abstract: UNASSIGNED: The @entity470 ( @entity470 ) is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes and dysregulation of its signalling plays a critical role in the etiology of a variety of @entity5 like @entity0 . At the same time, elevated levels of urokinase ( @entity2290 ), its receptor @entity10431 , and other components of the plasminogen activation system are found to be correlated with a poor prognosis in @entity0 . Interestingly, @entity470 appears to participate in transducing the signal generated upon binding of @entity2290 to @entity10431 . However, whether @entity2290 signalling would thereby interfere with ligand-driven @entity470 signalling was not described before. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the combined effects of @entity2290 and EGF in the low invasive and high invasive @entity0 cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Simultaneous exposure of cells to both signals negatively affected @entity1366 and @entity584 activation whereas positive effects on @entity3963 and Src kinase phosphorylation were noted in both cell lines. Furthermore, @entity2290 attenuated the mitogenic effect of EGF on cellular proliferation, invasion and motility in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Experiments with the @entity2290 amino terminal fragment (ATF) revealed that the negative effects of @entity2290 were independent from its protease activity. Together, these data suggest that enhanced levels of @entity2290 in @entity0 modulate the mitogenic effects of EGF and thus, this knowledge may help to better understand @entity0 pathogenesis as well as to develop new therapeutic options.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Urokinase is a negative modulator of Egf-dependent proliferation and motility in the two XXXX cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The overall pattern of the mesoderm in the @entity2085 of the cranial region of @entity19 embryos was examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A segmental organization was observed first in the paraxial mesodermal wings and midline @entity2270 of embryos at the late primitive streak stage. Each segmental unit consists of a somitomere in the paraxial region on each side of an enclosed stretch of midline notochord. Somitomeres appear initially as circular domains of radially arranged cells that swirl about the core center of the unit and are quite similar morphologically to those described recently in @entity1573 embryos [12]. Lying in tandem sequence, the segments comprise the chordamesoderm that underlies the neural plate. As additional pairs of somitomeres are added from the primitive streak at the caudal end of the @entity2270 , those established in the cranial region remain contiguous and undergo morphogenesis that is coordinate with neurulation. We divide the development of the cranial @entity2270 into five phases and associate somitomeres in the mesoderm with @entity1347 in the neural plate. It was found that the first pair of somitomeres comes to underlie the prosencephalon, the second and third pairs underlie the mesencephalon, while the fifth, sixth, and seventh pairs of somitomeres underlie neuromeres of the metencephalon. The eighth pair of somitomeres are the first to separate themselves from the first seven and from the first pair of somites visible at the light microscope level. This study suggests that the cranial @entity2270 of the @entity19 embryo is initially organized into segments like the rest of the body and that subsequent cranial morphology is a consequence of differential development of these segments.

title: Metameric pattern development in the XXXX of the @entity19 . I. Differentiation of the cranial segments.

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic axis']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['neuromeric segmentation']

answer: @entity2085 :: (MESH:D020964,Disease) :: ['embryonic axis']


abstract: The overall pattern of the mesoderm in the @entity2085 of the cranial region of @entity19 embryos was examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A segmental organization was observed first in the paraxial mesodermal wings and midline @entity2270 of embryos at the late primitive streak stage. Each segmental unit consists of a somitomere in the paraxial region on each side of an enclosed stretch of midline notochord. Somitomeres appear initially as circular domains of radially arranged cells that swirl about the core center of the unit and are quite similar morphologically to those described recently in @entity1573 embryos [12]. Lying in tandem sequence, the segments comprise the chordamesoderm that underlies the neural plate. As additional pairs of somitomeres are added from the primitive streak at the caudal end of the @entity2270 , those established in the cranial region remain contiguous and undergo morphogenesis that is coordinate with neurulation. We divide the development of the cranial @entity2270 into five phases and associate somitomeres in the mesoderm with @entity1347 in the neural plate. It was found that the first pair of somitomeres comes to underlie the prosencephalon, the second and third pairs underlie the mesencephalon, while the fifth, sixth, and seventh pairs of somitomeres underlie neuromeres of the metencephalon. The eighth pair of somitomeres are the first to separate themselves from the first seven and from the first pair of somites visible at the light microscope level. This study suggests that the cranial @entity2270 of the @entity19 embryo is initially organized into segments like the rest of the body and that subsequent cranial morphology is a consequence of differential development of these segments.

title: Metameric pattern development in the @entity2085 of the XXXX . I. Differentiation of the cranial segments.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The 1930 International Labour Office Conference on @entity5636 in Johannesburg was a turning point in the history of @entity5636 and in the recognition of the associated pathologic patterns. Since 1930, pneumoconioses such as @entity5636 have become much rarer in developed countries and can now be diagnosed at an early stage based on clinical and radiologic criteria. However, in spite of these advances, pathologists must remember to look for @entity3440 in tissues, particularly when clinical and radiologic findings are more uncertain. Furthermore, nowadays pathologists essentially observe silicotic lesions as incidental findings @entity2 . In addition to identifying the characteristic lesions, pathologists must also try to identify their causative agent, in the case of crystalline @entity3440 firstly by using polarized light examination, followed as appropriate by more sophisticated devices. Finally, pathologists and clinicians must always keep in mind the various implications of exposure to @entity3440 compounds in a wide range of diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S48-S58, 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: The pathologist's view of XXXX in 1930 and in 2015. The Johannesburg Conference legacy.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['adjacent to lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity5636 :: ('MESH:D012829', 'Disease') :: ['silicosis']

answer: @entity5636 :: (MESH:D012829,Disease) :: ['silicosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To develop a free-breathing variable @entity1182 angle (VFA) balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) cardiac cine imaging technique with reduced specific absorption rate (SAR) at 3 Tesla. METHODS: Free-breathing VFA (FB-VFA) images in the @entity851 and four-chamber views were acquired using an optimal VFA scheme, then compared with conventional breath-hold constant @entity1182 angle (BH- @entity3795 ) acquisitions. Two cardiac MRI experts used a 5-point scale to score images from healthy subjects (N = 10). The left ventricular ejection fraction, end diastolic volume (LVEDV), end systolic volume, @entity64 volume (LVSV), and end diastolic myocardial mass (LVEDM) were determined by manual contour analysis for BH- @entity3795 and FB-VFA. A pilot evaluation of FB-VFA was performed in one @entity1 with @entity1555 . RESULTS: FB-VFA SAR was 25% lower than BH- @entity3795 with similar blood-myocardium contrast. The qualitative FB-VFA score was lower than the BH- @entity3795 for the @entity851 (3.1    0.5 versus 4.3    0.8; P < 0.05) and the four-chamber view (3.4    0.4 versus 4.6    0.6; P < 0.05). The LVEDV and the LVSV were 5% and 12% larger (P < 0.05) for FB-VFA compared with BH- @entity3795 . There was no difference in LVEDM. CONCLUSION: FB-VFA bSSFP cardiac cine imaging decreased the SAR at 3T with image quality sufficient to perform cardiac functional analysis. Magn Reson Med, 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Free-breathing variable XXXX angle balanced SSFP cardiac cine imaging with reduced SAR at 3T.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short-axis']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy']

answer: @entity1182 :: (8837,Gene) :: ['flip']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Losses of chromosomes 9p and 14q are associated with worse outcomes in @entity1 affected by @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) and are helpful for prognostic risk stratification. Both chromosomal loci harbor several hot-spot molecular pathways suitable for targeted therapeutic interventions. Intratumor heterogeneity may foster @entity5 adaptation and therapeutic failure. We sought to investigate the presence of losses of the hot spots of chromosomal loci 9p and 14q in primary clear-cell @entity1358 and matched metastatic tissues. @entity2282 and @entity10793 were performed on 7 cases of clear-cell @entity1358 with hematogenous tissue @entity3 . Cytogenetic fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed on primary and matched metastatic tissues using specific probes mapping the 9p and the 14q loci. The @entity393 was observed in 85% of both primary clear-cell RCCs and in matched @entity3 ; 14% showed discordance between primary and matched @entity3 showing gains. The @entity393 was observed in 58% of both primary and matched @entity3 . Only 3/7 (42%) did show an equal status of @entity393 . Heterogeneity of the cytogenetic status between metastatic and primary clear-cell RCCs is observed for the @entity393 rather than chromosome 9p. The impact of chromosome 14q cytogenetic status, harboring the @entity7738 gene, a major driver for the angiogenenic switch, may drive the efficacy of targeted inhibitors, whereas the @entity393 , harboring other hot-spot genes, seems to be related to the metastatic behavior per se, without cytogenetic modulation. Reprofiling the metastatic tissue, as compared with the @entity5 , in @entity1 affected by metastatic @entity1358 could be a novel approach to overcome resistance to VEGF(Rs)-targeting agents.

