following nonoperative management or @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ). DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, multicenter study. SETTING: Four level I @entity130 centers. @entity1 : The @entity1 population consisted of consecutive @entity1 , age 17 to 65 at the time of injury, presenting to 1 of the centers with DIACFs between April 1991 and December 1998. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomized to the nonoperative treatment group or to operative reduction using a lateral approach to the calcaneus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Follow-up for @entity1 was at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 12 months, 24 months, and once greater than 24 months following injury. At each follow-up interval, @entity1 were assessed for the development of major and minor complications. After a minimum of 2-year follow-up, @entity1 were asked to fill out a validated visual analogue scale questionnaire (VAS) and a general health review (SF-36). RESULTS: There were 226 DIACFs (206 @entity1 ) in the @entity1538 group with 57 of 226 (25%) @entity174 (57 of 206 @entity1 [28%]) having at least 1 major complication. Of 233 @entity174 (218 @entity1 ) nonoperatively managed, 42 (18%) (42 of 218 @entity1 [19%]) developed at least 1 major complication (indirectly resulting in surgery). CONCLUSION: Complications occur regardless of the management strategy chosen for DIACFs and despite management by experienced surgeons. Complications are a cause of significant morbidity for @entity1 . Outcome scores in this study tend to support @entity1538 for calcaneal @entity174 . However, @entity1538 @entity1 are more likely to develop complications. Certain @entity1 populations (WCB and Sanders type IV) developed a high incidence of complications regardless of the management strategy chosen.

title: Complications following management of displaced XXXX : a prospective randomized trial comparing @entity1538 with nonoperative management.

answer: @entity7334 :: (MESH:D057072,Disease) :: ['intra-articular calcaneal fractures']


abstract: The Minnesota @entity1 's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES) provides exposure, environmental, and biologic data relating to multipathway exposures of @entity1 for four primary pesticides ( @entity10687 , @entity2959 , @entity19861 , and @entity12472 ), 14 secondary pesticides, and 13 polynuclear @entity10519 ( @entity2556 ). Monitoring was performed on a probability-based sample of 102 @entity1 aged 3-12 in Minneapolis/St. Paul and in a nearby rural area (Goodhue and @entity579 counties). This paper provides estimated distributions of this population's exposures and exposure-related measurements and examines associations among the various measures via rank (Spearman) correlations. In addition, it provides some aggregate and cumulative exposure estimates for pesticides, and compares the relative intakes from inhalation and dietary ingestion. Intakes for the four primary pesticides appeared to come principally from the ingestion rather than the inhalation route; this was clearly true for @entity10687 but was less certain for the other three primary pesticides because of their higher degree of nondetects. Solid food rather than beverages was clearly the main contributor to the ingestion intake. Despite the dominance of the ingestion route, the urinary metabolite of @entity10687 exhibited a stronger association with the air measurements than with the dietary measures. Personal-air samples exhibited strong rank correlations with indoor air samples for @entity10687 , @entity2959 , and @entity19861 (0.81, 0.51, and 0.62, respectively), while personal-air @entity12472 levels correlated well with outdoor levels (0.69); personal-air @entity19861 levels also correlated well with outdoor levels (0.67). For the @entity2556 , many significant associations were evident among the various air samples and for the air samples with the dust samples, especially for those compounds with consistently high percent measurable values (particularly @entity14368 , @entity11966 , and @entity9435 ).

title: Distributions, associations, and partial aggregate exposure of pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minnesota XXXX 's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity10519 :: ('MESH:D006841', 'Chemical') :: ['aromatic hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity2959 :: ('MESH:D008294', 'Chemical') :: ['malathion']

entities_list: @entity14368 :: ('MESH:C007738', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoranthene']

entities_list: @entity10687 :: ('MESH:D004390', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorpyrifos']

entities_list: @entity11966 :: ('MESH:C031181', 'Chemical') :: ['phenanthrene']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the expression of cyclooxygenase ( @entity2247 ) and the relationship with @entity5 angiogenesis and advancement in @entity356 . METHODS: Immunohistochemical stain was used for detecting the expression of @entity2247 in 45 resected specimens of @entity356 ; the monoclonal antibody against @entity2280 was used for displaying vascular endothelial cells, and @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) was detected by counting of @entity2280 -positive vascular endothelial cells. Paracancerous tissues were examined as control. RESULTS: Immunohistological staining with @entity2247 -specific polyclonal antibody showed cytoplasmic staining in the @entity5 cells, some @entity1373 and intestinal metaplasia,as well as angiogenic vasculature present within the @entity5 and prexisting vasculature adjacent to @entity5 . The rate of expression of @entity2247 and @entity2101 index in @entity356 were significantly increased, compared with those in the paracancerous tissues (77.78 vs 33.33 %, 58.13+/-19.99 vs 24.02+/-10.28, P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively). In 36 @entity356 specimens with lymph node @entity3 , the rate of @entity2247 expression and @entity2101 were higher than those in the specimens without metostasis (86.11 vs 44.44 %, 58.60+/-18.24 vs 43.54+/-15.05, P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively). The rate of @entity2247 expression and @entity2101 in the specimens with invasive serosa were significantly higher than those in the specimens without invasion to serosa (87.88 vs 50.0 %, 57.01+/-18.79 vs 42.35+/-14.65, P<0.05, P<0.05). Moreover, @entity2101 in @entity2247 -positive specimens was higher than that in @entity2247 -negative specimens (61.29+/-14.31 vs 45.38+/-12.42,P<0.05). @entity2247 expression was positively correlated with @entity2101 (r=0.63, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity2247 expression might correlate with the occurance and advancement of @entity356 and is involved in @entity5 angiogenesis in @entity356 . It is likely that @entity2247 by inducing angiogenesis can be one of mechanisms which promotes invasion and @entity3 of @entity356 . It may become a new therapeutic target for anti-angiogenesis.

title: Correlation between expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and angiogenesis in human XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer', 'cancer lesions']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['atypical hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['microvascular density', 'MVD']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric adenocarcinoma', 'gastric carcinoma', 'gastric cancers']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric adenocarcinoma']


abstract: AIM: Primary neoplasmas of the jejunum and ileum are infrequent and lack specific manifestations and inaccessibility of conventional endoscopy, so the diagnosis of these @entity5 are usually delayed. So far the data of primary jejunoileal neoplasmas is still scarce, especially in Chinese medical literature in English. There may be some differences among the Chinese and the westerners in jejunoileal neoplasmas. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made on clinical findings and pathological types. RESULTS: Of the 60 @entity1 with @entity4628 , the most frequent symptom was @entity490 (57 %), followed by tarry stool (43 %) and @entity360 (10 %). Abdominal mass (40 %) was the most common finding on physical examination, followed by @entity417 and @entity353 (35 %). 67 % of the @entity5 were located in the jejunum. Among the malignant neoplasmas (68 %), @entity5 (47 %) was most common, while the benign stromoma (20 %) was the most common benign neoplasmas. Preoperatively, 40 @entity1 (67 %) were diagnosed as small bowel neoplasmas, of which 34 were found by enteroclysis. Abdominal mass was shown by CT in 18 cases and by ultrasonography in 13. The mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 7 months. In 41 @entity1 with @entity5 , the duration of symptoms before diagnosis exceeded 12 months in 21 cases, lymphatic or distant metastases were found in 26 (63 %)cases during operation. An emergency laparotomy was performed in 4 @entity1 (7 %) owing to @entity1321 or perforation. CONCLUSION: @entity298 in Chinese present some difference from Westerners on clinical features and histopathologic types. Enteroclysis remains the major relevant diagnostic procedure in this study, the misdiagnotic rate is high preoperatively due to failure of detection by conventional imaging procedures such as CT and inaccessibility of routine endoscopy. For the suspected @entity1 , combined application of aforementioned procedures may facilitate early diagnosis. The wireless capsule endoscopy may improve the diagnostic rate of jejunoileal neoplasmas in the future.

