abstract: In vitro and animal studies indicate that circulating @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) can stimulate adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and @entity701 secretion, but it is far from established that @entity2178 has a physiologically relevant influence on steroidogenesis. We studied the effects of hypoglycaemia induced with @entity2690 injection (0.15 IU/kg) in @entity1 with essential @entity101 to answer this question. Hypoglycaemia was induced before and after a short term course of treatment with the converting enzyme inhibitor @entity3371 to obtain a sustained blockade of @entity2178 formation. Alterations in serum @entity413 , plasma @entity972 , plasma ACTH, @entity701 , @entity916 activity and @entity1369 were examined. In control studies there was a profound fall in serum @entity413 and plasma @entity972 after @entity2690 , associated with increments in plasma @entity916 activity, which correlated with those of @entity1369 but not with those of ACTH and @entity701 . Chronic @entity3371 increased baseline plasma @entity916 activity and lowered baseline @entity1369 while leaving ACTH and @entity701 unchanged. During converting enzyme inhibition the @entity2690 -induced decrements in @entity413 and @entity972 , as well as the increments in ACTH, @entity701 and @entity1369 , were similar to those observed in control studies, whereas the increments in plasma @entity916 activity were much greater. From these results it does not appear that @entity2178 has a relevant influence on ACTH and @entity701 production, or on their responses to hypoglycaemic stress. Rather, these findings indicate that even under the present experimental conditions @entity2178 is the primary regulator of @entity1369 secretion. However, this function can be taken over by ACTH when the generation of @entity2178 is blocked.

title: The responses of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and @entity701 to XXXX -induced hypoglycaemic stress in @entity1 are unimpaired during chronic converting enzyme inhibition.

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: In vitro and animal studies indicate that circulating @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) can stimulate adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and @entity701 secretion, but it is far from established that @entity2178 has a physiologically relevant influence on steroidogenesis. We studied the effects of hypoglycaemia induced with @entity2690 injection (0.15 IU/kg) in @entity1 with essential @entity101 to answer this question. Hypoglycaemia was induced before and after a short term course of treatment with the converting enzyme inhibitor @entity3371 to obtain a sustained blockade of @entity2178 formation. Alterations in serum @entity413 , plasma @entity972 , plasma ACTH, @entity701 , @entity916 activity and @entity1369 were examined. In control studies there was a profound fall in serum @entity413 and plasma @entity972 after @entity2690 , associated with increments in plasma @entity916 activity, which correlated with those of @entity1369 but not with those of ACTH and @entity701 . Chronic @entity3371 increased baseline plasma @entity916 activity and lowered baseline @entity1369 while leaving ACTH and @entity701 unchanged. During converting enzyme inhibition the @entity2690 -induced decrements in @entity413 and @entity972 , as well as the increments in ACTH, @entity701 and @entity1369 , were similar to those observed in control studies, whereas the increments in plasma @entity916 activity were much greater. From these results it does not appear that @entity2178 has a relevant influence on ACTH and @entity701 production, or on their responses to hypoglycaemic stress. Rather, these findings indicate that even under the present experimental conditions @entity2178 is the primary regulator of @entity1369 secretion. However, this function can be taken over by ACTH when the generation of @entity2178 is blocked.

title: The responses of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and @entity701 to @entity2690 -induced hypoglycaemic stress in XXXX are unimpaired during chronic converting enzyme inhibition.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['ANG II', 'angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent @entity4968 . @entity840 were administered @entity4836 (5.1 microg/h) or @entity2607 (4.7 microg/h) and @entity5591 (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. @entity4836 inhibited red cell @entity12935 ( @entity12935 ) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. @entity2607 and @entity5591 inhibited red cell @entity12935 by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of @entity12934 (GA; 125 microg/kg), @entity4834 (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), @entity4835 (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of @entity4968 . The time to the onset of signs of @entity4968 was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either @entity4836 or @entity2607 and @entity5591 most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only @entity2607 and @entity5591 prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. @entity4836 -pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to @entity204 . @entity2607 and @entity5591 pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than @entity4836 pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.

title: @entity2607 and XXXX improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent @entity4968 in the @entity840 .

entities_list: @entity4836 :: ('MESH:D011729', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridostigmine', 'Pyridostigmine']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity12935 :: ('100422792', 'Gene') :: ['acetylcholinesterase', 'AChE']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine', 'Physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['hyoscine']

answer: @entity5591 :: (MESH:D012601,Chemical) :: ['hyoscine']


abstract: This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent @entity4968 . @entity840 were administered @entity4836 (5.1 microg/h) or @entity2607 (4.7 microg/h) and @entity5591 (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. @entity4836 inhibited red cell @entity12935 ( @entity12935 ) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. @entity2607 and @entity5591 inhibited red cell @entity12935 by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of @entity12934 (GA; 125 microg/kg), @entity4834 (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), @entity4835 (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of @entity4968 . The time to the onset of signs of @entity4968 was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either @entity4836 or @entity2607 and @entity5591 most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only @entity2607 and @entity5591 prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. @entity4836 -pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to @entity204 . @entity2607 and @entity5591 pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than @entity4836 pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.

title: XXXX and @entity5591 improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent @entity4968 in the @entity840 .

answer: @entity2607 :: (MESH:D010830,Chemical) :: ['Physostigmine']


abstract: This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent @entity4968 . @entity840 were administered @entity4836 (5.1 microg/h) or @entity2607 (4.7 microg/h) and @entity5591 (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. @entity4836 inhibited red cell @entity12935 ( @entity12935 ) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. @entity2607 and @entity5591 inhibited red cell @entity12935 by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of @entity12934 (GA; 125 microg/kg), @entity4834 (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), @entity4835 (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of @entity4968 . The time to the onset of signs of @entity4968 was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either @entity4836 or @entity2607 and @entity5591 most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only @entity2607 and @entity5591 prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. @entity4836 -pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to @entity204 . @entity2607 and @entity5591 pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than @entity4836 pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.

title: @entity2607 and @entity5591 improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent XXXX in the @entity840 .

answer: @entity4968 :: (MESH:D011041,Disease) :: ['poisoning']


abstract: This study is drawn from a work programme aimed at developing improved medical counter measures for nerve agent @entity4968 . @entity840 were administered @entity4836 (5.1 microg/h) or @entity2607 (4.7 microg/h) and @entity5591 (1.94 microg/h) for 6 days via a subcutaneously implanted mini osmotic pump. @entity4836 inhibited red cell @entity12935 ( @entity12935 ) by 44.2 +/- 2.7% and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) by 29.9 +/- 1.8%. @entity2607 and @entity5591 inhibited red cell @entity12935 by 18.7 +/- 3.7% and plasma ChE by 44.1 +/- 3.1%. On day 6, animals were challenged with a lethal dose of @entity12934 (GA; 125 microg/kg), @entity4834 (GB; 51.2 microg/kg), @entity4835 (GD; 31.2 microg/kg), GF (50 microg/kg) or VX (11.25 microg/kg) administered by the subcutaneous route. Animals were closely observed for signs of @entity4968 . The time to the onset of signs of @entity4968 was similar for all the agents except for VX, which showed a delay compared to the other agents. Following pretreatment with either @entity4836 or @entity2607 and @entity5591 most animals survived for 2-3 h following nerve agent administration. In contrast, only @entity2607 and @entity5591 prevented or reduced the duration of the signs of incapacitation and the temperature drop produced by all the agents. @entity4836 -pretreated animals showed little or no recovery from incapacitation prior to @entity204 . @entity2607 and @entity5591 pretreatment provided statistically (P < 0.05) better protection against GB, GD and VX lethality (24 h) than @entity4836 pretreatment and better protection against GA and GF lethality.

title: @entity2607 and @entity5591 improves protection against the lethal and incapacitating effects of nerve agent @entity4968 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between age, sex, or medical treatment and prevalence and severity of @entity2275 in Standardbred racehorses in training. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 224 Standardbred racehorses in training. PROCEDURE: Gastroscopy was performed on each @entity1641 , and mucosal @entity1066 was graded from 0 (normal mucosa, no lesions) to 3 (extensive, often coalescing, lesions with areas of deep @entity1066 ). Associations between age, sex, or treatment and prevalence and severity of @entity1066 were evaluated. RESULTS: Prevalence of @entity2275 was 87%. Although there was little association between age and prevalence of @entity1066 , there was an association between age and severity of @entity1066 . Most 2-year-old @entity1641 (57.7%) had an @entity1066 score of 0 or 1. In all other age groups, most (58% to 82.61%) of @entity1641 had an @entity1066 score of 2 or 3. Although overall prevalence of @entity1066 was comparable among sex groups, the relative risk for @entity2275 increased with age in castrated males, whereas it decreased in females and sexually intact males. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Gastric @entity1066 is common in Standardbred @entity1641 in race training. Severity is higher in @entity1641 > or = 3 years of age than in 2-year-old @entity1641 . Relative risk for @entity1066 increases with age in castrated males.

title: Associations between age or sex and prevalence of XXXX in Standardbred racehorses in training.

