abstract: Prenatal exposure to @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) has been associated with the subsequent development of reproductive tract abnormalities, including poor reproductive outcome and @entity5 , in experimental animals and @entity1 . Experimental animal studies with chemical carcinogens have raised the possibility that adverse effects of @entity4743 may be transmitted to succeeding generations. To evaluate this possibility and to determine if there is a sensitive window of developmental exposure, outbred @entity2659 @entity19 were treated with @entity4743 during three stages of development: group 1 was treated on days 9-16 of gestation (2.5, 5 or 10 microg/kg maternal body wt), the time of major organogenesis; group II was treated once on day 18 of gestation (1000 microg/kg maternal body wt) just prior to birth; group III was treated on days 1-5 of neonatal life (0.002 microg/pup/day). Female @entity19 (F1) in each group were raised to sexual @entity2175 and bred to control males. As previously reported, fertility of the F1 @entity4743 -exposed females was decreased in all groups. Female offspring ( @entity4743 lineage or F2) from these matings were raised to @entity2175 and housed with control males for 20 weeks. The fertility of these @entity4743 lineage female @entity19 was not affected by @entity4743 exposure of their 'grandmothers'. @entity4743 lineage @entity19 were killed at 17-19 and 22-24 months of age. An increased incidence of @entity5 , including uterine @entity420 , was seen in @entity4743 lineage @entity19 but not in corresponding controls; the range and prevalence of @entity5 increased with age. Because uterine @entity420 were seen in all three @entity4743 groups, all developmental exposure periods were considered susceptible to the adverse effects of @entity4743 . These data suggest that the reduced fertility observed in the @entity4743 F1 female @entity19 was not transmitted to their descendants; however, increased susceptibility to @entity5 formation is apparently transmitted to subsequent generations.

title: Increased XXXX but uncompromised fertility in the female descendants of @entity19 exposed developmentally to @entity4742 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: Prenatal exposure to @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) has been associated with the subsequent development of reproductive tract abnormalities, including poor reproductive outcome and @entity5 , in experimental animals and @entity1 . Experimental animal studies with chemical carcinogens have raised the possibility that adverse effects of @entity4743 may be transmitted to succeeding generations. To evaluate this possibility and to determine if there is a sensitive window of developmental exposure, outbred @entity2659 @entity19 were treated with @entity4743 during three stages of development: group 1 was treated on days 9-16 of gestation (2.5, 5 or 10 microg/kg maternal body wt), the time of major organogenesis; group II was treated once on day 18 of gestation (1000 microg/kg maternal body wt) just prior to birth; group III was treated on days 1-5 of neonatal life (0.002 microg/pup/day). Female @entity19 (F1) in each group were raised to sexual @entity2175 and bred to control males. As previously reported, fertility of the F1 @entity4743 -exposed females was decreased in all groups. Female offspring ( @entity4743 lineage or F2) from these matings were raised to @entity2175 and housed with control males for 20 weeks. The fertility of these @entity4743 lineage female @entity19 was not affected by @entity4743 exposure of their 'grandmothers'. @entity4743 lineage @entity19 were killed at 17-19 and 22-24 months of age. An increased incidence of @entity5 , including uterine @entity420 , was seen in @entity4743 lineage @entity19 but not in corresponding controls; the range and prevalence of @entity5 increased with age. Because uterine @entity420 were seen in all three @entity4743 groups, all developmental exposure periods were considered susceptible to the adverse effects of @entity4743 . These data suggest that the reduced fertility observed in the @entity4743 F1 female @entity19 was not transmitted to their descendants; however, increased susceptibility to @entity5 formation is apparently transmitted to subsequent generations.

title: Increased @entity5 but uncompromised fertility in the female descendants of XXXX exposed developmentally to @entity4742 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant reproductive tract tumors', 'neoplasia', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a cost analysis of different strategies of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous @entity298 (SBP) in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 . The study involved a cost analysis using a decision analysis model and @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 who are at risk for developing SBP. METHODS: Two different strategies of antibiotic prophylaxis were compared with a "no prophylaxis" strategy in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 using a decision analysis model. In strategy I, antibiotic prophylaxis was administered in all @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 and in strategy II, @entity1 were stratified into a low risk and a high risk group on the basis of serum @entity648 and ascitic fluid protein levels; only @entity1 in the high risk group received antibiotic prophylaxis. The cost per @entity1 treated for 1 yr was the outcome measure compared in the different strategies. Clinical input probabilities and ranges used were obtained by searching the MEDLINE database for English language articles. Cost estimates were obtained from a university hospital setting. Cost analysis was done with a societal perspective, and only direct costs were taken into account. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of variations in the key clinical probabilities and cost estimates ranging from a best case to a worst case scenario on the outcome measure. RESULTS: The estimated cost per @entity1 treated in strategy I, strategy II, and strategy III (the strategy of "no prophylaxis") were  1311,  1123, and  3509, respectively. Over a broad range of clinical and cost variables, the strategy of risk stratification and restriction of antibiotic prophylaxis to the subgroup of @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 who were at high risk for SBP (as identified by serum @entity648 >2.5 mg/dl and ascitic fluid protein <1 g/dl) was the most favored strategy. However, when the cost of prophylaxis was low or the probability of a primary episode of SBP was at the lower end of the range reported in the literature, administering antibiotic prophylaxis to all @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 was the least costly strategy. CONCLUSION: This cost analysis indicates that antibiotic prophylaxis particularly when restricted to a subgroup of @entity1 who, by simple laboratory parameters, are identified to be at high risk for SBP, is very cost-effective in the prevention of SBP in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 .

title: A cost analysis of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous @entity298 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial peritonitis']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['cirrhosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to perform a cost analysis of different strategies of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous @entity298 (SBP) in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 . The study involved a cost analysis using a decision analysis model and @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 who are at risk for developing SBP. METHODS: Two different strategies of antibiotic prophylaxis were compared with a "no prophylaxis" strategy in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 using a decision analysis model. In strategy I, antibiotic prophylaxis was administered in all @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 and in strategy II, @entity1 were stratified into a low risk and a high risk group on the basis of serum @entity648 and ascitic fluid protein levels; only @entity1 in the high risk group received antibiotic prophylaxis. The cost per @entity1 treated for 1 yr was the outcome measure compared in the different strategies. Clinical input probabilities and ranges used were obtained by searching the MEDLINE database for English language articles. Cost estimates were obtained from a university hospital setting. Cost analysis was done with a societal perspective, and only direct costs were taken into account. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of variations in the key clinical probabilities and cost estimates ranging from a best case to a worst case scenario on the outcome measure. RESULTS: The estimated cost per @entity1 treated in strategy I, strategy II, and strategy III (the strategy of "no prophylaxis") were  1311,  1123, and  3509, respectively. Over a broad range of clinical and cost variables, the strategy of risk stratification and restriction of antibiotic prophylaxis to the subgroup of @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 who were at high risk for SBP (as identified by serum @entity648 >2.5 mg/dl and ascitic fluid protein <1 g/dl) was the most favored strategy. However, when the cost of prophylaxis was low or the probability of a primary episode of SBP was at the lower end of the range reported in the literature, administering antibiotic prophylaxis to all @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 was the least costly strategy. CONCLUSION: This cost analysis indicates that antibiotic prophylaxis particularly when restricted to a subgroup of @entity1 who, by simple laboratory parameters, are identified to be at high risk for SBP, is very cost-effective in the prevention of SBP in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 .

title: A cost analysis of long term antibiotic prophylaxis for spontaneous XXXX in @entity82 .

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['bacterial peritonitis']


abstract: Recordings were made in the peroneal nerve of healthy volunteer subjects from @entity2195 ( @entity2195 ) nociceptors (n=25) with their receptive fields in the skin on the dorsum of the foot. The investigation focused on afferent single @entity7183 activity induced by short (200 ms) high-intensity @entity3503 -laser light pulses projected to localized spots of the skin. Cutaneous heat stimulation with the @entity3503 laser, 2-3 times the activation threshold, induced inter-burst spike frequencies in the nerve, reaching 50 Hz, while mechanical stimulation 10-20 times threshold only evoked frequencies reaching 10 Hz. The decrease in conduction velocity of action potentials in the @entity7183 afferents following mechanical and heat stimulation was closely related to the degree of activation. Following a laser pulse of 200 ms, a spike pattern with highly reproducible inter-spike intervals was evoked with a fast saturation. On the contrary, a high variability in the number of action potentials evoked by both heat and mechanical stimuli was found, depending on the location of stimuli within the receptive field. A relation between the conduction velocity and the peak firing within the spike train following laser stimulation was detected. Heat and mechanical stimulation activated single C-fibers in matching spots within the same skin areas, in line with the assumption that the two modalities in the @entity2195 -fibers share matching morphological cutaneous substrates. No correlation was found in thresholds or excitability to mechanical and heat stimulation, respectively. This suggests that subsets of receptors exist within nerve endings of the cutaneous receptive fields, with the ability to generate action potentials independent of heat and mechanical stimuli. Unexpectedly, no signs of sensitization or other inflammatory responses were observed after repeated laser pulses; on the contrary, a rapidly developing fatigue was observed when single spots were repeatedly stimulated. However, no fatigue was observed if neighboring spots were stimulated, indicating a localized generator of the fatigue. In each subject, a good correlation was observed between the reported @entity158 sensation and the activity evoked in the afferent C-fibers by the laser. However, the magnitude of the reported @entity158 sensation to comparable degrees of @entity7183 activation showed a high variability between different subjects. A fairly good subjective estimate of the afferent-fiber activation was observed when skin spots from 3- down to 1-mm diameter were stimulated. In a few individuals, no @entity158 sensation was reported when the stimulated spots were reduced to 1-mm diameter, despite the occurrence of multiple spikes in single @entity7183 afferents, amplifying the importance of spatial summation in the perception of @entity158 .