title: XXXX : a review of 60 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity4628 :: ('MESH:D007077', 'Disease') :: ['jejunal or ileal neoplasmas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['jejunoileal neoplasms', 'malignant tumors', 'malignant stroma', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['hematochezia']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['Primary jejunoileal neoplasmas']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['Primary jejunoileal neoplasmas']


abstract: Normal @entity1 epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) died after 5 days of co-culture with an @entity1697 cell line (HSC-4). However, the HSC-4 cells did not change in either mitotic character or shape. We analyzed the changes in the mitotic activity and DNA synthetic activity of NHEK in co-culture with the HSC-4 cells. The @entity6578 of the NHEK decreased gradually with the presence of @entity1 @entity15875 ( @entity15875 ) in the media. However, the @entity6578 ( @entity6578 ) of the HSC-4 cells did not change. The shape of the NHEK cells did not change during co-culture. The time changes of the @entity894 ( @entity894 ) measured by BrdU incorporation, and the @entity894 decreased in neither NHEK nor in HSC-4 cells in the presence of @entity15875 . Moreover, in co-culture with an anti- @entity15875 antibody, the @entity6578 of both NHEK and HSC-4 cells did not change. These results indicate that @entity15875 might not lead to apoptosis or @entity39 , but rather to cellular reproductive death in NHEK cells. However, HSC-4 cells might be more tolerant of @entity15875 , so that @entity15875 does not cause cellular reproductive death. @entity15875 does not diminish the DNA synthesis rate but decreases the mitotic activity in NHEK cells in vitro. @entity15875 diminishes neither the DNA synthesis rate nor the mitotic activity in HSC-4 cells.

title: Mortality of XXXX epidermal keratinocytes in co-culture with oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['oral carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['labeling index', 'LI']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity6578 :: ('MESH:C536987', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'mitotic index']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Data are limited on the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of M  ni  re disease. We sought to document the effect of a psychotherapeutic technique known as autogenic training on clinical outcome in M  ni  re disease. Six @entity1 with M  ni  re disease were studied. Retrospective chart review was conducted. All @entity1 were refractory to conventional therapy and completed a course of autogenic training, which was offered as a complementary treatment. Autogenic training with @entity1613 was conducted by a clinical psychologist during 45-min sessions. Outcome measures assessed were the frequency of vertigo and functional levels 2  years after initiation of autogenic training. Functional levels were evaluated according to the 1995 guidelines of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). As a personality measure, we used the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), devised by Eysenck, which measures @entity663 ( @entity663 ), extraversion (E), and propensity to lie (L). Five of six @entity1 showed improved functional level after three to eight sessions of psychotherapy; hearing level did not change. The score of the @entity663 scale of the MPI was closely related to the number of psychotherapy sessions. Prognosis was evaluated based on the AAO-HNS reporting guidelines, as follows: A  =  3, B  =  1, C  =  1, F  =  1. The value of @entity663 in MPI was closely related to the number of psychological counseling sessions (R  =  0.97, P  <  0.05). In conclusion, autogenic training may enhance the mental well-being of @entity1 with M  ni  re disease and improve clinical outcome.

title: Application of autogenic training in XXXX with M  ni  re disease.

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['initial psychological counseling']

entities_list: @entity663 :: ('MESH:C564323', 'Disease') :: ['neuroticism', 'N']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess insertion-linked @entity158 and the short-term user-acceptability and safety of the GyneFix as compared with T-framed @entity16732 ( @entity16732 ). DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial in an outpatient clinic setting. METHOD: @entity1 requesting an IUD for emergency contraception (EC) were allocated to either the short-term arm (GyneFix versus Nova-T200, or the long-term arm (GyneFix versus Gyne- @entity72445 , and then randomised within each group. Visual analogue scores were used to assess the @entity1 's perception of the @entity158 associated with insertion, which was @entity1 -blinded. Follow-up was double-blinded, at 6 weeks, with @entity548 and @entity158 recorded over this time. RESULTS: A total of 175 @entity1 received an IUD in the long-term arm. The short-term arm was discontinued due to low recruitment (17 @entity1 at 20 months) and therefore the results relate to the long-term arm only. Outcome was known in 98% of subjects. The actual insertion procedure was scored as more @entity158 for the GyneFix, both by the @entity1 (p = 0.013) and the doctors making their assessment of the @entity1 's @entity158 (p = 0.04). The @entity1 with GyneFix described less @entity158 in the subsequent 30 days after insertion (p = 0.005). Only 13% of @entity1 with GyneFix requested removal as compared with 20% with Gyne- @entity72445 , with the difference being attributed to removal due to @entity158 . The @entity548 pattern was similar for those using GyneFix and Gyne- @entity72445 . CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that although the actual fitting may be more @entity158 , @entity158 is less during the 6 weeks after insertion of GyneFix and fewer @entity1 discontinue its use because of @entity158 , as compared with Gyne- @entity72445 . The high overall continuation rate of all emergency @entity16732 at 6 weeks and low morbidity seen in this study favours more frequent IUD insertion where unprotected intercourse has occurred, given also its higher efficacy over oral hormonal EC.

title: Randomised controlled trial assessing the acceptability of GyneFix versus Gyne- XXXX for emergency contraception.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity16732 :: ('MESH:D058736', 'Disease') :: ['IUDs', 'intrauterine devices']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

answer: @entity72445 :: (p|SUB|T|380|S,ProteinMutation) :: ['T380S']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess pregnancy hormone levels in relation to @entity390 with or without @entity391 . METHODS: In the context of a prospective cohort study, 262 white pregnant @entity1 in Boston were observed through delivery. Maternal blood was collected at 16 and 27 weeks' gestation and serum levels of @entity53 , @entity11111 , @entity1420 , prolactin, and @entity443 were determined. Information on sociodemographic and medical variables was collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire and review of medical records. At the 27th gestational week, @entity390 with or without @entity391 at any time during the index pregnancy was ascertained. RESULTS: By the 27th gestational week, 209 @entity1 (79.8%) had experienced @entity390 with or without @entity391 . There was a substantial and statistically significant (P <.01) inverse association of prolactin with @entity390 with or without @entity391 at both the first and the second samplings, with or without adjustment for the other measured compounds. @entity53 was positively associated with @entity390 with or without @entity391 risk, but the association was evident only after adjustment for the other measured compounds (P values of.06 and.07 at the first and second samplings, respectively). We found no evidence that @entity11111 , @entity1420 , or @entity443 was related to @entity390 with or without @entity391 at either the 16th or the 27th week of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Our results point to lower levels of prolactin and, perhaps, higher levels of @entity53 as contributing to or correlating with the occurrence of @entity390 with or without @entity391 at any time during the pregnancy until the 27th gestational week. We found no evidence that @entity11111 , @entity1420 , or @entity443 is associated with this condition.

