abstract: The purpose of this multicentre phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of topotecan in pretreated @entity1 with @entity151 ( @entity151 ) who relapsed with symptomatic brain @entity3 . 30 @entity1 with a median age of 62 years were entered into the study. 22 @entity1 received the initially planned dose of 1.5 mg/m(2) topotecan as a 30-min intravenous (i.v.) infusion for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks. Due to the observed @entity882 , the dose was reduced to 1.25 mg/m(2) in the last 8 @entity1 . All 30 @entity1 were pretreated with chemotherapy: 14 with one and 16 with at least two protocols. 8 @entity1 had prior whole-brain iradiation (WBI): 7 in the prophylactic and 1 in the palliative setting. Concomitant systemic @entity3 were recorded in 24 @entity1 at the time of brain relapse. Cerebral @entity3 responded in 33% of @entity1 (10/30; three complete responses (CR) and seven partial responses (PR)). Noteworthy is the fact that response was achieved in 4 of 8 @entity1 pretreated by WBI (3 in prophylactic and 1 in palliative setting). The systemic response rate was 29% (7/24). Median time to progression was 3.1 months (range 0.25-14.2+ months), median survival from the beginning of this study was 3.6 months (range 0.25-14.2+ months). Therapy was generally well tolerated, with myelotoxicity being the most common adverse event. Grade 3 leucocytopenia according to the Common @entity137 Criteria (CTC) occurred in 28% (23/83) of the courses and grade 4 in 22% (18/83). Grade 3 @entity882 was observed in 17% of the courses (14/83) and grade 4 in 11% (9/83). 17% of @entity1 (5/30) had a documented grade 3 @entity281 . These results using topotecan are promising in heavily pretreated @entity1 with @entity151 brain @entity3 and merit further evaluation.

title: Response to topotecan of symptomatic brain @entity3 of XXXX also after whole-brain irradiation. a multicentre phase II study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['SCLC', 'small-cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity151 :: (MESH:D055752,Disease) :: ['small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: The purpose of this multicentre phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of topotecan in pretreated @entity1 with @entity151 ( @entity151 ) who relapsed with symptomatic brain @entity3 . 30 @entity1 with a median age of 62 years were entered into the study. 22 @entity1 received the initially planned dose of 1.5 mg/m(2) topotecan as a 30-min intravenous (i.v.) infusion for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks. Due to the observed @entity882 , the dose was reduced to 1.25 mg/m(2) in the last 8 @entity1 . All 30 @entity1 were pretreated with chemotherapy: 14 with one and 16 with at least two protocols. 8 @entity1 had prior whole-brain iradiation (WBI): 7 in the prophylactic and 1 in the palliative setting. Concomitant systemic @entity3 were recorded in 24 @entity1 at the time of brain relapse. Cerebral @entity3 responded in 33% of @entity1 (10/30; three complete responses (CR) and seven partial responses (PR)). Noteworthy is the fact that response was achieved in 4 of 8 @entity1 pretreated by WBI (3 in prophylactic and 1 in palliative setting). The systemic response rate was 29% (7/24). Median time to progression was 3.1 months (range 0.25-14.2+ months), median survival from the beginning of this study was 3.6 months (range 0.25-14.2+ months). Therapy was generally well tolerated, with myelotoxicity being the most common adverse event. Grade 3 leucocytopenia according to the Common @entity137 Criteria (CTC) occurred in 28% (23/83) of the courses and grade 4 in 22% (18/83). Grade 3 @entity882 was observed in 17% of the courses (14/83) and grade 4 in 11% (9/83). 17% of @entity1 (5/30) had a documented grade 3 @entity281 . These results using topotecan are promising in heavily pretreated @entity1 with @entity151 brain @entity3 and merit further evaluation.

title: Response to topotecan of symptomatic brain XXXX of @entity151 also after whole-brain irradiation. a multicentre phase II study.

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in the development of @entity63 /reperfusion injury. @entity55910 is a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor. This study evaluated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition during cold @entity63 on subsequent reperfusion injury using @entity55910 as an additive to @entity7634 -Collins solution in @entity235 lung transplantation. METHODS: @entity235 orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed after 12-hr cold storage using @entity7634 -Collins solution, with or without @entity55910 . Fifteen minutes after reperfusion, the right pulmonary artery and the right stem bronchus were ligated, and the animals were observed for 4 hr after reperfusion. Left pulmonary vascular resistance (L-PVR), cardiac output (CO), arterial @entity26 pressure (Pao2), and alveolar-arterial @entity26 pressure difference (A-aDo2) were measured. Lung specimens were harvested for wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (WDR) measurements, histopathologic studies, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts. The activities of p38 MAPK in lung grafts were evaluated. RESULTS: The addition of @entity55910 significantly (P<0.05) improved Pao2, A-aDo2, L-PVR, CO, and WDR and suppressed PMN infiltration after transplantation. @entity55910 also ameliorated histologic damage to the lung graft. During cold storage, p38 MAPK was not activated in the lung graft, whereas it was markedly activated 30 min after reperfusion. @entity55910 significantly (P<0.05) inhibited p38 MAPK activation 30 min after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of @entity55910 to @entity7634 -Collins solution improved lung graft viability associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK activation. These results suggest that inhibiting p38 MAPK activation may attenuate @entity63 /reperfusion injury in lung transplantation.

title: Effects of a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor as an additive to XXXX -Collins solution on reperfusion injury in @entity235 lung transplantation1.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity7634 :: (9319,Species) :: ['Euro']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays an important role in the development of @entity63 /reperfusion injury. @entity55910 is a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor. This study evaluated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition during cold @entity63 on subsequent reperfusion injury using @entity55910 as an additive to @entity7634 -Collins solution in @entity235 lung transplantation. METHODS: @entity235 orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed after 12-hr cold storage using @entity7634 -Collins solution, with or without @entity55910 . Fifteen minutes after reperfusion, the right pulmonary artery and the right stem bronchus were ligated, and the animals were observed for 4 hr after reperfusion. Left pulmonary vascular resistance (L-PVR), cardiac output (CO), arterial @entity26 pressure (Pao2), and alveolar-arterial @entity26 pressure difference (A-aDo2) were measured. Lung specimens were harvested for wet-to-dry lung weight ratio (WDR) measurements, histopathologic studies, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts. The activities of p38 MAPK in lung grafts were evaluated. RESULTS: The addition of @entity55910 significantly (P<0.05) improved Pao2, A-aDo2, L-PVR, CO, and WDR and suppressed PMN infiltration after transplantation. @entity55910 also ameliorated histologic damage to the lung graft. During cold storage, p38 MAPK was not activated in the lung graft, whereas it was markedly activated 30 min after reperfusion. @entity55910 significantly (P<0.05) inhibited p38 MAPK activation 30 min after reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of @entity55910 to @entity7634 -Collins solution improved lung graft viability associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK activation. These results suggest that inhibiting p38 MAPK activation may attenuate @entity63 /reperfusion injury in lung transplantation.

title: Effects of a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor as an additive to @entity7634 -Collins solution on reperfusion injury in XXXX lung transplantation1.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity344 attributable to @entity354 or peptic ulcer are common, but the outcome of proton pump inhibitor therapy in clinical practice is not well documented. AIM: To assess the range of upper gastrointestinal acid-related symptoms in clinical practice and the rapidity of their response to @entity10112 (40 mg daily), after seven days of therapy. METHODS: A total of 726 Canadian physicians (65.3% family physicians) recorded a working diagnosis and alarm features in eligible @entity1 , who then recorded the severity of eight @entity344 in a daily symptom diary during the first week of therapy. RESULTS: Complete data were obtained from 2273 (37.3% male) of 3261 @entity1 ; physicians diagnosed @entity354 alone (66.9%), peptic ulcer (9.7%), other @entity344 (12.3%) and @entity354 with another diagnosis (11.1%). Alarm features were common (29.6%), but a history of @entity360 was rare (less than 1%). Mean daytime heartburn scores decreased from 2.59 to 1.40, and @entity158 scores decreased from 2.54 to 1.56 over the first week (P<0.00001); the proportions of @entity1 who became symptom-free were 68.1% and 55.4%, respectively. Decreased mean symptom scores were also observed for acid regurgitation (2.21 to 1.35), bloating (2.47 to 1.57), @entity390 (2.03 to 1.36), slow digestion (2.51 to 1.56) and burping (2.56 to 1.69). The percentage of @entity1 with severe or very severe symptoms decreased from 53.5% to 13.8% at day 7. The physician's initial diagnosis was not predictive of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In a predominantly primary care population with upper gastrointestinal acid-related symptoms, proton pump inhibitor therapy produces prompt symptomatic relief in most @entity1 . @entity1109 are common, and further research is required to determine the absolute risk of alarm symptoms and their implications for empirical therapy.

title: Early relief of upper XXXX : a survey of empirical therapy with @entity10112 in Canadian clinical practice.

