abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate alterations in objective swallowing parameters in @entity1 reporting @entity1282 after anterior cervical-spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity1282 is increasingly recognized as a potential complication of anterior surgical approaches to the cervical spine. Retraction pressure on the esophagus that alters blood flow, @entity4 of the pharynx, and @entity13587 are among factors implicated. There has been little investigation of the biomechanics of swallowing in a large cohort of @entity1 reporting postoperative @entity1282 . METHODS: The fluoroscopic swallow studies of all @entity1 reporting @entity1282 after anterior c-spine surgery between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2008, were retrospectively reviewed. The dysphagic cohort was divided into early (<2 months postsurgery) and late (>2 months) groups. @entity1173 and completeness of epiglottic inversion were noted. Objective measures of pharyngeal wall thickness, upper esophageal sphincter opening, hyoid displacement, pharyngeal constriction, and pharyngeal transit time were abstracted and compared to the same parameters in age and sex-matched normal control subjects. Analysis of variance was used for statistical comparison of objective measures across groups. RESULTS: Sixty-seven @entity1 were identified. Significant differences were identified between control subjects and both @entity1 groups, as well as between the 2 @entity1 groups, for most objective measures considered. Instances of @entity1173 were identified in 50% of @entity1 in the early postoperative group, reduced to 18% in the later group. Significantly increased pharyngeal wall thickness and poor epiglottic inversion were characteristic of both c-spine groups. CONCLUSION: Significant alterations in swallowing mechanics can accompany c-spine surgery with anterior plating. A number of these changes improve over time, leaving @entity1 with relatively minor impairment; however, some appear to be long-lasting. Education and @entity1282 therapy can be useful treatment adjuncts.

title: XXXX following cervical spine surgery with anterior instrumentation: evidence from fluoroscopic swallow studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity13587 :: ('MESH:D061224', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration', 'Aspiration']

answer: @entity1282 :: (MESH:D003680,Disease) :: ['Dysphagia']


abstract: Combined loss of chromosome @entity4050 and 19q in @entity5 has become a powerful predictor of prognosis and treatment response, and hence clinical testing for their detection is widely used nowadays. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) are the 2 important relatively common clinical molecular diagnostic techniques used for this purpose and they have their unique advantages and limitations. The preference of methodology used depends on local expertise and existing laboratory capabilities. However, there is no consensus on which methodologic approach has a better potential. The objective of the study was to compare the accuracy, reliability, and feasibility of FISH and PCR in detecting the 1p and 19q LOH status. Using the PCR-based method, a LOH analysis was performed on 30 @entity3271 and 10 @entity463 using fresh-frozen tissue and peripheral blood as control. A FISH assay using @entity982 blocks was performed on all the cases. Concordance for 1p and 19q was found in 92.5% (37 of 40) and 82.5% (33 of 40) cases, respectively. The relative advantages and limitations of both the techniques are analyzed and discussed. The main issue pertains to the use of the best technique in large clinical trials whose results are translated to @entity1 care services. Unless the technique used is correct, the results of clinical trials and their correlations may be somewhat questionable.

title: Detection of allelic status of 1p and 19q by microsatellite-based PCR versus FISH: limitations and advantages in application to XXXX management.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendroglial tumors']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas']

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendrogliomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite the publication of a number of randomized, controlled trials demonstrating a substantial reduction in @entity64 with anticoagulation in @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 , the 'real world' use of @entity1229 is sub-optimal. Previous surveys have attempted to explain this problem but have significant limitations. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative importance of various barriers that may influence the prescription of @entity1229 in @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 . METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was mailed to all practising cardiologists, neurologists and internists, as well as a random sample of family physicians within Alberta. Physicians caring for @entity1 with NVAF rated the relative importance of potential barriers using a Likert scale. RESULTS: Sixty-seven per cent of all physicians returned the survey. Overall, barriers pertaining to the @entity1 's clinical characteristics were rated to be more important than those pertaining to the physician or to the organization required when prescribing these therapies. Specifically, an ongoing history of falls, a history of @entity548 within the previous year and an inability to comply with therapy were rated as important barriers by 64%, 55% and 53% of physicians, respectively. Most physicians strongly believed that @entity1 should receive information on the benefits and risks of @entity1229 (96%) and that @entity1 should have a say in whether @entity1229 is prescribed (86%). IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests that most of the barriers to @entity1229 use pertain to @entity1 clinical characteristics and the need for @entity1 to be involved in the decision to initiate therapy. The use of decision support technologies would facilitate involvement of the @entity1 and serve to educate both the @entity1 and physician on the risks and benefits of @entity1229 therapy.

title: The relative importance of barriers to the prescription of @entity1229 for nonvalvular XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite the publication of a number of randomized, controlled trials demonstrating a substantial reduction in @entity64 with anticoagulation in @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 , the 'real world' use of @entity1229 is sub-optimal. Previous surveys have attempted to explain this problem but have significant limitations. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative importance of various barriers that may influence the prescription of @entity1229 in @entity1 with nonvalvular @entity955 . METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was mailed to all practising cardiologists, neurologists and internists, as well as a random sample of family physicians within Alberta. Physicians caring for @entity1 with NVAF rated the relative importance of potential barriers using a Likert scale. RESULTS: Sixty-seven per cent of all physicians returned the survey. Overall, barriers pertaining to the @entity1 's clinical characteristics were rated to be more important than those pertaining to the physician or to the organization required when prescribing these therapies. Specifically, an ongoing history of falls, a history of @entity548 within the previous year and an inability to comply with therapy were rated as important barriers by 64%, 55% and 53% of physicians, respectively. Most physicians strongly believed that @entity1 should receive information on the benefits and risks of @entity1229 (96%) and that @entity1 should have a say in whether @entity1229 is prescribed (86%). IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests that most of the barriers to @entity1229 use pertain to @entity1 clinical characteristics and the need for @entity1 to be involved in the decision to initiate therapy. The use of decision support technologies would facilitate involvement of the @entity1 and serve to educate both the @entity1 and physician on the risks and benefits of @entity1229 therapy.

title: The relative importance of barriers to the prescription of XXXX for nonvalvular @entity955 .

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['warfarin']


abstract: We report long-term results from a large animal model of in vivo selection. Nine years ago, we transplanted two @entity235 (E900 and E958) with autologous marrow @entity16129 (+) cells that had been transduced with a gammaretrovirus vector encoding a conditionally activatable derivative of the thrombopoietin receptor. Receptor activation through administration of a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) ( @entity16130 or @entity16131 ) confers a growth advantage. We previously reported responses to two 30-day intravenous (i.v.) courses of @entity16130 administered within the first 8 months post-transplantation. We now report responses to 5-day subcutaneous (s.c.) courses of @entity16130 or @entity16131 at months 14, 90, and 93 (E900), or month 18 (E958), after transplantation. Long-term monitoring showed no rise in transduced cells in the absence of drug. Retroviral insertion site analysis showed that 4 of 6 (E958) and 5 of 12 (E900) transduced @entity1583 cell clones persisted lifelong. Both @entity235 were euthanized for reasons unrelated to the gene therapy treatment at 8 years 11 months (E958) and 11 years 1 month (E900) of age. Three clones from E900 remained detectable in each of two secondary recipients, one of which was treated with, and responded to, @entity16131 . Our results demonstrate the feasibility of safely regulating genetically engineered @entity1583 cells over many years.

title: Long-term regulation of genetically modified primary XXXX cells in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematopoietic']


abstract: We report long-term results from a large animal model of in vivo selection. Nine years ago, we transplanted two @entity235 (E900 and E958) with autologous marrow @entity16129 (+) cells that had been transduced with a gammaretrovirus vector encoding a conditionally activatable derivative of the thrombopoietin receptor. Receptor activation through administration of a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) ( @entity16130 or @entity16131 ) confers a growth advantage. We previously reported responses to two 30-day intravenous (i.v.) courses of @entity16130 administered within the first 8 months post-transplantation. We now report responses to 5-day subcutaneous (s.c.) courses of @entity16130 or @entity16131 at months 14, 90, and 93 (E900), or month 18 (E958), after transplantation. Long-term monitoring showed no rise in transduced cells in the absence of drug. Retroviral insertion site analysis showed that 4 of 6 (E958) and 5 of 12 (E900) transduced @entity1583 cell clones persisted lifelong. Both @entity235 were euthanized for reasons unrelated to the gene therapy treatment at 8 years 11 months (E958) and 11 years 1 month (E900) of age. Three clones from E900 remained detectable in each of two secondary recipients, one of which was treated with, and responded to, @entity16131 . Our results demonstrate the feasibility of safely regulating genetically engineered @entity1583 cells over many years.

