abstract: DNA was extracted from colonic biopsies of 33 @entity1 with and three without evidence of @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ) in the large bowel. The biopsies were subjected to PCR. A pair of primers, generating a 207 bp fragment, were designed to detect specifically the 16S rDNA gene of @entity2128 . PCR products of the expected size were obtained from 33 samples with histologic evidence of @entity1944 . The PCR amplicons were used for sequencing. The sequences obtained were aligned to the corresponding 16S rRNA sequences of five type strains of @entity2128 . The sequences of 23 PCR products were 99-100% identical with the corresponding B. aalborgi type strain sequence. Two cases showed 99-100% sequence similarity with the type strain of @entity2128 P43/6/78. Six cases could not be referred to any of the known species of @entity2128 . Two PCR products gave incomplete sequences.

title: @entity1 XXXX diagnosed with colonoscopy and analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences of involved spirochetes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['IS', 'intestinal spirochetosis']

entities_list: @entity2128 :: ('52584', 'Species') :: ['B. pilosicoli', 'Brachyspira']

answer: @entity1944 :: (MESH:D007410,Disease) :: ['intestinal spirochetosis']


abstract: DNA was extracted from colonic biopsies of 33 @entity1 with and three without evidence of @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ) in the large bowel. The biopsies were subjected to PCR. A pair of primers, generating a 207 bp fragment, were designed to detect specifically the 16S rDNA gene of @entity2128 . PCR products of the expected size were obtained from 33 samples with histologic evidence of @entity1944 . The PCR amplicons were used for sequencing. The sequences obtained were aligned to the corresponding 16S rRNA sequences of five type strains of @entity2128 . The sequences of 23 PCR products were 99-100% identical with the corresponding B. aalborgi type strain sequence. Two cases showed 99-100% sequence similarity with the type strain of @entity2128 P43/6/78. Six cases could not be referred to any of the known species of @entity2128 . Two PCR products gave incomplete sequences.

title: XXXX @entity1944 diagnosed with colonoscopy and analysis of partial 16S rDNA sequences of involved spirochetes.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: The vascular endothelial function is altered in certain vascular pathology such as @entity101 . However, the endothelial effect of the pharmacologic treatment of this pathology with @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) inhibitor is poorly understood. To evaluate the effects of long-term treatment of @entity3371 on the @entity35 aortic vascular reactivity, 2 groups of spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) (n = 6) were studied for 12 weeks: the first group was treated with @entity3371 (CAP) (2 g/l of water) while group 2 (OCAP) received no treatment. A third group without @entity101 was considered as control group (CTL). At the end of the experiments, isolated aortic rings were studied in organ chambers for endothelial and smooth muscle vascular reactivity. The endothelial-dependent relaxations (EDR) to cumulative doses of @entity934 , @entity112 or @entity857 were significantly decreased in the aortic segments of CTL compared to CAP (p < 0.05). Aortic segments from OCAP group demonstrated intermediate EDR responses between CAP and CTL groups. Smooth muscle relaxation to @entity1854 was comparable among the 3 groups. Maximal smooth muscle contraction to progressive doses of @entity1063 was significantly higher in the CTL group compared to the @entity101 groups. CONCLUSION: Spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 have an increased basal vascular tone. The increased EDR observed with @entity101 partially compensates this hypercontractility. Chronic @entity101 treatment with @entity3371 partially normalizes EDR responses in the @entity35 aorta suggesting the lost of the endothelial compensatory mechanism by @entity1811 inhibitors.

title: [Effects of chronic administration of XXXX on vascular reactivity of the @entity35 aorta].

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'arterial hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity857 :: ('MESH:D000244', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine diphosphate']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity3371 :: (CHEBI:3380,Chemical) :: ['captopril']


abstract: The vascular endothelial function is altered in certain vascular pathology such as @entity101 . However, the endothelial effect of the pharmacologic treatment of this pathology with @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) inhibitor is poorly understood. To evaluate the effects of long-term treatment of @entity3371 on the @entity35 aortic vascular reactivity, 2 groups of spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) (n = 6) were studied for 12 weeks: the first group was treated with @entity3371 (CAP) (2 g/l of water) while group 2 (OCAP) received no treatment. A third group without @entity101 was considered as control group (CTL). At the end of the experiments, isolated aortic rings were studied in organ chambers for endothelial and smooth muscle vascular reactivity. The endothelial-dependent relaxations (EDR) to cumulative doses of @entity934 , @entity112 or @entity857 were significantly decreased in the aortic segments of CTL compared to CAP (p < 0.05). Aortic segments from OCAP group demonstrated intermediate EDR responses between CAP and CTL groups. Smooth muscle relaxation to @entity1854 was comparable among the 3 groups. Maximal smooth muscle contraction to progressive doses of @entity1063 was significantly higher in the CTL group compared to the @entity101 groups. CONCLUSION: Spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 have an increased basal vascular tone. The increased EDR observed with @entity101 partially compensates this hypercontractility. Chronic @entity101 treatment with @entity3371 partially normalizes EDR responses in the @entity35 aorta suggesting the lost of the endothelial compensatory mechanism by @entity1811 inhibitors.

title: [Effects of chronic administration of @entity3371 on vascular reactivity of the XXXX aorta].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The safety and efficacy of @entity2983 enemas were determined ina dose-ranging study enrolling 287 @entity1 with @entity1066 and @entity9916 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. @entity1 were randomized to receive placebo, 1, 2, or 4 g in 100 ml @entity2983 ( @entity2983 ) enemas h.s. for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic improvement, as well as by induction of remission. Sixty-seven percent, 65%, and 75% of @entity1 receiving 1-, 2-, and 4-g enemas were markedly improved according to the physician's global assessment compared with 27% of @entity1 treated with placebo. The mean improvement in sigmoidoscopic index was 5.8, 5.9, and 6.4 points (on a 15-point scale) for the 1-, 2-, and 4-g enema groups compared with a decrease of 1.8 points for the placebo group. Improvement in biopsy scores was observed in 47, 55, and 59% of 1-, 2-, and 4-g groups contrasted with 27% of the placebo-treated @entity1 . All three doses were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and trips to the toilet compared with placebo. No dose-response relation was demonstrated. The safety profile was similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, @entity2983 enemas are effective as a single agent in the short-term treatment of distal @entity31 without an apparent dose response between 1 and 4 g nightly.

title: Dose-ranging study of @entity2983 ( @entity2983 ) enemas in the treatment of acute XXXX : results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. @entity2983 Enema Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity9916 :: ('MESH:D011350', 'Disease') :: ['proctosigmoiditis']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative proctitis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity2983 :: ('MESH:D019804', 'Chemical') :: ['mesalamine', 'PENTASA']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcerative proctosigmoiditis']


abstract: The safety and efficacy of @entity2983 enemas were determined ina dose-ranging study enrolling 287 @entity1 with @entity1066 and @entity9916 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. @entity1 were randomized to receive placebo, 1, 2, or 4 g in 100 ml @entity2983 ( @entity2983 ) enemas h.s. for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic improvement, as well as by induction of remission. Sixty-seven percent, 65%, and 75% of @entity1 receiving 1-, 2-, and 4-g enemas were markedly improved according to the physician's global assessment compared with 27% of @entity1 treated with placebo. The mean improvement in sigmoidoscopic index was 5.8, 5.9, and 6.4 points (on a 15-point scale) for the 1-, 2-, and 4-g enema groups compared with a decrease of 1.8 points for the placebo group. Improvement in biopsy scores was observed in 47, 55, and 59% of 1-, 2-, and 4-g groups contrasted with 27% of the placebo-treated @entity1 . All three doses were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and trips to the toilet compared with placebo. No dose-response relation was demonstrated. The safety profile was similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, @entity2983 enemas are effective as a single agent in the short-term treatment of distal @entity31 without an apparent dose response between 1 and 4 g nightly.

title: Dose-ranging study of XXXX ( @entity2983 ) enemas in the treatment of acute @entity1066 : results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. @entity2983 Enema Study Group.

answer: @entity2983 :: (MESH:D019804,Chemical) :: ['mesalamine']


abstract: The safety and efficacy of @entity2983 enemas were determined ina dose-ranging study enrolling 287 @entity1 with @entity1066 and @entity9916 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. @entity1 were randomized to receive placebo, 1, 2, or 4 g in 100 ml @entity2983 ( @entity2983 ) enemas h.s. for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic improvement, as well as by induction of remission. Sixty-seven percent, 65%, and 75% of @entity1 receiving 1-, 2-, and 4-g enemas were markedly improved according to the physician's global assessment compared with 27% of @entity1 treated with placebo. The mean improvement in sigmoidoscopic index was 5.8, 5.9, and 6.4 points (on a 15-point scale) for the 1-, 2-, and 4-g enema groups compared with a decrease of 1.8 points for the placebo group. Improvement in biopsy scores was observed in 47, 55, and 59% of 1-, 2-, and 4-g groups contrasted with 27% of the placebo-treated @entity1 . All three doses were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and trips to the toilet compared with placebo. No dose-response relation was demonstrated. The safety profile was similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, @entity2983 enemas are effective as a single agent in the short-term treatment of distal @entity31 without an apparent dose response between 1 and 4 g nightly.

title: Dose-ranging study of @entity2983 ( XXXX ) enemas in the treatment of acute @entity1066 : results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. @entity2983 Enema Study Group.

