abstract: @entity599 plays an essential role in plants' growth and development and in their response to various abiotic and biotic stresses despite its leachability and its very low abundance in the only form that plant roots can uptake ( @entity597 ). It is part of @entity1522 , @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ), @entity1433 of proteins and peptides, membrane sulfolipids, cell walls and secondary products, so reduced availability can drastically alter plant growth and development. The nutritional benefits of symbiotic interactions can help the plant in case of @entity4889 . In particular the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interaction improves N, P, and S plant nutrition, but the mechanisms behind these exchanges are not fully known yet. Although the transcriptional changes in the leguminous model plant @entity4166 have been already assessed in several biotic and/or abiotic conditions, @entity4889 has not been considered so far. The aim of this work is to get a first overview on S-deficiency responses in the leaf and root tissues of plants interacting with the AM fungus @entity33674 . Several hundred genes displayed significantly different transcript accumulation levels. Annotation and GO ID association were used to identify biological processes and molecular functions affected by @entity599 starvation. Beside the beneficial effects of AM interaction, plants were greatly affected by the nutritional status, showing various differences in their transcriptomic footprints. Several pathways in which S plays an important role appeared to be differentially affected according to mycorrhizal status, with a generally reduced responsiveness to @entity4889 in mycorrhized plants.

title: Transcriptional responses of @entity4166 upon XXXX deficiency stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

entities_list: @entity33674 :: ('588596', 'Species') :: ['Rhizophagus irregularis']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity4889 :: ('MESH:D018455', 'Disease') :: ['S deficiency']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity599 :: ('MESH:D013455', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfur', 'Sulfur']

entities_list: @entity4166 :: ('3880', 'Species') :: ['Medicago truncatula']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity599 :: (MESH:D013455,Chemical) :: ['sulfur']


abstract: @entity599 plays an essential role in plants' growth and development and in their response to various abiotic and biotic stresses despite its leachability and its very low abundance in the only form that plant roots can uptake ( @entity597 ). It is part of @entity1522 , @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ), @entity1433 of proteins and peptides, membrane sulfolipids, cell walls and secondary products, so reduced availability can drastically alter plant growth and development. The nutritional benefits of symbiotic interactions can help the plant in case of @entity4889 . In particular the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interaction improves N, P, and S plant nutrition, but the mechanisms behind these exchanges are not fully known yet. Although the transcriptional changes in the leguminous model plant @entity4166 have been already assessed in several biotic and/or abiotic conditions, @entity4889 has not been considered so far. The aim of this work is to get a first overview on S-deficiency responses in the leaf and root tissues of plants interacting with the AM fungus @entity33674 . Several hundred genes displayed significantly different transcript accumulation levels. Annotation and GO ID association were used to identify biological processes and molecular functions affected by @entity599 starvation. Beside the beneficial effects of AM interaction, plants were greatly affected by the nutritional status, showing various differences in their transcriptomic footprints. Several pathways in which S plays an important role appeared to be differentially affected according to mycorrhizal status, with a generally reduced responsiveness to @entity4889 in mycorrhized plants.

title: Transcriptional responses of XXXX upon @entity599 deficiency stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

answer: @entity4166 :: (3880,Species) :: ['Medicago truncatula']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3562 ( @entity3562 ) is an independent risk factor for @entity409 , such as @entity1560 and @entity1575 . However, the mechanisms underlying this pro-oxidative effect of @entity1255 ( @entity5784 ) in hepatocytes remain largely unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of @entity5784 on the gene expression of @entity10183 ( @entity10183 ), the primary rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism and a key anti-oxidant detoxification enzyme in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. METHODS: In vivo, twenty male C57BL/6 @entity19 at 8  weeks of age were randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed a chow diet (chow group; n   =   10), the other group of @entity19 was fed a @entity1853 -supplemented diet (Met group, 1  mg  kg(-1)  day(-1)  @entity1853 in drinking water; n   =   10) for 4  weeks. In vitro, HepG2 cells were stimulated with different doses of @entity1255 ( @entity5784 ). RESULTS: Four weeks' @entity1853 supplementation caused a significant increase of plasma @entity5784 concentration and a decrease of @entity10183 expression in the liver of C57BL/6 @entity19 than @entity19 received chow diet. Besides, SOD enzyme activities were impaired and the level of oxidative stress markers, such as @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) were elevated in the liver from @entity19 supplemented with @entity1853 compared with control @entity19 . In cultured hepatocytes, @entity5784 treatment reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of @entity10183 dose-dependently. However, @entity5784 had no effect on the gene expression of @entity10182 , the major transcriptional regulator of @entity10183 . Instead, @entity5784 induced the expression of @entity71730 , a transcriptional repressor of @entity10183 . In addition, @entity5784 stimulated the nuclear localization of @entity71730 but prevented that of @entity10182 . Furthermore, we found that knockdown of @entity71730 attenuated the suppression of the @entity10183 expression by @entity5784 . CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our results demonstrated that @entity71730 plays an important role in @entity5784 -triggered ROS generations through inhibiting @entity10183 expression, likely, resulting from the disturbed interplay between @entity71730 and @entity10182 .

title: XXXX downregulates gene expression of @entity10183 in hepatocytes.

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['fatty liver']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver diseases']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine', 'L-methionine']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity3562 :: ('MESH:D020138', 'Disease') :: ['HHcy', 'Hyperhomocysteinemia']

answer: @entity1255 :: (MESH:D006710,Chemical) :: ['Homocysteine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3562 ( @entity3562 ) is an independent risk factor for @entity409 , such as @entity1560 and @entity1575 . However, the mechanisms underlying this pro-oxidative effect of @entity1255 ( @entity5784 ) in hepatocytes remain largely unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of @entity5784 on the gene expression of @entity10183 ( @entity10183 ), the primary rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism and a key anti-oxidant detoxification enzyme in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. METHODS: In vivo, twenty male C57BL/6 @entity19 at 8  weeks of age were randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed a chow diet (chow group; n   =   10), the other group of @entity19 was fed a @entity1853 -supplemented diet (Met group, 1  mg  kg(-1)  day(-1)  @entity1853 in drinking water; n   =   10) for 4  weeks. In vitro, HepG2 cells were stimulated with different doses of @entity1255 ( @entity5784 ). RESULTS: Four weeks' @entity1853 supplementation caused a significant increase of plasma @entity5784 concentration and a decrease of @entity10183 expression in the liver of C57BL/6 @entity19 than @entity19 received chow diet. Besides, SOD enzyme activities were impaired and the level of oxidative stress markers, such as @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) were elevated in the liver from @entity19 supplemented with @entity1853 compared with control @entity19 . In cultured hepatocytes, @entity5784 treatment reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of @entity10183 dose-dependently. However, @entity5784 had no effect on the gene expression of @entity10182 , the major transcriptional regulator of @entity10183 . Instead, @entity5784 induced the expression of @entity71730 , a transcriptional repressor of @entity10183 . In addition, @entity5784 stimulated the nuclear localization of @entity71730 but prevented that of @entity10182 . Furthermore, we found that knockdown of @entity71730 attenuated the suppression of the @entity10183 expression by @entity5784 . CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our results demonstrated that @entity71730 plays an important role in @entity5784 -triggered ROS generations through inhibiting @entity10183 expression, likely, resulting from the disturbed interplay between @entity71730 and @entity10182 .

title: @entity1255 downregulates gene expression of XXXX in hepatocytes.

answer: @entity10183 :: (15368(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['heme oxygenase-1']


abstract: The pathophysiology of reflexes mediated by the fifth and seventh @entity129 has been studied in 16 @entity1 with @entity9663 and oromandibular @entity3519 compared with normal age-matched subjects. The EMG activity of the @entity3520 in the periocular and jaw muscles was similar to that described in other muscles in @entity1 with generalized @entity24987 . The latency of the R1 and R2 components of the blink reflex and of the corneal reflex was normal. However, the amplitude and the duration of the R1 and R2 and the duration of the corneal reflex were increased. In some @entity1 the R1 component was also present on the side contralateral to the stimulus, while in normal subjects it was present only on the ipsilateral side. The excitability cycle of recovery of the R2 component of the blink reflex after a prior conditioning shock was enhanced in the @entity1 . There were no EEG potentials preceding @entity9663 in the @entity1 , although a Bereitschaftspotential was seen beginning some 500 ms prior to @entity2798 in the same individuals. Exteroceptive suppression in the contracting masseter and orbicularis oculi muscles was absent in 40 to 50 per cent of the @entity1 . The jaw jerk was present in all the @entity1 with normal latency. These results indicate that the neuronal arcs of the facial reflexes in @entity9663 and oromandibular @entity3519 are normal. However, there is an abnormal excitatory drive, perhaps from the basal ganglia, to the facial motoneurons and the interneurons which mediate the facial reflexes in the brainstem.

title: Pathophysiology of XXXX and oromandibular @entity3519 .