title: Recordings of polymodal single @entity7183 nociceptive afferents following mechanical and XXXX -laser heat stimulation of human skin.

entities_list: @entity2195 :: ('OMIM:211750', 'Disease') :: ['C-mechano-heat', 'CMH']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

answer: @entity3503 :: (MESH:D001128,Chemical) :: ['argon']


abstract: Recordings were made in the peroneal nerve of healthy volunteer subjects from @entity2195 ( @entity2195 ) nociceptors (n=25) with their receptive fields in the skin on the dorsum of the foot. The investigation focused on afferent single @entity7183 activity induced by short (200 ms) high-intensity @entity3503 -laser light pulses projected to localized spots of the skin. Cutaneous heat stimulation with the @entity3503 laser, 2-3 times the activation threshold, induced inter-burst spike frequencies in the nerve, reaching 50 Hz, while mechanical stimulation 10-20 times threshold only evoked frequencies reaching 10 Hz. The decrease in conduction velocity of action potentials in the @entity7183 afferents following mechanical and heat stimulation was closely related to the degree of activation. Following a laser pulse of 200 ms, a spike pattern with highly reproducible inter-spike intervals was evoked with a fast saturation. On the contrary, a high variability in the number of action potentials evoked by both heat and mechanical stimuli was found, depending on the location of stimuli within the receptive field. A relation between the conduction velocity and the peak firing within the spike train following laser stimulation was detected. Heat and mechanical stimulation activated single C-fibers in matching spots within the same skin areas, in line with the assumption that the two modalities in the @entity2195 -fibers share matching morphological cutaneous substrates. No correlation was found in thresholds or excitability to mechanical and heat stimulation, respectively. This suggests that subsets of receptors exist within nerve endings of the cutaneous receptive fields, with the ability to generate action potentials independent of heat and mechanical stimuli. Unexpectedly, no signs of sensitization or other inflammatory responses were observed after repeated laser pulses; on the contrary, a rapidly developing fatigue was observed when single spots were repeatedly stimulated. However, no fatigue was observed if neighboring spots were stimulated, indicating a localized generator of the fatigue. In each subject, a good correlation was observed between the reported @entity158 sensation and the activity evoked in the afferent C-fibers by the laser. However, the magnitude of the reported @entity158 sensation to comparable degrees of @entity7183 activation showed a high variability between different subjects. A fairly good subjective estimate of the afferent-fiber activation was observed when skin spots from 3- down to 1-mm diameter were stimulated. In a few individuals, no @entity158 sensation was reported when the stimulated spots were reduced to 1-mm diameter, despite the occurrence of multiple spikes in single @entity7183 afferents, amplifying the importance of spatial summation in the perception of @entity158 .

title: Recordings of polymodal single XXXX nociceptive afferents following mechanical and @entity3503 -laser heat stimulation of human skin.

answer: @entity7183 :: (10185,Species) :: ['c-fiber']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Individual case reports of accidental injection with @entity1425 appear in the literature and seem to represent the worst case scenarios. We present a case series of 28 exposures to @entity1425 via autoinjector. METHOD: All accidental parenteral injections of @entity1425 by autoinjector reported to two regional poison information centers over a 2-year period were included. RESULTS: Injection sites included digits (23 cases), @entity70746 (4 cases), and thigh (1 case). Symptoms included swelling, pallor, @entity158 , and erythema. Four @entity1 reported no effect, and 9 required no treatment. Ten @entity1 obtained relief with warm soaks, 1 @entity1 had massage only, and 2 @entity1 were lost to follow-up. Fourteen were examined in the emergency department, and 14 were treated at home. CONCLUSION: Although some injection injuries must be treated in an emergency facility, many can be treated at home. Immediate referral to a health care facility is not needed in all cases and at times is unwarranted.

title: Accidental injection of XXXX from an autoinjector: invasive treatment not always required.

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['epinephrine']


abstract: Transient @entity1778 ( @entity67888 or transient @entity6961 ) occurs in approximately 10% of newborn @entity1 with Down syndrome. The disorder is characterized by the presence of megakaryoblasts in the peripheral blood; most cases resolve spontaneously within the first 3 months of life, and the @entity1 is well thereafter. However, there are cases in which a severe, potentially lethal form of disease develops, manifesting as @entity1575 or @entity177 . Hitherto, the incidence of these severe forms of the disease has not been reported. A prospective study of @entity67888 was conducted by the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG Study 9481) in which 48 @entity1 with @entity67888 were identified. Life-threatening disease occurred in nine @entity1 (19%); seven had @entity1575 and two had @entity177 . Five @entity1 died of the disease within the first 3 months of life, none of whom received antileukemic therapy. One @entity1 died on day 31 after receiving minimal therapy within 1 day of @entity204 . Three @entity1 received low-dose @entity2592 ( @entity2592 ) (0.4-1.5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 5 or 7 days). In all these @entity1 , the disease resolved. It is concluded that potentially lethal disease is relatively common in @entity67888 , and the available evidence suggests that these diseases are responsive to low-dose @entity2592 therapy.

title: Incidence and treatment of potentially lethal diseases in transient XXXX of Down syndrome: Pediatric Oncology Group Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'infants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytosine arabinoside', 'Ara-C']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary failure']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity6961 :: ('MESH:D009196', 'Disease') :: ['myeloproliferative disorder']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many surveys throughout the world have evaluated the smoking behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of medical students, but no information is available from Albania. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey in classroom settings using a self-administered questionnaire was performed at the University of Tirana during October 2000. RESULTS: In the first and fifth years of medical school, 149 (68.5% @entity1 ) and 185 (55% @entity1 ) students, respectively, completed the questionnaire, with overall response rates of 82 and 92%. @entity286 smoking prevailed among males. The smoking rates among first-year medical students were 34% among @entity1 and 5% among @entity1 . Among fifth-year students, 55% of the @entity1 and 34% of the @entity1 smoked. The percentages of occasional smokers were 29 and 49%, respectively, among the first- and fifth-year students who smoked. Most medical students reported knowing the health hazards of @entity286 . Most students in both groups believed that smoking should be restricted in hospitals. Slightly more than half of the students stated that they will regularly advise smokers against smoking in their future jobs. CONCLUSION: @entity286 smoking is common among medical students in Albania. Targeted antismoking training should be mandatory for medical students in Albania.

title: XXXX smoking habits, beliefs, and attitudes among medical students in Tirana, Albania.

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['Tobacco']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nonphysician health care providers are in an optimal position to provide @entity5 prevention and screening services. METHODS: We conducted a survey of primary care physicians to determine physician use and amenability to use of nonphysician health care providers to perform @entity1489 screening in comparison with other @entity5 screening examinations. RESULTS: A total of 1,363 eligible physicians completed the survey. Of these, 631 physicians (46%) reported a nurse practitioner or physician assistant performing at least one type of @entity5 screening examination on their @entity1 . Twenty-nine and 22% of all physicians reported nurse practitioners or physician assistants performing @entity1489 screening, respectively. Family physicians were more likely to use nurse practitioners and physician assistants to perform these @entity5 screening examinations than internists (chi(2) test, P = 0.001 for each examination). Skin examinations were performed less frequently by nurse practitioners and physician assistants than all other @entity5 screening examinations. A total of 73-79% of family physicians and 60-70% of internists were amenable to having a nonphysician health care provider perform one or more of these examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians are currently utilizing nonphysician health care providers to perform @entity5 screening examinations and the majority of those surveyed are amenable to the use of these providers for such examinations. This suggests that one possible strategy for increasing @entity1489 screening is through an expanded role of nonphysician health care providers.

title: Use of nonphysician health care providers for XXXX screening in the primary care setting.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['skin cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The concomitant intake of drugs, which is frequently needed, may be associated with drug interactions. We report results on the screening of ADRs responsible for hospital admissions involving @entity1168 . This investigation was part of a BfArM pilot project with the objective of monitoring and reporting ADRs. METHOD: Beginning in 1997, a trained medical staff member of the Pharmacovigilance Center, Rostock, prospectively screened all hospital admissions to the Departments of Internal Medicine of the 2 hospitals in Rostock (40,000 hospital admissions). ADRs leading to hospital admission were registered, evaluated and reported. RESULTS: A total of 1,441 ADRs were recorded by the Pharmacovigilance Center Rostock in the period up to December 2000. 12% (n = 173) of all ADRs involve the cardiovascular system; 83 @entity1 (5.7% of all ADRs) suffered from @entity1168 . @entity1168 was the most frequent cardiovascular ADR observed. Of these @entity1 , 88% were receiving 3 - 10 different drugs. Drugs suspected of causing @entity1168 were: digitalis (n = 62), beta-blockers (n = 47), @entity460 channel blockers with negative chronotropic effect (n = 45), and antiarrhythmic drugs (n = 3). 54 @entity1 had received more than I of these drugs concomitantly as outpatients, increasing the risk of drug interactions: 18 @entity1 received digitalis + @entity460 channel blocker; 14 @entity1 digitalis + beta-blocker; 7 @entity1 beta-blocker + @entity460 channel blocker; 12 cases digitalis + beta-blocker + @entity460 channel blocker. CONCLUSION: The results show that special attention should be given to @entity1 who receive more than 1 drug when there is a high risk of @entity1168 . Drug combinations which may cause drug interactions should be avoided, especially when other equivalent therapeutic options are available.

title: Results of a systematic adverse drug reaction (ADR)-screening concerning XXXX caused by drug interactions in departments of internal medicine in Rostock.

