abstract: BACKGROUND: Because the incidence of childhood @entity3052 peaks between 2 and 4 years of age, the risk factors may exert their influence during the prenatal and/or the neonatal periods. Results of previous studies of perinatal risk factors have been contradictory, perhaps because most studies either have been hospital based or have been restricted to limited geographical areas. PURPOSE: A nationwide case-control study was carried out to identify maternal and perinatal risk factors for this disease. METHODS: The case-control study was nested in cohorts defined by all live births in Sweden recorded in the nationwide Medical Birth Register. Since 1973, this register has routinely collected information on all hospital births in regard to maternal demographic data, reproductive history, pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period. From the Swedish National @entity5 Register, 613 case subjects were identified in successive birth cohorts from 1973 through 1989. Five control subjects per case subject were randomly selected from the pool of @entity1 matched by sex and month and year of birth. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for potential risk factors and to estimate their effects after adjustment for possible confounders. RESULTS: Risk of childhood @entity1778 at all ages increased with @entity1467 (OR = 20.0; 95% CI = 4.2-94.2), @entity8 (OR = 4.4; 95% CI = 1.6-12.1), use of supplementary @entity26 (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.5-3.6), postpartum @entity1763 (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.2-2.6), birth weight of more than 4500 g (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.1-2.7), and @entity101 disease during pregnancy (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.0-1.9). @entity1467 affected risk mostly in @entity1 younger than 5 years, whereas other factors affected those @entity1 5 years old or older. Being one of a multiple birth also increased risk among older @entity1 (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.0-6.0). Use of supplementary @entity26 may act as a causal intermediate (surrogate) for postpartum @entity1763 and its causes, as would high birth weight for its causes. CONCLUSIONS: Several maternal and perinatal risk factors were found to be associated with childhood @entity1778 , but they showed age-specific differences. Overall, only a few risk factors were identified, and these accounted for a small proportion of cases. We concluded that most risk factors for childhood @entity1778 remain unidentified in very young @entity1 .

title: Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['maternal renal disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphatic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['lymphatic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's syndrome"]

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['lymphatic leukemia']


abstract: Among the five immediate-early regulatory proteins of @entity778 , only ICP0 is capable of activating all kinetic classes of viral genes. Consistent with its broad transactivating activity, ICP0 plays a major role in enhancing the reactivation of HSV from latency both in vivo and in vitro. Although not essential for viral replication, ICP0 confers a significant growth advantage on the virus, especially at low multiplicities of @entity281 . In this report we describe the expression of a novel activity by the @entity421 cell line U2OS that can substitute functionally for ICP0. Compared with Vero cells, both @entity1 cells and cells of the ICP0-expressing line 0-28 significantly enhanced the plating efficiency of an ICP0 null mutant, 7134. In contrast, the plating efficiencies of the wild-type virus in all three cell types were similar. Single-step growth experiments demonstrated that the yield of 7134 in @entity1 cells was severalfold higher than that in 0-28 cells and about 100-fold higher than that in Vero cells. In order to identify the viral genes whose expression is enhanced by the activity in @entity1 cells, levels of expression of selected viral proteins in extracts of Vero and @entity1 cells were compared by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis following low-multiplicity @entity281 . At a multiplicity of 0.1 PFU per cell, the levels of expression of the immediate-early protein ICP4 and the early protein gD in 7134-infected @entity1 cells were significantly higher than those in 7134-infected Vero cells. When infections were carried out at a multiplicity of 1 PFU per cell, however, no major differences in the levels of expression of these proteins in @entity1 and Vero cells were observed. Cycloheximide reversal experiments demonstrated that the cellular activity expressed in @entity1 cells that promotes high-level expression of ICP4 is not synthesized de novo but appears to exist as a preformed protein(s). To confirm this observation and to determine whether, like immediate-early genes, early, delayed-early, and late viral genes are also responsive to the cellular activity, transient-expression assays were performed. The results of these tests demonstrated that basal levels of expression from immediate-early, early, and delayed-early promoters, but not that from a late promoter, were significantly higher in @entity1 cells than in Vero cells and that this enhancement occurred in the absence of viral proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: An activity specified by the XXXX line U2OS can substitute functionally for ICP0, a major regulatory protein of herpes simplex virus type 1.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['osteosarcoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis in the literature that torque resistance of @entity2003 is the difference between the independent contributions of stretched and shortened muscles. The hypothesis was tested using muscle-specific stretch-shortening (MSSS) EMG ratio in this study. Nineteen @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity191 ) and 18 healthy subjects (the mean age comparable to that of @entity1 ) participated in this study. The EMG activity was measured in the four muscles involved in wrist joint movement, i.e. flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris. The passive flexion-extension movement with a range of   30    was applied at wrist joint. Root mean squared (RMS) mean was calculated from the envelope of the EMG for each of stretching and shortening phases. MSSS EMG ratio was defined as the ratio of RMS EMG of stretching phase and RMS EMG of shortening phase of a single muscle, and it was calculated for each muscle. MSSS EMG ratios were smaller than one in all muscles. These results indicate that all wrist muscles generate greater mean EMG during shortening than during stretching. Therefore, the torque resistance of @entity2003 cannot be explained as the simple summation of independent antagonistic torque pair.

title: Comparison of EMG during passive stretching and shortening phases of each muscle for the investigation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2003 :: ('MESH:D009127', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonian rigidity']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["idiopathic Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

answer: @entity2003 :: (MESH:D009127,Disease) :: ['parkinsonian rigidity']


abstract: We examined patterns of airway response of thirty nine @entity565 @entity1 who had positive responses on allergen inhalation tests. Six types of inhaled allergens were used: house dust mite, animal, pollen, plant, mold, and others. Three patterns of responses were found: isolated immediate @entity748 response (IAR), immediate and late response (Dual), and isolated late @entity748 response (LAR). No relationship was found between the pattern of response and pulmonary function, airway sensitivity, IgE RIST titers, numbers of eosinophils, or concentration of inhaled antigens. Animal antigens tended to cause a dual response, and molds did only rarely. Ten of 39 challenged @entity1 had an isolated LAR, half of which were caused by mold antigen inhalation. RAST scores were lower in isolated LAR than in other responses. Changes in the number and proportion of peripheral leukocytes during the challenge tests were also studied. Total leukocyte count had increased significantly in the isolated LAR group by 24 hours after the inhalation. These results suggest that the pattern of airway response after inhalation depended in part on the type of inhaled antigen, and that non-IgE mediated immune reactions have some role in the isolated LAR.

title: [Factors influencing patterns of airway response after allergen challenge in @entity1 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma']


abstract: We examined patterns of airway response of thirty nine @entity565 @entity1 who had positive responses on allergen inhalation tests. Six types of inhaled allergens were used: house dust mite, animal, pollen, plant, mold, and others. Three patterns of responses were found: isolated immediate @entity748 response (IAR), immediate and late response (Dual), and isolated late @entity748 response (LAR). No relationship was found between the pattern of response and pulmonary function, airway sensitivity, IgE RIST titers, numbers of eosinophils, or concentration of inhaled antigens. Animal antigens tended to cause a dual response, and molds did only rarely. Ten of 39 challenged @entity1 had an isolated LAR, half of which were caused by mold antigen inhalation. RAST scores were lower in isolated LAR than in other responses. Changes in the number and proportion of peripheral leukocytes during the challenge tests were also studied. Total leukocyte count had increased significantly in the isolated LAR group by 24 hours after the inhalation. These results suggest that the pattern of airway response after inhalation depended in part on the type of inhaled antigen, and that non-IgE mediated immune reactions have some role in the isolated LAR.

title: [Factors influencing patterns of airway response after allergen challenge in XXXX with @entity565 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We studied the detailed profiles of blood flow in the right and left pulmonary arteries using 20 MHz pulsed Doppler ultrasound equipment in a lamb model. Fourteen @entity742 aged four to six weeks were selected. In six @entity742 , @entity42223 was injected parenterally to create @entity120 (PH group). Eight other @entity742 served as unaltered controls (control group). The blood flow velocities were sampled in 1mm increments along the anterior-posterior axis of the branch arteries. The maximum velocity of the forward flow in the @entity358 was higher than that in the right pulmonary artery in the control group (71.7 +/- 15.9 cm/s vs 60.2 +/- 13.5; p < 0.05). The fastest backward flow was located at the posterior position of the vessel in the right pulmonary artery in the control group (71.7 +/- 15.9 cm/s vs 60.2 +/- 13.5; p < 0.05). The fastest backward flow was located at the posterior position of the vessel in the right pulmonary artery in the control group. No significant bias in location was shown in the @entity358 . Using indices of P90, acceleration time, P90*AcT, the velocity waveforms in the PH group were compared with those in the control group. In the @entity358 , every index in the control group showed a significantly greater value that in the PH group. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between either group in the right pulmonary artery.

