abstract: BACKGROUND: Lipid-lowering therapy is recommended for secondary prevention in @entity1 with @entity453 . It may also reduce cardiovascular events and/or @entity66 progression in @entity1 with @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ). OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of lipid-lowering therapy on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events and @entity66 progression in @entity1 with @entity3657 of the lower limb. SEARCH STRATEGY: The authors searched The Cochrane @entity1095 Group's Specialised Register (last searched February 2007) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (last searched Issue 2, 2007) for publications describing randomised controlled trials of lipid-lowering therapy in @entity3657 of the lower limb. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of lipid-lowering therapy in @entity1 with @entity3657 of the lower limb. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: Eighteen trials were included, involving a total of 10,049 @entity1 . Trials differed considerably in their inclusion criteria, outcomes measured, and type of lipid-lowering therapy used. Only one trial (PQRST) reported a detrimental effect of active treatment on blood lipid/lipoprotein levels. The pooled results from all eligible trials indicated that lipid-lowering therapy had no statistically significant effect on overall mortality (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.86; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.49 to 1.50) or on total cardiovascular events (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.09). However, subgroup analysis which excluded PQRST showed that lipid-lowering therapy significantly reduced the risk of total cardiovascular events (OR 0.74; CI 0.55 to 0.98). This was primarily due to a positive effect on total coronary events (OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.87). Greatest evidence of effectiveness came from the use of @entity3413 in @entity1 with a blood @entity165 >/= 3.5 mmol/litre (HPS). Pooling of the results from several small trials on a range of different lipid-lowering agents indicated an improvement in total walking distance ( @entity353 ( @entity353 ) 152 m; 95% CI 32.11 to 271.88) and @entity158 -free walking distance ( @entity353 89.76 m; 95% CI 30.05 to 149.47) but no significant impact on ankle brachial index ( @entity353 0.04; 95% CI -0.01 to 0.09). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Lipid-lowering therapy is effective in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in @entity1 with @entity3657 . It may also improve local symptoms. Until further evidence on the relative effectiveness of different lipid-lowering agents is available, use of a statin in @entity1 with @entity3657 and a blood @entity165 level >/=3.5 mmol/litre is most indicated.

title: Lipid-lowering for XXXX of the lower limb.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral Vascular Diseases']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['local disease']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['lower limb peripheral arterial disease', 'PAD', 'peripheral arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity3413 :: ('MESH:D019821', 'Chemical') :: ['simvastatin']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['Weighted Mean Difference', 'WMD']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3657 :: (MESH:D058729,Disease) :: ['peripheral arterial disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background: Acute @entity397 is the most common @entity1796 , with an incidence of 30/100,000 population. With the Dresden instruments, operative tendon suture can be standardised and is safe, quick and minimally invasive. With post-operative functional therapy in a walking boot, very good clinical results can be achieved. Question: Is this operation suitable as an educational procedure and is its performance still economic? Materials and Methods: Between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2013, 212 @entity1 with acute @entity397 were operated using the Dresden instruments. There were 167 males and 45 females, with an average age of 46 years. 99 operations were performed by trainees, 46 by attending surgical staff, and 57 by a senior surgeon. Results: With the trainees, the mean duration of the operation was 29:53 minutes, and with the attending staff 29:10 minutes (n.s., p   >   0.1). The rate of complications (re-rupture, @entity16 ) was 5/99 (5%) for the trainees, 4/46 (8.7%) for the attending staff, and 3/57 (5.3%) for the senior surgeon. A total cost analysis yielded a total operative cost of 445.76       for outpatient surgery. With a billed sum of 490.11      , net income of 44.35       per case is generated. In @entity1 with reasonable indications for 2-day short inpatient treatment, total treatment cost was 3232.70      . Conclusion: Percutaneous suture of the Achilles tendon with the Dresden instruments is a standardised and cost-effective surgical procedure. It is suitable as a "beginner's" procedure that can be performed quickly, safely, and cost-effectively.

title: [Percutaneus Suture of Achilles XXXX - Operation for Beginners?]

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['infection, and sural nerve damage']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['rupture of the Achilles tendon']

entities_list: @entity1796 :: ('MESH:D013708', 'Disease') :: ['tendon injury']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['Tendon Rupture']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease is an @entity74 of haemoglobin, which results in abnormal red blood cells. These can deform and cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to acute crises such as @entity158 ; @entity64 and @entity4558 sequestration; and chronic organ and tissue damage. Recently research has begun to focus on therapies which prevent the red blood cells deforming by reducing the loss of water and ions from the cells. However, little is known about the effectiveness and safety of such drugs. OBJECTIVES: To assess the relative risks and benefits of drugs which aim to prevent sickle cell-related crises by reducing red blood cell dehydration. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity1577 and @entity74 Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register which comprises of references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: November 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of drugs which aim to prevent sickle cell crises by reducing red cell dehydration, compared to placebo or an alternative treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data from the included studies. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 39 studies identified, one met the inclusion criteria. This study tested the effectiveness of @entity5937 to prevent sickle cell-related crises in a total of 145 @entity1 and showed a significant reduction in the total number of @entity158 , haemolytic, aplastic and sequestration crises over one and a half years, @entity1605 .83 (95% CI -3.51 to -2.15). However, our analysis was limited by non-reporting of standard deviations for some data. Changes to red cell parameters and blood counts were inconsistent. No serious adverse events were noted in the study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: While the results of @entity219 for reducing sickle-related crises are encouraging, larger and longer-term multicentre studies over a number of years are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy for @entity1 with @entity3458 .

title: Drugs for preventing red blood cell dehydration in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Genetic Disorders', 'inherited disorder']

entities_list: @entity5937 :: ('CHEBI:35176', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc sulphate']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['Cystic Fibrosis']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease is an @entity74 of haemoglobin, which results in abnormal red blood cells. These can deform and cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to acute crises such as @entity158 ; @entity64 and @entity4558 sequestration; and chronic organ and tissue damage. Recently research has begun to focus on therapies which prevent the red blood cells deforming by reducing the loss of water and ions from the cells. However, little is known about the effectiveness and safety of such drugs. OBJECTIVES: To assess the relative risks and benefits of drugs which aim to prevent sickle cell-related crises by reducing red blood cell dehydration. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity1577 and @entity74 Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register which comprises of references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Date of the most recent search of the Group's Haemoglobinopathies Trials Register: November 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of drugs which aim to prevent sickle cell crises by reducing red cell dehydration, compared to placebo or an alternative treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both authors independently selected studies for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data from the included studies. MAIN RESULTS: Of the 39 studies identified, one met the inclusion criteria. This study tested the effectiveness of @entity5937 to prevent sickle cell-related crises in a total of 145 @entity1 and showed a significant reduction in the total number of @entity158 , haemolytic, aplastic and sequestration crises over one and a half years, @entity1605 .83 (95% CI -3.51 to -2.15). However, our analysis was limited by non-reporting of standard deviations for some data. Changes to red cell parameters and blood counts were inconsistent. No serious adverse events were noted in the study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: While the results of @entity219 for reducing sickle-related crises are encouraging, larger and longer-term multicentre studies over a number of years are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapy for @entity1 with @entity3458 .

title: Drugs for preventing red blood cell dehydration in XXXX with @entity3458 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Balneotherapy (or spa therapy, mineral baths) for @entity1 with @entity625 is one of the oldest forms of therapy. One of the aims of balneotherapy is to soothe the @entity158 and as a consequence to relieve @entity1 ' suffering and make them feel well. In this update we included one extra study. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of balneotherapy for @entity1 with @entity571 ( @entity571 ). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the following databases up to October 2006: EMBASE, PubMed, the Cochrane 'Rehabilitation and Related Therapies' Field database, PEDro, CENTRAL (Issue 3, 2006) and performed reference checking and communicated with authors to retrieve eligible studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing balneotherapy with any intervention or no intervention. At least 90% of the @entity1 population had to be diagnosed with @entity571 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed quality and extracted data. Disagreements were solved by consensus. In the event of clinical heterogeneity or lack of data we refrained from statistical pooling. MAIN RESULTS: Seven trials (498 @entity1 ) were included in this review. Two studies compared spa-treatment with no treatment. One study evaluated baths as an add-on treatment to home exercises and another compared thermal water from Cserkesz  l   with tap water (placebo). Three studies evaluated sulphur or Dead Sea baths with no treatment or mineral baths with tap water baths or no treatment. Only one of the trials performed an intention-to-treat analysis and two studies provided data to perform an intention-to-treat analysis ourselves. A 'quality of life' outcome was reported by one trial. We found: @entity575 level evidence concerning the beneficial effects on @entity158 , quality of life and analgesic intake of mineral baths compared to no treatment ( @entity7126 between 1.82 and 0.34). a statistically significant difference in @entity158 and function of Dead Sea + sulphur versus no treatment, only at end of treatment (WMD 5.7, 95%CI 3.3 to 8.1), but not at 3 month follow-up (WMD 2.6, 95%CI -1.1 to 6.3). no statistically significant differences in @entity158 or function at one or three months of Dead Sea baths versus no treatment (WMD 0.5, 95%CI -0.6 to 1.6) or at one or three months of sulphur baths versus no treatment (WMD 0.4, 95%CI -0.9 to 1.7). Adverse events were not measured in the included trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found @entity575 level evidence (www.cochranemsk.org) concerning the beneficial effects of mineral baths compared to no treatment. Of all other balneological treatments no clear effects were found. However, the scientific evidence is weak because of the poor methodological quality and the absence of an adequate statistical analysis and data presentation. Therefore, the noted "positive findings" should be viewed with caution.

