abstract: BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSI) after acetabular @entity174 surgery are uncommon but devastating. It is still unknown which risk factors contribute to SSI. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the risk factors of SSI after acetabular @entity174 surgery. METHODS: A total of 338 @entity1 who underwent the acetabular @entity174 surgical procedure were studied retrospectively. Post-operative SSI developed in 16 @entity1 . From the medical record, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), Injury Severity Score (ISS), active smokers, @entity6 , causes of @entity174 , associated injuries, classification of the acetabular @entity174 , time from injury to operation, operative approaches, use of the Intra-Aortic Balloon Occlusion (IABO), operative time, surgical @entity190 , and days in the intensive care unit (ICU) were extracted. Univariate and multivariable analysis were performed to determine the association between risk factors and @entity281 . RESULTS: There were 10 males and six females in the infected group. According to the univariate analysis, the @entity1 in whom SSI developed were more @entity28 (higher BMI), more severely injured in terms of ISS, and had longer ICU stays. The operative time was longer, and estimated @entity190 was larger in the infected group. Associated injuries such as Morel-Lavall  e lesion, @entity1661 , and urinary tract trauma were common in the infected group. Combined approaches and IABO were more commonly applied in the infected group. Multivariate analysis indicated that the operative time, Morel-Lavall  e lesion, and @entity1661 are the independent risk factors for SSI. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce the incidence of SSI in @entity1 with @entity174 , special attention should be paid to the @entity28 @entity1 , Morel-Lavall  e lesion, and concomitant @entity1661 . Keeping the operative time short also reduces the risk of SSI. It is important to perform surgical intervention immediately after the @entity281 occurs.

title: Risk Factors of XXXX after Acetabular Fracture Surgery.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['acetabular fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['Surgical Site Infection']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between lumbosacropelvic morphology and the presence and degree of @entity528 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity571 of the facet joints is one of the most common degenerative changes in the spine. It is considered to be formed secondary to repetitive stress or @entity130 and @entity85 with secondary overload. The cause(s) of facet joints @entity571 , however, have not been clearly identified. METHODS: Abdominal computed tomography (CT) images of 723 @entity1 which were taken between the years 2010 and 2014 were evaluated retrospectively. @entity1 with prior lumbar spinal surgery, serious @entity154 on CT, @entity10145 , severe @entity1635 , were excluded from the study. To eliminate the age- and sex-related differences in spinopelvic morphology, a study group was formed of the remaining subjects by including @entity1 from a specific age group (30-35 yr) and same sex (females). For each @entity1 the presence and grade of @entity528 was investigated. In addition, pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope and the angles of L1-L5 lumbar @entity1515 , sacral table, L5 vertebra posterior, and sacral @entity1513 were measured for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Sacral slope, sacral @entity1513 , and L1-L5 lumbar @entity1515 angle were significantly higher in @entity1 with osteoarthritic compared with normal subjects (P = 0.015, P = 0.018, P = 0.016). L5 vertebra posterior and sacral table angle were found to be significantly lower in @entity1 with osteoarthritic than in normal subjects (P = 0.019, P = 0.007). The degree of @entity528 was noticed to increase parallel to the decrease in the sacral table angle and L5 vertebra posterior angle, and to the increase in the L1-L5 lumbar @entity1515 , PI, and sacral slope. CONCLUSION: A close relation exists between the presence and degree of @entity528 and lumbosacral pelvic morphology. Prevalence and degree of the degeneration in facet joint increases as the angle of sacral slope, L1-L5 lumbar @entity1515 , and PI increases or the angle of sacral table and L5 vertebra posterior decreases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

title: The Relationship Between XXXX of the Lumbar Facet Joints and Lumbosacropelvic Morphology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spinal deformity']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration in the facet joint', 'facet joint degeneration']

entities_list: @entity10145 :: ('MESH:C537221', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete or complete lumbosacral transition']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['Osteoarthritis']


abstract: Two low-dose intradermal regimens for @entity1956 vaccination were compared with the standard 1 ml dose administered intramuscularly to healthy, 22-42 year old individuals. All regimens were administered in an abbreviated time schedule. Nineteen individuals ( @entity13863 group) received three 0.1 ml (2 micrograms) doses intradermally at times 0, 1 month and 4 months. Twenty-four individuals ( @entity29096 group) received two injections of 0.2 ml (4 micrograms) each intradermally at time 0 and one 0.1 ml (2 micrograms) injection 4 months later. Twenty individuals (IM group) received the recommended three 1.0 ml (20 micrograms) doses intramuscularly at times 0, 1 month, and 4 months. No significant adverse reactions were attributable to the intradermal administration of vaccine although the majority of vaccinees developed small areas of induration and @entity2117 at the injection site that persisted for several months. One month following the last injection, all vaccinees had developed anti-HBsAg antibodies. One hundred percent of @entity13863 and IM vaccinees and 95% of @entity29096 vaccinees had protective levels of antibody (greater than or equal to 10 mIU ml-1). The geometric mean titre (GMT) for the IM group (2692 mIU ml-1) was somewhat higher than for the @entity13863 (1230 mIU ml-1) and the @entity29096 (851 mlU ml-1) groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. Since anti-HBs antibodies are thought to confer protection against @entity1956 , these results suggest that a shortened regimen of intradermal vaccine may be effective in healthy adults. However, no efficacy study has yet been done with intradermal @entity1956 vaccine.

title: Intradermal XXXX vaccination in an abbreviated schedule.

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['hyperpigmentation']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B']

answer: @entity1956 :: (MESH:D006509,Disease) :: ['hepatitis B']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests a link between childhood adversities and @entity29 ( @entity29 ); however, study limitations prevent generalization of findings. To address this, the current study uses a Canadian population-based sample to investigate the relationship between 3 childhood adversities and 2 types of @entity29 while controlling for a range of factors. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of a subsample of the nationally representative 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health consisted of those with no missing data on any of the variables of interest (n = 21,852). The survey response rate was 68.9%. This study used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios of 3 types of childhood adversities (physical abuse, @entity458 , and witnessing parental domestic violence) separately for @entity31 and @entity30 , each compared with those without @entity29 . The final model controls for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and mental health. The exposure was assessed by retrospective self-report, and the outcome was by self-report of a health professional diagnosis. RESULTS: In a fully adjusted model, those who are physically (odds ratio = 2.28; confidence interval, 1.39-3.75) or sexually abused (odds ratio = 2.64; confidence interval, 1.61-4.33) during childhood had significantly higher odds of @entity31 than their non-maltreated peers. No relationship is found between witnessing parental domestic violence and @entity31 . None of the early adversities are significantly related to @entity30 . CONCLUSIONS: Childhood physical and @entity458 are related to @entity31 , but not @entity30 . Future research that can address epigenetic and neuroendocrine factors should investigate pathways through which early adversities may translate into one type of @entity29 but not another.

title: Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with XXXX but Not @entity30 : Findings from a Population-based Study.

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual abuse']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['Ulcerative Colitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous research suggests a link between childhood adversities and @entity29 ( @entity29 ); however, study limitations prevent generalization of findings. To address this, the current study uses a Canadian population-based sample to investigate the relationship between 3 childhood adversities and 2 types of @entity29 while controlling for a range of factors. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of a subsample of the nationally representative 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health consisted of those with no missing data on any of the variables of interest (n = 21,852). The survey response rate was 68.9%. This study used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios of 3 types of childhood adversities (physical abuse, @entity458 , and witnessing parental domestic violence) separately for @entity31 and @entity30 , each compared with those without @entity29 . The final model controls for sociodemographics, health behaviors, and mental health. The exposure was assessed by retrospective self-report, and the outcome was by self-report of a health professional diagnosis. RESULTS: In a fully adjusted model, those who are physically (odds ratio = 2.28; confidence interval, 1.39-3.75) or sexually abused (odds ratio = 2.64; confidence interval, 1.61-4.33) during childhood had significantly higher odds of @entity31 than their non-maltreated peers. No relationship is found between witnessing parental domestic violence and @entity31 . None of the early adversities are significantly related to @entity30 . CONCLUSIONS: Childhood physical and @entity458 are related to @entity31 , but not @entity30 . Future research that can address epigenetic and neuroendocrine factors should investigate pathways through which early adversities may translate into one type of @entity29 but not another.

title: Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with @entity31 but Not XXXX : Findings from a Population-based Study.