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer', 'ulceration', 'ulcers']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulceration']

answer: @entity2275 :: (MESH:D013276,Disease) :: ['gastric ulceration']


abstract: To study the autoimmune manifestations in @entity4941 ( @entity4941 ), the patterns of thyroid antibodies, @entity3745 and circulating immune complexes were investigated in 10 @entity1 during the course of the disease. Eight @entity1 were @entity3935 at diagnosis, and became euthyroid during recovery with a median observation of 8 months (4-30 months). Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins were measured as TSH binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII) and as thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb). TBII were present in all @entity1 at least once during the observation period and remained detectable in six @entity1 after recovery. TSAb were detected in three @entity1 without relation to the @entity1378 state. @entity3745 antibodies (TgAb) were present in four @entity1 and persisted in three, while microsomal antibodies (MAb) were negative. @entity3745 (Tg) in the TgAb negative @entity1 (n = 6) was high at diagnosis (median 229 micrograms/l, range 55-375) and fell rapidly during the course of @entity4941 . Circulating immune complexes (CIC), which were found in all @entity1 , reached maximal levels shortly after the onset of the disease and persisted after recovery. No correlation could be demonstrated between the different thyroid antibodies, and there was no clear relation between the levels of CIC and presence of the autoantibodies. However, the changes in CIC paralleled the changes in TBII, and it is suggested that immune complex formation is a major feature of the regulatory mechanisms controlling the immune responses in @entity4941 .

title: Humoral autoimmune manifestation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3935 :: ('MESH:D013958', 'Disease') :: ['thyrotoxic']

entities_list: @entity4941 :: ('MESH:D013968', 'Disease') :: ['subacute thyroiditis', 'SAT']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroid']

entities_list: @entity3745 :: ('7038', 'Gene') :: ['Thyroglobulin', 'thyroglobulin']

answer: @entity4941 :: (MESH:D013968,Disease) :: ['subacute thyroiditis']


abstract: Plasma ACTH, @entity5463 ( @entity1831 ), and @entity2661 were measured at 5-min intervals in the pituitary venous effluent of the unanesthetized @entity1641 . Pulses of ACTH and AVP were found to be surprisingly brief (usually of less than 10-min duration) and frequent (averaging between 15-25 min). A highly significant relationship in the changes in concentration of these two hormones was demonstrated (P less than 0.0002) both at rest and after a mild hypoglycemic stimulus. Although there was also a significant correlation (P less than 0.005) between simultaneous plasma ACTH and AVP values the pulse amplitude ratio of AVP to ACTH showed a considerable variation. A rise in @entity701 appeared to have a greater suppressive effect on the amplitude of ACTH than AVP pulses. The gradient in hormonal concentration between pituitary effluent and jugular plasma was at times over 50-fold for ACTH, and 500-fold for AVP. A gradient was also found for @entity1425 , @entity1063 , and @entity935 . A highly significant correlation (P less than 0.005) was demonstrated between changes in @entity1063 , ACTH, and AVP concentrations, but no such relationship could be shown for @entity1425 and @entity935 . It is concluded that there is a close temporal relationship between changes in ACTH, AVP, and @entity1063 concentrations. Pulses of these hormones are greater in amplitude and more frequent than would have been suspected from sampling peripheral plasma. The variability in the pulse amplitude ratio of ACTH and AVP may suggest that other factors are affecting ACTH secretion. The ability to sample frequently for several hormones and to obtain a marked gradient in hormonal secretion between the pituitary venous effluent and jugular plasma suggest that the @entity1641 should provide an excellent animal model in which to study the regulation of hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion.

title: Spontaneous and stimulated adrenocorticotropin and vasopressin pulsatile secretion in the pituitary venous effluent of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5463 :: ('MESH:D001127', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['horse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and sensitivity trends of urinary bacterial isolates. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Gondar College of Medical Sciences (GCMS) Teaching and Referral Hospital, north west Ethiopia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Four hundred and twenty urine specimens from 70 in- @entity1 and 350 out- @entity1 cases were studied by quantitative culture method and anti-microbial sensitivity test was done by disc diffusion technique. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy two pathogenic organisms were isolated from 166 @entity1 ; the isolation rate was 39.5 %. Among the isolates @entity526 , S. aureus, @entity4005 species, coagulase negative Staphylococcus species and Citrobacter species were common accounting for 46.0%, 18.0%, 10.0%, 8.0% and 6.0%, respectively. Of the total isolates 71.5% were Gram negatives. Sensitivity tested against ten antibiotics showed that resistance was common, and the effectiveness of @entity803 , @entity869 , @entity799 , @entity2755 and @entity114 was under 50.0%. The resistance rate was 71.5%, 62.2%, and 62.2%, 54.7% and 40.8%, respectively. Polymixin B, @entity3398 , @entity801 and @entity2929 controlled over 76.0% of the common infective agents. @entity2177 did control 98.3% of the organisms. CONCLUSION: Resistance was found to be very high to the commonly used antibiotics. The sensitivity rate for the recently introduced @entity2177 was above 98%. Therefore, this antibiotic may be used for empirical therapy of @entity293 ( @entity293 ) when culture and sensitivity testing is impossible. Strict control on the use of antibiotics and appropriate measures against over the counter availability and self-medication is recommended.

title: Antibiotic sensitivities of common bacterial pathogens in XXXX at Gondar Hospital, Ethiopia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamycin']

entities_list: @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['co-trimoxazole']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['Ciprofloxacin', 'ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'UTI']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity3398 :: ('MESH:D002440', 'Chemical') :: ['cefoxitin']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the management of isolated locoregional failure after (chemo)radiation therapy for @entity5 , salvage abdominoperineal resection (APR) is the treatment of choice. The results of a 15-year consecutive population-based series are reviewed. METHODS: Details of all @entity1 with @entity5 treated from 1985 to 2000 in the Stockholm Health Care Region were recorded prospectively. Among 308 @entity1 with biopsy-proven @entity5 , there have been 39 isolated locoregional failures after sphincter-preserving therapy. Thirty-five @entity1 have undergone salvage APR. The medical records of these 35 @entity1 were reviewed retrospectively with regard to surgical and oncological results. RESULTS: There were no postoperative deaths. There was considerable morbidity related to the perineal wound, with postoperative perineal @entity281 in 13 @entity1 and @entity245 beyond 3 months in 23 @entity1 . Complications unrelated to the perineal wound were found in 13 @entity1 . The crude 5-year survival rate for the 35 @entity1 was 52 per cent (median follow-up 33 months). @entity1 with @entity66 fared significantly worse than those with locoregional recurrence (crude 5-year survival rate 33 versus 82 per cent; P < 0.05, log rank test). CONCLUSION: Salvage APR in @entity5 is associated with a high complication rate but may result in long-term survival.

title: Salvage abdominoperineal resection in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['persistent disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['anal epidermoid cancer']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['delayed healing']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['anal epidermoid cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim was to assess the false-negative sentinel node biopsy rate in @entity1 with early @entity0 and its implications in @entity1 treatment. METHODS: Between January 1995 and March 2001, 328 consecutive @entity1 with clinically lymph node-negative primary operable @entity0 underwent lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy using a combination of preoperative @entity4482 . All underwent immediate axillary dissection. The intraoperative success rate in sentinel node identification, false-negative rate, predictive value of negative sentinel node status and overall accuracy were assessed. The clinical features and primary @entity5 characteristics for each false-negative case were reviewed. RESULTS: The sentinel node was identified in 285 (86.9 per cent) of 328 @entity1 . The false-negative rate was 7.9 per cent (eight of 101). Most members of the breast multidisciplinary team would have instituted adjuvant systemic therapy for six false-negative cases based on clinical features and primary @entity5 histology. In all, only two (0.7 per cent) of 285 @entity1 who had sentinel node biopsy may have had their management and survival prospects potentially jeopardized owing to a false-negative sentinel node. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the clinical impact of a false-negative sentinel node is low.

title: Clinical impact of false-negative sentinel node biopsy in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity4482 :: ('MESH:D018329', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoscintigraphy and/or blue dye']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Synthesis and secretion of milk proteins ( @entity53970 , beta-casein, @entity10899 , and @entity3654 ) by cultured primary @entity19 mammary epithelial cells is modulated by the extracellular matrix. In cells grown on released or "floating" type I collagen gels, mRNA for beta-casein and @entity3654 is increased as much as 30-fold over cells grown on plastic. Induction of beta-casein expression depends strongly on the presence of lactogenic hormones, especially prolactin, in the culture. When cells are plated onto partially purified reconstituted basement membrane, dramatic changes in morphology and @entity10899 gene expression are observed. Cells cultured on the matrix for 6 to 8 d in the presence of prolactin, insulin, and @entity701 form hollow spheres and duct-like structures that are completely surrounded by matrix. The cells lining these spheres appear actively secretory and are oriented with their apices facing the lumen. Hybridization experiments indicate that mRNA for beta-casein can be increased as much as 70-fold in these cultures. Because greater than 90% of the cultured cells synthesize immunoreactive beta-casein, as compared with only 40% of cells in the late pregnant gland, the matrix appears to be able to induce protein expression in previously silent cells. Synthesis of laminin and assembly of a mammary-specific basal lamina by cells cultured on different extracellular matrices also appears to depend on the presence of lactogenic hormones. These studies provide support for the concept of "dynamic reciprocity" in which complex interactions between extracellular matrix and the cellular cytoskeleton contribute to the induction and maintenance of tissue-specific gene expression in the mammary gland.

title: Regulation of XXXX and basement membrane gene expression: the influence of the extracellular matrix.

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

answer: @entity10899 :: (12993(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['milk protein']


abstract: There has been a considerable increase in annual cases of @entity582 caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci serogroup G (GGS) and we therefore undertook a retrospective case review in the Danish County of Northern Jutland. During a 19-year period (1981-1999) 94 cases were identified in a regional @entity582 register, and the annual incidence rose from 3.0 per 106 inhabitants in 1981-1987 to 7.4 in 1988-1993 and 17.2 in 1994-1999. Clinical charts were available for 92 cases. The male/female ratio was 52/40 and the median age 71 years, range 15-97 years. Twenty-seven @entity1 had reduced functional capacity. Fifty-two cases were community-acquired. The most common site of infection was the skin followed by the lungs and the urogenital tract. Eleven @entity1 had no apparent site of infection. Underlying disease was present in 81 @entity1 , who shared 149 co-morbid conditions, and the overall one-month case fatality rate was 23% (95% confidence limits 15-33%). We conclude that GGS are of increasing importance as a cause of @entity281 and first and foremost affect @entity1 who are aged, debilitated, or suffer from severe or multiple underlying diseases.

title: Clinical presentation and outcome of XXXX caused by beta-haemolytic streptococci serogroup G.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity582 :: ('MESH:C531821', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemic infections']

answer: @entity582 :: (MESH:C531821,Disease) :: ['bacteraemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To obtain baseline information for designing a community-based intervention programme aimed at increasing the @entity5 screening coverage of @entity1 most at risk. METHODS: A population-based survey, using proportional stratified two-stage cluster sampling in Rivas, one of the 16 Departments of Nicaragua. The individuals selected were interviewed at home by one of 26 interviewers, using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to elicit (1) knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning @entity458 and behaviour, (2) risk factors for @entity5 and (3) the use of health and @entity5 screening services. RESULTS: A total of 612 @entity1 and 634 @entity1 participated in the survey. Of the @entity1 who had been sexually active at least 3 years, only 41.1% had undergone screening within that period and were considered adequately screened. Correlates of inadequate screening status included low educational level, exclusive use of public health facilities and lack of knowledge about prevention and symptoms of @entity5 . Negligence, absence of medical problems, fear, lack of knowledge and economic reasons were the main reasons given for not being screened. Reluctance to be screened in the future was related to lack of knowledge of the disease, inadequate screening status, older age and low educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The current screening programme is not effective in reaching the majority of the population. Complementary activities such as education and information, as well as a more pro-active approach to invite @entity1 for screening are necessary.

title: Determinants of XXXX screening in a poor area: results of a population-based survey in Rivas, Nicaragua.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual and reproductive health']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: Mechanical valve @entity715 is a life-threatening event. Pregnancy is associated with a hypercoagulable state that further emphasizes the importance of adequate anticoagulation. This is associated with a therapeutic dilemma. Continued anticoagulation with @entity1229 throughout the first trimester can result in fetopathic effects, while replacement of @entity1229 by heparin between 6 and 12 weeks of gestation does not completely prevent the risk of valve @entity715 . There are a small number of reported cases of pregnant @entity1 with prosthetic heart valve @entity715 under low molecular weight heparin and consecutive lytic therapy. The authors report a 33-year-old pregnant @entity1 with a St. Jude Medical aortic prosthesis, anticoagulated with a therapeutic dosage of low molecular weight heparin from 6 weeks of gestation, who developed prosthetic heart valve @entity715 at 17 weeks of gestation. A thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (50 mg for 2 hours) was performed. Under thrombolysis, ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, aVF, V5, and V6 developed electrocardiographically with a maximal @entity908 kinase (CK) of 349 U/L (CK-MB isoenzyme of 48 U/L). Echocardiography revealed normal function of the St. Jude Medical aortic prosthesis 2 hours after thrombolysis and normal wall motions. Short-course thrombolytic therapy appears to be an effective alternative to surgical intervention for the treatment of @entity715 of valve prostheses in pregnancy.

title: Successful thrombolysis of st. Jude medical aortic prosthesis with tissue-type plasminogen activator in a pregnant XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic dysfunction', 'thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['woman']


abstract: We report the development of two dominant-acting genetic markers useful for monitoring gene transfer in @entity1 cells that are based on prokaryotic genes encoding key steps in the synthesis of the essential @entity1522 , @entity2340 and @entity3793 . Under appropriate conditions, expression of these genes obviates the nutritional requirements for their respective @entity535 products. Expression of the trpB gene of @entity526 , which encodes the beta subunit of @entity2340 synthase (EC 4.2.1.20), allows @entity1 cell survival and multiplication in medium containing @entity104 in place of @entity2340 . The hisD gene of @entity2491 encodes @entity32183 dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23), which catalyzes the two-step @entity2125 +-dependent oxidation of @entity46398 to @entity14614 . In medium lacking @entity3793 and containing @entity32183 , only @entity1 cells expressing the hisD product survive. The selection is a double one in that the provided precursor @entity32183 is itself toxic to animal cells through its inhibition of histidyl-tRNA synthetase; thus, the dehydrogenase both removes an inhibitor and forms a required end product. Alternatively, the his selection may be carried out under conditions in which the dehydrogenase serves mainly to detoxify @entity32183 . For either the trp or his selections the substitute nutrient ( @entity104 or @entity32183 ) is readily available, inexpensive, stable, permeable to cells, and convertible to the end product in a step controlled by a single gene. Vectors based upon @entity19 retrovirus and papovavirus backbones have been successfully employed for both genes, allowing selection in a range of cell types, including 3T3, @entity62466 , and HeLa. These dominant selective schemes should provide generally useful and inexpensive alternatives to others currently in use, such as the gpt, neo, hygro, dhfr, and tk selections.

title: Two dominant-acting selectable markers for gene transfer studies in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2491 :: ('90371', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella typhimurium']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity32183 :: ('MESH:D006641', 'Chemical') :: ['histidinol']

entities_list: @entity14614 :: ('CHEBI:15971', 'Chemical') :: ['L-histidine']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity46398 :: ('CHEBI:16255', 'Chemical') :: ['L-histidinol']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: The expression of sexually dimorphic behavior has been found to be altered in adult animals following prenatal @entity167 exposure. The present study examined whether such exposure would alter the sexually dimorphic response of luteinizing hormone (LH) to @entity1338 and @entity1510 observed in normal prepubescent animals. Both LH and @entity2819 (CS) were measured in 16 day old male and female @entity35 30 min after injection of @entity1510 (2 mg/kg) or @entity1338 (0.1 mg/kg). Prenatal @entity167 exposure did not influence the LH response to either drug in females. An LH response to @entity1338 in normal males did not occur, but it was present in the males exposed to @entity167 in utero and in the pair-fed controls. Prenatal @entity167 exposure influenced the CS response to both drugs. CS levels were @entity308 in the @entity1510 -treated males prenatally exposed to @entity167 compared to their saline-injected counterparts. The CS levels of other groups following @entity1510 administration were unchanged compared to saline injection. Normal animals of both sexes exhibited an elevation in CS levels following @entity1338 . However, this stimulatory effect of @entity1338 on CS release was absent in both female and male animals prenatally exposed to @entity167 . The results of this study indicate that prenatal @entity167 exposure may alter noradrenergic and opioid modulation of @entity2819 and possibly of LH in young animals.

title: Influence of prenatal ethanol exposure on hormonal responses to XXXX and @entity1510 in prepubescent male and female @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

answer: @entity1338 :: (MESH:D003000,Chemical) :: ['clonidine']


abstract: The expression of sexually dimorphic behavior has been found to be altered in adult animals following prenatal @entity167 exposure. The present study examined whether such exposure would alter the sexually dimorphic response of luteinizing hormone (LH) to @entity1338 and @entity1510 observed in normal prepubescent animals. Both LH and @entity2819 (CS) were measured in 16 day old male and female @entity35 30 min after injection of @entity1510 (2 mg/kg) or @entity1338 (0.1 mg/kg). Prenatal @entity167 exposure did not influence the LH response to either drug in females. An LH response to @entity1338 in normal males did not occur, but it was present in the males exposed to @entity167 in utero and in the pair-fed controls. Prenatal @entity167 exposure influenced the CS response to both drugs. CS levels were @entity308 in the @entity1510 -treated males prenatally exposed to @entity167 compared to their saline-injected counterparts. The CS levels of other groups following @entity1510 administration were unchanged compared to saline injection. Normal animals of both sexes exhibited an elevation in CS levels following @entity1338 . However, this stimulatory effect of @entity1338 on CS release was absent in both female and male animals prenatally exposed to @entity167 . The results of this study indicate that prenatal @entity167 exposure may alter noradrenergic and opioid modulation of @entity2819 and possibly of LH in young animals.

title: Influence of prenatal ethanol exposure on hormonal responses to @entity1338 and XXXX in prepubescent male and female @entity35 .

answer: @entity1510 :: (MESH:D009270,Chemical) :: ['naloxone']


abstract: The expression of sexually dimorphic behavior has been found to be altered in adult animals following prenatal @entity167 exposure. The present study examined whether such exposure would alter the sexually dimorphic response of luteinizing hormone (LH) to @entity1338 and @entity1510 observed in normal prepubescent animals. Both LH and @entity2819 (CS) were measured in 16 day old male and female @entity35 30 min after injection of @entity1510 (2 mg/kg) or @entity1338 (0.1 mg/kg). Prenatal @entity167 exposure did not influence the LH response to either drug in females. An LH response to @entity1338 in normal males did not occur, but it was present in the males exposed to @entity167 in utero and in the pair-fed controls. Prenatal @entity167 exposure influenced the CS response to both drugs. CS levels were @entity308 in the @entity1510 -treated males prenatally exposed to @entity167 compared to their saline-injected counterparts. The CS levels of other groups following @entity1510 administration were unchanged compared to saline injection. Normal animals of both sexes exhibited an elevation in CS levels following @entity1338 . However, this stimulatory effect of @entity1338 on CS release was absent in both female and male animals prenatally exposed to @entity167 . The results of this study indicate that prenatal @entity167 exposure may alter noradrenergic and opioid modulation of @entity2819 and possibly of LH in young animals.

title: Influence of prenatal ethanol exposure on hormonal responses to @entity1338 and @entity1510 in prepubescent male and female XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: During the past decade, we have learned a great deal about the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of @entity1031 . Subcutaneous heparin has emerged as a major deterrent worldwide for @entity715 prevention but is associated with the potential risk of @entity548 and cannot be used in certain @entity1 situations. External compression modalities have emerged as major alternate forms of prophylaxis. We have learned that these devices stimulate the fibrinolytic system, prevent @entity3179 and the endothelial injury that can accompany extreme @entity1211 . Since they are not associated with @entity548 or other serious complications, they are attractive methods for most surgeons, including those performing delicate or complex surgical procedures. Independent studies worldwide have demonstrated their effectiveness in reducing @entity1150 , as recognized by the NIH Consensus Development Panel, and the evidence is compelling that @entity11942 efficacy is a valid marker for PE efficacy. Since these devices reduce the incidence of @entity1150 , they almost certainly must prevent @entity1151 ; however, a properly designed protocol should be conducted to validate these assumptions. Evidence suggests that full-leg sequential compression is superior to @entity291 compression, but further study is necessary. We believe that a hospital-wide plan, including risk-factor assessment and application of clinical management guidelines, including all available modalities, is important to provide the maximum protection of @entity1 with the lowest risk of side effects. Such a program has been very successful in our community.

title: Role of compression modalities in a prophylactic program for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary emboli']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic disease']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous distention']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep vein thrombosis']


abstract: Ten min after infection of @entity17847 . oryzae by phage Xp10, a sharp decrease in the activity of the host RNA polymerase was observed. Host RNA polymerase from phage-infected and uninfected cells was purified, and their properties were compared. The enzyme from uninfected cells contained four polypeptides with Mr = 155,000, 155,000, 93,000, and 37,000, respectively, and assembled with a stoichiometry of alpha 2 beta beta' sigma. The enzyme from infected cells lacked the sigma-subunit. The enzyme from uninfected cells utilized Xp10 DNA and poly[d( @entity1129 )] as templates, the enzyme from phage-infected cells failed to transcribe Xp10 DNA, but retained the ability to transcribe poly( @entity1129 ). The regions of the Xp10 genome transcribed by the two enzymes were also investigated. The enzyme from uninfected cells transcribed the leftmost 25-30% of the Xp10 genome. The enzyme from phage-infected cells also transcribed the same region, but the enzyme activity was very low. Other properties such as (a) the response to RNA polymerase inhibitors, (b) the effect of @entity8816 , (c) the requirement of @entity1025 and @entity3281 , and (d) the optimum temperature and pH of the two enzymes were very similar.

title: Loss of sigma-factor of RNA polymerase of XXXX . oryzae during phage Xp10 infection.

entities_list: @entity8816 :: ('MESH:D005033', 'Chemical') :: ['N-ethylmaleimide']

entities_list: @entity17847 :: ('339', 'Species') :: ['Xanthomonas campestris pv']

answer: @entity17847 :: (339,Species) :: ['Xanthomonas campestris pv']


abstract: Five female subjects were given four types of test diets containing various levels of protein for four consecutive 5-day periods and their dietary fiber and feces were collected throughout the experimental period. Diet A was a high-fiber, low-protein diet containing brown @entity579 . Diet B was a semi-purified, low-protein diet containing agar agar as the sole source of dietary fiber. Diet C was a low-fiber, normal-protein diet containing polished @entity579 . Diet D was a high-fiber, normal-protein diet containing brown @entity579 . A fecal marker was given at breakfast on the first day of each five-day test period and on the day after the end of the experiment. Fecal weight increased during the period on high-fiber diets (diets A and D). The apparent digestibilities of protein and fat were significantly @entity308 by high-fiber diet. Fecal excretion of @entity460 did not increase on the high-fiber diets. A decrease in the apparent digestibility on a high-fiber, low-protein diet was partly due to the low intake of @entity460 during this period. Fecal excretion of @entity165 increased markedly during the periods on high-fiber diets. The difference between the intake and fecal excretion of dietary fiber suggested that the fiber was partially digested in the colon.

title: Effect of fiber on protein, fat and XXXX digestibilities and fecal @entity165 excretion.

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Five female subjects were given four types of test diets containing various levels of protein for four consecutive 5-day periods and their dietary fiber and feces were collected throughout the experimental period. Diet A was a high-fiber, low-protein diet containing brown @entity579 . Diet B was a semi-purified, low-protein diet containing agar agar as the sole source of dietary fiber. Diet C was a low-fiber, normal-protein diet containing polished @entity579 . Diet D was a high-fiber, normal-protein diet containing brown @entity579 . A fecal marker was given at breakfast on the first day of each five-day test period and on the day after the end of the experiment. Fecal weight increased during the period on high-fiber diets (diets A and D). The apparent digestibilities of protein and fat were significantly @entity308 by high-fiber diet. Fecal excretion of @entity460 did not increase on the high-fiber diets. A decrease in the apparent digestibility on a high-fiber, low-protein diet was partly due to the low intake of @entity460 during this period. Fecal excretion of @entity165 increased markedly during the periods on high-fiber diets. The difference between the intake and fecal excretion of dietary fiber suggested that the fiber was partially digested in the colon.

title: Effect of fiber on protein, fat and @entity460 digestibilities and fecal XXXX excretion.

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: Recently, oenological prejudices were challenged by the use of a points scoring system (from 50 to 100) to evaluate wine in a book now widely regarded as one of the most authoritative. On this scale, a 1981 Chateau Citran described as 'emaciated' scored 65, a 1983 Chateau Kirwan scored 85, and a 1982 Petrus 100. If the same approach were used for drugs used in @entity31 to quantify an advance over conditions existing at the time of its introduction how would they score? Because they were the first available drugs in their class and clearly constituted major advances, @entity288 and @entity3378 both score 95, the score being limited by a high level of side effects. The new salicylates score 75, because they extend the benefits of @entity3378 to a minority of @entity1 but they have the potential to score 90 if increased dosing and greater effectiveness over @entity3378 can be achieved. Salicylate enemas score 80, because they advance treatment over topical corticosteroids for @entity1 with resistant distal disease, but the mode of delivery needs improvement. @entity134 foams also score 80, particularly if the @entity1 's vote is taken into account. @entity500 's score cannot be calculated because there is doubt over its efficacy, but it is potentially 88 if it saves @entity1 with difficult disease from colectomy. We can only guess what an oral non-absorbed @entity134 would score, but if response rates for relapse were substantially improved, or if corticosteroids could be used as effective maintenance treatment, it could be as high as 95. There are indications that we should 'watch this space'.

title: Medical treatment of XXXX : scoring the advances.

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['Azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity3378 :: ('MESH:D012460', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphasalazine']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: Rotaviruses were found in the study of 123 @entity1707 and 132 fecal samples from animals with @entity294 . Employed were the method of immunofluorescence and the high concentration of virions (10(4) up to 10(9)/cm3). As high as 57.3 per cent of the fecal extracts proved positive for rotaviruses. In 14.3 per cent of the extracts a group-specific rotavirus antigen was established via the agar gel immunodiffusion, and 30.9 per cent of the intestinal cross sections were positive as demonstrated through immunofluorescence. Conditionally, the cases of @entity1902 are divided into two types--early and late. The first ones have been seen in sucking piglest at the age of 10-15 days, and with the growing of the epizootic wave--in 3-day-old ones, too. The second type of @entity1902 have been described in young @entity1707 fifteen days after weaning, The death rate with sucking @entity1707 was found to vary from 7 to 17 per cent, and it was 5 per cent with weaned ones. High mortality rate (82 per cent) was observed on a farm where a @entity325 with transmissive @entity1902 was noted. The diagnosed cases of @entity6425 prevailed in the cold months of the year (autumn-winter). On two farms the disease was established in the summer. The serologic examination of the blood sera of sows revealed group-specific antibodies to rotaviruses in 71 per cent of the cases. The percent of seroagents with the young sows ranged from 50 to 63.3 per cent, while with the adult ones it was 87 to 100 per cent. Discussed is the link between the low titer of natural immunity and the aspects of the epizootic process with rotavirus @entity294 .

title: [Rotavirus infections in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis', 'rotavirus gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infection']

entities_list: @entity6425 :: ('MESH:D012400', 'Disease') :: ['rotavirus enteritis']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: The evidence that supports the hypothesis that @entity3190 causes @entity43 was reviewed. The most dramatic clinical expression of the association between @entity3190 and @entity3428 is the @entity15773 . In the @entity15773 , severe insulin resistance results in a @entity3190 that stimulates ovarian @entity342 production. Acanthosis nigricans, a dermatologic manifestation of severe insulin resistance, is an @entity66 . Hyperandrogenic (HA) @entity1 can be divided into two major groups: insulin-resistant (HA-IR) and non-insulin-resistant (HA-nIR). HA-nIR @entity1 have markedly elevated LH, often have minimally elevated serum prolactin, and have @entity3610 . HA-IR @entity1 have minimally elevated LH, markedly elevated plasma insulin, and stromal hyperthecosis. @entity1 with HA-nIR probably have a primary @entity1640 as the cause of their @entity3428 . @entity1 with HA-IR probably have a primary metabolic abnormality as the cause of their @entity3428 . The relationship between @entity3190 and @entity3428 is one example of the complex interrelationships that exist between central metabolism and reproduction.

title: XXXX and @entity43 . Cause and effect.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian hyperandrogenism']

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovaries']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['epiphenomenon of the disease']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary abnormality']

entities_list: @entity3428 :: ('MESH:D017588', 'Disease') :: ['hyperandrogenism']

entities_list: @entity15773 :: ('MESH:C537629', 'Disease') :: ['HAIR-AN syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['compensatory hyperinsulinemia', 'hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity3190 :: (MESH:D006946,Disease) :: ['Hyperinsulinemia']


abstract: The evidence that supports the hypothesis that @entity3190 causes @entity43 was reviewed. The most dramatic clinical expression of the association between @entity3190 and @entity3428 is the @entity15773 . In the @entity15773 , severe insulin resistance results in a @entity3190 that stimulates ovarian @entity342 production. Acanthosis nigricans, a dermatologic manifestation of severe insulin resistance, is an @entity66 . Hyperandrogenic (HA) @entity1 can be divided into two major groups: insulin-resistant (HA-IR) and non-insulin-resistant (HA-nIR). HA-nIR @entity1 have markedly elevated LH, often have minimally elevated serum prolactin, and have @entity3610 . HA-IR @entity1 have minimally elevated LH, markedly elevated plasma insulin, and stromal hyperthecosis. @entity1 with HA-nIR probably have a primary @entity1640 as the cause of their @entity3428 . @entity1 with HA-IR probably have a primary metabolic abnormality as the cause of their @entity3428 . The relationship between @entity3190 and @entity3428 is one example of the complex interrelationships that exist between central metabolism and reproduction.

title: @entity3190 and XXXX . Cause and effect.

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian hyperandrogenism']


abstract: Two cases of @entity358 are reported. The @entity1 in the first case was a 61-year-old male with a two-year history of cough and exertional @entity1353 , who died of intractable @entity712 two months after admission without establishment of a diagnosis related to the etiology of @entity712 . Autopsy revealed a sessile @entity5 within the pulmonary trunk and a solitary metastatic lesion in the lung. Histologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies were performed and a diagnosis of @entity361 was made. The @entity1 in the second case was a 32-year-old male complaining of exertional @entity1353 and @entity615 . Radiologic studies indicated a mediastinal @entity5 involving the pulmonary artery. Exploratory thoracotomy revealed that the mediastinal mass arose from the left pulmonary artery. He died of @entity1576 26 months after onset of his initial symptoms. Histologic, immunocytochemical and electron microscopic studies of both surgical and autopsy materials revealed a malignant @entity82 . One hundred ten previously reported cases of this @entity5 are reviewed, and its clinicopathologic and morphologic features and probable histogenesis are discussed.

title: XXXX . Report of two autopsy cases studied by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, and review of 110 cases reported in the literature.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous histiocytoma']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['primary pulmonary artery sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity361 :: ('MESH:C535700', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesenchymoma']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Primary pulmonary artery sarcoma']


abstract: The link between elevated plasma @entity165 levels and @entity453 is now well established. During the past decade, results from therapeutic trials indicate that control of @entity1007 does result in lower cardiovascular risk. Many of these results were obtained in @entity753 , middle-aged @entity1 . Comparable data in @entity1 are not available but it is inferred that they would also benefit from @entity165 reduction. Results from the Coronary Drug Project, extended over 15 years, indicate that lipid-lowering therapy with @entity1670 for 5 years was associated with a decrease in total mortality as well as mortality from @entity301 . In the studies performed for shorter periods (5 to 7 years), therapy lowered only @entity65 and mortality but had no beneficial effect on total mortality. A reduction in cardiovascular risk begins to appear 24 to 28 months after the initiation of therapy and continues to accrue thereafter. The relatively uniform results from recent large-scale clinical trials (Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, Coronary Drug Project, Helsinki Heart Study) indicate that @entity165 reduction, per se, probably explains the lower @entity65 and mortality observed in these trials. As a result of these trials, recent redefinitions of @entity1007 and more aggressive treatment programs have been recommended. These guidelines stress assessment of all cardiovascular risk factors and recommend individualized care of the @entity1 . To control @entity1007 , conservative measures with diet are recommended before therapy with medication is considered. Recent clinical trial experience indicates that the clinician can have significant impact on @entity731 by identifying and treating @entity1 with plasma @entity165 levels in the high-risk range.

title: Therapeutic control of hyperlipidemia in the prevention of XXXX : a review of results from recent clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary atherosclerosis']


abstract: @entity905 , a selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor, was compared with @entity5079 and placebo in a double-blind study. In total, 81 @entity308 @entity1 were included. @entity1 were rated weekly on the @entity308 ( @entity308 ) and the Montgomery _ Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The duration was 6 weeks, and 52 @entity1 completed the study. Significantly more @entity1 on @entity905 improved than @entity1 on placebo. For @entity5079 no significant differences were found with either @entity905 or placebo. Mean @entity308 at the end of the study was also statistically significantly lower for @entity905 , but not for @entity5079 , than placebo. Subscores of the MADRS showed improved sleep on @entity5079 at weeks 2 and 3. Suicidal feelings were reduced to a greater degree on @entity905 than on @entity5079 and placebo at weeks 6 and 7. @entity905 induced @entity353 , while @entity1 on @entity5079 gained weight. Side effects were present in most @entity1 on the two active drugs; those on @entity905 experienced @entity390 and @entity391 , and those on @entity5079 drowsiness.

title: A comparative clinical trial of @entity905 , @entity5079 and placebo in XXXX outpatients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed', 'Hamilton Depression Rating Scale', 'HDRS']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine', 'Fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity5079 :: ('MESH:D008803', 'Chemical') :: ['mianserin']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depressed']


abstract: @entity905 , a selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor, was compared with @entity5079 and placebo in a double-blind study. In total, 81 @entity308 @entity1 were included. @entity1 were rated weekly on the @entity308 ( @entity308 ) and the Montgomery _ Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The duration was 6 weeks, and 52 @entity1 completed the study. Significantly more @entity1 on @entity905 improved than @entity1 on placebo. For @entity5079 no significant differences were found with either @entity905 or placebo. Mean @entity308 at the end of the study was also statistically significantly lower for @entity905 , but not for @entity5079 , than placebo. Subscores of the MADRS showed improved sleep on @entity5079 at weeks 2 and 3. Suicidal feelings were reduced to a greater degree on @entity905 than on @entity5079 and placebo at weeks 6 and 7. @entity905 induced @entity353 , while @entity1 on @entity5079 gained weight. Side effects were present in most @entity1 on the two active drugs; those on @entity905 experienced @entity390 and @entity391 , and those on @entity5079 drowsiness.

title: A comparative clinical trial of @entity905 , XXXX and placebo in @entity308 outpatients.

answer: @entity5079 :: (MESH:D008803,Chemical) :: ['mianserin']


abstract: @entity905 , a selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor, was compared with @entity5079 and placebo in a double-blind study. In total, 81 @entity308 @entity1 were included. @entity1 were rated weekly on the @entity308 ( @entity308 ) and the Montgomery _ Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The duration was 6 weeks, and 52 @entity1 completed the study. Significantly more @entity1 on @entity905 improved than @entity1 on placebo. For @entity5079 no significant differences were found with either @entity905 or placebo. Mean @entity308 at the end of the study was also statistically significantly lower for @entity905 , but not for @entity5079 , than placebo. Subscores of the MADRS showed improved sleep on @entity5079 at weeks 2 and 3. Suicidal feelings were reduced to a greater degree on @entity905 than on @entity5079 and placebo at weeks 6 and 7. @entity905 induced @entity353 , while @entity1 on @entity5079 gained weight. Side effects were present in most @entity1 on the two active drugs; those on @entity905 experienced @entity390 and @entity391 , and those on @entity5079 drowsiness.

title: A comparative clinical trial of XXXX , @entity5079 and placebo in @entity308 outpatients.

answer: @entity905 :: (MESH:D005473,Chemical) :: ['fluoxetine']


abstract: A case of @entity31936 with ring Y chromosome is reported. The @entity1 was a 3-year-old @entity1 with @entity2650 and @entity246 . Culture of peripheral lymphocytes demonstrated a chromosomal mosaicism of 45 X/46 X, r (Y). Moreover, the chromosomal study with high resolution Q-band method revealed the presence of double ring Y (ring Y and double ring Y with the ratio of 25: 5). A well-developed @entity8376 was discovered by retrograde cystourethrography. @entity5274 were absent at exploratory laparotomy. The gonads existed in the scrotum on the left side and in the inguinal pouch on the right. Both gonads were proved to be testes histologically, but bilateral was deferens were absent and its remnant was found in the retroperitoneal cavity. Plastic surgery for the @entity790 was performed. Only 30 cases of ring Y chromosome have been reported in the world including our case and we briefly reviewed these cases.

title: [A case of XXXX with structural abnormalities of Y chromosome (ring Y)].

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity246 :: ('MESH:D003456', 'Disease') :: ['right cryptorchidism']

entities_list: @entity31936 :: ('MESH:D058490', 'Disease') :: ['male pseudohermaphroditism']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['Uterus and fallopian tubes']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['genital abnormalities']

answer: @entity31936 :: (MESH:D058490,Disease) :: ['male pseudohermaphroditism']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find @entity565 mortality in the city of Barcelona. DESIGN: Descriptive study of mortality. SETTING: City of Barcelona. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Deaths due to @entity565 in the city of Barcelona in the period 1983-1993 were studied through the register of mortality at Barcelona's Municipal Institute of Health, which in turn is supplied by the Statistical Gazette of Deaths. Rates of mortality per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated, overall and broken down by sex and by age. The ratio of mortality comparing city districts and the place and season of decease was also worked out. RESULTS: There were 716 @entity204 due to @entity565 (overall rate of 3.82/100,000 inhabitants; 3.3 in @entity1 and 4.33 in @entity1 ). Almost two-thirds of @entity204 occurred in @entity1 over 65. Mortality was stable in the entire period except in the over-65s, in which a downwards trend was discerned (beta=-0.63; P=.037). For the 5-34 year old group, the rate oscillated between 0.1 and 0.6/100,000 inhabitants. The number of @entity204 in the over-65s was greater in winter (31.7%; 95% CI, 27.8-35.7). 56.2% of @entity204 occurred at home. @entity204 were more common among @entity1 (P<.001) and the under-65s, and their trend is upwards (P=.004). CONCLUSIONS: Asthma mortality in the city of Barcelona was stable during the period studied. Its rate for the 5-34 year-old age group was higher than for Spain and slightly greater than in similar nearby countries.

title: [Mortality due to XXXX in the city of Barcelona (1983-1993)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'Hospital deaths']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to characterize the @entity535 sequence of a selected Stachybotrys chartarum component and to investigate @entity1 IgE reactivity against components of S. chartarum and nine other fungal species. METHODS: @entity1 IgE reactivity against S. chartarum and nine other fungal extracts was investigated by the immunoblotting method. For automated @entity535 sequencing analyses, the S. chartarum extract was purified by ion exchange chromatography prior to in-gel alkylation and digestion with modified trypsin. RESULTS: @entity1 IgE reactivity was detected against eight components in the S. chartarum extract. Over 80% of the sera from the exposed subjects and less than 50% of the control sera recognized the 33-, 48- and 50-kD S. chartarum components. The @entity1 sera detected a 48- to 50-kD component from the extracts of eight fungal species. Nineteen peptide sequences were identified from the 48-kD component of S. chartarum. An analysis of the peptide sequences revealed homology with known fungal glycoside hydrolase enzymes (cellulases). CONCLUSIONS: The data showed @entity1 IgE reactivity against several S. chartarum components, including one at 48 kD. On the other hand, the @entity1 sera recognized 48- to 50-kD components from seven other fungal species, suggesting shared antigenic components (e.g. enolase) between the fungi. Thus, to our knowledge, this is the first antigen identified from S. chartarum.

title: Partial XXXX sequence of a cellulase-like component with IgE-binding properties from Stachybotrys chartarum.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: Short-chain @entity1718 , particularly @entity4588 , are major metabolic by-products of Bacteroides species. To determine their role as potential virulence factors in infections containing Bacteroides species, short-chain @entity1718 were examined for their effect on the neutrophil respiratory burst. @entity4588 (30 to 50 mM) irreversibly impaired @entity224 and @entity273 production in response to opsonized zymosan and @entity4514 when neutrophils were treated at pH 5.5 but not pH 6.0 or greater. Several other short-chain @entity1718 tested produced similar inhibition. Reversible inhibition of @entity26 consumption was found when neutrophils were incubated in @entity4588 -containing medium (pH 6.0) as well as control medium (pH 6.0 and 5.5). Neutrophil cytoplasmic pH was measured by fluorimetric techniques to determine whether the inhibition was mediated via a reduction in intracellular pH. The intracellular pH of cells in control medium (pH 6.5 or less) was significantly reduced compared with pH 7.4. The addition of succinate (30 mM) to these media caused a further significant reduction in cytoplasmic pH at each pH level. The reduction in intracellular pH was sufficient to account for both the irreversible and reversible impairment of the neutrophil respiratory burst. Thus, short-chain @entity1718 appear to exert their inhibition, at least in part, by reducing intracellular pH. These data also demonstrate the potential for interactions between Bacteroides species and their microenvironment to increase the virulence of an @entity281 .

title: The Bacteroides by-product XXXX inhibits neutrophil respiratory burst by reducing intracellular pH.

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate', 'succinic acid', 'Succinate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity4514 :: ('MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol myristate acetate']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity4588 :: (MESH:D019802,Chemical) :: ['succinic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity656 remains a serious cause of ERCP-related morbidity. Topical application of @entity3303 reportedly blunts @entity8586 release from intestinal mucosa and reduces @entity1690 . A randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of @entity3303 sprayed on the major duodenal papilla on the frequency of post-ERCP @entity788 . Secondary outcomes evaluated were ease of cannulation and severity of post-ERCP @entity788 . METHODS: @entity1 undergoing ERCP were randomized in blocks of 6 to have 10 mL of either 1% @entity3303 or normal saline solution sprayed on the major papilla before cannulation. @entity1 were observed for the development of post-ERCP @entity788 . @entity1 history- and procedure-related variables were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 326 @entity1 were enrolled, of whom 32 were excluded after randomization but before analysis. Of @entity1 analyzed, 145 were randomized to treatment with @entity3303 and 149 to placebo. No @entity1 was lost to follow-up. There was no significant difference noted in @entity1 history- or procedure-related variables. Seven @entity1 in the @entity3303 group and 5 in the placebo group developed post-ERCP @entity788 (p=0.73). Ease of cannulation did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3303 sprayed on the major papilla does not decrease the frequency of post-ERCP @entity788 .

title: The effect of XXXX sprayed on the major duodenal papilla on the frequency of post-ERCP @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter of Oddi spasm']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['Acute pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['Lidocaine', 'lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['lidocaine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity656 remains a serious cause of ERCP-related morbidity. Topical application of @entity3303 reportedly blunts @entity8586 release from intestinal mucosa and reduces @entity1690 . A randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of @entity3303 sprayed on the major duodenal papilla on the frequency of post-ERCP @entity788 . Secondary outcomes evaluated were ease of cannulation and severity of post-ERCP @entity788 . METHODS: @entity1 undergoing ERCP were randomized in blocks of 6 to have 10 mL of either 1% @entity3303 or normal saline solution sprayed on the major papilla before cannulation. @entity1 were observed for the development of post-ERCP @entity788 . @entity1 history- and procedure-related variables were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 326 @entity1 were enrolled, of whom 32 were excluded after randomization but before analysis. Of @entity1 analyzed, 145 were randomized to treatment with @entity3303 and 149 to placebo. No @entity1 was lost to follow-up. There was no significant difference noted in @entity1 history- or procedure-related variables. Seven @entity1 in the @entity3303 group and 5 in the placebo group developed post-ERCP @entity788 (p=0.73). Ease of cannulation did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3303 sprayed on the major papilla does not decrease the frequency of post-ERCP @entity788 .

title: The effect of @entity3303 sprayed on the major duodenal papilla on the frequency of post-ERCP XXXX .

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: Regulatory actions of transforming @entity2140 -beta ( @entity1810 ) on granulosa cell function were analyzed in cells cultured from the ovaries of @entity4742 -implanted @entity35 . In the presence of a suboptimal concentration of FSH (5 ng/ml) that increased LH receptors by 100-fold during a 72-h culture, @entity1810 augmented this response in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 16 pM. In contrast, the @entity2140 inhibited the @entity7813 response to an optimal dose of FSH (50 ng) by up to 50% and was inactive in the absence of gonadotropin. @entity1810 also enhanced the formation of @entity268 by 5 ng FSH and partially inhibited the effects of higher FSH concentrations. However, the actions of @entity1810 were more prominent on @entity7813 induction than on @entity268 production with either low or high amounts of FSH. In addition, @entity1810 had little effect on @entity268 production stimulated by cholera toxin or @entity1928 , but amplified the actions of these ligands as well as that of @entity5987 on @entity7813 expression. @entity1810 also modulated the steroidogenic activity of the granulosa cells, with increased production of @entity1420 in response to 5-100 ng FSH. The bifunctional actions of @entity1810 on FSH-induced @entity7813 formation were observed throughout a 96-h culture period. However, the presence of the @entity2140 was not required for the first 24 h of culture, indicating that @entity1810 alters the later events involved in @entity7813 formation. @entity1810 augmented the stimulatory actions of 5 ng FSH on LH receptors in the absence or presence of insulin, but its inhibitory effect on these receptors was only observed in cells treated with insulin. These results indicate that @entity1810 modifies FSH action during granulosa cell development in a biphasic manner. @entity1810 can exert stimulatory or inhibitory effects depending upon the concentration of FSH and the presence of insulin, and these are due to alterations in @entity268 action as well as @entity268 production. Autocrine and/or endocrine actions of @entity1810 during granulosa cell differentiation may be involved in the processes of follicle selection and development.

title: Bifunctional role of transforming XXXX -beta during granulosa cell development.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity2140 :: (79215(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['growth factor']


abstract: In vivo generation of angiotensins depends upon both plasma @entity3449 and angiotensinogen concentrations. Those factors which may influence hepatic angiotensinogen synthesis and release were examined. We have evaluated in vivo the effects of converting enzyme inhibition on several plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system components, and, using an in vitro preparation of liver slices, we also investigated the effects of converting enzyme inhibition on the synthesis and release of hepatic angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen concentrations were determined by two different methods. The first was an indirect enzymatic assay which measures the amount of @entity4689 liberated from plasma by an excess of @entity3449 . The second was a direct RIA that measures both angiotensinogen and its inactive residue the des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. The difference between the methods represents the circulating levels of des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. @entity3371 administration in @entity1372 -depleted @entity35 increased plasma concentrations of @entity3449 , des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen, and @entity4689 and decreased plasma angiotensinogen concentration measured by both methods. Plasma des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen was significantly correlated to plasma @entity3449 concentration, which suggests an increase in the consumption of angiotensinogen when the @entity3449 secretion is extremely increased. The angiotensinogen liver content and in vitro angiotensinogen release were decreased in @entity1372 -depleted @entity35 treated with a converting enzyme inhibitor, and these parameters were negatively correlated to in vivo plasma levels of @entity3449 , @entity4689 , and des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. They were positively correlated to plasma angiotensinogen concentration measured by the indirect assay. These data suggest that @entity3371 administration during @entity1372 depletion has two simultaneous effects: it increases angiotensinogen consumption and second, decreases angiotensinogen production and release.

title: Liver angiotensinogen synthesis and release during XXXX treatment in @entity1372 -depleted @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity4689 :: ('MESH:D000803', 'Chemical') :: ['angiotensin I']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

answer: @entity3371 :: (CHEBI:3380,Chemical) :: ['captopril']


abstract: In vivo generation of angiotensins depends upon both plasma @entity3449 and angiotensinogen concentrations. Those factors which may influence hepatic angiotensinogen synthesis and release were examined. We have evaluated in vivo the effects of converting enzyme inhibition on several plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system components, and, using an in vitro preparation of liver slices, we also investigated the effects of converting enzyme inhibition on the synthesis and release of hepatic angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen concentrations were determined by two different methods. The first was an indirect enzymatic assay which measures the amount of @entity4689 liberated from plasma by an excess of @entity3449 . The second was a direct RIA that measures both angiotensinogen and its inactive residue the des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. The difference between the methods represents the circulating levels of des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. @entity3371 administration in @entity1372 -depleted @entity35 increased plasma concentrations of @entity3449 , des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen, and @entity4689 and decreased plasma angiotensinogen concentration measured by both methods. Plasma des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen was significantly correlated to plasma @entity3449 concentration, which suggests an increase in the consumption of angiotensinogen when the @entity3449 secretion is extremely increased. The angiotensinogen liver content and in vitro angiotensinogen release were decreased in @entity1372 -depleted @entity35 treated with a converting enzyme inhibitor, and these parameters were negatively correlated to in vivo plasma levels of @entity3449 , @entity4689 , and des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. They were positively correlated to plasma angiotensinogen concentration measured by the indirect assay. These data suggest that @entity3371 administration during @entity1372 depletion has two simultaneous effects: it increases angiotensinogen consumption and second, decreases angiotensinogen production and release.

title: Liver angiotensinogen synthesis and release during @entity3371 treatment in XXXX -depleted @entity35 .

answer: @entity1372 :: (MESH:D012964,Chemical) :: ['sodium']


abstract: In vivo generation of angiotensins depends upon both plasma @entity3449 and angiotensinogen concentrations. Those factors which may influence hepatic angiotensinogen synthesis and release were examined. We have evaluated in vivo the effects of converting enzyme inhibition on several plasma @entity3449 -angiotensin system components, and, using an in vitro preparation of liver slices, we also investigated the effects of converting enzyme inhibition on the synthesis and release of hepatic angiotensinogen. Angiotensinogen concentrations were determined by two different methods. The first was an indirect enzymatic assay which measures the amount of @entity4689 liberated from plasma by an excess of @entity3449 . The second was a direct RIA that measures both angiotensinogen and its inactive residue the des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. The difference between the methods represents the circulating levels of des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. @entity3371 administration in @entity1372 -depleted @entity35 increased plasma concentrations of @entity3449 , des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen, and @entity4689 and decreased plasma angiotensinogen concentration measured by both methods. Plasma des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen was significantly correlated to plasma @entity3449 concentration, which suggests an increase in the consumption of angiotensinogen when the @entity3449 secretion is extremely increased. The angiotensinogen liver content and in vitro angiotensinogen release were decreased in @entity1372 -depleted @entity35 treated with a converting enzyme inhibitor, and these parameters were negatively correlated to in vivo plasma levels of @entity3449 , @entity4689 , and des- @entity4689 -angiotensinogen. They were positively correlated to plasma angiotensinogen concentration measured by the indirect assay. These data suggest that @entity3371 administration during @entity1372 depletion has two simultaneous effects: it increases angiotensinogen consumption and second, decreases angiotensinogen production and release.

title: Liver angiotensinogen synthesis and release during @entity3371 treatment in @entity1372 -depleted XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: From October 1996 to July 2001, 61 @entity1 received primary laparoscopy-assisted endorectal pull-through (LAERPT) for biopsy-proven @entity1963 ( @entity1963 ) at Mackay Memorial Hospital. The @entity1 ' ages at operation ranged from 7 days to 8 years. The @entity1 were followed up for an average of 3.8 years (range 1-5.5 years). Major complications occurred in five (8.1%) @entity1 , of whom four had surgical complications (two instances of anastomotic leakage, one @entity694 , and one delayed formation of @entity4570 ) and one had postoperative Salmonella infection-induced @entity694 . The five @entity1 required a diverting colostomy and a redo-pull-through procedure. @entity86 developed in 13 (21%) @entity1 . All of them had @entity1964 before the diagnosis of @entity1963 was established. The majority of the episodes of @entity86 were mild and resolved spontaneously, but four neonates were hospitalized with significant systemic manifestations, and two of them needed a second operation to solve the problem. After primary LAERPT, stooling frequency in young @entity1 declined rapidly from 10.5+/-3.2 to 4.4+/-1.6 bowel movements per day in the first 3 months and more slowly thereafter. Most of these @entity1 had regular bowel movements one to two times per day 1 year after operation. Continence evaluation of the 43 @entity1 over 3 years of age was graded as normal in 24 (56%) @entity1 and good in 19 (44%) @entity1 . Of the 13 @entity1 between 1 and 3 years of age, 11 (85%) had regular normal stools, and two (15%) had occasional soiling. From the current study, the authors concluded that primary LAERPT is a safe and effective method of managing @entity1963 with excellent continence results. Considering the complications of surgery and @entity86 , @entity1 with long segment @entity1963 , severe @entity1964 , or prominently dilated colon are not good candidates for primary LAERPT.

title: Experience with primary laparoscopy-assisted endorectal pull-through for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1963 :: ('MESH:D006627', 'Disease') :: ['HD', 'aganglionosis', "Hirschsprung's disease"]

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative enterocolitis', 'Postoperative enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic stricture', 'colon perforation']

entities_list: @entity4570 :: ('MESH:D007412', 'Disease') :: ['colovesical fistula']

answer: @entity1963 :: (MESH:D006627,Disease) :: ['Hirschsprung's disease']


abstract: The records from 1965 to 1985 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kurume University Hospital were reviewed. In this period, 112 cases were fulfilled the criteria of @entity13305 and they were carefully screened to clinical history, physical findings, operative findings, and histologic character of the lesion. The incidence of @entity13305 in all @entity43 was 17.8%. The average age was 45.4 years with ranged from 23 to 71. As expected from this age distribution, 73 @entity1 (65%) were 50 years of age or younger. A primary @entity189 was found in 78 (69.6%) of 112 @entity1 . In three cases, the @entity13305 were associated with a recent pregnancy. Two cases were associated with @entity42 . Microscopically, both ovaries were involved in all cases that could be evaluated for bilaterality. The relation between age distribution and histological characteristics was examined. @entity2580 were observed frequently in young @entity1 and @entity189 in older @entity1 . @entity5 were remarkably common in younger @entity1 . In the @entity1 with a recent pregnancy, the abdominal mass developed rapidly after delivery. In addition, @entity172 receptors were present in all experimented cases. The above results suggested that @entity172 influences @entity5 development and the histological character many of @entity13305 .

title: XXXX of the ovary: a clinicopathologic analysis of 112 cases.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity13305 :: ('MESH:D007725', 'Disease') :: ['Krukenberg tumor', 'Krukenberg tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Stromal hyperplasia of the tumors']

entities_list: @entity2580 :: ('MESH:D018279', 'Disease') :: ['Signet-ring type carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the stomach', 'gland-formation type carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian dermoid cyst']

answer: @entity13305 :: (MESH:D007725,Disease) :: ['Krukenberg tumors']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the optimal strategy of preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for @entity4177 . METHODS: Between 1992 and 2001, 7 @entity1 with @entity4177 (aged 9 months to 13 years) underwent preoperative TACE. The chemoembolic agent used was an emulsion of @entity7765 and @entity4831 . Four @entity1 without distant @entity3 underwent "primary" TACE without systemic chemotherapy. The other 3 with distant metastases underwent "delayed" TACE following systemic chemotherapy. These @entity1 were all examined retrospectively using clinical data. RESULTS: The average dosage of @entity4831 was 0.6 ml per @entity5 maximal diameter (cm). All the primary cases showed a significant decrease in @entity160 ( @entity160 ) and a reduction in the @entity5 size. They consequently underwent a complete surgical resection and are now disease free. All the delayed cases showed a slight decrease in @entity160 and underwent complete surgical resection; however, two of them died of lung metastases, and the other died of a second @entity5 . Regarding complications, @entity409 and @entity1151 occurred in one @entity1 each. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 without distant @entity3 , regardless of the resectability of the @entity5 , TACE may be considered the initial and only preoperative treatment, and it may be repeated. For @entity1 with distant metastases, their complete eradication with systemic chemotherapy prior to TACE is essential.

title: Optimal strategy of preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7765 :: ('MESH:C027260', 'Chemical') :: ['pirarubicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity4831 :: ('MESH:D004998', 'Chemical') :: ['lipiodol']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein', 'AFP']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity4177 :: ('MESH:D018197', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoblastoma']

answer: @entity4177 :: (MESH:D018197,Disease) :: ['hepatoblastoma']


abstract: We sought to establish whether the endogenous opiate-receptor agonist @entity4545 ( @entity4545 ) selectively modulates the release of endogenous @entity669 (Tyr) from brain slices prepared from the corpus striatum (CS). @entity1522 ( @entity4556 ) released from slices of CS and, for comparison, cerebral cortex (Cx) were measured by HPLC. Incubation of slices with @entity4545 (1-10 microM) increased the basal release of Tyr (up to 293% of control) from CS, but not Cx, whereas other nonneurotransmitter @entity4556 , @entity815 ( @entity815 ) and @entity4857 ( @entity2596 ), were unchanged. The release of the putative neurotransmitter @entity4556 @entity2227 ( @entity367 ), @entity2226 ( @entity5624 ), and @entity2228 ( @entity4022 ) were similarly increased by 50-150% with @entity4545 in slices of CS, but not Cx. The enhanced release of @entity4556 by @entity4545 was prevented by removal of extracellular @entity141 or by preincubation with the opiate receptor antagonist @entity1510 . Neuronal depolarization by @entity972 (5-55 mM) in the presence of @entity141 did not affect the release of Tyr, whereas release of neurotransmitter @entity4556 such as @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) were markedly increased. The increase in basal Tyr release by @entity4545 was not the result of a decreased uptake of Tyr. Relative to slices, the basal release of Tyr, @entity815 , and @entity2596 from a synaptosomal (P2) preparation of CS was small (8-51%) compared to that of @entity1246 , @entity4022 , @entity367 , and @entity5624 (49-123%). Nonetheless, @entity4545 (10 microM) markedly increased the release of Tyr (to 833%), but not @entity367 , @entity4022 , and @entity5624 from the P2 fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Calcium-dependent release of XXXX in brain elicited by stimulation of neuropeptide receptors.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['Amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['Phe', 'phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: Three agonists with the highest degree of selectivity available for mu ( @entity7862 , @entity7862 ), delta ([ D- @entity19035 ,D-Pen5]enkephalin, DPDPE) and kappa (U-50,488H, U50) opioid receptors were compared for their activity in inhibiting @entity1543 -induced writhing in @entity19 . Additionally, three reference agonists for mu ( @entity1286 ), delta ([ D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin, DADLE) and kappa ( @entity57742 , KC) receptors were also studied in this test. The agonists were given directly into the lateral cerebral ventricle (i.c.v.) or into the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space (intrathecal), and the potency of each compound was compared across injection sites and with data previously obtained in a thermal analgesic test ( @entity19 hot-plate test). The rank order of potency for inhibition of writhing after i.c.v. administration was @entity7862 greater than DADLE greater than @entity1286 greater than DPDPE; KC and U50 showed no significant activity by this route. After intrathecal administration, the compounds inhibited writhing with a rank potency order of @entity7862 greater than KC greater than @entity1286 = @entity11053 greater than DPDPE greater than U50. All compounds were more potent in inhibiting writhing at spinal sites than at supraspinal sites; DPDPE and @entity7862 were 15 and 24 times more potent after intrathecal than after i.c.v. administration, respectively. The proposed delta agonists DPDPE and DADLE inhibited writhing at both spinal and supraspinal sites. Further, although the proposed kappa-acting compounds KC and U50 were effective at relatively low doses at spinal levels, these compounds lacked activity at supraspinal sites at doses not causing sedation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Supraspinal and spinal potency of selective opioid agonists in the XXXX writhing test.

entities_list: @entity7862 :: ('MESH:D020875', 'Chemical') :: ['DAGO', '[D-Ala2,NMePhe4,Gly-ol]enkephalin']

entities_list: @entity57742 :: ('MESH:C012395', 'Chemical') :: ['ketocyclazocine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the @entity1496 -unstained region expanding around @entity957 ( @entity957 ) by quantification of telomerase activity. The @entity5115 often observed around @entity957 is considered to cause local recurrence or a second @entity5 . However these areas are hard to distinguish from normal mucosa. To clear the border of the expanding @entity5115 around @entity957 , we stained with 3% @entity1496 solution, and then decided the surgical margin. We measured quantification of telomerase activity in @entity5 , in @entity5115 , and also in normal epithelium. Thirty-three primary cases of oral @entity957 which have @entity1496 -unstained region around lesions were investigated. Fluorescense-based @entity2870 was applied to obtain quantification of telomerase activity. We obtained the following results: histological examination confirmed that every @entity1 's unstained region consisted of various degrees of @entity5115 . The quantified telomerase activities for @entity957 , @entity5115 and normal epithelium were 53.9, 39.6 and 2.7 U/microgP, respectively, and there was a significant difference between @entity189 and normal areas, and between @entity1141 and normal epithelium. Therefore, these findings suggest that the areas of @entity5115 unstained by @entity1496 consist of cells that are nearly cancerous and excessively proliferative, and that @entity5115 around @entity957 should be resected together with the @entity5 . Vital staining with @entity1496 is useful for identifying @entity5115 around @entity957 .

title: Quantification of telomerase activity of regions unstained with @entity1496 solution that surround XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5115 :: ('MESH:C567703', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'oral squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['oral squamous cell carcinoma']