title: Blood flow velocity profiles in pulmonary branch arteries in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity42223 :: ('MESH:C014114', 'Chemical') :: ['monocrotaline pyrrole']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['left pulmonary artery']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['lambs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Deterioration associated with aging in the erect posture and balance to change the location of the center increased the rate of fall in older age is one of the reasons. Loss of muscle strength is one of the major factors affecting the posture. In this prospective, randomized and controlled study, it was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of strengthening postural muscles through electrostimulation or by applying biofeedback exercises with static posturography in @entity1 aged 60 years and over with @entity74 . METHODS: @entity1 aged between 60-80 years, who applied to Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department outpatient clinic and had been diagnosed with @entity74 using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, were included. 250 @entity1 were screened, from them 67 @entity1 were enrolled and 57 of them completed the study. @entity1 were randomized to three groups. The @entity1 in @entity1585 ( @entity1585 ) group (n:18) participated in a 15-minute exercise with Tetrax   which consisted of 15 minutes exercise session 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. The @entity1 in EG group (n:19) received an electrostimulation program of postural muscles of 40 minutes per session 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. @entity1 in the control group (n:20) did 6-week balance exercises which were performed by other groups as well. 48 out of 57 @entity1 attended the 6th-month control. As determinants of balance status Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Fall Index measured by Tetrax   were calculated at baseline, 1-month and 6-month follw up assesments. The @entity1 's quality of life was assesed by Turkish version of World Health Organisation Quality of Life Questionnaire in Older Adults (WHOQOL-OLD.TR) at baseline and 6-month follow up assesments. RESULTS: TUG values in both EG and @entity1585 decreased significantly between baseline assesment and 1-month (mean differences for @entity1585 : -4,00    1,309 and EG -2,588    1,839 p= 0,002 for the each of groups) and baseline assesment and 6-month (mean differences for @entity1585 : -2,933   1,223 and EG -2,058    1,477 p= 0,003 for the each of groups). A significant increase was determined in BBS values between baseline and 1-month (mean differences for @entity1585 : 4.000    2,360 and EG: 3,529    2,672 p= 0,031 for the each of groups). Fall Index (FI) measured by Tetrax   decreased between baseline assesment and 1-month (p= 0,185), and 6-month (p= 0,086) respectively, also between 1-month and 6-month follow up assesments (p= 0,627), but all of them were not significant changes. In all three groups the quality of life (p= 0,951) improved. Exercises conducted with Tetrax   were more effective than electrostimulation of postural muscles in increasing TUG values and decreasing BBS values. CONCLUSIONS: Even though applying electrostimulation to postural muscles affected @entity1 positively compared to pre-treatment, exercises performed with Tetrax   were more effective than the electrostimulation protocol to postural muscles in @entity146 and this well-being continued even in the 6th month.

title: Investigating the effectiveness of postural muscle electrostimulation and static posturography feedback exercises in elders with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1585 :: ('MESH:D065703', 'Disease') :: ['TG', 'Tetrax   group']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['balance disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['reducing balance disorder']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['balance disorder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several studies evaluating @entity14 ( @entity14 ) screening with fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) have reported a significant reduction in mortality from this @entity5 . The study aims to describe the results of the first round of the @entity14 screening program in medium-risk population of Valencia and assessing their feasibility and acceptability. METHODS: @entity14 screening pilot study using biennial FOBT. All residents (106,000 Inhabitants) between 50 and 69 years old (a subgroup of 70-74 years), from 3 selected health departments (04, 07 and 13) were invited by mail to participate. The individuals with FOBT positive were referred to hospital for colonoscopy. The following rates were calculated as indicators of program quality: the participation rate, positive FOBT rate, acceptance rate of colonoscopy, and detection rate of low and high-risk @entity652 and @entity3 , and positive predictive value of FOBT. RESULTS: The participation was 35,231 individuals (35.70%). The number of FOBT positive was 579 (1.64% of total analyzed test), 548 @entity1 agreed colonoscopy (acceptance rate: 94.69%). 61 @entity14 were detected, 61 and 153 High-Risk and Low-Risk @entity652 (rates of 1.77, 1.77 and 4.46% per 1,000 @entity1 ). The positive predictive values for @entity5 , low-risk and high risk @entity652 were 10.95%, 10.95%, and 27.46% respectively. CONCLUSION: The program indicators suggest that a population program of @entity14 is feasible in our community as the process indicators obtained are similar to those given in other programs in Spain and Europe.

title: [Programme of screening for XXXX in the Valencia community, Spain: results of the first round (2005-2008)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cancers']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Adenomas', 'adenomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['colorrectal cancer']


abstract: The standard two-species/two-gender lifetime carcinogenicity bioassay protocol is not practical when assessing the possible carcinogenicity of a large number of chemicals. This has led to consideration of reduced @entity5 bioassay protocols (e.g., male @entity35 /female @entity19 ), or to the use of genetically altered rodents that succumb to chemically induced @entity5 in a fraction of their lifespans. Two uncertainties accompany these endeavours. First, that use of reduced protocols may lead to the non-detection of some weak or tissue-specific carcinogens. Second, that genetically altered rodents may be so sensitive to chemical disturbance of homoeostasis that their carcinogen specificity may be low. Such uncertainties lead to the requirement that the modified test protocols should be validated using appropriate carcinogens and @entity3257 . Given that several such studies may take place over the coming years it seems appropriate that a common pool of chemicals should be agreed upon for this purpose. To this end a selection of @entity1 carcinogens, and rodent carcinogens/ @entity3257 defined by the US National Toxicology Program (NTP), have been collected together. Six categories of chemicals are listed: (1) representative @entity1 carcinogens; (2) representative trans-species genotoxic carcinogens; (3) all two-species @entity3257 reported to be negative in the Salmonella mutation assay and lacking structural alerts to electrophilicity; (4) representative single-species/presumed @entity3257 ; (5) all two-species @entity3257 that are mutagens in the Salmonella mutation assay and which are structurally alerting; (6) all chemicals possessing equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity and which are both structurally alerting and mutagenic to Salmonella. Chemicals in the first four groups provide robust calibrants for determining the sensitivity and specificity of reduced/accelerated rodent carcinogenicity bioassay protocols. Chemicals in the last two groups may be of value when studying the interface between the sensitivity and the specificity of modified rodent carcinogenicity bioassay protocols.

title: Chemicals for evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of reduced/transgenic rodent XXXX bioassay protocols.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3257 :: ('MESH:C580335', 'Disease') :: ['non-genotoxic carcinogens', 'non-carcinogens']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity131 often occurs with @entity519 ( @entity519 ) and @entity548 ( @entity548 ), leading to poor outcomes. This study characterized the acute physiology and subacute behavioral consequences of these additional insults in a model of penetrating @entity1545 (PBBI). METHODS: @entity35 were randomly assigned into sham control, @entity548 ( @entity548 ), 5% PBBI alone, 5% PBBI + @entity548 , 10% PBBI alone, and 10% PBBI + @entity548 groups. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate were monitored continuously. In the combined injury groups, animals were subjected to 30-minute @entity519 (Pao2, 30-40 mm Hg) and then 30-min @entity548 (mean arterial pressure, 40 mm Hg) followed by fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution after PBBI or sham PBBI. Motor function was assessed using the rotarod task at 7 days and 14 days after injury. Cognitive function was assessed in the Morris water maze task from 13 days to 17 days after injury. RESULTS: Combined @entity548 caused acute @entity1168 that was reversed by fluid resuscitation. During @entity519 phase, @entity7405 was observed in all @entity548 groups. Persistent bradypnea was detected in 10% PBBI + @entity548 group during the resuscitation phase. PBBI produced significant decrements in motor performance (vs. sham and @entity548 groups). Additional insults significantly worsened @entity51 following 5% PBBI but not 10% PBBI. Both 5% PBBI and 10% PBBI produced significant @entity73 in the Morris water maze task with worsened deficits evident following the more severe injury (i.e., 10% PBBI). Alternatively, @entity35 subjected to 5% PBBI + @entity548 exhibited @entity73 that was significantly worse compared with 5% PBBI alone, whereas this worsening effect was not detected in the 10% PBBI groups. CONCLUSION: This study characterized the physiological responses and neurobehavioral profiles following combined PBBI and @entity548 . Ten percent PBBI produces motor and @entity73 , which may exceed a sensitivity threshold capacity. In contrast, 5% PBBI produces a lower, albeit significant, magnitude of deficits and thus provides a more sensitive screen for evaluating the cumulative effects of additional insults, which were indeed demonstrated to significantly worsen outcome.

title: Combined hypoxemic and hypotensive insults altered physiological responses and neurofunction in a severity-dependent manner following penetrating XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['ballistic-like brain injury']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['HH', 'hemorrhagic shock', 'HX + HS', 'HS']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity7405 :: ('MESH:D059246', 'Disease') :: ['tachypnea']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['motor deficits']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['HX', 'concomitant hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['ballistic-like brain injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity131 often occurs with @entity519 ( @entity519 ) and @entity548 ( @entity548 ), leading to poor outcomes. This study characterized the acute physiology and subacute behavioral consequences of these additional insults in a model of penetrating @entity1545 (PBBI). METHODS: @entity35 were randomly assigned into sham control, @entity548 ( @entity548 ), 5% PBBI alone, 5% PBBI + @entity548 , 10% PBBI alone, and 10% PBBI + @entity548 groups. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate were monitored continuously. In the combined injury groups, animals were subjected to 30-minute @entity519 (Pao2, 30-40 mm Hg) and then 30-min @entity548 (mean arterial pressure, 40 mm Hg) followed by fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution after PBBI or sham PBBI. Motor function was assessed using the rotarod task at 7 days and 14 days after injury. Cognitive function was assessed in the Morris water maze task from 13 days to 17 days after injury. RESULTS: Combined @entity548 caused acute @entity1168 that was reversed by fluid resuscitation. During @entity519 phase, @entity7405 was observed in all @entity548 groups. Persistent bradypnea was detected in 10% PBBI + @entity548 group during the resuscitation phase. PBBI produced significant decrements in motor performance (vs. sham and @entity548 groups). Additional insults significantly worsened @entity51 following 5% PBBI but not 10% PBBI. Both 5% PBBI and 10% PBBI produced significant @entity73 in the Morris water maze task with worsened deficits evident following the more severe injury (i.e., 10% PBBI). Alternatively, @entity35 subjected to 5% PBBI + @entity548 exhibited @entity73 that was significantly worse compared with 5% PBBI alone, whereas this worsening effect was not detected in the 10% PBBI groups. CONCLUSION: This study characterized the physiological responses and neurobehavioral profiles following combined PBBI and @entity548 . Ten percent PBBI produces motor and @entity73 , which may exceed a sensitivity threshold capacity. In contrast, 5% PBBI produces a lower, albeit significant, magnitude of deficits and thus provides a more sensitive screen for evaluating the cumulative effects of additional insults, which were indeed demonstrated to significantly worsen outcome.