title: Reprofiling Metastatic Samples for Chromosome 9p and 14q Aberrations as a Strategy to Overcome @entity5 Heterogeneity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['clear-cell renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of chromosome 9p', 'loss of chromosome 14q']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Losses of chromosomes 9p and 14q are associated with worse outcomes in @entity1 affected by @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) and are helpful for prognostic risk stratification. Both chromosomal loci harbor several hot-spot molecular pathways suitable for targeted therapeutic interventions. Intratumor heterogeneity may foster @entity5 adaptation and therapeutic failure. We sought to investigate the presence of losses of the hot spots of chromosomal loci 9p and 14q in primary clear-cell @entity1358 and matched metastatic tissues. @entity2282 and @entity10793 were performed on 7 cases of clear-cell @entity1358 with hematogenous tissue @entity3 . Cytogenetic fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed on primary and matched metastatic tissues using specific probes mapping the 9p and the 14q loci. The @entity393 was observed in 85% of both primary clear-cell RCCs and in matched @entity3 ; 14% showed discordance between primary and matched @entity3 showing gains. The @entity393 was observed in 58% of both primary and matched @entity3 . Only 3/7 (42%) did show an equal status of @entity393 . Heterogeneity of the cytogenetic status between metastatic and primary clear-cell RCCs is observed for the @entity393 rather than chromosome 9p. The impact of chromosome 14q cytogenetic status, harboring the @entity7738 gene, a major driver for the angiogenenic switch, may drive the efficacy of targeted inhibitors, whereas the @entity393 , harboring other hot-spot genes, seems to be related to the metastatic behavior per se, without cytogenetic modulation. Reprofiling the metastatic tissue, as compared with the @entity5 , in @entity1 affected by metastatic @entity1358 could be a novel approach to overcome resistance to VEGF(Rs)-targeting agents.

title: Reprofiling Metastatic Samples for Chromosome 9p and 14q Aberrations as a Strategy to Overcome XXXX Heterogeneity in @entity1358 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Tumor']


abstract: Death directly related to selective coronary arteriography in 5 @entity1 with a history of unstable @entity951 during the period 1975-1985 is reported. Four different cardiologists were involved. A feature common to all the cases was the presence of significant @entity850 of the left mainstem coronary artery (LMCA); 2 @entity1 had haemodynamically important obstruction of a dominant right coronary artery (RCA) ostium, while 2 others had @entity432 in the proximal part of a dominant RCA. The RCA in the last case was angiographically normal and non-dominant. Collateral coronary blood flow was fairly sparse in most cases and in 4 @entity1002 of varying degree was present. All @entity1 developed severe @entity551 and @entity4785 after arteriography while still in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Resuscitation efforts were uniformly unsuccessful. Autopsy on 1 @entity1 demonstrated extensive obstructive @entity453 with a massive @entity583 . Cardiac catheterization poses an extremely high risk for this subgroup of @entity1 with @entity453 , as does selective coronary arteriography. The possible role of catheter-provoked @entity3361 is suggested; a recently introduced soft-tipped cardiovascular catheter may be more appropriate in this setting.

title: Left mainstem coronary artery XXXX --death after angiography. A report of 5 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute anterior myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity4785 :: ('MESH:D004213', 'Disease') :: ['electromechanical dissociation']

entities_list: @entity3361 :: ('MESH:D003329', 'Disease') :: ['coronary vasospasm of the LMCA']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['total occlusion']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary atherosclerosis', 'LMCA disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['ostial stenosis']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['ostial stenosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Phytases hydrolyze phytate to release inorganic @entity1391 , which decreases the requirement for @entity3151 in fertilizers for crops and thus reduces environmental pollutants. This study analyzed microbial communities in rhizosphere sediment, collected in September 2012 from Shenzhen Bay, Guangdong, China, using high-throughput pyrosequencing; the results showed that the dominant taxonomic phyla were Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, and the proportion of the beneficial bacteria, Bacillus, was 4.95 %. Twenty-nine culturable, phytase-producing bacteria were isolated, their @entity3151 solubilization capacity was analyzed, and they were taxonomically characterized. Their phylogenetic placement was determined using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis. The result shows that most of the isolates are members of the order Bacillales, although seven strains of Enterobacteriales, two strains of Pseudomonadales, and one strain of Oceanospirillales were also identified. The phytase gene was cloned from SPC09, @entity5259 , which showed the highest @entity3151 solubilizing ability among the isolated strains. The gene encoded a primary translation product of 335 @entity1522 . A construct including the 1005-nt ORF fragment, Bc-phy, was transformed into @entity526 . The recombinant phytase was produced and purified, which revealed the temperature optima at 60   C and pH optima at 6.5. The assessment by quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed an abundance of bacteria containing the Bc-phy gene; the level was generally higher in the mangrove forest than in the tidal flats and in surface soil compared to bottom soil, and the highest value was obtained in June. Herein, we report on the cloning, characterization, and activity of a novel phytase isolated from a mangrove system.

title: Microbial diversity of mangrove sediment in Shenzhen Bay and gene cloning, characterization of an isolated phytase-producing strain of SPC09 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity5259 :: ('1396', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus cereus']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity5259 :: (1396,Species) :: ['B. cereus']


abstract: The teratogenic potential of 2 structurally related dopaminergic agonists, @entity71900 ( @entity71900 : Chemical Abstracts No. 59257-18-0) and @entity71901 ( @entity71901 : Chemical Abstracts No. 59257-24-8), has been investigated in pregnant @entity35 . These compounds were administered orally from Days 6 to 15 of gestation inclusive at dose levels of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/day for @entity71900 and 10, 20 and 35 mg/kg/day for @entity71901 . At caesarean section on Day 21 of gestation increased post-implantation loss, reduced foetal weights and high incidences of gross abnormalities were found with both compounds at their high dose levels. @entity137 was evident at the intermediate and high dose levels but teratogenic effects extended to the low dose of each compound where treatment was well tolerated by the dams. The maternal effects were thought to be due to the @entity935 potentiating properties of @entity71900 and @entity71901 . When @entity1766 , a specific @entity935 antagonist, was co-administered with @entity71901 the maternal effects were considerably reduced and, although teratogenicity remained, effects of @entity71901 on the embryo were extensively modified. This suggests that at least certain of the abnormalities were associated with prolonged @entity935 potentiation. @entity1766 alone was not teratogenic.

title: Teratogenicity in XXXX of two dopaminergic agonists.

entities_list: @entity1766 :: ('MESH:D010868', 'Chemical') :: ['pimozide', 'Pimozide']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Maternal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity71900 :: ('MESH:C051150', 'Chemical') :: ['2-[[3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H- 1-benzopyran-7-yl]oxy]-N,N-dimethyl-Ethanamine', 'BRL 16644']

entities_list: @entity71901 :: ('MESH:C051151', 'Chemical') :: ['2-[[3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2H- 1-benzopyran-7-yl]oxy]-N,N-dimethyl-Ethanamine', 'BRL 16657']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Malignancies developed in 141 organ transplant recipients treated with @entity205 . The @entity5 showed important differences from those seen following @entity7617 ( @entity7617 ). They appeared an average of 20 months after @entity205 and 60 months after @entity7617 . @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) were the most common @entity5 , being 41% compared with 12% in @entity7617 @entity1 . They appeared an average of 11 months after transplantation compared with an average of 42 months after @entity7617 . Unlike @entity7617 @entity1 they more often involved lymph nodes, more frequently involved the small intestine, rarely involved the brain, and were more likely to regress after reduction of immunosuppressive therapy. @entity1489 (15% of @entity5 ) were much less common than in @entity7617 @entity1 (40%). @entity2826 were more common (8% vs. 3%). In this small series there was a surprising @entity8703 and @entity1358 . Only 8 @entity1 (6%) were treated with @entity205 exclusively. The @entity5 probably are not specific to @entity205 therapy but appear to be a complication of immunosuppression per se.

title: @entity5 following XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2826 :: ('MESH:D012514', 'Disease') :: ["Kaposi's sarcomas"]

entities_list: @entity7617 :: ('MESH:C563514', 'Disease') :: ['CIT', 'conventional immunosuppressive therapy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'cancers', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['Skin cancers']

entities_list: @entity8703 :: ('MESH:D004701', 'Disease') :: ['frequency of endocrine-related cancers']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas", 'NHLs']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: Malignancies developed in 141 organ transplant recipients treated with @entity205 . The @entity5 showed important differences from those seen following @entity7617 ( @entity7617 ). They appeared an average of 20 months after @entity205 and 60 months after @entity7617 . @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) were the most common @entity5 , being 41% compared with 12% in @entity7617 @entity1 . They appeared an average of 11 months after transplantation compared with an average of 42 months after @entity7617 . Unlike @entity7617 @entity1 they more often involved lymph nodes, more frequently involved the small intestine, rarely involved the brain, and were more likely to regress after reduction of immunosuppressive therapy. @entity1489 (15% of @entity5 ) were much less common than in @entity7617 @entity1 (40%). @entity2826 were more common (8% vs. 3%). In this small series there was a surprising @entity8703 and @entity1358 . Only 8 @entity1 (6%) were treated with @entity205 exclusively. The @entity5 probably are not specific to @entity205 therapy but appear to be a complication of immunosuppression per se.

title: XXXX following @entity205 therapy.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancers']


abstract: PROBLEM: To determine the understudied relationship between complement Bb during pregnancy in subjects with @entity1468 compared with normotensive controls. METHOD OF STUDY: Nested case-control study. RESULTS: Average Bb levels significantly decreased over time in pregnancy [ @entity7939 (S.E.): -0.0094 (0.0005), P < 0.01]. Cross-sectionally, at less than 10 weeks, Bb levels decreased with increasing gestational age in @entity1 who remained normotensive [ @entity7939 (S.E.): -0.007 (0.02) and for @entity1 who developed @entity1468 ( @entity7939 (S.E.): -0.059 (0.03) P = 0.12]. Among @entity1 who developed @entity1468 , Bb levels were greatest when samples were drawn in the gestational window of 15-20 weeks [( @entity7939 (S.E.): 0.06 (0.02)], while levels among normotensive @entity1 were inversely related with gestational age [ @entity7939 (S.E.): -0.02 (0.01)]. The differences in slopes between cases and controls between 10 and 21 weeks' gestation were statistically significant (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest dysregulation of Bb activation between 10 and 20 weeks' gestation in @entity1 who develop @entity1468 .

