abstract: @entity957 ( @entity957 ) is one of the major health problems in @entity3595 Lanka and the disease is associated with the habit of Betel Quid (BQ) chewing. Using 35k oligo microarrays, we analyzed the gene expression profile of 15 @entity3595 Lankan @entity1 diagnosed with OSCCs and pair-wised normal controls and correlated the findings with the clinicopathological data. Following the recording of the scanned array images and data analysis, results for selected candidate genes were verified using QRT-PCR. Upon analysis, a total of 263 genes [71 (27%) of unknown functions previously not reported in OSCCs and 192 (73%) of known functions] were found as differentially expressed between @entity5 and controls. For the genes with known functions, 66 (34%; such as @entity5938 , @entity3334 , @entity1549 , @entity2290 , @entity9618 and @entity4166 ) were previously reported in @entity957 and for the remaining 126 (66%; such as @entity28223 , @entity70757 , @entity70758 , @entity70759 and @entity39648 ) this is the first report in OSCCs. Hierarchical clustering of the differentially expressed 263 genes grouped the samples into several clusters with the larger one being dominated by @entity5 of stage 3 and 4. Two cases (a verrucous SCC and an advanced SCC), did not cluster with any of the other samples. We found two main biological pathways (cell communication and integrin-mediated cell adhesion) and 5 gene ontology categories (transcription regulator activity, structural molecule activity, intracellular signaling, cytoskeleton and signal transduction) of relevance to the OSCCs examined. Results from the QRT-PCR verified the results from the microarray experiment. This study provides valuable information on gene expression profile of OSCCs of habitual users of BQ from @entity3595 Lanka. Of particular interest were the list of genes of known and unknown functions and the two biological pathways that we suggest as candidate genes in @entity5 associated with BQ chewing in Southeast Asia, in particular @entity3595 Lanka. The suggested candidate genes might be used as molecular biomarkers in the early detection of the alarming problem of OSCCs in Southeast Asia in association with BQ use. These findings provide valuable information that might help in the selection of possible biomarkers that can be used in early detection of the alarming problem of @entity5 in Southeast Asia.

title: Gene expression profile of @entity957 from XXXX Lankan betel quid users.

answer: @entity3595 :: (6717,Gene) :: ['Sri']


abstract: REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Hindlimb @entity1273 is common and can be difficult to diagnose or quantify in evaluating response to nerve blocks. An objective measure of @entity1273 can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment's contribution to evidence-based medicine. The inertial sensor system can be used to capture 6 degree of freedom movement during over ground locomotion and here was used to quantify tuber coxae movement in nonlame and lame @entity1641 . HYPOTHESIS: Tuber coxae movement is useful for discriminating between nonlame and lame @entity1641 . OBJECTIVES: To measure left and right tuber coxae movement in lame and nonlame @entity1641 during over ground locomotion and to implement a linear discriminant analysis to discriminate between lame and nonlame @entity1641 . METHODS: Two inertial sensors were attached to the skin over left and right tuber coxae of 21 @entity1641 (9 mildly and 12 not lame). @entity1641 were trotted on a hard surface. A total of 1021 strides were collected. For each stride 34 features were extracted from the dorsoventral and craniocaudal movement and used in 2 different classification scenarios (lame vs. nonlame or left lame, right lame and nonlame) using linear discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Six degree of freedom inertial sensors were successfully used to collect kinematic data continuously from left and right tuber coxae in @entity1641 during over ground locomotion. These data were used for an automated classification of @entity1273 . In the first scenario, a sensitivity of 89% was achieved with a specificity of 75%. In the second scenario, all @entity1641 could be correctly assigned to the correct class in a simple 3 class reclassification test. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: A mobile system that reliably detects and quantifies @entity1273 in @entity1641 during unconstrained locomotion could be a valuable tool to perform an evidence-based assessment of @entity1273 in @entity1641 in a clinical setting, e.g. before and after nerve blocks or before and after surgery.

title: Assessment of mild XXXX during over ground locomotion using linear discriminant analysis of inertial sensor data.

entities_list: @entity1273 :: ('MESH:D007794', 'Disease') :: ['lameness', 'hindlimb lameness']

answer: @entity1273 :: (MESH:D007794,Disease) :: ['hindlimb lameness']


abstract: Photoreactivation of microorganisms following UV inactivation is a well-known, but complex, phenomenon. It is affected by several factors, including UV fluence, wavelength, light intensity, and exposure time to photoreactivating light. The effect on photoreactivation of a combined @entity3879 ( @entity3880 )/UV process has not been investigated. Accordingly, this study compared the degree of photoreactivation, under both sunlight and artificial lights, following UV and combined @entity3880 /UV inactivation of fecal coliforms. Effluent samples from the Montreal Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) (Quebec, Canada) were exposed, for 3 hours, to both low- and high-intensity artificial lights and sunlight. All resulted in similar photoreactivation levels. However, average photoreactivation for UV-treated wastewater samples was 1.2 logs, compared with 0.1 log for the combined @entity3880 /UV treatment. Hence, the use of @entity3880 in combination with UV can significantly reduce the potential for photoreactivation. To simulate the photoreactivation conditions of the MWTP effluent (which passes through a 4-km outfall tunnel with approximately 3 hours detention time), UV-treated samples were kept in the dark for 3 hours before photoreactivating light exposure. After this period, photoreactivation levels were close to zero. Hence, the effects of photoreactivation may be diminished by use of a combined disinfection scheme and/or by delaying exposure of the disinfected wastewater to light.

title: Reduction of photoreactivation with the combined UV/ XXXX process or by delayed exposure to visible light.

entities_list: @entity3879 :: ('MESH:D010463', 'Chemical') :: ['peracetic acid']

answer: @entity3879 :: (MESH:D010463,Chemical) :: ['peracetic acid']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Fatigue and poor physical function are well-known symptoms in @entity5 @entity1 . Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is an established treatment for certain @entity5 diagnoses, especially @entity1778 . The aim of this study was to investigate physical function and @entity1295 in relation to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 21 @entity1 awaiting allogeneic stem cell transplantation were included in a descriptive follow-up design. Fatigue and physical function was assessed by a standardized test programme consisting of a stair test, a test of maximum @entity26 uptake and questionnaires on physical activity and @entity1295 prior to transplantation as well as 3 and 6 months after transplantation. RESULTS: 10 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 were included. The mean age was 39 years (19-60). Prior to transplantation @entity1 had a low maximum @entity26 uptake and reported more @entity1295 than the Danish general population. Physical @entity1295 rather than mental @entity1295 was pronounced both before and after transplantation. No significant changes in the parameters were found from before transplant to 6 months after transplant. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that prior to transplantation @entity1 have poor physical function and increased physical @entity1295 . The symptoms seem to persist 6 months after transplantation. This could indicate a need for an extensive rehabilitation programme following transplantation.

title: [Fatigue in hematological XXXX treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate variation in smoking-related @entity1778 risk with time-since-exposure. METHODS: We analyzed data from a population-based case-control study conducted in Germany. Odds ratios were estimated by applying conditional logistic regression methods to 470 incident @entity1778 cases and 1,009 controls. Cases were classified as @entity981 ( @entity981 ), @entity981 ( @entity981 ), @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ), and @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ). Temporal variation in the impact of smoking on @entity1778 risk was assessed via exposure time-windows and a spline latency function. RESULTS: Current smokers were at greater risk of @entity981 than those who never smoked (OR = 1.65 95% CI: 0.95, 2.87) and a positive trend was observed in @entity981 risk with cumulative pack-decades smoked, under a 2-year exposure lag assumption (OR/pack-decade = 1.11 95% CI: 0.96, 1.30). This was primarily due to the association between @entity981 and smoking in the period 2 to <10 years prior (OR/pack-decade = 2.72 95% CI: 0.93, 7.99). There was minimal evidence of association between @entity981 risk and packs smoked 10 or more years prior. @entity1860 and @entity981 exhibited minimal evidence of association with smoking status. @entity1072 exhibited a positive association with smoking in the periods 2 to <10 years and 10 to <20 years prior to diagnosis although estimates of association were highly imprecise. CONCLUSIONS: The temporal pattern of smoking-induced @entity981 risk appears to follow a prompt peak in excess incidence that diminishes with time since exposure.

title: Temporal patterns of association between cigarette smoking and XXXX risk.

