abstract: Drugs which inhibit carbonic anhydrase (CA) reduce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. This study relates the inhibition of CSF flow in @entity468 after 1 to 30 mg/kg of @entity11681 , @entity3791 or @entity15540 (inhibitors of differing pharmacokinetic properties) to plasma and choroid plexus levels of these drugs. From plasma concentrations of unbound drug and the dissociation constants for the interaction of drugs with choroid plexus CA, it is shown that the concentration of residual active CA in choroid plexus of @entity468 must be reduced from approximately 22 microM to the range of 5 to 10 nM to reduce CSF flow significantly. This represents at least 99.95% inhibition of CA of choroid plexus. This level of inhibition was achieved by an i.v. dose of 30 mg/kg of @entity11681 , @entity3791 or @entity15540 , whereas doses of 10 mg/kg of @entity11681 or @entity3791 did not significantly decrease mean residual CSF flow. The data suggest that it is the residual flow after inhibition, not the absolute or percentage of decrease in flow, which should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of CA inhibition, because of the variability in individual control rates. Maximal effects of CA inhibition in cat reduce flow to 9 to 11 microliter/min from a mean of 21.7 microliter/min. In choroid plexus of @entity1 , the CA concentration is, at most, 40% that of cat. An attempt has been made to use CA concentration, drug binding data and other pharmacokinetic factors in predicting appropriate choices of drug and dose for @entity1 , extrapolating from the data for @entity468 . These predictions are compared to existing data for plasma levels or CSF effects of CA inhibitors in @entity1 .

title: The relation of choroid plexus carbonic anhydrase activity to cerebrospinal fluid formation: study of three inhibitors in cat with extrapolation to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity15540 :: ('MESH:D001574', 'Chemical') :: ['benzolamide']

entities_list: @entity3791 :: ('MESH:D000086', 'Chemical') :: ['acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity11681 :: ('MESH:D008704', 'Chemical') :: ['methazolamide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity161 is a @entity146 that is characterised by a deficit in the fluent sequencing of thought and action. This problem of discoordination might be due to unreliable timing processes associated with a difficulty in allocating sufficient attention. In the present study, we placed ourselves within the hypothesis that @entity161 @entity1 may have difficulties in producing rhythmic tapping actions and that this deficit may be correlated with the degree of @entity854 . METHOD: Subjects were required to tap in rhythm with alternating force levels and/or alternating time intervals (<1s) during trials lasting 24s. In addition, all @entity1 performed an attention task (D2 test). A qualitative analysis of the tap trials was conducted in order to characterise the nature of the deficits that @entity1 revealed. RESULTS: Results showed that all @entity1 revealed significant difficulties in performing the tapping trials. The number of trials removed was correlated with the level of attention dysfunction. Finally, our qualitative analysis revealed that 60% of @entity1 presented attentional lapses - which were never observed in the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: This study revealed @entity51 that resemble, at least on a behaviour level, the clinical lapses observed in @entity161 . These lapses seem to be correlated to the degree of @entity71 . Future studies are now required in order to gain better understanding of the nature of the @entity71 in @entity161 . More specifically, a better definition of the possible functional relationship between clinical lapses, cognitive lapses and action freezing is needed to develop innovating tools for rehabilitation.

title: [Production of rhythms in XXXX : the central role of attention].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric illness']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention deficits']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['deficits in the timing of action']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['attention abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic', 'schizophrenia', 'Schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for differentiating between clinically relevant and clinically irrelevant cervical @entity1745 on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). DESIGN: Validation study. ANIMALS: Clinically normal Doberman Pinschers without (n = 11) and with (6) @entity1745 on MRI and 16 Doberman Pinschers with @entity1797 ( @entity1797 ). PROCEDURES: After @entity235 were sedated, transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials were recorded from the extensor carpi radialis muscle (ECRM) and cranial tibial muscle (CTM). Onset latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes were measured. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to identify @entity1745 . RESULTS: There were significant differences in ECRM and CTM onset latencies between Doberman Pinschers with @entity1797 and each of the 2 groups of clinically normal @entity235 , but there were no significant differences in ECRM and CTM onset latencies between the 2 groups of clinically normal @entity235 . There were significant differences in CTM peak-to-peak amplitudes between Doberman Pinschers with @entity1797 and each of the 2 groups of clinically normal @entity235 , but there were no significant differences in ECRM peak-to-peak amplitudes among groups or in CTM peak-to-peak amplitudes between the 2 groups of clinically normal @entity235 . There was a significant correlation between severity of @entity1745 and ECRM onset latency, CTM onset latency, and CTM peak-to-peak amplitude. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a useful diagnostic tool to differentiate between clinically relevant and clinically irrelevant @entity1745 identified on MRI alone.

title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Doberman Pinschers with clinically relevant and clinically irrelevant XXXX on magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1797 :: ('MESH:D055959', 'Disease') :: ['DAWS', 'disk-associated wobbler syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

answer: @entity1745 :: (MESH:D013117,Disease) :: ['spinal cord compression']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate a drilling guide in the treatment of @entity2720 with closed reduction and Kirschner fixation and explore the therapeutic effect. METHODS: From June 2008 to December 2009, 36 @entity1 with @entity2720 (Tossy III) were treated with closed reduction and Kirschner fixation using a self-designed drilling guide as well as percutaneous repair of acromioclavicular joint. Among the @entity1 , 24 @entity1 were male and 12 @entity1 were female,ranging in age from 20 to 61 years, averaged 38.6 years. The duration from injury to operation ranged from 3.5 to 72 h,with a mean of 15.2 h. No @entity174 was found in all cases. The operative time, @entity548 and therapeutic effects were observed. RESULTS: There were no complications including @entity531 . The mean operating time were 20 min,mean @entity190 were about 10 ml. According to the observation of postoperative X-ray examination, all Kirschners in acromioclavicular joint were in place. All Kirschners were removed in 6 postoperative weeks. All the @entity1 were followed up ranging from 2 to 26 months (averaged 14.3 months). According to the Karlsson standard,22 @entity1 got an excellent result, 13 good and 1 poor. CONCLUSION: This method has following advantages: easy operation and fixation; minimum injuries to articular surface; and which would be widely used in clinical practice.

title: [Design and clinical application of the drilling guide in the treatment of XXXX with closed reduction and Kirschner fixation].

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['clavicle fracture']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intra-operative bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['acromioclavicular joint dislocation']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular problems']

answer: @entity2720 :: (MESH:D007592,Disease) :: ['acromioclavicular joint dislocation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the minimally invasive treatment for fresh @entity3029 and the @entity174 . METHODS: Thirty skeletons of @entity1 shoulder were measured and compared, and the normal data on healthy @entity1 were measured with the help of ultrasound-guided. So the invasion point was located at the cross between @entity2270 and the line from coracoid tip to apophysis behind cone ligament node. From January 2001 to January 2010, 127 @entity1 with fresh @entity3029 and @entity174 were treated with minimally invasive internal fixation after locating the invasive point at the body surface. Among the @entity1 , 97 @entity1 were male and 30 @entity1 were female, ranging in age from 19 to 56 years, with an average of 43 years. According to Rockwood classification, among 93 @entity1 with fresh @entity3029 , 67 @entity1 were type III, 11 @entity1 were type IV and 15 @entity1 were type V. All the 34 @entity1 with @entity174 were associated with coracoclavicular ligament broken. The duration from injury to operation ranged from 1 to 8 days. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by using the of shoulder scoring system, University of California (UCLA). RESULTS: After the minimally invasive treatment, all the @entity1 had completely reduction at early time. One hundred and thirteen @entity1 were followed up,and the duration ranged from 13 to 15 months,averaged 14 months. Nine @entity1 had screw loose slightly within 30 days, but the reductions and functions were acceptable. Seven @entity1 had complications of frozen shoulder and recovered in 6 months. The average UCLA shoulder score was (32.0 +/- 4.7), and 87 @entity1 got an excellent result, 20 good and 6 fair. CONCLUSION: This minimally invasive treatment has advantages such as @entity130 and low cost, which is worthy of clinical applications.

title: [Minimally invasive treatment for fresh @entity3029 and the XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['distal clavicle fracture', 'distal clavicle fractures']

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['subclavian axis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['little trauma']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['acromioclavicular dislocation']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['distal clavicle fracture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the minimally invasive treatment for fresh @entity3029 and the @entity174 . METHODS: Thirty skeletons of @entity1 shoulder were measured and compared, and the normal data on healthy @entity1 were measured with the help of ultrasound-guided. So the invasion point was located at the cross between @entity2270 and the line from coracoid tip to apophysis behind cone ligament node. From January 2001 to January 2010, 127 @entity1 with fresh @entity3029 and @entity174 were treated with minimally invasive internal fixation after locating the invasive point at the body surface. Among the @entity1 , 97 @entity1 were male and 30 @entity1 were female, ranging in age from 19 to 56 years, with an average of 43 years. According to Rockwood classification, among 93 @entity1 with fresh @entity3029 , 67 @entity1 were type III, 11 @entity1 were type IV and 15 @entity1 were type V. All the 34 @entity1 with @entity174 were associated with coracoclavicular ligament broken. The duration from injury to operation ranged from 1 to 8 days. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by using the of shoulder scoring system, University of California (UCLA). RESULTS: After the minimally invasive treatment, all the @entity1 had completely reduction at early time. One hundred and thirteen @entity1 were followed up,and the duration ranged from 13 to 15 months,averaged 14 months. Nine @entity1 had screw loose slightly within 30 days, but the reductions and functions were acceptable. Seven @entity1 had complications of frozen shoulder and recovered in 6 months. The average UCLA shoulder score was (32.0 +/- 4.7), and 87 @entity1 got an excellent result, 20 good and 6 fair. CONCLUSION: This minimally invasive treatment has advantages such as @entity130 and low cost, which is worthy of clinical applications.