title: Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in relation to prolactin, estrogens, and XXXX : a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity443 :: ('6462', 'Gene') :: ['sex hormone-binding globulin']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: Most of our knowledge about transmission at central synapses has been obtained by studying populations of synapses, but some important properties of synapses can be determined only by studying them individually. An important issue is whether a presynaptic action potential causes, at most, a single vesicle to be released, or whether multiquantal transmission is possible. Previous work in the @entity1399 region has shown that the response to stimulation of a single axon can be highly variable, apparently because it is composed of a variable number of quantal elements ( approximately 5 pA in amplitude). These quantal events have a low coefficient of variation (CV). Because the number of synaptic contacts involved is not known, the response could be because of uniquantal transmission at a varying number of synapses, or to multliquantal transmission at a single synapse. The former predicts that the CV at individual synapses should be small. We have used optical methods to measure the @entity1024 receptor-mediated @entity141 elevation at single active synapses. Our main finding is that the amplitude of nonfailure responses could be highly variable, having a CV as large as 0.63. In one fortuitous experiment, the optically studied synapse was the only active synapse, and we could therefore measure both its @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor- and @entity140 ( @entity140 ) receptor-mediated signals. At this synapse, both signals varied over a 10-fold range and were highly correlated. These results strongly suggest that transmission at single @entity1399 synapses can be multiquantal. Furthermore, the individual quantal response is very far from saturation, allowing the effective summation of many quanta. The existence of multiquantal release has important implications for defining synaptic strength and understanding the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

title: The high variance of XXXX receptor- and @entity143 receptor-mediated responses at single hippocampal synapses: evidence for multiquantal release.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity140 :: ('MESH:D018350', 'Chemical') :: ['AMPA', 'alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid']

answer: @entity140 :: (MESH:D018350,Chemical) :: ['AMPA']


abstract: Most of our knowledge about transmission at central synapses has been obtained by studying populations of synapses, but some important properties of synapses can be determined only by studying them individually. An important issue is whether a presynaptic action potential causes, at most, a single vesicle to be released, or whether multiquantal transmission is possible. Previous work in the @entity1399 region has shown that the response to stimulation of a single axon can be highly variable, apparently because it is composed of a variable number of quantal elements ( approximately 5 pA in amplitude). These quantal events have a low coefficient of variation (CV). Because the number of synaptic contacts involved is not known, the response could be because of uniquantal transmission at a varying number of synapses, or to multliquantal transmission at a single synapse. The former predicts that the CV at individual synapses should be small. We have used optical methods to measure the @entity1024 receptor-mediated @entity141 elevation at single active synapses. Our main finding is that the amplitude of nonfailure responses could be highly variable, having a CV as large as 0.63. In one fortuitous experiment, the optically studied synapse was the only active synapse, and we could therefore measure both its @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor- and @entity140 ( @entity140 ) receptor-mediated signals. At this synapse, both signals varied over a 10-fold range and were highly correlated. These results strongly suggest that transmission at single @entity1399 synapses can be multiquantal. Furthermore, the individual quantal response is very far from saturation, allowing the effective summation of many quanta. The existence of multiquantal release has important implications for defining synaptic strength and understanding the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

title: The high variance of @entity140 receptor- and XXXX receptor-mediated responses at single hippocampal synapses: evidence for multiquantal release.

answer: @entity143 :: (CHEBI:6121,Chemical) :: ['NMDA']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of partial @entity358 of the left lower lobe diagnosed after central venous cannulation. DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Intensive care unit. @entity1 : A 76-yr-old @entity1 with obstructive @entity810 requiring hemodialysis. INTERVENTIONS: Central venous cannulation and hemodialysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The diagnosis was suggested by chest radiography after placement of a central venous catheter through the left internal jugular vein. Pressure measurements at the tip of the catheter showed a venous waveform. @entity26 blood content on samples of blood was higher than on peripheral arterial blood. Computed tomography with intravenous contrast was not conclusive. Diagnosis was confirmed with transcatheter phlebography. CONCLUSIONS: It is important for the intensivist to be aware of this infrequent variant when a central venous catheter takes an abnormal route and drains low-pressure, arterialized blood.

title: Partial XXXX of the left lower lobe: incidental diagnostic after central venous cannulation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['anomalous pulmonary vein drainage']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['anomalous pulmonary vein drainage']


abstract: Human @entity4107 antigens are variably expressed on @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) blasts. The biological and clinical significance of HLA Class II antigen expression by @entity3052 cells is not known. Therefore, we sought to characterize cases of @entity3052 without detectable HLA-DR expression. Samples from 248 consecutive @entity3052 @entity1 were immunophenotyped by multiparameter flow cytometry at diagnosis. HLA-DR antigens were not detected on @entity3052 cells from 43 @entity1 , including 20 with @entity2799 ( @entity2799 ), and 23 with other subtypes of @entity3052 . All @entity2799 cases had t(15;17), but there were no characteristic chromosome @entity2799 cases. No direct expression of other antigens was identified in HLA-DR-negative @entity2799 and non- @entity2799 cases. Interestingly, cells from three HLA-DR-negative non- @entity2799 @entity1 had similar morphology to that of the hypogranular variant of @entity2799 . This morphology, however, was not present in any HLA-DR-positive @entity3052 cases. Treatment response was similar in the 23 HLA-DR-negative non- @entity2799 and the 205 HLA-DR-positive @entity1 . Finally, relapse was infrequently associated with changes in HLA-DR antigen expression, as the HLA-DR antigen was lost at relapse in only 4% of HLA-DR-positive cases, and was gained at relapse in only 17% of HLA-DR-negative cases. We conclude that HLA-DR-negative @entity3052 includes approximately equal numbers of @entity2799 and non- @entity2799 cases, and that the morphology of HLA-DR-negative non- @entity2799 cases can mimic the hypogranular variant of @entity2799 . The diagnosis of @entity2799 cannot be based on morphology and lack of HLA-DR antigen expression; rather, it requires cytogenetic or molecular confirmation.

title: HLA-DR antigen-negative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2799 :: ('MESH:D015473', 'Disease') :: ['APL', 'acute promyelocytic leukemia', 'abnormalities in non-APL']

entities_list: @entity4107 :: ('3126', 'Gene') :: ['leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class II']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'adult AML', 'AML']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We report our preliminary experience with two cases of @entity1906 ( @entity1906 ) in which endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) was performed to treat non-communicating @entity1276 . For many years, the insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunts has been the standard treatment for @entity1276 in @entity1 with @entity1906 , although the indications for and timing of surgery are not uniformly accepted. Shunt insertion is associated with a high incidence of complications, particularly with long-term follow-up. An alternative treatment for @entity1276 in this group of @entity1 would clearly be of great benefit. The indications for ETV have increased in the last decade, and there are reports of some effectiveness of the procedure in @entity1 with @entity1276 due to @entity4008 . To our knowledge, ETV has not been described in the management of @entity1906 . METHODS: We report the early results of our preliminary experience with ETV in two @entity1 who presented with neurological compromise due to @entity1276 and @entity428 . The clinical context and pre-operative investigation of these @entity1 are presented. The emphasis is placed on the distinction between communicating and non-communicating pathologies as a guide to management options. We detail our surgical findings and the peculiar endoscopic challenges that the condition presented to us. Follow-up in these @entity1 included clinical and investigational data suggesting early effectiveness of the procedure in converting non-communicating @entity1276 into a communicating one, which can then be treated medically. DISCUSSION: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is presented as a new application of a procedure accepted for other indications in the treatment of non-communicating @entity1276 . There are particular aspects of the use of this procedure related to the unique pathology of @entity1906 that are significantly different. We explain our rationale for endoscopy in these @entity1 , and suggest a protocol in which endoscopy may play a role in the management of @entity1 with @entity428 due to tuberculous @entity1276 .

