abstract: Upper cervical spine fractures in the elderly represent serious injuries. Their frequency is on the rise. Their early accurate diagnosis might be compromised by the existence of extensive @entity85 . Adequate stabilisation allowing @entity174 healing is of paramount importance. However, the debate is ongoing as to the best protocol that can be applied taking into consideration the presence of comorbidities and the increase risk of mortality in this frail @entity1 population. A literature review, based on PubMed, related to protocols reporting on @entity174 fixation of the upper cervical spine, fractures ( @entity1605 ) was carried out. Papers including information about type of @entity174 , treatment carried out, complication rates, mortality and morbidities were eligible to be included in this study. Fourteen papers met the inclusion criteria. Six reported on all types of injuries of the upper cervical spine, and eight only odontoid fractures (C2). Overall mortality rate ranged between 0 to 31.4%. Overall morbidity rate was from 10.3 to 90.9%. No significant difference was identified between three types of treatment (rigid collar cuff without @entity174 reduction, halo cast with @entity174 , and surgical treatment). Halo-cast got the highest rate of complications. Surgical treatment got a mortality rate from 0 to 40.0%, and a morbidity rate from 10.3 to 62.5%. Non-union rate ranged between 8.9 to 62.5%. Elderly @entity1 with upper cervical spine fractures must be notified that these injuries are associated with high incidence of non-union, morbidity and mortality.

title: Management of upper cervical spine fractures in elderly XXXX : current trends and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative changes and deformities']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of fracture displacement', 'fracture']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Epidemiological and mechanistic evidence on the causative role of @entity1 papillomaviruses (HPV) in @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ) is unclear. We retrieved @entity285 - and @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded @entity1721 tissues from 133 @entity1 seropositive for antibodies against @entity72251 , from high-incidence @entity1721 regions; South Africa, China, and Iran. With rigorous care to prevent nucleic acid contamination, we analyzed these tissues for the presence of 51 mucosotropic @entity1 alpha-papillomaviruses by two sensitive, broad-spectrum genotyping methods, and for the markers of HPV-transformed phenotype: (i) @entity1799 /18 viral loads by quantitative real-time PCR, (ii) type-specific viral mRNA by E6*I/E6 full-length RT-PCR assays and (iii) expression of cellular protein @entity986 ( @entity986 ) . Of 118 analyzable @entity1721 tissues, 10 (8%) were positive for DNA of HPV types: 16 (four @entity5 ); 33, 35, 45 (one @entity5 each); 11 (two @entity5 ); and 16, 70 double infection (one @entity5 ). Inconsistent HPV DNA+ findings by two genotyping methods and negativity in qPCR indicated very low viral loads. A single @entity1799 DNA+ @entity5 additionally harbored @entity1799 E6*I mRNA but was @entity986 ( @entity986 ) negative ( @entity1799 E1 seropositive @entity1 ). Another @entity1799 DNA+ @entity5 from an @entity1799 E6 seropositive @entity1 showed @entity986 ( @entity986 ) up-regulation but no @entity1799 mRNA. In the @entity5 tissues of these serologically preselected @entity1721 @entity1 , we did not find consistent presence of HPV DNA, HPV mRNA or @entity986 ( @entity986 ) up-regulation. These results were supported by a meta-analysis of 14 other similar studies regarding HPV-transformation of @entity1721 . Our study does not support the etiological role of the 51 analyzed mucosotropic HPV types in the @entity1721 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Mucosal Alpha-Papillomaviruses are not associated with XXXX : Lack of Mechanistic Evidence from South Africa, China and Iran and from a World-Wide Meta-Analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'ESCC carcinogenesis', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity72251 :: ('MESH:C483997', 'Disease') :: ['HPV early proteins']

answer: @entity1721 :: (MESH:C562729,Disease) :: ['Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Outcomes for @entity981 ( @entity981 ) in low-income countries lag far behind high-income countries (HIC). We explored the impact of central nervous system (CNS) involvement on outcome of pediatric @entity1 with @entity981 in Tanzania. PROCEDURE: Comprehensive chart review was performed to characterize CNS involvement, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric @entity1 with @entity981 at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2013. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-six @entity1 with confirmed @entity981 had accessible data, and 128 initiated therapy. Sixteen percent of 156 @entity1 had a documented cerebral spinal fluid analysis by cytospin. Seventy @entity1 (45%) had a documented lumbar puncture with intrathecal (IT) therapy within 1 week of diagnosis. Thirteen @entity1 presented with CNS involvement at diagnosis based on cytospin and/or unequivocal symptoms. Twenty-one @entity1 (16%) experienced CNS relapse, three of whom had @entity6220 at diagnosis. Median @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) for all @entity1 was 7.9 months and estimated @entity1349 at 24 months was 31%. For the @entity1 with CNS involvement at diagnosis, the estimated @entity1349 at 24 months was 45%. Only three of 21 @entity1 with CNS relapse were still alive with a median follow up of 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of @entity6220 in @entity1 with @entity981 in Dar es Salaam at diagnosis and relapse was higher than that reported in HIC, and overall survival was lower. Improving outcomes will require further advances including consistent CNS prophylaxis and may include targeting high-risk @entity1 with additional IT treatments.

title: Evaluation and Outcome of Central Nervous System Involvement in XXXX in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['CNS disease']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['EFS', 'event-free survival']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the renoprotective effect of specific @entity4645 ( @entity4645 ) inhibitor @entity13586 and its possible mechanism of retarding progressive @entity8 in @entity35 with @entity8 . METHODS: @entity35 were randomly divided into six groups: sham, @entity8 (SNX). SNX treated with @entity13586 (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity3352 (2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity9886 (100 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity13586 and @entity9886 . Blood pressure, urinary protein and @entity7489 ( @entity3448 ) were measured at the 6th week after operation and morphological changes were examined with light microscopy. The mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors ( @entity20033 , @entity38155 ) was detected by way of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of @entity9378 ( @entity9378 ), fibronectin (FN) and @entity11154 was examined utilizing Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The levels of urinary protein and TXB(2) as well as cortical @entity4645 expression in SNX group were significantly increased while @entity9774 expression remained undisturbed in comparison with those in sham group. The levels of systolic blood pressure and @entity1808 in renal cortex significantly increased. The expression of @entity20033 and @entity38155 mRNA, @entity9378 and @entity1809 protein was up-regulated. The @entity631 index (GSI) and @entity810 index were increased in SNX group. @entity13586 significantly inhibited the increase in @entity644 and reduced GSI and @entity810 index. The expression of @entity20033 , @entity38155 and @entity9378 was down-regulated by 36.44%, 45.02% and 31.16% respectively, similar to the effect of @entity9886 treatment. @entity3352 significantly decreased @entity644 and slightly reduced GSI. However the @entity810 index was exacerbated. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly blunted in the groups of @entity13586 and @entity3352 . There was no significant additive effect of combined therapy with @entity9886 and @entity13586 , though @entity644 was reduced to a lower level. CONCLUSION: @entity13586 attenuates @entity644 and retards the progressive @entity8 in @entity35 with @entity8 partly by inhibition of @entity4645 activity and modulation of activation of renal renin-angiotensin system as well as the down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors and @entity9378 .

title: [Renal protective effects of specific @entity4645 inhibitor in @entity35 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity13586 :: ('MESH:C116926', 'Chemical') :: ['Rofecoxib', 'rofecoxib']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal injury', 'subtotal renal ablation']

entities_list: @entity9378 :: ('29366(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PAI-1', 'plasminogen activator inhibitor type1']

entities_list: @entity7489 :: ('MESH:D013929', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane B(2)']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['tubular injury']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin', 'indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity11154 :: ('81638(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II type 1 receptor']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['subtotal renal ablation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the renoprotective effect of specific @entity4645 ( @entity4645 ) inhibitor @entity13586 and its possible mechanism of retarding progressive @entity8 in @entity35 with @entity8 . METHODS: @entity35 were randomly divided into six groups: sham, @entity8 (SNX). SNX treated with @entity13586 (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity3352 (2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity9886 (100 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity13586 and @entity9886 . Blood pressure, urinary protein and @entity7489 ( @entity3448 ) were measured at the 6th week after operation and morphological changes were examined with light microscopy. The mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors ( @entity20033 , @entity38155 ) was detected by way of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of @entity9378 ( @entity9378 ), fibronectin (FN) and @entity11154 was examined utilizing Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The levels of urinary protein and TXB(2) as well as cortical @entity4645 expression in SNX group were significantly increased while @entity9774 expression remained undisturbed in comparison with those in sham group. The levels of systolic blood pressure and @entity1808 in renal cortex significantly increased. The expression of @entity20033 and @entity38155 mRNA, @entity9378 and @entity1809 protein was up-regulated. The @entity631 index (GSI) and @entity810 index were increased in SNX group. @entity13586 significantly inhibited the increase in @entity644 and reduced GSI and @entity810 index. The expression of @entity20033 , @entity38155 and @entity9378 was down-regulated by 36.44%, 45.02% and 31.16% respectively, similar to the effect of @entity9886 treatment. @entity3352 significantly decreased @entity644 and slightly reduced GSI. However the @entity810 index was exacerbated. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly blunted in the groups of @entity13586 and @entity3352 . There was no significant additive effect of combined therapy with @entity9886 and @entity13586 , though @entity644 was reduced to a lower level. CONCLUSION: @entity13586 attenuates @entity644 and retards the progressive @entity8 in @entity35 with @entity8 partly by inhibition of @entity4645 activity and modulation of activation of renal renin-angiotensin system as well as the down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors and @entity9378 .

