abstract: BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the BRAFV600E status is mandatory in @entity320 @entity1 (MMP). Molecular biology is currently the gold standard method for status assessment. OBJECTIVES: We assessed and compared the specificity, sensibility, cost-effectiveness and turnaround time (TAT) of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular biology for detection of the BRAFV600E mutation in 188 MMP. METHODS: IHC, with the VE1 antibody, and pyrosequencing analysis were performed with @entity406 fixed @entity5 samples. RESULTS: The BRAFV600E mutation was detected by pyrosequencing in 91/188 (48%) @entity1 . IHC was strongly positive (3+) in all of these 91 cases. IHC was strongly positive in 9/188 (5%) cases in which the molecular testing failed due to non-amplifiable DNA. Weak or moderate staining was noted in 10/188 (5%) cases in which the molecular biology identified @entity817 wild-type @entity5 . The ratio of the global cost for IHC/molecular biology testing was 1 : 2.2. The average TAT was 48 h vs. 96 h, for IHC vs. molecular biology testing, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that VE1 IHC should be a substitute for molecular biology in the initial assessment of the BRAFV600E status in MPP. This methodology needs to be set up in pathology laboratories in accordance with quality control/quality assurance accreditation procedures. Under these strict conditions the question is to know if BRAFV600E-IHC can serve not only as a prescreening tool, but also as a stand-alone test (at least in cases displaying an unequivocally staining pattern) as well as an alternative predictive test for samples for which the molecular biology failed.

title: Why and how immunohistochemistry should now be used to screen for the BRAFV600E status in XXXX ? The experience of a single institution (LCEP, Nice, France).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'paraffin embedded tumour']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['metastatic melanoma']


abstract: Adaptively interacting with our environment requires extracting information that will allow us to successfully predict reward. This can be a challenge, particularly when there are many candidate cues, and when rewards are probabilistic. Recent work has demonstrated that visual attention is allocated to stimulus features that have been associated with reward on previous trials. The ventromedial frontal lobe ( @entity550 ) has been implicated in learning in dynamic environments of this kind, but the mechanism by which this region influences this process is not clear. Here, we hypothesized that the @entity550 plays a critical role in guiding attention to reward-predictive stimulus features based on feedback. We tested the effects of @entity75 in @entity1 subjects on a @entity227 in which subjects were primed to attend to task-irrelevant colors associated with different levels of reward, incidental to the search task. Consistent with previous work, we found that distractors had a greater influence on reaction time when they appeared in colors associated with high reward in the previous trial compared with colors associated with low reward in healthy control subjects and @entity1 with prefrontal damage sparing the @entity550 . However, this reward modulation of attentional priming was absent in @entity1 with @entity75 . Thus, an intact @entity550 is necessary for directing attention based on experience with cue-reward associations. We suggest that this region plays a role in selecting reward-predictive cues to facilitate future learning. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There has been a swell of interest recently in the @entity550 ( @entity550 ), a brain region critical to associative learning. However, the underlying mechanism by which this region guides learning is not well understood. Here, we tested the effects of damage to this region in @entity1 on a task in which rewards were linked incidentally to visual features, resulting in trial-by-trial attentional priming. Controls and subjects with prefrontal damage sparing the @entity550 showed normal reward priming, but @entity550 -damaged @entity1 did not. This work sheds light on a potential mechanism through which this region influences behavior. We suggest that the @entity550 is necessary for directing attention to reward-predictive visual features based on feedback, facilitating future learning and decision-making.

title: Ventromedial Frontal Cortex Is Critical for Guiding Attention to Reward-Predictive Visual Features in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['VMF damage']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual search task']

entities_list: @entity550 :: ('MESH:D000303', 'Disease') :: ['ventromedial frontal cortex', 'VMF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Humans']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Many studies report sexual dimorphism in the fetal programming of @entity66 . We hypothesised that there would be differences in the age-related decline in renal function between male and female intrauterine-growth restricted @entity35 . Early life growth restriction was induced in @entity35 offspring by administering a low protein diet ( @entity24340 ; 8.7% casein) to dams during pregnancy and lactation. Control dams were fed a normal protein diet (NPD; 20% casein). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal structure and function were assessed in 32 and 100 week old offspring. Mesenteric artery function was examined at 100 weeks using myography. At 3-days of age body weight was ~24% lower (P<0.0001) in @entity24340 offspring; this difference was still apparent at 32 weeks but not at 100 weeks of age. MAP was not different between the male NPD and @entity24340 groups at either age. However, MAP was greater in @entity24340 females compared to NPD females at 100 weeks of age (~10 mmHg; P<0.001). Glomerular filtration rate declined with age in the NPD male, @entity24340 male and @entity24340 female offspring (~45%, all P<0.05) but not in NPD female offspring. Mesenteric arteries in the aged @entity24340 females had reduced sensitivity to @entity842 donors compared with their NPD counterparts, suggesting that @entity455 may contribute to the increased risk of disease in aged females. In conclusion, females growth-restricted in early life, were no longer protected from an age-related decline in renal and arterial function and this was associated with increased arterial pressure without evidence of @entity8 .

title: Accelerated age-related decline in renal and vascular function in female XXXX following early life growth restriction.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal structural damage']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['adult disease']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Postnatal skeletal muscle growth in @entity1 is generally ascribed to enlargement of existing muscle fibres rather than to cellular proliferation. Some evidence of muscle fibre division or splitting was provided in the nineteenth century. This evidence has more recently been supported by fibres obtained from regenerating muscle, and from muscle which has undergone stress-induced growth. Numerous investigators have reported indirect evidence for exercise-induced @entity1184 and @entity1373 . These findings are largely founded on secondary observations of fibre size or number differences expressed relative to muscle cross-sectional area. Since these observations in @entity1 are open to methodological criticism, researchers have developed 3 animal models to represent exercise-induced @entity1 muscle growth. These include @entity1184 , stretch-induced @entity1184 , and weight lifting in trained animals. The results and criticisms of the experiments which have used these models are discussed in this review. In studies of muscle cross-sectional area, errors are created by fibres terminating intrafascicularly. Longitudinal growth of such fibres result in an overestimation of fibre number, and with the use of penniform muscles where fibres do not run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle, the error is compounded. It was concluded that @entity1373 is not yet substantiated, and that new fibres, if present, may be the result of the development of satellite cells. Further experiments are required before a definitive answer can be provided. It is suggested that rigidly controlled exercise studies using contralateral control, fusiform muscles with analysis of individually teased muscle fibres be performed.

title: Exercise-induced skeletal muscle growth. @entity1184 or XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['compensatory hypertrophy', 'hypertrophy']

answer: @entity1373 :: (MESH:D006965,Disease) :: ['hyperplasia']


abstract: Postnatal skeletal muscle growth in @entity1 is generally ascribed to enlargement of existing muscle fibres rather than to cellular proliferation. Some evidence of muscle fibre division or splitting was provided in the nineteenth century. This evidence has more recently been supported by fibres obtained from regenerating muscle, and from muscle which has undergone stress-induced growth. Numerous investigators have reported indirect evidence for exercise-induced @entity1184 and @entity1373 . These findings are largely founded on secondary observations of fibre size or number differences expressed relative to muscle cross-sectional area. Since these observations in @entity1 are open to methodological criticism, researchers have developed 3 animal models to represent exercise-induced @entity1 muscle growth. These include @entity1184 , stretch-induced @entity1184 , and weight lifting in trained animals. The results and criticisms of the experiments which have used these models are discussed in this review. In studies of muscle cross-sectional area, errors are created by fibres terminating intrafascicularly. Longitudinal growth of such fibres result in an overestimation of fibre number, and with the use of penniform muscles where fibres do not run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle, the error is compounded. It was concluded that @entity1373 is not yet substantiated, and that new fibres, if present, may be the result of the development of satellite cells. Further experiments are required before a definitive answer can be provided. It is suggested that rigidly controlled exercise studies using contralateral control, fusiform muscles with analysis of individually teased muscle fibres be performed.

title: Exercise-induced skeletal muscle growth. XXXX or @entity1373 ?

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['Hypertrophy']


abstract: Reported are eight @entity1 with @entity1689 and two @entity1 with @entity8883 who had near total distal pancreatectomy for disabling @entity158 and underwent simultaneous segmental pancreatic autotransplantation of the body and tail of the gland to the femoral area in an attempt to prevent or delay the onset of @entity6 . The median follow-up period was 31 months, and follow-up study in nine @entity1 ranged from 24 to 54 months. Patency of the grafts was determined by angiography and selected percutaneous venous assays for @entity2690 . Islet cell function was determined by oral @entity413 tolerance tests, intravenous (I.V.) @entity413 tolerance tests, and I.V. glucagon stimulation studies. Segmental autotransplantation was technically successful in eight @entity1 , only one of whom required @entity2690 (at 2 years after grafting). The other seven @entity1 with technically successful grafts have remained @entity2690 independent, including two @entity1 who later underwent pyloric preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for completion pancreatectomy. Variable @entity158 relief was observed in @entity1 who underwent near total pancreatectomy, but @entity158 was unrelieved in those @entity1 who underwent limited distal resection. @entity1 with idiopathic @entity788 appear to have @entity158 relief and preservation of endocrine function than alcoholic @entity1 . Segmental pancreatic autotransplantation prevents or delays the onset of @entity6 and should be considered as an alternative for those @entity1 who require extensive pancreatic resection for chronic @entity788 .