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute non-lymphocytic leukemia', 'ALL', 'acute lymphocytic leukemia', 'ANLL']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: The surgical technique of transoral diverticulostomy by a modified Endo-GIAtrade mark Stapler (Multifire Endo GIA, Tyco Healthcare) is described. Experiences of this procedure in 31 @entity1 are analysed and compared with different endoscopic and conventional surgical therapies of @entity15809 , which are reported in the literature. METHOD: From January 1996 to December 2005, 31 transoral diverticulostomies were performed. All @entity1 were included porspectively into the study. The median follow-up time after diverticulostomy was 54 months. Manometry, pH-study of the esophagus, endoscopy and swallow radiography were performed before and after surgery. All @entity1 completed the Gastrointestinal quality of live index (GQLI) and the Grosshadern @entity1282 score (GHDS). RESULTS: Subjective comfort of the @entity1 as measured by the Smiley Index, the GQLI and the GHDS was increased significantly (p < 0.001) after therapy. Manometry showed that the upper esophageal sphincter functioned normally before and after intervention. A gastrografin swallow excluded leakage at the stapler suture-line in all cases. A conversion to a conventional cricomyotomy with resection of the diverticulum had to be performed once due to a dissection of the esophagus that occurred during insertion of the spreader. In one @entity1 a @entity548 out of the suture line was successfully treated with a metal clip. A prothesis broke due to the insertion of the spreader. Two @entity1 developed relapses during the follow-up period of 54 months. CONCLUSION: Compared to standard procedure the endoscopic minimal-invasive therapy proved to be safer. The operation time and the postoperative stay are shorter.

title: [ XXXX treated by transoral diverticulostomy: technique and results].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity15809 :: ('MESH:D016672', 'Disease') :: ["Zenker's diverticula"]

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity15809 :: (MESH:D016672,Disease) :: ['Zenker's diverticulum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1118 is a major cause of disability and health care expenditure, but there are concerns about efficacy, cost, and side effects associated with usual primary care. Conservative rehabilitation may offer a safe, effective, affordable alternative. We compared the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies (Enabling Self-management and Coping with Arthritic Knee Pain through Exercise [ESCAPE- @entity158 ]) with usual primary care in improving functioning in @entity1 with @entity1118 . METHODS: We conducted a single-blind, pragmatic, cluster randomized controlled trial. @entity1 age >/=50 years, reporting @entity158 for >6 months, were recruited from 54 inner-city primary care practices. Primary care practices were randomized to continued usual primary care (i.e., whatever intervention a @entity1 's primary care physician deemed appropriate), usual primary care plus the rehabilitation program delivered to individual @entity1 , or usual primary care plus the rehabilitation program delivered to groups of 8 @entity1 . The primary outcome was self-reported functioning (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities @entity571 Index physical functioning [WOMAC-func]) 6 months after completing rehabilitation. RESULTS: A total of 418 @entity1 were recruited; 76 (18%) withdrew, only 5 (1%) due to adverse events. Rehabilitated @entity1 had better functioning than @entity1 continuing usual primary care (-3.33 difference in WOMAC-func score; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] -5.88, -0.78; P = 0.01). Improvements were similar whether @entity1 received individual rehabilitation (-3.53; 95% CI -6.52, -0.55) or group rehabilitation (-3.16; 95% CI -6.55, -0.12). CONCLUSION: ESCAPE- @entity158 provides a safe, relatively brief intervention for @entity1118 that is equally effective whether delivered to individuals or groups of @entity1 .

title: Clinical effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies for XXXX : a cluster randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'participant', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic knee pain', 'chronic knee pain']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['knee pain']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['chronic knee pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify classification criteria for the @entity627 and to evaluate their measurement properties and methodologic rigor using current measurement standards. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of published literature and evaluated criteria sets for stated purpose, derivation and validation sample characteristics, methods of criteria generation and reduction, and consideration of validity, and reliability. RESULTS: We identified 47 classification criteria sets encompassing 13 conditions. Approximately 50% of the criteria sets were developed based on expert opinion rather than @entity1 data. Of the 47 criteria sets, control samples were derived from @entity1 with @entity627 in 15 (32%) sets, from @entity1 with @entity66 in 4 (9%) sets, and from healthy @entity1 in 2 (4%) sets. Where @entity1 data were used, the number of cases ranged from 20-588 and the number of controls from 50-787. In only 1 (2%) criteria set was there a distinct separation between investigators who derived the criteria set and clinicians who provided cases and controls. Authors commented on the need for individual criterion to be reliable in 5 (11%) sets, precise in 5 (11%) sets; authors noted the importance of content validity in 12 (26%) sets, and construct validity in 12 (26%) sets. CONCLUSION: The variation in methodologic rigor used in sample selection affects the validity and reliability of the criteria sets in different clinical and research settings. Despite potential deficiencies in the methods used for some criteria development, the sensitivity and specificity of many criteria sets is moderate to strong.

title: Classification criteria in XXXX : a review of methodologic properties.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic disease', 'rheumatic diseases']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nonrheumatic diseases']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['rheumatic diseases']


abstract: @entity6795 ( @entity6795 ) form a spectrum of lesions produced by insult to the developing neocortex. Clinical presentation and electrophysiologic findings of @entity6795 are variable and depend on the affected cortical area. We evaluated @entity302 , EEG, and response to antiepileptic treatment in @entity1 with @entity6795 with respect to the neuroimaging findings. We studied 101 @entity1 , ranging between 1 month and 19 years of age. Fifty-four @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity8568 ( @entity8568 ), 23 @entity1 with @entity12199 , 12 @entity1 with @entity15260 , and 12 @entity1 with @entity3664 . With regards to @entity302 and @entity410 type, 72/101 (71.3%) @entity1 had @entity302 , and 62/101 (61.4%) @entity1 presented with @entity410 . Overall, 32.7% of @entity1 had generalized @entity410 , and 25.7% had complex partial @entity410 . Mean age at the onset of @entity410 was 2.7 +/- 3.4 years. The onset of @entity302 tended to be younger in @entity1 with @entity12199 and older in @entity1 with @entity3664 . Of the cases, 79.2% had abnormal EEG (56.3% with @entity302 , 22.9% with non- @entity302 ). EEG was abnormal in 44.9% (13/29) of the cases without @entity302 . EEG showed bilateral synchronous and diffuse @entity302 in 90% of @entity1 with @entity12199 . @entity1 with @entity15260 had mostly focal @entity302 . @entity3664 cases had a high rate of EEG abnormalities (72.7%). @entity1 with @entity8568 had @entity302 in 59.5% of the cases. @entity1 with @entity3664 and @entity8568 achieved better @entity410 control in comparison with the other groups. In conclusion, @entity302 is the most common problem in @entity6795 . @entity302 and EEG findings of @entity1 with @entity6795 are variable and seem to be correlated with the extent of cortical involvement.

title: @entity6795 and XXXX : evaluation of 101 cases (part II).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity15260 :: ('MESH:C538514', 'Disease') :: ['schizencephaly']

entities_list: @entity3664 :: ('MESH:C548481', 'Disease') :: ['heterotopias', 'Heterotopia', 'heterotopia']

entities_list: @entity8568 :: ('MESH:D065706', 'Disease') :: ['PMG', 'polymicrogyria']

entities_list: @entity6795 :: ('MESH:D054220', 'Disease') :: ['MCD', 'Malformations of cortical development']

entities_list: @entity12199 :: ('MESH:D054082', 'Disease') :: ['lissencephaly']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epilepsy', 'epilepsy', 'epileptiform abnormality', 'epileptiform discharges']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: @entity6795 ( @entity6795 ) form a spectrum of lesions produced by insult to the developing neocortex. Clinical presentation and electrophysiologic findings of @entity6795 are variable and depend on the affected cortical area. We evaluated @entity302 , EEG, and response to antiepileptic treatment in @entity1 with @entity6795 with respect to the neuroimaging findings. We studied 101 @entity1 , ranging between 1 month and 19 years of age. Fifty-four @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity8568 ( @entity8568 ), 23 @entity1 with @entity12199 , 12 @entity1 with @entity15260 , and 12 @entity1 with @entity3664 . With regards to @entity302 and @entity410 type, 72/101 (71.3%) @entity1 had @entity302 , and 62/101 (61.4%) @entity1 presented with @entity410 . Overall, 32.7% of @entity1 had generalized @entity410 , and 25.7% had complex partial @entity410 . Mean age at the onset of @entity410 was 2.7 +/- 3.4 years. The onset of @entity302 tended to be younger in @entity1 with @entity12199 and older in @entity1 with @entity3664 . Of the cases, 79.2% had abnormal EEG (56.3% with @entity302 , 22.9% with non- @entity302 ). EEG was abnormal in 44.9% (13/29) of the cases without @entity302 . EEG showed bilateral synchronous and diffuse @entity302 in 90% of @entity1 with @entity12199 . @entity1 with @entity15260 had mostly focal @entity302 . @entity3664 cases had a high rate of EEG abnormalities (72.7%). @entity1 with @entity8568 had @entity302 in 59.5% of the cases. @entity1 with @entity3664 and @entity8568 achieved better @entity410 control in comparison with the other groups. In conclusion, @entity302 is the most common problem in @entity6795 . @entity302 and EEG findings of @entity1 with @entity6795 are variable and seem to be correlated with the extent of cortical involvement.

title: XXXX and @entity302 : evaluation of 101 cases (part II).