title: [Minimally invasive treatment for fresh XXXX and the @entity174 ].

answer: @entity3029 :: (MESH:D004204,Disease) :: ['acromioclavicular dislocation']


abstract: Millions of @entity1 in the U.S. suffer from @entity565 . A disproportionately large number of those @entity1 are from low-income and racial minority families. With or without @entity565 , @entity1 from low-income families are at risk for delayed school readiness and less than optimal academic achievement trajectories. The aim of this article was to review the literature on educational interventions for young @entity1 with @entity565 and their families to determine if there was sufficient evidence to guide practice. In addition, a new theoretical model upon which to base new interventions is proposed. Literature was reviewed from Medline, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Reviews databases. A limited number of randomized, controlled studies of educational interventions for @entity1 and their families was found, and only one study was specifically aimed at preschool-age @entity1 . Comparisons among studies are difficult because of varying methodologies, and findings are non-conclusive. In conclusion, comprehensive, multidisciplinary, multi-level interventions are needed to minimize the effects of childhood @entity565 , especially for @entity1 from low-income families. Large-scale, randomized, controlled studies are needed to provide empirical evidence for the efficacy of specific interventions for preschoolers prior to school entry to minimize the detrimental effects of uncontrolled @entity565 on school achievement.

title: Educational interventions for childhood XXXX : a review and integrative model for preschoolers from low-income families.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: The increasing prevalence of maternal @entity28 worldwide provides a major challenge to obstetric practice from preconception to postpartum. @entity28 can result in unfavorable outcomes for the @entity1 and fetus. Maternal risks during pregnancy include gestational @entity6 and chronic @entity101 leading to @entity1468 . The fetus is at risk for @entity2209 and @entity154 . Intrapartum care, normal and operative deliveries, anesthetic and operative interventions in the @entity28 demand extra care. Obesity in pregnancy can also affect health later in life for both mother and @entity1 . For @entity1 , these risks include @entity299 and @entity101 . @entity1 have a risk of future @entity28 and @entity299 . @entity1 and their offspring are at increased risk for @entity6 . Obstetrician-gynecologists should be well informed to prevent and treat this epidemic. Interventions directed at weight loss and prevention of excessive @entity1017 during pregnancy must begin in the preconception period.

title: XXXX and pregnancy outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'Children', 'Women', 'child']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'Maternal obesity', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity2209 :: ('MESH:D050497', 'Disease') :: ['stillbirth']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['Maternal obesity']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Despite the fact that many studies have addressed the use of ECT in @entity161 questions on clinical use remain poorly answered and clinical application is largely based on data originating from @entity308 @entity1 . METHODS: We review data on the use of ECT in @entity161 @entity1 drawn from original studies indicated by a Pubmed search and referenced in recent and older expert reviews with a specific focus on four issues: symptom response, technical application, continuation/maintenance ECT and combination with medication. RESULTS: @entity2437 @entity1 are the most responsive. Positive symptoms such @entity10963 and affective symptoms follow. There are indications that ECT may improve responsivity to medication. No particular technical features stand out in studies except lengthier courses, but not for @entity2436 . Combination with medication appears to be preferable over either treatment alone and effective combination particularly with @entity1088 is supported by data. Use of continuation and maintenance treatments in responders appears beneficial. CONCLUSION: Certain @entity161 @entity1 may benefit significantly from the use of ECT. More specific research is required to address particular questions.

title: Using ECT in XXXX : a review from a clinical perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['clozapine']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic']

entities_list: @entity2436 :: ('MESH:D002389', 'Disease') :: ['catatonia']

entities_list: @entity10963 :: ('MESH:D010259', 'Disease') :: ['paranoid delusions']

entities_list: @entity2437 :: ('MESH:D012560', 'Disease') :: ['Catatonic']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Soy foods have been substituted for meat in recent years because of proposed health benefits. Research indicates, however, that soy protein and phytate in soy products inhibit the absorption of divalent cations. METHODS: Our study was primarily designed to determine the effect of consuming two to three servings per day of soy foods, providing    19   g protein and    36   mg @entity6400 , on @entity68 and @entity219 status in premenopausal @entity1 during a 10-weeks period. As secondary outcomes, we also tested the effect of soy foods on biochemical markers of bone and thyroid hormones. Nonsmoking @entity1 (18-28 years) without @entity102 , @entity417 , pregnancy, or irregular menstrual cycles were randomly assigned to either the soy food (SF, n=31) or @entity4409 ( @entity4409 , n=32) group. Blood and urine samples and 3-day dietary records were collected at baseline and postintervention. RESULTS: At baseline, @entity68 and @entity219 status, bone markers, and thyroid hormones were not different between groups. After intervention, no significant changes were observed in hemoglobin, @entity69 saturation, serum @entity68 , ferritin, or @entity8282 ( @entity8282 ) concentrations. Plasma @entity219 , but not serum alkaline phosphatase, significantly decreased in both groups (-0.8    mol/L). The change in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase was significant between SF (1.5   U/L) and @entity4409 (-0.7   U/L) groups. No significant changes were observed in bone resorption, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or free @entity1955 after soy food intake. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating    19   g soy protein from soy foods for 10 weeks had no significant effect on @entity68 or @entity219 status, bone resorption or formation, or thyroid hormone status in premenopausal @entity1 .

title: The effect of soy food intake on mineral status in premenopausal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['AF', 'animal food']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity8282 :: ('7037', 'Gene') :: ['TFR', 'transferrin receptor']

entities_list: @entity6400 :: ('MESH:D007529', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflavones']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the presentation of @entity1143 among @entity779 @entity1 in Pakistan and to explore limitations in the diagnosis of these @entity1 by the physicians of a developing country. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study on @entity1 admitted to Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from January 2005 to September 2008. Records of 663 @entity779 @entity1 were reviewed. Demographic data, @entity1576 , radiographic studies, and final outcome were studied. Presentation and radiological modality confirming the diagnosis of @entity1143 were noted. Descriptive statistics followed by Chi-Square test were applied, testing against an alpha of 0.05 and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Three hundred and fifty-four (53%) out of a total of 663 @entity779 @entity1 did not complain of any respiratory symptoms at presentation, nor did their medical examination elicit any suspicion of PE. Hence, no radiological study was advised. Amongst the remaining 309 @entity1 , 299 (97%) underwent chest x-ray and 10 (3%) had abdominal ultrasound. The @entity1143 was noted in 50 (16%) @entity1 (31 male and 19 female @entity1 , with a mean age of 32+/-15 years). A @entity1143 was found in 23/50 (46%) @entity1 , left sided in 9/50 (18%), and 18/50 (36%) @entity1 had @entity1143 on both sides. Out of the radiologically confirmed @entity1143 @entity1 , 44/50 (88%) showed altered hemo-concentration with an insignificant odds ratio of 0.7 (p=0.56, 95% CI: 0.263-2.066). CONCLUSION: Compared to other studies, fewer numbers of our @entity1 suffered from @entity1143 . The diagnostic modality preferred by the physician was the chest x-ray.

title: @entity1143 in XXXX . Karachi perspective.

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['right-sided pleural effusion', 'pleural effusion', 'pleural effusion dengue']

entities_list: @entity779 :: ('MESH:D003715', 'Disease') :: ['dengue syndrome', 'dengue']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory complaints']

answer: @entity779 :: (MESH:D003715,Disease) :: ['dengue']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the presentation of @entity1143 among @entity779 @entity1 in Pakistan and to explore limitations in the diagnosis of these @entity1 by the physicians of a developing country. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study on @entity1 admitted to Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from January 2005 to September 2008. Records of 663 @entity779 @entity1 were reviewed. Demographic data, @entity1576 , radiographic studies, and final outcome were studied. Presentation and radiological modality confirming the diagnosis of @entity1143 were noted. Descriptive statistics followed by Chi-Square test were applied, testing against an alpha of 0.05 and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Three hundred and fifty-four (53%) out of a total of 663 @entity779 @entity1 did not complain of any respiratory symptoms at presentation, nor did their medical examination elicit any suspicion of PE. Hence, no radiological study was advised. Amongst the remaining 309 @entity1 , 299 (97%) underwent chest x-ray and 10 (3%) had abdominal ultrasound. The @entity1143 was noted in 50 (16%) @entity1 (31 male and 19 female @entity1 , with a mean age of 32+/-15 years). A @entity1143 was found in 23/50 (46%) @entity1 , left sided in 9/50 (18%), and 18/50 (36%) @entity1 had @entity1143 on both sides. Out of the radiologically confirmed @entity1143 @entity1 , 44/50 (88%) showed altered hemo-concentration with an insignificant odds ratio of 0.7 (p=0.56, 95% CI: 0.263-2.066). CONCLUSION: Compared to other studies, fewer numbers of our @entity1 suffered from @entity1143 . The diagnostic modality preferred by the physician was the chest x-ray.

title: XXXX in @entity779 . Karachi perspective.

answer: @entity1143 :: (MESH:D010996,Disease) :: ['Pleural effusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The present study was performed to compare blood product consumption and clinical results in consecutive, unselected @entity130 @entity1 during the first 6 months of year 2002, 2004 and 2007. METHODS: Clinical data, blood product consumption, lowest haemoglobin values on day 1-10 after admission, and 30-day mortality were extracted from in-hospital @entity130 registry and the blood bank data base. The subpopulation of massively transfused @entity1 was identified and analysed separately. RESULTS: The total number of admitted @entity130 @entity1 increased by 48% from 2002 to 2007, but the clinical data remained essentially unchanged. The mean number of erythrocyte units given day 1-10 decreased insignificantly from 9.4 in 2002 to 6.8 in 2007. New Injury Severity Score (NISS) increased in transfused and massively transfused @entity1 , but not significantly. The number of @entity1 transfused with plasma increased and the mean ratio of erythrocyte to plasma units transfused decreased by about 50%. The mean haemoglobin value in transfused @entity1 on day 2 after admittance was significantly lower in 2007 than in 2002, while that on day 10 was significantly higher in 2007 than in 2002 and 2004. There was no change of 30-day survival from 2002 to 2007. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes of transfusion practice occurred during the past decade, probably as a result of increased focus on haemostasis and more precise criteria for transfusion. Despite a lower consumption of erythrocytes in 2007 than in 2002 and 2004, the mean haemoglobin level of transfused @entity1 was higher on day 10 in 2007. The low number of transfused @entity1 in this material makes evaluation of effect on survival difficult. Larger studies with strict control of all influencing factors are needed.

title: Trends in transfusion of XXXX victims--evaluation of changes in clinical practice.

