abstract: The efficacy of @entity4140 --of anticholinergic effect--and the H2-receptor blocking @entity4444 has been studied in duodenal @entity1066 with random, double blind fashion. Recurrence examinations were carried out 6 and 12 months following the treatment. 50 @entity1 were given @entity4140 and 50 @entity4444 . The average age of the @entity1 was 44.5 and 43.8 years respectively. Of them 60 (24 + 36) were @entity1 and 40 (26 + 14) @entity1 . At the start, 6 weeks following the start 6 and 12 months after the finishing of the treatment gastroscopy was performed. In the course of the six-week-long treatment 38 (76%) of the @entity4140 taking @entity1 and 36 (72%) of the @entity4444 taking @entity1 recovered. No significant difference was found between the efficacy of the both treatments. In the respect of the half and one year recurrence, no significant difference was observed between the two @entity1 groups. Ten of the @entity1 taking @entity4140 and 4 of those taking @entity4444 complained of side effects. @entity2133 , visual disturbance in the former group and @entity1142 in the latter one. On the basis of the examinations both secretion inhibitors were found equally suitable for the therapy of duodenal @entity1066 .

title: [ @entity4140 and XXXX in the treatment of duodenal @entity1066 ].

answer: @entity4444 :: (MESH:D002927,Chemical) :: ['cimetidine']


abstract: The efficacy of @entity4140 --of anticholinergic effect--and the H2-receptor blocking @entity4444 has been studied in duodenal @entity1066 with random, double blind fashion. Recurrence examinations were carried out 6 and 12 months following the treatment. 50 @entity1 were given @entity4140 and 50 @entity4444 . The average age of the @entity1 was 44.5 and 43.8 years respectively. Of them 60 (24 + 36) were @entity1 and 40 (26 + 14) @entity1 . At the start, 6 weeks following the start 6 and 12 months after the finishing of the treatment gastroscopy was performed. In the course of the six-week-long treatment 38 (76%) of the @entity4140 taking @entity1 and 36 (72%) of the @entity4444 taking @entity1 recovered. No significant difference was found between the efficacy of the both treatments. In the respect of the half and one year recurrence, no significant difference was observed between the two @entity1 groups. Ten of the @entity1 taking @entity4140 and 4 of those taking @entity4444 complained of side effects. @entity2133 , visual disturbance in the former group and @entity1142 in the latter one. On the basis of the examinations both secretion inhibitors were found equally suitable for the therapy of duodenal @entity1066 .

title: [ XXXX and @entity4444 in the treatment of duodenal @entity1066 ].

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['Dryness of mouth']

entities_list: @entity4140 :: ('MESH:D010890', 'Chemical') :: ['pirenzepin']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity4140 :: (MESH:D010890,Chemical) :: ['Pirenzepine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In 1976, we initiated a randomized trial to determine whether lumpectomy with or without radiation therapy was as effective as total mastectomy for the treatment of @entity0 . METHODS: A total of 1851 @entity1 for whom follow-up data were available and nodal status was known underwent randomly assigned treatment consisting of total mastectomy, lumpectomy alone, or lumpectomy and breast irradiation. Kaplan-Meier and cumulative-incidence estimates of the outcome were obtained. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of @entity5 in the ipsilateral breast was 14.3 percent in the @entity1 who underwent lumpectomy and breast irradiation, as compared with 39.2 percent in the @entity1 who underwent lumpectomy without irradiation (P<0.001). No significant differences were observed among the three groups of @entity1 with respect to disease-free survival, distant-disease-free survival, or overall survival. The hazard ratio for @entity204 among the @entity1 who underwent lumpectomy alone, as compared with those who underwent total mastectomy, was 1.05 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.90 to 1.23; P=0.51). The hazard ratio for @entity204 among the @entity1 who underwent lumpectomy followed by breast irradiation, as compared with those who underwent total mastectomy, was 0.97 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.83 to 1.14; P=0.74). Among the lumpectomy-treated @entity1 whose surgical specimens had @entity5 -free margins, the hazard ratio for @entity204 among the @entity1 who underwent postoperative breast irradiation, as compared with those who did not, was 0.91 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.77 to 1.06; P=0.23). Radiation therapy was associated with a marginally significant decrease in deaths due to @entity0 . This decrease was partially offset by an increase in deaths from other causes. CONCLUSIONS: Lumpectomy followed by breast irradiation continues to be appropriate therapy for @entity1 with @entity0 , provided that the margins of resected specimens are free of @entity5 and an acceptable cosmetic result can be obtained.

title: Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'recurrent tumor']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'invasive breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['invasive breast cancer']


abstract: @entity19266 is an @entity4086 derivative with mixed agonistic/antagonistic dopaminergic activity. This led to a paradoxical suggestion that it is effective in the treatment of both @entity161 and @entity304 . A total of 65 in- or outpatients with @entity304 mostly of vascular or idiopathic etiology were included in a 4-week, open, multicenter trial. @entity19266 was administered under an increasing dose schedule which was leveled off according to the clinical response. Mostly because of @entity390 , @entity391 , and lack of improvement 25% of inpatients and 61% of outpatients were removed from the study. The average daily dose at the end of the trial was 4.2 mg, ranging from 1.0 to 5.5 mg. The average Simpson and Angus scale total score and performance in the Spiral Drawing Task improved significantly during the trial by 20% and 38% respectively. The following adverse effects were noted most frequently throughout the study (including those who withdrew): @entity1142 (occurred in 42% of all ratings performed during the trial) drowsiness and @entity390 (16% each). Adverse circulatory effects were negligible. @entity716 , including @entity308 , @entity911 , @entity1833 , and @entity10963 , each occurred in 1 @entity1 , i.e., at a lower rate than with other dopaminergic drugs. Scotopic electroretinograms in a subsample of 7 @entity1 showed a significant transitory decrease in the B-wave amplitude at the end of the 1st week and a subsequent return to pretreatment values.

title: XXXX in @entity304 . A multicenter trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity19266 :: ('MESH:C006208', 'Chemical') :: ['Terguride']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['Psychotic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity4086 :: ('MESH:D004873', 'Chemical') :: ['ergoline']

entities_list: @entity10963 :: ('MESH:D010259', 'Disease') :: ['paranoid syndrome']

answer: @entity19266 :: (MESH:C006208,Chemical) :: ['Terguride']


abstract: @entity19266 is an @entity4086 derivative with mixed agonistic/antagonistic dopaminergic activity. This led to a paradoxical suggestion that it is effective in the treatment of both @entity161 and @entity304 . A total of 65 in- or outpatients with @entity304 mostly of vascular or idiopathic etiology were included in a 4-week, open, multicenter trial. @entity19266 was administered under an increasing dose schedule which was leveled off according to the clinical response. Mostly because of @entity390 , @entity391 , and lack of improvement 25% of inpatients and 61% of outpatients were removed from the study. The average daily dose at the end of the trial was 4.2 mg, ranging from 1.0 to 5.5 mg. The average Simpson and Angus scale total score and performance in the Spiral Drawing Task improved significantly during the trial by 20% and 38% respectively. The following adverse effects were noted most frequently throughout the study (including those who withdrew): @entity1142 (occurred in 42% of all ratings performed during the trial) drowsiness and @entity390 (16% each). Adverse circulatory effects were negligible. @entity716 , including @entity308 , @entity911 , @entity1833 , and @entity10963 , each occurred in 1 @entity1 , i.e., at a lower rate than with other dopaminergic drugs. Scotopic electroretinograms in a subsample of 7 @entity1 showed a significant transitory decrease in the B-wave amplitude at the end of the 1st week and a subsequent return to pretreatment values.

title: @entity19266 in XXXX . A multicenter trial.

answer: @entity304 :: (MESH:D010302,Disease) :: ['parkinsonism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Urological manifestations are rare in @entity697 . Although acute urinary retention (AUR) is more commonly found in elderly @entity1 , any previous cases reported have been under the age of 30. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, clinical presentation, and results of @entity698 @entity1 presenting with AUR. AUR is defined as the sudden inability to urinate with obstructive symptoms. METHODS: A retrospective case note review of 480 adult @entity1 (>/=18 years) with @entity698 , diagnosed at the Veterans General Hospital-Taipei over a 3-year period, was carried out. RESULTS: Six @entity1 (1.3% of the adults or 3.9% of the elderly @entity1 ), 5 @entity1 and 1 @entity1 averaging 71.5 years of age, presented with AUR. Associated existing diseases were @entity1067 in 2 of the males and surgical repair for uterine prolapse in the only female. The mean duration from @entity344 to AUR was 1.7 days. The quantity of residual urine ranged from 180 to 450 ml. All @entity1 had persistent right lower quadrant tenderness and @entity811 . Five (83.3%) were found to have a @entity2466 at operation, and their average hospital stay was 14.7 (8-29) days. CONCLUSIONS: AUR may occur as an initial presentation in acute @entity532 in the elderly. It has been reported that the prolonged hospital stay might be related to the delayed diagnosis and resulting complications arising in these @entity1 . Primary care physicians need to be reminded that this common genitourinary complaint may arise in @entity1 with @entity697 . When confronted with a geriatric @entity1 presenting with AUR, one should entertain an alternative diagnosis and a reexamination of the @entity1 is mandatory.