title: [Renal protective effects of specific XXXX inhibitor in @entity35 with @entity8 ].

answer: @entity4645 :: (29527(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['cyclooxygenase-2']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the renoprotective effect of specific @entity4645 ( @entity4645 ) inhibitor @entity13586 and its possible mechanism of retarding progressive @entity8 in @entity35 with @entity8 . METHODS: @entity35 were randomly divided into six groups: sham, @entity8 (SNX). SNX treated with @entity13586 (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity3352 (2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity9886 (100 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). SNX treated with @entity13586 and @entity9886 . Blood pressure, urinary protein and @entity7489 ( @entity3448 ) were measured at the 6th week after operation and morphological changes were examined with light microscopy. The mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors ( @entity20033 , @entity38155 ) was detected by way of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of @entity9378 ( @entity9378 ), fibronectin (FN) and @entity11154 was examined utilizing Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The levels of urinary protein and TXB(2) as well as cortical @entity4645 expression in SNX group were significantly increased while @entity9774 expression remained undisturbed in comparison with those in sham group. The levels of systolic blood pressure and @entity1808 in renal cortex significantly increased. The expression of @entity20033 and @entity38155 mRNA, @entity9378 and @entity1809 protein was up-regulated. The @entity631 index (GSI) and @entity810 index were increased in SNX group. @entity13586 significantly inhibited the increase in @entity644 and reduced GSI and @entity810 index. The expression of @entity20033 , @entity38155 and @entity9378 was down-regulated by 36.44%, 45.02% and 31.16% respectively, similar to the effect of @entity9886 treatment. @entity3352 significantly decreased @entity644 and slightly reduced GSI. However the @entity810 index was exacerbated. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly blunted in the groups of @entity13586 and @entity3352 . There was no significant additive effect of combined therapy with @entity9886 and @entity13586 , though @entity644 was reduced to a lower level. CONCLUSION: @entity13586 attenuates @entity644 and retards the progressive @entity8 in @entity35 with @entity8 partly by inhibition of @entity4645 activity and modulation of activation of renal renin-angiotensin system as well as the down-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta type I and type II receptors and @entity9378 .

title: [Renal protective effects of specific @entity4645 inhibitor in XXXX with @entity8 ].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: To examine the influence of the pathology review mechanism on the results of analyses of therapeutic efficacy and biological prognostic correlates for pediatric high-grade @entity11 , we evaluated the effects of using single-expert review or consensus review, as alternatives to institutional classification, in determining outcome results of a large randomized trial. The study group was the randomized cohort of @entity1 's Cancer Group study 945, which compared efficacy of 2 chemotherapy regimens adjuvant to surgery and radiation. Trial eligibility required institutional histopathologic diagnosis of high-grade @entity11 . Sections of study @entity5 also were centrally reviewed, initially by a study review neuropathologist and subsequently by 5 neuropathologists, including the review pathologist. Reviews were independent, and reviewers were masked to clinical factors and outcomes, and consensus diagnoses of the panel were then established. Among 172 eligible @entity1 , 42 @entity5 were classified as discordant on single-expert review and 51 on consensus review. Progression-free survival probabilities calculated for @entity1 with @entity5 classified as high-grade @entity11 by either single-expert or consensus review were inferior to those for the overall, institutionally diagnosed cohort. However, conclusions of the study regarding relative efficacy of treatment and clinical and molecular outcome correlates were unaffected by diagnosis method. Resection extent, proliferation index, and @entity876 expression were associated strongly with outcome, regardless of diagnosis method. However, comparisons between arms in which inclusion was determined by different review criteria for each arm caused spurious conclusions about efficacy differences between treatments. We conclude that the pathology review mechanism had little effect on within-trial comparisons of therapeutic effects or prognostic correlates in this randomized study, but strongly influenced survival distributions that were calculated for each treatment arm. These results support the implementation of expedited central review in therapeutic studies involving @entity11 as a way to prospectively identify and exclude cases with discordant diagnoses and indicate the need for additional measures, such as molecular assessments, to increase the reproducibility of neuropathologic classification for these @entity5 .

title: The influence of central review on outcome associations in XXXX : results from the CCG-945 experience.

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'childhood malignant gliomas', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['childhood malignant gliomas']


abstract: @entity308 ( @entity308 ) is a common, @entity102 that requires long-term management. Although effective treatments are available, @entity308 frequently remains undiagnosed. Furthermore, once recognized, treatment duration and dosage are often inadequate and adherence to medication is often poor. However, adequate acute phase treatment of @entity308 is essential to reduce symptomatology, and improve quality of life and the clinical course. After remission, treatment should be continued for 4-9 months to consolidate the remission and prevent relapse. For @entity1 who do not respond adequately to their initial antidepressant therapy, switching or augmentation of therapy may be necessary. Many @entity1 suffer residual symptomatology, even when classified as being in remission. In addition to the suffering and impairment that this causes, residual symptomatology is associated with a high rate of relapse. Clinicians should strive to achieve asymptomatic recovery both in terms of core symptomatology and @entity717 . This requires appropriate treatment at therapeutic doses for a sufficient duration; education and support to promote @entity1 compliance with treatment; and regular monitoring and prompt intervention for @entity1 with symptoms that persist even at subsyndromal levels. In conclusion, there remains considerable scope for improving the identification, treatment and management of @entity1 with @entity308 .

title: Improving the chance of recovery from the short- and long-term consequences of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial disability']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['MDD', 'Major depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disorder']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) reduce @entity715 events by unknown mechanisms in @entity1 with @entity65 . DESIGN: We studied the in-vitro effects of @entity4687 , an ACEI, on the ability of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to inhibit @entity1423 . METHODS: Platelet aggregation in the presence of HUVEC and endothelial surface expression and activities of ecto- @entity855 diphosphohydrolase (ecto-ADPase), @entity13796 , were determined. The capability of HUVEC to release @entity4770 and @entity842 (NO) was also investigated. RESULTS: Perindoprilat (an active metabolite of @entity4687 ) significantly enhanced the surface expression and activities of ecto-ADPase and @entity4770 release, resulting in enhancement of ability to inhibit @entity1423 by HUVEC. These effects of perindoprilat were also observed in HUVEC activated by @entity5 @entity39 factor ( @entity310 , which increased the expression of @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ), @entity2071 , and, despite up-regulation of @entity4770 release, attenuated endothelial anti-platelet properties by decreasing ecto-ADPase activity. Perindoprilat partially restored this capability, but failed to reduce enhanced expression of @entity2071 . By contrast, the role of NO as a platelet inhibitor appeared minimal in HUVEC. @entity1564 , an angiotensin II receptor ( @entity1129 (1)) blocker, did not affect endothelial anti-platelet property. CONCLUSIONS: Perindoprilat was found to augment endothelial capability to inhibit @entity1423 by increasing ecto-ADPase activity and @entity4770 release in HUVEC. This beneficial effect of perindoprilat appeared to be preserved in the activated cells exposed to @entity310 , although no evidence was found to support that it could reverse the @entity32 process induced by cytokines.

title: XXXX augments ecto- @entity855 diphosphohydrolase activity and enhances endothelial anti-platelet function in @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1564 :: ('MESH:C081643', 'Chemical') :: ['Candesartan']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intracellular adhesion molecule-1', 'CD54']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity4687 :: ('MESH:D020913', 'Chemical') :: ['perindopril']

answer: @entity4687 :: (MESH:D020913,Chemical) :: ['Perindopril']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) reduce @entity715 events by unknown mechanisms in @entity1 with @entity65 . DESIGN: We studied the in-vitro effects of @entity4687 , an ACEI, on the ability of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to inhibit @entity1423 . METHODS: Platelet aggregation in the presence of HUVEC and endothelial surface expression and activities of ecto- @entity855 diphosphohydrolase (ecto-ADPase), @entity13796 , were determined. The capability of HUVEC to release @entity4770 and @entity842 (NO) was also investigated. RESULTS: Perindoprilat (an active metabolite of @entity4687 ) significantly enhanced the surface expression and activities of ecto-ADPase and @entity4770 release, resulting in enhancement of ability to inhibit @entity1423 by HUVEC. These effects of perindoprilat were also observed in HUVEC activated by @entity5 @entity39 factor ( @entity310 , which increased the expression of @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ), @entity2071 , and, despite up-regulation of @entity4770 release, attenuated endothelial anti-platelet properties by decreasing ecto-ADPase activity. Perindoprilat partially restored this capability, but failed to reduce enhanced expression of @entity2071 . By contrast, the role of NO as a platelet inhibitor appeared minimal in HUVEC. @entity1564 , an angiotensin II receptor ( @entity1129 (1)) blocker, did not affect endothelial anti-platelet property. CONCLUSIONS: Perindoprilat was found to augment endothelial capability to inhibit @entity1423 by increasing ecto-ADPase activity and @entity4770 release in HUVEC. This beneficial effect of perindoprilat appeared to be preserved in the activated cells exposed to @entity310 , although no evidence was found to support that it could reverse the @entity32 process induced by cytokines.

title: @entity4687 augments ecto- XXXX diphosphohydrolase activity and enhances endothelial anti-platelet function in @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells.

