abstract: AIMS: In @entity712 ( @entity712 ), abnormal myocyte @entity141 handling has been implicated in @entity943 and @entity409 . In the present study, we investigated the relationships between @entity141 handling, reduced myocyte contractility, and enhanced arrhythmogenesis during @entity712 progression in a @entity235 model of non-ischaemic @entity712 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Key @entity141 handling parameters were determined by measuring cytosolic and intra-sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) [ @entity141 ] in isolated ventricular myocytes at different stages of @entity712 . The progression of @entity712 was associated with an early and continuous increase in @entity8452 receptor ( @entity40205 )-mediated SR @entity141 leak. The increase in @entity40205 activity was paralleled by an increase in the frequency of diastolic spontaneous @entity141 waves (SCWs) in @entity712 myocytes under conditions of b-adrenergic stimulation. In addition to causing arrhythmogenic-delayed afterdepolarizations, SCWs decreased the amplitude of subsequent electrically evoked @entity141 transients by depleting SR @entity141 . At late stages of @entity712 , @entity141 release oscillated essentially independent of electrical pacing. The increased propensity for the generation of SCWs in @entity712 myocytes was attributable to reduced ability of the @entity40205 channels to become refractory following @entity141 release. The progressive alterations in @entity40205 function and @entity141 cycling in @entity712 myocytes were associated with sequential modifications of @entity40205 by CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation and @entity1432 oxidation. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that destabilized @entity40205 activity due to excessive CaMKII phopshorylation and oxidation resulting in impaired post-release refractoriness is a common mechanism involved in arrhythmogenesis and @entity409 in the failing heart.

title: The relationship between arrhythmogenesis and impaired contractility in XXXX : role of altered @entity8452 receptor function.

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: A retrospective study was designed to define the independent determinants of late results in 282 consecutive @entity1 operated on for @entity4794 between 1978 and 1985. A total of 25 variables were investigated by multivariate discriminant analysis for their possible influence on symptomatic outcome, subsequent reoperation, postoperative @entity1031 , and @entity204 . All the @entity1 underwent a conservative mitral valve operation. In addition, 25 @entity1 required concomitant tricuspid annuloplasty. The surgical mortality rate was 1.4% and the late mortality, reoperation, and @entity1031 rates were, respectively, 0.14%, 0.80%, and 0.95%/pt-yr. Actuarial probability of complication-free survival at 8 years was 83% +/- 3.7%. Left atrial size on the M-mode echocardiograms, tricuspid annuloplasty, mitral annuloplasty, presence of left @entity715 , male gender, and separation of @entity9467 portended a significantly higher likelihood of poor postoperative symptomatic status (p less than 0.0005). Preoperative mild @entity339 , E to F slope on the M-mode echocardiogram, and tricuspid annuloplasty had significant influence on the need for late reoperation (p less than 0.05). Postoperative @entity955 , mitral valve amplitude on the M-mode echocardiogram, preoperative @entity887 , and residual @entity339 had an independent predictive power for postoperative @entity1031 (p less than 0.05). Finally, preoperative @entity955 , preoperative cardiothoracic ratio, postoperative left atrial size, and postoperative @entity955 all influenced the probability of long-term complications. These results suggest that earlier operation should be considered in @entity1 with @entity4794 , to increase the complication-free survival rate.

title: Conservative operation for XXXX . Independent determinants of late results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral incompetence', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity9467 :: ('MESH:D007766', 'Disease') :: ['subvalvular apparatus']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['mitral stenosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['atrial thrombus']

answer: @entity4794 :: (MESH:D008946,Disease) :: ['mitral stenosis']


abstract: Cineangiograms of 172 @entity1 with @entity215 and @entity1146 were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed retrospectively. FINDINGS: Twenty-eight (16%) @entity1 had congenital absence of the central and unbranched hilar portions of the left or right pulmonary artery or both, and thus had congenitally nonconfluent @entity358 . Five additional @entity1 (3%) with originally confluent @entity358 had nonconfluent ones because of an end-to-end surgical shunt, as did seven others (4%) because of @entity715 of one pulmonary artery. Among the 132 @entity1 with confluent right and left @entity358 , 70 (53% of 132) had incomplete arborization (distribution) of one or both, as did 23 (82% of 28) of those with congenitally nonconfluent @entity358 (P for difference = 0.005). Ten (36% of 28) of the latter group had fewer than 10 pulmonary vascular segments (normal is 20) in continuity with central @entity358 , compared with four (3%) of the former group. The proximal left and right @entity358 were small but variable in size in all groups (median value 1.05 McGoon ratio), but were largest in the @entity1 with confluent @entity358 . Seventy-nine (60% of 132) @entity1 with confluent left and right @entity358 had large aortopulmonary collateral arteries, as did 100% of those with congenitally nonconfluent @entity358 (P less than 0.001). The number of large aortopulmonary collateral arteries correlated inversely with the completeness of arborization of the left and right @entity358 (P less than 0.0001). Inferences: Most @entity1 with tetralogy and @entity1146 have gross morphologic @entity358 and differ quantitatively in this regard from those with tetralogy and @entity849 . The prevalences of the various types of these abnormalities are considerably interrelated.

title: The structure of the pulmonary circulation in XXXX with @entity1146 . A quantitative cineangiographic study.

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity849 :: ('MESH:D011666', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature', 'pulmonary arteries']

entities_list: @entity1146 :: ('MESH:D018633', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary atresia']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity215 :: (MESH:D013771,Disease) :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']


abstract: Cineangiograms of 172 @entity1 with @entity215 and @entity1146 were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed retrospectively. FINDINGS: Twenty-eight (16%) @entity1 had congenital absence of the central and unbranched hilar portions of the left or right pulmonary artery or both, and thus had congenitally nonconfluent @entity358 . Five additional @entity1 (3%) with originally confluent @entity358 had nonconfluent ones because of an end-to-end surgical shunt, as did seven others (4%) because of @entity715 of one pulmonary artery. Among the 132 @entity1 with confluent right and left @entity358 , 70 (53% of 132) had incomplete arborization (distribution) of one or both, as did 23 (82% of 28) of those with congenitally nonconfluent @entity358 (P for difference = 0.005). Ten (36% of 28) of the latter group had fewer than 10 pulmonary vascular segments (normal is 20) in continuity with central @entity358 , compared with four (3%) of the former group. The proximal left and right @entity358 were small but variable in size in all groups (median value 1.05 McGoon ratio), but were largest in the @entity1 with confluent @entity358 . Seventy-nine (60% of 132) @entity1 with confluent left and right @entity358 had large aortopulmonary collateral arteries, as did 100% of those with congenitally nonconfluent @entity358 (P less than 0.001). The number of large aortopulmonary collateral arteries correlated inversely with the completeness of arborization of the left and right @entity358 (P less than 0.0001). Inferences: Most @entity1 with tetralogy and @entity1146 have gross morphologic @entity358 and differ quantitatively in this regard from those with tetralogy and @entity849 . The prevalences of the various types of these abnormalities are considerably interrelated.

title: The structure of the pulmonary circulation in @entity215 with XXXX . A quantitative cineangiographic study.

answer: @entity1146 :: (MESH:D018633,Disease) :: ['pulmonary atresia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity1030 exhibit greater oxyhemoglobin desaturation during walking than with cycling. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate differences in ventilatory responses and gas exchange as proposed mechanisms for this observation. METHODS: Arterial blood gas and @entity880 levels were measured in 12 @entity1 with @entity1030 (aged 68    6 years) during incremental treadmill and cycle exercise. The primary outcome to assess the ventilatory response to exercise was @entity26556   . The primary outcome to assess impairment in exercise gas exchange was the difference between partial pressures of alveolar and arterial @entity26 ( @entity26556    - @entity26556   ). RESULTS: @entity26556    in @entity1 was significantly lower at peak exercise for treadmill walking (51.4    6.8 mm Hg) compared with cycling (60.4    10.7 mm Hg) (P = .002). The initial increase in @entity26556    with cycling occurred prior to the onset of the anaerobic threshold. At peak exercise, @entity26556    was significantly higher with cycling compared with walking (P = .004). The anaerobic threshold occurred at a lower @entity26 consumption during cycling than walking (P = .001), and peak @entity880 levels were higher with cycling (P = .019). With progressive exercise, @entity26556    - @entity26556    increased similarly during treadmill and cycle exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The higher @entity26556    during cycling minimized the magnitude of oxyhemoglobin desaturation compared with walking. The enhanced respiratory stimulation during cycling appears due to an initial neurogenic process, possibly originating in receptors of exercising muscles, and a subsequent earlier onset of anaerobic metabolism with higher @entity880 levels during cycling.

title: Mechanism of greater XXXX desaturation during walking compared with cycling in @entity1 with @entity1030 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity1030 exhibit greater oxyhemoglobin desaturation during walking than with cycling. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate differences in ventilatory responses and gas exchange as proposed mechanisms for this observation. METHODS: Arterial blood gas and @entity880 levels were measured in 12 @entity1 with @entity1030 (aged 68    6 years) during incremental treadmill and cycle exercise. The primary outcome to assess the ventilatory response to exercise was @entity26556   . The primary outcome to assess impairment in exercise gas exchange was the difference between partial pressures of alveolar and arterial @entity26 ( @entity26556    - @entity26556   ). RESULTS: @entity26556    in @entity1 was significantly lower at peak exercise for treadmill walking (51.4    6.8 mm Hg) compared with cycling (60.4    10.7 mm Hg) (P = .002). The initial increase in @entity26556    with cycling occurred prior to the onset of the anaerobic threshold. At peak exercise, @entity26556    was significantly higher with cycling compared with walking (P = .004). The anaerobic threshold occurred at a lower @entity26 consumption during cycling than walking (P = .001), and peak @entity880 levels were higher with cycling (P = .019). With progressive exercise, @entity26556    - @entity26556    increased similarly during treadmill and cycle exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The higher @entity26556    during cycling minimized the magnitude of oxyhemoglobin desaturation compared with walking. The enhanced respiratory stimulation during cycling appears due to an initial neurogenic process, possibly originating in receptors of exercising muscles, and a subsequent earlier onset of anaerobic metabolism with higher @entity880 levels during cycling.

title: Mechanism of greater @entity26 desaturation during walking compared with cycling in @entity1 with XXXX .