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['Potential alarm symptoms']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Upper gastrointestinal symptoms', 'upper gastrointestinal symptoms', 'upper gastrointestinal disorders']

entities_list: @entity10112 :: ('MESH:C064276', 'Chemical') :: ['pantoprazole']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'reflux esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['epigastric pain']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal blood loss']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal dyspeptic symptoms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity344 attributable to @entity354 or peptic ulcer are common, but the outcome of proton pump inhibitor therapy in clinical practice is not well documented. AIM: To assess the range of upper gastrointestinal acid-related symptoms in clinical practice and the rapidity of their response to @entity10112 (40 mg daily), after seven days of therapy. METHODS: A total of 726 Canadian physicians (65.3% family physicians) recorded a working diagnosis and alarm features in eligible @entity1 , who then recorded the severity of eight @entity344 in a daily symptom diary during the first week of therapy. RESULTS: Complete data were obtained from 2273 (37.3% male) of 3261 @entity1 ; physicians diagnosed @entity354 alone (66.9%), peptic ulcer (9.7%), other @entity344 (12.3%) and @entity354 with another diagnosis (11.1%). Alarm features were common (29.6%), but a history of @entity360 was rare (less than 1%). Mean daytime heartburn scores decreased from 2.59 to 1.40, and @entity158 scores decreased from 2.54 to 1.56 over the first week (P<0.00001); the proportions of @entity1 who became symptom-free were 68.1% and 55.4%, respectively. Decreased mean symptom scores were also observed for acid regurgitation (2.21 to 1.35), bloating (2.47 to 1.57), @entity390 (2.03 to 1.36), slow digestion (2.51 to 1.56) and burping (2.56 to 1.69). The percentage of @entity1 with severe or very severe symptoms decreased from 53.5% to 13.8% at day 7. The physician's initial diagnosis was not predictive of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In a predominantly primary care population with upper gastrointestinal acid-related symptoms, proton pump inhibitor therapy produces prompt symptomatic relief in most @entity1 . @entity1109 are common, and further research is required to determine the absolute risk of alarm symptoms and their implications for empirical therapy.

title: Early relief of upper @entity344 : a survey of empirical therapy with XXXX in Canadian clinical practice.

answer: @entity10112 :: (MESH:C064276,Chemical) :: ['pantoprazole']


abstract: The female-sterile @entity43 gene, @entity21705 , is located in cytological region 7F1 on the @entity238 chromosome map. We have mapped the gene at the molecular level by using four dysgenic alleles and two revertant derivatives of these alleles as well as an @entity6321 -induced allele. The insertional (dysgenic) changes were all associated with one restriction fragment, and its size was restored after phenotypic reversion. One @entity6321 -induced allele had a deletion in the restriction fragment adjacent (distal) to the fragment altered in the insertional alleles. These two restriction fragments were immediately adjacent to the @entity70947 chorion gene. Associated with the two altered restriction fragments were two RNA species, an abundant 3.2-kilobase (kb) poly(A)+ RNA and a minor 4.0-kb RNA. Several other less-abundant RNA species were detectable with more-sensitive single-stranded RNA probes. The @entity21705 gene was transcribed proximal to distal relative to the centromere; this was opposite to the direction of transcription of the adjacent @entity70947 gene. During development, the 3.2-kb RNA was absent in larvae, first appeared in the pupal stages, and persisted in adult females, in which it was most prevalent in the ovaries. The DNA that hybridized to the 3.2-kb ovarian RNA hybridized to four different RNAs found in the testes but not in the rest of the adult male. These testis-enriched RNAs were transcribed from the same strand of DNA as the ovarian transcripts.

title: Molecular localization and developmental expression of the XXXX locus of @entity238 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian tumor']

entities_list: @entity6321 :: ('MESH:D005020', 'Chemical') :: ['ethyl methanesulfonate']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']

answer: @entity21705 :: (31789(Tax:7227),Gene) :: ['otu']


abstract: The female-sterile @entity43 gene, @entity21705 , is located in cytological region 7F1 on the @entity238 chromosome map. We have mapped the gene at the molecular level by using four dysgenic alleles and two revertant derivatives of these alleles as well as an @entity6321 -induced allele. The insertional (dysgenic) changes were all associated with one restriction fragment, and its size was restored after phenotypic reversion. One @entity6321 -induced allele had a deletion in the restriction fragment adjacent (distal) to the fragment altered in the insertional alleles. These two restriction fragments were immediately adjacent to the @entity70947 chorion gene. Associated with the two altered restriction fragments were two RNA species, an abundant 3.2-kilobase (kb) poly(A)+ RNA and a minor 4.0-kb RNA. Several other less-abundant RNA species were detectable with more-sensitive single-stranded RNA probes. The @entity21705 gene was transcribed proximal to distal relative to the centromere; this was opposite to the direction of transcription of the adjacent @entity70947 gene. During development, the 3.2-kb RNA was absent in larvae, first appeared in the pupal stages, and persisted in adult females, in which it was most prevalent in the ovaries. The DNA that hybridized to the 3.2-kb ovarian RNA hybridized to four different RNAs found in the testes but not in the rest of the adult male. These testis-enriched RNAs were transcribed from the same strand of DNA as the ovarian transcripts.

title: Molecular localization and developmental expression of the @entity21705 locus of XXXX .

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']


abstract: Focal cortical @entity2045 is rare. Obvious causes include @entity5 or @entity194 involving the motor strip, but in some cases no cause is apparent. We present 4 @entity1 who started to have focal @entity2045 in childhood. All had focal motor @entity410 as well, and one had recurrent focal motor @entity159 . All 4 had a mild progressive @entity1269 . Electrographic investigations showed focal @entity302 discharges in the contralateral rolandic areas. Radiological studies were unrevealing, but magnetic resonance showed @entity75 in 3 @entity1 . At surgery, abnormally wide gyri were found in the distribution demonstrated by magnetic resonance. The pathological substrate was focal @entity6795 . All @entity1 have improved considerably following surgery. These findings suggest that focal @entity2045 may be due to a rolandic @entity12198 . Visualization of these lesions by magnetic resonance permits development of a surgical strategy leading to optimal treatment of these medically intractable @entity302 .

title: Focal cortical @entity2045 and rolandic XXXX : clarification by magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonus']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['rolandic lesions']

entities_list: @entity12198 :: ('MESH:D054081', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal migration disorder']

entities_list: @entity6795 :: ('MESH:D054220', 'Disease') :: ['cortical dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epileptic disorders']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus']

answer: @entity6795 :: (MESH:D054220,Disease) :: ['cortical dysplasia']


abstract: Focal cortical @entity2045 is rare. Obvious causes include @entity5 or @entity194 involving the motor strip, but in some cases no cause is apparent. We present 4 @entity1 who started to have focal @entity2045 in childhood. All had focal motor @entity410 as well, and one had recurrent focal motor @entity159 . All 4 had a mild progressive @entity1269 . Electrographic investigations showed focal @entity302 discharges in the contralateral rolandic areas. Radiological studies were unrevealing, but magnetic resonance showed @entity75 in 3 @entity1 . At surgery, abnormally wide gyri were found in the distribution demonstrated by magnetic resonance. The pathological substrate was focal @entity6795 . All @entity1 have improved considerably following surgery. These findings suggest that focal @entity2045 may be due to a rolandic @entity12198 . Visualization of these lesions by magnetic resonance permits development of a surgical strategy leading to optimal treatment of these medically intractable @entity302 .

title: Focal cortical XXXX and rolandic @entity6795 : clarification by magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity2045 :: (MESH:D009207,Disease) :: ['myoclonus']


abstract: We treated 11 @entity1 who had @entity1860 with natural interferon alpha ( @entity1 lymphoblastoid interferon; HLBI). HLBI was given at 6-12 X 10(6) u/day i.m. or i.s.c. during induction therapy. Nine @entity1 responded to the treatment, of whom 7 had hematologic remission and 2 had partial remission. Six @entity1 with @entity4289 or @entity1778 , and 3 @entity1 with @entity1778 from @entity4289 were treated with recombinant interferon gamma (GI-3). GI-3 was given at 0.4 X 10(6) u/m2 of body-surface area per day i.s.c. or i.v. for 4-6 weeks. In 2 @entity1 with @entity7139 and @entity1778 , the blast cell count in bone marrow decreased from 8-16% to 2-3% after 4 weeks of administration. In another @entity1 with @entity1778 , blast cells in the marrow did not decrease, but @entity417 was improved without transfusion, increasing the bone marrow NCC and erythroblast count. In @entity1 with @entity1778 and @entity12188 , no clinical effect was obtained. Interferons can therefore be offered to @entity1 in a preleukemic state.

title: [Clinical investigation of interferons in the preleukemic state (CML and XXXX )].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplastic leukemia', 'overt leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['Philadelphia-chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia']

answer: @entity4289 :: (MESH:D054221,Disease) :: ['MDS']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1753 ( @entity1753 ) is the most commonly used model of @entity309 ( @entity309 ). In both @entity1753 and @entity309 there is an increase in the cellular content of the synovium, this being dominated by macrophages. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of @entity2879 , a topoisomerase II antagonist known to induce monocyte apoptosis, on the development of @entity1753 . METHODS: @entity19 were primed and booster immunised against collagen II (CII). One group of @entity19 was treated with @entity2879 two days before CII immunisation and then on four consecutive days weekly until the end of the experiment. The second group of @entity19 was injected with @entity2879 on four consecutive days a week starting 40 days after CII priming. The third group of @entity19 were controls receiving @entity1391 buffered saline (PBS). The @entity19 were examined for development of @entity625 , numbers of circulating leucocytes, serum CII antibody, and cytokine concentrations. RESULTS: None of the @entity19 given @entity2879 before CII immunisation developed @entity625 . Serum concentrations of anti-CII antibodies were undetectable in these @entity19 , whereas they displayed significantly increased concentrations of @entity60 . In addition, the CII specific B cell responses in the draining lymph nodes were highly suppressed. Also, @entity19 treated with @entity2879 at the onset of clinical @entity625 showed reduced frequency of their disease by 50%. CONCLUSION: There was a striking disease alleviating impact of topoisomerase II antagonist on the course of CII-induced @entity625 .

title: Total abrogation of collagen II-induced XXXX and the B cell response to type II collagen using suboptimal doses of a topoisomerase II antagonist.