title: Long-term regulation of genetically modified primary @entity1583 cells in XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine whether robotic therapy can reduce @entity73 and enhance recovery of the hemiparetic arm in @entity1 with @entity64 . DESIGN: Pre-posttest design. SETTING: Rehabilitation hospital, outpatient care. @entity1 : Volunteer sample of 20 @entity1 diagnosed with a single, unilateral @entity64 within the past 1 to 5 years, with persistent @entity1269 . INTERVENTIONS: Robotic therapy was provided 3 times weekly for 6 weeks. Subjects able to reach robot targets were randomly assigned to sensorimotor or progressive-resistive robotic therapy groups. Robotic therapy consisted of goal-directed, planar reaching tasks to exercise the hemiparetic shoulder and elbow. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Modified Ashworth Scale, Fugl-Meyer test of @entity2319 , @entity1957 ( @entity1957 ) score, and Medical Research Council motor power score. RESULTS: Evaluations by a single blinded therapist revealed statistically significant gains from admission to discharge (P<.05) on the Fugl-Meyer test, @entity1957 score, and motor power score. Secondary analyses revealed group differences: the progressive-resistive therapy group experienced nonspecific improvements on wrist and hand @entity1957 scores that were not observed in the sensorimotor group. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic therapy may complement other treatment approaches by reducing @entity73 in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity73 .

title: Effects of robotic therapy on @entity73 and recovery in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'chronic stroke']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['chronic impairments', 'motor impairment']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['upper-extremity function']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['MSS', 'Motor Status Scale']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['chronic stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine whether robotic therapy can reduce @entity73 and enhance recovery of the hemiparetic arm in @entity1 with @entity64 . DESIGN: Pre-posttest design. SETTING: Rehabilitation hospital, outpatient care. @entity1 : Volunteer sample of 20 @entity1 diagnosed with a single, unilateral @entity64 within the past 1 to 5 years, with persistent @entity1269 . INTERVENTIONS: Robotic therapy was provided 3 times weekly for 6 weeks. Subjects able to reach robot targets were randomly assigned to sensorimotor or progressive-resistive robotic therapy groups. Robotic therapy consisted of goal-directed, planar reaching tasks to exercise the hemiparetic shoulder and elbow. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Modified Ashworth Scale, Fugl-Meyer test of @entity2319 , @entity1957 ( @entity1957 ) score, and Medical Research Council motor power score. RESULTS: Evaluations by a single blinded therapist revealed statistically significant gains from admission to discharge (P<.05) on the Fugl-Meyer test, @entity1957 score, and motor power score. Secondary analyses revealed group differences: the progressive-resistive therapy group experienced nonspecific improvements on wrist and hand @entity1957 scores that were not observed in the sensorimotor group. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic therapy may complement other treatment approaches by reducing @entity73 in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity73 .

title: Effects of robotic therapy on XXXX and recovery in @entity64 .

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['motor impairment']


abstract: Unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) induces a dramatic change in single-kidney structure and function. Therefore, the effects of nephrotoxins may be altered. To evaluate this possibility, @entity3143 (2 mg/kg, sc) was given to male, @entity35 2 days following either UNX or sham surgery. Nonoliguric @entity810 developed and was qualitatively similar in both groups. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) reached a nadir on Day 2 and was reduced to a greater extent in the UNX group. Furthermore, recovery of GFR was slower and occurred to a lesser extent by Day 10 in the animals subjected to UNX. Evidence of significant @entity4434 was present during the acute phase in both groups, as reflected by changes in the fractional excretion of @entity1372 or lysozyme. Persistent @entity4434 was noted on Day 10 in both the sham and UNX groups, but the degree of dysfunction was greater in the UNX animals. The in vitro uptake of organic ions by renal cortical slices was reduced 24 hr following the injection of @entity3143 although no difference was seen between the experimental groups. @entity349 content within renal cortex was not increased in the UNX group at 1 or 3 hr but was higher 24 hr postinjection. Total urinary @entity349 excretion during the first day was not altered by UNX although single-kidney excretion was increased dramatically. These studies suggest that @entity35 are more susceptible to @entity3143 -induced nephrotoxicity 2 days following UNX. Although the mechanism(s) of this @entity130 remains unclear, it does not appear to be completely related to an increase in renal cortical @entity349 content.

title: The effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the nephrotoxicity of XXXX in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3143 :: ('MESH:D008627', 'Chemical') :: ['mercuric chloride']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['Mercury', 'mercury']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity4434 :: ('MESH:D005198', 'Disease') :: ['tubular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['enhanced injury']

answer: @entity3143 :: (MESH:D008627,Chemical) :: ['mercuric chloride']


abstract: Unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) induces a dramatic change in single-kidney structure and function. Therefore, the effects of nephrotoxins may be altered. To evaluate this possibility, @entity3143 (2 mg/kg, sc) was given to male, @entity35 2 days following either UNX or sham surgery. Nonoliguric @entity810 developed and was qualitatively similar in both groups. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) reached a nadir on Day 2 and was reduced to a greater extent in the UNX group. Furthermore, recovery of GFR was slower and occurred to a lesser extent by Day 10 in the animals subjected to UNX. Evidence of significant @entity4434 was present during the acute phase in both groups, as reflected by changes in the fractional excretion of @entity1372 or lysozyme. Persistent @entity4434 was noted on Day 10 in both the sham and UNX groups, but the degree of dysfunction was greater in the UNX animals. The in vitro uptake of organic ions by renal cortical slices was reduced 24 hr following the injection of @entity3143 although no difference was seen between the experimental groups. @entity349 content within renal cortex was not increased in the UNX group at 1 or 3 hr but was higher 24 hr postinjection. Total urinary @entity349 excretion during the first day was not altered by UNX although single-kidney excretion was increased dramatically. These studies suggest that @entity35 are more susceptible to @entity3143 -induced nephrotoxicity 2 days following UNX. Although the mechanism(s) of this @entity130 remains unclear, it does not appear to be completely related to an increase in renal cortical @entity349 content.

title: The effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the nephrotoxicity of @entity3143 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity12040 is an @entity102 affecting the aorta, its major branches and the pulmonary arteries. It leads to @entity850 , @entity432 , dilatation, and @entity439 formation in the involved vessels. Visceral arterial involvement occurs in 11 to 68% cases. @entity75 are most commonly seen and are usually symptomatic. Dilative and @entity75 are uncommon and, when present, are usually clinically silent. Renal arteries are most commonly involved (24 to 68%), resulting in @entity2792 , whereas mesenteric arterial involvement is seen in 11 to 28% cases and is usually clinically silent. The assessment of disease activity is of utmost importance in its management as revascularization is best performed in the inactive phase. The disease activity can be assessed by clinical, biochemical, or radiological markers. The primary objectives of treatment include the control of disease activity by drug therapy, pharmacologic control of blood pressure (BP), supportive management and revascularization (surgical or endovascular) of the symptomatic @entity63 territory. Surgical treatment is challenging due to the diffuse nature of the disease and involvement of adjacent aortic walls. It has a high incidence of anastomotic @entity439 formation (12 to 14%) and graft failure (20 to 40%) over time. Endovascular therapy (usually in the form of balloon angioplasty) has specific technical and procedural issues, but is safe and effective in the control of @entity101 with success rates ranging between 80 to 96%. The overall complication rates are low. The cumulative 5-year patency rate for the management of @entity2791 is 67%. The use of stents is usually restricted as a bailout to treat obstructive dissection after angioplasty, due to a variety of reasons as their use may adversely affect the long-term outcome of treatment. Angioplasty is less effective in relieving obstruction in the mesenteric arteries and the outcomes are also infrequently reported.

title: Visceral Artery Interventions in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['aneurismal lesions', 'Steno-obstructive lesions']

entities_list: @entity2792 :: ('MESH:D006978', 'Disease') :: ['renovascular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity12040 :: ('MESH:D013625', 'Disease') :: ["Takayasu's arteritis"]

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['occlusion']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity12040 :: (MESH:D013625,Disease) :: ['Takayasu's Arteritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Small @entity63 -reperfusion (I/R) injury, a clinically important condition, induces severe organ damage. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) produces tolerance to long-term I/R by inducing a short-term I/R. Herein, we have examined the reduction in the extent of injury by IPC. METHODS: Small intestinal I/R injury was induced in @entity35 by clamping the @entity6029 ( @entity6029 ) for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for various 30 minutes. The IPC + I/R group underwent a short-term I/R (IPC) prior to long-term I/R. Nuclear factor-kB ( @entity4026 ) activity was analyzed by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and cytokine mRNA levels, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, and apoptotic cells, by TUNEL staining. RESULTS: The animals were subjected to 30 minutes of @entity63 followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. @entity4026 activity increased in the I/R group and decreased in the IPC + I/R group. The IPC + I/R group showed decreased cytokine in mRNA levels. Expression of the proapoptotic gene @entity4124 was increased in the I/R and decreased in the IPC + I/R group. Expression of the antiapoptotic gene @entity5613 was increased in the IPC + I/R group. The number of apoptotic cells was increased in the I/R and decreased in the IPC + I/R group. CONCLUSION: Small intestinal I/R injury was reduced by IPC produced by clamping the @entity6029 ; thus, IPC may have potential clinical applications in the future.

