abstract: @entity8303 ( @entity5567 ) is a potent vasodilator produced in several organs, including the kidney. In the present study, the effect of intra-femoral @entity5567 (0.78 micrograms/kg) in control @entity235 (Group 1) or @entity3352 (3 mg/kg) treated animals (Group 2) was examined. In Group 1, systemic blood pressure dropped from 108 +/- 8 to 47 +/- 7 mmHg following @entity5567 and hematocrit rose from 42 +/- 2 to 56 +/- 2%. These changes were associated with a reduction in both urine flow, urinary @entity1372 (from 69 +/- 9 to 25 +/- 6 muEq/min), glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow (from 28 +/- 2 to 11 +/- 1 and 52 +/- 5 to 26 +/- 4 ml/min, respectively). All parameters returned to normalcy during the following 50 minutes. In Group 2, the systemic effects of @entity5567 were abolished by @entity3352 . However, @entity3352 failed to prevent the @entity8 which were altered as in Group 1. In additional experiments (Group 3) the influence of @entity3766 , a specific antagonist of @entity5567 receptors, was examined. The dose of @entity5567 utilized in this group was 0.78 micrograms/kg, whereas @entity3766 was administered 30 minutes before @entity5567 injections in increasing doses (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 25.0 micrograms). This antagonist blocked the effect of @entity5567 on blood pressure and renal parameters in a dose-related manner. Finally, the effect of intrarenal @entity5567 was studied (Group 4: increasing continuous infusions of 2, 5, 10, and 20 ng/kg/min; Group 5: single bolus of 0.15 and 0.30 micrograms/kg). In these two groups, the systemic effects of @entity5567 were abolished as expected. In Group 4, a dose related reduction of urinary @entity1372 was observed during the continuous infusion of @entity5567 . Only at higher doses, was an effect on glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow observed. In Group 5, a marked reduction of urinary @entity1372 (from 110 +/- 15 to 22 +/- 5 muEq/min) occurred while glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow decreased by approximately 50%. These data support a direct influence of @entity5567 on urinary @entity1372 excretion and renal hemodynamics. The peripheral effects of this compound are mediated by vasodilatory @entity2918 , as shown in Group 2. Finally, the actions of this powerful vasodilator on the kidney do not require the intervention of systemic influences, as clearly demonstrated in Groups 4 and 5.

title: Hemodynamic effects of XXXX on the @entity235 kidney.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity8303 :: ('MESH:D010972', 'Chemical') :: ['PAF-Acether']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity8303 :: (MESH:D010972,Chemical) :: ['PAF-acether']


abstract: @entity8303 ( @entity5567 ) is a potent vasodilator produced in several organs, including the kidney. In the present study, the effect of intra-femoral @entity5567 (0.78 micrograms/kg) in control @entity235 (Group 1) or @entity3352 (3 mg/kg) treated animals (Group 2) was examined. In Group 1, systemic blood pressure dropped from 108 +/- 8 to 47 +/- 7 mmHg following @entity5567 and hematocrit rose from 42 +/- 2 to 56 +/- 2%. These changes were associated with a reduction in both urine flow, urinary @entity1372 (from 69 +/- 9 to 25 +/- 6 muEq/min), glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow (from 28 +/- 2 to 11 +/- 1 and 52 +/- 5 to 26 +/- 4 ml/min, respectively). All parameters returned to normalcy during the following 50 minutes. In Group 2, the systemic effects of @entity5567 were abolished by @entity3352 . However, @entity3352 failed to prevent the @entity8 which were altered as in Group 1. In additional experiments (Group 3) the influence of @entity3766 , a specific antagonist of @entity5567 receptors, was examined. The dose of @entity5567 utilized in this group was 0.78 micrograms/kg, whereas @entity3766 was administered 30 minutes before @entity5567 injections in increasing doses (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 25.0 micrograms). This antagonist blocked the effect of @entity5567 on blood pressure and renal parameters in a dose-related manner. Finally, the effect of intrarenal @entity5567 was studied (Group 4: increasing continuous infusions of 2, 5, 10, and 20 ng/kg/min; Group 5: single bolus of 0.15 and 0.30 micrograms/kg). In these two groups, the systemic effects of @entity5567 were abolished as expected. In Group 4, a dose related reduction of urinary @entity1372 was observed during the continuous infusion of @entity5567 . Only at higher doses, was an effect on glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow observed. In Group 5, a marked reduction of urinary @entity1372 (from 110 +/- 15 to 22 +/- 5 muEq/min) occurred while glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow decreased by approximately 50%. These data support a direct influence of @entity5567 on urinary @entity1372 excretion and renal hemodynamics. The peripheral effects of this compound are mediated by vasodilatory @entity2918 , as shown in Group 2. Finally, the actions of this powerful vasodilator on the kidney do not require the intervention of systemic influences, as clearly demonstrated in Groups 4 and 5.

title: Hemodynamic effects of @entity8303 on the XXXX kidney.

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity263 have poor cure rates. The authors sought to improve the relapse free, @entity5 specific survival of these @entity1 by adding chemohormonal therapy to radiation. METHODS: Twenty-five @entity1 with clinical Stage III positive seminal vesicles or positive nodes received six courses of @entity5713 , @entity632 , and @entity1138 with simultaneous radiation and permanent @entity342 deprivation. @entity1486 (PSA) testing was the sole criterion for relapse. Median followup was 10.5 years. RESULTS: Treatment was well tolerated. @entity1 received 91-95% of each drug and all planned radiation. At 10 years the cumulative relapse free rate determined by continuously undetectable PSA levels was 73%, and the cumulative @entity5 specific survival was 81%. Of node-positive @entity1 , 82% were relapse-free at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of chemotherapy to hormonal and radiation therapy is feasible and is accepted by most @entity1 when they are openly informed of their prognosis with conventional therapy. Results in the current small series appear excellent and may be superior to radiation plus hormones alone. Larger randomized studies are warranted.

title: Adjuvant chemohormonal therapy of high risk XXXX . Ten year results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['T3 and/or N1 prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['Prostate specific antigen']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The role of radiation therapy in resectable @entity356 is questionable. To study the value of concentrated preoperative radiotherapy, a randomized clinical trial had been carried out. METHODS: From 1974 to 1978, 152 @entity1 were randomized and underwent exploratory laparotomy; in 50 @entity1 curative surgery was not possible, while 102 @entity1 satisfied protocol requirements and entered in the trial. @entity1 in the experimental group were treated with preoperative radiotherapy (20 Gy/5 days) and subtotal or total gastrectomy. @entity1 in the control group underwent surgery alone. RESULTS: Study showed acceptable tolerance of radiotherapy regime with no increase of postoperative mortality and morbidity. There was no significant difference in survival between the two treatment groups (chi 2 = 0.349, df = 1, P = 0.555). Subset analysis also failed to demonstrate significant survival advantages of the combined treatment; however, some positive trends were seen in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity356 . CONCLUSIONS: Concentrated preoperative radiotherapy in the dose of 20 Gy is safe and feasible, but seems to be insufficient to improve survival in @entity356 @entity1 . However, the results are promising in selected subgroups of @entity1 , which encourages future trials with adjuvant radiation therapy.

title: Concentrated preoperative radiotherapy for resectable XXXX : 20-years follow-up of a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine why @entity341 ( @entity341 ) @entity1 leave without being seen (LWBS) by a physician and to ascertain whether they receive alternative medical care. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of @entity1 who left without being seen by a physician between January 1 and June 30, 1999 in a medical center @entity341 in northern Taiwan. Medical records were reviewed for population demographics, presenting complaints, and clinic acuity rating. Follow-up telephone interviews were conducted within 3 weeks after the @entity1 left the @entity341 . RESULTS: Of 74,485 registered @entity1 , 77 (0.1%) left without being seen by a doctor, and follow-up was achieved for 39.0% (30 of 77) of these. Ninety-seven percent (75 of 77) had low acuity ratings, and 58% (45 of 77) left within 60 min after registration. The respondents cited the following 3 leading reasons for leaving: prolonged waiting times (16 of 30, 53.3%), @entity341 appeared busy (6 of 30, 20.0%), and self-referral to the hospital outpatient department (4 of 30, 13.3%). Most respondents believed that they should have been evaluated by a physician within 60 min of presentation. About half (14/30, 46.6%) of them sought further medical care within 24 h after they left the @entity341 . CONCLUSION: In our study, only 0.1% of @entity1 who sought care in the @entity341 left without being seen by a physician. The majority of survey respondents had a low acuity rating and left because of long waiting times. Half of the @entity1 who left without being seen sought alternative medical care.

title: Emergency department XXXX who leave without being seen by a doctor: the experience of a medical center in northern Taiwan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity4754 increases serum viscosity and is the most common cause of @entity751 . @entity4754 resulting in @entity751 is seen in multiple @entity1582 and Waldenstr  m's @entity8057 . The reasons for elevated viscosity are increased protein content and large molecular size, abnormal polymerization, and abnormal shape of immunoglobulin molecules. Other hematologic and @entity209 seen in @entity1 with @entity1581 also contribute to hyperviscosity. Symptomatic hyperviscosity is much more common in Waldenstr  m's @entity8057 (10 to 30%) than it is in @entity1582 (2 to 6%). Symptoms of hyperviscosity usually appear when the normal serum viscosity of 1.4 to 1.8 cp reaches 4 to 5 cp, corresponding to a serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) level of at least 3 g/dL, an IgG level of 4 g/dL, and an IgA level of 6 g/dL. Symptoms of hyperviscosity include constitutional symptoms; @entity548 ; and ocular, neurological, and cardiovascular manifestations. Immediate therapy of symptomatic hyperviscosity is directed at reduction of blood viscosity by plasmapheresis to control symptoms. Long-term management is directed at control of the underlying disease to prevent production of the monoclonal protein. There may be a small proportion of individuals, usually old or with severely compromised performance status, who undergo plasma exchange as the sole symptomatic therapy of hyperviscosity secondary to @entity1581 .