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon gamma and interleukin 6']

entities_list: @entity1753 :: ('MESH:D001169', 'Disease') :: ['Collagen-induced arthritis', 'CIA']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: Decorin is a small @entity368 -rich proteoglycan able to interact with several molecules of the subendothelial matrix, such as collagen and fibronectin. In this work, we investigated the ability of purified decorin to support adhesion of @entity1 platelets. We found that gel-filtered platelets were actually able to interact with immobilized decorin. Platelet adhesion to decorin was time dependent, required the presence of @entity1025 ions, and was totally mediated by the protein core of the proteoglycan. Platelet stimulation with either @entity857 ( @entity857 ) or a thrombin receptor-activating peptide significantly increased interaction of these cells with the proteoglycan. Upon adhesion to immobilized decorin a number of platelet proteins were found to become @entity669 -phosphorylated. By immunoprecipitation experiments with specific antibodies, the @entity669 phosphorylation of the @entity669 kinase @entity10255 and the @entity27420 ( @entity27420 ) isozyme was demonstrated in decorin-adherent platelets. Interaction of platelets with decorin was selectively prevented by 2 different antibodies against membrane integrin alpha(2)beta(1), but not by a number of antibodies against other membrane receptors. In addition, integrin alpha(2)beta(1), purified from platelet membranes, was able to specifically interact with immobilized decorin. Finally, purified decorin bound to Sepharose beads could precipitate integrin alpha(2)beta(1) from a platelet membrane glycoprotein preparation. Therefore, these results demonstrate that @entity1 platelets can bind to immobilized decorin through integrin alpha(2)beta(1), and that this interaction results in the @entity669 phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.

title: The small proteoglycan decorin supports adhesion and activation of XXXX platelets.

entities_list: @entity27420 :: ('5336', 'Gene') :: ['PLCgamma2', 'phospholipase Cgamma2']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity857 :: ('MESH:D000244', 'Chemical') :: ['ADP', 'adenosine diphosphate']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity792 ( @entity792 ) is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and a severe lesion of seminiferous tubules with germ cells that undergo apoptosis and sloughing. The mechanism by which immune cells migrate and extravasate in the testicular interstitium is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect the variations in the expression of @entity657 ( @entity657 / @entity657 ) and its receptor in the testis of @entity35 undergoing @entity792 . @entity792 was induced in Sprague-Dawley adult @entity35 by active immunization with an emulsion of testicular homogenate and complete Freund adjuvant using @entity7320 as co-adjuvant. Control @entity35 injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated @entity35 were also studied. By ELISA we observed a significant increase of @entity657 in the testicular fluid (TF) and in the conditioned medium obtained from cultures of testicular macrophages of @entity35 with @entity792 compared with control groups. By immunohistochemistry, an increase in @entity657 expression was observed in mononuclear, endothelial, Leydig and peritubular cells. @entity657 immunoreactivity was also detected in Sertoli cell cytoplasm of @entity35 with severe @entity11570 . A 2-fold increase in the number of mononuclear cells that express @entity3037 was also found in @entity35 with @entity11570 compared with controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vivo that @entity657 is highly expressed in testicular interstitial cells suggesting that this chemokine has an important role in recruiting immune cells to the testis in @entity35 undergoing @entity792 .

title: XXXX ( @entity657 / @entity657 ) in experimental @entity792 .

entities_list: @entity7320 :: ('520', 'Species') :: ['Bordetella pertussis']

entities_list: @entity657 :: ('24770(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['monocyte chemoattractant protein-1', 'CCL2', 'MCP-1']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune orchitis', 'Experimental autoimmune orchitis', 'EAO']

answer: @entity657 :: (24770(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1']


abstract: @entity792 ( @entity792 ) is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and a severe lesion of seminiferous tubules with germ cells that undergo apoptosis and sloughing. The mechanism by which immune cells migrate and extravasate in the testicular interstitium is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect the variations in the expression of @entity657 ( @entity657 / @entity657 ) and its receptor in the testis of @entity35 undergoing @entity792 . @entity792 was induced in Sprague-Dawley adult @entity35 by active immunization with an emulsion of testicular homogenate and complete Freund adjuvant using @entity7320 as co-adjuvant. Control @entity35 injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated @entity35 were also studied. By ELISA we observed a significant increase of @entity657 in the testicular fluid (TF) and in the conditioned medium obtained from cultures of testicular macrophages of @entity35 with @entity792 compared with control groups. By immunohistochemistry, an increase in @entity657 expression was observed in mononuclear, endothelial, Leydig and peritubular cells. @entity657 immunoreactivity was also detected in Sertoli cell cytoplasm of @entity35 with severe @entity11570 . A 2-fold increase in the number of mononuclear cells that express @entity3037 was also found in @entity35 with @entity11570 compared with controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vivo that @entity657 is highly expressed in testicular interstitial cells suggesting that this chemokine has an important role in recruiting immune cells to the testis in @entity35 undergoing @entity792 .

title: @entity657 ( XXXX / @entity657 ) in experimental @entity792 .

answer: @entity657 :: (24770(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['MCP-1']


abstract: @entity792 ( @entity792 ) is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and a severe lesion of seminiferous tubules with germ cells that undergo apoptosis and sloughing. The mechanism by which immune cells migrate and extravasate in the testicular interstitium is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect the variations in the expression of @entity657 ( @entity657 / @entity657 ) and its receptor in the testis of @entity35 undergoing @entity792 . @entity792 was induced in Sprague-Dawley adult @entity35 by active immunization with an emulsion of testicular homogenate and complete Freund adjuvant using @entity7320 as co-adjuvant. Control @entity35 injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated @entity35 were also studied. By ELISA we observed a significant increase of @entity657 in the testicular fluid (TF) and in the conditioned medium obtained from cultures of testicular macrophages of @entity35 with @entity792 compared with control groups. By immunohistochemistry, an increase in @entity657 expression was observed in mononuclear, endothelial, Leydig and peritubular cells. @entity657 immunoreactivity was also detected in Sertoli cell cytoplasm of @entity35 with severe @entity11570 . A 2-fold increase in the number of mononuclear cells that express @entity3037 was also found in @entity35 with @entity11570 compared with controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vivo that @entity657 is highly expressed in testicular interstitial cells suggesting that this chemokine has an important role in recruiting immune cells to the testis in @entity35 undergoing @entity792 .

title: @entity657 ( @entity657 / XXXX ) in experimental @entity792 .

answer: @entity657 :: (24770(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['CCL2']


abstract: @entity792 ( @entity792 ) is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and a severe lesion of seminiferous tubules with germ cells that undergo apoptosis and sloughing. The mechanism by which immune cells migrate and extravasate in the testicular interstitium is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to detect the variations in the expression of @entity657 ( @entity657 / @entity657 ) and its receptor in the testis of @entity35 undergoing @entity792 . @entity792 was induced in Sprague-Dawley adult @entity35 by active immunization with an emulsion of testicular homogenate and complete Freund adjuvant using @entity7320 as co-adjuvant. Control @entity35 injected with saline and adjuvants and normal untreated @entity35 were also studied. By ELISA we observed a significant increase of @entity657 in the testicular fluid (TF) and in the conditioned medium obtained from cultures of testicular macrophages of @entity35 with @entity792 compared with control groups. By immunohistochemistry, an increase in @entity657 expression was observed in mononuclear, endothelial, Leydig and peritubular cells. @entity657 immunoreactivity was also detected in Sertoli cell cytoplasm of @entity35 with severe @entity11570 . A 2-fold increase in the number of mononuclear cells that express @entity3037 was also found in @entity35 with @entity11570 compared with controls. In conclusion, we demonstrated in vivo that @entity657 is highly expressed in testicular interstitial cells suggesting that this chemokine has an important role in recruiting immune cells to the testis in @entity35 undergoing @entity792 .

title: @entity657 ( @entity657 / @entity657 ) in experimental XXXX .

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune orchitis']


abstract: In this study, the response of gel-filtered @entity1 platelets to extracellular @entity141 at @entity141 concentrations [ @entity141 ]o of 1-10 mM was investigated. The distribution of @entity141 among various pools was studied using: (1) @entity6028 , to estimate the cytosolic free @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i); and (2) 45 @entity3282 plus @entity4527 , to quantitate the sizes of the @entity4527 -releasable, @entity4527 -nonreleasable and surface-bound @entity141 pools. The morphological changes were revealed by scanning electron-microscopy (scanning EM), and the effect on @entity556 -stimulated aggregation was examined using an aggregometer. Platelets continuously sequestered @entity141 into both @entity4527 -releasable and @entity4527 -nonreleasable pools to maintain a low [ @entity141 ]i level. The rate of sequestration to the @entity4527 -releasable pool was independent of [ @entity141 ]o, while that of the @entity4527 -nonreleasable pool exhibited first-order kinetics. The cell morphology changed gradually from discoid to the tadpole-like type, and finally to irregular forms. This morphological change correlated with the gradual increase in [ @entity141 ]i. The @entity4527 -nonreleasable pool saturated at about 3000 pmol/10(8) cells. This saturation resulted in a drastic increase in the @entity4527 -releasable pool size, and the cell was lysed concomitantly. The maximum safety capacity of the @entity4527 -releasable pool was estimated to be 1100 pmol/10(8) cells. The contribution of the cellular compartments to these two pool sizes is extensively discussed. The surface-bound pool size also increased continuously. When two different capacities were reached, i.e., 160 and 600 pmol/10(8) cells, the binding rate increased above the initial rate by 7- and 11-fold, respectively. Hence, the surface-binding capacity might be a critical factor which alters the membrane structure and exposes more binding sites. The cell surface appeared to have @entity4530 , after the binding size had reached more than 600 pmol/10(8) cells. Bleb formation resulted in the inhibition of platelet function. Divalent cations, such as @entity1025 , @entity15410 and @entity8594 did not cause @entity4530 formation, which could mean that this formation is a @entity141 -specific phenomenon.

