abstract: @entity1204 includes several specific subtypes which have differing prognostic implications. The two most common subtypes are @entity420 , not otherwise specified (NOS), and adenoacanthoma. Also included in the @entity420 are @entity189 and @entity189 which have the same natural history as do @entity420 without these features. Fortunately, the above types have the best prognosis and constitute approximately 80% of all @entity1204 . They also present the major diagnostic problem for the pathologist in distinguishing @entity1373 and some of the metaplasias from well-differentiated @entity189 . The tendency would appear to be the over-interpretation of these @entity75 . Other subtypes have a much less favorable outlook. They include @entity1377 , @entity1962 , @entity1358 and @entity1358 . There are two distinct types of @entity1377 , the papillary clear cell and the @entity1358 . These can readily be separated, and should be, on the basis of prognostic implications. Other pathologic parameters play a significant role in @entity1 management and in the estimation of prognosis. These include postsurgical pathological staging, measurement of depth of myometrial invasion, lymphatic and blood-vascular invasion, serosal involvement, local spread and, perhaps most importantly, @entity5 grade. Nuclear grading proved to be a better predictor of treatment outcome than did either the FIGO or WHO grading systems. This was especially true in @entity420 , adenoacanthoma and @entity1377 .

title: The significance of the pathologic findings in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinomas', 'Endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['atypical hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous carcinoma', 'carcinoma', 'secretory carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['papillary nonclear cell carcinoma', 'clear cell carcinoma', 'glassy cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1962 :: ('MESH:D018196', 'Disease') :: ['adenosquamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma NOS', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: Acute @entity788 usually subsides spontaneously or is complicated by pseudocysts, @entity39 , or abscesses. We describe an uncommon variant of acute @entity788 in which signs of @entity32 persist over a number of months, waxing and waning but never disappearing. Neither identifiable collections nor other targets for surgical drainage develop in these @entity1 , nor does their condition ever remit enough to allow them to leave the hospital. Eating provokes a flareup of @entity32 . We have treated five such @entity1 with a pancreatoduodenectomy (four @entity1 ) or total pancreatectomy (one @entity1 ). Each @entity1 had been continuously hospitalized for six to 12 weeks before operation. All survived the operation and left the hospital eating solid food within 16 days. In addition to acute @entity32 and fat @entity39 , the resected specimens showed main @entity788 or occlusion in three @entity1 , a pancreaticoduodenal @entity292 in one, and a congenital duplication cyst. Pancreatography or cholangiography showed the lesion in three of four cases and helped in planning therapy. Thus, acute @entity788 may fall to remit because of proximal @entity788 , for which pancreatoduodenectomy is a reasonable and effective treatment.

title: Persistent acute XXXX . A variant treated by pancreatoduodenectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'pancreatic duct stenosis', 'pancreatic duct obstruction']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis', 'pancreatic necrosis']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: The spontaneous mutation rate of immunoglobulin genes expressed in @entity1582 cells is well above that of other genes expressed in these or in other cell types. The nature of such mutations in one @entity1582 cell line, MPC11, was explored at the molecular level. Included in this study were MPC11 variants representing 24 independent and spontaneous mutations affecting immunoglobulin secretion. Of the mutants studied, 19 had ceased @entity37504 ( @entity37504 ) production (nonproducers), and 5 produced from as little as 1/1,000 to as much as 1/10 the amount of immunoglobulin produced by MPC11 (low producers). Only one of the MPC11 mutants (a nonproducer) showed no evidence of DNA rearrangement in or near the expressed @entity37504 gene. The formerly expressed @entity10986 gene had been deleted in 18 of the 19 nonproducers. All of the low producers had undergone DNA rearrangement in or near the expressed @entity37504 gene, and three of them produced immunoglobulin of a new heavy chain class. The cause for reduced heavy-chain synthesis in the low producers is not yet known. However, in several of these mutants, the defect appeared to be posttranscriptional. In these cell lines, steady-state @entity37504 mRNA levels were much lower than in the parent cell line, while the heavy-chain gene transcription rate remained unchanged.

title: DNA rearrangement causes a high rate of spontaneous mutation at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus of a mouse XXXX cell line.

entities_list: @entity37504 :: ('238412(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IgH', 'immunoglobulin heavy chain']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['myeloma']


abstract: The occurrence of @entity6 is increasing throughout the world, both in industrialised nations and in developing countries. While this disease is not a leading cause of @entity204 in developing country populations, it must nevertheless be considered for its social and economic impact. This study examines the clinical and epidemiological situation of @entity6 in the city of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, as based on data from two city hospitals: Saint Joseph's Hospital (SJH) and the Centre Hospitalier Monkole (CHM), two urban health facilities typical of those developing countries. The results show that @entity6 is a real public health problem in Congo. Average blood @entity413 levels were above 300 mg/dl in 44.4% of @entity1 at SJH and 41.5% at CHM, and @entity101 (> or = 140/90 mmHg) was reported in 35.8% of @entity1 at SJH and 20% at CHM. The management of @entity6 and, in particular, its complications is suffering because of some cultural influences but mainly economic ones. In fact, incidence of disease complications is closely linked to the financial status of @entity1 and facilities. SJH, which serves mainly the low-income community, has a greater incidence of severe @entity6 -associated complications than CHM, which treats @entity1 with a higher mean income level. SJH hospitalised @entity1 had a 24.7% incidence of @entity6 foot with 3 amputations as compared to only a 10% incidence and no amputations for CHM hospitalised @entity1 . At SJH, 17.3% of @entity1 died during the study, while at CHM none died. Overall, differences in the prevalence of complications between SJH and CHM @entity1 were found not to be significant. For the large majority of Congo population, education on @entity6 is not available, and due to the failure of the national health system, access to treatment is impossible. Furthermore, because most @entity6 @entity1 in Congo go untreated, the mortality rate for the disease is high. Congo would greatly benefit from a national @entity6 program in order to give all @entity6 @entity1 in Congo access to good and consistent medical care.

title: A hospital survey of the clinical features of XXXX in Congo.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: For more than 50 years @entity4625 bone cements have been used in orthopaedic surgery. In this study attempts were made to show whether cultured @entity1 bone marrow cells (HBMC) show an osteogenetic response resulting in new bone formation, production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell differentiation when they were cultured onto polymerized @entity4625 ( @entity4625 )- @entity692 (HA), conventional @entity4625 bone cement being taken as reference. Biocompatibility parameters were collagen-I and -II synthesis, the detection of the osteoblast markers @entity623 ( @entity623 ) and osteocalcin, the number of adherent cells and the cytodifferentiation of immunocompetent cells. Cement surface structure, HA stability in culture medium and chemical element analysis of specimens were considered. Fresh marrow cells were obtained from the @entity1 femora during hip replacement. Incubation time was up to ten weeks. We used atomic forced microscopy (AFM) and @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ) for cement specimen analysis. Fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS), immunohistochemical staining. @entity4653 and light microscopy (LM) served us to judge the cellular morphology. Products of the extracellular matrix were analyzed by protein dot blot analysis, @entity4653 energy dispersive X-ray analysis ( @entity4653 -EDX) and @entity141 / @entity23548 - detection. HA particles increased the osteogenetic potential of @entity4625 bone cement regarding the cellular production of collagen, @entity623 (AP), the number of osteoblasts and the cellular differentiation pattern in vitro. Both tested cements showed good biocompatibility in a @entity1 long-term bone marrow cell-culture system.

title: Comprehensive biocompatibility testing of a new XXXX -hA bone cement versus conventional @entity4625 cement in vitro.

entities_list: @entity4625 :: ('MESH:D019904', 'Chemical') :: ['polymethylmethacrylate', 'PMMA']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['scanning electron microscopy', 'SEM']

answer: @entity4625 :: (MESH:D019904,Chemical) :: ['PMMA']


abstract: For more than 50 years @entity4625 bone cements have been used in orthopaedic surgery. In this study attempts were made to show whether cultured @entity1 bone marrow cells (HBMC) show an osteogenetic response resulting in new bone formation, production of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell differentiation when they were cultured onto polymerized @entity4625 ( @entity4625 )- @entity692 (HA), conventional @entity4625 bone cement being taken as reference. Biocompatibility parameters were collagen-I and -II synthesis, the detection of the osteoblast markers @entity623 ( @entity623 ) and osteocalcin, the number of adherent cells and the cytodifferentiation of immunocompetent cells. Cement surface structure, HA stability in culture medium and chemical element analysis of specimens were considered. Fresh marrow cells were obtained from the @entity1 femora during hip replacement. Incubation time was up to ten weeks. We used atomic forced microscopy (AFM) and @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ) for cement specimen analysis. Fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS), immunohistochemical staining. @entity4653 and light microscopy (LM) served us to judge the cellular morphology. Products of the extracellular matrix were analyzed by protein dot blot analysis, @entity4653 energy dispersive X-ray analysis ( @entity4653 -EDX) and @entity141 / @entity23548 - detection. HA particles increased the osteogenetic potential of @entity4625 bone cement regarding the cellular production of collagen, @entity623 (AP), the number of osteoblasts and the cellular differentiation pattern in vitro. Both tested cements showed good biocompatibility in a @entity1 long-term bone marrow cell-culture system.

title: Comprehensive biocompatibility testing of a new @entity4625 -hA bone cement versus conventional XXXX cement in vitro.

answer: @entity4625 :: (MESH:D019904,Chemical) :: ['PMMA']


abstract: The in situ DNA hybridization technique, carried out under stringent conditions, was used to detect @entity1082 ) DNA of types 6, 11, and 16 in paraffin sections of 32 surgically treated @entity3137 . Expression of HPV structural proteins was analyzed by means of the immunoperoxidase (IP-PAP) method. A total of 10 (31.3%) of the 32 lesions proved to express HPV antigens, which were found in 4 of 7 @entity1185 , in 2 of 2 classic @entity6205 , in 2 of 10 @entity1377 , and in 2 of 3 @entity75 . Two of the @entity1185 contained HPV 6 DNA, and 4 additional lesions were positive for HPV 11 DNA. In one of the @entity6205 , a double infection by HPV 6 and 11 was found, while the second was positive for HPV 11 alone. Both the HPV antigen-positive @entity1377 contained HPV 6 DNA, as did the HPV antigen-positive @entity75 . Of the latter, one was infected by HPV 6 and 11. DNA of the "high-risk" @entity1799 was contained in two lesions: one @entity75 and one of the two @entity957 . The results confirm the previously reported evidence of HPV involvement in @entity3137 . The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the well-established premalignant @entity8407 and @entity8619 , with special emphasis on the discovery of the "high-risk" @entity1799 in the latter as well as in @entity5 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Detection of XXXX DNA in @entity3137 using in situ DNA-hybridization applied on paraffin sections.

