abstract: A successful regime for intramuscular injection of naked DNA is developed in fish, but the exploration of other ways of administration has not yet been studied in any detail. Immersion is a delivery route offering many advantages compared to conventional ways of administration. Applying cationic liposomes as a delivery system for DNA by this route, however, is met with severe @entity137 problems. In this report, the underlying mechanisms of the acute @entity137 were investigated in vivo and in vitro. The most critical factor was found to be the charge of the liposomes. Cationic liposomes above a certain threshold concentration had a lethal effect in @entity5660 fry. In contrast, similar concentrations of neutral or anionic liposomes were not toxic. Furthermore, large liposome-mucin complexes were formed upon addition of mucin to cationic liposomes. This was not observed with neutral or anionic liposomes. Lipoplexes were less toxic and interacted less with mucin compared to cationic liposomes. Hence, the mechanism of the acute @entity137 in @entity5660 fry is suggested to be an interaction between the cationic liposomes and anionic components of gill mucin. The consequence is @entity519 and this is most likely the cause of acute @entity137 observed in @entity5660 fry.

title: Immersion delivery of plasmid DNA. I. A study of the potentials of a liposomal delivery system in XXXX ( @entity5660 ) fry.

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['rainbow trout']


abstract: A successful regime for intramuscular injection of naked DNA is developed in fish, but the exploration of other ways of administration has not yet been studied in any detail. Immersion is a delivery route offering many advantages compared to conventional ways of administration. Applying cationic liposomes as a delivery system for DNA by this route, however, is met with severe @entity137 problems. In this report, the underlying mechanisms of the acute @entity137 were investigated in vivo and in vitro. The most critical factor was found to be the charge of the liposomes. Cationic liposomes above a certain threshold concentration had a lethal effect in @entity5660 fry. In contrast, similar concentrations of neutral or anionic liposomes were not toxic. Furthermore, large liposome-mucin complexes were formed upon addition of mucin to cationic liposomes. This was not observed with neutral or anionic liposomes. Lipoplexes were less toxic and interacted less with mucin compared to cationic liposomes. Hence, the mechanism of the acute @entity137 in @entity5660 fry is suggested to be an interaction between the cationic liposomes and anionic components of gill mucin. The consequence is @entity519 and this is most likely the cause of acute @entity137 observed in @entity5660 fry.

title: Immersion delivery of plasmid DNA. I. A study of the potentials of a liposomal delivery system in @entity5660 ( XXXX ) fry.

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss']


abstract: We analyze a series of 44 @entity2946 in @entity1 aged 20 and older, listed in the Connecticut Tumor Registry. Average age was 34.1 years. Incidence was 0.058 per 100,000 per year. @entity10 and @entity2055 were the most frequent presenting complaints. Findings at diagnosis most often were papilloedema, @entity129 , and @entity76 . Treatments included operation (15%), radiation (7%), and operation plus radiation (60%). Probability of survival at one year was 0.62; at five years, 0.26. Survival with operation and radiation was superior to survival with other courses of treatment. Extracranial metastases to the spinal cord, the bones, and the pleura occurred in 27% of cases. For the first two years from diagnosis, survival in this series was significantly better than survival in the contemporary series of @entity1 with @entity2946 . At five years and ten years, survival in adults and @entity1 was comparable.

title: Adult occurrence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsies']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['Headache']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastoma', 'medulloblastomas']

answer: @entity2946 :: (MESH:D008527,Disease) :: ['medulloblastoma']


abstract: On the basis of experience with dialysis therapy of 1000 @entity1 with @entity810 in the years from 1955 to 1985 the most important aspects of the treatment were discussed. The precise incidence of @entity810 is not known. It seems that a number of @entity1 die without being diagnosed. Dialysis therapy is indicated when blood @entity1133 concentration exceeds 30 mmol/L and/or serum @entity972 concentration is higher than 6.5 mmol/L, when @entity1 are over-hydrated or show first signs of @entity5507 . Hemodialysis remains the gold standard among all methods of blood purification. Catheterization of subclavian veins is the most advantageous access to circulation for hemodialysis. Majority of medical complications due to @entity177 as well as technical ones may be avoided. Mortality is still high and has not changed in 30 years in spite of medical and technical improvement of treatment because of higher proportion of @entity1 with uncurable underlying disease and higher age. Therapy of @entity1 with @entity810 should be centralized. No @entity1 , should die of @entity177 and its complications.

title: Dialytic therapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute renal failure']


abstract: A case of @entity3243 is presented. A 46-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for @entity174 of both femurs on July 29, 1983. Laboratory data revealed a serum @entity460 level of 15.2 mg/dl, serum @entity1391 level of 1.2 mg/dl, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone 9.35 ng/ml (less than 0.5), and % tubular reabsorption of @entity1391 of 57%. X-ray examination showed marked @entity4421 fibrosa @entity3552 . The diagnosis of @entity459 was made. A hard @entity5 was palpable on the left anterior side of her neck. Neck exploration was carried out on August 10. The @entity5 was found to be localized in contact with the left lower lobe of the thyroid gland. @entity3243 was strongly suspected, because the @entity5 severely adhered to surrounding tissues, thus the @entity5 was resected en bloc. The histopathological diagnosis was typical @entity3243 . Postoperative course and the treatment of the @entity174 were uneventful, and she was discharged able to walk five months after the operation. No evidence of recurrence or @entity3 has been seen during the eighteen months since the operation. This is the 80th case in the Japanese literature to our knowledge and the clinical features of these 80 cases revealed an average age of 41.5 years old; male/female ratio of 32/48; average weight of @entity5 of 8.65 g, palpable neck mass in 72%, @entity79 in 64%, and @entity8 in 34%.

title: [ XXXX : report of a case].

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone disease']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['Parathyroid carcinoma', 'parathyroid carcinoma']

answer: @entity3243 :: (MESH:D010282,Disease) :: ['Parathyroid carcinoma']


abstract: Two cases of @entity980 are reported. A 15-year-old @entity1 was admitted in July, 1983, with a 3-week history of gradually increasing @entity4 on the right side. With the suspicion of @entity5 , right radical orchiectomy was performed and pathological examination revealed an @entity2875 of the paratesticular region. Chemotherapy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy were performed, and the latter revealed lymph node @entity3 at the bifurcation of the aorta. Radiotherapy was not done because of adherent ileus. About 8 months after the orchiectomy, he died of recurrence at @entity530 and brain @entity3 . A 6-year-old @entity1 presented in March, 1985, with a complaint of @entity4 that was painless and gradually increasing for about a month. Transinguinal exploration revealed a paratesticular @entity1313 and right radical orchiectomy was performed. Pathological diagnosis was paratesticular @entity2875 . No evidence of @entity3 was found by chest X-ray, excretory urogram, abdominal CT-scan or lymphangiography. As post-operative treatment, only chemotherapy was performed, and 9 months after the orchiectomy, the @entity1 was asymptomatic. Ninety four cases of @entity980 found in the Japanese literature are reviewed and mainly the policy of treatment is discussed.

title: [Two cases of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['painless scrotal swelling', 'right scrotal swelling']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic cavity']

entities_list: @entity2875 :: ('MESH:D018233', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma']

answer: @entity980 :: (MESH:D012208,Disease) :: ['paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma']


abstract: The circulatory, renal, and hormonal responses during 100 min of thermoneutral (37 degrees C) head-out water immersion (WI) were investigated in conscious intact (INT) and @entity299 ( @entity299 ) @entity235 . In the INT group, both left and right atrial and aortic transmural distending pressures and left ventricular contractile performance (LV dP/dtmax) increased, and total peripheral resistance remained unchanged. Cardiac output (QCO) increased in association with an increase in heart rate and LV dP/dtmax. Urine flow (V), @entity1372 excretion (UNaV), and osmolal clearance (Cosmol) all increased, whereas glomerular filtration rate, as indicated by @entity1011 clearance (CCr), remained constant. The diuresis and natriuresis occurred in the absence of any significant changes in plasma levels of @entity6085 ( @entity6085 ), @entity1369 , or plasma @entity1122 activity. The @entity299 animals showed a similar hemodynamic response except that the increase in QCO was now associated with an increase in @entity64 volume and no change in heart rate or LV dP/dtmax. Although the increase in V was similar in both magnitude and time course of the INT animals, there was no significant change in UNaV. Thus there is a striking change in the character of the response of the denervated group in that the natriuresis is abolished and, instead, a water diuresis occurred. Free water clearance increased, but no significant changes in Cosmol or CCr were observed. In addition plasma @entity6085 levels significantly declined during WI in the @entity299 group. These data indicate that cardiac receptors are important in determining the nature of the renal response to WI.