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) reduce @entity715 events by unknown mechanisms in @entity1 with @entity65 . DESIGN: We studied the in-vitro effects of @entity4687 , an ACEI, on the ability of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to inhibit @entity1423 . METHODS: Platelet aggregation in the presence of HUVEC and endothelial surface expression and activities of ecto- @entity855 diphosphohydrolase (ecto-ADPase), @entity13796 , were determined. The capability of HUVEC to release @entity4770 and @entity842 (NO) was also investigated. RESULTS: Perindoprilat (an active metabolite of @entity4687 ) significantly enhanced the surface expression and activities of ecto-ADPase and @entity4770 release, resulting in enhancement of ability to inhibit @entity1423 by HUVEC. These effects of perindoprilat were also observed in HUVEC activated by @entity5 @entity39 factor ( @entity310 , which increased the expression of @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ), @entity2071 , and, despite up-regulation of @entity4770 release, attenuated endothelial anti-platelet properties by decreasing ecto-ADPase activity. Perindoprilat partially restored this capability, but failed to reduce enhanced expression of @entity2071 . By contrast, the role of NO as a platelet inhibitor appeared minimal in HUVEC. @entity1564 , an angiotensin II receptor ( @entity1129 (1)) blocker, did not affect endothelial anti-platelet property. CONCLUSIONS: Perindoprilat was found to augment endothelial capability to inhibit @entity1423 by increasing ecto-ADPase activity and @entity4770 release in HUVEC. This beneficial effect of perindoprilat appeared to be preserved in the activated cells exposed to @entity310 , although no evidence was found to support that it could reverse the @entity32 process induced by cytokines.

title: @entity4687 augments ecto- @entity855 diphosphohydrolase activity and enhances endothelial anti-platelet function in XXXX umbilical vein endothelial cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and severity of complications associated with intraarterial @entity900 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity135 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred five @entity1 treated between June 1993 and March 1998 were studied. Forty-seven (44%) had T4 lesions and 40 (37%) had bulky (N2/3) nodal disease. Three hundred eighty-five procedures were performed. All @entity1 were treated with selective intraarterial @entity5 -directed @entity900 (150 mg/m(2) weekly x 4), simultaneous intravenous @entity8962 (9 g/m(2)) for systemic neutralization of @entity900 , and conventional external-beam radiation to the @entity5 and nodal disease (total dose of 66-74 Gy). RESULTS: One hundred five @entity1 were evaluated for complications. Twenty-two (5.7%) groin @entity1410 occurred, none of which needed therapy. Two asymptomatic common carotid artery dissections were reported. Two @entity1 experienced acute occlusion of the external iliac artery requiring a femorofemoral bypass. Overall, there were 41 grade III/IV chemotoxic events related to treatment. Chemotoxic events included 29 mucosal events, nine hematologic events, two otologic events, and one gastrointestinal event. No renal events occurred. There were three permanent and three transient neurologic events. CONCLUSION: Selective high-dose intraarterial @entity900 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity135 can be performed safely with a relatively low complication rate compared to standard intravenous chemotherapy treatment protocols.

title: Complications associated with selective high-dose intraarterial XXXX and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity8962 :: ('CHEBI:26977', 'Chemical') :: ['thiosulfate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and severity of complications associated with intraarterial @entity900 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity135 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred five @entity1 treated between June 1993 and March 1998 were studied. Forty-seven (44%) had T4 lesions and 40 (37%) had bulky (N2/3) nodal disease. Three hundred eighty-five procedures were performed. All @entity1 were treated with selective intraarterial @entity5 -directed @entity900 (150 mg/m(2) weekly x 4), simultaneous intravenous @entity8962 (9 g/m(2)) for systemic neutralization of @entity900 , and conventional external-beam radiation to the @entity5 and nodal disease (total dose of 66-74 Gy). RESULTS: One hundred five @entity1 were evaluated for complications. Twenty-two (5.7%) groin @entity1410 occurred, none of which needed therapy. Two asymptomatic common carotid artery dissections were reported. Two @entity1 experienced acute occlusion of the external iliac artery requiring a femorofemoral bypass. Overall, there were 41 grade III/IV chemotoxic events related to treatment. Chemotoxic events included 29 mucosal events, nine hematologic events, two otologic events, and one gastrointestinal event. No renal events occurred. There were three permanent and three transient neurologic events. CONCLUSION: Selective high-dose intraarterial @entity900 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced @entity135 can be performed safely with a relatively low complication rate compared to standard intravenous chemotherapy treatment protocols.

title: Complications associated with selective high-dose intraarterial @entity900 and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced XXXX .

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity503 combined with @entity12433 has been the recommended antimalarial treatment of @entity3965 @entity281 for six decades but the efficacy of this treatment regimen is threatened by @entity503 resistance (CQR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the multidrug resistance gene, Pvmdr1 are putative determinants of CQR but the extent of their emergence at population level remains to be explored. OBJECTIVE: In this study we describe the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 among samples collected in seven @entity3965 endemic countries and we looked for molecular evidence of drug selection by characterising polymorphism at @entity124 ( @entity124 ) loci flanking the Pvmdr1 gene. METHODS: We examined the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 gene among 267 samples collected from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sudan, S  o Tom   and Ecuador. We measured and diversity in four @entity124 ( @entity124 ) markers flanking the Pvmdr1 gene to look evidence of selection on mutant alleles. RESULTS: SNP polymorphism in the Pvmdr1 gene was largely confined to codons @entity72252 , @entity35091 and @entity72253 . Only 2.4% of samples were wildtype at all three codons (TYF, n = 5), 13.3% (n = 28) of the samples were single mutant MYF, 63.0% of samples (n = 133) were double mutant MYL, and 21.3% (n = 45) were triple mutant MFL. Clear geographic differences in the prevalence of these Pvmdr mutation combinations were observed. Significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) between Pvmdr1 and @entity124 alleles was found in populations sampled in Ecuador, Nepal and Sri Lanka, while significant LD between Pvmdr1 and the combined 4 @entity124 locus haplotype was only seen in Ecuador and Sri Lanka. When combining the 5 loci, high level diversity, measured as expected heterozygosity (He), was seen in the complete sample set (He = 0.99), while He estimates for individual loci ranged from 0.00-0.93. Although Pvmdr1 haplotypes were not consistently associated with specific flanking @entity124 alleles, there was significant differentiation between geographic sites which could indicate directional selection through local drug pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that Pvmdr1 mutations emerged independently on multiple occasions even within the same population. In Sri Lanka population analysis at multiple sites showed evidence of local selection and geographical dispersal of Pvmdr1 mutations between sites.

title: Multiple Origins of Mutations in the mdr1 Gene-A Putative Marker of XXXX Resistance in @entity3965 .

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'microsatellite']

entities_list: @entity3965 :: ('5855', 'Species') :: ['P. vivax', 'Plasmodium vivax']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['malaria infections']

entities_list: @entity12433 :: ('MESH:D011319', 'Chemical') :: ['primaquine']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine', 'Chloroquine']

answer: @entity503 :: (MESH:D002738,Chemical) :: ['Chloroquine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity503 combined with @entity12433 has been the recommended antimalarial treatment of @entity3965 @entity281 for six decades but the efficacy of this treatment regimen is threatened by @entity503 resistance (CQR). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the multidrug resistance gene, Pvmdr1 are putative determinants of CQR but the extent of their emergence at population level remains to be explored. OBJECTIVE: In this study we describe the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 among samples collected in seven @entity3965 endemic countries and we looked for molecular evidence of drug selection by characterising polymorphism at @entity124 ( @entity124 ) loci flanking the Pvmdr1 gene. METHODS: We examined the prevalence of SNPs in the Pvmdr1 gene among 267 samples collected from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Sudan, S  o Tom   and Ecuador. We measured and diversity in four @entity124 ( @entity124 ) markers flanking the Pvmdr1 gene to look evidence of selection on mutant alleles. RESULTS: SNP polymorphism in the Pvmdr1 gene was largely confined to codons @entity72252 , @entity35091 and @entity72253 . Only 2.4% of samples were wildtype at all three codons (TYF, n = 5), 13.3% (n = 28) of the samples were single mutant MYF, 63.0% of samples (n = 133) were double mutant MYL, and 21.3% (n = 45) were triple mutant MFL. Clear geographic differences in the prevalence of these Pvmdr mutation combinations were observed. Significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) between Pvmdr1 and @entity124 alleles was found in populations sampled in Ecuador, Nepal and Sri Lanka, while significant LD between Pvmdr1 and the combined 4 @entity124 locus haplotype was only seen in Ecuador and Sri Lanka. When combining the 5 loci, high level diversity, measured as expected heterozygosity (He), was seen in the complete sample set (He = 0.99), while He estimates for individual loci ranged from 0.00-0.93. Although Pvmdr1 haplotypes were not consistently associated with specific flanking @entity124 alleles, there was significant differentiation between geographic sites which could indicate directional selection through local drug pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that Pvmdr1 mutations emerged independently on multiple occasions even within the same population. In Sri Lanka population analysis at multiple sites showed evidence of local selection and geographical dispersal of Pvmdr1 mutations between sites.

title: Multiple Origins of Mutations in the mdr1 Gene-A Putative Marker of @entity503 Resistance in XXXX .