title: XXXX in @entity1581 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1581 :: ('MESH:D010265', 'Disease') :: ['plasma cell dyscrasias', 'plasma cell dyscrasia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity4754 :: ('MESH:D006942', 'Disease') :: ['Hypergammaglobulinemia', 'Monoclonal hypergammaglobulinemia']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['hyperviscosity syndrome']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity8057 :: ('MESH:D008258', 'Disease') :: ['macroglobulinemia']

answer: @entity751 :: (MESH:D013577,Disease) :: ['Hyperviscosity syndrome']


abstract: @entity4754 increases serum viscosity and is the most common cause of @entity751 . @entity4754 resulting in @entity751 is seen in multiple @entity1582 and Waldenstr  m's @entity8057 . The reasons for elevated viscosity are increased protein content and large molecular size, abnormal polymerization, and abnormal shape of immunoglobulin molecules. Other hematologic and @entity209 seen in @entity1 with @entity1581 also contribute to hyperviscosity. Symptomatic hyperviscosity is much more common in Waldenstr  m's @entity8057 (10 to 30%) than it is in @entity1582 (2 to 6%). Symptoms of hyperviscosity usually appear when the normal serum viscosity of 1.4 to 1.8 cp reaches 4 to 5 cp, corresponding to a serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) level of at least 3 g/dL, an IgG level of 4 g/dL, and an IgA level of 6 g/dL. Symptoms of hyperviscosity include constitutional symptoms; @entity548 ; and ocular, neurological, and cardiovascular manifestations. Immediate therapy of symptomatic hyperviscosity is directed at reduction of blood viscosity by plasmapheresis to control symptoms. Long-term management is directed at control of the underlying disease to prevent production of the monoclonal protein. There may be a small proportion of individuals, usually old or with severely compromised performance status, who undergo plasma exchange as the sole symptomatic therapy of hyperviscosity secondary to @entity1581 .

title: @entity751 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1581 :: (MESH:D010265,Disease) :: ['plasma cell dyscrasias']


abstract: The contributions of alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the central amygdaloid nucleus to the @entity8 and decreased urinary @entity1372 excretion resulting from environmental stress (air jet) in conscious spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) were examined. Air stress increased mean arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (47% from 9.3 +/- 0.8 integrator resets/min), and decreased urinary @entity1372 excretion (38% from 2.4 +/- 0.3 microEq/min/100 g b. wt.). After bilateral administration of @entity8074 (2 X 2.5 micrograms) (alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) into the central amygdaloid nucleus of the same SHR, air stress had no effect on renal sympathetic nerve activity (+7% from 7.5 +/- 0.8 integrator resets/min) or urinary @entity1372 excretion (+5% from 3.5 +/- 0.4 microEq/min/100 g b. wt.), but still increased mean arterial pressure. These effects of guanabenz were prevented by the prior bilateral administration of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, @entity3160 (2 X 15 micrograms), into the central amygdaloid nucleus; @entity3160 alone had no effect on the renal responses to air stress in SHR. Guanabenz in the lateral cerebral ventricle (2 micrograms), the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (2 X 2.5 micrograms) or a site dorsal to the central amygdaloid nucleus in the area of globus pallidus (2 X 2.5 micrograms) had no effect on the renal sympathetic nerve activity or urinary @entity1372 excretion responses to air stress. Similarly, @entity10342 (2 X 1 microgram; @entity10341 antagonist) in the central amygdaloid nucleus had no effect on the renal responses to air stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Alpha 2-adrenoceptors in amygdala control renal sympathetic nerve activity and renal function in conscious spontaneously XXXX @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['rauwolscine']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['increased renal sympathetic nerve activity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity8074 :: ('MESH:D006143', 'Chemical') :: ['guanabenz']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: The contributions of alpha 2- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the central amygdaloid nucleus to the @entity8 and decreased urinary @entity1372 excretion resulting from environmental stress (air jet) in conscious spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) were examined. Air stress increased mean arterial pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity (47% from 9.3 +/- 0.8 integrator resets/min), and decreased urinary @entity1372 excretion (38% from 2.4 +/- 0.3 microEq/min/100 g b. wt.). After bilateral administration of @entity8074 (2 X 2.5 micrograms) (alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) into the central amygdaloid nucleus of the same SHR, air stress had no effect on renal sympathetic nerve activity (+7% from 7.5 +/- 0.8 integrator resets/min) or urinary @entity1372 excretion (+5% from 3.5 +/- 0.4 microEq/min/100 g b. wt.), but still increased mean arterial pressure. These effects of guanabenz were prevented by the prior bilateral administration of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, @entity3160 (2 X 15 micrograms), into the central amygdaloid nucleus; @entity3160 alone had no effect on the renal responses to air stress in SHR. Guanabenz in the lateral cerebral ventricle (2 micrograms), the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (2 X 2.5 micrograms) or a site dorsal to the central amygdaloid nucleus in the area of globus pallidus (2 X 2.5 micrograms) had no effect on the renal sympathetic nerve activity or urinary @entity1372 excretion responses to air stress. Similarly, @entity10342 (2 X 1 microgram; @entity10341 antagonist) in the central amygdaloid nucleus had no effect on the renal responses to air stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Alpha 2-adrenoceptors in amygdala control renal sympathetic nerve activity and renal function in conscious spontaneously @entity101 XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: There are still many problems to be overcome in the development of mammographic apparatus suitable for mass screening purposes, but a certain number of these have been solved in the system discussed in the present paper. The equipment employs the technique of displaying I.I. images on a monitor by means of an image processor. This possesses the advantages of both film mammography and xeromammography, and the X-ray dose involved is small. The following advantages over film mammography are offered: The system is capable of clearly bringing out very minor differences of contrast. @entity5 shadows can be easily displayed. The X-ray dose is small: 0.03-0.05 R. The equipment is inexpensive to use. @entity1 positioning is simple, and examinations take little time. Long operator training programs are unnecessary. The system uses digital signals, and so automatic diagnosis is possible. Theoretically, at least, @entity5 as small as 0.2 mm in diameter can be detected. The future goal is discovering unpalpable @entity0 . DMR is useful because of low dose, low cost and high safety. In our study as screening for @entity0 , DMR system shows high sensitivity (87.1%), specificity (78.7%) in 391 cases of out @entity1 .

title: [Digital mammo-radiography (DMR) in mass screening for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Maternal @entity249 and high body mass index (BMI) are both associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, including some @entity600 . One study reported an association between @entity249 and @entity8 (Li, 1999). METHODS: We defined @entity249 as the mother's report that she sought fertility treatment from a doctor/clinic, and high BMI as a prepregnancy BMI > or = 25. We included 169 @entity1 with @entity8 ( @entity8 [n = 41], obstructive defects [n = 117], and duplication defects [n = 11]) and 2763 @entity1 without defects who were born in 1968-1980 in metropolitan Atlanta, after excluding mothers who reported @entity6 . Conditional logistic regression (matching variables: race, birth hospital, and birth period) was used to obtain effect estimates (adjusted for maternal age and gestational age). RESULTS: Subfertility was more common among case-mothers (11.8%) than control-mothers (7.8%), high BMI was similar among case-mothers (11.2%) and control-mothers (10.9%), and joint exposure ( @entity249 and high BMI) was reported by 3% case-mothers and 0.7% of control-mothers. Joint exposure to @entity249 and high BMI was associated with @entity8 (odds ratio [OR] = 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-16.3). All case-mothers who reported a joint exposure had @entity1 with @entity8 (OR = 8.5; 95% CI = 2.9-24.7). There was no association observed for either exposure alone ( @entity249 and low BMI, or high BMI and no @entity249 ) for either all @entity8 or obstructive defects. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who are overweight/ @entity28 and experience @entity249 may be more likely to have an @entity1 with an @entity8 . Further exploration of possible biologic mechanisms is needed.

title: Subfertility and prepregnancy overweight/ @entity28 : possible interaction between these risk factors in the etiology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Women', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['subfertility']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive renal anomaly', 'renal agenesis', 'renal anomalies', 'obstructive renal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['birth defects']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['congenital renal anomalies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Maternal @entity249 and high body mass index (BMI) are both associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, including some @entity600 . One study reported an association between @entity249 and @entity8 (Li, 1999). METHODS: We defined @entity249 as the mother's report that she sought fertility treatment from a doctor/clinic, and high BMI as a prepregnancy BMI > or = 25. We included 169 @entity1 with @entity8 ( @entity8 [n = 41], obstructive defects [n = 117], and duplication defects [n = 11]) and 2763 @entity1 without defects who were born in 1968-1980 in metropolitan Atlanta, after excluding mothers who reported @entity6 . Conditional logistic regression (matching variables: race, birth hospital, and birth period) was used to obtain effect estimates (adjusted for maternal age and gestational age). RESULTS: Subfertility was more common among case-mothers (11.8%) than control-mothers (7.8%), high BMI was similar among case-mothers (11.2%) and control-mothers (10.9%), and joint exposure ( @entity249 and high BMI) was reported by 3% case-mothers and 0.7% of control-mothers. Joint exposure to @entity249 and high BMI was associated with @entity8 (odds ratio [OR] = 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-16.3). All case-mothers who reported a joint exposure had @entity1 with @entity8 (OR = 8.5; 95% CI = 2.9-24.7). There was no association observed for either exposure alone ( @entity249 and low BMI, or high BMI and no @entity249 ) for either all @entity8 or obstructive defects. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who are overweight/ @entity28 and experience @entity249 may be more likely to have an @entity1 with an @entity8 . Further exploration of possible biologic mechanisms is needed.

title: Subfertility and prepregnancy overweight/ XXXX : possible interaction between these risk factors in the etiology of @entity8 .