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary hyperplasias']

entities_list: @entity6205 :: ('MESH:D062688', 'Disease') :: ['condylomas']

entities_list: @entity8407 :: ('MESH:D007972', 'Disease') :: ['character of oral leukoplakia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['leukoplakia lesions', 'lichen planus lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['oral cancer']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell papillomas']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity8619 :: ('MESH:D017676', 'Disease') :: ['oral lichen planus, although far less commonly versus leukoplakia']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['oral mucosal lesions']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: The in situ DNA hybridization technique, carried out under stringent conditions, was used to detect @entity1082 ) DNA of types 6, 11, and 16 in paraffin sections of 32 surgically treated @entity3137 . Expression of HPV structural proteins was analyzed by means of the immunoperoxidase (IP-PAP) method. A total of 10 (31.3%) of the 32 lesions proved to express HPV antigens, which were found in 4 of 7 @entity1185 , in 2 of 2 classic @entity6205 , in 2 of 10 @entity1377 , and in 2 of 3 @entity75 . Two of the @entity1185 contained HPV 6 DNA, and 4 additional lesions were positive for HPV 11 DNA. In one of the @entity6205 , a double infection by HPV 6 and 11 was found, while the second was positive for HPV 11 alone. Both the HPV antigen-positive @entity1377 contained HPV 6 DNA, as did the HPV antigen-positive @entity75 . Of the latter, one was infected by HPV 6 and 11. DNA of the "high-risk" @entity1799 was contained in two lesions: one @entity75 and one of the two @entity957 . The results confirm the previously reported evidence of HPV involvement in @entity3137 . The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the well-established premalignant @entity8407 and @entity8619 , with special emphasis on the discovery of the "high-risk" @entity1799 in the latter as well as in @entity5 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Detection of @entity1082 DNA in XXXX using in situ DNA-hybridization applied on paraffin sections.

answer: @entity3137 :: (MESH:D009059,Disease) :: ['oral mucosal lesions']


abstract: Three non-RGD-containing disintegrins, VLO5, EO5, and EC3, belong to the heterodimeric family of these snake venom-derived proteins. They are potent inhibitors of certain leukocyte integrins such as alpha4beta1, alpha4beta7, and alpha9beta1, and act through the @entity8431 motif present in one of their subunits. However, the selectivity of these disintegrins to interact with integrins is related to the @entity535 composition of the integrin-binding loop in the @entity8431 -containing subunit. The most important @entity535 is that preceding the @entity8431 motif. In vitro experiments in adhesion and ELISA assays revealed that the @entity71028 -containing disintegrins, VLO5 and EO5, appeared to be very potent inhibitors of @entity1 alpha4beta1 and alpha9beta1 and less effective in inhibition of the alpha4beta7 integrin. The reverse effect was observed for the AMLD-containing disintegrin, EC3. The data with native disintegrins were confirmed by experiments with synthetic peptides displaying @entity71028 and AMLD motifs. The @entity8431 -containing disintegrins showed differential activities to inhibit @entity1 and @entity19 alpha4beta1 integrin. EC3 was a weaker inhibitor of @entity1 integrin, whereas VLO5 and EO5 less actively inhibited @entity19 alpha4beta1. These data describe a useful set of potent and selective integrin antagonists and suggest conformational requirements of @entity1 and @entity19 integrins for interaction with ligands.

title: Structural requirements of XXXX -containing disintegrins for functional interaction with alpha 4 beta 1 and alpha 9 beta1 integrins.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity8431 :: (MESH:D007966,Disease) :: ['MLD']


abstract: @entity542 is frequently followed by a subjective postconcussion syndrome. Brain-stem auditory evoked responses (BAER's) were found to be pathological in different small series of @entity1 with a postconcussion syndrome who were examined months after sustaining a slight cranial or cervical @entity130 ; abnormal BAER's have also been reported in larger groups of @entity1 examined early after @entity542 . A relationship between these findings and late subjective symptoms has never been demonstrated. The results of a prospective study into the value of BAER's in the prognosis of a postconcussion syndrome after @entity542 are presented. In 103 @entity1 with @entity542 , BAER's were recorded within 48 hours of the @entity130 . One year later, the @entity1 were examined for @entity10 , @entity1296 , @entity308 , @entity148 , subjective @entity2414 and concentration, and @entity146 . Eighty percent claimed at least one symptom, most often @entity146 (54%), @entity2414 (47%), or @entity308 (39%). Pathological BAER's were found with the same prevalence in @entity1 with and without a postconcussion syndrome. This study confirms the disturbance of brain-stem function in some head-injured @entity1 . However, the lack of correlation with a postconcussion syndrome limits the prognostic value of BAER recordings for postconcussion syndrome. The data suggest that BAER's not be used for medicolegal evaluation of @entity1 with a postconcussion syndrome.

title: Prognostic value of auditory brain-stem responses for late postconcussion symptoms following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory loss', 'loss of memory']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritability']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['minor head injury', 'Minor head injury']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['minor head injury']


abstract: @entity4539 has been known for a long time to be a common infection in young adults. It also infects @entity1 . In particular, @entity1 under the age of 2 years may not express the illness clinically. Diagnostic criteria vary but in young adults usually include the symptoms of @entity221 , @entity5389 , and cervical @entity3329 . Usually, there is a relative and @entity6113 , with 10 to 20 per cent or greater atypical lymphocytes. Rapid slide tests are accurate and economical and support the diagnosis when positive. False-positive results are known to occur with several other important disease processes; therefore, the clinical presentation and laboratory results must be interpreted in their appropriate context. Quality control is essential even for the rapid slide tests, and experienced examiners are required to review blood smears. The morphology of atypical lymphocytes varies greatly. In addition, morphology interpretation can be hampered by problems in preparation of slides or the holding of blood samples awaiting slide preparation. EBV-specific serodiagnosis has significantly enhanced our ability to study further and differentiate heterophil-negative syndromes that share clinical features with @entity4539 . Acute, past, chronic, and no EBV infection can now be differentiated. Further diagnostic tests for other etiologic agents are necessary when all EBV tests are negative and the clinical situation requires appropriate diagnosis.

title: The diagnosis of XXXX in the office laboratory.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity6113 :: ('MESH:D008218', 'Disease') :: ['absolute lymphocytosis']

entities_list: @entity5389 :: ('MESH:D014069', 'Disease') :: ['exudative tonsillitis']

entities_list: @entity4539 :: ('MESH:D007244', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious mononucleosis', 'infectious mononucleosis']

answer: @entity4539 :: (MESH:D007244,Disease) :: ['mononucleosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity189 is rare in the United States and common in southern China. Evaluating American @entity1 treated using a uniform technique and staged with CT scanning, we determined whether Chinese and non-Chinese @entity1 differ in presentation and outcome. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1979 and 1996, 172 @entity1 treated at Massachusetts General Hospital received primary radiotherapy with curative intent for @entity189 . Forty-one @entity1 (24%) were of Chinese descent, and 41% of @entity5 were classified as having lymphoepithelioma histologic features. Most @entity1 received twice-daily radiotherapy and a brachytherapy boost, receiving a median dose of 72 Gy to the nasopharynx. RESULTS: At the initial presentation, the Chinese @entity1 were significantly younger, less likely to smoke, more likely to have Stage IV disease, and more likely to have @entity5 with lymphoepithelioma histologic features. After controlling for stage, age, histologic type, and treatment variables, Chinese @entity1 were significantly more likely to develop distant metastases (p <0.05). Although Chinese race does not predict for local control or overall survival, a younger age, continued @entity286 use, total radiation dose, and lymphoepithelioma histologic features do. CONCLUSION: In a large retrospective analysis of @entity189 , Chinese and non-Chinese @entity1 differed significantly in presentation-age, stage, and histologic features-and outcome. We suggest as an explanation differences in intrinsic @entity5 biology rather than differences in treatment techniques or staging systems. Additional trials in endemic countries are needed to confirm the optimal treatment of Chinese and Chinese-American @entity1 .