title: Role of cardiac nerves in response to head-out water immersion in conscious XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac-denervated', 'CD']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity6085 :: ('MESH:D007177', 'Disease') :: ['ADH', 'antidiuretic hormone']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: In neonates, @entity1 , @entity1 and adolescents serum concentrations of the thyroid hormones show a clear age dependency. Currently, age-dependent thyroid hormone reference ranges for the new ADVIA Centaur immunoanalyzer are not available. @entity9808 ( @entity9808 ), free @entity1955 (FT4), total @entity1955 (T4), free @entity1954 (FT3) and total @entity1954 (T3) were determined in the sera of 460 healthy @entity1 aged 0 daysto 18 years from an inland (n=308) and a seaside city (n=152) using the Bayer ADVIA Centaur analyzer. Square root functions defining the upper and lower limit of the continuous age-dependent reference range and the median line for each thyroid hormone were estimated applying a parametric regression technique. Continuous age-dependent reference ranges show a better fit to the obtained data than discontinuous reference ranges. The median @entity9808 and FT4 concentrations decrease within the first year of life and are nearly constant until 18 years of age. The median T4 decreases within the entire age interval, whereas the median FF3 is constant. The median T3 increases within the first year of life and decreases afterwards. The calculated continuous reference ranges for T4, T3 and partly FT4 are consistent with published reference ranges. However, the reference ranges obtained for FT3 and partly @entity9808 differed considerably, compared to published reference ranges. No significant residence- or sex-specific effects on age-adjusted hormone concentrations were found except for a slight residence-specific effect on age-adjusted FT4, which was probably due to assay imprecision. Due to the lack of international standardization, the assay-specific evaluation of reference ranges is very important. Continuous age-dependent reference ranges comply better with the biological reality and are more reliable than discontinuous reference ranges.

title: Continuous age-dependent reference ranges for thyroid hormones in neonates, XXXX , @entity1 and adolescents established using the ADVIA Centaur Analyzer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity9808 :: ('MESH:C536917', 'Disease') :: ['TSH', 'Thyroid-stimulating hormone']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: In neonates, @entity1 , @entity1 and adolescents serum concentrations of the thyroid hormones show a clear age dependency. Currently, age-dependent thyroid hormone reference ranges for the new ADVIA Centaur immunoanalyzer are not available. @entity9808 ( @entity9808 ), free @entity1955 (FT4), total @entity1955 (T4), free @entity1954 (FT3) and total @entity1954 (T3) were determined in the sera of 460 healthy @entity1 aged 0 daysto 18 years from an inland (n=308) and a seaside city (n=152) using the Bayer ADVIA Centaur analyzer. Square root functions defining the upper and lower limit of the continuous age-dependent reference range and the median line for each thyroid hormone were estimated applying a parametric regression technique. Continuous age-dependent reference ranges show a better fit to the obtained data than discontinuous reference ranges. The median @entity9808 and FT4 concentrations decrease within the first year of life and are nearly constant until 18 years of age. The median T4 decreases within the entire age interval, whereas the median FF3 is constant. The median T3 increases within the first year of life and decreases afterwards. The calculated continuous reference ranges for T4, T3 and partly FT4 are consistent with published reference ranges. However, the reference ranges obtained for FT3 and partly @entity9808 differed considerably, compared to published reference ranges. No significant residence- or sex-specific effects on age-adjusted hormone concentrations were found except for a slight residence-specific effect on age-adjusted FT4, which was probably due to assay imprecision. Due to the lack of international standardization, the assay-specific evaluation of reference ranges is very important. Continuous age-dependent reference ranges comply better with the biological reality and are more reliable than discontinuous reference ranges.

title: Continuous age-dependent reference ranges for thyroid hormones in neonates, @entity1 , XXXX and adolescents established using the ADVIA Centaur Analyzer.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Struma Ovarii represents less than 3% of @entity43 . The malignant counterpart is very rare. CASE: A 67-year-old female with @entity843 and progressive @entity353 died of @entity1576 secondary to severe @entity1030 . Autopsy revealed @entity843 , hepatic @entity82 , @entity2415 , and @entity4595 . As an incidental finding was seen a huge @entity5 (10 x 9.5 x 6 cm) in the left ovary. Multiple nodules were detected in the lungs. The thyroid was normal. Microscopy revealed a follicular variant of @entity1377 arising in @entity16490 in the ovary with @entity3 to lungs and pleura. The thyroid gland tissue was normal. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first autopsy report of a clinically unsuspected @entity19967 .

title: @entity19967 : an autopsy report of a clinically unsuspected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian teratomas']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity19967 :: ('MESH:D013330', 'Disease') :: ['malignant Struma Ovarii']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity16490 :: ('MESH:D050033', 'Disease') :: ['ectopic thyroid tissue']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Struma Ovarii represents less than 3% of @entity43 . The malignant counterpart is very rare. CASE: A 67-year-old female with @entity843 and progressive @entity353 died of @entity1576 secondary to severe @entity1030 . Autopsy revealed @entity843 , hepatic @entity82 , @entity2415 , and @entity4595 . As an incidental finding was seen a huge @entity5 (10 x 9.5 x 6 cm) in the left ovary. Multiple nodules were detected in the lungs. The thyroid was normal. Microscopy revealed a follicular variant of @entity1377 arising in @entity16490 in the ovary with @entity3 to lungs and pleura. The thyroid gland tissue was normal. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first autopsy report of a clinically unsuspected @entity19967 .

title: XXXX : an autopsy report of a clinically unsuspected @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity19967 :: (MESH:D013330,Disease) :: ['Malignant Struma Ovarii']


abstract: AIM: Clinical studies suggest that smoking is associated with wound @entity39 after @entity0 surgery. However, the significance of smoking as a risk factor for @entity2737 , @entity39 , and @entity2640 when adjusting for other potential risk factors remains to be studied. METHODS: From June 1994 through August 1996, 425 @entity1 underwent @entity0 surgery as simple mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, or breast conserving surgery. The @entity1 were evaluated postoperatively for @entity2737 , @entity39 , and @entity2640 . Association between these complications and 17 @entity1 , operative, and postoperative variables were analysed by three separate multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: When compared to non-smoking, smoking was significantly associated with @entity2737 after all types of surgery (light smoking (1-14 grams per day): [odds ratio (OR)=2.95, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.07-8.16], and heavy smoking (>/=15 grams per day): OR=3.46 (1.52-7.85). A similar significant association was found as regards @entity39 and @entity2640 after simple mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy: both light and heavy smoking were predictive for @entity39 : light smoking: OR=6.85 (1.96-23.90), heavy smoking: OR=9.22 (2.91-29.25) and for @entity2640 : light smoking: OR=3.98 (1.52-10.43) and heavy smoking: OR=4.28 (1.81-10.13). No significant dose-response relation was disclosed. Other risk factors and confounders associated with complicated wound healing were adjusted for in the analysis: @entity6 , @entity28 , alcohol, NSAIDs, duration of surgery, and surgical experience. CONCLUSION: Independent of other risk factors, smoking is predictive for post-mastectomy @entity2737 , @entity39 , and @entity2640 .

title: Smoking as a risk factor for wound healing and infection in XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis', 'skin flap necrosis']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2640 :: ('MESH:D004820', 'Disease') :: ['epidermolysis']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['wound infection']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: We used functional imaging of normal subjects to identify the neural substrate for the perception of @entity2167 . This fundamental process can be abnormal in @entity716 , when voices that are not true external auditory objects (auditory verbal @entity1833 ) may appear to originate in external space. The perception of voices as objects in external space depends on filtering by the outer ear. Psychoses that distort this process involve the cerebral cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was carried out on 12 normal subjects using an inside-the-scanner simulation of 'inside head' and 'outside head' voices in the form of typical auditory verbal @entity1833 . Comparison between the brain activity associated with the two conditions allowed us to test the hypothesis that the perception of voices in external space ('outside head') is subserved by a temperoparietal network comprising association auditory cortex posterior to Heschl's gyrus [planum temporale (PT)] and inferior parietal lobule. Group analyses of response to 'outside head' versus 'inside head' voices showed significant activation solely in the left PT. This was demonstrated in three experiments in which the predominant lateralization of the stimulus was to the right, to the left or balanced. These findings suggest a critical involvement of the left PT in the perception of voices in external space that is not dependent on precise spatial location. Based on this, we suggest a model for the false perception of externally located auditory verbal @entity1833 .

title: A neural basis for the perception of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['voices in external auditory space']

answer: @entity2167 :: (MESH:D006311,Disease) :: ['voices in external auditory space']


abstract: Cells respond to @entity9925 infection by switching on the apoptotic program, implementation of which is usually suppressed by viral antiapoptotic functions. We show here that @entity9925 infection of HeLa cells or derivatives of MCF-7 cells was accompanied by the efflux of @entity4674 from mitochondria. This efflux occurred during both @entity281 (e.g., interrupted by @entity2097 - @entity5828 and ending with apoptosis) and productive infection (leading to cytopathic effect). The former type of infection, but not the latter, was accompanied by truncation of the proapoptotic protein @entity5353 . The virus-triggered @entity4674 efflux was suppressed by overexpression of @entity588 . Both @entity281 also resulted in a decreased level of procaspase-9, as revealed by Western blotting. In the former case, this decrease was accompanied by the accumulation of a protein with the electrophoretic mobility of active @entity8187 . In contrast, in the productively infected cells, the latter protein was absent but @entity8187 -related polypeptides with altered mobility could be detected. Both @entity8187 and @entity522 were shown to be essential for the development of such hallmarks of virus-induced apoptosis as chromatin condensation, DNA degradation, and nuclear fragmentation. These and some other results suggest the following scenario. @entity9925 infection activates the apoptotic pathway, involving @entity2383 , @entity4674 efflux, and consecutive activation of @entity8187 and @entity522 . The apoptotic signal appears to be amplified by a loop which includes secondary processing of @entity5353 . The implementation of the apoptotic program in productively infected cells may be suppressed, however, by the viral antiapoptotic functions, which act at a step(s) downstream of the @entity4674 efflux. The suppression appears to be caused, at least in part, by aberrant processing and degradation of procaspase-9.