title: Changes in both calcium pool size and morphology of @entity1 platelets incubated in various concentrations of calcium ion. Calcium-specific XXXX formation on platelet-membrane surface.

answer: @entity4530 :: (MESH:D001768,Disease) :: ['bleb']


abstract: In this study, the response of gel-filtered @entity1 platelets to extracellular @entity141 at @entity141 concentrations [ @entity141 ]o of 1-10 mM was investigated. The distribution of @entity141 among various pools was studied using: (1) @entity6028 , to estimate the cytosolic free @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i); and (2) 45 @entity3282 plus @entity4527 , to quantitate the sizes of the @entity4527 -releasable, @entity4527 -nonreleasable and surface-bound @entity141 pools. The morphological changes were revealed by scanning electron-microscopy (scanning EM), and the effect on @entity556 -stimulated aggregation was examined using an aggregometer. Platelets continuously sequestered @entity141 into both @entity4527 -releasable and @entity4527 -nonreleasable pools to maintain a low [ @entity141 ]i level. The rate of sequestration to the @entity4527 -releasable pool was independent of [ @entity141 ]o, while that of the @entity4527 -nonreleasable pool exhibited first-order kinetics. The cell morphology changed gradually from discoid to the tadpole-like type, and finally to irregular forms. This morphological change correlated with the gradual increase in [ @entity141 ]i. The @entity4527 -nonreleasable pool saturated at about 3000 pmol/10(8) cells. This saturation resulted in a drastic increase in the @entity4527 -releasable pool size, and the cell was lysed concomitantly. The maximum safety capacity of the @entity4527 -releasable pool was estimated to be 1100 pmol/10(8) cells. The contribution of the cellular compartments to these two pool sizes is extensively discussed. The surface-bound pool size also increased continuously. When two different capacities were reached, i.e., 160 and 600 pmol/10(8) cells, the binding rate increased above the initial rate by 7- and 11-fold, respectively. Hence, the surface-binding capacity might be a critical factor which alters the membrane structure and exposes more binding sites. The cell surface appeared to have @entity4530 , after the binding size had reached more than 600 pmol/10(8) cells. Bleb formation resulted in the inhibition of platelet function. Divalent cations, such as @entity1025 , @entity15410 and @entity8594 did not cause @entity4530 formation, which could mean that this formation is a @entity141 -specific phenomenon.

title: Changes in both calcium pool size and morphology of XXXX platelets incubated in various concentrations of calcium ion. Calcium-specific @entity4530 formation on platelet-membrane surface.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: It is widely accepted that @entity644 reduction is an appropriate therapeutic goal in chronic @entity8 . Based on large @entity922 ( @entity922 ), @entity1289 inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy have emerged as the most important antiproteinuric and renal protective interventions. However, there are numerous other interventions that have been shown to be antiproteinuric and, therefore, likely to be renoprotective. Unfortunately testing each of these antiproteinuric therapies in @entity922 is not feasible. The nephrologist has two choices: restrict antiproteinuric therapies to those shown to be effective in @entity922 or expand the use of antiproteinuric therapies to include those that, although unproven, are plausibly effective and prudent to use. The goal of this work is to provide the documentation needed for the nephrologist to choose between these strategies. This work describes 25 separate interventions that are either antiproteinuric or may block injurious mechanisms of @entity644 . Each intervention is assigned a level of recommendation (Level 1 is the highest; Level 3 is the lowest) according to the strength of the evidence supporting its antiproteinuric and renoprotective efficacy. Pathophysiologic mechanisms possibly involved are also discussed. The number of interventions at each level of recommendation are: Level 1, n = 7; Level 2, n = 9; Level 3, n = 9. Our experience indicates that we can achieve in most @entity1 the majority of Level 1 and many of the Level 2 and 3 recommendations. We suggest that, until better information becomes available, a broad-based, multiple-risk factor intervention to reduce @entity644 can be justified in those with progressive @entity8 . This work is intended primarily for clinical nephrologists; therefore, each antiproteinuria intervention is described in practical detail.

title: Management of glomerular XXXX : a commentary.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuric kidney disease', 'nephropathies']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['randomized controlled clinical trials', 'RCT']

answer: @entity644 :: (MESH:D011507,Disease) :: ['proteinuria']


abstract: Highly purified preparations of @entity134 -inducible cytochromes P-450 have been isolated from liver microsomes of adult male @entity35 treated with @entity22097 ( @entity22097 ), @entity109 (PB), or @entity11182 ( @entity11182 ). The interrelationships among these preparations as well as their relationship to the major forms of @entity1447 of this gene family identified in other laboratories have been evaluated by @entity1472 -terminal sequence analysis, @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis, chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, and Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion. The results indicate that a @entity1447 previously isolated in this laboratory and referred to as @entity1975 (P.E. Graves, L.S. Kaminsky, and J. Halpert (1987) Biochemistry 26, 3887-3894) is the major @entity1447 induced in @entity35 by @entity11182 , and corresponds to P-450p (K.A. Hostetler, S.A. Wrighton, P. Kremers, and P.S. Guzelian (1987) Biochem. J. 245, 27-33) and to @entity7570 (F.J. Gonzalez, B.J. Song, and J.P. Hardwick (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2969-2976). A second previously isolated @entity1447 termed PCNb in this laboratory appears to be identical to PB/ @entity22097 -E (F.P. Guengerich, G.A. Dannan, S.T. Wright, M.V. Martin, and L.S. Kaminsky (1982) Biochemistry 21, 6019-6030). PCNb as well as a third @entity1447 termed PCNc isolated from PB-treated @entity35 both correspond in @entity1472 -terminal sequence to the putative protein product of the pP450PCN2/cDNA clone of Gonzalez et al. These results document at the protein level the multiplicity of @entity134 -inducible @entity35 liver cytochromes P-450.

title: Multiplicity of XXXX -inducible cytochromes P-450 in @entity35 liver microsomes.

entities_list: @entity11182 :: ('MESH:D014217', 'Chemical') :: ['triacetyloleandomycin', 'TAO']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity22097 :: ('MESH:D011285', 'Chemical') :: ['pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile', 'PCN']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: Highly purified preparations of @entity134 -inducible cytochromes P-450 have been isolated from liver microsomes of adult male @entity35 treated with @entity22097 ( @entity22097 ), @entity109 (PB), or @entity11182 ( @entity11182 ). The interrelationships among these preparations as well as their relationship to the major forms of @entity1447 of this gene family identified in other laboratories have been evaluated by @entity1472 -terminal sequence analysis, @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis, chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, and Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion. The results indicate that a @entity1447 previously isolated in this laboratory and referred to as @entity1975 (P.E. Graves, L.S. Kaminsky, and J. Halpert (1987) Biochemistry 26, 3887-3894) is the major @entity1447 induced in @entity35 by @entity11182 , and corresponds to P-450p (K.A. Hostetler, S.A. Wrighton, P. Kremers, and P.S. Guzelian (1987) Biochem. J. 245, 27-33) and to @entity7570 (F.J. Gonzalez, B.J. Song, and J.P. Hardwick (1986) Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2969-2976). A second previously isolated @entity1447 termed PCNb in this laboratory appears to be identical to PB/ @entity22097 -E (F.P. Guengerich, G.A. Dannan, S.T. Wright, M.V. Martin, and L.S. Kaminsky (1982) Biochemistry 21, 6019-6030). PCNb as well as a third @entity1447 termed PCNc isolated from PB-treated @entity35 both correspond in @entity1472 -terminal sequence to the putative protein product of the pP450PCN2/cDNA clone of Gonzalez et al. These results document at the protein level the multiplicity of @entity134 -inducible @entity35 liver cytochromes P-450.

title: Multiplicity of @entity134 -inducible cytochromes P-450 in XXXX liver microsomes.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1002 with a low cardiac index after successful CPR contributes to early @entity204 attributable to @entity177 , and an effective treatment has not been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of @entity7604 , a selective phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, as treatment for @entity1002 after resuscitation. METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity2224 ( @entity2224 ) was induced electrically in 32 @entity1707 . After 5 minutes of @entity2224 , CPR was initiated and animals were randomized to receive either saline (control group, n=16) as a bolus and infusion or @entity7604 50 microg/kg as a bolus and then 0.5 microg/kg per min for 60 minutes (treatment group, n=16). After 2 minutes of CPR (total @entity2224 time, 7 minutes), countershocks were given. Coronary perfusion pressures during CPR were similar for the groups (24+/-2 versus 21+/-4 mm Hg). All animals were defibrillated; 6 of 16 control animals developed refractory postcountershock pulseless electrical activity compared with 0 of 16 treated animals (P=0.018). At 30 minutes after restoration of spontaneous circulation, @entity64 volume (16+/-3 versus 26+/-7 mL, P<0.01) and LV dp/dt (793+/-197 versus 1108+/-316 mm Hg/s, P<0.02) were higher in the treatment group. Similar differences were observed 60 minutes after restoration of spontaneous circulation. Significant differences in heart rates between groups were not observed, and peripheral vascular resistance was significantly greater in the control group 30 and 60 minutes after resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7604 facilitates resuscitation from prolonged @entity2224 and attenuates @entity1002 after resuscitation without worsening major determinants of myocardial @entity26 demand.