title: Balneotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: Proteins of the @entity588 family have been implicated in control of apoptotic pathways modulating neuronal cell @entity204 , including noise-induced @entity393 . In this study, we assessed the expressions of anti- and proapoptotic @entity588 genes, represented by @entity1836 and @entity2428 following noise exposures, which yielded temporary threshold shift (TTS) or permanent threshold shift (PTS). Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were assessed at 4, 8, and 16 kHz before exposure and on days 1, 3, 7, and 10 following exposure to 100 dB SPL, 4 kHz OBN, 1 hr (TTS) or 120 dB SPL, 4 kHz OBN, 5 hr (PTS). On day 10, subjects were euthanized. ABR thresholds increased following both exposures, fully recovered following the TTS exposure, and showed a 22.6 dB (4 kHz), 42.5 dB (8 kHz), and 44.9 dB (16 kHz) mean shift on day 10 following the PTS exposure. PTS was accompanied by outer hair cell loss progressing epically and basally from the 4-kHz region. Additional animals were euthanized for immunohistochemical assessment. @entity1836 was robustly expressed in outer hair cells following TTS exposure, whereas @entity2428 was expressed following PTS exposure. These results indicate an important role of the @entity588 family proteins in regulating sensory cell survival or @entity204 following intense noise. @entity1836 plays an essential role in prevention of sensory cell @entity204 following TTS levels of noise, and PTS exposure provokes the expression of @entity2428 and, with that, cell @entity204 .

title: @entity588 genes regulate noise-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['hearing loss']


abstract: Proteins of the @entity588 family have been implicated in control of apoptotic pathways modulating neuronal cell @entity204 , including noise-induced @entity393 . In this study, we assessed the expressions of anti- and proapoptotic @entity588 genes, represented by @entity1836 and @entity2428 following noise exposures, which yielded temporary threshold shift (TTS) or permanent threshold shift (PTS). Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were assessed at 4, 8, and 16 kHz before exposure and on days 1, 3, 7, and 10 following exposure to 100 dB SPL, 4 kHz OBN, 1 hr (TTS) or 120 dB SPL, 4 kHz OBN, 5 hr (PTS). On day 10, subjects were euthanized. ABR thresholds increased following both exposures, fully recovered following the TTS exposure, and showed a 22.6 dB (4 kHz), 42.5 dB (8 kHz), and 44.9 dB (16 kHz) mean shift on day 10 following the PTS exposure. PTS was accompanied by outer hair cell loss progressing epically and basally from the 4-kHz region. Additional animals were euthanized for immunohistochemical assessment. @entity1836 was robustly expressed in outer hair cells following TTS exposure, whereas @entity2428 was expressed following PTS exposure. These results indicate an important role of the @entity588 family proteins in regulating sensory cell survival or @entity204 following intense noise. @entity1836 plays an essential role in prevention of sensory cell @entity204 following TTS levels of noise, and PTS exposure provokes the expression of @entity2428 and, with that, cell @entity204 .

title: XXXX genes regulate noise-induced @entity393 .

answer: @entity588 :: (596,Gene) :: ['Bcl-2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We aimed to understand the relationships of the weather as biometeorological and hospital admissions due to common @entity146 in a national setting in recent years. METHODS: This is an ecological study. Ten percent of daily hospital admissions from the included hospitals (n   =   1618) across Germany that were available between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2011 (n   =   5   235   600) were extracted from Statistisches Bundesamt, Germany. We identified F01-F51 mental ad behavioural disorders by International Classification of Diseases version 10 as the study outcomes. Daily weather data from 64 weather stations covering 13 German States including air temperature, humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, radiation flux and vapour pressure were obtained and generated into physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). We then plotted two-way fractional-polynomial regression. RESULTS: For the most subtypes, the highest admissions were recorded in spring. There were small peaks in autumn or late winter for a few subtypes as well. Admissions of @entity933 peaked when PET was at 0     C. Admissions of @entity1314 peaked at the coldest - when PET was at   -   10     C. Admissions of @entity161 and @entity25 peaked when PETs were between 0 and -10     C while admissions of @entity1277 dropped when PETs were above 10     C. Admissions of @entity308 and @entity148 did not vary much across PETs. Moreover, admissions of reaction to stress and dissociate disorder peaked when PETs were between 0 and 10     C as well. CONCLUSIONS: More medical resources could have been needed for mental health on days when PETs were <10     C than on other days.

title: Physically equivalent temperature and XXXX in Germany in 2009-2011.

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality disorders']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental and behavioural disorders']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['eating disorders']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['nonorganic sleep disorder']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['mental and behavioural disorders']


abstract: @entity2460 ( @entity2460 ) is a relatively uncommon @entity5 that most commonly arises in the pleura. However, @entity2460 is now known to affect various other anatomic sites as well, including rare examples in the skin, where the histologic features of this lesion may create diagnostic confusion with a variety of other spindle-cell @entity5 . In order to further the characterization of cutaneous @entity2460 , all available cases of that entity were retrieved from the authors' institutional files. Immunohistochemical analysis for @entity2280 , @entity3778 , @entity2277 , @entity588 , @entity21939 , @entity4483 protein, smooth muscle actin, pankeratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and @entity2283 was performed on those @entity5 and the corresponding clinical information was obtained whenever possible. There were eight @entity1 and two @entity1 in the study group, with a median age of 43 years. Sites of involvement included the trunk (two cases), cheek (two), scalp (one), forehead (one), lip (one), temple (one), heel (one) and toe (one). All @entity1 were treated with local excision; only one lesion recurred locally, but it required multiple re-excisions. All of the @entity5 were composed of bland spindle cells with a variably fibrous but focally hyalinized collagenous stroma. A variety of case-specific growth patterns were observed. Mitoses were generally rare, ranging from 0 to 3 per 10 x400 microscopic fields. Immunostains showed reactivity for @entity2277 in all SFTs, @entity2280 in 8 of 10 cases, @entity3778 and @entity588 in 4 of 10 (each) and smooth-muscle actin in 3 of 10 cases. None of the lesions was labeled for @entity21939 , keratin, EMA, @entity2283 or @entity4483 protein. @entity2460 of the skin appears to be a 'borderline' @entity5 that only uncommonly recurs. Immunoreactivity for @entity2280 , - especially together with @entity588 or @entity3778 , or both - is helpful in identifying this @entity5 .

title: XXXX of the skin: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2460 :: ('MESH:D054364', 'Disease') :: ['SFT', 'Solitary fibrous tumor']

answer: @entity2460 :: (MESH:D054364,Disease) :: ['Solitary fibrous tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that morphological and physiological observations suggest that the tight junction (TJ)-based permeability barrier is modified/disrupted in tumorigenesis, the role of members of the Claudin (Cldn) family of TJ proteins is not well-understood. Using a well-established two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model, we investigated the temporal and spatial changes in expression of those Cldns that we have previously demonstrated to be important in epidermal differentiation and the formation of the epidermal permeability barrier, i.e., @entity8840 , @entity70761 , @entity41911 , @entity70762 and @entity70763 . METHODS: The lower dorsal backskin of @entity19 was treated topically with @entity3653 ( @entity106 ; 0.25 mg/ml in @entity1324 ) and following a 10-day incubation period, @entity864 ( @entity865 ; 25 microg/ml in @entity1324 ) was applied three times a week to the same area. Backskin samples were dissected 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after the initiation of the experimental protocol and immunohistochemistry was performed on sections using antibodies against the following: @entity8840 , @entity70761 , @entity41911 , @entity70762 , @entity70763 , @entity14160 and @entity5168 . RESULTS: Our data indicate that along with the changes in epidermal cell morphology and differentiation that occur during @entity5 formation, there is a dramatic change in Cldn distribution consistent with cell polarity and barrier selectivity changes. Specifically, in the early stages of @entity106 / @entity865 treatment, the suprabasal-specific Cldns occupy an expanded zone of expression corresponding to an increased number of suprabasal epidermal cell layers. As tumorigenesis progressed, the number of suprabasal epidermal layers positive for @entity70761 , @entity41911 , @entity70762 and @entity70763 was reduced, especially in the lower strata of the expanded suprabasal zone. In addition, a variably reduced cell membrane association of those differentiation-specific Cldns was observed, especially within the infiltrating epidermal structures. In contrast, @entity8840 (which is normally expressed in all the living layers of the epidermis) remained restricted to the cell membrane throughout the tumorigenesis protocol. However commencing 2 weeks after treatment there was a marked decrease in the number of @entity8840 -positive basal cells, and the zone of @entity8840 -null epidermal cells was expanded up into the lower stratified epidermis throughout the progression of @entity106 / @entity865 treatment. In addition, there was no @entity8840 localization in the infiltrating epidermal structures of the tumorigenic epidermis. CONCLUSION: This is the first demonstration of the changes in Cldn expression in the progression of @entity106 / @entity865 -induced @entity1489 ; however further investigation into the molecular mechanisms regulating the observed changes in barrier selectivity during tumorigenesis is required.

title: Changes in the distribution pattern of Claudin tight junction proteins during the progression of XXXX skin tumorigenesis.