title: Segmental pancreatic autotransplantation with pancreatic ductal occlusion after near total or total pancreatic resection for chronic XXXX . Results at 5- to 54-month follow-up evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1689 :: ('MESH:D050500', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity8883 :: ('MESH:D019512', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['better pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Persistent post-concussive symptoms are reported by 10-15% of individuals who suffer mild @entity131 (mTBI), but their basis is often uncertain. One such symptom is disequilibrium, a sensation of impaired balance during standing and walking. The hypothesis for this study was that this subjective symptom is associated with objective and measurable deficits in static and dynamic postural stability. An infrared motion tracking system was used to record body motion during quiet standing and in response to waist perturbations in fourteen veterans (age 22-40 years, 13 male) of the Operations Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Iraqi Freedom ( @entity23806 ), who had a history of mTBI that occurred 7 months to 7 years prior to testing. We compared body sway between veterans with mTBI reporting persistent disequilibrium ( @entity8527 , n=8) and those with no vestibular symptoms (n=6), as well as to a group of non-veterans with no balance symptoms (n=10). Static postural stability was reduced in @entity8527 veterans in comparison to each of the other two groups (p<0.0002), most notably on a compliant surface with eyes closed. The @entity8527 group also had decreased dynamic stability of the upper trunk (p<0.05) and enhanced @entity10409 (p<0.02) following waist perturbations. Our findings support a physiological basis for persistent disequilibrium after mTBI and are consistent with impaired vestibular processing. Disruption of semicircular canal inputs is unlikely to be the cause, as head impulse responses were normal in all groups. The unexpected finding of dynamic @entity10409 requires further study but may indicate enhanced instability in sensorimotor networks responsible for postural control.

title: Static and dynamic postural stability in veterans with combat-related mild XXXX .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity10409 :: ('MESH:D054972', 'Disease') :: ['postural oscillations']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity295 leads to an enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections due to development of immunosuppression. We have previously shown that dysfunctional dendritic cells (DCs) that characteristically secrete @entity1618 differentiate from bone marrow (BM) during polymicrobial @entity295 and contribute to immunosuppression. METHODS: We investigated the origin of the altered DC differentiation in the BM during polymicrobial @entity295 induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in @entity19 . RESULTS: Analysis of the cellular composition of the BM revealed the appearance of @entity776 ( @entity1961 +DC) in the BM 18 to 36h after CLP. Depletion of @entity1961 +DC from BM after CLP prevented the differentiation of dysfunctional DC. The chemokine receptor @entity9843 is relevant for the retention and attraction of leukocytes in/to the BM. @entity19 with a DC-specific knockout of @entity9843 ( @entity72193 ko) were generated with the Cre-loxP system. After CLP, @entity1961 +DCs did not appear in the BM of @entity72193 ko @entity19 and of @entity19 treated with the @entity9843 inhibitor @entity9019 but instead circulated in the blood. Adoptive transfer of peritoneal exudate cells from @entity72193 ko @entity19 into the peritoneal cavity of wildtype @entity19 reduced the appearance of @entity1961 +DC in the BM and prevented the differentiation of @entity1618 secreting DCs. Tracking experiments showed that @entity1961 +DCs that appeared in the BM after CLP did not originate from the peritoneal cavity. CONCLUSION: So far, unidentified cells in the peritoneal cavity are challenged in a @entity9843 -dependent manner after CLP and indirectly induce the migration of @entity1961 +DCs from blood into the BM where they favor the differentiation of dysfunctional DCs.

title: SEP-4: A NOVEL ROLE OF CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR XXXX IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION DURING POLYMICROBIAL SEPSIS: IMPACT ON DENDRITIC CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

answer: @entity9843 :: (12767(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CXCR4']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Severe tissue @entity130 leads to an early excessive activation of the complement and the coagulation system which is associated with a poor outcome. Besides extensive interactions between the two cascades on a fluid-phase level, studies suggest that key molecules in coagulation are expressed on leukocytes. Therefore, we examined the potential crosstalk between complement and coagulation on the leukocyte surface, and aimed to identify the involved molecular mechanisms especially after @entity1230 . METHODS: A prospective clinical study was conducted in @entity1 after severe @entity130 (ISS>= 32) and healthy volunteers. The study was approved by the Independent Local Ethics Committee of the University of Ulm. Blood was obtained upon admission to the ER and 4h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 120h and 240h after @entity130 . Key players of complement and coagulation on the leukocyte cell surface were analyzed by flow cytometry in comparison to expression profiles in healthy volunteers. RESULTS: All leukocytes showed significantly increased expression of @entity2289 during later time points after @entity130 , possibly accounting for decreased fibrinolysis and enhanced risk of @entity715 . TCC was significantly incorporated in monocyte membranes at increased amounts early after @entity130 , returning to base line levels on days 5 and 10. A similar expression pattern was observed for @entity9820 , an essential regulator of protein C activation. TCC levels on monocytes positively correlated with @entity9820 expression and negatively with platelet counts. CONCLUSION: The data are indicative of so far unknown interactions between complement and coagulation on a cellular level and the potential role of leukocyte surface molecules in the development of @entity1003 after @entity130 .

title: T-9: LEUKOCYTES MEDIATE THE CROSSTALK BETWEEN THE COMPLEMENT AND COAGULATION SYSTEM IN POLYTRAUMA XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['polytrauma']

entities_list: @entity9820 :: ('7056', 'Gene') :: ['thrombomodulin']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['PATIENTS']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: It has frequently been reported that exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) may cause negative health effects, such as @entity0 , circadian phase disruption and @entity25 . Here, we reviewed the literature assessing the effects of @entity1 exposure to ALAN in order to list the health effects of various aspects of ALAN. Several electronic databases were searched for articles, published through August 2014, related to assessing the effects of exposure to ALAN on @entity1 health; these also included the details of experiments on such exposure. A total of 85 articles were included in the review. Several observational studies showed that outdoor ALAN levels are a risk factor for @entity0 and reported that indoor light intensity and individual lighting habits were relevant to this risk. Exposure to artificial bright light during the nighttime suppresses @entity2493 secretion, increases sleep onset latency (SOL) and increases alertness. Circadian misalignment caused by chronic ALAN exposure may have negative effects on the @entity65 and/or metabolic functions. ALAN also causes circadian phase disruption, which increases with longer duration of exposure and with exposure later in the evening. It has also been reported that shorter wavelengths of light preferentially disturb @entity2493 secretion and cause circadian phase shifts, even if the light is not bright. This literature review may be helpful to understand the health effects of ALAN exposure and suggests that it is necessary to consider various characteristics of artificial light, beyond mere intensity.

title: Effects of artificial light at night on XXXX health: A literature review of observational and experimental studies applied to exposure assessment.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disorders']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['psychological, cardiovascular']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Endoscopic photography, double contrast cystography, transurethral echography, X-ray CT scan, and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) were utilized for the staging diagnosis of the four @entity1 with @entity150 . In the first case, a 70-year-old @entity1 , since all of the five imaging procedures suggested a superficial and pedunculated @entity5 , his @entity150 was considered T1. The classification of stage T3 @entity189 was made for the second 86-year-old male. Because all of his imaging examinations showed a @entity5 infiltrating deep muscle and penetrating the bladder wall. The third case was a 36-year-old male. His clinical stage was diagnosed as T2 or T3a by cystophotography, double contrast cystogram, ultrasonography, and X-ray CT scan. However, MRI showed only thickened bladder wall and the infiltrating @entity5 could not be distinguished from the @entity1184 wall. The last @entity1 , a 85-year-old female, had a smaller Ta @entity5 . Her double contrast cystography revealed the small @entity5 at the lateral bladder wall. But, the @entity5 could not be detected by transaxial, sagittal and coronal scans. Multiple imaging procedures combining MRI and staging diagnosis of the @entity150 were discussed.

title: [Multiple imaging procedures including MRI in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinoma', 'bladder cancer', 'carcinoma of the bladder']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Intramammary infusion of the antigen used to sensitize @entity291 by the systemic route induces a local @entity32 associated with neutrophil recruitment. We hypothesize that this form of delayed @entity56 , which may occur naturally during @entity281 or could be induced intentionally by vaccination, can impact the outcome of mammary gland @entity281 . We immunized @entity291 with @entity12027 to identify immunological correlates of antigen-specific mammary @entity32 . Intraluminal injection of @entity12027 induced a @entity1271 characterized by a prompt tissue reaction (increase in teat wall thickness) and an intense influx of leukocytes into milk of 10 responder @entity291 out of 14 immunized animals. The magnitude of the local inflammatory reaction, assessed through @entity1267 , correlated with antibody titers, skin thickness test, and production of @entity48143 and IFN-y in a whole-blood antigen stimulation assay (WBA). The production of these two cytokines significantly correlated with the magnitude of the @entity1267 following the @entity12027 intramammary challenge. The @entity48143 and IFN-y production in the WBA was dependent on the presence of @entity9214 + cells in blood samples. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with @entity12027 followed by stimulation with @entity4515 / @entity1360 allowed the identification by flow cytometry of @entity9214 + T cells producing either @entity48143 , IFN-y, or both cytokines. The results indicate that the antigen-specific WBA, and specifically @entity48143 and IFN-y production by circulating @entity9214 + cells, can be used as a predictor of mammary hypersensitivity to protein antigens. This prompts further studies aiming at determining how Th17 and/or Th1 lymphocytes modulate the immune response of the mammary gland to infection.