title: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4008 :: ('MESH:D016920', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial meningitis']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['raised intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity1906 :: ('MESH:D014390', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous meningitis', 'TBM']

answer: @entity1906 :: (MESH:D014390,Disease) :: ['tuberculous meningitis']


abstract: Advanced @entity320 is incurable by standard treatments, but occasionally responds to immunotherapy. Recent trials using dendritic cells (DC) as a cellular adjuvant have concentrated on defined peptides as the source of antigens, and rely on foreign proteins as a source of help to generate a cell-mediated immune response. This approach limits @entity1 accrual, because currently defined, non-mutated epitopes are restricted by a small number of human leucocyte antigens. It also fails to take advantage of mutated epitopes peculiar to the @entity1 's own @entity5 , and of @entity404 + T lymphocytes as potential effectors of anti- @entity5 immunity. We therefore sought to determine whether a fully autologous DC vaccine is feasible, and of therapeutic benefit. @entity1 with American Joint @entity5 Committee stage IV @entity320 were treated with a fully autologous immunotherapy consisting of monocyte-derived DC, matured after culture with irradiated @entity5 cells. Of 19 @entity1 enrolled into the trial, sufficient @entity5 was available to make treatments for 17. Of these, 12 received a complete priming phase of six cycles of either 0.9x10(6) or 5x10(6) DC/intradermal injection, at 2-weekly intervals. Where possible, treatment continued with the lower dose at 6-weekly intervals. The remaining five @entity1 could not complete priming, due to @entity74 . Three of the 12 @entity1 who completed priming have durable complete responses (average duration 35 months+), three had partial responses, and the remaining six had @entity74 (WHO criteria). Disease regression was not correlated with dose or with the development of delayed type @entity56 responses to intradermal challenge with irradiated, @entity5 . However, plasma S-100B levels prior to the commencement of treatment correlated with objective clinical response ( P=0.05) and survival (log rank P<0.001). The treatment had minimal side-effects and was well tolerated by all @entity1 . Mature, monocyte-derived DC preparations exposed to appropriate @entity5 antigen sources can be reliably produced for @entity1 with advanced @entity320 , and in a subset of those @entity1 with lower @entity66 their repeated administration results in durable complete responses.

title: Durable complete clinical responses in a phase I/II trial using an autologous XXXX cell/dendritic cell vaccine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['volume disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['autologous tumour', 'Cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progressive disease']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'metastatic melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: Based on the evidence presented here, the following tentative conclusions can be drawn. Atypical antipsychotics (except amisulpride) have shown superiority over placebo in acute @entity161 . Compared with conventional antipsychotics, they are at least as effective. Generally, analyses employing conservative criteria (e.g., Cochrane reviews) report few efficacy differences between atypical and conventional agents. There are now many well-controlled studies indicating modest advantages for the atypical antipsychotics, however, particularly in specific symptom domains. For the treatment of negative symptoms, @entity1037 and to a lesser extent @entity14867 seem most promising. @entity1090 , @entity1037 , and @entity1089 display advantages in improving cognitive and @entity308 . There are indications that the atypical antipsychotics are associated with decreased likelihood of rehospitalization and improved quality of life. In head-to-head comparisons of atypical antipsychotics, none have shown consistent efficacy advantages. In severely refractory samples, no atypical antipsychotics have consistently been shown to be as effective as @entity1088 or superior to conventional agents. There are indications, however, that @entity1090 , @entity1037 , and @entity1089 have advantages over conventional agents in less severely refractory @entity1 . Few maintenance RCTs have been published, and efficacy advantages for atypical antipsychotics in prospective RCTs in first-episode @entity161 have not been reported.

title: The new and evolving pharmacotherapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['clozapine']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity14867 :: ('MESH:C012052', 'Chemical') :: ['amisulpride']

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity1089 :: ('MESH:C069541', 'Chemical') :: ['quetiapine']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone', 'Risperidone']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Nine cases of @entity63 are presented in which an initial diagnosis of @entity189 was made from roentgenographic, endoscopic, or intraoperative appearance of the lesion. The clinical features were insufficient to differentiate @entity63 from @entity189 . In 7 @entity1 a barium enema was interpreted as, or consistent with, @entity189 . In 3 of these @entity1 colonoscopy also suggested @entity5 . In 2 @entity1 , endoscopy suggested a @entity5 but no barium enema was performed. Endoscopic biopsies when performed were negative for @entity5 . Three @entity1 were considered to have @entity5 from the gross appearance of the lesion at laparotomy. Routine use of both barium enema and colonoscopy in @entity1 with suspected @entity694 will usually identify the ischemic nature of lesions incorrectly diagnosed by one technique or the other. In the uncommon @entity1 in whom both studies suggest a @entity5 , but biopsy specimens are negative for @entity5 , repeat studies 7-10 days later may identify the evolving nature of @entity2806 and obviate the need for surgery. When no changes are seen, prompt laparotomy is indicated.

title: Simulation of XXXX by @entity63 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic lesions']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['colonic ischemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'malignancy', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic neoplasms']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colonic carcinoma']


abstract: Nine cases of @entity63 are presented in which an initial diagnosis of @entity189 was made from roentgenographic, endoscopic, or intraoperative appearance of the lesion. The clinical features were insufficient to differentiate @entity63 from @entity189 . In 7 @entity1 a barium enema was interpreted as, or consistent with, @entity189 . In 3 of these @entity1 colonoscopy also suggested @entity5 . In 2 @entity1 , endoscopy suggested a @entity5 but no barium enema was performed. Endoscopic biopsies when performed were negative for @entity5 . Three @entity1 were considered to have @entity5 from the gross appearance of the lesion at laparotomy. Routine use of both barium enema and colonoscopy in @entity1 with suspected @entity694 will usually identify the ischemic nature of lesions incorrectly diagnosed by one technique or the other. In the uncommon @entity1 in whom both studies suggest a @entity5 , but biopsy specimens are negative for @entity5 , repeat studies 7-10 days later may identify the evolving nature of @entity2806 and obviate the need for surgery. When no changes are seen, prompt laparotomy is indicated.

title: Simulation of @entity694 by XXXX .

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: A compilation of all prescriptions issued for @entity726 medication in Iceland for a 6 months period, together with hospital records of all @entity1 operated on for primary @entity1538 but not on @entity726 medication, were analysed for the prevalence and distribution of @entity726 in Iceland. The @entity726 population consisted of 1916 individuals (991 males and 925 females), amounting to an overall prevalence of 8.3 per thousand population. About 80% of the @entity1 were on @entity726 medication and the remaining had been operated on but had not used drugs. Only 2.6% of the @entity726 population was under 50 years of age. The overall prevalence among those aged 50 and older was 35.3 per 1000, all having primary open @entity726 (subsuming @entity726 with @entity9998 ). The prevalence increased with age from 5.7 per 1000 at age 50-59, to 107.5 at age 80 and older. Rates for males were significantly higher than rates for females in all age groups. The rates were highest in regions where ophthalmologists visit health centers regularly. Assuming that the @entity1538 @entity1 in Iceland as a whole have a similar eye status to the @entity1 attending the University Outpatient @entity726 Clinic, the overall prevalence of @entity227 ( @entity227 ) in the population aged 50 and older is 19.1 per thousand. The age specific prevalence of @entity227 in Iceland is therefore consistent with results of prevalence studies in neighbouring countries.