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['Bradycardia', 'bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1168 :: (MESH:D001919,Disease) :: ['bradycardia']


abstract: Several studies have shown that when purified from a @entity5 , certain @entity1457 proteins (HSPs) can function as effective vaccines against the same @entity5 by virtue of their ability to bind @entity5 -specific peptides. However, only a small fraction of the associated peptides would be expected to be immunogenic, in addition to which, the clinical application of this vaccine requires the availability of a surgical specimen of sufficient quantity for purification of the HSP. The present study describes a new approach for the development of natural HSP vaccines that do not have these limitations. This approach uses a recombinant HSP that is noncovalently bound to a recombinant @entity5 protein antigen by @entity1457 . HSP110 has been selected for this purpose, because it has been shown to be a highly efficient molecular chaperone in binding to large protein substrates. We show that a "natural chaperone complex" between HSP110 and the @entity19262 ( @entity19262 ) of @entity1 @entity1722 protein ( @entity1722 )/neu is formed by @entity1457 . This HSP110- @entity19262 vaccine elicited both @entity405 (+) and @entity404 (+) T-cell responses against @entity19262 as determined by an antigen-specific @entity379 production in an enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). In vivo depletion studies revealed that the @entity405 (+) T-cell response was independent of @entity404 (+) T-cell help. The HSP110- @entity19262 complex also significantly enhanced @entity19262 -specific antibody responses relative to that seen with @entity19262 alone. No @entity405 (+) T cell or antibody response was detected against HSP110. The use of recombinant HSP110 to form natural chaperone complexes with large protein antigens represents a new and powerful approach for the design of protein-targeted @entity5 vaccines.

title: Development of a recombinant HSP110- XXXX /neu vaccine using the chaperoning properties of HSP110.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity19262 :: ('MESH:D015270', 'Disease') :: ['intracellular domain', 'ICD']

entities_list: @entity1722 :: ('2064', 'Gene') :: ['HER-2', 'epidermal growth factor receptor 2']

answer: @entity1722 :: (2064,Gene) :: ['HER-2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is generally accepted that the prognosis of @entity1 with proximal @entity356 (PGC) is worse than that of @entity1 with more @entity356 . STUDY DESIGN: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical features and outcomes of PGC with those of middle- and distal-third @entity356 . A total of 646 primary @entity356 was analyzed as a retrospective study. RESULTS: Proximal @entity356 occurred in 21.8% of the 646 @entity5 analyzed, and approximately 21% of PGCs had esophageal invasion. The 5-year survival rate for @entity1 with PGC was significantly lower than that of @entity1 with more @entity5 . When the PGC group was divided into @entity1 with esophageal invasion and without esophageal invasion, @entity1 with esophageal invasion had significantly worse outcomes. When corrected for depth of invasion, lesions with esophageal invasion had significantly worse outcomes than those of other sites in T2 curative @entity5 . Proximal @entity356 with esophageal invasion was characterized by a larger @entity5 , deeper penetration, and a higher incidence of lymph node @entity3 compared with @entity5 in other sites, and in multivariate analysis of all curative cases, these variables were independent prognostic factors for survival. The frequency of positive proximal margins of @entity17263 was higher than those of other sites. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively poor prognosis associated with PGC is mainly from advanced @entity5 stages of esophageal invasion. Early detection is the most important strategy to improve the survival of @entity1 with PGC. In addition, aggressive lymph node dissection and chemotherapy for esophageal invasion should be considered even if the @entity5 invasion is moderate (T2 @entity5 ), and a @entity5 -free margin is important.

title: Characteristics and clinical outcome of proximal-third XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'distal tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'distal gastric cancer', 'gastric cancers']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: Truthful disclosure of @entity5 diagnosis is still uncommon in some cultures. In Lebanon, legislation is permissive of non-disclosure. Physicians choose the recourse most agreeable to them. This study's goal was to determine the proportion of Lebanese physicians who choose truthful diagnosis disclosure to @entity5 @entity1 and to identify factors affecting their choice. A survey of a random sample of Lebanese physicians was conducted to determine the proportion of those who prefer truthful diagnosis disclosure to @entity5 @entity1 and to identify factors affecting that choice. The survey involved 268 @entity1 representing 10% of all physicians practicing in specialties with potential contact with @entity5 cases in the Greater Beirut area. It was completed by 212 (79%), of whom 47% would usually tell the @entity1 about @entity5 . Disclosure preference was not associated with gender, location of medical training, rate of @entity1 contact or teaching activities. It was associated with longer clinical practice and with specialties outside primary care. Most @entity1 were open to changing their policies and considered the @entity1 's desire to know, compliance with treatment and the @entity1 's profession as a physician as most influencing in their choice of disclosure. Exploring the Lebanese public predicament regarding disclosure seems necessary.

title: XXXX truth disclosure by Lebanese doctors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'participants']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: @entity641 ( @entity641 ) inhibits the proliferation of many @entity5 cells. However, @entity5 cells frequently become resistant to this inhibitory effect due to the absence of TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR) expression. This study reports the nature of TGF-beta sensitivity in an aggressive @entity19 @entity703 cell line, Renca, investigated in a series of experiments. The growth of Renca cells, in tissue culture, was not sensitive to the inhibitory effect of @entity641 with doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 ng./ml., nor was this cell line sensitive to the effect of @entity641 in inducing the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-I. Renca cells expressed @entity641 mRNA and protein, as determined by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The level of @entity641 production by Renca cells was moderate, thus eliminating the possibility that endogenous @entity641 production might be masking the effect of TGF-beta sensitivity. Furthermore, Renca cells expressed @entity20357 mRNA, but did not express @entity15136 mRNA, suggesting that the absence of this receptor may be the cause of TGF-beta insensitivity. Additionally, a vector containing the @entity15136 cDNA was transiently transfected into Renca cells. The inhibitory effect of @entity641 was introduced in Renca cells after transfection with this receptor. At the same time, the growth rate of these cells diminished significantly when compared with that of the wild type Renca cells, as judged by the rate of @entity665 incorporation in the absence of any exogenous @entity641 . These observations demonstrated that Renca cells lack the functional @entity15136 and suggest that their aggressive growth pattern is due, at least in part, to their insensitivity to TGF-beta.

title: Absence of expression of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor is associated with an aggressive growth pattern in a @entity19 XXXX cell line, Renca.

entities_list: @entity641 :: ('21803(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Transforming growth factor-beta1', 'TGF-beta1']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal carcinoma']

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['renal carcinoma']


abstract: @entity641 ( @entity641 ) inhibits the proliferation of many @entity5 cells. However, @entity5 cells frequently become resistant to this inhibitory effect due to the absence of TGF-beta receptor (TbetaR) expression. This study reports the nature of TGF-beta sensitivity in an aggressive @entity19 @entity703 cell line, Renca, investigated in a series of experiments. The growth of Renca cells, in tissue culture, was not sensitive to the inhibitory effect of @entity641 with doses ranging from 0.1 to 10 ng./ml., nor was this cell line sensitive to the effect of @entity641 in inducing the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-I. Renca cells expressed @entity641 mRNA and protein, as determined by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The level of @entity641 production by Renca cells was moderate, thus eliminating the possibility that endogenous @entity641 production might be masking the effect of TGF-beta sensitivity. Furthermore, Renca cells expressed @entity20357 mRNA, but did not express @entity15136 mRNA, suggesting that the absence of this receptor may be the cause of TGF-beta insensitivity. Additionally, a vector containing the @entity15136 cDNA was transiently transfected into Renca cells. The inhibitory effect of @entity641 was introduced in Renca cells after transfection with this receptor. At the same time, the growth rate of these cells diminished significantly when compared with that of the wild type Renca cells, as judged by the rate of @entity665 incorporation in the absence of any exogenous @entity641 . These observations demonstrated that Renca cells lack the functional @entity15136 and suggest that their aggressive growth pattern is due, at least in part, to their insensitivity to TGF-beta.

title: Absence of expression of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor is associated with an aggressive growth pattern in a XXXX @entity703 cell line, Renca.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether @entity1 with @entity565 who are sensitive to mites benefit from measures designed to reduce their exposure to house dust mite antigen in the home. DESIGN: Meta-analysis of randomised trials that investigated the effects on @entity565 @entity1 of chemical or physical measures to control mites, or both, in comparison with an untreated control group. All trials in any language were eligible for inclusion. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with @entity565 as diagnosed by a doctor and sensitisation to mites as determined by skin prick testing, bronchial provocation testing, or serum assays for specific IgE antibodies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of @entity1 whose @entity56 symptoms improved, improvement in @entity1109 , improvement in peak expiratory flow rate. Outcomes measured on different scales were combined using the standardised effect size method (the difference in effect was divided by the standard deviation of the measurements). RESULTS: 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis; 6 studies used chemical methods to reduce exposure to mites, 13 used physical methods, and 4 used a combination. Altogether, 41/113 @entity1 exposed to treatment interventions improved compared with 38/117 in the control groups (odds ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 0.66 to 2.18). The standardised mean difference for improvement in @entity1109 was -0.06 (95% confidence interval -0.54 to 0.41). For peak flow rate measured in the morning the standardised mean difference was -0.03 (-0.25 to 0.19). As measured in the original units this difference between the treatment and the control group corresponds to -3 l/min (95% confidence interval -25 l/min to 19 l/min). The results were similar in the subgroups of trials that reported successful reduction in exposure to mites or had long follow up times. CONCLUSION: Current chemical and physical methods aimed at reducing exposure to allergens from house dust mites seem to be ineffective and cannot be recommended as prophylactic treatment for @entity565 @entity1 sensitive to mites.