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity1030 exhibit greater oxyhemoglobin desaturation during walking than with cycling. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate differences in ventilatory responses and gas exchange as proposed mechanisms for this observation. METHODS: Arterial blood gas and @entity880 levels were measured in 12 @entity1 with @entity1030 (aged 68    6 years) during incremental treadmill and cycle exercise. The primary outcome to assess the ventilatory response to exercise was @entity26556   . The primary outcome to assess impairment in exercise gas exchange was the difference between partial pressures of alveolar and arterial @entity26 ( @entity26556    - @entity26556   ). RESULTS: @entity26556    in @entity1 was significantly lower at peak exercise for treadmill walking (51.4    6.8 mm Hg) compared with cycling (60.4    10.7 mm Hg) (P = .002). The initial increase in @entity26556    with cycling occurred prior to the onset of the anaerobic threshold. At peak exercise, @entity26556    was significantly higher with cycling compared with walking (P = .004). The anaerobic threshold occurred at a lower @entity26 consumption during cycling than walking (P = .001), and peak @entity880 levels were higher with cycling (P = .019). With progressive exercise, @entity26556    - @entity26556    increased similarly during treadmill and cycle exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The higher @entity26556    during cycling minimized the magnitude of oxyhemoglobin desaturation compared with walking. The enhanced respiratory stimulation during cycling appears due to an initial neurogenic process, possibly originating in receptors of exercising muscles, and a subsequent earlier onset of anaerobic metabolism with higher @entity880 levels during cycling.

title: Mechanism of greater @entity26 desaturation during walking compared with cycling in XXXX with @entity1030 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Forty-nine bile duct injuries, representing 0.8 per cent of 6076 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in the Netherlands in 1990-1992, were reviewed. The aim of the study was to classify the injuries according to severity, to identify possible risk factors contributing to the aetiology of such injuries and to correlate these with the severity of the injury. On the basis of operative findings, bile duct injuries were classified from minor (classes I-IIIa) to extensive with loss of bile duct tissue (IIIb) or localization in the liver hilum (IV). Of 49 injuries, there were 11 in class I, six in class II, ten in class IIIa, 18 in class IIIb and four in class IV. In 16 @entity1 the injury was detected during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and the procedure converted to laparotomy. The duct injury was minor (class I-IIIa) in 14 of these 16 @entity1 . In 20 of the 33 @entity1 in whom identification of the injury was delayed to a second or third operation, more severe types of injury (classes IIIb and IV) were observed. Delayed detection was associated with greater severity (P = 0.002). Of eight @entity1 with histologically proven acute @entity2679 at cholecystectomy, seven suffered @entity130 (class IIIb or IV). Surgical experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy was an important factor in the incidence of @entity1157 .

title: Risk factors for XXXX in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: analysis of 49 cases.

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['bile duct injury']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['severe injury']

answer: @entity1157 :: (MESH:D001649,Disease) :: ['bile duct injury']


abstract: Deep trophoblast invasion in the placental bed has been considered the hallmark of @entity1 pregnancy. It occurs by two routes, interstitial and endovascular, and results in transformation of the walls of the spiral arteries as they traverse the decidua and the inner third of the myometrium. Disturbances in this process are associated with @entity74 such @entity1468 . In contrast, trophoblast invasion in Old World monkeys occurs only by the endovascular route and seldom reaches the myometrium. Recently, it was shown that this pattern is maintained in gibbons, but that the @entity1 arrangement also occurs in @entity831 and @entity17056 . There is an interesting parallel with results from placental immunology regarding the evolution of the major histocompatability complex class I antigen @entity18698 and its cognate receptors. @entity18698 is not present in Old World monkeys or gibbons. It emerged in the @entity17055 and became polymorphic in the lineage leading to @entity17056 , @entity4839 , @entity831 , and @entity1 . Interaction between HLA-C1 and HLA-C2 on the surface of trophoblast and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) expressed by uterine natural killer cells are important regulators of trophoblast invasion. Evolution of this system in great apes may have been one prerequisite for deep trophoblast invasion but seems to have come at a price. The evidence now suggests that certain combinations of maternal genotype for KIRs and fetal genotype for @entity18698 imply an increased risk of @entity1468 , @entity1592 , and recurrent abortion. The fetal genotype is in part derived from the father providing an explanation for the paternal contribution to @entity74 .

title: Comparative studies of placentation and immunology in non- XXXX primates suggest a scenario for the evolution of deep trophoblast invasion and an explanation for @entity1 pregnancy disorders.

entities_list: @entity831 :: ('9598', 'Species') :: ['chimpanzee']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['fetal growth restriction']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['reproductive disorders']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Deep trophoblast invasion in the placental bed has been considered the hallmark of @entity1 pregnancy. It occurs by two routes, interstitial and endovascular, and results in transformation of the walls of the spiral arteries as they traverse the decidua and the inner third of the myometrium. Disturbances in this process are associated with @entity74 such @entity1468 . In contrast, trophoblast invasion in Old World monkeys occurs only by the endovascular route and seldom reaches the myometrium. Recently, it was shown that this pattern is maintained in gibbons, but that the @entity1 arrangement also occurs in @entity831 and @entity17056 . There is an interesting parallel with results from placental immunology regarding the evolution of the major histocompatability complex class I antigen @entity18698 and its cognate receptors. @entity18698 is not present in Old World monkeys or gibbons. It emerged in the @entity17055 and became polymorphic in the lineage leading to @entity17056 , @entity4839 , @entity831 , and @entity1 . Interaction between HLA-C1 and HLA-C2 on the surface of trophoblast and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) expressed by uterine natural killer cells are important regulators of trophoblast invasion. Evolution of this system in great apes may have been one prerequisite for deep trophoblast invasion but seems to have come at a price. The evidence now suggests that certain combinations of maternal genotype for KIRs and fetal genotype for @entity18698 imply an increased risk of @entity1468 , @entity1592 , and recurrent abortion. The fetal genotype is in part derived from the father providing an explanation for the paternal contribution to @entity74 .

title: Comparative studies of placentation and immunology in non- @entity1 primates suggest a scenario for the evolution of deep trophoblast invasion and an explanation for XXXX pregnancy disorders.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity370 is a @entity738 of unknown aetiology. We identified immunological targets for the treatment of @entity358 using a @entity19 model generated with @entity5478 . Sensitisation and challenge using heat-killed @entity5478 and dendritic cells (DCs) were performed to produce @entity358 in C57BL/6 @entity19 . Immunological analyses using ELISA as well as cDNA microarray analysis were used to search for cytokines or chemokines associated with the formation of @entity738 in the lungs. Co-administration of @entity5478 and DCs reproducibly induced the formation of @entity358 , which resembled @entity738 . The cDNA microarray assay demonstrated that the gene expression of @entity12426 and @entity15369 , ligands for @entity14013 , and of @entity22425 , a ligand for @entity13945 , was strongly upregulated during @entity2883 . ELISA confirmed that levels of @entity12426 and @entity15369 as well as T-helper (Th)1 cytokines and chemokines including @entity5 @entity39 factor-a and interferon-y were elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The blockade of @entity630 chemokine receptors using @entity42711 , a dual blocker for @entity14013 and @entity13945 , led to reduced numbers of @entity14013 + @entity1961 + and @entity13945 + @entity1961 + T-cells in BALF. Furthermore, administration of @entity42711 ameliorated the @entity2883 . The targeted inhibition of @entity630 chemokines might be useful for inhibiting @entity630 -biased @entity738 , including @entity370 .

title: Blockade of @entity630 chemokine receptors ameliorates XXXX in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas', 'sarcoid granulomas', 'granulomatous disease', 'granulomatous diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5478 :: ('1747', 'Species') :: ['Propionibacterium acnes', 'P. acnes']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary granulomatosis', 'pulmonary granulomas']

entities_list: @entity2883 :: ('MESH:D014890', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatosis']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis', 'Sarcoidosis']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary granulomatosis']


abstract: @entity370 is a @entity738 of unknown aetiology. We identified immunological targets for the treatment of @entity358 using a @entity19 model generated with @entity5478 . Sensitisation and challenge using heat-killed @entity5478 and dendritic cells (DCs) were performed to produce @entity358 in C57BL/6 @entity19 . Immunological analyses using ELISA as well as cDNA microarray analysis were used to search for cytokines or chemokines associated with the formation of @entity738 in the lungs. Co-administration of @entity5478 and DCs reproducibly induced the formation of @entity358 , which resembled @entity738 . The cDNA microarray assay demonstrated that the gene expression of @entity12426 and @entity15369 , ligands for @entity14013 , and of @entity22425 , a ligand for @entity13945 , was strongly upregulated during @entity2883 . ELISA confirmed that levels of @entity12426 and @entity15369 as well as T-helper (Th)1 cytokines and chemokines including @entity5 @entity39 factor-a and interferon-y were elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The blockade of @entity630 chemokine receptors using @entity42711 , a dual blocker for @entity14013 and @entity13945 , led to reduced numbers of @entity14013 + @entity1961 + and @entity13945 + @entity1961 + T-cells in BALF. Furthermore, administration of @entity42711 ameliorated the @entity2883 . The targeted inhibition of @entity630 chemokines might be useful for inhibiting @entity630 -biased @entity738 , including @entity370 .