title: Prognostic value of Chinese race in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Nasopharyngeal carcinoma', 'nasopharyngeal carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal cancer']


abstract: Previous studies have shown that secretion of @entity2434 in cultured adult @entity35 type II pneumocytes is stimulated by purinoceptor agonists and @entity4443 . The objective of the present study was to determine if such agents have a physiological role in the regulation of surfactant secretion. We chose the newborn @entity95 as the experimental model, since in this system there is a marked increase in surfactant secretion immediately after birth. We examined the effects of an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis, @entity2604 , two leukotriene antagonists, @entity1439 and @entity18412 , and a P1 purinoceptor antagonist, @entity14922 , on this increase. Newborn @entity95 were delivered by Cesarean section at 30 days gestation. Some animals in each litter were killed immediately, while others were injected with test agents or solvent vehicle while still in the amniotic sacs. After breathing for 3 h in an incubator, these animals were also killed. The lungs were lavaged with saline and the phospholipid content and composition of the lung lavage liquid was measured. In control animals, there was a greater than 2-fold increase in the amounts of total @entity10271 and @entity2434 and in the @entity2434 / @entity4291 ratio during the 3 h period of breathing. The increases in total phospholipid and @entity2434 were decreased 38-62% by the antagonists, while the increase in the @entity2434 / @entity4291 ratio was decreased 61-77%. These data show that the ventilation-induced increase in secretion of lung surfactant in the newborn @entity95 is inhibited by @entity4352 and P1 receptor antagonists and by an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis and, when taken together with the data from the tissue culture system, support a role for @entity4443 and @entity859 in the physiological regulation of surfactant secretion.

title: @entity859 and XXXX have a regulatory role in lung surfactant secretion in the newborn @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity4443 :: ('MESH:D015289', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotrienes']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity14922 :: ('MESH:C028322', 'Chemical') :: ['8-phenyltheophylline']

entities_list: @entity4352 :: ('CHEBI:25029', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotriene']

entities_list: @entity2604 :: ('MESH:D009637', 'Chemical') :: ['nordihydroguaiaretic acid']

entities_list: @entity10271 :: ('CHEBI:16247', 'Chemical') :: ['phospholipid']

entities_list: @entity4291 :: ('CHEBI:17636', 'Chemical') :: ['sphingomyelin']

answer: @entity4443 :: (MESH:D015289,Chemical) :: ['leukotrienes']


abstract: Previous studies have shown that secretion of @entity2434 in cultured adult @entity35 type II pneumocytes is stimulated by purinoceptor agonists and @entity4443 . The objective of the present study was to determine if such agents have a physiological role in the regulation of surfactant secretion. We chose the newborn @entity95 as the experimental model, since in this system there is a marked increase in surfactant secretion immediately after birth. We examined the effects of an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis, @entity2604 , two leukotriene antagonists, @entity1439 and @entity18412 , and a P1 purinoceptor antagonist, @entity14922 , on this increase. Newborn @entity95 were delivered by Cesarean section at 30 days gestation. Some animals in each litter were killed immediately, while others were injected with test agents or solvent vehicle while still in the amniotic sacs. After breathing for 3 h in an incubator, these animals were also killed. The lungs were lavaged with saline and the phospholipid content and composition of the lung lavage liquid was measured. In control animals, there was a greater than 2-fold increase in the amounts of total @entity10271 and @entity2434 and in the @entity2434 / @entity4291 ratio during the 3 h period of breathing. The increases in total phospholipid and @entity2434 were decreased 38-62% by the antagonists, while the increase in the @entity2434 / @entity4291 ratio was decreased 61-77%. These data show that the ventilation-induced increase in secretion of lung surfactant in the newborn @entity95 is inhibited by @entity4352 and P1 receptor antagonists and by an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis and, when taken together with the data from the tissue culture system, support a role for @entity4443 and @entity859 in the physiological regulation of surfactant secretion.

title: @entity859 and @entity4443 have a regulatory role in lung surfactant secretion in the newborn XXXX .

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Previous studies have shown that secretion of @entity2434 in cultured adult @entity35 type II pneumocytes is stimulated by purinoceptor agonists and @entity4443 . The objective of the present study was to determine if such agents have a physiological role in the regulation of surfactant secretion. We chose the newborn @entity95 as the experimental model, since in this system there is a marked increase in surfactant secretion immediately after birth. We examined the effects of an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis, @entity2604 , two leukotriene antagonists, @entity1439 and @entity18412 , and a P1 purinoceptor antagonist, @entity14922 , on this increase. Newborn @entity95 were delivered by Cesarean section at 30 days gestation. Some animals in each litter were killed immediately, while others were injected with test agents or solvent vehicle while still in the amniotic sacs. After breathing for 3 h in an incubator, these animals were also killed. The lungs were lavaged with saline and the phospholipid content and composition of the lung lavage liquid was measured. In control animals, there was a greater than 2-fold increase in the amounts of total @entity10271 and @entity2434 and in the @entity2434 / @entity4291 ratio during the 3 h period of breathing. The increases in total phospholipid and @entity2434 were decreased 38-62% by the antagonists, while the increase in the @entity2434 / @entity4291 ratio was decreased 61-77%. These data show that the ventilation-induced increase in secretion of lung surfactant in the newborn @entity95 is inhibited by @entity4352 and P1 receptor antagonists and by an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis and, when taken together with the data from the tissue culture system, support a role for @entity4443 and @entity859 in the physiological regulation of surfactant secretion.

title: XXXX and @entity4443 have a regulatory role in lung surfactant secretion in the newborn @entity95 .

answer: @entity859 :: (MESH:D000241,Chemical) :: ['Adenosine']


abstract: Seventy @entity1 (3.7 +/- 3.3 y) with definitely confirmed diagnosis of @entity521 had 115 whole body scans carried out 24 h after injection of 3.7 MBq/kg of I-123 mIBG (83 scans) or 0.7 MBq/kg of I-131 mIBG (17 scans) or 0.9 to 4.5 GBq of I-131 mIBG (15 post-therapeutic scans). The scans were interpreted as positive in the presence of any non-physiological uptake area or of any bone uptake of the tracer, even at the level of the metaphyseal complex. For the primary @entity5 , the sensitivity of mIBG scans was 73%. Ten false negative @entity1 had an overlap of the @entity5 with the bladder or heart images (4 cases) or with positive metastatic images (6 cases: liver, spine). Three false negative @entity1 had @entity521 which did not secrete @entity2661 . The specificity of mIBG was 94%. In our opinion, mIBG scans have a complementary role to assess the activity of post-therapeutic remnants. For the detection of hepatic and lymph node @entity3 , the sensitivity was about 50% and the specificity was 100%. The standard used for the detection of bone marrow @entity3 was the cytological and histological examination of 10 @entity236 and one or more biopsies (CHBMS). The sensitivity of mIBG scans was 90% and the specificity 68%. However, reviewing the data from the 16 false positive scans, we found 11 definitely proven bone @entity3 , 3 biological relapses and 2 cases of delayed abnormal CHBMS supporting the positivity of the mIBG scans, raising the specificity to 100%. Tc-99m diphosphonate bone scans had a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 51%. We suggest that positive mIBG scans may save other procedures since our data do not support false positive detection of bone or bone marrow @entity3 . In contrast, @entity1 with negative mIBG findings should be further explored.

title: [Sensitivity and specificity of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) scintigraphy in the evaluation of XXXX : analysis of 115 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastomas', 'neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow aspirations']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of oropharyngeal and cutaneous commensal microorganisms (OCCs) as a cause of @entity2489 ( @entity2489 ). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of the medical and microbiological records. SETTING: One medical-surgical ICU. @entity1 : All @entity2489 episodes recorded during a 10-year period were reviewed. All @entity1 with suspected @entity2489 underwent bronchoscopy with protected-specimen brush (PSB) sampling and BAL before any change in antibiotic therapy was made. OCC- @entity2489 was defined as @entity2489 with significant growth in quantitative cultures (PSB yielded > or = 10(3) cfu/mL and/or BAL yielded > or = 10(4) cfu/mL) of OCCs only. Three experts reviewed the episodes. Exposed @entity1 (ie, those with OCC- @entity2489 ) and unexposed @entity1 (ie, @entity1 without @entity2489 ) matched on condition severity at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation duration were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-nine episodes in 28 @entity1 with > or = 10(4) cfu/mL OCCs in BAL fluid and/or > or = 10(3) cfu/mL OCCs in PSB specimens were found. All @entity1 in these episodes had new radiologic lung infiltrates, with 26 episodes involving purulent tracheal aspirates, 23 episodes involving temperatures > or = 38.5 degrees C, and 18 episodes involving > or = 11,000 leukocytes/ microL. The main OCCs found were non-beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp (n = 12), Neisseria spp (n = 7), and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp (n = 6). Other possible reasons for fever and the presence of new chest infiltrates were found in 20 and 17 @entity1 , respectively. Histologic evidence of @entity55 was found in 2 of the 10 @entity1 who died. The three experts agreed on the diagnosis for 23 @entity1 . In the OCC- @entity2489 group only, the mean (+/- SD) logistic organ dysfunction (LOD) scores increased significantly (LOD score, 2 +/- 4; p = 0.008) during the 3 days before bronchoscopy, and ICU stay duration was longer than in the unexposed group. The exposed/unexposed study found no difference in mortality. CONCLUSION: OCCs may behave like classic nosocomial pathogens in critically ill @entity1 .

