abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion tensor imaging measures the proton diffusivity and preferential orientation of the diffusion tensor. @entity8019 is a @entity17 for which therapy depends on the onset and extension of @entity17 . We investigated the ability of diffusion tensor imaging to detect changes in the @entity17 and in the normal appearing white matter. METHODS: Diffusion tensor imaging of three related @entity1 with @entity8019 and seven age-matched control @entity1 was performed. Isotropic diffusion (D') and fractional anisotropy (FA) values were determined in 18 regions of interest in the white matter of both hemispheres. RESULTS: In all the demyelinated white matter areas, a pattern with increased D' and loss of FA was found. For example, mean D' was 1.772 x 10(-3)mm(2)/s in @entity1 2 with @entity62 and was 0.693 x 10(-3)mm(2)/s in control @entity1 (P =.01). In the same region, mean FA was 0.103 (0.464 in control @entity1 , P <.0001). Significant alterations of D' and FA were also observed in normal appearing white matter. For example, mean D' was 0.802 x 10(-3)mm(2)/s in the parietal white matter of @entity1 1 with no visible alterations on T2-weighted images (0.715 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s in control @entity1 , P =.03), whereas mean FA was 0.320 (0.400 in control @entity1 , P =.003). CONCLUSION: Elevated D' and loss of FA revealed by diffusion tensor imaging are consistent with severe @entity17 in @entity1 with @entity8019 . Significant alterations of D' and FA in normal appearing white matter may indicate @entity17 in areas that are not yet visibly altered on conventional MR images. Further evaluation in a larger series of @entity1 and long-term study are needed.

title: Diffusion tensor imaging in cases of XXXX : preliminary experience as a marker for @entity17 ?

answer: @entity8019 :: (MESH:D000326,Disease) :: ['adrenoleukodystrophy']


abstract: During a one-year period all @entity1 with @entity1167 ( @entity1167 ) taken care of by three ambulances were studied. An incidence of 110 cardiac arrests/100,000 inhabitants/year was found. The majority of CAs affected the elderly and occurred during the day in their homes. The majority of CAs were witnessed but cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) had been initiated by bystanders in only a few cases. The ambulance arrived within a mean time of 7.7 +/- 4.0 min. Forty-eight per cent of the @entity1167 @entity1 showed @entity1165 or @entity2224 (VT/VF) on ambulance arrival. @entity1 with a prolonged ambulance delay showed a lower incidence of VT/VF than @entity1 with a short delay. @entity1 in whom CPR had been initiated by bystanders showed a significantly higher incidence of VT/VF (67%) than unattended @entity1 (45%). Bystander CPR was furthermore associated with an increased incidence of VT/VF in @entity1 with prolonged ambulance delay. VT/VF was present at the time when the ambulance arrived in 86% of the @entity1167 @entity1 who had received CPR from a bystander and were reached within 8 min by the ambulance.

title: XXXX in Stockholm with special reference to the ambulance organization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest', 'CA']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['Cardiac arrest']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We designed an interactive animated video that provides a basic explanation-including the risks, benefits, and alternatives-of anesthetic procedures. We hypothesized that this video would improve @entity1 understanding of anesthesia, reduce @entity148 , and shorten the interview time. METHODS: Two hundred eleven @entity1 scheduled for @entity5 surgery under general anesthesia or combined general and epidural anesthesia, who were admitted at least 1 day before the surgery, were randomly assigned to the video group (n = 106) or the no-video group (n = 105). The @entity1 in the video group were asked to watch a short interactive animation video in the ward. After watching the video, the @entity1 were visited by an anesthesiologist who performed a preanesthetic interview and routine risk assessment. The @entity1 in the no-video group were also visited by an anesthesiologist, but were not asked to watch the video. In both groups, the @entity1 were asked to complete the State-Trait @entity148 Inventory and a 14-point scale of knowledge test before the anesthesiologist's visit and on the day of surgery. We also measured interview time. RESULTS: There was no demographic difference between the 2 groups. The interview time was 34.4% shorter (video group, 12.2    5.3 minutes, vs. no-video group, 18.6    6.4 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI] for the percentage reduction in time: 32.7%- 44.3%), and knowledge of anesthesia was 11.6% better in the video group (score 12.5    1.4 vs. no-video group score 11.2    1.7; 95% CI for the percentage increase in knowledge: 8.5%-13.9%). However, there was no difference in preanesthetic @entity148 between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Our short interactive animation video helped @entity1 ' understanding of anesthesia and reduced anesthesiologists' interview time.

title: The effects of short interactive animation video information on preanesthetic XXXX , knowledge, and interview time: a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Anxiety', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Radiographic Union Score for Hip (RUSH) is a previously validated outcome instrument designed to improve intra- and interobserver reliability when describing the radiographic healing of @entity2249 . The ability to identify @entity174 that have not healed is important for defining nonunion in clinical trials and predicting @entity1 who will likely require additional surgery to promote @entity174 healing. We sought to investigate the utility of the RUSH score to define @entity2249 nonunion. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What RUSH score threshold yields at least 98% specificity to diagnose nonunion at 6 months postinjury? (2) Using the threshold identified, are @entity1 below this threshold at greater risk of reoperation for nonunion and for other indications? METHODS: A representative sample of 250 out of a cohort of 725 @entity1 with adequate 6-month hip radiographs was analyzed from a multinational elderly hip @entity174 trial (FAITH). All @entity1 had a @entity2249 and were treated with either multiple cancellous screws or a sliding hip screw. Two reviewers independently determined the RUSH score based on the 6-month postinjury radiographs and interrater reliability was assessed with the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). There was substantial reliability between the reviewers assigning the RUSH scores (ICC, 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-0.85). The RUSH score is a checklist-based system that quantifies four measures of healing: cortical bridging, cortical @entity174 disappearance, trabecular consolidation, and trabecular @entity174 disappearance.. @entity174 healing was determined by two independent methods: (1) concurrently by the treating surgeon using both clinical and radiographic assessments as per routine clinical care; and (2) retrospectively by a Central Adjudication Committee using complete obliteration of the @entity174 line on radiographs alone. Receiver operating characteristic tables were used to define a RUSH threshold score that was > 98% specific for @entity174 nonunion. RESULTS: A threshold score of < 18 was associated with a 100% specificity (95% CI, 97%-100%) and a positive predictive value of 100% (95% CI, 73%-100%) for radiographic nonunion. In contrast, using the @entity174 healing assessments of the treating surgeons failed to identify a useful discriminatory nonunion threshold and the highest positive predictive value was 43%. With respect to complications, @entity1 with RUSH scores below 18 had greater risk of undergoing reoperation for nonunion (reoperation when < 18: six of 13 [46%]; reoperation when >=  18: 11 of 237 [54%]; relative risk [RR], 9.9 [95% CI, 4.4-22.7]; p < 0.001) and for all indications (reoperation when < 18: eight of 13 [62%]; reoperation when >=  18: 54 of 237 [38%]; RR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.7-4.4]; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The 6-month RUSH score is a reliable method for assessing radiographic healing. Our results highlight the discordance between radiographic determinations and clinician assessments of @entity174 healing and stress the need for clinical data to be incorporated in research studies evaluating @entity174 healing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study.

title: The Radiographic Union Score for Hip (RUSH) Identifies Radiographic Nonunion of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['femoral neck fracture', 'femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'Fracture', 'fracture']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['Femoral Neck Fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Primary Sj  gren syndrome (pSS) is a common @entity792 which primarily affects epithelial tissue, often including the kidney causing either @entity1986 ( @entity1986 ) or more rarely, an immune complex related @entity631 . METHODS: We describe the clinical, biochemical and histological characteristics of 12 @entity1 with pSS related @entity1986 and their response to treatment with antiproliferative agents. All 12 @entity1 were investigated and treated at the UCL Centre for Nephrology in London. RESULTS: All @entity1 had @entity1986 demonstrated via needle biopsy; immunophenotyping showed that the interstitial infiltrate was predominantly a @entity404 + T-cell infiltrate. Urinary acidification testing demonstrated @entity8 in 8 @entity1 . Proximal @entity4434 was present in 5 @entity1 . All but 1 @entity1 were treated with antiproliferative agents and most also with a reducing course of @entity230 . In the treated @entity1 , there was a significant improvement in the serum @entity1011 and measured GFR. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with pSS @entity1986 have significant @entity8 and other functional tubular defects. There is a mononuclear lymphocytic infiltrate on renal biopsy and this appears to be mainly a @entity404 + T-cell infiltrate. Treatment with @entity6051 (and @entity288 ) improves the renal function in @entity1 with pSS @entity1986 .

