abstract: BACKGROUND: In the past, @entity1988 was histologically classified according to the 1995 WHO Classification. With the introduction of the 2003 ISN/RPS Classification, many nephropathology services converted to this new classification. This study was undertaken to compare both classification systems in a single centre practice. METHODS: 103 consecutive adequate renal biopsies initially reported as @entity1988 in the Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya were reassessed using the criteria of both the 1995 WHO Classification and the 2003 ISN/ RPS Classification. RESULTS: The relative prevalence for each class using the WHO Classification were: Class I (1%), Class II (8.7%), Class III (6.8%), Class IV (60.2%), Class V (20.4%), Class VI (2.9%) while the prevalence using the 2003 ISN/RPS Classification were: Class I (1%), Class II (8.7%), Class III (6.8%), Class IV (61.2%), Class V (21.3%), Class VI (1%). Both classifications were essentially comparable with regards to Classes I, II and III. The differences in Classes IV, V and VI were significant in potential to alter @entity1 management. The identification of segmental lesions (Class IV-S) over and above a global @entity1310 (Class IV-G) deserves more focused clinicopathological studies to gauge whether these groups have different clinical manifestations and outcomes. With regards Class V, the ISN/RPS system, by requiring that all mixed classes be stipulated in the diagnostic line, minimizes the chances of @entity1 missing out on additional treatment. The ISN/ RPS system has stricter criteria for Class VI, which again minimizes @entity1 missing out on therapy. On the whole, the ISN/RPS system is more user-friendly as criteria are more clearly defined which translates to more benefits to @entity1 care.

title: A comparison of 1995 WHO classification with 2003 ISN/RPS classification of XXXX : a single centre observation.

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

answer: @entity1988 :: (MESH:D008181,Disease) :: ['lupus nephritis']


abstract: Nosocomial blood stream infections continue to be a cause of high mortality and morbidity in newborn intensive care units (NICUs). Identification of the causative microorganisms and their antimicrobial sensitivities will guide the selection of appropriate empirical treatment. We prospectively evaluated culture-proven @entity295 cases and antibiotic sensitivity patterns seen in the NICU of Dr. Sami Ulus @entity1 's Hospital, in Ankara, @entity233 during a six-year period (2000-2006). A total of 106 @entity295 attacks were found in 100 @entity1 , with 72 of them preterm. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated at a rate of 70.8%, gram-positive at 22.6% and Candida species (spp.) at 6.6%. The most commonly isolated microorganisms were, in order of frequency, @entity4005 spp. (39.6%), @entity796 (11.3%) and Coagulase-negative staphylococci (9.4%). During the study, 12 of the 28 term babies (42.9%) and 26 of the 72 preterm babies (36.1%) died due to @entity295 , with a mortality rate of 38%. Resistance to @entity869 was 100%, to @entity3524 88%, to @entity801 73%, and to @entity4509 23% in gram-negative bacteria. No @entity2893 resistance was found except for @entity796 (25%). Resistance to @entity114 was 100% and @entity3402 58.3% in gram-positive bacteria. No glycopeptide or @entity2893 resistance was found. In conclusion, @entity295 still has a high mortality rate. Gram-negative bacteria were the most commonly isolated microorganisms with @entity4005 spp. being dominant. All gram-negative species were resistant to @entity869 , and all gram-positive bacteria were resistant to @entity114 . No glycopeptide or @entity2893 resistance was found in gram-positive bacteria. In gram-negative bacteria, low @entity4509 and high @entity801 and @entity5898 resistances were found. No @entity2893 resistance was found except for @entity796 . Restricted and alternate antibiotic usage policies seem important for the resistance problem.

title: Nosocomial blood stream infections in a neonatal intensive care unit in Ankara, XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial sepsis']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity5898 :: ('CHEBI:23066', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporin']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity2893 :: ('CHEBI:46765', 'Chemical') :: ['carbapenem']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: AIM: It is well reported in the scientific literature that there is a high level of periodontal disease and lower caries prevalence in @entity1467 ( @entity1467 ) individuals, when compared with age-matched non @entity1467 individuals. This study was conducted to investigate the process of @entity1547 in @entity1467 @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study the following parameters were considered: oral hygiene habits, levels of @entity6586 (SM) and Lactobacillus spp. (LB), Modified Gingival Index (MGI), and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). A case group with @entity1467 @entity1 (n=69) and a control group of non @entity1467 @entity1 (n=69) were formed to perform this study. @entity1547 severity was determined using the DMFT index. Samples of non-stimulated saliva were collected to determine the Lactobacillus spp levels. For SM levels, MSB agar plates were used. RESULTS: The findings revealed that the case group attended dental check-ups more frequently, brushed their teeth more times per day, flossed less, and also more frequently had SM levels classified as high count. The MGI was higher and the OHI-S was lower than the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: No significant differences were found between the DMFT indexes of @entity1 from the two groups (p=0.345). The logistic regression analysis showed that in the case group, age, MGI, and SM count were positively related to @entity1547 (p<0.05).

title: Some factors associated with XXXX in the primary dentition of @entity1 with Down syndrome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['Dental caries', 'dental caries']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ['DS', 'Down Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6586 :: ('1309', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus mutans']

answer: @entity1547 :: (MESH:D003731,Disease) :: ['dental caries']


abstract: AIM: It is well reported in the scientific literature that there is a high level of periodontal disease and lower caries prevalence in @entity1467 ( @entity1467 ) individuals, when compared with age-matched non @entity1467 individuals. This study was conducted to investigate the process of @entity1547 in @entity1467 @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study the following parameters were considered: oral hygiene habits, levels of @entity6586 (SM) and Lactobacillus spp. (LB), Modified Gingival Index (MGI), and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). A case group with @entity1467 @entity1 (n=69) and a control group of non @entity1467 @entity1 (n=69) were formed to perform this study. @entity1547 severity was determined using the DMFT index. Samples of non-stimulated saliva were collected to determine the Lactobacillus spp levels. For SM levels, MSB agar plates were used. RESULTS: The findings revealed that the case group attended dental check-ups more frequently, brushed their teeth more times per day, flossed less, and also more frequently had SM levels classified as high count. The MGI was higher and the OHI-S was lower than the control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: No significant differences were found between the DMFT indexes of @entity1 from the two groups (p=0.345). The logistic regression analysis showed that in the case group, age, MGI, and SM count were positively related to @entity1547 (p<0.05).

title: Some factors associated with @entity1547 in the primary dentition of XXXX with Down syndrome.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Evaluation of: Brody JD, Ai WZ, Czerwinski DK et al. In situ vaccination with a @entity6801 agonist induces systemic @entity706 regression: a Phase I/II study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(28), 4324-4332 (2010). Despite high response rates of the follicular B-cell @entity706 to monoclonal antibodies, the clinical course of @entity706 is still characterized by a continuous pattern of relapse. Brody and colleagues treated 15 @entity1 with relapsed, @entity1893 using low-dose radiotherapy applied to one of the @entity5 sites with combined injection of a @entity6801 agonist at the same site. This strategy induced specific immunity and @entity5 regression in several @entity1 with an objective response rate of 27%. The results indicate an involvement of the @entity5 @entity6801 -expressing B cells acting as antigen-presenting cells. @entity6801 in situ vaccination combined with local radiotherapy clearly warrants further in-depth analysis and investigation in a Phase III randomized trial, and may provide a new opportunity for the treatment of B-cell @entity5 .

title: Targeting malignant B cells as antigen-presenting cells: @entity6801 agonist induces systemic regression of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['low-grade lymphoma']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: Evaluation of: Brody JD, Ai WZ, Czerwinski DK et al. In situ vaccination with a @entity6801 agonist induces systemic @entity706 regression: a Phase I/II study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28(28), 4324-4332 (2010). Despite high response rates of the follicular B-cell @entity706 to monoclonal antibodies, the clinical course of @entity706 is still characterized by a continuous pattern of relapse. Brody and colleagues treated 15 @entity1 with relapsed, @entity1893 using low-dose radiotherapy applied to one of the @entity5 sites with combined injection of a @entity6801 agonist at the same site. This strategy induced specific immunity and @entity5 regression in several @entity1 with an objective response rate of 27%. The results indicate an involvement of the @entity5 @entity6801 -expressing B cells acting as antigen-presenting cells. @entity6801 in situ vaccination combined with local radiotherapy clearly warrants further in-depth analysis and investigation in a Phase III randomized trial, and may provide a new opportunity for the treatment of B-cell @entity5 .

title: Targeting malignant B cells as antigen-presenting cells: XXXX agonist induces systemic regression of @entity706 .

answer: @entity6801 :: (54106,Gene) :: ['TLR-9']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dysplasia of the hip increases the risk of secondary degenerative change and subsequent total hip replacement. Here we report on age at diagnosis of @entity1141 , previous treatment, and quality of life for @entity1 born after 1967 and registered with a total hip replacement due to @entity1141 in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. We also used the medical records to validate the diagnosis reported by the orthopedic surgeon to the register. METHODS: Subjects born after January 1, 1967 and registered with a primary total hip replacement in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register during the period 1987-2007 (n = 713) were included in the study. Data on hip symptoms and quality of life (EQ-5D) were collected through questionnaires. Elaborating information was retrieved from the medical records. RESULTS: 540 of 713 @entity1 (76%) (corresponding to 634 hips) returned the questionnaires and consented for additional information to be retrieved from their medical records. @entity572 accounted for 163 of 634 hip replacements (26%), 134 of which were in females (82%). Median age at time of diagnosis was 7.8 (0-39) years: 4.4 years for females and 22 years for males. After reviewing accessible medical records, the diagnosis of @entity572 was confirmed in 132 of 150 hips (88%). INTERPRETATION: One quarter of hip replacements performed in @entity1 aged 40 or younger were due to an underlying @entity572 , which, in most cases, was diagnosed during late childhood. The @entity1141 diagnosis reported to the register was correct for 88% of the hips.

title: Total hip replacement in young adults with XXXX : age at diagnosis, previous treatment, quality of life, and validation of diagnoses reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register between 1987 and 2007.