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin tumors']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of treatment of slipped @entity4039 is an anatomically aligned epiphysis with normal blood supply. This result can be achieved by open subcapital reorientation of the epiphysis or by a wedge @entity2249 . Other procedures have, so far, not gained optimal control over the risk of @entity2530 . INDICATIONS: Acute epiphyseolysis. @entity102 for which trimming of the metaphyseal overhang to permit free flexion and @entity717 without impingement would leave less than two thirds of the femoral neck diameter intact. CONTRAINDICATIONS: @entity572 at an advanced stage. Destruction of the femoral head. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: The blood supply to the epiphysis from the medial femoral circumflex artery can be preserved by surgical @entity572 and a soft-tissue flap derived subperiosteally from the retinaculum and external rotators. This soft-tissue flap permits not only the detachment of the epiphysis, but also complete callus resection from the femoral neck without causing tension in the retinaculum. Dislocation of the femoral head ensures its manual protection during curettage of the epiphyseal plate and, ultimately, allows anatomic reduction under visual control of the retinaculum. With the head dislocated there is less risk to the integrity of the retinaculum due to unintentional manipulation of the leg than there would be, if the head remained in the socket. RESULTS: From 1996 to 2005, 30 hips with a diagnosis of slipped @entity4039 were treated according to the technique described. The average follow-up time was 55 months (24-96 months). @entity2738 did not occur. Distribution across sexes was well balanced. @entity1 were 12 years old at the time of the operation and @entity1 were 14 years old on average. @entity572 was measured at 30-70 degrees. In six hips there was a so-called acute on chronic slip. Two hips required revision due to screw failure, a difficulty that was addressed by the introduction of fully threaded wires. One hip had to be revised because the fully threaded wire bent. After reoperation, shortening of maximum 1 cm was seen in these three cases. In one @entity1 with ectopic bone formation at the anteroinferior femoral neck, @entity717 in flexion is reduced by half.

title: Subcapital correction osteotomy in slipped @entity4039 by means of surgical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'boys', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['osteotomy of the femoral neck']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic epiphyseolysis']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip dislocation', 'Ankylosis of the hip joint', 'Posterior displacement']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['internal rotation']

entities_list: @entity2738 :: ('MESH:D005271', 'Disease') :: ['Femoral head necrosis']

entities_list: @entity4039 :: ('MESH:D060048', 'Disease') :: ['capital femoral epiphysis']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['avascular necrosis']

answer: @entity572 :: (MESH:D006617,Disease) :: ['hip dislocation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of treatment of slipped @entity4039 is an anatomically aligned epiphysis with normal blood supply. This result can be achieved by open subcapital reorientation of the epiphysis or by a wedge @entity2249 . Other procedures have, so far, not gained optimal control over the risk of @entity2530 . INDICATIONS: Acute epiphyseolysis. @entity102 for which trimming of the metaphyseal overhang to permit free flexion and @entity717 without impingement would leave less than two thirds of the femoral neck diameter intact. CONTRAINDICATIONS: @entity572 at an advanced stage. Destruction of the femoral head. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: The blood supply to the epiphysis from the medial femoral circumflex artery can be preserved by surgical @entity572 and a soft-tissue flap derived subperiosteally from the retinaculum and external rotators. This soft-tissue flap permits not only the detachment of the epiphysis, but also complete callus resection from the femoral neck without causing tension in the retinaculum. Dislocation of the femoral head ensures its manual protection during curettage of the epiphyseal plate and, ultimately, allows anatomic reduction under visual control of the retinaculum. With the head dislocated there is less risk to the integrity of the retinaculum due to unintentional manipulation of the leg than there would be, if the head remained in the socket. RESULTS: From 1996 to 2005, 30 hips with a diagnosis of slipped @entity4039 were treated according to the technique described. The average follow-up time was 55 months (24-96 months). @entity2738 did not occur. Distribution across sexes was well balanced. @entity1 were 12 years old at the time of the operation and @entity1 were 14 years old on average. @entity572 was measured at 30-70 degrees. In six hips there was a so-called acute on chronic slip. Two hips required revision due to screw failure, a difficulty that was addressed by the introduction of fully threaded wires. One hip had to be revised because the fully threaded wire bent. After reoperation, shortening of maximum 1 cm was seen in these three cases. In one @entity1 with ectopic bone formation at the anteroinferior femoral neck, @entity717 in flexion is reduced by half.

title: Subcapital correction osteotomy in slipped XXXX by means of surgical @entity572 .

answer: @entity4039 :: (MESH:D060048,Disease) :: ['capital femoral epiphysis']


abstract: A @entity1 who experienced episodes of @entity1944 caused by Capillaria philippinensis 16 times is presented. The @entity1 was first seen in July 1967 with the @entity8143 and was treated with @entity18884 . He experienced a relapse in October 1967. He was readmitted to the hospital again in 1969, twice in 1971, twice in 1972, twice in 1973, once each in 1975, 1976, three times in 1978 and twice in 1979. During this period he was treated with various dosages of @entity18884 , @entity7400 and @entity7401 . At the final admission he was treated with @entity7400 , 600 mg per day for 49 days, 200 mg per day for 30 days and 100 mg daily for 6 months. The @entity1 was cured and had no further relapses in 5 years. The recommended dosage of @entity7400 is 200 per day for 20 days for new cases and 30 days for relapses. It is advised to over-treat the @entity281 rather than under-treat because of the problem of relapses. Internal autoinfection occurs and it is believed that the drug acts selectively on the adults and not the larval forms of the parasite.

title: An obstinate case of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal capillariasis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity7401 :: ('MESH:C018945', 'Chemical') :: ['flubendazole']

entities_list: @entity7400 :: ('MESH:D008463', 'Chemical') :: ['mebendazole']

entities_list: @entity8143 :: ('MESH:D063726', 'Disease') :: ['parasitosis']

entities_list: @entity18884 :: ('MESH:D013827', 'Chemical') :: ['thiabendazole']

answer: @entity1944 :: (MESH:D007410,Disease) :: ['intestinal capillariasis']


abstract: The small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are a ubiquitous family of molecular chaperones. We have identified 18 sHSPs in the @entity2199 genome and 20 sHSPs in the @entity23234 genome. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary dynamics of the sHSPs in these two genomes reveals a very complex pattern of evolution. The sHSPs in @entity2199 and @entity23234 do not display clear orthologous relationships with other invertebrate sHSPs. But many sHSPs in @entity2199 have orthologs in @entity23234 . One group of sHSPs, the HSP16s, has a very unusual evolutionary history. Although there are a number of HSP16s in both the @entity2199 and @entity23234 genomes, none of the HSP16s display orthologous relationships across these two species. The HSP16s have an unusual gene pair structure and a complex evolutionary history shaped by gene duplication, gene conversion, and purifying selection. We found no evidence of recent positive selection acting on any of the sHSPs in @entity2199 or in @entity23234 . There is also no evidence of functional divergence within the pairs of orthologous @entity2199 and @entity23234 sHSPs. However, the evolutionary patterns do suggest that functional divergence has occurred between the sHSPs in @entity2199 and @entity23234 and the sHSPs in more distantly related invertebrates.

title: A comparative genomic analysis of the small heat shock proteins in XXXX and briggsae.

entities_list: @entity23234 :: ('6238', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis briggsae', 'C. briggsae']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans', 'C. elegans']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: It is known that in the sera of @entity1 with Graves, @entity792 we can detect autoantibodies against pituitary antigens. The aim of the study was evaluation of pituitary autoantibodies in @entity2743 @entity1 using immunoblotting methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Studies were performed in 32 @entity2743 @entity1 , 25 @entity1 (age range: 31-67 yrs, median: 49.9 +/- 9.4) and 7 @entity1 (age range: 41-58 yrs, median: 51.0 +/- 7.1). All @entity1 presented signs and symptoms typical of @entity2743 . The diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory tests (TSH, fT(3), fT(4), @entity5010 antibodies). Sera of control subjects were obtained from 10 healthy blood donors, 7 @entity1 , 3 @entity1 (age range 21-45 yrs, median: 30.6 +/- 7.1). Incidence of pituitary autoantibodies was assessed by @entity2975 electrophoresis gel and western-blotting. Pituitary microsomes were obtained from @entity1 pituitary tissues by ultracentrifugation and solubilisation in 1% desoxycholic acid. RESULTS: In 23 sera from 32 we detected autoantibodies against pituitary microsomal antigens. 16 sera were reacting with 55 kDa antigen, 10 sera with 67 kDa, 6 sera with 60 kDa, 5 sera with 52 kDa and 4 sera with 105 kDa. It is important to note that 6 sera were reacting with 57 and 55 kDa, and 5 sera with 55, 60 and 67 kDa. CONCLUSIONS: In sera of @entity2743 @entity1 autoantibodies against pituitary microsomal antigens can be frequently detected. The most frequent are antibodies against 55, 60 and 67 kDa antigens.

title: [The incidence of the pituitary autoantibodies in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease", 'thyrotoxicosis']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['Addison and other autoimmune endocrine diseases']

answer: @entity2743 :: (MESH:D006111,Disease) :: ['Graves' disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Joint Committee on @entity1 Hearing recommends that all newborns undergo hearing screening during their hospital birth admission or before one month of age. Also, @entity1 with certain risk factors should receive audiologic monitoring every six months until three years of age. Initial treatment of @entity1274 involves the use of properly fitted binaural hearing aids with cochlear implantation indicated for use in @entity1 ages twelve months and older that have derived limited benefit from amplification. Cochlear implantation before two years of age is associated with improved language acquisition. Pediatric primary care physicians are crucial to the diagnosis and treatment of @entity393 . This study provides a baseline assessment of Mississippi pediatric primary care physicians' understanding of the risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, and role of cochlear implantation with regard to @entity393 . METHODS: A single page questionnaire consisting of sixteen questions about newborn @entity393 and cochlear implantation was mailed to all active members of the Mississippi Academy of Family Physicians and the Mississippi Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics. RESULTS: Of the 501 surveys mailed out, 160 surveys were returned completed for a resultant 32% response rate. Out of the 160 physicians returning the questionnaire, 50 were general pediatricians, 89 were family practitioners, and 21 were physicians who did not practice primary care medicine for pediatric @entity1 . The majority of questions were answered correctly by all groups. In most instances, there was a significant statistical difference with the pediatrician group having more correct responses as compared to the family practitioner group. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented demonstrate that primary care providers for @entity1 within the state of Mississippi are generally knowledgeable about the diagnosis and treatment of @entity393 . Aspects of newborn @entity393 diagnosis and treatment to emphasize in future education efforts include: understanding the necessity of objective screening measures for the diagnosis of @entity393 , the need for hearing aid intervention by six months of age, and the role of early cochlear implantation in the mainstreaming of prelinguistically deaf @entity1 .