title: The prevalence of XXXX in Iceland.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['GVFD', 'glaucoma visual field defects']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity9998 :: ('MESH:D017889', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma', 'glaucoma', 'angle glaucoma']

answer: @entity1538 :: (MESH:D005902,Disease) :: ['open-angle glaucoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity11986 is a recognized complication of cardiac surgery, but its incidence and various outcomes have not been completely described. A retrospective study was undertaken to better characterize the syndrome. METHODS: Records of 49,377 autopsies and surgical specimens from the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1973 and 1995 were reviewed. Three hundred twenty-seven @entity1 (0.7%) had an identifiable @entity11986 on histologic examination. Of these @entity1 , 29 (0.2%) had undergone a cardiac surgical procedure within 30 days of autopsy or surgical resection. @entity1 charts and pathology specimens were reviewed for operative findings, postoperative outcomes, and histology. RESULTS: Six of the 29 @entity1 (21%) had @entity11986 to the heart, 7 @entity1 (24%) had @entity887 to the central nervous system, 19 @entity1 (66%) had @entity887 to the gastrointestinal tract, 14 @entity1 (48%) had @entity887 to one or both kidneys, and 5 @entity1 (17%) had @entity887 to a lower extremity. Sixteen @entity1 (55%) had @entity11986 in two or more areas. In 6 @entity1 (21%), @entity204 was directly attributable to @entity11986 , including intraoperative @entity712 from @entity301 (n = 3), massive @entity64 (n = 2), and extensive @entity344 (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: @entity11986 in cardiac surgery has a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, including devastating @entity130 and @entity204 . Although the true incidence is probably underestimated in this retrospective study, the high attendant mortality and morbidity of @entity11986 have been documented. Improvements in outcome are likely to be associated with preoperative identification of @entity1 at high risk, modifications of perfusion technique, and interventions to minimize secondary @entity715 and progressive @entity63 .

title: XXXX in cardiac surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity11986 :: ('MESH:D017700', 'Disease') :: ['Atheroembolism', 'atheroembolism']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary embolism']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['organ ischemia']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal embolization']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity11986 :: (MESH:D017700,Disease) :: ['Atheroembolism']


abstract: The therapeutic management of @entity76 is almost exclusively surgical. Although a few @entity1 survive for long periods without treatment, the majority die without surgery. Total excision is advised to prevent recurrence which almost always follows @entity5 . Moreover, radical excision is feasible since the cerebellum has a remarkable capacity to compensate after large amounts of tissue have been removed. Morbidity is related to damage to the deep cerebellar nuclei, infiltration of the brain stem, secondary adhesions, and @entity281 . @entity5 may not be macroscopically visible at the time of first operation which in turn emphasizes the need for a detailed radiological work-up using, in particular, the CT scan. Biopsy alone, decompression alone, and/or @entity1173 are usually followed by rapid recurrence and no more than 30% of @entity1 thus treated are recurrence-free five years after surgery. Approximately 40% of @entity1 have subtotal resections and, of these, only 35% are recurrence-free five years post-operatively. Despite the high risk of recurrence following subtotal removal, subtotal excision may still be followed by prolonged survival since two thirds of the @entity1 in the present study were still alive ten years or more after surgery. This is due in part to the unpredictable behaviour of @entity76 , a fact clearly demonstrated by serial CT studies of @entity1 with partially excised @entity5 which demonstrate that @entity5 may occasionally regress or even remain static for many years. Total removal, when possible, is the treatment of choice and was carried out in 41% of @entity1 in the present study. Ninety-five per cent of @entity1 were free of recurrence for 25 years or more following total removal. In fact, recurrence following total removal has only rarely been recorded and is more often found when the initially excised @entity5 contains atypical and/or malignant features. Still, a benign histology does not preclude recurrence even when a total macroscopic excision has been achieved. This again emphasises the unpredictable nature of these @entity5 and the need for long-term radiological follow-up. Overall, operative mortality should be around 5% and even less for unilateral, hemispheric, circumscribed, nodular @entity76 . Conversely, the operative mortality for @entity5 of the vermis may approach 30% and generally increase with each subsequent operation, being maximal in the first post-operative month. Radiotherapy does not reduce the rate of recurrence nor prolong the overall survival period to death in @entity1 with @entity5 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX : therapeutic management.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumours', 'residual tumour', 'non-total removal of tumour', 'subtotal removal of tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity76 :: (MESH:D002526,Disease) :: ['Cerebellar astrocytomas']


abstract: During the past 20 years, a consistent policy in applying early valvotomy has resulted in a unique opportunity to appraise the long-term results of this approach in @entity1146 with intact @entity67 . Since 1964, 27 of 35 @entity1 with @entity1146 with intact @entity67 had type 1 or 2 right ventricle, 25 of these had early valvotomy, seven with and 18 without concomitant shunt. The remaining two @entity1 with type 2 right ventricle and the eight @entity1 with type 3 right ventricle received a shunt alone. Overall operative mortality was 34%; for those @entity1 weighing more than 3 kg and those operated upon since 1977, it was 18% and 16%, respectively. There were 17 survivors of early valvotomy: 11 had valvotomy alone and six had valvotomy with shunt; 12 had type 1 right ventricle and five had type 2 right ventricle. Survival rates (+/- standard error) for these 17 @entity1 were 85% +/- 10% and 68% +/- 17% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The probability of reoperation was 100% by 6 years of age; outflow patch reconstruction was employed in all @entity1 in whom reoperation has been performed. Aggressive follow-up and early recatheterization were essential features of management. Delayed reconstruction after shunt alone was unsuccessful in three @entity1 . Primary valvotomy without shunt is the operation of choice for @entity1 with @entity1146 with intact @entity67 and type 1 right ventricle. Concomitant shunt may be required for some @entity1 with type 1 and most with type 2 right ventricle, selected preoperatively by angiography or after valvotomy by clinical necessity. Delayed right ventricular reconstruction after shunt alone is not an acceptable approach when an outflow tract is present.

title: Valvotomy for @entity1146 with intact XXXX . A disciplined approach to achieve a functioning right ventricle.

entities_list: @entity1146 :: ('MESH:D018633', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary atresia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septum']

answer: @entity67 :: (MESH:D018754,Disease) :: ['ventricular septum']


abstract: During the past 20 years, a consistent policy in applying early valvotomy has resulted in a unique opportunity to appraise the long-term results of this approach in @entity1146 with intact @entity67 . Since 1964, 27 of 35 @entity1 with @entity1146 with intact @entity67 had type 1 or 2 right ventricle, 25 of these had early valvotomy, seven with and 18 without concomitant shunt. The remaining two @entity1 with type 2 right ventricle and the eight @entity1 with type 3 right ventricle received a shunt alone. Overall operative mortality was 34%; for those @entity1 weighing more than 3 kg and those operated upon since 1977, it was 18% and 16%, respectively. There were 17 survivors of early valvotomy: 11 had valvotomy alone and six had valvotomy with shunt; 12 had type 1 right ventricle and five had type 2 right ventricle. Survival rates (+/- standard error) for these 17 @entity1 were 85% +/- 10% and 68% +/- 17% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The probability of reoperation was 100% by 6 years of age; outflow patch reconstruction was employed in all @entity1 in whom reoperation has been performed. Aggressive follow-up and early recatheterization were essential features of management. Delayed reconstruction after shunt alone was unsuccessful in three @entity1 . Primary valvotomy without shunt is the operation of choice for @entity1 with @entity1146 with intact @entity67 and type 1 right ventricle. Concomitant shunt may be required for some @entity1 with type 1 and most with type 2 right ventricle, selected preoperatively by angiography or after valvotomy by clinical necessity. Delayed right ventricular reconstruction after shunt alone is not an acceptable approach when an outflow tract is present.

title: Valvotomy for XXXX with intact @entity67 . A disciplined approach to achieve a functioning right ventricle.

answer: @entity1146 :: (MESH:D018633,Disease) :: ['pulmonary atresia']


abstract: Approximately one out of every 40 @entity1 admitted to United States hospitals each year acquires a @entity293 while hospitalized. Urologic instrumentation is the precipitating cause in 75 to 80 percent of the cases. Such infections are responsible for a mortality rate among these @entity1 that is three times the rate observed for all other hospitalized @entity1 . When associated with @entity2259 , nosocomial @entity293 can progress rapidly to an irreversible state, resulting in @entity204 in 10 percent of those @entity1 affected. Survivors are faced with escalating costs of hospital care and drug therapy. Presumptive administration of antibiotics is routinely recommended in selected types of genitourinary surgery, primarily because of the contaminated nature of the procedures, and especially advised when the surgery is likely to be followed by the placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Quite often, the regimen for presumptive treatment of @entity293 includes aminoglycosides, such as @entity4509 , alone or in combination. The role of @entity4509 in empiric management of postoperative @entity293 is even more obvious. The fact that it has the broadest spectrum of activity compared with other @entity581 reduces the chance of therapeutic failure and results in a shorter hospital stay. In that respect, @entity4509 may effect an overall decrease in total costs of hospitalization.

title: Upper and lower XXXX : @entity4509 's role in managing surgical complications.