title: Blockade of XXXX chemokine receptors ameliorates @entity358 in @entity19 .

answer: @entity630 :: (57314(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Th1']


abstract: @entity370 is a @entity738 of unknown aetiology. We identified immunological targets for the treatment of @entity358 using a @entity19 model generated with @entity5478 . Sensitisation and challenge using heat-killed @entity5478 and dendritic cells (DCs) were performed to produce @entity358 in C57BL/6 @entity19 . Immunological analyses using ELISA as well as cDNA microarray analysis were used to search for cytokines or chemokines associated with the formation of @entity738 in the lungs. Co-administration of @entity5478 and DCs reproducibly induced the formation of @entity358 , which resembled @entity738 . The cDNA microarray assay demonstrated that the gene expression of @entity12426 and @entity15369 , ligands for @entity14013 , and of @entity22425 , a ligand for @entity13945 , was strongly upregulated during @entity2883 . ELISA confirmed that levels of @entity12426 and @entity15369 as well as T-helper (Th)1 cytokines and chemokines including @entity5 @entity39 factor-a and interferon-y were elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The blockade of @entity630 chemokine receptors using @entity42711 , a dual blocker for @entity14013 and @entity13945 , led to reduced numbers of @entity14013 + @entity1961 + and @entity13945 + @entity1961 + T-cells in BALF. Furthermore, administration of @entity42711 ameliorated the @entity2883 . The targeted inhibition of @entity630 chemokines might be useful for inhibiting @entity630 -biased @entity738 , including @entity370 .

title: Blockade of @entity630 chemokine receptors ameliorates @entity358 in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Safe, very high altitude trekking in subjects with type 1 @entity6 requires understanding of @entity413 regulation at high altitude. We investigated @entity2690 requirements, energy expenditure, and @entity413 levels at very high altitude in relation to @entity5754 ( @entity5754 ) symptoms in individuals with type 1 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eight individuals with @entity2412 part in a 14-day expedition to Mount Meru (4,562 m) and Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) in Tanzania. Daily @entity2690 doses, @entity413 levels, energy expenditure, and @entity5754 symptoms were determined. Also, energy expenditure and @entity5754 symptoms were compared with a healthy control group. RESULTS: We found a positive relation between @entity5754 symptoms and @entity2690 requirements (r = 0.78; P = 0.041) and @entity5754 symptoms and @entity413 levels (r = 0.86; P = 0.014) for Mount Kilimanjaro. Compared with sea level, @entity2690 doses tended to decrease by 14.2% (19.7) (median [interquartile range]) (P = 0.41), whereas @entity413 levels remained stable up to 5,000 m altitude. However, at altitudes >5,000 m, @entity2690 dose was unchanged (36.8    17 vs. 37.6    19.1 international units [mean    SD] P = 0.75), but @entity413 levels (7.5    0.6 vs. 9.5    0.8 mmol/L [mean    SD] P = 0.067) and @entity5754 scores (1.3    1.6 vs. 4.4    4 points [mean    SD] P = 0.091) tended to increase. Energy expenditure and @entity5754 symptoms were comparable in both groups (P = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that in complication-free individuals with type 1 @entity6 , @entity2690 requirements tend to increase during altitudes above 5,000 m despite high energy expenditure. This change may be explained, at least partly, by @entity5754 .

title: Increased @entity2690 requirements during exercise at very high altitude in type 1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['complication-free type 1 diabetes took']

entities_list: @entity5754 :: ('MESH:D000532', 'Disease') :: ['acute mountain sickness', 'AMS']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Safe, very high altitude trekking in subjects with type 1 @entity6 requires understanding of @entity413 regulation at high altitude. We investigated @entity2690 requirements, energy expenditure, and @entity413 levels at very high altitude in relation to @entity5754 ( @entity5754 ) symptoms in individuals with type 1 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eight individuals with @entity2412 part in a 14-day expedition to Mount Meru (4,562 m) and Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m) in Tanzania. Daily @entity2690 doses, @entity413 levels, energy expenditure, and @entity5754 symptoms were determined. Also, energy expenditure and @entity5754 symptoms were compared with a healthy control group. RESULTS: We found a positive relation between @entity5754 symptoms and @entity2690 requirements (r = 0.78; P = 0.041) and @entity5754 symptoms and @entity413 levels (r = 0.86; P = 0.014) for Mount Kilimanjaro. Compared with sea level, @entity2690 doses tended to decrease by 14.2% (19.7) (median [interquartile range]) (P = 0.41), whereas @entity413 levels remained stable up to 5,000 m altitude. However, at altitudes >5,000 m, @entity2690 dose was unchanged (36.8    17 vs. 37.6    19.1 international units [mean    SD] P = 0.75), but @entity413 levels (7.5    0.6 vs. 9.5    0.8 mmol/L [mean    SD] P = 0.067) and @entity5754 scores (1.3    1.6 vs. 4.4    4 points [mean    SD] P = 0.091) tended to increase. Energy expenditure and @entity5754 symptoms were comparable in both groups (P = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that in complication-free individuals with type 1 @entity6 , @entity2690 requirements tend to increase during altitudes above 5,000 m despite high energy expenditure. This change may be explained, at least partly, by @entity5754 .

title: Increased XXXX requirements during exercise at very high altitude in type 1 @entity6 .

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: RATIONALE: Nutritional risk screening should be routine in order to select @entity1 in need of nutrition care; this conduct change has to rely on education. In this project, radiotherapy department health professionals were trained on how to use the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), to foster its integration into @entity5 outpatient management; we also aimed to identify those more adherent to screening. METHODS: Research dieticians (the standard) conducted interactive sessions with all physicians, nurses, and radiotherapy (RT) technicians, who were closely supervised to facilitate routine MUST integration. There were two phases: after the first session, phase 1 assessed 200 @entity1 over 4 months; after the second session, phase 2 screened 450 @entity1 , always before RT. Validity was evaluated comparing results from the standard against all other health professionals, adjusted for number. RESULTS: RT technicians were most adherent to the MUST: 80% of @entity1 in phase 1, increasing to 85% in phase 2. Nurses doubled their input, from 19% to 36%. Physicians had poor MUST integration, yet they progressively incorporated percentage @entity353 into @entity1 records, increasing from 57% in phase 1 to 84% in phase 2, independently of diagnosis and stage. The highest concordance (k coefficient) with dieticians was found with RT technicians' use of the MUST (p < .002) and percentage @entity353 determination by physicians (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: We show that systematic screening in @entity5 is feasible by all professionals involved, once a proximity teaching project is put into practice. RT technicians, who daily treat @entity1 , were highly adherent to integrate the MUST and might be in charge of selecting at-risk @entity1 . Physicians are unlikely to use the MUST, but acknowledged nutrition value and changed their routine by integrating recent percentage @entity353 into their approach to @entity1 . Our structured methodology may be used as a model for the development of teaching adapted to different departments with other realities.

title: Teaching nutrition integration: MUST screening in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Pharmacokinetic parameters of @entity1 lymphoblastoid interferon ( @entity3027 ) delivery to normal @entity35 brain were examined. @entity3027 concentrations in brain parenchyma could only be detected 120 min after its intravascular administration, and were 0.003% per gram of the administered dose. The mean cerebrovascular permeability-surface area (permeability x surface area) product to IFN, 120 min after infusion, was 0.35 x 10(-6) @entity8639 , which is not significantly different from zero. Neither i.v. nor intracarotid @entity3027 administration significantly affected delivery to brain. Intrathecal administration of @entity3027 , via the cisterna magna, resulted in undetectable concentrations in brain tissue and plasma at 30 and 60 min. However, osmotic blood-brain barrier opening significantly increased @entity3027 delivery to brain after its carotid administration. A maximum concentration of 0.18% per gram of the total administered dose was achieved at 120 min, and the cerebrovascular permeability-surface area was increased to 30.8 x 10(-6) @entity8639 . Intracerebral @entity3027 concentrations did not decline significantly during the 240 min study. Osmotic blood-brain barrier opening increased the area under the brain concentration vs. time curve, measured between 30 and 240 min, from 0.012 x 10(6) U.min/g, in controls, to 1.24 x 10(6) U.min/g, at least 100-fold. This study indicates that osmotic blood-brain barrier opening significantly increases the delivery of @entity3027 into brain, and that delivered remains within the brain for many hours.

title: Delivery of XXXX interferon-alpha to brain by transient osmotic blood-brain barrier modification in the @entity35 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Pharmacokinetic parameters of @entity1 lymphoblastoid interferon ( @entity3027 ) delivery to normal @entity35 brain were examined. @entity3027 concentrations in brain parenchyma could only be detected 120 min after its intravascular administration, and were 0.003% per gram of the administered dose. The mean cerebrovascular permeability-surface area (permeability x surface area) product to IFN, 120 min after infusion, was 0.35 x 10(-6) @entity8639 , which is not significantly different from zero. Neither i.v. nor intracarotid @entity3027 administration significantly affected delivery to brain. Intrathecal administration of @entity3027 , via the cisterna magna, resulted in undetectable concentrations in brain tissue and plasma at 30 and 60 min. However, osmotic blood-brain barrier opening significantly increased @entity3027 delivery to brain after its carotid administration. A maximum concentration of 0.18% per gram of the total administered dose was achieved at 120 min, and the cerebrovascular permeability-surface area was increased to 30.8 x 10(-6) @entity8639 . Intracerebral @entity3027 concentrations did not decline significantly during the 240 min study. Osmotic blood-brain barrier opening increased the area under the brain concentration vs. time curve, measured between 30 and 240 min, from 0.012 x 10(6) U.min/g, in controls, to 1.24 x 10(6) U.min/g, at least 100-fold. This study indicates that osmotic blood-brain barrier opening significantly increases the delivery of @entity3027 into brain, and that delivered remains within the brain for many hours.