title: Acute urinary retention in the elderly: an unusual presentation of XXXX with a high perforation risk.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['adult appendicitis', 'appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity2466 :: ('MESH:D001063', 'Disease') :: ['perforated appendix']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['complicated appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['initial gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['appendicitis']


abstract: The peripheral vascular response to @entity526 endotoxin (1 mg/kg/i.v.) was measured for 2 hr in the @entity4485 anesthetized @entity235 . @entity1700 was collected and returned by a pump to the right atrium to maintain a constant cardiac output. Occlusion of the venous lines permitted estimation of venous compliance in the systems drained by the superior ( @entity6480 ) and inferior vena cavae (IVC). After endotoxin administration, arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance rapidly dropped and remained low for 2 hr. IVC compliance was decreased at 10-30 min and @entity6480 compliance at 10 min after endotoxin. The decrease in compliance is interpreted as venous dilation and probably venous pooling. The latter may account for a substantial portion of the total venous pooling reported in early endotoxin shock. After 30 min, compliance increased and by 60 min was equal to control. Left ventricular relaxation ability decreased as indicated by maximal negative dp/dt. @entity5018 , 10 mg/kg, was administered at 120 min or earlier, depending on the state of the animal; rapid recovery of arterial pressure and ventricular function occurred without a significant change in venous compliance.

title: XXXX peripheral vascular response to endotoxin shock at a constant cardiac output.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity1700 :: ('MESH:D012587', 'Disease') :: ['Total venous return']

entities_list: @entity5018 :: ('MESH:D007052', 'Chemical') :: ['Ibuprofen']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['Canine']


abstract: In epidemiologic studies, @entity3190 has been found to be an independent risk factor for @entity301 ( @entity301 ). However, the mechanisms responsible for its role in atherogenesis remain unclear. We studied the relationship of in vivo insulin action and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 44 normotriglyceridemic white @entity1 (aged 18 to 34 years). The euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic @entity413 clamp technique was used to quantitate insulin-mediated @entity413 disposal (M/I value) at a plasma insulin concentration of approximately 100 microU/mL. The M/I value correlated negatively with plasma @entity1674 (r = -0.553, P less than .0001), as well as with fasting plasma insulin levels (r = -0.483, P less than .001), independent of age, body mass index, and fasting plasma @entity413 levels. A negative correlation of the M/I value was also observed with very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)- @entity165 (r = -0.347, P less than .05), VLDL- @entity1674 (r = -0.474, P less than 0.005), and total @entity165 /high density lipoprotein (HDL)- @entity165 ratio (r = -0.431, P less than .01). The relationship between the M/I value and the total @entity165 /HDL- @entity165 ratio was independent of VLDL- @entity165 and VLDL- @entity1674 , however, not independent of plasma @entity1674 . No relationship was observed between insulin-mediated @entity413 uptake and total @entity165 , low density lipoprotein (LDL)- @entity165 , and HDL- @entity165 values. Individual differences in plasma @entity1674 , fasting insulin concentration, and the total @entity165 /HDL- @entity165 ratio accounted for about half the variance observed in the M/I value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Relationship between lipoprotein levels and in vivo insulin action in normal young white XXXX .

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: Neo-adjuvant, dose-dense @entity1205 , 100 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks x 4 cycles, was administered to 12 @entity1 with locally advance @entity0 (LABC) (10 stage IIIa and three stage IIIb). Eligibility requirements included a PS 0-2, normal hepatic and renal function, and radiologic absence of @entity3 . Filgrastim [ @entity1261 ( @entity1261 )] was started 1 day after chemotherapy and was given for 6 days. Complete blood counts were determined weekly. Surgery was planned upon recovery from the last dose of @entity1205 and followed by 4 cycles of adjuvant @entity632 plus @entity786 (AC) and radiotherapy. @entity1 with ER status received @entity440 . The median age was 45 (range 34-73) and pre-treatment pathology revealed poorly differentiated @entity9962 in 11 and @entity356 in one, with positive ER/PR status in five. Twelve @entity1 were treated, and all are evaluable for response and @entity137 . Nine @entity1 had a major clinical @entity5 response with five PR and four pathologic complete responses (pCR rate of 33%). Three @entity1 (of whom two with stage IIIb) had progressive disease and went on to receive neo-adjuvant therapy with AC. There was one instance of grade 3 hematologic @entity137 ( @entity221 in one @entity1261 non-compliant @entity1 ). There were two instances of grade 3 extra-hematologic @entity137 : one @entity1 had severe @entity158 and one had treatment-related fatigue. After a median follow-up of 20 months (range 7-49 months) all @entity1 are alive and eight of nine responders remain progression-free. Despite the small size of our study, we believe that dose-dense neo-adjuvant @entity1205 is well tolerated and its activity warrants confirmation in a larger number of @entity1 .

title: Neo-adjuvant therapy with dose-dense @entity1205 plus short-term filgrastim rescue for locally advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity9962 :: ('MESH:D018270', 'Disease') :: ['infiltrating duct carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte colony stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic fever']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['infiltrating lobular cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Neo-adjuvant, dose-dense @entity1205 , 100 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks x 4 cycles, was administered to 12 @entity1 with locally advance @entity0 (LABC) (10 stage IIIa and three stage IIIb). Eligibility requirements included a PS 0-2, normal hepatic and renal function, and radiologic absence of @entity3 . Filgrastim [ @entity1261 ( @entity1261 )] was started 1 day after chemotherapy and was given for 6 days. Complete blood counts were determined weekly. Surgery was planned upon recovery from the last dose of @entity1205 and followed by 4 cycles of adjuvant @entity632 plus @entity786 (AC) and radiotherapy. @entity1 with ER status received @entity440 . The median age was 45 (range 34-73) and pre-treatment pathology revealed poorly differentiated @entity9962 in 11 and @entity356 in one, with positive ER/PR status in five. Twelve @entity1 were treated, and all are evaluable for response and @entity137 . Nine @entity1 had a major clinical @entity5 response with five PR and four pathologic complete responses (pCR rate of 33%). Three @entity1 (of whom two with stage IIIb) had progressive disease and went on to receive neo-adjuvant therapy with AC. There was one instance of grade 3 hematologic @entity137 ( @entity221 in one @entity1261 non-compliant @entity1 ). There were two instances of grade 3 extra-hematologic @entity137 : one @entity1 had severe @entity158 and one had treatment-related fatigue. After a median follow-up of 20 months (range 7-49 months) all @entity1 are alive and eight of nine responders remain progression-free. Despite the small size of our study, we believe that dose-dense neo-adjuvant @entity1205 is well tolerated and its activity warrants confirmation in a larger number of @entity1 .

title: Neo-adjuvant therapy with dose-dense XXXX plus short-term filgrastim rescue for locally advanced @entity0 .

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: @entity6681 (VA) is widely used within the chemical industry, in the manufacture of @entity4832 , and as @entity8908 emulsions in @entity2144 , adhesives, paper and paper @entity8038 . Chronic oral exposure of rodents to high concentrations of VA induces @entity5 within the oral cavity. Carboxylesterase-dependent hydrolysis of VA is thought to be critical in the development of @entity5 following inhalation exposure of animals to VA. Therefore, carboxylesterase activity was determined histochemically in the oral cavities of male F344 @entity35 and BDF @entity19 in order to explore the potential role of carboxylesterase-dependent hydrolysis of VA in the development of @entity5 . Following fixation in 10% neutral buffered @entity406 heads were decalcified in neutral saturated @entity1098 , embedded in resin, sectioned at six levels (three each for the upper and lower jaws), and carboxylesterase activity revealed in the tissue using @entity36434 as substrate. The localisation of carboxylesterase activity in freshly dissected @entity35 oral tissue was compared to that of the resin sections and found to be identical, thus validating the @entity8704 process. A similar pattern of carboxylesterase activity was observed for the two species. Staining was low in areas surrounding the teeth, and medium/high in the @entity14705 and those regions of the lower jaw not proximal to the teeth. In general the intensity of staining was greater in sections from the @entity35 compared to those from the @entity19 . By comparison, carboxylesterase activity was considerably higher in @entity19 nasal olfactory epithelium than in any of the oral tissues. Thus the mucosa of the oral cavity has the potential to hydrolyse VA to its metabolites, @entity1543 and @entity3094 , and the presence of carboxylesterases at this site is consistent with, and may be an important determining factor in, the development of oral @entity5 following exposure to VA.

title: Histochemical localisation of carboxylesterase activity in XXXX and @entity19 oral cavity mucosa.

