abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the toxicological effects of @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) on @entity1 animal's nerve tissue. METHODS: 50 Kunming @entity19 were divided into 5 groups at random, the exposed groups(3 dose level groups), the vehicle control group and standard control group. Every group got 10 @entity19 . The exposed groups were treated by intraperitoneal injection with @entity3015 dissolved in vegetable oil at 7.8, 3.2 and 1.3 mg/kg respectively, 4 times/week, for 10 weeks, the vehicle control group were given vegetable oil and the standard control group were not given any treatment. All the @entity19 were anesthetized with 0.02 mol/L @entity4485 and infused with 1.33 mol/L @entity1604 dissolved in PBS through heart after 10 weeks. Then the brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve were removed. Slices of these tissues were made and morphological changes were observed by optical microscope and electron-microscope. Cell appoptosis was examined by TUNEL( @entity23929 -mediated x- @entity1977 nick end labeling) method. RESULTS: Morphological observations showed tissue injury in @entity3015 exposed groups. There were focal @entity39 areas found in the high-dose group. The cell apoptosis rates in 3.2 and 1.3 mg/kg groups were 90.02%-94.22% and 62.45%-77.54% respectively, significantly higher than those of vehicle control group and standard control group(4.60%-5.57%). CONCLUSION: @entity3015 is @entity2359 . It could damage the nerve tissue as well as induce DNA breaks and cell apoptosis.

title: [Study on the morphological damage and cell apoptosis of nerve tissue in @entity19 exposed to XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity1604 :: ('MESH:C003043', 'Chemical') :: ['paraformaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

answer: @entity3014 :: (MESH:D001564,Chemical) :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the toxicological effects of @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) on @entity1 animal's nerve tissue. METHODS: 50 Kunming @entity19 were divided into 5 groups at random, the exposed groups(3 dose level groups), the vehicle control group and standard control group. Every group got 10 @entity19 . The exposed groups were treated by intraperitoneal injection with @entity3015 dissolved in vegetable oil at 7.8, 3.2 and 1.3 mg/kg respectively, 4 times/week, for 10 weeks, the vehicle control group were given vegetable oil and the standard control group were not given any treatment. All the @entity19 were anesthetized with 0.02 mol/L @entity4485 and infused with 1.33 mol/L @entity1604 dissolved in PBS through heart after 10 weeks. Then the brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve were removed. Slices of these tissues were made and morphological changes were observed by optical microscope and electron-microscope. Cell appoptosis was examined by TUNEL( @entity23929 -mediated x- @entity1977 nick end labeling) method. RESULTS: Morphological observations showed tissue injury in @entity3015 exposed groups. There were focal @entity39 areas found in the high-dose group. The cell apoptosis rates in 3.2 and 1.3 mg/kg groups were 90.02%-94.22% and 62.45%-77.54% respectively, significantly higher than those of vehicle control group and standard control group(4.60%-5.57%). CONCLUSION: @entity3015 is @entity2359 . It could damage the nerve tissue as well as induce DNA breaks and cell apoptosis.

title: [Study on the morphological damage and cell apoptosis of nerve tissue in XXXX exposed to @entity3014 ].

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: We studied @entity1781 decompressions for @entity6437 cerebri performed at the Kresge Eye Institute, Detroit, over the past year. Six @entity1 (ten eyes) were operated on. Visual function improved in all ten eyes. A decision to operate was based on progressive @entity227 or visual field unresponsive to medical therapy, accompanied by echographic evidence of a distended @entity1781 (positive 30 degrees test). Follow-up ranged from four to 11 months. Four @entity1 underwent subarachnoid @entity3990 (Isovue) contrast injection followed by orbital computed tomography. The subarachnoid space totally filled in all @entity1 . No evidence of @entity82 or obstruction of the @entity1781 existed; however, leakage of dye from the @entity1781 could not be demonstrated. @entity260 included transient @entity892 and transient @entity2300 (one @entity1 each). Our results indicate that @entity1781 decompression improves and protects visual function in @entity1 with @entity6437 cerebri who demonstrate progressive @entity227 and fluid in the @entity1781 .

title: Optic nerve sheath decompression for XXXX cerebri.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['loss of visual acuity', 'visual field loss']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity6437 :: ('MESH:D006104', 'Disease') :: ['pseudotumor']

entities_list: @entity2300 :: ('MESH:D011681', 'Disease') :: ['atonic pupil']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve sheath']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity3990 :: ('MESH:D007479', 'Chemical') :: ['iopamidol']

answer: @entity6437 :: (MESH:D006104,Disease) :: ['pseudotumor']


abstract: 1. A high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) conversion factor was partially purified from @entity1 plasma by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, ultracentrifugation, cation-exchange chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography and chromatography on a column of @entity692 . 2. This factor modulates the particle size of HDL by converting a homogeneous population into new populations of particles, some of which are smaller and others larger than those in the original population. 3. The isolated HDL conversion factor appeared as one major band and at least three minor bands on @entity214 / @entity2975 -gel electrophoresis; attempts to purify this factor further resulted in loss of conversion activity. 4. Preparations of the HDL conversion factor were stable after heating to 58 degrees C for 1 h, and were shown not to possess proteolytic activity. 5. The conversion factor was distinct from the known apolipoproteins, none of which had HDL conversion activity. 6. Addition of @entity15783 had a dose-dependent potentiating effect on the process promoted by the HDL conversion factor.

title: Isolation of a high-density-lipoprotein conversion factor from @entity1 plasma. A possible role of XXXX as its activator.

entities_list: @entity15783 :: ('337', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein A-IV']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity15783 :: (337,Gene) :: ['apolipoprotein A-IV']


abstract: 1. A high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) conversion factor was partially purified from @entity1 plasma by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, ultracentrifugation, cation-exchange chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography and chromatography on a column of @entity692 . 2. This factor modulates the particle size of HDL by converting a homogeneous population into new populations of particles, some of which are smaller and others larger than those in the original population. 3. The isolated HDL conversion factor appeared as one major band and at least three minor bands on @entity214 / @entity2975 -gel electrophoresis; attempts to purify this factor further resulted in loss of conversion activity. 4. Preparations of the HDL conversion factor were stable after heating to 58 degrees C for 1 h, and were shown not to possess proteolytic activity. 5. The conversion factor was distinct from the known apolipoproteins, none of which had HDL conversion activity. 6. Addition of @entity15783 had a dose-dependent potentiating effect on the process promoted by the HDL conversion factor.

title: Isolation of a high-density-lipoprotein conversion factor from XXXX plasma. A possible role of @entity15783 as its activator.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity130 or medical illnesses transported to the hospital by ambulance have a frequent incidence of @entity11535 . Because the administration of drugs in the ambulance is prohibited by law in Austria, the noninvasive Korean hand acupressure point at K-K9 may be an alternative against @entity390 and @entity391 . We enrolled 100 geriatric @entity1 with minor @entity130 , randomizing them into a K-K9 group and a sham acupressure group. We recorded visual analog scores (VAS) for @entity390 and for the @entity1 's overall satisfaction with the treatment, hemodynamic variables, and peripheral vasoconstriction. In the K-K9 group, a significant (P < 0.01) increase in @entity390 was recorded in all cases: from VAS of 0 mm to 25 +/- 6 mm. A similarly significant (P < 0.01) increase was registered in the sham group: from VAS of 0 mm to 83 +/- 8 mm. However, at the time of arrival in the hospital, @entity390 scores were significantly different between the K-K9 group and the sham group (P < 0.01). Although all @entity1 had been vasoconstricted at the emergency site before treatment, there was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between groups with regard to the number of vasoconstricted @entity1 at the hospital (4 and 46 constricted and dilated, respectively, in the K-K9 group versus 48 and 2 constricted and dilated, respectively, in the sham group). On arrival in the hospital, a significant difference (P < 0.01) in heart rate was noted between the K-K9 group and the sham group (65 +/- 6 bpm versus 98 +/- 8 bpm). The @entity1 ' overall satisfaction with the provided care was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the K-K9 group (19 +/- 9 mm VAS) than in the sham group (48 +/- 12 mm VAS). Neither group experienced a significant change in blood pressure. K-K9 stimulation was an effective and simple treatment for @entity390 during emergency care and significantly improved @entity1 satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS: Korean hand acupressure at the K-K9 point was effective in reducing @entity390 and subjective symptoms of @entity11535 in @entity130 transport of @entity1 at high risk of @entity11535 .

title: Korean hand acupressure for XXXX in @entity130 care: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial in a geriatric population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity11535 :: ('MESH:D009041', 'Disease') :: ['motion sickness']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma', 'emergency trauma']

answer: @entity11535 :: (MESH:D009041,Disease) :: ['motion sickness']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity130 or medical illnesses transported to the hospital by ambulance have a frequent incidence of @entity11535 . Because the administration of drugs in the ambulance is prohibited by law in Austria, the noninvasive Korean hand acupressure point at K-K9 may be an alternative against @entity390 and @entity391 . We enrolled 100 geriatric @entity1 with minor @entity130 , randomizing them into a K-K9 group and a sham acupressure group. We recorded visual analog scores (VAS) for @entity390 and for the @entity1 's overall satisfaction with the treatment, hemodynamic variables, and peripheral vasoconstriction. In the K-K9 group, a significant (P < 0.01) increase in @entity390 was recorded in all cases: from VAS of 0 mm to 25 +/- 6 mm. A similarly significant (P < 0.01) increase was registered in the sham group: from VAS of 0 mm to 83 +/- 8 mm. However, at the time of arrival in the hospital, @entity390 scores were significantly different between the K-K9 group and the sham group (P < 0.01). Although all @entity1 had been vasoconstricted at the emergency site before treatment, there was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between groups with regard to the number of vasoconstricted @entity1 at the hospital (4 and 46 constricted and dilated, respectively, in the K-K9 group versus 48 and 2 constricted and dilated, respectively, in the sham group). On arrival in the hospital, a significant difference (P < 0.01) in heart rate was noted between the K-K9 group and the sham group (65 +/- 6 bpm versus 98 +/- 8 bpm). The @entity1 ' overall satisfaction with the provided care was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the K-K9 group (19 +/- 9 mm VAS) than in the sham group (48 +/- 12 mm VAS). Neither group experienced a significant change in blood pressure. K-K9 stimulation was an effective and simple treatment for @entity390 during emergency care and significantly improved @entity1 satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS: Korean hand acupressure at the K-K9 point was effective in reducing @entity390 and subjective symptoms of @entity11535 in @entity130 transport of @entity1 at high risk of @entity11535 .

title: Korean hand acupressure for @entity11535 in XXXX care: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial in a geriatric population.