answer: @entity2983 :: (MESH:D019804,Chemical) :: ['PENTASA']


abstract: The safety and efficacy of @entity2983 enemas were determined ina dose-ranging study enrolling 287 @entity1 with @entity1066 and @entity9916 in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. @entity1 were randomized to receive placebo, 1, 2, or 4 g in 100 ml @entity2983 ( @entity2983 ) enemas h.s. for 8 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopic, and histologic improvement, as well as by induction of remission. Sixty-seven percent, 65%, and 75% of @entity1 receiving 1-, 2-, and 4-g enemas were markedly improved according to the physician's global assessment compared with 27% of @entity1 treated with placebo. The mean improvement in sigmoidoscopic index was 5.8, 5.9, and 6.4 points (on a 15-point scale) for the 1-, 2-, and 4-g enema groups compared with a decrease of 1.8 points for the placebo group. Improvement in biopsy scores was observed in 47, 55, and 59% of 1-, 2-, and 4-g groups contrasted with 27% of the placebo-treated @entity1 . All three doses were significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and trips to the toilet compared with placebo. No dose-response relation was demonstrated. The safety profile was similar to that of placebo. In conclusion, @entity2983 enemas are effective as a single agent in the short-term treatment of distal @entity31 without an apparent dose response between 1 and 4 g nightly.

title: Dose-ranging study of @entity2983 ( @entity2983 ) enemas in the treatment of acute @entity1066 : results of a multicentered placebo-controlled trial. The U.S. XXXX Enema Study Group.

answer: @entity2983 :: (MESH:D019804,Chemical) :: ['PENTASA']


abstract: In the present study, we investigated the effects of a @entity134 @entity10831 inhibitor, @entity585 , when given orally (5 mg/day), on the serum levels of gonadal, hypophyseal, and adrenal hormones and the clinical significance of these effects. Forty-eight @entity1 with a mean age of 63 (range 49-81) were included in the study. All @entity1 had symptoms of @entity1067 . Serum levels of @entity251 , @entity586 , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, @entity1369 , @entity701 , and @entity2494 were determined before the study. The degree of symptoms in each patient and serum @entity1486 levels were determined together with uroflowmetric studies. Sexual status of the @entity1 was also assessed with a self-administered questionnaire. All @entity1 received @entity585 , 5 mg/day, for 6 weeks. All of the above mentioned studies were repeated at month 3 and month 6. All of the @entity1 had baseline hormonal values within the normal range. At month 3, the @entity586 level decreased by 60%, while the @entity251 level increased by 15%. FSH and LH levels decreased by 24% and 16%, respectively. The changes in the serum levels of these hormones were further evident at month 6. No significant changes were noted in the serum levels of prolactin, @entity1369 , @entity701 , and @entity2494 . Thirty-six @entity1 (75%) were judged to be potent before the treatment. @entity585 caused @entity323 in 8 @entity1 (22%) by month 3 and in 12 (33%) by month 6. A substantial improvement was noted in symptoms of @entity1067 in all patients. The serum @entity1486 level decreased by 42% and 50% at month 3 and at month 6, respectively. Continued administration of @entity585 , 5 mg/day alters the serum levels of @entity251 , @entity586 , FSH, and LH significantly. @entity585 also causes @entity250 in a substantial number of @entity1 and should be offered with caution to @entity1 who have an active sexual life.

title: Effects of the @entity10831 inhibitor XXXX on serum levels of gonadal, adrenal, and hypophyseal hormones and its clinical significance: a prospective clinical study.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity585 :: ('MESH:D018120', 'Chemical') :: ['Finasteride', 'finasteride']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['dehydroepiandrosterone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction']

answer: @entity585 :: (MESH:D018120,Chemical) :: ['finasteride']


abstract: In the present study, we investigated the effects of a @entity134 @entity10831 inhibitor, @entity585 , when given orally (5 mg/day), on the serum levels of gonadal, hypophyseal, and adrenal hormones and the clinical significance of these effects. Forty-eight @entity1 with a mean age of 63 (range 49-81) were included in the study. All @entity1 had symptoms of @entity1067 . Serum levels of @entity251 , @entity586 , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, @entity1369 , @entity701 , and @entity2494 were determined before the study. The degree of symptoms in each patient and serum @entity1486 levels were determined together with uroflowmetric studies. Sexual status of the @entity1 was also assessed with a self-administered questionnaire. All @entity1 received @entity585 , 5 mg/day, for 6 weeks. All of the above mentioned studies were repeated at month 3 and month 6. All of the @entity1 had baseline hormonal values within the normal range. At month 3, the @entity586 level decreased by 60%, while the @entity251 level increased by 15%. FSH and LH levels decreased by 24% and 16%, respectively. The changes in the serum levels of these hormones were further evident at month 6. No significant changes were noted in the serum levels of prolactin, @entity1369 , @entity701 , and @entity2494 . Thirty-six @entity1 (75%) were judged to be potent before the treatment. @entity585 caused @entity323 in 8 @entity1 (22%) by month 3 and in 12 (33%) by month 6. A substantial improvement was noted in symptoms of @entity1067 in all patients. The serum @entity1486 level decreased by 42% and 50% at month 3 and at month 6, respectively. Continued administration of @entity585 , 5 mg/day alters the serum levels of @entity251 , @entity586 , FSH, and LH significantly. @entity585 also causes @entity250 in a substantial number of @entity1 and should be offered with caution to @entity1 who have an active sexual life.

title: Effects of the XXXX inhibitor @entity585 on serum levels of gonadal, adrenal, and hypophyseal hormones and its clinical significance: a prospective clinical study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity10831 :: (6715,Gene) :: ['5 alpha-reductase']


abstract: Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene ( @entity5010 ), usually leading to asymptomatic hyperthyrotropinemia, have been reported since 1995 in a total of eight pedigrees, with a pattern of transmission suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Although normal TSH secretion and action are not necessary for normal migration of the thyroid analage, they are essential for normal thyroid growth and function. In keeping with this concept, we report a severely @entity1375 @entity1 with a normally located but very hypoplastic and hypofunctional thyroid caused by @entity5010 loss-of-function mutations. The propositus' maternal great aunt also had apparent athyreosis. The propositus had undetectable uptake on 99mpertechnetate scintigraphy but normal plasma @entity3745 at 15 days of age. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for @entity5010 mutations, with the maternal allele carrying a splicing mutation (G to C transversion at position +3 of the donor site of intron 6) and the other allele a deletion of two @entity2036 (2 bases of codon 655 in exon 10). The great aunt's @entity5010 was normal. We also report the sex ratio of @entity1375 referred to our center since 1989 with apparent athyreosis (5 @entity1 , 7 @entity1 ) and with @entity16490 (41 @entity1 , 15 @entity1 ). We conclude that different genetic and nongenetic mechanisms for athyreosis and @entity16490 are likely, and that these two distinct entities are themselves heterogeneous. Our results further show that inactivating mutations in @entity5010 may account for some cases of apparent @entity154 and should be suspected, especially if plasma @entity3745 levels are normal.

title: Apparent @entity154 contrasting with normal plasma @entity3745 levels and associated with inactivating mutations in the @entity5010 gene: are athyreosis and XXXX distinct entities?

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroid newborns', 'hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital athyreosis']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity16490 :: ('MESH:D050033', 'Disease') :: ['ectopic thyroid tissue', 'ectopic thyroid']

answer: @entity16490 :: (MESH:D050033,Disease) :: ['ectopic thyroid']


abstract: Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene ( @entity5010 ), usually leading to asymptomatic hyperthyrotropinemia, have been reported since 1995 in a total of eight pedigrees, with a pattern of transmission suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Although normal TSH secretion and action are not necessary for normal migration of the thyroid analage, they are essential for normal thyroid growth and function. In keeping with this concept, we report a severely @entity1375 @entity1 with a normally located but very hypoplastic and hypofunctional thyroid caused by @entity5010 loss-of-function mutations. The propositus' maternal great aunt also had apparent athyreosis. The propositus had undetectable uptake on 99mpertechnetate scintigraphy but normal plasma @entity3745 at 15 days of age. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for @entity5010 mutations, with the maternal allele carrying a splicing mutation (G to C transversion at position +3 of the donor site of intron 6) and the other allele a deletion of two @entity2036 (2 bases of codon 655 in exon 10). The great aunt's @entity5010 was normal. We also report the sex ratio of @entity1375 referred to our center since 1989 with apparent athyreosis (5 @entity1 , 7 @entity1 ) and with @entity16490 (41 @entity1 , 15 @entity1 ). We conclude that different genetic and nongenetic mechanisms for athyreosis and @entity16490 are likely, and that these two distinct entities are themselves heterogeneous. Our results further show that inactivating mutations in @entity5010 may account for some cases of apparent @entity154 and should be suspected, especially if plasma @entity3745 levels are normal.

title: Apparent @entity154 contrasting with normal plasma XXXX levels and associated with inactivating mutations in the @entity5010 gene: are athyreosis and @entity16490 distinct entities?

answer: @entity3745 :: (7038,Gene) :: ['thyroglobulin']


abstract: Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene ( @entity5010 ), usually leading to asymptomatic hyperthyrotropinemia, have been reported since 1995 in a total of eight pedigrees, with a pattern of transmission suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Although normal TSH secretion and action are not necessary for normal migration of the thyroid analage, they are essential for normal thyroid growth and function. In keeping with this concept, we report a severely @entity1375 @entity1 with a normally located but very hypoplastic and hypofunctional thyroid caused by @entity5010 loss-of-function mutations. The propositus' maternal great aunt also had apparent athyreosis. The propositus had undetectable uptake on 99mpertechnetate scintigraphy but normal plasma @entity3745 at 15 days of age. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for @entity5010 mutations, with the maternal allele carrying a splicing mutation (G to C transversion at position +3 of the donor site of intron 6) and the other allele a deletion of two @entity2036 (2 bases of codon 655 in exon 10). The great aunt's @entity5010 was normal. We also report the sex ratio of @entity1375 referred to our center since 1989 with apparent athyreosis (5 @entity1 , 7 @entity1 ) and with @entity16490 (41 @entity1 , 15 @entity1 ). We conclude that different genetic and nongenetic mechanisms for athyreosis and @entity16490 are likely, and that these two distinct entities are themselves heterogeneous. Our results further show that inactivating mutations in @entity5010 may account for some cases of apparent @entity154 and should be suspected, especially if plasma @entity3745 levels are normal.