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerves']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity24987 :: ('MESH:D004422', 'Disease') :: ['torsion dystonia']

entities_list: @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ['dystonic spasms']

entities_list: @entity9663 :: ('MESH:D001764', 'Disease') :: ['blepharospasm', 'blepharospasms']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary blinks']

answer: @entity9663 :: (MESH:D001764,Disease) :: ['blepharospasm']


abstract: The pathophysiology of reflexes mediated by the fifth and seventh @entity129 has been studied in 16 @entity1 with @entity9663 and oromandibular @entity3519 compared with normal age-matched subjects. The EMG activity of the @entity3520 in the periocular and jaw muscles was similar to that described in other muscles in @entity1 with generalized @entity24987 . The latency of the R1 and R2 components of the blink reflex and of the corneal reflex was normal. However, the amplitude and the duration of the R1 and R2 and the duration of the corneal reflex were increased. In some @entity1 the R1 component was also present on the side contralateral to the stimulus, while in normal subjects it was present only on the ipsilateral side. The excitability cycle of recovery of the R2 component of the blink reflex after a prior conditioning shock was enhanced in the @entity1 . There were no EEG potentials preceding @entity9663 in the @entity1 , although a Bereitschaftspotential was seen beginning some 500 ms prior to @entity2798 in the same individuals. Exteroceptive suppression in the contracting masseter and orbicularis oculi muscles was absent in 40 to 50 per cent of the @entity1 . The jaw jerk was present in all the @entity1 with normal latency. These results indicate that the neuronal arcs of the facial reflexes in @entity9663 and oromandibular @entity3519 are normal. However, there is an abnormal excitatory drive, perhaps from the basal ganglia, to the facial motoneurons and the interneurons which mediate the facial reflexes in the brainstem.

title: Pathophysiology of @entity9663 and oromandibular XXXX .

answer: @entity3519 :: (MESH:D004421,Disease) :: ['dystonia']


abstract: The temporal contrast sensitivity function and temporal frequency discrimination have been studied in normals and in 7 cases of @entity15 or @entity7995 . Sinusoidal gratings of two spatial frequencies (0.2 and 2.0 cycles/deg) were used. The abnormalities demonstrated in the @entity1 varied between individuals but overall a picture has emerged of four @entity154 . The temporal transfer function of the 2 cycles/deg medium spatial frequency grating has a band-pass appearance, whereas it is low-pass in normal subjects (5 out of 8 eyes). The peak of temporal frequency discrimination function (i.e. the temporal frequency at which discrimination is most acute) occurs at a lower temporal frequency in the @entity1 than in normal subjects particularly at the higher spatial frequency (5 out of 8 eyes for a spatial frequency of 2.0 cycles/deg; 2 out of 8 eyes for a spatial frequency of 0.2 cycles/deg). It was found that normal subjects were able to discriminate between the maximum temporal frequency used as a standard in the discrimination experiments (16 Hz) and a higher temporal frequency. In the @entity1 , however, a cut-off in the discrimination function occurred at a temporal frequency well below this (8 out of 8 eyes for a spatial frequency of 2.0 cycles/deg; 2 out of 8 eyes for a spatial frequency of 0.2 cycles/deg). Further to the above result, in a number of @entity1 an attempt was made to ascertain how the gratings were perceived in this abnormally extensive region of ambiguity in the high temporal frequency range. It was found that high temporal frequencies, at a constant contrast level above threshold and constant apparent contrast, were perceived either as flickering at a slower rate than did an intermediate temporal frequency or even appeared stationary. This effect was rare at the lower spatial frequency (1 out of 8 eyes) but was demonstrated in 4 out of 8 eyes at the spatial frequency of 2.0 cycles/deg. It was not specifically sought in all individuals. These results are discussed in the context of an information channelling model of temporal frequency processing in the visual system.

title: Temporal frequency discrimination in @entity7995 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['principal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity7995 :: ('MESH:D009902', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuritis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: The temporal contrast sensitivity function and temporal frequency discrimination have been studied in normals and in 7 cases of @entity15 or @entity7995 . Sinusoidal gratings of two spatial frequencies (0.2 and 2.0 cycles/deg) were used. The abnormalities demonstrated in the @entity1 varied between individuals but overall a picture has emerged of four @entity154 . The temporal transfer function of the 2 cycles/deg medium spatial frequency grating has a band-pass appearance, whereas it is low-pass in normal subjects (5 out of 8 eyes). The peak of temporal frequency discrimination function (i.e. the temporal frequency at which discrimination is most acute) occurs at a lower temporal frequency in the @entity1 than in normal subjects particularly at the higher spatial frequency (5 out of 8 eyes for a spatial frequency of 2.0 cycles/deg; 2 out of 8 eyes for a spatial frequency of 0.2 cycles/deg). It was found that normal subjects were able to discriminate between the maximum temporal frequency used as a standard in the discrimination experiments (16 Hz) and a higher temporal frequency. In the @entity1 , however, a cut-off in the discrimination function occurred at a temporal frequency well below this (8 out of 8 eyes for a spatial frequency of 2.0 cycles/deg; 2 out of 8 eyes for a spatial frequency of 0.2 cycles/deg). Further to the above result, in a number of @entity1 an attempt was made to ascertain how the gratings were perceived in this abnormally extensive region of ambiguity in the high temporal frequency range. It was found that high temporal frequencies, at a constant contrast level above threshold and constant apparent contrast, were perceived either as flickering at a slower rate than did an intermediate temporal frequency or even appeared stationary. This effect was rare at the lower spatial frequency (1 out of 8 eyes) but was demonstrated in 4 out of 8 eyes at the spatial frequency of 2.0 cycles/deg. It was not specifically sought in all individuals. These results are discussed in the context of an information channelling model of temporal frequency processing in the visual system.

title: Temporal frequency discrimination in XXXX and @entity15 .

answer: @entity7995 :: (MESH:D009902,Disease) :: ['optic neuritis']


abstract: Previous studies have shown that fetal substantia nigra (SN) transplanted into a cavity overlying a @entity935 (DA)-denervated caudate nucleus can reverse a number of the @entity146 induced by the denervation. While some histochemical and physiological evidence suggests that this reversal is the result of a functional DA input from the transplant to the host brain, there is little direct evidence for transmitter release from ingrowing graft-derived nerve fibers. In the present work in vivo electrochemistry was used to analyse the magnitude, time course and spatial distribution of neurotransmitter releases evoked by local application of @entity972 (K+) from DA-depleted, SN transplant-reinnervated striatum. Animals were injected unilaterally with @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) into the SN and screened by measuring @entity3826 -induced rotation. Some were then given SN grafts, which were placed in a 'delayed cavity' just dorsal to the lesioned striatum. @entity19588 -coated @entity15583 epoxy capillary (GEC) electrodes were employed for the electrochemistry to minimize signals derived from @entity9050 or acidic DA metabolites. The GEC electrode was fixed to a K+-filled micropipette and this assembly was used to map the caudate nucleus of control, @entity2955 -treated, and @entity2955 -treated, grafted animals. The morphometric relationships between striatal recording sites and transplant location were subsequently verified histologically. Releases from striatal sites within 1.0 mm of the SN grafts were slightly, but not significantly, less than those obtained from control caudate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Monoamine release from XXXX -depleted rat caudate nucleus reinnervated by substantia nigra transplants: an in vivo electrochemical study.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

entities_list: @entity9050 :: ('CHEBI:38290', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbate']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: Preclinical compounds tested in animal models often show limited efficacy when transitioned into @entity1 clinical trials. As a result, many @entity1 are stratified into treatment regimens that have little impact on their disease. In order to create preclinical models that can more accurately predict @entity5 responses, we established @entity1 -derived xenograft (PDX) models of @entity14 ( @entity14 ). Surgically resected @entity5 specimens from @entity14 @entity1 were implanted subcutaneously into athymic @entity19 . Following successful establishment, fourteen models underwent further evaluation to determine whether these models exhibit heterogeneity, both at the cellular and genetic level. Histological review revealed properties not found in @entity14 cell lines, most notably in overall architecture (predominantly columnar epithelium with evidence of gland formation) and the presence of mucin-producing cells. Custom @entity14 gene panels identified somatic driver mutations in each model, and therapeutic efficacy studies in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 were designed to determine how models with known mutations respond to PI3K, @entity3470 , or MAPK inhibitors. Interestingly, MAPK pathway inhibition drove @entity5 responses across most models tested. Noteworthy, the MAPK inhibitor @entity8839 alone did not significantly mediate @entity5 response in the context of a KRAS( @entity4706 ) model, and improved @entity5 responses resulted when combined with @entity3470 inhibition. As a result, these genetically diverse models represent a valuable resource for preclinical efficacy and drug discovery studies.

title: Establishment of genetically diverse @entity1 -derived xenografts of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4706 :: ('p|SUB|G|12|D', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['G12D']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: Preclinical compounds tested in animal models often show limited efficacy when transitioned into @entity1 clinical trials. As a result, many @entity1 are stratified into treatment regimens that have little impact on their disease. In order to create preclinical models that can more accurately predict @entity5 responses, we established @entity1 -derived xenograft (PDX) models of @entity14 ( @entity14 ). Surgically resected @entity5 specimens from @entity14 @entity1 were implanted subcutaneously into athymic @entity19 . Following successful establishment, fourteen models underwent further evaluation to determine whether these models exhibit heterogeneity, both at the cellular and genetic level. Histological review revealed properties not found in @entity14 cell lines, most notably in overall architecture (predominantly columnar epithelium with evidence of gland formation) and the presence of mucin-producing cells. Custom @entity14 gene panels identified somatic driver mutations in each model, and therapeutic efficacy studies in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 were designed to determine how models with known mutations respond to PI3K, @entity3470 , or MAPK inhibitors. Interestingly, MAPK pathway inhibition drove @entity5 responses across most models tested. Noteworthy, the MAPK inhibitor @entity8839 alone did not significantly mediate @entity5 response in the context of a KRAS( @entity4706 ) model, and improved @entity5 responses resulted when combined with @entity3470 inhibition. As a result, these genetically diverse models represent a valuable resource for preclinical efficacy and drug discovery studies.