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['prehospital trauma']


abstract: CONTEXT: Deciding on the appropriate therapy for @entity1 with @entity5 mandates accurate @entity5 staging with whole-body coverage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a combined modality including positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) provide whole-body @entity5 staging in a single session. OBJECTIVE: To determine the staging accuracies of both whole-body PET/CT and whole-body MRI for different @entity5 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : Prospective, blinded, investigator-initiated study of 98 @entity1 (mean age, 58 years; range, 27-94 years) with various oncological diseases who underwent back-to-back whole-body @entity413 analog @entity419 -PET/CT and whole-body MRI for @entity5 staging. The study was conducted at a university hospital from December 2001 through October 2002 and had a mean follow-up of 273 days (range, 75-515 days). The images were evaluated by 2 different, blinded reader teams. The diagnostic accuracies of the 2 imaging procedures were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correct classification of the @entity5 , regional lymph nodes, and distant metastasis (overall TNM stage) using whole-body PET/CT and whole-body MRI. Secondary outcome measures were accurate assessment of T-stage, N-stage, and M-stage by the 2 imaging procedures. RESULTS: Of 98 @entity1 , the overall TNM stage was correctly determined in 75 with PET/CT (77%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 67%-85%) and in 53 with MRI (54%; 95% CI, 44%-64%) (P<.001). Compared with MRI, PET/CT had a direct impact on @entity1 management in 12 @entity1 . Results from MRI changed the therapy regimen in 2 @entity1 compared with PET/CT. Separate assessment of T-stage (with pathological verification) in 46 @entity1 revealed PET/CT to be accurate in 37 (80%; 95% CI, 66%-91%) and MRI to be accurate in 24 (52%; 95% CI, 37%-67%) (P<.001). Of 98 @entity1 , N-stage was correctly determined in 91 @entity1 with PET/CT (93%; 95% CI, 86%-97%) and in 77 @entity1 with MRI (79%; 95% CI, 69%-86%) (P =.001). Both imaging procedures showed a similar performance in detecting distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of the whole-body staging strategies of PET/CT and MRI are established. Superior performance in overall TNM staging suggests the use of @entity419 -PET/CT as a possible first-line modality for whole-body @entity5 staging.

title: Whole-body dual-modality PET/CT and whole-body MRI for XXXX staging in oncology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'malignant diseases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: AIMS: To assess whether retinal arteriolar wall changes (focal narrowing and arteriovenous nicking) are associated with an increased 5 year risk of age related @entity1020 (ARM). METHODS: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 residents aged 49+ years living in a defined area, during 1992-4 (82.4% participation). After 5 years, 2335 surviving @entity1 (75.1%) were re-examined during 1997-9. Retinal photographs were graded using the Wisconsin ARM grading system. Incident late (neovascular or @entity3202 ) or early stage ARM was defined using a side by side grading method. Focal arteriolar narrowing (localised constricted arteriolar segments causing a sausage-like appearance), and arteriovenous (AV) nicking (constriction on both sides of the venule where crossed by an arteriole), were graded by comparison with standard photographs. All retinal vessels passing through a circumferential zone 0.5-1.0 disc diameters from the optic disc margin were measured from digitised images. Summarised estimates for central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) represent an average diameter of arterioles for that eye. Associations were assessed after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, mean arterial blood pressure, and other vascular risk factors. RESULTS: Of 2314 baseline @entity1 at risk of late stage ARM, either late stage lesion developed in 34 @entity1 (1.5%). Of 2203 at risk of early stage ARM, this sign developed in 197 @entity1 (8.9%). Focal arteriolar narrowing was present at baseline in at least one eye of 162 survivors (6.9%) and severe AV nicking was present in 187 @entity1 (8.1%). Over 5 years, 4.9% of subjects with and 1.2% of those without focal narrowing developed either late stage ARM lesion, age adjusted relative risk (RR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0 to 5.1, multivariate adjusted @entity3122 (95% CI 0.9 to 4.9). Similarly, 3.7% of subjects with and 1.3% of those without severe AV nicking developed late ARM lesions, age adjusted RR 2.1 (95% CI 0.9 to 5.1), multivariate adjusted OR 2.2 (95% CI 0.9 to 5.6). Corresponding age adjusted RR and multivariate adjusted OR for development of early stage ARM were 1.4 (95% CI 0.9 to 2.0) and 1.3 (95% CI 0.8 to 2.1) for focal arteriolar narrowing, and 1.6 (95% CI 1.0 to 2.3) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.9) for severe AV nicking, respectively. No associations between baseline CRAE and 5 year incident late or early stage ARM were found. CONCLUSIONS: Although of borderline statistical significance, the consistent associations found in this study suggest that structural retinal arteriolar changes may either contribute to ARM progression or may share common pathological pathways with ARM.

title: Retinal vessel wall signs and the 5 year incidence of age related XXXX : the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['maculopathy']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['maculopathy']


abstract: CONTEXT: Complicated, left-sided native @entity340 causes significant morbidity and mortality in adults. The presumed benefits of valve surgery remain unproven due to lack of randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether valve surgery is associated with reduced mortality in adults with complicated, left-sided native @entity340 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective, observational cohort study conducted from January 1990 to January 2000 at 7 Connecticut hospitals. Propensity analyses were used to control for bias in treatment assignment and prognostic imbalances. @entity1 : Of the 513 adults with complicated, left-sided native @entity340 , 230 (45%) underwent valve surgery and 283 (55%) received medical therapy alone. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: All-cause mortality at 6 months after baseline. RESULTS: In the 6-month period after baseline, 131 @entity1 (26%) died. In unadjusted analyses, valve surgery was associated with reduced mortality (16% vs 33%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.63; P<.001). After adjustment for baseline variables associated with mortality (including hospital site, comorbidity, @entity712 , microbial etiology, immunocompromised state, abnormal mental status, and @entity281 ), valve surgery remained associated with reduced mortality (adjusted HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.23-0.54; P<.02). In further analyses of 218 @entity1 matched by propensity scores, valve surgery remained associated with reduced mortality (15% vs 28%; HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.23-0.86; P =.01). After additional adjustment for variables that contribute to heterogeneity and confounding within the propensity-matched group, surgical therapy remained significantly associated with a lower mortality (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18-0.91; P =.03). In this propensity-matched group, @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity712 showed the greatest reduction in mortality with valve surgery (14% vs 51%; HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09-0.53; P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: Valve surgery for @entity1 with complicated, left-sided native @entity340 was independently associated with reduced 6-month mortality after adjustment for both baseline variables associated with the propensity to undergo valve surgery and baseline variables associated with mortality. The reduced mortality was particularly evident among @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity712 .

title: Impact of valve surgery on 6-month mortality in adults with complicated, left-sided native XXXX : a propensity analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['refractory infection']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

answer: @entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['valve endocarditis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1 with @entity6 may carry a higher case fatality of invasive @entity7706 compared with @entity7964 @entity1 due to decreased immunity, risk of metabolic derangement, or @entity2333 . We conducted a population-based cohort study to assess the impact of @entity6 on mortality within 90 days in @entity1 with @entity2259 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: All @entity1 with community-acquired @entity2259 in North Jutland County, Denmark, from January 1992 to December 2001 were retrieved from the County @entity2259 Registry. Using civil registry numbers, @entity1 with @entity6 were identified by record linkage with the County Prescription Database (for antidiabetic drugs) and the County Hospital Discharge Registry. Mortality within 90 days was determined through the Central Population Registry. Mortality rates were compared for @entity6 and @entity7964 @entity1 and adjusted for sex, age, and comorbidity. RESULTS: Among 628 @entity1 aged >15 years with community-acquired @entity2259 , 63 (10.0%) had @entity6 . The @entity6 @entity1 were slightly older (median age 71.7 years) than the @entity7964 @entity1 (67.0 years), and the proportion of @entity1 with comorbidity was higher in the @entity6 group (59 vs. 46%). Mortality in @entity6 @entity1 compared with @entity7964 @entity1 was 11.1 vs. 16.5% after 30 days and 16.0 vs. 19.5% after 90 days, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age, and comorbidity, the mortality rate ratio for @entity6 @entity1 was 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-1.2) compared with the @entity7964 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity6 @entity1 with community-acquired @entity2259 appear not to have a higher case fatality than @entity7964 @entity1 .