title: The Relationship of Longitudinal Levels of Complement Bb During Pregnancy with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity7939 :: ('MESH:C535556', 'Disease') :: ['weekly slope']

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['Preeclampsia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Preventing @entity311 during pregnancy is important for the health of mothers and newborns. Interventions, which include distribution of bed nets and administration of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), typically occur at the first antenatal visit, usually in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. In 2012, during the course of ongoing clinical studies of @entity311 among pregnant @entity1 in Malawi, a universal bed net campaign was implemented by the Government. This study tested the hypothesis that a universal bed net campaign would decrease the prevalence of @entity311 among pregnant @entity1 at their first antenatal visit. METHODS: Some 1661 @entity1 were recruited for two studies from 2009 to 2014. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was conducted from dried blood spots collected at the first antenatal care visit (prior to administration of IPT or any study interventions) from @entity1 who were in their first or second pregnancy and less than 28  weeks gestation by clinical assessment. RESULTS: Overall, 320 of 1629 (19.6  %) @entity1 tested for @entity311 at their first antenatal visit were infected. @entity281 rates declined from 28.4  % before the universal bed net campaign, to 18.5  % in 2012, to 15.0  % in the years following the universal bed net campaign. The odds of @entity281 at the time of first antenatal visit in 2012 and the years following the bed net campaign were significantly lower than in the years prior to the intervention (OR 0.6, 95  % CI 0.4-0.8; and OR 0.4, 95  % CI 0.3-0.6, respectively). A similar pattern was observed for the prevalence of clinical @entity311 . The inverse trend was observed for reported bed net use. However bed net use and @entity281 were not significantly associated on the individual level. CONCLUSIONS: @entity281 in pregnant @entity1 is common even after a bed net campaign in Malawi, though prevalence rates declined. These early infections may cause maternal @entity417 and placental @entity311 resulting in adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Infection early in pregnancy may also contribute to @entity311 transmission as pregnant @entity1 represent a significant untreated reservoir of parasites. Universal bed net distribution appears to have moderate success in preventing @entity311 early in pregnancy and these findings support continued efforts to target @entity1 early in pregnancy and all @entity1 of childbearing age.

title: The prevalence of XXXX at first antenatal visit in Blantyre, Malawi declined following a universal bed net campaign.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['malaria infection', 'Malaria infection']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Debate about the need for universal screening of @entity1374 in pregnancy is ongoing. The present study aimed to compare universal screening with targeted high-risk case findings for early diagnosis of @entity1374 in Iranian pregnant @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional prospective study was carried out on 1600 pregnant @entity1 in their first trimester. A checklist, including all related risk factors recommended by The American Thyroid Association, was completed for all participants. Serum concentrations of @entity1955 (T4), T-uptake, thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were measured and thyroid status was documented, based on hormonal measurements and clinical examinations. RESULTS: There were 656 @entity1 (44.3%) that had at least one risk factor for @entity1374 and were eligible for the targeted high-risk case finding (high-risk group) approach, while 55.7% had no risk factors (low-risk group). Using the universal screening approach, there were 974 @entity1 (65.8%) with normal thyroid status and 506 @entity1 (34.2%) with @entity1374 , including overt @entity1378 (0.7%), @entity1375 (1.1%), @entity1375 (30.1% ; positive TPOAb (5.5%) and negative TPOAb (24.6%) and euthyroid and positive TPOAb (2.3%). Of @entity1 with @entity1374 , 64.4% were in high-risk group and 35.6% were in low-risk group (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The targeted high-risk case finding approach overlooks about one-third of pregnant @entity1 with @entity1374 . If ongoing prospective trials provide evidence on the efficacy of treating @entity1375 in pregnancy, in populations with a low prevalence of presumed risk factors, the targeted high-risk case finding approach will be proven inefficient.

title: Comparison of universal screening with targeted high-risk case finding for diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['subclinical hypothyroidism', 'overt hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid dysfunction', 'thyroid disturbances', 'thyroid diseases', 'thyroid disorders']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid disorders']


abstract: @entity43 is the fifth most common cause of @entity204 among @entity1 in western countries. It is often diagnosed in an advanced stage (FIGO Stage III and IV) and requires effective chemotherapy as first-line treatment. The advent of @entity900 combined with @entity632 and @entity786 has remarkably increased the response rate in advanced disease. The authors report 31 cases of @entity43 , without prior chemotherapy, treated with @entity900 , @entity632 and @entity786 (PAC I). Of the 30 evaluable @entity1 , 15 had clinical complete remissions (cCR = 50%), 10 clinical partial remissions ( @entity13324 = 33%) and 5 no response (NR = 17%). The total response (cCR + @entity13324 ) was equal to 83%. Twelve of the 15 @entity1 in cCR underwent second-look laparotomy; in 8 of these cases, histologic and cytologic confirmation of CR was obtained. @entity44209 was found to be a highly effective therapeutic regimen with moderate @entity137 . The individual @entity137 reported was gastroenteric (nausea and vomiting), but transitory. No chronic toxic side-effects from @entity900 or @entity632 were noted. However, more definitive results must be obtained to verify its impact on the prolongation of survival.

title: Combination chemotherapy in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['Ovarian carcinoma', 'epithelial ovarian neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'cis-platin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian carcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to assess the efficacy of stabilisation splint treatment on @entity9321 -related @entity158 during a 1-year follow-up. Eighty @entity1 were randomly assigned to two groups: splint group (n  =  39) and control group (n  =  41). The @entity1 in the splint group were treated with a stabilisation splint and  received counselling and instructions for masticatory muscle exercises. The controls received only counselling and instructions for masticatory muscles exercises. The outcome variables were the change in the intensity of @entity158 (as measured with visual analogue scale, VAS) as well as the @entity1 ' subjective estimate of treatment outcome. The differences in VAS changes between the groups were analysed using variance analysis and linear regression models. The VAS decreased in both groups, the difference between the groups being not statistically significant. The group status did not significantly associate with the decrease in VAS after adjustment for baseline VAS, gender, age, length of treatment and general health status. The only statistically significant predicting factor was the baseline VAS, which was also confirmed by the mixed-effect linear model. After 1-year follow-up, 27  6% of the @entity1 in the splint group and 37  5% of the @entity1 in the control group reported 'very good' treatment effects. The findings of this study did not show stabilisation splint treatment to be more effective in decreasing @entity158 than masticatory muscle exercises and counselling alone in the treatment of @entity9321 -related @entity158 over a 1-year follow-up.

title: Efficacy of stabilisation splint treatment on XXXX - 1-year follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facial pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['facial pain']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that the use of regional anesthesia can reduce recurrence risk after oncologic surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of epidural anesthesia on recurrence-free ( @entity4434 ) and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases (CLM). METHODS: After approval of the institutional review board, the records of all adult @entity1 who underwent elective hepatic resection between January 2006 and October 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. @entity1 were categorized according to use of perioperative epidural analgesia versus intravenous analgesia. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors influencing @entity4434 and @entity1349 . RESULTS: Of 510 total @entity1 , 390 received epidural analgesia (EA group) and 120 @entity1 received intravenous analgesia (IVA group). Compared with the IVA group, more @entity1 in the EA group underwent associated surgical procedures with consequently longer operative times (p  <  0.001). In addition, the EA group received more intraoperative fluids and had higher urine output volumes (p   <=  0.001). Five-year @entity4434 was longer in the EA group (34.7  %) compared with the IVA group (21.1  %). On multivariate analysis, the receipt of epidural analgesia was an independent predictor of improved @entity4434 (p  =  0.036, hazard ratio [HR] 0.74; 95  % confidence interval [CI] 0.56-0.95), but not @entity1349 (p  =  0.102, HR 0.72; 95  % CI 0.49-1.07). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests an association between epidural analgesia and improved @entity4434 , but not @entity1349 , after CLM resection. These results warrant further prospective, randomized studies on the benefits of regional anesthesia on oncologic outcomes after hepatic resection for CLM.

title: Positive Impact of Epidural Analgesia on Oncologic Outcomes in XXXX Undergoing Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity191 ( @entity191 ) is the second most common @entity179 and results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The pathogenesis of @entity191 is poorly understood, but inflammatory processes have been implicated. Indeed increases in the number of major histocompatibility complex II ( @entity8200 ) reactive cells have long been recognised in the brains of @entity191 @entity1 at post-mortem. However whether cells expressing @entity8200 play an active role in @entity191 pathogenesis has not been delineated. This was addressed utilising a transgenic @entity19 null for @entity8200 and the parkinsonian toxin @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ). In wild-type @entity19 @entity8200 levels in the ventral midbrain were upregulated 1-2 days after @entity5212 treatment and @entity8200 was localized in both astrocytes and microglia. @entity8200 null @entity19 showed significant reductions in @entity5212 -induced dopaminergic neuron loss and a significantly reduced invasion of astrocytes and microglia in @entity8200 null @entity19 receiving @entity5212 compared with controls. In addition, @entity8200 null @entity19 failed to show increases in interferon-y or @entity5 necrosis factor-a in the brain after @entity5212 treatment, as was found in wild-type @entity19 . However, @entity635 was significantly increased in both wild-type and @entity8200 null @entity19 . These data indicate that in addition to microglial cell/myeloid cell activation MHC Class II-mediated T cell activation is required for the full expression of pathology in this model of @entity191 . GLIA 2015.