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: The fast evolving @entity1 @entity9371 gene family encodes variable lymphocyte receptors specific for polymorphic HLA class I determinants. Nucleotide sequences for 24 representative @entity1 @entity9371 haplotypes were determined. With three previously defined haplotypes, this gave a set of 12 group A and 15 group B haplotypes for assessment of @entity9371 variation. The seven gene-content haplotypes are all combinations of four centromeric and two telomeric motifs. 2DL5, 2DS5 and 2DS3 can be present in centromeric and telomeric locations. With one exception, haplotypes having identical gene content differed in their combinations of @entity9371 alleles. Sequence diversity varied between haplotype groups and between centromeric and telomeric halves of the @entity9371 locus. The most variable A haplotype genes are in the telomeric half, whereas the most variable genes characterizing B haplotypes are in the centromeric half. Of the highly polymorphic genes, only the 3DL3 framework gene exhibits a similar diversity when carried by A and B haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates, point to the centromeric gene-content motifs that distinguish A and B haplotypes having emerged ~6 million years ago, contemporaneously with the separation of @entity1 and @entity831 ancestors. In contrast, the telomeric motifs that distinguish A and B haplotypes emerged more recently, ~1.7 million years ago, before the emergence of @entity1 . Thus the centromeric and telomeric motifs that typify A and B haplotypes have likely been present throughout @entity1 evolution. The results suggest the common ancestor of A and B haplotypes combined a B-like centromeric region with an A-like telomeric region.

title: Different patterns of evolution in the centromeric and telomeric regions of group A and B haplotypes of the XXXX killer cell Ig-like receptor locus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'Homo sapiens']

entities_list: @entity831 :: ('9598', 'Species') :: ['chimpanzee']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to study exercise-related cardiac arrests on the tennis court and investigate the impact of early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival rate and outcome. METHODS: This study was based on the @entity1167 registry of the Department of Emergency Medicine at the General Hospital Vienna in Austria. Between February 1993 and April 2010 non-professional athletes were identified, who experienced exercise-related @entity1167 on the tennis court. The analysis was accomplished using descriptive statistics. Results are presented as mean  standard-deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR). RESULTS: The subjects (n=27) were predominantly male (96%) with a median age of 58 years; 52% of all @entity1 had underlying cardiovascular risk factors. All cardiac arrests were witnessed. Bystander CPR was documented in 17 cases (63%). Median time from collapse to initiation of CPR was 1(IQR 0-2) minute. @entity2224 was the initial rhythm in 25 @entity1 (93%) and in 3 an automated external defibrillator was used by bystanders. Twenty-four @entity1 (89%) had return of spontaneous circulation before admission to the hospital and four (15%) followed verbal commands thereafter. The survival rate at 6 months was 82% with 20 @entity1 (74%) having favourable neurologic outcome. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1167 on the tennis court is a predominantly witnessed event with a respectively high rate of bystander CPR, which reflects in a high successful survival rate.

title: Exercise related XXXX in amateur athletes on the tennis court.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest', 'Cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain estimates of time to recruit the study sample, retention, facility-based class attendance and home practice for a study of yoga in @entity0 survivors, and its efficacy on fatigue, quality of life (QOL), and weight change. METHODS: Sixty-three post-treatment stages 0-III borderline overweight and @entity28 (body mass index >=  24 kg/m(2)) @entity0 survivors were randomly assigned to a 6-month, facility- and home-based viniyoga intervention (n = 32) or a waitlist control group (n = 31). The yoga goal was five practices per week. Primary outcome measures were changes in QOL, fatigue, and weight from baseline to 6 months. Secondary outcomes included changes in waist and hip circumference. RESULTS: It took 12 months to complete recruitment. @entity1 attended a mean of 19.6 classes and practiced at home a mean of 55.8 times during the 6-month period. At follow-up, 90% of @entity1 completed questionnaires and 87% completed anthropometric measurements. QOL and fatigue improved to a greater extent among @entity1 in the yoga group relative to @entity1 in the control group, although no differences were statistically significant. Waist circumference decreased 3.1 cm (95% CI, -5.7 and -0.4) more among @entity1 in the yoga compared with the control group, with no difference in weight change. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides important information regarding recruitment, retention, and practice levels achieved during a 6-month, intensive yoga intervention in overweight and @entity0 survivors. Yoga may help decrease waist circumference and improve quality of life; future studies are needed to confirm these results.

title: Randomized controlled pilot trial of yoga in overweight and XXXX survivors: effects on quality of life and anthropometric measures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'obese breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['obese breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic resection of gastric @entity674 appears technically feasible and associated with favorable outcomes. @entity5 size however frequently plays a role in surgical approach with @entity5 tending toward laparotomy, raising concern that favorable outcomes reported for the laparoscopic approach may reflect this selection bias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a prospectively collected sarcoma database, 155 primary @entity356 resections were identified (1998-2009); 40 @entity1 underwent successful laparoscopic resection for non-GE junction GIST and were randomly matched (1:1) by @entity5 size (  2.0  cm) to @entity1 with open resection. Clinical and pathologic variables and surgical outcomes were associated with surgery type using conditional logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The two surgical approaches were comparable for clinical and pathologic variables. Median operating room (OR) time was similar, although median length of stay postsurgery was lower in the laparoscopic versus open group (4 vs. 7  days, P  =  0.002), as was estimated @entity190 (EBL) (25 vs. 100  ml, P  =  0.006). There was no operative mortality, and 30-day morbidity was similar. Oncologic outcomes were also similar with no positive microscopic margins, and 1 recurrence in each group with a median follow-up of 34  months. There were 13 conversions overall, 5 secondary to @entity5 location at the GE junction or lesser curve. CONCLUSIONS: When matched for @entity5 size, laparoscopic resection of primary gastric @entity674  <=8  cm results in shorter hospital stays with similar OR time while maintaining sound oncologic outcomes compared with open resection.

title: Laparoscopic versus open gastric resections for primary @entity674 ( XXXX ): a size-matched comparison.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'larger tumors']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric GIST']

answer: @entity674 :: (MESH:D046152,Disease) :: ['GISTs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic resection of gastric @entity674 appears technically feasible and associated with favorable outcomes. @entity5 size however frequently plays a role in surgical approach with @entity5 tending toward laparotomy, raising concern that favorable outcomes reported for the laparoscopic approach may reflect this selection bias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a prospectively collected sarcoma database, 155 primary @entity356 resections were identified (1998-2009); 40 @entity1 underwent successful laparoscopic resection for non-GE junction GIST and were randomly matched (1:1) by @entity5 size (  2.0  cm) to @entity1 with open resection. Clinical and pathologic variables and surgical outcomes were associated with surgery type using conditional logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The two surgical approaches were comparable for clinical and pathologic variables. Median operating room (OR) time was similar, although median length of stay postsurgery was lower in the laparoscopic versus open group (4 vs. 7  days, P  =  0.002), as was estimated @entity190 (EBL) (25 vs. 100  ml, P  =  0.006). There was no operative mortality, and 30-day morbidity was similar. Oncologic outcomes were also similar with no positive microscopic margins, and 1 recurrence in each group with a median follow-up of 34  months. There were 13 conversions overall, 5 secondary to @entity5 location at the GE junction or lesser curve. CONCLUSIONS: When matched for @entity5 size, laparoscopic resection of primary gastric @entity674  <=8  cm results in shorter hospital stays with similar OR time while maintaining sound oncologic outcomes compared with open resection.

title: Laparoscopic versus open gastric resections for primary XXXX ( @entity674 ): a size-matched comparison.

answer: @entity674 :: (MESH:D046152,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We report six new cases of @entity64 after @entity1779 in @entity1 with @entity7025 ( @entity7025 ) and analyse their clinical and radiological characteristics, together with cases reported in the literature, to deduce the mechanism of @entity385 . METHODS: Six (2%) of 246 @entity1 with @entity7025 who were admitted to our hospitals between 1993 and 2009 suffered @entity385 after @entity932 . Ten @entity1 identified in the literature with the PubMed search engine were also included in this study. All the @entity75 in these 16 @entity1 were analysed according to their location, size, and number and were compared according to the spatial relationship between the @entity548 and @entity1188 , as follows: (1) anterior vs posterior involvement, (2) cortical vs subcortical involvement, (3) watershed vs non-watershed @entity1188 , (4) small vs large @entity1188 , (5) single vs multiple @entity1188 , and (6) adjacent vs distant involvement. RESULTS: Acute synchronous multiple brain @entity1188 occurred in six (38%) @entity1 and recurrent @entity1188 in three @entity1 (19%). @entity385 had mainly cortical (72%), anterior (66%), and distant involvement (75%) and were large (69%) and non-watershed (66%). @entity1188 had significantly anterior involvement (P   <   0.05), and distant @entity1188 tended to have cortical involvement. Non-watershed @entity1188 had significantly cortical involvement (P   <   0.05). @entity1188 tended to be large. @entity2553 was confirmed either pathologically or angiographically in two @entity1 with large @entity385 . CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that @entity1031 or @entity2553 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of @entity385 after acute @entity932 in @entity1 with @entity7025 .