title: @entity6 and outcome of community-acquired XXXX : a 10-year population-based cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7706 :: ('MESH:D011008', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal infection']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity7964 :: ('OMIM:612551', 'Disease') :: ['nondiabetic']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['angiopathy']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['Bacteremia', 'pneumococcal bacteremia']

answer: @entity2259 :: (MESH:D016470,Disease) :: ['pneumococcal bacteremia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1 with @entity6 may carry a higher case fatality of invasive @entity7706 compared with @entity7964 @entity1 due to decreased immunity, risk of metabolic derangement, or @entity2333 . We conducted a population-based cohort study to assess the impact of @entity6 on mortality within 90 days in @entity1 with @entity2259 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: All @entity1 with community-acquired @entity2259 in North Jutland County, Denmark, from January 1992 to December 2001 were retrieved from the County @entity2259 Registry. Using civil registry numbers, @entity1 with @entity6 were identified by record linkage with the County Prescription Database (for antidiabetic drugs) and the County Hospital Discharge Registry. Mortality within 90 days was determined through the Central Population Registry. Mortality rates were compared for @entity6 and @entity7964 @entity1 and adjusted for sex, age, and comorbidity. RESULTS: Among 628 @entity1 aged >15 years with community-acquired @entity2259 , 63 (10.0%) had @entity6 . The @entity6 @entity1 were slightly older (median age 71.7 years) than the @entity7964 @entity1 (67.0 years), and the proportion of @entity1 with comorbidity was higher in the @entity6 group (59 vs. 46%). Mortality in @entity6 @entity1 compared with @entity7964 @entity1 was 11.1 vs. 16.5% after 30 days and 16.0 vs. 19.5% after 90 days, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age, and comorbidity, the mortality rate ratio for @entity6 @entity1 was 0.6 (95% CI 0.3-1.2) compared with the @entity7964 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity6 @entity1 with community-acquired @entity2259 appear not to have a higher case fatality than @entity7964 @entity1 .

title: XXXX and outcome of community-acquired @entity2259 : a 10-year population-based cohort study.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of the Cambridge Risk Score (CRS) to predict undiagnosed @entity4854 in Caribbean and South Asian @entity1 living in the U.K. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The CRS uses routinely available data from primary care records to identify @entity1 at high risk for undiagnosed type 2 @entity6 . The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve for the CRS cut point of 0.199 were 77, 72, and 80% (95% CI 68-91), respectively. The risk score was calculated for 248 Caribbean and 555 South Asian @entity1 aged 40-75 years in the 1999 Health Survey for England. Undiagnosed @entity4854 was considered present if fasting plasma @entity413 was >/=7.0 mmol/l or HbA(1c) was >/=6.5%. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for various cut points of the risk score, and ROC curves were constructed. RESULTS: The area under the ROC curve was 67% (59-76) and 72% (67-78) for Caribbeans and South Asians, respectively. The optimal cut point in Caribbean @entity1 was 0.236, sensitivity was 63% (46-77), and specificity was 63% (56-69). In the South Asian population, the optimal cut point was and 0.127, sensitivity was 69% (60-78), and specificity was 64% (60-69). CONCLUSIONS: The CRS, using routinely available data, can be used in a strategy to detect undiagnosed @entity4854 in Caribbean and South Asian populations. The existence of ethnic group-specific cut points must be further established in future studies.

title: The performance of a risk score as a screening test for undiagnosed XXXX in ethnic minority groups: data from the 1999 health survey for England.

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a pro-inflammatory response is associated with @entity73 among individuals with @entity65 . METHOD: All 85-year-old inhabitants of Leiden (n = 599) were visited at their place of residence. A history of @entity65 and an EKG were used as indicators of @entity731 . Production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor @entity39 factor-alpha and the anti-inflammatory cytokine @entity688 was assessed in a whole-blood assay using lipopolysaccharide as a stimulus. Global cognitive functioning was determined with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); attention, cognitive speed, and memory were determined with four neuropsychological tests; and a history of @entity303 was obtained. RESULTS: In subjects with @entity65 , median MMSE scores were lower in those with a pro-inflammatory response when compared with those with an anti-inflammatory response (p = 0.02). Similar associations were found for the Stroop Test, measuring attention (p < 0.01), the Coding Test measuring cognitive speed (p = 0.02), the Word Learning Test measuring memory (p < 0.01), and the presence of @entity303 (p = 0.04). The associations remained unaltered after adjustments for possible confounders such as gender, level of education, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, use of cardiovascular drugs, and cardiovascular risk factors. In contrast, outcomes of the cognitive tests and presence of @entity303 were not dependent on the inflammatory response when @entity65 was absent. CONCLUSION: The combination of @entity65 and a pro-inflammatory cytokine response may be associated with @entity73 and @entity303 .

title: Interaction of XXXX and inflammation in elderly subjects with poor cognitive function.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors compared tau protein deposition in the frontal cortex of @entity1 with @entity73 of @entity746 ( @entity746 ) (n = 6), cognitively intact @entity1 with @entity2655 (n = 6), and age-matched controls (n = 6) in order to determine the pathologic substrate of @entity746 . METHODS: Archival paraffin-embedded tissue was examined using Gallyas staining and immunostaining for tau-1 (phosphorylation-dependent @entity3072 ), tau-2 (phosphorylation independent), @entity3072 ( @entity1129 8; ser(396) phosphorylation), beta-amyloid, glial fibrillary acid protein, SMI 31 (recognizing phosphorylated NFH), @entity8095 , or ubiquitin. RESULTS: Tau immunoreactive astrocytic and dense neuronal inclusions were found in both @entity2655 and @entity746 , although to a greater extent in @entity746 . @entity5515 and @entity1423 , immunoreactive with tau-1 and @entity1129 8 but rarely to ser(396) tau, were unique to @entity746 . Dense extracellular aggregates were observed by both Gallyas staining and tau-1 immunostaining. Tufted degenerating astrocytes containing tau-1 and @entity1129 8 immunoreactive aggregates and, rarely, dense @entity527 immunoreactive with tau-1 and @entity1129 8, but not with ser(396) tau or beta-amyloid, were observed in @entity746 . Tau positive glial coiled bodies were observed in the deep cortical layers and adjacent subcortical white matter in @entity746 . Although 3R and 4R tau mRNA isoforms were expressed to similar levels in the frontal cortex of all cases, the total amount of tau mRNA was increased in both @entity2655 and @entity746 . Both gray and white matter soluble tau protein expression was similar among control, @entity2655 , and @entity746 cases. CONCLUSIONS: @entity73 in @entity2655 may reflect abnormal tau protein metabolism.

title: Microtubule-associated tau protein positive neuronal and glial inclusions in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['Gallyas positive neuritic plaques']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['Gallyas-positive intraneuronal aggregates']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'Cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3072 :: ('MESH:C536599', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer-specific tau phosphoepitopes', 'tau epitope']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'ALSci']

entities_list: @entity5515 :: ('MESH:D017499', 'Disease') :: ['Superficial linear spongiosis']

answer: @entity2655 :: (MESH:C565957,Disease) :: ['ALS']


abstract: A prospective trial was conducted in 20 surgical intensive care unit @entity1 receiving mechanical ventilation to compare estimates of resting energy expenditure (REE) with the measured values. The 12 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 (mean age 61.7 +/- 2.8 (s.e.m.) years) underwent a full nutritional assessment before measurement of their REE by indirect calorimetry using the MGM II metabolic cart (Utah Medical). Their REE was estimated by the Harris-Benedict formula (mean 1324 +/- 53 (s.e.m.) kcal/day) as well as an empirical formula (where empirical formula = 22 x body weight in kg) (1370 +/- 68 (s.e.m.) kcal/day). Results by either estimate were not statistically different from the measured resting energy expenditure (MREE) (1382 +/- 130 (s.e.m.) kcal/day), by one-way analysis of variance. No multiplication factors were needed to relate the Harris-Benedict formula to MREE in this @entity3124 population and the estimate by the empirical formula was as good and simpler to perform. Although values by the Harris-Benedict formula and empirical formula correlated significantly with MREE (P less than 0.05) the correlation coefficients were low: 0.48 and 0.45 respectively. Thus, mean estimates were excellent for the group but less predictive for the individual. Multiple linear regressions did reveal that body composition and metabolic stress were of greater predictive value, since an equation relating weight (P less than 0.003), sex (P less than 0.003), white blood cell count (P less than 0.003) and 24-h urinary @entity1011 excretion (P less than 0.05) could predict 76 per cent of the variation (r = 0.87) in the MREE with an overall significance of P = 0.0002. Given the importance of matching energy intake to needs in many @entity3124 @entity1 who are mechanically ventilated, accurate measurement of the REE is recommended now that instrumentation is equal to the task.