title: Evidence for a role of adaptive immune response in the disease pathogenesis of the XXXX @entity19 model of @entity191 .

entities_list: @entity5212 :: ('MESH:D015632', 'Chemical') :: ['MPTP', '1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disease']

answer: @entity5212 :: (MESH:D015632,Chemical) :: ['MPTP']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity191 ( @entity191 ) is the second most common @entity179 and results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The pathogenesis of @entity191 is poorly understood, but inflammatory processes have been implicated. Indeed increases in the number of major histocompatibility complex II ( @entity8200 ) reactive cells have long been recognised in the brains of @entity191 @entity1 at post-mortem. However whether cells expressing @entity8200 play an active role in @entity191 pathogenesis has not been delineated. This was addressed utilising a transgenic @entity19 null for @entity8200 and the parkinsonian toxin @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ). In wild-type @entity19 @entity8200 levels in the ventral midbrain were upregulated 1-2 days after @entity5212 treatment and @entity8200 was localized in both astrocytes and microglia. @entity8200 null @entity19 showed significant reductions in @entity5212 -induced dopaminergic neuron loss and a significantly reduced invasion of astrocytes and microglia in @entity8200 null @entity19 receiving @entity5212 compared with controls. In addition, @entity8200 null @entity19 failed to show increases in interferon-y or @entity5 necrosis factor-a in the brain after @entity5212 treatment, as was found in wild-type @entity19 . However, @entity635 was significantly increased in both wild-type and @entity8200 null @entity19 . These data indicate that in addition to microglial cell/myeloid cell activation MHC Class II-mediated T cell activation is required for the full expression of pathology in this model of @entity191 . GLIA 2015.

title: Evidence for a role of adaptive immune response in the disease pathogenesis of the @entity5212 @entity19 model of XXXX .

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity191 ( @entity191 ) is the second most common @entity179 and results from the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The pathogenesis of @entity191 is poorly understood, but inflammatory processes have been implicated. Indeed increases in the number of major histocompatibility complex II ( @entity8200 ) reactive cells have long been recognised in the brains of @entity191 @entity1 at post-mortem. However whether cells expressing @entity8200 play an active role in @entity191 pathogenesis has not been delineated. This was addressed utilising a transgenic @entity19 null for @entity8200 and the parkinsonian toxin @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ). In wild-type @entity19 @entity8200 levels in the ventral midbrain were upregulated 1-2 days after @entity5212 treatment and @entity8200 was localized in both astrocytes and microglia. @entity8200 null @entity19 showed significant reductions in @entity5212 -induced dopaminergic neuron loss and a significantly reduced invasion of astrocytes and microglia in @entity8200 null @entity19 receiving @entity5212 compared with controls. In addition, @entity8200 null @entity19 failed to show increases in interferon-y or @entity5 necrosis factor-a in the brain after @entity5212 treatment, as was found in wild-type @entity19 . However, @entity635 was significantly increased in both wild-type and @entity8200 null @entity19 . These data indicate that in addition to microglial cell/myeloid cell activation MHC Class II-mediated T cell activation is required for the full expression of pathology in this model of @entity191 . GLIA 2015.

title: Evidence for a role of adaptive immune response in the disease pathogenesis of the @entity5212 XXXX model of @entity191 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE:     The aim of this study is to identify risk factors associated with complications and readmissions following cleft lip repair using the multicenter American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) Pediatric. DESIGN:     @entity1 undergoing CPT codes 40700, 40701, and 40702 were extracted from the ACS NSQIP Pediatric. Fisher exact,   (2), and rank-sum tests were used to evaluate risk factors. RESULTS:     Of the 525 @entity1 included, 4.2% had complications, with @entity1576 being the most common. Risk factors included @entity600 (P = .001), ventilator dependence (P = .002), @entity26 support (P = .016), tracheostomy (P = .005), esophageal/gastric/intestinal disease (P = .007), @entity73 (P = .034), acquired central @entity3002 (P = .040), nutritional support (P = .001), major and severe cardiac risk factors (P = .011 and P = .005), and an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 (P = .002). In addition, complications were associated with undergoing a one-stage bilateral repair (P = .045) or concomitant ear, nose, and throat procedure (P = .045). The readmission rates for ambulatory @entity1 and inpatients were 2.6% and 4.9% (P = .556), with an overall readmission rate of 4.6%. Ambulatory @entity1 were older (P = .005) and had shorter operative times (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS:     Perioperative complications are @entity3384 repair, with @entity1576 being the most common. Readmission rates of 4.6% are higher than expected, and insight into predictors of complications will allow surgeons to identify @entity1 who could benefit from additional resources.

title: An Assessment of 30-Day Complications in Primary XXXX Repair: A Review of the 2012 ACS NSQIP Pediatric.

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired cognitive status']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3002 :: ('MESH:D009421', 'Disease') :: ['nervous system abnormality']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory complications']

entities_list: @entity3384 :: ('MESH:D002971', 'Disease') :: ['low following cleft lip']

answer: @entity3384 :: (MESH:D002971,Disease) :: ['Cleft Lip']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Understanding how @entity1 move through outpatient clinics is important for optimizing clinic processes. This study compares the costs, benefits, and challenges of two clinically important methods for measuring @entity1 flow: (1) a commercial system using infrared (IR) technology that passively tracks @entity1 movements and (2) a custom-built, low cost, networked @entity2198 ( @entity2198 ) system that requires active swiping by @entity1 at proximity card readers. METHODS: Readers for both the IR and @entity2198 systems were installed in the General Eye Service of the Wilmer Eye Institute. @entity1 were given both IR and @entity2198 tags to measure the time they spent in various clinic stations. Simultaneously, investigators recorded the times at which @entity1 moved between rooms. These measurements were considered the standard against which the other methods were compared. RESULTS: One hundred twelve @entity1 generated a total of 252 events over the course of 6  days. The proportion of events successfully recorded by the @entity2198 system (83.7  %) was significantly greater than that obtained with the IR system (75.4  %, p  <  0.001). The cause of the missing events using the IR method was found to be a signal interruption between the @entity1 tags and the check-in desk receiver. Excluding those data, the IR system successfully recorded 94.4  % of events (p  =  0.002; OR  =  3.83 compared to the @entity2198 system). There was no statistical difference between the IR, @entity2198 , and manual time measurements (p  >  0.05 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity2198 and IR methods are effective at providing @entity1 flow information. The custom-made @entity2198 system was as accurate as IR and was installed at about 10  % the cost. Given its significantly lower costs, the @entity2198 option may be an appealing option for smaller clinics with more limited budgets.

title: A comparison of commercial and custom-made electronic tracking systems to measure XXXX flow through an ambulatory clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['radio frequency identification', 'RFID']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: De @entity8806 is a stenosing condition of the sheath of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons at the radial styloid process. Previous studies consistently reported that the pathological change of this condition is thought to be primarily an extensor retinaculum thickened by @entity82 and angiogenesis instead of @entity32 . Contradictorily, the conservative treatment for de @entity8806 is anti-inflammatory medication. The inflammatory response may be involved in this disease; however, there is no present study directly evidencing whether the inflammatory responses exist in de @entity8806 or not. The histopathology of de @entity8806 is yet to be elucidated clearly. PURPOSE: To grade all specimens in the different stages and characterize specific inflammatory cell and factors to examine whether inflammatory response is involved in de @entity8806 . METHODS: Retinaculum samples were collected from 13 @entity1 with de @entity8806 after surgery. The specimens were evaluated histologically by collagen structure grading and immunohistochemically by quantifying the presence of neutrophil elastase, macrophages, cyclooxygenase, and vascular endothelium. RESULTS: Neutrophil elastase and cyclooxygenase occur in the de @entity8806 retinaculum and increased with the grade of collagen structure. After angiogenesis, macrophage infiltration occurs in the grade II matrix worse than grade III matrix. CONCLUSIONS: @entity32 is present in de @entity8806 . This study provides direct evidence for inflammatory cell and infiltration factors and offer valuable clues for specific pharmacological therapies for de @entity8806 .

