abstract: One of the major determining factors in the price of market hogs today is backfat depth. Therefore, identification of regions of the genome affecting this trait could be very useful to the @entity1707 industry. A large resource population (n = 540) was developed by backcrossing F1 Meishan-White composite females to either Meishan or White composite boars. A genomic scan was conducted by genotyping all animals with microsatellite markers spaced at approximately 20-cM intervals across the entire porcine genome. Breed of origin for all chromosomal segments was determined using multipoint linkage procedures, and a least squares regression analysis was conducted. Nominal P-values were converted to a genome-wide level of significance to adjust for the numerous tests conducted. Traits analyzed were backfat depths at the first rib (FRIB); 10th rib (10th); last rib ( @entity70747 ); last lumbar (LLUM) vertebra; the average of FRIB, @entity70747 , and LLUM ( @entity70748 ); and weight of leaf fat (LEAF). Significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected on chromosomes 1, 7, and X. Suggestive evidence for QTL was present on chromosomes 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, and 14. Genotypic means for the loci detected indicated a predominantly additive mode of inheritance. Meishan alleles produced fatter @entity1707 for all loci except those on chromosomes 7 and 10. Additional research should be conducted to refine the estimated position of each QTL and its effect and determine epistatic interactions. These loci should be evaluated in other germplasms to determine whether allelic variation at the QTL exists in other breeds.

title: Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass composition in XXXX : I. Fat deposition traits.

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: The actions of @entity10850 , alone and in combination with porcine growth hormone (pGH), on growth and circulating endocrines and metabolites important in growth were investigated in peripubertal-age Meishan barrows. @entity1707 were assigned to four treatments: control, buffer; @entity10850 , 33 microg rhIGF-I/kg BW injected twice daily; pGH, 33 microg rpGH/kg BW injected once daily; and @entity10850 +pGH, 33 microg rhIGF-I/kg BW injected twice daily plus 33 microg rpGH/kg BW injected once daily. Treatments were administered for 28 d. Feed intake, BW, and backfat were recorded and blood samples were collected weekly. At slaughter, organ and primal cut weights were recorded. Offal and half the carcass were ground for chemical analysis. Serum concentrations of @entity10850 on d 7, 14, 21, and 28 in the @entity10850 , pGH, and @entity10850 +pGH groups were increased 60, 107, and 131%, respectively, compared with those of the control group. Administration of pGH increased gain 43%, feed efficiency 60%, carcass protein accretion 88%, and trimmed lean cuts 16%, whereas @entity10850 administration increased gain 22%, carcass protein accretion 33%, and trimmed lean cuts 5%. There was little difference in responses to administration of @entity10850 +pGH and pGH alone except that coadministration of @entity10850 with pGH reduced the ability of pGH to suppress backfat gain (P < .02). Even though administration of @entity10850 resulted in a 60% increase in chronic nadir serum concentrations of @entity10850 , only a few growth and carcass measures were changed when compared with control @entity1707 . These included increased (P < .05) weight of body, leaf fat, kidneys, and belly. The actions of pGH on growth of @entity1707 were not mimicked, and some were countermanded by administration of @entity10850 at a dose that produces significantly increased serum concentrations of @entity10850 .

title: Growth, body composition, and endocrine responses to chronic administration of insulin-like growth factor I and(or) porcine growth hormone in XXXX .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: @entity1259 ( @entity1259 ), a diastereoisomer of @entity632 , has established activity in the treatment of many @entity5 types sensitive to @entity632 . Its activity in other @entity5 targets such as @entity320 , @entity135 , and recurrent @entity14 has been less well defined. Three concurrent phase II studies examined the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1259 (90 mg/m2 given intravenously at 3-week intervals) in the treatment of 71 @entity1 with the aforementioned @entity5 . Of 66 eligible @entity1 who were assessable for response, one @entity1 (with @entity14 ) achieved a complete response and three @entity1 (with @entity135 ) achieved partial responses. The response rate in @entity1 with @entity135 was 18% (95% confidence interval, 4-43%). Myelosuppression, @entity1665 , and @entity390 were the most frequent @entity137 . Two @entity1 died of @entity1398 and grade IV @entity1431 occurred in six @entity1 (8%). Grade III @entity137 were as follows: @entity1431 (17%), @entity417 (10%), @entity1665 (8%), @entity221 (1%), @entity882 (1%). Grade I or II @entity1370 was noted in four @entity1 at cumulative doses ranging between 375 mg/m2 to 1,283 mg/m2. @entity1259 is ineffective as a single agent at this dose and schedule in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity320 and @entity14 . In @entity135 , a modest response rate encourages further exploration of @entity1259 and related @entity8253 in combination regimens.

title: XXXX has modest single-agent activity in @entity135 but limited activity in metastatic @entity320 and @entity14 : phase II studies by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities', 'toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['Epirubicin', 'epirubicin', "4'-epidoxorubicin"]

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic sepsis']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity1259 :: (MESH:D015251,Chemical) :: ['Epirubicin']


abstract: @entity1259 ( @entity1259 ), a diastereoisomer of @entity632 , has established activity in the treatment of many @entity5 types sensitive to @entity632 . Its activity in other @entity5 targets such as @entity320 , @entity135 , and recurrent @entity14 has been less well defined. Three concurrent phase II studies examined the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1259 (90 mg/m2 given intravenously at 3-week intervals) in the treatment of 71 @entity1 with the aforementioned @entity5 . Of 66 eligible @entity1 who were assessable for response, one @entity1 (with @entity14 ) achieved a complete response and three @entity1 (with @entity135 ) achieved partial responses. The response rate in @entity1 with @entity135 was 18% (95% confidence interval, 4-43%). Myelosuppression, @entity1665 , and @entity390 were the most frequent @entity137 . Two @entity1 died of @entity1398 and grade IV @entity1431 occurred in six @entity1 (8%). Grade III @entity137 were as follows: @entity1431 (17%), @entity417 (10%), @entity1665 (8%), @entity221 (1%), @entity882 (1%). Grade I or II @entity1370 was noted in four @entity1 at cumulative doses ranging between 375 mg/m2 to 1,283 mg/m2. @entity1259 is ineffective as a single agent at this dose and schedule in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity320 and @entity14 . In @entity135 , a modest response rate encourages further exploration of @entity1259 and related @entity8253 in combination regimens.

title: @entity1259 has modest single-agent activity in @entity135 but limited activity in metastatic XXXX and @entity14 : phase II studies by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: @entity1259 ( @entity1259 ), a diastereoisomer of @entity632 , has established activity in the treatment of many @entity5 types sensitive to @entity632 . Its activity in other @entity5 targets such as @entity320 , @entity135 , and recurrent @entity14 has been less well defined. Three concurrent phase II studies examined the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1259 (90 mg/m2 given intravenously at 3-week intervals) in the treatment of 71 @entity1 with the aforementioned @entity5 . Of 66 eligible @entity1 who were assessable for response, one @entity1 (with @entity14 ) achieved a complete response and three @entity1 (with @entity135 ) achieved partial responses. The response rate in @entity1 with @entity135 was 18% (95% confidence interval, 4-43%). Myelosuppression, @entity1665 , and @entity390 were the most frequent @entity137 . Two @entity1 died of @entity1398 and grade IV @entity1431 occurred in six @entity1 (8%). Grade III @entity137 were as follows: @entity1431 (17%), @entity417 (10%), @entity1665 (8%), @entity221 (1%), @entity882 (1%). Grade I or II @entity1370 was noted in four @entity1 at cumulative doses ranging between 375 mg/m2 to 1,283 mg/m2. @entity1259 is ineffective as a single agent at this dose and schedule in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity320 and @entity14 . In @entity135 , a modest response rate encourages further exploration of @entity1259 and related @entity8253 in combination regimens.

title: @entity1259 has modest single-agent activity in @entity135 but limited activity in metastatic @entity320 and XXXX : phase II studies by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: @entity1259 ( @entity1259 ), a diastereoisomer of @entity632 , has established activity in the treatment of many @entity5 types sensitive to @entity632 . Its activity in other @entity5 targets such as @entity320 , @entity135 , and recurrent @entity14 has been less well defined. Three concurrent phase II studies examined the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1259 (90 mg/m2 given intravenously at 3-week intervals) in the treatment of 71 @entity1 with the aforementioned @entity5 . Of 66 eligible @entity1 who were assessable for response, one @entity1 (with @entity14 ) achieved a complete response and three @entity1 (with @entity135 ) achieved partial responses. The response rate in @entity1 with @entity135 was 18% (95% confidence interval, 4-43%). Myelosuppression, @entity1665 , and @entity390 were the most frequent @entity137 . Two @entity1 died of @entity1398 and grade IV @entity1431 occurred in six @entity1 (8%). Grade III @entity137 were as follows: @entity1431 (17%), @entity417 (10%), @entity1665 (8%), @entity221 (1%), @entity882 (1%). Grade I or II @entity1370 was noted in four @entity1 at cumulative doses ranging between 375 mg/m2 to 1,283 mg/m2. @entity1259 is ineffective as a single agent at this dose and schedule in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity320 and @entity14 . In @entity135 , a modest response rate encourages further exploration of @entity1259 and related @entity8253 in combination regimens.