answer: @entity6795 :: (MESH:D054220,Disease) :: ['Malformations of cortical development']


abstract: To study the effect of the degree of @entity1635 , degree of hypokyphosis/ @entity1515 and rotation of apical vertebra on individual lung volume (measured with CT scan) in asymptomatic @entity1615 ( @entity1615 ) @entity1 . Individual (right and left) lung volume, angle of @entity1513 and rotation of apical vertebra, were measured in 77 asymptomatic @entity1615 @entity1 having right thoracic curve, using modern computed tomography (CT) scan. To compare, lung volumes were measured in 22 normal @entity1 (control group). The ratio of "right to left lung volume (convex to concave side)" was obtained and compared among these groups. With increased Cobb's angle, ratio of convex to concave lung volume increased. For Cobb's angle more than 40 degrees, it was increased significantly (P = 0.0042). A significant degree of correlation was found between axial rotation angle of apical vertebra and right to left lung volume ratio (P = 0.0067, r = 0.271). A significant inverse correlation was found between the angle of @entity1513 and right to left lung volume ratio, i.e., as the angle of @entity1513 decreased the convex to concave lung volume ratio increased (P = 0.0109, r = -0.255). In asymptomatic, @entity1615 @entity1 , with increase in degree of curvature, and rotation of apical vertebra, the ratio of convex to concave side lung volume increases; indicating concave side lung volume is comparatively more affected (decreased) than convex side lung volume. On the other hand with decrease in the angle of @entity1513 the convex to concave lung volume ratio increases indicating kyphotic angle has an inverse relation to convex to concave lung volume ratio.

title: The change in ratio of convex and concave lung volume in XXXX : a 3D CT scan based cross sectional study of effect of severity of curve on convex and concave lung volumes in 99 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

answer: @entity1615 :: (OMIM:181800,Disease) :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']


abstract: @entity1489 comprise the largest group of @entity5 of the head. Despite the accessibility of such lesions, the treatment of neglected, far advanced @entity5 , many of which have extended deeply into the facial bones and skull, is often required. The key to the cure of @entity5 of the head is an accurate diagnosis and evaluation of the margins of an excised @entity5 . Reconstructive surgery of the head after resection of @entity5 requires a complete understanding of the anatomy of this region. From January 1986 to December of 2005, 31 @entity1 underwent reconstructive surgery for nonmelanoma @entity1489 involving the craniofacial region. Preoperative evaluation of the @entity1 was performed in all cases. The results were estimated from the oncologic and functional point of view. The reconstruction, which was performed, included local, regional, and free flaps. In our series, the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 87%. The primary goal of surgical treatment of @entity1489 with invasion of craniofacial bone structure is three-dimensional @entity5 resection with histologically clear margins. This goal has to be balanced, however, with an acceptable functional and aesthetic result. Resections are planned according to pathologic considerations rather than according to the anatomy involved.

title: Nonmelanoma XXXX involving the craniofacial region: our 22 years of experience.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'malignant tumors', 'cancers', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['Skin tumors', 'skin tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['skin tumors']


abstract: Little data exists from the developing world on pregnancy in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). A 10-year review of pregnancies in @entity1252 @entity1 was conducted at a tertiary hospital in a developing country. Forty-seven pregnancies in 31 @entity1 were identified. Eleven (23%) booked after 20 weeks gestation. There were no maternal deaths; six (13%) mothers experienced flares-all mild. Twelve @entity1 developed @entity1468 of which one experienced an intrauterine @entity204 . One @entity1 was diagnosed with lupus and @entity1310 during pregnancy. She required an abortion to control the disease. Another with active @entity1310 delivered a normal but premature @entity1 despite cyclophosphamide therapy. There was only minor deterioration in renal function. There were 36 (77%) live births, 8 first trimester abortions, 2 elective abortions and 1 still birth. Fourteen (39%) of live births were premature, and five (14%) experienced @entity1592 ( @entity1592 ). Two live-born babies experienced neonatal heartblock, and one, a @entity1910 . We discuss these finding in relation to risk factors and to results from the developed world.

title: Pregnancy in XXXX : a retrospective study from a developing community.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal lupus rash']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus', 'lupus']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['IUGR', 'intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: The avian egg contains maternal hormones that affect behavior, growth, morphology, and offspring survival. Evidence to date suggests that patterns of yolk @entity342 deposition could provide females with a means to manipulate sibling competition and, thereby, increase their fitness. We examined yolk @entity251 (T) concentrations in eggs of the smooth-billed ani (Crotophaga ani) to understand patterns of @entity342 deposition in eggs of this plural-breeding joint-nesting cooperatively breeding species. We tested the hatching asynchrony adjustment hypothesis, which states that increases in yolk @entity342 levels over the laying sequence function to mitigate the disadvantage of being a later-hatched @entity1573 in species without adaptive brood reduction. We also investigated the effect of group size on yolk T deposition to test the hypothesis that females in multi-female groups could give a competitive edge to their own chicks by depositing higher T levels in their eggs. Predictions of the hatching asynchrony adjustment hypothesis were supported in both single- and multi-female groups as yolk @entity251 levels increased from early- to late-laid eggs. This suggests that ani females can influence nestling competition and @entity1573 survival by within-clutch differential T allocation. Unexpectedly, we did not observe an effect of group size on yolk T deposition. Yolk @entity251 concentrations may not be a mere reflection of a female's hormonal status as female plasma circulating levels of T did not vary in the same direction as yolk T levels. Results of this study therefore support the idea that females may adaptively manipulate @entity1573 behavior through hormonal deposition in eggs.

title: Do group size and laying order influence maternal deposition of XXXX in smooth-billed ani eggs?

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['testosterone']


abstract: The primary therapeutic agents used for @entity161 , antipsychotic drugs, ameliorate @entity716 symptoms; however, their chronic effects on cognition (or the physiologic processes of the brain that support cognition) are largely unknown. The purpose of this rodent study was to extend our previous work on this subject by investigating persistent effects (i.e. during a 14 day drug-free washout period) of chronic treatment (i.e. ranging from 45 days to 6 months) with a representative first and second generation antipsychotic. Drug effects on learning and memory and important neurobiological substrates of memory, the neurotrophin, @entity2137 ( @entity2137 ) and its receptors, and certain components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system were investigated. Behavioral effects of oral @entity1767 (2.0 mg/kg/day), or @entity1090 (2.5 mg/kg/day) were assessed in an open field, a water maze task, and a radial arm maze procedure and neurochemical effects in brain tissue were subsequently measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicated that both antipsychotics produced time-dependent and protracted deficits in the performance of a water maze procedure when compared with vehicle-treated controls, while neither drug was associated with significant alterations in radial arm maze performance. Interestingly, @entity1767 , but not @entity1090 , was detectible in the rodent brain in appreciable levels for up to 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. Both antipsychotics were also associated with reduced levels of @entity2137 protein in the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex and significant (or nearly significant) decreases in phosphorylated @entity3249 ( @entity3249 ) protein and the vesicular @entity934 transporter (depending on the brain region analyzed). Neither antipsychotic markedly affected @entity3249 or p75 neurotrophin receptor levels. These data in @entity35 indicate that chronic treatment with either @entity1767 or @entity1090 may be associated with protracted negative effects on cognitive function as well as important neurotrophin and neurotransmitter pathways that support cognition.

title: Protracted effects of chronic oral @entity1767 and @entity1090 on XXXX , cholinergic neurons, and spatial reference learning in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3249 :: ('59109(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['TrkA', 'tropomyosin-receptor kinase A']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity2137 :: (310738(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['nerve growth factor']


abstract: The primary therapeutic agents used for @entity161 , antipsychotic drugs, ameliorate @entity716 symptoms; however, their chronic effects on cognition (or the physiologic processes of the brain that support cognition) are largely unknown. The purpose of this rodent study was to extend our previous work on this subject by investigating persistent effects (i.e. during a 14 day drug-free washout period) of chronic treatment (i.e. ranging from 45 days to 6 months) with a representative first and second generation antipsychotic. Drug effects on learning and memory and important neurobiological substrates of memory, the neurotrophin, @entity2137 ( @entity2137 ) and its receptors, and certain components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system were investigated. Behavioral effects of oral @entity1767 (2.0 mg/kg/day), or @entity1090 (2.5 mg/kg/day) were assessed in an open field, a water maze task, and a radial arm maze procedure and neurochemical effects in brain tissue were subsequently measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicated that both antipsychotics produced time-dependent and protracted deficits in the performance of a water maze procedure when compared with vehicle-treated controls, while neither drug was associated with significant alterations in radial arm maze performance. Interestingly, @entity1767 , but not @entity1090 , was detectible in the rodent brain in appreciable levels for up to 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. Both antipsychotics were also associated with reduced levels of @entity2137 protein in the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex and significant (or nearly significant) decreases in phosphorylated @entity3249 ( @entity3249 ) protein and the vesicular @entity934 transporter (depending on the brain region analyzed). Neither antipsychotic markedly affected @entity3249 or p75 neurotrophin receptor levels. These data in @entity35 indicate that chronic treatment with either @entity1767 or @entity1090 may be associated with protracted negative effects on cognitive function as well as important neurotrophin and neurotransmitter pathways that support cognition.

title: Protracted effects of chronic oral @entity1767 and XXXX on @entity2137 , cholinergic neurons, and spatial reference learning in @entity35 .

