abstract: PURPOSE: This Phase III study was performed to determine whether chemotherapy plus b.i.d. or q.d. radiotherapy (RT) resulted in superior survival for @entity1 with @entity5 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS AND MATERIALS: @entity1 with @entity5 and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of <or=1 were randomized to receive either standard q.d. RT (60 Gy in 30 daily fractions) or split-course b.i.d. RT (30 Gy in 20 fractions b.i.d.) followed by a 2-week break and then 30 Gy in 20 fractions b.i.d. Both arms included @entity2879 and @entity900 (EP) during RT. RESULTS: Between December 1994 and February 1999, 246 @entity1 were accrued and 234 were deemed eligible and included in the analyses. Of the 234 @entity1 , 123 had Stage IIIa disease and 111 had @entity5 . The incidence of severe (Grade 3 or greater) acute nonhematologic @entity137 (q.d. RT, 53% vs. b.i.d. RT, 65%) and severe (Grade 3 or greater) hematologic @entity137 ( @entity882 , 41% q.d. RT vs. 39% b.i.d. RT; @entity1398 , 80% q.d. RT vs. 81% b.i.d. RT) was not significantly different between the treatment arms. Five @entity1 (3 in q.d. RT group and 2 in b.i.d. RT group) died as a result of acute @entity137 . The follow-up ranged from 2 to 73 months (median 43). No significant differences were found between the q.d. and b.i.d. RT arms in terms of time to progression (p = 0.9; median 9.4 and 9.6 months, respectively), overall survival (p = 0.4; median 14 and 15 months and 2-year survival rate 37% and 40%, respectively), and cumulative incidence of local failure (p = 0.6; 2-year rate 45% and 41%, respectively). CONCLUSION: This program of split-course b.i.d. RT plus EP was not superior to standard q.d. RT plus EP. The @entity137 , @entity5 control, and survival rates were similar with either b.i.d. or q.d. RT. Our future efforts will concentrate on new combinations of systemic therapy and innovative methods of administering increasing doses of RT.

title: Phase III trial comparing chemotherapy plus once-daily or twice-daily radiotherapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stage III NSCLC', 'tumor', 'Stage IIIb disease', 'Stage III non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Stage III non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: During adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for @entity5 , @entity1 receiving @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) by protracted venous infusion have a higher risk of @entity294 than have @entity1 receiving bolus @entity1487 . @entity137 from a previously reported randomized clinical trial was analyzed to quantify the difference in this risk. Additionally, the persistence of @entity294 after RT was analyzed. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 656 @entity1 were eligible. @entity1 with T3-4 N0-2 M0 or T1-2 N1-2 M0 resected, high-risk @entity5 were randomly allocated to receive @entity1487 by either protracted venous infusion or bolus during RT (50.4-54.0 Gy). Two cycles of bolus @entity1487 were given before and after RT. One-half of the first 445 @entity1 were also randomly allocated to receive lomustine in conjunction with the bolus @entity1487 . The incidence and severity of @entity294 in relation to @entity1 and treatment characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS: The rate of @entity294 was significantly greater in @entity1 receiving @entity1487 by protracted venous infusion than in @entity1 receiving bolus @entity1487 ; the difference was most pronounced for Grade 3 (severe) @entity294 (21% versus 13%, p = 0.007). The incidence and magnitude of @entity294 before and after RT were similar. @entity1 treated with an anterior resection had a higher rate of severe or life-threatening @entity294 than did @entity1 treated with an abdominoperineal resection (31% vs. 12%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: During @entity530 , @entity1 who receive @entity1487 by protracted venous infusion rather than by bolus have a higher risk of severe or life-threatening @entity294 during RT. This risk does not appear to persist during chemotherapy after completion of @entity530 .

title: Acute XXXX during adjuvant therapy for @entity5 : a detailed analysis from a randomized intergroup trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic RT']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['diarrhea']


abstract: PURPOSE: During adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) for @entity5 , @entity1 receiving @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) by protracted venous infusion have a higher risk of @entity294 than have @entity1 receiving bolus @entity1487 . @entity137 from a previously reported randomized clinical trial was analyzed to quantify the difference in this risk. Additionally, the persistence of @entity294 after RT was analyzed. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 656 @entity1 were eligible. @entity1 with T3-4 N0-2 M0 or T1-2 N1-2 M0 resected, high-risk @entity5 were randomly allocated to receive @entity1487 by either protracted venous infusion or bolus during RT (50.4-54.0 Gy). Two cycles of bolus @entity1487 were given before and after RT. One-half of the first 445 @entity1 were also randomly allocated to receive lomustine in conjunction with the bolus @entity1487 . The incidence and severity of @entity294 in relation to @entity1 and treatment characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS: The rate of @entity294 was significantly greater in @entity1 receiving @entity1487 by protracted venous infusion than in @entity1 receiving bolus @entity1487 ; the difference was most pronounced for Grade 3 (severe) @entity294 (21% versus 13%, p = 0.007). The incidence and magnitude of @entity294 before and after RT were similar. @entity1 treated with an anterior resection had a higher rate of severe or life-threatening @entity294 than did @entity1 treated with an abdominoperineal resection (31% vs. 12%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: During @entity530 , @entity1 who receive @entity1487 by protracted venous infusion rather than by bolus have a higher risk of severe or life-threatening @entity294 during RT. This risk does not appear to persist during chemotherapy after completion of @entity530 .

title: Acute @entity294 during adjuvant therapy for XXXX : a detailed analysis from a randomized intergroup trial.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: This investigation examined the effect of 5 different cements on the retention strength of prefabricated endodontic dowels placed into root canals previously obturated with gutta percha and a @entity1947 / @entity4744 (ZOE) sealer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six single-rooted teeth were decoronated, filed, cleaned, sequentially shaped, and divided into 6 groups of 16 specimens each. Five of the groups were then obturated with gutta percha and a ZOE sealer. One group was not obturated and served as the control group. Dowel space preparation and dowel cementation for all groups were completed 1 week later. Ten-mm deep dowel spaces were prepared using size 6 Gates Glidden drills. Size 5 Paraposts were then cemented with 5 different cements: Panavia 21 for group 1 (unobturated controls) and group 2; Ketac-Cem glass ionomer for group 3; Fleck's @entity24967 for group 4; Parapost (composite) Cement for group 5; and C_B Metabond @entity64028 for group 6. After 48 hours, the dowels were removed using a universal testing machine in tensile mode at 1 mm min(-1). RESULTS: The following results were found (all values in kg): group 1 (controls; Panavia 21) mean = 61.81, 95% CI = +/-8.65; group 2 (Panavia 21), mean=43.15, 95% CI = +/-7.81; group 3 (Ketac-Cem), mean =34.45, 95% CI = +/-4.93; group 4 ( @entity24967 ), mean = 25.07, 95% CI = +/-5.03; group 5 (Parapost Cement), mean = 24.99, 95% CI = +/-5.35. None of the group 6 (C_B Metabond) specimens developed measurable bond strengths, so this group was excluded from parametric statistical analyses. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of group; pairwise multiple comparison procedures (Tukey test) showed that group 1 (controls) had significantly greater retention than all other groups (p <0.001); group 2 (Panavia 21) had significantly greater retention than groups 4 ( @entity24967 ) and 5 (Parapost cement) (p <0.001). None of the other pairwise comparisons were statistically different. CONCLUSION: Paraposts cemented with Panavia 21 in unobturated root canals exhibited significantly higher retention than Paraposts luted with Panavia 21 and 4 different cements into dowel spaces prepared 1 week after obturation with gutta percha/ZOE sealer (p <0.001). Among the obturated groups, Panavia 21 cement (group 2) demonstrated significantly greater retention of Paraposts than @entity24967 (group 4) and Parapost composite (group 5) cements (p <0.001). Ketac-Cem glass ionomer cement (group 3) had intermediate retention values that were not statistically different than those of groups 2, 4, and 5 (p >0.05). The 4-META cement, C_B Metabond, failed to polymerize.

title: Retention strengths of five luting cements on prefabricated dowels after root canal obturation with a XXXX / @entity4744 sealer: 1. Dowel space preparation/cementation at one week after obturation.

entities_list: @entity24967 :: ('MESH:C043952', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1947 :: ('MESH:D015034', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc oxide']

answer: @entity1947 :: (MESH:D015034,Chemical) :: ['zinc oxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: This investigation examined the effect of 5 different cements on the retention strength of prefabricated endodontic dowels placed into root canals previously obturated with gutta percha and a @entity1947 / @entity4744 (ZOE) sealer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six single-rooted teeth were decoronated, filed, cleaned, sequentially shaped, and divided into 6 groups of 16 specimens each. Five of the groups were then obturated with gutta percha and a ZOE sealer. One group was not obturated and served as the control group. Dowel space preparation and dowel cementation for all groups were completed 1 week later. Ten-mm deep dowel spaces were prepared using size 6 Gates Glidden drills. Size 5 Paraposts were then cemented with 5 different cements: Panavia 21 for group 1 (unobturated controls) and group 2; Ketac-Cem glass ionomer for group 3; Fleck's @entity24967 for group 4; Parapost (composite) Cement for group 5; and C_B Metabond @entity64028 for group 6. After 48 hours, the dowels were removed using a universal testing machine in tensile mode at 1 mm min(-1). RESULTS: The following results were found (all values in kg): group 1 (controls; Panavia 21) mean = 61.81, 95% CI = +/-8.65; group 2 (Panavia 21), mean=43.15, 95% CI = +/-7.81; group 3 (Ketac-Cem), mean =34.45, 95% CI = +/-4.93; group 4 ( @entity24967 ), mean = 25.07, 95% CI = +/-5.03; group 5 (Parapost Cement), mean = 24.99, 95% CI = +/-5.35. None of the group 6 (C_B Metabond) specimens developed measurable bond strengths, so this group was excluded from parametric statistical analyses. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of group; pairwise multiple comparison procedures (Tukey test) showed that group 1 (controls) had significantly greater retention than all other groups (p <0.001); group 2 (Panavia 21) had significantly greater retention than groups 4 ( @entity24967 ) and 5 (Parapost cement) (p <0.001). None of the other pairwise comparisons were statistically different. CONCLUSION: Paraposts cemented with Panavia 21 in unobturated root canals exhibited significantly higher retention than Paraposts luted with Panavia 21 and 4 different cements into dowel spaces prepared 1 week after obturation with gutta percha/ZOE sealer (p <0.001). Among the obturated groups, Panavia 21 cement (group 2) demonstrated significantly greater retention of Paraposts than @entity24967 (group 4) and Parapost composite (group 5) cements (p <0.001). Ketac-Cem glass ionomer cement (group 3) had intermediate retention values that were not statistically different than those of groups 2, 4, and 5 (p >0.05). The 4-META cement, C_B Metabond, failed to polymerize.