title: Perceptions of pediatric primary care physicians on XXXX and cochlear implantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Infant', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['congenital hearing loss', 'hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['congenital hearing loss']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the prenatal diagnoses and clinical outcomes of @entity2914 ( @entity2914 ). METHODS: A retrospective case series was developed by reviewing 16,983 ultrasounds performed between March 2003 and January 2006 for the prenatal diagnosis of @entity2914 . Medical records of each mother/ @entity1 pair were reviewed for demographic information, ultrasound findings, obstetric management, and outcomes. RESULTS: Nineteen fetuses were diagnosed with @entity2914 . Only one was lost to follow-up. Median gestational age at diagnosis was 28.4W (range 17.6-36.6). Fifteen cases (79%) were left sided, 3 (16%) were right-sided, and 1 (5%) was bilateral. Seven fetuses (39%) had additional abnormalities, the most common being a single umbilical artery. Ten @entity1 (52.6%) underwent amniocentesis for karyotype; none were aneuploid. Three @entity1 developed @entity2978 . All 18 @entity1 were liveborn. Seven @entity1 (39%) died shortly after birth, 6 (33%) underwent surgery with subsequent discharge, and 5 (28%) were transferred to another center. Three of these died after transfer. CONCLUSION: Prenatal diagnosis of @entity2914 portends a poor prognosis. Thirty-nine percent of @entity1 with this diagnosis (7/18) did not survive to undergo surgery or transfer to another facility and overall mortality was 56% (10/18). Targeted ultrasonography, extensive counseling of parents, and delivery at a tertiary care center is recommended.

title: Prenatal diagnoses and outcomes of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['congenital diaphragmatic hernia', 'CDH']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity2978 :: ('MESH:D006831', 'Disease') :: ['hydramnios']

answer: @entity2914 :: (MESH:D065630,Disease) :: ['congenital diaphragmatic hernia']


abstract: OBJECT: The aim of this study was to retrospectively review the clinical presentation, the roles of surgery and adjuvant therapy, and the treatment-related morbidity in @entity1 with a @entity7667 in the posterior fossa and to try and determine the prognostic factors. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2006, 10 @entity1 were treated for a posterior fossa @entity7667 at the authors' institution. The mean age of the @entity1 , the duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis, and the follow-up were 8.2, 2.4, and 3.9 years, respectively. Nine of the @entity1 presented with symptoms of @entity428 . Preoperative imaging showed enhancement in all @entity1 ; in eight it was in a patchy distribution. The operations consisted of radical resection (> 75%) in seven @entity1 , biopsy in two, and a total macroscopic excision in one. RESULTS: The surgical procedure did not cause deterioration in the @entity16 in any of the @entity1 . There was no recurrence in the @entity1 who underwent total macroscopic excision of the @entity5 , and there has been no @entity5 progression in three @entity1 , two of whom have had no evidence of enhancement of the postoperative @entity41 . The @entity5 has progressed in six @entity1 , requiring further surgery in three, chemotherapy in four, and radiotherapy and second-line chemotherapy in one @entity1 to control the @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: The imaging of @entity7667 in the posterior fossa showed patchy enhancement. The @entity1 in whom it was possible to achieve a radical resection, aimed at removing at least the enhancing portion of the @entity5 , have not required further treatment. A second excision, for progressive @entity5 , is an effective adjuvant therapy.

title: Pediatric XXXX : a retrospective series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['raised intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity7667 :: ('MESH:D018303', 'Disease') :: ['ganglioglioma', 'gangliogliomas']

answer: @entity7667 :: (MESH:D018303,Disease) :: ['infratentorial gangliogliomas']


abstract: @entity3897 inhibits the post-prandial @entity16340 release after truncal vagotomy in the @entity235 . Whether this action of @entity3897 is due to suppression of stimulatory cholinergic fibres in the sympathetic nerves of the stomach and the upper small intestine or due to blockade of intrinsic gastric cholinergic mechanisms is unknown. Conscious @entity235 were fed a meat meal (35 g/kg body weight) before and after truncal vagotomy and after truncal vagotomy plus coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy. Experiments were repeated in the presence of @entity3897 (50 micrograms/kg body weight, given as an i.v. bolus 60 min prior to the meal). In another set of @entity235 , only ganglionectomy was performed and the same experiments were done as in the first set of @entity235 . Truncal vagotomy enhanced the post-prandial 120 min integrated plasma @entity16340 response by 2.6 times as compared to the response with the vagus nerves intact. Before truncal vagotomy, @entity3897 enhanced the integrated plasma @entity16340 response by 2.6 times; after truncal vagotomy @entity3897 suppressed this response by 2.3 times. After truncal vagotomy, with or without @entity3897 , additional coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy did not alter the integrated plasma @entity16340 response. With the vagus nerves intact, ganglionectomy alone had no effect on the integrated plasma @entity16340 response whether or not @entity3897 was given. The finding that @entity3897 suppresses the post-prandial plasma @entity16340 response to a meal after truncal vagotomy and coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy, i.e. cutting the extrinsic nerves of the stomach and the upper small intestine, suggests the existence of stimulatory cholinergic intrinsic fibres located within the stomach.

title: XXXX response to a meal before and after cutting the extrinsic nerves of the stomach in the @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine', 'atropine']

answer: @entity16340 :: (100685087,Gene) :: ['Gastrin']


abstract: @entity3897 inhibits the post-prandial @entity16340 release after truncal vagotomy in the @entity235 . Whether this action of @entity3897 is due to suppression of stimulatory cholinergic fibres in the sympathetic nerves of the stomach and the upper small intestine or due to blockade of intrinsic gastric cholinergic mechanisms is unknown. Conscious @entity235 were fed a meat meal (35 g/kg body weight) before and after truncal vagotomy and after truncal vagotomy plus coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy. Experiments were repeated in the presence of @entity3897 (50 micrograms/kg body weight, given as an i.v. bolus 60 min prior to the meal). In another set of @entity235 , only ganglionectomy was performed and the same experiments were done as in the first set of @entity235 . Truncal vagotomy enhanced the post-prandial 120 min integrated plasma @entity16340 response by 2.6 times as compared to the response with the vagus nerves intact. Before truncal vagotomy, @entity3897 enhanced the integrated plasma @entity16340 response by 2.6 times; after truncal vagotomy @entity3897 suppressed this response by 2.3 times. After truncal vagotomy, with or without @entity3897 , additional coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy did not alter the integrated plasma @entity16340 response. With the vagus nerves intact, ganglionectomy alone had no effect on the integrated plasma @entity16340 response whether or not @entity3897 was given. The finding that @entity3897 suppresses the post-prandial plasma @entity16340 response to a meal after truncal vagotomy and coeliac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy, i.e. cutting the extrinsic nerves of the stomach and the upper small intestine, suggests the existence of stimulatory cholinergic intrinsic fibres located within the stomach.

title: @entity16340 response to a meal before and after cutting the extrinsic nerves of the stomach in the XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The presence of a damaged labrum is one of many factors influencing the outcomes of @entity3181 . However, there are few previous papers describing the long-term outcomes of @entity3181 with labrectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of @entity3181 for @entity572 with labral tears. We compared outcomes between labrectomy (+) and labrectomy (-) groups. @entity1 AND METHODS: Chiari pelvic osteotomies were performed by one surgeon on 34 @entity572 with labral tears between 1983 and 1996, in which labrectomy was performed on 23 hips but not on 11 hips. Three @entity1 undergoing labrectomy were lost to follow-up evaluation within 5 years after surgery. The average age of the remaining 31 @entity1 was 35.5 years (range, 16-54 years). The clinical and radiographic surveillance averaged 16.0 years (range, 10-23.3 years). RESULTS: In all @entity1 , @entity158 disappeared after the operation. At the end of the study, 8 of the 31 @entity1 displayed @entity922 . @entity571 ( @entity571 ) was observed in 11 hips. @entity1 with poor results have not opted for revision surgery except for one @entity1 . In the labrectomy (+) group, 10 of the 20 hips showed progression of @entity571 and the clinical outcomes of 6 @entity1 deteriorated. In the labrectomy (-) group, 1 of the 11 hips showed progression of @entity571 and 2 @entity1 deteriorated clinically. Radiological outcomes differed significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Labrectomy accompanying @entity3181 is an acceptable procedure for relieving @entity158 caused by the damaged labrum, but the outcomes have a tendency to deteriorate after 10 or more years postoperatively.