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: Inhibin is a gonadal hormone thought to be important in FSH regulation. We investigated the effects of the hypogonadotropic state and subsequent @entity1176 -induced increases in gonadotropin levels on inhibin secretion. Serum levels of inhibin, LH, FSH, and @entity251 (T) as well as sperm concentrations were measured in 5 @entity1 with @entity12107 ( @entity12107 ) before (baseline) and during 8 weeks of @entity1176 therapy (5 micrograms, sc, every 2 h). Baseline and peak inhibin levels were compared to those in a group of 19 normal @entity1 . Before @entity1176 administration, the mean serum inhibin level was significantly lower in the @entity12107 @entity1 than in the normal @entity1 [166 +/- 56 (+/- SE) vs. 588 +/- 30 U/L; P less than 0.001]. Serum inhibin levels rose after 1 week of @entity1176 therapy (P less than 0.05) and remained higher than the baseline level thereafter. The mean peak inhibin level during @entity1176 administration was lower than the mean value in normal @entity1 (485 +/- 166 vs. 588 +/- 30 U/L; P less than 0.05). Serum LH and FSH levels rose promptly to the midnormal range or slightly above it. Serum T levels did not significantly increase until 4-5 weeks of @entity1176 administration and remained in the low normal range. All @entity12107 @entity1 were azoospermic throughout the study. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibin is produced by the testis under gonadotropin control. They also suggest the possibility of defective Sertoli and Leydig cell function in @entity1 with @entity12107 , since the men's serum inhibin and T levels did not rise to the same extent as did their normalized serum gonadotropin levels during @entity1176 administration.

title: Stimulation of serum inhibin concentrations by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity12107 :: ('MESH:C562785', 'Disease') :: ['IHH', 'idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism']

answer: @entity12107 :: (MESH:C562785,Disease) :: ['idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism']


abstract: Inhibin is a gonadal hormone thought to be important in FSH regulation. We investigated the effects of the hypogonadotropic state and subsequent @entity1176 -induced increases in gonadotropin levels on inhibin secretion. Serum levels of inhibin, LH, FSH, and @entity251 (T) as well as sperm concentrations were measured in 5 @entity1 with @entity12107 ( @entity12107 ) before (baseline) and during 8 weeks of @entity1176 therapy (5 micrograms, sc, every 2 h). Baseline and peak inhibin levels were compared to those in a group of 19 normal @entity1 . Before @entity1176 administration, the mean serum inhibin level was significantly lower in the @entity12107 @entity1 than in the normal @entity1 [166 +/- 56 (+/- SE) vs. 588 +/- 30 U/L; P less than 0.001]. Serum inhibin levels rose after 1 week of @entity1176 therapy (P less than 0.05) and remained higher than the baseline level thereafter. The mean peak inhibin level during @entity1176 administration was lower than the mean value in normal @entity1 (485 +/- 166 vs. 588 +/- 30 U/L; P less than 0.05). Serum LH and FSH levels rose promptly to the midnormal range or slightly above it. Serum T levels did not significantly increase until 4-5 weeks of @entity1176 administration and remained in the low normal range. All @entity12107 @entity1 were azoospermic throughout the study. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibin is produced by the testis under gonadotropin control. They also suggest the possibility of defective Sertoli and Leydig cell function in @entity1 with @entity12107 , since the men's serum inhibin and T levels did not rise to the same extent as did their normalized serum gonadotropin levels during @entity1176 administration.

title: Stimulation of serum inhibin concentrations by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in XXXX with @entity12107 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: Literary data proved evidence that uterine actions of @entity172 develop through different receptor systems. We performed experiments to examine whether different mechanisms are also involved in the hepatic effects of estrogenic @entity230 . Female @entity35 were treated with a single dose of 5 mg/kg @entity1815 . Dry liver weight and protein content increased. Both responses were blocked by prior administration of natural antiestrogen @entity1420 . Increased wet organ weight and water content were measured as @entity4 . They can be attributed to the depolymerisation of mucopolysaccharides. @entity1420 could not prevent these effects. @entity1815 induced glycogen synthesis in the liver. This was counteracted by @entity1420 treatment. To elucidate the possible role of the adenylcyclase system the animals were treated with beta-receptor blocker @entity1169 which had no effect either on liver glycogen content or on @entity1815 induced synthesis. @entity71037 , an equal blocker of alpha 1- and alpha 2-receptors, did not interfere with glycogenetic action of @entity1815 either. The selective alpha 1-receptor blocker @entity3159 decreased the liver glycogen content and inhibited glycogenetic response to @entity1815 . Our results proved that @entity172 display their hepatic effects by several mechanisms that can be selectively blocked or moderated.

title: Different mechanisms in the hepatic actions of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogens']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone', 'Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous reactions']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity1815 :: ('MESH:D004970', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrone', 'estrone']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity71037 :: ('MESH:D025443', 'Chemical') :: ['Dihydroergocryptine']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogens']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Renal arteriovenous (AV) @entity292 is uncommon, but sometimes causes severe @entity811 . To assess the value of color Doppler ultrasound (CD-US) for the detection of @entity8 , we retrospectively reviewed our experience with this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1994 and 2001, five @entity1 with @entity8 were diagnosed in our institution. Post-biopsy @entity2548 of the transplanted kidney was found in 1 @entity1 . @entity8 was detected in 2 @entity1 who presented with gross @entity811 . In the remaining 2 @entity1 , @entity8 was discovered incidentally during abdominal ultrasonography. We evaluated gray-scale and CD-US imaging in those five @entity1 . RESULTS: In all 5 @entity1 , CD-US showed a whirling flow pattern within an echo-free structure suggesting @entity2548 . However, it was difficult to distinguish @entity2548 from @entity439 using only CD-US. While pulsed spectral Doppler evaluation of the lesion might be helpful, prompt venous filling on dynamic CT scan and/or renal arteriography was the most definitive sign for diagnosing the @entity8 . CONCLUSIONS: CD-US is excellent for demonstrating turbulent blood flow signals within the kidney. However, another radiographic study is required to give a definite diagnosis of @entity8 . Due to its low cost, low risk and wide availability, we recommend that CD-US be the first-line imaging procedure for the evaluation of @entity811 and @entity8 as well as for followup for @entity8 .

title: [Color Doppler ultrasound for detection of renal XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal AV fistula', 'Renal AV fistula', 'renal cystic lesion']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['AV fistula']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity2548 :: (MESH:D001164,Disease) :: ['arteriovenous fistulas']


abstract: The translation initiation rate is greatly affected by the secondary structure of the translation initiation region (TIR) of mRNA. A novel system was established for improving the translation initiation rate of a foreign gene in @entity526 . As a model, the 5' 114 bp coding sequence (38 @entity1522 from the start codon) of @entity1 @entity1364 ( @entity1364 ) gene was fused with the lacZ' gene at its 5' end in vector pTZ19R. A Shine/Dalgarno (SD) sequence GAGGT was inserted to the -8 position of AUG by site-directed mutation. Then the flanking sequences of SD, which were the 6 @entity2036 upstream the SD and the 7 nucleotides between SD and AUG, were randomly changed by PCR using a synthetic primer with partially random sequences. This random mutation led to potential variations in the secondary structure of the TIR of mRNA through base pairing with the 5' coding sequence. The 5' @entity1364 -LacZ' mRNA could be efficiently and specifically transcribed by inducible T7 RNA polymerase in @entity526 JM 109 (DE3). There were 269 clones of 5' @entity1364 -LacZ' fusion plasmid selected first by the blue color on X-gal plate and then by hybridization with a 5' @entity1364 probe. Eight clones with different blue colors among the 269 clones were chosen for beta-galactosidase activity assay. The results showed that the difference between their enzyme activities was more than 20 fold, but there seemed no apparent difference at the transcription level as assayed by RNA dot hybridization, which suggested that the difference in the expression of the fusion protein was due to the different rate of translation initiation. Thus, by this strategy, an effective translation initiation region for the high expression of @entity1 @entity1364 gene in @entity526 was obtained.

title: A New Strategy for Optimizing the Translation Initiation Rate of Foreign Gene Expression in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1364 :: ('5111', 'Gene') :: ['proliferating cell nuclear antigen', 'PCNA']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['E. coli', 'E. coli strain']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['E. coli']


abstract: The Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a widespread international instrument and recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for outcome measurement in hip and knee diseases. Up to now there has been no German version of the questionnaire fulfilling the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation and providing satisfactory metric quality. Based on these guidelines, we developed the German version of the Lequesne Algofunctional Index regarding @entity570 presented in this article. All of the questions it contains have been worded as whole sentences, questions concerning walking performance have been substantiated by examples. In testing of the metric outcome (hip: n = 112; knee: n = 83), both questionnaires showed an excellent reliability (IKK > 0,88). As a validity criterion, the correlation with the WOMAC score was tested. We received a Spearman coefficient between 0,63 and 0,81, indicating a high correlation. Time needed to fill in the Lequesne score was 2 min. in @entity1 , physicians took 1,2 min. to evaluate the questionnaire. Regarding the questionnaires handed back, the Lequesne score showed better results than the WOMAC index. Sensitivity, measured by the "standardized response mean", was good in both regions for the total score. Comparing the data received on @entity158 -related questions, the WOMAC score however showed a better sensitivity. The German version of the Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a suitable outcome instrument to measure the intensity of @entity158 , walking capacity and activity of daily life in @entity1 with @entity571 of @entity572 .