title: Retention strengths of five luting cements on prefabricated dowels after root canal obturation with a @entity1947 / XXXX sealer: 1. Dowel space preparation/cementation at one week after obturation.

answer: @entity4744 :: (MESH:D005054,Chemical) :: ['eugenol']


abstract: AIM: To assess MDIS usage in @entity1 discharged from a @entity1 's hospital emergency department following a mild to moderate @entity565 . METHODS: Prospective observational study of 73 consecutive @entity1 presenting to a @entity1 's hospital emergency department with a mild to moderate @entity565 . Demographic data, whether @entity565 literature/written MDIS instructions were provided, and who provided MDIS instructions (either a discharge coordinator or other emergency department staff) were noted. Parents of @entity1 were telephoned after the first week following discharge and questioned about @entity1 improvement, MDIS use/reasons for not using MDIS, and unscheduled presentations to their local doctor or hospital. RESULTS: Following discharge, 50/73 (68.5%) @entity1 used MDIS exclusively (compliers), while 23/73 used nebulisers some or all of the time (non-compliers). There was no difference in @entity1 improvement or unscheduled presentations between compliers and non-compliers. Most non-compliers 14/23 (60.9%) changed because of parental preference; ease of nocturnal nebuliser use was a possible factor. Compliance was associated with the age of the @entity1 , spacer usage at hospital, the size of device used at hospital, and whether an information fact sheet was given. CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 discharged from the emergency department following a mild to moderate @entity565 continue MDIS use exclusively in the first week. MDIS compliance may be associated with knowledge, experience, and ease of spacer usage. The study shows that education for parents is crucial for MDIS compliance.

title: Spacer compliance after discharge following a mild to moderate XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma attack', 'asthma']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma attack']


abstract: We examined the morphodifferentiation of subneural apparatuses at neuromuscular junctions with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and @entity70934 ) in the sternothyroid muscle of postnatal @entity35 . As evidenced with SEM, primitive synaptic troughs found at birth were smooth cup-like @entity308 5-6 micron in diameter. At the 5th postnatal day, low sarcoplasmic ridges appeared in the @entity308 which successively grew and upheaved to remodel the @entity308 into anastomosed gutters during the next 10 days. Subneural apparatuses attained almost the adult form by the 30th day, though synaptic troughs were smaller in size and exhibited a less complex pattern. At birth, the @entity308 contained a few @entity558 :incipient junctional folds. By the 15th day, junctional folds rapidly developed, resulting in about an 18-fold increase in number per endplate with the parallel differentiation of slit-like junctional folds of adult form. At the 30th day, junctional folds were mostly slit-like, though pits still coexisted in a small proportion. As a shape factor, we measured the ratio of the length of the folds to their maximum width (L/W); the folds with L/W less than 2 were defined as pits, those with 2 less than or equal to L/W less than 5 as short slits, and those with L/W greater than or equal to 5 as long slits. At birth, pits occupied about 67% of the total number of the folds per endplate, which decreased to about 14% at the 30th day. Concomitantly, long slits remarkably increased from about 3 to 38%. Short slits increased from about 30 to 50% during the first 10 days but remained almost unchanged thereafter. The maximum L/W ratio was 12 at the 15th day and exceeded 20 after the 30th day. These quantitative data and the finding that pits were often closely associated with each other and also with a slit in a serial fashion indicate that the adjacent pits may fuse to each other and to the preformed slits. With @entity70934 , a few incipient junctional folds were found at the 5th day, which extended into the subneural sarcoplasm with a depth less than 0.4 micron. At the 15th day, junctional folds increased both in number and in the maximum depth of about 0.8 micron. There also occurred a number of basal lamina-containing vacuoles identical in many respects to the transversely sectioned profiles of incipient junctional folds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Formation and maturation of subneural apparatuses at neuromuscular junctions in postnatal XXXX : a scanning and transmission electron microscopical study.

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['mostly pit-like or elongated oval invaginations']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'depressions']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Ovules are specialized reproductive organs that develop within the carpels of higher plants. In @entity958 , mutations in two genes, @entity62089 ( @entity62089 ) and @entity30387 ( @entity30387 ), disrupt ovule development. In @entity62089 ovules, the inner integument fails to form, the outer integument develops abnormally, and the embryo sac arrests at a late stage of megagametogenesis. During later stages of ovule development, cells of the outer integument of a @entity62089 ovule sometimes develop into a carpel-like structure with stigmatic papillae and second-order ovules. The frequency of carpel-like structures was highest when plants were grown under conditions that normally induced flowering and was correlated with ectopic expression in the ovule of AGAMOUS (AG), an organ-identity gene required for carpel formation. Together, these results suggested that @entity62089 negatively regulates AG late in ovule development. Likewise, mutants homozygous for the strong @entity30387 allele @entity30387 -6 sometimes displayed structures with carpel-like features in place of ovules. However, such abnormal @entity30387 ovules are much less ovulelike in morphology and form earlier than the @entity62089 carpel-like structures. Because one role of the @entity30387 gene is to negatively regulate AG expression early in flower development, it is possible that @entity30387 works in a similar manner in the ovule. A novel ovule phenotype observed in @entity62089 / @entity30387 -6 double mutants suggested that @entity62089 and @entity30387 genes function independently during ovule development.

title: Homeotic Transformation of Ovules into Carpel-like Structures in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: 122 @entity1 with histologically confirmed @entity957 admitted to the gynecological wards of Charity Hospital in New Orleans from July 1, 1959, through March 31, 1960, were studied; suitable controls were selected from the same wards. All interviews were conducted by the same interviewer nurse who was unaware of the diagnoses. Hospital charts were later examined. Educational level of @entity1 , occupation of husband and father, residence, original diagnosis, and religion were similar to those of controls. Less than 1/3 had more than grammar school education. Most husbands and fathers were farmers of unskilled laborers. In only 1/5 of the @entity1 had the original @entity5 diagnosis been made by private physicians or at noncharity hospitals. About 45% were Catholics, 45% Baptists, and the remaining 10% other Protestant denominations. 49% of the @entity1 and 43% of the controls reported 6 or more pregnancies. Douching practices were similar to controls; few had ever used other contraceptive measures. 13 @entity1 and 6 controls had positive serological tests for syphilis. Only 6, 1 @entity1 and 5 controls, had never been married. Of @entity5 @entity1 , 47% had been married more than once vs. 16% of controls. 34% of the @entity1 with @entity5 were married before the age of 17 vs. 14% of controls. 54% of @entity1 with @entity5 and 26% of controls reported extramarital partners. 53% of @entity1 had 1st coitus before age 17 vs. 26% of the controls. There was a considerably higher frequency of coitus in @entity1 than in controls. It is concluded that no relation between number of pregnancies and @entity5 was shown. Douching with coal tar derivatives was not a factor. The association of @entity189 and syphilis was not certain as many had never had a serological test. The effect of circumcision of partners was not determined as it was often unknown. A significant association was shown with early marriage, extramarital relations, coitus at an early age, and frequent coitus at all ages.

title: XXXX : an epidemiologic study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Carcinoma of the cervix']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In some parts of the world, peritoneal dialysis is widely used for renal replacement in @entity810 . In resource-rich countries, it has been supplanted in recent years by hemodialysis and, most recently, by hemofiltration and associated techniques. The relative efficacy of peritoneal dialysis and hemofiltration is not known. METHODS: We conducted an open, randomized comparison of pumped venovenous hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in @entity1 with @entity281 -associated @entity810 in an @entity166 referral hospital in Vietnam. RESULTS: Seventy adult @entity1 with severe @entity9231 malaria (48 @entity1 ) or @entity295 (22 @entity1 ) were enrolled; 34 were assigned to hemofiltration and 36 to peritoneal dialysis. The mortality rate was 47 percent (17 @entity1 ) in the group assigned to peritoneal dialysis, as compared with 15 percent (5 @entity1 ) in the group assigned to hemofiltration (P=0.005). The rates of resolution of @entity520 and of decline in the serum @entity1011 concentration in the group assigned to hemofiltration were more than twice those in the group assigned to peritoneal dialysis (P<0.005), and renal-replacement therapy was required for a significantly shorter period. In a multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for @entity204 was 5.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 16) and that for a need for future dialysis was 4.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 17) in the group assigned to peritoneal dialysis. The cost of hemofiltration per survivor was less than half that of peritoneal dialysis, and the cost per life saved was less than one third. CONCLUSIONS: Hemofiltration is superior to peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of @entity281 -associated @entity810 .

title: Hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in @entity281 -associated XXXX in Vietnam.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity9231 :: ('MESH:D016778', 'Disease') :: ['falciparum']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious-disease']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute renal failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In some parts of the world, peritoneal dialysis is widely used for renal replacement in @entity810 . In resource-rich countries, it has been supplanted in recent years by hemodialysis and, most recently, by hemofiltration and associated techniques. The relative efficacy of peritoneal dialysis and hemofiltration is not known. METHODS: We conducted an open, randomized comparison of pumped venovenous hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in @entity1 with @entity281 -associated @entity810 in an @entity166 referral hospital in Vietnam. RESULTS: Seventy adult @entity1 with severe @entity9231 malaria (48 @entity1 ) or @entity295 (22 @entity1 ) were enrolled; 34 were assigned to hemofiltration and 36 to peritoneal dialysis. The mortality rate was 47 percent (17 @entity1 ) in the group assigned to peritoneal dialysis, as compared with 15 percent (5 @entity1 ) in the group assigned to hemofiltration (P=0.005). The rates of resolution of @entity520 and of decline in the serum @entity1011 concentration in the group assigned to hemofiltration were more than twice those in the group assigned to peritoneal dialysis (P<0.005), and renal-replacement therapy was required for a significantly shorter period. In a multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for @entity204 was 5.1 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 16) and that for a need for future dialysis was 4.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 17) in the group assigned to peritoneal dialysis. The cost of hemofiltration per survivor was less than half that of peritoneal dialysis, and the cost per life saved was less than one third. CONCLUSIONS: Hemofiltration is superior to peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of @entity281 -associated @entity810 .

title: Hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis in XXXX -associated @entity810 in Vietnam.