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['gram-negative bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: Approximately one out of every 40 @entity1 admitted to United States hospitals each year acquires a @entity293 while hospitalized. Urologic instrumentation is the precipitating cause in 75 to 80 percent of the cases. Such infections are responsible for a mortality rate among these @entity1 that is three times the rate observed for all other hospitalized @entity1 . When associated with @entity2259 , nosocomial @entity293 can progress rapidly to an irreversible state, resulting in @entity204 in 10 percent of those @entity1 affected. Survivors are faced with escalating costs of hospital care and drug therapy. Presumptive administration of antibiotics is routinely recommended in selected types of genitourinary surgery, primarily because of the contaminated nature of the procedures, and especially advised when the surgery is likely to be followed by the placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Quite often, the regimen for presumptive treatment of @entity293 includes aminoglycosides, such as @entity4509 , alone or in combination. The role of @entity4509 in empiric management of postoperative @entity293 is even more obvious. The fact that it has the broadest spectrum of activity compared with other @entity581 reduces the chance of therapeutic failure and results in a shorter hospital stay. In that respect, @entity4509 may effect an overall decrease in total costs of hospitalization.

title: Upper and lower @entity293 : XXXX 's role in managing surgical complications.

answer: @entity4509 :: (MESH:D000583,Chemical) :: ['amikacin']


abstract: From 1958 through 1980, 131 @entity1 had repair of @entity397 of the mitral valve; 62% were @entity1 . Ages ranged from 5 to 70 years (median 57). Chordae to the anterior mitral leaflet were @entity397 in 44 @entity1 (34%), to the posterior mitral leaflet in 85 (65%), and to both leaflets in two @entity1 (1%). The mitral valve was repaired by leaflet plication without resection in 116 @entity1 , plication after wedge resection of the unsupported leaflet in six, Ivalon sponge buttress of the posterior leaflet in three, resuspension of chordae in two, and annuloplasty alone in the remaining four. Mitral valve annuloplasty was performed in addition to leaflet repair in 115 @entity1 (88%). Operative (less than 30 days) mortality was 6.1%. Survival rate of @entity1 dismissed from the hospital was 92% at 5 years and 73% at 10 years. There were no differences in late survival or risk of reoperation for recurrent or residual @entity339 between @entity1 with @entity397 chordae to the anterior leaflet and those with @entity397 chordae to the posterior leaflet. Survival was significantly better for the group with repair than it was for a group that underwent mitral valve replacement for @entity397 chordae during this same time interval (5 year survival rate, 92% versus 72%, p less than 0.003). The incidence of @entity1031 after repair was 1.8 episodes/100 @entity1 -years compared with 8.0 episodes/100 @entity1 -years after replacement. Our data indicate that valvuloplasty is the procedure of choice for most @entity1 with @entity339 owing to @entity397 , including selected @entity1 with @entity397 chordae to the anterior leaflet.

title: @entity339 due to XXXX . Early and late results of valve repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured', 'ruptured chordae tendineae']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation', 'mitral insufficiency']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['ruptured chordae tendineae']


abstract: From 1958 through 1980, 131 @entity1 had repair of @entity397 of the mitral valve; 62% were @entity1 . Ages ranged from 5 to 70 years (median 57). Chordae to the anterior mitral leaflet were @entity397 in 44 @entity1 (34%), to the posterior mitral leaflet in 85 (65%), and to both leaflets in two @entity1 (1%). The mitral valve was repaired by leaflet plication without resection in 116 @entity1 , plication after wedge resection of the unsupported leaflet in six, Ivalon sponge buttress of the posterior leaflet in three, resuspension of chordae in two, and annuloplasty alone in the remaining four. Mitral valve annuloplasty was performed in addition to leaflet repair in 115 @entity1 (88%). Operative (less than 30 days) mortality was 6.1%. Survival rate of @entity1 dismissed from the hospital was 92% at 5 years and 73% at 10 years. There were no differences in late survival or risk of reoperation for recurrent or residual @entity339 between @entity1 with @entity397 chordae to the anterior leaflet and those with @entity397 chordae to the posterior leaflet. Survival was significantly better for the group with repair than it was for a group that underwent mitral valve replacement for @entity397 chordae during this same time interval (5 year survival rate, 92% versus 72%, p less than 0.003). The incidence of @entity1031 after repair was 1.8 episodes/100 @entity1 -years compared with 8.0 episodes/100 @entity1 -years after replacement. Our data indicate that valvuloplasty is the procedure of choice for most @entity1 with @entity339 owing to @entity397 , including selected @entity1 with @entity397 chordae to the anterior leaflet.

title: XXXX due to @entity397 . Early and late results of valve repair.

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['Mitral regurgitation']


abstract: @entity581 have always had a major role in the treatment of @entity281 . This therapeutic emphasis has been based upon the bactericidal activity of the @entity581 against gram-negative aerobes. This group of organisms is important to the gynecologist because of their frequent isolation from soft tissue, urinary sites, and the bloodstream in @entity1 with nosocomial or community-acquired @entity5280 . In the past decade, there has been increasing clinical awareness of the multi-bacterial nature of these soft tissue @entity5280 . A major therapeutic change directed against gram-negative anaerobes has been the substitution of more effective agents like @entity3402 or @entity868 for the @entity114 arm of the older @entity114 - @entity4028 combination. The majority of @entity1320 treated by gynecologists occur in @entity1 who are younger and usually healthier than those with similar @entity281 who are treated by general surgeons. Consequently, in many instances, single drug therapy with a @entity5898 (usually cefoxitin) is adequate, if combined with surgical drainage when indicated. However, there is an increasingly larger group of @entity1 who are significantly older and who may also have pelvic @entity5 . In addition, they may be immunocompromised. Infections in this group mandate the use of the most effective antimicrobial agents that will cover the broadest spectrum. When anaerobic bacteria are involved, either @entity3402 or @entity868 are acceptable choices; for aerobic gram-negative organisms, an @entity4028 should be used. Recent studies suggest that @entity4509 may be the best choice, since it is associated with a low level of bacterial resistance and has been shown to reduce levels of resistance to other @entity581 . @entity4509 has become the "gold standard" for comparisons with any new @entity2886 or penicillins. New developments will modify the use of @entity581 in the future. The expansion of oncology care with immune-system-modifying chemotherapy and radiation will expose @entity1 to the dangers of gram-negative @entity295 . @entity581 are a logical part of the initial therapeutic regimen for these septic @entity1 . On the other hand, the majority of gynecologic @entity1 with @entity5280 are young and healthy. Recent studies have demonstrated that as many as 40 percent of these @entity1 will be underdosed by standard treatment regimens based upon ideal body weight. This means that @entity1 receiving @entity581 will require monitoring of peak and trough levels to insure therapeutic drug levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX in @entity281 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity5898 :: ('CHEBI:23066', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporin']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin', 'Amikacin']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['gynecologic infections', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['Aminoglycosides', 'aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity5280 :: ('MESH:D034161', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic infections']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal and pelvic infections']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity581 :: (MESH:D000617,Chemical) :: ['Aminoglycosides']