entities_list: @entity4832 :: ('MESH:D011142', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl alcohol']

entities_list: @entity14705 :: ('MESH:D007967', 'Disease') :: ['buccal mucosa, the central/posterior upper palate']

entities_list: @entity36434 :: ('MESH:C029204', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-naphthyl butyrate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['oral tumours', 'nasal tumours', 'tumours', 'cavity tumours']

entities_list: @entity6681 :: ('MESH:C011566', 'Chemical') :: ['Vinyl acetate']

entities_list: @entity8908 :: ('MESH:C013215', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl acetate']

entities_list: @entity8038 :: ('MESH:D058456', 'Disease') :: ['board coatings']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity2144 :: ('MESH:D020315', 'Disease') :: ['latex paints']

entities_list: @entity8704 :: ('MESH:D003649', 'Disease') :: ['decalcification']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity3094 :: ('MESH:D000079', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaldehyde']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity6681 (VA) is widely used within the chemical industry, in the manufacture of @entity4832 , and as @entity8908 emulsions in @entity2144 , adhesives, paper and paper @entity8038 . Chronic oral exposure of rodents to high concentrations of VA induces @entity5 within the oral cavity. Carboxylesterase-dependent hydrolysis of VA is thought to be critical in the development of @entity5 following inhalation exposure of animals to VA. Therefore, carboxylesterase activity was determined histochemically in the oral cavities of male F344 @entity35 and BDF @entity19 in order to explore the potential role of carboxylesterase-dependent hydrolysis of VA in the development of @entity5 . Following fixation in 10% neutral buffered @entity406 heads were decalcified in neutral saturated @entity1098 , embedded in resin, sectioned at six levels (three each for the upper and lower jaws), and carboxylesterase activity revealed in the tissue using @entity36434 as substrate. The localisation of carboxylesterase activity in freshly dissected @entity35 oral tissue was compared to that of the resin sections and found to be identical, thus validating the @entity8704 process. A similar pattern of carboxylesterase activity was observed for the two species. Staining was low in areas surrounding the teeth, and medium/high in the @entity14705 and those regions of the lower jaw not proximal to the teeth. In general the intensity of staining was greater in sections from the @entity35 compared to those from the @entity19 . By comparison, carboxylesterase activity was considerably higher in @entity19 nasal olfactory epithelium than in any of the oral tissues. Thus the mucosa of the oral cavity has the potential to hydrolyse VA to its metabolites, @entity1543 and @entity3094 , and the presence of carboxylesterases at this site is consistent with, and may be an important determining factor in, the development of oral @entity5 following exposure to VA.

title: Histochemical localisation of carboxylesterase activity in @entity35 and XXXX oral cavity mucosa.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The present randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was designed to assess the effect of peroperatively administered i.v. @entity2400 on anaesthetic and analgesic requirements during total i.v. anaesthesia. METHODS: Eighty-one @entity1 (36 @entity1 , 45 @entity1 ) undergoing elective spinal surgery were included in one of two parallel groups. The @entity1760 group received @entity2400 30 mg kg(-1) as a bolus before induction of anaesthesia and 10 mg kg(-1) h(-1) by continuous i.v. infusion during the operation period. The same volume of isotonic solution was administered to the control group. Anaesthesia was maintained with @entity1875 (administered according to the bispectral index) and @entity1937 (adjusted according to heart rate and arterial blood pressure) infusions. RESULTS: A significant reduction in hourly @entity1875 consumption was observed with @entity1760 administration. For example, the mean infusion rate of @entity1875 in the second hour of the operation was 7.09 mg kg(-1) h(-1) in the control group vs 4.35 mg kg(-1) h(-1) in the @entity1760 group (P<0.001). The @entity1760 group required significantly less @entity1937 (P<0.001) and @entity3369 (P<0.001). No side-effects were observed with @entity1760 administration. CONCLUSION: The administration of @entity1760 led to a significant reduction in the requirements for anaesthetic drugs during total i.v. anaesthesia with @entity1875 , @entity1937 and @entity3369 .

title: Evaluation of effects of XXXX in reducing intraoperative anaesthetic requirements.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

entities_list: @entity3369 :: ('MESH:D014673', 'Chemical') :: ['vecuronium']

entities_list: @entity2400 :: ('CHEBI:32599', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium sulphate']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity2400 :: (CHEBI:32599,Chemical) :: ['magnesium sulphate']


abstract: @entity442 ( @entity442 ) has growth-promoting effects on @entity1582 cells in vitro as well as in vivo. In this study, we measured the concentration of @entity442 and its major binding protein, @entity2301 ( @entity2301 ), in serum from 127 @entity1 with @entity1582 . Serum had been drawn at the time of diagnosis, before treatment with high-dose melphalan. @entity2301 in @entity1582 @entity1 (1.6 +/- 0.73 microg/mL; mean +/- SD) was significantly decreased compared to healthy age- and sex-matched controls (2.2 +/- 0.42 microg/mL). However, @entity2301 had no prognostic value in this study. The mean @entity442 level did not differ between @entity1582 @entity1 (17.8 +/- 7.7 nM) and controls (17.3 +/- 5.6 nM). Nevertheless, @entity442 was a strong indicator of prognosis. After 80 months of follow-up, @entity1582 @entity1 with low levels (< 13 nM) of serum @entity442 had not reached median survival. In the @entity1 group with @entity442 levels above 13 nM, median survival was 62 months (P =.006). These findings support the hypothesis of a role for @entity442 in @entity1582 progression.

title: Serum insulinlike growth factor is not elevated in @entity1 with XXXX but is still a prognostic factor.

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'myeloma', 'myeloma disease']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['Insulinlike growth factor 1', 'IGF-1']

entities_list: @entity2301 :: ('3486', 'Gene') :: ['IGFBP-3', 'IGF- binding protein 3']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: @entity442 ( @entity442 ) has growth-promoting effects on @entity1582 cells in vitro as well as in vivo. In this study, we measured the concentration of @entity442 and its major binding protein, @entity2301 ( @entity2301 ), in serum from 127 @entity1 with @entity1582 . Serum had been drawn at the time of diagnosis, before treatment with high-dose melphalan. @entity2301 in @entity1582 @entity1 (1.6 +/- 0.73 microg/mL; mean +/- SD) was significantly decreased compared to healthy age- and sex-matched controls (2.2 +/- 0.42 microg/mL). However, @entity2301 had no prognostic value in this study. The mean @entity442 level did not differ between @entity1582 @entity1 (17.8 +/- 7.7 nM) and controls (17.3 +/- 5.6 nM). Nevertheless, @entity442 was a strong indicator of prognosis. After 80 months of follow-up, @entity1582 @entity1 with low levels (< 13 nM) of serum @entity442 had not reached median survival. In the @entity1 group with @entity442 levels above 13 nM, median survival was 62 months (P =.006). These findings support the hypothesis of a role for @entity442 in @entity1582 progression.

title: Serum insulinlike growth factor is not elevated in XXXX with @entity1582 but is still a prognostic factor.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The analgesic efficacy of a single 50-mg preoperative dose of @entity8726 was compared with @entity71022 ( @entity117 375 mg, @entity10425 30 mg, @entity5834 30 mg) and a placebo. Forty @entity1 scheduled for the surgical removal of impacted maxillary third molars were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized study. Using a within-subject design we compared the analgesic efficacy of (1) preoperative @entity8726 50 mg with placebo in 20 @entity1 , and (2) preoperative @entity71022 with placebo in 20 other @entity1 . Using a between-group design, we then compared the analgesic efficacy of (3) each drug given preoperatively and postoperatively, and (4) each drug given postoperatively only. @entity1 rated 2 @entity158 dimensions, intensity and unpleasantness, hourly for 8 hours after the presurgical dose. The results of this study indicate that better @entity1337 was obtained when @entity8726 was given preoperatively compared to only after surgery. Conversely, preoperative administration of @entity71022 did not demonstrate any significant influence on postsurgical @entity1337 . When comparing the 2 drugs, @entity8726 proved to be superior in providing @entity158 relief only when it was given prior to surgery. There was no difference between them when given only after surgery. Side effects were moderate and not significantly different between @entity1 receiving @entity8726 and those receiving @entity71022 .

title: Preoperative XXXX in oral surgery: a method of choice in controlling postoperative pain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity8726 :: ('MESH:D005480', 'Chemical') :: ['flurbiprofen']

answer: @entity8726 :: (MESH:D005480,Chemical) :: ['flurbiprofen']


abstract: @entity417 is associated with a shift in @entity68 distribution from functional to storage compartments. This suggests a relative deficit in @entity1307 production or action similar to that observed in other infections. Our study in Kenyan @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity311 aimed at investigating whether @entity311 causes increased erythropoiesis, and whether the erythropoietic response appeared appropriate for the degree of resulting @entity417 . Longitudinal and baseline data were used from a trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design, in which 328 anemic Kenyan @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either @entity68 or placebo, and @entity9230 - @entity4765 or placebo. Erythropoiesis was evaluated by serum concentrations of @entity1307 and soluble @entity69 receptor. Prospectively collected data showed that @entity281 resulted in decreased hemoglobin concentrations, and increased serum concentrations of @entity1307 and @entity69 receptor. Conversely, disappearance of malarial antigenemia resulted in increased hemoglobin concentrations, and decreased concentrations of these serum indicators. Additionally, our baseline data showed that current or recent @entity281 is associated with increased serum concentrations of @entity1307 and @entity69 receptor, and that these were as high as or perhaps even higher than values of @entity1 without @entity281 and without @entity32 . Our findings indicate that in asymptomatic @entity311 , the erythropoietic response is adequate for the degree of @entity417 , and that @entity32 probably plays no or only a minor role in the pathogenesis of the resulting @entity417 . Further research is needed to demonstrate the role of deficient @entity1307 production or action in the pathogenesis of the @entity417 of symptomatic @entity311 .