title: Combined hypoxemic and hypotensive insults altered physiological responses and neurofunction in a severity-dependent manner following penetrating @entity1545 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity11 is rare and difficult to diagnose, and the @entity5 has been known as the @entity5 that gives no indication of the need for direct surgery because of its anatomical location. At present, MR imaging is available to detect the @entity5 and its location. We present two @entity1 who underwent direct surgery. Case 1: A 18-year-old female was admitted with @entity10 and @entity390 . MRI showed signs of @entity850 of the aqueduct and a @entity5 of the tectal region. The @entity5 was removed partially. Histological examination of this @entity5 demonstrated a low grade @entity816 . After surgery, @entity1276 improved. Case 2: A 12-year-old @entity1 was admitted with @entity1276 detected by CT. MRI demonstrated a @entity5 of the midbrain without confirmation. He underwent a V-P shunt for @entity1276 , and was discharged without any complaints. After 2 years, he was admitted again with @entity5033 . After shunt revision, his consciousness recovered. However, Parinaud's sign appeared and patency of the shunt was unstable. MRI revealed a @entity5 of the tectal region and signs of @entity850 of the aqueduct of Sylvius. The @entity5 was removed directly by the occipital transtentorial approach. The aqueduct was opened and a catheter was inserted from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle. Histological examination revealed a low grade @entity816 . The @entity1 followed a satisfactory postoperative course except for slight Parinaud's sign, and the V-P shunt was no longer necessary.

title: [Two surgical cases of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['Tectal glioma']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity5033 :: ('MESH:C562451', 'Disease') :: ['shunt malfunction']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['tectal glioma']


abstract: Interleukin (IL) 2 signaling requires the dimerization of the @entity3647 ( @entity3647 ) and common gamma ( @entity16409 ) chains. The gamma is also a component of the receptors for @entity3646 , @entity6977 , and @entity4666 . To assess the extent and role of the receptor signal transducing system utilizing the @entity16409 chain on @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells, the expression of @entity16409 , @entity3647 , and receptor chains specific for @entity3646 , @entity6977 , and @entity4666 was assessed by reverse transcription-coupled PCR on @entity1 intestinal epithelial cell lines and on isolated primary @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells. Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84 cells were found to express transcripts for the @entity16409 and @entity9597 chains constitutively. @entity3647 chain expression was demonstrated in Caco-2 and HT-29 but not in T-84 cells. None of the cell lines expressed mRNA for the @entity2902 chain. After stimulation with epidermal growth factor for 24 h Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84 cells expressed transcripts for @entity6978 . In addition, Caco-2 and HT-29 cells expressed mRNA for the @entity26159 . Receptors for @entity1199 , @entity3646 , @entity6977 , and @entity4666 on intestinal epithelial cells lines appeared to be functional; stimulation with these cytokines caused rapid @entity669 phosphorylation of proteins. The relevance of the observations in intestinal epithelial cell lines for intestinal epithelial function in vivo was supported by the demonstration of transcripts for @entity16409 , @entity3647 , @entity9597 , @entity6978 , and @entity26159 in primary @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells.

title: @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells express functional cytokine receptors sharing the common XXXX chain of the interleukin 2 receptor.

entities_list: @entity3647 :: ('3560', 'Gene') :: ['IL-2R beta', 'IL-2 receptor beta']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity16409 :: (3561,Gene) :: ['gamma c']


abstract: Interleukin (IL) 2 signaling requires the dimerization of the @entity3647 ( @entity3647 ) and common gamma ( @entity16409 ) chains. The gamma is also a component of the receptors for @entity3646 , @entity6977 , and @entity4666 . To assess the extent and role of the receptor signal transducing system utilizing the @entity16409 chain on @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells, the expression of @entity16409 , @entity3647 , and receptor chains specific for @entity3646 , @entity6977 , and @entity4666 was assessed by reverse transcription-coupled PCR on @entity1 intestinal epithelial cell lines and on isolated primary @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells. Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84 cells were found to express transcripts for the @entity16409 and @entity9597 chains constitutively. @entity3647 chain expression was demonstrated in Caco-2 and HT-29 but not in T-84 cells. None of the cell lines expressed mRNA for the @entity2902 chain. After stimulation with epidermal growth factor for 24 h Caco-2, HT-29, and T-84 cells expressed transcripts for @entity6978 . In addition, Caco-2 and HT-29 cells expressed mRNA for the @entity26159 . Receptors for @entity1199 , @entity3646 , @entity6977 , and @entity4666 on intestinal epithelial cells lines appeared to be functional; stimulation with these cytokines caused rapid @entity669 phosphorylation of proteins. The relevance of the observations in intestinal epithelial cell lines for intestinal epithelial function in vivo was supported by the demonstration of transcripts for @entity16409 , @entity3647 , @entity9597 , @entity6978 , and @entity26159 in primary @entity1 intestinal epithelial cells.

title: XXXX intestinal epithelial cells express functional cytokine receptors sharing the common @entity16409 chain of the interleukin 2 receptor.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Seventy-eight infectious episodes in 75 @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts were treated with @entity3524 . Sixty-six episodes were evaluable. The overall cure rate was 77% (51/66). The response rate in 46 episodes where an organism was identified was 72% (33/46). Gram-positive and Gram-negative @entity281 responded equally with rates of 81% and 80% respectively. @entity55 , @entity295 and @entity293 occurred most frequently and had response rates of 62% (18/29), 90% (9/10) and 91% (10/11) respectively. @entity325 were associated with a poor response--40% (4/10). No serious adverse effects occurred. @entity3524 as a single agent was effective therapy for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative @entity281 in @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts. @entity325 and Gram-negative @entity55 might require additional agents.

title: XXXX : single agent therapy for @entity281 in @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['Pneumonia', 'pneumonias']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime', 'Cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['Polymicrobial infections']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity3524 :: (MESH:D002439,Chemical) :: ['Cefotaxime']


abstract: Seventy-eight infectious episodes in 75 @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts were treated with @entity3524 . Sixty-six episodes were evaluable. The overall cure rate was 77% (51/66). The response rate in 46 episodes where an organism was identified was 72% (33/46). Gram-positive and Gram-negative @entity281 responded equally with rates of 81% and 80% respectively. @entity55 , @entity295 and @entity293 occurred most frequently and had response rates of 62% (18/29), 90% (9/10) and 91% (10/11) respectively. @entity325 were associated with a poor response--40% (4/10). No serious adverse effects occurred. @entity3524 as a single agent was effective therapy for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative @entity281 in @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts. @entity325 and Gram-negative @entity55 might require additional agents.

title: @entity3524 : single agent therapy for XXXX in @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts.

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: Seventy-eight infectious episodes in 75 @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts were treated with @entity3524 . Sixty-six episodes were evaluable. The overall cure rate was 77% (51/66). The response rate in 46 episodes where an organism was identified was 72% (33/46). Gram-positive and Gram-negative @entity281 responded equally with rates of 81% and 80% respectively. @entity55 , @entity295 and @entity293 occurred most frequently and had response rates of 62% (18/29), 90% (9/10) and 91% (10/11) respectively. @entity325 were associated with a poor response--40% (4/10). No serious adverse effects occurred. @entity3524 as a single agent was effective therapy for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative @entity281 in @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts. @entity325 and Gram-negative @entity55 might require additional agents.

title: @entity3524 : single agent therapy for @entity281 in XXXX @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Seventy-eight infectious episodes in 75 @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts were treated with @entity3524 . Sixty-six episodes were evaluable. The overall cure rate was 77% (51/66). The response rate in 46 episodes where an organism was identified was 72% (33/46). Gram-positive and Gram-negative @entity281 responded equally with rates of 81% and 80% respectively. @entity55 , @entity295 and @entity293 occurred most frequently and had response rates of 62% (18/29), 90% (9/10) and 91% (10/11) respectively. @entity325 were associated with a poor response--40% (4/10). No serious adverse effects occurred. @entity3524 as a single agent was effective therapy for most Gram-positive and Gram-negative @entity281 in @entity5 @entity1 with adequate granulocyte counts. @entity325 and Gram-negative @entity55 might require additional agents.

title: @entity3524 : single agent therapy for @entity281 in @entity5 XXXX with adequate granulocyte counts.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: To determine the effect of stress on nursing, and the roles of HPA activity and opioid peptides, nine sows had their piglets removed for 2 h and were treated as follows: (a) control; (b) nose-snare restraint for 20 min; (c) @entity1510 injections (i.v. 2 mg/kg); and (d) snare + @entity1510 . After the treatment, the piglets were returned, milk ejections were timed, and the sows' blood sampled every 10 min for @entity701 , growth hormone (GH), and prolactin assays. Piglet removal increased @entity701 and decreased prolactin and GH. This was reversed when the piglets were returned. Restraint increased @entity701 and decreased GH, but did not affect prolactin. @entity1510 alone increased @entity701 and decreased GH but did not increase the effect of restraint. The rise in GH following the piglets' return was abolished by the combination of restraint and @entity1510 . Neither restraint nor @entity1510 delayed the latency to first milk ejection or reduced the frequency. No unsuccessful nursings were observed. First milk ejections occurred when @entity701 levels were elevated. Stress-induced activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis does not inhibit milk ejection in the @entity1707 , but this is not due to a protective opioid action. Endogenous opioids protect lactogenic hormones against inhibition by stress.

title: Stress and nursing in the XXXX : role of HPA axis and endogenous opioid peptides.

