abstract: BACKGROUND: We have previously shown that in a randomized comparison of laparoscopic (LC) versus small incision (SC) cholecystectomy, postoperative hospital stay is comparable. This randomized prospective study compares the @entity282 , analgesic and antiemetic consumption, perceived health, and metabolic and respiratory responses after these two procedures. METHODS: Two hundred @entity1 were recruited; postoperative stay, @entity158 scores, analgesic and antiemetic consumption were recorded. Nottingham Health Profile questionnaires were completed by a subgroup of 100 @entity1 , and the metabolic and respiratory responses were also compared in a further subgroup of 20 @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity158 scores in both groups were low. LC, however, was associated with lower @entity282 scores and analgesic requirements compared with SC, but the antiemetic requirements were greater after LC. The duration of hospital stay and the perceived health after operation were the same in both groups, and both procedures were associated with a similar reduction of respiratory function. Twenty-four hours after operation the inflammatory ( @entity1851 , @entity1851 ) response to LC (22 +/- 20 mg/L) was significantly lower than after SC (68 +/- 30 mg/L), but the neuroendocrine ( @entity701 ) response was similar (LC, 475 +/- 335 nmol/L, compared with SC, 710 +/- 410 nmol/L). Independent of the technique used, the duration of postoperative hospital stay correlated significantly with the magnitude of both the 24-hour postoperative @entity701 and @entity1851 responses ( @entity701 : rs = 0.678, p < 0.001; @entity1851 : rs = 0.566, p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: LC appears to be associated with less tissue destruction and @entity158 than SC, but this did not confer any advantage in the degree of postoperative @entity1576 , length of hospital stay, or postoperative perceived health. The neuroendocrine component of the metabolic response evoked by each procedure was similar and had a significant correlation to @entity1 's postoperative hospital stay. This finding may explain the similar postoperative recovery after LC and SC.

title: A randomized, prospective, blinded comparison of XXXX , metabolic response, and perceived health after laparoscopic and small incision cholecystectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory impairment']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['postoperative pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is unclear what factors contribute to @entity1143 after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction. Knee homeostasis after injury and surgery is crucial for rehabilitation and knee well-being. We examined if effusion was affected by post-operative bracing, and if @entity1 with effusion fit into a common profile. METHODS: @entity1 were randomized to wearing or not wearing a post-operative brace for three weeks after ACL reconstruction with semitendinosus-gracilis tendons. @entity1143 was detected by computed tomography in 60 @entity1 (22 @entity1 ), before and three and 12months after surgery. Joint effusion, clinical and subjective tests were analyzed. RESULTS: This is the first prospective, randomized study on post-operative bracing for @entity1 with a semitendinosus-gracilis graft showed that bracing had no effect on three-months presence of joint effusion. @entity1143 was present in 68% of the @entity1 three months after surgery and was associated to prior @entity130 (p=0.05) and higher prior Tegner activity level (p=0.006). We found a positive association between longer time from @entity130 three months post-operatively (rho=0.29, p<0.05). Twelve months post-operatively, joint effusion had diminished to baseline levels. Subjective scores and activity levels were lower for @entity1 . Three-months joint effusion predicted lower final outcome scores in @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Prior @entity130 and pre-injury Tegner activity levels are predictive significant variables for excessive @entity1143 after ACL reconstruction. Post-operative bracing had no effect. A larger clinical cohort is needed to confirm findings of this logistic regression. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I.

title: Post-operative bracing after ACL reconstruction has no effect on XXXX . A prospective, randomized study.

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['knee joint effusion', 'Excessive joint effusion', 'Knee joint effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury to surgery and joint effusion', 'meniscus injury']

answer: @entity1143 :: (MESH:D010996,Disease) :: ['knee joint effusion']


abstract: For @entity2008 , in situ suppression of repetitive DNA sequences has been well established. Such standard protocols usually require large amounts of Cot-I DNA. Recently, it has become possible to deplete repetitive DNA sequences from library probes by magnetic purification and PCR-assisted affinity chromatography. These "repeat-depleted library probes" appear to be extremely useful for Fast-FISH, a technique that omits denaturing chemical agents such as @entity27390 in the hybridization buffer, resulting in a substantial acceleration and simplification of the complete protocol. Shown here is the application of Fast-FISH to a repeat-depleted, directly fluorochrome-labeled library probe of the q-arm of chromosome 15 (Fast-Painting) for @entity1 lymphocyte metaphase spreads. Following painting without Cot-I DNA and without @entity27390 , visual inspection revealed sufficient @entity2008 after a few hours of hybridization. The fluorescence signals of the labeling sites were analyzed after hybridization times of 1 and 2 h (in one case, 4 h) using digital fluorescence microscopy. The painting efficiency expressed in values of relative fluorescence signal ratios was quantitatively evaluated by image analysis using line-scan procedures and area-morphometry of mean luminance. Two preparation protocols ( @entity1068 dehydration without and with @entity30555 treatment followed by pepsin digestion for four different exposure times) were compared. These results indicated that @entity30555 treatment and pepsin digestion are steps that can be omitted.

title: Fast-painting of XXXX metaphase spreads using a chromosome-specific, repeat-depleted DNA library probe.

entities_list: @entity27390 :: ('MESH:C031066', 'Chemical') :: ['formamide']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosome painting']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity22482 ( @entity18106 ) is an even-numbered @entity13961 (DA). @entity10989 are water-soluble substances with a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and @entity3363 . Previous studies showed that contrary to other DAs, very low amounts of @entity18106 are lost with urine. The effects of 46.6 mmol of @entity18106 intravenous infusion for 195 min on blood @entity413 levels were investigated in five @entity1 with @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ), with a good metabolic compensation, and in five healthy volunteers matched for gender, age, and body mass index. Blood samples were taken every 15 min for a period of 360 min to measure @entity413 , insulin, C-peptide, @entity6178 bodies, and free @entity844 (FFA) levels, and 24-h urine samples were collected to measure @entity18106 and @entity1133 excretion. Plasma and urinary @entity18106 concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Indirect calorimetry was continuously performed both basally and during the study period. The average 24-h urinary excretion of @entity18106 was 6.5% versus 6.7% of the administered dose, respectively, in @entity2175 @entity1 and in healthy controls. The area under the curve (AUC) values of plasma @entity18106 were 279.9 +/- 42.7 mumol in @entity2175 @entity1 and 219.7 +/- 14.0 mumol in controls (P = ns). Plasma @entity413 levels significantly decreased in @entity2175 @entity1 during @entity18106 infusion (from 7.8 +/- 0.6 to 5.4 +/- 0.8 mM at the end of the study period, P < 0.05). @entity880 plasma concentration decreased in @entity2175 @entity1 from 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 1.5 +/- 0.1 mM (P < 0.001), whereas blood @entity2388 increased at the end of the experimental session from 26.0 +/- 11.6 to 99.5 +/- 14.9 microM (P < 0.01). Free @entity1718 decreased in @entity6 @entity1 from the beginning until the end of @entity18106 infusion, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. No significant increase was found between basal and final values in @entity4962 consumption and in the values of nonprotein respiratory quotient in both groups of subjects examined. The experimental data indicate that @entity18106 infusion decreases plasma @entity413 levels in @entity2175 @entity1 to normal range without influencing plasma insulin levels. The balance between @entity2388 and @entity880 was affected by @entity18106 infusion only in @entity6 @entity1 . @entity18106 might represent a fuel substrate immediately available for tissue energy requirements, especially in conditions such as @entity6 in which @entity413 metabolism is impaired.

title: The metabolic effect of XXXX infusion in non-insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['NIDDM', 'non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity13961 :: ('CHEBI:35692', 'Chemical') :: ['dicarboxylic acid']

entities_list: @entity22482 :: ('MESH:C036836', 'Chemical') :: ['Dodecanedioic acid']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate', 'Lactate']

entities_list: @entity10989 :: ('MESH:D003998', 'Chemical') :: ['Dicarboxylic acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity22482 :: (MESH:C036836,Chemical) :: ['dodecanedioic acid']


abstract: @entity22482 ( @entity18106 ) is an even-numbered @entity13961 (DA). @entity10989 are water-soluble substances with a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and @entity3363 . Previous studies showed that contrary to other DAs, very low amounts of @entity18106 are lost with urine. The effects of 46.6 mmol of @entity18106 intravenous infusion for 195 min on blood @entity413 levels were investigated in five @entity1 with @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ), with a good metabolic compensation, and in five healthy volunteers matched for gender, age, and body mass index. Blood samples were taken every 15 min for a period of 360 min to measure @entity413 , insulin, C-peptide, @entity6178 bodies, and free @entity844 (FFA) levels, and 24-h urine samples were collected to measure @entity18106 and @entity1133 excretion. Plasma and urinary @entity18106 concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Indirect calorimetry was continuously performed both basally and during the study period. The average 24-h urinary excretion of @entity18106 was 6.5% versus 6.7% of the administered dose, respectively, in @entity2175 @entity1 and in healthy controls. The area under the curve (AUC) values of plasma @entity18106 were 279.9 +/- 42.7 mumol in @entity2175 @entity1 and 219.7 +/- 14.0 mumol in controls (P = ns). Plasma @entity413 levels significantly decreased in @entity2175 @entity1 during @entity18106 infusion (from 7.8 +/- 0.6 to 5.4 +/- 0.8 mM at the end of the study period, P < 0.05). @entity880 plasma concentration decreased in @entity2175 @entity1 from 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 1.5 +/- 0.1 mM (P < 0.001), whereas blood @entity2388 increased at the end of the experimental session from 26.0 +/- 11.6 to 99.5 +/- 14.9 microM (P < 0.01). Free @entity1718 decreased in @entity6 @entity1 from the beginning until the end of @entity18106 infusion, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. No significant increase was found between basal and final values in @entity4962 consumption and in the values of nonprotein respiratory quotient in both groups of subjects examined. The experimental data indicate that @entity18106 infusion decreases plasma @entity413 levels in @entity2175 @entity1 to normal range without influencing plasma insulin levels. The balance between @entity2388 and @entity880 was affected by @entity18106 infusion only in @entity6 @entity1 . @entity18106 might represent a fuel substrate immediately available for tissue energy requirements, especially in conditions such as @entity6 in which @entity413 metabolism is impaired.