title: @entity64 after acute XXXX in @entity1 with @entity7025 : six new cases and a short literature review.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic stroke']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarcts', 'Adjacent infarct', 'Watershed infarcts']

entities_list: @entity7025 :: ('MESH:D009072', 'Disease') :: ['moyamoya disease', 'MMD']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['Vasospasm', 'vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral infarcts', 'cerebral infarct', 'cerebral infarction', 'cerebral infarcts']

answer: @entity932 :: (MESH:D020300,Disease) :: ['intracranial haemorrhage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We report six new cases of @entity64 after @entity1779 in @entity1 with @entity7025 ( @entity7025 ) and analyse their clinical and radiological characteristics, together with cases reported in the literature, to deduce the mechanism of @entity385 . METHODS: Six (2%) of 246 @entity1 with @entity7025 who were admitted to our hospitals between 1993 and 2009 suffered @entity385 after @entity932 . Ten @entity1 identified in the literature with the PubMed search engine were also included in this study. All the @entity75 in these 16 @entity1 were analysed according to their location, size, and number and were compared according to the spatial relationship between the @entity548 and @entity1188 , as follows: (1) anterior vs posterior involvement, (2) cortical vs subcortical involvement, (3) watershed vs non-watershed @entity1188 , (4) small vs large @entity1188 , (5) single vs multiple @entity1188 , and (6) adjacent vs distant involvement. RESULTS: Acute synchronous multiple brain @entity1188 occurred in six (38%) @entity1 and recurrent @entity1188 in three @entity1 (19%). @entity385 had mainly cortical (72%), anterior (66%), and distant involvement (75%) and were large (69%) and non-watershed (66%). @entity1188 had significantly anterior involvement (P   <   0.05), and distant @entity1188 tended to have cortical involvement. Non-watershed @entity1188 had significantly cortical involvement (P   <   0.05). @entity1188 tended to be large. @entity2553 was confirmed either pathologically or angiographically in two @entity1 with large @entity385 . CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that @entity1031 or @entity2553 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of @entity385 after acute @entity932 in @entity1 with @entity7025 .

title: @entity64 after acute @entity932 in @entity1 with XXXX : six new cases and a short literature review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity7025 :: (MESH:D009072,Disease) :: ['moyamoya disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We report six new cases of @entity64 after @entity1779 in @entity1 with @entity7025 ( @entity7025 ) and analyse their clinical and radiological characteristics, together with cases reported in the literature, to deduce the mechanism of @entity385 . METHODS: Six (2%) of 246 @entity1 with @entity7025 who were admitted to our hospitals between 1993 and 2009 suffered @entity385 after @entity932 . Ten @entity1 identified in the literature with the PubMed search engine were also included in this study. All the @entity75 in these 16 @entity1 were analysed according to their location, size, and number and were compared according to the spatial relationship between the @entity548 and @entity1188 , as follows: (1) anterior vs posterior involvement, (2) cortical vs subcortical involvement, (3) watershed vs non-watershed @entity1188 , (4) small vs large @entity1188 , (5) single vs multiple @entity1188 , and (6) adjacent vs distant involvement. RESULTS: Acute synchronous multiple brain @entity1188 occurred in six (38%) @entity1 and recurrent @entity1188 in three @entity1 (19%). @entity385 had mainly cortical (72%), anterior (66%), and distant involvement (75%) and were large (69%) and non-watershed (66%). @entity1188 had significantly anterior involvement (P   <   0.05), and distant @entity1188 tended to have cortical involvement. Non-watershed @entity1188 had significantly cortical involvement (P   <   0.05). @entity1188 tended to be large. @entity2553 was confirmed either pathologically or angiographically in two @entity1 with large @entity385 . CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that @entity1031 or @entity2553 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of @entity385 after acute @entity932 in @entity1 with @entity7025 .

title: XXXX after acute @entity932 in @entity1 with @entity7025 : six new cases and a short literature review.

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Ischaemic stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We report six new cases of @entity64 after @entity1779 in @entity1 with @entity7025 ( @entity7025 ) and analyse their clinical and radiological characteristics, together with cases reported in the literature, to deduce the mechanism of @entity385 . METHODS: Six (2%) of 246 @entity1 with @entity7025 who were admitted to our hospitals between 1993 and 2009 suffered @entity385 after @entity932 . Ten @entity1 identified in the literature with the PubMed search engine were also included in this study. All the @entity75 in these 16 @entity1 were analysed according to their location, size, and number and were compared according to the spatial relationship between the @entity548 and @entity1188 , as follows: (1) anterior vs posterior involvement, (2) cortical vs subcortical involvement, (3) watershed vs non-watershed @entity1188 , (4) small vs large @entity1188 , (5) single vs multiple @entity1188 , and (6) adjacent vs distant involvement. RESULTS: Acute synchronous multiple brain @entity1188 occurred in six (38%) @entity1 and recurrent @entity1188 in three @entity1 (19%). @entity385 had mainly cortical (72%), anterior (66%), and distant involvement (75%) and were large (69%) and non-watershed (66%). @entity1188 had significantly anterior involvement (P   <   0.05), and distant @entity1188 tended to have cortical involvement. Non-watershed @entity1188 had significantly cortical involvement (P   <   0.05). @entity1188 tended to be large. @entity2553 was confirmed either pathologically or angiographically in two @entity1 with large @entity385 . CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that @entity1031 or @entity2553 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of @entity385 after acute @entity932 in @entity1 with @entity7025 .

title: @entity64 after acute @entity932 in XXXX with @entity7025 : six new cases and a short literature review.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lower-limb @entity4269 (LLL) is a prevalent complication that is encountered after treatment for gynecological @entity5 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for postoperative LLL in @entity1 with @entity5 . METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review for @entity1 who had undergone surgery, including systematic lymphadenectomy, for @entity5 . @entity1 who died of @entity5 , were evaluated for short periods of time (<2 years), had missing medical records, or were suffering from @entity1150 were excluded. We utilized the International Society of Lymphology staging of @entity4269 severity as the diagnostic criteria for LLL, and @entity1 with stage II or III @entity4269 , as objectively determined by physicians, were included in the group of @entity1 with LLL. Multivariate analysis was performed to confirm independent risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 155 @entity1 with @entity5 were evaluated. Thirty-one @entity1 (20.0%) contracted LLL with a median follow-up of 6.1 years. Suprafemoral node dissection (odds ratio, 9.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-73.3; P = 0.031) and adjuvant radiotherapy (3.7; 1.2-10.9; P = 0.019) were identified as independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: Given that the effectiveness of the above two therapeutic options for @entity5 is currently controversial, the clinical benefits of these therapies should be reevaluated specifically to conserve the quality of life for @entity1 with this disease.

title: Risk factors for lower-limb XXXX after surgery for @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cervical cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

answer: @entity4269 :: (MESH:D008209,Disease) :: ['lymphedema']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lower-limb @entity4269 (LLL) is a prevalent complication that is encountered after treatment for gynecological @entity5 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for postoperative LLL in @entity1 with @entity5 . METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review for @entity1 who had undergone surgery, including systematic lymphadenectomy, for @entity5 . @entity1 who died of @entity5 , were evaluated for short periods of time (<2 years), had missing medical records, or were suffering from @entity1150 were excluded. We utilized the International Society of Lymphology staging of @entity4269 severity as the diagnostic criteria for LLL, and @entity1 with stage II or III @entity4269 , as objectively determined by physicians, were included in the group of @entity1 with LLL. Multivariate analysis was performed to confirm independent risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 155 @entity1 with @entity5 were evaluated. Thirty-one @entity1 (20.0%) contracted LLL with a median follow-up of 6.1 years. Suprafemoral node dissection (odds ratio, 9.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-73.3; P = 0.031) and adjuvant radiotherapy (3.7; 1.2-10.9; P = 0.019) were identified as independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: Given that the effectiveness of the above two therapeutic options for @entity5 is currently controversial, the clinical benefits of these therapies should be reevaluated specifically to conserve the quality of life for @entity1 with this disease.

title: Risk factors for lower-limb @entity4269 after surgery for XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: Jejunal perforation is relatively common following focal blunt @entity1661 . The mortality rate remains in the region of 30%. Significant factors affecting mortality are therapeutic delay of 24 hours or more, and @entity1230 . The commonest clinical features are @entity490 , @entity925 , and guarding, diminished or absent bowel sounds and signs of @entity3485 . @entity4764 is presented by the @entity1 with an impaired level of consciousness and/or associated remote injuries which may distract the clinician from the abdomen. @entity397 may also occur, and observation should continue for at least 48 to 72 hours with a warning to return immediately if @entity158 recurs. Straight abdominal and chest radiography are of limited diagnostic value, but nevertheless may prove helpful in 50% of cases. All @entity1 with @entity1230 , particularly in the presence of a @entity542 with an impaired level of consciousness should be submitted to diagnostic abdominal paracentesis. A negative result should prompt diagnostic peritoneal lavage. Early diagnosis and @entity146 therapy are essential if the mortality is to be reduced. To this end careful, frequent abdominal assessment should be practiced, with immediate laparotomy if clinical parameters deteriorate, or do not improve over a 12 to 18-hour period.