title: Role of transcription factors in small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury and tolerance induced by XXXX preconditioning.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity6029 :: ('MESH:D013478', 'Disease') :: ['superior mesenteric artery', 'SMA']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: We studied the adherence of @entity1 erythrocytes to larvae of the intravascular parasite @entity380 by transmission microscopy, freeze @entity174 , and fluorescence techniques. In addition, we used the adherent cells to investigate the problem of host antigen acquisition. Schistosomula were cultured for from 24 to 48 h after transformation in order to clear the remnants of the cercarial glycocalyx. In some cases, the worms were preincubated with @entity3505 germ agglutinin to promote adherence of the erythrocytes. The results were similar with and without the lectin except that more cells attached to the lectin-coated parasites. Erythrocytes adhered within a few hours and, unlike neutrophils, did not fuse with the parasite. A layer of 10-20-nm electron dense material separated the outer leaflets of the tegumental and plasma membranes. In addition, many deformed and lysed cells were seen on the parasite surface. The ability of the worm to acquire erythrocyte membrane constituents was tested with @entity18788 dyes, @entity941 covalently conjugated to glycophorin, monoclonal antibodies against B and H blood group glycolipids, and @entity95 alpha-human erythrocyte IgG. In summary, glycophorin, erythrocyte proteins, and glycolipids were not transferred to the parasite membrane within 48 h. @entity18788 dyes were rapidly transferred to the parasite with or without lectin preincubation. Thus, the dye in the worm membrane came from both adherent and nonadherent cells. These studies suggest that, in the absence of membrane fusion, the parasite may acquire some lipid molecules similar in structure to host membrane glycolipids by simple transfer through the medium but that B and H glycolipids and erythrocyte membrane proteins are not transferred from adhering cells to the worm.

title: @entity1 erythrocytes adhering to schistosomula of XXXX lyse and fail to transfer membrane components to the parasite.

entities_list: @entity18788 :: ('CHEBI:52218', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbocyanine', 'carbocyanine']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

answer: @entity380 :: (6183,Species) :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']


abstract: We studied the adherence of @entity1 erythrocytes to larvae of the intravascular parasite @entity380 by transmission microscopy, freeze @entity174 , and fluorescence techniques. In addition, we used the adherent cells to investigate the problem of host antigen acquisition. Schistosomula were cultured for from 24 to 48 h after transformation in order to clear the remnants of the cercarial glycocalyx. In some cases, the worms were preincubated with @entity3505 germ agglutinin to promote adherence of the erythrocytes. The results were similar with and without the lectin except that more cells attached to the lectin-coated parasites. Erythrocytes adhered within a few hours and, unlike neutrophils, did not fuse with the parasite. A layer of 10-20-nm electron dense material separated the outer leaflets of the tegumental and plasma membranes. In addition, many deformed and lysed cells were seen on the parasite surface. The ability of the worm to acquire erythrocyte membrane constituents was tested with @entity18788 dyes, @entity941 covalently conjugated to glycophorin, monoclonal antibodies against B and H blood group glycolipids, and @entity95 alpha-human erythrocyte IgG. In summary, glycophorin, erythrocyte proteins, and glycolipids were not transferred to the parasite membrane within 48 h. @entity18788 dyes were rapidly transferred to the parasite with or without lectin preincubation. Thus, the dye in the worm membrane came from both adherent and nonadherent cells. These studies suggest that, in the absence of membrane fusion, the parasite may acquire some lipid molecules similar in structure to host membrane glycolipids by simple transfer through the medium but that B and H glycolipids and erythrocyte membrane proteins are not transferred from adhering cells to the worm.

title: XXXX erythrocytes adhering to schistosomula of @entity380 lyse and fail to transfer membrane components to the parasite.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Adipose tissue lipolysis and @entity5523 ( @entity5523 ) activity were studied in biopsies from the femoral and abdominal depots in healthy @entity1 during early or late menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and the lactation period. When the differences in cell size were taken into account, basal lipolysis was similar in both regions in nonpregnant @entity1 . During lactation, however, lipolysis was significantly higher in the femoral region. The lipolytic effect of @entity1063 (10(-6) M) was significantly less in the femoral region in the nonpregnant @entity1 and during early pregnancy. However, the lipolytic response was the same in both regions in lactating @entity1 . @entity5523 activity was higher in the femoral than in the abdominal region except during lactation when a marked decrease in the @entity5523 activity was seen in the femoral region. The @entity5523 activity in the abdominal region remained unchanged in all @entity1 groups. The results imply that in both nonpregnant and pregnant @entity1 lipid assimilation is favored in the femoral depot. During lactation, however, the metabolic pattern changes; the @entity5523 activity decreases and lipid mobilization increases in this depot. These changes are much less pronounced in the abdominal region. Thus, fat cells from different regions show a differential response during pregnancy and lactation. These results suggest that the adipose tissue in different regions may have specialized functions.

title: Fat cell metabolism in different regions in XXXX . Effect of menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity5523 :: ('4023', 'Gene') :: ['LPL', 'lipoprotein lipase']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: From May 1995 through October 2001, 19 @entity1 less than 90 days old underwent surgical correction of @entity1700 . In 15 babies with @entity1700 , there was one @entity204 . In 4 with complex anomalies, there were 2 operative deaths. The vertical vein was not ligated in 6 cases for various reasons. Two @entity1 died during reoperation for early @entity3885 . In the late follow-up, 2 babies required reoperation for late anastomotic stricture; one needed additional balloon dilatation. Of the 14 surviving @entity1 , one had a small residual gradient and infrequent @entity4710 , the others were asymptomatic and without gradients. Surgical correction of @entity1700 can be carried out in early infancy with low mortality and morbidity. However, associated @entity299 and small caliber pulmonary arteries and veins carry higher risks. Recurrent @entity3885 and diffuse @entity849 are causes of early reoperation and poor surgical outcome.

title: Repair of XXXX in early infancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1700 :: ('MESH:D012587', 'Disease') :: ['total anomalous pulmonary venous connection', 'isolated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary venous obstruction']

entities_list: @entity849 :: ('MESH:D011666', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary vein stenosis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['complex cardiac anomalies']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['supraventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['operative death']

answer: @entity1700 :: (MESH:D012587,Disease) :: ['total anomalous pulmonary venous connection']


abstract: Studies were conducted to detect major differences in immunoglobulin levels between @entity56 and nonallergic individuals. Immunoglobulins G, M, A, and E were quantitated in members of 63 families selected for the presence of @entity1 with @entity565 or @entity2023 and compared with a larger group of healthy individuals and families. Mean IgE levels were significantly higher in healthy black than in white individuals. No significant difference was found in IgE levels between healthy parents with and without @entity56 @entity1 . Mean IgE levels were significantly higher in asthmatic @entity1 than in healthy @entity1 and also much higher in asthmatic @entity1 than in their healthy siblings. @entity565 occurred more frequently in @entity1 than in @entity1 . IgE levels in healthy @entity1 increased rapidly early in childhood, reached a peak before 10 yr of age, and decreased during the teens. This decrease in IgE during the teens may provide the immunologic mechanism by which some @entity1 can "outgrow" certain childhood @entity566 . IgA levels were very low in young @entity1 and not significantly different between @entity56 and healthy individuals. The low IgA level in young @entity1 may be of importance in the development of childhood @entity566 .

title: Levels of immunoglobulin G, M, A, and E at various ages in XXXX and white individuals.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['Asthma', 'asthma']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergies']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['allergic and nonallergic black']


abstract: The effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the internal pallidum ( @entity14243 ) on the @entity191 triad and on levodopa-induced @entity910 are very similar. The antiakinetic effect of STN DBS seems to be slightly better. On the contrary to pallidal DBS, stimulation of the STN allows to reduce dopaminergic treatment by more than 50 p. 100 on average. Moreover, the current drain is smaller in STN. Thus, the STN is a low budget target compared to the @entity14243 . STN DBS seems to be as effective on @entity1726 @entity400 as stimulation of the classic thalamic target, the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim), whereas Vim stimulation has no effect on @entity910 and very little on levodopa-induced @entity910 . Thus, the STN has become the main target nucleus for DBS in @entity1726 , which is most often performed bilaterally in one surgical procedure. There is a good correlation of the preoperative response to levodopa and postoperative effects of bilateral STN DBS and this defines the @entity1 population. Given the large @entity1 population, simple guidelines for @entity1 selection are developed. The referring physician can preselect @entity1 based mainly on age (less than 70), absence of @entity303 and presence of severe disability related to motor fluctuations or @entity910 . It is the responsibility of the operating centre to determine the levodopa response, to confirm the diagnosis, to rule out contraindications and to make sure that the medical treatment cannot be further optimised. Severe surgical complications with permanent sequels are relatively rare, about 1 p. 100 per implanted side. The @entity1 selection, the precision of the surgery and the quality of the postoperative follow-up are the three main determinants of success.

title: [ XXXX : deep cerebral stimulation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesias', 'akinesia']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonian']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson disease']


abstract: The natural history of stinging insect @entity566 and its modification by venom immunotherapy was investigated by follow-up observations of @entity1 with histories of venom anaphylaxis and detectable venom-specific IgE. The @entity1 were divided into three categories: (1) receiving venom immunotherapy, (2) declined venom immunotherapy, and (3) terminated venom immunotherapy. One hundred twenty-seven @entity1 were evaluated after 6 mo to 9 yr of venom immunotherapy. Most received top venom doses of 50 micrograms of yellow jacket and/or @entity5157 venoms every 4 wk. There were 87 restings in 48 @entity1 resulting in two systemic reactions, only one of which could be considered a treatment failure (1%). Fifty-six @entity1 never received venom immunotherapy. In this group there were 40 restings in 28 @entity1 with 14 systemic reactions (35%). In 88 @entity1 who stopped venom immunotherapy, 61 restings in 41 @entity1 led to 11 systemic reactions (17%). @entity1 with cardiovascular/or respiratory symptoms with @entity2021 were at risk for subsequent reactions. With one exception, @entity1 with hives and @entity4 only as the initial reaction either had a similar or no reaction when they were restung. These results confirm the efficacy of venom immunotherapy but also suggest that there are factors other than the presence of venom-specific IgE modulating the occurrence of clinical anaphylaxis.