title: The major apoptotic pathway activated and suppressed by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9925 :: ('138950', 'Species') :: ['Poliovirus', 'poliovirus']

entities_list: @entity2097 :: ('MESH:D019791', 'Chemical') :: ['guanidine']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['abortive infection', 'abortive and productive infections']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial damage']

answer: @entity9925 :: (138950,Species) :: ['poliovirus']


abstract: Food-borne transmission of prions can lead to @entity344 . Here we report that the transmission of @entity75 ( @entity75 ) is 100,000-fold more efficient by inoculation of prions into the tongues of hamsters than by oral ingestion. The incubation period following @entity75 agent (hereinafter referred to as @entity75 ) inoculation into the lingual muscles was the shortest among the five nonneuronal routes of inoculation, including another intramuscular route. Deposition of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein, @entity3669 (Sc), was first detected in the tongue and submandibular lymph node at 1 to 2 weeks following inoculation of the tongue with @entity75 . @entity3669 (Sc) deposits in the tongue were associated with individual axons, and the initial appearance of @entity75 in the brain stem was found in the hypoglossal nucleus at 2 weeks postinfection. At later time points, @entity3669 (Sc) was localized to brain cell groups that directly project to the hypoglossal nucleus, indicating the transneuronal spread of @entity75 . @entity75 @entity3669 (Sc) entry into the brain stem preceded @entity3669 (Sc) detection in the rostral cervical spinal cord. These results demonstrate that @entity75 can replicate in both the tongue and regional lymph nodes but indicate that the faster route of brain invasion is via retrograde axonal transport within the hypoglossal nerve to the hypoglossal nucleus. Topical application of @entity75 to a superficial wound on the surface of the tongue resulted in a higher incidence of disease and a shorter incubation period than with oral @entity75 ingestion. Therefore, abrasions of the tongue in livestock and @entity1 may predispose a @entity129 . In a related study, @entity3669 (Sc) was detected in tongues following the intracerebral inoculation of six hamster-adapted prion strains, which demonstrates that prions can also travel from the brain to the tongue in the anterograde direction along the tongue-associated cranial nerves. These findings suggest that food products containing ruminant or cervid tongue may be a potential source of prion @entity281 for @entity1 .

title: Rapid prion neuroinvasion following tongue XXXX .

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['host to oral prion infection of the tongue-associated cranial nerves']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['transmissible mink encephalopathy', 'TME']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['infection of the gastrointestinal tract and neuroinvasion via the splanchnic and vagus nerves']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: The DNA content of 37 @entity14 was studied prospectively by flow cytometry. The DNA content from the same @entity5 was also studied in disintegrated paraffin sections. The methods gave similar information on the DNA content and the correlation was 0.94. In eight @entity1 @entity5 imprints were prepared and the DNA content was analyzed with static cytometry. A correlation coefficient of 0.83 between flow cytometry on fresh @entity5 tissue and static cytometry was found. Sixty-two percent of the @entity5 were @entity2007 and had significantly higher S-phase values than @entity5 . Histologic grade was not related to ploidy level, whereas @entity5 often were @entity2007 . When the clinical course of @entity1 was analyzed by log rank test (mean follow-up, 30.4 months), the @entity1 with @entity5 showed a clear advantage in terms of survival; only two @entity1 in this group developed @entity74 . It is concluded that the DNA content is an independent prognostic predictor of @entity14 and that DNA can be analyzed by several methods. Of these, the method using disintegrated paraffin sections appears most attractive.

title: Prognostic value of DNA content in XXXX . A flow cytometric study with some methodologic aspects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploid']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'diploid tumors', "Dukes' C tumors", 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progressive disease']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinomas', 'colorectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: Dietary fat and @entity460 have been found to affect significantly the proliferative status of the mammary glands. Female @entity19 (3-week-old C57BL/6J) were given either a low or high @entity4336 oil diet (3 or 30% by weight). One, 2, or 4 weeks after the dietary intervention the animals were given injections of @entity665 and/or @entity3812 ; 2 h later their thoracic mammary glands were removed and processed for histology and autoradiography. Animals on the high @entity4336 oil diet had an increased labeling index of both terminal ducts and mature ducts compared to the control group at each time (i.e., 10.1 +/- 2.1 versus 4.8 +/- 0.9% at 2 weeks). This effect of a high @entity4336 oil diet was evident on the mammary glands of animals at various ages. Animals on a high beef tallow diet also had a high labeling index. This effect of a high fat diet appeared to be reduced by dietary @entity460 . The labeling index for terminal ducts of animals on high @entity4336 oil diet decreased from 14.1 +/- 3.8, 11.9 +/- 3.4 to 8.5 +/- 1.8 and high beef tallow from 13.6 +/- 3.6, 11.4 +/- 0.7 to 9.5 +/- 1.3 for @entity460 levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%, respectively. Mitotic indices followed the same trend. These studies demonstrate that a high fat diet affects the proliferative status in the @entity19 mammary glands in a short period of time and that this effect can be reduced by dietary @entity460 .

title: Proliferative activity of @entity19 mammary epithelium as affected by dietary fat and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Dietary fat and @entity460 have been found to affect significantly the proliferative status of the mammary glands. Female @entity19 (3-week-old C57BL/6J) were given either a low or high @entity4336 oil diet (3 or 30% by weight). One, 2, or 4 weeks after the dietary intervention the animals were given injections of @entity665 and/or @entity3812 ; 2 h later their thoracic mammary glands were removed and processed for histology and autoradiography. Animals on the high @entity4336 oil diet had an increased labeling index of both terminal ducts and mature ducts compared to the control group at each time (i.e., 10.1 +/- 2.1 versus 4.8 +/- 0.9% at 2 weeks). This effect of a high @entity4336 oil diet was evident on the mammary glands of animals at various ages. Animals on a high beef tallow diet also had a high labeling index. This effect of a high fat diet appeared to be reduced by dietary @entity460 . The labeling index for terminal ducts of animals on high @entity4336 oil diet decreased from 14.1 +/- 3.8, 11.9 +/- 3.4 to 8.5 +/- 1.8 and high beef tallow from 13.6 +/- 3.6, 11.4 +/- 0.7 to 9.5 +/- 1.3 for @entity460 levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%, respectively. Mitotic indices followed the same trend. These studies demonstrate that a high fat diet affects the proliferative status in the @entity19 mammary glands in a short period of time and that this effect can be reduced by dietary @entity460 .

title: Proliferative activity of XXXX mammary epithelium as affected by dietary fat and @entity460 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: @entity1164 is a massive public health problem that claims almost a half million lives a year in the United States. Several high-risk groups have been identified: survivors of @entity1167 ; @entity1 with recurrent sustained @entity1165 ; survivors of @entity583 ( @entity583 ) who have more than 10 ventricular premature depolarizations (VPD) per hour or repetitive VPD; and @entity1 with class III or IV @entity712 ( @entity712 ) and unsustained @entity1165 . The effects of open label drug treatment have been tested in survivors of @entity1167 or sustained @entity1165 using either electrophysiologic studies or 24-hour ECG recordings and exercise testing. @entity1 classified as drug responders using these methods have a lower mortality rate during follow-up than do those classified as nonresponders. This result is difficult to interpret. The test procedures may be identifying effective drugs, or alternatively, drug testing may identify high- and low-risk groups even though the drugs have no effect on survival. Recently, study designs have been proposed for conducting controlled trials in @entity1 with malignant @entity943 . @entity943 after @entity583 have been the subject of intensive study for the past 20 years. About 20% of these @entity1 have @entity943 between 6 and 90 days after @entity583 . The presence of @entity943 after @entity583 increases the risk of dying two- to fourfold. @entity943 predict @entity204 independently of @entity1002 . However, it has not been demonstrated that treatment of @entity943 after @entity583 significantly decreases mortality. The goals of the @entity943 Pilot Study (CAPS) were: to find a therapeutic strategy that could significantly suppress @entity943 with an acceptable adverse effect rate; to determine efficient methods for case finding; to identify efficient methods for evaluating the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drug therapy; to demonstrate the feasibility of recruiting @entity1 and maintaining treatment over a 1-year period; and to evaluate the feasibility and usefulness of behavioral studies. The study enrolled 502 @entity1 , randomizing approximately 100 @entity1 each into one of five treatment limbs: one group treated with placebo, and four treated with antiarrhythmic drugs (two with class IC and two with class IA action). Dose adjustment was permitted; @entity1 who failed to satisfy the criteria for drug efficacy were permitted to cross over to a second drug ( @entity1 on class IC agents crossed over to class IA agents and vice versa).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Methodology for clinical trials with antiarrhythmic drugs to prevent XXXX : US experience.

