abstract: The effect of constant photoperiod regimes on the timing of maturation and the associated changes in serum @entity53 -17 beta (E2), @entity251 (T), and total @entity460 ( @entity141 , as an index of @entity38901 ) were investigated in virgin female @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ). From mid-January four groups of fish were maintained on constant long days (18L:6D) and one group on constant short days (6L:18D; group A). On May 8 the photoperiod of three of the groups on long days was abruptly reduced from 18L:6D to 6L:18D (group B), to 10L:14D (group C), or to 14L:10D (group D); Group E remained on 18L:6D throughout the experiment. The reduction in photoperiod per se appeared more important than the magnitude of the reduction in the advancement of the time of spawning with the first fish in groups B, C, and D spawning on September 3, 13, and 24, respectively; spawning of the remaining fish in each group was spread over 6-week periods. In contrast, spawning in group E began on October 24 and was spread over a period of 12 weeks. Spawning in group A was delayed until the following March. Although a long photoperiod earlier in the year was clearly necessary for the advancement of spawning, as evidenced by the delay in maturation under constant short days, no clear increases in E2, T, and @entity141 were detected until after the reduction in photoperiod. Thereafter, the sequence of changes in serum E2, T, and @entity141 levels was similar in all groups although the timings of these alterations were modified in relation to the time of spawning. Thus, peak levels of the three serum parameters were attained earliest in the year by fish in group B followed by those in groups C, D, E, and A, respectively. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that photoperiod entrains an endogenous rhythm of maturation rather than having a direct, driving influence on the control of reproduction.

title: Constant photoperiod regimes and the entrainment of the annual cycle of reproduction in the female XXXX ( @entity5660 ).

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['Salmo gairdneri', 'rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['rainbow trout']


abstract: The effect of constant photoperiod regimes on the timing of maturation and the associated changes in serum @entity53 -17 beta (E2), @entity251 (T), and total @entity460 ( @entity141 , as an index of @entity38901 ) were investigated in virgin female @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ). From mid-January four groups of fish were maintained on constant long days (18L:6D) and one group on constant short days (6L:18D; group A). On May 8 the photoperiod of three of the groups on long days was abruptly reduced from 18L:6D to 6L:18D (group B), to 10L:14D (group C), or to 14L:10D (group D); Group E remained on 18L:6D throughout the experiment. The reduction in photoperiod per se appeared more important than the magnitude of the reduction in the advancement of the time of spawning with the first fish in groups B, C, and D spawning on September 3, 13, and 24, respectively; spawning of the remaining fish in each group was spread over 6-week periods. In contrast, spawning in group E began on October 24 and was spread over a period of 12 weeks. Spawning in group A was delayed until the following March. Although a long photoperiod earlier in the year was clearly necessary for the advancement of spawning, as evidenced by the delay in maturation under constant short days, no clear increases in E2, T, and @entity141 were detected until after the reduction in photoperiod. Thereafter, the sequence of changes in serum E2, T, and @entity141 levels was similar in all groups although the timings of these alterations were modified in relation to the time of spawning. Thus, peak levels of the three serum parameters were attained earliest in the year by fish in group B followed by those in groups C, D, E, and A, respectively. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that photoperiod entrains an endogenous rhythm of maturation rather than having a direct, driving influence on the control of reproduction.

title: Constant photoperiod regimes and the entrainment of the annual cycle of reproduction in the female @entity5660 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['Salmo gairdneri']


abstract: Male and female Sprague-Dawley (Spartan) @entity35 were exposed to dietary levels of 0, 60, 200 or 600 ppm purified @entity211 ( @entity212 ) or @entity48023 (PCA) for 181 days, through mating and pregnancy. The daily intakes of @entity212 were 0, 4, 13 or 43 mg/kg body weight and of @entity4901 were 0, 4, 12 or 41 mg/kg body weight. Animals exposed to @entity212 generally consumed more food than control animals during pregnancy. Dams at the high-dose level of both compounds showed evidence of @entity137 , weighing less on day 0 of gestation and gaining less throughout pregnancy than did the controls. Dams exposed to the high dose of @entity212 gained less weight during pregnancy (exclusive of the gravid uterus) than control dams. At the 43 mg/kg/day dose level @entity212 was embryolethal. Foetuses at the lower dose levels of @entity212 exhibited dose-related decreases in body weights. A reduction in crown-rump length and an @entity853 were seen at 13 mg/kg/day in @entity212 animals only. An intake of 41 mg PCA/kg/day was associated with a decrease in the number of corpora lutea and in embryolethality. PCA exposure also resulted in reductions in foetal body weight and crown-rump lengths of males at 4 and 41 mg/kg/day. Female foetuses were unaffected.

title: Teratogenic potential of purified XXXX and @entity48023 in subchronically exposed @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity211 :: ('MESH:D010416', 'Chemical') :: ['pentachlorophenol']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity48023 :: ('MESH:C015421', 'Chemical') :: ['pentachloroanisole']

entities_list: @entity853 :: ('MESH:D009139', 'Disease') :: ['increase in foetal skeletal variations']

answer: @entity211 :: (MESH:D010416,Chemical) :: ['pentachlorophenol']


abstract: Male and female Sprague-Dawley (Spartan) @entity35 were exposed to dietary levels of 0, 60, 200 or 600 ppm purified @entity211 ( @entity212 ) or @entity48023 (PCA) for 181 days, through mating and pregnancy. The daily intakes of @entity212 were 0, 4, 13 or 43 mg/kg body weight and of @entity4901 were 0, 4, 12 or 41 mg/kg body weight. Animals exposed to @entity212 generally consumed more food than control animals during pregnancy. Dams at the high-dose level of both compounds showed evidence of @entity137 , weighing less on day 0 of gestation and gaining less throughout pregnancy than did the controls. Dams exposed to the high dose of @entity212 gained less weight during pregnancy (exclusive of the gravid uterus) than control dams. At the 43 mg/kg/day dose level @entity212 was embryolethal. Foetuses at the lower dose levels of @entity212 exhibited dose-related decreases in body weights. A reduction in crown-rump length and an @entity853 were seen at 13 mg/kg/day in @entity212 animals only. An intake of 41 mg PCA/kg/day was associated with a decrease in the number of corpora lutea and in embryolethality. PCA exposure also resulted in reductions in foetal body weight and crown-rump lengths of males at 4 and 41 mg/kg/day. Female foetuses were unaffected.

title: Teratogenic potential of purified @entity211 and XXXX in subchronically exposed @entity35 .

answer: @entity48023 :: (MESH:C015421,Chemical) :: ['pentachloroanisole']


abstract: Male and female Sprague-Dawley (Spartan) @entity35 were exposed to dietary levels of 0, 60, 200 or 600 ppm purified @entity211 ( @entity212 ) or @entity48023 (PCA) for 181 days, through mating and pregnancy. The daily intakes of @entity212 were 0, 4, 13 or 43 mg/kg body weight and of @entity4901 were 0, 4, 12 or 41 mg/kg body weight. Animals exposed to @entity212 generally consumed more food than control animals during pregnancy. Dams at the high-dose level of both compounds showed evidence of @entity137 , weighing less on day 0 of gestation and gaining less throughout pregnancy than did the controls. Dams exposed to the high dose of @entity212 gained less weight during pregnancy (exclusive of the gravid uterus) than control dams. At the 43 mg/kg/day dose level @entity212 was embryolethal. Foetuses at the lower dose levels of @entity212 exhibited dose-related decreases in body weights. A reduction in crown-rump length and an @entity853 were seen at 13 mg/kg/day in @entity212 animals only. An intake of 41 mg PCA/kg/day was associated with a decrease in the number of corpora lutea and in embryolethality. PCA exposure also resulted in reductions in foetal body weight and crown-rump lengths of males at 4 and 41 mg/kg/day. Female foetuses were unaffected.

title: Teratogenic potential of purified @entity211 and @entity48023 in subchronically exposed XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2040 is endemic in 54 countries, but has one of the lowest coverages by mass drug administration of all helminth diseases. However, with increasing drug availability through donation, the World Health Organisation has set a goal of increasing coverage to 75  % of at-risk @entity1 in endemic countries and elimination in some regions. In this paper, we assess the impact on @entity2040 of the WHO goals in terms of control and elimination. METHODS: We use an age-structured deterministic model of schistosome transmission in a @entity1 community and the effect of mass drug administration. The model is fitted to baseline data from a longitudinal re-infection study in Kenya and validated against the subsequent re-infection data. We examine the impact on host worm burden of the current treatment trend, extrapolated to meet the WHO goals, and its sensitivity to uncertainty in important parameters. We assess the feasibility of achieving elimination. RESULTS: Model results show that the current treatment trend, extrapolated to the WHO goals, is able to greatly reduce host worm burdens. If coverage is continued at the same level beyond 2020, elimination is possible for low to moderate transmission settings, where transmission intensity is defined by the basic reproduction number, R0. Low levels of adult coverage have a significant impact on worm burden  in all settings. Model validation against the re-infection survey demonstrates that the age-structured model is able to match post-treatment data well in terms of egg output, but that some details of re-infection among school @entity1 and young adults are not currently well represented. CONCLUSIONS: Our work suggests that the current WHO treatment goals should be successful in bringing about a major @entity281 in treated communities. If continued  over a 15 year period, they are likely to result in elimination, at least in areas with lower transmission.