title: XXXX facilitates resuscitation from cardiac arrest and attenuates postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['multiorgan failure']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['VF', 'Ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity7604 :: ('MESH:D020105', 'Chemical') :: ['milrinone', 'Milrinone']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LV dysfunction', 'Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction']

answer: @entity7604 :: (MESH:D020105,Chemical) :: ['Milrinone']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity13358 has recently been shown to promote survival of neurons and glia. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether @entity13358 has any role in protecting @entity2479 cells (RGCs) from death under conditions in which growth factors are removed, or in which oxidative stress is present. Signal transduction pathways that activate @entity13358 signaling in RGCs were studied in both stress conditions. METHODS: Effects of various interleukins on the viability of the RGC cell line was determined, and apoptotic cells were quantified. Immunoblot analysis was preformed to identify the @entity13358 receptor (IL-10R) and phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated @entity2308 and @entity12001 proteins in RGC extracts. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the @entity35 retinal sections to identify native IL-10R. RESULTS: Apoptosis of RGCs in the absence of growth factors with or without @entity619 (1 microM) occurred in @entity19 .4% and 53.4% +/- 2.6% of cells, respectively, after 96 hours. Addition of @entity13358 at a concentration of 50 ng/mL significantly reduced the apoptotic population of RGCs to 28.2% +/- 2.3% in the absence of growth factors with @entity619 and to 31% +/- 2.7% in the absence of growth factors alone. RGCs as well as native retina expressed functional IL-10R as determined by immunoblot analysis and by the ability of @entity13358 to phosphorylate @entity12001 . However, @entity13358 failed to phosphorylate @entity2308 in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: @entity13358 caused a 59% and 42% reduction in the apoptotic population of serum-deprived cells with and without @entity619 treatment, respectively. These observations establish that activation of IL-10R promotes survival of RGCs and this survival-promoting activity is due to @entity13358 signaling through the @entity12001 pathway, which inhibits the cell death and not through the @entity2308 cell survival pathway.

title: Interleukin-10 receptor signaling through XXXX regulates the apoptosis of @entity2479 cells in response to stress.

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ganglion']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

answer: @entity12001 :: (25125(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['STAT-3']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity13358 has recently been shown to promote survival of neurons and glia. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether @entity13358 has any role in protecting @entity2479 cells (RGCs) from death under conditions in which growth factors are removed, or in which oxidative stress is present. Signal transduction pathways that activate @entity13358 signaling in RGCs were studied in both stress conditions. METHODS: Effects of various interleukins on the viability of the RGC cell line was determined, and apoptotic cells were quantified. Immunoblot analysis was preformed to identify the @entity13358 receptor (IL-10R) and phosphorylated or nonphosphorylated @entity2308 and @entity12001 proteins in RGC extracts. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the @entity35 retinal sections to identify native IL-10R. RESULTS: Apoptosis of RGCs in the absence of growth factors with or without @entity619 (1 microM) occurred in @entity19 .4% and 53.4% +/- 2.6% of cells, respectively, after 96 hours. Addition of @entity13358 at a concentration of 50 ng/mL significantly reduced the apoptotic population of RGCs to 28.2% +/- 2.3% in the absence of growth factors with @entity619 and to 31% +/- 2.7% in the absence of growth factors alone. RGCs as well as native retina expressed functional IL-10R as determined by immunoblot analysis and by the ability of @entity13358 to phosphorylate @entity12001 . However, @entity13358 failed to phosphorylate @entity2308 in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: @entity13358 caused a 59% and 42% reduction in the apoptotic population of serum-deprived cells with and without @entity619 treatment, respectively. These observations establish that activation of IL-10R promotes survival of RGCs and this survival-promoting activity is due to @entity13358 signaling through the @entity12001 pathway, which inhibits the cell death and not through the @entity2308 cell survival pathway.

title: Interleukin-10 receptor signaling through @entity12001 regulates the apoptosis of XXXX cells in response to stress.

answer: @entity2479 :: (MESH:D012173,Disease) :: ['retinal ganglion']


abstract: PURPOSE: Oxidative stress is increased in the retina in @entity6 , and antioxidants inhibit activation of @entity4124 and the development of @entity989 . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity6 on the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and translocation of @entity2310 into mitochondria in the @entity35 retina and in the isolated retinal capillary cells. METHODS: Mitochondria and cytosol fractions were prepared from retina of @entity35 with @entity3839 -induced @entity6 and from the isolated retinal endothelial cells and pericytes incubated in 5 or 20 mM @entity413 medium for up to 10 days in the presence of @entity224 dismutase (SOD) or a synthetic mimetic of SOD (MnTBAP). The release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and translocation of the proapoptotic protein @entity2310 into the mitochondria were determined by the Western blot technique and cell death by @entity4124 activity and ELISA assay. RESULTS: @entity6 of 8 months' duration in @entity35 increased the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and @entity2310 into the mitochondria prepared from the retina, and this phenomenon was not observed at 2 months of @entity6 . Incubation of isolated retinal capillary cells with 20 mM @entity413 increased cytochrome c content in the cytosol and @entity2310 in the mitochondria, and these abnormalities were accompanied by increased cell apoptosis. Inclusion of SOD or its mimetic inhibited @entity413 -induced release of cytochrome c, translocation of @entity2310 , and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal mitochondria become leaky when the duration of @entity6 is such that capillary cell apoptosis can be observed; cytochrome c starts to accumulate in the cytosol and @entity2310 into the mitochondria. Inhibition of @entity224 inhibits @entity413 -induced release of cytochrome c and @entity2310 and inhibits apoptosis in both endothelial cells and pericytes. Identifying the mechanism by which retinal capillary cells undergo apoptosis may reveal novel therapies to inhibit the development of @entity989 in @entity6 .

title: XXXX -induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the retina.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide', 'superoxides']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the demographic characteristics of @entity1 with @entity923 and changes in incidence over time. METHODS: Prospective collection of neurophysiological and clinical data on all @entity1 presenting to the subregional department of clinical neurophysiology in Canterbury, UK, from 1992 to 2001 and to the electromyography clinic in St Luke's Hospital, Huddersfield, UK, from 1991 to 1993. RESULTS: 6245 new cases of neurophysiologically confirmed @entity923 were identified in Canterbury and 590 in Huddersfield. The average annual incidences (per 100,000) were 139.4 for @entity1 and 67.2 for @entity1 in East Kent, and 83.2 for @entity1 and 48.0 for @entity1 in Huddersfield. Corrected to the WHO European standard population these rates were 120.5 for @entity1 and 60.0 for @entity1 in East Kent, and 61.5 for @entity1 and 35.0 for @entity1 in Huddersfield. Between 1992 and 2001 there was an increase in the number of confirmed cases in East Kent but a decrease in their average severity. The age distributions were bimodal with a peak in the 50-54 age group and a second peak between 75 and 84 years. Over half the cases were bilateral. The disorder was consistently worse in the elderly, and more severe in @entity1 than in @entity1 in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The age distributions of unselected cases of @entity923 in both clinics differ markedly from that usually portrayed in surgical series. There was a significant increase in cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2001 in Canterbury, probably the result of increased ascertainment of milder cases. Median @entity73 is more severe in the elderly and in @entity1 at all ages.

title: Clinical surveillance of XXXX in two areas of the United Kingdom, 1991-2001.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['nerve impairment']

answer: @entity923 :: (MESH:D002349,Disease) :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']


abstract: @entity5509 ( @entity5509 ) is a weight loss procedure in which malabsorption is produced by connecting a short length of proximal jejunum to the distal ileum. Because 90% of the small intestine is bypassed, it may have impact on the dose-concentration response of oral @entity205 ( @entity870 ). The authors characterized the dose-adjusted blood concentrations of @entity870 obtained 2 hours (C2) after oral microemulsion @entity870 (ME- @entity870 ) in a liver transplant (LTx) subject with an intact @entity5509 , as compared with those from seven LTx controls without @entity5509 . The biliary reconstruction involved choledochocholedochostomy without external drainage in all @entity1 . ME- @entity870 was administered via a nasogastric tube within 24 hours after graft reperfusion. Oral @entity2380 was given prophylactically to the study subject only for 6 days after LTx. During the first week after LTx, the dose-adjusted C2 (mean +/- SD) for the study subject and for controls was 53 +/- 10 and 106 +/- 47 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). The corresponding value during the period from day 7 to day 107 was 105 +/- 40 and 257 +/- 86 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression revealed that dosage, days after LTx, and the presence of a @entity5509 were all independent predictors of C2 (R2 = 0.798, P = 0.037). Lack of bile resulting in malabsorption of ME- @entity870 was not thought to be significant contributor to her low dose-adjusted C2 because there was no external bile drainage and a portion of terminal ileum, where most @entity6741 reabsorption occurred, was still available after @entity5509 . The fact that @entity2380 failed to increase the dose-adjusted C2 in the study subject supports that enteric clearance of @entity870 may become clinically unimportant after @entity5509 . Therefore, the low dose-adjusted C2 is most likely explained by the reduced bowel length and associated absorptive surface area after @entity5509 . In conclusion, @entity1 with @entity5509 may require higher doses of ME- @entity870 .