title: XXXX in primary Sj  gren syndrome: clinical manifestations and response to treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment', 'distal renal tubular acidosis']

entities_list: @entity6051 :: ('CHEBI:168396', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate']

entities_list: @entity4434 :: ('MESH:D005198', 'Disease') :: ['tubular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['TIN', 'tubulointerstitial nephritis']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune condition']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1986 :: (MESH:D009395,Disease) :: ['Tubulointerstitial nephritis']


abstract: PURPOSE: In this prospective trial, we evaluated the influence of chemotherapy for @entity0 on @entity1 's health-related quality of life (HR-QoL), sexual function, and mental status. METHODS: The @entity1 completed validated questionnaires on HR-QoL, sexual function, and @entity308 before, during, and at the end and finally 6  months after chemotherapy. Special attention was paid to possible differences between pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 . RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2012, 79 @entity1 were enrolled in the trial (mean age 47.46  years). Premenopausal @entity1 were 63.3  %. Sexual activity dropped from 71.9  % before chemotherapy to a minimum of 47  % at the end of chemotherapy. A similar effect was seen for pleasure and discomfort. @entity308 values were the highest at the beginning of chemotherapy, with spontaneous improvement in many @entity1 during the course of time. HR-QoL and global health status both increased 6  months after therapy. For almost all parameters, changes were more obvious in pre- than in postmenopausal @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: In a close monitoring, we observed significant changes in HR-QoL, @entity308 , and sexual function in @entity0 @entity1 . Special attention needs to be paid to premenopausal @entity1 . The knowledge of effective recovery and spontaneous improvement of HR-QoL in spite of still impaired sexuality are important information in counseling both pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 with diagnosis of @entity0 prior to upcoming therapy.

title: The impact of chemotherapy for XXXX on sexual function and health-related quality of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) containing @entity1522 has been introduced recently aiming to improve the nutritional status of @entity1726 @entity1 . @entity413 -based PDFs have been implicated in progressive functional and structural deterioration of the peritoneal membrane. Limited data are currently available regarding the effect of @entity535 -based PDF on the function and ultrastructure of @entity1 peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs), which play a critical role in peritoneal membrane pathophysiology. METHODS: We investigated the effects of two commercially available PDFs, which utilized @entity413 (1.5% Dianeal) or @entity1522 (1.1% Nutrineal) as the osmotic agent, obtained from @entity1 after a 4 h dwell, on HPMC proliferation ( @entity98 assay and cell counting) and viability [ @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH)release], @entity650 ( @entity650 ) secretion (commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and ultrastructure (scanning and transmission electron microscopy). RESULTS: Exposure of HPMCs to 1.5% Dianeal reduced cell proliferation, total cellular protein synthesis, @entity650 secretion and cell attachment, but prolonged the cell doubling time on recovery, and increased LDH release (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). The 1.1% Nutrineal reduced HPMC proliferation (P<0.001) and increased @entity650 secretion (P<0.0001), but did not affect cell attachment, LDH release, protein synthesis or cell doubling time. Ultrastructural studies of HPMCs exposed to Dianeal showed cell flattening, increased cell surface area, reduced microvilli, and intracellular organelles compatible with dysfunctional mitochondria. In contrast, the ultrastructural morphology of HPMCs was relatively preserved after incubation with Nutrineal. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that HPMC ultrastructure, viability and protein synthesis were better preserved with @entity535 -based PDF, compared with conventional dextrose-based PDF. The significance of @entity650 induction by Nutrineal remains to be elucidated.

title: Different effects of XXXX -based and @entity413 -based dialysate from peritoneal dialysis @entity1 on mesothelial cell ultrastructure and function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['Dextrose', 'dextrose']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) containing @entity1522 has been introduced recently aiming to improve the nutritional status of @entity1726 @entity1 . @entity413 -based PDFs have been implicated in progressive functional and structural deterioration of the peritoneal membrane. Limited data are currently available regarding the effect of @entity535 -based PDF on the function and ultrastructure of @entity1 peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs), which play a critical role in peritoneal membrane pathophysiology. METHODS: We investigated the effects of two commercially available PDFs, which utilized @entity413 (1.5% Dianeal) or @entity1522 (1.1% Nutrineal) as the osmotic agent, obtained from @entity1 after a 4 h dwell, on HPMC proliferation ( @entity98 assay and cell counting) and viability [ @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH)release], @entity650 ( @entity650 ) secretion (commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and ultrastructure (scanning and transmission electron microscopy). RESULTS: Exposure of HPMCs to 1.5% Dianeal reduced cell proliferation, total cellular protein synthesis, @entity650 secretion and cell attachment, but prolonged the cell doubling time on recovery, and increased LDH release (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). The 1.1% Nutrineal reduced HPMC proliferation (P<0.001) and increased @entity650 secretion (P<0.0001), but did not affect cell attachment, LDH release, protein synthesis or cell doubling time. Ultrastructural studies of HPMCs exposed to Dianeal showed cell flattening, increased cell surface area, reduced microvilli, and intracellular organelles compatible with dysfunctional mitochondria. In contrast, the ultrastructural morphology of HPMCs was relatively preserved after incubation with Nutrineal. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that HPMC ultrastructure, viability and protein synthesis were better preserved with @entity535 -based PDF, compared with conventional dextrose-based PDF. The significance of @entity650 induction by Nutrineal remains to be elucidated.

title: Different effects of @entity535 -based and XXXX -based dialysate from peritoneal dialysis @entity1 on mesothelial cell ultrastructure and function.

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) containing @entity1522 has been introduced recently aiming to improve the nutritional status of @entity1726 @entity1 . @entity413 -based PDFs have been implicated in progressive functional and structural deterioration of the peritoneal membrane. Limited data are currently available regarding the effect of @entity535 -based PDF on the function and ultrastructure of @entity1 peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs), which play a critical role in peritoneal membrane pathophysiology. METHODS: We investigated the effects of two commercially available PDFs, which utilized @entity413 (1.5% Dianeal) or @entity1522 (1.1% Nutrineal) as the osmotic agent, obtained from @entity1 after a 4 h dwell, on HPMC proliferation ( @entity98 assay and cell counting) and viability [ @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH)release], @entity650 ( @entity650 ) secretion (commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and ultrastructure (scanning and transmission electron microscopy). RESULTS: Exposure of HPMCs to 1.5% Dianeal reduced cell proliferation, total cellular protein synthesis, @entity650 secretion and cell attachment, but prolonged the cell doubling time on recovery, and increased LDH release (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). The 1.1% Nutrineal reduced HPMC proliferation (P<0.001) and increased @entity650 secretion (P<0.0001), but did not affect cell attachment, LDH release, protein synthesis or cell doubling time. Ultrastructural studies of HPMCs exposed to Dianeal showed cell flattening, increased cell surface area, reduced microvilli, and intracellular organelles compatible with dysfunctional mitochondria. In contrast, the ultrastructural morphology of HPMCs was relatively preserved after incubation with Nutrineal. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that HPMC ultrastructure, viability and protein synthesis were better preserved with @entity535 -based PDF, compared with conventional dextrose-based PDF. The significance of @entity650 induction by Nutrineal remains to be elucidated.

title: Different effects of @entity535 -based and @entity413 -based dialysate from peritoneal dialysis XXXX on mesothelial cell ultrastructure and function.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The morphology of the afferent synapse in type I ( @entity7492 ) and type II (HCII) saccular hair cells was compared in juvenile and very old C57BL/6NNia @entity19 . Normal membrane specializations and normal synaptic body (SB) form and organization were found to continue well beyond the expected life span. Although SB were found less frequently in @entity7492 than in HCII, they were as readily found in old saccules as in juveniles. The elongated rod was the most common form in @entity7492 and the spheroid was the most common in HCII. Large clusters of SB (greater than 5), found in both juvenile and old saccules, were unique to @entity7492 . SB in HCII were generally found singly. A range of forms, including hollow and striated dense bodies, also occurred in both juvenile and very old saccules. Singular or clustered SB were found free in the cytoplasm as well as engaged at the membrane. No SB were seen at sites other than nerve terminal appositions. In rare instances a SB was observed engaged at a site that appeared to be opposite an efferent fiber.

title: Persistence of synaptic bodies in saccular hair cells of senescent XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1201 , a @entity102 caused by @entity4430 , is a public health concern in certain countries, including India. Although the prevalence of the disease has fallen drastically over time, new cases continue to occur at nearly the same rate in many regions. Several endemic pockets have been observed in India and elsewhere. The precise dynamics of @entity1201 transmission are still not clearly understood. Both live bacilli as well as @entity4430 DNA have been detected in the soil and water of endemic areas; they possibly play an important role in disease transmission. AIMS: To study the occurrence of viable @entity4430 in environmental samples collected from areas of residence of @entity1 with active @entity1201 . METHODS: The study was conducted on 169 newly diagnosed @entity1201 @entity1 in Ghatampur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Soil and water samples were collected from their areas of residence using a standardized protocol. An equal number of soil and water samples were also collected from non- @entity1 areas of the same or adjoining villages. The environmental samples collected from the @entity1 surroundings were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis after obtaining informed consent. RESULTS: About a quarter of the environmental samples collected from @entity1 areas, (25.4% of soil samples and 24.2% of water samples) were found to be positive for specific 16S ribosomal RNA genes of @entity4430 . Environmental samples collected from non- @entity1 areas were all found negative for @entity4430 16S ribosomal RNA genes. LIMITATIONS: The major limitation of the study was that the sample size was small. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the presence of viable strains of @entity4430 in skin smear samples of paucibacillary @entity1 and multibacillary @entity1 , as well as in the environmental samples obtained from around their houses. This could play an important role in the continued transmission of @entity1201 .

title: Viability of XXXX in the environment and its role in leprosy dissemination.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4430 :: ('1769', 'Species') :: ['M. leprae', 'Mycobacterium leprae']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity1201 :: ('MESH:D007918', 'Disease') :: ['Leprosy', 'leprosy']

answer: @entity4430 :: (1769,Species) :: ['Mycobacterium leprae']


abstract: Small degradation products of proteins can have regulatory powers in biological systems. We have studied the role of selected oligopeptides derived from the pregnancy hormone @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in several(patho)physiological systems. The employed oligopeptides (3 up to 7 @entity1522 ) were designed according to the known nick sites in 'loop-2' of b-hCG. These oligopeptides can inhibit severe @entity32 , the onset of @entity1723 , @entity177 and tumorigenesis. One of the oligopeptides (AQGV) appeared capable of accelerating recuperation after lethal radiation of @entity19 , thereby reducing the number of @entity204 among the irradiated @entity19 . This particular oligopeptide has already been successfully tested in @entity1 Phase I and IIa studies. Regulating oligopeptides are not only released as a specific subset by degradation of the pregnancy hormone hCG, but also during the degradation of other body proteins and possibly also by transcription of so-called 'non-coding' mRNA. Based on a system's biology approach we designed a series of oligopeptides with particular physico-chemical properties based on the primary structure of @entity3546 and @entity1851 (CRP). Several of the designed oligopeptides were able to inhibit vital genes involved in cell division in a plant model. We call such oligopeptides with regulating activity 'peptide-i' peptides, referring to their ability to interfere with the expression of particular genes, and thus with the expression of the related biological activities. The fact that the selected oligopeptides can inhibit the multiplication of plant cells suggests that these peptides, through evolution, are part of a hitherto unknown conserved regulatory system. Based on the data presented we foresee the development of many new regulatory oligopeptide-based pharmaceuticals, which could be a serious option for addressing new therapeutic challenges.

title: XXXX chorionic gonadotropin: a model molecule for oligopeptide-based drug discovery.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['type I diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate whether integrated treatment (given by OPUS), in comparison with standard treatment, significantly reduced the number of @entity1 with @entity734 and improved clinical and social outcome in the group of substance abusers after 2 years. METHODS: A total of 547 @entity1 with first-episode @entity161 -spectrum disorders were included in the study, 275 randomly assigned to OPUS treatment and 272 to standard treatment. OPUS treatment consisted of assertive community treatment with family involvement and social skills training. Standard treatment offered contact with a community mental health centre. Main outcome measure was reduction in comorbid @entity734 . RESULTS: At 2-year follow up, 42 (17.3%) @entity1 from OPUS and 40 (20.7%) @entity1 from standard treatment met criteria for @entity734 (odds ratio=0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3-1.0). OPUS treatment compared with standard treatment significantly reduced negative and disorganized symptoms in the substance abuser group. @entity1 with @entity734 in the OPUS treatment spent significantly fewer days in hospital during the 2-year period than @entity1 given standard treatment (109 days vs. 167 days) and adhered to treatment significantly more often. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this trial indicate that integrated treatment given by OPUS reduced @entity734 and improved clinical outcome in the substance abuser group. Supplementing the OPUS treatment with therapeutic programmes for @entity1 with a comorbid @entity734 would probably further improve outcome.

title: @entity734 and first-episode XXXX -spectrum disorders. The Danish OPUS trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate whether integrated treatment (given by OPUS), in comparison with standard treatment, significantly reduced the number of @entity1 with @entity734 and improved clinical and social outcome in the group of substance abusers after 2 years. METHODS: A total of 547 @entity1 with first-episode @entity161 -spectrum disorders were included in the study, 275 randomly assigned to OPUS treatment and 272 to standard treatment. OPUS treatment consisted of assertive community treatment with family involvement and social skills training. Standard treatment offered contact with a community mental health centre. Main outcome measure was reduction in comorbid @entity734 . RESULTS: At 2-year follow up, 42 (17.3%) @entity1 from OPUS and 40 (20.7%) @entity1 from standard treatment met criteria for @entity734 (odds ratio=0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3-1.0). OPUS treatment compared with standard treatment significantly reduced negative and disorganized symptoms in the substance abuser group. @entity1 with @entity734 in the OPUS treatment spent significantly fewer days in hospital during the 2-year period than @entity1 given standard treatment (109 days vs. 167 days) and adhered to treatment significantly more often. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this trial indicate that integrated treatment given by OPUS reduced @entity734 and improved clinical outcome in the substance abuser group. Supplementing the OPUS treatment with therapeutic programmes for @entity1 with a comorbid @entity734 would probably further improve outcome.

title: XXXX and first-episode @entity161 -spectrum disorders. The Danish OPUS trial.

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['Substance abuse']


abstract: AIM: To examine the rationale and evidence supporting an early intervention approach in @entity161 . METHODS: A selective literature review was conducted. RESULTS: During the onset of @entity161 , there is often a significant delay between the emergence of @entity716 and the initiation of treatment. The average duration of untreated @entity716 is around 1-2 years. During this period, brain function may continue to deteriorate and social networks can be irreversibly damaged. Studies have consistently linked longer duration of untreated @entity716 with poorer outcomes and this relationship holds even after controlling for the potential confounding variable of premorbid functioning. In Norway, the early Treatment and Intervention in @entity716 study demonstrated that duration of untreated @entity716 is amenable to intervention with the combination of educational campaigns and specialized early detection units substantially decreasing the period from onset of symptoms to treatment initiation. Furthermore, recent evidence from the randomized controlled OPUS and the Lambeth Early Onset trial studies have linked phase-specific early interventions to improved outcomes spanning symptoms, adherence to treatment, comorbid drug abuse, relapse and readmission. Some benefits persist after cessation of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention in @entity161 is justified to reduce the negative personal and social impact of prolonged periods of untreated symptoms. Furthermore, phase-specific interventions are associated with improved outcomes, at least in the short term. Further research is needed to establish the optimum duration of such programmes.

title: The rationale for early intervention in XXXX and related disorders.

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic symptoms', 'PSychosis', 'psychosis']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Contrasting hypotheses exist about the relationship between plant species diversity and genetic diversity. However, experimental data of species diversity effects on genetic differentiation among populations are lacking. To address this, @entity5369 was sown with an equal number of seeds in 78 experimental grasslands (Jena Experiment) varying in species @entity3794 (1, 2, 4, 8 to 16) and functional group @entity3794 and composition (1-4; grasses, legumes, small herbs, tall herbs). Population sizes were determined 4years after sowing, and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) DNA markers based on bulk samples of up to 100 individuals per population were applied. Genetic distances between the field populations and the initially sown seed population increased with sown species @entity3794 . The degree of genetic differentiation from the original seed population was largely explained by actual population sizes, which suggests that genetic drift was the main driver of differentiation. Weak relationships among relative allele frequencies and species diversity or actual population sizes, and a positive correlation between actual population sizes and expected heterozygosity also supported the role of genetic drift. Functional composition had additional effects on genetic differentiation of @entity5369 populations, indicating a selection because of genotype-specific interactions with other species. Our study supports that genetic diversity is likely to be lower in plant communities with a higher number of interspecific competitors. Negative effects of species @entity3794 on population sizes may increase the probability of genetic drift, and selection because of genotype-specific interactions depending on species and genotypic community composition may modulate this relationship.

title: Plant species diversity and composition of experimental grasslands affect genetic differentiation of XXXX populations.

entities_list: @entity5369 :: ('4522', 'Species') :: ['Lolium perenne', 'L. perenne']

answer: @entity5369 :: (4522,Species) :: ['Lolium perenne']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This pretrial study aimed to develop and test the usability of a four-week Internet intervention delivered by a Web-enabled mobile phone to support self-management of chronic @entity158 . METHODS: The intervention included daily online entries and individualized written feedback, grounded in a mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral approach. The @entity1 registered activities, emotions and @entity158 cognitions three times daily using the mobile device. The therapist had immediate access to this information through a secure Web site. The situational information was used to formulate and send a personalized text message to the @entity1 with the aim of stimulating effective self-management of the current situation. Six @entity1 participated and evaluated the experience. RESULTS: The intervention was rated as supportive, meaningful and user-friendly by the majority of the @entity1 . The response rate to the daily registration entries was high and technical problems were few. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a feasible intervention. Web-applications are fast becoming standard features of mobile phones and interventions of this kind can therefore be more available than before. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01236209.

title: Written online situational feedback via mobile phone to support self-management of chronic XXXX : a usability study of a Web-based intervention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'widespread pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['widespread pain']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: @entity1 with @entity0 who have casting-type microcalcifications associated with multifocal invasion and extensive @entity3821 ( @entity3821 ) form a subset of @entity1 with a poor prognosis. Our study aims to identify the mammographic and pathologic features of this group. DESIGN: @entity1 with casting-type microcalcifications, multifocal invasion, and extensive @entity3821 were identified from our @entity5 board registry. Mammographic features, @entity5 characteristics, treatment, and survival rates were evaluated. Invasive @entity5 were limited to 14 mm or smaller. SETTING: University medical teaching hospital and @entity0 specialty clinic. RESULTS: Of the 984 @entity1 with @entity0 treated at our center, 15 @entity1 were identified who had extensive casting-type calcifications and @entity3821 . Twelve of these @entity1 also had multifocal invasive @entity0 . All had casting-type microcalcifications occupying more than 1 breast quadrant. All but 1 of the @entity1 were treated using mastectomy with sentinel node biopsy or axillary node dissection. All but 1 @entity1 had extensive grade 3 @entity3821 . Invasive @entity5 were negative for @entity172 receptor and @entity1420 receptor expression in half of the @entity1 , and 60% were positive for the HER-2-neu receptor. Positive axillary lymph nodes were found in 33% of @entity1 , and 75% received adjuvant chemotherapy. After a median follow-up period of 20.5 months (range, 6-72 months), 1 @entity1 had died and 1 had distant metastases. Of the 3 @entity1 who had @entity3821 without invasion, 1 experienced a recurrence with infiltrating @entity513 . CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with small multifocal @entity0 with extensive casting calcifications and @entity3821 , the incidence of positive lymph nodes was 33%, with a tendency for poor @entity5 markers. These @entity1 appear to be at substantial risk for @entity262 ; lymph node sampling and adjuvant systemic therapy are recommended.

