abstract: BACKGROUND: Reported negative ileal and total tract dietary fiber (DF) digestibility values are physiologically untenable and suggest the presence of nondietary material in the gut contents that interferes with the DF determination. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the importance of interfering material (IM) when the Prosky method was used to determine DF digestibility. METHODS: Fourteen @entity1707 (41.6    3.0 kg) were surgically implanted with ileal T-cannulas. A semisynthetic fiber-free diet and 2 semisynthetic diets containing kiwifruit as the sole fiber source [25 or 50 g fiber/kg @entity62 ( @entity62 )] were prepared. @entity6701 was used as an indigestible marker. @entity1707 were fed the kiwifruit-containing diets (n=7 per diet) for 44 d, followed by the fiber-free diet (n=14) for 7 d. Ileal digesta and feces were collected over 3 d, starting on days 42 and 49. The flow of IM and the soluble, insoluble, and total DF digestibility were determined. RESULTS: Considerable amounts of IM were present when the Prosky method was applied to ileal digesta (12 g/kg @entity62 intake) and feces (28 g/kg @entity62 intake) collected from @entity1707 fed the fiber-free diet after adaptation to the diet containing 50 g/kg @entity62 of fiber. The @entity1707 adapted to the highest fiber concentration had 0.9- and 0.7-fold greater ileal and fecal IM flows than their counterparts adapted to the lowest concentration. In the ileal digesta, crude mucin was the main IM source in the soluble DF fraction (66%). In the ileal digesta and feces, microbial cells were the main IM source in the insoluble DF fraction. The determined ileal soluble DF and total tract insoluble DF digestibilities increased by 44-54% and 78% respectively after correction for IM (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Large amounts of IM are present in ileal digesta and feces of @entity1707 when fiber is determined with the Prosky method, leading to a marked underestimation.

title: Nondietary Gut Materials Interfere with the Determination of Dietary Fiber Digestibility in Growing XXXX When Using the Prosky Method.

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['DM', 'dry matter']

entities_list: @entity6701 :: ('MESH:C009495', 'Chemical') :: ['Titanium dioxide']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['Pigs']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the clinical outcome and fertility in @entity1 managed conservatively for @entity43 ( @entity43 ). @entity1 : Datas of 42 @entity1 treated conservatively for @entity43 were reviewed. Thirty-seven followed-up @entity1 with complete data were analyzed. Optimal surgical staging was performed in two cases during the initial surgery and in 33 @entity1 during a reassessment surgery. Six @entity1 underwent a hysterectomy during this restaging surgery. RESULTS: Among 31 @entity1 treated conservatively following the restaging surgery, the FIGO staging distribution was: 24 stage IA (grade 1 n = 10; grade 2 n = 12; grade 3 n = 2); two stages IC; two stage II and two @entity1 with initial stage unknown. Ten @entity1 recurred (eight on the remaining ovary). The disease free survival at five years for @entity1 with stage IA grade 1 and two @entity5 were respectively 89 and 66%. All @entity1 with stage > IA recurred. Only five pregnancies (four spontaneous and one following IVF procedure) were obtained. CONCLUSION: Conservative surgery for @entity1 with @entity43 could be considered in young @entity1 with stage IA grade 1 disease adequately staged and desiring to preserve fertility potential but should not performed in @entity1 with FIGO stage > IA.

title: [Results and fertility after conservative treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['EOC', 'epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['invasive epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: Twenty-four @entity1 with displaced @entity1171 awaiting surgery were randomized to a study (n=11) or a control group (n=13). In the study group, @entity1 had a pulsatile cold compression (PCC) device applied to their ankle, and remained at bed rest with the extremity elevated while awaiting surgery. In the control group @entity1 remained in a posterior molded splint instead of the PCC device. Baseline circumferential measurements of the ankle were obtained, followed by measurements at 24-hour increments to evaluate @entity4 resolution. In addition, @entity1 satisfaction with use of the PCC device was evaluated with a scale ranging from 1 to 4. The median decrease of circumference in the study group compared to the control group was 0.5 cm vs. 0.1 cm at 24 hours (p=0.005), 0.9 cm vs. 0.4 cm at 48 hours (p<0.001), and 1.2 cm vs. 0.5 cm at 72 hours (p=0.009). The ratio of the decrease in circumference relative to the circumference of the normal ankle was significantly higher in the PCC group compared to the control group at all time points. All @entity1 in the PCC group were satisfied with the device (median satisfaction score = 4). The PCC device was well tolerated and resulted in a significantly greater reduction of ankle circumference at 24, 48, and 72 hours after its application, compared to splinting and elevation alone. The PCC device facilitates @entity4 resolution following @entity1171 .

title: The role of pulsatile cold compression in @entity4 resolution following XXXX : a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1171 :: ('MESH:D064386', 'Disease') :: ['ankle fractures']

answer: @entity1171 :: (MESH:D064386,Disease) :: ['ankle fractures']


abstract: Twenty-four @entity1 with displaced @entity1171 awaiting surgery were randomized to a study (n=11) or a control group (n=13). In the study group, @entity1 had a pulsatile cold compression (PCC) device applied to their ankle, and remained at bed rest with the extremity elevated while awaiting surgery. In the control group @entity1 remained in a posterior molded splint instead of the PCC device. Baseline circumferential measurements of the ankle were obtained, followed by measurements at 24-hour increments to evaluate @entity4 resolution. In addition, @entity1 satisfaction with use of the PCC device was evaluated with a scale ranging from 1 to 4. The median decrease of circumference in the study group compared to the control group was 0.5 cm vs. 0.1 cm at 24 hours (p=0.005), 0.9 cm vs. 0.4 cm at 48 hours (p<0.001), and 1.2 cm vs. 0.5 cm at 72 hours (p=0.009). The ratio of the decrease in circumference relative to the circumference of the normal ankle was significantly higher in the PCC group compared to the control group at all time points. All @entity1 in the PCC group were satisfied with the device (median satisfaction score = 4). The PCC device was well tolerated and resulted in a significantly greater reduction of ankle circumference at 24, 48, and 72 hours after its application, compared to splinting and elevation alone. The PCC device facilitates @entity4 resolution following @entity1171 .

title: The role of pulsatile cold compression in XXXX resolution following @entity1171 : a randomized clinical trial.