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'Ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias', 'Arrhythmias', 'Cardiac Arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['cardiac death']


abstract: In order to evaluate the prognostic factors of @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ), a retrospective study was carried out on 215 @entity1 (150 @entity1 , 65 @entity1 ) who had undergone surgical treatment from March 1979 to December 1986. The average age of the @entity1 was 58 years (ranging from 15 to 85 years). The ratios of survival to @entity5 stage and grade, as well as to nodal and venous involvement, distant metastases at the time of diagnosis (as @entity2802 classification) were evaluated by means of the actuarial method (life table). Corrected 5-year survival rates for stage T1-T4 were 100, 81, 68.9 and 0%, respectively. Grade 1 and grade 2 @entity5 had a 5-year survival rate of 66.5 and 52.8%, respectively; grade 3 had a 3-year survival rate of 46.5%. Nodal involvement at the time of diagnosis had a prediction value for the 3- and 5-year survival rate of 39.8 and 34.5%, respectively. Metastases at time of diagnosis had a 14.1% prediction value for a 3-year survival rate. @entity5 extension to the vena cava (21 @entity1 ) affected survival in a significant way (55.8% at 3 years). A definite tendency towards lower stage and grade was observed in incidentally diagnosed @entity1358 (11%). In conclusion, stage, grade, nodal and venous involvement as well as metastases at the time of diagnosis have a significant prognostic value in @entity1358 . These data and the lack of early diagnostic methods for @entity1358 suggest the routine use of renal ultrasonography in clinically asymptomatic @entity1 during examination for suspected @entity1625 and in high-risk @entity1 ( @entity280 ).

title: Prognostic factors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity280 :: ('MESH:D006623', 'Disease') :: ['Von Hippel-Lindau disease smokers']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: The functional border zone is nonischemic myocardium that exhibits reduced function adjacent to an @entity63 area. To determine if the functional border zone can be modified by pharmacologic interventions that alter contractility, we infused @entity3044 (0.04-0.10 micrograms/kg/min) or administered @entity1169 (2 mg/kg) during circumflex @entity1563 in nine anesthetized, open-chest @entity235 . We measured systolic wall thickening on both sides of the perfusion boundary, which was delineated with myocardial blood flow (microsphere) maps constructed from small tissue samples. By fitting sigmoid curves to the composite systolic wall thickening data after @entity1563 , we modeled the distribution of functional impairment across the perfusion boundary. Defined as the distance from the perfusion boundary to 97.5% of the nonischemic asymptote of the sigmoid fits, the functional border zone was 31 degrees of circumference after @entity1563 alone. @entity3044 increased +dP/dt by 58% and augmented nonischemic systolic wall thickening without changing the lateral extent of the functional border zone (32 degrees). @entity1169 reduced +dP/dt by 24% and depressed nonischemic systolic wall thickening, but the size of the functional border zone remained limited to 28 degrees. Within the functional border zone, wall thickening was significantly but only moderately reduced (-28%) compared with thickening in nonischemic myocardium more than 10 mm away from the perfusion boundary. The ratio of nonischemic border zone to central nonischemic area wall thickening remained the same with each intervention. We conclude that the dimensions of the functional border zone are fixed early after @entity1563 and that inotropic interventions do not modify the extent or relative severity of nonischemic regional dysfunction.

title: Changes in contractility fail to alter the size of the functional border zone in anesthetized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol', 'Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoproterenol', 'isoproterenol']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: PURPOSE: Proliferative epithelial metaplasia that develops in the anastomotic line after gastrocystoplasty has unknown malignant potential. Flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle profiles is used to predict the neoplastic progression of metaplastic lesions in other proliferative epithelium. We used this technique to evaluate transitional cell metaplasia in @entity35 gastrocystoplasty specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 prepubescent female Long-Evans @entity35 were randomly assigned to an experimental group (gastrocystoplasty) or a control group (sham operation). At 21 to 27 months (mean 24.9) after operation 12 @entity35 per group survived to sacrifice. Metaplastic lesions were microdissected to yield a minimum of 10(4) cells for DNA flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis. Transitional cell epithelium from sham specimens and gastric epithelium from experimental animals served as controls. RESULTS: @entity1606 and metaplasia with cyst formation were found in the anastomotic line in all 12 augmented bladders (100%). No @entity75 developed in control animals. No nuclear pleomorphism or mitotic changes were identified on routine histological examination. The epithelial cell turnover rate was 10 times higher in the gastrocystoplasty junctional zone than in control bladders (mean 2.2% versus 0.1% S phase) but lower than in native stomach epithelium (mean 3.3% S phase). Of 12 experimental specimens 1 showed near diploid DNA aneuploidy. No DNA abnormalities were detected in control bladder or stomach specimens. CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model histologically benign appearing @entity75 that develop in the anastomotic zone after long-term gastrocystoplasty harbor cell cycle and DNA ploidy abnormalities.

title: Flow cytometry analysis of XXXX at the gastrocystoplasty anastomosis.

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['Transitional cell hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative lesions']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['proliferative lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk might be reduced by targeted changes in both low density and high density lipoprotein @entity165 ( @entity11429 and HDL-C). This dual strategy will require a well tolerated, effective regimen, as well as a better understanding of how HDL-C may be targeted. DESIGN: An open-label, uncontrolled, retrospective cohort study of combined statin- @entity1670 therapy. METHODS: We reviewed all @entity1 ( n= 132) started on this combination in a referral lipid clinic over a 6.5-year period for tolerability, safety and effectiveness. RESULTS: Combined therapy was tolerated by 77% of @entity1 . No serious adverse events attributable to medication were encountered. In drug-naive @entity1 (n = 37), moderate doses of statin and @entity1670 (mean 1180 mg/day) reduced @entity11429 31% and increased HDL-C 29% ( P< 0.002, both comparisons). At @entity1670 doses >or= 1000 mg/day (mean 1480) added to a constant statin regimen (n=29), HDL-C increased 20% ( P< 0.001). Even at @entity1670 doses < 1000 mg/day (mean 580, n= 23), HDL-C increased 13% ( P< 0.05). Although mean HDL-C increased, the initial and final HDL-C distributions were broad and largely overlapping. Any chosen cutpoint for HDL-C goal would apply to only a minority of @entity1 . The total/HDL @entity165 ratio had narrower distributions, as the percentage of @entity1 with ratio < 5.0 increased from 17% to 67%. CONCLUSION: Combined statin- @entity1670 therapy lowers @entity11429 and raises HDL-C with acceptable tolerance and safety. If treating @entity11429 is the primary goal, consistent with current guidelines, then a strategy of targeting the total/HDL @entity165 ratio as a secondary goal is applicable to more @entity1 than targeting HDL-C itself.

title: Targeting cardiovascular risk associated with both low density and high density lipoproteins using statin- XXXX combination therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1670 :: (MESH:D009525,Chemical) :: ['niacin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The complete correction of highly or extremely @entity735 to emmetropia can only be achieved by very few procedures: The combination of implanting phacic intraocular lenses and the use of LASIK (laser in-situ keratomileusis) - Bioptic - makes it possible to achieve this goal to a great extent. @entity1 AND METHODS: The Bioptic procedure was carried out on 17 eyes of 10 @entity1 . Two weeks after corneal dissection with the Hansatom,an implantable phacic lens (STAAR) was introduced into the posterior chamber and 4 weeks later the residual @entity1714 was treated with LASIK combined with the correction of astigmatic errors. The follow-up time was 10.2 (6.7) months. RESULTS: Preoperative average values of the manifest refraction were -16.22 sph (3.86) with 1.40 cyl (1.30) which changed to -3.85 sph (2.73) with -1.50 cyl (0.87) after implantation of an ICL trade mark into the posterior chamber. Visual acuity increased from uncorrected hand motion to 0.13 (0.10) and corrected from 0.53 (0.19) to 0.63 (0.19). The refraction of implanted ICLs trade mark was 14.6 dpt (1.1). Following the LASIK procedure the uncorrected visual acuity improved to 0.68 (0.16) and fully corrected to 0.79 (0.20). The final refraction measured +0.16 sph (0.67) with -0.48 cyl (0.25). The keratectomy depth was 80.63 -m (26.9) and the optical zone showed a horizontal distance of 6.28 mm (0.39). CONCLUSION: Bioptic is able to correct highly and extremely @entity735 with the combination of phacic lenses and subsequent LASIK. A concomitant @entity940 can be corrected up to 2.5 dpt simultaneously. With the combination of both procedures,the optical zone can be enlarged. Keeping in mind that phacic lenses reveal a constant refraction after a few days and also that LASIK is refractively safe in low @entity1714 of -4 dpt to -5 dpt, it can be expected that the refractive deviation following the Bioptic procedure is low.

title: [Bioptic. A refractive surgery procedure for correction of high and extreme XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['myopic eyes']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

answer: @entity1714 :: (MESH:D009216,Disease) :: ['myopia']


abstract: Control of @entity101 in the vascular @entity1 is clearly a priority. However, these @entity1 often will have significant co-morbidities that may influence the choice of medication, a decision that also may be affected by cost or Health Plan directives. Wherever possible, monotherapy should be attempted first, although in select circumstances combination therapy may be more appropriate. The 5 main categories of drugs used in the initial treatment of hypertensive @entity455 are (1). diuretics, (2). beta-adrenergic blockers, (3). @entity460 channel blockers, (4). @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors, and (5). angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). There are also other less commonly used drugs. Each of the antihypertensive agents is roughly equally effective, producing a good antihypertensive response in 40% to 60% of cases. Some antihypertensives, especially @entity1289 and ARBs, also may have beneficial effects on the vascular and metabolic systems separate from their blood pressure lowering effects, which suggests they may be beneficial even if blood pressure is well maintained with other agents. This report covers the basic information required for the vascular surgeon to become familiar with the various medications and their indications, dosage, and side effects. It also provides some guidelines in selecting relevant antihypertensive treatment regimens for the elderly @entity1 with @entity455 .