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['Hip dysplasia', 'hip dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity572 :: (MESH:D006617,Disease) :: ['hip dysplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare early and long-term results in terms of survival and @entity65 of @entity1 with acute traumatic @entity130 who were conservatively managed with @entity1 who underwent surgical or endovascular repair. METHODS: From January 1980 to December 2009, 66 @entity1 with acute traumatic @entity130 were divided into 3 groups according to treatment intention at admission: 37 @entity1 in a conservative group, 22 @entity1 in a surgical group, and 7 @entity1 in an endovascular group. Groups were similar with regard to gender, age, Injury Severity Score, Revised @entity130 Score, and @entity130 Severity Score. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 21.6% in the conservative group, 22.7% in the surgical group, and 14.3% in the endovascular group (P = .57). In-hospital @entity2333 occurred only in the conservative group. Median follow-up time was 75 months (range, 5-327 months). Conservative group survival was 75.6% at 1 year, 72.3% at 5 years, and 66.7% at 10 years. Surgical group survival remained at 77.2% at 1, 5, and 10 years, whereas survival in the endovascular group was 85.7% at 1 and 5 years (P = .18). No @entity1 in the surgical or endovascular group required reintervention because of @entity2333 , whereas 37.9% of the conservative group had an aortic-related complication that required surgery or caused the @entity1 's death during the follow-up period. Cumulative survival free from @entity2333 in the conservative group was 93% at 1 year, 88.5% at 5 years, and 51.2% at 10 years. Cox regression confirmed the initial type of aortic lesion (hazard ratio, 2.94; P = .002) and a @entity130 Score-Injury Severity Score greater than 50% on admission (hazard ratio, 1.49; P = .042) as risk factors for the appearance of @entity2333 . Two peaks in the complication rate of the conservative group were detected in the first week and between the first and third months after blunt @entity130 . CONCLUSIONS: The advent of thoracic aortic endografting has enabled a revolution in the management of acute traumatic @entity130 in @entity1 with multisystem @entity130 with a low in-hospital morbimortality. Nonoperative management may be only a therapeutic option with acceptable survival in carefully selected @entity1 . The natural history of these @entity1 has revealed a marked trend of late @entity2333 developing, which may justify an endovascular repair even in some low-risk @entity1 .

title: Role of conservative management in traumatic XXXX : comparison of long-term results of conservative, surgical, and endovascular treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['aortic-related complications']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['aortic injury', 'Trauma', 'Trauma Injury', 'trauma', 'thoracic trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['aortic injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that early @entity342 deprivation therapy (ADT) has no proven survival advantage in older @entity1 with biochemical recurrence (BCR) of @entity263 ( @entity263 ), and it may contribute to geriatric frailty. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of @entity1 aged 60+ years with BCR on ADT (n = 63) vs @entity263 survivors without recurrence (n = 71). Frailty prevalence, " @entity28 " frailty, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores, and falls were compared. An exploratory analysis of frailty biomarkers ( @entity1851 , erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, albumin, and total @entity165 ) was performed. Summary statistics and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: More @entity1 on ADT were @entity28 (body mass index >30; 46.2% vs 20.6%; P = .03). There were no statistical differences in SPPB (P = .41) or frailty (P = .20). Using a proposed " @entity28 " frailty criteria, 8.7% in ADT group were frail and 56.5% were "prefrail," compared with 2.9% and 48.8% of controls (P = .02). Falls in the last year were higher in the ADT group (14.3% vs 2.8%; P = .02). In analyses controlling for age, clinical characteristics, and comorbidities, the ADT group trended toward significance for " @entity28 " frailty (P = .14) and falls (OR = 4.74, P = .11). Comorbidity significantly increased the likelihood of " @entity28 " frailty (P = .01) and falls (OR 2.02, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with BCR on ADT are frailer using proposed modified " @entity28 " frailty criteria. They may have lower performance status and more falls. A larger, prospective trial is necessary to establish a causal link between ADT use and progression of frailty and disability.

title: Obese frailty, physical performance deficits, and falls in older @entity1 with biochemical recurrence of XXXX on @entity342 deprivation therapy: a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'PCa']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that early @entity342 deprivation therapy (ADT) has no proven survival advantage in older @entity1 with biochemical recurrence (BCR) of @entity263 ( @entity263 ), and it may contribute to geriatric frailty. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of @entity1 aged 60+ years with BCR on ADT (n = 63) vs @entity263 survivors without recurrence (n = 71). Frailty prevalence, " @entity28 " frailty, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores, and falls were compared. An exploratory analysis of frailty biomarkers ( @entity1851 , erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, albumin, and total @entity165 ) was performed. Summary statistics and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: More @entity1 on ADT were @entity28 (body mass index >30; 46.2% vs 20.6%; P = .03). There were no statistical differences in SPPB (P = .41) or frailty (P = .20). Using a proposed " @entity28 " frailty criteria, 8.7% in ADT group were frail and 56.5% were "prefrail," compared with 2.9% and 48.8% of controls (P = .02). Falls in the last year were higher in the ADT group (14.3% vs 2.8%; P = .02). In analyses controlling for age, clinical characteristics, and comorbidities, the ADT group trended toward significance for " @entity28 " frailty (P = .14) and falls (OR = 4.74, P = .11). Comorbidity significantly increased the likelihood of " @entity28 " frailty (P = .01) and falls (OR 2.02, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with BCR on ADT are frailer using proposed modified " @entity28 " frailty criteria. They may have lower performance status and more falls. A larger, prospective trial is necessary to establish a causal link between ADT use and progression of frailty and disability.

title: Obese frailty, physical performance deficits, and falls in older @entity1 with biochemical recurrence of @entity263 on XXXX deprivation therapy: a case-control study.

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that early @entity342 deprivation therapy (ADT) has no proven survival advantage in older @entity1 with biochemical recurrence (BCR) of @entity263 ( @entity263 ), and it may contribute to geriatric frailty. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of @entity1 aged 60+ years with BCR on ADT (n = 63) vs @entity263 survivors without recurrence (n = 71). Frailty prevalence, " @entity28 " frailty, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores, and falls were compared. An exploratory analysis of frailty biomarkers ( @entity1851 , erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, albumin, and total @entity165 ) was performed. Summary statistics and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: More @entity1 on ADT were @entity28 (body mass index >30; 46.2% vs 20.6%; P = .03). There were no statistical differences in SPPB (P = .41) or frailty (P = .20). Using a proposed " @entity28 " frailty criteria, 8.7% in ADT group were frail and 56.5% were "prefrail," compared with 2.9% and 48.8% of controls (P = .02). Falls in the last year were higher in the ADT group (14.3% vs 2.8%; P = .02). In analyses controlling for age, clinical characteristics, and comorbidities, the ADT group trended toward significance for " @entity28 " frailty (P = .14) and falls (OR = 4.74, P = .11). Comorbidity significantly increased the likelihood of " @entity28 " frailty (P = .01) and falls (OR 2.02, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with BCR on ADT are frailer using proposed modified " @entity28 " frailty criteria. They may have lower performance status and more falls. A larger, prospective trial is necessary to establish a causal link between ADT use and progression of frailty and disability.

title: Obese frailty, physical performance deficits, and falls in older XXXX with biochemical recurrence of @entity263 on @entity342 deprivation therapy: a case-control study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparative analysis of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) features of @entity5 and their significance in diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective evaluation of 17 @entity5 diagnosed by FNAC was done. Cytologic features were detailed and compared among different @entity5 types and with available histology. RESULTS: The 17 cases comprised @entity83 (5), @entity705 (1), @entity84 (2), @entity511 (7). @entity84 and chondromyxoid @entity81 were specifically diagnosed in all 4 cases by FNAC due to characteristic cytology. However, the cytologic appearance of @entity83 overlapped significantly with that of well-differentiated @entity511 , but the correct diagnosis was made by interpreting cytology with clinicoradiologic correlation. The cytologic features of high chondroid fragment cellularity, irregular cell arrangement in fragments, prominent nucleoli, and moderate to severe nuclear hyperchromasia and mitotic activity were limited to @entity511 . The single error consisted of a case of @entity421 , chondroblastic type, that was interpreted as @entity511 . CONCLUSION: FNAC smears interpreted in the light of clinical and radiologic findings demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy. It is important to be aware of the cytology of uncommon @entity5 such as @entity84 and chondromyxoid @entity81 as well as of the overlap of cytologic features between @entity83 and @entity511 to avoid diagnostic pitfalls.

title: Cytomorphologic features of XXXX : a comparative study.