title: The metabolic effect of @entity22482 infusion in non-insulin-dependent XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: @entity22482 ( @entity18106 ) is an even-numbered @entity13961 (DA). @entity10989 are water-soluble substances with a metabolic pathway intermediate to those of lipids and @entity3363 . Previous studies showed that contrary to other DAs, very low amounts of @entity18106 are lost with urine. The effects of 46.6 mmol of @entity18106 intravenous infusion for 195 min on blood @entity413 levels were investigated in five @entity1 with @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ), with a good metabolic compensation, and in five healthy volunteers matched for gender, age, and body mass index. Blood samples were taken every 15 min for a period of 360 min to measure @entity413 , insulin, C-peptide, @entity6178 bodies, and free @entity844 (FFA) levels, and 24-h urine samples were collected to measure @entity18106 and @entity1133 excretion. Plasma and urinary @entity18106 concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Indirect calorimetry was continuously performed both basally and during the study period. The average 24-h urinary excretion of @entity18106 was 6.5% versus 6.7% of the administered dose, respectively, in @entity2175 @entity1 and in healthy controls. The area under the curve (AUC) values of plasma @entity18106 were 279.9 +/- 42.7 mumol in @entity2175 @entity1 and 219.7 +/- 14.0 mumol in controls (P = ns). Plasma @entity413 levels significantly decreased in @entity2175 @entity1 during @entity18106 infusion (from 7.8 +/- 0.6 to 5.4 +/- 0.8 mM at the end of the study period, P < 0.05). @entity880 plasma concentration decreased in @entity2175 @entity1 from 3.5 +/- 0.2 to 1.5 +/- 0.1 mM (P < 0.001), whereas blood @entity2388 increased at the end of the experimental session from 26.0 +/- 11.6 to 99.5 +/- 14.9 microM (P < 0.01). Free @entity1718 decreased in @entity6 @entity1 from the beginning until the end of @entity18106 infusion, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. No significant increase was found between basal and final values in @entity4962 consumption and in the values of nonprotein respiratory quotient in both groups of subjects examined. The experimental data indicate that @entity18106 infusion decreases plasma @entity413 levels in @entity2175 @entity1 to normal range without influencing plasma insulin levels. The balance between @entity2388 and @entity880 was affected by @entity18106 infusion only in @entity6 @entity1 . @entity18106 might represent a fuel substrate immediately available for tissue energy requirements, especially in conditions such as @entity6 in which @entity413 metabolism is impaired.

title: The metabolic effect of @entity22482 infusion in non-insulin-dependent @entity6 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: The @entity563 / @entity1889 protein phosphatases 1 ( @entity13977 ) and 2A ( @entity4333 ) are key enzymes in regulating entry into the cell cycle, mitosis and apoptosis. Inhibition of @entity13977 and @entity4333 is associated with enhanced S-phase entry culminating in G(2)/M arrest and apoptotic cell death. @entity1382 ( @entity1382 ) is a key regulatory enzyme in DNA synthesis, inhibition of which is often a first-line treatment for @entity14 . In this study the effect of combining PP inhibition with @entity1382 inhibition in two colorectal cell lines was examined. METHODS: @entity28184 and nolatrexed were used to inhibit PP and @entity1382 activity, respectively. The @entity98 cytotoxicity assay and cell cycle analysis were performed following single-drug treatment of HT29 and HCT116 colorectal cell lines. The median effect method was used to determine a combination index (CI), where drug antagonism was indicated by a CI>1.1, additivity by a CI between 0.9 and 1.1, and synergism by a CI<0.9. RESULTS: Both cell lines were equally sensitive to @entity28184 alone (GI(50) values 5.4 and 7.3 micro M), which induced a significant increase in the S-phase population of both cell lines within 6 h with a concomitant increase in DNA synthesis. This response culminated in G(2)/M cell cycle arrest within 24 h and subsequent cell death. In response to nolatrexed alone, HT29 cells were more sensitive than HCT116 cells (GI(50) 1.9 micro M vs 9.8 micro M), with G(1)/S-phase cell cycle arrest occurring within 24 h in both cell lines. In HT29 cells, this was followed by cell death, whereas in HCT116 cells, a proportion of cells died following arrest but the predominant event was re-entry into the cell cycle. The simultaneous exposure of HT29 cells to the combination of nolatrexed and @entity28184 in drug molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2.5 for 72 h was synergistic producing composite CIs of 0.88 and 0.87, respectively. The sequence of nolatrexed followed by @entity28184 24 h later resulted in greater synergism (CI values of 0.75, 0.52, 0.55, 0.68 for molar ratios of 10:1, 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:10), whereas the reverse sequence was antagonistic, suggesting that the point of interaction is downstream of @entity1382 inhibition. In HCT116 cells only additive and antagonistic interactions were observed for any of the treatment combinations. The lack of synergism in these cells may be caused by the reduced sensitivity of these cells to nolatrexed as a single agent. CONCLUSION: The effect of @entity1382 inhibition can be enhanced by the inhibition of @entity563 / @entity1889 protein phosphatases.

title: @entity563 / XXXX protein phosphatase inhibition enhances the effect of thymidylate synthase inhibition.

entities_list: @entity1382 :: ('MESH:D020159', 'Disease') :: ['Thymidylate synthase', 'TS']

entities_list: @entity28184 :: ('MESH:D002193', 'Chemical') :: ['Cantharidin', 'cantharidin']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity1889 :: (CHEBI:26986,Chemical) :: ['threonine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The @entity563 / @entity1889 protein phosphatases 1 ( @entity13977 ) and 2A ( @entity4333 ) are key enzymes in regulating entry into the cell cycle, mitosis and apoptosis. Inhibition of @entity13977 and @entity4333 is associated with enhanced S-phase entry culminating in G(2)/M arrest and apoptotic cell death. @entity1382 ( @entity1382 ) is a key regulatory enzyme in DNA synthesis, inhibition of which is often a first-line treatment for @entity14 . In this study the effect of combining PP inhibition with @entity1382 inhibition in two colorectal cell lines was examined. METHODS: @entity28184 and nolatrexed were used to inhibit PP and @entity1382 activity, respectively. The @entity98 cytotoxicity assay and cell cycle analysis were performed following single-drug treatment of HT29 and HCT116 colorectal cell lines. The median effect method was used to determine a combination index (CI), where drug antagonism was indicated by a CI>1.1, additivity by a CI between 0.9 and 1.1, and synergism by a CI<0.9. RESULTS: Both cell lines were equally sensitive to @entity28184 alone (GI(50) values 5.4 and 7.3 micro M), which induced a significant increase in the S-phase population of both cell lines within 6 h with a concomitant increase in DNA synthesis. This response culminated in G(2)/M cell cycle arrest within 24 h and subsequent cell death. In response to nolatrexed alone, HT29 cells were more sensitive than HCT116 cells (GI(50) 1.9 micro M vs 9.8 micro M), with G(1)/S-phase cell cycle arrest occurring within 24 h in both cell lines. In HT29 cells, this was followed by cell death, whereas in HCT116 cells, a proportion of cells died following arrest but the predominant event was re-entry into the cell cycle. The simultaneous exposure of HT29 cells to the combination of nolatrexed and @entity28184 in drug molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2.5 for 72 h was synergistic producing composite CIs of 0.88 and 0.87, respectively. The sequence of nolatrexed followed by @entity28184 24 h later resulted in greater synergism (CI values of 0.75, 0.52, 0.55, 0.68 for molar ratios of 10:1, 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:10), whereas the reverse sequence was antagonistic, suggesting that the point of interaction is downstream of @entity1382 inhibition. In HCT116 cells only additive and antagonistic interactions were observed for any of the treatment combinations. The lack of synergism in these cells may be caused by the reduced sensitivity of these cells to nolatrexed as a single agent. CONCLUSION: The effect of @entity1382 inhibition can be enhanced by the inhibition of @entity563 / @entity1889 protein phosphatases.

title: XXXX / @entity1889 protein phosphatase inhibition enhances the effect of thymidylate synthase inhibition.

answer: @entity563 :: (CHEBI:17822,Chemical) :: ['Serine']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: A postprandial fall in BP occurs frequently in older individuals and in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . The magnitude of this decrease in BP is related to the rate of gastric emptying (GE). Intravenous administration of @entity5445 ( @entity5445 ) attenuates the @entity551 response to intraduodenal @entity413 in healthy older individuals. We sought to determine the effects of exogenous @entity5445 on BP, GE, @entity6029 ( @entity6029 ) flow and glycaemic response to oral ingestion of @entity413 in healthy older individuals and @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . METHODS: Fourteen older volunteers (six @entity1 , eight @entity1 ; age 72.1        1.1  years) and ten @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (six @entity1 , four @entity1 ; age 68.7        3.4  years; HbA1c 6.6        0.2% [48.5        2.0  mmol/mol]; nine with blood @entity413 managed with @entity2449 , two with a @entity5736 and one with a @entity5735 inhibitor) received an i.v. infusion of @entity5445 (0.9  pmol  kg(-1)  min(-1)) or saline (154  mmol/l @entity4202 ) for 150  min (t   =   -30  min to t   =   120  min) in randomised order. At t   =   0  min, volunteers consumed a radiolabelled 75  g @entity413 drink. BP was assessed with an automated device, GE by scintigraphy and @entity6029 flow by ultrasonography. Blood @entity413 and serum insulin were measured. RESULTS: @entity5445 attenuated the fall in diastolic BP after the @entity413 drink in older individuals (p   <   0.05) and attenuated the fall in systolic and diastolic BP in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (p   <   0.05). GE was faster in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 than in healthy individuals (p   <   0.05). In both groups, individuals had slower GE (p   <   0.001), decreased @entity6029 flow (p   <   0.05) and a lower degree of glycaemia (p   <   0.001) when receiving @entity5445 . CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Intravenous @entity5445 attenuates the @entity551 response to orally administered @entity413 and decreases @entity6029 flow, probably by slowing GE. @entity5445 and 'short-acting' @entity5445 agonists may be useful in the management of postprandial @entity551 .