title: @entity1259 has modest single-agent activity in XXXX but limited activity in metastatic @entity320 and @entity14 : phase II studies by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: Clinically observed adverse radiation effects (ARE) are rather uncommon, but modern imaging reveals that they are more common after radiosurgery than previously believed. Little is known about the pathogenesis, and current treatment is mostly empirical. The benefit of hyperbaric @entity26 therapy (HBO) on radiation-induced bone and soft tissue @entity39 is known in lesions in the maxillofacial area, the mouth and in the head and neck. HBO raises the tissue @entity4095 and initiates a cellular and vascular repair mechanism. This forms the basis for the hypothesis that it might also help alleviate the results of @entity1779 . This study is a preliminary attempt to test this hypothesis. Two @entity1 with @entity2758 ( @entity2758 ) were chosen for the study. They had been treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and had developed imaging signs consistent with ARE. They were treated by breathing 100% @entity26 at 2.5 atmospheres absolute (250 kPa) in sessions of 60 minutes per day. This treatment was repeated 40 times in cycles of ten sessions. Both responded well to HBO, one lesion disappeared and the other was reduced significantly in size. No adjuvant @entity230 were given. These results give evidence that HBO has a potential value in treating ARE but further experience will be needed to confirm its definite benefit.

title: Treatment of @entity1779 by hyperbaric XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformations', 'AVMs']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral radionecrosis']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: Clinically observed adverse radiation effects (ARE) are rather uncommon, but modern imaging reveals that they are more common after radiosurgery than previously believed. Little is known about the pathogenesis, and current treatment is mostly empirical. The benefit of hyperbaric @entity26 therapy (HBO) on radiation-induced bone and soft tissue @entity39 is known in lesions in the maxillofacial area, the mouth and in the head and neck. HBO raises the tissue @entity4095 and initiates a cellular and vascular repair mechanism. This forms the basis for the hypothesis that it might also help alleviate the results of @entity1779 . This study is a preliminary attempt to test this hypothesis. Two @entity1 with @entity2758 ( @entity2758 ) were chosen for the study. They had been treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and had developed imaging signs consistent with ARE. They were treated by breathing 100% @entity26 at 2.5 atmospheres absolute (250 kPa) in sessions of 60 minutes per day. This treatment was repeated 40 times in cycles of ten sessions. Both responded well to HBO, one lesion disappeared and the other was reduced significantly in size. No adjuvant @entity230 were given. These results give evidence that HBO has a potential value in treating ARE but further experience will be needed to confirm its definite benefit.

title: Treatment of XXXX by hyperbaric @entity26 therapy.

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['cerebral radionecrosis']


abstract: FhuA (M(r) = 78,900) is an @entity526 outer membrane protein which transports the ferric siderophore ferrichrome and is the receptor for @entity10588 , phi 80 and @entity10588 and for colicin M. FhuA was purified chromatographically in non-ionic detergent ( @entity6072 ). The circular dichroism spectrum indicates that FhuA is essentially organized in beta-strands like the majority of proteins of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The structural parameters of FhuA were assessed from size exclusion chromatography, sedimention equilibrium and velocity experiments. FhuA is monomeric in solution and functional since binding of @entity10588 causes the release of the phage genome, a double-stranded DNA of 121,000 base pairs, into the surrounding medium. Planar lipid bilayer experiments showed that the FhuA transporter is converted into a high conductance channel upon binding of @entity10588 . FhuA was reconstituted into large unilamellar vesicles (mean diameter 125 nm). Cryo-electron microscopy and fluorescence experiments, using a DNA intercalant @entity30826 , showed that binding of @entity10588 to FhuA triggers the transfer of the phage genome into the proteoliposomes without altering their morphology. Two models can account for these observations, which apply both to in vitro and in vivo DNA transport. The simplest model supposes that the naked DNA is transported through the FhuA channel. Alternatively transfer of DNA might be mediated by pb2, the protein forming the phage straight fiber. pb2 would insert either directly in the membrane or inside the FhuA channel.

title: FhuA, an XXXX outer membrane protein with a dual function of transporter and channel which mediates the transport of phage DNA.

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity6072 :: ('MESH:C018619', 'Chemical') :: ['octyl glucoside']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: Xylenes, or @entity11574 , are among the highest-volume chemicals in production. Common uses are for @entity18683 blending, as a solvent or component in a wide variety of products from paints to printing ink, and in the production of @entity5600 and @entity2635 . They are often encountered as a mixture of the three @entity33935 isomers, together with @entity18008 . As part of its mandate, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) prepares toxicological profiles on hazardous chemicals found at Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) National Priorities List (NPL) sites that are of greatest concern for public health purposes. These profiles comprehensively summarize toxicological and environmental information. This article constitutes the release of the bulk of this profile (ATSDR, 1995) into the mainstream scientific literature. An extensive listing of known @entity1 and animal health effects, organized by route, duration, and end point, is presented. Toxicological information on toxicokinetics, biomarkers, interactions, sensitive subpopulations, reducing @entity137 after exposure, and relevance to public health is also included. Environmental information encompasses physical properties, production and use, environmental fate, levels seen in the environment, analytical methods, and a listing of regulations. ATSDR, as mandated by CERCLA (or Superfund), prepares these profiles to inform and assist the public.

title: ATSDR evaluation of health effects of chemicals. V. Xylenes: health effects, toxicokinetics, XXXX exposure, and environmental fate.

entities_list: @entity11574 :: ('MESH:D014992', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethylbenzenes']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5600 :: ('CHEBI:26092', 'Chemical') :: ['phthalates']

entities_list: @entity18008 :: ('MESH:C004912', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylbenzene']

entities_list: @entity2635 :: ('CHEBI:60160', 'Chemical') :: ['polyester']

entities_list: @entity33935 :: ('CHEBI:42266', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethyl']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Left ventricular (LV) mass progressively increases throughout life, reaching its greatest magnitude in senescence. In the normotensive elderly, @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) is mostly a consequence of a degenerative process in connective tissue. In @entity101 @entity1 , @entity4346 results from an increase in muscle mass and fibrotic tissue. @entity4346 by echocardiographic criteria can be found in up to 50% of elderly @entity1 with @entity101 . Although associated with aging, @entity4346 is associated with a higher rate of @entity65 . Even in the absence of @entity3979 , @entity4346 is associated with reduced coronary reserve, increased number of @entity943 and progressive deterioration in LV function. Conceivably, an increase in interstitial @entity82 and cross-linking collagen in the senescent heart is responsible for an increase in @entity296 and @entity854 . Regression of @entity4346 has been demonstrated not only to improve left ventricular filling and coronary reserve but also to diminish @entity943 . Although few studies have demonstrated that the reduction of LV mass is associated with better cardiovascular prognosis, it seems reasonable to consider it a goal of antihypertensive therapy. Of all anti- @entity101 agents, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors seem to be the most powerful in reducing LV mass.

title: The heart in the XXXX elderly.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial stiffness']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy', 'LVH']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'cardiac arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: @entity177 is common. Recent estimates from the United States suggest that one in 10 adults has an elevated serum @entity1011 . @entity101 and @entity8 are intimately connected at many levels, and clearly accelerate each other s course. @entity101 is an almost universal feature of @entity454 , a state of frightening cardiovascular risk. Surprisingly, most recent observational studies have shown an association between low blood pressure and increased mortality, a result that may engender therapeutic nihilism in the absence of large randomised trials. This observation may be due to reverse causality, as the age and cardiovascular comorbidity of @entity1 reaching @entity454 is considerable. When outcomes other than @entity204 are considered, especially progressive @entity4346 , but also @entity299 and @entity712 , more predictable and expected associations are seen, with rising blood pressure appearing to be a deleterious parameter. Uraemia appears to be a state of premature senescence, and @entity2003 , whose clinical corollary is wide pulse pressure, is a characteristic feature. Recent observational studies have focused on pulse pressure, rather than the traditional approach of analysing its components, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in isolation. High pulse pressure appears to be a marker of short survival in dialysis @entity1 , but disentangling this association from old age and pre-existing @entity65 is challenging. Remarkably, and regrettably, no large scale randomised controlled studies examining strategies that tackle the issue of @entity101 in dialysis @entity1 have yet to be initiated.

title: XXXX in @entity454 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity2003 :: ('MESH:D009127', 'Disease') :: ['arterial rigidity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular conditions']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['Hypertension']


abstract: @entity177 is common. Recent estimates from the United States suggest that one in 10 adults has an elevated serum @entity1011 . @entity101 and @entity8 are intimately connected at many levels, and clearly accelerate each other s course. @entity101 is an almost universal feature of @entity454 , a state of frightening cardiovascular risk. Surprisingly, most recent observational studies have shown an association between low blood pressure and increased mortality, a result that may engender therapeutic nihilism in the absence of large randomised trials. This observation may be due to reverse causality, as the age and cardiovascular comorbidity of @entity1 reaching @entity454 is considerable. When outcomes other than @entity204 are considered, especially progressive @entity4346 , but also @entity299 and @entity712 , more predictable and expected associations are seen, with rising blood pressure appearing to be a deleterious parameter. Uraemia appears to be a state of premature senescence, and @entity2003 , whose clinical corollary is wide pulse pressure, is a characteristic feature. Recent observational studies have focused on pulse pressure, rather than the traditional approach of analysing its components, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, in isolation. High pulse pressure appears to be a marker of short survival in dialysis @entity1 , but disentangling this association from old age and pre-existing @entity65 is challenging. Remarkably, and regrettably, no large scale randomised controlled studies examining strategies that tackle the issue of @entity101 in dialysis @entity1 have yet to be initiated.

title: @entity101 in XXXX .