title: House dust mite control measures in the management of XXXX : meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['asthma symptoms']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: We studied the morphometric MRI findings and their correlation with cognitive functions in a population of 10 young adults shunted for @entity1276 related to @entity3570 . Morphometric MRI analysis included measurement of the @entity2554 index, frontal and occipital parenchymal thickness and the size of the corpus callosum. The neuropsychological status was evaluated, notably to look for a discrepancy between verbal and performance skills, a finding which has previously been described in hydrocephalic @entity1 . We also investigated whether there was a correlation between cognitive function and cerebral morphometric indexes. In each case, MRI demonstrated the structural changes associated with the @entity1645 . The size of the lateral ventricles varied, ranging from important dilatation to small ventricles. Six @entity1 had only partial development of the corpus callosum. All @entity1 had a normal global IQ. In our population of young adults, we did not observe any discrepancy between verbal and visuospatial performances as has been described in @entity1 with @entity1276 . We found no relationship between cognitive function and ventricle dilatation or parenchymal thickness or between the size of the corpus callosum and callosal transfer.

title: MRI morphometric study and correlation with cognitive functions in young adults shunted for XXXX related to @entity3570 .

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spina bifida']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['congenital hydrocephalus', 'hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity1645 :: ('MESH:D001139', 'Disease') :: ['Chiari II malformation']

entities_list: @entity2554 :: ('MESH:C563906', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dilatation']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['congenital hydrocephalus']


abstract: We studied the morphometric MRI findings and their correlation with cognitive functions in a population of 10 young adults shunted for @entity1276 related to @entity3570 . Morphometric MRI analysis included measurement of the @entity2554 index, frontal and occipital parenchymal thickness and the size of the corpus callosum. The neuropsychological status was evaluated, notably to look for a discrepancy between verbal and performance skills, a finding which has previously been described in hydrocephalic @entity1 . We also investigated whether there was a correlation between cognitive function and cerebral morphometric indexes. In each case, MRI demonstrated the structural changes associated with the @entity1645 . The size of the lateral ventricles varied, ranging from important dilatation to small ventricles. Six @entity1 had only partial development of the corpus callosum. All @entity1 had a normal global IQ. In our population of young adults, we did not observe any discrepancy between verbal and visuospatial performances as has been described in @entity1 with @entity1276 . We found no relationship between cognitive function and ventricle dilatation or parenchymal thickness or between the size of the corpus callosum and callosal transfer.

title: MRI morphometric study and correlation with cognitive functions in young adults shunted for @entity1276 related to XXXX .

answer: @entity3570 :: (MESH:D016135,Disease) :: ['spina bifida']


abstract: The following article describes a diagnostic concept of paranasal sinus imaging, based on more than 10 years close collaboration of the authors. CT and MR are the primary imaging modalities for investigating @entity5578 . Conventional X-ray images add little information due to insufficient sensitivity. Angiography is restricted to those @entity1 who require preoperative @entity5 embolization or emergency treatment of intractable @entity1415 . After thorough medical treatment of inflammatory @entity5578 , CT becomes the method of choice to clearly depict preoperative osseous anatomy and to distinguish between benign and @entity5 . In cases where @entity130 is involved, CT easily identifies anterior skull base fractures. Moreover, CT will be the first step to localize early or late CSF @entity5254 . MR, with its ability to distinguish between different soft tissues, compliments CT. This holds particularly true for inflammatory or @entity5 close to the skull base, orbital apex and cavernous sinus. The signal intensity in T(1) and T(2) weighted images provides additional information with respect to cellularity and vascularization of lesions, which has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

title: [State of the Art. Diagnostic imaging of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplastic disease', 'malignant intraosseous lesions']

entities_list: @entity1415 :: ('MESH:D004844', 'Disease') :: ['epistaxis']

entities_list: @entity5254 :: ('MESH:D002559', 'Disease') :: ['rhinorrhea']

entities_list: @entity5578 :: ('MESH:D010254', 'Disease') :: ['paranasal sinus disease', 'paranasal sinus lesions']

answer: @entity5578 :: (MESH:D010254,Disease) :: ['paranasal sinus diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document the burden of early @entity309 ( @entity309 ) on health-related quality of life (HQL) and compare changes in HQL across 2 treatments. STUDY DESIGN: Analysis of HQL scores among @entity1 enrolled in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized control trial of early @entity309 treatment. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 424 @entity1 with early @entity309 were randomized to 1 of 2 treatment groups: etanercept or @entity1499 . @entity1 were treated and followed for 52 weeks. Health-related quality of life was assessed before and throughout treatment using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The HQL burden of @entity309 was established by comparing SF-36 scale scores to general US population norms. The impact of treatment on HQL was determined by comparing scores on both SF-36 and HAQ scales. RESULTS: Before treatment, @entity309 @entity1 showed significant decrements in scores on all SF-36 scales and summary measures in comparison with age- and sex-matched general US population norms, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) F(8,2815) = 204.6, P < .0001. After 52 weeks of treatment, 7 of 8 SF-36 scales and the physical summary measure remained significantly below the general US population norm, MANOVA F(8,2815) = 41.9, P < .0001. @entity1 randomized to etanercept showed significantly better HQL improvement earlier in treatment than @entity1 randomized to @entity1499 on the SF-36 physical summary, MANOVA F(10,4230) = 6.1, P< .0001, the SF-36 @entity625 -specific health index, MANOVA F(10,4230) = 8.5, P < .0001, and the HAQ, MANOVA F(10,4230) = 14.7, P < .0001. At 52 weeks, there were no significant differences between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity309 places @entity66 burden on @entity1 ' HQL. Successful treatment of early @entity309 improved HQL. Etanercept showed a rapid HQL response.

title: Health-related quality of life in early @entity309 : XXXX and treatment response.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['tremendous disease']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'Rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['impact of disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document the burden of early @entity309 ( @entity309 ) on health-related quality of life (HQL) and compare changes in HQL across 2 treatments. STUDY DESIGN: Analysis of HQL scores among @entity1 enrolled in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized control trial of early @entity309 treatment. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 424 @entity1 with early @entity309 were randomized to 1 of 2 treatment groups: etanercept or @entity1499 . @entity1 were treated and followed for 52 weeks. Health-related quality of life was assessed before and throughout treatment using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The HQL burden of @entity309 was established by comparing SF-36 scale scores to general US population norms. The impact of treatment on HQL was determined by comparing scores on both SF-36 and HAQ scales. RESULTS: Before treatment, @entity309 @entity1 showed significant decrements in scores on all SF-36 scales and summary measures in comparison with age- and sex-matched general US population norms, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) F(8,2815) = 204.6, P < .0001. After 52 weeks of treatment, 7 of 8 SF-36 scales and the physical summary measure remained significantly below the general US population norm, MANOVA F(8,2815) = 41.9, P < .0001. @entity1 randomized to etanercept showed significantly better HQL improvement earlier in treatment than @entity1 randomized to @entity1499 on the SF-36 physical summary, MANOVA F(10,4230) = 6.1, P< .0001, the SF-36 @entity625 -specific health index, MANOVA F(10,4230) = 8.5, P < .0001, and the HAQ, MANOVA F(10,4230) = 14.7, P < .0001. At 52 weeks, there were no significant differences between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity309 places @entity66 burden on @entity1 ' HQL. Successful treatment of early @entity309 improved HQL. Etanercept showed a rapid HQL response.

title: Health-related quality of life in early XXXX : @entity66 and treatment response.

