abstract: Several expert committees recommend a high fluid intake in @entity1 with chronic @entity3617 and @entity565 . Is there a relationship between fluid intake or hydration status and @entity358 like @entity3617 and @entity565 ? First, basic physiologic mechanisms like regulation of lung fluid balance and water transport at pulmonary surfaces were analyzed, in order to characterize the role of local hydration status in lung and airways. Second, making use of the computer-based literature searches (PubMed), evidence for a role of hydration status in complex physiological and pathophysiological conditions of lungs and airways like perinatal lung adaptation (PLA) (in prematures), mucociliary clearance(MC) and @entity565 was categorized. The movement of fluid between the airspaces, interstitium, and vascular compartments in the lungs plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of hydration and protection of the lung epithelium and significantly contributes to a proper airway clearance. PLA is characterized by a rapid change from fluid secretion to fluid absorption in the distal respiratory tract, with the literature data confirming a critical role of the epithelial sodium channel. Only few studies have investigated the effect of different fluid input regimens on @entity1989 in prematures. MC relies on the interaction between epithelial water fluxes, mucus secretions, and ciliary activity. Whereas animal data show that drying of the airway epithelium decreases MC, few clinical studies investigating the effect of local or systemic hydration on MC have led to ambiguous results. Asthma (A) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and episodic @entity1224 . Data in animals and @entity1 indicate an association between exercise-induced-A and conditioning (humidity and heat exchange) of inspired air. However, epidemiological studies ( @entity1 and adults), investigating the role of fluid (and salt) input in the etiology of the disease as well as studies analyzing different markers of hydration status during @entity748 attacks have so far led to conflicting results. Some expert groups recommend sufficient hydration as a complementary A-therapy. Analysis of basic physiological mechanisms in lungs and airways clearly demonstrates a critical role for water transport and local hydration status. In @entity358 , however, analysis of the complex pathophysiological mechanisms is difficult. Thus, we still need more studies to confirm or refute mild @entity2700 as a risk factor of @entity358 .

title: Mild dehydration: a risk factor of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3617 :: ('MESH:D001991', 'Disease') :: ['bronchitis']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration or hypohydration']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['broncho-pulmonary diseases', 'broncho-pulmonary disorders']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['broncho-pulmonary disorders']


abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate and quantify fetal risks involved in the administration of @entity5 chemotherapy during gestation, as well as to assess the long-term effects on the exposed @entity1 . In this retrospective, cohort study, we reviewed the records of @entity1 aged 15 to 45 years with a diagnosis of @entity5 with malignant behavior at three reference services in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 1990 to 1997. All @entity1 with a diagnosis of pregnancy at any time during the course of the disease were selected, regardless of whether or not they received specific medication. Fetal outcomes of 14 pregnancies with chemotherapy exposure were compared to that of 15 control pregnancies in which these drugs were not used. Long-term follow-up of the exposed @entity1 was carried out. Fisher's exact test was used to compare the groups. Continuous variables were compared by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. We found an increased rate of prematurity (6/8 vs 2/10; RR: 3.75; CI: 1.02-13.8; P = 0.03) in the exposed group. There was a trend to an @entity5617 rate (4/12 vs 0/10; P = 0.07) in the group exposed to chemotherapy. No @entity600 were detected in any @entity1 , which can be related to our small sample size as well as to the fact that most exposures occurred after the first trimester of pregnancy. Other larger, controlled studies are needed to establish the actual risk related to @entity5 chemotherapy during pregnancy.

title: Assessment of fetal risk associated with exposure to XXXX chemotherapy during pregnancy: a multicenter study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy or benign tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity5617 :: ('MESH:D005313', 'Disease') :: ['increased fetal death']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Diagnosing @entity1071 on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) can be challenging due to variable cellularity and lack of architecture. Ancillary studies often are required for diagnosis. @entity706 ( @entity706 ) is characterized by a monoclonal B-cell proliferation with coexpression of @entity1075 / @entity2282 and a t(14;18)(q32;q21) reciprocal translocation, resulting in the immunoglobulin heavy chain/ @entity588 fusion gene. These features also can be found, with much lower frequency, in diffuse large @entity1892 (DLBCL) of follicle center cell origin. The objective of the current study was to compare the accuracy in detecting @entity706 and DLBCL of follicle center cell origin by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH) versus flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCM) on FNAs. METHODS: Concurrent testing by FISH for t(14;18)(q32;q21) and FCM was performed on 84 FNAs, including 40 FLs and 44 non-FLs (de novo DLBCLs, @entity1073 , @entity1072 / @entity1072 [SLLs/CLLs], small @entity1892 , and @entity12293 ). The final diagnosis was rendered based on the combined information from cytomorphology, FCM, FISH, immunocytochemical staining for Ki-67, monoclonality for kappa and lambda light chains, and, if available, corresponding tissue biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS: Among 40 FLs, FISH produced positive results for the t(14;18) translocation in 85.0%, negative results in 7.5%, and insufficient results in 7.5%; whereas, with FCM, 75% of cases exhibited a @entity1075 -positive ( @entity1075 +)/ @entity2282 + population (28 monoclonal, 2 nonclonal), 12.5% of cases exhibited a @entity1075 +/ @entity2282 -negative population (3 monoclonal, 2 nonclonal), and 12.5% of cases were insufficient. All of nonclonal results from FCM and all of the insufficient results from FCM analysis exhibited unequivocal t(14;18) translocation by FISH. In contrast, the three negative results and the three insufficient results from FISH were monoclonal and @entity1075 +/ @entity2282 + on FCM. The results from FISH and FCM were concordant in 75% cases. Of 44 non-FLs, FISH produced positive results for the t(14;18) translocation in 5 DLBCLs and 2 SLLs/CLLs. The latter showed single fusion signals just above the cutoff level. All cases in the non- @entity706 group that failed to show clonality or had insufficient results from FCM were DLBCLs. Among 17 DLBCLs, FISH detected a t(14;18) translocation in 29.4%, whereas FCM demonstrated a @entity1075 +/ @entity2282 + population in 23.5%. CONCLUSIONS: I-FISH for the t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation provided high overall accuracy in detecting FLs on FNAs. This test can be used for diagnosing or monitoring @entity706 on FNAs when cellularity is limited or when FCM results are noncontributory. For detecting a follicle center cell origin in DLBCLs, I-FISH for the t(14;18) translocation appeared to be slightly more sensitive than FCM for the @entity1075 +/ @entity2282 + immunophenotype.

title: Evaluation of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization for the t(14;18)(q32;q21) translocation in the diagnosis of XXXX on fine-needle aspirates: a comparison with flow cytometry immunophenotyping.

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoproliferative disorders']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['FL', 'Follicular lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemias', 'small lymphocytic lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas', 'B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1073 :: ('MESH:D020522', 'Disease') :: ['mantle cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity12293 :: ('MESH:D019310', 'Disease') :: ['reactive lymphoid hyperplasias']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['follicular lymphoma']


abstract: Three hundred cases of invasive @entity0 from the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria were subjected to evaluation of proliferative activity by mitotic counts. The prognostic significance and association with other prognostic factors were evaluated. The mitotic activity was expressed as mitotic activity index (MAI), and standardized mitotic index (SMI). Pearson's correlation and univariate and multivariate Cox's regression were used. The mean follow-up time was 25.9 months. The mean values of SMI and MAI were 42.6 mitotic figures per square millimeter and 30.5 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields, respectively, and these were much higher than values reported for Europe or other Western countries. The SMI had a positive correlation with @entity5 size (r = 0.31, P <.0001), histologic grade (r = 0.68, P <.0001), nuclear area (r = 0.45, P <.0001), and negative correlation with fraction of @entity2194 ( @entity2194 ; r = -0.56, P = <0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in the mitotic activity between the postmenopausal and the premenopausal @entity1 . Also, lymph node-positive @entity1 had higher counts than did lymph node-negative @entity1 . Earlier determined grading associated decision thresholds divided the @entity1 into groups of favorable and unfavorable prognosis. However, the statistically optimal thresholds for Nigerian material were different (32 and 92 mitotic figures per square millimeter for SMI). @entity5 size of 5 cm, SMI, and MAI were independent prognostic factors. Nigerian @entity0 are high-grade, high-stage, and high-proliferating @entity5 occurring in a younger population than those of the Western countries. Proliferation is also more active. Evaluation of SMI or MAI can improve the distinction between aggressive and @entity0 .

title: Proliferation in African @entity0 : biology and prognostication in nigerian XXXX material.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['FTD', 'fields with tubular differentiation']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancers', 'less aggressive variants of breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Three hundred cases of invasive @entity0 from the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria were subjected to evaluation of proliferative activity by mitotic counts. The prognostic significance and association with other prognostic factors were evaluated. The mitotic activity was expressed as mitotic activity index (MAI), and standardized mitotic index (SMI). Pearson's correlation and univariate and multivariate Cox's regression were used. The mean follow-up time was 25.9 months. The mean values of SMI and MAI were 42.6 mitotic figures per square millimeter and 30.5 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields, respectively, and these were much higher than values reported for Europe or other Western countries. The SMI had a positive correlation with @entity5 size (r = 0.31, P <.0001), histologic grade (r = 0.68, P <.0001), nuclear area (r = 0.45, P <.0001), and negative correlation with fraction of @entity2194 ( @entity2194 ; r = -0.56, P = <0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in the mitotic activity between the postmenopausal and the premenopausal @entity1 . Also, lymph node-positive @entity1 had higher counts than did lymph node-negative @entity1 . Earlier determined grading associated decision thresholds divided the @entity1 into groups of favorable and unfavorable prognosis. However, the statistically optimal thresholds for Nigerian material were different (32 and 92 mitotic figures per square millimeter for SMI). @entity5 size of 5 cm, SMI, and MAI were independent prognostic factors. Nigerian @entity0 are high-grade, high-stage, and high-proliferating @entity5 occurring in a younger population than those of the Western countries. Proliferation is also more active. Evaluation of SMI or MAI can improve the distinction between aggressive and @entity0 .

title: Proliferation in African XXXX : biology and prognostication in nigerian @entity0 material.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Hydrolyzed gluten could be a suitable alternative to animal proteins in the wine clarification process, but the residual proteins could constitute a risk for subjects suffering from @entity1593 or @entity566 to cereals. The aim of this study was to investigate possible traces of gluten in treated wine and to assess its antigenicity in commercial products. The presence of gluten in treated wine was evaluated by an electrophoretic method [ @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis ( @entity214 -PAGE)] and its immunoreactivity was evaluated by immunoblotting. No traces of protein were found in untreated samples. A small quantity of protein was detected in treated wine but this produced no significant immunochemical reaction. In an experimental clarification process, a protein fraction was detectable in untreated samples and in the first stages of the clarification process. However, there was no significant gluten-associated immunochemical reaction in clarified wine samples, confirming strong binding between the clarifying agent and the phenolic fraction. In conclusion, the clarifying process strongly reduced the amount of protein material, at least in red wines. Under the most restrictive tests of the presence of gluten in the product, the predictable residue of gluten in wine was safe for celiac subjects. For allergic subjects the data are less conclusive because there is no known limit for @entity56 , but clear labeling of the method of treating the wine should also protect this group of consumers.

title: Evaluation by XXXX -Page and immunoblotting of residual antigenicity in gluten-treated wine: a preliminary study.

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['celiac disease']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecylsulfate']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reactions']

answer: @entity214 :: (CHEBI:8984,Chemical) :: ['SDS']


abstract: By sequencing the DNA regions which flank the intG gene encoding integrase of the temperate @entity24046 (Lb.) gasseri @entity70663 , a continuous sequence of 6590 bp was established. It encompasses five newly identified ORFs, of which four are located upstream, and one (orfC) downstream of intG. Proteins corresponding to the expected products of the intG upstream coding regions, orfA (33 kDa), orf2 (14 kDa), rad (12.1 kDa), and tec (7.9 kDa), were identified by in vitro expression of subcloned DNA fragments. Rad shares homology with transcription regulators, including SinR of Bacillus species and the repressor of @entity10753 . The gporf2 is similar to predicted products of topologically equivalent coding regions of the @entity7878 phage TP901-1 and the @entity3881 phage @entity10753 . Promoters for the divergently oriented rad and tec genes were mapped within the 435-bp region between them and specify overlapping transcripts with extended 5'-untranslated sequences. As shown with lacZ fusions, Rad repressed transcription from the tec and rad promoters 20- and 5-fold, respectively. In Lb. gasseri, weak expression of cloned rad ws sufficient to mediate immunity towards phiadh.

title: Structure of a genome region of the XXXX temperate phage phiadh covering a repressor gene and cognate promoters.

entities_list: @entity24046 :: ('1596', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus']

entities_list: @entity70663 :: ('12417', 'Species') :: ['bacteriophage phiadh']

entities_list: @entity7878 :: ('1358', 'Species') :: ['Lactococcus lactis']

answer: @entity24046 :: (1596,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus gasseri']


abstract: @entity1641 pituitary extract (EPE) has been reported to induce heightened follicular development in mares, but the response is inconsistent and lower than results obtained in ruminants undergoing standard superovulatory protocols. Three separate experiments were conducted to improve the ovarian response to EPE by evaluating: (1) effect of increasing the frequency or dose of EPE treatment; (2) use of a potent gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist ( @entity1176 -a) prior to EPE stimulation; (3) administration of EPE twice daily in successively decreasing doses. In the first experiment, 50 mares were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups. Mares received (1) 25 mg EPE once daily; (2) 50 mg EPE once daily; (3) 12.5 mg EPE twice daily; or (4) 25 mg EPE twice daily. All mares began EPE treatment 5 days after detection of ovulation and received a single dose of @entity2669 7 days postovulation. EPE was discontinued once half of a cohort of follicles reached a diameter of >35 mm and hCG was administered. Mares receiving 50 mg of EPE once daily developed a greater number (P = 0.008) of preovulatory follicles than the remaining groups of EPE-treated mares, and more (P = 0.06) ovulations were detected for mares receiving 25 mg EPE twice daily compared to those receiving either 25 mg EPE once daily and 12.5 mg EPE twice daily. Embryo recovery per mare was greater (P = 0.05) in the mares that received 12.5 mg EPE twice daily than those that received 25 mg EPE once daily. In Experiment 2, 20 randomly selected mares received either 25 mg EPE twice daily beginning 5 days after a spontaneous ovulation, or two doses of a @entity1176 -a agonist upon detection of a follicle >35 mm and 25 mg EPE twice daily beginning 5 days after ovulation. Twenty-four hours after administration of hCG, oocytes were recovered by transvaginal aspiration from all follicles >35 mm. No differences were observed between groups in the numbers of preovulatory follicles generated (P = 0.54) and oocytes recovered (P = 0.40) per mare. In Experiment 3, 18 mares were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. Then, 6-11 days after ovulation, mares were administered a dose of PGF2, and concomitantly began twice-daily treatments with EPE given in successively declining doses, or a dose of PGF2alpha, but no EPE treatment. Mares administered EPE developed a higher (P = 0.0004) number of follicles > or = 35 mm, experienced more (P = 0.02) ovulations, and yielded a greater (P = 0.0006) number of embryos than untreated mares. In summary, doubling the dose of EPE generated a greater ovarian response, while increasing the frequency of treatment, but not necessarily the dose, improved embryo collection. Additionally, pretreatment with a @entity1176 -a prior to ovarian stimulation did not enhance the response to EPE or oocyte recovery rates.

title: Strategies to improve the ovarian response to XXXX pituitary extract in cyclic mares.

entities_list: @entity2669 :: ('MESH:D003008', 'Chemical') :: ['cloprostenol sodium']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['equine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: There is limited available research measuring the cost-effectiveness of @entity602 ( @entity602 ), compared with best medical treatment/conventional @entity158 therapy ( @entity1191 ). The purpose of this study was to tabulate the actual costs (in Canadian dollars) for a consecutive series of @entity1 treated with @entity602 in a constant health care delivery environment and to compare the costs with those for a control group treated in the same controlled environment. METHODS: We present a consecutive series of 104 @entity1 with @entity11252 . Within this group, 60 @entity1 underwent @entity602 electrode implantation, whereas 44 @entity1 were designated as control subjects. We monitored these @entity1 for a 5-year period and tabulated the actual costs incurred in diagnostic imaging, professional fees paid to physicians, implantation (including the costs for hardware), nursing visits for maintenance of the stimulators, physiotherapy, chiropractic treatments, massage therapy, and hospitalization for treatment of @entity158 . From these data, the cumulative costs for each group were calculated for a 5-year period. An analysis of Oswestry questionnaire results was also performed, to evaluate the effects of treatment on the quality of life. RESULTS: The actual mean cumulative cost for @entity602 therapy for a 5-year period was  29,123/ @entity1 , compared with  38,029 for @entity1191 . The cost of treatment for the @entity602 group was greater than that for the @entity1191 group in the first 2.5 years. The costs of treating @entity1 with @entity602 became less than those for @entity1191 after that period and remained so during the rest of the follow-up period. In addition, 15% of @entity602 -treated @entity1 were able to return to employment, because of superior @entity158 control and lower drug intake. No @entity1 in the control group were able to return to employment of any kind. CONCLUSION: @entity602 is cost-effective in the long term, despite the initial high costs of the implantable devices.

title: Treatment of chronic pain with XXXX versus alternative therapies: cost-effectiveness analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord stimulation', 'SCS']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['breakthrough pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity11252 :: ('MESH:D055111', 'Disease') :: ['failed back syndrome']

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['spinal cord stimulation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The treatment of @entity438 is a challenge because of the limitations and difficulty of direct surgical clipping and endovascular coiling. We describe the indications, surgical technique, and complications of saphenous vein extracranial-to-intracranial bypass grafting followed by acute parent vessel occlusion in the management of these difficult lesions. METHODS: Between January 1990 and December 1999, 29 @entity1 with @entity438 underwent 30 saphenous vein bypass grafts followed by immediate parent vessel occlusion. There were 11 @entity1 and 18 @entity1 with a mean follow-up period of 62 months. Twenty-five @entity1 harbored @entity439 involving the internal carotid artery, 2 had @entity438 , and 2 had @entity439 in the basilar artery. Serial cerebral or magnetic resonance angiograms were obtained to assess graft patency and @entity439 . RESULTS: All 30 @entity439 were excluded from the cerebral circulation, with 28 vein grafts remaining patent. Two @entity1 had graft occlusions: one because of poor runoff and the other because of misplacement of a cranial pin during a bypass procedure on the contralateral side. Other surgical complications included one @entity204 from a large @entity385 , @entity1805 from @entity715 of an anterior choroidal artery after internal carotid artery occlusion, and @entity1269 from a presumed perforator @entity715 adjacent to a basilar @entity439 . CONCLUSION: With appropriate attention to surgical technique, a saphenous vein extracranial-to-intracranial bypass followed by acute parent vessel occlusion is a safe and effective method of treating @entity438 . A high rate of graft patency and adequate cerebral blood flow can be achieved. @entity715 of perforating arteries caused by altered blood flow hemodynamics after parent vessel occlusion may be a continuing source of complications.

title: Treatment of XXXX with saphenous vein extracranial-to-intracranial bypass grafting: indications, operative technique, and results in 29 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery aneurysms', 'giant intracranial aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['temporary hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity1805 :: ('MESH:D006423', 'Disease') :: ['homonymous hemianopsia']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm obliteration', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis', 'Thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['giant intracranial aneurysms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The treatment of @entity438 is a challenge because of the limitations and difficulty of direct surgical clipping and endovascular coiling. We describe the indications, surgical technique, and complications of saphenous vein extracranial-to-intracranial bypass grafting followed by acute parent vessel occlusion in the management of these difficult lesions. METHODS: Between January 1990 and December 1999, 29 @entity1 with @entity438 underwent 30 saphenous vein bypass grafts followed by immediate parent vessel occlusion. There were 11 @entity1 and 18 @entity1 with a mean follow-up period of 62 months. Twenty-five @entity1 harbored @entity439 involving the internal carotid artery, 2 had @entity438 , and 2 had @entity439 in the basilar artery. Serial cerebral or magnetic resonance angiograms were obtained to assess graft patency and @entity439 . RESULTS: All 30 @entity439 were excluded from the cerebral circulation, with 28 vein grafts remaining patent. Two @entity1 had graft occlusions: one because of poor runoff and the other because of misplacement of a cranial pin during a bypass procedure on the contralateral side. Other surgical complications included one @entity204 from a large @entity385 , @entity1805 from @entity715 of an anterior choroidal artery after internal carotid artery occlusion, and @entity1269 from a presumed perforator @entity715 adjacent to a basilar @entity439 . CONCLUSION: With appropriate attention to surgical technique, a saphenous vein extracranial-to-intracranial bypass followed by acute parent vessel occlusion is a safe and effective method of treating @entity438 . A high rate of graft patency and adequate cerebral blood flow can be achieved. @entity715 of perforating arteries caused by altered blood flow hemodynamics after parent vessel occlusion may be a continuing source of complications.

title: Treatment of @entity438 with saphenous vein extracranial-to-intracranial bypass grafting: indications, operative technique, and results in 29 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: @entity2736 (" @entity5013 ossificans") is among the least frequently encountered reactive lesions in peripheral nerves. Only two cases have been described previously, one in the median nerve of a 34-year-old @entity1 , and the other in the ulnar nerve of an adult @entity1 . The architecture of this lesion is distinctly zonal. Consisting of a central fibroblastic core, an intervening zone of osteoid production, and a peripheral layer of ossification, the pattern is remarkably similar to that of @entity5323 . This similarity and the occurrence of the process in superficial nerves have led to speculation that @entity130 plays a role in its pathogenesis; this hypothesis remains unproved. We describe two additional cases of @entity5013 ossificans. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: One @entity1 , a 41-year-old @entity1 , experienced @entity158 and @entity1183 in the left leg for several months but had no history of local @entity130 . A mass was detected in the saphenous nerve. The second @entity1 , a 16-year-old @entity1 , noted subacute onset of @entity158 in the popliteal fossa and decreased sensation in the distribution of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve. A mass was found within the tibial nerve at the knee level. INTERVENTION: In each @entity1 , resection of the mass required sacrifice of a segment of the nerve. CONCLUSION: In each @entity1 , the mass was composed of fibrovascular tissue with @entity79 arranged in a zonal pattern. The ossifying process was intraneural but encased rather than directly involving nerve fascicles. These exceptionally intact examples of @entity5013 ossificans underscore its resemblance to @entity5323 . Nerve-sparing resection of such masses is not always possible.

title: Heterotopic ossification of peripheral nerve (" XXXX ossificans"): report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient', 'boy', 'man']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['osteoid and bone deposition']

entities_list: @entity5323 :: ('MESH:D009221', 'Disease') :: ['myositis ossificans']

entities_list: @entity2736 :: ('MESH:D009999', 'Disease') :: ['Heterotopic ossification']

answer: @entity5013 :: (MESH:D009443,Disease) :: ['neuritis']


abstract: Several studies suggest that @entity9140 ( @entity9140 ) can exacerbate @entity410 development during @entity4889 (S.E.) and subsequent epileptogenesis in the adult brain. On the other hand, evidence exists for the protective effect of @entity9140 . To study this controversy, we induced S.E. with @entity4176 in @entity19 with increased @entity9140 signaling due to @entity26304 overexpression. @entity19 experienced a more severe S.E. than wild type animals did. Furthermore, they had increased acute hippocampal neuronal loss when assessed at 48 h after S.E. The effect of @entity26304 overexpression on the development of @entity302 , chronic @entity528 , mossy fiber sprouting, and neurogenesis were studied at 4.5 months after @entity4176 -induced S.E. No differences were found in the rate of epileptogenesis, severity of @entity302 , or cellular markers of network reorganization between transgenic and wild type @entity19 . No differences between genotypes were observed in @entity45770 staining, indicating no effect of @entity26304 overexpression to immature neuron numbers. Instead, in Cresyl Violet-stained preparations, the highest density of neurons was found in untreated @entity19 suggesting a favorable effect of @entity26304 overexpression on the survival of neurons in the hippocampus. Our data support the role of @entity9140 and @entity26304 signaling in @entity410 generation and acute cellular damage after S.E. Long-term outcome was not, however, exacerbated by @entity26304 overexpression.

title: Exacerbated @entity4889 and acute cell loss, but no changes in epileptogenesis, in @entity19 with increased XXXX signaling.

entities_list: @entity9140 :: ('12064(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['brain-derived neurotrophic factor', 'BDNF']

entities_list: @entity4889 :: ('MESH:D018455', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Transgenic mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death']

answer: @entity9140 :: (12064(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['brain-derived neurotrophic factor']


abstract: Several studies suggest that @entity9140 ( @entity9140 ) can exacerbate @entity410 development during @entity4889 (S.E.) and subsequent epileptogenesis in the adult brain. On the other hand, evidence exists for the protective effect of @entity9140 . To study this controversy, we induced S.E. with @entity4176 in @entity19 with increased @entity9140 signaling due to @entity26304 overexpression. @entity19 experienced a more severe S.E. than wild type animals did. Furthermore, they had increased acute hippocampal neuronal loss when assessed at 48 h after S.E. The effect of @entity26304 overexpression on the development of @entity302 , chronic @entity528 , mossy fiber sprouting, and neurogenesis were studied at 4.5 months after @entity4176 -induced S.E. No differences were found in the rate of epileptogenesis, severity of @entity302 , or cellular markers of network reorganization between transgenic and wild type @entity19 . No differences between genotypes were observed in @entity45770 staining, indicating no effect of @entity26304 overexpression to immature neuron numbers. Instead, in Cresyl Violet-stained preparations, the highest density of neurons was found in untreated @entity19 suggesting a favorable effect of @entity26304 overexpression on the survival of neurons in the hippocampus. Our data support the role of @entity9140 and @entity26304 signaling in @entity410 generation and acute cellular damage after S.E. Long-term outcome was not, however, exacerbated by @entity26304 overexpression.

title: Exacerbated XXXX and acute cell loss, but no changes in epileptogenesis, in @entity19 with increased @entity9140 signaling.

answer: @entity4889 :: (MESH:D018455,Disease) :: ['status epilepticus']


abstract: Several studies suggest that @entity9140 ( @entity9140 ) can exacerbate @entity410 development during @entity4889 (S.E.) and subsequent epileptogenesis in the adult brain. On the other hand, evidence exists for the protective effect of @entity9140 . To study this controversy, we induced S.E. with @entity4176 in @entity19 with increased @entity9140 signaling due to @entity26304 overexpression. @entity19 experienced a more severe S.E. than wild type animals did. Furthermore, they had increased acute hippocampal neuronal loss when assessed at 48 h after S.E. The effect of @entity26304 overexpression on the development of @entity302 , chronic @entity528 , mossy fiber sprouting, and neurogenesis were studied at 4.5 months after @entity4176 -induced S.E. No differences were found in the rate of epileptogenesis, severity of @entity302 , or cellular markers of network reorganization between transgenic and wild type @entity19 . No differences between genotypes were observed in @entity45770 staining, indicating no effect of @entity26304 overexpression to immature neuron numbers. Instead, in Cresyl Violet-stained preparations, the highest density of neurons was found in untreated @entity19 suggesting a favorable effect of @entity26304 overexpression on the survival of neurons in the hippocampus. Our data support the role of @entity9140 and @entity26304 signaling in @entity410 generation and acute cellular damage after S.E. Long-term outcome was not, however, exacerbated by @entity26304 overexpression.

title: Exacerbated @entity4889 and acute cell loss, but no changes in epileptogenesis, in XXXX with increased @entity9140 signaling.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: We found that @entity30716 is targeted to the surface of lipid droplets (Fujimoto, T., Kogo, H., Ishiguro, K., Tauchi, K., and Nomura, R. (2001) J. Cell Biol. 152, 1079-1085) and hypothesized that the lipid droplet surface is a kind of membrane. To elucidate the characteristics of the lipid droplet surface, we isolated lipid droplets from HepG2 cells and analyzed them by cryoelectron microscopy and by mass spectrometry. By use of cryoelectron microscopy at the stage temperature of 4.2 K, the lipid droplet surface was observed as a single line without any fixation or staining, indicating the presence of a single layer of phospholipids. This result appeared consistent with the hypothesis that the lipid droplet surface is derived from the cytoplasmic leaflet of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and may be continuous to it. However, mass spectrometry revealed that the @entity844 composition of @entity2434 and @entity6579 in lipid droplets is different from that of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ample presence of free @entity165 in lipid droplets also suggests that their surface is differentiated from the bulk endoplasmic reticulum membrane. On the other hand, although caveolin-2beta and adipose differentiation-related protein, both localizing in lipid droplets, were enriched in the low density floating fraction, the @entity844 composition of the fraction was distinct from lipid droplets. Collectively, the result indicates that the lipid droplet surface is a hemi-membrane or a phospholipid monolayer containing @entity165 but is compositionally different from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane or the @entity8483 / @entity165 -rich microdomain.

title: The surface of lipid droplets is a phospholipid monolayer with a unique XXXX composition.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity8483 :: ('CHEBI:26739', 'Chemical') :: ['sphingolipid']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity844 :: (CHEBI:35366,Chemical) :: ['Fatty Acid']


abstract: @entity1457 proteins (HSP) play a central role in the protection of cells, tissues or organs subjected to various types of stressors. Different nutrients have been recently shown to exert their protection through the induction of HSP. Because these nutrients alleviate alterations of the intestine after weaning in @entity1707 , this study was designed to obtain basic information on the expression of @entity19456 , @entity1457 cognate 70 (HSC 70), @entity19457 and @entity4229 along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of young @entity1707 and to study the effect of weaning on this expression. @entity1707 were weaned at 28 or 21 d and slaughtered at various times postweaning. All HSP were expressed in the GIT segments studied before and after weaning. However, the expression of @entity19456 and @entity19457 was transiently increased in the stomach and duodenum between 6 and 12 h postweaning and between 24 and 48 h in the mid-jejunum, ileum and colon. Their expressions were transiently decreased in the ileum. Expression of @entity4229 increased in the stomach and jejunum but decreased in the duodenum, ileum and colon. Similar results were obtained at both ages of weaning. We conclude that the HSP studied are present all along the gut of @entity1707 and that their expression is modulated through weaning according to spatial-temporal patterns. The modulation by nutrients of HSP and their protective role on the GIT remain to be investigated in @entity1707 .

title: Weaning affects the expression of XXXX proteins in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract of piglets.

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['Heat shock', 'heat shock']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cohort studies that evaluated the effect of aerobic endurance exercise on pulse wave velocity ( @entity122 ) and @entity121 ( @entity121 ) in adults. @entity121 and @entity122 were the most commonly used parameters for the assessment of arterial stiffness. The MEDLINE, Cochrane, ISI, and Ovid databases were searched between January 2000 and February 2015. A total of 1654 @entity1 in 26 RCTs and two cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis. In studies for which @entity122 was the outcome, aerobic endurance exercise had a significant effect on reducing @entity122 [-0.67, 95% CI -0.97, -0.38; I(2) =   89%; heterogeneity, P   <   0.0001]. Changes in peripheral arterial @entity122 were statistically greater than in central arterial @entity122 . In the RCTs for which @entity121 was the outcome, changes [-0.04, 95% CI -0.12, 0.04; I(2)    =   95%; heterogeneity, P   <   0.00001] in @entity121 did not reach statistical significance. In the two cohort studies, changes [-8.81, 95% CI -9.25, -8.37; I(2)    =   22%; heterogeneity, P   =   0.26] in @entity121 were statistically significant. Subgroup analysis indicated a longer duration aerobic exercise and a greater improvement in VO2max were associated with larger reductions in @entity122 . Reductions in @entity121 were observed in two cohort studies, but not in four RCTs.

title: The effects of aerobic endurance exercise on pulse wave velocity and XXXX in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intima media thickness']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['intima media thickness']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate a new type of self-sealing pars @entity2444 clinically and by means of ultrasound biomicroscopy and to compare the outcome with conventionally sutured sclerotomies. DESIGN: Prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial. METHODS: Twenty-one @entity1 underwent pars plana vitrectomy either with (control group) or without suturing (study group) at the Institute of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands, between January 1 and March 31, 2002. One day and 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively, the sclerotomy sites were studied by clinical examination and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Results were graded according to verbal descriptor scales. RESULTS: The study included 21 @entity1 scheduled for pars plana vitrectomy of one eye. Mean follow-up time was 6.5 weeks (range, 6-8). Three @entity1 were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining @entity1 , 12 had self-sealing @entity13949 and six were conventionally operated. No intraoperative complications occurred in any @entity1 and no @entity227 was observed. On the first day after surgery there was significantly more scleral dehiscence in the control group (P =.012). This divergence disappeared during the follow-up period. All other differences noticed were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel technique of sutureless wedge-shaped sclerotomy allows the creation of simple, reliable, and self-sealing pars plana openings. Clinical examination and assessment by ultrasound biomicroscopy showed results to be at least as safe as conventionally sutured sclerotomies. This new method allows stable intraoperative ocular pressure conditions and seems promising.

title: A novel technique for self-sealing, wedge-shaped pars XXXX and its features in ultrasound biomicroscopy and clinical outcome.

entities_list: @entity2444 :: ('MESH:D007873', 'Disease') :: ['plana sclerotomy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss or postoperative hypotony']

entities_list: @entity13949 :: ('MESH:C537350', 'Disease') :: ['wedge-sclerotomies']

answer: @entity2444 :: (MESH:D007873,Disease) :: ['plana sclerotomies']


abstract: The cell surface adhesion molecule @entity1453 coordinates leukocyte trafficking and is a costimulatory molecule for T cell activation. We developed a panel of mAbs that recognize activation epitopes on the @entity1454 subunit, and show that stimulation of T lymphocytes appears to be accompanied by a conformational change in a subpopulation of @entity1453 that does not require ligand binding. Activation epitope up-regulation requires divalent cations, is sensitive to cellular signal transduction events, and correlates with cell adhesion. In addition, the stimulated appearance of these activation epitopes is absent in cell lines from @entity1 with leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1/variant that has previously been shown to be defective in @entity1453 activation. Thus, these activation epitope Abs can be used to dissect signal transmission to @entity1454 . Evidence suggests that these @entity1454 activation epitopes are induced early in cellular activation and are independent of actin rearrangement necessary for avid adhesion. We have also determined that function-blocking @entity1454 Abs inhibit the induction of activation epitopes. One activation epitope Ab binds to a site on @entity1454 distinct from that of the blocking Abs, indicating that the blocking Abs suppress a conformational change in @entity1453 . We also find that these neoepitopes are present on @entity19466 with high affinity for @entity2071 and their binding is modulated in parallel with the affinity of @entity1453 for @entity2071 . Collectively, these neoepitope Abs identify a subpopulation of @entity1453 most likely with high affinity for @entity2071 and necessary for @entity1453 function.

title: XXXX activation epitopes induced by leukocyte activation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1454 :: (3689,Gene) :: ['CD18']


abstract: @entity778 causes @entity779 , @entity7643 , or @entity7643 . Mast cells have been speculated to play a role in DENV disease although their precise roles are unclear. In this study, we used mast cell-deficient Kit(W-sh/W-sh) @entity19 to investigate the involvement of mast cells after intradermal @entity778 . An approximately two- to three-fold higher level of DENV NS3 antigen was detected at the skin inoculation site in DENV-infected Kit(W-sh/W-sh) @entity19 than in DENV-infected @entity164 ( @entity164 ) @entity19 (using a dose of 1 * 10(9) plaque-forming units/ @entity19 ). Moreover, as an indicator of heightened pathogenesis, a more prolonged bleeding time was observed in DENV-infected Kit(W-sh/W-sh) @entity19 than in @entity164 @entity19 . Monocytes/macrophages are considered to be important targets for @entity778 , so we investigated the susceptibility and chemokine response of DENV-infected peritoneal macrophages from Kit(W-sh/W-sh) and @entity164 @entity19 both ex vivo and in vivo. There was a tendency for higher @entity778 and higher secretion of @entity1750 ( @entity1750 ) from peritoneal macrophages isolated from Kit(W-sh/W-sh) @entity19 than those from @entity164 @entity19 . In vivo studies using intradermal inoculation of DENV showed about twofold higher levels of infiltrating macrophages and @entity1750 ( @entity1750 ) at the inoculation site in both mock control and DENV-inoculated Kit(W-sh/W-sh) @entity19 than in corresponding @entity164 @entity19 . In summary, compared with @entity164 @entity19 , Kit(W-sh/W-sh) @entity19 show enhanced @entity778 and macrophage infiltration at the skin inoculation site as well as increased DENV-associated bleeding time. The results indicate an intriguing interplay between mast cells and tissue macrophages to restrict DENV replication in the skin.

title: Mast cell-macrophage dynamics in modulation of XXXX in skin.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['Dengue virus (DENV) infection', 'DENV infection']

entities_list: @entity7643 :: ('MESH:D019595', 'Disease') :: ['dengue shock syndrome', 'dengue haemorrhagic fever']

entities_list: @entity779 :: ('MESH:D003715', 'Disease') :: ['dengue fever']

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['dengue virus infection']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A single-blind randomized controlled trial of a leaflet developed for @entity1 with @entity1643 was compared with the usual general practitioner management of back @entity158 . OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of a @entity1 information leaflet on knowledge, attitude, behavior, and function. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Despite the commonality of back @entity158 in general practice, little evidence on the effectiveness of simple interventions such as leaflets and advice on self-management has been reported. On the basis of a five-stage needs analysis, a simple leaflet was developed that considered the views of @entity1 and health professionals. METHODS: For this study, 64 @entity1 with @entity615 were assigned to the leaflet or control group. The @entity1 were visited at home after 2 days, 2 weeks, then 3, 6, and 12 months, where they completed a range of self-report measures. Behavioral aspects were discretely recorded by a "blinded" researcher. Primary outcomes were knowledge, attitude, behavior, and function. RESULTS: In all, 272 home visits were undertaken. The findings show that at 2 weeks, knowledge about sitting posture was greater in the leaflet group (P = 0.006), which transferred to a behavioral difference (sitting with @entity1515 support) when @entity1 were unaware that they were being observed (P = 0.009). This difference remained significant at 3 months. @entity1 in the leaflet group also were better at maintaining a wide base of support when lifting a light object than the control subjects throughout all five assessments. There were no significant differences in the functional outcomes tested. CONCLUSIONS: This trial demonstrates that written advice for @entity1 can be a contributory factor in the initial general practitioner consultation because it may change aspects of knowledge and behavior. This has implications for the management of @entity615 , with potential health gain.

title: The back home trial: general practitioner-supported leaflets may change back XXXX behavior.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['acute low back pain']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['acute back pain']

entities_list: @entity1515 :: ('MESH:D008141', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar lordosis']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of standing imbalance and body posture in 71 able-bodied @entity1 and subjects with @entity1615 was conducted. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that postural parameters are related to standing stability parameters. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity85 not only modifies the shape of the trunk, but also changes the relations between body segments affecting posture in scoliotic @entity1 . These postural adaptations to the scoliotic curve progression could be linked in part to increased body sway in upright standing. This has not yet been related to specific postural parameters involving the head, trunk, and pelvis in nontreated @entity2112 . METHODS: The head, trunk, and pelvis orientations of each subject were measured by a Flock of Bird system. An AMTI force platform was used to assess quiet standing stability and to monitor the position and displacement of the center of pressure (COP). The center of mass (COM) excursion was estimated from a biomechanical model using force plate information only. Analyses of variance (ANOVAS) were performed to determine the statistical differences between the scoliotic and nonscoliotic subjects, and backward stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to identify any correlation between measures of quiet standing stability and body postural parameters RESULTS: The scoliotic group was characterized by a decrease in standing stability. There was an increase in the sway areas measured by the variations of the COP and COM. From the backward stepwise multiple regression analysis, it appears that for the able-bodied @entity1 , the body posture parameters were correlated only with the mean anteroposterior center of pressure (COP(AP)) position. For the scoliotic group, the sway areas and the mean position of the centers of pressure and the COP(AP)-COM(AP) were correlated significantly with body posture parameters. The higher COP-COM differences for the scoliotic group were attributed to a greater neuromuscular demand to maintain standing balance. The coefficients of correlation of the multiple regression analyses ranged from 0.64 to 0.85 for the nonscoliotic group and from 0.55 to 0.72 for the scoliotic group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of backward stepwise multiple correlations highlighted the interaction between several body parameters and their relation to standing stability in both able-bodied @entity1 and scoliotic subjects. The scoliotic group displayed a much larger number of correlations between standing stability and body posture parameters than the nonscoliotic group. Standing imbalance was related to altered body posture parameters measured in the frontal and horizontal planes only. Although the correlation coefficients were relatively high, factors other than body posture parameters appeared related to standing imbalance in @entity1615 . These findings support the concept of either a primary or a secondary dysfunction in the postural regulation system of scoliotic subjects.

title: Relations between standing stability and body posture parameters in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal deformity']

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

answer: @entity1615 :: (OMIM:181800,Disease) :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a rapidly emerging standard of care for staging the axilla in invasive @entity0 . Factors influencing success must be identified to understand the procedure's limitations and challenges. Increasing body mass with age has an inverse relationship to success. A proportion of @entity4298 biopsy @entity1 are both senior and overweight, so measurement of the body mass to age relationship is essential. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed mapping successes and failures in 2,495 @entity4298 biopsy procedures performed between September 1996 and June 2001. Clinical stage T1 N0 to T3 N0 @entity0 cases were included. We used a combined technique ( @entity4482 ) to detect SLNs. Failure was defined as the inability to identify any nodes with either blue dye or by in vivo counts. Body- mass index (BMI) for each @entity1 was measured by height and weight data (kg/m(2)), and cases were stratified by BMI and age. RESULTS: Among 2,495 cases, there were 62 failed and 2,433 successful mappings (failure rate = 2.48%). Mean age, weight, and BMI were significantly higher in the failure group. The success of @entity4298 biopsy was inversely related to BMI (r = -0.98, p = 0.002). When stratified by @entity1 age (< 50 versus > or =50 years), this relationship was more pronounced in the > or = 50 group. Multivariate analysis of age, weight, and BMI found age (p = 0.011) and BMI (p = 0.00001) to be predictive of @entity4298 mapping success, with weight alone not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing age and BMI do not appear to be contraindications for @entity4298 biopsy. Rather, surgeons should be aware that increasing body mass and age are potential risk factors for a failed procedure, in which case a completion axillary node dissection for staging is required.

title: Obesity influences outcome of sentinel lymph node biopsy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity4482 :: ('MESH:D018329', 'Disease') :: ['radioisotope and blue dye']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['early-stage breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4185 ( @entity4185 ) are the cornerstone of @entity565 treatment in @entity1 . However, there is considerable inter-individual variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity, leading to over- as well as undertreatment. A simple and fast test to predict glucocorticoid sensitivity would enable more tailored therapy in @entity1 with @entity565 . AIM: To study reproducibility and utility of an overnight 0.25  mg @entity619 suppression test (DST) with salivary @entity701 levels as marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity in asthmatic @entity1 . METHODS: 23 @entity1 with @entity12131 were recruited for two overnight 0.25  mg DST's, 1  month apart. RESULTS: Baseline @entity701 levels correlated well between both tests. However, @entity701 levels, change in @entity701 levels or fractional suppression of @entity701 levels after @entity619 did not correlate between the two tests. Bland-Altman plots showed that the difference in salivary @entity701 levels between @entity5482 of an individual @entity1 could go up to 12  nmol/l, which is a clinically relevant difference. @entity4185 dose did not correlate with baseline @entity701 levels, height and BMI SDS. CONCLUSION: The low-dose salivary DST test in its current form is not suitable for use in clinical practice in @entity1 with @entity565 , due to low reproducibility. Therefore, studies using the 0.25  mg salivary DST should be interpreted cautiously.

title: Reproducibility and utility of an overnight 0.25  mg @entity619 suppression test as a marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity12131 :: ('MESH:C565292', 'Disease') :: ['atopic asthma']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity4185 :: ('MESH:D058545', 'Disease') :: ['Inhaled corticosteroids', 'ICS']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4185 ( @entity4185 ) are the cornerstone of @entity565 treatment in @entity1 . However, there is considerable inter-individual variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity, leading to over- as well as undertreatment. A simple and fast test to predict glucocorticoid sensitivity would enable more tailored therapy in @entity1 with @entity565 . AIM: To study reproducibility and utility of an overnight 0.25  mg @entity619 suppression test (DST) with salivary @entity701 levels as marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity in asthmatic @entity1 . METHODS: 23 @entity1 with @entity12131 were recruited for two overnight 0.25  mg DST's, 1  month apart. RESULTS: Baseline @entity701 levels correlated well between both tests. However, @entity701 levels, change in @entity701 levels or fractional suppression of @entity701 levels after @entity619 did not correlate between the two tests. Bland-Altman plots showed that the difference in salivary @entity701 levels between @entity5482 of an individual @entity1 could go up to 12  nmol/l, which is a clinically relevant difference. @entity4185 dose did not correlate with baseline @entity701 levels, height and BMI SDS. CONCLUSION: The low-dose salivary DST test in its current form is not suitable for use in clinical practice in @entity1 with @entity565 , due to low reproducibility. Therefore, studies using the 0.25  mg salivary DST should be interpreted cautiously.

title: Reproducibility and utility of an overnight 0.25  mg XXXX suppression test as a marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity in @entity1 with @entity565 .

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity4185 ( @entity4185 ) are the cornerstone of @entity565 treatment in @entity1 . However, there is considerable inter-individual variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity, leading to over- as well as undertreatment. A simple and fast test to predict glucocorticoid sensitivity would enable more tailored therapy in @entity1 with @entity565 . AIM: To study reproducibility and utility of an overnight 0.25  mg @entity619 suppression test (DST) with salivary @entity701 levels as marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity in asthmatic @entity1 . METHODS: 23 @entity1 with @entity12131 were recruited for two overnight 0.25  mg DST's, 1  month apart. RESULTS: Baseline @entity701 levels correlated well between both tests. However, @entity701 levels, change in @entity701 levels or fractional suppression of @entity701 levels after @entity619 did not correlate between the two tests. Bland-Altman plots showed that the difference in salivary @entity701 levels between @entity5482 of an individual @entity1 could go up to 12  nmol/l, which is a clinically relevant difference. @entity4185 dose did not correlate with baseline @entity701 levels, height and BMI SDS. CONCLUSION: The low-dose salivary DST test in its current form is not suitable for use in clinical practice in @entity1 with @entity565 , due to low reproducibility. Therefore, studies using the 0.25  mg salivary DST should be interpreted cautiously.

title: Reproducibility and utility of an overnight 0.25  mg @entity619 suppression test as a marker for glucocorticoid sensitivity in XXXX with @entity565 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Copy number variations are a common cause of @entity717 ( @entity717 ). Determining the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs), particularly gains, to disease remains challenging. Here, we report four males with @entity717 with sub-microscopic duplications at Xp11.2 and review the few cases with overlapping duplications reported to date. We established the extent of the duplicated regions in each case encompassing a minimum of three known disease genes @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity49548 with one case also duplicating the known disease gene @entity38268 . @entity1 with a duplication encompassing @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity49548 without gains of nearby @entity24437 and @entity38268 genes have not been reported thus far. All cases presented with @entity717 and significant deficits of speech development. Some @entity1 also manifested behavioral disturbances such as @entity2915 and @entity71 . Lymphoblastic cell lines from @entity1 show markedly elevated levels of @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity24437 , transcripts consistent with the extent of their CNVs. The duplicated region in our @entity1 contains several genes known to escape X-inactivation, including @entity6631 , @entity49548 and @entity24437 . In silico analysis of expression data in selected gene expression omnibus series indicates that dosage of these genes, especially @entity49548 , is similar in males and females despite the fact they escape from X-inactivation in females. Taken together, the data suggest that gains in Xp11.22 including @entity49548 cause @entity717 and are associated with @entity2915 and @entity71 , and are likely to be dosage-sensitive in males.European Journal of @entity1 Genetics advance online publication, 10 June 2015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.123.

title: Xp11.2 microduplications including @entity49548 , @entity37923 and XXXX genes in @entity1 with neurodevelopmental disorders.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['ID', 'intellectual disability']

answer: @entity6631 :: (8242,Gene) :: ['KDM5C']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Copy number variations are a common cause of @entity717 ( @entity717 ). Determining the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs), particularly gains, to disease remains challenging. Here, we report four males with @entity717 with sub-microscopic duplications at Xp11.2 and review the few cases with overlapping duplications reported to date. We established the extent of the duplicated regions in each case encompassing a minimum of three known disease genes @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity49548 with one case also duplicating the known disease gene @entity38268 . @entity1 with a duplication encompassing @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity49548 without gains of nearby @entity24437 and @entity38268 genes have not been reported thus far. All cases presented with @entity717 and significant deficits of speech development. Some @entity1 also manifested behavioral disturbances such as @entity2915 and @entity71 . Lymphoblastic cell lines from @entity1 show markedly elevated levels of @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity24437 , transcripts consistent with the extent of their CNVs. The duplicated region in our @entity1 contains several genes known to escape X-inactivation, including @entity6631 , @entity49548 and @entity24437 . In silico analysis of expression data in selected gene expression omnibus series indicates that dosage of these genes, especially @entity49548 , is similar in males and females despite the fact they escape from X-inactivation in females. Taken together, the data suggest that gains in Xp11.22 including @entity49548 cause @entity717 and are associated with @entity2915 and @entity71 , and are likely to be dosage-sensitive in males.European Journal of @entity1 Genetics advance online publication, 10 June 2015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.123.

title: Xp11.2 microduplications including @entity49548 , @entity37923 and @entity6631 genes in XXXX with neurodevelopmental disorders.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Copy number variations are a common cause of @entity717 ( @entity717 ). Determining the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs), particularly gains, to disease remains challenging. Here, we report four males with @entity717 with sub-microscopic duplications at Xp11.2 and review the few cases with overlapping duplications reported to date. We established the extent of the duplicated regions in each case encompassing a minimum of three known disease genes @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity49548 with one case also duplicating the known disease gene @entity38268 . @entity1 with a duplication encompassing @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity49548 without gains of nearby @entity24437 and @entity38268 genes have not been reported thus far. All cases presented with @entity717 and significant deficits of speech development. Some @entity1 also manifested behavioral disturbances such as @entity2915 and @entity71 . Lymphoblastic cell lines from @entity1 show markedly elevated levels of @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity24437 , transcripts consistent with the extent of their CNVs. The duplicated region in our @entity1 contains several genes known to escape X-inactivation, including @entity6631 , @entity49548 and @entity24437 . In silico analysis of expression data in selected gene expression omnibus series indicates that dosage of these genes, especially @entity49548 , is similar in males and females despite the fact they escape from X-inactivation in females. Taken together, the data suggest that gains in Xp11.22 including @entity49548 cause @entity717 and are associated with @entity2915 and @entity71 , and are likely to be dosage-sensitive in males.European Journal of @entity1 Genetics advance online publication, 10 June 2015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.123.

title: Xp11.2 microduplications including @entity49548 , XXXX and @entity6631 genes in @entity1 with neurodevelopmental disorders.

answer: @entity37923 :: (64061,Gene) :: ['TSPYL2']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Copy number variations are a common cause of @entity717 ( @entity717 ). Determining the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs), particularly gains, to disease remains challenging. Here, we report four males with @entity717 with sub-microscopic duplications at Xp11.2 and review the few cases with overlapping duplications reported to date. We established the extent of the duplicated regions in each case encompassing a minimum of three known disease genes @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity49548 with one case also duplicating the known disease gene @entity38268 . @entity1 with a duplication encompassing @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity49548 without gains of nearby @entity24437 and @entity38268 genes have not been reported thus far. All cases presented with @entity717 and significant deficits of speech development. Some @entity1 also manifested behavioral disturbances such as @entity2915 and @entity71 . Lymphoblastic cell lines from @entity1 show markedly elevated levels of @entity37923 , @entity6631 and @entity24437 , transcripts consistent with the extent of their CNVs. The duplicated region in our @entity1 contains several genes known to escape X-inactivation, including @entity6631 , @entity49548 and @entity24437 . In silico analysis of expression data in selected gene expression omnibus series indicates that dosage of these genes, especially @entity49548 , is similar in males and females despite the fact they escape from X-inactivation in females. Taken together, the data suggest that gains in Xp11.22 including @entity49548 cause @entity717 and are associated with @entity2915 and @entity71 , and are likely to be dosage-sensitive in males.European Journal of @entity1 Genetics advance online publication, 10 June 2015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.123.

title: Xp11.2 microduplications including XXXX , @entity37923 and @entity6631 genes in @entity1 with neurodevelopmental disorders.

answer: @entity49548 :: (23096,Gene) :: ['IQSEC2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of intravenous @entity3264 ( @entity7647 ) administration on the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators in a @entity19 model of hind limb @entity63 /reperfusion (IR) injury. METHODS: There were 3 IR groups and 1 normal control (NC) group. The NC group did not undergo the IR procedure. @entity19 in the IR groups underwent 90 minutes of limb @entity63 followed by a variable period of reperfusion. @entity63 was performed by applying a 4.5-oz orthodontic rubber band to the left thigh. @entity19 in one IR group were sacrificed immediately after reperfusion. The other 2 IR groups were injected once with either 0.75 g @entity7647 /kg body weight (G group) or an equal volume of saline (S group) via tail vein before reperfusion. @entity19 in the S and G groups were subdivided and sacrificed at 4 or 24 hours after reperfusion. RESULTS: IR enhanced the inflammatory cytokine gene expressions in muscle. Also, plasma @entity777 levels, blood neutrophil percentage, and the adhesion molecule and chemokine receptors expressed by leukocytes were upregulated after reperfusion. The IR-induced muscle inflammatory mediator gene expressions, blood macrophage percentage, and plasma @entity777 concentration had declined at an early or a late phase of reperfusion when @entity7647 was administered. Histologic findings also found that @entity651 was attenuated during IR insult. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of @entity7647 administration immediately after sublethal lower limb @entity63 reduces the inflammatory reaction locally and systemically; this may offer local and distant organ protection in hind limb IR injury.

title: @entity3264 Administration After Sublethal Lower Limb @entity63 Reduces Inflammatory Reaction and Offers Organ Protection in XXXX /Reperfusion Injury.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['remote lung injury']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['Ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of intravenous @entity3264 ( @entity7647 ) administration on the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators in a @entity19 model of hind limb @entity63 /reperfusion (IR) injury. METHODS: There were 3 IR groups and 1 normal control (NC) group. The NC group did not undergo the IR procedure. @entity19 in the IR groups underwent 90 minutes of limb @entity63 followed by a variable period of reperfusion. @entity63 was performed by applying a 4.5-oz orthodontic rubber band to the left thigh. @entity19 in one IR group were sacrificed immediately after reperfusion. The other 2 IR groups were injected once with either 0.75 g @entity7647 /kg body weight (G group) or an equal volume of saline (S group) via tail vein before reperfusion. @entity19 in the S and G groups were subdivided and sacrificed at 4 or 24 hours after reperfusion. RESULTS: IR enhanced the inflammatory cytokine gene expressions in muscle. Also, plasma @entity777 levels, blood neutrophil percentage, and the adhesion molecule and chemokine receptors expressed by leukocytes were upregulated after reperfusion. The IR-induced muscle inflammatory mediator gene expressions, blood macrophage percentage, and plasma @entity777 concentration had declined at an early or a late phase of reperfusion when @entity7647 was administered. Histologic findings also found that @entity651 was attenuated during IR insult. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of @entity7647 administration immediately after sublethal lower limb @entity63 reduces the inflammatory reaction locally and systemically; this may offer local and distant organ protection in hind limb IR injury.

title: @entity3264 Administration After Sublethal Lower Limb XXXX Reduces Inflammatory Reaction and Offers Organ Protection in @entity63 /Reperfusion Injury.

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['Ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of intravenous @entity3264 ( @entity7647 ) administration on the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators in a @entity19 model of hind limb @entity63 /reperfusion (IR) injury. METHODS: There were 3 IR groups and 1 normal control (NC) group. The NC group did not undergo the IR procedure. @entity19 in the IR groups underwent 90 minutes of limb @entity63 followed by a variable period of reperfusion. @entity63 was performed by applying a 4.5-oz orthodontic rubber band to the left thigh. @entity19 in one IR group were sacrificed immediately after reperfusion. The other 2 IR groups were injected once with either 0.75 g @entity7647 /kg body weight (G group) or an equal volume of saline (S group) via tail vein before reperfusion. @entity19 in the S and G groups were subdivided and sacrificed at 4 or 24 hours after reperfusion. RESULTS: IR enhanced the inflammatory cytokine gene expressions in muscle. Also, plasma @entity777 levels, blood neutrophil percentage, and the adhesion molecule and chemokine receptors expressed by leukocytes were upregulated after reperfusion. The IR-induced muscle inflammatory mediator gene expressions, blood macrophage percentage, and plasma @entity777 concentration had declined at an early or a late phase of reperfusion when @entity7647 was administered. Histologic findings also found that @entity651 was attenuated during IR insult. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of @entity7647 administration immediately after sublethal lower limb @entity63 reduces the inflammatory reaction locally and systemically; this may offer local and distant organ protection in hind limb IR injury.

title: XXXX Administration After Sublethal Lower Limb @entity63 Reduces Inflammatory Reaction and Offers Organ Protection in @entity63 /Reperfusion Injury.

answer: @entity3264 :: (D018698,Chemical) :: ['Glutamine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore preferences of gastroenterologists for biosimilar drugs in @entity30 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Discrete choice experiment was carried out involving 51 Hungarian gastroenterologists in May 2014. The following attributes were used to describe hypothetical choice sets: 1) type of the treatment (biosimilar/originator), 2) severity of disease, 3) availability of continuous medicine supply, 4) frequency of the efficacy check-ups. Multinomial logit model was used to differentiate between three attitude types: 1) always opting for the originator, 2) willing to consider biosimilar for biological-na  ve @entity1 only, 3) willing to consider biosimilar treatment for both types of @entity1 . Conditional logit model was used to estimate the probabilities of choosing a given profile. RESULTS: @entity1 , senior consultants, working in @entity29 center and treating more @entity1 were more likely willing to consider biosimilar for biological-na  ve @entity1 only. Treatment type (originator/biosimilar) was the most important determinant of choice for @entity1 already treated with biologicals, and the availability of continuous medicine supply in case of biological-na  ve @entity1 . The probabilities of choosing the biosimilar with all the benefits offered over the originator under current reimbursement conditions are 89% versus 11% for new @entity1 , and 44% versus 56% for @entity1 already treated with biological. CONCLUSIONS: For gastroenterologist, the continuous medical supply would be one of the major benefits of biosimilars. However, benefits offered in the scenarios do not compensate for the change from the originator to the biosimilar treatment of @entity1 already treated with biologicals.

title: Treatment preferences of originator versus biosimilar drugs in XXXX ; discrete choice experiment among gastroenterologists.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Men']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: @entity14476 @entity281 was induced in 21 healthy SPF-derived @entity468 . Once @entity281 was established (4 weeks after inoculation) the @entity468 were divided into three equal groups housed in separate rooms and monitored for 16 weeks. During this time, group A @entity468 received oral @entity3101 at approximately 50 mg/kg daily and were shampooed twice weekly with a product containing @entity1216 and @entity5897 . Group B @entity468 were treated with @entity3101 alone, and group C @entity468 served as untreated controls. The @entity468 were examined on a weekly basis and the severity of lesions was scored semi-quantitatively. In addition, hair samples were collected from each cat on a weekly basis by the MacKenzie brush technique and by the sticky-tape method. A semi-quantitative scoring system was also used for the assessment of fungal ( @entity14476 ) growth. Generally, significant differences in clinical scores were not seen between the groups although at weeks 3, 4 and 11 there was a significant difference (P< or =0.015) with @entity468 in group A having significantly lower median scores than those in group C. Median times to clinical resolution (return of clinical scores to zero) in groups A, B and C were at treatment weeks 2, 9 and 12, respectively (P>0.05). Median times for mycological resolution (persistently negative culture results) for groups A, B and C were at treatment weeks 2, 9 and 12, respectively, for the MacKenzie brush technique and at weeks 4, 8 and 12 for the sticky-tape technique. For both these results, the groups differed significantly (P< or =0.001) and in both instances group A had significantly more rapid resolution than groups B or C. Median culture scores were significantly different between the three groups using one or both of the sampling techniques at week 2 through to week 12 of treatment with median scores for either group A alone, or groups A and B being significantly lower than group C (P< or =0.026). These results showed a benefit from the addition of twice-weekly @entity1216 - @entity5897 shampooing to systemic @entity3101 therapy alone in the treatment of @entity14476 infected @entity468 .

title: A study of the efficacy of topical and systemic therapy for the treatment of feline XXXX @entity281 .

entities_list: @entity1216 :: ('MESH:D002710', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine']

entities_list: @entity5897 :: ('MESH:D008825', 'Chemical') :: ['miconazole']

entities_list: @entity3101 :: ('MESH:D006118', 'Chemical') :: ['griseofulvin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity14476 :: ('63405', 'Species') :: ['M canis', 'Microsporum canis']

answer: @entity14476 :: (63405,Species) :: ['Microsporum canis']


abstract: @entity14476 @entity281 was induced in 21 healthy SPF-derived @entity468 . Once @entity281 was established (4 weeks after inoculation) the @entity468 were divided into three equal groups housed in separate rooms and monitored for 16 weeks. During this time, group A @entity468 received oral @entity3101 at approximately 50 mg/kg daily and were shampooed twice weekly with a product containing @entity1216 and @entity5897 . Group B @entity468 were treated with @entity3101 alone, and group C @entity468 served as untreated controls. The @entity468 were examined on a weekly basis and the severity of lesions was scored semi-quantitatively. In addition, hair samples were collected from each cat on a weekly basis by the MacKenzie brush technique and by the sticky-tape method. A semi-quantitative scoring system was also used for the assessment of fungal ( @entity14476 ) growth. Generally, significant differences in clinical scores were not seen between the groups although at weeks 3, 4 and 11 there was a significant difference (P< or =0.015) with @entity468 in group A having significantly lower median scores than those in group C. Median times to clinical resolution (return of clinical scores to zero) in groups A, B and C were at treatment weeks 2, 9 and 12, respectively (P>0.05). Median times for mycological resolution (persistently negative culture results) for groups A, B and C were at treatment weeks 2, 9 and 12, respectively, for the MacKenzie brush technique and at weeks 4, 8 and 12 for the sticky-tape technique. For both these results, the groups differed significantly (P< or =0.001) and in both instances group A had significantly more rapid resolution than groups B or C. Median culture scores were significantly different between the three groups using one or both of the sampling techniques at week 2 through to week 12 of treatment with median scores for either group A alone, or groups A and B being significantly lower than group C (P< or =0.026). These results showed a benefit from the addition of twice-weekly @entity1216 - @entity5897 shampooing to systemic @entity3101 therapy alone in the treatment of @entity14476 infected @entity468 .

title: A study of the efficacy of topical and systemic therapy for the treatment of feline @entity14476 XXXX .

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity67752 , the cytokine produced by white adipose tissue is known to regulate food energy homeostasis through its hypothalamic receptor. In vitro studies have demonstrated that @entity67752 plays a major role in angiogenesis through binding to the receptor Ob-R present on ECs by stimulating and initiating new capillary like structures from ECs. Various in vivo studies indicate that @entity67752 has diverse effect on angiogenesis. A few reports have showed that @entity67752 exerts pro angiogenic effects while some suggested that it has antiangiogenic potential. It is theoretically highly important to understand the effect of @entity67752 on angiogenesis to use as a therapeutic molecule in various angiogenesis related pathological conditions. @entity1573 @entity231 ( @entity231 ) on 9th day of incubation was incubated with 1, 3 and 5   g concentration of HRL for 72  h using gelatin sponge. Images where taken after every 24  h of incubation and analysed with Angioguant software. The treated area was observed under microscope and histological evaluation was performed for the same. Tissue thickness was calculated morphometrically from @entity6175 and @entity1711 stained cross sections. Reverse transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry were also performed to study the gene and protein level expression of angiogenic molecules. RESULTS: HRL has the ability to induce new vessel formation at the treated area and growth of the newly formed vessels and cellular morphological changes occur in a dose dependent manner. Increase in the tissue thickness at the treated area is suggestive of initiation of new capillary like structures. Elevated mRNA and protein level expression of @entity1655 and @entity47003 along with the activation of ECs as demonstrated by the presence of @entity70664 expression supports the neovascularization potential of HRL. CONCLUSION: Angiogenic potential of HRL depends on the concentration and time of incubation and is involved in the activation of ECs along with the major interaction of @entity1655 and @entity47003 . It is also observed that 3   g of HRL exhibits maximum angiogenic potential at 72  h of incubation. Thus our data suggest that dose dependent angiogenic potential HRL could provide a novel role in angiogenic dependent therapeutics such as @entity63 and wound healing conditions.

title: In ovo administration of human recombinant leptin shows dose dependent angiogenic effect on XXXX chorioallantoic membrane.

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['CAM', 'chorio allantoic membrane']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity6175 :: ('CHEBI:5601', 'Chemical') :: ['haematoxylin']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity75 and @entity194 increase with age and @entity101 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship of age and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) to @entity1010 in healthy elderly individuals. METHODS: MRI volume measurements (normalized to intracranial volume) were taken of total brain and lateral and third ventricles in 155 healthy @entity1 and @entity1 who went through extensive medical examinations. Younger (56 to 66 years old) and older (67 to 80 years old) subgroups were compared on casual and 24-hour ambulatory BP values and MRI volume measurements. RESULTS: Older subjects had smaller brain volumes and larger lateral and third ventricles. Compared with @entity1 , @entity1 had larger lateral and third ventricles. With age controlled for, greater sleep systolic BP (SBP) variability was associated with smaller brain volumes; greater waking and @entity551 variability were associated with larger lateral and third ventricles. Subjects with higher casual and waking SBP and waking diastolic BP had larger lateral ventricles. Among older subjects, only those with elevated SBP had smaller brain volumes and larger lateral ventricles. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that if BP levels are within the upper normal range, even healthy individuals with no prior diagnosis of @entity101 are more likely to have @entity1010 than those with lower BP. Moreover, not only do BP level and variability relate to @entity1010 , but the combination of high level and greater variability shows an even stronger relationship to @entity1010 than either one of these variables alone.

title: Ambulatory blood pressure and XXXX in the healthy elderly.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity1010 :: ('MESH:C566985', 'Disease') :: ['brain atrophy']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['sleep SBP']

answer: @entity1010 :: (MESH:C566985,Disease) :: ['brain atrophy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1911 ( @entity1911 ) and sympathetic @entity1823 ( @entity1823 ) are @entity5 that produce @entity2661 , predisposing @entity1 to @entity65 and gastrointestinal effects such as @entity1142 . OBJECTIVES: 1. Determine the prevalence of @entity1142 , its risk factors, and its impact on survival. 2. Identify whether a systematic combination of fiber, water, and laxatives, was effective for treatment of @entity1142 . DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 396 @entity1 with PH/PG diagnosed in 2005-2014. The study population was @entity1 with @entity1142 as a presenting symptom; the control group, @entity1 without @entity1142 as a presenting symptom. The @entity601 Anderson Symptom Inventory was used to assess @entity1142 and quality of life. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity1 (6%) had @entity1142 . Constipation was associated with @entity10 , palpitations, diaphoresis, weight loss, and excessive @entity1063 production (p<0.0001). Eighteen of these @entity1 had non-metastatic @entity5 larger than 5 cm and/or extensive @entity3 . No statistically significant differences in age, sex, and genotype were noted between the study and control groups. In @entity1 without @entity3 , resection of the @entity5 led to symptom disappearance. A systematic combination of fiber, water, and laxatives was associated with symptom improvement. Two @entity1 who presented unmanaged @entity1142 died because of @entity295 from toxic megacolon. CONCLUSIONS: Constipation is a rare and potentially lethal complication in @entity1 with PH/ @entity1823 . Severe @entity1142 can be prevented by recognizing and treating mild symptoms.

title: Constipation: An Overlooked, Unmanaged Symptom of @entity1 with XXXX and @entity1823 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['PHs', 'Pheochromocytomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1823 :: ('MESH:D010235', 'Disease') :: ['PGs', 'paragangliomas']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1911 :: (MESH:D010673,Disease) :: ['Pheochromocytoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1911 ( @entity1911 ) and sympathetic @entity1823 ( @entity1823 ) are @entity5 that produce @entity2661 , predisposing @entity1 to @entity65 and gastrointestinal effects such as @entity1142 . OBJECTIVES: 1. Determine the prevalence of @entity1142 , its risk factors, and its impact on survival. 2. Identify whether a systematic combination of fiber, water, and laxatives, was effective for treatment of @entity1142 . DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 396 @entity1 with PH/PG diagnosed in 2005-2014. The study population was @entity1 with @entity1142 as a presenting symptom; the control group, @entity1 without @entity1142 as a presenting symptom. The @entity601 Anderson Symptom Inventory was used to assess @entity1142 and quality of life. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity1 (6%) had @entity1142 . Constipation was associated with @entity10 , palpitations, diaphoresis, weight loss, and excessive @entity1063 production (p<0.0001). Eighteen of these @entity1 had non-metastatic @entity5 larger than 5 cm and/or extensive @entity3 . No statistically significant differences in age, sex, and genotype were noted between the study and control groups. In @entity1 without @entity3 , resection of the @entity5 led to symptom disappearance. A systematic combination of fiber, water, and laxatives was associated with symptom improvement. Two @entity1 who presented unmanaged @entity1142 died because of @entity295 from toxic megacolon. CONCLUSIONS: Constipation is a rare and potentially lethal complication in @entity1 with PH/ @entity1823 . Severe @entity1142 can be prevented by recognizing and treating mild symptoms.

title: Constipation: An Overlooked, Unmanaged Symptom of @entity1 with @entity1911 and XXXX .

answer: @entity1823 :: (MESH:D010235,Disease) :: ['Sympathetic Paraganglioma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1911 ( @entity1911 ) and sympathetic @entity1823 ( @entity1823 ) are @entity5 that produce @entity2661 , predisposing @entity1 to @entity65 and gastrointestinal effects such as @entity1142 . OBJECTIVES: 1. Determine the prevalence of @entity1142 , its risk factors, and its impact on survival. 2. Identify whether a systematic combination of fiber, water, and laxatives, was effective for treatment of @entity1142 . DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 396 @entity1 with PH/PG diagnosed in 2005-2014. The study population was @entity1 with @entity1142 as a presenting symptom; the control group, @entity1 without @entity1142 as a presenting symptom. The @entity601 Anderson Symptom Inventory was used to assess @entity1142 and quality of life. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity1 (6%) had @entity1142 . Constipation was associated with @entity10 , palpitations, diaphoresis, weight loss, and excessive @entity1063 production (p<0.0001). Eighteen of these @entity1 had non-metastatic @entity5 larger than 5 cm and/or extensive @entity3 . No statistically significant differences in age, sex, and genotype were noted between the study and control groups. In @entity1 without @entity3 , resection of the @entity5 led to symptom disappearance. A systematic combination of fiber, water, and laxatives was associated with symptom improvement. Two @entity1 who presented unmanaged @entity1142 died because of @entity295 from toxic megacolon. CONCLUSIONS: Constipation is a rare and potentially lethal complication in @entity1 with PH/ @entity1823 . Severe @entity1142 can be prevented by recognizing and treating mild symptoms.

title: Constipation: An Overlooked, Unmanaged Symptom of XXXX with @entity1911 and @entity1823 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: In the @entity311 parasite @entity3964 , erythrocytic trophozoites hydrolyse haemoglobin to provide @entity1522 for parasite protein synthesis. @entity462 protease inhibitors block parasite haemoglobin hydrolysis and development, indicating that @entity462 proteases are required for these processes. Three papain-family @entity462 protease sequences have been identified in the @entity3964 genome, but the specific roles of their gene products and other plasmodial proteases in haemoglobin hydrolysis are uncertain. @entity1605 was recently identified as a principal trophozoite @entity462 protease and potential drug target. The present study characterizes the related @entity3964 @entity462 protease @entity3354 . As is the case with @entity1605 , @entity3354 is expressed by trophozoites and appears to be located within the food vacuole, the site of haemoglobin hydrolysis. Both proteases require a reducing environment and acidic pH for optimal activity, and both prefer peptide substrates with @entity368 at the P(2) position. The proteases differ, however, in that @entity3354 undergoes efficient processing to an active form only at acidic pH, is more active and stable at acidic pH, and has much lower specific activity against typical papain-family peptide substrates, but has greater activity against native haemoglobin. Thus @entity3354 is a second @entity3964 haemoglobinase that is particularly suited for the hydrolysis of native haemoglobin in the acidic food vacuole. The redundancy of @entity462 proteases may offer optimized hydrolysis of both native haemoglobin and globin peptides. Consideration of both proteases will be necessary to evaluate @entity462 protease inhibitors as antimalarial drugs.

title: Expression and characterization of the XXXX haemoglobinase @entity3354 .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1605 :: ('OMIM:217000', 'Disease') :: ['Falcipain-2', 'falcipain-2']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine', 'Cysteine']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['P. falciparum', 'Plasmodium falciparum']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: In the @entity311 parasite @entity3964 , erythrocytic trophozoites hydrolyse haemoglobin to provide @entity1522 for parasite protein synthesis. @entity462 protease inhibitors block parasite haemoglobin hydrolysis and development, indicating that @entity462 proteases are required for these processes. Three papain-family @entity462 protease sequences have been identified in the @entity3964 genome, but the specific roles of their gene products and other plasmodial proteases in haemoglobin hydrolysis are uncertain. @entity1605 was recently identified as a principal trophozoite @entity462 protease and potential drug target. The present study characterizes the related @entity3964 @entity462 protease @entity3354 . As is the case with @entity1605 , @entity3354 is expressed by trophozoites and appears to be located within the food vacuole, the site of haemoglobin hydrolysis. Both proteases require a reducing environment and acidic pH for optimal activity, and both prefer peptide substrates with @entity368 at the P(2) position. The proteases differ, however, in that @entity3354 undergoes efficient processing to an active form only at acidic pH, is more active and stable at acidic pH, and has much lower specific activity against typical papain-family peptide substrates, but has greater activity against native haemoglobin. Thus @entity3354 is a second @entity3964 haemoglobinase that is particularly suited for the hydrolysis of native haemoglobin in the acidic food vacuole. The redundancy of @entity462 proteases may offer optimized hydrolysis of both native haemoglobin and globin peptides. Consideration of both proteases will be necessary to evaluate @entity462 protease inhibitors as antimalarial drugs.

title: Expression and characterization of the @entity3964 haemoglobinase XXXX .

answer: @entity3354 :: (MESH:C565336,Disease) :: ['falcipain-3']