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['edema']


abstract: The efficacy of @entity2664 in combination with @entity5713 was assessed in 156 @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 who had been treated previously with one or multiple chemotherapeutic regimens. @entity2664 was given by random assignment, either as a 10 mg/m2 single intravenous dose or in five consecutive daily fractions of 2 mg  2. @entity5713 was given as a continuous intravenous infusion of 1.2 mg/m2 daily for 5 days. In 115 evaluable @entity1 previously treated with @entity632 , 21 objective responses (18%) and 11 minor responses (10%) were observed with similar distribution in the two treatment groups. Median time to progression was 27 weeks and 23 weeks, respectively. Eight (32%) of 25 @entity1 who had not received @entity632 achieved objective remissions and two (8%) had minor responses. @entity137 effects were similar for the two treatment schedules. Major @entity137 were myelosuppression and @entity221 . Other @entity137 were mild. @entity1370 , presumably caused by @entity2664 , occurred in four @entity1 . The combination of @entity2664 and @entity5713 appeared to offer no advantage over single-agent therapy, probably because of the dosage reduction required by the overlapping myelosuppressive @entity137 .

title: Chemotherapy with XXXX in combination with continuous infusion @entity5713 for metastatic @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxic', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone', 'Mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic fever']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine', 'Vinblastine']

answer: @entity2664 :: (MESH:D008942,Chemical) :: ['mitoxantrone']


abstract: The efficacy of @entity2664 in combination with @entity5713 was assessed in 156 @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 who had been treated previously with one or multiple chemotherapeutic regimens. @entity2664 was given by random assignment, either as a 10 mg/m2 single intravenous dose or in five consecutive daily fractions of 2 mg  2. @entity5713 was given as a continuous intravenous infusion of 1.2 mg/m2 daily for 5 days. In 115 evaluable @entity1 previously treated with @entity632 , 21 objective responses (18%) and 11 minor responses (10%) were observed with similar distribution in the two treatment groups. Median time to progression was 27 weeks and 23 weeks, respectively. Eight (32%) of 25 @entity1 who had not received @entity632 achieved objective remissions and two (8%) had minor responses. @entity137 effects were similar for the two treatment schedules. Major @entity137 were myelosuppression and @entity221 . Other @entity137 were mild. @entity1370 , presumably caused by @entity2664 , occurred in four @entity1 . The combination of @entity2664 and @entity5713 appeared to offer no advantage over single-agent therapy, probably because of the dosage reduction required by the overlapping myelosuppressive @entity137 .

title: Chemotherapy with @entity2664 in combination with continuous infusion @entity5713 for metastatic XXXX .

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The efficacy of @entity2664 in combination with @entity5713 was assessed in 156 @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 who had been treated previously with one or multiple chemotherapeutic regimens. @entity2664 was given by random assignment, either as a 10 mg/m2 single intravenous dose or in five consecutive daily fractions of 2 mg  2. @entity5713 was given as a continuous intravenous infusion of 1.2 mg/m2 daily for 5 days. In 115 evaluable @entity1 previously treated with @entity632 , 21 objective responses (18%) and 11 minor responses (10%) were observed with similar distribution in the two treatment groups. Median time to progression was 27 weeks and 23 weeks, respectively. Eight (32%) of 25 @entity1 who had not received @entity632 achieved objective remissions and two (8%) had minor responses. @entity137 effects were similar for the two treatment schedules. Major @entity137 were myelosuppression and @entity221 . Other @entity137 were mild. @entity1370 , presumably caused by @entity2664 , occurred in four @entity1 . The combination of @entity2664 and @entity5713 appeared to offer no advantage over single-agent therapy, probably because of the dosage reduction required by the overlapping myelosuppressive @entity137 .

title: Chemotherapy with @entity2664 in combination with continuous infusion XXXX for metastatic @entity0 .

answer: @entity5713 :: (MESH:D014747,Chemical) :: ['vinblastine']


abstract: Clinicopathologic findings on small @entity259 measuring 10 mm or less in diameter were analyzed in 78 thyroidectomied cases. The authors divided small @entity259 into two subgroups according to diameter: 0 less than or equal to 5 mm (classified as minute @entity189 ) and 5 less than 0 less than or equal to 10 mm (classified as tiny @entity189 ). Characteristics including sex, age, histologic type, extrathyroid invasion, and lymph node @entity3 were examined in each subgroup. In @entity1 with minute @entity189 , very few incidences of extrathyroid invasion and lymph node @entity3 were found. However, these involvements, especially lymph node @entity3 , were found more frequently in @entity1 with tiny @entity189 . The incidence of cervical lymph node @entity3 was 13% in minute @entity189 and 59% in tiny @entity189 . (P less than 0.01). These findings suggest the need for more careful observation and treatment of tiny @entity189 , especially with respect to lymph node @entity3 . In accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) classification, the histologic types of @entity259 were classified into @entity1377 . The @entity1377 and @entity189 ratios were compared between the two subgroups. The discovery rate of @entity189 was significantly higher in minute @entity189 than in tiny @entity189 (P less than 0.005). This suggests that the @entity189 ratio (p/f) increases as the size of the @entity189 increases, and that @entity189 is the "seed," or initial form, of @entity259 . The female-male ratio in small @entity259 suggests that there is no sex difference in carcinogenesis but that there is more probability for @entity5 development in the thyroid in @entity1 .

title: New subgrouping of small XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary and follicular carcinomas', 'papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'papillary carcinoma/follicular carcinoma', 'carcinoma', 'follicular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid tumors', 'thyroid cancer', 'thyroid carcinomas', 'thyroid carcinoma']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid carcinomas']


abstract: Hemipituitary glands from 30 @entity35 were isotransplanted under renal capsules. At 1, 2, 4, 7 and 20 days after transplantation, the grafts were examined by light and electron microscopy. Two days after transplantation, the central area of graft showed @entity39 ; however, the peripheral area, where marginal cells of Rathke's cleft were ingesting the remnants of @entity39 glandular cells, survived. Four days after transplantation, mitotic figures of marginal cells were observed. Seven days after transplantation, the damaged area of the graft disappeared, and Rathke's cleft was completely lined by marginal cells. Remnants of @entity39 glandular cells were not seen in intercellular spaces or in the cytoplasm of marginal cells. Cystlike structures formed in the grafts; some were connected to Rathke's cleft by narrow cavities. The cavity-lining cells of the cysts were agranular and similar to those that lined Rathke's cleft. At 20 days after transplantation, granular cavity-lining cells appeared. It is suggested that marginal cells of immature @entity35 can differentiate into granular cells.

title: Cystlike structures derived from the marginal cells of Rathke's cleft in XXXX pituitary grafts.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis', 'necrotic']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: To investigate whether short-term fasting influences hormone release from @entity1 somatotrophs and lactotrophs, two oral L-dopa tests, using 0.5 g L-dopa, were carried out in seven normal subjects. The first test was performed after an overnight fast (8 h), the second after an additional 48 h of total food withdrawal. Basal blood @entity413 declined by 21 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM) between the two tests (P less than 0.001). Free T3 in serum (FT3) fell by 32 +/- 4% (P less than 0.001). GH responsiveness to L-dopa--as reflected by the GH incremental area (ng/ml X min)--decreased from 588 +/- 162 to 24 +/- 240 (P less than 0.02). The latter response area did not even differ significantly from zero. Food deprivation failed to affect the lactotrophs, inasmuch as similar PRL decremental areas (ng/ml X min) were obtained in response to L-dopa before (704 +/- 165) and after (686 +/- 128) the prolonged fast. In order to prevent blood @entity413 from falling significantly during the period of food deprivation eight additional normal subjects were given 9 small oral doses of @entity413 (each dose 0.5 g/kg) at regular intervals between the two L-dopa tests. This resulted in similar FT3 concentrations before and after the prolonged fast. Furthermore, @entity413 supplementation restored normal GH responsiveness to L-dopa, as evidenced by similar GH incremental areas before and after the @entity413 fast. These results imply that short-term fasting desensitizes @entity1 somatotrophs to exogenous L-dopa. The finding that the decreased GH responsiveness returns to normal if a decline in FT3 is prevented by oral @entity413 supplementation, suggests that changes in FT3 might contribute to the abolished GH responsiveness to L-dopa in fasting.

title: Does short-term fasting desensitize XXXX somatotrophs to oral L-dopa stimulation?

