abstract: There is still a considerable controversy about the usefulness of antiepileptic prophylaxis after @entity131 . Overall incidence of posttraumatic fits and @entity302 's is well known, but an individual decision on prophylaxis requires knowledge about the individual risk. We performed a prospective observational study on 612 @entity1 with @entity131 of every degree of severity. Follow-up by phone call included 96.2% of the study population after 6 month and 91.2% after 36 month, respectively. The overall incidence for early fits (within 7 days after @entity130 ), late fits (up to 36 month) and @entity302 (as defined by the International League Against @entity302 ) was 4.2%, 3.7% and 2.5%, respectively. These incidences increased according to the severity of the @entity130 , but the most powerful single predictor was @entity932 . There was no significant difference related to the @entity548 localisation. Development of @entity302 was much more common after late fits (48%) than after early fits (17%). These features established a hierarchy of risks for the development of @entity302 : no @entity932 /no fit: 1% (4/437), @entity932 /no fit: 8% (10/122), @entity932 /early fit: 16% (3/19), @entity932 /late fit: 53% (7/13). If prophylactic antiepileptic treatment is desired, but should be restricted to @entity1 at high risk. These are @entity1 with @entity932 --are a well defined high risk group--when their first fit is a late fit.

title: [Risk factors for posttraumatic fits and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Brain metastases reduce survival because therapeutic options are limited. This phase II study evaluated the efficacy of single-agent therapy with alternating weekly, dose-dense @entity2903 in pretreated @entity1 with brain metastases prospectively stratified by primary @entity5 type. METHODS: Eligible @entity1 had bidimensionally measurable brain metastases from histologically/cytologically confirmed @entity320 , @entity0 ( @entity0 ), or @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) were allowed. @entity1 received @entity2903 150 mg/m(2)/day (days 1-7 and 15-21 every 28- or 35-day cycle). RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat population (N = 157; 53 @entity320 , 51 @entity0 , and 53 @entity1149 ), one @entity1 had complete response, nine (6%) had partial responses, and 31 (20%) had stable disease in the brain. Median progression-free survival was 56, 58, and 66 days for @entity320 , @entity0 , and @entity1149 , respectively. Median overall survival was 100 days for @entity320 , 172 days for @entity1149 , and not evaluable in the @entity0 group. @entity882 was the most common adverse event causing dose modification or treatment discontinuation. Grade 4 toxic effects were rare. CONCLUSIONS: This alternating weekly, dose-dense @entity2903 regimen was well tolerated and clinically active in heavily pretreated @entity1 with brain metastases, particularly in @entity1 with @entity320 . Combining @entity2903 with WBRT or other agents may improve clinical outcomes.

title: Dose-dense XXXX regimen for the treatment of brain metastases from @entity320 , @entity0 not amenable to surgery or radiosurgery: a multicenter phase II study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'BC']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity2903 :: (MESH:C047246,Chemical) :: ['temozolomide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Brain metastases reduce survival because therapeutic options are limited. This phase II study evaluated the efficacy of single-agent therapy with alternating weekly, dose-dense @entity2903 in pretreated @entity1 with brain metastases prospectively stratified by primary @entity5 type. METHODS: Eligible @entity1 had bidimensionally measurable brain metastases from histologically/cytologically confirmed @entity320 , @entity0 ( @entity0 ), or @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) were allowed. @entity1 received @entity2903 150 mg/m(2)/day (days 1-7 and 15-21 every 28- or 35-day cycle). RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat population (N = 157; 53 @entity320 , 51 @entity0 , and 53 @entity1149 ), one @entity1 had complete response, nine (6%) had partial responses, and 31 (20%) had stable disease in the brain. Median progression-free survival was 56, 58, and 66 days for @entity320 , @entity0 , and @entity1149 , respectively. Median overall survival was 100 days for @entity320 , 172 days for @entity1149 , and not evaluable in the @entity0 group. @entity882 was the most common adverse event causing dose modification or treatment discontinuation. Grade 4 toxic effects were rare. CONCLUSIONS: This alternating weekly, dose-dense @entity2903 regimen was well tolerated and clinically active in heavily pretreated @entity1 with brain metastases, particularly in @entity1 with @entity320 . Combining @entity2903 with WBRT or other agents may improve clinical outcomes.

title: Dose-dense @entity2903 regimen for the treatment of brain metastases from @entity320 , XXXX not amenable to surgery or radiosurgery: a multicenter phase II study.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer, or lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Brain metastases reduce survival because therapeutic options are limited. This phase II study evaluated the efficacy of single-agent therapy with alternating weekly, dose-dense @entity2903 in pretreated @entity1 with brain metastases prospectively stratified by primary @entity5 type. METHODS: Eligible @entity1 had bidimensionally measurable brain metastases from histologically/cytologically confirmed @entity320 , @entity0 ( @entity0 ), or @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) were allowed. @entity1 received @entity2903 150 mg/m(2)/day (days 1-7 and 15-21 every 28- or 35-day cycle). RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat population (N = 157; 53 @entity320 , 51 @entity0 , and 53 @entity1149 ), one @entity1 had complete response, nine (6%) had partial responses, and 31 (20%) had stable disease in the brain. Median progression-free survival was 56, 58, and 66 days for @entity320 , @entity0 , and @entity1149 , respectively. Median overall survival was 100 days for @entity320 , 172 days for @entity1149 , and not evaluable in the @entity0 group. @entity882 was the most common adverse event causing dose modification or treatment discontinuation. Grade 4 toxic effects were rare. CONCLUSIONS: This alternating weekly, dose-dense @entity2903 regimen was well tolerated and clinically active in heavily pretreated @entity1 with brain metastases, particularly in @entity1 with @entity320 . Combining @entity2903 with WBRT or other agents may improve clinical outcomes.

title: Dose-dense @entity2903 regimen for the treatment of brain metastases from XXXX , @entity0 not amenable to surgery or radiosurgery: a multicenter phase II study.

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of @entity11830 in T2-weighted (T2W) fast spin-echo (FSE) and T2*W gradient-echo (GRE) sequences for characterizing focal @entity409 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 68 @entity1 , 46 malignant and 22 benign focal @entity409 were evaluated. Precontrast (NCE) T2W FSE images and contrast-enhanced (CE) T2W FSE and T2*W GRE images were obtained on a 1.5T MR system. Based on signal intensity (SI) measurements in focal lesions and liver parenchyma, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated for all sequences. The percentage of SI loss (PSIL) in focal lesions after contrast agent (CA) application was calculated for the T2W FSE sequence. Qualitative analyses were performed to assess image quality and lesion conspicuity obtained with the CE-T2W FSE and CE-T2*W GRE sequences. RESULTS: The mean PSIL was higher in solid benign lesions than in @entity5 (39.6% vs. 3.2%, P<0.05). With a threshold PSIL of 25%, the sensitivity and specificity for characterizing @entity5 were 97.8% and 92.9%, respectively. The mean CNR of the @entity5 was higher in the CE-T2*W sequence than in the CE- and NCE-T2W FSE sequences (29.9 vs. 22.7 (P<0.01) vs. 12.8 (P<0.01)). CE-T2*W images showed a superior image quality and lesion conspicuity (P<0.05) compared to the CE-T2W FSE sequence. CONCLUSION: The PSIL can be an accurate tool for characterizing benign and @entity5 . The addition of a CE-T2*W GRE sequence is helpful for the detection and characterization of @entity5 .

title: Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced liver MRI with ferucarbotran: efficacy for characterization of focal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver lesions']

entities_list: @entity11830 :: ('MESH:C065507', 'Chemical') :: ['ferucarbotran']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lesions']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver lesions']


abstract: AIMS: First delivery at an older age is not an uncommon event in modern obstetric practice. The present study was undertaken to compare the prevalence of postpartum stress @entity322 (SUI) according to maternal age and mode of delivery. METHODS: Fifty two consecutive elderly primiparae (mean age 40.0 +/- 1.8) who underwent spontaneous vaginal delivery, 42 consecutive elderly primiparae (mean age 40.7 +/- 3.6) who underwent elective cesarean section, and 92 consecutive young primiparae (mean age 26.2 +/- 2.5) who underwent spontaneous vaginal delivery were interviewed 1-2 years postpartum about the symptom of SUI. @entity1 who had SUI before pregnancy were not enrolled. Obstetric data were collected from computerized hospital records. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity59970 -2 years after spontaneous vaginal delivery was significantly higher in elderly compared with younger primiparae (38.5% vs. 9.8%, respectively). Elderly primiparae who underwent elective cesarean section had a significantly lower prevalence of postpartum SUI than those delivered vaginally (16.7% vs. 38.5%, respectively). Further comparison of stress-incontinent versus continent elderly primiparae failed to reveal significant demographic or obstetric differences, except for increased prevalence of SUI during pregnancy among incontinent @entity1 (45% vs. 19%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: First vaginal delivery at an older age carries an increased risk for postpartum SUI. Stress-incontinent @entity1 also had higher prevalence of SUI during pregnancy. This finding implies that the pathophysiologic process of SUI begins during pregnancy, prior to active labor and delivery. Nonetheless, elective cesarean section in these @entity1 has a protective effect and lowers the risk of developing postpartum SUI.

title: First vaginal delivery at an older age: Does it carry an extra risk for the development of stress XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['urinary incontinence']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity356 is the most frequent @entity1820 in Mexico. Only 33% of cases are resectable. Our aim was to determine the activity and @entity137 of the @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination in initially unresectable @entity5 and to determine its ability to permit resection. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with unresectable @entity356 were treated with @entity900 80 mg/m2, @entity2879 80 mg/m2, @entity4181 25 mg/m2, and @entity1487 800 mg/m2 by central intravenous catheter for 4 consecutive days. Two courses of this combination were followed by surgical resection. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 36.8% (20 partial responses and one complete response). By using logistic regression analysis, the @entity5 , node, and @entity3 stage (risk ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-4.02; P = .039) was identified as the response determinant to chemotherapy. Major @entity137 was grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 in 67% of @entity1 . Ten resections were performed (17.5%); five were curative and five palliative. Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 10%, respectively. The median length of survival was 7.46 and 13.3 months for nonresponders and responders, respectively (P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination is active in advanced @entity356 and the @entity137 level is acceptable. This treatment permits a 17.5% resection rate in previously unresectable @entity5 . A randomized trial of surgery vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery is warranted.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with P-ELF ( XXXX , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , @entity1487 ) followed by radical resection in @entity1 with initially unresectable @entity356 : a phase II study.