title: Effects of exogenous XXXX on blood pressure, heart rate, gastric emptying, mesenteric blood flow and glycaemic responses to oral @entity413 in older individuals with normal @entity413 tolerance or @entity164 2 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5735 :: ('1803', 'Gene') :: ['dipeptidyl-peptidase 4']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6029 :: ('MESH:D013478', 'Disease') :: ['superior mesenteric artery', 'SMA']

entities_list: @entity5736 :: ('D013453', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylurea']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive', 'hypotension']

entities_list: @entity5445 :: ('2641', 'Gene') :: ['glucagon-like peptide-1', 'GLP-1']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity5445 :: (2641,Gene) :: ['glucagon-like peptide-1']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: A postprandial fall in BP occurs frequently in older individuals and in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . The magnitude of this decrease in BP is related to the rate of gastric emptying (GE). Intravenous administration of @entity5445 ( @entity5445 ) attenuates the @entity551 response to intraduodenal @entity413 in healthy older individuals. We sought to determine the effects of exogenous @entity5445 on BP, GE, @entity6029 ( @entity6029 ) flow and glycaemic response to oral ingestion of @entity413 in healthy older individuals and @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . METHODS: Fourteen older volunteers (six @entity1 , eight @entity1 ; age 72.1        1.1  years) and ten @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (six @entity1 , four @entity1 ; age 68.7        3.4  years; HbA1c 6.6        0.2% [48.5        2.0  mmol/mol]; nine with blood @entity413 managed with @entity2449 , two with a @entity5736 and one with a @entity5735 inhibitor) received an i.v. infusion of @entity5445 (0.9  pmol  kg(-1)  min(-1)) or saline (154  mmol/l @entity4202 ) for 150  min (t   =   -30  min to t   =   120  min) in randomised order. At t   =   0  min, volunteers consumed a radiolabelled 75  g @entity413 drink. BP was assessed with an automated device, GE by scintigraphy and @entity6029 flow by ultrasonography. Blood @entity413 and serum insulin were measured. RESULTS: @entity5445 attenuated the fall in diastolic BP after the @entity413 drink in older individuals (p   <   0.05) and attenuated the fall in systolic and diastolic BP in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (p   <   0.05). GE was faster in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 than in healthy individuals (p   <   0.05). In both groups, individuals had slower GE (p   <   0.001), decreased @entity6029 flow (p   <   0.05) and a lower degree of glycaemia (p   <   0.001) when receiving @entity5445 . CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Intravenous @entity5445 attenuates the @entity551 response to orally administered @entity413 and decreases @entity6029 flow, probably by slowing GE. @entity5445 and 'short-acting' @entity5445 agonists may be useful in the management of postprandial @entity551 .

title: Effects of exogenous @entity5445 on blood pressure, heart rate, gastric emptying, mesenteric blood flow and glycaemic responses to oral @entity413 in older individuals with normal @entity413 tolerance or XXXX 2 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: A postprandial fall in BP occurs frequently in older individuals and in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . The magnitude of this decrease in BP is related to the rate of gastric emptying (GE). Intravenous administration of @entity5445 ( @entity5445 ) attenuates the @entity551 response to intraduodenal @entity413 in healthy older individuals. We sought to determine the effects of exogenous @entity5445 on BP, GE, @entity6029 ( @entity6029 ) flow and glycaemic response to oral ingestion of @entity413 in healthy older individuals and @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . METHODS: Fourteen older volunteers (six @entity1 , eight @entity1 ; age 72.1        1.1  years) and ten @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (six @entity1 , four @entity1 ; age 68.7        3.4  years; HbA1c 6.6        0.2% [48.5        2.0  mmol/mol]; nine with blood @entity413 managed with @entity2449 , two with a @entity5736 and one with a @entity5735 inhibitor) received an i.v. infusion of @entity5445 (0.9  pmol  kg(-1)  min(-1)) or saline (154  mmol/l @entity4202 ) for 150  min (t   =   -30  min to t   =   120  min) in randomised order. At t   =   0  min, volunteers consumed a radiolabelled 75  g @entity413 drink. BP was assessed with an automated device, GE by scintigraphy and @entity6029 flow by ultrasonography. Blood @entity413 and serum insulin were measured. RESULTS: @entity5445 attenuated the fall in diastolic BP after the @entity413 drink in older individuals (p   <   0.05) and attenuated the fall in systolic and diastolic BP in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (p   <   0.05). GE was faster in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 than in healthy individuals (p   <   0.05). In both groups, individuals had slower GE (p   <   0.001), decreased @entity6029 flow (p   <   0.05) and a lower degree of glycaemia (p   <   0.001) when receiving @entity5445 . CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Intravenous @entity5445 attenuates the @entity551 response to orally administered @entity413 and decreases @entity6029 flow, probably by slowing GE. @entity5445 and 'short-acting' @entity5445 agonists may be useful in the management of postprandial @entity551 .

title: Effects of exogenous @entity5445 on blood pressure, heart rate, gastric emptying, mesenteric blood flow and glycaemic responses to oral @entity413 in older individuals with normal @entity413 tolerance or @entity164 2 XXXX .

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: A postprandial fall in BP occurs frequently in older individuals and in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . The magnitude of this decrease in BP is related to the rate of gastric emptying (GE). Intravenous administration of @entity5445 ( @entity5445 ) attenuates the @entity551 response to intraduodenal @entity413 in healthy older individuals. We sought to determine the effects of exogenous @entity5445 on BP, GE, @entity6029 ( @entity6029 ) flow and glycaemic response to oral ingestion of @entity413 in healthy older individuals and @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . METHODS: Fourteen older volunteers (six @entity1 , eight @entity1 ; age 72.1        1.1  years) and ten @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (six @entity1 , four @entity1 ; age 68.7        3.4  years; HbA1c 6.6        0.2% [48.5        2.0  mmol/mol]; nine with blood @entity413 managed with @entity2449 , two with a @entity5736 and one with a @entity5735 inhibitor) received an i.v. infusion of @entity5445 (0.9  pmol  kg(-1)  min(-1)) or saline (154  mmol/l @entity4202 ) for 150  min (t   =   -30  min to t   =   120  min) in randomised order. At t   =   0  min, volunteers consumed a radiolabelled 75  g @entity413 drink. BP was assessed with an automated device, GE by scintigraphy and @entity6029 flow by ultrasonography. Blood @entity413 and serum insulin were measured. RESULTS: @entity5445 attenuated the fall in diastolic BP after the @entity413 drink in older individuals (p   <   0.05) and attenuated the fall in systolic and diastolic BP in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (p   <   0.05). GE was faster in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 than in healthy individuals (p   <   0.05). In both groups, individuals had slower GE (p   <   0.001), decreased @entity6029 flow (p   <   0.05) and a lower degree of glycaemia (p   <   0.001) when receiving @entity5445 . CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Intravenous @entity5445 attenuates the @entity551 response to orally administered @entity413 and decreases @entity6029 flow, probably by slowing GE. @entity5445 and 'short-acting' @entity5445 agonists may be useful in the management of postprandial @entity551 .

title: Effects of exogenous @entity5445 on blood pressure, heart rate, gastric emptying, mesenteric blood flow and glycaemic responses to oral XXXX in older individuals with normal @entity413 tolerance or @entity164 2 @entity6 .

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: A postprandial fall in BP occurs frequently in older individuals and in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . The magnitude of this decrease in BP is related to the rate of gastric emptying (GE). Intravenous administration of @entity5445 ( @entity5445 ) attenuates the @entity551 response to intraduodenal @entity413 in healthy older individuals. We sought to determine the effects of exogenous @entity5445 on BP, GE, @entity6029 ( @entity6029 ) flow and glycaemic response to oral ingestion of @entity413 in healthy older individuals and @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . METHODS: Fourteen older volunteers (six @entity1 , eight @entity1 ; age 72.1        1.1  years) and ten @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (six @entity1 , four @entity1 ; age 68.7        3.4  years; HbA1c 6.6        0.2% [48.5        2.0  mmol/mol]; nine with blood @entity413 managed with @entity2449 , two with a @entity5736 and one with a @entity5735 inhibitor) received an i.v. infusion of @entity5445 (0.9  pmol  kg(-1)  min(-1)) or saline (154  mmol/l @entity4202 ) for 150  min (t   =   -30  min to t   =   120  min) in randomised order. At t   =   0  min, volunteers consumed a radiolabelled 75  g @entity413 drink. BP was assessed with an automated device, GE by scintigraphy and @entity6029 flow by ultrasonography. Blood @entity413 and serum insulin were measured. RESULTS: @entity5445 attenuated the fall in diastolic BP after the @entity413 drink in older individuals (p   <   0.05) and attenuated the fall in systolic and diastolic BP in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (p   <   0.05). GE was faster in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 than in healthy individuals (p   <   0.05). In both groups, individuals had slower GE (p   <   0.001), decreased @entity6029 flow (p   <   0.05) and a lower degree of glycaemia (p   <   0.001) when receiving @entity5445 . CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Intravenous @entity5445 attenuates the @entity551 response to orally administered @entity413 and decreases @entity6029 flow, probably by slowing GE. @entity5445 and 'short-acting' @entity5445 agonists may be useful in the management of postprandial @entity551 .

title: Effects of exogenous @entity5445 on blood pressure, heart rate, gastric emptying, mesenteric blood flow and glycaemic responses to oral @entity413 in older individuals with normal XXXX tolerance or @entity164 2 @entity6 .