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A 3-year-old @entity1 developed a disseminated @entity3069 infection despite treatment with eight antimycobacterial drugs. She had no pre-existent general humoral or cellular immunodeficiency. In the course of the disease B lymphocyte areas in the lymphoid tissues were replaced by histiocytes and an IgM and @entity7491 evolved. The @entity1 still made antibodies to concomitant micro-organisms and to transfused blood cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) had normal responses to mitogens and various antigens in vitro. However, she lacked any response to mycobacterial antigens, in vivo and in vitro. The defect appeared not to be dependent on immunosuppression by lymphocytes or monocytes or on deficient antigen presentation by monocytes. because a genetic origin could not be substantiated, acquired @entity1200 for mycobacterial antigens was the most likely explanation. Addition of irradiated PBMC from her @entity17374 phenotypically identical father, transferred a response to mycobacterial antigens of the @entity1 's PBMC in vitro. We concluded that the disseminated @entity3069 infection was accompanied by a selective deficiency of the lymphocyte response to mycobacterial antigens which could be restored by allogeneic antigen responsive lymphocytes.

title: Deficiency of immunity to XXXX that can be restored by allogeneic lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7491 :: ('MESH:D017098', 'Disease') :: ['IgA deficiency']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immunological paralysis']

entities_list: @entity3069 :: ('1764', 'Species') :: ['M. avium', 'Mycobacterium avium']

answer: @entity3069 :: (1764,Species) :: ['Mycobacterium avium']


abstract: The corneal stromal reaction and repair were studied after alkali wound in the @entity95 . The wound was followed for 6 months. The size and @entity231 of the wound were followed in the slit lamp and photographically. Morphology and dry mass or water content were studied using quantitative microradiography. The size of the wound @entity231 diminished throughout the observation period. The density of the @entity231 varied with the stromal water content. An increased water content as well as large variation in water content caused increased @entity231 . The @entity3279 , determined already after 1 hr, was not detectable by 1 week using quantitative microradiography. Subsequently, an extensive @entity4 developed, water accumulation being most marked in the posterior part of the @entity267 . After 8 weeks, an increase in interlamellar dry mass content could be determined as a sign of a stromal healing process. Stromal thickness and dry mass content had returned to normal values by 6 months.

title: Stromal reaction and repair after corneal alkali wound in the XXXX : a quantitative microradiographic study.

entities_list: @entity3279 :: ('MESH:D015715', 'Disease') :: ['corneal edema']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from cat cortex (area 17) before, during and after application of the @entity1246 blocker @entity1027 (iontophoretic or topical). The stimuli comprised a test sinusoidal grating, and a mask grating oriented either parallel or orthogonal to the test. Both test and mask alternated in contrast at different temporal frequencies. VEPs were averaged in synchrony with the test contrast reversal, so the mask did not contribute directly to the averaged VEP response. Before application of @entity1027 , both parallel and orthogonal masks attenuated the amplitude of VEPs and changed the phase response, but in different ways. Orthogonal masks lowered the slope of the contrast response curve without affecting extrapolated threshold, while parallel masks caused the curve to shift to the right. Orthogonal masks increased the phase advance, while parallel masks eliminated it. During application of @entity1027 , neither parallel nor the orthogonal masks attenuated VEP amplitudes. The results suggest that although the mechanisms for the action of parallel and orthogonal masks are clearly distinct, both are mediated by the @entity1246 -ergic inhibitory system. Given this evidence, measurement of VEP contrast response curves may provide a simple non-invasive technique for monitoring visual inhibition in @entity1 .

title: Cross-orientation inhibition in cat is XXXX mediated.

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['GABA']


abstract: @entity53 receptors (ER) were measured in 71 and @entity1420 receptors (PR) in 62 primary @entity1204 . ER were found in 62 (87%) and PR in 56 (90%) of the @entity5 . Fifty-six @entity5 were ER+/PR+ and 4 were ER-/PR-. The frequency of receptor positive @entity5 was not significantly correlated to histological grade. Highly differentiated @entity5 were, however, more often ER and PR rich (greater than or equal to 30 fmole/mg protein) as compared to poorly differentiated @entity5 . The median ER and PR values for grade I @entity5 were also significantly higher than for grade III @entity5 . No significant differences were found in the frequency of @entity1 with ER or PR rich @entity5 in the different FIGO or surgical stages. The receptor status was not related to depth of @entity2617 . Recurrence rates and @entity204 rates were significantly higher in @entity1 with PR poor as compared to those with PR rich @entity5 . This prognostic information could not be shown for ER.

title: The distribution and prognostic implications of steroid receptors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity2617 :: ('MESH:D017254', 'Disease') :: ['myometrial infiltration']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial carcinomas']


abstract: To investigate still uncertain aspects of the diagnosis of @entity741 ( @entity741 ) in @entity1 , between 1969 and 1984, repeated exercise studies were performed in 706 asymptomatic @entity1 (between the ages of 17 and 63 years). On observation of pathologic ST-segment @entity308 of more than 0.1 mV, the exercise study was repeated after administration of 0.8 mg @entity1242 . @entity308 was seen in 310 @entity1 (44%). In 217 @entity1 (31%), @entity1242 had no effect (NTG negative); in 93 @entity1 (13%), there was normalization of the ST-segment changes (NTG positive). Additionally, in selected subgroups of @entity1 , pulmonary artery pressure was measured at rest and during exercise and ECG mapping performed (n = 114); radionuclide ventriculograms (n = 64) and 201-thallium scintigrams (n = 99) were obtained and coronary angiography (n = 85) was performed. In the NTG-negative @entity1 , ejection fraction, myocardial perfusion and coronary arteries were normal. NTG-positive @entity1 had lower mean ejection fractions but still within normal limits and indications of @entity296 . High-grade coronary stenoses were found in 25%. No @entity1 with pathologic ST-segment @entity308 had @entity3454 . NTG-positive @entity1 had significantly more risk factors than NTG-negative @entity1 . In the former group, pulmonary artery pressure measurements showed pathologic exercise hemodynamics, only in 25% of whom @entity741 with significant @entity850 was found to be the cause. For this condition, differential diagnostic considerations include @entity296 .

