abstract: The influence of @entity6167 ( @entity6167 ) of @entity2247 and @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ) of the diet on digestive and performance traits of broilers to 21 d was studied. There were four treatments arranged factorially with two @entity2247 -processing treatments (raw or heated), two levels of @entity2246 (0 or 500 ppm), and five replicates per treatment. Chicks fed @entity6167 @entity2247 grew faster than broilers fed raw @entity2247 until 8 d of age, but the effect disappeared thereafter. In general, @entity2246 improved broiler performance at all ages. Intestinal viscosity was increased by @entity6167 of @entity2247 (P < or = 0.05) and reduced by @entity2246 (P < or = 0.001), and the decrease in viscosity caused by @entity2246 was greater for @entity6167 than for raw @entity2247 diets ( @entity6167 x @entity2246 ; P < or = 0.05). Heat processing of @entity2247 and @entity2246 of the diet improved apparent retention of nutrients (P < or = 0.001). Age affected apparent retention of nutrients differently. For starch and neutral detergent fiber, retention increased linearly with age (P < or = 0.01), but for the remaining nutrients the retention decreased from d 4 to 8 and then increased until d 21 (P < or = 0.001). Also, the beneficial effects of @entity6167 on retention of nutrients were more pronounced at younger ages ( @entity6167 x age; P < or = 0.05). Both @entity6167 (P < or = 0.001) and @entity2246 (P < or = 0.01) increased liver weight, and enzymes reduced the weights of pancreas (P < or = 0.05) and small intestine (P < or = 0.001). Villus height was improved by @entity6167 (P < or = 0.001) and @entity2246 (P < or = 0.01), but villus surface area was only improved by enzymes (P < or = 0.01). It was concluded that broiler performance is improved by @entity6167 of @entity2247 at early ages and by @entity2246 of the diet throughout the trial. Also, @entity6167 and @entity2246 increased apparent retention of nutrients, AMEn of the diet, and villus height.

title: Heat processing of @entity2247 and XXXX of diets for broilers.

answer: @entity2246 :: (MESH:D008661,Disease) :: ['enzyme supplementation']


abstract: PURPOSE: We assessed surgical outcomes for @entity1 intolerant of catheters with secondary progressive @entity15 undergoing urinary diversion/reconstruction for refractory urinary symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 with secondary progressive @entity15 treated with ileovesicostomy, enterocystoplasty and ileal loop surgeries were reviewed for demographic, operative and postoperative data. All @entity1 had attempted maximal conservative therapy, including catheterization options. Evaluated outcome measures included incidence of postoperative @entity322 , @entity293 and Clavien grade 3 or higher complications. RESULTS: A total of 26 @entity1 (22 female) with secondary progressive @entity15 underwent 15 ileovesicostomy, 7 enterocystoplasty and 4 ileal loop procedures. All @entity1 had significant @entity16 (mean Expanded Disability Status Scale 7), and the most common indications for surgery were chronic @entity293 (77%) and refractory @entity322 (77%). Maximum preoperative bladder capacity was 185 cc and mean bladder compliance was 5.7 cc/cm @entity2507 . After a mean followup of 16 months 63% of @entity1 were continent (p = 0.01) and 58% had no further @entity293 (p = 0.03). The type of diversion/reconstruction was not associated with significantly improved continence or @entity293 reduction. No new upper tract changes developed in any @entity1 . There were 11 high grade complications, and @entity1 with a preoperative indwelling catheter (HR 5.89, p = 0.024), @entity6 (HR 5.60, p = 0.009) and increasing @entity190 during surgery (HR 1.09, p = 0.014) were at greatest risk for significant complications. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with secondary progressive @entity15 treated with urinary diversion/reconstruction who cannot tolerate catheters had improved continence and fewer @entity293 . However, @entity1 with secondary progressive @entity15 with preoperative indwelling catheters, @entity6 , increased body mass index and increasing operative @entity190 were at greatest risk for postoperative morbidity.

title: Urinary diversion/reconstruction for cases of catheter intolerant secondary progressive XXXX with refractory urinary symptoms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological impairment']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: @entity41095 (lipoid CAH) is the most severe form of CAH in which the synthesis of all gonadal and adrenal cortical @entity230 is markedly impaired. Lipoid CAH may be caused by the defect in either the @entity624 ( @entity624 ) protein or the @entity5986 . More than 34 different mutations in @entity624 gene have been identified. Clinically, most of the @entity1 manifest @entity1887 from 1 day to 2 months of age, but some @entity1 show delayed onset of @entity1887 . Affected 46, XY subjects do not show pubertal development, whereas affected 46, XX subjects undergo spontaneous feminization, breast development and cyclical @entity3556 at the usual age of puberty. X-linked @entity774 ( @entity774 ) is a rare @entity774 characterized by severe @entity1887 and @entity6126 . More than 80 different several intragenic mutations of @entity2539 have been identified. The failure of pubertal development may be caused by either @entity1640 or pituitary regulation of gonadotropin secretion. In addition, although the testicular steroidogenesis is largely intact, the functional maturity of Sertoli cells and also spermatogenesis are impaired. The type of mutation does not predict clinical phenotype. Thus, unified mechanism how @entity2539 gene defect gives rise to @entity1887 , @entity1640 /pituitary @entity6126 and impaired spermatogenesis remains established.

title: Molecular pathogenesis of XXXX and adrenal hypoplasia congenita.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity624 :: ('6770', 'Gene') :: ['StAR', 'steroidogenic acute regulatory']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal hypothalamic', 'hypothalamic']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism', 'hypogonadotropic hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity41095 :: ('MESH:C537027', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['AHC', 'congenital adrenal disorder', 'adrenal hypoplasia congenital']

answer: @entity41095 :: (MESH:C537027,Disease) :: ['lipoid adrenal hyperplasia']


abstract: The release of spectrin-free vesicles from @entity855 -depleted @entity1 red blood cells (Lutz et al. (1977) J. Cell. Biol. 73, 548) can be considered the final step of a shape change from discocytes to echinocytes. The study of physical and chemical properties of released vesicles suggests that vesicle release is not merely a consequence of charge alterations within either monolayer of the budding membrane. Fresh membranes and released vesicles have within experimental error the same @entity3167 content per surface area and the same electrophoretic mobilities. Vesicle release cannot be stimulated by doubling the charge density on the outer monolayer by means of a phospholipase D-treatment, but correlates with a breakdown of @entity17420 to @entity2366 on the inner monolayer. This breakdown does not lead to a significant change in the negative charge density on the inner monolayer, because an increased @entity8435 content compensates for this alteration. Furthermore, @entity17420 breakdown and @entity2366 production are not the rate-limiting step in vesicle release from @entity855 -depleting red blood cells. This is evident from the fact that 10 mM @entity1098 inhibits vesicle release to 75% without affecting @entity17420 breakdown and @entity2366 production. Hence, @entity2366 formation may be sufficient for membrane budding as suggested earlier (Allan et al. (1976) Nature 261, 58), but vesicle release requires a second, as yet unidentified process.

title: On the mechanism of vesicle release from XXXX -depleted @entity1 red blood cells.

entities_list: @entity2366 :: ('CHEBI:41847', 'Chemical') :: ['diacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity8435 :: ('CHEBI:16337', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidate']

entities_list: @entity3167 :: ('MESH:D019158', 'Chemical') :: ['sialic acid']

entities_list: @entity17420 :: ('MESH:D018129', 'Chemical') :: ['polyphosphoinositides', 'polyphosphoinositide']

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']


abstract: The release of spectrin-free vesicles from @entity855 -depleted @entity1 red blood cells (Lutz et al. (1977) J. Cell. Biol. 73, 548) can be considered the final step of a shape change from discocytes to echinocytes. The study of physical and chemical properties of released vesicles suggests that vesicle release is not merely a consequence of charge alterations within either monolayer of the budding membrane. Fresh membranes and released vesicles have within experimental error the same @entity3167 content per surface area and the same electrophoretic mobilities. Vesicle release cannot be stimulated by doubling the charge density on the outer monolayer by means of a phospholipase D-treatment, but correlates with a breakdown of @entity17420 to @entity2366 on the inner monolayer. This breakdown does not lead to a significant change in the negative charge density on the inner monolayer, because an increased @entity8435 content compensates for this alteration. Furthermore, @entity17420 breakdown and @entity2366 production are not the rate-limiting step in vesicle release from @entity855 -depleting red blood cells. This is evident from the fact that 10 mM @entity1098 inhibits vesicle release to 75% without affecting @entity17420 breakdown and @entity2366 production. Hence, @entity2366 formation may be sufficient for membrane budding as suggested earlier (Allan et al. (1976) Nature 261, 58), but vesicle release requires a second, as yet unidentified process.

title: On the mechanism of vesicle release from @entity855 -depleted XXXX red blood cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Environmental equity has been identified as a challenge and goal of national to global air quality management. Here, relationships between traffic-related air pollution measures and the social demographics of elementary schools are investigated. Ogawa passive samplers were used to measure ambient @entity7459 ( @entity6836 ) levels near 75 randomly selected elementary schools in the county containing Tampa, FL over one week in March 2008. Concentrations were determined using colorimetric reaction using Hach @entity3542 reagent and photometric detection at 545 nm. @entity6836 levels, two metrics of traffic (highest annual average daily traffic count within 500 m and 1000 m), and school enrollment data by demographic subgroup (racial/ethnic and socioeconomic) were then compared. Data were analyzed for distribution statistics, linear correlations, and differences in subgroup category means. Weighted average values of @entity6836 and traffic count were also calculated for each subgroup. All measured @entity6836 levels were low, with a mean of 2.7 ppbv and range from 0.8 to 4.7 ppbv. Values were largest at sites near downtown. Results from all analyses show comparatively higher potential exposures to measured @entity6836 and traffic count for black school @entity1 , and lower values for white and Asian or Pacific Islander school @entity1 . The economically disadvantaged and Hispanic subgroups were also associated with higher levels of @entity6836 and traffic counts, but the relationship was not as strong or robust. Although measured @entity6836 levels were low and the differences between groups are small, results suggest disparities by racial/ethnic and economic status in @entity1 's exposures to air pollution for the Tampa area.

title: An inequality study of ambient XXXX and traffic levels near elementary schools in the Tampa area.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity7459 :: ('MESH:D009585', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen dioxide']

answer: @entity7459 :: (MESH:D009585,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen dioxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the primary and long-term venographic and clinical results of catheter-directed thrombolysis in the treatment of proximal @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) of lower extremity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six @entity1 with mean age of 48 (range 15-81) years with acute @entity1150 (symptom duration of less than 2 weeks), extending to high femoral (16 @entity1 ) or iliac vein (40 @entity1 ) were treated with selective catheter-directed thrombolysis. The mean total dose of 3.8 (range 1.0-8.1) million units of urokinase was administered during a mean of 39 (range 6-72) hours. Endovascular stenting was performed in 9 of the iliac @entity1150 @entity1 . RESULTS: Complete procedural venographic success was achieved in 79% of @entity1 . Major complications were noted in 7% of @entity1 and the total rate of complications was 13%. Mean venographic follow-up was 3.5 years (range 3 months to 9.6 years); well preserved femoral vein valves and fully recanalized deep crural veins were observed in 83% and 57% of @entity1 . Normal clinical findings in the affected limb were noted during the latest follow-up visit in 67% of @entity1 . Clinical @entity715 occurred in 9% of @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Catheter-directed thrombolysis achieves good primary success with acceptable complication rate and effectively reduces prevalence of @entity715 .

title: Catheter-directed thrombolysis of proximal lower extremity XXXX : a prospective trial with venographic and clinical follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['post-thrombotic syndrome']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep vein thrombosis']


abstract: Kindling is a widely used animal model of intractable @entity1315 . In the present study, we performed fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis of kindling-induced afterdischarge (AD) in the @entity95 hippocampus. Ten adult @entity95 were used. Kindling stimulation to the right hippocampus was delivered as a train of biphasic pulses (1 ms duration each) of 50 Hz for 1s, with suprathreshold intensity for AD. Motor responses were classified into five stages according to the conventional criteria. Of 10 animals, five developed stage 5 @entity410 with a mean of 21 stimulations (kindled (K) group), while the remaining five animals did not (incomplete kindling (IK) group). We standardized each ratio of power spectral density of lower frequency band component (LFB: 0-9 Hz) and the higher frequency band (HFB: 12-30 Hz) in the initial stage as 1.0. The IK group exhibited small decrements (0.99 and 0.94 times) in LFB and HFB components at the final stage. In contrast, the K group exhibited a significantly (p<0.05) large decrement (0.49 times) in the LFB component and a very large increment (4.45 times) of HFB component at the final stage. Correlation analyses were performed between alteration of power spectral density ratio of the HFB component and AD duration, interictal discharge frequency, and behavioral stage during kindling progression. Fairly strong positive correlations were found in all cases in the K group. FFT analysis of kindling-induced AD demonstrated an important role of the HFB component: enhancement of the HFB component is associated with kindled stage, while decrement of it is associated with @entity5 . These findings suggest that FFT analysis of stimulus-induced and spontaneous @entity410 discharges is useful for examination of the progression of @entity302 .

title: Fast Fourier transformation analysis of kindling-induced afterdischarge in the XXXX hippocampus.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'convulsions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete kindling stage']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic disorders']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of active deflection flexible miniureterorenoscopes for diagnostic or therapeutic applications in the management of upper @entity5450 . MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors report a series of 111 consecutive @entity1 undergoing a total of 137 flexible ureteroscopies for upper urinary tract disease between November 1997 and April 2001. The procedures were performed for diagnostic purposes (54 cases: 39%) or therapeutic purposes (83 cases; 61%). A successful procedure was defined as achievement of the objective defined when establishing the indication for ureteroscopy. The mean age of the @entity1 was 51 +/- 15 years. The main diseases investigated or treated were stones (66%) and @entity5 (25%). RESULTS: The mean operating time was 42 +/- 22 min. The median length of postoperative hospital stay was 2 days (range: 0-27 days). 8% of @entity1 did not require any postoperative ureteric drainage. 78% of the flexible ureteroscopies performed were successful. Complications were observed in 8% of cases, mainly macroscopic haematuria, including 3 major complications in the form of ureteric perforation. Serious intraoperative equipment damage was observed in 4% of cases. CONCLUSION: Ureteroscopy with a flexible mini-ureteroscope is an effective, reproducible and minimally traumatic diagnostic and therapeutic technique for lesions situated above the iliac vessels. The use of various instruments, including the @entity23008 :Yag laser, should increase the range of possibilities of endoscopic techniques. The major limitation of active deflection flexible mini-ureterorenoscopes remains their @entity2100 .

title: [Flexible ureteroscopy in upper XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial tumours']

entities_list: @entity5450 :: ('MESH:D014570', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract diseases']

entities_list: @entity2100 :: ('MESH:D005600', 'Disease') :: ['fragility']

answer: @entity5450 :: (MESH:D014570,Disease) :: ['urinary tract diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of vital importance in the diagnosis and follow-up of @entity1 with @entity15 ( @entity15 ). Imaging sequences better demonstrating enhancing lesions can help in detecting active @entity15 plaques. PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of fat-saturated @entity2287 -enhanced T1-weighted (T1W) images of the brain in @entity15 and to assess the benefit of performing this additional sequence in the detection of enhancing lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study over a six-month period, 70 consecutive @entity1 with clinically diagnosed @entity15 were enrolled. These constituted 14 male and 56 female @entity1 between the ages of 21 and 44 years. All the @entity1 underwent brain MRIs on a 1.5 Tesla Magnet. @entity2287 -enhanced T1 images with and without fat saturation were compared and results were recorded and analyzed using a conspicuity score and McNemar test. RESULTS: There were a total of 157 lesions detected in 70 @entity1 on post-contrast T1W fat-saturated images compared with 139 lesions seen on the post-contrast T1W fast spin-echo (FSE) images. This was because 18 of the lesions (11.5%) were only seen on the fat-saturated images. In addition, 15 lesions were more conspicuous on the fat saturation sequence (9.5%). The total conspicuity score obtained, including all the lesions, was 2.24 +/-0.60 (SD). Using the two-tailed McNemar test for quantitative analysis, the P value obtained was <0.0001. CONCLUSION: T1W fat-saturated @entity2287 -enhanced images show better lesion enhancement than T1W images without fat saturation.

title: Fat-saturated post XXXX T1 imaging of the brain in @entity15 .

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['Gadolinium', 'gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity2287 :: (MESH:D005682,Chemical) :: ['gadolinium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of vital importance in the diagnosis and follow-up of @entity1 with @entity15 ( @entity15 ). Imaging sequences better demonstrating enhancing lesions can help in detecting active @entity15 plaques. PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of fat-saturated @entity2287 -enhanced T1-weighted (T1W) images of the brain in @entity15 and to assess the benefit of performing this additional sequence in the detection of enhancing lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study over a six-month period, 70 consecutive @entity1 with clinically diagnosed @entity15 were enrolled. These constituted 14 male and 56 female @entity1 between the ages of 21 and 44 years. All the @entity1 underwent brain MRIs on a 1.5 Tesla Magnet. @entity2287 -enhanced T1 images with and without fat saturation were compared and results were recorded and analyzed using a conspicuity score and McNemar test. RESULTS: There were a total of 157 lesions detected in 70 @entity1 on post-contrast T1W fat-saturated images compared with 139 lesions seen on the post-contrast T1W fast spin-echo (FSE) images. This was because 18 of the lesions (11.5%) were only seen on the fat-saturated images. In addition, 15 lesions were more conspicuous on the fat saturation sequence (9.5%). The total conspicuity score obtained, including all the lesions, was 2.24 +/-0.60 (SD). Using the two-tailed McNemar test for quantitative analysis, the P value obtained was <0.0001. CONCLUSION: T1W fat-saturated @entity2287 -enhanced images show better lesion enhancement than T1W images without fat saturation.

title: Fat-saturated post @entity2287 T1 imaging of the brain in XXXX .

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography (US) has been used as an important adjunct to mammography (MG), and automated breast US (ABUS) scanners were originally designed to effectively examine the breast in its entirety. PURPOSE: To retrospectively assess the performance of radiologists in the detection of @entity0 , initially detected by hand-held ultrasound (HHUS), using 3D breast volume data obtained from a commercial ABUS system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bilateral whole breast US was performed using ABUS in 61 consecutive @entity1 who were scheduled to undergo US-guided needle biopsy due to suspicious breast masses detected during screening HHUS. Fourteen @entity5 in 13 @entity1 and 48 normal breasts of 48 @entity1 with benign disease in the contralateral breast were selected. Three radiologists who had not performed the HHUS examinations independently reviewed the 3D ABUS data for any lesions that required recall for further evaluation. Sensitivities and false-positive rates were calculated. RESULTS: The sensitivities of the three readers for @entity5 detection were 78.6% (11/14), 78.6%, and 57.1% (8/14), respectively, with false-positive rates of 20.8% (10/48), 12.5% (6/48) and 8.3% (4/48). Seven @entity5 were detected by all three readers, four @entity5 by two readers, and one @entity5 by one reader. Two invasive @entity5 were not detected by any reader. CONCLUSION: Of HHUS-detected @entity5 , only 57.1-78.6% were identified with ABUS. A substantial level of experience and training is necessary to improve @entity5 detection by ABUS.

title: XXXX initially detected by hand-held ultrasound: detection performance of radiologists using automated breast ultrasound data.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8043 is frequently associated with bony fragments that are difficult to see on radiographs. MRI or MDCT are often used to rule out or characterize these bony fragments. PURPOSE: To assess the use of MDCT for locating bony fragments and donor sites in @entity1 with @entity8043 , and to test whether sizes and quantity of bony fragments differ between first-time dislocations and recurrent dislocations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective data from two hospitals during a 96-month period were collected, and a total of 46 @entity1 (mean age 27 years, range 9-69 years) that had sustained an @entity8043 (22 first-time, 24 recurrent) were identified. Size, location and donor site of bony fragments were evaluated on MDCT images. Surgical correlation was available for 22 of 46 @entity1 . RESULTS: On MDCT images, the likely donor site could be identified in 62 of 71 (87%) bony fragments. Of the bony fragments that were seen on MDCT images, 40 of 68 (59%) were not seen on AP and lateral views of the conventional radiographs. There was no significant difference in size of bony fragments between first-time or recurrent dislocators (p=0.77). The average number of bony fragments were 2.1 and 1.0 in first-time and recurrent dislocators, respectively. The location and donor site of bony fragments was similar between two @entity1 groups. CONCLUSION: MDCT is a suitable imaging method to locate bony fragments and donor sites. The number of bony fragments seems to be higher in first-time dislocators than recurrent dislocators, otherwise findings between the two @entity1 groups were similar.

title: Multidetector computed tomography evaluation of bony fragments and donor sites in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8043 :: ('MESH:D031222', 'Disease') :: ['Patellar dislocation', 'acute patellar dislocation']

answer: @entity8043 :: (MESH:D031222,Disease) :: ['acute patellar dislocation']


abstract: MMR is a live attenuated vaccine. Indian @entity1 show almost 90% seroconversion against measles and @entity2462 and 90% against mumps. Several adverse effects have been reported. Epidemiological studies do not support a causative link between MMR and @entity2438 , @entity8787 or @entity5011 . There is an association between the Urabe strain of mumps vaccine and @entity1393 . Vaccine associated @entity882 has been reported. Severe @entity56 reactions occur, mainly due to the gelatin component. Outbreaks of measles occur in areas of high measles vaccine coverage, when susceptible individuals accumulate. A second dose is given mainly to vaccinate those who missed the first dose or had primary vaccine failure, rather than to boost waning antibody levels. The possibility or eradication of mumps with a second dose of mumps vaccine is being considered.

title: Measles, mumps, XXXX (MMR) vaccine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity1393 :: ('MESH:D008587', 'Disease') :: ['viral meningitis']

answer: @entity2462 :: (MESH:D012409,Disease) :: ['rubella']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity389 may cause @entity1274 ( @entity1274 ). However, the correlation between the small lateral semi-circular canal (LSCC) and @entity1274 is controversial. PURPOSE: To determine whether there is a correlation between the two using CT-based measurement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the high-resolution CT images of the temporal bone obtained from consecutive @entity1 . A total 136 ears of 68 @entity1 (25 @entity1 and 43 @entity1 ; age range 20-85 years, mean 49.8 years) were included in this study. @entity1 who were clinically suspected to have @entity8719 were also excluded. Two radiologists independently measured the width and cross-sectional area of the bony island of LSCC. We evaluated the correlation between LSCC bone island width or cross-sectional area and hearing level in all cases using Pearson correlation co-efficients. In addition, we compared hearing levels among the @entity1 group with normal-sized LSCC (   mean-SD), small LSCC (<mean-SD) and very small LSCC (<mean-2SD) as defined by the width and cross-sectional area of the bony island using Student's t-test. RESULTS: A total 136 ears of 68 @entity1 (25 @entity1 and 43 @entity1 ; age range 20-85 years, mean 49.8 years) were included in this study. No significant correlation was shown between LSCC bony island width or cross-sectional area and hearing level (P   >   0.05). No significant difference in hearing levels were found among groups of the normal-sized, small and very small LSCC (P   >   0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is no correlation between isolated small LSCC and @entity1274 .

title: XXXX : there is no correlation with isolated dysplasia of the lateral semi-circular canal on temporal bone CT.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss', 'SNHL']

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['Inner ear malformations']

entities_list: @entity8719 :: ('MESH:D010040', 'Disease') :: ['otosclerosis']

answer: @entity1274 :: (MESH:D006319,Disease) :: ['Sensorineural hearing loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity293 ( @entity293 ) are common among @entity1 and frequently recur. @entity365 is associated with UTI risk, which suggests that repletion may be beneficial. We conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a @entity10265 intravaginal suppository probiotic (Lactin-V; Osel) for prevention of recurrent UTI in premenopausal @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred young @entity1 with a history of recurrent UTI received antimicrobials for acute UTI and then were randomized to receive either Lactin-V or placebo daily for 5 d, then once weekly for 10 weeks. @entity1 were followed up at 1 week and 10 weeks after intervention and for @entity293 ; urine samples for culture and vaginal swabs for real-time quantitative 16S ribosomal RNA gene polymerase chain reaction for @entity10265 were collected. RESULTS: Recurrent UTI occurred in 7/48 15% of @entity1 receiving Lactin-V compared with 13/48 27% of @entity1 receiving placebo (relative risk [RR], .5; 95% confidence interval, .2-1.2). High-level vaginal colonization with @entity10265 (>= 10(6) 16S RNA gene copies per swab) throughout follow-up was associated with a significant reduction in recurrent UTI only for Lactin-V (RR for Lactin-V, .07; RR for placebo, 1.1; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Lactin-V after treatment for @entity2335 is associated with a reduction in recurrent UTI. Larger efficacy trials of this novel preventive method for recurrent UTI are warranted. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION. NCT00305227.

title: Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of a XXXX probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent @entity293 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity365 :: ('MESH:D014627', 'Disease') :: ['Depletion of vaginal lactobacilli']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['Urinary tract infections', 'UTIs']

entities_list: @entity10265 :: ('47770', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus crispatus', 'L. crispatus']

answer: @entity10265 :: (47770,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus crispatus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity293 ( @entity293 ) are common among @entity1 and frequently recur. @entity365 is associated with UTI risk, which suggests that repletion may be beneficial. We conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a @entity10265 intravaginal suppository probiotic (Lactin-V; Osel) for prevention of recurrent UTI in premenopausal @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred young @entity1 with a history of recurrent UTI received antimicrobials for acute UTI and then were randomized to receive either Lactin-V or placebo daily for 5 d, then once weekly for 10 weeks. @entity1 were followed up at 1 week and 10 weeks after intervention and for @entity293 ; urine samples for culture and vaginal swabs for real-time quantitative 16S ribosomal RNA gene polymerase chain reaction for @entity10265 were collected. RESULTS: Recurrent UTI occurred in 7/48 15% of @entity1 receiving Lactin-V compared with 13/48 27% of @entity1 receiving placebo (relative risk [RR], .5; 95% confidence interval, .2-1.2). High-level vaginal colonization with @entity10265 (>= 10(6) 16S RNA gene copies per swab) throughout follow-up was associated with a significant reduction in recurrent UTI only for Lactin-V (RR for Lactin-V, .07; RR for placebo, 1.1; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Lactin-V after treatment for @entity2335 is associated with a reduction in recurrent UTI. Larger efficacy trials of this novel preventive method for recurrent UTI are warranted. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION. NCT00305227.

title: Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of a @entity10265 probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent XXXX .

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infection']


abstract: @entity65 are a major clinical problem in @entity1 with @entity740 and end @entity177 . @entity204 from cardiac causes accounts for 40%-50% of all @entity204 in these @entity1 and is thus up to 20 times more common in uremic @entity1 than in the general population. @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity177 is complex, but accelerated @entity731 has repeatedly been discussed as one major cause. The prevalence of @entity301 in uremic @entity1 is approximately 30% by autopsy and coronary angiography studies. Not only is the prevalence of @entity731 very high, but also the case fatality rate of @entity583 . Recently, excess mortality in uremic @entity1 having had a @entity583 was noted; the one year mortality was 55.4% and 62.3% in uremic @entity1 with and without @entity6 , respectively, compared to about 10-15% in non-uremic @entity1 . This study goes beyond the well-known notion that @entity1133 is associated with more severe @entity731 and shows that, in addition, the adaptation to coronary perfusion deficits is inappropriate. Recent clinical and autoptical studies in pre-dialysis and dialysis cohorts have documented increased intima and media thickness which appear early in the course of @entity8 ; Vascular wall thickening in @entity177 seems to be modified at least in part by parathyroidhormone (PTH) and @entity2232 (ET-1) which are both elevated in @entity1 with @entity177 . In experimental @entity177 a direct effect of high @entity3151 diet in arterial wall thickening was also documented. In addition to thickening of the vascular wall marked structural alterations were noted in @entity177 i.e. a decrease in elastic fibre content and an increase in extracellular matrix. Furthermore, increased calcification of @entity453 and of the media of the aorta and some peripheral arteries has been documented in @entity1 with @entity177 . Factors contributing to this increased calcification process may be deposition of abundant circulating @entity460 , microinflammation, oxidative stress, de novo expression of bone morphogenous proteins and lack of inhibitors of calcifcation. These changes in vascular wall composition may alter vessel elasticity and thus contribute to impaired vessel function in @entity177 . It is obvious from the above mentioned facts that @entity65 in the renal @entity1 is certainly multifaetorial in origin. There are, however, important issues to adress in the future, like (I) the characterization of vascular morphology in the different vascular beds, (II) the pathomechanisms of @entity729 as well as the potential beneficial effect of rigorous control of non-classical risk factors (i.e. high P or Ca x P, @entity32 , oxidative stress, etc.), (III) an additive or supraadditive effect of various classical and non-classical risk factors and (IV) the role of @entity6 in modifying these vascular alterations.

title: Special characteristics of @entity731 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarct']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary atheroma']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['stage renal failure', 'renal failure']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary atherosclerotic plaques']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['vascular and plaque calcification']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic lesions', 'atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'Death']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease', 'Cardiovascular pathology', 'Cardiovascular complications']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['chronic renal failure']


abstract: @entity65 are a major clinical problem in @entity1 with @entity740 and end @entity177 . @entity204 from cardiac causes accounts for 40%-50% of all @entity204 in these @entity1 and is thus up to 20 times more common in uremic @entity1 than in the general population. @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity177 is complex, but accelerated @entity731 has repeatedly been discussed as one major cause. The prevalence of @entity301 in uremic @entity1 is approximately 30% by autopsy and coronary angiography studies. Not only is the prevalence of @entity731 very high, but also the case fatality rate of @entity583 . Recently, excess mortality in uremic @entity1 having had a @entity583 was noted; the one year mortality was 55.4% and 62.3% in uremic @entity1 with and without @entity6 , respectively, compared to about 10-15% in non-uremic @entity1 . This study goes beyond the well-known notion that @entity1133 is associated with more severe @entity731 and shows that, in addition, the adaptation to coronary perfusion deficits is inappropriate. Recent clinical and autoptical studies in pre-dialysis and dialysis cohorts have documented increased intima and media thickness which appear early in the course of @entity8 ; Vascular wall thickening in @entity177 seems to be modified at least in part by parathyroidhormone (PTH) and @entity2232 (ET-1) which are both elevated in @entity1 with @entity177 . In experimental @entity177 a direct effect of high @entity3151 diet in arterial wall thickening was also documented. In addition to thickening of the vascular wall marked structural alterations were noted in @entity177 i.e. a decrease in elastic fibre content and an increase in extracellular matrix. Furthermore, increased calcification of @entity453 and of the media of the aorta and some peripheral arteries has been documented in @entity1 with @entity177 . Factors contributing to this increased calcification process may be deposition of abundant circulating @entity460 , microinflammation, oxidative stress, de novo expression of bone morphogenous proteins and lack of inhibitors of calcifcation. These changes in vascular wall composition may alter vessel elasticity and thus contribute to impaired vessel function in @entity177 . It is obvious from the above mentioned facts that @entity65 in the renal @entity1 is certainly multifaetorial in origin. There are, however, important issues to adress in the future, like (I) the characterization of vascular morphology in the different vascular beds, (II) the pathomechanisms of @entity729 as well as the potential beneficial effect of rigorous control of non-classical risk factors (i.e. high P or Ca x P, @entity32 , oxidative stress, etc.), (III) an additive or supraadditive effect of various classical and non-classical risk factors and (IV) the role of @entity6 in modifying these vascular alterations.

title: Special characteristics of XXXX in @entity177 .

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess (1) the clinical issues addressed during the medical encounter; (2) the feasibility of the process of shared decision-making in clinical practice and (3) @entity1 ' desires concerning the question of 'who should take the decision in @entity0 treatments?' DESIGN: Qualitative pilot study based on clinical encounters using decision boards and information booklets. SETTING: Centre L  on B  rard, a comprehensive @entity5 centre in the Rh  ne-Alpes region of France. @entity1 : One @entity0 surgeon and 22 @entity0 @entity1 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Analysis of @entity1 ' reactions to a shared decision-making process concerning surgery and chemotherapy, and analysis of its practical feasibility (i.e. duration of the consultations). RESULTS: (1) Twenty-one @entity1 participated in the decision regarding surgery; all chose conservative treatment; 15 @entity1 had their own say about chemotherapy (nine chose no chemotherapy, six chose chemotherapy). (2) Participating in treatment choice generated @entity148 for a majority of @entity1 . Some were dissatisfied because they had to make a choice and consequently to give up the other option. Finally, some were uncertain about making the right choice. Nevertheless, most were satisfied with the information given and the possibility of participating to the treatment decision-making process. (3) The total duration of the entire process of shared decision-making is consistent with the time spent with @entity1 with such a severe disease. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Most of the @entity1 expressed their satisfaction regarding the possibility to participate in treatment decision-making, knowing that offering treatment choice is very unusual in France. From this pilot study it appears that shared decision-making is feasible in clinical practice. Nevertheless, a quantitative study based on a large sample of @entity1 is necessary to: (1) confirm this hypothesis, (2) ensure that @entity1 are willing to participate in their treatment decision-making, and (3) measure the potential benefits related to this participation.

title: Clinical issues in shared decision-making applied to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: 1. @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) has been claimed to be essential to the vasoconstrictor action of @entity1063 in @entity35 mesenteric blood vessels. Since @entity1063 acts by releasing intracellular @entity460 , experiments have been performed using the perfused @entity35 superior mesenteric artery preparation to determine whether @entity3009 synthesis is necessary for the direct vasoconstrictor action of @entity460 . 2. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, @entity3352 and @entity3351 ( @entity20292 ), inhibited responses to @entity1063 and @entity460 but both were less effective in inhibiting the response to @entity460 than to @entity1063 . 3. @entity1421 (6 ng-20 micrograms/ml) failed to overcome the inhibitory effect of @entity3352 (62 micrograms/ml) and ETA (10 micrograms/ml) on the response to the EC50 of @entity141 (100 micrograms/ml). The EC50 of @entity141 did not significantly increase @entity1421 -like release by the blood vessels from the resulting value of 19 +/- 8 pg of @entity1421 equivalents/min. 4. PGA1 (6 micrograms/ml) and the @entity2871 A2 agonist, @entity2872 (200 ng/ml), both caused full restoration of @entity3352 -depressed responses to @entity460 , but did not restore responses depressed by ETA. @entity2872 (200 ng/ml) also reversed the inhibitory effect of @entity3302 (4 micrograms/ml) and caused a 1.6 fold potentiation of @entity141 responses. 5. The results do not support the hypothesis that @entity3009 synthesis is essential to the vasoconstrictor action of @entity141 in @entity35 mesenteric blood vessels.

title: Evidence against the involvement of prostaglandins in the vasoconstrictor action of XXXX ion in @entity35 mesenteric blood vessels.

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity3351 :: ('MESH:D015117', 'Chemical') :: ['5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2', 'Prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity3302 :: ('MESH:D010208', 'Chemical') :: ['papaverine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: 1. @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) has been claimed to be essential to the vasoconstrictor action of @entity1063 in @entity35 mesenteric blood vessels. Since @entity1063 acts by releasing intracellular @entity460 , experiments have been performed using the perfused @entity35 superior mesenteric artery preparation to determine whether @entity3009 synthesis is necessary for the direct vasoconstrictor action of @entity460 . 2. The cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, @entity3352 and @entity3351 ( @entity20292 ), inhibited responses to @entity1063 and @entity460 but both were less effective in inhibiting the response to @entity460 than to @entity1063 . 3. @entity1421 (6 ng-20 micrograms/ml) failed to overcome the inhibitory effect of @entity3352 (62 micrograms/ml) and ETA (10 micrograms/ml) on the response to the EC50 of @entity141 (100 micrograms/ml). The EC50 of @entity141 did not significantly increase @entity1421 -like release by the blood vessels from the resulting value of 19 +/- 8 pg of @entity1421 equivalents/min. 4. PGA1 (6 micrograms/ml) and the @entity2871 A2 agonist, @entity2872 (200 ng/ml), both caused full restoration of @entity3352 -depressed responses to @entity460 , but did not restore responses depressed by ETA. @entity2872 (200 ng/ml) also reversed the inhibitory effect of @entity3302 (4 micrograms/ml) and caused a 1.6 fold potentiation of @entity141 responses. 5. The results do not support the hypothesis that @entity3009 synthesis is essential to the vasoconstrictor action of @entity141 in @entity35 mesenteric blood vessels.

title: Evidence against the involvement of prostaglandins in the vasoconstrictor action of @entity460 ion in XXXX mesenteric blood vessels.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The finding of candiduria in a @entity1 with or without symptoms should be neither dismissed nor hastily treated, but requires a careful evaluation, which should proceed in a logical fashion. Symptoms of @entity2885 , @entity2335 , @entity1069 , or @entity11570 are little different from those of the same @entity281 produced by other pathogens. Candiduria occurring in @entity3124 @entity1 should initially be regarded as a marker for the possibility of @entity3 . The first step in evaluation is to verify funguria by repeating the urinalysis and urine culture. @entity4658 is a nonspecific finding; the morphology of the offending @entity375 may allow separation of @entity7408 from other species. Candida casts in the urine are indicative of @entity8 but are rarely seen. With respect to culture, colony counts have not proved to be diagnostically useful. In symptomatic or @entity3124 @entity1 with candiduria, ultrasonography of the kidneys and collecting systems is the preferred initial study. However, computed tomography (CT) is better able to discern @entity2885 or @entity20597 . The role of magnetic resonance imaging and renal scintigraphy is ill defined, and prudent physicians should consult with colleagues in the departments of radiology and urology to determine the optimal studies in candiduric @entity1 who require in-depth evaluation.

title: Candida urinary tract XXXX --diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['prostatitis']

entities_list: @entity7408 :: ('5478', 'Species') :: ['Candida glabrata']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity11570 :: ('MESH:D009920', 'Disease') :: ['epididymo-orchitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis', 'Candida pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity20597 :: ('MESH:D010501', 'Disease') :: ['perinephric abscess']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: 1. The vasoconstrictor responses of @entity235 @entity432 to periarterial electrical nerve stimulation (PNS; 30 s trains of pulses at a frequency of 2, 4 or 8 Hz) were observed in a frequency dependent manner. The PNS-induced vasoconstrictions were abolished by @entity1022 (1 micromol/L) and mostly depressed but not completely by @entity2997 (10 micromol/L). 2. Vasoconstrictor responses to administered @entity1063 were antagonized significantly by @entity3159 (0.1 micromol/L), an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, but were not significantly affected by @entity5747 (100 micromol/L), a P2 purinoceptor antagonist, or @entity861 (1 micromol/L), a P2X receptor desensitizing agent. Exogenous @entity855 -induced responses were clearly depressed by @entity5747 or @entity861 , but were not significantly affected by @entity3159 . 3. The vasoconstrictor responses to PNS at a low frequency (2 and 4 Hz) of stimulation were markedly inhibited by @entity5747 (100 micromol/L) and by @entity861 (1 micromol/L). The remaining responses after @entity5747 or @entity861 were abolished by subsequent application of @entity3159 (0.1 micromol/L). At a high frequency (8 Hz) of stimulation, the vascular response was not significantly inhibited by @entity5747 or @entity861 , but it was abolished by @entity3159 . 4. Injection of @entity4763 (0.3-30 nmol/L), an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, did not induce any clear vasoconstriction. The exposure of tissues to @entity3160 (0.1-0.3 micromol/L), an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, dose-dependently increased PNS-induced vasoconstrictions at all frequencies tested. 5. The present results indicate that @entity855 acts as a cotransmitter with @entity1063 and is responsible for post-junctional vasoconstrictor responses at low frequencies of sitmulation, whereas the effect of @entity1063 is dominant at high-frequency stimulation in @entity235 @entity432 . Prejunctional alpha2-adrenoceptor autoinhibition may modulate the release of either @entity1063 or @entity855 from sympathetic nerve terminals.

title: Purinergic and adrenergic cotransmission in @entity235 isolated and perfused XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2997 :: ('MESH:D006145', 'Chemical') :: ['guanethidine']

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['rauwolscine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity4763 :: ('MESH:D014991', 'Chemical') :: ['xylazine']

entities_list: @entity861 :: ('MESH:C002630', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha,beta-methylene ATP']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['gastroepiploic artery']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['gastroepiploic arteries']


abstract: 1. The vasoconstrictor responses of @entity235 @entity432 to periarterial electrical nerve stimulation (PNS; 30 s trains of pulses at a frequency of 2, 4 or 8 Hz) were observed in a frequency dependent manner. The PNS-induced vasoconstrictions were abolished by @entity1022 (1 micromol/L) and mostly depressed but not completely by @entity2997 (10 micromol/L). 2. Vasoconstrictor responses to administered @entity1063 were antagonized significantly by @entity3159 (0.1 micromol/L), an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, but were not significantly affected by @entity5747 (100 micromol/L), a P2 purinoceptor antagonist, or @entity861 (1 micromol/L), a P2X receptor desensitizing agent. Exogenous @entity855 -induced responses were clearly depressed by @entity5747 or @entity861 , but were not significantly affected by @entity3159 . 3. The vasoconstrictor responses to PNS at a low frequency (2 and 4 Hz) of stimulation were markedly inhibited by @entity5747 (100 micromol/L) and by @entity861 (1 micromol/L). The remaining responses after @entity5747 or @entity861 were abolished by subsequent application of @entity3159 (0.1 micromol/L). At a high frequency (8 Hz) of stimulation, the vascular response was not significantly inhibited by @entity5747 or @entity861 , but it was abolished by @entity3159 . 4. Injection of @entity4763 (0.3-30 nmol/L), an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, did not induce any clear vasoconstriction. The exposure of tissues to @entity3160 (0.1-0.3 micromol/L), an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, dose-dependently increased PNS-induced vasoconstrictions at all frequencies tested. 5. The present results indicate that @entity855 acts as a cotransmitter with @entity1063 and is responsible for post-junctional vasoconstrictor responses at low frequencies of sitmulation, whereas the effect of @entity1063 is dominant at high-frequency stimulation in @entity235 @entity432 . Prejunctional alpha2-adrenoceptor autoinhibition may modulate the release of either @entity1063 or @entity855 from sympathetic nerve terminals.

title: Purinergic and adrenergic cotransmission in XXXX isolated and perfused @entity432 .

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity134 refractory @entity31 is most commonly treated with intravenous @entity205 to avoid colectomy. In search for an alternative drug that can be administered orally we investigated oral @entity1140 ( @entity1140 ) for this indication. METHODS: Nine @entity1 with active, moderate/severe @entity134 refractory UC were treated with oral @entity1140 with a daily dose of 0.15 mg/kg body weight. After @entity1 had responded @entity500 was added for long-term immunosuppression. RESULTS: All @entity1 responded within 1-2 weeks. After 12 weeks of @entity1140 therapy six @entity1 (67%) were in complete remission, two @entity1 (22%) had mild to moderate disease activity, and one @entity1 (11%) underwent colectomy. After a mean follow up of 21 months six of the nine @entity1 (67%) had their colon in situ. Two @entity1 developed severe side-effects, one @entity882 with @entity548 , and one bicytopenia. Mild side-effects were common. CONCLUSION: Oral @entity1140 may be an effective alternative to intravenous @entity205 for the therapy of @entity134 -refractory @entity31 . @entity1 receiving @entity1140 need to be watched carefully for side-effects.

title: Effect of oral @entity1140 ( @entity1140 ) on @entity134 -refractory moderate/severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombopenia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['ciclosporin']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity134 refractory @entity31 is most commonly treated with intravenous @entity205 to avoid colectomy. In search for an alternative drug that can be administered orally we investigated oral @entity1140 ( @entity1140 ) for this indication. METHODS: Nine @entity1 with active, moderate/severe @entity134 refractory UC were treated with oral @entity1140 with a daily dose of 0.15 mg/kg body weight. After @entity1 had responded @entity500 was added for long-term immunosuppression. RESULTS: All @entity1 responded within 1-2 weeks. After 12 weeks of @entity1140 therapy six @entity1 (67%) were in complete remission, two @entity1 (22%) had mild to moderate disease activity, and one @entity1 (11%) underwent colectomy. After a mean follow up of 21 months six of the nine @entity1 (67%) had their colon in situ. Two @entity1 developed severe side-effects, one @entity882 with @entity548 , and one bicytopenia. Mild side-effects were common. CONCLUSION: Oral @entity1140 may be an effective alternative to intravenous @entity205 for the therapy of @entity134 -refractory @entity31 . @entity1 receiving @entity1140 need to be watched carefully for side-effects.

title: Effect of oral @entity1140 ( @entity1140 ) on XXXX -refractory moderate/severe @entity31 .

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity134 refractory @entity31 is most commonly treated with intravenous @entity205 to avoid colectomy. In search for an alternative drug that can be administered orally we investigated oral @entity1140 ( @entity1140 ) for this indication. METHODS: Nine @entity1 with active, moderate/severe @entity134 refractory UC were treated with oral @entity1140 with a daily dose of 0.15 mg/kg body weight. After @entity1 had responded @entity500 was added for long-term immunosuppression. RESULTS: All @entity1 responded within 1-2 weeks. After 12 weeks of @entity1140 therapy six @entity1 (67%) were in complete remission, two @entity1 (22%) had mild to moderate disease activity, and one @entity1 (11%) underwent colectomy. After a mean follow up of 21 months six of the nine @entity1 (67%) had their colon in situ. Two @entity1 developed severe side-effects, one @entity882 with @entity548 , and one bicytopenia. Mild side-effects were common. CONCLUSION: Oral @entity1140 may be an effective alternative to intravenous @entity205 for the therapy of @entity134 -refractory @entity31 . @entity1 receiving @entity1140 need to be watched carefully for side-effects.

title: Effect of oral XXXX ( @entity1140 ) on @entity134 -refractory moderate/severe @entity31 .

answer: @entity1140 :: (MESH:D016559,Chemical) :: ['tacrolimus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity134 refractory @entity31 is most commonly treated with intravenous @entity205 to avoid colectomy. In search for an alternative drug that can be administered orally we investigated oral @entity1140 ( @entity1140 ) for this indication. METHODS: Nine @entity1 with active, moderate/severe @entity134 refractory UC were treated with oral @entity1140 with a daily dose of 0.15 mg/kg body weight. After @entity1 had responded @entity500 was added for long-term immunosuppression. RESULTS: All @entity1 responded within 1-2 weeks. After 12 weeks of @entity1140 therapy six @entity1 (67%) were in complete remission, two @entity1 (22%) had mild to moderate disease activity, and one @entity1 (11%) underwent colectomy. After a mean follow up of 21 months six of the nine @entity1 (67%) had their colon in situ. Two @entity1 developed severe side-effects, one @entity882 with @entity548 , and one bicytopenia. Mild side-effects were common. CONCLUSION: Oral @entity1140 may be an effective alternative to intravenous @entity205 for the therapy of @entity134 -refractory @entity31 . @entity1 receiving @entity1140 need to be watched carefully for side-effects.

title: Effect of oral @entity1140 ( XXXX ) on @entity134 -refractory moderate/severe @entity31 .

answer: @entity1140 :: (MESH:D016559,Chemical) :: ['FK 506']


abstract: @entity31 and @entity1412 are both diseases of the mucosa. They can be cured by colectomy combined with selective mucosal proctectomy, without sacrifice of teh anal sphincters or damage to bladder or sexual function. Terminal ileum, either as a straight tube or in the form of a pouch, is drawn down through the denuded tube of anorectal muscle and anastomosed to the mid-anal canal. A temporary defunctioning ileostomy is always used. Caecum has also been used as a neorectum after mucosal proctectomy, but without long term success. Twenty-two @entity1 , 20 with @entity31 and 2 with @entity1412 , have been treated by mucosal proctectomy in the past 4 years, with no mortality. The caeco-anal procedure proved a failure because of recurrence of @entity1960 , although the early functional results were good. After ileo-anal @entity254 , continence was perfect by day, but 2 @entity1 had occasional lapses at night. The disadvantage of straight ileo-anal @entity254 is frequency of bowel action (6-9 times a day), even with codeine medication, although the @entity1 considered the operation a success. Some form of pelvic reservoir is therefore desirable and our early experience with the triplicated ileal pouch is encouraging.

title: The value of preserving the anal sphincter in operations for @entity31 and XXXX : a review of 22 mucosal proctectomies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'Ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['polyposis']

answer: @entity1412 :: (MESH:D011125,Disease) :: ['polyposis']


abstract: @entity31 and @entity1412 are both diseases of the mucosa. They can be cured by colectomy combined with selective mucosal proctectomy, without sacrifice of teh anal sphincters or damage to bladder or sexual function. Terminal ileum, either as a straight tube or in the form of a pouch, is drawn down through the denuded tube of anorectal muscle and anastomosed to the mid-anal canal. A temporary defunctioning ileostomy is always used. Caecum has also been used as a neorectum after mucosal proctectomy, but without long term success. Twenty-two @entity1 , 20 with @entity31 and 2 with @entity1412 , have been treated by mucosal proctectomy in the past 4 years, with no mortality. The caeco-anal procedure proved a failure because of recurrence of @entity1960 , although the early functional results were good. After ileo-anal @entity254 , continence was perfect by day, but 2 @entity1 had occasional lapses at night. The disadvantage of straight ileo-anal @entity254 is frequency of bowel action (6-9 times a day), even with codeine medication, although the @entity1 considered the operation a success. Some form of pelvic reservoir is therefore desirable and our early experience with the triplicated ileal pouch is encouraging.

title: The value of preserving the anal sphincter in operations for XXXX and @entity1412 : a review of 22 mucosal proctectomies.

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Races and Gm(23) allotypes can modify the serum levels of IgG subclasses. The average serum levels of IgG subclasses of African-Americans have been reported to be higher than those of Caucasians in both healthy young adults and @entity1 with @entity146 ; Gm(23)-positive subjects generally had higher IgG2 levels than Gm(23)-negative subjects. OBJECTIVE: We examined serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in Taiwanese @entity1 with different forms of @entity2521 . METHODS: The serum levels of four IgG subclasses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Gm(23) allotypes were verified by radial immunodiffusion tests in 50 @entity1 with @entity7278 , 30 @entity1 with @entity146 , and 74 healthy controls. RESULTS: There were no differences in the concentrations of four IgG subclasses in @entity1 with @entity7278 compared with age-matched controls. However, in subjects younger than 35 years, levels of IgG2 were significantly elevated in @entity1 with @entity146 compared with controls. We also found significant differences in IgG2 levels within the control group when stratified by age (< or = 35 years and > 35 years). Gm(23) allotypes were not correlated with the serum levels of IgG2 in either @entity1 group. CONCLUSION: Microbial challenge might not provoke significant changes in systemic IgG response in @entity1 with @entity7278 . However, in @entity1 with @entity146 , IgG2 levels were increased when compared with age-matched controls. Gm(23) allotypes had no influence on IgG2 levels in well-established generalized @entity7278 or @entity146 .

title: Immunoglobulin G profiles in different forms of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7278 :: ('MESH:D055113', 'Disease') :: ['chronic periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive periodontitis']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['periodontitis']


abstract: Sequential electrocardiographic and hemodynamic changes were studied at rest and during symptom-limited bicycle exercise in oligo-asymptomatic @entity1 after @entity583 ( @entity583 ). The exercise tests were performed after the acute episode on days 29 +/- 4 (E1) and 62 +/- 6 (E2) in 128 @entity1 ; on days 37 +/- 5 (E1) and 380 +/- 4 (E3) in 97 @entity1 ; on days 37 +/- 4 (E1), 72 +/- 6 (E2) and 394 +/- 30 (E3) in 44 @entity1 . All @entity1 underwent an intensive physical training during the second month after the @entity583 . All groups showed a significant increase in work capacity and reduction in heart rate and rate-pressure product at similar work load (E2 and E3 vs. E1). These changes were independent from the level of exercise pulmonary wedge pressure (E-PWP). On the average a reduction of PWP was observed in more compromised @entity1 after training, which became more marked at 1 year. At similar work load 1 year after @entity583 the cardiac index reduced in less compromised @entity1 (E1-PWP greater than 30 mm Hg) while it remained unchanged in @entity1 with E1-PWP less than or equal to 30 mm Hg. Continuation or interruption of the physical training did not seem to affect the hemodynamic evolution. The incidence of @entity308 did not change from 1 month to 2 months and 1 year after @entity583 , while both incidence and amount of ST-segment elevation significantly decreased and the sum of R-wave voltages in 12 lead ECG increased at 1 year. In conclusion, oligo-asymptomatic @entity1 , trained and treated by drugs, trend to improve in the first year post- @entity1188 .

title: Exercise hemodynamics 1 month, 2 months and 1 year after XXXX : prognostic considerations.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['ST-segment depression']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between three types of bcr/abl fusion transcripts and clinical manifestation in @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ). METHOD: M-, m- and micro -bcr/abl fusion transcripts were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique in 537 fresh bone marrow samples of @entity1 suspected @entity1860 clinically. RESULTS: Of 573 @entity1 , 479 expressed M-bcr/abl transcripts, among whom 370 were in chronic phase (CP), and 109 in accelerated (AP)/blastic phase (BP). The percentages of @entity1 with b2a2 transcripts in CP and AP/BP were 32.4% (120/370) and 36.7% (40/109) (P > 0.05). The b2a2 transcript @entity1 in blastic crisis were 52.6% (10/19) for lymphoblastic and 33.3% (30/90) for @entity3052 (P > 0.05). The platelet count of untreated @entity1 with b3a2 isoform [(485.9 +/- 333.8) x 10(9)/L, n = 125] was distinctly higher than those with b2a2 isoform [(380.5 +/- 321.9) x 10(9)/L, n = 62] (P < 0.05). 66.0% (31/47) and 64.4% (29/45) of the @entity1 in CP and AP/BP respectively co-expressed M- and m-bcr/abl transcripts (P > 0.05). One @entity1 expressed only m-bcr/abl transcript was of typical @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ). Both two micro -bcr/abl(+) @entity1 were of typical @entity1860 . CONCLUSIONS: Almost all typical @entity1860 @entity1 express M-bcr/abl transcripts, most of them coexpress M-bcr/abl and m-bcr/abl transcripts, a few possesses only micro -bcr/abl fusion gene. m-bcr/abl(+) are usually associated with @entity3052 or @entity1860 in @entity3052 crisis besides @entity981 ( @entity981 ). @entity1 with b3a2 isoform are prone to higher platelet count before treatment.

title: [Study on relationship between different bcr/abl fusion transcripts and clinical manifestations in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloblastic leukemia', 'myeloblastic', 'AML']

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['chronic myeloid leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the most common reasons for conversion in bariatric surgery is hepatomegaly caused by inadequate exposure of the proximal stomach. This study utilizes a novel nutritional supplement with a calorie-restricted diet to reduce liver volume preoperatively. METHODS: A consecutive series of morbidly @entity28 @entity1 consumed a nutritional supplement called Nuvista(  ) for 4 weeks preoperatively. Preoperatively, each @entity1 completed baseline demographics, blood work, urine @entity6178 analysis, ultrasonography of the left lateral segment, and multiple questionnaires. At the time of surgery, these studies were repeated. Data were analyzed using a paired t-test and bivariate analysis where appropriate. A P<.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Four @entity1 and 17 @entity1 were recruited with a mean preoperative weight and body mass index of 122.7  15.9    kg and 44.5  3.9, respectively. Mean preoperative liver volume of the left lateral segment was 562.5  291.3    cm(3). After 4 weeks of Nuvista, the mean weight and body mass index decreased significantly to 118.9  15.5    kg and 43.1  3.4, respectively (P<.001). The mean liver volume of the left lateral segment was significantly reduced to 299.9  162.1    cm(3) (P<.001). Mean @entity409 was 43.4%  17.2% (13.6%-81.9%, P<.05). Urinary @entity6178 scores did not show any evidence of starvation. No preoperative factors correlated with @entity409 . CONCLUSION: Utilizing Nuvista, as part of a preoperative 4-week calorie-restricted regimen, significantly reduced lateral segment liver volume by 43.4%. This preoperative regimen incorporates healthy behavioral changes that are necessary to sustain long-term weight loss.

title: Preoperative XXXX utilizing a novel nutritional supplement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver volume reduction', 'liver reduction']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver reduction']


abstract: Genetic and cellular heterogeneity is one of mechanisms involved in increasing @entity5 during @entity5 progression. Development of drug-resistant @entity5 cell subpopulations is a major problem in clinical oncology. Multi-drug resistant @entity5 cells survive when exposed to cytotoxic agents. Here, we studied in a three-dimensional (3D) coculture system, called "ex vivo nodules", how drug-resistant and sensitive @entity5 cells settle down in a 3D space. For this, we cocultured @entity632 -sensitive (MCF-7S) and -resistant (MCF-7R) @entity1 @entity0 cells in long term nodules. We showed that both types of cells are able to grow separately or in coculture until five weeks in spheroidal forms. MCF-7R cells did not loose their multi-drug resistance when cultured in nodules as measured by RT-PCR. Curiously, the exterior aspects of mixed (MCF-7S/ MCF-7R) nodules and MCF-7R nodules were similar whereas MCF-7S nodules were completely different. Nevertheless, morphologically these three nodule types were distinct, in particular in their density. Immunostaining showed that in mixed nodules, MCF-7R cells were arranged at the periphery, whereas the MCF-7S cells are in the central part of the nodules. Even if the mechanism of this arrangement remained unclear, this work shows that three-dimensional cell culture is well adapted to the study of the relationships between adhesion mechanisms and drug-resistance.

title: Spatial organization of three-dimensional cocultures of XXXX -sensitive and -resistant @entity1 @entity0 MCF-7 cells.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour aggressiveness', 'neoplastic', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['adriamycin']


abstract: Genetic and cellular heterogeneity is one of mechanisms involved in increasing @entity5 during @entity5 progression. Development of drug-resistant @entity5 cell subpopulations is a major problem in clinical oncology. Multi-drug resistant @entity5 cells survive when exposed to cytotoxic agents. Here, we studied in a three-dimensional (3D) coculture system, called "ex vivo nodules", how drug-resistant and sensitive @entity5 cells settle down in a 3D space. For this, we cocultured @entity632 -sensitive (MCF-7S) and -resistant (MCF-7R) @entity1 @entity0 cells in long term nodules. We showed that both types of cells are able to grow separately or in coculture until five weeks in spheroidal forms. MCF-7R cells did not loose their multi-drug resistance when cultured in nodules as measured by RT-PCR. Curiously, the exterior aspects of mixed (MCF-7S/ MCF-7R) nodules and MCF-7R nodules were similar whereas MCF-7S nodules were completely different. Nevertheless, morphologically these three nodule types were distinct, in particular in their density. Immunostaining showed that in mixed nodules, MCF-7R cells were arranged at the periphery, whereas the MCF-7S cells are in the central part of the nodules. Even if the mechanism of this arrangement remained unclear, this work shows that three-dimensional cell culture is well adapted to the study of the relationships between adhesion mechanisms and drug-resistance.

title: Spatial organization of three-dimensional cocultures of @entity632 -sensitive and -resistant @entity1 XXXX MCF-7 cells.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Genetic and cellular heterogeneity is one of mechanisms involved in increasing @entity5 during @entity5 progression. Development of drug-resistant @entity5 cell subpopulations is a major problem in clinical oncology. Multi-drug resistant @entity5 cells survive when exposed to cytotoxic agents. Here, we studied in a three-dimensional (3D) coculture system, called "ex vivo nodules", how drug-resistant and sensitive @entity5 cells settle down in a 3D space. For this, we cocultured @entity632 -sensitive (MCF-7S) and -resistant (MCF-7R) @entity1 @entity0 cells in long term nodules. We showed that both types of cells are able to grow separately or in coculture until five weeks in spheroidal forms. MCF-7R cells did not loose their multi-drug resistance when cultured in nodules as measured by RT-PCR. Curiously, the exterior aspects of mixed (MCF-7S/ MCF-7R) nodules and MCF-7R nodules were similar whereas MCF-7S nodules were completely different. Nevertheless, morphologically these three nodule types were distinct, in particular in their density. Immunostaining showed that in mixed nodules, MCF-7R cells were arranged at the periphery, whereas the MCF-7S cells are in the central part of the nodules. Even if the mechanism of this arrangement remained unclear, this work shows that three-dimensional cell culture is well adapted to the study of the relationships between adhesion mechanisms and drug-resistance.

title: Spatial organization of three-dimensional cocultures of @entity632 -sensitive and -resistant XXXX @entity0 MCF-7 cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Groundwater, the only source of potable water for millions of @entity1 in Bangladesh during dry season, is often contaminated with @entity3494 (As) above the allowable drinking water limit of 50  g/L. Testing well water--with @entity3494 field test kits (FTKs)--and switching to safe-wells can effectively reduce exposure to As. FTKs are low cost, provide fast results, and are commercially available. There are between 10 and 11 million shallow tubewells in Bangladesh. Approximately, 5 million have been tested using FTKs. FTKs with color comparator rely on visual identification for generating qualitative results, which may not be highly reliable at the lower range because @entity1 eyes have low sensitivity in this range and sensitivity varies from @entity1 to @entity1 . The Wagtech Digital Arsenator does not suffer from this limitation and should, in theory, be able to generate quantitative, accurate, and reliable results. The instrument has a linear range of 0-100  g/L, an accuracy of    20% for the 50  g/L quality control standards, and a detection limit of about 4.4  g/L. All Arsenators employed in this investigation also displayed high bias for 50  g/L @entity3494 standard and were calibrated in order to improve measurement accuracy and reliability. Analyses of 179 raw and 92 treated well waters in the field and in two analytical laboratories were found to be highly correlated with the Spearman rank correlation coefficient of >=  0.800, indicating that Arsenator results are perhaps nearly as accurate and reliable as those from analytical laboratories.

title: Validation of analysis of XXXX in water samples using Wagtech Digital Arsenator.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people', 'person']

answer: @entity3494 :: (MESH:D001151,Chemical) :: ['arsenic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to explore the sensitivity and robustness of T2 mapping in the detection and quantification of early degenerative cartilage changes at the patella. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 (22 @entity1 , 20 @entity1 ) with a mean age of 30.3 years and a symptomatic cartilage defect of ICRS grade  <=2 were examined using a 3T MRI with an 8-channel knee coil. The cartilage lesion was graded based on high-resolution PD TSE and 3D isotropic TrueFISP images. T2 maps were calculated from a standard MESE-sequence, performed at the beginning and at the end of the scan (40min in-between). Depending on the defect size, a region-of-interest (ROI) analysis was performed on 1-3 consecutive slices. Mean T2 values for the deep, superficial, and global layer as well as the zonal variation were compared among defect grades (ANOVA, post hoc Duncan-test) and over time (Student's t-test). RESULTS: T2-measurements directly correlated with the extent of cartilage defect (ICRS grade) at all layers and at both time-points. However, correlations were closer for the second measurement at the end of the scan. In this unloaded state, differences in T2-values became more pronounced and were significant even between cartilage of normal appearance adjacent to the defect and healthy cartilage of control @entity1 (both ICRS grade 0). In contrast, there were no such differences among grades in the zonal variation at any time. CONCLUSION: T2 mapping might be a sensitive method for the detection of early cartilage @entity528 in the unloaded joint.

title: Quantitative T2 mapping of the patella at 3.0T is sensitive to early XXXX , but also to loading of the knee.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration at the patella']

answer: @entity528 :: (MESH:D009410,Disease) :: ['cartilage degeneration']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Neurophysiological assessment of the peripheral autonomic system is characterized by various limitations. An alternative approach to laser Doppler and venous plethymography is the assessment of the sympathetic vasomotor response of the radial artery obtained by continuous wave Doppler sonography. Nomogram data have been established and demonstrate the temporary disappearance of diastolic flow after coughing or deep inspiration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We assessed the sympathetic vasomotor response in 25 @entity1 (mean age 64 years, range 43-76) with @entity6 . The Doppler data were correlated with nerve conduction studies of the median and peroneal nerve, the extent of radiologically diagnosed media @entity1463 , and compared with nomogram values (n = 41). RESULTS: Although similar mean flow velocities were found under baseline conditions, the flow pattern was characterized by higher pulsatility in the @entity6 group (resistance index [RI] 1.1 vs. 0.7). No significant difference in RI was observed after coughing. The latency of onset of the response was prolonged (2.1 vs. 1.5 s), while the duration of the response did not differ (18 vs. 15 s). Only the nerve conduction velocity of the peroneal nerve correlated inversely with the RI. The extent of radiologically proven @entity730 tended to correlate with the pulsatility of the baseline signal and the response latencies. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained by this study suggest the concurrent existence of reduced vessel elasticity due to media @entity1463 and dysfunction of the autonomic vasomotor system.

title: Sympathetic vasomotor response of the radial artery in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic foot syndrome', 'diabetic']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic foot syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Neurophysiological assessment of the peripheral autonomic system is characterized by various limitations. An alternative approach to laser Doppler and venous plethymography is the assessment of the sympathetic vasomotor response of the radial artery obtained by continuous wave Doppler sonography. Nomogram data have been established and demonstrate the temporary disappearance of diastolic flow after coughing or deep inspiration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We assessed the sympathetic vasomotor response in 25 @entity1 (mean age 64 years, range 43-76) with @entity6 . The Doppler data were correlated with nerve conduction studies of the median and peroneal nerve, the extent of radiologically diagnosed media @entity1463 , and compared with nomogram values (n = 41). RESULTS: Although similar mean flow velocities were found under baseline conditions, the flow pattern was characterized by higher pulsatility in the @entity6 group (resistance index [RI] 1.1 vs. 0.7). No significant difference in RI was observed after coughing. The latency of onset of the response was prolonged (2.1 vs. 1.5 s), while the duration of the response did not differ (18 vs. 15 s). Only the nerve conduction velocity of the peroneal nerve correlated inversely with the RI. The extent of radiologically proven @entity730 tended to correlate with the pulsatility of the baseline signal and the response latencies. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained by this study suggest the concurrent existence of reduced vessel elasticity due to media @entity1463 and dysfunction of the autonomic vasomotor system.

title: Sympathetic vasomotor response of the radial artery in XXXX with @entity6 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: @entity73010 ( @entity2697 ) and @entity16217 ( @entity27376 ) are major hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, respectively, from one herbal medicine, Danshen, which has been widely and successfully used for treating @entity65 in Asian countries. Because few studies have reported different molecular mechanisms between the different compounds in same herb, we investigate if separate molecular pathways are involved in cardioprotective effect by different active components of Danshen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used an acute @entity583 ( @entity583 ) model to compare the cardioprotective effects of @entity2697 and @entity27376 in @entity35 . Both @entity1188 size and echocardiographic response were evaluated at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery. Genes involved in @entity63 and in responses to @entity2697 or @entity27376 treatment in @entity63 hearts were identified by microarray analysis and verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Results showed that both @entity2697 and @entity27376 delay the development of @entity63 by decreasing @entity1188 size and improving systolic function post @entity583 . Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated different kinetics and gene expression profiles by @entity2697 and @entity27376 . @entity2697 acts in a later period after @entity63 , and its effect is probably mediated by downregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress, certain G-protein coupled receptor activities and apoptosis. On the other hand, @entity27376 acts relatively early after @entity63 and its effect is at least in part mediated by inhibition of intracellular @entity460 , cell adhesion and alternative complement pathway. Strikingly, we found that @entity27376 , a recently identified member of selective @entity172 receptor modifier (SERM), indeed regulates genes known to be involved in @entity172 metabolism post @entity583 . CONCLUSIONS: Although both @entity2697 and @entity27376 contribute to the cardioprotective effect of Danshen, there are significant mechanistic and temporal differences between the two: @entity27376 acts at an early stage after @entity63 mainly by inhibition of intracellular @entity460 and cell adhesion pathways whereas @entity2697 acts mainly by down-regulating apoptosis.

title: Differential cardioprotective effects of @entity73010 and XXXX on acute @entity583 are mediated by unique signaling pathways.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury', 'ischemic', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity16217 :: ('MESH:C021751', 'Chemical') :: ['tanshinone']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity73010 :: ('MESH:C568740', 'Chemical') :: ['Salvianolic acid']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity16217 :: (MESH:C021751,Chemical) :: ['tanshinone']


abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: @entity73010 ( @entity2697 ) and @entity16217 ( @entity27376 ) are major hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, respectively, from one herbal medicine, Danshen, which has been widely and successfully used for treating @entity65 in Asian countries. Because few studies have reported different molecular mechanisms between the different compounds in same herb, we investigate if separate molecular pathways are involved in cardioprotective effect by different active components of Danshen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used an acute @entity583 ( @entity583 ) model to compare the cardioprotective effects of @entity2697 and @entity27376 in @entity35 . Both @entity1188 size and echocardiographic response were evaluated at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery. Genes involved in @entity63 and in responses to @entity2697 or @entity27376 treatment in @entity63 hearts were identified by microarray analysis and verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Results showed that both @entity2697 and @entity27376 delay the development of @entity63 by decreasing @entity1188 size and improving systolic function post @entity583 . Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated different kinetics and gene expression profiles by @entity2697 and @entity27376 . @entity2697 acts in a later period after @entity63 , and its effect is probably mediated by downregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress, certain G-protein coupled receptor activities and apoptosis. On the other hand, @entity27376 acts relatively early after @entity63 and its effect is at least in part mediated by inhibition of intracellular @entity460 , cell adhesion and alternative complement pathway. Strikingly, we found that @entity27376 , a recently identified member of selective @entity172 receptor modifier (SERM), indeed regulates genes known to be involved in @entity172 metabolism post @entity583 . CONCLUSIONS: Although both @entity2697 and @entity27376 contribute to the cardioprotective effect of Danshen, there are significant mechanistic and temporal differences between the two: @entity27376 acts at an early stage after @entity63 mainly by inhibition of intracellular @entity460 and cell adhesion pathways whereas @entity2697 acts mainly by down-regulating apoptosis.

title: Differential cardioprotective effects of XXXX and @entity16217 on acute @entity583 are mediated by unique signaling pathways.

answer: @entity73010 :: (MESH:C568740,Chemical) :: ['salvianolic acid']


abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: @entity73010 ( @entity2697 ) and @entity16217 ( @entity27376 ) are major hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, respectively, from one herbal medicine, Danshen, which has been widely and successfully used for treating @entity65 in Asian countries. Because few studies have reported different molecular mechanisms between the different compounds in same herb, we investigate if separate molecular pathways are involved in cardioprotective effect by different active components of Danshen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used an acute @entity583 ( @entity583 ) model to compare the cardioprotective effects of @entity2697 and @entity27376 in @entity35 . Both @entity1188 size and echocardiographic response were evaluated at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after surgery. Genes involved in @entity63 and in responses to @entity2697 or @entity27376 treatment in @entity63 hearts were identified by microarray analysis and verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Results showed that both @entity2697 and @entity27376 delay the development of @entity63 by decreasing @entity1188 size and improving systolic function post @entity583 . Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated different kinetics and gene expression profiles by @entity2697 and @entity27376 . @entity2697 acts in a later period after @entity63 , and its effect is probably mediated by downregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress, certain G-protein coupled receptor activities and apoptosis. On the other hand, @entity27376 acts relatively early after @entity63 and its effect is at least in part mediated by inhibition of intracellular @entity460 , cell adhesion and alternative complement pathway. Strikingly, we found that @entity27376 , a recently identified member of selective @entity172 receptor modifier (SERM), indeed regulates genes known to be involved in @entity172 metabolism post @entity583 . CONCLUSIONS: Although both @entity2697 and @entity27376 contribute to the cardioprotective effect of Danshen, there are significant mechanistic and temporal differences between the two: @entity27376 acts at an early stage after @entity63 mainly by inhibition of intracellular @entity460 and cell adhesion pathways whereas @entity2697 acts mainly by down-regulating apoptosis.

title: Differential cardioprotective effects of @entity73010 and @entity16217 on acute XXXX are mediated by unique signaling pathways.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the rates of @entity281 ( @entity281 ) in a sample of young @entity1 in San Diego County and examine potential predictors of a positive @entity272 ( @entity272 ). METHODS: Latino and foreign-born students from ten public middle and high schools were invited to screenings along with a random 10% sample of all other students. After obtaining parental consent, Mantoux tests were placed (N=2,698) and read (n=2,667 [98.9%]) in 48-72 hours. A positive @entity272 was defined as > or =10 mm induration. The mean age of the sample was 14.34 years (SD=1.81); 50.1% were female (n=1,353); 78.5% were Latino (n=2,108); 35.7% were foreign-born (n=939); and 44.3% were uninsured (n=930). RESULTS: The positive @entity272 rate for Latinos was 21.8% vs. 5.6% for non-Latinos, p<0.001. Foreign-born Latinos had the highest @entity281 rate (31.3%), followed by foreign-born non-Latinos (20.4%), U.S.-born Latinos (15.4%), and U.S.-born non-Latinos (1.0%), p<0.001. Logistic regression was conducted to determine predictors of @entity272 positivity. Being Latino (odds ratio [OR]=3.27), uninsured (OR=1.60), foreign-born (OR=3.90), and living in the south county region closest to the U.S./Mexico border (OR=2.72) were significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that Latino youth near the @entity8668 are at high risk for @entity281 , for remaining undiagnosed, and for being under-treated for @entity281 .

title: Screening Latino adolescents for latent tuberculosis infection ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'latent TB infection', 'LTBI']

entities_list: @entity8668 :: ('MESH:D001882', 'Disease') :: ['California/Mexico border']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculin skin test', 'TST']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['LTBI']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The conflict between the anatomist and biologist surgeons is exemplified by the debate about subtrochanteric @entity173 . Closed intramedullary nailing is biologically friendly but may result in prolonged procedures and malunion. By contrast, accurate anatomical open reduction may disturb the biological composition of the @entity174 environment. METHODS: There were 17 @entity1 at our institution over a 2-year period whose long oblique @entity173 would not reduce perfectly in an anatomical fashion using closed methods. All these @entity1 had their @entity174 treated identically using a new policy at our unit. This strategy involved reduction of the @entity174 through an open approach, and then employing cerclage cables to stabilise the @entity174 in an anatomical position before finally inserting a cephalomedullary nail. These @entity1 were retrospectively reviewed at an average of 18 months postoperatively, to assess their progressive functional and radiological outcome up to that point. RESULTS: One @entity1 had nonunion and required a secondary procedure. One @entity1 died 8 days postoperatively from a medical complication. The remaining 15 healed within 6 months and all returned to independent living. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that judicious use of cerclage cables to augment fixation of subtrochanteric femur @entity174 does not have a deleterious effect on healing. One should endeavour, however, to minimise the number of cables used. The basic science literature underpinning our approach to these unstable @entity174 is also discussed.

title: XXXX treated with cerclage cables and long cephalomedullary nails: a review of 17 consecutive cases over 2 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures', 'subtrochanteric fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['Subtrochanteric hip fractures']


abstract: There is controversy about how @entity5 care should be provided to @entity1 in remote and rural areas. The aim of this project was to measure consensus among health professionals who treat rural @entity1 with @entity5 about priorities for @entity5 care. A modified Delphi process was used. Of 78 health professionals in Grampian, 62 responded (79%). Of 49 items suggested, there was agreement on 26 (53%), encompassing fast access to diagnosis, high-quality specialist treatment, and well-coordinated delivery of care with good and fast communication and effective team working between all health professionals involved. Specialist oncology nurses in local hospitals were considered a priority along with good facilities, accommodation, and transport for @entity1 . There was no agreement on the best location for chemotherapy (local or central). The only large difference of opinion between @entity1 based in primary and secondary care concerned chemotherapy provision at local community hospitals (primary care was in favour, hospital practitioners against, P_<0.001). In making their decisions, @entity1 took problems of access into account, but were also concerned with quality of care and feasibility in the current health service. Our findings show that more evidence is needed regarding the balance of risks and benefits of local chemotherapy provision. Overall, however, there is agreement on many principles for @entity5 care that could be translated into practice.

title: Providing XXXX services to remote and rural areas: consensus study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'participants']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']