title: What is required in terms of mass drug administration to interrupt the transmission of schistosome parasites in regions of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in schistosome infection']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis', 'Schistosomiasis']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['endemic infection']


abstract: Definitive therapy for Stage I @entity420 consists of total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Pre- and/or post-operative radiotherapy (RT) is employed in selected @entity1 with poor prognostic factors such as poorly differentiated @entity5 or deep myometrial invasion by @entity5 . The results are reported of RT alone in 69 @entity1 with Stage I @entity420 who presented with severe, acute, and chronic medical illnesses which prevented surgical management of their disease. Sixty-three @entity1 (91.3%) were @entity28 or @entity101 . Twenty-seven @entity1 (39.1%) had @entity6 , 16 (23.2%) had @entity712 , and the remaining @entity1 had such conditions as @entity64 (17.4%), @entity453 (15.9%), and recent @entity583 (13.0%). The median age for this group of @entity1 was 72.0 years compared to 60.0 years for a concurrent group of 304 @entity1 with Stage I @entity420 treated at our institution with combined surgery and RT. RT consisted of intracavitary insertions alone (11 @entity1 ), intracavitary plus low dose external beam therapy (9 @entity1 ), and intracavitary therapy plus high dose external beam therapy (49 @entity1 , definitive RT). Younger @entity1 and those with poorly differentiated disease were treated more aggressively. The 5- and 10-year overall survival for all @entity1 was 76.8 and 33.3%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year disease-free survival was 88.1 and 82.4%, respectively. The 5-year overall and disease-free survival for the group of 49 @entity1 treated with definitive RT was 85.4% and 88.7% with 15/49 (30.6%) having poorly differentiated @entity5 . For the definitive therapy group, the 5- and 10-year disease-free survival was 94.3, 92.3, and 78.0% for grades I, II, and III, respectively. Analysis of patterns of failure showed that none of the @entity1 failed in the pelvis alone. Two out of 11 (18.2%) receiving intracavitary therapy alone and 3/49 (6.1%) receiving definitive RT failed in the pelvis with simultaneous @entity3 ( @entity3 ). Three @entity1 in the definitive RT group failed with @entity3 only. Severe complications occurred in 8 @entity1 (16%), all of whom received definitive RT.

title: Medically inoperable stage I XXXX treated with radiotherapy alone.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['DM', 'distant metastasis']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the endometrium']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the endometrium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization aims to control blinding @entity11738 by 2020. Decisions on whether to start and stop mass treatments and when to declare that control has been achieved are currently based on clinical examination data generated in population-based surveys. Thresholds are based on the district-level prevalence of @entity32 -follicular (TF) in @entity1 aged 1-9 years. Forecasts of which districts may and may not meet TF control goals by the 2020 target date could affect resource allocation in the next few years. METHODS: We constructed a hidden Markov model fit to the prevalence of two clinical signs of @entity11738 and PCR data in 24 communities from the recent PRET- @entity3456 trial. The prevalence of TF in @entity1 in each community at 36  months was forecast given data from earlier time points. Forecasts were scored by the likelihood of the observed results. We assessed whether use of TF with additional TI and PCR data rather than just the use of TF alone improves forecasts, and separately whether incorporating a delay in TF recovery is beneficial. RESULTS: Including TI and PCR data did not significantly improve forecasts of TF. Forecasts of TF prevalence at 36  months by the model with the delay in TF recovery were significantly better than forecasts by the model without the delay in TF recovery (p   =   0.003). A zero-inflated truncated normal observation model was better than a truncated normal observation model, and better than a sensitivity-specificity observation model. CONCLUSION: The results in this study suggest that future studies could consider using just TF data for forecasting, and should include a delay in TF recovery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00792922.

title: Short-term forecasting of the prevalence of clinical XXXX : utility of including delayed recovery and tests for infection.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['trachomatous inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

answer: @entity11738 :: (MESH:D014141,Disease) :: ['trachoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4008 is a fatal @entity6220 complicating intravascular involvements. Multiple microbleeds are rarely identified as complications because of the limited detection threshold of conventional imaging modalities. We report the first case of @entity10217 with successful identification of multiple microbleeds in the cerebellum by susceptibility-weighted imaging. CASE PRESENTATION: A 19-year-old Japanese female was brought to our emergency department because of fever and @entity772 . A spinal tap was performed and turbid yellow fluid was collected. A diagnosis of @entity4008 was established and the @entity1 was admitted to an intensive care unit. @entity619 and Antibiotics were administered and Neisseria meningitides was cultured from the spinal fluid. On day 10, postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging identified enhanced subarachnoid space in the cerebellum. Susceptibility-weighted imaging showed spotty low-intensity signals in the cerebellar tissue, indicating microbleeds. The @entity1 made a full recovery from @entity772 and was discharged without neurological sequelae on day 24. CONCLUSION: @entity10217 can cause multiple microbleeds in the cerebellum. In this report, we successfully identified microbleeds by susceptibility-weighed imaging. Using this imaging modality, further investigations will clarify its clinical incidence and significance.

title: A case of XXXX with multiple cerebellar microbleeds detected by susceptibility-weighted imaging.

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['infectious disease of the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity4008 :: ('MESH:D016920', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial meningitis', 'Bacterial meningitis']

entities_list: @entity10217 :: ('MESH:D008585', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal meningitis', 'Meningococcal meningitis']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone']

answer: @entity10217 :: (MESH:D008585,Disease) :: ['meningococcal meningitis']


abstract: We sought to identify the incidence, injury patterns, and financial burden of @entity130 to provide a reference for reinforcing guidelines on the prevention of such injuries. We enrolled the @entity1 who were injured in a ladder-related fall and required intensive care between April 2012 and March 2014 at Okayama University Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Okayama City:9 @entity1 injured in 7 stepladder falls and 2 straight ladder falls. The median @entity1 age was 69 years, and 8 were males. Six falls occurred in non-occupational settings. @entity542 predominated, and the injury severity score ranged from 2 to 35 (mean   21  12). At the time of discharge from the intensive care unit, one @entity1 had died and 5 @entity1 had some @entity16 . The case fatality rate was 11%. The total cost of care during the review period was    16,705,794, with a mean cost of    1,856,199 per @entity1 . @entity130 are associated with a high rate of neurological sequelae and pose a financial burden on the health insurance system. A prevention education campaign targeting at older-aged males in non-occupational settings may be a worthwhile health service investment in this community.

title: Characteristics and Costs of XXXX : A Report from a Single Emergency Center in Okayama.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disabilities']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['Head injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ladder fall injuries', 'Ladder fall injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Ladder Fall Injuries']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity572 ( @entity572 ) is the most effective treatment for advanced or end-stage @entity570 . However, @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) remains one of its unresolved complications. We reviewed the records of 322 @entity1 undergoing primary @entity572 and investigated the efficacy of anticoagulant prophylaxis for @entity1211 . Our study cohort consisted of 60 @entity1 who received no anticoagulants, 100 @entity1 who received a factor Xa inhibitor (fondaparinux), 100 @entity1 who received low molecular weight heparin ( @entity2120 ), and 62 @entity1 who selectively received no anticoagulant prophylaxis due to perioperative @entity548 , weight, and/or hemoglobin concentration. Enhanced 64-slice multidetector row computed tomography was performed postoperatively for 7 days in all cases. The incidence of @entity1211 in the four groups was 15%, 9.0%, 6.0%, and 6.4%, respectively. The incidence of @entity1211 was significantly lower in the groups receiving anticoagulant prophylaxis and the group selectively receiving no anticoagulant prophylaxis than in the group receiving no anticoagulants. Complications of fondaparinux therapy included @entity409 in 4 cases (4.0%), minor @entity548 in 2 cases (2.0%), persistent wound drainage in 3 cases (3.0%), and eruption in 1 case (1.0%). The complications of @entity2120 therapy were persistent wound drainage in 1 case (1.0%) and progression of @entity417 in 1 case (1.0%). The incidence of @entity1211 was low in @entity1 who selectively received no anticoagulant prophylaxis, so we conclude that anticoagulant prophylaxis should be used selectively in @entity572 cases.

title: Erratum. XXXX after Total Hip Arthroplasty Diagnosed by Enhanced Computed Tomography:Comparison of Selective Thromboprophylaxis and No Thromboprophylaxis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['THA', 'Total hip arthroplasty']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['VTE', 'venous thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity2120 :: ('MESH:D017984', 'Chemical') :: ['enoxaparin']

entities_list: @entity570 :: ('MESH:D015207', 'Disease') :: ['hip osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['Venous Thromboembolism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. is a medicinal plant indigenous to India and is broadly used worldwide for the treatment of a variety of health ailments. The present study was experimented on hyperlipidemic Charles Foster @entity35 with the aim to explore the possible mechanism responsible for the antidyslipidemic activity of the hydromethanolic extract from @entity69840 leaves (FIL). METHODS: @entity407 was induced by a single intraperitoneal dose of @entity12218 in Charles Foster @entity35 . The plasma lipid levels were estimated in control and treated groups. The antioxidant potential of @entity69840 was assessed in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. An acute @entity137 study of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fingerprinted extract was carried out in Swiss albino @entity19 . RESULTS: The @entity69840 extract at a dose of 150 mg/kg significantly lowers the plasma level of total @entity165 (17%), @entity1674 (13%), and phospholipids (16%) by increasing post-heparin lipolytic activity (19%) and lecithin- @entity165 -acyltransferase activity (20%) in @entity33534 -induced hyperlipidemic @entity35 . In addition, the @entity69840 extract showed significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activity. HPLC analysis indicates the presence of @entity16287 and @entity4212 in the extract, and the extract was found to be non-toxic up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight in the @entity137 study. CONCLUSIONS: These finding suggest that @entity69840 holds significant potential in preventing @entity922 induced by @entity2299 along with oxidative stress.