title: XXXX leads to adequately increased erythropoiesis in asymptomatic Kenyan @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['Malarial anemia', 'anemia']

entities_list: @entity9230 :: ('MESH:D013413', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfadoxine']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['malarial infection']

entities_list: @entity4765 :: ('MESH:D011739', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimethamine']

answer: @entity417 :: (MESH:D000740,Disease) :: ['Malarial anemia']


abstract: @entity417 is associated with a shift in @entity68 distribution from functional to storage compartments. This suggests a relative deficit in @entity1307 production or action similar to that observed in other infections. Our study in Kenyan @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity311 aimed at investigating whether @entity311 causes increased erythropoiesis, and whether the erythropoietic response appeared appropriate for the degree of resulting @entity417 . Longitudinal and baseline data were used from a trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design, in which 328 anemic Kenyan @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either @entity68 or placebo, and @entity9230 - @entity4765 or placebo. Erythropoiesis was evaluated by serum concentrations of @entity1307 and soluble @entity69 receptor. Prospectively collected data showed that @entity281 resulted in decreased hemoglobin concentrations, and increased serum concentrations of @entity1307 and @entity69 receptor. Conversely, disappearance of malarial antigenemia resulted in increased hemoglobin concentrations, and decreased concentrations of these serum indicators. Additionally, our baseline data showed that current or recent @entity281 is associated with increased serum concentrations of @entity1307 and @entity69 receptor, and that these were as high as or perhaps even higher than values of @entity1 without @entity281 and without @entity32 . Our findings indicate that in asymptomatic @entity311 , the erythropoietic response is adequate for the degree of @entity417 , and that @entity32 probably plays no or only a minor role in the pathogenesis of the resulting @entity417 . Further research is needed to demonstrate the role of deficient @entity1307 production or action in the pathogenesis of the @entity417 of symptomatic @entity311 .

title: @entity417 leads to adequately increased erythropoiesis in asymptomatic Kenyan XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: We have previously identified alpha-defensin in association with medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in @entity1 coronary arteries. In the present paper we report that alpha-defensin, at concentrations below those found in pathological conditions, inhibits phenylephrine (PE)-induced contraction of @entity35 aortic rings. Addition of 1 microM alpha-defensin increased the half-maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) of PE on denuded aortic rings from 32 to 630 nM. The effect of alpha-defensin was dose dependent and saturable, with a half-maximal effect at 1 microM. alpha-Defensin binds to @entity1 umbilical vein SMCs in a specific manner. The presence of 1 microM alpha-defensin inhibited the PE-mediated Ca(++) mobilization in SMCs by more than 80%. The inhibitory effect of alpha-defensin on contraction of aortic rings and Ca(++) mobilization was completely abolished by anti-low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha(2-)macroglobulin receptor ( @entity8993 ) antibodies as well as by the antagonist @entity541 ( @entity541 ). alpha-Defensin binds directly to isolated @entity8993 in a specific and dose-dependent manner; the binding was inhibited by @entity541 as well as by anti- @entity8993 antibodies. alpha-Defensin is internalized by SMCs and interacts with 2 intracellular subtypes of @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) involved in muscle contraction, alpha and beta. @entity541 and anti- @entity8993 antibodies inhibited the binding and internalization of alpha-defensin by SMCs and its interaction with intracellular PKCs. These observations suggest that binding of alpha-defensin to @entity8993 expressed in SMCs leads to its internalization; internalized alpha-defensin binds to @entity7131 and inhibits its enzymatic activity, leading to decreased Ca(++) mobilization and SMC contraction in response to PE.

title: XXXX alpha-defensin regulates smooth muscle cell contraction: a role for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor.

entities_list: @entity541 :: ('4043', 'Gene') :: ['receptor-associated protein', 'RAP']

entities_list: @entity7131 :: ('MESH:D020151', 'Disease') :: ['protein kinase C', 'PKC']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Residual @entity912 following the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs remains a clinical problem. As part of departmental quality assurance, we examined the degree of postoperative residual curarization (PORC) following @entity5159 . METHODS: Forty @entity1 undergoing general anaesthesia involving @entity5159 were studied. Quantitative neuromuscular monitoring (mechanomyography, Myograph 2000, Biometer, Denmark) was performed by assessing the response to supramaximal @entity3370 ( @entity3370 ) stimulation of the ulnar nerve. Anaesthesia was provided by non-participating clinicians who were blinded to the study data. A @entity3370 ratio </=0.7 at extubation was classified as PORC. RESULTS: At antagonism of @entity4094 , 70% (28/40) of @entity1 had a @entity3370 ratio </=0.7, and 65% (26/40) of @entity1 had a @entity3370 ratio </=0.7 at extubation. Peripheral nerve stimulator use was associated with a longer interval from antagonism of block to extubation (P=0.01), but was not associated with differences in @entity5159 dosage or a reduction in PORC at extubation. @entity1 with @entity3370 ratio </=0.7 at extubation had surgery of shorter duration [59 (SEM 6) vs 103 (9) min, P<0.001], greater doses of @entity5159 relative to the duration of surgery [6 (1) vs 11 (1) micro g kg(-1) min(-1), P<0.005], and shorter intervals from administration of last dose of @entity5159 to antagonism of @entity4094 [29 (2) vs 53 (9) min, P<0.005] and from antagonism to extubation [6 (1) vs 15 (4) min, P<0.01]. Duration of surgical procedure was the sole multivariate predictor of PORC [odds ratio 0.94 (95% confidence intervals 0.91-0.98), P<0.01]. CONCLUSIONS: PORC remains a clinical problem despite use of intermediate-duration neuromuscular blocking drugs and peripheral nerve stimulators. @entity1 undergoing procedures of short duration may be at risk of inappropriately early tracheal extubation, possibly due to work pressures. The association between suboptimal antagonism of @entity4094 and short procedures needs reinforcement during postgraduate training and departmental quality assurance.

title: XXXX is associated with postoperative residual curarization.

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular blockade', 'neuromuscular block']

entities_list: @entity5159 :: ('MESH:D001279', 'Chemical') :: ['atracurium']

entities_list: @entity3370 :: ('MESH:C538154', 'Disease') :: ['TOF', 'train-of-four']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity5159 :: (MESH:D001279,Chemical) :: ['Atracurium']


abstract: With advances in clinical immunosuppression, results in organ transplantation continue to improve. During a 52-month period, 507 cadaver renal transplants were performed, including 435 primary and 72 nonprimary transplants. All @entity1 were managed with quadruple immunosuppression ( @entity229 , @entity500 , sequential MALG and @entity205 ). Our experience is divided into pre-OKT3 (n = 228) and OKT3 (n = 279) eras. All kidneys were harvested locally and preserved with pulsatile machine perfusion. The mean duration of preservation was 30.1 hours, with an organ utilization rate of 98.1%. The preservation-related dialysis rate was 13.6%, and primary nonfunction occurred in 8 kidneys (1.6%). Actuarial @entity1 survival in primary and secondary transplant recipients was 90% at 3 years. Overall primary graft survival was 81.6% and nonprimary graft survival, 61.1%. However, the current OKT3 era is characterized by improved @entity1 survival (98% vs 90%, p = 0.001) and primary graft survival (91% vs 80%, p = 0.002) at 1 year when compared with the previous era. Forty-nine @entity1 have received OKT3 therapy, with 31 grafts (63.3%) successfully rescued. Cadaveric renal transplantation with machine preservation, quadruple therapy, and OKT3 rescue is associated with excellent early graft function, reduced acute rejection, and improved @entity1 and allograft survival, even in high-risk recipients.

title: Cadaveric renal transplantation in the XXXX and OKT3 eras.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: Intracranial @entity3 of central nervous system are relatively common in @entity1 with systemic @entity5 . Computed tomography (CT) scans of 60 @entity1 of intracranial metastatic disease of unknown primaries, at the time of surgery, were retrospectively analyzed. These @entity1 primarily presented with @entity51 . They were operated upon for various reasons and histopathological diagnosis was obtained. There were 39 male and 21 female @entity1 , with age range of 18 to 74 years. The common clinical symptoms were raised intracranial pressure without lateralization, acute onset @entity1158 and @entity410 . @entity129 were observed in 4 @entity1 . Histopathologically the @entity1504 consisted of metastatic @entity420 (32 cases) or metastatic @entity957 (28 cases). Among cases of @entity420 , CT revealed solitary lesions in 17 and multiple lesions in 13 cases. Two had extraaxial deposition in the region of petrous apex. Out of @entity957 , 17 lesions were solitary, while 10 were multiple and one had extraaxial deposition in the region of petrous apex. This study is unique as it consisted of CT features of intracranial @entity3 of unknown primary @entity5 elsewhere in the body.