title: [New aspects in the diagnosis of XXXX in females].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy or small vessel disease', 'impaired myocardial perfusion']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Pathologic ST-segment depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity3454 :: ('MESH:D008945', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve prolapse']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['IHD', 'ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['ischemic heart disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: @entity7025 is a progressive @entity4065 of the intracerebral vessels resulting in @entity64 , @entity1779 , and alteration of cerebral perfusion. Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (PWI) tracks the passage of a bolus of @entity2287 contrast material through brain tissue and is reflective of cerebral blood flow. We describe the characteristics of PWI in @entity1 with @entity7025 and present in detail the PWI findings of a @entity1 studied before and after surgical intervention. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old @entity1 presented with recurrent @entity385 during a period of 1 year. Angiography disclosed findings consistent with bilateral @entity7025 . PWI showed a striking contrast in perfusion between the anterior and posterior circulations, with relative hyperperfusion in the posterior fossa and marked hypoperfusion in the hemispheric deep white matter. Similar findings are reported in five other @entity1 with @entity7025 . Differences in time-to-peak measurements between the pons and the cerebral hemispheres ranged between 2 and 10 seconds, with the greatest difference seen in the two @entity1 with recurrent @entity64 . INTERVENTION: The @entity1 underwent a left encephalomyosynangiosis. One year later, she showed significant improvement in neurological function, and a repeat PWI study showed marked improvement in perfusion of the left hemisphere. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the growth of small vessels into the brain from the surgical site. CONCLUSION: PWI demonstrates characteristic patterns of cerebral perfusion in @entity1 with @entity7025 and documents improved perfusion after successful surgical intervention. Quantitative analysis of the difference of time-to-peak measurements between the anterior and posterior circulation may be a marker of the severity of the disease.

title: Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in XXXX : characteristic patterns and change after surgical intervention: case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4065 :: ('MESH:C537440', 'Disease') :: ['arteriopathy']

entities_list: @entity7025 :: ('MESH:D009072', 'Disease') :: ['Moyamoya disease', 'moyamoya syndrome', 'moyamoya disease']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic strokes']

answer: @entity7025 :: (MESH:D009072,Disease) :: ['adult moyamoya syndrome']


abstract: Articular cartilage of eight young NZW @entity95 was investigated by electron microscopy. A simple and rapid stereological method was designed for quantifying the synthetic activity of the chondrocytes in the different zones of uncalcified articular cartilage by measuring the amount of @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) on electron micrographs. The surface area of @entity1893 per unit volume of chondrocyte cytoplasm, of cartilage, and per chondrocyte, were determined. In addition the volume density, and mean diameter, of @entity1893 cisternae were computed. The surface area of @entity1893 was least in the superficial zone (402 micron 2) and largest in the deep zone (879 micron 2) chondrocytes. The @entity1893 surface area per unit volume of tissue was, however, significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in the superficial zone (12.8 X 10(-2) micron2/micron3) than in the deep zone (8.5 X 10(-2) micron2/micron3) of the articular cartilage. Percentages of chondrocytes displaying masses of intracytoplasmic fine filaments were also registered. 8.5% of the chondrocytes in the superficial, 48.8% in the middle, and 53.5% in the deep zone contained intracytoplasmic fine filaments. Chondrocytes containing filaments are probably degenerating cells. They contained diminished amounts of @entity1893 . The altered nutritional status in the deeper zones of the cartilage might have caused these changes in the cells. The formation of the calcified zone of the cartilage in the young @entity95 , contributing to the cessation of the nutritional supply of chondrocytes from the subchondral bone marrow spaces, may have affected the process. Since the proportion of @entity1893 can be regarded as indicating the synthetic activity, and that of filaments as indicating the degree of degeneration, these parameters can be used in the evaluation of the functional status of the uncalcified articular cartilage chondrocytes.

title: Rough endoplasmic reticulum and fine intracytoplasmic filaments in articular cartilage chondrocytes of young XXXX ; a stereological morphometric study using transmission electron microscopy.

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['RER', 'rough endoplasmic reticulum']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy and side effects of linear accelerator radiosurgery in the treatment of cavernous @entity50 . METHODS: Between 1993 and 2001, 42 @entity1 with @entity1653 involving the cavernous sinus underwent linear accelerator radiosurgery at our institution. A mean radiation dose of 14 Gy was delivered to the @entity5 margin. The median @entity5 volume was 8.2 cm3 (mean, 8.4 cm3). Median follow-up was 36 months (mean, 38 mo). RESULTS: Control of @entity5 growth was achieved in 97.5% of the @entity1 . There was no mortality or permanent extraocular motor or @entity4611 . Treatment-related complications included new @entity16 in 4.7% and a new @entity227 in 2.8%. Two @entity1 required shunt placement after developing @entity1276 . One @entity1 with symptomatic temporal lobe @entity4 underwent partial excision of the @entity5 . Improvement of existing @entity129 was noted in 29% of affected trigeminal nerves, in 22% of oculomotor nerves, and in 13% of Cranial Nerves IV and VI. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that linear accelerator radiosurgery can achieve a high control rate of @entity1653 involving the cavernous sinus with no mortality and a low incidence of morbidity.

title: Linear accelerator radiosurgery for XXXX in and around the cavernous sinus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defect']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['sinus meningiomas']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningiomas']


abstract: Acute @entity741 followed by protracted asynergy and subsequent resolution was defined as reversible @entity63 @entity296 . The purpose of this study was to confirm the existence of this entity and to illustrate the clinical features. The subjects consisted of 26 @entity1 with typical @entity741 who satisfied the above definition, and serial changes in left ventricular wall motion were observed by two-dimensional echocardiography. The left ventricle was divided into 11 segments and the movement was scored according to the dynamic behavior of each segment by five points ranging from normal (0) to dyskinesis (4), and evaluated semiquantitatively using the total score sum as the total asynergy score. Compared to the initial value, this score decreased to 57% after one week, 38% in two weeks, 22% in three weeks and 17% in four weeks. The asynergy persisted 23.7 +/- 13.5 days and ranged from two days to three months. The peak @entity9153 ranged from 32 to 561 IU (mean 212 +/- 157 IU). Coronary arteriography revealed undisturbed flow of the responsible artery in both acute and chronic phases including four cases of successful PTCR. Comparison of the electrocardiographic changes and asynergy showed that diminished R wave amplitude, @entity10260 segment elevation and inverted T waves are frequently associated with persistence of asynergy, extensive asynergy can even occur in cases without a diminished R wave or abnormal Q wave and when asynergy resolves, @entity10260 segments tend to return to the baseline, but T wave inversion commonly persists. A transient Q wave was observed in 38% of the @entity1 examined. The electrocardiogram became normal in an average of 111.3 +/- 75 days. In conclusion, there is a subgroup of reversible asynergy among cases of unstable @entity951 or @entity1188 . The mechanism for this may be myocardial "stunning" following transient transmural @entity63 . Recognition of this fact seems very important in the diagnosis and treatment of @entity741 .

title: [Reversible @entity63 XXXX : clinical observation using two-dimensional echocardiography].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['subendocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia', 'acute myocardial ischemia']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial damage']


abstract: Acute @entity741 followed by protracted asynergy and subsequent resolution was defined as reversible @entity63 @entity296 . The purpose of this study was to confirm the existence of this entity and to illustrate the clinical features. The subjects consisted of 26 @entity1 with typical @entity741 who satisfied the above definition, and serial changes in left ventricular wall motion were observed by two-dimensional echocardiography. The left ventricle was divided into 11 segments and the movement was scored according to the dynamic behavior of each segment by five points ranging from normal (0) to dyskinesis (4), and evaluated semiquantitatively using the total score sum as the total asynergy score. Compared to the initial value, this score decreased to 57% after one week, 38% in two weeks, 22% in three weeks and 17% in four weeks. The asynergy persisted 23.7 +/- 13.5 days and ranged from two days to three months. The peak @entity9153 ranged from 32 to 561 IU (mean 212 +/- 157 IU). Coronary arteriography revealed undisturbed flow of the responsible artery in both acute and chronic phases including four cases of successful PTCR. Comparison of the electrocardiographic changes and asynergy showed that diminished R wave amplitude, @entity10260 segment elevation and inverted T waves are frequently associated with persistence of asynergy, extensive asynergy can even occur in cases without a diminished R wave or abnormal Q wave and when asynergy resolves, @entity10260 segments tend to return to the baseline, but T wave inversion commonly persists. A transient Q wave was observed in 38% of the @entity1 examined. The electrocardiogram became normal in an average of 111.3 +/- 75 days. In conclusion, there is a subgroup of reversible asynergy among cases of unstable @entity951 or @entity1188 . The mechanism for this may be myocardial "stunning" following transient transmural @entity63 . Recognition of this fact seems very important in the diagnosis and treatment of @entity741 .

title: [Reversible XXXX @entity296 : clinical observation using two-dimensional echocardiography].