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: The current retrospective studies documented the incidence, sites of occurrence, risk factors, and outcome of metachronous second @entity5 (MSPCs) among an inception cohort of 410 @entity1 with invasive @entity957 of the true vocal cord successfully treated with partial laryngectomy at a single institution. The Kaplan-Meier actuarial life-table method was used to document the relationship between the incidence of MSPCs and survival data. Univariate analysis was performed for potential statistical relationships among the incidence of MSPCs, the site of occurrence, and different variables. The overall incidence of MSPCs was 23.9% (98/410). The 10-year actuarial survival estimate for MSPCs was 20.4%. The incidence curve of MSPCs was linear, resulting in a 2%/y rate of development for MSPCs. In univariate analysis, the only variable that demonstrated a statistical correlation with the incidence of MSPCs was smoking, with MSPCs being statistically more likely to occur in smokers than in nonsmokers (p = .04). The main sites of origin for MSPCs were the lung (25.5% of cases), other non-upper aerodigestive tract sites (32.7%), and the upper aerodigestive tract (41.8%). The 10-year actuarial estimates for MSPCs were 9.1% in the upper aerodigestive tract, 7.1% in sites other than the lung or upper aerodigestive tract, and 6.6% in the lung. The incidence curve for MSPCs was linear, whatever the site of origin, resulting in 1 %/y, 0.7%/y, and 0.6%/y rates of development for MSPCs in the upper aerodigestive tract, sites other than the lung or upper aerodigestive tract, and the lung, respectively. Survival was statistically reduced when an MSPC developed; the 10-year actuarial survival estimates were 76.8% in @entity1 who did not develop an MSPC and 43.7% in @entity1 who developed an MSPC (p < .0001). Overall, 68.4% of @entity1 who developed an MSPC (67/98) died of this disease. The 10-year actuarial survival estimates were 24% for lung MSPCs, 43.7% for non-lung, non-upper aerodigestive tract MSPCs, and 63.4% for upper aerodigestive tract MSPCs.

title: Metachronous second @entity5 after successful partial laryngectomy for invasive XXXX of the true vocal cord.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary cancers']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: The current retrospective studies documented the incidence, sites of occurrence, risk factors, and outcome of metachronous second @entity5 (MSPCs) among an inception cohort of 410 @entity1 with invasive @entity957 of the true vocal cord successfully treated with partial laryngectomy at a single institution. The Kaplan-Meier actuarial life-table method was used to document the relationship between the incidence of MSPCs and survival data. Univariate analysis was performed for potential statistical relationships among the incidence of MSPCs, the site of occurrence, and different variables. The overall incidence of MSPCs was 23.9% (98/410). The 10-year actuarial survival estimate for MSPCs was 20.4%. The incidence curve of MSPCs was linear, resulting in a 2%/y rate of development for MSPCs. In univariate analysis, the only variable that demonstrated a statistical correlation with the incidence of MSPCs was smoking, with MSPCs being statistically more likely to occur in smokers than in nonsmokers (p = .04). The main sites of origin for MSPCs were the lung (25.5% of cases), other non-upper aerodigestive tract sites (32.7%), and the upper aerodigestive tract (41.8%). The 10-year actuarial estimates for MSPCs were 9.1% in the upper aerodigestive tract, 7.1% in sites other than the lung or upper aerodigestive tract, and 6.6% in the lung. The incidence curve for MSPCs was linear, whatever the site of origin, resulting in 1 %/y, 0.7%/y, and 0.6%/y rates of development for MSPCs in the upper aerodigestive tract, sites other than the lung or upper aerodigestive tract, and the lung, respectively. Survival was statistically reduced when an MSPC developed; the 10-year actuarial survival estimates were 76.8% in @entity1 who did not develop an MSPC and 43.7% in @entity1 who developed an MSPC (p < .0001). Overall, 68.4% of @entity1 who developed an MSPC (67/98) died of this disease. The 10-year actuarial survival estimates were 24% for lung MSPCs, 43.7% for non-lung, non-upper aerodigestive tract MSPCs, and 63.4% for upper aerodigestive tract MSPCs.

title: Metachronous second XXXX after successful partial laryngectomy for invasive @entity957 of the true vocal cord.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['primary cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: As a part of the Vadstena @entity170 Prevention Project, the knowledge of @entity170 was examined before the intervention program started, after 5 and 10 years. METHODS: At baseline (in 1989) 15% of the population in two Swedish municipalities was randomly invited to the study. The @entity1 in the study group were invited for examination by forearm bone densitometry and a questionnaire concerning lifestyle and risk factors for @entity170 and also knowledge of @entity170 , while the subjects in the control group were examined only by questionnaire. Follow-ups were made in 1994 and in 1999. Meanwhile education about @entity170 was given to the study group, to the public, and to various professionals in the study community. RESULTS: There was a difference in the level of knowledge between the groups prior to the intervention. The rate of increment did not differ significantly between the groups for the study period. Previous @entity1 had 0.58 higher score than new @entity1 in the study group in 1994 (P = 0.031) and 0.76 higher score in 1999 (P < 0.001) regarding the total number of correct answers. The @entity1 in the study group had 0.63 higher score than the @entity1 in 1994 (P = 0.016) and 1.03 higher score in 1999 (P < 0.001) regarding the total number of correct answers. CONCLUSION: There was no significant effect of a general intervention program concerning the knowledge of @entity170 in @entity1 in the intervention area compared to the control area.

title: Knowledge of XXXX in a Swedish municipality--a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accurate, rapid detection of @entity4710 has important implications in the use of implantable devices for treatment of @entity943 . Currently available detection algorithms for @entity4710 , which use the single-index method, have limited sensitivity and specificity. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we evaluated the performance of a new Bayesian discriminator algorithm in the detection of @entity955 ( @entity955 ), @entity956 (SR). Bipolar recording of 364 rhythms ( @entity955 =156, AFL=88, SR=120) at the high right atrium were collected from 20 @entity1 who underwent electrophysiological procedures. After initial signal processing, a column vector of 5 features for each rhythm were established, based on the regularity, rate, energy distribution, percent time of quiet interval, and baseline reaching of the rectified autocorrelation coefficient functions. Rhythm identification was obtained by use of Bayes decision rule and assumption of Gaussian distribution. For the new Bayesian discriminator, the overall sensitivity for detection of SR, @entity955 , and AFL was 97%, 97%, and 94%, respectively; and the overall specificity for detection of SR, @entity955 , and AFL was 98%, 98%, and 99%, respectively. The overall accuracy of detection of SR, @entity955 , and AFL was 98%, 97% and 98%, respectively. Furthermore, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of this algorithm were not affected by a range of white Gaussian noises with different intensities. CONCLUSIONS: This new Bayesian discriminator algorithm, based on Bayes decision of multiple features of atrial electrograms, allows rapid on-line and accurate (98%) detection of @entity955 with robust anti-noise performance.

title: New Bayesian discriminator for detection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity956 :: ('MESH:D001282', 'Disease') :: ['atrial flutter (AFL), and sinus rhythm']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrhythmia']

answer: @entity4710 :: (MESH:D013617,Disease) :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmias']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity146 and @entity458 are increasingly recognized as risk factors for @entity301 ( @entity301 ). Elucidation of the mechanisms of these associations has implications for prevention. This study aims to confirm the association between @entity458 and @entity301 and examine if it could be explained by other factors such as health behaviours, social isolation and low control at work. METHODS: A prospective occupational cohort study of London-based civil service employees ( @entity1605 ) with baseline data collected from 1985-1988 with a 5-year follow-up. The @entity1 were male and female middle-aged civil servants working in 20 Government Departments; 73% of eligible employees attended baseline screening. @entity458 measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at baseline was used to predict incidence of self-reported @entity301 and possible and probable electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities during follow-up. RESULTS: In @entity1 , baseline @entity458 was associated with an increased incidence of overall self-reported @entity301 (odds ratios [OR] = 1.83, 95% CI : 1.5-2.3) and ECG abnormalities (OR = 1.51, 95% CI : 1.1-2.1), after adjustment for age, employment grade and length of follow-up. In @entity1 , baseline @entity458 was also associated with an increased incidence of @entity301 (OR = 1.60, 95% CI : 1.2-2.1), but not with ECG abnormalities. Adjustment for health behaviours, marital status, social networks and work characteristics reduced the risks for incident @entity301 by 12% in @entity1 and by 10% in @entity1 ; for ECG abnormalities these adjustments increased the risk in @entity1 by 16% and had little effect in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The experience of @entity458 confers increased risk of @entity301 in @entity1 that is not explained by health behaviours, social isolation or work characteristics. The increased risk of @entity301 associated with @entity458 is not consistently demonstrated in @entity1 .

title: @entity458 as a risk factor for @entity301 in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1605 :: ('OMIM:217000', 'Disease') :: ['Whitehall II Study']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['Psychological distress', 'psychological distress']

answer: @entity1605 :: (OMIM:217000,Disease) :: ['Whitehall II Study']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity146 and @entity458 are increasingly recognized as risk factors for @entity301 ( @entity301 ). Elucidation of the mechanisms of these associations has implications for prevention. This study aims to confirm the association between @entity458 and @entity301 and examine if it could be explained by other factors such as health behaviours, social isolation and low control at work. METHODS: A prospective occupational cohort study of London-based civil service employees ( @entity1605 ) with baseline data collected from 1985-1988 with a 5-year follow-up. The @entity1 were male and female middle-aged civil servants working in 20 Government Departments; 73% of eligible employees attended baseline screening. @entity458 measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at baseline was used to predict incidence of self-reported @entity301 and possible and probable electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities during follow-up. RESULTS: In @entity1 , baseline @entity458 was associated with an increased incidence of overall self-reported @entity301 (odds ratios [OR] = 1.83, 95% CI : 1.5-2.3) and ECG abnormalities (OR = 1.51, 95% CI : 1.1-2.1), after adjustment for age, employment grade and length of follow-up. In @entity1 , baseline @entity458 was also associated with an increased incidence of @entity301 (OR = 1.60, 95% CI : 1.2-2.1), but not with ECG abnormalities. Adjustment for health behaviours, marital status, social networks and work characteristics reduced the risks for incident @entity301 by 12% in @entity1 and by 10% in @entity1 ; for ECG abnormalities these adjustments increased the risk in @entity1 by 16% and had little effect in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The experience of @entity458 confers increased risk of @entity301 in @entity1 that is not explained by health behaviours, social isolation or work characteristics. The increased risk of @entity301 associated with @entity458 is not consistently demonstrated in @entity1 .

title: XXXX as a risk factor for @entity301 in the @entity1605 .