title: The significance of distal bronchial samples with commensals in XXXX : colonizer or pathogen?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2489 :: ('MESH:D053717', 'Disease') :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia', 'VAP']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

answer: @entity2489 :: (MESH:D053717,Disease) :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia']


abstract: The objectives of the study were to describe a novel presentation of @entity116 and to review the course of the respiratory component and the treatment and management of the disease. A case report is presented with a review of a 25-year experience at Mayo Clinic. We describe the case of a 65-year-old @entity1 who presented with persistent @entity11637 , @entity1353 , and @entity5641 of 3 days duration that was caused by @entity116 from inadequate secondary immunity. She required intubation for progressive trismus and @entity8822 -associated @entity1576 . Infusion of @entity2934 did not control her @entity2473 . Refractory @entity2473 and @entity11637 resolved with @entity3575 and @entity2897 therapy. After 3 weeks, the @entity1 was weaned from the ventilator with complete recovery. In the past 25 years, nine additional @entity1 have presented to Mayo Clinic with acute @entity116 . @entity1576 requiring intubation developed in seven @entity1 , and six of the seven intubated @entity1 survived with minimal deficits. The prognosis of @entity116 is favorable if it is diagnosed promptly and if treatment and supportive measures are begun. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a @entity1 with acute @entity116 presenting with @entity11637 . This report also confirms the results of previous studies that suggested a need for improved immunity in the elderly population.

title: @entity1576 in XXXX : case report and review of a 25-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2897 :: ('MESH:C101584', 'Chemical') :: ['cisatracurium']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure', 'Respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity8822 :: ('MESH:D007826', 'Disease') :: ['laryngospasm']

entities_list: @entity2934 :: ('MESH:D008140', 'Chemical') :: ['lorazepam']

answer: @entity116 :: (MESH:D013746,Disease) :: ['tetanus']


abstract: The objectives of the study were to describe a novel presentation of @entity116 and to review the course of the respiratory component and the treatment and management of the disease. A case report is presented with a review of a 25-year experience at Mayo Clinic. We describe the case of a 65-year-old @entity1 who presented with persistent @entity11637 , @entity1353 , and @entity5641 of 3 days duration that was caused by @entity116 from inadequate secondary immunity. She required intubation for progressive trismus and @entity8822 -associated @entity1576 . Infusion of @entity2934 did not control her @entity2473 . Refractory @entity2473 and @entity11637 resolved with @entity3575 and @entity2897 therapy. After 3 weeks, the @entity1 was weaned from the ventilator with complete recovery. In the past 25 years, nine additional @entity1 have presented to Mayo Clinic with acute @entity116 . @entity1576 requiring intubation developed in seven @entity1 , and six of the seven intubated @entity1 survived with minimal deficits. The prognosis of @entity116 is favorable if it is diagnosed promptly and if treatment and supportive measures are begun. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a @entity1 with acute @entity116 presenting with @entity11637 . This report also confirms the results of previous studies that suggested a need for improved immunity in the elderly population.

title: XXXX in @entity116 : case report and review of a 25-year experience.

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['Respiratory failure']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of and contributing factors for chronic arm morbidity including @entity4269 in @entity0 @entity1 after treatment and to assess the impact of arm morbidity on quality of life (QOL). @entity1 AND METHODS: A four-question screening questionnaire was developed and mailed to a random sample of 744 @entity0 @entity1 treated curatively in two @entity5 centers from 1993 to 1997. @entity1 were without recurrence and at least 2 years from diagnosis. Respondents were classified as with or without arm-related symptoms on the basis of the survey. Stratified random samples from each group were then invited for a detailed assessment of their symptoms and signs, including the presence of @entity4269 . Their QOL was assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 QOL Questionnaire C-30 and by a detailed arm problem questionnaire that assessed various aspects of daily arm functioning. RESULTS: Approximately half of all screened @entity1 were symptomatic and 12.5% of all assessed @entity1 had @entity4269 . @entity5848 ( @entity5848 ) and axillary radiotherapy (RT) after dissection were statistically significantly related to the occurrence of arm symptoms (odds ratio for @entity5848 = 3.3, P <.001; odds ratio for RT = 3.1, P <.001). Symptomatic @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity4269 both had impaired QOL compared with asymptomatic @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Treatment for @entity0 is associated with considerable arm morbidity, which has a negative impact on QOL. Arm morbidity should be carefully monitored in future studies involving local treatment modalities for @entity0 .

title: Chronic arm morbidity after curative XXXX treatment: prevalence and impact on quality of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity5848 :: ('MESH:D000784', 'Disease') :: ['AD', 'Axillary dissection']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bacterial translocation (BT) may represent an important cause of septic morbidity in @entity1 with acute @entity788 . We have previously demonstrated an association between BT, septic morbidity and colonisation of the proximal GI tract. Alterations in @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ) may also predispose to BT. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of @entity356 , measure @entity1944 in @entity1 with acute @entity788 and relate these to both disease severity and septic complications. METHODS: Gastric colonisation was determined by culturing a sample of nasogastric aspirate, and @entity1944 was measured using a dual sugar probe technique ( @entity11884 / @entity20689 test). Disease severity was assessed according to the modified Glasgow (Imrie) criteria. All septic complications were recorded prospectively. RESULTS: A total of 59 @entity1 were studied (M:F ratio 32:27, median age 66 years, range 18-89), 24 (31%) of whom had severe disease. A nasogastric aspirate was obtained in 56 @entity1 . There was a significantly higher incidence of colonisation with potentially pathogenic enteric bacteria in @entity1 with severe disease compared to those with mild disease (57 vs. 6%, p < 0.001). Septic morbidity occurred in 29% of severe @entity1 and 11% mild @entity1 (p = 0.17). 33% of @entity1 colonised with enteric organisms developed @entity295 , compared to 16% with no enteric bacteria in the NG aspirate (p = 0.34). Enteric bacteria caused 77% of the septic complications. Intestinal permeability was neither associated with disease severity nor was it predictive of septic morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: There is significantly higher incidence of @entity356 with enteric bacteria in @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 , but no difference in @entity1944 . Enteric bacteria were implicated in the majority of septic complications. These findings support the gut origin of @entity295 in acute @entity788 .

title: Gastric colonisation, @entity1944 and septic morbidity in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['IP', 'intestinal permeability']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'sepsis hypothesis']

entities_list: @entity11884 :: ('MESH:D007792', 'Chemical') :: ['lactulose']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric colonisation']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bacterial translocation (BT) may represent an important cause of septic morbidity in @entity1 with acute @entity788 . We have previously demonstrated an association between BT, septic morbidity and colonisation of the proximal GI tract. Alterations in @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ) may also predispose to BT. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of @entity356 , measure @entity1944 in @entity1 with acute @entity788 and relate these to both disease severity and septic complications. METHODS: Gastric colonisation was determined by culturing a sample of nasogastric aspirate, and @entity1944 was measured using a dual sugar probe technique ( @entity11884 / @entity20689 test). Disease severity was assessed according to the modified Glasgow (Imrie) criteria. All septic complications were recorded prospectively. RESULTS: A total of 59 @entity1 were studied (M:F ratio 32:27, median age 66 years, range 18-89), 24 (31%) of whom had severe disease. A nasogastric aspirate was obtained in 56 @entity1 . There was a significantly higher incidence of colonisation with potentially pathogenic enteric bacteria in @entity1 with severe disease compared to those with mild disease (57 vs. 6%, p < 0.001). Septic morbidity occurred in 29% of severe @entity1 and 11% mild @entity1 (p = 0.17). 33% of @entity1 colonised with enteric organisms developed @entity295 , compared to 16% with no enteric bacteria in the NG aspirate (p = 0.34). Enteric bacteria caused 77% of the septic complications. Intestinal permeability was neither associated with disease severity nor was it predictive of septic morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: There is significantly higher incidence of @entity356 with enteric bacteria in @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 , but no difference in @entity1944 . Enteric bacteria were implicated in the majority of septic complications. These findings support the gut origin of @entity295 in acute @entity788 .

title: Gastric colonisation, XXXX and septic morbidity in acute @entity788 .

answer: @entity1944 :: (MESH:D007410,Disease) :: ['intestinal permeability']


abstract: Four @entity1 from two different families presented with multiple papular @entity17142 of the face associated with @entity11885 and, in one of them, milium. This association, first described by Adamson, has now become classical. It is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance. Histochemical studies gave the following results: @entity4430 negative in the two types of @entity5 , phosphorylase weakly positive, @entity2125 diaphorase positive in the basal cells of the @entity17142 and diffusely in @entity2347 . These results suggest that the @entity2347 are of apocrine origin. Using monoclonal antibodies, it has been possible to demonstrate the presence of Langerhans cells in both @entity17142 and @entity2347 . The BL9 and @entity26190 antikeratinocyte monoclonal antibodies were negative, whereas the @entity26190 antibody, which recognizes the 55-57 Kd polypeptides of keratin, marked the suprabasal part of the @entity5 . These results are in favour of incomplete cell differentiation. Treatment with @entity4878 was ineffective, as in all other cases reported. Electrocoagulation or surgical excision om request for cosmetic reasons seem to be only possible treatments.

title: [Multiple trichoepitheliomas, XXXX and milia. An entity].