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: 1. @entity1 placental cord serum contains a factor or factors necessary for active growth of fibroblasts in tissue culture and a factor which prevents the appearance of a characteristic @entity137 . 2. The growth-promoting factor(s) is stable to heating to 60 degrees C. for 30 minutes and is associated with the euglobulin fraction of the serum. 3. Extraction of dried cord serum with @entity7935 , @entity3636 , and @entity4543 does not cause any decrease in growth-promoting activity. 4. Sera from hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized, and thyroid-parathyroidectomized @entity35 show as much growth-promoting activity as normal @entity35 sera. 5. @entity291 gamma globulins, anterior pituitary growth hormone, and insulin do not replace the serum growth factor. 6. The @entity137 -preventing factor is serum albumin. 7. Evidence is presented that the @entity137 is due to free @entity1718 in the medium and that serum albumin acts by binding the @entity1718 .

title: Tissue culture media; the essential non-dialyzable factors in XXXX placental cord serum.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity4620 ( @entity4620 ), an important enzyme involved in signal transduction in mammals, is also secreted by many microorganisms. A highly conserved HKD motif has been identified in most @entity4620 homologs in the @entity4620 superfamily. However, the @entity141 -dependent @entity4620 from Streptomyces chromofuscus exhibits little homology to other PLDs. We have cloned (using DNA isolated from the ATCC type strain), overexpressed in @entity526 (two expression systems, pET-23a(+) and pTYB11), and purified the S. chromofuscus @entity4620 . Based on attempts at sequence alignment with other known @entity141 -independent @entity4620 enzymes from Streptomyces species, we mutated five @entity3793 residues (His72, His171, His187, His200, His226) that could be part of variants of an HKD motif. Only @entity71121 and @entity71122 showed dramatically reduced activity. However, mutation of these @entity3793 residues to @entity493 also significantly altered the secondary structure of @entity4620 . @entity2734 replacements at these positions yielded enzymes with structure and activity similar to the recombinant wild-type @entity4620 . The extent of @entity8558 (PA) activation of PC hydrolysis by the recombinant @entity4620 enzymes differed in magnitude from @entity4620 purified from S. chromofuscus culture medium (a 2-fold activation rather than 4-5-fold). One of the His mutants, @entity71123 , showed a 12-fold enhancement by PA, suggesting this residue is involved in the kinetic activation. Another notable difference of this bacterial @entity4620 from others is that it has a single @entity462 ( @entity2569 123); other Streptomyces @entity141 -independent PLDs have eight @entity2569 involved in intramolecular @entity1520 bonds. Both @entity71124 and @entity71125 , with secondary structure and stability similar to recombinant wild-type @entity4620 , exhibited specific activity reduced by 10(-5) and 10(-4). The @entity2569 mutants still bound @entity141 , so that it is likely that this residue is part of the active site of the @entity141 -dependent @entity4620 . This would suggest that S. chromofuscus @entity4620 is a member of a new class of @entity4620 enzymes.

title: Cloning, overexpression, and characterization of a bacterial XXXX -dependent phospholipase D.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity4620 :: ('MESH:D003699', 'Disease') :: ['PLD', 'Phospholipase D']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity2734 :: ('CHEBI:17196', 'Chemical') :: ['Asparagine']

entities_list: @entity8558 :: ('MESH:D010712', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2+']


abstract: 1. We have studied synapse elimination in the submandibular ganglion of neonatal @entity35 to determine the effects of retarded target growth on synaptic development. Neurons of this ganglion provide parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. 2. Ligating the main salivary ducts 2-4 days after birth at a point where nerve fibers were not damaged reduces gland weight by 55% during the 2nd wk after birth and 80% by adulthood. 3. In control animals, the average number of preganglionic inputs/neuron normally declines steadily during the first few weeks after birth, before stabilizing during the 5th wk at the control adult level. Between birth and adulthood, the number of ganglionic neurons increases by 150%. 4. Ganglia from duct-ligated animals showed an acceleration in the process of synapse elimination. Input number in experimental @entity21 reached the control adult level during the 3rd wk after birth. This acceleration is confined solely to @entity21 that innervate the underdeveloped glands. 5. The loss of inputs was not further enhanced by prolonged target @entity194 . Thus average input numbers to neurons of 5th wk or adult experimental @entity21 were not different from age-matched control values. 6. No differences from control values were seen in most cases for resting potentials, input resistances, or cell size. However, the increase in neuron number was retarded in experimental animals, and the number of synapses/neuronal profile was reduced in the adult animals. 7. Thus subnormal target growth leads to an acceleration in the process of synaptic elimination in neonatal @entity35 . This acceleration may be mediated by alterations in the level of trophic factors emanating from the target.

title: Neonatal synapse elimination in the XXXX submandibular ganglion: effect of retarded target growth.