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['end-stage renal disease']


abstract: The prognosis of @entity1086 is basically dependent on the histological stage at diagnosis. In practice, the discovery of a small @entity150 , generally during cholecystectomy give the @entity1 a better care for curative treatment. The advent of laparoscopy has increased the number of cholecstectomies and could increase the frequency of this situation but also raises the difficult problem of metastatic dissemination. In the literature the figures on parietal @entity3 after laparoscopy have ranged from 125% to 19%. The median delay to diagnosis of recurrence is 6 months. The cause of this phenomenon (role of the @entity516 ) remains poorly elucidated. Risk factors for the development of a @entity3 on the trocar orifice are: rupture of the gallbladder perioperatively and extraction of the gallbladder without protection. It is important to keep in mind this exceptional but serious risk and apply rigorous operative technique. In case of suspected gallbladder we do not advocate laparoscopy. Surgery (hepatectomy, lymphodenectomy, possibly resection of the biliary tract) would be indicted for all stages except pTis and @entity13712 , taking into consideration the localization of the @entity5 and the @entity1 's general status. It is also classical to recommend resection of the trocar orifices after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There is a dual challenge today for small-sized @entity1086 : improving treatment and avoiding poorer prognosis due to the specific problems raised by laparoscopy.

title: [Fortuitous discovery of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the bladder']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity516 :: ('MESH:D011027', 'Disease') :: ['pneumoperitoneum']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['gallbladder cancer']


abstract: A study was conducted to determine differences between psychophysiological responses to acoustic stress under different ambient lighting conditions. Typical cool-white indoor lighting was compared to full-spectrum lighting under dim and bright illumination levels. Full-spectrum lighting exhibits spectral characteristics that approximate those found in natural sunlight. The @entity427 response was measured during three preliminary experiments using normal subjects. In the first experiment, one subject was evaluated. Electromyography (EMG) was used to measure eyeblink @entity427 at the obicularis oculi muscle; heart rate (HR) was measured at the wrist; and @entity272 ( @entity272 ) was measured at the left index finger. There was a significant increase in @entity272 ( @entity272 ) and a decrease in heart rate. In the second experiment, @entity272 was used to measure the @entity427 response under cool-white fluorescent lighting versus full-spectrum fluorescent lighting (n = 5 subjects) under both bright and dim lighting conditions. Higher arousal was detected measuring @entity272 under the cool-white lighting condition, and under the dim lighting condition using both types of lighting. In the third experiment, ten subjects were assessed for @entity272 @entity427 response using both lighting types set at the dim brightness level. There was a strong trend indicating a higher @entity272 arousal under the dim cool-white lighting condition. Other studies support that a GABAergic inhibitory circuit is inhibited by darkness and that the spectral characteristics of cool-white lighting are more stressful to @entity1 than full-spectrum lighting. These preliminary findings regarding stress and ambient lighting may be especially important in the neural development of @entity1 , and in those clinical populations that are particularly sensitive to environmental stress.

title: Neurobiological relationships between ambient lighting and the XXXX response to acoustic stress in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'humans']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['galvanic skin conductance', 'GSC']

answer: @entity427 :: (MESH:D012021,Disease) :: ['startle']


abstract: A study was conducted to determine differences between psychophysiological responses to acoustic stress under different ambient lighting conditions. Typical cool-white indoor lighting was compared to full-spectrum lighting under dim and bright illumination levels. Full-spectrum lighting exhibits spectral characteristics that approximate those found in natural sunlight. The @entity427 response was measured during three preliminary experiments using normal subjects. In the first experiment, one subject was evaluated. Electromyography (EMG) was used to measure eyeblink @entity427 at the obicularis oculi muscle; heart rate (HR) was measured at the wrist; and @entity272 ( @entity272 ) was measured at the left index finger. There was a significant increase in @entity272 ( @entity272 ) and a decrease in heart rate. In the second experiment, @entity272 was used to measure the @entity427 response under cool-white fluorescent lighting versus full-spectrum fluorescent lighting (n = 5 subjects) under both bright and dim lighting conditions. Higher arousal was detected measuring @entity272 under the cool-white lighting condition, and under the dim lighting condition using both types of lighting. In the third experiment, ten subjects were assessed for @entity272 @entity427 response using both lighting types set at the dim brightness level. There was a strong trend indicating a higher @entity272 arousal under the dim cool-white lighting condition. Other studies support that a GABAergic inhibitory circuit is inhibited by darkness and that the spectral characteristics of cool-white lighting are more stressful to @entity1 than full-spectrum lighting. These preliminary findings regarding stress and ambient lighting may be especially important in the neural development of @entity1 , and in those clinical populations that are particularly sensitive to environmental stress.

title: Neurobiological relationships between ambient lighting and the @entity427 response to acoustic stress in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The interest of radiation therapy in the management of age-related @entity1020 inaccessible to photocoagulation is still controversial. Our purpose was to demonstrate the feasibility and the possible efficacy of a single dose delivered to the macular region using a 65-MeV proton beam. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A phase II trial was set up using the cyclotron in Nice, France. Fifty-eight @entity1 were included after signing an informed consent. All @entity1 presented with occult subfoveal @entity1940 . A single dose of 9.1 Gy (i.e., 10 Gy @entity1953 equivalent) was delivered to the macular region. RESULTS: The results were analyzed 3, 6, 12 and, 18 months after proton therapy. At 3 months, the visual acuity was stable or enhanced for 86% of @entity1 , at 6 months for 82.3%, at 12 months for 80%, and at 18 months for 61%. For 22 @entity1 at follow-up at 18 months, the reasons for a decrease in visual acuity were a macular @entity548 for 4 @entity1 and a progression of the neovascular membrane for 3 @entity1 . No secondary effects related to the treatment have been observed. Regarding the lesions visible on the angiographies (i.e., @entity548 , exudates, @entity1713 ), we observed a stabilization or a decrease in two-thirds of the cases. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results of single-dose proton therapy are at least comparable to those obtained by other teams. A second study is in progress comparing 3 dose levels, looking for a dose-effect relationship. Furthermore, a randomized study comparing a single proton dose to a placebo will be necessary to assess the long-term value of proton treatment.

title: [Proton therapy of occult neovessels in age-related XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1940 :: ('MESH:D020256', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['subretinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['macular degeneration']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity548 ( @entity548 ) is an uncommon type of @entity1779 . Relatively little is known about clinical and imaging features, and even less about prognosis and predictors of mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed clinical and imaging features, causative factors and outcome of 26 @entity1 with CT brain scan evidence of @entity548 . A multivariate regression model of failure time data was used to assess predictors of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: @entity909 was the first manifestation of @entity548 in six @entity1 and occurred after all other symptoms in five. In other @entity1 , onset was characterized by @entity10 , @entity391 , @entity911 and disorientation (n=8) or by @entity10 with or without @entity391 (n=7). Angiography revealed @entity1462 in eight @entity1 (31%). Other possible causative factors were @entity4461 in one @entity1 and arterial @entity101 in 10. No cause was identified in seven @entity1 . Early @entity1276 was the most frequent complication and resolved spontaneously in a minority of @entity1 . In-hospital mortality was high (42%): four @entity1 died early of direct consequence of bleeding and seven died after clinical worsening because of increasing @entity1276 or other adverse events. Multivariate analysis indicated Glasgow @entity772 Scale < or = 8 (OR 4.67; 95% CI 1.22-17.92) and early @entity1276 (OR 4.93; 95% CI 1.13-21.59) as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with @entity548 , @entity1276 seems to be a critical determinant of in-hospital mortality and this suggests the need for early treatment strategies.

title: XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['PIVH', 'Primary intraventricular haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['Loss of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['clotting disorder']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformations']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['Primary intraventricular haemorrhage']


abstract: Primary or neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to definitive local therapy has potential advantages for locally advanced @entity5 . It can downstage a @entity5 and allow definitive local therapy to be technically possible (surgery), or potentially more effective (radiotherapy). It can also eradicate subclinical systemic @entity3 . This report reviews a single institution's experience of neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to @entity5 over a 13-year period. One hundred and six @entity1 were treated with this intent. The @entity1 were analysed for their response to chemotherapy, treatment received, survival, relapse and @entity137 . The chemotherapy was feasible and the majority of @entity1 had a complete or partial response (58.5%). Eight @entity1 did not proceed to local treatment. Forty-six @entity1 had definitive surgery and 52 had definitive radiotherapy. The 5-year overall survival was 27% and the majority of @entity1 died with disease. The first site of relapse was usually in the pelvis (46.2%). Late complications that required ongoing medical therapy (n=6) or surgical intervention (n=2) were recorded in eight @entity1 (7.5%). On univariate analysis stage (P=0.04), @entity5 size (P=0.01), lymph node status (P=0.003), response to chemotherapy (P=0.045) and treatment (P=0.003) were all significant predictors of survival. On multivariate analysis, @entity5 size (P < 0.0001) and nodal status (P=0.02) were significant predictors of survival. Despite the impressive responses to chemotherapy of advanced @entity5 , there is evidence from randomized trials that it does not improve or compromise survival prior to radiotherapy. As its role prior to surgery remains unclear, it should not be used in this setting outside a prospective randomized trial.