title: [Cross cultural adaptation of the lequesne algofunctional indices for german speaking @entity1 with XXXX and the knee].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip and knee joints']

entities_list: @entity570 :: ('MESH:D015207', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis of the hip and knee joints']

answer: @entity570 :: (MESH:D015207,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis of the hip']


abstract: The Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a widespread international instrument and recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for outcome measurement in hip and knee diseases. Up to now there has been no German version of the questionnaire fulfilling the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation and providing satisfactory metric quality. Based on these guidelines, we developed the German version of the Lequesne Algofunctional Index regarding @entity570 presented in this article. All of the questions it contains have been worded as whole sentences, questions concerning walking performance have been substantiated by examples. In testing of the metric outcome (hip: n = 112; knee: n = 83), both questionnaires showed an excellent reliability (IKK > 0,88). As a validity criterion, the correlation with the WOMAC score was tested. We received a Spearman coefficient between 0,63 and 0,81, indicating a high correlation. Time needed to fill in the Lequesne score was 2 min. in @entity1 , physicians took 1,2 min. to evaluate the questionnaire. Regarding the questionnaires handed back, the Lequesne score showed better results than the WOMAC index. Sensitivity, measured by the "standardized response mean", was good in both regions for the total score. Comparing the data received on @entity158 -related questions, the WOMAC score however showed a better sensitivity. The German version of the Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a suitable outcome instrument to measure the intensity of @entity158 , walking capacity and activity of daily life in @entity1 with @entity571 of @entity572 .

title: [Cross cultural adaptation of the lequesne algofunctional indices for german speaking XXXX with @entity570 and the knee].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Efficacy and safety of @entity800 ( @entity19001 ), a new @entity1536 antibacterial agent, were investigated in cases of sexually transmitted male @entity6369 and @entity3799 . @entity281 occupied a large part of the @entity1 enrolled. This study was conducted in 29 institutions. A total of 1,126 @entity1 with @entity2954 , chlamydial or non- @entity2954 non- @entity281 were enrolled in the study. The general dosing regimen of oral @entity19001 was 100 mg t.i.d. or 200 mg t.i.d. for 14 consecutive days. Along with the clinical efficacy evaluated by doctors in charge, therapeutic and clinical efficacies were determined according to standardized evaluation criteria. The evaluation of therapeutic efficacy was based on bacterial eradication. On the other hand, clinical efficacy was determined upon the improvement in causative bacteria, WBC counts in smear (or initial urine) specimens and urethra/cervical discharges. Clinical efficacy was determined on 7 and 14 days after starting the medication, except for @entity2954 for which the efficacy was determined on Day 3 and Day 7. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Efficacy evaluation by standardized criteria Therapeutic efficacy rates in @entity2954 were 97.9% (93/95) on Day 3 and 100% (119/119) on Day 7. In @entity281 , the rates were 77.7% (363/467) on Day 7 and 93.6% (392/419) on Day 14. @entity7566 rated 94.8% (239/252) and @entity3799 91.6% (153/167) on Day 14. Clinical efficacy rates in @entity2954 were 63.2% (60/95) on Day 3 and 95.8% (114/119) on Day 7. In @entity281 , they were 70.0% (327/467) on Day 7 and 89.7% (376/419) on Day 14. @entity7566 rated 88.5% (223/252) and @entity3799 91.6% (153/167) on Day 14. Clinical efficacy rates in non- @entity2954 non- @entity281 were 93.3% (97/104) for male @entity6369 and 65.9% (27/41) for @entity3799 on Day 14. 2. Clinical efficacy determined by doctors in charge A total of 1,028 cases, 752 @entity6369 and 276 @entity3799 cases, was evaluated by doctors in charge. Clinical efficacy rates were 90.3% for @entity6369 and 92.4% for @entity3799 . 3. Safety Safety evaluations was conducted in 1,087 @entity1 . Side effects were observed in 23 @entity1 among them (2.12%). None of them were deemed serious. General laboratory examinations were conducted for 169 @entity1 . Abnormal findings were seen in 11 @entity1 (6.51%) or 13 cases, all of which were minor. The results of this multi-center clinical trial demonstrated that @entity19001 is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ), both @entity2954 .

title: [Efficacy of @entity800 in sexually transmitted male @entity6369 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity6369 :: ('MESH:D014526', 'Disease') :: ['urethritis']

entities_list: @entity2954 :: ('MESH:D006069', 'Disease') :: ['gonococcal infections', 'gonococcal and chlamydial infections', 'gonococcal']

entities_list: @entity7566 :: ('MESH:D061387', 'Disease') :: ['Chlamydial urethritis']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted disease', 'STD']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['chlamydial infections', 'Chlamydial infections']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervicitis']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['ofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity1536 :: ('CHEBI:23765', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolone']

answer: @entity3799 :: (MESH:D002575,Disease) :: ['cervicitis']


abstract: Efficacy and safety of @entity800 ( @entity19001 ), a new @entity1536 antibacterial agent, were investigated in cases of sexually transmitted male @entity6369 and @entity3799 . @entity281 occupied a large part of the @entity1 enrolled. This study was conducted in 29 institutions. A total of 1,126 @entity1 with @entity2954 , chlamydial or non- @entity2954 non- @entity281 were enrolled in the study. The general dosing regimen of oral @entity19001 was 100 mg t.i.d. or 200 mg t.i.d. for 14 consecutive days. Along with the clinical efficacy evaluated by doctors in charge, therapeutic and clinical efficacies were determined according to standardized evaluation criteria. The evaluation of therapeutic efficacy was based on bacterial eradication. On the other hand, clinical efficacy was determined upon the improvement in causative bacteria, WBC counts in smear (or initial urine) specimens and urethra/cervical discharges. Clinical efficacy was determined on 7 and 14 days after starting the medication, except for @entity2954 for which the efficacy was determined on Day 3 and Day 7. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Efficacy evaluation by standardized criteria Therapeutic efficacy rates in @entity2954 were 97.9% (93/95) on Day 3 and 100% (119/119) on Day 7. In @entity281 , the rates were 77.7% (363/467) on Day 7 and 93.6% (392/419) on Day 14. @entity7566 rated 94.8% (239/252) and @entity3799 91.6% (153/167) on Day 14. Clinical efficacy rates in @entity2954 were 63.2% (60/95) on Day 3 and 95.8% (114/119) on Day 7. In @entity281 , they were 70.0% (327/467) on Day 7 and 89.7% (376/419) on Day 14. @entity7566 rated 88.5% (223/252) and @entity3799 91.6% (153/167) on Day 14. Clinical efficacy rates in non- @entity2954 non- @entity281 were 93.3% (97/104) for male @entity6369 and 65.9% (27/41) for @entity3799 on Day 14. 2. Clinical efficacy determined by doctors in charge A total of 1,028 cases, 752 @entity6369 and 276 @entity3799 cases, was evaluated by doctors in charge. Clinical efficacy rates were 90.3% for @entity6369 and 92.4% for @entity3799 . 3. Safety Safety evaluations was conducted in 1,087 @entity1 . Side effects were observed in 23 @entity1 among them (2.12%). None of them were deemed serious. General laboratory examinations were conducted for 169 @entity1 . Abnormal findings were seen in 11 @entity1 (6.51%) or 13 cases, all of which were minor. The results of this multi-center clinical trial demonstrated that @entity19001 is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ), both @entity2954 .

title: [Efficacy of @entity800 in sexually transmitted male XXXX and @entity3799 ].

answer: @entity6369 :: (MESH:D014526,Disease) :: ['urethritis']


abstract: Efficacy and safety of @entity800 ( @entity19001 ), a new @entity1536 antibacterial agent, were investigated in cases of sexually transmitted male @entity6369 and @entity3799 . @entity281 occupied a large part of the @entity1 enrolled. This study was conducted in 29 institutions. A total of 1,126 @entity1 with @entity2954 , chlamydial or non- @entity2954 non- @entity281 were enrolled in the study. The general dosing regimen of oral @entity19001 was 100 mg t.i.d. or 200 mg t.i.d. for 14 consecutive days. Along with the clinical efficacy evaluated by doctors in charge, therapeutic and clinical efficacies were determined according to standardized evaluation criteria. The evaluation of therapeutic efficacy was based on bacterial eradication. On the other hand, clinical efficacy was determined upon the improvement in causative bacteria, WBC counts in smear (or initial urine) specimens and urethra/cervical discharges. Clinical efficacy was determined on 7 and 14 days after starting the medication, except for @entity2954 for which the efficacy was determined on Day 3 and Day 7. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Efficacy evaluation by standardized criteria Therapeutic efficacy rates in @entity2954 were 97.9% (93/95) on Day 3 and 100% (119/119) on Day 7. In @entity281 , the rates were 77.7% (363/467) on Day 7 and 93.6% (392/419) on Day 14. @entity7566 rated 94.8% (239/252) and @entity3799 91.6% (153/167) on Day 14. Clinical efficacy rates in @entity2954 were 63.2% (60/95) on Day 3 and 95.8% (114/119) on Day 7. In @entity281 , they were 70.0% (327/467) on Day 7 and 89.7% (376/419) on Day 14. @entity7566 rated 88.5% (223/252) and @entity3799 91.6% (153/167) on Day 14. Clinical efficacy rates in non- @entity2954 non- @entity281 were 93.3% (97/104) for male @entity6369 and 65.9% (27/41) for @entity3799 on Day 14. 2. Clinical efficacy determined by doctors in charge A total of 1,028 cases, 752 @entity6369 and 276 @entity3799 cases, was evaluated by doctors in charge. Clinical efficacy rates were 90.3% for @entity6369 and 92.4% for @entity3799 . 3. Safety Safety evaluations was conducted in 1,087 @entity1 . Side effects were observed in 23 @entity1 among them (2.12%). None of them were deemed serious. General laboratory examinations were conducted for 169 @entity1 . Abnormal findings were seen in 11 @entity1 (6.51%) or 13 cases, all of which were minor. The results of this multi-center clinical trial demonstrated that @entity19001 is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ), both @entity2954 .