abstract: @entity581 have always had a major role in the treatment of @entity281 . This therapeutic emphasis has been based upon the bactericidal activity of the @entity581 against gram-negative aerobes. This group of organisms is important to the gynecologist because of their frequent isolation from soft tissue, urinary sites, and the bloodstream in @entity1 with nosocomial or community-acquired @entity5280 . In the past decade, there has been increasing clinical awareness of the multi-bacterial nature of these soft tissue @entity5280 . A major therapeutic change directed against gram-negative anaerobes has been the substitution of more effective agents like @entity3402 or @entity868 for the @entity114 arm of the older @entity114 - @entity4028 combination. The majority of @entity1320 treated by gynecologists occur in @entity1 who are younger and usually healthier than those with similar @entity281 who are treated by general surgeons. Consequently, in many instances, single drug therapy with a @entity5898 (usually cefoxitin) is adequate, if combined with surgical drainage when indicated. However, there is an increasingly larger group of @entity1 who are significantly older and who may also have pelvic @entity5 . In addition, they may be immunocompromised. Infections in this group mandate the use of the most effective antimicrobial agents that will cover the broadest spectrum. When anaerobic bacteria are involved, either @entity3402 or @entity868 are acceptable choices; for aerobic gram-negative organisms, an @entity4028 should be used. Recent studies suggest that @entity4509 may be the best choice, since it is associated with a low level of bacterial resistance and has been shown to reduce levels of resistance to other @entity581 . @entity4509 has become the "gold standard" for comparisons with any new @entity2886 or penicillins. New developments will modify the use of @entity581 in the future. The expansion of oncology care with immune-system-modifying chemotherapy and radiation will expose @entity1 to the dangers of gram-negative @entity295 . @entity581 are a logical part of the initial therapeutic regimen for these septic @entity1 . On the other hand, the majority of gynecologic @entity1 with @entity5280 are young and healthy. Recent studies have demonstrated that as many as 40 percent of these @entity1 will be underdosed by standard treatment regimens based upon ideal body weight. This means that @entity1 receiving @entity581 will require monitoring of peak and trough levels to insure therapeutic drug levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: @entity581 in XXXX .

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['gynecologic infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Whereas open anterior inguinal herniorrhaphy is a time-tested, safe, and well-understood operation with a high success rate, laparoscopic techniques of @entity169 are fairly recent. Consequently, short- and long-term outcomes are still being evaluated. Few studies have compared laparoscopic extraperitoneal @entity169 with tension-free open @entity547 repair. The current study was conducted to compare complications, operative time, @entity282 , length of hospital stay, and return to work between open tension-free mesh Lichtenstein (open) repair and laparoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) repair. METHODS: In a prospective randomized study, open @entity547 repair was performed in one group (n = 25), and TEP repair using a large mesh was performed in another (n = 25). Then intraoperative and @entity260 and results were compared. RESULTS: The mean operative time in the TEP group was 75.72 +/- 31.6 min, which was significantly longer than the mean operative time in the open group (54 +/- 15) min (p <0.001). The mean @entity158 scores in the TEP group were 2.64 +/- 1.4 at 12 h and 1.76 +/- 1.4 at 24 h. These scores were significantly lower than the corresponding scores of 3.52 +/- 1.7 (p <0.04) and 2.74 +/- 1.5 (p <0.01) in the open repair group. The mean postoperative analgesic dose was 2.6 +/- 2.3 in the TEP group, which was significantly lower than in the open group 5.76 +/- 3.5 (p <0.001). There was no major complication in either group. The time until return to work was significantly lower in the TEP group (12.8 +/- 7.1) days versus 19.3 +/- 4.3 days; than in the open group (p <0.001). In terms of cosmetics, all 25 @entity1 (100%) in @entity25288 group rated themselves as "highly satisfied," as compared with 7 @entity1 (28%) in the open group (p <0.001). After a mean follow-up period of 13 months (range, 9-18 months), no recurrence was seen in either of the two groups. CONCLUSION: In terms of complications and short-term recurrence, TEP repair is comparable with open repair. Moreover, TEP is significantly less @entity158 in the early postoperative period, leading to earlier ambulation than open repair. Additionally, TEP results in significantly earlier return to work and better cosmetic results. Currently, TEP seems to be a better alternative than the existing open repair, provided the long-term recurrence rates are comparable. Despite the fact that TEP was a new procedure for the surgeon and the study was conducted during the learning phase, the results are comparable with those in the world literature.

title: Randomized controlled study of laparoscopic total extraperitoneal versus open XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia repair']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity169 :: (MESH:D006552,Disease) :: ['Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 afflicted with @entity5 must contend with both potentially poor survival prognosis and a compromised quality of remaining life. After extensive ablative surgery, it is imperative to use a reliable, low morbidity reconstructive strategy that will allow for an expedient reconstitution of speech and swallowing. METHODS: Retrospective review of the records of 28 @entity1 who underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with radial forearm free flaps (RFFF) between 1996 and 2001 by a single surgeon (RE). Analysis was confined to @entity1 requiring complete tubulation of the RFFF. Perioperative mortality, morbidity, and functional evaluation based on the parameters of speech and swallowing were analyzed. RESULTS: Completely tubulated RFFF were required in 25 @entity1 . There was 100% RFFF survival with no perioperative mortalities. The median hospital stay was 8.0 days. All @entity1 acquired a reconstitution of oral alimentation; median time to swallowing was 18.0 days. Fourteen of 16 @entity1 (93%) were able to rely on TEP speech as their main modality of communication. Two @entity1 (8%) had early fistulas develop, and 5 (20%) had late fistulas develop. Nine @entity1 (36%) required mechanical dilatation; five of the nine @entity1 required only one dilatation. CONCLUSION: Review of our experience has confirmed the reliability and excellent functional outcome associated with this flap.

title: Reconstruction with radial forearm flaps after ablative surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['advanced hypopharyngeal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['hypopharyngeal cancer']


abstract: The effect of @entity9808 ( @entity9808 ) on @entity1930 was observed. After sciatic nerve was crushed in 40 Sprague Dawley (SD) @entity35 , one randomly selected group (group D) was subjected, from the 4th day post-operatively to 3 min of continuous 70% of maximum output of @entity9808 daily for 8 weeks. The other group (group E) served as a control group. The nerve regeneration and motor function recovery were evaluated by walking track analysis (sciatic function index, SFI; toe spreading reflex, TSR), electrophysiological, histological and acetylcholineesterase histochemistry. The SFI in the group D was greater than in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01). TSR reached its peak on the 4th day in the group D and on the 10th day in the group E respectively. The amplitude and velocity of MCAP and NCAP in the group D was greater than in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01), while the latency and duration of MCAP and NCAP in the group D were less than in the group E with the difference being also statistically significant (P < 0.01). Histological examination showed the mean axon count above the lesion for thick myelinated fibers (> 6.5 microns) in the group D was greater than in the control group with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01), while the mean axon count below the lesion for thick myelinated fibers was less than that in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01). The mean axon count above the lesion for thin myelinated fibers (2-6.5 microns) in the group D was greater than that in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05), while the mean axon count below the lesion for thin myelinated in the group D was greater than that in the group E with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.01). Acetylcholine esterase examination showed that the @entity9808 could significantly increase the number of the motor neurons. There was no significant difference in the number of the motor neurons between the treatment side and the normal side (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that @entity9808 can enhance functional recovery and has a considerable effect in the treatment of the @entity1897 .