title: A mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation of efficacy of Flacourtia indica in management of XXXX and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'acute oral toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity4212 :: ('MESH:D047309', 'Chemical') :: ['flavones']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinical deterioration']

entities_list: @entity16287 :: ('MESH:D044950', 'Chemical') :: ['flavanones']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity2299 :: (MESH:D050171,Disease) :: ['dyslipidemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. is a medicinal plant indigenous to India and is broadly used worldwide for the treatment of a variety of health ailments. The present study was experimented on hyperlipidemic Charles Foster @entity35 with the aim to explore the possible mechanism responsible for the antidyslipidemic activity of the hydromethanolic extract from @entity69840 leaves (FIL). METHODS: @entity407 was induced by a single intraperitoneal dose of @entity12218 in Charles Foster @entity35 . The plasma lipid levels were estimated in control and treated groups. The antioxidant potential of @entity69840 was assessed in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. An acute @entity137 study of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fingerprinted extract was carried out in Swiss albino @entity19 . RESULTS: The @entity69840 extract at a dose of 150 mg/kg significantly lowers the plasma level of total @entity165 (17%), @entity1674 (13%), and phospholipids (16%) by increasing post-heparin lipolytic activity (19%) and lecithin- @entity165 -acyltransferase activity (20%) in @entity33534 -induced hyperlipidemic @entity35 . In addition, the @entity69840 extract showed significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activity. HPLC analysis indicates the presence of @entity16287 and @entity4212 in the extract, and the extract was found to be non-toxic up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight in the @entity137 study. CONCLUSIONS: These finding suggest that @entity69840 holds significant potential in preventing @entity922 induced by @entity2299 along with oxidative stress.

title: A mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation of efficacy of Flacourtia indica in management of @entity2299 and oxidative stress in hyperlipidemic XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Non-sterile pathogen-induced @entity32 like in @entity130 or @entity63 -reperfusion injury may both coincide with the life threatening @entity1850 and @entity881 . Consequently, there is an urgent need for specific biomarkers in order to distinguish @entity295 from sterile conditions. The overall aim of this study was to uncover putative @entity295 biomarkers and biomarker pathways, as well as to test the efficacy of combined inhibition of innate immunity key players complement and Toll-like receptor co-receptor @entity5750 as a possible therapeutic regimen for @entity295 . We performed whole blood gene expression analyses using microarray in order to profile Gram-negative bacteria-induced @entity32 responses in an ex vivo @entity1 whole blood model. The experiments were performed in the presence or absence of inhibitors of complement proteins (C3 and @entity2242 (C5a receptor 1)) and @entity5750 , alone or in combination. In addition, we used blood from a @entity2244 donor. Anti-coagulated whole blood was challenged with heat-inactivated @entity526 for 2  h, total RNA was isolated and microarray analyses were performed on the Affymetrix GeneChip Gene 1.0 ST Array platform. The initial experiments were performed in duplicates using blood from two healthy donors. @entity2244 is very rare, and only one donor could be recruited. In order to increase statistical power, a technical replicate of the @entity2244 samples was run. Subsequently, log2-transformed intensities were processed by robust multichip analysis and filtered using a threshold of four. In total, 73 microarray chips were run and analyzed. The normalized and filtered raw data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and are accessible with GEO Series accession number GSE55537. Linear models for microarray data were applied to estimate fold changes between data sets and the respective multiple testing adjusted p-values (FDR q-values). The interpretation of the data has been published by Lau et al. in an open access article entitled " @entity5750 and Complement Crosstalk and Largely Mediate the Transcriptional Response to @entity526 in @entity1 Whole Blood as revealed by DNA Microarray" (Lau et al., 2015).

title: Gene expression profiling of Gram-negative bacteria-induced @entity32 in @entity1 whole blood: The role of complement and XXXX -mediated innate immune response.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory', 'sepsis and sterile inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2244 :: ('MESH:C537005', 'Disease') :: ['C5-deficient', 'C5-deficiency']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity1850 :: ('MESH:D018746', 'Disease') :: ['systemic inflammatory response syndrome']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multi-organ failure']

answer: @entity5750 :: (929,Gene) :: ['CD14']


abstract: Non-sterile pathogen-induced @entity32 like in @entity130 or @entity63 -reperfusion injury may both coincide with the life threatening @entity1850 and @entity881 . Consequently, there is an urgent need for specific biomarkers in order to distinguish @entity295 from sterile conditions. The overall aim of this study was to uncover putative @entity295 biomarkers and biomarker pathways, as well as to test the efficacy of combined inhibition of innate immunity key players complement and Toll-like receptor co-receptor @entity5750 as a possible therapeutic regimen for @entity295 . We performed whole blood gene expression analyses using microarray in order to profile Gram-negative bacteria-induced @entity32 responses in an ex vivo @entity1 whole blood model. The experiments were performed in the presence or absence of inhibitors of complement proteins (C3 and @entity2242 (C5a receptor 1)) and @entity5750 , alone or in combination. In addition, we used blood from a @entity2244 donor. Anti-coagulated whole blood was challenged with heat-inactivated @entity526 for 2  h, total RNA was isolated and microarray analyses were performed on the Affymetrix GeneChip Gene 1.0 ST Array platform. The initial experiments were performed in duplicates using blood from two healthy donors. @entity2244 is very rare, and only one donor could be recruited. In order to increase statistical power, a technical replicate of the @entity2244 samples was run. Subsequently, log2-transformed intensities were processed by robust multichip analysis and filtered using a threshold of four. In total, 73 microarray chips were run and analyzed. The normalized and filtered raw data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and are accessible with GEO Series accession number GSE55537. Linear models for microarray data were applied to estimate fold changes between data sets and the respective multiple testing adjusted p-values (FDR q-values). The interpretation of the data has been published by Lau et al. in an open access article entitled " @entity5750 and Complement Crosstalk and Largely Mediate the Transcriptional Response to @entity526 in @entity1 Whole Blood as revealed by DNA Microarray" (Lau et al., 2015).

title: Gene expression profiling of Gram-negative bacteria-induced XXXX in @entity1 whole blood: The role of complement and @entity5750 -mediated innate immune response.

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: Non-sterile pathogen-induced @entity32 like in @entity130 or @entity63 -reperfusion injury may both coincide with the life threatening @entity1850 and @entity881 . Consequently, there is an urgent need for specific biomarkers in order to distinguish @entity295 from sterile conditions. The overall aim of this study was to uncover putative @entity295 biomarkers and biomarker pathways, as well as to test the efficacy of combined inhibition of innate immunity key players complement and Toll-like receptor co-receptor @entity5750 as a possible therapeutic regimen for @entity295 . We performed whole blood gene expression analyses using microarray in order to profile Gram-negative bacteria-induced @entity32 responses in an ex vivo @entity1 whole blood model. The experiments were performed in the presence or absence of inhibitors of complement proteins (C3 and @entity2242 (C5a receptor 1)) and @entity5750 , alone or in combination. In addition, we used blood from a @entity2244 donor. Anti-coagulated whole blood was challenged with heat-inactivated @entity526 for 2  h, total RNA was isolated and microarray analyses were performed on the Affymetrix GeneChip Gene 1.0 ST Array platform. The initial experiments were performed in duplicates using blood from two healthy donors. @entity2244 is very rare, and only one donor could be recruited. In order to increase statistical power, a technical replicate of the @entity2244 samples was run. Subsequently, log2-transformed intensities were processed by robust multichip analysis and filtered using a threshold of four. In total, 73 microarray chips were run and analyzed. The normalized and filtered raw data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and are accessible with GEO Series accession number GSE55537. Linear models for microarray data were applied to estimate fold changes between data sets and the respective multiple testing adjusted p-values (FDR q-values). The interpretation of the data has been published by Lau et al. in an open access article entitled " @entity5750 and Complement Crosstalk and Largely Mediate the Transcriptional Response to @entity526 in @entity1 Whole Blood as revealed by DNA Microarray" (Lau et al., 2015).

title: Gene expression profiling of Gram-negative bacteria-induced @entity32 in XXXX whole blood: The role of complement and @entity5750 -mediated innate immune response.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The isolation of bacterially synthesized, recombinant-DNA-derived, @entity291 growth hormone (r-bGH) with native structure is described. The r-bGH is found in insoluble form, in a pellet fraction, after cell breakage and centrifugation. Cell envelope components (protein, lipid, endotoxin) and nucleic acids are selectively removed from the pellet fraction by an @entity1098 /lysozyme/deoxycholate extraction. We demonstrate that the r-bGH is largely reduced until solubilized using 6 M @entity2097 / @entity5828 . Air oxidation is then carried out, in the presence of the @entity2097 / @entity5828 . The oxidation results in a mixture of about one-third @entity1520 -linked oligomers and two-thirds oxidized monomer. The latter may include some incorrectly oxidized material, but appears to be mostly correctly oxidized. The oxidized monomer is isolated by gel filtration in the presence of @entity2097 / @entity5828 . Subsequent @entity2097 / @entity5828 removal leads to refolded, oxidized r-bGH. All steps in the procedure, in particular the oxidation and refolding steps, can be carried out at relatively high protein concentrations.

