abstract: Reduction of @entity13508 in isolated succinate- @entity4674 reductase is a triphasic reaction. Initially, there is a relatively rapid, partial reduction of the @entity13508 , the rate of which matches the rate of reduction of cytochrome c1. This is followed by partial or complete reoxidation of the b, which is then followed by slow rereduction. At very low concentrations of @entity4588 , the initial partial reduction of b is followed by reoxidation, but the third (rereduction) phase is absent, owing to insufficient substrate to rereduce the cytochromes. If @entity11382 is added at various times during the triphasic reaction, it inhibits the reoxidation and also inhibits the rereduction phase. @entity11382 does not inhibit the initial phase of b reduction and, if added before or during this phase, it causes reduction of b to proceed to completion as a monophasic reaction. @entity22951 inhibits the first phase of b reduction and the subsequent reoxidation, but does not inhibit the third, slow phase of b reduction. The resulting monophasic reduction of b which is observed in the presence of @entity22951 is slower than that in the presence of @entity11382 . The combination of both inhibitors, whether added together or successively during the triphasic reaction, completely inhibits b reduction. The triphasic reduction of @entity13508 is consistent with electron transfer by a protonmotive Q cycle in which there are two pathways for @entity13508 reduction. One pathway allows the initial phase of @entity13508 reduction by a @entity22951 -sensitive reaction in which reduction of b by @entity7447 is linked to reduction of @entity68 - @entity599 protein and @entity4674 1 by @entity15401 . In the second phase of the triphasic reaction, the b cytochromes are reoxidized by @entity12931 or @entity7447 through an @entity11382 -sensitive reaction. If oxidation of @entity15401 by @entity5985 protein is blocked, either by @entity22951 or by reduction of @entity68 - @entity599 protein and cytochrome c1, the b cytochromes can be reduced by reversal of the @entity11382 -sensitive pathway, thus accounting for the third phase of b reduction.

title: Triphasic reduction of XXXX and the protonmotive Q cycle pathway of electron transfer in the cytochrome bc1 complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

entities_list: @entity22951 :: ('MESH:C030517', 'Chemical') :: ['myxothiazol', 'Myxothiazol']

entities_list: @entity15401 :: ('MESH:C003741', 'Chemical') :: ['ubiquinol']

entities_list: @entity12931 :: ('MESH:D014451', 'Chemical') :: ['ubiquinone']

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate']

entities_list: @entity11382 :: ('MESH:C032456', 'Chemical') :: ['antimycin', 'Antimycin']

entities_list: @entity5985 :: ('CHEBI:30408', 'Chemical') :: ['iron-sulfur']

entities_list: @entity7447 :: ('MESH:C024989', 'Chemical') :: ['ubisemiquinone']

answer: @entity13508 :: (4519,Gene) :: ['cytochrome b']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracardiac thrombi are a potential source of @entity999 . The disposition of @entity4615 in ischemic @entity385 ( @entity385 ) @entity1 was investigated over a 10-month period using omniplanar transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). METHODS: One hundred and five @entity1 underwent TEE examination at <1 month and again at 9-12 months (mean 10 months) after symptom onset. TEEs were evaluated for thrombi in the left atrium, left @entity955 and left ventricle. @entity64 risk factors and TEE findings were compared between @entity1 with and without new thrombi on follow-up TEE. Similar comparisons were made in @entity1 with and without disappearance of thrombi on the follow-up TEE. The effect of anticoagulants was evaluated. RESULTS: Intracardiac thrombi were found initially in 18% (95% CI 11-25%) of @entity1 in 79% (95% CI 61-97%) of whom the thrombi disappeared on the follow-up TEE; this significantly correlated with warfarin anticoagulation (p = 0.037). In the remainder 82% (95% CI 75-89%) @entity1 , new thrombi were detected on the follow-up TEE in 8% (2-14%). These were older (p = 0.009), and not on anticoagulation. @entity1 with aortic @entity1856 >/=4 mm were also more likely to develop new @entity4615 (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Anticoagulation with @entity1229 for 10 months is associated with conditions leading to disappearance of @entity4615 after a cerebral @entity63 event and hence has a probable therapeutic role. Older patients, not anticoagulated, and those with significant aortic @entity1856 >/=4 mm may have increased probability for de novo @entity715 development. These @entity1 may be at risk of @entity299 and could be considered for prophylactic anticoagulation.

title: Changes in cardiac XXXX status after cerebral ischemia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral embolism']

entities_list: @entity4615 :: ('MESH:C538262', 'Disease') :: ['intracardiac thrombi']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial appendage']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac embolization']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['stroke/transient ischemic attack', 'TIA']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombus']


abstract: Interferons (IFN) elicit antiviral and antineoplastic activities by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface. The binding characteristics of IFN to @entity1 lymphocytes were studied using @entity4020 labeled with 125I to high specific activity. The specific binding curves generated were analyzed by the LIGAND program of Munson and Rodbard to determine receptor numbers. The number of receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and tonsillar B-lymphocytes (TBL) from normal individuals were 505 +/- 293 (n = 10) and 393 +/- 147 (n = 3) respectively. When these cells were preincubated in vitro with unlabeled @entity4020 , the receptor number decreased to 82 +/- 45 and 61 +/- 16 respectively. Receptor binding activities recovered gradually over a period of 72 h when the cells were incubated in IFN-free medium. This recovery of receptors could be blocked by the addition of @entity4316 to the incubation medium. A similar decrease in receptor expression was observed in vivo in PBL from @entity1 being treated daily with 5 X 10(6) units/m2 per d of @entity4020 by subcutaneous injection, for @entity981 or @entity778 . Receptor numbers in PBL in vivo were further reduced concurrent with the progression of IFN therapy. Thus the reduction in IFN receptor expression observed in vitro can be demonstrated in vivo. These studies indicate that monitoring IFN receptor expression in vivo can provide information regarding the availability of IFN receptors at the cell surface for the mediation of IFN actions during the course of IFN therapy.

title: Regulation of interferon receptor expression in XXXX blood lymphocytes in vitro and during interferon therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['papilloma virus infections']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: This is the second in a series of papers that describes the use of a sensitive microculture procedure to investigate the transmitter status of sympathetic neurons. Cultured immature principal neurons, dissociated from the superior cervical @entity21 of newborn @entity35 , are known to be plastic with respect to transmitter status; under certain culture conditions, populations of neurons that display (at least) adrenergic properties at the outset can be induced to display a variety of cholinergic properties, including the formation of functional neuron-neuron cholinergic synapses, as adrenergic properties decline. With the microculture procedure described in the preceding paper (Furshpan et al., 1986a), we have examined the transmitter status of individual neonate-derived neurons during this transition. Many such neurons secreted both @entity1063 and @entity1617 (adrenergic/cholinergic dual function); examination of such neurons with the EM revealed a mixed population of synaptic vesicles. Direct evidence for a transition via this dual status was obtained by serial physiological assays of 14 neurons. The neonate-derived neurons were markedly heterogeneous in the rate of change of transmitter status. Principal neurons derived from adult superior cervical @entity21 also displayed dual status, but the incidence was lower than in neonate-derived neurons cultured for similar periods. In preliminary serial assays of adult-derived neurons, many of the neurons did not acquire detectable cholinergic function, but in two cases evidence consistent with plasticity was obtained. While it is known that several types of neurons will form functional junctions in the presence of agents that block electrical activity, sympathetic principal neurons have apparently not been tested. In microculture, neuron-neuron synapses and junctions with cardiac myocytes were formed by sympathetic neurons grown chronically in the presence of blocking concentrations of @entity4524 and @entity4033 .

title: Synaptic functions in XXXX sympathetic neurons in microcultures. II. Adrenergic/cholinergic dual status and plasticity.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['ganglia']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In India, the standard regimen (SR) for treating @entity378 consisted of a 2-month intensive treatment by 2-3 inexpensive drugs followed by a 10-month course using 2 drugs. In the 1980s, this course was shortened to 6 months owing to the powerful drugs @entity1215 and @entity5585 . @entity8299 was also replaced by the more expensive but less toxic @entity3110 . The result was a short-course chemotherapy (SCC) employing 4 drugs for 2 months, followed by 2-3 drugs for 4 months of follow-up. The SCC is being pilot-tested as the Revised National @entity378 Program (RNTP); this RNTP strategy is being implemented in Delhi, Bombay, and Mehsana with the assistance of the Swedish international agency. The World Bank also endorsed RNTP, as SCC regimens under it were cost-effective. The SR and SCC regimens were also compared for Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania, and relatively minor differences were found in lives saved for expenditures. The claim that the rates of default under SR and SCC remain unchanged over time and the cure rates of the regimens must be challenged. The estimated cure rates of 60% for SR and 85% for SCC do not correspond to the reality in India, where 41% of @entity1 completed treatment under SR versus 47% under SCC. The cost of treatment under SR does not have to be a 5-drug regimen; re-treatment can be a 3-drug regimen, whereby the cost would be lower than assumed. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MHF) was probing 253 district SCCs even in 1992-93 and accepted SCC because the World Health Organization recommended a vastly improved administration for implementation and there was a felt need from @entity1 for speedy cure. If the SCC is administered properly, it may increase the cure rate, even if cost-ineffective; if poorly managed, increased drug resistance of @entity1906 bacteria could result, which may be the present situation.

title: Efficacy of the Revised National XXXX Programme.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3110 :: ('MESH:D004977', 'Chemical') :: ['ethambutol']

entities_list: @entity5585 :: ('MESH:D011718', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrazinamide']

entities_list: @entity8299 :: ('MESH:D013828', 'Chemical') :: ['Thiacetazone']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculosis', 'tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['Tuberculosis']


abstract: @entity1 adenoviruses encode low-molecular-weight RNAs, so-called VA RNAs, which are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. These RNAs are required for an efficient translation of viral mRNAs late after @entity281 . The genes for the VA RNAs in the genome of CELO virus were mapped and characterized. The results showed a number of surprising differences between CELO virus and @entity1 @entity9504 ( @entity9504 ). Thus, the CELO virus genome encoded only one VA RNA species, in contrast to @entity1 @entity9504 , which encoded two distinct species. The VA RNA from CELO virus was much shorter than the @entity9504 VA RNAs (90 nucleotides compared with 160 @entity2036 ), and there existed no detectable primary sequence homology between them. The predicted secondary structure of CELO virus VA RNA was, however, similar to that of the @entity9504 VA RNAs, implying that the folding rather than the primary sequence was the important feature for biological activity. CELO VA RNA also stimulated translation in a transient expression assay, as did the @entity9504 counterparts, albeit with a much lower efficiency. The location of the gene for CELO VA RNA also differed from all previously characterized serotypes, suggesting that the genome organization of avian and @entity1 adenoviruses are different. Finally, termination of CELO VA RNA transcription occurred in a TTATT sequence which is unique as a stop signal for RNA polymerase III transcription.

title: VA RNAs from avian and XXXX adenoviruses: dramatic differences in length, sequence, and gene location.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity9504 :: ('MESH:D000257', 'Disease') :: ['adenovirus type 2', 'Ad2']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We have developed a method by which the extent of physical exchange of DNA molecules can be determined throughout meiosis in the @entity375 @entity375 . We have used this technique to analyze the effect of five meiosis-defective mutations ( @entity11024 , @entity12248 , @entity9871 , @entity38877 and @entity374 ) on the physical exchange of DNA molecules. In the same experiments, we have also measured other meiotic parameters, such as premeiotic DNA synthesis, commitment to intragenic recombination, haploidization, ascus formation, and viability. @entity12248 and @entity374 diploids make an undetectable amount of physically recombined DNA and less than 1% of wild-type levels of viable intragenic recombinants. In contrast, diploids homozygous for @entity9871 , @entity11024 or @entity38877 all yield significant amounts of novel restriction fragments which arise by recombination. @entity38877 diploids make nearly wild-type levels of the recombined restriction fragments, although they produce less than 10% of the wild-type levels of viable intragenic recombinants. @entity9871 strains are also capable of a significant (33%) amount of exchange of DNA molecules, but make less than 1% of wild-type levels of viable intragenic recombinants. @entity11024 diploids are also capable of undergoing a high level of exchange, as measured by the appearance of the recombined restriction fragment. In addition, @entity11024 diploids show an unusual allele- or locus-specific variability in the level of viable intragenic recombinants produced. Although @entity11024 diploids produce no viable spores, they are able to complete a significant amount of haploidization upon return to vegetative growth conditions.

title: Analysis of meiosis-defective mutations in XXXX by physical monitoring of recombination.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: To determine the effects of chronic @entity583 on beta-adrenergic properties of @entity235 myocardium, the hearts of nine mongrel @entity235 were studied 3 weeks after @entity583 . @entity1188 was produced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in five @entity235 and the circumflex artery in four @entity235 . The heart was divided into normal and @entity1188 zones (either anterior or posterior, depending on the vessel ligated) and marginal zones (septal and lateral), each zone being subdivided into epicardial and endocardial portions. Myocardial blood flow (microsphere technique) was markedly reduced in the @entity1188 zone. In eight endocardial @entity1188 samples after left anterior descending ligation, the maximal number (+/- SD) of binding sites assessed by 125I- @entity18013 was 3.9 +/- 1.9 pmol/mg @entity3141 ( @entity3141 ) and was reduced from normal endocardial values (9.7 +/- 9.4 pmol/mg @entity3141 , p less than 0.05). The dissociation constant (Kd), which is a measure of the affinity of the iodinated antagonist for the receptor, did not differ (304 +/- 222 versus 338 +/- 219 pM, p = NS). In the epicardium, the maximal number of beta-adrenergic receptors was also reduced (p less than 0.05), without a change in Kd. In the lateral and septal zones neither the maximal number of binding sites nor Kd values differed from those of normal endocardium. In nine endocardial @entity1188 zones, @entity3044 -stimulated @entity1920 cyclase activity was reduced compared with control (34,870 +/- 29,430 versus 88,660 +/- 63,640 pmol/mg @entity3141 /30 minutes, p less than 0.01), but the ratio of @entity3044 -stimulated to maximal ( @entity3163 -stimulated) @entity1920 cyclase activity was unchanged between normal and @entity1188 zones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Beta-adrenergic receptor properties of @entity235 myocardium: effects of chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3141 :: ('CHEBI:16991', 'Chemical') :: ['DNA', 'deoxyribonucleic acid']

entities_list: @entity3163 :: ('MESH:D012969', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium fluoride']

entities_list: @entity18013 :: ('MESH:D020120', 'Chemical') :: ['iodocyanopindolol']

entities_list: @entity1920 :: ('CHEBI:16027', 'Chemical') :: ['adenylate']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'Infarction']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['(-)-isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: To determine the effects of chronic @entity583 on beta-adrenergic properties of @entity235 myocardium, the hearts of nine mongrel @entity235 were studied 3 weeks after @entity583 . @entity1188 was produced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in five @entity235 and the circumflex artery in four @entity235 . The heart was divided into normal and @entity1188 zones (either anterior or posterior, depending on the vessel ligated) and marginal zones (septal and lateral), each zone being subdivided into epicardial and endocardial portions. Myocardial blood flow (microsphere technique) was markedly reduced in the @entity1188 zone. In eight endocardial @entity1188 samples after left anterior descending ligation, the maximal number (+/- SD) of binding sites assessed by 125I- @entity18013 was 3.9 +/- 1.9 pmol/mg @entity3141 ( @entity3141 ) and was reduced from normal endocardial values (9.7 +/- 9.4 pmol/mg @entity3141 , p less than 0.05). The dissociation constant (Kd), which is a measure of the affinity of the iodinated antagonist for the receptor, did not differ (304 +/- 222 versus 338 +/- 219 pM, p = NS). In the epicardium, the maximal number of beta-adrenergic receptors was also reduced (p less than 0.05), without a change in Kd. In the lateral and septal zones neither the maximal number of binding sites nor Kd values differed from those of normal endocardium. In nine endocardial @entity1188 zones, @entity3044 -stimulated @entity1920 cyclase activity was reduced compared with control (34,870 +/- 29,430 versus 88,660 +/- 63,640 pmol/mg @entity3141 /30 minutes, p less than 0.01), but the ratio of @entity3044 -stimulated to maximal ( @entity3163 -stimulated) @entity1920 cyclase activity was unchanged between normal and @entity1188 zones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Beta-adrenergic receptor properties of XXXX myocardium: effects of chronic @entity583 .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Intraoperative ultrasonography was used in 37 @entity1 during surgery for suspected @entity96 . The size, number, and site of the lesions were determined together with the relationship of the @entity5 to the intrahepatic vessel, as well as possible small daughter lesions within the liver. Final diagnosis in these @entity1 was @entity157 in 19 cases, metastases from @entity14 in 15 cases, and benign lesions in three cases. Previously undetected small tumors were revealed in one @entity1 with @entity5 and in five @entity1 with @entity157 who had @entity82 . Vascular tumoral infiltrations were easily displayed and the surgical approach modified accordingly: a more extended resection was performed in two cases of huge central hepatic metastases. Intraoperative ultrasonography revealed seven cases of small (2 to 3 cm) @entity157 in cirrhotic livers that were not visible or palpable, thus allowing a subsegmentary resection. Finally, in three cases of @entity5 , an intraoperative echo-guided biopsy specimen was required to establish the benign nature of lesions and resection was avoided. Intraoperative ultrasonography facilitates the diagnosis of small @entity96 and can also aid the surgeon in his choice of technique, especially in cases of @entity1575 . A resection can be avoided altogether when multiple lesions are involved, or echo-guided subsegmentary resections can be performed in cirrhotic livers when a less extended resection is required. This technique makes it possible to establish the relationship between the @entity5 and intrahepatic vessels, thus preventing @entity1317 and making radical hepatic resection safer.

title: Intraoperative ultrasonography in surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'sigmoid cancer', 'atypical tumors']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancers']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis of the liver']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatocellular carcinomas', 'liver cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver tumors']


abstract: Some in the @entity10479 view foreign assistance as some type of wasteful international welfare program. To the contrary, @entity10479 foreign @entity3224 is invaluable investment in both the country's future and that of the world. 43 of the top 50 customers of American agricultural products were, for example, once foreign @entity3224 recipients. South Korea imports three times as much in @entity10479 goods each year as it received in @entity3224 during the entire 1960s. Furthermore, President Bill Clinton's recent bypass of Congress to bail Mexico from its economic morass serves both @entity10479 and Mexican interests. Helping to help the economy of Mexico afloat protected 750,000 @entity10479 jobs which come from trade with Mexico as well as billions of dollars of investments by middle-class Americans in Mexico and Latin America. It is unfortunate that the Republican-controlled Congress fails to understand that the continuation of @entity10479 foreign @entity3224 serves @entity10479 interests while at the same time helping other less fortunate populations. It is clear that @entity10479 @entity3224 over the decades has made an enormous positive impact upon the health and welfare of populations in developing countries worldwide, especially in the area of population assistance. Congressional leaders are considering cutting @entity10479 foreign @entity3224 to developing countries by 10-20%, but that won't save much money. The @entity10479 in 1994 spent  12.3 billion on foreign assistance, less than 1% of the federal budget and the lowest amount in the history of the @entity3224 program. About half of that was in military assistance, which would not be cut.

title: What we buy with foreign XXXX .

answer: @entity3224 :: (57379,Gene) :: ['aid']


abstract: In the @entity1 visual system, the lateral geniculate nucleus is commonly thought to act merely as a relay for the transmission of @entity227 , a relay without significant elaboration in receptive field properties or signal strength. However, many morphological and electrophysiological observations are at odds with this view. Only 10-20% of the synapses found on geniculate relay neurons are retinal in origin. Roughly half of all synapses derive from cells in layer VI of visual cortex; roughly one third are inhibitory and GABAergic, derived either from interneurons or from cells of the nearby perigeniculate nucleus. Most of the remaining synapses probably derive from cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic sites within the brainstem reticular formation. Moreover, recent biophysical studies have revealed several ionic currents present in virtually all thalamic neurons. One is a @entity141 -dependent K+ current underlying the afterhyperpolarization (or the IAHP), which may last up to 100-200 ms following an action potential. Activation of the IAHP leads to spike frequency adaptation in response to a sustained, suprathreshold input. Intracellular recordings from other neuronal preparations have shown that the IAHP can be blocked by @entity1063 or @entity934 , leading to an increased cellular excitability. Another ionic current results from a voltage- and time-dependent @entity141 conductance that produces a low threshold spike. Activation of this conductance transforms a geniculate neuron from a state of faithful relay of information to one of bursting behavior that bears little relationship to the activity of its retinal afferents. We propose that state-dependent gating of geniculate relay cells, which may represent part of the neuronal substrate involved in certain forms of selective visual attention, can be effected through at least three different mechanisms: conventional GABAergic inhibition, which is largely controlled via brainstem and cortical afferents through interneurons and perigeniculate cells; the IAHP, which is controlled via noradrenergic and cholinergic afferents from the brainstem reticular formation; and the low threshold spike, which may be controlled by GABAergic inputs, cholinergic inputs, and/or the corticogeniculate input, although other possibilities also exist. Furthermore, it seems likely that gating functions involving the corticogeniculate pathway are suited to attentional processes within the visual domain (e.g., saccadic suppression), whereas brainstem inputs seem more likely to have more global effects that switch attention between sensory systems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The control of retinogeniculate transmission in the XXXX lateral geniculate nucleus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual information from the retina to the visual cortex']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: A survey was conducted in 4 administrative regions of the Dominican Republic to determine the prevalence and incidence of @entity697 and @entity1729 and to increase knowledge of their epidemiological features and responses of the family to the conditions. An objective was to establish programs to reduce their occurrence. The study consisted of a retrospective survey of morbidity over the past 2 weeks or mortality over the past year from acute @entity294 or @entity1729 in a representative sample of @entity1 5 years old. A cluster sampling method was used. 7322 @entity1 5 were included. 59% had been sick in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. 94% of their illnesses corresponded to @entity697 or @entity1729 , with few regional differences. 27% of the @entity1 had had @entity697 in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, with a slightly higher frequency (30%) in urban areas. The incidence, or percentage of @entity1 with @entity294 on the survey date was 13%, ranging from 6% to 19% in different regions and with a greater prevalence in urban areas. The average duration of @entity5163 was 5 days, and the proportion of prolonged episodes lasting 15 or more days was 8%. 89% of the mothers had breast fed their @entity1 . 59% of urban and 51% of rural @entity1 were given less to eat during their @entity294 . Some form of oral rehydration was administered in 51% of cases. The use of iv feeding ranged from 3% to 12% in different regions and averaged 7% overall. Antidiarrheals or antibiotics were administered in 24% of cases. 65% of families sought medical assistance for the @entity294 . 5% of the @entity1 with @entity294 were hospitalized. @entity294 mortality projected over the 1987 population age 0-4 suggested that around 6000 @entity204 associated with @entity294 occurred, of which about 5000 were in @entity1 1 year. 43% of all @entity204 were associated with @entity294 . The frequency of @entity1729 was 40%, ranging from 36% to 45% in different regions. The average duration was 7 days, with little regional or rural-urban variation. The calculated annual frequency of @entity1729 was 10 episodes/ @entity1 , again with little geographic variation. Feeding of the @entity1 was decreased in 45% of cases. 49% of cases required medical attention and 58% received some form of treatment. 3% of cases required hospitalization. 26% of @entity204 in @entity1 1 and 15% in those 1-4 were associated with @entity1729 . The annual projection of 50 days morbidity due to @entity1729 and 30 days due to @entity294 totals about 80 days of illness/ @entity1 /year. Considering that feeding was reduced in 45% of @entity1 with @entity1729 and 55% with acute @entity294 , the potential effect on nutritional status is obvious.

title: [National Survey on Acute @entity5163 and Acute XXXX , 1987].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute diarrheal disease']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory infections', 'acute respiratory infection', 'respiratory infection']

entities_list: @entity5163 :: ('MESH:D004403', 'Disease') :: ['diarrheal episodes']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['Respiratory Infections']


abstract: A survey was conducted in 4 administrative regions of the Dominican Republic to determine the prevalence and incidence of @entity697 and @entity1729 and to increase knowledge of their epidemiological features and responses of the family to the conditions. An objective was to establish programs to reduce their occurrence. The study consisted of a retrospective survey of morbidity over the past 2 weeks or mortality over the past year from acute @entity294 or @entity1729 in a representative sample of @entity1 5 years old. A cluster sampling method was used. 7322 @entity1 5 were included. 59% had been sick in the 2 weeks preceding the survey. 94% of their illnesses corresponded to @entity697 or @entity1729 , with few regional differences. 27% of the @entity1 had had @entity697 in the 2 weeks preceding the survey, with a slightly higher frequency (30%) in urban areas. The incidence, or percentage of @entity1 with @entity294 on the survey date was 13%, ranging from 6% to 19% in different regions and with a greater prevalence in urban areas. The average duration of @entity5163 was 5 days, and the proportion of prolonged episodes lasting 15 or more days was 8%. 89% of the mothers had breast fed their @entity1 . 59% of urban and 51% of rural @entity1 were given less to eat during their @entity294 . Some form of oral rehydration was administered in 51% of cases. The use of iv feeding ranged from 3% to 12% in different regions and averaged 7% overall. Antidiarrheals or antibiotics were administered in 24% of cases. 65% of families sought medical assistance for the @entity294 . 5% of the @entity1 with @entity294 were hospitalized. @entity294 mortality projected over the 1987 population age 0-4 suggested that around 6000 @entity204 associated with @entity294 occurred, of which about 5000 were in @entity1 1 year. 43% of all @entity204 were associated with @entity294 . The frequency of @entity1729 was 40%, ranging from 36% to 45% in different regions. The average duration was 7 days, with little regional or rural-urban variation. The calculated annual frequency of @entity1729 was 10 episodes/ @entity1 , again with little geographic variation. Feeding of the @entity1 was decreased in 45% of cases. 49% of cases required medical attention and 58% received some form of treatment. 3% of cases required hospitalization. 26% of @entity204 in @entity1 1 and 15% in those 1-4 were associated with @entity1729 . The annual projection of 50 days morbidity due to @entity1729 and 30 days due to @entity294 totals about 80 days of illness/ @entity1 /year. Considering that feeding was reduced in 45% of @entity1 with @entity1729 and 55% with acute @entity294 , the potential effect on nutritional status is obvious.

title: [National Survey on Acute XXXX and Acute @entity1729 , 1987].

answer: @entity5163 :: (MESH:D004403,Disease) :: ['Diarrheal Disease']


abstract: @entity4034 , or @entity281 of the bones, is a common orthopedic condition in the young in developing countries which causes severe @entity85 and morbidity. @entity697 is of hematogenous origin, and in adults it results from @entity4422 or a leg ulcer from @entity794 (over 80%), or mixed with @entity4195 , Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, @entity526 , and @entity1680 . In a classic case of @entity697 , a @entity1 under 10 presents severe @entity158 , pyrexia of 39-40 degrees Celsius, and inability to use the limb. Blood culture is positive in 60% of cases, and white cell count is elevated to around 20,000/ml indicative of leucocytosis. After 12 weeks of intense @entity79 in. A large abscess develops in the subperiosteal soft tissue extending into the tissue planes. Discharging sinuses and fistulae appear along with @entity85 . In advanced cases, X-ray shows complete separation of the dead bones (sequestrum) or a defect in the length of bone. In @entity697 , treatment calls for the limb to be splinted and elevated. The usual regimen is to give 500 mg iv cloxacillin every 6 hours for 24-48 hours in combination with intra-muscular @entity801 (40 mg, every 8 hours) and analgesics as well as small doses of @entity6882 for 24 hours. Antibiotic therapy must continue for 8-12 weeks with a follow-up X-ray at 3 months to confirm complete recovery. In @entity6275 , which can linger for year, subcutaneous and subperiosteal @entity733 should be drained without sequestrectomy until involucrum has formed. Public awareness has to be increased about urgent medical attention at an early stage to avoid amputation in very severe cases in adults.

title: Coping with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity6275 :: ('MESH:C535456', 'Disease') :: ['chronic osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute osteomyelitis', 'Acute osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity1680 :: ('90370', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella typhi']

entities_list: @entity4422 :: ('MESH:D005597', 'Disease') :: ['infected open fractures']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['Osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity4195 :: ('1314', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pyogenes']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['infection in the bone, chronic osteomyelitis sets']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['pethidine']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['abscesses']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['bone pain']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity', 'bony deformity']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['osteomyelitis']


abstract: Although case reports of @entity778 ( @entity778 ) causing acute @entity99 in otherwise healthy adults have appeared recently in the literature, a prospective study of the incidence of @entity1956 in the general population hitherto has not been reported. In the present study, serum samples from 124 young adults attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic with either @entity281 (n = 86) or non-herpes sexually transmitted diseases (n = 38) (controls) were analyzed for @entity99 (including @entity492 aminotransferase [AST] and @entity493 aminotransferase [ALT]). Twelve of eighty-six (14%) herpes-infected @entity1 had mildly abnormal liver enzyme tests (less than or equal to twice the upper limit of normal) as opposed to only 1 of 38 controls (2.6%), (P less than .05). All individuals in the herpes- @entity99 group were anicteric, and only two complained of constitutional symptoms (malaise and fatigue). Liver enzyme tests were repeated in nine herpes- @entity99 @entity1 1 week after their genital lesions had resolved, and in six of nine @entity1 the results had returned to within normal limits. Four @entity1 subsequently returned at the onset of a recurrence of their genital herpes. In all four, serum ALT levels were elevated from the previous occasion, and in three of the four levels just exceeded the upper limit of normal. One @entity1 was followed through three recurrences of his genital herpes. In that individual, the extent of @entity99 appeared to correlate with the presence or absence of his genital lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Genital herpes and XXXX in healthy young adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['HSV', 'herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['HSV-hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['genital herpes infections']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver enzyme abnormalities', 'hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatitis']


abstract: We investigated the efficacy of kidney wrapping with @entity6886 ( @entity6987 ) mesh for control of @entity548 and preservation of renal function following extensive @entity8 in the @entity235 . Wrapping of lacerated kidneys resulted in reapposition of the renal parenchyma and prompt, sustained hemostasis. At 21 days following injury the @entity8 were well healed. Among five @entity235 with lacerations involving the entire surface of one kidney, the mean of the ratios of the @entity1011 clearance of the affected kidney divided by the @entity1011 clearance of the uninjured contralateral kidney was 0.83 +/- 0.14. Among ten @entity235 with lacerations confined to the lower pole of one kidney, five were treated by mesh wrapping and five by partial nephrectomy. The mean of the ratios of the @entity1011 clearance of the affected kidney divided by the @entity1011 clearance of the uninjured contralateral kidney was 0.93 +/- 0.17 for the former group and 0.58 +/- 0.06 for the latter group. @entity281 following kidney wrapping developed in only one @entity235 who had an @entity526 @entity793 at the time of injury. Blood pressure was monitored in eight @entity235 treated with mesh wrapping. None became @entity101 . These data suggest that @entity6987 mesh may have clinical utility in the management of selected renal injuries in @entity1 .

title: XXXX mesh in experimental renal trauma.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal lacerations', 'potentially lethal kidney lacerations']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity6886 :: ('CHEBI:53492', 'Chemical') :: ['polyglycolic acid']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Perirenal infection']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity6886 :: (CHEBI:53492,Chemical) :: ['Polyglycolic acid']


abstract: Our goal was to review and extend statistical methods for discriminating between normal subjects and those with @entity303 or @entity73 . We compared six different methods to one constructed by expert opinion, in their brevity and predictive power. The methods include logistic regression and @entity1274 , with standard and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) variable selection, as well as decision trees with and without boosting. These methods were applied to the baseline data of a subgroup of subjects in a @entity303 study, using their screening interview items to predict their clinical diagnosis of normal or non-normal (cognitively impaired or demented). The derived models were then validated on a different subgroup of subjects in the same study who had the screening and clinical diagnosis two to five years later. Performance of different models was compared based on their sensitivity and specificity in the validation sample. Generally, the six statistical methods performed slightly to moderately better than the expert-opinion model. @entity1274 generally performed better than the logistic and decision tree models. LASSO improved the performance of logistic and neural network models, but it eliminated few input variables in the neural network. The single decision tree performed at least as well as the standard logistic model, and with fewer items, making it an attractive pre-screening tool. Using the boosting option for decision trees did not substantially improve the performance. We recommend that for each situation, different methods of classification should be attempted to obtain optimal results for a given purpose.

title: Selecting pre-screening items for early intervention trials of XXXX --a case study.

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['Neural networks', 'neural networks']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In addition to mastectomy, level II and level III axillary node dissection procedures are performed widely in Japan. A randomized clinical trial was performed to determine which procedure was more effective. METHODS: One group of @entity1 had resection of the pectoralis minor muscle and dissection of level I, II and III axillary lymph nodes (level III dissection). In a second group, the pectoralis minor muscle was left intact and level III axillary lymph node dissection was not performed (level II dissection). A total of 1209 @entity1 with @entity0 were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to one of the two groups. RESULTS: The 10-year cumulative survival rate was 86.6 per cent after level II and 85.7 per cent after level III axillary dissection (hazard ratio (HR) 1.02; P = 0.931, log rank test). The 10-year disease-free survival rate was 73.3 and 77.8 per cent respectively (HR 0.94, P = 0.666). Overall survival and disease-free survival rates in the two groups were similar after both procedures. The duration of surgery was significantly shorter (P < 0.001) and @entity190 was significantly less (P = 0.001) after level II dissection. In a survey of @entity1 ' symptoms on follow-up, no significant differences were found between the two procedures. CONCLUSION: The addition of pectoralis minor muscle resection and level III axillary lymph node dissection to mastectomy for @entity0 did not improve overall or disease-free survival rates.

title: Randomized clinical trial comparing level II and level III axillary node dissection in addition to mastectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage II breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The anaerobic halorespiring microorganism, Sulfurospirillum multivorans, was observed in the pore structure of an etched @entity6619 wafer to determine how flow hydrodynamics and mass transfer limitations along a transverse mixing zone affect biomass growth. @entity3321 ( @entity11240 , an electron acceptor, 0.2 mM) and @entity880 (an electron donor, 2 mM) were introduced as two separate and parallel streams that mixed along a reaction line in the pore structure. The first visible biomass occupied a single line of pores in the direction of flow, a few pore bodies from the micromodel centerline. This growth was initially present as small aggregates; over time, these grew and fused to form finger-like structures with one end attached to downgradient ends of the @entity6619 posts and the other end extending into pore bodies in the direction of flow. Biomass did not grow in pore throats as expected, presumably because shear forces were not favorable. Over the next few weeks, the line of growth migrated upward into the PCE zone and extended over a width of up to five pore spaces. When the PCE concentration was increased to 0.5 mM, the microbial biomass increased and growth migrated down toward the @entity880 side of the micromodel. A new analytical model was developed and used to demonstrate that transverse hydrodynamic dispersion likely caused the biomass to move in the direction observed when the PCE concentration was changed. The model was unable, however, to explain why growth migrated upward when the PCE concentration was initially constant. We postulate that this occurred because PCE, not @entity880 , sorbed to biofilm components and that biomass on the @entity880 side of the micromodel was limited in PCE. A fluorescent tracer experiment showed that biomass growth changed the water flow paths, creating a higher velocity zone in the PCE half of the micromodel. These results contribute to our understanding of biofilm growth and will help in the development of new models to describe this complex process.

title: Pore-scale analysis of anaerobic halorespiring bacterial growth along the transverse mixing zone of an etched XXXX pore network.

entities_list: @entity3321 :: ('MESH:D013750', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetrachloroethene']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity6619 :: (MESH:D012825,Chemical) :: ['silicon']


abstract: The objective of this study was to image the surface structure of cultured @entity1 epidermal melanocytes using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Epidermis obtained from @entity1 foreskins was treated with 0.5% dispase. Cell suspensions of the epidermis were prepared and seeded in six-well plates, in which sheets of @entity1531 had been placed. Samples for AFM were fixed on @entity1531 and scanning AFM images were captured by contacting and tapping modes operated under normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. @entity1 epidermal melanocytes exhibited rounded, oval, triangular or quadrangular perikarya from which eight to 10 thick dendrites arose. These dendrites first bifurcated near the soma and then divided profusely into daughter branches, which spread out in all directions. We observed string-like long thin projections, growth cones and shorter thicker projections, which arose from the dendritic shafts, in which groups of melanosomes were arrayed. In addition to such structures, the most striking feature was the presence of filopodia arising from the melanocyte dendrite @entity3455 and the melanocyte cell body, many of which contained melanosomes. The termini of dendrites formed unbranched terminal protrusions (approximately 1,500-2,000 nm wide) consisting of two to three melanosomes wrapped in an arc, with their filopodia extending outwards. The @entity3455 of these structures also appeared to be squeezed and finally pinched off by the melanocyte to form a pouch filled with numerous melanosomes. We conclude that secondary and tertiary branches and subordinate branches might take part in transferring melanosomes into keratinocytes in addition to the transfer through the @entity3455 of the dendritic shafts. The melanin granules were expelled by exocytosis.

title: Morphology of cultured XXXX epidermal melanocytes observed by atomic force microscopy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1 with @entity302 are at risk of specific @entity73 . We aimed to compare and characterize the memory function of @entity1 with @entity2048 ( @entity2048 ), @entity4940 ( @entity4940 ) and @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ). METHODS: @entity302 was identified by clinical data, @entity410 semiology, interictal and ictal electroencephalogram (EEG). Seventy @entity1 aged 6-18 years with @entity2048 , @entity4940 or @entity1315 had neuropsychological assessment including memory function. After adjusting for @entity302 variables, neuropsychological results of the syndrome groups and normative data were compared. RESULTS: @entity1 from all three syndrome groups were at risk of memory difficulties. The duration of @entity302 correlated negatively with memory function. @entity1 with @entity1315 had the worst memory function, significantly lower in verbal memory tasks than @entity1 with @entity2048 (P = 0.02) and @entity1 with @entity4940 (P = 0.01). The performance of @entity1 with @entity1315 was significantly below the normed mean across all verbal and most visual tasks. Compared to the normed means, @entity1 with @entity4940 had results that were statistically lower in some verbal and visual tasks, and @entity1 with @entity2048 were lower in two visual tasks only. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates @entity2414 in three common @entity302 . @entity1 with @entity1315 had the greatest impairment, @entity1 with @entity4940 had memory difficulties not previously reported, and @entity1 with @entity2048 had @entity2414 . Qualitative differences were also evident. Longer duration of intractable @entity302 was associated with reduced memory ability. Memory function and its potential impact on @entity4207 achievement are vital considerations when managing @entity1 with @entity302 .

title: Memory function in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['TLE', 'temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epilepsy syndrome', 'childhood epilepsy syndromes', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2048 :: ('MESH:D004832', 'Disease') :: ['CAE', 'childhood absence epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity4940 :: ('MESH:D017034', 'Disease') :: ['FLE', 'frontal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['subtle memory deficits', 'memory dysfunction']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['childhood epilepsy syndromes']


abstract: @entity859 ( @entity7308 , 10-50 microM), a potent inhibitor of @entity857 -induced @entity1 @entity1423 in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), does not inhibit aggregation in whole blood. However, the @entity7308 analogs, @entity70887 , @entity17828 and @entity19350 ( @entity19350 ) which are resistant to deamination ( @entity70887 ) or deamination and phosphorylation ( @entity17828 and @entity19350 ), inhibit aggregation in whole blood with IC50 values of 12 microM, 2.3 microM and 0.26 microM, respectively. The inhibitory effect of @entity19350 (200 nM) is potentiated by the platelet @entity268 phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor @entity70888 (5 microM). Inhibition of the erythrocytic @entity2353 transport system by dilazep (1 microM) or @entity4341 (10 microM), or blockade of @entity7308 metabolism by @entity9392 (5 microM) plus @entity70889 (10 microM), evokes the antiaggregatory action of @entity7308 in whole blood (IC50 congruent to 2 microM). @entity70888 (5 microM) potentiates @entity7308 -mediated inhibition about 10-fold when @entity2353 transport or @entity7308 metabolism is blocked. @entity7308 (10 microM or 200 nM) is rapidly metabolized within 1 min in whole blood. When @entity2353 transport is inhibited by dilazep or @entity4341 , or when @entity7308 metabolism is blocked by @entity9392 and @entity70889 , 50-60% of the @entity7308 remains in the plasma after 5 min. These results show that the failure of @entity7308 to inhibit @entity1423 in whole blood results from its rapid uptake and metabolism by erythrocytes. More importantly, these data emphasize the key role of @entity2353 transport inhibition in the antiplatelet actions of @entity4341 and dilazep. In addition, superior therapeutic results may be obtained from the combination of blockade of @entity2353 transport system with inhibition of platelet @entity268 PDE.

title: Potentiation of the antiplatelet action of @entity859 in whole blood by @entity4341 or dilazep and the XXXX phosphodiesterase inhibitor, @entity70888 .

entities_list: @entity19350 :: ('MESH:D019830', 'Chemical') :: ['NECA', "5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine"]

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['Adenosine']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity70889 :: ('MESH:C034214', 'Chemical') :: ['5-iodotubercidin']

entities_list: @entity4341 :: ('MESH:D004176', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyridamole']

entities_list: @entity17828 :: ('MESH:D015762', 'Chemical') :: ['2-chloroadenosine']

entities_list: @entity9392 :: ('MESH:D015649', 'Chemical') :: ["2'-deoxycoformycin"]

entities_list: @entity70887 :: ('MESH:C034064', 'Chemical') :: ['2-fluoroadenosine']

answer: @entity268 :: (CHEBI:17489,Chemical) :: ['cAMP']


abstract: @entity859 ( @entity7308 , 10-50 microM), a potent inhibitor of @entity857 -induced @entity1 @entity1423 in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), does not inhibit aggregation in whole blood. However, the @entity7308 analogs, @entity70887 , @entity17828 and @entity19350 ( @entity19350 ) which are resistant to deamination ( @entity70887 ) or deamination and phosphorylation ( @entity17828 and @entity19350 ), inhibit aggregation in whole blood with IC50 values of 12 microM, 2.3 microM and 0.26 microM, respectively. The inhibitory effect of @entity19350 (200 nM) is potentiated by the platelet @entity268 phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor @entity70888 (5 microM). Inhibition of the erythrocytic @entity2353 transport system by dilazep (1 microM) or @entity4341 (10 microM), or blockade of @entity7308 metabolism by @entity9392 (5 microM) plus @entity70889 (10 microM), evokes the antiaggregatory action of @entity7308 in whole blood (IC50 congruent to 2 microM). @entity70888 (5 microM) potentiates @entity7308 -mediated inhibition about 10-fold when @entity2353 transport or @entity7308 metabolism is blocked. @entity7308 (10 microM or 200 nM) is rapidly metabolized within 1 min in whole blood. When @entity2353 transport is inhibited by dilazep or @entity4341 , or when @entity7308 metabolism is blocked by @entity9392 and @entity70889 , 50-60% of the @entity7308 remains in the plasma after 5 min. These results show that the failure of @entity7308 to inhibit @entity1423 in whole blood results from its rapid uptake and metabolism by erythrocytes. More importantly, these data emphasize the key role of @entity2353 transport inhibition in the antiplatelet actions of @entity4341 and dilazep. In addition, superior therapeutic results may be obtained from the combination of blockade of @entity2353 transport system with inhibition of platelet @entity268 PDE.

title: Potentiation of the antiplatelet action of @entity859 in whole blood by XXXX or dilazep and the @entity268 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, @entity70888 .

answer: @entity4341 :: (MESH:D004176,Chemical) :: ['dipyridamole']


abstract: @entity859 ( @entity7308 , 10-50 microM), a potent inhibitor of @entity857 -induced @entity1 @entity1423 in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), does not inhibit aggregation in whole blood. However, the @entity7308 analogs, @entity70887 , @entity17828 and @entity19350 ( @entity19350 ) which are resistant to deamination ( @entity70887 ) or deamination and phosphorylation ( @entity17828 and @entity19350 ), inhibit aggregation in whole blood with IC50 values of 12 microM, 2.3 microM and 0.26 microM, respectively. The inhibitory effect of @entity19350 (200 nM) is potentiated by the platelet @entity268 phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor @entity70888 (5 microM). Inhibition of the erythrocytic @entity2353 transport system by dilazep (1 microM) or @entity4341 (10 microM), or blockade of @entity7308 metabolism by @entity9392 (5 microM) plus @entity70889 (10 microM), evokes the antiaggregatory action of @entity7308 in whole blood (IC50 congruent to 2 microM). @entity70888 (5 microM) potentiates @entity7308 -mediated inhibition about 10-fold when @entity2353 transport or @entity7308 metabolism is blocked. @entity7308 (10 microM or 200 nM) is rapidly metabolized within 1 min in whole blood. When @entity2353 transport is inhibited by dilazep or @entity4341 , or when @entity7308 metabolism is blocked by @entity9392 and @entity70889 , 50-60% of the @entity7308 remains in the plasma after 5 min. These results show that the failure of @entity7308 to inhibit @entity1423 in whole blood results from its rapid uptake and metabolism by erythrocytes. More importantly, these data emphasize the key role of @entity2353 transport inhibition in the antiplatelet actions of @entity4341 and dilazep. In addition, superior therapeutic results may be obtained from the combination of blockade of @entity2353 transport system with inhibition of platelet @entity268 PDE.

title: Potentiation of the antiplatelet action of @entity859 in whole blood by @entity4341 or dilazep and the @entity268 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, XXXX .

answer: @entity70888 :: (MESH:D009012,Chemical) :: ['RA 233']


abstract: @entity859 ( @entity7308 , 10-50 microM), a potent inhibitor of @entity857 -induced @entity1 @entity1423 in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), does not inhibit aggregation in whole blood. However, the @entity7308 analogs, @entity70887 , @entity17828 and @entity19350 ( @entity19350 ) which are resistant to deamination ( @entity70887 ) or deamination and phosphorylation ( @entity17828 and @entity19350 ), inhibit aggregation in whole blood with IC50 values of 12 microM, 2.3 microM and 0.26 microM, respectively. The inhibitory effect of @entity19350 (200 nM) is potentiated by the platelet @entity268 phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor @entity70888 (5 microM). Inhibition of the erythrocytic @entity2353 transport system by dilazep (1 microM) or @entity4341 (10 microM), or blockade of @entity7308 metabolism by @entity9392 (5 microM) plus @entity70889 (10 microM), evokes the antiaggregatory action of @entity7308 in whole blood (IC50 congruent to 2 microM). @entity70888 (5 microM) potentiates @entity7308 -mediated inhibition about 10-fold when @entity2353 transport or @entity7308 metabolism is blocked. @entity7308 (10 microM or 200 nM) is rapidly metabolized within 1 min in whole blood. When @entity2353 transport is inhibited by dilazep or @entity4341 , or when @entity7308 metabolism is blocked by @entity9392 and @entity70889 , 50-60% of the @entity7308 remains in the plasma after 5 min. These results show that the failure of @entity7308 to inhibit @entity1423 in whole blood results from its rapid uptake and metabolism by erythrocytes. More importantly, these data emphasize the key role of @entity2353 transport inhibition in the antiplatelet actions of @entity4341 and dilazep. In addition, superior therapeutic results may be obtained from the combination of blockade of @entity2353 transport system with inhibition of platelet @entity268 PDE.

title: Potentiation of the antiplatelet action of XXXX in whole blood by @entity4341 or dilazep and the @entity268 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, @entity70888 .

answer: @entity859 :: (MESH:D000241,Chemical) :: ['adenosine']


abstract: In a 16-year study, 101 @entity344 (16 fatal) developed in 580 renal transplant recipients seen in the authors' institution. Lesions were seen at all levels of the GI tract, but @entity1049 were the most common (42 @entity1 ) and were fatal in 8. @entity63 was the single most common morphologic diagnosis (14 @entity1 ). Seven of these @entity1 had an unusual syndrome that clinically, at surgery, and on gross examination resembled @entity29 . Lesions were segmental; involved bowel was thickened and erythematous with creeping peritoneal fat. Histologically, mucosa adjacent to the @entity39 showed simplification and striking epithelial atypia. Specific identifiable @entity1800 caused 28% of the GI complications in this series. This incidence is higher than that in other reported series. Most of these infections can be diagnosed from endoscopically obtained material. These findings have therapeutic implications.

title: XXXX in renal transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Segmental ischemic colitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['frank necrosis']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal (GI) lesions']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic lesions']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['Gastrointestinal complications']


abstract: Fusion between @entity7686 and liposomes containing @entity3633 (PE) and different mole fractions of @entity4163 GD1a has been investigated. At different times after mixing the virus and liposomes, the mixture was diluted with a @entity969 solution and centrifuged in an airfuge to separate the free and virus-associated liposomes. Since the HN protein of the virus was sensitive to the reducing reagent, inclusion of @entity3902 in the @entity969 solution dissociated the bound but not the fused liposomes. Thus, the kinetics of liposome-virus binding and fusion could be independently measured. The validity of the assay was confirmed by electron microscopic observation of the virus-liposome mixtures. With trypsin-treated @entity7686 , in which the F glycoprotein of the virus had been selectively removed, only virus-liposome binding but not fusion was observed. The kinetic experiments were done under the condition of virus in large excess. Following a very fast initial binding phase, which was completed at the "zero time" of the measurement, the virus-liposome binding followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The subsequent fusion step was zero order. Judging from the discontinuity in the Arrhenius plots, both binding and fusion events were sensitive to the gel-liquid-crystalline phase transition of the target membrane. The binding rate constants had activation energies between 16 and 23 kcal/mol at temperatures above the transition. They were not sensitive to temperature change at temperatures below the transition. On the other hand, the fusion rate constants were not sensitive to temperature change above the transition, except for 6.3% GD1a liposomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Kinetic studies of XXXX -target membrane interactions: independent analysis of binding and fusion.

entities_list: @entity3902 :: ('MESH:D004229', 'Chemical') :: ['dithiothreitol']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity3633 :: ('MESH:C483858', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylethanolamine']

entities_list: @entity4163 :: ('CHEBI:28892', 'Chemical') :: ['ganglioside']

answer: @entity7686 :: (11191,Species) :: ['Sendai virus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: It has been previously shown that glucocorticoids alter umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in singleton pregnancies complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow. Whether similar effects are evident in @entity2099 where one fetus has umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow is not known. METHODS: @entity1 with a twin or triplet pregnancy complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow in one fetus were admitted to hospital for intensive fetal surveillance including daily umbilical artery flow velocity waveform studies, as per hospital protocol. All @entity1 received prophylactic @entity5935 (11.4 mg x 2, 24 h apart) in anticipation of @entity3152 . RESULTS: Between October 1996 and February 2002, 24 @entity1 with a multiple pregnancy complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow were cared for. Of these, six had a pregnancy with feto-fetal transfusion and excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 18 @entity1 , eight had monochorionic diamniotic twins, eight had dichorionic twins, and two had trichorionic, triamniotic triplets. The median (range) gestation at diagnosis of umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow was 210.5 days (173-241). In nine (50%) of the 18 pregnancies the administration of @entity5935 was associated with return of umbilical artery end diastolic flow for a median of 5 days. There was no association between this effect and chorionicity. The median (range) interval from diagnosis of umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow to delivery was 11 days (1-46). CONCLUSIONS: As previously reported in singleton pregnancies, the maternal administration of @entity5935 in @entity2099 with umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow is associated with a transient return of end diastolic flow.

title: @entity5935 associated changes in umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in XXXX with umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow.

entities_list: @entity5935 :: ('MESH:D001623', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone']

entities_list: @entity2099 :: ('MESH:D011254', 'Disease') :: ['multiple pregnancies']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

answer: @entity2099 :: (MESH:D011254,Disease) :: ['multiple pregnancies']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: It has been previously shown that glucocorticoids alter umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in singleton pregnancies complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow. Whether similar effects are evident in @entity2099 where one fetus has umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow is not known. METHODS: @entity1 with a twin or triplet pregnancy complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow in one fetus were admitted to hospital for intensive fetal surveillance including daily umbilical artery flow velocity waveform studies, as per hospital protocol. All @entity1 received prophylactic @entity5935 (11.4 mg x 2, 24 h apart) in anticipation of @entity3152 . RESULTS: Between October 1996 and February 2002, 24 @entity1 with a multiple pregnancy complicated by umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow were cared for. Of these, six had a pregnancy with feto-fetal transfusion and excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 18 @entity1 , eight had monochorionic diamniotic twins, eight had dichorionic twins, and two had trichorionic, triamniotic triplets. The median (range) gestation at diagnosis of umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow was 210.5 days (173-241). In nine (50%) of the 18 pregnancies the administration of @entity5935 was associated with return of umbilical artery end diastolic flow for a median of 5 days. There was no association between this effect and chorionicity. The median (range) interval from diagnosis of umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow to delivery was 11 days (1-46). CONCLUSIONS: As previously reported in singleton pregnancies, the maternal administration of @entity5935 in @entity2099 with umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow is associated with a transient return of end diastolic flow.

title: XXXX associated changes in umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms in @entity2099 with umbilical artery absent end diastolic flow.

answer: @entity5935 :: (MESH:D001623,Chemical) :: ['Betamethasone']


abstract: Sarcolemma-enriched preparations from muscles rich in slow oxidative red fibres contained specific binding sites for the alpha 1 antagonist, @entity3159 (e.g. soleus Kd 0.13 nM, Bmax 29 fmol/mg protein). Binding sites for @entity3159 were almost absent from white muscle. Displacement of @entity3159 binding from sarcolemma of soleus muscle ( @entity5521 greater than @entity2647 greater than idazoxan greater than @entity3160 ) suggested that the receptors were alpha 1. Binding sites for @entity62082 (beta antagonist) were also more concentrated on red than white muscle and outnumbered @entity3159 sites by approx. 10:1. Binding sites for @entity9006 (alpha 2 antagonist) were undetectable. Contamination of sarcolemma-enriched preparations by endothelial tissue indicated by the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme did not correlate with @entity3159 binding. It is concluded that post-synaptic alpha 1 adrenergic receptors are present on the sarcolemma of slow oxidative red fibres of @entity35 skeletal muscle. The presence provides the mechanistic basis for apparent alpha-adrenergic effects to increase @entity413 and @entity26 uptake in perfused @entity35 hindquarter.

title: Alpha-adrenergic receptors in XXXX skeletal muscle.

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity62082 :: ('MESH:D004082', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydroalprenolol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity9006 :: ('MESH:D019329', 'Chemical') :: ['idazoxan']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Six different types of @entity291 papillomavirus ( @entity10368 to @entity15882 -6) have been identified and classified into two subgroups: subgroup A, which induce fibropapillomas, and subgroup B, which induce true @entity1185 . @entity5905 , a member of subgroup B, is the aetiological agent of @entity1185 of the upper alimentary canal, which can become a focus for transformation to @entity957 in animals feeding on bracken fern. Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that the progression to @entity5 is due to the interplay between @entity5905 and carcinogen(s) present in the fern. The @entity189 of the upper alimentary canal are often accompanied by @entity652 and @entity420 of the lower bowels, and by @entity189 and @entity5426 of the urinary bladder. Bracken-grazing animals are also heavily immunosuppressed. Florid @entity1185 of the @entity5 of the urinary bladder have been experimentally reproduced in animals either kept on a diet of bracken or immunosuppressed with @entity500 . Several @entity150 contained multiple episomal copies of @entity10368 DNA, suggesting that this virus, or its genome, can be present in a latent form, and that it can be implicated in malignant transformation. Further indication of @entity281 is provided by the onset of skin warts in @entity1185 -free animals. These warts developed at sites of damaged skin and harboured either @entity10368 or @entity10368 . @entity5905 DNA has not been found in the naturally occurring @entity5 of the upper alimentary canal and of the lower bowels, except in one @entity5772 and one @entity1185 , indicating that the viral genome is not required for the maintenance of the malignant state in the alimentary canal.

title: Papillomavirus infection in XXXX : viral and chemical cofactors in naturally occurring and experimentally induced @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'upper alimentary canal and cancers', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomas', 'transforming papilloma', 'papillomatosis', 'epithelial papillomas']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous-cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['latent infection']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancers']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity5772 :: ('MESH:D014062', 'Disease') :: ['tongue carcinoma']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: Six different types of @entity291 papillomavirus ( @entity10368 to @entity15882 -6) have been identified and classified into two subgroups: subgroup A, which induce fibropapillomas, and subgroup B, which induce true @entity1185 . @entity5905 , a member of subgroup B, is the aetiological agent of @entity1185 of the upper alimentary canal, which can become a focus for transformation to @entity957 in animals feeding on bracken fern. Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that the progression to @entity5 is due to the interplay between @entity5905 and carcinogen(s) present in the fern. The @entity189 of the upper alimentary canal are often accompanied by @entity652 and @entity420 of the lower bowels, and by @entity189 and @entity5426 of the urinary bladder. Bracken-grazing animals are also heavily immunosuppressed. Florid @entity1185 of the @entity5 of the urinary bladder have been experimentally reproduced in animals either kept on a diet of bracken or immunosuppressed with @entity500 . Several @entity150 contained multiple episomal copies of @entity10368 DNA, suggesting that this virus, or its genome, can be present in a latent form, and that it can be implicated in malignant transformation. Further indication of @entity281 is provided by the onset of skin warts in @entity1185 -free animals. These warts developed at sites of damaged skin and harboured either @entity10368 or @entity10368 . @entity5905 DNA has not been found in the naturally occurring @entity5 of the upper alimentary canal and of the lower bowels, except in one @entity5772 and one @entity1185 , indicating that the viral genome is not required for the maintenance of the malignant state in the alimentary canal.

title: Papillomavirus infection in @entity291 : viral and chemical cofactors in naturally occurring and experimentally induced XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumours']


abstract: Differential hybridization and screening with cloned inserts was used to identify two families of @entity1447 cDNA clones in libraries prepared from total liver poly(A)+RNA of individual @entity54457 -treated @entity35 . One family has cDNA inserts for the major @entity109 -inducible P-450s, @entity4921 and P-450e. Two types of P-450e inserts were identified. In addition, irregular inserts were characterized from two clones (PB23 and PB24) of this group. The other family has cDNA inserts for the major @entity5954 -inducible species, @entity7773 . No coding sequence restriction site variants were detected among 26 P-450d and @entity7772 inserts analyzed. The restriction map of the irregular 2.2-kb PB23 insert has a @entity4921 -like portion, followed by a 3' extension that hybridizes to RNAs of 2.7 and 4.8 kb, which are also detectable with a classical @entity4921 probe. The PB23 insert and the 2.7- and 4.8-kb RNAs presumably represent 3' extensions of @entity4921 mRNAs, polyadenylated at downstream sites. The 858-bp sequence of the PB24 insert encodes the @entity1473 -terminal portion of a @entity4921 protein. There is approximately 20% divergence at the polypeptide level between the PB24 and @entity4921 sequences; nevertheless, they share many essential features. A PB24-specific probe hybridizes to a 1.9-kb RNA species which is present in the liver of untreated @entity35 and which is not appreciably induced by @entity109 or Aroclor. The PB24 cDNA most likely represents a constitutive @entity1447 , related to @entity109 -inducible forms.

title: cDNA clones for liver XXXX s from individual aroclor-treated @entity35 : constitutive expression of a new P-450 gene related to @entity109 -inducible forms.

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity5954 :: ('MESH:D008748', 'Chemical') :: ['3-methylcholanthrene']

entities_list: @entity1473 :: ('CHEBI:46883', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxy']

answer: @entity1447 :: (25251(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['cytochrome P-450']


abstract: Differential hybridization and screening with cloned inserts was used to identify two families of @entity1447 cDNA clones in libraries prepared from total liver poly(A)+RNA of individual @entity54457 -treated @entity35 . One family has cDNA inserts for the major @entity109 -inducible P-450s, @entity4921 and P-450e. Two types of P-450e inserts were identified. In addition, irregular inserts were characterized from two clones (PB23 and PB24) of this group. The other family has cDNA inserts for the major @entity5954 -inducible species, @entity7773 . No coding sequence restriction site variants were detected among 26 P-450d and @entity7772 inserts analyzed. The restriction map of the irregular 2.2-kb PB23 insert has a @entity4921 -like portion, followed by a 3' extension that hybridizes to RNAs of 2.7 and 4.8 kb, which are also detectable with a classical @entity4921 probe. The PB23 insert and the 2.7- and 4.8-kb RNAs presumably represent 3' extensions of @entity4921 mRNAs, polyadenylated at downstream sites. The 858-bp sequence of the PB24 insert encodes the @entity1473 -terminal portion of a @entity4921 protein. There is approximately 20% divergence at the polypeptide level between the PB24 and @entity4921 sequences; nevertheless, they share many essential features. A PB24-specific probe hybridizes to a 1.9-kb RNA species which is present in the liver of untreated @entity35 and which is not appreciably induced by @entity109 or Aroclor. The PB24 cDNA most likely represents a constitutive @entity1447 , related to @entity109 -inducible forms.

title: cDNA clones for liver @entity1447 s from individual aroclor-treated @entity35 : constitutive expression of a new P-450 gene related to XXXX -inducible forms.

answer: @entity109 :: (MESH:D010634,Chemical) :: ['phenobarbital']


abstract: Differential hybridization and screening with cloned inserts was used to identify two families of @entity1447 cDNA clones in libraries prepared from total liver poly(A)+RNA of individual @entity54457 -treated @entity35 . One family has cDNA inserts for the major @entity109 -inducible P-450s, @entity4921 and P-450e. Two types of P-450e inserts were identified. In addition, irregular inserts were characterized from two clones (PB23 and PB24) of this group. The other family has cDNA inserts for the major @entity5954 -inducible species, @entity7773 . No coding sequence restriction site variants were detected among 26 P-450d and @entity7772 inserts analyzed. The restriction map of the irregular 2.2-kb PB23 insert has a @entity4921 -like portion, followed by a 3' extension that hybridizes to RNAs of 2.7 and 4.8 kb, which are also detectable with a classical @entity4921 probe. The PB23 insert and the 2.7- and 4.8-kb RNAs presumably represent 3' extensions of @entity4921 mRNAs, polyadenylated at downstream sites. The 858-bp sequence of the PB24 insert encodes the @entity1473 -terminal portion of a @entity4921 protein. There is approximately 20% divergence at the polypeptide level between the PB24 and @entity4921 sequences; nevertheless, they share many essential features. A PB24-specific probe hybridizes to a 1.9-kb RNA species which is present in the liver of untreated @entity35 and which is not appreciably induced by @entity109 or Aroclor. The PB24 cDNA most likely represents a constitutive @entity1447 , related to @entity109 -inducible forms.

title: cDNA clones for liver @entity1447 s from individual aroclor-treated XXXX : constitutive expression of a new P-450 gene related to @entity109 -inducible forms.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity133 appears with variable radiologic features. The usual findings include a single nodule, multiple nodules, or areas of consolidation in lung. An air bronchogram in an area of nodular or mass-like density is also a well-known feature. We here report six @entity1 whose disease illustrates interesting or unusual aspects of this @entity5 . The findings include: Minimal radiological signs despite @entity66 found on CT scan or at surgery (two @entity1 ). Thickening of the wall of a preexisting @entity2 : presumed bronchogenic cyst. Expansile lobar consolidation without an air bronchogram simulating @entity456 . An elongated lobulated area of mass-like density resembling @entity3355 . @entity891 without an air bronchogram. Consideration of these varied features may aid in the radiological diagnosis of @entity133 .

title: Unusual radiologic presentations of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse disease']

entities_list: @entity3355 :: ('MESH:D014095', 'Disease') :: ['mucoid impaction']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cavity']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['bronchioloalveolar carcinoma', 'Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['Homogeneous lobar atelectasis']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural disease']

answer: @entity133 :: (MESH:D002282,Disease) :: ['bronchioloalveolar carcinoma']


abstract: Experiments were designed to determine the effects of cooling on alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic responses in isolated @entity235 veins. Rings of saphenous and femoral veins were suspended for isometric tension recording in modified Krebs-Ringer @entity3157 solution, gassed with 95% @entity3612 and 5% @entity3158 . Cooling (from 37-24 degrees C) augmented contractions to @entity1063 in saphenous but caused @entity308 in femoral veins. Cooling (to 24 degrees C) had no effect on alpha-1 adrenergic responses evoked by @entity2647 in saphenous veins but caused @entity308 in femoral veins. Alpha-2 adrenergic responses produced by UK 14,304 were augmented by cooling in the saphenous but were virtually abolished by cooling in femoral veins. Cooling decreased the dissociation constant (i.e., increased affinity) of @entity3160 for alpha-1 adrenoceptors in saphenous and femoral veins (approximately 3-fold), and the dissociation constant of @entity3160 for alpha-2 adrenoceptors in saphenous veins (approximately 7.5-fold). The influence of cooling on alpha adrenoceptor responsiveness was analyzed using computer-generated receptor-models. The results suggest that the differential sensitivity of cutaneous and deep blood vessels to cooling results from differences in efficiency of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor response coupling. In the saphenous vein, there is a large alpha-1 adrenoceptor reserve which buffers the alpha-1 adrenergic response from the inhibitory influence of cooling. This coupled with a cooling-induced increase in alpha-2 adrenoceptor affinity ensures that cooling augments the response to @entity1063 . In the femoral vein, there is no alpha-1 adrenoceptor reserve and cooling therefore depresses alpha-1 adrenergic responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of cooling on alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic responses in XXXX saphenous and femoral veins.

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['rauwolscine', 'corynanthine']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Initiated in 1987 in 9 pilot villages, Ghana's Integrated Family Planning, Nutrition and Parasite Control Project ( @entity7173 ) has succeeded in overcoming traditional opposition to family planning and increasing @entity1 's self-confidence. In Ghana, traditional beliefs have placed obstacles to contraceptive acceptance. A 1988 survey indicated that only 12.9% of all currently married @entity1 were using any contraceptive method, and only 5.2% were using a modern method. At the same time, the country has experienced a high level of fertility. The average Ghanaian @entity1 will have 6.11 @entity1 by age 44. The annual population growth rate currently stands at 2.6% -- far above the government's goal of 2.0% by the year 2000. The @entity7173 , implemented by the Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana with support from the Japanese Organization for International Cooperation in Family Planning, promotes family planning as part as a total effort to enhance maternal and @entity1 health. Discussion of family planning does not begin until the community's other concerns have been addressed. The program first focuses on parasite control. A dramatic sight, the process of deworming a @entity1 generally has a strong impact on the @entity1 's consciousness, alerting them to the need for better sanitation. The nutrition component of the program confronts problems such as @entity3147 and @entity294 . By addressing parasite control and nutrition, @entity7173 workers gain the confidence of the community, making it easier to raise the issue of family planning. In 1987, the 9 pilot villages where the @entity7173 was begun registered a family planning acceptance rate of 17.4%. By 1990, rates ranged from 24.67%- 40.6%. @entity7173 workers attribute much of the increase to the @entity1 's growing confidence in their own capabilities and resources.

title: Growing confidence. Villagers in Ghana's XXXX pilot areas learn the power of self-help.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'women', 'children', 'woman', 'people']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

answer: @entity7173 :: (MESH:D007184,Disease) :: ['IP']


abstract: A 10-year-old @entity1 had gait and @entity132 17 days after the initial symptoms of a @entity221 , @entity10 and cough. Four days later he was admitted to a hospital with mild disturbances of gait, speech, writing, @entity227 . @entity129 ( @entity1605 , III and VII), pyramidal sign and cerebellar sign were noticed. EEG showed generalized slow waves. Auditory brain stem response showed prolongation of the interval between I and V waves and poor differentiation between them. Brain CT could not find any abnormalities. Brain stem @entity198 was diagnosed. Clinical signs and symptoms continued for two weeks when @entity134 therapy was started and it was effective to improve the disease. He was discharged from the hospital without sequelae. @entity778 was detected from cells in CSF on admission by fluorescence antibody method. HSV antibody titers in sera changed from 1/8 to 1/64 during three months by complement fixation test. Specific IgG and IgA by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was high in CSF. Specific antibody in CSF/total antibody in CSF: specific antibody in serum/total antibody in serum for IgG and IgA classes were more than 1. Reports of mild type of HSV @entity3308 seemed to be rare. Our case which was followed for several months carefully would be important to discuss.

title: [A mild form of XXXX due to herpes simplex virus].

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['Impairments of cranial nerves']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual acuity, left facial nerve, nystagmus and consciousness']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['speech disturbances']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity3308 :: ('MESH:D020295', 'Disease') :: ['brain stem encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity3308 :: (MESH:D020295,Disease) :: ['brain stem encephalitis']


abstract: Extracellular recordings were made from neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla in @entity4774 - @entity4486 -anesthetized @entity35 . Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypothalamus evoked antidromic action potentials in 71 neurons. On the basis of antidromic spike latencies, these neurons could be divided into fast- (24 neurons) and slow-conducting cell groups (47 neurons). Slow-conducting cells showed irregular and slow spontaneous discharges, while a majority of the fast-conducting cells did not show spontaneous discharges. The spontaneous activity of slow-conducting cells was suppressed by i.v. @entity1338 administration. The effects of @entity1338 could be consistently reversed by administration of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, @entity3160 . The responses by @entity1338 and @entity3160 remained unimpaired in baroreceptor-denervated @entity35 . Vagus nerve stimulation produced an excitation in 80% of slow-conducting cells tested. Baroreceptor activation induced by i.v. administration of @entity2647 inhibited about half of slow-conducting cells tested. Similar elevation of blood pressure in baroreceptor-denervated @entity35 did not show any effect. These physiological and pharmacological properties of slow-conducting cells were similar to those previously reported for catecholaminergic cells in other parts of the brain. The results show the existence of two different populations among neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla which project directly to the PVN, and suggest that the presumed A1 catecholaminergic cells are involved in the afferent pathway from cardiovascular baroreceptors and the vagus nerve to the PVN.

title: Electrophysiological properties of neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['chloralose']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity398 induction and augmentation on neonatal @entity648 levels in newborns of @entity6 and @entity101 mothers. All @entity1 included in the study were admitted to the obstetrics department at Al Hussein Hospital. They were 18-38 years old, and their gestational ages were 38-41 weeks by date. A total number of 140 newborn @entity1 were divided into 3 groups and studied for @entity648 levels. The first group consisted of 40 @entity1 of @entity6 mothers, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction and 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation. The second group consisted of 40 @entity1 of @entity101 mothers, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction and 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation. The third group consisted of 60 controls, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction, 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation, and 20 of whom received no @entity398 . It was found that total and unconjugated @entity648 levels were higher in @entity1 delivered after induction of labor, whether their mothers were @entity6 , @entity101 , or neither, than in @entity1 delivered without labor induction. @entity648 levels were mildly high in @entity1 of @entity6 mothers after augmented delivery and then nullified after 24 hours. However, the study suggested that the increased @entity648 levels were related to induced labor rather than the medical problem of the mothers, provided that the newborns were of average weight.

title: Serum XXXX levels in newborns of @entity6 and @entity101 mothers.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin', 'Bilirubin']

answer: @entity648 :: (MESH:D001663,Chemical) :: ['bilirubin']


abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity398 induction and augmentation on neonatal @entity648 levels in newborns of @entity6 and @entity101 mothers. All @entity1 included in the study were admitted to the obstetrics department at Al Hussein Hospital. They were 18-38 years old, and their gestational ages were 38-41 weeks by date. A total number of 140 newborn @entity1 were divided into 3 groups and studied for @entity648 levels. The first group consisted of 40 @entity1 of @entity6 mothers, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction and 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation. The second group consisted of 40 @entity1 of @entity101 mothers, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction and 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation. The third group consisted of 60 controls, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction, 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation, and 20 of whom received no @entity398 . It was found that total and unconjugated @entity648 levels were higher in @entity1 delivered after induction of labor, whether their mothers were @entity6 , @entity101 , or neither, than in @entity1 delivered without labor induction. @entity648 levels were mildly high in @entity1 of @entity6 mothers after augmented delivery and then nullified after 24 hours. However, the study suggested that the increased @entity648 levels were related to induced labor rather than the medical problem of the mothers, provided that the newborns were of average weight.

title: Serum @entity648 levels in newborns of @entity6 and XXXX mothers.

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity398 induction and augmentation on neonatal @entity648 levels in newborns of @entity6 and @entity101 mothers. All @entity1 included in the study were admitted to the obstetrics department at Al Hussein Hospital. They were 18-38 years old, and their gestational ages were 38-41 weeks by date. A total number of 140 newborn @entity1 were divided into 3 groups and studied for @entity648 levels. The first group consisted of 40 @entity1 of @entity6 mothers, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction and 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation. The second group consisted of 40 @entity1 of @entity101 mothers, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction and 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation. The third group consisted of 60 controls, 20 of whom were given @entity398 for labor induction, 20 of whom received it for labor augmentation, and 20 of whom received no @entity398 . It was found that total and unconjugated @entity648 levels were higher in @entity1 delivered after induction of labor, whether their mothers were @entity6 , @entity101 , or neither, than in @entity1 delivered without labor induction. @entity648 levels were mildly high in @entity1 of @entity6 mothers after augmented delivery and then nullified after 24 hours. However, the study suggested that the increased @entity648 levels were related to induced labor rather than the medical problem of the mothers, provided that the newborns were of average weight.

title: Serum @entity648 levels in newborns of XXXX and @entity101 mothers.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']