title: Antigen-Specific Mammary Inflammation Depends on the Production of XXXX and IFN-y by @entity291 @entity9214 + T Lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1267 :: ('MESH:D010319', 'Disease') :: ['milk leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['type hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity48143 :: (282863(Tax:9913),Gene) :: ['IL-17A']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Intramammary infusion of the antigen used to sensitize @entity291 by the systemic route induces a local @entity32 associated with neutrophil recruitment. We hypothesize that this form of delayed @entity56 , which may occur naturally during @entity281 or could be induced intentionally by vaccination, can impact the outcome of mammary gland @entity281 . We immunized @entity291 with @entity12027 to identify immunological correlates of antigen-specific mammary @entity32 . Intraluminal injection of @entity12027 induced a @entity1271 characterized by a prompt tissue reaction (increase in teat wall thickness) and an intense influx of leukocytes into milk of 10 responder @entity291 out of 14 immunized animals. The magnitude of the local inflammatory reaction, assessed through @entity1267 , correlated with antibody titers, skin thickness test, and production of @entity48143 and IFN-y in a whole-blood antigen stimulation assay (WBA). The production of these two cytokines significantly correlated with the magnitude of the @entity1267 following the @entity12027 intramammary challenge. The @entity48143 and IFN-y production in the WBA was dependent on the presence of @entity9214 + cells in blood samples. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with @entity12027 followed by stimulation with @entity4515 / @entity1360 allowed the identification by flow cytometry of @entity9214 + T cells producing either @entity48143 , IFN-y, or both cytokines. The results indicate that the antigen-specific WBA, and specifically @entity48143 and IFN-y production by circulating @entity9214 + cells, can be used as a predictor of mammary hypersensitivity to protein antigens. This prompts further studies aiming at determining how Th17 and/or Th1 lymphocytes modulate the immune response of the mammary gland to infection.

title: Antigen-Specific Mammary Inflammation Depends on the Production of @entity48143 and IFN-y by XXXX @entity9214 + T Lymphocytes.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['Bovine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Intramammary infusion of the antigen used to sensitize @entity291 by the systemic route induces a local @entity32 associated with neutrophil recruitment. We hypothesize that this form of delayed @entity56 , which may occur naturally during @entity281 or could be induced intentionally by vaccination, can impact the outcome of mammary gland @entity281 . We immunized @entity291 with @entity12027 to identify immunological correlates of antigen-specific mammary @entity32 . Intraluminal injection of @entity12027 induced a @entity1271 characterized by a prompt tissue reaction (increase in teat wall thickness) and an intense influx of leukocytes into milk of 10 responder @entity291 out of 14 immunized animals. The magnitude of the local inflammatory reaction, assessed through @entity1267 , correlated with antibody titers, skin thickness test, and production of @entity48143 and IFN-y in a whole-blood antigen stimulation assay (WBA). The production of these two cytokines significantly correlated with the magnitude of the @entity1267 following the @entity12027 intramammary challenge. The @entity48143 and IFN-y production in the WBA was dependent on the presence of @entity9214 + cells in blood samples. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with @entity12027 followed by stimulation with @entity4515 / @entity1360 allowed the identification by flow cytometry of @entity9214 + T cells producing either @entity48143 , IFN-y, or both cytokines. The results indicate that the antigen-specific WBA, and specifically @entity48143 and IFN-y production by circulating @entity9214 + cells, can be used as a predictor of mammary hypersensitivity to protein antigens. This prompts further studies aiming at determining how Th17 and/or Th1 lymphocytes modulate the immune response of the mammary gland to infection.

title: Antigen-Specific Mammary Inflammation Depends on the Production of @entity48143 and IFN-y by @entity291 XXXX + T Lymphocytes.

answer: @entity9214 :: (407098(Tax:9913),Gene) :: ['CD4']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Transcatheter @entity886 (TAVI) is an interventional method for the treatment of severe @entity472 . TAVI is indicated in @entity1 who have been identified by the heart team as surgically inoperable or operable at very high risk. The advantage is minimal invasive approach with the absence of sternotomy and extracorporeal blood circulation. Interventional procedure does not allow direct visualization of the anatomical relations at the site of the final valve position (aortic anulus). For this reason it is essential to ensure appropriate view by high quality imaging methods. A standard method for the evaluation of the anatomical relations before TAVI is multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with 3D reconstruction. In the future, the MDCT would be replaced by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE), which does not require ionizing radiation, there is no postcontrast @entity8 and hypersensitive reaction to @entity1496 compared to MDCT. Furthermore, it provides direct measurements during the procedure and ensures easier and cheaper dispensarisation of the @entity1 . A multicenter randomized PARTNER trial clearly demonstrated significant benefits of inoperable @entity1 with severe @entity472 treated by TAVI. Recently published CoreValve US Pivotal randomized trial demonstrated higher efficiency and safety of TAVI in direct comparison with surgical treatment. The aim of this review is to provide current knowledge of TAVI, preparation of the @entity1 before the intervention, the process of intervention, dispensarisation, as well as affecting the quality of @entity1 life.Key words: aortic anulus - aortic valve - heart team - multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) - three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) - transcatheter @entity886 (TAVI).

title: [Transcatheter XXXX - diagnostic, procedure and outcomes].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve implantation']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

answer: @entity886 :: (MESH:C563178,Disease) :: ['aortic valve implantation']


abstract: Multiple factors may modify the pharmacokinetics of @entity581 and increase their nephrotoxic potential. In this study, we investigated the influence of @entity526 endotoxin on the renal handling of several @entity581 and one @entity5898 . Drug levels in the @entity8 , as well as several parameters of renal function and histology, were compared in @entity35 treated with endotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) and normal @entity35 treated with either @entity801 (10 mg/kg), @entity5153 (10 mg/kg), @entity2890 (10 mg/kg), @entity4509 (50 mg/kg), or @entity5821 (100 mg/kg). Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Endotoxin was associated with a decrease in the half-life and in the apparent volume of distribution of @entity801 . The endotoxin-injected animals accumulated significantly (P less than 0.05) more @entity581 in their kidneys than the normal animals. The amount of @entity5821 recovered in the @entity8 was identical in both groups. Slight decreases in the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were observed after endotoxin treatment. Blood pressure and cardiac frequency were minimally affected by endotoxin. No histological lesions were observed by light microscopy in animals receiving endotoxin. Thus, endotoxin modifies the renal handling of @entity581 in the absence of any major physiological disturbance or histological change. By increasing the total amount of @entity8 , endotoxin might increase the nephrotoxic potential of @entity581 .

title: Influence of endotoxin on the intrarenal distribution of @entity801 , XXXX , @entity2890 , @entity4509 , and @entity5821 .

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal parenchyma', 'drug within the kidneys']

entities_list: @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['tobramycin']

entities_list: @entity5898 :: ('CHEBI:23066', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporin']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity5821 :: ('MESH:D002512', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalothin']

entities_list: @entity5153 :: ('MESH:D009428', 'Chemical') :: ['netilmicin']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity5153 :: (MESH:D009428,Chemical) :: ['netilmicin']


abstract: Multiple factors may modify the pharmacokinetics of @entity581 and increase their nephrotoxic potential. In this study, we investigated the influence of @entity526 endotoxin on the renal handling of several @entity581 and one @entity5898 . Drug levels in the @entity8 , as well as several parameters of renal function and histology, were compared in @entity35 treated with endotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) and normal @entity35 treated with either @entity801 (10 mg/kg), @entity5153 (10 mg/kg), @entity2890 (10 mg/kg), @entity4509 (50 mg/kg), or @entity5821 (100 mg/kg). Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Endotoxin was associated with a decrease in the half-life and in the apparent volume of distribution of @entity801 . The endotoxin-injected animals accumulated significantly (P less than 0.05) more @entity581 in their kidneys than the normal animals. The amount of @entity5821 recovered in the @entity8 was identical in both groups. Slight decreases in the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were observed after endotoxin treatment. Blood pressure and cardiac frequency were minimally affected by endotoxin. No histological lesions were observed by light microscopy in animals receiving endotoxin. Thus, endotoxin modifies the renal handling of @entity581 in the absence of any major physiological disturbance or histological change. By increasing the total amount of @entity8 , endotoxin might increase the nephrotoxic potential of @entity581 .

title: Influence of endotoxin on the intrarenal distribution of @entity801 , @entity5153 , @entity2890 , XXXX , and @entity5821 .

answer: @entity4509 :: (MESH:D000583,Chemical) :: ['amikacin']


abstract: Multiple factors may modify the pharmacokinetics of @entity581 and increase their nephrotoxic potential. In this study, we investigated the influence of @entity526 endotoxin on the renal handling of several @entity581 and one @entity5898 . Drug levels in the @entity8 , as well as several parameters of renal function and histology, were compared in @entity35 treated with endotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) and normal @entity35 treated with either @entity801 (10 mg/kg), @entity5153 (10 mg/kg), @entity2890 (10 mg/kg), @entity4509 (50 mg/kg), or @entity5821 (100 mg/kg). Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Endotoxin was associated with a decrease in the half-life and in the apparent volume of distribution of @entity801 . The endotoxin-injected animals accumulated significantly (P less than 0.05) more @entity581 in their kidneys than the normal animals. The amount of @entity5821 recovered in the @entity8 was identical in both groups. Slight decreases in the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were observed after endotoxin treatment. Blood pressure and cardiac frequency were minimally affected by endotoxin. No histological lesions were observed by light microscopy in animals receiving endotoxin. Thus, endotoxin modifies the renal handling of @entity581 in the absence of any major physiological disturbance or histological change. By increasing the total amount of @entity8 , endotoxin might increase the nephrotoxic potential of @entity581 .

title: Influence of endotoxin on the intrarenal distribution of @entity801 , @entity5153 , @entity2890 , @entity4509 , and XXXX .