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma', 'chondromyxoid fibroma (2) and chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['chondroid tumor', 'chondroid tumors']

entities_list: @entity83 :: ('MESH:D002812', 'Disease') :: ['enchondroma', 'enchondromas']

entities_list: @entity705 :: ('MESH:D015831', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondroma']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteogenic sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity84 :: ('MESH:D002804', 'Disease') :: ['Chondroblastoma', 'chondroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity81 :: ('MESH:D005350', 'Disease') :: ['fibroma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['chondroid neoplasms']


abstract: Autoantibodies against @entity6300 are strongly linked to @entity7110 like @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). Although anti- @entity6300 antibodies have received much interest in the recent years, their biological functions remain unclear. Anti- @entity6300 antibodies are strongly associated with @entity1988 . Recent studies describe apoptosis as a key player in LE pathogenesis and @entity6300 is an important opsonin, playing a central role in the uptake of apoptotic blebs. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum anti @entity6300 antibodies, @entity6300 with circulating immune complexes and correlation between serology and cutaneous apoptosis in @entity1 with @entity3830 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: 79 subjects were recruited and divided into 4 groups-13 healthy controls, 26 with discoid chronic lupus (DLE), 23 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and 17 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). Blood samples and skin punched-biopsy specimens were performed. Serum anti- @entity6300 antibodies and @entity6300 associated to the immune complexes concentrations were determined by ELISA. Cutaneous @entity522 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: @entity1252 and @entity1252 @entity1 had significantly higher levels of anti- @entity6300 antibodies and serum @entity6300 -CIC levels when compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Serum anti- @entity6300 antibodies correlated with @entity644 in @entity1252 @entity1 (p < 0.05). Anti @entity6300 antibodies levels also correlated with cutaneous @entity522 expression in @entity1252 and @entity1252 @entity1 (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anti @entity6300 antibodies might play a pathogenic role in @entity1252 pathogenesis and being positively associated with cutaneous apoptosis markers might be associated with a negative prognosis and secondary @entity1252 development.

title: Anti XXXX antibodies in @entity3830 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity7110 :: ('MESH:D007105', 'Disease') :: ['immune-complex disorders']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus', 'SCLE', 'subacute lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity3830 :: ('MESH:D008178', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous lupus erythematosus']

answer: @entity6300 :: (712,Gene) :: ['C1q']


abstract: Autoantibodies against @entity6300 are strongly linked to @entity7110 like @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). Although anti- @entity6300 antibodies have received much interest in the recent years, their biological functions remain unclear. Anti- @entity6300 antibodies are strongly associated with @entity1988 . Recent studies describe apoptosis as a key player in LE pathogenesis and @entity6300 is an important opsonin, playing a central role in the uptake of apoptotic blebs. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum anti @entity6300 antibodies, @entity6300 with circulating immune complexes and correlation between serology and cutaneous apoptosis in @entity1 with @entity3830 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: 79 subjects were recruited and divided into 4 groups-13 healthy controls, 26 with discoid chronic lupus (DLE), 23 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and 17 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). Blood samples and skin punched-biopsy specimens were performed. Serum anti- @entity6300 antibodies and @entity6300 associated to the immune complexes concentrations were determined by ELISA. Cutaneous @entity522 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: @entity1252 and @entity1252 @entity1 had significantly higher levels of anti- @entity6300 antibodies and serum @entity6300 -CIC levels when compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). Serum anti- @entity6300 antibodies correlated with @entity644 in @entity1252 @entity1 (p < 0.05). Anti @entity6300 antibodies levels also correlated with cutaneous @entity522 expression in @entity1252 and @entity1252 @entity1 (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anti @entity6300 antibodies might play a pathogenic role in @entity1252 pathogenesis and being positively associated with cutaneous apoptosis markers might be associated with a negative prognosis and secondary @entity1252 development.

title: Anti @entity6300 antibodies in XXXX .

answer: @entity3830 :: (MESH:D008178,Disease) :: ['cutaneous lupus erythematosus']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical use and accuracy of a new retinal navigating laser technology that integrates a scanning slit fundus camera system with @entity941 angiography (FA), color, red-free, and infrared imaging capabilities with a computer steerable therapeutic 532-nm laser. DESIGN: Interventional case series. @entity1 : Eighty-six eyes of 61 @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity1103 treated by NAVILAS. METHODS: The imaging included digital color fundus photographs and FA. The planning included graphically marking future treatment sites (microaneurysms for single-spot focal treatment and areas of diffuse leakage for grid pattern photocoagulation) on the acquired images. The preplanned treatment was visible and overlaid on the live fundus image during the actual photocoagulation. The NAVILAS automatically advances the aiming beam location from one planned treatment site to the next after each photocoagulation spot until all sites are treated. Aiming beam stabilization compensated for @entity1 's eye movements. The pretreatment FA with the treatment plan was overlaid on top of the posttreatment color fundus images with the actual laser burns. This allowed treatment accuracy to be calculated. Independent observers evaluated the images to determine if the retinal opacification after treatment overlapped the targeted microaneurysm. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Safety and accuracy of laser photocoagulation. RESULTS: The images were of very good quality compared with standard fundus cameras, allowing careful delineation of target areas on FA. Toggling from infrared, to monochromatic, to color view allowed evaluation and adjustment of burn intensity during treatment. There were no complications during or after photocoagulation treatment. An analysis of accuracy of 400 random focal targeted spots found that the NAVILAS achieved a microaneurysm hit rate of 92% when the placement of the treatment circle was centered by the operating surgeon on the microaneurysm. The accuracy for the control group analyzing 100 focal spots was significantly lower at 72% (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Laser photocoagulation using the NAVILAS system is safe and achieves a higher rate of accuracy in photocoagulation treatments of @entity6 lesions than standard manual-technique laser treatment. Precise manual preplanning and positioning of the treatment sites by the surgeon is possible, allowing accurate and predictable photocoagulation of these lesions. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

title: Clinical evaluation and treatment accuracy in XXXX using navigated laser photocoagulator NAVILAS.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['macular edema']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

answer: @entity1103 :: (MESH:D008269,Disease) :: ['diabetic macular edema']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity117 -induced @entity565 (AIA) is presumed to involve the @entity117 /non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced abnormal metabolism of @entity1426 , resulting in an increase in @entity25084 (5-LO) metabolites, particularly @entity223 ( @entity223 ). However, the role of LTC(4) in the development of AIA has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the lipid product LTC(4) secreted by the 5-LO pathway to the pathogenesis of AIA. METHODS: To evaluate antigen-induced @entity32 , the concentrations of T-helper type 2 cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from @entity36092 -transgenic (Tg) and @entity164 ( @entity164 ) @entity19 after challenge with ovalbumin were measured. Subsequently, the ex vivo and in vivo effects of the NSAID @entity10964 were investigated in these Tg and @entity164 @entity19 by measuring the secretion of LTC(4) from @entity10964 -treated BAL cells and the levels of LTC(4) in BALF following challenge with @entity10964 . Finally, the @entity10964 -induced airway response by the administration of pranlukast, an antagonist of the @entity6954 (cs)-LT1 receptor, was analysed. RESULTS: The concentrations of @entity58 , -5, and -13 in BALF from Tg @entity19 were significantly higher than those in @entity164 @entity19 . In addition, @entity10964 augmented the secretion of LTC(4) in BALF and by BAL cells in Tg @entity19 , but not in @entity164 @entity19 . Additionally, the increased airway resistance induced by @entity10964 could be reduced by treatment with @entity1440 . Furthermore, the secretion of LTC(4) from mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages was increased in the allergen-stimulated @entity36092 gene Tg @entity19 , even in the absence of @entity10964 , as well as in BAL cells after @entity10964 . CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The over-expression of the @entity36092 in a @entity19 @entity565 model also replicates the key features of AIA. And our study supports that cys-LTs play a major role in the pathogenesis of AIA in @entity1 with @entity102 .

title: Over-expression of the @entity36092 gene in @entity19 reproduces @entity1 @entity117 -induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10964 :: ('MESH:D004177', 'Chemical') :: ['sulpyrine']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1440 :: ('MESH:C047681', 'Chemical') :: ['pranlukast']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic asthma']

entities_list: @entity6954 :: ('CHEBI:23511', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteinyl']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity117 -induced @entity565 (AIA) is presumed to involve the @entity117 /non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced abnormal metabolism of @entity1426 , resulting in an increase in @entity25084 (5-LO) metabolites, particularly @entity223 ( @entity223 ). However, the role of LTC(4) in the development of AIA has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the lipid product LTC(4) secreted by the 5-LO pathway to the pathogenesis of AIA. METHODS: To evaluate antigen-induced @entity32 , the concentrations of T-helper type 2 cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from @entity36092 -transgenic (Tg) and @entity164 ( @entity164 ) @entity19 after challenge with ovalbumin were measured. Subsequently, the ex vivo and in vivo effects of the NSAID @entity10964 were investigated in these Tg and @entity164 @entity19 by measuring the secretion of LTC(4) from @entity10964 -treated BAL cells and the levels of LTC(4) in BALF following challenge with @entity10964 . Finally, the @entity10964 -induced airway response by the administration of pranlukast, an antagonist of the @entity6954 (cs)-LT1 receptor, was analysed. RESULTS: The concentrations of @entity58 , -5, and -13 in BALF from Tg @entity19 were significantly higher than those in @entity164 @entity19 . In addition, @entity10964 augmented the secretion of LTC(4) in BALF and by BAL cells in Tg @entity19 , but not in @entity164 @entity19 . Additionally, the increased airway resistance induced by @entity10964 could be reduced by treatment with @entity1440 . Furthermore, the secretion of LTC(4) from mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages was increased in the allergen-stimulated @entity36092 gene Tg @entity19 , even in the absence of @entity10964 , as well as in BAL cells after @entity10964 . CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The over-expression of the @entity36092 in a @entity19 @entity565 model also replicates the key features of AIA. And our study supports that cys-LTs play a major role in the pathogenesis of AIA in @entity1 with @entity102 .

