abstract: The influence of the immunosuppressive antibiotic agent @entity5101 ( @entity5252 ) on macrophages and autoreactive T helper lymphocytes from Lewis @entity35 was analysed in vitro and in vivo. @entity5252 did not inhibit antigen- or mitogen-induced proliferation of @entity1619 helper cell lines in vitro. However, the presence of @entity5252 during in vitro activation of the T cells strongly suppressed or completely abrogated their capacity to induce @entity198 (EAE) or @entity5013 (EAN) after adoptive transfer to naive @entity35 , although expression of activation markers or adhesion molecules on the T line blasts was not down-regulated by @entity5252 . Like activation-induced T cell proliferation, @entity5041 -dependent growth of @entity11264 + T line cells was not affected by @entity5252 . Preincubation of @entity11264 + T line cells in @entity5252 during @entity5041 -driven proliferation for 48 h, however, inhibited the subsequent antigen- but not mitogen-induced activation of these T cells, although neither density of T cell receptors nor other surface molecules involved in antigen recognition were lowered on the cells exposed to @entity5252 . Similar to its effect in vitro, in vivo administration of @entity5252 for 10 days even at a concentration with cumulative @entity137 did not suppress in vitro proliferation of spleen cells induced by mitogen or a mitogenic combination of anti- @entity11263 antibodies. Furthermore, spleen cell and peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) surface antigens, particularly MHC molecules, were not altered by long-term treatment with @entity5252 for 30 days. While there was a slight reduction in the number of polymorphonuclear cells in both populations, the proportion of the different leucocyte subpopulations remained unchanged. In contrast to the strong functional impact of @entity5252 on autoreactive T helper cells, the drug did not inhibit the oxidative burst of macrophages or their MHC antigen expression. This study demonstrates a clear inhibitory effect of @entity5252 on @entity11264 + T lymphocytes, but not macrophages. It provides an explanation for recent observations of a strong immunosuppressive in vivo effect of @entity5252 on transplantation rejection and experimental @entity792 , despite a normal mitogen response of T cells exposed to @entity5252 in vivo and in vitro.

title: Impact of XXXX on effector cells in experimental autoimmune diseases of the nervous system in the Lewis @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitogenic or neuritogenic T']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity5101 :: ('MESH:C037258', 'Chemical') :: ['15-deoxyspergualin']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity5101 :: (MESH:C037258,Chemical) :: ['15-deoxyspergualin']


abstract: The influence of the immunosuppressive antibiotic agent @entity5101 ( @entity5252 ) on macrophages and autoreactive T helper lymphocytes from Lewis @entity35 was analysed in vitro and in vivo. @entity5252 did not inhibit antigen- or mitogen-induced proliferation of @entity1619 helper cell lines in vitro. However, the presence of @entity5252 during in vitro activation of the T cells strongly suppressed or completely abrogated their capacity to induce @entity198 (EAE) or @entity5013 (EAN) after adoptive transfer to naive @entity35 , although expression of activation markers or adhesion molecules on the T line blasts was not down-regulated by @entity5252 . Like activation-induced T cell proliferation, @entity5041 -dependent growth of @entity11264 + T line cells was not affected by @entity5252 . Preincubation of @entity11264 + T line cells in @entity5252 during @entity5041 -driven proliferation for 48 h, however, inhibited the subsequent antigen- but not mitogen-induced activation of these T cells, although neither density of T cell receptors nor other surface molecules involved in antigen recognition were lowered on the cells exposed to @entity5252 . Similar to its effect in vitro, in vivo administration of @entity5252 for 10 days even at a concentration with cumulative @entity137 did not suppress in vitro proliferation of spleen cells induced by mitogen or a mitogenic combination of anti- @entity11263 antibodies. Furthermore, spleen cell and peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) surface antigens, particularly MHC molecules, were not altered by long-term treatment with @entity5252 for 30 days. While there was a slight reduction in the number of polymorphonuclear cells in both populations, the proportion of the different leucocyte subpopulations remained unchanged. In contrast to the strong functional impact of @entity5252 on autoreactive T helper cells, the drug did not inhibit the oxidative burst of macrophages or their MHC antigen expression. This study demonstrates a clear inhibitory effect of @entity5252 on @entity11264 + T lymphocytes, but not macrophages. It provides an explanation for recent observations of a strong immunosuppressive in vivo effect of @entity5252 on transplantation rejection and experimental @entity792 , despite a normal mitogen response of T cells exposed to @entity5252 in vivo and in vitro.

title: Impact of @entity5101 on effector cells in experimental autoimmune diseases of the nervous system in the Lewis XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1252 , characterized by Libman-Sacks @entity47 , is common in @entity1 with @entity1252 and is commonly complicated with @entity887 . Thus, accurate detection of Libman-Sacks @entity47 may lead to early therapy and prevention of their associated complications. Although two-dimensional (2D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has high diagnostic value for detection of Libman-Sacks @entity47 , three-dimensional (3D) TEE may allow improved detection, characterization, and clinical correlations of Libman-Sacks @entity47 . METHODS: Twenty-nine @entity1 with @entity1252 (27 @entity1 ; mean age, 34      12  years) prospectively underwent 40 paired 3D and 2D transesophageal echocardiographic studies and assessment of @entity66 manifested as @entity16 , @entity149 , or focal @entity1545 on magnetic resonance imaging. Initial and repeat studies in @entity1 were intermixed in a blinded manner with paired studies from healthy controls, deidentified, coded, and independently interpreted by experienced observers unaware of @entity1 ' clinical and imaging data. RESULTS: The results of 3D TEE compared with 2D TEE were more often positive for mitral or @entity886 , and 3D TEE detected more @entity47 per study and determined larger sizes of @entity47 (P   <=  .03 for all). Also, 3D TEE detected more @entity47 on the anterior mitral leaflet, anterolateral and posteromedial scallops, and ventricular side or both atrial and ventricular sides of the leaflets (P  <  .05 for all). In addition, 3D TEE detected more @entity47 on the aortic valve left and noncoronary cusps, coronary cusps' tips and margins, and aortic side or both aortic and ventricular sides of the cusps (P   <=  .01 for all). Furthermore, 3D TEE more often detected associated mitral or aortic valve commissural fusion (P  = .002). Finally, 3D TEE detected more @entity47 in @entity1 with @entity66 (P  = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional TEE provides clinically relevant additive information that complements 2D TEE for the detection, characterization, and association with @entity66 of @entity1252 .

title: XXXX : Detection, Characterization, and Clinical Correlates by Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['acute clinical neurologic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus', 'Libman-Sacks endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['neurocognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve vegetations']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolic cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity47 :: ('MESH:D018458', 'Disease') :: ['vegetations']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['Libman-Sacks Endocarditis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Public awareness campaigns for @entity5 are used to alert the UK population to symptoms which, if experienced, should be discussed with their general practitioner (GP). More timely diagnosis of @entity5 is assumed possible if @entity1 with the appropriate symptoms present to GPs and GPs recognise the need to act on these symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To investigate @entity6432 perceptions and experiences of public awareness campaigns for @entity5 . METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with 55 GPs from practices in the North and North East of England and Greater London. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Repeated reading of GP transcripts engendered thematic analysis and co-coding ensured legitimacy of findings. RESULTS: @entity1 supported the underpinning ethos of public health campaigns and articulated a commitment to engaging with @entity1 with respect to @entity5 warning signs and symptoms despite the common perception that public awareness campaigns increased numbers of consultations. Tensions were evident with regard to increased demands on GP time and primary care resources during a period of major upheaval within the NHS. Concern was raised that some @entity1 remain outwith the reach of campaign messages. The complexity of addressing how public health messages compete with other issues in @entity1 's lives was identified as challenging. CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners provided insight into why some members of the general public do not engage with public health messages. Public health/primary care interaction that incorporates @entity6432 knowledge of their @entity1 populations could advance the search for solutions to a more robust approach to earlier @entity5 recognition and referral in primary care.

title: @entity6432 perceptions and experiences of public awareness campaigns for XXXX : a qualitative enquiry.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Participants', 'people']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Public awareness campaigns for @entity5 are used to alert the UK population to symptoms which, if experienced, should be discussed with their general practitioner (GP). More timely diagnosis of @entity5 is assumed possible if @entity1 with the appropriate symptoms present to GPs and GPs recognise the need to act on these symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To investigate @entity6432 perceptions and experiences of public awareness campaigns for @entity5 . METHODS: Semi-structured interviews with 55 GPs from practices in the North and North East of England and Greater London. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Repeated reading of GP transcripts engendered thematic analysis and co-coding ensured legitimacy of findings. RESULTS: @entity1 supported the underpinning ethos of public health campaigns and articulated a commitment to engaging with @entity1 with respect to @entity5 warning signs and symptoms despite the common perception that public awareness campaigns increased numbers of consultations. Tensions were evident with regard to increased demands on GP time and primary care resources during a period of major upheaval within the NHS. Concern was raised that some @entity1 remain outwith the reach of campaign messages. The complexity of addressing how public health messages compete with other issues in @entity1 's lives was identified as challenging. CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners provided insight into why some members of the general public do not engage with public health messages. Public health/primary care interaction that incorporates @entity6432 knowledge of their @entity1 populations could advance the search for solutions to a more robust approach to earlier @entity5 recognition and referral in primary care.

title: XXXX perceptions and experiences of public awareness campaigns for @entity5 : a qualitative enquiry.

answer: @entity6432 :: (23218,Gene) :: ['GPs'']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Less than 50% of @entity1 with @entity308 ( @entity308 ) reach symptomatic remission with their initial antidepressant medication (ADM). There are currently no objective measures with which to reliably predict which individuals will achieve remission to ADMs. METHODS: 157 @entity1 with @entity308 from the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in @entity308 (iSPOT-D) underwent baseline MRIs and completed eight weeks of treatment with @entity837 , @entity3756 or @entity906 -ER. A score at week 8 of 7 or less on the 17 item Hamilton Rating Scale for @entity308 defined remission. Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC) analysis using the first 50% @entity1 was performed to define decision trees of baseline MRI volumetric and connectivity (fractional anisotropy) measures that differentiated non-remitters from remitters with maximal sensitivity and specificity. These decision trees were tested for replication in the remaining @entity1 . FINDINGS: Overall, 35% of all @entity1 achieved remission. ROC analyses identified two decision trees that predicted a high probability of non-remission and that were replicated: 1. Left middle frontal volume  <  14      8  mL _ right angular gyrus volume  >  6      3  mL identified 55% of non-remitters with 85% accuracy; and 2. Fractional anisotropy values in the left cingulum bundle  <  0      63, right superior fronto-occipital fasciculus  <  0      54 and right superior longitudinal fasciculus  <  0      50 identified 15% of the non-remitters with 84% accuracy. All @entity1 who met criteria for both decision trees were correctly identified as non-remitters. INTERPRETATION: Pretreatment MRI measures seem to reliably identify a subset of @entity1 who do not remit with a first step medication that includes one of these commonly used medications. Findings are consistent with a neuroanatomical basis for non-remission in @entity308 @entity1 . FUNDING: Brain Resource Ltd is the sponsor for the iSPOT-D study (NCT00693849).

title: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures of Brain Structure to Predict Antidepressant Treatment Outcome in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'MDD', 'depressed', 'Major Depressive Disorder']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['sertraline']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['escitalopram']

entities_list: @entity906 :: ('MESH:C047426', 'Chemical') :: ['venlafaxine']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['Major Depressive Disorder']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficiency of mastoid antral @entity5274 (MAVT) treatment in recurrent/ @entity102 media with effusion (OME). METHODS: 20 OME @entity1 who were unsuccessfully treated with @entity5274 ( @entity5274 ) at least twice, who consented to MAVT and who were followed up at least three years were included in the study group. Control group comprised 10 @entity1 who had the same characteristics and refused to undergo MAVT and underwent @entity5274 placement again. Pre-operative and post-operative otomicroscopic, hearing tests, and CT findings were compared between the groups statistically. RESULTS: MAVT was placed into 24 ears of 20 @entity1 . In the control group, @entity5274 was placed in 13 ears of 10 @entity1 . Postoperatively, in the study group, one tympanic membrane with adhesion and nine membranes with retraction returned to their anatomic positions after MAVT. In the control group, 2 retracted tympanic membranes returned to normal position. There was significant difference between groups in terms of mastoid aeration (P = 0.006). Post-operative pure tone threshold values and mastoid aeration findings were statistically different from preoperative conditions. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study demonstrates that MAVT may be effective in the surgical treatment of recurrent/chronic OME. However, further studies with larger @entity1 series should be carried out.

title: Mastoid antral XXXX ; new treatment modality for reccurent otitis media with effusion and its long term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventilation tube']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic otitis']

answer: @entity5274 :: (MESH:D005184,Disease) :: ['ventilation tube']


abstract: Despite the steadily increasing number of @entity1 suffering from @entity957 of the oropharyngeal region, little is known about the molecular steps involved in the induction of these @entity5 . The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and type of @entity876 mutations in @entity957 . Five of 38 @entity1 had lymph node @entity3 , three @entity1 had multiple primary @entity189 and two @entity1 presented with multiple primary @entity5 and lymph node @entity3 . Exons 5 through 8 of the @entity876 gene were screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by direct DNA sequencing. A total of 16 @entity5 (42%) contained point mutations scattered throughout exons 5 to 8. Most mutations (56%) were transitions, predominantly G-->A. G-->T mutations prevailed among the transversions that have also been found in smoking-related @entity2 . One @entity189 showed a mutation which was retained in a lymph node @entity3 . The status of @entity876 differed in primary @entity189 of @entity1 with @entity5 indicating an independent generation of these @entity5 . The frequent occurrence of @entity876 mutations in @entity189 supports the view that this gene plays a role in initiation or progression of the malignant phenotype.

title: XXXX mutations in @entity189 : a comparison of solitary and multiple primary @entity5 and lymph node @entity3 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['multiple tumours', 'tumours', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['oropharyngeal carcinomas', 'carcinomas', 'carcinoma of the soft palate']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: Despite the steadily increasing number of @entity1 suffering from @entity957 of the oropharyngeal region, little is known about the molecular steps involved in the induction of these @entity5 . The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and type of @entity876 mutations in @entity957 . Five of 38 @entity1 had lymph node @entity3 , three @entity1 had multiple primary @entity189 and two @entity1 presented with multiple primary @entity5 and lymph node @entity3 . Exons 5 through 8 of the @entity876 gene were screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by direct DNA sequencing. A total of 16 @entity5 (42%) contained point mutations scattered throughout exons 5 to 8. Most mutations (56%) were transitions, predominantly G-->A. G-->T mutations prevailed among the transversions that have also been found in smoking-related @entity2 . One @entity189 showed a mutation which was retained in a lymph node @entity3 . The status of @entity876 differed in primary @entity189 of @entity1 with @entity5 indicating an independent generation of these @entity5 . The frequent occurrence of @entity876 mutations in @entity189 supports the view that this gene plays a role in initiation or progression of the malignant phenotype.

title: @entity876 mutations in XXXX : a comparison of solitary and multiple primary @entity5 and lymph node @entity3 .

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['oropharyngeal carcinomas']


abstract: Despite the steadily increasing number of @entity1 suffering from @entity957 of the oropharyngeal region, little is known about the molecular steps involved in the induction of these @entity5 . The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and type of @entity876 mutations in @entity957 . Five of 38 @entity1 had lymph node @entity3 , three @entity1 had multiple primary @entity189 and two @entity1 presented with multiple primary @entity5 and lymph node @entity3 . Exons 5 through 8 of the @entity876 gene were screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by direct DNA sequencing. A total of 16 @entity5 (42%) contained point mutations scattered throughout exons 5 to 8. Most mutations (56%) were transitions, predominantly G-->A. G-->T mutations prevailed among the transversions that have also been found in smoking-related @entity2 . One @entity189 showed a mutation which was retained in a lymph node @entity3 . The status of @entity876 differed in primary @entity189 of @entity1 with @entity5 indicating an independent generation of these @entity5 . The frequent occurrence of @entity876 mutations in @entity189 supports the view that this gene plays a role in initiation or progression of the malignant phenotype.

title: @entity876 mutations in @entity189 : a comparison of solitary and multiple primary @entity5 and lymph node XXXX .

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: Despite the steadily increasing number of @entity1 suffering from @entity957 of the oropharyngeal region, little is known about the molecular steps involved in the induction of these @entity5 . The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and type of @entity876 mutations in @entity957 . Five of 38 @entity1 had lymph node @entity3 , three @entity1 had multiple primary @entity189 and two @entity1 presented with multiple primary @entity5 and lymph node @entity3 . Exons 5 through 8 of the @entity876 gene were screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by direct DNA sequencing. A total of 16 @entity5 (42%) contained point mutations scattered throughout exons 5 to 8. Most mutations (56%) were transitions, predominantly G-->A. G-->T mutations prevailed among the transversions that have also been found in smoking-related @entity2 . One @entity189 showed a mutation which was retained in a lymph node @entity3 . The status of @entity876 differed in primary @entity189 of @entity1 with @entity5 indicating an independent generation of these @entity5 . The frequent occurrence of @entity876 mutations in @entity189 supports the view that this gene plays a role in initiation or progression of the malignant phenotype.

title: @entity876 mutations in @entity189 : a comparison of solitary and multiple primary XXXX and lymph node @entity3 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumours']


abstract: @entity1575 is characterized by distortion of @entity409 , @entity39 of hepatocytes and regenerative nodules formation leading to @entity82 . Various types of cell sources have been used for the management and treatment of decompensated @entity1575 . Knowledge of stem cells has offered a new dimension for regenerative therapy and has been considered as one of the potential adjuvant treatment modality in @entity1 with @entity3851 ( @entity3851 ). @entity1 fetal hepatic progenitor cells are less immunogenic than adult ones. They are highly propagative and challenging to cryopreservation. In our earlier studies we have demonstrated that fetuses at 10-18 wk of gestation age contain a large number of actively dividing hepatic stem and progenitor cells which possess bi-potent nature having potential to differentiate into bile duct cells and mature hepatocytes. Hepatic stem cell therapy for the treatment of @entity3851 is in their early stage of the translation. The emerging technology of decellularization and recellularization might offer a significant platform for developing bioengineered personalized livers to come over the scarcity of desired number of donor organs for the treatment of @entity3851 . Despite these significant advancements long-term tracking of stem cells in @entity1 is the most important subject nowadays in order to answer several unsettles issues regarding the route of delivery, the choice of stem cell type(s), the cell number and the time-point of cell delivery for the treatment in a chronic setting. Answering to these questions will further contribute to the development of safer, noninvasive, and repeatable imaging modalities that could discover better cell therapeutic approaches from bench to bed-side. Combinatorial approach of decellularization and nanotechnology could pave a way towards the better understanding in determination of cell fate post-transplantation.