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's Disease']


abstract: BACKGOUND: Bowel wall @entity82 is associated with a complicated disease behavior in @entity1 with @entity30 ( @entity30 ). The quantitative assessment of @entity82 severity in @entity30 -affected bowel can help clinical decision making. Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility, reliability, and reproducibility of ultrasound elasticity imaging (UEI) toward the assessment of ileal @entity82 in @entity30 @entity1 . METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive @entity1 with @entity30 , elected for surgical resection of the terminal ileum, underwent bowel ultrasound and UEI. Twenty inflammatory @entity30 @entity1 without complications were enrolled as controls. Bowel wall stiffness was evaluated with UEI by means of color scale and quantitative strain ratio measurement. The severity of bowel wall @entity82 and @entity32 were evaluated on histological sections by semiquantitative and quantitative image analysis and used as a reference standard. RESULTS: The UEI strain ratio measurement was significantly correlated with the severity of bowel @entity82 at both semiquantitative and quantitative histological image analysis: it was characterized by an excellent discriminatory ability for severe bowel @entity82 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.917; 95% confidence interval, 0.788-1.000). UEI strain ratio measurements were characterized by an excellent interrater agreement. At multivariate analysis, bowel wall @entity82 proved the only independent determinant of the strain ratio. The ileal strain ratio of inflammatory @entity30 @entity1 was significantly lower than in operated @entity30 @entity1 with severe @entity82 . CONCLUSIONS: UEI can be used to assess ileal @entity82 in @entity30 @entity1 .

title: The Role of Ultrasound Elasticity Imaging in Predicting Ileal Fibrosis in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', 'ileal or ileocolonic CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's Disease']


abstract: BACKGOUND: Bowel wall @entity82 is associated with a complicated disease behavior in @entity1 with @entity30 ( @entity30 ). The quantitative assessment of @entity82 severity in @entity30 -affected bowel can help clinical decision making. Our aim was to evaluate the feasibility, reliability, and reproducibility of ultrasound elasticity imaging (UEI) toward the assessment of ileal @entity82 in @entity30 @entity1 . METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive @entity1 with @entity30 , elected for surgical resection of the terminal ileum, underwent bowel ultrasound and UEI. Twenty inflammatory @entity30 @entity1 without complications were enrolled as controls. Bowel wall stiffness was evaluated with UEI by means of color scale and quantitative strain ratio measurement. The severity of bowel wall @entity82 and @entity32 were evaluated on histological sections by semiquantitative and quantitative image analysis and used as a reference standard. RESULTS: The UEI strain ratio measurement was significantly correlated with the severity of bowel @entity82 at both semiquantitative and quantitative histological image analysis: it was characterized by an excellent discriminatory ability for severe bowel @entity82 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.917; 95% confidence interval, 0.788-1.000). UEI strain ratio measurements were characterized by an excellent interrater agreement. At multivariate analysis, bowel wall @entity82 proved the only independent determinant of the strain ratio. The ileal strain ratio of inflammatory @entity30 @entity1 was significantly lower than in operated @entity30 @entity1 with severe @entity82 . CONCLUSIONS: UEI can be used to assess ileal @entity82 in @entity30 @entity1 .

title: The Role of Ultrasound Elasticity Imaging in Predicting Ileal Fibrosis in @entity30 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: The lamina cribrosa likely plays an important role in retinal ganglion cell axon injury in @entity726 . We sought to (1) better understand optic nerve head (ONH) structure and anterior lamina cribrosa surface (ALCS) microarchitecture between fellow eyes of living, normal non- @entity1 primates and (2) characterize the time-course of in vivo structural changes in the ONH, ALCS microarchitecture, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in non- @entity1 primate eyes with early experimental @entity726 (EG). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) images of the ONH were acquired cross-sectionally in six bilaterally normal @entity2608 , and before and approximately every two weeks after inducing unilateral EG in seven @entity2608 . ONH parameters and RNFLT were quantified from segmented SDOCT images. Mean ALCS pore area, elongation and nearest neighbor distance (NND) were quantified globally, in sectors and regionally from adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope images. In bilaterally normal monkeys, ONH parameters were similar between fellow eyes with few inter-eye differences in ALCS pore parameters. In EG monkeys, an increase in mean ALCS Depth (ALCSD) was the first structural change measured in 6 of 7 EG eyes. A decrease in mean minimum rim width (MRW) simultaneously accompanied this early change in 4 of 6 EG eyes and was the first structural change in the 7th EG eye. Mean ALCS pore parameters were among the first or second changes measured in 4 EG eyes. Mean ALCS pore area and NND increased in superotemporal and temporal sectors and in central and peripheral regions at the first time-point of change in ALCS pore geometry. RNFLT and/or mean ALCS radius of curvature were typically the last parameters to initially change. Survival analyses found mean ALCSD was the only parameter to significantly show an initial change prior to the first measured loss in RNFLT across EG eyes.

title: In Vivo Changes in Lamina Cribrosa Microarchitecture and Optic Nerve Head Structure in Early Experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['Glaucoma']


abstract: For autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) to restore cartilage defect, limited cell numbers and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes are the major difficulties. An alternative is the use of growth factors, but the high cost and potential tumorigenesis are the major obstacles. To ensure successful ACI therapy, it is of significance to find effective substituted pro-chondrogenic agent. @entity33291 from plant extract have low @entity137 and few undesirable side effects, which were reported to facilitate cartilage regeneration. In this study, we investigated the effect of Longan polysaccharides (LP) on @entity95 articular chondrocytes through examination of the cell proliferation, morphology, viability, glycosaminoglycan synthesis and cartilage-specific gene expression. Results showed that close to the positive group which used the growth factor of TGF-b, LP could effectively promote chondrocytes growth and enhance secretion and synthesis of cartilage extracellular matrix by up-regulating expression levels of aggrecan, collagen II and @entity39901 compared to the negative control. Expression of collagen I gene was effectively down-regulated, demonstrating the inhibition of chondrocytes dedifferentiation by LP. @entity1184 that might lead to chondrocyte ossification was also undetectable in LP groups. Range of 4.69-18.76    g/ml was recommended dose of LP, among which the most profound response was observed with 9.38   g/ml. All the evidences revealed that LP may replace the growth factors to be applied in ACI therapy. This study might provide a basis for development of a novel agent in the treatment of @entity1844 .

title: Effect of Longan polysaccharides on proliferation and phenotype maintenance in XXXX articular chondrocytes in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['articular cartilage defect']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity33291 :: ('MESH:D011134', 'Chemical') :: ['Polysaccharides']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: There is experimental evidence suggesting the existence of a liquid-liquid transition (LLT) in a single-component liquid. However, none of this evidence is free from controversy, including the case of a molecular liquid, @entity27326 , which we study here. Furthermore, the kinetics of LLT has been largely unexplored. Here we study the phase-transition dynamics of @entity27326 in a supercooled liquid state by means of time-resolved polarized and depolarized small-angle light scattering to clarify whether the transition is a liquid-liquid transition (LLT) or merely @entity8233 . A part of this study was recently reported in another of our papers [Shimizu, R.; Kobayashi, M.; Tanaka, H. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2014, 112, 125702]. A detailed analysis of our experimental results of light scattering and the comparison with heat evolution during LLT have revealed the following facts. The polarized scattering from domains has a finite (nonzero) intensity in the low-wavenumber limit, and the time evolution of its average intensity is almost proportional to the square of the heat-releasing rate. The depolarized scattering intensity monotonically increases in the process of LLT during isothermal annealing above the spinodal temperature @entity1051 but exhibits a peak below @entity1051 . On the basis of these results, we suggest that the primary process is LLT, whose order parameter is of a nonconserved nature, but accompanies @entity8233 . In the NG-type LLT, the sharp interface between liquid II droplets and the liquid I matrix promotes @entity8233 there, whereas much less @entity8233 is induced in the SD-type LLT due to the lack of such sharp interfaces.

title: Time-Resolved Light Scattering Study on the Kinetics of the Liquid-Liquid Transition in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity27326 :: ('MESH:C013318', 'Chemical') :: ['triphenyl phosphite']

entities_list: @entity8233 :: ('MESH:D058426', 'Disease') :: ['nanocrystal formation']

answer: @entity27326 :: (MESH:C013318,Chemical) :: ['Triphenyl Phosphite']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity981 who have poor prognostic features at diagnosis usually have a short disease-free survival in spite of successful remission induction. Those poor risk features are: age over 30 years, a white blood cell count over 25,000/microliter, certain translocations of chromosomes, and requirement for more than six weeks of induction chemotherapy to attain a complete remission. We have used high-dose radiochemotherapy to prepare 39 @entity1 with @entity981 in first complete remission (1 @entity1 and 38 adults; median age 23 years) for bone marrow transplantation from histocompatible sibling donors. Thirty-one of the 39 @entity1 in this study had one (n = 23) or more (n = 8) poor risk features: age (n = 7); high white blood cell count (n = 19); translocations (n = 4), or resistance to initial induction therapy (n = 11). Currently, 26 @entity1 are surviving for 4-72 months (median 18 months) following marrow grafting and are in complete remission. One of the surviving @entity1 had two marrow transplant procedures because of recurrent @entity1778 . Actuarial survival in complete remission is 63% for the entire group of 39 @entity1 and is 60% if the eight @entity1 who had no poor risk features are excluded from analysis. The following causes for failure were observed: leukemic relapse was encountered in four @entity1 between 3 and 17 months after BMT for an actuarial relapse rate of 16%; @entity2348 was the cause of @entity204 in two @entity1 ; @entity2132 and/or @entity401 led to the demise of seven @entity1 , and one @entity1 died with @entity62 . It appears that high-dose radiochemotherapy followed by bone marrow transplantation from a histocompatible sibling donor during first complete remission can result in a high disease-free survival rate for younger adults with poor-risk @entity981 . This concept needs to be tested in prospective trials comparing bone marrow transplantation with chemotherapy.

title: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for XXXX during first complete remission.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial sepsis']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['leukoencephalopathy']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: We carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the benefit of epidermal growth factor- @entity4149 kinase inhibitors ( @entity470 ) over the standard first-line @entity902 -based chemotherapy for metastatic @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Studies that were considered eligible included controlled prospective randomized phase III studies in @entity1 with @entity1149 stages IIIB or IV. These @entity1 received standard first-line @entity902 -based chemotherapy or @entity470 -TKI; overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) with adequate data were available to calculate and estimate the hazard ratio (HR) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Eight studies were identified that compared @entity470 -TKI versus standard first-line @entity902 -based chemotherapy to treat @entity1149 in 2962 @entity1 . @entity1 receiving @entity470 showed significantly longer PFS [HR=0.266 (95% CI=0.20-0.35), P<0.0001]. No significant difference in overall survival [HR=0.946 (95% CI=0.35-2.53), P=0.912] was observed between the groups. The cumulative meta-analysis of the studies showed that, since 2011 (OPTIMAL study), the PFS benefit in the @entity470 arm was statistically significantly longer. @entity137 values greater than or equal to 3 in the most prevalent @entity470 -TKI group included @entity1910 , @entity294 , and increased aminotransferase. @entity470 -TKI treatment significantly extends PFS, with acceptable @entity137 than @entity902 -based chemotherapy. Thus, they should be considered as the first choice in the first-line treatment for @entity1 with @entity1149 and with the @entity470 mutation.

title: Cumulative meta-analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor- XXXX kinase inhibitors as first-line therapy in metastatic @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity4149 :: (D014443,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: We carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the benefit of epidermal growth factor- @entity4149 kinase inhibitors ( @entity470 ) over the standard first-line @entity902 -based chemotherapy for metastatic @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Studies that were considered eligible included controlled prospective randomized phase III studies in @entity1 with @entity1149 stages IIIB or IV. These @entity1 received standard first-line @entity902 -based chemotherapy or @entity470 -TKI; overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) with adequate data were available to calculate and estimate the hazard ratio (HR) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Eight studies were identified that compared @entity470 -TKI versus standard first-line @entity902 -based chemotherapy to treat @entity1149 in 2962 @entity1 . @entity1 receiving @entity470 showed significantly longer PFS [HR=0.266 (95% CI=0.20-0.35), P<0.0001]. No significant difference in overall survival [HR=0.946 (95% CI=0.35-2.53), P=0.912] was observed between the groups. The cumulative meta-analysis of the studies showed that, since 2011 (OPTIMAL study), the PFS benefit in the @entity470 arm was statistically significantly longer. @entity137 values greater than or equal to 3 in the most prevalent @entity470 -TKI group included @entity1910 , @entity294 , and increased aminotransferase. @entity470 -TKI treatment significantly extends PFS, with acceptable @entity137 than @entity902 -based chemotherapy. Thus, they should be considered as the first choice in the first-line treatment for @entity1 with @entity1149 and with the @entity470 mutation.

title: Cumulative meta-analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor- @entity4149 kinase inhibitors as first-line therapy in metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: We review evidence that the AMIS (Absence of Meal-induced @entity2690 Sensitization) syndrome describes a paradigm fundamental to development of @entity28 . The hypoglycemic response to a pulse of @entity2690 is doubled after a meal as a result of Hepatic @entity2690 Sensitizing Substance (HISS), released from the liver to act selectively on muscle, heart and kidney. In the absence of HISS action, the hypoglycemic response to @entity2690 is the same as in the fasted state, and only half of what it should be. Postprandial @entity4854 ensues, with @entity3190 , resultant @entity407 and elevated free radical stress. Storage of nutrient energy shifts from glycogen in muscle to fat. Chronic AMIS results in adiposity, occurs with age, is accelerated with @entity969 supplement, and prevented by a synergistic antioxidant. Exercise reverses AMIS, as do pharmaceuticals that mimic the "feeding signals". The AMIS syndrome develops as a sequence of pathologies based on the consequences of absence of HISS action, including adiposity as the earliest symptom. @entity299 , @entity101 , @entity1007 , and @entity1560 are related to lack of HISS action. The AMIS syndrome hypothesis is mechanistic-based and accounts for the major pathologies associated with @entity5710 , @entity28 , @entity6 and @entity209 . AMIS can be diagnosed, prevented and treated.

title: XXXX as an Early Symptom of the AMIS Syndrome.

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['fatty liver']

entities_list: @entity5710 :: ('MESH:D011236', 'Disease') :: ['prediabetes']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['compensatory hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['Obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1272 has been associated with an increased risk of @entity955 ( @entity955 ). Although previous studies have suggested a beneficial effect of @entity1760 ( @entity4612 ) therapy, almost all of these are limited by small sample size and relatively low @entity4612 dose. We hypothesized that high-dose @entity4612 decreases the occurrence of new-onset @entity955 , and we tested this hypothesis by using data from a prospective trial that assessed the effect of @entity4612 on cognitive outcomes in @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: A total of 389 @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery were enrolled in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were randomized to receive @entity4612 as a 50- @entity4612 /kg bolus immediately after induction of anesthesia followed by another 50 @entity4612 /kg as an infusion given over 3 hours (total dose, 100 @entity4612 /kg) or placebo. We tested the effect of @entity4612 therapy on @entity955 with logistic regression, adjusting for the risk of @entity955 ( @entity955 ) by using the Multicenter Study of Perioperative @entity63 risk index for @entity955 after Cardiac Surgery. RESULTS: Among the 363 @entity1 analyzed, after we excluded @entity1 with chronic or acute preoperative @entity955 (placebo: n = 177; @entity4612 : n = 186), the incidence of new-onset @entity955 was 42.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35%-50%) in the @entity4612 group compared with 37.9% (95% CI, 31%-45%) in the placebo group (P = 0.40). The 95% CI for this absolute risk difference of 4.6% is -5.5% to 14.7%. The time to onset of @entity955 also was identical between the groups, and no significant effect of @entity4612 was found in logistic regression analysis after we adjusted for @entity955 risk (odds ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.69-1.72; P = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS: High-dose intraoperative @entity4612 therapy did not decrease the incidence of new-onset @entity955 after cardiac surgery.

title: Intraoperative @entity1760 Administration Does Not Reduce Postoperative XXXX After Cardiac Surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1272 :: ('MESH:C537153', 'Disease') :: ['Hypomagnesemia']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'Atrial Fibrillation', 'AF', 'POAF', 'postoperative atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['Atrial Fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1272 has been associated with an increased risk of @entity955 ( @entity955 ). Although previous studies have suggested a beneficial effect of @entity1760 ( @entity4612 ) therapy, almost all of these are limited by small sample size and relatively low @entity4612 dose. We hypothesized that high-dose @entity4612 decreases the occurrence of new-onset @entity955 , and we tested this hypothesis by using data from a prospective trial that assessed the effect of @entity4612 on cognitive outcomes in @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: A total of 389 @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery were enrolled in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were randomized to receive @entity4612 as a 50- @entity4612 /kg bolus immediately after induction of anesthesia followed by another 50 @entity4612 /kg as an infusion given over 3 hours (total dose, 100 @entity4612 /kg) or placebo. We tested the effect of @entity4612 therapy on @entity955 with logistic regression, adjusting for the risk of @entity955 ( @entity955 ) by using the Multicenter Study of Perioperative @entity63 risk index for @entity955 after Cardiac Surgery. RESULTS: Among the 363 @entity1 analyzed, after we excluded @entity1 with chronic or acute preoperative @entity955 (placebo: n = 177; @entity4612 : n = 186), the incidence of new-onset @entity955 was 42.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35%-50%) in the @entity4612 group compared with 37.9% (95% CI, 31%-45%) in the placebo group (P = 0.40). The 95% CI for this absolute risk difference of 4.6% is -5.5% to 14.7%. The time to onset of @entity955 also was identical between the groups, and no significant effect of @entity4612 was found in logistic regression analysis after we adjusted for @entity955 risk (odds ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.69-1.72; P = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS: High-dose intraoperative @entity4612 therapy did not decrease the incidence of new-onset @entity955 after cardiac surgery.

title: Intraoperative XXXX Administration Does Not Reduce Postoperative @entity955 After Cardiac Surgery.

answer: @entity1760 :: (MESH:D008274,Chemical) :: ['Magnesium']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To (1) quantify the diagnostic techniques used by Dental Practice-Based Research Network (DPBRN) dentists before they decide to treat primary @entity75 surgically and (2) examine whether certain dentist, practice, and @entity1 characteristics are associated with their use. METHODS: A total of 228 DPBRN dentists recorded information on 5,676 consecutive restorations inserted due to primary @entity75 on 3,751 @entity1 . Practitioner-investigators placed a mean of 24.9 (SD = 12.4) restorations. Lesions were categorized as posterior proximal, anterior proximal, posterior occiusal, posterior smooth, or anterior smooth. Techniques used to diagnose the lesion were categorized as clinical assessment, radiographs, and/or optical. Statistical analysis utilized generalized mixed-model ANOVA to account for the hierarchical structure of the data. RESULTS: By lesion category, the diagnostic technique combinations used most frequently were clinical assessment plus radiographs for posterior proximal (47%), clinical assessment for anterior proximal (51%), clinical assessment for posterior occlusal (46%), clinical assessment for posterior smooth (77%), and clinical assessment for anterior smooth (80%). Diagnostic technique was significantly associated with lesion category after adjusting for clustering in dentists (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: These results--obtained during actual clinical procedures rather than from questionnaire-based hypothetical scenarios--quantified the diagnostic techniques most commonly used during the actual delivery of routine restorative care. Diagnostic technique varied by lesion category and with certain practice and @entity1 characteristics.

title: Methods dentists use to diagnose primary XXXX prior to restorative treatment: Findings from The Dental PBRN.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['caries lesions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['caries lesions']


abstract: In conditions of limited haemodilution (haematocrit 0.25), an improvement in the rheological properties of blood and an increase in cardiac output allow increased perfusion of capillaries and maintenance of tissue oxygenation so long as normal circulating volume is maintained. However, some authors have suggested that blood substitutes enabling @entity26 transport are necessary. The suitability of such substitutes depends on their physicochemical properties and, until now, only the use of haemoglobin solutions and @entity29781 emulsions has been. The use of fluorocarbons requires respiration under @entity871 or pure @entity26 , which is a major limitation. Haemoglobin solutions suffer from inadequate concentration, short vascular persistence and too high an affinity for @entity26 , but these @entity942 disappear with polymerized pyridoxylated haemoglobin. Though both types of preparation can keep animals alive with zero haematocrit for some time, their contribution to oxygenation goes down as the haematocrit goes up. According to Zander and Makowski [40]. the minimum acceptable amount of @entity26 in the blood is reached with a haemoglobin concentration of 4.4 g X 100 ml-1 with a @entity4095 of 90 mmHg (12 kPa), and of 3.3 g X 100 ml-1 with a @entity4095 of 550 mmHg (73 kPa); these values correspond to a haematocrit close to 0.10. At this haematocrit and with a @entity4095 of 90 mmHg, a 70 g X l-1 haemoglobin solution contributes for 28% to the consumption of @entity26 in @entity6599 , while @entity61318 20, used at @entity4095 550 mmHg, takes care of 55% of this consumption. At higher haematocrits, it is not certain that these substitutions have a real advantage over the usual plasma expanders at normovolaemic haemodilution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [The place for using erythrocyte substitutes in hemodilution: XXXX and polymerized pyridoxylated hemoglobin].

entities_list: @entity61318 :: ('MESH:C017323', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluosol DA']

entities_list: @entity871 :: ('MESH:D018496', 'Disease') :: ['hyperoxia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity29781 :: ('CHEBI:38824', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorocarbon']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies']

answer: @entity61318 :: (MESH:C017323,Chemical) :: ['fluosol-DA']


abstract: The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of different @entity3405 antibiotics and one @entity1536 on the sedimentation of outer membranes (OMs) of @entity526 and on the qualitative properties and immunogenicity of OM components were studied. Membranes were prepared by osmotic lysis of plasmolyzed bacteria. OM and cytoplasmic membrane vesicles were separated by @entity969 density ultracentrifugation. Two peaks of OM vesicles with different buoyant densities could be isolated; the quantitative contribution of these to the total OM varied, depending upon the growth phase. In early log phase, the OM consisted mainly of lighter material; in late log and stationary phases, the OM consisted mainly of heavier material. @entity3399 , imipenem, and @entity2177 inhibited the formation of heavier material in all growth phases. The immunogenicity of OM vesicles was tested in @entity19 by the hemolytic plaque test. The lighter OM material was markedly less immunogenic than the heavier OM material. The vesicles from antibiotic-treated bacteria and those from early-log-phase cells were less immunogenic than vesicles from untreated late-log-phase and stationary-phase bacteria. These changes were found for the immune response against lipopolysaccharides, as well as against OM proteins. Thus, the immunogenicity of OM components seems to be dependent upon the quantitative composition of lighter and heavier compounds, which is strongly influenced by growth phase and treatment with certain antibiotics.

title: Influence of @entity3405 antibiotics and @entity2177 on composition and immunogenicity of XXXX outer membrane.

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity3399 :: ('MESH:D009070', 'Chemical') :: ['Moxalactam']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity1536 :: ('CHEBI:23765', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolone']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of different @entity3405 antibiotics and one @entity1536 on the sedimentation of outer membranes (OMs) of @entity526 and on the qualitative properties and immunogenicity of OM components were studied. Membranes were prepared by osmotic lysis of plasmolyzed bacteria. OM and cytoplasmic membrane vesicles were separated by @entity969 density ultracentrifugation. Two peaks of OM vesicles with different buoyant densities could be isolated; the quantitative contribution of these to the total OM varied, depending upon the growth phase. In early log phase, the OM consisted mainly of lighter material; in late log and stationary phases, the OM consisted mainly of heavier material. @entity3399 , imipenem, and @entity2177 inhibited the formation of heavier material in all growth phases. The immunogenicity of OM vesicles was tested in @entity19 by the hemolytic plaque test. The lighter OM material was markedly less immunogenic than the heavier OM material. The vesicles from antibiotic-treated bacteria and those from early-log-phase cells were less immunogenic than vesicles from untreated late-log-phase and stationary-phase bacteria. These changes were found for the immune response against lipopolysaccharides, as well as against OM proteins. Thus, the immunogenicity of OM components seems to be dependent upon the quantitative composition of lighter and heavier compounds, which is strongly influenced by growth phase and treatment with certain antibiotics.

title: Influence of XXXX antibiotics and @entity2177 on composition and immunogenicity of @entity526 outer membrane.

answer: @entity3405 :: (CHEBI:35627,Chemical) :: ['beta-lactam']


abstract: The effects of subinhibitory concentrations of different @entity3405 antibiotics and one @entity1536 on the sedimentation of outer membranes (OMs) of @entity526 and on the qualitative properties and immunogenicity of OM components were studied. Membranes were prepared by osmotic lysis of plasmolyzed bacteria. OM and cytoplasmic membrane vesicles were separated by @entity969 density ultracentrifugation. Two peaks of OM vesicles with different buoyant densities could be isolated; the quantitative contribution of these to the total OM varied, depending upon the growth phase. In early log phase, the OM consisted mainly of lighter material; in late log and stationary phases, the OM consisted mainly of heavier material. @entity3399 , imipenem, and @entity2177 inhibited the formation of heavier material in all growth phases. The immunogenicity of OM vesicles was tested in @entity19 by the hemolytic plaque test. The lighter OM material was markedly less immunogenic than the heavier OM material. The vesicles from antibiotic-treated bacteria and those from early-log-phase cells were less immunogenic than vesicles from untreated late-log-phase and stationary-phase bacteria. These changes were found for the immune response against lipopolysaccharides, as well as against OM proteins. Thus, the immunogenicity of OM components seems to be dependent upon the quantitative composition of lighter and heavier compounds, which is strongly influenced by growth phase and treatment with certain antibiotics.

title: Influence of @entity3405 antibiotics and XXXX on composition and immunogenicity of @entity526 outer membrane.

answer: @entity2177 :: (MESH:D002939,Chemical) :: ['ciprofloxacin']


abstract: In @entity261 , areal @entity79 ( @entity79 ) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is above average, and skeletal indices by bone biopsy are abnormal. We used high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) and finite element analyses (FEA) to further investigate skeletal microstructure and estimated bone strength. We studied 60 @entity261 subjects on conventional therapy using DXA, HRpQCT, and FEA of the distal radius and tibia compared with normative controls from the Canadian Multicentre @entity170 Study. In @entity261 @entity1 and @entity1 , areal @entity79 was above average at the lumbar spine and hip sites by DXA; radial @entity79 was also above average in @entity261 @entity1 . Using HRpQCT, cortical volumetric @entity79 was increased in the @entity261 cohort compared with controls at both the radius and tibia. Cortical porosity was reduced at both sites in pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 and at the tibia in young @entity1 with a downward trend at the radius in @entity1 . At the tibia, trabecular number was increased in premenopausal @entity1 and @entity1 and trabecular thickness was lower in @entity1 . Ultimate stress and failure load at both sites for the @entity261 subjects were similar to controls. Using a linear regression model, at both radius and tibia, each increment in age decreased ultimate stress and failure load, whereas each increment in duration of @entity261 increased these same indices. These results provide additional evidence for the critical role of parathyroid hormone in regulating skeletal microstructure. Longer disease duration may mitigate the adverse effects of age on estimated bone strength in @entity261 .    2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

title: Noninvasive Assessment of Skeletal Microstructure and Estimated Bone Strength in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity261 :: ('MESH:D007011', 'Disease') :: ['hypoparathyroid', 'hypoparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

answer: @entity261 :: (MESH:D007011,Disease) :: ['Hypoparathyroidism']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A decrease in @entity3391 receptor (NMDAR) function is associated with age-related @entity73 . However, NMDAR antagonists are prescribed for @entity73 associated with age-related @entity179 , raising questions as to the role of NMDAR activity in cognitive function during aging. The current studies examined effects of NMDAR blockade on cognitive task that are sensitive to aging. Young and middle-age @entity35 were trained on the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and challenged with @entity3390 (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1mg/kg or vehicle). @entity71 were apparent in middle-age and performance of young and middle-age @entity35 was enhanced for low doses of @entity3390 (0.025 and 0.05). The beneficial effects on attention were reversed by the highest dose of @entity3390 . Older animals exhibited a delay-dependent @entity2414 examined on a delayed-matching to place water maze task. Similarly, a low dose of @entity3390 (0.05mg/kg) impaired performance with increasing delay and aged animals were more susceptible to disruption by NMDAR blockade. Despite @entity3390 @entity2414 , @entity3390 had minimal effects on spatial reference memory. Our results confirm that NMDARs contribute to rapidly acquired and flexible spatial memory and support the idea that a decline in NMDAR function contributes to the age-related @entity73 .

title: Contribution of XXXX receptors to attention and episodic spatial memory during senescence.

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline', 'impairments in cognition', 'cognitive impairments']

entities_list: @entity3391 :: ('D016202', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['Attention deficits']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of episodic spatial memory']

answer: @entity3391 :: (D016202,Chemical) :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']


abstract: Sera from 56 @entity1 with @entity2631 ( @entity2631 ) were tested for the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2-cells. 16 @entity1 (28.6%) had ANA, mostly in low titers of 1: 40 and with uncharacteristic fluorescence patterns. Nucleolar antibodies as in progressive @entity785 were seen in a few cases only. Two female patients demonstrated antibodies with a centromere-like pattern. ANA were most frequently found in @entity1 with @entity27301 idiopathica progressiva (60%) and in linear @entity2631 (44%). Rheumatoid factor was present in 62% of @entity1 with linear @entity2631 ; it was less frequent in other forms of @entity2631 . Antibodies against double-stranded DNA were found only in one female @entity1 , but three @entity1 with systemic involvement had antibodies to single-stranded DNA. Antibodies to soluble nuclear Scl-70, Ul-RNP and @entity6016 antigens or to the cytoplasmatic Ro(SSA)-antigen, respectively, were not detected in the @entity1 with @entity2631 . These results demonstrate that humoral autoimmune phenomena may occur in @entity2631 , mainly in @entity1 with linear @entity2631 . These phenomena, however, are less frequent and specific than in progressive @entity785 or in other @entity1413 .

title: [The antinuclear antibody spectrum in circumscribed forms of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity27301 :: ('MESH:C537412', 'Disease') :: ['atrophodermia']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['CS', 'circumscribed scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['collagen vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity2631 :: (MESH:D012594,Disease) :: ['scleroderma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In addition to causing @entity147 and disability to the individual, @entity146 are also extremely expensive to society and governments. These disorders are both common and debilitating and impact on cognition, functionality and wellbeing. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and @entity2727 , are used to treat @entity73 in @entity195 and @entity71 , respectively. Other @entity73 include specific computerized cognitive training and devices. An example of a novel form of cognitive enhancement using the technological advancement of a game on an iPad that also acts to increase motivation is presented. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as @entity2727 and @entity2728 , which were developed as treatments, are increasingly being used by healthy @entity1 . @entity2728 not only affects 'cold' cognition, but also improves 'hot' cognition, such as emotion recognition and task-related motivation. The lifestyle use of 'smart drugs' raises both safety concerns as well as ethical issues, including coercion and increasing disparity in society. As a society, we need to consider which forms of cognitive enhancement (e.g. pharmacological, exercise, lifelong learning) are acceptable and for which groups (e.g. military, doctors) under what conditions (e.g. war, shift work) and by what methods we would wish to improve and flourish.

title: The impact of neuroscience on society: cognitive enhancement in XXXX and in healthy @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive enhancers', 'cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention deficit hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['distress']

entities_list: @entity2728 :: ('MESH:C048833', 'Chemical') :: ['Modafinil', 'modafinil']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['neuropsychiatric disorders']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In addition to causing @entity147 and disability to the individual, @entity146 are also extremely expensive to society and governments. These disorders are both common and debilitating and impact on cognition, functionality and wellbeing. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as cholinesterase inhibitors and @entity2727 , are used to treat @entity73 in @entity195 and @entity71 , respectively. Other @entity73 include specific computerized cognitive training and devices. An example of a novel form of cognitive enhancement using the technological advancement of a game on an iPad that also acts to increase motivation is presented. Cognitive enhancing drugs, such as @entity2727 and @entity2728 , which were developed as treatments, are increasingly being used by healthy @entity1 . @entity2728 not only affects 'cold' cognition, but also improves 'hot' cognition, such as emotion recognition and task-related motivation. The lifestyle use of 'smart drugs' raises both safety concerns as well as ethical issues, including coercion and increasing disparity in society. As a society, we need to consider which forms of cognitive enhancement (e.g. pharmacological, exercise, lifelong learning) are acceptable and for which groups (e.g. military, doctors) under what conditions (e.g. war, shift work) and by what methods we would wish to improve and flourish.

title: The impact of neuroscience on society: cognitive enhancement in @entity146 and in healthy XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: We aimed to determine normal reference ranges for @entity1069 ( @entity1069 ) and annual @entity1069 change rate in a Korean nationwide screening population. Data from @entity1 who underwent a routine health check-up were collected from 13 university hospitals. The cohort comprised @entity1 aged >= 40 yr who had undergone 2 or more serial transrectal ultrasonographies. @entity1 with initial @entity1069 >100 mL; serum PSA level>10 ng/mL; @entity1069 reduction>20% compared with initial @entity1069 , or who had history of @entity263 or prostate surgery, were excluded. Linear regression and mixed effects regression analyses were used to predict mean @entity1069 and longitudinal change in @entity1069 over time. A total of 2,967 @entity1 formed the study cohort. Age, body mass index (BMI), and serum @entity1486 (PSA) level were found to be significant predictors of @entity1069 . A predicted @entity1069 table, with a 95% confidence interval (CIs), was developed after adjusting for these 3 variables. Annual @entity1069 change rate was 0.51 mL/year (95% CI, 0.47-0.55). Annual @entity1069 change rate according to age was 0.68 mL/year, 0.84 mL/year, 1.09 mL/year, and 0.50 mL/year for subjects in their 40s, 50s, 60s, and >= 70 yr, respectively. Predicted annual @entity1069 change rate differed depending on age, BMI, serum PSA level and baseline @entity1069 . From a nationwide screening database, we established age-, PSA-, and BMI-specific reference ranges for @entity1069 and annual @entity1069 change rate in Korean @entity1 . Our newly established reference ranges for @entity1069 and annual @entity1069 change rate will be valuable in interpreting @entity1069 data in Korean @entity1 .

title: Establishment of Reference Ranges for Prostate Volume and Annual Prostate Volume Change Rate in Korean Adult XXXX : Analyses of a Nationwide Screening Population.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['PV', 'prostate volume']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Men']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Traditionally @entity1875 has been used for providing sedation in dilatation and curettage (D and C). Recently, @entity6948 has been tried, but very little evidence exists to support its use. AIMS: The aim was to compare hemodynamic and recovery profile of both the drugs along with a degree of comfort experienced by @entity1 and the usefulness of the drug to surgeons. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Tertiary care center and open-label randomized controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 posted for D and C were enrolled in two groups (25 each). Both groups received @entity3575 1  g/kg intravenous (IV) at the beginning of the procedure. Group P received IV @entity1875 in dose of 1.5 mg/kg over 10-15 min and Group D received @entity6948 at a loading dose of 1  g/kg over 10 min, followed by 0.5  g/kg/h infusion until Ramsay sedation score reached 3-4. Hemodynamic vitals were compared during and after the procedure. In the recovery room time to reach modified Aldrete score (MAS) of 9-10 and @entity1 's and surgeon's satisfaction scores were also recorded and compared. RESULTS: In Group D, @entity1 had statistically significant lower heart rate at 2, 5, 10 and 15 min as compared to Group P. @entity551 was present in 52% in Group P and 4% in Group D (P < 0.05). MAS of 9-10 was achieved in 4.4 min in subjects in Group D in contrast to 16.2 min in Group P (P < 0.05). Group D showed higher @entity1 and surgeon satisfaction scores (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity6948 provide better hemodynamic and recovery profile than @entity1875 . It can be a superior alternative for short surgical day care procedures.

title: XXXX versus @entity1875 in dilatation and curettage: An open-label pilot randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine', 'Dexmedetomidine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Hypotension']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity6948 :: (MESH:D020927,Chemical) :: ['Dexmedetomidine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Traditionally @entity1875 has been used for providing sedation in dilatation and curettage (D and C). Recently, @entity6948 has been tried, but very little evidence exists to support its use. AIMS: The aim was to compare hemodynamic and recovery profile of both the drugs along with a degree of comfort experienced by @entity1 and the usefulness of the drug to surgeons. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Tertiary care center and open-label randomized controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 posted for D and C were enrolled in two groups (25 each). Both groups received @entity3575 1  g/kg intravenous (IV) at the beginning of the procedure. Group P received IV @entity1875 in dose of 1.5 mg/kg over 10-15 min and Group D received @entity6948 at a loading dose of 1  g/kg over 10 min, followed by 0.5  g/kg/h infusion until Ramsay sedation score reached 3-4. Hemodynamic vitals were compared during and after the procedure. In the recovery room time to reach modified Aldrete score (MAS) of 9-10 and @entity1 's and surgeon's satisfaction scores were also recorded and compared. RESULTS: In Group D, @entity1 had statistically significant lower heart rate at 2, 5, 10 and 15 min as compared to Group P. @entity551 was present in 52% in Group P and 4% in Group D (P < 0.05). MAS of 9-10 was achieved in 4.4 min in subjects in Group D in contrast to 16.2 min in Group P (P < 0.05). Group D showed higher @entity1 and surgeon satisfaction scores (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity6948 provide better hemodynamic and recovery profile than @entity1875 . It can be a superior alternative for short surgical day care procedures.

title: @entity6948 versus XXXX in dilatation and curettage: An open-label pilot randomized controlled trial.

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: Twelve-week-old female SD @entity35 were restricted to an 8 g/day feed intake for 2 months followed by feeding ad libitum for 3 weeks. Feed restriction resulted in @entity353 and constant diestrous. A persistent increase in the hypothalamic @entity1176 content was observed during the underfed period. Serum LH and PRL levels dropped throughout the period but the initial reduction in the serum FSH level was observed on the 60th day. The reductions in the pituitary content of these hormones were observed on the 30th day. The decrease in the serum and ovarian E2 levels were detected on the 14th day. Anterior pituitary showed a significant response to @entity1176 + @entity1218 during the course, and the relative increases in LH, FSH and PRL were greater than those in the pretreatment @entity35 . In the course of refeeding, the body weight returned to the control level and regular estrous cycles were reestablished on the 15th and 21st day, respectively. @entity1640 @entity1176 content returned to the control level on the 16th day. The changes in the @entity43 were prompt rebound rises in serum FSH and PRL levels and pituitary FSH content, delayed restoration of serum and pituitary LH levels and serum and ovarian E2 levels, and a marked increase in the serum and ovarian @entity1420 levels on the 16th day. The relative increases in FSH and PRL after @entity1176 + @entity1218 injection were smaller than those in the underfed period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [The influence of XXXX on the reproductive function of the female @entity35 : changes in the estrous cycle and hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian function during feed restriction and subsequent refeeding period].

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary-ovarian axis']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['Elevated hypothalamic']

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']


abstract: Twelve-week-old female SD @entity35 were restricted to an 8 g/day feed intake for 2 months followed by feeding ad libitum for 3 weeks. Feed restriction resulted in @entity353 and constant diestrous. A persistent increase in the hypothalamic @entity1176 content was observed during the underfed period. Serum LH and PRL levels dropped throughout the period but the initial reduction in the serum FSH level was observed on the 60th day. The reductions in the pituitary content of these hormones were observed on the 30th day. The decrease in the serum and ovarian E2 levels were detected on the 14th day. Anterior pituitary showed a significant response to @entity1176 + @entity1218 during the course, and the relative increases in LH, FSH and PRL were greater than those in the pretreatment @entity35 . In the course of refeeding, the body weight returned to the control level and regular estrous cycles were reestablished on the 15th and 21st day, respectively. @entity1640 @entity1176 content returned to the control level on the 16th day. The changes in the @entity43 were prompt rebound rises in serum FSH and PRL levels and pituitary FSH content, delayed restoration of serum and pituitary LH levels and serum and ovarian E2 levels, and a marked increase in the serum and ovarian @entity1420 levels on the 16th day. The relative increases in FSH and PRL after @entity1176 + @entity1218 injection were smaller than those in the underfed period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [The influence of @entity353 on the reproductive function of the female XXXX : changes in the estrous cycle and hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian function during feed restriction and subsequent refeeding period].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The Medical Research Council UKALL V trial for @entity1 with standard-risk @entity981 ( @entity981 ) (aged 1 to 14 years, leucocyte count less than 20 X 10(9)/L) was designed to determine whether the immunosuppressive effects of treatment could be reduced without sacrifice of antileukemic effect by alterations in the type of continuing therapy or in fractionation of cranial irradiation. Remission was achieved in 496 @entity1 on standard induction therapy, and 309 @entity1 received 24 Gy of cranial irradiation in ten to 16 fractions over 21 days, and 174 received 21 Gy in five to nine fractions over 21 days. The type of radiotherapy administered had no influence on relapse at any site or rate of @entity204 in remission. All 496 @entity1 were randomized to receive chemotherapy for 2 or 3 years with @entity4446 and @entity1499 either as a continuous (group C) or a semicontinuous (group G) regimen or as a five-day pulse every 3 weeks (group I). All groups also received @entity1891 and @entity617 every 6 weeks. With a minimum follow-up of almost 7 years, @entity1 in group I had significantly fewer remission deaths (P = .025) but a much higher rate of bone marrow relapse than those in group C or G (P = .002). There was an overall benefit for 3 years of chemotherapy compared with 2 years, which in contrast to previous studies, was more apparent in @entity1 and in @entity1 in groups C and G. Testicular relapse occurred in 37 @entity1 , including 19 @entity1 off therapy, with a previously negative biopsy. The overall results confirmed the prognostic significance of initial leucocyte count, even among these standard-risk @entity1 , while @entity1 had a superior rate of disease-free survival, but not of hematologic remission. It is concluded that, even among standard-risk @entity1 , the prognosis is influenced by the height of the initial leukocyte count. While alterations in the fractionation of cranial irradiation do not appear to have influenced disease-free survival, intermittent continuing chemotherapy, although less immunosuppressive, is less effective than conventional continuous therapy in the treatment of @entity981 . In this study, 3 years of chemotherapy appeared superior to 2 years.

title: Medical Research Council leukaemia trial--UKALL V: an attempt to reduce the immunosuppressive effects of therapy in childhood XXXX . Report to the Council by the Working Party on Leukaemia in Childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity4446 :: ('MESH:D015122', 'Chemical') :: ['6-mercaptopurine']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: A prospective study of displaced @entity2249 was conducted with @entity1 randomized into three groups: cemented total hip replacement (THR), cemented hemiarthroplasty (UHR-C), and noncemented hemiarthroplasty (UHR-NC). Eighty-nine @entity1 were treated for displaced (Garden type 3 or 4) fracture with a prosthesis; 39 @entity1 had THR, 37 had UHR-C, and 13 had UHR-NC. No difference was found in the level of @entity158 , ambulation, or aids required between the THR group and the UHR-C group, except for active community ambulators, who demonstrated decreased endurance capability when treated with UHR-C. The @entity1 treated with UHR-NC had @entity158 and decreased ambulation and required assistive devices. The most significant complication was dislocation, which occurred in 7 @entity1 with THR and 2 with UHR-C. The mortality rate at 2 years was 18%; all but two of the deaths were in @entity1 with one of five different medical diseases: clinically significant @entity299 , @entity5 , @entity988 , or @entity716 . The mortality rate was insignificant in @entity1 younger than 70 years of age. Roentgenographic review showed only 2 of 76 cemented stems with progressive @entity79 , with one @entity1 requiring revision for a loose prosthesis. No evidence of protrusio was seen with the use of the bipolar cap. The uncemented hemiarthroplasties demonstrated lucency between the metal and bone in the proximal femur in 9 of 13 stems. The authors make recommendations regarding hip replacement.

title: Treatment of XXXX with total hip replacement versus cemented and noncemented hemiarthroplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['cement-bone demarcation']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['increased pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac or pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['femoral neck fractures']


abstract: An ELISA has been developed for detection of auto-antibodies against calmodulin. There was a significantly increased frequency (63.1%) of autoantibodies against calmodulin in 103 @entity1 with chronic @entity409 as compared to that (30%) of @entity1 with @entity1252 and to that (6.9%) of normal subjects (p less than 0.01). IgG autoantibodies against calmodulin were detected in the @entity1 with acute @entity99 (37.9%), @entity409 (45.6%) and also in the @entity1 with @entity1252 (30%). IgM autoantibodies against calmodulin were frequently found in @entity1 with @entity1575 (52.2%), @entity2835 (50%) and @entity3619 (38.7%), but rarely in @entity1 with acute @entity99 (13.8%), @entity3619 (9.5%) and @entity1252 (0%). IgA autoantibodies against calmodulin were frequently found in @entity1575 (33.3%), @entity2835 (42.9%) and @entity3619 (53.6%), but rarely in @entity3619 (15.8%), @entity3619 (14.3%) and @entity1252 (0%). The occurrences of autoantibodies against calmodulin correlated neither with those of antismooth muscle antibody, antinuclear antibody and antimitochondrial antibody, nor with serum IgG concentrations. Autoantibodies against calmodulin did not cross-react with troponin, myosin light chain, @entity291 thymus DNA and actin. The titer of autoantibodies against calmodulin was decreased by absorption of serum with calmodulin and the liver plasma membrane fraction. The immunoblotting experiment revealed the binding of autoantibodies against calmodulin to calmodulin. IgG fraction from a @entity1 with @entity3619 inhibited the activation of phosphodiesterase by calmodulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Anticalmodulin autoantibody in XXXX : a new antibody against a cytoskeleton-related protein.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease', 'liver diseases']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic persistent hepatitis', 'autoimmune chronic active hepatitis', 'chronic active hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver diseases']


abstract: X-ray examinations of the wrists, the elbows and the shoulders were carried out on 67 vibration-exposed foundry workers and on 46 comparable referents performing heavy manual work. Both groups had a mean age of 39.6 years. Musculoskeletal symptoms, such as @entity4841 of the wrist and @entity2720 , @entity925 and decreased muscular force, were found to be significantly increased in the chipping and grinding workers compared with the referents. After adjustment for age, the prevalence of cysts in the metacarpal and carpal bones was almost the same in the two groups, whereas radiological signs of @entity571 in the wrist joint were more frequent among the vibration-exposed workers (P less than 0.025). The overall prevalence of radiographic @entity2720 was higher in the vibration group than in the reference group (P less than 0.025). Olecranon spurs were observed in 50.7% of the exposed operators and in 28.2% of the referents (P less than 0.025). No difference in the prevalence of radiological changes in the should could be demonstrated between the populations studied. In both groups injuries of bones and joints were not associated with age. Among the chipping and grinding operators, a slight but not significant trend in the prevalence of @entity853 with increasing vibration exposure was observed. The results of this study indicate that the foundry workers using vibrating tools were affected with @entity79 in the elbow and, to a lesser extent, in the wrist, which occurred more frequently than was observed in unexposed referents, who performed solely heavy manual activity. Among the vibration-exposed workers, no relationship between radiological changes in the upper limbs and symptoms of @entity10795 was found, pointing out that different pathogenic mechanisms are involved.

title: XXXX in the upper extremities of chipping and grinding operators.

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity853 :: ('MESH:D009139', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone and joint disorders']

entities_list: @entity10795 :: ('MESH:D053421', 'Disease') :: ['vibration white finger']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['elbow joints', 'abnormalities in the elbow joint']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgias']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['muscle pain']

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['Bone and joint disorders']


abstract: The anticancer drug @entity440 and its major metabolite @entity28003 are quantified in @entity1 plasma down to subnanogram amounts by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma is alkali-buffered and extracted with @entity4315 . The organic solvent is evaporated and the residue dissolved in the mobile phase. An aliquot is sampled automatically and chromatographed. The analytes are detected after postcolumn UV irradiation and rearrangement to substituted @entity71164 by their intense fluorescence. Precise handling of exact volumes facilitates external calibration. Statistical data for precision and accuracy are given and illustrate reliable quantification. The method is applied to the samples of a clinical study, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of both analytes are presented. The novel design of the photochemical reactor is discussed, with respect to peak broadening and photochemical recovery. The measured peak broadening is smaller than theoretically predicted, owing to non-helical coiling.

title: Quantification of @entity440 and XXXX in @entity1 plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography, photochemical reaction and fluorescence detection, and its application to biopharmaceutic investigations.

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity28003 :: ('MESH:C028787', 'Chemical') :: ['N-desmethyltamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity71164 :: ('MESH:D010616', 'Chemical') :: ['phenanthrenes']

answer: @entity28003 :: (MESH:C028787,Chemical) :: ['N-desmethyltamoxifen']


abstract: The anticancer drug @entity440 and its major metabolite @entity28003 are quantified in @entity1 plasma down to subnanogram amounts by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma is alkali-buffered and extracted with @entity4315 . The organic solvent is evaporated and the residue dissolved in the mobile phase. An aliquot is sampled automatically and chromatographed. The analytes are detected after postcolumn UV irradiation and rearrangement to substituted @entity71164 by their intense fluorescence. Precise handling of exact volumes facilitates external calibration. Statistical data for precision and accuracy are given and illustrate reliable quantification. The method is applied to the samples of a clinical study, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of both analytes are presented. The novel design of the photochemical reactor is discussed, with respect to peak broadening and photochemical recovery. The measured peak broadening is smaller than theoretically predicted, owing to non-helical coiling.

title: Quantification of XXXX and @entity28003 in @entity1 plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography, photochemical reaction and fluorescence detection, and its application to biopharmaceutic investigations.

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['tamoxifen']


abstract: The anticancer drug @entity440 and its major metabolite @entity28003 are quantified in @entity1 plasma down to subnanogram amounts by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma is alkali-buffered and extracted with @entity4315 . The organic solvent is evaporated and the residue dissolved in the mobile phase. An aliquot is sampled automatically and chromatographed. The analytes are detected after postcolumn UV irradiation and rearrangement to substituted @entity71164 by their intense fluorescence. Precise handling of exact volumes facilitates external calibration. Statistical data for precision and accuracy are given and illustrate reliable quantification. The method is applied to the samples of a clinical study, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of both analytes are presented. The novel design of the photochemical reactor is discussed, with respect to peak broadening and photochemical recovery. The measured peak broadening is smaller than theoretically predicted, owing to non-helical coiling.

title: Quantification of @entity440 and @entity28003 in XXXX plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography, photochemical reaction and fluorescence detection, and its application to biopharmaceutic investigations.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Experiments were performed on @entity35 using neurophysiological and behavioral techniques, in an attempt to study the role played by the somatosensory cortex in the abnormal spinal neuron activity and @entity146 observed after @entity5300 . The onsets of both phenomena occur at the same postoperative period. Cortical controls exerted on spinal @entity11989 ( @entity11989 ) cells were studied using a transient and reversible cortical blockade, @entity308 ( @entity308 ), applied contralateral to the spinal cord recording. In 28 intact animals, 55 cells were studied during the propagation of at least two CSDs. Only 4 of these cells presented a sustained decrease in their spontaneous activity during @entity308 , which may correspond to transient arrest of a descending tonic cortical facilitation. In 29 animals with dorsal root sections, 161 @entity11989 cells displayed abnormal burst activity, and 52 were examined with the @entity308 test. Thirty-five cells presented a long-duration change in their spontaneous activity during @entity308 ; of these, 28 showed decreased activity (suppression of descending tonic facilitation) and 7 presented increased activity (suppression of descending tonic inhibition). More @entity11989 cells were influenced by the cortex in deafferented @entity35 (67%) than in intact @entity35 (7%). The cortical influence was also stronger, as the hyperactive cells were frequently rendered silent during @entity308 . These observations suggest that the abnormal activity is partly due to a descending cortical influence. Results of a behavioral study performed on 22 @entity35 (one control group and two experimental groups with cortical ablations) showed that the self-mutilating behavior, which develops at the same time as the abnormal @entity11989 cell activity, was reduced by unilateral cortical ablation, independent of the cortical region removed. The possible pathways involved in this cortical influence are examined in the discussion.

title: Cortical involvement in XXXX cell hyperactivity and @entity146 in @entity35 with dorsal root section.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['cortical spreading depression', 'CSD']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal behavior']

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus lesions']

answer: @entity11989 :: (MESH:D009261,Disease) :: ['dorsal horn']


abstract: Experiments were performed on @entity35 using neurophysiological and behavioral techniques, in an attempt to study the role played by the somatosensory cortex in the abnormal spinal neuron activity and @entity146 observed after @entity5300 . The onsets of both phenomena occur at the same postoperative period. Cortical controls exerted on spinal @entity11989 ( @entity11989 ) cells were studied using a transient and reversible cortical blockade, @entity308 ( @entity308 ), applied contralateral to the spinal cord recording. In 28 intact animals, 55 cells were studied during the propagation of at least two CSDs. Only 4 of these cells presented a sustained decrease in their spontaneous activity during @entity308 , which may correspond to transient arrest of a descending tonic cortical facilitation. In 29 animals with dorsal root sections, 161 @entity11989 cells displayed abnormal burst activity, and 52 were examined with the @entity308 test. Thirty-five cells presented a long-duration change in their spontaneous activity during @entity308 ; of these, 28 showed decreased activity (suppression of descending tonic facilitation) and 7 presented increased activity (suppression of descending tonic inhibition). More @entity11989 cells were influenced by the cortex in deafferented @entity35 (67%) than in intact @entity35 (7%). The cortical influence was also stronger, as the hyperactive cells were frequently rendered silent during @entity308 . These observations suggest that the abnormal activity is partly due to a descending cortical influence. Results of a behavioral study performed on 22 @entity35 (one control group and two experimental groups with cortical ablations) showed that the self-mutilating behavior, which develops at the same time as the abnormal @entity11989 cell activity, was reduced by unilateral cortical ablation, independent of the cortical region removed. The possible pathways involved in this cortical influence are examined in the discussion.

title: Cortical involvement in @entity11989 cell hyperactivity and XXXX in @entity35 with dorsal root section.

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['abnormal behavior']


abstract: Experiments were performed on @entity35 using neurophysiological and behavioral techniques, in an attempt to study the role played by the somatosensory cortex in the abnormal spinal neuron activity and @entity146 observed after @entity5300 . The onsets of both phenomena occur at the same postoperative period. Cortical controls exerted on spinal @entity11989 ( @entity11989 ) cells were studied using a transient and reversible cortical blockade, @entity308 ( @entity308 ), applied contralateral to the spinal cord recording. In 28 intact animals, 55 cells were studied during the propagation of at least two CSDs. Only 4 of these cells presented a sustained decrease in their spontaneous activity during @entity308 , which may correspond to transient arrest of a descending tonic cortical facilitation. In 29 animals with dorsal root sections, 161 @entity11989 cells displayed abnormal burst activity, and 52 were examined with the @entity308 test. Thirty-five cells presented a long-duration change in their spontaneous activity during @entity308 ; of these, 28 showed decreased activity (suppression of descending tonic facilitation) and 7 presented increased activity (suppression of descending tonic inhibition). More @entity11989 cells were influenced by the cortex in deafferented @entity35 (67%) than in intact @entity35 (7%). The cortical influence was also stronger, as the hyperactive cells were frequently rendered silent during @entity308 . These observations suggest that the abnormal activity is partly due to a descending cortical influence. Results of a behavioral study performed on 22 @entity35 (one control group and two experimental groups with cortical ablations) showed that the self-mutilating behavior, which develops at the same time as the abnormal @entity11989 cell activity, was reduced by unilateral cortical ablation, independent of the cortical region removed. The possible pathways involved in this cortical influence are examined in the discussion.

title: Cortical involvement in @entity11989 cell hyperactivity and @entity146 in XXXX with dorsal root section.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity6560 pyrrole ( @entity43944 ), a metabolite of the plant toxin @entity6560 , produces @entity1317 , @entity120 , and @entity4266 ( @entity4266 ) in @entity35 by an unknown mechanism. A role for platelets has been suggested by the observation that antibody-induced @entity882 reduces the @entity4266 caused by @entity43944 . The platelet can release a number of vasoconstrictive agents, such as @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity2404 (TxA2), that could possibly contribute to @entity120 . It was of interest to determine whether treatment with @entity43944 alters platelet @entity750 content or alters the release of TxA2 in platelet-rich plasma ( @entity16447 ) in response to aggregation. Fourteen days following treatment with @entity43944 when @entity120 is well-established and @entity4266 is present, the concentration of @entity750 in washed platelets or in platelet-poor plasma was not different in treated and control @entity35 . One day following treatment with @entity43944 , before @entity651 is evident, the concentration of @entity3448 , a stable metabolite of @entity3447 , was higher in unstimulated @entity16447 from treated @entity35 than in control @entity35 . The concentration of @entity3448 was also examined in @entity16447 at 4 days (when @entity651 first appears), 7 days (when pulmonary arterial pressure first increases), and 14 days after treatment with @entity43944 (when @entity4266 is evident). At 4, 7, or 14 days following treatment there was no difference in the concentration of @entity3448 in unstimulated @entity16447 from @entity43944 -treated and control @entity35 . Following stimulation with @entity1426 , the release of @entity3448 at maximal aggregation was not different in @entity16447 from @entity43944 -treated and control @entity35 at any time after treatment. The rate of release of @entity3448 was lower in @entity16447 from @entity35 treated with @entity43944 7 days earlier, but was not different at any other time following treatment. At concentrations up to 250 micrograms/ml, @entity43944 added in vitro to @entity16447 from untreated @entity35 did not affect the concentration of @entity3448 released during aggregation induced by @entity1426 . Only at very high concentrations (1 mg/ml) did @entity43944 abolish the aggregation response and depress @entity3448 release in @entity16447 . These results indicate that @entity43944 treatment does not affect platelet @entity750 content and does not affect basal @entity3448 production or @entity3448 release by platelets stimulated in vitro.

title: XXXX and thromboxane in platelets from @entity35 treated with monocrotaline pyrrole.

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity2404 :: ('MESH:D013928', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane A2']

entities_list: @entity6560 :: ('MESH:D016686', 'Chemical') :: ['monocrotaline', 'Monocrotaline']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5HT', '5-hydroxytryptamine']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity4266 :: ('MESH:D018497', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular enlargement', 'RVE']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['5-Hydroxytryptamine']


abstract: @entity6560 pyrrole ( @entity43944 ), a metabolite of the plant toxin @entity6560 , produces @entity1317 , @entity120 , and @entity4266 ( @entity4266 ) in @entity35 by an unknown mechanism. A role for platelets has been suggested by the observation that antibody-induced @entity882 reduces the @entity4266 caused by @entity43944 . The platelet can release a number of vasoconstrictive agents, such as @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity2404 (TxA2), that could possibly contribute to @entity120 . It was of interest to determine whether treatment with @entity43944 alters platelet @entity750 content or alters the release of TxA2 in platelet-rich plasma ( @entity16447 ) in response to aggregation. Fourteen days following treatment with @entity43944 when @entity120 is well-established and @entity4266 is present, the concentration of @entity750 in washed platelets or in platelet-poor plasma was not different in treated and control @entity35 . One day following treatment with @entity43944 , before @entity651 is evident, the concentration of @entity3448 , a stable metabolite of @entity3447 , was higher in unstimulated @entity16447 from treated @entity35 than in control @entity35 . The concentration of @entity3448 was also examined in @entity16447 at 4 days (when @entity651 first appears), 7 days (when pulmonary arterial pressure first increases), and 14 days after treatment with @entity43944 (when @entity4266 is evident). At 4, 7, or 14 days following treatment there was no difference in the concentration of @entity3448 in unstimulated @entity16447 from @entity43944 -treated and control @entity35 . Following stimulation with @entity1426 , the release of @entity3448 at maximal aggregation was not different in @entity16447 from @entity43944 -treated and control @entity35 at any time after treatment. The rate of release of @entity3448 was lower in @entity16447 from @entity35 treated with @entity43944 7 days earlier, but was not different at any other time following treatment. At concentrations up to 250 micrograms/ml, @entity43944 added in vitro to @entity16447 from untreated @entity35 did not affect the concentration of @entity3448 released during aggregation induced by @entity1426 . Only at very high concentrations (1 mg/ml) did @entity43944 abolish the aggregation response and depress @entity3448 release in @entity16447 . These results indicate that @entity43944 treatment does not affect platelet @entity750 content and does not affect basal @entity3448 production or @entity3448 release by platelets stimulated in vitro.

title: @entity750 and thromboxane in platelets from XXXX treated with monocrotaline pyrrole.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity3957 ( @entity3958 ) has been reported to be interwined in multiple systems, specifically in the cardiovascular system. However, the mechanisms underlying remain controversial. In the present study, we assessed the cardio-protective effects of @entity3958 in the @entity35 @entity548 model. @entity548 was induced in adult male @entity35 by drawing blood from the femoral artery to maintain the mean arterial pressure at 35-40 mmHg for 1.5 h. The @entity35 were assigned to four groups and the @entity3958 donor, @entity8835 (28  mol/kg, i.p.), was injected before the resuscitation in certain groups. After resuscitation the animals were observed and then killed to harvest the hearts. The morphological investigation and ultrastructural analyses were done and apoptotic cells were detected. The levels of relevant proteins were examined using Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses. Resuscitated @entity548 induced @entity3697 and significantly increased the levels of serum myocardial enzymes, @entity908 kinase (CK) and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Furthermore, it caused marked increase of apoptotic cells in heart tissue. Moreover, the expression of death receptor Fas and Fas-ligand, as well as the expression of apoptosis-relevant proteins active- @entity4124 and active- @entity12276 were markedly increased. Administration of @entity8835 significantly ameliorated @entity548 caused hemodynamic deterioration, decreased myocardial enzymes elevation, protected myocardial ultrastructure, and inhibited the expression of apoptosis-relevant proteins. It suggested that @entity3958 might exert its cardio-protective roles via both the extrinsic Fas/ @entity23975 / @entity12276 / @entity4124 pathway and the intrinsic mitochondria-involved pathways.

title: An exogenous hydrogen sulphide donor, XXXX , inhibits the apoptosis signaling pathway to exert cardio-protective effects in a @entity35 @entity548 model.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Hemorrhagic shock', 'hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity3697 :: ('MESH:D006335', 'Disease') :: ['heart injury']

entities_list: @entity3957 :: ('MESH:D006862', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydrogen sulfide']

answer: @entity8835 :: (MESH:C025451,Chemical) :: ['NaHS']


abstract: @entity3957 ( @entity3958 ) has been reported to be interwined in multiple systems, specifically in the cardiovascular system. However, the mechanisms underlying remain controversial. In the present study, we assessed the cardio-protective effects of @entity3958 in the @entity35 @entity548 model. @entity548 was induced in adult male @entity35 by drawing blood from the femoral artery to maintain the mean arterial pressure at 35-40 mmHg for 1.5 h. The @entity35 were assigned to four groups and the @entity3958 donor, @entity8835 (28  mol/kg, i.p.), was injected before the resuscitation in certain groups. After resuscitation the animals were observed and then killed to harvest the hearts. The morphological investigation and ultrastructural analyses were done and apoptotic cells were detected. The levels of relevant proteins were examined using Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses. Resuscitated @entity548 induced @entity3697 and significantly increased the levels of serum myocardial enzymes, @entity908 kinase (CK) and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Furthermore, it caused marked increase of apoptotic cells in heart tissue. Moreover, the expression of death receptor Fas and Fas-ligand, as well as the expression of apoptosis-relevant proteins active- @entity4124 and active- @entity12276 were markedly increased. Administration of @entity8835 significantly ameliorated @entity548 caused hemodynamic deterioration, decreased myocardial enzymes elevation, protected myocardial ultrastructure, and inhibited the expression of apoptosis-relevant proteins. It suggested that @entity3958 might exert its cardio-protective roles via both the extrinsic Fas/ @entity23975 / @entity12276 / @entity4124 pathway and the intrinsic mitochondria-involved pathways.

title: An exogenous hydrogen sulphide donor, @entity8835 , inhibits the apoptosis signaling pathway to exert cardio-protective effects in a @entity35 XXXX model.

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']