title: Over-expression of the XXXX gene in @entity19 reproduces @entity1 @entity117 -induced @entity565 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity36092 :: (17001(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['LTC4 synthase']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity117 -induced @entity565 (AIA) is presumed to involve the @entity117 /non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced abnormal metabolism of @entity1426 , resulting in an increase in @entity25084 (5-LO) metabolites, particularly @entity223 ( @entity223 ). However, the role of LTC(4) in the development of AIA has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the lipid product LTC(4) secreted by the 5-LO pathway to the pathogenesis of AIA. METHODS: To evaluate antigen-induced @entity32 , the concentrations of T-helper type 2 cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from @entity36092 -transgenic (Tg) and @entity164 ( @entity164 ) @entity19 after challenge with ovalbumin were measured. Subsequently, the ex vivo and in vivo effects of the NSAID @entity10964 were investigated in these Tg and @entity164 @entity19 by measuring the secretion of LTC(4) from @entity10964 -treated BAL cells and the levels of LTC(4) in BALF following challenge with @entity10964 . Finally, the @entity10964 -induced airway response by the administration of pranlukast, an antagonist of the @entity6954 (cs)-LT1 receptor, was analysed. RESULTS: The concentrations of @entity58 , -5, and -13 in BALF from Tg @entity19 were significantly higher than those in @entity164 @entity19 . In addition, @entity10964 augmented the secretion of LTC(4) in BALF and by BAL cells in Tg @entity19 , but not in @entity164 @entity19 . Additionally, the increased airway resistance induced by @entity10964 could be reduced by treatment with @entity1440 . Furthermore, the secretion of LTC(4) from mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages was increased in the allergen-stimulated @entity36092 gene Tg @entity19 , even in the absence of @entity10964 , as well as in BAL cells after @entity10964 . CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The over-expression of the @entity36092 in a @entity19 @entity565 model also replicates the key features of AIA. And our study supports that cys-LTs play a major role in the pathogenesis of AIA in @entity1 with @entity102 .

title: Over-expression of the @entity36092 gene in XXXX reproduces @entity1 @entity117 -induced @entity565 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity117 -induced @entity565 (AIA) is presumed to involve the @entity117 /non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced abnormal metabolism of @entity1426 , resulting in an increase in @entity25084 (5-LO) metabolites, particularly @entity223 ( @entity223 ). However, the role of LTC(4) in the development of AIA has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the lipid product LTC(4) secreted by the 5-LO pathway to the pathogenesis of AIA. METHODS: To evaluate antigen-induced @entity32 , the concentrations of T-helper type 2 cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from @entity36092 -transgenic (Tg) and @entity164 ( @entity164 ) @entity19 after challenge with ovalbumin were measured. Subsequently, the ex vivo and in vivo effects of the NSAID @entity10964 were investigated in these Tg and @entity164 @entity19 by measuring the secretion of LTC(4) from @entity10964 -treated BAL cells and the levels of LTC(4) in BALF following challenge with @entity10964 . Finally, the @entity10964 -induced airway response by the administration of pranlukast, an antagonist of the @entity6954 (cs)-LT1 receptor, was analysed. RESULTS: The concentrations of @entity58 , -5, and -13 in BALF from Tg @entity19 were significantly higher than those in @entity164 @entity19 . In addition, @entity10964 augmented the secretion of LTC(4) in BALF and by BAL cells in Tg @entity19 , but not in @entity164 @entity19 . Additionally, the increased airway resistance induced by @entity10964 could be reduced by treatment with @entity1440 . Furthermore, the secretion of LTC(4) from mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages was increased in the allergen-stimulated @entity36092 gene Tg @entity19 , even in the absence of @entity10964 , as well as in BAL cells after @entity10964 . CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The over-expression of the @entity36092 in a @entity19 @entity565 model also replicates the key features of AIA. And our study supports that cys-LTs play a major role in the pathogenesis of AIA in @entity1 with @entity102 .

title: Over-expression of the @entity36092 gene in @entity19 reproduces @entity1 XXXX -induced @entity565 .

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['aspirin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of @entity117 -induced @entity565 (AIA) is presumed to involve the @entity117 /non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced abnormal metabolism of @entity1426 , resulting in an increase in @entity25084 (5-LO) metabolites, particularly @entity223 ( @entity223 ). However, the role of LTC(4) in the development of AIA has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the lipid product LTC(4) secreted by the 5-LO pathway to the pathogenesis of AIA. METHODS: To evaluate antigen-induced @entity32 , the concentrations of T-helper type 2 cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from @entity36092 -transgenic (Tg) and @entity164 ( @entity164 ) @entity19 after challenge with ovalbumin were measured. Subsequently, the ex vivo and in vivo effects of the NSAID @entity10964 were investigated in these Tg and @entity164 @entity19 by measuring the secretion of LTC(4) from @entity10964 -treated BAL cells and the levels of LTC(4) in BALF following challenge with @entity10964 . Finally, the @entity10964 -induced airway response by the administration of pranlukast, an antagonist of the @entity6954 (cs)-LT1 receptor, was analysed. RESULTS: The concentrations of @entity58 , -5, and -13 in BALF from Tg @entity19 were significantly higher than those in @entity164 @entity19 . In addition, @entity10964 augmented the secretion of LTC(4) in BALF and by BAL cells in Tg @entity19 , but not in @entity164 @entity19 . Additionally, the increased airway resistance induced by @entity10964 could be reduced by treatment with @entity1440 . Furthermore, the secretion of LTC(4) from mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages was increased in the allergen-stimulated @entity36092 gene Tg @entity19 , even in the absence of @entity10964 , as well as in BAL cells after @entity10964 . CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The over-expression of the @entity36092 in a @entity19 @entity565 model also replicates the key features of AIA. And our study supports that cys-LTs play a major role in the pathogenesis of AIA in @entity1 with @entity102 .

title: Over-expression of the @entity36092 gene in @entity19 reproduces XXXX @entity117 -induced @entity565 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: It is often difficult for emergency department staff to follow up the primary closure of simple @entity4551 . This is important to allow closure of the feedback loop. Consecutive @entity1 who were sutured by a single operator using the same technique were asked to send a photograph of the laceration six months and 12 months afterwards. The @entity1 had Internet access and a digital camera, or a mobile phone with a camera. They were given a leaflet with the details of the email address or mobile number to send the picture to. A reminder telephone call was made to each @entity1 at six months and 12 months, and the email address or mobile number to send the picture to was given again. In each telephone call @entity1 were asked to grade the healing on a 5-point scale from 1 = very happy to 5 = very unhappy. At 13 months all @entity1 were re-contacted and reminded again. Fifty @entity1 were included in the study (33 males). The cause of injury was sport in 17 @entity1 , assault in 18 and accidents in 15. At six months, 23 @entity1 stated that they were happy and 27 were very happy with the scar. The mean score was 1.5. At 12 and 13 months, four @entity1 were happy and 46 very happy. The mean score was 1.1. Twenty-four @entity1 said they would use a computer/camera to send in the follow-up image, and 26 @entity1 had a mobile phone with a camera and said they would use that. Despite the reminders, no @entity1 sent a photograph. The results provide no evidence to support the use of photographs sent by email or text message for the follow-up of @entity4551 sutured in the emergency department.

title: Electronic follow-up of XXXX in the emergency department.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4551 :: ('MESH:D022125', 'Disease') :: ['facial lacerations']

answer: @entity4551 :: (MESH:D022125,Disease) :: ['facial lacerations']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) is rare in @entity1 with @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). There are limited data on the utility of catheter ablation for the treatment of @entity1165 in this population. This study details a series of case reports from multiple centers where combined epicardial-endocardial ablation was performed in a highly selected group of @entity1 with @entity1121 -related @entity1165 . METHODS AND RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 10 @entity1 with @entity1121 -related @entity1165 . Pericardial access was achieved using the percutaneous subxyphoid approach. Epicardial and endocardial ventricular 3D bipolar voltage maps were generated. Ablation sites were identified using a combination of entrainment, activation, late/fractionated potential, and pace mapping. Electrophysiological-identified @entity2318 was present in 8 (80%) @entity1 , @entity2318 in 6 (60%), and no scar in 1 (10%). In the 5 @entity1 with inducible, stable @entity1165 , 3 cases were successfully terminated with ablation from the epicardium and 1 from the endocardium. The case that failed catheter ablation required surgical cryoablation to abolish the incessant VT. In the remaining 5 @entity1 , 4 underwent epicardial and endocardial ablation of sites with good pace maps and late/fractionated potentials. No ablation was performed in the remaining @entity1 because of noninducibility and lack of identifiable scar. After 37  17 months (limits, 2 to 62 months; median, 37 months), the freedom from recurrent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks was 78% (7/9 @entity1 ) in those who underwent ablation. CONCLUSIONS: In highly selected @entity1 with @entity1121 , combined epicardial and endocardial mapping and ablation is a feasible and reasonably efficacious option for @entity1165 if refractory to aggressive trials of antiarrhythmic drugs and antitachycardia pacing.