title: Recombinant-DNA-derived XXXX growth hormone from Escherichia coli. 1. Demonstration that the hormone is expressed in reduced form, and isolation of the hormone in oxidized, native form.

entities_list: @entity2097 :: ('MESH:D019791', 'Chemical') :: ['guanidine']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: The hypothesis that a primary stimulus for aortic medial @entity1184 in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) is increased blood pressure was tested by determining whether development of smooth muscle cell @entity1184 and hyperploidy in SHR could be dissociated from blood pressure levels in @entity35 treated with various antihypertensive drugs with different mechanisms of action. @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKY) and SHR were treated between 2 and 5 months of age with @entity3371 (375 mg/L), @entity2514 (40 mg/L), or @entity1169 (1.5 mg/L) administered in their drinking water. Smooth @entity2086 and hyperploidy were analyzed by morphometric evaluation of medial smooth muscle content, flow cytometric analysis of the frequency of polyploid smooth muscle cells, and biochemical estimates of smooth muscle cell number. All drugs significantly lowered blood pressure in SHR compared with untreated controls (order of efficacy: @entity3371 greater than @entity2514 greater than @entity1169 ). @entity3371 also was most effective at changing blood pressure in WKY, while @entity1169 and @entity2514 had similar blood pressure-lowering effects. The efficacy of drugs in preventing the development of smooth muscle cell polyploidism and medial @entity1184 in SHR was the same as their efficacy in lowering blood pressure, although @entity1169 had no effect on medial smooth @entity2086 despite lowering blood pressure by 26 mm Hg. Regression analyses showed a high degree of correlation between blood pressure and the frequency of polyploid smooth muscle cells and medial smooth muscle content. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aortic medial @entity1184 may be, in part, a response to increased blood pressure or wall stress. However, analysis of covariance and two-stage multiple regression analyses indicated that @entity3371 had an effect over and above that predicted by its blood pressure-lowering effect. Furthermore, @entity1169 lowered blood pressure but did not affect medial @entity1184 . These results suggest that smooth @entity2086 is not simply a response to increased blood pressure, but that other factors, such as @entity1808 , may be important in modulating aortic medial @entity1184 in SHR.

title: Influence of blood pressure on development of aortic medial smooth @entity2086 in spontaneously XXXX @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity2086 :: ('MESH:C536106', 'Disease') :: ['muscle hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2514 :: ('MESH:D006830', 'Chemical') :: ['hydralazine']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: The hypothesis that a primary stimulus for aortic medial @entity1184 in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) is increased blood pressure was tested by determining whether development of smooth muscle cell @entity1184 and hyperploidy in SHR could be dissociated from blood pressure levels in @entity35 treated with various antihypertensive drugs with different mechanisms of action. @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKY) and SHR were treated between 2 and 5 months of age with @entity3371 (375 mg/L), @entity2514 (40 mg/L), or @entity1169 (1.5 mg/L) administered in their drinking water. Smooth @entity2086 and hyperploidy were analyzed by morphometric evaluation of medial smooth muscle content, flow cytometric analysis of the frequency of polyploid smooth muscle cells, and biochemical estimates of smooth muscle cell number. All drugs significantly lowered blood pressure in SHR compared with untreated controls (order of efficacy: @entity3371 greater than @entity2514 greater than @entity1169 ). @entity3371 also was most effective at changing blood pressure in WKY, while @entity1169 and @entity2514 had similar blood pressure-lowering effects. The efficacy of drugs in preventing the development of smooth muscle cell polyploidism and medial @entity1184 in SHR was the same as their efficacy in lowering blood pressure, although @entity1169 had no effect on medial smooth @entity2086 despite lowering blood pressure by 26 mm Hg. Regression analyses showed a high degree of correlation between blood pressure and the frequency of polyploid smooth muscle cells and medial smooth muscle content. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aortic medial @entity1184 may be, in part, a response to increased blood pressure or wall stress. However, analysis of covariance and two-stage multiple regression analyses indicated that @entity3371 had an effect over and above that predicted by its blood pressure-lowering effect. Furthermore, @entity1169 lowered blood pressure but did not affect medial @entity1184 . These results suggest that smooth @entity2086 is not simply a response to increased blood pressure, but that other factors, such as @entity1808 , may be important in modulating aortic medial @entity1184 in SHR.

title: Influence of blood pressure on development of aortic medial smooth XXXX in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 .

answer: @entity2086 :: (MESH:C536106,Disease) :: ['muscle hypertrophy']


abstract: The hypothesis that a primary stimulus for aortic medial @entity1184 in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) is increased blood pressure was tested by determining whether development of smooth muscle cell @entity1184 and hyperploidy in SHR could be dissociated from blood pressure levels in @entity35 treated with various antihypertensive drugs with different mechanisms of action. @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKY) and SHR were treated between 2 and 5 months of age with @entity3371 (375 mg/L), @entity2514 (40 mg/L), or @entity1169 (1.5 mg/L) administered in their drinking water. Smooth @entity2086 and hyperploidy were analyzed by morphometric evaluation of medial smooth muscle content, flow cytometric analysis of the frequency of polyploid smooth muscle cells, and biochemical estimates of smooth muscle cell number. All drugs significantly lowered blood pressure in SHR compared with untreated controls (order of efficacy: @entity3371 greater than @entity2514 greater than @entity1169 ). @entity3371 also was most effective at changing blood pressure in WKY, while @entity1169 and @entity2514 had similar blood pressure-lowering effects. The efficacy of drugs in preventing the development of smooth muscle cell polyploidism and medial @entity1184 in SHR was the same as their efficacy in lowering blood pressure, although @entity1169 had no effect on medial smooth @entity2086 despite lowering blood pressure by 26 mm Hg. Regression analyses showed a high degree of correlation between blood pressure and the frequency of polyploid smooth muscle cells and medial smooth muscle content. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aortic medial @entity1184 may be, in part, a response to increased blood pressure or wall stress. However, analysis of covariance and two-stage multiple regression analyses indicated that @entity3371 had an effect over and above that predicted by its blood pressure-lowering effect. Furthermore, @entity1169 lowered blood pressure but did not affect medial @entity1184 . These results suggest that smooth @entity2086 is not simply a response to increased blood pressure, but that other factors, such as @entity1808 , may be important in modulating aortic medial @entity1184 in SHR.

title: Influence of blood pressure on development of aortic medial smooth @entity2086 in spontaneously @entity101 XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ) is one of the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of @entity302 . Although it is well known that the doses of @entity3262 and its plasma concentrations are highly correlated, the plasma concentrations do not correlate well with the therapeutic effects of the @entity3262 . In this study, we developed a population-based pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model to determine the optimal concentration of @entity3262 according to the clinical characteristics of each @entity1 . This retrospective study included 77 @entity3262 -treated Japanese @entity1 with @entity302 . A nonlinear mixed-effects model best represented the relationship between the trough concentrations of @entity3262 at steady-state and an over 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency. The model was fitted using a logistic regression model, in which the logit function of the probability was a linear function of the predicted trough concentration of @entity3262 . The model showed that the age, @entity410 locus, the @entity1372 channel neuronal type I alpha subunit @entity39505 polymorphism and co-administration of @entity2049 , @entity2053 , @entity3174 or @entity1771 were associated with an over 50% reduction in the @entity410 frequency. We plotted the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the logit(Pr) value of the model and the presence or absence of a more than 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency, and the areas under the curves with the 95% confidence interval from the ROC curve were 0.823 with 0.793-0.853. A logit(Pr) value of 0.1 was considered the optimal cut-off point (sensitivity = 71.8% and specificity = 80.4%), and we calculated the optimal trough concentration of @entity3262 for each @entity1 . Such parameters may be useful to determine the recommended therapeutic concentration of @entity3262 for each @entity1 , and the procedure may contribute to the further development of personalized pharmacological therapy for @entity302 .

title: Determination of the Optimal Concentration of XXXX in @entity1 with @entity302 : A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity1771 :: ('MESH:C052342', 'Chemical') :: ['topiramate']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity2053 :: ('MESH:D002998', 'Chemical') :: ['clonazepam']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['Valproic Acid']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ) is one of the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of @entity302 . Although it is well known that the doses of @entity3262 and its plasma concentrations are highly correlated, the plasma concentrations do not correlate well with the therapeutic effects of the @entity3262 . In this study, we developed a population-based pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model to determine the optimal concentration of @entity3262 according to the clinical characteristics of each @entity1 . This retrospective study included 77 @entity3262 -treated Japanese @entity1 with @entity302 . A nonlinear mixed-effects model best represented the relationship between the trough concentrations of @entity3262 at steady-state and an over 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency. The model was fitted using a logistic regression model, in which the logit function of the probability was a linear function of the predicted trough concentration of @entity3262 . The model showed that the age, @entity410 locus, the @entity1372 channel neuronal type I alpha subunit @entity39505 polymorphism and co-administration of @entity2049 , @entity2053 , @entity3174 or @entity1771 were associated with an over 50% reduction in the @entity410 frequency. We plotted the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the logit(Pr) value of the model and the presence or absence of a more than 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency, and the areas under the curves with the 95% confidence interval from the ROC curve were 0.823 with 0.793-0.853. A logit(Pr) value of 0.1 was considered the optimal cut-off point (sensitivity = 71.8% and specificity = 80.4%), and we calculated the optimal trough concentration of @entity3262 for each @entity1 . Such parameters may be useful to determine the recommended therapeutic concentration of @entity3262 for each @entity1 , and the procedure may contribute to the further development of personalized pharmacological therapy for @entity302 .

title: Determination of the Optimal Concentration of @entity1092 in @entity1 with XXXX : A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis.