answer: @entity3965 :: (5855,Species) :: ['P. vivax']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Relatively high plasma levels of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) have been associated with @entity628 and poor clinical outcomes in @entity1 with various conditions. It is unknown whether elevated suPAR levels in @entity1 with normal kidney function are associated with future decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and with @entity740 . METHODS: We measured plasma suPAR levels in 3683 @entity1 enrolled in the Emory Cardiovascular Biobank (mean age, 63 years; 65% @entity1 ; median suPAR level, 3040 pg per milliliter) and determined renal function at enrollment and at subsequent visits in 2292 @entity1 . The relationship between suPAR levels and the eGFR at baseline, the change in the eGFR over time, and the development of @entity740 (eGFR <60 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) of body-surface area) were analyzed with the use of linear mixed models and Cox regression after adjustment for demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS: A higher suPAR level at baseline was associated with a greater decline in the eGFR during follow-up; the annual change in the eGFR was -0.9 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) among @entity1 in the lowest quartile of suPAR levels as compared with -4.2 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2) among @entity1 in the highest quartile (P<0.001). The 921 @entity1 with a normal eGFR (>=  90 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2)) at baseline had the largest suPAR-related decline in the eGFR. In 1335 @entity1 with a baseline eGFR of at least 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m(2), the risk of progression to @entity740 in the highest quartile of suPAR levels was 3.13 times as high (95% confidence interval, 2.11 to 4.65) as that in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: An elevated level of suPAR was independently associated with @entity740 and an accelerated decline in the eGFR in the groups studied. (Funded by the Abraham J. and Phyllis Katz Foundation and others.).

title: Soluble Urokinase Receptor and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity628 :: ('MESH:D005923', 'Disease') :: ['focal segmental glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['incident chronic kidney disease', 'chronic kidney disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['Chronic Kidney Disease']


abstract: Importance: Evolving data on the effectiveness of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) have led to changes in National @entity5 Network (NCCN) recommendations, counseling clinicians to "strongly consider" PMRT for @entity1 with @entity0 with @entity5 5 cm or smaller and 1 to 3 positive nodes; however, anticipation of PMRT may lead to delay or omission of reconstruction, which can have cosmetic, quality-of-life, and complication implications for @entity1 . Objective: To determine whether revised guidelines have increased PMRT and affected receipt of breast reconstruction. We hypothesized that (1) PMRT rates would increase for @entity1 affected by the revised guidelines while remaining stable in other cohorts and (2) receipt of breast reconstruction would decrease in these @entity1 while increasing in other groups. Design, Setting, and @entity1 : Retrospective, population-based cohort study of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data on @entity1 with stage I to III @entity0 undergoing mastectomy from 2000 through 2011. Our analytic sample (N   =   62   442) was divided into cohorts on the basis of current NCCN radiotherapy recommendations: "radiotherapy recommended" ( @entity5 >5 cm or >= 4 positive lymph nodes), "strongly consider radiotherapy" ( @entity5  <=5 cm, 1-3 positive nodes), and "radiotherapy not recommended" ( @entity5  <=5 cm, no positive nodes). Main Outcomes and Measures: We used Joinpoint regression analysis to evaluate temporal trends in receipt of PMRT and breast reconstruction. Results: The 3 cohorts comprised 15   999 in the "radiotherapy recommended" group, 15   0006 in the "strongly consider radiotherapy" group, and 31   837 in the "radiotherapy not recommended" group. Rates of PMRT were unchanged in the radiotherapy recommended (29.9%) and radiotherapy not recommended (7.4%) cohorts over the study period. Receipt of PMRT for the strongly consider radiotherapy cohort was unchanged at 26.9% until 2007. At that time, a significant change in the @entity1412 was observed (P   =   .01) with an increase in @entity1412 from 2.1% to 9.0% (P   =   .02) through the end of the study period, for a final rate of 40.5%. Breast reconstruction increased across all cohorts. Despite increasing receipt of PMRT, the strongly consider radiotherapy cohort maintained a consistent increase in reconstruction (annual percentage change, 7.4%) throughout the study period. This is similar to the increase in reconstruction observed for the radiotherapy recommended (10.7%) and radiotherapy not recommended (8.4%) cohorts. Conclusions and Relevance: Changes in NCCN guidelines have been associated with an increase in PMRT among @entity1 with @entity5 5 cm or smaller and 1 to 3 positive nodes without an associated decrease in receipt of reconstruction. This may represent increasing clinician comfort with irradiating a new breast reconstruction and may have cosmetic and quality-of-life implications for @entity1 .

title: Temporal Trends in Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy and Breast Reconstruction Associated With Changes in National XXXX Network Guidelines.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Comprehensive Cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Comprehensive Cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of @entity974 extended release (D-ER) in @entity1 with chronic post- @entity385 , and to assess for potential drug activity on sensorimotor function. METHODS: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, @entity1 were randomized to placebo/D-ER or D-ER/placebo sequences and given D-ER 10 mg or placebo twice daily. Key inclusion criteria were: @entity385 >=    6 months, Fugl-Meyer Assessment lower extremity motor score  <=   28, ability to complete Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW). The primary outcome was safety and tolerability. The key exploratory measure was walking speed (T25FW). Other assessments were: Box and Block, and Grip and Pinch tests; Functional Independence Measure. Full-crossover data were analyzed using mixed-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 83 @entity1 were randomized: 70 completed and 13 discontinued the study. Adverse events were consistent with previous D-ER trials; no new safety signals were observed. Four @entity1 experienced serious adverse events: 3 @entity410 (1 placebo, 2 D-ER), 1 was secondary to intentional @entity1445 . Most common treatment-emergent adverse events were: dizziness, @entity390 , @entity4841 and @entity1295 . Mixed-effects analysis showed an effect for D-ER vs placebo in improving walking speed (0.21 vs 0.10 ft/s; p   =   0.027). CONCLUSIONS: D-ER was generally well tolerated in @entity1 with @entity64 . Potential drug activity on lower extremity sensorimotor function, with an improvement in walking speed, was seen.

title: XXXX in chronic sensorimotor deficits after @entity385 : A proof of concept study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic stroke deficits']

entities_list: @entity974 :: ('CHEBI:34385', 'Chemical') :: ['dalfampridine']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgia']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke deficits', 'ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity974 :: (CHEBI:34385,Chemical) :: ['Dalfampridine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of @entity974 extended release (D-ER) in @entity1 with chronic post- @entity385 , and to assess for potential drug activity on sensorimotor function. METHODS: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design, @entity1 were randomized to placebo/D-ER or D-ER/placebo sequences and given D-ER 10 mg or placebo twice daily. Key inclusion criteria were: @entity385 >=    6 months, Fugl-Meyer Assessment lower extremity motor score  <=   28, ability to complete Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW). The primary outcome was safety and tolerability. The key exploratory measure was walking speed (T25FW). Other assessments were: Box and Block, and Grip and Pinch tests; Functional Independence Measure. Full-crossover data were analyzed using mixed-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 83 @entity1 were randomized: 70 completed and 13 discontinued the study. Adverse events were consistent with previous D-ER trials; no new safety signals were observed. Four @entity1 experienced serious adverse events: 3 @entity410 (1 placebo, 2 D-ER), 1 was secondary to intentional @entity1445 . Most common treatment-emergent adverse events were: dizziness, @entity390 , @entity4841 and @entity1295 . Mixed-effects analysis showed an effect for D-ER vs placebo in improving walking speed (0.21 vs 0.10 ft/s; p   =   0.027). CONCLUSIONS: D-ER was generally well tolerated in @entity1 with @entity64 . Potential drug activity on lower extremity sensorimotor function, with an improvement in walking speed, was seen.

title: @entity974 in chronic sensorimotor deficits after XXXX : A proof of concept study.

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Meiotic recombination is an essential biological process that generates genetic diversity and ensures proper segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. From a large USDA dairy @entity291 pedigree with over half a million genotyped animals, we extracted 186,927 three-generation families, identified over 8.5 million maternal and paternal recombination events, and constructed sex-specific recombination maps for 59,309 autosomal SNPs. The recombination map spans for 25.5 Morgans in males and 23.2 Morgans in females, for a total studied region of 2,516 Mb (986 kb/cM in males and 1,085 kb/cM in females). The male map is 10% longer than the female map and the sex difference is most pronounced in the subtelomeric regions. We identified 1,792 male and 1,885 female putative recombination hotspots, with 720 hotspots shared between sexes. These hotspots encompass 3% of the genome but account for 25% of the genome-wide recombination events in both sexes. During the past forty years, males showed a decreasing trend in recombination rate that coincided with the artificial selection for milk production. Sex-specific GWAS analyses identified @entity72254 and @entity72255 to have significant effects on genome-wide recombination rate in both sexes. Two novel loci, @entity72256 and @entity72257 , were associated with recombination rate in both sexes, whereas three loci, @entity72258 , @entity72259 and @entity72260 , affected recombination rate in females only. Among the multiple @entity72254 paralogues on the @entity291 genome, our GWAS of recombination hotspot usage together with linkage analysis identified the @entity72254 paralogue on chromosome 1 to be associated in the U.S. Holstein data. Given the largest sample size ever reported for such studies, our results reveal new insights into the understanding of @entity291 and @entity1 recombination.

title: XXXX Sex-Specific Recombination and Genetic Control from a Large Pedigree Analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['Cattle']


abstract: Angus bulls (n = 24) were selected for either high or low milk @entity1923 , but with similar growth @entity1923 and mated within location (n = 6) at random to Angus @entity291 . Daughters from these matings were bred to calve first at 2 yr of age to common reference sires across locations. Lactation records for 192 daughters were used to evaluate 12-h milk yield, percentage of milk fat and protein, and weaning weight of offspring. Milk production was measured four times during the lactation at regular intervals within location. Dams were separated from their @entity291 the night before milking and milked with a portable milking machine the next morning to estimate 12-h milk yield. A sample of the milk was collected from each @entity291 and analyzed for percentages of milk fat and protein. Data were analyzed as repeated records of the dam. Fixed effects were location, genetic line of sire, gender of @entity291 within location, and milking period, with postpartum interval used as a covariate. Fixed effects and the random effects of sire of dam nested within line, sire of @entity291 , and year were estimated by REML. Genetic line was an important source of variation for milk yield (P < 0.01) and percentage of milk fat (P = 0.03) but not for percentage of @entity14569 (P = 0.49). Location was significant for all three milk variables (P < 0.01), but the interactions between line and location were not significant. Gender of @entity291 was significant for milk yield (P = 0.04) but not for percentage of milk fat or protein. Line (P = 0.02), location (P = 0.01), @entity291 gender (P = 0.01), and age at weaning (P = 0.01) were significant sources of variation for weaning weight but the interaction of line and location was not (P = 0.69). The correlation coefficient between the sire's milk @entity1923 and 12-h milk yield was significantly different from zero (r = 0.56). The difference between the least squares means for high and low lines for milk yield was 0.66 kg/12 h and the difference was 15.3 kg for weaning weight. The results indicate that there was not evidence for a genotype by environment interaction in milk production for daughters from divergent sires selected for high or low milk @entity1923 .