title: Treatment of XXXX with labral tear by @entity3181 : outcomes after more than 10 years follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['Progression of osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic hips']

entities_list: @entity3181 :: ('MESH:D006502', 'Disease') :: ['Chiari pelvic osteotomy']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinical deterioration']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['dysplastic osteoarthritis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The presence of a damaged labrum is one of many factors influencing the outcomes of @entity3181 . However, there are few previous papers describing the long-term outcomes of @entity3181 with labrectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of @entity3181 for @entity572 with labral tears. We compared outcomes between labrectomy (+) and labrectomy (-) groups. @entity1 AND METHODS: Chiari pelvic osteotomies were performed by one surgeon on 34 @entity572 with labral tears between 1983 and 1996, in which labrectomy was performed on 23 hips but not on 11 hips. Three @entity1 undergoing labrectomy were lost to follow-up evaluation within 5 years after surgery. The average age of the remaining 31 @entity1 was 35.5 years (range, 16-54 years). The clinical and radiographic surveillance averaged 16.0 years (range, 10-23.3 years). RESULTS: In all @entity1 , @entity158 disappeared after the operation. At the end of the study, 8 of the 31 @entity1 displayed @entity922 . @entity571 ( @entity571 ) was observed in 11 hips. @entity1 with poor results have not opted for revision surgery except for one @entity1 . In the labrectomy (+) group, 10 of the 20 hips showed progression of @entity571 and the clinical outcomes of 6 @entity1 deteriorated. In the labrectomy (-) group, 1 of the 11 hips showed progression of @entity571 and 2 @entity1 deteriorated clinically. Radiological outcomes differed significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Labrectomy accompanying @entity3181 is an acceptable procedure for relieving @entity158 caused by the damaged labrum, but the outcomes have a tendency to deteriorate after 10 or more years postoperatively.

title: Treatment of @entity571 with labral tear by XXXX : outcomes after more than 10 years follow-up.

answer: @entity3181 :: (MESH:D006502,Disease) :: ['Chiari pelvic osteotomy']


abstract: The fundamental and clinical studies of @entity5646 ( @entity5647 ) were performed. The results were as follows: The MICs of @entity5647 for @entity526 and @entity5746 sp. which were recently isolated in the pediatric field were less than 0.78 micrograms/ml. @entity5647 also was effective against ABPC/PIPC-resistant bacteria. The MIC of @entity5647 for @entity8966 was less than 1.56 micrograms/ml. The peak serum levels of @entity5647 which were occurred just after the 1 hour drip infusion of 10-30 mg/kg were 60.5-136.8 micrograms/ml, and at 6 hours after infusion the serum levels were 1.3-6.1 micrograms/ml; therefore, the dose response was proved. The mean half-lives (T 1/2) were between 1.21 and 1.36 hours. The excretion rates in urine up to 6 hours after intravenous drip infusion were between 32.7 and 77.5%. The ratio of the cerebrospinal fluid concentration to serum in the @entity1 with @entity693 was 3.5% at 1 hour after the intravenous injection at the dose of 69 mg/kg, and the ratios of the subdural fluid levels to serum were 31.3-37.5%. The levels of @entity5647 into the feces by the multiple dosage were 0-840 micrograms/g. Twenty-five pediatric @entity1 with @entity697 had been treated by intravenous injection or drip infusion at the doses of 49-120 mg/kg/day (almost 50-100 mg/kg/day) for 4 to 13 days. The efficacy rate of excellent + good was 84% and that of excellent + good + fair was 96%. The efficacy rate of excellent + good was 100% in all cases with @entity1729 , @entity3127 , and @entity293 caused by Gram-negative rods. The clinical efficacy was observed in all cases with acute @entity2348 . Although @entity5647 was clinically effective against @entity5746 , bacteriological efficacy on the causative organisms was not observed in some cases. Although @entity5647 was bacteriologically effective in 1 @entity1 with typhoid, it did not alleviated fever. @entity5647 showed activity to 9 strains isolated from the culture of throat swab, urine and feces. No side effects were clinically observed in all cases, while slight elevations of laboratory findings were observed in 4 cases.

title: [Fundamental and clinical studies of XXXX in the field of pediatric].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute infections']

entities_list: @entity8966 :: ('670', 'Species') :: ['V. parahaemolyticus']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial enteritis']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['purulent meningitis']

entities_list: @entity5746 :: ('MESH:D012480', 'Disease') :: ['Salmonella', 'Salmonella enteritis']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper/lower respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['acute urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity3127 :: ('MESH:D001996', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5646 :: ('MESH:D001398', 'Chemical') :: ['aztreonam']

answer: @entity5646 :: (MESH:D001398,Chemical) :: ['aztreonam']


abstract: The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of @entity5646 ( @entity5647 ) and obtained the following results. The antibacterial activities of @entity5647 against the clinical isolates of @entity526 , K. pneumoniae and @entity796 were measured by the agar dilution method with inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. The susceptibility distribution of @entity526 to @entity5647 ranged from 0.025 or lower to 1.56 microgram/ml, and the peak of distribution was 0.05 microgram/ml. The peak of susceptibility distribution of @entity3274 was 0.025 microgram/ml or lower, and the distribution of @entity796 ranged from 0.1 to 100 micrograms/ml higher and the peak of distribution was 3.13 micrograms/ml. After intravenous bolus injection of 20 mg of @entity5647 in 4 @entity1 , the mean peak serum level was 117 +/- 35.1 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes after injection, and half-life time was 1.42 hours. The mean urinary excretion rates was 63.2 +/- 30.6% up to 6 hours after bolus injection of 20 mg/kg of @entity5647 . @entity5647 was given 11 cases with bacterial injection. Daily doses of @entity5647 were from 41.7 to 94.9 mg/kg. Clinical results obtained were excellent and good responses in 8 of 11 cases (72.7%). No side effect was observed.

title: [Laboratory and clinical studies of XXXX in the pediatric field].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity3274 :: ('573', 'Species') :: ['K. pneumoniae']

answer: @entity5646 :: (MESH:D001398,Chemical) :: ['aztreonam']


abstract: A review of 27 @entity1 with @entity5 admitted to the Tsukuba University Hospital was performed retrospectively. Nineteen cases of @entity703 and eleven cases of @entity5 were submitted to the study. These @entity1 were treated mainly by surgery. The rates for 1-year, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year survival were 88.5%, 57.6%, 40.3% and 20.2%, respectively. No obvious relationship between prognosis of @entity703 and that of @entity5 was seen. Pathologically, there was a correlation between the grade and the stage of the @entity5 . Prognosis was related to the stage of the @entity5 , but not to the grade of the @entity5 . Clinically, the @entity1 with positive urinary cytology had a poorer prognosis. It was considered that no relationship existed between the preoperative clinical stage and the postoperative pathological stage. Consequently, the former is not considered a prognostic factor. We have been performing mainly radical nephroureterectomy with regional lymphadenectomy since 1975. The @entity1 who received the operation with regional lymphadenectomy since 1975. The @entity1 who received the operation with regional lymphadenectomy or with adjuvant chemotherapy had a better prognosis. It is concluded that lymphadenectomy is a valuable operation for improving prognosis.

title: Survival of @entity1 with XXXX : a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'renal pelvic tumors and ureteral tumors', 'ureteral tumors']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal pelvic tumors', 'renal pelvic tumor']

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter']


abstract: A review of 27 @entity1 with @entity5 admitted to the Tsukuba University Hospital was performed retrospectively. Nineteen cases of @entity703 and eleven cases of @entity5 were submitted to the study. These @entity1 were treated mainly by surgery. The rates for 1-year, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year survival were 88.5%, 57.6%, 40.3% and 20.2%, respectively. No obvious relationship between prognosis of @entity703 and that of @entity5 was seen. Pathologically, there was a correlation between the grade and the stage of the @entity5 . Prognosis was related to the stage of the @entity5 , but not to the grade of the @entity5 . Clinically, the @entity1 with positive urinary cytology had a poorer prognosis. It was considered that no relationship existed between the preoperative clinical stage and the postoperative pathological stage. Consequently, the former is not considered a prognostic factor. We have been performing mainly radical nephroureterectomy with regional lymphadenectomy since 1975. The @entity1 who received the operation with regional lymphadenectomy since 1975. The @entity1 who received the operation with regional lymphadenectomy or with adjuvant chemotherapy had a better prognosis. It is concluded that lymphadenectomy is a valuable operation for improving prognosis.

title: Survival of XXXX with @entity703 : a retrospective study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIMS: Many studies suggest that @entity1017 occurs during treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 , irrespective of the treatment @entity164 . The aim of this study was to address the questions (i) whether @entity1017 is inevitable in @entity1 treated for @entity164 2 @entity6 , and (ii) whether treatment escalation is prompted by a rise in glycaemic control [haemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c)] or @entity1017 . METHODS: A @entity6 database was used to identify all @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 attending our clinic between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2000. To facilitate further analysis, independent anonymized database resources were established. Data collected included height, weight, gender, HbA(1c), age and @entity6 treatment at each visit. RESULTS: One thousand and eighty-four @entity1 were included; after 6 months of treatment, @entity1 ' average weight had reduced by 1.0 kg (s.d. 4.6) (p < 0.001). Sixty per cent of the @entity1 had either a decrease or no change in weight, while 40% demonstrated a @entity1017 . @entity1 demonstrated more @entity353 than @entity1 . After a mean follow-up of 50 months (s.d. 25.7), 439 @entity1 (40%) who received treatment with diet alone, diet followed by @entity2449 or @entity2449 alone demonstrated a maintained weight reduction in addition to improved glycaemic control. A rise in HbA(1c) rather than @entity1017 prompted treatment change. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that @entity1017 is not a necessary consequence of the treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 . @entity1 were more successful than @entity1 in losing weight, and diet, with or without the addition of @entity2449 , was the treatment @entity164 most usually associated with @entity353 .