title: Stinging insect XXXX : natural history and modification with venom immunotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2021 :: ('MESH:D000707', 'Disease') :: ['initial sting anaphylaxis']

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergy']


abstract: We have previously shown that regulatory T cells (Treg) accumulate dramatically in aged animals and negatively impact the ability to control persistent @entity281 . However, the mechanisms underlying the age-dependent accrual of Treg remain unclear. In this study, we show that Treg accumulation with age is progressive and likely not the result of increased thymic output, increased peripheral proliferation, or from enhanced peripheral conversion. Instead, we found that Treg from aged @entity19 are more resistant to apoptosis than Treg from young @entity19 . Although Treg from aged @entity19 had increased expression of functional @entity15592 , we found that @entity15592 signaling was not required for maintenance of Treg in vivo. Notably, aged Treg exhibit decreased expression of the proapoptotic molecule @entity35185 compared with Treg from young @entity19 . Furthermore, in the absence of @entity35185 , Treg accumulate rapidly, accounting for >25% of the @entity1961 (+) T cell compartment by 6 mo of age. Additionally, accumulation of Treg in @entity35185 -deficient @entity19 occurred after the cells left the transitional recent thymic emigrant compartment. Mechanistically, we show that @entity2047 drives preferential proliferation and accumulation of @entity35185 (lo) Treg. Collectively, our data suggest that chronic stimulation by @entity2047 leads to preferential expansion of Treg having low expression of @entity35185 , which favors their survival and accumulation in aged hosts.

title: A major role for XXXX in regulatory T cell homeostasis.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity35185 :: (12125(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Bim']


abstract: Although the vast majority of peptic @entity1066 are widely considered as related to the germ @entity1534 , @entity1066 exhibiting absence of this @entity281 are increasingly seen in recent years. This fact has been partly related to a decreased prevalence of @entity1534 among the population, a consequence of improved hygiene and housing conditions. Causes in relation to @entity1534 -negative @entity1066 are: 1. Falsely negative @entity281 diagnostic tests. They represent 25% of @entity1066 considered as @entity1534 -negative in health-care practice (falsely negative diagnostic test 5%, previous or concomitant therapy with antibiotics, @entity1535 or proton pump inhibitors 20%). 2. @entity117 (ASA) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy. This is no doubt the most common cause, representing 50 to 60% of all @entity1066 . 3. Other causes ( @entity8579 , @entity1534 heilmannii, generalised gut disease such as @entity30 , @entity2783 , @entity14761 , etc.) may be responsible for less than 5% of all @entity1534 -negative @entity1066 . 4. " @entity10189 . Thus are considered @entity1066 for which no potential cause may be found, representing 5-15% of all @entity1066 . Acid hyper-secretion is probably an important factor in them.

title: XXXX -negative peptic ulcer. What is its aetiopathogenesis and treatment?

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['Idiopathic" peptic ulcers']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['infection-free ulcers', 'ulcers']

entities_list: @entity8579 :: ('MESH:D015043', 'Disease') :: ['Zollinger-Ellison syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['Helicobacter pylori', 'Helicobacter']

entities_list: @entity14761 :: ('MESH:C535952', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['Helicobacter pylori']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Antimalarial drug resistance has been a major contributor to the failure of the battle against @entity311 in many developing countries. The @entity3964 genes, pfcrt and pfmdr-1, have been implicated in @entity503 resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of mutant alleles of these @entity503 resistance genes among isolates of @entity3964 from @entity1 presenting with severe @entity311 in Ghana. METHODS: Venous blood samples were taken from @entity1 , and plasma @entity503 levels measured. @entity3964 chromosomal DNA was isolated from the blood samples, and subjected to PCR, restriction digestion and sequencing. Resulting data were analysed using the STATA statistical software. RESULTS: Of 140 @entity1 recruited into the study, 109 (77.9%) had detectable pre-treatment @entity503 levels. PCR and restriction digestion analysis of the pfcrt gene indicated that 124 (88.6%) had the mutant T76 gene, and that this correlated with higher @entity503 levels. Sequence analysis of these showed consistent genetic sequences for @entity503 resistant and sensitive parasites with respect to Pfcrt codons 72 through 76.The Pfcrt T76 mutation was found in 88.4% of isolates having the Pfmdr-1Y86 mutation. The Pfmdr-1 Y86 mutation was found in 67.6% of isolates having the Pfcrt T76 mutation. CONCLUSION: The study affirms Pfcrt as a better @entity503 resistance marker. Both mutations are independently selected by @entity503 levels and that one mutation (Y86) might modify/increase the effect of the other (T76). This study also depicts the much-overlooked antimalarial drug resistance situation in the area and emphasizes the need for a proper treatment strategy.

title: Resistance-mediating polymorphisms of XXXX among isolates from @entity1 with severe @entity311 in kumasi, ghana.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Antimalarial drug resistance has been a major contributor to the failure of the battle against @entity311 in many developing countries. The @entity3964 genes, pfcrt and pfmdr-1, have been implicated in @entity503 resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of mutant alleles of these @entity503 resistance genes among isolates of @entity3964 from @entity1 presenting with severe @entity311 in Ghana. METHODS: Venous blood samples were taken from @entity1 , and plasma @entity503 levels measured. @entity3964 chromosomal DNA was isolated from the blood samples, and subjected to PCR, restriction digestion and sequencing. Resulting data were analysed using the STATA statistical software. RESULTS: Of 140 @entity1 recruited into the study, 109 (77.9%) had detectable pre-treatment @entity503 levels. PCR and restriction digestion analysis of the pfcrt gene indicated that 124 (88.6%) had the mutant T76 gene, and that this correlated with higher @entity503 levels. Sequence analysis of these showed consistent genetic sequences for @entity503 resistant and sensitive parasites with respect to Pfcrt codons 72 through 76.The Pfcrt T76 mutation was found in 88.4% of isolates having the Pfmdr-1Y86 mutation. The Pfmdr-1 Y86 mutation was found in 67.6% of isolates having the Pfcrt T76 mutation. CONCLUSION: The study affirms Pfcrt as a better @entity503 resistance marker. Both mutations are independently selected by @entity503 levels and that one mutation (Y86) might modify/increase the effect of the other (T76). This study also depicts the much-overlooked antimalarial drug resistance situation in the area and emphasizes the need for a proper treatment strategy.

title: Resistance-mediating polymorphisms of @entity3964 among isolates from @entity1 with severe XXXX in kumasi, ghana.

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Antimalarial drug resistance has been a major contributor to the failure of the battle against @entity311 in many developing countries. The @entity3964 genes, pfcrt and pfmdr-1, have been implicated in @entity503 resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of mutant alleles of these @entity503 resistance genes among isolates of @entity3964 from @entity1 presenting with severe @entity311 in Ghana. METHODS: Venous blood samples were taken from @entity1 , and plasma @entity503 levels measured. @entity3964 chromosomal DNA was isolated from the blood samples, and subjected to PCR, restriction digestion and sequencing. Resulting data were analysed using the STATA statistical software. RESULTS: Of 140 @entity1 recruited into the study, 109 (77.9%) had detectable pre-treatment @entity503 levels. PCR and restriction digestion analysis of the pfcrt gene indicated that 124 (88.6%) had the mutant T76 gene, and that this correlated with higher @entity503 levels. Sequence analysis of these showed consistent genetic sequences for @entity503 resistant and sensitive parasites with respect to Pfcrt codons 72 through 76.The Pfcrt T76 mutation was found in 88.4% of isolates having the Pfmdr-1Y86 mutation. The Pfmdr-1 Y86 mutation was found in 67.6% of isolates having the Pfcrt T76 mutation. CONCLUSION: The study affirms Pfcrt as a better @entity503 resistance marker. Both mutations are independently selected by @entity503 levels and that one mutation (Y86) might modify/increase the effect of the other (T76). This study also depicts the much-overlooked antimalarial drug resistance situation in the area and emphasizes the need for a proper treatment strategy.

title: Resistance-mediating polymorphisms of @entity3964 among isolates from XXXX with severe @entity311 in kumasi, ghana.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Maternal microchimerism (MMc) results from transfer of maternal cells to the fetus in pregnancy. These cells have been shown to persist into adulthood in healthy individuals and an increased frequency of MMc has been associated with @entity792 . Female (presumed maternal) islet beta cells have recently been identified at higher levels in pancreas from a @entity1 with T1D compared to three controls. There was, however, no evidence that these cells were the targets of @entity792 . The aim of this study was to analyze well-characterized T1D pancreases encompassing a spectrum in age at diagnosis, and duration of @entity6 , for the presence of maternal microchimerism compared to control pancreases.Pancreas samples were available from six males with T1D and four male controls. Fluorescent-labeled probes were used to detect X and Y chromosomes. At least 1,000 cells, usually 4,000-8,000 cells underwent confocal imaging for each pancreas. The frequency of MMc was higher in T1D pancreases (range 0.31-0.80%, mean 0.58%) than in controls (0.24-0.50%, mean 0.38%) (p = 0.05). Intriguingly, clusters of 2-3 MMc were occasionally found in the pancreases, particularly T1D pancreases, suggesting replication of these cells. Concomitant FISH and immunofluorescence staining for insulin or @entity1195 was performed to phenotype cells of maternal origin. Insulin positive and insulin negative MMc were identified indicating that MMc contribute to the exocrine and endocrine compartments. No @entity1195 positive MMc were observed. These data confirm the presence of maternal cells in @entity1 pancreas and support previous observations that levels of MMc are higher in T1D pancreas compared to controls. MMc do not appear to be immune effector cells and those that stain positive for insulin within intact islets in T1D tissue appear healthy with no evidence that they are the focus of immune attack. This study adds support to the hypothesis that maternal stem cells have the capacity to cross the placental barrier and differentiate into both endocrine and exocrine cells but more detailed characterization of MMc in the pancreas is required.

title: Why are levels of maternal microchimerism higher in type 1 XXXX pancreas?