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['cylindromas']

entities_list: @entity17142 :: ('MESH:C536611', 'Disease') :: ['trichoepitheliomas']

entities_list: @entity11885 :: ('MESH:C538225', 'Disease') :: ['cylindromas of the scalp']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['cylindromas']


abstract: @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ) is a fundamental phenomenon in @entity565 that can explain many aspects of the clinical manifestations of the disease. Several theories on the mechanisms of @entity1224 have been proposed, but the true nature of this problem is yet to be defined. During the past decade, the role of lung inflation in airway physiology and its relationship to @entity1224 have attracted major attention. Deep inspirations are known to exert strong beneficial effects on the airways of healthy @entity1 . These effects appear to be of dual nature: bronchoprotective and bronchodilatory. The bronchoprotective effect of deep inspiration is lost in @entity565 , even in mild disease. It is also lost in individuals with @entity2490 and @entity1224 , but no @entity565 . Therefore, the loss of bronchoprotection is related to @entity1224 . The bronchodilatory effect of deep inspiration is somewhat reduced in mild @entity565 and is only lost in severe disease, in the presence of significant @entity1224 . Current research is focused on the elucidation of the physiologic mechanisms behind lung inflation-induced bronchoprotection and bronchodilation and on the causes of their loss. This information could open new horizons in @entity565 therapy and prevention.

title: The role of lung inflation in airway hyperresponsiveness and in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['Airway hyperresponsiveness', 'AHR', 'airway obstruction']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the role of @entity750 (2C) and @entity750 (1A) receptors in the generation of spike-wave discharges (SWD) in the genetic @entity2048 model @entity35 Albino Glaxo @entity35 from Rijswijk, Netherlands (WAG/Rij @entity35 ). We have determined the effects of the @entity750 (2C) receptor preferring agonist @entity15015 (m-CPP), the selective @entity750 (2C) receptor antagonist @entity21483 , the selective @entity750 (1A) receptor antagonist @entity10098 , two selective @entity750 re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI, @entity905 and @entity837 ) and their combinations in this model. The @entity750 (2C) agonist @entity15015 caused marked, dose-dependent decreases in the cumulative duration and number of SWD administered either intraperitoneally (0.9 and 2.5 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg). Treatment with @entity21483 (0.2 mg/kg, ip) alone failed to cause any significant change in SWD compared to vehicle. Pretreatment with @entity21483 (0.2 mg/kg, ip) eliminated the effects of m-CPP on SWD. @entity905 (5.0 mg/kg, ip) alone caused moderate increase in SWD. After pretreatment with @entity21483 , the effect of @entity905 was significantly enhanced. The combination of @entity21483 and @entity837 (2.5 mg/kg, ip) caused a similar effect, namely an increase in SWD. In contrast, pretreatment with @entity10098 significantly attenuated the effect of @entity905 . In conclusion, these results indicate that the increase in endogenous @entity750 produces a dual effect on SWD; the inhibition of epileptiform activity is mediated by @entity750 (2C), the activation by @entity750 (1A) receptors.

title: 5-HT2C receptors inhibit and 5-HT1A receptors activate the generation of spike-wave discharges in a genetic @entity35 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity15015 :: ('MESH:C015068', 'Chemical') :: ['m-chlorophenyl-piperazine', 'm-CPP']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine', 'Fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['citalopram']

entities_list: @entity2048 :: ('MESH:D004832', 'Disease') :: ['absence epilepsy']

answer: @entity2048 :: (MESH:D004832,Disease) :: ['absence epilepsy']


abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the role of @entity750 (2C) and @entity750 (1A) receptors in the generation of spike-wave discharges (SWD) in the genetic @entity2048 model @entity35 Albino Glaxo @entity35 from Rijswijk, Netherlands (WAG/Rij @entity35 ). We have determined the effects of the @entity750 (2C) receptor preferring agonist @entity15015 (m-CPP), the selective @entity750 (2C) receptor antagonist @entity21483 , the selective @entity750 (1A) receptor antagonist @entity10098 , two selective @entity750 re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI, @entity905 and @entity837 ) and their combinations in this model. The @entity750 (2C) agonist @entity15015 caused marked, dose-dependent decreases in the cumulative duration and number of SWD administered either intraperitoneally (0.9 and 2.5 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg). Treatment with @entity21483 (0.2 mg/kg, ip) alone failed to cause any significant change in SWD compared to vehicle. Pretreatment with @entity21483 (0.2 mg/kg, ip) eliminated the effects of m-CPP on SWD. @entity905 (5.0 mg/kg, ip) alone caused moderate increase in SWD. After pretreatment with @entity21483 , the effect of @entity905 was significantly enhanced. The combination of @entity21483 and @entity837 (2.5 mg/kg, ip) caused a similar effect, namely an increase in SWD. In contrast, pretreatment with @entity10098 significantly attenuated the effect of @entity905 . In conclusion, these results indicate that the increase in endogenous @entity750 produces a dual effect on SWD; the inhibition of epileptiform activity is mediated by @entity750 (2C), the activation by @entity750 (1A) receptors.

title: 5-HT2C receptors inhibit and 5-HT1A receptors activate the generation of spike-wave discharges in a genetic XXXX model of @entity2048 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity101 is a rare but serious syndrome complicating 1% of essential @entity101 and causing @entity299 . Despite improved anti- @entity101 medication, the incidence of this condition fails to decline. In the first part of this review, we discuss transgenic @entity35 models of @entity101 , generated by over-expressing @entity3449 , to illustrate the role of the @entity3449 -angiotensin system in the development of @entity101 and @entity101 . In the second part, we focus on the cerebrovascular response to @entity101 and discuss new data using a conditional, transgenic model of @entity101 , the inducible @entity101 @entity35 (IHR). @entity385 associates strongly with @entity101 in @entity1 and the mechanisms by which @entity101 predisposes to different types of @entity64 remains poorly understood. @entity35 have similar cerebrovascular anatomy and structure to @entity1 and as such provide a good experimental tool. To date, such models lack controllability and blood-pressure matched controls. Using the IHR, we have manipulated dietary salt and water intake to generate a novel, controllable @entity64 phenotype. @entity101 develops over a predictable time period, permitting the study of developing @entity75 . @entity1317 and @entity101 are not affected. Dissociation of the systemic and central vascular responses in this way, will allow for comparative study of animals with equivalent @entity101 , genetic background and systemic features of @entity101 with or without @entity64 .

title: The role of the XXXX -angiotensin system in @entity1317 affecting the systemic and cerebral circulations.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertensive small-vessel stroke', 'hypertension', 'systemic hypertensive vascular remodelling', 'Malignant hypertension', 'hypertensive', 'malignant hypertension']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic end-organ injury']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['neurological, renal and cardiac complications']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity3449 :: (24715(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['renin']


abstract: @entity101 is a rare but serious syndrome complicating 1% of essential @entity101 and causing @entity299 . Despite improved anti- @entity101 medication, the incidence of this condition fails to decline. In the first part of this review, we discuss transgenic @entity35 models of @entity101 , generated by over-expressing @entity3449 , to illustrate the role of the @entity3449 -angiotensin system in the development of @entity101 and @entity101 . In the second part, we focus on the cerebrovascular response to @entity101 and discuss new data using a conditional, transgenic model of @entity101 , the inducible @entity101 @entity35 (IHR). @entity385 associates strongly with @entity101 in @entity1 and the mechanisms by which @entity101 predisposes to different types of @entity64 remains poorly understood. @entity35 have similar cerebrovascular anatomy and structure to @entity1 and as such provide a good experimental tool. To date, such models lack controllability and blood-pressure matched controls. Using the IHR, we have manipulated dietary salt and water intake to generate a novel, controllable @entity64 phenotype. @entity101 develops over a predictable time period, permitting the study of developing @entity75 . @entity1317 and @entity101 are not affected. Dissociation of the systemic and central vascular responses in this way, will allow for comparative study of animals with equivalent @entity101 , genetic background and systemic features of @entity101 with or without @entity64 .

title: The role of the @entity3449 -angiotensin system in XXXX affecting the systemic and cerebral circulations.

answer: @entity1317 :: (MESH:D057772,Disease) :: ['malignant vascular injury']


abstract: Because the left ventricular "area at risk" is the most important determinant of ultimate @entity1188 size, it would be useful to know the size of the area at risk during acute @entity583 to make therapeutic decisions. We therefore performed a series of experiments in four groups of @entity235 . In group I @entity235 (n = 15) we attempted to determine whether current methods of assessing left ventricular function during acute @entity583 reflect the true size of the area at risk. At each of two to five sequential stages, a more proximal @entity1563 was performed to produce a larger area at risk until @entity65 occurred. At each stage, the area at risk (measured by myocardial contrast echocardiography), hemodynamic variables, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured. Hemodynamic variables became abnormal when the area at risk was large (25% to 40% of the left ventricle), whereas LVEF became abnormal when the area at risk was of moderate size (18%). When cardiac output and LVEF were normalized to baseline values, a close inverse relationship was noted between these variables and area at risk. In contrast, there was a poor relationship between normalized mean arterial pressure and area at risk (r = .42). In group II @entity235 (n = 9) the area at risk was measured serially over 6 hr after @entity1563 . The size of the area at risk remained unchanged regardless of the transmural extent of the ultimate @entity1188 . The circumferential endocardial extent of the area at risk closely predicted the circumferential endocardial extent of the @entity1188 at 6 hr in eight of nine @entity235 that developed an @entity1188 . Group III @entity235 (n = 7) underwent the same protocol as group II @entity235 , but the duration of occlusion was 3 hr. The circumferential endocardial extent of the area at risk closely predicted the circumferential endocardial extent of the @entity1188 . Group IV @entity235 (n = 5) underwent subtotal @entity1563 . Although regional wall motion abnormalities were noted in this group, no area at risk could be defined. We conclude that although a close inverse relationship is noted between normalized cardiac output and area at risk, the absolute values for cardiac output and other hemodynamic variables become abnormal only when the area at risk is large (25% to 40%); measurement of LVEF may provide a better assessment of the size of the area at risk than hemodynamic variables.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The importance of defining left ventricular area at risk in vivo during acute XXXX : an experimental evaluation with myocardial contrast two-dimensional echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular collapse']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Serum carboxypeptidases N (EC. 3.4.17.3) were determined spectrophotometrically in 87 @entity1 with disturbances of thyroid function and in 131 euthyroid individuals, including 33 @entity1 taking estrogens for contraception. Carboxypeptidases N (CN) can be subdivided into @entity17470 and @entity18086 , according to variable substrate affinity. In addition, measurements of blood pressure and in vitro tests of thyroid function were performed. In euthyroid controls, @entity17470 was negatively correlated with age. No significant differences between @entity17470 and @entity18086 have been observed with regard to sex. In @entity1 with @entity1378 , the mean values of both enzymes were elevated, but this tendency proved to be significant only for @entity18086 . In @entity1375 @entity1 @entity17470 and @entity18086 levels were normal. Elevations of @entity17470 and @entity18086 in the @entity1378 state seem not to be related to underlying immunological processes but to the thyroid hormone excess itself. In euthyroid @entity1 taking estrogens for contraception @entity18086 was also elevated.