title: Weight changes in XXXX 2 @entity6 and the impact of gender.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: AIMS: Many studies suggest that @entity1017 occurs during treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 , irrespective of the treatment @entity164 . The aim of this study was to address the questions (i) whether @entity1017 is inevitable in @entity1 treated for @entity164 2 @entity6 , and (ii) whether treatment escalation is prompted by a rise in glycaemic control [haemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c)] or @entity1017 . METHODS: A @entity6 database was used to identify all @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 attending our clinic between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2000. To facilitate further analysis, independent anonymized database resources were established. Data collected included height, weight, gender, HbA(1c), age and @entity6 treatment at each visit. RESULTS: One thousand and eighty-four @entity1 were included; after 6 months of treatment, @entity1 ' average weight had reduced by 1.0 kg (s.d. 4.6) (p < 0.001). Sixty per cent of the @entity1 had either a decrease or no change in weight, while 40% demonstrated a @entity1017 . @entity1 demonstrated more @entity353 than @entity1 . After a mean follow-up of 50 months (s.d. 25.7), 439 @entity1 (40%) who received treatment with diet alone, diet followed by @entity2449 or @entity2449 alone demonstrated a maintained weight reduction in addition to improved glycaemic control. A rise in HbA(1c) rather than @entity1017 prompted treatment change. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that @entity1017 is not a necessary consequence of the treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 . @entity1 were more successful than @entity1 in losing weight, and diet, with or without the addition of @entity2449 , was the treatment @entity164 most usually associated with @entity353 .

title: Weight changes in @entity164 2 XXXX and the impact of gender.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most studies on the prevalence of @entity566 to the permanent hair dye chemical @entity7227 ( @entity10155 ) are reported from populations of @entity484 @entity1 attending patch-test clinics, and are assumed to be much higher than in the normal population. No data exist on incidence of senitization to PPD resulting from the use of commercial hair dye preparations over a defined time period. METHOD: A total of 2545 healthy adult volunteers (Bangkok) were screened for @entity566 through standard patch testing. Volunteers not allergic to PPD were then recruited into two groups: one group applying a commercial hair dye brand as instructed on a monthly basis for 6 months (n=548) and the other group (controls) (n=516) was instructed not to dye their hair for 6 months. Sensitization to PPD resulting from the use of hair dye over this period was then detected by repeat patch testing. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity566 in a normal adult population was 2.7% (m=2.4%, f=3.2%). Projected to the adult Thai population, at least 1,000,000 Thai individuals could be allergic to PPD. The incidence of sensitization through the monthly application of standard commercial hair dye preparations over a 6-month period was 1.3%, substantially higher than in controls (0.4%), although numbers were small and not statistically significant. INTERPRETATION: There is a higher prevalence of hair dye @entity566 among the normal population than previously thought. The incidence of new cases of @entity566 would indicate that current regulations and practice of hair dye exposure lead to PPD sensitization and @entity566 , which is a public health problem.

title: A general population from Thailand: incidence of common allergens with emphasis on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergy', 'PPD allergy']

entities_list: @entity7227 :: ('MESH:C029728', 'Chemical') :: ['para-phenylenediamine']

answer: @entity7227 :: (MESH:C029728,Chemical) :: ['para-phenylenediamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: @entity360 ( @entity360 ) is an infrequent complication (1-3.8%) following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). The safety and efficacy of endoscopic management of immediate @entity86 is unknown. We sought to determine how frequently @entity360 complicates LRYGB and whether endoscopic management is successful in controlling @entity548 . METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all @entity1 who developed @entity360 following LRYGB from November 2001 to July 2005 at a large suburban teaching hospital. RESULTS: Of 933 @entity1 who underwent LRYGB, 30 (3.2%) developed postoperative @entity360 . An endoscopic esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed in 27/30 @entity1 (90%). All were found to have @entity548 emanating from the gastrojejunostomy (GJ) staple line. Endoscopic intervention was performed in 24/30 (80%) with @entity1425 injection and heater probe cautery being used most commonly. Endoscopic therapy was ultimately successful in controlling all @entity548 , with 5 @entity1 (17%) requiring a second EGD for rebleeding. No @entity1 required surgery to control @entity548 . One @entity1 aspirated during the endoscopic procedure with subsequent anoxic @entity75 and died 5 days postoperatively. Twenty-one @entity1 (70%) developed @entity360 in the intraoperative or immediate postoperative period (<4 h postoperative). The mean length of stay was significantly longer in these @entity1 (2.84 vs 4.1, P= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: (a) @entity360 complicates LRYGB in a small but significant number of @entity1 . (b) Bleeding usually occurs at the GJ site. (c) EGD is safe and effective in controlling @entity548 with standard endoscopic techniques. (d) @entity360 occurs most commonly in the immediate postoperative period and may be best managed in the operating room with the @entity1 intubated to prevent @entity1173 .

title: Endoscopic management of early upper XXXX following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['UGIH', 'Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal hemorrhage']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3216 and @entity2493 decrease @entity935 activity. @entity3216 , a D2 antagonist of @entity935 receptors, and @entity2493 , a pineal substance with antidopaminergic action, are administered to @entity392 @entity1 to decrease @entity392 . DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was done. SETTING: General otorhinolaryngologic consultation for 2002-2004 in Seville, Spain. METHODS: One hundred twenty @entity1 consulted for subjective @entity392 . They were included randomly in four groups of 30. One group took @entity3216 (50 mg/8 h) alone, the second group took @entity2493 (3 mg/24 h), the third group took the same doses of @entity3216 (50 mg/8 h) plus @entity2493 (3 mg/24 h), and the fourth group took placebo ( @entity1132 50 mg/8 h), all for 1 month. Ninety-nine @entity1 completed the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical history, tonal audiometry, tympanometry, and tinnitometry were done at the beginning and end of the study. Subjective grading of @entity392 and a visual analogue scale (0-10) were done for evaluation of results. RESULTS: Based on the subjective grading, @entity392 diminished by 56% in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 , by 40% in @entity1 treated with @entity2493 , by 81% in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 plus @entity2493 , and by 22% in @entity1 treated with placebo. Based on the visual analogue scale, @entity392 diminished from 7.7 to 6.3 in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 , to 6.5 in those treated with @entity2493 , to 4.8 in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 plus @entity2493 , and to 7.0 in those treated with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3216 and @entity2493 reduce @entity392 , decreasing @entity935 activity. The @entity392 auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway has broad therapeutic implications.

title: @entity3216 and @entity2493 decrease XXXX modulating the auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3216 :: ('MESH:D013469', 'Chemical') :: ['Sulpiride', 'sulpiride']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus', 'tinnitus perception']

answer: @entity392 :: (MESH:D014012,Disease) :: ['tinnitus perception']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3216 and @entity2493 decrease @entity935 activity. @entity3216 , a D2 antagonist of @entity935 receptors, and @entity2493 , a pineal substance with antidopaminergic action, are administered to @entity392 @entity1 to decrease @entity392 . DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was done. SETTING: General otorhinolaryngologic consultation for 2002-2004 in Seville, Spain. METHODS: One hundred twenty @entity1 consulted for subjective @entity392 . They were included randomly in four groups of 30. One group took @entity3216 (50 mg/8 h) alone, the second group took @entity2493 (3 mg/24 h), the third group took the same doses of @entity3216 (50 mg/8 h) plus @entity2493 (3 mg/24 h), and the fourth group took placebo ( @entity1132 50 mg/8 h), all for 1 month. Ninety-nine @entity1 completed the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical history, tonal audiometry, tympanometry, and tinnitometry were done at the beginning and end of the study. Subjective grading of @entity392 and a visual analogue scale (0-10) were done for evaluation of results. RESULTS: Based on the subjective grading, @entity392 diminished by 56% in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 , by 40% in @entity1 treated with @entity2493 , by 81% in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 plus @entity2493 , and by 22% in @entity1 treated with placebo. Based on the visual analogue scale, @entity392 diminished from 7.7 to 6.3 in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 , to 6.5 in those treated with @entity2493 , to 4.8 in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 plus @entity2493 , and to 7.0 in those treated with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3216 and @entity2493 reduce @entity392 , decreasing @entity935 activity. The @entity392 auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway has broad therapeutic implications.

title: @entity3216 and XXXX decrease @entity392 modulating the auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway.

answer: @entity2493 :: (MESH:D008550,Chemical) :: ['melatonin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3216 and @entity2493 decrease @entity935 activity. @entity3216 , a D2 antagonist of @entity935 receptors, and @entity2493 , a pineal substance with antidopaminergic action, are administered to @entity392 @entity1 to decrease @entity392 . DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was done. SETTING: General otorhinolaryngologic consultation for 2002-2004 in Seville, Spain. METHODS: One hundred twenty @entity1 consulted for subjective @entity392 . They were included randomly in four groups of 30. One group took @entity3216 (50 mg/8 h) alone, the second group took @entity2493 (3 mg/24 h), the third group took the same doses of @entity3216 (50 mg/8 h) plus @entity2493 (3 mg/24 h), and the fourth group took placebo ( @entity1132 50 mg/8 h), all for 1 month. Ninety-nine @entity1 completed the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical history, tonal audiometry, tympanometry, and tinnitometry were done at the beginning and end of the study. Subjective grading of @entity392 and a visual analogue scale (0-10) were done for evaluation of results. RESULTS: Based on the subjective grading, @entity392 diminished by 56% in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 , by 40% in @entity1 treated with @entity2493 , by 81% in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 plus @entity2493 , and by 22% in @entity1 treated with placebo. Based on the visual analogue scale, @entity392 diminished from 7.7 to 6.3 in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 , to 6.5 in those treated with @entity2493 , to 4.8 in @entity1 treated with @entity3216 plus @entity2493 , and to 7.0 in those treated with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3216 and @entity2493 reduce @entity392 , decreasing @entity935 activity. The @entity392 auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway has broad therapeutic implications.

title: XXXX and @entity2493 decrease @entity392 modulating the auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway.