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone', 'naloxone']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Review of limb @entity1317 associated with limb @entity174 . DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical presentation, assessment and management of 25 @entity1 with upper (seven) and lower (18) limb @entity1317 associated with limb @entity174 has been retrospectively reviewed. MAIN RESULTS: Five @entity1 presented with life threatening injuries and classic signs of @entity4218 , 15 @entity1 had an obvious limb @entity1317 , and 5 presented with a suspected limb @entity1317 . The site of arterial damage was: superficial femoral (4); popliteal (11); tibioperoneal trunk (3); anterior tibial (4); posterior tibial (3); peroneal (2); axillary (1); brachial (5); radial (4); and ulnar artery (4). The types of arterial repair were: autogenous vein interposition or bypass grafting (17); P.T.F.E. (2); end-to-end @entity254 (14); and ligation (8). The popliteal vein was injured in six cases, repaired in four and ligated in two; the superficial femoral vein was injured in four cases, repaired in three and ligated in one; and the axillary vein was injured in one case and was ligated. Primary nerve repair was employed in six out of seven injured nerves. Skeletal fixation preceded vascular repair in 21 @entity1 and in four a Javid shunt was used. Intraoperative fasciotomy was performed in 12 out of 18 @entity1 with lower limb ischaemia. Completion arteriography revealed residual thrombi in the distal foot of four @entity1 , in whom intraarterial thrombolysis was effective. During the follow-up period of 1.5 to 2 years, the upper and lower limb preservation rate was 100 and 89%, respectively. The upper limb function was judged excellent in five @entity1 , good in one and fair in one. In the lower limbs it was excellent in 11 @entity1 , good in three, fair in one and poor in one. CONCLUSIONS: To ensure life and functional limb salvage of @entity1 with devastating @entity1317 , a well organised multidisciplinary approach is necessary.

title: Limb @entity1317 associated with limb XXXX : clinical presentation, assessment and management.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'bone fractures']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['acute limb ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['arterial injury', 'vascular injuries', 'arterial injuries']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Review of limb @entity1317 associated with limb @entity174 . DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical presentation, assessment and management of 25 @entity1 with upper (seven) and lower (18) limb @entity1317 associated with limb @entity174 has been retrospectively reviewed. MAIN RESULTS: Five @entity1 presented with life threatening injuries and classic signs of @entity4218 , 15 @entity1 had an obvious limb @entity1317 , and 5 presented with a suspected limb @entity1317 . The site of arterial damage was: superficial femoral (4); popliteal (11); tibioperoneal trunk (3); anterior tibial (4); posterior tibial (3); peroneal (2); axillary (1); brachial (5); radial (4); and ulnar artery (4). The types of arterial repair were: autogenous vein interposition or bypass grafting (17); P.T.F.E. (2); end-to-end @entity254 (14); and ligation (8). The popliteal vein was injured in six cases, repaired in four and ligated in two; the superficial femoral vein was injured in four cases, repaired in three and ligated in one; and the axillary vein was injured in one case and was ligated. Primary nerve repair was employed in six out of seven injured nerves. Skeletal fixation preceded vascular repair in 21 @entity1 and in four a Javid shunt was used. Intraoperative fasciotomy was performed in 12 out of 18 @entity1 with lower limb ischaemia. Completion arteriography revealed residual thrombi in the distal foot of four @entity1 , in whom intraarterial thrombolysis was effective. During the follow-up period of 1.5 to 2 years, the upper and lower limb preservation rate was 100 and 89%, respectively. The upper limb function was judged excellent in five @entity1 , good in one and fair in one. In the lower limbs it was excellent in 11 @entity1 , good in three, fair in one and poor in one. CONCLUSIONS: To ensure life and functional limb salvage of @entity1 with devastating @entity1317 , a well organised multidisciplinary approach is necessary.

title: Limb XXXX associated with limb @entity174 : clinical presentation, assessment and management.

answer: @entity1317 :: (MESH:D057772,Disease) :: ['arterial injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal management of adjuvant @entity11730 therapy for @entity5 , encompassing the details of dose reduction and treatment schedule modification. METHODS: We retrospectively examined 97 @entity1 with @entity5 who received @entity11730 chemotherapy following gastrectomy between January 2003 and December 2007. @entity11730 (80 mg/m   per day) was orally administered twice daily for 4 weeks, followed by a 2-week rest. As a rule, treatment was continued for 1 year after gastrectomy. Dose reduction or treatment schedule modification was performed according to @entity137 profiles. RESULTS: Among the 97 @entity1 , 57 (59%) underwent dose reduction at least once and 39 (40%) received treatment schedule modification. Of the 57 @entity1 who required dose reduction, 45 (79%) underwent reduction within 3 months of the beginning of treatment. The most common reasons for dose reduction were @entity448 (47%), followed by @entity294 (32%), @entity1431 (24%), and @entity1910 (16%), with the reasons overlapping. Although the difference in the requirement for dose reduction was not significant, @entity1 with a low @entity1011 clearance level or those who underwent total gastrectomy had a greater tendency to require dose reduction. The duration of the @entity11730 treatment period was at least 3 months in 88% of the @entity1 , at least 6 months in 82%, and the planned 1-year period in 73% of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: In most @entity1 , the planned 1-year adjuvant @entity11730 therapy for @entity5 could be completed by modifying the dose reduction and treatment schedule.

title: Management of adjuvant XXXX therapy after curative resection of gastric cancer: dose reduction and treatment schedule modification.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage II or III gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity11730 :: (5707,Gene) :: ['S-1']


abstract: @entity1930 is common and may cause @entity51 . Previous studies showed that administration of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), naturally occurring proteins that support the development and survival of neurons, preserved and protected damaged motor neuron in the injured sciatic nerve. We have been successful in converting bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into astrocyte-like cells that produce and secrete NTFs (NTF(+) cells). These cells demonstrate typical astrocyte morphology, express characteristic astrocyte markers and secrete high levels of NTFs. We have already shown that these cells and their conditioned media can protect neurons in culture and in animal models of @entity179 . In the current study we examined whether NTF(+) cells are capable of rescuing motor neurons in a @entity35 @entity1930 model, where the right hind limb sciatic nerve was crushed. @entity35 were transplanted with NTF(+) cells, MSCs or PBS into the lesion site. In @entity35 injected with the NTF(+) cells motor function was markedly preserved. Moreover, NTF(+) cells significantly inhibited the degeneration of the neuromuscular junctions and preserved the myelinated motor axons. Our findings suggest that autologous therapeutic approach can alleviate signs of @entity1930 and probably other @entity16 .

title: Differentiated mesenchymal stem cells for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['sciatic nerve injury', 'Sciatic nerve injury']

answer: @entity1930 :: (MESH:D020426,Disease) :: ['sciatic nerve injury']


abstract: @entity3204 is a widespread parasite of animals that causes @entity2927 in @entity1 . Previous studies have revealed a strongly clonal population structure in North America and Europe, while strains from South America are genetically separate and more diverse. However, the composition within North America has been questioned by recent descriptions of genetically more variable strains from this region. Here, we examined an expanded set of isolates using sequenced-based phylogenetic and population analyses to re-evaluate the population structure of @entity3204 in North America. Our findings reveal that isolates previously defined by atypical restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns fall into two discrete groups. In one case, these new isolates represent variants of an existing lineage, from which they differ only by minor mutational drift. However, in the second case, it is evident that these isolates define a completely new lineage that is common in North America. Support for this new lineage was based on phylogeny, principle components analysis, STRUCTURE analyses, and statistical analysis of gene flow between groups. This new group, referred to as haplogroup 12, contains divergent genotypes previously referred to as A and X, isolated from @entity10033 . Consistent with this, group 12 was found primarily in wild animals, as well as occasionally in @entity1 . This new lineage also has a highly clonal population structure. Analysis of the inheritance of multilocus genotypes revealed that different strains within group 12 are the products of a single recombination event between type 2 and a unique parental lineage. Collectively, the @entity1605 has been associated with clonal expansion of a small number of lineages in the North, as a consequence of separate but infrequent genetic crosses with several different parental lines.

title: Genetic analyses of atypical XXXX strains reveal a fourth clonal lineage in North America.

entities_list: @entity1605 :: ('OMIM:217000', 'Disease') :: ['archetypal type 2']

entities_list: @entity2927 :: ('MESH:D015047', 'Disease') :: ['zoonotic infections']

entities_list: @entity3204 :: ('5811', 'Species') :: ['T. gondii', 'Toxoplasma gondii']

answer: @entity3204 :: (5811,Species) :: ['Toxoplasma gondii']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Oncologic surgery is recommended after endoscopic resection of submucosal invasive T1 @entity14 if @entity1 are considered to be at high risk for @entity5 recurrence or @entity3 . However, there are sparse data on the outcome of high-risk @entity1 treated only by endoscopy. METHODS: Data were collected from 474 @entity1 who underwent endoscopic resection for T1 @entity14 from 1974-2002 at Neuperlach Hospital in Munich, Germany. @entity1 files were reviewed, and @entity1 or referring physicians were contacted to assess outcomes during a follow-up period of at least 24 months (n = 390). Histopathology and endoscopy factors associated with an unfavorable outcome (local recurrence of @entity5 , @entity3 , or @entity204 from @entity14 ) were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 390 @entity1 followed, 141 received oncologic surgery, and 249 did not; overall, 10% had an unfavorable outcome (39/390). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that lymphatic vessel infiltration, poor grading of @entity5 stage, and incomplete endoscopic resection were risk factors for unfavorable outcomes (odds ratios, 7.8, 3.4, and 2.6, respectively). If these risk factors were applied to @entity1 who did not receive oncologic surgery, negative predictive values for an unfavorable outcome were 94.6% for lymphatic vessel infiltration, 94.2% for poor grading of @entity5 stage, and 96.5% for incomplete endoscopic resection; positive predictive values were 44.4%, 42.9%, and 19.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor infiltration of lymphatic vessels is the greatest risk factor for an unfavorable outcome after endoscopic resection for @entity14 . However, its positive predictive value is low. The decision to perform surgery after endoscopic resection of T1 @entity14 should be made on the basis of specific features of each @entity1 .