title: Establishment of genetically diverse XXXX -derived xenografts of @entity14 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: Constipation has many definitions and is often described differently depending on the population queried. Many physicians define @entity1142 as a reduction in the frequency of bowel movements to fewer than three times per week while @entity1 identify more with the symptoms associated with @entity1142 such as difficulty passing stool, hard stool consistency, feelings of abdominal cramping, and feelings of incomplete stool passage. Causes of @entity1142 may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to other factors such as diet, medication, or medical conditions. Constipation can affect anyone as a minor annoyance but up to a quarter of the population experiences it chronically or severely. It can substantially affect quality of life and be debilitating. It is estimated that between 2% to 27% of the population are affected depending upon the definition of @entity1142 used. Chronic @entity1142 is a significant problem in the elderly,, in @entity1 with chronic conditions,    and in @entity1 receiving opioids as part of a treatment regimen.    Up to 20% suffer from chronic @entity1142 in the community-dwelling elderly population while this number increases to approximately 50% to 75% in institutionalized elderly @entity1 . Approximately 90% of @entity1 treated with opioids for non- @entity5 suffer from @entity1142 with this number rising to 95% in @entity1 treated for @entity5 . Chronic @entity1142 can be defined using any one of three options: the Rome III criteria for functional @entity1142 , the American College of Gastroenterology definition, or the American Gastroenterological Association definition. Current treatment options include dietary or bulking agents (i.e. psyllium seed husk), osmotic laxatives (i.e. @entity11884 , @entity5121 , @entity968 [ @entity970 ]), stimulant laxatives (i.e. @entity7272 , @entity15021 , @entity19067 ), and stool softeners (i.e. @entity18543 or @entity460 )., In North America, docusate and a stimulant laxative such as @entity7272 are commonly used in bowel treatment protocols associated with institutionalized elderly and oncology treatments. A paucity of evidence is available to support the use of the stool softener docusate yet it continues to be prescribed in everyday clinical practice for the aforementioned populations.    While the actual cost of docusate is low, additional costs associated with its administration (i.e. nursing time) and its widespread use can be significant. Therefore, this review was undertaken to determine the clinical effectiveness of docusate for the prevention or management of @entity1142 .

title: @entity18543 or @entity18543 ( XXXX or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity11884 :: ('MESH:D007792', 'Chemical') :: ['lactulose']

entities_list: @entity7272 :: ('MESH:D012676', 'Chemical') :: ['sennosides']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity5121 :: ('MESH:D013012', 'Chemical') :: ['sorbitol']

entities_list: @entity15021 :: ('MESH:D001726', 'Chemical') :: ['bisacodyl']

entities_list: @entity18543 :: ('MESH:D004143', 'Chemical') :: ['docusate sodium']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity19067 :: ('CHEBI:32147', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium picosulfate']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['Calcium']


abstract: Constipation has many definitions and is often described differently depending on the population queried. Many physicians define @entity1142 as a reduction in the frequency of bowel movements to fewer than three times per week while @entity1 identify more with the symptoms associated with @entity1142 such as difficulty passing stool, hard stool consistency, feelings of abdominal cramping, and feelings of incomplete stool passage. Causes of @entity1142 may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to other factors such as diet, medication, or medical conditions. Constipation can affect anyone as a minor annoyance but up to a quarter of the population experiences it chronically or severely. It can substantially affect quality of life and be debilitating. It is estimated that between 2% to 27% of the population are affected depending upon the definition of @entity1142 used. Chronic @entity1142 is a significant problem in the elderly,, in @entity1 with chronic conditions,    and in @entity1 receiving opioids as part of a treatment regimen.    Up to 20% suffer from chronic @entity1142 in the community-dwelling elderly population while this number increases to approximately 50% to 75% in institutionalized elderly @entity1 . Approximately 90% of @entity1 treated with opioids for non- @entity5 suffer from @entity1142 with this number rising to 95% in @entity1 treated for @entity5 . Chronic @entity1142 can be defined using any one of three options: the Rome III criteria for functional @entity1142 , the American College of Gastroenterology definition, or the American Gastroenterological Association definition. Current treatment options include dietary or bulking agents (i.e. psyllium seed husk), osmotic laxatives (i.e. @entity11884 , @entity5121 , @entity968 [ @entity970 ]), stimulant laxatives (i.e. @entity7272 , @entity15021 , @entity19067 ), and stool softeners (i.e. @entity18543 or @entity460 )., In North America, docusate and a stimulant laxative such as @entity7272 are commonly used in bowel treatment protocols associated with institutionalized elderly and oncology treatments. A paucity of evidence is available to support the use of the stool softener docusate yet it continues to be prescribed in everyday clinical practice for the aforementioned populations.    While the actual cost of docusate is low, additional costs associated with its administration (i.e. nursing time) and its widespread use can be significant. Therefore, this review was undertaken to determine the clinical effectiveness of docusate for the prevention or management of @entity1142 .

title: XXXX or @entity18543 ( @entity460 or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness

answer: @entity18543 :: (MESH:D004143,Chemical) :: ['Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate']


abstract: Constipation has many definitions and is often described differently depending on the population queried. Many physicians define @entity1142 as a reduction in the frequency of bowel movements to fewer than three times per week while @entity1 identify more with the symptoms associated with @entity1142 such as difficulty passing stool, hard stool consistency, feelings of abdominal cramping, and feelings of incomplete stool passage. Causes of @entity1142 may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to other factors such as diet, medication, or medical conditions. Constipation can affect anyone as a minor annoyance but up to a quarter of the population experiences it chronically or severely. It can substantially affect quality of life and be debilitating. It is estimated that between 2% to 27% of the population are affected depending upon the definition of @entity1142 used. Chronic @entity1142 is a significant problem in the elderly,, in @entity1 with chronic conditions,    and in @entity1 receiving opioids as part of a treatment regimen.    Up to 20% suffer from chronic @entity1142 in the community-dwelling elderly population while this number increases to approximately 50% to 75% in institutionalized elderly @entity1 . Approximately 90% of @entity1 treated with opioids for non- @entity5 suffer from @entity1142 with this number rising to 95% in @entity1 treated for @entity5 . Chronic @entity1142 can be defined using any one of three options: the Rome III criteria for functional @entity1142 , the American College of Gastroenterology definition, or the American Gastroenterological Association definition. Current treatment options include dietary or bulking agents (i.e. psyllium seed husk), osmotic laxatives (i.e. @entity11884 , @entity5121 , @entity968 [ @entity970 ]), stimulant laxatives (i.e. @entity7272 , @entity15021 , @entity19067 ), and stool softeners (i.e. @entity18543 or @entity460 )., In North America, docusate and a stimulant laxative such as @entity7272 are commonly used in bowel treatment protocols associated with institutionalized elderly and oncology treatments. A paucity of evidence is available to support the use of the stool softener docusate yet it continues to be prescribed in everyday clinical practice for the aforementioned populations.    While the actual cost of docusate is low, additional costs associated with its administration (i.e. nursing time) and its widespread use can be significant. Therefore, this review was undertaken to determine the clinical effectiveness of docusate for the prevention or management of @entity1142 .

title: @entity18543 or XXXX ( @entity460 or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness

answer: @entity18543 :: (MESH:D004143,Chemical) :: ['Docusate']


abstract: Early reperfusion after a @entity1563 may reduce @entity583 size, but late reperfusion into necrotic myocardium may alter post- @entity1188 healing. In @entity95 , we compared 1- or 3-week-old scars resulting from permanent @entity1563 to those resulting from a 1- or 3-hour occlusion followed by reperfusion. Reperfusion at 1 hour post-occlusion did not affect scar mechanical properties assessed at 1 week post- @entity1188 , but at 3 weeks post- @entity1188 , these scars had a tensile strength significantly lower than those not reperfused (78 +/- 11 vs. 158 +/- 15 g/mm2, P less than 0.001). They also were composed of a mixture of fibrous tissue (58 +/- 8%) and myocytes (43 +/- 8%) with a @entity720 content of 23 +/- 2.5 mg/g dry weight. The nonreperfused scars had a higher proportion of fibrous tissue (73 +/- 3%) by histological evaluation and a 35% higher @entity720 content (31 +/- 2 mg/g dry weight, P less than 0.001) than the scars reperfused after 1 hour. In contrast, 3-week-old scars resulting from "late" reperfusion at 3 hours post-occlusion were similar to nonreperfused scars in fibrous tissue composition and @entity720 content. Nonetheless, the tensile strength of these scars reperfused 3 hours post-occlusion was significantly less than that of the nonreperfused scars (72 +/- 5 vs. 158 +/- 15 g/mm2, P less than 0.001). The lower tensile strength was associated with a lower collagen cross-link density in this reperfused group of scars. At physiological stress levels (approximately 3 g/mm2), all groups of reperfused and nonreperfused scars had similar mechanical properties in terms of natural strain, stiffness, creep, and stress relaxation. Thus, although the reperfused scars ruptured more easily at high stresses, when assessed at physiological stresses their mechanical properties were not significantly different from those of nonreperfused scars.

title: Effects of reperfusion after coronary artery occlusion on post- XXXX scar tissue.