answer: @entity5821 :: (MESH:D002512,Chemical) :: ['cephalothin']


abstract: Multiple factors may modify the pharmacokinetics of @entity581 and increase their nephrotoxic potential. In this study, we investigated the influence of @entity526 endotoxin on the renal handling of several @entity581 and one @entity5898 . Drug levels in the @entity8 , as well as several parameters of renal function and histology, were compared in @entity35 treated with endotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) and normal @entity35 treated with either @entity801 (10 mg/kg), @entity5153 (10 mg/kg), @entity2890 (10 mg/kg), @entity4509 (50 mg/kg), or @entity5821 (100 mg/kg). Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Endotoxin was associated with a decrease in the half-life and in the apparent volume of distribution of @entity801 . The endotoxin-injected animals accumulated significantly (P less than 0.05) more @entity581 in their kidneys than the normal animals. The amount of @entity5821 recovered in the @entity8 was identical in both groups. Slight decreases in the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were observed after endotoxin treatment. Blood pressure and cardiac frequency were minimally affected by endotoxin. No histological lesions were observed by light microscopy in animals receiving endotoxin. Thus, endotoxin modifies the renal handling of @entity581 in the absence of any major physiological disturbance or histological change. By increasing the total amount of @entity8 , endotoxin might increase the nephrotoxic potential of @entity581 .

title: Influence of endotoxin on the intrarenal distribution of @entity801 , @entity5153 , XXXX , @entity4509 , and @entity5821 .

answer: @entity2890 :: (MESH:D014031,Chemical) :: ['tobramycin']


abstract: Multiple factors may modify the pharmacokinetics of @entity581 and increase their nephrotoxic potential. In this study, we investigated the influence of @entity526 endotoxin on the renal handling of several @entity581 and one @entity5898 . Drug levels in the @entity8 , as well as several parameters of renal function and histology, were compared in @entity35 treated with endotoxin (0.25 mg/kg) and normal @entity35 treated with either @entity801 (10 mg/kg), @entity5153 (10 mg/kg), @entity2890 (10 mg/kg), @entity4509 (50 mg/kg), or @entity5821 (100 mg/kg). Blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Endotoxin was associated with a decrease in the half-life and in the apparent volume of distribution of @entity801 . The endotoxin-injected animals accumulated significantly (P less than 0.05) more @entity581 in their kidneys than the normal animals. The amount of @entity5821 recovered in the @entity8 was identical in both groups. Slight decreases in the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were observed after endotoxin treatment. Blood pressure and cardiac frequency were minimally affected by endotoxin. No histological lesions were observed by light microscopy in animals receiving endotoxin. Thus, endotoxin modifies the renal handling of @entity581 in the absence of any major physiological disturbance or histological change. By increasing the total amount of @entity8 , endotoxin might increase the nephrotoxic potential of @entity581 .

title: Influence of endotoxin on the intrarenal distribution of XXXX , @entity5153 , @entity2890 , @entity4509 , and @entity5821 .

answer: @entity801 :: (MESH:D005839,Chemical) :: ['gentamicin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity626 ( @entity571 ), especially in older adults, is the most common @entity102 and a major public health problem. Overweight older adults are at a high risk of developing @entity571 and suffering from @entity571 , which cause older adults to become disabled and have functional limitations. The reduction of knee @entity158 and the maintenance of physical functions of overweight older adults with @entity571 are critical. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of multifactorial intervention programs (MUFIPs) on health behavior and symptoms control in overweight older Thais with @entity626 . METHODS: Eighty overweight older Thais with @entity626 living in communities were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received MUFIPs, including health education, a weight-reduction/control program, a quadriceps exercise training class followed by a home-based exercise program, and a home visit program. The control group did not receive the MUFIPs. Changes in the study variables were assessed at baseline and 8- week follow-ups. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and independent t test analyses. RESULTS: The experimental group had significant improvement in @entity571 knowledge, illness representation, health behavior, movement ability, and joint range of motion, and had reduction in knee @entity158 and body weight. All these variables were observed to have significant differences between experimental and control groups. CONCLUSION: The MUFIPs can break down the progression of the disease among overweight older Thais with @entity626 .

title: The Effect of Multifactorial Intervention Programs on Health Behavior and Symptom Control Among Community-Dwelling Overweight Older Adults With XXXX .

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis', 'Osteoarthritis of the knee']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA knee', 'OA knee symptoms', 'osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['Knee Osteoarthritis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Our scientific, logistical, ethical and animal welfare-related concerns about the latest US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for existing and so-called 'new' @entity286 products, aimed at reducing harmful exposures, are explained. Such claims for sales in the USA now have to be based on a wide range of information, a key part of which will increasingly be data on safety and risk. One of the pathways to achieve marketing authorisation is to demonstrate @entity6110 ( @entity6110 ) with benchmark products, called predicates. However, the regulations are insufficiently transparent with regard to: a) a rationale for the cut-off date for 'old' and 'new' products, and for exempting the former from regulation; b) the scientific validity and operation of @entity6110 ; c) options for product labelling to circumvent @entity6110 ; d) the experimental data required to support, and criteria to judge, a claim; and e) a strategy for risk assessment/management. Scientific problems related to the traditional animal methods used in @entity1576 and inhalation toxicology, and the use of quantitative comparators of @entity137 , such as the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, are discussed. We review the advantages of relevant in vitro, mechanism-based, target tissue-oriented technologies, which an advisory report of the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences largely overlooked. These benefits include: a) the availability, for every major site in the respiratory tract, of organotypic @entity1 cell-based tissue culture systems, many of which are already being used by the industry; b) the accurate determination of concentrations of test materials received by target cells; c) methods for exposure to particulate and vapour phases of smoke, separately or combined; d) the ability to study tissue-specific biotransformation; and e) the use of modern, @entity1 -focused methodologies, unaffected by species differences. How data extrapolation, for risk assessment, from tissue culture to the whole animal, could be addressed, is also discussed. A cost (to animal welfare)-benefit (to society, including industry and consumers) analysis was conducted, taking into account the above information; the potential for animal suffering; the extensive data already available; the existence of other, less hazardous forms of @entity1239 delivery; the fact that much data will be generated solely for benchmarking; and that many smokers (especially @entity1239 -dependents) ignore health warnings. It is concluded that, in common with policies of several @entity286 companies and countries, the use of laboratory animals for @entity286 testing is very difficult, if not impossible, to justify. Instead, we propose and argue for an integrated testing scheme, starting with extensive chemical analysis of the ingredients and by-products associated with the use of @entity286 products and their @entity137 , followed by use of in vitro systems and early clinical studies (involving specific biomarkers) with weight-of-evidence assessments at each stage. Appropriate adjustment factors could be developed to enable concentration-response data obtained in vitro, with the other information generated by the strategy, to enable the FDA to meet its objectives. It is hoped that our intentionally provocative ideas will stimulate further debate on this contentious area of regulatory testing and public safety.

title: A critical assessment of the scientific basis, and implementation, of regulations for the safety assessment and marketing of innovative XXXX -related products.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity6110 :: ('MESH:D017029', 'Disease') :: ['SE', 'substantial equivalence']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory disease']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to develop a new strategy to deliver drugs to the inner ear from @entity619 ( @entity3784 )-loaded silicone implants and to evaluate the distribution of the drug in the cochlea with confocal microscopy. BACKGROUND: Systemic drug administration for the treatment of @entity389 is tricky because of the blood-cochlear barrier, a difficult anatomical access, the small size of the cochlea, and can cause significant adverse effects. An effective way to overcome these obstacles is to administer drugs locally. METHODS: In vitro, the drug release from @entity3784 -loaded @entity1346 -based thin films and tiny implants into artificial perilymph was thoroughly analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In vivo, a silicone implant loaded with 10% @entity3784 and 5% @entity968 was implanted next to the stapes's footplate of gerbils. Delivery of @entity3784 into the inner ear was proved by confocal microscopy imaging of the whole cochlea and the organ of Corti. RESULTS: The study showed a continuous and prolonged release during 90 days in vitro. This was confirmed by confocal microscopy that allowed detection of @entity3784 by fluorescence labeling in the cell body of the hair cells for at least 30 days. Interestingly, fluorescence was already observed after 20 minutes of implantation, reached a climax at day 7, and could still be detected 30 days after implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we developed a new device for local @entity288 delivery into the oval window with an extended drug release of @entity3784 to the inner ear.

title: Trans-Oval-Window Implants, A New Approach for Drug Delivery to the Inner Ear: Extended @entity619 Release From XXXX -based Implants.

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner ear disorders']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol 400']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1346 :: (MESH:D012828,Chemical) :: ['Silicone']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to develop a new strategy to deliver drugs to the inner ear from @entity619 ( @entity3784 )-loaded silicone implants and to evaluate the distribution of the drug in the cochlea with confocal microscopy. BACKGROUND: Systemic drug administration for the treatment of @entity389 is tricky because of the blood-cochlear barrier, a difficult anatomical access, the small size of the cochlea, and can cause significant adverse effects. An effective way to overcome these obstacles is to administer drugs locally. METHODS: In vitro, the drug release from @entity3784 -loaded @entity1346 -based thin films and tiny implants into artificial perilymph was thoroughly analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In vivo, a silicone implant loaded with 10% @entity3784 and 5% @entity968 was implanted next to the stapes's footplate of gerbils. Delivery of @entity3784 into the inner ear was proved by confocal microscopy imaging of the whole cochlea and the organ of Corti. RESULTS: The study showed a continuous and prolonged release during 90 days in vitro. This was confirmed by confocal microscopy that allowed detection of @entity3784 by fluorescence labeling in the cell body of the hair cells for at least 30 days. Interestingly, fluorescence was already observed after 20 minutes of implantation, reached a climax at day 7, and could still be detected 30 days after implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we developed a new device for local @entity288 delivery into the oval window with an extended drug release of @entity3784 to the inner ear.

title: Trans-Oval-Window Implants, A New Approach for Drug Delivery to the Inner Ear: Extended XXXX Release From @entity1346 -based Implants.