title: CT features of intracranial XXXX of unknown primaries.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple cranial nerve palsies']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial lesions']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: The translocation of prepromelittin (pPM) across @entity1 endoplasmic reticulum was studied in both @entity3505 germ and reticulocyte lysate. In the @entity3505 germ system, signal recognition particle (SRP) caused a transient arrest in the synthesis of pPM. This was indicated by a slowdown in the rate of synthesis of pPM in the presence of SRP. The arrest was specific, dependent on the concentration of SRP, and more effective at early incubation time. In a tightly synchronized translation system, SRP had no apparent effect on the elongation of pPM, indicating that the effect of SRP on pPM chain synthesis might be at the final stages of chain elongation and release from the ribosome. This was reflected in a transient accumulation of pPM as peptidyl tRNA. Because pPM is composed of only 70 @entity1522 , arrest by SRP may be very close to chain termination. Arrest at this stage of chain synthesis seems to be unstable and the nascent chain gets terminated and released from the ribosome after a transient delay. The translocation of pPM was shown to be dependent on both SRP and docking protein. The difference in the translocation efficiency of pPM in reticulocyte and @entity3505 germ lysates may reflect a difference in the targeting process in the two systems.

title: Signal recognition particle causes a transient arrest in the biosynthesis of prepromelittin and mediates its translocation across XXXX endoplasmic reticulum.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Stenting-related @entity296 has been recognized as a frequent and prognostically important event, the extent of which depends on microcirculatory impairment in association with @entity1423 , @entity32 , and increased oxidative stress. Recent studies underscored the non-lipid-lowering effects of @entity2453 ( @entity2453 ) reductase inhibitors (statins) with antithrombotic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative aspects. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that preprocedural statin therapy is associated with a reduction in the extent of stenting-related @entity296 . METHODS AND RESULTS: We stratified 296 consecutive @entity1 who were undergoing stenting of a de novo @entity850 according to the preprocedural status of statin therapy (229 statin-treated and 67 control @entity1 ). Incidence of periprocedural @entity296 was assessed by analysis of @entity908 kinase (CK; upper limit of normal [ULN] 70 IU/L for @entity1 , 80 IU/L for @entity1 ) and @entity10020 ( @entity10020 ; bedside test; threshold 0.1 ng/mL) before and 6, 12, and 24 hours after the intervention. Relative to control @entity1 , the incidence of CK elevation >3x ULN was more than 90% lower in statin-treated @entity1 (0.4% versus 6.0%, P=0.01). @entity1780 therapy was the only factor independently associated with a lower risk of CK elevation >3x ULN (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.75; P=0.03). The overall incidences of CK and @entity10020 elevation were slightly lower in statin-treated than in control @entity1 (14.4% versus 20.9%, P=0.3, and 17.9% versus 22.4%, P=0.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Preprocedural statin therapy is associated with a reduction in the incidence of larger-sized, stenting-related @entity583 . Prospective, randomized trials are warranted to further assess this cardioprotective effect of statins in coronary intervention.

title: Preprocedural statin medication reduces the extent of periprocedural non-Q-wave XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial injury']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity10020 :: ('7139', 'Gene') :: ['cTnT', 'cardiac troponin T']

entities_list: @entity2453 :: ('MESH:C008047', 'Chemical') :: ['3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A', 'HMG-CoA']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarctions']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Platelet membrane components adhering with high affinity to collagen fibers were studied by means of an affinity column in which fibrillar type I collagen was physically immobilized. Intact @entity95 platelets in 1 mM @entity4527 adhered to the column but did not aggregate. Adhesion was dependent on the collagen concentration and on the number of platelets applied. Passage through the column without adhesion did not affect the potential for subsequent platelet binding. Surface-labelled whole platelets were passaged through this column, lysed in Triton and in @entity214 and labelled components adhering to the collagen were analysed on @entity214 - @entity2975 gels. It was found that Triton lysis removed most of the major surface glycoproteins but left the cytoskeleton on the column. Subsequent @entity214 elution removed the cytoskeletal proteins along with the remaining major surface glycoproteins. The label left on the column could not be eluted with 8 M @entity1133 or up to 4 M @entity1219 . Collagenase digestion of the column collagen released a single surface glycoprotein of Mr 80,000. Limited chymotryptic digestion of the labelled platelets prior to their application to the column did not affect their binding. A radiolabelled band of the same molecular weight (MW) became bound to the collagen following passage of the chymotrypsin-treated platelets. This band was trypsin-sensitive following @entity214 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis ( @entity214 -PAGE). These results, along with other published evidence, suggest that at least one platelet membrane component, expressed on the surface of the unstimulated platelet, binds with high affinity to fibrillar type I collagen and is probably involved in platelet collagen recognition.

title: Identification of a surface protein of the XXXX blood platelet with high affinity for collagen.

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Sprouty (Spry) proteins have been revealed as inhibitors of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, a pathway crucial for developmental processes initiated by activation of various receptor @entity669 kinases. In COS-1 and @entity19 cells, all Spry isoforms translocate to the plasma membrane, notably ruffles, following activation. Here we show that microinjection of active Rac induced the translocation of Spry isoforms, indicating that the target of the Spry translocation domain (SpryTD) is downstream of active Rac. Targeted disruption of actin polymerization revealed that the SpryTD target appeared upstream of cytoskeletal rearrangements. Accumulated evidence indicated that @entity1078 [ @entity17418 ] is the likely SpryTD target. @entity1 Spry2TD (hSpry2TD) binds to @entity17418 in vesicle-binding assays. @entity5743 TD colocalizes with the pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase Cdelta, which binds @entity17418 . The plasma membrane localization of @entity5743 TD was abolished in @entity1360 -treated MDCK cells or when @entity17418 was specifically dephosphorylated by overexpression of an engineered, green fluorescent protein-tagged inositol 5-phosphatase. Similarly, Spred, a novel Ras/MAPK inhibitor recently found to contain the conserved @entity462 -rich SpryTD, also translocated to peripheral membranes and bound to @entity17418 . Alignment of the Spry and Spred proteins led us to identify a translocation-defective point mutant, @entity5743 D252. Targeting of @entity5743 to @entity17418 was shown to be essential for the down-regulation of Ras/MAPK signaling.

title: The @entity462 -rich sprouty translocation domain targets mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitory proteins to XXXX in plasma membranes.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity1078 :: ('CHEBI:18348', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1078 :: (CHEBI:18348,Chemical) :: ['phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate']


abstract: Sprouty (Spry) proteins have been revealed as inhibitors of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, a pathway crucial for developmental processes initiated by activation of various receptor @entity669 kinases. In COS-1 and @entity19 cells, all Spry isoforms translocate to the plasma membrane, notably ruffles, following activation. Here we show that microinjection of active Rac induced the translocation of Spry isoforms, indicating that the target of the Spry translocation domain (SpryTD) is downstream of active Rac. Targeted disruption of actin polymerization revealed that the SpryTD target appeared upstream of cytoskeletal rearrangements. Accumulated evidence indicated that @entity1078 [ @entity17418 ] is the likely SpryTD target. @entity1 Spry2TD (hSpry2TD) binds to @entity17418 in vesicle-binding assays. @entity5743 TD colocalizes with the pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase Cdelta, which binds @entity17418 . The plasma membrane localization of @entity5743 TD was abolished in @entity1360 -treated MDCK cells or when @entity17418 was specifically dephosphorylated by overexpression of an engineered, green fluorescent protein-tagged inositol 5-phosphatase. Similarly, Spred, a novel Ras/MAPK inhibitor recently found to contain the conserved @entity462 -rich SpryTD, also translocated to peripheral membranes and bound to @entity17418 . Alignment of the Spry and Spred proteins led us to identify a translocation-defective point mutant, @entity5743 D252. Targeting of @entity5743 to @entity17418 was shown to be essential for the down-regulation of Ras/MAPK signaling.

title: The XXXX -rich sprouty translocation domain targets mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitory proteins to @entity1078 in plasma membranes.

answer: @entity462 :: (MESH:D003545,Chemical) :: ['cysteine']


abstract: This study examined whether @entity1 with @entity1723 and normal renal function have an altered response to an @entity535 infusion when they are pretreated with a converting-enzyme inhibitor. Three groups of adults received @entity535 infusions for 20 min on two occasions separated by a 240-min interval. Groups 1 (6 normals) and 2 (6 diabetics) ingested @entity3371 (12.5 mg) 120 min before starting the second infusion. Group 3 (4 diabetics) did not receive @entity3371 . Diabetics had normal base-line renal plasma flow, as indicated by @entity10945 clearance ( @entity8045 ), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In group 1, the maximum increase in @entity8045 was significant and similar with both infusions, 23 +/- 5 vs. 15 +/- 3% (SE); maximal changes in GFR were also significant and similar, 20 +/- 5 vs. 20 +/- 6%. In Group 2, the maximal increase in @entity8045 and GFR with the first infusion was 28 +/- 7 and 23 +/- 6%, respectively. After @entity3371 , the increases in @entity8045 and GFR were significantly greater than with the first infusion (64 +/- 8%, P less than 0.002, and 67 +/- 9%, P less than 0.002, respectively). In Group 3 diabetics, there was no difference in either @entity8045 or GFR with the first vs. the second infusion. Thus @entity3371 enhances the renal hemodynamic response to an @entity535 load in @entity6 @entity1 but not in normal adults.

title: @entity3371 augments the renal response to an XXXX infusion in @entity6 adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity10945 :: ('MESH:D010130', 'Chemical') :: ['para-aminohippuric acid']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: This study examined whether @entity1 with @entity1723 and normal renal function have an altered response to an @entity535 infusion when they are pretreated with a converting-enzyme inhibitor. Three groups of adults received @entity535 infusions for 20 min on two occasions separated by a 240-min interval. Groups 1 (6 normals) and 2 (6 diabetics) ingested @entity3371 (12.5 mg) 120 min before starting the second infusion. Group 3 (4 diabetics) did not receive @entity3371 . Diabetics had normal base-line renal plasma flow, as indicated by @entity10945 clearance ( @entity8045 ), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In group 1, the maximum increase in @entity8045 was significant and similar with both infusions, 23 +/- 5 vs. 15 +/- 3% (SE); maximal changes in GFR were also significant and similar, 20 +/- 5 vs. 20 +/- 6%. In Group 2, the maximal increase in @entity8045 and GFR with the first infusion was 28 +/- 7 and 23 +/- 6%, respectively. After @entity3371 , the increases in @entity8045 and GFR were significantly greater than with the first infusion (64 +/- 8%, P less than 0.002, and 67 +/- 9%, P less than 0.002, respectively). In Group 3 diabetics, there was no difference in either @entity8045 or GFR with the first vs. the second infusion. Thus @entity3371 enhances the renal hemodynamic response to an @entity535 load in @entity6 @entity1 but not in normal adults.

title: @entity3371 augments the renal response to an @entity535 infusion in XXXX adults.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: This study examined whether @entity1 with @entity1723 and normal renal function have an altered response to an @entity535 infusion when they are pretreated with a converting-enzyme inhibitor. Three groups of adults received @entity535 infusions for 20 min on two occasions separated by a 240-min interval. Groups 1 (6 normals) and 2 (6 diabetics) ingested @entity3371 (12.5 mg) 120 min before starting the second infusion. Group 3 (4 diabetics) did not receive @entity3371 . Diabetics had normal base-line renal plasma flow, as indicated by @entity10945 clearance ( @entity8045 ), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In group 1, the maximum increase in @entity8045 was significant and similar with both infusions, 23 +/- 5 vs. 15 +/- 3% (SE); maximal changes in GFR were also significant and similar, 20 +/- 5 vs. 20 +/- 6%. In Group 2, the maximal increase in @entity8045 and GFR with the first infusion was 28 +/- 7 and 23 +/- 6%, respectively. After @entity3371 , the increases in @entity8045 and GFR were significantly greater than with the first infusion (64 +/- 8%, P less than 0.002, and 67 +/- 9%, P less than 0.002, respectively). In Group 3 diabetics, there was no difference in either @entity8045 or GFR with the first vs. the second infusion. Thus @entity3371 enhances the renal hemodynamic response to an @entity535 load in @entity6 @entity1 but not in normal adults.

title: XXXX augments the renal response to an @entity535 infusion in @entity6 adults.

answer: @entity3371 :: (CHEBI:3380,Chemical) :: ['Captopril']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine whether each exercise and an entire karate training session can achieve: 1). accepted training intensity thresholds for effective aerobic capacity training; 2). energy expenditure (EE) thresholds for total body mass and fat @entity353 ; and, 3). elevation in excess postexercise @entity26 consumption (EPOC). METHODS: We investigated physiological responses during 5 types of karate training in female karate practitioners: basic techniques without (S-Basics) and with (M-Basics) movements, sparring techniques without (TECH I) and with (TECH II) an opponent, and kata. RESULTS: The mean percent of maximum @entity26 uptake reserve (%VO2R), percent of maximum heart rate (%HRmax), and maximum heart rate reserve (%HRR) for S-Basics were below the accepted threshold and for M-Basics were marginal or above the threshold for increasing VO2max. For TECH I, TECH II, kata, and the entire 70-min practice, the mean %HRmax and %HRR were well above the threshold, however, %VO2R was below the threshold. Although the mean EPOC measured for 5 min immediately following the entire 70-min karate training did not differ from resting VO2. The blood @entity880 responses to the 5 types of karate exercises ranged from 1.2+/-0.3 to 2.2+/-0.8 mmol L(-1). The mean EE for each karate exercise ranged from 157+/-10 kJ to 314+/-16 kJ. The mean EE for the entire 70 min practice and EPOC were 1120+/-64 kJ and 28+/-2 kJ, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The training intensities of karate exercises studied in @entity1 were light to moderate, effects of karate training on EPOC was minimal, and the mean EE was marginal to the accepted threshold for total body mass and fat @entity353 .

title: Physiological responses during and following karate training in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: One hundred ninety-two @entity1 with previously untreated @entity5 (102 @entity1149 [ @entity1149 ]; 90 @entity14 ) were randomized to receive either ad lib nutritional intake (control group) or specific nutritional intervention during a 12-week study period when chemotherapy was administered. Those @entity1 randomized to nutritional interventions were counselled to take oral nutrients with caloric intake equal to 1.7 to 1.95 times their basal energy expenditure, depending on their pretreatment nutritional status ("standard" group). An augmented group was counselled to have a caloric intake equivalent to that of the standard group but with 25% of calories provided as protein and additional supplements of @entity219 and @entity1760 . Counselling increased caloric intake in both @entity5 types but reduced @entity353 in the short term only for @entity2 @entity1 . Ninety-three @entity1149 @entity1 were evaluable for @entity5 response to @entity7324 and @entity900 . Overall, only 20.4% of the @entity1 responded, and there were no significant differences in response rates, median time to progression, or overall duration of survival between the nutrition intervention groups and the control group. The @entity5 response rate to time-sequenced @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) and @entity1499 in the 81 evaluable @entity1 with @entity14 was only 14.8%, and no significant differences in @entity5 response rates were noted between the three groups. Furthermore, the median time to progression and overall duration of survival were not different for the control, standard, and augmented groups. Nutritional interventions using dietary counselling had no impact on the percent of planned chemotherapy dose administered, the degree of @entity137 experienced by @entity1 , or the frequency of treatment delays. A multivariate prognostic factor analysis demonstrated that for @entity2 , the percent of @entity353 , serum @entity2313 concentration, and presence of liver metastases were significant (P less than .05) and independent prognostic variables for survival duration. For @entity14 , serum @entity2313 , alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and percent targeted caloric intake (TCI) were significant independent predictors of survival duration.

title: A randomized study of oral nutritional support versus ad lib nutritional intake during chemotherapy for advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['vindesine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'metastatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: Stereotactic radiotherapy has an inherent disadvantage in that it does not directly reduce @entity5 volume. In this increasing environment of cost-containment, however, this modality offers several advantages (see box). Some investigators believe that, over the next generation, stereotactic radiotherapy will be the mainstay of @entity5513 care, with microsurgery being the exception and being reserved for @entity1 needing urgent decompression and for very young @entity1 [12]. Increasing numbers of @entity1 are undergoing stereotactic radiotherapy as a matter of preference following the provision of sufficient information on the two treatment procedures. When counseling younger @entity1 , it is important to remember that no long-term data about the control rate for stereotactic radiotherapy with the most recent, lower doses are available. Also, surgical salvage, which is necessary in some @entity1 , produces a poor outcome following radiation therapy. Published reports have demonstrated similar facial nerve, hearing preservation, and @entity5 control rates in the short term only [32,33]. Data is insufficient to assess the risk for inducing a secondary, treatment-related @entity5 . Until long-term results are available, stereotactic radiotherapy should be reserved for medically infirm @entity1 , elderly @entity1 , @entity1 with @entity2319 or @entity5 , and @entity1 who have failed prior microsurgery. Radiotherapy is not the preferred primary treatment modality for @entity5513 based on currently published results.

title: Stereotactic radiosurgery of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'bilateral tumors', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral deafness']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['acoustic tumors']


abstract: C1 activation was assessed in several forms of @entity631 by radioimmunoassay quantitation of circulating ( @entity19459 )2 C1r-C1s complexes (INC). Eight @entity1 with active @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and @entity1310 had elevated serum INC (mean = 15.3 vs control = 5.8, P less than 0.01). Their INC levels were normal during remission. Serum INC had a weak inverse correlation with serum @entity6300 greater than 3 mg/dl (r = 0.42, P = 0.02). In longitudinal studies, serum INC also had a weak inverse correlation with serum C3 and C4. Only 1 of 10 @entity1 with type I and 1 of 15 with type III @entity631 ( @entity631 ) had elevated serum INC. No @entity1 with type II @entity631 had elevated levels. Two of 10 @entity1 with poststreptococcal @entity631 (P-SGN) had elevated serum INC, but all normalized with convalescence. @entity1 with @entity8 had normal serum INC. The data demonstrate the importance of C1 activation in @entity1252 and P-SGN. The mechanism of complement activation in types @entity631 remains unclear; the data suggest, but do not prove, that C1-independent complement activation may occur in these @entity1 .