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarct']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarction']


abstract: Eighteen volunteers with a mean age of 63.3 years, who were asymptomatic and without significant @entity299 , were investigated with standard electrophysiological tests, performed before and after inhibition of autonomous neural tone with @entity1169 (0.1 mg . kg-1) and @entity3897 (0.02 mg . kg-1). In addition heart rate responses to maximal exercise, carotid sinus pressure and bolus injection of @entity3044 (0.01 microgram . kg-1) were studied to evaluate the relation between different functional qualities of the cardiac conduction system. Autonomous tone inhibition (ATI) caused significant reductions in the mean PP-interval, sinus code recovery time (SNRT) and corrected sinus node recovery time (CSNRT). Furthermore, the precision of CSNRT determinations increased after ATI. In contrast, the AV-node effective refractory period and conduction time ( @entity3798 ) did not change after ATI. A significant correlation existed between CSNRT and heart rate after ATI, both variables reflecting sinus node @entity10804 , while no covariation was found between CSNRT and the response to @entity3044 stimulation. AV-node refractoriness and conduction time showed covariation after, but not before, autonomous inhibition. As elderly asymptomatic non- @entity1 were examined the use of the presented group characteristics as reference values for diagnostic investigations is suggested. For example pre-drug CSNRT above 545 ms (mean + 2 SD) or above 505 ms after ATI, indicates @entity1817 .

title: Autonomous influence on sinus node and AV node function in the elderly without significant XXXX : assessment with electrophysiological and autonomic tests.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3798 :: ('MESH:D007039', 'Disease') :: ['AH-interval']

entities_list: @entity10804 :: ('MESH:C537069', 'Disease') :: ['automaticity']

entities_list: @entity1817 :: ('MESH:D012804', 'Disease') :: ['impaired sinus node automaticity']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['heart disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity154 present a rare but important physical and emotional challenge for @entity1 and parents. Radiological imaging is important for accurate diagnosis, to aid decision making and to monitor changes in the growing hand. The goal of any treatment is to help the @entity1 achieve his/her maximum potential, to provide a useful hand with attention to cosmesis. We investigated the range of @entity154 imaged in a tertiary referral centre. We examined the timing of imaging and the key clinical questions. METHODS: The radiology imaging system was searched retrospectively for radiographs of @entity154 over a 6-year period. The images were reviewed and @entity1 demographics, diagnosis and other imaging recorded. RESULTS: Over 6  years, 85 @entity1 had imaging. Twenty-three @entity1 had bilateral problems and 11 had recognised syndromes. The most common abnormalities imaged were duplicated thumbs (28  %), followed by syndactyly (18  %). @entity1 were first imaged as early as 1  day old, with the median age of initial imaging 12  months. CONCLUSIONS: Thumb duplication and syndactyly are the most common conditions for which radiographs are requested at our hospital, although overall syndactyly is considered the most common @entity154 . For a variety of reasons, @entity1 are often imaged very early, before review by the Specialist in @entity1 's Hand Surgery (despite surgery being unlikely before 1  year of age.) We discuss the classification systems and specific issues that hand surgeons want to know from the radiologists.

title: Radiological imaging of XXXX -a 6-year single-centre experience and what the hand surgeons want to know.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital hand anomalies', 'congenital hand anomaly', 'congenital hand anomalies']

answer: @entity154 :: (MESH:D000013,Disease) :: ['congenital hand anomalies']


abstract: The reproducibility of coronary sinus blood flow (CSBF) (thermodilution technique) and myocardial metabolism (exchange of @entity26 , @entity880 , free @entity1718 , @entity413 , @entity1792 , @entity2227 and @entity493 ) during two identical pacing periods separated by 45 min were studied in eight @entity1 with chronic @entity453 . The mean of the individual difference (delta-values) between values during the first (T1) and second (T2) test, at corresponding times (rest, pacing and after 3-5 min of recovery), were calculated and expressed as a percentage of the resting level of each parameter in order to assess their reproducibility. All @entity1 experienced @entity951 during both pacing sessions, and pacetime to onset of symptoms did not differ between the tests. Group values for haemodynamics and exchange of metabolites were acceptably reproducible throughout the period under study. Mean delta-values of CSBF ranged from 10% to 16% and myocardial @entity26 uptake from 14% to 22% in relation to the resting levels. In contrast, mean delta-values of metabolites ranged from 5% to 136% in relation to the respective A-V differences during the study. The greatest variation occurred during pacing and of all the metabolites @entity880 exchange varied most. A spontaneous variation in the degree of ischaemia during repeat stress tests might be the major reason for the metabolite variability. Changes in CSBF, however, tended to correlate inversely to the delta-aortocoronary sinus differences of substrates during pacing. Precision of chemical analysis and blood sampling technique were of minor importance for the variability. Since @entity880 exchange varied most, the study suggests that additional measurements should be made of more metabolites when assessing the efficacy of therapy by means of myocardial metabolism.

title: Reproducibility of coronary haemodynamics and cardiac metabolism during pacing-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['angina pectoris']


abstract: The results of foot lymphography in 295 @entity1 with @entity1204 observed from 1968 to 1978 at two institutions are reported. One hundred and eighty-two were new cases, 61 were recurrences, and 52 were @entity1 who underwent restaging diagnostic procedures without clinical evidence of disease. The incidence of lymphatic spread was correlated with the clinical stage, the pathologic stage, and the extent of recurrent disease. In fact, in the 182 new cases, at clinical stage, the pathologic stage, lymphography was positive in 8.9% of @entity1 at Stage I, 28.6% at Stage II, 57.1% at Stage III, and 66.6% at Stage IV disease; at pathological stage, lymphography was positive in 8% of @entity1 at Stage I, 14.8% at Stage II, 39.3% at Stage II, and 53.3% at Stage IV disease. There was lymph node involvement in 47.5% of the 61 pretreated @entity1 . Finally, in 52 pretreated @entity1 with no evidence of disease, the incidence of lymph node involvement was 7.7%. In new cases, @entity3 were found only in the pelvic nodes in 56.2% of the @entity1 and only in the para-aortic nodes in 9.5%; in 34.3%, both chains were simultaneously involved. The five-year survival rate for @entity1 at Stage I, II, and @entity66 with positive lymphography was 35% as compared with 73% for negative cases. In @entity1 at Stage I and II, the difference of survival was equal to 24%. The reliability of the results is confirmed by the concordance with the data of the literature on histologic involvement, by the first radiologic-pathologic comparison, and by the clinical course of the positive cases. Lymphography is of unquestionable value for an appropriate staging and for a correct plan of treatment.

title: Are retroperitoneal lymph node XXXX a major problem in @entity1204 ? Diagnostic and prognostic assessment with lymphography.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['III disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: The results of foot lymphography in 295 @entity1 with @entity1204 observed from 1968 to 1978 at two institutions are reported. One hundred and eighty-two were new cases, 61 were recurrences, and 52 were @entity1 who underwent restaging diagnostic procedures without clinical evidence of disease. The incidence of lymphatic spread was correlated with the clinical stage, the pathologic stage, and the extent of recurrent disease. In fact, in the 182 new cases, at clinical stage, the pathologic stage, lymphography was positive in 8.9% of @entity1 at Stage I, 28.6% at Stage II, 57.1% at Stage III, and 66.6% at Stage IV disease; at pathological stage, lymphography was positive in 8% of @entity1 at Stage I, 14.8% at Stage II, 39.3% at Stage II, and 53.3% at Stage IV disease. There was lymph node involvement in 47.5% of the 61 pretreated @entity1 . Finally, in 52 pretreated @entity1 with no evidence of disease, the incidence of lymph node involvement was 7.7%. In new cases, @entity3 were found only in the pelvic nodes in 56.2% of the @entity1 and only in the para-aortic nodes in 9.5%; in 34.3%, both chains were simultaneously involved. The five-year survival rate for @entity1 at Stage I, II, and @entity66 with positive lymphography was 35% as compared with 73% for negative cases. In @entity1 at Stage I and II, the difference of survival was equal to 24%. The reliability of the results is confirmed by the concordance with the data of the literature on histologic involvement, by the first radiologic-pathologic comparison, and by the clinical course of the positive cases. Lymphography is of unquestionable value for an appropriate staging and for a correct plan of treatment.

title: Are retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 a major problem in XXXX ? Diagnostic and prognostic assessment with lymphography.

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Grass @entity3587 ( @entity7435 .) is a valuable resource for potentially durable partial resistance to rust. To gain insight into the resistance mechanism and identify potential resistance genes, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptome assemblies from control and Uromyces pisi inoculated leafs of a susceptible and a partially rust-resistant grass @entity3587 genotype by RNA-seq. RESULTS: 134,914 contigs, shared by both libraries, were used to analyse their differential expression in response to @entity281 . Functional annotation grouped 60.4% of the contigs present in plant databases (37.8% of total) to 33 main functional categories, being "protein", "RNA", "signalling", "transport" and "stress" the most represented. Transcription profiles revealed considerable differences in regulation of major phytohormone signalling pathways: whereas Salicylic and Abscisic Acid pathways were up-regulated in the resistant genotype, @entity7214 and @entity1786 pathways were down-regulated in the susceptible one. As potential Resistance-genes we identified a mildew resistance locus O (MLO)-like gene, and MLO-related transcripts. Also, several pathogenesis-related genes were up-regulated in the resistant and exclusively down regulated in the susceptible genotype. Pathogen effectors identified in both inoculated libraries, as e.g. the rust Rtp1 transcript, may be responsible for the down-regulation of defence-related transcripts. The two genotypes contained 4,892 polymorphic contigs with SNPs unevenly distributed between different functional categories. Protein degradation (29.7%) and signalling receptor kinases (8.2%) were the most diverged, illustrating evolutionary adaptation of grass @entity3587 to the host/pathogens arms race. CONCLUSIONS: The vast array of novel, resistance-related genomic information we present here provides a highly valuable resource for future smart breeding approaches in this hitherto under-researched, valuable legume crop.