title: Delivery of @entity1 interferon-alpha to brain by transient osmotic blood-brain barrier modification in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that many instrument and physiological factors limit the ability of color Doppler total jet area within the receiving chamber to predict the severity of @entity340 . In contrast, the proximal or initial dimensions of the jet as it emerges from the orifice have been shown to increase directly with orifice size and to correlate well with the severity of @entity337 . Only limited data, however, are available regarding the value of proximal jet size in @entity339 , and it has not been examined in short-axis or transthoracic views. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the relation between proximal jet size and other measures of the severity of @entity339 . METHODS AND RESULTS: In 49 @entity1 , the anteroposterior height of the proximal jet as it emerges from the mitral valve was measured in the @entity1162 view; proximal jet width and area were measured in the short-axis view at the same level. Results were compared with regurgitant volume and fraction by pulsed Doppler subtraction of aortic and mitral flows in 47 @entity1 without more than trace @entity337 ; with angiographic grade determined within 24 hours in 33 catheterized @entity1 ; and with angiographic regurgitant fraction in 13 @entity1 who were in normal sinus rhythm and had no significant aortic and @entity997 . Proximal jet height, width, and area correlated well with Doppler regurgitant volume and fraction (r = .86 to .95; SEE = 7.7 to 9.0 mL; 5.9% to 7.3%). Proximal jet size could also be used to distinguish angiographic grades of @entity339 with minimal overlap (P < .0001) and correlated well with angiographic regurgitant fraction (r = .85 to .91; SEE = 4.1% to 5.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Proximal jet size correlates well with established measures of the severity of @entity339 . It is conveniently available with transthoracic clinical scanning and should be useful in the routine evaluation of @entity1 with @entity339 .

title: Proximal jet size by Doppler color flow mapping predicts severity of XXXX . Clinical studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity997 :: ('MESH:D014262', 'Disease') :: ['tricuspid insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['parasternal long-axis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular regurgitation']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral regurgitation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ventricular remodeling after @entity583 involves changes in ventricular size, shape, structure, and matrix that impact on function. Prolonged @entity2814 inhibition after @entity1188 with @entity3371 reduces @entity67 and improves clinical outcome, but whether @entity4688 produces similar benefits is controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effect of @entity4688 during healing between 1 day and 6 weeks after @entity583 on in vivo changes in ventricular size, shape, mass, and function (asynergy, or akinesis and dyskinesis, and ejection fraction), as determined by serial two-dimensional echocardiography, hemodynamics, postmortem topography (planimetered short- and long-axis ventricular contours), and collagen content (determined by levels of @entity720 , a marker for collagen), was measured in 25 instrumented @entity235 . The @entity235 were randomized 1 day after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation to a control group (no treatment) and a group receiving oral @entity4688 (2.5 mg BID). Compared with no treatment, @entity4688 produced a sustained lowering of left atrial pressure but no difference in heart rate and mean blood pressure over the 6 weeks. Also compared with no treatment, @entity4688 modified in vivo remodeling parameters between 1 day and 6 weeks, with less elongation of the asynergy-containing segment, a lower expansion index (ratio of endocardial lengths of @entity1188 to non- @entity1188 -containing segments demarcated by @entity121 ), less scar wall thinning, a lower thinning ratio (ratio of average thickness of infarcted wall to average thickness of the normal wall), smaller ventricular volume, less regional bulging and @entity439 frequency, prevention of the increase in ventricular mass, less total extent of asynergy, and higher volume ejection fraction. At postmortem examination, scar mass was similar in the two groups, but topographic maps with @entity4688 revealed less @entity1188 , and less noninfarct wall thickness. In addition, postmortem collagen content was similar in noninfarct zones of the two groups but lower in @entity1188 zones of the @entity235 given @entity4688 . CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged @entity4688 therapy, in a dose that did not lower blood pressure, during healing after anterior @entity1188 produced prolonged reduction of left ventricular preload in @entity235 . This diastolic unloading was associated with limitation of remodeling parameters ( @entity1188 expansion and thinning, progressive @entity2554 and @entity1184 , and regional bulging), less total asynergy, and improved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although @entity2814 inhibition was associated with lower collagen content in the @entity1188 area and altered scar topography, these effects did not impact negatively on overall remodeling and function.

title: Effect of XXXX on ventricular remodeling and function during healing after @entity583 in the @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity2814 :: ('610668(Tax:9615)', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity2554 :: ('MESH:C563906', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dilation']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct bulging, flatter infarct scars', 'infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular enlargement']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['papillary muscle landmarks']

answer: @entity4688 :: (MESH:D004656,Chemical) :: ['enalapril']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ventricular remodeling after @entity583 involves changes in ventricular size, shape, structure, and matrix that impact on function. Prolonged @entity2814 inhibition after @entity1188 with @entity3371 reduces @entity67 and improves clinical outcome, but whether @entity4688 produces similar benefits is controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effect of @entity4688 during healing between 1 day and 6 weeks after @entity583 on in vivo changes in ventricular size, shape, mass, and function (asynergy, or akinesis and dyskinesis, and ejection fraction), as determined by serial two-dimensional echocardiography, hemodynamics, postmortem topography (planimetered short- and long-axis ventricular contours), and collagen content (determined by levels of @entity720 , a marker for collagen), was measured in 25 instrumented @entity235 . The @entity235 were randomized 1 day after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation to a control group (no treatment) and a group receiving oral @entity4688 (2.5 mg BID). Compared with no treatment, @entity4688 produced a sustained lowering of left atrial pressure but no difference in heart rate and mean blood pressure over the 6 weeks. Also compared with no treatment, @entity4688 modified in vivo remodeling parameters between 1 day and 6 weeks, with less elongation of the asynergy-containing segment, a lower expansion index (ratio of endocardial lengths of @entity1188 to non- @entity1188 -containing segments demarcated by @entity121 ), less scar wall thinning, a lower thinning ratio (ratio of average thickness of infarcted wall to average thickness of the normal wall), smaller ventricular volume, less regional bulging and @entity439 frequency, prevention of the increase in ventricular mass, less total extent of asynergy, and higher volume ejection fraction. At postmortem examination, scar mass was similar in the two groups, but topographic maps with @entity4688 revealed less @entity1188 , and less noninfarct wall thickness. In addition, postmortem collagen content was similar in noninfarct zones of the two groups but lower in @entity1188 zones of the @entity235 given @entity4688 . CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged @entity4688 therapy, in a dose that did not lower blood pressure, during healing after anterior @entity1188 produced prolonged reduction of left ventricular preload in @entity235 . This diastolic unloading was associated with limitation of remodeling parameters ( @entity1188 expansion and thinning, progressive @entity2554 and @entity1184 , and regional bulging), less total asynergy, and improved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although @entity2814 inhibition was associated with lower collagen content in the @entity1188 area and altered scar topography, these effects did not impact negatively on overall remodeling and function.

title: Effect of @entity4688 on ventricular remodeling and function during healing after XXXX in the @entity235 .

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['anterior myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ventricular remodeling after @entity583 involves changes in ventricular size, shape, structure, and matrix that impact on function. Prolonged @entity2814 inhibition after @entity1188 with @entity3371 reduces @entity67 and improves clinical outcome, but whether @entity4688 produces similar benefits is controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effect of @entity4688 during healing between 1 day and 6 weeks after @entity583 on in vivo changes in ventricular size, shape, mass, and function (asynergy, or akinesis and dyskinesis, and ejection fraction), as determined by serial two-dimensional echocardiography, hemodynamics, postmortem topography (planimetered short- and long-axis ventricular contours), and collagen content (determined by levels of @entity720 , a marker for collagen), was measured in 25 instrumented @entity235 . The @entity235 were randomized 1 day after left anterior descending coronary artery ligation to a control group (no treatment) and a group receiving oral @entity4688 (2.5 mg BID). Compared with no treatment, @entity4688 produced a sustained lowering of left atrial pressure but no difference in heart rate and mean blood pressure over the 6 weeks. Also compared with no treatment, @entity4688 modified in vivo remodeling parameters between 1 day and 6 weeks, with less elongation of the asynergy-containing segment, a lower expansion index (ratio of endocardial lengths of @entity1188 to non- @entity1188 -containing segments demarcated by @entity121 ), less scar wall thinning, a lower thinning ratio (ratio of average thickness of infarcted wall to average thickness of the normal wall), smaller ventricular volume, less regional bulging and @entity439 frequency, prevention of the increase in ventricular mass, less total extent of asynergy, and higher volume ejection fraction. At postmortem examination, scar mass was similar in the two groups, but topographic maps with @entity4688 revealed less @entity1188 , and less noninfarct wall thickness. In addition, postmortem collagen content was similar in noninfarct zones of the two groups but lower in @entity1188 zones of the @entity235 given @entity4688 . CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged @entity4688 therapy, in a dose that did not lower blood pressure, during healing after anterior @entity1188 produced prolonged reduction of left ventricular preload in @entity235 . This diastolic unloading was associated with limitation of remodeling parameters ( @entity1188 expansion and thinning, progressive @entity2554 and @entity1184 , and regional bulging), less total asynergy, and improved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although @entity2814 inhibition was associated with lower collagen content in the @entity1188 area and altered scar topography, these effects did not impact negatively on overall remodeling and function.