title: Quantitation of ( @entity19459 )2 C1r-C1s complexes in XXXX as an indicator of C1 activation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IgA nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['I and III MPGN', 'MPGN', 'membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis', 'glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulonephritis']


abstract: C1 activation was assessed in several forms of @entity631 by radioimmunoassay quantitation of circulating ( @entity19459 )2 C1r-C1s complexes (INC). Eight @entity1 with active @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and @entity1310 had elevated serum INC (mean = 15.3 vs control = 5.8, P less than 0.01). Their INC levels were normal during remission. Serum INC had a weak inverse correlation with serum @entity6300 greater than 3 mg/dl (r = 0.42, P = 0.02). In longitudinal studies, serum INC also had a weak inverse correlation with serum C3 and C4. Only 1 of 10 @entity1 with type I and 1 of 15 with type III @entity631 ( @entity631 ) had elevated serum INC. No @entity1 with type II @entity631 had elevated levels. Two of 10 @entity1 with poststreptococcal @entity631 (P-SGN) had elevated serum INC, but all normalized with convalescence. @entity1 with @entity8 had normal serum INC. The data demonstrate the importance of C1 activation in @entity1252 and P-SGN. The mechanism of complement activation in types @entity631 remains unclear; the data suggest, but do not prove, that C1-independent complement activation may occur in these @entity1 .

title: Quantitation of ( XXXX )2 C1r-C1s complexes in @entity631 as an indicator of C1 activation.

answer: @entity19459 :: (710,Gene) :: ['C1INH']


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity1 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity14380 ( @entity14380 ). @entity14380 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity14380 were challenged with @entity413 (20 mmol/L), @entity369 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity2544 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity413 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity413 and @entity369 enhanced @entity2690 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity2544 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity413 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity413 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity369 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity413 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity2690 release. When @entity369 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity413 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity413 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity413 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity2690 release was clearly @entity2544 . The effect of @entity2544 was also remarkably independent of the @entity413 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity413 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity14380 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity2690 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity14380 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity413 , but was stimulated by @entity369 and @entity2544 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity2690 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity268 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity2544 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity413 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity2690 release during the early development of @entity1 fetal B-cells.

title: @entity2690 and glucagon secretory responses to @entity369 , glucagon, and @entity2544 during perifusion of @entity1 fetal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity14380 :: ('MESH:D018273', 'Disease') :: ['islet-like cell clusters', 'ICC']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity14380 :: (MESH:D018273,Disease) :: ['islet-like cell clusters']


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity1 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity14380 ( @entity14380 ). @entity14380 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity14380 were challenged with @entity413 (20 mmol/L), @entity369 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity2544 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity413 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity413 and @entity369 enhanced @entity2690 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity2544 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity413 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity413 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity369 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity413 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity2690 release. When @entity369 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity413 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity413 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity413 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity2690 release was clearly @entity2544 . The effect of @entity2544 was also remarkably independent of the @entity413 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity413 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity14380 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity2690 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity14380 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity413 , but was stimulated by @entity369 and @entity2544 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity2690 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity268 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity2544 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity413 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity2690 release during the early development of @entity1 fetal B-cells.

title: @entity2690 and glucagon secretory responses to @entity369 , glucagon, and XXXX during perifusion of @entity1 fetal @entity14380 .

answer: @entity2544 :: (MESH:D013806,Chemical) :: ['theophylline']


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity1 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity14380 ( @entity14380 ). @entity14380 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity14380 were challenged with @entity413 (20 mmol/L), @entity369 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity2544 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity413 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity413 and @entity369 enhanced @entity2690 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity2544 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity413 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity413 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity369 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity413 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity2690 release. When @entity369 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity413 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity413 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity413 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity2690 release was clearly @entity2544 . The effect of @entity2544 was also remarkably independent of the @entity413 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity413 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity14380 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity2690 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity14380 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity413 , but was stimulated by @entity369 and @entity2544 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity2690 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity268 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity2544 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity413 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity2690 release during the early development of @entity1 fetal B-cells.

title: @entity2690 and glucagon secretory responses to XXXX , glucagon, and @entity2544 during perifusion of @entity1 fetal @entity14380 .

answer: @entity369 :: (CHEBI:29016,Chemical) :: ['arginine']


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity1 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity14380 ( @entity14380 ). @entity14380 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity14380 were challenged with @entity413 (20 mmol/L), @entity369 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity2544 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity413 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity413 and @entity369 enhanced @entity2690 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity2544 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity413 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity413 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity369 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity413 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity2690 release. When @entity369 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity413 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity413 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity413 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity2690 release was clearly @entity2544 . The effect of @entity2544 was also remarkably independent of the @entity413 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity413 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity14380 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity2690 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity14380 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity413 , but was stimulated by @entity369 and @entity2544 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity2690 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity268 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity2544 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity413 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity2690 release during the early development of @entity1 fetal B-cells.

title: XXXX and glucagon secretory responses to @entity369 , glucagon, and @entity2544 during perifusion of @entity1 fetal @entity14380 .

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['Insulin']


abstract: The secretory responsiveness of @entity1 fetal pancreatic endocrine cells was studied by perifusion of cultured @entity14380 ( @entity14380 ). @entity14380 were obtained from 7 fetuses at 13-15 weeks gestation and 21 fetuses at 17-22 weeks gestation. The @entity14380 were challenged with @entity413 (20 mmol/L), @entity369 (10 mmol/L), glucagon (1.4 mumol/L), and @entity2544 (10 mmol/L) combined with zero, low (2 mmol/L), or high (20 mmol/L) @entity413 . At 13-15 weeks, @entity413 and @entity369 enhanced @entity2690 release in some experiments, whereas glucagon and @entity2544 were always potent stimuli (mean response, 4-fold regardless of the @entity413 concentration). At 17-22 weeks, both @entity413 alone (20 mmol/L) and @entity369 (10 mmol/L, with 2 mmol/L @entity413 ) induced a small (1.4- to 1.5-fold) increase in @entity2690 release. When @entity369 was combined with 20 mmol/L @entity413 , the response was potentiated to become a 2.3-fold increase. In contrast, glucagon was equally effective in 2 and 20 mmol/L @entity413 (2.9- and 2.6-fold responses, respectively) and produced a half-maximal response even in the absence of @entity413 . In this age range the most potent stimulus for @entity2690 release was clearly @entity2544 . The effect of @entity2544 was also remarkably independent of the @entity413 concentration of the perifusate (5.6-, 8.1-, and 8.6-fold responses at 0, 2, and 20 mmol/L @entity413 , respectively). Glucagon release from the @entity14380 of the 17- to 22-week-old fetuses was low (mean basal glucagon release, 2.9; @entity2690 , 24.8 fmol/100 @entity14380 /min). Glucagon release was not affected by 20 mmol/L @entity413 , but was stimulated by @entity369 and @entity2544 . These findings suggest that in the fetal pancreas, in contrast to the adult organ, @entity2690 release results from elevation of intracellular @entity268 concentrations (by glucagon or @entity2544 ) relatively independent of the exogenous @entity413 concentration. Therefore, glucagon may have an important role in regulating @entity2690 release during the early development of @entity1 fetal B-cells.