title: Evaluation of maternal performance of daughters from high and low milk XXXX sires.

answer: @entity1923 :: (MESH:C536254,Disease) :: ['EPD']


abstract: @entity742 exposed to a heat-stressed environment (33 degrees C, 50% relative humidity) were used in three experiments to determine whether @entity18960 (EV) is the primary toxin involved in fescue @entity8956 . The first study evaluated the effects of feeding diets containing increasing levels of endophyte-infected @entity18959 seed (E+) and decreasing levels of endophyte-free @entity18959 seed (E-). The second and third study evaluated the response to a diet that contained synthetic EV added to an E- diet and the response to a diet containing endophyte-infected ryegrass seed (R+) with an elevated concentration of EV. In Exp. 1, @entity742 were fed diets of: 1) 10% E- and 0% E+, 2) 5% E- and 5% E+, or 3) 0% E- and 10% E+. Increasing the percentage of E+ in the diet resulted in a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in feed intake (as-fed basis), skin temperature, @entity894 ( @entity894 ), and serum prolactin. Body @entity1017 also decreased (P < 0.06). Respiratory rate and core body temperature were not affected by the 5 or 10% E+ diets. In Exp. 2, @entity742 were fed diets that contained: 1) 10% E-, 2) 10% E- with synthetic EV added at a level equivalent to the 10% E+ diet, or 3) 10% E+. Feed intake (as-fed basis), body @entity1017 , and skin temperature did not differ for @entity742 fed the E- and EV diets. The EV diet elicited a decrease (P < 0.05) in @entity894 and prolactin compared with the E- diet. The @entity894 for @entity742 fed EV did not differ (P > 0.10) from the E+ lambs; however, serum prolactin was lower (P < 0.05) for @entity742 on the E+ diet than for those fed EV. Core body temperature was not affected (P > 0.10) by feeding EV or E+ fescue seed in Exp. 2. In Exp. 3, @entity742 were fed diets that contained: 1) 10% E-, 2) 3.24% R+ and 6.76% E-, which added an equivalent amount of EV to E+ diets but reduced concentrations of other ergot alkaloids, or 3) 10% E+. @entity742 fed the E+ diet and maintained at 33 degrees C had lowered feed intake (as-fed basis), skin temperature, and @entity894 compared with @entity742 fed the E- or R+ diets (P < 0.05). @entity742 fed the E+ diet had increased rectal temperatures and lowered serum prolactin compared with @entity742 on the R+ diet (P < 0.05). @entity742 on the R+ diet had a greater rectal temperature and lower serum prolactin than @entity742 on the E- diet (P < 0.05). These results suggest that EV is a fescue toxin; however, other alkaloids might work synergistically with EV, causing the full expression of fescue @entity8956 .

title: Effects of feeding XXXX on lamb performance in a heat stress environment.

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['TCI', 'thermocirculation index']

entities_list: @entity18960 :: ('MESH:C076760', 'Chemical') :: ['ergovaline']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity8956 :: ('MESH:C565846', 'Disease') :: ['toxicosis']

answer: @entity18960 :: (MESH:C076760,Chemical) :: ['ergovaline']


abstract: To represent industry on the topic of this conference, position papers were obtained from six pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Despite their holding a wide range of positions in the market with regard to prevention and treatment of @entity170 , all companies were unanimous in their concerns about the ability to conduct randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials (PCTs) in the future. The clinical research environment contains conflicting directives. Regulatory agencies strongly prefer (even insist on) PCTs as a requirement for drug approval, while many physicians, @entity1 studies institutional review boards, and informed @entity1 believe that it is no longer ethical to place @entity3604 @entity1 on placebo because effective therapies are now available. PCTs offer the best means of calibrating the absolute efficacy of a new agent and identifying its side effects against a "neutral" background. Are comparison-controlled clinical trials (CCTs) using an approved drug the answer? No. Examples are given that illustrate that such trials require very large numbers of @entity1 to show "non-inferiority" (approximately 15,000-20,000) or "superiority" (approximately 30,000) compared with an existing approved therapy. Such studies are not only impractical, but also accumulate a greater number of @entity174 during the course of clinical research in both the new treatment and control (active comparator) groups than would occur in PCTs. Total adverse experiences and exposure of @entity1 to investigational agents is considerably greater when CCTs rather than PCTs are used. Based on this analysis, industry recommends that regulatory approval of new agents for @entity170 be based on (1) conduct of PCTs in @entity1 at low risk for @entity174 (e.g., T-score < -2.5 and no previous @entity3604 ); (2) use of bone mineral density as an end-point for the indication "to preserve or improve bone mass"; (3) a 2-year, rather than 3-year, trial period; (4) demonstration of no adverse effect on bone quality preclinically; (5) extrapolation of clinical trial results to higher risk @entity1 ; (6) an option for the sponsor to perform additional @entity174 end-point studies postapproval to obtain an indication for "treatment to reduce the risk of @entity174 specifically in the spine, hip, or both"; and (7) the option to file for a "prevention" claim before a "treatment" claim.

title: Is it ethical to conduct placebo-controlled clinical trials in the development of new agents for XXXX ? An industry perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic fracture', 'osteoporotic']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: This study is aimed at answering the question whether the demands of the intensified @entity6 management and good metabolic control may influence the Quality of Life (QOL) of adolescents with @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ), and that of their parents. Overall, 153 adolescents were involved (78 males, mean age 15.0 +/- 2.3 median age 14.6 years; average @entity6 duration 6.5 +/- 3.5 years) from the Regional Centres of the Universities of Chieti and Parma. HbA1c determination was centralized and the adolescents were tested according to the adolescent version of the questionnaire developed by Ingersoll and Marrero on the impact of @entity6 , worries about @entity6 , satisfaction with life, and health perception. The burden on the family was assessed following a newly constructed questionnaire. The average HbA1c value was 7.7 +/- 1.4% ( @entity1 8.0 +/- 1.4 and @entity1 7.5 +/- 1.2%). The impact of @entity6 was similar for both @entity1 and @entity1 (average scores: 44.68 vs 45.00) with no effect regarding age or the duration of @entity6 , but the influence of HbA1c values was significant (p < 0.001). Compared with @entity1 , @entity1 had an earlier (at about 12 years of age) and more significant increase in worries (p < 0.01). Lower HbA1c values were associated with fewer worries (p < 0.02). Satisfaction deterioration appeared earlier in @entity1 than in @entity1 and was associated with high levels of HbA1c (p < 0.01). Health perception was poorer in @entity1 than in @entity1 and was influenced by HbA1c values (p < 0.005) in both @entity1 and @entity1 . The burden on the family with @entity6 decreased with the age of the adolescent. In conclusion, in our group of adolescents with @entity1723 , lower HbA1c was also associated with better QOL and with a lower perception of a burden on the family. These findings justify the efforts to assess QOL perception in adolescents in order to facilitate achieving better metabolic control.

title: Relationship between metabolic control and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 XXXX . Report from two Italian centres for the management of @entity6 in childhood.

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['T1D', 'Type 1 Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: This study is aimed at answering the question whether the demands of the intensified @entity6 management and good metabolic control may influence the Quality of Life (QOL) of adolescents with @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ), and that of their parents. Overall, 153 adolescents were involved (78 males, mean age 15.0 +/- 2.3 median age 14.6 years; average @entity6 duration 6.5 +/- 3.5 years) from the Regional Centres of the Universities of Chieti and Parma. HbA1c determination was centralized and the adolescents were tested according to the adolescent version of the questionnaire developed by Ingersoll and Marrero on the impact of @entity6 , worries about @entity6 , satisfaction with life, and health perception. The burden on the family was assessed following a newly constructed questionnaire. The average HbA1c value was 7.7 +/- 1.4% ( @entity1 8.0 +/- 1.4 and @entity1 7.5 +/- 1.2%). The impact of @entity6 was similar for both @entity1 and @entity1 (average scores: 44.68 vs 45.00) with no effect regarding age or the duration of @entity6 , but the influence of HbA1c values was significant (p < 0.001). Compared with @entity1 , @entity1 had an earlier (at about 12 years of age) and more significant increase in worries (p < 0.01). Lower HbA1c values were associated with fewer worries (p < 0.02). Satisfaction deterioration appeared earlier in @entity1 than in @entity1 and was associated with high levels of HbA1c (p < 0.01). Health perception was poorer in @entity1 than in @entity1 and was influenced by HbA1c values (p < 0.005) in both @entity1 and @entity1 . The burden on the family with @entity6 decreased with the age of the adolescent. In conclusion, in our group of adolescents with @entity1723 , lower HbA1c was also associated with better QOL and with a lower perception of a burden on the family. These findings justify the efforts to assess QOL perception in adolescents in order to facilitate achieving better metabolic control.