answer: @entity1090 :: (MESH:D018967,Chemical) :: ['risperidone']


abstract: The primary therapeutic agents used for @entity161 , antipsychotic drugs, ameliorate @entity716 symptoms; however, their chronic effects on cognition (or the physiologic processes of the brain that support cognition) are largely unknown. The purpose of this rodent study was to extend our previous work on this subject by investigating persistent effects (i.e. during a 14 day drug-free washout period) of chronic treatment (i.e. ranging from 45 days to 6 months) with a representative first and second generation antipsychotic. Drug effects on learning and memory and important neurobiological substrates of memory, the neurotrophin, @entity2137 ( @entity2137 ) and its receptors, and certain components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system were investigated. Behavioral effects of oral @entity1767 (2.0 mg/kg/day), or @entity1090 (2.5 mg/kg/day) were assessed in an open field, a water maze task, and a radial arm maze procedure and neurochemical effects in brain tissue were subsequently measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicated that both antipsychotics produced time-dependent and protracted deficits in the performance of a water maze procedure when compared with vehicle-treated controls, while neither drug was associated with significant alterations in radial arm maze performance. Interestingly, @entity1767 , but not @entity1090 , was detectible in the rodent brain in appreciable levels for up to 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. Both antipsychotics were also associated with reduced levels of @entity2137 protein in the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex and significant (or nearly significant) decreases in phosphorylated @entity3249 ( @entity3249 ) protein and the vesicular @entity934 transporter (depending on the brain region analyzed). Neither antipsychotic markedly affected @entity3249 or p75 neurotrophin receptor levels. These data in @entity35 indicate that chronic treatment with either @entity1767 or @entity1090 may be associated with protracted negative effects on cognitive function as well as important neurotrophin and neurotransmitter pathways that support cognition.

title: Protracted effects of chronic oral XXXX and @entity1090 on @entity2137 , cholinergic neurons, and spatial reference learning in @entity35 .

answer: @entity1767 :: (MESH:D006220,Chemical) :: ['haloperidol']


abstract: The primary therapeutic agents used for @entity161 , antipsychotic drugs, ameliorate @entity716 symptoms; however, their chronic effects on cognition (or the physiologic processes of the brain that support cognition) are largely unknown. The purpose of this rodent study was to extend our previous work on this subject by investigating persistent effects (i.e. during a 14 day drug-free washout period) of chronic treatment (i.e. ranging from 45 days to 6 months) with a representative first and second generation antipsychotic. Drug effects on learning and memory and important neurobiological substrates of memory, the neurotrophin, @entity2137 ( @entity2137 ) and its receptors, and certain components of the basal forebrain cholinergic system were investigated. Behavioral effects of oral @entity1767 (2.0 mg/kg/day), or @entity1090 (2.5 mg/kg/day) were assessed in an open field, a water maze task, and a radial arm maze procedure and neurochemical effects in brain tissue were subsequently measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicated that both antipsychotics produced time-dependent and protracted deficits in the performance of a water maze procedure when compared with vehicle-treated controls, while neither drug was associated with significant alterations in radial arm maze performance. Interestingly, @entity1767 , but not @entity1090 , was detectible in the rodent brain in appreciable levels for up to 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. Both antipsychotics were also associated with reduced levels of @entity2137 protein in the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex and significant (or nearly significant) decreases in phosphorylated @entity3249 ( @entity3249 ) protein and the vesicular @entity934 transporter (depending on the brain region analyzed). Neither antipsychotic markedly affected @entity3249 or p75 neurotrophin receptor levels. These data in @entity35 indicate that chronic treatment with either @entity1767 or @entity1090 may be associated with protracted negative effects on cognitive function as well as important neurotrophin and neurotransmitter pathways that support cognition.

title: Protracted effects of chronic oral @entity1767 and @entity1090 on @entity2137 , cholinergic neurons, and spatial reference learning in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Oligoclonal IgM bands (OCMB) against myelin lipids predict an aggressive @entity15 ( @entity15 ) course. However, the clinical significance of OCMB without lipid specificity, present in other @entity15 @entity1 , remains unknown. We describe here a characterization of these antibodies and study their role in @entity15 progression. Fifty-four @entity15 @entity1 showing CSF-restricted OCMB were included in this study at disease onset and followed-up during 61.1 +/- 2.7 months. The specificity of OCMB and the CSF B-cell profile were investigated. A second CSF IgM study was performed in a group of eight @entity1 . Thirty-eight @entity1 showed OCMB against myelin lipids (M+L+) and other sixteen had OCMB lacking this specificity (M+L-). The CD5+ B cell subpopulation, responsible for most persistent IgM responses, was considerably higher in M+L+ than in M+L- @entity1 (3.3 +/- 0.6% versus 0.8 +/- 0.2, P = 0.009). In addition, M+L+ bands persisted during disease course, while M+L- disappeared during follow-up. M+L+ @entity1 suffered more relapses (4.2 +/- 0.6 versus 1.6 +/- 0.3, P = 0.002) and reached higher disability (EDSS score of 2.2 +/- 0.2 versus 1.2 +/- 0.2, P = 0.02) than M+L- group. These data corroborate that anti-lipid OCMB associate with an aggressive @entity15 course and show that OCMB that do not recognize myelin lipids represent a transient immune response related to a more benign disease course.

title: Influence of oligoclonal IgM specificity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis disease course']


abstract: @entity356 is the second most common cause of @entity5 deaths worldwide. The identification of molecular genetic parameters that are associated with response to chemotherapy and prognosis is of utmost interest. We examined methylation of the apoptosis-related genes, @entity938 and @entity2529 , in 81 primary @entity356 using methylation-specific PCR and compared their methylation status with clinicopathological findings. Aberrant methylation of @entity938 and @entity2529 genes was detected in 26 (32.1%) @entity5 and in 18 (22.2%) @entity5 , respectively. The overall survival of @entity1 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter compared with those with only one methylated gene or no methylated genes (p = 0.0003). Neither gene methylation had any relation to other clinicopathological findings. Next, we examined 43 @entity1 treated by @entity1487 -based chemotherapy, who had distant @entity3 or recurrence after radical resection, to determine the relation between chemosensitivity and methylation. The response rate was lower in @entity1 with either methylation than without ( @entity938 : 22.2% vs. 48.0%; @entity2529 : 21.4% vs. 44.8%). Overall survival tended to be shorter in the @entity1 with both methylations compared with either or no methylations (p = 0.0806). The time to progression of @entity1 with methylation of @entity938 or @entity2529 was significantly shorter than @entity1 without methylation ( @entity938 : p = 0.0123; @entity2529 : p = 0.0464). Furthermore, the time to progression of @entity1 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter than @entity1 with one methylation or no methylation (p = 0.0082). In conclusion, @entity938 and @entity2529 methylation might predict the prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity356 .

title: Methylated @entity938 and XXXX genes predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric cancers', 'Gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity2529 :: (1612,Gene) :: ['DAPK']


abstract: @entity356 is the second most common cause of @entity5 deaths worldwide. The identification of molecular genetic parameters that are associated with response to chemotherapy and prognosis is of utmost interest. We examined methylation of the apoptosis-related genes, @entity938 and @entity2529 , in 81 primary @entity356 using methylation-specific PCR and compared their methylation status with clinicopathological findings. Aberrant methylation of @entity938 and @entity2529 genes was detected in 26 (32.1%) @entity5 and in 18 (22.2%) @entity5 , respectively. The overall survival of @entity1 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter compared with those with only one methylated gene or no methylated genes (p = 0.0003). Neither gene methylation had any relation to other clinicopathological findings. Next, we examined 43 @entity1 treated by @entity1487 -based chemotherapy, who had distant @entity3 or recurrence after radical resection, to determine the relation between chemosensitivity and methylation. The response rate was lower in @entity1 with either methylation than without ( @entity938 : 22.2% vs. 48.0%; @entity2529 : 21.4% vs. 44.8%). Overall survival tended to be shorter in the @entity1 with both methylations compared with either or no methylations (p = 0.0806). The time to progression of @entity1 with methylation of @entity938 or @entity2529 was significantly shorter than @entity1 without methylation ( @entity938 : p = 0.0123; @entity2529 : p = 0.0464). Furthermore, the time to progression of @entity1 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter than @entity1 with one methylation or no methylation (p = 0.0082). In conclusion, @entity938 and @entity2529 methylation might predict the prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity356 .

title: Methylated @entity938 and @entity2529 genes predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: @entity356 is the second most common cause of @entity5 deaths worldwide. The identification of molecular genetic parameters that are associated with response to chemotherapy and prognosis is of utmost interest. We examined methylation of the apoptosis-related genes, @entity938 and @entity2529 , in 81 primary @entity356 using methylation-specific PCR and compared their methylation status with clinicopathological findings. Aberrant methylation of @entity938 and @entity2529 genes was detected in 26 (32.1%) @entity5 and in 18 (22.2%) @entity5 , respectively. The overall survival of @entity1 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter compared with those with only one methylated gene or no methylated genes (p = 0.0003). Neither gene methylation had any relation to other clinicopathological findings. Next, we examined 43 @entity1 treated by @entity1487 -based chemotherapy, who had distant @entity3 or recurrence after radical resection, to determine the relation between chemosensitivity and methylation. The response rate was lower in @entity1 with either methylation than without ( @entity938 : 22.2% vs. 48.0%; @entity2529 : 21.4% vs. 44.8%). Overall survival tended to be shorter in the @entity1 with both methylations compared with either or no methylations (p = 0.0806). The time to progression of @entity1 with methylation of @entity938 or @entity2529 was significantly shorter than @entity1 without methylation ( @entity938 : p = 0.0123; @entity2529 : p = 0.0464). Furthermore, the time to progression of @entity1 with both methylated genes was significantly shorter than @entity1 with one methylation or no methylation (p = 0.0082). In conclusion, @entity938 and @entity2529 methylation might predict the prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity356 .

