abstract: @entity3003 was evaluated in a phase II study involving 109 @entity1 with @entity5464 . A total of 21 cases of advanced @entity5 , 38 of @entity1606 ( @entity1606 ) of the urinary tract and 25 of @entity263 were evaluable for response. The response rate in @entity5 was 48%, with 70% in @entity4797 and 27% in nonseminomas. Three responses were observed in @entity1 previously treated with @entity900 . In @entity1606 , the response rate was 18%. No response was observed in @entity263 . @entity3003 was well tolerated with no significant @entity8 and @entity2167 detected. @entity390 and @entity391 were experienced by 50% of @entity1 but the severity was low. Severe myelosuppression, @entity882 and @entity1431 were observed. In conclusion, @entity3003 has demonstrated activity in both @entity5 and @entity1606 of the urinary tract and is worthy of further study, especially in combination with other active drugs.

title: [Phase II study of XXXX in @entity5464 . Urological Cooperative Study Group on @entity3003 ].

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: @entity3003 was evaluated in a phase II study involving 109 @entity1 with @entity5464 . A total of 21 cases of advanced @entity5 , 38 of @entity1606 ( @entity1606 ) of the urinary tract and 25 of @entity263 were evaluable for response. The response rate in @entity5 was 48%, with 70% in @entity4797 and 27% in nonseminomas. Three responses were observed in @entity1 previously treated with @entity900 . In @entity1606 , the response rate was 18%. No response was observed in @entity263 . @entity3003 was well tolerated with no significant @entity8 and @entity2167 detected. @entity390 and @entity391 were experienced by 50% of @entity1 but the severity was low. Severe myelosuppression, @entity882 and @entity1431 were observed. In conclusion, @entity3003 has demonstrated activity in both @entity5 and @entity1606 of the urinary tract and is worthy of further study, especially in combination with other active drugs.

title: [Phase II study of @entity3003 in @entity5464 . Urological Cooperative Study Group on XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular tumor', 'testicular tumors']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin', 'carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity5464 :: ('MESH:D014565', 'Disease') :: ['genitourinary cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma', 'TCC']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['seminomas']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['Carboplatin']


abstract: The frequency of @entity189 in Western countries is currently decreasing. The development of methods of early diagnosis has improved the prognosis of the disease. In Madagascar, like in other African countries, @entity189 is the first @entity5 affecting @entity1 . The diagnosis comes late. Actions can be taken to improve the prognosis through early diagnosis of @entity189 . Our purpose was to analyze the main causes leading to these delays in diagnosis and to evaluate possibilities for improvement. This study was retrospective, consecutive and open wide not random, dealing with 79 cases of @entity189 , all confirmed by a histological examination, picked from the Department of Oncology at Antananarivo within a period of 24 months from the 1st of January 1990 through the 1st of January 1992. The Department of Oncology at Antananarivo is the only anti- @entity5 center available on the island. The position for an oncologist was occupied form 1984 to 1988 by a French doctor under the Technical Cooperation Agreement with France. Since then, no oncologist has been practicing in Madagascar. We evaluated the different reasons that could explain the delays in diagnosis and suggested possible actions to remedy the problem. We selected medical, @entity1 and technical, as well as geographical and social criteria for evaluation. Diagnosis was delayed too much (on average, about 8.48 +/- 7.12 months), possibly due to the above mentioned criteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [79 cases of invasive XXXX uteri in the Department of Oncology in Antananarivo. Can diagnostic delays be improved?].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'genital cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cervical carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer of the cervix']


abstract: The objective of this in-vitro study was to examine whether the @entity1640 floor or the mesenchyme is involved in differentiation of LH cells in the developing @entity35 adenohypophysis. Overall growth of the adenohypophysial tissue was retarded when the adenohypophysial primordium was cultivated after enzymatic removal of the @entity1640 floor on days 11.5 and 12.5 of gestation. This malgrowth was more marked when the brain was separated on day 11.5; most explants retained a simple cystiform structure that consisted of a few layers of undifferentiated cells. @entity75 also caused a highly significant decrease (P less than 0.001) in the number of immunoreactive LH cells, if it was performed on day 11.5 but not day 12.5. Mesenchyme had little effect on the adenohypophysial growth or the number of immunopositive cells. Cultivation of the adenohypophysial primordium with the @entity1640 floor resulted in the appearance of many immunoreactive LH cells. The number of LH cells significantly decreased, however, when the co-cultivated brain completely surrounded the adenohypophysial tissue. These results indicate that in 11.5-day-old fetal @entity35 the @entity1640 floor is indispensable for the initial proliferation of adenohypophysial primordial cells and for the early determinating process of LH cells. Once determined, the development of LH cells may proceed without the surrounding tissues. The cytodifferentiation seems to be rather inhibited when in contact with the brain. The significance of the intimate spatial relationship between developing LH cells and the surrounding mesenchyme is also discussed.

title: Effects of brain and mesenchyme upon the cytogenesis of XXXX adenohypophysis in vitro. II. Differentiation of LH cells.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Removal of the brain']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['diencephalic']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The genetics of @entity4777 and the structure-function relationships of factor IX interactions with cofactors and substrates have been reviewed. Emphasis has been placed on contributions to our understanding made by analysis of variants. @entity535 substitutions at or near the site of activation lead to inactive factor IX or to factor IX species with decreased clotting activity. Release of the activation peptide is necessary for optimal interaction of factor IX with its cofactors and substrates. Abnormalities in the @entity460 binding region, whether Gla independent or dependent, also decrease clotting activity. The defects in @entity447 Bm variants somehow affect factor VII-tissue factor interactions with factor X. Other mutations may affect the factor IX heavy chain, probably at or near the active site. @entity535 substitutions may cause conformational changes in factor IX that interfere with other interactions such as with antithrombin III and factor VIII. Recombinant DNA techniques have been employed to analyse normal and abnormal factor IX genes. DNA sequence analysis of factor IX cDNA clones revealed the primary structure of the mature protein and a predicted leader peptide. Knowledge of the primary sequence of factor IX allowed identification of the specific defect in the factor IX Chapel Hill variant. Analysis of normal factor IX genomic clones has determined that the 35 kb gene is composed of eight coding exons and seven intervening sequences. Sequence analysis of the CRM+ variants will identify mutations disrupting the normal interactions of factor IX. Southern analysis of CRM- variants has revealed gross factor IX gene deletions in some cases. Such deletions have been employed for carrier deletion in some families. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the factor IX gene have also proven useful for carrier identification. Manipulations of the cloned factor IX gene to make specific mutations in vitro and improvements in the technology for expression of deliberately modified genes will further elucidate the relationships between factor IX structure and function.

title: Structure and function of factor IX: defects in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['Amino acid']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity4777 :: ('MESH:D002836', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia B']

answer: @entity4777 :: (MESH:D002836,Disease) :: ['haemophilia B']


abstract: @entity1229 maintenance-dose requirements predicted by six mathematical methods based on initial response to therapy were compared with @entity1 ' actual dose requirements in a multicenter trial. Data were collected for @entity1 who had received an initial regimen of @entity1229 10 mg orally every 24 hours for three days and for whom a @entity556 time (PT) had been determined 16-20 hours after the third dose. @entity1 ' individual dose requirements and PT values were recorded during one to three follow-up visits after discharge from one of seven medical centers. @entity556 ratios ( @entity1 PT divided by control PT) calculated on day 4 were used for maintenance-dose prediction by five methods; a sixth method was based on the cumulative @entity1229 dose-PT response curve up to a PT value of 20 seconds. For 54 @entity1 and 30 @entity1 who qualified for the study, 197 maintenance-dose-PT response measurements were recorded; 95 in the first four weeks of therapy, 76 during weeks 5-12, and 26 at 6-12 months after initial treatment. @entity556 ratios were within the therapeutic range (PT 1.5-2.5 times the control value) in 154 observations, and the mean actual @entity1229 @entity1372 maintenance dose associated with therapeutic response was 7.6 mg/day. For @entity1 with therapeutic @entity556 ratios, dose predictions by the five methods using @entity556 ratios (PRs) correlated significantly with actual dose requirements. The formula that predicted doses numerically closest to the actual dose is as follows: Dose = 11.17 - 21.08 (log PR). Only 45 observations were obtained for the sixth prediction method, and the correlation between actual and predicted doses was not significant. Initial @entity1229 maintenance-dose requirements can be predicted effectively based on one PT determination after administration of three daily 10-mg doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Multicenter evaluation of six methods for predicting XXXX maintenance-dose requirements from initial response.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity556 :: ('2147', 'Gene') :: ['prothrombin', 'Prothrombin']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin sodium', 'Warfarin', 'warfarin']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['warfarin']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to understand better the cause and predictability of pouch failure requiring rediversion after ileal pouch-anal @entity254 and to assess the ultimate outcome of @entity1 in a large ileal pouch series who required rediversion. METHODS: Data from 460 @entity1 completing ileal pouch-anal @entity254 at one institution were recorded from both a prospectively accumulated ileal pouch registry and @entity1 medical records. RESULTS: Of 460 @entity1 , 21 (4.6 percent) who underwent ileal pouch-anal @entity254 required rediversion. Five of these @entity1 subsequently had successful restoration of pouch continuity, leaving a permanent failure rate of 16 of 460 @entity1 (3.5 percent). The most common reasons for rediversion were pouch @entity292 formation (12) and poor functional results (5). Preoperative factors, including age, previous colectomy, and indication for colectomy, did not predict eventual need for rediversion. @entity1 requiring rediversion had significantly higher rates of @entity260 (95 vs. 43 percent; P < 0.001). Specifically, this group had a higher rate of postoperative pouch @entity292 (57 vs. 3.4 percent; P < 0.001). Additionally, a final diagnosis of @entity30 significantly predicted the need for rediversion. Permanent pouch failure occurred in 36.8 percent of @entity1 with a final diagnosis of @entity30 compared with 1.4 percent of @entity1 with a final diagnosis of @entity31 (P < 0.001). All five salvaged @entity1 had @entity292 formation in the absence of @entity30 . CONCLUSIONS: The overall rate of permanent pouch failure is low. The majority of failures were related to @entity292 formation associated with @entity30 or poor functional results. Pouches complicated by fistulas not associated with @entity30 can be salvaged with temporary rediversion.

title: Rediversion after ileal pouch-anal XXXX . Causes of failures and predictors of subsequent pouch salvage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: During the past 25 years, 24 randomized trials of intravenous (IV) fibrinolytic treatment have been reported, involving a total of some 6000 @entity1 in the acute phase of @entity583 . Most tested IV streptokinase (SK), but a few tested IV urokinase (UK). In the past 2 or 3 years numerous small randomized trials of intracoronary (IC) SK have been started, 9 of which, involving a total of about 1000 such @entity1 , have been reported. Because all of these IV and IC trials were small (the largest including only 747 @entity1 ), their separate results appear contradictory and unreliable. But, an overview of the data from these trials indicates that IV treatment produces a highly significant (22% +/- 5%, P less than 0.001) reduction in the odds of @entity204 , an even larger reduction in the odds of reinfarction, and an absolute frequency of serious adverse effects to set against this that is much smaller than the absolute mortality reduction. The apparent size of the mortality reduction in the IV trials was similar whether anticoagulants were compulsory or optional, whether treatment was in a coronary care unit or an ordinary ward and, surprisingly, whether treatment began early (less than 6 h from onset of symptoms) or late (generally 12-24 h). In addition, there was no evidence that UK was more effective than the less expensive SK, or that, despite their technical complexity, the new IC regimes were more effective than the old IV regimes. Even the IV schedules that have been studied in randomized trials were, however, quite complex, and the IC schedules were far more so. Perhaps partly because of this, none of them is widely used. If so, then some much simpler, and hence more widely practicable, IV SK regimes should be developed and tested. For example, a simple one hour high-dose IV SK infusion, without anticoagulation, will successfully convert virtually all of the available plasminogen into plasmin. But, it may be several years before the net effects on mortality of any more widely practicable IV SK regimes can be agreed unless many of the hospitals that do not wish routinely to use IC regimes or the complex previous IV regimes will collaborate in multicentre randomized trials that can, if necessary, continue rapid intake until some tens of thousands of @entity1 have been randomized, and some thousands of deaths have been observed among the control and treated @entity1 . The same, of course, may be true for any other fibrinolytic regimes (e.g. infusion of tissue plasminogen activator) if their net effects on mortality are comparable to those of IV SK.

title: Intravenous and intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy in acute XXXX : overview of results on mortality, reinfarction and side-effects from 33 randomized controlled trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Prostacyclin (PGI2) has been shown to reduce the occurrence of experimental @entity943 . To assess potential beneficial effects in @entity1 , the electrophysiological action of PGI2 was studied in 16 non medicated @entity1 . The protocol used in incremental pacing and programmed stimulation in the right atrium and ventricle. This protocol and measurement of effective refractory periods (ERP) were performed before and during the injection of 2.5, 5 and 10 ng kg-1 min-1 of PGI2. The atrial functional refractory period decreased significantly (P less than 0.05); PGI2 had no influence on the occurrence of inducible non-sustained (NS) @entity591 and was responsible for the occurrence of 2 non-sustained @entity591 in 8 @entity1 with inducible atrial echo beats under basal conditions. Thirteen @entity1 did not have inducible @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) under basal conditions. Non-sustained @entity1165 was induced after PGI2 in 4 of them but in only 1 of them after the administration of @entity1169 . Three @entity1 had inducible @entity1165 under basal conditions (1 non-sustained, 2 sustained @entity1165 ). PGI2 did not prevent the occurrence of @entity1165 (1 non-sustained, 1 sustained @entity1165 ), except in 1 @entity1 with ischaemic-related @entity1165 , who had non-sustained @entity1165 after PGI2. In conclusion, PGI2 does not seem to have a cardiac antiarrhythmic effect and may increase the atrial and ventricular repetitive response. This effect could be related to an increase of adrenergic tone.

title: Proarrhythmic and antiarrhythmic effects of intravenous prostacyclin in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachycardias']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: The effect of short-term discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on spectral analysis of EEG background activity (spectral EEG) was studied in @entity1 undergoing preoperative evaluation for @entity302 surgery. We also wished to clarify whether AED discontinuation would provide lateralizing evidence in spectral EEGs of @entity1 with @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ). Spectral EEGs were performed in 15 @entity1 receiving their regular medication regimen and again after a 1-week period during AED withdrawal. A subgroup of 9 @entity1 who had previously undergone temporal lobectomies ( @entity1315 group) was studied separately. In this group, we evaluated the effect of preceding @entity410 on spectral EEG derived from temporal neocortical areas. In all @entity1 , spectral EEG changes were detected even after a short-term AED withdrawal. The total amount of absolute delta activity was reduced and occipital peak frequency and relative alpha activity were increased as compared with baseline values. In @entity1315 @entity1 with @entity410 occurring < 20 h before the spectral EEG recording, lateralization was correctly identified by the greater amount of absolute delta activity ipsilateral to the epileptogenic focus. @entity302 are accompanied by subtle focal slowing in spectral EEG for a much longer period than has been assumed. In addition, postictal spectral EEG over the temporal lobes may have lateralizing value. Further studies in larger numbers of @entity1 are needed to evaluate the role of spectral EEG in the preoperative evaluation of @entity1 for temporal lobe surgery.

title: Spectral EEG during short-term discontinuation of antiepileptic medication in partial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['habitual seizures', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['TLE', 'temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epileptic seizures', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: Intracoronary @entity715 is fundamental in the pathogenesis of @entity1187 , although the causes of @entity715 are still unclear. As @entity556 generation is crucial for @entity715 formation, the inhibition of @entity556 is a primary aim to prevent the evolution of an initial repair process into a pathological @entity715 . @entity556 inhibition can be achieved by several drugs. Heparin is the principal @entity5582 drug currently used in acute syndromes; it acts mainly by binding to @entity5582 III and increasing its inhibitory effect on @entity556 and other coagulation factors. The heparin- @entity5582 III complex, however, does not inhibit @entity715 -bound @entity556 ; moreover, iv heparin requires frequent laboratory monitoring and dose adjustments. Despite these limitations, continuous infusion of i.v. heparin has been found to be effective in @entity1459 and in @entity583 , especially when treated with accelerated rt-PA. New @entity5582 drugs that selectively and directly inhibit @entity556 are hirudin, its synthetic derivate hirulog, and @entity20806 . These drugs have several theoretical advantages over heparin: greater stability of the aPTT--with the need for less laboratory monitoring--and greater efficacy--associated mainly with its capacity to inhibit clot-bound @entity556 . Clinical pilot studies seem to indicate a greater antithrombotic efficacy compared with heparin, but a greater number of @entity548 events in @entity1 with @entity583 receiving thrombolysis. In conclusion, the use of heparin is certainly indicated in @entity1 with @entity1459 and persistent @entity63 and in @entity583 treated with accelerated rt-PA. The use of new @entity5582 drugs, although promising, requires further clinical evaluation.

title: [ XXXX therapy in @entity1187 ].

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity556 :: ('2147', 'Gene') :: ['Thrombin', 'thrombin']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity20806 :: ('MESH:C031942', 'Chemical') :: ['argatroban']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'thrombosis']

answer: @entity5582 :: (462,Gene) :: ['Antithrombin']


abstract: Intracoronary @entity715 is fundamental in the pathogenesis of @entity1187 , although the causes of @entity715 are still unclear. As @entity556 generation is crucial for @entity715 formation, the inhibition of @entity556 is a primary aim to prevent the evolution of an initial repair process into a pathological @entity715 . @entity556 inhibition can be achieved by several drugs. Heparin is the principal @entity5582 drug currently used in acute syndromes; it acts mainly by binding to @entity5582 III and increasing its inhibitory effect on @entity556 and other coagulation factors. The heparin- @entity5582 III complex, however, does not inhibit @entity715 -bound @entity556 ; moreover, iv heparin requires frequent laboratory monitoring and dose adjustments. Despite these limitations, continuous infusion of i.v. heparin has been found to be effective in @entity1459 and in @entity583 , especially when treated with accelerated rt-PA. New @entity5582 drugs that selectively and directly inhibit @entity556 are hirudin, its synthetic derivate hirulog, and @entity20806 . These drugs have several theoretical advantages over heparin: greater stability of the aPTT--with the need for less laboratory monitoring--and greater efficacy--associated mainly with its capacity to inhibit clot-bound @entity556 . Clinical pilot studies seem to indicate a greater antithrombotic efficacy compared with heparin, but a greater number of @entity548 events in @entity1 with @entity583 receiving thrombolysis. In conclusion, the use of heparin is certainly indicated in @entity1 with @entity1459 and persistent @entity63 and in @entity583 treated with accelerated rt-PA. The use of new @entity5582 drugs, although promising, requires further clinical evaluation.

title: [ @entity5582 therapy in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['acute coronary syndromes']


abstract: Eighteen @entity1 (median age 54 years, 36-79) with urinary motor urge (n = 13) or sensory urge (n = 5) @entity322 were treated for three 2-week periods with @entity73219 (EC) ( @entity50514 Novum) in daily doses of 500 and 1000 mg and placebo. Subjectively the @entity1 experienced an increased ability to control micturition, i.e. less urge, during EC treatment. Only mild and mainly anticholinergic side effects were recorded, most frequently @entity2133 . As regards side effects, the evaluation of objective effects were complicated by a tendency towards carry-over effect to placebo. Placebo in the first treatment periods were analysed solely; no effects of placebo could be demonstrated. Compared with the reference period, decreases in the total number of micturitions (approx. 20%) and in the number of urge @entity322 episodes (approx. 75%) were seen. As compared with placebo, a significant increase (approx. 25%) in the average micturition volume could be demonstrated. The percentage urinary excretion of @entity50514 decreased with increasing oral intake and with advancing age. Probably, an initial daily dosage of 500 mg EC will do well in younger @entity1 (less than 50 years), whereas elder @entity1 may need 1000 mg. Further dosage recommendations are given.

title: @entity73219 : clinical effects and urinary excretion in treatment of female urge XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity73219 :: ('MESH:C046238', 'Chemical') :: ['emepronium carrageenate']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['dryness of the mouth']

entities_list: @entity50514 :: ('MESH:D004629', 'Chemical') :: ['Cetiprin', 'emepronium']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: Eighteen @entity1 (median age 54 years, 36-79) with urinary motor urge (n = 13) or sensory urge (n = 5) @entity322 were treated for three 2-week periods with @entity73219 (EC) ( @entity50514 Novum) in daily doses of 500 and 1000 mg and placebo. Subjectively the @entity1 experienced an increased ability to control micturition, i.e. less urge, during EC treatment. Only mild and mainly anticholinergic side effects were recorded, most frequently @entity2133 . As regards side effects, the evaluation of objective effects were complicated by a tendency towards carry-over effect to placebo. Placebo in the first treatment periods were analysed solely; no effects of placebo could be demonstrated. Compared with the reference period, decreases in the total number of micturitions (approx. 20%) and in the number of urge @entity322 episodes (approx. 75%) were seen. As compared with placebo, a significant increase (approx. 25%) in the average micturition volume could be demonstrated. The percentage urinary excretion of @entity50514 decreased with increasing oral intake and with advancing age. Probably, an initial daily dosage of 500 mg EC will do well in younger @entity1 (less than 50 years), whereas elder @entity1 may need 1000 mg. Further dosage recommendations are given.

title: XXXX : clinical effects and urinary excretion in treatment of female urge @entity322 .

answer: @entity73219 :: (MESH:C046238,Chemical) :: ['Emepronium carrageenate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that jobs that have both high psychological demands and low decision latitude ("job strain") can lead to @entity301 . The objective of this study was to test whether job strain was correlated with the presence of @entity301 at angiography or with long-term outcome in @entity1 with @entity301 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Employed @entity1 under the age of 65 years undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography completed a self-administered questionnaire about their job duties and work environment. Job strain was measured by the method of Karasek. @entity1 were separated into three groups, based on extent of @entity301 : significant disease (> or = 75% stenosis), insignificant disease (> 0% but < 75% stenosis), and normal coronary arteries. Statistical analyses were performed using logistic regression and the @entity797 proportional hazards model. The 1489 @entity1 enrolled had a median age of 52 years; 76% were male and 88% were white. By design, all @entity1 were employed, 60% in white-collar jobs and only 16% in jobs requiring heavy labor. Traditional cardiac risk factors were most prevalent in the 922 @entity1 with significant @entity453 , at intermediate levels in the 204 @entity1 with insignificant disease, and least prevalent in the 363 @entity1 with normal coronary arteries (all P < .01). Job strain was actually more common in @entity1 with normal coronary arteries (35%) than in @entity1 with insignificant (26%) or significant disease (25%, P < .002). In a multivariate analysis, job strain was not significantly correlated with the presence of @entity301 . Job strain was not correlated with @entity951 frequency at the time of angiography. Job strain was not a predictor of @entity299 ( @entity204 or nonfatal @entity583 ) during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Job strain was not correlated with the prevalence or severity of @entity453 in a cohort of @entity1 undergoing coronary angiography. The outcome of @entity1 with angiographically defined @entity301 was not affected by the level of job strain as measured by the method of Karasek.

title: Job strain and the prevalence and outcome of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease', 'angiographic coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: Forty-four @entity1 with @entity80 were treated with curettage with or without bone grafting, and in 26 (59%) recurrence developed. Of 11 @entity1 treated with radiation, in only 1 (9%) the disease was not controlled. In 1 @entity1 , radiation-induced @entity242 developed. Since the introduction of cryosurgery 27 years ago, 51 @entity1 have been treated with cryosurgery. The @entity1 had an average age of 13 years (range, 2-32 years). Thirty-four primary @entity80 and 17 secondary @entity80 occurred in association with 7 @entity2967 , 5 @entity84 , 2 @entity81 , 2 nonossifying @entity81 , and 1 unicameral bone cyst. The @entity5 were classified as inactive in 9 @entity1 , active in 31, and aggressive in 11. Treatment consisted of local intralesional excision followed by application of liquid @entity1568 . The defect was either allowed to heal spontaneously (n = 26) or was reconstructed using an intramedullary rod (n = 2), bone grafts (n = 5), fibular strut grafts (n = 14), or polymethylmethacrylate with Steinmann pins (n = 4). At median followup of 85 months (range, 24-311 months), the overall cure rate was 82%. This was increased to 96% after a second, or repeat, cryosurgery. The disease in all @entity1 eventually was controlled by cryosurgery. The mean functional rating was 90% (range, 63%-100%). Intralesional excision with adjunctive cryosurgery is an effective method for the treatment of @entity80 .

title: The treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity2967 :: ('MESH:D005870', 'Disease') :: ['giant-cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity80 :: ('MESH:D017824', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal bone cyst', 'aneurysmal bone cysts']

entities_list: @entity84 :: ('MESH:D002804', 'Disease') :: ['chondroblastomas']

entities_list: @entity81 :: ('MESH:D005350', 'Disease') :: ['fibromas', 'fibromyxomas']

answer: @entity80 :: (MESH:D017824,Disease) :: ['aneurysmal bone cyst']


abstract: From 1988 to 1991, 17 @entity1 with @entity5 underwent limb-sparing surgery and reconstruction using the saddle prosthesis. There were 8 @entity1 with primary @entity5 (Group 1), and 9 @entity1 with metastatic or systemic @entity5 involving the periacetabular pelvis (Group 2). All resections included excision of the acetabulum. @entity1 ranged in age from 24 to 76 years (average, 59.8 years). Local control was achieved in all @entity1 . Wide margins were obtained in all @entity1 with primary @entity530 . Functional outcomes were rated as follows excellent (10), good (2), fair (1), and poor (4). Three @entity1 , all of whom had pulmonary metastasis before surgery, died within 8 months of surgery. Of the remaining 14 @entity1 , 5 @entity1 died between 6 and 28 months after the index procedure. At the end of the followup period, 9 @entity1 were still alive (6 in Group 1 and 3 in Group 2), with a followup period ranging from 15 to 62 months (average, 33.4 months). The overall results for surviving @entity1 were 7 excellent and 2 good results, with no fair or poor results.

title: Reconstruction using the saddle prosthesis following excision of primary and metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant lesions', 'malignant periacetabular tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['periacetabular tumors']


abstract: In a prospective, randomized, multicenter study, the efficacy and safety of @entity2891 and the combination @entity869 - @entity2890 as initial therapy for @entity1 with severe acute biliary tract infections were compared. Of 77 @entity1 initially entered in the study, definite severe @entity253 was confirmed in 67. Sixty-four @entity1 completed treatment. At the end of treatment, 35 of 36 (97%) @entity1 given @entity2891 and 23 of 28 (82%) given @entity869 - @entity2890 were cured of their infection (P = 0.07). Pathogens were recovered from the bile in 32 @entity1 ; microbiological cures were observed in 18 of 19 (94%) @entity1 receiving @entity2891 and 8 of 13 (62%) receiving @entity869 - @entity2890 (P = 0.03). Thirteen @entity1 had @entity295 . None (0%) of the eight septicemic @entity1 from the @entity2891 group, but two of five (40%) from the @entity869 - @entity2890 group, were clinical failures. Of the isolated pathogens, 51% were resistant to @entity869 , while the resistance rate was 4% for @entity2890 and 1% for @entity2891 (P less than 0.001). Biliary concentrations of @entity2891 were maintained at high levels--236 +/- 87 micrograms/ml up to 12 h after administration. Even in the presence of severe @entity3885 , @entity2891 levels in the bile and gallbladder wall were above MICs for most pathogens. @entity2891 may be considered as an excellent alternative in the therapy of severe biliary tract infections.