title: Locally advanced XXXX : chemotherapy prior to definitive surgery or radiotherapy. A single institutional experience.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervix cancer', 'definitive local therapy for cervix cancer', 'cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervix cancer']


abstract: 1. The present study examined the origin of the 0.4 Hz rhythm in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in @entity35 . It was anticipated that, after elimination of 0.4 Hz oscillations of arterial pressure (AP) by alpha-adrenoceptor blockade, the persistence or disappearance of a 0.4 Hz rhythm in RSNA would point to an endogenous (central oscillator) or baroreflex origin, respectively. 2. Arterial pressure and RSNA were recorded in seven conscious @entity35 , before and after acute alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with @entity5521 (5 mg/kg, i.v.). In each condition, power and coherence spectra were calculated over 15 min periods of rest. 3. In control conditions, highly coherent AP and RSNA oscillations were observed near 0.4 Hz. After @entity5521 administration, spectral power in the mid-frequency (0.27-0.74 Hz) band was significantly reduced for both AP and RSNA and maximum power was shifted towards 0.7 Hz. 4. The disappearance of the RSNA rhythm at 0.4 Hz after @entity5521 administration favours the hypothesis of a baroreflex origin. The new oscillation near 0.7 Hz can derive either from the activity of a previously unrecognized central oscillator or from a faster feedback mechanism involving cotransmitters of @entity1063 acting with shorter time constants (e.g. @entity855 ).

title: Effect of alpha-adrenoceptor blockade on the 0.4 Hz sympathetic rhythm in conscious XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: 1. Large @entity432 is a principal determinant of pulse pressure and both are related to @entity65 independently of other major risk factors. A clearer understanding of the structural and genetic processes that contribute to large artery properties may provide novel approaches to therapy. 2. Age, @entity731 and gender are three important factors that contribute to large artery stiffening. Each influences the artery elastic matrix and its relationship to medial smooth muscle cells. Genetic and hormonal modulation of the extracellular matrix proteins and their regulators, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may account for some interindividual differences. 3. In a study of 213 healthy individuals and 105 @entity1 with @entity453 ( @entity453 ), we examined whether stromelysin-1 ( @entity1549 ) genotype, determined by the 5A/6A promoter polymorphism, influences large artery stiffening. In healthy individuals, the 5A/5A genotype was linked with stiffer large arteries and higher systolic blood pressure compared with other genotypes. 4. Genetic variation in the extracellular matrix protein @entity6099 , using a pentanucleotide repeat polymorphism, was assessed as a potential determinant of large @entity432 in @entity1 with @entity453 . The 2-3 genotype was associated with stiffer large arteries, higher pulse pressure and more severe @entity453 than other genotypes. 5. Females experience a greater increase in large @entity432 with age than males, with a time-course suggestive of sex @entity134 modulation. The mechanisms mediating such gender differences have not been established, but the known regulatory role of sex @entity230 with respect to MMPs likely contributes. 6. The demonstration that genetic and hormonal modulation of extracellular matrix components and MMPs contributes to age, @entity731 and gender-related differences in large artery mechanical properties suggests these proteins may be important targets for therapy.

title: Large XXXX : structural and genetic aspects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery stiffness']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['artery stiffness']


abstract: @entity8224 ( @entity8224 ) increases urinary albumin excretion in @entity6 ( @entity6 ). @entity3876 ( @entity3876 ) is structurally and functionally related to @entity8224 , but its effect on urine albumin excretion rate (UAER) is unknown. AIMS: To compare the albuminuric effects of intravenous infusion of @entity8224 and @entity3876 , and to assess the effect of both peptides on tubular protein excretion. METHODS: Eight subjects with Type 1 @entity6 were randomised to a three leg, double blind, and placebo controlled study. On each study day, subjects were euglycaemic clamped and subsequently water loaded (20 mL/kg orally, plus urine losses) to steady state diuresis. When in steady state, @entity1011 clearance was estimated in three separate 1 hour periods. At the end of the first period, a 1 hour intravenous infusion of either placebo, @entity8224 0.025 microg/kg/min, or @entity3876 0.025 microg/kg/min was administered. There followed a 1 hour recovery period. Urine was collected at 15 min intervals for estimation of urine albumin (ACR) and alpha1 microglobulin @entity1011 ratio (MCR). Results were analysed by anova. RESULTS: @entity1011 clearance was similar on the three study days, and was unaltered by any infusion. ACR was unaltered by placebo (1.3 +/- 0.5-1.2 +/- 0.4 mg/mmol, mean +/- SD, p = 0.81), but increased compared to placebo with infusion of both @entity8224 (1.2 +/- 0.4-9.8 +/- 8.4 mg/mmol, P = 0.0004), and @entity3876 (1.1 +/- 0.4-13.4 +/- 8.6 mg/mmol, P = 0.0001). The MCR was unaltered by placebo infusion (P = 0.89), but increased compared with placebo after infusion of @entity8224 (5.4 +/- 0.9-12.3 +/- 4.2 mg/mmol, P < 0.0001), and @entity3876 (5.4 +/- 0.8-12.1 +/- 2.5 mg/mmol, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous infusion of @entity3876 and @entity8224 both increase the urine excretion of albumin and the tubular protein alpha1 microglobulin, independent of @entity1011 clearance.

title: @entity3876 increases urinary albumin and alpha-1 microglobulin excretion in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['Creatinine', 'creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3876 :: ('4879', 'Gene') :: ['BNP', 'Brain natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity8224 :: ('4878', 'Gene') :: ['Atrial natriuretic peptide', 'ANP']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Type 1 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: @entity8224 ( @entity8224 ) increases urinary albumin excretion in @entity6 ( @entity6 ). @entity3876 ( @entity3876 ) is structurally and functionally related to @entity8224 , but its effect on urine albumin excretion rate (UAER) is unknown. AIMS: To compare the albuminuric effects of intravenous infusion of @entity8224 and @entity3876 , and to assess the effect of both peptides on tubular protein excretion. METHODS: Eight subjects with Type 1 @entity6 were randomised to a three leg, double blind, and placebo controlled study. On each study day, subjects were euglycaemic clamped and subsequently water loaded (20 mL/kg orally, plus urine losses) to steady state diuresis. When in steady state, @entity1011 clearance was estimated in three separate 1 hour periods. At the end of the first period, a 1 hour intravenous infusion of either placebo, @entity8224 0.025 microg/kg/min, or @entity3876 0.025 microg/kg/min was administered. There followed a 1 hour recovery period. Urine was collected at 15 min intervals for estimation of urine albumin (ACR) and alpha1 microglobulin @entity1011 ratio (MCR). Results were analysed by anova. RESULTS: @entity1011 clearance was similar on the three study days, and was unaltered by any infusion. ACR was unaltered by placebo (1.3 +/- 0.5-1.2 +/- 0.4 mg/mmol, mean +/- SD, p = 0.81), but increased compared to placebo with infusion of both @entity8224 (1.2 +/- 0.4-9.8 +/- 8.4 mg/mmol, P = 0.0004), and @entity3876 (1.1 +/- 0.4-13.4 +/- 8.6 mg/mmol, P = 0.0001). The MCR was unaltered by placebo infusion (P = 0.89), but increased compared with placebo after infusion of @entity8224 (5.4 +/- 0.9-12.3 +/- 4.2 mg/mmol, P < 0.0001), and @entity3876 (5.4 +/- 0.8-12.1 +/- 2.5 mg/mmol, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous infusion of @entity3876 and @entity8224 both increase the urine excretion of albumin and the tubular protein alpha1 microglobulin, independent of @entity1011 clearance.

title: XXXX increases urinary albumin and alpha-1 microglobulin excretion in @entity6 .

answer: @entity3876 :: (4879,Gene) :: ['Brain natriuretic peptide']


abstract: AIMS: To analyse the clinical and pathological features with long-term follow-up of a series of 12 cases of sarcomatoid @entity0 . methods and results: The cases were selected from the surgical files of the Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, between 1977 and 1988. The following clinical parameters were recorded: the age of the @entity1 , size of @entity5 , presence or absence of lymph node or distant metastases, and @entity1 survival. Pathological assessment included: the type of epithelial and mesenchymal components, the proportion of monophasic to biphasic @entity5 and the presence of adjacent in-situ @entity189 /atypical epithelial proliferation. The mean age of the @entity1 was 61 years with a median of 64 and range 46-82 years. The mean size of the @entity5 was 52 mm (range 22-100 mm). None of the @entity1 had distant @entity3 at presentation and only one case had local lymph node @entity3 which had a @entity3909 appearance. Five @entity1 were still alive after a minimum 12-year follow-up period. Four @entity1 died of their disease (three with lung @entity3 only and one with lung and bone metastases), one died of @entity189 and two @entity1 were lost to follow-up. Pathologically, four cases (33.3%) had no or almost undetectable epithelial structures by light microscopy, i.e. "monophasic @entity189 ". The remaining cases revealed varying proportions of both epithelial and mesenchymal elements, i.e. "biphasic @entity189 ". Of the epithelial component, six (50%) @entity5 had predominantly @entity189 of no special type, one lobular and one @entity420 . The mesenchymal component was @entity81 / @entity4383 -like, @entity1418 ( @entity1418 ), @entity421 -like and @entity1492 -like in five (42%), four (33%), two (17%) and one (8%) @entity5 , respectively. In 3/4 monophasic @entity5 , the mesenchymal component was of a low-grade @entity81 / @entity4383 type. In 6/12 (50%) of the cases there was associated in-situ atypical epithelial proliferation (five @entity513 in situ (DCIS) and one @entity1373 ). CONCLUSIONS: From this small series it appears that @entity189 is an uncommon @entity5 , which is large in size and tends to lack local or distant @entity3 at presentation. Pathologists should be alert to the presence of the bland monophasic @entity189 which has a pure mesenchymal appearance on light microscopy, but epithelial components demonstrated by cytokeratin immunohistochemistry. These showed metastases on long-term follow-up, similar to other histological patterns of @entity189 .