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['Psychological distress']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity146 and @entity458 are increasingly recognized as risk factors for @entity301 ( @entity301 ). Elucidation of the mechanisms of these associations has implications for prevention. This study aims to confirm the association between @entity458 and @entity301 and examine if it could be explained by other factors such as health behaviours, social isolation and low control at work. METHODS: A prospective occupational cohort study of London-based civil service employees ( @entity1605 ) with baseline data collected from 1985-1988 with a 5-year follow-up. The @entity1 were male and female middle-aged civil servants working in 20 Government Departments; 73% of eligible employees attended baseline screening. @entity458 measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) at baseline was used to predict incidence of self-reported @entity301 and possible and probable electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities during follow-up. RESULTS: In @entity1 , baseline @entity458 was associated with an increased incidence of overall self-reported @entity301 (odds ratios [OR] = 1.83, 95% CI : 1.5-2.3) and ECG abnormalities (OR = 1.51, 95% CI : 1.1-2.1), after adjustment for age, employment grade and length of follow-up. In @entity1 , baseline @entity458 was also associated with an increased incidence of @entity301 (OR = 1.60, 95% CI : 1.2-2.1), but not with ECG abnormalities. Adjustment for health behaviours, marital status, social networks and work characteristics reduced the risks for incident @entity301 by 12% in @entity1 and by 10% in @entity1 ; for ECG abnormalities these adjustments increased the risk in @entity1 by 16% and had little effect in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The experience of @entity458 confers increased risk of @entity301 in @entity1 that is not explained by health behaviours, social isolation or work characteristics. The increased risk of @entity301 associated with @entity458 is not consistently demonstrated in @entity1 .

title: @entity458 as a risk factor for XXXX in the @entity1605 .

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Several studies have shown an increased risk of congenital foot derformities after early amniocentesis. These studies have comprised amniocenteses performed before 13 completed gestational weeks. In this study, the risk of @entity5109 after amniocentesis performed at 12-14 completed gestational weeks was determined. METHODS: 3,469 genetic amniocenteses in singleton pregnancies performed before 15 completed gestational weeks were studied. The intention was to perform the amniocenteses at 12-14 weeks of gestation, but 32 amniocenteses were performed at the gestational age 11 weeks + 5 days or 11 weeks + 6 days. The pregnancies were followed up with regard to fetal loss and leakage of amniotic fluid. After birth, newborns with a diagnosis of @entity5109 were identified from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry. The observed number of @entity5109 was then compared with the expected number which was calculated stratified for delivery hospital, year of birth, and maternal age. RESULTS: The observed number of @entity5109 was significantly higher than the expected: exact odds ratio 1.74 (exact 95% confidence interval 1.06-2.69). The rate of @entity2208 after the procedure was 1.8%, and the rate of leakage of amniotic fluid was 1.9%. There was a significant trend for all complications to decrease with increasing gestational age at amniocentesis. CONCLUSION: @entity1 undergoing amniocentesis at 11+5 to 14+6 gestational weeks have an increased risk of giving birth to a @entity1 with a @entity2611 .

title: Early amniocentesis and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous abortions']

entities_list: @entity5109 :: ('MESH:D005530', 'Disease') :: ['foot deformities', 'foot deformity']

entities_list: @entity2611 :: ('MESH:D005532', 'Disease') :: ['congenital foot deformity']

answer: @entity2611 :: (MESH:D005532,Disease) :: ['congenital foot deformities']


abstract: We assessed the use of clinical stage, serum @entity1486 , DNA ploidy, proliferation, and traditional histologic findings from the biopsy to predict @entity263 progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Between 1995 and 1998, 454 consecutive @entity1 with @entity5 on biopsy were treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy. Preoperative serum @entity1486 , clinical stage, Gleason score, percentage of cores and surface area positive for @entity5 , @entity3 , and DNA ploidy and @entity1758 immunostain quantitation by image analysis were evaluated in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model to predict @entity5 progression. @entity5 progression was defined as a postoperative serum @entity1486 level of > or = 0.4 ng/mL, local recurrence, or systemic progression. Mean follow-up was 3.4 years (range 17 days to 5.8 years). @entity5 progression was observed in 73 @entity1 with a mean time to progression of 2.1 years (range 33 days to 5.1 years). Gleason score (p <0.001), @entity1758 @entity5 proliferation (p = 0.008), and @entity3 (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with progression. @entity1 with @entity5 Gleason scores of 7 and >7 had a 2.5-fold and nearly 4-fold increased risk, respectively, of @entity5 progression compared with @entity1 with @entity5 Gleason scores of < or = 6. @entity1 with @entity3 at biopsy were twice as likely to progress compared with @entity1 without @entity3 . Each 1-unit increase in @entity1758 on the natural logarithmic scale increased the risk of @entity5 progression by 64%. @entity5 progression models that include serum @entity1486 and clinical stage may require revision to incorporate @entity3 and @entity1758 proliferative activity in addition to Gleason score.

title: Perineural invasion and XXXX positivity in addition to Gleason score are significant preoperative predictors of progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy for @entity263 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['perineural invasion']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity1758 :: (57534,Gene) :: ['MIB-1']


abstract: We assessed the use of clinical stage, serum @entity1486 , DNA ploidy, proliferation, and traditional histologic findings from the biopsy to predict @entity263 progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Between 1995 and 1998, 454 consecutive @entity1 with @entity5 on biopsy were treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy. Preoperative serum @entity1486 , clinical stage, Gleason score, percentage of cores and surface area positive for @entity5 , @entity3 , and DNA ploidy and @entity1758 immunostain quantitation by image analysis were evaluated in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model to predict @entity5 progression. @entity5 progression was defined as a postoperative serum @entity1486 level of > or = 0.4 ng/mL, local recurrence, or systemic progression. Mean follow-up was 3.4 years (range 17 days to 5.8 years). @entity5 progression was observed in 73 @entity1 with a mean time to progression of 2.1 years (range 33 days to 5.1 years). Gleason score (p <0.001), @entity1758 @entity5 proliferation (p = 0.008), and @entity3 (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with progression. @entity1 with @entity5 Gleason scores of 7 and >7 had a 2.5-fold and nearly 4-fold increased risk, respectively, of @entity5 progression compared with @entity1 with @entity5 Gleason scores of < or = 6. @entity1 with @entity3 at biopsy were twice as likely to progress compared with @entity1 without @entity3 . Each 1-unit increase in @entity1758 on the natural logarithmic scale increased the risk of @entity5 progression by 64%. @entity5 progression models that include serum @entity1486 and clinical stage may require revision to incorporate @entity3 and @entity1758 proliferative activity in addition to Gleason score.

title: Perineural invasion and @entity1758 positivity in addition to Gleason score are significant preoperative predictors of progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3207 ( @entity3207 ) is a useful index to evaluate left @entity296 in @entity1 with essential @entity101 . The study investigated the prevalence and characterization of low @entity3207 in hemodialysis @entity1 . METHODS: @entity3207 was calculated from M-mode echocardiograms in 67 @entity1 (34 males, 33 females) receiving maintenance hemodialysis in whom fractional shortening was normal. Plasma levels of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides were also measured in these @entity1 before and after hemodialysis. @entity3207 was evaluated by stress-corrected @entity3207 (ratio of observed to predicted @entity3207 ). The relationship of @entity3207 to circumferential end-systolic stress in 122 healthy subjects was used to calculate the predicted @entity3207 . RESULTS: Stress-corrected @entity3207 was @entity308 in 18 of the 67 @entity1 (26.9%). In the low @entity3207 group, duration of @entity101 was significantly longer (p < 0.05), wall thickness was significantly greater (p < 0.001), left ventricular dimension was significantly smaller (p < 0.0001), and relative wall thickness was significantly greater (p < 0.0001) than in the normal @entity3207 group. Reduction of brain natriuretic peptide level by hemodialysis in the low @entity3207 group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the normal @entity3207 group. CONCLUSIONS: Depression of stress-corrected @entity3207 may be common in hemodialysis @entity1 . Long duration of @entity101 and concentric geometry of the left ventricle occur in @entity1 with low @entity3207 .

title: [Assessment of left ventricular function by midwall fractional shortening in hemodialysis XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular myocardial function']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['Midwall fractional shortening', 'MFS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity5426 of the kidney is a rare @entity5 for which fewer than 10 case reports appear in the English literature. A case of primary @entity5426 is reported, in which the @entity5 showed poorly differentiated spindled @entity242 admixed with typical @entity1653 differentiation. Antibodies against @entity2279 , @entity2280 , Ulex europeus lectin type I, factor VIII-related antigen, cytokeratin ( @entity1325 / @entity1326 ), @entity2277 , @entity2281 protein, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, @entity2283 , and smooth muscle actin were examined. @entity2279 showed strong diffuse membranous staining of cells in the well-differentiated areas and strong membranous staining in the spindled, poorly differentiated areas. @entity2280 showed strong cytoplasmic and membranous staining in both the poorly differentiated and well-differentiated areas. Staining for factor VIII-related antigen and Ulex europeus was less intense and was limited to the well-differentiated areas. Staining for cytokeratin ( @entity2278 ), @entity2281 , carcinoembryonic antigen, epithelial membrane antigen, @entity2283 , and smooth muscle actin were negative. Electron microscopy showed spindle cells containing abundant pinocytotic vesicles, @entity2277 -type intermediate filaments, and rare Weibel-Palade bodies. A complex karyotype was found. Our findings suggest that @entity2279 and @entity2280 are useful in defining endothelial differentiation in poorly differentiated @entity5426 in which reactions for Ulex europeus lectin type I and factor VIII-related antigen may be equivocal.