title: [Efficacy of XXXX in sexually transmitted male @entity6369 and @entity3799 ].

answer: @entity800 :: (MESH:D015242,Chemical) :: ['ofloxacin']


abstract: @entity957 of the @entity135 ( @entity213 ) is the sixth most frequent @entity5 worldwide, comprising almost 50% of all @entity5 in some developing nations. In the United States, 30,000 new cases and 8,000 @entity204 are reported each year. Survival rates vary depending on @entity286 and @entity167 consumption, age, gender, ethnic background, and geographic area. This variability reflects the multifactorial pathogenesis of the disease. Early detection and diagnosis has increased survival but the overall 5 year rate of 50% is among the lowest of the major @entity5 . Differences between normal epithelium and @entity5 cells of the upper aerodigestive tract arise from specific alterations in genes controlling DNA repair, proliferation, immortalization, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. These proteins include both @entity5 suppressors and activating oncogenes which regulate a wide variety of intracellular signaling pathways. Included in these pathways are growth factor receptors, signal transducers, and transcription factors which regulate DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and programmed cell death. In @entity135 , alterations of three signaling pathways occur with sufficient frequency and produce such dramatic phenotypic changes as to be considered the critical transforming events of the disease. These changes include mutation of the p53 @entity5 suppressor, inactivation of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16, and overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This review will focus on the molecular changes which occur in these pathways and how they contribute to the pathogenesis of @entity213 .

title: Molecular pathology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer', 'head and neck region']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: An increased level of glucocorticoid receptors has been found in @entity157 . The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo effect of glucocorticoid on the growth of @entity19 @entity157 cells. In vitro cell growth was determined by @entity98 assay, while cell cycle progression was assayed with flow cytometry. For in vivo experiments, @entity1 and Hepa 1-6 cells were implanted in BALB/c and @entity915 @entity19 , respectively. Each @entity19 received 4 subcutaneous injections of @entity701 and/or @entity3927 after @entity5 implantation. We found that glucocorticoid treatment of @entity1 and Hepa 1-6 cells in vitro resulted in an increase in cell growth which was partially inhibited by @entity3927 , a glucocorticoid antagonist. Glucocorticoid treatment enhanced the cell cycle progression of @entity1 cells. The incidence of @entity5 in the @entity701 group was significantly higher than that of the saline, @entity3927 , or @entity701 plus @entity3927 groups. @entity3927 partially blocked the @entity701 -stimulated growth of @entity157 . Further study showed that glucocorticoid treatment of @entity915 @entity19 also stimulated Hepa 1-6 @entity5 growth. In conclusion, our results indicated that glucocorticoid directly stimulated @entity157 growth and this stimulation was not the result of immune suppression. Glucocorticoids may play an important role in regulating the growth of @entity157 .

title: In vivo and in vitro growth stimulation of @entity19 XXXX cells by glucocorticoid.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'ML-3 tumor']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatoma']


abstract: An increased level of glucocorticoid receptors has been found in @entity157 . The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo effect of glucocorticoid on the growth of @entity19 @entity157 cells. In vitro cell growth was determined by @entity98 assay, while cell cycle progression was assayed with flow cytometry. For in vivo experiments, @entity1 and Hepa 1-6 cells were implanted in BALB/c and @entity915 @entity19 , respectively. Each @entity19 received 4 subcutaneous injections of @entity701 and/or @entity3927 after @entity5 implantation. We found that glucocorticoid treatment of @entity1 and Hepa 1-6 cells in vitro resulted in an increase in cell growth which was partially inhibited by @entity3927 , a glucocorticoid antagonist. Glucocorticoid treatment enhanced the cell cycle progression of @entity1 cells. The incidence of @entity5 in the @entity701 group was significantly higher than that of the saline, @entity3927 , or @entity701 plus @entity3927 groups. @entity3927 partially blocked the @entity701 -stimulated growth of @entity157 . Further study showed that glucocorticoid treatment of @entity915 @entity19 also stimulated Hepa 1-6 @entity5 growth. In conclusion, our results indicated that glucocorticoid directly stimulated @entity157 growth and this stimulation was not the result of immune suppression. Glucocorticoids may play an important role in regulating the growth of @entity157 .

title: In vivo and in vitro growth stimulation of XXXX @entity157 cells by glucocorticoid.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The visual sensations many @entity1 experience during @entity231 surgery under local anaesthesia have received little attention until recently. This paper reviews the recent studies on this phenomenon, discusses its clinical significance and suggests novel approaches to reduce its negative impact on the surgery. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Many @entity1 who have @entity231 surgery under retrobulbar, peribulbar or topical anaesthesia experience a @entity227 in their operated eye during surgery. These visual sensations include perception of light, movements, flashes, one or more colours, surgical instruments, the surgeon's hand/fingers, the surgeon and changes in light brightness. Some @entity1 experience transient no light perception, even if the operation is performed under topical anaesthesia. The clinical significance of this phenomenon lies in the fact that approximately 7.1% to 15.4% of @entity1 find their visual experience frightening. This fear and @entity148 may cause some @entity1 to become uncooperative during surgery and trigger a sympathetic surge, causing such undesirable effects as @entity101 , @entity591 , @entity6475 on the heart, @entity10441 and acute @entity4697 attack. Several approaches to reduce the negative impact of @entity1 ' visual experience are suggested, including appropriate preoperative counselling and reducing the ability of @entity1 to see during surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The findings that some @entity1 find their intraoperative visual experience distressing have a major impact on the way ophthalmologists manage their @entity231 @entity1 . To reduce its negative impact, surgeons should consider incorporating appropriate preoperative counselling on potential intraoperative visual experience when obtaining informed consent for surgery.

title: 6th Yahya Cohen Lecture: visual experience during XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['variety of visual sensations']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic strain']

entities_list: @entity10441 :: ('MESH:D006985', 'Disease') :: ['hyperventilation']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: 1. The concentration-response curves for rate of mucus output, labelled-glycoprotein output and smooth muscle contraction in response to @entity2710 , @entity2647 and @entity3045 were determined in the ferret @entity825 in vitro. 2. The potencies of @entity2710 and @entity2647 are both in order: smooth muscle contraction, glycoprotein output, rate of mucus output. 3. At lower concentrations @entity2710 is more potent than is @entity2647 on smooth muscle contraction, glycoprotein output and rate of mucus output. 4. Concentration-response curves for @entity3045 show very little change in rate of mucus output but a large increase in glycoprotein output. 5. It is concluded that the glycoprotein output induced by @entity3045 may come from a source different from those induced by @entity2710 and @entity2647 .

title: Comparison of mucus flow rate, radiolabelled glycoprotein output and smooth muscle contraction in the ferret XXXX in vitro.

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

answer: @entity825 :: (MESH:D055090,Disease) :: ['trachea']


abstract: 1. The technique of microiontophoresis was used to investigate the identity of the receptor mediating the excitatory effects of @entity750 ( @entity750 ) upon neurones in the midline of the medullary brainstem of the @entity35 in vivo. 2. The 5-HT1-like receptor agonists @entity20935 (5-CT) and @entity10097 ( @entity10097 ) failed to excite the majority of neurones excited by @entity750 . The mobilities of @entity20936 and @entity10097 when tested in vitro were found not to differ significantly from that of @entity750 , suggesting that the lack of effect of these agonists was not due to a lower rate of release from the microelectrodes. 3. The excitatory responses to @entity750 were attenuated by the @entity750 2-receptor antagonists @entity6009 and @entity3858 when applied microiontophoretically or administered intravenously (0.3 and 1 mg kg-1 respectively). Excitatory responses to @entity2227 and @entity1063 were not reduced. 4. The @entity5376 antagonist @entity16645 failed to attenuate selectively the excitatory response to @entity750 when applied either by microiontophoresis or administered intravenously (1 mg kg-1). 5. Microiontophoretic application of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity3159 did not attenuate excitatory responses to either @entity750 or @entity1063 . Intravenously administered prazosin (0.8 mg kg-1) also failed to attenuate excitatory responses to @entity750 , but did block excitatory responses to @entity1063 . 6. These results suggest that 5-HT2-receptors, but not 5-HT1-like receptors, 5-HT3-receptors or alpha 1-adrenoceptors, are involved in the excitatory response of midline medullary neurones to @entity750 .

title: Evidence for excitatory 5-HT2-receptors on XXXX brainstem neurones.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity3858 :: ('MESH:D008784', 'Chemical') :: ['methysergide']

entities_list: @entity10097 :: ('MESH:D017371', 'Chemical') :: ['8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin', '8-OH-DPAT']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', '5-HT']

entities_list: @entity6009 :: ('MESH:D007650', 'Chemical') :: ['ketanserin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity20935 :: ('MESH:C047087', 'Chemical') :: ['5-carboxamidotryptamine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyse the prevalence of @entity3147 in candidates for lung transplantation and to establish if there are any differences in the prevalence of @entity3147 among the different groups of @entity1 regarding their illness. METHODS: We reviewed the nutritional evaluation of 163 consecutive transplant candidates referred to our hospital (1996-2001). The nutritional assessment included: clinical history, anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and biochemical measurements. The nutritional status diagnosis was determined following @entity26320 Chang protocol. RESULTS: 163 @entity1 (108 male/55 female; 42.9 +/- 14.7 yr.) agrupped into four main @entity358 groups: obstructive ( @entity1030 ): 60 (36.8%); interstitial ( @entity2416 ): 45 (27.6%); septic ( @entity1577 and @entity4595 ): 47 (28.8%); and vascular ( @entity120 and miscellaneous etiology): 11 (6.7%). The prevalence of @entity3147 is 60.9% (IC 95%; 53.4-68.4) and the most prevalent type is moderate @entity3147 (23.3%). Percentage of triceps skinfold thickness was lower in the septic group (65.1 +/- 43.0) than in the obstructive (94.8 +/- 53.9; p < 0.05) or in the interstitial one (130.3 +/- 61.5; p < 0.0001). Interstitial group had also the higher weight, BMI and percentage of ideal weight. Percentage of arm muscle circumference was only different between interstitial and septic groups (105.5 +/- 18.3 vs 95.9 +/- 11.1; p < 0.01). Resting energy expenditure was lower in septic @entity1 . This group had lower levels of prealbumin than obstructive (17.6 +/- 4.7 vs 24.4 +/- 4.8 mg/dl; p < 0.0001) or interstitial groups (17.6 +/- 4.7 vs 27.3 +/- 7.7 mg/dl; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition in @entity1 awaiting lung transplantation is highly prevalent, specially in @entity358 . Anthropometric measurements are a good and easy option to explore this problem. Nutritional rehabilitation of these @entity1 could improve their postoperative course.

title: [Prevalence of XXXX among candidates for lung transplantation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['primary pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2416 :: ('MESH:D054990', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['septic and vascular lung diseases', 'lung diseases']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['caloric malnutrition', 'malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity3147 :: (MESH:D044342,Disease) :: ['malnutrition']


abstract: Autopsies in 20 @entity1 with the @entity791 ( @entity791 )-related @entity706 were studied retrospectively to ascertain the precise cause of @entity204 and the extent of @entity66 . Eight @entity1 had primary central nervous system (CNS) @entity706 : two of them were diagnosed antemortem; @entity149 was suspected in three others by computerized tomographic (CT) scan and was confirmed at autopsy. The remaining three were diagnosed incidentally at autopsy. All had concurrent infections at autopsy, including @entity1292 in six and pyogenic infections in two. @entity1292 at autopsy in these @entity1 outnumbered those diagnosed clinically. Twelve @entity1 had @entity706 . Three were diagnosed only at autopsy, two of whom had extensive @entity2826 ( @entity2826 ) as well. Eight @entity1 were treated with chemotherapy, but died with disseminated disease. @entity1292 were found at autopsy in five @entity1 . Secondary involvement of the CNS by @entity706 was frequent (66%) and was not related to previous bone marrow involvement. The authors conclude that the incidence of @entity706 occurring in @entity791 may be more frequent than diagnosed clinically. Similarly, multiple @entity1292 occur in these @entity1 which are not diagnosed premortem and may contribute to @entity204 .

title: Autopsy findings in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2826 :: ('MESH:D012514', 'Disease') :: ["Kaposi's sarcoma", 'KS']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomatous disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'systemic lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['CNS lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infection', 'Opportunistic infections', 'opportunistic infections']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['AIDS', 'acquired immune deficiency syndrome']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['early death', 'death']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS-related lymphoma']


abstract: DNA has been implicated as the critical target for @entity900 ( @entity7397 )-induced @entity137 . In vitro, DNA- @entity902 adducts inhibit DNA synthesis. An assessment of the inhibition of DNA synthesis in @entity19 @entity1778 L1210 cells demonstrated that, although cell division was halted, DNA replication continued for a period of time. The DNA underwent almost a complete doubling even in cells that did not divide. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a slowed synthetic phase which progressed to a block in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The duration of the G2 block was proportional to the concentration of @entity7397 . Low concentrations of @entity7397 caused the cells to be transiently blocked in the G2 phase for 24 to 48 h. Higher concentrations of @entity7397 resulted in a G2 arrest that was not reversed by 96 h. After this time, the arrested cells appeared to disintegrate, rather than recover. Cell survival and @entity3460 exclusion studies indicated that, at low drug concentrations, cells which had transiently arrested in the G2 phase survived, while at higher concentrations only a limited number of survivors were responsible for the observed recovery of growth. Analysis of DNA double-strand breaks showed that significant numbers of breaks only occurred at concentrations of @entity7397 that subsequently led to debris detectable on the flow cytometer and to loss of @entity3460 exclusion. The formation of these breaks appeared to be the first detectable change that was indicative of cell death. It is proposed that cells arrest in the G2 phase because they are unable to transcribe damaged DNA and make mRNA essential for passage into mitosis. DNA repair probably overcomes this arrest. Cell death may therefore be a consequence of the inability to adequately recover transcription.

title: Mechanism of XXXX -induced @entity137 : role of G2 arrest and DNA double-strand breaks.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)']

entities_list: @entity3460 :: ('MESH:D014343', 'Chemical') :: ['trypan blue']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)']


abstract: DNA has been implicated as the critical target for @entity900 ( @entity7397 )-induced @entity137 . In vitro, DNA- @entity902 adducts inhibit DNA synthesis. An assessment of the inhibition of DNA synthesis in @entity19 @entity1778 L1210 cells demonstrated that, although cell division was halted, DNA replication continued for a period of time. The DNA underwent almost a complete doubling even in cells that did not divide. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a slowed synthetic phase which progressed to a block in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The duration of the G2 block was proportional to the concentration of @entity7397 . Low concentrations of @entity7397 caused the cells to be transiently blocked in the G2 phase for 24 to 48 h. Higher concentrations of @entity7397 resulted in a G2 arrest that was not reversed by 96 h. After this time, the arrested cells appeared to disintegrate, rather than recover. Cell survival and @entity3460 exclusion studies indicated that, at low drug concentrations, cells which had transiently arrested in the G2 phase survived, while at higher concentrations only a limited number of survivors were responsible for the observed recovery of growth. Analysis of DNA double-strand breaks showed that significant numbers of breaks only occurred at concentrations of @entity7397 that subsequently led to debris detectable on the flow cytometer and to loss of @entity3460 exclusion. The formation of these breaks appeared to be the first detectable change that was indicative of cell death. It is proposed that cells arrest in the G2 phase because they are unable to transcribe damaged DNA and make mRNA essential for passage into mitosis. DNA repair probably overcomes this arrest. Cell death may therefore be a consequence of the inability to adequately recover transcription.

title: Mechanism of @entity900 -induced XXXX : role of G2 arrest and DNA double-strand breaks.

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 less than 1500 grams at birth have been demonstrated to be particularly prone to development of low levels of serum @entity1372 often leading to increased early neonatal morbidity and mortality. No local study has been done to quantify this problem among sick newborns. Studies elsewhere demonstrate a high incidence of hyponatraemia among such preterms. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of @entity1 early neonatal morbidity on serum @entity1372 levels and justify regular monitoring and supplementation. DESIGN: Comparative cohort study. SETTING: Newborn Unit, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. SUBJECTS: Fifty six very low birth weight (1000-1500 grams at birth) @entity1 during their first week of life. Half of them were designated as cases in view of having various early neonatal illnesses. The remaining 28 being clinically stable were taken as controls. These two groups had comparable birthweights, sex distribution and gestational ages. Their @entity1372 intakes were also similar during the first week of life. RESULTS: The sick @entity1 (cases) had persistently low serum @entity1372 (mean of 120 mmols/L) throughout the first week while among the healthy @entity1 (controls) a sequential increase from 127 to 133 mmol/l, (mean values) was observed during the same period. The difference registered on day seven (133 versus 120) was statistically significant (p = 0.02). Using a cut off point of 130 mmol/L to define hyponatraemia the proportion of @entity1 with hyponatraemia, which was similar at the beginning became higher among the cases for the rest of the week with the largest disparity observed on the seventh day (75% versus 23%, p = 0.007). Urinary @entity1372 losses as measured by Fractional @entity1372 Excretion were also initially similar between the two groups but later became higher among the cases (4.96 versus 3.5 p=0.08). CONCLUSION: Very low birth weight @entity1 who are ill have lower serum @entity1372 and are more likely to develop significant hyponatraemia than their healthy counterparts during the first week of life. Standard care of these sick @entity1 must therefore routinely include regular monitoring of serum @entity1372 and its correction if found to be low.

title: Hyponatraemia in very low birth weight XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1372 :: ('MESH:D012964', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium', 'sodium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: Specific characters of the @entity10545 as a @entity5 are well known. We report twelve cases of femoral neck localisation. Delays in diagnosis of six months to one year after the onset of symptoms are quite common. Chronic or recurrent @entity158 is localised in the inguinal area with a projection to the leg and to the knee. The @entity158 was relieved by @entity117 in six cases only. X ray of the pelvis antero-posterior showed the @entity5 , but did not always show the lucent image with the surrounding sclerotic area that is well observed with tomography. The scintigraphy with @entity1136 99 is perhaps more sensitive as a way of diagnosis. The lesion is the place of intensive uptake. Although the surgical excision "in block" and the replacing of bone graft and material of osteosynthesis gave positive results, many technical problems are present during the intervention because of the important cortical reaction and bone densification. In six cases, peroperative X Ray and histology did not give diagnosis.

title: [ XXXX of the femur neck in children and adolescents. Apropos of 12 cases].

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'beniGN tumor']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin']

entities_list: @entity10545 :: ('MESH:D010017', 'Disease') :: ['osteoma osteoid']

answer: @entity10545 :: (MESH:D010017,Disease) :: ['Osteoid osteoma']


abstract: We evaluated dilation technique (n = 80) and aortic valve morphology by two-dimensional echocardiography (n = 58) in @entity1 with @entity472 to determine their influence on outcome. @entity1 ' age (9 +/- 9 years; range, 1 day-39 years) and a history of surgical valvotomy did not influence outcome. The number of dilating balloons (one vs. two) and balloon: annulus ratio based on the largest balloon used in each case (97 +/- 12%; range, 71-133%) did not demonstrably influence the percent reduction in valvar gradient. In contrast, with a balloon: annulus ratio greater than 100%, the incidence (26%) of significant, dilation-induced @entity337 was higher than occurred when the ratio was equal to or less than 100% (11%). Fifty bicommissural and eight unicommissural valves were identified echocardiographically. Relief of obstruction was associated with apparent commissural division in 24 of 32 @entity1 with suitable postdilation studies. The sites of fusion and @entity850 relief did not influence percent reduction in valvar gradient. Substantial increases in @entity337 (greater than three of five grades) occurred in three of eight unicommissural and one of 50 bicommissural valves. The presence of a thick valve was associated with a slightly lower gradient reduction (53 +/- 12%) than thin and pliant valves (63 +/- 24%) (p greater than 0.05). Unlike all other @entity66 we have studied, dilation technique and balloon size appeared to have a lesser influence on percent reduction in valvar gradient in @entity472 , although balloon: annulus ratio influences the increase in @entity337 . Valve morphology appears to assist with predicting the outcome of dilation.

title: Balloon dilation of XXXX . Results and influence of technical and morphological features on outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['congenital lesions']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['congenital aortic stenosis', 'congenital aortic valve stenosis']

answer: @entity472 :: (MESH:D001024,Disease) :: ['congenital aortic valve stenosis']


abstract: 1. The metabolism of @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) by primary cultures of @entity1 ovarian cells has been studied to identify the cell type(s) responsible for biotransformation of this carcinogen. The rate of @entity106 metabolism was maximal in granulosa cells prestimulated in vivo with antiestrogen, hMG ( @entity1 menopausal gonadotropin) and hCG ( @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin), i.e., treatments required for maximal oocyte maturation and, thus, granulosa cell proliferation. In cells from unstimulated ovaries, the metabolism was maximal in granulosa- @entity8665 cells isolated from corpus luteum. 2. @entity134 ( @entity1420 and @entity53 ) levels were determined in the spent culture media or in media in parallel with @entity106 metabolism to find out whether elevated @entity134 levels in vivo are required for the rapid metabolism of @entity106 . In granulosa cell cultures from stimulated cycles, the concentrations of both @entity1420 and @entity53 were at least 2 or 3 times higher, respectively, than in any of the other cell types tested. In cell cultures derived from unstimulated ovaries, the @entity1420 and @entity53 concentrations were highest in granulosa- @entity8665 cell cultures. 3. Incubations of granulosa cells with @entity106 in the absence or presence of gonadotropins, @entity251 or anti--hCG were performed to investigate possible hormonal requirements for the @entity12325 system(s) which metabolize @entity106 . No change in the rate of metabolism was obtained with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), hCG or @entity251 . However, anti-hCG increased this activity about 70%, indicating a negative modulatory role of hCG on @entity106 mono-oxygenase activity in @entity1 granulosa cells. 4. @entity106 mono-oxygenase activity in cell cultures was inhibited about 95% by @entity10978 ( @entity21920 ), an inhibitor of certain @entity12325 -catalysed activities. @entity3014 (BP) was metabolized at the same rate as @entity106 in granulosa cell cultures.

title: Metabolism of XXXX by different types of cells in the @entity1 ovary.

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzo(a)pyrene']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity10978 :: ('MESH:C011512', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-naphthoflavone']

answer: @entity3653 :: (CHEBI:254496,Chemical) :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']


abstract: 1. The metabolism of @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) by primary cultures of @entity1 ovarian cells has been studied to identify the cell type(s) responsible for biotransformation of this carcinogen. The rate of @entity106 metabolism was maximal in granulosa cells prestimulated in vivo with antiestrogen, hMG ( @entity1 menopausal gonadotropin) and hCG ( @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin), i.e., treatments required for maximal oocyte maturation and, thus, granulosa cell proliferation. In cells from unstimulated ovaries, the metabolism was maximal in granulosa- @entity8665 cells isolated from corpus luteum. 2. @entity134 ( @entity1420 and @entity53 ) levels were determined in the spent culture media or in media in parallel with @entity106 metabolism to find out whether elevated @entity134 levels in vivo are required for the rapid metabolism of @entity106 . In granulosa cell cultures from stimulated cycles, the concentrations of both @entity1420 and @entity53 were at least 2 or 3 times higher, respectively, than in any of the other cell types tested. In cell cultures derived from unstimulated ovaries, the @entity1420 and @entity53 concentrations were highest in granulosa- @entity8665 cell cultures. 3. Incubations of granulosa cells with @entity106 in the absence or presence of gonadotropins, @entity251 or anti--hCG were performed to investigate possible hormonal requirements for the @entity12325 system(s) which metabolize @entity106 . No change in the rate of metabolism was obtained with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), hCG or @entity251 . However, anti-hCG increased this activity about 70%, indicating a negative modulatory role of hCG on @entity106 mono-oxygenase activity in @entity1 granulosa cells. 4. @entity106 mono-oxygenase activity in cell cultures was inhibited about 95% by @entity10978 ( @entity21920 ), an inhibitor of certain @entity12325 -catalysed activities. @entity3014 (BP) was metabolized at the same rate as @entity106 in granulosa cell cultures.

title: Metabolism of @entity3653 by different types of cells in the XXXX ovary.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A method for measuring the organic @entity1188 focus induced by @entity3899 infusion into @entity35 brain was devised, and the statistical relationship between the measured values and @entity64 signs in the @entity35 was studied. By the infusion of @entity3899 , a high incidence of @entity385 was found in the live @entity35 with uniformly necrotized foci. The size of these foci ( @entity1188 rate) were measured by transcripting them to a graduated brain sheet. The relationship between the independent parameter of the @entity1188 rate and the dependent parameter of @entity64 signs was fully analyzed by multidimensional quantification. Many animals showed no @entity64 signs despite having lesions (false negative). By contract, no animal without any lesion showed @entity64 signs (false positive). When each parameter of these signs were quantified and normalized, the stumbling and abnormal posture signs showed a wide range of values, relatively accurately reflecting the @entity1188 degree. Moreover, the highest partial correlation ratio between the various parameters was found to be that between the stumbling and abnormal @entity64 signs. Thus, it may be said that the stumbling and the abnormal @entity64 signs can be considered relatively good parameters for evaluating the degree of an @entity1188 . These parameters should be useful for the testing of anti- @entity1188 drugs.

title: [A quantitative measurement of the @entity385 focus induced by @entity3899 infusion and the relationship between measured values and XXXX signs].

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'posture stroke']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity3899 :: ('CHEBI:32395', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonate']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: A method for measuring the organic @entity1188 focus induced by @entity3899 infusion into @entity35 brain was devised, and the statistical relationship between the measured values and @entity64 signs in the @entity35 was studied. By the infusion of @entity3899 , a high incidence of @entity385 was found in the live @entity35 with uniformly necrotized foci. The size of these foci ( @entity1188 rate) were measured by transcripting them to a graduated brain sheet. The relationship between the independent parameter of the @entity1188 rate and the dependent parameter of @entity64 signs was fully analyzed by multidimensional quantification. Many animals showed no @entity64 signs despite having lesions (false negative). By contract, no animal without any lesion showed @entity64 signs (false positive). When each parameter of these signs were quantified and normalized, the stumbling and abnormal posture signs showed a wide range of values, relatively accurately reflecting the @entity1188 degree. Moreover, the highest partial correlation ratio between the various parameters was found to be that between the stumbling and abnormal @entity64 signs. Thus, it may be said that the stumbling and the abnormal @entity64 signs can be considered relatively good parameters for evaluating the degree of an @entity1188 . These parameters should be useful for the testing of anti- @entity1188 drugs.

title: [A quantitative measurement of the XXXX focus induced by @entity3899 infusion and the relationship between measured values and @entity64 signs].

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['cerebral infarct']


abstract: A method for measuring the organic @entity1188 focus induced by @entity3899 infusion into @entity35 brain was devised, and the statistical relationship between the measured values and @entity64 signs in the @entity35 was studied. By the infusion of @entity3899 , a high incidence of @entity385 was found in the live @entity35 with uniformly necrotized foci. The size of these foci ( @entity1188 rate) were measured by transcripting them to a graduated brain sheet. The relationship between the independent parameter of the @entity1188 rate and the dependent parameter of @entity64 signs was fully analyzed by multidimensional quantification. Many animals showed no @entity64 signs despite having lesions (false negative). By contract, no animal without any lesion showed @entity64 signs (false positive). When each parameter of these signs were quantified and normalized, the stumbling and abnormal posture signs showed a wide range of values, relatively accurately reflecting the @entity1188 degree. Moreover, the highest partial correlation ratio between the various parameters was found to be that between the stumbling and abnormal @entity64 signs. Thus, it may be said that the stumbling and the abnormal @entity64 signs can be considered relatively good parameters for evaluating the degree of an @entity1188 . These parameters should be useful for the testing of anti- @entity1188 drugs.

title: [A quantitative measurement of the @entity385 focus induced by XXXX infusion and the relationship between measured values and @entity64 signs].

answer: @entity3899 :: (CHEBI:32395,Chemical) :: ['arachidonate']


abstract: Three experiments were performed to study the effect of @entity935 (DA) depletions, induced by neonatal intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment with @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ), upon measures of spontaneous motor activity. Instrumental learning for food reward in an Olton radial arm maze and escape learning from a large, circular water maze were studied also. Motor activity was measured by direct observation of @entity35 in a modified radial arm maze and by use of automated test cages equipped with photocell devices. @entity2955 -treated @entity35 demonstrated considerable and long-lasting locomotor (ambulation) activity and total activity increases. @entity2955 -treated @entity35 showed notably less rearing activity than the vehicle-treated @entity35 during the initial 20 min of each 60-min test period. However, over the second half of these 60-min test periods, the @entity2955 -treated @entity35 demonstrated significantly more rearing activity than the vehicle-treated @entity35 . In the acquisition of the running response, to obtain the 8 food pellets placed in each of the 8 arms of the radial arm maze, @entity2955 @entity35 showed a retarded acquisition, as measured by the latency and number of arms visited to acquire all eight pellets. @entity2955 -treated @entity35 failed completely to acquire the Morris-type swim maze task by which they were required to locate a platform just under the water surface in a circular water tank. The neurochemical assays indicated severe DA depletion in several forebrain regions. The present findings add to existing indications of the potential of this DA depletion condition as an animal model of the minimal @entity75 .

title: Neonatal XXXX -induced @entity935 depletions: motor activity and performance in maze learning.

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain dysfunction syndrome']

answer: @entity2955 :: (MESH:D016627,Chemical) :: ['6-hydroxydopamine']


abstract: Three experiments were performed to study the effect of @entity935 (DA) depletions, induced by neonatal intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment with @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ), upon measures of spontaneous motor activity. Instrumental learning for food reward in an Olton radial arm maze and escape learning from a large, circular water maze were studied also. Motor activity was measured by direct observation of @entity35 in a modified radial arm maze and by use of automated test cages equipped with photocell devices. @entity2955 -treated @entity35 demonstrated considerable and long-lasting locomotor (ambulation) activity and total activity increases. @entity2955 -treated @entity35 showed notably less rearing activity than the vehicle-treated @entity35 during the initial 20 min of each 60-min test period. However, over the second half of these 60-min test periods, the @entity2955 -treated @entity35 demonstrated significantly more rearing activity than the vehicle-treated @entity35 . In the acquisition of the running response, to obtain the 8 food pellets placed in each of the 8 arms of the radial arm maze, @entity2955 @entity35 showed a retarded acquisition, as measured by the latency and number of arms visited to acquire all eight pellets. @entity2955 -treated @entity35 failed completely to acquire the Morris-type swim maze task by which they were required to locate a platform just under the water surface in a circular water tank. The neurochemical assays indicated severe DA depletion in several forebrain regions. The present findings add to existing indications of the potential of this DA depletion condition as an animal model of the minimal @entity75 .

title: Neonatal @entity2955 -induced XXXX depletions: motor activity and performance in maze learning.

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of visual feedback on rating @entity1740 severity level and the reliability of @entity1740 judgment by inexperienced listeners. For this purpose two training programs were created, each lasting 2 hours. In total 37 undergraduate speech-language therapy students participated in the study and were divided into a visual plus @entity2167 (V   +   @entity2167 ), an @entity2167 ( @entity2167 ), and a control group with no feedback (NF). All listeners completed two rating sessions judging overall severity labeled as grade (G), roughness (R), and breathiness (B). The judged voice samples contained the concatenation of continuous speech and sustained phonation. No significant rater reliability changes were found in the pre- and posttest between the three groups in every GRB-parameter (all p   >   0.05). There was a training effect seen in the significant improvement of rater reliability for roughness within the NF and @entity2167 groups (all p   <   0.05), and for breathiness within the V   +   @entity2167 group (p   <   0.01). The rating of the severity level of roughness changed significantly after the training in the @entity2167 and V   +   @entity2167 groups (p   <   0.01), and the breathiness severity level changed significantly after the training in the V   +   @entity2167 group (p   <   0.01). The training of V   +   @entity2167 and @entity2167 may only minimally influence the reliability in the judgment of @entity1740 but showed significant influence on rating the severity level of GRB parameters. Therefore, the use of both @entity227 while rating as well as longer training sessions may be required to draw a firm conclusion.

title: The effect of visual feedback and training in auditory-perceptual judgment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual and auditory anchors']

entities_list: @entity1740 :: ('MESH:D014832', 'Disease') :: ['voice quality']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['AF', 'auditory-perceptual feedback group']

answer: @entity1740 :: (MESH:D014832,Disease) :: ['voice quality']


abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated a positive association between @entity28 and @entity6314 . However, the effect of muscle and fat has not been fully assessed, especially in a healthy elderly population. In this study, we evaluated the impact of low muscle mass (LMM) and LMM with @entity28 on @entity358 in healthy elderly subjects. Our study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 to 2011. @entity1 and @entity1 aged 65 yr or older were included. Muscle mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. LMM was defined as two standard deviations below the sex-specific mean for young healthy adults. Obesity was defined as body mass index >=  25 kg/m(2). The prevalence of LMM in individuals aged over 65 was 11.9%. LMM and pulmonary function (forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second) were independently associated after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, @entity285 consumption, and frequency of exercise. LMM with @entity28 was also related to a decrease in pulmonary function. This study revealed that LMM is an independent risk factor of decreased pulmonary function in healthy Korean @entity1 and @entity1 over 65 yr of age.

title: Implication of Sarcopenia and XXXX on Lung Function in Healthy Elderly: Using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

entities_list: @entity6314 :: ('MESH:D006315', 'Disease') :: ['decreased lung function']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary impairment']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['Sarcopenic Obesity']


abstract: @entity8966 (Vp) is a marine halophilic bacterium that is commonly associated with oysters and shrimp. @entity1 consumption of contaminated shellfish can result in Vp mediated @entity1902 and severe @entity5163 . Vp encodes two type 3 secretion systems (T3SS-1 and T3SS2) that have been functionally implicated in @entity137 and enterotoxicity respectively. In this study, we profiled protein secretion and temporal promoter activities associated with exsA and exsB gene expression. exsA is an AraC-like transcriptional activator that is critical for activating multiple operons that encode T3SS-1 genes, whereas exsB is thought to encode an outer membrane pilotin component for T3SS-1. The exsBA genetic locus has two predicted promoter elements. The predicted exsB and exsA promoters were individually cloned upstream of luxCDABE genes in reporter plasmid constructs allowing for in situ, real-time quantitative light emission measurements under many growth conditions. Low @entity460 growth conditions supported maximal exsB and exsA promoter activation. exsB promoter activity exhibited high basal activity and resulted in an exsBA co-transcript. Furthermore, a separate proximal exsA promoter showed initial low basal activity yet eventually exceeded that of exsB and reached maximal levels after 2.5 h corresponding to an entry into early log phase. exsA promoter activity was significantly higher at 30  C than 37  C, which also coincided with increased secretion levels of specific T3SS-1 effector proteins. Lastly, bioinformatic analyses identified a putative expanded ExsA binding motif for multiple transcriptional operons. These findings suggest a two wave model of Vp T3SS-I induction that integrates two distinct promoter elements and environmental signals into a complex ExsA activation framework.

title: Transcriptional profiling of XXXX exsA reveals a complex activation network for type III secretion.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity8966 :: ('670', 'Species') :: ['Vibrio parahaemolyticus']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity5163 :: ('MESH:D004403', 'Disease') :: ['diarrheal disease']

answer: @entity8966 :: (670,Species) :: ['Vibrio parahaemolyticus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mitral valve (MV) repair is the gold standard for the treatment of @entity339 . Recently, minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) has shown excellent postoperative outcomes compared with conventional surgery. The aim of our study is to report early and long-term outcomes of @entity1 undergoing MIMVS through right mini-thoracotomy (RT) over an eight year period. METHODS: From September 2003 to December 2011, a total of 1,604 consecutive @entity1 underwent MIMVS through RT. RESULTS: The mean age was 62  13 years, 295 (42%) @entity1 were female and 16 (2.3%) had previous cardiac operations. MV repair was successfully performed in 670 @entity1 , with a rate of success of 95.3%. Repair techniques included annuloplasty (89%), leaflet resection (n=54.2%), neochordae implantation (12.1%), and sliding plasty (10.5%). Overall in-hospital mortality was 0.1%. Incidence of @entity64 was 1.3%. At eight-year follow-up, overall survival was 90.1%, freedom from reoperation 93%, and freedom from recurrent @entity339 was 90%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity71038 repair through right minithoracotomy is a safe and reproducible procedure associated with high rate of MV repair, and excellent early postoperative and long-term results.

title: Minimally invasive mitral valve repair through right minithoracotomy in the setting of XXXX : early outcomes and long-term follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative MV regurgitation', 'mitral regurgitation']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['degenerative mitral regurgitation']