title: Sarcomatoid/metaplastic XXXX : a clinicopathological study of 12 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the breast']

entities_list: @entity1418 :: ('MESH:D051677', 'Disease') :: ['malignant fibrous histiocytoma-like', 'MFH']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['atypical ductal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix', 'sarcomatoid carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3909 :: ('MESH:D055756', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['nodular fasciitis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity81 :: ('MESH:D005350', 'Disease') :: ['fibromatosis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['tubular carcinoma']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the breast']


abstract: The role of @entity1063 (NA) and @entity935 (DA) in the hypothalamic control of @entity31008 (PRL) secretion was investigated in hypothalamic intact (control) and hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected (HPD) Soay rams. The animals were exposed to alternating 16-weekly periods of short (8 L : 16D) and long days (16 L : 8D) to induce marked cyclical changes in PRL secretion in both groups (as demonstrated previously). Selective NA and DA receptor antagonists (dose: 1.2 micromol/kg) were administered under short days (low endogenous PRL secretion), and agonists (dose: 0.0012-0.12 micromol/kg) were administered under long days (high endogenous PRL secretion). The acute changes in blood PRL concentrations were measured over 4 h as the index of responsiveness. Under short days, treatment with @entity13397 (alpha-1 adenoceptor antagonist), and @entity3160 (alpha-2 antagonist), consistently increased PRL secretion in control, but not in HPD rams. The treatments produced similar acute, drug-specific behavioural effects in both groups. @entity1169 (beta antagonist) had no effect on PRL secretion, while @entity3216 (DA D-2 antagonist) induced a marked increase in blood PRL concentrations in control rams (> 4 h), and a transient effect in HPD rams (15 min). Under long days, when endogenous PRL secretion was increased, @entity2647 (alpha-1 agonist) produced no effects, while @entity2847 (DA D-2 agonist) robustly decreased PRL concentrations in both control and HPD rams, even at the lowest treatment dose. Overall, the positive responses to the antagonists in the control rams, support the view that DA (acting via D-2 receptors), and to a lesser extent NA (acting via alpha-1/alpha-2 receptors), negatively regulate PRL secretion. In contrast, the lack of responses to the antagonists in the HPD rams, support the view that neither DA, nor NA, mediate the photoperiodic control of PRL secretion.

title: XXXX and @entity935 regulation of @entity31008 secretion in sheep: role in @entity31008 homeostasis but not photoperiodism.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['rauwolscine']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3216 :: ('MESH:D013469', 'Chemical') :: ['sulpiride']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['Noradrenaline']


abstract: The role of @entity1063 (NA) and @entity935 (DA) in the hypothalamic control of @entity31008 (PRL) secretion was investigated in hypothalamic intact (control) and hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected (HPD) Soay rams. The animals were exposed to alternating 16-weekly periods of short (8 L : 16D) and long days (16 L : 8D) to induce marked cyclical changes in PRL secretion in both groups (as demonstrated previously). Selective NA and DA receptor antagonists (dose: 1.2 micromol/kg) were administered under short days (low endogenous PRL secretion), and agonists (dose: 0.0012-0.12 micromol/kg) were administered under long days (high endogenous PRL secretion). The acute changes in blood PRL concentrations were measured over 4 h as the index of responsiveness. Under short days, treatment with @entity13397 (alpha-1 adenoceptor antagonist), and @entity3160 (alpha-2 antagonist), consistently increased PRL secretion in control, but not in HPD rams. The treatments produced similar acute, drug-specific behavioural effects in both groups. @entity1169 (beta antagonist) had no effect on PRL secretion, while @entity3216 (DA D-2 antagonist) induced a marked increase in blood PRL concentrations in control rams (> 4 h), and a transient effect in HPD rams (15 min). Under long days, when endogenous PRL secretion was increased, @entity2647 (alpha-1 agonist) produced no effects, while @entity2847 (DA D-2 agonist) robustly decreased PRL concentrations in both control and HPD rams, even at the lowest treatment dose. Overall, the positive responses to the antagonists in the control rams, support the view that DA (acting via D-2 receptors), and to a lesser extent NA (acting via alpha-1/alpha-2 receptors), negatively regulate PRL secretion. In contrast, the lack of responses to the antagonists in the HPD rams, support the view that neither DA, nor NA, mediate the photoperiodic control of PRL secretion.

title: @entity1063 and XXXX regulation of @entity31008 secretion in sheep: role in @entity31008 homeostasis but not photoperiodism.

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: The role of @entity1063 (NA) and @entity935 (DA) in the hypothalamic control of @entity31008 (PRL) secretion was investigated in hypothalamic intact (control) and hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected (HPD) Soay rams. The animals were exposed to alternating 16-weekly periods of short (8 L : 16D) and long days (16 L : 8D) to induce marked cyclical changes in PRL secretion in both groups (as demonstrated previously). Selective NA and DA receptor antagonists (dose: 1.2 micromol/kg) were administered under short days (low endogenous PRL secretion), and agonists (dose: 0.0012-0.12 micromol/kg) were administered under long days (high endogenous PRL secretion). The acute changes in blood PRL concentrations were measured over 4 h as the index of responsiveness. Under short days, treatment with @entity13397 (alpha-1 adenoceptor antagonist), and @entity3160 (alpha-2 antagonist), consistently increased PRL secretion in control, but not in HPD rams. The treatments produced similar acute, drug-specific behavioural effects in both groups. @entity1169 (beta antagonist) had no effect on PRL secretion, while @entity3216 (DA D-2 antagonist) induced a marked increase in blood PRL concentrations in control rams (> 4 h), and a transient effect in HPD rams (15 min). Under long days, when endogenous PRL secretion was increased, @entity2647 (alpha-1 agonist) produced no effects, while @entity2847 (DA D-2 agonist) robustly decreased PRL concentrations in both control and HPD rams, even at the lowest treatment dose. Overall, the positive responses to the antagonists in the control rams, support the view that DA (acting via D-2 receptors), and to a lesser extent NA (acting via alpha-1/alpha-2 receptors), negatively regulate PRL secretion. In contrast, the lack of responses to the antagonists in the HPD rams, support the view that neither DA, nor NA, mediate the photoperiodic control of PRL secretion.

title: @entity1063 and @entity935 regulation of XXXX secretion in sheep: role in @entity31008 homeostasis but not photoperiodism.

answer: @entity31008 :: (443317(Tax:9940),Gene) :: ['prolactin']


abstract: The role of @entity1063 (NA) and @entity935 (DA) in the hypothalamic control of @entity31008 (PRL) secretion was investigated in hypothalamic intact (control) and hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected (HPD) Soay rams. The animals were exposed to alternating 16-weekly periods of short (8 L : 16D) and long days (16 L : 8D) to induce marked cyclical changes in PRL secretion in both groups (as demonstrated previously). Selective NA and DA receptor antagonists (dose: 1.2 micromol/kg) were administered under short days (low endogenous PRL secretion), and agonists (dose: 0.0012-0.12 micromol/kg) were administered under long days (high endogenous PRL secretion). The acute changes in blood PRL concentrations were measured over 4 h as the index of responsiveness. Under short days, treatment with @entity13397 (alpha-1 adenoceptor antagonist), and @entity3160 (alpha-2 antagonist), consistently increased PRL secretion in control, but not in HPD rams. The treatments produced similar acute, drug-specific behavioural effects in both groups. @entity1169 (beta antagonist) had no effect on PRL secretion, while @entity3216 (DA D-2 antagonist) induced a marked increase in blood PRL concentrations in control rams (> 4 h), and a transient effect in HPD rams (15 min). Under long days, when endogenous PRL secretion was increased, @entity2647 (alpha-1 agonist) produced no effects, while @entity2847 (DA D-2 agonist) robustly decreased PRL concentrations in both control and HPD rams, even at the lowest treatment dose. Overall, the positive responses to the antagonists in the control rams, support the view that DA (acting via D-2 receptors), and to a lesser extent NA (acting via alpha-1/alpha-2 receptors), negatively regulate PRL secretion. In contrast, the lack of responses to the antagonists in the HPD rams, support the view that neither DA, nor NA, mediate the photoperiodic control of PRL secretion.

title: @entity1063 and @entity935 regulation of @entity31008 secretion in sheep: role in XXXX homeostasis but not photoperiodism.