title: Methylated XXXX and @entity2529 genes predict prognosis and response to chemotherapy in @entity356 .

answer: @entity938 :: (29108,Gene) :: ['TMS1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Overactive @entity1494 is defined as "urgency with or without urge @entity322 , usually with frequency and @entity2183 ". It is a common condition with significant economic and quality of life implications. While the condition's pathophysiology remains to be fully elucidated, pharmacotherapy is the main treatment option. Despite uncertainty as to drug treatment of choice, anticholinergics are increasingly being used in primary and secondary care settings. This review compares anticholinergic drugs with other types or classes of drugs for treating @entity2182 . OBJECTIVES: To compare anticholinergic drugs with other types or classes of drugs for treating @entity2182 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 20 December 2006) and the reference lists of relevant articles. No language or other limits were imposed. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing anticholinergic drugs with other drugs for the treatment of @entity2182 . At least one arm of the study used an anticholinergic drug and at least one other arm used a non-anticholinergic drug. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers assessed the identified studies for eligibility and methodological quality and independently extracted data from the included studies. Data analysis was performed using RevMan software (version 4.2.8). MAIN RESULTS: Twelve trials were included in the review. There were seven crossover trials and five parallel group studies. For the comparisons between anticholinergic drugs with tricyclic antidepressants, alpha adrenergic agonists, afferent nerve inhibitors, and @entity460 channel blocker a single trial was identified for each. Nine trials compared @entity29706 with anticholinergics. There was no evidence of a difference in cure rates between anticholinergics and @entity29706 . Adverse effects were more frequent in anticholinergic groups versus @entity29706 groups ( @entity16071 .28 95% CI 1.45 to 3.56). There was no strong evidence to favour either anticholinergic drugs or the comparators. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Many of the drugs considered in trials in this review are no longer used in clinical practice (and this includes the most commonly tested - @entity29706 ). There is inadequate evidence as to determine whether any of the available drugs are better or worse than anticholinergic medications. Larger randomised controlled trials in clinical settings are required to further establish the role of these medications in the management of @entity2182 .

title: Anticholinergic drugs versus other medications for XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder syndrome']

entities_list: @entity29706 :: ('MESH:D005422', 'Chemical') :: ['flavoxate']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder syndromes', 'overactive bladder syndrome', 'overactive bladder symptoms']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity2182 :: (MESH:D053201,Disease) :: ['overactive bladder syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite their high effectiveness, @entity1871 -only contraceptives are considered less than ideal by the many @entity1 who experience irregular @entity3556 when using them. Current treatments to control these @entity548 problems are not sufficiently effective. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated preventive and therapeutic approaches to normalise @entity548 irregularities associated with the use of @entity1871 -only contraceptives. SEARCH STRATEGY: Literature was identified through database searches, reference lists, organisations and individuals, covering the period until December 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials with random or alternate allocation, testing interventions for the prevention or treatment of @entity548 irregularities associated with the use of @entity1871 -only contraceptives were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Results are expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for categorical data and as @entity353 ( @entity353 ) with 95% CI for continuous data. When we encountered heterogeneity (visual or statistical) we used the random-effects model (quantitative) or did not produce a summary estimate (qualitative). MAIN RESULTS: Twenty three randomised controlled trials enrolling 2674 @entity1 were included. Seventy per cent were determined to reflect low to moderate risk of bias. @entity172 treatments reduced the number of days of an ongoing @entity548 episode in @entity12135 and Norplant users. However, treatment frequently led to study discontinuation due to @entity344 . Combinations of oral @entity2082 and @entity2692 improved @entity548 patterns in Norplant users, but method discontinuation rates were unchanged. One trial reported successful use of combined oral contraceptives in treating @entity2588 among @entity12135 users. Norplant users, but not Implanon users, administered the anti- @entity1871 mifepristone reported fewer days of @entity548 than those given placebo. Mifepristone used monthly by new Norplant acceptors reduced @entity548 , when compared to placebo.A variety of NSAIDS have been evaluated for their ability to treat @entity548 , with mixed results. Norplant users receiving @entity440 had less unacceptable @entity548 after treatment and were more likely to continue using Norplant than those receiving placebo. @entity927 , @entity3927 combined with an @entity172 and @entity3403 were more effective than placebo in terminating an episode of @entity548 in @entity1 using @entity1871 -only contraceptives, according to three small studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Some @entity1 may benefit from the interventions described, particularly with cessation of current @entity548 . Several regimens offer promise in regulating @entity548 , but findings need to be reproduced in larger trials. The results of this review do not support routine clinical use of any of the regimens included in the trials, particularly for long-term effect.

title: Treatment of @entity3556 irregularities induced by XXXX only contraceptives.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['WMD', 'weighted mean difference']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinyl estradiol']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal upset']

entities_list: @entity2692 :: ('MESH:D016912', 'Chemical') :: ['levonorgestrel']

entities_list: @entity1871 :: ('CHEBI:59826', 'Chemical') :: ['progestin']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['Tranexamic acid']

entities_list: @entity3927 :: ('MESH:D015735', 'Chemical') :: ['mifepristone']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity1871 :: (CHEBI:59826,Chemical) :: ['progestin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite their high effectiveness, @entity1871 -only contraceptives are considered less than ideal by the many @entity1 who experience irregular @entity3556 when using them. Current treatments to control these @entity548 problems are not sufficiently effective. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated preventive and therapeutic approaches to normalise @entity548 irregularities associated with the use of @entity1871 -only contraceptives. SEARCH STRATEGY: Literature was identified through database searches, reference lists, organisations and individuals, covering the period until December 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials with random or alternate allocation, testing interventions for the prevention or treatment of @entity548 irregularities associated with the use of @entity1871 -only contraceptives were eligible. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Results are expressed as relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for categorical data and as @entity353 ( @entity353 ) with 95% CI for continuous data. When we encountered heterogeneity (visual or statistical) we used the random-effects model (quantitative) or did not produce a summary estimate (qualitative). MAIN RESULTS: Twenty three randomised controlled trials enrolling 2674 @entity1 were included. Seventy per cent were determined to reflect low to moderate risk of bias. @entity172 treatments reduced the number of days of an ongoing @entity548 episode in @entity12135 and Norplant users. However, treatment frequently led to study discontinuation due to @entity344 . Combinations of oral @entity2082 and @entity2692 improved @entity548 patterns in Norplant users, but method discontinuation rates were unchanged. One trial reported successful use of combined oral contraceptives in treating @entity2588 among @entity12135 users. Norplant users, but not Implanon users, administered the anti- @entity1871 mifepristone reported fewer days of @entity548 than those given placebo. Mifepristone used monthly by new Norplant acceptors reduced @entity548 , when compared to placebo.A variety of NSAIDS have been evaluated for their ability to treat @entity548 , with mixed results. Norplant users receiving @entity440 had less unacceptable @entity548 after treatment and were more likely to continue using Norplant than those receiving placebo. @entity927 , @entity3927 combined with an @entity172 and @entity3403 were more effective than placebo in terminating an episode of @entity548 in @entity1 using @entity1871 -only contraceptives, according to three small studies. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Some @entity1 may benefit from the interventions described, particularly with cessation of current @entity548 . Several regimens offer promise in regulating @entity548 , but findings need to be reproduced in larger trials. The results of this review do not support routine clinical use of any of the regimens included in the trials, particularly for long-term effect.

title: Treatment of XXXX irregularities induced by @entity1871 only contraceptives.

answer: @entity3556 :: (MESH:D014592,Disease) :: ['vaginal bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ) is an important cause of @entity1939 worldwide. Laser trabeculoplasty, a treatment modality, still does not have a clear position in the treatment sequence. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to study the effects of laser trabeculoplasty for @entity1538 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We identified trials from CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS and manual searching. We also contacted researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials comparing laser trabeculoplasty with no intervention, with medical treatment, or with surgery. We also included trials comparing different technical modalities of laser trabeculoplasty. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted the data. We contacted trial investigators for missing information. MAIN RESULTS: This review included 19 trials involving 2137 @entity1 . Only five trials fulfilled the criteria of good methodological quality. One trial compared laser trabeculoplasty with topical beta-blocker to no intervention in early @entity726 . The risk of @entity726 progression was higher in the control group at six years of follow up (risk ratio (RR) 0.71 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 0.95). No difference in health-related quality of life was observed between the two groups. Three trials compared laser trabeculoplasty to medication (regimens used before the 1990s) in @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity1538 . The risk of uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) was higher in the medication group compared to the trabeculoplasty group at six months and two years of follow up. Three trials compared laser trabeculoplasty with trabeculectomy. The risk of uncontrolled IOP was significantly higher in the trabeculoplasty group at six months but significant heterogeneity was observed at two years. Diode and selective laser are compared to argon laser trabeculoplasty in three trials and there is some evidence showing a comparable effect in controlling IOP at six months and one year of follow up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that, in @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity1538 , the risk of uncontrolled IOP is higher in @entity1 treated with medication used before the 1990s when compared to laser trabeculoplasty at two years follow up. Trabeculoplasty is less effective than trabeculectomy in controlling IOP at six months and two years follow up. Different laser technology and protocol modalities were compared to the traditional laser trabeculoplasty and more evidence is necessary to determine if they are equivalent or not. There is no evidence to determine the effectiveness of laser trabeculoplasty compared to contemporary medication ( @entity3009 analogues, topical anhydrase inhibitors and alpha2-agonists) and also with contemporary surgical techniques. Also there should be further investigation in to the effectiveness of laser trabeculoplasty in specific racial groups, specific diagnostic groups, such as pseudoexfoliation and @entity1538 and different stages of @entity1538 . More research is also required determining cost-effectiveness of laser trabeculoplasty in the management of @entity726 .