title: Alterations of carboxypeptidases N activities in XXXX with thyroid dysfunction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism', 'hyperthyroid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the procedure-related complications of rapid amniodrainage in the treatment of @entity2978 . METHODS: We followed prospectively all @entity1 with @entity2978 treated with rapid amniodrainage under continuous ultrasound guidance using a vacuum wound-drainage system from 1995 to 2002 in the fetal medicine unit of a university teaching hospital. We recorded: maternal age, type of pregnancy (singleton/twin), cause of @entity2978 , gestational age at amniocentesis, volume of amniotic fluid drained, duration of the procedure, other intrauterine procedures in addition to the amniodrainage, and procedure-related complications including @entity5869 , @entity4942 ( @entity4942 ), @entity5870 , fetal @entity1168 and @entity3152 within 48 h of amniodrainage. RESULTS: Seventy-four consecutive @entity1 had 134 rapid amniodrainage procedures during the study period. Four procedures were excluded because the @entity1 were already in labor at the time of amniodrainage and they delivered within 48 h of the procedure. The final database therefore consisted of 70 @entity1 with 130 procedures. Sixty-two percent (80/130) of the procedures were performed for the treatment of @entity14244 ( @entity14244 ). There were altogether four procedure-related complications (3.1%; 95% CI, 1.0-8.0%). Three of them occurred in the @entity14244 group (3/80 procedures, 3.8%; 95% CI, 1.0-11.0%): one case each of @entity5869 , @entity4942 and fetal @entity1168 . One @entity4942 occurred in the non- @entity14244 group (1/50 procedures, 2.0%; 95% CI, 0-11.0%). In both cases of @entity4942 the @entity1 presented in labor. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid amniodrainage using a vacuum wound-drainage system is safe and efficient to treat severe @entity2978 , with a 3.1% complication rate.

title: Procedure-related complications of rapid amniodrainage in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

entities_list: @entity2978 :: ('MESH:D006831', 'Disease') :: ['polyhydramnios']

entities_list: @entity5870 :: ('MESH:D002821', 'Disease') :: ['chorioamnionitis']

entities_list: @entity5869 :: ('MESH:D000037', 'Disease') :: ['placental abruption']

entities_list: @entity14244 :: ('MESH:D005330', 'Disease') :: ['twin-twin transfusion syndrome', 'TTTS']

entities_list: @entity4942 :: ('MESH:D005322', 'Disease') :: ['premature rupture of membranes', 'PROM']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity2978 :: (MESH:D006831,Disease) :: ['polyhydramnios']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find out whether the use of hospital days in all @entity146 inpatient services in the province of Lower Austria is equally distributed among @entity1 or whether subgroups with different intensity of hospital day use can be identified, and if so, how these subgroups can be characterized. METHODS: Data collected for administrative purposes for all three inpatient services of Lower Austria were analyzed for the years 1996 to 2000. Record Linkage allowed to identify @entity1 who had used several of these hospitals within the respective study periods. Cumulative hospital days per @entity1 were calculated for each of the years studied and the distribution of these cumulative hospital days was analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 202 996 hospital days accrued in the year 1996, 44.5 % were consumed by @entity1 who continuously stayed in hospital during the whole year ("static" population). In 2000 this percentage had dropped to 16.3 %; also the total number of hospital days had decreased by one third to 141 738. Of those @entity1 , who had at least once been admitted and/or discharged during a specific year ("dynamic population"), a stable proportion of around 17.0 % were responsible for 50.0 % of all hospital days. These @entity1 were more frequently of female sex, significantly younger, had more often repeated admissions and suffered more frequently from @entity161 than the rest of the group. CONCLUSIONS: The astonishing finding that, despite substantial change in the system of @entity146 care over five years, the percentage of @entity1 with high values for cumulative hospital days remains constant, warrants further analyses. In such analyses not only @entity1 and illness characteristics should be studied (which is suggested by the terms "heavy users" and "high utilizers"), but also factors such as the social context of the @entity1 , the existence or non-existence of community @entity146 services and their functioning, as well as existing or non-existing financial incentives for single services.

title: [Days in XXXX hospitals: who consumes most of them? A five-year record linkage study of "Heavy Users" in an Austrian province].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gastric PCO2 measured by balloon tonometry can estimate the adequacy of splanchnic perfusion. However, enteral feeding and gastric content can interfere with @entity356 assessment. Tonometry in other sites of the body could avoid these problems. We therefore tested the hypothesis that oesophageal air tonometry would give results similar to gastric tonometry. METHODS: We studied 20 consecutive @entity1 (mean age 68 (SD 9) [range 49-81] yr, 18 males, SAPS II score 55 (SD 18), ICU mortality 55%) with @entity1457 during mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. Tonometer probes were placed via the nose, one into the stomach and the other in the oesophagus. PCO2 was measured with two automated gas analysers, at admission and 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 32, 40, and 48 h thereafter. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-eight paired measurements were obtained. Gastric PCO2 was greater than oesophageal PCO2 on admission (7.19 (1.43) vs 5.89 (0.73) kPa, P < 0.01) and subsequently. Differences between the measures correlated (r = 0.67) with the mean absolute value, indicating that overestimation increased as @entity356 increased. CONCLUSIONS: Oesophageal PCO2 is less than @entity356 , and the difference is greater when @entity356 levels are greater. Air tonometry may not measure regional PCO2 levels in the oesophagus satisfactorily. Other methods and sites for @entity544 tonometry should be examined.

title: Comparison of oesophageal and gastric air tonometry in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory disorders']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric PCO2']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['circulatory failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gastric PCO2 measured by balloon tonometry can estimate the adequacy of splanchnic perfusion. However, enteral feeding and gastric content can interfere with @entity356 assessment. Tonometry in other sites of the body could avoid these problems. We therefore tested the hypothesis that oesophageal air tonometry would give results similar to gastric tonometry. METHODS: We studied 20 consecutive @entity1 (mean age 68 (SD 9) [range 49-81] yr, 18 males, SAPS II score 55 (SD 18), ICU mortality 55%) with @entity1457 during mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. Tonometer probes were placed via the nose, one into the stomach and the other in the oesophagus. PCO2 was measured with two automated gas analysers, at admission and 30 min, 1, 2, 3, 32, 40, and 48 h thereafter. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-eight paired measurements were obtained. Gastric PCO2 was greater than oesophageal PCO2 on admission (7.19 (1.43) vs 5.89 (0.73) kPa, P < 0.01) and subsequently. Differences between the measures correlated (r = 0.67) with the mean absolute value, indicating that overestimation increased as @entity356 increased. CONCLUSIONS: Oesophageal PCO2 is less than @entity356 , and the difference is greater when @entity356 levels are greater. Air tonometry may not measure regional PCO2 levels in the oesophagus satisfactorily. Other methods and sites for @entity544 tonometry should be examined.

title: Comparison of oesophageal and gastric air tonometry in XXXX with @entity1457 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Pregnant female albino @entity35 were treated orally with @entity3486 dissolved in distilled water. Treatment at 100 mg/kg day 16 until day 20 of gestation caused marked maternal @entity137 including @entity2011 . For the progeny increased rates of prenatal and postnatal mortality were noted. In part of the progeny sacrificed near term by Caesarean section, the visceral examination of the fetuses revealed an enlargement of the renal pelves in association with rudimentary or missing papillae. The @entity8 are interpreted as being consistent with a @entity851 due to specific @entity1091 activity. After birth, i.e. after termination of maternal treatment, slight to moderate structural changes of the kidney were apparently compensated. 60 mg/kg through days 16-20 of pregnancy caused moderate maternal @entity137 including @entity2011 . The offspring showed a postnatal development near the normal range, however, and no @entity8 were recorded. In the view of the nephrotrophic property of @entity1091 as known for the adult @entity35 , the results indicate that possible transplacental effects on the fetal kidney as a target organ should be also considered.

title: @entity1091 and the developing @entity35 kidney in transplacental target organ XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['developmental retardation']

entities_list: @entity3486 :: ('MESH:D016651', 'Chemical') :: ['lithium carbonate']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: Pregnant female albino @entity35 were treated orally with @entity3486 dissolved in distilled water. Treatment at 100 mg/kg day 16 until day 20 of gestation caused marked maternal @entity137 including @entity2011 . For the progeny increased rates of prenatal and postnatal mortality were noted. In part of the progeny sacrificed near term by Caesarean section, the visceral examination of the fetuses revealed an enlargement of the renal pelves in association with rudimentary or missing papillae. The @entity8 are interpreted as being consistent with a @entity851 due to specific @entity1091 activity. After birth, i.e. after termination of maternal treatment, slight to moderate structural changes of the kidney were apparently compensated. 60 mg/kg through days 16-20 of pregnancy caused moderate maternal @entity137 including @entity2011 . The offspring showed a postnatal development near the normal range, however, and no @entity8 were recorded. In the view of the nephrotrophic property of @entity1091 as known for the adult @entity35 , the results indicate that possible transplacental effects on the fetal kidney as a target organ should be also considered.

title: XXXX and the developing @entity35 kidney in transplacental target organ @entity137 .

answer: @entity1091 :: (MESH:D008094,Chemical) :: ['Lithium']


abstract: Pregnant female albino @entity35 were treated orally with @entity3486 dissolved in distilled water. Treatment at 100 mg/kg day 16 until day 20 of gestation caused marked maternal @entity137 including @entity2011 . For the progeny increased rates of prenatal and postnatal mortality were noted. In part of the progeny sacrificed near term by Caesarean section, the visceral examination of the fetuses revealed an enlargement of the renal pelves in association with rudimentary or missing papillae. The @entity8 are interpreted as being consistent with a @entity851 due to specific @entity1091 activity. After birth, i.e. after termination of maternal treatment, slight to moderate structural changes of the kidney were apparently compensated. 60 mg/kg through days 16-20 of pregnancy caused moderate maternal @entity137 including @entity2011 . The offspring showed a postnatal development near the normal range, however, and no @entity8 were recorded. In the view of the nephrotrophic property of @entity1091 as known for the adult @entity35 , the results indicate that possible transplacental effects on the fetal kidney as a target organ should be also considered.

title: @entity1091 and the developing XXXX kidney in transplacental target organ @entity137 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The authors described a case of multiple @entity2758 of the @entity1315 and the @entity76 , and presented a review of literature. A 42-year-old right-handed @entity1 was admitted to our Dept. of Neurosurgery on October 20, 1983, with left @entity158 and occipitalgia. He had an episode of @entity510 ten years ago, however, its etiology was not clear at neurological examination. This brief episode of @entity158 began on the left side of his face about 9 years ago and has been gradually increasing. Although he has been treated with trigeminal nerve blocks several times, relapses were almost always evident within 6 months after those nerve blocks. On admission, there were no abnormal findings at neurological and physical examination. A CT scan with contrast medium infusion revealed two small @entity27635 on the left parietal region and on the @entity76 . A four-vessels cerebral angiogram confirmed the presence of two @entity27635 and fenestration of the left vertebral artery. The angiogram also revealed that his severe left @entity4254 had been caused by elongation of the anterior pontine segment of left SCA which was the main feeder of the cerebellar AVM. Two stages of surgical operations were carried out at two months interval. The first operation was total @entity76 and microvascular decompression for the left trigeminal nerve. The second was total removal of the left parietal AVM. The postoperative course was uneventful, and angiographically the @entity27635 completely disappeared. The @entity1 was discharged without any @entity51 on @entity29804 , 1984.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Multiple @entity2758 of @entity1315 and @entity76 with symptomatic XXXX : a case report].

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformations']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity4254 :: ('MESH:D014277', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['left parietal lobe']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['removal of the cerebellar AVM', 'left cerebellar hemisphere']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facial pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity4254 :: (MESH:D014277,Disease) :: ['trigeminal neuralgia']


abstract: The authors described a case of multiple @entity2758 of the @entity1315 and the @entity76 , and presented a review of literature. A 42-year-old right-handed @entity1 was admitted to our Dept. of Neurosurgery on October 20, 1983, with left @entity158 and occipitalgia. He had an episode of @entity510 ten years ago, however, its etiology was not clear at neurological examination. This brief episode of @entity158 began on the left side of his face about 9 years ago and has been gradually increasing. Although he has been treated with trigeminal nerve blocks several times, relapses were almost always evident within 6 months after those nerve blocks. On admission, there were no abnormal findings at neurological and physical examination. A CT scan with contrast medium infusion revealed two small @entity27635 on the left parietal region and on the @entity76 . A four-vessels cerebral angiogram confirmed the presence of two @entity27635 and fenestration of the left vertebral artery. The angiogram also revealed that his severe left @entity4254 had been caused by elongation of the anterior pontine segment of left SCA which was the main feeder of the cerebellar AVM. Two stages of surgical operations were carried out at two months interval. The first operation was total @entity76 and microvascular decompression for the left trigeminal nerve. The second was total removal of the left parietal AVM. The postoperative course was uneventful, and angiographically the @entity27635 completely disappeared. The @entity1 was discharged without any @entity51 on @entity29804 , 1984.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Multiple @entity2758 of XXXX and @entity76 with symptomatic @entity4254 : a case report].

answer: @entity1315 :: (MESH:D004833,Disease) :: ['left parietal lobe']


abstract: The authors described a case of multiple @entity2758 of the @entity1315 and the @entity76 , and presented a review of literature. A 42-year-old right-handed @entity1 was admitted to our Dept. of Neurosurgery on October 20, 1983, with left @entity158 and occipitalgia. He had an episode of @entity510 ten years ago, however, its etiology was not clear at neurological examination. This brief episode of @entity158 began on the left side of his face about 9 years ago and has been gradually increasing. Although he has been treated with trigeminal nerve blocks several times, relapses were almost always evident within 6 months after those nerve blocks. On admission, there were no abnormal findings at neurological and physical examination. A CT scan with contrast medium infusion revealed two small @entity27635 on the left parietal region and on the @entity76 . A four-vessels cerebral angiogram confirmed the presence of two @entity27635 and fenestration of the left vertebral artery. The angiogram also revealed that his severe left @entity4254 had been caused by elongation of the anterior pontine segment of left SCA which was the main feeder of the cerebellar AVM. Two stages of surgical operations were carried out at two months interval. The first operation was total @entity76 and microvascular decompression for the left trigeminal nerve. The second was total removal of the left parietal AVM. The postoperative course was uneventful, and angiographically the @entity27635 completely disappeared. The @entity1 was discharged without any @entity51 on @entity29804 , 1984.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Multiple XXXX of @entity1315 and @entity76 with symptomatic @entity4254 : a case report].

answer: @entity2758 :: (MESH:D001165,Disease) :: ['arteriovenous malformations']


abstract: The authors described a case of multiple @entity2758 of the @entity1315 and the @entity76 , and presented a review of literature. A 42-year-old right-handed @entity1 was admitted to our Dept. of Neurosurgery on October 20, 1983, with left @entity158 and occipitalgia. He had an episode of @entity510 ten years ago, however, its etiology was not clear at neurological examination. This brief episode of @entity158 began on the left side of his face about 9 years ago and has been gradually increasing. Although he has been treated with trigeminal nerve blocks several times, relapses were almost always evident within 6 months after those nerve blocks. On admission, there were no abnormal findings at neurological and physical examination. A CT scan with contrast medium infusion revealed two small @entity27635 on the left parietal region and on the @entity76 . A four-vessels cerebral angiogram confirmed the presence of two @entity27635 and fenestration of the left vertebral artery. The angiogram also revealed that his severe left @entity4254 had been caused by elongation of the anterior pontine segment of left SCA which was the main feeder of the cerebellar AVM. Two stages of surgical operations were carried out at two months interval. The first operation was total @entity76 and microvascular decompression for the left trigeminal nerve. The second was total removal of the left parietal AVM. The postoperative course was uneventful, and angiographically the @entity27635 completely disappeared. The @entity1 was discharged without any @entity51 on @entity29804 , 1984.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Multiple @entity2758 of @entity1315 and XXXX with symptomatic @entity4254 : a case report].

answer: @entity76 :: (MESH:D002526,Disease) :: ['left cerebellar hemisphere']


abstract: @entity10128 are @entity75 often characterized by central precocious puberty and @entity1625 . Due to the delicate location surgery is often unsuccessful and associated with considerable risks. In the presented series, Gamma Knife radiosurgery was applied. Four cases (aged between 5-13 years) who presented with medically intractable @entity1625 and increasing secondary generalization, @entity854 and precocious puberty (3 cases) are reported. @entity10128 sized 11-17 mm had been diagnosed by MR imaging. Radiosurgical treatment was performed in general anaesthesia with margin doses of 12-14 Gy to the 50-90% isodoses covering volumes of 600-2300 mm3. After follow-up periods of 12 to 68 months, a continuing decrease both in @entity410 frequency and intensity was noted (outcome according to Engel: II a (3 cases) and III a (1 case)). All @entity1 are socially reintegrated. MR imaging did not reveal significant changes concerning the size of the lesions. Gamma Knife radiosurgery can be an effective and safe alternative treatment modality for HH capable of achieving good @entity410 control and improving behavioural disorders in selected cases.