title: Apparent @entity154 contrasting with normal plasma @entity3745 levels and associated with inactivating mutations in the XXXX gene: are athyreosis and @entity16490 distinct entities?

answer: @entity5010 :: (7253,Gene) :: ['thyrotropin receptor']


abstract: Loss-of-function mutations in the TSH receptor gene ( @entity5010 ), usually leading to asymptomatic hyperthyrotropinemia, have been reported since 1995 in a total of eight pedigrees, with a pattern of transmission suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance. Although normal TSH secretion and action are not necessary for normal migration of the thyroid analage, they are essential for normal thyroid growth and function. In keeping with this concept, we report a severely @entity1375 @entity1 with a normally located but very hypoplastic and hypofunctional thyroid caused by @entity5010 loss-of-function mutations. The propositus' maternal great aunt also had apparent athyreosis. The propositus had undetectable uptake on 99mpertechnetate scintigraphy but normal plasma @entity3745 at 15 days of age. He was found to be a compound heterozygote for @entity5010 mutations, with the maternal allele carrying a splicing mutation (G to C transversion at position +3 of the donor site of intron 6) and the other allele a deletion of two @entity2036 (2 bases of codon 655 in exon 10). The great aunt's @entity5010 was normal. We also report the sex ratio of @entity1375 referred to our center since 1989 with apparent athyreosis (5 @entity1 , 7 @entity1 ) and with @entity16490 (41 @entity1 , 15 @entity1 ). We conclude that different genetic and nongenetic mechanisms for athyreosis and @entity16490 are likely, and that these two distinct entities are themselves heterogeneous. Our results further show that inactivating mutations in @entity5010 may account for some cases of apparent @entity154 and should be suspected, especially if plasma @entity3745 levels are normal.

title: Apparent XXXX contrasting with normal plasma @entity3745 levels and associated with inactivating mutations in the @entity5010 gene: are athyreosis and @entity16490 distinct entities?

answer: @entity154 :: (MESH:D000013,Disease) :: ['congenital athyreosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Primary @entity5 are rare, occurring in 0.2 per 100,000 @entity1 per year. @entity2347 ( @entity2347 ) is the second most common histologic type of @entity5 . Its clinical behavior is different from the other @entity31278 and thus should be studied separately. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of six @entity1 with tracheal @entity2347 who were treated at University Hospitals of Cleveland between 1971 and 1996 and literature review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Tracheal @entity2347 is an indolent @entity5 that affects @entity1 at any age but has a peak incidence in the fifth decade. There is a nearly equal male-to-female ratio. Almost half of tracheal ACCs occur in the proximal @entity825 , accounting for the most common presenting symptoms: @entity1353 , cough, and hoarseness. Because of the hoarseness, @entity1 are often referred to an otolaryngologist. Complete resection provides the best chance for increased survival. Neutron beam radiotherapy holds promise for adjuvant therapy.

title: @entity2347 of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tracheal tumors', 'tracheal malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['Adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'ACC']

entities_list: @entity31278 :: ('MESH:D014134', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal neoplasms']

answer: @entity825 :: (MESH:D055090,Disease) :: ['trachea']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Primary @entity5 are rare, occurring in 0.2 per 100,000 @entity1 per year. @entity2347 ( @entity2347 ) is the second most common histologic type of @entity5 . Its clinical behavior is different from the other @entity31278 and thus should be studied separately. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of six @entity1 with tracheal @entity2347 who were treated at University Hospitals of Cleveland between 1971 and 1996 and literature review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: Tracheal @entity2347 is an indolent @entity5 that affects @entity1 at any age but has a peak incidence in the fifth decade. There is a nearly equal male-to-female ratio. Almost half of tracheal ACCs occur in the proximal @entity825 , accounting for the most common presenting symptoms: @entity1353 , cough, and hoarseness. Because of the hoarseness, @entity1 are often referred to an otolaryngologist. Complete resection provides the best chance for increased survival. Neutron beam radiotherapy holds promise for adjuvant therapy.

title: XXXX of the @entity825 .

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['Adenoid cystic carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess how surgery affected the quality of life of @entity1 with @entity5513 and to investigate possible predictors of the functional outcome following surgery. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire based on the Glasgow Benefit Inventory was completed by @entity1 randomly selected following @entity5513 surgery. SETTING: Skull base surgery unit of a university teaching hospital (tertiary referral center). @entity1 : Fifty-three @entity1 with @entity5 (follow-up, 1 to 3 y). RESULTS: With regard to overall quality of life, nine @entity1 (17.4%) reported that it became better, 28 @entity1 (53.8%) worse, and 15 @entity1 (28.8%) that it remained the same. Four @entity1 (7.8%) became better off financially, 15 @entity1 (29.4%) worse, and 32 (62.8%) remained unchanged. Forty-one @entity1 (78.8%) did not change their occupation, and 11 (21.2%) had to change their occupation, mainly because of the adverse effects of the operation. With regard to the age at operation, older @entity1 were found to have better overall quality of life. Moreover, younger @entity1 had worse postoperative financial @entity159 and they were more likely to change their occupation after the operation. The @entity5 size did not significantly affect the overall postoperative quality, but it did affect the postoperative financial @entity159 ( @entity1 with @entity5 were more likely to have worse postoperative financial @entity159 ). CONCLUSION: @entity5513 surgery has a significant impact on @entity1 ' overall quality of life. Surgeons proposing to operate on small @entity5 should not assume that the impact on @entity1 ' life will be necessarily less than that following the @entity5 . All @entity1 , especially in the younger age group, should be prepared and thoroughly informed about the consequences of the operation on their quality of life.

title: Quality of life after XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['acoustic neuromas', 'acoustic neuroma', 'Acoustic neuroma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'acoustic tumors', 'removal of larger tumors', 'larger tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['acoustic neuroma']


abstract: Because of increasing resistance to older antimicrobial agents, newer drugs need to be evaluated for the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections (SSSIs). This double-masked, randomized, comparative, multicenter study enrolled @entity1 aged 13 years or older with SSSIs to receive either cefdinir 300 mg @entity5353 or @entity7265 500 mg QID for 10 days. Nine hundred fifty-two @entity1 (474 in the cefdinir group and 478 in the @entity7265 group) took part, primarily white males between 18 and 65 years of age. There were two follow-up visits, with efficacy determined at the test-of-cure visit, 7 to 16 days posttherapy. Many @entity1 were not microbiologically assessable, primarily because of negative cultures at study admission. @entity1 who required surgical intervention (e.g., incision and drainage) at the site of infection more than 24 hours after the initiation of drug therapy were defined as treatment failures. Significantly more isolated pathogens were resistant to @entity7265 than to cefdinir. In the 178 efficacy-assessable cefdinir-treated @entity1 , the rate of pathogen eradication was 93% (200/215), and the rate of successful clinical response was 88% (157/178), compared with 89% (221/247) and 87% (177/204), respectively, in the 204 efficacy-assessable @entity7265 -treated @entity1 . Using confidence-interval analysis, the microbiologic and clinical response rates of the cefdinir-treated @entity1 were statistically equivalent to those of the @entity7265 -treated @entity1 . At the follow-up visits, @entity1 were questioned about any adverse events occurring since their previous visit. Any untoward symptom occurring during or within 2 days after completion of drug treatment was considered an adverse reaction if the investigator judged it to be definitely, probably, or possibly related to the study drug. One hundred twenty-three (26%) cefdinir-treated @entity1 and 77 (16%) @entity7265 -treated @entity1 experienced at least one adverse reaction, a statistically significant difference. Study drug was discontinued for adverse reactions in 20 (4%) cefdinir-treated @entity1 and 13 (3%) @entity7265 -treated @entity1 ; in the two groups, 10 and 7 @entity1 , respectively, were discontinued for @entity294 . Cefdinir taken @entity5353 was as effective as @entity7265 taken QID in the treatment of mild-to-moderate SSSIs and was well tolerated by most @entity1 . The increased antibacterial activity of cefdinir must be balanced against the higher rate of @entity294 seen in @entity1 treated with this drug.

title: Cefdinir versus XXXX for the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections. The Cefdinir Adult Skin Infection Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity7265 :: ('MESH:D002506', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalexin']

answer: @entity7265 :: (MESH:D002506,Chemical) :: ['cephalexin']


abstract: 2-4% of @entity1317 need operative reconstruction. In polytraumatized @entity1 the rate is even 10%. Arterial vascular repair should precede venous reconstruction and orthopaedic stabilization due to limb threatening @entity63 . Penetration or blunt @entity1545 result either in acute @entity190 , @entity63 or compartmental compression. Reperfusion syndrome leads to vital threat of @entity1 . Clinical assessment, measurement of limb pressures using a Doppler device and use of duplex ultrasonography are reliable adjuncts in the rapid evaluation. Arteriography is rarely indicated and should be spared for @entity1 with abnormal physical examination. Minimizing @entity63 (6-8 h) is an important factor in maximizing limb salvage. Vascular repair include direct @entity254 or lateral suture repair mostly combined with primary shortening of the extremity. In most cases autogenous vein graft is required. Rethrombosis, @entity2548 and @entity2849 are possible complications. Stabilisation of the @entity174 has priority over vascular reconstruction. The initial steps to success are surgical debridement, adequate bony stabilization mostly by external fixation, revascularisation of @entity1317 , @entity4438 and early soft-tissue reconstruction. The best results are obtained when a multidisciplinary approach is used combining expertise in orthopedic surgery, vascular surgery and plastic surgery.