title: Casting-type calcifications with invasion and high-grade XXXX : a more aggressive disease?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma in situ', 'DCIS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma']

answer: @entity3821 :: (MESH:D002285,Disease) :: ['ductal carcinoma in situ']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) blockade improves cardiac contractility and prolongs survival in @entity1 with @entity712 ; however, the mechanisms underlying these favorable responses are poorly understood. Stress-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of the @entity460 ( @entity141 ) release channel/cardiac ryanodine receptor ( @entity23963 ), required for cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, activating the @entity23963 channel, and increasing cardiac contractility. The hyperadrenergic state of @entity712 results in leaky @entity23963 channels attributable to PKA hyperphosphorylation and depletion of the stabilizing @entity1140 binding protein, @entity12573 . We tested the hypothesis that improved cardiac muscle function attributable to beta-AR blockade is associated with restoration of normal @entity23963 channel function in @entity1 with @entity712 . METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed the effects of beta-AR blockade on left ventricular volume using isolated perfused hearts and beta-agonist responsiveness using muscle strips from @entity1 undergoing transplantation. Twenty-four @entity1 hearts were examined, 10 from @entity1 with @entity712 treated with beta-AR blockers ( @entity1405 , @entity1406 , or @entity2165 ), 9 from @entity1 with @entity712 without beta-AR blocker treatment, and 5 normal hearts. @entity23963 PKA phosphorylation was determined by back-phosphorylation, @entity12573 in the @entity23963 macromolecular complex was determined by coimmunoprecipitation, and channel function was assayed using planar lipid bilayers. beta-AR blockers reduced left ventricular volume (reverse remodeling) and restored beta-agonist response in cardiac muscle from @entity1 with @entity712 . Improved cardiac muscle function was associated with restoration of normal @entity12573 levels in the @entity23963 macromolecular complex and @entity23963 channel function. CONCLUSIONS: Improved cardiac muscle function during beta-AR blockade is associated with improved cardiac @entity141 release channel function in @entity1 with @entity712 .

title: Beta-blockers restore @entity460 release channel function and improve cardiac muscle performance in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1405 :: ('MESH:C043211', 'Chemical') :: ['carvedilol']

entities_list: @entity1406 :: ('MESH:D008790', 'Chemical') :: ['metoprolol']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2165 :: ('MESH:D001262', 'Chemical') :: ['atenolol']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) blockade improves cardiac contractility and prolongs survival in @entity1 with @entity712 ; however, the mechanisms underlying these favorable responses are poorly understood. Stress-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of the @entity460 ( @entity141 ) release channel/cardiac ryanodine receptor ( @entity23963 ), required for cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, activating the @entity23963 channel, and increasing cardiac contractility. The hyperadrenergic state of @entity712 results in leaky @entity23963 channels attributable to PKA hyperphosphorylation and depletion of the stabilizing @entity1140 binding protein, @entity12573 . We tested the hypothesis that improved cardiac muscle function attributable to beta-AR blockade is associated with restoration of normal @entity23963 channel function in @entity1 with @entity712 . METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed the effects of beta-AR blockade on left ventricular volume using isolated perfused hearts and beta-agonist responsiveness using muscle strips from @entity1 undergoing transplantation. Twenty-four @entity1 hearts were examined, 10 from @entity1 with @entity712 treated with beta-AR blockers ( @entity1405 , @entity1406 , or @entity2165 ), 9 from @entity1 with @entity712 without beta-AR blocker treatment, and 5 normal hearts. @entity23963 PKA phosphorylation was determined by back-phosphorylation, @entity12573 in the @entity23963 macromolecular complex was determined by coimmunoprecipitation, and channel function was assayed using planar lipid bilayers. beta-AR blockers reduced left ventricular volume (reverse remodeling) and restored beta-agonist response in cardiac muscle from @entity1 with @entity712 . Improved cardiac muscle function was associated with restoration of normal @entity12573 levels in the @entity23963 macromolecular complex and @entity23963 channel function. CONCLUSIONS: Improved cardiac muscle function during beta-AR blockade is associated with improved cardiac @entity141 release channel function in @entity1 with @entity712 .

title: Beta-blockers restore XXXX release channel function and improve cardiac muscle performance in @entity1 @entity712 .

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) blockade improves cardiac contractility and prolongs survival in @entity1 with @entity712 ; however, the mechanisms underlying these favorable responses are poorly understood. Stress-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of the @entity460 ( @entity141 ) release channel/cardiac ryanodine receptor ( @entity23963 ), required for cardiac excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, activating the @entity23963 channel, and increasing cardiac contractility. The hyperadrenergic state of @entity712 results in leaky @entity23963 channels attributable to PKA hyperphosphorylation and depletion of the stabilizing @entity1140 binding protein, @entity12573 . We tested the hypothesis that improved cardiac muscle function attributable to beta-AR blockade is associated with restoration of normal @entity23963 channel function in @entity1 with @entity712 . METHODS AND RESULTS: We assessed the effects of beta-AR blockade on left ventricular volume using isolated perfused hearts and beta-agonist responsiveness using muscle strips from @entity1 undergoing transplantation. Twenty-four @entity1 hearts were examined, 10 from @entity1 with @entity712 treated with beta-AR blockers ( @entity1405 , @entity1406 , or @entity2165 ), 9 from @entity1 with @entity712 without beta-AR blocker treatment, and 5 normal hearts. @entity23963 PKA phosphorylation was determined by back-phosphorylation, @entity12573 in the @entity23963 macromolecular complex was determined by coimmunoprecipitation, and channel function was assayed using planar lipid bilayers. beta-AR blockers reduced left ventricular volume (reverse remodeling) and restored beta-agonist response in cardiac muscle from @entity1 with @entity712 . Improved cardiac muscle function was associated with restoration of normal @entity12573 levels in the @entity23963 macromolecular complex and @entity23963 channel function. CONCLUSIONS: Improved cardiac muscle function during beta-AR blockade is associated with improved cardiac @entity141 release channel function in @entity1 with @entity712 .

title: Beta-blockers restore @entity460 release channel function and improve cardiac muscle performance in XXXX @entity712 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: The @entity470 ( @entity470 ) is a mediator of @entity213 ( @entity213 ) development. @entity4562 is an orally active, selective @entity470 @entity669 kinase inhibitor. This phase II study sought to explore the activity, @entity137 , and pharmacodynamics of @entity4562 in @entity213 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with recurrent or metastatic @entity213 were enrolled through the University of Chicago Phase II Consortium. @entity1 were allowed no more than one prior therapy for recurrent or metastatic disease and were treated with single-agent @entity4562 500 mg/d. @entity1 @entity5 biopsies were obtained and stained immunohistochemically for @entity470 , @entity3963 ( @entity3963 ), and phosphorylated @entity3963 (p-ERK). Study end points included response rate, time to progression, median survival, and inhibition of p-ERK. RESULTS: Fifty-two @entity1 were enrolled (40 male and 12 female) with a median age of 59 years (range, 34 to 84 years). Fourteen @entity1 received @entity4562 through a feeding tube. Half the cohort received @entity4562 as second-line therapy. Forty-seven @entity1 were assessable for response, with an observed response rate of 10.6% and a disease control rate of 53%. Median time to progression and survival were 3.4 and 8.1 months, respectively. The only grade 3 @entity137 encountered was @entity294 in three @entity1 . Performance status and development of @entity137 were found to be strong predictors of response, progression, and survival. Ten biopsy samples were assessable and revealed no significant change in @entity470 or p-ERK expression with @entity4562 therapy. CONCLUSION: @entity4562 has single-agent activity and is well tolerated in refractory @entity213 . In contrast to other reports, development of @entity137 was a statistically significant predictor of response and improved outcome.

title: Phase II trial of @entity4562 in recurrent or metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'skin toxicity']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity3963 :: ('5594', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1', 'ERK1']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck', 'SCCHN']

answer: @entity213 :: (MESH:C535575,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck']


abstract: PURPOSE: The @entity470 ( @entity470 ) is a mediator of @entity213 ( @entity213 ) development. @entity4562 is an orally active, selective @entity470 @entity669 kinase inhibitor. This phase II study sought to explore the activity, @entity137 , and pharmacodynamics of @entity4562 in @entity213 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with recurrent or metastatic @entity213 were enrolled through the University of Chicago Phase II Consortium. @entity1 were allowed no more than one prior therapy for recurrent or metastatic disease and were treated with single-agent @entity4562 500 mg/d. @entity1 @entity5 biopsies were obtained and stained immunohistochemically for @entity470 , @entity3963 ( @entity3963 ), and phosphorylated @entity3963 (p-ERK). Study end points included response rate, time to progression, median survival, and inhibition of p-ERK. RESULTS: Fifty-two @entity1 were enrolled (40 male and 12 female) with a median age of 59 years (range, 34 to 84 years). Fourteen @entity1 received @entity4562 through a feeding tube. Half the cohort received @entity4562 as second-line therapy. Forty-seven @entity1 were assessable for response, with an observed response rate of 10.6% and a disease control rate of 53%. Median time to progression and survival were 3.4 and 8.1 months, respectively. The only grade 3 @entity137 encountered was @entity294 in three @entity1 . Performance status and development of @entity137 were found to be strong predictors of response, progression, and survival. Ten biopsy samples were assessable and revealed no significant change in @entity470 or p-ERK expression with @entity4562 therapy. CONCLUSION: @entity4562 has single-agent activity and is well tolerated in refractory @entity213 . In contrast to other reports, development of @entity137 was a statistically significant predictor of response and improved outcome.

title: Phase II trial of XXXX in recurrent or metastatic @entity213 .

answer: @entity4562 :: (MESH:C419708,Chemical) :: ['ZD1839']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of chemoreduction using @entity1891 and @entity3003 in preventing or delaying external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or enucleation in @entity1 with @entity995 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-five @entity1 (43 eyes) with newly diagnosed @entity995 received primary treatment with eight courses of @entity1891 and @entity3003 . Focal treatments were delayed until documentation of disease progression. Outcome measures for each eye were length of time to disease progression, avoidance or delay of EBRT, and globe survival. Event-free survival was defined as the length of time to EBRT or enucleation. RESULTS: Disease in all eyes responded to chemotherapy and progressed in only two @entity1 before completion of the eight courses of therapy. Disease in all but four eyes progressed and required focal treatments. Event-free survival estimates at 2 years were 59.2% +/- 12.0% for Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, and III eyes and 26.3% +/- 9.2% for group IV and V eyes. Nineteen eyes (44.2%) required EBRT and 13 eyes (30.2%) were enucleated. The ocular salvage rate was 83.3% for Reese-Ellsworth group I to III eyes and 52.6% for group IV and V eyes. For those @entity1 receiving EBRT, the median time from enrollment to EBRT was 9.5 months (median age at EBRT, 21 months). CONCLUSION: In combination with appropriate early intensive focal treatments, chemoreduction with @entity1891 and @entity3003 , without @entity2879 , may be an alternative treatment for @entity1 with early-stage @entity995 , although additional studies are needed. @entity1 with @entity1442 require more aggressive treatments.

title: Treatment of @entity995 with @entity1891 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced intraocular disease']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['intraocular retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of chemoreduction using @entity1891 and @entity3003 in preventing or delaying external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or enucleation in @entity1 with @entity995 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-five @entity1 (43 eyes) with newly diagnosed @entity995 received primary treatment with eight courses of @entity1891 and @entity3003 . Focal treatments were delayed until documentation of disease progression. Outcome measures for each eye were length of time to disease progression, avoidance or delay of EBRT, and globe survival. Event-free survival was defined as the length of time to EBRT or enucleation. RESULTS: Disease in all eyes responded to chemotherapy and progressed in only two @entity1 before completion of the eight courses of therapy. Disease in all but four eyes progressed and required focal treatments. Event-free survival estimates at 2 years were 59.2% +/- 12.0% for Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, and III eyes and 26.3% +/- 9.2% for group IV and V eyes. Nineteen eyes (44.2%) required EBRT and 13 eyes (30.2%) were enucleated. The ocular salvage rate was 83.3% for Reese-Ellsworth group I to III eyes and 52.6% for group IV and V eyes. For those @entity1 receiving EBRT, the median time from enrollment to EBRT was 9.5 months (median age at EBRT, 21 months). CONCLUSION: In combination with appropriate early intensive focal treatments, chemoreduction with @entity1891 and @entity3003 , without @entity2879 , may be an alternative treatment for @entity1 with early-stage @entity995 , although additional studies are needed. @entity1 with @entity1442 require more aggressive treatments.

title: Treatment of XXXX with @entity1891 and @entity3003 .

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['intraocular retinoblastoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of chemoreduction using @entity1891 and @entity3003 in preventing or delaying external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or enucleation in @entity1 with @entity995 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-five @entity1 (43 eyes) with newly diagnosed @entity995 received primary treatment with eight courses of @entity1891 and @entity3003 . Focal treatments were delayed until documentation of disease progression. Outcome measures for each eye were length of time to disease progression, avoidance or delay of EBRT, and globe survival. Event-free survival was defined as the length of time to EBRT or enucleation. RESULTS: Disease in all eyes responded to chemotherapy and progressed in only two @entity1 before completion of the eight courses of therapy. Disease in all but four eyes progressed and required focal treatments. Event-free survival estimates at 2 years were 59.2% +/- 12.0% for Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, and III eyes and 26.3% +/- 9.2% for group IV and V eyes. Nineteen eyes (44.2%) required EBRT and 13 eyes (30.2%) were enucleated. The ocular salvage rate was 83.3% for Reese-Ellsworth group I to III eyes and 52.6% for group IV and V eyes. For those @entity1 receiving EBRT, the median time from enrollment to EBRT was 9.5 months (median age at EBRT, 21 months). CONCLUSION: In combination with appropriate early intensive focal treatments, chemoreduction with @entity1891 and @entity3003 , without @entity2879 , may be an alternative treatment for @entity1 with early-stage @entity995 , although additional studies are needed. @entity1 with @entity1442 require more aggressive treatments.

title: Treatment of @entity995 with XXXX and @entity3003 .

answer: @entity1891 :: (MESH:D014750,Chemical) :: ['vincristine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) is an independent risk factor for cervical @entity4066 . METHODS: Using a nested case-control design, the authors reviewed all @entity1 under age 60 with cervical @entity4066 (n = 151) and @entity385 or @entity4905 from between 1995 and 2000 at two academic @entity64 centers. Controls (n = 306) were selected to match cases by sex and within age strata. Cases and controls were solicited by mail, and respondents were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The medical records of interviewed @entity1 were reviewed by two blinded neurologists to confirm that the @entity1 had @entity64 or @entity4905 and to determine whether there was evidence of @entity4066 . RESULTS: After interview and blinded chart review, 51 @entity1 with dissection (mean age 41 +/- 10 years; 59% female) and 100 control @entity1 (44 +/- 9 years; 58% female) were studied. In univariate analysis, @entity1 with dissection were more likely to have had SMT within 30 days (14% vs 3%, p = 0.032), to have had neck or @entity10 preceding @entity64 or @entity4905 (76% vs 40%, p < 0.001), and to be current consumers of @entity167 (76% vs 57%, p = 0.021). In multivariate analysis, @entity4066 were independently associated with SMT within 30 days (OR 6.62, 95% CI 1.4 to 30) and @entity158 before @entity64 / @entity4905 (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.3 to 11). CONCLUSIONS: This case-controlled study of the influence of SMT and cervical @entity4066 shows that SMT is independently associated with @entity4066 , even after controlling for @entity4048 . @entity1 undergoing SMT should be consented for risk of @entity64 or @entity1317 from the procedure. A significant @entity4048 following spinal manipulative therapy warrants immediate medical evaluation.

title: Spinal manipulative therapy is an independent risk factor for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['neck pain', 'increase in neck pain']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['head pain']

entities_list: @entity4066 :: ('MESH:D020217', 'Disease') :: ['artery dissection', 'vertebral artery dissections', 'vertebral arterial dissection', 'arterial dissection']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity4066 :: (MESH:D020217,Disease) :: ['vertebral artery dissection']


abstract: Adenovirus (Ad) type 5 DNA packaging is initiated in a polar fashion from the left end of the genome. The packaging process is dependent upon the cis-acting packaging domain located between @entity2036 194 and 380. Seven A/T-rich repeats have been identified within this domain that direct packaging. A1, A2, A5, and A6 are the most important repeats functionally and share a bipartite sequence motif. Several lines of evidence suggest that there is a limiting trans-acting factor(s) that plays a role in packaging. Two cellular activities that bind to minimal packaging domains in vitro have been previously identified. These binding activities are P complex, an uncharacterized protein(s), and @entity1573 ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF). In this work, we report that a third cellular protein, @entity72575 ( @entity72575 ), binds to minimal packaging domains. In vitro binding analyses and in vivo packaging assays were used to examine the relevance of these DNA binding activities to Ad DNA packaging. The results of these experiments reveal that COUP-TF and @entity72575 binding does not play a functional role in Ad packaging, whereas P-complex binding directly correlates with packaging function. We demonstrate that P complex contains the cellular protein CCAAT displacement protein ( @entity13667 ) and that full-length @entity13667 is found in purified virus particles. In addition to cellular factors, previous evidence indicates that viral factors play a role in the initiation of viral DNA packaging. We propose that @entity13667 , in conjunction with one or more viral proteins, binds to the packaging sequences of Ad to initiate the encapsidation process.

title: Binding of CCAAT displacement protein XXXX to adenovirus packaging sequences.

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

answer: @entity13667 :: (MESH:D003565,Chemical) :: ['CDP']


abstract: Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) have attracted considerable interest as gene delivery systems because they show long-term expression in vivo and transduce numerous cell types. Limitations to successful gene transduction from rAAVs have prompted investigations of a variety of treatments to enhance transgene expression from rAAV vectors. @entity12079 -1, an @entity470 ( @entity470 ) @entity669 kinase inhibitor, dramatically enhances rAAV transgene expression. Elegant studies have demonstrated that a single-strand D-sequence-binding protein (ssDBP) is phosphorylated by @entity470 and binds to the D sequence element in the AAV terminal repeat (TR). Binding of the Tyr-phosphorylated ssDBP prevents conversion of single-stranded vector DNA to a double-strand conformation. We observed dramatic increases in transgene expression in lung epithelial cells (IB3) with @entity12079 treatment. Gel shift analysis of ssDBP revealed that its DNA binding characteristics were unchanged after @entity12079 treatment or @entity9504 . @entity12079 stimulated rAAV transgene expression to a greater extent than @entity9504 . Southern hybridizations revealed that the vector DNA remained in the single-strand conformation in @entity12079 -treated cells but double-stranded replicative form monomer DNA was most abundant in adenovirus-infected cells. Northern analyses revealed that @entity12079 treatment enhanced mRNA accumulation more than in adenovirus-infected cultures even though replicative form DNA was undetectable. Analysis of the JNK, ERK, and p38K mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways revealed that @entity12079 treatment stimulated the activity of JNK and p38K. Our data suggest that @entity12079 -induced alteration of stress response pathways results in dramatic enhancement of transcription on linear vector DNA templates in the IB3 cell line. These results expand the downstream targets of the @entity470 in regulating rAAV transduction.

title: Enhancement of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 2-mediated transgene expression in a lung epithelial cell line by inhibition of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity12079 :: ('CHEBI:38637', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyrphostin', 'tyrphostin']

entities_list: @entity9504 :: ('MESH:D000257', 'Disease') :: ['adenovirus coinfection', 'adenovirus infection']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']


abstract: Use of @entity1 -specific drain-phase parameters has previously been suggested to improve @entity298 ( @entity298 ) adequacy. Improving management of the drain period may also help to minimize intraperitoneal volume (IPV). A typical gravity-based drain profile consists of a relatively constant initial fast-flow period, followed by a transition period and a decaying slow-flow period. That profile was modeled using the equation VD(t) = (V(D0) - Q(MAX) x t) xphi + (V(D0) x e(-alphat)) x (1 - phi), where V(D)(t) is the time-dependent dialysate volume; V(D0), the dialysate volume at the start of the drain; Q(MAX), the maximum drain flow rate; alpha, the exponential drain constant; and phi, the unit step function with respect to the flow transition. We simulated the effects of the assumed @entity1 -specific maximum drain flow (Q(MAX)) and transition volume (psi), and the peritoneal volume percentage when transition occurs,for fixed device-specific drain parameters. Average @entity1 transport parameters were assumed during 5-exchange therapy with 10 L of @entity298 solution. Changes in therapy performance strongly depended on the drain parameters. Comparing 400 mL/85% with 200 mL/65% (Q(MAX/psi), drain time (7.5 min vs. 13.5 min) and IPV (2769 mL vs. 2355 mL) increased when the initial drain flow was low and the transition quick. Ultrafiltration and solute clearances remained relatively similar. Such differences were augmented up to a drain time of 22 minutes and an IPV of more than 3 L when Q(MAX) was 100 mL/min. The ability to model individual drain conditions together with water and solute transport may help to prevent @entity1 discomfort with gravity-based @entity298 . However, it is essential to note that practical difficulties such as displaced catheters and obstructed flow paths cause variability in drain characteristics even for the same @entity1 , limiting the clinical applicability of this model.

title: A mathematical model to optimize the drain phase in gravity-based XXXX systems.

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritoneal dialysis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2247 is the rate-limiting enzyme in @entity3009 synthesis, and plays an important role in @entity5 enlargement. @entity2247 is expressed in @entity1 gastric and @entity14 , and the expression increases in a @entity5 size-dependent manner. In the present study, we attempted to examine the @entity2247 expression pattern in @entity1127 , a non-tumorous lesion. @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty-eight @entity1127 , obtained by endoscopic polypectomy, were immunostained with anti- @entity2247 and antivascular endothelial growth factor ( @entity7 ) antibodies. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined by @entity2880 factor immunostaining. RESULTS: In larger @entity1127 , @entity2247 was expressed mainly on the luminal side of the @entity1127 , while it was absent in smaller @entity1127 . A significant correlation between @entity2247 immunoreactivity and polyp size was observed (p < 0.01). High @entity7 expression and MVD were observed mainly in the same stromal region of the @entity1127 where @entity2247 was expressed. Both @entity7 expression and MVD were also correlated with polyp size significantly (ps < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2247 expression increased in a size-dependent manner in non-tumorous @entity1127 , suggesting that @entity2247 expression is not necessarily linked to epithelial cell transformation. Moreover, @entity2247 may participate in polyp enlargement through angiogenesis by promoting @entity7 production.

title: Cyclooxygenase-2 expression and angiogenesis in XXXX --association with polyp size.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['gastric hyperplastic polyps', 'polyp stroma', 'gastric hyperplastic polyp', 'polyps', 'hyperplastic polyps']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal tumors']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand']

answer: @entity1127 :: (MESH:D011127,Disease) :: ['gastric hyperplastic polyp']


abstract: Elidel is a @entity134 -free cream containing a 1% strength of the topical immunomodulator pimecrolimus. Elidel was specifically developed as a treatment for @entity483 ( @entity483 ) and is approved for use in @entity1 as young as 2 years of age. The production of inflammatory cytokines by activated T cells in skin is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity483 . Elidel potently suppresses cytokine production by dermal T cells without significantly impairing systemic immune responses. Elidel does not cause steroid-associated local effects, such as @entity194 , striae, or @entity8721 . In randomized controlled clinical studies, twice-daily application of Elidel was shown to significantly improve the signs and symptoms of @entity483 in @entity1 , @entity1 , and adults. The clinical effect of Elidel on @entity111 , the most troublesome symptom of @entity483 , can be observed within 1 week of therapy and is maintained for the duration of treatment. Elidel is well tolerated; the risk of application-site reactions, such as itching or burning, is comparable with that of the vehicle. Adverse effects were generally mild in @entity1 receiving Elidel and occurred at rates comparable with those in @entity1 receiving vehicle treatment. In a 1-year study, Elidel significantly reduced the incidence of flares when used at the first signs and symptoms of acute @entity483 . As a result, overall corticosteroid use to treat flares was significantly lower in @entity1 using Elidel for early intervention.

title: Elidel (pimecrolimus) cream 1%: a nonsteroidal topical agent for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity8721 :: ('MESH:D013684', 'Disease') :: ['telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['dermal atrophy']

answer: @entity483 :: (MESH:D003876,Disease) :: ['atopic dermatitis']


abstract: The inhibition of apoptosis is generally believed to be a major determinant of resistance to chemotherapy. However, recent findings have shown that caspase inhibitors do not protect @entity5 cells from @entity204 by cytotoxic agents, but may switch drug-induced apoptosis to an alternative ' @entity204 '. The primary goals of this study were to determine the major characteristics of the ' @entity204 ' and the mechanism by which this switch is activated. For this purpose, we first investigated putative cell @entity204 modes induced by @entity632 . Molecular markers associated with these @entity204 modes were utilized to identify the @entity204 resulting from the inhibition of apoptosis. Our findings demonstrated that @entity632 induced at least three distinct types of cell @entity204 , senescence, apoptosis and a type of @entity39 , which were concentration dependent. Specific molecular markers such as @entity994 / @entity994 , activated @entity522 and activated Akt were associated with these @entity204 modes. The pan-caspase inhibitor ( @entity43190 ) greatly reduced @entity632 -induced @entity522 activation but did not protect cells against @entity137 . The combination of @entity632 and @entity43190 caused an increased expression of @entity994 / @entity994 and senescence -associated - @entity1194 activity, but did not alter Akt activation. Collectively, these findings suggest that the inhibition of apoptosis may lead to an increased expression of cell cycle inhibitors and cellular senescence.

title: Caspase inhibition switches XXXX -induced apoptosis to senescence.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['drug toxicity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1194 :: ('2720', 'Gene') :: ['beta-galactosidase']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['default death', 'death']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is the most common @entity74 of the skin and hair, resulting from selective destruction of melanocytes. @entity1709 , a @entity74 , presents as irregular, brown, macular @entity2117 . A small subset of @entity1694 @entity1 paradoxically also have @entity1709 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the response to @entity543 in a group of @entity1 with @entity1694 , and another group of @entity1 with @entity1694 and coexisting @entity1709 ( @entity1709 ). METHODS: @entity1 in both groups were treated with @entity543 and a comparison of the zonal repigmentation was made at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the initiation of therapy. RESULTS: At the end of 12 weeks, 86% of @entity1 in the @entity1709 group attained >= 75% pigmentation on the face, whereas this was achieved in only 12.5% of @entity1 in the @entity1694 group. Over the limbs, 73% of @entity1 in the @entity1709 group attained 75% or more pigmentation at the end of 12 weeks compared with only 9% in the @entity1694 group. On the trunk, only 20% of @entity1709 @entity1 showed >= 75% pigmentation at 12 weeks compared with 63% of @entity1 in the @entity1694 group. CONCLUSION: @entity1 having both @entity1694 and @entity1709 have a significantly better prognosis for repigmentation on the face and limbs with @entity543 compared with @entity1 with @entity1694 alone; the @entity1709 @entity1 achieve repigmentation much earlier and also attain a greater level of repigmentation. Unexpectedly, for @entity75 , @entity1 with @entity1694 alone responded better than those with both conditions. Although the @entity1709 group with @entity75 started repigmenting earlier, the final pigmentation was more extensive in the @entity1694 group.

title: Response to XXXX : a comparative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['truncal lesions']

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['hypermelanosis']

entities_list: @entity1709 :: ('MESH:D008548', 'Disease') :: ['vitiligo-melasma', 'melasma', 'Melasma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['hyperpigmentary disorder', 'depigmentary disorder']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['narrow-band UVB']

answer: @entity1694 :: (MESH:D014820,Disease) :: ['narrow-band UVB--vitiligo-melasma versus vitiligo']


abstract: @entity4672 is a third-generation aromatase inhibitor for use in postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity0 . This drug was found to reduce or effectively shrink @entity5 in a significant number of such @entity1 . It exhibits antitumor activity at a relatively low daily dose, and is highly potent and selective and well tolerated. Results from recent phase III clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy and the key role of this drug in the therapy of @entity0 in postmenopausal @entity1 . Moreover, @entity4672 demonstrated higher activity and lower @entity137 compared to @entity440 in the first-line therapy of postmenopausal @entity1 affected with @entity0 . However, it also represents a valid option in second-line therapy after @entity440 failure. New data on this agent in adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment also suggest efficacy in the treatment of early @entity0 . This article reviews the clinical data on @entity4672 in all settings and its future potential in chemoprevention. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

title: The role of XXXX (Femara(R)) in @entity0 therapy: A clinical review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4672 :: ('MESH:C067431', 'Chemical') :: ['letrozole', 'Letrozole']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'hormonal-sensitive breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity4672 :: (MESH:C067431,Chemical) :: ['letrozole']


abstract: @entity4672 is a third-generation aromatase inhibitor for use in postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity0 . This drug was found to reduce or effectively shrink @entity5 in a significant number of such @entity1 . It exhibits antitumor activity at a relatively low daily dose, and is highly potent and selective and well tolerated. Results from recent phase III clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy and the key role of this drug in the therapy of @entity0 in postmenopausal @entity1 . Moreover, @entity4672 demonstrated higher activity and lower @entity137 compared to @entity440 in the first-line therapy of postmenopausal @entity1 affected with @entity0 . However, it also represents a valid option in second-line therapy after @entity440 failure. New data on this agent in adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment also suggest efficacy in the treatment of early @entity0 . This article reviews the clinical data on @entity4672 in all settings and its future potential in chemoprevention. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.

title: The role of @entity4672 (Femara(R)) in XXXX therapy: A clinical review.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Anticoagulation with heparin and @entity1229 is used in the treatment of several diseases including @entity66 . While the most effective therapeutic range of anticoagulation is unclear, some investigators have found an increased risk of @entity548 complications with more intense anticoagulation. Recent studies have suggested that lower levels of anticoagulation may be as efficacious as high levels but with a reduced incidence of @entity548 complications. In order to better assess the anticoagulation parameters used by neurologists and house officers, we performed a questionnaire survey at six major medical centers. Responses were obtained from 30 attending neurologists and 52 house officers. Attending physicians and house officers selected mean partial thromboplastin times of 57.7 s and 63.3 s, respectively. The mean prothrombin time (PT) was 21.0 s for attending neurologists and 19.4 s for house officers. The average PT ratio was 1.82 for attending neurologists and 1.69 for house officers. Forty percent of attending neurologists and 17.7% of house officers specified PT ratios of 2.0 or greater. These results indicate that many physicians may be using @entity1229 in dosages above recommended guidelines.

title: A multicenter study of anticoagulation parameters when using heparin and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['warfarin']


abstract: Historically, @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 and macroalbuminuria had high competing risks: @entity65 or @entity177 . Here, we assessed these risks in @entity1 receiving therapies implemented during the last 30 years. Between 1991 and 2004, we enrolled 423 white @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 who developed macroalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate, >= 300  g/min). With follow-up for 98% through 2008, @entity454 developed in 172 @entity1 (incidence rate, 5.8/100 @entity1 -years), and 29 died without @entity454 (mortality rate, 1/100 @entity1 -years). The majority of these outcomes occurred between ages 36 and 52 years with durations of @entity6 of 21 to 37 years. The 15-year cumulative risks were 52% for @entity454 and 11% for pre- @entity454 death. During the 15 years of follow-up, the use of renoprotective treatment increased from 56 to 82%, and BP and lipid levels improved significantly; however, the risks for both @entity454 and pre- @entity454 death did not change over the years analyzed. There were 70 post- @entity454 deaths, and the mortality rate was very similar during the 1990s and the 2000s (11/100 @entity1 -years versus 12/100 @entity1 -years, respectively). Mortality was low in @entity1 who received a pre-emptive kidney transplant (1/100 @entity1 -years), although these @entity1 did not differ from dialyzed @entity1 with regard to predialysis @entity470 , sex, age at onset of @entity454 , or duration of @entity6 . In conclusion, despite the widespread adoption of renoprotective treatment, @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 and macroalbuminuria remain at high risk for @entity454 , suggesting that more effective therapies are desperately needed.

title: Risk for @entity454 in type 1 XXXX remains high despite renoprotection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular death']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Historically, @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 and macroalbuminuria had high competing risks: @entity65 or @entity177 . Here, we assessed these risks in @entity1 receiving therapies implemented during the last 30 years. Between 1991 and 2004, we enrolled 423 white @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 who developed macroalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate, >= 300  g/min). With follow-up for 98% through 2008, @entity454 developed in 172 @entity1 (incidence rate, 5.8/100 @entity1 -years), and 29 died without @entity454 (mortality rate, 1/100 @entity1 -years). The majority of these outcomes occurred between ages 36 and 52 years with durations of @entity6 of 21 to 37 years. The 15-year cumulative risks were 52% for @entity454 and 11% for pre- @entity454 death. During the 15 years of follow-up, the use of renoprotective treatment increased from 56 to 82%, and BP and lipid levels improved significantly; however, the risks for both @entity454 and pre- @entity454 death did not change over the years analyzed. There were 70 post- @entity454 deaths, and the mortality rate was very similar during the 1990s and the 2000s (11/100 @entity1 -years versus 12/100 @entity1 -years, respectively). Mortality was low in @entity1 who received a pre-emptive kidney transplant (1/100 @entity1 -years), although these @entity1 did not differ from dialyzed @entity1 with regard to predialysis @entity470 , sex, age at onset of @entity454 , or duration of @entity6 . In conclusion, despite the widespread adoption of renoprotective treatment, @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 and macroalbuminuria remain at high risk for @entity454 , suggesting that more effective therapies are desperately needed.

title: Risk for XXXX in type 1 @entity6 remains high despite renoprotection.

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['ESRD']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity1086 is a @entity395 with dismal prognosis. However, lately improved survival has been reported after extended operation including liver resection and lymphadenectomy in addition to cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate such a surgical strategy with and without adjuvant intra- and postoperative radiotherapy (IORT/EBRT). METHODOLOGY: 20 @entity1 underwent extended operation and the last 10 of them IORT/EBRT in addition. @entity5 staging was done using the TNM system, determination of histological @entity5 differentiation and immunohistochemical assessment of @entity876 , Ki67, metallothionein, deleted in @entity14 and carcinoembryogenic antigen in @entity5 tissue. RESULTS: There was no hospital mortality. @entity260 occurred in 3 @entity1 (15%). Actuarial 5-year survival was 47% in the radiotherapy group and 13% after operation only (NS). The corresponding figures for median survival are 28.8 and 20.2 months, respectively. Five @entity1 are still alive in the radiotherapy group. There was no difference in @entity5 stages of the two groups irrespective of the way of evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that extended operation for @entity1086 +/- IORT/EBRT can be done safely. The tendency to longer survival after adjuvant radiotherapy was not statistically significant.

title: Extended operation with or without intraoperative (IORT) and external (EBRT) radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['Gallbladder carcinoma', 'gallbladder carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disease']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['gallbladder carcinoma']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the immunoinflammatory markers that shape the evolution of @entity298 and to assess their utility in specifying the development of @entity326 from @entity298 . MATERIAL AND METHOD: We conducted a prospective study on a sample of 100 @entity1 with @entity298 , hospitalized during 2001-2005 and immunologically monitored. We realized 2000 dosages of immunoinflammatory markers for 15 days by 1200 simple radial immunodiffusion tests (IDRS), the Mancini-Carbonara method for @entity1851 , complement component C3, immunoglobulins and 836 ELISA tests to evaluate cytokines. Results were reported to a witness group. RESULTS: @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) values were significantly elevated in @entity1 with @entity298 (12-310 ng%) vs. witness group (1.5-8 ng%). Postoperative, elevated values were maintained at the @entity1 who will develop serious complications and were correlated with multiple organic dysfunction in deceased @entity1 . Determination of circulating immune complexes have shown elevated values in @entity1 with @entity298 . Dosage of pro/antiinflammatory cytokines may be specific to the severity of @entity281 . The level of @entity1904 was increased in @entity1 with @entity295 and severe inflammatory reactions and become an important prognostic tool. CONCLUSIONS: The study of biological markers in microbial aggression highlights the role of cytokines as messengers and important mediators of immunoinflammatory response. PCT test can be introduced in the daily tracking protocol for septic @entity1 .

title: [The evaluation of immunoinflammatory response in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory response to infection']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['acute peritonitis', 'peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['acute bacterial peritonitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: A delay in polymorphonuclear neutrophil apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory reactions in certain conditions. @entity5722 has been proven effective in the treatment of severe acute @entity788 with @entity881 . In this study, we attempted to answer the questions of whether neutrophil apoptosis is associated with the conditions of various major organs in @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 and receiving gabexate. METHODOLOGY: A total of 45 @entity1 were included in this study. We divide the @entity1 into two groups. Group A included @entity1 with > or = 2 complications after one-week treatment (n = 31), and Group B included @entity1 with < 2 complications after one-week treatment (n = 14). Serum @entity650 and @entity687 was detected at day 1, 3, and 7 of treatment using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The neutrophil @entity1454 expression and apoptosis activity were evaluated flowcytometrically at day 1, 3, and 7 of treatment. RESULTS: At day 7 of treatment, @entity650 levels were significantly higher in Group B while @entity687 levels were not different. The neutrophil @entity1454 expression was significantly higher and delayed ex vivo apoptosis was significantly lower in the group B than that of group A at day 7 of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 of severe acute @entity788 with @entity881 and receiving @entity5722 treatment, neutrophil apoptosis is associated with the severity of @entity881 .

title: Results of treating severe acute XXXX with gabexate is associated with neutrophil apoptosis activity.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity5722 :: ('MESH:D016670', 'Chemical') :: ['gabexate', 'Gabexate mesilate']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['organ dysfunction']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: Between 1968 and 1985, we treated 20 @entity1 for @entity81 (also called @entity765 and aggressive @entity81 ). The primary sites included head and neck (seven @entity1 ), extremity (seven @entity1 ), and trunk (six @entity1 ). Lesions ranged from 3 to 18 cm in diameter. The @entity5 were smaller than 5 cm in 13 @entity1 , and in seven @entity1 they were larger than 5 cm. A total resection was not feasible in any of the @entity1 with lesions larger than 5 cm. Ten of the 11 @entity1 treated with wide local resection, in whom the margins were clearly negative or close, remained free of disease for six to 16 years. Nine @entity1 required additional treatment with radiotherapy (nine @entity1 ) and chemotherapy (five @entity1 ). Two died of local disease progression. In the remaining seven @entity1 , the disease was controlled. We describe our strategies for managing this disease in a pediatric population.

title: Challenges in the treatment of childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['desmoid tumor']

entities_list: @entity81 :: ('MESH:D005350', 'Disease') :: ['fibromatosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity81 :: (MESH:D005350,Disease) :: ['fibromatosis']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: Recent evidence indicates that @entity387 is common in @entity1 with @entity64 . We hypothesized that the presence of @entity387 among @entity64 @entity1 would be associated with a greater degree of functional disability and longer hospitalization following @entity64 . DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING AND @entity1 : Sixty-one @entity64 @entity1 admitted to a @entity64 rehabilitation unit. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sleep studies were performed on all @entity1 , and @entity387 was defined as an @entity27 or more per hour of sleep. @entity1 underwent functional assessments, including the Functional Independence Measure. Sleep @entity386 was found in 72% of @entity1 ; 60% had @entity27 , while 12% had @entity2417 . Although the severity of @entity64 was similar in the 2 groups, compared to @entity1 without @entity387 , those with @entity387 had lower functional capacity [Functional Independence Measure score (mean +/- SEM) 80.2 +/- 3.6 versus 94.7 +/- 4.3, p < 0.05 at admission, and 101.5 +/- 2.8 versus 112.9 +/- 2.7, p < 0.05 at discharge] and spent significantly more days in rehabilitation (45.5 +/- 2.3 versus 32.1 +/- 2.7 days, p < 0.005). In addition, multiple regression analysis showed that @entity27 was significantly and independently related to functional impairment and length of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep @entity386 is very common among @entity64 @entity1 undergoing rehabilitation, and its presence is associated with worse functional impairment and a longer period of hospitalization and rehabilitation. These data suggest that @entity387 may be contributing to functional impairment and prolonged hospitalization following @entity64 .

title: Relationship of @entity387 to functional capacity and length of hospitalization following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2417 :: ('MESH:D020182', 'Disease') :: ['predominantly central sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnea', 'predominantly obstructive sleep apnea', 'apnea-hypopnea index of 10']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: Recent evidence indicates that @entity387 is common in @entity1 with @entity64 . We hypothesized that the presence of @entity387 among @entity64 @entity1 would be associated with a greater degree of functional disability and longer hospitalization following @entity64 . DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING AND @entity1 : Sixty-one @entity64 @entity1 admitted to a @entity64 rehabilitation unit. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sleep studies were performed on all @entity1 , and @entity387 was defined as an @entity27 or more per hour of sleep. @entity1 underwent functional assessments, including the Functional Independence Measure. Sleep @entity386 was found in 72% of @entity1 ; 60% had @entity27 , while 12% had @entity2417 . Although the severity of @entity64 was similar in the 2 groups, compared to @entity1 without @entity387 , those with @entity387 had lower functional capacity [Functional Independence Measure score (mean +/- SEM) 80.2 +/- 3.6 versus 94.7 +/- 4.3, p < 0.05 at admission, and 101.5 +/- 2.8 versus 112.9 +/- 2.7, p < 0.05 at discharge] and spent significantly more days in rehabilitation (45.5 +/- 2.3 versus 32.1 +/- 2.7 days, p < 0.005). In addition, multiple regression analysis showed that @entity27 was significantly and independently related to functional impairment and length of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep @entity386 is very common among @entity64 @entity1 undergoing rehabilitation, and its presence is associated with worse functional impairment and a longer period of hospitalization and rehabilitation. These data suggest that @entity387 may be contributing to functional impairment and prolonged hospitalization following @entity64 .

title: Relationship of XXXX to functional capacity and length of hospitalization following @entity64 .

answer: @entity387 :: (MESH:D012891,Disease) :: ['sleep apnea']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity272 , including surgical site @entity281 (SSIs), usually involve gram-positive pathogens and continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and @entity204 among hospital @entity1 . The increasing prevalence of @entity3256 -resistant @entity794 and other resistant strains accentuates the need for effective and safe therapies for such @entity281 . This exploratory study evaluated the efficacy and safety of @entity13757 in @entity1 with gram-positive SSI according to wound classification. METHODS: Eligible @entity1 had an SSI with onset < 30 days after surgery, positive gram stain or culture at least three days before @entity13757 therapy began, and three or more clinical signs and symptoms of @entity281 . The incisional SSI was classified as superficial or deep according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. @entity1 with organ-space @entity281 were excluded, as were those with major concomitant @entity281 , foreign material in the incision that could not be removed, previous systemic antimicrobial therapy, or @entity1011 clearance < 30 mL/min. @entity13757 4   mg/kg was administered intravenously once daily for 7-14 days. The primary efficacy endpoint was clinical response at the end of @entity13757 therapy, and the safety assessment was based on adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Sixty-nine @entity1 were enrolled, 60 of whom were evaluable for efficacy. Extremity wounds predominated among superficial incisional SSIs (n = 30), whereas abdominal wounds predominated among deep SSIs (n = 30). @entity1 with deep incisional SSI were more likely to be young, male, white, and febrile and to weigh more than @entity1 with superficial SSIs. The overall clinical success rate was 92% (95% confidence interval [CI] 82-97%); the success rate was 100% in superficial incisional SSI and 83% in deep SSI (17% difference; 95% CI 0-33%). @entity794 (28/36 @entity3256 -resistant) was the pathogen isolated most frequently. In 10 @entity1 who were febrile at baseline, the median time to defervescence was five days, and the mean duration of treatment in the series was 11.2 days. @entity13757 was well tolerated. In most @entity1 , AEs were mild or moderate in intensity; in two @entity1 (one superficial, one deep), @entity13757 was discontinued because of AEs. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this exploratory study of SSI are consistent with those of previous studies of @entity13757 in the treatment of diverse complicated skin and skin-structure @entity281 , and suggest that wound classification should be treated as an important covariate in future studies of @entity13757 and other antibiotics.

title: Prospective, non-comparative study of XXXX for the treatment of superficial and deep incisional surgical site @entity281 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['methicillin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity13757 :: ('MESH:D017576', 'Chemical') :: ['Daptomycin', 'daptomycin']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['Skin infections']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity13757 :: (MESH:D017576,Chemical) :: ['daptomycin']