title: Magnetic stimulation accelerating rehabilitation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity9808 :: ('MESH:C536917', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'magnetic stimulation']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['sciatic nerve injury']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral nerve injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing drug costs are an economic burden for the health insurance system. AIM: The regional drug prescription pattern for @entity1289 inhibitors in the Austrian county Burgenland was compared for @entity1 discharged from hospital and those in primary care. Furthermore, the potential cost reduction by voluntary prescription of cheaper generic drugs was estimated in the project "Bessere Therapie zum besseren Preis". METHODS: Following consensual analysis of the regional cross-sectional study, a cheaper generic of the most cost-intensive class of @entity1289 -inhibitor drugs should be prescribed at internal medicine wards and in primary care. The number of prescriptions for @entity1 from the largest health insurance company BGKK was studied and the costs were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 1347 @entity1 discharged during October 1999 from internal medicine departments of four different hospitals 879 @entity1 received a total of 1440 cardiovascular drugs. The regional prescription pattern at hospitals matched that of physicians in primary care. Between the second quarter of 2000 and 2001, the prescription of @entity1289 inhibitor drugs increased by project advertising from 23,627 packages by 13.1%, and drug costs in this group were reduced by [symbol: see text] 29,778 in this quarter (7.3% of costs). The number of Enalapril prescriptions increased by 33.4% with a percentual portion of generic Enalapril of 57.3%, and in the rest of Austria by 16.9% with 45.0% generics. CONCLUSION: Consensus based projects are appropriate pharmacoeconomic interventions to change prescription patterns, increase the use of drugs and reduce the increasing cost requirements.

title: [Cost reduction with project based prescription of generic XXXX inhibitors].

answer: @entity1289 :: (1636,Gene) :: ['ACE']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relevance between the expression of P-170 and @entity11092 and clinical drug resistance in @entity3052 . METHODS: The expression of P-170 and @entity11092 in mononuclear cells of bone marrows was analyzed by the immunohistochemical technique in 72 @entity3052 @entity1 . RESULTS: The expression of P-170 was positive in 46 and negative in 26 of the 72 post-chemotherapy @entity3052 @entity1 . The therapeutic effect of the P-170 positive expression @entity1 was significantly poorer than that of the negative expression @entity1 (P < 0.01). The expression of @entity11092 was positive in 39 and negative in 33 of the 72 post-chemotherapy @entity3052 @entity1 . The therapeutic effect of the @entity11092 positive expression @entity1 was significantly poorer than that in the negative expression @entity1 (P < 0.01). The expression of P-170 and @entity11092 had a significant concordance (Kappa = 0.427, P < 0.01). The sensitivity of P-170 and @entity11092 which were analyzed simultaneously was 97.5%, which was higher than that of P-170 (90%) or @entity11092 (77.5%) analyzed respectively in drug resistance @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The expression of P-170 and/or @entity11092 was significantly related with drug resistance in clinical chemotherapy. The therapeutic effect was significantly poorer in P-170 and/or @entity11092 positive expression @entity1 than that in negative expression @entity1 . These data suggest that P-170 and @entity11092 analyzed simultaneously can improve the value of diagnosis and prognosis in @entity1 with @entity1778 .

title: [Expression of multidrug resistance P-170 and @entity11092 and their correlation with clinical drug resistance in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['drug resistance leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relevance between the expression of P-170 and @entity11092 and clinical drug resistance in @entity3052 . METHODS: The expression of P-170 and @entity11092 in mononuclear cells of bone marrows was analyzed by the immunohistochemical technique in 72 @entity3052 @entity1 . RESULTS: The expression of P-170 was positive in 46 and negative in 26 of the 72 post-chemotherapy @entity3052 @entity1 . The therapeutic effect of the P-170 positive expression @entity1 was significantly poorer than that of the negative expression @entity1 (P < 0.01). The expression of @entity11092 was positive in 39 and negative in 33 of the 72 post-chemotherapy @entity3052 @entity1 . The therapeutic effect of the @entity11092 positive expression @entity1 was significantly poorer than that in the negative expression @entity1 (P < 0.01). The expression of P-170 and @entity11092 had a significant concordance (Kappa = 0.427, P < 0.01). The sensitivity of P-170 and @entity11092 which were analyzed simultaneously was 97.5%, which was higher than that of P-170 (90%) or @entity11092 (77.5%) analyzed respectively in drug resistance @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The expression of P-170 and/or @entity11092 was significantly related with drug resistance in clinical chemotherapy. The therapeutic effect was significantly poorer in P-170 and/or @entity11092 positive expression @entity1 than that in negative expression @entity1 . These data suggest that P-170 and @entity11092 analyzed simultaneously can improve the value of diagnosis and prognosis in @entity1 with @entity1778 .

title: [Expression of multidrug resistance P-170 and XXXX and their correlation with clinical drug resistance in @entity3052 ].

answer: @entity11092 :: (4363,Gene) :: ['MRP']


abstract: Sex hormones are known to interfere with the @entity916 -angiotensin- @entity1369 system (RAAS) in two ways. First, @entity172 strongly stimulate the production of @entity916 substrate ( @entity2178 ), leading to increased levels of angiotensin and @entity1369 , and @entity1372 retention. Second, @entity1420 is a potent @entity1369 antagonist, which acts on the mineralocorticoid receptor to prevent @entity1372 retention. In combined oral contraceptives, progestogens devoid of antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity are unable to counteract the @entity1372 -retaining effect of the @entity2082 component. As a consequence, these preparations may increase @entity6112 , and promote related symptoms such as @entity4 and body weight. @entity4863 is a new progestogen with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity. The relationship between the progestogenie and antimincralocorticoid potency of @entity4863 is similar to that of endogenous @entity1420 . At a dosage that suppresses ovulation, @entity4863 induces mild natriuresis, which is followed by compensatory stimulation of the RAAS (comparable to a low @entity1372 diet). An oral contraceptive containing 3 mg @entity4863 and 30 microg @entity2082 . (Yasmin, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) provides reliable contraception and, due to a lack of @entity1372 retention, may counteract cyclical @entity1017 and other symptoms related to @entity172 -induced @entity6112 .

title: Antimineralocorticoid activity of a novel oral contraceptive containing @entity4863 , a unique progestogen resembling natural XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity6112 :: ('MESH:D016055', 'Disease') :: ['fluid retention']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensinogen']

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinylestradiol']

entities_list: @entity4863 :: ('MESH:C035144', 'Chemical') :: ['Drospirenone', 'drospirenone']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: Sex hormones are known to interfere with the @entity916 -angiotensin- @entity1369 system (RAAS) in two ways. First, @entity172 strongly stimulate the production of @entity916 substrate ( @entity2178 ), leading to increased levels of angiotensin and @entity1369 , and @entity1372 retention. Second, @entity1420 is a potent @entity1369 antagonist, which acts on the mineralocorticoid receptor to prevent @entity1372 retention. In combined oral contraceptives, progestogens devoid of antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity are unable to counteract the @entity1372 -retaining effect of the @entity2082 component. As a consequence, these preparations may increase @entity6112 , and promote related symptoms such as @entity4 and body weight. @entity4863 is a new progestogen with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity. The relationship between the progestogenie and antimincralocorticoid potency of @entity4863 is similar to that of endogenous @entity1420 . At a dosage that suppresses ovulation, @entity4863 induces mild natriuresis, which is followed by compensatory stimulation of the RAAS (comparable to a low @entity1372 diet). An oral contraceptive containing 3 mg @entity4863 and 30 microg @entity2082 . (Yasmin, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) provides reliable contraception and, due to a lack of @entity1372 retention, may counteract cyclical @entity1017 and other symptoms related to @entity172 -induced @entity6112 .

title: Antimineralocorticoid activity of a novel oral contraceptive containing XXXX , a unique progestogen resembling natural @entity1420 .

answer: @entity4863 :: (MESH:C035144,Chemical) :: ['drospirenone']