title: Treatment of XXXX from volume to vasoconstriction: The @entity1289 up your sleeve.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial vascular disease', 'vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Control of @entity101 in the vascular @entity1 is clearly a priority. However, these @entity1 often will have significant co-morbidities that may influence the choice of medication, a decision that also may be affected by cost or Health Plan directives. Wherever possible, monotherapy should be attempted first, although in select circumstances combination therapy may be more appropriate. The 5 main categories of drugs used in the initial treatment of hypertensive @entity455 are (1). diuretics, (2). beta-adrenergic blockers, (3). @entity460 channel blockers, (4). @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors, and (5). angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). There are also other less commonly used drugs. Each of the antihypertensive agents is roughly equally effective, producing a good antihypertensive response in 40% to 60% of cases. Some antihypertensives, especially @entity1289 and ARBs, also may have beneficial effects on the vascular and metabolic systems separate from their blood pressure lowering effects, which suggests they may be beneficial even if blood pressure is well maintained with other agents. This report covers the basic information required for the vascular surgeon to become familiar with the various medications and their indications, dosage, and side effects. It also provides some guidelines in selecting relevant antihypertensive treatment regimens for the elderly @entity1 with @entity455 .

title: Treatment of @entity101 from volume to vasoconstriction: The XXXX up your sleeve.

answer: @entity1289 :: (1636,Gene) :: ['ACE']


abstract: AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for treatment of urge @entity322 . METHODS: In a prospective multicentre study, 35 @entity1 with complaints of urge @entity322 underwent 12 weekly sessions of PTNS at one of five sites in the Netherlands and one site in Italy. Frequency/volume charts and I-QoL and SF-36 questionnaires were completed at 0 and 12 weeks. Success was analysed by using subjective and objective criteria. Overall subjective success was defined as the willingness to continue treatment, whereas objective success was defined as a significant decrease (to<50%) in total number of leakage episodes. RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity1 (63%) reported a subjective success. Twenty-four @entity1 (70%) showed a 50% or greater reduction in total number of leakage episodes. Sixteen (46%) of these- @entity1 were completely cured (i.e., no leakage episodes) after 12 sessions. Quality of life parameters improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that posterior tibial nerve stimulation is an effective, minimally invasive option for treatment of @entity1 with complaints of urge @entity322 , as improvement was seen in subjective as well as objective parameters.

title: Posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of urge XXXX .

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: A study was made of 26 @entity1 diagnosed as phase I @entity6865 . In all of them, a bone:soft tissue uptake index was quantified by scintigraphic scanning before treatment and 3 months later. Eighteen @entity1 were treated with 100 MRC units salmon calcitonin, followed by 500 mg elemental @entity460 4 hours after hormone administration. The treatment was administered 10 days a month separated by intervals free of therapy. The other 8 @entity1 were treated without interruption with 500 mg @entity1623 every 12 hours. In the group treated with calcitonin and @entity460 , the uptake index declined from 13.3 +/- 8.2 to 4.1 +/- 1.8 (p less than 0.001). The uptake index rose from 2.1.3 +/- 17.7 to 31.1 +/- 23.0 (NS) in the @entity1623 group. Using the Student t-test for paired samples to evaluate individual changes, a highly significant difference was reached (p less than 0.005) in the calcitonin- @entity460 group. The difference was also significant (p less than 0.01) in the @entity1623 group, but it was negative (t = 3.620). These results confirm the efficacy of treating @entity6865 with calcitonin and @entity460 and the superiority of this treatment as compared with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

title: Scintigraphic evaluation of XXXX : comparative study of the course of the disease under two therapeutic regimens.

entities_list: @entity1623 :: ('MESH:D009288', 'Chemical') :: ['naproxen']

entities_list: @entity6865 :: ('MESH:D012019', 'Disease') :: ['reflex sympathetic dystrophy']

answer: @entity6865 :: (MESH:D012019,Disease) :: ['reflex sympathetic dystrophy']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: Based on the findings that @entity460 content increased in multidrug resistant (MDR) cells and that the resistance could be reversed by the @entity460 channel blocker @entity1855 , it has been speculated that @entity141 may have role in drug resistance. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between multidrug resistance in @entity1 @entity694 LoVo/Adr cells and the level of cytoplasmic @entity141 . METHODS: @entity3576 /AM was used to label @entity141 in the cytoplasm and confocal microscope was used to observe the changes of @entity141 concentration. The reverse effect of @entity1855 was determined by @entity98 method. The content of intracellular @entity632 (ADR) was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: @entity3576 /AM fluorescent intensities of LoVo and LoVo/Adr cells were 850.45 and 1,495.88, respectively. After treatment with @entity1855 , @entity3576 /AM fluorescent intensities of LoVo and LoVo/Adr cells were 813.25 and 1,284.14, respectively. The level of @entity141 in the cytoplasm of LoVo/Adr cells was significantly higher than that in LoVo cells, and was not significantly changed by @entity1855 . The concentration of ADR was increased by @entity1855 in LoVo/Adr cells. The potentiation folds of @entity632 and @entity1891 by @entity1855 in LoVo/Adr cells were 8.85 and 5.31, respectively. CONCLUSION: The increasement of cytoplasmic @entity460 content might be a characteristic phenotype of MDR LoVo/Adr cells. However, there was no direct relationship between multidrug resistance and cytoplasmic @entity141 concentration.

title: [Relationship between multidrug resistance in @entity1 XXXX LoVo/Adr cell line and intracellular @entity460 ion concentration].

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: Based on the findings that @entity460 content increased in multidrug resistant (MDR) cells and that the resistance could be reversed by the @entity460 channel blocker @entity1855 , it has been speculated that @entity141 may have role in drug resistance. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between multidrug resistance in @entity1 @entity694 LoVo/Adr cells and the level of cytoplasmic @entity141 . METHODS: @entity3576 /AM was used to label @entity141 in the cytoplasm and confocal microscope was used to observe the changes of @entity141 concentration. The reverse effect of @entity1855 was determined by @entity98 method. The content of intracellular @entity632 (ADR) was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: @entity3576 /AM fluorescent intensities of LoVo and LoVo/Adr cells were 850.45 and 1,495.88, respectively. After treatment with @entity1855 , @entity3576 /AM fluorescent intensities of LoVo and LoVo/Adr cells were 813.25 and 1,284.14, respectively. The level of @entity141 in the cytoplasm of LoVo/Adr cells was significantly higher than that in LoVo cells, and was not significantly changed by @entity1855 . The concentration of ADR was increased by @entity1855 in LoVo/Adr cells. The potentiation folds of @entity632 and @entity1891 by @entity1855 in LoVo/Adr cells were 8.85 and 5.31, respectively. CONCLUSION: The increasement of cytoplasmic @entity460 content might be a characteristic phenotype of MDR LoVo/Adr cells. However, there was no direct relationship between multidrug resistance and cytoplasmic @entity141 concentration.

title: [Relationship between multidrug resistance in @entity1 @entity694 LoVo/Adr cell line and intracellular XXXX ion concentration].

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: Based on the findings that @entity460 content increased in multidrug resistant (MDR) cells and that the resistance could be reversed by the @entity460 channel blocker @entity1855 , it has been speculated that @entity141 may have role in drug resistance. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between multidrug resistance in @entity1 @entity694 LoVo/Adr cells and the level of cytoplasmic @entity141 . METHODS: @entity3576 /AM was used to label @entity141 in the cytoplasm and confocal microscope was used to observe the changes of @entity141 concentration. The reverse effect of @entity1855 was determined by @entity98 method. The content of intracellular @entity632 (ADR) was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: @entity3576 /AM fluorescent intensities of LoVo and LoVo/Adr cells were 850.45 and 1,495.88, respectively. After treatment with @entity1855 , @entity3576 /AM fluorescent intensities of LoVo and LoVo/Adr cells were 813.25 and 1,284.14, respectively. The level of @entity141 in the cytoplasm of LoVo/Adr cells was significantly higher than that in LoVo cells, and was not significantly changed by @entity1855 . The concentration of ADR was increased by @entity1855 in LoVo/Adr cells. The potentiation folds of @entity632 and @entity1891 by @entity1855 in LoVo/Adr cells were 8.85 and 5.31, respectively. CONCLUSION: The increasement of cytoplasmic @entity460 content might be a characteristic phenotype of MDR LoVo/Adr cells. However, there was no direct relationship between multidrug resistance and cytoplasmic @entity141 concentration.

title: [Relationship between multidrug resistance in XXXX @entity694 LoVo/Adr cell line and intracellular @entity460 ion concentration].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity384 and emptying defect was identified in 14 of 130 Suffolk @entity742 from a single flock in northern California. @entity384 and emptying defect was diagnosed in 13 of the @entity742 between November 1986 and April 1987. All affected @entity742 were ewes and in all, the condition developed during the lambing season. Clinical signs consisted of chronic @entity448 and @entity353 . Laboratory data from affected ewes reflected concurrent disease and was not helpful in diagnosis of the disease. Necropsy of 13 affected ewes revealed a distended, ingesta-filled abomasum in all of them. The brain stem of 6 ewes was examined, and lesions suggestive of scrapie were not observed. Pedigree analysis determined that in this flock, @entity384 and emptying defect development was independent of sire. A relationship between the age of affected ewes and the disease was not found. Treatment was unsuccessful in 13 ewes, but 1 recovered after treatment with @entity1769 .

title: XXXX and emptying defect in a flock of Suffolk ewes.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['abomasal dilatation', 'Abomasal dilatation']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['metoclopramide']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['Abomasal dilatation']


abstract: AIMS: The importance of the T-type @entity141 current in determining detrusor contractile function was investigated by using @entity840 muscle in vitro. METHODS: @entity4437 (200 microM) was used to block selectively the T-type @entity141 current, and 20 microM @entity1855 was used to block the L-type @entity141 current in this tissue. The selectivity of these agents at such concentrations has been previously demonstrated. RESULTS: In normal extracellular solution (4 mM @entity4338 ) 200 microM @entity4437 and 20 microM @entity1855 reduced electrically stimulated contractions by 17 +/- 6% and 65 +/- 10%, respectively. At high concentrations of the two agents, the contraction was completely abolished by @entity4437 but by only 74 +/- 18% in the case of @entity1855 ; this finding suggests that @entity4437 has additional negative inotropic actions at higher concentrations. @entity5402 and @entity4338 contractures were attenuated to a similar extent to that of electrically stimulated contractions by @entity4437 and @entity1855 , which suggests that they act on the muscle rather than the motor nerve. The dependence of the membrane potential on the relative ability of @entity4437 and @entity1855 to attenuate the contraction was tested by varying the extracellular @entity4338 , [ @entity4338 ](o). Varying [ @entity4338 ](o) between 2 and 10 mM depolarised detrusor myocytes from (-65.1 +/- 4.7 mV to -42.7 +/- 4.0 mV (a slope of 32 mV per 10-fold change of [ @entity4338 ](o)). In low [ @entity4338 ](o),blockade by @entity4437 was more effective and that of @entity1855 less effective; at high [ @entity4338 ](o), the reverse potency was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: The data are consistent with the hypothesis that @entity141 influx through both T-type and L-type @entity141 channels determines the contractile status of detrusor smooth muscle and that T-type channel activity is more important at membrane potentials near the resting level. A significant role for T-type channel activity in the resting state was evident in that spontaneous contractions were attenuated to a greater extent than evoked contractions.

title: Role of the T-type XXXX current on the contractile performance of @entity840 detrusor smooth muscle.

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbachol']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2+']


abstract: AIMS: The importance of the T-type @entity141 current in determining detrusor contractile function was investigated by using @entity840 muscle in vitro. METHODS: @entity4437 (200 microM) was used to block selectively the T-type @entity141 current, and 20 microM @entity1855 was used to block the L-type @entity141 current in this tissue. The selectivity of these agents at such concentrations has been previously demonstrated. RESULTS: In normal extracellular solution (4 mM @entity4338 ) 200 microM @entity4437 and 20 microM @entity1855 reduced electrically stimulated contractions by 17 +/- 6% and 65 +/- 10%, respectively. At high concentrations of the two agents, the contraction was completely abolished by @entity4437 but by only 74 +/- 18% in the case of @entity1855 ; this finding suggests that @entity4437 has additional negative inotropic actions at higher concentrations. @entity5402 and @entity4338 contractures were attenuated to a similar extent to that of electrically stimulated contractions by @entity4437 and @entity1855 , which suggests that they act on the muscle rather than the motor nerve. The dependence of the membrane potential on the relative ability of @entity4437 and @entity1855 to attenuate the contraction was tested by varying the extracellular @entity4338 , [ @entity4338 ](o). Varying [ @entity4338 ](o) between 2 and 10 mM depolarised detrusor myocytes from (-65.1 +/- 4.7 mV to -42.7 +/- 4.0 mV (a slope of 32 mV per 10-fold change of [ @entity4338 ](o)). In low [ @entity4338 ](o),blockade by @entity4437 was more effective and that of @entity1855 less effective; at high [ @entity4338 ](o), the reverse potency was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: The data are consistent with the hypothesis that @entity141 influx through both T-type and L-type @entity141 channels determines the contractile status of detrusor smooth muscle and that T-type channel activity is more important at membrane potentials near the resting level. A significant role for T-type channel activity in the resting state was evident in that spontaneous contractions were attenuated to a greater extent than evoked contractions.

title: Role of the T-type @entity141 current on the contractile performance of XXXX detrusor smooth muscle.

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: It is still unclear whether overexpression of @entity1262 gene play a role in the chemotherapy resistance of @entity706 . This study was designed to investigate P-glycoprotein( @entity7895 ) and @entity1262 mRNA levels of @entity706 and to observed the impact of @entity7895 level upon chemotherapy response. METHODS: Ten samples of relapsed @entity706 and 21 samples of untreated @entity706 were assessed by flow cytometry(FCM). The @entity1262 mRNA levels were determined by real-time reverse-transcription PCR assay simultaneously in eighteen samples. The impact of @entity7895 levels upon chemotherapy response was observed in seventeen @entity1 . RESULTS: Nineteen Percent (4/21) @entity1 overexpressed @entity7895 at diagnosis as compared to 60%(6/10) in relapse(P = 0.012). The copy numbers of @entity1262 mRNA were 4 x 10(2)-1.32 x 10(4) copies/microgram RNA in untreated group and 4 x 10(2)-4 x 10(4) copies/microgram RNA in recurrent group. There existed significant difference in the distribution of @entity1262 mRNA expression between these two groups, P < 0.05. The complete response rates were 46% (6/13) in @entity7895 non-overexpression group and 25% (1/4) in @entity7895 overexpression group(P = 0.60). CONCLUSION: @entity706 highly express @entity71083 mRNA. The overexpression of @entity1262 gene may play a role in the multidrug resistance of relapsed @entity706 .

title: [Expression and clinical significance of @entity1262 gene in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'Relapsed lymphomas']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: It is still unclear whether overexpression of @entity1262 gene play a role in the chemotherapy resistance of @entity706 . This study was designed to investigate P-glycoprotein( @entity7895 ) and @entity1262 mRNA levels of @entity706 and to observed the impact of @entity7895 level upon chemotherapy response. METHODS: Ten samples of relapsed @entity706 and 21 samples of untreated @entity706 were assessed by flow cytometry(FCM). The @entity1262 mRNA levels were determined by real-time reverse-transcription PCR assay simultaneously in eighteen samples. The impact of @entity7895 levels upon chemotherapy response was observed in seventeen @entity1 . RESULTS: Nineteen Percent (4/21) @entity1 overexpressed @entity7895 at diagnosis as compared to 60%(6/10) in relapse(P = 0.012). The copy numbers of @entity1262 mRNA were 4 x 10(2)-1.32 x 10(4) copies/microgram RNA in untreated group and 4 x 10(2)-4 x 10(4) copies/microgram RNA in recurrent group. There existed significant difference in the distribution of @entity1262 mRNA expression between these two groups, P < 0.05. The complete response rates were 46% (6/13) in @entity7895 non-overexpression group and 25% (1/4) in @entity7895 overexpression group(P = 0.60). CONCLUSION: @entity706 highly express @entity71083 mRNA. The overexpression of @entity1262 gene may play a role in the multidrug resistance of relapsed @entity706 .

title: [Expression and clinical significance of XXXX gene in @entity706 ].

answer: @entity1262 :: (5243,Gene) :: ['mdr-1']


abstract: The authors present a @entity1 who had @entity263 metastatic to the epididymis. The @entity1 was asymptomatic except for @entity4 . The laboratory radiographic and physical examination of the @entity1 were normal. The prostate was clearly demarcated, homogeneous and solid. Surgery was performed in two stages. In the first stage semi-castration was performed. Histopathological analysis of the biopsy material showed @entity263 metastatic to the epididymis. There were no metastases in the testis. In the second stage, TUR of the prostate was performed. To our knowledge @entity263 metastatic to the epididymis has not been described previously.

title: [Metastasis of the epididymis disclosing XXXX . Apropos of a case].

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['painless swelling in the right epididymis']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic carcinoma']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['cancer of the prostate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To establish the @entity1069 index which more suitable for Chinese to refine and standardize evaluation of current symptoms in @entity1 with " @entity1069 ". METHODS: The literature of previous work was reviewed to develop a symptom index instrument. There were 18 questions representing three broad categories: @entity158 symptoms, urinary symptoms and other symptoms. To evalute the clinical utility and applicability for Chinese @entity1 of this tool, we used it in 100 @entity1 with @entity1069 and 100 control @entity1 (40 with @entity1067 , BPH; 30 with @entity249 ; 30 with @entity323 ). RESULTS: Of the three aspects symptoms, the primary component was @entity158 . But @entity158 in lower back and lower abdomen had less specificity. @entity158 in the rectal area was not very common but it could well distinguish @entity1 with @entity1069 from those BPH, @entity249 and @entity2613 . Urinary symptoms were also common. We used 5 symptom questions in urinary aspect in the last version of this index. In other symptoms, we dropped the question of uncomfortable of waist and back at last. It could not distinguish @entity1 with @entity1069 from those @entity249 and @entity323 . Finally we analyzed the result and modified the new version of @entity1069 index. It included 5 @entity158 symptom questions, 5 urinary symptom questions and 2 other symptom questions. There are 12 questions in total. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity1069 index we developed was validated and useful in clinical practice as well as research protocols. Moreover, it was more suitable for Chinese @entity1 .

title: [ XXXX symptom index of Chinese].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['chronic prostatitis symptom', 'chronic prostatitis', 'prostatitis']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

answer: @entity1069 :: (MESH:D053448,Disease) :: ['Chronic prostatitis']


abstract: The findings of AEP and SEP in the cases with @entity1620 confirmed by the @entity386 test had not been reported. We studied the features and the characteristic changes of those evoked potentials in 7 cases of @entity1620 . The etiology of @entity1620 in those cases were the primary @entity1504 in six and the @entity2806 secondary to @entity1167 in the others. The @entity386 test and the recordings of AEP and SEP were performed in the same day in most cases. The mean intervals from the application of the respirator to the @entity386 test and to @entity1167 were 5.8 +/- 7.1 days and 5.9 +/- 7.2 days, respectively. @entity1167 occurred with mean of 11.8 +/- 8.0 days after the application of the respirator. AEP showed absent responses in six cases (86%) and wave I only in the other (14%). SEP showed P 1-N 1 in four cases (57%) and no responses in three (43%). The components of AEP were disturbed earlier than those of SEP and cases were classified into three types according to those findings. Type I (one case, 13%): wave I only in AEP and P 1-N 1 in SEP. Type II (three cases, 28%): no wave in AEP and P 1-N 1 in SEP. Type III (three cases, 28%): no wave in AEP and SEP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [The findings of auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials in XXXX confirmed by the @entity386 test].

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['brain ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial lesions']

entities_list: @entity1620 :: ('MESH:D001926', 'Disease') :: ['brain death']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest', 'Cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1620 :: (MESH:D001926,Disease) :: ['brain death']


abstract: The findings of AEP and SEP in the cases with @entity1620 confirmed by the @entity386 test had not been reported. We studied the features and the characteristic changes of those evoked potentials in 7 cases of @entity1620 . The etiology of @entity1620 in those cases were the primary @entity1504 in six and the @entity2806 secondary to @entity1167 in the others. The @entity386 test and the recordings of AEP and SEP were performed in the same day in most cases. The mean intervals from the application of the respirator to the @entity386 test and to @entity1167 were 5.8 +/- 7.1 days and 5.9 +/- 7.2 days, respectively. @entity1167 occurred with mean of 11.8 +/- 8.0 days after the application of the respirator. AEP showed absent responses in six cases (86%) and wave I only in the other (14%). SEP showed P 1-N 1 in four cases (57%) and no responses in three (43%). The components of AEP were disturbed earlier than those of SEP and cases were classified into three types according to those findings. Type I (one case, 13%): wave I only in AEP and P 1-N 1 in SEP. Type II (three cases, 28%): no wave in AEP and P 1-N 1 in SEP. Type III (three cases, 28%): no wave in AEP and SEP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [The findings of auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials in @entity1620 confirmed by the XXXX test].

answer: @entity386 :: (MESH:D001049,Disease) :: ['apnea']


abstract: Using target-controlled infusions (TCI) we aimed to determine the most appropriate dose of @entity1937 required for intubation, using a steady effect-site concentration of @entity1875 and without the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Sixty ASA III @entity1 presenting for elective surgery were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Anaesthesia was induced in all @entity1 using a target-controlled infusion of @entity1875 6.5 microg x ml(-1). This was reduced to 3 microg x ml(-1) after 1 min. Each group received a different TCI of @entity1937 , 19, 15 or 11 ng x ml(-1), which was reduced to 10, 8 or 6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, after 1 min. Laryngoscopy and intubation were attempted at 4 min. Laryngoscopy and ease of intubation were assessed using a standard scoring system. Intubation was considered satisfactory in 75% of @entity1 in groups 1 and 2 and 35% of @entity1 in group 3. Intubation was successful in 20/20, 19/20 and 15/20 @entity1 in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Pulse oximetry, heart rate and noninvasive arterial pressure were measured pre-induction, and at intervals until after laryngoscopy and intubation. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate decreased following induction of anaesthesia in all groups, which was statistically significant. Following laryngoscopy, MAP and heart rate increased, but were significantly less than the corresponding baseline values.

title: Tracheal intubating conditions using @entity1875 and XXXX target-controlled infusions.

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity1937 :: (MESH:C071741,Chemical) :: ['remifentanil']


abstract: Using target-controlled infusions (TCI) we aimed to determine the most appropriate dose of @entity1937 required for intubation, using a steady effect-site concentration of @entity1875 and without the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs. Sixty ASA III @entity1 presenting for elective surgery were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Anaesthesia was induced in all @entity1 using a target-controlled infusion of @entity1875 6.5 microg x ml(-1). This was reduced to 3 microg x ml(-1) after 1 min. Each group received a different TCI of @entity1937 , 19, 15 or 11 ng x ml(-1), which was reduced to 10, 8 or 6 ng x ml(-1), respectively, after 1 min. Laryngoscopy and intubation were attempted at 4 min. Laryngoscopy and ease of intubation were assessed using a standard scoring system. Intubation was considered satisfactory in 75% of @entity1 in groups 1 and 2 and 35% of @entity1 in group 3. Intubation was successful in 20/20, 19/20 and 15/20 @entity1 in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Pulse oximetry, heart rate and noninvasive arterial pressure were measured pre-induction, and at intervals until after laryngoscopy and intubation. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate decreased following induction of anaesthesia in all groups, which was statistically significant. Following laryngoscopy, MAP and heart rate increased, but were significantly less than the corresponding baseline values.

title: Tracheal intubating conditions using XXXX and @entity1937 target-controlled infusions.

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: The risk of @entity1031 ( @entity1031 ) risk in a @entity340 @entity1 who has lived perhaps for 15 years since implant without @entity1031 or @entity715 is unknown. As @entity1 are heterogeneous with regard to embolic risk, these @entity1 must have a lower than average risk; whether this risk reduction could be quantified was the aim of the present study. METHODS: If all @entity1 had the same risk, the @entity1031 -free curve would be exponential, with a constant hazard (equal to the 'linearized' rate). With a mixture of risks in a population, the population hazard will be a decreasing function of time. By fitting a certain parametric function to the @entity1031 -free curve, the mixing distribution can be estimated. Subsequently, given an observation for a particular @entity1 , e.g. zero emboli in 15 years, Bayes' theorem can be used to update the mixing distribution for these @entity1 . RESULTS: Using observed @entity1031 -free curves for Starr-Edwards valves, the mixing distribution for @entity1031 -free periods from one to 25 years was estimated. Because the risk distributions were skewed, the mean value was higher than the median. The mean (median) risk (% per year) fell from 4.5 (1.8) at implant to 1.7 (0.7) at 15 years for the aortic position, and from 7.0 (3.4) to 2.4 (1.2) for the mitral position. Thus, the average risk after 15 years was approximately 35-40% of the risk at implant for both the aortic and mitral positions, using either the mean or median risk. CONCLUSION: The mean risk for @entity1 after 15 @entity1031 -free years is approximately one-third of the risk of all @entity1 at implant. However, there is a wide range, with some @entity1 still having higher risks. Bayes' theorem is useful for deriving such answers. Linearized rates have limited value for describing @entity1031 risk in a heterogeneous population.

title: Using Bayes' theorem to answer a practical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['heart valve']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'TE']

answer: @entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['heart valve question']


abstract: One hundred and seventy five @entity9398 ( @entity9398 ) @entity1 were evaluated for risk factors for @entity64 as well as for the types of @entity75 that were present. The incidence of associated risk factors for @entity64 were as follows: @entity101 (66%), @entity299 (47%), cigarette smoking (37%), @entity6 (20%), moderate @entity167 consumption (19%) and hyperlipidaemia (21%). The most frequently occurring @entity75 were multiple @entity1188 of the brain (43%). These were combined with other types of @entity64 in an additional 21%. @entity731 of the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries occurred alone in 18% and was associated with other types of @entity64 in another 25%. @entity385 were present alone in 8% and were combined with other types of @entity64 in 15%. @entity9398 was more frequent in @entity1 (62%) than @entity1 (p less than 0.002). Mean bihemispheric gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBF) values showed a fluctuating course and when results were pooled and compared between different types of @entity9398 , @entity432 and/or multiple @entity1188 resulted in lowest CBF values. The location of @entity385 was more importantly related to @entity73 than was the total volume of infarcted brain. Mortality rates among 125 @entity9398 @entity1 followed for 31 months has been 5%. Correct clinical classification of the types of @entity75 was confirmed in three necropsied cases.

title: Aetiological considerations and risk factors for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular lesions', 'type of lesions']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity9398 :: ('MESH:D015161', 'Disease') :: ['MID', 'multi-infarct dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairments']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['lacunar infarctions']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['extracranial occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerotic occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['Embolic cerebral infarctions', 'cerebral infarctions']

answer: @entity9398 :: (MESH:D015161,Disease) :: ['multi-infarct dementia']


abstract: An in vivo model for correlative imaging studies of intracerebral @entity5 and peritumor @entity2657 has been developed. Adult male and female @entity468 implanted with 1 x 10(6) or 5 x 10(5) 9L @entity11 cells had parietal @entity5 of 4 mm or greater in diameter and showed signs of @entity428 13.7 +/- 1.9 days or 19.2 +/- 1.3 days after implantation. No immunosuppression was required and the success rate for @entity5 growth after implantation was 88%. Histologically, the @entity5 resembles a @entity5 . The @entity5 contained the highest water content (85.94%); peritumor white matter was more @entity4 (73.01%) than white matter in the contralateral hemisphere (69.04%), sham-operated (69.41%) and control brain (68.76%). There was no correlation between the size of the @entity5 and water content in @entity5 or white matter. Increased tissue albumin in peritumor white matter indicated blood-brain barrier dysfunction within the @entity5 and confirmed the vasogenic origin of the @entity4 . Proton magnetic resonance imaging provided good spatial and contrast resolution with increased signal intensity in @entity4 white matter, decreasing with distance from the @entity5 . The large brain of this animal model allows the use of serial imaging and regional correlative biochemical measurements in a single animal. Other advantages of this model are its predictability and the short time required to produce @entity5 with marked peritumor @entity4 .

title: A feline model for experimental studies of peritumor XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['increased intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['glial tumors', 'tumor', 'malignant astrocytoma', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous', 'edema']

answer: @entity2657 :: (MESH:D001929,Disease) :: ['brain edema']


abstract: In view of the paucity of reports describing symptoms of increased degree, and deterioration of left ventricular systolic function in @entity1 with @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ), two cases with @entity712 and progressive thinning of previously hypertrophied apical portions of the left ventricle are reported. These were among 13 @entity1 observed from eight to 10 years. Case 1: A 56-year-old @entity1 was diagnosed as having @entity1121 at the age of 49 years. Severe @entity4346 and prominent ST-T changes were observed on ECG during his first admission. His left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was 24 mmHg and a left ventriculo-gram revealed a decrease in the left ventricular cavity in the apex and @entity1184 of the apical wall. Moderate @entity82 without @entity1184 or disarray of myocytes was observed in a left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimen. In two episodes of @entity1167 he was successfully resuscitated at the age of 50 years. At the age of 55 years, two-dimensional echocardiography revealed thinning and abnormal motion in the apical wall, and a defect in 201T1 accumulation was observed in the same region by perfusion scintigraphy. This @entity1 was readmitted with a diagnosis of @entity999 at the age of 56 years. Cardiac catheterization revealed normal LVEDP (8 mmHg), and a left ventriculogram revealed an @entity439 in the left ventricular apex with normal major epicardial coronary arteries. He has been under treatment with antiarrhythmic medications, @entity460 antagonists and anticoagulants, and has become relatively asymptomatic. Case 2: A 69-year-old- @entity1 was diagnosed as having @entity1121 after a complete evaluation, including cardiac catheterization, at the age of 59 years. His LVEDP was elevated (17 mmHg), and a left ventricular angiogram revealed @entity1184 localized to the apex. Ejection fraction was 64%. A left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy revealed @entity82 without @entity1184 of myocytes. Thereafter, he has been followed as a New York Heart Association functional class III to IV with occasional elevation of cardiac enzymes but without @entity662 or acute changes in his ECGs. However, @entity955 with complete @entity714 developed at the age of 60 years. Apical wall thinning and dyskinesis were diagnosed by 2D echocardiography and a defect in the 201T1 accumulation was observed at about 65 years of age. He was readmitted in severe @entity712 at the age of 69 years, and he was diagnosed as having @entity299 with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 35 mmHg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Advanced sequelae of XXXX : report of two cases with wall motion abnormalities].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity714 :: ('MESH:D002037', 'Disease') :: ['right bundle branch block']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['marked hypertrophy', 'hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral embolism']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac asthma']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', 'apical HCM']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: To assess the usefulness of two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) in diagnosing @entity7086 following acute @entity583 , we studied the 2DE findings and the clinical pictures of seven consecutive @entity1 with @entity7086 confirmed at the time of surgery or autopsy. Three @entity1 had acute @entity397 ; four, subacute @entity397 . All @entity1 apparently had circulatory collapse despite continuing electrical activity at the onset of @entity7086 . Four @entity1 with subacute @entity397 recovered. In all @entity1 , mild @entity2294 was imaged by 2DE; however, this was not characteristic for @entity7086 . In the @entity1 with acute @entity397 , active left ventricular contractions were not observed after each QRS complex of the electrocardiogram. However, weak mitral valve motion was recorded at the time of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The interesting and constant finding in acute @entity397 was the right ventricular collapse observed throughout the cardiac cycle. Diastolic right ventricular collapse was consistently observed in @entity1 with subacute @entity397 , immediately after recovery from @entity1455 . Subacute @entity7086 is a potentially curable lesion, and the clinical features and quick 2DE confirmation of cardiac tamponade allowed immediate surgery which saved two of the four @entity1 .

title: [Ventricular free XXXX following acute @entity583 : a two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7086 :: ('MESH:D006341', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular free wall rupture', 'cardiac rupture']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['wall rupture']


abstract: To assess the usefulness of two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) in diagnosing @entity7086 following acute @entity583 , we studied the 2DE findings and the clinical pictures of seven consecutive @entity1 with @entity7086 confirmed at the time of surgery or autopsy. Three @entity1 had acute @entity397 ; four, subacute @entity397 . All @entity1 apparently had circulatory collapse despite continuing electrical activity at the onset of @entity7086 . Four @entity1 with subacute @entity397 recovered. In all @entity1 , mild @entity2294 was imaged by 2DE; however, this was not characteristic for @entity7086 . In the @entity1 with acute @entity397 , active left ventricular contractions were not observed after each QRS complex of the electrocardiogram. However, weak mitral valve motion was recorded at the time of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The interesting and constant finding in acute @entity397 was the right ventricular collapse observed throughout the cardiac cycle. Diastolic right ventricular collapse was consistently observed in @entity1 with subacute @entity397 , immediately after recovery from @entity1455 . Subacute @entity7086 is a potentially curable lesion, and the clinical features and quick 2DE confirmation of cardiac tamponade allowed immediate surgery which saved two of the four @entity1 .

title: [Ventricular free @entity397 following acute XXXX : a two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment].

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Anatomically isolated @entity886 accounted for 1.1% of all and 5.2% of cardiac autopsies over a 20 year period. Among a total of 100 symptomatic cases, 52% had congenitally bicuspid, 43% had tricuspid and 5% had congenitally unicuspid valves. Nineteen percent had undergone @entity82 , including 1% unicuspid, 3% tricuspid and 15% bicuspid valves. Thirty nine percent had been affected by @entity884 , including 20 bicuspid and 19 tricuspid valves. The remaining 42 showed fibrocalcification, including 4 unicuspid, 17 bicuspid and 21 tricuspid valves. The nature of the @entity340 showed a correlation with the age of the @entity1 . @entity884 , @entity82 and @entity730 occurred in an ascending age pattern, at average ages of around 30 years, mid to late thirties and mid to late forties, respectively. The lesions occurred much earlier on the bicuspid than on the tricuspid valves, except for @entity884 . The @entity85 was not found to make the aortic valve more prone to infection, nor did infection occur earlier on it than on the tricuspid valve. Four of the 100 cases, all tricuspid, were considered to be of rheumatic origin, the reasons for which are discussed. Certain well established associated @entity299 were identified.

title: Anatomically isolated XXXX . Morphologic study of 100 cases at autopsy.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous sclerosis', 'fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve disease']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcific disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac lesions']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['bicuspid deformity']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular disease']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['Infective endocarditis', 'infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity886 :: (MESH:C563178,Disease) :: ['aortic valve disease']


abstract: The incidence of @entity791 cases in intravenous drug abusers is growing faster than in other risk groups, in Switzerland as well as in Europe in general. By end of May 1988, 27% of all @entity791 cases registered nationally were injecting drugs. The prevalence of @entity778 antibodies is known from selected samples only, on the basis of voluntary testing. In 1986, among all intravenous drug users in residential treatment nation-wide, 90% were tested and thereof 55% seropositive. In a sample of drug abusers in out- @entity1 treatment in Zurich in 1987, seropositivity was documented for 42% of male and 63% of female @entity1 . According to registered @entity791 cases, there is no differential risk for both sexes. Duration of intravenous drug abuse is the only relevant risk factor so far. Preventive change in risk taking behaviour is a minimalization of utilizing contaminated syringes/needles and a minimalization of unprotected sex (safer sex by regular use of condoms). An analysis of published data demonstrates that dissemination of information and availability of syringes/condoms are a pre-requisite for behaviour change, but by no means sufficient in order to elicit behaviour change. Drug abusers engaged in out- @entity1 /residential treatment are available in high proportions for voluntary testing and for the intended behavioural changes. It is therefore of primary preventive interest to engage as many intravenous drug abusers as possible in treatment. Apart from drug-free residential treatment, out- @entity1 treatment using @entity284 provides positive results, whereas compulsory measures are considered to be of doubtful value.

title: [ XXXX epidemiology and prevention in i.v. drug addicts].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['Methadone']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']