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['ganglia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Gaze, the direction of the @entity227 in space, is the sum of the eye position relative to the head (E) plus head position relative to space (H). In the old explanation, which we call the oculocentric motor strategy, of how a rapid orienting gaze shift is controlled, it is assumed that 1) a saccadic eye movement is programmed with an amplitude equal to the target's offset angle, 2) this eye movement is programmed without reference to whether a @entity910 is planned, 3) if the head turns simultaneously the saccade is reduced in size by an amount equal to the head's contribution, and 4) the saccade is attenuated by the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) slow phase. @entity1 have an oculomotor range (OMR) of about +/- 55 degrees. The use of the oculocentric motor strategy to acquire targets lying beyond the OMR requires programming saccades that cannot be made physically. We have studied in normal @entity1 subjects rapid horizontal gaze shifts to visible and remembered targets situated within and beyond the OMR at offsets ranging from 30 to 160 degrees. Heads were attached to an apparatus that permitted short unexpected perturbations of the head trajectory. The acceleration and deceleration phases of the head perturbation could be timed to occur at different points in the eye movement. 4. Single-step rapid gaze shifts of all sizes up to at least 160 degrees (the limit studied) could be accomplished with the classic single-eye saccade and an accompanying saccadelike @entity910 . In gaze shifts less than approximately 45 degrees, when head motion was prevented totally by the brake, the eye attained the target. For larger target eccentricities the gaze shift was interrupted by the brake and the average eye saccade amplitude was approximately 45 degrees, well short of the OMR. Thus saccadic eye movement amplitude was neurally, not mechanically, limited. When the head's motion was not perturbed by the brake, the eye saccade amplitude was a function of head velocity: for a given target offset, the faster the head the smaller the saccade. For gaze shifts to targets beyond the OMR and when head velocity was low, the eye frequently attained the 45 degrees position limit and remained there, immobile, until gaze attained the target.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Gaze control in XXXX : eye-head coordination during orienting movements to targets within and beyond the oculomotor range.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'Humans']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual axis']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['head movement']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Suppose one of your clients from southern Florida starts talking about @entity291 egrets while you are vaccinating her cat. It seems she found a nearly dead egret near the @entity291 pen a few days ago, picked it up, and noticed a number of what looked like small ticks on the legs. Or, suppose you are called out to a small dairy in central Texas to look at some @entity291 that are feverish and anemic. The first animal you examine has a few brown ticks attached just under the tail. Finally, perhaps you are looking at a lame tortoise for a reptile fancier, a new client, and find a large, colorful tick on a hind leg, well up under the shell. Ring any bells? Egrets are great hosts for the immature stages of Amblyomma ticks and have been captured and marked in the eastern Caribbean, then recaptured in the Florida Keys. Those @entity291 ticks in Texas might be acaricide-resistant Boophilus ticks that originated in Mexico. The Amblyomma tick on the tortoise could well have "hitch-hiked" all the way from South Africa. By now you remember that both Amblyomma and Boophilus ticks are efficient vectors of two @entity66 in this hemisphere, heartwater (in the case of Amblyomma) and @entity743 (transmitted by Boophilus ticks). Both of these diseases are exotic to the United States, and because our livestock are considered to be totally susceptible, an introduced @entity281 could result in high initial death losses (approximately 70%); thus, both the ticks and the diseases pose immediate threats to the health and economic security of United States animal industries. Most importantly, you, whether as a small animal or large animal practitioner, are the first line of defense against such exotic diseases and their vectors.

title: XXXX and heartwater: threats without boundaries.

entities_list: @entity743 :: ('MESH:D001404', 'Disease') :: ['babesiosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['tickborne diseases']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity743 :: (MESH:D001404,Disease) :: ['Babesiosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity12502 is the causative agent of @entity1 plague and is endemic in various African, Asian and American countries. In @entity66 represents a significant public health problem with hundreds of @entity1 cases a year. Unfortunately, poor infrastructure makes outbreak investigations challenging. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: DNA was extracted directly from 93 clinical samples from @entity1 with a clinical diagnosis of plague in Madagascar in 2007. The extracted DNAs were then genotyped using three molecular genotyping methods, including, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) analysis. These methods provided increasing resolution, respectively. The results of these analyses revealed that, in 2007, ten molecular groups, two newly described here and eight previously identified, were responsible for causing @entity1 plague in geographically distinct areas of Madagascar. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Plague in Madagascar is caused by numerous distinct types of @entity12502 . Genotyping method choice should be based upon the discriminatory power needed, expense, and available data for any desired comparisons. We conclude that genotyping should be a standard tool used in epidemiological investigations of plague outbreaks.

title: Diverse Genotypes of XXXX Caused Plague in Madagascar in 2007.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity12502 :: ('632', 'Species') :: ['Yersinia pestis', 'Y. pestis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Madagascar, the disease']

answer: @entity12502 :: (632,Species) :: ['Yersinia pestis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of wet cupping therapy as a single treatment for persistent nonspecific @entity1643 (PNSLBP). DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial comparing wet cupping versus no treatment in PNSLBP. SETTING: Outpatient clinic in three secondary care hospitals in Saudi Arabia. @entity1 : Eighty eligible @entity1 with PNSLBP for at least 3 months were randomly allocated to an intervention group (n=40) or to a control group (n=40). INTERVENTIONS: Six wet cupping sessions within 2 weeks, each of which were done at two bladder meridian (BL) acupuncture points among BL23, BL24, and BL25. Only @entity1443 was allowed as a rescue treatment in both groups. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), McGill Present @entity158 Intensity (PPI), and @entity717 Questionnaire (ODQ) were used as outcome measures. Numbers of @entity1443 tablets taken were compared at 4 weeks from baseline. Adverse events were recorded. RESULTS: At the end of the intervention, statistically significant differences in the three outcome measures favoring the wet cupping group compared with the control group were seen: NRS score, 29.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.6-33.8) versus 57.9 (95% CI, 53.3-62.6), respectively; PPI score, 1.17 (95% CI, 0.96-1.4) versus 2.3 (95% CI, 2.1- 2.7); and ODQ score, 19.6 (95% CI, 16.5-22.7) versus 35.4 (95% CI, 32.3-38.5) (p=0.0001). This improvement continued for another 2 weeks after the end of the intervention. @entity1443 was used less in the wet cupping group, but this difference was not statistically significant. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Wet cupping is potentially effective in reducing @entity158 and improving disability associated with PNSLBP at least for 2 weeks after the end of the wet cupping period. Placebo-controlled trials are needed.

title: The Use of Wet Cupping for Persistent Nonspecific XXXX : Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry Disability']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen', 'Acetaminophen']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['Low Back Pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of routine intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring for sporadic @entity459 is contentious. Satisfactory results can be achieved in high-volume centres. The results of low-volume hospitals are rarely studied. METHODS: A retrospective, non-comparative study was conducted. From November 2002 to October 2012, 105 @entity1 with clinically sporadic @entity459 underwent focused parathyroidectomy without intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring. Single @entity652 was localised on pre-operative ultrasonography or sestamibi scan. The cure rate, surgical complication rate and pathology findings were evaluated. RESULTS: Most of the operations (63.8 per cent) were performed under local anaesthesia. All but two @entity1 (98.1 per cent) were cured after surgery. There was only one case of double @entity652 . No recurrent @entity2742 was observed after a mean follow up of 56.9 months. Surgical complications comprised two cases (1.9 per cent) of transient @entity3746 and one case (1.0 per cent) of permanent @entity3746 . Seven @entity1 (6.7 per cent) suffered temporary hypocalcaemia. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory results of focused parathyroidectomy without routine intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring for appropriately selected @entity459 cases can be attained in a low-volume hospital.