title: Blunt XXXX with jejunal injury: a review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['Delayed rupture']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple injuries']

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['hypovolemia']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['tenderness']

entities_list: @entity4764 :: ('MESH:D051346', 'Disease') :: ['Diagnostic difficulty']

answer: @entity1661 :: (MESH:D000008,Disease) :: ['abdominal trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with borderline resectable @entity1124 ( @entity1124 ) represent a high-risk group of @entity1 due to @entity5 or @entity1 -related characteristics. The optimal management of these @entity1 has not been fully defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All @entity1 undergoing evaluation for @entity1124 between 2005 and 2008 were identified. Clinical, radiographic, and pathological data were retrospectively reviewed. @entity1 were staged as borderline resectable using the M.D. Anderson @entity5 Center (MDACC) classification. RESULTS: A total of 170 @entity1 with @entity1124 were identified, 40 with borderline resectable disease. Of these, 34 borderline resectable @entity1 (85%) completed neoadjuvant therapy and were restaged; pancreatic resection was completed in 16 @entity1 (46%). Also, 8 @entity1 completed 50  Gy of radiation in 28 fractions in 6  weeks, whereas 8 @entity1 received 50  Gy in 20 fractions in 4  weeks plus chronomodulated @entity416 . An R0 resection was achieved in 12 of the 16 @entity1 (75%). Also, 5 @entity1 (63%) treated in 20 fractions had >90% pathologic response versus 1 (13%) treated in 28 fractions (P  <  .05). Borderline resectable @entity1 completing surgery had similar survival to @entity1 with resectable disease who underwent surgery. @entity1 receiving accelerated fractionation radiation had improved survival compared with @entity1 treated with standard fractionation protocol. CONCLUSIONS: A neoadjuvant approach to borderline resectable @entity1124 identifies @entity1 who are most likely to benefit from pancreatic resection. Preoperative @entity416 -based chemoradiation is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for these @entity1 . Neoadjuvant therapy for borderline resectable @entity1124 warrants further investigation using treatment schedules that can safely intensify irradiation dose.

title: Preoperative XXXX and concurrent radiation for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['PDA', 'pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity416 :: (MESH:C110904,Chemical) :: ['capecitabine']


abstract: Antivenom (AV) treatment has been ineffective in neutralizing the severe local fast-developing @entity3145 following snake-bite envenoming. We studied the effectiveness of low-level laser (LLL) and light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation alone or in combination with AV in reducing local @entity4 formation and @entity548 induced by Bothrops moojeni venom ( @entity1899 ) in @entity19 . @entity4 formation was induced by injection of 1  g per paw of @entity1899 into the right paw and was evaluated before and at several intervals after @entity1899 intraplantar injection. @entity548 activity was evaluated after intradermal injection of 20  g of @entity1899 by measuring the diameter of the hemorrhagic area on the inner side of the skin. The site of @entity1899 injection was irradiated by LLL or LED 30 min after @entity1899 inoculation. AV was also administered intravenously 30 min after @entity1899 injection. Irradiation with LLL at a wavelength of 685 nm and a dose of 2.2 J/cm(2) and with a red LED and an infrared LED at wavelengths of 635 nm and 945 nm, respectively, and a dose of 4 J/cm(2) reduced @entity4 formation and @entity548 induced by @entity1899 (p < 0.05). The combined AV and LLL or LED treatment showed the same reduction as LLL or LED irradiation separately. In conclusion, both LLL and LED irradiation reduced venom-induced local effects even though symptoms were already present. Thus, the effect of phototherapy in reducing local effects induced by @entity1899 may be clinically relevant.

title: Effects of photobiostimulation on @entity4 and XXXX induced by Bothrops moojeni venom.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'Hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue damage']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'Edema']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhage']


abstract: Antivenom (AV) treatment has been ineffective in neutralizing the severe local fast-developing @entity3145 following snake-bite envenoming. We studied the effectiveness of low-level laser (LLL) and light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation alone or in combination with AV in reducing local @entity4 formation and @entity548 induced by Bothrops moojeni venom ( @entity1899 ) in @entity19 . @entity4 formation was induced by injection of 1  g per paw of @entity1899 into the right paw and was evaluated before and at several intervals after @entity1899 intraplantar injection. @entity548 activity was evaluated after intradermal injection of 20  g of @entity1899 by measuring the diameter of the hemorrhagic area on the inner side of the skin. The site of @entity1899 injection was irradiated by LLL or LED 30 min after @entity1899 inoculation. AV was also administered intravenously 30 min after @entity1899 injection. Irradiation with LLL at a wavelength of 685 nm and a dose of 2.2 J/cm(2) and with a red LED and an infrared LED at wavelengths of 635 nm and 945 nm, respectively, and a dose of 4 J/cm(2) reduced @entity4 formation and @entity548 induced by @entity1899 (p < 0.05). The combined AV and LLL or LED treatment showed the same reduction as LLL or LED irradiation separately. In conclusion, both LLL and LED irradiation reduced venom-induced local effects even though symptoms were already present. Thus, the effect of phototherapy in reducing local effects induced by @entity1899 may be clinically relevant.

title: Effects of photobiostimulation on XXXX and @entity548 induced by Bothrops moojeni venom.

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['edema']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To study the clinical spectrum and therapeutic outcome of ocular surface @entity5 (OSSN) in @entity1 with @entity6391 ( @entity6391 ). METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective review of records of @entity1 with @entity6391 referred to Cornea Services for management of OSSN. Presenting symptoms, clinical features, @entity5 morphology and location, treatment modalities, recurrence rates and visual outcome were noted. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 of @entity6391 (six males; one female) with bilateral OSSN were included in the study. All @entity1 were less than 15 years of age at presentation, with 13 of 14 lesions of OSSN (93%) occurring at the limbus. Associated ocular features were limbal stem cell @entity735 (64.3%), @entity735 (100%), @entity3169 in @entity735 (50%), pseudopterygium in two eyes (14.3%), anterior symblepharon in three eyes (21.4%) and conjunctival inflammatory granuloma in one eye (7.1%). Unaided visual acuity in the 14 eyes ranged from 6/6 to 6/36 at presentation. Six of the 14 eyes (42.9%) had histopathological features of @entity957 , and eight eyes (57.1%) demonstrated features consistent with @entity5436 . Recurrence was seen in nine of 14 eyes (64.3%). CONCLUSIONS: OSSN occurs predominantly in the elderly, but in @entity1 of @entity6391 it tends to occur at a younger age (6-22 years). The disease appeared to be more aggressive (recurrence rate = 64.3%) than usual. Awareness and prompt management with close follow up is warranted in these @entity1 .

title: Ocular surface XXXX in xeroderma pigmentosum: clinical spectrum and outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['squamous neoplasia', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['invasive squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['xeroderma pigmentosa', 'XP']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['dry eye in all 14 eyes', 'seven eyes', 'deficiency in nine eyes']

entities_list: @entity3169 :: ('MESH:D003229', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctival melanosis']

entities_list: @entity5436 :: ('MESH:D019048', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['squamous neoplasia']


abstract: PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to compare the onset times of @entity2898 evaluated subjectively and by acceleromyography at the masseter muscle (MM). METHODS: Forty female @entity1 were sequentially enrolled in this study. In the first 20 @entity1 , @entity4094 was evaluated subjectively. After induction of anesthesia with @entity3575 and @entity1875 , both the left masseter and ulnar nerves were stimulated in 2-Hz @entity3370 ( @entity3370 ) mode using peripheral nerve stimulators. Contractions of the MM were felt with an anesthesiologist's left hand holding an anesthesia facemask; those of the adductor pollicis (APM) were visually observed. All the @entity1 received a bolus of @entity2898 , 0.6 mg/kg. Onset times after @entity2898 were defined as the duration until the contractions became impalpable at the MM or invisible at the APM. At the time contraction of the MM had not been felt, intubating conditions were assessed. In the next 20 @entity1 , contractions of the MM and the APM were concurrently quantified using acceleromyography after induction of anesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion. Following 0.6 mg/kg @entity2898 , onset of the action was recorded. RESULTS: Onset of the action of @entity2898 at the MM evaluated subjectively [mean (SD), 70.3 (17.7) s] was similar to that monitored acceleromyographically [73.3 (27.6) s, P > 0.05], and significantly shorter than that at the APM acceleromyographically [111.0 (34.8) s, P = 0.016]. Intubating conditions of 20 @entity1 were graded either excellent or good. CONCLUSION: Subjective evaluation of contractions of the MM by an anesthesiologist's hand may be reliable to determine faster timing for safe tracheal intubation.

title: Onset of XXXX -induced @entity4094 evaluated subjectively and accerelomyographically at the masseter muscle.