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['Dexamethasone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of single doses of a @entity18060 ( @entity18060 ) on lower limb @entity177 in individuals with @entity64 . DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. SETTING: Outpatient research setting. @entity1 : Ten individuals with post- @entity64 hemiplegia > 1 year duration (mean    standard deviation: 57  10 years; 7 males) completed all assessments. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were assessed prior to and 5 hours following single-dose, over-encapsulated 10 mg doses of @entity837 ( @entity18060 ) or placebo, with 1 week between conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary assessments included maximal ankle and knee isometric strength, and velocity-dependent (30-120  /s) plantarflexor stretch reflexes under passive conditions, and separately during and following superimposed maximal volitional drive to simulate conditions of increased @entity750 release. Secondary measures included clinical measures of lower limb @entity2055 and locomotion. RESULTS: @entity18060 administration significantly increased stretch reflex torques at higher stretch velocities (e.g., 90  /s; p=0.03), reflexes at lower velocities enhanced by superimposed voluntary drive (p=0.02). No significant improvements were seen in volitional peak torques or in clinical measures of lower limb function (lowest p=0.10) CONCLUSION: Increases in @entity508 but not strength or lower limb function were observed with single dose @entity18060 administration in individuals with @entity64 . Further studies should evaluate whether repeated dosing of SSRIs, or as combined with specific interventions, are required to elicit significant benefit of these agents on lower limb function post- @entity64 .

title: Increased lower limb XXXX but not strength or function following a single-dose @entity750 reuptake inhibitor in @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'chronic stroke']

entities_list: @entity18060 :: ('D017367', 'Chemical') :: ['selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor', 'SSRI']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary and reflex function']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['escitalopram']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity2055 :: ('MESH:D001259', 'Disease') :: ['coordination']

answer: @entity508 :: (MESH:D009128,Disease) :: ['spasticity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of single doses of a @entity18060 ( @entity18060 ) on lower limb @entity177 in individuals with @entity64 . DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. SETTING: Outpatient research setting. @entity1 : Ten individuals with post- @entity64 hemiplegia > 1 year duration (mean    standard deviation: 57  10 years; 7 males) completed all assessments. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were assessed prior to and 5 hours following single-dose, over-encapsulated 10 mg doses of @entity837 ( @entity18060 ) or placebo, with 1 week between conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary assessments included maximal ankle and knee isometric strength, and velocity-dependent (30-120  /s) plantarflexor stretch reflexes under passive conditions, and separately during and following superimposed maximal volitional drive to simulate conditions of increased @entity750 release. Secondary measures included clinical measures of lower limb @entity2055 and locomotion. RESULTS: @entity18060 administration significantly increased stretch reflex torques at higher stretch velocities (e.g., 90  /s; p=0.03), reflexes at lower velocities enhanced by superimposed voluntary drive (p=0.02). No significant improvements were seen in volitional peak torques or in clinical measures of lower limb function (lowest p=0.10) CONCLUSION: Increases in @entity508 but not strength or lower limb function were observed with single dose @entity18060 administration in individuals with @entity64 . Further studies should evaluate whether repeated dosing of SSRIs, or as combined with specific interventions, are required to elicit significant benefit of these agents on lower limb function post- @entity64 .

title: Increased lower limb @entity508 but not strength or function following a single-dose @entity750 reuptake inhibitor in XXXX .

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['chronic stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of single doses of a @entity18060 ( @entity18060 ) on lower limb @entity177 in individuals with @entity64 . DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. SETTING: Outpatient research setting. @entity1 : Ten individuals with post- @entity64 hemiplegia > 1 year duration (mean    standard deviation: 57  10 years; 7 males) completed all assessments. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were assessed prior to and 5 hours following single-dose, over-encapsulated 10 mg doses of @entity837 ( @entity18060 ) or placebo, with 1 week between conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary assessments included maximal ankle and knee isometric strength, and velocity-dependent (30-120  /s) plantarflexor stretch reflexes under passive conditions, and separately during and following superimposed maximal volitional drive to simulate conditions of increased @entity750 release. Secondary measures included clinical measures of lower limb @entity2055 and locomotion. RESULTS: @entity18060 administration significantly increased stretch reflex torques at higher stretch velocities (e.g., 90  /s; p=0.03), reflexes at lower velocities enhanced by superimposed voluntary drive (p=0.02). No significant improvements were seen in volitional peak torques or in clinical measures of lower limb function (lowest p=0.10) CONCLUSION: Increases in @entity508 but not strength or lower limb function were observed with single dose @entity18060 administration in individuals with @entity64 . Further studies should evaluate whether repeated dosing of SSRIs, or as combined with specific interventions, are required to elicit significant benefit of these agents on lower limb function post- @entity64 .

title: Increased lower limb @entity508 but not strength or function following a single-dose XXXX reuptake inhibitor in @entity64 .

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Studies on @entity353 and the risk of type 2 @entity6 have revealed inconsistent results, possibly due to differences in the definition of weight fluctuations. Here, we investigated whether @entity353 during adulthood is related to @entity6 risk in a large cohort study, using a complementary approach to define patterns of weight development. METHODS: Weight cycling, @entity353 and @entity1017 were defined (1) a priori, using distinct categories, and (2) by functional principal component analysis (FPCA) to capture weight patterns in greater detail. Associations of @entity353 , @entity353 and @entity1017 with the risk of type 2 @entity6 were evaluated by Cox regression models. RESULTS: A priori defined @entity353 was associated with increased @entity6 risk, compared with stable weight (HR 1.36 [95% CI 1.09, 1.68]). No significant association between FPCA-derived @entity353 and risk of @entity6 was observed after adjustment for concurrent weight patterns (HR 1.19 [95% CI 0.89, 1.60]). Subgroup analyses showed that FPCA-derived @entity353 during net @entity1017 was associated with a higher risk of @entity6 (HR 1.68 [95% CI 1.14, 2.48]). A priori defined @entity1017 (HR 2.08 [95% CI 1.60, 2.70]) was more clearly related to the risk of @entity6 than FPCA-derived @entity1017 (HR 1.20 [95% CI 0.95, 1.51]), while no significant associations were observed for @entity353 . CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Overall, @entity353 may not be an independent risk factor for type 2 @entity6 when accounting for concurrent patterns of weight development. However, @entity353 may pose a stronger risk of @entity6 than non-cycling during net @entity1017 .

title: Weight cycling and the risk of type 2 XXXX in the EPIC-Germany cohort.

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss', 'weight cycling']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic disparities in @entity1 with @entity157 ( @entity157 ) influence medical treatment. In addition to socioeconomic barriers, the Veteran population suffers from significant psychosocial obstacles. This study identifies the social challenges that Veterans face while undergoing treatment for @entity157 . METHODS: One hundred Veterans at the Palo Alto VA treated for @entity157 from 2009 to 2014 (50 consecutive @entity1 who underwent a surgical procedure; 50 treated with intra-arterial therapy) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Substance abuse history was identified in 96%, and half were unemployed. Most @entity1 survived on a limited income [median  1340, interquartile range (IQR) 900-2125]; 36% on  <=   1000/month, 37% between  1001-2000/month and 27% with > 2000/month. A history of homelessness was found in 30%, more common in those of the lowest income (57% of  <= 1K/month group, 23% of  1-2K/month group and 9% of > 2K/month group, P  <  0.01). @entity146 was present in 64/100 @entity1 ; among these the majority received ongoing psychiatric treatment. Transportation was provided to 23% of @entity1 who would otherwise have been unable to attend medical appointments. CONCLUSIONS: @entity146 and @entity734 are highly prevalent among Veterans with @entity157 . Most @entity1 survive on a very meager income. These profound socioeconomic and psychosocial problems must be recognized when providing care for @entity157 to this population to provide adequate treatment and surveillance.

title: Missing the obvious: psychosocial obstacles in Veterans with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Psychiatric disease', 'Psychiatric illness']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity458 in nurses and to observe its correlation with negative mental health ( @entity308 , @entity148 and stress). Further to examine the role of @entity458 as a predictor of negative mental health in nurses and to explore the differences in the experience of @entity308 , @entity148 and stress between junior and senior nurses. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Public Sector Hospitals in Lahore, from December 2011 to March 2012. METHODOLOGY: Asample of 200 nurses with age range 23 to 46 years was obtained. Assessment tools used in the study were @entity458 Experience Questionnaire (SHEQ) by Kamal, and @entity308 , @entity148 and Stress Scale (DASS) by Lovibond and Lovibond. RESULTS: Mean age of the nurses was 29.80   7.10 years. Among these 63% were married and 37% unmarried. The mean working experience of nurses was 13.7   3. 52 years and their mean monthly income was 27820   13687.32 rupees. Their working hours ranged from 8 to 16 hours (M = 8.32, SD = 2.12). The mean prevalence of @entity458 was 71.66   19.01. Asignificant positive correlation of @entity458 with @entity308 , @entity148 , stress and combined effect of them (DASS) was found. Multiple regression analysis showed @entity458 as significant predictor of @entity308 (b= 0.47, p < .001), @entity148 (b= 0.43, p < .001) and stress (b= 0.45, p < .001) in nurses. CONCLUSION: Sexual harassment was found to be a predictor of negative mental health in the form of @entity308 , @entity148 and stress in nurses of public hospitals.

title: The XXXX and its Mental Health Consequences Among Nurses.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression', 'sexual harassment, depression']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Anxiety', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['Sexual Harassment', 'sexual harassment']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['Trauma of Sexual Harassment']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Penetrating @entity299 are high-risk, high-mortality injuries considering the outcomes. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate incision. In general clinical settings, thoracotomy and median sternotomy are choices of incisions to explore the injury. In this study, the results of median sternotomy and thoracotomy in penetrating @entity299 were compared. METHODS: Between January 2003 and December 2013, forty @entity1 , who underwent either thoracotomy or median sternotomy for penetrating @entity299 , were retrospectively analyzed, and the collected data were compared. Twenty-six @entity1 underwent thoracotomy (Group 1), and fourteen @entity1 underwent median sternotomy (Group 2). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant gender difference between the groups. However, the mean age in Group 2 was found to be significantly higher than the one in Group 1 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There were no significant survival differences between the groups in the long term. Incision choice should be determined considering the site of injury and whether there is an accompanying @entity651 or not. On the other hand, thoracotomy has some draw backs compared to median sternotomy.

title: Choice of incision in penetrating XXXX : Which one must we prefer: Thoracotomy or sternotomy?