title: Long-term outcomes of combined epicardial and endocardial ablation of monomorphic @entity1165 related to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['endocardial scar', 'epicardial scar']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['HCM', 'hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia', 'MMVT']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) is rare in @entity1 with @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). There are limited data on the utility of catheter ablation for the treatment of @entity1165 in this population. This study details a series of case reports from multiple centers where combined epicardial-endocardial ablation was performed in a highly selected group of @entity1 with @entity1121 -related @entity1165 . METHODS AND RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 10 @entity1 with @entity1121 -related @entity1165 . Pericardial access was achieved using the percutaneous subxyphoid approach. Epicardial and endocardial ventricular 3D bipolar voltage maps were generated. Ablation sites were identified using a combination of entrainment, activation, late/fractionated potential, and pace mapping. Electrophysiological-identified @entity2318 was present in 8 (80%) @entity1 , @entity2318 in 6 (60%), and no scar in 1 (10%). In the 5 @entity1 with inducible, stable @entity1165 , 3 cases were successfully terminated with ablation from the epicardium and 1 from the endocardium. The case that failed catheter ablation required surgical cryoablation to abolish the incessant VT. In the remaining 5 @entity1 , 4 underwent epicardial and endocardial ablation of sites with good pace maps and late/fractionated potentials. No ablation was performed in the remaining @entity1 because of noninducibility and lack of identifiable scar. After 37  17 months (limits, 2 to 62 months; median, 37 months), the freedom from recurrent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks was 78% (7/9 @entity1 ) in those who underwent ablation. CONCLUSIONS: In highly selected @entity1 with @entity1121 , combined epicardial and endocardial mapping and ablation is a feasible and reasonably efficacious option for @entity1165 if refractory to aggressive trials of antiarrhythmic drugs and antitachycardia pacing.

title: Long-term outcomes of combined epicardial and endocardial ablation of monomorphic XXXX related to @entity1121 .

answer: @entity1165 :: (MESH:D017180,Disease) :: ['ventricular tachycardia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The introduction of antipsychotic medication has been a major advance in the treatment of @entity161 and allows millions of @entity1 to live outside of institutions. It is generally believed that long-acting intramuscular antipsychotic medication is the most effective approach to increasing medication adherence and thereby reduce relapse in high-risk @entity1 with @entity161 , but the data are scant. PURPOSE: To report the design of a study to assess the effect of long-acting injectable @entity1090 in unstable @entity1 and under more realistic conditions than previously studied and to evaluate the effect of this medication on @entity146 inpatient hospitalization, @entity161 symptoms, quality of life, medication adherence, side effects, and health care costs. METHODS: The trial was an open randomized clinical comparative effectiveness trial in @entity1 with @entity161 or @entity1316 in which parenteral @entity1090 was compared to an oral antipsychotic regimen selected by each control @entity1 's psychiatrist. @entity1 had unstable @entity146 disease defined by recent hospitalization or exhibition of unusual need for @entity146 services. The primary endpoint was hospitalization for @entity146 indications; the secondary endpoint was @entity146 symptoms. RESULTS: Overall, 382 @entity1 were randomized. Determination of a @entity1 ' competency to understand the elements of informed consent was addressed. The use of a closed-circuit TV interview for psychosocial measures provided an economical, high quality, reliable means of collecting data. A unique method for insuring that usual care was optimal was incorporated in the follow-up of all subjects. LIMITATIONS: @entity1 with @entity161 or @entity1316 and with the common co-morbid illnesses seen in the VA are a challenging group of subjects to study in long-term trials. Some techniques unique in the VA and found useful may not be generalizable or applicable in other research or treatment settings. CONCLUSIONS: The trial tested a new antipsychotic medication early in its adoption in the Veterans Health Administration. The VA has a unique electronic medical record and database which can be used to identify the endpoint, that is, first hospitalization due to a @entity146 problem, with complete ascertainment. Several methodologic solutions addressed competency to understand elements of consent, the costs and reliability of collecting interview data gathering, and insuring usual care.

title: Challenges in the design and conduct of controlled clinical effectiveness trials in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['schizo-affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low-dose oral contraceptives can still cause @entity1031 with serious neurologic or @entity717 . @entity1 : A  22-year-old @entity1 having used oral contraceptives for several months noticed @entity227 . One tablet of her contraceptive contained @entity2082 (0.03  mg) and @entity18831 (2  mg). RESULT: Because of the @entity2194 , the @entity1 could only read with her right eye. She presented complete left inferior @entity1805 , indicating a hemicentral retinal @entity432 . Visual acuity in both eyes was 20  /  20. The left fundus revealed a distinct @entity1829 in the area superior to the optic disc and macula due to vascular disturbances of the superior temporal superior and superior nasal retinal arteries. The right eye was normal. Fluorescein angiography revealed recanalized arteries in the superior retinal area with conspiciously early dye filling as a paradoxical sign. Doppler sonography of the neck and orbital arteries and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) findings were inconspicious. However, blood examination revealed an elevated thrombin-antithrombin complex and reduced free protein S. CONCLUSION: @entity1003 can be a side effect of oral contraceptives. Even nowadays, @entity1 taking contraceptives risk the danger of @entity432 especially if the @entity1 suffers from @entity101 , @entity6 , have @entity154 , or if she is a chronic smoker. Before treatment with oral contraceptives commences, a thorough medical examination is necessary. If the family history reveals prominent cardiovascular risk factors, testing for @entity49 is recommended. Even nowadays, @entity1 should be warned of the risk of @entity227 as a potential side-effect associated with oral contraceptives.

title: [Hemicentral retinal XXXX due to oral contraceptives].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENT', 'patient', 'women', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['a coagulation anomaly']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defects', 'sudden painless visual loss in her left eye']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['lower left eye visual field defect']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['arterial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinylestradiol']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['Coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophilia']

entities_list: @entity1805 :: ('MESH:D006423', 'Disease') :: ['hemianopia']

entities_list: @entity18831 :: ('MESH:D002715', 'Chemical') :: ['chlormadinonacetate']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic disorders']

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['retinal edema']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery obstruction', 'vascular occlusions']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['ocular disabilities']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['artery occlusion']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The QUASAR (Quality Assessment Score and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Italian @entity6 @entity1 ) study aimed to assess whether a quality-of-care summary score predicted the development of cardiovascular (CV) events in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In 67 @entity6 clinics, data on randomly selected @entity1 were extracted from electronic medical records. The score was calculated using process and outcome indicators based on monitoring, targets, and treatment of @entity3916 , blood pressure, LDL @entity165 , and microalbuminuria. The score ranged from 0 to 40. RESULTS: Overall, 5,181 @entity1 were analyzed; 477 (9.2%) @entity1 developed a CV event after a median follow-up of 28 months. The incidence rate (per 1,000 @entity1 -years) of CV events was 62.4 in @entity1 with a score of <15, 41.0 in those with a score between 20 and 25 and 36.7 in those with a score of >25. Multilevel analysis, adjusted for clustering and case-mix, showed that the risk to develop a new CV event was 84% higher in @entity1 with a score of <15 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-2.62) and 17% higher in those with a score between 15 and 25 (IRR = 1.17; 95% CI 0.93-1.49) compared with those with a score of >25. Mean quality score varied across centers from 16.5    7.5 to 29.1    6.3. When the score was tested as the dependent variable, it emerged that 18% of the variance in the score could be attributed to setting characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Our study documented a close relationship between quality of @entity6 care and long-term outcomes. A simple score can be used to monitor quality of care and compare the performance of different centers/physicians.

title: Quality of XXXX care predicts the development of cardiovascular events: results of the AMD-QUASAR study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Panax Notoginseng @entity3857 (PNS) on tendon healing in bone tunnel. METHODS: The experiment was performed in the animal laboratory, Wangjing hospital from April to August, 2010. All the experiment procedures were accorded with the animal ethical requirements. Twenty @entity95 were randomly divided into blank control group and PNS group with 10 animals in each group. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with toe extensor tendon was done in knee joints of @entity95 by suspend fixation model. PNS was injected in bone tunnel of @entity95 in PNS group, and nothing was given to blank group. Specimens were collected at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. Sections were stained with HE stain to observe the changes of interface tissue between bone tunnel and tendon graft. Interface types were classified according to Yamakado method. RESULTS: At 4 weeks after surgery, the interface was filled with connective tissue in both group, while at 8 weeks, there was not obvious gap between bone and tendon graft in both groups under macrography. Under microscope, there were more fibroblast in the PNS group. There was larger new bone formation area in PNS group. The classification on the Yamakado type was significantly different between two group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PNS can enhance @entity79 in bone tunnel, and promote the connection between tendon and bone. The study lacks quantitative analysis of those criteria, and the mechanics of the promotion of @entity79 has not been totally clear.

title: [Effect of Panax Notoginseng XXXX on autograft tendon healing in bone tunnel: interface histological characteristics].