title: Effect of @entity4688 on ventricular remodeling and function during healing after @entity583 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that clinically unaffected female carriers of @entity1112 have an olfactory defect. DESIGN: Assessment of the olfactory threshold to seven standard odorants, each at a concentration of 1-10(-8) mol/l. @entity1 : Five families with @entity1112 ( @entity12608 ) were tested, containing 19 males with @entity12608 , and 9 female carriers. Related but unaffected males (n = 8) were used as a control group, and in addition seven @entity1 with @entity2689 ( @entity2689 ) were assessed. MEASUREMENTS: The olfactory threshold was taken as the lowest concentration at which each odorant was clearly distinguished from control (liquid @entity982 ). The threshold for each odorant was compared between the subject groups using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: All @entity1 with @entity12608 were anosmic to all odorants. The female carriers had @entity9905 , with a significant reduction in the olfactory threshold to putrid, peppermint, floral and pungent odorants compared to control subjects, and to peppermint, floral and pungent odorants compared to subjects with @entity2689 . The latter had olfactory thresholds which were statistically identical with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Obligate female carriers of @entity1112 are hyposmic compared to control subjects. The overlap between the two groups, however, makes olfactory testing unreliable as a diagnostic test.

title: Identification of olfactory dysfunction in carriers of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ["X-linked Kallmann's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ['XO', "Turner's syndrome"]

answer: @entity1112 :: (MESH:D040181,Disease) :: ['X-linked Kallmann's syndrome']


abstract: @entity4053 is one of the serious adverse effects induced by @entity5354 ( @entity2050 ), an antiarrhythmic agent. In order to clarify the pharmacodynamics of @entity2050 -induced @entity4053 , @entity2050 was administered intravenously to conscious @entity35 at a dose of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg and serum samples were collected periodically to determine the concentrations of @entity2050 , insulin and @entity413 . The pharmacokinetics of @entity2050 showed nonlinear characteristics and could be described by a two-compartment model with Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics. @entity2050 induced a rapid increase in the serum concentration of insulin. As the @entity2050 dose was increased, a greater hypoglycemic effect occurred. The indirect response model was applied to account for the @entity2050 -induced increase in insulin secretion and the subsequent decrease in serum @entity413 . A linear relationship was assumed between the serum concentration of @entity2050 and its stimulating effect on insulin secretion. A nonlinear relationship was assumed between the serum concentration of insulin and its stimulating effect on the elimination of serum @entity413 . The time courses of serum concentrations of @entity2050 , insulin and @entity413 after intravenous injection of @entity2050 could be described by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model developed. This approach will be useful for the identification of variable factors related to @entity2050 -induced @entity4053 .

title: Pharmacodynamics of XXXX -induced @entity4053 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity5354 :: ('MESH:C032151', 'Chemical') :: ['cibenzoline']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoglycemia', 'hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity5354 :: (MESH:C032151,Chemical) :: ['cibenzoline']


abstract: @entity4053 is one of the serious adverse effects induced by @entity5354 ( @entity2050 ), an antiarrhythmic agent. In order to clarify the pharmacodynamics of @entity2050 -induced @entity4053 , @entity2050 was administered intravenously to conscious @entity35 at a dose of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg and serum samples were collected periodically to determine the concentrations of @entity2050 , insulin and @entity413 . The pharmacokinetics of @entity2050 showed nonlinear characteristics and could be described by a two-compartment model with Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics. @entity2050 induced a rapid increase in the serum concentration of insulin. As the @entity2050 dose was increased, a greater hypoglycemic effect occurred. The indirect response model was applied to account for the @entity2050 -induced increase in insulin secretion and the subsequent decrease in serum @entity413 . A linear relationship was assumed between the serum concentration of @entity2050 and its stimulating effect on insulin secretion. A nonlinear relationship was assumed between the serum concentration of insulin and its stimulating effect on the elimination of serum @entity413 . The time courses of serum concentrations of @entity2050 , insulin and @entity413 after intravenous injection of @entity2050 could be described by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model developed. This approach will be useful for the identification of variable factors related to @entity2050 -induced @entity4053 .

title: Pharmacodynamics of @entity5354 -induced XXXX in @entity35 .

answer: @entity4053 :: (MESH:D007003,Disease) :: ['hypoglycemia']


abstract: @entity4053 is one of the serious adverse effects induced by @entity5354 ( @entity2050 ), an antiarrhythmic agent. In order to clarify the pharmacodynamics of @entity2050 -induced @entity4053 , @entity2050 was administered intravenously to conscious @entity35 at a dose of 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg and serum samples were collected periodically to determine the concentrations of @entity2050 , insulin and @entity413 . The pharmacokinetics of @entity2050 showed nonlinear characteristics and could be described by a two-compartment model with Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics. @entity2050 induced a rapid increase in the serum concentration of insulin. As the @entity2050 dose was increased, a greater hypoglycemic effect occurred. The indirect response model was applied to account for the @entity2050 -induced increase in insulin secretion and the subsequent decrease in serum @entity413 . A linear relationship was assumed between the serum concentration of @entity2050 and its stimulating effect on insulin secretion. A nonlinear relationship was assumed between the serum concentration of insulin and its stimulating effect on the elimination of serum @entity413 . The time courses of serum concentrations of @entity2050 , insulin and @entity413 after intravenous injection of @entity2050 could be described by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model developed. This approach will be useful for the identification of variable factors related to @entity2050 -induced @entity4053 .

title: Pharmacodynamics of @entity5354 -induced @entity4053 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Single-photon emission tomography (SPET) with @entity1136 sestamibi (MIBI) was carried out in 61 adult @entity1 with supratentorial expanding @entity75 . Thirty-one @entity1 had pathologically proven @entity11 . Ten @entity1 had pathologically proven @entity11 , while another 12 @entity1 had a clinical diagnosis of @entity11 . The other eight @entity1 had a variety of lesions including radiation @entity39 (3), abscess (2), @entity64 (2) and primary @entity706 (1). SPET was performed 15 min after administration of 740-930 MBq MIBI and transverse, sagittal and coronal views were reconstructed. Using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging guidance, a MIBI uptake index was computed as the ratio of counts in the lesion to counts in the contralateral homologous region. In high-grade @entity11 , the MIBI index ranged from 1.9 to 6.6 (mean 3.6 +/- 1.4) whereas it ranged from 0.8 to 1.7 (1.1 +/- 0.2) in the pathologically proven low-grade group (P < 0.01). No significant difference was found between the two low-grade groups (1.1 +/- 0.2 vs 1.1 +/- 0.2). No overlap was found between high-grade and @entity11 index values. @entity1 with suspected radiation @entity39 , @entity867 or @entity64 did not demonstrate high MIBI uptake (0.9-2.2), whereas one @entity1 with @entity706 did (3.9). This study suggests that MIBI SPET imaging is of value in distinguishing low-from high-grade supratentorial @entity11 in adults.

title: Evaluation of single-photon emission tomography imaging of supratentorial brain gliomas with XXXX sestamibi.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-99m']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic stroke']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['brain lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'low-grade glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity867 :: ('MESH:D001922', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral abscess']

answer: @entity1136 :: (MESH:D013667,Chemical) :: ['technetium-99m']


abstract: Neuroadapted @entity12385 (NSV) was selected by serial passage of wild-type @entity12385 (SV) in @entity19 brain. After intracerebral inoculation of weanling @entity19 , NSV causes a severe @entity1651 with hindlimb @entity912 and high mortality; SV causes nonfatal mild disease. In order to determine the biologic basis of neurovirulence in vivo, these @entity1800 have been compared by using infectivity assays, light and electron microscopy, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and double-labeling for neural cell markers and viral RNA. More infectious virus is present in the central nervous system during NSV than during SV @entity281 . After intracerebral inoculation, both @entity149 and spread to gray matter areas, including the ventral horns of the spinal cord. Their cellular targets are not different, and @entity528 is prominent. NSV infects more neurons, and causes more severe injury than SV. In @entity778 , there is marked swelling of lumbar and thoracic neurons and their processes in the ventral horns. Relatively mild changes are detected in SV @entity281 only by electron microscopy. Neuroadaptation likely occurs by increasing the efficiency of viral replication in neurons, rather than by a fundamental change in the cellular tropism or the topography of the @entity4767 .

title: Basis of neurovirulence in XXXX @entity1651 of @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['NSV infection']

entities_list: @entity4767 :: ('MESH:D002494', 'Disease') :: ['infection in the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['viruses enter the central nervous system via the ependyma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity1651 :: ('MESH:D004679', 'Disease') :: ['encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal infection']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity12385 :: (11034,Species) :: ['Sindbis virus']


abstract: Neuroadapted @entity12385 (NSV) was selected by serial passage of wild-type @entity12385 (SV) in @entity19 brain. After intracerebral inoculation of weanling @entity19 , NSV causes a severe @entity1651 with hindlimb @entity912 and high mortality; SV causes nonfatal mild disease. In order to determine the biologic basis of neurovirulence in vivo, these @entity1800 have been compared by using infectivity assays, light and electron microscopy, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and double-labeling for neural cell markers and viral RNA. More infectious virus is present in the central nervous system during NSV than during SV @entity281 . After intracerebral inoculation, both @entity149 and spread to gray matter areas, including the ventral horns of the spinal cord. Their cellular targets are not different, and @entity528 is prominent. NSV infects more neurons, and causes more severe injury than SV. In @entity778 , there is marked swelling of lumbar and thoracic neurons and their processes in the ventral horns. Relatively mild changes are detected in SV @entity281 only by electron microscopy. Neuroadaptation likely occurs by increasing the efficiency of viral replication in neurons, rather than by a fundamental change in the cellular tropism or the topography of the @entity4767 .