title: Risk factors for unfavorable outcomes after endoscopic removal of submucosal invasive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancers', 'colorectal carcinoma', 'colorectal cancer', 'colorectal carcinomas']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal tumors']


abstract: We examined the effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on the activation of @entity2434 -hydrolyzing phospholipase D in osteoblast-like @entity19 cells. PDGF-BB stimulated both the formation of @entity1877 (EC50 = 15 ng/ml) and @entity7256 (EC50 = 5 ng/ml). However, PDGF-BB had little effect on the formation of @entity2945 . The formation of @entity1877 stimulated by a combination of PDGF-BB and @entity864 , a @entity7131 ( @entity7131 )-activating @entity4621 , was additive. H-7, an inhibitor of protein kinases, inhibited @entity864 -induced @entity1877 formation, whereas @entity46365 , a control for H-7 as @entity7131 inhibitor, had little effect. Neither H-7 nor @entity46365 affected the PDGF-BB-induced formation of @entity1877 . @entity670 and @entity10913 , inhibitors of protein @entity669 kinases, dose dependently inhibited the PDGF-BB-induced formation of @entity1877 . PDGF-BB stimulated @entity141 influx from extracellular space. PDGF-BB-induced @entity1877 formation was significantly reduced by chelating extracellular @entity141 with EGTA. PDGF-BB stimulated DNA synthesis of MC3YT @entity19 cells, and H-7 inhibited the DNA synthesis. These results strongly suggest that PDGF activates @entity47150 - @entity1877 -hydrolyzing phospholipase D independently from @entity7131 activated by phosphoinositide hydrolysis in osteoblast-like cells, and that both @entity669 kinase activation and @entity141 influx are essential for this mechanism.

title: Effect of platelet-derived growth factor on XXXX -hydrolyzing phospholipase D in osteoblast-like cells.

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity47150 :: ('CHEBI:26025', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidyl']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['Genistein']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity7131 :: ('MESH:D020151', 'Disease') :: ['protein kinase C', 'PKC']

entities_list: @entity4621 :: ('CHEBI:37532', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol ester']

entities_list: @entity10913 :: ('MESH:C067472', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2945 :: ('MESH:D010767', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphocholine']

entities_list: @entity7256 :: ('MESH:D007295', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol phosphates']

answer: @entity2434 :: (MESH:D010713,Chemical) :: ['phosphatidylcholine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The evolution of @entity991 ( @entity991 ) is difficult to predict, and ERCP may be helpful in diagnosing its complications and treating them. Few descriptions of cholangiographic findings during the course of the disease have yet appeared. We report here on our experience in the management and follow-up by ERCP of six @entity1 with deteriorating @entity991 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between 1981 and 1992, @entity991 was diagnosed in 18 @entity1 . Clinical, biochemical, and cholangiographic findings were recorded during the follow-up period. An initial group of 12 @entity1 had a good clinical and biochemical course (mean 56 months) and did not require systematic control ERCPs. A second group of six @entity1 , showing cholangiographic features similar to those of the first group at presentation, developed clinical and biochemical deterioration within a mean period of 43 months (range 6-96). RESULTS: These six @entity1 had a significant elevation of serum @entity648 and at ERCP showed worsening bile duct lesions, with marked strictures and a subsequent increase in the maximum duct diameter in both the extrahepatic and intrahepatic ducts compared to the initial ERCPs. In two of these six @entity1 , the strictures were due to a superimposed @entity201 . Endoscopic drainage was unsuccessful, transplantation impracticable due to extrahepatic spread, and both @entity1 died three and five months, respectively, after diagnosis of @entity201 . By contrast, four @entity1 with dominant extrahepatic duct involvement benefited from endoscopic procedures (mean follow-up 19 months) without any recurrence of @entity255 and without requiring long-term antimicrobial treatment. The follow-up checks included regular ERCPs performed every six months for duct and stent assessment, and cytology brushing. CONCLUSIONS: Since there are no effective means of early and accurate detection of @entity201 , the use of ERCP to compare the course of @entity75 over time may be of interest. @entity1 with extrahepatic duct involvement may benefit from endoscopic therapy. By contrast, in @entity1 with dominant intrahepatic duct disease and a deteriorating clinical status, attempts at endoscopic therapy are not helpful, and liver transplantation needs to be considered promptly.

title: Cholangiographic findings in deteriorating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiographic lesions']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity991 :: ('MESH:D015209', 'Disease') :: ['PSC', 'primary sclerosing cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity991 :: (MESH:D015209,Disease) :: ['primary sclerosing cholangitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the best management of adults with presumed @entity11 ( @entity11 ). Studies have suggested uncertainty and @entity148 associated with a wait and see approach contribute to reduced quality of life. This study aims to explore the impact of a diagnosis of @entity11 , to address concerns regarding the uncertainty of the diagnosis and the role of wait and see from the @entity1 's perspective. METHODS: Qualitative research methodology was used. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 24 @entity1 with imaging evidence of @entity11 but no prior intervention. All @entity1 had been followed for at least one year prior to interview. Verbatim transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS: The median age of @entity1 was 47 (range 21-82) and the median duration of follow-up 37 months (range 12-156 months). Fifty percent presented with @entity410 . Five overarching themes emerged from the data; 1) @entity1 experience initial devastation followed by acceptance and low @entity148 ; 2) absence of symptoms mitigates @entity148 concerning the possibility of progression; 3) @entity1 would prefer to defer surgery until there is progression or a change in their quality of life; 4) @entity148 is reduced by trust in the physician; 5) quality of life is not affected by the diagnosis, as fear of morbidity from intervention is greater than the fear of uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: The wait and see approach does not contribute to @entity148 or reduction in quality of life in @entity1 with @entity11 .

title: XXXX : a qualitative study of the wait and see approach.

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['low grade glioma', 'LGG']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['Low grade glioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Postmortem-derived findings support the common beliefs that lipid-rich coronary plaques with a thin, fibrous cap are prone to @entity397 and that @entity397 and superimposed @entity715 are the primary mechanisms causing @entity1187 . In vivo imaging with intracoronary techniques may disclose differences in the characterization of @entity731 in @entity1 with stable or @entity1459 and thus may provide clues to which plaques may @entity397 and whether @entity397 and @entity715 are active. METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed the characteristics of the @entity63 -related lesions with coronary angiography and intracoronary angioscopy and determined their compositions with intracoronary ultrasound in 44 @entity1 with unstable and 23 @entity1 with @entity5749 . The angiographic images were classified as noncomplex (smooth borders) or complex (irregular borders, @entity75 , @entity715 ). Angioscopic images were classified as either stable (smooth surface) or @entity715 (red @entity715 ). The ultrasound characteristics of the lesion were classified as poorly echo-reflective, highly echo-reflective with shadowing, or highly echo-reflective without shadowing. There was a poor correlation between clinical status and angiographic findings. An @entity75 (n = 33) was concordant with @entity1459 in 55% (24 of 44); a noncomplex lesion (n = 34) was concordant with @entity5749 in 61% (14 of 23). There was a good correlation between clinical status and angioscopic findings. An angioscopic @entity5892 (n = 34) was concordant with @entity1459 in 68% (30 of 44); a stable lesion (n = 33) was concordant with @entity5749 in 83% (19 of 23). The ultrasound-obtained composition of the plaque was similar in @entity1 with unstable and @entity5749 . CONCLUSIONS: Angiography discriminates poorly between lesions in stable and @entity1459 . Angioscopy demonstrated that @entity397 and @entity715 were present in 17% of @entity5749 and 68% of @entity1459 @entity1 . Currently available ultrasound technology does not discriminate stable from unstable plaques.