title: Resting energy expenditure in the XXXX : estimations versus measurement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity3124 :: (MESH:D016638,Disease) :: ['critically ill']


abstract: Structural and functional changes occur in the kidney with aging. Previous studies have suggested that loss of @entity842 production contributes to these changes. The authors therefore explored regulation of renal cortical @entity26 consumption, a @entity842 mediated effect, in tissue from Fischer 344 @entity35 at different ages (4, 13, and 23 mo) to characterize changes in renal @entity842 production with age. @entity1812 , enalaprilat, and @entity3591 significantly suppressed cortical @entity26 consumption in 4-mo-old @entity35 ( @entity1812 : -2.5 +/- 0.9% to -21 +/- 1.5%; enalaprilat: -0.7 +/- 0.5% to -26 +/- 1.2%; @entity3591 : -1.3 +/- 0.9% to -18 +/- 1.2%; P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained in 13-mo-old animals. However, in 23-mo-old animals, the responses to @entity1812 and enalaprilat were attenuated ( @entity1812 : 0 +/- 0% to -13 +/- 0.9%; enalaprilat: -0.3 +/- 0.3% to -17 +/- 2.1%; P < 0.05), whereas the response to an NO donor was unaffected, suggesting decreased bioavailability of NO. Addition of the @entity224 radical scavenger @entity11933 restored the ability of @entity1812 , enalaprilat, and @entity3591 to suppress @entity26 consumption in tissue from 23-mo-old animals to levels seen in younger animals, suggesting NO destruction by @entity224 as the reason for decreased NO availability. @entity12824 , an inhibitor of @entity1110 oxidase, similarly restored the ability of all three drugs to suppress @entity26 consumption, suggesting @entity1110 oxidase as the enzyme responsible for enhanced @entity224 production in aging. Levels of eNOS protein, assessed by immunoblotting, did not change significantly with age. These results suggest that NO availability is decreased in the aging kidney and that this is due to scavenging of NO by @entity224 produced by @entity1110 oxidase. Oxidant stress, by depleting NO, may contribute to the structural and hemodynamic changes characteristic of the aging kidney.

title: Oxidant stress leads to impaired regulation of renal cortical XXXX consumption by @entity842 in the aging kidney.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin', 'Bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: Structural and functional changes occur in the kidney with aging. Previous studies have suggested that loss of @entity842 production contributes to these changes. The authors therefore explored regulation of renal cortical @entity26 consumption, a @entity842 mediated effect, in tissue from Fischer 344 @entity35 at different ages (4, 13, and 23 mo) to characterize changes in renal @entity842 production with age. @entity1812 , enalaprilat, and @entity3591 significantly suppressed cortical @entity26 consumption in 4-mo-old @entity35 ( @entity1812 : -2.5 +/- 0.9% to -21 +/- 1.5%; enalaprilat: -0.7 +/- 0.5% to -26 +/- 1.2%; @entity3591 : -1.3 +/- 0.9% to -18 +/- 1.2%; P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained in 13-mo-old animals. However, in 23-mo-old animals, the responses to @entity1812 and enalaprilat were attenuated ( @entity1812 : 0 +/- 0% to -13 +/- 0.9%; enalaprilat: -0.3 +/- 0.3% to -17 +/- 2.1%; P < 0.05), whereas the response to an NO donor was unaffected, suggesting decreased bioavailability of NO. Addition of the @entity224 radical scavenger @entity11933 restored the ability of @entity1812 , enalaprilat, and @entity3591 to suppress @entity26 consumption in tissue from 23-mo-old animals to levels seen in younger animals, suggesting NO destruction by @entity224 as the reason for decreased NO availability. @entity12824 , an inhibitor of @entity1110 oxidase, similarly restored the ability of all three drugs to suppress @entity26 consumption, suggesting @entity1110 oxidase as the enzyme responsible for enhanced @entity224 production in aging. Levels of eNOS protein, assessed by immunoblotting, did not change significantly with age. These results suggest that NO availability is decreased in the aging kidney and that this is due to scavenging of NO by @entity224 produced by @entity1110 oxidase. Oxidant stress, by depleting NO, may contribute to the structural and hemodynamic changes characteristic of the aging kidney.

title: Oxidant stress leads to impaired regulation of renal cortical @entity26 consumption by XXXX in the aging kidney.

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: Young adult male albino @entity95 were conditioned using a free field auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) and periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US) in a @entity851 . All @entity95 received two 80-trial training sessions. Intracellular recordings were made from hippocampal @entity4598 pyramidal neurons within brain slices prepared 24 h following the second training session. All 46 @entity4598 neurons included in the analysis had stable penetration, at least 70 mV impulse amplitudes and at least 40 @entity4780 input resistance. Recording and initial data analysis were done 'blind' regarding behavioral training performance of the @entity95 from which the slices were prepared. The animals were separated into a High (86 +/- 6% CRs, n = 12), and Low (12 +/- 4% CRs, n = 10) Acquisition group based on the number of blink CRs shown on the second training day (P less than 0.001). @entity4598 pyramidal neurons from the High Acquisition group (n = 20) showed a significant reduction in the afterhypolarization (AHP) response following 4 impulses elicited by intracellular current injection as compared to neurons from the Low Acquisition group (n = 26). The mean maximal AHP amplitudes after 4 spikes were -2.9 +/- 0.34 mV and -4.0 +/- 0.31 mV, respectively, in the High and Low Acquisition groups (P less than 0.01). The size of the AHP examined at 100 ms intervals during the first 1.7 s after the current pulse proved to be reduced in the High group both when evaluated for all points (F = 5.88, df = 1.44, P less than 0.02) and for each of the individual time points (at least P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: AHP reductions in XXXX hippocampal neurons during conditioning correlate with acquisition of the learned response.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short delay eye blink paradigm']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: In @entity1 cultured cells, the @entity1434 / @entity2227 exchange transport mediated by system x(c)- is important to maintain intracellular @entity2197 levels. System x(c)- consists of two protein components, @entity20568 and the heavy chain of @entity34739 antigen. The activity of system x(c)- is induced by various stimuli, including electrophilic agents like @entity43840 . In the present study, we have investigated the mechanism of the transcriptional regulation of @entity20568 mRNA by @entity43840 . The @entity20568 gene consisted of twelve exons and sequence analysis identified four electrophile response element (EpRE)-like sequences between -230 and -1 in the 5'-flanking region, designated EpRE-1 to EpRE-4. To identify sequences mediating the constitutive and induced expression of @entity20568 , a series of 5'-deletion mutants created from the 5'-flanking region were cloned into a luciferase reproter vector and transfected into BHK21 cells. The 5'-deletion analysis revealed that the sequence between -116 and -82 is essential for the basal expression and the sequence between -226 and -116 containing EpRE-1 is essential in response to @entity43840 . Mutational analysis demonstrated that EpRE-1 is critically involved in the response to @entity43840 . Other stress agents like @entity4250 , @entity3409 , and @entity8156 seemed to induce system x(c)- activity via the same sequence. Furthermore, the experiments using the @entity19 embryonic fibroblasts derived from the @entity10182 -deficient @entity19 revealed that the induction of @entity20568 gene by electrophilic agents is mediated by @entity10182 . EpRE occurs in a broad spectrum of genes for the proteins that are involved in the defense against xenobiotics and regulates their expression. The present results have demonstrated that @entity20568 is a novel member of this protein family.

title: Electrophile response element-mediated induction of the @entity1434 / XXXX exchange transporter gene expression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity4250 :: ('MESH:C015001', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenite']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity43840 :: ('MESH:C014476', 'Chemical') :: ['diethyl maleate']

entities_list: @entity8156 :: ('MESH:C031927', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroquinone']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: In @entity1 cultured cells, the @entity1434 / @entity2227 exchange transport mediated by system x(c)- is important to maintain intracellular @entity2197 levels. System x(c)- consists of two protein components, @entity20568 and the heavy chain of @entity34739 antigen. The activity of system x(c)- is induced by various stimuli, including electrophilic agents like @entity43840 . In the present study, we have investigated the mechanism of the transcriptional regulation of @entity20568 mRNA by @entity43840 . The @entity20568 gene consisted of twelve exons and sequence analysis identified four electrophile response element (EpRE)-like sequences between -230 and -1 in the 5'-flanking region, designated EpRE-1 to EpRE-4. To identify sequences mediating the constitutive and induced expression of @entity20568 , a series of 5'-deletion mutants created from the 5'-flanking region were cloned into a luciferase reproter vector and transfected into BHK21 cells. The 5'-deletion analysis revealed that the sequence between -116 and -82 is essential for the basal expression and the sequence between -226 and -116 containing EpRE-1 is essential in response to @entity43840 . Mutational analysis demonstrated that EpRE-1 is critically involved in the response to @entity43840 . Other stress agents like @entity4250 , @entity3409 , and @entity8156 seemed to induce system x(c)- activity via the same sequence. Furthermore, the experiments using the @entity19 embryonic fibroblasts derived from the @entity10182 -deficient @entity19 revealed that the induction of @entity20568 gene by electrophilic agents is mediated by @entity10182 . EpRE occurs in a broad spectrum of genes for the proteins that are involved in the defense against xenobiotics and regulates their expression. The present results have demonstrated that @entity20568 is a novel member of this protein family.

title: Electrophile response element-mediated induction of the XXXX / @entity2227 exchange transporter gene expression.

answer: @entity1434 :: (MESH:D003553,Chemical) :: ['cystine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To quantify differences in the kinematics of lifting between @entity1 with @entity1643 after pregnancy and @entity1 without. DESIGN: Comparison study. SETTING: Research laboratory. @entity1 : Volunteer sample of 7 @entity1 with @entity158 (positive @entity158 drawing, no physical examination) and 9 female controls (not matched). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration of downward and upward phases, relative instant of box lift-off, joint angles, spatial angles of trunk and pelvis, pelvic angle relative to trunk, and phase angle relationships between joints. RESULTS: The duration of the upward phase +/- standard deviation was longer in the @entity158 group (1731+/-290 ms vs 1489+/-187 ms, P=.031). At box lift-off, this group had less @entity572 (101.9 degrees +/-20.8 degrees vs 78.7 degrees +/-12.4 degrees, P=.015) but more backward pelvis tilt relative to the trunk, that is, more lumbar spine flexion (126.3 degrees +/-16.8 degrees vs 109.0 degrees +/-12.3 degrees, P=.031). The @entity158 group showed an immediate transition from lumbar spine flexion to extension, whereas the controls maintained peak flexion for about 600 ms. The peak phase lag between knee and hip joint extension in the upward phase was larger for the @entity158 group (-29.7 degrees +/-8.3 degrees vs -17.2 degrees +/-5.5 degrees, P=.003). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity1643 after pregnancy showed different kinematics of lifting. Further research is needed to determine the exact relationship between the altered kinematics and the underlying disorder.