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: The psychophysiological @entity427 response pattern associated with peritraumatic dissociation (DISS) was studied in 103 survivors of a life-threatening @entity299 (mean age 61.0 years, SD 13.95). Mean time period since the @entity299 was 37 (79 IQD) months. All @entity1 underwent a psychodiagnostic evaluation (including the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire) and a psychophysiological @entity427 experience which comprised the delivery of 15 acoustic @entity427 trials. Magnitude and habituation to trials were measured by means of electromyogram (EMG) and skin conductance responses (SCR). Thirty-two (31%) subjects were indexed as @entity1 with a clinically significant level of DISS symptoms. High-level DISS was associated with a higher magnitude of SCR (ANOVA for repeated measures p = 0.017) and EMG (p = 0.055) and an impaired habituation (SCR slope p = 0.064; EMG slope p = 0.005) in comparison to subjects with no or low DISS. In a subgroup analysis, high-level DISS @entity1 with severe @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ; n = 11) in comparison to high-level DISS @entity1 without subsequent @entity1005 (n = 19) exhibited higher EMG amplitudes during all trials (repeated measures analysis of variance F = 5.511, p = 0.026). The results demonstrate exaggerated @entity427 responses in SCR and EMG measures - an abnormal defensive response to high-intensity stimuli which indicates a steady state of increased arousal. DISS @entity1 without @entity1005 exhibited balanced autonomic responses to the @entity427 trials. DISS may, therefore, unfold malignant properties only in combination with persistent physiological hyperarousability.

title: Psychophysiological correlates of peritraumatic dissociative responses in survivors of life-threatening XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['post-traumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac event']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac events']


abstract: Analyses were made of the fibrinolytic, plasminogen-activating system in skeletal muscle to determine if a regulating influence of the nerve could be detected on these enzymes. Young male @entity19 underwent right sciatic neurectomy. Extracts were prepared from denervated muscle at 2-17 d after axotomy and compared with controls. Using a cascade-style biochemical assay (R  nby, M., B. Norrman, and P. Wall  n, 1982, Thromb. Res., 27:743-748) we found that low levels of plasminogen activator (PA) were present in adult, innervated @entity19 muscle, but that denervation resulted in a marked time-dependent increase in enzyme activity. Qualitative separation showed an eightfold increase in urokinase-like PA with moderate elevation of tissue PA activity after 10 d. Fibrin zymography (Granelli-Piperno, A., and E. Reich, 1978, J. Exp. Med., 148:223-234) revealed clear zones of lysis corresponding to molecular masses of 48 kD for urokinase-like PA and 75 kD for tissue PA, consistent with the molecular masses found for these enzymes in other tissues of the @entity19 (Dan  , K., P. A. Andreasen, J. Gr  ndahl-Hansen, P. Kristensen, L. S. Nielsen, and L. Skriver, 1985, Adv. @entity5 Res., 44:139-266). In other studies we have shown that PA-activated plasmin readily attacks critical adhesive basement membrane molecules. The present results indicate that enzymes involved in plasminogen activation, particularly urokinase-like PA, rapidly increase after axotomy, suggesting they may have a role early in muscle denervation. Similar alterations in PA activity might underlie the elimination of polyneuronal innervation during @entity1 muscle development. Certain @entity4094 may also involve activation of these enzymes, resulting in degradation of basement membrane zone components and, therefore, warrant further study.

title: Plasminogen activator in XXXX skeletal muscle: characteristics of effect of denervation on urokinase-like and tissue activator.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is a well-recognized clinical problem following renal transplantation. Long-term risks of @entity6 are similar to those of @entity6 in general population. The aim of our study was to identify de novo @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ) in our group of @entity1 with @entity6 . METHODS: Thirty-four @entity1 with @entity6 were reviewed retrospectively. Light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy techniques were performed in 10 of 21 @entity1 with graft biopsy. RESULTS: Five @entity1 (four @entity1 , one @entity1 ), aged 47.4 years (range, 29 to 58), four of whom received cadaveric grafts, were found to have de novo @entity2316 . Their serum @entity1011 was 211.4 micromol/L (range, 140 to 294). Three @entity1 were slightly proteinuric (0.3 to 0.5 g/L). @entity6 was diagnosed 2.4 months after transplantation (range, 1 to 6). Histologic diagnosis of de novo @entity2316 was made, on average, 52.6 months after transplantation (range, 8 to 115), and 50.2 months (range, 2 to 114) after @entity6 . De novo @entity2316 presented as @entity6 in four @entity1 and nodular @entity6 in one @entity1 , and combined with @entity8 in all five @entity1 . The mean graft survival time for this group of @entity1 was equivalent with a control group. Although the difference in slopes of serum @entity1011 between the studied groups was clinically relevant, it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In view of our findings, when histologic de novo @entity2316 was found in 5 out of 10 @entity1 , one could conclude that de novo @entity2316 could be a frequent complication of @entity6 .

title: De novo XXXX on renal allografts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['transplant glomerulopathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Posttransplant diabetes mellitus', 'PTDM', 'diabetic sclerosis', 'diffuse diabetic glomerulosclerosis', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN']

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: Long-term @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ) and @entity8 ( @entity8 ) are life-saving therapies for @entity1 with @entity5277 ( @entity5277 ). However, indications and timing of these therapies are controversial. In this study we aimed to evaluate the indications for @entity8 . Forty-two @entity1 , each with <100 cm of @entity29 , were divided into three groups according to the length of remnant: group I @entity1 (n = 18): colon plus 50 to 100 cm of @entity29 ( @entity29 ); group II @entity1 (n = 14): colon plus <50 cm of @entity29 ; and group III @entity1 (n = 10): <50 cm of @entity29 without colon. One-year mortality rates for groups I, II, and III were 50%, 72%, and 100%, respectively. All group I survivors developed intestinal adaptation, returning to regular oral feedings at 1 year. Interestingly, three of four surviving @entity1 in group II developed adaptation and were fed an oral short bowel diet (SBD) at 1 year. None of the group III @entity1 survived >1 year, dying due to @entity177 in the early postoperative period or from sepsis within 1 year. We conclude that @entity1 with a very short bowel are candidates for @entity8 when stable. If the colon is intact, however, regardless of @entity29 remnant length, the @entity1 should be given a chance to develop intestinal adaptation before making the decision for permanent @entity3147 or @entity8 .

title: Evaluation of the outcomes of @entity5277 and indications for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IT', 'intestinal transplantation']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['small bowel', 'SB']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['multiorgan failure']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['parenteral nutrition', 'PN']

entities_list: @entity5277 :: ('MESH:D012778', 'Disease') :: ['SBS', 'short bowel syndrome']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['intestinal transplantation']


abstract: Long-term @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ) and @entity8 ( @entity8 ) are life-saving therapies for @entity1 with @entity5277 ( @entity5277 ). However, indications and timing of these therapies are controversial. In this study we aimed to evaluate the indications for @entity8 . Forty-two @entity1 , each with <100 cm of @entity29 , were divided into three groups according to the length of remnant: group I @entity1 (n = 18): colon plus 50 to 100 cm of @entity29 ( @entity29 ); group II @entity1 (n = 14): colon plus <50 cm of @entity29 ; and group III @entity1 (n = 10): <50 cm of @entity29 without colon. One-year mortality rates for groups I, II, and III were 50%, 72%, and 100%, respectively. All group I survivors developed intestinal adaptation, returning to regular oral feedings at 1 year. Interestingly, three of four surviving @entity1 in group II developed adaptation and were fed an oral short bowel diet (SBD) at 1 year. None of the group III @entity1 survived >1 year, dying due to @entity177 in the early postoperative period or from sepsis within 1 year. We conclude that @entity1 with a very short bowel are candidates for @entity8 when stable. If the colon is intact, however, regardless of @entity29 remnant length, the @entity1 should be given a chance to develop intestinal adaptation before making the decision for permanent @entity3147 or @entity8 .

title: Evaluation of the outcomes of XXXX and indications for @entity8 .

answer: @entity5277 :: (MESH:D012778,Disease) :: ['short bowel syndrome']


abstract: Menstrual induction refers to early uterine evacuation without laboratory confirmation of pregnancy in @entity1 with delayed menses. Mechanical aspiration is the method used in many countries but, as suggested by a pilot study, @entity3927 followed by a @entity3009 analogue could also be effective. We launched the present study to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of 150 mg of @entity3927 , followed 2 days later by 0.4 mg @entity396 vaginally, for menstrual induction among @entity1 with a menstrual delay of up to 7 days. The outcome of treatment was uterine evacuation, which could mean menstruation or termination of early pregnancy. A total of 720 @entity1 were recruited. The mean delay of menstruation at recruitment was 4.9 (SD = 1.7) days. Retrospective analysis of @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin from serum samples taken at admission showed that 492 (68.3%) @entity1 were pregnant at admission, and 228 (31.7%) @entity1 had delayed menstruation without pregnancy. One nonpregnant @entity1 was lost to follow-up. Bleeding was induced in 479 (97.4%) pregnant @entity1 and in 222 (97.8%) nonpregnant @entity1 . Among the pregnant @entity1 , 455 (92.5%) had @entity5852 , 12 (2.4%) had @entity6003 and pregnancy continued in 25 (5.1%) @entity1 , including one ectopic pregnancy. Side effects were mild and uncommon. We conclude that 95.8% of the @entity1 treated had the expected outcome. Further research is needed to compare the efficacy, safety and acceptability of the medical regimen to vacuum aspiration. A rather high continuing pregnancy rate in this study is a concern.