title: Allelic diversity in the transcriptomes of contrasting rust-infected genotypes of XXXX , a lasting resource for smart breeding.

entities_list: @entity7214 :: ('MESH:C011006', 'Chemical') :: ['Jasmonate']

entities_list: @entity7435 :: ('3860', 'Species') :: ['Lathyrus sativus L']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['rust infection']

entities_list: @entity1786 :: ('MESH:C036216', 'Chemical') :: ['Ethylene']

answer: @entity7435 :: (3860,Species) :: ['Lathyrus sativus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The hemolytic activity of inhaled particles such as @entity3440 has been widely investigated in the past and represents a usual toxicological endpoint to characterize particle reactivity despite the fact that red blood cells (RBCs) are not involved in the pathogenesis of @entity55 or @entity82 caused by some inhaled particles. The inflammatory process induced by @entity3440 starts with the activation of the inflammasome, which leads to the release of mature @entity635 . One of the upstream mechanisms causing activation of the inflammasome is the labilization of the phagolysosomal membrane after particle phagocytosis. Considering RBC lysis as a model of membrane damage, we evaluated the relationship between hemolytic activity and inflammasome-dependent release of @entity635 for a panel of selected @entity3440 particles, in search of the toxicological significance of the hemolytic activity of an inhaled particle. METHODS: Well-characterized @entity3440 particles, including four quartz samples and a vitreous @entity3440 , with different surface properties and hemolytic potential were tested for their capacity to induce inflammasome-dependent release of @entity635 in LPS-primed primary @entity19 peritoneal macrophages by ELISA and Western blot analysis. The mechanisms of @entity635 maturation and release were clarified by using ASC-deficient cells and inhibitors of phagocytosis and @entity19292 . RESULTS: The @entity3440 samples induced dose-dependent @entity2142 and @entity635 release of different amplitudes. A significant correlation between @entity635 release and hemolytic activity was evidenced (r   =   0.827) by linear regression analysis. @entity635 release was completely abolished in ASC-deficient cells and reduced by inhibitors, confirming the involvement of the inflammasome and the requirement of phagocytosis and @entity19292 for activation. CONCLUSIONS: The same physico-chemical properties of @entity3440 particles which are relevant for the lysis of the RBC membrane also appear implicated in the labilization of the phagolysosome, leading to inflammasome activation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine @entity635 . These findings strengthen the relevance of the @entity2142 assay to predict the pro-inflammatory activity of @entity3440 dusts.

title: Why does the hemolytic activity of XXXX predict its pro-inflammatory activity?

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis']

answer: @entity3440 :: (MESH:D012822,Chemical) :: ['silica']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: BackgroundMammography screen-detected @entity0 have a better prognosis than predicted from established prognostic markers. A search for additional features that are characteristic for these @entity5 and their prognosis is needed to reduce overtreatment, a recognized challenge in @entity0 @entity1 management today. Here, we have investigated the occurrence and importance of @entity5 @entity2652 .MethodsWe performed a population based retrospective study of @entity0 detected in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Vestfold County during 2004  2009. In total, 197 invasive screen-detected @entity5 and 75 @entity5 in @entity1 aged 50  69 years were compared with regard to standard clinico-pathological parameters and @entity5 shape, as well as ER, PR, @entity1722 and Ki67 expression. In particular, the presence of elastotic @entity5 was graded on a 4-tiered scale (score 0  3).ResultsScreen-detected @entity5 had a significantly higher content of stromal @entity2652 than @entity5 (p  <  0.001). High content of @entity2652 (score 3) correlated strongly with stellate @entity5 shape, low histological grade, and ER+/ @entity1722 - status. Further, high @entity2652 score was significantly associated with lower Ki67 expression. In survival analyses, cases with high @entity2652 demonstrated increased recurrence free (p  =  0.03) and disease-specific survival (p  =  0.11) compared to cases with @entity258 .ConclusionThere is a strong correlation between the presence of @entity5 shape and mammography detection of @entity0 . To our knowledge, this is the first time @entity2652 has been studied in relation to @entity0 detection method. Presence of @entity2652 is associated with low @entity5 cell proliferation (Ki67) and a good prognosis.Virtual SlidesThe virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_230.

title: XXXX stromal @entity2652 is associated with mammography screening detection, low Ki67 expression and favourable prognosis in a population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['elastosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['material in tumours', 'interval cancers', 'cancers', 'tumour elastosis, stellate tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low elastosis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: BackgroundMammography screen-detected @entity0 have a better prognosis than predicted from established prognostic markers. A search for additional features that are characteristic for these @entity5 and their prognosis is needed to reduce overtreatment, a recognized challenge in @entity0 @entity1 management today. Here, we have investigated the occurrence and importance of @entity5 @entity2652 .MethodsWe performed a population based retrospective study of @entity0 detected in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Programme in Vestfold County during 2004  2009. In total, 197 invasive screen-detected @entity5 and 75 @entity5 in @entity1 aged 50  69 years were compared with regard to standard clinico-pathological parameters and @entity5 shape, as well as ER, PR, @entity1722 and Ki67 expression. In particular, the presence of elastotic @entity5 was graded on a 4-tiered scale (score 0  3).ResultsScreen-detected @entity5 had a significantly higher content of stromal @entity2652 than @entity5 (p  <  0.001). High content of @entity2652 (score 3) correlated strongly with stellate @entity5 shape, low histological grade, and ER+/ @entity1722 - status. Further, high @entity2652 score was significantly associated with lower Ki67 expression. In survival analyses, cases with high @entity2652 demonstrated increased recurrence free (p  =  0.03) and disease-specific survival (p  =  0.11) compared to cases with @entity258 .ConclusionThere is a strong correlation between the presence of @entity5 shape and mammography detection of @entity0 . To our knowledge, this is the first time @entity2652 has been studied in relation to @entity0 detection method. Presence of @entity2652 is associated with low @entity5 cell proliferation (Ki67) and a good prognosis.Virtual SlidesThe virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_230.

title: @entity0 stromal XXXX is associated with mammography screening detection, low Ki67 expression and favourable prognosis in a population-based study.

answer: @entity2652 :: (MESH:D005148,Disease) :: ['elastosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT The authors prospectively analyzed 2 microscope-integrated videoangiography techniques using intravenous @entity3194 (ICG) and @entity941 for assessment of cerebral @entity439 and adjacent vessel patency. METHODS The authors prospectively enrolled 22 @entity1 who underwent clip ligation of their @entity439 and used intraoperative videoangiography to assess obliteration of the aneurysmal sac and patency of the adjacent branching and perforating arteries. @entity1 underwent ICG videoangiography (ICG-VA) and the newly developed @entity941 videoangiography (FL-VA) using microscope-integrated fluorescence modules. Two independent observers compared the videoangiography recordings for value and quality to assess @entity439 exclusion and the patency of adjacent arteries. RESULTS All 22 @entity1 first underwent FL-VA and then ICG-VA after clip application. In 7 cases (32%), FL-VA provided superior detail to assess perforating arteries (4 cases), distal branches (2 cases), and both (1 case); such detail was not readily available on ICG-VA. In 1 @entity1 , ICG-VA offered better visualization of posterior communicating @entity432 than FL-VA because of staining artifact on the @entity439 dome from the adjacent tentorium. In 2 @entity1 , FL-VA offered the needed advantage of real-time manipulation of the vessels and flow assessment by visualization through the operating microscope oculars. In 2 other cases, ICG-VA was more practical for repeat usage because of its more efficient clearance from the intravascular space. The ICG-VA image quality was often degraded at higher magnification in deep operative fields, partly due to chromatic aberration. Both ICG-VA and FL-VA afforded restricted views of vasculature based on the angle of surgical approach and obscuration by @entity4461 , @entity439 , or brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS Compared with ICG-VA, FL-VA can potentially provide an improved visualization of vasculature at high magnification in deep surgical fields. ICG-VA is more effective for repeated use during clip repositioning due to ICG's minimal vascular wall extravasation. Therefore, in certain cases, FL-VA may offer some advantages and play a complementary role along with ICG-VA in intraoperative fluorescence evaluation during microsurgical management of @entity439 .

title: A prospective comparative study of microscope-integrated intraoperative XXXX and indocyanine videoangiography for clip ligation of complex cerebral aneurysms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm obliteration', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['blood clot']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery aneurysm occlusion']

answer: @entity941 :: (MESH:D019793,Chemical) :: ['fluorescein']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Thai traditional remedy called Kabpi (KP) has long been usedfor oral and @entity281 . It composed with four herbs Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr etPerry, Nigella sativa L., Limonia acidissima L. andAchasma sphaerocephalum Holtt. OBJECTIVE: To investigate antimicrobial activity ofKP remedy extracts and its plant components. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The extract procedures were maceration method with 95% @entity1068 , 50% @entity1068 and dried by evaporator and boiling in water, filtrated dried by lyophilizer The residue from the maceration in 95% @entity1068 and 50% @entity1068 were boiled in water and dried by lyophilizer In the preliminary studied, all extracts were evaluated antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. All extracts were tested against one type of gram positive bacteria @entity794 (ATCC 25923) and one type ofyeast @entity5132 (ATCC 90028). The active plant extracts were diluted to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by microtiter plate-based assay. RESULTS: The 95% @entity1068 extract of KP remedy showed antimicrobial activity against @entity794 (ATCC 25923) and @entity5132 (ATCC 90028) (MIC = 0.625, 0.625 mg/ml, respectively). The zone of inhibition ofall extracts were in the range of 7.33 to 23.33 mm. The 95% @entity1068 extract ofAchasma sphaerocephalum Holtt. showed the highest inhibition zone against @entity794 21.00 mm (MIC = 0.625 mg/ml). The 95% @entity1068 extract ofSyzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr etPerry exhibited the best antimicrobial activity against @entity5132 the inhibition zone with inhibition zone of23.33 mm (MIC = 0.156 mg/ml). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the extracts ofKP remedy and its plant components had an antimicrobial effect against oral and @entity281 such as @entity794 and @entity5132 . These results support using this remedy of Thai traditional medicine called Kabpifor oral and @entity281 .

title: Antimicrobial activity of extracts from a Thai traditional remedy called Kabpi for oral and XXXX and its plant components.

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['throat infection']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['throat infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to define the optimal approach for self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) installing in the cervical esophagus in cases of @entity5 and to select the optimal types of stents for this @entity5 location. MATERIALS: From 2004 to 2013 in P.A. Herzen Moscow Cancer Research Institute in 24 @entity1 with cervical @entity5 @entity850 endoscopic stenting was performed. 70% of installed stents were Choo Cervical (M.I. Tech, Korea), 13%--unspecialized Choo and Hanaro stents (M.I. Tech, Korea), and 17%--Gianturco-Z stents (Wilson-Cook, Ireland). Main contraindication for cervical esophagus stenting was location of the @entity5 margin less than 1 cm from the upper esophageal sphincter. In 21% of cases, endoscopic stenting was performed under combined @entity38396 - and endoscopic guidance, in 79%-- using only endoscopic approach. RESULTS: Technical success of stent placement was achieved in all @entity1 ; SEMS was installed at the previously defined level. The accuracy of stenting was not depended from the type of guidance procedure. The most intensive @entity158 was observed in cases with "not specialized" stents with diameter of 18, 20 or 22 mm. Average @entity158 level in such @entity1 was 4.54 points (VAS). In the subgroup with "cervical" stents average @entity158 intensity was not exceed 3 points. @entity1118 syndrome lasts lifelong in 17% of @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The procedure of SEMS positioning under endoscopic guidance with individual selection of stent type allows restoring oral nutrition in @entity1 with severe @entity5 @entity850 of the cervical esophagus.

title: [Endoscopic stenting of XXXX in the cervical esophagus].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'esophagus tumor', 'malignant stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic pain']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant stenosis']


abstract: AIM: To investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of @entity1 with @entity120 ( @entity120 ) and @entity120 ( @entity120 ), regions of their residence, the specific features of diagnosis and drug therapy, and the @entity1 ' survival within the framework of a multicenter open-label prospective study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study enrolled @entity1 over 18 years of age with @entity120 classified as Group 1 ( @entity120 ) and Group 4 ( @entity120 ). The follow-up was made in 9 expert centers of Russia on January 1 to February 28, 2014. The data of @entity1 with @entity120 and @entity120 were electronically entered at the register website: www.pul-hyp.medibase.ru. RESULTS: The study included 242 @entity1 (183 @entity1 and 59 @entity1 ) from 44 regions of the Russian Federation. @entity120 of different etiologies was present in 79.3%, including 43.8% with idiopathic @entity120 , 28.5% with @entity299 -associated @entity120 , 6.2% with diffuse connective tissue-associated @entity120 , 0.8% with hereditary @entity120 ; 20.7% were diagnosed with @entity120 . The @entity1 ' mean age at the inclusion in the register was 43.2    15.8 years; the median @entity120 duration was 4.4 years (1.4 to 10.6%). The distance covered during a 6-minute walk test was 395.2?111.1 m; the Borg dyspnea index was 3.4    1.4 scores and the functional class was 2.5    0.8. After right cardiac catheterization, the mean pulmonary artery pressure was 53.1    19.5 mm Hg; cardiac output, 3.8    1.2 l/ min; cardiac index, 2.1    0.6 l/min/m2; pulmonary vascular resistance, 1105    677.6 dyn  sec/cm5. A positive acute pharmacological test was seen in 16.3% of the @entity1 . The most common comorbidity was erosive @entity1066 of the gastrointestinal tract (23.5%), @entity101 (16.9%), and @entity28 (16.5%). 66% of the @entity1 received @entity120 -specific therapy: @entity7855 (51.6%), @entity12584 (20.9%), or iloprost (7%); 7.4% of the @entity1 were observed within the framework of clinical trials, 17.7% received combined therapy for @entity120 : 16.3 and 1.4% had dual- or triple-component therapy, respectively; 55.8% of the @entity1 took @entity460 antagonists, 61.4% had diuretics, 85.6% had antithrombotic drugs. The survival rates were 98% in the first year of the follow-up and 90.1% by the end of 2013. CONCLUSION: The formation of a national register of @entity1 with @entity120 and @entity120 makes it possible to introduce current approaches to diagnosing and treating the @entity1 of this category and to evaluate the efficiency and quality of rendered medical care and will contribute to the estimation of required health care volumes and the expenditure of public health resources.

title: [Pulmonary XXXX in Russia: the first results of the national register].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative lesion']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension', 'CTEPH', 'PH']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: From the trypsinized skin of a @entity95 embryo, a fibroblastic cell line has been obtained ( @entity9058 cells). The primary seed lot has been established at 11th passage. The tests for tumorigenicity on nu/nu @entity19 were negative (10(4) cell/animal) at passage level 11th and 50th. Cell growth and morphology were not altered when 100 passages were performed. @entity9058 cells were tested for their susceptibility to @entity17839 . The production of virus on @entity9058 cells was investigated after infection by the P.V. @entity17839 adapted to several cell types ( @entity291 fetal kidney, Vero and BHK cells). For the evaluation of an experimental rabies vaccine produced with this substrate, @entity9058 cells were compared to Vero cells. The synthesis of glycoprotein (EIA) and the immunogenicity (NIH test) were similar for the vaccines obtained with both cell systems. @entity9058 cells could therefore be an alternative to Vero cells for the production of a cell culture inactivated rabies vaccine.

title: A rabies vaccine produced in a non-tumorigenic XXXX cell line.

entities_list: @entity17839 :: ('11292', 'Species') :: ['rabies virus', 'rabies virus strain']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: The evaluation of the risk of complications and @entity204 from cardiovascular causes is conducted in all @entity1 with @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) using a variety of methods. The assessment of the risk of @entity65 , including also @entity204 , the cause of which are @entity65 , is a very important and essential part of clinical evaluation. Moreover, all @entity1 with @entity1187 are assessed as regards the risk of complications and in-hospital mortality and the short- and long-term @entity1 outcomes. Recently, in the prognostic assessment of @entity1187 @entity1 attention has been paid to @entity4854 , @entity491 , and decreased GFR, which might worsen the prognosis. @entity4854 on admission and especially its occurrence and persistence during hospitalization speak for particularly poor prognosis. Furthermore, the annual and long-term mortality rate is observed to increase with the higher HbA1c level, regardless of the @entity413 concentration on admission to hospital. Increased risk of the occurrence of @entity65 is observed with the intensity of the @entity32 which is reflected, among others, in elevated number of peripheral blood leukocytes. Attention is drawn to the higher rate of complications in @entity1 with @entity491 . The correlation between the increase in leukocyte count and all-cause mortality is statistically significant. A higher risk of non- fatal @entity583 is also observed with the @entity491 . Neutrophils, which are the main pool of white blood cells, and whose activation is observed during PCI, may play a role in these unfavorable phenomena. This activation results in increased production of @entity26 free radicals by these cells, intensification of adhesion and aggregation. A number of studies point to the cardioprotective mechanism of action of statins (anti-inflammatory and anti- @entity715 ) in @entity1 with @entity1187 . The use of leukocyte reduction filters in @entity1 during CABG may be one of the methods limiting the impact of @entity491 on @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity1187 . @entity177 is a strong and independent predictor of mortality in @entity1 with @entity1187 . Contrast-induced @entity8 is a complication following coronarography which is performed in @entity1 with @entity1187 for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. @entity4854 also has an adverse effect on this complication. The prevention of contrast-induced @entity8 includes the use of statins prior to PCI.

title: [The prognostic value of XXXX , @entity491 and decreased glomerular filtration rate in @entity1187 --pharmacological protection capabilities].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['increased baseline leukocytosis', 'leukocytosis', 'increase of leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Renal failure']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia', 'Hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events', 'cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemia']


abstract: The evaluation of the risk of complications and @entity204 from cardiovascular causes is conducted in all @entity1 with @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) using a variety of methods. The assessment of the risk of @entity65 , including also @entity204 , the cause of which are @entity65 , is a very important and essential part of clinical evaluation. Moreover, all @entity1 with @entity1187 are assessed as regards the risk of complications and in-hospital mortality and the short- and long-term @entity1 outcomes. Recently, in the prognostic assessment of @entity1187 @entity1 attention has been paid to @entity4854 , @entity491 , and decreased GFR, which might worsen the prognosis. @entity4854 on admission and especially its occurrence and persistence during hospitalization speak for particularly poor prognosis. Furthermore, the annual and long-term mortality rate is observed to increase with the higher HbA1c level, regardless of the @entity413 concentration on admission to hospital. Increased risk of the occurrence of @entity65 is observed with the intensity of the @entity32 which is reflected, among others, in elevated number of peripheral blood leukocytes. Attention is drawn to the higher rate of complications in @entity1 with @entity491 . The correlation between the increase in leukocyte count and all-cause mortality is statistically significant. A higher risk of non- fatal @entity583 is also observed with the @entity491 . Neutrophils, which are the main pool of white blood cells, and whose activation is observed during PCI, may play a role in these unfavorable phenomena. This activation results in increased production of @entity26 free radicals by these cells, intensification of adhesion and aggregation. A number of studies point to the cardioprotective mechanism of action of statins (anti-inflammatory and anti- @entity715 ) in @entity1 with @entity1187 . The use of leukocyte reduction filters in @entity1 during CABG may be one of the methods limiting the impact of @entity491 on @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity1187 . @entity177 is a strong and independent predictor of mortality in @entity1 with @entity1187 . Contrast-induced @entity8 is a complication following coronarography which is performed in @entity1 with @entity1187 for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. @entity4854 also has an adverse effect on this complication. The prevention of contrast-induced @entity8 includes the use of statins prior to PCI.