title: [Traumatic peripheral XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['vascular trauma']

entities_list: @entity4438 :: ('MESH:C563219', 'Disease') :: ['immediate fascial decompression']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury', 'vascular injuries']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous fistula']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysms']

answer: @entity1317 :: (MESH:D057772,Disease) :: ['vascular injuries']


abstract: @entity1 spermatozoa are composed of specialized cytoskeletal elements, which appear to have no structural or protein counterparts in somatic cells. Most evident are the outer dense fibres ( @entity19224 ) and @entity82 ( @entity82 ) of the sperm tail and the perinuclear theca (PT) of the sperm head. The purpose of this study is to review our results on the occurrence and assembly of proteins making up these three elements during spermatogenesis. Our approach was to raise antibodies against the prominent proteins of these elements and to immunolocalize them on testicular sections prepared for histological and ultrastructural analyses. We found that all of the cytoskeletal proteins considered were expressed exclusively during the haploid phase of development and that the proteins of each element had similar if not identical patterns of expression. The PT proteins were synthesized in the first half of spermiogenesis and were associated with acrosome formation, while the @entity19224 and @entity82 proteins were synthesized in the second half of spermiogenesis. The @entity19224 proteins assembled in a proximal-distal direction along the length of the axoneme, while the @entity82 proteins assembled in the opposite direction; both assemblies eventually meeting and overlapping within the periaxonemal cytoplasmic compartment. During assembly the @entity19224 proteins appeared to be temporarily stored in granulated bodies of the cytoplasmic lobe, while the @entity82 proteins were randomly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. In the case of the PT, there appeared to be an interdependence between PT assembly and acrosome formation. The developmental protein distribution patterns observed for each of the elements suggest unique cellular targeting mechanisms adapted by the spermatid to regulate the assemblies of the respective cytoskeletal proteins.

title: Occurrence and formation of cytoskeletal proteins in XXXX spermatozoa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Mammalian']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['FS', 'fibrous sheath']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reliable reporting of chemotherapy-induced @entity2359 is important. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the differences in the peripheral @entity2359 sections of several widely used chemotherapy-related @entity137 grading systems, and the differences in the way in which observers interpret these scales. @entity1 AND METHODS: Two neurologists independently rated the severity of chemotherapy-induced @entity1897 , according to WHO, ECOG, Ajani, and NCIC-CTC criteria in 37 @entity1 . RESULTS: The highest percentage grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 peripheral @entity2359 was noted when employing the WHO, Ajani and NCIC-CTC scales, respectively. Percentage inter-observer agreement across all grades of severity ranged from 45.9 (NCIC-CTC) to 83.8 (WHO). The degree of agreement varied from 'poor to fair' to 'substantial'. Percentage inter-observer agreement for the dichotomy grade < or = 2 and grade 3 ranged from 81.1 (NCIC-CTC) to 94.6 (Ajani and WHO), however, exact agreement on grade 3 peripheral @entity2359 ranged from 0 (Ajani and WHO) to 42% (NCIC-CTC). Percentage interscale agreement for the dichotomy grade < or = 2 and grade 3 varied from 67.6 (WHO and NCIC-CTC) to 100 (WHO and ECOG). Interobserver disagreement of severity grading was partly due to different interpretation of scale parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that caution should be used in interpreting results across studies using different scales for @entity2359 grading in chemotherapy-related @entity1897 . When (multicentre) trials are to be undertaken with potential @entity2359 or neuroprotective agents, consensus should be sought regarding the @entity137 rating scale used, and its interpretation by participating physicians.

title: Pitfalls in grading severity of chemotherapy-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity', 'neurotoxic']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral neuropathy']


abstract: During studies to develop serum tests of small intestinal permeability, we detected an unidentified disaccharide in HPLC traces of sera from untreated celiacs. This present study aimed to identify the disaccharide and determine whether the presence of the disaccharide in the serum after an oral challenge had potential as a simple screening test for celiac disease. The @entity7016 was identified as @entity969 by incubation studies of sera with disaccharidases. Twenty untreated celiacs, 15 treated celiacs, and 20 normal or dyspeptic controls were studied for the presence of @entity969 in their serum after an oral load (8 g). The results in celiacs were compared with the presence of serum IgA endomysial antibodies. The 10 normal controls were also given a larger @entity969 challenge (50 g). Ten of the untreated celiacs and 10 controls had their brush border disaccharidase activities measured. @entity969 eluted in the same position as the unidentified disaccharide in the HPLC trace and the latter could be removed by incubation with sucrase. All untreated celiacs but none of the treated celiacs had @entity969 in their serum after the 8-g oral challenge. None of the controls had @entity969 in their serum after the 8-g or 50-g challenges. Three untreated celiacs were IgA endomysial antibody negative as were all the treated cases. Brush border sucrase activity was low in @entity1593 . The presence of @entity969 in the serum after an oral load shows promise as a noninvasive test for celiac disease.

title: Sucrosemia in XXXX : a potential screening test.

entities_list: @entity7016 :: ('CHEBI:36233', 'Chemical') :: ['disaccharide']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['Sucrose', 'sucrose']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['untreated celiac disease']

answer: @entity1593 :: (MESH:D002446,Disease) :: ['untreated celiac disease']


abstract: In our @entity1577 clinic, all @entity1 older than 6 years perform spirometry at each visit just before being seen by the health care team. Upon review, we determined that our perceived rationale for this practice was that the medical history fails to detect deterioration in a sizable minority of @entity1 whose pulmonary decline can be detected by spirometry. Furthermore, the literature and our own experience indicates that physical examination frequently will not detect changes in pulmonary status until the changes are advanced. As part of an ongoing quality/cost assessment, we decided to challenge our rationale for performing routine spirometry. Using standard methodology, we developed a six-item Likert style questionnaire, the purpose of which was to assess perceived changes in @entity358 since the last clinic visit. The questionnaire had an acceptable degree of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92), although the question about sputum production showed the least correlation with responses to other items. We administered the questionnaire to 103 consecutive different @entity1 and examined the association between reported changes in symptoms and actual changes in spirometric outcomes. Overall, there was a statistically significant, but clinically weak association between symptom scores and change in FEV1, r2 = 0.16, P < 0.001. Twenty-three @entity1 had a decline in FEV1 of > or = 10% from one clinic visit to the next. Depending on the method used to place symptom scores into categories indicating that @entity358 were "worse," "same," or "better" than at the last clinic visit, 40-60% of these 23 @entity1 indicated they felt the "same" or "better." We conclude that spirometry is a justifiable part of all clinic visits for @entity1 with @entity1577 , assuming that one would want to detect and treat declines in pulmonary status before they become advanced.

title: The "worth" of routine spirometry in a XXXX clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity844 content and saturation degree of the diet can modulate HDL composition and @entity165 efflux. OBJECTIVE: We studied the modifications in plasma lipoprotein particles and serum capacity to stimulate @entity165 efflux induced by different @entity1718 . DESIGN: Seventeen @entity1 and 24 @entity1 followed in the same sequence 4 diets containing 35% of total energy as fat. The saturated fat diet contained 17% palm oil; the monounsaturated fat diet, 20.9% olive oil; the n-6 polyunsaturated fat diet, 12.5% sunflower oil; and the n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet, sunflower oil supplemented with 4-4.5 g fish oil/d. Each phase lasted 4-5 wk. RESULTS: In both sexes, @entity1675 concentrations were significantly lower with unsaturated fat diets than with the saturated fat diet, but concentrations of lipoproteins containing only @entity1675 (Lp A-I) were lower only in the @entity1 . Concentrations of lipoproteins containing both @entity1675 and @entity3294 (Lp A-I:A-II) were lower with both polyunsaturated fat diets in the @entity1 but significantly higher in the @entity1 . Lp E concentrations were significantly higher with the 2 polyunsaturated fat diets. Lp E non-B particle concentrations were not modified in the @entity1 but were significantly higher in the @entity1 in both polyunsaturated fat phases. Lp C-III concentrations were higher with the saturated fat diet only in the men. The serum samples taken after the n-3 polyunsaturated fat phase were the most efficient for extracting cellular @entity165 in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat diets were healthier, producing a better lipid profile. The n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet increased the capacity of serum to promote the efflux of @entity165 from cells in culture.

title: XXXX saturation of the diet and plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein particle concentrations, and @entity165 efflux capacity.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity1675 :: ('335', 'Gene') :: ['apo A-I', 'apolipoprotein (apo) A-I']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity844 :: (CHEBI:35366,Chemical) :: ['Fatty acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity844 content and saturation degree of the diet can modulate HDL composition and @entity165 efflux. OBJECTIVE: We studied the modifications in plasma lipoprotein particles and serum capacity to stimulate @entity165 efflux induced by different @entity1718 . DESIGN: Seventeen @entity1 and 24 @entity1 followed in the same sequence 4 diets containing 35% of total energy as fat. The saturated fat diet contained 17% palm oil; the monounsaturated fat diet, 20.9% olive oil; the n-6 polyunsaturated fat diet, 12.5% sunflower oil; and the n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet, sunflower oil supplemented with 4-4.5 g fish oil/d. Each phase lasted 4-5 wk. RESULTS: In both sexes, @entity1675 concentrations were significantly lower with unsaturated fat diets than with the saturated fat diet, but concentrations of lipoproteins containing only @entity1675 (Lp A-I) were lower only in the @entity1 . Concentrations of lipoproteins containing both @entity1675 and @entity3294 (Lp A-I:A-II) were lower with both polyunsaturated fat diets in the @entity1 but significantly higher in the @entity1 . Lp E concentrations were significantly higher with the 2 polyunsaturated fat diets. Lp E non-B particle concentrations were not modified in the @entity1 but were significantly higher in the @entity1 in both polyunsaturated fat phases. Lp C-III concentrations were higher with the saturated fat diet only in the men. The serum samples taken after the n-3 polyunsaturated fat phase were the most efficient for extracting cellular @entity165 in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat diets were healthier, producing a better lipid profile. The n-3 polyunsaturated fat diet increased the capacity of serum to promote the efflux of @entity165 from cells in culture.

title: @entity844 saturation of the diet and plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein particle concentrations, and XXXX efflux capacity.

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: The present study addresses the specificity of @entity3355 for distinguishing among @entity5 , @entity378 , and @entity364 . Osseous impact is used in this manuscript as a convention to describe the macroscopic appearance of defleshed bones affected by the disease. Osseous changes in the skeleton of a 47-year-old black male, diagnosed in life as having @entity17101 , were characterized and compared to @entity75 observed in ten individuals with @entity378 and six with @entity5 in the Terry and Hamman-Todd Collections. Apparent distinguishing characteristics are identified. Eroded areas, present as fronts of resorption or the result of space-occupying masses in @entity17101 , with protruding, short, blunt, 1 x 2 mm spicules of new bone, are surrounded by periosteal reaction. These differed from smooth zones of resorption and coalesced lesions, with a smoothed marginal zone and space-occupied appearance--bone-displacing mass--in @entity378 and lytic (nonpermeative) lesions of @entity5 . Displacing is a convention (an artificial term) denoting bone resorption and reformation at the outer edge of the @entity5 mass, giving the impression that the surrounding bone had expanded beyond its original margins. Irregular trabeculae are occasionally preserved in the margins, but remodeling in the form of blunting of those trabeculae is not observed macroscopically in either @entity378 or @entity5 . Two apparently specific lesion types are noted in @entity17101 . Periosteal reaction surrounding fronts of resorption appears specific, at least for nonarticular osseous @entity75 , among the three entities studied. Remodeling of isolated internal trabeculae in the space-occupying mass lesions of @entity17101 also appears unique among the three disorders studied. Comparison with @entity6656 suggests that extrapolation of @entity17101 findings to other @entity364 is feasible; description of additional clinically diagnosed cases is awaited.

title: Clues to recognition of fungal origin of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3355 :: ('MESH:D014095', 'Disease') :: ['lytic osseous impact']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'metastatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['lytic lesions']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal diseases', 'fungal disease']

entities_list: @entity17101 :: ('MESH:D001759', 'Disease') :: ['blastomycosis']

entities_list: @entity6656 :: ('MESH:D003047', 'Disease') :: ['coccidioidomycosis']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['lytic skeletal lesions']


abstract: AIMS: To investigate the current referral pattern and delays in treatment of @entity1 with primary @entity2184 . METHODS: 184 consecutive Finnish @entity1 with @entity2184 diagnosed between July 1994 and June 1999 were eligible, and 159 were enrolled (inclusion rate, 86%). Their mean age was 60 years (range 14-87). The dates of visits to dispensing optician, physician, ophthalmologist and ocular oncologist, the presence of symptoms, and reason for consultation were determined by structured telephone interview. Time intervals to treatment planning and treatment were calculated. RESULTS: 139 @entity1 (87%) had symptoms at presentation and 44 @entity1 (28%) had been seen by an ophthalmologist less than 2 years previously. The median height of the @entity5 was 6 mm (range, 1.0-17.0) and its largest basal diameter 11 mm (range 2.5-22.0) at diagnosis. @entity320 developed from a previously detected presumed naevus in 13 @entity1 (8%). When the first contact was a dispensing optician (15%) the median time to treatment planning was 22 days (range 1-1156). When a physician other than an ophthalmologist (19%) was contacted the delay was 68 days (range 0-1283) and when an ophthalmologist (65%) was seen it was 34 days (range 1-1426). These differences were not significant (p=0.32). The chance of being referred at first visit was 89%. Median time to treatment was not associated with symptoms (p=0.16) and @entity5 volume (p=0.29), but it was significantly different between @entity1 who were and were not referred at first visit (140 days v 34 days; p<0.001) and between those treated by @entity3739 and @entity1496 brachytherapy (59 days v 33 days; p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of delays in management indicates that earlier treatment could be achieved if dilated fundus examinations were performed without exceptions, all suspicious naevi were referred for a second opinion, and if the @entity1 with @entity320 were referred to the ocular oncology service concurrently with staging examinations done at the regional hospital.

title: Mode of presentation and time to treatment of XXXX in Finland.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3739 :: ('MESH:D012428', 'Chemical') :: ['ruthenium']

entities_list: @entity2184 :: ('MESH:C536494', 'Disease') :: ['uveal melanoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'Melanoma']

answer: @entity2184 :: (MESH:C536494,Disease) :: ['uveal melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Symptoms of @entity23 are generally refractory to psychotherapeutic or pharmacologic treatments. Recent study results suggest that opioid antagonists may reduce @entity1 urges, one of the core symptoms of @entity23 . The author discusses the rationale for and the potential utility of the opioid antagonists in the treatment of @entity23 . METHOD: Work by preclinical and clinical investigators on the subject of motivation and its contextually relevant behavior is reviewed. The review includes the pharmacologic modulation of the motivation or drive and subsequent changes in behavior in animals and @entity1 . On the basis of these reviews, the author prescribed @entity836 for up to 9 months to 15 @entity1 who had @entity23 , and 3 select cases are reported. RESULTS: @entity836 was generally well tolerated, and there were no hepatic side effects. @entity836 appears to reduce urge-related symptoms and decreases the problematic behaviors such as @entity11532 . The effect appears to be sustained. In general, 50 mg/day of @entity836 was not effective. Most @entity1 required higher doses. Results were similar in the 12 other cases not reported here. CONCLUSION: @entity836 may be of use in select @entity23 @entity1 . Other opioid antagonists such as @entity33479 also need to be tested. Until controlled study data become available, the present report should be viewed as preliminary.

title: Opioid antagonists in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['naltrexone', 'Naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['impulse-control disorders', 'impulse-control disorder']

entities_list: @entity11532 :: ('MESH:D005715', 'Disease') :: ['pathological gambling']

entities_list: @entity33479 :: ('MESH:C038981', 'Chemical') :: ['nalmefene']

answer: @entity23 :: (MESH:D007174,Disease) :: ['impulse-control disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6333 is a recently identified protein, which is synthesized in the podocytes and localized in the slit diaphragm area. @entity6333 is a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and presumably is a part of the zipper-like structure of the slit membrane. As the mutation of the gene coding @entity6333 induces @entity3441 of Finnish type, which is a prototype of @entity1985 , it has been suggested that @entity6333 also plays a role in acquired @entity8 . METHODS: To address the above issue, the expression of @entity6333 in acquired @entity1 @entity8 was studied by immunoelectron microscopy employing a polyclonal antibody against @entity6333 . Four normal @entity1 kidneys from nephrectomy specimens and eight kidney biopsy specimens from @entity8 @entity1 (one @entity1987 , one @entity631 ( @entity631 ), one membranoproliferative @entity631 , four @entity8 , and one @entity1988 ) were studied. @entity644 of the @entity1 ranged from 448 to 11725 mg/day. Effacement of the foot processes was observed in all @entity1 . RESULTS: The study demonstrated that the number and distribution of gold particles in the glomerular region, where the podocyte foot process was well preserved, were similar to that found in normal kidneys; however, gold particles were almost always absent in regions where the foot processes were effaced. The number of gold particles per foot process interspace was not different between normal controls and @entity631 @entity1 ; however, the number of gold particles per defined length (1000 nm) of the glomerular basement membrane underlying the foot processes was significantly reduced in @entity631 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Using immunoelectron microscopy, we observed that the expression of @entity6333 in @entity631 was lower in regions where the foot processes were effaced, and comparable with that of normal controls where the foot process interspaces were preserved. The significance of our observation in the context of @entity644 in acquired @entity631 needs further clarification.

title: Expression of @entity6333 in acquired @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3441 :: ('MESH:C535761', 'Disease') :: ['congenital nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuric kidney disease', 'IgA nephropathy', 'glomerular disease']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria', 'Proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity1987 :: ('MESH:D009402', 'Disease') :: ['minimal change disease']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['membranous glomerulonephritis', 'GN']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6333 is a recently identified protein, which is synthesized in the podocytes and localized in the slit diaphragm area. @entity6333 is a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and presumably is a part of the zipper-like structure of the slit membrane. As the mutation of the gene coding @entity6333 induces @entity3441 of Finnish type, which is a prototype of @entity1985 , it has been suggested that @entity6333 also plays a role in acquired @entity8 . METHODS: To address the above issue, the expression of @entity6333 in acquired @entity1 @entity8 was studied by immunoelectron microscopy employing a polyclonal antibody against @entity6333 . Four normal @entity1 kidneys from nephrectomy specimens and eight kidney biopsy specimens from @entity8 @entity1 (one @entity1987 , one @entity631 ( @entity631 ), one membranoproliferative @entity631 , four @entity8 , and one @entity1988 ) were studied. @entity644 of the @entity1 ranged from 448 to 11725 mg/day. Effacement of the foot processes was observed in all @entity1 . RESULTS: The study demonstrated that the number and distribution of gold particles in the glomerular region, where the podocyte foot process was well preserved, were similar to that found in normal kidneys; however, gold particles were almost always absent in regions where the foot processes were effaced. The number of gold particles per foot process interspace was not different between normal controls and @entity631 @entity1 ; however, the number of gold particles per defined length (1000 nm) of the glomerular basement membrane underlying the foot processes was significantly reduced in @entity631 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Using immunoelectron microscopy, we observed that the expression of @entity6333 in @entity631 was lower in regions where the foot processes were effaced, and comparable with that of normal controls where the foot process interspaces were preserved. The significance of our observation in the context of @entity644 in acquired @entity631 needs further clarification.

title: Expression of XXXX in acquired @entity1 @entity8 .

answer: @entity6333 :: (4868,Gene) :: ['nephrin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6333 is a recently identified protein, which is synthesized in the podocytes and localized in the slit diaphragm area. @entity6333 is a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and presumably is a part of the zipper-like structure of the slit membrane. As the mutation of the gene coding @entity6333 induces @entity3441 of Finnish type, which is a prototype of @entity1985 , it has been suggested that @entity6333 also plays a role in acquired @entity8 . METHODS: To address the above issue, the expression of @entity6333 in acquired @entity1 @entity8 was studied by immunoelectron microscopy employing a polyclonal antibody against @entity6333 . Four normal @entity1 kidneys from nephrectomy specimens and eight kidney biopsy specimens from @entity8 @entity1 (one @entity1987 , one @entity631 ( @entity631 ), one membranoproliferative @entity631 , four @entity8 , and one @entity1988 ) were studied. @entity644 of the @entity1 ranged from 448 to 11725 mg/day. Effacement of the foot processes was observed in all @entity1 . RESULTS: The study demonstrated that the number and distribution of gold particles in the glomerular region, where the podocyte foot process was well preserved, were similar to that found in normal kidneys; however, gold particles were almost always absent in regions where the foot processes were effaced. The number of gold particles per foot process interspace was not different between normal controls and @entity631 @entity1 ; however, the number of gold particles per defined length (1000 nm) of the glomerular basement membrane underlying the foot processes was significantly reduced in @entity631 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Using immunoelectron microscopy, we observed that the expression of @entity6333 in @entity631 was lower in regions where the foot processes were effaced, and comparable with that of normal controls where the foot process interspaces were preserved. The significance of our observation in the context of @entity644 in acquired @entity631 needs further clarification.

title: Expression of @entity6333 in acquired XXXX @entity8 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Screening mammography contributes to the improvement of @entity0 survival through early detection and treatment of non-palpable lesions. Microcalcifications are of fundamental importance in this process. The percentage of @entity5 found in biopsies for microcalcifications varies from 10% to 40%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between clinical and radiologic records and the presence of malignant @entity1558 . To establish the basis for the study, 211 mammographic files showing clustered microcalcifications from 204 @entity1 were prospectively reviewed and clinical records were retrospectively drawn. Definitive pathologic analysis was available for all. The value for @entity5 of each criterion was investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses. A first analysis was performed on the entire population and a second one was performed with stratification on morphologic subgroups. There were 99 @entity5 (47%). In the entire group, no clinical criterion was significant. In the univariate analysis, five radiologic variables were significant: morphologic type(p < 0.0001), number of @entity730 per cluster(p < 0.0001), linear or triangular distribution(p < 0.0002), diameter of the area (p < 0.01),and number of clusters (p = 0.011). In the multivariate analysis, two criteria remained significant: morphologic type 4 (irregularly punctiform) or 5 (vermicular) microcalcifications(Le Gal's classification) (p < 0.0001) and diameter of the cluster larger than 25 mm (p = 0.032). In subgroups,in the multivariate analysis, the "age > 60 years" criterion was statistically significant in the group of regular punctiform microcalcifications (type 2); for irregularly punctiform microcalcifications (type 4), "number of microcalcifications > 20" was significant. The morphologic features of microcalcifications must be the first criterion evaluated. They permit identification of characteristically benign (annular @entity730 ) or malignant @entity730 (vermicular @entity730 ). For the remainder of the calcification types, other criteria must be taken into account, and their value vary with (according to) the morphologic aspect. These findings have implications for the management of @entity1 with microcalcifications and could help breast specialists make treatment decisions.

title: XXXX : multivariate analysis of radiologic and clinical factors for carcinoma.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lesions', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcifications']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast diseases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast microcalcifications']


abstract: In the surgical treatment of @entity3528 (2HPT) due to @entity5507 , it is considered necessary to remove all parathyroid glands from the neck to prevent persistent and recurrent @entity3243 . However, in some cases fewer than four parathyroid glands can be recognized at initial operation; in the present study, we evaluated the long-term prognosis and estimated surgical strategy in such cases. Between March 1981 and January 1999, 822 @entity1 underwent total parathyroidectomy (PTx) with forearm autograft for advanced 2HPT at the Department of Transplant Surgery of Nagoya Second Red Cross Hospital. In 21 cases (2.6%) fewer than four parathyroid glands were macroscopically found at the initial operation. These cases were followed up and their parathyroid function was evaluated by measurement of intact @entity461 ( @entity461 ). In 20 of the 21 cases three glands were found, in 1 @entity1 only two glands. In 5 of these cases the fourth gland was identified first after postoperative histopathologic evaluation. In all these cases the intact @entity461 level was normalized. In 8 of the remaining 16 cases high @entity461 levels persisted after the initial operation, including 3 @entity1 who underwent neck reexploration. However, in the other 7 @entity1 @entity461 levels dropped within normal range immediately after PTx and a fourth gland has never been recognized. One @entity1 was lost to follow-up. Thus, using our operative strategy, 12 of 822 cases (0.85%) did not develop persistent or recurrent HPT even though only three glands were identified at the operation. To avoid @entity86 , autotransplantation should be performed when fewer than four parathyroid glands are found at the initial operation.

title: Cases with fewer than four parathyroid glands in XXXX with renal hyperparathyroidism at initial parathyroidectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3528 :: ('MESH:D006962', 'Disease') :: ['secondary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hypoparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid hyperfunction']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['PTH', 'parathyroid hormone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A 63-year-old female with locally advanced @entity0 was treated with preoperative chemotherapy using @entity1205 . The therapeutic regimen was comprised of four cycles at 3-week intervals. One cycle consisted of 80 mg of @entity1205 which was administered on day 1. A remarkable response was confirmed. The side effects such as @entity1431 , general fatigue and @entity1665 were moderate and had no influence on the @entity1 's QOL. After preoperative chemotherapy, a full thickness chest wall resection was performed. Chest wall defect was reconstructed with orthopedic A-O metallic plates, Marlex mesh and rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap. These metal plates were very useful because it was easy to bend and twist them manually to fit the defect at the time of operation. Moreover, the curved metal plates preserved the cone form of the chest cage. The postoperative course was favourable without frail @entity5837 .

title: [A case of locally advanced XXXX successfully treated with wide resection and reconstruction of chest wall with A-O metallic plates].

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['chest or wound infection']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Aged @entity19 exhibit diminished CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to influenza virus. Previously, interleukin-12 (IL-12) was shown to partially restore in vitro influenza virus-specific CD8(+) CTL activity and @entity60 ( @entity60 ) production in aged @entity19 . The present study investigated @entity6026 production and its ability to collaborate with IL-12 to enhance these responses to the levels of young @entity19 . @entity6026 protein production and mRNA expression in influenza virus-specific CTL from aged @entity19 were higher than from young @entity19 . In contrast, @entity6026 receptor (IL-18R) mRNA expression was significantly reduced in CD8(+) CTL from aged @entity19 . Generation of CTL in the presence of IL-12 alone caused a significant increase in @entity60 production in both old and young @entity19 . @entity6026 treatment alone significantly increased @entity60 in CTL from young but not old @entity19 . However, a combination of @entity6026 and IL-12 significantly increased @entity60 in both old and young @entity19 . @entity6026 and IL-12, either alone or in combination, stimulated significant influenza virus-specific @entity137 in both old and young @entity19 , but no significant synergistic effect was observed. These results represent an initial demonstration of downregulated IL-18R expression in aging @entity19 and are consistent with age-related @entity137 . Potentially, @entity6026 and IL-12 can augment @entity60 production and reverse CD8(+) @entity137 in aging, independently or synergistically.

title: Independent and synergistic effects of XXXX and interleukin-12 in augmenting cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and @entity60 production in aging.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxic T lymphocyte 1 (Tc1) deficiency', 'CTL deficiency', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

answer: @entity6026 :: (16173(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interleukin-18']


abstract: Aged @entity19 exhibit diminished CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to influenza virus. Previously, interleukin-12 (IL-12) was shown to partially restore in vitro influenza virus-specific CD8(+) CTL activity and @entity60 ( @entity60 ) production in aged @entity19 . The present study investigated @entity6026 production and its ability to collaborate with IL-12 to enhance these responses to the levels of young @entity19 . @entity6026 protein production and mRNA expression in influenza virus-specific CTL from aged @entity19 were higher than from young @entity19 . In contrast, @entity6026 receptor (IL-18R) mRNA expression was significantly reduced in CD8(+) CTL from aged @entity19 . Generation of CTL in the presence of IL-12 alone caused a significant increase in @entity60 production in both old and young @entity19 . @entity6026 treatment alone significantly increased @entity60 in CTL from young but not old @entity19 . However, a combination of @entity6026 and IL-12 significantly increased @entity60 in both old and young @entity19 . @entity6026 and IL-12, either alone or in combination, stimulated significant influenza virus-specific @entity137 in both old and young @entity19 , but no significant synergistic effect was observed. These results represent an initial demonstration of downregulated IL-18R expression in aging @entity19 and are consistent with age-related @entity137 . Potentially, @entity6026 and IL-12 can augment @entity60 production and reverse CD8(+) @entity137 in aging, independently or synergistically.

title: Independent and synergistic effects of @entity6026 and interleukin-12 in augmenting cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and XXXX production in aging.

answer: @entity60 :: (15978(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IFN-gamma']


abstract: To monitor growth, a novel noninvasive leg length measurement technique, called microknemometry, which allows daily observation of tibial growth rate, was used. The @entity35 exhibits a striking sex-related difference in postpubertal growth. Exogenous GH administration results in a sexually dimorphic response, affecting growth in normal young female @entity35 but not in males. Here we investigated how chronic @entity2338 affects male and female @entity35 growth patterns. The degree of growth rate recovery was investigated after exogenous GH administration to chronically deficient males and females. The deficiency was induced by neonatal @entity5542 ( @entity5542 ) treatment. Since the neonatal gonadal environment plays an important role in the dimorphic growth pattern, neonatal androgenization of female @entity35 with @entity251 or neonatal feminization of male @entity35 by castration was performed and the growth pattern monitored. @entity5542 treatment decreased pituitary GH content and plasma @entity2135 levels in both sexes, but caused a less marked reduction of female @entity35 tibial growth and body @entity1017 than in males. Additionally, only @entity5542 -treated males showed decreased pituitary LH content, so that the dimorphic action of @entity5542 on the @entity444 may contribute to the observed differences in growth rate. GH administration was able to increase leg length in all @entity5542 -treated @entity35 but was more effective in females, despite a similar restoration of plasma @entity2135 levels in both sexes. Although neonatal castration of male @entity35 resulted in a reduction of tibial growth rate and body weight, and neonatal @entity251 administration to female @entity35 caused a slight increase in body weight, a complete modification of the gender-dependent growth pattern was not achieved, indicating that appropriate steroid environment is also needed in puberty and adulthood.

title: Sexual dimorphism in growth as measured by microknemometry: different responses to XXXX and exogenous GH administration.

entities_list: @entity2338 :: ('MESH:D004393', 'Disease') :: ['GH deficiency']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal axis']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity5542 :: ('CHEBI:64243', 'Chemical') :: ['monosodium glutamate', 'MSG']

answer: @entity2338 :: (MESH:D004393,Disease) :: ['GH deficiency']


abstract: CONTEXT: Cancer registries have reported an increased incidence of @entity320 and certain noncutaneous @entity5 following @entity1489 ( @entity1489 ). Whether these findings were attributable to intensified surveillance, shared risk factors, or increased @entity5 susceptibility remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a history of @entity1489 predicts @entity5 mortality. DESIGN: Prospective cohort with 12-year mortality follow-up adjusted for multiple risk factors. SETTING: Cancer Prevention Study II, United States and Puerto Rico. @entity1 : Nearly 1.1 million adult volunteers who completed a baseline questionnaire in 1982. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Deaths due to all @entity5 and common @entity5 . RESULTS: After adjusting for age, race, education, smoking, obesity, @entity167 use, and other conventional risk factors, a baseline history of @entity1489 was associated with increased total @entity5 mortality ( @entity1 's relative risk [RR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.36; @entity1 's RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17-1.35). Exclusion of deaths due to @entity320 reduced these RRs only slightly. Mortality was increased for the following @entity5 : @entity320 (RR, 3.36 in @entity1 , 3.52 in @entity1 ); pharynx (RR, 2.77 in @entity1 , 2.81 in @entity1 ); lung (RR, 1.37 in @entity1 , 1.46 in @entity1 ); @entity1893 (RR, 1.32 in @entity1 , 1.50 in @entity1 ); in @entity1 only, salivary glands (RR, 2.96), prostate (RR, 1.28), testis (RR, 12.7), urinary bladder (RR, 1.41), and @entity1778 (RR, 1.37); and in @entity1 only, breast (RR, 1.34). All-cause mortality was slightly increased (adjusted @entity1 's RR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.00-1.06]; @entity1 's RR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.00-1.09]). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with a history of @entity1489 are at increased risk of @entity5 mortality. Although the biological mechanisms are unknown, a history of @entity1489 should increase the clinician's alertness for certain noncutaneous @entity5 as well as @entity320 .

title: Increased XXXX mortality following a history of @entity1489 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Persons', 'women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['nonmelanoma skin cancer', 'NMSC']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: CONTEXT: Cancer registries have reported an increased incidence of @entity320 and certain noncutaneous @entity5 following @entity1489 ( @entity1489 ). Whether these findings were attributable to intensified surveillance, shared risk factors, or increased @entity5 susceptibility remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a history of @entity1489 predicts @entity5 mortality. DESIGN: Prospective cohort with 12-year mortality follow-up adjusted for multiple risk factors. SETTING: Cancer Prevention Study II, United States and Puerto Rico. @entity1 : Nearly 1.1 million adult volunteers who completed a baseline questionnaire in 1982. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Deaths due to all @entity5 and common @entity5 . RESULTS: After adjusting for age, race, education, smoking, obesity, @entity167 use, and other conventional risk factors, a baseline history of @entity1489 was associated with increased total @entity5 mortality ( @entity1 's relative risk [RR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.36; @entity1 's RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17-1.35). Exclusion of deaths due to @entity320 reduced these RRs only slightly. Mortality was increased for the following @entity5 : @entity320 (RR, 3.36 in @entity1 , 3.52 in @entity1 ); pharynx (RR, 2.77 in @entity1 , 2.81 in @entity1 ); lung (RR, 1.37 in @entity1 , 1.46 in @entity1 ); @entity1893 (RR, 1.32 in @entity1 , 1.50 in @entity1 ); in @entity1 only, salivary glands (RR, 2.96), prostate (RR, 1.28), testis (RR, 12.7), urinary bladder (RR, 1.41), and @entity1778 (RR, 1.37); and in @entity1 only, breast (RR, 1.34). All-cause mortality was slightly increased (adjusted @entity1 's RR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.00-1.06]; @entity1 's RR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.00-1.09]). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with a history of @entity1489 are at increased risk of @entity5 mortality. Although the biological mechanisms are unknown, a history of @entity1489 should increase the clinician's alertness for certain noncutaneous @entity5 as well as @entity320 .

title: Increased @entity5 mortality following a history of XXXX .

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['nonmelanoma skin cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of definitive radiotherapy in the treatment of clinical stage T4 cutaneous @entity189 of the @entity135 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between October 1964 and September 1997, 85 @entity1 with 88 biopsy-proven clinical AJCC stage T4 @entity189 of the skin of the @entity135 received radiotherapy with curative intent. A total of 43 lesions were previously untreated, and 45 were recurrent after other treatment modalities. Histologic types of @entity189 included squamous cell (37 lesions), basal cell (41 lesions), and metatypical basal (basosquamous) cell (10 lesions). Minimum follow-up was 2 years. The product-limit method was used to determine the rates of disease control, severe late complications, and survival. Multivariate analyses included histology, previous treatment, involvement of bone or nerve, number of structures invaded, node stage, external beam dose, and overall treatment time. RESULTS: At 5 years, the rates of local control after radiotherapy and ultimate local control after salvage surgery were 53% and 90%, respectively. Local control rates were better for @entity1 having previously untreated lesions (P =.05). Regional and ultimate regional control rates were 93% and 100%, respectively, and were better for previously untreated lesions (P <.01), basal cell histology or its metatypical variant (P =.04), and absence of bone invasion (P =.08). At 5 years, the risk of severe late complications was 17%, the risk of distant @entity3 was 5%, and the overall absolute and cause-specific survival probabilities were 56% and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy alone results in a relatively high probability of cure for selected @entity1 with @entity1489 .

title: Radiotherapy alone for clinical T4 @entity1489 of the XXXX with surgery reserved for salvage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['T4 skin cancers']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of definitive radiotherapy in the treatment of clinical stage T4 cutaneous @entity189 of the @entity135 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between October 1964 and September 1997, 85 @entity1 with 88 biopsy-proven clinical AJCC stage T4 @entity189 of the skin of the @entity135 received radiotherapy with curative intent. A total of 43 lesions were previously untreated, and 45 were recurrent after other treatment modalities. Histologic types of @entity189 included squamous cell (37 lesions), basal cell (41 lesions), and metatypical basal (basosquamous) cell (10 lesions). Minimum follow-up was 2 years. The product-limit method was used to determine the rates of disease control, severe late complications, and survival. Multivariate analyses included histology, previous treatment, involvement of bone or nerve, number of structures invaded, node stage, external beam dose, and overall treatment time. RESULTS: At 5 years, the rates of local control after radiotherapy and ultimate local control after salvage surgery were 53% and 90%, respectively. Local control rates were better for @entity1 having previously untreated lesions (P =.05). Regional and ultimate regional control rates were 93% and 100%, respectively, and were better for previously untreated lesions (P <.01), basal cell histology or its metatypical variant (P =.04), and absence of bone invasion (P =.08). At 5 years, the risk of severe late complications was 17%, the risk of distant @entity3 was 5%, and the overall absolute and cause-specific survival probabilities were 56% and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy alone results in a relatively high probability of cure for selected @entity1 with @entity1489 .

title: Radiotherapy alone for clinical T4 XXXX of the @entity135 with surgery reserved for salvage.

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['skin carcinoma']


abstract: Recent chemopreventive studies in our laboratories showed that the @entity4665 inhibitor, @entity12698 , inhibited the induction of mammary @entity5 by @entity3653 ( @entity106 ). In this study, we examined the relative chemopreventive effect of varying doses of @entity12698 on the development and growth of @entity106 -induced @entity35 mammary @entity5 . At 10 days prior to receiving a single intragastric dose of 15 mg @entity106 / @entity35 , female @entity35 were fed a control chow diet or diets containing 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm @entity12698 until termination of the experiment. Administration of increasing doses of @entity12698 inhibited mammary @entity5 incidence and multiplicity as well as @entity5 volume in a dose-dependent manner. At 122 days post @entity106 -intubation, mammary @entity5 incidence was 100% in the control @entity35 compared to 80%, 50%, 45% and 25% in @entity35 receiving 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm @entity12698 , respectively (p<0.001). Similarly, @entity5 multiplicity and @entity5 volume were significantly reduced by increasing the dose of @entity12698 from 250 to 1500 ppm in the diet. The control @entity35 had an average of 3.46 @entity5 / @entity35 compared to 1.80, 1.00, 0.75 and 0.50 @entity5 / @entity35 in animals receiving 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm @entity12698 , respectively (p<0.001). Average @entity5 volumes in @entity35 fed 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm @entity12698 were 0.42, 0.34, 0.31 and 0.16 cm3 compared to 1.29 cm3 in the control @entity35 (p<0.001). There was a concomitant increase in the steady-state serum concentration of @entity12698 with the dose. These results indicate that, in this @entity35 model, the chemopreventive effect of @entity12698 against @entity0 is dose-dependent and that @entity12698 is effective even at lower dose levels.

title: Dose-response effects of the @entity4665 inhibitor, XXXX , on the chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis.

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']

entities_list: @entity12698 :: ('MESH:C105934', 'Chemical') :: ['celecoxib']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity12698 :: (MESH:C105934,Chemical) :: ['celecoxib']


abstract: Recent chemopreventive studies in our laboratories showed that the @entity4665 inhibitor, @entity12698 , inhibited the induction of mammary @entity5 by @entity3653 ( @entity106 ). In this study, we examined the relative chemopreventive effect of varying doses of @entity12698 on the development and growth of @entity106 -induced @entity35 mammary @entity5 . At 10 days prior to receiving a single intragastric dose of 15 mg @entity106 / @entity35 , female @entity35 were fed a control chow diet or diets containing 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm @entity12698 until termination of the experiment. Administration of increasing doses of @entity12698 inhibited mammary @entity5 incidence and multiplicity as well as @entity5 volume in a dose-dependent manner. At 122 days post @entity106 -intubation, mammary @entity5 incidence was 100% in the control @entity35 compared to 80%, 50%, 45% and 25% in @entity35 receiving 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm @entity12698 , respectively (p<0.001). Similarly, @entity5 multiplicity and @entity5 volume were significantly reduced by increasing the dose of @entity12698 from 250 to 1500 ppm in the diet. The control @entity35 had an average of 3.46 @entity5 / @entity35 compared to 1.80, 1.00, 0.75 and 0.50 @entity5 / @entity35 in animals receiving 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm @entity12698 , respectively (p<0.001). Average @entity5 volumes in @entity35 fed 250, 500, 1000 or 1500 ppm @entity12698 were 0.42, 0.34, 0.31 and 0.16 cm3 compared to 1.29 cm3 in the control @entity35 (p<0.001). There was a concomitant increase in the steady-state serum concentration of @entity12698 with the dose. These results indicate that, in this @entity35 model, the chemopreventive effect of @entity12698 against @entity0 is dose-dependent and that @entity12698 is effective even at lower dose levels.

title: Dose-response effects of the XXXX inhibitor, @entity12698 , on the chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis.

answer: @entity4665 :: (26198(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['COX-2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of second primary @entity14 in @entity1 with a history of @entity694 , compared with @entity1 with a history of @entity6523 , is unknown. It is unclear whether guidelines for colonoscopy screening in @entity1 with @entity1127 are appropriate for @entity1 with previous @entity694 . OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of second primary @entity14 after treatment for localized @entity694 and to compare this incidence with that of first primary @entity14 in both the general population and high-risk @entity1 . DESIGN: Historical cohort study. SETTING: An international, multi-institutional trial of adjuvant @entity1487 -based chemotherapy for localized @entity694 . @entity1 : 3278 @entity1 with resected @entity5 . MEASUREMENTS: Occurrence of endoscopic or radiologic colon surveillance and incidence of second primary @entity14 . RESULTS: Forty-two cases of second primary invasive @entity694 were found over 15 345 @entity1 -years of follow-up, yielding an incidence rate of 274 per 100 000 @entity1 -years (95% CI, 196 to 369 per 100 000 @entity1 -years) and a cumulative incidence of 1.5% (CI, 1.1% to 2.0%) at 5 years. This rate was compared with rates of first @entity694 in two reference groups: the general population and @entity1 who had undergone frequent colonoscopy and polypectomy because of a history of @entity6523 ; standardized incidence ratios were 1.6 (CI, 1.2 to 2.2) and 6.8 (CI, 2.7 to 22.0), respectively. CONCLUSION: The incidence of second primary @entity14 remains high despite intensive surveillance strategies.

title: Surveillance for second primary XXXX after adjuvant chemotherapy: an analysis of Intergroup 0089.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'person']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage II and stage III colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyps']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: The objective of this study was to describe incidence and progression of @entity6 in relation to medical risk indicators as well as @entity227 outcome after a continuous follow-up period of 10 years in a Type 1 @entity6 population treated under routine care. The incidence and progression of @entity989 and their association to HbA(1c), blood pressure, urinary albumin, serum @entity1011 levels, and insulin dosage were studied prospectively in 452 Type 1 @entity6 @entity1 . The degree of @entity989 was classified as no @entity989 , background, or sight-threatening @entity989 , i.e. clinically significant macular @entity4 , severe nonproliferative, or @entity989 . @entity227 was defined as a @entity227 <0.5 and @entity1939 as a @entity227 < or =0.1 in the best eye. In @entity1 still alive at follow-up (n=344), 61% (69/114) developed any @entity989 , 45% (51/114) background @entity989 , and 16% (18/114) sight-threatening @entity989 . Progression from background to sight-threatening @entity989 occurred in 56% (73/131). In 2% (6/335), @entity227 dropped to <0.5 and in less than 1% (3/340) to < or =0.1. @entity1 who developed any @entity989 and @entity1 who progressed to sight-threatening @entity989 had higher mean HbA(1c) levels over time compared to those who remained stable (P<.001 in both cases). @entity1 who developed any @entity989 had higher levels of mean diastolic blood pressure (P=.036), whereas no differences were seen in systolic blood pressure levels between the groups. Cox regression analysis, including all @entity1 , showed mean HbA(1c) to be an independent risk indicator for both development and progression of @entity989 , whereas mean diastolic blood pressure was only a risk indicator for the incidence of @entity989 . Metabolic control is an important risk indicator for both development and progression of @entity989 , whereas diastolic blood pressure is important for the development of @entity1723 . The number of @entity1 who became blind during 10 years of follow-up was low.

title: @entity6 , XXXX , and medical risk indicators: a continuous 10-year follow-up study in Type 1 @entity6 @entity1 under routine care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual acuity', 'Impaired visual acuity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy in Type 1 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'proliferative retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['visual acuity']


abstract: The objective of this study was to describe incidence and progression of @entity6 in relation to medical risk indicators as well as @entity227 outcome after a continuous follow-up period of 10 years in a Type 1 @entity6 population treated under routine care. The incidence and progression of @entity989 and their association to HbA(1c), blood pressure, urinary albumin, serum @entity1011 levels, and insulin dosage were studied prospectively in 452 Type 1 @entity6 @entity1 . The degree of @entity989 was classified as no @entity989 , background, or sight-threatening @entity989 , i.e. clinically significant macular @entity4 , severe nonproliferative, or @entity989 . @entity227 was defined as a @entity227 <0.5 and @entity1939 as a @entity227 < or =0.1 in the best eye. In @entity1 still alive at follow-up (n=344), 61% (69/114) developed any @entity989 , 45% (51/114) background @entity989 , and 16% (18/114) sight-threatening @entity989 . Progression from background to sight-threatening @entity989 occurred in 56% (73/131). In 2% (6/335), @entity227 dropped to <0.5 and in less than 1% (3/340) to < or =0.1. @entity1 who developed any @entity989 and @entity1 who progressed to sight-threatening @entity989 had higher mean HbA(1c) levels over time compared to those who remained stable (P<.001 in both cases). @entity1 who developed any @entity989 had higher levels of mean diastolic blood pressure (P=.036), whereas no differences were seen in systolic blood pressure levels between the groups. Cox regression analysis, including all @entity1 , showed mean HbA(1c) to be an independent risk indicator for both development and progression of @entity989 , whereas mean diastolic blood pressure was only a risk indicator for the incidence of @entity989 . Metabolic control is an important risk indicator for both development and progression of @entity989 , whereas diastolic blood pressure is important for the development of @entity1723 . The number of @entity1 who became blind during 10 years of follow-up was low.

title: XXXX , @entity227 , and medical risk indicators: a continuous 10-year follow-up study in Type 1 @entity6 @entity1 under routine care.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetic retinopathy']