title: Focused parathyroidectomy without intra-operative parathyroid hormone monitoring for XXXX : results in a low-volume hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity3746 :: ('MESH:D014826', 'Disease') :: ['vocal fold palsy']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroidism']

answer: @entity459 :: (MESH:D049950,Disease) :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a framework for comparing products according to their total estimated environmental impact, summed over all chemical emissions and activities associated with a product at all stages in its life cycle (from raw material acquisition, manufacturing, use, to final disposal). For each chemical involved, the exposure associated with the mass released into the environment, integrated over time and space, is multiplied by a toxicological measure to estimate the likelihood of effects and their potential consequences. In this article, we explore the use of quantitative methods drawn from conventional single-chemical regulatory risk assessments to create a procedure for the estimation of the @entity5 effect measure in the impact phase of LCA. The approach is based on the maximum likelihood estimate of the effect dose inducing a 10% response over background, ED10, and default linear low-dose extrapolation using the slope betaED10 (0.1/ED10). The calculated effects may correspond to residual risks below current regulatory compliance requirements that occur over multiple generations and at multiple locations; but at the very least they represent a "using up" of some portion of the @entity1 population's ability to accommodate emissions. Preliminary comparisons are performed with existing measures, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA's) slope factor measure q1*. By analyzing bioassay data for 44 chemicals drawn from the EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database, we explore estimating ED10 from more readily available information such as the median @entity5 dose rate TD50 and the median single lethal dose LD50. Based on the TD50, we then estimate the ED10 for more than 600 chemicals. Differences in potential consequences, or severity, are addressed by combining betaED10 with the measure disability adjusted life years per affected @entity1 , DALYp. Most of the variation among chemicals for @entity5 effects is found to be due to differences in the slope factors (betaED10) ranging from 10(-4) up to 10(4) (risk of @entity5 /mg/kg-day).

title: Assessing XXXX health response in life cycle assessment using ED10s and DALYs: part 1--Cancer effects.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'person']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity24180 ( @entity24180 ) is a severe @entity74 that is underdiagnosed, inadequately treated and has a severe long-term cardiovascular risk. Few studies have evaluated the long-term risk of high low-density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C) concentrations. AIM: To evaluate long-term mortality in a large cohort of healthy subjects, according to LDL-C concentrations. METHODS: Based on a sample of 6956  subjects visiting a preventive cardiology department, we selected adult subjects without a personal history of @entity65 . From 1995 to 2011, 4930  healthy subjects were examined and followed up until 31 December 2011. All-cause deaths were collected exhaustively. A Cox-based multivariable analysis evaluated long-term total mortality risk according to Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) LDL-C concentrations. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 8.6  years, 123 all-cause deaths were recorded (cumulative mortality rate, 2.5%). In the final multivariable model, major risk factors such as age, sex, @entity286 use and @entity6 were significantly associated with mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, @entity286 use, @entity101 , @entity6 and statin therapy, and in comparison with subjects with LDL-C<4mmol/L (<155mg/dL), subjects with LDL-C between 4 and <5mmol/L (155 to <190mg/dL) had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-3.02; P=0.001), subjects with LDL-C between 5 and <6.5mmol/L (190 to <250mg/dL) had an HR of 1.81 (95%  CI, 1.06-3.02; P=0.030), subjects with LDL-C between 6.5 and<8.5mmol/L (250 to <330mg/dL) had an HR of 2.69 (95%  CI, 1.06-6.88; P=0.038) and subjects with LDL-C>= 8.5mmol/L (>= 330mg/dL) had an HR of 6.27 (95%  CI, 0.84-46.57; P=0.073). After excluding @entity1 on @entity6817 at baseline, subjects with LDL-C>= 8.5mmol/L (>= 330mg/dL) had an HR of 8.17 (95%  CI, 1.08-62.73; P=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: The severity of LDL-C elevation is associated with a higher risk of @entity204 in healthy subjects. DLCN LDL-C concentrations may be used in daily practice to identify @entity1 with @entity24180 who warrant aggressive treatment.

title: Dutch Lipid Clinic Network low-density lipoprotein XXXX criteria are associated with long-term mortality in the general population.

entities_list: @entity24180 :: ('MESH:C535776', 'Disease') :: ['Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia', 'HeFH']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: The effect of neonatal @entity342 treatment on the @entity2338 secretory pattern was examined in intact and ovariectomized adult female @entity35 . Neonatal ovariectomy or sham operation was performed at 1-2 days of age; thereafter, the animals were immediately given @entity3033 (250 micrograms) or vehicle. Other @entity35 , also treated neonatally with @entity251 , were ovariectomized 15-22 days before blood sampling. Plasma @entity2338 was measured in blood samples obtained from indwelling intraatrial cannulae every 20 min for 8 h when the animals were 100-140 days old. Plasma @entity2338 secretory patterns were analyzed by a pulse analysis computer program (PULSAR). Neonatal @entity251 treatment did not affect the @entity2338 secretory pattern of female @entity35 with intact ovaries. In contrast, neonatal @entity342 treatment enhanced @entity2338 pulse height as well as mean @entity2338 concentration in neonatally ovariectomized female @entity35 to levels comparable to those in intact male @entity35 . Neonatal @entity251 administration also significantly increased @entity2338 pulse height and mean plasma @entity2338 concentration in female @entity35 that were ovariectomized during adulthood. However, the @entity2338 secretory pattern of ovariectomized female @entity35 given @entity251 neonatally still differed markedly from that of normal males, in that @entity2338 pulses occurred less regularly and baseline levels were higher. Pituitary @entity2338 content and concentration in neonatally ovariectomized female @entity35 were increased to levels indistinguishable from those in male @entity35 by neonatal @entity251 treatment. No significant effect of neonatal @entity251 was observed in sham-operated females. Neonatal ovariectomy decreased basal plasma @entity2338 levels, but did not affect plasma @entity2338 pulse height or pituitary @entity2338 levels. The serum @entity53 concentration was markedly decreased in ovariectomized female @entity35 , but was unchanged in sham-operated @entity35 given neonatal @entity251 , raising the possibility that serum @entity53 secretion mediated the antagonistic effect of the ovaries on neonatal @entity342 imprinting. These results indicate that the presence of ovaries can prevent the stimulatory effect of neonatal @entity342 exposure on @entity2338 storage and secretion in adult female @entity35 .

title: Inhibitory effect of the ovaries on neonatal XXXX imprinting of growth hormone secretion in female @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3033 :: ('MESH:D043343', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone propionate']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: The effect of neonatal @entity342 treatment on the @entity2338 secretory pattern was examined in intact and ovariectomized adult female @entity35 . Neonatal ovariectomy or sham operation was performed at 1-2 days of age; thereafter, the animals were immediately given @entity3033 (250 micrograms) or vehicle. Other @entity35 , also treated neonatally with @entity251 , were ovariectomized 15-22 days before blood sampling. Plasma @entity2338 was measured in blood samples obtained from indwelling intraatrial cannulae every 20 min for 8 h when the animals were 100-140 days old. Plasma @entity2338 secretory patterns were analyzed by a pulse analysis computer program (PULSAR). Neonatal @entity251 treatment did not affect the @entity2338 secretory pattern of female @entity35 with intact ovaries. In contrast, neonatal @entity342 treatment enhanced @entity2338 pulse height as well as mean @entity2338 concentration in neonatally ovariectomized female @entity35 to levels comparable to those in intact male @entity35 . Neonatal @entity251 administration also significantly increased @entity2338 pulse height and mean plasma @entity2338 concentration in female @entity35 that were ovariectomized during adulthood. However, the @entity2338 secretory pattern of ovariectomized female @entity35 given @entity251 neonatally still differed markedly from that of normal males, in that @entity2338 pulses occurred less regularly and baseline levels were higher. Pituitary @entity2338 content and concentration in neonatally ovariectomized female @entity35 were increased to levels indistinguishable from those in male @entity35 by neonatal @entity251 treatment. No significant effect of neonatal @entity251 was observed in sham-operated females. Neonatal ovariectomy decreased basal plasma @entity2338 levels, but did not affect plasma @entity2338 pulse height or pituitary @entity2338 levels. The serum @entity53 concentration was markedly decreased in ovariectomized female @entity35 , but was unchanged in sham-operated @entity35 given neonatal @entity251 , raising the possibility that serum @entity53 secretion mediated the antagonistic effect of the ovaries on neonatal @entity342 imprinting. These results indicate that the presence of ovaries can prevent the stimulatory effect of neonatal @entity342 exposure on @entity2338 storage and secretion in adult female @entity35 .