title: Joint coordination during whole-body lifting in @entity1 with XXXX after pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back and/or pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip joint flexion']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To quantify differences in the kinematics of lifting between @entity1 with @entity1643 after pregnancy and @entity1 without. DESIGN: Comparison study. SETTING: Research laboratory. @entity1 : Volunteer sample of 7 @entity1 with @entity158 (positive @entity158 drawing, no physical examination) and 9 female controls (not matched). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration of downward and upward phases, relative instant of box lift-off, joint angles, spatial angles of trunk and pelvis, pelvic angle relative to trunk, and phase angle relationships between joints. RESULTS: The duration of the upward phase +/- standard deviation was longer in the @entity158 group (1731+/-290 ms vs 1489+/-187 ms, P=.031). At box lift-off, this group had less @entity572 (101.9 degrees +/-20.8 degrees vs 78.7 degrees +/-12.4 degrees, P=.015) but more backward pelvis tilt relative to the trunk, that is, more lumbar spine flexion (126.3 degrees +/-16.8 degrees vs 109.0 degrees +/-12.3 degrees, P=.031). The @entity158 group showed an immediate transition from lumbar spine flexion to extension, whereas the controls maintained peak flexion for about 600 ms. The peak phase lag between knee and hip joint extension in the upward phase was larger for the @entity158 group (-29.7 degrees +/-8.3 degrees vs -17.2 degrees +/-5.5 degrees, P=.003). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity1643 after pregnancy showed different kinematics of lifting. Further research is needed to determine the exact relationship between the altered kinematics and the underlying disorder.

title: Joint coordination during whole-body lifting in XXXX with @entity1643 after pregnancy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity302 , antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy and @entity146 were studied in 223 @entity1 with intractable @entity302 , who were admitted to our @entity302 center between 1992 and 2000. Symptomatic localization-related @entity302 was diagnosed in 86.1% of @entity1 , symptomatic or @entity302 in 7.6%, @entity3762 in 1.8%, unclassifiable @entity302 in 3.1% and @entity302 in 1.3% on discharge. Only 6.3% had diagnoses on discharge that were incongruent with their diagnoses on admission. AED therapy during admission improved markedly in 50% of @entity1 and moderately in 20%, however, 60% had @entity410 more frequently than 4 a month on discharge. Generalized tonic and @entity410 were suppressed completely in 82.5% of @entity1 . The number of AEDs used were 2 AEDs in 28.6%, 3 in 39.1% and 4 in 22.3%. Only 6.4% of @entity1 were on monotherapy on discharge. @entity1032 was in 58.7%, @entity161 -like @entity716 in 8.5%, @entity4750 in 1.8%, @entity1316 in 3.6%, @entity74 in 14.3% and @entity74 in 21.5%. AED therapy is effective for intractable @entity410 , but it is limited in its effect. @entity146 also coexisted in most of @entity1 . Therefore comprehensive therapy of @entity302 is necessary for @entity1 with intractable @entity410 .

title: [Antiepileptic drug therapy for adult @entity1 with intractable XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['clonic seizures', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['Mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity4750 :: ('MESH:D012563', 'Disease') :: ['delusional disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorder', 'Mental disorders']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mood disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epileptic syndrome', 'epilepsy', 'cryptogenic generalized epilepsy', 'non-epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['AED-related disorder', 'psychogenic disorders']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic generalized epilepsy']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizures']


abstract: @entity302 , antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy and @entity146 were studied in 223 @entity1 with intractable @entity302 , who were admitted to our @entity302 center between 1992 and 2000. Symptomatic localization-related @entity302 was diagnosed in 86.1% of @entity1 , symptomatic or @entity302 in 7.6%, @entity3762 in 1.8%, unclassifiable @entity302 in 3.1% and @entity302 in 1.3% on discharge. Only 6.3% had diagnoses on discharge that were incongruent with their diagnoses on admission. AED therapy during admission improved markedly in 50% of @entity1 and moderately in 20%, however, 60% had @entity410 more frequently than 4 a month on discharge. Generalized tonic and @entity410 were suppressed completely in 82.5% of @entity1 . The number of AEDs used were 2 AEDs in 28.6%, 3 in 39.1% and 4 in 22.3%. Only 6.4% of @entity1 were on monotherapy on discharge. @entity1032 was in 58.7%, @entity161 -like @entity716 in 8.5%, @entity4750 in 1.8%, @entity1316 in 3.6%, @entity74 in 14.3% and @entity74 in 21.5%. AED therapy is effective for intractable @entity410 , but it is limited in its effect. @entity146 also coexisted in most of @entity1 . Therefore comprehensive therapy of @entity302 is necessary for @entity1 with intractable @entity410 .

title: [Antiepileptic drug therapy for adult XXXX with intractable @entity410 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few reports aimed at the study of adulthood @entity28 and @entity565 have taken into account the effects of size at birth and @entity28 in adolescence. This paper examines the combined effect of size at birth and @entity28 in both adolescence and adulthood on the risk of @entity565 at age 31 years. METHODS: The study was derived from a prospectively population-based Finnish birth cohort born in 1966, for which data were collected in pregnancy and at various ages. Adulthood doctor-diagnosed @entity565 with current symptoms and results of skin prick tests were obtained in 1997. The analysis was limited to 4719 subjects with complete information on @entity565 and atopy and anthropometric measures at various ages. RESULTS: Ponderal index at birth had a U-shaped association with adult atopy, OR 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11-1.52) for the lowest tertile and @entity46693 (95% CI: 1.13-1.55) for the highest tertile, as compared to the middle tertile. The association was independent of @entity28 later in life. Those @entity28 (BMI > or = 95th percentile) in adolescence (OR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.23-3.57) and in adulthood ( @entity15591 , 95% CI: 1.14-3.47) had a higher occurrence of adult @entity565 than those with BMI < 85th percentile. Both estimates were reduced after mutual adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Size at birth has a long-lasting effect on atopy in adulthood, which is independent of weight in adolescence and adulthood. Those who were @entity28 in adolescence and adulthood tended to have a higher risk of @entity565 in adulthood. These findings underline the importance of considering the life course of @entity28 in the analyses of @entity565 and atopy.

title: Body build from birth to adulthood and risk of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: We experienced a case with @entity6184 due to postintubation damage, or so-called cuff @entity850 . A 50-year-old @entity1 who attempted suicide by pounding nails into his head and chest using carpenter's tools was treated by endotracheal intubation and immediately underwent emergency surgery in July 2000. The @entity1 was placed on artificial ventilation with oral endotracheal intubation, and a tracheostomy was performed 4 days after the operation. After that, his respiration recovered and he was weaned from the respirator. He was discharged 22 days after surgery with no respiratory symptoms. Two days after discharge, he complained of wheezing and @entity1353 . Medical examination revealed that the cervical @entity825 had a severe circumferential @entity850 2.5 cm from the second tracheal cartilage. On retrospective inspection, the region of @entity850 was compatible with the cuff site of the endotracheal tube used for the emergency operation. At first we tried nonoperative treatment, considering his mental state. However, we found that surgical treatment was ultimately necessary. A 2.5 cm sleeve resection of the @entity825 (5 tracheal cartilage rings) was performed, followed by end-to-end suture using 21 stitches with 4-0 MEDIFIT C thread. Pathologically, the surgical specimen showed degeneration and @entity39 of tracheal cartilage with excessive growth of granulation tissue. These findings revealed that the etiologic basis of the @entity6184 was attributed to pressure @entity39 by the cuff. The postoperative course was uneventful. Sixteen months after the surgery, the granulation tissue had not recurred, and problematic @entity850 was not visible in the @entity825 . In this report, we discussed a reasonable management of postintubation @entity6184 . Tracheoplasty has been proposed as the most reliable method for treating @entity6184 . However, the best treatment in each case is still somewhat controversial because various nonoperative treatment methods are recently available, including laser phototherapy, @entity3503 plasma coagulation, mechanical dilatation, stent replacement, and drug treatment. Therefore, it is very important to judge properly the absolute indication for surgical treatment. If granulations are removed successfully by the above-described nonoperative methods, attempts at repair lead only to regrowth of granulation tissue as long as there is necrotic tracheal cartilage. Thus, the determinant of treatment methods is whether postintubation damage extends to tracheal cartilage or not. For now, there is no accurate diagnostic study for viability of cartilage preoperatively. In the literature, symptoms due to airway @entity850 occurred rapidly within one month in the case of @entity1 with @entity39 of tracheal cartilage. We concluded that the period between extubation and development of symptoms is very informative in the management of postintubation @entity6184 . Surgical approaches should be selected for a @entity1 with a rapid and progressive course after extubation when the @entity1 can tolerate it.