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary injury']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury', 'cardiac injuries']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac injuries']


abstract: PURPOSE: Pudendal nerve injection is used as a diagnostic procedure in the vulvar region and for therapeutic purposes, such as in @entity2411 . Here, we provide a new, easy-to-perform perineal injection technique. @entity1 AND METHODS: We analyzed 105 perineal injections into the pudendal nerve with a local anesthetic (LA), @entity8162 in 20 @entity1 . A 0.4  *  40  mm needle was handled using a stop-and-go technique while monitoring the @entity1 's discomfort. The needle was placed 1-2  cm laterally to the dorsal introitus. After aspiration, a small amount of LA was applied. After subcutaneous anesthesia, the needle was further advanced step-by-step. Thus, 5  ml could be applied with little discomfort to the @entity1 . Anesthesia in the pudendal target region was the primary endpoint of our analysis. RESULTS: In 93 of 105 injections (88.6  %), complete perineal anesthesia was achieved with a single injection. 12 injections were repeated. These injections were excluded from the analysis. Severity of injection @entity158 , on visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 to 100, was 26.8 (95  % CI 7.2-46.4). Age (b  =  0.33, p  <  0.01) and the number of previous injections (b  =  0.35, p  <  0.01) inversely correlated with injection @entity158 . Injection @entity158 and anesthesia were not affected by BMI, the number and the side of previous injections, or order of injection. A reversible @entity907 was common, but no serious adverse effects occurred. CONCLUSION: Perineal pudendal injection is an effective and safe technique for anesthesia in diagnostic (vulva biopsy) and therapeutic indications ( @entity3815 ), and regional anesthesia in perinatal settings.

title: New perineal injection technique for XXXX in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal reaction']

entities_list: @entity8162 :: ('MESH:D011343', 'Chemical') :: ['procaine']

entities_list: @entity2411 :: ('MESH:D056650', 'Disease') :: ['vulvodynia']

entities_list: @entity3815 :: ('MESH:D060545', 'Disease') :: ['pudendal neuralgia']

answer: @entity3815 :: (MESH:D060545,Disease) :: ['pudendal nerve infiltration']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To define effectiveness and safety of CT-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of @entity703 and prognostic indicators for treatment success. METHODS: @entity1 with a single treatment of a solitary, biopsy-proven @entity703 with intent to cure over a 14-year period were included (n   =   203). Probability of @entity66 over time, complication rates and all-cause mortality were assessed in relation to multiple variables. RESULTS: Mean @entity5 size was 2.5  cm (range 1.0-6.0). Mean follow-up was 34.1  months (range 1-131). There was an increase in likelihood of @entity66 for @entity5 >= 3.5  cm (P   <   0.05), clear cell subtype of @entity1358 (P    <=   0.005) and maximum treatment temperature  <=70    C (P   <   0.05). There was a decrease in likelihood of @entity66 for @entity5 (P   =   0.01) and no difference based on age, gender, @entity5 location or type of radio freqency (RF) electrode used. Major complications occurred in 3.9  %. Median post-treatment survival was 7  years for @entity1 with @entity5 <4  cm, and 5-year overall survival was 80  %. Probability of minor complication increased with @entity5 size (P   =   0.03), as did all-cause mortality (P   =   0.005). CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided RFA is safe and effective for @entity703 , particularly for @entity5 measuring <3.5  cm. Overall 5-year survival with @entity5 <4  cm is comparable to partial nephrectomy. KEY POINTS:     Prognostic indicators for success of CT-guided RFA of @entity703 are reported.     @entity5 size >= 3.5  cm confers an increased risk for @entity5 .     @entity1358 subtype confers increased risk for @entity5 .     Tmax <70    C within the ablation zone confers increased risk for @entity5 .     @entity5 have a lower probability of @entity66 .

title: Effectiveness and safety of computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of XXXX : a 14-year single institution experience in 203 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumour', 'exophytic tumours', 'Tumour', 'tumours', 'Exophytic tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['Clear cell renal cell carcinoma', 'renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['early-stage renal cancer', 'renal tumour', 'renal tumours']

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['renal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To define effectiveness and safety of CT-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of @entity703 and prognostic indicators for treatment success. METHODS: @entity1 with a single treatment of a solitary, biopsy-proven @entity703 with intent to cure over a 14-year period were included (n   =   203). Probability of @entity66 over time, complication rates and all-cause mortality were assessed in relation to multiple variables. RESULTS: Mean @entity5 size was 2.5  cm (range 1.0-6.0). Mean follow-up was 34.1  months (range 1-131). There was an increase in likelihood of @entity66 for @entity5 >= 3.5  cm (P   <   0.05), clear cell subtype of @entity1358 (P    <=   0.005) and maximum treatment temperature  <=70    C (P   <   0.05). There was a decrease in likelihood of @entity66 for @entity5 (P   =   0.01) and no difference based on age, gender, @entity5 location or type of radio freqency (RF) electrode used. Major complications occurred in 3.9  %. Median post-treatment survival was 7  years for @entity1 with @entity5 <4  cm, and 5-year overall survival was 80  %. Probability of minor complication increased with @entity5 size (P   =   0.03), as did all-cause mortality (P   =   0.005). CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided RFA is safe and effective for @entity703 , particularly for @entity5 measuring <3.5  cm. Overall 5-year survival with @entity5 <4  cm is comparable to partial nephrectomy. KEY POINTS:     Prognostic indicators for success of CT-guided RFA of @entity703 are reported.     @entity5 size >= 3.5  cm confers an increased risk for @entity5 .     @entity1358 subtype confers increased risk for @entity5 .     Tmax <70    C within the ablation zone confers increased risk for @entity5 .     @entity5 have a lower probability of @entity66 .

title: Effectiveness and safety of computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of @entity703 : a 14-year single institution experience in 203 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Resection of the bile duct is required for the treatment of @entity201 and is sometimes indicated in resections of liver and @entity1085 . The goal of this retrospective review was to characterize surgical outcomes in @entity1 submitted to bile duct resection for @entity5 when additional procedures, specifically hepatic or vascular resections, were performed. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was searched to identify a total of 747 @entity1 who underwent: (i) biliary-enteric @entity254 (BEA) only (Group  1, n  =  266); (ii) BEA with hepatic resection (Group  2, n  =  439), or (iii) BEA with hepatic and vascular resection (Group  3, n  =  42). Postoperative outcomes were compared and regression-adjusted risk factors were analysed to produce observed and expected (O/E) morbidity and mortality ratios. RESULTS: The performance of hepatic and vascular resections significantly increased rates of overall morbidity (P  <  0.001) and mortality (P  =  0.021). Risk-adjusted O/E mortality ratios in Groups 1, 2 and 3 were 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-2.30], 2.16 (95% CI 1.51-2.98) and 5.92 (95% CI 2.54-11.66), respectively. Multivariate analysis identified Group  2 (P  <  0.001) and Group  3 (P  =  0.001) status as independent predictors of morbidity, and Group  3 status (P  =  0.008) as independently associated with mortality. More than 30% of @entity204 were associated with @entity358 and @entity326 . CONCLUSIONS: The addition of hepatic and vascular resections to bile duct resection significantly increased morbidity and mortality. The high O/E mortality ratios for @entity1 in Groups 2 and 3 suggest these outcomes can be improved.

title: Bile duct surgery in the treatment of hepatobiliary and XXXX : effects of hepatic and vascular resection on outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder malignancies']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary complications']

answer: @entity1085 :: (MESH:D005705,Disease) :: ['gallbladder malignancies']


abstract: Flow in shale nanopores may be vastly different from that in the conventional permeable media. In large pores and @entity174 , flow is governed by viscosity and pressure-driven. Convection describes the process. Pores in some shale media are in nanometer range. At this scale, continuum flow mechanism may not apply. Knudsen diffusion and hydrodynamic expressions such as the Hagen-Poiseuille equation and their modifications have been used to compute flow in nanopores. Both approaches may have drawbacks and can significantly underestimate molecular flux in nanopores. In this work, we use the dual control volume-grand canonical molecular dynamics simulations to investigate @entity577 flow in @entity505 nanopores at low and high pressure conditions. Our simulations reveal that @entity577 flow in a slit pore width of 1-4 nm can be more than one order of magnitude greater than that from Knudsen diffusion at low pressure and the Hagen-Poiseuille equation at high pressure. Knudsen diffusion and Hagen-Poiseuille equations do not account for surface adsorption and mobility of the adsorbed molecules, and inhomogeneous fluid density distributions. Mobility of molecules in the adsorbed layers significantly increases molecular flux. Molecular velocity profiles in nanopores deviate significantly from the Navier-Stokes hydrodynamic predictions. Our molecular simulation results are in agreement with the enhanced flow measurements in @entity505 nanotubes.