answer: @entity3216 :: (MESH:D013469,Chemical) :: ['Sulpiride']


abstract: PURPOSE: The hyperintense appearance of the @entity2500 (HMCA) sign consists of a thickened MCA stem with a blurred intense signal on contrast enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T1W MRI). In this article, we define it and determine its incidence, diagnostic value, and reliability by comparison with magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography. MATERIALS AND METHIODS: Non-contrast CT and immediately subsequent MRI were performed on 30 consecutive @entity1 with acute @entity385 within 6 hours after symptom onset. Ml @entity1 underwent at least one follow-up MRI or non-contrast CT within 2-7 days. Initial studies were analyzed for @entity70764 sign on post-Gd T1WI. Vascular findings on both MRI and CT were compared with findings at MRA and DSA. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 were developed subsequent HT at follow-up studies. The HMCA sign on MRI was found in 6 @entity548 @entity1 (P=0.00), and all of them had M1 occlusion on angiography. None of the @entity1 in nonhemorrhagic group had HMCA sign on MRI. CONCLUSION: HMCA sign on post-Gd T1WI is highly specific and moderately sensitive indicator of acute @entity715 with M1 MCA segment, as validated by angiography. Additionally, HMCA sign may be a useful marker of subsequent HT in acute @entity385 .

title: Prediction of XXXX transformation after acute @entity385 using hyperintense MCA sign.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic']


abstract: PURPOSE: The hyperintense appearance of the @entity2500 (HMCA) sign consists of a thickened MCA stem with a blurred intense signal on contrast enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T1W MRI). In this article, we define it and determine its incidence, diagnostic value, and reliability by comparison with magnetic resonance angiography and digital subtraction angiography. MATERIALS AND METHIODS: Non-contrast CT and immediately subsequent MRI were performed on 30 consecutive @entity1 with acute @entity385 within 6 hours after symptom onset. Ml @entity1 underwent at least one follow-up MRI or non-contrast CT within 2-7 days. Initial studies were analyzed for @entity70764 sign on post-Gd T1WI. Vascular findings on both MRI and CT were compared with findings at MRA and DSA. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 were developed subsequent HT at follow-up studies. The HMCA sign on MRI was found in 6 @entity548 @entity1 (P=0.00), and all of them had M1 occlusion on angiography. None of the @entity1 in nonhemorrhagic group had HMCA sign on MRI. CONCLUSION: HMCA sign on post-Gd T1WI is highly specific and moderately sensitive indicator of acute @entity715 with M1 MCA segment, as validated by angiography. Additionally, HMCA sign may be a useful marker of subsequent HT in acute @entity385 .

title: Prediction of @entity548 transformation after acute XXXX using hyperintense MCA sign.

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: In @entity1 with intermittent @entity714 ( @entity714 ) it is common to observe @entity854 in the right precordial leads during normally conducted beats. These changes have usually been interpreted as a result of anteroseptal @entity63 . More recently it has been suggested that they may be the consequence of an electric phenomena secondary to the abnormal ventricular activation. However, the "benign" character of these abnormalities has never been confirmed by clinical studies. We have studied a group of 10 pts (3 males and 7 females), aging between 23 and 66 years (mean 41 +/- 8) with atypical @entity158 admitted to our institution, because of intermittent @entity714 and T wave inversion in the right precordial leads during the normally conducted beats. All @entity1 had normal left ventriculography and coronary angiograms. During the follow-up period (20 to 102 months, mean 4.7 years) they were subjected to serial clinical examinations, 24 hours ECG Holter monitoring echocardiogram and exercise thallium 201 scintigraphy. Within this period of observation, no @entity1 developed symptoms or signs of @entity299 while all but three developed a stable @entity714 (these three @entity1 have been followed only for a limited period of time). Exercise thallium 201 scintigraphy showed in 4 @entity1 a reversible septal perfusion defect during @entity714 . We conclude that @entity854 observed in the normally conducted beats in @entity1 affected by intermittent @entity714 have a favourable prognostic significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [T-wave changes in intermittent XXXX . Pathogenesis and clinical significance].

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity714 :: ('MESH:D002037', 'Disease') :: ['left bundle branch block', 'LBBB']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['T wave abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['precordial pain']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac involvement']

answer: @entity714 :: (MESH:D002037,Disease) :: ['left bundle branch block']


abstract: @entity35 foetuses from intra-uterine days E13 through E22 (day before parturition) and adults were used for a qualitative electron-microscopic investigation of the development of ciliated/microvillous surfaces of the olfactory epithelium. In the E13 and most of the E14 embryos the epithelial surface is not yet characteristically olfactory. Apical cell profiles show primary cilia. These can arise at the epithelial surface or below. From E14 onwards the epithelial surface acquires olfactory characteristics. Dendritic endings of the olfactory receptor cells can be found amidst microvillous profiles of supporting cells. Either cell type may bear primary cilia. From @entity23852 onwards the receptor cells sprout multiple olfactory cilia, but cells with primary cilia are found throughout pre-natal development. These primary cilia are, at least for a while, retained during the formation of the secondary cilia. Primary cilia always have distinct necklaces at their base. Otherwise, especially with respect to their @entity3455 , their morphology can vary. Originally they have expanded @entity3455 (up to E14); later on such wide @entity3455 are no longer encountered ( @entity23852 and E17). Primary cilia of receptor cells never have wide @entity3455 . Appreciable numbers of endings with tapering olfactory cilia are discerned around E18 and especially E19. Throughout pre-natal development posterior/superior parts of the septal olfactory epithelium are more precocious than anterior/inferior parts, in particular in the region of transition with the respiratory epithelium. This advance in development includes total densities of dendritic endings of olfactory receptor cells, densities of multiciliated endings alone and lengths of supporting cell microvilli. This difference is discussed with respect to the topography of the olfactory epithelial surface in adult animals. In addition to the systematic topographic variation, a number of more local, apparently not-systematically distributed, topographic variations present during development are described. Most of these also occur in adult animals and they include heterogeneity in length of supporting cell microvilli and the presence of patches of supporting cells with rounded apical protuberances, of patches displaying dendrites with polyaxonemes rather than individual cilia and of scattered atypical cells (neither typical olfactory receptor nor olfactory supporting cells). At their surfaces such atypical cells can resemble inner-ear hair cells. Relative to olfactory receptor and supporting cells there are only very few atypical cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Genesis of cilia and microvilli of XXXX nasal epithelia during pre-natal development. I. Olfactory epithelium, qualitative studies.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess interobserver agreement (IOA) in the diagnosis of @entity358 on chest x-rays for @entity1 with @entity497 ( @entity497 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 7/2002 to 12/2005, 806 adults with @entity497 were included in the multicenter study "CAPNETZ" (7 hospitals). Inclusion criteria were clinical signs of @entity55 and pulmonary opacification on chest x-rays. Each x-ray was reevaluated by two radiologists from the university hospital in consensus reading against the interpreter at the referring hospital in regard to: presence of infiltrate (yes/no/equivocal), transparency (<or=/>50%), localization, and pattern of infiltrates (alveolar/interstitial). The following parameters were documented: digital or film radiography, hospitalization, fever, findings of auscultation, microbiological findings. RESULTS: The overall IOA concerning the detection of infiltrates was 77.7% (n=626; CI 0.75-0.81), the infiltrates were not verified in 16.4% (n=132) by the referring radiologist with equivocal findings in 5.9% (n=48). The IOA of the different clinical centers varied between 63.2% (n=38, CI 0.48-0.78) and 92.3% (n=65, CI 0.86-0.99). The IOA for the diagnosis of infiltrates was significantly higher for inpatients with 82.6% (n=546; CI 0.80-0.85) than for outpatients with 55.2 % (n=80; CI 0.47-0.63), p<0.0001. The IOA of infiltrates with a transparency >50% was 95.1% (n=215; CI 0.92-0.98) versus 80.4% (n=403; CI 0.77-0.84) for infiltrates with a transparency >50% (p<0.0001). In @entity1 with positive auscultation, the @entity70765 was higher (p=0,034). Chest x-rays of patients with antibiotic therapy or an alveolar infiltrate showed more equivocal findings compared to @entity1 without these features. CONCLUSION: There is considerable interobserver variability in the diagnosis of @entity358 on chest radiographs. The IOA is higher in more opaque infiltrates, positive auscultation and inpatients.

title: [Interobserver agreement in the assessment of @entity358 on chest radiography in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['CAP', 'community-acquired pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infiltrates']

answer: @entity497 :: (MESH:D003147,Disease) :: ['community-acquired pneumonia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess interobserver agreement (IOA) in the diagnosis of @entity358 on chest x-rays for @entity1 with @entity497 ( @entity497 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 7/2002 to 12/2005, 806 adults with @entity497 were included in the multicenter study "CAPNETZ" (7 hospitals). Inclusion criteria were clinical signs of @entity55 and pulmonary opacification on chest x-rays. Each x-ray was reevaluated by two radiologists from the university hospital in consensus reading against the interpreter at the referring hospital in regard to: presence of infiltrate (yes/no/equivocal), transparency (<or=/>50%), localization, and pattern of infiltrates (alveolar/interstitial). The following parameters were documented: digital or film radiography, hospitalization, fever, findings of auscultation, microbiological findings. RESULTS: The overall IOA concerning the detection of infiltrates was 77.7% (n=626; CI 0.75-0.81), the infiltrates were not verified in 16.4% (n=132) by the referring radiologist with equivocal findings in 5.9% (n=48). The IOA of the different clinical centers varied between 63.2% (n=38, CI 0.48-0.78) and 92.3% (n=65, CI 0.86-0.99). The IOA for the diagnosis of infiltrates was significantly higher for inpatients with 82.6% (n=546; CI 0.80-0.85) than for outpatients with 55.2 % (n=80; CI 0.47-0.63), p<0.0001. The IOA of infiltrates with a transparency >50% was 95.1% (n=215; CI 0.92-0.98) versus 80.4% (n=403; CI 0.77-0.84) for infiltrates with a transparency >50% (p<0.0001). In @entity1 with positive auscultation, the @entity70765 was higher (p=0,034). Chest x-rays of patients with antibiotic therapy or an alveolar infiltrate showed more equivocal findings compared to @entity1 without these features. CONCLUSION: There is considerable interobserver variability in the diagnosis of @entity358 on chest radiographs. The IOA is higher in more opaque infiltrates, positive auscultation and inpatients.