title: Stereotactic radiosurgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['gelastic epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['nonneoplastic lesions']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal behaviour']

entities_list: @entity10128 :: ('MESH:C537158', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothalamic hamartomas']

answer: @entity10128 :: (MESH:C537158,Disease) :: ['hypothalamic hamartomas']


abstract: Nonpharmacologic conservative treatments receive too little attention. Depending on the clinical condition of the @entity1 , they may be used alone or in conjunction with other therapies. Their target is the single @entity410 rather than the @entity302 as such. They belong mainly to one of three domains. NONSPECIFIC PREVENTION OF SEIZURES: The first step is the identification of factors facilitating the occurrence of @entity410 . In the second step, strategies to control these factors are developed. Most common are disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle, especially @entity25 . @entity1 should follow a regular sleep schedule with deviations of not >2 h. Sometimes a sleep calendar is helpful. Night shifts are not compatible with @entity410 prevention in these cases. Sleep disturbances as a facilitating factor of @entity410 are particularly common in juvenile @entity3762 , in which their avoidance is in many cases an indispensable part of the therapeutic regimen, along with appropriate drug treatment. They are the most common precipitating factor in adolescents and adults with a first @entity302 [mostly generalized tonic-clonic (GTC)] @entity410 . In these instances, their avoidance is central to the secondary prevention of @entity302 developing from the single @entity410 , whereas the prescription of @entity734 ( @entity734 ) is rarely effective. Other nonspecific facilitators of @entity410 include uncontrolled use of @entity167 and extraordinary stress. @entity1 must learn how to cope with stressful events. SPECIFIC PREVENTION OF SEIZURES: In @entity5516 , specific precipitants of @entity410 are the targets of interventions. Thus, most @entity1 with primary @entity5516 begin to have, with prolonged reading, perioral @entity5516 , which enable them to stop reading and thus to avoid a GTC @entity410 . In photosensitive @entity1 , @entity410 are often precipitated by television. These can be avoided by viewing from a distance and using a remote control, small screens in a well-lit room, and preferably with a 100-Hz line shift. Environmental flicker stimulation often comes unexpectedly, and it is advisable that the @entity1 always wear sunglasses in brightly lighted surroundings. Polarized glasses seem to be more protective than plain sunglasses. If the @entity1 has only photically induced @entity410 , treatment by specific prevention alone may be sufficient, but if spontaneous @entity410 also occur, drugs must be given in addition. ARREST OF SEIZURES: Focal @entity410 that develop sufficiently slowly to leave the @entity1 time to react may be interrupted by "countermeasures." These, again, may be nonspecific (acting by relaxation, concentration, or a combination of both) or specific. The latter are individually tailored, based either on spontaneous experiences of the @entity1 or on the anatomy of ictogenesis. @entity410 propagation is blocked when a major part of the neurons involved is activated and not recruitable for spread of the @entity302 discharge. @entity410 arrest rarely is used alone but usually in combination with partially successful pharmacotherapy.

title: The role of nonpharmaceutic conservative interventions in the treatment and secondary prevention of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity5516 :: ('MESH:D020195', 'Disease') :: ['reading epilepsy', 'reflex epilepsies', 'reflex myoclonias']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy', 'epileptic condition']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic generalized epilepsies']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['AEDs', 'antiepileptic drugs']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of sleep']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: Current literature and a recent meta-analysis suggest a favorable role for corticosteroid injections in the nonoperative treatment of @entity614 [70]. The superior results reported in recent literature may be attributable to precise fluoroscopically guided transforaminal placement of injectate close to the disc-nerve root interface and near the dorsal root ganglia, maximizing the therapeutic effect. The favorable results of corticosteroid injections in the treatment of @entity614 caused by a focal disc herniation are consistent with the biochemical construct of @entity158 . The preliminary unfavorable results of therapeutic SNRB for @entity158 caused by epidural or intraneural @entity82 or occurring after @entity130 may relate to a biomechanical rather than a biochemical etiology. Outcomes for acquired cervical or lumbar spinal stenosis are intermediate compared with those observed for @entity890 and @entity2318 or @entity130 . Such results may stem from the multifactorial origin of stenosis symptoms; they may develop from @entity73 , restricted neural glide, @entity32 , or structural @entity130 . Better-designed studies that use strict inclusion criteria that stratify @entity1 into categories according to the mechanism of injury (atraumatic versus traumatic), the presence or absence of @entity51 or @entity854 , and prior treatment will provide the basis for evidence-based treatment decisions. Such an emphasis is just beginning and inevitably will occur. Until then, decisions have to be predicated on the limited and flawed work conducted to date [71]. Nevertheless, the information gleaned from these published reports provides valuable insight not available just a decade ago.

title: Therapeutic spinal corticosteroid injections for the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired venous flow']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['imaging abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['radicular pain']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['root injury', 'trauma']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['herniated discs']

answer: @entity614 :: (MESH:D011843,Disease) :: ['radiculopathies']


abstract: The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of high thoracic epidural anaesthesia ( @entity1041 ) on the incidence of @entity943 after ligation of the left coronary artery in @entity4486 -anaesthetized @entity35 . Forty animals were randomly assigned to receive either 40-50 microliter of @entity1341 (5 mg/ml) or saline in implanted thoracic epidural catheters. @entity1041 decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 118 +/- 5 mmHg to 72 +/- 4 mmHg and heart rate (HR) from 450 +/- 9 to 387 +/- 8 beats/min, while epidural saline did not affect MAP and HR. In both groups coronary artery ligation induced a transient decrease in MAP within the first 5-10 min after ligation. In the control group HR increased, during the 30-min post-ligation period, from 453 +/- 9 to 474 +/- 10 beats/min (P less than 0.05) while no significant change was seen in the @entity1041 group. In both groups the mortality rate was 10%. In the @entity1041 group 30% and in the control group 0% had normal sinus rhythm during the recording period (P less than 0.001). The incidence of @entity2224 and/or @entity591 was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in the @entity1041 group (20%) compared to the control group (53%). The incidence of @entity1540 did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that @entity1041 -induced blockade of sympathetic afferents and efferents may offer protection against malignant @entity943 in the early phase of acute @entity583 .

title: Thoracic epidural anaesthesia decreases the incidence of XXXX during acute myocardial ischaemia in the anaesthetized @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['chloralose']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1540 :: ('MESH:D018879', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular extrasystoles']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']


abstract: The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of high thoracic epidural anaesthesia ( @entity1041 ) on the incidence of @entity943 after ligation of the left coronary artery in @entity4486 -anaesthetized @entity35 . Forty animals were randomly assigned to receive either 40-50 microliter of @entity1341 (5 mg/ml) or saline in implanted thoracic epidural catheters. @entity1041 decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) from 118 +/- 5 mmHg to 72 +/- 4 mmHg and heart rate (HR) from 450 +/- 9 to 387 +/- 8 beats/min, while epidural saline did not affect MAP and HR. In both groups coronary artery ligation induced a transient decrease in MAP within the first 5-10 min after ligation. In the control group HR increased, during the 30-min post-ligation period, from 453 +/- 9 to 474 +/- 10 beats/min (P less than 0.05) while no significant change was seen in the @entity1041 group. In both groups the mortality rate was 10%. In the @entity1041 group 30% and in the control group 0% had normal sinus rhythm during the recording period (P less than 0.001). The incidence of @entity2224 and/or @entity591 was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in the @entity1041 group (20%) compared to the control group (53%). The incidence of @entity1540 did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that @entity1041 -induced blockade of sympathetic afferents and efferents may offer protection against malignant @entity943 in the early phase of acute @entity583 .

title: Thoracic epidural anaesthesia decreases the incidence of @entity943 during acute myocardial ischaemia in the anaesthetized XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in eight @entity1 with @entity5929 ( @entity5929 ) at a time when chest roentgeongraphy did not reveal an infiltrate, and respiratory status was stable. BAL was tolerated well by all @entity1 with only one @entity1 experiencing mild wheezing. BAL fluid recovery averaged 40%, and total cells/lavage were 22.3 x 10(6) (range 3.5 to 49.5 x 10(6)). Cell viability, as determined by @entity3460 exclusion, averaged 48% (range 34% to 60%). Mean values for cellular elements were macrophages, 62%; epithelial cells, 12%; lymphocytes, 16%; neutrophils (PMN), 4%; and eosinophils, 6%. Isotypic antibodies to @entity54 (Af) in BAL and serum were detected by an amplified indirect ELISA. Antibodies to Af in BAL expressed as optical density/albumin (milligrams per milliliter) were compared to BAL from six nonatopic @entity1 . IgE-Af and IgA-Af in BAL were elevated in @entity1 with @entity5929 compared with six nonatopic @entity1 . The ratios of Ig-Af in BAL to peripheral blood in @entity1 with @entity5929 were 48 (range 18 to 75) for IgE-Af, 96 (range 37 to 159) for IgA-Af, and 0.94 (range 0.24 to 1.40) for IgG-Af, suggesting local production of IgE-Af and IgA-Af in the bronchoalveolar compartment. Total serum IgE correlated directly with IgE-Af in BAL (rs = 0.67; p less than 0.02). However, the ratio of total BAL IgE/albumin divided by total serum IgE/albumin was 0.93 +/- 0.94, suggesting that the bronchoalveolar compartment is not the source of the significant elevations in total serum IgE in @entity5929 .

title: Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage in XXXX : divergent responses of antigen-specific antibodies and total IgE.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity54 :: ('746128', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']

entities_list: @entity3460 :: ('MESH:D014343', 'Chemical') :: ['trypan blue']

entities_list: @entity5929 :: ('MESH:D001229', 'Disease') :: ['ABPA', 'allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis']

answer: @entity5929 :: (MESH:D001229,Disease) :: ['allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis']