abstract: Microcirculatory derangement, energy depletion and lipid peroxidation have been related to development of @entity63 -reperfusion @entity99 . This study investigates the effects of hyperbaric @entity26 (HBO) on @entity99 -reperfusion injury. Adult, male @entity35 were used. Three groups were evaluated: 1) sham-operated control (laparotomy only, no @entity63 , no HBO), n=8; 2) @entity63 control (1-h @entity63 , 2-h reperfusion, no HBO), n=8; and 3) HBO pretreatment (100%, @entity26 , 2.5 atm absolute, 90 min) plus @entity63 (1-h @entity63 , 2-h reperfusion), n=8. An in vivo microscope was used to investigate hepatic microcirculation. Tissue @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) and @entity855 ( @entity855 ) were determined. In comparison with the @entity63 control group, HBO significantly improved harmful insults following @entity63 -reperfusion. HBO lessened adherent leukocyte count (6.00+/-1.31 cells/200 microm vs 11. @entity19 .88 cells/200 microm), and improved flow velocity (1.72+/-0.26 mm/s vs 0.83+/-0.19 mm/s) in post-sinusoidal venules. HBO also reduced @entity1865 (1.04+/-0.24 nmol/mg protein vs 2.24+/-0.49 micromol/g protein), and increased @entity855 (2.03+/-0.17 micromol/g wet wt vs 0.73+/-0.11 micromol/g wet wt) levels. This study demonstrates that HBO before @entity63 may ameliorate the @entity63 -reperfusion @entity99 in the @entity35 model.

title: Hyperbaric XXXX pretreatment attenuates hepatic reperfusion injury.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['injury in the liver', 'injury of the liver', 'hepatic ischemia']

entities_list: @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine triphosphate', 'ATP']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of blinatumomab for the treatment of pediatric and adult precursor @entity8625 ( @entity8625 ). DATA SOURCES: A literature search of EMBASE (1947 to April 2015), Medline (1946 to April 2015), PubMed (1996 to April 2015), the U.S. National Institutes of Health Clinicaltrials.gov, the Food and Drug Administration, and relevant meeting abstracts was conducted using the terms blinatumomab, BiTE, bispecific T-cell engager, @entity70649 , MEDI-538, and Blincyto. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION: @entity1 and animal studies describing the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of blinatumomab for precursor @entity8625 were identified. DATA SYNTHESIS: Blinatumomab is a first-in-class bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody derived from a B-lineage specific antitumor mouse monoclonal antibody that binds to both @entity1075 of B-cells and CD3 of T-cells. A pivotal phase II trial demonstrated that response rates were high in a refractory or relapsed @entity1 population, with 43% achieving complete remission (CR). Median relapse-free survival was 5.9 months for those with CR or CR with incomplete hematological recovery. Median overall survival was 6.1 months, and 60% of @entity1 achieved @entity41 ( @entity41 ) negativity. The most common adverse events included @entity221 , @entity16 , @entity10 , @entity1398 , peripheral @entity4 , @entity390 , @entity1371 , @entity1142 , and @entity417 . CONCLUSIONS: Blinatumomab is a novel BiTE therapeutic monoclonal antibody that has shown promising results in @entity1 with relapsed or refractory @entity981 or those achieving a CR with persistent @entity41 . Phase III clinical trials should define the optimal place in therapy of blinatumomab.

title: Blinatumomab: A First-in-Class Bispecific T-Cell Engager for Precursor XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['MRD', 'minimal residual disease']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological events']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity8625 :: ('MESH:D015456', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'B-ALL']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity8625 :: (MESH:D015456,Disease) :: ['B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the cost effectiveness of determination methods for low-density lipoprotein by new direct assay compared to Friedewald's formula calculation. DESIGN: descriptive study. MATERIAL: Fasting serum from 100 subjects with a history of @entity1007 . METHOD: Specimens were determined for total @entity165 , high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and @entity412 using automated clinical chemistry, as the basic information in calculation of LDL level. Each specimen was also processed by direct LDL assay by the same automation. Correlation of the results from both methods was analyzed. Cost effectiveness analysis was then performed. RESULTS: The least-squares equation from comparing direct LDL assay to calculation method gave Y = 0.897X + 20.42 (r = 0.996, p < 0.05). According to the present study, the cost per utility of the direct assay method (47.54 baht) was more expensive than the calculation method (29.59 baht). CONCLUSION: The results from both methods were well related. However, the cost per utility of the calculation method is cheaper, therefore, the authors recommend the use of the calculation method rather than the direct assay for follow-up of LDL level in @entity753 @entity1 .

title: Cost-effective study of determination methods for low-density lipoprotein by new direct assay compared to Friedewald's formula calculation in XXXX subjects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity753 :: (OMIM:143890,Disease) :: ['hypercholesterolemic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine whether routinely measured variables explained the increased risk of @entity3152 in some UK ethnic groups. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of deliveries recorded in the @entity1 Health Record System. SETTING: North Birmingham, UK. POPULATION: All North Birmingham @entity1 delivering singletons, 1994-1997 inclusive. METHOD: Logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for @entity3152 , defined as less than 37 weeks, less than 34 weeks and less than 28 weeks, unadjusted and adjusted for maternal age, an area-based socio-economic status measure, and marital status, year of birth, fetal sex and past obstetric history. RESULTS: For Afro-Caribbean @entity1 , the ORs (95% CIs) were: for delivery less than 37 weeks, 1.44 (1.26-1.64) unadjusted and 1.22 (1.07-1.41) adjusted; for delivery less than 34 weeks, 1.55 (1.25-1.92) unadjusted and 1.29 (1.02-1.61) adjusted; for delivery less than 28 weeks, 1.66 (1.08-2.55) unadjusted and 1.32 (0.84-2.06) adjusted. For African @entity1 , the risk of delivery less than 37 weeks was not significantly raised; for delivery less than 34 weeks, the OR (95% CI) was 1.88 (0.99-3.58) unadjusted and 1.78 (0.93-3.40) adjusted; for delivery less than 28 weeks, the OR (95% CI) was 4.02 (1.60-10.12) unadjusted and 4.10 (1.66-10.16) adjusted. In Afro-Caribbeans, @entity1949 and marital status explained the differences between the unadjusted and adjusted ORs. There was a linear relation between @entity1949 and @entity3152 for all ethnic groups, except for Asians. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with @entity1949 and marital status explain about half of the excess of preterm births in Afro-Caribbeans, but not Africans. The risk of @entity3152 might not be related to @entity1949 in Asians.

title: The risk of XXXX in @entity1 from different ethnic groups.

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['deprivation']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm delivery']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine whether routinely measured variables explained the increased risk of @entity3152 in some UK ethnic groups. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of deliveries recorded in the @entity1 Health Record System. SETTING: North Birmingham, UK. POPULATION: All North Birmingham @entity1 delivering singletons, 1994-1997 inclusive. METHOD: Logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for @entity3152 , defined as less than 37 weeks, less than 34 weeks and less than 28 weeks, unadjusted and adjusted for maternal age, an area-based socio-economic status measure, and marital status, year of birth, fetal sex and past obstetric history. RESULTS: For Afro-Caribbean @entity1 , the ORs (95% CIs) were: for delivery less than 37 weeks, 1.44 (1.26-1.64) unadjusted and 1.22 (1.07-1.41) adjusted; for delivery less than 34 weeks, 1.55 (1.25-1.92) unadjusted and 1.29 (1.02-1.61) adjusted; for delivery less than 28 weeks, 1.66 (1.08-2.55) unadjusted and 1.32 (0.84-2.06) adjusted. For African @entity1 , the risk of delivery less than 37 weeks was not significantly raised; for delivery less than 34 weeks, the OR (95% CI) was 1.88 (0.99-3.58) unadjusted and 1.78 (0.93-3.40) adjusted; for delivery less than 28 weeks, the OR (95% CI) was 4.02 (1.60-10.12) unadjusted and 4.10 (1.66-10.16) adjusted. In Afro-Caribbeans, @entity1949 and marital status explained the differences between the unadjusted and adjusted ORs. There was a linear relation between @entity1949 and @entity3152 for all ethnic groups, except for Asians. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with @entity1949 and marital status explain about half of the excess of preterm births in Afro-Caribbeans, but not Africans. The risk of @entity3152 might not be related to @entity1949 in Asians.

title: The risk of @entity3152 in XXXX from different ethnic groups.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: This study evaluated the contribution of acute parenchymal rejection and @entity60 to the development of @entity455 ( @entity455 ) in totally allogeneic @entity19 cardiac transplants. BALB/c ( @entity8022 ) hearts were transplanted into wild-type C57BL/6 (B6, H-2b) or B6 @entity60 -deficient (GKO) recipient @entity19 . Assessing the role of acute parenchymal rejection in the @entity455 process involved two different immunosuppression protocols using anti- @entity1961 and -CD8 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): virtually complete long-term immunosuppression (denoted as complete immunosuppression) was achieved by administering both MAbs 6, 3, and 1 day before transplantation and weekly thereafter; in contradistinction, a single, early, transient episode of rejection (transient rejection) was attained by administering MAbs beginning 4 days after transplant and then at weekly intervals. The extent and duration of T cell depletion under these two regimens were evaluated using flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. After a single injection of MAbs, peripheral blood @entity1961 + and CD8+ T cell depletion was approximately 98% at 1 week and approximately 88% at 2 weeks. After three injections (analogous to days 6, 3, and 1 before transplant), peripheral blood @entity1961 + and CD8+ T cell depletion was >98% at 2 weeks and approximately 87% at 4 weeks. Functioning cardiac allografts were removed at 8 and 12 weeks after transplant and analyzed by @entity1710 and @entity1711 , elastic tissue, and immunohistochemical stains, and the severity of parenchymal rejection versus @entity455 was scored. With complete immunosuppression (antibody before and after transplant), BALB/c allografts showed little parenchymal rejection or @entity455 , suggesting that persistent depletion of T cells blocked subsequent development of @entity455 . However, even a single transient acute rejection episode allowed the subsequent development of @entity455 accompanied by augmented major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, @entity6580 , and @entity8024 expression at 12 weeks; these allografts showed no residual @entity1961 + or CD8+ T cells. In comparison, allografts undergoing transient rejection in GKO recipients did not develop @entity455 , despite persistent macrophage and natural killer cell (NK) infiltrates comparable to those seen in wild-type recipients. Moreover, the arterioles of hearts transplanted into GKO recipients showed no or minimal increases in MHC class II, @entity8024 , and @entity6580 relative to baseline expression. In conclusion, a single episode of @entity130 mediated by T cells suffices to evoke subsequent graft @entity4288 , even in the absence of additional T-cell-mediated injury, and the process appears to depend on @entity60 .

title: Coronary arteriosclerosis after T-cell-mediated injury in transplanted @entity19 hearts: role of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['graft arterial disease', 'GAD']

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon (IFN)-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['allogeneic injury']

answer: @entity60 :: (15978(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interferon-gamma']


abstract: This study evaluated the contribution of acute parenchymal rejection and @entity60 to the development of @entity455 ( @entity455 ) in totally allogeneic @entity19 cardiac transplants. BALB/c ( @entity8022 ) hearts were transplanted into wild-type C57BL/6 (B6, H-2b) or B6 @entity60 -deficient (GKO) recipient @entity19 . Assessing the role of acute parenchymal rejection in the @entity455 process involved two different immunosuppression protocols using anti- @entity1961 and -CD8 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs): virtually complete long-term immunosuppression (denoted as complete immunosuppression) was achieved by administering both MAbs 6, 3, and 1 day before transplantation and weekly thereafter; in contradistinction, a single, early, transient episode of rejection (transient rejection) was attained by administering MAbs beginning 4 days after transplant and then at weekly intervals. The extent and duration of T cell depletion under these two regimens were evaluated using flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes. After a single injection of MAbs, peripheral blood @entity1961 + and CD8+ T cell depletion was approximately 98% at 1 week and approximately 88% at 2 weeks. After three injections (analogous to days 6, 3, and 1 before transplant), peripheral blood @entity1961 + and CD8+ T cell depletion was >98% at 2 weeks and approximately 87% at 4 weeks. Functioning cardiac allografts were removed at 8 and 12 weeks after transplant and analyzed by @entity1710 and @entity1711 , elastic tissue, and immunohistochemical stains, and the severity of parenchymal rejection versus @entity455 was scored. With complete immunosuppression (antibody before and after transplant), BALB/c allografts showed little parenchymal rejection or @entity455 , suggesting that persistent depletion of T cells blocked subsequent development of @entity455 . However, even a single transient acute rejection episode allowed the subsequent development of @entity455 accompanied by augmented major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, @entity6580 , and @entity8024 expression at 12 weeks; these allografts showed no residual @entity1961 + or CD8+ T cells. In comparison, allografts undergoing transient rejection in GKO recipients did not develop @entity455 , despite persistent macrophage and natural killer cell (NK) infiltrates comparable to those seen in wild-type recipients. Moreover, the arterioles of hearts transplanted into GKO recipients showed no or minimal increases in MHC class II, @entity8024 , and @entity6580 relative to baseline expression. In conclusion, a single episode of @entity130 mediated by T cells suffices to evoke subsequent graft @entity4288 , even in the absence of additional T-cell-mediated injury, and the process appears to depend on @entity60 .

title: Coronary arteriosclerosis after T-cell-mediated injury in transplanted XXXX hearts: role of @entity60 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Microgliosis and astrogliosis are standard pathological features of @entity179 . Microglia are primed by chronic @entity179 such that toll-like receptor agonists, such as @entity558 , drive exaggerated cytokine responses on this background. However, sterile inflammatory insults are more common than direct CNS @entity281 in the degenerating brain and these insults drive robust @entity635 and @entity637 responses. It is unclear whether these pro-inflammatory cytokines can directly induce exaggerated responses in the degenerating brain. We hypothesized that glial cells in the hippocampus of animals with @entity179 ( @entity1579 ) would display exaggerated responses to central cytokine challenges. @entity637 or @entity635 were administered intrahippocampally to ME7-inoculated @entity19 and normal brain homogenate-injected (NBH) controls. Both @entity635 and @entity637 produced much more robust @entity635 synthesis in ME7 than in NBH animals and this occurred exclusively in microglia. However, there was strong nuclear localization of the NFkB subunit @entity1992 in the astrocyte population, associated with marked astrocytic synthesis of the chemokines @entity15891 and @entity1750 in response to both cytokine challenges in ME7 animals. Conversely, very limited expression of these chemokines was apparent in NBH animals similarly challenged. Thus, astrocytes are primed in the degenerating brain to produce exaggerated chemokine responses to acute stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, this results in markedly increased neutrophil, T-cell, and monocyte infiltration in the diseased brain. These data have significant implications for acute sterile inflammatory insults such as @entity64 and @entity131 occurring on a background of aging or @entity179 .

title: Astrocytes Are Primed by Chronic Neurodegeneration to Produce Exaggerated Chemokine and Cell Infiltration Responses to Acute Stimulation with the Cytokines XXXX and @entity637 .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['ME7 prion disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration', 'neurodegenerative disease', 'chronic neurodegenerative disease']

answer: @entity635 :: (16176(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IL-1b']


abstract: Microgliosis and astrogliosis are standard pathological features of @entity179 . Microglia are primed by chronic @entity179 such that toll-like receptor agonists, such as @entity558 , drive exaggerated cytokine responses on this background. However, sterile inflammatory insults are more common than direct CNS @entity281 in the degenerating brain and these insults drive robust @entity635 and @entity637 responses. It is unclear whether these pro-inflammatory cytokines can directly induce exaggerated responses in the degenerating brain. We hypothesized that glial cells in the hippocampus of animals with @entity179 ( @entity1579 ) would display exaggerated responses to central cytokine challenges. @entity637 or @entity635 were administered intrahippocampally to ME7-inoculated @entity19 and normal brain homogenate-injected (NBH) controls. Both @entity635 and @entity637 produced much more robust @entity635 synthesis in ME7 than in NBH animals and this occurred exclusively in microglia. However, there was strong nuclear localization of the NFkB subunit @entity1992 in the astrocyte population, associated with marked astrocytic synthesis of the chemokines @entity15891 and @entity1750 in response to both cytokine challenges in ME7 animals. Conversely, very limited expression of these chemokines was apparent in NBH animals similarly challenged. Thus, astrocytes are primed in the degenerating brain to produce exaggerated chemokine responses to acute stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, this results in markedly increased neutrophil, T-cell, and monocyte infiltration in the diseased brain. These data have significant implications for acute sterile inflammatory insults such as @entity64 and @entity131 occurring on a background of aging or @entity179 .

title: Astrocytes Are Primed by Chronic Neurodegeneration to Produce Exaggerated Chemokine and Cell Infiltration Responses to Acute Stimulation with the Cytokines @entity635 and XXXX .

answer: @entity637 :: (21926(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['TNF-a']


abstract: This study examined whether long-term @entity1032 ( @entity1032 ) training improved numerical processing efficiency and at what stage of information processing the effect appeard. Thirty-three @entity1 participated in the study and were randomly assigned to two groups at primary school entry, matched for age, gender and IQ. All @entity1 went through the same curriculum except that the abacus group received a 2-h/per week @entity1032 training, while the control group did traditional numerical practice for a similar amount of time. After a 2-year training, they were tested with a numerical Stroop task. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and event related potential (ERP) recording techniques were used to monitor the temporal dynamics during the task. @entity1 were required to determine the numerical magnitude (NC) (NC task) or the physical size (PC task) of two numbers presented simultaneously. In the NC task, the @entity1032 group showed faster response times but similar accuracy compared to the control group. In the PC task, the two groups exhibited the same speed and accuracy. The saliency of numerical information relative to physical information was greater in @entity1032 group. With regards to ERP results, the @entity1032 group displayed congruity effects both in the earlier (N1) and later (N2 and LPC (late positive component) time domain, while the control group only displayed congruity effects for LPC. In the left parietal region, LPC amplitudes were larger for the @entity1032 than the control group. Individual differences for LPC amplitudes over left parietal area showed a positive correlation with RTs in the NC task in both congruent and neutral conditions. After controlling for the N2 amplitude, this correlation also became significant in the incongruent condition. Our results suggest that @entity1032 training can strengthen the relationship between symbolic representation and numerical magnitude so that numerical information processing becomes quicker and automatic in @entity1032 @entity1 .

title: Numerical processing efficiency improved in XXXX using mental abacus: ERP evidence utilizing a numerical Stroop task.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Children', 'children']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['abacus-based mental calculation', 'AMC']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity11150 -derived enzymes are widely used as dough additives in the baking industry. These enzymes may give rise to immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated sensitization and occupational @entity565 . Glucoamylase (or amyloglucosidase) is an important industrial enzyme obtained from @entity11150 and used to provide fermentable @entity3363 for @entity375 to improve loaf volume and texture. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the potential allergenic role of glucoamylase in @entity8060 . METHODS: We report four subjects with work-related @entity56 respiratory symptoms who were exposed to glucoamylase and other starch-cleaving enzymes used as baking additives. The causative role of glucoamylase in work-related @entity565 was investigated by immunologic tests and specific inhalation challenges (SIC). Glucoamylase allergenic components were characterized by @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. RESULTS: Skin prick tests to glucoamylase (10 mg/mL) gave a positive response in all @entity1 . Further, a positive skin prick test to alpha-amylase was obtained in the four @entity1 and to hemicellulase in two of them. SIC to glucoamylase elicited isolated early asthmatic responses in the three @entity1 tested, and SIC to alpha-amylase elicited early asthmatic responses in two @entity1 and a dual asthmatic response in another @entity1 . Immunoblotting with glucoamylase showed several IgE-binding bands with molecular masses between 33 and 96 kD. IgE-inhibition assays showed scarce to moderate allergenic cross-reactivity between glucoamylase and alpha-amylase. CONCLUSIONS: These bakers had developed IgE-mediated occupational @entity565 to glucoamylase and alpha-amylase. @entity364 is widely used as a baking additive and this enzyme may give rise to @entity56 respiratory reactions among exposed workers.

title: Glucoamylase: another fungal enzyme associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity11150 :: ('5061', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus niger', 'Aspergillus']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['Fungal glucoamylase']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity8060 :: ('MESH:D011151', 'Disease') :: ["baker's asthma"]

answer: @entity8060 :: (MESH:D011151,Disease) :: ['baker's asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Electrographic changes after insect stings have been reported both with and without systemic symptoms. To our knowledge, however, there have been no reported cases of @entity943 in the maintenance phase of venom or pollen immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE: We report a case of a @entity1 who developed paroxysmal @entity955 after receiving venom and pollen immunotherapy. This @entity1 was initially evaluated in an outpatient setting, and the events described occurred at an allergist's private office. We believe this is an atypical presentation and would be very pertinent to the practicing allergist. METHODS: This @entity1 was under the care of a clinical allergist in a private practice with associations to a teaching hospital. Interventions were as described in the body of the paper, more specifically venom and pollen maintenance immunotherapy followed by two doses of 0.3 mL of 1:1,000 concentration epinephrine intramuscularly. RESULTS: @entity1 was found to be in @entity955 along with systemic symptoms immediately after administration of immunotherapy. After epinephrine administration, @entity1 converted back to normal sinus rhythm and systemic symptoms resolved. CONCLUSIONS: @entity955 is an atypical presentation of a systemic reaction to immunotherapy.

title: XXXX associated with anaphylaxis during venom and pollen immunotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'Atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['Atrial fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity810 in @entity1 is a catastrophic, life-threatening event. OBJECTIVE: To compare and contrast 2 decades of data, analyzing the underlying causes, associated multiple organ system failures, outcome of dialysis procedures, and other variables of interest. DESIGN: Retrospective examination of clinical data collected between January 1, 1979, and December 31, 1998. SETTING: Regional health care center in the mid-Atlantic area. @entity1 : Two hundred twenty-eight @entity1 , aged from 1 day to 18 years, had @entity810 and were referred to a pediatric nephrology service. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics, percentage of mortality, intensive care unit admission, procedures, and other variables and causes of @entity810 . RESULTS: The total number of cases analyzed represented 7% of all @entity1 presented to the pediatric nephrology service. Sex distribution, ethnicity, and survival statistics were unchanged between both decades. The overall survival rate was 73%. One hundred fifty-four @entity1 (68%) were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The following 106 acute extracorporeal procedures were performed on 93 @entity1 (41%): 12 @entity1 received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 52 @entity1 underwent peritoneal dialysis, 32 underwent hemodialysis, 3 @entity1 received continuous venovenous hemofiltration, and 7 @entity1 received continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration. @entity295 and burns, other leading causes of @entity810 in the first decade, are replaced in the second decade by @entity1503 and @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity810 following repair of @entity299 remains unchanged as a leading risk factor of mortality in both decades. Three organ system failures were associated with more than a 50% mortality rate. Predialysis low serum @entity2313 concentrations emerged as a significant copredictor of mortality.

title: XXXX : a pediatric experience over 20 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic-oncologic complications']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary failure']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute kidney failure', 'Acute kidney failure', 'acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac lesions']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['Acute kidney failure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report clinical, neuropathological, and outcome data for a series of adult @entity1 with focal @entity4940 (fFLE) who underwent nonlobar resection restricted to the frontal lobe. METHODS: Sixty-eight adult cases (24 female and 44 male @entity1 ) were included in the study, on the basis of prospectively collected data that were retrospectively evaluated. There were 68 lesionectomies, 17 of which were combined with multiple subpial transection, with a mean follow-up period of 28.4 +/- 23.3 months. Cases involving additional extrafrontal surgery were excluded. RESULTS: Thirty-seven @entity1 underwent invasive preoperative evaluations, and 31 underwent noninvasive evaluations. Intraoperative electrocorticography was used in 32% of cases. There were 24 @entity5 , 18 @entity75 , 14 @entity75 , and 10 @entity1462 . Fifteen @entity5 were of glial origin, one was a @entity10053 , and eight were @entity7667 . The most common @entity75 were @entity4607 (15 cases). Outcomes (classified into four Engel groups) were as follows: Class I, 54%; Class II, 19%; Class III, 15%; Class IV, 12%. @entity410 -free rates were comparable for @entity5 and @entity16490 cases and were not as good for @entity1462 and @entity5219 cases. Outcome differences were not significant with respect to aura presence, side of surgery, age at the time of surgery, and age at @entity410 onset. There were 3 cases of surgical complications, 10 cases of transient @entity16 , and 1 case involving a permanent @entity51 . No @entity204 occurred. CONCLUSION: Outcomes with fFLE surgery have improved, compared with historical series. fFLE resections restricted to the frontal lobe did not yield @entity410 -free rates as good as those for comparable nonfocal @entity4940 series. All fFLE cases demonstrated histological lesions. fFLE surgery was associated with a higher risk of transient @entity51 , most likely because of the necessity for multiple subpial transection. The outcomes and higher rates of invasive evaluations and intraoperative electrocorticography indicate the special @entity4940 . The permanent @entity16 rate was low in this series, and there were no @entity204 .

title: Surgery to treat focal XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['dysgenetic lesions', 'gliotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity16490 :: ('MESH:D050033', 'Disease') :: ['dysgenesis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disability', 'neurological disturbances']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits', 'neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity10053 :: ('MESH:D018302', 'Disease') :: ['dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor']

entities_list: @entity4940 :: ('MESH:D017034', 'Disease') :: ['complexities of frontal lobe epilepsy', 'frontal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity7667 :: ('MESH:D018303', 'Disease') :: ['gangliogliomas']

entities_list: @entity4607 :: ('MESH:D006222', 'Disease') :: ['hamartomas']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformations', 'vascular malformation']

answer: @entity4940 :: (MESH:D017034,Disease) :: ['frontal lobe epilepsy']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The Swedish @entity15 registry (SMSreg) is designed to assure quality health care for @entity1 with @entity15 ( @entity15 ). It has been active since 2001 and web-based since 2004. It runs on government funding only and is used in all Swedish neurology departments. The SMSreg currently includes data on 14,500 of Sweden's estimated 17,500 prevalent @entity1 with @entity15 . One important function of SMSreg, to which participation is voluntary, is to serve as a tool for decision support and to provide an easy overview of the @entity1 information needed at clinical visits. This is its core feature and explains why the majority of Swedish @entity15 specialists contribute data. Another success factor for SMSreg is that entered data can be readily accessed, either through a query function into Excel format or through a set of predesigned tables and diagrams in which parameters can be selected. Recent development includes a portal allowing @entity1 to view a summary of their registered data and to report a set of @entity1 -reported outcomes. SMSreg data have been used in close to 100 published scientific reports. Current projects include an incidence cohort (EIMS), post-marketing cohorts of @entity1 on novel disease-modifying drugs (IMSE), and a prevalence cohort (GEMS). As these studies combine physical sampling and questionnaire data with clinical documentation and possible linkage to other public registries, together they provide an excellent platform for integrated @entity15 research.

title: The Swedish XXXX registry - clinical support tool and scientific resource.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['MS']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: We describe a case of an unruptured anterior communicating @entity439 that was treated successfully with Guglielmi detachable coils, which subsequently ruptured 23 months after initial therapy. This report discusses only the second published case of an unruptured lesion that was well embolized (>95% occlusion) and stable at 6-month angiographic follow-up that ruptured in a delayed fashion almost 2 years after the primary procedure. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 80-year-old @entity1 presented in Hunt and Hess Grade IV as a result of a @entity6151 communicating @entity438 . The @entity1 had undergone endovascular therapy 23 months earlier with documented nearly complete (1-mm residual neck) occlusion at 0 and 6 months. INTERVENTION: The @entity1 underwent diagnostic catheter angiography at the time of admission, which revealed a 10-mm @entity439 adjacent to the previously embolized lesion. No further therapy was administered, and the @entity1 died within 24 hours as a result of ictus. The request for an autopsy was denied. CONCLUSION: @entity1756 after Guglielmi detachable coil embolization is a rare event. Most cases involve previously @entity75 . To the best of our knowledge, only one previous case of delayed @entity397 of an unruptured @entity439 that was managed endovascularly has been published in the English-language literature. This second case points to the need for vigilance in the follow-up of @entity1 with @entity75 .