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epilepsy']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ) is one of the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of @entity302 . Although it is well known that the doses of @entity3262 and its plasma concentrations are highly correlated, the plasma concentrations do not correlate well with the therapeutic effects of the @entity3262 . In this study, we developed a population-based pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model to determine the optimal concentration of @entity3262 according to the clinical characteristics of each @entity1 . This retrospective study included 77 @entity3262 -treated Japanese @entity1 with @entity302 . A nonlinear mixed-effects model best represented the relationship between the trough concentrations of @entity3262 at steady-state and an over 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency. The model was fitted using a logistic regression model, in which the logit function of the probability was a linear function of the predicted trough concentration of @entity3262 . The model showed that the age, @entity410 locus, the @entity1372 channel neuronal type I alpha subunit @entity39505 polymorphism and co-administration of @entity2049 , @entity2053 , @entity3174 or @entity1771 were associated with an over 50% reduction in the @entity410 frequency. We plotted the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the logit(Pr) value of the model and the presence or absence of a more than 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency, and the areas under the curves with the 95% confidence interval from the ROC curve were 0.823 with 0.793-0.853. A logit(Pr) value of 0.1 was considered the optimal cut-off point (sensitivity = 71.8% and specificity = 80.4%), and we calculated the optimal trough concentration of @entity3262 for each @entity1 . Such parameters may be useful to determine the recommended therapeutic concentration of @entity3262 for each @entity1 , and the procedure may contribute to the further development of personalized pharmacological therapy for @entity302 .

title: Determination of the Optimal Concentration of @entity1092 in XXXX with @entity302 : A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Mammary glands are physiologically active in female mammals only during nursing. Immediately after weaning, most lactation-related genes are downregulated and milk production ceases. In our previous study, we have detected an inwardly rectifying @entity972 channel (Kir) 2.1-like current in @entity3923 ( @entity3923 ) cells freshly isolated from lactating @entity19 . This current is highly sensitive to external @entity8594 . The @entity972 permeability of the Kir channels may contribute to the secretion and/or preservation of ions in milk. We hypothesized that the functions of the Kir channels in @entity3923 cells are regulated after weaning. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of forced weaning on the @entity8594 -sensitive Kir current and @entity2303 expression in the @entity19 mammary glands. Twenty-four hours after weaning, the lumina of mammary acini were histologically enlarged by milk accumulation. The whole-cell patch-clamp analyses showed that the @entity8594 -sensitive Kir current in the post-weaning @entity3923 cells was smaller than in the lactating @entity3923 cells. The inward conductances of the current in the lactating and post-weaning cells were 4.25    0.77 and 0.93    0.34 nS, respectively. Furthermore, real-time PCR and Western blot analyses showed that @entity2303 mRNA and protein expression decreased in the post-weaning mammary gland (mRNA, 90% reduction; protein, 47% reduction). Moreover, the local milk accumulation caused by teat sealing decreased Kir conductance in @entity3923 cells (2.74    0.45 and 0.36    0.27 nS for control and sealed mammary glands, respectively). This was concomitant with the reduction in the @entity2303 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that milk stasis after weaning immediately decreases the Kir conductance in @entity3923 cells. This decrease in the Kir conductance may be partly caused by the reduction in the @entity2303 mRNA and protein expression. These alterations during the post-weaning period may be involved in the cessation of ion secretion and/or preservation in the milk.

title: Decrease in an Inwardly Rectifying XXXX Conductance in @entity19 Mammary Secretory Cells after Forced Weaning.

entities_list: @entity3923 :: ('MESH:D005348', 'Disease') :: ['mammary secretory', 'MS']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['Potassium']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Mammary glands are physiologically active in female mammals only during nursing. Immediately after weaning, most lactation-related genes are downregulated and milk production ceases. In our previous study, we have detected an inwardly rectifying @entity972 channel (Kir) 2.1-like current in @entity3923 ( @entity3923 ) cells freshly isolated from lactating @entity19 . This current is highly sensitive to external @entity8594 . The @entity972 permeability of the Kir channels may contribute to the secretion and/or preservation of ions in milk. We hypothesized that the functions of the Kir channels in @entity3923 cells are regulated after weaning. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of forced weaning on the @entity8594 -sensitive Kir current and @entity2303 expression in the @entity19 mammary glands. Twenty-four hours after weaning, the lumina of mammary acini were histologically enlarged by milk accumulation. The whole-cell patch-clamp analyses showed that the @entity8594 -sensitive Kir current in the post-weaning @entity3923 cells was smaller than in the lactating @entity3923 cells. The inward conductances of the current in the lactating and post-weaning cells were 4.25    0.77 and 0.93    0.34 nS, respectively. Furthermore, real-time PCR and Western blot analyses showed that @entity2303 mRNA and protein expression decreased in the post-weaning mammary gland (mRNA, 90% reduction; protein, 47% reduction). Moreover, the local milk accumulation caused by teat sealing decreased Kir conductance in @entity3923 cells (2.74    0.45 and 0.36    0.27 nS for control and sealed mammary glands, respectively). This was concomitant with the reduction in the @entity2303 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that milk stasis after weaning immediately decreases the Kir conductance in @entity3923 cells. This decrease in the Kir conductance may be partly caused by the reduction in the @entity2303 mRNA and protein expression. These alterations during the post-weaning period may be involved in the cessation of ion secretion and/or preservation in the milk.

title: Decrease in an Inwardly Rectifying @entity972 Conductance in XXXX Mammary Secretory Cells after Forced Weaning.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mouse']


abstract: The anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of nociception and its modification by analgesic drugs have been studied extensively in the past decade. Although the neural mechanisms of nociceptors and the stimuli that activate them are much better understood, it must be emphasized that the perception of @entity158 , as well as the meaning of @entity158 to the individual, is a complex behavioral phenomenon and involves psychologic and emotional processes in addition to activation of nociceptive pathways. @entity158 related to @entity5 can be classified as somatic, visceral, and deafferentation in type. Somatic @entity158 involve direct activation of nociceptors and are often a complication of @entity5 infiltration of tissues or injury of tissues as a consequence of @entity5 therapy. The management of this type of @entity158 is typically accomplished by treating the @entity5 (with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy) and by using the appropriate non-narcotic, narcotic, and adjuvant analgesic agents. Neuroablative therapies may be helpful in specific circumstances. For example, cordotomy may be helpful for @entity158 below the waist in @entity1 with somatic and @entity3825 . This procedure may also be helpful for early deafferentiation @entity158 (i.e., @entity10145 ) in which peripheral nerves are compressed but not infiltrated or destroyed by @entity3 growth. Deafferentiation @entity158 may be a complication of @entity5 infiltration of peripheral nerve or of @entity5 therapy that injures neural tissue. This type of @entity158 is often poorly tolerated and difficult to control, particularly if not treated early and aggressively. Although incompletely understood, the pathophysiology of @entity158 appears to be different from that of somatic or @entity3825 , and the treatment approaches may be different. Management approaches to @entity158 usually emphasize treatment of the @entity158 , because @entity4215 may be difficult to reverse, even if one can successfully treat the underlying @entity5 , and many @entity158 syndromes occur as a complication of @entity5 therapy. The role of narcotic analgesics in the management of @entity158 is not clear, although the published experience suggests that they are less useful than in somatic or @entity3825 .

title: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropharmacology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4215 :: ('MESH:D020196', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the nervous system']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant disease', 'cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3825 :: ('MESH:D059265', 'Disease') :: ['visceral pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['deafferentation pain', 'Pain', 'pain', 'pain and visceral pain', 'unilateral pain']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity10145 :: ('MESH:C537221', 'Disease') :: ['lumbosacral plexopathy']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer pain']


abstract: We examined the involvement of inhibitory @entity2918 in refractoriness induced by repeated ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW) challenge. Six male subjects with @entity565 who developed both UNDW-induced bronchoconstriction and refractoriness after UNDW were studied on 3 separate days, 1 week apart. On each study day, subjects had an initial UNDW challenge. UNDW responsiveness was assessed with dose-response curves of UNDW volume output versus the percent fall in FEV1. The output provoking a 20% fall in FEV1 (PO20 UNDW) was calculated. FEV1 was measured again at 5-minute intervals until it returned to within 5% of baseline value. UNDW challenge was then repeated. On day 1, the two successive UNDW challenges were performed in absence of any treatment (control day). Before days 2 and 3, subjects received placebo capsules or @entity3352 , 100 mg per day, in a double-blind, randomized fashion for 3 days. On both the control and placebo days, repeated UNDW inhalation provoked a significant increase in PO20 UNDW (p less than 0.01), indicating refractoriness. On the @entity3352 day, the mean PO20 UNDW during the second UNDW challenge was not significantly different from that obtained during the initial test on that day (p greater than 0.05), indicating that refractoriness did not occur. We suggest that inhibitory @entity2918 are involved in the development of refractoriness after UNDW inhalation.

title: The effect of XXXX on the refractory period occurring after the inhalation of ultrasonically nebulized distilled water.

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

answer: @entity3352 :: (MESH:D007213,Chemical) :: ['indomethacin']


abstract: This study utilizes a light microscopy assay for bacterial adherence to @entity1 male transitional cells. Prior light microscopy studies have used voided squamous cells, periurethral cells or scraped vaginal cells, which are less representative of the cells lining the majority of the urinary tract. Using a modification of previous bacterial adherence assays, the mean adherence for 28 strains of @entity526 in 92 bacteria-cell incubations was 10.2 +/- 11.5 (standard deviation) bacteria per cell. The mean adherence for 20 strains of @entity9700 in 60 bacteria cell incubations was 8.1 +/- 11.4. No statistically significant difference in adherence between @entity526 and @entity9700 was found (p greater than 0.05). Studies comparing the adherence of @entity526 isolated from the urine of @entity1 with @entity2885 (eight strains), @entity2335 (10 strains) and anal swabs of females without @entity293 (10 strains), showed no statistically significant differences in mean adherence (p greater than 0.05). However, there was a trend toward higher adherence in the more virulent groups. Experiments comparing the adherence of @entity9700 isolated from @entity1290 to @entity9700 isolated from anal swabs of female @entity1 without history of @entity9700 UTI revealed no statistically significant differences in mean adherence between the two groups (p greater than 0.05). These data do not support previous contentions that @entity9700 adhere poorly to @entity1 transitional cells. The absence of a significant difference in adherence among strains of @entity526 and @entity9700 that differ in clinical pathogenicity suggests that factors other than adherence contribute to their virulence.

title: Adherence of XXXX and Proteus mirabilis to @entity1 transitional cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['infected renal stones']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: This study utilizes a light microscopy assay for bacterial adherence to @entity1 male transitional cells. Prior light microscopy studies have used voided squamous cells, periurethral cells or scraped vaginal cells, which are less representative of the cells lining the majority of the urinary tract. Using a modification of previous bacterial adherence assays, the mean adherence for 28 strains of @entity526 in 92 bacteria-cell incubations was 10.2 +/- 11.5 (standard deviation) bacteria per cell. The mean adherence for 20 strains of @entity9700 in 60 bacteria cell incubations was 8.1 +/- 11.4. No statistically significant difference in adherence between @entity526 and @entity9700 was found (p greater than 0.05). Studies comparing the adherence of @entity526 isolated from the urine of @entity1 with @entity2885 (eight strains), @entity2335 (10 strains) and anal swabs of females without @entity293 (10 strains), showed no statistically significant differences in mean adherence (p greater than 0.05). However, there was a trend toward higher adherence in the more virulent groups. Experiments comparing the adherence of @entity9700 isolated from @entity1290 to @entity9700 isolated from anal swabs of female @entity1 without history of @entity9700 UTI revealed no statistically significant differences in mean adherence between the two groups (p greater than 0.05). These data do not support previous contentions that @entity9700 adhere poorly to @entity1 transitional cells. The absence of a significant difference in adherence among strains of @entity526 and @entity9700 that differ in clinical pathogenicity suggests that factors other than adherence contribute to their virulence.

title: Adherence of @entity526 and Proteus mirabilis to XXXX transitional cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Between August 1981 and July 1984, 93 @entity1 with polychronotopic superficial @entity1377 (Ta and/or T1), flat @entity2735 (Tis), or concomitant superficial papillary and in situ @entity150 were entered into a prospective randomized trial of maintenance v nonmaintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Gu  rin (BCG) therapy. Forty-six @entity1 who received BCG weekly for 6 weeks were compared with 47 @entity1 receiving the six-weekly doses of BCG plus monthly BCG for 2 years. Both groups were evaluated every 3 months by cytology, cystoscopy, and biopsy. A significant reduction in the number of recurrent @entity5 per @entity1 -month was demonstrated for both groups (P less than .0001); however, the difference in @entity5 between the two groups was not significant. Additionally, @entity1 receiving maintenance and nonmaintenance therapy had similar @entity5 recurrence and progression rates. These results indicate that monthly maintenance BCG does not prevent, delay, or reduce @entity5 recurrence or progression observed with the 6-week regimen. Maintenance BCG was associated with increased local @entity137 , primarily @entity3833 , frequency, and urgency. Dosage reduction was required in 22 of 47 @entity1 (46.8%). When the data were subjected to multivariate analysis, the presence or absence of @entity5 following induction BCG and PPD skin test results were found to be significant variables. Controlling for either the presence or absence of @entity5 following induction BCG, @entity5 recurrence and progression rates were not significantly different for the two treatment groups. However, the absence of @entity5 after induction BCG was associated with a longer disease-free duration (P = .00001) and time to progression (P = .095). @entity1 with a reactive tuberculin skin test before and after induction BCG had significantly less @entity5 recurrences than @entity1 with different PPD skin tests results (P = .02). @entity5 progression was not related to tuberculin skin testing.

title: A prospective randomized trial of maintenance versus nonmaintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Gu  rin therapy of superficial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2735 :: ('MESH:D002278', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma in situ']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'reduction of tumors', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinoma']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: Simple or combined D,T,P and inactivated polio vaccines adsorbed onto @entity78 are prepared according to two procedures. Antigens can be dialysed in a @entity10457 solution and quickly mixed with an equal volume of an equimolar solution of @entity12374 , the pH is adjusted to 6.8-7. @entity71171 added to the @entity1391 solution are in this way entrapped within the 3-dimensional network during the formation of the precipitate. Antigens can also be added to a @entity78 gel suspension prepared in advance. Results of animal experiments and of field trials using either combined vaccines or simultaneous immunization with diphtheria, @entity116 , pertussis, meningococcal and several viral vaccines: polio, rabies, @entity1956 , etc., will be presented. Several programs have been studied in developing countries, mainly with the aim at simplifying vaccination campaigns. The efficiency of a two-dose regimen with DT vaccine has been ascertained, this has also been applied to pregnant @entity1 . Adsorbed @entity116 toxoid was successfully used as a diluent for freeze-dried measles, meningococcal polysaccharide and rabies vaccines. Levels of circulating antibodies and potency of vaccines have been measured by new in vivo and in vitro methods. The choice of detoxified purified toxins is desirable for the preparation of vaccines in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions. Local and generalized reactions have been studied. Adverse Arthus-type reactions have been encountered and related with the presence of high levels of circulating @entity116 antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Preparation and use of XXXX adsorbed vaccines.

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis-B']

entities_list: @entity78 :: ('MESH:C020243', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity10457 :: ('MESH:C018279', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity12374 :: ('MESH:D002122', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium chloride']

answer: @entity78 :: (MESH:C020243,Chemical) :: ['calcium phosphate']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Production of chemokines by intestinal epithelial cells is a key step in the amplification of the destructive immune-inflammatory response in @entity1 with @entity29 [ @entity29 ]. In this study, we examined whether intestinal epithelial cells express macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor 1 [M-CSFR-1], the functional receptor of @entity6825 [ @entity6825 ], a cytokine that is over-produced in @entity29 and supposed to sustain inflammatory pathways. METHODS: M-CSFR-1 expression was evaluated in intestinal samples of @entity29 @entity1 , controls, and colon epithelial cell lines by real-time polymerase chain reaction [PCR], immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. DLD-1 cells were stimulated with @entity6825 in the presence or absence of MAP kinase inhibitors, chemokine induction was assessed by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation was monitored by western blotting. The effect of a neutralising @entity6825 antibody on @entity16365 synthesis was tested in ex vivo organ cultures of @entity29 mucosal explants. RESULTS: Enhanced expression of M-CSFR-1 RNA transcripts was seen in inflamed mucosa of @entity29 @entity1 as compared with controls. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed up-regulation of M-CSFR-1 in @entity29 and showed that both epithelial and lamina propria mononuclear cells expressed this receptor. Stimulation of DLD-1 with @entity6825 increased @entity16365 production through an @entity1366 -dependent mechanism. Consistently, treatment of @entity29 explants with anti- @entity6825 reduced @entity16365 production. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that intestinal epithelial cells are a target of @entity6825 and suggest that this cytokine contributes to mediating the cross-talk between epithelial cells and immune cells in @entity29 .

title: XXXX Induces Cc-chemokine Ligand 20 in Gut Epithelial Cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel diseases', 'IBD']

answer: @entity6825 :: (146433,Gene) :: ['Interleukin-34']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Fractures associated with @entity170 are a worldwide health problem. To augment @entity3604 bone healing, we aimed to develop a cell/gene therapy approach in combination with miRNA manipulation. We unraveled aberrant overexpression of @entity71172 * and @entity71173 in the bone marrow-derived MSCs isolated from ovariectomized (OVX) @entity35 (OVX-BMSCs). To suppress the miRNA levels, we constructed hybrid baculovirus vectors expressing miRNA sponges to antagonize @entity71172 * or @entity71173 . Engineering OVX-BMSCs with the hybrid vectors persistently attenuated the cellular @entity71172 */ @entity71173 levels, which promoted the OVX-BMSCs osteogenesis and augmented the ability of OVX-BMSCs to repress osteoclast maturation in  vitro. Notably, suppressing @entity71173 exerted more potent osteoinductive effects. In the @entity3604 @entity35 models with a critical-size bone defect at the femoral metaphysis, implanting the OVX-BMSCs ectopically expressing @entity2095 failed to heal the defect, which underscored the difficulty to heal @entity79 . Nonetheless, allotransplantation of the @entity71173 sponges-expressing OVX-BMSCs healed the defect and ameliorated the bone quality (density, trabecular number, trabecular thickness and trabecular space) at 4 weeks post-implantation. Co-expressing @entity2095 and @entity71173 sponges in OVX-BMSCs further synergistically substantiated the healing. The baculovirus-engineered OVX-BMSCs that expressed @entity71173 sponge, with or without @entity2095 expression, thus paved a new avenue to the treatment of @entity79 .

title: XXXX by baculovirus-engineered bone marrow-derived MSCs expressing MicroRNA sponges.

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic bone defects']

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['Healing of osteoporotic bone defects']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the @entity2891 - @entity5899 (CFP-SUL) susceptibilities of important Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) by agar dilution (reference method), disk diffusion, and two automated methods. METHODS: A total of 799 GNB isolates, including Enterobacteriaceae (n  =  500) and nonfermentative GNB (NFGNB, n  =  299), were recovered from various clinical specimens collected at National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from November 2013 to December 2014. The agar dilution method, disk diffusion method, and two automated susceptibility systems (Phoenix and Vitek 2) were used for testing susceptibility of the isolates to CFP-SUL. Categories of susceptibility (susceptible, intermediate, or resistant) to CFP-SUL yielded from each method were interpreted according to CFP-SUL interpretive breakpoints proposed previously. The results of categorical agreement and errors obtained between the agar dilution method and the other three methods were analyzed. RESULTS: The Vitek 2 system had the highest error rates against @entity526 (n  =  150) and @entity7100 (n  =  77) isolates, i.e., 6.7% and 11.7% minor errors, 8.5% and 1.7% major errors, and 40% and 20% very major errors, respectively. Additionally, the Vitek 2 system was also found to have a significantly lower sensitivity (44.4%) and lower positive predictive value (18.2%) for detecting CFP-SUL nonsusceptible @entity526 isolates than other methods. For @entity2893 -nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates, the Vitek 2 system failed to detect correct susceptibility to CFP-SUL. The three methods failed to correctly detect CFP-SUL susceptibility categories against all NFGNB isolates except @entity796 . CONCLUSION: The Vitek 2 system is a suboptimal method in correctly detecting CFP-SUL susceptibility categories for @entity526 , E. cloacae, and @entity2893 -nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates.

title: Comparison of commonly used antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for evaluating susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli to @entity2891 - XXXX .

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity2893 :: ('CHEBI:46765', 'Chemical') :: ['carbapenem']

entities_list: @entity2891 :: ('MESH:D002438', 'Chemical') :: ['cefoperazone']

entities_list: @entity5899 :: ('MESH:D013407', 'Chemical') :: ['sulbactam']

entities_list: @entity7100 :: ('550', 'Species') :: ['Enterobacter cloacae']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity5899 :: (MESH:D013407,Chemical) :: ['sulbactam']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the @entity2891 - @entity5899 (CFP-SUL) susceptibilities of important Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) by agar dilution (reference method), disk diffusion, and two automated methods. METHODS: A total of 799 GNB isolates, including Enterobacteriaceae (n  =  500) and nonfermentative GNB (NFGNB, n  =  299), were recovered from various clinical specimens collected at National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from November 2013 to December 2014. The agar dilution method, disk diffusion method, and two automated susceptibility systems (Phoenix and Vitek 2) were used for testing susceptibility of the isolates to CFP-SUL. Categories of susceptibility (susceptible, intermediate, or resistant) to CFP-SUL yielded from each method were interpreted according to CFP-SUL interpretive breakpoints proposed previously. The results of categorical agreement and errors obtained between the agar dilution method and the other three methods were analyzed. RESULTS: The Vitek 2 system had the highest error rates against @entity526 (n  =  150) and @entity7100 (n  =  77) isolates, i.e., 6.7% and 11.7% minor errors, 8.5% and 1.7% major errors, and 40% and 20% very major errors, respectively. Additionally, the Vitek 2 system was also found to have a significantly lower sensitivity (44.4%) and lower positive predictive value (18.2%) for detecting CFP-SUL nonsusceptible @entity526 isolates than other methods. For @entity2893 -nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates, the Vitek 2 system failed to detect correct susceptibility to CFP-SUL. The three methods failed to correctly detect CFP-SUL susceptibility categories against all NFGNB isolates except @entity796 . CONCLUSION: The Vitek 2 system is a suboptimal method in correctly detecting CFP-SUL susceptibility categories for @entity526 , E. cloacae, and @entity2893 -nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates.

title: Comparison of commonly used antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for evaluating susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli to XXXX - @entity5899 .

answer: @entity2891 :: (MESH:D002438,Chemical) :: ['cefoperazone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity35 showing spontaneous @entity483 ( @entity483 )-like @entity272 were observed in the Kyoto Fancy @entity35 Stock 4 (KFRS4) strain breeding colony. OBJECTIVE: To establish the KFRS4 @entity35 as a model of @entity483 . METHODS: The clinical symptoms of @entity483 -like @entity272 were assessed by scoring the degree of @entity1909 and examining scratching behavior. The transepidermal water loss was measured to evaluate skin barrier function. Cells infiltrating the @entity272 were identified using histological and immunohistological analyses. IgE and cytokine levels were measured to examine immune status. An ointment treatment experiment was carried out to characterize @entity1909 in the KFRS4 @entity35 . RESULTS: @entity1909 initially appeared around 4 months of age and rapidly worsened from 6 to 8 months of age. The @entity272 accompanied scratching behavior and were predominantly observed in females. The increased transepidermal water loss indicated @entity272 . Extensive infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes was observed in the @entity272 . The plasma IgE level increased in accord with increasing severity of @entity1909 . The Th2 and Th17 cytokine mRNA levels were significantly higher in the skin-draining lymph nodes than those in the non-skin-draining lymph nodes. It was demonstrated that @entity5935 improved the symptoms of @entity1909 . These findings demonstrated that @entity1909 in the KFRS4 @entity35 closely resembled that seen in @entity1 @entity483 . CONCLUSION: Female KFRS4 @entity35 have the potential to serve as an animal model of @entity1 @entity483 .

title: XXXX with IgE hyperproduction and pruritus in KFRS4/Kyo @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity5935 :: ('MESH:D001623', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin barrier dysfunction', 'skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['Dermatitis', 'dermatitis']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['Atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity35 showing spontaneous @entity483 ( @entity483 )-like @entity272 were observed in the Kyoto Fancy @entity35 Stock 4 (KFRS4) strain breeding colony. OBJECTIVE: To establish the KFRS4 @entity35 as a model of @entity483 . METHODS: The clinical symptoms of @entity483 -like @entity272 were assessed by scoring the degree of @entity1909 and examining scratching behavior. The transepidermal water loss was measured to evaluate skin barrier function. Cells infiltrating the @entity272 were identified using histological and immunohistological analyses. IgE and cytokine levels were measured to examine immune status. An ointment treatment experiment was carried out to characterize @entity1909 in the KFRS4 @entity35 . RESULTS: @entity1909 initially appeared around 4 months of age and rapidly worsened from 6 to 8 months of age. The @entity272 accompanied scratching behavior and were predominantly observed in females. The increased transepidermal water loss indicated @entity272 . Extensive infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes was observed in the @entity272 . The plasma IgE level increased in accord with increasing severity of @entity1909 . The Th2 and Th17 cytokine mRNA levels were significantly higher in the skin-draining lymph nodes than those in the non-skin-draining lymph nodes. It was demonstrated that @entity5935 improved the symptoms of @entity1909 . These findings demonstrated that @entity1909 in the KFRS4 @entity35 closely resembled that seen in @entity1 @entity483 . CONCLUSION: Female KFRS4 @entity35 have the potential to serve as an animal model of @entity1 @entity483 .

title: @entity272 with IgE hyperproduction and pruritus in KFRS4/Kyo XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the usefulness of thyrotropin receptor messenger RNA ( @entity5010 -mRNA) combined with neck ultrasonography (US) in the management of thyroid nodules with Bethesda III-V cytology. METHODS: Cytology slides of @entity1 with a preoperative fine needle aspiration (FNA) and @entity5010 -mRNA who underwent thyroidectomy between 2002 and 2011 were recategorized based on the Bethesda classification. Results of thyroid FNA, @entity5010 -mRNA, and US were compared with the final pathology. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. RESULTS: There were 12 @entity1 with Bethesda III, 112 with Bethesda IV, and 58 with Bethesda V cytology. The sensitivity of @entity5010 -mRNA in predicting @entity5 was 33%, 65%, and 79 %, and specificity was 67%, 66%, and 71%, for Bethesda III, IV, and V categories, respectively. For the same categories, the @entity2286 of @entity5010 -mRNA was 25%, 33%, and 79%, respectively; whereas the NPV was 75%, 88%, and 71%, respectively. The addition of neck US to @entity5010 -mRNA increased the NPV to 100% for Bethesda III, and 86%, for Bethesda IV, and 82% for Bethesda V disease. CONCLUSION: This study documents the potential usefulness of @entity5010 -mRNA for thyroid nodules with Bethesda III-V FNA categories. @entity5010 -mRNA may be used to exclude @entity66 . A large sample analysis is needed to determine its accuracy for Bethesda category III nodules.

title: Diagnostic accuracy of circulating thyrotropin receptor messenger RNA  combined with neck ultrasonography in XXXX with Bethesda III-V thyroid cytology.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Bethesda IV disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The current study examines the efficacy of intensified group therapy for @entity148 with fear of blushing. Task concentration training (TCT) and cognitive therapy (CT) were applied during one weekend and compared with a waiting list condition in a randomized controlled trial including 82 @entity1 . On a second weekend, another intervention was added (resulting in TCT-CT and CT-TCT sequences) to examine order effects. Task concentration training and CT were both superior to the waiting list and equally effective after the first therapy weekend. Also, no differences were found between the sequences TCT-CT and CT-TCT at post-assessment. At 6- and 12-month follow-up, effects remained stable or further improved. At the 6-month follow-up, remission rates in completers, established by diagnostic status, were between 69% and 73%. Intensified group therapy is highly effective in treating @entity148 with fear of blushing. Group formats for @entity1 sharing a common primary concern may contribute to the dissemination of cognitive-behavioural therapy. Copyright    2015 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: This study focuses on blushing from fearful individuals within the @entity4696 spectrum to improve evidence for treatment efficacy in those whose social fears are centred around observable bodily sensations. This study integrates task concentration training into the @entity4696 model of Clark and Wells to combine two evidence-based treatments for @entity4696 under one treatment model. This study uses an innovative format of brief, intensified group therapy, conducted on two full-day weekend group sessions delivered over two weekends, with strong observed effect sizes.

title: Cognitive Therapy and Task Concentration Training Applied as Intensified Group Therapies for XXXX with Fear of Blushing-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['social anxiety disorder']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['Social Anxiety Disorder']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Lung @entity5 13 (QLQ-LC13) covers 13 typical symptoms of @entity2 @entity1 and was the first module developed in conjunction with the EORTC core quality-of-life (QL) questionnaire. This review investigates how the module has been used and reported in @entity5 clinical trials in the 20 years since its publication. Thirty-six databases were searched with a prespecified algorithm. This search plus an additional hand search generated 770 hits, 240 of which were clinical studies. Two raters extracted data using a coding scheme. Analyses focused on the @entity23 ( @entity23 ). Of the 240 clinical studies that were identified using the LC13, 109 (45%) were @entity23 . More than half of the @entity23 were phase 3 trials (n   =   58). Twenty @entity23 considered QL as the primary endpoint, and 68 considered it as a secondary endpoint. QL results were addressed in the results section of the article (n   =   89) or in the abstract (n   =   92); and, in half of the articles, QL results were presented in the form of tables (n   =   53) or figures (n   =   43). Furthermore, QL results had an impact on the evaluation of the therapy that could be clearly demonstrated in the 47 @entity23 that yielded QL differences between treatment and control groups. The EORTC QLQ-LC13 fulfilled its mission to be used as a standard instrument in @entity2 clinical trials. An update of the LC13 is underway to keep up with new therapeutic trends and to ensure optimized and relevant QL assessment in future trials. @entity5 2015;121:4300-23.    2015 American @entity5 Society.

title: Use of the XXXX -specific Quality of Life Questionnaire EORTC QLQ-LC13 in clinical trials: A systematic review of the literature 20 years after its development.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['randomized controlled trials', 'RCTs']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess downstream healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs among immediate release (IR) @entity1287 @entity1 by days' supply and average doses/month in the prior 6 months. METHODS: Retrospective analysis using healthcare claims from Truven MarketScan commercial, Medicare supplemental, and Medicaid multistate databases was performed. @entity1 prescribed IR @entity1287 during the 6-month baseline (July-December 2011), and with continuous enrollment during baseline and the 12-month follow-up (2012) were selected. HRU and per- @entity1 -per-month (PPPM) costs (2014 US dollars) were assessed at follow-up. Descriptive analyses and multivariate regressions were conducted to compare HRU and costs at follow-up by days' supply (<60 vs >= 60 days) and average doses per month ( <=60 vs >60 doses/month) of IR @entity1287 at baseline. RESULTS: In total, 1,698,845 commercial, 264,038 Medicare, and 151,063 Medicaid IR @entity1287 @entity1 were identified. During follow-up, commercial @entity1 with prior >= 60 days' supply were more likely to have an inpatient admission (13.2% vs 7.5%), outpatient hospital visit (69.1% vs 57.0%), office visit (97.6% vs 91.0%), emergency room (ER) visit (28.1% vs 21.4%), and had higher PPPM total costs ( 1494 vs  842) than the <60 days' supply sub-group (all p   <   0.05). Among commercial @entity1 the adjusted odds ratio for prior >= 60 days' supply of IR @entity1287 vs prior <60 days' supply was 1.62 (inpatient), 1.33 (outpatient), 2.58 (office visit) and 1.48 (ER) (all p-values <0.05). Adjusted all-cause total costs were higher ( 1245 vs  851, p <0.05) among commercial @entity1 with longer days' supply than those with shorter days' supply. Trends were similar with  <=60 vs >60 doses per month sub-groups and across all plan types. CONCLUSION: Increased days' supply and higher doses/month of IR @entity1287 in the prior 6 months may help to predict levels of HRU and costs in the following year, providing an opportunity to identify @entity1 in order to implement interventions to improve their quality of care.

title: Characterizing downstream healthcare resource utilization and costs based on prior utilization patterns of immediate-release XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1287 :: ('MESH:D006853', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocodone']

answer: @entity1287 :: (MESH:D006853,Chemical) :: ['hydrocodone']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT To determine the incidence of and assess the risk factors associated with @entity16 in motor vehicle occupants who sustain @entity174 of the thoracolumbar spine. METHODS In this study, the authors queried medical, vehicle, and crash data elements from the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN), a prospectively gathered multicenter database compiled from Level I @entity130 centers. Subjects had @entity174 involving the T1-L5 vertebral segments, an @entity130 ( @entity130 ) score of >=  3, or @entity130 with an @entity130 score of >=  2 in each region. Demographic parameters obtained for all subjects included age, sex, height, body weight, and body mass index. Clinical parameters obtained included the level of the injured vertebra and the level and type of @entity1566 . Vehicular crash data included vehicle make, seatbelt type, and usage and appropriate use of the seatbelt. Crash data parameters included the principal direction of force, change in velocity on impact (  V), airbag deployment, and vehicle rollover. The authors performed a univariate analysis of the incidence and the odds of sustaining spinal @entity16 associated with @entity174 with respect to the demographic, clinical, and crash parameters. RESULTS Neurological deficit associated with thoracolumbar @entity174 was most frequent at extremes of age; the highest rates were in the 0- to 10-year (26.7% [4 of 15]) and 70- to 80-year (18.4% [7 of 38]) age groups. Underweight occupants (OR 3.52 [CI 1.055-11.7]) and @entity28 occupants (OR 3.27 [CI 1.28-8.31]) both had higher odds of sustaining @entity1566 than occupants with a normal body mass index. The highest risk of @entity16 existed in crashes in which airbags deployed and the occupant was not restrained by a seatbelt (OR 2.35 [CI 0.087-1.62]). Reduction in the risk of @entity16 occurred when 3-point seatbelts were used correctly in conjunction with the deployment of airbags (OR 0.34 [CI 1.3-6.6]) compared with the occupants who were not restrained by a seatbelt and for whom airbags were not deployed. Crashes with a   V greater than 50 km/hour had a significantly higher risk of @entity1566 (OR 3.45 [CI 0.136-0.617]) than those at lower   V values. CONCLUSIONS Deployment of airbags was protective against @entity16 only when used in conjunction with 3-point seatbelts. @entity3675 who were either @entity28 or underweight, very young or elderly, and those in crashes with a   V greater than 50 km/hour were at higher risk of thoracolumbar @entity16 . @entity16 at thoracic and lumbar levels was associated with multiple factors, including the incidence of fatality, occupant factors such as age and body habitus, energy at impact, and direction of impact. Current vehicle safety technologies are geared toward a normative body morphology and need to be reevaluated for various body morphologies and torso compliances to lower the risk of @entity16 resulting from thoracolumbar @entity174 .

title: Incidence and mechanism of neurological deficit after thoracolumbar XXXX sustained in motor vehicle collisions.

entities_list: @entity3675 :: ('MESH:D009784', 'Disease') :: ['Vehicle occupants']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture', 'major thoracolumbar fractures']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological injury', 'neurological injuries', 'neurological injury']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'injury to 2 body regions', 'trauma', 'Abbreviated Injury Scale']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background: The clinical presentation of spondylsodiscitis/ @entity1511 are manifold. This commonly leads to a period of several months from initial symptoms to final diagnosis. A standardised treatment is difficult. The purpose of this study is to investigate the treatment carried out for @entity1 with @entity1512 or @entity1511 to develop an individualised standard care for better treatment. @entity1 and Methods: Data of 90 @entity1 were retrospective analysed. In particular documented data of the initial examination and the following treatments concerning identification of causes and systematically control of pathogens were examined. Results: In 91% of @entity1 a diagnostically conclusive MRI was conducted. The degree of spondylidiscitis/ @entity1511 was mainly ASA criteria I or II (86%). In 96% of @entity1 different diagnostic methods for identification of pathogens were conducted and documented. Results confirmed the most common pathogens mentioned in the literature. 75% of @entity1 were treated by surgery. In 93% of patients an antibiotic treatment was documented. 50 @entity1 (81%) were successfully healed. Conclusion: It is important to identify and treat @entity1512 / @entity1511 as early as possible. Diagnosis by means of blood culture and MRI and treatment of the infection with antibiotics and possibly surgical interventions seem be very suitable, but need to be individualised to each and every @entity1 .

title: [Diagnosis and Treatment of XXXX /Spondylitis in Clinical Practice].

entities_list: @entity1511 :: ('MESH:D013166', 'Disease') :: ['spondylitis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1512 :: ('MESH:D015299', 'Disease') :: ['spondylodiscitis']

answer: @entity1512 :: (MESH:D015299,Disease) :: ['Spondylodiscitis']