title: [The prognostic value of @entity4854 , XXXX and decreased glomerular filtration rate in @entity1187 --pharmacological protection capabilities].

answer: @entity491 :: (MESH:D007964,Disease) :: ['leukocytosis']


abstract: The evaluation of the risk of complications and @entity204 from cardiovascular causes is conducted in all @entity1 with @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) using a variety of methods. The assessment of the risk of @entity65 , including also @entity204 , the cause of which are @entity65 , is a very important and essential part of clinical evaluation. Moreover, all @entity1 with @entity1187 are assessed as regards the risk of complications and in-hospital mortality and the short- and long-term @entity1 outcomes. Recently, in the prognostic assessment of @entity1187 @entity1 attention has been paid to @entity4854 , @entity491 , and decreased GFR, which might worsen the prognosis. @entity4854 on admission and especially its occurrence and persistence during hospitalization speak for particularly poor prognosis. Furthermore, the annual and long-term mortality rate is observed to increase with the higher HbA1c level, regardless of the @entity413 concentration on admission to hospital. Increased risk of the occurrence of @entity65 is observed with the intensity of the @entity32 which is reflected, among others, in elevated number of peripheral blood leukocytes. Attention is drawn to the higher rate of complications in @entity1 with @entity491 . The correlation between the increase in leukocyte count and all-cause mortality is statistically significant. A higher risk of non- fatal @entity583 is also observed with the @entity491 . Neutrophils, which are the main pool of white blood cells, and whose activation is observed during PCI, may play a role in these unfavorable phenomena. This activation results in increased production of @entity26 free radicals by these cells, intensification of adhesion and aggregation. A number of studies point to the cardioprotective mechanism of action of statins (anti-inflammatory and anti- @entity715 ) in @entity1 with @entity1187 . The use of leukocyte reduction filters in @entity1 during CABG may be one of the methods limiting the impact of @entity491 on @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity1187 . @entity177 is a strong and independent predictor of mortality in @entity1 with @entity1187 . Contrast-induced @entity8 is a complication following coronarography which is performed in @entity1 with @entity1187 for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. @entity4854 also has an adverse effect on this complication. The prevention of contrast-induced @entity8 includes the use of statins prior to PCI.

title: [The prognostic value of @entity4854 , @entity491 and decreased glomerular filtration rate in XXXX --pharmacological protection capabilities].

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['acute coronary syndromes']


abstract: Partial or complete absence of the thymus ( @entity2418 , III-IV @entity2418 ) is often associated with @entity5451 or @entity509 of the parathyroid glands and, almost invariably, with @entity65 . The clinical and pathologcial findings in 10 cases proven at necropsy are presented. All @entity1 presented with cardiac symptoms and signs in the first weeks of life and, with one exception, all died of a cardiac cause. @entity65 were found in all 10 cases. Four had, in association with a @entity1757 of the infundibular type, an interrupted @entity8521 , which was left-sided in two and right-sided in two other cases. Four @entity1 had truncus arteriosus type I, in two of them associated with a right-sided @entity8521 . Two @entity1 with @entity215 had a right-sided @entity8521 . Only two of the 10 had a normally developed left @entity8521 . Aberrant subclavian arteries were found in five cases. From our observations and a survey of the previously published @entity1 it appears that 90 per cent of the necropsy-proven cases of @entity2418 have @entity65 and that 95 per cent of these malformations can be classified as @entity6127 , truncus ateriosus, or @entity215 .

title: @entity65 in XXXX (congenital absence of hypoplasia of the thymus).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8521 :: ('MESH:D001015', 'Disease') :: ['aortic arch']

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity2418 :: ('MESH:D004062', 'Disease') :: ['pharyngeal pouch syndrome', 'DiGeorge syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6127 :: ('MESH:D007569', 'Disease') :: ['aortic arch anomalies']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Major cardiovascular malformations', 'cardiovascular malformations']

answer: @entity2418 :: (MESH:D004062,Disease) :: ['DiGeorge syndrome']


abstract: Partial or complete absence of the thymus ( @entity2418 , III-IV @entity2418 ) is often associated with @entity5451 or @entity509 of the parathyroid glands and, almost invariably, with @entity65 . The clinical and pathologcial findings in 10 cases proven at necropsy are presented. All @entity1 presented with cardiac symptoms and signs in the first weeks of life and, with one exception, all died of a cardiac cause. @entity65 were found in all 10 cases. Four had, in association with a @entity1757 of the infundibular type, an interrupted @entity8521 , which was left-sided in two and right-sided in two other cases. Four @entity1 had truncus arteriosus type I, in two of them associated with a right-sided @entity8521 . Two @entity1 with @entity215 had a right-sided @entity8521 . Only two of the 10 had a normally developed left @entity8521 . Aberrant subclavian arteries were found in five cases. From our observations and a survey of the previously published @entity1 it appears that 90 per cent of the necropsy-proven cases of @entity2418 have @entity65 and that 95 per cent of these malformations can be classified as @entity6127 , truncus ateriosus, or @entity215 .

title: XXXX in @entity2418 (congenital absence of hypoplasia of the thymus).

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['Cardiovascular malformations']


abstract: @entity9812 ( @entity9812 ) is caused by autoantibodies against @entity2801 ( @entity2801 ). Immunosuppressive treatment (IST) results in remission of disease in 60% to 80% of @entity1 over a period of days to months. IST is associated with frequent adverse events, including infections as a leading cause of @entity204 . Predictors of time to remission could help guide IST intensity but have not been established. We analyzed prognostic factors in 102 prospectively enrolled @entity1 treated with a uniform IST protocol. Partial remission (PR; defined as no active @entity548 , @entity2801 restored >50 IU/dL, hemostatic treatment stopped >24 hours) was achieved by 83% of @entity1 after a median of 31 days (range 7-362). @entity1 with baseline @entity2801 <1 IU/dL achieved PR less often and later (77%, 43 days) than @entity1 with >= 1 IU/dL (89%, 24 days). After adjustment for other baseline characteristics, low @entity2801 remained associated with a lower rate of PR (hazard ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.81, P < .01). In contrast, PR achieved on @entity230 alone within  <=21 days was more common in @entity1 with @entity2801 >= 1 IU/dL and inhibitor concentration <20 BU/mL (odds ratio 11.2, P < .0001). Low @entity2801 was also associated with a lower rate of complete remission and decreased survival. In conclusion, presenting @entity2801 and inhibitor concentration are potentially useful to tailor IST in @entity9812 .

title: Prognostic factors for remission of and survival in acquired hemophilia A ( XXXX ): results from the GTH-AH 01/2010 study.

entities_list: @entity9812 :: ('MESH:C536392', 'Disease') :: ['AHA', 'Acquired hemophilia A']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity9812 :: (MESH:C536392,Disease) :: ['AHA']


abstract: Monocyte infiltration and activation of the coagulation system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of @entity631 . In this study, spontaneous procoagulant activity (PCA) was measured in circulating mononuclear cells to determine whether elevated PCA correlated with the presence of proliferative @entity631 in @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). No increase in PCA was found in 20 @entity1 with @entity454 , 8 @entity1 with @entity631 without @entity1252 , and 10 @entity1 undergoing abdominal surgical or orthopedic procedures as compared with 20 normal controls. In eight @entity1 with @entity1252 but with no apparent @entity8 , PCA was not elevated above normal basal levels. Seven additional @entity1 with @entity1252 who had only mesangial proliferation on biopsy also had no increase in PCA. In contrast, eight @entity1 with focal or diffuse proliferative @entity1988 , and one @entity1 with @entity1310 who ultimately developed a @entity75 , had a marked increase in PCA with greater than 100 times the base-line levels. The activity was shown to originate in the monocyte fraction of the mononuclear cells and was shown to be capable of cleaving prothrombin directly. The prothrombinase activity was not @entity6236 , because it was not neutralized by anti-Factor X serum and was not inhibited by an established panel of @entity6236 inhibitors. Monocyte plasminogen activator determinations did not correlate with @entity8 activity. We conclude that monocyte procoagulant activity, a direct prothrombinase, seems to correlate with endocapillary proliferation in @entity1988 and could be a mediator of tissue injury.

title: Monocyte procoagulant activity in XXXX associated with @entity1252 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['active renal disease', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['membranous nephritis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative lesion']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulonephritis']


abstract: Monocyte infiltration and activation of the coagulation system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of @entity631 . In this study, spontaneous procoagulant activity (PCA) was measured in circulating mononuclear cells to determine whether elevated PCA correlated with the presence of proliferative @entity631 in @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). No increase in PCA was found in 20 @entity1 with @entity454 , 8 @entity1 with @entity631 without @entity1252 , and 10 @entity1 undergoing abdominal surgical or orthopedic procedures as compared with 20 normal controls. In eight @entity1 with @entity1252 but with no apparent @entity8 , PCA was not elevated above normal basal levels. Seven additional @entity1 with @entity1252 who had only mesangial proliferation on biopsy also had no increase in PCA. In contrast, eight @entity1 with focal or diffuse proliferative @entity1988 , and one @entity1 with @entity1310 who ultimately developed a @entity75 , had a marked increase in PCA with greater than 100 times the base-line levels. The activity was shown to originate in the monocyte fraction of the mononuclear cells and was shown to be capable of cleaving prothrombin directly. The prothrombinase activity was not @entity6236 , because it was not neutralized by anti-Factor X serum and was not inhibited by an established panel of @entity6236 inhibitors. Monocyte plasminogen activator determinations did not correlate with @entity8 activity. We conclude that monocyte procoagulant activity, a direct prothrombinase, seems to correlate with endocapillary proliferation in @entity1988 and could be a mediator of tissue injury.

title: Monocyte procoagulant activity in @entity631 associated with XXXX .

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and @entity556 generation assay (TGA) to monitor the treatment response of bypassing agent (BPA) therapy and to study whether one method is superior to another. In a prospective crossover study @entity447 @entity1 with high titre inhibitors were included to receive a dose of 75  U  kg(-1) activated prothrombin complex concentrates (aPCC) intravenously. Blood sampling was performed at baseline, 15, 30  min, 1, 2, 3 and 4  h post-infusion for TGA and ROTEM analysis. After a washout period of 14  days the subjects received recombinant FVIIa (rFVIIa) at a dose of 90   g  kg(-1) and similar blood sampling was performed. Healthy subjects were used as controls. Six @entity447 @entity1 with inhibitors were included. We found that TGA parameters endogenous @entity556 potential (ETP) and peak @entity556 increased 2-3 folds from baseline 15-30  min after infusion. ROTEM parameters MaxVel and maximum clot firmness increased to a level comparable to that of healthy controls. An individual difference in response was observed for different parameters among @entity1 . ETP and peak @entity556 were almost two-fold greater following aPCC infusion compared to rFVIIa, whereas ROTEM parameters showed no difference in response between the two products. The study showed that ROTEM and TGA have a great potential to evaluate the effect of BPA in @entity447 @entity1 with inhibitors. TGA seemed to be more sensitive than ROTEM in reflecting the difference in treatment response between aPCC and rFVIIa. Additional prospective clinical studies are needed to clarify which assay and what parameters are clinically predictive.

title: Monitoring bypassing agent therapy - a prospective crossover study comparing thromboelastometry and XXXX generation assay.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia', 'haemophilia A']

answer: @entity556 :: (2147,Gene) :: ['thrombin']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: The feasibility of @entity38816 , the synthetic infectious agent-free peptides, was tested in hemostasis of the @entity548 after endoscopic treatments of the @entity356 . METHODS: The @entity1 who underwent endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) were enrolled in the present study. The subject of hemostasis was the oozing after the EMR or ESD. The hemostatic effect, the secondary @entity548 from one postoperative day to the day before discharge and operability were studied. RESULTS: The hemostatic effects were assessed in 12 @entity1 . It was "remarkably effective" in 11 @entity1 and "effective" in 1 @entity1 . The operability was "very easy" in two @entity1 , "easy" in eight @entity1 and "acceptable" in two @entity1 . No secondary @entity548 was observed in all of 12 @entity1 . No adverse effect considered to be related to @entity38816 was observed. CONCLUSION: It was shown that hemostasis using @entity38816 was feasible after endoscopic treatments of the @entity356 without any technical trouble or adverse event.

title: Initial clinical trial of a novel hemostat, @entity38816 , in the endoscopic treatments of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric tumors']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: The feasibility of @entity38816 , the synthetic infectious agent-free peptides, was tested in hemostasis of the @entity548 after endoscopic treatments of the @entity356 . METHODS: The @entity1 who underwent endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) were enrolled in the present study. The subject of hemostasis was the oozing after the EMR or ESD. The hemostatic effect, the secondary @entity548 from one postoperative day to the day before discharge and operability were studied. RESULTS: The hemostatic effects were assessed in 12 @entity1 . It was "remarkably effective" in 11 @entity1 and "effective" in 1 @entity1 . The operability was "very easy" in two @entity1 , "easy" in eight @entity1 and "acceptable" in two @entity1 . No secondary @entity548 was observed in all of 12 @entity1 . No adverse effect considered to be related to @entity38816 was observed. CONCLUSION: It was shown that hemostasis using @entity38816 was feasible after endoscopic treatments of the @entity356 without any technical trouble or adverse event.

title: Initial clinical trial of a novel hemostat, XXXX , in the endoscopic treatments of the @entity356 .

answer: @entity38816 :: (MESH:C581206,Chemical) :: ['TDM-621']


abstract: AIMS: To describe the utilisation of antidiabetic agents , in terms of persistence and regimen change in the management of a cohort of newly treated @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 and to investigate associated socio-demographic and treatment factors. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using the national pharmacy claims database in Ireland. Subjects were analysed for persistence and regimen change. @entity797 proportional-hazards regression examined associations of socio-demographic and treatment factors on treatment patterns. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs are presented. RESULTS: 20947 subjects were identified in the study over a 2 year period. Most were initiated on @entity2449 (76%) or sulphonylureas (22%) and 77% were persistent with therapy 12 months after initiation. The likelihood of non-persistence was significantly lower in the youngest (40-49) age groups (ref 60-69) (HR 1.62 [CI 1.42-1.84]) and those on sulphonylureas (HR 1.49 [1.36-1.64]). The likelihood of receiving a regimen change was significantly lower in the older (80+) age groups (HR 0.63 [0.56-0.71]), females (HR 0.91 [0.86-0.95], and those with pre-existing CVD (1 vs 0 CVD medicines) (HR 0.82 [0.74-0.90]), and higher in those on sulphonylureas (HR 1.83 [1.73-1.94]) CONCLUSIONS: Type of treatment, pre-existing CVD and demographic factors are shown to be associated with the observed treatment patterns. Guideline recommended agents were widely used on treatment initiation though a substantial minority were not initiated on the recommended first line agent. Use of guideline recommended agents was not as evident during treatment progression. Further optimisation of initial and subsequent antidiabetic agent prescribing may be possible.

title: Initial therapy, persistence and regimen change in a cohort of newly treated XXXX 2 @entity6 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: AIMS: To describe the utilisation of antidiabetic agents , in terms of persistence and regimen change in the management of a cohort of newly treated @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 and to investigate associated socio-demographic and treatment factors. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using the national pharmacy claims database in Ireland. Subjects were analysed for persistence and regimen change. @entity797 proportional-hazards regression examined associations of socio-demographic and treatment factors on treatment patterns. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs are presented. RESULTS: 20947 subjects were identified in the study over a 2 year period. Most were initiated on @entity2449 (76%) or sulphonylureas (22%) and 77% were persistent with therapy 12 months after initiation. The likelihood of non-persistence was significantly lower in the youngest (40-49) age groups (ref 60-69) (HR 1.62 [CI 1.42-1.84]) and those on sulphonylureas (HR 1.49 [1.36-1.64]). The likelihood of receiving a regimen change was significantly lower in the older (80+) age groups (HR 0.63 [0.56-0.71]), females (HR 0.91 [0.86-0.95], and those with pre-existing CVD (1 vs 0 CVD medicines) (HR 0.82 [0.74-0.90]), and higher in those on sulphonylureas (HR 1.83 [1.73-1.94]) CONCLUSIONS: Type of treatment, pre-existing CVD and demographic factors are shown to be associated with the observed treatment patterns. Guideline recommended agents were widely used on treatment initiation though a substantial minority were not initiated on the recommended first line agent. Use of guideline recommended agents was not as evident during treatment progression. Further optimisation of initial and subsequent antidiabetic agent prescribing may be possible.

title: Initial therapy, persistence and regimen change in a cohort of newly treated @entity164 2 XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: AIMS: To describe the utilisation of antidiabetic agents , in terms of persistence and regimen change in the management of a cohort of newly treated @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 and to investigate associated socio-demographic and treatment factors. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using the national pharmacy claims database in Ireland. Subjects were analysed for persistence and regimen change. @entity797 proportional-hazards regression examined associations of socio-demographic and treatment factors on treatment patterns. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs are presented. RESULTS: 20947 subjects were identified in the study over a 2 year period. Most were initiated on @entity2449 (76%) or sulphonylureas (22%) and 77% were persistent with therapy 12 months after initiation. The likelihood of non-persistence was significantly lower in the youngest (40-49) age groups (ref 60-69) (HR 1.62 [CI 1.42-1.84]) and those on sulphonylureas (HR 1.49 [1.36-1.64]). The likelihood of receiving a regimen change was significantly lower in the older (80+) age groups (HR 0.63 [0.56-0.71]), females (HR 0.91 [0.86-0.95], and those with pre-existing CVD (1 vs 0 CVD medicines) (HR 0.82 [0.74-0.90]), and higher in those on sulphonylureas (HR 1.83 [1.73-1.94]) CONCLUSIONS: Type of treatment, pre-existing CVD and demographic factors are shown to be associated with the observed treatment patterns. Guideline recommended agents were widely used on treatment initiation though a substantial minority were not initiated on the recommended first line agent. Use of guideline recommended agents was not as evident during treatment progression. Further optimisation of initial and subsequent antidiabetic agent prescribing may be possible.

title: Initial therapy, persistence and regimen change in a cohort of newly treated @entity164 2 @entity6 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']