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune attack', 'autoimmune disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the long-term hearing results after a middle fossa approach for resection of @entity5513 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity1 : All @entity1 undergoing a middle fossa approach for resection of @entity5513 at a single institution with intent to preserve hearing between December 1989 and December 2009 were included in the study population. INTERVENTIONS: Standard middle fossa approach for resection of @entity5513 , magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and audiogram. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Recurrence of @entity5 as evaluated by MRI and hearing results as measured by serial audiograms. RESULTS: Seventy-eight @entity1 were identified who met study criteria. Fifty-one (65%) of the 78 @entity1 had usable hearing (American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery [AAO-HNS] class A or B) postoperatively. Forty-four @entity1 with successful hearing preservation had follow-up beyond their initial postoperative visit. Five (11%) of the 44 @entity1 showed late degradation to nonserviceable hearing (AAO-HNS class C or D) over a mean follow-up of 4.0 years. Kaplan-Meier estimate of preservation of class A or B hearing at 10 years was 72%. Of the five @entity1 with late degradation in hearing, 2 were found to have recurrences of their original @entity5 on MRI. There were 5 confirmed recurrences in the total study population. CONCLUSION: Late degradation of hearing was an infrequent occurrence after initially successful hearing preservation. When @entity393 did occur, there seemed to be a correlation with @entity5 recurrence.

title: Late failure rate of hearing preservation after middle fossa approach for resection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing degradation']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The incidence of @entity170 -related @entity174 will increase substantially over the coming decades as the population ages globally. This has important economic and public health implications, contributing substantially to morbidity and excess mortality in this population. METHODS: When prescribing for older @entity1 the effectiveness profile of drugs needs to be balanced against their tolerability in individual @entity1 . RESULTS: Currently we have good anti- @entity174 data to support the use of many available anti-resorptive and anabolic drugs including @entity171 , @entity176 and recombinant @entity1 @entity461 . We also have evidence to demonstrate the importance of @entity460 and @entity560 repletion in these @entity1 . However, in recent years our understanding of normal bone physiology and the mechanisms underlying the development of @entity170 has significantly advanced and this has led to the development of new therapies. Novel agents, particularly denosumab, but also inhibitors of @entity3336 and anabolic agents that act on Wnt signalling, will increase the therapeutic options for clinicians in the coming years. CONCLUSION: This review discusses the evidence supporting the use of currently available treatment options for @entity170 and potential future advances in drug therapy. Particular consideration should be given when prescribing for certain older @entity1 who have issues with compliance or tolerance and also in those with co-morbidities or levels of frailty that may restrict the choice of therapy. Understanding the evidence for the benefit and possible harm of @entity170 treatments is critical to appropriate management of this @entity1 population.

title: Current and future treatment options in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity176 :: ('MESH:C081587', 'Chemical') :: ['strontium ranelate']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['parathyroid hormone']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility and value of high-resolution ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in evaluation of @entity603 in @entity95 knee joint in @entity625 ( @entity625 ). Thirty-six @entity95 were divided into three groups, each injected with different doses of ovalbumin (OVA) into the right knee joint. On week 1 and 4, 6 randomly selected in each group were killed. Each knee joint undergone the high-resolution ultrasound to measure capsule thickness and contrast-enhanced ultrasound to measure synovium thickness. The results from the ultrasound examinations were compared with those of pathologic examinations. Different OVA doses resulted in different modeling success rate, different pathological @entity603 score, and different capsule and synovium thickness measured by ultrasound. The diagnostic accuracy of @entity603 by ultrasound was high. The ultrasound measurement revealed that the capsule thickness on week 4 was lessened than that on week 1, while the synovial thickness on week 4 was greater than that on week 1. Both the joint capsule and synovium thickness measured by ultrasound were significantly and positively correlated to the pathologic @entity603 score (P  <  0.05). The synovial thickness on week 4 is more correlated to the @entity603 score than the capsule thickness, rather than that on week 1. Injection of OVA of different doses results in different modeling success rate and @entity603 severity. The high-resolution ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used to determine whether the @entity625 was made successfully and evaluate the @entity603 severity. In chronic inflammatory phase, the contrast-enhanced ultrasound has better effect.

title: Antigen-induced XXXX in @entity95 : a comparative study between high-resolution ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound and pathologic findings.

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['antigen-induced arthritis', 'AIA']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility and value of high-resolution ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in evaluation of @entity603 in @entity95 knee joint in @entity625 ( @entity625 ). Thirty-six @entity95 were divided into three groups, each injected with different doses of ovalbumin (OVA) into the right knee joint. On week 1 and 4, 6 randomly selected in each group were killed. Each knee joint undergone the high-resolution ultrasound to measure capsule thickness and contrast-enhanced ultrasound to measure synovium thickness. The results from the ultrasound examinations were compared with those of pathologic examinations. Different OVA doses resulted in different modeling success rate, different pathological @entity603 score, and different capsule and synovium thickness measured by ultrasound. The diagnostic accuracy of @entity603 by ultrasound was high. The ultrasound measurement revealed that the capsule thickness on week 4 was lessened than that on week 1, while the synovial thickness on week 4 was greater than that on week 1. Both the joint capsule and synovium thickness measured by ultrasound were significantly and positively correlated to the pathologic @entity603 score (P  <  0.05). The synovial thickness on week 4 is more correlated to the @entity603 score than the capsule thickness, rather than that on week 1. Injection of OVA of different doses results in different modeling success rate and @entity603 severity. The high-resolution ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used to determine whether the @entity625 was made successfully and evaluate the @entity603 severity. In chronic inflammatory phase, the contrast-enhanced ultrasound has better effect.

title: Antigen-induced @entity625 in XXXX : a comparative study between high-resolution ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound and pathologic findings.

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: OBJECT: The dosimetry of radiation exposure of healthy inner, middle, and external ear structures that leads to @entity393 , @entity392 , @entity425 , @entity1296 , vertigo, and imbalance after gamma knife surgery (GKS) for @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ) is unknown. The authors quantified the dose of radiation received by these structures after GKS for VS to assess the likelihood that these doses contributed to postradiosurgery complications. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using a prospectively acquired database of a consecutive series of 54 @entity1 with VS who were treated with GKS during a 3.5-year period at an "open unit" gamma knife center. Point doses were measured for 18 healthy temporal bone structures in each @entity1 , with the anatomical position of each sampling point confirmed by a fellowship-trained neurootologist. These values were compared against single-dose equivalents for the 5-year tolerance dose for a 5% risk of complications and the 5-year tolerance dose for a 50% risk of complications, which were calculated using known 2-Gy/fraction thresholds for chronic @entity2346 , @entity1844 , and osseous @entity39 , as well as the @entity5 margin dose and typical @entity5 margin prescription doses for @entity1 in whom hearing preservation was attempted. External and middle ear doses were uniformly low. The intratemporal facial nerve is susceptible to unintentionally high radiation exposure at the fundus of the internal auditory canal, with higher than @entity5 margin doses detected in 26% of cases. In the cochlea, the basal turn near the modiolus and its inferior portion are most susceptible, with doses greater than 12 Gy detected in 10.8 and 14.8% of cases. In the vestibular labyrinth, the ampulated ends of the lateral and posterior semicircular canals are most susceptible, with doses greater than 12 Gy detected in 7.4 and 5.1% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Doses delivered to middle and external ear structures are unlikely to contribute to post-GKS complications, but unexpectedly high doses may be delivered to sensitive areas of the intratemporal facial nerve and inner ear. Unintentional delivery of high doses to the stria vascularis, the sensory neuroepithelium of the inner ear organs and/or their ganglia, may play a role in the development of post-GKS @entity392 , @entity393 , @entity1296 , vertigo, and imbalance. Minimizing treatment complications post-GKS for VS requires precise dose planning conformality with the three-dimensional surface of the @entity5 .