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular block']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity2898 :: ('MESH:C061870', 'Chemical') :: ['rocuronium']

entities_list: @entity3370 :: ('MESH:C538154', 'Disease') :: ['TOF', 'train-of-four']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity2898 :: (MESH:C061870,Chemical) :: ['rocuronium']


abstract: PURPOSE: The main aim of this study was to compare the onset times of @entity2898 evaluated subjectively and by acceleromyography at the masseter muscle (MM). METHODS: Forty female @entity1 were sequentially enrolled in this study. In the first 20 @entity1 , @entity4094 was evaluated subjectively. After induction of anesthesia with @entity3575 and @entity1875 , both the left masseter and ulnar nerves were stimulated in 2-Hz @entity3370 ( @entity3370 ) mode using peripheral nerve stimulators. Contractions of the MM were felt with an anesthesiologist's left hand holding an anesthesia facemask; those of the adductor pollicis (APM) were visually observed. All the @entity1 received a bolus of @entity2898 , 0.6 mg/kg. Onset times after @entity2898 were defined as the duration until the contractions became impalpable at the MM or invisible at the APM. At the time contraction of the MM had not been felt, intubating conditions were assessed. In the next 20 @entity1 , contractions of the MM and the APM were concurrently quantified using acceleromyography after induction of anesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion. Following 0.6 mg/kg @entity2898 , onset of the action was recorded. RESULTS: Onset of the action of @entity2898 at the MM evaluated subjectively [mean (SD), 70.3 (17.7) s] was similar to that monitored acceleromyographically [73.3 (27.6) s, P > 0.05], and significantly shorter than that at the APM acceleromyographically [111.0 (34.8) s, P = 0.016]. Intubating conditions of 20 @entity1 were graded either excellent or good. CONCLUSION: Subjective evaluation of contractions of the MM by an anesthesiologist's hand may be reliable to determine faster timing for safe tracheal intubation.

title: Onset of @entity2898 -induced XXXX evaluated subjectively and accerelomyographically at the masseter muscle.

answer: @entity4094 :: (MESH:D009468,Disease) :: ['neuromuscular block']


abstract: Abstract: @entity158 control may assist early mobilisation after internal fixation of @entity2249 . Systemic opioids have significant side effects in elderly @entity1 . We present an evaluation of the effect of local anaesthetic infiltration in such cases , the objective being to decrease the need for postoperative opioids and to improve @entity158 control for @entity1 after surgery. 33 @entity1 undergoing internal fixation with 2 parallel hook pins were randomized into 2 groups in a double blind study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00529425). 33 @entity1 received intraoperative infiltration followed by 6 postoperative injections through an intraarticular catheter in eight-hour intervals. 19 @entity1 received @entity1342 and 14 received saline. The intervention period was 48 hours and the observation period was 5 days. In both groups there were no restrictions on the total daily dose of rescue analgesics. @entity158 was assessed at specific postoperative time-points and the daily consumption of opioid drugs needed for @entity1337 was registered. There was no significantly reduced consumption of standardized opioid rescue analgesics or @entity158 in the study group receiving @entity1342 injections. Apart from a reduction in @entity390 in the study group on the second postoperative day, there were no significant differences in the occurrence of side effects between the groups. On day 2 the placebo group had less @entity158 than the study group. Local anaesthetic infiltration after fixation of @entity2249 does not reduce opioid consumption or @entity158 '.

title: Local anaesthetic wound infiltration after internal fixation of XXXX : a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 33 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['femoral neck fractures']


abstract: Abstract: @entity158 control may assist early mobilisation after internal fixation of @entity2249 . Systemic opioids have significant side effects in elderly @entity1 . We present an evaluation of the effect of local anaesthetic infiltration in such cases , the objective being to decrease the need for postoperative opioids and to improve @entity158 control for @entity1 after surgery. 33 @entity1 undergoing internal fixation with 2 parallel hook pins were randomized into 2 groups in a double blind study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00529425). 33 @entity1 received intraoperative infiltration followed by 6 postoperative injections through an intraarticular catheter in eight-hour intervals. 19 @entity1 received @entity1342 and 14 received saline. The intervention period was 48 hours and the observation period was 5 days. In both groups there were no restrictions on the total daily dose of rescue analgesics. @entity158 was assessed at specific postoperative time-points and the daily consumption of opioid drugs needed for @entity1337 was registered. There was no significantly reduced consumption of standardized opioid rescue analgesics or @entity158 in the study group receiving @entity1342 injections. Apart from a reduction in @entity390 in the study group on the second postoperative day, there were no significant differences in the occurrence of side effects between the groups. On day 2 the placebo group had less @entity158 than the study group. Local anaesthetic infiltration after fixation of @entity2249 does not reduce opioid consumption or @entity158 '.

title: Local anaesthetic wound infiltration after internal fixation of @entity2249 : a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 33 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity3538 stenosis is an important cause of @entity64 . The natural history of the disease is related to the presence or absence of @entity1109 and the severity of @entity850 . Doppler ultrasound is commonly used as a screening test, with more advanced noninvasive imaging studies such as computerized tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) utilized as confirmatory tests if invasive treatment is contemplated. With less-invasive imaging techniques, traditional catheter angiography is rarely indicated for the diagnosis of @entity543 . Medical therapy remains the mainstay of treatment in @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity850 . Invasive treatment of asymptomatic @entity543 is indicated in a selected group of @entity1 with severe @entity850 and life expectancy exceeding 5 years. Invasive treatment is indicated for symptomatic @entity1 with @entity850 greater than 70% and in selected @entity1 with recent symptoms and moderate (50% to 69%) @entity850 . The risk of @entity64 is highest in the first few weeks following a presenting symptomatic event. Therefore, when indicated, invasive treatment of symptomatic disease should be considered soon after presenting symptoms to maximize the benefit of the procedure. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) remains the gold standard for invasive treatment of internal carotid artery disease (symptomatic and asymptomatic). However, based on recent evidence, carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is a valid alternative to CEA in an increasing percentage of @entity1 in need of invasive treatment. Regardless of treatment modality, proper @entity1 selection for invasive treatment remains the single most important factor to insure proper use of available technology.

title: @entity3538 XXXX : natural history and management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral stroke']

entities_list: @entity3538 :: ('MESH:D002341', 'Disease') :: ['Extracranial internal carotid artery']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral hemispheric symptoms']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis', 'internal carotid artery stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: @entity3538 stenosis is an important cause of @entity64 . The natural history of the disease is related to the presence or absence of @entity1109 and the severity of @entity850 . Doppler ultrasound is commonly used as a screening test, with more advanced noninvasive imaging studies such as computerized tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) utilized as confirmatory tests if invasive treatment is contemplated. With less-invasive imaging techniques, traditional catheter angiography is rarely indicated for the diagnosis of @entity543 . Medical therapy remains the mainstay of treatment in @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity850 . Invasive treatment of asymptomatic @entity543 is indicated in a selected group of @entity1 with severe @entity850 and life expectancy exceeding 5 years. Invasive treatment is indicated for symptomatic @entity1 with @entity850 greater than 70% and in selected @entity1 with recent symptoms and moderate (50% to 69%) @entity850 . The risk of @entity64 is highest in the first few weeks following a presenting symptomatic event. Therefore, when indicated, invasive treatment of symptomatic disease should be considered soon after presenting symptoms to maximize the benefit of the procedure. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) remains the gold standard for invasive treatment of internal carotid artery disease (symptomatic and asymptomatic). However, based on recent evidence, carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) is a valid alternative to CEA in an increasing percentage of @entity1 in need of invasive treatment. Regardless of treatment modality, proper @entity1 selection for invasive treatment remains the single most important factor to insure proper use of available technology.

title: XXXX @entity850 : natural history and management.

answer: @entity3538 :: (MESH:D002341,Disease) :: ['Internal carotid artery']


abstract: Aqueous solutions of @entity37003 may be used as electron microscopic tracers in vivo to study vascular permeability in the experimental animal. However, with this technique the size of the tracer articles is not known. To gain information about the tracer size, we injected @entity37003 into the blood circulation of living @entity95 . The plasma obtained from such animals 30 min later, was studied with the electron microscope. The plasma contained an electron-dense material, readily visible in the electron microscope. A precipitate obtained after centrifugation of the whole blood to separate the cells, also contained the tracer. @entity3740 was found in large amounts in the fibrin clot obtained after treating the plasma with @entity11328 . The tracer was not detected in the "serum" (i.e. @entity11328 -treated plasma). The study indicates that ionic @entity3740 injected into the blood circulation of living @entity95 , is to a great extent bound to fibrinogen, and that the smallest possible size of the tracer is that of the fibrinogen molecule (m.w. 330,000). Larger particles are present as well.

title: Electron microscopy of XXXX in plasma.

entities_list: @entity37003 :: ('MESH:C016534', 'Chemical') :: ['lanthanum nitrate']

entities_list: @entity3740 :: ('MESH:D007811', 'Chemical') :: ['Lanthanum', 'lanthanum']

answer: @entity3740 :: (MESH:D007811,Chemical) :: ['lanthanum']


abstract: CONTEXT: Fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of drugs for treatment of @entity378 have been advocated to prevent the emergence of drug resistance. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of a 4-drug @entity5048 for the treatment of @entity378 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : The Study C trial, a parallel-group, open-label, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial conducted in 11 sites in Africa, Asia, and Latin America between 2003 and 2008. @entity1 were 1585 adults with newly diagnosed smear-positive @entity1907 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomized to receive daily treatment with 4 drugs ( @entity1215 , @entity3109 , @entity5585 , @entity3110 ) given as an @entity5048 (n = 798 @entity1 ) or separately (n = 787) in the 8-week intensive phase of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Favorable treatment outcome, defined as negative culture result at 18 months post randomization and not having already been classified as unfavorable. Noninferiority was dependent on consistent results from a per-protocol and modified intention-to-treat analysis, using 2 different models for the latter, classifying all changes of treatment or refusal to continue treatment (eg, bacteriological failure/relapse, adverse event, default, drug resistance) as unfavorable (model 1) and classifying changes of treatment for reasons other than therapeutic outcomes according to their 18-month bacteriological outcome if available (post hoc model 2). The prespecified noninferiority margin was 4%. RESULTS: In the per-protocol analysis, 555 of 591 @entity1 (93.9%) had a favorable outcome in the @entity5048 group vs 548 of 579 (94.6%) in the separate-drugs group (risk difference, -0.7% [90% confidence interval {CI}, -3.0% to 1.5%]). In the model 1 analysis, 570 of 684 @entity1 (83.3%) had a favorable outcome in the @entity5048 group vs 563 of 664 (84.8%) in the separate-drugs group (risk difference, -1.5% [90% CI, -4.7% to 1.8%]). In the post hoc model 2 analysis, 591 of 658 @entity1 (89.8%) in the @entity5048 group and 589 of 647 (91.0%) in the separate-drugs group had a favorable outcome (risk difference, -1.2% [90% CI, -3.9% to 1.5%]). Adverse events related to trial drugs were similarly distributed among treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with a regimen of separately administered drugs, a 4-drug @entity5048 regimen for treatment of @entity378 satisfied prespecified noninferiority criteria in 2 of 3 analyses. Although the results do not demonstrate full noninferiority of the FDCs compared with single drugs given separately using the strict definition applied in this trial, use of FDCs is preferred because of potential advantages associated with the administration of FDCs compared with separate-drug formulations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00216333.