title: Hepatic stem cells: A viable approach for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver architecture']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['end stage liver diseases', 'ESLD']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis', 'Liver cirrhosis']

answer: @entity1575 :: (MESH:D008103,Disease) :: ['liver cirrhosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered an attractive approach for gene or drug delivery in @entity5 therapy. Thus, in this study, the ability of @entity1 bone marrow-derived MSCs expressing the cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine prodrug ( @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs) to target the @entity1 @entity421 cell line Cal72 was evaluated. METHODS: The stable @entity1050 /5FC MSC cell line was established by transfection of pEGFP containing the cytosine deaminase gene into MSCs with G418 selection. The anti- @entity5 effect was verified by a bystander effect assay in vitro and co-injection of Cal72 and @entity1050 /5FC MSCs in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 . RESULTS: The therapeutic @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs retained the characteristics of multipotent cells such as differentiation into adipocytes/osteocytes and expression of mesenchymal markers ( @entity5399 and @entity1759 ), and showed migration toward @entity1 cells to a greater extent than the native MSCs. The bystander effect assay showed that the @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs significantly augmented Cal72 @entity137 in direct co-culture and in the presence of 5-FC through the application of conditioned medium. In @entity421 -bearing @entity19 , the @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs inhibited @entity5 growth when compared with control @entity19 subcutaneously injected with only @entity1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings suggest that @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs may be suitable for targeting @entity1 @entity421 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Targeted inhibition of XXXX growth by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['osteosarcoma tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered an attractive approach for gene or drug delivery in @entity5 therapy. Thus, in this study, the ability of @entity1 bone marrow-derived MSCs expressing the cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine prodrug ( @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs) to target the @entity1 @entity421 cell line Cal72 was evaluated. METHODS: The stable @entity1050 /5FC MSC cell line was established by transfection of pEGFP containing the cytosine deaminase gene into MSCs with G418 selection. The anti- @entity5 effect was verified by a bystander effect assay in vitro and co-injection of Cal72 and @entity1050 /5FC MSCs in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 . RESULTS: The therapeutic @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs retained the characteristics of multipotent cells such as differentiation into adipocytes/osteocytes and expression of mesenchymal markers ( @entity5399 and @entity1759 ), and showed migration toward @entity1 cells to a greater extent than the native MSCs. The bystander effect assay showed that the @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs significantly augmented Cal72 @entity137 in direct co-culture and in the presence of 5-FC through the application of conditioned medium. In @entity421 -bearing @entity19 , the @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs inhibited @entity5 growth when compared with control @entity19 subcutaneously injected with only @entity1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings suggest that @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs may be suitable for targeting @entity1 @entity421 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Targeted inhibition of @entity421 growth by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine in XXXX -bearing @entity19 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered an attractive approach for gene or drug delivery in @entity5 therapy. Thus, in this study, the ability of @entity1 bone marrow-derived MSCs expressing the cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine prodrug ( @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs) to target the @entity1 @entity421 cell line Cal72 was evaluated. METHODS: The stable @entity1050 /5FC MSC cell line was established by transfection of pEGFP containing the cytosine deaminase gene into MSCs with G418 selection. The anti- @entity5 effect was verified by a bystander effect assay in vitro and co-injection of Cal72 and @entity1050 /5FC MSCs in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 . RESULTS: The therapeutic @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs retained the characteristics of multipotent cells such as differentiation into adipocytes/osteocytes and expression of mesenchymal markers ( @entity5399 and @entity1759 ), and showed migration toward @entity1 cells to a greater extent than the native MSCs. The bystander effect assay showed that the @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs significantly augmented Cal72 @entity137 in direct co-culture and in the presence of 5-FC through the application of conditioned medium. In @entity421 -bearing @entity19 , the @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs inhibited @entity5 growth when compared with control @entity19 subcutaneously injected with only @entity1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings suggest that @entity1050 /5-FC MSCs may be suitable for targeting @entity1 @entity421 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Targeted inhibition of @entity421 growth by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine in @entity5 -bearing XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The objective of this study was to examine the association between sexual activities, problems and satisfaction, and @entity2613 and @entity7856 inhibitor (PDE5i) use. A nationally representative sample of @entity1 (n=2612) aged 51-87 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing completed an in-depth Sexual Relationships and Activities Questionnaire. Associations between @entity2613 and/or PDE5i use and sexual outcomes were explored using logistic regression models adjusted for age, health and lifestyle factors. PDE5i use in the preceding 3 months was reported by a total of 191 (7%) @entity1 , whereas 542 (21%) reported @entity2613 but no PDE5i use (untreated @entity2613 ). Compared with @entity1 without @entity2613 , PDE5i users were more likely to be sexually active and report more frequent sexual intercourse. @entity1 with untreated @entity2613 reported the lowest frequency of sexual activities. Compared with @entity1 without @entity2613 , both PDE5i users and those with untreated @entity2613 were more likely to report being concerned about their level of sexual desire, frequency of sexual activities, erectile function, waking erections and orgasmic experience. PDE5i users were also more concerned about and dissatisfied with their overall sex life than @entity1 without @entity2613 . This population-based study shows that while PDE5i use is associated with improved sexual functioning, this is not equally reflected in decreased levels of concern and dissatisfaction with their overall sexual health. Clinicians should be aware of this disparity between functional gains and continuing sexual concerns and dissatisfaction, and, where appropriate, offer psychosexual counselling as an adjunct to PDE5i medication.

title: Erectile dysfunction and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor use: associations with sexual activities, function and satisfaction in a population sample of older XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) is a potent stimulator of bone resorption. Induction of osteoclastic bone resorption by various endocrine or paracrine factors is mediated via the osteoblasts. We have therefore investigated the effects of @entity1356 on cell signalling in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. Special interest was focused on @entity3009 synthesis, since @entity3352 , an inhibitor of @entity3009 synthesis, partly inhibits @entity1192 -induced bone resorption. @entity1356 , at and above 0.3 pM, dose dependently stimulated @entity1421 formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts, with half maximal stimulation, EC50, at 3 pM. Treatment with the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 (1 microM), or with @entity1928 (30 microM), also stimulated @entity1421 formation in @entity1 osteoblasts. The time-course for @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation was similar to that of @entity1928 , with a significant increase in the formation of @entity1421 seen after 1 h. In contrast, @entity3365 -induced @entity1421 formation was seen within minutes. @entity1356 stimulated the accumulation of @entity1919 in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts incubated for 15 min. This increase in @entity1919 formation was not secondary to @entity1421 formation since it was not blocked by the addition of @entity3352 (1 microM). Pretreatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX did not augment @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, nor did the protein kinase A inhibitor @entity10995 inhibit @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, suggesting that @entity1919 does not mediate the stimulatory effect of @entity1192 on @entity1421 formation. We conclude that @entity1356 enhances the formation of @entity1919 as well as @entity1421 in primary cultures of isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. The @entity1356 -induced @entity1919 formation is, however, not related to the enhanced @entity3009 formation. The findings implicate that both @entity1919 - and @entity1421 -formation in osteoblasts might be involved as independent mediators of @entity1356 -induced bone resorption.

title: @entity1356 induces XXXX formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts: a signalling mechanism that is not related to enhanced @entity3009 formation.

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity1919 :: (MESH:D000242,Chemical) :: ['cyclic AMP']


abstract: @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) is a potent stimulator of bone resorption. Induction of osteoclastic bone resorption by various endocrine or paracrine factors is mediated via the osteoblasts. We have therefore investigated the effects of @entity1356 on cell signalling in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. Special interest was focused on @entity3009 synthesis, since @entity3352 , an inhibitor of @entity3009 synthesis, partly inhibits @entity1192 -induced bone resorption. @entity1356 , at and above 0.3 pM, dose dependently stimulated @entity1421 formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts, with half maximal stimulation, EC50, at 3 pM. Treatment with the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 (1 microM), or with @entity1928 (30 microM), also stimulated @entity1421 formation in @entity1 osteoblasts. The time-course for @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation was similar to that of @entity1928 , with a significant increase in the formation of @entity1421 seen after 1 h. In contrast, @entity3365 -induced @entity1421 formation was seen within minutes. @entity1356 stimulated the accumulation of @entity1919 in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts incubated for 15 min. This increase in @entity1919 formation was not secondary to @entity1421 formation since it was not blocked by the addition of @entity3352 (1 microM). Pretreatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX did not augment @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, nor did the protein kinase A inhibitor @entity10995 inhibit @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, suggesting that @entity1919 does not mediate the stimulatory effect of @entity1192 on @entity1421 formation. We conclude that @entity1356 enhances the formation of @entity1919 as well as @entity1421 in primary cultures of isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. The @entity1356 -induced @entity1919 formation is, however, not related to the enhanced @entity3009 formation. The findings implicate that both @entity1919 - and @entity1421 -formation in osteoblasts might be involved as independent mediators of @entity1356 -induced bone resorption.

title: XXXX induces @entity1919 formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts: a signalling mechanism that is not related to enhanced @entity3009 formation.

answer: @entity1356 :: (3553,Gene) :: ['Interleukin-1 beta']


abstract: @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) is a potent stimulator of bone resorption. Induction of osteoclastic bone resorption by various endocrine or paracrine factors is mediated via the osteoblasts. We have therefore investigated the effects of @entity1356 on cell signalling in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. Special interest was focused on @entity3009 synthesis, since @entity3352 , an inhibitor of @entity3009 synthesis, partly inhibits @entity1192 -induced bone resorption. @entity1356 , at and above 0.3 pM, dose dependently stimulated @entity1421 formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts, with half maximal stimulation, EC50, at 3 pM. Treatment with the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 (1 microM), or with @entity1928 (30 microM), also stimulated @entity1421 formation in @entity1 osteoblasts. The time-course for @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation was similar to that of @entity1928 , with a significant increase in the formation of @entity1421 seen after 1 h. In contrast, @entity3365 -induced @entity1421 formation was seen within minutes. @entity1356 stimulated the accumulation of @entity1919 in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts incubated for 15 min. This increase in @entity1919 formation was not secondary to @entity1421 formation since it was not blocked by the addition of @entity3352 (1 microM). Pretreatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX did not augment @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, nor did the protein kinase A inhibitor @entity10995 inhibit @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, suggesting that @entity1919 does not mediate the stimulatory effect of @entity1192 on @entity1421 formation. We conclude that @entity1356 enhances the formation of @entity1919 as well as @entity1421 in primary cultures of isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. The @entity1356 -induced @entity1919 formation is, however, not related to the enhanced @entity3009 formation. The findings implicate that both @entity1919 - and @entity1421 -formation in osteoblasts might be involved as independent mediators of @entity1356 -induced bone resorption.

title: @entity1356 induces @entity1919 formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts: a signalling mechanism that is not related to enhanced XXXX formation.

answer: @entity3009 :: (CHEBI:26333,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin']


abstract: @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) is a potent stimulator of bone resorption. Induction of osteoclastic bone resorption by various endocrine or paracrine factors is mediated via the osteoblasts. We have therefore investigated the effects of @entity1356 on cell signalling in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. Special interest was focused on @entity3009 synthesis, since @entity3352 , an inhibitor of @entity3009 synthesis, partly inhibits @entity1192 -induced bone resorption. @entity1356 , at and above 0.3 pM, dose dependently stimulated @entity1421 formation in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts, with half maximal stimulation, EC50, at 3 pM. Treatment with the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 (1 microM), or with @entity1928 (30 microM), also stimulated @entity1421 formation in @entity1 osteoblasts. The time-course for @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation was similar to that of @entity1928 , with a significant increase in the formation of @entity1421 seen after 1 h. In contrast, @entity3365 -induced @entity1421 formation was seen within minutes. @entity1356 stimulated the accumulation of @entity1919 in isolated @entity1 osteoblasts incubated for 15 min. This increase in @entity1919 formation was not secondary to @entity1421 formation since it was not blocked by the addition of @entity3352 (1 microM). Pretreatment with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX did not augment @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, nor did the protein kinase A inhibitor @entity10995 inhibit @entity1356 -induced @entity1421 formation, suggesting that @entity1919 does not mediate the stimulatory effect of @entity1192 on @entity1421 formation. We conclude that @entity1356 enhances the formation of @entity1919 as well as @entity1421 in primary cultures of isolated @entity1 osteoblasts. The @entity1356 -induced @entity1919 formation is, however, not related to the enhanced @entity3009 formation. The findings implicate that both @entity1919 - and @entity1421 -formation in osteoblasts might be involved as independent mediators of @entity1356 -induced bone resorption.

title: @entity1356 induces @entity1919 formation in isolated XXXX osteoblasts: a signalling mechanism that is not related to enhanced @entity3009 formation.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) @entity850 may be accompanied by widespread @entity731 of extra- and intracranial vessels leading to subtle @entity73 . We applied multichannel recording of @entity3493 in 28 @entity1 (68.3 +/- 8.1 years; 15 asymptomatic, 13 with a history of @entity63 ( @entity63 )) and compared them with an age- and sex-matched control group. All underwent a visual "odd-ball paradigm" as well as a psychometric test, the Cognitive Performance Test (CPT), testing mainly visual attention and memory. The potentials were derived from 16 electrodes according to the 10/20 system against linked mastoids. The latencies and amplitudes of N250 and @entity3493 were measured and their amplitudes additionally mapped. Furthermore, the early sensory exogenous potentials, @entity3881 , within the @entity3493 potentials as well as conventional pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) were evaluated. (1) Both the early exogenous potentials and the conventional PVEPs showed no significant differences among all groups. (2) There were no significant differences between asymptomatic @entity1 and those with a @entity63 history in all parameters of the @entity3493 complex so that one total @entity1 group was constructed and compared to the controls. (3) @entity1 ' @entity3493 amplitudes showed significant reductions over hemispheres ipsilateral (P < or = 0.014) and contralateral (P < or = 0.044) to the @entity850 . (4) The N250 amplitudes were reduced only in the central leads (P < or = 0.05). (5) The latencies of N250 potentials were significantly prolonged at many electrodes, not only ipsi-(P < or = 0.0007) but also contralateral (P < or = 0.022) to the @entity850 . (6) The @entity1 ' @entity3493 latencies showed significant lengthening only at occipital sites (P < or = 0.05) compared to controls. (7) In all measured parameters, within the @entity1 group, the differences between hemispheres ipsilateral versus contralateral to the ICA stenoses did not reach statistical significance. (8) The CPT values detected slight @entity73 for both @entity1 groups and they correlated significantly with the latencies in many leads. (9) The highest test sensitivity to classify @entity1 versus controls (z score > 2) was reached in @entity3493 maps of @entity63 @entity1 (77%). An altered @entity3493 indicates electrophysiologically, and @entity73 , subclinical @entity73 even in asymptomatic @entity1 with unilateral tight ICA stenoses. Interestingly, no differences between asymptomatic and @entity63 @entity1 with a high-grade @entity543 could be found.

title: Symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade unilateral internal carotid artery XXXX : scalp topography of event-related potentials ( @entity3493 ) and psychometric testing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['transient ischemic attack', 'TIA']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['CPT behaviorally', 'cognitive deficits', 'cognitive disorders']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral ICA stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: Unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) @entity850 may be accompanied by widespread @entity731 of extra- and intracranial vessels leading to subtle @entity73 . We applied multichannel recording of @entity3493 in 28 @entity1 (68.3 +/- 8.1 years; 15 asymptomatic, 13 with a history of @entity63 ( @entity63 )) and compared them with an age- and sex-matched control group. All underwent a visual "odd-ball paradigm" as well as a psychometric test, the Cognitive Performance Test (CPT), testing mainly visual attention and memory. The potentials were derived from 16 electrodes according to the 10/20 system against linked mastoids. The latencies and amplitudes of N250 and @entity3493 were measured and their amplitudes additionally mapped. Furthermore, the early sensory exogenous potentials, @entity3881 , within the @entity3493 potentials as well as conventional pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) were evaluated. (1) Both the early exogenous potentials and the conventional PVEPs showed no significant differences among all groups. (2) There were no significant differences between asymptomatic @entity1 and those with a @entity63 history in all parameters of the @entity3493 complex so that one total @entity1 group was constructed and compared to the controls. (3) @entity1 ' @entity3493 amplitudes showed significant reductions over hemispheres ipsilateral (P < or = 0.014) and contralateral (P < or = 0.044) to the @entity850 . (4) The N250 amplitudes were reduced only in the central leads (P < or = 0.05). (5) The latencies of N250 potentials were significantly prolonged at many electrodes, not only ipsi-(P < or = 0.0007) but also contralateral (P < or = 0.022) to the @entity850 . (6) The @entity1 ' @entity3493 latencies showed significant lengthening only at occipital sites (P < or = 0.05) compared to controls. (7) In all measured parameters, within the @entity1 group, the differences between hemispheres ipsilateral versus contralateral to the ICA stenoses did not reach statistical significance. (8) The CPT values detected slight @entity73 for both @entity1 groups and they correlated significantly with the latencies in many leads. (9) The highest test sensitivity to classify @entity1 versus controls (z score > 2) was reached in @entity3493 maps of @entity63 @entity1 (77%). An altered @entity3493 indicates electrophysiologically, and @entity73 , subclinical @entity73 even in asymptomatic @entity1 with unilateral tight ICA stenoses. Interestingly, no differences between asymptomatic and @entity63 @entity1 with a high-grade @entity543 could be found.

title: Symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade unilateral internal carotid artery @entity850 : scalp topography of event-related potentials ( XXXX ) and psychometric testing.

answer: @entity3493 :: (2033,Gene) :: ['P300']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of @entity9940 , @entity2180 , and combination therapy of both agents for the treatment of ureteral stent-related symptoms (SRSs). METHODS: An open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 112 @entity1 who underwent unilateral ureteral stent insertion following ureteroscopic stone surgery. @entity1 were randomized with a 2  *  2 factorial design to one of four groups, i.e., A (control), B ( @entity9940 0.2  mg once daily), C ( @entity2180 5  mg once daily), and D (both active treatments). @entity1 were evaluated at week 2 by the ureteral stent symptom questionnaire (USSQ). The primary efficacy outcome was the urinary symptom score of the USSQ, and the secondary efficacy outcomes were the scores in the other five USSQ domains, the @entity7634 -QOL score, and oral analgesic requirements during the 2  weeks. Efficacy outcomes were primarily analyzed for the per-protocol set population. RESULTS: The four groups were generally well balanced in terms of baseline characteristics. Eighty-one @entity1 (72.3  %) completed the study protocol. Comparison of the six USSQ domain scores at week 2 showed no differences between the four groups. Similarly, comparison of the domain scores stratified by @entity9940 or @entity2180 medication showed no differences for either medication. The other secondary outcomes were also similar in the group comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Neither @entity9940 nor @entity2180 medications provide beneficial effects for relieving various SRSs. In addition, the combination therapy did not have beneficial effects. Further studies are warranted to determine the benefit of medical therapy for the treatment of SRSs and to determine the optimal management strategy for SRSs.

title: A critical assessment of the effects of XXXX and @entity2180 as monotherapies and as a combination therapy for the treatment of ureteral stent-related symptoms: a 2  *  2 factorial randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2180 :: ('MESH:C441209', 'Chemical') :: ['solifenacin']

entities_list: @entity9940 :: ('MESH:C088482', 'Chemical') :: ['tamsulosin']

answer: @entity9940 :: (MESH:C088482,Chemical) :: ['tamsulosin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of @entity9940 , @entity2180 , and combination therapy of both agents for the treatment of ureteral stent-related symptoms (SRSs). METHODS: An open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 112 @entity1 who underwent unilateral ureteral stent insertion following ureteroscopic stone surgery. @entity1 were randomized with a 2  *  2 factorial design to one of four groups, i.e., A (control), B ( @entity9940 0.2  mg once daily), C ( @entity2180 5  mg once daily), and D (both active treatments). @entity1 were evaluated at week 2 by the ureteral stent symptom questionnaire (USSQ). The primary efficacy outcome was the urinary symptom score of the USSQ, and the secondary efficacy outcomes were the scores in the other five USSQ domains, the @entity7634 -QOL score, and oral analgesic requirements during the 2  weeks. Efficacy outcomes were primarily analyzed for the per-protocol set population. RESULTS: The four groups were generally well balanced in terms of baseline characteristics. Eighty-one @entity1 (72.3  %) completed the study protocol. Comparison of the six USSQ domain scores at week 2 showed no differences between the four groups. Similarly, comparison of the domain scores stratified by @entity9940 or @entity2180 medication showed no differences for either medication. The other secondary outcomes were also similar in the group comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Neither @entity9940 nor @entity2180 medications provide beneficial effects for relieving various SRSs. In addition, the combination therapy did not have beneficial effects. Further studies are warranted to determine the benefit of medical therapy for the treatment of SRSs and to determine the optimal management strategy for SRSs.

title: A critical assessment of the effects of @entity9940 and XXXX as monotherapies and as a combination therapy for the treatment of ureteral stent-related symptoms: a 2  *  2 factorial randomized trial.

answer: @entity2180 :: (MESH:C441209,Chemical) :: ['solifenacin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Stimulating the dorsal anterior pretectal nucleus (dAPtN) in @entity35 is more effective than stimulating the ventral APtN (vAPtN) at reducing tail-flick latency, whereas stimulation of the vAPtN is more effective at reducing @entity282 behavior. This study examines whether the cell lesion by injecting N-methyl-D-aspartate into the dAPtN or vAPtN changes the withdrawal threshold of a @entity35 hind paw during different phases of the tactile @entity56 induced by a @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ) of the contralateral sciatic nerve. The number of @entity5019 immunoreactive cells in the APtN was also evaluated. The @entity35 whose vAPtN was lesioned 2 days before @entity8638 had more intense tactile @entity56 2 days after @entity8638 than that of the control, but the groups were not different 7 days after the @entity8638 . The @entity35 whose vAPtN was lesioned 5 days after @entity8638 had WTs that did not significantly differ 7 days after the @entity8638 . The tactile @entity56 of the @entity35 whose dAPtN was lesioned 2 days before or 5 days after @entity8638 was not different from that of the control on the 2(nd) and 7(th) days after the @entity8638 . The number of @entity5019 immunoreactive cells in the vAPtN and dAPtN increased 2 days after @entity8638 , but did not differ from that in the control 7 days after @entity8638 . We conclude that vAPtN and dAPtN cells are activated by @entity128 ; the vAPtN exerts inhibitory control of the initial phase of @entity9 whereas the dAPtN does not appear to exert inhibitory role in neuropathic processing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: The ventral portion of the anterior pretectal nucleus controls descending mechanisms that initiate XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic constriction injury', 'CCI']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Stimulating the dorsal anterior pretectal nucleus (dAPtN) in @entity35 is more effective than stimulating the ventral APtN (vAPtN) at reducing tail-flick latency, whereas stimulation of the vAPtN is more effective at reducing @entity282 behavior. This study examines whether the cell lesion by injecting N-methyl-D-aspartate into the dAPtN or vAPtN changes the withdrawal threshold of a @entity35 hind paw during different phases of the tactile @entity56 induced by a @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ) of the contralateral sciatic nerve. The number of @entity5019 immunoreactive cells in the APtN was also evaluated. The @entity35 whose vAPtN was lesioned 2 days before @entity8638 had more intense tactile @entity56 2 days after @entity8638 than that of the control, but the groups were not different 7 days after the @entity8638 . The @entity35 whose vAPtN was lesioned 5 days after @entity8638 had WTs that did not significantly differ 7 days after the @entity8638 . The tactile @entity56 of the @entity35 whose dAPtN was lesioned 2 days before or 5 days after @entity8638 was not different from that of the control on the 2(nd) and 7(th) days after the @entity8638 . The number of @entity5019 immunoreactive cells in the vAPtN and dAPtN increased 2 days after @entity8638 , but did not differ from that in the control 7 days after @entity8638 . We conclude that vAPtN and dAPtN cells are activated by @entity128 ; the vAPtN exerts inhibitory control of the initial phase of @entity9 whereas the dAPtN does not appear to exert inhibitory role in neuropathic processing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: The ventral portion of the anterior pretectal nucleus controls descending mechanisms that initiate @entity9 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Candida auris is a multidrug resistant @entity375 that cause wide spectrum of @entity281 , especially in intensive care settings. We investigated C. auris prevalence among 102 clinical isolates previously identified as C. haemulonii or C. famata by VITEK2 system. ITS sequencing confirmed 88.2% of isolates as C. auris and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI- @entity215 ) easily separated all related species viz., C. auris (n=90), C. haemulonii (n=6), C. haemulonii var. vulnera (n=1) and C. duobushaemulonii (n=5). The in vitro antifungal susceptibility was determined using CLSI-BMD, VITEK2 AST card and Etest method. C. auris isolates revealed uniformly elevated fluconazole MICs (MIC50, 64  g/ml) and an alarming percentage of isolates (37%) exhibited elevated caspofungin MICs by CLSI-BMD. Notably, 34% of C. auris had coexisting elevated MICs (>= 2  g/ml) for both fluconazole and voriconazole and 10% of the isolates had elevated coexisting MICs (>=  2  g/ml) to two additional azoles i.e., posaconazole and isavuconazole. In contrast to reduced amphotericin B MICs by CLSI-BMD (MIC50, 1  g/ml) for C. auris, elevated MICs were noted by VITEK2, (MIC50, 8  g/ml), which were statistically significant. Candida auris remains an unnoticed pathogen in routine microbiology laboratories as 90% of the isolates characterized by commercial identification systems are misidentified as C. haemulonii. MALDI- @entity215 proved to be a more robust diagnostic technique for rapid identification of C. auris. Considering that misleading elevated MICs of amphotericin B by VITEK AST-YS07 card may lead to selection of inappropriate therapy, a cautionary approach is recommended for laboratories relying on commercial systems for identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of rare @entity375 .

title: Multidrug resistant Candida auris misidentified as C. haemulonii: Characterization by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI- XXXX MS), DNA sequencing and its antifungal susceptibility profile variability by VITEK-2, CLSI-Broth Microdilution and E-test method.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

answer: @entity215 :: (MESH:D013771,Disease) :: ['TOF']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antitumour effect of an angio-inhibitory drug, a synthetic analogue of @entity19525 ( @entity10822 ), on @entity19 @entity703 ( @entity703 ) in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of @entity10822 on the growth of @entity703 cells in vitro was measured by angiogenesis assay and cell counting with dye exclusion. In the angiogenesis assay, @entity703 cells were injected intradermally and the number of blood vessels orientated towards the @entity5 was counted 3 days after @entity5 inoculation. To examine the effect of @entity10822 on the subcutaneous @entity5 growth and lung @entity3 of @entity703 , @entity703 cells were injected subcutaneously or intravenously in BALB/c @entity19 and they were treated with a subcutaneous injection every 3 days. RESULTS: Dose-dependent growth inhibition in vitro was observed with 50% inhibition occurring at 600 ng/ml. Angiogenesis assay revealed that administration of @entity10822 inhibited the angiogenesis induced by @entity703 in a dose-dependent manner. In the subcutaneous experiment, @entity10822 decreased the growth rate of established subcutaneous @entity5 rather than reduced the size of the @entity5 . The administration of @entity10822 in @entity19 with lung @entity3 inhibited the development of @entity3 of @entity703 without @entity353 or @entity294 . CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that @entity10822 had an inhibitory effect on @entity5 -induced angiogenesis and a significant anti- @entity5 effect on @entity703 . This suggests that @entity10822 could be useful in the treatment of @entity1358 . Further studies are needed to clarify whether @entity10822 is more effective when combined with other drugs such as interferons.

title: Antitumour effect of a synthetic analogue of XXXX on @entity19 @entity703 .

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity19525 :: ('MESH:C026211', 'Chemical') :: ['fumagillin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal carcinoma', 'Renca']

answer: @entity19525 :: (MESH:C026211,Chemical) :: ['fumagillin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antitumour effect of an angio-inhibitory drug, a synthetic analogue of @entity19525 ( @entity10822 ), on @entity19 @entity703 ( @entity703 ) in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of @entity10822 on the growth of @entity703 cells in vitro was measured by angiogenesis assay and cell counting with dye exclusion. In the angiogenesis assay, @entity703 cells were injected intradermally and the number of blood vessels orientated towards the @entity5 was counted 3 days after @entity5 inoculation. To examine the effect of @entity10822 on the subcutaneous @entity5 growth and lung @entity3 of @entity703 , @entity703 cells were injected subcutaneously or intravenously in BALB/c @entity19 and they were treated with a subcutaneous injection every 3 days. RESULTS: Dose-dependent growth inhibition in vitro was observed with 50% inhibition occurring at 600 ng/ml. Angiogenesis assay revealed that administration of @entity10822 inhibited the angiogenesis induced by @entity703 in a dose-dependent manner. In the subcutaneous experiment, @entity10822 decreased the growth rate of established subcutaneous @entity5 rather than reduced the size of the @entity5 . The administration of @entity10822 in @entity19 with lung @entity3 inhibited the development of @entity3 of @entity703 without @entity353 or @entity294 . CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that @entity10822 had an inhibitory effect on @entity5 -induced angiogenesis and a significant anti- @entity5 effect on @entity703 . This suggests that @entity10822 could be useful in the treatment of @entity1358 . Further studies are needed to clarify whether @entity10822 is more effective when combined with other drugs such as interferons.

title: Antitumour effect of a synthetic analogue of @entity19525 on @entity19 XXXX .

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['renal carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antitumour effect of an angio-inhibitory drug, a synthetic analogue of @entity19525 ( @entity10822 ), on @entity19 @entity703 ( @entity703 ) in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of @entity10822 on the growth of @entity703 cells in vitro was measured by angiogenesis assay and cell counting with dye exclusion. In the angiogenesis assay, @entity703 cells were injected intradermally and the number of blood vessels orientated towards the @entity5 was counted 3 days after @entity5 inoculation. To examine the effect of @entity10822 on the subcutaneous @entity5 growth and lung @entity3 of @entity703 , @entity703 cells were injected subcutaneously or intravenously in BALB/c @entity19 and they were treated with a subcutaneous injection every 3 days. RESULTS: Dose-dependent growth inhibition in vitro was observed with 50% inhibition occurring at 600 ng/ml. Angiogenesis assay revealed that administration of @entity10822 inhibited the angiogenesis induced by @entity703 in a dose-dependent manner. In the subcutaneous experiment, @entity10822 decreased the growth rate of established subcutaneous @entity5 rather than reduced the size of the @entity5 . The administration of @entity10822 in @entity19 with lung @entity3 inhibited the development of @entity3 of @entity703 without @entity353 or @entity294 . CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that @entity10822 had an inhibitory effect on @entity5 -induced angiogenesis and a significant anti- @entity5 effect on @entity703 . This suggests that @entity10822 could be useful in the treatment of @entity1358 . Further studies are needed to clarify whether @entity10822 is more effective when combined with other drugs such as interferons.

title: Antitumour effect of a synthetic analogue of @entity19525 on XXXX @entity703 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: AIMS: Previous cohort studies of @entity1 with @entity1498 ( @entity1498 ) demonstrate reduced long-term survival. Improved surgical outcomes in @entity1 and evolution of @entity299 ( @entity299 ) services have resulted in improved survival in @entity1 with other CHDs. We hypothesise that for young adult @entity1 with @entity1498 long-term outcomes have improved in the contemporary era. METHODS: 151 @entity1 (58% @entity1 ) with simple @entity1498 followed up at a tertiary @entity299 service in Sydney, Australia, from 1993 to 2013 were included. We documented mortality and major morbidity such as the need for re-intervention for re- @entity1498 or @entity439 . RESULTS: 140 @entity1 (mean age 35  15   years) underwent @entity1498 repair at median age of 5 (IQR 0-10) years. Initial surgical strategy included end-to-end repair in 43, subclavian flap aortoplasty in 28 and patch aortoplasty in 31 @entity1 (and was not documented in 28 cases). 6 @entity1 had endovascular repair, 4 had interposition tube grafts and 11 were unrepaired. There were a total of seven @entity204 at a median age of 60   years. Actuarial survival was 98% at 40, 98% at 50 and 89% at 60   years of age. @entity1498 occurred in 34% and descending @entity449 were noted in 18%. @entity1 with end-to-end repair had lower rates of significant re- @entity1498 or descending @entity449 (p=0.026 and <0.001, respectively). 66% had bicuspid aortic valve and 44% were @entity101 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity1498 who reach adolescence demonstrate very good long-term survival up to age 60   years. Long-term morbidity is common, however, related largely to aortic complications and late @entity101 .

title: Late outcomes in adults with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta', 'coarctation', 'Re-coarctation', 'CoA']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ACHD', 'adult congenital heart disease']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['coarctation of the aorta']


abstract: One hundred and twenty-four localized @entity263 @entity1 operated on at Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) since 1975 were identified. The sample was optimized for evaluation of @entity263 progression. Based upon accurate clinical histories, these radical prostatectomy @entity1 included 50 progressors and 74 non-progressors using appearance of serum PSA as an indication of recurrence (mean follow-up = 8.6 +/- 1.8 years, range 7-15 years). All @entity1 included in the study had no involvement of their seminal vesicles or lymph nodes at the time of prostatectomy. Average time to progression was 3.6 +/- 2 years, range of 1-8 years. Using @entity982 -embedded specimens, several five micron sections were cut and placed on Probe-On slides; one slide was H_E-stained and the other was Feulgen-stained. The H_E and Feulgen-stained slides were screened and "dotted" by pathologists at JHH and CytoDynostics, Inc. A CAS-200 Image analysis system (Cell Image Systems, Elmhurst, IL) equipped with a Cell Measurement Program version 1.2 beta, was used to capture the Feulgen-stained images and to perform the calculations. From the "dotted" areas, 150 @entity5 cells were selected for measurement of DNA content and 27 nuclear morphometric shape and size factors, including 21 Markovian chromatin texture variables. Additional sections were used for immunochemistry staining with an alkaline phosphatase streptavidin- @entity1885 complex stain to detect and quantitate @entity5 cells binding monoclonal antibodies directed against @entity1364 ( @entity1364 ) and @entity1722 antigen. All data were entered into a statistical program (STATA) for further analysis and univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and its stepwise variant. The biomarkers of greatest utility to detect progressors when analyzed univariately included post-operative Gleason score (p = < 0.0001), @entity1722 antigenicity (p = 0.0147), CAS-200 DNA ploidy (p = 0.008), and twelve Markovian nuclear texture and shape features (p = < 0.0001), whereas @entity1364 (p = 0.160) failed. The optimal set of nuclear morphometry progression tumor features were selected using backward stepwise logistic regression estimate analysis which drops variables due to collinearity. Although post-operative Gleason score is a strong univariate predictor of progression, DNA ploidy and @entity1722 /neu contributed significantly to further stratification of higher risk groups within the low Gleason score subpopulation. The best Markovian features combined with post-operative Gleason score generated sensitivity = 90%, specificity = 96%, positive predictive value = 94%, negative predictive value = 93% and the area under the receiver operator curve was 0.975.

title: Quantitative nuclear morphometry, Markovian texture descriptors, and DNA content captured on a CAS-200 Image analysis system, combined with @entity1364 and XXXX /neu immunohistochemistry for prediction of @entity263 progression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1364 :: ('5111', 'Gene') :: ['proliferating cell nuclear antigen', 'PCNA']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

answer: @entity1722 :: (2064,Gene) :: ['HER-2']


abstract: One hundred and twenty-four localized @entity263 @entity1 operated on at Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) since 1975 were identified. The sample was optimized for evaluation of @entity263 progression. Based upon accurate clinical histories, these radical prostatectomy @entity1 included 50 progressors and 74 non-progressors using appearance of serum PSA as an indication of recurrence (mean follow-up = 8.6 +/- 1.8 years, range 7-15 years). All @entity1 included in the study had no involvement of their seminal vesicles or lymph nodes at the time of prostatectomy. Average time to progression was 3.6 +/- 2 years, range of 1-8 years. Using @entity982 -embedded specimens, several five micron sections were cut and placed on Probe-On slides; one slide was H_E-stained and the other was Feulgen-stained. The H_E and Feulgen-stained slides were screened and "dotted" by pathologists at JHH and CytoDynostics, Inc. A CAS-200 Image analysis system (Cell Image Systems, Elmhurst, IL) equipped with a Cell Measurement Program version 1.2 beta, was used to capture the Feulgen-stained images and to perform the calculations. From the "dotted" areas, 150 @entity5 cells were selected for measurement of DNA content and 27 nuclear morphometric shape and size factors, including 21 Markovian chromatin texture variables. Additional sections were used for immunochemistry staining with an alkaline phosphatase streptavidin- @entity1885 complex stain to detect and quantitate @entity5 cells binding monoclonal antibodies directed against @entity1364 ( @entity1364 ) and @entity1722 antigen. All data were entered into a statistical program (STATA) for further analysis and univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and its stepwise variant. The biomarkers of greatest utility to detect progressors when analyzed univariately included post-operative Gleason score (p = < 0.0001), @entity1722 antigenicity (p = 0.0147), CAS-200 DNA ploidy (p = 0.008), and twelve Markovian nuclear texture and shape features (p = < 0.0001), whereas @entity1364 (p = 0.160) failed. The optimal set of nuclear morphometry progression tumor features were selected using backward stepwise logistic regression estimate analysis which drops variables due to collinearity. Although post-operative Gleason score is a strong univariate predictor of progression, DNA ploidy and @entity1722 /neu contributed significantly to further stratification of higher risk groups within the low Gleason score subpopulation. The best Markovian features combined with post-operative Gleason score generated sensitivity = 90%, specificity = 96%, positive predictive value = 94%, negative predictive value = 93% and the area under the receiver operator curve was 0.975.

title: Quantitative nuclear morphometry, Markovian texture descriptors, and DNA content captured on a CAS-200 Image analysis system, combined with @entity1364 and @entity1722 /neu immunohistochemistry for prediction of XXXX progression.

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: One hundred and twenty-four localized @entity263 @entity1 operated on at Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH) since 1975 were identified. The sample was optimized for evaluation of @entity263 progression. Based upon accurate clinical histories, these radical prostatectomy @entity1 included 50 progressors and 74 non-progressors using appearance of serum PSA as an indication of recurrence (mean follow-up = 8.6 +/- 1.8 years, range 7-15 years). All @entity1 included in the study had no involvement of their seminal vesicles or lymph nodes at the time of prostatectomy. Average time to progression was 3.6 +/- 2 years, range of 1-8 years. Using @entity982 -embedded specimens, several five micron sections were cut and placed on Probe-On slides; one slide was H_E-stained and the other was Feulgen-stained. The H_E and Feulgen-stained slides were screened and "dotted" by pathologists at JHH and CytoDynostics, Inc. A CAS-200 Image analysis system (Cell Image Systems, Elmhurst, IL) equipped with a Cell Measurement Program version 1.2 beta, was used to capture the Feulgen-stained images and to perform the calculations. From the "dotted" areas, 150 @entity5 cells were selected for measurement of DNA content and 27 nuclear morphometric shape and size factors, including 21 Markovian chromatin texture variables. Additional sections were used for immunochemistry staining with an alkaline phosphatase streptavidin- @entity1885 complex stain to detect and quantitate @entity5 cells binding monoclonal antibodies directed against @entity1364 ( @entity1364 ) and @entity1722 antigen. All data were entered into a statistical program (STATA) for further analysis and univariate and multivariate statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and its stepwise variant. The biomarkers of greatest utility to detect progressors when analyzed univariately included post-operative Gleason score (p = < 0.0001), @entity1722 antigenicity (p = 0.0147), CAS-200 DNA ploidy (p = 0.008), and twelve Markovian nuclear texture and shape features (p = < 0.0001), whereas @entity1364 (p = 0.160) failed. The optimal set of nuclear morphometry progression tumor features were selected using backward stepwise logistic regression estimate analysis which drops variables due to collinearity. Although post-operative Gleason score is a strong univariate predictor of progression, DNA ploidy and @entity1722 /neu contributed significantly to further stratification of higher risk groups within the low Gleason score subpopulation. The best Markovian features combined with post-operative Gleason score generated sensitivity = 90%, specificity = 96%, positive predictive value = 94%, negative predictive value = 93% and the area under the receiver operator curve was 0.975.

title: Quantitative nuclear morphometry, Markovian texture descriptors, and DNA content captured on a CAS-200 Image analysis system, combined with XXXX and @entity1722 /neu immunohistochemistry for prediction of @entity263 progression.

answer: @entity1364 :: (5111,Gene) :: ['PCNA']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The chemokine receptor @entity4112 interacts with the chemokines @entity372 and @entity1570 . During development, this ligand receptor system (C-X-C) provokes cell-type-specific responses in terms of migration, adhesion or ligand sequestration. It is active in @entity3392 and rodents but no data are available for its presence or function in primate testes. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed in monkeys to detect @entity372 , @entity1570 and @entity4112 . At the protein level, @entity1570 and @entity4112 were localized in the testes of the marmoset (Callitrix jacchus)  whereas @entity4112 patterns were determined for various stages in @entity1 testes. Morphometry and flow cytometry were applied to quantify @entity4112 -positive cells in monkeys. Transcript levels and protein expression of @entity4112 were detectable throughout testicular development. In both species, @entity4112 protein expression was restricted to premeiotic germ cells. In immature marmoset testes, 69.9  %        9  % of the total germ cell population were labelled for @entity4112 , whereas in the adult, 4.7  %        2.7  % were positive for @entity4112 . @entity1570 mRNA was detectable in all developmental stages in marmosets. The @entity1570 protein was exclusively localized to Sertoli cells. This pattern of @entity1570 / @entity4112 indicates their involvement in regulatory processes that possibly orchestrate the interaction between undifferentiated germ cells and Sertoli cells.

title: Developmental expression patterns of chemokines CXCL11, CXCL12 and their receptor CXCR7 in testes of common marmoset and XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Strongyloides stercoralis, a soil transmitted helminth @entity281 , affects millions with varying prevalence worldwide. A large number of affected hosts are asymptomatic. Symptoms pertaining to pulmonary and gastrointestinal involvement may be present. Manifestations of involvement beyond lung and intestine can be seen with dissemination of @entity281 and lethal hyperinfection. Immunosuppression secondary to use of @entity230 or other immunosuppressants and coexistence of @entity2662 are the known risk factors for dissemination and hyperinfection. Diagnostic modalities comprise stool examination, serology and molecular testing. Stool tests are inexpensive but are limited by low sensitivity, whereas serologic and molecular tests are more precise but at the expense of higher cost. Treatment with @entity3070 or @entity3753 as an alternative is safe and efficacious. We present a rare case of acute @entity788 secondary to Strongyloides. High index of suspicion in @entity1 specifically from endemic countries of origin and lack of other common etiologies of acute @entity788 may help in early diagnosis and prompt treatment of this potentially fatal @entity281 .

title: Strongyloidiasis: A case with acute XXXX and a literature review.

entities_list: @entity3070 :: ('MESH:D007559', 'Chemical') :: ['Ivermectin']

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['Albendazole']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity2662 :: ('11908', 'Species') :: ['human T-lymphotropic virus type-1']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the predictive value of the @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) ratio (LNR, number of metastatic LNs/ examined LNs) for recurrence in @entity1 with @entity5 and to compare its applicability according to preoperative chemoradiotherapy (PCRT). METHODS: From 2000 to 2009, 967 @entity1 with metastatic LNs after curative resection for locally advanced @entity5 were identified. @entity1 were categorized according to PCRT (PCRT vs No PCRT). The cut-off LNR was determined based on the @entity3121 vs @entity477 when the recommended number of LNs was harvested. The 5-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) rates using the Kaplan-Meier method were compared according to p/yp N stage and the LNR in each group. RESULTS: Among @entity1 with the same p/ypN stage, the 5-year @entity1349 rate differed according to the LNR. In addition, the 5-year @entity1349 rate was significantly different between pN and LNR groups in @entity1 with No PCRT. In PCRT group, however, only LNR was associated with prognosis. On multivariate analysis, both pN and LNR were significant independent prognostic factors for 5-year @entity1349 in the No PCRT group. In the PCRT group, only LNR category was found to be associated with @entity1349 (HR = 2.36, 95%CI: 1.31-3.84, and P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The LNR is an important prognostic predictor of @entity1349 in @entity5 @entity1 especially treated with PCRT. Current pN categories could not discriminate between prognostic groups of @entity1349 after PCRT.

title: Ratio of metastatic lymph nodes is more important for XXXX @entity1 treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['RFS', 'recurrence-free survival']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the predictive value of the @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) ratio (LNR, number of metastatic LNs/ examined LNs) for recurrence in @entity1 with @entity5 and to compare its applicability according to preoperative chemoradiotherapy (PCRT). METHODS: From 2000 to 2009, 967 @entity1 with metastatic LNs after curative resection for locally advanced @entity5 were identified. @entity1 were categorized according to PCRT (PCRT vs No PCRT). The cut-off LNR was determined based on the @entity3121 vs @entity477 when the recommended number of LNs was harvested. The 5-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) rates using the Kaplan-Meier method were compared according to p/yp N stage and the LNR in each group. RESULTS: Among @entity1 with the same p/ypN stage, the 5-year @entity1349 rate differed according to the LNR. In addition, the 5-year @entity1349 rate was significantly different between pN and LNR groups in @entity1 with No PCRT. In PCRT group, however, only LNR was associated with prognosis. On multivariate analysis, both pN and LNR were significant independent prognostic factors for 5-year @entity1349 in the No PCRT group. In the PCRT group, only LNR category was found to be associated with @entity1349 (HR = 2.36, 95%CI: 1.31-3.84, and P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The LNR is an important prognostic predictor of @entity1349 in @entity5 @entity1 especially treated with PCRT. Current pN categories could not discriminate between prognostic groups of @entity1349 after PCRT.

title: Ratio of metastatic lymph nodes is more important for @entity5 XXXX treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Severe combined immunodeficient @entity19 transplanted with @entity1 organs ( @entity915 -hu @entity19 ), provide a unique in vivo model for studying @entity1 intrathymic T cell selection and development of tolerance. In vivo administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) to @entity915 -hu @entity19 causes intrathymic clonal deletion of SEB-specific V beta+ T cells that occurs already at the immature CD4+8+ double positive stage. The expression of activation markers such as @entity2902 , @entity8282 , and HLA-DR was specifically increased on V beta+ T cells responding to SEB. The remaining SEB-specific @entity1 T cells that had not been deleted in vivo failed to proliferate when rechallenged with SEB in vitro. These SEB-specific T cells that were rendered anergic in vivo had a unique cytokine production profile. They failed to produce @entity1199 , which correlated with the lack of proliferation of these cells. In addition, they failed to produce @entity310 . However, the anergized T cells synthesized considerable amounts of @entity379 , granulocyte-macrophage CSF and @entity688 after SEB stimulation. This clonal anergy can be completely reversed in vitro by stimulating the SEB-specific cells in the presence of exogenous @entity1199 or by triggering of the @entity1361 / @entity4386 activation pathway. Under these stimulation conditions, anergic T cells produced levels of @entity1199 and @entity310 that were comparable to their non-anergized counterparts, whereas the levels of granulocyte-macrophage CSF, @entity688 and @entity379 production were even higher. Collectively, these data demonstrate that in vivo administration of SEB to @entity915 -hu @entity19 leads to activation, deletion, and anergy of SEB-specific @entity1 thymocytes and that the production of @entity1199 and @entity310 is selectively switched off in these anergic T cells.

title: Unique cytokine production profile of anergic @entity1 T cells in @entity915 -hu XXXX after staphylococcal enterotoxin B administration.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Severe combined immunodeficient @entity19 transplanted with @entity1 organs ( @entity915 -hu @entity19 ), provide a unique in vivo model for studying @entity1 intrathymic T cell selection and development of tolerance. In vivo administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) to @entity915 -hu @entity19 causes intrathymic clonal deletion of SEB-specific V beta+ T cells that occurs already at the immature CD4+8+ double positive stage. The expression of activation markers such as @entity2902 , @entity8282 , and HLA-DR was specifically increased on V beta+ T cells responding to SEB. The remaining SEB-specific @entity1 T cells that had not been deleted in vivo failed to proliferate when rechallenged with SEB in vitro. These SEB-specific T cells that were rendered anergic in vivo had a unique cytokine production profile. They failed to produce @entity1199 , which correlated with the lack of proliferation of these cells. In addition, they failed to produce @entity310 . However, the anergized T cells synthesized considerable amounts of @entity379 , granulocyte-macrophage CSF and @entity688 after SEB stimulation. This clonal anergy can be completely reversed in vitro by stimulating the SEB-specific cells in the presence of exogenous @entity1199 or by triggering of the @entity1361 / @entity4386 activation pathway. Under these stimulation conditions, anergic T cells produced levels of @entity1199 and @entity310 that were comparable to their non-anergized counterparts, whereas the levels of granulocyte-macrophage CSF, @entity688 and @entity379 production were even higher. Collectively, these data demonstrate that in vivo administration of SEB to @entity915 -hu @entity19 leads to activation, deletion, and anergy of SEB-specific @entity1 thymocytes and that the production of @entity1199 and @entity310 is selectively switched off in these anergic T cells.

title: Unique cytokine production profile of anergic @entity1 T cells in XXXX -hu @entity19 after staphylococcal enterotoxin B administration.

answer: @entity915 :: (MESH:D053632,Disease) :: ['SCID']


abstract: Severe combined immunodeficient @entity19 transplanted with @entity1 organs ( @entity915 -hu @entity19 ), provide a unique in vivo model for studying @entity1 intrathymic T cell selection and development of tolerance. In vivo administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) to @entity915 -hu @entity19 causes intrathymic clonal deletion of SEB-specific V beta+ T cells that occurs already at the immature CD4+8+ double positive stage. The expression of activation markers such as @entity2902 , @entity8282 , and HLA-DR was specifically increased on V beta+ T cells responding to SEB. The remaining SEB-specific @entity1 T cells that had not been deleted in vivo failed to proliferate when rechallenged with SEB in vitro. These SEB-specific T cells that were rendered anergic in vivo had a unique cytokine production profile. They failed to produce @entity1199 , which correlated with the lack of proliferation of these cells. In addition, they failed to produce @entity310 . However, the anergized T cells synthesized considerable amounts of @entity379 , granulocyte-macrophage CSF and @entity688 after SEB stimulation. This clonal anergy can be completely reversed in vitro by stimulating the SEB-specific cells in the presence of exogenous @entity1199 or by triggering of the @entity1361 / @entity4386 activation pathway. Under these stimulation conditions, anergic T cells produced levels of @entity1199 and @entity310 that were comparable to their non-anergized counterparts, whereas the levels of granulocyte-macrophage CSF, @entity688 and @entity379 production were even higher. Collectively, these data demonstrate that in vivo administration of SEB to @entity915 -hu @entity19 leads to activation, deletion, and anergy of SEB-specific @entity1 thymocytes and that the production of @entity1199 and @entity310 is selectively switched off in these anergic T cells.

title: Unique cytokine production profile of anergic XXXX T cells in @entity915 -hu @entity19 after staphylococcal enterotoxin B administration.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Certain limitations of the neurosphere assay (NSA) have resulted in a search for alternative culture techniques for brain @entity5 ( @entity5 ). Recently, reports have described growing @entity463 ( @entity463 ) @entity5 as a monolayer using laminin. We performed a side-by-side analysis of the NSA and laminin (adherent) culture conditions to compare the growth and expansion of @entity5 . @entity463 cells were grown using the NSA and adherent culture conditions. Comparisons were made using growth in culture, apoptosis assays, protein expression, limiting dilution clonal frequency assay, genetic affymetrix analysis, and tumorigenicity in vivo. In vitro expansion curves for the NSA and adherent culture conditions were virtually identical (P=0.24) and the clonogenic frequencies (5.2% for NSA vs. 5.0% for laminin, P=0.9) were similar as well. Likewise, markers of differentiation (glial fibrillary acidic protein and beta tubulin III) and proliferation (Ki67 and @entity9965 ) revealed no statistical difference between the sphere and attachment methods. Several different methods were used to determine the numbers of dead or dying cells (trypan blue, DiIC, @entity522 , and @entity4404 ) with none of the assays noting a meaningful variance between the two methods. In addition, genetic expression analysis with microarrays revealed no significant differences between the two groups. Finally, @entity11 cells derived from both methods of expansion formed large invasive @entity5 exhibiting @entity463 features when implanted in immune-compromised animals. A detailed functional, protein and genetic characterization of @entity1 @entity463 cells cultured in serum-free defined conditions demonstrated no statistically meaningful differences when grown using sphere (NSA) or adherent conditions. Hence, both methods are functionally equivalent and remain suitable options for expanding primary high-grade @entity11 in tissue culture.

title: Neurosphere and adherent culture conditions are equivalent for XXXX stem cell lines.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['TICs', 'GBM TICs', 'tumor-initiating cells', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'glioblastoma']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['malignant glioma']


abstract: There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the role of transurethral resection of the prostate for @entity1067 in view of the introduction of new modalities. We have conducted a retrospective analysis of 175 cases operated from October 1988 to June 1989 with an aim to ascertain the present mortality and morbidity rates associated with this procedure. The main presenting symptoms were acute retention of urine (54%) and @entity1876 (33%). The average weight of the prostate resected was 24.2 gm and 3% of specimens revealed malignant changes on histology. Seventy-five percent of the @entity1 have post-operative stay of 5 days or less. @entity293 was the commonest complication (16%). Clot retention requiring re-scope occurred in 2% of our @entity1 . Twelve percent (12%) of our @entity1 developed acute retention post-operatively but only 2% required re-scope as the rest resolved conservatively. We had one mortality in our series as a result of post-operative @entity55 . After 6 months follow-up, 4% complained of mild @entity322 and another 4% noted @entity2754 . Six percent developed @entity3832 which required surgical treatment. Three years after the procedure, we retrieved the case notes of our cohort to analyse long-term results. We note that ninety-eight percent of our @entity1 were discharged after nine months follow-up. This includes the 4% who complained of mild @entity3142 at 6 months follow-up. The remaining 2% was discharged after 24 months because of recurrent @entity3832 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Transurethral resection of the prostate for XXXX --a local review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity3832 :: ('MESH:D014525', 'Disease') :: ['urethral stricture', 'urethral strictures']

entities_list: @entity2754 :: ('MESH:D061686', 'Disease') :: ['retrograde ejaculation']

entities_list: @entity1876 :: ('MESH:D001748', 'Disease') :: ['bladder outlet obstruction']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['Urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress incontinence']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) accounts for approximately 80-85% of all cases of @entity2 , and it is the most common cause of @entity204 in @entity1 and second only to @entity0 in @entity1 . Combination chemotherapy, usually @entity902 -based, is currently the first-line therapy of choice, however, the prognosis for @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 remains poor with a median survival time of 8-11 months and a 1-year survival rate of 30%. Maintenance therapy is a treatment strategy that has been investigated extensively in @entity1149 and has been the subject of considerable recent debate. The outstanding results of the JMEN study proved that maintenance of pemetrexed significantly improved the overall survival ( @entity34 ) in advanced @entity1149 @entity1 was a proof of principle. Subsequently, the results of the SATURN study also showed a significant prolongation of progression-free survival (PFS) and @entity34 with maintenance @entity3866 compared with placebo. Despite considerable controversy, it has become an acceptable treatment paradigm and both drugs are approved for maintenance therapy of advanced @entity1149 @entity1 in Europe and the USA. In addition, several large phase III clinical trials (e.g., INFORM trial) provided evidence that maintenance therapy with @entity4562 also significantly improved PFS in @entity1149 @entity1 , with greatest PFS benefit in @entity1 harboring EGF-R mutations. However, @entity34 was unchanged. The question still remains whether the benefit of maintenance therapy for @entity1149 is best defined by PFS. Truely, PFS is the best predictor for improved @entity34 (and is independent @entity34 ), but @entity34 is acknowledged as the key clinical outcome in the treatment of advanced @entity1149 . The approval of pemetrexed and @entity3866 by the FDA and the EMEA and the promising data with @entity4562 have certainly shifted the pendulum towards maintenance therapy, however, the precise role for the treatment strategy of @entity1149 in terms of a maintenance approach is far from being clear and additional studies are warranted to further clarify this option.

title: @entity4562 in non-small-cell XXXX -an old lesson new re-visited.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'Non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['of subsequent treatment', 'OS']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']