title: Basis of neurovirulence in @entity12385 XXXX of @entity19 .

answer: @entity1651 :: (MESH:D004679,Disease) :: ['encephalomyelitis']


abstract: Neuroadapted @entity12385 (NSV) was selected by serial passage of wild-type @entity12385 (SV) in @entity19 brain. After intracerebral inoculation of weanling @entity19 , NSV causes a severe @entity1651 with hindlimb @entity912 and high mortality; SV causes nonfatal mild disease. In order to determine the biologic basis of neurovirulence in vivo, these @entity1800 have been compared by using infectivity assays, light and electron microscopy, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and double-labeling for neural cell markers and viral RNA. More infectious virus is present in the central nervous system during NSV than during SV @entity281 . After intracerebral inoculation, both @entity149 and spread to gray matter areas, including the ventral horns of the spinal cord. Their cellular targets are not different, and @entity528 is prominent. NSV infects more neurons, and causes more severe injury than SV. In @entity778 , there is marked swelling of lumbar and thoracic neurons and their processes in the ventral horns. Relatively mild changes are detected in SV @entity281 only by electron microscopy. Neuroadaptation likely occurs by increasing the efficiency of viral replication in neurons, rather than by a fundamental change in the cellular tropism or the topography of the @entity4767 .

title: Basis of neurovirulence in @entity12385 @entity1651 of XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: As a first step towards developing a DNA transformation method for the ciliated protozoan Euplotes crassus we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for cell division in the presence of @entity1880 (Chx) for several cell lines and the range of Chx sensitivity for 106 different progeny cell lines derived by mating two lines. All of the cell lines are highly sensitive to Chx. Progeny cell lines show a wider range of sensitivities than the parental lines. Because site-directed mutagenesis of the RPL29 gene encoding the large subunit ribosomal protein 29 (L29) has been used to generate a Chx-resistance marker (ChxR) for another ciliate, @entity14825 [Yao and Yao, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 9493-9497], we isolated and sequenced the entire @entity73363 macronuclear DNA carrying RPL29. The encoded peptide is 52-73% identical in sequence to L29 sequences from organisms ranging from @entity14825 and @entity375 to @entity19 . In @entity73363 , the codon that has been mutated to confer Chx resistance in both @entity375 and @entity14825 already encodes the @entity535 residue of one of the mutant forms identified in these other organisms. Thus, @entity73363 RPL29 is not a convenient source of a selectable marker. Notable features of the macronuclear DNA carrying RPL29 are its extremely short non-coding regions and a TAG stop codon.

title: Sequence of the macronuclear DNA encoding large subunit ribosomal protein 29 (L29) in Euplotes crassus and XXXX sensitivity.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino-acid']

entities_list: @entity14825 :: ('5911', 'Species') :: ['T. thermophila', 'Tetrahymena thermophila']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'S. cerevisiae']

answer: @entity1880 :: (MESH:D003513,Chemical) :: ['cycloheximide']


abstract: The @entity375 ribosomal protein rp51 is encoded by two interchangeable genes, @entity64954 and @entity73364 . We altered the RP51 gene dose by creating deletions of the @entity64954 or @entity73364 genes or both. Deletions of both genes led to spore inviability, indicating that rp51 is an essential ribosomal protein. From single deletion studies in haploid cells, we concluded that there was no intergenic dosage compensation at the level of mRNA abundance or mRNA utilization (translational efficiency), although phenotypic analysis had previously indicated a small compensation effect on growth rate. Similarly, deletions in diploid strains indicated that no strong mechanisms exist for intragenic dosage compensation; in all cases, a decreased dose of RP51 genes was characterized by a slow growth phenotype. A decreased dose of RP51 genes also led to insufficient amounts of 40S ribosomal subunits, as evidenced by a dramatic accumulation of excess 60S ribosomal subunits. We conclude that inhibition of 40S synthesis had little or no effect on the synthesis of the 60S subunit components. Addition of extra copies of rp51 genes led to extra rp51 protein synthesis. The additional rp51 protein was rapidly degraded. We propose that rp51 and perhaps many ribosomal proteins are normally oversynthesized, but the unassembled excess is degraded, and that the apparent compensation seen in haploids, i.e., the fact that the growth rate of mutant strains is less depressed than the actual reduction in mRNA, is a consequence of this excess which is spared from proteolysis under this circumstance.

title: Effect of RP51 gene dosage alterations on ribosome synthesis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: Ten @entity21334 strains were screened for @entity9463 contamination using two differently designed @entity9463 -specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). The primers of the @entity9463 -specific PCR designed by Spaepen et al. (9) cross-reacted with all of the @entity21334 strains giving false-positive results. When the 10 strains of @entity21334 were tested for mycoplasmas with the PCR designed by Harasawa et al. (5), only 3 were positive. Mycoplasmas were cultured from these three @entity21334 strains confirming the latter PCR results. The PCR of Harasawa et al. (5) was highly specific for mycoplasmas and did not cross-react with @entity21334 . These findings suggest that chlamydiae should be periodically screened for @entity9463 contamination. Careful attention to primer design is important if PCR is chosen as the screening method.

title: XXXX contamination of chlamydiae isolated from clinical specimens.

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['Mycoplasma']

entities_list: @entity21334 :: ('83558', 'Species') :: ['Chlamydia pneumoniae', 'C. pneumoniae']

answer: @entity9463 :: (MESH:D009175,Disease) :: ['Mycoplasma']


abstract: 1. Responses of single units in area 29 of cingulate cortex were examined in alert @entity95 during vestibular and @entity346 . Eye movements were measured by optically detecting the position of an infrared light-emitting diode attached to the @entity267 . 2. Fourteen percent of cingulate cells (68 of 477 isolated units) had responses that were correlated to the occurrence of quick phases. Latencies ranged from 60 ms before to 220 ms after the onset of the quick phase with a mean of 70 ms and standard deviation of 58 ms. Most units responded during or following quick phases, although four units had responses that preceded the quick-phase onset. 3. Unitary responses during quick phases were not due to @entity227 , since these responses occurred in the dark as well as the light. The responses were not dependent upon vestibular stimulation, since responses related to @entity1319 were observed in cingulate quick-phase neurons. 4. The majority (37 of 52) of the quick-phase neurons had a directional preference. Approximately equal numbers of directional units responded to quick phases directed ipsilaterally and contralaterally with respect to the recording site. 5. About one-fourth of the quick-phase units were bidirectional (15 of 52) with virtually equal responses to ipsilaterally and contralaterally directed quick phases. 6. Auditory and/or somatosensory responses were observed in only five of the quick-phase cells. All such multimodal units were bidirectional. 7. The quick-phase units were histologically confirmed to be primarily in area 29d of cingulate cortex. Although most cells were located in layer V, some were isolated in layer II-III. 8. Cingulate cortex has reciprocal connections with visual cortex and oculomotor-related thalamic nuclei and projects to the layers of the superior colliculus that are involved in oculomotor control. Responses to quick phases in cingulate neurons may synchronize cingulate cortex responsiveness with the arrival of new, and potentially significant, visual information.

title: Neuronal responses in XXXX cingulate cortex linked to quick-phase eye movements during nystagmus.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field movement']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['optokinetic nystagmus']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous saccadelike eye movements']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case study was performed on the single-stage posterior transvertebral closing-wedge osteotomy for treatment of @entity1513 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Forty-one consecutive cases in 38 @entity1 available for follow-up, averaging 33 months (range 4-87 months), are included. All @entity1 had severe @entity4512 ; 51% of cases had previous @entity174 , and 49% had postlaminectomy failed back syndromes with @entity1513 . A preoperative @entity51 was present in 34% of the cases including two with @entity1971 . METHODS: @entity1 examination and interviews, subjective questionnaire, chart reviews, and radiographic measurements were performed independently. Complications, risks, benefits, results, and biomechanical considerations were evaluated and discussed as compared with other techniques. RESULTS: All cases had solid union at follow-up; 93% maintained correction averaging 35 degrees with three requiring revision for failure. Postoperatively, 19.5% of the cases had new @entity51 with five (12.2%) temporary or minor and three (7.3%) major, including one with unimproved @entity451 at follow-up. Eight of the 14 preoperative @entity51 cases improved postoperatively; 26 additional surgeries were performed on 18 @entity1 most commonly for @entity158 ( @entity17011 ) and additional @entity130 (x 4). The subjective questionnaire results indicated significant @entity1 satisfaction, with 76% stating they would repeat the surgery and 90% recommending it to another. CONCLUSION: This technically demanding high-risk procedure provides an effective and mechanically superior correction for acute @entity1513 in selected adult @entity1 , with high subjective satisfaction.

title: Posterior transvertebral osteotomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['pain and/or deformity']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity1513 :: ('MESH:D007738', 'Disease') :: ['angle thoracolumbar kyphosis', 'adult thoracolumbar kyphosis', 'kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit', 'neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity1971 :: ('MESH:D011128', 'Disease') :: ['cauda equina syndrome']

answer: @entity1513 :: (MESH:D007738,Disease) :: ['adult thoracolumbar kyphosis']


abstract: Brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER), visual evoked response (VER) and nerve conduction velocities (NCV) were studied in 18 insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 between the ages of 3.5 and 16 years (mean 9.0 +/- 3.2 years). The results were compared with those of age-matched controls. The VER latencies of the @entity6 @entity1 in the right eye and left eye were significantly prolonged when compared with the control group. NCV of n. peroneus and the latency of sensorial n. medianus were significantly impaired when compared with the control group. Although the latencies of waves III, IV and V of the right ear and the interpeak latencies of I-III, I-V, III-V of both ears were prolonged, the comparison with the control group was not significant. The @entity2262 levels of the @entity6 @entity1 were significantly higher than those of the control group. There was a positive correlation between the @entity2262 and the BAER interpeak latencies of wave III-V in both ears (r: 0.51 p < 0.01). There was also a positive correlation between NCVs of n. peroneus and n. medianus (motor and sensorial) with @entity2262 (r: 0.52 p < 0.01) and between VER latencies (r: 0.52 p < 0.01) of both eyes separately. In our study the prolonged latencies of VER and BAER were detected in the absence of clinical @entity227 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Brainstem auditory evoked potential, visual evoked potential and nerve conduction velocity and their relation with HbA1c and XXXX in @entity1 with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in visual and hearing systems']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta 2 microglobulin']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

answer: @entity2262 :: (567,Gene) :: ['beta 2 microglobulin']


abstract: Brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER), visual evoked response (VER) and nerve conduction velocities (NCV) were studied in 18 insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 between the ages of 3.5 and 16 years (mean 9.0 +/- 3.2 years). The results were compared with those of age-matched controls. The VER latencies of the @entity6 @entity1 in the right eye and left eye were significantly prolonged when compared with the control group. NCV of n. peroneus and the latency of sensorial n. medianus were significantly impaired when compared with the control group. Although the latencies of waves III, IV and V of the right ear and the interpeak latencies of I-III, I-V, III-V of both ears were prolonged, the comparison with the control group was not significant. The @entity2262 levels of the @entity6 @entity1 were significantly higher than those of the control group. There was a positive correlation between the @entity2262 and the BAER interpeak latencies of wave III-V in both ears (r: 0.51 p < 0.01). There was also a positive correlation between NCVs of n. peroneus and n. medianus (motor and sensorial) with @entity2262 (r: 0.52 p < 0.01) and between VER latencies (r: 0.52 p < 0.01) of both eyes separately. In our study the prolonged latencies of VER and BAER were detected in the absence of clinical @entity227 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Brainstem auditory evoked potential, visual evoked potential and nerve conduction velocity and their relation with HbA1c and @entity2262 in XXXX with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The numerical development of @entity5 cells during @entity5 growth and under current forms of therapy is quantitatively described as a fundamental of a scientifically founded anticancer strategy. As to general @entity5 prevention, suppression of @entity3 and reduction of recurrencies, figures are derived, which allow one to assess the minimal number of malignant cells to be killed. The killing potency of current @entity1200 has not so far been sufficient enough to have a good chance of achieving these ambitious goals. The main reason for this is the neglect of the @entity26 status of the body and its dynamics. This is a surprising fact, since all immunological mechanisms are known to be energy-, i.e., @entity26 -dependent. The experimentally confirmed correlation between the effectiveness of body defense and the quality of the @entity26 status was the origin of several variants of the @entity26 multistep immunostimulation concept (application of immunostimulators combined with the @entity26 multistep therapy). Clinical results reflect the remarkable increase of cell-killing potency achievable by these measures and give reasons for the adaptation of anticancer strategies to progress in @entity5 immunology. Furthermore, real methodological proposals are made for general @entity5 prevention, suppression of @entity3 , and reduction of recurrences, and the concept of a combined therapy is developed. This therapy comprises the currently accepted measures, such as surgery, irradiation and drugs, and the adjuvant O2 multistep immunostimulation, which is applied threefold according to a particular schedule. The advantage of this combination is that the @entity1 comes first into the enjoyment of all the beneficial effects that established regimens can offer for the particular case. Then and moreover, the @entity1 gains better quality of life, because the adverse side-effects of radiation and drugs are attenuated and, finally, the individual gets a fair chance of stopping the progression of the disease.

title: Adaptation of anticancer strategies to progress in XXXX immunology.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['tumor-immunological measures']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: We developed a selection procedure based on the observation that diphtheria toxin kills spheroplasts of @entity375 (Murakami et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:588-592, 1982); this procedure yielded mutants resistant to the in vitro action of the toxin. Spheroplasts of mutagenized @entity375 were transformed in the presence of diphtheria toxin, and the transformed survivors were screened in vitro for toxin-resistant @entity73365 . Thirty-one haploid @entity857 ribosylation-negative mutants comprising five complementation groups were obtained by this procedure. The mutants grew normally and were stable to prolonged storage. Heterozygous diploids produced by mating wild-type sensitive cells with the mutants revealed that in each case the resistant phenotype was recessive to the sensitive phenotype. Sporulation of these diploids yielded tetrads in which the resistant phenotype segregated as a single Mendelian character. From these observations, we concluded that these mutants are defective in the enzymatic steps responsible for the posttranslational modification of @entity73365 which is necessary for recognition by diphtheria toxin.

title: Diphtheria toxin-resistant mutants of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'S. cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: The authors review their first experiences in Hungary with the CT guided percutaneous catheter treatment of @entity4340 . Diagnostic @entity1173 from abscess was performed in one @entity1 . Percutaneous catheter drainage of @entity4340 were performed in 4 @entity1 . There were 4 @entity1 with unilateral and 1 @entity1 with @entity4340 . 4 @entity1 had @entity1512 , 1 @entity1 had staphylococcal @entity4034 . One @entity1 following diagnostic @entity1173 was successfully treated with antituberculoutic drugs. All @entity1 treated with percutaneous catheter drainage received medical antituberculoutic or antibiotic therapy and showed excellent clinical and radiological results. There was no complication and there was no need to open surgical drainage in this series. CT guided @entity1173 is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of @entity4340 as well as in the identification of the exact abscess etiology. Percutaneous drainage represents an efficient and attractive alternative to open surgical drainage in the treatment of @entity4340 .

title: [CT-guided percutaneous drainage in the management of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1512 :: ('MESH:D015299', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous spondylodiscitis']

entities_list: @entity4340 :: ('MESH:D016659', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral psoas abscess', 'psoas abscesses', 'psoas abscess']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity4340 :: (MESH:D016659,Disease) :: ['psoas abscesses']


abstract: A spontaneous and complete recovery of benign childhood @entity302 with centrotemporal or rolandic spikes (BECT) is taken for granted. However, some authors have reported the occurrence of generalized @entity410 in a few adult @entity1 and in some @entity1 who have @entity410 after a long period without problems. The aims of this study were (a) to search for early predictors of outcome and (b) to ascertain the long-term prognosis of BECT in a large group of @entity1 . An attempt to relocate 268 @entity1 born between 1941 and 1967 and consecutively seen as outpatients was undertaken. The outcome after age 20 is known for only 168. Being adults and cured, the others are no longer in touch with their clinics or have moved. Only one indicator of short-term prognosis was found: The earlier the onset of BECT, the longer the period with @entity410 . Of the 168 @entity1 , 165 are @entity410 -free with follow-up ranging from 7 to 30 years. Three @entity1 experienced generalized @entity410 at age 18, 22-24, and 35. Two apparently had an isolated @entity410 . The occurrence of such @entity410 after recovery from BECT is a rare event (approximately 2% of cases) and a relapse with partial @entity410 is quite uncommon. These @entity1 do not differ from @entity1 remaining @entity410 -free.

title: Prognosis of benign childhood XXXX with centrotemporal spikes: a follow-up study of 168 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'tonic-clonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: A spontaneous and complete recovery of benign childhood @entity302 with centrotemporal or rolandic spikes (BECT) is taken for granted. However, some authors have reported the occurrence of generalized @entity410 in a few adult @entity1 and in some @entity1 who have @entity410 after a long period without problems. The aims of this study were (a) to search for early predictors of outcome and (b) to ascertain the long-term prognosis of BECT in a large group of @entity1 . An attempt to relocate 268 @entity1 born between 1941 and 1967 and consecutively seen as outpatients was undertaken. The outcome after age 20 is known for only 168. Being adults and cured, the others are no longer in touch with their clinics or have moved. Only one indicator of short-term prognosis was found: The earlier the onset of BECT, the longer the period with @entity410 . Of the 168 @entity1 , 165 are @entity410 -free with follow-up ranging from 7 to 30 years. Three @entity1 experienced generalized @entity410 at age 18, 22-24, and 35. Two apparently had an isolated @entity410 . The occurrence of such @entity410 after recovery from BECT is a rare event (approximately 2% of cases) and a relapse with partial @entity410 is quite uncommon. These @entity1 do not differ from @entity1 remaining @entity410 -free.

title: Prognosis of benign childhood @entity302 with centrotemporal spikes: a follow-up study of 168 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The effects of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered @entity859 and some of its analogues on gastric secretion were studied in @entity35 . The compounds inhibited the gastric output of acid, pepsin and fluid in pylorus-ligated @entity35 in a dose-dependent manner with an order of potency: @entity19350 ( @entity19350 ) greater than @entity45605 ( @entity36408 ) greater than @entity45605 ( @entity36408 ) greater than @entity859 . Pretreatment with 10 and 30 mg/kg of @entity2544 i.v. or 5 mg/kg of @entity14922 s.c. did not modify the antisecretory effect of 0.1 microgram of @entity19350 i.c.v. @entity19350 injected i.c.v. did not affect the secretion induced by @entity5402 in awake @entity35 subjected to vagotomy or in anaesthetized @entity35 with intact vagi. @entity19350 i.c.v. had no effect on the serum concentration of @entity9113 . The depletion of brain @entity1154 ( @entity1063 , @entity935 and @entity750 ) with @entity2955 i.c.v. significantly attenuated the inhibitory action of @entity19350 . Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg of @entity1510 i.v. or @entity3352 s.c. did not modify the antisecretory effect of @entity19350 . The results indicate that @entity859 inhibits gastric secretion in @entity35 by a decrease in the stimulatory vagal impulses to the stomach, and that it acts in the brain via receptors insensitive to @entity18229 . Brain biogenic @entity1154 , but not opioid peptides or @entity2918 seem to be involved in the central gastric antisecretory action of @entity859 .