title: Efficacy and safety of a 4-drug fixed-dose combination regimen compared with separate drugs for treatment of XXXX : the Study C randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3110 :: ('MESH:D004977', 'Chemical') :: ['ethambutol']

entities_list: @entity5585 :: ('MESH:D011718', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrazinamide']

entities_list: @entity3109 :: ('MESH:D007538', 'Chemical') :: ['isoniazid']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity1907 :: (MESH:D014397,Disease) :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']


abstract: @entity5626 represent the newest class of antifungal agents. Currently, three @entity5626 , @entity25928 , @entity11794 and @entity1331 are licensed for clinical use in various indications. They act as inhibitors of b-(1,3)-glucan synthesis in the fungal cell wall and have a favorable pharmacological profile. They have a broad spectrum of activity against all Candida species. Higher MIC's have been observed against @entity7409 and @entity18203 . Data from clinical trials for invasive @entity6923 suggest that the clinical outcome of @entity1 treated with either drug may be very similar. A comparison has been done between @entity11794 and @entity1331 but for @entity25928 a comparative trial with another echinocandin is still lacking. All three drugs are highly effective if not superior to treatment with either @entity2380 or @entity2379 , particularly in well-defined clinical settings such as invasive @entity6923 , @entity6923 and candidaemia. Differences between the three @entity5626 with regard to the route of metabolism, requirement for a loading dose, dose adjustment in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity99 and different dosing schedules for different types of @entity6923 have to be considered. Relevant drug-drug interactions of @entity11794 and @entity1331 are minimal. @entity25928 has no significant drug interactions at all. However, @entity5626 are available only for intravenous use. All three agents have an excellent safety profile.

title: Pharmacology and metabolism of @entity25928 , @entity11794 and XXXX in the treatment of invasive candidosis: review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1331 :: ('MESH:C121905', 'Chemical') :: ['micafungin', 'Micafungin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity25928 :: ('MESH:C102786', 'Chemical') :: ['anidulafungin', 'Anidulafungin']

entities_list: @entity6923 :: ('MESH:C536777', 'Disease') :: ['Candida infections', 'Candida oesophagitis', 'Candida infections / candidaemia']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['Amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity18203 :: ('4929', 'Species') :: ['C. guilliermondii']

entities_list: @entity7409 :: ('5480', 'Species') :: ['C. parapsilosis']

entities_list: @entity5626 :: ('MESH:D054714', 'Chemical') :: ['echinocandins', 'Echinocandins']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic disease']

entities_list: @entity11794 :: ('MESH:C105417', 'Chemical') :: ['Caspofungin', 'caspofungin']

answer: @entity1331 :: (MESH:C121905,Chemical) :: ['micafungin']


abstract: @entity5626 represent the newest class of antifungal agents. Currently, three @entity5626 , @entity25928 , @entity11794 and @entity1331 are licensed for clinical use in various indications. They act as inhibitors of b-(1,3)-glucan synthesis in the fungal cell wall and have a favorable pharmacological profile. They have a broad spectrum of activity against all Candida species. Higher MIC's have been observed against @entity7409 and @entity18203 . Data from clinical trials for invasive @entity6923 suggest that the clinical outcome of @entity1 treated with either drug may be very similar. A comparison has been done between @entity11794 and @entity1331 but for @entity25928 a comparative trial with another echinocandin is still lacking. All three drugs are highly effective if not superior to treatment with either @entity2380 or @entity2379 , particularly in well-defined clinical settings such as invasive @entity6923 , @entity6923 and candidaemia. Differences between the three @entity5626 with regard to the route of metabolism, requirement for a loading dose, dose adjustment in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity99 and different dosing schedules for different types of @entity6923 have to be considered. Relevant drug-drug interactions of @entity11794 and @entity1331 are minimal. @entity25928 has no significant drug interactions at all. However, @entity5626 are available only for intravenous use. All three agents have an excellent safety profile.

title: Pharmacology and metabolism of @entity25928 , XXXX and @entity1331 in the treatment of invasive candidosis: review of the literature.

answer: @entity11794 :: (MESH:C105417,Chemical) :: ['caspofungin']


abstract: @entity5626 represent the newest class of antifungal agents. Currently, three @entity5626 , @entity25928 , @entity11794 and @entity1331 are licensed for clinical use in various indications. They act as inhibitors of b-(1,3)-glucan synthesis in the fungal cell wall and have a favorable pharmacological profile. They have a broad spectrum of activity against all Candida species. Higher MIC's have been observed against @entity7409 and @entity18203 . Data from clinical trials for invasive @entity6923 suggest that the clinical outcome of @entity1 treated with either drug may be very similar. A comparison has been done between @entity11794 and @entity1331 but for @entity25928 a comparative trial with another echinocandin is still lacking. All three drugs are highly effective if not superior to treatment with either @entity2380 or @entity2379 , particularly in well-defined clinical settings such as invasive @entity6923 , @entity6923 and candidaemia. Differences between the three @entity5626 with regard to the route of metabolism, requirement for a loading dose, dose adjustment in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity99 and different dosing schedules for different types of @entity6923 have to be considered. Relevant drug-drug interactions of @entity11794 and @entity1331 are minimal. @entity25928 has no significant drug interactions at all. However, @entity5626 are available only for intravenous use. All three agents have an excellent safety profile.

title: Pharmacology and metabolism of XXXX , @entity11794 and @entity1331 in the treatment of invasive candidosis: review of the literature.

answer: @entity25928 :: (MESH:C102786,Chemical) :: ['anidulafungin']


abstract: Acute @entity1443 intoxication in the cat was studied to characterize the antidotal profile of @entity898 . @entity8956 was associated with @entity848 , hyperventilation, @entity308 , and @entity4 . Abnormal laboratory findings were @entity12757 and elevated serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity. In one trial, each of ten @entity468 was given a 325-mg tablet of @entity1443 , then another after 4 hours. Five of the @entity468 were given antidotal treatment with @entity898 (140 mg/kg, per os) at the time of the second dosing with @entity1443 and at 8-hour intervals thereafter for a total of three treatments. All treated @entity468 survived. Two of the untreated @entity468 died. In another trial, doubling each dose of @entity1443 (650 mg) proved fatal in all of four untreated cats. When antidotal therapy was initiated at the time of the second dosing with @entity1443 and repeated at 8- or 4-hour intervals for three treatments, two of four @entity468 in each treatment group survived. Although antidotal therapy was associated with a return of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and @entity12757 values toward normal, only the methemoglobin value was a reliable prognostic indicator.

title: @entity898 for treatment of XXXX @entity8956 in the cat.

entities_list: @entity12757 :: ('MESH:D008708', 'Disease') :: ['methemoglobinemia']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['facial edema']

entities_list: @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcysteine']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity8956 :: ('MESH:C565846', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicosis']

entities_list: @entity848 :: ('MESH:D003490', 'Disease') :: ['cyanosis']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['acetaminophen']


abstract: Acute @entity1443 intoxication in the cat was studied to characterize the antidotal profile of @entity898 . @entity8956 was associated with @entity848 , hyperventilation, @entity308 , and @entity4 . Abnormal laboratory findings were @entity12757 and elevated serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity. In one trial, each of ten @entity468 was given a 325-mg tablet of @entity1443 , then another after 4 hours. Five of the @entity468 were given antidotal treatment with @entity898 (140 mg/kg, per os) at the time of the second dosing with @entity1443 and at 8-hour intervals thereafter for a total of three treatments. All treated @entity468 survived. Two of the untreated @entity468 died. In another trial, doubling each dose of @entity1443 (650 mg) proved fatal in all of four untreated cats. When antidotal therapy was initiated at the time of the second dosing with @entity1443 and repeated at 8- or 4-hour intervals for three treatments, two of four @entity468 in each treatment group survived. Although antidotal therapy was associated with a return of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and @entity12757 values toward normal, only the methemoglobin value was a reliable prognostic indicator.

title: XXXX for treatment of @entity1443 @entity8956 in the cat.

answer: @entity898 :: (MESH:D000111,Chemical) :: ['Acetylcysteine']


abstract: Acute @entity1443 intoxication in the cat was studied to characterize the antidotal profile of @entity898 . @entity8956 was associated with @entity848 , hyperventilation, @entity308 , and @entity4 . Abnormal laboratory findings were @entity12757 and elevated serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity. In one trial, each of ten @entity468 was given a 325-mg tablet of @entity1443 , then another after 4 hours. Five of the @entity468 were given antidotal treatment with @entity898 (140 mg/kg, per os) at the time of the second dosing with @entity1443 and at 8-hour intervals thereafter for a total of three treatments. All treated @entity468 survived. Two of the untreated @entity468 died. In another trial, doubling each dose of @entity1443 (650 mg) proved fatal in all of four untreated cats. When antidotal therapy was initiated at the time of the second dosing with @entity1443 and repeated at 8- or 4-hour intervals for three treatments, two of four @entity468 in each treatment group survived. Although antidotal therapy was associated with a return of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and @entity12757 values toward normal, only the methemoglobin value was a reliable prognostic indicator.