title: XXXX compared with @entity869 plus @entity2890 for severe biliary tract infections.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['tobramycin']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['obstruction']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity2891 :: ('MESH:D002438', 'Chemical') :: ['Cefoperazone', 'cefoperazone']

answer: @entity2891 :: (MESH:D002438,Chemical) :: ['Cefoperazone']


abstract: In a prospective, randomized, multicenter study, the efficacy and safety of @entity2891 and the combination @entity869 - @entity2890 as initial therapy for @entity1 with severe acute biliary tract infections were compared. Of 77 @entity1 initially entered in the study, definite severe @entity253 was confirmed in 67. Sixty-four @entity1 completed treatment. At the end of treatment, 35 of 36 (97%) @entity1 given @entity2891 and 23 of 28 (82%) given @entity869 - @entity2890 were cured of their infection (P = 0.07). Pathogens were recovered from the bile in 32 @entity1 ; microbiological cures were observed in 18 of 19 (94%) @entity1 receiving @entity2891 and 8 of 13 (62%) receiving @entity869 - @entity2890 (P = 0.03). Thirteen @entity1 had @entity295 . None (0%) of the eight septicemic @entity1 from the @entity2891 group, but two of five (40%) from the @entity869 - @entity2890 group, were clinical failures. Of the isolated pathogens, 51% were resistant to @entity869 , while the resistance rate was 4% for @entity2890 and 1% for @entity2891 (P less than 0.001). Biliary concentrations of @entity2891 were maintained at high levels--236 +/- 87 micrograms/ml up to 12 h after administration. Even in the presence of severe @entity3885 , @entity2891 levels in the bile and gallbladder wall were above MICs for most pathogens. @entity2891 may be considered as an excellent alternative in the therapy of severe biliary tract infections.

title: @entity2891 compared with XXXX plus @entity2890 for severe biliary tract infections.

answer: @entity869 :: (MESH:D000667,Chemical) :: ['ampicillin']


abstract: In a prospective, randomized, multicenter study, the efficacy and safety of @entity2891 and the combination @entity869 - @entity2890 as initial therapy for @entity1 with severe acute biliary tract infections were compared. Of 77 @entity1 initially entered in the study, definite severe @entity253 was confirmed in 67. Sixty-four @entity1 completed treatment. At the end of treatment, 35 of 36 (97%) @entity1 given @entity2891 and 23 of 28 (82%) given @entity869 - @entity2890 were cured of their infection (P = 0.07). Pathogens were recovered from the bile in 32 @entity1 ; microbiological cures were observed in 18 of 19 (94%) @entity1 receiving @entity2891 and 8 of 13 (62%) receiving @entity869 - @entity2890 (P = 0.03). Thirteen @entity1 had @entity295 . None (0%) of the eight septicemic @entity1 from the @entity2891 group, but two of five (40%) from the @entity869 - @entity2890 group, were clinical failures. Of the isolated pathogens, 51% were resistant to @entity869 , while the resistance rate was 4% for @entity2890 and 1% for @entity2891 (P less than 0.001). Biliary concentrations of @entity2891 were maintained at high levels--236 +/- 87 micrograms/ml up to 12 h after administration. Even in the presence of severe @entity3885 , @entity2891 levels in the bile and gallbladder wall were above MICs for most pathogens. @entity2891 may be considered as an excellent alternative in the therapy of severe biliary tract infections.

title: @entity2891 compared with @entity869 plus XXXX for severe biliary tract infections.

answer: @entity2890 :: (MESH:D014031,Chemical) :: ['tobramycin']


abstract: 1. Compared to @entity35 maintained on the normal @entity1219 (0.33%) diet, animals maintained on the low @entity1219 (0%) diet for 4 weeks exhibited increased plasma @entity1369 and @entity2865 and decreased urinary @entity1372 excretion. 2. @entity35 maintained on the high @entity1219 (8%) diet for 4 weeks showed increased systolic blood pressure, water intake, urine volume, @entity1372 and @entity935 excretion and decreased plasma @entity1369 and glomerular filtration rate. 3. Administration of @entity10095 (10 mg/kg, po), but not @entity2211 to the high salt diet @entity35 attenuated the diuretic effect, indicating the involvement of @entity10001 rather than DA2 receptors. The @entity935 decarboxylase inhibitor, @entity11412 (30 mg/kg, i.p.), also reduced the high salt-induced diuresis. 4. Kidney sections from @entity35 fed the low @entity1219 diet showed a 63-100% decrease (P < 0.001-0.02) in cortical and medullary @entity10001 and DA2 binding sites, while @entity35 fed the high @entity1219 diet demonstrated only a 70% decrease (P < 0.01-0.02) in cortical @entity10001 binding, without affecting DA2 binding. 5. These data indicate that chronic modification of dietary salt profoundly affects the @entity1372 , water and @entity935 excretion and leads to selective modulation of renal @entity935 receptor subtypes.

title: Chronic manipulation of dietary salt modulates renal physiology and kidney XXXX receptor subtypes: functional and autoradiographic studies.

entities_list: @entity2211 :: ('MESH:D004294', 'Chemical') :: ['domperidone']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity11412 :: ('MESH:D002230', 'Chemical') :: ['carbidopa']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: Neutral maltase is an alpha-glucosidase (alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20) which is present in @entity1 granulocytes and B-lymphocytes but not in T-lymphocytes. These cells have been reported to contain a renal-type neutral maltase which cross-reacts with an antiserum raised against kidney brush-border enzyme. No study has been performed to assess the subcellular localization of the enzyme. Molecular properties of leukocyte neutral maltase from any species are unknown. We report in this paper that neutral maltase is present on the extracytoplasmic side of @entity1 granulocyte plasma membrane. These results are supported by subcellular fractionation on Percoll gradient and by papain digestion of intact granulocytes. The enzyme is probably an integral membrane protein. The anchorage to the lipid bilayer may be similar to that of the stalked brush-border hydrolases. Some properties of granulocyte neutral maltase were also determined on a plasma membrane-enriched fraction. The enzyme cleaves @entity7969 and @entity40145 but not other glucosides disaccharides and oligosaccharides. The Km for @entity7969 is (+/- SD) 0.78 (+/- 0.06) mM, that for @entity40145 21.05 (+/- 1.43) mM. The Vmax for @entity40145 is 0.83-fold that for @entity7969 . Tris, @entity21840 , @entity35562 , and maltopentaose were inhibitors of granulocyte neutral maltase.

title: Neutral maltase of XXXX granulocytes: localization on the extracytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and some properties.

entities_list: @entity35562 :: ('MESH:C009819', 'Chemical') :: ['maltotetraose']

entities_list: @entity21840 :: ('MESH:C008317', 'Chemical') :: ['maltotriose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Voiding colpo-cysto-urethrography was performed in 52 consecutive female @entity1 with genuine urinary stress @entity322 before treatment and in 50 of the @entity1 after treatment. The @entity1 were randomized to either pelvic floor training or surgery. Surgery included a colposuspension operation in @entity1 with an anterior suspension defect and a vaginal repair in @entity1 with a posterior suspension defect. All pre- and posttreatment examinations were reevaluated blindly by one observer 4 to 6 years later. The pretreatment radiologic reevaluation was in agreement with the original classification in 79 per cent and not in agreement in 21 per cent. Pelvic floor training did not change the degree of suspension defect systematically. The effect of squeezing was significantly improved following pelvic floor training. A colposuspension gave rise to a typical radiologic configuration of the bladder and urethra. A vaginal repair was not detectable radiologically and it did not correct a posterior descent. The degree of descent and the degree of @entity322 were not correlated and it was not possible radiologically to distinguish treatment failures from treatment success.

title: Reliability of voiding colpo-cysto-urethrography in female urinary stress XXXX before and after treatment.

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: This is an analysis of 509 @entity1 with severe @entity2150 (SAA) treated in Europe between 1981 and 1986; 218 @entity1 were treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from HLA identical sibling donors and 291 with immunosuppressive therapy (IS) with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). The overall actuarial survival was 63% after BMT and 61% after IS therapy at 6 years. All @entity1 fulfilled the criteria of SAA; however, most @entity1 with a neutrophil count of less than 0.2 x 10(9)/l also had @entity281 and @entity548 . Therefore a further subclassification was defined by pretreatment peripheral blood neutrophil count: very severe @entity2150 (vSAA) (less than 0.2 x 10(9)/l neutrophils) and moderately severe @entity2150 (mSAA) (0.2-0.5 x 10(9)/l neutrophils). A Cox regression analysis showed that the only significant pre-treatment variables were a low neutrophil count (P = 0.001) and increasing age (P = 0.05). Thus it seemed reasonable to analyse survival data after combined stratification for neutrophils (vSAA versus mSAA) and age (cut off at 20 years). BMT was superior to IS in @entity1 with vSAA under 20 years of age (64% v. 38%; P = 0.01). IS was superior to BMT in @entity1 with mSAA aged 20 or more (82% v. 62%; P = 0.002). The two treatments gave comparable results in young @entity1 with mSAA (BMT = 58%, IS = 62%; P = 0.1), and in older @entity1 with vSAA (BMT = 44%, IS = 43%; P = 0.06). Overall 75/218 and 87/291 @entity1 , given BMT or IS respectively, died. The major cause of failure in BMT @entity1 was graft rejection (n = 22) or problems associated with @entity2132 . For ALG @entity1 the major problem was persistence of the @entity3894 with @entity548 (n = 32) or @entity281 (n = 46). This study indicates that over 60% of @entity1 with SAA can be successfully treated with either BMT or IS. Overall survival does not differ in the two groups, though significant differences emerge after stratification for severity of the @entity3894 and age.

title: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) versus immunosuppression for the treatment of severe XXXX (SAA): a report of the EBMT SAA working party.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage', 'haemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anaemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['graft-versus-host disease']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['aplastic anaemia']


abstract: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ( @entity865 ) provokes a huge @entity130 to the arterial wall and potentially liberates fragments of @entity731 material that may impair the microcirculation downstream. Incidence and clinical relevance of such @entity887 are not known. This study was aimed at investigating the changes of the skin microcirculation in @entity1 with peripheral @entity432 undergoing @entity865 of the lower limbs. Pedal transcutaneous @entity26 tension (tcpO2) and nailfold skin microcirculation were measured in 21 @entity1 with disabling peripheral @entity432 before and after @entity865 . Sixteen matched @entity1 undergoing arteriography alone were used as controls. The skin microcirculation was investigated at the nailfold of the great toe by the combination of laser Doppler fluxmetry and dynamic capillaroscopy. @entity865 was successful in all @entity1 . The tcpO2 decreased immediately after @entity865 (delta tcpO2 = -5 mm Hg; p < 0.004), whereas it tended to increase (delta tcpO2 = 1 mm Hg; NS) following arteriography as compared with baseline values. By contrast, blood flow increased in both groups, predominantly for the total circulation in the @entity865 group and for nutritional circulation (p < 0.0017) in the arteriography group, respectively. Consequently, the 'nutritional index', i.e., the index of nutritional versus total microcirculation, was decreased following @entity865 , particularly following mechanical recanalization (p < 0.02), but did not change in the controls. The changes of this 'nutritional index' and those of the tcpO2 were positively correlated (r = 0.4, p = 0.023).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on skin microcirculation in @entity1 with disabling peripheral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolisms']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['arterial occlusive disease']


abstract: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ( @entity865 ) provokes a huge @entity130 to the arterial wall and potentially liberates fragments of @entity731 material that may impair the microcirculation downstream. Incidence and clinical relevance of such @entity887 are not known. This study was aimed at investigating the changes of the skin microcirculation in @entity1 with peripheral @entity432 undergoing @entity865 of the lower limbs. Pedal transcutaneous @entity26 tension (tcpO2) and nailfold skin microcirculation were measured in 21 @entity1 with disabling peripheral @entity432 before and after @entity865 . Sixteen matched @entity1 undergoing arteriography alone were used as controls. The skin microcirculation was investigated at the nailfold of the great toe by the combination of laser Doppler fluxmetry and dynamic capillaroscopy. @entity865 was successful in all @entity1 . The tcpO2 decreased immediately after @entity865 (delta tcpO2 = -5 mm Hg; p < 0.004), whereas it tended to increase (delta tcpO2 = 1 mm Hg; NS) following arteriography as compared with baseline values. By contrast, blood flow increased in both groups, predominantly for the total circulation in the @entity865 group and for nutritional circulation (p < 0.0017) in the arteriography group, respectively. Consequently, the 'nutritional index', i.e., the index of nutritional versus total microcirculation, was decreased following @entity865 , particularly following mechanical recanalization (p < 0.02), but did not change in the controls. The changes of this 'nutritional index' and those of the tcpO2 were positively correlated (r = 0.4, p = 0.023).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on skin microcirculation in XXXX with disabling peripheral @entity432 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of self-reported physical activity with performance-based and self-reported physical functioning measured 3 to 5 years later. DESIGN: A population-based, longitudinal study. SETTING: The island of Oahu, Hawaii. @entity1 : Subjects were 3640 Japanese-American @entity1 older than 70 years of age. MEASUREMENTS: Estimated daily energy expenditure evaluated from self-reported engagement in a variety of activities determined from a mail survey in 1988; physical functioning status determined from both self-report and performance-based measures 3 to 5 years later. The effect of physical activity on physical functioning scores was determined through multiple logistic regression and analysis of covariance techniques for subjects who had @entity102 as well as those in a healthy subsample. RESULTS: For the healthy subsample, those who were highly active in 1988 were more likely to have optimal function for the basic activities of daily living score (odds ratio 2.3; confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 4.9), home management skills score (odds ratio 1.5; CI 1.1 to 2.1), and physical endurance-type tasks score (odds ratio 1.7; CI 1.2 to 2.4) than subjects classified as low active. A significant linear trend was found additionally across physical activity level for time to walk 10 feet and grip strength (P values < .001). Similar results were found for subjects with @entity102 ; however, most of the benefit of physical activity for this subsample occurred for subjects who were at least physically active at a moderate level. CONCLUSION: Engaging in physical activity is predictive of a high level of physical functioning in older @entity1 with and without @entity102 . Participation in at least moderate physical activity may be sufficient to maintain optimal physical functioning in subjects afflicted with @entity102 .

title: Associations of physical activity with performance-based and self-reported physical functioning in older XXXX : the Honolulu Heart Program.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare contemporary results of @entity384 and surgery for @entity472 in @entity1 and @entity1 in the five years between August 1988 and October 1993. Thirty four @entity1 underwent attempted balloon valvuloplasty (age 1 day-16 years, weight 1720 g-68 kg) (group 1), eight of whom were neonates with critical @entity472 . During the same period, 17 @entity1 underwent direct surgical valvotomy (group 2) (seven neonates). @entity661 was achieved in 33 (97%) with immediate reduction in the instantaneous systolic pressure gradient from 82 to 34 mm Hg (mean). There were two deaths in this group (both neonates), the second in a preterm neonate from @entity1964 . Complications requiring intervention in group 1 were @entity337 in one and femoral @entity1317 in two. Follow up from four months to five years showed sustained results in most cases. There were two neonatal deaths in the surgical group. When the two groups were compared there was no significant difference in mortality, morbidity, or need for reintervention within 12 months. Deaths from both groups were attributed to small left ventricles. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in group 1. It is concluded that @entity384 for @entity472 is effective and safe for the entire paediatric population. The results compare favourably with those of surgery.

title: Contemporary results of balloon valvuloplasty and surgical valvotomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['balloon dilatation']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['Successful balloon valvuloplasty']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['artery injury']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['valvar aortic stenosis', 'aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['necrotising enterocolitis']

answer: @entity472 :: (MESH:D001024,Disease) :: ['congenital aortic stenosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical and immunological response to immunosuppressive treatment with @entity786 in two @entity1 with @entity37229 . DESIGN: Case reports. Clinical and immunological follow-up data available for 4 1/2 years in the first @entity1 and for 2 years in the second @entity1 . SETTING: A 1500-bed university hospital and a 1200-bed university teaching hospital. INTERVENTION: @entity786 intermittent treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Clinical disability. RESULTS: One of the @entity1 , who was treated from an early stage, recovered completely. The other @entity1 showed a partial clinical response. While the two @entity1 were receiving a maintenance regimen with @entity786 , the conditions of both @entity1 remained stable for at least 2 years. In both patients, intrathecal antibody synthesis declined considerably. CONCLUSION: Early induction of immunosuppressive therapy with @entity786 should be tried in treating @entity1 with @entity37229 .

title: Immunological and clinical response to immunosuppressive treatment in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide', 'Cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity37229 :: ('MESH:D020362', 'Disease') :: ['paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration']

answer: @entity37229 :: (MESH:D020362,Disease) :: ['paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3852 is an uncommon @entity5 of the skin that often portends a poor prognosis. Since its first description by Toker in 1972, a plethora of case reports and articles regarding the etiopathogenesis and treatment have been published spanning multiple medical and surgical disciplines. Much confusion still exists regarding the diagnosis and treatment of this @entity5 . OBJECT: Through extensive review of the medical, surgical, and pathological literature, to collate the observations of multiple investigators and summarize these findings. METHODS: Articles from journals of multiple subspecialties were carefully reviewed with particular emphasis placed on epidemiology, prognosis, histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, @entity5 origin, treatment, and work-up of @entity3852 . RESULTS: @entity3852 is an aggressive @entity5 . Local recurrence develops in 26-44% of @entity1 despite therapy. Up to three-fourths of @entity1 eventually develop regional nodal metastases with distant metastases occurring in one-third of all @entity1 . Reported overall 5-year survival rates range from 30% to 64%. CONCLUSION: Treatment recommendations unfortunately are based more on anecdotal than scientific data because of the rarity of the @entity5 and its recognized high risk. Most authors recommend wide local excision of the @entity75 and regional lymph node resection if lymph nodes are palpable followed by x-irradiation of both the postsurgical bed and lymph node basin. The role of elective lymph node resection in the absence of clinically positive nodes remains controversial.

title: XXXX . Diagnosis and treatment.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant neoplasm', 'ominous tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3852 :: ('MESH:D015266', 'Disease') :: ['Merkel cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

answer: @entity3852 :: (MESH:D015266,Disease) :: ['Merkel cell carcinoma']


abstract: @entity915 ( @entity915 ) is a @entity74 characterized by profound impairment of cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Affected @entity1 die of recurrent infections within 2 years of birth unless rescued by allogeneic transplantation from a suitable donor. Recently, the @entity74 responsible for @entity1112 @entity915 has been identified as a mutation in the gamma chain of the IL-2 receptor, a protein also shared by the @entity58 and @entity10191 receptors and therefore now denoted the @entity42327 ( @entity42327 ). We report here the development of a high-titer amphotropic retroviral vector for transfer of @entity42327 . This vector was used to transfer a copy of the @entity42327 cDNA to @entity19 3T3 fibroblasts, @entity22416 -enriched hematopoietic progenitor cells obtained from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood of normal donors, and to transplanted @entity19 bone marrow progenitors. @entity19 3T3 cells transduced by the retroviral vector were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization and Western transfer. Southern analysis confirmed the integration of unrearranged proviral DNA, and Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of @entity42327 protein. @entity22416 -enriched cells were infected with viral vectors bearing @entity42327 and grown in methylcellulose media. Individual colonies and pools of cells were analyzed 2 weeks later by polymerase chain reaction assay, which confirmed the proviral marking. The vector was also used to transfer a copy of the @entity42327 cDNA to @entity19 bone marrow cells in a transplantation model. Infected marrow was transplanted into syngeneic Balb/c @entity19 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Retroviral vector for gene therapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'murine', 'Murine']

entities_list: @entity915 :: ('MESH:D053632', 'Disease') :: ['X-SCID', 'SCID', 'X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic defect', 'genetic disorder']

answer: @entity915 :: (MESH:D053632,Disease) :: ['X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome']


abstract: To determine if the site of immune reaction could influence the mediation and morphological expression of @entity8 in experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti- @entity11 ) @entity1310 and @entity8 , we studied the events that followed the in situ reaction of rat antibody with antigen planted in either the @entity11 (especially the lamina rara interna) or in the subepithelial @entity3626 ( @entity3626 ). Non-nephritogenic amounts of noncomplement-fixing sheep anti- @entity11 or anti-tubular brushborder antibody were injected into separate groups of @entity35 to plant sheep IgG in the @entity11 and @entity3626 , respectively. Kidneys containing sheep IgG were then transplanted into naive recipients that were passively immunized with rat anti-sheep IgG. There was marked @entity644 after 2 days (antigen in @entity11 : 226 +/- 50.7; antigen in @entity3626 : 69 +/- 50.7 mg/24 hr) that was abrogated by prior depletion of complement in both groups (antigen in @entity11 : 10.2 +/- 1.7; antigen in @entity3626 : 14.3 +/- 8.7 mg/24 hr). When antigen was planted in @entity3626 , inflammatory-cell depletion with either anti-neutrophil (PMN) serum or lethal irradiation had no effect on @entity644 . In contrast, anti-PMN abolished @entity644 (12.0 +/- 5.6 mg/24 hr) and irradiation reduced it by 60% when antigen was in @entity11 . Glomeruli of kidneys with antigen in @entity11 were significantly larger and more hypercellular than those with antigen in @entity3626 after transplantation into immunized recipients. Endothelial cell injury and adherence of inflammatory cells to denuded @entity11 were prominent in the former (antigen in @entity11 ), while glomeruli with antigen in @entity3626 showed only subepithelial deposits, adjacent slit-diaphragm displacement, and epithelial cell foot-process effacement. Thus, the reaction of antigen and antibody in glomeruli produced complement-mediated injury which was cell-independent when complex formation occurred on the outer aspect of the @entity11 but was cell-dependent when the same reagents reacted more proximally to the circulation. We therefore conclude that antigen distribution can critically influence the mediation and morphologic expression of immune @entity8 and may, in part, account for variations in the clinical and histological manifestations of antibody-induced @entity8 in @entity1 .

title: Influence of antigen distribution on the mediation of immunological XXXX .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['membranous nephropathy', 'glomerular disease', 'glomerular injury']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular injury']


abstract: One of the most important advances in the treatment of @entity85 has come from understanding that controlled early resumption of activity can promote restoration of function, and that treatment of @entity130 with prolonged rest may delay recovery and adversely affect normal tissues. In the last decade of the nineteenth century two widely respected orthopaedists with extensive clinical experience strongly advocated opposing treatments of @entity85 . Hugh Owen Thomas in Liverpool believed that enforced, uninterrupted prolonged rest produced the best results. He noted that movement of injured tissues increased @entity32 , and that, "It would indeed be as reasonable to attempt to cure a fever @entity1 by kicking him out of bed, as to benefit @entity2720 by a wriggling at the articulation." Just Lucas-Championnier in Paris took the opposite position. He argued that early controlled active motion accelerated restoration of function, although he noted that mobility had to be given in limited doses. In general, Thomas' views met with greater acceptance in the early part of this century, but experimental studies of the last several decades generally support Lucas-Championneir. They confirm and help explain the deleterious effects of prolonged rest and the beneficial effects of activity on the musculoskeletal tissues. They have shown that maintenance of normal bone, tendon and ligament, articular cartilage and muscle structure and composition require repetitive use, and that changes in the patterns of tissue loading can strengthen or weaken normal tissues. Although all the musculoskeletal tissues can respond to repetitive loading, they vary in the magnitude and type of response to specific patterns of activity. Furthermore, their responsiveness may decline with increasing age. Skeletal muscle and bone demonstrate the most apparent response to changes in activity in individuals of any age. Cartilage and dense fibrous tissues also can respond to loading, but the responses are more difficult to measure. The effects of loading on injured tissues have been less extensively studied, but the available evidence indicates that repair tissues respond to loading and, like immature normal tissues, may be more sensitive to cyclic loading and motion than mature normal tissues. However, early motion and loading of injured tissues is not without risks. Premature or excessive loading and motion of repair tissue can inhibit or stop repair. Unfortunately, the optimal methods of facilitating healing by early application of loading and motion have not been defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Activity vs. rest in the treatment of bone, soft tissue and joint XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['joint disease']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['injuries']


abstract: @entity344 after cardiac surgical procedures are infrequent but severe. Thirty-three @entity344 were identified in 25 @entity1 who underwent cardiac surgery during a 7-year period (2.0% incidence). The mortality rate for @entity1 having these @entity344 was 44%. Acute @entity7140 was the most lethal complication (86%). Acute @entity788 was the most common complication (eight @entity1 ). Most @entity1 responded well to conservative measures. Five @entity1 had @entity360 and three had @entity360 that required more than 2 U of packed red blood cells. All @entity1 conditions were diagnosed endoscopically and none necessitated operation. Of the remaining @entity1 , one was operated on because of perforated duodenal @entity1066 , one because of @entity4436 , and one because of @entity4391 , and one @entity1 underwent diagnostic laparotomy and showed negative results for presumed @entity7140 . @entity1578 was fatal in all three @entity1 in whom it occurred. @entity344 correlated significantly with advanced age, prolonged bypass times, valve surgery, and the female sex. We conclude that septic @entity344 --particularly acute @entity7140 and perforated viscus--after cardiac surgery are uncommon but lethal. Clinical features are often subtle, and a high index of suspicion is necessary for an early diagnosis and the institution of appropriate treatment.

title: XXXX after cardiac surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity4391 :: ('MESH:D003112', 'Disease') :: ['pseudo-obstruction of the colon']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['GI complications', 'Gastrointestinal (GI) complications']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['Liver failure']

entities_list: @entity7140 :: ('MESH:D042101', 'Disease') :: ['acalculous cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['perforated diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['upper GI hemorrhage', 'lower GI bleeding']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['Gastrointestinal complications']


abstract: Penetrating @entity130 is uncommon. Usually not serious in itself it may be associated with other more serious conditions. A 15-year-old @entity1 was involved in a tobogganing accident, and a shard of wood penetrated the left scrotum, the anterior abdominal wall and the rectus sheath one-third of the way from umbilicus to xiphisternum. There was also a @entity409 . Removal of the piece of wood and closure of the wounds with drainage resulted in successful recovery. A 45-year-old @entity1 , sustained a penetrating straddle-type injury from a broom handle. The handle penetrated Dartos fascia but there was no @entity130 . It also perforated the rectus sheath 6 cm inferior to the costal margin, and both anterior and posterior gastric walls. The tract of the handle extended along the base of the transverse mesocolon and posterior to the pancreas. The perforations were debrided and repaired. The @entity1 received a 5-day course of broad-spectrum antibiotics and recovered fully. As a result of their experience with these two @entity1 the authors recommend that when there is penetration of Dartos fascia, the testicle and cord should be inspected, lavage and d  bridement should be carried out, and any foreign bodies should be removed and the injuries repaired. Antibiotics should be given perioperatively. In all cases the entire tract should be explored to its terminus to search for other injuries. Even upper @entity3511 can occur with penetrating @entity130 .

title: Trans-scrotal intra- XXXX : two case reports.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'boy', 'man']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver laceration']

entities_list: @entity3511 :: ('MESH:D000007', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the scrotum', 'scrotal injuries', 'testicular injury']

answer: @entity3511 :: (MESH:D000007,Disease) :: ['abdominal injuries']


abstract: The exact @entity5 classification by the pathologist is the basis of adequate therapy of @entity14 . The classification includes the determination of the histological type of the @entity189 and the grading according to the criteria of the WHO and the UICC, as well as the staging according to the TNM system of the UICC and the Dukes classification. Most @entity14 are @entity420 of tubular, tubulo-papillary and papillary subtypes. @entity3079 are characterized by a pronounced extracellular mucus production. @entity2580 with intracellular mucus production are very rare and predominantly localized in the right-sided colon. @entity957 and @entity957 are extremely rare in the large bowel. They are only mentioned for completeness. The histological grading proposed by the WHO distinguishes @entity189 of well (G1), moderately well (G2) and poor (G3) differentiation. Well and moderately well differentiated @entity5 can be regarded as @entity189 with low grade of @entity5 , whereas poorly differentiated ones are @entity189 with high grade of @entity5 . The new grading of the UICC distinguishes in addition to the well, moderately well and poorly differentiated @entity189 the @entity5 (G4). G1 and G2 correspond to low grade, G3 and G4 to high grade of @entity5 . According to the 1987 nomenclature of the UICC-TNM system @entity2558 denotes @entity5 spread to the mucosa, or mucosa and submucosa, pT2 to the muscularis propria, @entity1803 into the subserosa or into nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissue and pT4 a perforation of the visceral peritoneum or a spread into other organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ XXXX : classification and aspects of the proliferation kinetics].

entities_list: @entity3079 :: ('MESH:D002288', 'Disease') :: ['Mucinous adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'undifferentiated tumors', 'tumors', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Adeno-squamous carcinomas', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2580 :: ('MESH:D018279', 'Disease') :: ['Signet ring cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['Colorectal cancer']


abstract: The role of ACTH, @entity1928 and @entity7410 on the regulation of mRNA abundance, protein levels and enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase (P450c21, CYP21) were investigated in @entity840 adrenal cell cultures. In untreated cells, 21-hydroxylase activity was diminished throughout a 48 h period of incubation. Although incubation with @entity1928 and @entity7410 restored 21-hydroxylase activity to normal levels, the addition of ACTH did not prevent the decrease of 21-hydroxylase activity. Treatment of cells with @entity3927 for 24 h inhibited 21-hydroxylase activity by 93%; however, after removal of the drug a slight increase of enzyme activity was observed; this rise was enhanced by the addition of ACTH. @entity1928 and @entity7410 increased the levels of 21-hydroxylase activity to the same range as seen in untreated cells. In cells that were not pretreated with @entity3927 , incubation with @entity1880 for 1 h had no effect on 21-hydroxylase activity and could not prevent the modest increase of 21-hydroxylase activity induced by @entity1928 or @entity7410 after 48 h of incubation. In @entity3927 -treated cells, @entity1880 blocks the stimulation of enzyme activity induced by ACTH, @entity1928 and @entity7410 . Our findings indicate that 21-hydroxylase activity can be stimulated by ACTH, @entity1928 or @entity7410 solely in the presence of reduced enzymatic activity. Western immunoblot analysis of P450c21 protein levels in untreated or @entity3927 -treated adrenal cells indicate that P450c21 protein levels were in the same range and further incubation with ACTH caused a similar elevation of P450c21 protein levels in both the untreated and @entity3927 -treated cells. Northern blot analysis on RNA isolated from adrenal cells showed that @entity3927 did not alter the basal steady state levels of P450c21 mRNA. As well, incubation with ACTH or @entity7410 increased the levels of P450c21 transcript to the same extent in both untreated and @entity3927 -treated cells. These results taken together provide additional evidence for the presence of an adrenal specific protein factor(s) modulating 21-hydroxylase activity.

title: Regulation of @entity840 adrenal P450c21 messenger RNA, protein and activity by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin', 'Forskolin']

answer: @entity3927 :: (MESH:D015735,Chemical) :: ['RU486']


abstract: The role of ACTH, @entity1928 and @entity7410 on the regulation of mRNA abundance, protein levels and enzymatic activity of cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase (P450c21, CYP21) were investigated in @entity840 adrenal cell cultures. In untreated cells, 21-hydroxylase activity was diminished throughout a 48 h period of incubation. Although incubation with @entity1928 and @entity7410 restored 21-hydroxylase activity to normal levels, the addition of ACTH did not prevent the decrease of 21-hydroxylase activity. Treatment of cells with @entity3927 for 24 h inhibited 21-hydroxylase activity by 93%; however, after removal of the drug a slight increase of enzyme activity was observed; this rise was enhanced by the addition of ACTH. @entity1928 and @entity7410 increased the levels of 21-hydroxylase activity to the same range as seen in untreated cells. In cells that were not pretreated with @entity3927 , incubation with @entity1880 for 1 h had no effect on 21-hydroxylase activity and could not prevent the modest increase of 21-hydroxylase activity induced by @entity1928 or @entity7410 after 48 h of incubation. In @entity3927 -treated cells, @entity1880 blocks the stimulation of enzyme activity induced by ACTH, @entity1928 and @entity7410 . Our findings indicate that 21-hydroxylase activity can be stimulated by ACTH, @entity1928 or @entity7410 solely in the presence of reduced enzymatic activity. Western immunoblot analysis of P450c21 protein levels in untreated or @entity3927 -treated adrenal cells indicate that P450c21 protein levels were in the same range and further incubation with ACTH caused a similar elevation of P450c21 protein levels in both the untreated and @entity3927 -treated cells. Northern blot analysis on RNA isolated from adrenal cells showed that @entity3927 did not alter the basal steady state levels of P450c21 mRNA. As well, incubation with ACTH or @entity7410 increased the levels of P450c21 transcript to the same extent in both untreated and @entity3927 -treated cells. These results taken together provide additional evidence for the presence of an adrenal specific protein factor(s) modulating 21-hydroxylase activity.

title: Regulation of XXXX adrenal P450c21 messenger RNA, protein and activity by @entity3927 .

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: The efficacy and safety of sustained-release @entity3988 , 60 to 180 mg twice daily, was compared with that of @entity3371 , 25 to 75 mg twice daily, alone and in combination, in 132 @entity1 with mild to moderate essential @entity101 (supine diastolic blood pressure [BP] 95 to 114 mm Hg). All @entity1 received placebo for 4 to 6 weeks, followed by randomization to @entity3988 or @entity3371 during the double-blind monotherapy phase. Either study drug was titrated over 6 weeks to achieve a goal supine diastolic BP reduction of at least 10 mm Hg and a diastolic BP of less than 90 mm Hg. @entity1 achieving the goal BP reduction were maintained on monotherapy for an additional 8 weeks. @entity1 not achieving the treatment goal after 8 weeks with either drug alone received the other drug in combination, titrated to achieve goal BP response. Both drugs lowered BP significantly and, at the doses used, @entity3988 had a greater effect on diastolic BP than did @entity3371 . The mean changes from baseline at week 8 were -10.6 and -7.3 mm Hg, respectively, (p = 0.01). Goal BP was achieved in 38% of @entity1 taking @entity3988 monotherapy and in 34% of @entity1 taking @entity3371 monotherapy. There were no significant differences between @entity3988 and @entity3371 in diastolic or systolic BP reductions by race or age. The addition of alternate therapy for non-goal achievers at week 8 resulted in significant reductions in diastolic and systolic BP by week 16.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX and @entity3371 alone or in combination for treatment of mild to moderate systemic @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['Diltiazem']


abstract: The efficacy and safety of sustained-release @entity3988 , 60 to 180 mg twice daily, was compared with that of @entity3371 , 25 to 75 mg twice daily, alone and in combination, in 132 @entity1 with mild to moderate essential @entity101 (supine diastolic blood pressure [BP] 95 to 114 mm Hg). All @entity1 received placebo for 4 to 6 weeks, followed by randomization to @entity3988 or @entity3371 during the double-blind monotherapy phase. Either study drug was titrated over 6 weeks to achieve a goal supine diastolic BP reduction of at least 10 mm Hg and a diastolic BP of less than 90 mm Hg. @entity1 achieving the goal BP reduction were maintained on monotherapy for an additional 8 weeks. @entity1 not achieving the treatment goal after 8 weeks with either drug alone received the other drug in combination, titrated to achieve goal BP response. Both drugs lowered BP significantly and, at the doses used, @entity3988 had a greater effect on diastolic BP than did @entity3371 . The mean changes from baseline at week 8 were -10.6 and -7.3 mm Hg, respectively, (p = 0.01). Goal BP was achieved in 38% of @entity1 taking @entity3988 monotherapy and in 34% of @entity1 taking @entity3371 monotherapy. There were no significant differences between @entity3988 and @entity3371 in diastolic or systolic BP reductions by race or age. The addition of alternate therapy for non-goal achievers at week 8 resulted in significant reductions in diastolic and systolic BP by week 16.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity3988 and @entity3371 alone or in combination for treatment of mild to moderate systemic XXXX .

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The efficacy and safety of sustained-release @entity3988 , 60 to 180 mg twice daily, was compared with that of @entity3371 , 25 to 75 mg twice daily, alone and in combination, in 132 @entity1 with mild to moderate essential @entity101 (supine diastolic blood pressure [BP] 95 to 114 mm Hg). All @entity1 received placebo for 4 to 6 weeks, followed by randomization to @entity3988 or @entity3371 during the double-blind monotherapy phase. Either study drug was titrated over 6 weeks to achieve a goal supine diastolic BP reduction of at least 10 mm Hg and a diastolic BP of less than 90 mm Hg. @entity1 achieving the goal BP reduction were maintained on monotherapy for an additional 8 weeks. @entity1 not achieving the treatment goal after 8 weeks with either drug alone received the other drug in combination, titrated to achieve goal BP response. Both drugs lowered BP significantly and, at the doses used, @entity3988 had a greater effect on diastolic BP than did @entity3371 . The mean changes from baseline at week 8 were -10.6 and -7.3 mm Hg, respectively, (p = 0.01). Goal BP was achieved in 38% of @entity1 taking @entity3988 monotherapy and in 34% of @entity1 taking @entity3371 monotherapy. There were no significant differences between @entity3988 and @entity3371 in diastolic or systolic BP reductions by race or age. The addition of alternate therapy for non-goal achievers at week 8 resulted in significant reductions in diastolic and systolic BP by week 16.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity3988 and XXXX alone or in combination for treatment of mild to moderate systemic @entity101 .

answer: @entity3371 :: (CHEBI:3380,Chemical) :: ['captopril']


abstract: The pathology of the alimentary tracts of nine @entity1 dying of @entity2491 infection is reviewed. Two @entity1 had previous gastric operations, supporting previous reports that such @entity1 are more susceptible to @entity6766 . Four had no parietal (oxyntic) cells in the @entity356 , suggesting hypo- or anacidity. Only one had acute @entity3621 . None had acute @entity1681 , but in half of the @entity1 , subtle histological changes suggested an ' @entity7017 '. Acute @entity1960 with abundant crypt abscesses, without stromal abscesses in the lamina propria, was the most constant finding and reparative features started very early, and occurred in later deaths. Under ideal circumstances this crypt abscess is readily distinguished from that of idiopathic @entity31 , but can be confused with the crypt abscess of @entity6835 . While the florid colonic changes may have settled in the late deaths, active @entity32 is commonly present in the appendix mucosa on histology. The pathology of the alimentary tract in @entity2491 infection differs from that of @entity1680 and @entity10583 infections. There is little evidence of @entity1902 , although subtle changes occur in the stomach and small intestine. The features are those of acute @entity1960 with @entity698 , distinguishable from idiopathic @entity31 .

title: Pathology of the alimentary tract in @entity2491 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2491 :: ('90371', 'Species') :: ['S typhimurium', 'Salmonella typhimurium']

entities_list: @entity6835 :: ('MESH:D004405', 'Disease') :: ['acute bacillary (sonne) dysentery']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['food poisoning']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['histological appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity7017 :: ('MESH:C538273', 'Disease') :: ['enteropathy']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity1960 :: ('MESH:D003092', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse colitis']

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosa']

entities_list: @entity1681 :: ('MESH:D004751', 'Disease') :: ['enteritis']

answer: @entity6766 :: (MESH:D005517,Disease) :: ['food poisoning']


abstract: The pathology of the alimentary tracts of nine @entity1 dying of @entity2491 infection is reviewed. Two @entity1 had previous gastric operations, supporting previous reports that such @entity1 are more susceptible to @entity6766 . Four had no parietal (oxyntic) cells in the @entity356 , suggesting hypo- or anacidity. Only one had acute @entity3621 . None had acute @entity1681 , but in half of the @entity1 , subtle histological changes suggested an ' @entity7017 '. Acute @entity1960 with abundant crypt abscesses, without stromal abscesses in the lamina propria, was the most constant finding and reparative features started very early, and occurred in later deaths. Under ideal circumstances this crypt abscess is readily distinguished from that of idiopathic @entity31 , but can be confused with the crypt abscess of @entity6835 . While the florid colonic changes may have settled in the late deaths, active @entity32 is commonly present in the appendix mucosa on histology. The pathology of the alimentary tract in @entity2491 infection differs from that of @entity1680 and @entity10583 infections. There is little evidence of @entity1902 , although subtle changes occur in the stomach and small intestine. The features are those of acute @entity1960 with @entity698 , distinguishable from idiopathic @entity31 .

title: Pathology of the alimentary tract in XXXX @entity6766 .

answer: @entity2491 :: (90371,Species) :: ['Salmonella typhimurium']


abstract: Radiation therapy has been widely used for palliative management of inoperable metastatic @entity320 . For @entity1 with @entity66 , response rates of approximately 70% have been reported. There are limited data concerning the role of adjuvant irradiation following therapeutic lymph node dissection. In this review, 57 @entity1 with isolated resectable and nonresectable @entity66 have been treated with radiation. The overall response rate is 84% for bulky disease. Large fractions are beneficial. The median disease-free survivals were 11 months after adjuvant treatment and 7 months for those with inoperable disease. The median overall survivals were 20 months and 18 months, respectively. Local control in long-term survivors was excellent. Sixty-five percent of @entity1 developed distant metastases. There is a need for additional studies with the use of adjuvant radiation therapy following lymph node dissection.

title: Radiation therapy for XXXX in @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['malignant melanoma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['nodal disease']


abstract: Radiation therapy has been widely used for palliative management of inoperable metastatic @entity320 . For @entity1 with @entity66 , response rates of approximately 70% have been reported. There are limited data concerning the role of adjuvant irradiation following therapeutic lymph node dissection. In this review, 57 @entity1 with isolated resectable and nonresectable @entity66 have been treated with radiation. The overall response rate is 84% for bulky disease. Large fractions are beneficial. The median disease-free survivals were 11 months after adjuvant treatment and 7 months for those with inoperable disease. The median overall survivals were 20 months and 18 months, respectively. Local control in long-term survivors was excellent. Sixty-five percent of @entity1 developed distant metastases. There is a need for additional studies with the use of adjuvant radiation therapy following lymph node dissection.

title: Radiation therapy for @entity66 in XXXX .

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['malignant melanoma']


abstract: @entity195 ( @entity195 ), @entity191 ( @entity191 ) and @entity746 ( @entity746 ) are the most common @entity1 adult-onset @entity179 . They are characterized by prominent age-related @entity179 in selectively vulnerable neural systems. Some forms of @entity195 , @entity191 , and @entity746 are inherited, and genes causing these diseases have been identified. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of the neuronal cell death are unresolved. Morphological, biochemical, genetic, as well as cell and animal model studies reveal that mitochondria could have roles in this @entity179 . The functions and properties of mitochondria might render subsets of selectively vulnerable neurons intrinsically susceptible to cellular aging and stress and overlying genetic variations, triggering @entity179 according to a cell death matrix theory. In @entity195 , alterations in enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial binding of Ab and amyloid precursor protein have been reported. In @entity191 , mutations in putative mitochondrial proteins have been identified and mitochondrial DNA mutations have been found in neurons in the substantia nigra. In @entity746 , changes occur in mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes and mitochondrial cell death proteins. Transgenic @entity19 models of @entity1 @entity179 are beginning to reveal possible principles governing the biology of selective neuronal vulnerability that implicate mitochondria and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This review summarizes how mitochondrial pathobiology might contribute to @entity528 in @entity195 , @entity191 , and @entity746 and could serve as a target for drug therapy.

title: Mitochondrial and Cell Death Mechanisms in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration', 'neurodegenerative disease', 'neurodegenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['ALS', 'amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death']

answer: @entity179 :: (MESH:D019636,Disease) :: ['Neurodegenerative Diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of different physical fitness levels [assessed by the maximal @entity26 uptake (VO2max) test] with @entity65 ( @entity65 ) risk factors in @entity1 with @entity309 . METHODS: A total of 150 @entity309 @entity1 were assessed for @entity410 with a VO2max test and, based on this, were split in three groups using the 33rd (18.1 ml/kg/min) and 66th (22.4 ml/kg/min) centiles. Classical and novel @entity65 risk factors [blood pressure, body fat, insulin resistance, @entity165 , @entity1674 , high-density lipoprotein (HDL), physical activity, CRP, fibrinogen and white cell count], 10-year @entity65 risk, disease activity (DAS28) and severity (HAQ) were assessed in all cases. RESULTS: Mean VO2max for all @entity309 @entity1 was 20.9 (s.d. 5.7) ml/kg/min. The 10-year @entity65 risk (P = 0.003), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.039), HDL (P = 0.017), insulin resistance and body fat (both at P < 0.001), CRP (P = 0.005), white blood cell count (P = 0.015) and fibrinogen (P < 0.001) were significantly different between the VO2max tertiles favouring the group with the higher VO2max levels. In multivariate analyses of variance, VO2max was significantly associated with body fat (P < 0.001), HDL (P = 0.007), insulin resistance (P < 0.003) and 10-year @entity65 risk (P < 0.001), even after adjustment for DAS28, HAQ and physical activity. CONCLUSION: VO2max levels are alarmingly low in @entity309 @entity1 . Higher levels of VO2max are associated with a better cardiovascular profile in this population. Future studies need to focus on developing effective behavioural interventions to improve @entity410 in @entity309 .

title: XXXX levels and their association with cardiovascular profile in @entity1 with @entity309 : a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory fitness']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['Cardiorespiratory fitness']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of different physical fitness levels [assessed by the maximal @entity26 uptake (VO2max) test] with @entity65 ( @entity65 ) risk factors in @entity1 with @entity309 . METHODS: A total of 150 @entity309 @entity1 were assessed for @entity410 with a VO2max test and, based on this, were split in three groups using the 33rd (18.1 ml/kg/min) and 66th (22.4 ml/kg/min) centiles. Classical and novel @entity65 risk factors [blood pressure, body fat, insulin resistance, @entity165 , @entity1674 , high-density lipoprotein (HDL), physical activity, CRP, fibrinogen and white cell count], 10-year @entity65 risk, disease activity (DAS28) and severity (HAQ) were assessed in all cases. RESULTS: Mean VO2max for all @entity309 @entity1 was 20.9 (s.d. 5.7) ml/kg/min. The 10-year @entity65 risk (P = 0.003), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.039), HDL (P = 0.017), insulin resistance and body fat (both at P < 0.001), CRP (P = 0.005), white blood cell count (P = 0.015) and fibrinogen (P < 0.001) were significantly different between the VO2max tertiles favouring the group with the higher VO2max levels. In multivariate analyses of variance, VO2max was significantly associated with body fat (P < 0.001), HDL (P = 0.007), insulin resistance (P < 0.003) and 10-year @entity65 risk (P < 0.001), even after adjustment for DAS28, HAQ and physical activity. CONCLUSION: VO2max levels are alarmingly low in @entity309 @entity1 . Higher levels of VO2max are associated with a better cardiovascular profile in this population. Future studies need to focus on developing effective behavioural interventions to improve @entity410 in @entity309 .

title: @entity410 levels and their association with cardiovascular profile in @entity1 with XXXX : a cross-sectional study.

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']