title: Relationship between metabolic control and quality of life in adolescents with type 1 @entity6 . Report from two Italian centres for the management of XXXX in childhood.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: The published molecular mass of erythrocruorin of @entity6404 and related earthworm species covers a bewildering range of 3.23-4.5 MDa. A critical reexamination reveals that some mass determinations were underestimated and the results do cluster, not at one, but at two values of the molecular mass. One cluster corresponds to approximately 3.6 MDa, as predicted for a stoichiometry of 144 globin and 36 linker chains-the Vinogradov model for the @entity655 ( @entity655 ) assembly of Lumbricus erythrocruorin-and as estimated from the crystal structure of @entity655 at 5.5 A resolution [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (2000) 7107]. The other cluster corresponds to approximately 4.4 MDa. In addition, a molecular mass of 4.1 MDa, determined by multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS), stands apart of the two clusters, separated from the masses obtained by other methods of molecular mass determination. We propose a stoichiometry of 192 globin and 36 linker chains for the 4.4-MDa molecule. The 36 linkers and 144 out of 192 globin chains are identified with the @entity655 and the remaining 48 globins are allotted equally to the two halves of the axial cavity above and below the central torus of the structure. The proposed model is supported by the occurrence in some annelid species of erythrocruorin with centrally placed subunits [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 359 (1974) 210], and by the oxidation-dependent shedding of subunits in Lumbricus erythrocruorin. We propose further that the 4.1 MDa determination represents the weight average molecular mass of a population of molecules resulting from a partial dissociation of 4.4-MDa erythrocruorin. This interpretation seems reasonable on the background of the very low protein concentrations ( approximately 100 microg/ml and lower) prevailing at the MALLS experiment.

title: Towards a resolution of the long-standing controversy regarding the molecular mass of extracellular erythrocruorin of the earthworm XXXX .

entities_list: @entity655 :: ('MESH:C535504', 'Disease') :: ['HBL', 'hexagonal bilayer']

entities_list: @entity6404 :: ('6398', 'Species') :: ['Lumbricus terrestris']

answer: @entity6404 :: (6398,Species) :: ['Lumbricus terrestris']


abstract: The antimycotic effect of @entity9869 (FOA) was studied in experimental and clinical conditions. The experiments in vitro were performed on 21 strains of fungi isolated mainly from clinical material. The effect of FOA was compared with those of the structurally related drug @entity4895 . The clinical study was performed on 40 @entity1 aged 18 to 75 years with @entity66 . FOA in different dosage forms was applied topically 2 to 3 times daily for 30 days. Microscopic and cultured mycological studies were performed before and after treatment. The results showed that FOA possesses a well-expressed anticandidal effect close to that of @entity4895 , as well as moderate antidermatophytal effects. Clinical studies of 1% FOA cream showed good therapeutic effects similar to that of @entity28578 . Whitfield, but 55% of the @entity1 developed relapse of the lesions after discontinuation of the treatment. Higher concentrations of FOA included in milk suspension and powder induced severe side effects of local irritability.

title: Studies on the antimycotic activity of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['mycological diseases']

entities_list: @entity4895 :: ('MESH:D005437', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorocytosine']

entities_list: @entity9869 :: ('MESH:C001242', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluoroorotic acid']

answer: @entity9869 :: (MESH:C001242,Chemical) :: ['5-fluoroorotic acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Presentation of two @entity1 studies demonstrating the use of synchronized independent lung ventilation in the management of acute @entity1576 in @entity1 with @entity299 and variable sources of pulmonary blood flow. DESIGN: Clinical course of two @entity1 . SETTING: Cardiac intensive care unit in a tertiary care, university-affiliated pediatric teaching hospital. @entity1 : @entity1 1 was a 22-yr-old @entity1 with a single ventricle and right lung blood flow supplied by a classic Glenn shunt and left lung blood flow through a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. @entity1 2 was a 12-yr-old @entity1 with @entity215 and complete common @entity473 with right lung blood flow supplied by a classic Glenn shunt and left lung blood flow supplied by the right ventricle. Both @entity1 presented with acute, left-sided @entity358 and @entity519 . INTERVENTIONS: We used selective bronchial intubation via a double-lumen tracheal tube with a bronchial extension for synchronized independent lung ventilation to permit high-pressure ventilation of the abnormal left lung low-pressure ventilation of the normal right lung supplied by a Glenn shunt. Inhaled @entity842 was administered to both @entity1 and continued in one when improved oxygenation was observed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Serial arterial blood gas measurements, mechanical indices of pulmonary function, and chest radiographs were closely followed. Synchronized independent lung ventilation contributed to improvements in systemic arterial blood oxygenation and alveolar ventilation allowing resumption of conventional ventilation in both @entity1 . No adverse effects related to bronchial tube placement or maintenance occurred. CONCLUSION: Independent lung ventilation is an effective means of isolating the two lungs for differential ventilation, as well as the selective delivery of inhaled medications. In @entity1 with @entity358 and a Glenn shunt supplying the unaffected lung, selective lung ventilation allows aggressive treatment of the abnormal lung while optimizing flow through the Glenn shunt to maximize effective pulmonary blood flow, systemic oxygenation, and hemodynamics.

title: Synchronized independent lung ventilation in palliated XXXX with variable sources of pulmonary blood flow.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity473 :: ('MESH:C563240', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular canal defect']

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease', 'unilateral lung disease']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['complex palliated congenital heart disease']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['congenital heart disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine whether physicians are sufficiently investigating the cause of @entity174 in @entity1 younger than 3 years and 2) to find out what influences physicians' quality of history taking and documentation necessary to rule out inflicted @entity130 . DESIGN: Descriptive, retrospective chart review. SETTING: Pediatric emergency department and orthopedic clinic of an urban teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity1 younger than 3 years treated between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 1998, presenting with a @entity174 . RESULTS: A total of 653 charts met entry criteria. Information that was significantly lacking in the recorded history included witness presence, history of previous injury, review of past medical record, other @entity130 , and whether the injury was consistent with the development of the @entity1 . It was not possible to rule out inflicted injury in 42% of the @entity1 . Four groups emerged from the entire cohort: group 1, accidental @entity130 , which made up 63% of the entire group (n = 413); group 2, inflicted @entity130 , which made up 13% (n = 85); group 3, missed inflicted @entity130 , which made up 23% (n = 151); and group 4, missed accidental @entity130 , which made up 0.6% (n = 4). Younger age of the @entity1 , @entity174 , need for hospital admission, and the examining physician being a pediatrician positively influenced physicians' propensity to accurately report inflicted @entity130 . CONCLUSIONS: A large percentage of the charts reviewed contained inadequate documentation to explain the cause of @entity174 and thereby rule out inflicted @entity130 . Information in 23% of the charts reviewed aroused suspicion of inflicted @entity130 . There is a need to ensure that adequate information is obtained and documented in hospital records to rule out inflicted injury. This will require changes in the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of physicians. The use of forms, protocols, and periodic chart review will help to ensure compliance.

title: XXXX in young @entity1 : are physicians in the emergency department and orthopedic clinics adequately screening for possible abuse?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury description', 'trauma']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture', 'multiple fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['Fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine whether physicians are sufficiently investigating the cause of @entity174 in @entity1 younger than 3 years and 2) to find out what influences physicians' quality of history taking and documentation necessary to rule out inflicted @entity130 . DESIGN: Descriptive, retrospective chart review. SETTING: Pediatric emergency department and orthopedic clinic of an urban teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity1 younger than 3 years treated between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 1998, presenting with a @entity174 . RESULTS: A total of 653 charts met entry criteria. Information that was significantly lacking in the recorded history included witness presence, history of previous injury, review of past medical record, other @entity130 , and whether the injury was consistent with the development of the @entity1 . It was not possible to rule out inflicted injury in 42% of the @entity1 . Four groups emerged from the entire cohort: group 1, accidental @entity130 , which made up 63% of the entire group (n = 413); group 2, inflicted @entity130 , which made up 13% (n = 85); group 3, missed inflicted @entity130 , which made up 23% (n = 151); and group 4, missed accidental @entity130 , which made up 0.6% (n = 4). Younger age of the @entity1 , @entity174 , need for hospital admission, and the examining physician being a pediatrician positively influenced physicians' propensity to accurately report inflicted @entity130 . CONCLUSIONS: A large percentage of the charts reviewed contained inadequate documentation to explain the cause of @entity174 and thereby rule out inflicted @entity130 . Information in 23% of the charts reviewed aroused suspicion of inflicted @entity130 . There is a need to ensure that adequate information is obtained and documented in hospital records to rule out inflicted injury. This will require changes in the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of physicians. The use of forms, protocols, and periodic chart review will help to ensure compliance.

title: @entity174 in young XXXX : are physicians in the emergency department and orthopedic clinics adequately screening for possible abuse?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Techniques for better @entity548 control after injury could change outcome. A large-animal model of lethal, uncontrolled @entity548 was developed to test whether the use of various hemostatic agents would decrease @entity548 and improve early survival. METHODS: A complex groin injury was created in 30 Yorkshire @entity1707 (42-55 kg) to produce uncontrolled @entity548 . This injury included semitransection of the proximal thigh and complete division of the femoral artery and vein. After 5 minutes, the animals were randomized to (n = 6 animals per group) @entity7586 ( @entity7586 ), standard dressing (SD), SD and Rapid Deployment Hemostat (RDH) bandage, SD and QuikClot hemostatic agent (QC), or SD and TraumaDEX (TDEX). Limited volume 0.9% saline (1,000 mL over 30 minutes) resuscitation was started 30 minutes after injury. We measured @entity190 , early mortality (180 minutes), and physiologic markers of @entity548 (e.g., cardiac output, blood pressure, hemoglobin, @entity520 ). RESULTS: Application of wound dressing decreased mortality in all groups compared with the @entity7586 group (83% mortality). However, this difference was significant (p < 0.05) only for the QuikClot hemostatic agent (0% mortality). Before the application of dressing (first 5 minutes), there were no differences in @entity190 between the groups. After application of dressings, the QC group had the lowest @entity190 (4.4 +/- 1.4 mL/kg). CONCLUSION: Of the hemostatic agents tested, QuikClot improved survival and decreased @entity548 in a @entity1707 model of lethal vascular and soft tissue injury.

title: Comparative analysis of hemostatic agents in a XXXX model of lethal groin injury.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding', 'hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity7586 :: ('MESH:D063926', 'Disease') :: ['ND', 'no dressing']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: An acute septic inflammatory response with access to the portal circulation was created in a @entity35 model using an @entity6177 composed of a sterile agar pellet, or one contaminated with 102 @entity526 (E. coli) and 109 Bacteriodes fragilis ( @entity2868 ). After 3 days postimplantation, a well-formed @entity6177 occurred whose wall showed @entity568 DNA by PCR and @entity568 mRNA by in situ hybridization. Portal venous blood draining into the liver from the @entity6177 had increased levels of @entity1505 , @entity3426 , and @entity568 in both sterile and septic groups compared with a control normal animal group. Increased levels of these cytokines were also found in suprahepatic inferior vena caval blood, but were correlated with the higher portal vein levels, suggesting a gradient from abscess wall to portal vein into the systemic circulation via the liver. Liver histology demonstrated @entity5501 centering on the central vein, growing worse with progression from normal in control, to sterile, to septic. Similarly, the degree of intrahepatic myeloperoxidase-positive inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocellular lipid deposition and apoptosis also increased from control, to sterile, to septic. Gene expression by in situ hybridization demonstrated a significant increase in @entity568 and fibrinogen mRNAs in cells surrounding the central vein in sterile and septic animals, being greatest in animals with @entity295 , associated with an increased deposition of collagen in the central vein area, most prominent in the septic liver. The pericentral vein cells with @entity568 and fibrinogen mRNA increases paralleled the increases in cells containing @entity568 and fibrinogen mRNAs in the abscess walls of sterile and septic animals, respectively. The data suggest that an @entity6177 , especially when contaminated with gram-negative bacteria, induces mRNA-generated cytokine responses in the abscess wall that are related to increased portal venous levels of the inflammatory cytokines @entity1505 , @entity3426 , and @entity568 perfusing the liver. These, in turn, induce localized production of @entity568 and fibrinogen mRNAs in cells at the central vein area with resultant outflow @entity82 and increased inflammatory cell sequestration within the liver lobular sinuses. This is associated with a generalized inflammatory response and intrahepatic portal sinusoid congestion. There is also increased hepatocellular lipid deposition and apoptosis. Thus, the cytokine production of the abscess wall itself appears to be a major mediator of the septic hepatic response.

title: The septic abscess wall: a cytokine-generating organ associated with portal venous cytokinemia, hepatic outflow fibrosis, XXXX , inflammatory cell sequestration, hepatocellular lipid deposition, and focal cell death.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity6177 :: ('MESH:D018784', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal abscess']

entities_list: @entity5501 :: ('MESH:D006504', 'Disease') :: ['sinusoidal congestion']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity5501 :: (MESH:D006504,Disease) :: ['sinusoidal congestion']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of @entity130 @entity1 outcomes before and after Level II American College of Surgeons (ACS) verification was received in a not-for-profit community hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of hospital discharge data for timeframes before and after Level II ACS verification was conducted. Originally, 8,674 @entity1 were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes for @entity130 . These data were parsed to 7,811 @entity1 by using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes 800 xx through 959.9 x, which signify an admitting diagnosis of @entity130 ; 3,835 of the @entity1 were admitted after the July 28, 1998, verification date. @entity1913 constituted the vast majority of the @entity1 (n = 7,488). Outcome measures studied included changes in length of stay (LOS), mortality, and total cost. Internal control was coronary artery bypass graft @entity1 at the same hospital, and external control was @entity130 @entity1 at a non-ACS hospital over the same time period. Data are presented with p values and SE and the ratio of observed/expected values on the basis of the all-payer severity-adjusted diagnosis-related group severity model. RESULTS: The two timeframes exhibited statistically different outcomes in several variables. Adjusting for severity postverification, LOS was 10% less (p < 0.000). Similarly, severity-adjusted mortality observed/expected ratios were significantly different: 0.81 before versus 0.59 after (p < 0.000). The severity-adjusted ratio of costs found that the postverification era was 5% lower (p < 0.000). The contribution margin of the @entity130 @entity1 population to the hospital well exceeded any postverification costs. Both control groups exhibited no significant changes in their severity-adjusted outcomes, which could have invalidated these results. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the efforts and resources consumed achieving ACS Level II @entity130 center verification appear to result in desired outcomes as evidenced by decreased LOS, reduced in-hospital mortality rates, reduced cost, and improved contribution margins.

title: Impact of American College of Surgeons verification on XXXX outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1913 :: ('MESH:D014949', 'Disease') :: ['Blunt injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We reviewed the incidence and injury severity of @entity1 with gunshot wounds (GSWs) at our hospital. METHODS: We compared @entity130 registry, emergency unit (EU), and admissions data from January 1993 to June 1996 (period I) and July 1996 to December 1999 (period II). Outcome measures included EU disposition ( @entity204 , immediate operation, pediatric intensive care unit, ward), injury severity, mortality, and injury cause (accidental, intentional). RESULTS: We treated 437 @entity1 for GSWs in the EU, with 238 (54%) admissions and 199 discharges. Comparing period I versus period II, @entity1 treated declined from 288 to 149 (-52%, p < 0.001), and admissions decreased from 159 to 79 (-50%, p < 0.001). Injury severity increased from 35% to 57% (p < 0.001). @entity1 requiring immediate operations increased from 20% to 42% (p < 0.001). Direct ward admissions declined from 65% to 43% (p < 0.001). @entity204 occurred in 3% of @entity1 in both time periods. Accidental and intentional GSWs were evenly divided. CONCLUSION: An alarming number of @entity1 , an average of 62 @entity1 annually, were treated for GSWs at our hospital. Despite a 52% reduction in GSWs, the percentage of severely injured @entity1 increased by 63%. These data emphasize the importance of prevention, education, early assessment, and operative treatment.

title: An analysis of pediatric gunshot wounds treated at a Level I pediatric XXXX center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['Deaths', 'death']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Keloid and @entity2805 commonly occur after injuries. Overproliferation of fibroblasts, overproduction of collagen, and contraction characterize these pathologic scars. Current treatment of excessive scars with intralesional corticosteroid injections used individually or in combination with other methods often have unsatisfactory outcome, frustrating both the @entity1 and the clinician. The phytochemical compounds are well known as potential anticancer agents. We have investigated the inhibitory effects of compounds on keloid fibroblasts (KF) and @entity1184 scar-derived fibroblasts (HSF). METHODS: Fibroblasts were cultured from nontreated earlobe keloids and burn @entity2805 . Ten compounds (three hydroxybenzoic and four @entity40193 derivatives, two @entity4213 [ @entity3092 and @entity15605 ], and turmeric @entity6108 ) were tested with fibroblasts. The inhibitory effects of compounds on fibroblasts was assessed by proliferation assays, fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) contraction, and electron microscopy. RESULTS: The phytochemicals significantly inhibited KF and HSF proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In the hydroxybenzoic and @entity3095 groups, increasing inhibitory effects seemed to depend on increasing numbers of @entity3787 groups in their chemical structures. This phenomenon was not observed in the @entity40193 group. The phytochemicals inhibited fibroblast proliferation by inducing cell growth arrest but not apoptosis. The reversibility of growth inhibition occurred when the compounds were removed from the culture and fresh media was replaced. Slower reversibility of growth inhibition was observed in the groups treated with @entity3092 , @entity13259 , or @entity6108 . The compounds @entity3092 , @entity11676 , @entity16074 , and @entity13259 were the strongest inhibitors of FPLC contraction by HTFs. When the compounds were washed out of the lattices and replaced by fresh medium, the FPCL contraction was resumed. The resumption of FPCL contraction was slowest in the @entity3092 -treated group, indicating again the strong inhibitory effect of @entity3092 . CONCLUSION: From this in vitro study, @entity3092 seemed to have good potent effects to inhibit proliferation and contraction of excessive scar-derived fibroblasts.

title: Dietary compounds inhibit proliferation and contraction of keloid and XXXX scar-derived fibroblasts in vitro: therapeutic implication for excessive scarring.

entities_list: @entity15605 :: ('MESH:C006552', 'Chemical') :: ['kaempferol']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity4213 :: ('MESH:D044948', 'Chemical') :: ['flavonols']

entities_list: @entity3095 :: ('CHEBI:5078', 'Chemical') :: ['flavonol']

entities_list: @entity6108 :: ('MESH:D003474', 'Chemical') :: ['curcumin']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity2805 :: ('MESH:D017439', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic scars']

entities_list: @entity40193 :: ('CHEBI:23401', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxycinnamic acid']

entities_list: @entity3092 :: ('MESH:D011794', 'Chemical') :: ['quercetin']

entities_list: @entity13259 :: ('MESH:D002726', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorogenic acid']

entities_list: @entity16074 :: ('MESH:C009091', 'Chemical') :: ['protocatechuic acid']

entities_list: @entity11676 :: ('MESH:D005707', 'Chemical') :: ['gallic acid']