title: Flow of XXXX in shale nanopores at low and high pressure by molecular dynamics simulations.

entities_list: @entity577 :: ('MESH:D008697', 'Chemical') :: ['methane']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

answer: @entity577 :: (MESH:D008697,Chemical) :: ['methane']


abstract: Although once considered completely devoid of complications, it is now recognised that the misuse or inappropriate use of @entity3810 ( @entity3727 ) often results in adverse side effects. @entity519 , particularly the entity 'diffusion @entity519 ', can occur with the administration of inadequate amounts of @entity26 during or immediately after a @entity3727 anaesthetic. @entity3727 will diffuse into air-containing cavities within the body faster than @entity1568 diffuses out. This results in a temporary increase in either the pressure and/or volume of the cavity depending upon the distensibility of its walls. The magnitude of the effect is proportional to the blood supply of the cavity, the concentration of @entity3727 inhaled and the length of time the @entity1 is exposed to @entity3727 . Significant morbidity or even death can result from this phenomenon. A property unique to @entity3727 is its ability to oxidise and inactivate the @entity2186 components of certain enzymes in both animals and @entity1 . One such enzyme, @entity1853 synthetase is essential for normal DNA production. Animal and @entity1 studies have demonstrated that the haematological, immune, neurological and reproductive systems are each affected. These adverse effects of @entity3727 can occur after both acute (surgical) or long term (occupational) exposure to the gas. Because of its effects on the pressure and volume characteristics of air-containing spaces, @entity3727 should not be used for @entity1 with @entity1744 , pneumothorax, @entity2172 , and following cerebral air-contrast studies. Many anaesthesiologists feel that use of @entity3727 should be restricted during the first two trimesters of pregnancy because of its effects on DNA production and the experimental and epidemiological evidence that @entity3727 causes undesirable reproductive outcomes. Since @entity3727 affects white blood cell production and function, it has been recommended that @entity3727 not be administered to immunosuppressed @entity1 or to @entity1 requiring multiple general anaesthetics. Many anaesthesiologists believe that the potential dangers of @entity3727 are so great that it should no longer be used at all for routine clinical anaesthesia. However, the continued use of @entity3727 remains a controversial topic since, at present, a suitable substitute gas is not available.

title: Adverse effects of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity2172 :: ('MESH:D010033', 'Disease') :: ['middle ear and sinus disease']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxia', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction']

answer: @entity3810 :: (MESH:D009609,Chemical) :: ['nitrous oxide']


abstract: We entered 60 @entity1 with @entity2835 in a double-blind randomized controlled trial to determine whether @entity3812 is therapeutically effective. Thirty @entity1 had @entity66 (Stages 1 and 2), and 30 had @entity1442 (Stages 3 and 4). Fifteen @entity1 with @entity66 and 15 with @entity1442 received @entity3812 (0.6 mg twice daily), and the remainder received placebo. @entity1 were studied about every two months; those remaining in the blind phase at two years underwent repeat liver biopsy and were then placed on open-label @entity3812 (0.6 mg twice daily). With a few exceptions, the results in @entity1 with @entity66 were similar to those in @entity1 with @entity1442 ; hence, data on @entity1 in all stages were combined in the main analysis. During the two-year study period the @entity3812 -treated @entity1 , as compared with the placebo-treated @entity1 , had improvement in levels of serum albumin, serum @entity648 , alkaline phosphatase, @entity165 , and aminotransferases. However, there was no such improvement in the severity of symptoms or physical findings; moreover, there was no significant difference in the histologic changes noted at liver biopsy in the two treatment groups. At four years after entry, the cumulative mortality from @entity409 was 21 percent in @entity1 given @entity3812 and 47 percent in those given placebo (P = 0.05). The only side effect of @entity3812 was @entity294 , noted in three @entity1 . The consistent and significant improvement in a number of markers of @entity409 and the apparent decreased mortality from @entity409 suggest that @entity3812 may provide some long-term clinical benefit in @entity1 with @entity2835 . However, the failure of @entity3812 to reduce @entity99 and @entity82 leaves uncertain the effect of the drug on the longterm outcome of this disease.

title: A prospective trial of XXXX for @entity2835 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['early disease']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3812 :: (MESH:D003078,Chemical) :: ['colchicine']


abstract: We entered 60 @entity1 with @entity2835 in a double-blind randomized controlled trial to determine whether @entity3812 is therapeutically effective. Thirty @entity1 had @entity66 (Stages 1 and 2), and 30 had @entity1442 (Stages 3 and 4). Fifteen @entity1 with @entity66 and 15 with @entity1442 received @entity3812 (0.6 mg twice daily), and the remainder received placebo. @entity1 were studied about every two months; those remaining in the blind phase at two years underwent repeat liver biopsy and were then placed on open-label @entity3812 (0.6 mg twice daily). With a few exceptions, the results in @entity1 with @entity66 were similar to those in @entity1 with @entity1442 ; hence, data on @entity1 in all stages were combined in the main analysis. During the two-year study period the @entity3812 -treated @entity1 , as compared with the placebo-treated @entity1 , had improvement in levels of serum albumin, serum @entity648 , alkaline phosphatase, @entity165 , and aminotransferases. However, there was no such improvement in the severity of symptoms or physical findings; moreover, there was no significant difference in the histologic changes noted at liver biopsy in the two treatment groups. At four years after entry, the cumulative mortality from @entity409 was 21 percent in @entity1 given @entity3812 and 47 percent in those given placebo (P = 0.05). The only side effect of @entity3812 was @entity294 , noted in three @entity1 . The consistent and significant improvement in a number of markers of @entity409 and the apparent decreased mortality from @entity409 suggest that @entity3812 may provide some long-term clinical benefit in @entity1 with @entity2835 . However, the failure of @entity3812 to reduce @entity99 and @entity82 leaves uncertain the effect of the drug on the longterm outcome of this disease.

title: A prospective trial of @entity3812 for XXXX .

answer: @entity2835 :: (MESH:D008105,Disease) :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']


abstract: The reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA) was used to detect hormone release from cultured normal, @entity5072 , and neoplastic @entity35 pituitary cells. @entity5072 pituitary cells were produced by s.c. @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) treatment (10 mg in Silastic tubes) for 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Neoplastic pituitary cells from @entity35 with @entity5 treated with @entity4743 for 3 weeks were also analyzed. Aliquots of the same cells were also analyzed by immunocytochemical staining. @entity4743 treatment resulted in an increase in @entity3695 (PRL)-producing cells in @entity4611 compared to untreated pituitaries after 9 weeks of treatment by the RHPA [61.2 +/- 5.2 (SE) versus 32 +/- 3.0] and by immunocytochemical staining [70.9 +/- 2.4 versus 36 +/- 1.4]. The percentage of mammosomatotropic cells decreased from 11.3 +/- 3.8 to 4.2 +/- 2.6% in pituitary cells from these same groups of animals. After 3 weeks of @entity4743 treatment in @entity35 with @entity5 , there was an increase in @entity11249 ( @entity11249 )-producing cells and a decrease in PRL-producing cells when analyzed by the RHPA (control: percentage of @entity11249 , 36.3 +/- 6.2; percentage of PRL, 39.0 +/- 1.6 versus @entity4743 -treated @entity5 : percentage of @entity11249 of 68.2 +/- 1.9; and percentage of PRL, 3.2 +/- 1.8%). The percentage of mammosomatotropic cells declined from 12.4 +/- 2.3 to 0.77 +/- 2.4%. A combined procedure of RHPA followed by immunocytochemical staining on the same slides also revealed a decline in mammosomatotropic cells after chronic @entity4743 treatment in @entity5072 and neoplastic @entity5 cells. These results show that @entity4743 has different effects on PRL and @entity11249 secretion and storage in @entity5072 pituitary and in the MtT/W15 @entity977 cells.

title: Analysis of @entity3695 and @entity11249 production in XXXX and neoplastic @entity35 pituitary tissues by the hemolytic plaque assay.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['MtT/W15 transplantable tumors', 'MtT/W15 tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity5072 :: ('MESH:D000796', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic', 'Hyperplastic']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic pituitaries']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumor']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

answer: @entity5072 :: (MESH:D000796,Disease) :: ['hyperplastic']


abstract: The reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA) was used to detect hormone release from cultured normal, @entity5072 , and neoplastic @entity35 pituitary cells. @entity5072 pituitary cells were produced by s.c. @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) treatment (10 mg in Silastic tubes) for 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Neoplastic pituitary cells from @entity35 with @entity5 treated with @entity4743 for 3 weeks were also analyzed. Aliquots of the same cells were also analyzed by immunocytochemical staining. @entity4743 treatment resulted in an increase in @entity3695 (PRL)-producing cells in @entity4611 compared to untreated pituitaries after 9 weeks of treatment by the RHPA [61.2 +/- 5.2 (SE) versus 32 +/- 3.0] and by immunocytochemical staining [70.9 +/- 2.4 versus 36 +/- 1.4]. The percentage of mammosomatotropic cells decreased from 11.3 +/- 3.8 to 4.2 +/- 2.6% in pituitary cells from these same groups of animals. After 3 weeks of @entity4743 treatment in @entity35 with @entity5 , there was an increase in @entity11249 ( @entity11249 )-producing cells and a decrease in PRL-producing cells when analyzed by the RHPA (control: percentage of @entity11249 , 36.3 +/- 6.2; percentage of PRL, 39.0 +/- 1.6 versus @entity4743 -treated @entity5 : percentage of @entity11249 of 68.2 +/- 1.9; and percentage of PRL, 3.2 +/- 1.8%). The percentage of mammosomatotropic cells declined from 12.4 +/- 2.3 to 0.77 +/- 2.4%. A combined procedure of RHPA followed by immunocytochemical staining on the same slides also revealed a decline in mammosomatotropic cells after chronic @entity4743 treatment in @entity5072 and neoplastic @entity5 cells. These results show that @entity4743 has different effects on PRL and @entity11249 secretion and storage in @entity5072 pituitary and in the MtT/W15 @entity977 cells.