title: XXXX -related lesion characteristics in @entity1 with stable or @entity1459 . A study with intracoronary angioscopy and ultrasound.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity5892 :: ('MESH:D020767', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic lesion']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic plaques']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['multiple lesions', 'angiographic complex lesion']

entities_list: @entity5749 :: ('MESH:D060050', 'Disease') :: ['stable angina']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['rupture', 'plaque rupture']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'thrombosis', 'thrombotic']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['Ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Postmortem-derived findings support the common beliefs that lipid-rich coronary plaques with a thin, fibrous cap are prone to @entity397 and that @entity397 and superimposed @entity715 are the primary mechanisms causing @entity1187 . In vivo imaging with intracoronary techniques may disclose differences in the characterization of @entity731 in @entity1 with stable or @entity1459 and thus may provide clues to which plaques may @entity397 and whether @entity397 and @entity715 are active. METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed the characteristics of the @entity63 -related lesions with coronary angiography and intracoronary angioscopy and determined their compositions with intracoronary ultrasound in 44 @entity1 with unstable and 23 @entity1 with @entity5749 . The angiographic images were classified as noncomplex (smooth borders) or complex (irregular borders, @entity75 , @entity715 ). Angioscopic images were classified as either stable (smooth surface) or @entity715 (red @entity715 ). The ultrasound characteristics of the lesion were classified as poorly echo-reflective, highly echo-reflective with shadowing, or highly echo-reflective without shadowing. There was a poor correlation between clinical status and angiographic findings. An @entity75 (n = 33) was concordant with @entity1459 in 55% (24 of 44); a noncomplex lesion (n = 34) was concordant with @entity5749 in 61% (14 of 23). There was a good correlation between clinical status and angioscopic findings. An angioscopic @entity5892 (n = 34) was concordant with @entity1459 in 68% (30 of 44); a stable lesion (n = 33) was concordant with @entity5749 in 83% (19 of 23). The ultrasound-obtained composition of the plaque was similar in @entity1 with unstable and @entity5749 . CONCLUSIONS: Angiography discriminates poorly between lesions in stable and @entity1459 . Angioscopy demonstrated that @entity397 and @entity715 were present in 17% of @entity5749 and 68% of @entity1459 @entity1 . Currently available ultrasound technology does not discriminate stable from unstable plaques.

title: @entity63 -related lesion characteristics in @entity1 with stable or XXXX . A study with intracoronary angioscopy and ultrasound.

answer: @entity1459 :: (MESH:D000789,Disease) :: ['unstable angina']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Postmortem-derived findings support the common beliefs that lipid-rich coronary plaques with a thin, fibrous cap are prone to @entity397 and that @entity397 and superimposed @entity715 are the primary mechanisms causing @entity1187 . In vivo imaging with intracoronary techniques may disclose differences in the characterization of @entity731 in @entity1 with stable or @entity1459 and thus may provide clues to which plaques may @entity397 and whether @entity397 and @entity715 are active. METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed the characteristics of the @entity63 -related lesions with coronary angiography and intracoronary angioscopy and determined their compositions with intracoronary ultrasound in 44 @entity1 with unstable and 23 @entity1 with @entity5749 . The angiographic images were classified as noncomplex (smooth borders) or complex (irregular borders, @entity75 , @entity715 ). Angioscopic images were classified as either stable (smooth surface) or @entity715 (red @entity715 ). The ultrasound characteristics of the lesion were classified as poorly echo-reflective, highly echo-reflective with shadowing, or highly echo-reflective without shadowing. There was a poor correlation between clinical status and angiographic findings. An @entity75 (n = 33) was concordant with @entity1459 in 55% (24 of 44); a noncomplex lesion (n = 34) was concordant with @entity5749 in 61% (14 of 23). There was a good correlation between clinical status and angioscopic findings. An angioscopic @entity5892 (n = 34) was concordant with @entity1459 in 68% (30 of 44); a stable lesion (n = 33) was concordant with @entity5749 in 83% (19 of 23). The ultrasound-obtained composition of the plaque was similar in @entity1 with unstable and @entity5749 . CONCLUSIONS: Angiography discriminates poorly between lesions in stable and @entity1459 . Angioscopy demonstrated that @entity397 and @entity715 were present in 17% of @entity5749 and 68% of @entity1459 @entity1 . Currently available ultrasound technology does not discriminate stable from unstable plaques.

title: @entity63 -related lesion characteristics in XXXX with stable or @entity1459 . A study with intracoronary angioscopy and ultrasound.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Three cases of diffuse @entity9156 were reported: case 1, a 24-year-old female, case 2, an 18-year-old male and case 3, a 61-year-old male. Their prominent features were reduced extensibility of the muscle and/or fascia. Skin was taut and bound underneath in cases 1 and 3, and focal @entity4 was noted in the left forearm of case 2. Firmness of the muscle and/or fascia was dominantly seen in four extremities in case 1, proximal limbs in case 2 and in the trunk and proximal limbs in case 3. Muscle weakness was not seen in case 1, slight in the limbs of case 2 and moderate in the proximal limbs of case 3. Transient @entity1712 was observed in case 1. IgG was elevated in all 3 cases and IgM in cases 1 and 3. Antinuclear antibody was positive in case 1 and 2, and anti-ENA antibody in case 3. Remarkable thickening of the fascia and perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration in the fascia were main pathological features in all three cases. Inflammatory alteration of the muscle was modest and limited to the perifascicular and epimysial sites underneath the fascia. In these 3 cases, a diagnosis of @entity30148 or diffuse @entity9156 with @entity1712 was made, although eosinophils were scarce in the fascia or muscle tissue. All 3 cases well responded to the oral @entity617 . Mononuclear cells clustered mainly in the perivascular sites, comprising mostly T cells, helper T cells, and partly B cells. These findings suggest that helper T cell mediated immune mechanism may play a pathogenetic role in this disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Immunohistochemical studies on pathogenetic features of diffuse XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity30148 :: ('MESH:C535954', 'Disease') :: ['Shulman syndrome']

entities_list: @entity9156 :: ('MESH:D005208', 'Disease') :: ['fasciitis']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity9156 :: (MESH:D005208,Disease) :: ['fasciitis']


abstract: We report on an 18-year-old @entity1 with secondary generalized @entity410 , who developed an auditory disturbance (flat a tone) after @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) administration. She used to have brief episodes of conjugate deviation of the eyes to the right, @entity135 , teleopsia, and @entity1833 since 16 years of age. At the age of 18 years, she developed a @entity410 during sleep, and was placed on @entity2050 400 mg/day. Immediately after taking the medication, she developed auditory disturbance while she played the musical instruments: she felt as if she played the musical note almost a half tone lower. On admission, neurological examinations and magnetic resonance images of the brain were normal. Electroencephalogram at rest was normal. However, intravenous @entity3933 injection induced spikes in the left temporo-occipital region, followed by diffuse spike and wave complex. Although the serum @entity2050 level was reduced to the therapeutic level by lowering @entity2050 administration from 200 to 150 mg/day, she continued to have the same auditory disturbance. When @entity2050 administration was discontinued, the symptoms also disappeared. It remains unknown whether such a subtle side effect of @entity2050 is a common thing, or it can be recognized only by @entity1 who are well trained in music.

title: [Auditory disturbance induced by @entity2049 administration in a @entity1 with secondary generalized XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head heaviness']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'tonic-clonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity3933 :: ('MESH:D004155', 'Chemical') :: ['diphenhydramine']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['visual hallucination']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizure']


abstract: We report on an 18-year-old @entity1 with secondary generalized @entity410 , who developed an auditory disturbance (flat a tone) after @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) administration. She used to have brief episodes of conjugate deviation of the eyes to the right, @entity135 , teleopsia, and @entity1833 since 16 years of age. At the age of 18 years, she developed a @entity410 during sleep, and was placed on @entity2050 400 mg/day. Immediately after taking the medication, she developed auditory disturbance while she played the musical instruments: she felt as if she played the musical note almost a half tone lower. On admission, neurological examinations and magnetic resonance images of the brain were normal. Electroencephalogram at rest was normal. However, intravenous @entity3933 injection induced spikes in the left temporo-occipital region, followed by diffuse spike and wave complex. Although the serum @entity2050 level was reduced to the therapeutic level by lowering @entity2050 administration from 200 to 150 mg/day, she continued to have the same auditory disturbance. When @entity2050 administration was discontinued, the symptoms also disappeared. It remains unknown whether such a subtle side effect of @entity2050 is a common thing, or it can be recognized only by @entity1 who are well trained in music.

title: [Auditory disturbance induced by XXXX administration in a @entity1 with secondary generalized @entity410 ].

answer: @entity2049 :: (MESH:D002220,Chemical) :: ['carbamazepine']


abstract: We report on an 18-year-old @entity1 with secondary generalized @entity410 , who developed an auditory disturbance (flat a tone) after @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) administration. She used to have brief episodes of conjugate deviation of the eyes to the right, @entity135 , teleopsia, and @entity1833 since 16 years of age. At the age of 18 years, she developed a @entity410 during sleep, and was placed on @entity2050 400 mg/day. Immediately after taking the medication, she developed auditory disturbance while she played the musical instruments: she felt as if she played the musical note almost a half tone lower. On admission, neurological examinations and magnetic resonance images of the brain were normal. Electroencephalogram at rest was normal. However, intravenous @entity3933 injection induced spikes in the left temporo-occipital region, followed by diffuse spike and wave complex. Although the serum @entity2050 level was reduced to the therapeutic level by lowering @entity2050 administration from 200 to 150 mg/day, she continued to have the same auditory disturbance. When @entity2050 administration was discontinued, the symptoms also disappeared. It remains unknown whether such a subtle side effect of @entity2050 is a common thing, or it can be recognized only by @entity1 who are well trained in music.

title: [Auditory disturbance induced by @entity2049 administration in a XXXX with secondary generalized @entity410 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: The goals of @entity955 ( @entity955 ) and @entity956 ( @entity956 ) @entity943 management are to alleviate @entity1 symptoms, improve @entity1 quality of life, and minimize the morbidity associated with @entity955 and @entity956 . @entity943 management usually commences with drugs to slow the ventricular rate. The addition of class I or class III antiarrhythmic drugs for restoration or maintenance of sinus rhythm is largely determined by @entity1 symptoms and preferences. For rate control, treatment of persistent or permanent @entity955 and @entity956 should aim for a resting heart rate of <100 beats per minute. Beta-blockers or nondihydropyridine @entity460 channel blockers are the initial therapy for rate control of @entity955 and @entity956 in most @entity1 without a history of @entity583 or @entity1002 . Digoxin is not recommended as monotherapy for rate control in active @entity1 . Digoxin and @entity24724 may be used in combination with other agents to optimize rate control. The first-choice antiarrhythmic drug for maintenance of sinus rhythm in @entity1 with non structural @entity299 can be any one of @entity24724 , @entity6237 , @entity2779 , or @entity2778 . In @entity1 with abnormal ventricular function but left ventricular ejection fraction >35%, @entity24724 , @entity2778 , or @entity2643 is recommended. In @entity1 with left ventricular ejection fraction <35%, @entity2643 is the only drug usually recommended. Intermittent antiarrhythmic drug therapy ("pill in the pocket") may be considered in symptomatic @entity1 with infrequent, longer-lasting episodes of @entity955 or @entity956 as an alternative to daily antiarrhythmic therapy. Referral for ablation of @entity955 may be considered for @entity1 who remain symptomatic after adequate trials of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and in whom a rhythm control strategy remains desired.

title: Canadian Cardiovascular Society XXXX guidelines 2010: rate and rhythm management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity6237 :: ('MESH:D005424', 'Chemical') :: ['flecainide']

entities_list: @entity956 :: ('MESH:D001282', 'Disease') :: ['atrial flutter', 'AFL']

entities_list: @entity24724 :: ('MESH:C118667', 'Chemical') :: ['dronedarone']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia', 'Arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity2779 :: ('MESH:D011405', 'Chemical') :: ['propafenone']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: A G protein-coupled @entity141 -sensing receptor was recently cloned from @entity291 parathyroid and shown to mediate divalent cation regulation of @entity24585 secretion. To define which G proteins might be coupled to the @entity141 -sensing receptor in parathyroid cells, we determined which G protein alpha-subunit messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are expressed in the parathyroid. We also considered the possibility that a novel parathyroid-specific G alpha might be present. We, therefore, used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to study the expression of G alpha subunits in a @entity291 parathyroid mRNA preparation. Degenerate primers, corresponding to two regions conserved in every G alpha subunit, the G3 and G4 sequences, were used to amplify G alpha complementary DNA fragments that were subcloned and sequenced. We found that mRNAs corresponding to G alpha s, G alpha i2, @entity73280 , G alpha 12, and G alpha z are the predominant G alpha mRNAs expressed in the @entity291 parathyroid. No novel G alpha mRNA was identified. Northern blots confirmed the expression of the cloned G alpha subunits and showed lower expression of G alpha o and G alpha i1 mRNAs. Immunoblots confirmed abundant expression of G alpha s, G alpha i2, and @entity73280 and provided evidence for expression of G alpha i1 and G alpha i3, but not G alpha o. G alpha q mRNA was not identified by the degenerate primer reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction strategy, but the immunoblot detected G alpha q protein, albeit at considerably lower levels than @entity73280 . The abundance of @entity73280 relative to G alpha q in @entity291 parathyroid is consistent with but does not prove a role for @entity73280 in coupling the @entity141 -sensing receptor to phospholipase C.

title: Expression of G protein alpha-subunits in XXXX parathyroid.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: We have recently reported that the @entity1238 complementary DNA (cDNA), @entity24284 , encodes a selenoprotein that is a 5-deiodinase (5D). @entity24284 represents a gene that is up-regulated by thyroid hormone in this species. We now report the isolation from a Rana catesbeiana (RC) cDNA library of a cDNA for the @entity73281 ( @entity73281 ). @entity73281 a 1534-base pair cDNA that exhibits 78% identity to @entity24284 in the coding region, including the TGA codon, which in @entity24284 encodes @entity16266 , and a putative @entity16266 insertion sequence (SECIS) located in the 3'-untranslated region. Transcripts of @entity73281 , synthesized in vitro, induce 5D activity after their injection into @entity1238 oocytes. @entity73281 hybridizes to a 2.2-kilobase messenger RNA (mRNA) species in RC tissues. The expression of @entity73281 was studied in 10 tissues from untreated and T3-treated premetamorphic tadpoles. @entity73281 mRNA transcripts and 5D activity were detected in most tissues examined, and the levels of both were greatly increased in T3-stimulated tadpoles. Furthermore, the levels of @entity73281 mRNA transcripts correlated closely with 5D, but not with 5'-deiodinase (5'D), activity. 5'D was not enhanced by a 4-day exposure of the tadpoles to T3. The up-regulation of @entity73281 gene expression by T3 was demonstrable in tadpoles by stage V, but was found to be transient. The levels of @entity73281 transcripts and 5D activity were highest after 2-3 days and 5 days of T3 exposure, respectively, but had fallen by 10 days to levels comparable to those in unexposed tadpoles. It is concluded that @entity73281 encodes a selenoprotein that is a 5D, and it represents a gene that is up-regulated by T3. On the basis of the findings presented herein, it is suggested that the 5D system plays a major role in regulating intracellular T3 levels in developing tadpoles.

title: The XXXX in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles is encoded by a thyroid hormone-responsive gene.

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis']

entities_list: @entity16266 :: ('MESH:D017279', 'Chemical') :: ['selenocysteine']

answer: @entity24284 :: (397779(Tax:8355),Gene) :: ['type III 5-deiodinase']


abstract: We found low T3 concentrations in @entity35 brown adipocytes differentiated in vitro. This might be due to the high metabolic rate of T3, possibly caused by elevated type III @entity9117 5-deiodinase activity ( @entity73282 ), induced by serum growth factors. We tested the ability of several growth factors to induce @entity73282 activity. Epidermal growth factor and basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors produced a strong induction of @entity73282 activity (25, 45-, and 50-fold, respectively). This process required gene transcription and de novo protein synthesis. The half-life of @entity73282 was approximately 3 h. Heparin was required for full acidic fibroblast growth factor activity. Platelet-derived growth factor, vasopressin, and insulin-like growth factor-I induced lower @entity73282 activities (3- to 6-fold). Vasopressin amplified @entity664 and epidermal growth factor inductions when used at submaximal doses. We found a Km of 22.5 nM using T3 as substrate. Although brown adipose tissue has undetectable @entity73282 activities in vivo, the present data explain the low T3 concentrations found in cultured @entity35 brown adipocytes and suggest that growth factors, by stimulating @entity73282 , may lead to low T3 concentrations and indirectly inhibit the expression of some genes regulated by T3, e.g. the @entity35 uncoupling protein.

title: Presence of growth factors-induced type III XXXX 5-deiodinase in cultured @entity35 brown adipocytes.

entities_list: @entity9117 :: ('CHEBI:24864', 'Chemical') :: ['iodothyronine']

entities_list: @entity664 :: ('54250(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['basic fibroblast growth factor']

answer: @entity9117 :: (CHEBI:24864,Chemical) :: ['iodothyronine']


abstract: We found low T3 concentrations in @entity35 brown adipocytes differentiated in vitro. This might be due to the high metabolic rate of T3, possibly caused by elevated type III @entity9117 5-deiodinase activity ( @entity73282 ), induced by serum growth factors. We tested the ability of several growth factors to induce @entity73282 activity. Epidermal growth factor and basic and acidic fibroblast growth factors produced a strong induction of @entity73282 activity (25, 45-, and 50-fold, respectively). This process required gene transcription and de novo protein synthesis. The half-life of @entity73282 was approximately 3 h. Heparin was required for full acidic fibroblast growth factor activity. Platelet-derived growth factor, vasopressin, and insulin-like growth factor-I induced lower @entity73282 activities (3- to 6-fold). Vasopressin amplified @entity664 and epidermal growth factor inductions when used at submaximal doses. We found a Km of 22.5 nM using T3 as substrate. Although brown adipose tissue has undetectable @entity73282 activities in vivo, the present data explain the low T3 concentrations found in cultured @entity35 brown adipocytes and suggest that growth factors, by stimulating @entity73282 , may lead to low T3 concentrations and indirectly inhibit the expression of some genes regulated by T3, e.g. the @entity35 uncoupling protein.

title: Presence of growth factors-induced type III @entity9117 5-deiodinase in cultured XXXX brown adipocytes.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Polyaxial angle-stable plating is thought to be particularly beneficial in the management of @entity7334 of the distal radius. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the technique provides stability to match that of conventional (fixed-angle) angle-stable constructs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In seven pairs of @entity1 cadaver radii, an Arbeitsgemeinschaft f  r Osteosynthese (AO) 23 @entity8030 intra-articular @entity174 was created. One radius of each pair received a juxta-articular 2.4-mm @entity2850 ( @entity2850 ) Volar Distal Radius Plate, whilst the contralateral one received a 2.4-mm Variable Angle @entity2850 ( @entity2850 ) Two-Column Volar Distal Radius Plate (both plates: Synthes, Oberdorf, Switzerland). Parameters tested were construct stiffness (static axial loading with 150 N), range of motion and secondary loss of reduction (dynamic 150 N axial loading over 5000 cycles). Stiffness and range of motion were measured both pre- and post-cycling. RESULTS: The polyaxial constructs were significantly stiffer, both before and after cyclic testing. However, the two-column plates showed a significant loss of stiffness during cyclic testing. The range of motion was significantly greater, both initially and at the end of cyclic testing, in the fixed-angle constructs. The conventional constructs had significantly greater secondary loss of reduction. CONCLUSION: The polyaxial two-column plate tested in this study provides a biomechanically sound construct for the management of @entity7334 of the distal radius.

title: Evaluation of a polyaxial angle-stable volar plate in a distal radius C- XXXX model--a biomechanical study.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['LCP', 'Locking Compression Plate', 'locking compression plate']

entities_list: @entity7334 :: ('MESH:D057072', 'Disease') :: ['complex intra-articular fractures', 'intra-articular fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fracture']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have analysed the relationship between @entity148 and alexithymia with @entity1353 ( @entity1353 ) and its impact on quality of life and @entity565 control. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of @entity336 in @entity565 , its impact on quality of life and @entity565 control and its relationship with @entity148 and alexithymia. @entity1 AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of 264 @entity748 @entity1 and 111 controls. Both groups completed the following questionnaires: quality of life (AQLQ), alexithymia (TAS-20), @entity148 (STAI) and @entity1353 (Nijmegen). In asthmatics were evaluated: @entity565 severity, dyspnoea, exacerbation and control of the disease (ACT test). RESULTS: 38% of asthmatics and 5.5% of non-asthmatics had @entity1353 . Asthmatics had more @entity148 and were more alexithymic. Asthmatics with @entity1353 had significantly more @entity148 , more alexithymia, poor control of @entity565 , more exacerbations and poorer quality of life, that @entity565 without @entity336 . Asthmatics with an ACT<19, a score >3 in the emotion subscale of the AQLQ, who were being treated for @entity148 and scored >19 on the alexithymia subscale that assesses difficulty in identifying emotions, showed ORs for @entity1353 of 2.6 (1.1-5.9), 6.8 (2.9-15.8), 4.4 (1.9-9.8) and 3.3 (1.5-7), respectively. A predictive model of @entity1353 was constructed. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the close relationship between @entity148 , alexithymia and @entity336 in asthmatics, as well as the significant impact of @entity1353 on the control and quality of life of this asthmatics.

title: Psychological profile of @entity1 with XXXX : a comparison with a non- @entity748 population and impact on the disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['FD', 'functional dyspnea']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma and functional dyspnea']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have analysed the relationship between @entity148 and alexithymia with @entity1353 ( @entity1353 ) and its impact on quality of life and @entity565 control. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of @entity336 in @entity565 , its impact on quality of life and @entity565 control and its relationship with @entity148 and alexithymia. @entity1 AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of 264 @entity748 @entity1 and 111 controls. Both groups completed the following questionnaires: quality of life (AQLQ), alexithymia (TAS-20), @entity148 (STAI) and @entity1353 (Nijmegen). In asthmatics were evaluated: @entity565 severity, dyspnoea, exacerbation and control of the disease (ACT test). RESULTS: 38% of asthmatics and 5.5% of non-asthmatics had @entity1353 . Asthmatics had more @entity148 and were more alexithymic. Asthmatics with @entity1353 had significantly more @entity148 , more alexithymia, poor control of @entity565 , more exacerbations and poorer quality of life, that @entity565 without @entity336 . Asthmatics with an ACT<19, a score >3 in the emotion subscale of the AQLQ, who were being treated for @entity148 and scored >19 on the alexithymia subscale that assesses difficulty in identifying emotions, showed ORs for @entity1353 of 2.6 (1.1-5.9), 6.8 (2.9-15.8), 4.4 (1.9-9.8) and 3.3 (1.5-7), respectively. A predictive model of @entity1353 was constructed. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the close relationship between @entity148 , alexithymia and @entity336 in asthmatics, as well as the significant impact of @entity1353 on the control and quality of life of this asthmatics.

title: Psychological profile of @entity1 with @entity565 : a comparison with a non- XXXX population and impact on the disease.

answer: @entity748 :: (MESH:D013224,Disease) :: ['asthmatic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have analysed the relationship between @entity148 and alexithymia with @entity1353 ( @entity1353 ) and its impact on quality of life and @entity565 control. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of @entity336 in @entity565 , its impact on quality of life and @entity565 control and its relationship with @entity148 and alexithymia. @entity1 AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of 264 @entity748 @entity1 and 111 controls. Both groups completed the following questionnaires: quality of life (AQLQ), alexithymia (TAS-20), @entity148 (STAI) and @entity1353 (Nijmegen). In asthmatics were evaluated: @entity565 severity, dyspnoea, exacerbation and control of the disease (ACT test). RESULTS: 38% of asthmatics and 5.5% of non-asthmatics had @entity1353 . Asthmatics had more @entity148 and were more alexithymic. Asthmatics with @entity1353 had significantly more @entity148 , more alexithymia, poor control of @entity565 , more exacerbations and poorer quality of life, that @entity565 without @entity336 . Asthmatics with an ACT<19, a score >3 in the emotion subscale of the AQLQ, who were being treated for @entity148 and scored >19 on the alexithymia subscale that assesses difficulty in identifying emotions, showed ORs for @entity1353 of 2.6 (1.1-5.9), 6.8 (2.9-15.8), 4.4 (1.9-9.8) and 3.3 (1.5-7), respectively. A predictive model of @entity1353 was constructed. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the close relationship between @entity148 , alexithymia and @entity336 in asthmatics, as well as the significant impact of @entity1353 on the control and quality of life of this asthmatics.

title: Psychological profile of XXXX with @entity565 : a comparison with a non- @entity748 population and impact on the disease.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity27 demonstrate an increased rate of @entity943 . The present study was designed in order to investigate whether these @entity943 may be related to @entity296 , since @entity296 of various aetiologies has been observed to change the signal averaged electrocardiogram (ECG). Signal averaged ECG was registered in 23 @entity1 with @entity27 diagnosed by polysomnography (apnoea index 43 +/- 20 events.h-1, age 55 +/- 10 yrs). QRS duration, root mean square voltage of the last 40 ms of QRS, and low amplitude (< 40 mV) signal duration were determined from the vector magnitude of the QRS, high-pass filtered at 40 Hz. @entity1 with @entity301 or @entity5036 were excluded. No @entity1 showed an abnormal signal averaged ECG. Mean duration of the filtered QRS complex was 96 +/- 9 ms, root mean square voltage 38 +/- 18 microV and low amplitude signal duration 26 +/- 8 ms. These results were not significantly different from 14 snoring subjects with an apnoea/hypopnoea index < 10. Four @entity1 showed no @entity943 and six @entity1 had Lown III or IVa in the Holter ECG. Echocardiography revealed increased left atrial (43.7 +/- 4.1 mm) and interventricular septal diameters (11.3 +/- 1.4 mm). In conclusion, @entity27 does not generate a substrate for late potentials in the signal averaged ECG.

title: XXXX and signal averaged electrocardiogram.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial injury']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnoea']

entities_list: @entity5036 :: ('OMIM:113900', 'Disease') :: ['bundle branch block']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias']

answer: @entity27 :: (MESH:D020181,Disease) :: ['Obstructive sleep apnoea']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In @entity1 with acute @entity583 , elevation of plasma @entity413 levels is associated with worse outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between @entity4854 and in-hospital mortality in @entity1 with acute @entity583 with @entity1347 ( @entity1347 ). METHODS: We analyzed 834 consecutive @entity1 admitted for @entity1347 to the Coronary Care Unit of our center. Association between admission @entity413 and mortality was assessed with Cox regression analysis. Discriminative accuracy of the multivariate model was assessed by Harrell's C statistic. RESULTS: Eighty-nine (10.7%) @entity1 died during hospitalization. Optimal threshold glycemia level of 140mg/dl on admission to predict mortality was obtained by ROC curves. Those who presented @entity413 >= 140mg/dl showed higher rates of malignant @entity1165 (28% vs. 18%, P=.001), @entity5036 (5% vs. 2%, P=.005), new @entity713 (9% vs. 5%, P=.05) and in-hospital mortality (15% vs. 5%, P<.001). Multivariate analysis showed that those with glycemia >= 140mg/dl exhibited a 2-fold increase of in-hospital mortality risk (95% CI: 1.2-3.5, P=.008) irrespective of @entity6 status (P-value for interaction=0.487 and 0.653, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Stress @entity4854 on admission is a predictor of mortality and @entity943 in @entity1 with @entity1347 and could be used in the stratification of risk in these @entity1 .

title: Prognostic implications of XXXX in @entity583 . Prospective observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['ST-segment elevation', 'STEMI']

entities_list: @entity5036 :: ('OMIM:113900', 'Disease') :: ['complicative bundle branch block']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['stress hyperglycemia', 'hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['stress hyperglycemia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: In @entity1 with acute @entity583 , elevation of plasma @entity413 levels is associated with worse outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between @entity4854 and in-hospital mortality in @entity1 with acute @entity583 with @entity1347 ( @entity1347 ). METHODS: We analyzed 834 consecutive @entity1 admitted for @entity1347 to the Coronary Care Unit of our center. Association between admission @entity413 and mortality was assessed with Cox regression analysis. Discriminative accuracy of the multivariate model was assessed by Harrell's C statistic. RESULTS: Eighty-nine (10.7%) @entity1 died during hospitalization. Optimal threshold glycemia level of 140mg/dl on admission to predict mortality was obtained by ROC curves. Those who presented @entity413 >= 140mg/dl showed higher rates of malignant @entity1165 (28% vs. 18%, P=.001), @entity5036 (5% vs. 2%, P=.005), new @entity713 (9% vs. 5%, P=.05) and in-hospital mortality (15% vs. 5%, P<.001). Multivariate analysis showed that those with glycemia >= 140mg/dl exhibited a 2-fold increase of in-hospital mortality risk (95% CI: 1.2-3.5, P=.008) irrespective of @entity6 status (P-value for interaction=0.487 and 0.653, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Stress @entity4854 on admission is a predictor of mortality and @entity943 in @entity1 with @entity1347 and could be used in the stratification of risk in these @entity1 .

title: Prognostic implications of @entity4854 in XXXX . Prospective observational study.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute ST elevation myocardial infarction']