title: @entity2690 and glucagon secretory responses to @entity369 , glucagon, and @entity2544 during perifusion of XXXX fetal @entity14380 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: During the preclinical period of @entity1 @entity1723 , both impaired pancreatic beta-cell function and increased insulin resistance are found, although normoglycemia is preserved. To better understand the changes in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity that occur in @entity1723 , we performed a panel of in vivo beta-cell function tests and measured insulin sensitivity in adolescent male @entity6599 both in normal health and after a small dose of @entity3839 which did not induce @entity4854 . Nine animals were studied before (stage 1) and 1 week after receiving a low dose of @entity3839 (stage 2). There was no change in fasting plasma @entity413 or insulin. The mean @entity413 disposal rate (Kg) remained within the normal range, but dropped from 2.0 +/- 0.2% +/- SE) to 1.2 +/- 0.1%/min (P less than 0.01), the acute insulin response to @entity369 (AIR(arg)) fell from 67.7 +/- 19.4 microU/mL (485.8 +/- 139.2 pmol/L) to 32.8 +/- 7.2 microU/mL (235.3 +/- 51.7 pmol/L; P less than 0.05), and the acute insulin response to @entity413 (AIR(gluc)) fell from 881 +/- 243 microU/mL.10 min (6321 +/- 1744 pmol/L.10 min) to 334 +/- 82 microU/mL.10 min (2396 +/- 588 pmol/L.10 min; P less than 0.01). The most dramatic change, however, was in the ability of @entity4854 to potentiate AIR(arg) (expressed as the slope of potentiation). This was reduced by 94% from 1.8 +/- 0.5 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.01), with almost no overlap in values between stages 1 and 2. Insulin sensitivity was also lower 1 week after @entity3839 treatment. When the animals were restudied 8 weeks after @entity3839 treatment (stage 3) most measures of beta-cell function were not significantly different from those in stage 1. The fasting plasma @entity413 level was 85.4 +/- 4.3 mg/ @entity44717 +/- 0.2 mmol/L), Kg was 1.8 +/- 0.3%/min, fasting plasma insulin was 35.9 +/- 8.5 microU/mL (257.6 +/- 61.0 pmol/L), AIR(arg) was 67.0 +/- 15.4 microU/mL (480.7 +/- 110.5 pmol/L), and AIR(gluc) was 615.3 +/- 265.3 microU/mL.10 min (4413 +/- 1901 pmol/L.10 min), and tissue insulin sensitivity was 2.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(4) min/microU.mL. These values show extensive overlap with those of stage 1, from which they are not significantly different. The slope of @entity413 potentiation, however, remained low in all animals at stage 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Defects in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic @entity3839 -treated @entity6599 : a model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozocin']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['preclinical insulin-dependent diabetes', 'insulin-dependent diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity1723 :: (MESH:D003922,Disease) :: ['preclinical insulin-dependent diabetes']


abstract: During the preclinical period of @entity1 @entity1723 , both impaired pancreatic beta-cell function and increased insulin resistance are found, although normoglycemia is preserved. To better understand the changes in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity that occur in @entity1723 , we performed a panel of in vivo beta-cell function tests and measured insulin sensitivity in adolescent male @entity6599 both in normal health and after a small dose of @entity3839 which did not induce @entity4854 . Nine animals were studied before (stage 1) and 1 week after receiving a low dose of @entity3839 (stage 2). There was no change in fasting plasma @entity413 or insulin. The mean @entity413 disposal rate (Kg) remained within the normal range, but dropped from 2.0 +/- 0.2% +/- SE) to 1.2 +/- 0.1%/min (P less than 0.01), the acute insulin response to @entity369 (AIR(arg)) fell from 67.7 +/- 19.4 microU/mL (485.8 +/- 139.2 pmol/L) to 32.8 +/- 7.2 microU/mL (235.3 +/- 51.7 pmol/L; P less than 0.05), and the acute insulin response to @entity413 (AIR(gluc)) fell from 881 +/- 243 microU/mL.10 min (6321 +/- 1744 pmol/L.10 min) to 334 +/- 82 microU/mL.10 min (2396 +/- 588 pmol/L.10 min; P less than 0.01). The most dramatic change, however, was in the ability of @entity4854 to potentiate AIR(arg) (expressed as the slope of potentiation). This was reduced by 94% from 1.8 +/- 0.5 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.01), with almost no overlap in values between stages 1 and 2. Insulin sensitivity was also lower 1 week after @entity3839 treatment. When the animals were restudied 8 weeks after @entity3839 treatment (stage 3) most measures of beta-cell function were not significantly different from those in stage 1. The fasting plasma @entity413 level was 85.4 +/- 4.3 mg/ @entity44717 +/- 0.2 mmol/L), Kg was 1.8 +/- 0.3%/min, fasting plasma insulin was 35.9 +/- 8.5 microU/mL (257.6 +/- 61.0 pmol/L), AIR(arg) was 67.0 +/- 15.4 microU/mL (480.7 +/- 110.5 pmol/L), and AIR(gluc) was 615.3 +/- 265.3 microU/mL.10 min (4413 +/- 1901 pmol/L.10 min), and tissue insulin sensitivity was 2.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(4) min/microU.mL. These values show extensive overlap with those of stage 1, from which they are not significantly different. The slope of @entity413 potentiation, however, remained low in all animals at stage 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Defects in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic @entity3839 -treated XXXX : a model of @entity1723 .

answer: @entity6599 :: (9557,Species) :: ['baboons']


abstract: During the preclinical period of @entity1 @entity1723 , both impaired pancreatic beta-cell function and increased insulin resistance are found, although normoglycemia is preserved. To better understand the changes in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity that occur in @entity1723 , we performed a panel of in vivo beta-cell function tests and measured insulin sensitivity in adolescent male @entity6599 both in normal health and after a small dose of @entity3839 which did not induce @entity4854 . Nine animals were studied before (stage 1) and 1 week after receiving a low dose of @entity3839 (stage 2). There was no change in fasting plasma @entity413 or insulin. The mean @entity413 disposal rate (Kg) remained within the normal range, but dropped from 2.0 +/- 0.2% +/- SE) to 1.2 +/- 0.1%/min (P less than 0.01), the acute insulin response to @entity369 (AIR(arg)) fell from 67.7 +/- 19.4 microU/mL (485.8 +/- 139.2 pmol/L) to 32.8 +/- 7.2 microU/mL (235.3 +/- 51.7 pmol/L; P less than 0.05), and the acute insulin response to @entity413 (AIR(gluc)) fell from 881 +/- 243 microU/mL.10 min (6321 +/- 1744 pmol/L.10 min) to 334 +/- 82 microU/mL.10 min (2396 +/- 588 pmol/L.10 min; P less than 0.01). The most dramatic change, however, was in the ability of @entity4854 to potentiate AIR(arg) (expressed as the slope of potentiation). This was reduced by 94% from 1.8 +/- 0.5 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.01), with almost no overlap in values between stages 1 and 2. Insulin sensitivity was also lower 1 week after @entity3839 treatment. When the animals were restudied 8 weeks after @entity3839 treatment (stage 3) most measures of beta-cell function were not significantly different from those in stage 1. The fasting plasma @entity413 level was 85.4 +/- 4.3 mg/ @entity44717 +/- 0.2 mmol/L), Kg was 1.8 +/- 0.3%/min, fasting plasma insulin was 35.9 +/- 8.5 microU/mL (257.6 +/- 61.0 pmol/L), AIR(arg) was 67.0 +/- 15.4 microU/mL (480.7 +/- 110.5 pmol/L), and AIR(gluc) was 615.3 +/- 265.3 microU/mL.10 min (4413 +/- 1901 pmol/L.10 min), and tissue insulin sensitivity was 2.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(4) min/microU.mL. These values show extensive overlap with those of stage 1, from which they are not significantly different. The slope of @entity413 potentiation, however, remained low in all animals at stage 3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Defects in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic XXXX -treated @entity6599 : a model of @entity1723 .

answer: @entity3839 :: (MESH:D013311,Chemical) :: ['streptozocin']


abstract: The airway inflammation underlying @entity565 is regulated by a network of mutually interacting cytokines. The exact functional role of each individual cytokine in the pathogenesis of the disease remains to be fully established. Type 2 T-helper cells are currently considered to play a crucial role in this process. In vivo animal data suggest a sequential involvement of @entity3646 and @entity225 in the induction of allergen-induced airway changes. The potential role of other type 2 T-helper cell-like cytokines in @entity565 is increasingly being recognized. In particular, @entity3646 and -13 display a large degree of redundancy. Whereas @entity3646 seems to be crucial in the primary allergen sensitization process, @entity4047 might be more important during secondary exposure to aerosolized allergen. Animal models also indicate that T-cell-derived cytokine production, rather than eosinophil influx or immunoglobulin-E synthesis, is causally related to altered airway behaviour. An important aspect when evaluating the functional role of cytokines in a complex disease such as @entity565 is the interaction with other cytokines in the microenvironment. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha can further enhance the inflammatory process, and is increasingly linked to disease severity. In addition, decreased expression of immunoregulatory cytokines, including interleukin-12, @entity8923 or @entity379 could also strengthen the type 2 T-helper cell-driven inflammatory process.

title: Cytokines in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon gamma']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is a major cause of ill health and medical expenditure worldwide. Despite recent increases in the knowledge about the nature of the disease process and recognition of cytokine-mediated pathways of @entity32 , current management is focussed on @entity1 outcomes that relate to physiological measures of dysfunction. The new Global initiative in @entity3885 (GOLD) management guidelines are evidence-based and stress both pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy. Effective drug therapy can help smoking cessation in motivated @entity1 ( @entity1239 replacement, @entity752 ). Bronchodilator therapy is best given by inhaler, can use either beta-agonists or anticholinergics and is more effective if long acting. Health status and exercise performance can improve without parallel changes in forced expiratory volume in one second. Inhaled @entity288 are indicated if there is a significant bronchodilator response or the @entity1 has more severe disease with frequent exacerbations. Antioxidant therapy remains controversial but may reduce exacerbation number. Acute exacerbations require higher doses of bronchodilators and short courses of oral @entity288 . New drug treatment is a major priority for @entity1030 research.

title: Modern treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['Obstructive Lung Disease']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity752 :: ('MESH:D016642', 'Chemical') :: ['bupropion']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']