title: Central gastric antisecretory action of XXXX in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity19350 :: ('MESH:D019830', 'Chemical') :: ["5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine", 'NECA']

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity18229 :: ('MESH:D014970', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthines']

entities_list: @entity14922 :: ('MESH:C028322', 'Chemical') :: ['8-phenyltheophylline']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamines']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

entities_list: @entity45605 :: ('MESH:D010660', 'Chemical') :: ['(-)N6-phenylisopropyladenosine', '(+)N6-phenylisopropyladenosine']

answer: @entity859 :: (MESH:D000241,Chemical) :: ['adenosine']


abstract: The effects of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered @entity859 and some of its analogues on gastric secretion were studied in @entity35 . The compounds inhibited the gastric output of acid, pepsin and fluid in pylorus-ligated @entity35 in a dose-dependent manner with an order of potency: @entity19350 ( @entity19350 ) greater than @entity45605 ( @entity36408 ) greater than @entity45605 ( @entity36408 ) greater than @entity859 . Pretreatment with 10 and 30 mg/kg of @entity2544 i.v. or 5 mg/kg of @entity14922 s.c. did not modify the antisecretory effect of 0.1 microgram of @entity19350 i.c.v. @entity19350 injected i.c.v. did not affect the secretion induced by @entity5402 in awake @entity35 subjected to vagotomy or in anaesthetized @entity35 with intact vagi. @entity19350 i.c.v. had no effect on the serum concentration of @entity9113 . The depletion of brain @entity1154 ( @entity1063 , @entity935 and @entity750 ) with @entity2955 i.c.v. significantly attenuated the inhibitory action of @entity19350 . Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg of @entity1510 i.v. or @entity3352 s.c. did not modify the antisecretory effect of @entity19350 . The results indicate that @entity859 inhibits gastric secretion in @entity35 by a decrease in the stimulatory vagal impulses to the stomach, and that it acts in the brain via receptors insensitive to @entity18229 . Brain biogenic @entity1154 , but not opioid peptides or @entity2918 seem to be involved in the central gastric antisecretory action of @entity859 .

title: Central gastric antisecretory action of @entity859 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The postural adjustments associated with a @entity2472 of the postural muscles themselves have been studied in the legs of normal standing @entity1 . We focussed on the following questions. Do postural adjustments precede the focal movement as in the case of movements of the upper limb? Which muscle(s) are involved in the task of stabilizing posture? Can the same postural muscle be activated in postural stabilization and in @entity717 at the same time, in spite of the opposite changes in activity possibly required by these conditions? Six subjects standing on a dynamometric platform were asked to rise onto the tips their toes by contracting their soleus muscles, or to rock on their heels by contracting their tibialis anterior muscles. The tasks were made in a @entity137 ( @entity137 ) situation or in a self-paced mode, standing either freely or holding onto a stable structure. Surface EMGs of leg and thigh muscles, and the foot-floor reaction forces were recorded. The following results were obtained in the @entity137 mode, standing freely. 1. Rising onto toe tips: a striking silent period in soleus preceded its voluntary activation; during this silent period, a tibialis anterior burst could be observed in three subjects; these anticipatory activities induced a forward sway, as monitored by a change in the force exerted along the x axis of the platform. 2. Rocking on heels: an enhancement in tonic EMG of soleus was observed before tibialis anterior voluntary burst, at a mean latency from the go-signal similar to that of the silent period; this anticipatory activity induced a backward body sway. 3. Choice @entity137 conditions showed that the above anticipatory patterns in muscle activity were pre-programmed, specific for the intended tasks, and closely associated with the focal movement. When both tasks were performed in a self-paced mode, all the above EMG and mechanical features were more pronounced and unfolded in time. If the subjects held onto the frame, the early features in the soleus or tibialis anterior EMG were absent, and the corresponding changes in the foot-floor reaction forces were lacking. The anticipatory phenomena observed are considered postural adjustments because they appear only in the free-standing situation, and induce a body sway in the appropriate direction to counteract the destabilizing thrust due to the @entity2472 of soleus or tibialis anterior. The central organization and descending control of posture and movements are briefly discussed in the light of the short latency of the anticipatory phenomena and of their close association with the focal movement.

title: Postural adjustments associated with XXXX of leg muscles in standing @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary movement']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['reaction time', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary contraction']

answer: @entity2472 :: (MESH:C536214,Disease) :: ['voluntary contraction']


abstract: The postural adjustments associated with a @entity2472 of the postural muscles themselves have been studied in the legs of normal standing @entity1 . We focussed on the following questions. Do postural adjustments precede the focal movement as in the case of movements of the upper limb? Which muscle(s) are involved in the task of stabilizing posture? Can the same postural muscle be activated in postural stabilization and in @entity717 at the same time, in spite of the opposite changes in activity possibly required by these conditions? Six subjects standing on a dynamometric platform were asked to rise onto the tips their toes by contracting their soleus muscles, or to rock on their heels by contracting their tibialis anterior muscles. The tasks were made in a @entity137 ( @entity137 ) situation or in a self-paced mode, standing either freely or holding onto a stable structure. Surface EMGs of leg and thigh muscles, and the foot-floor reaction forces were recorded. The following results were obtained in the @entity137 mode, standing freely. 1. Rising onto toe tips: a striking silent period in soleus preceded its voluntary activation; during this silent period, a tibialis anterior burst could be observed in three subjects; these anticipatory activities induced a forward sway, as monitored by a change in the force exerted along the x axis of the platform. 2. Rocking on heels: an enhancement in tonic EMG of soleus was observed before tibialis anterior voluntary burst, at a mean latency from the go-signal similar to that of the silent period; this anticipatory activity induced a backward body sway. 3. Choice @entity137 conditions showed that the above anticipatory patterns in muscle activity were pre-programmed, specific for the intended tasks, and closely associated with the focal movement. When both tasks were performed in a self-paced mode, all the above EMG and mechanical features were more pronounced and unfolded in time. If the subjects held onto the frame, the early features in the soleus or tibialis anterior EMG were absent, and the corresponding changes in the foot-floor reaction forces were lacking. The anticipatory phenomena observed are considered postural adjustments because they appear only in the free-standing situation, and induce a body sway in the appropriate direction to counteract the destabilizing thrust due to the @entity2472 of soleus or tibialis anterior. The central organization and descending control of posture and movements are briefly discussed in the light of the short latency of the anticipatory phenomena and of their close association with the focal movement.

title: Postural adjustments associated with @entity2472 of leg muscles in standing XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: Sexually experienced male @entity35 were injected IP with 0, 0.3, 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/kg @entity10278 . The highest dose was fatal within 48 h of injection. A dose-related deficit in erectile function was observed in ex copula tests 48 h after injection. @entity409 was evident in mating tests 72 h after injection. Hepatic mixed function oxidase activity after 0.3 mg/kg injections was not different from controls, but was diminished by 50% in @entity35 treated with 3.0 mg/kg. The higher @entity3409 doses (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) were associated with equivalent and marked reductions in circulating @entity251 levels, and lesser decrements in circulating @entity2819 levels. The @entity35 treated with 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg @entity10278 lost weight (32 +/- 12 and 39 +/- 9 g, respectively). Relative decapsulated adrenal gland weights were markedly increased in @entity35 treated with 3.0 mg/kg. These data indicate that exposure to @entity3409 is associated with alterations in @entity99 , with @entity323 occurring at the lowest dose. The effects on copulatory behavior are especially striking because it requires some weeks for copulatory behavior to wane following castration.

title: @entity3409 -induced sexual dysfunction does not involve increased hepatic metabolism of XXXX nor increased circulating levels of @entity2819 .

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['Copulatory dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['sexual, hepatic, and adrenal function']

entities_list: @entity10278 :: ('MESH:D019256', 'Chemical') :: ['cadmium chloride']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['testosterone']


abstract: Sexually experienced male @entity35 were injected IP with 0, 0.3, 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 mg/kg @entity10278 . The highest dose was fatal within 48 h of injection. A dose-related deficit in erectile function was observed in ex copula tests 48 h after injection. @entity409 was evident in mating tests 72 h after injection. Hepatic mixed function oxidase activity after 0.3 mg/kg injections was not different from controls, but was diminished by 50% in @entity35 treated with 3.0 mg/kg. The higher @entity3409 doses (1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg) were associated with equivalent and marked reductions in circulating @entity251 levels, and lesser decrements in circulating @entity2819 levels. The @entity35 treated with 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg @entity10278 lost weight (32 +/- 12 and 39 +/- 9 g, respectively). Relative decapsulated adrenal gland weights were markedly increased in @entity35 treated with 3.0 mg/kg. These data indicate that exposure to @entity3409 is associated with alterations in @entity99 , with @entity323 occurring at the lowest dose. The effects on copulatory behavior are especially striking because it requires some weeks for copulatory behavior to wane following castration.

title: @entity3409 -induced sexual dysfunction does not involve increased hepatic metabolism of @entity251 nor increased circulating levels of XXXX .

answer: @entity2819 :: (MESH:D003345,Chemical) :: ['corticosterone']