title: [Postintubation XXXX ; problems associated with choice of management].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity6184 :: ('MESH:D014135', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity6184 :: (MESH:D014135,Disease) :: ['tracheal stenosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Survey of the influence of smoking on the healing of open @entity174 . DESIGN: Retrospective. METHOD: During the period 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2000, 168 @entity1 were treated at the Department of Surgery (University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands) due to an open @entity174 ; 118 @entity1 with 125 @entity174 were included in the study. On the basis of their smoking behaviour, @entity1 were classified as 'non-smokers' or 'smokers'. For all of the @entity1 it was ascertained whether or not complications had occurred during treatment. Whether the @entity174 had consolidated was determined on the basis of clinical and radiological criteria. RESULTS: Seventy-two (61%) @entity1 were non-smokers and 46 were smokers. The non-smokers had 77 open @entity174 and the smokers 48. Initial therapy was identical and wound @entity281 occurred with similar incidences in both groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of @entity4421 between both groups: 7 (9%) times in the non-smokers and 13 (27%) times in smokers (p = 0.04). The mean time to consolidation was 26 weeks for non-smokers and 33 weeks for smokers (p = 0.04). Smokers remained longer in hospital and underwent more re-operations. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking was negatively associated with the healing of open @entity174 . In smoking @entity1 , the time to consolidation was on average statistically significantly longer and they suffered more from @entity4421 .

title: [The adverse effects of smoking on healing of open XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'tibial fractures', 'tibial fracture', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['tibial fractures']


abstract: CONTEXT: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is on the rise in the United States, especially for @entity0 @entity1 . Many CAM therapies are delivered by licensed naturopathic physicians using individualized treatment plans. OBJECTIVE: To describe naturopathic treatment for @entity1 with @entity0 . DESIGN: Cross-sectional mail survey in 2 parts: screening form and 13-page survey. SETTING: Bastyr University Cancer Research Center, Kenmore, Wash. @entity1 : All licensed naturopathic physicians in the United States and Canada (N=1,356) received screening forms; 642 (47%) completed the form. Of the respondents, 333 (52%) were eligible, and 161 completed the survey (48%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographics of naturopathic physicians, development of treatment plans, CAM therapies used, perceived efficacy of therapeutic interventions. RESULTS: Of those respondents screened, 497 (77%) had provided naturopathic care to @entity1 with @entity0 , and 402 (63%) had treated @entity1 with @entity0 in the previous 12 months. Naturopaths who were @entity1 were more likely than @entity1 to treat @entity0 (P < or = .004). Of the survey respondents, 104 (65%) practiced in the United States, and 57 (35%) practiced in Canada; 107 (66.5%) were @entity1 , and 54 (33.5%) were @entity1 . To develop naturopathic treatment plans, naturopathic physicians most often considered the stage of @entity5 , the @entity1 's emotional constitution, and the conventional therapies used. To monitor @entity1 clinically, 64% of the naturopathic physicians used diagnostic imaging, 57% considered the @entity1 's quality of life, and 51% used physical examinations. The most common general CAM therapies used were dietary counseling (94%), botanical medicines (88%), antioxidants (84%), and supplemental nutrition (84%). The most common specific treatments were @entity620 (39%), coenzyme Q-10 (34%), and Hoxsey formula (29%).

title: Complementary and alternative medical treatment of XXXX : a survey of licensed North American naturopathic physicians.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin C']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To provide financial justification for continuing pharmaceutical research in an environment that has met with increasing resistance from insurance carriers to paying for the care of @entity1 enrolled in research studies. STUDY DESIGN: Matched case-control study of @entity1 enrolled into inpatient @entity497 ( @entity497 ) pharmaceutical research protocols. @entity1 AND METHODS: Case @entity1 were enrolled into a @entity497 pharmaceutical research trial. Control @entity1 were obtained from a prospective cohort study of @entity497 . Cases were matched to controls on the basis of age, sex, @entity55 severity index (PSI) grade, and comorbid illnesses as measured by the PSI and Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scoring systems. Financial data were obtained from hospital billing records. RESULTS: Twenty-five cases were identified and matched to appropriate controls. There was no statistically significant difference in mean PSI and APACHE II scores between cases and controls. There was a significant reduction in the total charges for hospital care of @entity1 enrolled into a pharmaceutical industry trial ( 6267 vs  9979; P = .03). As expected, the most dramatic reduction was in pharmacy charges ( 642 vs  1797; P = .002), but there were trends toward lower charges in all cost subgroups. Interestingly, there was also a strong trend toward reduced length of hospital stay associated with enrollment in a pharmaceutical trial (4.5 vs 6.0 days; P = .06). CONCLUSION: Enrollment in a pharmaceutical research protocol results in significant cost savings in @entity1 admitted to the hospital with @entity497 and may lead to earlier hospital discharge.

title: Pharmaceutical industry research and cost savings in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['CAP', 'community-acquired pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

answer: @entity497 :: (MESH:D003147,Disease) :: ['community-acquired pneumonia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of @entity3102 in prevention of @entity43 ( @entity43 ) in @entity1 with the @entity3610 ( @entity3610 ) undergoing ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: University hospitals. One hundred nine @entity1 with @entity3610 who were referred for treatment with gonadotropins. INTERVENTION(S): Fifty @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive two ampoules of hMG beginning on day 2 or 3 of the cycle and @entity3102 (50 mg every 48 hours) starting on the first day of hMG treatment. Fifty-one @entity1 received the same amount of hMG plus one tablet of placebo every 48 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Follicular development, E(2) level, and pregnancy rate. RESULT(S): The total number of hMG ampoules and duration of treatment to attain ovarian stimulation were higher among @entity3102 recipients. The serum E(2) level and number of @entity1 with dominant follicles on day 9 of the cycle were greater in placebo recipients. Serum E(2) level and total number of follicles at the time of hCG administration did not differ between the two groups. The cancellation rate and @entity43 rate were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION(S): @entity3102 does not prevent @entity43 in @entity1 with @entity3610 who are undergoing ovarian stimulation. It may reduce the rate of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis.

title: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy of XXXX for reducing the risk of @entity43 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome', 'OHSS']

entities_list: @entity3102 :: ('MESH:D007654', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoconazole', 'Ketoconazole']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovary syndrome', 'PCOS']

answer: @entity3102 :: (MESH:D007654,Chemical) :: ['ketoconazole']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of @entity3102 in prevention of @entity43 ( @entity43 ) in @entity1 with the @entity3610 ( @entity3610 ) undergoing ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING: University hospitals. One hundred nine @entity1 with @entity3610 who were referred for treatment with gonadotropins. INTERVENTION(S): Fifty @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive two ampoules of hMG beginning on day 2 or 3 of the cycle and @entity3102 (50 mg every 48 hours) starting on the first day of hMG treatment. Fifty-one @entity1 received the same amount of hMG plus one tablet of placebo every 48 hours. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Follicular development, E(2) level, and pregnancy rate. RESULT(S): The total number of hMG ampoules and duration of treatment to attain ovarian stimulation were higher among @entity3102 recipients. The serum E(2) level and number of @entity1 with dominant follicles on day 9 of the cycle were greater in placebo recipients. Serum E(2) level and total number of follicles at the time of hCG administration did not differ between the two groups. The cancellation rate and @entity43 rate were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION(S): @entity3102 does not prevent @entity43 in @entity1 with @entity3610 who are undergoing ovarian stimulation. It may reduce the rate of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis.

title: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy of @entity3102 for reducing the risk of XXXX .

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of endoscopy in the etiological diagnosis and treatment of @entity9834 ( @entity9834 ). METHODS: 386 @entity1 with @entity9834 were given endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Having been made the etiology clear, @entity1 with @entity2877 were subjected to endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) or endoscopic @entity384 (EPBD) to extract stones, those with papillary inflammatory stricture to EST or EPBD, those with papillary diverticulum and @entity1690 ( @entity1690 ) to EPBD, those with @entity5 and @entity5 to endoscopic metal biliary endoprosthese (EMBE), and those with @entity253 in the mid bile duct, @entity255 , @entity2877 (stones not extracted one time) and @entity1157 to endoscopic nose-biliary drainage (ENBD). RESULTS: ERCP was performed successfully in 371 @entity1 (96.1%). No abnormalities were found endoscopically in 30 @entity1 . In 243 @entity1 with @entity2877 , 235 had stones removed after one to three times. Thirty-nine @entity1 with papillary inflammatory stricture were successfully treated with EST or EPBD. Nine @entity1 with papillary diverticulum which oppressed the papillary opening and 7 @entity1 with @entity1690 were also successfully treated with EPBD. In 16 @entity1 with stricture in the mid bile duct, 11 showed improvement after ENBD. Six @entity1 with @entity5 and 5 @entity1 with hepatobiliary stricture after EMBE showed significant @entity1087 . Six @entity1 with @entity1157 caused by cholecystectomy received ENBD successfully, avoiding re-operation. Six @entity1 developed @entity10189 and 4 residual stones in the cholecystic duct. Complications occurred in 21 @entity1 (5.7%). CONCLUSIONS: ERCP may detect the etiology of @entity9834 at early stage, and therapeutic measures can be taken accordingly in clinical practice.

title: Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9834 :: ('MESH:D017562', 'Disease') :: ['post- cholecystectomy syndrome', 'post-cholecystectomy syndrome', 'PCS']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction', 'SOD']

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['gastroduodenal ulcer']

entities_list: @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['alleviation of jaundice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hepatobiliary tumor', 'papillary tumor']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['papillary balloon dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['bile leakage']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary stricture']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['purulent cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity2877 :: ('MESH:D042883', 'Disease') :: ['choledocholithiasis']

answer: @entity9834 :: (MESH:D017562,Disease) :: ['post-cholecystectomy syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate retrospectively the feasibility and effect of hepatic trisegmentectomy in therapy of huge @entity5 of the liver. METHODS: From July 1993 to October 1999, 29 @entity1 with huge @entity99 underwent hepatic trisegmentectomy. Of these, 23 @entity1 suffered from @entity96 , 1 hepatic infiltration of @entity1086 , 1 metastasis of @entity694 , 1 @entity99 , 1 @entity99 , and 2 huge @entity96 . Twenty-six @entity1 were subjected to right trisegmentectomy and the rest 3 left trisegmentectomy. All trisegmentectomies were performed under normothermic interruption of the porta hepatis at single time and these interruptions lasted 15 to 40 minutes. RESULTS: The relatively good effect was seen in our series. The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates for @entity96 @entity1 were 63.6%, 36.4% and 27.3%, respectively. The survival period for the @entity1 with hepatic infiltration of @entity1086 and liver metastasis of @entity694 was 6 months. Those with @entity99 , @entity99 and huge @entity96 have been surviving 35, 26, 25 and 40 months, respectively. Major complications were noted in 5 @entity1 , and one (3.4%, 1/29) died. CONCLUSION: Hepatic trisegmentectomy is safe and effective in treatment of huge @entity99 if its indications and operative techniques are properly mastered.

title: Hepatic trisegmentectomy for 29 @entity1 with huge XXXX .