title: Radiation exposure of normal temporal bone structures during stereotactically guided gamma knife surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VSs', 'vestibular schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['chondromalacia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['facial weakness']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Morbidity management is a core component of the global programme for the elimination of @entity3754 . In a double-blind clinical trial, the tolerability and efficacy of @entity23663 (500 mg) + @entity6567 (25 mg) or DEC (25 mg) alone, twice daily for 90 days, was studied in 26 @entity1 with @entity3754 . RESULTS: None of the @entity1 in either drug group reported any adverse reaction throughout the treatment period (90 days). Haematological and biochemical parameters were within normal limits and there was no significant difference between the pre-treatment (day 0) and post-treatment (day 90) values. The group receiving @entity23663 showed significant reduction in @entity4 volume from day 90 (140.6 PlusMinus; 18.8 ml) to day 360 (71.8 PlusMinus; 20.7 ml) compared to the pre-treatment (day 0, 198.4 PlusMinus; 16.5 ml) value. This accounted for a 63.8% reduction in @entity4 volume by day 360 (considering the pre-treatment (day 0) as 100%). In the DEC group, the changes in @entity4 volume (between day 1 and day 360) were not significant when compared to the pre-treatment (day 0) value. The percentage reduction at day 360 was only 9%, which was not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that @entity23663 (500 mg, twice a day for 90 days) is both safe and efficacious in reducing @entity4 volume in @entity3754 . Further clinical trials are essential for strengthening the evidence base on the role of this drug in the morbidity management of @entity3754 .

title: Some observations on the effect of @entity23663 (micronized purified flavonoid fraction of Rutaceae aurantiae) in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3754 :: ('MESH:D004605', 'Disease') :: ['lymphatic filariasis', 'bancroftian filarial lymphoedema']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

answer: @entity3754 :: (MESH:D004605,Disease) :: ['bancroftian filarial lymphoedema']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Morbidity management is a core component of the global programme for the elimination of @entity3754 . In a double-blind clinical trial, the tolerability and efficacy of @entity23663 (500 mg) + @entity6567 (25 mg) or DEC (25 mg) alone, twice daily for 90 days, was studied in 26 @entity1 with @entity3754 . RESULTS: None of the @entity1 in either drug group reported any adverse reaction throughout the treatment period (90 days). Haematological and biochemical parameters were within normal limits and there was no significant difference between the pre-treatment (day 0) and post-treatment (day 90) values. The group receiving @entity23663 showed significant reduction in @entity4 volume from day 90 (140.6 PlusMinus; 18.8 ml) to day 360 (71.8 PlusMinus; 20.7 ml) compared to the pre-treatment (day 0, 198.4 PlusMinus; 16.5 ml) value. This accounted for a 63.8% reduction in @entity4 volume by day 360 (considering the pre-treatment (day 0) as 100%). In the DEC group, the changes in @entity4 volume (between day 1 and day 360) were not significant when compared to the pre-treatment (day 0) value. The percentage reduction at day 360 was only 9%, which was not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that @entity23663 (500 mg, twice a day for 90 days) is both safe and efficacious in reducing @entity4 volume in @entity3754 . Further clinical trials are essential for strengthening the evidence base on the role of this drug in the morbidity management of @entity3754 .

title: Some observations on the effect of XXXX (micronized purified flavonoid fraction of Rutaceae aurantiae) in @entity3754 .

answer: @entity23663 :: (MESH:D004145,Chemical) :: ['Daflon']


abstract: RATIONALE: The high prevalence of smoking and low cessation rates among individuals with @entity161 and similar conditions are not well understood. Behavioral economics has been extensively applied to studying @entity146 and may contribute to understanding smoking in this subpopulation. OBJECTIVES: This study compared smokers with @entity914 ( @entity914 ) and control smokers (CS) on indices of cigarette demand and delayed reward discounting, a behavioral economic index of impulsivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The @entity914 (n=25) and CS (n=24) groups participated in two sessions approximately 1 week apart. During the first session, delay discounting was assessed using the Monetary Choice Questionnaire. During the second session, @entity1 smoked their usual brand ad libitum through a smoking topography assessment device, after which cigarette demand was assessed using a cigarette purchase task. Primary comparisons were of the hyperbolic discounting function, k, and indices of cigarette demand. RESULTS: Compared to the CS group, the @entity914 group exhibited significantly higher intensity of demand, and significantly greater consumption and expenditure across the inelastic portion of the demand curve, but no differences were evident on the other demand indices. No differences were evident for delay discounting. The @entity914 group also exhibited heavier smoking topography and two indices of smoking topography were significantly correlated with demand. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further evidence of higher incentive value of cigarettes among @entity914 individuals, but not greater impulsivity, as measured by discounting. Considerations include potentially important methodological factors and the role of satiation/withdrawal.

title: Cigarette demand and delayed reward discounting in nicotine-dependent individuals with XXXX and controls: an initial study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['SS', 'schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['addictive behavior']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This prospective cohort study sought to examine key biological measures linking @entity308 symptoms with @entity164 2 @entity6 , specifically @entity32 , @entity409 , and @entity3800 . METHODS: A cohort of 688 @entity1 without @entity6 who were 35 years or older were followed up for 5 years. Venous @entity650 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, sE-selectin, endogenous total @entity251 , fasting @entity413 , and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were quantified at baseline and 5 years later. @entity308 symptoms were assessed using the Beck @entity308 Inventory-I, and @entity1 were categorized into persistent, remitted, incident, and nondepressed groups (reference). Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) for @entity6 adjusted for propensity score calculated from 18 established risk factors. RESULTS: @entity6 developed in 112 @entity1 (16.3% of sample). Persistent @entity308 symptoms were associated with @entity6 (adjusted OR = 2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-5.20, p = .019). Baseline @entity251 (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22-0.81, p = .01) and follow-up @entity251 (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.31-0.84, p = .008) were inversely associated with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Annualized HbA1c was positively associated with annualized change in cognitive Beck @entity308 Inventory symptoms (b = 0.14, p = .001) and inversely associated with annualized change in @entity251 (b = -0.10, p = .014). Annualized change in fasting @entity413 was associated with sE-selectin (b = 0.12, p < .001) and somatic @entity308 symptoms (b = -0.12, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that lower endogenous total @entity251 levels and persistent @entity308 symptoms were associated with @entity164 2 @entity6 risk and HbA1c in @entity1 over a 5-year period.

title: Elucidating the Biological Mechanisms Linking @entity308 Symptoms With Type 2 Diabetes in @entity1 : The Longitudinal Effects of Inflammation, Microvascular Dysfunction, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depressive', 'Depression', 'depressive']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['microvascular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['Testosterone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This prospective cohort study sought to examine key biological measures linking @entity308 symptoms with @entity164 2 @entity6 , specifically @entity32 , @entity409 , and @entity3800 . METHODS: A cohort of 688 @entity1 without @entity6 who were 35 years or older were followed up for 5 years. Venous @entity650 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, sE-selectin, endogenous total @entity251 , fasting @entity413 , and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were quantified at baseline and 5 years later. @entity308 symptoms were assessed using the Beck @entity308 Inventory-I, and @entity1 were categorized into persistent, remitted, incident, and nondepressed groups (reference). Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) for @entity6 adjusted for propensity score calculated from 18 established risk factors. RESULTS: @entity6 developed in 112 @entity1 (16.3% of sample). Persistent @entity308 symptoms were associated with @entity6 (adjusted OR = 2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-5.20, p = .019). Baseline @entity251 (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22-0.81, p = .01) and follow-up @entity251 (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.31-0.84, p = .008) were inversely associated with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Annualized HbA1c was positively associated with annualized change in cognitive Beck @entity308 Inventory symptoms (b = 0.14, p = .001) and inversely associated with annualized change in @entity251 (b = -0.10, p = .014). Annualized change in fasting @entity413 was associated with sE-selectin (b = 0.12, p < .001) and somatic @entity308 symptoms (b = -0.12, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that lower endogenous total @entity251 levels and persistent @entity308 symptoms were associated with @entity164 2 @entity6 risk and HbA1c in @entity1 over a 5-year period.

title: Elucidating the Biological Mechanisms Linking XXXX Symptoms With Type 2 Diabetes in @entity1 : The Longitudinal Effects of Inflammation, Microvascular Dysfunction, and @entity251 .

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['Depressive']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This prospective cohort study sought to examine key biological measures linking @entity308 symptoms with @entity164 2 @entity6 , specifically @entity32 , @entity409 , and @entity3800 . METHODS: A cohort of 688 @entity1 without @entity6 who were 35 years or older were followed up for 5 years. Venous @entity650 , high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, sE-selectin, endogenous total @entity251 , fasting @entity413 , and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were quantified at baseline and 5 years later. @entity308 symptoms were assessed using the Beck @entity308 Inventory-I, and @entity1 were categorized into persistent, remitted, incident, and nondepressed groups (reference). Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) for @entity6 adjusted for propensity score calculated from 18 established risk factors. RESULTS: @entity6 developed in 112 @entity1 (16.3% of sample). Persistent @entity308 symptoms were associated with @entity6 (adjusted OR = 2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-5.20, p = .019). Baseline @entity251 (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22-0.81, p = .01) and follow-up @entity251 (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.31-0.84, p = .008) were inversely associated with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Annualized HbA1c was positively associated with annualized change in cognitive Beck @entity308 Inventory symptoms (b = 0.14, p = .001) and inversely associated with annualized change in @entity251 (b = -0.10, p = .014). Annualized change in fasting @entity413 was associated with sE-selectin (b = 0.12, p < .001) and somatic @entity308 symptoms (b = -0.12, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that lower endogenous total @entity251 levels and persistent @entity308 symptoms were associated with @entity164 2 @entity6 risk and HbA1c in @entity1 over a 5-year period.