title: XXXX Is Present in De Quervain Disease-Correlation Study Between Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity8806 :: ('MESH:D053684', 'Disease') :: ['Quervain disease']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Inflammation']


abstract: Culture-derived Litomosoides carinii microfilariae (MFF) were used in in vitro and in vivo systems to investigate the effect of @entity6566 ( @entity6567 ) on these MFF. In vivo: Male @entity35 , Mastomys natalensis, all of the same age, were injected intrathoracically (12) or intraperitoneally (36) with 10(3) or 10(4) MFF. After 30 min one half of each group of @entity35 was given @entity6567 per os. At 30, 60, and 120 min after @entity6567 administration, two @entity35 from the treated and two from the untreated group were bled and killed. The pleural or peritoneal cavities were rinsed with warm saline (0.15 M @entity1219 ) to recover MFF. In both the intrathoracic and intraperitoneal experiments, equal numbers of MFF were recovered from treated and control @entity35 at 30 and 120 min. However, at 60 min 85.5% fewer were recovered from the treated than from the nontreated animals. MFF were not found in the blood. In vitro: MFF were added to tissue culture dish wells (Linbro Div., Flow Labs, Hamden, Conn) prepared as follows: @entity6567 -Serum (serum from normal @entity35 given @entity6567 at 500 mg/kg), @entity6567 + Serum (serum with added @entity6567 ), serum only, RPMI 1640 only, and RPMI 1640 + @entity6567 . Furthermore, the five treatments were prepared either with or without unstimulated @entity298 ( @entity298 ) cells. At 30 min in the @entity6567 -Serum wells 45% of the MFF had adherent @entity298 cells; in the remaining wells these cells adhered to 11% or fewer MFF. We interpret the aforementioned phenomena as representing the first step in the trapping and elimination of MFF after @entity6567 treatment of L. carinii-infected M. natalensis.

title: The effect of XXXX on microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii in vitro and in vivo.

entities_list: @entity6566 :: ('MESH:D004049', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylcarbamazine']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal exudate', 'PE']

answer: @entity6566 :: (MESH:D004049,Chemical) :: ['diethylcarbamazine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2379 ( @entity237 ) is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have suggested enhanced drug absorption from @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Little is known of the fate of @entity237 absorption within the gastrointestinal tract, and no gastrointestinal transit study has yet been performed on @entity237 -containing nano-formulations. We aimed to investigate the effect of food on the gastrointestinal transit properties of an @entity237 -containing @entity5 in @entity35 . Three SLNs containing @entity237 , @entity1443 , or @entity3378 were formulated using @entity6353 butter and beeswax as lipid matrices and simultaneously administered orally to @entity35 . @entity1443 and @entity27009 were used as marker drugs for estimating gastric emptying and cecal arrival, respectively. The pharmacokinetic data generated for @entity1443 and @entity27009 were used in estimating the absorption of the @entity237 SLNs in the small and large intestines, respectively. A delayed rate of @entity237 absorption was observed in the fed state; however, the extent of absorption was not affected by food. Specifically, the percentages of @entity237 absorption during the fasted state in the stomach, small intestine, and colon were not significantly different from absorption within the respective regions in the fed state. In both states, however, absorption was highest in the colon and appeared to be a combination of absorption from the small intestine plus absorption proper within the colon. The study suggests that @entity237 @entity5 , irrespective of food status, is slowly but predominantly taken up by the lymph, making the small intestine the most favorable site for the delivery of the @entity237 SLNs.

title: Effect of Food Status on the Gastrointestinal Transit of XXXX -Containing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['Amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['solid lipid nanoparticles', 'SLN']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['Paracetamol', 'paracetamol']

entities_list: @entity3378 :: ('MESH:D012460', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfasalazine']

entities_list: @entity27009 :: ('MESH:D013427', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfapyridine']

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['Amphotericin B']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2379 ( @entity237 ) is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have suggested enhanced drug absorption from @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Little is known of the fate of @entity237 absorption within the gastrointestinal tract, and no gastrointestinal transit study has yet been performed on @entity237 -containing nano-formulations. We aimed to investigate the effect of food on the gastrointestinal transit properties of an @entity237 -containing @entity5 in @entity35 . Three SLNs containing @entity237 , @entity1443 , or @entity3378 were formulated using @entity6353 butter and beeswax as lipid matrices and simultaneously administered orally to @entity35 . @entity1443 and @entity27009 were used as marker drugs for estimating gastric emptying and cecal arrival, respectively. The pharmacokinetic data generated for @entity1443 and @entity27009 were used in estimating the absorption of the @entity237 SLNs in the small and large intestines, respectively. A delayed rate of @entity237 absorption was observed in the fed state; however, the extent of absorption was not affected by food. Specifically, the percentages of @entity237 absorption during the fasted state in the stomach, small intestine, and colon were not significantly different from absorption within the respective regions in the fed state. In both states, however, absorption was highest in the colon and appeared to be a combination of absorption from the small intestine plus absorption proper within the colon. The study suggests that @entity237 @entity5 , irrespective of food status, is slowly but predominantly taken up by the lymph, making the small intestine the most favorable site for the delivery of the @entity237 SLNs.

title: Effect of Food Status on the Gastrointestinal Transit of @entity2379 -Containing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a novel technique of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. First results obtained with PIPAC in @entity1 with advanced peritoneal @entity3 (PM) from @entity356 ( @entity356 ) are presented. METHODS: Retrospective analysis: Sixty PIPAC were applied in 24 consecutive @entity1 with PM from @entity356 . 67  % @entity1 had previous surgery, and 79  % previous @entity902 -based systemic chemotherapy. Mean @entity298 Index (PCI) of 16        10 and 18/24 @entity1 had signet-ring @entity356 . @entity900 7.5  mg/m(2) and @entity632 1.5  mg/m(2) were given for 30  min at 37    C and 12  mmHg at 6  week intervals. Outcome criteria were survival, adverse events, and histological @entity5 response. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 248  days (range 105-748), and median survival time was 15.4  months. Seventeen @entity1 had repeated PIPAC, and objective @entity5 response was observed in 12 (12/24   =   50  %): no vital @entity5 cells   =   6, major pathological response   =   6, minor response   =   3. Postoperative adverse events   >   CTCAE 2 were observed in 9 @entity1 (9/24, 37.5  %). In 3/17 @entity1 , a later PIPAC could not be performed due to non-access. Two @entity1 (ECOG 3 and 4) died in the hospital due to disease progression. CONCLUSION: PIPAC with low-dose @entity900 and @entity632 was safe and induced objective @entity5 regression in selected @entity1 with PM from recurrent, @entity902 -resistant @entity356 . First survival data are encouraging and justify further clinical studies in this indication.

title: Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) with Low-Dose XXXX and @entity632 in Gastric Peritoneal @entity3 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['Peritoneal Carcinomatosis']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'GC']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['Cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a novel technique of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. First results obtained with PIPAC in @entity1 with advanced peritoneal @entity3 (PM) from @entity356 ( @entity356 ) are presented. METHODS: Retrospective analysis: Sixty PIPAC were applied in 24 consecutive @entity1 with PM from @entity356 . 67  % @entity1 had previous surgery, and 79  % previous @entity902 -based systemic chemotherapy. Mean @entity298 Index (PCI) of 16        10 and 18/24 @entity1 had signet-ring @entity356 . @entity900 7.5  mg/m(2) and @entity632 1.5  mg/m(2) were given for 30  min at 37    C and 12  mmHg at 6  week intervals. Outcome criteria were survival, adverse events, and histological @entity5 response. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 248  days (range 105-748), and median survival time was 15.4  months. Seventeen @entity1 had repeated PIPAC, and objective @entity5 response was observed in 12 (12/24   =   50  %): no vital @entity5 cells   =   6, major pathological response   =   6, minor response   =   3. Postoperative adverse events   >   CTCAE 2 were observed in 9 @entity1 (9/24, 37.5  %). In 3/17 @entity1 , a later PIPAC could not be performed due to non-access. Two @entity1 (ECOG 3 and 4) died in the hospital due to disease progression. CONCLUSION: PIPAC with low-dose @entity900 and @entity632 was safe and induced objective @entity5 regression in selected @entity1 with PM from recurrent, @entity902 -resistant @entity356 . First survival data are encouraging and justify further clinical studies in this indication.

title: Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) with Low-Dose @entity900 and XXXX in Gastric Peritoneal @entity3 .

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['Doxorubicin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a novel technique of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. First results obtained with PIPAC in @entity1 with advanced peritoneal @entity3 (PM) from @entity356 ( @entity356 ) are presented. METHODS: Retrospective analysis: Sixty PIPAC were applied in 24 consecutive @entity1 with PM from @entity356 . 67  % @entity1 had previous surgery, and 79  % previous @entity902 -based systemic chemotherapy. Mean @entity298 Index (PCI) of 16        10 and 18/24 @entity1 had signet-ring @entity356 . @entity900 7.5  mg/m(2) and @entity632 1.5  mg/m(2) were given for 30  min at 37    C and 12  mmHg at 6  week intervals. Outcome criteria were survival, adverse events, and histological @entity5 response. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 248  days (range 105-748), and median survival time was 15.4  months. Seventeen @entity1 had repeated PIPAC, and objective @entity5 response was observed in 12 (12/24   =   50  %): no vital @entity5 cells   =   6, major pathological response   =   6, minor response   =   3. Postoperative adverse events   >   CTCAE 2 were observed in 9 @entity1 (9/24, 37.5  %). In 3/17 @entity1 , a later PIPAC could not be performed due to non-access. Two @entity1 (ECOG 3 and 4) died in the hospital due to disease progression. CONCLUSION: PIPAC with low-dose @entity900 and @entity632 was safe and induced objective @entity5 regression in selected @entity1 with PM from recurrent, @entity902 -resistant @entity356 . First survival data are encouraging and justify further clinical studies in this indication.

title: Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) with Low-Dose @entity900 and @entity632 in Gastric Peritoneal XXXX .