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cysts', 'primary liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic neurofibroma', 'hepatic angiosarcoma', 'hepatic neoplasms']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver neoplasms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate retrospectively the feasibility and effect of hepatic trisegmentectomy in therapy of huge @entity5 of the liver. METHODS: From July 1993 to October 1999, 29 @entity1 with huge @entity99 underwent hepatic trisegmentectomy. Of these, 23 @entity1 suffered from @entity96 , 1 hepatic infiltration of @entity1086 , 1 metastasis of @entity694 , 1 @entity99 , 1 @entity99 , and 2 huge @entity96 . Twenty-six @entity1 were subjected to right trisegmentectomy and the rest 3 left trisegmentectomy. All trisegmentectomies were performed under normothermic interruption of the porta hepatis at single time and these interruptions lasted 15 to 40 minutes. RESULTS: The relatively good effect was seen in our series. The 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rates for @entity96 @entity1 were 63.6%, 36.4% and 27.3%, respectively. The survival period for the @entity1 with hepatic infiltration of @entity1086 and liver metastasis of @entity694 was 6 months. Those with @entity99 , @entity99 and huge @entity96 have been surviving 35, 26, 25 and 40 months, respectively. Major complications were noted in 5 @entity1 , and one (3.4%, 1/29) died. CONCLUSION: Hepatic trisegmentectomy is safe and effective in treatment of huge @entity99 if its indications and operative techniques are properly mastered.

title: Hepatic trisegmentectomy for 29 XXXX with huge @entity96 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence and nature of @entity16 following liver transplantation. METHODS: Adult @entity1 who received liver transplants at St. James's University Hospital between September 1, 1990, and August 31, 2000, were identified. Case notes were reviewed and demographic data, details of the @entity409 , @entity16 , and discharge information were recorded. RESULTS: The authors identified 657 @entity1 and traced the case notes of 627 (95.4%). These @entity1 had a total of 711 transplants. @entity16 occurred following 185 transplants (26%) affecting 170 @entity1 (27%). The most common complications were diffuse @entity75 , which affected 66 @entity1 (11%), and @entity410 , which affected 37 @entity1 (6%). Forty-three percent of @entity1 with @entity5881 and 41% of @entity1 with @entity2835 experienced a @entity16 . These proportions were higher than for other transplant indications (p < 0.001). @entity1 who experienced a neurologic problem spent longer in hospital (p < 0.01) and had a poorer outcome (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity16 occur following 26% of liver transplants. A higher proportion of @entity1 who received transplants for @entity5881 and @entity2835 experienced @entity16 than those receiving transplants for other reasons. @entity1 who experience a neurologic problem spend longer in hospital and have a poorer outcome.

title: XXXX of liver transplantation in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity5881 :: ('MESH:D008108', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathies']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic complication', 'Neurologic complications', 'neurologic complications']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['Neurologic complications']


abstract: The @entity235 lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was evaluated as a model for investigation of the electrophysiology of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmission. The LES contained a dense collection of gap junctions and a moderate number of nerves located at the periphery of muscle bundles, which are often associated with interstitial cells of Cajal. These cells make gap junctions with one another and with smooth muscle cells. The nerve varicosities contained many large dense cored vesicles. In vitro the LES produced spontaneous active tone and relaxed to field stimulation that was blocked by @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ). Increase of stimulus duration or frequency produced a partially @entity4524 -insensitive sphincter relaxation. Basal tone and nerve-mediated relaxation were unaffected by cholinergic, histaminergic, or adrenergic antagonists. @entity934 , @entity5402 , or @entity112 caused @entity4524 -insensitive contractions mediated by M2- and H1-receptors, respectively. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (10(-6) M) and @entity3044 (10(-6) M) relaxed the LES to the same extent as field stimulation. In the double @entity969 gap this tissue regularly produced inhibitory junction potentials when field stimulated. The @entity235 LES has appropriate morphological and pharmacological properties for the electrophysiological study of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neural responses, their mechanisms, and mediators.

title: Characteristics of XXXX lower esophageal sphincter: a new electrophysiological tool.

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Apart from @entity19517 ( @entity22940 ) the @entity291 placenta produces @entity1420 (P4), though the corpus luteum is the major source of P4 responsible for maintaining pregnancy. So far the biological function of placental @entity230 in @entity291 is largely unknown. However, since the local availability of free @entity1815 (E1) in the placenta seems to be controlled by sulfatase and sulfotranferase, the hypothesis was developed that placental @entity172 and P4 might act as local regulatory factors. To test for such a function placentomes from 150, 220, 240, 270 days (D) pregnant and parturient @entity291 were screened immunohistochemically for @entity1420 and @entity172 receptors (PR, ER). PR were found at all stages in the caruncle in stromal cells and capillary pericytes but only at parturition in arterial walls. Percentage of PR-positive caruncular stromal cells (CSC) increased (P<0.05) from 51.8+/-2.6% at D150 to 58.9+/-1.8% at parturition. ER were detected in CSC, caruncular epithelial (CE) cells and in caruncular capillary pericytes. Mean percentage of ER-positive CSC decreased from 39.0+/-5.9% in pregnant @entity291 to 17.5+/-8.3% at parturition (P<0.05). In CE all cells exhibited positive signals with the exception of those immediately surrounding large primary chorionic villi. Proliferation was assessed immunohistochemically by determining the percentage of Ki67-antigen positive cells. Highest values (P<0.001) were obtained for CE (58.0-68.3%), followed by the trophoblast (23.3-25.4%), CSC (10.6-45.3%) and the stroma of the chorionic villi (2.9-10.5%). A transient @entity308 of proliferation in CSC between D150-270 (P<0.05) paralleled local @entity172 tissue concentrations. The results suggest that placental @entity172 and P4 are important factors controlling caruncular growth, differentiation and function.

title: The XXXX placenta; a source and target of steroid hormones: observations during the second half of gestation.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity19517 :: ('MESH:C017296', 'Chemical') :: ['estrone-3-sulfate']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity22940 :: ('p|SUB|E|1|S', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['E1S']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity291 :: ('9913', 'Species') :: ['cows', 'cattle', 'bovine']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Perlecan is a heparan- @entity597 proteoglycan abundantly expressed in pericellular matrices and basement membranes during development. Inactivation of the perlecan gene in @entity19 is lethal at two developmental stages: around E10 and around birth. We report a high incidence of @entity600 of the cardiac outflow tract in perlecan-deficient embryos. @entity3886 was diagnosed in 11 out of 15 late embryos studied (73%). Three of these 11 embryos also showed @entity600 . Mesenchymal cells in the outflow tract were abnormally abundant in mutant embryos by E9.5, when the endocardial-mesenchymal transformation starts in wild-type embryos. At E10.5, mutant embryos lacked well-defined spiral endocardial ridges, and the excess of mesenchymal cells obstructed sometimes the outflow tract lumen. Most of this anomalous mesenchyme expressed the smooth muscle cell-specific alpha-actin isoform, a marker of the neural crest in the outflow tract of the @entity19 . In wild-type embryos, perlecan is present in the basal surface of myocardium and endocardium, as well as surrounding presumptive neural crest cells. We suggest that the excess of mesenchyme at the earlier stages of conotruncal development precludes the formation of the spiral ridges and the rotation of the septation complex in order to achieve a concordant ventriculoarterial connection. The observed mesenchymal overpopulation might be due to an uncontrolled migration of neural crest cells, which would arrive prematurely to the heart. Thus, perlecan is involved in the control of the outflow tract mesenchymal population size, underscoring the importance of the extracellular matrix in cardiac morphogenesis.