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric adenocarcinoma', 'Gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity356 is the most frequent @entity1820 in Mexico. Only 33% of cases are resectable. Our aim was to determine the activity and @entity137 of the @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination in initially unresectable @entity5 and to determine its ability to permit resection. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with unresectable @entity356 were treated with @entity900 80 mg/m2, @entity2879 80 mg/m2, @entity4181 25 mg/m2, and @entity1487 800 mg/m2 by central intravenous catheter for 4 consecutive days. Two courses of this combination were followed by surgical resection. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 36.8% (20 partial responses and one complete response). By using logistic regression analysis, the @entity5 , node, and @entity3 stage (risk ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-4.02; P = .039) was identified as the response determinant to chemotherapy. Major @entity137 was grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 in 67% of @entity1 . Ten resections were performed (17.5%); five were curative and five palliative. Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 10%, respectively. The median length of survival was 7.46 and 13.3 months for nonresponders and responders, respectively (P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination is active in advanced @entity356 and the @entity137 level is acceptable. This treatment permits a 17.5% resection rate in previously unresectable @entity5 . A randomized trial of surgery vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery is warranted.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with P-ELF ( @entity900 , @entity2879 , XXXX , @entity1487 ) followed by radical resection in @entity1 with initially unresectable @entity356 : a phase II study.

answer: @entity4181 :: (MESH:D002955,Chemical) :: ['leucovorin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity356 is the most frequent @entity1820 in Mexico. Only 33% of cases are resectable. Our aim was to determine the activity and @entity137 of the @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination in initially unresectable @entity5 and to determine its ability to permit resection. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with unresectable @entity356 were treated with @entity900 80 mg/m2, @entity2879 80 mg/m2, @entity4181 25 mg/m2, and @entity1487 800 mg/m2 by central intravenous catheter for 4 consecutive days. Two courses of this combination were followed by surgical resection. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 36.8% (20 partial responses and one complete response). By using logistic regression analysis, the @entity5 , node, and @entity3 stage (risk ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-4.02; P = .039) was identified as the response determinant to chemotherapy. Major @entity137 was grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 in 67% of @entity1 . Ten resections were performed (17.5%); five were curative and five palliative. Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 10%, respectively. The median length of survival was 7.46 and 13.3 months for nonresponders and responders, respectively (P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination is active in advanced @entity356 and the @entity137 level is acceptable. This treatment permits a 17.5% resection rate in previously unresectable @entity5 . A randomized trial of surgery vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery is warranted.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with P-ELF ( @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , @entity1487 ) followed by radical resection in @entity1 with initially unresectable XXXX : a phase II study.

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity356 is the most frequent @entity1820 in Mexico. Only 33% of cases are resectable. Our aim was to determine the activity and @entity137 of the @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination in initially unresectable @entity5 and to determine its ability to permit resection. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with unresectable @entity356 were treated with @entity900 80 mg/m2, @entity2879 80 mg/m2, @entity4181 25 mg/m2, and @entity1487 800 mg/m2 by central intravenous catheter for 4 consecutive days. Two courses of this combination were followed by surgical resection. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 36.8% (20 partial responses and one complete response). By using logistic regression analysis, the @entity5 , node, and @entity3 stage (risk ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-4.02; P = .039) was identified as the response determinant to chemotherapy. Major @entity137 was grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 in 67% of @entity1 . Ten resections were performed (17.5%); five were curative and five palliative. Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 10%, respectively. The median length of survival was 7.46 and 13.3 months for nonresponders and responders, respectively (P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination is active in advanced @entity356 and the @entity137 level is acceptable. This treatment permits a 17.5% resection rate in previously unresectable @entity5 . A randomized trial of surgery vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery is warranted.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with P-ELF ( @entity900 , XXXX , @entity4181 , @entity1487 ) followed by radical resection in @entity1 with initially unresectable @entity356 : a phase II study.

answer: @entity2879 :: (MESH:D005047,Chemical) :: ['etoposide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity356 is the most frequent @entity1820 in Mexico. Only 33% of cases are resectable. Our aim was to determine the activity and @entity137 of the @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination in initially unresectable @entity5 and to determine its ability to permit resection. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with unresectable @entity356 were treated with @entity900 80 mg/m2, @entity2879 80 mg/m2, @entity4181 25 mg/m2, and @entity1487 800 mg/m2 by central intravenous catheter for 4 consecutive days. Two courses of this combination were followed by surgical resection. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 36.8% (20 partial responses and one complete response). By using logistic regression analysis, the @entity5 , node, and @entity3 stage (risk ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-4.02; P = .039) was identified as the response determinant to chemotherapy. Major @entity137 was grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 in 67% of @entity1 . Ten resections were performed (17.5%); five were curative and five palliative. Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 10%, respectively. The median length of survival was 7.46 and 13.3 months for nonresponders and responders, respectively (P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination is active in advanced @entity356 and the @entity137 level is acceptable. This treatment permits a 17.5% resection rate in previously unresectable @entity5 . A randomized trial of surgery vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery is warranted.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with P-ELF ( @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , XXXX ) followed by radical resection in @entity1 with initially unresectable @entity356 : a phase II study.

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity356 is the most frequent @entity1820 in Mexico. Only 33% of cases are resectable. Our aim was to determine the activity and @entity137 of the @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination in initially unresectable @entity5 and to determine its ability to permit resection. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with unresectable @entity356 were treated with @entity900 80 mg/m2, @entity2879 80 mg/m2, @entity4181 25 mg/m2, and @entity1487 800 mg/m2 by central intravenous catheter for 4 consecutive days. Two courses of this combination were followed by surgical resection. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 36.8% (20 partial responses and one complete response). By using logistic regression analysis, the @entity5 , node, and @entity3 stage (risk ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-4.02; P = .039) was identified as the response determinant to chemotherapy. Major @entity137 was grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 in 67% of @entity1 . Ten resections were performed (17.5%); five were curative and five palliative. Operative morbidity and mortality rates were 40% and 10%, respectively. The median length of survival was 7.46 and 13.3 months for nonresponders and responders, respectively (P = .011). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , and @entity1487 combination is active in advanced @entity356 and the @entity137 level is acceptable. This treatment permits a 17.5% resection rate in previously unresectable @entity5 . A randomized trial of surgery vs. neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery is warranted.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with P-ELF ( @entity900 , @entity2879 , @entity4181 , @entity1487 ) followed by radical resection in XXXX with initially unresectable @entity356 : a phase II study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of serial sectioning is considered the gold standard for detection of @entity320 activity in sentinel node (SN) biopsies. However, this is cost and labor intensive. In contrast, @entity11442 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is simple and quick, but it is hampered by its extreme sensitivity. This study was performed to test whether a strategy that combines the two methods, using @entity11442 RT-PCR to preselect nodes for IHC, could be accurate and cost effective. METHODS: In 36 @entity1 , SNs were identified by scintigraphy and patent blue uptake. Of each SN, one cross section was analyzed first by @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining. Next, all nodes were examined by serial sectioning and IHC of one-half and @entity11442 RT-PCR of the other. Before comparison, all results were documented in a blinded manner. Material costs and workload estimates were noted per SN. RESULTS: Fifty-five SNs were retrieved from the 36 @entity1 . @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining of the first cross section revealed @entity5 positivity in 3 @entity1 (6 SN). @entity11442 RT-PCR was positive in 11 of the remaining 33 @entity1 (19 of 49 SN). Of these same 11 @entity1 , only 5 were shown to have @entity5 -positive SNs by using IHC on serial sections (7 SN). All these nodes had been positive for @entity11442 on PCR. For IHC, an average of 40 sections were prepared and examined per SN at a cost of  200(U.S.)/SN. In contrast, routine @entity11442 RT-PCR costs  37(U.S.)/SN, and takes 5% of the time necessary for IHC. A strategy including @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining on the first cross section, followed by @entity11442 RT-PCR on half of each negative (half) node, could preselect nodes to be taken through serial sectioning. In these series, such a strategy would have prevented serial sectioning and IHC of 30 SN from 22 @entity1 . Apart from a considerable gain in efficiency, this would have reduced material costs by a minimum of  6000 (U.S.). This discrepancy would be even higher if work intensity of analysts and pathologists were considered. CONCLUSIONS: In routine analysis of SN biopsies in @entity320 @entity1 , @entity11442 RT-PCR can be used effectively to preselect nodes for further IHC of serial sections. This method seems both time and cost effective.

title: Sentinel node biopsies in XXXX @entity1 : a protocol for accurate, efficient, and cost-effective analysis by preselection for immunohistochemistry on the basis of Tyr-PCR.

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['Hematoxylin', 'hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity11442 :: ('7299', 'Gene') :: ['Tyrosinase', 'tyrosinase']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of serial sectioning is considered the gold standard for detection of @entity320 activity in sentinel node (SN) biopsies. However, this is cost and labor intensive. In contrast, @entity11442 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is simple and quick, but it is hampered by its extreme sensitivity. This study was performed to test whether a strategy that combines the two methods, using @entity11442 RT-PCR to preselect nodes for IHC, could be accurate and cost effective. METHODS: In 36 @entity1 , SNs were identified by scintigraphy and patent blue uptake. Of each SN, one cross section was analyzed first by @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining. Next, all nodes were examined by serial sectioning and IHC of one-half and @entity11442 RT-PCR of the other. Before comparison, all results were documented in a blinded manner. Material costs and workload estimates were noted per SN. RESULTS: Fifty-five SNs were retrieved from the 36 @entity1 . @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining of the first cross section revealed @entity5 positivity in 3 @entity1 (6 SN). @entity11442 RT-PCR was positive in 11 of the remaining 33 @entity1 (19 of 49 SN). Of these same 11 @entity1 , only 5 were shown to have @entity5 -positive SNs by using IHC on serial sections (7 SN). All these nodes had been positive for @entity11442 on PCR. For IHC, an average of 40 sections were prepared and examined per SN at a cost of  200(U.S.)/SN. In contrast, routine @entity11442 RT-PCR costs  37(U.S.)/SN, and takes 5% of the time necessary for IHC. A strategy including @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining on the first cross section, followed by @entity11442 RT-PCR on half of each negative (half) node, could preselect nodes to be taken through serial sectioning. In these series, such a strategy would have prevented serial sectioning and IHC of 30 SN from 22 @entity1 . Apart from a considerable gain in efficiency, this would have reduced material costs by a minimum of  6000 (U.S.). This discrepancy would be even higher if work intensity of analysts and pathologists were considered. CONCLUSIONS: In routine analysis of SN biopsies in @entity320 @entity1 , @entity11442 RT-PCR can be used effectively to preselect nodes for further IHC of serial sections. This method seems both time and cost effective.

title: Sentinel node biopsies in @entity320 XXXX : a protocol for accurate, efficient, and cost-effective analysis by preselection for immunohistochemistry on the basis of Tyr-PCR.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sonographic appearance of normal prostate vascularity in @entity235 before and after injection of a new ultrasound contrast agent, @entity31546 . METHODS: Thirty-five intravenous injections of @entity31546 , in doses ranging from 0.00625 to 0.05 microL microbubbles/kg, were administered to seven anesthetized mongrel male @entity235 . Transrectal color Doppler imaging and power Doppler imaging were used to perform the assessment. The visibility of the vascular pattern of the prostate was assessed, including dynamics of contrast inflow, blood flow symmetry, and duration times. RESULTS: Before contrast administration, the vascular pattern was poorly visualized in all cases. After contrast injection, the visibility of the vascular architecture improved significantly for both modalities. Independent of the imaging method used, higher doses tended to be more effective than lower doses. Contrast kinetics in the prostate vessels was demonstrated with a mean time from injection of the ultrasound contrast agent to enhancement of the Doppler signals in the subcapsular arteries (+/-1 SD) of 13+/-3 seconds, and the ultrasound contrast agent reached the central periurethral veins 3 to 6 seconds later. A spokelike radial pattern of internal prostatic vessels observed with enhanced ultrasound could also be seen on @entity1346 microfil x-ray images. The Doppler enhancement persisted for a mean time ( +/-1 SD) of 904 seconds (approximately 15 minutes) +/- 225 seconds and tended to increase with increasing dose. CONCLUSIONS: @entity31546 significantly improves the detection of blood flow in the normal @entity235 prostate and allows more accurate depiction of the vascular architecture of the prostate.

title: Enhanced detection of blood flow in the normal XXXX prostate using an ultrasound contrast agent.

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) frequently received corticosteroid therapy, resulting in @entity2530 of the femoral head (ONFH). Prior studies demonstrated the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave treatment (ESWT) for ONFH.. This study evaluated the effectiveness of ESWT for ONFH in @entity1 with @entity1252 . We studied 39 @entity1 , including 15 @entity1 with @entity1252 (26 hips) and 24 controls (29 hips). To each affected hip we applied ESWT (6000 impulses at 28 kV in a single session). @entity1 were ambulated with partial weight bearing for 4-6 weeks. The primary endpoint was the need for hip replacement. The secondary endpoints were improvement in @entity158 and function and image changes on X-ray and MRI. @entity1 received total hip replacement in 12% of @entity1 with @entity1252 and in 14% of controls (P = 0.802). There was no statistically significant difference in @entity158 scores (0.86 vs. 0.89; P = 0.467) and function scores (89% vs. 91%; P = 0.194) between @entity1 with @entity1252 and controls. @entity1252 response to ESWT for ONFH is comparable with ONFH in @entity1 without @entity1252 .

title: Extracorporeal shockwave for hip necrosis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['hip pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: AIMS: This paper aims at presenting the most significant results emerging from the work carried out by the focus groups of the multi-centre Project SIEP-DIRECT'S. The Project is aimed at assessing the existing discrepancies between the evidence-based NICE guidelines for @entity161 and the usual practices of care given by Italian mental health services. Each focus group was requested to give an evaluation on: (a) appropriateness of the English NICE guidelines in the context of the Italian mental health services; (b) clarity and usefulness of the 103 indicators developed on the basis of the NICE recommendations to measure their level of application within the services. METHODS: In each of the 19 mental health departments or @entity146 services participating in the Project there were organized "multidisciplinary" focus groups and "specialistic" focus groups. The former included, amongst others, professional operators of the mental health services, @entity1 , their relatives, representatives of @entity1 organizations and general practitioners. They examined the recommendations and indicators upon which the @entity1 could express their opinion or judgment based on their knowledge, experience or information in their possession. The latter group, composed only of psychiatrists, examined the recommendations and indicators relative to pharmacological treatments that regarded the specific competences of their professional category. RESULTS: Most NICE recommendations seemed appropriate to the working context of the Italian services. However, some perplexity emerged as regards specific organizational models of the services, such as the specific services for @entity716 onsets or the assertive outreach teams, which were believed not to be strictly pertinent to the traditional organization of mental health care in our Country. There were also some criticisms regarding the cognitive-behavioural treatments which the NICE Guidelines recommend as the principle psychotherapeutic option for @entity1 with @entity161 , since in many Italian services, when the use of psychological interventions are needed, the tendency is to prefer interventions based on psychodynamic theories. The SIEP indicators were generally held to be clear and acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: In the view of the focus groups, the NICE guidelines are on the whole useful and suitable for orientating the services in the choice of more efficacious practices in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity161 . Moreover, the results obtained legitimate the use of the set of SIEP indicators for the evaluation of good practices and the quality of care offered by Italian services. Finally, the use of focus groups delines to a different context as well as the verification of the comprehensibility and applicability of SIEP indicators.

title: [The acceptability of the NICE recommendations for XXXX in the Italian Departments of Mental Health. The SIEP-DIRECT'S Project on the discrepancy between routine practice and evidence].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: The factors that determine the ability of some, but not all neurons, to sustain their axonal projections during aging remain largely unknown. Because sympathetic neurons remain responsive to nerve growth factor (NGF) in old age, it has been proposed that the selective decrease observed in the sympathetic innervation to some targets in aged @entity35 may be the result of a deficit in target-derived NGF. In this study we utilized two different techniques to demonstrate decreased target innervation by sympathetic fibers in the aged @entity35 pineal gland, which is an appropriate and relevant model for examining mechanisms of neuron-target interactions in aging. @entity669 hydroxylase immunoreactive profiles were quantified in pineal glands of young and aged male @entity35 . The density of @entity669 hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers was 30% lower in aged pineals, although the remaining fibers contained 20% more @entity669 hydroxylase-immunoreactivity. Othograde tracing of the pineal sympathetic innervation using biotinylated dextran revealed that average axon length, varicosity numbers, branch point numbers, and numbers of terminations were all decreased by approximately 50% in aged tissues, indicating possible functional deficits. These findings suggest that whole branches, along with their associated varicosities were lost in old age. A sensitive quantitative ribonuclease protection assay and a two-site ELISA assay were used to examine whether reduced NGF availability might correlate with sympathetic nerve @entity194 . No significant differences were detected in either NGF mRNA or NGF protein levels when comparing young and aged pineal glands, suggesting that @entity194 in aged sympathetic neurons is not causally related to reduced availability of NGF at the target. Our results indicate that mechanisms other than NGF expression need to be explored in order to explain the age-related axonal regression observed in this target.

title: NGF expression in the aged XXXX pineal gland does not correlate with loss of sympathetic axonal branches and varicosities.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyrosine', 'tyrosine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Treatment of cavernous dural @entity2548 (DAVF) is usually made by a transarterial approach. However, in many complicated @entity1 , treatments via transarterial approaches can not be achieved, and only an operation via a transvenous approach is feasible. We aimed to study the feasibility of transarterial embolization of cavernous dural @entity2548 with a combination detachable coils and Onyx to embolize a complicated cavernous DAVF via a transvenous approach. METHODS: From August 2006 to August 2007, six cases of complicated cavernous DAVF were embolized with a combination of detachable coils and Onyx via a transvenous approach. Three cases were male and the other three were female. Their ages ranged from 36 to 69 years old. The @entity292 was in the right lateral cavernous sinus in one case, in the left lateral cavernous sinus in another, and in the bilateral cavernous sinus in 4 cases. One @entity292 was fed by the right internal carotid artery and its meningohypophyseal trunk; one was fed by the branches of the left internal carotid artery and left external carotid artery; four were fed by the branches of the bilateral internal carotid artery and/or the bilateral external carotid artery. One case was drained via one lateral inferior petrosal sinus; three were drained via bilateral inferior petrosal sinuses; one was drained via one lateral ophthalmic and facial veins; one was drained via the inferior petrosal sinus and the ophthalmic and facial veins. Four were @entity999 , and two were embolized via the ophthalmic and facial veins. RESULTS: Among six cases of complicated cavernous DAVF, four were fully embolized with Onyx by a single operation, and two cases were fully embolized with Onyx following two operations. Transient @entity10 was found after operation in all @entity1 , but was cured after several days by the symptomatic treatments. In one case, the first operation via the inferior petrosal sinus was a failure; the feeding branches of the external carotid artery were embolized, and transient @entity3541 was appeared after operation. The @entity292 was fully embolized with @entity50 after two months with no complications. One bilateral cavernous sinus DAVF was embolized with @entity50 by two operations, and transient @entity2896 occurred after embolization. CONCLUSIONS: Because Onyx may be injected via a transvenous approach and the microcatheter is easily withdrawn, cavernous sinus via transvenous catheterization and embolization is a safe and efficient way to treat complicated cavernous dural @entity2548 , especially those for which operations via transarterial approaches have failed, or spontaneous cavernous dural @entity2548 .

title: Transvenous embolization with a combination of detachable coils and Onyx for a complicated cavernous dural arteriovenous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['embolized via the inferior petrosal sinus']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity2896 :: ('MESH:D020434', 'Disease') :: ['abducens nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous fistulas']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['Onyx via the inferior petrosal sinus']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistula']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hemispatial neglect is among the most common and disabling consequences of right hemisphere @entity64 . A variety of variables have been associated with the presence or severity of neglect but have not evaluated the independent effects of location, severity, and volume of @entity63 . Few have determined areas involved in different types of neglect. We identified the contributions of these variables to severity of viewer-centered versus stimulus-centered neglect in acute ischemic right hemisphere @entity64 . METHODS: We studied 137 @entity1 within 24 hours of @entity64 onset with MR diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging and a test of @entity132 that distinguishes between viewer-centered and stimulus-centered neglect. Using multivariable linear regression, we identified the independent contributions of severity of @entity63 in specific locations, volume of @entity63 , and age in accounting for severity of each neglect type. RESULTS: Severity of hypoperfusion in angular gyrus was the only variable that significantly and independently contributed to severity of viewer-centered neglect. Volume of dysfunctional tissue and hypoperfusion in @entity550 also accounted for some variability in severity of viewer-centered neglect. Severity of hypoperfusion of superior temporal cortex was the only variable that independently and significantly contributed to severity of stimulus-centered neglect. CONCLUSIONS: Location, severity, and volume of @entity63 together determine the type and severity of neglect after right hemisphere @entity64 . Results also show that perfusion-weighted MRI can be used as a semiquantitative measure of tissue dysfunction in acute @entity64 and can account for a substantial proportion of the @entity71 in the acute stage.

title: Severity of hypoperfusion in distinct brain regions predicts severity of XXXX in different reference frames.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity550 :: ('MESH:D000303', 'Disease') :: ['posterior frontal cortex']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['hemispatial neglect']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['variability in functional deficits']

answer: @entity132 :: (MESH:D010468,Disease) :: ['hemispatial neglect']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the long-term behavior of @entity14775 of the pancreas could be predicted using a novel, precisely defined classification of benign @entity8940 , noninvasive @entity14775 , and invasive @entity4347 . The primary interest was to obtain long-term follow-up after complete resection to determine the recurrence rates based on this objective classification. BACKGROUND: Current understanding is that all @entity14775 of the pancreas are potentially malignant and that @entity8940 , when completely removed, are biologically benign. @entity7157 are thought to be less aggressively malignant than @entity420 , but reported recurrence rates vary widely and are unpredictable. METHODS: All @entity1 who underwent "curative" resection for @entity14775 at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1940 to 1997 were identified. All available pathology slides, gross specimens, and clinical records were reviewed, eliminating @entity1 with inadequate documentation. @entity5 were reclassified as @entity8940 , noninvasive proliferative mucinous @entity5 , or invasive @entity7157 based on specific histologic criteria. RESULTS: Of 84 @entity1 (70 @entity1 , 14 @entity1 ) with @entity14775 of the pancreas, 54 were classified as @entity9296 , 23 as noninvasive @entity14775 , and only 7 as @entity7157 . Recurrent disease developed in none of the 77 @entity1 without invasion, but 5 of the 6 @entity1 surviving resection for @entity7157 died of recurrent @entity7157 within 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: When the @entity5 is completely resected and subjected to adequate histopathologic examination based on these objective criteria, absence of tissue invasion predicts a curative operation and detailed follow-up may be unnecessary. In contrast, a histologic diagnosis of invasive @entity7157 portends a dismal prognosis, similar to that of typical @entity1124 .

title: Clinical and pathologic correlation of 84 mucinous @entity5 of the pancreas: can one reliably differentiate benign from malignant (or premalignant) XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Neoplasms', 'cystic neoplasms', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity4347 :: ('MESH:D018282', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous cystadenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity8940 :: ('MESH:D018291', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous cystadenomas']

entities_list: @entity14775 :: ('MESH:D018297', 'Disease') :: ['cystic mucinous neoplasms', 'proliferative cystic mucinous neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity9296 :: ('MESH:D003537', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['ordinary ductal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7157 :: ('MESH:D003536', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenocarcinomas', 'cystadenocarcinoma', 'Cystadenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the long-term behavior of @entity14775 of the pancreas could be predicted using a novel, precisely defined classification of benign @entity8940 , noninvasive @entity14775 , and invasive @entity4347 . The primary interest was to obtain long-term follow-up after complete resection to determine the recurrence rates based on this objective classification. BACKGROUND: Current understanding is that all @entity14775 of the pancreas are potentially malignant and that @entity8940 , when completely removed, are biologically benign. @entity7157 are thought to be less aggressively malignant than @entity420 , but reported recurrence rates vary widely and are unpredictable. METHODS: All @entity1 who underwent "curative" resection for @entity14775 at Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1940 to 1997 were identified. All available pathology slides, gross specimens, and clinical records were reviewed, eliminating @entity1 with inadequate documentation. @entity5 were reclassified as @entity8940 , noninvasive proliferative mucinous @entity5 , or invasive @entity7157 based on specific histologic criteria. RESULTS: Of 84 @entity1 (70 @entity1 , 14 @entity1 ) with @entity14775 of the pancreas, 54 were classified as @entity9296 , 23 as noninvasive @entity14775 , and only 7 as @entity7157 . Recurrent disease developed in none of the 77 @entity1 without invasion, but 5 of the 6 @entity1 surviving resection for @entity7157 died of recurrent @entity7157 within 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: When the @entity5 is completely resected and subjected to adequate histopathologic examination based on these objective criteria, absence of tissue invasion predicts a curative operation and detailed follow-up may be unnecessary. In contrast, a histologic diagnosis of invasive @entity7157 portends a dismal prognosis, similar to that of typical @entity1124 .

title: Clinical and pathologic correlation of 84 mucinous XXXX of the pancreas: can one reliably differentiate benign from malignant (or premalignant) @entity5 ?

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cystic neoplasms']


abstract: Ionized @entity460 ( @entity141 ) appears to be required by the 3 predominant species of rumen cellulolytic bacteria, @entity15898 , @entity39989 , and @entity8294 . The present study evaluated the role of ionized @entity460 in growth and cellulose digestion. Maximum growth or rate and extent of digestion and lag time were the criteria used to evaluate @entity141 requirements. All cultures except @entity15898 A3c grew when repeatedly transferred in a medium without added @entity141 . As @entity141 concentration increased in cellobiose medium, the rate of growth increased and lag time decreased for @entity15898 A3c, whereas @entity26977 exhibited increases in both maximum growth and rate of growth. No responses in any of the criteria were observed for the ruminococci in cellobiose medium. Both strains of @entity15898 had an absolute requirement for @entity141 with cellulose as the only substrate. For @entity13330 c the requirement was 0.36 to 0.42 mM and for S85, >0.64 mM. Increases in extent of cellulose degradation occurred with all strains of ruminococci as @entity141 concentration increased; however, degradation in @entity141 -free medium was similar to that of @entity15898 with @entity141 . Although the ruminococci presumably have cellulosomes that require @entity141 in their structure, such was not evident in our studies. The function of @entity141 in cellulose degradation by @entity15898 is unknown, but may be related to the secretion or activation of their cellulolytic enzymes. Based on reported concentrations of @entity141 in the rumen, it seems unlikely that an in @entity8379 would occur for these bacteria.

title: Ionized XXXX requirement of rumen cellulolytic bacteria.

entities_list: @entity8379 :: ('MESH:C536830', 'Disease') :: ['vivo deficiency']

entities_list: @entity39989 :: ('1265', 'Species') :: ['Ruminococcus flavefaciens']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity8294 :: ('1264', 'Species') :: ['Ruminococcus albus']

entities_list: @entity15898 :: ('833', 'Species') :: ['F. succinogenes', 'Fibrobacter succinogenes']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most common genotyping method used for the typing of a number of bacterial species. Generally, investigators use their own custom-developed protocol, but a standardized PFGE protocol would allow the comparison of typing results between laboratories and the tracing of strains around the country. In the present study, we optimized a PFGE protocol for subtyping of @entity3064 , @entity526 and @entity4005 spp., which are commonly isolated from @entity580 in many hospitals. Reproducibility of our PFGE procedure was studied three times at 2- to 3-week intervals. Epidemiological concordance of the optimized PFGE procedure was tested on seven isolates of A. baumannii from a previous outbreak and seven A. baumannii isolates randomly selected among the clinical isolates. The optimized PFGE procedure was evaluated on a total of 174 clinical isolates including 62 A. baumannii, 50 @entity526 , and 62 @entity4005 spp. The inter-laboratory reproducibility of the optimized protocol was tested at four laboratories. The optimized procedure is completed in 28 h after culturing. It is likely to be cost-effective, due to the reduction in the time, reagent volume and enzyme concentration needed. The procedure showed high concordance with epidemiological data. There were no non-typeable isolates among the tested bacteria. It is reproducible and versatile. This protocol can be used to identify outbreaks and monitor the spreading rate of @entity580 caused by the tested bacterial isolates. Furthermore, due to its high intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility, the protocol has the potential to be useful for comparing PFGE fingerprinting profiles of the isolates from different settings.

title: The optimization of a rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for the typing of @entity3064 , XXXX and @entity4005 spp.

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity3064 :: ('470', 'Species') :: ['Acinetobacter baumannii']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most common genotyping method used for the typing of a number of bacterial species. Generally, investigators use their own custom-developed protocol, but a standardized PFGE protocol would allow the comparison of typing results between laboratories and the tracing of strains around the country. In the present study, we optimized a PFGE protocol for subtyping of @entity3064 , @entity526 and @entity4005 spp., which are commonly isolated from @entity580 in many hospitals. Reproducibility of our PFGE procedure was studied three times at 2- to 3-week intervals. Epidemiological concordance of the optimized PFGE procedure was tested on seven isolates of A. baumannii from a previous outbreak and seven A. baumannii isolates randomly selected among the clinical isolates. The optimized PFGE procedure was evaluated on a total of 174 clinical isolates including 62 A. baumannii, 50 @entity526 , and 62 @entity4005 spp. The inter-laboratory reproducibility of the optimized protocol was tested at four laboratories. The optimized procedure is completed in 28 h after culturing. It is likely to be cost-effective, due to the reduction in the time, reagent volume and enzyme concentration needed. The procedure showed high concordance with epidemiological data. There were no non-typeable isolates among the tested bacteria. It is reproducible and versatile. This protocol can be used to identify outbreaks and monitor the spreading rate of @entity580 caused by the tested bacterial isolates. Furthermore, due to its high intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility, the protocol has the potential to be useful for comparing PFGE fingerprinting profiles of the isolates from different settings.

title: The optimization of a rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for the typing of XXXX , @entity526 and @entity4005 spp.

answer: @entity3064 :: (470,Species) :: ['Acinetobacter baumannii']


abstract: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is the most common genotyping method used for the typing of a number of bacterial species. Generally, investigators use their own custom-developed protocol, but a standardized PFGE protocol would allow the comparison of typing results between laboratories and the tracing of strains around the country. In the present study, we optimized a PFGE protocol for subtyping of @entity3064 , @entity526 and @entity4005 spp., which are commonly isolated from @entity580 in many hospitals. Reproducibility of our PFGE procedure was studied three times at 2- to 3-week intervals. Epidemiological concordance of the optimized PFGE procedure was tested on seven isolates of A. baumannii from a previous outbreak and seven A. baumannii isolates randomly selected among the clinical isolates. The optimized PFGE procedure was evaluated on a total of 174 clinical isolates including 62 A. baumannii, 50 @entity526 , and 62 @entity4005 spp. The inter-laboratory reproducibility of the optimized protocol was tested at four laboratories. The optimized procedure is completed in 28 h after culturing. It is likely to be cost-effective, due to the reduction in the time, reagent volume and enzyme concentration needed. The procedure showed high concordance with epidemiological data. There were no non-typeable isolates among the tested bacteria. It is reproducible and versatile. This protocol can be used to identify outbreaks and monitor the spreading rate of @entity580 caused by the tested bacterial isolates. Furthermore, due to its high intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility, the protocol has the potential to be useful for comparing PFGE fingerprinting profiles of the isolates from different settings.

title: The optimization of a rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for the typing of @entity3064 , @entity526 and XXXX spp.

answer: @entity4005 :: (MESH:D007710,Disease) :: ['Klebsiella']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The impact of chemotherapy, focal therapies, radiation and co-existing ocular morbidities on histology of eyes with @entity995 enucleated following chemoreduction is not well known. PROCEDURE: Twenty-five eyes (23 @entity1 ) with @entity995 enucleated after failing eye-salvage therapy were evaluated. Reasons for enucleation ( @entity5 progression, subretinal or vitreous seeds) and co-morbid conditions ( @entity2297 , @entity231 , @entity548 and @entity1713 ) were documented. All specimens were reviewed for evidence of ciliary body, @entity1781 , and scleral invasion. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 14 months (range, 1-37 months). Twenty eyes were classified as Reese-Ellsworth Group IV-V at diagnosis. Twenty-four eyes had recurrent disease at enucleation; one eye was enucleated for @entity2297 and @entity548 . Co-existing ocular morbidities at enucleation included @entity548 (n = 6), @entity1713 (n = 9), @entity2297 (n = 9) and @entity231 (n = 3). Histologic findings included @entity3 (n = 7), ciliary body invasion (n = 4), @entity5151 (n = 6) and scleral invasion (n = 3). The median time from diagnosis to enucleation was 11 months. Co-existing @entity1713 and @entity548 significantly increased the likelihood of @entity5151 (P = 0.014 and P = 0.011, respectively). Prolonged time to enucleation was significantly associated with the likelihood of choroidal (P = 0.010) and ciliary body (P = 0.021) invasion as well as invasion of multiple sites. CONCLUSION: In eyes with @entity995 enucleated after chemoreduction, co-existing ocular morbidities and time to enucleation are predictive of extra-retinal extension.

title: Predictive factors of invasion in eyes with XXXX enucleated after eye salvage treatments.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'cataract']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['vitreous hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal, optic nerve']

entities_list: @entity5151 :: ('MESH:D019574', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve invasion']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal invasion']

entities_list: @entity2297 :: ('MESH:D015355', 'Disease') :: ['neovascular glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['retinoblastoma']


abstract: A clinical trial is currently under way to examine the effectiveness of @entity3086 as a @entity0 chemopreventive agent and contraceptive. This trial, as well as similar proposed studies, is based on the assumption that @entity3086 is as effective as surgical castration in preventing the onset of @entity5 ; however, this has not been well documented in the @entity106 animal model. We directly compared @entity3086 and oophorectomy in this model and examined a combined therapy of @entity3086 / @entity2847 . Twenty-seven day old female @entity35 were randomly allocated into one of eight groups. All @entity35 received a 20-mg dose of @entity106 at the age of 55 days. Group 1 (n = 10), no treatment; Group 2 (n = 9), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) for eight weeks beginning four weeks prior to @entity106 ; Group 3 (n = 10), oophorectomy four weeks prior to @entity106 with replacement @entity172 beginning four weeks following @entity106 . @entity172 replacement was achieved with a 0.05-mg @entity53 tablet releasing 0.833 microg/day over a 60-day period. Group 4 (n = 10), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) initiated two weeks prior to @entity106 and continuing for two weeks following @entity106 ; Group 5 (n = 9), oophorectomy two weeks prior to @entity106 with 0.05 mg of @entity53 in depot form, releasing 0.833 microg/day, beginning four weeks following @entity106 and continuing until week 16 of the study; Group 6 (n = 10), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) beginning two weeks prior to @entity106 and continuing for the duration of the experiment; Group 7 (n = 10), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) for eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to @entity106 ; Group 8 (n = 9), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) and @entity2847 (83 microg/day) for eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to @entity106 . At nineteen weeks (15 weeks post @entity106 ), animals were sacrificed and autopsies performed. One hundred percent of untreated animals developed @entity5 . No animals undergoing oophorectomy four weeks prior to @entity106 or receiving @entity3086 four weeks prior to and simultaneously with @entity106 developed @entity5 . In animals pretreated two weeks prior to @entity106 with @entity3086 or oophorectomy, each group had one animal with @entity5 development. No @entity5 developed in the animals receiving ongoing injections of @entity3086 . However, one @entity5 developed in those receiving @entity3086 for the first eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to @entity106 administration. One animal receiving both @entity3086 and @entity2847 developed one @entity5 . We conclude that chemical oophorectomy (with @entity3086 ) is as effective as surgical oophorectomy in inhibiting @entity106 induced @entity105 .

title: Prevention of @entity35 mammary carcinoma utilizing XXXX as an equivalent to oophorectomy.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3086 :: ('MESH:D016729', 'Chemical') :: ['leuprolide']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mammary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity3086 :: (MESH:D016729,Chemical) :: ['leuprolide']


abstract: A clinical trial is currently under way to examine the effectiveness of @entity3086 as a @entity0 chemopreventive agent and contraceptive. This trial, as well as similar proposed studies, is based on the assumption that @entity3086 is as effective as surgical castration in preventing the onset of @entity5 ; however, this has not been well documented in the @entity106 animal model. We directly compared @entity3086 and oophorectomy in this model and examined a combined therapy of @entity3086 / @entity2847 . Twenty-seven day old female @entity35 were randomly allocated into one of eight groups. All @entity35 received a 20-mg dose of @entity106 at the age of 55 days. Group 1 (n = 10), no treatment; Group 2 (n = 9), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) for eight weeks beginning four weeks prior to @entity106 ; Group 3 (n = 10), oophorectomy four weeks prior to @entity106 with replacement @entity172 beginning four weeks following @entity106 . @entity172 replacement was achieved with a 0.05-mg @entity53 tablet releasing 0.833 microg/day over a 60-day period. Group 4 (n = 10), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) initiated two weeks prior to @entity106 and continuing for two weeks following @entity106 ; Group 5 (n = 9), oophorectomy two weeks prior to @entity106 with 0.05 mg of @entity53 in depot form, releasing 0.833 microg/day, beginning four weeks following @entity106 and continuing until week 16 of the study; Group 6 (n = 10), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) beginning two weeks prior to @entity106 and continuing for the duration of the experiment; Group 7 (n = 10), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) for eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to @entity106 ; Group 8 (n = 9), @entity3086 (100 microg/kg/day) and @entity2847 (83 microg/day) for eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to @entity106 . At nineteen weeks (15 weeks post @entity106 ), animals were sacrificed and autopsies performed. One hundred percent of untreated animals developed @entity5 . No animals undergoing oophorectomy four weeks prior to @entity106 or receiving @entity3086 four weeks prior to and simultaneously with @entity106 developed @entity5 . In animals pretreated two weeks prior to @entity106 with @entity3086 or oophorectomy, each group had one animal with @entity5 development. No @entity5 developed in the animals receiving ongoing injections of @entity3086 . However, one @entity5 developed in those receiving @entity3086 for the first eight weeks beginning two weeks prior to @entity106 administration. One animal receiving both @entity3086 and @entity2847 developed one @entity5 . We conclude that chemical oophorectomy (with @entity3086 ) is as effective as surgical oophorectomy in inhibiting @entity106 induced @entity105 .

title: Prevention of XXXX mammary carcinoma utilizing @entity3086 as an equivalent to oophorectomy.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity453 remains the leading cause of @entity204 in adults in the United States. Non-invasive cardiac imaging is now central to the diagnosis and management of @entity1 with known or suspected @entity301 . The generally accepted indications for stress testing include confirming a diagnosis of @entity301 , assessing prognosis, preoperative risk stratification, and evaluation of medical therapy. Stress echocardiography and single photon computed tomography are well-established non-invasive techniques for all the previously mentioned indications. These modalities provide a relatively high sensitivity and specificity along with an incremental value over clinical risk factors. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) and multislice computed tomography are new imaging tools in the evaluation of @entity1 with @entity301 . CMRI offers a comprehensive cardiac evaluation which includes wall motion analysis, myocardial tissue morphology, rest and stress first pass myocardial perfusion as well as systolic ventricular function. It is also considered a first line technique for the diagnosis of certain structural @entity299 and chamber volume quantification. Cardiac computed tomography allows non-invasive anatomic imaging of the coronary tree. It has a high clinical utility especially in select intermediate risk @entity1 population. Available tests all have advantages and drawbacks and none can be considered suitable for all @entity1 . The choice of the imaging method should be tailored to each @entity1 based on the clinical judgment of the a priori risk of @entity299 , clinical history, and risk factors profile.

title: The role of stress echocardiography and competing technologies for the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac event', 'heart disease']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: The mechanisms by which stimulated neutrophils (PMNs) @entity358 were investigated using twenty-four perfused lung preparations isolated from @entity35 . We tested the ability of unstimulated and mechanically stimulated PMNs to adhere to pulmonary endothelial cells and, thereby, alter pulmonary vascular permeability (measured as the pulmonary filtration coefficient) and hemodynamics. To stimulate PMNs, they were gently agitated in a glass vial for 10 seconds. Perfusing lungs with the stimulated PMNs (stimulated group) elicited a 3-fold increase in the filtration coefficient as compared to lungs perfused with unstimulated cells (unstimulated group). This increase in filtration was completely blocked by preincubation of stimulated PMNs with @entity11265 monoclonal antibody (MoAb group). This increase in filtration coefficient was also completely blocked by @entity11009 , a protein kinase C inhibitor (GF group). Pulmonary vascular resistance increased when the stimulated PMNs were injected to the isolated lungs. Although, preincubation of stimulated PMNs with @entity11265 MoAb successfully blocked and @entity11009 partly blocked this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The accumulation of stimulated PMNs within the lungs, as assessed by @entity1589 ( @entity1589 ) levels, was blocked by preincubation of stimulated PMNs with @entity11265 MoAb. However, @entity11009 did not decrease @entity1589 levels. These findings suggest that stimulated PMN-induced increases in pulmonary vascular filtration, resulted from endothelial cell injury caused by adhesion to the endothelial cells, evoke intracellular signaling within the endothelial cells.

title: Stimulated neutrophils evoke signal transduction to increase vascular permeability in XXXX lungs.

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['damage pulmonary vascular endothelium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Conventional pterional approach is a commonly used neurosurgical technique for the treatment of @entity438 . However, this technique requires more extensive brain exposure than other key hole approaches and is sometimes associated with surgical traumatization or cosmetic problems. The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative outcome between pterional and supraorbital keyhole approaches in the @entity1 with anterior circulation @entity439 . METHODS: The authors reviewed @entity1 with anterior circulation @entity439 who underwent @entity439 clipping via pterional or supraorbital keyhole approach at a single institute over a period of 2 years. Ninety-eight @entity1 harboring 108 @entity439 were included in this study. Various outcomes were recorded, which included clinical grade, cosmetic problems, @entity1 ' satisfaction and complications such as chewing discomfort, frontal @entity425 , @entity9905 , @entity281 . RESULTS: The supraorbital approach exhibited a shorter operation time compared with the pterional approach. Complications such as chewing discomfort occurred less frequently in the supraorbital approach group. Moreover, the cosmetic outcome was significantly better in the supraorbital group than in the pterional group. CONCLUSION: The supraorbital keyhole approach reduced intra- and @entity260 , including chewing discomfort and cosmetic disturbances, compared with the conventional pterional approach.

title: Microsurgical experience with supraorbital keyhole operations on anterior circulation XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral aneurysms']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysms']


abstract: Prior to experimental periodontal regenerative procedures in animals, the process of destruction due to @entity2521 is often simulated by placing ligatures around the necks of teeth. 2 models, one using @entity2708 floss ligatures and the other elastic rubber ligatures, have been widely used. The aim of this study was to compare these 2 methods using clinical and histometric criteria. Premolars on both sides of the mandibular jaw were used in 2 @entity235 . Periodontal tissue breakdown was induced during a 48-day period using @entity2708 floss ligatures on one side of the mandible and contra-laterally by elastic rubber ligatures. At weekly intervals, the ligatures were changed and pocket depth and loss of probing attachment were recorded. All the ligatures were removed after 7 weeks. The animals were fed a soft, plaque-promoting diet during the experimental period. 20 days after ligature removal, the teeth were hemisected and the 2 roots extracted. From each tooth, 1 root was prepared for scanning electron microscopy and one for light microscopy. At the time of extraction, no differences regarding pocket depth or probing attachment level were found between the 2 groups. Root resorption was observed in all elastic ligature teeth, whereas only minor alterations at the root surface were observed on @entity2708 ligature teeth. This finding may be of particular interest to investigators designing studies evaluating the healing sequalae of regenerative surgery in animals. As was observed in this study, root resorption can already be present in the pre-experimental phase of periodontal tissue breakdown, particularly if elastic ligatures are used.

title: Clinical and histological findings in ligature-induced experimental XXXX in @entity235 . A pilot study.

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['beagle dogs']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['periodontitis']


abstract: Prior to experimental periodontal regenerative procedures in animals, the process of destruction due to @entity2521 is often simulated by placing ligatures around the necks of teeth. 2 models, one using @entity2708 floss ligatures and the other elastic rubber ligatures, have been widely used. The aim of this study was to compare these 2 methods using clinical and histometric criteria. Premolars on both sides of the mandibular jaw were used in 2 @entity235 . Periodontal tissue breakdown was induced during a 48-day period using @entity2708 floss ligatures on one side of the mandible and contra-laterally by elastic rubber ligatures. At weekly intervals, the ligatures were changed and pocket depth and loss of probing attachment were recorded. All the ligatures were removed after 7 weeks. The animals were fed a soft, plaque-promoting diet during the experimental period. 20 days after ligature removal, the teeth were hemisected and the 2 roots extracted. From each tooth, 1 root was prepared for scanning electron microscopy and one for light microscopy. At the time of extraction, no differences regarding pocket depth or probing attachment level were found between the 2 groups. Root resorption was observed in all elastic ligature teeth, whereas only minor alterations at the root surface were observed on @entity2708 ligature teeth. This finding may be of particular interest to investigators designing studies evaluating the healing sequalae of regenerative surgery in animals. As was observed in this study, root resorption can already be present in the pre-experimental phase of periodontal tissue breakdown, particularly if elastic ligatures are used.

title: Clinical and histological findings in ligature-induced experimental @entity2521 in XXXX . A pilot study.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: OBJECT: Treatment of chronic @entity9 in the region of the head and face presents a challenge for @entity158 specialists; @entity1 who do not respond to conventional treatment modalities usually continue to suffer from @entity158 due to the lack of reliable medical and surgical approaches. Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been used to treat @entity9 for many decades, but only recently has it been applied systematically to the craniofacial region. To advance the study of this treatment option, the authors present their initial experience with this approach, summarize published data on the use of PNS in treatment of @entity19534 , and discuss some technical details of the craniofacial PNS procedure. METHODS: A review of prospectively collected data in 30 @entity1 who underwent PNS surgery for @entity19534 was performed. The @entity158 location, duration, cause, and previous treatments were analyzed, along with the surgical details, initial and long-term results, complications, and repeated operations. Stimulated nerves in this group included supraorbital (seven @entity1 ), infraorbital (six), and occipital (21); in 19 @entity1 more than one nerve was stimulated. Twenty-two @entity1 proceeded with implantation of a permanent system after the trial. Of these, at the time of the latest evaluation (mean follow-up duration 35 months), in two @entity1 the devices had been removed because of @entity158 improvement over time, in three the devices were removed due to loss of effectiveness (two cases) or late @entity281 (one), and the rest are enjoying either complete (15 @entity1 ) or partial (two @entity1 ) @entity158 relief. Three @entity1 underwent repeated operation due to lead erosion, @entity281 , or migration. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral nerve stimulation appears to be a safe and effective approach in the treatment of craniofacial @entity9 . The growing body of literature supports a wider acceptance of this approach in the field of @entity158 surgery.

title: Trigeminal and occipital peripheral nerve stimulation for XXXX : a single-institution experience and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

entities_list: @entity19534 :: ('MESH:D005157', 'Disease') :: ['craniofacial pain']

answer: @entity19534 :: (MESH:D005157,Disease) :: ['craniofacial pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity31 is associated with an increased risk of @entity14 above that of the normal population. The relative risk correlates with the extent and duration of the disease but the genetic basis of @entity31 associated @entity5 risk is not known. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of @entity124 and mismatch repair gene abnormalities in @entity31 associated @entity14 . @entity1 : Forty six @entity1 with @entity14 , with a previous histological diagnosis of @entity31 . METHODS: The frequency of @entity124 and/or immunohistochemical expression of @entity4311 and @entity6756 was assessed. Thirty three cases were investigated using both approaches. RESULTS: Although 6/41 (14.6%) cases showed @entity124 at one or more markers, only one case (2. 4%) exhibited high level instability (at least two markers affected). Of 38 cases which were assessed using antibodies against @entity4311 and @entity6756 , only one case (2.6%) showed loss of expression. This case, which showed loss of @entity4311 expression, was the same case which exhibited high level @entity124 . The 33 cases which were investigated using both approaches showed that loss of expression of either @entity4311 or @entity6756 was not seen in any case which exhibited @entity124 in no more than one marker. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that both high level @entity124 and loss of expression of @entity4311 / @entity6756 are infrequent events in @entity31 associated @entity14 . Low level @entity124 was not associated with loss of expression of either @entity4311 or @entity6756 .

title: Defective @entity4311 / @entity6756 protein expression is seen infrequently in XXXX associated @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['microsatellite instability']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'Ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancers', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity31 is associated with an increased risk of @entity14 above that of the normal population. The relative risk correlates with the extent and duration of the disease but the genetic basis of @entity31 associated @entity5 risk is not known. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of @entity124 and mismatch repair gene abnormalities in @entity31 associated @entity14 . @entity1 : Forty six @entity1 with @entity14 , with a previous histological diagnosis of @entity31 . METHODS: The frequency of @entity124 and/or immunohistochemical expression of @entity4311 and @entity6756 was assessed. Thirty three cases were investigated using both approaches. RESULTS: Although 6/41 (14.6%) cases showed @entity124 at one or more markers, only one case (2. 4%) exhibited high level instability (at least two markers affected). Of 38 cases which were assessed using antibodies against @entity4311 and @entity6756 , only one case (2.6%) showed loss of expression. This case, which showed loss of @entity4311 expression, was the same case which exhibited high level @entity124 . The 33 cases which were investigated using both approaches showed that loss of expression of either @entity4311 or @entity6756 was not seen in any case which exhibited @entity124 in no more than one marker. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that both high level @entity124 and loss of expression of @entity4311 / @entity6756 are infrequent events in @entity31 associated @entity14 . Low level @entity124 was not associated with loss of expression of either @entity4311 or @entity6756 .

title: Defective @entity4311 / XXXX protein expression is seen infrequently in @entity31 associated @entity14 .

answer: @entity6756 :: (4292,Gene) :: ['hMLH1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity31 is associated with an increased risk of @entity14 above that of the normal population. The relative risk correlates with the extent and duration of the disease but the genetic basis of @entity31 associated @entity5 risk is not known. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of @entity124 and mismatch repair gene abnormalities in @entity31 associated @entity14 . @entity1 : Forty six @entity1 with @entity14 , with a previous histological diagnosis of @entity31 . METHODS: The frequency of @entity124 and/or immunohistochemical expression of @entity4311 and @entity6756 was assessed. Thirty three cases were investigated using both approaches. RESULTS: Although 6/41 (14.6%) cases showed @entity124 at one or more markers, only one case (2. 4%) exhibited high level instability (at least two markers affected). Of 38 cases which were assessed using antibodies against @entity4311 and @entity6756 , only one case (2.6%) showed loss of expression. This case, which showed loss of @entity4311 expression, was the same case which exhibited high level @entity124 . The 33 cases which were investigated using both approaches showed that loss of expression of either @entity4311 or @entity6756 was not seen in any case which exhibited @entity124 in no more than one marker. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that both high level @entity124 and loss of expression of @entity4311 / @entity6756 are infrequent events in @entity31 associated @entity14 . Low level @entity124 was not associated with loss of expression of either @entity4311 or @entity6756 .

title: Defective @entity4311 / @entity6756 protein expression is seen infrequently in @entity31 associated XXXX .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity31 is associated with an increased risk of @entity14 above that of the normal population. The relative risk correlates with the extent and duration of the disease but the genetic basis of @entity31 associated @entity5 risk is not known. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of @entity124 and mismatch repair gene abnormalities in @entity31 associated @entity14 . @entity1 : Forty six @entity1 with @entity14 , with a previous histological diagnosis of @entity31 . METHODS: The frequency of @entity124 and/or immunohistochemical expression of @entity4311 and @entity6756 was assessed. Thirty three cases were investigated using both approaches. RESULTS: Although 6/41 (14.6%) cases showed @entity124 at one or more markers, only one case (2. 4%) exhibited high level instability (at least two markers affected). Of 38 cases which were assessed using antibodies against @entity4311 and @entity6756 , only one case (2.6%) showed loss of expression. This case, which showed loss of @entity4311 expression, was the same case which exhibited high level @entity124 . The 33 cases which were investigated using both approaches showed that loss of expression of either @entity4311 or @entity6756 was not seen in any case which exhibited @entity124 in no more than one marker. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that both high level @entity124 and loss of expression of @entity4311 / @entity6756 are infrequent events in @entity31 associated @entity14 . Low level @entity124 was not associated with loss of expression of either @entity4311 or @entity6756 .

title: Defective XXXX / @entity6756 protein expression is seen infrequently in @entity31 associated @entity14 .

answer: @entity4311 :: (4436,Gene) :: ['hMSH2']


abstract: 1. Examining the demographic responses of populations to disease epidemics and the nature of compensatory responses to perturbation from epidemics is critical to our understanding of the processes affecting population dynamics and our ability to conserve threatened species. Such knowledge is currently available for few systems. 2. We examined changes to the demography and life-history traits of a population of @entity22337 ( @entity22337 ) following the arrival of a debilitating @entity166 , @entity5 ( @entity5 ), and investigated the population's ability to compensate for the severe population perturbation caused by this epizootic. 3. There was a significant change to the age structure following the arrival of @entity5 to the Freycinet Peninsula. This shift to a younger population was caused by the loss of older individuals from the population as a direct consequence of @entity5 -driven declines in adult survival rates. 4. Offspring sex ratios of disease mothers were more female biased than those of healthy mothers, indicating that devils may facultatively adjust offspring sex ratios in response to disease-induced changes in maternal condition. 5. We detected evidence of reproductive compensation in response to disease impacts via a reduction in the age of sexual @entity2175 of females (an increase in precocial breeding) over time. 6. The strength of this compensatory response appeared to be limited by factors that constrain the ability of individuals to reach a critical size for sexual @entity2175 in their first year, because of the time limit dictated by the annual breeding season. 7. The ongoing devastating impacts of this disease for adult survival and the apparent reliance of precocial breeding on rapid early growth provide the opportunity for evolution to favour of this new life-history pattern, highlighting the potential for novel @entity166 to be strong selective forces on life-history evolution.

title: Demography, disease and the devil: life-history changes in a disease-affected population of XXXX ( @entity22337 ).

entities_list: @entity22337 :: ('9305', 'Species') :: ['Tasmanian devils', 'Sarcophilus harrisii']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases', 'infectious disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['devil facial tumour disease', 'DFTD']

answer: @entity22337 :: (9305,Species) :: ['Tasmanian devils']


abstract: 1. Examining the demographic responses of populations to disease epidemics and the nature of compensatory responses to perturbation from epidemics is critical to our understanding of the processes affecting population dynamics and our ability to conserve threatened species. Such knowledge is currently available for few systems. 2. We examined changes to the demography and life-history traits of a population of @entity22337 ( @entity22337 ) following the arrival of a debilitating @entity166 , @entity5 ( @entity5 ), and investigated the population's ability to compensate for the severe population perturbation caused by this epizootic. 3. There was a significant change to the age structure following the arrival of @entity5 to the Freycinet Peninsula. This shift to a younger population was caused by the loss of older individuals from the population as a direct consequence of @entity5 -driven declines in adult survival rates. 4. Offspring sex ratios of disease mothers were more female biased than those of healthy mothers, indicating that devils may facultatively adjust offspring sex ratios in response to disease-induced changes in maternal condition. 5. We detected evidence of reproductive compensation in response to disease impacts via a reduction in the age of sexual @entity2175 of females (an increase in precocial breeding) over time. 6. The strength of this compensatory response appeared to be limited by factors that constrain the ability of individuals to reach a critical size for sexual @entity2175 in their first year, because of the time limit dictated by the annual breeding season. 7. The ongoing devastating impacts of this disease for adult survival and the apparent reliance of precocial breeding on rapid early growth provide the opportunity for evolution to favour of this new life-history pattern, highlighting the potential for novel @entity166 to be strong selective forces on life-history evolution.

title: Demography, disease and the devil: life-history changes in a disease-affected population of @entity22337 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity22337 :: (9305,Species) :: ['Sarcophilus harrisii']


abstract: PURPOSE: A possible case of montelukast-induced @entity113 is reported. SUMMARY: A 46-year-old @entity1 with a history of severe @entity566 , including @entity5419 , and @entity113 was evaluated at the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) for an acute episode of @entity113 . Upon arrival at the @entity341 , the @entity1 had severe @entity89 , @entity1183 , uncontrollable cheek lifting, swollen eyes, and a swollen protruding tongue and was unable to catch her breath. Her @entity1353 was apparent, and she was unable to talk and instead used hand and face gestures for affirmative and negative responses. The @entity1 was treated with 0.3 mg @entity1425 intramuscularly into the right thigh. After treatment, she had a temperature of 37 degrees C, a pulse of 90 beats/ min, a blood pressure value of 100/59 mm Hg, a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min, and 100% @entity26 saturation on room air. After stabilization, she reported that her @entity566 had been adequately controlled with @entity39970 10 mg daily, montelukast 10 mg daily, and @entity2221 (unspecified). The @entity1 reported that since she started montelukast one month prior, she experienced three similar episodes, the first occurring five days after starting the drug. She mentioned being diagnosed and adequately treated these three times in the @entity341 for @entity113 . The @entity1 denied any changes in eating habits or in her medications except for starting @entity5203 . She was observed at the @entity341 for an hour and then discharged after stabilization on @entity5774 25 mg orally daily and @entity682 180 mg orally daily. Montelukast was discontinued. CONCLUSION: A @entity1 developed @entity113 four times during one month of treatment with montelukast.

title: Possible montelukast-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1183 :: ('MESH:D006987', 'Disease') :: ['facial numbness']

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['food allergies']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergies']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity682 :: ('MESH:C093230', 'Chemical') :: ['fexofenadine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity5774 :: ('MESH:D006919', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyzine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity89 :: ('MESH:D007571', 'Disease') :: ['jaw tightness']

entities_list: @entity113 :: ('MESH:D000799', 'Disease') :: ['angioedema']

entities_list: @entity2221 :: ('CHEBI:33229', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamins']

entities_list: @entity5203 :: ('MESH:C093875', 'Chemical') :: ['montelukast']

answer: @entity113 :: (MESH:D000799,Disease) :: ['angioedema']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Several products of @entity506 plus @entity16944 ( @entity5427 + AQ) are being deployed in @entity311 -endemic countries for treating uncomplicated @entity9231 @entity311 but dosing accuracy and consequential effects on efficacy and tolerability have not been examined. METHODS: @entity1 with parasitologically confirmed, uncomplicated @entity9231 @entity311 were treated and followed by research teams or local health centre staff in Casamance, Senegal. @entity5427 + AQ was given as: (i) loose combination ( @entity5427 50 mg, AQ 200 mg), dosed on body weight, or (ii) co-blistered product ( @entity5427 50 mg, AQ 153 mg) dosed by weight or age. Target doses were: (i) @entity5427 4 (2-10) mg/kg/day and (ii) AQ 10 (7.5-15) mg/kg/day. @entity1 receiving therapeutic doses defined dosing accuracy. Treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS) were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 3277 @entity1 were treated with loose (n = 1972, weight-dosed) or co-blistered (n = 1305, 962 age-dosed, 343 weight-dosed) @entity5427 + AQ by the research team (n = 966) or clinic staff (n = 2311). @entity5427 was dosed correctly in >99% with all regimens. Loose AQ by weight was 98% correct. The co-blister AQ overdosed 18% of @entity1 when dosed by age and underdosed 13% by weight. Low weight was an independent risk factor for @entity1445 . The co-blister had significantly more TESS than the loose product [117/1305 (9%) vs. 41/1972 (2%), relative risk = 4.3 (95% CI: 3.0-6.1, P < 0.0001)]. Age-based dosing accounted for the difference. TESS occurred mostly within one day (72%) and were mild or moderate (75%). CONCLUSION: @entity506 is easier to dose than AQ. Currently available age-dosed, co-blistered @entity5427 + AQ tends to @entity1445 AQ and is less well tolerated than loose tablets. It is not the optimal presentation of @entity5427 + AQ.

title: Dosing accuracy of @entity506 and @entity16944 as treatment for XXXX @entity311 in Casamance, Senegal.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16944 :: ('MESH:D000655', 'Chemical') :: ['amodiaquine']

entities_list: @entity9231 :: ('MESH:D016778', 'Disease') :: ['falciparum']

entities_list: @entity506 :: ('MESH:C039726', 'Chemical') :: ['artesunate', 'Artesunate']

entities_list: @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdosing', 'overdose']

answer: @entity9231 :: (MESH:D016778,Disease) :: ['falciparum']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Several products of @entity506 plus @entity16944 ( @entity5427 + AQ) are being deployed in @entity311 -endemic countries for treating uncomplicated @entity9231 @entity311 but dosing accuracy and consequential effects on efficacy and tolerability have not been examined. METHODS: @entity1 with parasitologically confirmed, uncomplicated @entity9231 @entity311 were treated and followed by research teams or local health centre staff in Casamance, Senegal. @entity5427 + AQ was given as: (i) loose combination ( @entity5427 50 mg, AQ 200 mg), dosed on body weight, or (ii) co-blistered product ( @entity5427 50 mg, AQ 153 mg) dosed by weight or age. Target doses were: (i) @entity5427 4 (2-10) mg/kg/day and (ii) AQ 10 (7.5-15) mg/kg/day. @entity1 receiving therapeutic doses defined dosing accuracy. Treatment-emergent signs and symptoms (TESS) were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 3277 @entity1 were treated with loose (n = 1972, weight-dosed) or co-blistered (n = 1305, 962 age-dosed, 343 weight-dosed) @entity5427 + AQ by the research team (n = 966) or clinic staff (n = 2311). @entity5427 was dosed correctly in >99% with all regimens. Loose AQ by weight was 98% correct. The co-blister AQ overdosed 18% of @entity1 when dosed by age and underdosed 13% by weight. Low weight was an independent risk factor for @entity1445 . The co-blister had significantly more TESS than the loose product [117/1305 (9%) vs. 41/1972 (2%), relative risk = 4.3 (95% CI: 3.0-6.1, P < 0.0001)]. Age-based dosing accounted for the difference. TESS occurred mostly within one day (72%) and were mild or moderate (75%). CONCLUSION: @entity506 is easier to dose than AQ. Currently available age-dosed, co-blistered @entity5427 + AQ tends to @entity1445 AQ and is less well tolerated than loose tablets. It is not the optimal presentation of @entity5427 + AQ.

title: Dosing accuracy of XXXX and @entity16944 as treatment for @entity9231 @entity311 in Casamance, Senegal.

answer: @entity506 :: (MESH:C039726,Chemical) :: ['artesunate']