title: Delayed XXXX of a previously coiled unruptured anterior communicating @entity438 : case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['Aneurysm rupture']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['coiled lesions', 'ruptured lesions']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity6151 :: ('MESH:D057971', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured anterior']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['artery aneurysm']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['rupture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: We describe a case of an unruptured anterior communicating @entity439 that was treated successfully with Guglielmi detachable coils, which subsequently ruptured 23 months after initial therapy. This report discusses only the second published case of an unruptured lesion that was well embolized (>95% occlusion) and stable at 6-month angiographic follow-up that ruptured in a delayed fashion almost 2 years after the primary procedure. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 80-year-old @entity1 presented in Hunt and Hess Grade IV as a result of a @entity6151 communicating @entity438 . The @entity1 had undergone endovascular therapy 23 months earlier with documented nearly complete (1-mm residual neck) occlusion at 0 and 6 months. INTERVENTION: The @entity1 underwent diagnostic catheter angiography at the time of admission, which revealed a 10-mm @entity439 adjacent to the previously embolized lesion. No further therapy was administered, and the @entity1 died within 24 hours as a result of ictus. The request for an autopsy was denied. CONCLUSION: @entity1756 after Guglielmi detachable coil embolization is a rare event. Most cases involve previously @entity75 . To the best of our knowledge, only one previous case of delayed @entity397 of an unruptured @entity439 that was managed endovascularly has been published in the English-language literature. This second case points to the need for vigilance in the follow-up of @entity1 with @entity75 .

title: Delayed @entity397 of a previously coiled unruptured anterior communicating XXXX : case report.

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['artery aneurysm']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Multivariate analyses has shown that the status of @entity1600 and the depth of @entity5 penetration through the gastric wall are the most important prognostic factors in @entity1 with advanced @entity356 after curative operation. A clinicopathological study was carried out to clarify a simple and optimal prognostic indicator for @entity356 . METHODS: Retrospective analyses of 982 @entity1 with @entity356 (562 with mucosal [M] and 420 with submucosal [SM] @entity5 ) treated by gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection were performed. RESULTS: The incidence of @entity1600 from M and @entity5 was 2.5% (14/562) and 20.2% (85/420), respectively. There were no apparent prognostic indicators in @entity1 with @entity5 . In @entity1 with @entity5 , the @entity5 -specific 5-year survival of those with @entity1600 was significantly lower than that of those without such @entity3 (77.6% vs 98.2%; P < 0.001). An sharp decrease in survival was seen between @entity1 with two positive nodes and those with three positive nodes, and the @entity5 -specific 5-year survival rate of @entity1 with three or more metastatic lymph nodes was significantly lower than that of those with one or two nodes (P < 0.001; univariate analysis). Multivariate analysis revealed that the involvement of three or more lymph nodes was the sole independent prognostic determinant (P = 0.016); the level of nodal @entity3 was not an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.384). All @entity1 with N2 lymph node echelons (according to the Japanese Research Society for @entity356 classification of the draining lymph nodes of the stomach) in the group with one or two positive nodes survived for more than 5 years. CONCLUSION: The sole independent prognostic factor in SM @entity356 is the involvement of three or more metastatic lymph nodes. We suggest that this simple prognostic indicator for the follow-up of @entity356 , and this could lead to potentially effective adjuvant chemotherapy.

title: Involvement of three or more lymph nodes predicts poor prognosis in submucosal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'SM tumors', 'M tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'early gastric cancer', 'Gastric Cancer', 'gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric carcinoma']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between dietary intake and @entity1017 among adolescent females initiating depot @entity11796 (DMPA). DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Two urban Adolescent Medicine clinics. @entity1 : 45 postmenarchal females, age 12 to 21, enrolled after self-selecting to initiate DMPA. INTERVENTION: @entity1 received 150  mg DMPA intramuscularly every 12  weeks. Height, weight, and 24-hour dietary recall were collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 12  months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Body mass index (BMI) over time calculated as weight (kg)/height (m(2)). Associations between dietary variables and BMI were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of variance modeling. RESULTS: Mean chronological and gynecologic ages were 16.2      1.5 and 4.2      1.8  years, respectively. Mean BMI increased from 23.7      5.3 to 25.3      5.7 over 12  months. Average dietary intake included: 1781.4      554.1 total kilocalories, 228.5  g      69.8 @entity3363 , 71.0  g      27.3 fat, and 61.0  g      20.2 protein. These diet measures were not associated with BMI over time. Dietary fiber, @entity1760 , and @entity4722 were inversely associated with increased BMI over time (P  <  .05) CONCLUSION: We found no evidence that general measures of diet (energy, @entity3363 , fat, and protein), as assessed by 24-hour recall, were predictive of @entity1017 on DMPA. Several nutrients abundant in foods that benefit overall health were inversely associated with increased BMI over time, suggesting that diet quality, rather than quantity, is a more important predictor of DMPA-associated @entity1017 .

title: Dietary Intake and Weight Gain Among Adolescents on Depot XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity11796 :: (MESH:D017258,Chemical) :: ['Medroxyprogesterone Acetate']


abstract: Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown a positive correlation between smoking and @entity146 . To investigate the prevalence of cigarette smoking, 277 @entity146 outpatients with @entity148 or @entity308 (DSM-IV) answered a self-evaluation questionnaire about smoking behavior and were compared with a group of 68 control subjects. The diagnoses (N = 262) were: 30.2% (N = 79) major @entity308 , 23.3% (N = 61) @entity4697 , 15.6% (N = 41) @entity148 , 7.3% (N = 19) other @entity148 , and 23.7% (N = 62) @entity74 . Among them, 26.3% (N = 69) were smokers, 23.7% (N = 62) were former smokers and 50.0% (N = 131) were nonsmokers. The prevalence of @entity1239 @entity734 among the smokers was 59.0% (DSM-IV). The frequency of cigarette smoking did not show any significant difference among the five classes of diagnosis. The @entity148 @entity1 were the heaviest smokers (75.0%), with more unsuccessful attempts to stop smoking (89.0%). The frequency of former smokers was significantly higher among older subjects and nonsmokers were significantly younger (chi2 = 9.13, d.f. = 2, P = 0.01). Our data present some clinical implications suggesting that in our @entity146 outpatient sample with @entity148 , @entity308 and comorbidity ( @entity148 and @entity308 ), the frequency of cigarette smoking did not differ from the frequency found in the control group or in general population studies. Some specific features of our population (outpatients, @entity148 and @entity308 ) might be responsible for these results.

title: Smoking and XXXX : a comorbidity survey.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorders', 'depressive disorder', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['panic disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['social anxiety disorder', 'anxiety disorder', 'anxiety', 'anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['comorbidity disorders']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric disorders']


abstract: We report the outcome of nine unrelated bone marrow transplants performed for acquired severe @entity2150 at a single centre. Six @entity1 received transplants from fully matched donors. Three donor/recipient pairs were mismatched, two at a single allele on high resolution typing. Pre-transplant conditioning consisted of @entity786 and in vivo Campath-1 monoclonal antibody. One @entity1 also received @entity348 ( @entity348 ), and another @entity1 with a coexisting @entity7965 ( @entity7965 ) clone received additional busulphan. @entity205 was given for 12 months as prophylaxis against @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ). Six of nine @entity1 are alive and transfusion independent with a mean follow-up of 24 months (range: 1.5-94). All six @entity1 who received fully matched transplants are alive; the three who received mismatched grafts died. Four long-term survivors developed autologous haematological recovery following rejection of their grafts. Acute @entity2132 grade II+ occurred in two @entity1 . We highlight the importance of high-resolution HLA typing, including Cw matching in reducing the incidence of graft rejection and @entity2132 , resulting in improved survival in our @entity1 group. This study also shows that autologous recovery with long-term survival can occur following non-irradiation conditioning regimens.

title: Autologous recovery following non-myeloablative unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anaemia']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity7965 :: ('MESH:D006457', 'Disease') :: ['PNH', 'paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'total body irradiation']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft-versus-host disease']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['aplastic anaemia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Biomaterial-implants are frequently used to restore function and form of @entity1 anatomy. However, the presence of implanted biomaterials dramatically elevates @entity281 risk. @entity2121 , @entity4500 placed in a bacteria-laden milieu experience moderate failure-rates, due to @entity281 (0.0-1.1  %), similar to the ones of joint-arthroplasties placed in a near-sterile environment (0.1-1.3  %). Transcutaneous bone-fixation pins breach the immune-barrier of the epidermis, exposing underlying sterile-tissue to an unsterile external environment. In contrast to @entity4500 , also placed in a highly unsterile environment, these pins give rise to relatively high @entity177 -rates of up to 23.0  %. Herein, we attempt to identify causes as to why @entity4500 so often succeed, where others fail. The major part of all implants considered are metal-made, with similar surface-finishes. Material choice was therefore discarded as underlying the paradox. Antimicrobial activity of saliva has also been suggested as a cause for the success of @entity4500 , but was discarded because saliva is the implant-site-fluid from which viable bacteria adhere. Crevicular fluid was discarded as it is largely analogous to serum. Instead, we attribute the relative success of @entity4500 to (1) ability of oral tissues to heal rapidly in the continuous presence of commensal bacteria and opportunistic pathogens, and (2) tolerance of the oral immune-system. Inability of local tissue to adhere, spread and grow in presence of bacteria and an intolerant immune-system are identified as the likely main causes explaining the susceptibility of other implants to @entity177 . In conclusion, it is the authors' belief that new anti- @entity281 strategies for a wide range of biomaterial-implants may be derived from the relative success of @entity4500 .