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['tendon-bone healing']

entities_list: @entity3857 :: ('MESH:D012503', 'Chemical') :: ['Saponins']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'New Zealand rabbits']

answer: @entity3857 :: (MESH:D012503,Chemical) :: ['Saponins']


abstract: The clinical course of 29 liver graft recipients in the Cambridge/King's College Hospital series who have received @entity205 (CyA) for up to five years (median 40 months) was analysed with particular reference to the immunosuppressive effectiveness and adverse effects of the drug. Eight @entity1 had been maintained on @entity617 and @entity500 for two to six years before treatment was changed to @entity205 and the remainder were started on @entity205 after operation. Results in both groups over a one to five year study period are similar, and showed that @entity205 was effective in maintaining adequate immunosuppression, allowing complete withdrawal of prednisolone in 16 @entity1 . Episodes of rejection were observed in only three @entity1 and in two of these it was of the chronic 'vanishing bile duct' variety. Some evidence of nephrotoxicity (serum @entity1011 greater than 150 mumol/l) occurred in 72 per cent (21 of 29 @entity1 ) but it was necessary to discontinue treatment in only two. @entity101 , occasionally of sudden onset, was found in nine @entity1 and led to the withdrawal of the drug in two. Additional @entity551 drug treatment was required in five. In one other @entity1 @entity205 was discontinued on account of severe @entity10 . @entity205 was withdrawn in two further @entity1 . Withdrawal led to considerable risk of acute rejection and increased doses of @entity288 as well as substitution of @entity500 were required at that time.

title: Long-term use of XXXX in liver grafting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporin A', 'cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporin']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine safety, benefits, outcomes, and costs of early versus late stabilization of spine @entity130 using data available in the current literature. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There is currently a lack of consensus regarding the timing of surgical stabilization of the injured spine. This is limited by the reality that a randomized clinical trial to evaluate early versus late surgery is difficult to design and perform. METHODS: A computer-aided search using the keywords Spine or Spinal, @entity130 , @entity1566 , and Surgery that included MEDLINE, EMBASE, HealthSTAR, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ACP Journal Club, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from January 1990 to July 2009 was done. RESULTS: Eleven articles directly comparing two cohorts that had early or late surgery were identified. All of the studies consistently demonstrated shorter hospital and intensive care unit length of stays, fewer days on mechanical ventilation and @entity358 in @entity1 who are treated with early surgical spine decompression and stabilization. These advantages are more marked in @entity1 with @entity1230 . Consequently, costs associated with late surgery were higher compared with early surgery. CONCLUSION: There is evidence in the current literature to show that early surgical stabilization leads to shorter hospital stays, shorter intensive care unit stays, less days on mechanical ventilation and @entity358 . This effect is more evident in @entity1 who have more severe associated @entity130 as measured by ISS. This benefit is seen in @entity1 who have @entity1566 as well as those who do not. There is some evidence that early stabilization does not increase the complication rates compared with late surgery.

title: Early versus late stabilization of spine XXXX : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lower pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['polytrauma']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal Cord Injury', 'cord injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'Trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['injuries']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To testify the phenomenon that large amplitude action potential appears at the early stage of @entity3541 , and to search for the mechanism through clinical and experimental studies. @entity1 (ANIMALS) AND METHODS: The action potentials of the orbicular ocular and oral muscles were recorded in 34 normal @entity1 by electromyogram instruments. The normal range of amplitude percentage was found out according to the normal distribution. One hundred @entity1 with @entity3541 were also studied. The action potentials of facial muscles were recorded in 17 @entity840 before and after the facial nerve was compressed and the facial nerve was examined under electromicroscope before and after the compression. RESULTS: The amplitude percentage of the suffered side to the healthy side was more than 153 percent in 6 of the 100 @entity1 . Large amplitude action potential occured in 35 per cent @entity840 which were performed the experiment of @entity2850 . Electromicroscopic examination revealed separation of the lammae of the @entity17 in the @entity840 which exhibited large amplitude action potential. CONCLUSION: The facial nerve exhibited a temporary over-excitability at the early stage of @entity2123 in some @entity1 and @entity840 . If the injury was limited in the myelin sheath, the prognosis was relatively good.

title: Clinical and experimental studies of large amplitude action potential of the suffered facial muscles in intratemporal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ["facial nerve's myelin sheath"]

entities_list: @entity2123 :: ('MESH:D020220', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve compression']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial paralysis']

answer: @entity3541 :: (MESH:D005158,Disease) :: ['facial nerve paralysis']


abstract: A polygenic approach to disease prevention has become a realistic goal that has arisen from the sequencing of the @entity1 genome. Some believe it will be possible to identify individuals as susceptible by their genotype and to prevent disease by targeting interventions to those at risk. However, doubts have been expressed about the magnitude of these genetic effects, and hence the potential to apply them either to individuals or to populations. Published data suggest that the @entity0 not due to the known high penetrance genes is polygenic, which implies that the distribution of risk in the population is continuous. This model is likely to apply to other common @entity5 . The utility of a continuous distribution for identifying a high-risk group of the population for targeted preventive intervention depends on the spread of that risk distribution. For @entity0 , the data are compatible with a log-normal distribution of genetic risk in the population which is sufficiently wide to provide useful discrimination of high- and low-risk groups. Assuming all the susceptibility genes could be identified, the half of the population at highest risk would account for 88% of all cases. In contrast, if currently identified risk factors for @entity0 were used to stratify the population, the half of the population at highest risk would account for only 62% of all cases. These results suggest that in the future the construction and use of genetic risk profiles may provide significant improvements in the efficacy of population-based programmes of intervention for @entity5 and other diseases.

title: Genetic susceptibility, predicting risk and preventing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['familial aggregation of breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: What is the relationship between @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) of @entity4480 , adherence to therapy, and healthcare costs among @entity1 with @entity239 ? METHODS: Employing a retrospective cohort design, this study assessed administrative claims data for commercially-insured @entity239 @entity1 who initiated @entity4480 in 2006. Initiation was defined as a 90-day clean period without access to @entity4480 . Five study cohorts were constructed based on the @entity2794 of @entity4480 , calculated from all prescriptions dispensed over the 12-month follow-up period: <30   mg, 30   mg, 31-59   mg, 60   mg, and >60   mg ( @entity4480 starting dose: 30   mg/day; target dose: 60   mg/day). Medication possession ration (MPR) was used to assess @entity4480 adherence, with MPR >= 0.8 as 'high' adherence. Multivariate regressions were applied to examine the association between @entity2794 , @entity4480 adherence, and healthcare costs (total, inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy), adjusting for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between cohorts. RESULTS: Of the 4869 @entity1 with @entity239 , 3% had an @entity2794 of <30   mg, 12% had 30   mg, 21% had 31-59   mg, 46% had 60   mg, and 18% had >60   mg. High adherence to @entity4480 ranged from 16% to 41% across cohorts. Controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics, @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 31-59   mg or >60   mg were more likely to adhere to @entity4480 therapy than those in the 60   mg cohort, while @entity1 in the <30   mg cohort were less likely to adhere to @entity4480 (all p   <   0.05). Total costs were significantly higher for individuals in the 31-59   mg or >60   mg @entity2794 cohorts ( 1834 and  5766) than those maintaining an @entity2794 of 60   mg, as were outpatient ( 1167 and  2275) and pharmacy costs ( 502 and  2983) (all p   <   0.05). @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 30   mg had significantly lower total (- 1770), inpatient (- 1524), and pharmacy (- 827) costs (all p   <   0.05) than those with an @entity2794 of 60   mg. LIMITATIONS: This study is subject to selection bias because some confounders might be unobserved in the administrative claims database. Indirect costs or over-the-counter medication costs were also not available. CONCLUSIONS: @entity239 @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 60   mg of @entity4480 had better adherence than @entity1 with an @entity2794  <=30   mg. @entity4480 @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 30   mg (31-59 or >60   mg) had significantly lower (higher) healthcare costs than those maintaining an @entity2794 of 60   mg.

title: Average daily dose, medication adherence, and healthcare costs among commercially-insured @entity1 with XXXX treated with @entity4480 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['Fibromyalgia', 'fibromyalgia']

entities_list: @entity2794 :: ('MESH:D020773', 'Disease') :: ['ADD', 'average daily dose']

entities_list: @entity4480 :: ('MESH:C058218', 'Chemical') :: ['duloxetine', 'Duloxetine']

answer: @entity239 :: (MESH:D005356,Disease) :: ['fibromyalgia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: What is the relationship between @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) of @entity4480 , adherence to therapy, and healthcare costs among @entity1 with @entity239 ? METHODS: Employing a retrospective cohort design, this study assessed administrative claims data for commercially-insured @entity239 @entity1 who initiated @entity4480 in 2006. Initiation was defined as a 90-day clean period without access to @entity4480 . Five study cohorts were constructed based on the @entity2794 of @entity4480 , calculated from all prescriptions dispensed over the 12-month follow-up period: <30   mg, 30   mg, 31-59   mg, 60   mg, and >60   mg ( @entity4480 starting dose: 30   mg/day; target dose: 60   mg/day). Medication possession ration (MPR) was used to assess @entity4480 adherence, with MPR >= 0.8 as 'high' adherence. Multivariate regressions were applied to examine the association between @entity2794 , @entity4480 adherence, and healthcare costs (total, inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy), adjusting for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between cohorts. RESULTS: Of the 4869 @entity1 with @entity239 , 3% had an @entity2794 of <30   mg, 12% had 30   mg, 21% had 31-59   mg, 46% had 60   mg, and 18% had >60   mg. High adherence to @entity4480 ranged from 16% to 41% across cohorts. Controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics, @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 31-59   mg or >60   mg were more likely to adhere to @entity4480 therapy than those in the 60   mg cohort, while @entity1 in the <30   mg cohort were less likely to adhere to @entity4480 (all p   <   0.05). Total costs were significantly higher for individuals in the 31-59   mg or >60   mg @entity2794 cohorts ( 1834 and  5766) than those maintaining an @entity2794 of 60   mg, as were outpatient ( 1167 and  2275) and pharmacy costs ( 502 and  2983) (all p   <   0.05). @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 30   mg had significantly lower total (- 1770), inpatient (- 1524), and pharmacy (- 827) costs (all p   <   0.05) than those with an @entity2794 of 60   mg. LIMITATIONS: This study is subject to selection bias because some confounders might be unobserved in the administrative claims database. Indirect costs or over-the-counter medication costs were also not available. CONCLUSIONS: @entity239 @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 60   mg of @entity4480 had better adherence than @entity1 with an @entity2794  <=30   mg. @entity4480 @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 30   mg (31-59 or >60   mg) had significantly lower (higher) healthcare costs than those maintaining an @entity2794 of 60   mg.