title: Elucidating the Biological Mechanisms Linking @entity308 Symptoms With Type 2 Diabetes in XXXX : The Longitudinal Effects of Inflammation, Microvascular Dysfunction, and @entity251 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Men']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity4854 has been described in severe scorpion @entity5900 , we wanted to analyze if it was applicable to viper bites in @entity1 . AIM: To describe clinical, biological, and therapeutic characteristics of 83 @entity1 bitten by European viper (Vipera spp.) and to confirm that @entity4854 is a risk factor for high-grade @entity5900 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted between 2001 and 2014 in the pediatric emergency department of a tertiary level @entity1 's hospital. Collected data were: age and sex of @entity1 ; day and time of admission; day, time and circumstances of the accident; snake identification; bite location; @entity5900 severity; presence of fang marks; prehospital care; laboratory abnormalities, use of specific immunotherapy, associated treatments; length of stay; hospital course. RESULTS: Eighty-three @entity1 were included (62 @entity1 , 21 @entity1 ). The mean age was 7.4        3.9 years. Bites were most often located on the lower extremities (66%). The classification of @entity5900 was: 83% low grade (absent or minor @entity5900 ) and 17% high grade (moderate to severe @entity5900 ). All high-grade envenomations received specific immunotherapy (Viperfav(TM), (Aventis Pasteur, MSD, Lyon, France). Being bitten on an upper extremity (odds ratio [OR] 51.1 95% class interval [CI] [6.1-424], p   <   0.0001), during the afternoon (OR 13.4 95% CI [1.7-107.9], p   =   0.015), feeling @entity158 (OR 4.2 95% CI [1.1-16.5], p   =   0.023), and high initial plasma @entity413 level (6.5        1.7   mmol/L versus 5.0        0.9   mmol/L, p   =   0.027) were associated with a significant risk of high-grade @entity5900 . CONCLUSION: We have confirmed a potential link between initial @entity4854 and the risk of progression to high-grade @entity5900 as well as its association with other published predictive factors.

title: XXXX is a risk factor for high-grade envenomations after European viper bites (Vipera spp.) in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['violent pain']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia', 'Hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity5900 :: ('MESH:D012909', 'Disease') :: ['envenomation']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['Hyperglycemia']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity4854 has been described in severe scorpion @entity5900 , we wanted to analyze if it was applicable to viper bites in @entity1 . AIM: To describe clinical, biological, and therapeutic characteristics of 83 @entity1 bitten by European viper (Vipera spp.) and to confirm that @entity4854 is a risk factor for high-grade @entity5900 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted between 2001 and 2014 in the pediatric emergency department of a tertiary level @entity1 's hospital. Collected data were: age and sex of @entity1 ; day and time of admission; day, time and circumstances of the accident; snake identification; bite location; @entity5900 severity; presence of fang marks; prehospital care; laboratory abnormalities, use of specific immunotherapy, associated treatments; length of stay; hospital course. RESULTS: Eighty-three @entity1 were included (62 @entity1 , 21 @entity1 ). The mean age was 7.4        3.9 years. Bites were most often located on the lower extremities (66%). The classification of @entity5900 was: 83% low grade (absent or minor @entity5900 ) and 17% high grade (moderate to severe @entity5900 ). All high-grade envenomations received specific immunotherapy (Viperfav(TM), (Aventis Pasteur, MSD, Lyon, France). Being bitten on an upper extremity (odds ratio [OR] 51.1 95% class interval [CI] [6.1-424], p   <   0.0001), during the afternoon (OR 13.4 95% CI [1.7-107.9], p   =   0.015), feeling @entity158 (OR 4.2 95% CI [1.1-16.5], p   =   0.023), and high initial plasma @entity413 level (6.5        1.7   mmol/L versus 5.0        0.9   mmol/L, p   =   0.027) were associated with a significant risk of high-grade @entity5900 . CONCLUSION: We have confirmed a potential link between initial @entity4854 and the risk of progression to high-grade @entity5900 as well as its association with other published predictive factors.

title: @entity4854 is a risk factor for high-grade envenomations after European viper bites (Vipera spp.) in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We report the case of a 62-year-old @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1358 . CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old Asian @entity1 presented with macroscopic @entity811 . A histological and immunohistochemical study of a @entity5 biopsy specimen led to a suspected diagnosis of @entity1358 . She underwent surgical @entity5 resection that included her left kidney. A histological and immunohistochemical study of the resected @entity5 confirmed the diagnosis of @entity1358 . The pathological stage was pT3bpN2, and multiple lung @entity3 were detected (pT3bpN2cM1; stage IV). Our @entity1 was classified as "poor risk" according to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center risk criteria. Interferon-a was administered as adjuvant therapy, and her lung @entity3 remained stable. However, a computed tomography scan and bone scintigraphy 2 years later revealed multiple bone @entity3 . External beam radiotherapy was performed for the bone @entity3 . Despite continuing interferon-a during radiotherapy, multiple skull and liver @entity3 appeared. Oral administration of the @entity4149 kinase inhibitor @entity16231 was initiated as a second-line therapy, and our @entity1 achieved a stable state for 11 months. As the liver @entity3 progressed and meningeal dissemination newly appeared, oral administration of the @entity1 target of @entity3446 inhibitor @entity2239 was initiated as a third-line therapy. Our @entity1 remains alive 71 months after diagnosis and has maintained a comparatively good quality of life. CONCLUSION: A literature review revealed that metastatic @entity1358 has very poor prognosis, with a survival of <1 year despite systemic therapy. Our @entity1 in this present case achieved long-term survival, a rare incidence worthy of report.

title: Long-term survival following multidisciplinary treatment of metastatic XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity2239 :: ('MESH:C107135', 'Chemical') :: ['everolimus']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study clinical profile, risk factors and pattern of coronary artery involvement in females. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Female @entity1 undergoing coronary angiography at Apollo Hospitals, Chennai during 1996-1998 for angina were analysed for risk factors. RESULTS: Out of 5997 angiograms, 660 (11%) were females of which 574 (88%) post-menopausal. 48% had atypical @entity662 , 11% had @entity1459 , 1% had acute @entity583 ( @entity583 ). Past history of @entity583 was present in 48%. Risks factors were @entity101 in 60%, @entity6 in 52%, @entity28 in 41%, @entity2299 in 32%, family history in 36%. 71% @entity1 used oral contraceptive. None of the @entity1 were smoker, 34.8% pre-menopausal and 72.2% post-menopausal had @entity453 . @entity66 33% vs 22.1% two vessel disease 43.3 vs 31.2%. Triple vessel 22.3 vs 46.6% and diffuse disease 10% vs 38.7% was seen in pre-menopausal vs post-menopausal females, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Family history was the predominant risk factor in pre-menopausal and @entity6 and @entity101 in post-menopausal females. Diffuse and @entity66 were significantly common in post-menopausal females.

title: Profile of female XXXX undergoing coronary angiogram at a tertiary centre.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['triple vessel disease', 'Single vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A previously healthy 2-year-old @entity1 was admitted with generalized @entity159 . She was in a stupor and could respond only to painful stimuli. She also had severe @entity520 . Although initial liver function tests were normal, they were found to be moderately high on the fifth day of admission; however, they dropped to their normal ranges on the twelfth day of admission. Initially, the @entity1 was diagnosed as having idiopathic @entity159 , and classic anticonvulsant agents, including @entity3175 , @entity3174 , and then @entity109 , were given. However, her @entity410 did not subside, and @entity3175 infusion was initiated. After initiation of @entity3175 infusion, the @entity410 were completely controlled. On the fourth day of admission, her parents said that she had accidentally received 20 tablets (a total dose of 2000 mg) of isoniazid just before admission to our hospital. Later, we injected 200 mg of @entity2764 intravenously. During follow-up, her general condition improved, and anticonvulsant agents were discontinued because an electroencephalogram was found to be norma. She was discharged from the hospital on the twelfth day of admission. At the fourth month of follow-up, she was @entity410 free. Because of this case, we would like to re-emphasize that acute @entity4968 should also be considered in a @entity1 with unexplained @entity159 .

title: Do not overlook acute @entity4968 in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity2764 :: ('MESH:D011736', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridoxine']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['isoniazid poisoning']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus', 'convulsive status epilepticus']

answer: @entity159 :: (MESH:D013226,Disease) :: ['status epilepticus']


abstract: A previously healthy 2-year-old @entity1 was admitted with generalized @entity159 . She was in a stupor and could respond only to painful stimuli. She also had severe @entity520 . Although initial liver function tests were normal, they were found to be moderately high on the fifth day of admission; however, they dropped to their normal ranges on the twelfth day of admission. Initially, the @entity1 was diagnosed as having idiopathic @entity159 , and classic anticonvulsant agents, including @entity3175 , @entity3174 , and then @entity109 , were given. However, her @entity410 did not subside, and @entity3175 infusion was initiated. After initiation of @entity3175 infusion, the @entity410 were completely controlled. On the fourth day of admission, her parents said that she had accidentally received 20 tablets (a total dose of 2000 mg) of isoniazid just before admission to our hospital. Later, we injected 200 mg of @entity2764 intravenously. During follow-up, her general condition improved, and anticonvulsant agents were discontinued because an electroencephalogram was found to be norma. She was discharged from the hospital on the twelfth day of admission. At the fourth month of follow-up, she was @entity410 free. Because of this case, we would like to re-emphasize that acute @entity4968 should also be considered in a @entity1 with unexplained @entity159 .

title: Do not overlook acute XXXX in @entity1 with @entity159 .

answer: @entity4968 :: (MESH:D011041,Disease) :: ['isoniazid poisoning']


abstract: A previously healthy 2-year-old @entity1 was admitted with generalized @entity159 . She was in a stupor and could respond only to painful stimuli. She also had severe @entity520 . Although initial liver function tests were normal, they were found to be moderately high on the fifth day of admission; however, they dropped to their normal ranges on the twelfth day of admission. Initially, the @entity1 was diagnosed as having idiopathic @entity159 , and classic anticonvulsant agents, including @entity3175 , @entity3174 , and then @entity109 , were given. However, her @entity410 did not subside, and @entity3175 infusion was initiated. After initiation of @entity3175 infusion, the @entity410 were completely controlled. On the fourth day of admission, her parents said that she had accidentally received 20 tablets (a total dose of 2000 mg) of isoniazid just before admission to our hospital. Later, we injected 200 mg of @entity2764 intravenously. During follow-up, her general condition improved, and anticonvulsant agents were discontinued because an electroencephalogram was found to be norma. She was discharged from the hospital on the twelfth day of admission. At the fourth month of follow-up, she was @entity410 free. Because of this case, we would like to re-emphasize that acute @entity4968 should also be considered in a @entity1 with unexplained @entity159 .

title: Do not overlook acute @entity4968 in XXXX with @entity159 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Deep sternal wound infections are a rare but serious complication after median sternotomy. We evaluated the incidence of @entity2737 associated with two techniques for sternal closure. METHODS: In this retrospective case series, we recorded the method of sternal closure in consecutive @entity1 undergoing a variety of cardiothoracic surgical procedures. Sternal closure in the historical control group was performed using trans-sternal, stainless-steel wire sutures; subsequent @entity1 were closed using wire sutures in conjunction with a novel, peristernal cable-tie closure system to reinforce the corpus sterni. Perioperative care was standardized between groups. Demographics, risk factors, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Between July 2010 and July 2014, 609 consecutive adult @entity1 underwent sternal closure following open median sternotomy at a single hospital in Mobile, Alabama. Sternal closure was accomplished with wire sutures in the first 309 @entity1 and with cable-tie reinforcement in the subsequent 300 @entity1 . Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups, except that the cable-tie group exhibited greater preoperative comorbidity. Mean body mass index was comparable between groups (30.2        6.6  kg/m(2) wire suture versus 30.5        7.7 cable-tie, p   =   0.568). Deep sternal wound @entity281 occurred in 2.6  % (8/309) @entity1 in the wire-suture group, whereas no deep sternal wound infections were observed in the cable tie group (p   =   0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The peristernal cable-tie system was a simple and reliable method for sternal closure after open median sternotomy, and was associated with a reduced risk of @entity2737 , even in an @entity28 and comorbid population.

title: XXXX with use of a peristernal cable-tie closure system: a retrospective case series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['deep sternal wound infection']

answer: @entity2737 :: (MESH:D014946,Disease) :: ['Reduction in deep sternal wound infection']


abstract: One single injection of @entity53 to male @entity840 resulted in the appearance of Kurloff cells in the thymus and spleen in a maximal number after 2-3 weeks. In both organs, Kurloff cells of three categories were observed with different size and number of the inclusion(s). In the thymus, cells with small and medium-sized inclusions were present almost exclusively among low-density thymocytes. Cells with one large inclusion were initially present among low-density cells, but with time an increasing proportion were found among high-density thymocytes. This indicates that the different categories of Kurloff cells represent maturational stages and follow the normal differentiation step of thymocytes from low to high density. According to electronic cell volume distribution analysis, @entity53 treatment was associated with a shift in cell volume towards larger cells, and this shift was correlated in time with the appearance of Kurloff cells with large inclusions. In thymus sections there was evidence for a massive and selective migration of Kurloff cells via interlobular lymph vessels. No difference in localization of Kurloff cells was noted at various times after @entity53 treatment. Attempts to induce Kurloff cell formation from bone marrow, spleen or thymus cells during 2 weeks in vitro were unsuccessful, also when culturing the cells in serum from @entity53 -treated animals. This negative result, the long lag phase of @entity53 -induced Kurloff cell formation in vivo, and the reported lack of @entity53 receptor in Kurloff cells indicate that the Kurloff cell induction by @entity53 may be indirect.

title: Kinetic study of Kurloff cells in XXXX thymus.

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty on excessive genu varum is a more demanding technique and gives worst results than procedures on moderate deformations. It remains a subject of controversies due to the lack of consensus. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the results of @entity348 ( @entity348 ) on excessive genu varum (superior to 20  ) by analyzing pre and post operative clinical and radiological parameters. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively 40 @entity348 in 33 @entity1 (seven @entity1 operated bilaterally) performed for genu varum superior to 20   between 2004 and 2011. Pre and post operative evaluation of @entity1 were done according to the International Knee Society score. RESULTS: The mean age of our @entity1 was 67 years with a female predominance. Tricompartmental @entity625 was the etiology in all cases. Pre operative IKS score and HKA angle were respectively 52,36 /200 points and 155,7  . The mean follow up was 4 years. Our results were generally satisfactory. The post operative IKS score was 155,36 points (mean joint score of 85.85 points and mean functional score of 69.26 Points) and the post operative HKA angle was 176,17  . Only 60   of @entity1 had normal HKA angle. We noted aseptic loosening of the tibial component in 3 cases. CONCLUSION: @entity348 on excessive genu varum is more demanding technique. Pre operative planning after analyzing different clinical and radiological parameters is necessary to obtain a good functional outcome while minimizing the rate of complications.

title: Results of XXXX on excessive genu varum superior to 20  .

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TKA', 'total knee arthroplasty']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

answer: @entity348 :: (MESH:C535338,Disease) :: ['total knee arthroplasty']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: When administered during pregnancy, antibodies and other biologic drugs that contain the Fc part of the IgG molecule can traverse the placenta. Although it is generally accepted that the @entity7722 receptor mediates this process, gaps remain in our understanding of underlying details in @entity1 and in common laboratory animal species. METHODS: We expanded our previous studies in timed-pregnant @entity840 to both measure the transport of human (h) IgG at earlier gestation ages in vivo and evaluate @entity7722 function in vitro using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Madin-Darby @entity235 kidney cells (MDCK) that express @entity840 (gp) @entity7722 . RESULTS: In timed-pregnant @entity840 both the average concentration of hIgG in the fetus and its ratio to maternal hIgG concentration increase exponentially with gestation age. Thus, hIgG fetal:maternal concentration ratios increase from an average of 1% to 3%, 17%, and 76% on GD    26, 35, 46, and 54, respectively. In vitro, gpFcRn immobilized on a solid surface can bind hIgG and gpIgG preparations in a similar manner. All engineered @entity1 Fc isotype-specific constructs were internalized by MDCK-gpFcRn cells at significant levels. While not significant, their recycling and hIgG transcytosis by this cell line also trend higher than background controls. DISCUSSION: Pregnant @entity840 exhibit similarities with @entity1 in the degree and timing of transplacental transfer as well as the ability of their @entity7722 to bind and internalize hIgG in vitro. Further studies are needed to guide building appropriate systems for the evaluation of @entity7722 mediated function of @entity1 immunoglobulin therapies.

title: Gestation age dependent transfer of @entity1 immunoglobulins across placenta in timed-pregnant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity840 :: ('10141', 'Species') :: ['guinea pigs', 'guinea pig']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pigs']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: When administered during pregnancy, antibodies and other biologic drugs that contain the Fc part of the IgG molecule can traverse the placenta. Although it is generally accepted that the @entity7722 receptor mediates this process, gaps remain in our understanding of underlying details in @entity1 and in common laboratory animal species. METHODS: We expanded our previous studies in timed-pregnant @entity840 to both measure the transport of human (h) IgG at earlier gestation ages in vivo and evaluate @entity7722 function in vitro using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Madin-Darby @entity235 kidney cells (MDCK) that express @entity840 (gp) @entity7722 . RESULTS: In timed-pregnant @entity840 both the average concentration of hIgG in the fetus and its ratio to maternal hIgG concentration increase exponentially with gestation age. Thus, hIgG fetal:maternal concentration ratios increase from an average of 1% to 3%, 17%, and 76% on GD    26, 35, 46, and 54, respectively. In vitro, gpFcRn immobilized on a solid surface can bind hIgG and gpIgG preparations in a similar manner. All engineered @entity1 Fc isotype-specific constructs were internalized by MDCK-gpFcRn cells at significant levels. While not significant, their recycling and hIgG transcytosis by this cell line also trend higher than background controls. DISCUSSION: Pregnant @entity840 exhibit similarities with @entity1 in the degree and timing of transplacental transfer as well as the ability of their @entity7722 to bind and internalize hIgG in vitro. Further studies are needed to guide building appropriate systems for the evaluation of @entity7722 mediated function of @entity1 immunoglobulin therapies.

title: Gestation age dependent transfer of XXXX immunoglobulins across placenta in timed-pregnant @entity840 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']