title: The XXXX paradox: why do some succeed when others fail? Opinion and discussion paper.

entities_list: @entity2121 :: ('MESH:D019320', 'Disease') :: ['Paradoxically']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['infection-associated failure']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4500 :: ('MESH:D014071', 'Disease') :: ['dental-implants']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['implant infection']


abstract: The psychostimulants @entity2727 , @entity4944 and @entity16703 are among the most common medications used today in @entity1 and adolescent psychiatry for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity71 . Frequently, these medications are used in combination with other medications on a short or long term basis. The present review examines psychostimulant pharmacology, summarises reported drug-drug interactions and explores underlying pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for interactions. A computerised search was undertaken using Medline (1966 to 2000) and Current Contents to provide the literature base for reports of drug-drug interactions involving psychostimulants. These leads were further cross-referenced for completeness of the survey. @entity2727 appears to be more often implicated in pharmacokinetic interactions suggestive of possible metabolic inhibition, although the mechanisms still remain unclear. @entity4944 was more often involved in apparent pharmacodynamic interactions and could potentially be influenced by medications affecting @entity5320 . No published reports of drug interactions involving @entity16703 were found. The alpha2-adrenergic agonists @entity1338 and @entity1774 have been implicated in several interactions. Perhaps best documented is their antagonism by tricyclic antidepressants and @entity11922 . In additional, concurrent beta-blocker use, or abrupt discontinuation, can lead to @entity101 response. Although there are few published well-controlled interaction studies with psychostimulants and alpha2-adrenergic agonists, it appears that these agents may be safely coadministered. The interactions of @entity1154 oxidase inhibitors with psychostimulants represent one of the few strict contraindications.

title: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity11922 :: ('MESH:D010640', 'Chemical') :: ['phenothiazines']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1774 :: ('MESH:D016316', 'Chemical') :: ['guanfacine']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine', 'Amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['Methylphenidate', 'methylphenidate']

answer: @entity71 :: (MESH:D001289,Disease) :: ['attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder']


abstract: @entity583 ( @entity583 )-induced @entity1184 is associated with a decreased @entity2478 , which may negatively affect ischemic tolerance of the spared myocardium. The current study investigated the effects of @entity23703 , a centrally acting sympatholytic, on left ventricular (LV) @entity1184 and @entity2478 in relation to sensitivity to @entity63 in @entity1188 hearts. Infarcted @entity35 were randomized to receive 3 or 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 from 1 to 21 days after @entity583 . @entity4346 after @entity583 was indicated by increased ventricular to body weight ratio and was significantly inhibited by @entity23703 . Histologic analysis revealed that @entity583 -induced @entity1184 of the spared myocardium, as indicated by almost double cross-sectional area of Gomori-stained myocytes, was completely prevented by 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 . This effect was accompanied by a a restored number of lectin-stained capillaries per tissue area. However, capillary-to-myocyte ratio was similar in all groups. @entity1002 after @entity583 , measured in isolated perfused hearts, was confirmed by decreased LV systolic pressure and +dP/dtmax and was not affected by @entity23703 . Low-flow @entity63 , induced by lowering perfusion pressure from 85 to 15 mm Hg for 30 min, resulted in a further reduction of cardiac perfusion compared with sham @entity35 , which was normalized with 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 . Ischemic sensitivity in @entity583 hearts, as reflected by increased maximal coronary flow during reperfusion, was reduced with @entity23703 . This was further supported by substantially lower purines and @entity880 concentrations in the coronary effluent during @entity63 . These results indicate that @entity23703 -induced prevention of @entity1184 may preserve @entity2478 without affecting capillary number, thereby improving ischemic tolerance of the spared myocardium.

title: Restored @entity2478 in spared myocardium of XXXX @entity35 improves ischemic tolerance.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['concentric hypertrophy', 'hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2478 :: ('MESH:D019559', 'Disease') :: ['capillary density']

entities_list: @entity23703 :: ('MESH:C043482', 'Chemical') :: ['moxonidine']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcted']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['LV hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'Myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LV dysfunction']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarcted']


abstract: @entity583 ( @entity583 )-induced @entity1184 is associated with a decreased @entity2478 , which may negatively affect ischemic tolerance of the spared myocardium. The current study investigated the effects of @entity23703 , a centrally acting sympatholytic, on left ventricular (LV) @entity1184 and @entity2478 in relation to sensitivity to @entity63 in @entity1188 hearts. Infarcted @entity35 were randomized to receive 3 or 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 from 1 to 21 days after @entity583 . @entity4346 after @entity583 was indicated by increased ventricular to body weight ratio and was significantly inhibited by @entity23703 . Histologic analysis revealed that @entity583 -induced @entity1184 of the spared myocardium, as indicated by almost double cross-sectional area of Gomori-stained myocytes, was completely prevented by 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 . This effect was accompanied by a a restored number of lectin-stained capillaries per tissue area. However, capillary-to-myocyte ratio was similar in all groups. @entity1002 after @entity583 , measured in isolated perfused hearts, was confirmed by decreased LV systolic pressure and +dP/dtmax and was not affected by @entity23703 . Low-flow @entity63 , induced by lowering perfusion pressure from 85 to 15 mm Hg for 30 min, resulted in a further reduction of cardiac perfusion compared with sham @entity35 , which was normalized with 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 . Ischemic sensitivity in @entity583 hearts, as reflected by increased maximal coronary flow during reperfusion, was reduced with @entity23703 . This was further supported by substantially lower purines and @entity880 concentrations in the coronary effluent during @entity63 . These results indicate that @entity23703 -induced prevention of @entity1184 may preserve @entity2478 without affecting capillary number, thereby improving ischemic tolerance of the spared myocardium.

title: Restored XXXX in spared myocardium of @entity1188 @entity35 improves ischemic tolerance.

answer: @entity2478 :: (MESH:D019559,Disease) :: ['capillary density']


abstract: @entity583 ( @entity583 )-induced @entity1184 is associated with a decreased @entity2478 , which may negatively affect ischemic tolerance of the spared myocardium. The current study investigated the effects of @entity23703 , a centrally acting sympatholytic, on left ventricular (LV) @entity1184 and @entity2478 in relation to sensitivity to @entity63 in @entity1188 hearts. Infarcted @entity35 were randomized to receive 3 or 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 from 1 to 21 days after @entity583 . @entity4346 after @entity583 was indicated by increased ventricular to body weight ratio and was significantly inhibited by @entity23703 . Histologic analysis revealed that @entity583 -induced @entity1184 of the spared myocardium, as indicated by almost double cross-sectional area of Gomori-stained myocytes, was completely prevented by 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 . This effect was accompanied by a a restored number of lectin-stained capillaries per tissue area. However, capillary-to-myocyte ratio was similar in all groups. @entity1002 after @entity583 , measured in isolated perfused hearts, was confirmed by decreased LV systolic pressure and +dP/dtmax and was not affected by @entity23703 . Low-flow @entity63 , induced by lowering perfusion pressure from 85 to 15 mm Hg for 30 min, resulted in a further reduction of cardiac perfusion compared with sham @entity35 , which was normalized with 6 mg/kg/d of @entity23703 . Ischemic sensitivity in @entity583 hearts, as reflected by increased maximal coronary flow during reperfusion, was reduced with @entity23703 . This was further supported by substantially lower purines and @entity880 concentrations in the coronary effluent during @entity63 . These results indicate that @entity23703 -induced prevention of @entity1184 may preserve @entity2478 without affecting capillary number, thereby improving ischemic tolerance of the spared myocardium.

title: Restored @entity2478 in spared myocardium of @entity1188 XXXX improves ischemic tolerance.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2 is the leading cause of @entity5 in the world, particularly in major cities in China. We aimed to determine the benefit of survival and @entity137 of Conformal Radiotherapy (CRT) combined with @entity3866 -based multimodality therapy in newly diagnosed metastatic @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Newly diagnosed metastatic @entity1149 @entity1 were treated with CRT and @entity3866 , with or without chemotherapy matched protocol. The @entity1 received CRT with a dose of 30-66Gy. @entity3866 was used at least one 28-day cycle. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Thirty-two @entity1 were analyzed. The median OS was 517 days. @entity1 with only one @entity3 showed longer survival than @entity1 with multi- @entity3 (986 vs. 380 days, n = 8 vs. 24, p = .009). @entity1 with multiple @entity3 in brain conferred worse survival for @entity1 without and with sole brain @entity3 (321 vs. 700 days, n=11 vs 21, p = .006). There was no significant difference in median survival whether @entity3866 was used as a first-, second- or third-line therapy (380 vs. 700 vs. 310 days, n = 10 vs. 15 vs 7, respectively. p = .179). @entity1 with TTCRT > 90 days had longer OS than @entity1 with TTCRT  <= 90 days (749 vs. 322 days, n = 11 vs. 21, p = .012). @entity1 tolerated treatment with limited Grade 1/2 @entity137 . CONCLUSIONS: In this study, @entity1 with newly diagnosed metastatic @entity1149 had survival benefits when @entity3866 was used combined with CRT. Further prospective trials are needed to derive maximal benefit from the drug treatment.

title: A pilot study of conformal radiotherapy combined with @entity3866 -based multimodality therapy in newly diagnosed metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer-related death']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib', 'Erlotinib']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2 is the leading cause of @entity5 in the world, particularly in major cities in China. We aimed to determine the benefit of survival and @entity137 of Conformal Radiotherapy (CRT) combined with @entity3866 -based multimodality therapy in newly diagnosed metastatic @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Newly diagnosed metastatic @entity1149 @entity1 were treated with CRT and @entity3866 , with or without chemotherapy matched protocol. The @entity1 received CRT with a dose of 30-66Gy. @entity3866 was used at least one 28-day cycle. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Thirty-two @entity1 were analyzed. The median OS was 517 days. @entity1 with only one @entity3 showed longer survival than @entity1 with multi- @entity3 (986 vs. 380 days, n = 8 vs. 24, p = .009). @entity1 with multiple @entity3 in brain conferred worse survival for @entity1 without and with sole brain @entity3 (321 vs. 700 days, n=11 vs 21, p = .006). There was no significant difference in median survival whether @entity3866 was used as a first-, second- or third-line therapy (380 vs. 700 vs. 310 days, n = 10 vs. 15 vs 7, respectively. p = .179). @entity1 with TTCRT > 90 days had longer OS than @entity1 with TTCRT  <= 90 days (749 vs. 322 days, n = 11 vs. 21, p = .012). @entity1 tolerated treatment with limited Grade 1/2 @entity137 . CONCLUSIONS: In this study, @entity1 with newly diagnosed metastatic @entity1149 had survival benefits when @entity3866 was used combined with CRT. Further prospective trials are needed to derive maximal benefit from the drug treatment.

title: A pilot study of conformal radiotherapy combined with XXXX -based multimodality therapy in newly diagnosed metastatic @entity1149 .

answer: @entity3866 :: (MESH:C400278,Chemical) :: ['erlotinib']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway has been implicated in epileptogenesis, and genetic factors influence the response to cholinergic agents, but limited data are available on cholinergic involvement in @entity285 withdrawal severity. Thus, the relationship between cholinergic activity and responsiveness and @entity285 withdrawal was investigated in a genetic animal model of @entity1068 withdrawal severity. METHODS: Cholinergic convulsant sensitivity was examined in @entity285 - @entity4024  ve Withdrawal @entity410 -Prone (WSP) and-Resistant (WSR) @entity19 . Animals were administered @entity1239 , @entity5402 , or @entity1339 via timed tail vein infusion, and the latencies to onset of @entity400 and clonus were recorded and converted to threshold dose. We also used microdialysis to measure basal and @entity972 -stimulated @entity934 ( @entity3451 ) release in the @entity4778 region of the hippocampus. @entity972 was applied by reverse dialysis twice, separated by 75 min. Hippocampal @entity3451 also was measured during testing for handling-induced @entity410 . RESULTS: Sensitivity to several @entity410 endpoints induced by @entity1239 , @entity5402 , and @entity1339 were significantly greater in WSR versus WSP @entity19 . In microdialysis experiments, the lines did not differ in basal release of @entity3451 , and 50 mM @entity10406 increased @entity3451 output in both lines of @entity19 . However, the increase in release of @entity3451 produced by the first application of @entity10406 was 2-fold higher in WSP versus WSR @entity19 . When hippocampal @entity3451 was measured during testing for handling-induced @entity410 , extracellular @entity3451 was significantly elevated (192%) in WSP @entity19 , but was nonsignificantly elevated (59%) in WSR @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that differences in cholinergic activity and postsynaptic sensitivity to cholinergic @entity410 may be associated with @entity1068 withdrawal severity and implicate cholinergic mechanisms in @entity285 withdrawal. Specifically, WSP @entity19 may have lower sensitivity to cholinergic @entity410 compared with WSR because of postsynaptic receptor desensitization brought on by higher activity of cholinergic neurons.

title: The relationship between hippocampal @entity934 release and cholinergic convulsant sensitivity in withdrawal @entity410 -prone and withdrawal XXXX -resistant selected @entity19 lines.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsion', 'convulsants', 'Seizure', 'convulsions']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['Potassium', 'potassium']

entities_list: @entity1339 :: ('MESH:D009388', 'Chemical') :: ['neostigmine']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway has been implicated in epileptogenesis, and genetic factors influence the response to cholinergic agents, but limited data are available on cholinergic involvement in @entity285 withdrawal severity. Thus, the relationship between cholinergic activity and responsiveness and @entity285 withdrawal was investigated in a genetic animal model of @entity1068 withdrawal severity. METHODS: Cholinergic convulsant sensitivity was examined in @entity285 - @entity4024  ve Withdrawal @entity410 -Prone (WSP) and-Resistant (WSR) @entity19 . Animals were administered @entity1239 , @entity5402 , or @entity1339 via timed tail vein infusion, and the latencies to onset of @entity400 and clonus were recorded and converted to threshold dose. We also used microdialysis to measure basal and @entity972 -stimulated @entity934 ( @entity3451 ) release in the @entity4778 region of the hippocampus. @entity972 was applied by reverse dialysis twice, separated by 75 min. Hippocampal @entity3451 also was measured during testing for handling-induced @entity410 . RESULTS: Sensitivity to several @entity410 endpoints induced by @entity1239 , @entity5402 , and @entity1339 were significantly greater in WSR versus WSP @entity19 . In microdialysis experiments, the lines did not differ in basal release of @entity3451 , and 50 mM @entity10406 increased @entity3451 output in both lines of @entity19 . However, the increase in release of @entity3451 produced by the first application of @entity10406 was 2-fold higher in WSP versus WSR @entity19 . When hippocampal @entity3451 was measured during testing for handling-induced @entity410 , extracellular @entity3451 was significantly elevated (192%) in WSP @entity19 , but was nonsignificantly elevated (59%) in WSR @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that differences in cholinergic activity and postsynaptic sensitivity to cholinergic @entity410 may be associated with @entity1068 withdrawal severity and implicate cholinergic mechanisms in @entity285 withdrawal. Specifically, WSP @entity19 may have lower sensitivity to cholinergic @entity410 compared with WSR because of postsynaptic receptor desensitization brought on by higher activity of cholinergic neurons.

title: The relationship between hippocampal @entity934 release and cholinergic convulsant sensitivity in withdrawal XXXX -prone and withdrawal @entity410 -resistant selected @entity19 lines.

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway has been implicated in epileptogenesis, and genetic factors influence the response to cholinergic agents, but limited data are available on cholinergic involvement in @entity285 withdrawal severity. Thus, the relationship between cholinergic activity and responsiveness and @entity285 withdrawal was investigated in a genetic animal model of @entity1068 withdrawal severity. METHODS: Cholinergic convulsant sensitivity was examined in @entity285 - @entity4024  ve Withdrawal @entity410 -Prone (WSP) and-Resistant (WSR) @entity19 . Animals were administered @entity1239 , @entity5402 , or @entity1339 via timed tail vein infusion, and the latencies to onset of @entity400 and clonus were recorded and converted to threshold dose. We also used microdialysis to measure basal and @entity972 -stimulated @entity934 ( @entity3451 ) release in the @entity4778 region of the hippocampus. @entity972 was applied by reverse dialysis twice, separated by 75 min. Hippocampal @entity3451 also was measured during testing for handling-induced @entity410 . RESULTS: Sensitivity to several @entity410 endpoints induced by @entity1239 , @entity5402 , and @entity1339 were significantly greater in WSR versus WSP @entity19 . In microdialysis experiments, the lines did not differ in basal release of @entity3451 , and 50 mM @entity10406 increased @entity3451 output in both lines of @entity19 . However, the increase in release of @entity3451 produced by the first application of @entity10406 was 2-fold higher in WSP versus WSR @entity19 . When hippocampal @entity3451 was measured during testing for handling-induced @entity410 , extracellular @entity3451 was significantly elevated (192%) in WSP @entity19 , but was nonsignificantly elevated (59%) in WSR @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that differences in cholinergic activity and postsynaptic sensitivity to cholinergic @entity410 may be associated with @entity1068 withdrawal severity and implicate cholinergic mechanisms in @entity285 withdrawal. Specifically, WSP @entity19 may have lower sensitivity to cholinergic @entity410 compared with WSR because of postsynaptic receptor desensitization brought on by higher activity of cholinergic neurons.

title: The relationship between hippocampal XXXX release and cholinergic convulsant sensitivity in withdrawal @entity410 -prone and withdrawal @entity410 -resistant selected @entity19 lines.

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The septo-hippocampal cholinergic pathway has been implicated in epileptogenesis, and genetic factors influence the response to cholinergic agents, but limited data are available on cholinergic involvement in @entity285 withdrawal severity. Thus, the relationship between cholinergic activity and responsiveness and @entity285 withdrawal was investigated in a genetic animal model of @entity1068 withdrawal severity. METHODS: Cholinergic convulsant sensitivity was examined in @entity285 - @entity4024  ve Withdrawal @entity410 -Prone (WSP) and-Resistant (WSR) @entity19 . Animals were administered @entity1239 , @entity5402 , or @entity1339 via timed tail vein infusion, and the latencies to onset of @entity400 and clonus were recorded and converted to threshold dose. We also used microdialysis to measure basal and @entity972 -stimulated @entity934 ( @entity3451 ) release in the @entity4778 region of the hippocampus. @entity972 was applied by reverse dialysis twice, separated by 75 min. Hippocampal @entity3451 also was measured during testing for handling-induced @entity410 . RESULTS: Sensitivity to several @entity410 endpoints induced by @entity1239 , @entity5402 , and @entity1339 were significantly greater in WSR versus WSP @entity19 . In microdialysis experiments, the lines did not differ in basal release of @entity3451 , and 50 mM @entity10406 increased @entity3451 output in both lines of @entity19 . However, the increase in release of @entity3451 produced by the first application of @entity10406 was 2-fold higher in WSP versus WSR @entity19 . When hippocampal @entity3451 was measured during testing for handling-induced @entity410 , extracellular @entity3451 was significantly elevated (192%) in WSP @entity19 , but was nonsignificantly elevated (59%) in WSR @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that differences in cholinergic activity and postsynaptic sensitivity to cholinergic @entity410 may be associated with @entity1068 withdrawal severity and implicate cholinergic mechanisms in @entity285 withdrawal. Specifically, WSP @entity19 may have lower sensitivity to cholinergic @entity410 compared with WSR because of postsynaptic receptor desensitization brought on by higher activity of cholinergic neurons.

title: The relationship between hippocampal @entity934 release and cholinergic convulsant sensitivity in withdrawal @entity410 -prone and withdrawal @entity410 -resistant selected XXXX lines.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: The aim of this study was determination of the etiologic agents (bacterial, fungal or viral) of acute diarrheas in @entity1 from the     d   region, suffering from acute @entity294 during the period from October 1998 to February 2001. Rotaviruses were detected by the latex test. Other microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae and Vibrionaceae families, as well as the genera Listeria, Campylobacter, Candida, Staphylococcus were cultured on standard or selective culture media according to the NDH recommendations and identification by means of API system. Acute @entity294 in 155 small @entity1 below 6 years of age from the     d   region were caused by rotaviruses (n = 42; 27%). Enteropathogenic strains of @entity526 (n = 25; 16.1%) occupied the third place after Salmonella bacteria (n = 30; 19.3%--second place). Among @entity294 bacteria showed high frequency of occurrence (n = 22; 14.1%). The investigations enabled identification both the @entity325 (n = 25; 16.1%) and more rare etiologic agents of @entity294 . CONCLUSIONS: 1. Acute @entity294 in @entity1 from the region     d   were most frequently caused by rotaviruses; 2. Modern microbiological diagnostics of acute @entity294 in @entity1 should be multilateral, taking account of the @entity325 and expanding the routine search for bacteria of the genus Campylobacter.

title: [Etiology of acute diarrheas in XXXX from the Lodz region. I. Occurrence of etiologic agents].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'bacterial etiologic factors of diarrhea Campylobacter', 'diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infections']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a neurophysiological treatment for @entity1 with medically or surgically @entity302 . Since the first @entity1 implant in 1989, more than 10,000 @entity1 have been treated with VNS. Two randomized controlled studies have shown a statistically significant decrease in @entity410 frequency during a 12-week treatment period versus a baseline period when 'high stimulation' mode was compared with 'low stimulation' mode. The efficacy appears to increase over time. In general, one third of the @entity1 show a > 50% reduction of @entity410 frequency; one third show a 30-50% @entity410 reduction, and one third of @entity1 show no response. Few @entity1 become @entity410 -free. Side effects during stimulation are mainly voice alteration, coughing, @entity40615 and discomfort. When studied on a long-term basis, VNS is an efficacious, safe and cost-effective treatment not only in adults but also in @entity1 and the elderly. The precise mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In recent years much progress has been made through neurophysiological, neuroanatomical, neurochemical and cerebral blood flow studies in animals and @entity1 treated with VNS. Further elucidation of the mechanism of action of VNS may increase its clinical efficacy and our general understanding of some physiopathological aspects of @entity302 . Finally, VNS may become an alternative treatment for other conditions such as @entity308 and @entity158 .

title: Vagus nerve stimulation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity40615 :: ('MESH:C538390', 'Disease') :: ['throat paraesthesia']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['refractory epilepsy', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['refractory epilepsy']


abstract: New developments in neuro-oncology have prompted an update of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of @entity11809 . Major changes include the addition of new entities and the refinement of criteria for the diagnosis and grading of various @entity5 , in particular the @entity1653 . As novel clinico-pathological entities, the @entity11 of the third ventricle, the atypical @entity5606 (AT/RT), the solitary fibrous tumor, and the @entity4847 have been listed. The former @entity2946 of the cerebellum, previously incorporated in the family of @entity5 , is now classified as @entity76 . The term mixed @entity979 / @entity979 has been replaced by @entity979 of intermediate differentiation. Furthermore, the large cell @entity2946 and the @entity424 were established as @entity5 variants. A separate chapter on the peripheral @entity5 has now been included in the classification. Substantial revisions were introduced in the @entity1653 chapter. For both @entity1653 WHO grade II and @entity1653 WHO grade III, histopathological criteria are now precisely defined. An important new addition to the WHO 2000 classification of nervous @entity5 is the inclusion of molecular pathology findings. With this combination of pathology and genetics it has set the stage for a new format of the WHO tumor classification series.

title: [The new WHO classification of XXXX 2000. Pathology and genetics].

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['tanycytic ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity979 :: ('MESH:D010871', 'Disease') :: ['pineal parenchymal tumor', 'pineoblastoma', 'pineocytoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal tumors', 'neuroblastic tumors', 'novel tumor', 'system tumors', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity5606 :: ('MESH:D018335', 'Disease') :: ['teratoid/rhabdoid tumor']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['chordoid glioma']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic meningioma', 'meningioma', 'atypical meningioma', 'meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar liponeurocytoma']

entities_list: @entity11809 :: ('MESH:D009423', 'Disease') :: ['tumors of the nervous system']

entities_list: @entity4847 :: ('MESH:D018317', 'Disease') :: ['perineurioma']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastoma', 'lipomatous medulloblastoma']

answer: @entity11809 :: (MESH:D009423,Disease) :: ['tumors of the nervous system']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Two experiments were conducted where three biochars, made from macadamia nutshell (MS), hardwood shaving ( @entity3297 ) and @entity1573 litter (CL), were co-composted with @entity1573 manure and sawdust, and also incubated with a @entity1573 litter based commercial compost. Biochars were added at the rates of 5% and 10% in the co-composting and 10% and 20% in the incubation experiment. The rates of biochar had no consistent effect on the change in element contents of composted- or incubated-biochars. The biochar C demonstrated recalcitrance in both composting and incubation systems. Composting increased the CEC of biochars probably due to thermophilic oxidation. The increases in CEC of @entity3297 and CL were 6.5 and 2.2 times, respectively, for composting. Translocation of elements, between biochar and compost medium, occurred in both directions. In most cases, biochars gained elements under the influence of positive difference of concentrations (i.e., when compost medium had higher concentration of elements than biochar), while in some cases they lost elements despite a positive difference. Biochar lost some elements ( @entity3297 : B; CL: B, @entity4612 and S) under the influence of negative difference of concentrations. Some biochars showed strong affinity for B, C, N and S: the concentration of these elements gained by biochars surpassed the concentration in the respective composting medium. The material difference in the biochars did not have influence on N retention: all three netbag-biochars increased their N content. The cost of production of biochar-compost will be lower in co-composting than incubation, which involves two separate processes, i.e., composting and subsequent incubation.

title: Physical and chemical properties of biochars co-composted with biowastes and incubated with a XXXX litter compost.

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity62 on magnetic resonance imaging are increased in major @entity62 , especially in frontal areas. These lesions have been hypothesized to be @entity63 in origin, but there have been no previous neuropathological studies in @entity308 . We investigated the neuropathological basis of these lesions in @entity308 , hypothesizing that they would be more frequently @entity63 in origin in depressed subjects. METHODS: We carried out in vitro magnetic resonance imaging on 3 slices of brain tissue (2 frontal, 1 occipital) from 20 elderly subjects who had a history of @entity308 and 20 elderly controls. The films were blindly rated, and sections were prepared for neuropathological analysis from the same slices and stained conventionally and by means of immunohistochemistry for microglia, macrophages, and astroglia. Lesions on the films were identified in the tissue, blindly described neuropathologically, and subsequently divided into @entity63 and nonischemic lesions. RESULTS: All the deep @entity62 in the depressed group were found to be @entity63 , compared with less than a third of those in the control group, a highly significant difference (P<.001). This difference was due to smaller punctate lesions (<3 mm), which were predominantly @entity63 in depressed subjects but not in control subjects. Larger lesions were usually @entity63 in both groups. Compared with control subjects, @entity2806 were significantly more likely to be in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared with the anterior cingulate cortex (P =.003) and the occipital cortex (P =.01) in the depressed subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Deep @entity62 are more frequently due to @entity2806 , and such @entity2806 are more frequently located at the level of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depressed subjects. Our findings strongly support the " @entity308 " @entity308 .

title: Ischemic basis for deep XXXX in @entity308 : a neuropathological study.

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['depression in the deep white matter', 'White matter hyperintensities', 'white matter hyperintensities']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['vascular depression', 'depression', 'major depression', 'hypothesis of late-life depression']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic lesions', 'cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

answer: @entity62 :: (MESH:D056784,Disease) :: ['white matter hyperintensities']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity62 on magnetic resonance imaging are increased in major @entity62 , especially in frontal areas. These lesions have been hypothesized to be @entity63 in origin, but there have been no previous neuropathological studies in @entity308 . We investigated the neuropathological basis of these lesions in @entity308 , hypothesizing that they would be more frequently @entity63 in origin in depressed subjects. METHODS: We carried out in vitro magnetic resonance imaging on 3 slices of brain tissue (2 frontal, 1 occipital) from 20 elderly subjects who had a history of @entity308 and 20 elderly controls. The films were blindly rated, and sections were prepared for neuropathological analysis from the same slices and stained conventionally and by means of immunohistochemistry for microglia, macrophages, and astroglia. Lesions on the films were identified in the tissue, blindly described neuropathologically, and subsequently divided into @entity63 and nonischemic lesions. RESULTS: All the deep @entity62 in the depressed group were found to be @entity63 , compared with less than a third of those in the control group, a highly significant difference (P<.001). This difference was due to smaller punctate lesions (<3 mm), which were predominantly @entity63 in depressed subjects but not in control subjects. Larger lesions were usually @entity63 in both groups. Compared with control subjects, @entity2806 were significantly more likely to be in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared with the anterior cingulate cortex (P =.003) and the occipital cortex (P =.01) in the depressed subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Deep @entity62 are more frequently due to @entity2806 , and such @entity2806 are more frequently located at the level of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depressed subjects. Our findings strongly support the " @entity308 " @entity308 .

title: Ischemic basis for deep @entity62 in XXXX : a neuropathological study.

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['major depression']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To establish whether there are increased rates of suicide after a @entity64 and the degree to which any increase is related to gender, age at @entity64 , diagnosis, duration of hospitalisation, and time since @entity64 . DESIGN: Cross linkage of national registers for hospitalisations and causes of @entity204 . SETTING: The population of Denmark, 1979-1993. @entity1 : A study cohort was defined comprising all 114 098 @entity64 @entity1 discharged alive from hospital during the period 1979-1993. These @entity1 were then screened in a register of causes of @entity204 over the same time period, and 359 cases of suicide were identified. MAIN RESULTS: Annual incidence rates, both observed and expected, together with standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were computed based on annual population and suicide statistics, stratified by age and gender. The overall annual incidence rate of suicide in the cohort was 83 per 100 000 per year compared with an expected figure of 45 (difference = 38, 95% CI = 27, 49). Correspondingly, SMR were increased for @entity64 @entity1 . Across all age bands the SMR for mens was 1.88 (95%CI 1.66, 2.13) and for @entity1 1.78 (1.48, 2.14). SMR were greatest (2.85; 2.17, 3.76) for @entity1 under 50 years of age group and were least for @entity1 80 years or older (1.3; 0.95, 1.79). There was no clear relation to @entity64 diagnosis. Suicides were negatively related to duration of hospitalisation, being lowest for those hospitalised for more than three months (0.88; 0.65, 1.19) and highest for those hospitalised for less than two weeks (2.32; 1.92, 2.80). Survival analysis suggested that the risk for suicide is greatest up to about five years after a @entity64 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity64 @entity1 are at an approximately doubled risk for suicide. This risk is greater among younger @entity1 and among @entity1 hospitalised for a relatively shorter time. The risk appears to decline with time after a @entity64 , being greatest within the first five years.

title: Suicide after a XXXX : a population study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Growing demand for and limited geographic access to genetic counseling services is increasing the need for alternative @entity3628 ( @entity3628 ) like @entity74 ( @entity74 ). @entity306 has been done on genetic counselors' perspectives of the practice of @entity74 . We created an anonymous online survey to assess whether telephone genetic counselors believed the tasks identified in the ABGC (American Board of Genetic Counseling) Practice Analysis were performed similarly or differently in @entity74 compared to in @entity1 genetic counseling (IPGC). If there were differences noted, we sought to determine the nature of the differences and if additional training might be needed to address them. Eighty eight genetic counselors with experience in @entity74 completed some or all of the survey. Respondents identified differences in 13 (14.8  %) of the 88 tasks studied. The tasks identified as most different in @entity74 were: "establishing rapport through verbal and nonverbal interactions" (60.2  %; 50/83 respondents identified the task as different), "recognizing factors affecting the counseling interaction" (47.8  %; 32/67), "assessing client/family emotions, support, etc." (40.1  %; 27/66) and "educating clients about basic genetic concepts" (35.6  %; 26/73). A slight majority (53.8  %; 35/65) felt additional training was needed to communicate information without visual aids and more effectively perform psychosocial assessments. In summary, although a majority of genetic counseling tasks are performed similarly between @entity74 and IPGC, @entity74 counselors recognize that specific training in the @entity74 model may be needed to address the key differences.

title: A Comparison of Telephone Genetic Counseling and In- XXXX Genetic Counseling from the Genetic Counselor's Perspective.

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['telephone genetic counseling', 'TGC']

entities_list: @entity3628 :: ('MESH:D004195', 'Disease') :: ['SDM', 'service delivery models']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['Little research']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Person']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of positron emission tomography (PET) compared with computed tomography (CT) in the initial staging of @entity418 . DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Tertiary care veterans hospital. @entity1 : @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity418 from January 1996 through May 2001 who underwent both CT and PET scanning within 4 weeks were included in the study (n = 24). Only @entity1 who underwent pathological or radiographic follow-up were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of CT and PET were determined based on a criterion standard of pathological staging in 16 @entity1 (67%) and follow-up imaging in 8 @entity1 (33%). RESULTS: For staging regional lymph node involvement, CT and PET scans showed no statistically significant difference in sensitivity (57% and 71%, respectively) and specificity (71% and 86%, respectively). For detection of metastatic disease, CT and PET showed no significant difference in sensitivity (83% and 67%, respectively) and specificity (75% and 92%, respectively). There was no significant difference in clinical decision making when the results of both tests were discordant. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference between the 2 imaging modalities in the initial staging of @entity418 . The CT scan was a sensitive indicator of distant metastases, whereas PET was more specific. It is unclear what additional role PET scanning should have in the initial screening of @entity1 .

title: Positron emission tomography in the initial staging of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer', 'esophageal cancers']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of life (QOL) in severely @entity28 subjects before and after @entity3813 -Band gastric restrictive surgery and identify factors that may influence change. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: All @entity1 , over a 3-year period, attending for preoperative assessment (n = 459) or annual review after surgery (n = 641) have completed the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey. Eight domain and @entity2483 ( @entity2483 ) and @entity1032 ( @entity1032 ) scores were calculated. Scores were analyzed in groups based on time after surgery and compared with community normal (CN) values. Paired preoperative and 1-year scores (n = 218) data were used to find predictors of QOL change. RESULTS: All preoperative mean scores (n = 459) were lower than CN values, with greater impairment in the @entity2483 (36.8 +/- 9.5 vs. CN: 51.3 +/- 8.3, p < 0.001) than in the @entity1032 (45.7 +/- 8.2 vs. CN: 48.8 +/- 9.5, p < 0.001) scores. After 1 year, scores were closer to CN scores ( @entity2483 : 52.4 +/- 8.2 and @entity1032 : 48.4 +/- 7.7), and these remained closer for 4 years. @entity28 comorbidity, especially @entity717 , was the best predictor of poor preoperative SF-36 scores and of improvement in scores at 1 year. The percentage of excess @entity353 at 1 year (46 +/- 16%) was of little predictive value of improved QOL. DISCUSSION: Severely @entity28 subjects have poor health-related QOL as measured by the SF-36 health survey. @entity3813 -Band surgery for this group has provided a dramatic and sustained improvement in all measures of the SF-36. Improvement is greater in those with greater preoperative disability, and the extent of @entity353 is not a good predictor of improved QOL.

title: Quality of life after @entity3813 -band placement: influence of time, XXXX , and comorbidities.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental component summary', 'MCS']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'Preoperative obesity']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['physical disability']

entities_list: @entity2483 :: ('MESH:C566443', 'Disease') :: ['physical component summary', 'PCS']

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of life (QOL) in severely @entity28 subjects before and after @entity3813 -Band gastric restrictive surgery and identify factors that may influence change. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: All @entity1 , over a 3-year period, attending for preoperative assessment (n = 459) or annual review after surgery (n = 641) have completed the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey. Eight domain and @entity2483 ( @entity2483 ) and @entity1032 ( @entity1032 ) scores were calculated. Scores were analyzed in groups based on time after surgery and compared with community normal (CN) values. Paired preoperative and 1-year scores (n = 218) data were used to find predictors of QOL change. RESULTS: All preoperative mean scores (n = 459) were lower than CN values, with greater impairment in the @entity2483 (36.8 +/- 9.5 vs. CN: 51.3 +/- 8.3, p < 0.001) than in the @entity1032 (45.7 +/- 8.2 vs. CN: 48.8 +/- 9.5, p < 0.001) scores. After 1 year, scores were closer to CN scores ( @entity2483 : 52.4 +/- 8.2 and @entity1032 : 48.4 +/- 7.7), and these remained closer for 4 years. @entity28 comorbidity, especially @entity717 , was the best predictor of poor preoperative SF-36 scores and of improvement in scores at 1 year. The percentage of excess @entity353 at 1 year (46 +/- 16%) was of little predictive value of improved QOL. DISCUSSION: Severely @entity28 subjects have poor health-related QOL as measured by the SF-36 health survey. @entity3813 -Band surgery for this group has provided a dramatic and sustained improvement in all measures of the SF-36. Improvement is greater in those with greater preoperative disability, and the extent of @entity353 is not a good predictor of improved QOL.

title: Quality of life after XXXX -band placement: influence of time, @entity353 , and comorbidities.

answer: @entity3813 :: (7939,Gene) :: ['lap']