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical features, initial management and outcome of @entity7135 presenting to a paediatric accident and emergency (A_E) department. DESIGN: A retrospective study of all cases of @entity7135 seen in the department over a five year period. SETTING: A paediatric A_E department which treats approximately 30,000 @entity1 a year. SUBJECTS: All @entity1 under the age of 13 years with a discharge diagnosis of @entity7135 RESULTS: Fifty @entity1 , forty-six with microbiological confirmation of their diagnosis were identified. Sixty six percent of @entity1 were seen first by their general practitioner. However only 28% had received prehospital parenteral antibiotics. Twenty six percent of @entity1 had neither meningism nor a classical @entity1910 , 60% showed signs of @entity1457 and 66% had an altered conscious level. The case fatality rate was 4%, with 78% making a full recovery. CONCLUSION: Classical features of @entity7135 are often absent. Assessing simple clinical parameters such as capillary refill, respiratory rate and conscious level adds to the detection of the disease. If @entity7135 is suspected parental @entity3397 should be given and the @entity1 transferred to hospital.

title: Presenting features of XXXX --a five year experience from a paediatric accident and emergency department.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['purpuric rash']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['benzylpenicillin']

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal disease']

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['paediatric meningococcal disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine serologically the incidence of @entity5695 in a group of adults (> 15 years of age) presenting to their General Practitioner with symptoms which suggested the possibility of @entity5695 . DESIGN: One year's study of the results of testing blood samples. This was followed by a questionnaire to the General Practitioners involved, asking information on all the @entity1 tested. SETTING: Specimens were tested as part of the normal workload in the Microbiology Department of a District General Hospital. SUBJECTS: The @entity1 all attended a Health Centre in South Lanarkshire which caters for a population of 12,749 @entity1 . RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Twenty of fifty six @entity1 tested (35.7%) produced serological evidence of recent @entity5695 @entity281 . The average age of the positive @entity1 was 43.5, and the duration of their symptoms, before testing, was 4.2 weeks. The results suggest that @entity5695 in adults is not uncommon. @entity391 were seldom reported in this series. "Paroxysmal coughing", "nocturnal coughing", and " @entity1353 " were more common in the positive cases than in the negative ones. The use of antibiotics did not appear to have any beneficial effect, probably due to them being given too late after the onset of @entity281 . Most adults are susceptible to @entity5695 , as vaccine-induced @entity1200 and is absent after 12 years following vaccination. In a vaccinated population, adults are now the primary source of @entity281 for susceptible @entity1 .

title: Adult XXXX in a general practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath']

entities_list: @entity5695 :: ('MESH:D014917', 'Disease') :: ['pertussis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['Symptoms of "whoop" and/or vomiting']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immunity declines']

answer: @entity5695 :: (MESH:D014917,Disease) :: ['pertussis']


abstract: The prevalence of @entity111 varies from 60% to 90% in @entity1 receiving hemodialysis. The aim to this study was to evaluate the frequency of @entity111 and its characteristics among moroccan @entity1 receiving hemodialysis. @entity111 related to primary @entity272 or other identified cause than @entity177 was excluded. Biological parameters were compared between @entity1 with @entity111 and those without. @entity111 occurred in 74.4% of hemodialysis @entity1 and concerned 66 @entity1 and 68 @entity1 , mean age 44.8 + 14 years. Duration of hemodialysis varied between 5 months to 10 years. Main characteristics of @entity111 were a general pattern in 70%, moderate intensity in 50%, appearance after dialysis in 81.2% and severe psychologic repercussion in 20.8%. Antihistamines first-line treatment was rarely effective. UVB radiation used in 7 cases leaded to a marked improvement. This study underlined the high frequency of @entity111 in moroccan @entity1 with @entity177 on maintenance hemodialysis. Hemodialysis can initiate this symptom as well as improve it. Biological parameters were not different between @entity1 with or without @entity111 . It also pointed out on therapeutic challenges. However, UVB radiation seems to be an effective therapy in intractable itching as well as increased frequency of weekly courses of hemodialysis. Long term skin hydratation should be also highly recommended.

title: [Hemodialysis-related XXXX . A study of 134 Moroccans ].

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['Pruritus', 'pruritus']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disease']

answer: @entity111 :: (MESH:D011537,Disease) :: ['pruritus']


abstract: Proteasome activity is essential during @entity268 -induced terminal differentiation of a @entity19 @entity521 cell line (NBP2). However, the mechanisms through which proteasome affects NBP2 differentiation have not been characterized. We hypothesized that proteasome is required to implement the differentiation-mediated effects on cell cycle, and its partial inhibition during differentiation may have adverse consequences. Here we show that partial inhibition of proteasome during @entity268 -induced differentiation of NBP2 cells causes apoptosis. Whereas differentiation induced @entity851 at G1 phase, partial proteasome inhibition during differentiation resulted in the accumulation of cells at G2M phase. Cell cycle data correlated with the level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors @entity5207 and @entity7919 , and @entity5206 . While the level of @entity5207 and @entity7919 increased, the level of @entity5206 decreased upon differentiation. In contrast, cells treated with proteasome inhibitor in the presence of @entity268 -inducing agents showed increased levels of @entity5207 and @entity5206 early in the course of differentiation. However, the level of @entity5207 and @entity7919 , but not @entity5206 , decreased later during concomitant differentiation and partial proteasome inhibition when cells were undergoing apoptosis. Our data suggest that differentiation-mediated @entity851 is dependent on the temporal activity of cell cycle proteins. Partial inhibition of proteasome interferes with differentiation events partly by stabilizing cell cycle proteins and this triggers apoptosis. Thus, differentiating drugs combined with partial proteasome inhibition may impart higher therapeutic efficacy than differentiating agents alone for the treatment of @entity5 .

title: Concomitant differentiation and partial proteasome inhibition trigger apoptosis in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth arrest']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma tumors']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: The size, number and volume per cell of secretion granules in @entity35 exocrine pancreas have been measured using stereological techniques. The changes which occur as a result of feeding starved animals (90 min) or stimulating lobular fragments in vitro with @entity5402 are documented. In fasted animals mean acinar cell volume was estimated as 1670 micron 3 and the cells contained an average of around 450 secretion granules with a corrected mean diameter of 0.70 micron. They occupied around 7% of cell volume. After feeding mean cell volume was about 1300 micron 3 and the cells contained an average of about 190 granules per cell with a mean diameter of 0.58 micron. They occupied 3% of cell volume. A shift in the size frequency distribution of granule diameters occurred as a result of feeding. In vitro experiments in which lobules were induced to secrete with @entity5402 (10 microM, 3 h, 37 degrees C) had a similar effect. Mean cell volume was reduced from around 1760 micron 3 to 1360 micron 3, mean granule number from around 420 per cell to 180 per cell and the volume density of granules was reduced from about 8% to 3% of cell volume. There was no significant change in mean granule diameter or shift in the size-frequency distribution of granule diameters. Incubation of tissues with @entity1880 (1 mM, 3 h, 37 degrees C) did not prevent secretion by @entity5402 but it prevented replacement of granules. As a consequence, depletion by @entity5402 was greater in the presence of @entity1880 , the granules being reduced to around 110 per cell and to only 2.5% of cell volume. We conclude that feeding causes a preferential loss of larger granules and that during secretion replacement of granules occurs. Some of these granules are smaller than those evident in the glands of starved animals.

title: Changes in the size and number of secretion granules in the XXXX exocrine pancreas induced by feeding or stimulation in vitro. A morphometric study.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The optimal local-regional treatment for @entity1 with @entity0 has not been determined. To evaluate the effectiveness of radiation therapy as local treatment for such @entity1 , the results of 192 @entity1 (five with bilateral disease) treated with radiation therapy without mastectomy between July 1, 1968 and December 31, 1981 were reviewed. Excisional biopsy (gross @entity5 removal) was performed in only 54 of the 197 breasts. @entity1 typically received 4500 to 5000 cGy in 5 weeks to the breast and draining lymph nodes; a local boost to areas of gross disease was delivered to 157 @entity1 . Multi-agent chemotherapy was given to 53 @entity1 . The median follow-up was 65 months. The actuarial probability of survival for the entire group was 41% at 5 years and 23% at 10 years. The probability of relapse-free survival (RFS) was 30% at 5 years and 19% at 10 years. The addition of multi-agent chemotherapy was associated with a significantly improved 5-year RFS (40% versus 26%, P = 0.02). The 5-year survival rate was 51% for @entity1 who received adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy and 38% for @entity1 who did not (P = 0.16). The actuarial rate of @entity5 control (not censored for distant failure) for all @entity1 was 73% at 5 years and 68% at ten years, and the crude incidence of local-regional control was 78%. @entity5 control was principally influenced by radiation dose. @entity1 who received 6000 cGy or greater to the primary site had a better 5-year rate of control in the breast than did @entity1 who received less than 6000 cGy (83% versus 70%, P = 0.06). Significant complications were seen in 15 @entity1 (8%); these included moderate or severe arm @entity4 in six @entity1 and @entity5300 in four @entity1 . Cosmetic results at last evaluation were excellent or good in 56% of evaluable @entity1 , fair in 25%, and poor in 19%. It is concluded that high-dose radiation therapy without mastectomy is an effective means of controlling @entity5 in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 .

title: Primary radiation therapy for locally advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'Stage III breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'local-regional tumor', 'Local-regional tumor']

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexopathy']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']