title: [Interobserver agreement in the assessment of XXXX on chest radiography in @entity497 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary infiltrates']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: Different methods of pure-tone audiometry analysis in @entity2459 studies show a lack of agreement with respect to outcome, and the choice of outcome measure influences sample size calculation. BACKGROUND: There is an increasing number of clinical reports on the treatment of @entity2459 . For comparison of efficacy between different therapies and for meta-analysis, it is important to consider the outcome measures in different studies. Statistical analysis for comparison of different outcome measures is used in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Controlled clinical studies on the therapy for @entity1274 ( @entity1274 ) were reviewed with respect to their choice of measurement method for the primary endpoint based on pure-tone audiometry. A selection of outcome measures, including different frequencies evaluated, absolute and relative hearing improvement, and different criteria for success, were compared by applying them on the same @entity1 population treated for @entity1274 . Agreement between different clinical outcome measures was assessed by using a method described by Bland and Altman. Based on the change in hearing level in the @entity1 population, sample sizes were calculated for various outcome measures and for different criteria of hearing improvement. RESULTS: In 52 controlled studies on the systemic treatment of @entity1274 , more than 40 different outcome measures for the primary endpoint were identified. Comparison of measurement methods showed no acceptable agreement between most absolute and relative measures of hearing improvement and between endpoints on the basis of different criteria of success. The differences in outcome in the treatment of @entity1274 were more affected by the definition of success than by frequencies included in the pure-tone average. Estimated sample sizes for controlled clinical trials varied substantially with the choice of outcome measure. CONCLUSION: The lack of an acceptable agreement between most measurement methods assessed in this report prevents a meaningful comparison of published clinical studies on @entity1274 . For comparison of efficacy between different treatments in @entity1274 and for the planning of controlled clinical trials, it is necessary to agree on standardized outcome measures, including the frequencies averaged and the criteria of success.

title: Comparison of pure-tone audiometry analysis in XXXX studies: lack of agreement for different outcome measures.

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss', 'ISSHL']

entities_list: @entity2459 :: ('MESH:D003639', 'Disease') :: ['sudden hearing loss']

answer: @entity2459 :: (MESH:D003639,Disease) :: ['sudden hearing loss']


abstract: In this study the incidence of recurrence in radical procedure for @entity694 is more than 37.4%. Of 100 @entity1 undergoing second laparotomy because of recurrence 33% could be resected curatively. The rate of recurrence was independent on sex, negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with @entity5 stage of former operations. Curative operations located at the ascending @entity99 had less recurrences than others. Second operations in curative aims were twice as successful in @entity1 than in @entity1 and equally possible in all decades. Results of recurrences of @entity694 were better than other locations. Tumors of early stages relapsed later. The probability of a radical procedure in recurrence related operations was better in those cases with a long recurrence-free interval. The resectability +/- rate and @entity5 stage of second-look operation were depending on @entity5 stage in the first operation. This means further history of @entity5 disease is determined closely by @entity5 stage in the first operation.

title: [The problem of recurrence in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of colon', 'splenic flexure and transverse colon']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['colon and hepatic flexure']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colonic cancer']


abstract: AIM: To assess the clinical outcome of @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity2688 managed at a paediatric day treatment centre (DTC). METHODS: Prospective observational study of all @entity1 (3 months to 18 years) with a presumed diagnosis of moderate to severe @entity2688 made in a university-affiliated paediatric @entity341 ( @entity341 ) (September 2003 to September 2005). @entity1 treated at the DTC were given @entity2756 or @entity3402 . RESULTS: During the study period, a presumed diagnosis of moderate to severe @entity2688 was made in 224 @entity1 in the @entity341 . Ninety-two @entity1 were treated at the DTC (41%). The @entity2688 had a median width of 7.0 cm (range: 1.0-50.0 cm) and a median length of 6.5 cm (range: 1.0-40.0 cm). Blood cultures were performed in 95.7%; one was positive for @entity794 . After a mean of 2.5 days of intravenous therapy (first injection in the @entity341 and a mean of 1.5 days at the DTC), 73 @entity1 (79.3%) were successfully discharged from the @entity9856 and switched to an oral agent. For these @entity1 no relapse occurred. Nineteen @entity1 (20.7%) required inpatient admission for further therapy. No @entity1 was diagnosed with @entity39 in the course of therapy. Seventy-eight satisfaction questionnaires were handed in and revealed very good to excellent parental satisfaction with treatment at the DTC in 94.8%. CONCLUSION: Treatment with parenteral antibiotic at a DTC is a viable alternative to hospitalisation for moderate to severe @entity2688 in @entity1 .

title: Prospective evaluation of the management of moderate to severe XXXX with parenteral antibiotics at a paediatric day treatment centre.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing fasciitis']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity2688 :: (MESH:D002481,Disease) :: ['cellulitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the impact of pathogens on the evolution of the @entity1 immune system is still under debate, proteins, which both regulate immune responses and serve as cellular receptors for pathogens should be at the forefront of pathogen-driven host evolution. The @entity10580 ( @entity10580 ) gene family codes for such proteins and indeed shows tremendous species-specific variation between @entity1 and rodents. Since little is known about the @entity10580 gene family in other lineages of placental mammals, we expected to gain new insights into the evolution of the rapidly diverging @entity10580 family by analyzing the @entity10580 family of the @entity235 . RESULTS: Here we describe the complete @entity10580 gene family in the @entity235 . We found that the gene coding for the ITIM-bearing immunoregulatory molecule @entity70766 gave rise to a recent expansion of the @entity235 @entity10580 gene family by gene duplication, similar to that previously found in @entity1 and @entity19 . However, while the @entity19 and @entity1 CEACAMs ( @entity10580 -related cell adhesion molecules) are predominantly secreted and GPI-anchored, respectively, in the @entity235 , most of the CEACAMs represent ITAM-bearing transmembrane proteins. One of these proteins, @entity70767 , exhibits nearly complete sequence identity with the ligand-binding N domain of @entity70766 , but antagonizing signaling motifs in the cytoplasmic tail. Comparison of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions indicates that the @entity70767 N domain is under the strongest purifying selection of all @entity235 @entity70766 -related CEACAMs. In addition, @entity70767 shows a similar expression pattern in resting immune cells and tissues as @entity70766 . However, upon activation @entity70767 mRNA and @entity70766 mRNA are differentially regulated. CONCLUSION: Thus, @entity70766 and @entity70767 are the first paired immune receptors identified within the @entity10580 gene family, which are expressed on T cells and are most likely involved in the fine-tuning of T cell responses. The direction of gene conversion accompanied by purifying selection and expression in immune cells suggests the possibility that @entity70767 evolved in response to selective pressure imposed by species-specific pathogens.

title: Species-specific evolution of immune receptor tyrosine based activation motif-containing XXXX -related immune receptors in the @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity10580 :: ('1048', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

answer: @entity70766 :: (612435(Tax:9615),Gene) :: ['CEACAM1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the impact of pathogens on the evolution of the @entity1 immune system is still under debate, proteins, which both regulate immune responses and serve as cellular receptors for pathogens should be at the forefront of pathogen-driven host evolution. The @entity10580 ( @entity10580 ) gene family codes for such proteins and indeed shows tremendous species-specific variation between @entity1 and rodents. Since little is known about the @entity10580 gene family in other lineages of placental mammals, we expected to gain new insights into the evolution of the rapidly diverging @entity10580 family by analyzing the @entity10580 family of the @entity235 . RESULTS: Here we describe the complete @entity10580 gene family in the @entity235 . We found that the gene coding for the ITIM-bearing immunoregulatory molecule @entity70766 gave rise to a recent expansion of the @entity235 @entity10580 gene family by gene duplication, similar to that previously found in @entity1 and @entity19 . However, while the @entity19 and @entity1 CEACAMs ( @entity10580 -related cell adhesion molecules) are predominantly secreted and GPI-anchored, respectively, in the @entity235 , most of the CEACAMs represent ITAM-bearing transmembrane proteins. One of these proteins, @entity70767 , exhibits nearly complete sequence identity with the ligand-binding N domain of @entity70766 , but antagonizing signaling motifs in the cytoplasmic tail. Comparison of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions indicates that the @entity70767 N domain is under the strongest purifying selection of all @entity235 @entity70766 -related CEACAMs. In addition, @entity70767 shows a similar expression pattern in resting immune cells and tissues as @entity70766 . However, upon activation @entity70767 mRNA and @entity70766 mRNA are differentially regulated. CONCLUSION: Thus, @entity70766 and @entity70767 are the first paired immune receptors identified within the @entity10580 gene family, which are expressed on T cells and are most likely involved in the fine-tuning of T cell responses. The direction of gene conversion accompanied by purifying selection and expression in immune cells suggests the possibility that @entity70767 evolved in response to selective pressure imposed by species-specific pathogens.

title: Species-specific evolution of immune receptor tyrosine based activation motif-containing @entity70766 -related immune receptors in the XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']