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a new hysteroscopic technique for the management of severe @entity5862 . DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Volunteers in an academic research environment. @entity1 (S): Seven @entity1 with secondary @entity249 associated with @entity2588 or @entity2589 secondary to severe @entity5862 . INTERVENTION(S): Six to eight longitudinal incisions were made into the myometrium extending from the uterine fundus to the isthmus with a resectoscope fitted with a Collins knife electrode. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Restoration of menses, symptomatic relief, and postoperative reproductive performance. RESULT(S): The amount of @entity548 increased in all cases, including two @entity1 who were amenorrheic before their surgery. @entity2371 decreased in two of the four symptomatic cases. Three to four months after surgery, hysteroscopy showed a normal sized uterine cavity in five cases. After a median follow-up of 12 months, three @entity1 conceived four pregnancies, including a @entity16164 , a @entity2208 , an ongoing pregnancy currently at 7 weeks' gestation, and one @entity1 delivered at 36 weeks gestation after premature rupture of the membranes. CONCLUSION(S): Hysteroscopic myometrial scoring enlarges uterine cavity size in cases of severe @entity5862 and improves menstrual function. Reproductive performance seems to be improved also, but longer follow-up is required.

title: Myometrial scoring: a new technique for the management of severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'women', 'patients', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['tubal abortion']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual bleeding']

entities_list: @entity16164 :: ('MESH:D000030', 'Disease') :: ['missed abortion']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['Pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity2589 :: ('MESH:D009839', 'Disease') :: ['oligomenorrhea']

entities_list: @entity5862 :: ('MESH:D006175', 'Disease') :: ["Asherman's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity5862 :: (MESH:D006175,Disease) :: ['Asherman's syndrome']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if a group of @entity1 with unexplained second or third trimester fetal demise have an increased prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) when compared to controls. During a 5-year period from January 1989 through December 1993, the records of all @entity5617 > or = 500 g or > or = 20 weeks of gestation that occurred at our institution were reviewed. In these @entity1 the ANA titers were checked at the discretion of the physician. The proportion of positive ANA tests in the group of @entity1 with @entity5617 was compared to that in @entity1 with @entity5617 . These results were then compared to a control group of healthy gravidas presenting to labor and delivery in the third trimester. During this time period, 848 @entity5617 were recorded. Our study population consisted of 286 @entity1 who had an unexplained second or third trimester fetal demise with a record of having an ANA drawn. Of the 376 @entity5617 , 190 had an ANA assayed. The control group included 299 healthy third trimester gravidas. In the group of @entity1 with unexplained @entity5617 , 11.5% (33/286) had a positive ANA, whereas 16% (31/190) of ANA tests were positive in cases of explained @entity5617 (P = 0.17). In the control group, 14% (43/299) had a positive ANA. There were three distinct immunofluorescence patterns: nucleolar, speckled, and homogeneous. The first two were seen more often in the control group, whereas the latter was seen more frequently in those @entity1 with @entity5617 (P = 0.10). The incidence of a significant circulating ANA titer was similar in @entity1 and controls. Moreover, there was no significant association between circulating antinuclear antibody titers and fetal outcome. More @entity1 with a @entity5617 had a homogeneous nuclear fluorescence pattern when compared to controls; however, this finding was not statistically significant. Therefore, we do not recommend routine testing for ANA in @entity1 with unexplained second or third trimester @entity5617 .

title: Significance of antinuclear antibody testing in unexplained second and third trimester XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5617 :: ('MESH:D005313', 'Disease') :: ['unexplained fetal deaths', 'explained fetal deaths', 'fetal deaths', 'fetal death']

answer: @entity5617 :: (MESH:D005313,Disease) :: ['fetal deaths']


abstract: This prospective comparative study was carried out to investigate the blood supply to the anterior chest wall by measurement of several anatomical and haemodynamic flow parameters of the internal mammary artery, with the use of colour Doppler ultrasonography, in female scoliotics with @entity2112 in adolescence. Previous investigations have postulated that asymmetry of the breasts in female adolescents may be linked with the development of right convex @entity1514 . This breast asymmetry is supposed to be linked with anatomical and functional asymmetry of the internal mammary artery that is the main supplier to the mammary gland. However, no measurements of anatomical and haemodynamic parameters of the internal mammary artery have been made to justify or reject the hypothesis of asymmetric blood flow volume to the breasts and costosternal junction in female adolescent scoliotics. Twenty female adolescents with right convex @entity1514 and 16 comparable female individuals without @entity85 were examined with roentgenograms (scoliotics only) to measure scoliosis curve, @entity717 and concave and convex rib-vertebra angle at three vertebrae (the apical, one level above and one below the apical vertebra). Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure, at the origin of the internal mammary artery, its lumen diameter, cross-sectional area, time average mean flow and flow volume per minute in scoliotics and controls, which were compared with each other. The roentgenographic parameters were compared with the ultrasonographic parameters in the scoliotics to disclose any relationship. The reliability of colour Doppler ultrasonography was high and the intra-observer variability low (ANOVA, P=0.92-0.94). There was no statistically significant difference in the ultrasonographic parameters of the internal mammary artery between right and left side in each individual as well as between scoliotics and controls. In scoliotics the right mammary artery time average mean velocity increases with the convex ( P<0.05) and concave ( P<0.01) rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebrae and with the apical convex rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.05). The right internal mammary artery flow volume per minute increases with convex ( P<0.01) and concave ( P<0.01) rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebrae and with the apical convex rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.05). Left internal mammary artery cross-sectional area increases with convex apical rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.01) and concave rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebra ( P<0.01). Conclusively, this investigation showed that haemodynamic flow parameters of the right internal mammary artery and anatomical parameters of the left internal mammary artery are significantly correlated with the magnitude of rib-vertebra angles close to the apex of @entity1635 in female adolescents. This study did not find any evidence for side-difference in vascularity of the anterior thorax wall and, thus, it could not clearly justify previous theories for development of @entity1635 in female adolescents.

title: Colour Doppler ultrasonography for evaluation of anterior chest blood supply: the possible role of arterial blood supply to the costosternal junction in the aetiology of XXXX in female adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['right thoracic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic right convex scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral rotation']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spine deformity']

answer: @entity2112 :: (MESH:C564593,Disease) :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate feasibility and safety of treating simple parapelvic @entity8 using flexible ureteroscopy with the Holmium laser. METHODS: Between February 2010 and July 2013, a total of 21 @entity1 , aging from 29 to 71 (49.00        13.23), were diagnosed with parapelvic @entity8 by ultrasonography in combination with contrast-enhanced computer tomography (CT) and intravenous urography (IVU) in the Department of Urology Surgery, @entity1 's Hospital of the Zhejiang province. Fifteen @entity1 were asymptomatic and 6 @entity1 were symptomatic with @entity812 . All @entity1 underwent drainage of the cysts using flexible ureteroscopy with Holmium laser. @entity1 were followed up 1, 3 and 12  months after the operation. RESULTS: The intervention was successful in 20 @entity1 and failed in 1 @entity1 who, subsequently successfully underwent a laparoscopic cyst removal. There were no intra-operative and post-operative complications reported. The mean operation time was 27  min (range: 15 to 45  min). The mean hospital stay was 2.6  days (range: 1 to 5  days). Twenty @entity1 were followed up until 15  months after surgery. After such ureteroscopic management, there were no @entity8 detected in 7 @entity1 (35  %) and a reduction in size of the @entity8 was found in 13 @entity1 (65  %). @entity812 subsided in all 6 (100  %) previously symptomatic @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Flexible ureteroscopy with the Holmium laser may be a feasible and effective treatment option in selected @entity1 with simple parapelvic @entity8 . Further prospective randomized studies that compare the procedure to laparoscopic treatments are needed.

title: Ureteroscopic management of asymptomatic and symptomatic simple parapelvic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'People']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal cysts']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['flank pain', 'Flank pain']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal cysts']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: This study evaluated in  vivo imaging capabilities and safety of qualitative monitoring of @entity26 saturation of hemoglobin ( @entity9734 ) of @entity95 ciliary body tissues obtained with acoustic resolution (AR) photoacoustic tomography (PAT). @entity5513 was used to collect trans-scleral images from ciliary body vasculature of seven New Zealand White @entity95 . The PAT @entity9734 measurements were obtained under the following conditions: when systemic @entity9734 as measured by pulse oximetry was between 100% and 99% (level 1); systemic @entity9734 as measured by pulse oximetry was between 98% and 90% (level 2); and systemic @entity9734 as measured by pulse oximetry was less than 90% (level 3). Following imaging, histological analysis of ocular tissue was conducted to evaluate for possible structural damage caused by the @entity5513 imaging. @entity5513 was able to resolve anatomical structures of the anterior segment of the eye, viewed through the @entity1347 . Histological studies revealed no @entity16 . On average, @entity9734 values (%) obtained with @entity5513 were lower than @entity9734 values obtained with pulse oximetry (all p  <  0.001): 86.28      4.16 versus 99.25      0.28, 84.09      1.81 vs. 95.3      2.6, and 64.49      7.27 vs. 71.15      10.21 for levels 1, 2 and 3 respectively. @entity5513 imaging modality is capable of qualitative monitoring for deep tissue @entity9734 in @entity95 . Further studies are needed to validate and modify the @entity5513 modality specifically for use in @entity1 eyes. Having a safe, non-invasive method of in  vivo imaging of @entity9734 in the anterior segment is important to studies evaluating the role of oxidative damage, @entity519 and @entity63 in pathogenesis of @entity2194 .

title: Photoacoustic tomography imaging and estimation of XXXX saturation of hemoglobin in ocular tissue of @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular diseases']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['cornea or anterior sclera']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['ocular damage']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: This study evaluated in  vivo imaging capabilities and safety of qualitative monitoring of @entity26 saturation of hemoglobin ( @entity9734 ) of @entity95 ciliary body tissues obtained with acoustic resolution (AR) photoacoustic tomography (PAT). @entity5513 was used to collect trans-scleral images from ciliary body vasculature of seven New Zealand White @entity95 . The PAT @entity9734 measurements were obtained under the following conditions: when systemic @entity9734 as measured by pulse oximetry was between 100% and 99% (level 1); systemic @entity9734 as measured by pulse oximetry was between 98% and 90% (level 2); and systemic @entity9734 as measured by pulse oximetry was less than 90% (level 3). Following imaging, histological analysis of ocular tissue was conducted to evaluate for possible structural damage caused by the @entity5513 imaging. @entity5513 was able to resolve anatomical structures of the anterior segment of the eye, viewed through the @entity1347 . Histological studies revealed no @entity16 . On average, @entity9734 values (%) obtained with @entity5513 were lower than @entity9734 values obtained with pulse oximetry (all p  <  0.001): 86.28      4.16 versus 99.25      0.28, 84.09      1.81 vs. 95.3      2.6, and 64.49      7.27 vs. 71.15      10.21 for levels 1, 2 and 3 respectively. @entity5513 imaging modality is capable of qualitative monitoring for deep tissue @entity9734 in @entity95 . Further studies are needed to validate and modify the @entity5513 modality specifically for use in @entity1 eyes. Having a safe, non-invasive method of in  vivo imaging of @entity9734 in the anterior segment is important to studies evaluating the role of oxidative damage, @entity519 and @entity63 in pathogenesis of @entity2194 .

title: Photoacoustic tomography imaging and estimation of @entity26 saturation of hemoglobin in ocular tissue of XXXX .

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Major @entity190 is unavoidable after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aim of this study was to determine if @entity927 ( @entity928 ) can reduce major @entity190 following TKA. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-control trial, 60 @entity1 treated with unilateral primary cement TKA between August 1st 2013 and September 30th 2013 were randomized into @entity928 500  mg intra-articular injection without drainage (test group, 30 knees) and 30 @entity1 with saline intra-articular injection (control group, 30 knees). RESULTS: There was a significant @entity190 (560.55  mL) between the groups at postoperative day (POD) 5 (999.22  mL vs. 1559.77  mL, P  =  0.001). The maximum hemoglobin drop was identified at POD 3 (10.51  g/dL vs. 9.10  g/dL, mean difference  =  1.41  g/dL). Also, there was a significant reduction in red blood cell and hematocrit loss (P  =  0.001). The transfusion rates (0% vs. 23.3%, P  =  0.011) and average amount transfused (0.00      0.00 units vs. 0.53      1.04 units, P  =  0.009) were significantly lower in the @entity928 group compared with control group. No significant difference in coagulation marker changes were found between @entity928 and control groups (P  >  0.05), but the D-dimer levels at 3 and 5 days post-TKA were statistically lower in the @entity928 group (P  <  0.05). No significant changes in the rate of symptomatic @entity1150 , @entity1151 , or wound healing problems were noted. CONCLUSIONS: @entity928 treatment without drainage during TKA reduces the amount of blood transfusions required without increasing the rate of adverse events.

title: Safety and efficacy of intra-articular XXXX injection without drainage on @entity190 in total knee arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss', 'reduction in mean blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['tranexamic acid']

answer: @entity927 :: (MESH:D014148,Chemical) :: ['tranexamic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Major @entity190 is unavoidable after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aim of this study was to determine if @entity927 ( @entity928 ) can reduce major @entity190 following TKA. METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-control trial, 60 @entity1 treated with unilateral primary cement TKA between August 1st 2013 and September 30th 2013 were randomized into @entity928 500  mg intra-articular injection without drainage (test group, 30 knees) and 30 @entity1 with saline intra-articular injection (control group, 30 knees). RESULTS: There was a significant @entity190 (560.55  mL) between the groups at postoperative day (POD) 5 (999.22  mL vs. 1559.77  mL, P  =  0.001). The maximum hemoglobin drop was identified at POD 3 (10.51  g/dL vs. 9.10  g/dL, mean difference  =  1.41  g/dL). Also, there was a significant reduction in red blood cell and hematocrit loss (P  =  0.001). The transfusion rates (0% vs. 23.3%, P  =  0.011) and average amount transfused (0.00      0.00 units vs. 0.53      1.04 units, P  =  0.009) were significantly lower in the @entity928 group compared with control group. No significant difference in coagulation marker changes were found between @entity928 and control groups (P  >  0.05), but the D-dimer levels at 3 and 5 days post-TKA were statistically lower in the @entity928 group (P  <  0.05). No significant changes in the rate of symptomatic @entity1150 , @entity1151 , or wound healing problems were noted. CONCLUSIONS: @entity928 treatment without drainage during TKA reduces the amount of blood transfusions required without increasing the rate of adverse events.

title: Safety and efficacy of intra-articular @entity927 injection without drainage on XXXX in total knee arthroplasty: A randomized clinical trial.

answer: @entity190 :: (MESH:D006473,Disease) :: ['blood loss']


abstract: Despite the widespread use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNBx) in the surgical management of @entity0 @entity1 , several areas remain controversial. The following controversies are reviewed: Learning curves and validation studies. There clearly is a learning curve, and a completion ALND should be done until adequate proficiency is exhibited, both in terms of identification and false-negative rates. Location of injection. Intradermal injection offers superior identification rates compared with peritumoral injection, with comparable false-negative rates. Subareolar injection is as accurate as peritumoral injection. The value of scintigraphy. Routine scintigraphy does not enhance identification or false-negative rates. Mapping agents. Blue dye and radioactive tracer combined to provide a higher identification rate than either used alone.SLNBx in DCIS. In @entity1 with a high risk of microinvasion, such as large @entity5 , a mass or high-grade DCIS-SLNBx is justified.SLNBx following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Although there is evidence that SLNBx after neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be accurate, these data should be applied cautiously. Implications of non axillary SLN, especially internal mammary nodes. Data do not support routine resection of internal mammary sentinel lymph nodes outside a clinical trial. Implications of micrometastases in the sentinel lymph node seen only on immunohistochemistry. Since the significance of such metastases is unclear, decisions regarding treatment of these @entity1 should be individualized. The value of completion axillary lymph node dissection. Is being addressed in clinical trials. Until those studies mature, completion ALND should be performed for @entity1 with SLN metastases, but may be abandoned for @entity1 with a negative SLN.

title: Current controversies in sentinel lymph node biopsy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Macrophages readily change their phenotype in response to exogenous stimuli. In this work, macrophages were stimulated under a variety of experimental conditions, and phenotypic alterations were correlated with changes in gene expression. We identified 3 transcriptionally related populations of macrophages with immunoregulatory activity. They were generated by stimulating cells with TLR ligands in the presence of 3 different "reprogramming" signals: high-density ICs, @entity1421 , or Ado. All 3 of these cell populations produced high levels of transcripts for @entity1618 and growth and angiogenic factors. They also secreted reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines @entity635 , @entity777 , and IL-12. All 3 macrophage phenotypes could partially rescue @entity19 from lethal @entity5694 , and therefore, we consider each to have anti-inflammatory activity. This ability to regulate innate-immune responses occurred equally well in macrophages from @entity9094 -deficient @entity19 . The lack of @entity9094 did not affect the ability of macrophages to change cytokine production reciprocally or to rescue @entity19 from lethal @entity5694 . Furthermore, treatment of macrophages with @entity58 failed to induce similar phenotypic or transcriptional alterations. This work demonstrates that there are multiple ways to generate macrophages with immunoregulatory activity. These anti-inflammatory macrophages are transcriptionally and functionally related to each other and are quite distinct from macrophages treated with @entity58 .

title: The generation of macrophages with anti-inflammatory activity in the absence of XXXX signaling.

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

answer: @entity9094 :: (20852(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['STAT6']


abstract: Pesticide-induced changes in surface @entity4222 by earthworms in grassland were investigated using trapping and the fungicide @entity13642 . Traps were tended daily for 15 days after spraying, resulting in 2152 earthworms, five species, and juvenile predominance which reflected species/life-stage composition in the soil. Significant increases in @entity4222 (all worms) occurred already by day 2 due to spraying, final treatment level being 2.8 x control. Life-stage composition indicated an increased juvenile proportion from 55% to 75% due to treatment. Spraying caused surfacing juveniles to increase significantly by day 2, reaching a final level 3.8 x control, whereas for mature worms a significant increase did not occur until day 4. Species rank-order was Aporrectodea longa>A. rosea> @entity6404 >A. caliginosa in control areas, but A. longa> @entity6405 >A. rosea>A. caliginosa in sprayed areas; spraying altered the rank-order such that the anecic A. longa and @entity6405 dominated, jointly increasing from 59% to 78%. At species level, @entity6405 and A. longa exhibited significant increases of 4.6 x and 3.6 x in final @entity4222 levels in treated areas, the @entity1129 having trends for increase. Species-specific differences for reaction time occurred, with significantly elevated @entity4222 already by day 1 for @entity6405 , and day 2 for @entity1129 . For each species, juveniles consistently showed greater increases than mature worms due to spraying, significantly so for juvenile @entity6405 , A. longa, and A. caliginosa, the two anecics reaching as high as 5.3 x and 4.7 x. The response of mature worms differed: A. longa and A. rosea increased surfacing due to treatment, @entity6405 showed a delayed reaction, whereas A. caliginosa exhibited suppressed @entity4222 . Results are discussed relative to behavior, ecological category, and risk of toxic exposure.

title: Pesticide-induced surface XXXX by lumbricid earthworms in grassland: life-stage and species differences.

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['migration']

entities_list: @entity6404 :: ('6398', 'Species') :: ['Lumbricus terrestris']

entities_list: @entity1129 :: ('MESH:D001260', 'Disease') :: ['endogeic A. rosea and A. caliginosa', 'A. longa and A. caliginosa']

answer: @entity4222 :: (MESH:D014085,Disease) :: ['migration']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The liver is the main site of synthesis and/or clearance of proteins involved in fibrinolysis. Therefore, @entity409 , including @entity82 , leads to altered plasma levels of fibrinolytic proteins. Historical studies using in vitro clot lysis assays suggested that @entity1 with @entity409 had accelerated fibrinolysis. Subsequent studies measured levels of individual pro- and antifibrinolytic proteins and showed that levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator are elevated. Plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may also be altered, which leads to a shift in balance in the fibrinolytic system. Despite the fact that a more recent study using a plasma clot lysis assay challenged the existence of @entity9660 , other recent studies detected @entity9660 in a considerable number of @entity1 with @entity82 . Therefore, it is now recognized that @entity9660 may occur in 30 to 50% of @entity1 with @entity3851 . A causal role of @entity9660 in bleeding is difficult to establish because also other concomitant changes in hemostasis occur. Treatment of @entity9660 consists of the use of fibrinolysis inhibitors, such as @entity927 . In this review we summarize current insights of the role of the liver in fibrinolysis, changes in fibrinolytic proteins, the potential clinical implications, and management of @entity9660 in @entity409 .

title: The Fibrinolytic Status in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease', 'liver disease']

entities_list: @entity9660 :: ('MESH:C567640', 'Disease') :: ['hyperfibrinolysis']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage liver disease']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['Liver Diseases']


abstract: In vivo imaging methodologies allow for serial measurement of @entity5 size, circumventing the need for sacrificing @entity19 at given time points. In orthotopically transplanted @entity19 models of @entity1313 , cross-section micro-MRI allows for visualization and measurement of the physically inaccessible @entity5 . To allow for long resident times of a contrast agent in the @entity5 , intraperitoneal administration was used as a route of injection for contrast-enhanced micro-MRI, and a simple method for relative @entity5 volume measurements was examined. A strategy for visualizing the variability of the delayed @entity5 enhancement was developed. These strategies were applied to monitor the growth of @entity1313 xenotransplanted into @entity19 and either treated with the antiangiogenic peptide @entity39913 or an inactive control peptide. Each @entity19 was used as its own control. Serial imaging was done weekly, beginning at Day 7 after @entity5 cell implantation and continued for 7 weeks. Images obtained were reconstructed on the MRI instrument. The image files were transferred off line to be postprocessed to assess @entity5 growth (volume) and variability in enhancement (three-dimensional [3-D] intensity models). In a small study, @entity5 growth and response to treatment were followed using this methodology and the high-resolution images displayed in 3-D allowed for straightforward qualitative assessment of variable enhancement related to vascular factors and @entity5 age.

title: Micro-MRI at 11.7 T of a @entity19 XXXX model using delayed contrast enhancement.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice', 'murine']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumor']


abstract: In vivo imaging methodologies allow for serial measurement of @entity5 size, circumventing the need for sacrificing @entity19 at given time points. In orthotopically transplanted @entity19 models of @entity1313 , cross-section micro-MRI allows for visualization and measurement of the physically inaccessible @entity5 . To allow for long resident times of a contrast agent in the @entity5 , intraperitoneal administration was used as a route of injection for contrast-enhanced micro-MRI, and a simple method for relative @entity5 volume measurements was examined. A strategy for visualizing the variability of the delayed @entity5 enhancement was developed. These strategies were applied to monitor the growth of @entity1313 xenotransplanted into @entity19 and either treated with the antiangiogenic peptide @entity39913 or an inactive control peptide. Each @entity19 was used as its own control. Serial imaging was done weekly, beginning at Day 7 after @entity5 cell implantation and continued for 7 weeks. Images obtained were reconstructed on the MRI instrument. The image files were transferred off line to be postprocessed to assess @entity5 growth (volume) and variability in enhancement (three-dimensional [3-D] intensity models). In a small study, @entity5 growth and response to treatment were followed using this methodology and the high-resolution images displayed in 3-D allowed for straightforward qualitative assessment of variable enhancement related to vascular factors and @entity5 age.

title: Micro-MRI at 11.7 T of a XXXX @entity1313 model using delayed contrast enhancement.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The nontherapeutic laparotomy rate in penetrating @entity1661 remains high and the morbidity rate in these cases is approximately 40%. Selective management, rather than mandatory laparotomy, has become a popular approach in both @entity2980 and @entity18329 . The advent of spiral technology has stimulated a reassessment of the role of computed tomography (CT) in many aspects of @entity130 care. We prospectively investigated the current utility of triple-contrast CT as a diagnostic tool to facilitate initial therapeutic management decisions in penetrating torso @entity130 . METHODS: We studied hemodynamically stable @entity1 with penetrating injury to the torso (abdomen, pelvis, flank, back, or lower chest) without definite indication for laparotomy, admitted to our @entity130 center during the 1-year period from 7/99 through 6/00. @entity1 underwent triple-contrast enhanced spiral CT as the initial study. A positive CT scan was defined as any evidence of peritoneal violation (free air or fluid, contrast leak, or @entity130 ). @entity1 with positive CT, except those with isolated solid viscus injury, underwent laparotomy. @entity1 with negative CT were observed. RESULTS: There were 75 consecutive @entity1 studied: mean age 30 years (range 15-85 years); 67 (89%) male; 41 (55%) gunshot wound, 32 (43%) stab wound, 2 (3%) shotgun wound; mean admission systolic blood pressure 141 mm Hg (range 95-194 mm Hg); 26 (35%) had positive CT and 49 (65%) had negative CT. In @entity1 with positive CT, 18 (69%) had laparotomy: 15 therapeutic, 2 nontherapeutic, and 1 negative. Five @entity1 had isolated @entity99 and 2 had hepatic and @entity130 on CT and all were successfully managed without laparotomy. Of these seven @entity1 , three had angioembolization and two had thoracoscopic diaphragm repair. In @entity1 with negative CT, 47/49 (96%) had successful nonoperative management and 1 had negative laparotomy. The single CT-missed peritoneal violation had a @entity130 at laparotomy. CT accurately predicted whether laparotomy was needed in 71/75 (95%) @entity1 . CONCLUSION: In penetrating torso @entity130 , triple-contrast abdominopelvic CT can accurately predict need for laparotomy, exclude peritoneal violation, and facilitate nonoperative management of @entity99 . Adjunctive angiography and investigation for @entity130 may be prudent.

title: Determining the need for laparotomy in penetrating torso XXXX : a prospective study using triple-contrast enhanced abdominopelvic computed tomography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity18329 :: ('MESH:D014948', 'Disease') :: ['gunshot wounds']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity2980 :: ('MESH:D014951', 'Disease') :: ['stab wounds']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragm injury', 'visceral injury', 'left diaphragm injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Our research concerned the impact of chemotherapy on the haematological and biochemical profiles of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1503 and receiving treatment in Abidjan. The study covered 57 @entity1 , 26 of whom were receiving treatment. @entity2109 was the most common type of malignant @entity1503 encountered (33%). The proportion of @entity1 was slightly higher, at 54%, and the average age of @entity1 was 26. Hyperleucocytosis, @entity417 and medullar blastosis were the most common @entity3459 . The @entity5 arising from hyperleucocytosis and medullar blastosis caused increases in proteins from inflammatory reaction. The increase was moderate for alpha 1 globulins and haptoglobin and high (at least twice the reference levels) for @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) and orosomucoid. Full remission was only achieved in the cases of @entity2109 , in which the haematological and biochemical parameters reached near-normal levels following treatment. In cases of @entity1860 the treatment lowered the hyperleucocytosis but the high rate of @entity1851 might indicate that the disease was reaching a more acute phase. In the cases of acute @entity1778 , chemotherapy did not achieve full remission: the alpha 1 globulins, including orosomucoids, were the most sensitive proteins to treatment. Even though the rate of @entity1851 was lowered, it remained high in all cases of acute @entity1778 . Neither haematological nor biochemical data proved superior to the other in monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment or the gradual return of the disease. It would be beneficial to combine them in order to obtain a clearer assessment of the effectiveness of chemotherapy.

title: [The impact of chemotherapy on haematological and biochemical profiles during XXXX in Abidjan, C  te d'Ivoire].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ["Burkitt's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['blood disorders']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['malignant blood diseases', 'blood disease']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['chronic myeloid leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['CRP', 'C Reactive Protein']

answer: @entity1503 :: (MESH:D006402,Disease) :: ['malignant blood diseases']


abstract: This population-based study was conducted in Veneto and Trentino (northwestern Italy, population 5 million). In this area, neonatal screening for @entity1577 started in 1973 and has been virtually universal since the early 1980s. During this study, the estimated incidence of @entity1577 in this region was 1/2,650 livebirths per year. The authors analyzed data on 593 @entity1 born in 1938-2000 and living in the region who were followed by a single referral center. Median time from birth to confirmation of diagnosis after screening was 32 days (range, 0-1,531). For @entity1 whose disease was recognized after symptoms occurred, median age at diagnosis was always less than 1 year. Median survival age was 37.7 years. Long-term survival (to age 20-30 years) was not significantly influenced by mode of diagnosis (screened or unscreened), sex, or age at diagnosis for unscreened @entity1 (<1, 1-5, >5 years). Current survival analysis of three consecutive decades showed that improving survival tended to vanish in the last years of the study. The authors concluded that a regional neonatal screening program allows very early recognition of @entity1577 . They could not conclude that neonatal screening improves long-term survival if compared with diagnosis by symptoms in early infancy.

title: Epidemiology and survival analysis of XXXX in an area of intense neonatal screening over 30 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: Objective-To determine whether partial transection of the medial branch of the suspensory ligament (MBSL) alters @entity1641 third metacarpal bone (MC3) condylar surface strains and forelimb, distal joint angles in a manner consistent with promotion of @entity174 . Study Design-In vitro biomechanical experiment. Sample Population-Right forelimbs from 7 Thoroughbred @entity1641 cadavers. Methods-Lateral and medial MC3 condylar, dorsal and abaxial, bone surface strains and distal joint angles were measured both before and after partial transection of the MBSL during in vitro axial limb compression. Dorsal, principal bone strains and abaxial, uniaxial, and proximodistal strains were compared before and after MBSL partial transection at 1,400-, 3,000-, and 5,600-N loads. Results-Bone strains increased in all locations with increasing axial load. All lateral condylar bone strains were significantly higher, and abaxial surface medial condylar bone strain was significantly lower, after partial transection of the MBSL. Respective distal joints became more flexed or extended as axial load increased but were not significantly different after partial transection of the MBSL. Conclusions-Partial transection of the MBSL increases in vitro MC3 lateral condylar bone surface strains. Clinical Relevance-Loss of integrity of the medial branch of the suspensory ligament could increase the risk for @entity174 in Thoroughbred @entity1641 by amplifying bone strain in the lateral condyle.

title: Biomechanical investigation of the association between suspensory ligament injury and XXXX in thoroughbred racehorses.

entities_list: @entity1641 :: ('9796', 'Species') :: ['horses', 'horse', 'equine']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['lateral condylar fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['lateral condylar fracture']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was designed to prospectively evaluate the driving habits of @entity1 with @entity989 , who were referred to the specialised retinal ambulatory care center of the Landesaugenklinik Salzburg. The main purpose of this study was to compare the legal requirements for visual acuity, as currently valid in Austria and Germany for driving motor vehicles, with the results found in this @entity1 cohort and to analyse driving patterns of the @entity1 with valid licenses. With these data, it seems possible to suggest a suitable time for a legally mandatory eye examination as to identify subjects with a potentially rising higher accident risk when driving. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 100 @entity1 - all holders of a valid driving licence - with @entity6 or age related @entity1020 were enrolled. From each @entity1 , the visual acuity (corrected or uncorrected depending on the driving habit) was recorded and a detailed questionnaire regarding the actual driving habits was requested. The resulting data were analysed in view of the legal requirements of both countries, Austria and Germany. RESULTS: Of 100 @entity1 holding a valid driving licence a total of 31 were driving their motor vehicles with a legally insufficient visual acuity, 26 of 50 still driving. Of 50 @entity1 suffering from @entity6 , 26 drove their cars illegally. Only 4 out of the above mentioned 31 @entity1 had received sufficient information from their referring ophthalmologists. The average age of "illegal" drivers was 66.2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Within the European Community common legal requirements for driving a motor vehicle (regarding mainly the visual acuity) be clearly defined and a mandatory eye exam performed by qualified ophthalmologists for older subjects should be postulated. An individual and age related time limit to be placed on the driving licences of @entity1 suffering from @entity262 associated with relevant @entity227 should to be discussed. Furthermore, ophthalmologists should be obliged to give detailed information to the @entity1 with adequate documentation.

title: [Automobile drivers with XXXX - a prospective analysis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['retinal diseases']


abstract: @entity1238 has been widely used for molecular, cellular, and developmental studies. With the development of the sperm-mediated transgenic method, it is now possible to study gene function during vertebrate development by using this popular model. On the other hand, like other animal species, it is labor intensive, and the maintenance of transgenic lines is expensive. In this article, we investigated the possibility of using sperm-cryopreservation as a means to preserve transgenic frog lines. We demonstrated that cryopreserved sperms are viable but not fertile under our @entity52 ( @entity52 ) conditions. However, by microinjecting cryopreserved sperm nuclei, we successfully regenerated a transgenic line carrying a double promoter transgene construct, where the marker gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is driven by the gamma-crystallin gene promoter and a gene of interest, encoding a fusion protein of GFP with the matrix metalloproteinase @entity70648 ( @entity70648 -GFP), is driven by a heat shock-inducible promoter. We demonstrated the functional transmission of the @entity70648 -GFP transgene by analyzing the phenotype of the F1 animals after @entity1457 to induce its expression. Our method thus provides an inexpensive means to preserve transgenic frog lines and a convenient way for distribution of transgenic lines. Furthermore, the ease with which to microinject nuclei compared to the technically demanding transgenesis procedure with variable outcome should facilitate more laboratories to use transgenic @entity1238 for functional studies in vivo. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 67: 65-69, 2004.

title: Cryopreservation of XXXX transgenic lines.

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilization']

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus']


abstract: Etiopatology of clefts has not been explained yet. It is assumed that the cause of this defect is complex and heterogeneous. Genes which induce the incidence of cleft have not been detected too but clinical observations indicate a familial predisposition. At the Plastic Surgery Clinic of the     dz Medical Academy, on years 1972-2001, 3180 @entity1 with @entity3384 were being treated. The group under examination consisted of 540 @entity1 with positive family histories. Two genetic groups were confirmed and each of them with a different risk of the reoccurrence of the defect. The first group-- @entity3384 , the second group--an isolated @entity2419 . A correlation between the type of cleft and a @entity1 's sex and its cleft affected parent was found. Among @entity1 of mothers with @entity3384 there were 60% of @entity1 and only 15% of @entity1 with the same type of cleft. In mothers with @entity3384 the same type of cleft has been detected in 70% of @entity1 and 18% @entity1 . Similar results were obtained when affected fathers were taken into account. However, in case of mothers and fathers who were affected with isolated @entity2419 there were significantly more @entity1 than @entity1 who had @entity2419 . An in-depth study of cleft inheritance mechanisms will make in the future a more precise prediction of the occurrence of the defect in consecutive generations possible. Perhaps, the chance to work out cleft preventions will emerge and the gathered data will be taken advantage of in genetic counselling.

title: [ @entity3384 with or without coexisting XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'boys', 'girls', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['cleft palate']

entities_list: @entity3384 :: ('MESH:D002971', 'Disease') :: ['cleft lip', 'cleft lip and palate', 'cleft lip or/and palate']

answer: @entity2419 :: (MESH:D002972,Disease) :: ['cleft palate']


abstract: Etiopatology of clefts has not been explained yet. It is assumed that the cause of this defect is complex and heterogeneous. Genes which induce the incidence of cleft have not been detected too but clinical observations indicate a familial predisposition. At the Plastic Surgery Clinic of the     dz Medical Academy, on years 1972-2001, 3180 @entity1 with @entity3384 were being treated. The group under examination consisted of 540 @entity1 with positive family histories. Two genetic groups were confirmed and each of them with a different risk of the reoccurrence of the defect. The first group-- @entity3384 , the second group--an isolated @entity2419 . A correlation between the type of cleft and a @entity1 's sex and its cleft affected parent was found. Among @entity1 of mothers with @entity3384 there were 60% of @entity1 and only 15% of @entity1 with the same type of cleft. In mothers with @entity3384 the same type of cleft has been detected in 70% of @entity1 and 18% @entity1 . Similar results were obtained when affected fathers were taken into account. However, in case of mothers and fathers who were affected with isolated @entity2419 there were significantly more @entity1 than @entity1 who had @entity2419 . An in-depth study of cleft inheritance mechanisms will make in the future a more precise prediction of the occurrence of the defect in consecutive generations possible. Perhaps, the chance to work out cleft preventions will emerge and the gathered data will be taken advantage of in genetic counselling.

title: [ XXXX with or without coexisting @entity2419 ].

answer: @entity3384 :: (MESH:D002971,Disease) :: ['Familial cleft lip']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review and rationalize the liberal use of antenatal @entity5935 in the setting of threatened @entity600 . STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed using the charts of all @entity1 at Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal QC, who received antenatal @entity5935 between 01 April 1997 and 31 March 1998. Initial treatment consisted of 2 doses of 12 mg IM given 24 hours apart. Repeat doses of 12 mg weekly were administered at the discretion of the treating physician. Optimal antenatal @entity5935 therapy was defined as delivery within 1 week of initial treatment, prior to 34 weeks. Aside from number and timing of doses, other factors analyzed included: gestational age at admission and delivery, diagnosis associated with threatened @entity600 ( @entity600 ), number of hospital admissions, and delay between re-admission and delivery. RESULTS: Of the 334 @entity1 identified, 82 (25%) received optimal treatment. Of the remaining 252 @entity1 , 204 (81%) received repeat doses. In the repeat dose group, 112 (55%) @entity1 delivered after 34 weeks, while 70 of the 92 remaining @entity1 were hospitalized until delivery. The other 22 @entity1 who received serial doses were discharged at least once prior to delivery; of these @entity1 , 8 were re-admitted more than 24 hours pre-delivery (i.e., adequate time for re-treatment), while 14 were not, but only 6 of these were delivered urgently. Thus, a maximum of 60 @entity1 (25% of repeat doses) could potentially have benefited from this approach. Of the 48 @entity1 not receiving repeat doses, 37 (77%) delivered after 34 weeks. Five remained hospitalized, and 6 were discharged prior to delivery and re-admitted (2 @entity1 > 24 hr and 4 @entity1 < 24 hr from delivery). This represented a potential underutilization of @entity5935 by 3% (11/334) of the @entity1 , but only 1.8% (6/334) were of less than 32 weeks' gestation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the difficulty in predicting which of the @entity1 presenting with threatened @entity600 would actually go on to deliver during the window of benefit of antenatal @entity5935 therapy. Our desire to permit all premature fetuses to profit from the positive effects of this therapy must be balanced by a reserve in exposing too many to too much. Use of antenatal @entity5935 in our unit has significantly decreased since this review.