title: @entity898 for treatment of @entity1443 XXXX in the cat.

answer: @entity8956 :: (MESH:C565846,Disease) :: ['toxicosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Inherited deficiency of @entity5582 , protein C and protein S, three important, naturally occurring coagulation inhibitors, might play a major role in the occurrence of @entity1211 in Chinese. The establishment of age- and gender-related normal ranges of these inhibitors is crucial for an accurate diagnosis of these deficiencies. DESIGN AND METHODS: We designed a prospective cross-sectional study recruiting healthy adults from four university-affiliated hospitals in China. @entity5582 , protein C and protein S were studied by measuring their activity. Gene analysis was performed when @entity29892 was suspected. Polymorphisms of the factor V gene were searched for among subjects who were positive for activated protein C resistance. RESULTS: In 3493 healthy Chinese adults (1734 @entity1 , 1759 @entity1 ; age 17-83 years), we found higher age-adjusted activities for protein C and protein S in @entity1 than in @entity1 but no sex difference for @entity5582 . In @entity1 , mean protein C and protein S activities increased with age. In @entity1 , mean protein C levels increased with age up to the age of 49 but decreased after 50 years old; mean protein S levels decreased after 50 years of age. @entity5582 levels remained stable over time in @entity1 but decreased significantly after 50 years of age in @entity1 . Reference values according to age and sex allowed the identification of 15 genetic variants (protein @entity23882 , @entity5582 :3, protein S:2) in subjects with protein activity below the 1(st) percentile. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest survey ever conducted in the healthy general Chinese population. These normal ranges provide the essential basis for the diagnosis and treatment of @entity715 in Chinese.

title: Normal ranges and genetic variants of XXXX , protein C and protein S in the general Chinese population. Results of the Chinese Hemostasis Investigation on Natural Anticoagulants Study I Group.

entities_list: @entity29892 :: ('MESH:C536683', 'Disease') :: ['natural anticoagulant deficiency']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity5582 :: ('462', 'Gene') :: ['antithrombin', 'Antithrombin']

answer: @entity5582 :: (462,Gene) :: ['antithrombin']


abstract: The 20,000-dalton light chain of @entity233 gizzard myosin is phosphorylated at two sites. Dual phosphorylation is observed when both intact myosin and isolated light chains are used as substrates. Phosphorylation of the second site is not observed at higher ionic strength (e.g. 0.35 M @entity4338 ). The first phosphorylation site ( @entity563 19) is phosphorylated preferentially to the second site. The latter is phosphorylated more slowly than the first site, and its phosphorylation requires relatively high concentrations of @entity73059 . It is suggested that @entity73059 catalyzes the phosphorylation of both sites on the light chain, and several reasons are cited that make it unlikely that a contaminant kinase is involved. The second phosphorylation site is a @entity1889 residue. Based on the results of limited proteolysis of the light chain, it is concluded that the @entity1889 residue is close to @entity563 19, and possible locations are threonines 9, 10, and 18. At all concentrations of @entity8723 , phosphorylation of the second site markedly increases the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin and accelerates the superprecipitation response of myosin plus actin.

title: Phosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin at two distinct sites by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity73059 :: ('100547989', 'Gene') :: ['myosin light chain kinase']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity73059 :: (100547989,Gene) :: ['myosin light chain kinase']


abstract: Results of treating 14 @entity1 with @entity242 botryoides of the female genital tract are reviewed. Nine @entity1 were younger than four years old and five were older than 14. @entity5 were in the vagina (eight), cervix (three), vulva (one), and cervicovaginal region (two). All but one @entity1 underwent surgery, including wide local excision (one), vaginectomy (one), hysterectomy (one), hysterectomy and vaginectomy (two), anterior exenteration (two), and total pelvic exenteration (six). A combination of @entity1891 , @entity4316 , and @entity786 was the chemotherapy regimen most frequently administered. Only one of the nine @entity1 receiving chemotherapy died from recurrence. One @entity1 with disease too extensive for surgery received intraarterial vincristine and radiation therapy; 16 years later she developed an @entity1962 of the uterus. @entity242 recurred in three @entity1 . This review of @entity1 treated between 1956 and 1983 reflects the evolution of therapy over 30 years. Conservative surgery alone was inadequate; therefore, radical (exenterative) surgery was adopted; recently less extensive surgery has been combined with chemotherapy, producing satisfactory results.

title: XXXX botryoides of the female genital tract.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'Sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Primary tumors']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin-D']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1962 :: ('MESH:D018196', 'Disease') :: ['adenosquamous carcinoma']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['Sarcoma']


abstract: The development of @entity1200 is a well-recognized side effect of many drugs. @entity4807 - and @entity5126 -dependent antibodies are classic examples of drug-induced effects that cause severe, life-threatening @entity882 . Whereas the effects of drug-dependent antibodies on platelets have been well documented, their effects on megakaryocyte (Mk) biology are still unclear. We analyzed sera from several @entity4807 -induced @entity882 (QITP) @entity1 on highly pure Mks (98% glycoprotein IIb-positive [GPIIb(+)]; 92% GPIX(+)) derived from @entity1 CD34(+) cells cultured with @entity1 thrombopoietin. We demonstrate by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy that QITP IgGs bind Mks efficiently in the presence of @entity4807 . Incubation of day-4 Mks with QITP sera or purified IgG resulted in induction of apoptosis, a significant decrease in cell viability, and an increase in cell death. Furthermore, QITP sera preferentially reduced the number of late GPIX(+)/GPIba(+) Mks and the number of receptors per cell in the surviving population. Ploidy distribution, lobularity, and average cell size of Mks remained unchanged after treatment. In addition, treated Mks showed a marked decrease in their proplatelet production capacity, suggesting that drug-dependent antibodies hinder platelet production. Therefore, QITP antibodies considerably reduce the proplatelet production capabilities of Mks despite undetectable effects on DNA content, morphology, and cell size.

title: XXXX -induced @entity882 : drug-dependent GPIb/IX antibodies inhibit megakaryocyte and proplatelet production in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immune cytopenias']

entities_list: @entity4807 :: ('MESH:D011803', 'Chemical') :: ['quinine', 'Quinine']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

answer: @entity4807 :: (MESH:D011803,Chemical) :: ['Quinine']


abstract: The development of @entity1200 is a well-recognized side effect of many drugs. @entity4807 - and @entity5126 -dependent antibodies are classic examples of drug-induced effects that cause severe, life-threatening @entity882 . Whereas the effects of drug-dependent antibodies on platelets have been well documented, their effects on megakaryocyte (Mk) biology are still unclear. We analyzed sera from several @entity4807 -induced @entity882 (QITP) @entity1 on highly pure Mks (98% glycoprotein IIb-positive [GPIIb(+)]; 92% GPIX(+)) derived from @entity1 CD34(+) cells cultured with @entity1 thrombopoietin. We demonstrate by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy that QITP IgGs bind Mks efficiently in the presence of @entity4807 . Incubation of day-4 Mks with QITP sera or purified IgG resulted in induction of apoptosis, a significant decrease in cell viability, and an increase in cell death. Furthermore, QITP sera preferentially reduced the number of late GPIX(+)/GPIba(+) Mks and the number of receptors per cell in the surviving population. Ploidy distribution, lobularity, and average cell size of Mks remained unchanged after treatment. In addition, treated Mks showed a marked decrease in their proplatelet production capacity, suggesting that drug-dependent antibodies hinder platelet production. Therefore, QITP antibodies considerably reduce the proplatelet production capabilities of Mks despite undetectable effects on DNA content, morphology, and cell size.

title: @entity4807 -induced XXXX : drug-dependent GPIb/IX antibodies inhibit megakaryocyte and proplatelet production in vitro.

answer: @entity882 :: (MESH:D013921,Disease) :: ['thrombocytopenia']


abstract: This single-arm, multicenter, phase II study examined the objective response rate and @entity137 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with @entity136 and @entity900 in @entity1 with stage IB-IIIA @entity1149 . Treatment consisted of three 21-day cycles of @entity136 (1000 mg/m(2)) on days 1 and 8 and @entity900 (75 mg/m(2)) on day 1 of each cycle. Surgery was performed 4-5 weeks after day 1 of the last cycle of study therapy. A total of 52 @entity1 from five investigative sites in Russia were enrolled in the study, of which 50 (96.2%) received study therapy. Of the 49 @entity1 who were evaluable for response, six (12.2%) had a complete response and 16 (32.7%) had a partial response, resulting in an overall response rate of 44.9%. Disease progression occurred in four out of the 49 (8.2%) @entity1 . Radical @entity5 resection was performed in 38 out of the 49 (77.6%) @entity1 . A total of 41 @entity1 were assessed for a pathological complete response, of which four (9.8%) @entity1 had pathological complete @entity5 regression. Postsurgical restaging was performed in 36 out of the 41 (87.8%) @entity1 . @entity5 downstaging occurred in 16 out of the 36 (44.4%) @entity1 . Grade 3/4 @entity1398 and @entity882 were experienced by 28.0%/6.0% @entity1 and 6.0%/2.0% @entity1 , respectively. Grade 3 @entity417 occurred in 4.0% of the @entity1 . Nonhematological @entity137 was mild. Overall mortality was 30.0% (15 out of 50 @entity1 ), predominantly from progressive disease. The 1-year overall survival rate was 74.4% (95% confidence interval: 61.3-87.6%). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with @entity136 and @entity900 showed a good safety profile with an encouraging possibility of curative surgery in @entity1 with early-stage @entity1149 .

title: @entity136 combined with XXXX as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in stage IB-IIIA @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']