title: Analysis of @entity3695 and XXXX production in @entity5072 and neoplastic @entity35 pituitary tissues by the hemolytic plaque assay.

answer: @entity11249 :: (81668(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: The reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA) was used to detect hormone release from cultured normal, @entity5072 , and neoplastic @entity35 pituitary cells. @entity5072 pituitary cells were produced by s.c. @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) treatment (10 mg in Silastic tubes) for 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Neoplastic pituitary cells from @entity35 with @entity5 treated with @entity4743 for 3 weeks were also analyzed. Aliquots of the same cells were also analyzed by immunocytochemical staining. @entity4743 treatment resulted in an increase in @entity3695 (PRL)-producing cells in @entity4611 compared to untreated pituitaries after 9 weeks of treatment by the RHPA [61.2 +/- 5.2 (SE) versus 32 +/- 3.0] and by immunocytochemical staining [70.9 +/- 2.4 versus 36 +/- 1.4]. The percentage of mammosomatotropic cells decreased from 11.3 +/- 3.8 to 4.2 +/- 2.6% in pituitary cells from these same groups of animals. After 3 weeks of @entity4743 treatment in @entity35 with @entity5 , there was an increase in @entity11249 ( @entity11249 )-producing cells and a decrease in PRL-producing cells when analyzed by the RHPA (control: percentage of @entity11249 , 36.3 +/- 6.2; percentage of PRL, 39.0 +/- 1.6 versus @entity4743 -treated @entity5 : percentage of @entity11249 of 68.2 +/- 1.9; and percentage of PRL, 3.2 +/- 1.8%). The percentage of mammosomatotropic cells declined from 12.4 +/- 2.3 to 0.77 +/- 2.4%. A combined procedure of RHPA followed by immunocytochemical staining on the same slides also revealed a decline in mammosomatotropic cells after chronic @entity4743 treatment in @entity5072 and neoplastic @entity5 cells. These results show that @entity4743 has different effects on PRL and @entity11249 secretion and storage in @entity5072 pituitary and in the MtT/W15 @entity977 cells.

title: Analysis of XXXX and @entity11249 production in @entity5072 and neoplastic @entity35 pituitary tissues by the hemolytic plaque assay.

answer: @entity3695 :: (24683(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['prolactin']


abstract: The reverse hemolytic plaque assay (RHPA) was used to detect hormone release from cultured normal, @entity5072 , and neoplastic @entity35 pituitary cells. @entity5072 pituitary cells were produced by s.c. @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) treatment (10 mg in Silastic tubes) for 3, 6, and 9 weeks. Neoplastic pituitary cells from @entity35 with @entity5 treated with @entity4743 for 3 weeks were also analyzed. Aliquots of the same cells were also analyzed by immunocytochemical staining. @entity4743 treatment resulted in an increase in @entity3695 (PRL)-producing cells in @entity4611 compared to untreated pituitaries after 9 weeks of treatment by the RHPA [61.2 +/- 5.2 (SE) versus 32 +/- 3.0] and by immunocytochemical staining [70.9 +/- 2.4 versus 36 +/- 1.4]. The percentage of mammosomatotropic cells decreased from 11.3 +/- 3.8 to 4.2 +/- 2.6% in pituitary cells from these same groups of animals. After 3 weeks of @entity4743 treatment in @entity35 with @entity5 , there was an increase in @entity11249 ( @entity11249 )-producing cells and a decrease in PRL-producing cells when analyzed by the RHPA (control: percentage of @entity11249 , 36.3 +/- 6.2; percentage of PRL, 39.0 +/- 1.6 versus @entity4743 -treated @entity5 : percentage of @entity11249 of 68.2 +/- 1.9; and percentage of PRL, 3.2 +/- 1.8%). The percentage of mammosomatotropic cells declined from 12.4 +/- 2.3 to 0.77 +/- 2.4%. A combined procedure of RHPA followed by immunocytochemical staining on the same slides also revealed a decline in mammosomatotropic cells after chronic @entity4743 treatment in @entity5072 and neoplastic @entity5 cells. These results show that @entity4743 has different effects on PRL and @entity11249 secretion and storage in @entity5072 pituitary and in the MtT/W15 @entity977 cells.

title: Analysis of @entity3695 and @entity11249 production in @entity5072 and neoplastic XXXX pituitary tissues by the hemolytic plaque assay.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Molecular cloning techniques were used to isolate and characterize the DNA including and surrounding the @entity16791 and @entity27961 genes on the left arm of chromosome I of the @entity375 @entity375 . A plasmid that complemented a temperature-sensitive @entity16791 mutation was isolated from a @entity375 genomic DNA library in a shuttle vector. Plasmids containing @entity27961 -complementing DNA were obtained from other investigators. Several lines of evidence (including one-step gene replacement experiments) demonstrated that the complementing plasmids contained the bona fide @entity16791 and @entity27961 genes. These sequences were then used to isolate additional DNA from chromosome I by probing a @entity375 genomic DNA library in a lambda vector. A total of 28 kilobases (kb) of contiguous DNA surrounding the @entity16791 and @entity27961 genes was isolated, and a restriction map was determined. Electron microscopy of R-loop-containing DNA and RNA blot hybridization analyses indicated that an 18-kb segment contained at least seven transcribed regions, only three of which corresponded to previously known genes ( @entity16791 , @entity27961 , and @entity72194 ). Southern blot hybridization experiments suggested that none of the genes in this region was duplicated elsewhere in the @entity375 genome. The centers of @entity16791 and @entity27961 were only approximately 7.5 kb apart, although the genetic map distance between them is approximately 13 centimorgans. As previous studies with @entity375 have indicated that 1 centimorgan generally corresponds to approximately 3 kb, the region between @entity16791 and @entity27961 appears to undergo meiotic recombination at an unusually high frequency.

title: Molecular cloning of chromosome I DNA from @entity375 : isolation and characterization of the XXXX gene and adjacent regions of the chromosome.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'S. cerevisiae']

answer: @entity16791 :: (851190(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['CDC24']


abstract: Molecular cloning techniques were used to isolate and characterize the DNA including and surrounding the @entity16791 and @entity27961 genes on the left arm of chromosome I of the @entity375 @entity375 . A plasmid that complemented a temperature-sensitive @entity16791 mutation was isolated from a @entity375 genomic DNA library in a shuttle vector. Plasmids containing @entity27961 -complementing DNA were obtained from other investigators. Several lines of evidence (including one-step gene replacement experiments) demonstrated that the complementing plasmids contained the bona fide @entity16791 and @entity27961 genes. These sequences were then used to isolate additional DNA from chromosome I by probing a @entity375 genomic DNA library in a lambda vector. A total of 28 kilobases (kb) of contiguous DNA surrounding the @entity16791 and @entity27961 genes was isolated, and a restriction map was determined. Electron microscopy of R-loop-containing DNA and RNA blot hybridization analyses indicated that an 18-kb segment contained at least seven transcribed regions, only three of which corresponded to previously known genes ( @entity16791 , @entity27961 , and @entity72194 ). Southern blot hybridization experiments suggested that none of the genes in this region was duplicated elsewhere in the @entity375 genome. The centers of @entity16791 and @entity27961 were only approximately 7.5 kb apart, although the genetic map distance between them is approximately 13 centimorgans. As previous studies with @entity375 have indicated that 1 centimorgan generally corresponds to approximately 3 kb, the region between @entity16791 and @entity27961 appears to undergo meiotic recombination at an unusually high frequency.

title: Molecular cloning of chromosome I DNA from XXXX : isolation and characterization of the @entity16791 gene and adjacent regions of the chromosome.

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: @entity2249 in 2289 @entity1 and 764 @entity1 (total 3053) from the years 1975-1977 in Stockholm County Council were retrospectively analyzed regarding social and demographic classification. Seventy-nine percent of the @entity1 (2418 of 3053) were admitted directly from their homes, more commonly in central city areas (82%) than in rural areas (74%). Direct return home was possible in 36%, and 47% could return home after some weeks of institutionalized rehabilitation. There was no increase in @entity174 incidence found during the three-year period. More @entity174 occurred on Mondays and less on Sundays than during the rest of the week. The period of December through March showed the highest @entity174 rate. Diseases other than @entity173 were seen in approximately one-half (1492) of the @entity1 . Internal fixation was performed in 2937 @entity174 , mainly with the von Bahr screws (1465 cases), Hessel/Nystr  m multiple pins (674 cases), Thornton nails (380 cases), or Rydell nails (224 cases). Primary hemiarthroplasties were performed in only 102 cases. The detailed analysis of this consecutive population-based @entity2249 material is intended as a base for more uniform treatment and rehabilitation of this group of resource-consuming @entity1 .

title: Statistical analysis of XXXX based on 3053 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['femoral neck fracture', 'Femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['femoral neck fractures']