title: Primary XXXX : a case report with immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic features and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['Primary angiosarcoma', 'renal angiosarcoma', 'angiosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['angiomatous']

answer: @entity5426 :: (MESH:D006394,Disease) :: ['renal angiosarcoma']


abstract: The frequency of clinical recurrence and @entity1151 in @entity1 with @entity1150 is reduced to the same extent by hospital treatment (with unfractionated heparin) as by treatment at home (with low-molecular-weight heparin). Very few data on subjective parameters of effectiveness have been published. We performed a prospective randomized trial comparing outpatient with in-hospital treatment in 28 @entity1 . Six clinical and quality-of-life related parameters of effectiveness were assessed quantitatively: clinical course (with a score system), @entity158 of @entity450 of the @entity291 muscles (with Lowenberg's test), subjective perception of @entity158 and general well-being (with visual analogue scales), satisfaction with the care provided, and absence from work. Subjective effectiveness was compared with the costs of each form of treatment. Outpatient treatment was significantly more effective than in-hospital treatment with regard to the objective parameters. It was, however, associated with less well-being and more @entity158 than in-hospital treatment. The discrepancy is explained by eventually insufficient adjuvant treatment measures (which consisted of external leg compression by stockings and forced walking) and by @entity148 brought on by the information that potentially lethal @entity1151 could occur despite anticoagulant therapy. Outpatient treatment was less costly. On the average and per @entity1 it was CHF 3944 less expensive than treatment in hospital. An estimation reveals that the Swiss health care system would save about CHF 25 million per year if the 85% of @entity1 with @entity1150 suitable for home care were given this form of treatment. We conclude that outpatient management is subjectively cost-effective but should be optimised to eliminate certain drawbacks associated with it.

title: [Comparison of ambulatory and inpatient treatment of XXXX of the leg: subjective and economic aspects].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['venous congestion']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep-vein thrombosis', 'acute deep venous thrombosis']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['acute deep venous thrombosis']


abstract: The diagnostic significance of @entity876 and @entity588 proteins in @entity1149 was examined, and the relationship between these proteins expression and other disease parameters, including stage of the disease and @entity5 differentiation, were studied. We analyzed @entity876 and @entity588 proteins expression in 60 imprint smears of freshly resected @entity2 (37 squamous and 23 @entity420 ) using the immunocytochemical technique. There were seven @entity1 with stage I disease, 24 with stage II, 23 with stage IIIa, and six with @entity5 , according to the International Staging System classification. Sixteen of the @entity5 were @entity588 positive and 25 were @entity876 positive. Twenty @entity5 were negative for both @entity588 and @entity876 (33.3%). Statistical analysis showed no association between the incidence of @entity876 or @entity588 positivity. @entity420 or @entity957 analysis showed significant associations between @entity876 positivity and poor differentiation and advanced disease stage as well as @entity588 and @entity66 stage and well-differentiated @entity5 . There was also an association between the stage of the disease and the degree of differentiation of the @entity5 . In conclusion, @entity588 positivity must be considered a good prognostic sign. On the other hand, @entity876 positivity seems to indicate, even in @entity5 at a relatively early stage, that a serious aggressive @entity5 which will not be easily eradicated is present.

title: @entity876 and @entity588 protein expression in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['early disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage IIIb disease', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial non-small-cell lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumors']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'Adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: The diagnostic significance of @entity876 and @entity588 proteins in @entity1149 was examined, and the relationship between these proteins expression and other disease parameters, including stage of the disease and @entity5 differentiation, were studied. We analyzed @entity876 and @entity588 proteins expression in 60 imprint smears of freshly resected @entity2 (37 squamous and 23 @entity420 ) using the immunocytochemical technique. There were seven @entity1 with stage I disease, 24 with stage II, 23 with stage IIIa, and six with @entity5 , according to the International Staging System classification. Sixteen of the @entity5 were @entity588 positive and 25 were @entity876 positive. Twenty @entity5 were negative for both @entity588 and @entity876 (33.3%). Statistical analysis showed no association between the incidence of @entity876 or @entity588 positivity. @entity420 or @entity957 analysis showed significant associations between @entity876 positivity and poor differentiation and advanced disease stage as well as @entity588 and @entity66 stage and well-differentiated @entity5 . There was also an association between the stage of the disease and the degree of differentiation of the @entity5 . In conclusion, @entity588 positivity must be considered a good prognostic sign. On the other hand, @entity876 positivity seems to indicate, even in @entity5 at a relatively early stage, that a serious aggressive @entity5 which will not be easily eradicated is present.

title: XXXX and @entity588 protein expression in @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: The diagnostic significance of @entity876 and @entity588 proteins in @entity1149 was examined, and the relationship between these proteins expression and other disease parameters, including stage of the disease and @entity5 differentiation, were studied. We analyzed @entity876 and @entity588 proteins expression in 60 imprint smears of freshly resected @entity2 (37 squamous and 23 @entity420 ) using the immunocytochemical technique. There were seven @entity1 with stage I disease, 24 with stage II, 23 with stage IIIa, and six with @entity5 , according to the International Staging System classification. Sixteen of the @entity5 were @entity588 positive and 25 were @entity876 positive. Twenty @entity5 were negative for both @entity588 and @entity876 (33.3%). Statistical analysis showed no association between the incidence of @entity876 or @entity588 positivity. @entity420 or @entity957 analysis showed significant associations between @entity876 positivity and poor differentiation and advanced disease stage as well as @entity588 and @entity66 stage and well-differentiated @entity5 . There was also an association between the stage of the disease and the degree of differentiation of the @entity5 . In conclusion, @entity588 positivity must be considered a good prognostic sign. On the other hand, @entity876 positivity seems to indicate, even in @entity5 at a relatively early stage, that a serious aggressive @entity5 which will not be easily eradicated is present.

title: @entity876 and XXXX protein expression in @entity1149 .

answer: @entity588 :: (596,Gene) :: ['bcl-2']


abstract: Metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of enzymes that participate in extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling, may play a role in @entity5 invasion and @entity3 and have been correlated with @entity5 behavior and survival. The action of MMPs is regulated by tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). @entity420 of the uterine cervix are @entity5 that primarily affect young @entity1 and are associated with @entity1082 ). Eighteen cervical @entity420 and 5 controls were immunohistochemically analyzed for the expression of @entity1476 , @entity1549 , @entity1495 , and their inhibitors, @entity2843 and @entity1552 , in @entity5 cells and peritumoral stromal cells. These cells were also studied for the presence of @entity1476 , @entity1495 , and @entity1552 mRNA by in situ hybridization (ISH). HPV status was studied using ISH for @entity1799 and 18. @entity5379 were expressed immunohistochemically in @entity5 cells in 17 of 18 @entity5 , @entity1549 in 5, @entity2843 in 3, and @entity1552 in 1. Stromal cells of most @entity5 expressed all the above proteins. The normal endocervical epithelium was uniformly negative for @entity1476 , @entity1549 , @entity1495 , and @entity1552 , and variably expressed @entity2843 . Intense signals for @entity1476 , @entity1495 , and @entity1552 mRNA were less frequently detected by ISH in @entity5 cells and peritumoral stromal cells and were absent in normal endocervical epithelium. All @entity5 contained HPV DNA 16, 18, or both. MMP and @entity2843 expression did not correlate with @entity5 type, grade, or HPV type. MMPs and their inhibitors are present in most cervical @entity420 , independent of @entity5 grade or subtype, but with the exception of @entity2843 , they are not expressed in nonneoplastic endocervical epithelium. This finding might be helpful in the diagnosis of endocervical @entity420 . HPV is prevalent in cervical @entity420 , but its role in determining @entity5 behavior remains unclear.

title: Expression of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'Adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Some types of radiation therapy have been associated with an increased risk of cardiac mortality and morbidity in @entity1 with @entity0 . A relationship has been observed between cardiac radiation dose-volume and the level of excess risk of cardiac mortality. However, relatively few data are available on the morbidity from @entity583 associated with adjuvant radiotherapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: From 1971 to 1976, a total of 960 @entity1 with operable @entity0 were randomly allocated to preoperative radiation therapy, postoperative radiation therapy or to surgery alone. A previous analysis of the cardiac dose-volumes with the treatment techniques used in the trial indicated that the irradiated @entity1 could roughly be divided into three groups. Information on the number of @entity583 was obtained through computerized record linkage with a population-based registry of @entity583 in Stockholm County. Information on cause-specific mortality was obtained from the Swedish Cause-of-Death Registry. The median follow-up was 20 years (range 17-23 years). RESULTS: A total of 58 @entity1 developed an @entity583 during the period of follow-up. The number of @entity583 cases was not significantly different between the three treatment groups. When analyzed according to estimated cardiac radiation dose-volumes, @entity1 in the highest dose-volume subgroup exhibited a hazard of @entity583 of 1.3 (95% CI 0.7-2.6) relative to that of the surgical controls, whereas the corresponding relative hazard for the intermediate and low dose-volume subgroups was below unity. Data on @entity204 due to @entity65 showed that @entity1 in the high dose-volume group exhibited a hazard of 2.0 (95% CI 1.0-3.9, P = 0.04) relative to that of the surgical controls. Concerning @entity204 due to @entity741 , the relative hazard for the same subgroup was 2.5 (95% CI 1.1-5.7, P = 0.03). The difference between the groups was established after 4-5 years. The cumulative incidence curves continued to diverge up to about 10-12 years. No further divergence appeared after 12 years, but the number of events was low. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis confirms and extends previous results from the trial. Cardiac mortality was positively correlated with the cardiac dose-volume. @entity1 receiving high dose-volumes exhibited an increased mortality of @entity741 , but not of @entity583 , which implies another mechanism, e.g. radiation-induced @entity16 to the heart.