title: Average daily dose, medication adherence, and healthcare costs among commercially-insured @entity1 with @entity239 treated with XXXX .

answer: @entity4480 :: (MESH:C058218,Chemical) :: ['duloxetine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: What is the relationship between @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ) of @entity4480 , adherence to therapy, and healthcare costs among @entity1 with @entity239 ? METHODS: Employing a retrospective cohort design, this study assessed administrative claims data for commercially-insured @entity239 @entity1 who initiated @entity4480 in 2006. Initiation was defined as a 90-day clean period without access to @entity4480 . Five study cohorts were constructed based on the @entity2794 of @entity4480 , calculated from all prescriptions dispensed over the 12-month follow-up period: <30   mg, 30   mg, 31-59   mg, 60   mg, and >60   mg ( @entity4480 starting dose: 30   mg/day; target dose: 60   mg/day). Medication possession ration (MPR) was used to assess @entity4480 adherence, with MPR >= 0.8 as 'high' adherence. Multivariate regressions were applied to examine the association between @entity2794 , @entity4480 adherence, and healthcare costs (total, inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy), adjusting for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between cohorts. RESULTS: Of the 4869 @entity1 with @entity239 , 3% had an @entity2794 of <30   mg, 12% had 30   mg, 21% had 31-59   mg, 46% had 60   mg, and 18% had >60   mg. High adherence to @entity4480 ranged from 16% to 41% across cohorts. Controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics, @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 31-59   mg or >60   mg were more likely to adhere to @entity4480 therapy than those in the 60   mg cohort, while @entity1 in the <30   mg cohort were less likely to adhere to @entity4480 (all p   <   0.05). Total costs were significantly higher for individuals in the 31-59   mg or >60   mg @entity2794 cohorts ( 1834 and  5766) than those maintaining an @entity2794 of 60   mg, as were outpatient ( 1167 and  2275) and pharmacy costs ( 502 and  2983) (all p   <   0.05). @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 30   mg had significantly lower total (- 1770), inpatient (- 1524), and pharmacy (- 827) costs (all p   <   0.05) than those with an @entity2794 of 60   mg. LIMITATIONS: This study is subject to selection bias because some confounders might be unobserved in the administrative claims database. Indirect costs or over-the-counter medication costs were also not available. CONCLUSIONS: @entity239 @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 60   mg of @entity4480 had better adherence than @entity1 with an @entity2794  <=30   mg. @entity4480 @entity1 with an @entity2794 of 30   mg (31-59 or >60   mg) had significantly lower (higher) healthcare costs than those maintaining an @entity2794 of 60   mg.

title: Average daily dose, medication adherence, and healthcare costs among commercially-insured XXXX with @entity239 treated with @entity4480 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: We compared cost-effectiveness and potential lifetime benefits of using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) for myocardial perfusion assessment instead of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for the workup of @entity453 ( @entity453 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A decision and simulation model was developed to estimate cost and health effects of using DECT myocardial perfusion imaging instead of SPECT for identifying @entity1 in need of invasive imaging and possible revascularization. The model was based on the performance indices of stress/rest DECT compared with stress/rest SPECT for detecting myocardial perfusion deficits in 50 @entity1 (mean age 61  10 years) with @entity453 . Stress/rest perfusion and delayed enhancement cardiac MRI served as reference standard. For DECT a reimbursement of US 1700 was assumed but costs of cardiac MRI were not included in the model. All other actual healthcare costs in these @entity1 were derived from MUSC's hospital billing system. RESULTS: Compared with cardiac MRI, DECT (versus SPECT) had 90% (85%) sensitivity and 71% (58%) specificity for identifying @entity1 with obstructive @entity453 . Compared with the no imaging and no treatment strategy, routine SPECT gained 13.49 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US 3557 (in 2010) per QALY. In comparison, DECT ICER was lower (US 3.191 per QALY, p=0.0002) and an additional 0.64 QALYs was obtained (total of 14.13 QALYs) if compared with the SPECT strategy as well as the no imaging and no treatment strategy. CONCLUSION: Using DECT as the first-line imaging test for myocardial perfusion for the workup of @entity1 with @entity453 has the potential to provide gains in QALYs, while lowering costs if compared to routine myocardial perfusion SPECT.

title: Cost-effectiveness of substituting dual-energy CT for SPECT in the assessment of myocardial perfusion for the workup of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity302 in @entity64 @entity1 are a common complication and adversely affect neurological outcome. We tried to perform a trial aimed at preventing the development of @entity410 using levetiracetam. Levetiracetam is assumed to have anti-epileptogenic properties and might be suitable to prevent late @entity302 in @entity64 @entity1 . METHODS: @entity64 @entity1 with a @entity9326 and a modified Rankin score >=  3 or NIHSS >=  6 were treated with either levetiracetam 1500 mg daily divided in two doses or placebo during 12 weeks following @entity64 . Treatment was started within 7 days following @entity64 onset. RESULTS: Only 16 @entity1 were included in this trial. Problems during the execution of this prophylactic trial concerned the assessment of the occurrence of @entity302 , a very slow inclusion rate, the use of anticonvulsive co-medication, continuation of the trial medication after discharge, and the evaluation of possible side effects of the trial medication. DISCUSSION: Due to too few @entity1 , no conclusions could be drawn regarding the ability of @entity4677 to prevent @entity410 . The problems encountered during execution of this trial seem to be inherent to performing a trial aimed at preventing the development of @entity302 in @entity64 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: A prophylactic trial in @entity64 @entity1 aimed at preventing @entity410 and @entity302 seems not feasible.

title: Early treatment after XXXX for the prevention of late @entity302 : a report on the problems performing a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial aimed at anti-epileptogenesis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['late poststroke seizures', 'poststroke seizures']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity4677 :: ('MESH:C026098', 'Chemical') :: ['levetiracetam']

entities_list: @entity9326 :: ('MESH:D006313', 'Disease') :: ['cortical syndrome']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures', 'Epileptic seizures', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity302 in @entity64 @entity1 are a common complication and adversely affect neurological outcome. We tried to perform a trial aimed at preventing the development of @entity410 using levetiracetam. Levetiracetam is assumed to have anti-epileptogenic properties and might be suitable to prevent late @entity302 in @entity64 @entity1 . METHODS: @entity64 @entity1 with a @entity9326 and a modified Rankin score >=  3 or NIHSS >=  6 were treated with either levetiracetam 1500 mg daily divided in two doses or placebo during 12 weeks following @entity64 . Treatment was started within 7 days following @entity64 onset. RESULTS: Only 16 @entity1 were included in this trial. Problems during the execution of this prophylactic trial concerned the assessment of the occurrence of @entity302 , a very slow inclusion rate, the use of anticonvulsive co-medication, continuation of the trial medication after discharge, and the evaluation of possible side effects of the trial medication. DISCUSSION: Due to too few @entity1 , no conclusions could be drawn regarding the ability of @entity4677 to prevent @entity410 . The problems encountered during execution of this trial seem to be inherent to performing a trial aimed at preventing the development of @entity302 in @entity64 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: A prophylactic trial in @entity64 @entity1 aimed at preventing @entity410 and @entity302 seems not feasible.

title: Early treatment after @entity64 for the prevention of late XXXX : a report on the problems performing a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial aimed at anti-epileptogenesis.

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epileptic seizures']


abstract: PURPOSE: We examined the association between rural residence and birth outcomes in older mothers, the effect of parity on this association, and the trend in adverse birth outcomes in relation to the distance to the nearest hospital with cesarean-section capacity. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study, including all singleton births to 35+ year-old @entity1 in British Columbia (Canada), 1999-2003. We compared birth outcomes in @entity2132 , and between 3 distance categories to a hospital (<50, 50-150, >150 km). Outcomes included labor induction, cesarean section, stillbirth, perinatal @entity204 , preterm birth (<37 weeks), small-for-gestational-age, large-for-gestational-age, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. We used multivariate regression to obtain adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). FINDINGS: Among the 29,698 subjects, 11.5% lived in rural areas; 5% lived within 50-150 km; and 1.1% lived >150 km from a hospital. Rural @entity1 were at lower risk of primary and repeat cesarean section (OR = 0.9, CI: 0.9-1.0; OR = 0.7, CI: 0.6-0.9) and small-for-gestational-age (OR = 0.8, CI: 0.7-0.9) births; they were at increased risk for perinatal @entity204 (OR = 1.5, CI: 1.1-2.1) and large-for-gestational-age (OR = 1.1, CI: 1.1-1.2) births. The association was stronger among multiparous versus primiparous @entity1 . No differences in emergency cesarean section, preterm birth, or neonatal intensive care admission were found, regardless of parity. Perinatal mortality increased with distance from hospital; OR = 1.5 (CI: 1.1-2.1) per distance category. CONCLUSIONS: Older @entity1 in @entity2132 had a lower rate of cesarean section and increased risk of perinatal @entity204 . The risk of perinatal @entity204 increased with the distance to hospital. Further studies need to evaluate the contribution of underlying perinatal risks, access to care, and decision making regarding referral and transport.

title: Birth outcomes among older mothers in XXXX : a residence-based approach.

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['rural versus urban areas']

answer: @entity2132 :: (MESH:D006086,Disease) :: ['rural versus urban areas']


abstract: In plants, oxidative stress is one of the major causes of damage as a result of various environmental stresses. @entity66 is primarily because of the excessive accumulation of reactive @entity26 species (ROS). The amplification of @entity75 is further stimulated by the accumulation of @entity137 degradation products, i.e. @entity3125 , arising from reactions of ROS with lipids and proteins. Previously, the isolation of dehydration-inducible genes encoding @entity264 dehydrogenases (ALDHs) was reported from the desiccation-tolerant plant Craterostigma plantagineum and @entity958 . ALDHs belong to a family of @entity1110 -dependent enzymes with a broad substrate specificity that catalyze the oxidation of various @entity137 @entity3125 to @entity7574 . Analysis of transcript accumulation revealed that Ath- @entity39692 is induced in response to @entity1219 , heavy metals ( @entity8863 and @entity3280 ), and chemicals that induce oxidative stress ( @entity6453 (MV) and @entity274 ). To investigate the physiological role and possible involvement of ALDHs in stress protection, we generated transgenic @entity958 plants overexpressing Ath- @entity39692 . Transgenic lines show improved tolerance when exposed to dehydration, @entity1219 , heavy metals ( @entity8863 and @entity3280 ), MV, and @entity274 . Tolerance of transgenic plants is correlated with decreased accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived reactive @entity3125 (as measured by @entity1234 ) compared to wild-type plants. Increased activity of Ath- @entity39692 appears to constitute a detoxification mechanism that limits @entity264 accumulation and oxidative stress, thus revealing a novel pathway of detoxification in plants. We suggest that Ath- @entity39692 could be used to obtain plants with tolerance to diverse environmental stresses.

title: Overexpression of a stress-inducible XXXX dehydrogenase gene from @entity958 in transgenic plants improves stress tolerance.

entities_list: @entity6453 :: ('MESH:D010269', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl viologen']

entities_list: @entity7574 :: ('MESH:D002264', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxylic acids']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Oxidative stress']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['ROS damage']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis', 'Arabidopsis thaliana']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity3125 :: ('MESH:D000447', 'Chemical') :: ['aldehydes']

entities_list: @entity264 :: ('CHEBI:17478', 'Chemical') :: ['aldehyde']

answer: @entity264 :: (CHEBI:17478,Chemical) :: ['aldehyde']


abstract: In plants, oxidative stress is one of the major causes of damage as a result of various environmental stresses. @entity66 is primarily because of the excessive accumulation of reactive @entity26 species (ROS). The amplification of @entity75 is further stimulated by the accumulation of @entity137 degradation products, i.e. @entity3125 , arising from reactions of ROS with lipids and proteins. Previously, the isolation of dehydration-inducible genes encoding @entity264 dehydrogenases (ALDHs) was reported from the desiccation-tolerant plant Craterostigma plantagineum and @entity958 . ALDHs belong to a family of @entity1110 -dependent enzymes with a broad substrate specificity that catalyze the oxidation of various @entity137 @entity3125 to @entity7574 . Analysis of transcript accumulation revealed that Ath- @entity39692 is induced in response to @entity1219 , heavy metals ( @entity8863 and @entity3280 ), and chemicals that induce oxidative stress ( @entity6453 (MV) and @entity274 ). To investigate the physiological role and possible involvement of ALDHs in stress protection, we generated transgenic @entity958 plants overexpressing Ath- @entity39692 . Transgenic lines show improved tolerance when exposed to dehydration, @entity1219 , heavy metals ( @entity8863 and @entity3280 ), MV, and @entity274 . Tolerance of transgenic plants is correlated with decreased accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived reactive @entity3125 (as measured by @entity1234 ) compared to wild-type plants. Increased activity of Ath- @entity39692 appears to constitute a detoxification mechanism that limits @entity264 accumulation and oxidative stress, thus revealing a novel pathway of detoxification in plants. We suggest that Ath- @entity39692 could be used to obtain plants with tolerance to diverse environmental stresses.

title: Overexpression of a stress-inducible @entity264 dehydrogenase gene from XXXX in transgenic plants improves stress tolerance.

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']


abstract: Plants respond to a reduction in the red/far-red ratio (R:FR) of light, caused by the proximity of other plants, by initiating morphological changes that improve light capture. In @entity958 , this response (shade avoidance syndrome, SAS) is controlled by phytochromes (particularly phyB), and is dependent on the @entity72700 pathway of auxin biosynthesis. However, when grown in real canopies, we found that phyB mutants and mutants deficient in TAAI ( @entity72700 ) still display robust SAS responses to increased planting density and leaf shading. The SAS morphology (leaf hyponasty and reduced lamina/petiole ratio) could be phenocopied by exposing plants to blue light attenuation. These responses to blue light attenuation required the UV-A/blue light photoreceptor @entity16606 . Moreover, they were mediated through mechanisms that showed only limited overlap with the pathways recruited by phyB inactivation. In particular, pathways for polar auxin transport, auxin biosynthesis and gibberellin signaling that are involved in SAS responses to low R:FR were not required for the SAS responses to blue light depletion. By contrast, the @entity16656 response appeared to be required for the full expression of the SAS phenotype under low blue light. The phyB and @entity16606 inactivation pathways appeared to converge in their requirement for the basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors @entity72701 ( @entity14979 and @entity14980 ) to elicit the SAS phenotype. Our results suggest that blue light is an important control of SAS responses, and that @entity14979 and @entity14980 are critical hubs for a diverse array of signaling routes that control plant architecture in canopies.

title: XXXX and phytochrome B control shade-avoidance responses in @entity958 via partially independent hormonal cascades.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity16656 :: ('CHEBI:22921', 'Chemical') :: ['brassinosteroid']

entities_list: @entity72701 :: ('818903;825075', 'Gene') :: ['PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs   4 and 5']

answer: @entity16606 :: (826470(Tax:3702),Gene) :: ['Cryptochrome 1']


abstract: Plants respond to a reduction in the red/far-red ratio (R:FR) of light, caused by the proximity of other plants, by initiating morphological changes that improve light capture. In @entity958 , this response (shade avoidance syndrome, SAS) is controlled by phytochromes (particularly phyB), and is dependent on the @entity72700 pathway of auxin biosynthesis. However, when grown in real canopies, we found that phyB mutants and mutants deficient in TAAI ( @entity72700 ) still display robust SAS responses to increased planting density and leaf shading. The SAS morphology (leaf hyponasty and reduced lamina/petiole ratio) could be phenocopied by exposing plants to blue light attenuation. These responses to blue light attenuation required the UV-A/blue light photoreceptor @entity16606 . Moreover, they were mediated through mechanisms that showed only limited overlap with the pathways recruited by phyB inactivation. In particular, pathways for polar auxin transport, auxin biosynthesis and gibberellin signaling that are involved in SAS responses to low R:FR were not required for the SAS responses to blue light depletion. By contrast, the @entity16656 response appeared to be required for the full expression of the SAS phenotype under low blue light. The phyB and @entity16606 inactivation pathways appeared to converge in their requirement for the basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors @entity72701 ( @entity14979 and @entity14980 ) to elicit the SAS phenotype. Our results suggest that blue light is an important control of SAS responses, and that @entity14979 and @entity14980 are critical hubs for a diverse array of signaling routes that control plant architecture in canopies.

title: @entity16606 and phytochrome B control shade-avoidance responses in XXXX via partially independent hormonal cascades.

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: In the current study, we investigated the nature and role of @entity3844 variant isoforms involved in endothelial cell (EC) @entity5 cell @entity137 mediated by @entity2047 -activated killer (LAK) cells. Treatment of @entity3844 wild-type lymphocytes with @entity2047 led to increased gene expression of @entity3844 v6 and v7 variant isoforms and to significant induction of @entity455 ( @entity455 ). CD44v6-v7 knockout (KO) and CD44v7 KO @entity19 showed markedly reduced levels of @entity2047 -induced @entity455 . The decreased @entity455 in CD44v6-v7 KO and CD44v7 KO @entity19 did not result from differential activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells, NK, and NK-T cells or from altered degree of perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in the lungs. LAK cells from CD44v7 KO @entity19 showed a significant decrease in their ability to adhere to and mediate lysis of EC but not lysis of @entity19 @entity5 cells in vitro. CD44v7-mediated lysis of EC by LAK cells was dependent on the activity of @entity4357 3-kinase and @entity669 kinases. Interestingly, @entity2047 -activated LAK cells expressing @entity3844 hi but not @entity3844 lo were responsible for EC lysis. Furthermore, lysis of EC targets could be blocked by addition of soluble or enzymatic cleavage of CD44v6-v7-binding glycosaminoglycans. Finally, anti-CD44v7 mAbs caused a significant reduction in the adherence to and killing of EC and led to suppression of @entity2047 -induced @entity455 . Together, this study suggests that the expression of CD44v7 on LAK cells plays a specific role in EC injury and that it may be possible to reduce EC injury but not @entity5 cell killing by specifically targeting CD44v7.

title: Targeted deletion of CD44v7 exon leads to decreased endothelial cell injury but not @entity5 cell killing mediated by XXXX -activated cytolytic lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular leak syndrome', 'VLS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'injury and tumor']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity2047 :: (16183(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interleukin-2']