abstract: @entity1090 has been used to treat behavioral symptoms, such as delusions and @entity2146 , in @entity1 with @entity195 . The relationship between magnitude and variability of @entity1090 and @entity7302 exposure and the relationship with time to discontinuation of the medication were explored. Sixty-five subjects from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trial of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's Disease Trial that received @entity1090 were included in this study. Eighteen subjects completed the study without switching medication (completers on @entity1090 ), whereas 47 discontinued the medication. Those who discontinued were divided into 2 groups according to responsiveness to therapy. Using Cox proportional survival regression analysis, we estimated time to discontinuation and factors associated with treatment discontinuation including age, dose, body mass index, neuropsychiatric inventory baseline score, and average exposure (area under the curve [AUC]) to @entity1090 and @entity7302 . Twenty-four and 17 subjects discontinued therapy because of inadequate therapeutic effect and side effects, respectively (6 subjects were excluded because of missing information about reason for switching or discontinuation). Discontinuation hazards for those with a higher than median AUC of the metabolite were 2.54 (P = 0.029; inadequate and side effect group combined) and 3.48 (P = 0.025; inadequate effect group) times that of those in the lower than median AUC group. None of the other covariates contributed significantly to the switching hazard. @entity1090 metabolite, @entity7302 concentrations, correlated with the risk of switching or discontinuing the medication, suggesting that @entity7302 contributes to adverse events and intolerability in @entity303 @entity1 .

title: Association of XXXX concentrations with risk of switching or discontinuation in the clinical antipsychotic trial of intervention effectiveness- @entity195 trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity7302 :: ('MESH:C079150', 'Chemical') :: ['9-hydroxy risperidone']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone', 'Risperidone']

answer: @entity7302 :: (MESH:C079150,Chemical) :: ['9-hydroxy risperidone']


abstract: @entity1090 has been used to treat behavioral symptoms, such as delusions and @entity2146 , in @entity1 with @entity195 . The relationship between magnitude and variability of @entity1090 and @entity7302 exposure and the relationship with time to discontinuation of the medication were explored. Sixty-five subjects from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trial of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's Disease Trial that received @entity1090 were included in this study. Eighteen subjects completed the study without switching medication (completers on @entity1090 ), whereas 47 discontinued the medication. Those who discontinued were divided into 2 groups according to responsiveness to therapy. Using Cox proportional survival regression analysis, we estimated time to discontinuation and factors associated with treatment discontinuation including age, dose, body mass index, neuropsychiatric inventory baseline score, and average exposure (area under the curve [AUC]) to @entity1090 and @entity7302 . Twenty-four and 17 subjects discontinued therapy because of inadequate therapeutic effect and side effects, respectively (6 subjects were excluded because of missing information about reason for switching or discontinuation). Discontinuation hazards for those with a higher than median AUC of the metabolite were 2.54 (P = 0.029; inadequate and side effect group combined) and 3.48 (P = 0.025; inadequate effect group) times that of those in the lower than median AUC group. None of the other covariates contributed significantly to the switching hazard. @entity1090 metabolite, @entity7302 concentrations, correlated with the risk of switching or discontinuing the medication, suggesting that @entity7302 contributes to adverse events and intolerability in @entity303 @entity1 .

title: Association of @entity7302 concentrations with risk of switching or discontinuation in the clinical antipsychotic trial of intervention effectiveness- XXXX trial.

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Calcaneal @entity174 are associated with substantial morbidity and socioeconomic impact, frequently leading to limited functional outcome and high economic costs. The Oxford foot model (OFM) has been reported as a valid addition to the biomechanical examination of the foot. The aim of our study was to analyze the gait of @entity1 after operative repair of a calcaneal @entity174 in relation to functional outcome and radiographic findings. METHODS: Thirteen @entity1 with a calcaneal @entity174 underwent gait analysis with OFM at a minimum of six months after open surgery. Intersegmental range of motion was measured during gait. Results were compared with those of healthy subjects and those of @entity1 who had undergone subtalar arthrodesis. @entity1 -reported questionnaires and radiographic images were also evaluated. RESULTS: The range of motion between the hindfoot and the tibia in the push-off phase in the transverse plane was significantly correlated with the clinical outcome as reported by @entity1 based on the Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) (r(2) = 0.51; p < 0.001) and the Short Form (SF)-36 physical component summary score (r(2) = 0.52; p < 0.001). We found a significant correlation between the step-off in the subtalar joint as measured on postoperative computed tomography (CT) and range of motion (r(2) = -0.74; p = 0.004). The step-off was also correlated with the @entity1 -reported outcome questionnaire FADI (r(2) = -0.76; p = 0.003) and the SF-36 physical component summary score (r(2) = -0.78; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the subtalar joint range of motion of @entity1 after a calcaneal @entity174 was related both to the quality of the reduction of the subtalar joint as evaluated on postoperative CT scans and @entity1 -reported functional outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

title: Gait Analysis and Functional Outcome After Calcaneal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['Fracture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and clinical appearance of @entity10516 in sows, to identify sow-related risk factors for development of @entity10516 , and to explore the manner in which the disease influences sow performance. ANIMALS: 1,254 sows from 76 herds. PROCEDURE: A clinical examination was performed at time of weaning and 7 days later. In addition, some sows were reexamined at time of weaning in the subsequent lactation. Data were collected on sow performance. RESULTS: At time of weaning, 205 of 1,254 (16%) sows had @entity10516 , and 7 days later, the prevalence was 19%. Variation between herds was large (0 to 50%). In most of the affected sows (156/205 176%]), only 1 mammary gland was affected. Parity, duration of lactation, and number of teat wounds were identified as risk factors for development of the disease. In 264 of 559 (47%) sows (38/104 [37%] mammary glands), a @entity738 recurred in the subsequent lactation. Risk for recurrence was related @entity738 appearing in multiple form but not to @entity738 size. Affected glands were less distended in the subsequent lactation, suggesting lower milk production. Litter size appeared to be negatively affected by the disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Granu lomatous @entity1271 is a common disease in sow herds maintained on straw bedding and in group housing, and it has negative effects on sow productivity. A thorough description of the clinical appearance of the disease and the identification of risk factors should contribute to development of relevant control measures.

title: Clinical characteristics, prevalence, influence on sow performance, and assessment of sow-related risk factors for XXXX in sows.

entities_list: @entity10516 :: ('MESH:D058890', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous mastitis']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

answer: @entity10516 :: (MESH:D058890,Disease) :: ['granulomatous mastitis']


abstract: Central nervous system involvement occurs less than 5% of @entity1 with @entity3377 . A prospective analysis of 73 @entity1 with @entity3377 identified 13 (17.8%) neurobrucellosis cases from February 2001 to May 2002. 10 @entity1 had @entity693 and 3 acute @entity693 . Two @entity1 had only @entity146 . Cranial nerve involvement was observed in 3 @entity1 (6th, 7th and 8th nerves). Three @entity1 had positive blood cultures and 3 others had positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures. 12 @entity1 had positive agglutination titres in CSF. All patients received antibiotic therapy with @entity2756 , @entity1215 and @entity3403 initially, and after 1 month they were continued with @entity1215 and @entity3403 up to 4 months. All @entity1 were completely cured. @entity393 developed in 1 @entity1 as a sequela.

title: Neurobrucellosis in an endemic area of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['chronic meningitis', 'meningitis']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['Hearing loss']

answer: @entity3377 :: (MESH:D002006,Disease) :: ['brucellosis']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the available evidence of the effectiveness of physiotherapy for @entity2633 of the elbow. METHOD: @entity23 ( @entity23 ) identified by a highly sensitive search strategy in six databases in combination with reference checking. Two independent reviewers selected @entity23 that included a physiotherapy intervention, @entity1 with @entity2633 , and at least one clinically relevant outcome measure. No language restrictions were made. Methodological quality was independently assessed by two blinded reviewers. A best evidence synthesis, including a quantitative and qualitative analysis, was conducted, weighting the studies with respect to their internal validity, statistical significance, clinical relevance, and statistical power. RESULTS: 23 @entity23 were included in the review, evaluating the effects of lasertherapy, ultrasound treatment, electrotherapy, and exercises and mobilisation techniques. Fourteen studies satisfied at least 50% of the internal validity criteria. Except for ultrasound, pooling of data from @entity23 was not possible because of insufficient data, or clinical or statistical heterogeneity. The pooled estimate of the treatment effects of two studies on ultrasound compared to placebo ultrasound, showed statistically significant and clinically relevant differences in favour of ultrasound. There is insufficient evidence either to demonstrate benefit or lack of effect of lasertherapy, electrotherapy, exercises and mobilisation techniques for @entity2633 . CONCLUSIONS: Despite the large number of studies, there is still insufficient evidence for most physiotherapy interventions for @entity2633 due to contradicting results, insufficient power, and the low number of studies per intervention. Only for ultrasound, weak evidence for efficacy was found. More better designed, conducted and reported @entity23 are needed.

title: Effectiveness of physiotherapy for XXXX : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['Randomised controlled trials', 'RCTs']

entities_list: @entity2633 :: ('MESH:D013716', 'Disease') :: ['lateral epicondylitis']

answer: @entity2633 :: (MESH:D013716,Disease) :: ['lateral epicondylitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clear visibility of the needle and catheter tip is desirable to perform safe and successful ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks. This can be challenging with @entity616 in @entity28 @entity1 . This study compared the visibility of echogenic and non-echogenic block needles and catheters in proximal sciatic blocks when performed with a low-frequency curved probe. METHODS: Seventy-eight @entity1 undergoing total knee joint arthroplasty were randomized to receive an ultrasound-guided continuous sciatic @entity616 using either a non-echogenic needle and stimulating catheter or an echogenic needle and echogenic non-stimulating catheter. Block needles in both groups were placed using both neurostimulation and ultrasound guidance, after which the catheter was positioned using either neurostimulation alone (Stimulating group) or imaging alone (Echogenic group). Three anaesthetists blinded to group allocation graded video clips recorded during the blocks for nerve, needle and catheter visibility. Performance characteristics and block parameters were also compared. RESULTS: No significant differences between the two groups were observed with regard to needle or catheter visibility (P=0.516). The Stimulating group required more needle redirections (P=0.009), had a longer procedure time [Echogenic median 274 s vs Stimulating 344 s (P=0.016)], and resulted in greater @entity1 discomfort (P=0.012). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of block onset or completion time. CONCLUSIONS: Use of echogenic needles and catheters reduced procedure time and @entity1 discomfort compared with a stimulating catheter system. There were no differences in the visibility scores of the two systems. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRISTRATION: @entity8982 Protocol ID: R-11-495, Clinical Trials.Gov ID: NCT 01492660.

title: Comparative evaluation of the visibility and block characteristics of a stimulating needle and catheter vs an echogenic needle and catheter for sciatic XXXX with a low-frequency ultrasound probe.

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['nerve block', 'deeper blocks']

answer: @entity616 :: (MESH:D006327,Disease) :: ['nerve block']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most studies of @entity6 self-management that show improved clinical outcome performance involve multiple, time-intensive educational sessions in a group format. Most provider performance feedback interventions do not improve intermediate outcomes, yet lack targeted, @entity1 -level feedback. METHODS: 5,457 low-income adults with @entity6 at eight federally-qualified community health centers participated in this nested randomized trial. Half of the @entity1 received report card mailings quarterly; @entity1 at 4 of 8 clinics received report cards at every clinic visit; and providers at 4 of 8 clinics received quarterly performance feedback with targeted @entity1 -level data. Expert-recommended glycemic, lipid, and blood pressure outcomes were assessed. Assessment of report card utility and @entity1 and provider satisfaction was conducted through mailed @entity1 surveys and mid- and post-intervention provider interviews. RESULTS: Many providers and the majority of @entity1 perceived the @entity1 report card as being an effective tool. However, @entity1 report card mailings did not improve process outcomes, nor did point-of-care distribution improve intermediate outcomes. Clinics with @entity1 -level provider performance feedback achieved a greater absolute increase in the percentage of @entity1 at target for glycemic control compared to control clinics (6.4% vs 3.8% respectively, Generalized estimating equations Standard Error 0.014, p < 0.001, CI -0.131 - -0.077). Provider reaction to performance feedback was mixed, with some citing frustration with the lack of both time and ancillary resources. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 performance report cards were generally well received by @entity1 and providers, but were not associated with improved outcomes. Targeted, @entity1 -level feedback to providers improved glycemic performance. Provider frustration highlights the need to supplement provider outreach efforts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00827710.

title: The impact of tailored XXXX registry report cards on measures of disease control: a nested randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: AIM: To determine the prevalence of @entity2167 in Singapore military conscripts and describe the profile of @entity393 and associated risk factors. METHODS: Population-based descriptive analysis of randomised cohort of 818 Singapore military conscripts presenting for medical examination, using self-administered questionnaire and pure tone audiometry performed for both ears. Main outcome measures are prevalence rate of @entity393 and relative risk of @entity393 by demographic factors and surrogates for noise exposure. RESULTS: Prevalence of @entity393 was 36.7 per 1,000 (95% CI 24.8, 51.9). Of 30 subjects with @entity393 , 19 (63.3%) had loss at high frequency, 7 (23.3%) at low frequency, and 4 (13.4%) in both ranges. @entity393 was unilateral in 17 (56.7%) subjects and bilateral in 13 (43.3%). Relative risk of @entity393 did not differ by age group, education level, race or frequency of personal stereo use. Relative risk of @entity393 is higher in subjects with frequent discotheque visits compared to those who never do so (RR = 2.72, 95%CI 1.09, 6.76). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of @entity393 in Singapore military conscripts points to the need for routine audiometry screening prior to enlistment. This will be useful in assigning military vocations, in clinical case management, and for assessing cases of noise-induced @entity393 attributable to military service.

title: Prevalence of XXXX in Singapore military conscripts: a role for routine audiometry screening?

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['Hearing loss', 'hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['hearing disorders']

answer: @entity2167 :: (MESH:D006311,Disease) :: ['hearing disorders']


abstract: @entity61403 ( @entity61403 ) is a member of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex. Two isoforms have been described, namely DPF3a and DPF3b. The latter binds to acetylated and methylated @entity376 residues of histones. Here, we elaborate on the role of DPF3a and describe a novel pathway of cardiac gene transcription leading to pathological @entity1283 . Upon @entity1184 stimuli, casein kinase 2 phosphorylates @entity61403 a at @entity563 348. This initiates the interaction of DPF3a with the transcriptional repressors HEY, followed by the release of HEY from the DNA. Moreover, @entity23423 is bound by DPF3a, and is thus recruited to HEY genomic targets upon interaction of the two components. Consequently, the transcription of downstream targets such @entity15774 is initiated and pathological @entity1283 is established. In @entity1 , @entity61403 a is significantly up-regulated in @entity1184 hearts of @entity1 with @entity1121 or @entity472 . Taken together, we show that activation of DPF3a upon @entity1184 stimuli switches cardiac fetal gene expression from being silenced by HEY to being activated by @entity23423 . Thus, we present a novel pathway for pathological @entity1283 , whose inhibition is a long-term therapeutic goal for the treatment of the course of @entity712 .

title: Phosphorylation of the chromatin remodeling factor DPF3a induces XXXX through releasing HEY repressors from DNA.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

answer: @entity1283 :: (MESH:D006332,Disease) :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of the combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 in the treatment of @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: Forty @entity1 with locally advanced (stage III) or metastatic (stage IV) @entity1149 were enrolled into the study. The @entity1 received @entity1205 75 mg/m   on day 1, and @entity900 75-80 mg/m   on day 1 or days devided into 1-3 of a 21-day cycle. Each @entity1 should complete two cycles. RESULTS: An objective response rate was obtained in 43.6% of 39 @entity1 (one complete and 16 partial response), whereas 15 @entity1 had stable disease and 7 @entity1 were progressive. The response rate was 44.4% (8/18) in the initial @entity1 , and 42.9% (9/21) in the retreated @entity1 . No significant difference existed between the two groups (P > 0.05). The main @entity137 were @entity1431 (17.5% in grade III+IV) and @entity882 (12.5% in grade III+IV). One @entity1 died of @entity932 . CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 is a feasible, well-tolerated and active scheme in the first-line or second-line treatment of advanced @entity1149 . Great attention must be paid to the possible severe @entity236 of the regimen.

title: [Combination of @entity1205 and XXXX in the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow depression']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of the combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 in the treatment of @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: Forty @entity1 with locally advanced (stage III) or metastatic (stage IV) @entity1149 were enrolled into the study. The @entity1 received @entity1205 75 mg/m   on day 1, and @entity900 75-80 mg/m   on day 1 or days devided into 1-3 of a 21-day cycle. Each @entity1 should complete two cycles. RESULTS: An objective response rate was obtained in 43.6% of 39 @entity1 (one complete and 16 partial response), whereas 15 @entity1 had stable disease and 7 @entity1 were progressive. The response rate was 44.4% (8/18) in the initial @entity1 , and 42.9% (9/21) in the retreated @entity1 . No significant difference existed between the two groups (P > 0.05). The main @entity137 were @entity1431 (17.5% in grade III+IV) and @entity882 (12.5% in grade III+IV). One @entity1 died of @entity932 . CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 is a feasible, well-tolerated and active scheme in the first-line or second-line treatment of advanced @entity1149 . Great attention must be paid to the possible severe @entity236 of the regimen.

title: [Combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 in the treatment of advanced XXXX ].

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of the combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 in the treatment of @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: Forty @entity1 with locally advanced (stage III) or metastatic (stage IV) @entity1149 were enrolled into the study. The @entity1 received @entity1205 75 mg/m   on day 1, and @entity900 75-80 mg/m   on day 1 or days devided into 1-3 of a 21-day cycle. Each @entity1 should complete two cycles. RESULTS: An objective response rate was obtained in 43.6% of 39 @entity1 (one complete and 16 partial response), whereas 15 @entity1 had stable disease and 7 @entity1 were progressive. The response rate was 44.4% (8/18) in the initial @entity1 , and 42.9% (9/21) in the retreated @entity1 . No significant difference existed between the two groups (P > 0.05). The main @entity137 were @entity1431 (17.5% in grade III+IV) and @entity882 (12.5% in grade III+IV). One @entity1 died of @entity932 . CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 is a feasible, well-tolerated and active scheme in the first-line or second-line treatment of advanced @entity1149 . Great attention must be paid to the possible severe @entity236 of the regimen.

title: [Combination of XXXX and @entity900 in the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ].

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the incidence and effective factors of @entity299 in @entity1 with @entity2 . METHODS: Echocardiography were carried out in 60 @entity1 with @entity2 before treatment. According to heart function, @entity1 were divided into treatment group and control group. RESULTS: The incidence of @entity299 in @entity1 with @entity2 was 60%. All @entity1 with @entity3483 and @entity2294 had @entity299 . @entity299 occurred much earlier when @entity1 had previous history of @entity453 , @entity101 or @entity6 . Treatment against @entity299 may improve symptoms and prolong survival time. The @entity299 in the @entity1 with @entity2 is not concerned in chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of @entity299 is closely related to @entity1 ' general condition, especially massive @entity3483 and @entity2294 . Treatment against @entity299 can significantly improve the clinical symptoms, life quality and survival time.

title: [Heart function in @entity1 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['advanced lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac dysfunction', 'cardiac dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery diseases']

entities_list: @entity3483 :: ('MESH:D016066', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pleural effusion']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['advanced lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the incidence and effective factors of @entity299 in @entity1 with @entity2 . METHODS: Echocardiography were carried out in 60 @entity1 with @entity2 before treatment. According to heart function, @entity1 were divided into treatment group and control group. RESULTS: The incidence of @entity299 in @entity1 with @entity2 was 60%. All @entity1 with @entity3483 and @entity2294 had @entity299 . @entity299 occurred much earlier when @entity1 had previous history of @entity453 , @entity101 or @entity6 . Treatment against @entity299 may improve symptoms and prolong survival time. The @entity299 in the @entity1 with @entity2 is not concerned in chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of @entity299 is closely related to @entity1 ' general condition, especially massive @entity3483 and @entity2294 . Treatment against @entity299 can significantly improve the clinical symptoms, life quality and survival time.

title: [Heart function in XXXX with @entity2 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis catheter @entity715 is associated with loss of catheter patency, catheter-related @entity2259 and @entity295 . To limit these risks, many renal units use heparin as a catheter-locking solution. In this study we investigate the effect of different concentrations of heparin catheter lock solution on systemic anticoagulation in an investigator-blinded randomized study of @entity1 with non-tunneled (temporary) central venous catheters. METHODS: 28 consecutive @entity1 requiring insertion of a temporary non-tunneled dual lumen central venous hemodialysis catheter were randomly allocated to receive either heparin 5,000 IU/ml or heparin 1,000 IU/ml as catheter lock solutions. The primary outcome measure was the difference in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) at 10 minutes following catheter locking with heparin 5,000 IU/ml and heparin 1,000 IU/ml. Secondary outcomes included intradialytic blood flow rates, catheter removal due to insufficient hemodialysis blood flow to maintain hemodialysis and catheter-related @entity2259 . RESULTS: 13 @entity1 were randomized to the heparin 1,000 IU/ml group with 15 @entity1 randomized to the heparin 5,000 IU/ml group. There was a statistically significant increase in APTT at 10 minutes between groups with median +22.2% (range 0 - 210) rise in APTT in the heparin 1,000 IU/ml group compared with +373.7% (range 133 - 800) in the heparin 5,000 IU/ml group (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between groups with the secondary outcomes of intradialytic blood flow, catheter failure rates and catheter-related @entity2259 rates. CONCLUSIONS: Heparin 1,000 IU/ml catheter lock solution confers a significantly lower risk of systemic heparinization than heparin 5,000 IU/ml without any overtly detrimental effect on intradialytic blood flow, catheter failure rates and catheter-related @entity2259 rates.

title: The effect of heparinized catheter lock solutions on systemic anticoagulation in hemodialysis XXXX .

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Dynamic radionuclide imaging potentially offers a convenient, noninvasive technique for detecting gastroesophageal (GE) @entity354 . Initial studies suggested a high degree of sensitivity, although subsequent reports have been less encouraging. We sought to clarify this controversy by assessing the sensitivity of GE scintigraphy in 15 @entity1 with severe @entity2910 at endoscopy and 15 health volunteers. After acid loading, scintigraphy was performed in the basal state and after maneuvers (Valsalva, abdominal compression) which provoke GE reflux. Computer analysis permitted calculation of a reflux index for each maneuver. An index greater than 4% was considered a positive test. We found that the mean reflux index for the @entity1 was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) than the healthy volunteers; 4.55 +/- 1.75% versus 0.42 +/- 0.11%, means +/- S.E.M. Only 30% of the @entity1 had a reflux greater than 4%. Using data from our healthy volunteers, we redefined an abnormal reflux index as greater than 1.7%, but that only improved the test sensitivity to 60% and the specificity to 100%. Scintigraphy for reflux is primarily limited by the short duration of imaging. We cannot recommend GE scintigraphy as a useful screening test for reflux.

title: Gastroesophageal scintigraphy: is it a sensitive screening test for XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['reflux disease']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Vein of @entity439 (VGAMs) arise from persistent arteriovenous shunting from primitive choroidal vessels into the median prosencephalic vein of Markowski, the embryonic precursor of the vein of Galen. VGAMs rarely present past infancy, and their natural history in adults is unknown. We report the first case of a familial-associated VGAM in an asymptomatic adult female @entity1 . The clinical features of this case are presented alongside a systematic review of the literature on adult VGAM cases to assess the natural history, clinical management, and genetic basis of this rare @entity531 . CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A previously healthy 44-year-old @entity1 with a family history of a VGAM in a stillborn presented with an 8-week onset of dizziness and vertigo that spontaneously resolved. Time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography identified a choroidal VGAM. No intervention was undertaken at this time because of the @entity1 's asymptomatic status after 9 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Based on our review of the literature, this is the first case report of a familial-associated VGAM in an adult @entity1 and suggests that VGAM development can be genetically linked. Of 15 adult VGAM cases previously reported, all @entity1 were either symptomatic or treated, thus precluding determination of VGAM natural history in adults. @entity1 outcomes correlated with the severity of presenting symptoms, which ranged from asymptomatic to immediately life-threatening. We hypothesize that self-selection may render VGAMs to be more benign for them to persist past childhood. Further investigation of the molecular biology underlying VGAM development is warranted.

title: Adult presentation of a familial-associated vein of XXXX : case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['Galen aneurysmal malformations']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular lesion']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['galen aneurysmal malformation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Functional @entity344 cause substantial morbidity, but not mortality. Alosetron may achieve 'adequate relief ' in @entity294 -predominant @entity1744 , but may cause major complications, including death. AIM: To appraise, quantitatively, the trade-off between possible symptomatic improvement and serious complications in the treatment of functional @entity344 . METHODS: A decision analytical model was used to examine alosetron or standard treatment for 6 months in 45-year-old @entity1 with @entity294 -predominant @entity1744 using the health care system's perspective. RESULTS: Assuming a 14% higher 'adequate relief' rate with alosetron compared to standard care, and a complication rate of four per 1000 @entity1 in 6 months, alosetron gained 0.00081 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) per @entity1 at a cost of 358,700 US dollars per QALY gained. Alosetron gained QALYs if 'adequate relief' increased the @entity1 ' utility by more than 0.01 in the base case. In probabilistic analysis, alosetron gained QALYs in 98.2% of iterations at a median cost of 212,600 US dollars per QALY (interquartile range, 138,000-338,900 US dollars per QALY). Results were highly sensitive to the utility gain with 'adequate relief' and alosetron's response and complication rates. CONCLUSIONS: Alosetron's benefit-to-risk profile appears to be favourable, but its cost per QALY gained may be substantial. Decision analyses on treatments for functional @entity344 are likely to be highly sensitive to the utility estimates used. There is a pressing need for direct utility measurements in functional @entity344 .

title: Safety, efficacy and costs of pharmacotherapy for functional XXXX : the case of alosetron and its implications.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disorders']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is little evidence indicating a causal linkage between @entity260 (POIC) in @entity1 studies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the occurrence of bacterial translocation in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and POIC with a sensitive quantitative method using bacterium-specific ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-targeted reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). METHODS: @entity1 who underwent major hepatectomy for @entity5 involving hepatic hilus were included in this study (n = 65). Mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested from the jejunal mesentery 2 times during the operation (MLN-1 harvested at laparotomy and MLN-2 harvested after @entity5 resection). Microorganisms were detected by a bacterium-specific rRNA-targeted RT-qPCR method. Perioperative factors and POIC were recorded prospectively. RESULTS: Of 65 @entity1 , 51 completed the study. Microorganisms were detected in MLN-1 and MLN-2 in 15 (29.4%) and 19 (37.3%) @entity1 , respectively. The detection of microorganisms in MLN-1 was significantly correlated with the incidence of preoperative @entity255 (P = 0.04), whereas the detection of microorganisms in MLN-2 was significantly correlated with the incidence of POIC (P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, a positive result for detection of microorganisms in MLN-2 was one of the independent predictive factors of POIC (odds ratio = 26.1). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative analysis of MLNs (especially MLN-2) by rRNA-targeted RT-qPCR can strongly predict the occurrence of POIC after hepatectomy for @entity5 . This method is more sensitive and faster at detection of microorganisms than the conventional culture method. Therefore, we can obtain the information of bacterial translocation immediately after the surgery and can select the group of @entity1 with high risk for POIC.

title: Intraoperative bacterial translocation detected by bacterium-specific ribosomal rna-targeted reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the mesenteric lymph node strongly predicts XXXX after major hepatectomy for @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['biliary malignancies', 'tumor', 'biliary malignancy']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial translocation and postoperative infectious complication']

answer: @entity260 :: (MESH:D011183,Disease) :: ['postoperative infectious complications']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is little evidence indicating a causal linkage between @entity260 (POIC) in @entity1 studies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the occurrence of bacterial translocation in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and POIC with a sensitive quantitative method using bacterium-specific ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-targeted reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). METHODS: @entity1 who underwent major hepatectomy for @entity5 involving hepatic hilus were included in this study (n = 65). Mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested from the jejunal mesentery 2 times during the operation (MLN-1 harvested at laparotomy and MLN-2 harvested after @entity5 resection). Microorganisms were detected by a bacterium-specific rRNA-targeted RT-qPCR method. Perioperative factors and POIC were recorded prospectively. RESULTS: Of 65 @entity1 , 51 completed the study. Microorganisms were detected in MLN-1 and MLN-2 in 15 (29.4%) and 19 (37.3%) @entity1 , respectively. The detection of microorganisms in MLN-1 was significantly correlated with the incidence of preoperative @entity255 (P = 0.04), whereas the detection of microorganisms in MLN-2 was significantly correlated with the incidence of POIC (P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, a positive result for detection of microorganisms in MLN-2 was one of the independent predictive factors of POIC (odds ratio = 26.1). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative analysis of MLNs (especially MLN-2) by rRNA-targeted RT-qPCR can strongly predict the occurrence of POIC after hepatectomy for @entity5 . This method is more sensitive and faster at detection of microorganisms than the conventional culture method. Therefore, we can obtain the information of bacterial translocation immediately after the surgery and can select the group of @entity1 with high risk for POIC.

title: Intraoperative bacterial translocation detected by bacterium-specific ribosomal rna-targeted reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the mesenteric lymph node strongly predicts @entity260 after major hepatectomy for XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['biliary malignancies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intrinsic @entity715 and @entity850 are complications associated with the use of neck-remodeling devices in the treatment of @entity438 . OBJECTIVE: To examine the technical and anatomic factors that predict short- and long-term stent patency. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of 161 @entity1 who underwent coil embolization of 168 ruptured and @entity439 assisted by the use of a neck-remodeling device. One hundred twenty-seven @entity1 had catheter-based angiographic follow-up to evaluate 133 stent-coil constructs (mean, 15.4 months; median, 12.7 months). The technique of microcatheter jailing was used in a majority of @entity1 ; nonstandard stent configurations were also used. RESULTS: Clinical follow-up for all @entity1 who had catheter-based angiograms demonstrated that among 133 stent constructs, a total of 9 (6.8%) had an in-stent event: 6 acute or subacute @entity715 (4.5%) and 3 delayed @entity850 or occlusion (2.3%). Seven of these constructs were associated with a symptomatic event (5.3%). A significantly higher rate of in-stent events was seen with the use of constructs to treat anterior communicating @entity438 . When all @entity1 are considered, including those who did not receive catheter-based follow-up imaging, 2 of 168 procedures (1.2%) resulted in the death of a @entity1 , and procedural morbidity was 14.9%. CONCLUSION: From these results and those in the published literature, in-stent complication rates are low in carefully selected @entity1 . The use of dual antiplatelet therapy, sensitivity assays, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors may decrease the rate of acute and chronic in-stent complications.

title: In-stent @entity715 and XXXX after neck-remodeling device-assisted coil embolization of @entity438 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['unruptured aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['artery aneurysms', 'intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intrinsic @entity715 and @entity850 are complications associated with the use of neck-remodeling devices in the treatment of @entity438 . OBJECTIVE: To examine the technical and anatomic factors that predict short- and long-term stent patency. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of 161 @entity1 who underwent coil embolization of 168 ruptured and @entity439 assisted by the use of a neck-remodeling device. One hundred twenty-seven @entity1 had catheter-based angiographic follow-up to evaluate 133 stent-coil constructs (mean, 15.4 months; median, 12.7 months). The technique of microcatheter jailing was used in a majority of @entity1 ; nonstandard stent configurations were also used. RESULTS: Clinical follow-up for all @entity1 who had catheter-based angiograms demonstrated that among 133 stent constructs, a total of 9 (6.8%) had an in-stent event: 6 acute or subacute @entity715 (4.5%) and 3 delayed @entity850 or occlusion (2.3%). Seven of these constructs were associated with a symptomatic event (5.3%). A significantly higher rate of in-stent events was seen with the use of constructs to treat anterior communicating @entity438 . When all @entity1 are considered, including those who did not receive catheter-based follow-up imaging, 2 of 168 procedures (1.2%) resulted in the death of a @entity1 , and procedural morbidity was 14.9%. CONCLUSION: From these results and those in the published literature, in-stent complication rates are low in carefully selected @entity1 . The use of dual antiplatelet therapy, sensitivity assays, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors may decrease the rate of acute and chronic in-stent complications.

title: In-stent @entity715 and @entity850 after neck-remodeling device-assisted coil embolization of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['intracranial aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intrinsic @entity715 and @entity850 are complications associated with the use of neck-remodeling devices in the treatment of @entity438 . OBJECTIVE: To examine the technical and anatomic factors that predict short- and long-term stent patency. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of 161 @entity1 who underwent coil embolization of 168 ruptured and @entity439 assisted by the use of a neck-remodeling device. One hundred twenty-seven @entity1 had catheter-based angiographic follow-up to evaluate 133 stent-coil constructs (mean, 15.4 months; median, 12.7 months). The technique of microcatheter jailing was used in a majority of @entity1 ; nonstandard stent configurations were also used. RESULTS: Clinical follow-up for all @entity1 who had catheter-based angiograms demonstrated that among 133 stent constructs, a total of 9 (6.8%) had an in-stent event: 6 acute or subacute @entity715 (4.5%) and 3 delayed @entity850 or occlusion (2.3%). Seven of these constructs were associated with a symptomatic event (5.3%). A significantly higher rate of in-stent events was seen with the use of constructs to treat anterior communicating @entity438 . When all @entity1 are considered, including those who did not receive catheter-based follow-up imaging, 2 of 168 procedures (1.2%) resulted in the death of a @entity1 , and procedural morbidity was 14.9%. CONCLUSION: From these results and those in the published literature, in-stent complication rates are low in carefully selected @entity1 . The use of dual antiplatelet therapy, sensitivity assays, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors may decrease the rate of acute and chronic in-stent complications.

title: In-stent XXXX and @entity850 after neck-remodeling device-assisted coil embolization of @entity438 .

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity27202 ( @entity27202 ) is a distinctive form of spinal dysraphism characterized by 2 constant features: a focal "closed" @entity601 and a fibroneural stalk that links the @entity272 to the underlying cord. The embryogenesis is hypothesized to be incomplete disjunction between cutaneous and neural ectoderms, thus preventing complete midline skin closure and allowing persistence of a physical link (fibroneural stalk) between the disjunction site and the dorsal neural tube. OBJECTIVE: To illustrate these features in 51 @entity27202 @entity1 . METHODS: All @entity1 were studied with magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography myelography, operated on, and followed for a mean of 7.4 years. RESULTS: There were 10 cervical, 13 thoracic, 6 thoracolumbar and 22 lumbar lesions. Two main types of @entity272 were saccular (21 @entity1 ), consisting of a skin-base cerebrospinal fluid sac topped with a squamous epithelial dome, and nonsaccular (30 @entity1 ), with a flat or sunken squamous epithelial crater or pit. The internal structure of a saccular @entity27202 could be a basal neural nodule, a stalk that inserts on the dome, or a segmental myelocystocele. In nonsaccular LDMs, the fibroneural stalk has variable @entity121 and complexity. In all LDMs, the fibroneural stalk was tethering the cord. Twenty-nine @entity1 had @entity51 . There was a positive correlation between neurological grade and age, suggesting progression with chronicity. Treatment consisted of detaching the stalk from the cord. Most @entity1 improved or remained stable. CONCLUSION: @entity27202 is a distinctive clinicopathological entity and a tethering lesion with characteristic external and internal features. We propose a new classification incorporating both saccular and flat lesions.

title: XXXX : a distinctive clinicopathological entity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity27202 :: ('MESH:C538109', 'Disease') :: ['Limited dorsal myeloschisis', 'LDM']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity601 :: ('MESH:D009436', 'Disease') :: ['midline defect']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesion']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['thickness']

answer: @entity27202 :: (MESH:C538109,Disease) :: ['Limited dorsal myeloschisis']


abstract: BACKGROUND:                 <AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">To evaluate progression-free survival, overall survival (OS) and long-term clinical outcome in a consecutive series of 86 @entity1 with @entity424 . METHODS: Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed. Surviving @entity1 voluntarily participated in a clinical history and physical examination that focused on neurological function and current @entity5 status. RESULTS: Follow-up data are nearly 100% complete; mean follow-up time was 82 months. Eighty-five @entity1 (99%) had surgery as a first-line treatment; 14 (17%) of these @entity1 received adjuvant radiotherapy. Of the 85 @entity1 who underwent primary surgery, gross total resection was performed in 60 @entity1 (71%) and subtotal resection in 25 @entity1 (29%). Ten-year progression-free survival rate was 75%; 5-year OS, 97%; and 10-year OS, 91%. Reduced preoperative neurological function and older age at diagnosis were significantly associated with increased risk of @entity204 . At follow-up, spontaneous regression of @entity41 after primary surgery may have occurred in 7 of 19 @entity1 (37%). More than 75% of @entity1 had neurological function compatible with an independent life at follow-up. Good preoperative neurological function was significantly associated with favorable outcome. It was not possible to evaluate the effect of radiotherapy on progression-free survival and OS. CONCLUSION: Gross total resection remains the optimal treatment for @entity1 with @entity424 . @entity1 should be monitored with a clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging at regular intervals up to 10 years after surgery.

title: Long-term outcome after resection of XXXX : report of 86 consecutive cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['spinal ependymoma', 'intraspinal ependymomas']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity424 :: (MESH:D004806,Disease) :: ['intraspinal ependymomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Characterisation of the underlying molecular mechanisms that promote Barrett's progression may ultimately lead to identification of potential predictive genetic markers that classify @entity1 ' malignant risk. In an attempt to understand these causative pathways, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used in this study to determine when specific genetic alterations arise during Barrett's associated neoplastic progression. METHODS: Endoscopic cytology brushings were obtained from 28 @entity1 with @entity355 , 28 with @entity1141 (20 low grade @entity1141 (LGD) and eight with @entity1893 ( @entity1893 )), and seven with @entity420 , together with paired control brushings from regions of normal proximal squamous cell epithelium. The exfoliated epithelial cells were washed and deposited onto slides. Probes specific for the centromeres of chromosomes 4, 8, 20, and Y, and locus specific probes for the @entity5 suppressor genes @entity986 , @entity876 , and Rb were subsequently hybridised. RESULTS: Aneuploidy was found early in progression, with metaplastic tissues displaying increased copy numbers of chromosomes 4 and 8. Chromosome 4 hyperploidy was found in 89%, 90%, 88%, and 100% of metaplasias, LGD, @entity1893 , @entity420 , respectively, while chromosome 8 hyperploidy occurred in 71%, 75%, 100%, and 100% of @entity1 with the respective staging. Loss of the @entity986 @entity5 suppressor gene also presented in metaplastic epithelium (7%) but most other genetic aberrations were only seen in @entity1893 . CONCLUSIONS: Genetic instability arises well before @entity1141 in @entity355 , with chromosome 4 and 8 hyperploidy representing the earliest and most common alterations identified. As these aberrations are widespread at all the premalignant stages, there may be genes on chromosomes 4 and 8 that are involved in both the initiation and progression of @entity355 .

title: Chromosome 4 hyperploidy represents an early genetic aberration in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's oesophagus", "Barrett's metaplasia"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['HGD', 'high grade dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity355 :: (MESH:D001471,Disease) :: ['premalignant Barrett's oesophagus']


abstract: The present report was designed to investigate neural coding of taste information in the cerebral cortical taste area of @entity35 . The magnitude and/or type (excitatory, inhibitory, or no-response) of responses of 111 cortical neurons evoked by single concentrations of the four basic taste stimuli ( @entity969 , @entity1219 , @entity5828 , and @entity4807 @entity5828 ) were subjected to four types of analyses in the context of the four proposed hypotheses of taste-quality coding: across-neuron response-pattern, labeled-line, matrix-pattern, and across-region response-pattern notions (88 histologically located neurons). An across-neuron response-pattern notion assumes that taste quality is coded by differential magnitudes of response across many neurons. This theory utilizes across-neuron correlation coefficients as a metric for the evaluation of taste quality coding. Across-neuron correlations between magnitudes of responses to any pairs of the four basic taste stimuli across 111 cortical neurons were very high and were similar. However, calculations made with net responses (spontaneous rate subtracted) resulted in less positive correlations but still similar values among the various pairs of taste stimuli. This finding suggests that across-neuron response patterns of cortical neurons become less discriminating among taste qualities compared with those of the lower-order neurons. A labeled-line notion assumes that there are identifiable groups of neurons and that taste quality is coded by activity in these particular sets of neurons. Some investigators have classified taste-responsive neurons into best-stimulus categories, depending on their best sensitivity to any one of the four basic stimuli, such as @entity969 -best, @entity1219 -best, @entity5828 -best, and @entity4807 -best neurons; they have suggested that taste can be classified along four qualitative dimensions that correspond to these four neuron types (i.e., four labeled lines). The present study shows that responsiveness of each of the four best-stimulus neurons had similar profiles between peripheral and cortical levels. That is, when the stimuli were arranged along the abscissa in the order of @entity969 , @entity1219 , @entity5828 , and @entity4807 , there is a peak response in one place, and the responses decreased gradually from the peak. However, such response characteristics do not favor the labeled-line theory, since they can be explained in the context of the across-neuron pattern theory. A matrix-pattern notion assumes that taste quality is coded by a spatially arranged matrix pattern of activated neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Gustatory responses of cortical neurons in XXXX . II. Information processing of taste quality.

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The purpose of our study was to quantitate left @entity3585 in the @entity1 of the @entity6 mother (IDM) through estimation of cardiac output by pulsed Doppler ultrasound. We evaluated 42 IDMs (White class B, C, or D) and compared them with two control groups, one similar in birth weight and the other similar in gestational age. @entity123 was found in 18 (43%) of 42 of the IDMs, but in none of the control @entity1 . Morbidity increased with advancing septal thickness. None @entity8855 . Twenty-nine IDMs were asymptomatic, 11 of whom had @entity1184 . Thirteen IDMs developed @entity712 , seven of whom had @entity1184 . Cardiac output per kilogram diminished linearly with increasing septal thickness (r = -0.78, P less than 0.001) secondary to reduced @entity64 volumes at comparable heart rates. The IDMs had higher left @entity2333 and greater right ventricular systolic time intervals than the control @entity1 . We conclude that cardiac output is significantly reduced in IDMs with @entity1184 . This reduction is secondary to reduced @entity64 volume and is directly related to the degree of @entity1184 .

title: Cardiac output in @entity1 of insulin-dependent XXXX mothers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity3585 :: ('MESH:D014694', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular outflow obstruction']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity8855 :: ('MESH:D006819', 'Disease') :: ['had hyaline membrane disease']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['septal hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity123 :: ('MESH:D024741', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular septal hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['atrial/aortic ratios']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: The purpose of our study was to quantitate left @entity3585 in the @entity1 of the @entity6 mother (IDM) through estimation of cardiac output by pulsed Doppler ultrasound. We evaluated 42 IDMs (White class B, C, or D) and compared them with two control groups, one similar in birth weight and the other similar in gestational age. @entity123 was found in 18 (43%) of 42 of the IDMs, but in none of the control @entity1 . Morbidity increased with advancing septal thickness. None @entity8855 . Twenty-nine IDMs were asymptomatic, 11 of whom had @entity1184 . Thirteen IDMs developed @entity712 , seven of whom had @entity1184 . Cardiac output per kilogram diminished linearly with increasing septal thickness (r = -0.78, P less than 0.001) secondary to reduced @entity64 volumes at comparable heart rates. The IDMs had higher left @entity2333 and greater right ventricular systolic time intervals than the control @entity1 . We conclude that cardiac output is significantly reduced in IDMs with @entity1184 . This reduction is secondary to reduced @entity64 volume and is directly related to the degree of @entity1184 .

title: Cardiac output in XXXX of insulin-dependent @entity6 mothers.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: @entity7334 of the distal part of the radius in young adults comprise a distinct subgroup of @entity174 that are difficult to manage and are associated with a high frequency of post-traumatic @entity625 . The effect of residual radiocarpal incongruity after this fracture has not been investigated previously. A retrospective study of forty-three @entity174 in forty young adults (mean age, 27.6 years) was done to determine the components that are critical to the outcome. Treatment included application of a cast alone in twenty-one @entity174 , insertion of pins and application of a plaster cast in seventeen, external fixation in two @entity174 , and open reduction and internal fixation in three @entity174 . At a mean follow-up of 6.7 years, 26 per cent were rated as excellent; 35 per cent, as good; 33 per cent, as fair; and 6 per cent, as poor. There was radiographic evidence of post-traumatic @entity625 in twenty-eight (65 per cent) of the @entity174 . Accurate articular restoration was the most critical factor in achieving a successful result. Of the twenty-four @entity174 that healed with residual incongruity of the radiocarpal joint, @entity625 was noted in 91 per cent, whereas of the nineteen @entity174 that healed with a @entity2720 , @entity625 developed in only 11 per cent. A depressed articular surface (a so-called die-punch fragment) was reduced anatomically by closed means in only 49 per cent and was responsible for residual incongruity in 75 per cent of the @entity2720 at late follow-up. Non-union of the ulnar styloid process adversely affected the results. Restoration and maintenance (extra-articular reduction) of the dorsal tilt and radial length did not prove critical except when severe radial shortening occurred.

title: XXXX of the distal end of the radius in young adults.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['incongruous joints', 'congruous joint']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity7334 :: ('MESH:D057072', 'Disease') :: ['Intra-articular fractures']

answer: @entity7334 :: (MESH:D057072,Disease) :: ['Intra-articular fractures']


abstract: @entity1 of @entity302 @entity1 treated with @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing spina bifida than those of the general population. @entity2052 induces @entity601 in experimental animal embryos. But the pathogenetic mechanism remains rather elusive. Antiepileptic drugs (AED) in general accentuate pregnancy-imposed fall in maternal @entity1501 levels. Periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation is reported to protect embryos from developing @entity601 ( @entity601 ). Conflicting results have been reported by experimental studies that attempted to alleviate @entity2052 -induced @entity601 by @entity1501 . Our objectives were to determine the critical developmental stages and an effective dose of @entity1501 for the prevention of @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in @entity19 fetuses. A single teratogenic dose of 400 mg/kg of @entity2052 was administered to TO @entity19 on gestation day (GD) 7 or 8. It was followed by (1) a single dose of 12 mg/kg of FA ( @entity4181 ) or (2) 3 doses of @entity27797 mg/kg each. In experiment (3), FA (4 mg/kg) was administered thrice daily starting on GD 5 and continued through GD 10. These animals received @entity2052 on @entity39633 or 8. @entity2052 and B12 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The single heavy dose of FA had no rescue effect on @entity601 . Three divided doses of FA on @entity39633 and continuous dosing of FA from GD 5 through GD 10 substantially reduced the @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in the fetuses. In the later experiments, the neural folds elevated faster than the non-supplemented group. @entity2052 considerably reduced maternal plasma @entity1501 and @entity48290 concentrations. The heavy dose of FA only moderately improved vitamin levels. Three divided doses of FA elevated the vitamin levels slightly better but it was the prolonged dosing of FA that was associated with sustained elevation of plasma levels higher than the control levels and acceleration of neural tube closure thus accounting for the pronounced protection against @entity2052 -induced @entity601 development. These data suggest that plasma levels of FA and B12 have to be kept substantially elevated and maintained high throughout organogenesis period to protect embryos against @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in this @entity19 model.

title: Amelioration of XXXX -induced @entity601 in @entity19 fetuses by maternal @entity1501 supplementation during gestation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid', 'folate']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['folinic acid']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity601 :: ('MESH:D009436', 'Disease') :: ['exencephaly', 'NTD', 'neural tube defects']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['sodium valproate']


abstract: @entity1 of @entity302 @entity1 treated with @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing spina bifida than those of the general population. @entity2052 induces @entity601 in experimental animal embryos. But the pathogenetic mechanism remains rather elusive. Antiepileptic drugs (AED) in general accentuate pregnancy-imposed fall in maternal @entity1501 levels. Periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation is reported to protect embryos from developing @entity601 ( @entity601 ). Conflicting results have been reported by experimental studies that attempted to alleviate @entity2052 -induced @entity601 by @entity1501 . Our objectives were to determine the critical developmental stages and an effective dose of @entity1501 for the prevention of @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in @entity19 fetuses. A single teratogenic dose of 400 mg/kg of @entity2052 was administered to TO @entity19 on gestation day (GD) 7 or 8. It was followed by (1) a single dose of 12 mg/kg of FA ( @entity4181 ) or (2) 3 doses of @entity27797 mg/kg each. In experiment (3), FA (4 mg/kg) was administered thrice daily starting on GD 5 and continued through GD 10. These animals received @entity2052 on @entity39633 or 8. @entity2052 and B12 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The single heavy dose of FA had no rescue effect on @entity601 . Three divided doses of FA on @entity39633 and continuous dosing of FA from GD 5 through GD 10 substantially reduced the @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in the fetuses. In the later experiments, the neural folds elevated faster than the non-supplemented group. @entity2052 considerably reduced maternal plasma @entity1501 and @entity48290 concentrations. The heavy dose of FA only moderately improved vitamin levels. Three divided doses of FA elevated the vitamin levels slightly better but it was the prolonged dosing of FA that was associated with sustained elevation of plasma levels higher than the control levels and acceleration of neural tube closure thus accounting for the pronounced protection against @entity2052 -induced @entity601 development. These data suggest that plasma levels of FA and B12 have to be kept substantially elevated and maintained high throughout organogenesis period to protect embryos against @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in this @entity19 model.

title: Amelioration of @entity1092 -induced XXXX in @entity19 fetuses by maternal @entity1501 supplementation during gestation.

answer: @entity601 :: (MESH:D009436,Disease) :: ['neural tube defects']


abstract: @entity1 of @entity302 @entity1 treated with @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing spina bifida than those of the general population. @entity2052 induces @entity601 in experimental animal embryos. But the pathogenetic mechanism remains rather elusive. Antiepileptic drugs (AED) in general accentuate pregnancy-imposed fall in maternal @entity1501 levels. Periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation is reported to protect embryos from developing @entity601 ( @entity601 ). Conflicting results have been reported by experimental studies that attempted to alleviate @entity2052 -induced @entity601 by @entity1501 . Our objectives were to determine the critical developmental stages and an effective dose of @entity1501 for the prevention of @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in @entity19 fetuses. A single teratogenic dose of 400 mg/kg of @entity2052 was administered to TO @entity19 on gestation day (GD) 7 or 8. It was followed by (1) a single dose of 12 mg/kg of FA ( @entity4181 ) or (2) 3 doses of @entity27797 mg/kg each. In experiment (3), FA (4 mg/kg) was administered thrice daily starting on GD 5 and continued through GD 10. These animals received @entity2052 on @entity39633 or 8. @entity2052 and B12 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The single heavy dose of FA had no rescue effect on @entity601 . Three divided doses of FA on @entity39633 and continuous dosing of FA from GD 5 through GD 10 substantially reduced the @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in the fetuses. In the later experiments, the neural folds elevated faster than the non-supplemented group. @entity2052 considerably reduced maternal plasma @entity1501 and @entity48290 concentrations. The heavy dose of FA only moderately improved vitamin levels. Three divided doses of FA elevated the vitamin levels slightly better but it was the prolonged dosing of FA that was associated with sustained elevation of plasma levels higher than the control levels and acceleration of neural tube closure thus accounting for the pronounced protection against @entity2052 -induced @entity601 development. These data suggest that plasma levels of FA and B12 have to be kept substantially elevated and maintained high throughout organogenesis period to protect embryos against @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in this @entity19 model.

title: Amelioration of @entity1092 -induced @entity601 in @entity19 fetuses by maternal XXXX supplementation during gestation.

answer: @entity1501 :: (MESH:D005492,Chemical) :: ['folic acid']


abstract: @entity1 of @entity302 @entity1 treated with @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing spina bifida than those of the general population. @entity2052 induces @entity601 in experimental animal embryos. But the pathogenetic mechanism remains rather elusive. Antiepileptic drugs (AED) in general accentuate pregnancy-imposed fall in maternal @entity1501 levels. Periconceptional @entity1501 supplementation is reported to protect embryos from developing @entity601 ( @entity601 ). Conflicting results have been reported by experimental studies that attempted to alleviate @entity2052 -induced @entity601 by @entity1501 . Our objectives were to determine the critical developmental stages and an effective dose of @entity1501 for the prevention of @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in @entity19 fetuses. A single teratogenic dose of 400 mg/kg of @entity2052 was administered to TO @entity19 on gestation day (GD) 7 or 8. It was followed by (1) a single dose of 12 mg/kg of FA ( @entity4181 ) or (2) 3 doses of @entity27797 mg/kg each. In experiment (3), FA (4 mg/kg) was administered thrice daily starting on GD 5 and continued through GD 10. These animals received @entity2052 on @entity39633 or 8. @entity2052 and B12 concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. The single heavy dose of FA had no rescue effect on @entity601 . Three divided doses of FA on @entity39633 and continuous dosing of FA from GD 5 through GD 10 substantially reduced the @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in the fetuses. In the later experiments, the neural folds elevated faster than the non-supplemented group. @entity2052 considerably reduced maternal plasma @entity1501 and @entity48290 concentrations. The heavy dose of FA only moderately improved vitamin levels. Three divided doses of FA elevated the vitamin levels slightly better but it was the prolonged dosing of FA that was associated with sustained elevation of plasma levels higher than the control levels and acceleration of neural tube closure thus accounting for the pronounced protection against @entity2052 -induced @entity601 development. These data suggest that plasma levels of FA and B12 have to be kept substantially elevated and maintained high throughout organogenesis period to protect embryos against @entity2052 -induced @entity601 in this @entity19 model.

title: Amelioration of @entity1092 -induced @entity601 in XXXX fetuses by maternal @entity1501 supplementation during gestation.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Voiding function was studied after repair of anterior @entity2650 in 44 @entity1 using Duckett's technique of meatoplasty and glanuloplasty. Assessment of the urinary stream was done in 2 ways. At least 6 weeks postoperatively a uroflow measurement using a DISA rotating disk machine was done. Peak flow was compared to previously prepared normal values in a large group of normal @entity1 . Then, a high speed picture of the stream was taken using electronic video photography at the time of peak flow. Of the @entity1 42 had normal flow rates and 40 had acceptable stream patterns. The only complication was @entity850 in 2 cases. There were no fistulas. Although the primary indication for correction of anterior @entity2650 is cosmetic, it is essential that function not be sacrificed to achieve this end. This study indicates that voiding function is maintained after @entity2650 repair with meatoplasty and glanuloplasty.

title: Assessment of urinary stream after repair of anterior XXXX by meatoplasty and glanuloplasty.

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['meatal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

answer: @entity2650 :: (MESH:D007021,Disease) :: ['hypospadias']


abstract: Treatment of @entity149 ( @entity149 ) with combined high-dose @entity1499 ( @entity2033 - @entity1500 )-based chemotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is associated with severe @entity2359 , but high relapse rates are associated with the use of either modality alone. In an attempt to improve upon these dismal results, we treated seven @entity149 @entity1 with @entity2033 - @entity1500 -based induction therapy followed by thiotepa, @entity1863 , @entity786 (TBC), and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), without WBRT. Six of these @entity1 had at least one of the following poor prognostic features: Karnofsky performance status (KPS) <or=50%, age >60 years, or @entity66 . All but one @entity1 tolerated the treatment well and experienced improvements in neurological function and overall performance status post-transplant. No treatment-induced @entity2359 ( @entity303 , @entity2055 , and @entity322 ) was observed although the follow-up is short. One early treatment-related @entity204 occurred in a @entity1 with multiple comorbid medical conditions. The other six @entity1 achieved a complete response (CR) after TBC and ASCT. Five @entity1 are currently alive and relapse-free at 5, 8, 24, 36, and 42 months from diagnosis. One additional @entity1 relapsed and died 33 months after diagnosis. Two of the seven @entity1 received TBC/ASCT as the only treatment after disease progression following their initial chemotherapy and both remain relapse-free at the time of this report, 22 and 31 months post-TBC/ASCT. In conclusion, prolonged CR can be attained after chemotherapy-only treatment of poor prognosis @entity149 . Furthermore, this small series suggests that high-dose chemotherapy for @entity149 should include drugs that penetrate the CNS such as @entity1863 and thiotepa rather than standard lymphoma regimens such as BEAM.

title: High-dose thiotepa, XXXX , @entity786 and ASCT without whole-brain radiotherapy for poor prognosis primary CNS lymphoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['relapsed disease']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['PCNSL', 'primary central nervous system lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['busulfan']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity1863 :: (MESH:D002066,Chemical) :: ['busulfan']


abstract: Treatment of @entity149 ( @entity149 ) with combined high-dose @entity1499 ( @entity2033 - @entity1500 )-based chemotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is associated with severe @entity2359 , but high relapse rates are associated with the use of either modality alone. In an attempt to improve upon these dismal results, we treated seven @entity149 @entity1 with @entity2033 - @entity1500 -based induction therapy followed by thiotepa, @entity1863 , @entity786 (TBC), and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), without WBRT. Six of these @entity1 had at least one of the following poor prognostic features: Karnofsky performance status (KPS) <or=50%, age >60 years, or @entity66 . All but one @entity1 tolerated the treatment well and experienced improvements in neurological function and overall performance status post-transplant. No treatment-induced @entity2359 ( @entity303 , @entity2055 , and @entity322 ) was observed although the follow-up is short. One early treatment-related @entity204 occurred in a @entity1 with multiple comorbid medical conditions. The other six @entity1 achieved a complete response (CR) after TBC and ASCT. Five @entity1 are currently alive and relapse-free at 5, 8, 24, 36, and 42 months from diagnosis. One additional @entity1 relapsed and died 33 months after diagnosis. Two of the seven @entity1 received TBC/ASCT as the only treatment after disease progression following their initial chemotherapy and both remain relapse-free at the time of this report, 22 and 31 months post-TBC/ASCT. In conclusion, prolonged CR can be attained after chemotherapy-only treatment of poor prognosis @entity149 . Furthermore, this small series suggests that high-dose chemotherapy for @entity149 should include drugs that penetrate the CNS such as @entity1863 and thiotepa rather than standard lymphoma regimens such as BEAM.

title: High-dose thiotepa, @entity1863 , XXXX and ASCT without whole-brain radiotherapy for poor prognosis primary CNS lymphoma.

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: In order to assess the response of plasma biochemical parameters to anaesthesia, 40 New Zealand White (NZW) @entity95 were assigned to four treatment groups (n = 10): control (1 ml i.v. saline solution), @entity38099 (FD) (0.4 ml/kg s.c. of 'thalamonal' solution; 2.5 mg/ml @entity6918 , 0.05 mg/ml @entity3575 ), @entity3652 (K) (10 mg/kg i.v.) with either @entity4763 (X) (3 mg/kg i.v.) or @entity3175 (D) (2 mg/kg i.v.). Blood samples were obtained from the central ear artery at six time points: before injection, and at 10, 30, 60, 120 min and 24 h after injection of the anaesthetics/saline. Plasma ALT, AST, @entity731 , GGT, BUN, @entity1011 , @entity1391 and @entity972 levels were measured by the Hitachi 747 autoanalyser. The administration of K-X increased (P < 0.05) plasma ALT (from 11.4 +/- 0.9 to 20.2 +/- 1.7 IU/l, at 10 min), AST (from 10.5 +/- 3.3 to 34 +/- 2.1 IU/l, at 120 min), BUN (from 17.2 +/- 0.9 to 25.8 +/- 1.8 mg/dl, at 60 min) and @entity1011 concentrations (from 1 +/- 0.1 to 1.6 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, at 10 min). After K-D administration, we observed an increase (P < 0.05) in plasma ALT (from 11.4 +/- 0.9 to 20.2 +/- 1.1 IU/l, at 10 min), AST (from 11.4 +/- 1.6 to 28 +/- 3.7 IU/l, at 10 min), BUN (from 15.8 +/- 0.8 to 30 +/- 1.5 mg/dl, at 10 min) and @entity1011 levels (from 1 +/- 0.08 to 2.2 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, at 120 min). No significant changes were seen in the FD group. We conclude that K-X and K-D may affect plasma concentration of select serum enzymes and biochemical parameters. These results should be taken into account when blood samples are evaluated in treated @entity95 .

title: Effects of the anaesthetic/tranquillizer treatments on selected plasma biochemical parameters in NZW XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity6918 :: ('MESH:D004329', 'Chemical') :: ['droperidol']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

entities_list: @entity38099 :: ('MESH:C001451', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl-droperidol']

entities_list: @entity4763 :: ('MESH:D014991', 'Chemical') :: ['xylazine']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: The responses of @entity840 isolated cardiac tissues to @entity5402 were examined. @entity2701 responses of paced left atria and right ventricular papillary muscles, rate responses of spontaneously beating right atria and working hearts and contractility (+dP/dt) of paced and unpaced working hearts were obtained at 38 degrees C. @entity5402 induced negative inotropic and chronotropic responses of atria, abolishing @entity2701 and rate at the maxima. The spontaneously beating heart also exhibited negative chronotropy. The papillary muscles displayed partial inhibition of @entity2701 but, in tissues from @entity2515 -pretreated animals, negative inotropy was absent. Similarly, no reduction of contractility of paced working hearts was obtained. It was concluded that muscarinic receptors mediating a direct inhibition of ventricular muscle are virtually absent and that the small response obtained in untreated tissue may be due either to inhibition of endogenous @entity2922 release via presynaptic receptors or to antagonism of released @entity1063 . Lowering the temperature to 30 or 25 degrees C affected resting @entity2701 , rate and contractility and the magnitude of @entity5402 responses. The concentration-response curves, when plotted as a percentage of the maximum, were displaced to the left by cooling of the atria and papillary muscles. The papillary muscles now exhibited a response after @entity2515 pretreatment. In working hearts, the concentration-response curves for the fall in spontaneous rate were also shifted to the left, but this was not significant, probably because the temperature could be reduced to only 30 degrees C, below which contractions ceased. Cooling of @entity840 isolated cardiac preparations therefore induced supersensitivity to the muscarinic effects of @entity5402 .

title: Regional differences in the responses of XXXX cardiac tissue to @entity5402 and their potentiation by hypothermia.

entities_list: @entity2515 :: ('MESH:D012110', 'Chemical') :: ['reserpine']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity2701 :: ('MESH:D018781', 'Disease') :: ['Tension', 'tension']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol', 'Carbachol']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: The responses of @entity840 isolated cardiac tissues to @entity5402 were examined. @entity2701 responses of paced left atria and right ventricular papillary muscles, rate responses of spontaneously beating right atria and working hearts and contractility (+dP/dt) of paced and unpaced working hearts were obtained at 38 degrees C. @entity5402 induced negative inotropic and chronotropic responses of atria, abolishing @entity2701 and rate at the maxima. The spontaneously beating heart also exhibited negative chronotropy. The papillary muscles displayed partial inhibition of @entity2701 but, in tissues from @entity2515 -pretreated animals, negative inotropy was absent. Similarly, no reduction of contractility of paced working hearts was obtained. It was concluded that muscarinic receptors mediating a direct inhibition of ventricular muscle are virtually absent and that the small response obtained in untreated tissue may be due either to inhibition of endogenous @entity2922 release via presynaptic receptors or to antagonism of released @entity1063 . Lowering the temperature to 30 or 25 degrees C affected resting @entity2701 , rate and contractility and the magnitude of @entity5402 responses. The concentration-response curves, when plotted as a percentage of the maximum, were displaced to the left by cooling of the atria and papillary muscles. The papillary muscles now exhibited a response after @entity2515 pretreatment. In working hearts, the concentration-response curves for the fall in spontaneous rate were also shifted to the left, but this was not significant, probably because the temperature could be reduced to only 30 degrees C, below which contractions ceased. Cooling of @entity840 isolated cardiac preparations therefore induced supersensitivity to the muscarinic effects of @entity5402 .

title: Regional differences in the responses of @entity840 cardiac tissue to XXXX and their potentiation by hypothermia.

answer: @entity5402 :: (MESH:D002217,Chemical) :: ['carbachol']


abstract: Of 26 @entity1 who had either femoro-popliteal or aorto-iliac bypass surgery pitting @entity4 occurred in the reconstructed limb during the post-operative period in 13. Eleven of 13 @entity1 (84.6%) who had a femoro-popliteal bypass developed @entity4 compared to 2 of 13 (15.4%) who had aorto-iliac operations (P less than 0.001 chi squared). There was a significant reduction in the serum concentration of total protein and the albumin fraction after operation in both groups of @entity1 (P less than 0.01). The concentration of protein and albumin remained lower than the pre-operative values until the end of the study period but the mean values did not at any stage fall below the lower limit of the normal range. Albumin labelled with I125 was used to investigate changes in the albumin content of the reconstructed limbs. Following femoro-popliteal bypass there was a three fold increase in I125 albumin compared to the non-operated limbs and this persisted to the end of the study period (P less than 0.001). After aorto-iliac surgery there was only a small transient accumulation of I125 albumin in the legs compared to the pre-operative value (P less than 0.02). In both groups of @entity1 large accumulations of albumin were associated with the presence of pitting @entity4 . It was concluded that altered albumin kinetics play an important part in the development of post-reconstruction @entity4 . The possible mechanisms involved are discussed together with the practical implications of the results.

title: Albumin kinetics and XXXX following reconstructive arterial surgery of the lower limb.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['oedema']


abstract: We report the sixth mutation associated with the infantile form of @entity1051 in the Turkish population. The mutation is a single @entity377 transition (G to A) at the last @entity377 of exon 3 of @entity12744 ( @entity12744 ) alpha-subunit gene. The 14 exons and their flanking sequences of the @entity12744 gene were amplified and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Sequencing of exon 3 showed a homozygous mutation. Cultured @entity1 's fibroblasts produced no detectable mRNA for @entity12744 alpha-subunit gene by Northern blot analysis. We speculate that abnormal mRNA was rapidly degraded following transcription. Our data are consistent with the idea that the severe infantile form of @entity1051 is associated with a total lack of @entity12744 activity in the @entity1 . A similar mutation (G to T) had been observed at the 5'-donor splice site of exon 3. It resulted in abnormal splicing and skipping of exon 3. The other acceptor and donor splice site mutations described in the @entity12744 gene ablate normal mRNA splicing. Identification of multiple mutant @entity12744 alleles shows molecular heterogeneity of infantile @entity1051 in our population.

title: A new point mutation (G412 to A) at the last XXXX of exon 3 of hexosaminidase alpha-subunit gene affects splicing.

entities_list: @entity1051 :: ('MESH:D013661', 'Disease') :: ['Tay-Sachs disease']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity12744 :: ('3073', 'Gene') :: ['hexosaminidase A', 'HEX A', 'Hex A']

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: Using a model of uncomplicated @entity130 in @entity19 , we assayed the bone marrow and @entity4558 production of granulocytes and macrophages after @entity130 . The effects of burn size and burn wound excision and closure were studied. Using an in vitro quantitative clonal culture technique for granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC), myeloid precursors were directly assayed. Burns of a 10% body surface area were equal to burns of larger magnitude for effects on marrow and @entity4558 granulocyte/macrophage production. The total peripheral blood leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were @entity308 at days 1 and 4 postburn but were elevated at days 8 and 12. Granulocytes, however, remained significantly increased at days 8 and 12. The bone marrow response to burning showed an initial @entity308 in marrow cellularity on day 1 with return to normal values by days 8 and 12. The numbers of GM-CFC were significantly elevated on days 4-12 with a near threefold increase in the number of GM-CFC 12 days following @entity130 . The @entity4558 response to @entity130 was characterized by a decrease in the @entity4558 index on day 1 but then a persistent increase at days 8 and 12. Total @entity4558 cellularity was @entity308 on day 1 but significantly increased at days 8 and 12. The total number of @entity7419 was increased on days 4-12 with a 100-fold increase on day 8. The immediate or delayed excision of the burn wound did not alter marrow or @entity4558 response to burning. We conclude that following a @entity130 there is a marked alteration in the generation of the phagocytic cells of the granulocyte and macrophage series and that this response is secondary to the wounding process.

title: Effect of XXXX on granulocyte and macrophage production.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous injury', 'burn injury']

entities_list: @entity7419 :: ('MESH:C562602', 'Disease') :: ['splenic GM-CFC']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['burn injury']


abstract: Increases in the water pressure (PW) around the trunk of the sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus Gmelin) were used to evaluate the effects of @entity2850 on cardiovascular variables. Cardiac output (Vb), heart rate (fH) and blood pressures in the ventral aorta, dorsal aorta and ductus Cuvier (Pva, Pda and @entity63247 , respectively) were measured. A 20 cm @entity2507 increase in PW decreased vascular conductance by up to 25%. During @entity2850 , a reflex @entity1168 reduced Vb and attenuated the accompanying @entity551 . Pretreatment of the fish with the sympathetic antagonist, @entity1169 , further attenuated the @entity101 by accentuating the reflex @entity1168 . Subsequent pretreatment with @entity3302 , a vascular smooth muscle poison, potentiated these effects and did not reveal any autoregulatory vasodilation in the periphery. @entity3897 pretreatment completely abolished the reflex @entity1168 , indicating that the @entity1168 resulted from increased vagal cholinergic tone. The fish also exhibited @entity65 during the 2 min @entity2850 . An accommodation of the barostatic reflex (reduced vagal tone) and a sympathetic @entity591 raised Vb and passively increased vascular conductance. The set point for the barostatic @entity1168 was apparently temperature-sensitive.

title: Cardiovascular responses in the sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['vascular compression']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity3302 :: ('MESH:D010208', 'Chemical') :: ['papaverine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['rise in arterial blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular compensation']

answer: @entity2850 :: (MESH:D009408,Disease) :: ['elicited by vascular compression']


abstract: Eosinophils are a characteristic component of the inflammatory response seen in several diseases, including @entity56 and @entity1030 . After activation, eosinophil-derived products may exert proinflammatory effects and cause considerable tissue damage. In the present study, we investigated innate interactions between the respiratory tract pathogen nontypeable @entity327 (NTHi) and @entity1 eosinophils. Bacterial binding to eosinophils was dependent on (1-3)-beta-D-glucan receptors, as deduced from blocking experiments using the soluble glucan derivatives laminarin and scleroglucan. In addition, expression of the beta-glucan receptor @entity9651 was shown in eosinophils by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Activation of the beta-glucan receptors by bacteria elicited a time- and dose-dependent respiratory burst in eosinophils. NTHi caused increased expression of the proinflammatory chemokine @entity687 as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Incubation of eosinophils in the presence of NTHi for 4.5 h revealed upregulation of 245 different genes as detected by microarray. Signal transduction-related transcripts were most strongly upregulated, followed by cytokine mRNAs. Our findings suggest that NTHi can induce an innate inflammatory response in eosinophils that is mainly mediated via beta-glucan receptors. This points to possible pathophysiologic mechanisms involving innate recognition of NTHi by eosinophils during infection of the airways, thus promoting @entity32 in chronic @entity358 .

title: Nontypeable XXXX activates @entity1 eosinophils through beta-glucan receptors.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['Haemophilus influenzae']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity327 :: (727,Species) :: ['Haemophilus influenzae']


abstract: Eosinophils are a characteristic component of the inflammatory response seen in several diseases, including @entity56 and @entity1030 . After activation, eosinophil-derived products may exert proinflammatory effects and cause considerable tissue damage. In the present study, we investigated innate interactions between the respiratory tract pathogen nontypeable @entity327 (NTHi) and @entity1 eosinophils. Bacterial binding to eosinophils was dependent on (1-3)-beta-D-glucan receptors, as deduced from blocking experiments using the soluble glucan derivatives laminarin and scleroglucan. In addition, expression of the beta-glucan receptor @entity9651 was shown in eosinophils by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Activation of the beta-glucan receptors by bacteria elicited a time- and dose-dependent respiratory burst in eosinophils. NTHi caused increased expression of the proinflammatory chemokine @entity687 as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Incubation of eosinophils in the presence of NTHi for 4.5 h revealed upregulation of 245 different genes as detected by microarray. Signal transduction-related transcripts were most strongly upregulated, followed by cytokine mRNAs. Our findings suggest that NTHi can induce an innate inflammatory response in eosinophils that is mainly mediated via beta-glucan receptors. This points to possible pathophysiologic mechanisms involving innate recognition of NTHi by eosinophils during infection of the airways, thus promoting @entity32 in chronic @entity358 .

title: Nontypeable @entity327 activates XXXX eosinophils through beta-glucan receptors.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']