title: Hyperplastic conotruncal endocardial cushions and transposition of great arteries in perlecan-null XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3886 :: ('MESH:D014188', 'Disease') :: ['Complete transposition of great arteries']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations', 'malformations of semilunar valves']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is an affinity-based mass spectrometric method in which proteins of interest are selectively adsorbed to a chemically modified surface on a biochip, whereas impurities are removed by washing with buffer. This technology allows sensitive and high-throughput protein profiling of complex biological specimens. METHODS: We screened for potential @entity5 biomarkers in 169 serum samples, including samples from a @entity5 group of 103 @entity0 @entity1 at different clinical stages [stage 0 (n = 4), stage I (n = 38), stage II (n = 37), and stage III (n = 24)], from a control group of 41 healthy @entity1 , and from 25 @entity1 with @entity1558 . Diluted serum samples were applied to immobilized metal affinity capture Ciphergen ProteinChip Arrays previously activated with @entity3411 . Proteins bound to the chelated metal were analyzed on a ProteinChip Reader Model PBS II. Complex protein profiles of different diagnostic groups were compared and analyzed using the ProPeak software package. RESULTS: A panel of three biomarkers was selected based on their collective contribution to the optimal separation between stage 0-I @entity0 @entity1 and noncancer controls. The same separation was observed using independent test data from @entity0 @entity1 . Bootstrap cross-validation demonstrated that a sensitivity of 93% for all @entity5 @entity1 and a specificity of 91% for all controls were achieved by a composite index derived by multivariate logistic regression using the three selected biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: Proteomics approaches such as SELDI mass spectrometry, in conjunction with bioinformatics tools, could greatly facilitate the discovery of new and better biomarkers. The high sensitivity and specificity achieved by the combined use of the selected biomarkers show great potential for the early detection of @entity0 .

title: Proteomics and bioinformatics approaches for identification of serum biomarkers to detect XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'stage II-III breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['benign breast diseases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Assays for rearrangement of the immunoglobulin, T-cell receptor, @entity1864 , and @entity588 genes are valuable tools to aid in the diagnosis of @entity1778 and @entity706 and are now offered by many pathology laboratories. However, there is a lack of well-characterized and validated calibrators and positive controls for these assays. We therefore evaluated 16 readily available @entity1778 and @entity706 cell lines for their potential use as controls. METHODS: DNA and RNA were isolated from each cell line and analyzed by Southern blot and PCR or reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Rearrangements in the @entity18123 (H), @entity18123 (kappa), @entity6057 or TcR-gamma, @entity1864 , and @entity588 genes were detected by commercially available probes and primers. Cell lineages were confirmed by immunophenotyping. RESULTS: Immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements were identified in five B- and three T-cell lines, respectively. Two cell lines tested positive for the @entity1864 gene, and one was positive for the @entity588 gene rearrangement by Southern blot. CONCLUSIONS: The 16 cell lines studied can be used as positive controls in molecular detection assays for gene rearrangements. The parallel processing of these cell lines with clinical samples can serve to quality control the experimental procedures from the first step of DNA or RNA extraction to the final step of result analysis.

title: Validation of sixteen XXXX and @entity706 cell lines as controls for molecular gene rearrangement assays.

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemias', 'leukemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Assays for rearrangement of the immunoglobulin, T-cell receptor, @entity1864 , and @entity588 genes are valuable tools to aid in the diagnosis of @entity1778 and @entity706 and are now offered by many pathology laboratories. However, there is a lack of well-characterized and validated calibrators and positive controls for these assays. We therefore evaluated 16 readily available @entity1778 and @entity706 cell lines for their potential use as controls. METHODS: DNA and RNA were isolated from each cell line and analyzed by Southern blot and PCR or reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Rearrangements in the @entity18123 (H), @entity18123 (kappa), @entity6057 or TcR-gamma, @entity1864 , and @entity588 genes were detected by commercially available probes and primers. Cell lineages were confirmed by immunophenotyping. RESULTS: Immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene rearrangements were identified in five B- and three T-cell lines, respectively. Two cell lines tested positive for the @entity1864 gene, and one was positive for the @entity588 gene rearrangement by Southern blot. CONCLUSIONS: The 16 cell lines studied can be used as positive controls in molecular detection assays for gene rearrangements. The parallel processing of these cell lines with clinical samples can serve to quality control the experimental procedures from the first step of DNA or RNA extraction to the final step of result analysis.

title: Validation of sixteen @entity1778 and XXXX cell lines as controls for molecular gene rearrangement assays.

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Microarray platforms will change immunochemical and nucleic acid-based analysis of cell homogenates and body fluids compared with classic analyses. Microarrays use labeled target and immobilized probes, rather than fixed targets and labeled probes. We describe a method for simultaneous labeling of nucleic acids and proteins. METHODS: Horseradish peroxidase- and @entity941 -modified @entity900 derivatives were used for labeling of nucleic acids and proteins. These reagents, called the Universal Linkage System (ULS), bind to @entity599 - and @entity1568 -donor ligands present in @entity1522 and @entity2036 . For automated screening of proteins and nucleic acids on microarrays, it is advantageous to label these biomolecules without pre- or postpurification procedures. The labeling of antibodies and nucleic acids in whole serum was therefore pursued. RESULTS: Immunoglobulins in nonpurified serum were labeled efficiently enough to be used for immunochemistry. To investigate whether protein-adapted labeling allowed nucleic acid labeling as well, 1 microg of plasmid DNA was added to 1 microL of serum. DNA and serum proteins were simultaneously labeled, and this labeled DNA could be used as a probe for direct fluorescence in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION: ULS provides a direct labeling tool for the (simultaneous) modification of proteins and nucleic acids even in unpurified samples.

title: Use of horseradish peroxidase- and @entity941 -modified XXXX derivatives for simultaneous labeling of nucleic acids and proteins.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Microarray platforms will change immunochemical and nucleic acid-based analysis of cell homogenates and body fluids compared with classic analyses. Microarrays use labeled target and immobilized probes, rather than fixed targets and labeled probes. We describe a method for simultaneous labeling of nucleic acids and proteins. METHODS: Horseradish peroxidase- and @entity941 -modified @entity900 derivatives were used for labeling of nucleic acids and proteins. These reagents, called the Universal Linkage System (ULS), bind to @entity599 - and @entity1568 -donor ligands present in @entity1522 and @entity2036 . For automated screening of proteins and nucleic acids on microarrays, it is advantageous to label these biomolecules without pre- or postpurification procedures. The labeling of antibodies and nucleic acids in whole serum was therefore pursued. RESULTS: Immunoglobulins in nonpurified serum were labeled efficiently enough to be used for immunochemistry. To investigate whether protein-adapted labeling allowed nucleic acid labeling as well, 1 microg of plasmid DNA was added to 1 microL of serum. DNA and serum proteins were simultaneously labeled, and this labeled DNA could be used as a probe for direct fluorescence in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION: ULS provides a direct labeling tool for the (simultaneous) modification of proteins and nucleic acids even in unpurified samples.

title: Use of horseradish peroxidase- and XXXX -modified @entity900 derivatives for simultaneous labeling of nucleic acids and proteins.

answer: @entity941 :: (MESH:D019793,Chemical) :: ['fluorescein']


abstract: A prospective study was carried out in 50 adult @entity1 to determine the extent and quality of @entity4028 serum concentration monitoring and dosage adjustment in a U.K. teaching hospital. Data were collected concerning prescription details, assay results, and subsequent dosage adjustment, methods of dosage determination, and timing of samples. Thirty-three @entity1 received @entity581 without a positive culture. The mean +/- SD initial doses were 1.75 +/- 0.45 mg/kg for @entity801 and 2.33 +/- 0.55 mg/kg for @entity5153 . Doses were derived from physicians' personal experience for 35 @entity1 and using nomograms for 11 @entity1 . Prescribed and actual administration times were observed on 218 occasions. The difference between these times were significantly different (p less than 0.005). Fifty-six trough, 61 peak, and 61 random assays were carried out, of which 48% of troughs and 56% of peaks were in the therapeutic range. Dosage regimens were calculated based on actual serum concentration assay results using the Sawchuk-Zaske method. These calculated doses were compared to actual prescribed doses for each @entity1 . The calculated doses were greater than 120% of the prescribed doses in 78% of @entity1 . There was a significant tendency to underdose (p = 0.001). It is concluded that the service might benefit from an individualised approach to dosage determination.

title: Quantitative and qualitative assessment of serum concentration monitoring and dosage adjustment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity5153 :: ('MESH:D009428', 'Chemical') :: ['netilmicin']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

answer: @entity581 :: (MESH:D000617,Chemical) :: ['aminoglycosides']


abstract: There is usually some relapse in position of the alar cartilage after primary repair of @entity3384 . Therefore, preoperative or postoperative external splinting has been recommended to supplement either closed or open suspension of the alar cartilage. The authors present a method using a resorbable internal nostril splint to shield the positioned alar cartilage from deformational forces caused by scar, and thus avoiding the problems associated with external splinting. An internal nasal splint was placed in 15 @entity1 during repair of @entity3384 and @entity85 . The nasal morphology was compared with that of 15 control @entity1 who had the same nasolabial procedure without internal splinting. Average follow-up time was 20.4 months (range, 4 to 30 months). Photogrammetric analysis showed that asymmetry of the alar contours averaged 8.6 percent in the splinted @entity1 , as compared with 23 percent for controls (p <0.01). Thus, alar asymmetry was decreased two-thirds in the splinted group. An internal resorbable nasal splint is an adjunct to open alar suspension in primary repair of the @entity3384 . An internal nasal splint protects the corrected alar cartilage longer than an external splint and eliminates drawbacks, such as @entity39 , cutaneous @entity308 of the nostril sill, and @entity1 noncompliance. This strategy of temporary internal support of healing cartilage has other applications.

title: Resorbable internal splint: an adjunct to primary correction of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['nasal deformity']

entities_list: @entity3384 :: ('MESH:D002971', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity', 'unilateral cleft lip', 'unilateral complete cleft lip']

answer: @entity3384 :: (MESH:D002971,Disease) :: ['unilateral cleft lip-nasal deformity']