title: Long-term cardiac morbidity and mortality in a randomized trial of pre- and postoperative radiation therapy versus surgery alone in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'early-stage breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['microvascular damage']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarctions']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: We recently described a technique that iatrogenically produces segmental megaureter while preserving renal function. In our initial report in 5 of 8 @entity1707 that underwent this procedure @entity1494 with the expanded ureter was successful. Throughout the expansion and reconstructive process renal function was preserved and all 5 animals that underwent augmentation had increased bladder capacity at sacrifice 1 month postoperatively. In the present study we evaluated the long-term durability and performance of the ureteral segment used for augmentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, controlled, double armed study in 8 @entity1707 , including 4 control animals that underwent subtotal cystectomy only (group 1) and 4 animals that underwent subtotal cystectomy followed by @entity1494 using the expanded ureteral segment (group 2). End point measurements included cystography, and measurement of bladder capacity, serum @entity1011 and random bladder residual urine volumes. All cystograms were performed using passive filling conditions at a standard filling pressure of 32 cm. water. RESULTS: Bladder capacity throughout the study revealed consistently higher volumes in group 2 than in group 1. In 3 of the 4 group 1 subjects vesicoureteral reflux developed compared to no reflux in group 2. @entity1011 levels were elevated at sacrifice in 50% of the animals in group 1 compared to none in group 2. Random bladder residual urine was less than 150 cc in 3 of the 4 group 2 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Serial cystograms in @entity1707 after ureteral augmentation suggest that the tissue does not contract with time. Animals that underwent ureteral augmentation had significantly greater bladder capacity than controls. Random bladder residual urine volume remained low throughout the study period. Ureteral tissue expansion for @entity1494 appears to be feasible and durable in this animal model. In addition, it may be protective against the deleterious effects associated with small capacity bladders.

title: Ureteral tissue expansion for XXXX : a long-term prospective controlled trial in a porcine model.

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine', 'Creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder augmentation']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder augmentation']


abstract: PURPOSE: Growth and development of the prostate are @entity342 dependent and mainly influenced by stromal-epithelial interaction. It is believed that indirect androgenic activation of paracrine factors like keratinocyte growth factor ( @entity10471 ) in the prostatic stroma influences the growth of epithelial cells. In this study we investigated the role @entity342 plays in stromal cell growth and stimulation of @entity10471 in the @entity1 prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stromal cells were derived from explant primary culture of @entity1 normal or benign prostatic tissue. The effect of different @entity586 ( @entity587 ) concentrations on cell proliferation was measured using @entity665 incorporation assay. The effect of @entity587 on levels of @entity10471 protein was determined by Western blotting. The effect of @entity587 on levels of @entity10471 gene expression was measured by various cycles of polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and multiplex PCR. RESULTS: Characterization of stromal cells showed epithelial cells less than 9.5% in all passages. @entity587 stimulated @entity1 prostate stromal cells in a dose dependent fashion over a concentration range of 0.001-10 nM. Immunocytochemical evaluation of @entity10471 after @entity587 exposure showed a higher staining intensity. Relative quantitation of Western blotting showed a 1.93-fold increase in @entity10471 protein in the @entity342 treated stromal cells. At 1 nM @entity587 conventional and multiplex PCR revealed a significant stimulation of the @entity10471 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that @entity342 stimulates cell proliferation as well as @entity10471 protein and gene expression in @entity1 prostate stromal cells. This supports the hypothesis that @entity342 -induced stromal-derived @entity10471 stimulates prostate epithelial cell growth.

title: XXXX responsiveness of stromal cells of the @entity1 prostate: regulation of cell proliferation and keratinocyte growth factor by @entity342 .

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['3[H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['Androgen']


abstract: PURPOSE: Growth and development of the prostate are @entity342 dependent and mainly influenced by stromal-epithelial interaction. It is believed that indirect androgenic activation of paracrine factors like keratinocyte growth factor ( @entity10471 ) in the prostatic stroma influences the growth of epithelial cells. In this study we investigated the role @entity342 plays in stromal cell growth and stimulation of @entity10471 in the @entity1 prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stromal cells were derived from explant primary culture of @entity1 normal or benign prostatic tissue. The effect of different @entity586 ( @entity587 ) concentrations on cell proliferation was measured using @entity665 incorporation assay. The effect of @entity587 on levels of @entity10471 protein was determined by Western blotting. The effect of @entity587 on levels of @entity10471 gene expression was measured by various cycles of polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and multiplex PCR. RESULTS: Characterization of stromal cells showed epithelial cells less than 9.5% in all passages. @entity587 stimulated @entity1 prostate stromal cells in a dose dependent fashion over a concentration range of 0.001-10 nM. Immunocytochemical evaluation of @entity10471 after @entity587 exposure showed a higher staining intensity. Relative quantitation of Western blotting showed a 1.93-fold increase in @entity10471 protein in the @entity342 treated stromal cells. At 1 nM @entity587 conventional and multiplex PCR revealed a significant stimulation of the @entity10471 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that @entity342 stimulates cell proliferation as well as @entity10471 protein and gene expression in @entity1 prostate stromal cells. This supports the hypothesis that @entity342 -induced stromal-derived @entity10471 stimulates prostate epithelial cell growth.

title: @entity342 responsiveness of stromal cells of the @entity1 prostate: regulation of cell proliferation and keratinocyte growth factor by XXXX .

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: PURPOSE: Growth and development of the prostate are @entity342 dependent and mainly influenced by stromal-epithelial interaction. It is believed that indirect androgenic activation of paracrine factors like keratinocyte growth factor ( @entity10471 ) in the prostatic stroma influences the growth of epithelial cells. In this study we investigated the role @entity342 plays in stromal cell growth and stimulation of @entity10471 in the @entity1 prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stromal cells were derived from explant primary culture of @entity1 normal or benign prostatic tissue. The effect of different @entity586 ( @entity587 ) concentrations on cell proliferation was measured using @entity665 incorporation assay. The effect of @entity587 on levels of @entity10471 protein was determined by Western blotting. The effect of @entity587 on levels of @entity10471 gene expression was measured by various cycles of polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and multiplex PCR. RESULTS: Characterization of stromal cells showed epithelial cells less than 9.5% in all passages. @entity587 stimulated @entity1 prostate stromal cells in a dose dependent fashion over a concentration range of 0.001-10 nM. Immunocytochemical evaluation of @entity10471 after @entity587 exposure showed a higher staining intensity. Relative quantitation of Western blotting showed a 1.93-fold increase in @entity10471 protein in the @entity342 treated stromal cells. At 1 nM @entity587 conventional and multiplex PCR revealed a significant stimulation of the @entity10471 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that @entity342 stimulates cell proliferation as well as @entity10471 protein and gene expression in @entity1 prostate stromal cells. This supports the hypothesis that @entity342 -induced stromal-derived @entity10471 stimulates prostate epithelial cell growth.

title: @entity342 responsiveness of stromal cells of the XXXX prostate: regulation of cell proliferation and keratinocyte growth factor by @entity342 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction ( @entity10359 ) in @entity43 analyzed by image cytometry. Frozen tissue of 103 @entity43 was analyzed for DNA ploidy and @entity10359 with a Cell Analysis System Image Analyser (CAS 200, Becton-Dickinson) and correlations with clinical and histomorphologic factors and time to progression and overall survival were evaluated by univariate and multivariable analysis. Fifty-four percent of the @entity43 were found to be diploid, 38% aneuploid, and 8% tetraploid. The S-phase fraction was low (<5%) in 27%, intermediate (5-14.5%) in 47%, and high (>/=14.5%) in 26% of the @entity1 . By univariate analysis overall survival and time to progression were significantly correlated with the S-phase fraction (P = 0.003 and P = 0.003), but not with DNA ploidy (P = 0. 31 and P = 0.51). A DNA index > 1.4 was correlated with poor outcome but the result did not achieve formal statistical significance (P = 0.08 and P = 0.12). A high @entity10359 was a strong predictor of early recurrence, while a low @entity10359 identified @entity1 with a favorable long-term outcome. Other significant predictors of survival were FIGO stage, grade of differentiation, presence of distant @entity3 , @entity41 , lymph node @entity3 , and @entity1 age. In multivariable statistical analysis only FIGO stage, histologic grade, and @entity41 after surgery were independent predictors of overall survival and time to progression.

title: Prognostic significance of DNA content and S-phase fraction in XXXX analyzed by image cytometry.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinomas', 'epithelial ovarian carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['epithelial ovarian carcinomas']