title: Laser trabeculoplasty for open XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['pigmentary glaucoma', 'Open angle glaucoma', 'OAG']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['angle glaucoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the UK, symptomatic @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ) occurs in 5 to 7% of @entity1 over the age of 55 years. Cryoplasty offers a new approach by combining the dilation force of balloon angioplasty with the delivery of cold thermal energy to the vessel wall. Cryoplasty is thought to provoke apoptosis rather than @entity39 in the arterial smooth muscle cells and thus has the theoretical advantage of reduced myointimal @entity1373 in long-term patency. As it is an emerging therapy, safety and efficacy questions remain. This systematic review evaluates the treatment and provide focus for further research in the field. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of, and complications associated with, cryoplasty for maintaining patency in the iliac or infrainguinal arteries. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Specialized Register of the Cochrane @entity1095 Group (inception to August 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 3, along with MEDLINE (1966 to August 2007) and EMBASE (1980 to August 2007). SELECTION CRITERIA: Trials in which @entity1 with @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ) of the iliac or infrainguinal arteries were randomised to cryoplasty with or without another procedure versus a procedure without cryoplasty. This includes trials where all @entity1 receive angioplasty and the randomisation is for cryoplasty versus none. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies identified for potential inclusion were independently assessed for inclusion by at least two authors, with excluded trials arbitrated by the third author. As no randomised controlled trials of cryoplasty were found, no statistical analyses were performed. MAIN RESULTS: No randomised controlled trials of cryoplasty were identified. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The benefit of cryoplasty over conventional angioplasty has not been established as no randomised controlled trials exist to properly evaluate this method. Technical success and primary patency rates seen in the prospective series are encouraging and may suggest a future role for cryoplasty in the treatment of @entity3657 , but cannot be reliably interpreted due to the nature of the studies.

title: Cryoplasty for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral Vascular Diseases']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['PAD', 'peripheral arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

answer: @entity1095 :: (MESH:D016491,Disease) :: ['peripheral vascular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cervical ectropion is considered as one of the most common types of @entity102 in China. Topical treatments for @entity3799 including microwave @entity3145 , are widely used in many hospitals in China. Nowadays, the necessary intervention for inflammatory cervical ectopy is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and potential side effects of microwave @entity3145 with other interventions or no intervention in the treatment of @entity3799 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity1866 and Subfertility Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library 2006, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1966 to 2005), EMBASE (1974 to 2005); The Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM, 1978 to 2005), The Chinese Medical Current Contents (CMCC, 1994 to 2005), CAJ Full-text Database (1994 to 2005) and Chinese Scientific Journals Database (1989 to 2005). We also searched related literature on the Internet with search engines such as Google, searched the reference lists of articles and hand searched relevant Chinese journals. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only authentic @entity23 ( @entity23 ) were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently interviewed the original authors of claimed @entity23 published in China and then assessed the quality of the three included @entity23 and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: No studies were found that met the @entity1 inclusion criteria of the protocol. Although three studies were identified as authentic @entity23 from 92 potential @entity23 , it was not possible to confirm that the @entity1 were symptomatic prior to treatment. Of these three studies two trials compared microwave therapy with laser and one compared microwave therapy with interferon-alpha suppository therapy. Microwave therapy showed a better effect on cervical appearance over laser therapy in the @entity1 with grade II and III and also improved cervical appearance over interferon-alpha suppository therapy. There was no difference in grade I @entity1 . Microwave therapy showed less adverse bleeding than laser therapy during the treatment. However, the methodological quality of the three @entity23 was generally low. No trial compared treatment to no intervention and most trials didn't assess relief of symptoms or quality of life and satisfaction, which are very important to @entity1 . AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are no @entity23 comparing microwave therapy with other treatments or no treatment in symptomatic @entity1 with @entity3799 . Although microwave therapy improved the appearance of the cervix over both laser therapy and interferon-alpha suppository therapy it is not clear if there is any other benefit for @entity1 .

title: Microwave therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue coagulation']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic cervicitis']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['Menstrual Disorders']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['randomized controlled trials', 'RCTs']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervical ectropion']

answer: @entity3799 :: (MESH:D002575,Disease) :: ['cervical ectropion']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the activation of nuclear factor-[kappa]B in peripheral blood @entity5750 + monocyte/macrophages and CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + T cells in @entity1 with @entity295 . DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: University hospital. @entity1 : Twenty-six @entity1 with @entity295 (nine females and 17 males, aged between 10 days and 15 yrs; median, 4.3 yrs) on admission to our hospital between August 1999 and November 2005. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The percentages of peripheral blood @entity5750 + monocyte/macrophages and CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + T cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity were determined by flow cytometry. In addition, relationships among the degree to which nuclear factor-[kappa]B was activated, serum levels of cytokines (interferon-[gamma], @entity5 @entity39 factor-[alpha], @entity1199 , @entity3646 , @entity650 , and @entity688 ), and clinical variables were analyzed. The percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity was increased among @entity5750 +, CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + cells in the @entity295 group and was significantly higher among @entity5750 +, CD3+, and @entity404 + cells of the @entity1 with severe @entity295 (n = 9) than those of @entity1 with nonsevere @entity295 (n = 17). The percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity was significantly higher among @entity5750 + cells than CD3+ cells in the @entity1 with severe @entity295 . In addition, this percentage was significantly higher among @entity5750 + cells than CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + cells in septic @entity1 who had positive blood cultures (n = 16). Serum @entity650 levels were correlated with the percentages of @entity5750 +, CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity, and serum @entity688 levels were correlated with the percentages of @entity5750 +, CD3+, and @entity404 + cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity. CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear factor-[kappa]B in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was activated in @entity1 with @entity295 and was related the severity of @entity295 .

title: Nuclear factor-kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the activation of nuclear factor-[kappa]B in peripheral blood @entity5750 + monocyte/macrophages and CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + T cells in @entity1 with @entity295 . DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: University hospital. @entity1 : Twenty-six @entity1 with @entity295 (nine females and 17 males, aged between 10 days and 15 yrs; median, 4.3 yrs) on admission to our hospital between August 1999 and November 2005. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The percentages of peripheral blood @entity5750 + monocyte/macrophages and CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + T cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity were determined by flow cytometry. In addition, relationships among the degree to which nuclear factor-[kappa]B was activated, serum levels of cytokines (interferon-[gamma], @entity5 @entity39 factor-[alpha], @entity1199 , @entity3646 , @entity650 , and @entity688 ), and clinical variables were analyzed. The percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity was increased among @entity5750 +, CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + cells in the @entity295 group and was significantly higher among @entity5750 +, CD3+, and @entity404 + cells of the @entity1 with severe @entity295 (n = 9) than those of @entity1 with nonsevere @entity295 (n = 17). The percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity was significantly higher among @entity5750 + cells than CD3+ cells in the @entity1 with severe @entity295 . In addition, this percentage was significantly higher among @entity5750 + cells than CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + cells in septic @entity1 who had positive blood cultures (n = 16). Serum @entity650 levels were correlated with the percentages of @entity5750 +, CD3+, @entity404 +, and @entity405 + cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity, and serum @entity688 levels were correlated with the percentages of @entity5750 +, CD3+, and @entity404 + cells exhibiting nuclear factor-[kappa]B activity. CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear factor-[kappa]B in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was activated in @entity1 with @entity295 and was related the severity of @entity295 .

title: Nuclear factor-kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in XXXX with @entity295 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased angiogenesis is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation in many organs. The occurrence, characteristics and significance of angiogenesis in @entity957 are less well known. METHODS: In this study, vessel number as well as vessel size, vessel shape and vessel antibody staining intensity were determined in 23,091 vessels in @entity2280 -stained histological specimens of 42 @entity1 by computer-assisted quantitative image analysis methods and findings were related to @entity5 morphology, clinical characteristics and @entity1 survival. RESULTS: The 2- and 5-year survival rates were 81.1 and 64.1%, respectively. High disease stage and high histological grade indicated poor prognosis. In an age-adjusted multivariate analysis of stage, grade and extent of invasion, these variables compiled a statistically significant prognostic factor (p=0.001). Tumor histopathological type was a prognostic factor in our study and keratinising @entity5 did significantly better. Large @entity5 size, but not depth of invasion, and spray type growth pattern also indicated poor survival. In an age-adjusted multivariate analysis of stage, grade and extent of invasion, these variables compiled a statistically significant prognostic factor (p=0.001), but none of these variables alone proved to be an independent prognostic factor. High vessel number and increased vessel size were also significant indicators of poor survival, as were vessel characteristics: vessel number, vessel size, vessel shape and staining intensity together. CONCLUSION: Increased angiogenesis and altered vessel characteristics were prognostic factors in determining @entity1 survival in this study. Analysis of angiogenesis provided new information on @entity5 behaviour and provided markers for survival analysis in @entity5 classified by @entity5 type and growth pattern.

title: Increased angiogenesis is associated with poor prognosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['vulvar squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity24113 ( @entity24113 ) is not well understood. SKs are slow growing, but the details of cell cycle control in these lesions are not known. We hypothesized that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors would be strongly expressed in SKs and that the proliferation rate would be low. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the expression of Ki67, @entity986 ( @entity986 ), @entity994 ( @entity994 ), and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 )in @entity24113 . METHODS: We assessed acanthotic SKs (n=10) and irritated SKs (n=10) for Ki67, @entity986 ( @entity986 ), @entity994 ( @entity994 ), and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 )expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: For nonirritated acanthotic pattern SKs, the Ki67 index was 3.4% (range 0.6-6.5%), confirming a low proliferation rate. The @entity986 ( @entity986 ) index was 6.0% (range 0-16%), and the @entity994 ( @entity994 ) index was 4.8% (range 0-25%). @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) was strongly and diffusely expressed in all SKs, with a labeling index of 78% (range 75-85%). The labeling indices were similar in irritated @entity24113 lesions with a slightly increased proliferation rate and corresponding decrease in @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) expression. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in SKs, strong expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) appears to be a major mechanism controlling keratinocyte proliferation.

title: Overexpression of @entity13525 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity24113 :: ('MESH:D017492', 'Disease') :: ['seborrheic keratosis', 'SK']

answer: @entity24113 :: (MESH:D017492,Disease) :: ['seborrheic keratosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity24113 ( @entity24113 ) is not well understood. SKs are slow growing, but the details of cell cycle control in these lesions are not known. We hypothesized that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors would be strongly expressed in SKs and that the proliferation rate would be low. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the expression of Ki67, @entity986 ( @entity986 ), @entity994 ( @entity994 ), and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 )in @entity24113 . METHODS: We assessed acanthotic SKs (n=10) and irritated SKs (n=10) for Ki67, @entity986 ( @entity986 ), @entity994 ( @entity994 ), and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 )expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: For nonirritated acanthotic pattern SKs, the Ki67 index was 3.4% (range 0.6-6.5%), confirming a low proliferation rate. The @entity986 ( @entity986 ) index was 6.0% (range 0-16%), and the @entity994 ( @entity994 ) index was 4.8% (range 0-25%). @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) was strongly and diffusely expressed in all SKs, with a labeling index of 78% (range 75-85%). The labeling indices were similar in irritated @entity24113 lesions with a slightly increased proliferation rate and corresponding decrease in @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) expression. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in SKs, strong expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) appears to be a major mechanism controlling keratinocyte proliferation.

title: Overexpression of XXXX in @entity24113 .

answer: @entity13525 :: (1027,Gene) :: ['p27KIP1']


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate an optical imaging system designed to perform quantitative, intravital catheter-based imaging of fluorescent molecular probes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed according to a protocol approved by the institutional animal care committee. A fiberoptic catheter imaging system was developed to implement a normalization algorithm for real-time quantitative near-infrared (NIR) imaging. The system was validated with in vitro imaging of fluorochrome phantoms and in vivo fluorescence measurements obtained in @entity5 implanted in @entity19 abdomens (n = 7) after administration of an enzyme-activatable NIR probe. Standard analysis of variance tests were used to determine significant dissimilarities in signal from distinct fluorochrome concentrations. The clinical utility of the system was further evaluated by imaging orthotopically implanted @entity19 @entity694 (n = 4). RESULTS: Raw NIR fluorescence intensities, which were measured with a fiberoptic catheter placed above wells of varying NIR fluorochrome concentration, varied markedly (>100%) with catheter position, while the corrected NIR signal was confined to a range of values within 10% of their mean for each individual fluorochrome concentration and were significantly distinct (P < .001) between relevant concentration ranges. Similar results were observed for the in vivo measurements from the abdominally implanted @entity5 , with raw NIR signal varying 20% from the mean and corrected NIR signal varying only 1% from the mean. The colonic studies revealed that the correction method was robust enough for use during minimally invasive imaging procedures. CONCLUSION: The authors have developed and implemented a method for quantitative real-time catheter-based fluorescence imaging that resolves NIR signal dependence on changes in catheter position.

title: Quantitative real-time catheter-based fluorescence molecular imaging in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies exploring the knowledge, attitude and patterns of @entity6862 use among @entity1 in Jordan are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and patterns of @entity7280 ( @entity6862 ) utilization among @entity1 in Jordan. METHODS: A face-to-face questionnaire inquiring demographic information and issues related to knowledge and use of @entity6862 was completed by @entity1 (n   =   1571), who have had used @entity6862 at least once in their lifetime. A model was created to assess the effects of knowledge, attitude and previous experience on the patterns of @entity6862 utilization. RESULTS: Jordanian @entity1 exhibited positive attitudes towards @entity6862 efficacy and safety. This positive attitude was approvingly associated with the patterns of use. However, only half of participating @entity1 reported that they knew how to use @entity6862 . About 60  % of @entity1 received recommendations for @entity6862 use from a physician. Moreover, @entity1 's knowledge about @entity6862 mechanism of action was obtained namely from physician (29.9  %). Side effects were reported in 75.1  % of participating @entity1 . Reported side effects were @entity10 (41.2  %), @entity1316 (35.5  %), @entity146 (33.5  %) and @entity1017 (28.7  %). Interestingly, the occurrence of side effects was the main reason for @entity6862 discontinuation. CONCLUSION: The study showed that @entity1 who have positive attitude toward @entity6862 tend to utilize them more appropriately. However, there is still need for educational programs to enhance knowledge about @entity6862 utilization in Jordan.

title: Current knowledge, attitude, and patterns of oral contraceptives utilization among XXXX in Jordan.

entities_list: @entity7280 :: ('MESH:D003276', 'Chemical') :: ['oral contraceptives']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritability']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mood swings']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and initial levels of distress in @entity299 @entity1 who received multidisciplinary @entity299 rehabilitation (CR) or usual care. High rates of @entity458 have been reported in @entity299 @entity1 . METHODS: Cardiac @entity1 completed a questionnaire battery at the start and finish of a CR program (n = 131) or at equivalent times after hospital discharge in comparison hospitals where CR was not available (n = 185). The questionnaire battery comprised the Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 Scale, the Health Complaints Scale, and the Quality of Life Index Cardiac Version III (QLI CV-III). RESULTS: Significant correlations between initial levels and subsequent changes in distress and HRQOL measures were found for both the CR and comparison groups. The CR program was associated with significant changes in both @entity73 for only those in distress. Changes in functional and psychological morbidity were greater in the CR group than in the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in HRQOL were significantly related to the initial levels of distress found in @entity299 @entity1 , regardless of CR attendance. The CR program had beneficial effects on levels of functional ability and on @entity5845 . Implications of the research for CR outcomes assessment are considered.

title: Relationship of initial level of distress to changes in health-related quality of life during XXXX rehabilitation or usual care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['somatic and cognitive complaints']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity5845 :: ('MESH:D009767', 'Disease') :: ['psychological morbidity reduction']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac']


abstract: The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of an initial screening and referral process in reducing the impact of @entity130 among soldiers attending Health Care Specialist training. @entity85 among Army Health Care Specialist students have been reported to be approximately 24% for @entity1 and 24-30% for @entity1 . The highest student visit rate to the troop medical clinic for @entity85 , for @entity1 and @entity1 , occurs during the first week of training. Anecdotal reports indicate that many students arrive for training with existing @entity130 . This project was designed to assess whether formalized early screening, referral, and intervention could 1) identify arriving students who need @entity85 -related medical attention, 2) reduce the number of students receiving limited duty status during their 10-week training, 3) decrease the total number of limited duty days for students, and 4) decrease the number of students who cannot graduate due to @entity85 . Students (N=291) from one company were divided into three groups of 97 students. Three methods were used to screen and refer students for medical intervention: 1) traditional (T), 2) by @entity283 ( @entity283 ), or 3) by Drill Sergeants (DS). Screening by @entity283 and DSs involved using a new screening tool to identify and consequently refer students with symptoms to a troop medical clinic (TMC) for early evaluation and intervention. Using the screening tool, HCPs identified 92% of students with @entity130 , while DSs accurately identified 80%. The screening did not reduce the number of students receiving limited duty status, total limited duty days, or the number of students that could not graduate due to @entity85 ("holdovers") (p>0.05). The screening tool demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity whether conducted by HCPs or DSs. It failed to demonstrate efficacy in reducing the impact of @entity85 among Combat Medic soldiers, as measured by limited duty days and holdovers.

title: Effectiveness of a screening tool to detect XXXX during Army Health Care Specialist training.

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal injuries', 'Musculoskeletal injury', 'musculoskeletal injury']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['health care providers', 'HCP']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries or symptoms', 'injuries', 'musculosketetal injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['injuries']


abstract: @entity5 still represent a major health problem; regional lymph node @entity3 occur in 30-40% of head and neck @entity957 and are associated with unfavorable prognosis and decreased survival. The study included 35 cases of @entity957 ( @entity957 ), which were analyzed by double reactions to determine the proliferative activity (anti-human D2-40  Ki67) and the maturity degree (anti-human D2-40  a-SMA) of lymphatic vessels, both intratumoral (IT) and in the advancing edge (AE), and in relation to clinicopathological prognostic parameters. The mean values of D2-40 lymphatic vessel density (LVD) were higher in AE then in IT level. Poorly differentiated @entity189 , T3  T4, presented the highest LVD values, both IT and in the AE. LVD was higher in advanced stages and metastasizing @entity189 . Ki67 was positive in all cases, Ki67 proliferation index (IP) indicated higher values in poorly differentiated @entity189 , T3  T4, metastasizing ones, both IT and in the AE. LVD and IP Ki67 showed a positive linear correlation. D2-40  Ki67-positive vessels were identified only at the AE or close to it. D2-40  Ki67 LVD had highest values in advanced stages @entity189 , with @entity3 . D2-40  a-SMA-positive vessels were identified only in the neighborhood of the @entity5 and LVD highest values were present in @entity5 and without @entity3 . A negative linear correlation between proliferation and maturity of the lymphatic vessels was found. The study indicated a strong association between lymphatic proliferative activity and lymph node @entity3 , suggesting the need for targeted antilymphangiogenic therapies in @entity957 .

title: The immunohistochemical analysis of the proliferative activity and the maturity degree of lymphatic vessels in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Oral cancers', 'early-stage carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['oral squamous cell carcinomas', 'OSCC', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['oral squamous cell carcinomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A retrospective clinical analysis was performed over a time period of 10 months while aiming to establish the impact of narrow band imaging (NBI) cystoscopy and transurethral resection of @entity150 (TURBT) in cases of @entity2735 ( @entity2735 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity2735 @entity5 cells are characterized by a high cytological grade, a certain degree of cyto-nuclear pleomorphism, large, irregular, hyperchromatic nuclei, high nuclear  cytoplasmatic ratio and mitotic figures. One hundred thirty-nine @entity1 were consecutively diagnosed with non-muscle invasive @entity150 (NMIBC) based on standard white light @entity227 . Urinary cytology was performed in cases of flat lesions suspected by either type of cystoscopy before the TURBT staging. Conventional endoscopic resection was performed for all white light (WL) visible lesions and NBI-guided TURBT exclusively for the observed @entity5 . RESULTS: At subsequent pathological analysis, 13 @entity2735 @entity1 were confirmed. NBI cystoscopy emphasized a superior diagnostic accuracy as compared to WLC concerning the cases' (92.3% versus 69.2%) as well as lesions' (93.75% versus 71.9%) detection rates. NBI-TURBT provided a higher proportion of additional @entity5 ' cases (53.8% versus 15.4%) when compared to classical resection but was marked by an increased frequency of false-positive results (18.9% versus 11.5%). Urinary cytology displayed an 84.6% sensitivity rate. CONCLUSIONS: NBI cystoscopy and resection substantially ameliorated the @entity2735 -related diagnostic accuracy within a parallel to the standard endoscopic approach at the cost of a reduced specificity. NBI-TURBT was able to find more @entity2735 @entity1 as well as lesions, thus improving the sensitivity of standard resection and urinary cytology.

title: XXXX - from pathology to narrow band imaging.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['cystoscopy (WLC) and NBI vision']

entities_list: @entity2735 :: ('MESH:D002278', 'Disease') :: ['CIS', 'carcinoma in situ']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumors', 'bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder']


abstract: The goal of therapy in @entity1222 ( @entity1222 ) is to decrease the activity and proliferation of histiocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages that cause the disease. @entity1 with disease that is localized to skin, bone and lymph node (defined as "nonrisk" organs) generally have a good prognosis and require minimal treatment. However, @entity1 with lesions in "risk" organs (liver, spleen, lung, bone marrow) have a worse overall prognosis regarding mortality and morbidity. Likewise, @entity1 with @entity149 (CNS), vertebrae, facial bones or bones of the anterior or middle cranial fossa are at higher risk for morbidity and recurrent disease. @entity1222 in the orbit, mastoid or temporal skull regions are classified as "CNS risk" because of an increased frequency of developing @entity2010 or parenchymal @entity75 . Outcomes of @entity1 with @entity1222 in only one bone in "nonrisk" locations are generally benign, and the disease responds well to several treatment modalities including observation, surgical excision, @entity134 injection or radiation therapy. The last is generally reserved for a single @entity75 or when a risk of pathologic fracture exists in the greater trochanter. The greatest challenge in treatment of @entity1222 is @entity1 with @entity66 . @entity1 with persistent or worsening disease in risk organs by the end of the first 6-12 weeks of therapy have significantly decreased overall survival regardless of treatment. Additionally, optimal treatment for @entity1 with late-onset CNS symptoms and adults with @entity1222 remain to be defined. In this article we will review the evolution of multicenter and international treatment studies as well as the current Histiocyte Society research treatment protocol, @entity1222 -III. We also review experiences with a variety of agents that have been used to treat @entity1222 outside of clinical trials. Since @entity1222 is a rare disease in @entity1 and adults, these @entity1 should be enrolled on clinical trials whenever possible to advance our knowledge of the optimal therapeutic interventions and long-term outcomes.

title: XXXX : a review of past, current and future therapies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multisystem disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral lesion', 'brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity1222 :: ('MESH:D006646', 'Disease') :: ['Langerhans cell histiocytosis', 'LCH']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['LCH in the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus and other endocrine abnormalities']

answer: @entity1222 :: (MESH:D006646,Disease) :: ['Langerhans cell histiocytosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14 is one of the most prevalent causes of @entity5 . It has been studied extensively for a long time, and numerous genetic and epigenetic events have been associated with the disease. However, its molecular mechanisms are still unclear. High-throughput metabolomics data, combined with customized computational systems modeling, can assist our understanding of some of these mechanisms by revealing connections between alterations in enzymatic activities and their consequences for a @entity1 's metabolic profile. Of particular importance in this context is @entity17262 metabolism, as it provides the @entity2036 needed for cell proliferation. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We employ a computational systems approach to infer molecular mechanisms associated with @entity17262 metabolism in @entity14 . The approach uses a dynamic model of @entity17262 metabolism as the simulation system and metabolomics data as input. The execution of large-scale Monte Carlo simulations and optimization with the model permits a step-wise reduction in possibly affected enzyme mechanisms, from which likely targets emerge. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, some enzymes in the @entity17262 pathway system are very unlikely the targets of @entity14 . In fact, only three enzymatic steps emerge with statistical confidence as most likely being affected, namely: @entity19204 ( @entity19204 ), @entity18615 (5NUC), and the @entity3624 oxidase/dehydrogenase (XD) reactions. The first of these enzymes catalyzes the first committed step of de novo @entity17262 biosynthesis, while the other two enzymes are associated with critical @entity17262 salvage pathways. The identification of these enzymes is statistically significant and robust. In addition, the results suggest potential secondary targets. The computational method cannot discern whether the inferred mechanisms constitute symptoms of @entity14 , or whether they might be causative and critical components of the uncontrolled cellular growth in @entity5 . The inferred molecular mechanisms present testable hypotheses that suggest targeted experiments for future studies of @entity14 and might eventually lead to improved diagnosis and treatment.

title: Identification of XXXX mechanisms through computational systems modeling.

entities_list: @entity19204 :: ('5471', 'Gene') :: ['amidophosphoribosyltransferase', 'ATASE']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer death', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Processing of bone marrow (BM) is often required to remove incompatible red blood cells (RBCs) or to reduce the volume before transplantation or cryopreservation. We have evaluated the Spectra Optia apheresis system to determine its effectiveness in @entity353 and RBC depletion of @entity1 BM before transplantation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: BM from 30 donations (28 allogeneic and two autologous) were processed using the Spectra Optia over a 12-month period. The mean BM collection volume was 1094        337 mL and RBC volume was 374        148 mL. Processing using the Spectra Optia was as described by the manufacturer. RESULTS: Volume reduction achieved was 93.0        1.2%; RBC depletion was 98.8        0.4%; and mononuclear, @entity2280 +, and CD3+ cell recoveries were 79.12        14.03, 88.36        13.76, and 79.84        16.27%, respectively. In total 26 of 28 processed allografts were transplanted; 24 achieved neutrophil engraftment in 20.7        5.9 days and 18 achieved platelet engraftment in 19.6        8.9 days. Time in transit significantly affected the Spectra Optia's ability to recover mononuclear, @entity2280 +, and CD3+ cells, and the overall age of the BM at the time of processing significantly affected the recovery of mononuclear and CD3+ cells, but not @entity2280 + cells. Time in storage at 2 to 6  C had no adverse effect on processing. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the Spectra Optia can effectively volume reduce and RBC deplete @entity1 BM before transplantation. Time in transit should be as short as possible but may be extended up to 24 hours if the donation is refrigerated during transit.

title: XXXX bone marrow processing using a new continuous-flow cell separation device.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['volume reduction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']