answer: @entity31008 :: (443317(Tax:9940),Gene) :: ['prolactin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An in-vitro assay has been developed for quantitative assessment of chemotherapy induced @entity3136 . In the present study this method was evaluated for assessment of irradiation @entity33 at a cellular level. METHODS: Ten @entity1 participated in this consecutive study. All @entity1 were treated with conventional fractionated curative postoperative radiotherapy. Prior to, and weekly during, the irradiation course, oral washings were obtained to determine viability of epithelial cells by @entity3460 dye exclusion. Maturation of epithelial cells was assessed from smears (Papanicolaou staining). The viability data were compared with the WHO-score for @entity33 . RESULTS: Epithelial cell viability increased during the first three weeks of radiation (P = 0.04), and was seen earlier than the subjective mucosal changes with the WHO-score. Cell maturity shifted from immature and intermediate to mature (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The cell viability assay can be considered an objective method for following the development of irradiation @entity33 , and seems to be more sensitive during the first three weeks of irradiation than the WHO-scoring method.

title: Quantification of XXXX due to radiotherapy by determining viability and maturation of epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3460 :: ('MESH:D014343', 'Chemical') :: ['trypan blue']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['oral mucositis']

answer: @entity3136 :: (MESH:D013280,Disease) :: ['oral mucositis']


abstract: AIMS/BACKGROUND: The innervation pattern of the @entity840 liver is similar to that of the @entity1 liver. However, many aspects of the distribution of the neuronal isoform of the enzyme @entity842 synthase ( @entity70749 ) in the @entity840 liver and its colocalization with neuropeptides remain to be elucidated. METHODS: The distribution of @entity70749 was studied in fixed @entity840 liver by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Confocal analysis was used to determine its colocalization with @entity6892 (NPY) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). RESULTS: @entity70749 -immunoreactive ( @entity70749 -IR) nerves were observed in relation to hilar and interlobar vessels and in Glisson's capsule. A few @entity70749 -IR ganglia were observed in the extrahepatic bile duct and close to the interlobar portal triads. In addition, @entity70749 -IR fibers were located in the interlobular portal triads and pervading the parenchyma. Moreover, @entity70749 -IR nerves were demonstrated for the first time in the larger central veins and in the hepatic vein. @entity70749 -NPY and @entity70749 -CGRP colocalizations were detected in the fibromuscular layer of the bile duct and periductal plexus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the phylogenetic conservation of the @entity70749 -IR hepatic innervation and its possible contribution to the regulation of hepatic blood flow and certain hepatic functions.

title: Neuronal @entity842 synthase immunoreactivity in the @entity840 liver: distribution and colocalization with XXXX and calcitonin gene-related peptide.

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity6892 :: (100724008,Gene) :: ['neuropeptide Y']


abstract: AIMS/BACKGROUND: The innervation pattern of the @entity840 liver is similar to that of the @entity1 liver. However, many aspects of the distribution of the neuronal isoform of the enzyme @entity842 synthase ( @entity70749 ) in the @entity840 liver and its colocalization with neuropeptides remain to be elucidated. METHODS: The distribution of @entity70749 was studied in fixed @entity840 liver by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Confocal analysis was used to determine its colocalization with @entity6892 (NPY) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). RESULTS: @entity70749 -immunoreactive ( @entity70749 -IR) nerves were observed in relation to hilar and interlobar vessels and in Glisson's capsule. A few @entity70749 -IR ganglia were observed in the extrahepatic bile duct and close to the interlobar portal triads. In addition, @entity70749 -IR fibers were located in the interlobular portal triads and pervading the parenchyma. Moreover, @entity70749 -IR nerves were demonstrated for the first time in the larger central veins and in the hepatic vein. @entity70749 -NPY and @entity70749 -CGRP colocalizations were detected in the fibromuscular layer of the bile duct and periductal plexus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the phylogenetic conservation of the @entity70749 -IR hepatic innervation and its possible contribution to the regulation of hepatic blood flow and certain hepatic functions.

title: Neuronal @entity842 synthase immunoreactivity in the XXXX liver: distribution and colocalization with @entity6892 and calcitonin gene-related peptide.

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: AIMS/BACKGROUND: The innervation pattern of the @entity840 liver is similar to that of the @entity1 liver. However, many aspects of the distribution of the neuronal isoform of the enzyme @entity842 synthase ( @entity70749 ) in the @entity840 liver and its colocalization with neuropeptides remain to be elucidated. METHODS: The distribution of @entity70749 was studied in fixed @entity840 liver by light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Confocal analysis was used to determine its colocalization with @entity6892 (NPY) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). RESULTS: @entity70749 -immunoreactive ( @entity70749 -IR) nerves were observed in relation to hilar and interlobar vessels and in Glisson's capsule. A few @entity70749 -IR ganglia were observed in the extrahepatic bile duct and close to the interlobar portal triads. In addition, @entity70749 -IR fibers were located in the interlobular portal triads and pervading the parenchyma. Moreover, @entity70749 -IR nerves were demonstrated for the first time in the larger central veins and in the hepatic vein. @entity70749 -NPY and @entity70749 -CGRP colocalizations were detected in the fibromuscular layer of the bile duct and periductal plexus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the phylogenetic conservation of the @entity70749 -IR hepatic innervation and its possible contribution to the regulation of hepatic blood flow and certain hepatic functions.

title: Neuronal XXXX synthase immunoreactivity in the @entity840 liver: distribution and colocalization with @entity6892 and calcitonin gene-related peptide.

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endogenous mast cell degranulation on the contractility of isolated cervical strips from nonpregnant and pregnant @entity840 . STUDY DESIGN: Longitudinal cervical strips from nonpregnant and pregnant (mid and term) @entity840 were used for isometric tension recording. Responses to the mast cell degranulating agent, compound 48/80, were compared in the absence or presence of different inhibitors and receptor antagonists. Concentration-response curves were obtained to @entity112 and @entity750 in strips that were incubated with antagonists or solvent. RESULTS: Compound 48/80 and @entity112 significantly increased contractility of cervical strips in all 3 groups of animals. The inhibitor of mast cell degranulation significantly reduced responses to compound 48/80 and @entity112 -1 receptor antagonist reduced responses to @entity112 in all 3 groups. @entity112 -1 receptor antagonist significantly inhibited responses to compound 48/80 in nonpregnant and mid pregnant @entity840 . @entity112 -2 receptor antagonist did not alter responses to compound 48/80 nor to @entity112 . The receptor antagonist @entity750 -2 significantly inhibited cervical contractility that was induced by compound 48/80 in tissues from mid pregnant and term pregnant @entity840 . Lipoxygenase inhibitor was effective in mid pregnant @entity840 . Cyclooxygenase inhibitor, @entity750 , and a combination of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors had no effect on cervical contractility. CONCLUSION: The degranulation of mast cells releases @entity112 and other mediators that stimulate cervical contractility through @entity112 -1 receptors. Cervical infiltration and modulation of contractility by mast cells may play an important physiologic and/or pathologic role in the control of cervical function during pregnancy.

title: Endogenous mast cell degranulation modulates cervical contractility in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine', 'Histamine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To measure stage-specific geographic and time variability of @entity0 in seven Italian areas before the onset of organized screening programs. METHODS: All invasive @entity5 (8689 cases) arising in @entity1 aged 40-79 years during the pre-screening period 1985-1997, were considered. Multiple Poisson regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: About 39% of the cases were classified as "early," 52% as "advanced," and 9% as "unspecified" stage. Age-adjusted incidence rates showed a significant geographic variation for early but not for advanced @entity5 (range: 58-103 cases/100,000 and 104-125 cases/100,000, respectively). The result was confirmed in the multiple regression analysis after adjustment for year of diagnosis and age. Early @entity0 risk adjusted for age and registry showed a significant increase over time (+3.9% per year for all ages, and +6.2% per year for age category 50-79). In contrast, a decreasing time trend was observed for advanced @entity5 of 3 cm or over in @entity1 aged less than 60. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, early @entity0 incidence varied both by geographic area and time before the commencement of screening. The differences in early-stage incidence may well be related to differences in availability of "spontaneous" mammography. Late-stage incidence decreased over time in younger @entity1 and for very advanced cases, but not in the older ones, nor for @entity5 less than 3 cm. Early detection outside organized screening was only partially efficient in reducing advanced @entity0 incidence. The trend of incidence of @entity1442 , as previously proposed, is confirmed to be a valid early indicator of effectiveness of screening.

title: Stage-specific incidence of XXXX before the beginning of organized screening programs in Italy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity358 are common in @entity1 who have undergone esophagectomy. There are no good predictive variables for these complications. In addition, the role that preoperative treatment with chemotherapy and radiation may play in @entity260 remains unclear. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all @entity1 who underwent esophagectomy by a single surgeon at our institution over a 6-year period. Data were analyzed for a correlation between @entity1 risk factors and @entity358 , including mortality, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay. RESULTS: Complete data were available on 61 @entity1 . Nearly all @entity1 had some @entity358 (eg, @entity1143 ), although most of these were clinically insignificant. @entity55 was the most common clinically important complication, and 19.7% of @entity1 required prolonged ventilatory support. Significant risk factors identified included @entity73 , especially for @entity1 with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) less than 65% of predicted, preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and age. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired lung function is a significant risk factor for @entity358 after esophagectomy. @entity1 with FEV1 less than 65% of predicted appear to be at greatest risk. There also seems to be an associated risk of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for @entity358 after esophagectomy.

title: XXXX after esophagectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['Pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired pulmonary function']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary complications', 'pulmonary complications', 'pulmonary abnormality']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary complications']


abstract: @entity2876 is a disorder of @entity1 in which there is obliteration or discontinuity of the extrahepatic biliary system, resulting in obstruction of bile flow. Untreated, the resulting cholestasis leads to progressive @entity70750 , @entity82 , and @entity1578 . @entity2876 has an incidence of approximately one in 10,000 live births worldwide. Evidence to date supports a number of pathogenic mechanisms for the development of @entity2876 . An infectious cause, such as by a virus, would seem most pausible in many cases. The clinical observation that @entity2876 is rarely encountered in premature @entity1 would support an agent acting late in gestation. However, no infectious or toxic agent has been conclusively implicated in @entity2876 . Genetic mechanisms likely play important roles, even regarding susceptibility to other specific causes, but no gene whose altered function would result in obstruction or @entity1146 of the biliary tree has been identified. The variety of clinical presentations support the notion that the proposed mechanisms are not mutually exclusive but may play roles individually or in combination in certain @entity1 . @entity2876 , when untreated, is fatal within 2 years, with a median survival of 8 months. The natural history of @entity2876 has been favorably altered by the Kasai portoenterostomy. Approximately 25 to 35% of @entity1 who undergo a Kasai portoenterostomy will survive more than 10 years without liver transplantation. One third of the @entity1 drain bile but develop complications of @entity82 and require liver transplantation before age 10. For the remaining one third of @entity1 , bile flow is inadequate following portoenterostomy and the @entity1 develop progressive @entity82 and @entity82 . The portoenterostomy should be done before there is irreversible @entity1463 of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Consequently, a prompt evaluation is indicated for any @entity1 older than 14 days with @entity1087 to determine if @entity70750 is present. If infectious, @entity209 are unlikely and if the @entity1 has findings consistent with @entity2876 , then exploratory laparotomy and intraoperative cholangiogram should be done expeditiously by a surgeon who has experience doing the Kasai portoenteostomy. @entity2876 represents the most common indication for pediatric liver transplantation, representing more than 50% of cases in most series. Transplantation is indicated when symptoms of @entity3851 occur, including recurrent @entity255 , progressive @entity1087 , portal @entity101 complications, @entity843 , decreased synthetic function, and growth/nutritional failure.

title: XXXX : pathogenesis and treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'patients', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity70750 :: ('MESH:C562885', 'Disease') :: ['conjugated hyperbilirubinemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic, endocrine disorders']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['end stage liver disease']

entities_list: @entity2876 :: ('MESH:D001656', 'Disease') :: ['Biliary atresia', 'biliary atresia']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity2876 :: (MESH:D001656,Disease) :: ['Biliary atresia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1494 ( @entity1494 ) frequently causes @entity1494 , which can lead to deterioration of the upper urinary tract (UUT), vesico-renal reflux (VRR) and @entity322 . The aim of this study is to determine the degree of acceptance, performance and results of treatment of @entity1494 in @entity1 by intermittent catheterization (IC). METHODS: Of 121 @entity1 (50 @entity1 and 38 @entity1 ) with @entity1494 , 88 were managed by intermittent catheterization. The mean age at treatment was 5.2 years (range 20 days-13 years). PVC catheters were employed and reutilized for 3 or 4 weeks. Catheters were aseptic but not sterile. Antimicrobial prophylactic therapy was not administered except in @entity1 with VRR. The statistical study was descriptive and results were compared using the Pearson chi square test. RESULTS: 90% had 4 or more catheterizations daily. Family and @entity1 cooperation was good in 90% of the cases. @entity1 were managed by IC for a mean period of 4 years (range 1 month-14 years). Only two cases (2%) showed mild, transient complications ( @entity158 and @entity2335 ). Normal UUT remained normal in 85%; 45% with compromised UUT improved and 7% became worse. Of the @entity1 with no VRR, 94% did not develop this complication; VRR resolved in 72% of the cases (24% by IC alone and 48% with drugs or surgery). Only 12% were continent for more than 3 hours, which increased to 77% (64% by IC alone and 86% with drug therapy or surgery). Urethral sphincter urodynamics was the most important prognostic factor: @entity1 with a lower urethral resistance showed better results for the UUT (p = 0.00373) and VRR (p = 0.00943). The results were also better in @entity1 with normal UUT (p = 0.0003) and no VRR (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: IC is not limited by @entity1 age, sex or sociocultural level. It preserves normal TUS and prevents VRR when instituted early, on demonstrating residual urine and high urethral resistance. IC alone or in combination with other treatments is the basic therapy in @entity1494 .

title: [Intermittent catheterization as the basis for treatment of XXXX during childhood].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete bladder emptying', 'Neurogenic bladder', 'NB']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['urethral pain']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['neurogenic bladder']


abstract: The use of fecal @entity134 analysis to assess gonadal and adrenal function in primates has rapidly increased in recent years due to the ability to collect feces from nonhuman primates living in wild conditions. These techniques offer an exciting new potential for enhancing our knowledge of the endocrine status of free-living animals. Prior to using these techniques under field conditions, it is important to determine the diurnal variation of fecal excreted @entity230 for assessing possible time limitations on fecal collections. The following study investigates the diurnal frequency of defecation and patterns of @entity134 levels excreted in feces from four female @entity7533 , @entity7533 , living in a family group. These females represented three reproductive conditions: early pregnancy, @entity43 , and noncycling (postpubertal). @entity701 , @entity53 , and @entity1420 were extracted and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Diurnal variations in @entity134 levels were found by ANOVA for @entity701 and @entity1420 but not for @entity53 . Significantly higher levels of @entity701 were found in the afternoon, while the reverse was found for @entity1420 . All females showed the same pattern of @entity134 level change, except for @entity701 in the pregnant female. Since all females defecated within the first hour after they awoke in the morning, this time was determined to be the most effective time to collect feces. The consistency of our findings reinforces the usefulness of this approach for studying reproductive and adrenocortical function in marmosets and also indicates that fecal collection should be limited to either morning or afternoon collections.

title: Diurnal variation on the excretion patterns of fecal XXXX in @entity7533 ( @entity7533 ) females.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cycling']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['Cortisol', 'cortisol']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity7533 :: ('9483', 'Species') :: ['Callithrix jacchus', 'common marmosets']

answer: @entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroids']


abstract: The use of fecal @entity134 analysis to assess gonadal and adrenal function in primates has rapidly increased in recent years due to the ability to collect feces from nonhuman primates living in wild conditions. These techniques offer an exciting new potential for enhancing our knowledge of the endocrine status of free-living animals. Prior to using these techniques under field conditions, it is important to determine the diurnal variation of fecal excreted @entity230 for assessing possible time limitations on fecal collections. The following study investigates the diurnal frequency of defecation and patterns of @entity134 levels excreted in feces from four female @entity7533 , @entity7533 , living in a family group. These females represented three reproductive conditions: early pregnancy, @entity43 , and noncycling (postpubertal). @entity701 , @entity53 , and @entity1420 were extracted and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Diurnal variations in @entity134 levels were found by ANOVA for @entity701 and @entity1420 but not for @entity53 . Significantly higher levels of @entity701 were found in the afternoon, while the reverse was found for @entity1420 . All females showed the same pattern of @entity134 level change, except for @entity701 in the pregnant female. Since all females defecated within the first hour after they awoke in the morning, this time was determined to be the most effective time to collect feces. The consistency of our findings reinforces the usefulness of this approach for studying reproductive and adrenocortical function in marmosets and also indicates that fecal collection should be limited to either morning or afternoon collections.

title: Diurnal variation on the excretion patterns of fecal @entity230 in XXXX ( @entity7533 ) females.

answer: @entity7533 :: (9483,Species) :: ['common marmoset']


abstract: The use of fecal @entity134 analysis to assess gonadal and adrenal function in primates has rapidly increased in recent years due to the ability to collect feces from nonhuman primates living in wild conditions. These techniques offer an exciting new potential for enhancing our knowledge of the endocrine status of free-living animals. Prior to using these techniques under field conditions, it is important to determine the diurnal variation of fecal excreted @entity230 for assessing possible time limitations on fecal collections. The following study investigates the diurnal frequency of defecation and patterns of @entity134 levels excreted in feces from four female @entity7533 , @entity7533 , living in a family group. These females represented three reproductive conditions: early pregnancy, @entity43 , and noncycling (postpubertal). @entity701 , @entity53 , and @entity1420 were extracted and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Diurnal variations in @entity134 levels were found by ANOVA for @entity701 and @entity1420 but not for @entity53 . Significantly higher levels of @entity701 were found in the afternoon, while the reverse was found for @entity1420 . All females showed the same pattern of @entity134 level change, except for @entity701 in the pregnant female. Since all females defecated within the first hour after they awoke in the morning, this time was determined to be the most effective time to collect feces. The consistency of our findings reinforces the usefulness of this approach for studying reproductive and adrenocortical function in marmosets and also indicates that fecal collection should be limited to either morning or afternoon collections.

title: Diurnal variation on the excretion patterns of fecal @entity230 in @entity7533 ( XXXX ) females.

answer: @entity7533 :: (9483,Species) :: ['Callithrix jacchus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Uncertainty exists about the extent and consequences of a return to @entity167 consumption after liver transplantation for @entity5881 ( @entity5881 ). AIMS: To determine the prevalence and consequences of @entity167 consumption in @entity1 transplanted for @entity5881 . METHODS: A retrospective case controlled study of all @entity1 transplanted for @entity5881 at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, between 1987 and 1996. RESULTS: Seventy @entity1 with @entity5881 were transplanted, of which 59 survived more than three months; 56 were interviewed. Twenty eight had consumed some @entity167 after transplantation; for the nine "heavy drinkers" ( @entity11728 ), the median time to resumption of @entity167 intake was six months and for the 19 "moderate drinkers" ( @entity19354 ) it was eight months. There was no significant difference in episodes of acute rejection or compliance with medication between those who were abstinent, @entity19354 , or @entity11728 . Histological evidence of @entity99 was common in @entity5881 @entity1 who had returned to drink. Mild @entity1560 was found in 1/11 biopsy specimens from abstinent @entity1 but moderate to severe @entity1560 and ballooned hepatocytes were seen in 3/5 @entity19354 and 2/5 @entity11728 specimens. Two @entity11728 @entity1 had early @entity82 . One @entity11728 @entity1 had died of @entity167 related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate to heavy @entity167 consumption occurs in @entity1 transplanted for @entity5881 . @entity1 recall of abstinence advice is unreliable, and @entity1 return to @entity167 mainly within the first year after liver transplantation. Return to @entity167 consumption after liver transplantation is associated with rapid development of histological @entity99 including @entity82 .

title: Patterns of XXXX consumption after liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5881 :: ('MESH:D008108', 'Disease') :: ['ALD', 'alcoholic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['fatty change']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: Although dornase alpha (recombinant @entity1 DNase) can thin the viscid pulmonary secretions of @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ), clinical trials in groups of unselected @entity1 have shown only modest average improvements in pulmonary function. The product is very expensive, so in conjunction with purchasers we designed selection criteria and a protocol for a 2-week trial to target @entity1577 individuals who might gain most benefit. Treatment was to be continued in those showing > or = 10% improvement in pulmonary function. Those who had a trial of dornase alpha were followed up for 2 years. Of 25 @entity1 who had a 2-week trial of dornase alpha, 17 met the criteria for continuation (average gain in forced expiratory volume 37%). The 11 of these who were still alive at 2 years had a greater initial average FEV1 improvement than those who had died (45% versus 22%), and still had an average improvement of 31% at 2 years. The 8 @entity1 who did not meet the criteria for continuation were older and had required fewer intravenous antibiotic courses. All these were alive at 2 years with unchanged clinical indices. This method of selection for dornase alpha treatment allows targeting to those who gain most benefit without disadvantaging the remaining @entity1 . Furthermore, production of such guidelines in conjunction with purchasers obviates funding difficulties and allows rational prescribing.

title: Targeting of dornase alpha therapy in adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis', 'CF']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although long term outcome of @entity1 with perimesencephalic @entity548 , a benign subset of @entity510 , is excellent, some @entity1 report an episode of @entity2730 for the first hours to days after the ictus. The relation between the occurrence of @entity2730 and the size of the ventricles on CT, including the temporal horns, were studied in @entity1 with perimesencephalic @entity548 . METHODS: Twenty seven consecutive @entity1 with perimesencephalic @entity548 were asked about the occurrence of @entity2730 . Age adjusted bicaudate indices and third ventricle sizes were calculated. Linear measurements of the temporal horn were taken in three directions: anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and oblique. Additionally, enlargement of the temporal horns was assessed with the "naked eye". RESULTS: Ten of the 27 @entity1 reported an episode of transient @entity2730 ; in these @entity1 the mean sizes of the temporal horns were larger than in @entity1 without @entity2730 , ranging from a factor of 1.7 for the medial-lateral measurement to a factor of 2.3 for the anterior-posterior measurement. Most of the @entity1 with @entity2730 had relative bicaudate indices and relative third ventricle sizes> 1, and all had enlarged temporal horns at "naked eye" assessment. CONCLUSION: About one third of @entity1 with perimesencephalic @entity548 have an episode of @entity2730 shortly after the bleed. The occurrence of @entity2730 is associated with enlargement of the temporal horns, and might be explained by temporary hippocampal dysfunction.

title: Transient XXXX after perimesencephalic @entity548 : the role of enlarged temporal horns.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage']

answer: @entity2730 :: (MESH:D000647,Disease) :: ['amnesia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although long term outcome of @entity1 with perimesencephalic @entity548 , a benign subset of @entity510 , is excellent, some @entity1 report an episode of @entity2730 for the first hours to days after the ictus. The relation between the occurrence of @entity2730 and the size of the ventricles on CT, including the temporal horns, were studied in @entity1 with perimesencephalic @entity548 . METHODS: Twenty seven consecutive @entity1 with perimesencephalic @entity548 were asked about the occurrence of @entity2730 . Age adjusted bicaudate indices and third ventricle sizes were calculated. Linear measurements of the temporal horn were taken in three directions: anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and oblique. Additionally, enlargement of the temporal horns was assessed with the "naked eye". RESULTS: Ten of the 27 @entity1 reported an episode of transient @entity2730 ; in these @entity1 the mean sizes of the temporal horns were larger than in @entity1 without @entity2730 , ranging from a factor of 1.7 for the medial-lateral measurement to a factor of 2.3 for the anterior-posterior measurement. Most of the @entity1 with @entity2730 had relative bicaudate indices and relative third ventricle sizes> 1, and all had enlarged temporal horns at "naked eye" assessment. CONCLUSION: About one third of @entity1 with perimesencephalic @entity548 have an episode of @entity2730 shortly after the bleed. The occurrence of @entity2730 is associated with enlargement of the temporal horns, and might be explained by temporary hippocampal dysfunction.

title: Transient @entity2730 after perimesencephalic XXXX : the role of enlarged temporal horns.

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['haemorrhage']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare problems of attention in schoolchildren with newly diagnosed @entity3762 with those in healthy classmates. METHODS: A computerized battery of tasks comprised Reaction Time (RT) measurement, Trail making (Color Trails 1 and 2), Manual Tapping and Steadiness, and a newly developed task of sustained attention (Balloon Piercing). SUBJECTS: Fifty-one @entity1 with @entity302 (age 7-16 years) and 48 gender- and age-matched classmates were assessed thrice: within 48 h after diagnosis [before start of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)], and 3 and 12 months later. Significantly more @entity1 with @entity302 (51%) than control @entity1 (27%) had required special educational assistance at school. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity302 could not be distinguished from controls in execution times or motor speed. However, errors were more frequent among @entity1 in a "go-no-go" RT task, and errors of omission in a task requiring sustained attention. Within the group of @entity1 with @entity302 , those with prior school or behavior difficulties and those whose parents reacted maladaptively to the onset and diagnosis of @entity302 performed worse than those without these adversities, in the sense that their RT increased inordinately with increasing task difficulty. Epilepsy-related variables did not explain any variance. Transient inordinately poor performances were found in 69% of @entity1 and 40% of controls. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with newly diagnosed " @entity302 only" do not have persistent @entity71 . AED treatment has no detrimental effect on attention. Prior school and behavior difficulties and a maladaptive reaction to the onset of @entity302 rather than @entity302 variables are related to decreased attentional efficiency.

title: XXXX are not characteristic of schoolchildren with newly diagnosed @entity3762 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention deficits']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity71 :: (MESH:D001289,Disease) :: ['Attention deficits']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare problems of attention in schoolchildren with newly diagnosed @entity3762 with those in healthy classmates. METHODS: A computerized battery of tasks comprised Reaction Time (RT) measurement, Trail making (Color Trails 1 and 2), Manual Tapping and Steadiness, and a newly developed task of sustained attention (Balloon Piercing). SUBJECTS: Fifty-one @entity1 with @entity302 (age 7-16 years) and 48 gender- and age-matched classmates were assessed thrice: within 48 h after diagnosis [before start of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)], and 3 and 12 months later. Significantly more @entity1 with @entity302 (51%) than control @entity1 (27%) had required special educational assistance at school. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity302 could not be distinguished from controls in execution times or motor speed. However, errors were more frequent among @entity1 in a "go-no-go" RT task, and errors of omission in a task requiring sustained attention. Within the group of @entity1 with @entity302 , those with prior school or behavior difficulties and those whose parents reacted maladaptively to the onset and diagnosis of @entity302 performed worse than those without these adversities, in the sense that their RT increased inordinately with increasing task difficulty. Epilepsy-related variables did not explain any variance. Transient inordinately poor performances were found in 69% of @entity1 and 40% of controls. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with newly diagnosed " @entity302 only" do not have persistent @entity71 . AED treatment has no detrimental effect on attention. Prior school and behavior difficulties and a maladaptive reaction to the onset of @entity302 rather than @entity302 variables are related to decreased attentional efficiency.

title: @entity71 are not characteristic of schoolchildren with newly diagnosed XXXX .

answer: @entity3762 :: (MESH:C562694,Disease) :: ['idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy']