abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have reported a variety of @entity75 in association with @entity161 . These include a higher prevalence of an absent adhesio interthalamica (AI; also known massa intermedia), a gray matter junction that is present between the two thalami in approximately 80% of healthy subjects. In this meta-analytic review, we describe and discuss the main AI MRI findings in @entity72 ( @entity72 ) to date. The MEDLINE and ISI Web of Knowledge databases were searched up to December 2010, for studies that used MRI to assess AI in @entity1 with @entity15838 and controls. From fourteen potential reports, eleven were eligible to be part of the current review. These studies included 822 @entity1 with @entity15838 and 718 healthy volunteers. There was a large degree of variability in the MRI methods they employed. @entity1 with @entity15838 had a higher prevalence of absent AI than healthy volunteers (odds ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval 1.33-2.94; p = 0.0008). This association was evident in both male and female @entity15838 subjects, and there was no evidence that the prevalence was related to age or duration of illness. The significance of the absence of an AI for @entity15838 may be clarified by studies in large, longitudinal community-based samples using standardized methods.

title: Adhesio interthalamica alterations in XXXX : A systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['SSDs', 'schizophrenia spectrum disorders']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity72 :: (MESH:D002659,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia spectrum disorders']


abstract: Cultured @entity1 retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) secrete insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), a family of polypeptides which modulate the actions of the insulin-like growth factors. RPE cells secrete two IGFBPs with Mr estimates of 34,000 and 46,000, respectively. Treatment of RPE cells with @entity442 markedly stimulated the secretion of the 46,000 Mr form. This stimulation occurred via an @entity2856 independent mechanism because both [QAYL] @entity442 (an @entity442 analogue with decreased affinity for the IGFBPs but normal affinity for the @entity2856 ) and alpha-IR3 (a blocking monoclonal antibody against the @entity2856 ) had no effect on @entity442 stimulated increases in IGFBPs. Additionally, [QAYL] @entity442 enhanced RPE cell proliferation to the same magnitude as @entity442 . Treatment with @entity442 , [QAYL] @entity442 , or alpha-IR3 had no effect on steady-state levels of the 2.5 kb @entity2301 or the 1.3 kb @entity19518 mRNA transcripts as measured by Northern blotting and quantitative autoradiography. @entity1928 and a group of candidate growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, modestly increased IGFBP secretion when compared to untreated cells, but these effects were small when compared to @entity442 treatment. Fetal calf serum enhanced the presence of the 2.5 kb @entity2301 mRNA transcript in a dose-dependent fashion but had no effect on the 1.3 kb @entity19518 mRNA transcript. @entity442 , @entity1928 , and the candidate growth factors had no effect on either @entity2301 or @entity19518 mRNA. These data suggest that the production of IGFBPs in @entity1 RPE cells is regulated by distinct mechanisms which include (1) an @entity2856 independent interaction of @entity442 with secreted IGFBPs and (2) de novo synthesis of IGFBPs by serum-containing factors.

title: Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein synthesis and secretion in XXXX retinal pigment epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin', 'Forskolin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The efficacy of oral gammaglobulin in the treatment of acute @entity294 in immunocompetent @entity1 has been evaluated in an open placebo controlled trial. Moreover the efficacy of oral gammaglobulin has been tested also for treatment of chronic @entity294 in @entity7491 @entity1 and for prevention of @entity6425 during an @entity3082 in the ward. 54 @entity1 (aged 1-36 months) with acute @entity294 (30 rotavirus +) were enrolled in the study. 24 out of 54 were assigned with randomised method to group a receiving gammaglobulin 150 mg/kg x 2 in the first day of admission to hospital and the remaining 30 @entity1 were assigned to group b receiving placebo. @entity294 cleared up in 2.57 +/- 1.4 days without a significant difference between group a and b (2.6 +/- 1.6 and 2.46 +/- 1.1 days respectively). The @entity294 's duration in Rotavirus+ @entity1 was 2.78 +/- 1.4 days in group a and 3 +/- 1.4 days in group b again without a significant difference. The excretion time of rotavirus in the stools was significantly shorter in @entity7414 (2.6 +/- 1.3) than in rotavirus group b (3.9 +/- 1.6) with p < 0.04. Three @entity1 (4.9 months) with chronic post- @entity294 and @entity7491 (< 5 mg%ml) received gammaglobulin 300 mg/kg/die for 3 days. The @entity294 recovered in 2-3 days. Out of 16 @entity1 hospitalized during an @entity3082 rotavirus @entity294 6 @entity1 received oral gammaglobulin at the dose of 150 mg/kg/die during the hospitalization period (that was at least 5 days). No one became ill.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Experience with gamma globulins per os in the therapy and prevention of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'infectious diarrhea', 'Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity7491 :: ('MESH:D017098', 'Disease') :: ['IgA deficient', 'IgA deficiency']

entities_list: @entity7414 :: ('28875', 'Species') :: ['rotavirus+group a']

entities_list: @entity6425 :: ('MESH:D012400', 'Disease') :: ['rotavirus infection']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['infectious diarrhea']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the frequency of fetal @entity2008 in pregnancies complicated by @entity2978 . STUDY DESIGN: Between Jan. 1, 1992, and July 31, 1993, an amniotic fluid index was measured prospectively in 2730 third-trimester pregnant @entity1 . Polyhydramnios was defined as an amniotic fluid index > or = 24 cm. A computer search identified all @entity1 born with structural or @entity2008 . RESULTS: Polyhydramnios was detected in 49 of 2730 @entity1 (1.7%). The incidence of @entity2008 was two in 49 (4.1%) compared with three in 2681 (0.12%) among @entity1 with normal fluid (p < 0.05). Six of the 49 newborns had @entity11578 (12.2%), whereas 48 of 2681 (1.8%) @entity11578 occurred in the control group (p < 0.05). Among study @entity1 both fetuses with @entity2008 were @entity851 ; four of the six @entity11578 were associated with an amniotic fluid index > 30 cm. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Polyhydramnios is associated with an increased incidence of @entity2241 . (2) @entity851 fetuses with @entity2978 warrant genetic evaluation. (3) A genetic study is not absolutely indicated for @entity1 with @entity2978 and a sonographically normal fetus.

title: Is XXXX in an ultrasonographically normal fetus an indication for genetic evaluation?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retarded', 'Growth-retarded']

entities_list: @entity11578 :: ('MESH:D020914', 'Disease') :: ['structural anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2978 :: ('MESH:D006831', 'Disease') :: ['polyhydramnios']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['congenital fetal anomalies']

answer: @entity2978 :: (MESH:D006831,Disease) :: ['polyhydramnios']


abstract: In a prospective multicenter study 42 @entity882 (less than 30 X 10(9) platelets/l) @entity1 with chronic @entity3039 ( @entity3039 ) or with @entity3039 , dependent on or refractory to corticosteroids, were given 0.4 g i.v. IgG/kg body weight/day on 5 consecutive days and thereafter once a week if the platelet count fell to less than 20 X 10(9)/l or if the @entity1 bled. After the initial 5 days of i.v. IgG the platelets rose within a mean of 7-8 days to greater than 30 X 10(9)/l in all and to greater than 150 X 10(9)/l in 33 of 42 @entity1 (79%). After a mean observation time of 26.6 months 26 of 42 @entity1 (62%) showed a satisfactory long-term effect, i.e. no need for treatment for at least 6 months without @entity548 and with no platelet counts below 20 X 10(9)/l. No difference in response rate was found between @entity1 with chronic and those with previously treated @entity3039 . These results indicate that i.v. IgG could be used to control emergency situations, e.g. to stop @entity548 or to prepare a @entity1 for surgery. I.v. IgG also represents a good alternative to treatment modalities, such as splenectomy and/or the administration of cytostatic immunosuppressants with potentially serious side effects. In addition to the expected transient rise in serum IgG levels, i.v. IgG induced a more prolonged elevation of serum IgM. Platelet associated IgG, elevated before therapy, was correlated with the clinical long-term outcome.

title: Intravenous immunoglobulin (i.v. IgG) for previously treated acute or for chronic XXXX ( @entity3039 ) in childhood: a prospective multicenter study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3039 :: ('MESH:D016553', 'Disease') :: ['acute ITP', 'ITP', 'idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenic']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity3039 :: (MESH:D016553,Disease) :: ['idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura']


abstract: In a prospective multicenter study 42 @entity882 (less than 30 X 10(9) platelets/l) @entity1 with chronic @entity3039 ( @entity3039 ) or with @entity3039 , dependent on or refractory to corticosteroids, were given 0.4 g i.v. IgG/kg body weight/day on 5 consecutive days and thereafter once a week if the platelet count fell to less than 20 X 10(9)/l or if the @entity1 bled. After the initial 5 days of i.v. IgG the platelets rose within a mean of 7-8 days to greater than 30 X 10(9)/l in all and to greater than 150 X 10(9)/l in 33 of 42 @entity1 (79%). After a mean observation time of 26.6 months 26 of 42 @entity1 (62%) showed a satisfactory long-term effect, i.e. no need for treatment for at least 6 months without @entity548 and with no platelet counts below 20 X 10(9)/l. No difference in response rate was found between @entity1 with chronic and those with previously treated @entity3039 . These results indicate that i.v. IgG could be used to control emergency situations, e.g. to stop @entity548 or to prepare a @entity1 for surgery. I.v. IgG also represents a good alternative to treatment modalities, such as splenectomy and/or the administration of cytostatic immunosuppressants with potentially serious side effects. In addition to the expected transient rise in serum IgG levels, i.v. IgG induced a more prolonged elevation of serum IgM. Platelet associated IgG, elevated before therapy, was correlated with the clinical long-term outcome.

title: Intravenous immunoglobulin (i.v. IgG) for previously treated acute or for chronic @entity3039 ( XXXX ) in childhood: a prospective multicenter study.

answer: @entity3039 :: (MESH:D016553,Disease) :: ['ITP']


abstract: The incidence of infection related to arterial catheterization has not been studied in critically ill @entity1 , using systematic catheter cultures. We studied prospectively 68 @entity1 in whom 70 arterial catheters were inserted. After the aseptic catheterization procedure, no component of the system was changed. The insertion site was inspected daily for signs of @entity32 . Upon removal, catheters were cultured using a semiquantitative method. Blood and infusion fluid specimens were also cultured if @entity295 was clinically suspected. Mean duration of catheterization was 59 +/- 6 (SE) h. In our series, all catheter and infusion fluid cultures were negative. Local @entity32 was not predictive of catheter @entity281 and correlated poorly with duration of catheterization (r = 0.2). In our experience, the incidence of infection related to arterial catheterization is low. Routine change of infusion fluid, tubing, dressing and insertion site as well as systematic catheter culture in the absence of @entity221 appears unwarranted.

title: Incidence of infection related to arterial catheterization in XXXX : a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['tip infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sonography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation of intrahepatic primary @entity201 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2006 to March 2010, 15 @entity1 (11 @entity1 , 4 @entity1 ; mean age, 57.4 years) with 24 histologically proven intrahepatic primary @entity75 (mean @entity5 size, 3.2  1.9 cm; range, 1.3-9.9 cm) were treated with microwave ablation. RESULTS: Thirty-eight sessions were performed for 24 nodules in 15 @entity1 . The follow-up period was 4-31 months (mean, 12.8  8.0 months). The ablation success rate, the technique effectiveness rate, and the local @entity5 progression rate were 91.7% (22/24), 87.5% (21/24), and 25% (6/24) respectively according to the results of follow-up. The cumulative overall 6, 12, 24 month survival rates were 78.8%, 60.0%, and 60.0%, respectively. @entity532 occurred including @entity5572 in two @entity1 (13.3%) and needle seeding in one @entity1 (6.7%). Both complications were cured satisfied with antibiotic treatment combined to catheter drainage for abscess and resection for needle seeding. The minor complications and side effects were experienced by most @entity1 which subsided with supportive treatment. CONCLUSION: Microwave ablation can be used as a safe and effective technique to treat intrahepatic primary @entity201 .

title: Sonography-guided percutaneous microwave ablation of intrahepatic primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5572 :: ('MESH:D008100', 'Disease') :: ['liver abscess']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma lesions']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['Major complication']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Malignancy is a late cause of mortality in heart transplant recipients. It is unknown if screening computed tomography scan would lead to early detection of such @entity5 or serious @entity455 post heart transplantation. METHODS: This is a single center observational study of @entity1 undergoing surveillance computed tomography of chest, abdomen and pelvis at least 5 years after transplantation. Abnormal findings, included pulmonary nodules, @entity3329 and intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal masses and @entity455 such as @entity1028 . The clinical follow up of each of these major abnormal findings is summarized. RESULTS: A total of 63 @entity1 underwent computed tomography scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis at least 5 years after transplantation. Of these, 54 (86%) were male and 9 (14%) were female. Mean age was 52  9.2 years. Computed tomography revealed @entity2 (squamous cell) only. Non specific pulmonary nodules were seen in 6 @entity1 (9.5%). The most common incidental finding was @entity1028 (N=6 (9.5%)), which necessitated follow up computed tomography (N=5) or surgery (N=1). Mean time to detection of @entity1028 from transplantation was 14.6  4.2 years. Mean age at the time of detection of @entity1028 was 74.5  3.2 years. CONCLUSION: Screening computed tomography scan in @entity1 5 years from transplantation revealed only one malignancy but lead to increased detection of @entity1028 . Thus the utility is low in terms of detection of malignancy. Based on this study we do not recommend routine computed tomography post heart transplantation.

title: Utility of screening computed tomography of chest, abdomen and pelvis in XXXX after heart transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['1 lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'abdominal aortic aneurysm']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIMS: In @entity1 with @entity1817 , @entity1168 can be treated with a single-lead pacemaker or a dual-chamber pacemaker. Previous trials have revealed that pacing modes preserving atrio-ventricular synchrony are superior to single-lead ventricular pacing, but it remains unclear if there is any difference between single-lead atrial pacing (AAIR) and dual-chamber pacing (DDDR). METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomly assigned 1415 @entity1 referred for first pacemaker implantation to AAIR (n = 707) or DDDR (n = 708) pacing and followed them for a mean of 5.4    2.6 years. The primary outcome was @entity204 from any cause. Secondary outcomes included paroxysmal and chronic @entity955 , @entity64 , @entity712 , and need for pacemaker reoperation. In the AAIR group, 209 @entity1 (29.6%) died during follow-up vs. 193 @entity1 (27.3%) in the DDDR group, hazard ratio (HR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88-1.29, P = 0.53. @entity955 was observed in 201 @entity1 (28.4%) in the AAIR group vs. 163 @entity1 (23.0%) in the DDDR group, HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03-1.56, P = 0.024. A total of 240 @entity1 underwent one or more pacemaker reoperations during follow-up, 156 (22.1%) in the AAIR group vs. 84 (11.9%) in the DDDR group (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.53-2.59, P < 0.001). The incidence of chronic @entity955 , @entity64 , and @entity712 did not differ between treatment groups. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with @entity1817 , there is no statistically significant difference in @entity204 from any cause between AAIR pacing and DDDR pacing. AAIR pacing is associated with a higher incidence of @entity955 and a two-fold increased risk of pacemaker reoperation. These findings support the routine use of DDDR pacing in these @entity1 . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00236158.

title: A comparison of single-lead atrial pacing with dual-chamber pacing in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1817 :: ('MESH:D012804', 'Disease') :: ['sick sinus syndrome']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'paroxysmal atrial fibrillation', 'Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity1817 :: (MESH:D012804,Disease) :: ['sick sinus syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the association of the bedside test of @entity346 ( @entity346 ) with @entity1 ' self-perceived @entity1296 handicap as well as this test's sensitivity and specificity in unilateral peripheral @entity394 . STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study was performed. SETTING: The study was held at an academic, tertiary referral center. METHODS: Fifty-three adult @entity1 with unilateral peripheral hypofunction defined by the caloric test of the videonystagmography with documented bedside @entity346 and who had completed questionnaires of self-perceived @entity1296 handicap were included. The sensitivity and specificity of the bedside @entity346 in @entity1 and 10 healthy controls in diagnosing @entity394 defined by videonystagmographic caloric testing and by abnormal gain and symmetry of the vestibular-ocular reflex by rotary chair testing were determined. Scores of the screening test of the @entity1296 Handicap Index and Functional Level Scale questionnaires were taken. RESULTS: When using the caloric irrigation test as the reference standard for @entity394 , the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the bedside @entity346 were 31%, 96%, and 97%, respectively. When comparing with results of rotational chair testing (vestibular-ocular reflex gain and symmetry), the sensitivity of the @entity346 test increases to 71%. @entity1 with positive bedside @entity346 had higher scores (greater self-perceived @entity1296 handicap) of the @entity1296 Handicap Index (P = .049) and higher (worse) scores of the Functional Level Scale (P = .0377) than those with negative bedside @entity346 (Wilcoxon rank test). CONCLUSIONS: Greater perceived handicap was correlated with a positive bedside @entity346 in @entity1 with unilateral peripheral @entity345 . The @entity346 has sufficient sensitivity to be used as screening test of uncompensated @entity345 in this series. However, a negative @entity346 alone does not rule out the diagnosis of @entity1897 .

title: Head-shaking nystagmus predicts greater disability in unilateral peripheral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity345 :: ('MESH:D065635', 'Disease') :: ['vestibulopathy']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vestibular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['HSN', 'head-shaking nystagmus']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['Dizziness', 'dizziness']

entities_list: @entity394 :: ('MESH:D015837', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral vestibular hypofunction', 'vestibular hypofunction']

answer: @entity345 :: (MESH:D065635,Disease) :: ['vestibulopathy']


abstract: This report evaluates the efficacy of the combined Collis-Nissen operation in achieving long-term reflux control in @entity1 with @entity850 . A Collis-Nissen procedure with dilation of a reflux stricture was performed in 64 adults. The strictures were mild (easily dilated) in 37, moderate (requiring some force to dilate) in 17, and severe (requiring very forceful dilation) in 10. Two strictures were perforated intraoperatively. There was 1 postoperative death, and 4 @entity1 have been lost to follow-up. The remaining 59 @entity1 have been followed from 2 to 120 months (average, 43 months) after operation. Subjectively, reflux is absent in 48 (81%), mild in 4 (7%), moderate in 5 (9%), and severe in 2 (3%). Objectively, intraesophageal pH studies show good or excellent reflux control in 94% at 1 year and 66% at 2 to 5 years. @entity1282 has been eliminated in 71%, is mild in 10%, moderate (requiring occasional dilation) in 12%, and severe (requiring regular dilations) in 7%. The combined Collis-Nissen operation provides good long-term reflux control and relief of @entity1282 in most @entity1 with @entity850 . However, @entity1 with @entity850 after previous repairs are likely to have unsatisfactory results and may best be managed with resectional therapy. Resection may also ultimately prove to be a better option for @entity1 with more severe strictures.

title: The combined Collis-Nissen operation for esophageal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['reflux strictures']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia', 'Dysphagia']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['reflux strictures']


abstract: 1. Neurons from a horizontal slice of adult @entity35 brainstem were examined using intracellular recording techniques. Investigations were restricted to a region within the nucleus tractus solitarii, medial to the solitary tract and centred on the obex (mNTS). Previous work has shown this restricted area of the NTS to contain the greatest concentration of aortic afferent baroreceptor terminal fields. Electrical stimulation of the tract elicited short-latency excitatory postsynaptic potentials in all neurons. 2. mNTS neurons were spontaneously active with firing frequencies ranging between 1 and 10 Hz, at resting potentials of -65 to -45 mV. These neurons did not exhibit spontaneous bursting activity. 3. Depolarizing current injection immediately evoked a finite, high-frequency spike discharge which rapidly declined to a lower steady-state level (i.e. spike frequency adaptation, @entity10194 ). Increasing depolarizations produced a marked increase in the peak instantaneous frequency but a much smaller increase in the steady-state firing level. 4. Conditioning with a hyperpolarizing prepulse resulted in a prolonged delay of up to 600 ms before the first action potential (i.e. delayed excitation, DE) with an attendant decrease in peak discharge rates. DE was modulated by both the magnitude and duration of the prestimulus hyperpolarization, as well as the magnitude of the depolarizing stimulus. @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ) eliminated spike discharge but had little effect on the ramp-like membrane depolarization characteristic of DE. 5. We have developed a mathematical model for mNTS neurons to facilitate our understanding of the interplay between the underlying ionic currents. It consists of a comprehensive membrane model of the Hodgkin-Huxley type coupled with a fluid compartment model describing cytoplasmic [ @entity141 ]i homeostasis. 6. The model suggests that (a) SFA is caused by an increase in [ @entity141 ]i which activates the outward K+ current, IK,Ca, and (b) DE results from the competitive interaction between the injected depolarizing current and the hyperpolarization-activated transient outward K+ currents, IA and ID. 7. We conclude that our ionic current model is capable of providing biophysical explanations for a number of phenomena associated with brainstem neurons, either during spontaneous activity or in response to patterned injections of current. This model is a potentially useful adjunct for on-going research into the central mechanisms involved in the regulation of both blood pressure and ventilation.

title: An ionic current model for neurons in the XXXX medial nucleus tractus solitarii receiving sensory afferent input.

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetrodotoxin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether unexplained elevations of maternal serum @entity160 (MSAFP) in women with antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was used to compare pregnancy outcomes between @entity1 with second-trimester MSAFP values equal to or greater than 2.5 multiples of the median (MoM) and less than 2.5 MoM. The cohort included 60 pregnancies in 47 @entity1 with medium to high positive levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G anticardiolipin antibodies, @entity4555 , or both. RESULTS: Thirteen pregnancies (22%) had elevated MSAFP values (median 3.6 MoM, range 2.5-12.6). Of these, amniotic fluid AFP was normal in seven and elevated in one. None of the elevated MSAFP levels were explained by @entity2241 , current @entity5617 , @entity6677 , incorrect dates, or @entity3556 . Pregnancies with elevated MSAFP values had a significantly higher incidence of @entity5617 (eight of 13, 62%, versus three of 47, 6%) and perinatal loss (ten of 13, 77%, versus seven of 47, 15%) than those with normal MSAFP (P < .001, Fisher exact test). In these @entity1 , the sensitivity and specificity of an unexplained elevated MSAFP level in ascertaining @entity5617 were 73 and 90%, respectively. For perinatal loss, the sensitivity was 59% and the specificity was 93%. Of the placentas studied, @entity1188 occurred in eight of nine (89%) among the @entity1 with elevated MSAFP. CONCLUSIONS: Unexplained second-trimester elevations of MSAFP are common in women with antiphospholipid antibodies and are significantly associated with fetal loss. Abnormalities in the fetoplacental barrier are implicated as part of the pathophysiology of antiphospholipid antibody-mediated @entity393 .

title: Unexplained elevations of maternal serum @entity160 in women with antiphospholipid antibodies: a harbinger of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6677 :: ('MESH:D016640', 'Disease') :: ['multiple gestation']

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']

entities_list: @entity4555 :: ('MESH:C531622', 'Disease') :: ['lupus anticoagulant']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['pregnancy loss']

entities_list: @entity5617 :: ('MESH:D005313', 'Disease') :: ['fetal death']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['fetal anomalies']

answer: @entity5617 :: (MESH:D005313,Disease) :: ['fetal death']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether unexplained elevations of maternal serum @entity160 (MSAFP) in women with antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was used to compare pregnancy outcomes between @entity1 with second-trimester MSAFP values equal to or greater than 2.5 multiples of the median (MoM) and less than 2.5 MoM. The cohort included 60 pregnancies in 47 @entity1 with medium to high positive levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G anticardiolipin antibodies, @entity4555 , or both. RESULTS: Thirteen pregnancies (22%) had elevated MSAFP values (median 3.6 MoM, range 2.5-12.6). Of these, amniotic fluid AFP was normal in seven and elevated in one. None of the elevated MSAFP levels were explained by @entity2241 , current @entity5617 , @entity6677 , incorrect dates, or @entity3556 . Pregnancies with elevated MSAFP values had a significantly higher incidence of @entity5617 (eight of 13, 62%, versus three of 47, 6%) and perinatal loss (ten of 13, 77%, versus seven of 47, 15%) than those with normal MSAFP (P < .001, Fisher exact test). In these @entity1 , the sensitivity and specificity of an unexplained elevated MSAFP level in ascertaining @entity5617 were 73 and 90%, respectively. For perinatal loss, the sensitivity was 59% and the specificity was 93%. Of the placentas studied, @entity1188 occurred in eight of nine (89%) among the @entity1 with elevated MSAFP. CONCLUSIONS: Unexplained second-trimester elevations of MSAFP are common in women with antiphospholipid antibodies and are significantly associated with fetal loss. Abnormalities in the fetoplacental barrier are implicated as part of the pathophysiology of antiphospholipid antibody-mediated @entity393 .

title: Unexplained elevations of maternal serum XXXX in women with antiphospholipid antibodies: a harbinger of @entity5617 .

answer: @entity160 :: (174,Gene) :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']


abstract: In a prospective 30-month study of @entity580 in a pediatric ICU (PICU), the incidence, sites, and causes of @entity281 were determined. Factors associated with increased risk of @entity281 were investigated. In 1,388 @entity1 who remained in the PICU for a minimum of 72 h, 116 @entity281 occurred (6.1 @entity281 /100 admissions). Primary @entity2259 comprised 38% of PICU @entity281 and lower @entity1729 comprised 15%. The remaining @entity281 were divided equally among GI, skin, eye, upper respiratory, postoperative wounds, and other sites. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, @entity796 , and @entity794 were the most prevalent pathogens. Surgical @entity1 had similar rates of @entity281 to medical @entity1 . @entity1 in the first 2 yr of life, particularly those between 7 and 30 days of age, had the highest rate of @entity281 . Onset of @entity281 was more common after the first week in the PICU with 11% of @entity1 staying 14 to 20 days, 27% of @entity1 staying 21 to 27 days, 48% of @entity1 staying 28 to 34 days, and 52% of @entity1 staying more than 35 days before the onset of @entity281 . The risk of @entity580 increases with arterial and central line use, prolonged intubation, ventilation, intracranial pressure monitoring, and @entity912 .

title: XXXX in a pediatric intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infection', 'nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremias']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['Nosocomial infections']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have shown laterality in @entity174 , such that the left side is more frequently fractured. The present study had the aim of evaluating whether the clavicle on the dominant side is denser and thus explaining the greater incidence of @entity174 on the non-dominant side. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive study on 52 healthy @entity1 , who were classified according to age, sex and whether the dominant or non-dominant side was affected. RESULTS: The @entity1 comprised 28 @entity1 (53.8%) and 24 @entity1 (46.2%). Regarding the dominant side, 30 were right-handed (57.7%) and 22 were left-handed (42.3%). The mean age was 25 years. In this study, it could be seen that the non-dominant side had greater bone mass than the dominant side. It was also observed that the bone density was greater in the middle and distal thirds on the non-dominant side, with a statistically significant difference. In the @entity1 , the density was also greater on the non-dominant side; this difference was not significant in relation to the dominant side, but there were significant differences between the middle thirds (p  <  0.001) and the distal thirds (p  <  0.006). CONCLUSION: Variations in bone density, toward higher and lower bone mass, may have been responsible for the @entity174 . According to the findings from this study, @entity174 occur more in the middle third of the non-dominant clavicle, as a result of greater bone mineral mass, which gives rise to lower flexibility and @entity174 in the region.

title: Densitometric study of the clavicle: bone mineral density explains the laterality of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'clavicle fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: Sixty-eight @entity1 with FIGO stage I, grade 2 or 3 @entity420 were treated according to a protocol involving 10 Gy external pelvic irradiation, prompt hysterectomy with surgical staging, and postoperative therapy individualized according to surgical-pathologic findings. Five-year survival for the entire group was 78%, 87% for those with grade 2 disease, and 59% for those with grade 3 disease. For @entity1 whose disease was found to be confined to the uterus, surgical stage I, the 5-year survival was 98%. @entity1 with surgical stage I, grades 2 and 3 disease had 97 and 100% probabilities of surviving 5 years, respectively. Five-year disease-free probability was 96% for all @entity1 with surgical stage I @entity189 , 97% for @entity1 with grade 2 disease, and 94% for @entity1 with grade 3 disease. Myometrial penetration influenced survival; no @entity1 with less than 50% myometrial penetration died or suffered a relapse, while only 40% of @entity1 with deeper penetration survived 5 years. Twenty-three percent of @entity1 with surgically confirmed disease spread beyond the corpus survived 5 years; 29% remained disease-free at this interval. Ten of the 68 @entity1 developed recurrences, none has had a known pelvic recurrence. Two major complications, one requiring surgery, were seen, both in @entity1 receiving postoperative external beam irradiation. The rationale behind low-dose, preoperative external pelvic irradiation is described, and an approach to high-grade, FIGO stage I @entity420 is outlined.

title: Management of high-grade stage I XXXX : hysterectomy following low dose external beam pelvic irradiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the endometrium']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the endometrium']


abstract: PURPOSE: A prospective study with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity189 for evaluating: @entity137 , response rate, pattern of recurrence, and survival after a long follow-up. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1983-1988, 40 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity957 of the thoracic esophagus were entered into a prospective trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Eight @entity1 (20%) were Stage II and 32 @entity1 (80%) were Stage III, according to American Joint Committee staging criteria. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisted of two cycles with @entity900 (120 mg/m2 day 1), @entity7324 (3 mg/m2 days 1, 8, 15, and 22) and @entity1732 (10 mg/m2 days 3 to 6). Second cycle was initiated on day 29. Radiation therapy was administered 2-4 weeks after completion of chemotherapy, with a total dose on @entity5 of 60 Gy. RESULTS: Two @entity1 died from treatment-related @entity137 . Complete response was observed in 20 @entity1 (53%) and symptomatic improvement in 31 @entity1 (82%). The median survival was 11 months, with an actuarial survival at 1 year of 45%, 3 year 20%, and 5 years 15%. Significantly (p < 0.05) longer survival was observed in @entity1 with Stage II (median survival 18 months) vs. Stage III (median survival 10 months). The pattern of failure was predominantly local/regional (62%). CONCLUSION: This treatment scheme is an effective and tolerable regimen but long-term survival was poor.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in locally advanced XXXX : long-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['vindesine']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['esophagus carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['esophagus carcinoma']


abstract: Our previous study demonstrated the presence of a thermochemotherapy-resistant cell fraction in a @entity5 . The present study investigated whether thermochemotherapy-resistant cells are radioresistant and whether thermochemotherapy changes the size of @entity519 cell fraction in the @entity5 . Early generation isotransplants of a spontaneous @entity1492 , @entity5 , were used. A radiation dose that yields 50% @entity5 control rate in 150 days after local irradiation, TCD50, was determined. @entity786 (CY) was the test agent. TCD50 values of the 4 mm @entity5 following gamma-ray alone given under @entity519 conditions or in air were 80.9 or 65.8 Gy, respectively. Thermochemotherapy reduced TCD50 values congruent to 20 Gy, suggesting that thermochemotherapy resistant cells are not identical to the radioresistant cells. @entity413 administered 60 min before thermochemotherapy further reduced TCD50 values. Foot-reaction scored in the @entity5 -controlled animals was significantly less severe following combined thermochemo- and radiotherapy compared to that following radiotherapy alone. Acute foot reaction studies also supported this observation. These results indicated that thermochemotherapy could be an excellent adjuvant to radiotherapy. Further studies using a 6 mm @entity5 indicated that thermochemotherapy was less effective on the large @entity5 than on the small @entity5 . Indirect analysis showed no significant changes in the size of @entity519 cell fraction following thermochemotherapy.

title: Thermochemotherapy (combined XXXX and hyperthermia) with or without hyperglycemia as an adjuvant to radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'FSa-II tumors']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['Glucose']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: A case of combined @entity340 with the scimitar sign is reported. A 48-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital for treatment of @entity712 due to combined @entity340 following an @entity1729 . Chest radiography revealed @entity509 of the right lung, dextroposition of the heart and a curved vascular opacity adjacent to the right cardiac border having the appearance of a scimitar sign. The latter was better demonstrated by chest tomography. A lung scan showed a marked decrease in perfusion of the right lung. A CT scan of the thorax revealed @entity509 of the right lung, dextroposition of the heart and an abnormal, curved and thickened right pulmonary vein which drained into a markedly enlarged left atrium. Right heart catheterization demonstrated elevated pressures in the right side of the heart. However, no shunt was demonstrated. A pulmonary angiogram revealed an @entity358 , having the appearance of a scimitar sign draining normally into the left atrium. Only five cases like the present case have been reported in the world literatures. The results in the present case indicate that @entity1 with radiological evidence of the @entity1700 should be examined using computed tomography of the chest to rule out the "pseudoscimitar sign."

title: [Combined XXXX with the scimitar triad: a case report].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1700 :: ('MESH:D012587', 'Disease') :: ['scimitar syndrome']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['anomalous pulmonary vein']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper respiratory infection']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular disease']

answer: @entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['valvular disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to elucidate the questions: 1) Why are some @entity1 declining an @entity160 ( @entity160 )-test? and 2) Do @entity1 who decline an @entity160 -test differ in background and in attitudes towards abortion issues from @entity1 who accept the test? Furthermore the study was aimed at clarifying some aspects of the decision process. DESIGN: Questionnaire study over a one-year period from October 1, 1988 to September 30, 1989. SETTING: Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, and the county hospitals of S  nderjylland, Denmark. SUBJECTS: 336 @entity1 who declined the @entity160 -test and 3331 @entity1 who had the test performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Main questions concerned reasons for declining @entity160 -testing, attitudes to abortion issues and how the decision was made. RESULTS: The main reasons for declining were found to be ethical/religious reasons or the view that the test was not reliable enough. The frequencies of @entity1 with a high school degree (46.4% versus 30.8%) and of @entity1 who had had a previous @entity2208 (24.1% versus 14.8%) were both significantly higher in the declining group. Regarding abortion issues, @entity1 who declined the test were significantly more restrictive in their acceptance of abortion than @entity1 who had taken the @entity160 -test. 5.7% of the @entity1 who declined reported that they had perceived pressure to accept the offer to have the test. CONCLUSION: The study has clarified the questions as to who declines the @entity160 -test and why. It is discussed whether the @entity160 -programme and its consequences are, in fact, too difficult for some @entity1 to grasp and understand in detail. From the Health Service's point of view, it is noteworthy that a considerable number of @entity1 who declined the test offer might make a different choice if the @entity160 -programme were improved.

title: Declining an XXXX test in pregnancy, why and who?

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous abortion']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein', 'AFP']

answer: @entity160 :: (174,Gene) :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']


abstract: The prevalence of @entity308 by sex, age and certain sociodemographic variables was investigated in a sample of elderly Finns (60 years or over) living in the semi-industrialized municipality of Aht  ri (n = 1529). The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, depressive symptoms were screened with the Zung Self-rating @entity308 Scale (ZSDS). In the second phase, @entity1 scoring greater than or equal to 40 points in the ZSDS and a random sample of @entity1 scoring less than 40 ZSDS points were examined by a general practitioner. The prevalence of @entity308 was determined on the basis of DSM-III criteria. The estimated prevalence for @entity1 was 22.4%, and for @entity1 29.7%. The estimated prevalence for different categories of @entity308 was as follows: @entity14256 , @entity1 17.2% and @entity1 22.9%; major @entity308 , @entity1 2.6% and @entity1 4.5%; @entity308 , @entity1 2.2% and @entity1 2.5%; and cyclothymic disorder, @entity1 0.4% and @entity1 0%. No cases of @entity162 were found. A high risk of @entity308 was associated with female sex, widowhood and being in long-term institutional care or receiving home nursing and/or home help. The occurrence of @entity308 was not related to age, education or occupation.

title: Prevalence of XXXX in an elderly population in Finland.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression', 'atypical depression']

entities_list: @entity14256 :: ('MESH:D019263', 'Disease') :: ['dysthymic disorder']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: There are marked variations in the manifestations of @entity3458 in different populations. The ocular complications of this condition amongst the Afro-Caribbeans living in the United Kingdom have not previously been reported. We present the preliminary results of an ophthalmic screening programme at King's College Hospital, London. One hundred eyes of 50 @entity1 with @entity3458 were assessed. Full ocular examination was performed including fundus @entity941 angiography. We have looked at the haematological and clinical profile of the @entity1 involved as well as the number of days spent in hospital during the year preceding the eye examination. The incidence of @entity989 was found to be significantly higher than grade I in @entity13654 . This concurs with the results of the Jamaican screening and confirms that these @entity1 are at higher risk of @entity227 than those with @entity66 . Our results also agree with the Jamaican experience which suggest that visual morbidity is mostly due to complications of @entity989 ( @entity989 ). However, the findings in @entity1 without proliferative changes are different; in particular, @entity12978 leading to disciforms are an important cause of @entity227 in Jamaica, but were not seen in any of the 98 eyes examined in this study. No correlation was found between the grade of @entity989 and age, sex, systemic complications and various haematological parameters except for the percentage of haemoglobin F, which was significantly higher in @entity1 with grade I (7.6) compared with grade II (4.2) @entity989 (p = 0.0127).

title: Screening for ophthalmic manifestations of XXXX in the United Kingdom.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['SS disease']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle disease', 'sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity12978 :: ('MESH:D000793', 'Disease') :: ['angioid streaks']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'PSR', 'proliferative sickle retinopathy', 'grade II retinopathy']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell disease']


abstract: Normal aging is characterized by detrimental changes in body composition, muscle strength, and somatotropic function. Reduction in muscle strength contributes to frailty and risk for @entity174 in the elderly. Although older adults increase muscle strength as a result of resistance exercise training, the strength gains quickly level off, with only modest increases thereafter despite continued training. To investigate whether age-related deficits in the somatotropic axis limit the degree to which muscle strength can improve with resistance training in older individuals, we conducted a double blind, placebo-controlled exercise trial. Eighteen healthy elderly @entity1 (65-82 yr) initially underwent progressive weight training for 14 weeks to invoke a trained state. Subjects were then randomized to receive either 0.02 mg/kg BW.day recombinant @entity1 GH (rhGH) or placebo, given sc, while undertaking a further 10 weeks of strength training. Sequential measurements were made of muscle strength (one repetition maximum), body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and circulating levels of @entity442 ( @entity442 ) and @entity2301 . For each exercise, strength increased for both groups (P = 0.0001) through 14 weeks of training, with little improvement thereafter. Increases in muscle strength ranged from 24-62% depending on the muscle group. Baseline plasma @entity442 concentrations were similar in both groups (mean +/- SEM, 106 +/- 9 micrograms/L), approximately half that observed in healthy young adults. In the rhGH group, @entity442 levels increased to 255 +/- 32 micrograms/L at week 15 and 218 +/- 21 micrograms/L at week 24 (P < 0.001). In the placebo group, @entity442 increased slightly to 119 +/- 6 micrograms/L at 24 weeks. @entity2301 also increased in the rhGH group (P < 0.05). rhGH had no effect on muscle strength at any time, and no systematic difference in muscle strength was observed between groups throughout the study. Body weight did not change in either group, but lean body mass increased, and fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) in the rhGH group. Supplementation with rhGH does not augment the response to strength training in elderly @entity1 . These results suggest that deficits in GH secretion do not underlie the time-dependent leveling off of muscle strength seen with training in the elderly and provide no support for the popular view of GH as an ergogenic aid.

title: Effect of recombinant XXXX growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor-I', 'IGF-I']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity2301 :: ('3486', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-binding protein-3']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Normal aging is characterized by detrimental changes in body composition, muscle strength, and somatotropic function. Reduction in muscle strength contributes to frailty and risk for @entity174 in the elderly. Although older adults increase muscle strength as a result of resistance exercise training, the strength gains quickly level off, with only modest increases thereafter despite continued training. To investigate whether age-related deficits in the somatotropic axis limit the degree to which muscle strength can improve with resistance training in older individuals, we conducted a double blind, placebo-controlled exercise trial. Eighteen healthy elderly @entity1 (65-82 yr) initially underwent progressive weight training for 14 weeks to invoke a trained state. Subjects were then randomized to receive either 0.02 mg/kg BW.day recombinant @entity1 GH (rhGH) or placebo, given sc, while undertaking a further 10 weeks of strength training. Sequential measurements were made of muscle strength (one repetition maximum), body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and circulating levels of @entity442 ( @entity442 ) and @entity2301 . For each exercise, strength increased for both groups (P = 0.0001) through 14 weeks of training, with little improvement thereafter. Increases in muscle strength ranged from 24-62% depending on the muscle group. Baseline plasma @entity442 concentrations were similar in both groups (mean +/- SEM, 106 +/- 9 micrograms/L), approximately half that observed in healthy young adults. In the rhGH group, @entity442 levels increased to 255 +/- 32 micrograms/L at week 15 and 218 +/- 21 micrograms/L at week 24 (P < 0.001). In the placebo group, @entity442 increased slightly to 119 +/- 6 micrograms/L at 24 weeks. @entity2301 also increased in the rhGH group (P < 0.05). rhGH had no effect on muscle strength at any time, and no systematic difference in muscle strength was observed between groups throughout the study. Body weight did not change in either group, but lean body mass increased, and fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) in the rhGH group. Supplementation with rhGH does not augment the response to strength training in elderly @entity1 . These results suggest that deficits in GH secretion do not underlie the time-dependent leveling off of muscle strength seen with training in the elderly and provide no support for the popular view of GH as an ergogenic aid.

title: Effect of recombinant @entity1 growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: An experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the relative efficacy of oxygenated versus unoxygenated cardioplegic solutions and to determine if the addition of certain metabolically active substrates to cardioplegic solutions had any effect on myocardial preservation. Sixty-one @entity1707 were divided into seven groups of animals (5 to 15 animals per group). The impact of different cardioplegic vehicles, i.e., crystalloid versus the @entity26 -carrying vehicles, blood and Fluosol-DA, on preservation of high-energy @entity6546 ( @entity855 and @entity1734 ) was examined in the first three animal groups. The influence of Krebs cycle intermediates, i.e., @entity2227 , @entity5910 , @entity4588 and @entity8516 , on @entity855 and @entity1734 preservation was evaluated in the other four animal groups. All hearts underwent 120 minutes of hypothermic @entity1167 at 15 degrees C followed by 60 minutes of normothermic reperfusion. Higher @entity855 and @entity1734 levels were maintained during arrest when oxygenated solutions were used as the cardioplegic vehicle and when any of the four intermediates were added to the crystalloid cardioplegic solution, especially @entity4588 and fumarate. During reperfusion, however, @entity855 levels were uniformly lower than control whereas @entity1734 levels rose to either control levels or higher in all groups. No significant intergroup difference could be identified during reperfusion. These findings lead to the conclusion that the presence of either @entity26 or certain Krebs cycle intermediates enhances the protective effect of @entity6564 hypothermic cardioplegia on high-energy phosphates during the arrest period only. This enhancement is not maintained during the reperfusion period.

title: Metabolic enhancement of myocardial preservation during XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1734 :: ('CHEBI:17287', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine phosphate']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity8516 :: ('CHEBI:29806', 'Chemical') :: ['fumarate']

entities_list: @entity6546 :: ('MESH:D010710', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphates']

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardioplegic arrest']

entities_list: @entity6564 :: ('MESH:D020513', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemic']

entities_list: @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine triphosphate']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardioplegic arrest']


abstract: The @entity5823 antigen was originally described as a specific surface marker for @entity978 . Recent work established @entity5823 as a member of the @entity5 @entity39 factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily whose ligand ( @entity4209 ) has also been cloned and expressed; @entity4209 is active as membrane-bound type II glycoprotein. Here, @entity4209 mRNA expression was studied in a panel of 102 continuous @entity1 @entity706 cell lines and was found only in four @entity2109 , one Burkit-type @entity981 and one @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) cell line. The product of @entity4209 mRNA is expressed as a membrane protein on the surface of these malignant B-cell lines. Treatment of these cell lines with soluble @entity32998 , @entity4621 or staphylococcus aureus Cowan antigen resulted in the enhancement of cell surface @entity4209 protein expression. @entity4209 mRNA was not detected in normal unstimulated peripheral blood (PB) monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, or T-cells, but was detected in primary granulocytes; exposure to activating reagents induced and upregulated @entity4209 transcription in these different PB populations. While @entity2936 and @entity4209 surface protein expression on PB monocytes could be enhanced or induced by treatment with gamma-interferon, these cells remained negative for @entity5823 , both at the mRNA and at the protein level. Similarly, PB monocyte-derived macrophages and granulocytes remained negative for @entity5823 mRNA and protein expression, regardless of stimulation. Only activated T-cells expressed @entity5823 mRNA and surface protein. @entity4209 -transfected cells and cells constitutively expressing @entity4209 delivered a similar stimulus for proliferation of the @entity5823 + @entity978 ( @entity978 )-derived cell line HDLM-2, but inhibited proliferation of the @entity5823 + large cell @entity706 cell line KARPAS-299. These data provide strong evidence for the involvement in growth regulation of recombinant and natural @entity4209 through its interaction with the @entity5823 receptor. Collectively, these data suggest that the @entity4209 - @entity5823 interaction has potent biological activity and might play a critical role in the immune response and pathogenesis of @entity978 and some @entity1893 , in particular @entity2109 .

title: Expression and regulation of @entity5823 ligand and @entity5823 in @entity1 XXXX cell lines.

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia-lymphoma', 'anaplastic lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['Burkitt lymphoma', 'Burkitt lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity4621 :: ('CHEBI:37532', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol ester']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'NHL']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'HD', "Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['leukemia-lymphoma']


abstract: The @entity5823 antigen was originally described as a specific surface marker for @entity978 . Recent work established @entity5823 as a member of the @entity5 @entity39 factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily whose ligand ( @entity4209 ) has also been cloned and expressed; @entity4209 is active as membrane-bound type II glycoprotein. Here, @entity4209 mRNA expression was studied in a panel of 102 continuous @entity1 @entity706 cell lines and was found only in four @entity2109 , one Burkit-type @entity981 and one @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) cell line. The product of @entity4209 mRNA is expressed as a membrane protein on the surface of these malignant B-cell lines. Treatment of these cell lines with soluble @entity32998 , @entity4621 or staphylococcus aureus Cowan antigen resulted in the enhancement of cell surface @entity4209 protein expression. @entity4209 mRNA was not detected in normal unstimulated peripheral blood (PB) monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, or T-cells, but was detected in primary granulocytes; exposure to activating reagents induced and upregulated @entity4209 transcription in these different PB populations. While @entity2936 and @entity4209 surface protein expression on PB monocytes could be enhanced or induced by treatment with gamma-interferon, these cells remained negative for @entity5823 , both at the mRNA and at the protein level. Similarly, PB monocyte-derived macrophages and granulocytes remained negative for @entity5823 mRNA and protein expression, regardless of stimulation. Only activated T-cells expressed @entity5823 mRNA and surface protein. @entity4209 -transfected cells and cells constitutively expressing @entity4209 delivered a similar stimulus for proliferation of the @entity5823 + @entity978 ( @entity978 )-derived cell line HDLM-2, but inhibited proliferation of the @entity5823 + large cell @entity706 cell line KARPAS-299. These data provide strong evidence for the involvement in growth regulation of recombinant and natural @entity4209 through its interaction with the @entity5823 receptor. Collectively, these data suggest that the @entity4209 - @entity5823 interaction has potent biological activity and might play a critical role in the immune response and pathogenesis of @entity978 and some @entity1893 , in particular @entity2109 .

title: Expression and regulation of XXXX ligand and @entity5823 in @entity1 @entity706 cell lines.

answer: @entity5823 :: (943,Gene) :: ['CD30']


abstract: The @entity5823 antigen was originally described as a specific surface marker for @entity978 . Recent work established @entity5823 as a member of the @entity5 @entity39 factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily whose ligand ( @entity4209 ) has also been cloned and expressed; @entity4209 is active as membrane-bound type II glycoprotein. Here, @entity4209 mRNA expression was studied in a panel of 102 continuous @entity1 @entity706 cell lines and was found only in four @entity2109 , one Burkit-type @entity981 and one @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) cell line. The product of @entity4209 mRNA is expressed as a membrane protein on the surface of these malignant B-cell lines. Treatment of these cell lines with soluble @entity32998 , @entity4621 or staphylococcus aureus Cowan antigen resulted in the enhancement of cell surface @entity4209 protein expression. @entity4209 mRNA was not detected in normal unstimulated peripheral blood (PB) monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, or T-cells, but was detected in primary granulocytes; exposure to activating reagents induced and upregulated @entity4209 transcription in these different PB populations. While @entity2936 and @entity4209 surface protein expression on PB monocytes could be enhanced or induced by treatment with gamma-interferon, these cells remained negative for @entity5823 , both at the mRNA and at the protein level. Similarly, PB monocyte-derived macrophages and granulocytes remained negative for @entity5823 mRNA and protein expression, regardless of stimulation. Only activated T-cells expressed @entity5823 mRNA and surface protein. @entity4209 -transfected cells and cells constitutively expressing @entity4209 delivered a similar stimulus for proliferation of the @entity5823 + @entity978 ( @entity978 )-derived cell line HDLM-2, but inhibited proliferation of the @entity5823 + large cell @entity706 cell line KARPAS-299. These data provide strong evidence for the involvement in growth regulation of recombinant and natural @entity4209 through its interaction with the @entity5823 receptor. Collectively, these data suggest that the @entity4209 - @entity5823 interaction has potent biological activity and might play a critical role in the immune response and pathogenesis of @entity978 and some @entity1893 , in particular @entity2109 .

title: Expression and regulation of @entity5823 ligand and XXXX in @entity1 @entity706 cell lines.

answer: @entity5823 :: (943,Gene) :: ['CD30']


abstract: The @entity5823 antigen was originally described as a specific surface marker for @entity978 . Recent work established @entity5823 as a member of the @entity5 @entity39 factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily whose ligand ( @entity4209 ) has also been cloned and expressed; @entity4209 is active as membrane-bound type II glycoprotein. Here, @entity4209 mRNA expression was studied in a panel of 102 continuous @entity1 @entity706 cell lines and was found only in four @entity2109 , one Burkit-type @entity981 and one @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) cell line. The product of @entity4209 mRNA is expressed as a membrane protein on the surface of these malignant B-cell lines. Treatment of these cell lines with soluble @entity32998 , @entity4621 or staphylococcus aureus Cowan antigen resulted in the enhancement of cell surface @entity4209 protein expression. @entity4209 mRNA was not detected in normal unstimulated peripheral blood (PB) monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, or T-cells, but was detected in primary granulocytes; exposure to activating reagents induced and upregulated @entity4209 transcription in these different PB populations. While @entity2936 and @entity4209 surface protein expression on PB monocytes could be enhanced or induced by treatment with gamma-interferon, these cells remained negative for @entity5823 , both at the mRNA and at the protein level. Similarly, PB monocyte-derived macrophages and granulocytes remained negative for @entity5823 mRNA and protein expression, regardless of stimulation. Only activated T-cells expressed @entity5823 mRNA and surface protein. @entity4209 -transfected cells and cells constitutively expressing @entity4209 delivered a similar stimulus for proliferation of the @entity5823 + @entity978 ( @entity978 )-derived cell line HDLM-2, but inhibited proliferation of the @entity5823 + large cell @entity706 cell line KARPAS-299. These data provide strong evidence for the involvement in growth regulation of recombinant and natural @entity4209 through its interaction with the @entity5823 receptor. Collectively, these data suggest that the @entity4209 - @entity5823 interaction has potent biological activity and might play a critical role in the immune response and pathogenesis of @entity978 and some @entity1893 , in particular @entity2109 .

title: Expression and regulation of @entity5823 ligand and @entity5823 in XXXX @entity706 cell lines.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Gram-negative @entity2348 are a major cause of morbidity and mortality following liver transplantation. We therefore used selective bowel decontamination (SBD) to eliminate the endogenous source of gram-negative aerobic bacteria and Candida pathogens in an attempt to reduce the high incidence of @entity281 related to these organisms. Thirty consecutive @entity1 undergoing liver transplantation were treated with SBD starting 3 days prior to donor search and continuing for 21 days postliver transplantation. Selective bowel decontamination consisted of administering nonabsorbable antibiotics (Polymixin E, @entity801 , @entity8701 ) and a low bacterial diet. Surveillance cultures of the throat and rectum were obtained to monitor efficacy of selective bowel decontamination. In addition, in the posttransplant period, tracheal, wound, blood, and bile cultures were obtained to screen for gram-negative @entity2348 . Our baseline surveillance culture revealed that 29/30 (97%) of recipients were colonized with gram-negative aerobic bacteria and 16/30 (53%) with Candida. Three days after selective bowel decontamination was started, 26/30 (87%) were free of gram-negative bacteria, and 100% were free of Candida colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. There was a similar reduction in the oropharyngeal gram-negative aerobic bacteria and Candida colonization. In the first 30 days following liver transplantation, gram-negative infections were not diagnosed in any of our @entity1 . Following discontinuation of SBD, recolonization of the gastrointestinal tract with gram-negative aerobic bacteria and Candida occurred within 5 days in 26/28 (90%) and 11/28 (35%), respectively. Our study suggests that prophylactive administration of nonabsorbable antibiotics will markedly reduce gram-negative aerobic bacterial and Candida colonization and appears to reduce the high incidence of @entity281 related to these organisms in the early posttransplant period.

title: Selective bowel decontamination to decrease gram-negative aerobic bacterial and Candida colonization and prevent XXXX after orthotopic liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial and Candida colonization and infection', 'bacterial and fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity8701 :: ('MESH:D009761', 'Chemical') :: ['Nystatin']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: @entity9233 with dysproteinemia is a disorder characterized by a sudden onset of constitutional symptoms and @entity3329 . @entity1 often have @entity4754 , autoantibodies, @entity1910 , @entity882 , or @entity5714 . Diagnosis requires a lymph node biopsy that shows architectural effacement, absence of germinal centers, arborization of postcapillary venules, and a polymorphous infiltrate that includes immunoblasts. Early in the disease, activated T cells in blood and lymph nodes stimulate B cells to proliferate and produce antibody. However, late in the disease, immune suppression may result from increased suppressor function. Clonal rearrangements, which are seen in all @entity1 with regard to either the T-cell receptor beta-chain gene or immunoglobulin genes, have been followed by @entity706 in some @entity1 . Thus, this disorder stands partway between benign lymphoid proliferation and clonal lymphoid transformation. The prognosis of this disorder is poor; 75% of @entity1 die within 2 years or develop a @entity706 . The rest usually go into a sustained remission. Current treatment with corticosteroid and immunosuppressive agents is unsatisfactory, especially because of late immunosuppression and predisposition to @entity281 .

title: NIH conference. XXXX with dysproteinemia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant transformation and frank lymphoma', 'lymphoid malignancy']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity4754 :: ('MESH:D006942', 'Disease') :: ['hypergammaglobulinemia']

entities_list: @entity5714 :: ('MESH:D000743', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity9233 :: ('MESH:D007119', 'Disease') :: ['Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy']

answer: @entity9233 :: (MESH:D007119,Disease) :: ['Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy']


abstract: In spite of accumulating evidence for a modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission by endogenously produced @entity842 (NO), it remains unclear in which parts of the vascular system and at what level this interaction takes place. The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of endothelial and neuronal NO synthase (NOS) along the vascular tree of the heart at the light and electron microscopic level using @entity1110 -diaphorase ( @entity1110 -d) staining as a marker for NOS. In addition, the functional effects of exogenous NO on coronary vascular resistance and cardiac adrenergic nerves was studied using the isolated perfused @entity35 heart as a model. The intraaxonal @entity2922 content of adrenergic nerve fibers was visualised and morphometrically assessed by applying @entity11571 -induced histofluorescence. The expression of endothelial NOS in the heart was found to depend on the diameter of the blood vessel. Arteries > 100 microns always showed intense staining, whereas staining in smaller arteries and veins was considerably weaker. Smooth-muscle free vessels were essentially devoid of @entity1110 -d activity. In @entity2224 , neuronal NOS localised in autonomic nerve fibers along the entire vascular tree. Ultrastructurally, @entity1110 -d staining revealed adjacent localisation of NOS-positive and -negative axons, suggesting and interaxonal modulation of adjacent autonomic nerve fibers by NO. In isolated perfused @entity35 hearts, the intracoronary application of 10(-8) M NO produced a marked decrease of coronary perfusion pressure, which was accompanied by a distinct increase in intraaxonal @entity2922 levels of intramural adrenergic nerve fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX modulates sympathetic neurotransmission at the prejunctional level.

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['atrial and ventricular myocardium']

entities_list: @entity11571 :: ('MESH:C031150', 'Chemical') :: ['glyoxylic acid']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['Nitric oxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity5 can be cured by @entity900 -based chemotherapy in many cases. Thus, concern about possible late @entity137 of treatment is warranted. METHODS: In this investigation, the absolute number of natural killer (NK) cells according to their @entity2940 + phenotype, NK cell activity, and @entity137 ( @entity137 ) were investigated in 29 @entity1 with @entity4797 or @entity10711 ( @entity10711 ) a median of 31 months (range, 5-73 months) after termination of chemotherapeutic treatment. RESULTS: No difference in the absolute number of NK cells, NK cell activity, and @entity137 was found between @entity1 with @entity5 after either standard polychemotherapy consisting of @entity1732 , @entity2879 , and @entity900 ( @entity12962 ) or monotherapy with @entity3003 and healthy control subjects. When @entity1 were analyzed further using multivariate analysis, a significant (P < 0.05) detrimental influence of @entity12962 polychemotherapy versus @entity3003 monotherapy on NK cell activity was found. Moreover, NK cell activity also depended significantly (P < 0.05) on the time elapsed after chemotherapy was administered, but normalized with time. Because the absolute number of NK cells was not affected, is was assumed that polychemotherapy induced a functional defect. In a subanalysis of @entity1 with NSGCTs, @entity3 at diagnosis resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) and persistent stimulation of NK cell activity but not of @entity137 . CONCLUSION: Cytostatic chemotherapy in @entity1 with @entity5 did not lead to compromised lytic effector cell function as assessed by NK cell activity and @entity137 . However, a short, time-dependent reduction was found that also depended on the intensity of chemotherapeutic treatment. This finding related to the observation of a long-lasting stimulus of NK cell activity by initial @entity3 in @entity1 with NSGCTs.

title: Natural killer cell activity in long-term survivors of XXXX . Influence of cytostatic therapy and initial stage of disease.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['ADCC', 'antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity10711 :: ('MESH:C537844', 'Disease') :: ['NSGCT', 'nonseminomatous germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['seminomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular cancer']


abstract: In vitro studies indicate that muscarinic cholinergic inhibition of beta-adrenergic cardiac responses may be modulated in part by @entity842 (NO). To evaluate the role of NO in parasympathetic inhibition of the beta-adrenergic contractile response in vivo, we assessed the inotropic response to @entity452 before and during bilateral vagus nerve stimulation in closed-chest @entity235 . @entity452 administration and vagal stimulation were repeated during intracoronary infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor @entity7293 ( @entity7293 , 10 mumol/min) and again following infusion of @entity534 (100 mg/kg). In eight @entity235 , intracoronary @entity452 infusion at rates of 25 and 50 micrograms/min increased peak +dP/dt by 131 +/- 24 and 168 +/- 22%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Vagal stimulation (2.5 Hz) attenuated the responses to @entity452 (25 and 50 micrograms/min) by 23 +/- 4 and 21 +/- 4%, respectively (P < 0.001). @entity7293 reduced (by 44-62%; P < 0.001) and @entity534 restored vagal inhibition of the @entity452 -stimulated inotropic response. In a second group of nine @entity235 , @entity452 was administered systemically to assure a constant concentration in the coronary circulation. Vagal stimulation (2.5 Hz) attenuated the @entity452 -stimulated inotropic response (2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg per min) by 40 +/- 12% and 57 +/- 8%, respectively (P < 0.004). As with intracoronary @entity452 , @entity7293 diminished and @entity534 restored vagal inhibition of the inotropic response to @entity452 . Intracoronary infusion of @entity3897 (12 micrograms/min) abolished the vagal inhibitory effect, and intracoronary infusion of @entity8263 (1 and 10 mM) caused a dose-dependent attenuation of the @entity452 -stimulated increase in +dP/dt. These data suggest that NO mediates, at least in part, vagal inhibition of the inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation by @entity452 , and thus may play a role in normal physiologic regulation of myocardial autonomic responses.

title: Role of XXXX in parasympathetic modulation of beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in normal @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['Dobutamine', 'dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity8263 :: ('MESH:C016276', 'Chemical') :: ['8-bromo-cyclic GMP']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'NG-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: In vitro studies indicate that muscarinic cholinergic inhibition of beta-adrenergic cardiac responses may be modulated in part by @entity842 (NO). To evaluate the role of NO in parasympathetic inhibition of the beta-adrenergic contractile response in vivo, we assessed the inotropic response to @entity452 before and during bilateral vagus nerve stimulation in closed-chest @entity235 . @entity452 administration and vagal stimulation were repeated during intracoronary infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor @entity7293 ( @entity7293 , 10 mumol/min) and again following infusion of @entity534 (100 mg/kg). In eight @entity235 , intracoronary @entity452 infusion at rates of 25 and 50 micrograms/min increased peak +dP/dt by 131 +/- 24 and 168 +/- 22%, respectively (P < 0.0001). Vagal stimulation (2.5 Hz) attenuated the responses to @entity452 (25 and 50 micrograms/min) by 23 +/- 4 and 21 +/- 4%, respectively (P < 0.001). @entity7293 reduced (by 44-62%; P < 0.001) and @entity534 restored vagal inhibition of the @entity452 -stimulated inotropic response. In a second group of nine @entity235 , @entity452 was administered systemically to assure a constant concentration in the coronary circulation. Vagal stimulation (2.5 Hz) attenuated the @entity452 -stimulated inotropic response (2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg per min) by 40 +/- 12% and 57 +/- 8%, respectively (P < 0.004). As with intracoronary @entity452 , @entity7293 diminished and @entity534 restored vagal inhibition of the inotropic response to @entity452 . Intracoronary infusion of @entity3897 (12 micrograms/min) abolished the vagal inhibitory effect, and intracoronary infusion of @entity8263 (1 and 10 mM) caused a dose-dependent attenuation of the @entity452 -stimulated increase in +dP/dt. These data suggest that NO mediates, at least in part, vagal inhibition of the inotropic response to beta-adrenergic stimulation by @entity452 , and thus may play a role in normal physiologic regulation of myocardial autonomic responses.

title: Role of @entity842 in parasympathetic modulation of beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in normal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: PURPOSE: Ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is a common cause of progressive @entity602 in East Asia. Good surgical results are expected for @entity1 who already show @entity602 . Surgical decompression using a posterior approach is commonly used to treat OLF. This study investigated the use of microendoscopic posterior decompression for the treatment of thoracic OLF. METHODS: Microendoscopic posterior decompression was performed on 9 @entity1 with @entity602 . @entity1 had a mean age of 59.8  years and single-level involvement, mostly at the T10-11 and T11-12 vertebrae. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to classify the OLF. A tubular retractor and endoscopic system were used for microendoscopic posterior decompression. Midline and unilateral paramedian approaches were performed in 2 and 7 @entity1 , respectively. Intraoperative motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of 7 @entity1 were monitored. Pre- and postoperative neurological status was evaluated using the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score. RESULTS: Thoracic OLF for all @entity1 were classed as bilateral type with a round morphology. Improvement of MEPs at least one muscle area was recorded in all @entity1 following posterior decompression. A dural tear in one @entity1 was the only observed complication. The mean recovery rate was 44.9  %, as calculated from mJOA scores at a mean follow-up period of 20  months. CONCLUSIONS: Microendoscopic posterior decompression combined with MEP monitoring can be used to treat @entity1 with thoracic OLF. The optimal surgical indication is OLF at a single vertebral level and of a unilateral or bilateral nature, without comma and tram track signs, and a round morphology.

title: Microendoscopic posterior decompression for the treatment of XXXX caused by ossification of the ligamentum flavum: a technical report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy', 'thoracic myelopathy']

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['thoracic myelopathy']


abstract: To determine whether intracavernous injection of @entity3302 can discriminate vascular versus psychogenic @entity323 80 mg. @entity3302 were injected intracorporeally into 27 impotent @entity1 without any hormonal or @entity16 . The @entity1 also underwent dynamic cavernosography, the artificial erection test and selective internal iliac arteriography. In addition, 21 of the @entity1 underwent nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring. The response to intracavernous @entity3302 injection was noted as positive (fully rigid erection), intermediate or negative (soft or absent erection). Among 14 @entity1 with severe @entity455 and/or severe venous leakage the response was negative in 11 and positive in none. Among the remaining 13 @entity1 (moderate or @entity455 ) the response was positive in 4 but negative in 4. Of 15 @entity1 with an abnormal nocturnal penile tumescence test the response to intracavernous @entity3302 injection was negative in 12 and positive in none. However, of 6 @entity1 with a normal nocturnal penile tumescence test the response was positive in only 1. Over-all, the results of the intracavernous @entity3302 injection test are correlated only fairly with those of the nocturnal penile tumescence test and the vascular investigations. This test could be useful to save some nocturnal penile tumescence tests in cases of suspected vascular @entity323 . However, the safety of this procedure must be confirmed in larger series. Indeed, 1 of our @entity1 suffered @entity3327 after a second intracavernous @entity3302 injection performed for a therapeutic purpose.

title: Is intracavernous injection of @entity3302 a reliable screening test for vascular XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['impotence']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['absent vascular abnormalities', 'arterial lesions']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological abnormality']

entities_list: @entity3302 :: ('MESH:D010208', 'Chemical') :: ['papaverine']

answer: @entity323 :: (MESH:D007172,Disease) :: ['impotence']


abstract: To determine whether intracavernous injection of @entity3302 can discriminate vascular versus psychogenic @entity323 80 mg. @entity3302 were injected intracorporeally into 27 impotent @entity1 without any hormonal or @entity16 . The @entity1 also underwent dynamic cavernosography, the artificial erection test and selective internal iliac arteriography. In addition, 21 of the @entity1 underwent nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring. The response to intracavernous @entity3302 injection was noted as positive (fully rigid erection), intermediate or negative (soft or absent erection). Among 14 @entity1 with severe @entity455 and/or severe venous leakage the response was negative in 11 and positive in none. Among the remaining 13 @entity1 (moderate or @entity455 ) the response was positive in 4 but negative in 4. Of 15 @entity1 with an abnormal nocturnal penile tumescence test the response to intracavernous @entity3302 injection was negative in 12 and positive in none. However, of 6 @entity1 with a normal nocturnal penile tumescence test the response was positive in only 1. Over-all, the results of the intracavernous @entity3302 injection test are correlated only fairly with those of the nocturnal penile tumescence test and the vascular investigations. This test could be useful to save some nocturnal penile tumescence tests in cases of suspected vascular @entity323 . However, the safety of this procedure must be confirmed in larger series. Indeed, 1 of our @entity1 suffered @entity3327 after a second intracavernous @entity3302 injection performed for a therapeutic purpose.

title: Is intracavernous injection of XXXX a reliable screening test for vascular @entity323 ?

answer: @entity3302 :: (MESH:D010208,Chemical) :: ['papaverine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: An important part of inpatient treatment for adolescents with @entity1278 is to restore normal eating behaviour. Health-care professionals play a significant role in this process, but little is known about their interventions during @entity1 ' meals. The purpose of the present study was to describe nursing interventions aimed at restoring normal eating behaviour in @entity1 with @entity1278 . The main research question was: 'Which interventions aimed at restoring normal eating behaviour do health-care professionals in a specialist @entity1277 centre use during meal times for adolescents diagnosed with @entity1278 ? The present study was a qualitative, descriptive study that used video recordings made during mealtimes. Thematic data analysis was applied. Four categories of interventions emerged from the data: (i) monitoring and instructing; (ii) encouraging and motivating; (iii) supporting and understanding; and (iv) educating. The data revealed a directive attitude aimed at promoting behavioural change, but always in combination with empathy and understanding. In the first stage of clinical treatment, health-care professionals focus primarily on changing @entity1 ' eating behaviour. However, they also address the psychosocial needs that become visible in @entity1 as they struggle to restore normal eating behaviour. The findings of the present study can be used to assist health-care professionals, and improve multidisciplinary guidelines and health-care professionals' training programmes.

title: Restoring normal eating behaviour in adolescents with XXXX : A video analysis of nursing interventions.

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['eating disorder']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia nervosa']

answer: @entity1278 :: (MESH:D000856,Disease) :: ['anorexia nervosa']


abstract: Immunohistological analysis of experimental @entity2522 in @entity1 was carried out to provide a baseline for the study of immunoregulatory mechanisms in chronic @entity2520 . Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies in an avidin biotin immunoperoxidase technique, T cell subsets were identified and the pattern of Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens determined. Twenty third-year dental students took part in the study. Following the cessation of oral hygiene procedures, gingival biopsies were taken from each of five students at days 0, 4, 8 and 21 during the development of the inflammatory lesion. Each student had one biopsy which healed uneventfully. The T4:T8 ratio showed only slight variation over the time course of the lesion varying from 2.18:1 at day 0 to 2.48:1 at day 4. At all stages the T cells displayed both HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens, but less than 10% had detectable @entity1199 receptors. The predominant macrophage population was acid phosphatase + ve, @entity859 triphosphatase -ve, HLA-DR+ and HLA-DQ+ antigens suggesting an activated phagocytic population. During the development of the lesion, the number of intraepithelial Langerhans cells (T6+) increased but there appeared to be a discrepancy between HLA-DR and HLA-DQ expression on these cells. Similarly, the keratinocytes expressed HLA-DR but failed to express HLA-DQ at any stage. These results suggest that the developing @entity75 is a well controlled lesion and follows a similar pattern to a controlled @entity56 ( @entity56 ) response.

title: Immunohistological analysis of experimental XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory periodontal disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['gingival lesion']

entities_list: @entity2522 :: ('MESH:D005891', 'Disease') :: ['gingivitis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['DTH', 'delayed type hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity2522 :: (MESH:D005891,Disease) :: ['gingivitis']


abstract: Immunohistological analysis of experimental @entity2522 in @entity1 was carried out to provide a baseline for the study of immunoregulatory mechanisms in chronic @entity2520 . Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies in an avidin biotin immunoperoxidase technique, T cell subsets were identified and the pattern of Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens determined. Twenty third-year dental students took part in the study. Following the cessation of oral hygiene procedures, gingival biopsies were taken from each of five students at days 0, 4, 8 and 21 during the development of the inflammatory lesion. Each student had one biopsy which healed uneventfully. The T4:T8 ratio showed only slight variation over the time course of the lesion varying from 2.18:1 at day 0 to 2.48:1 at day 4. At all stages the T cells displayed both HLA-DR and HLA-DQ antigens, but less than 10% had detectable @entity1199 receptors. The predominant macrophage population was acid phosphatase + ve, @entity859 triphosphatase -ve, HLA-DR+ and HLA-DQ+ antigens suggesting an activated phagocytic population. During the development of the lesion, the number of intraepithelial Langerhans cells (T6+) increased but there appeared to be a discrepancy between HLA-DR and HLA-DQ expression on these cells. Similarly, the keratinocytes expressed HLA-DR but failed to express HLA-DQ at any stage. These results suggest that the developing @entity75 is a well controlled lesion and follows a similar pattern to a controlled @entity56 ( @entity56 ) response.

title: Immunohistological analysis of experimental @entity2522 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This prospective longitudinal study aims to determine the risk factors of wandering-related adverse consequences in community-dwelling @entity1 with mild @entity303 . These adverse consequences include negative outcomes of wandering (falls, @entity174 , and injuries) and eloping behavior. METHODS: We recruited 143 dyads of @entity1 with mild @entity303 and their caregivers from a veteran's hospital and memory clinic in Florida. Wandering-related adverse consequences were measured using the Revised Algase Wandering Scale - Community Version. Variables such as personality (Big Five Inventory), behavioral response to stress, gait, and balance (Tinetti Gait and Balance), wayfinding ability (Wayfinding Effectiveness Scale), and neurocognitive abilities (attention, cognition, @entity2414 , and executive functioning) were also measured. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the predictors of these wandering-related adverse consequences. RESULTS: A total of 49% of the study @entity1 had falls, @entity174 , and injuries due to wandering behavior, and 43.7% demonstrated eloping behaviors. Persistent walking (OR   =   2.6) and poor gait (OR   =   0.9) were significant predictors of negative outcomes of wandering, while persistent walking (OR   =   13.2) and passivity (OR   =   2.55) predicted eloping behavior. However, there were no correlations between wandering-related adverse consequences and @entity1 ' characteristics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, and education), health status (Charlson comorbidity index), or neurocognitive abilities. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of identifying at-risk individuals so that effective interventions can be developed to reduce or prevent the adverse consequences of wandering. Copyright    2015 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.

title: Risk assessment of wandering behavior in mild XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory, language/verbal skills']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']