title: Do we use too much antenatal XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5935 :: ('MESH:D001623', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth', 'PTB']

answer: @entity5935 :: (MESH:D001623,Chemical) :: ['betamethasone']


abstract: Millions of @entity1 with @entity102 are still treated with epidural corticosteroids. The efficacy of epidural corticosteroids remains questionable, especially in the @entity11252 ( @entity11252 ). The affected nerve root sleeve(s) are localized with the help of fluoroscopy and contrast dye. Local anesthetic diluted in 1,500 U hyaluronidase and 40 mg @entity1667 is injected. Twenty @entity1 with @entity11252 , a small retrospective pilot study group, were treated. The success rate is evaluated using a verbal @entity158 rating scale, 1 month and 3 months after the last injection. Initially, 12 @entity1 obtained very good @entity158 relief, sustained for >3 months in 11 @entity1 . In one @entity1 , @entity158 returned after >1 month. No complications were observed. This technique is worthwhile for @entity1 with @entity11252 and where @entity82 is suspected to be the @entity158 origin.

title: Transforaminal nerve root sleeve injection with corticosteroids, hyaluronidase, and local anesthetic in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['epidural fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic sciatica']

entities_list: @entity11252 :: ('MESH:D055111', 'Disease') :: ['chronic failed back surgery syndrome', 'CFBSS']

answer: @entity11252 :: (MESH:D055111,Disease) :: ['failed back surgery syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3681 associated with tibial shaft @entity174 can cause postoperative @entity158 and stiffness even when satisfactory bony union has been achieved. Although several previous studies have described these injuries, they have not been clearly defined or classified in terms of @entity3681 or need for surgical fixation. METHODS: Seventy-one consecutive @entity1 (mean    SD age, 48.3    16.7 years; 37 @entity1 and 34 @entity1 ) with tibial shaft @entity174 who underwent computed tomography examination were included. Data were collected including age, sex, body mass index, @entity174 location of the tibia and fibula (in percentile of length), @entity174 shape (spiral, oblique, transverse), presence and pattern of @entity3681 (on the distal tibial articular surface), and necessity for surgical fixation of @entity3681 . Factors associated with @entity3681 associated with tibial shaft @entity174 were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 47 (64.7%) of the 71 tibial shaft @entity174 involved @entity3681 , including 8 cases of combined @entity174 , @entity174 , and anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (AITFL) @entity155 @entity174 ; 9 cases of combined @entity174 and @entity174 ; 6 cases of combined @entity174 and @entity174 ; 1 case of combined @entity174 and @entity174 ; 10 cases of @entity174 ; 7 cases of @entity174 ; 5 cases of @entity174 ; and 1 unclassified @entity174 . Of these, 34 of the @entity3681 required surgical fixation. Spiral-type tibial shaft @entity174 was significantly associated with concomitant @entity3681 (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware that tibial shaft @entity174 , especially @entity174 , are frequently associated with @entity3681 , such as @entity174 , @entity174 , and AITFL @entity155 @entity174 . A considerable portion of these cases may necessitate surgical fixation. We recommend all spiral-type tibial shaft @entity174 routinely undergo computed tomography examination. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, comparative series.

title: Concomitant XXXX Associated With Tibial Shaft Fractures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'lateral malleolar fractures', 'posterior malleolar fracture', 'lateral malleolar fracture', 'tibial fracture', 'posterior malleolar fractures', 'spiral-type fractures', 'fracture', 'AITFL avulsion fracture']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['Ankle injuries', 'ankle injury', 'ankle injury type', 'concomitant ankle injuries', 'ankle injuries']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['ankle pain']

answer: @entity3681 :: (MESH:D016512,Disease) :: ['Ankle Injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rates of medication discontinuation reflect factors including effectiveness, tolerability, cost, and dosing frequency. Discontinuation data can be useful to physicians and health plan managers as they compare various @entity726 medications. OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of discontinuation of therapy in @entity1 initially prescribed monotherapy with a @entity726 medication. METHODS: Members of a managed care plan who filled at least 1 prescription for latanoprost, @entity6839 , or @entity16495 during a 30-month period were eligible to participate in this study. Prescription refill records for all @entity726 agents used in the plan were extracted for the study period. Rates of discontinuation of initial @entity726 therapy were compared using Cox regression methods; Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated. RESULTS: A total of 72,744 prescriptions were eligible, of which 48491 were for study drugs. Latanoprost was the most frequently dispensed therapy (accounting for 49.7% of study drugs), followed by @entity6839 (30.6%), and @entity16495 (19.6%). After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 2283 @entity1 were included in analyses. Latanoprost-treated @entity1 were significantly less likely to discontinue medication than were those treated with @entity6839 or @entity16495 . Kaplan-Meier survival curves confirmed that latanoprost-treated @entity1 exhibited the greatest persistency with therapy. CONCLUSION: In this managed care setting, rates of discontinuation in @entity1 initially treated with latanoprost were lower than those of @entity1 receiving comparator drugs.

title: Discontinuation rates of XXXX medications in a managed care population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16495 :: ('MESH:C015620', 'Chemical') :: ['brimonidine']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma', 'topical glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['topical glaucoma']


abstract: We have investigated the suitability of a recently identified and characterized population of neuronal progenitor cells for their potential use in the replacement of degenerating or damaged neurons in the @entity1 brain. The unique population of neuronal progenitor cells is situated in a well-delineated region of the anterior part of the neonatal subventricular zone (referred to as SVZa). This region can be separated from the remaining proliferative, gliogenic, subventricular zone encircling the lateral ventricles of the forebrain. Because the neurons arising from the highly enriched neurogenic progenitor cell population of the SVZa ordinarily migrate considerable distances and ultimately express the neurotransmitters @entity1246 and @entity935 , we have examined whether they could serve as an alternative source of tissue for neural transplantation. SVZa cells from postnatal day 0-2 @entity35 , prelabeled by intraperitoneal injections of the cell proliferation marker @entity1603 , were implanted into the striatum of adult @entity35 approximately 1 mo after unilateral denervation by @entity2955 . To examine the spatio-temporal distribution and phenotype of the transplanted SVZa cells, the experimental recipients were perfused at short (less than 1 wk), intermediate (2-3 wk) and long (5 mo) postimplantation times. The host brains were sectioned and stained with an antibody to @entity1603 and one of several cell-type specific markers to determine the phenotypic characteristics of the transplanted SVZa cells. To identify neurons we used the neuron-specific antibody TuJ1, or antimembrane-associated protein 2 ( @entity19744 ), and anti- @entity40 was used to identify astrocytic glia. At all studied intervals the majority of the surviving SVZa cells exhibited a neuronal phenotype. Moreover, morphologically they could be distinguished from the cells of the host striatum because they resembled the intrinsic granule cells of the olfactory bulb, their usual fate. At longer times, a greater number of the transplanted SVZa cells had migrated from their site of implantation, often towards an outlying blood vessel, and the density of cells within the core of the transplant was reduced. Furthermore, there were rarely signs of transplant rejection or a @entity66 surrounding the transplant. In the core of the transplant there were low numbers of @entity40 -positive cells, indicating that the transplanted SVZa cells, predominantly TuJ1-positive/MAP2-positive, express a neuronal phenotype. Collectively, the propensity of the SVZa cells to express a neuronal phenotype and to survive and integrate in the striatal environment suggest that they may be useful in the reconstruction of the brain following CNS @entity66 .

title: Neuronal progenitor cells of the neonatal subventricular zone differentiate and disperse following transplantation into the adult XXXX striatum.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['injury or disease', 'glial scar']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Retropharyngeal @entity1410 is a rare entity which may progress rapidly to @entity1224 . Previously documented causes have included coagulopathic states, @entity130 , @entity281 , @entity3243 , and foreign-object ingestion. Four cases of spontaneous @entity1410 without any known predisposing risk factors have been previously reported. Two of these cases had fatal outcomes. METHODS: A case report is presented and the literature reviewed. RESULTS: Spontaneous cervical @entity1410 with parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal involvement which caused near-complete @entity1576 occurred in an otherwise healthy young @entity1 following straining. Initial management involved fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation. Subsequent right neck exploration revealed @entity548 from a branch of the external carotid artery, which was ligated. An arteriogram revealed minimal flow through the right external carotid artery and its branches. The @entity1 was extubated and discharged uneventfully on the fourth postoperative day. CONCLUSION: The possible etiology for this case is discussed, and a review of the literature and the role of surgery in the management of this entity is outlined.

title: Spontaneous cervical @entity548 with near-complete XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['retropharyngeal hematomas', 'hematoma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid adenoma rupture']

answer: @entity1224 :: (MESH:D000402,Disease) :: ['airway obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Retropharyngeal @entity1410 is a rare entity which may progress rapidly to @entity1224 . Previously documented causes have included coagulopathic states, @entity130 , @entity281 , @entity3243 , and foreign-object ingestion. Four cases of spontaneous @entity1410 without any known predisposing risk factors have been previously reported. Two of these cases had fatal outcomes. METHODS: A case report is presented and the literature reviewed. RESULTS: Spontaneous cervical @entity1410 with parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal involvement which caused near-complete @entity1576 occurred in an otherwise healthy young @entity1 following straining. Initial management involved fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation. Subsequent right neck exploration revealed @entity548 from a branch of the external carotid artery, which was ligated. An arteriogram revealed minimal flow through the right external carotid artery and its branches. The @entity1 was extubated and discharged uneventfully on the fourth postoperative day. CONCLUSION: The possible etiology for this case is discussed, and a review of the literature and the role of surgery in the management of this entity is outlined.

title: Spontaneous cervical XXXX with near-complete @entity1224 .

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhage']