abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: @entity4789 ( @entity4789 ) and chronic @entity6331 ( @entity6331 ) are common in developing countries. Two-thirds of @entity6331 @entity1 are school- @entity1 aged between 5 and 15 years. Pre-schoolers aged <5 years are not immune to @entity4789 however, and to date @entity6331 patterns in this very young age group have not been studied systematically. METHODS: Records of all @entity6331 @entity1 seen at the authors' institution between January 1999 and December 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. A special analysis was conducted among pre-school @entity1 aged <5 years. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (6.8%) of the @entity4789 / @entity6331 admissions were aged <5 years, and 28 of these @entity1 (20 males, 8 females) presented with acute @entity4789 . The mean age of acute @entity4789 diagnosis was 4 years. All @entity4789 / @entity6331 @entity1 aged <5 years were in normal sinus rhythm. Joint @entity158 and swelling (25 cases; characteristic @entity625 in six, monoarthritis in five) and @entity221 (24 cases) were the most frequent symptoms. @entity625 , @entity2401 and @entity4790 occurred in 75%, 50% and 4% respectively, with no instances of @entity5105 or subcutaneous nodules. Effort intolerance, chest discomfort and palpitations were reported by nine, five and three cases, respectively. @entity339 was the most common @entity340 in @entity4789 . The youngest case of confirmed acute @entity4789 was an 18-month-old male. The only @entity1 with @entity4794 in the present series was a 4-year-old @entity1 . None of the @entity1 required surgical intervention, and there were no deaths. CONCLUSION: @entity6331 is common in very young age groups of <5 years. Pre-schoolers account for a significant proportion of acute @entity4789 and chronic @entity6331 admissions among @entity1 . @entity339 is the most common cardiac manifestation, @entity340 is distinctly rare in this age group. @entity337 , @entity1002 and @entity120 may complicate the course of @entity4789 in these very young @entity1 .

title: XXXX occurrence, patterns and clinical correlates in @entity1 aged less than five years.

entities_list: @entity4789 :: ('MESH:D012213', 'Disease') :: ['RF', 'Rheumatic fever']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'children', 'girl', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6331 :: ('MESH:D012214', 'Disease') :: ['RHD', 'rheumatic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['Mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['migratory polyarthritis', 'Arthritis']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity5105 :: ('MESH:D004890', 'Disease') :: ['erythema marginatum']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['mitral stenosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['but obstructive valve disease', 'valvular lesion']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity6331 :: (MESH:D012214,Disease) :: ['Rheumatic heart disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: @entity4789 ( @entity4789 ) and chronic @entity6331 ( @entity6331 ) are common in developing countries. Two-thirds of @entity6331 @entity1 are school- @entity1 aged between 5 and 15 years. Pre-schoolers aged <5 years are not immune to @entity4789 however, and to date @entity6331 patterns in this very young age group have not been studied systematically. METHODS: Records of all @entity6331 @entity1 seen at the authors' institution between January 1999 and December 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. A special analysis was conducted among pre-school @entity1 aged <5 years. RESULTS: Thirty-eight (6.8%) of the @entity4789 / @entity6331 admissions were aged <5 years, and 28 of these @entity1 (20 males, 8 females) presented with acute @entity4789 . The mean age of acute @entity4789 diagnosis was 4 years. All @entity4789 / @entity6331 @entity1 aged <5 years were in normal sinus rhythm. Joint @entity158 and swelling (25 cases; characteristic @entity625 in six, monoarthritis in five) and @entity221 (24 cases) were the most frequent symptoms. @entity625 , @entity2401 and @entity4790 occurred in 75%, 50% and 4% respectively, with no instances of @entity5105 or subcutaneous nodules. Effort intolerance, chest discomfort and palpitations were reported by nine, five and three cases, respectively. @entity339 was the most common @entity340 in @entity4789 . The youngest case of confirmed acute @entity4789 was an 18-month-old male. The only @entity1 with @entity4794 in the present series was a 4-year-old @entity1 . None of the @entity1 required surgical intervention, and there were no deaths. CONCLUSION: @entity6331 is common in very young age groups of <5 years. Pre-schoolers account for a significant proportion of acute @entity4789 and chronic @entity6331 admissions among @entity1 . @entity339 is the most common cardiac manifestation, @entity340 is distinctly rare in this age group. @entity337 , @entity1002 and @entity120 may complicate the course of @entity4789 in these very young @entity1 .

title: @entity6331 occurrence, patterns and clinical correlates in XXXX aged less than five years.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The effects of @entity3584 on dimensions and ultrastructure of microvascular beds in @entity35 mesentery were studied in two kinds of experiment, administering the fixative by intra-arterial perfusion at a pressure of 80 mm Hg and by superfusion of the exteriorized mesenteric membrane. The microvascular segments were observed by means of intravital microscopy and recorded on videotape before, during, and after @entity3584 reached the microvascular segment being observed. Vascular outer diameters were measured at exactly the same points before and after fixation; in Epon embedded whole-mounts; and in sections analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy, confirming positively the various segments of the microvascular bed and yielding information concerning the preservation of cellular components. Both experiments confirmed that neither perfusion nor superfusion of @entity3584 changes the outer diameter of any segment of the microvascular bed compared to the dimensions 5-10 sec before the blood vessels are reached by the fixative. They remain unaltered also after embedding in @entity990 resin. During superfusion, there is a 20-50 sec delay until the blood flow comes to a complete stop. This delay is assumed to give rise to the recorded small undulations of luminal endothelial cell membranes and slight buckling of the entire endothelial layer, probably due to a gradual fall in intravascular pressure. Occasionally, the ultrastructure of some endothelial cells is less well preserved after superfusion fixation. This study demonstrates that intraarterial perfusion of @entity3584 renders an instantaneous fixation of mesenteric microvessels, preserving the prefixation dimensions of the various segments and the ultrastructure of the cells. Superfusion of @entity3584 is slower in reaching the microvessels and may change slightly the appearance of the vascular wall, and cause some @entity73 , such as increased postcapillary leukocyte margination and extravasation.

title: Perfusion and superfusion fixation effects on XXXX mesentery microvascular beds. Intravital and electron microscope analyses.

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of microvascular functions']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: It is becoming increasingly apparent that there are important gender differences in normal cardiac physiology. These, in turn, could be associated with differences in the type and severity of @entity943 . @entity1 have higher resting heart rates than @entity1 , probably as a result of a combination of autonomic and intrinsic factors. The clinical significance of this observation is unclear at the present time. @entity1 have a lower incidence of @entity1164 , which could be related to the delayed onset of @entity453 in @entity1 , presumably as a result of the protective effects of female hormones during gestational years. In survivors of @entity1164 , there are major gender differences, with fewer @entity1 having underlying @entity453 and a greater percentage of @entity1 having structurally normal hearts. QT interval prolongation and @entity1166 are more common in @entity1 , probably on the basis of differences in ion channels between genders. @entity1 appear especially susceptible to Torsades from QT-prolonging drugs such as @entity5126 or tricyclic antidepressant medications. The mechanisms of paroxysmal @entity4710 differ between the genders, although therapy seems to be equally efficacious in @entity1 and @entity1 . Lastly, @entity955 is considerably more common in @entity1 . There is also some evidence that it is better tolerated by @entity1 .

title: The influence of gender on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['supraventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1166 :: ('MESH:D016171', 'Disease') :: ['Torsade de Pointes']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['arrhythmias']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the types and clinical characteristics of traumatic @entity3439 (TSH). METHOD: One hundred and ninety-two cases of TSH were classified into four types: The types of resolution, steadiness, development and evolution on the basis of their clinical characteristics and dynamic observation of CT scanning. RESULTS: The @entity1 in the resolution type often occurred in the prime of life. They had normal intracranial pressure and good prognoses using the conservative therapy. The majority of the elderly @entity1 was in the steadiness type. Their main clinical manifestations included @entity10 , @entity1296 , @entity390 , vomit, abnormal mentality and so on. Generally, there was no positive nervous systemic sign related to TSH. The prognoses of @entity1 with the steadiness type treated by conservative therapy were satisfactory. The development type was common in the babies and @entity1 . This was mainly manifested as progressive @entity428 , mild @entity1158 , @entity2026 and abnormal mentality. The @entity1 with development type often needed surgical treatment and might die once in a while due to accompanying cerebral @entity260 . The evolution type was characterized by the polarized age, chronic @entity428 , often happening between 22 and 100 days after TSH and in the cases of small hydromas treated conservatively and mild accompanying @entity75 , which always have a good prognosis by the treatment of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism, clinical characteristics, treatment methods and prognoses varied with different types of TSH.

title: [Type and its clinical characteristics of traumatic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity3439 :: ('MESH:D006408', 'Disease') :: ['subdural hydroma']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['increased intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral damage']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['parenchymal damage or postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity3439 :: (MESH:D006408,Disease) :: ['subdural hydroma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1476 expression in @entity43 cells has been correlated with poor prognosis. This study attempts to assess the prognostic importance of stromal @entity1476 in @entity1 with @entity43 . METHODS: @entity1476 , @entity1476 activator, @entity1551 , and its inhibitor ( @entity1552 ) were immunostained in 84 @entity43 (EOCs) (35 @entity4348 [ @entity4348 ] and 49 @entity420 [ @entity420 ]). Results were correlated to pathological subtypes, @entity5 stage, grade, size, and to recurrence-free and @entity5 -specific survival. RESULTS: @entity1476 and stromal @entity1476 were detected in all @entity189 cells of 22.2% of EC and 77.8% of SC @entity5 . @entity1551 co-localized with @entity1476 . @entity1552 staining was weak and cytoplasmically distributed in all @entity5 . Univariant analysis showed expression of stromal @entity1476 significantly associated with advanced stage (P = 0.018), higher grade (P = 0.005), serous subtype (P = 0.02), smaller @entity5 size at operation (P = 0.001), and higher incidence of recurrence (P = 0.042), but not with the rate of @entity204 due to @entity5 . By multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, @entity1 survival and disease-free survival were significantly related to the presence of stromal @entity1476 in EC but not SC @entity1 (P < 0.05). However, after multivariant analysis, the associations with @entity1 age, @entity5 stage, grade, and size no longer existed. In stepwise selection, @entity5 stage remained the most important predictor of @entity1 survival and disease-free survival in ovarian EC and SC, but stromal @entity1476 remained the most important predictor of recurrence-free survival in @entity1 with EC. CONCLUSIONS: Stromal @entity1476 occurs early and may play a role early in EOC invasion. @entity5 stage and stromal @entity1476 are important predictors of disease-free survival.

title: Prognostic significance of stromal metalloproteinase-2 in @entity43 and its relation to XXXX progression.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian endometrioid and serous adenocarcinoma', 'ovarian cancer', 'primary epithelial ovarian carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['serous adenocarcinomas', 'SCs']

entities_list: @entity4348 :: ('MESH:D018269', 'Disease') :: ['endometrioid adenocarcinomas', 'ECs']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1476 expression in @entity43 cells has been correlated with poor prognosis. This study attempts to assess the prognostic importance of stromal @entity1476 in @entity1 with @entity43 . METHODS: @entity1476 , @entity1476 activator, @entity1551 , and its inhibitor ( @entity1552 ) were immunostained in 84 @entity43 (EOCs) (35 @entity4348 [ @entity4348 ] and 49 @entity420 [ @entity420 ]). Results were correlated to pathological subtypes, @entity5 stage, grade, size, and to recurrence-free and @entity5 -specific survival. RESULTS: @entity1476 and stromal @entity1476 were detected in all @entity189 cells of 22.2% of EC and 77.8% of SC @entity5 . @entity1551 co-localized with @entity1476 . @entity1552 staining was weak and cytoplasmically distributed in all @entity5 . Univariant analysis showed expression of stromal @entity1476 significantly associated with advanced stage (P = 0.018), higher grade (P = 0.005), serous subtype (P = 0.02), smaller @entity5 size at operation (P = 0.001), and higher incidence of recurrence (P = 0.042), but not with the rate of @entity204 due to @entity5 . By multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, @entity1 survival and disease-free survival were significantly related to the presence of stromal @entity1476 in EC but not SC @entity1 (P < 0.05). However, after multivariant analysis, the associations with @entity1 age, @entity5 stage, grade, and size no longer existed. In stepwise selection, @entity5 stage remained the most important predictor of @entity1 survival and disease-free survival in ovarian EC and SC, but stromal @entity1476 remained the most important predictor of recurrence-free survival in @entity1 with EC. CONCLUSIONS: Stromal @entity1476 occurs early and may play a role early in EOC invasion. @entity5 stage and stromal @entity1476 are important predictors of disease-free survival.

title: Prognostic significance of stromal metalloproteinase-2 in XXXX and its relation to @entity189 progression.

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Microtubule dynamics underlie spindle assembly, yet we do not know how the spindle environment affects these dynamics. We developed methods for measuring two key parameters of microtubule plus-end dynamic instability in @entity1238 egg extract spindles. To measure plus-end polymerization rates and localize growing plus ends, we used fluorescence confocal imaging of @entity70981 . This revealed plus-end polymerization throughout the spindle at approximately 11 microm/min, similar to astral microtubules, suggesting polymerization velocity is not regionally regulated by the spindle. The ratio of @entity70981 to microtubule fluorescence revealed an enrichment of polymerizing ends near the spindle middle, indicating enhanced nucleation or rescue there. We measured depolymerization rates by creating a front of synchronized depolymerization in spindles severed with microneedles. This front could be tracked by polarization and fluorescence microscopy as it advanced from each cut edge toward the associated pole. Both imaging modalities revealed rapid depolymerization ( approximately 30 microm/min) superimposed on a subset of microtubules stable to depolymerization. Larger spindle fragments contained a higher percentage of stable microtubules, which we believe were oriented with their minus ends facing the cut. Depolymerization was blocked by the potent microtubule stabilizing agent @entity28647 , but was unaffected by alpha- @entity70982 antibody and AMPPNP, which block catastrophe and kinesin motility, respectively. These measurements move us closer to understanding the complete life history of a spindle microtubule.

title: Microtubule plus-end dynamics in XXXX egg extract spindles.

entities_list: @entity28647 :: ('MESH:C011480', 'Chemical') :: ['hexylene glycol']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus']


abstract: Pulmonary arteries (PA) are resistant to the vasodilator effects of extracellular @entity520 in systemic vessels; the mechanism underlying this difference between systemic and pulmonary circulations has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that @entity20757 /Rho-kinase-mediated @entity141 sensitization pathway played a greater role in tension development in pulmonary than in systemic vascular smooth muscle and that this pathway was insensitive to @entity520 . In arterial rings contracted with the alpha1-agonist @entity2647 (PE), the Rho-kinase inhibitor @entity12223 (< or =3 microM) induced greater relaxation in precontracted PA rings than in aortic rings. In PA rings stimulated by PE, the activation of @entity20757 was greater than in aorta. @entity520 ( @entity520 ) induced a smaller relaxation in precontracted PA than in aorta. However, in the presence of @entity594 and @entity2426 , when PE-induced @entity2472 was predominantly mediated by Rho-kinase, the relaxant effect of @entity520 was reduced and similar in both vessel types. Furthermore, in the presence of @entity12223 , @entity520 induced a greater relaxation in both PA and aorta, which was similar in both vessels. Finally, in alpha-toxin-permeabilized smooth muscle, PE-induced @entity2472 at constant @entity141 activity was inhibited by @entity12223 and unaffected by @entity520 . These results indicate that @entity141 sensitization induced by the @entity20757 /Rho-kinase pathway played a greater role in agonist-induced vascular smooth muscle @entity2472 in PA than in aorta and that tension mediated by this pathway was insensitive to @entity520 . The predominant role of the @entity20757 /Rho-kinase pathway in the pulmonary vasculature may account for the resistance of this circulation to the vasodilator effect of @entity520 observed in the systemic circulation.

title: Effect of changes in pH on wall tension in isolated rat pulmonary artery: role of the XXXX /Rho-kinase pathway.

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis', 'NA', 'Normocapnic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['contraction']

answer: @entity20757 :: (117273(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['RhoA']


abstract: @entity4258 is a @entity1536 derivative with demonstrated activity against @entity6368 . The MIC90 against penicillinase- and non-penicillinase producing @entity6368 is 0.06 mg/l and 0.015 mg/l respectively. The drug is rapidly absorbed with a single oral dose of 800 mg producing peak serum levels of 2.45 mg/l. In this open, uncontrolled study, 70 @entity1 with laboratory confirmed, uncomplicated @entity281 with @entity6368 were entered to determine the efficacy and safety of a single oral dose of @entity4258 800 mg. Thirty-one males and 27 females were evaluated for efficacy with 34 males and 25 females evaluated for safety. @entity4258 cured all 31 urethral and two pharyngeal @entity281 in @entity1 . All 25 females with endocervical @entity281 and six with rectal involvement were also cured. The single treatment failure occurred in a @entity1 who had persistent pharyngeal infection. All isolates of @entity6368 were inhibited by 0.05 mg/l of @entity4258 . The incidence of adverse effects was 23.7% but all were mild, required no specific therapy and cleared without sequelae. In this study, @entity4258 proved to be an effective agent in the therapy of uncomplicated @entity2954 in males and females. It has previously been proven to be useful in the therapy of @entity2954 due to penicillinase-producing @entity6368 and the value of this drug as a first line choice in the treatment of @entity2954 is discussed.

title: XXXX in the therapy of @entity2954 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2954 :: ('MESH:D006069', 'Disease') :: ['gonococcal infections', 'gonococcal infection']

entities_list: @entity6368 :: ('485', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria gonorrhoeae', 'N. gonorrhoeae']

entities_list: @entity4258 :: ('MESH:D009643', 'Chemical') :: ['Norfloxacin', 'norfloxacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1536 :: ('CHEBI:23765', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolone']

answer: @entity4258 :: (MESH:D009643,Chemical) :: ['Norfloxacin']


abstract: @entity4258 is a @entity1536 derivative with demonstrated activity against @entity6368 . The MIC90 against penicillinase- and non-penicillinase producing @entity6368 is 0.06 mg/l and 0.015 mg/l respectively. The drug is rapidly absorbed with a single oral dose of 800 mg producing peak serum levels of 2.45 mg/l. In this open, uncontrolled study, 70 @entity1 with laboratory confirmed, uncomplicated @entity281 with @entity6368 were entered to determine the efficacy and safety of a single oral dose of @entity4258 800 mg. Thirty-one males and 27 females were evaluated for efficacy with 34 males and 25 females evaluated for safety. @entity4258 cured all 31 urethral and two pharyngeal @entity281 in @entity1 . All 25 females with endocervical @entity281 and six with rectal involvement were also cured. The single treatment failure occurred in a @entity1 who had persistent pharyngeal infection. All isolates of @entity6368 were inhibited by 0.05 mg/l of @entity4258 . The incidence of adverse effects was 23.7% but all were mild, required no specific therapy and cleared without sequelae. In this study, @entity4258 proved to be an effective agent in the therapy of uncomplicated @entity2954 in males and females. It has previously been proven to be useful in the therapy of @entity2954 due to penicillinase-producing @entity6368 and the value of this drug as a first line choice in the treatment of @entity2954 is discussed.

title: @entity4258 in the therapy of XXXX .

answer: @entity2954 :: (MESH:D006069,Disease) :: ['gonococcal infections']


abstract: There is little or no direct in vivo evidence in @entity1 to support the involvement of mast cell-mediator release in the pathogenesis of immediate @entity56 . We have performed a within-subject controlled study to determine the changes that occur in nasal mast cells during allergen-induced @entity2490 . Twelve subjects with asymptomatic @entity2490 were studied. Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained from each subject after a control solution (isotonic saline, 0.9% w/v) had been nebulized into one nostril and allergen solution (freeze-dried allergen extract reconstituted with isotonic saline) into the other. The tissues obtained were fixed in Carnoy's solution and stained with the @entity20780 AS-D @entity2863 esterase reaction (N AS-D CA ER). Mast cells were counted under light microscopy in the epithelium and lamina propria, and the integrity of each cell was assessed. No significant differences were found in the number of epithelial or lamina propria mast cells in biopsy specimens obtained after saline or allergen administration. However, the number of degranulated mast cells after allergen provocation (89%) was significantly greater than after instillation of control solution (15%) (p = 0.003). Changes of mast cell degranulation after allergen provocation were confirmed by electron microscopy. In six nonatopic, control subjects without @entity2490 , there was no significant difference between the percentages of degranulated mast cells after allergen provocation (25.8%) and instillation of saline (24.3%). This study provides direct in vivo evidence for allergen-induced mast cell activation in @entity1 .

title: Direct in vivo evidence for mast cell degranulation during allergen-induced reactions in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity20780 :: ('MESH:C029350', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-naphthol']

entities_list: @entity2863 :: ('MESH:C006972', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroacetate']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reactions']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the anatomopathological characteristics of @entity1494 . DESIGN: Descriptive anatomapathological study. SETTING: A university hospital department of gynecological surgery. @entity1 (S): Eleven consecutive @entity1 complaining of @entity2371 and @entity2531 . INTERVENTION(S): Laparoscopic partial cystectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of @entity1494 lesions. RESULT(S): Deep @entity1494 lesions were extremely heterogeneous, not only in any one @entity1 but also from one @entity1 to another. Bladder muscularis propria presented three aspects: [1] @entity1373 of the fibromuscular tissue (4/11); [2] simple dissociation of the smooth muscle fiber bundles with no veritable "disorganization" (4/11); [3] simple thickening of the interstitial collagen network, or @entity1463 (3/11). A histological adenomyotic nodule aspect was only observed in one @entity1 (9%). CONCLUSION(S): @entity1494 is an enigmatic disease. No hypothesis can be proposed as a single explanation for its pathogenesis.

title: Anatomopathological lesions of XXXX are heterogeneous.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder endometriosis', 'Bladder endometriosis', 'deep bladder endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2531 :: ('MESH:D013001', 'Disease') :: ['painful urinary functional symptoms']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder endometriosis']


abstract: Within the normal @entity1 epidermis only Langerhans and indeterminate cells express HLA-DR. @entity1 keratinocytes (HK), however, may also express HLA-DR in certain disease states characterized by mononuclear cell infiltrates. Previous studies have shown that HK synthesize HLA-DR in response to stimulation by @entity379 ). The purposes of this study were to define conditions under which cultured HK might express HLA-DR and to compare the HLA-DR synthesis of HK with that of monocytes. HLA-DR expression by HK as determined by indirect immunofluorescence of HK cultures was absent under standard low @entity460 conditions and remained absent with the addition of @entity460 , serum, mitogens, and supernatants from Pam-212 cells containing epidermal thymocyte-activating factor. HLA-DR expression in HK was induced by cocultivation with concanavalin A-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), but not unstimulated PBMC. This effect was time-dependent and directly related to the number of PBMC. HLA-DR expression was also induced in a time- and dose-dependent manner by addition of @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ) or by addition of recombinant INF-gamma but not by addition of interleukin (IL)-1 or @entity1199 . Induction by either @entity1503 or INF-gamma was blocked by an antiserum to INF-gamma. As determined by a semiquantitative immunoprecipitation technique, HLA-DR synthesis by HK was directly related to INF-gamma concentration. The pattern of HLA-DR peptides produced by HK was similar to that of monocytes, but the relative quantity synthesized was far less than that of monocytes.

title: Study of HLA-DR synthesis in cultured XXXX keratinocytes.

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['SS', 'supernatant from stimulated PBMC']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon gamma (INF-gamma']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: In this paper we present findings in the primary auditory cortex of @entity468 exposed for 2 h to a 115 dB SPL, 6 kHz tone at 36 days, 56 days or 118 days after birth. We evaluate the effects of age at exposure, amount of @entity393 , and time after induction of @entity130 on the functional reorganization of the cortical tonotopic map. We found a fairly sharp demarcation in the amount of @entity393 (20-25 dB) that caused cortical reorganization. For localized hearing losses, unmasking of excitatory contributions of neighboring frequency regions was found. For @entity468 showing reorganization of the tonotopic map, the frequency-tuning curve bandwidth at 20 dB above threshold at @entity1577 (BW(20dB)) increased with increasing threshold at @entity1577 . Threshold at @entity1577 , and BW(20dB) increased with time after exposure. Minimum spike latency was initially increased, but subsequently decreased with time after exposure at a rate that was two times faster in @entity468 with reorganized cortex than in @entity468 with normal tonotopic maps, to reach the same asymptotic value. Thresholds at @entity1577 were correlated with the peripheral @entity393 at near @entity1577 frequencies as estimated from ABR measurements. The correlation between BW(20dB) and @entity1577 threshold suggests that part of the reorganization could be due to 'residual' sensitivity of the high frequency neurons to not-affected lower or higher frequencies. However, for CFs above 6 kHz, the BW(20dB) for @entity468 with reorganization of the tonotopic map was significantly lower (on average 0.3 octave, P<0.05) than for @entity468 with normal tonotopic maps. This is not what one would expect in cases of pseudo-plasticity characterized by concurrent shifts in BW(20dB) and @entity1577 as a result of residual sensitivity to lower frequencies.

title: Changes in cat primary auditory cortex after minor-to-moderate pure-tone induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['hearing loss']


abstract: 1. Rates of protein synthesis in liver and muscle of 100 g male @entity35 were measured in vivo at 1 h or 4 h after injection of 2.5 mg of @entity2819 and compared with those from animals given carrier medium alone. 2. In post-absorptive @entity35 , @entity2819 for 1 h had no effect on either muscle or liver protein synthesis. After 4 h there was a decrease in both tissues, but this was only statistically significant in muscle. 3. In fed @entity35 , rates of protein synthesis were higher than those in post-absorptive animals, but the effects of @entity2819 injection were similar. 4. Re-feeding of post-absorptive @entity35 led to an increase in muscle protein synthesis after 1 h and 4 h. At 1 h this increase was not inhibited when plasma @entity2819 concentrations were maintained high by injection of the hormone immediately before feeding commenced, but at 4 h there was a small inhibition. 5. It is concluded that the action of @entity2819 in depressing muscle protein synthesis is time-dependent and requires longer than 1 h to develop. The failure of the hormone to alter the response to re-feeding for 1 h in post-absorptive @entity35 suggest that @entity288 are not important mediators of the acute stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by food intake.

title: Short-term effects of XXXX treatment on muscle protein synthesis in relation to the response to feeding.

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2819 :: (MESH:D003345,Chemical) :: ['corticosterone']


abstract: The neurotransmitter @entity750 ( @entity750 ) stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland via activation of central 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. The effect of @entity750 is predominantly indirect and may be mediated via release of hypothalamic @entity3318 ( @entity3318 ). We therefore investigated the possible involvement of @entity3318 in the serotonergic stimulation of ACTH secretion in male @entity35 . Increased neuronal @entity750 content induced by systemic administration of the precursor @entity2476 ( @entity2476 ) in combination with the @entity750 reuptake inhibitor @entity905 raised @entity3318 mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by 64%, increased @entity9210 ( @entity9210 ) mRNA in the anterior pituitary lobe by 17% and stimulated ACTH secretion five-fold. Central administration of @entity750 agonists specific to @entity10463 , @entity29235 , @entity14919 or @entity50568 receptors increased @entity3318 mRNA in the PVN by 15-50%, @entity9210 mRNA in the anterior pituitary by 15-27% and ACTH secretion three- to five-fold, whereas a specific 5-HT3 agonist had no effect. Systemic administration of a specific anti- @entity3318 antiserum inhibited the ACTH response to @entity2476 and @entity905 and prevented the @entity2476 and @entity905 -induced @entity9210 mRNA response in the anterior pituitary lobe. Central or systemic infusion of @entity750 increased ACTH secretion seven- and eight-fold, respectively. Systemic pretreatment with the anti- @entity3318 antiserum reduced the ACTH responses to @entity750 by 80% and 64%, respectively. It is concluded that @entity750 via activation of @entity10463 , @entity14919 , @entity50568 and possibly also @entity29235 receptors increases the synthesis of @entity3318 in the PVN and @entity9210 in the anterior pituitary lobe, which results in increased ACTH secretion. Furthermore, the results indicate that @entity3318 is an important mediator of the ACTH response to @entity750 .

title: Serotonergic stimulation of @entity3318 and XXXX gene expression.

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity2476 :: ('CHEBI:28171', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptophan', '5-HTP']

entities_list: @entity3318 :: ('81648(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['CRH', 'corticotropin-releasing hormone']

answer: @entity9210 :: (24664(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['pro-opiomelanocortin']


abstract: The neurotransmitter @entity750 ( @entity750 ) stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland via activation of central 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. The effect of @entity750 is predominantly indirect and may be mediated via release of hypothalamic @entity3318 ( @entity3318 ). We therefore investigated the possible involvement of @entity3318 in the serotonergic stimulation of ACTH secretion in male @entity35 . Increased neuronal @entity750 content induced by systemic administration of the precursor @entity2476 ( @entity2476 ) in combination with the @entity750 reuptake inhibitor @entity905 raised @entity3318 mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by 64%, increased @entity9210 ( @entity9210 ) mRNA in the anterior pituitary lobe by 17% and stimulated ACTH secretion five-fold. Central administration of @entity750 agonists specific to @entity10463 , @entity29235 , @entity14919 or @entity50568 receptors increased @entity3318 mRNA in the PVN by 15-50%, @entity9210 mRNA in the anterior pituitary by 15-27% and ACTH secretion three- to five-fold, whereas a specific 5-HT3 agonist had no effect. Systemic administration of a specific anti- @entity3318 antiserum inhibited the ACTH response to @entity2476 and @entity905 and prevented the @entity2476 and @entity905 -induced @entity9210 mRNA response in the anterior pituitary lobe. Central or systemic infusion of @entity750 increased ACTH secretion seven- and eight-fold, respectively. Systemic pretreatment with the anti- @entity3318 antiserum reduced the ACTH responses to @entity750 by 80% and 64%, respectively. It is concluded that @entity750 via activation of @entity10463 , @entity14919 , @entity50568 and possibly also @entity29235 receptors increases the synthesis of @entity3318 in the PVN and @entity9210 in the anterior pituitary lobe, which results in increased ACTH secretion. Furthermore, the results indicate that @entity3318 is an important mediator of the ACTH response to @entity750 .

title: Serotonergic stimulation of XXXX and @entity9210 gene expression.

answer: @entity3318 :: (81648(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['corticotropin-releasing hormone']


abstract: Two hundred cases of @entity0 were studied, with particular attention to adjacent non-malignant modifications considered by some authors as preneoplastic changes. @entity75 were recognized in 82% of cases. @entity1373 was present in 51.5% of cases and was more often ductal (83/200) than lobular (40/200). Microscopic cysts were noted in 72% of cases. Calcifications, easily identified by mammography were present in 20% of cases and were associated with @entity1373 in 4/5 of cases. The mean of @entity1 was 58 years. For comparative studies of histologic lesions the following age categories were evaluated: category I less than 50 years (57 @entity1 ), category II greater than or equal to 50 years (143 @entity1 ). @entity1137 , @entity3923 , and, to a lesser degree, sclerosing @entity3923 and @entity45 were more frequently associated with @entity0 in @entity1 younger than 50. Fibro- @entity3202 or lipomatous changes were more often found in the older group of @entity1 , as expected. @entity1463 @entity3923 was significantly more frequent in breasts with multifocal infiltrating @entity189 . Such changes must be considered as risk factors by pathologists when present in mammary specimens without @entity75 , and careful study should be undertaken to locate a possible in situ microscopic @entity189 . No differences appeared in lesions associated with @entity0 in @entity1 with or without a familial history of @entity0 .

title: [Breast lesions associated with XXXX . Study of 200 excision specimens].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['Atypical lobular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous lesions', 'Diverse proliferative lesions']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['Atypical hyperplasia', 'atypical hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['Sclerosing']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['macroscopic cysts']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['cancer of the breast']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low-dose allergen challenge (LDAC) may be a useful tool for studying the capacity of allergens to induce @entity32 in atopic subjects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lower airway inflammatory changes following repeated inhalation of very low doses of allergen (VLDAC) in non-asthmatic subjects with @entity2023 (NAAR) compared with mild @entity56 ( @entity56 ). METHODS: Fourteen NAAR and 11 @entity56 were seen out of the pollen season and had skin prick tests with common aeroallergens. Baseline spirometry (S) and @entity2710 challenge (MC) were done and blood and induced sputum (IS) differential cell counts were obtained. Each subject underwent VLDAC on four consecutive mornings with a relevant allergen. S, MC, and blood and IS samplings were repeated 6 h after the second and fourth VLDAC and one week later. RESULTS: Although there were, as expected, no changes in FEV1 or PC20 in either group, mean percentage eosinophils on IS were significantly increased in NAAR on day 2 of VLDAC and decreased in all but one subject on day 4, with a tendency to return to baseline levels one week later. In @entity56 , there was a non-significant trend for sputum eosinophils to increase on day 2; four subjects showed a decrease of eosinophils on day 4 of VLDAC. There was a correlation between eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels and eosinophil counts in NAAR throughout the study. There were no variations in other sputum cells or blood inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION: VLDAC can increase the percentage of eosinophils in IS of NAAR subjects without associated respiratory symptoms nor physiological modifications. A reduction in eosinophilic response despite repeated exposure, more common in NAAR subjects, suggests an adaptation process that needs to be further evaluated.

title: Lower airway inflammatory responses to repeated very-low-dose allergen challenge in XXXX and asthma.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['AA', 'allergic asthmatic subjects']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Genetic engineering of the major birch pollen allergen (Bet v 1) has led to the generation of recombinant Bet v 1 derivatives with markedly reduced IgE-binding capacity, but with retained T cell activating ability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the mucosal reactivity to rBet v 1 derivatives with rBet v 1 wild-type as basis for new therapeutic strategies for birch pollen @entity566 based on mucosal tolerance induction. METHODS: Outside the pollen season, 10 @entity1 with birch @entity2023 and mild @entity565 underwent four nasal challenge-sessions in a randomized, double-blind, and cross-over design, employing increasing doses of rBet v 1 fragment mix, rBet v 1 trimer, rBet v 1 wild-type and diluent (albumin). Nasal lavage fluids (NAL) were collected before the challenge-series as well as 10 min, 4 and 24 h thereafter. Nasal lavage fluid levels of tryptase as well as @entity1307 and ECP were measured as indices of mast cell and eosinophil activity, respectively. RESULTS: All 10 @entity1 tolerated the highest accumulated dose, 8.124 microg, when challenged with rBet v 1 trimer, eight with rBet v 1 fragments compared to one when challenged with rBet v 1 wild-type. No late phase reactions were observed. The change in tryptase levels (pre-challenge vs. 10 min) was significantly lower after challenges with rBet v 1 trimer and rBet v 1 fragments than with rBet v 1 wild-type. The change in @entity1307 /ECP concentration pre-challenge versus 4 h post-challenge was lower for rBet v 1 trimer and the change was significantly lower when pre-challenge versus 24 h post-challenge to rBet v 1 fragments and rBet v 1 wild-type was examined. CONCLUSION: The derivatives induced significantly fewer symptoms and lower mast cell and eosinophil activation than rBet v 1 wild-type upon application to the nasal mucosa. They could in the future be candidates for immunotherapy based on mucosal tolerance induction.

title: Nasal challenges with recombinant derivatives of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 induce fewer symptoms and lower mediator release than rBet v 1 wild-type in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['pollen allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Genetic engineering of the major birch pollen allergen (Bet v 1) has led to the generation of recombinant Bet v 1 derivatives with markedly reduced IgE-binding capacity, but with retained T cell activating ability. OBJECTIVE: To compare the mucosal reactivity to rBet v 1 derivatives with rBet v 1 wild-type as basis for new therapeutic strategies for birch pollen @entity566 based on mucosal tolerance induction. METHODS: Outside the pollen season, 10 @entity1 with birch @entity2023 and mild @entity565 underwent four nasal challenge-sessions in a randomized, double-blind, and cross-over design, employing increasing doses of rBet v 1 fragment mix, rBet v 1 trimer, rBet v 1 wild-type and diluent (albumin). Nasal lavage fluids (NAL) were collected before the challenge-series as well as 10 min, 4 and 24 h thereafter. Nasal lavage fluid levels of tryptase as well as @entity1307 and ECP were measured as indices of mast cell and eosinophil activity, respectively. RESULTS: All 10 @entity1 tolerated the highest accumulated dose, 8.124 microg, when challenged with rBet v 1 trimer, eight with rBet v 1 fragments compared to one when challenged with rBet v 1 wild-type. No late phase reactions were observed. The change in tryptase levels (pre-challenge vs. 10 min) was significantly lower after challenges with rBet v 1 trimer and rBet v 1 fragments than with rBet v 1 wild-type. The change in @entity1307 /ECP concentration pre-challenge versus 4 h post-challenge was lower for rBet v 1 trimer and the change was significantly lower when pre-challenge versus 24 h post-challenge to rBet v 1 fragments and rBet v 1 wild-type was examined. CONCLUSION: The derivatives induced significantly fewer symptoms and lower mast cell and eosinophil activation than rBet v 1 wild-type upon application to the nasal mucosa. They could in the future be candidates for immunotherapy based on mucosal tolerance induction.

title: Nasal challenges with recombinant derivatives of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 induce fewer symptoms and lower mediator release than rBet v 1 wild-type in XXXX with @entity2023 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Asthma is characterized by eosinophilic airways @entity32 with elevated levels of @entity3646 , @entity225 and sICAM-1, and reduced levels of @entity688 and @entity379 . Inhaled corticosteroids powerfully reduce airways @entity32 . OBJECTIVE: To investigate if eosinophil counts, serum eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and sICAM-1 levels, as well as serum and production of cytokines ( @entity3646 , @entity225 , @entity688 , @entity379 ) by peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) are useful markers to monitor therapy with inhaled @entity5023 (FP) in @entity748 @entity1 . METHODS: In a double-blind, 1-year study, 55 @entity748 @entity1 (aged 6-10 years) stopped inhaled corticosteroids for a mean period of 24 days and were randomized to receive either FP 200 microg/day (constant dose group), or a starting dose of FP 1000 microg/day with two monthly reductions to 500, 200 and 100 microg/day (stepdown group). Hyper-responsiveness, symptom scores and blood sampling were performed at 2-month intervals. RESULTS: Symptoms and hyper-responsiveness improved significantly in both treatment groups after reintroduction of FP. Eosinophil counts decreased significantly more during the first 2 months of FP in the stepdown group than in the constant dose group (P = 0.03). We found a trend towards a dose-dependent response in changes of eosinophil counts and serum ECP levels during treatment. Serum @entity3646 and @entity225 levels were undetectable in the majority of @entity1 . No significant effect of the dose of FP on the release of @entity3646 , @entity225 , @entity688 or @entity379 by Con A stimulated PBMCs was found. sICAM-1 levels did not significantly differ at any time point between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Serum ECP as well as peripheral blood eosinophils, cytokine production by PBMCs and sICAM-1 levels are insensitive markers in titrating and monitoring therapy with inhaled corticosteroids over a wide dose range in childhood @entity565 .

title: Influence of different dosage schedules of inhaled XXXX on peripheral blood cytokine concentrations in childhood @entity565 .

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity5023 :: ('MESH:C065382', 'Chemical') :: ['fluticasone propionate']

answer: @entity5023 :: (MESH:C065382,Chemical) :: ['fluticasone propionate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Asthma is characterized by eosinophilic airways @entity32 with elevated levels of @entity3646 , @entity225 and sICAM-1, and reduced levels of @entity688 and @entity379 . Inhaled corticosteroids powerfully reduce airways @entity32 . OBJECTIVE: To investigate if eosinophil counts, serum eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and sICAM-1 levels, as well as serum and production of cytokines ( @entity3646 , @entity225 , @entity688 , @entity379 ) by peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) are useful markers to monitor therapy with inhaled @entity5023 (FP) in @entity748 @entity1 . METHODS: In a double-blind, 1-year study, 55 @entity748 @entity1 (aged 6-10 years) stopped inhaled corticosteroids for a mean period of 24 days and were randomized to receive either FP 200 microg/day (constant dose group), or a starting dose of FP 1000 microg/day with two monthly reductions to 500, 200 and 100 microg/day (stepdown group). Hyper-responsiveness, symptom scores and blood sampling were performed at 2-month intervals. RESULTS: Symptoms and hyper-responsiveness improved significantly in both treatment groups after reintroduction of FP. Eosinophil counts decreased significantly more during the first 2 months of FP in the stepdown group than in the constant dose group (P = 0.03). We found a trend towards a dose-dependent response in changes of eosinophil counts and serum ECP levels during treatment. Serum @entity3646 and @entity225 levels were undetectable in the majority of @entity1 . No significant effect of the dose of FP on the release of @entity3646 , @entity225 , @entity688 or @entity379 by Con A stimulated PBMCs was found. sICAM-1 levels did not significantly differ at any time point between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Serum ECP as well as peripheral blood eosinophils, cytokine production by PBMCs and sICAM-1 levels are insensitive markers in titrating and monitoring therapy with inhaled corticosteroids over a wide dose range in childhood @entity565 .

title: Influence of different dosage schedules of inhaled @entity5023 on peripheral blood cytokine concentrations in childhood XXXX .

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In plants, @entity460 ( @entity141 ) has emerged as an important messenger mediating the action of many hormonal and environmental signals, including biotic and abiotic stresses. Many different signals raise cytosolic @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]cyt), which in turn is thought to regulate cellular and developmental processes via @entity141 -binding proteins. Three out of the four classes of @entity141 -binding proteins in plants contain @entity141 -binding EF-hand motif(s). This motif is a conserved helix-loop-helix structure that can bind a single @entity141 ion. To identify all EF-hand-containing proteins in @entity958 , we analyzed its completed genome sequence for genes encoding EF-hand-containing proteins. RESULTS: A maximum of 250 proteins possibly having EF-hands were identified. Diverse proteins, including enzymes, proteins involved in transcription and translation, protein- and nucleic-acid-binding proteins and a large number of unknown proteins, have one or more putative EF-hands. Phylogenetic analysis identified six major groups that contain some families of proteins. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of EF-hand motif(s) in a diversity of proteins is consistent with the involvement of @entity141 in regulating many cellular and developmental processes. Thus far, only 47 of the possible 250 EF-hand proteins have been reported in the literature. Various domains that we identified in many of the uncharacterized EF-hand-containing proteins should help in elucidating their cellular role(s). Our analyses suggest that the @entity141 messenger system is widely used in plants and that EF-hand-containing proteins are likely to be the key transducers mediating @entity141 action.

title: Analysis of EF-hand-containing proteins in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: @entity34360 (beta-END) a product of the proopiomelanocortin ( @entity9210 ) has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of metabolic and autonomic responses. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in cardiovascular control. Previous studies conducted in our laboratory using anesthetized animals investigated the actions of beta-END and other @entity9210 derived peptides on sympathetic and cardiovascular dynamics. In this study, we determined both the acute and chronic effects of beta-END on cardiovascular and behavioral dynamics in conscious unrestrained @entity35 using radio-telemetry. Animals were instrumented with a radio-telemetry transmitter in the abdominal cavity and the attached catheter inserted into the femoral artery for recording of cardiovascular dynamics and activity. They were subsequently implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas. The acute ICV administration of beta-END significantly increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and @entity299 ( @entity299 ) compared to controls. The cardiovascular responses returned toward control levels after 2 h. In contrast, the chronic infusion of beta-END significantly decreased the MAP and @entity299 during both the active and inactive phase. Chronic beta-END administration also decreased physical activity. Food intake was increased initially and later declined and water consumption followed a similar pattern. We conclude that in the conscious unrestrained animal the acute administration of beta-END increases MAP and @entity299 while the chronic infusion of beta-END decreases MAP, @entity299 , physical activity, and stimulate a short-term increase in food and water intake.

title: The effects of beta-endorphin (beta-END) on cardiovascular and behavioral dynamics in conscious XXXX .

entities_list: @entity34360 :: ('MESH:D001615', 'Chemical') :: ['Beta-endorphin']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart rate', 'HR']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Whereas the epidemic form of @entity8327 has been rare in the 20th century, the sporadic form has a wide distribution as a consequence of therapy with ergot-derivative drugs. Favourable prognosis of the condition, with complete recovery from the @entity63 peripheral circulatory disorders can be obtained by early diagnosis. Precise evaluation of the history, with recognition of treatment of @entity2704 or @entity548 with ergot alkaloids, can be determinative in diagnosis. The specific pattern of the angiographic findings, as we saw it in 6 cases within the last 4 years, decisively confirms the diagnosis. We could demonstrate thread-, thorn- and hour glass-like narrowing of the vessels, due to @entity2473 . Total occlusion with the development of collaterals may occur, but we saw no @entity715 formation. The stenotic arterial segments had smooth margins. The distribution of the involved arteries was more focal than generalized and more peripheral than central. In two cases @entity2473 could be abolished immediately by a pharmaceutical (i.a. injection of @entity6116 ) or by anesthetic procedures ( @entity1508 ). The phenomenologic data, together with the complete reversal of the circulatory @entity63 after therapy (particularly the absolute ban of ergots) in most cases, is so specific that other diseases of @entity63 nature ( @entity999 , @entity4288 , @entity2119 , @entity1373 ) can be excluded.

title: [Vascular changes in sporadic XXXX . Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and diagnosis with particular consideration of angiographic documentation].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['postpartum hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic disorders', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['fibromuscular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity6116 :: ('MESH:D014043', 'Chemical') :: ['tolazoline']

entities_list: @entity2704 :: ('MESH:D008881', 'Disease') :: ['migraine headache']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity2119 :: ('MESH:D013919', 'Disease') :: ["Buerger's disease"]

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity8327 :: (MESH:D004881,Disease) :: ['ergotism']


abstract: Mildly @entity9503 @entity35 develop @entity3449 -dependent @entity101 and @entity8 . @entity5052 might also induce changes in glomerular hemodynamics. Micropuncture experiments under deep anesthesia were performed in @entity35 fed a low-salt diet ( @entity8433 group), fed a low-salt diet and treated with @entity32886 (OA/ @entity8433 group), and fed a low-salt diet and treated with @entity32886 + @entity208 (OA/ @entity8433 /AP group) for 5 wk. The OA/ @entity8433 group developed @entity5052 and @entity101 compared with the @entity8433 group: 3.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (P < 0.01) and 143 +/- 4 vs. 126 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.01). @entity9503 @entity35 developed increased glomerular capillary pressure compared with the @entity8433 @entity35 : 56.7 +/- 1.2 vs. 51.9 +/- 1.4 mmHg (P < 0.05). Pre- and postglomerular resistances were not increased. Histology showed afferent arteriolar thickening with increased alpha-smooth muscle actin staining of the media. @entity208 prevented @entity5052 (1.14 +/- 0.2 mg/dl), systemic (121.8 +/- 2.8 mmHg) and @entity8 (50.1 +/- 0.8 mmHg), and arteriolopathy in @entity32886 -treated @entity35 . Linear regression analysis showed that glomerular capillary pressure and arteriolar thickening correlated positively with serum @entity414 and systolic blood pressure. Glomerular @entity101 may be partially mediated by an abnormal vascular response to systemic @entity101 due to arteriolopathy of the afferent arteriole.

title: Mild @entity5052 induces XXXX in normal @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity9503 :: ('MESH:C537696', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemic', 'Hyperuricemic']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial renal disease', 'glomerular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity32886 :: ('MESH:D010094', 'Chemical') :: ['oxonic acid']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia', 'Hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity208 :: ('MESH:D000493', 'Chemical') :: ['allopurinol', 'Allopurinol']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular hypertension']


abstract: Mildly @entity9503 @entity35 develop @entity3449 -dependent @entity101 and @entity8 . @entity5052 might also induce changes in glomerular hemodynamics. Micropuncture experiments under deep anesthesia were performed in @entity35 fed a low-salt diet ( @entity8433 group), fed a low-salt diet and treated with @entity32886 (OA/ @entity8433 group), and fed a low-salt diet and treated with @entity32886 + @entity208 (OA/ @entity8433 /AP group) for 5 wk. The OA/ @entity8433 group developed @entity5052 and @entity101 compared with the @entity8433 group: 3.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (P < 0.01) and 143 +/- 4 vs. 126 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.01). @entity9503 @entity35 developed increased glomerular capillary pressure compared with the @entity8433 @entity35 : 56.7 +/- 1.2 vs. 51.9 +/- 1.4 mmHg (P < 0.05). Pre- and postglomerular resistances were not increased. Histology showed afferent arteriolar thickening with increased alpha-smooth muscle actin staining of the media. @entity208 prevented @entity5052 (1.14 +/- 0.2 mg/dl), systemic (121.8 +/- 2.8 mmHg) and @entity8 (50.1 +/- 0.8 mmHg), and arteriolopathy in @entity32886 -treated @entity35 . Linear regression analysis showed that glomerular capillary pressure and arteriolar thickening correlated positively with serum @entity414 and systolic blood pressure. Glomerular @entity101 may be partially mediated by an abnormal vascular response to systemic @entity101 due to arteriolopathy of the afferent arteriole.

title: Mild XXXX induces @entity8 in normal @entity35 .

answer: @entity5052 :: (MESH:D033461,Disease) :: ['hyperuricemia']


abstract: Mildly @entity9503 @entity35 develop @entity3449 -dependent @entity101 and @entity8 . @entity5052 might also induce changes in glomerular hemodynamics. Micropuncture experiments under deep anesthesia were performed in @entity35 fed a low-salt diet ( @entity8433 group), fed a low-salt diet and treated with @entity32886 (OA/ @entity8433 group), and fed a low-salt diet and treated with @entity32886 + @entity208 (OA/ @entity8433 /AP group) for 5 wk. The OA/ @entity8433 group developed @entity5052 and @entity101 compared with the @entity8433 group: 3.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (P < 0.01) and 143 +/- 4 vs. 126 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.01). @entity9503 @entity35 developed increased glomerular capillary pressure compared with the @entity8433 @entity35 : 56.7 +/- 1.2 vs. 51.9 +/- 1.4 mmHg (P < 0.05). Pre- and postglomerular resistances were not increased. Histology showed afferent arteriolar thickening with increased alpha-smooth muscle actin staining of the media. @entity208 prevented @entity5052 (1.14 +/- 0.2 mg/dl), systemic (121.8 +/- 2.8 mmHg) and @entity8 (50.1 +/- 0.8 mmHg), and arteriolopathy in @entity32886 -treated @entity35 . Linear regression analysis showed that glomerular capillary pressure and arteriolar thickening correlated positively with serum @entity414 and systolic blood pressure. Glomerular @entity101 may be partially mediated by an abnormal vascular response to systemic @entity101 due to arteriolopathy of the afferent arteriole.

title: Mild @entity5052 induces @entity8 in normal XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Progressive expansion of mesangial matrix and @entity8 membrane thickening represent alterations in the balance between synthesis and degradation of glomerular extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and are hallmarks of @entity2316 . In order to elucidate the basis for this imbalance between the synthesis and the degradation of ECM in renal tissues from @entity1 of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) with @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ), we examined the expression of alpha1 chain of type IV collagen (IV-C), matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -3 ( @entity1476 , @entity1549 ), @entity2843 ( @entity2843 ) and @entity217 mRNA using a high-resolution in situ hybridization with @entity1859 -labeled oligonucleotide. METHODS: @entity1 were divided into two groups based on both of degree of mesangial expansion using electron microscopic point counting morphometric methods and duration of @entity6 : 7 'fast-track' @entity1 were selected for their very rapid development of @entity2316 structural changes and 8 'slow-track' @entity1 for their very slow development of @entity2316 structural changes. Seven normal @entity1 kidney (NHK) tissues were used as controls. RESULTS: Positive cells for each mRNA were observed in glomerular resident cells, including glomerular mesangial, epithelial and endothelial cells and cells of Bowman's capsule. The percentage of glomerular cells positive for IV-C, @entity1476 and @entity1549 mRNA was significantly greater in the 'slow-track' vs. 'fast-track' @entity1 . No significant differences in percentage positive cells was seen for @entity217 mRNA. Furthermore, to elucidate the total number of positive cells per glomerulus for each mRNA, we estimated total cell number of glomerulus using morphometric techniques on light microscopy tissues. The total cell number per glomerulus was significantly greater in 'fast-track' than that in 'slow-track' @entity1 and NHK. The total number of positive cells per glomerulus for @entity1476 in NHK was significantly greater than that in 'slow-track' and 'fast-track' @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Thus, IV-C, @entity1476 , @entity1549 and @entity2843 mRNA are expressed in resident glomerular cells in renal tissues from NHK and @entity6 . Glomerular alterations in these in situ mRNA expressions sufficient to explain ECM accumulation and @entity2316 risk were not uncovered. These largely negative results could be due to methodologic quantitative imprecision or could indicate that post-translational differences account for ECM imbalance in @entity2316 . However, these studies make it clear that unraveling the nature of the ECM production/removal imbalance in @entity2316 will require careful consideration of alterations in glomerular cell number.

title: Renal in situ hybridization studies of extracellular matrix related molecules in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular basement']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'type 1D']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN']

entities_list: @entity1859 :: ('MESH:D004076', 'Chemical') :: ['digoxigenin']

entities_list: @entity2843 :: ('7076', 'Gene') :: ['TIMP-1', 'tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 1 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: During haemodialysis (HD) ultrafiltration may affect the central blood volume to an extent that blood pressure decreases. Thoracic electrical impedance (TI) is applied to monitor the central blood volume and we evaluated if it can be used to predict HD-induced @entity551 . METHODS: In 12 @entity551 prone (H) and 13 non- @entity551 prone (N) @entity1 , blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during one dialysis session every 30 min, while TI, thoracic intracellular water (Th(ICW)) and @entity348 ( @entity348 ) were followed every 10 min. @entity551 was defined as a @entity551 ( @entity28577 ) >/=30 mm Hg or a @entity16689 mm Hg. RESULTS: All 12 H @entity1 developed @entity551 after 190 +/- 10 min (mean +/- SE) as @entity28577 decreased 35 +/- 5 mm Hg, while the 13 N @entity1 maintained blood pressure. @entity348 increased in all @entity1 and the increase was similar (60 +/- 5 and 56 +/- 6 Omega in H and N @entity1 , respectively). In N @entity1 TI did not change significantly for the first 2 h of HD, while it became elevated by 2.8 +/- 0.6 Omega (1.5 kHz) and 2.3 +/- 0.7 Omega (100 kHz) by the end of the dialysis. In H @entity1 , the increase in TI took place at the onset of HD to reach higher values (by 7.0 +/- 0.5 Omega at 1.5 kHz and 5.9 +/- 0.5 Omega at 100 kHz). Th(ICW) was changed only in H @entity1 (decreased by 7.9 +/- 2.1 Siemens (S) 10(-4), p < 0.05), while HR increased (9 +/- 2 beats/min) in 8 of 12 H @entity1 , while it decreased in 1 @entity1 (by 9 beats/min). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that in HD @entity1 @entity551 is elicited by a reduction in the central blood volume that affects heart rate and the distribution of red cells within the body. To prevent HD-induced hypotention, the ultrafiltration rate could be reduced when an increase in thoracic impedance approaches 5 Omega, or when an index of intracellular water decreases by 6 10(-4).

title: Can haemodialysis-induced XXXX be predicted?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'total body impedance']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive', 'Hypotension', 'decrease in systolic blood pressure', 'hypotension']

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['hypotension']


abstract: Fifty @entity1 with massive @entity360 were initially managed with emergency angiography. The average age was 67.2; mean hematocrit, 23.7; and average transfusion, 7.6 units. Thirty-six @entity1 (72%) had @entity548 site located; @entity548 sites were distributed throughout the colon. Etiologies of @entity548 included @entity66 (19 @entity1 ) and @entity2758 (15 @entity1 ). Twenty of 22 (91%) @entity1 receiving selective intra-arterial @entity3488 stopped @entity548 ; however, 50% rebled on cessation of @entity3488 . Thirty-five of 50 (70%) @entity1 underwent surgery, with 57% operated on electively after @entity3488 therapy. Seventeen @entity1 had segmental colectomy, with no rebleeding. Nine of the 17 @entity1 had @entity66 in the remaining colon. Operative morbidity in these 35 @entity1 was significantly improved when compared to previously reported @entity1 undergoing emergency subtotal colectomy without angiography (8.6% vs. 37%) (p less than 0.02). Emergency angiography successfully locates the @entity548 site, allowing for segmental colectomy. @entity3488 infusion transiently halts @entity548 , permitting elective surgery in many instances.

title: Impact of emergency angiography in massive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformations']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diverticular disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['lower gastrointestinal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3488 :: ('551', 'Gene') :: ['vasopressin', 'Vasopressin']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['lower gastrointestinal bleeding']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of treatment with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for @entity7935 -induced severe @entity2150 . METHODS: HLA-compatible sibling (pregnancy) allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (Allo-PBSCT) was successfully performed for a @entity1 with severe @entity2150 caused by @entity7935 poisoning. 9.41 x 10(8) nucleated cells/kg, @entity19 x 10(6) CD(34) positive cells/kg and CFU-GM 8.2 x 10(5)/kg were infused. The @entity1 was treated with @entity786 (120 mg/kg), total body radiation (8 Gy) and anti-lymphocyte globulin (60 mg/kg) before transplantation. Donor buffy coat cells (9.02 x 10(8) nucleated cells/kg, 10.62 x 10(6) CD(34) positive cells/kg, 6.3 x 10(5) CFU-GM/kg) were infused again on day 18 after transplantation to prevent from graft failure. Graft versus host disease prophylaxis consisted of both @entity1499 and @entity205 . RESULTS: The lowest ANC was 0, the lowest platelet was 3 x 10(9)/L after transplantation. The @entity1 achieved an ANC of greater than 0.5 x 10(9)/L from 21st day, and the platelet of greater than 50 x 10(9)/L from 28th day after transplantation. Grade I cGVHD was found the fourth month after grafting. Examination of recipient's bone marrow cells showed a normal 46, XX (presumably marrow donor) karyotype. Blood group changed from B to O. CONCLUSION: This is the first case reported in China showing a successful treatment of @entity7935 -induced severe @entity2150 with allo-PBSCT. Allo-PBSCT may be an effective remedy for this kind of @entity1 .

title: [The treatment with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for @entity7935 -induced severe XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anemia']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['aplastic anemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of treatment with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for @entity7935 -induced severe @entity2150 . METHODS: HLA-compatible sibling (pregnancy) allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (Allo-PBSCT) was successfully performed for a @entity1 with severe @entity2150 caused by @entity7935 poisoning. 9.41 x 10(8) nucleated cells/kg, @entity19 x 10(6) CD(34) positive cells/kg and CFU-GM 8.2 x 10(5)/kg were infused. The @entity1 was treated with @entity786 (120 mg/kg), total body radiation (8 Gy) and anti-lymphocyte globulin (60 mg/kg) before transplantation. Donor buffy coat cells (9.02 x 10(8) nucleated cells/kg, 10.62 x 10(6) CD(34) positive cells/kg, 6.3 x 10(5) CFU-GM/kg) were infused again on day 18 after transplantation to prevent from graft failure. Graft versus host disease prophylaxis consisted of both @entity1499 and @entity205 . RESULTS: The lowest ANC was 0, the lowest platelet was 3 x 10(9)/L after transplantation. The @entity1 achieved an ANC of greater than 0.5 x 10(9)/L from 21st day, and the platelet of greater than 50 x 10(9)/L from 28th day after transplantation. Grade I cGVHD was found the fourth month after grafting. Examination of recipient's bone marrow cells showed a normal 46, XX (presumably marrow donor) karyotype. Blood group changed from B to O. CONCLUSION: This is the first case reported in China showing a successful treatment of @entity7935 -induced severe @entity2150 with allo-PBSCT. Allo-PBSCT may be an effective remedy for this kind of @entity1 .

title: [The treatment with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for XXXX -induced severe @entity2150 ].

answer: @entity7935 :: (MESH:D001554,Chemical) :: ['benzene']


abstract: The effect of @entity1091 on locomotor activity in @entity19 was studied and an attempt was made to elucidate the neuronal mechanisms involved. @entity13557 (200 mg/kg, i.p.) administered acutely or daily for 7 days did not affect locomotor activity. A single injection of @entity3826 at a low dose of 0.25 mg/kg (i.p.) markedly decreased locomotor activity but repeated injection of the drug produced hyperlocomotion accompanied by sniffing. @entity888 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), @entity1767 (0.02 mg/kg, i.p.), thyrotropin releasing hormone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or @entity3826 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) exerted a biphasic action in locomotor activity, i.e. an initial increase and subsequent decrease. This initial hyperlocomotion induced by these drugs, except for @entity3826 , was inhibited by @entity1091 (200 mg/kg, i.p. X 1) or a low dose of @entity3826 (0.25 mg/kg, i.p. X 1). The subsequent hypolocomotion was also attenuated by @entity1091 , but not by @entity3826 . @entity2645 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the hyperlocomotion induced by @entity888 . The inhibitory effect of @entity1773 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) on locomotor activity was attenuated after repeated treatment with @entity1091 (200 mg/kg, i.p. X 7) or @entity2645 (10 mg/kg, i.p. X 7). The results suggest that @entity1091 may inhibit dopaminergic neuron activities, probably not through an activation of presynaptic @entity935 autoreceptors.

title: Behavioral effects of XXXX on presynaptic sites of catecholaminergic neurons in the @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity13557 :: ('MESH:D018021', 'Chemical') :: ['Lithium chloride']

entities_list: @entity888 :: ('MESH:D008694', 'Chemical') :: ['Methamphetamine', 'methamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine', 'Imipramine']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity1773 :: ('MESH:D013747', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrabenazine']

answer: @entity1091 :: (MESH:D008094,Chemical) :: ['lithium']


abstract: The effect of @entity1091 on locomotor activity in @entity19 was studied and an attempt was made to elucidate the neuronal mechanisms involved. @entity13557 (200 mg/kg, i.p.) administered acutely or daily for 7 days did not affect locomotor activity. A single injection of @entity3826 at a low dose of 0.25 mg/kg (i.p.) markedly decreased locomotor activity but repeated injection of the drug produced hyperlocomotion accompanied by sniffing. @entity888 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), @entity1767 (0.02 mg/kg, i.p.), thyrotropin releasing hormone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or @entity3826 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) exerted a biphasic action in locomotor activity, i.e. an initial increase and subsequent decrease. This initial hyperlocomotion induced by these drugs, except for @entity3826 , was inhibited by @entity1091 (200 mg/kg, i.p. X 1) or a low dose of @entity3826 (0.25 mg/kg, i.p. X 1). The subsequent hypolocomotion was also attenuated by @entity1091 , but not by @entity3826 . @entity2645 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the hyperlocomotion induced by @entity888 . The inhibitory effect of @entity1773 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) on locomotor activity was attenuated after repeated treatment with @entity1091 (200 mg/kg, i.p. X 7) or @entity2645 (10 mg/kg, i.p. X 7). The results suggest that @entity1091 may inhibit dopaminergic neuron activities, probably not through an activation of presynaptic @entity935 autoreceptors.

title: Behavioral effects of @entity1091 on presynaptic sites of catecholaminergic neurons in the XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Mycelium vacuolization, protein degradation, and as the final stage autolysis, often accompanies developmental changes in fungi and similarities between autolysis and apoptosis have previously been suggested. Caspases are the key executors of apoptosis and in this study caspase-like activities were detected in protein extracts from @entity14940 during sporulation. This was shown by hydrolysis of the fluorescent DEVD- and IETD-AFC peptide substrates specific for caspase 3- and 8-like activities, respectively. These activities were repressed by the caspase 3 and 8 specific irreversible peptide inhibitors DEVD-fmk and IETD-fmk, but were not affected by the unspecific inhibitor @entity19258 . Isoelectric focusing of protein extracts followed by activity staining revealed the presence of two bands with caspase-like activity. One of the proteins degraded both caspase 3 and caspase 8 specific substrates whereas the other only degraded the caspase 8 substrate. Searches in an A. nidulans genome database revealed two genes encoding metacaspase proteins with predicted sizes of 45 kDa that could be responsible for the measured caspase-like activities. The searches also found a single gene encoding a @entity12874 polymerase (PARP) protein with a predicted size of 81 kDa. PARP is one of the known target proteins inactivated by caspase degradation in animal cells. Western blotting of fungal extracts using a bovine PARP antibody confirmed the presence of a fungal PARP-like protein of about 81 kDa. By Western blotting it was shown that this PARP-like protein band was present only at early time points until the start of conidia formation and the accompanying @entity2915 . Thereafter, a degradation product of about 60 kDa appeared indicating that the degradation of the fungal PARP-like protein was specific. The PARP antibody also recognized an 85 kDa protein band that was not degraded, and which conceivably represents a modified form of the 81 kDa PARP. Fungal extracts high in caspase-like activity could degrade both the fungal 81 kDa PARP and @entity291 PARP. In the presence of the caspase 3 inhibitor DEVD-fmk this degradation was delayed. Thus, as in animal apoptotic cells, caspase activities are involved in fungal mycelium self-activated proteolysis.

title: Activation of caspase-like activity and @entity12874 polymerase degradation during sporulation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12874 :: ('MESH:D011064', 'Chemical') :: ['poly (ADP-ribose)']

entities_list: @entity14940 :: ('162425', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['increase in caspase-like activity']

answer: @entity14940 :: (162425,Species) :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']


abstract: Mycelium vacuolization, protein degradation, and as the final stage autolysis, often accompanies developmental changes in fungi and similarities between autolysis and apoptosis have previously been suggested. Caspases are the key executors of apoptosis and in this study caspase-like activities were detected in protein extracts from @entity14940 during sporulation. This was shown by hydrolysis of the fluorescent DEVD- and IETD-AFC peptide substrates specific for caspase 3- and 8-like activities, respectively. These activities were repressed by the caspase 3 and 8 specific irreversible peptide inhibitors DEVD-fmk and IETD-fmk, but were not affected by the unspecific inhibitor @entity19258 . Isoelectric focusing of protein extracts followed by activity staining revealed the presence of two bands with caspase-like activity. One of the proteins degraded both caspase 3 and caspase 8 specific substrates whereas the other only degraded the caspase 8 substrate. Searches in an A. nidulans genome database revealed two genes encoding metacaspase proteins with predicted sizes of 45 kDa that could be responsible for the measured caspase-like activities. The searches also found a single gene encoding a @entity12874 polymerase (PARP) protein with a predicted size of 81 kDa. PARP is one of the known target proteins inactivated by caspase degradation in animal cells. Western blotting of fungal extracts using a bovine PARP antibody confirmed the presence of a fungal PARP-like protein of about 81 kDa. By Western blotting it was shown that this PARP-like protein band was present only at early time points until the start of conidia formation and the accompanying @entity2915 . Thereafter, a degradation product of about 60 kDa appeared indicating that the degradation of the fungal PARP-like protein was specific. The PARP antibody also recognized an 85 kDa protein band that was not degraded, and which conceivably represents a modified form of the 81 kDa PARP. Fungal extracts high in caspase-like activity could degrade both the fungal 81 kDa PARP and @entity291 PARP. In the presence of the caspase 3 inhibitor DEVD-fmk this degradation was delayed. Thus, as in animal apoptotic cells, caspase activities are involved in fungal mycelium self-activated proteolysis.

title: Activation of caspase-like activity and XXXX polymerase degradation during sporulation in @entity14940 .

answer: @entity12874 :: (MESH:D011064,Chemical) :: ['poly (ADP-ribose)']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between cognitive ability in childhood and mid-life @entity73 in the normal population. DESIGN: Longitudinal, population based, birth cohort study. @entity1 : 2058 @entity1 and @entity1 born in 1946. MAIN STUDY MEASURES: Ability in childhood measured by AH4 and test of verbal comprehension at age 15 years. Ability in adulthood measured by the national adult reading test (NART) at age 53 years. Outcome measures were decline in memory (word list learning) and speed and concentration (timed visual search) from age 43 to 53 years. RESULTS: Ability in childhood was significantly and negatively associated with decline in memory (beta = 0.09, P = 0.005, for @entity1 ; 0.10, P < 0.001, for @entity1 ) and search speed (beta = 0.13, P < 0.001, for @entity1 ; 0.08, P = 0.01, for @entity1 ), independent of educational attainment, occupational social class, and a range of health indicators. The adult reading test was also significantly and negatively associated with decline in these outcomes (for memory beta = 0.21, P < 0.001, for @entity1 ; 0.17, P < 0.001, for @entity1 ; and for search speed beta = -0.05 for @entity1 ; 0.10, P = 0.008 for @entity1 ) independent of educational attainment, social class, and childhood ability. CONCLUSIONS: Ability in childhood can protect against @entity73 in mid-life and beyond. Results for the adult reading test indicate that the protective effect of ability may also be acquired in adulthood.

title: XXXX in childhood and @entity73 in mid-life: longitudinal birth cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['Cognitive ability']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between cognitive ability in childhood and mid-life @entity73 in the normal population. DESIGN: Longitudinal, population based, birth cohort study. @entity1 : 2058 @entity1 and @entity1 born in 1946. MAIN STUDY MEASURES: Ability in childhood measured by AH4 and test of verbal comprehension at age 15 years. Ability in adulthood measured by the national adult reading test (NART) at age 53 years. Outcome measures were decline in memory (word list learning) and speed and concentration (timed visual search) from age 43 to 53 years. RESULTS: Ability in childhood was significantly and negatively associated with decline in memory (beta = 0.09, P = 0.005, for @entity1 ; 0.10, P < 0.001, for @entity1 ) and search speed (beta = 0.13, P < 0.001, for @entity1 ; 0.08, P = 0.01, for @entity1 ), independent of educational attainment, occupational social class, and a range of health indicators. The adult reading test was also significantly and negatively associated with decline in these outcomes (for memory beta = 0.21, P < 0.001, for @entity1 ; 0.17, P < 0.001, for @entity1 ; and for search speed beta = -0.05 for @entity1 ; 0.10, P = 0.008 for @entity1 ) independent of educational attainment, social class, and childhood ability. CONCLUSIONS: Ability in childhood can protect against @entity73 in mid-life and beyond. Results for the adult reading test indicate that the protective effect of ability may also be acquired in adulthood.

title: @entity73 in childhood and XXXX in mid-life: longitudinal birth cohort study.

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive decline']


abstract: The binding of C10 RNA oligomers to wild type and mutant @entity526 transcription termination factor Rho provides a model for the enzyme-RNA interactions that lead to transcription termination. One surprising finding is that wild type Rho binds between five and six C10 oligomers per hexamer with KD = 0.3 microm, and five to six additional C10 molecules with KD = 7 microm. Previously, approximately half this number of oligomer-binding sites was reported (Wang, Y., and @entity280 . H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13947-13955); however, the @entity47295 mutant form of Rho, thought at the time to be wild type, was used in that work. The present results with @entity47295 Rho agree with the earlier work. C10 binding with mutant forms of Rho that are altered in RNA interactions, bearing @entity535 changes @entity70983 , @entity50449 , @entity70984 , @entity65127 , or @entity70985 , indicate that the higher affinity binding sites constitute what has been termed the primary RNA site, and the lower affinity sites constitute the secondary sites. The binding data together with the crystal structures for wild type Rho (Skordalakes, E., and Berger, J. M. (2003) Cell 114, 135-146) support structurally distinct locations on Rho for the two classes of C10-binding sites. The results are consistent with participation of residues 33 A apart in secondary site RNA interactions. The data further indicate that not all RNA sites on Rho must be filled for full @entity24427 and transcription termination activity, and suggest a model in which RNA binding to the higher affinity sites leads to a protein conformation change that exposes the previously hidden lower affinity sites.

title: The binding of C10 oligomers to XXXX transcription termination factor Rho.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity50449 :: ('p|SUB|G|99|V', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['G99V']

entities_list: @entity280 :: ('MESH:D006623', 'Disease') :: ['von Hippel, P']

entities_list: @entity70983 :: ('p|SUB|F|62|S', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['F62S']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: Ductlike tubular complexes in @entity8629 -induced @entity788 and @entity3952 -induced @entity3210 were studied to analyze further their origin and development. Immunocytochemistry for pancreatic enzymes, lectin-binding studies, and ultrastructural investigations were combined with autoradiographic quantitation of labeling indices of ductlike cells in tubular complexes. In one group of @entity35 , @entity788 was induced by infusion of @entity8629 (10 micrograms kg-1 h-1). In a second group, @entity3210 was induced by intraductal injection of @entity3952 (50 microliters). The investigations were carried out at distinct intervals following induction of @entity660 . In both groups of animals, after 3 days, a significant widening of acinar lumina was paralleled by a decreasing height of acinar cells, which showed pronounced retrogressive changes. At this time, acinar cells bound all of the lectins used and retained their immunoreactivity for @entity9112 . At further intervals, acinar structures formed typical ductlike complexes, with a progressive loss of immunoreactivity for pancreatic enzymes and a reduced lectin-binding for @entity8689 and @entity10811 . Autoradiographic quantitation demonstrated no significant labeling of acinar cells undergoing tubular dedifferentiation. In both models, tubular complexes were removed by macrophages. It is concluded that lining cells in tubular complexes represent degenerating acinar cells that have no regenerative potency and have lost their secretory and membrane characteristics.

title: Tubular complexes in @entity8629 - and @entity3952 -induced XXXX in @entity35 : glycoconjugate pattern, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural findings.

entities_list: @entity9112 :: ('291437(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['amylase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and lipase']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity3952 :: ('MESH:D019301', 'Chemical') :: ['oleic acid']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic injury']

entities_list: @entity3210 :: ('MESH:D010188', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity8629 :: ('MESH:D002108', 'Chemical') :: ['cerulein']

entities_list: @entity10811 :: ('CHEBI:28800', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylgalactosamine']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: Ductlike tubular complexes in @entity8629 -induced @entity788 and @entity3952 -induced @entity3210 were studied to analyze further their origin and development. Immunocytochemistry for pancreatic enzymes, lectin-binding studies, and ultrastructural investigations were combined with autoradiographic quantitation of labeling indices of ductlike cells in tubular complexes. In one group of @entity35 , @entity788 was induced by infusion of @entity8629 (10 micrograms kg-1 h-1). In a second group, @entity3210 was induced by intraductal injection of @entity3952 (50 microliters). The investigations were carried out at distinct intervals following induction of @entity660 . In both groups of animals, after 3 days, a significant widening of acinar lumina was paralleled by a decreasing height of acinar cells, which showed pronounced retrogressive changes. At this time, acinar cells bound all of the lectins used and retained their immunoreactivity for @entity9112 . At further intervals, acinar structures formed typical ductlike complexes, with a progressive loss of immunoreactivity for pancreatic enzymes and a reduced lectin-binding for @entity8689 and @entity10811 . Autoradiographic quantitation demonstrated no significant labeling of acinar cells undergoing tubular dedifferentiation. In both models, tubular complexes were removed by macrophages. It is concluded that lining cells in tubular complexes represent degenerating acinar cells that have no regenerative potency and have lost their secretory and membrane characteristics.

title: Tubular complexes in XXXX - and @entity3952 -induced @entity788 in @entity35 : glycoconjugate pattern, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural findings.

answer: @entity8629 :: (MESH:D002108,Chemical) :: ['cerulein']


abstract: Ductlike tubular complexes in @entity8629 -induced @entity788 and @entity3952 -induced @entity3210 were studied to analyze further their origin and development. Immunocytochemistry for pancreatic enzymes, lectin-binding studies, and ultrastructural investigations were combined with autoradiographic quantitation of labeling indices of ductlike cells in tubular complexes. In one group of @entity35 , @entity788 was induced by infusion of @entity8629 (10 micrograms kg-1 h-1). In a second group, @entity3210 was induced by intraductal injection of @entity3952 (50 microliters). The investigations were carried out at distinct intervals following induction of @entity660 . In both groups of animals, after 3 days, a significant widening of acinar lumina was paralleled by a decreasing height of acinar cells, which showed pronounced retrogressive changes. At this time, acinar cells bound all of the lectins used and retained their immunoreactivity for @entity9112 . At further intervals, acinar structures formed typical ductlike complexes, with a progressive loss of immunoreactivity for pancreatic enzymes and a reduced lectin-binding for @entity8689 and @entity10811 . Autoradiographic quantitation demonstrated no significant labeling of acinar cells undergoing tubular dedifferentiation. In both models, tubular complexes were removed by macrophages. It is concluded that lining cells in tubular complexes represent degenerating acinar cells that have no regenerative potency and have lost their secretory and membrane characteristics.

title: Tubular complexes in @entity8629 - and XXXX -induced @entity788 in @entity35 : glycoconjugate pattern, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural findings.

answer: @entity3952 :: (MESH:D019301,Chemical) :: ['oleic acid']


abstract: Ductlike tubular complexes in @entity8629 -induced @entity788 and @entity3952 -induced @entity3210 were studied to analyze further their origin and development. Immunocytochemistry for pancreatic enzymes, lectin-binding studies, and ultrastructural investigations were combined with autoradiographic quantitation of labeling indices of ductlike cells in tubular complexes. In one group of @entity35 , @entity788 was induced by infusion of @entity8629 (10 micrograms kg-1 h-1). In a second group, @entity3210 was induced by intraductal injection of @entity3952 (50 microliters). The investigations were carried out at distinct intervals following induction of @entity660 . In both groups of animals, after 3 days, a significant widening of acinar lumina was paralleled by a decreasing height of acinar cells, which showed pronounced retrogressive changes. At this time, acinar cells bound all of the lectins used and retained their immunoreactivity for @entity9112 . At further intervals, acinar structures formed typical ductlike complexes, with a progressive loss of immunoreactivity for pancreatic enzymes and a reduced lectin-binding for @entity8689 and @entity10811 . Autoradiographic quantitation demonstrated no significant labeling of acinar cells undergoing tubular dedifferentiation. In both models, tubular complexes were removed by macrophages. It is concluded that lining cells in tubular complexes represent degenerating acinar cells that have no regenerative potency and have lost their secretory and membrane characteristics.

title: Tubular complexes in @entity8629 - and @entity3952 -induced @entity788 in XXXX : glycoconjugate pattern, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural findings.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']