title: Dose-adjusted cyclosporine c2 in a XXXX with jejunoileal bypass as compared to seven other liver transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5509 :: ('MESH:D058606', 'Disease') :: ['Jejunoileal bypass', 'JIB']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: A @entity51914 ( @entity51914 ) may be localized or diffuse. It may also be congenital or acquired. Development of diffuse BFHs has been associated with @entity792 and with the development of @entity3067 . Two @entity1 with @entity792 had @entity3067 develop. We present the histologic features of @entity51914 seen in these 2 @entity1 using vertical and transverse sections, and the response of 1 @entity1 to @entity554 therapy. Histologic sections showed a hamartomatous proliferation of hair follicles involving the majority of their hairs. The hamartomatous follicles showed variable degrees of hair differentiation. One @entity1 , treated with oral and then topical @entity4878 , showed a partial regrowth of scalp hair and some regression of the cutaneous nodules. Increased sonic hedgehog signaling pathways with increased @entity8889 transcription has been shown to be present in the spectrum of follicular hamartomatous changes seen in BFHs. This may explain the response of one @entity1 to @entity554 therapy, because @entity4878 decrease @entity8889 transcriptional activity.

title: XXXX associated with @entity792 : a possible role for @entity4878 in therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity51914 :: ('MESH:C565284', 'Disease') :: ['basaloid follicular hamartoma', 'BFH']

entities_list: @entity3067 :: ('MESH:C531609', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse alopecia']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity554 :: ('CHEBI:26537', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoid']

answer: @entity51914 :: (MESH:C565284,Disease) :: ['Basaloid follicular hamartomas']


abstract: A @entity51914 ( @entity51914 ) may be localized or diffuse. It may also be congenital or acquired. Development of diffuse BFHs has been associated with @entity792 and with the development of @entity3067 . Two @entity1 with @entity792 had @entity3067 develop. We present the histologic features of @entity51914 seen in these 2 @entity1 using vertical and transverse sections, and the response of 1 @entity1 to @entity554 therapy. Histologic sections showed a hamartomatous proliferation of hair follicles involving the majority of their hairs. The hamartomatous follicles showed variable degrees of hair differentiation. One @entity1 , treated with oral and then topical @entity4878 , showed a partial regrowth of scalp hair and some regression of the cutaneous nodules. Increased sonic hedgehog signaling pathways with increased @entity8889 transcription has been shown to be present in the spectrum of follicular hamartomatous changes seen in BFHs. This may explain the response of one @entity1 to @entity554 therapy, because @entity4878 decrease @entity8889 transcriptional activity.

title: @entity51914 associated with @entity792 : a possible role for XXXX in therapy.

answer: @entity4878 :: (MESH:D012176,Chemical) :: ['retinoids']


abstract: A @entity51914 ( @entity51914 ) may be localized or diffuse. It may also be congenital or acquired. Development of diffuse BFHs has been associated with @entity792 and with the development of @entity3067 . Two @entity1 with @entity792 had @entity3067 develop. We present the histologic features of @entity51914 seen in these 2 @entity1 using vertical and transverse sections, and the response of 1 @entity1 to @entity554 therapy. Histologic sections showed a hamartomatous proliferation of hair follicles involving the majority of their hairs. The hamartomatous follicles showed variable degrees of hair differentiation. One @entity1 , treated with oral and then topical @entity4878 , showed a partial regrowth of scalp hair and some regression of the cutaneous nodules. Increased sonic hedgehog signaling pathways with increased @entity8889 transcription has been shown to be present in the spectrum of follicular hamartomatous changes seen in BFHs. This may explain the response of one @entity1 to @entity554 therapy, because @entity4878 decrease @entity8889 transcriptional activity.

title: @entity51914 associated with XXXX : a possible role for @entity4878 in therapy.

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the plenitude of reports concerning @entity2895 , especially as presenting symptoms with posterior communicating artery (PCoA) @entity439 , we present a @entity1 with an unusual variation. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 66-year-old @entity1 presented with progressive right-sided @entity10 and @entity892 and was found to have a partial, @entity2895 . A small right-sided PCoA @entity439 , nearly indistinguishable from an infundibulum, was identified on magnetic resonance angiography and subsequent digital subtraction angiography. The @entity2895 improved before surgical repair of the @entity439 . RESULTS: Microsurgical exploration revealed a small PCoA @entity439 , which was tethered to the third nerve by @entity2443 . Adhesions were lysed and the @entity439 was repaired sparing the PCoA and its branches. The @entity1 's third nerve function recovered completely postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Even a very small PCoA @entity439 may present with an improving, pupil-sparing @entity2895 . Selection of @entity1 for imaging studies should take this unusual variant into consideration. We describe the anatomy and potential mechanisms of this @entity2895 .

title: XXXX with preoperative improvement from a posterior communicating artery aneurysm.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2895 :: ('MESH:D015840', 'Disease') :: ['partial third nerve palsy', 'pupil-sparing third nerve palsy', 'partial or complete third nerve palsies', 'third nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity2443 :: ('MESH:D001100', 'Disease') :: ['arachnoid adhesions']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

answer: @entity2895 :: (MESH:D015840,Disease) :: ['Pupil-sparing third nerve palsy']


abstract: @entity10815 was assessed in C6 @entity11 cells grown in medium with an intermediate- or low-percent composition of serum. The amount, form, and subcellular location of @entity10815 differed after treatment with @entity14613 or @entity6193 in cells grown in a low-serum, growth-factor-supplemented medium. Immunoblotting showed that @entity10815 in the lysosomal fraction of the C6 cell line had a molecular weight (Mr) of 42 kD, whereas that in the microsomal fraction had Mr's of 42, 47, and 78 kD. After treatment for 1 to 16 hr with 4 mmol/L @entity14613 and subcellular fractionation, the molecular weight of lysosomal @entity10815 was the same in treated and untreated cells, but more enzyme was found in lysosomes of treated cells at 8 and 16 hr. In the microsomal fraction, the amounts of both the 42 and 47 kD forms were increased after 1 to 16 hr of treatment. When exposed to 20 mmol/L @entity14613 , C6 cells remained viable, but compared with untreated cells, they showed 25% less lysosomal @entity10815 , with increased amounts found in the microsomal fraction. The 78 kD protein detected by immunoblotting was present in both the lysosomal and microsomal fractions but was predominant in the latter. The apparent molecular weight of this protein was the same after @entity14613 but differed with @entity6193 , where Mr's of 39, 42, and 73 kD were found. @entity6193 -treated cells had less lysosomal @entity10815 and relatively more microsomal enzyme. The differing molecular weights of @entity10815 from @entity14613 - and @entity6193 -treated cells suggest that their inhibitions occur at different processing loci in distal elements of the Golgi stacks. The differences in the pI of @entity10815 and the number of its forms from @entity14613 - and @entity6193 -treated cells are also consistent with interference in the late stages of glycoprotein maturation. In this paper we show that the amount, molecular form, and consequent intracellular location of @entity10815 in cells of the C6 line can be affected by agents that selectively disrupt stages in Golgi-related protein modification and transport.

title: Alterations of the posttranslational processing of a lysosomal enzyme in C6 XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity10815 :: ('1509', 'Gene') :: ['cathepsin D', 'Cathepsin D']

entities_list: @entity6193 :: ('MESH:D008985', 'Chemical') :: ['Monensin', 'monensin']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: The nose is the most common site of @entity1489 on the @entity1 body. This review was compiled to enumerate the many reconstructive techniques which are available and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Five hundred twenty-one @entity1 with @entity5 were treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1964 to 1981. Four hundred five @entity1 were treated by cryotherapy, electrocautery, chemosurgery, radiation therapy, or local excision with primary closure. Forty-six @entity1 were treated with simple nasolabial flaps. The remaining 70 @entity1 underwent more extensive resections and reconstructions. Their records were reviewed. At 5 years the local recurrence rate was 3% for @entity1491 and 20% for @entity957 . The multiple reconstructive techniques which were utilized in these @entity1 are discussed. Skin-grafting procedures were used to manage 51% of the @entity1 . Prostheses were used in 9%. Multiple different reconstructive flaps were used for the remaining 40% of the @entity1 . The management of large @entity189 must be individualized with therapeutic decisions being made by a practitioner who is familiar with the many reconstructive options. This will ensure the optimal functional and aesthetic result for each @entity1 .

title: XXXX of the nose: options for reconstruction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['nasal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['Skin cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine the incidence and risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) relapse in @entity1 with @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 records were registered prospectively in successive @entity1 with @entity1893 admitted to the Norwegian Radium Hospital from 1980 to 1996. A total of 2514 @entity1 had no CNS involvement at diagnosis and were treated according to standard protocols. The incidence and risk factors for CNS progression or relapse were examined retrospectively. RESULTS: In low-grade (L)- @entity1893 , the risk of CNS involvement was low (2.8%). In high-grade (H)- @entity1893 , lymphoblastic and Burkitt's @entity1893 @entity1 had a high risk of CNS recurrence (24.4%) at 5 years, and prophylaxis seemed to reduce this risk. For the other @entity1 with @entity1893 , the proportion with CNS involvement at 5 years was 5.2%. Multivariate analysis identified five independent risk factors, each present in >5% of patients: elevated serum @entity880 dehydrogenase, serum albumin <35 g/l, <60 years of age, retroperitoneal lymph node involvement and involvement of more than one extranodal site. If four or five of these risk factors were present, the risk of CNS recurrence was in excess of 25% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of CNS involvement in this study is comparable with the results from other large series. CNS prophylaxis is not recommended in any subgroup of @entity1893 . The risk of CNS involvement among @entity1 with either Burkitt's or @entity981 is considerable and these @entity1 should therefore receive intensive chemotherapy including systemic and intrathecal methotrexate. @entity1 with other types of @entity1893 should receive adequate CNS prophylaxis if at least four of the five risk factors identified are present.

title: Central nervous system involvement following diagnosis of XXXX : a risk model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'NHL', 'L-NHL', 'H-NHL']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoblastic lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the contribution of social conditions for the main causes of @entity204 in Swedish @entity1 and youth aged 5-25 years. DESIGN: Cohort study. All @entity1 below 15 years of age that resided in Sweden 1985 were followed up during 1991-1995. @entity204 were recorded from The National Cause of Death Register. Information on parental social determinants were collected from various national registers. Connections between the social determinants and an @entity204 outcome were analysed in multivariate Cox regression models. MAIN RESULTS: In total 1474 @entity204 were recorded during approximately 8 million @entity1 years. In a regression model, with control for sex, year of birth, and residency (urban/rural), the aetiological fraction for parental SES, maternal country of birth, family situation, parental risk factors, and all these factors combined were 13%, 6%, 1.4%, 1.3%, and 19%, respectively. Similar regression models were studied separately for each of the main causes of @entity204 . The parental social determinants explained 58% of all homicides, 47% of all motor traffic injuries, and 30% of all other traffic injuries while the suicide rate was not affected by these determinants. Parental socioeconomic status was the single most important parental determinant for all major causes of injury. CONCLUSIONS: There was a wide variation of the aetiological fractions of parental social determinants for different causes of @entity204 . This variation might be used to further investigate the social aetiology of injuries.

title: Social aetiology of violent deaths in Swedish XXXX and youth.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'person']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['injury deaths', 'injury death', 'Injury deaths']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Subplate neurons (SPn) play an important role in the formation of thalamocortical connections during early development and show glutamatergic and GABAergic spontaneous synaptic activity. We characterized these synaptic inputs by performing whole-cell recordings from SPn in somatosensory cortical slices of postnatal day 0-3 @entity35 . At -70 mV, electrical stimulation of the thalamocortical afferents elicited in 68% of the SPn a monosynaptic @entity1023 -sensitive postsynaptic current (PSC). These fast PSCs were mediated by @entity140 receptors, because they were prolonged by @entity10640 and blocked by @entity18713 . On membrane depolarization, thalamocortical stimulation elicited in 50% of the cells an additional slow monosynaptic component mediated by @entity143 receptors. Stimulation of the cortical plate evoked in 72% of SPn a monosynaptic @entity140 receptor-mediated PSC with an additional @entity143 component at depolarized membrane potentials and in 40% of the investigated cells polysynaptic responses, depending on @entity1246 (A) and @entity143 receptors. Stimulation of the subplate elicited in 67% of SPn a monosynaptic dual-component PSC mediated by @entity140 and @entity143 receptors activated at -70 mV and in 12% of SPn a monosynaptic single-component PSC mediated by @entity140 receptors with an additional @entity143 component activated at depolarized membrane potentials. A monosynaptic GABAergic response could be observed in 68% of SPn after stimulation of the subplate. In gramicidin-perforated patch recordings, bath application of @entity1246 caused membrane depolarization to -40 mV and elicited action potentials. These results demonstrate that SPn receive distinct functional synaptic inputs arising from the thalamus, cortical plate, and subplate, indicating that SPn are capable of integrating and processing information from cortical and subcortical regions.

title: Functional synaptic projections onto subplate neurons in neonatal XXXX somatosensory cortex.

entities_list: @entity10640 :: ('MESH:C004639', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclothiazide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rupture of the patellar tendon after total knee arthroplasty is a rare and debilitating complication. Proper surgical management of this condition remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to review the results of reconstruction of a @entity397 with an Achilles tendon allograft following total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: We reviewed our experience with the use of a fresh-frozen Achilles tendon allograft with an attached calcaneal bone graft to restore extensor function in nine @entity1 with @entity397 following total knee arthroplasty (five primary and four revision). All @entity1 were examined clinically and radiographically at an average of twenty-eight months. RESULTS: The average knee and functional scores improved from 26 and 14 points, respectively, before the surgery to 81 and 53 points after the surgery. The average extensor lag decreased from 44 degrees preoperatively to 3 degrees postoperatively, and the average range of motion of the knee increased from 88 degrees to 107 degrees. Two grafts failed in the early postoperative period. Both were repaired successfully. Radiographs showed an average proximal patellar migration of 17.8 mm, which did not appear to affect extensor function. CONCLUSIONS: This short-term follow-up study showed that once an Achilles allograft has healed, it can serve as a reliable reconstruction of a @entity397 following total knee arthroplasty. This technique may be particularly suited for @entity1 in whom the extensor mechanism was compromised by multiple prior operations. Continued follow-up is necessary to determine the long-term durability of these results.

title: Reconstruction of a XXXX tendon allograft following total knee arthroplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured patellar tendon', 'patellar tendon rupture']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['ruptured patellar tendon with achilles']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Medial elbow ganglia have been reported in association with @entity7769 . This lesion is thought to occur rarely and has not been emphasized in the literature. The purposes of the present study are to report our experience with this lesion in order to elucidate its prevalence as well as its clinical and radiographic features, to describe our operative findings, and to present the results of surgical treatment. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty-seven elbows in 472 @entity1 were treated for @entity7769 between 1980 and 1999. We performed a retrospective study of the thirty-eight @entity1 who had a medial ganglion. All of the ganglia were excised, and the ulnar nerve was translocated subcutaneously. Thirty-two @entity1 were followed for a mean of thirty-seven months. RESULTS: Medial elbow ganglion was the third most common causative factor associated with @entity7769 , with an overall prevalence of 8%. Resting @entity158 in the medial aspect of the elbow was reported by twenty-five of the thirty-eight @entity1 , and a @entity2459 in the ring and little fingers or of medial @entity158 without prior symptoms was reported by twenty-nine @entity1 . The symptoms lasted two months or less in thirty-one @entity1 . All ganglia originated from the medial aspect of the ulnohumeral joint, and radiographs of that joint showed degenerative changes in thirty-seven @entity1 . At the time of follow-up, all measurements of sensory and motor function of the ulnar nerve had improved and no recurrence of @entity129 was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon, medial elbow ganglia have a strong association with @entity571 of the elbow and can cause a relatively acute onset of @entity7769 . A @entity1 with @entity7769 associated with @entity571 who complains of medial @entity158 or severe @entity1183 within two months after the onset of the syndrome should be strongly suspected of having a ganglion. Most ganglia are occult, and ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging can assist in the preoperative diagnosis. Careful excision of the ganglion performed concurrently with subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve can produce satisfactory results.

title: XXXX associated with medial elbow Ganglia and @entity571 of the elbow.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['elbow osteoarthritis', 'osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity7769 :: ('MESH:D020430', 'Disease') :: ['cubital tunnel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'elbow pain']

entities_list: @entity2459 :: ('MESH:D003639', 'Disease') :: ['sudden onset of numbness']

answer: @entity7769 :: (MESH:D020430,Disease) :: ['Cubital tunnel syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Medial elbow ganglia have been reported in association with @entity7769 . This lesion is thought to occur rarely and has not been emphasized in the literature. The purposes of the present study are to report our experience with this lesion in order to elucidate its prevalence as well as its clinical and radiographic features, to describe our operative findings, and to present the results of surgical treatment. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty-seven elbows in 472 @entity1 were treated for @entity7769 between 1980 and 1999. We performed a retrospective study of the thirty-eight @entity1 who had a medial ganglion. All of the ganglia were excised, and the ulnar nerve was translocated subcutaneously. Thirty-two @entity1 were followed for a mean of thirty-seven months. RESULTS: Medial elbow ganglion was the third most common causative factor associated with @entity7769 , with an overall prevalence of 8%. Resting @entity158 in the medial aspect of the elbow was reported by twenty-five of the thirty-eight @entity1 , and a @entity2459 in the ring and little fingers or of medial @entity158 without prior symptoms was reported by twenty-nine @entity1 . The symptoms lasted two months or less in thirty-one @entity1 . All ganglia originated from the medial aspect of the ulnohumeral joint, and radiographs of that joint showed degenerative changes in thirty-seven @entity1 . At the time of follow-up, all measurements of sensory and motor function of the ulnar nerve had improved and no recurrence of @entity129 was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon, medial elbow ganglia have a strong association with @entity571 of the elbow and can cause a relatively acute onset of @entity7769 . A @entity1 with @entity7769 associated with @entity571 who complains of medial @entity158 or severe @entity1183 within two months after the onset of the syndrome should be strongly suspected of having a ganglion. Most ganglia are occult, and ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging can assist in the preoperative diagnosis. Careful excision of the ganglion performed concurrently with subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve can produce satisfactory results.

title: @entity7769 associated with medial elbow Ganglia and XXXX of the elbow.

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: Glucocorticoid in high dose has known to reduce vascular sensitivity to various vasoconstrictive stimuli. It inhibits phospholipase to reduce production of @entity2918 . It stabilizes the cell membrane and prevents @entity2657 . All these pharmacological effects indicate possible usefulness of this drug for the treatment of @entity2806 due to @entity2553 . Based on these theoretical backgrounds a multi-center controlled double blind clinical study was carried out. The @entity1 who showed manifestations of delayed @entity2806 due to @entity2553 were selected for this study. As soon as the clinical manifestation appeared, the @entity1 was given either 3 grams of @entity701 intravenously in a 60 ml solution or the placebo. The administration was repeated 6 times with interval of 12 hours. The @entity1 were allowed to be treated according to the independent protocol of each institute except for the maximum daily use of glucocorticoid. The effect of the therapy was evaluated at 4th, 7th day and 1 month after the initiation. The study involved 52 institutes and a total of 140 @entity1 , seventy-one @entity1 who received @entity701 (group A) and 69 @entity1 who received placebo (group P) was analysed. There were no significant differences in background data between both groups. In @entity1 with grade I, II or III on admission, the favorable effects of @entity701 were demonstrated on changes in neurological findings. In group A, there were significantly more cases of improvement at 4th day for orientation about place and @entity1 . At 1 month or on discharge group A showed significant improvement almost in every aspect of neurological findings including mental, speech and motor functions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Intravenous XXXX in large doses in the treatment of delayed ischemic neurological deficits following subarachnoid hemorrhage--results of a multi-center controlled double-blind clinical study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['hydrocortisone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) of longer duration, @entity4738 ( @entity4738 ) down-regulation has been reported without any change in @entity701 levels. This phenomenon might play a role in the aetio-pathogenesis of @entity309 . Therefore we studied @entity4738 expression, as well as the serum @entity701 levels, in @entity1 with recently diagnosed @entity309 . METHODS: In 81 early diagnosed @entity309 @entity1 with disease duration < 1 year (52F/29M; mean (SD) age 63 (13) years) and in 39 age and sex matched controls (23F/16M; mean age 63 (15) years) blood samples were taken between 8-10 h AM. @entity4738 expression ( @entity4738 -number and @entity4738 -affinity), serum @entity701 levels, ESR, CRP, @entity158 and swollen joints were measured. RESULTS: A significantly lower @entity4738 -number was found in the female @entity1 compared with female controls: 7.0 versus 9.8fmol/million cells, respectively (difference: 2.8, 95% CI 1.1 - 4.6). Interestingly, also serum @entity701 levels were significantly lower in the female @entity1 compared with the female controls: 0.21 versus 0.41 micromol/l, respectively (difference: 0.20, 95% CI 0.12 - 0.28). However, between the male @entity1 and male controls no difference was found in @entity4738 expression nor in serum @entity701 levels. Neither in female nor in male @entity1 were correlations found between @entity4738 expression and parameters of disease activity nor was there a relation between @entity4738 expression and serum @entity701 levels. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in @entity4738 expression as well as serum @entity701 were not a general phenomenon in early diagnosed @entity309 @entity1 , being present only in females and not related to disease activity. Therefore it seems unlikely that @entity4738 expression per se is causally involved in the pathogenesis of @entity309 . We cannot preclude that it may be involved in the incidence, severity and course of @entity309 , as this may be differentially regulated in males and females.

title: Down regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in early-diagnosed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4738 :: ('2908', 'Gene') :: ['glucocorticoid receptor', 'GR']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and results of prosthetic venous replacement, as inferior vena cava (IVC) and iliofemoral vein resection and replacement are sometimes necessary when they are extensively involved by a large and fixed @entity5 thrombus from @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) or other @entity5 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Five @entity1 and two @entity1 (age range 41-75 years) were treated over a 10-year period (1991-2001) by aggressive venous surgery to achieve complete @entity5 resection, with prosthetic graft replacement to re-establish venous flow. The @entity5 included @entity703 (two), @entity27418 (two), @entity150 (one), @entity1492 (one) and inguino-pelvic @entity706 (one). Two @entity1 had a vena caval replacement, of whom one had a circular reinforced PTFE and one a Dacron @entity575 graft; five @entity1 had either an iliofemoral or an ilio-iliac circular reinforced PTFE graft. The prosthetic diameter was 18-20 mm for the IVC grafts and 8-10 mm for the iliac grafts. In all the @entity1 , graft patency was evaluated during the follow-up by colour flow duplex imaging, and in one it was determined by angio-computed tomography scan and venography. RESULTS: One @entity1 died 30 days after surgery; of the remaining six @entity1 one had no evidence of regional recurrence or @entity3 at 12 months, and five died from recurrent @entity5 8-30 months after surgery. The mean time to @entity204 was 23 months. At 3 months all six prosthesis were patent; at 6 months four were patent and at 12 months three of five prostheses were patent. CONCLUSION: Resecting and replacing the @entity5 resection and avoids @entity177 , providing durable relief from the symptoms of @entity432 . Iliofemoral prosthetic reconstruction for urological-related @entity5 represents a viable option to avoid @entity450 and lower extremity swelling, at least in the early postoperative period. The mean time to @entity204 for the present @entity1 must be considered the limit for these aggressive operations.

title: Prosthetic replacement of the inferior vena cava and the iliofemoral vein for urologically related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patient', 'women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['IVC allows complete tumour', 'malignancies', 'tumour', 'urological malignancies', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['venous engorgement']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['RCC', 'renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity27418 :: ('MESH:C538370', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal liposarcoma']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['RCC of the right kidney']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancies']


abstract: Twelve examples of mixed small- and @entity706 (eight follicular, one follicular and diffuse, and three diffuse) were investigated morphometrically using plastic-embedded tissue in order to study nuclear characteristics of lymphocyte populations in this form of @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) and to test morphologic bases for current @entity1893 classification systems. This study illustrates that there are many inaccuracies, illusions, and misconceptions in the morphologic criteria currently used to classify mixed small- and @entity706 . A principal finding was that lymphocyte nuclear profiles in @entity1893 tend to be smaller in size (P less than .005) and more irregular in shape (P = .0001) than the morphologically similar counterparts in germinal centers of lymph nodes with @entity1373 . Intercase comparison of mixed small- and large-cell lymphomas revealed a considerable range of mean nuclear area values, some of which were within the size range of normal, small lymphocytes. At the magnifications used for morphometric assessment, a high proportion of lymphocyte nuclear profiles had shallow invaginations, but only a limited number of profiles (4% to 14%) had deep (cleaved) indentations. Contrary to current definitions for this subtype of @entity1893 , lymphocytes with "small" nuclei had the same proportion of the nuclear diameter occupied by nuclear invaginations as lymphocytes with "large" nuclei and, in fact, mean nuclear invagination depth was shallower in "small" nuclei than in "large" nuclei. Furthermore, regardless of whether it is nuclear area or shape that is evaluated, lymphocytes in @entity1893 do not separate into two populations of small-cleaved and large noncleaved cells. Morphometry reveals that only four of the 12 examples of mixed small- and @entity706 had a proportion of the lymphocytes in the size range of fully transformed germinal center lymphocytes that exceeded 25%, and none of the cases approached 50% even though the population of lymphocyte nuclei appearing "transformed," and therefore "large," ranged from 28% to 57%. Such results indicate that the large, noncleaved and cleaved component, as seen in histologic sections of mixed small- and @entity706 , do not have nuclei of uniform size and many, in fact, are not actually large. The morphometric findings indicate reasons for the poor observer reproducibility in classifying this subtype of @entity1893 .

title: Morphologic studies of lymphocyte nuclei in follicular and diffuse mixed small- and large-cell (lymphocytic-histiocytic) XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'mixed-cell lymphoma', 'NHL', 'mixed-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['reactive hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['large-cell lymphoma']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: A strain of @entity1327 that was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a @entity1 diagnosed as having @entity791 ( @entity791 ), and that produced cutaneous lesions in experimentally infected, normal @entity19 is described. Although no unusual cutaneous manifestations were noted in the @entity1 's records, this isolate of @entity1327 proved to be dermotropic when injected intravenously into CD-1 @entity19 . The LD50 at 28 days post infection ranged from 3.6-7.5 X 10(5) cells per @entity19 , and in vitro growth rate studies demonstrated that this isolate grew well at 35 degrees C and at 37 degrees C, but did not grow at 40 degrees C and higher. This isolate was rhinotropic producing large @entity75 in the nasal tissues. Other cutaneous tissues affected were the periocular tissues, ears, feet and tail, although the @entity738 were nodular in structure and less @entity39 than the nasal lesions. The brain, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen also were culture positive for @entity1327 . Histopathologically, each affected tissue examined had large densities of @entity375 cells and a chronic, granulomatous host response. Animals surviving the infection appeared to develop a commensal-type relationship with the infective @entity375 . This is the first report of an isolate of @entity1327 from an @entity791 @entity1 that has caused cutaneous manifestations in an animal model. The model described in this report may be useful for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of @entity1328 , particularly cutaneous manifestations of the disease.

title: Cryptococcus neoformans: a central nervous system isolate from an @entity791 XXXX that is rhinotropic in a normal @entity19 model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous lesions']

entities_list: @entity1327 :: ('5207', 'Species') :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans', 'C. neoformans']

entities_list: @entity1328 :: ('MESH:D003453', 'Disease') :: ['cryptococcosis']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['acquired immunodeficiency syndrome', 'AIDS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: A strain of @entity1327 that was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a @entity1 diagnosed as having @entity791 ( @entity791 ), and that produced cutaneous lesions in experimentally infected, normal @entity19 is described. Although no unusual cutaneous manifestations were noted in the @entity1 's records, this isolate of @entity1327 proved to be dermotropic when injected intravenously into CD-1 @entity19 . The LD50 at 28 days post infection ranged from 3.6-7.5 X 10(5) cells per @entity19 , and in vitro growth rate studies demonstrated that this isolate grew well at 35 degrees C and at 37 degrees C, but did not grow at 40 degrees C and higher. This isolate was rhinotropic producing large @entity75 in the nasal tissues. Other cutaneous tissues affected were the periocular tissues, ears, feet and tail, although the @entity738 were nodular in structure and less @entity39 than the nasal lesions. The brain, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen also were culture positive for @entity1327 . Histopathologically, each affected tissue examined had large densities of @entity375 cells and a chronic, granulomatous host response. Animals surviving the infection appeared to develop a commensal-type relationship with the infective @entity375 . This is the first report of an isolate of @entity1327 from an @entity791 @entity1 that has caused cutaneous manifestations in an animal model. The model described in this report may be useful for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of @entity1328 , particularly cutaneous manifestations of the disease.

title: Cryptococcus neoformans: a central nervous system isolate from an XXXX @entity1 that is rhinotropic in a normal @entity19 model.

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']