title: Menstrual induction with XXXX and @entity396 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'woman']

entities_list: @entity6003 :: ('MESH:D000027', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete abortion']

entities_list: @entity5852 :: ('MESH:D000031', 'Disease') :: ['complete abortion']

entities_list: @entity396 :: ('MESH:D016595', 'Chemical') :: ['misoprostol']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity3927 :: ('MESH:D015735', 'Chemical') :: ['mifepristone']

answer: @entity3927 :: (MESH:D015735,Chemical) :: ['mifepristone']


abstract: Menstrual induction refers to early uterine evacuation without laboratory confirmation of pregnancy in @entity1 with delayed menses. Mechanical aspiration is the method used in many countries but, as suggested by a pilot study, @entity3927 followed by a @entity3009 analogue could also be effective. We launched the present study to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of 150 mg of @entity3927 , followed 2 days later by 0.4 mg @entity396 vaginally, for menstrual induction among @entity1 with a menstrual delay of up to 7 days. The outcome of treatment was uterine evacuation, which could mean menstruation or termination of early pregnancy. A total of 720 @entity1 were recruited. The mean delay of menstruation at recruitment was 4.9 (SD = 1.7) days. Retrospective analysis of @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin from serum samples taken at admission showed that 492 (68.3%) @entity1 were pregnant at admission, and 228 (31.7%) @entity1 had delayed menstruation without pregnancy. One nonpregnant @entity1 was lost to follow-up. Bleeding was induced in 479 (97.4%) pregnant @entity1 and in 222 (97.8%) nonpregnant @entity1 . Among the pregnant @entity1 , 455 (92.5%) had @entity5852 , 12 (2.4%) had @entity6003 and pregnancy continued in 25 (5.1%) @entity1 , including one ectopic pregnancy. Side effects were mild and uncommon. We conclude that 95.8% of the @entity1 treated had the expected outcome. Further research is needed to compare the efficacy, safety and acceptability of the medical regimen to vacuum aspiration. A rather high continuing pregnancy rate in this study is a concern.

title: Menstrual induction with @entity3927 and XXXX .

answer: @entity396 :: (MESH:D016595,Chemical) :: ['misoprostol']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the applicability and reliability of a screening questionnaire to detect @entity1 at high-risk of @entity2144 ; to assess the importance of other @entity566 such as profilin @entity566 ( @entity2023 ) for presence of latex sensitization; and to determine the clinical effectiveness of preemptive avoidance of latex exposure in high-risk @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective, clinical trial. SETTING: Operative theater of a university hospital. @entity1 : 95 adult @entity1 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were preoperatively screened and classified for present @entity2144 (high-risk and low-risk group) according to a specially designed screening questionnaire. Anesthesia and surgery in the high-risk group were performed strictly avoiding latex-containing materials. The low-risk group (other @entity566 including @entity2023 ) received routine treatment, without latex-avoidance. Effects of latex avoidance or exposure were evaluated by measuring specific IgE titers perioperatively. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: According to the questionnaire, 45 @entity1 at high risk were defined. Validity of classification of high-risk @entity1 is supported by significantly higher total IgE and latex and grass profilin specific IgE compared to the low-risk group. There were no significant differences in other profilin-specific IgEs. In one case of severe anaphylactic reaction a drop of latex-specific IgE during surgery could be observed. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire allowed the identification of most @entity1 at high risk for @entity2144 . In @entity2023 no changes in any specific IgE levels were detectable. Strict avoidance of perioperative latex exposure in high-risk @entity1 increases safety during anesthesia and surgery.

title: Role of cross- XXXX to latex in clinical routine of anesthesia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergies']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['isolated pollinosis', 'pollinosis']

entities_list: @entity2144 :: ('MESH:D020315', 'Disease') :: ['latex allergy']

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergies']


abstract: We retrospectively studied the outcome of anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) among a population of veterans and evaluated outcome related to comorbidities. Veterans who underwent ATL between 1990 and 2001 at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin, were included. Data related to postoperative @entity410 outcome, quality of life outcome, and employment outcome were collected. Factors associated with favorable outcome and outcome related to comorbidities were evaluated. Twenty-seven @entity1 were entered into the study. The mean age at onset of @entity410 was 25 years (+/-10.2). History of a non- @entity734 @entity146 diagnosis, and @entity734 was present in 26% (7/27) and 30% (9/27), respectively, prior to surgery. While 66.6% (18/27) had a good outcome (Engel's Class I), no difference in the frequency of good outcome was seen among the @entity1 with a history of @entity734 , other @entity146 diagnosis (71%), or no @entity146 diagnosis (67%). There was a significant correlation between @entity410 outcome and quality of life score (r(s)=0.67, p<0.001) and postoperative employment gains (r(s)=0.48, p=0.01). Outcomes among veterans that underwent ATL can be satisfactory even in the context of the late mean age of @entity302 onset and the @entity146 diagnoses that were present in this sample.

title: XXXX surgery outcome among US veterans.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epilepsy']


abstract: @entity6766 or intolerance is not necessarily based on the Type @entity56 . Non-IgE antibody reactions, complement-dependent reactions, enzyme deficiencies such as @entity290 and non-immunologic @entity112 release (such as with some sea foods) have been described. Even the detection of specific antibodies on their own does not necessarily indicate that a given symptom is due to that antibody. @entity6766 allergy nevertheless exists. It is important that those observers fortunate enough to see many cases document their observations carefully and eventually publish them for the education of their less fortunate colleagues. Is @entity5419 more common in @entity1 and young @entity1 ? What happens as they grow older? How often is @entity483 due to @entity5419 ? Why are some foods more likely to be implicated than others? Does a negative RAST result eliminate the diagnosis or a positive one confirm it? Until the answers to these and other questions are known, the mainstay of diagnosis will be the history, and that of treatment will be the elimination diet.

title: Non-IgE antibody mediated mechanisms in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic eczema']

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['food allergy']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['Food', 'Food sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['I allergic reaction']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

answer: @entity5419 :: (MESH:D005512,Disease) :: ['food allergy']


abstract: The virulence of pathogenic bacteria is critically dependent on their ability to produce toxins that attack eukaryotic target cells. Microbial toxins are either structural components of the bacterial cell wall (endotoxins) or actively secreted proteins (exotoxins). @entity295 and @entity326 , which represent major causes of mortality in modern intensive care medicine, are caused by an inadequate inflammatory and immunological host response to @entity2348 . Emerging evidence suggests that the systemic spread of microbial toxins, rather than @entity2259 itself, is the crucial event in the pathogenesis of this @entity10204 . The endothelium, with its diversity of physiological functions is a main target of bacterial toxins. The resulting @entity409 is believed to contribute to the underlying pathomechanisms and the collapse of homeostasis of organ function. In vitro, bacterial toxins induce subtle alterations of endothelial cell function rather than massive cell damage. Furthermore, bacterial toxins targeting endothelial cells severely alter the behavior of extravascular cells and circulating leukocytes via excessive formation of vasoactive mediators and overexpression of adhesion molecules. Research on the effects of microbial toxins on vascular endothelium has broadened our general understanding of microbial strategies to induce organ damage, even in the absence of viable bacteria. Combining antitoxin strategies with antibiotic therapy may prove to be of benefit to @entity1 suffering from @entity2348 in the future.

title: Endothelial responses to bacterial toxins in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection', 'bacterial sepsis']

entities_list: @entity10204 :: ('MESH:D021081', 'Disease') :: ['dramatic dysregulation']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the differences in presentation, complications, management and outcome of elderly @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ) compared to young @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: All case-notes with a discharge or death diagnosis ofAMI between January and July 1999 at a restructured hospital in Singapore were reviewed retropectively. @entity1 were categorised into those younger than 65 years (young) and those 65 years or older (elderly). Data on the demographic and clinical profile of @entity1 were collected. RESULTS: There were 112 young and 101 elderly @entity583 @entity1 . @entity662 was the most common presentation in both age groups, but more likely in the young than the elderly (89.3% vs 66.3%; p < 0.001). Atypical presentations were more likely in the elderly, with @entity1353 as the most common presentation (20.8% vs 5.4%; p < 0.001). The elderly were more likely to have complications of @entity712 (65.3% vs 25%; p < 0.001) and @entity1455 (8.9% vs 0.9%; p = 0.006). The elderly were less likely to receive thrombolytic therapy (35.8% vs 64.8%; p < 0.001) as they were more likely to have contraindications (34.5% vs 6.8%; p = 0.002). The elderly were also less likely to receive beta-blockers (21.8% vs 60.7%; p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher in the elderly (20.8% vs 2.7%; p < 0.001). @entity1455 complicating @entity583 was associated with high in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: In @entity583 @entity1 , @entity662 was the most common presentation in both age groups, though less frequently in the elderly. Atypical presentations were more likely in the elderly, with @entity1353 as the most common atypical presentation. In elderly @entity583 @entity1 , prevalence of @entity712 was higher, use of beta-blockers was lower and in-hospital mortality was higher than young @entity1 .

title: Acute XXXX in the elderly--the differences compared with the young.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['Chest pain', 'chest pain']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiogenic shock', 'cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: @entity1149 frequently contains oncogenetic defects (mutations in ras, @entity995 , and @entity876 genes) that contribute to disease pathophysiology. Recent studies and clinical trials have focused on gene therapy approaches that either replace the function of defective @entity5 -suppressor genes such as @entity876 or inactivate mutant oncogenes such as ras. Ribozymes are RNA molecules with highly specific intrinsic enzymatic activity against target RNA sequences, which can discriminate mutant sequences that differ by a single base from their wild-type counterparts. Following binding to the RNA substrate by base-pair complementation, the ribozyme cleaves the target RNA irreversibly, then releases itself for new rounds of subsequent cleavage, resulting in significantly improved target:effector stoichiometry as compared with antisense oligonucleotides of the same specificity. Transcript-specific ribozymes have been used extensively for experimental oncogene inactivation. Ribozymes are effective for targeting mutant ras, @entity876 , or the multidrug-resistant gene product for @entity2 cells in vitro. However, their in vivo effect is not well defined against this malignancy. We recently characterized the antitumor properties of an anti- @entity984 ribozyme specific for the @entity984 codon 12 mutation ( @entity70935 ). When delivered as a transgene by an adenoviral vector (ADV), the @entity984 ribozyme (KRbz) suppressed growth of @entity2 xenografts expressing the relevant mutation, whereas the corresponding antisense sequence lacking catalytic activity did not. Multiple intratumoral (3-5) injections of KRbz-ADV were effective in producing complete @entity5 regressions of preexisting @entity5 xenografts. Clinical trials are under consideration to examine the applicability of this anti- @entity984 ribozyme for treatment of @entity1149 expressing the relevant mutation.

title: Potential clinical application of antioncogene ribozymes for human XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['Non-small-cell lung cancer', 'non-small-cell lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'lung tumor']

entities_list: @entity70935 :: ('c|SUB|GGT||GTT', 'DNAMutation') :: ['GGT-->GTT']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess visual function more than 10 years after an episode of @entity7995 in @entity1 enrolled in the @entity7995 Treatment Trial. DESIGN: Longitudinal follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Vision testing included measures of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field. Quality of life was assessed with the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. RESULTS: Examinations were completed on 319 @entity1 . In most @entity1 , visual function test results in the eyes that experienced @entity7995 at study entry ("affected eyes") were normal or only slightly abnormal after 9.9 to 13.7 years. Visual acuity in the affected eyes was >or=20/20 in 74%, 20/25 to 20/40 in 18%, <20/40 to 20/200 in 5%, and <20/200 in 3%. On average, visual function was worse in @entity1 with @entity15 ( @entity15 ) than in those without @entity15 . Recurrent @entity7995 in either eye occurred in 35% of @entity1 . Such attacks were more frequent in @entity1 with @entity15 (P <.001). The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire scores were lower when visual acuity was abnormal and when @entity15 was present. CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 retained good to excellent vision more than 10 years after an attack of @entity7995 . Recurrences were more frequent in @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: Visual function more than 10 years after @entity7995 : experience of the XXXX treatment trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity7995 :: ('MESH:D009902', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuritis', 'Optic Neuritis']

answer: @entity7995 :: (MESH:D009902,Disease) :: ['optic neuritis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess visual function more than 10 years after an episode of @entity7995 in @entity1 enrolled in the @entity7995 Treatment Trial. DESIGN: Longitudinal follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. METHODS: Vision testing included measures of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field. Quality of life was assessed with the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire. RESULTS: Examinations were completed on 319 @entity1 . In most @entity1 , visual function test results in the eyes that experienced @entity7995 at study entry ("affected eyes") were normal or only slightly abnormal after 9.9 to 13.7 years. Visual acuity in the affected eyes was >or=20/20 in 74%, 20/25 to 20/40 in 18%, <20/40 to 20/200 in 5%, and <20/200 in 3%. On average, visual function was worse in @entity1 with @entity15 ( @entity15 ) than in those without @entity15 . Recurrent @entity7995 in either eye occurred in 35% of @entity1 . Such attacks were more frequent in @entity1 with @entity15 (P <.001). The National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire scores were lower when visual acuity was abnormal and when @entity15 was present. CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 retained good to excellent vision more than 10 years after an attack of @entity7995 . Recurrences were more frequent in @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: Visual function more than 10 years after XXXX : experience of the @entity7995 treatment trial.

answer: @entity7995 :: (MESH:D009902,Disease) :: ['optic neuritis']


abstract: The relation between @entity101 and @entity2316 is complex. @entity8 is probably involved in the elevated blood pressure found in @entity6 @entity1 . In @entity2175 onset @entity6 , @entity1 may also have @entity101 which is associated with @entity28 or essential @entity101 . It has been suggested that in both types of @entity6 , @entity101 enhances the development of @entity2316 . Moreover, an aggressive antihypertensive treatment seems able to reduce rate of @entity8 in insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 with patent @entity8 . In this work, @entity1011 clearance and microalbuminuria in 20 @entity6 @entity1 (mostly with @entity2175 -onset- @entity6 ) with known moderate and effectively treated @entity101 were therefore measured and the results were compared with those for 18 normotensive @entity6 @entity1 and 22 controls. Duration of @entity6 was from one to 26 years (mean: 11 years) and duration of @entity101 was from one to 35 years (mean: 10 years). @entity1 and controls had normal serum @entity1011 and proteinuria below 0.1 g/l. Microalbuminuria was measured by immunonephelometric assay using specific antiserum (sensitivity = 1.5 mg/l; intra and interassay coefficients: 6.5% and 8% respectively). The highest value was observed in @entity101 @entity6 @entity1 with @entity989 (group 1). But @entity101 @entity1 without @entity989 (group 2) and normotensive @entity1 also had significantly increased microalbuminuria. In group 1, microalbuminuria was significantly higher than in group 2. The @entity1011 clearance was reduced in groups 1 and 2 versus normotensive @entity6 , but @entity101 @entity1 were older.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Microalbuminuria in @entity6 with moderate XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'decline in kidney function', 'Nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The relation between @entity101 and @entity2316 is complex. @entity8 is probably involved in the elevated blood pressure found in @entity6 @entity1 . In @entity2175 onset @entity6 , @entity1 may also have @entity101 which is associated with @entity28 or essential @entity101 . It has been suggested that in both types of @entity6 , @entity101 enhances the development of @entity2316 . Moreover, an aggressive antihypertensive treatment seems able to reduce rate of @entity8 in insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 with patent @entity8 . In this work, @entity1011 clearance and microalbuminuria in 20 @entity6 @entity1 (mostly with @entity2175 -onset- @entity6 ) with known moderate and effectively treated @entity101 were therefore measured and the results were compared with those for 18 normotensive @entity6 @entity1 and 22 controls. Duration of @entity6 was from one to 26 years (mean: 11 years) and duration of @entity101 was from one to 35 years (mean: 10 years). @entity1 and controls had normal serum @entity1011 and proteinuria below 0.1 g/l. Microalbuminuria was measured by immunonephelometric assay using specific antiserum (sensitivity = 1.5 mg/l; intra and interassay coefficients: 6.5% and 8% respectively). The highest value was observed in @entity101 @entity6 @entity1 with @entity989 (group 1). But @entity101 @entity1 without @entity989 (group 2) and normotensive @entity1 also had significantly increased microalbuminuria. In group 1, microalbuminuria was significantly higher than in group 2. The @entity1011 clearance was reduced in groups 1 and 2 versus normotensive @entity6 , but @entity101 @entity1 were older.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Microalbuminuria in XXXX with moderate @entity101 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetics']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies have investigated specific strategies for @entity712 management. None has involved collaboration between primary and secondary care. Potential gains for @entity1 may result from collaborative strategies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of an integrated management approach for @entity1 with @entity712 on general practice. METHODS: The study design was a cluster randomized controlled trial of integrated primary/ secondary care compared with usual care for @entity712 @entity1 . The study took place at Auckland Hospital, New Zealand and involved 197 @entity1 admitted with an episode of @entity712 . @entity1 were randomized to management group or control group (who received "usual" care). Management group @entity1 received early clinical review, education sessions, a personal diary for medications and weight, and regular clinical follow-up alternating between GP and hospital clinic. Follow-up was for 12 months. RESULTS: @entity1 visited GPs frequently (median 14 visits, range 0-40), with no statistical difference between the two groups. @entity712 was the most common reason for consulting the GP. There was no relationship between GP consultations and @entity1 ' attendance at the study clinic, or hospital admissions. Management group GPs and @entity1 expressed a high level of satisfaction. CONCLUSION: GP consultation rates were not affected by the programme. Further research will determine if general practice based programmes result in further gains.

title: The effect of an integrated care approach for XXXX on general practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Heart failure', 'heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: A pharmacoeconomic analysis was carried out comparing the efficacy of two treatment options for @entity497 ( @entity497 ): @entity23315 and @entity4581 . It was a retrospective analysis using a decision tree model. The efficacy of the two treatment options was estimated from a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, in which 800 mg/day oral @entity23315 for 10 days was compared to 1000 mg/day oral @entity4581 for 10 days in @entity1 with @entity497 (162 and 156 respectively). The use of resources was estimated based on the clinical trial and Spanish sources, and the unit costs from a Spanish health costs database. Costs were evaluated for the acquisition of antibiotic treatments, change of antibiotic due to therapeutic failure, hospital admissions, adverse reactions to treatment, primary care visits, tests and indirect costs (working days lost). The model was validated by a panel of Spanish clinical experts. As the clinical trial was designed to show equivalence, there were no significant differences in efficacy between the treatment options (clinical cure rate 88.3% and 88.5%, respectively), and a cost minimization analysis was performed. In the base case, the average cost of the disease per @entity1 was 308.29 @entity7634 with @entity23315 and 331.5 @entity7634 with @entity4581 (a difference of 23.21 @entity7634 ). The results were stable in the susceptibility analysis, with differences favorable to @entity23315 ranging between 5.50 and 45.45 @entity7634 . @entity23315 results in a cost savings of up to 45.45 @entity7634 per @entity497 @entity1 compared to @entity4581 .

title: [Pharmacoeconomic analysis of @entity497 treatment with @entity23315 or XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4581 :: ('MESH:D017291', 'Chemical') :: ['clarithromycin']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['CAP', 'community-acquired pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity23315 :: ('MESH:C106791', 'Chemical') :: ['Telithromycin', 'telithromycin']

answer: @entity4581 :: (MESH:D017291,Chemical) :: ['clarithromycin']


abstract: A pharmacoeconomic analysis was carried out comparing the efficacy of two treatment options for @entity497 ( @entity497 ): @entity23315 and @entity4581 . It was a retrospective analysis using a decision tree model. The efficacy of the two treatment options was estimated from a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, in which 800 mg/day oral @entity23315 for 10 days was compared to 1000 mg/day oral @entity4581 for 10 days in @entity1 with @entity497 (162 and 156 respectively). The use of resources was estimated based on the clinical trial and Spanish sources, and the unit costs from a Spanish health costs database. Costs were evaluated for the acquisition of antibiotic treatments, change of antibiotic due to therapeutic failure, hospital admissions, adverse reactions to treatment, primary care visits, tests and indirect costs (working days lost). The model was validated by a panel of Spanish clinical experts. As the clinical trial was designed to show equivalence, there were no significant differences in efficacy between the treatment options (clinical cure rate 88.3% and 88.5%, respectively), and a cost minimization analysis was performed. In the base case, the average cost of the disease per @entity1 was 308.29 @entity7634 with @entity23315 and 331.5 @entity7634 with @entity4581 (a difference of 23.21 @entity7634 ). The results were stable in the susceptibility analysis, with differences favorable to @entity23315 ranging between 5.50 and 45.45 @entity7634 . @entity23315 results in a cost savings of up to 45.45 @entity7634 per @entity497 @entity1 compared to @entity4581 .

title: [Pharmacoeconomic analysis of @entity497 treatment with XXXX or @entity4581 ].

answer: @entity23315 :: (MESH:C106791,Chemical) :: ['telithromycin']


abstract: A pharmacoeconomic analysis was carried out comparing the efficacy of two treatment options for @entity497 ( @entity497 ): @entity23315 and @entity4581 . It was a retrospective analysis using a decision tree model. The efficacy of the two treatment options was estimated from a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, in which 800 mg/day oral @entity23315 for 10 days was compared to 1000 mg/day oral @entity4581 for 10 days in @entity1 with @entity497 (162 and 156 respectively). The use of resources was estimated based on the clinical trial and Spanish sources, and the unit costs from a Spanish health costs database. Costs were evaluated for the acquisition of antibiotic treatments, change of antibiotic due to therapeutic failure, hospital admissions, adverse reactions to treatment, primary care visits, tests and indirect costs (working days lost). The model was validated by a panel of Spanish clinical experts. As the clinical trial was designed to show equivalence, there were no significant differences in efficacy between the treatment options (clinical cure rate 88.3% and 88.5%, respectively), and a cost minimization analysis was performed. In the base case, the average cost of the disease per @entity1 was 308.29 @entity7634 with @entity23315 and 331.5 @entity7634 with @entity4581 (a difference of 23.21 @entity7634 ). The results were stable in the susceptibility analysis, with differences favorable to @entity23315 ranging between 5.50 and 45.45 @entity7634 . @entity23315 results in a cost savings of up to 45.45 @entity7634 per @entity497 @entity1 compared to @entity4581 .

title: [Pharmacoeconomic analysis of XXXX treatment with @entity23315 or @entity4581 ].

answer: @entity497 :: (MESH:D003147,Disease) :: ['community-acquired pneumonia']


abstract: In @entity1 and most other species, a decline in pH of gallbladder contents occurs during the concentration of bile. Recent in vitro studies in @entity95 , @entity840 , and Necturus gallbladders have strongly suggested mucosal @entity8108 secretion during @entity1372 reabsorption, presumably representing a @entity4024 / @entity8108 exchange. The present in vivo studies are the first attempt to determine whether @entity8108 secretion by the gallbladder can be demonstrated in the living animal. Gallbladder bile was obtained from 27 anesthetized @entity235 after 12-24-h fasts; 12 samples of common duct bile were also obtained in 3 @entity235 during variable @entity7362 infusion. In common duct bile, observed ranges were as follows: pH, 7.37-7.85; @entity3158 partial pressure (PCO2), 21-32 mmHg; total @entity3158 concentration ([TCO2]), 16.4-41.4 mM; total @entity6741 concentration ([ @entity14764 ]), 16-93 mM; and [ @entity4024 ], 153-192 mM. In gallbladder bile, respective ranges were as follows: pH, 5.72-7.29; PCO2, 36-101 mmHg; [TCO2], 1.21-15.5 mM; [ @entity14764 ], 150-305 mM; and [ @entity4024 ], 199-266 mM. In all samples [ @entity4024 ] was linearly related to [ @entity14764 ]. @entity544 partial pressure increased from a mean of 27.3 mmHg in common duct bile to greater than 100 mmHg in gallbladder bile at [ @entity14764 ] = 180 mM, then declined to approximately 36 mmHg as [ @entity14764 ] increased to greater than 300 mM. Peak PCO2 occurred at pH approximately 6.4-6.6, then declined as pH decreased to approximately 5.7. Bile to plasma PCO2 ratios increased from a mean of 1.08 in common duct samples to greater than 2.0 in gallbladder samples at pH approximately 6.3, then declined to approximately 1.0 in fully concentrated bile. If the high PCO2 values in bile were solely due to tissue @entity3158 production, a sustained increase in PCO2 throughout @entity4024 + reabsorption might be expected. The results strongly suggest @entity8108 secretion (HCO3- neutralization), as peak PCO2 occurred when [ @entity14764 ] was only about 180 mM, long before @entity1372 absorption was complete. It is hypothesized that @entity8108 secretion may have important favorable effects on @entity460 lithogenicity, reducing the likelihood of the formation of @entity16415 - containing @entity5990 .

title: Evidence for XXXX secretion by the in vivo @entity235 gallbladder.

entities_list: @entity7362 :: ('MESH:D013656', 'Chemical') :: ['taurocholate']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstones']

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile salt']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity8108 :: (D006859,Chemical) :: ['H+']


abstract: In @entity1 and most other species, a decline in pH of gallbladder contents occurs during the concentration of bile. Recent in vitro studies in @entity95 , @entity840 , and Necturus gallbladders have strongly suggested mucosal @entity8108 secretion during @entity1372 reabsorption, presumably representing a @entity4024 / @entity8108 exchange. The present in vivo studies are the first attempt to determine whether @entity8108 secretion by the gallbladder can be demonstrated in the living animal. Gallbladder bile was obtained from 27 anesthetized @entity235 after 12-24-h fasts; 12 samples of common duct bile were also obtained in 3 @entity235 during variable @entity7362 infusion. In common duct bile, observed ranges were as follows: pH, 7.37-7.85; @entity3158 partial pressure (PCO2), 21-32 mmHg; total @entity3158 concentration ([TCO2]), 16.4-41.4 mM; total @entity6741 concentration ([ @entity14764 ]), 16-93 mM; and [ @entity4024 ], 153-192 mM. In gallbladder bile, respective ranges were as follows: pH, 5.72-7.29; PCO2, 36-101 mmHg; [TCO2], 1.21-15.5 mM; [ @entity14764 ], 150-305 mM; and [ @entity4024 ], 199-266 mM. In all samples [ @entity4024 ] was linearly related to [ @entity14764 ]. @entity544 partial pressure increased from a mean of 27.3 mmHg in common duct bile to greater than 100 mmHg in gallbladder bile at [ @entity14764 ] = 180 mM, then declined to approximately 36 mmHg as [ @entity14764 ] increased to greater than 300 mM. Peak PCO2 occurred at pH approximately 6.4-6.6, then declined as pH decreased to approximately 5.7. Bile to plasma PCO2 ratios increased from a mean of 1.08 in common duct samples to greater than 2.0 in gallbladder samples at pH approximately 6.3, then declined to approximately 1.0 in fully concentrated bile. If the high PCO2 values in bile were solely due to tissue @entity3158 production, a sustained increase in PCO2 throughout @entity4024 + reabsorption might be expected. The results strongly suggest @entity8108 secretion (HCO3- neutralization), as peak PCO2 occurred when [ @entity14764 ] was only about 180 mM, long before @entity1372 absorption was complete. It is hypothesized that @entity8108 secretion may have important favorable effects on @entity460 lithogenicity, reducing the likelihood of the formation of @entity16415 - containing @entity5990 .

title: Evidence for @entity8108 secretion by the in vivo XXXX gallbladder.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Both @entity4023 and fibronectin localizations were examined in the upper surface layer of @entity35 mandibular condylar cartilages by immunohistochemical techniques. Their delicate structure was successfully preserved by preparation procedures of joint condyles with disks. @entity1604 -fixed cartilaginous tissues were cut in a cryostat, and cryosections were analyzed using streptavidin-peroxidase and indirect immunofluorescence methods. Another immunogold method with conventional preparation procedures and a quick-freezing method was performed for their ultrastructural analyses. Both @entity4023 -binding protein and anti-fibronectin antibody were used to localize @entity4023 and fibronectin in the mandibular condylar cartilage, respectively. Some cryosections were pre-treated with hyaluronidase and @entity13461 before such labeling. The upper surface layer was composed of double laminar structures. One bordered with the cartilage matriceal surface, which was positive for fibronectin. The @entity4023 was localized over the fibronectin layer. Therefore, the @entity4023 in vivo was bound with fibronectin in the cartilaginous matrix, performing lubrication for the mandibular joint movement.

title: Immunohistochemical study of the upper surface layer in XXXX mandibular condylar cartilage.

entities_list: @entity1604 :: ('MESH:C003043', 'Chemical') :: ['Paraformaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity4023 :: ('MESH:D006820', 'Chemical') :: ['hyaluronic acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The @entity5132 NOT4 gene was disrupted in order to investigate the role of Not4p in growth, morphogenesis and pathogenicity. Heterozygote (NOT4/not4), null (not4/not4) and reconstructed heterozygote ([NOT4]/not4) strains of @entity5132 , as well as CAF2-1, the parental strain, were grown under conditions that promote hyphal formation. When cultured in liquid medium 199 the heterozygote, reconstructed and wild-type strains began the @entity375 -to-hyphal transition within 3 h and continued hyphal growth for the duration of experiments. The null mutant also began hyphal growth within 3-5 h but hyphae tended to be shorter and distorted. Subsequently, hyphal growth was arrested and growth returned predominantly to the @entity375 form. Similar differences were observed when strains were grown on solid Spider medium and medium 199. The parental, heterozygote and reconstructed strains formed normal filamentous networks emanating from colonies. In contrast, the null mutant failed to form hyphae on all solid media tested. The ability of the NOT4 null strain to form biofilms was also investigated, and it was observed that biofilm development does not readily occur for this strain. Virulence of each strain was examined utilizing the @entity19 model of @entity6923 . @entity19 infected with CAF2-1 succumbed to infection within 3-7 days. All @entity19 infected with the null strain survived for the duration of experiments, while the heterozygote and reconstructed heterozygote strains showed an intermediate level of virulence. These findings suggest that NOT4 may play a role in affecting strain pathogenicity, possibly by regulating expression of certain genes that effect cellular morphogenesis and virulence.

title: Deletion of the NOT4 gene impairs hyphal development and pathogenicity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity6923 :: ('MESH:C536777', 'Disease') :: ['systemic candidiasis']

answer: @entity5132 :: (5476,Species) :: ['Candida albicans']


abstract: A single intoxicating dose of @entity8685 @entity5828 (p.o.) in the @entity35 can induce quantifiable manifestations of @entity734 . @entity734 was revealed by antagonist precipitation ( @entity5757 , @entity17996 ) as well as spontaneous emergence of neurobehavioral signs of withdrawal observed by multiple raters blind to treatments. @entity5757 was 45% more effective than @entity17996 in both reversing @entity8685 intoxication and expressing withdrawal signs. The severity of @entity5757 -precipitated withdrawal varied with @entity8685 dose, @entity5757 dose and the agonist-antagonist dose interval. Maximal precipitated @entity734 was evoked 3 days after @entity8685 @entity5828 (450 mg/kg) by @entity5757 (25 mg/kg i.p.). The precipitated syndrome consisted of tail erection, reduced motor activity, high step, curled claw, arched back, muscle hypertonus and piloerection. @entity5757 -precipitated @entity734 emerged between 28 and 52 hr, peaked at 76 hr and disappeared by 124 hr. Spontaneous withdrawal had emerged from 100 to 124 hr and then faded gradually. The neurobehavioral expression of @entity149 and its reversal were necessary but not sufficient conditions for the induction and expression of acute @entity8685 @entity734 . These results suggest caution in reviving acute @entity1245 -overdosed @entity1 to avoid iatrogenic withdrawal analogous to naloxone for opiates.

title: Pharmacologic characterization of acute @entity8685 XXXX in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system depression']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity8685 :: ('MESH:D002707', 'Chemical') :: ['chlordiazepoxide']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['physical dependence', 'dependence', 'Dependence']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['dependence']


abstract: A single intoxicating dose of @entity8685 @entity5828 (p.o.) in the @entity35 can induce quantifiable manifestations of @entity734 . @entity734 was revealed by antagonist precipitation ( @entity5757 , @entity17996 ) as well as spontaneous emergence of neurobehavioral signs of withdrawal observed by multiple raters blind to treatments. @entity5757 was 45% more effective than @entity17996 in both reversing @entity8685 intoxication and expressing withdrawal signs. The severity of @entity5757 -precipitated withdrawal varied with @entity8685 dose, @entity5757 dose and the agonist-antagonist dose interval. Maximal precipitated @entity734 was evoked 3 days after @entity8685 @entity5828 (450 mg/kg) by @entity5757 (25 mg/kg i.p.). The precipitated syndrome consisted of tail erection, reduced motor activity, high step, curled claw, arched back, muscle hypertonus and piloerection. @entity5757 -precipitated @entity734 emerged between 28 and 52 hr, peaked at 76 hr and disappeared by 124 hr. Spontaneous withdrawal had emerged from 100 to 124 hr and then faded gradually. The neurobehavioral expression of @entity149 and its reversal were necessary but not sufficient conditions for the induction and expression of acute @entity8685 @entity734 . These results suggest caution in reviving acute @entity1245 -overdosed @entity1 to avoid iatrogenic withdrawal analogous to naloxone for opiates.

title: Pharmacologic characterization of acute XXXX @entity734 in the @entity35 .

answer: @entity8685 :: (MESH:D002707,Chemical) :: ['chlordiazepoxide']


abstract: A single intoxicating dose of @entity8685 @entity5828 (p.o.) in the @entity35 can induce quantifiable manifestations of @entity734 . @entity734 was revealed by antagonist precipitation ( @entity5757 , @entity17996 ) as well as spontaneous emergence of neurobehavioral signs of withdrawal observed by multiple raters blind to treatments. @entity5757 was 45% more effective than @entity17996 in both reversing @entity8685 intoxication and expressing withdrawal signs. The severity of @entity5757 -precipitated withdrawal varied with @entity8685 dose, @entity5757 dose and the agonist-antagonist dose interval. Maximal precipitated @entity734 was evoked 3 days after @entity8685 @entity5828 (450 mg/kg) by @entity5757 (25 mg/kg i.p.). The precipitated syndrome consisted of tail erection, reduced motor activity, high step, curled claw, arched back, muscle hypertonus and piloerection. @entity5757 -precipitated @entity734 emerged between 28 and 52 hr, peaked at 76 hr and disappeared by 124 hr. Spontaneous withdrawal had emerged from 100 to 124 hr and then faded gradually. The neurobehavioral expression of @entity149 and its reversal were necessary but not sufficient conditions for the induction and expression of acute @entity8685 @entity734 . These results suggest caution in reviving acute @entity1245 -overdosed @entity1 to avoid iatrogenic withdrawal analogous to naloxone for opiates.

title: Pharmacologic characterization of acute @entity8685 @entity734 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In presented material evaluation of changes in sepsis and types of bloodstream infections of hospitalized @entity1 in Wards of the University Hospital in Cracow were examined. Results of 9,138 blood cultures studied in years 1989-1999 were analysed. All of the blood samples were recovered from 4,656 infected adults at Clinics of the University Hospital in Cracow. Microbiological blood examinations were held in system of constant monitoring of isolated cultures applying BacT/Alert--colorimetric system (Organon Teknika). Cultured micro--organisms were identified using commercial biochemical tests (bio-Merieux). During period of research changes of profile of isolated microorganisms was observed. Percentage of blood infections of Enterococcus spp. etiology increased from 2.2% in 1989 to 9.8% in 1997-98 (p = 0.014). Dynamic growth of non-fermentative @entity14346 bacilli to 5.5% (p = 0.036) and @entity5134 to 13.8% (p = 0.042) in 1999 was revealed. Designed according to our research review of fungal flora in years 1989-1999 revealed tendency of systematic growth of invasive @entity4963 frequency, from 1.1% to 10.4%. Diagnostic and therapeutic profile of Departments was in a strict connection with increase of the number and meaning of the politiological @entity2259 (p = 0.036) in total number of @entity281 cases.

title: [Bacterial and fungal bloodstream infections in XXXX at the University Hospital of Cracow].

entities_list: @entity5134 :: ('615', 'Species') :: ['Serratia marcescens']

entities_list: @entity4963 :: ('MESH:D058387', 'Disease') :: ['candidemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremias']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Fondaparinux (Arixtra), a synthetic pentasaccharide, is the first in a new class of antithrombotic agents that selectively inhibit coagulation @entity6236 . In vitro experiments demonstrated that it is a selective inhibitor of @entity6236 . In plasma, fondaparinux selectively binds to antithrombin, catalyzes @entity6236 inhibition, and thereby inhibits thrombin generation. Its antithrombotic efficacy has been demonstrated in various animal models mimicking @entity49 . In @entity1 , its pharmacokinetic profile is favorable, with a rapid onset of antithrombotic activity and an elimination half-life allowing a convenient once-daily dosing regimen. In several clinical trials, @entity27408 was more effective than the reference drug, enoxaparin, in preventing @entity1211 after @entity173 , major knee, and elective hip replacement surgeries. The overall reduction in the risk of @entity1211 ranged between 26.3 and 56.4%, depending on the trial. This superior efficacy was achieved without increasing the risk of clinically relevant @entity548 . Fondaparinux also showed promising results in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity1211 and @entity1187 . Thus, it is now established that selective @entity6236 inhibition is an efficient way to prevent @entity49 . The advent of fondaparinux offers an opportunity to improve substantially the management of @entity1211 .

title: The synthetic pentasaccharide fondaparinux: first in the class of antithrombotic agents that selectively inhibit coagulation XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity27408 :: ('MESH:C438268', 'Chemical') :: ['fondaparinux']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis', 'venous and arterial thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity6236 :: (2159,Gene) :: ['factor Xa']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: To prevent transmission of infectious agents and to reduce instrument reprocessing time, the use of disposable @entity4847 systems instead of conventionally reprocessed endoscopes has been promoted for flexible sigmoidoscopy. This trial primarily investigated the feasibility of a disposable @entity4847 system for flexible sigmoidoscopy in decentralized @entity14 . @entity1 AND METHODS: In an ongoing @entity14 trial, 226 consecutive @entity1 were randomly allocated to have their flexible sigmoidoscopy performed with either a fiberoptic sigmoidoscope covered with a disposable @entity4847 ("EndoSheath group") or a conventional video colonoscope ("standard colonoscope group"). All examinations were performed at a temporary screening center. The @entity1 ' experience was documented using a questionnaire. The feasibility of running temporary screening units was evaluated. RESULTS: Examinations beyond the 60-cm level were excluded. Thus, 113 @entity1 (examined with the disposable instrument) and 87 (standard instrument) were eligible for analysis. When the sheathed system was used, all the devices needed could be satisfactorily transported. A screening center could be set up within a few hours. No differences were observed in @entity1 discomfort. Fewer @entity1 with @entity1127 were observed in the EndoSheath group (48 [42%]), compared with 55 (63%) in the standard colonoscope group; P = 0.005). No significant differences were observed for @entity1127 larger than 5 mm (14 [12%] in the EndoSheath group, 13 [15%] in the standard colonoscope group; P = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Using the disposable system, decentralized @entity14 was easily established. However, fewer @entity1127 were found, possibly due to the fiberoptic nature of the instrument. Sheathed video instruments are desirable and may increase the diagnostic yield.

title: Use of a disposable XXXX system for flexible sigmoidoscopy in decentralized @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer screening']

answer: @entity4847 :: (MESH:D018317,Disease) :: ['sheath']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: To prevent transmission of infectious agents and to reduce instrument reprocessing time, the use of disposable @entity4847 systems instead of conventionally reprocessed endoscopes has been promoted for flexible sigmoidoscopy. This trial primarily investigated the feasibility of a disposable @entity4847 system for flexible sigmoidoscopy in decentralized @entity14 . @entity1 AND METHODS: In an ongoing @entity14 trial, 226 consecutive @entity1 were randomly allocated to have their flexible sigmoidoscopy performed with either a fiberoptic sigmoidoscope covered with a disposable @entity4847 ("EndoSheath group") or a conventional video colonoscope ("standard colonoscope group"). All examinations were performed at a temporary screening center. The @entity1 ' experience was documented using a questionnaire. The feasibility of running temporary screening units was evaluated. RESULTS: Examinations beyond the 60-cm level were excluded. Thus, 113 @entity1 (examined with the disposable instrument) and 87 (standard instrument) were eligible for analysis. When the sheathed system was used, all the devices needed could be satisfactorily transported. A screening center could be set up within a few hours. No differences were observed in @entity1 discomfort. Fewer @entity1 with @entity1127 were observed in the EndoSheath group (48 [42%]), compared with 55 (63%) in the standard colonoscope group; P = 0.005). No significant differences were observed for @entity1127 larger than 5 mm (14 [12%] in the EndoSheath group, 13 [15%] in the standard colonoscope group; P = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Using the disposable system, decentralized @entity14 was easily established. However, fewer @entity1127 were found, possibly due to the fiberoptic nature of the instrument. Sheathed video instruments are desirable and may increase the diagnostic yield.

title: Use of a disposable @entity4847 system for flexible sigmoidoscopy in decentralized XXXX .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer screening']


abstract: Physiological factors involved in immunity and tissue repair with regulate homeostasis, a physiological function of the connective tissue, are as yet unidentified. We earlier detected the granulation-promoting action of @entity9880 , and reported on the acceleration of tissue repair in experimental as well as clinical studies. In that study, immunoregulatory effects of @entity9880 and @entity11057 were examined by the plaque-forming cell (PFC) count and delayed @entity56 (DHR). The PFC value increased in @entity19 pretreated with these agents. In these @entity19 , PFC reaction to 2 X 10(7) SRBC was enhanced but that to 1 X 10(9) SRBC was suppressed. The agents also suppressed excess immunoreaction in immature @entity19 but increased weakened immunoreaction in aged animals. Furthermore, the agents had the optimal doses for the enhancement of both PFC reaction to 1 X 10(8) SRBC and DHR to 1% @entity13693 . They also induced recovery of immunofunction suppressed by the administration of @entity1139 . @entity9880 and @entity11057 exerts immunoregulatory effects by activating both T and B cells. Our observations indicated that the agents not only promote tissue repair but also help maintain homeostasis and accelerate spontaneous healing.

title: [Immunoregulative effects of @entity9880 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity11057 :: ('CHEBI:16958', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-alanine']

entities_list: @entity13693 :: ('MESH:D010853', 'Chemical') :: ['picryl chloride']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity reaction']

entities_list: @entity9880 :: ('MESH:D002336', 'Chemical') :: ['Carnosine', 'carnosine']

answer: @entity11057 :: (CHEBI:16958,Chemical) :: ['beta-alanine']


abstract: Physiological factors involved in immunity and tissue repair with regulate homeostasis, a physiological function of the connective tissue, are as yet unidentified. We earlier detected the granulation-promoting action of @entity9880 , and reported on the acceleration of tissue repair in experimental as well as clinical studies. In that study, immunoregulatory effects of @entity9880 and @entity11057 were examined by the plaque-forming cell (PFC) count and delayed @entity56 (DHR). The PFC value increased in @entity19 pretreated with these agents. In these @entity19 , PFC reaction to 2 X 10(7) SRBC was enhanced but that to 1 X 10(9) SRBC was suppressed. The agents also suppressed excess immunoreaction in immature @entity19 but increased weakened immunoreaction in aged animals. Furthermore, the agents had the optimal doses for the enhancement of both PFC reaction to 1 X 10(8) SRBC and DHR to 1% @entity13693 . They also induced recovery of immunofunction suppressed by the administration of @entity1139 . @entity9880 and @entity11057 exerts immunoregulatory effects by activating both T and B cells. Our observations indicated that the agents not only promote tissue repair but also help maintain homeostasis and accelerate spontaneous healing.

title: [Immunoregulative effects of XXXX and @entity11057 ].

answer: @entity9880 :: (MESH:D002336,Chemical) :: ['carnosine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: DNA sequences from chromosome Y can cause @entity5712 development in @entity1 with @entity2689 ( @entity2689 ). Estimated risk is about 30%. The aim of the study is detection of Y-sequences of DNA level, calculation of mosaicism and its cytogenetic location. Clinical result of the study is the recommendation to gonadectomy of proved positive @entity1 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples from 110 @entity1 were collected. The PCR method and analysis of products on agarose gel was compared with analysis of DNA fragments from quantitative fluorescent (QF) PCR on capillary electrophoresis. The loci DYZ3, @entity49429 /Y and SRY were used for detection. The method QF PCR was effected for DYZ3 and @entity49429 /Y loci. The positive cases were examined by FISH method. Five (4.5%) and 3 (2.7%) positive cases were detected in DYZ3 and SRY resp. loci by electrophoresis on agarose gel. Seventeen (15.5%) and 7 (6.4%) positive cases were detected in DYZ3 and @entity49429 /Y resp. by capillary electrophoresis. The estimated mosaicism ranged from 1:5 to 1:100,000. CONCLUSIONS: QG PCR is the most sensitive method for diagnostics of Y-sequences. Simultaneously the incidence of Y-positive cells can be estimated. The positive cases with marker in karyotype were confirmed by FISH.

title: [Analysis of specific sequences in female @entity1 with XXXX --initial study].

entities_list: @entity5712 :: ('MESH:D018238', 'Disease') :: ['gonadoblastoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ['Turner syndrome', 'TS']

answer: @entity2689 :: (MESH:D014424,Disease) :: ['Turner syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: DNA sequences from chromosome Y can cause @entity5712 development in @entity1 with @entity2689 ( @entity2689 ). Estimated risk is about 30%. The aim of the study is detection of Y-sequences of DNA level, calculation of mosaicism and its cytogenetic location. Clinical result of the study is the recommendation to gonadectomy of proved positive @entity1 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples from 110 @entity1 were collected. The PCR method and analysis of products on agarose gel was compared with analysis of DNA fragments from quantitative fluorescent (QF) PCR on capillary electrophoresis. The loci DYZ3, @entity49429 /Y and SRY were used for detection. The method QF PCR was effected for DYZ3 and @entity49429 /Y loci. The positive cases were examined by FISH method. Five (4.5%) and 3 (2.7%) positive cases were detected in DYZ3 and SRY resp. loci by electrophoresis on agarose gel. Seventeen (15.5%) and 7 (6.4%) positive cases were detected in DYZ3 and @entity49429 /Y resp. by capillary electrophoresis. The estimated mosaicism ranged from 1:5 to 1:100,000. CONCLUSIONS: QG PCR is the most sensitive method for diagnostics of Y-sequences. Simultaneously the incidence of Y-positive cells can be estimated. The positive cases with marker in karyotype were confirmed by FISH.

title: [Analysis of specific sequences in female XXXX with @entity2689 --initial study].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Between 1953 and 1984, 53 @entity1 (40 male and 13 female) underwent thoracotomy for treatment of @entity358 . The median age was 58 years (range 4 to 86 years). Either underlying @entity358 or immunologic risk factors were present in 49 @entity1 (92%). Twenty-one @entity1 (31%) had @entity1538 and 32 (47%) had @entity7319 . The most common indication for operation was an indeterminate mass, hemoptysis, or severe cough. Lobectomy, wedge excision, and pneumonectomy were the most frequent operations. Complications occurred in 78% of @entity1 with @entity7319 and in 33% of @entity1 with @entity1538 (p = 0.002). Operative mortality was 5% (one @entity204 ) in @entity1 with @entity1538 and 34% (11 deaths) in @entity1 with @entity7319 (p = 0.01). Cause of @entity204 was @entity1576 in four @entity1 , underlying @entity358 in three, @entity2381 in two, and other conditions in three. At follow-up, 84% of operative survivors with @entity1538 were alive and well compared with 43% of those with @entity7319 . Although operative mortality in @entity1 with @entity7319 was high, 67% of the survivors had a good long-term result in terms of absence of symptoms, but they frequently died of underlying disease. In contrast, operation in @entity1 with @entity1538 was done with low risk, and approximately 90% of survivors had a good late result. Late appearance of @entity66 did occur and argues for @entity86 .

title: XXXX . Results of surgical treatment.

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['simple aspergilloma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral disease']

entities_list: @entity7319 :: ('MESH:D030401', 'Disease') :: ['complex aspergilloma']

entities_list: @entity2381 :: ('MESH:D001228', 'Disease') :: ['aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease', 'pulmonary disease', 'pulmonary aspergilloma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['rigorous postoperative surveillance']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary aspergilloma']