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['Metastasis']


abstract: Sylvatic carnivores, such as @entity3967 , have recently been recognized as important hosts in the evolution of @entity24715 ( @entity24715 ), a pandemic pathogen of domestic @entity235 . Although viruses from @entity3967 do not efficiently bind the @entity235 @entity71902 ( @entity71902 ) or infect @entity235 cells, a single mutation changing an @entity2574 to a @entity8959 at capsid ( @entity17400 ) position 300 in the prototype @entity3967 @entity24715 allows @entity235 cell @entity281 . Because @entity17400 position 300 exhibits extensive @entity3689 variation among the carnivore parvoviruses, we further investigated its role in determining host range by analyzing its diversity and evolution in nature and by creating a comprehensive set of @entity17400 position 300 mutants in infectious clones. Notably, some position 300 residues rendered @entity24715 noninfectious for @entity235 , but not cat or fox, cells. Changes of adjacent residues (residues 299 and 301) were also observed often after cell culture passage in different hosts, and some of the mutations mimicked changes seen in viruses recovered from natural infections of alternative hosts, suggesting that compensatory mutations were selected to accommodate the new residue at position 300. Analysis of the TfRs of carnivore hosts used in the experimental evolution studies demonstrated that their glycosylation patterns varied, including a glycan present only on the domestic @entity235 @entity71902 that dictates susceptibility to parvoviruses. Overall, there were significant differences in the abilities of viruses with alternative position 300 residues to bind TfRs and infect different carnivore hosts, demonstrating that the process of @entity281 is highly host dependent and that @entity17400 position 300 is a key determinant of host range. IMPORTANCE: Although the emergence and pandemic spread of @entity24715 ( @entity24715 ) are well documented, the carnivore hosts and evolutionary pathways involved in its emergence remain enigmatic. We recently demonstrated that a region in the capsid structure of @entity24715 , centered around @entity17400 position 300, varies after transfer to alternative carnivore hosts and may allow @entity281 of previously nonsusceptible hosts in vitro. Here we show that @entity17400 position 300 is the most variable residue in the parvovirus capsid in nature, suggesting that it is a critical determinant in the cross-species transfer of viruses between different carnivores due to its interactions with the @entity69 receptor to mediate @entity281 . To this end, we demonstrated that there are substantial differences in receptor binding and infectivity of various @entity17400 position 300 mutants for different carnivore species and that single mutations in this region can influence whether a host is susceptible or refractory to @entity778 .

title: Single Mutations in the XXXX 300 Loop Region of the Three-Fold Spike of the Carnivore Parvovirus Capsid Can Determine Host Range.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infection']

entities_list: @entity3967 :: ('9654', 'Species') :: ['raccoon', 'raccoons']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity24715 :: ('10788', 'Species') :: ['CPV', 'canine parvovirus']

entities_list: @entity2574 :: ('CHEBI:22660', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartic acid']

answer: @entity17400 :: (1489588(Tax:10788),Gene) :: ['VP2']


abstract: The cost effectiveness of wrist fluoroscopy and arthrography was evaluated in @entity1 with obscure wrist @entity158 . Dynamic fluoroscopy was performed in 91 cases and was positive in 54 (59%). Radiocarpal arthrography was performed in 60 of these cases in which further information was desired. Arthrography increased the diagnostic yield to 62 of 91 cases (68%). Diagnoses included ligament and cartilage tears, and dynamic intercarpal instability. The cost per positive examination for fluoroscopy, based on total cost for fluoroscopy in 91 @entity1 divided by number of positive cases, is  126. The cost per positive examination by arthrography alone is  377. When arthrography is done only when fluoroscopy is equivocal or negative, the cost per positive examination (fluoroscopy plus arthrography) drops to  280. Wrist arthrography is only cost effective if done after dynamic fluoroscopy fails to answer the clinical questions. When done together in this setting, the two procedures are most cost effective than arthrography alone. Based on current costs, conservative treatment of carpal instability costs about  1,500, and surgical therapy costs about  4,000. Thus, fluoroscopy and arthrography may further reduce the cost of management of obscure wrist @entity158 by identifying those @entity1 who would not benefit from surgical exploration.

title: Cost effectiveness of wrist fluoroscopy and arthrography in the evaluation of obscure wrist XXXX .

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment options for @entity8619 ( @entity8619 ) are numerous and include topical and systemic agents. Intralesional and systemic @entity288 are used; however, the therapeutic results are often disappointing. OBJECTIVE: To compare the influence of @entity1787 , laser, and topical @entity228 therapies in the treatment of @entity8619 . METHODS: One hundred twenty adult @entity1 with  <=3 cm @entity14705 were recruited into the study. They were randomly assigned, by preoperative envelope drawing, to be treated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT group), @entity1787 therapy (ozonated group), and topical @entity228 therapy (positive control group). A placebo treatment containing base ointment without the active @entity228 component was administered to @entity1 in the negative control group. Response rate scores were determined on the basis of changes in the appearance score and @entity158 score of the lesions between baseline and after each treatment. RESULTS: The study subjects consisted of 56 male and 64 female @entity8619 @entity1 with a combined mean age of 42.6  8.3 years (range, 28~55 years). No statistically significant difference was detected in clinical severity among the groups. The sign scores decreased in almost all scoring groups; however, statistically significant improvement was found in the ozonated and @entity228 -treated groups. Symptom improvement was achieved after treatment with LLLT, @entity1787 , and @entity228 (p<0.05). The efficacy indices were significantly higher in the ozonated and @entity228 -treated groups. CONCLUSION: @entity1787 and @entity228 therapies were more effective than 808-nm LLLT in the treatment of @entity8619 .

title: Comparison of Low-Level Laser Therapy versus @entity1787 Therapy in the Treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity14705 :: ('MESH:D007967', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic-erosive biopsy-proven OLPs in the tongue or buccal mucosa']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity8619 :: ('MESH:D017676', 'Disease') :: ['OLP', 'oral lichen planus']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity8619 :: (MESH:D017676,Disease) :: ['Oral Lichen Planus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment options for @entity8619 ( @entity8619 ) are numerous and include topical and systemic agents. Intralesional and systemic @entity288 are used; however, the therapeutic results are often disappointing. OBJECTIVE: To compare the influence of @entity1787 , laser, and topical @entity228 therapies in the treatment of @entity8619 . METHODS: One hundred twenty adult @entity1 with  <=3 cm @entity14705 were recruited into the study. They were randomly assigned, by preoperative envelope drawing, to be treated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT group), @entity1787 therapy (ozonated group), and topical @entity228 therapy (positive control group). A placebo treatment containing base ointment without the active @entity228 component was administered to @entity1 in the negative control group. Response rate scores were determined on the basis of changes in the appearance score and @entity158 score of the lesions between baseline and after each treatment. RESULTS: The study subjects consisted of 56 male and 64 female @entity8619 @entity1 with a combined mean age of 42.6  8.3 years (range, 28~55 years). No statistically significant difference was detected in clinical severity among the groups. The sign scores decreased in almost all scoring groups; however, statistically significant improvement was found in the ozonated and @entity228 -treated groups. Symptom improvement was achieved after treatment with LLLT, @entity1787 , and @entity228 (p<0.05). The efficacy indices were significantly higher in the ozonated and @entity228 -treated groups. CONCLUSION: @entity1787 and @entity228 therapies were more effective than 808-nm LLLT in the treatment of @entity8619 .

title: Comparison of Low-Level Laser Therapy versus XXXX Therapy in the Treatment of @entity8619 .

answer: @entity1787 :: (MESH:D010126,Chemical) :: ['Ozone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The latest guidelines define "long-term success" as freedom from @entity943 recurrence more than 36 months after procedures without any antiarrhythmic drug therapy. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes and procedural findings in @entity1 with recurrence beyond "long-term success." METHODS: Among @entity1 who underwent pulmonary vein (PV) antrum isolation for drug-refractory symptomatic @entity955 ( @entity955 ), 37 in whom recurrent @entity943 were observed during annual follow-up after "long-term success" and who underwent repeat procedures for recurrent @entity943 were included in the study. RESULTS: The time from the latest procedure to recurrence was a median of 61 ([25th, 75th percentiles]: [51-77.5]) months. Recurrent @entity943 type was paroxysmal in 22 @entity1 (59.5%) and persistent in 15 (40.5%). Recurrent @entity943 were @entity591 ( @entity591 ) in 13 @entity1 (35.1%), including 8 with @entity591 unrelated to PVs. Repeat procedures were performed a median of 2.0 [1.0-4.0] months after identifying recurrent episodes. Recovered PV conduction was found in 29 @entity1 (78.4%) and non-PV foci in 4 (10.8%). Freedom from recurrence 1 year after repeat procedures was 63.3%. Seven @entity1 (18.9%) underwent further repeat procedures a median of 7.0 [2.0-28.0] months after repeat procedures and had no PV reconnections. In total, @entity955 / @entity591 unrelated to PVs was present in 24 @entity1 (64.9%). In contrast, @entity943 related to PVs were observed in 2 @entity1 (5.4%) during a total of 46 repeat procedures after "long-term success." CONCLUSION: Although PV reconnections were commonly found even after "long-term success," @entity955 / @entity591 unrelated to PVs was assumed to be present in the majority of this population.

title: Recurrence after "long-term success" in catheter ablation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachycardia', 'AT']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['atrial arrhythmia', 'arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['paroxysmal atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['paroxysmal atrial fibrillation']


abstract: Twenty total hip prostheses inserted after massive resection of the upper part of the femur for @entity5 have been reviewed after a 3 year mean follow-up. Fifteen cases were of primary @entity5 . The mean resection of the femur measured 175 mm in length and was reconstructed using Cochin prostheses. From the oncological standpoint, the results were comparable with those obtained after disarticulation of the hip, but the functional results were, of course, much better. Five @entity1 were able to resume their previous professional work; 13 were able to have a normal type of life and only 2 were severely crippled. Nineteen hips were painless. Nine @entity1 could walk without a stick, 9 used one stick for walking outside and 2 used sticks permanently. Two cases were complicated by dislocation. Despite an extensive resection of the greater trochanter, one third of the hips were stable on standing on one leg, thanks to the design of the prostheses. No prostheses broke. Two loosenings of the acetabular cup had to be revised. No loosening of the femoral stem was found, despite the frequency of @entity3061 of the diaphysis to 4-5 cms below the level of resection. The authors intend now to improve the design of the prostheses and to aid the reinsertion of the muscles, which can be improved by using homografts surrounding the femoral prostheses.

title: [Reconstruction prosthesis of the upper part of the femur. Intermediate results in 20 resections for XXXX . Current trends].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of 4 biomechanical parameters on @entity235 cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)-intact and - @entity2720 . SAMPLE Data for computer simulations of a healthy 5-year-old 33-kg neutered male Golden Retriever in a previously developed 3-D rigid body pelvic limb computer model simulating the stance phase during walking. PROCEDURES @entity235 stifle joint biomechanics were assessed when biomechanical parameters (CrCL stiffness, CrCL prestrain, body weight, and stifle joint friction coefficient) were altered in the pelvic limb computer simulation model. Parameters were incrementally altered from baseline values to determine the influence on stifle joint outcome measures (ligament loads, relative tibial translation, and relative @entity717 ). Stifle joint outcome measures were compared between CrCL-intact and - @entity2720 for the range of parameters evaluated. RESULTS In the CrCL-intact stifle joint, ligament loads were most sensitive to CrCL prestrain. In the @entity942 stifle joint, ligament loads were most sensitive to body weight. Relative tibial translation was most sensitive to body weight, whereas relative @entity717 was most sensitive to CrCL prestrain. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, computer model sensitivity analyses predicted that CrCL prestrain and body weight influenced stifle joint biomechanics. @entity10089 may influence the likelihood of @entity942 . Body weight could play an important role in management of @entity235 with a @entity942 stifle joint.

title: Influence of biomechanical parameters on cranial cruciate ligament-deficient or -intact XXXX stifle joints assessed by use of a computer simulation model.

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['canine', 'Canine', 'dogs']

entities_list: @entity10089 :: ('MESH:C536012', 'Disease') :: ['Cranial cruciate ligament laxity']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['deficient stifle joints']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['tibial rotation']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['CrCL deficiency', 'CrCL-deficient']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Auscultatory percussion is a new method of physical examination developed by Guarino [Lancet i: 1332-1334, 1980]. It consists in tapping lightly the manubrium sterni with the distal phalanx of the middle finger while listening over the chest wall posteriorly with a stethoscope; a decrease in sound intensity is usually attributed to @entity358 . The aim of our study was to assess the validity of the method as compared to classical percussion, a point not entirely clear in the original study. Two observers independently examined 281 unselected @entity1 (170 @entity1 ; 111 @entity1 ) referred for chest X-ray studies. Roentgenographic analysis, carried out by a third observer, revealed 12 categories of abnormalities in 96 @entity1 . The validity of auscultatory and conventional percussion was calculated by taking the product of sensitivity and specificity of each method. For both observers and both methods, the values of this index were always found to be below 0.25, indicating that the results can be explained entirely by chance. When the roentgenographic category was taken into account, both methods of percussion were valid only to detect large @entity1143 . Auscultatory percussion failed completely to detect many other abnormalities including solitary nodules less than 6 cm in diameter. There is no single hypothesis to explain these results. Various possibilities are discussed.

title: Detection of XXXX by auscultatory percussion: a comparative study with conventional percussion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusions']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung abnormalities']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['lung abnormalities']


abstract: @entity1124 ( @entity1124 ) is the fourth most common cause of @entity204 from @entity5 . Its 5-year survival rate is less than 5%. This poor prognosis is mostly due to the @entity5 's early invasion and @entity3 formation, leading to an initial diagnosis at an advanced incurable stage in the majority of @entity1 . The only potentially curative treatment is radical surgical resection. The effect of current chemotherapeutics or radiotherapy is limited. Novel therapeutic strategies are therefore much needed. One of the hallmarks of @entity1124 is its abundant desmoplastic (stromal) reaction. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is critical for embryologic development of the pancreas. Aberrant Hh signaling promotes @entity788 , the maintenance of the @entity5 microenvironment and stromal growth. The canonical Hh-pathway in the @entity5 stroma has been targeted widely but has not yet lead to hopeful clinical results. Targeting both the @entity5 and its surrounding stroma through Hh pathway inhibition by also targeting non-canonical pathways as apparent in the @entity5 cell may therefore be a novel treatment strategy for @entity1124 .

title: Regulation mechanisms of the hedgehog pathway in XXXX : a review.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma', 'PDAC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: @entity855 -binding cassette (ABC) transporters use @entity855 to drive solute transport across biological membranes. Members of this superfamily have crucial roles in cell physiology, and some of the transporters are linked to severe diseases. However, understanding of the transport mechanism, especially of @entity1 ABC exporters, is scarce. We reconstituted the @entity1 lysosomal polypeptide ABC transporter @entity62333 , expressed in @entity10056 , into lipid vesicles (liposomes) and performed explicit transport measurements. We analyzed solute transport at the single liposome level by monitoring the coincident fluorescence of solutes and proteoliposomes in the focal volume of a confocal microscope. We determined a turnover number of eight peptides per minute, which is two orders of magnitude higher than previously estimated from macroscopic measurements. Moreover, we show that @entity62333 translocates peptides against a large concentration gradient. Maximal filling is not limited by an electrochemical gradient but by trans-inhibition. Countertransport and reversibility studies demonstrate that peptide translocation is a strictly unidirectional process. Altogether, these data are included in a refined model of solute transport by ABC exporters.

title: Single liposome analysis of peptide translocation by the ABC transporter XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10056 :: ('4922', 'Species') :: ['Pichia pastoris']

answer: @entity62333 :: (23457,Gene) :: ['TAPL']


abstract: A significant portion of @entity8290 (Ub)-dependent cellular protein quality control takes place at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a process termed "ER-associated degradation" (ERAD). @entity375 ERAD employs two integral ER membrane E3 Ub ligases: @entity53563 (also termed @entity53563 ) and @entity47502 , which recognize a distinct set of substrates. However, both E3s bind to and activate a common E2-conjugating enzyme, @entity49654 . Here we describe a novel feature of the ERAD system that entails differential activation of @entity49654 by its cognate E3s. We found that residues within helix a2 of @entity49654 that interact with donor Ub were essential for polyUb conjugation. Mutagenesis of these residues inhibited the in vitro activity of @entity49654 by preventing the conjugation of donor Ub to the acceptor. Unexpectedly, Ub chain formation by mutant @entity49654 was restored selectively by the @entity53563 RING domain but not by the @entity47502 RING domain. In agreement with the in vitro data, @entity49654 a2 helix mutations selectively impaired the in vivo degradation of @entity47502 substrates but had no apparent effect on the degradation of @entity53563 substrates. To our knowledge, this is the first example of distinct activation requirements of a single E2 by two E3s. We propose a model in which the RING domain activates Ub transfer by stabilizing a transition state determined by noncovalent interactions between the a2 helix of @entity49654 and Ub and that this transition state may be stabilized further by some E3 ligases, such as @entity53563 , through additional interactions outside the RING domain.

title: Distinct activation of an E2 XXXX -conjugating enzyme by its cognate E3 ligases.

answer: @entity8290 :: (850620(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['ubiquitin']


abstract: The effects on the conceptus of persistently decreased maternal plasma @entity535 concentrations were studied in pregnant @entity35 by the infusion of glucagon (0.21 mg/day) to the mother from day 14 to 20 of gestation with a subcutaneous, osmotically driven minipump. Controls received diluent. The experimental animals either had normal caloric intake and @entity1017 , or diminished caloric intake with no @entity1017 . Both experimental groups exhibited a decrease in plasma total @entity535 concentration of approximately 50%. Maternal plasma @entity413 and insulin concentrations were unaffected except for slight decreases in the low @entity1017 group. At cesarean section on day 20, fetal weight was unaffected in the normal @entity1017 group, while the low @entity1017 animals exhibited @entity1592 . Fetal plasma @entity413 and insulin concentrations were unaffected. Despite the marked decrease in maternal plasma total @entity535 concentration, fetal plasma total @entity535 concentration was unaffected. Individual plasma @entity535 concentrations in the normal @entity1017 mothers and fetuses revealed a spectrum of changes. Some maternal @entity1522 were decreased by more than 60% ( @entity17691 , @entity2734 , @entity1889 , @entity1160 , @entity493 ) while others were unaffected ( @entity669 , @entity2340 , @entity815 , @entity3793 ). In general, @entity1522 that were decreased in the mother exhibited no change or a lesser decrease in fetal plasma concentration, while those that were unaffected in the mothers showed increased fetal concentrations. Fetuses from the low @entity1017 mothers had plasma @entity535 profiles that were similar to those of the normal @entity1017 mothers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Preserved fetal plasma XXXX concentrations in the presence of maternal hypoaminoacidemia.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity17691 :: ('MESH:C012223', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-aminobutyric acid']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity2734 :: ('CHEBI:17196', 'Chemical') :: ['asparagine']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1 with @entity2012 have a higher prevalence of @entity174 despite normal @entity79 ( @entity79 ), suggesting that GH overexpression has adverse effects on skeletal architecture and strength. We used giant @entity291 GH (bGH) @entity19 to analyze the effects of high serum GH levels on @entity79 , architecture, and mechanical strength. Five-month-old hemizygous male bGH @entity19 were compared with age- and sex-matched nontransgenic littermates controls (NT; n=16/group). Bone architecture and @entity79 were analyzed in tibia and lumbar vertebrae using microcomputed tomography. Femora were tested to failure using three-point bending and bone cellular activity determined by bone histomorphometry. bGH @entity19 displayed significant @entity1053 and bone lengths. bGH tibia showed decreases in trabecular bone volume fraction, thickness, and number compared with NT ones, whereas trabecular pattern factor and structure model index were significantly increased, indicating deterioration in bone structure. Although cortical tissue perimeter was increased in @entity19 , cortical thickness was reduced. bGH @entity19 showed similar trabecular @entity79 but reduced trabecular thickness in lumbar vertebra relative to controls. @entity79 and thickness were significantly reduced in @entity2338 . Mechanical testing of femora confirmed that bGH femora have decreased intrinsic mechanical properties compared with NT ones. Bone turnover is increased in favor of bone resorption in bGH tibia and vertebra compared with controls, and serum @entity10173 levels is also enhanced in bGH @entity19 . These data collectively suggest that high serum GH levels negatively affect bone architecture and quality at multiple skeletal sites.

title: Excessive Growth Hormone Expression in Male GH XXXX Adversely Alters Bone Architecture and Mechanical Strength.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity2338 :: ('MESH:D004393', 'Disease') :: ['bGH lumbar vertebra']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral fractures']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD', 'Cortical BMD']

entities_list: @entity1053 :: ('MESH:D001835', 'Disease') :: ['increases in body weight']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Transgenic Mice']


abstract: Risk factors for @entity11127 in childhood were evaluated in a population-based sample of the Atlanta metropolitan area. Mothers from 449 households containing 575 @entity1 less than 5 years of age were selected by random-digit dialing and questioned about @entity1729 and @entity2169 occurring in their @entity1 during the preceding 2 weeks. Household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, maternal smoking history and @entity1 day-care attendance and breast-feeding information were also obtained. For @entity1 less than 5 years of age, the reported incidence of @entity1729 was 24%, and of @entity2169 , 6%. Controlling for the other variables measured, day-care attendance was associated with a significantly increased risk of both illnesses. For @entity1729 , increased risk was present for all @entity1 attending day care (P = .02, odds ratio = 1.6), whereas for @entity2169 , risk could be demonstrated only for full-time attendees (P = .005, odds ratio = 3.8). Maternal smoking was a second independent risk factor for a @entity1 's having @entity1729 (odds ratio = 1.7, P = .01). Thirty-one percent of all @entity1729 among day-care attendees and 66% of all @entity2169 among full-time day-care attendees were attributable to day-care attendance. Given the proportion of @entity1 in day care, 9% to 14% of the total burden of upper @entity11127 in this population was day care related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX : to what degree is incidence affected by day-care attendance?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2169 :: ('MESH:D004427', 'Disease') :: ['ear infection', 'ear infections']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity11127 :: ('MESH:D012140', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract disease', 'acute upper respiratory tract disease']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['Childhood upper respiratory tract infections']


abstract: 50 @entity1 with @entity2012 and @entity923 have been examined electrophysiologically before and after transnasal operation of the @entity977 . 32 of the 50 @entity1 (64%) had symptoms of @entity923 . 13 of them had @entity51 . 28 of the examined @entity1 had pathological neurographical findings only. About 1 week post-operatively DL was decreased in 43%; in 10 out of 13 @entity1 with @entity51 DL decreased. GH was normalized in 80% and reduced to 5-10 micrograms/l in a further 10%. The investigation did not show whether the @entity923 only depended on a GH increase or on other factors also such as e.g., on the duration of symptoms or tissue changes. None of the @entity1 had the transversal carpal ligament operated on. The coincidence between @entity2012 and @entity923 was 64%. In 3 cases the @entity923 was the leading sign to the diagnosis of @entity2012 .

title: XXXX and @entity2012 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']

answer: @entity923 :: (MESH:D002349,Disease) :: ['Carpal tunnel syndrome']


abstract: 50 @entity1 with @entity2012 and @entity923 have been examined electrophysiologically before and after transnasal operation of the @entity977 . 32 of the 50 @entity1 (64%) had symptoms of @entity923 . 13 of them had @entity51 . 28 of the examined @entity1 had pathological neurographical findings only. About 1 week post-operatively DL was decreased in 43%; in 10 out of 13 @entity1 with @entity51 DL decreased. GH was normalized in 80% and reduced to 5-10 micrograms/l in a further 10%. The investigation did not show whether the @entity923 only depended on a GH increase or on other factors also such as e.g., on the duration of symptoms or tissue changes. None of the @entity1 had the transversal carpal ligament operated on. The coincidence between @entity2012 and @entity923 was 64%. In 3 cases the @entity923 was the leading sign to the diagnosis of @entity2012 .

title: @entity923 and XXXX .

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: [Purpose] @entity6 is a @entity209 resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A consequence of this is chronic @entity4854 with disturbances in @entity1735 , fat and protein metabolism. We investigated whether there is any difference among @entity3918 @entity1 and a control group in terms of lumbar and femur @entity79 ( @entity79 ), and standard deviation scores (Z score and T score). [Subjects and Methods] This randomized, prospective, controlled, single-blind study was conducted in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department Faculty of Medicine, Bezm-i Alem Vak  f University. @entity1 with @entity6 were included in the @entity1 groups. Healthy individuals were included in the control group. [Results] A total of 126 @entity1 completed the study (63 in the study group, 63 in the control group). There was no significant difference in the results of the laboratory examinations of the cases. The bone mineral densities of the cases were found to be significantly low in terms of the lumbar ( @entity1719 ) T scores in the type 2 @entity6 group. [Conclusion] Although @entity170 is one of the potential complications of type 1 @entity6 , its effect on @entity79 in type 2 @entity3918 is controversial. In different studies, the @entity79 values have increased, decreased or remained normal. With the exception of the lumbar ( @entity1719 ) T score, similar results were obtained in this study.

title: Bone mineral density evaluation of @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'Diabetes mellitus', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorder']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 2 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: [Purpose] @entity6 is a @entity209 resulting from a defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. A consequence of this is chronic @entity4854 with disturbances in @entity1735 , fat and protein metabolism. We investigated whether there is any difference among @entity3918 @entity1 and a control group in terms of lumbar and femur @entity79 ( @entity79 ), and standard deviation scores (Z score and T score). [Subjects and Methods] This randomized, prospective, controlled, single-blind study was conducted in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department Faculty of Medicine, Bezm-i Alem Vak  f University. @entity1 with @entity6 were included in the @entity1 groups. Healthy individuals were included in the control group. [Results] A total of 126 @entity1 completed the study (63 in the study group, 63 in the control group). There was no significant difference in the results of the laboratory examinations of the cases. The bone mineral densities of the cases were found to be significantly low in terms of the lumbar ( @entity1719 ) T scores in the type 2 @entity6 group. [Conclusion] Although @entity170 is one of the potential complications of type 1 @entity6 , its effect on @entity79 in type 2 @entity3918 is controversial. In different studies, the @entity79 values have increased, decreased or remained normal. With the exception of the lumbar ( @entity1719 ) T score, similar results were obtained in this study.

title: Bone mineral density evaluation of XXXX with @entity6 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The pathophysiology of @entity3520 , a task-specific @entity3519 , remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the basal ganglia circuit and the cerebellum during a complex motor sequence learning task carried out with the nonaffected hand in @entity3520 @entity1 . METHODS: We applied structural and functional imaging in 22 @entity3520 @entity1 and 28 matched controls using 3T MRI. With the asymptomatic left hand all @entity1 learned a complex, sequential, five-element sequence-tapping task as accurately and quickly as possible. Functional imaging was measured during a repeated (15 times), fixed block design with tapping (30  sec) and rest (30  sec). Additionally, gray matter volume of the basal ganglia was analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). RESULTS: While behavior was comparable between groups, after small volume correction the anterior part of the right putamen and the left globus pallidus exhibited reduced blood @entity26 level-dependent (BOLD) activity in @entity1 during the sequential finger-tapping task. VBM analysis showed larger gray matter volume bilateral in the posterior part of the putamen and globus pallidus. There were no group differences in the cerebellum. CONCLUSION: The results indicate an impairment of anterior basal ganglia loops involved in producing complex sequential movements of the unaffected hand. These findings are in line with previous reports of reduced neuronal activity in the globus pallidus internus. Higher gray matter volume of the putamen and globus pallidus may stem from elevated activity of the direct pathway, which could reflect a compensatory phenomenon or a primary predisposition, that is, endophenotypic trait.

title: Increased volume and impaired function: the role of the basal ganglia in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ["writer's cramp"]

answer: @entity3520 :: (MESH:D020821,Disease) :: ['writer's cramp']