title: Inhibitory effect of the ovaries on neonatal @entity342 imprinting of growth hormone secretion in female XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Results from a number of long-term follow-up studies have suggested that @entity101 in pregnancy are associated with increased risk of @entity65 later in life. More recently, this putative relationship has been substantiated with findings of elevated cardiovascular risk factors, such as lipid profiles and @entity413 , in @entity1 with a history of @entity101 . @entity1255 is a sensitive indicator of increased risk but data on @entity1255 levels in @entity1 with a history of @entity101 are inconsistent. DESIGN: This cohort study included 279 @entity1 with a history of @entity101 at term and 85 @entity1 with a history of uncomplicated pregnancies who participated in the Hypitat Risk Assessment Study (HyRAS). METHODS: Blood samples for total @entity1255 determination were taken 2.5 years postpartum. @entity1255 levels were determined in plasma using an immunoassay. RESULTS: @entity1 with a history of @entity101 had significant higher median @entity1255 levels (10.66    mol/L) 2.5 years postpartum compared with @entity1 with a history uncomplicated pregnancies (9.82    mol/L; p=0.002). @entity1 with a history of @entity101 had a higher risk of having a @entity1255 level in the highest quartile (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.5-7.6). CONCLUSION: At 2.5 years postpartum, @entity1 with a history @entity101 had higher @entity1255 levels than @entity1 who had uncomplicated pregnancies. Although higher @entity1255 levels might be a potential link between a history of @entity101 and @entity65 risk later in life, the clinical implications remain an area for future research.

title: Homocysteinemia After XXXX Pregnancy Disorders at Term.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive disorders', 'hypertensive pregnancy disorders']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine', 'Homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['increased cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['Hypertensive']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7874 ( @entity7874 ) secondary to @entity177 ( @entity177 ) is an inflammation-regulated process, but its pathogenesis remains unknown. We sought to assess the cellular processes that are involved in the early phases of @entity886 using a unique animal model of @entity177 -associated @entity7874 . METHODS: Aortic valves were obtained from @entity35 that were fed a @entity5507 -inducing diet exclusively for 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks as well as from controls. Pathological examination of the valves included histological characterization, von Kossa staining, and antigen expression analyses. RESULTS: After 2 weeks, we noted a significant increase in @entity1133 and @entity1011 levels, reflecting @entity177 . @entity177 parameters exacerbated until the Week 5 and plateaued. Whereas no histological changes or @entity730 was observed in the valves of any study group, macrophage accumulation became apparent as early as 2 weeks after the diet was started and rose after 3 weeks. By western blot, osteoblast markers were expressed after 2 weeks on the diet and decreased after 6 weeks. Collagen 3 was up-regulated after 3 weeks, plateauing at 4 weeks, whereas collagen 1 levels peaked at 2 and 4 weeks. Fibronectin levels increased gradually until Week 5 and decreased at 6 weeks. We observed early activation of the ERK pathway, whereas other pathways remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that @entity177 induces dramatic changes at the cellular level, including macrophage accumulation, activation of cell signaling pathway and extracellular matrix modification. These changes precede valve @entity730 and may increase propensity for @entity730 , and have to be investigated further.

title: Cellular Changes during Renal Failure-Induced Inflammatory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve disease']

entities_list: @entity7874 :: ('MESH:C562942', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic valve calcification', 'AVC']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'RF']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity886 :: (MESH:C563178,Disease) :: ['Aortic Valve Disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: There is a growing awareness of the importance of carotid plaque features evaluation in @entity64 prediction. Carotid @entity121 ( @entity121 ) and recently its echogenicity were used for @entity64 prediction, although their clinical relevance was not well determined. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between common carotid artery (CCA) ultrasound markers of @entity731 and distal, bifurcation and internal carotid artery (ICA), plaque features. METHODS: We analyzed 137 carotid arteries in 87 asymptomatic @entity1 with known @entity66 (mean age 69  6year, 34.5% females). @entity121 ( @entity121 ) and its gray scale median (IM-GSM) were measured at the CCA. Plaque textural features including gray scale median (GSM), juxtaluminal black area (JBA-mm(2)) without a visible cap, and @entity400 , at bifurcation and ICA were also determined. CCA measurements were correlated with those of the distal plaques. RESULTS: An increased @entity121 in CCA correlated with plaque irregularities in the bifurcation and ICA (r=0.53, p<0.001), while IM-GSM was closely related to plaque echogenicity (GSM) (r=0.76, p<0.001), and other textural plaque features. Both, @entity121 and IM-GSM correlated weakly with @entity850 severity (r=0.27, p=0.001 and r=-0.18, p=0.026) respectively. CONCLUSION: In asymptomatic @entity1 , measurements of CCA reflect distal, bifurcation and ICA disease, with @entity121 reflecting plaque irregularities and IM-GSM as markers of @entity854 . Integrating measurements of both @entity121 and IM-GSM in a model could be used as a better marker of disease vulnerability over and above each measure individually.

title: Common carotid intima-media features determine XXXX phenotype and vulnerability in asymptomatic @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['carotid disease']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['textural plaque abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['plaque coarseness']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['Intima media thickness', 'IMT', 'intima-media thickness']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['distal disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: There is a growing awareness of the importance of carotid plaque features evaluation in @entity64 prediction. Carotid @entity121 ( @entity121 ) and recently its echogenicity were used for @entity64 prediction, although their clinical relevance was not well determined. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between common carotid artery (CCA) ultrasound markers of @entity731 and distal, bifurcation and internal carotid artery (ICA), plaque features. METHODS: We analyzed 137 carotid arteries in 87 asymptomatic @entity1 with known @entity66 (mean age 69  6year, 34.5% females). @entity121 ( @entity121 ) and its gray scale median (IM-GSM) were measured at the CCA. Plaque textural features including gray scale median (GSM), juxtaluminal black area (JBA-mm(2)) without a visible cap, and @entity400 , at bifurcation and ICA were also determined. CCA measurements were correlated with those of the distal plaques. RESULTS: An increased @entity121 in CCA correlated with plaque irregularities in the bifurcation and ICA (r=0.53, p<0.001), while IM-GSM was closely related to plaque echogenicity (GSM) (r=0.76, p<0.001), and other textural plaque features. Both, @entity121 and IM-GSM correlated weakly with @entity850 severity (r=0.27, p=0.001 and r=-0.18, p=0.026) respectively. CONCLUSION: In asymptomatic @entity1 , measurements of CCA reflect distal, bifurcation and ICA disease, with @entity121 reflecting plaque irregularities and IM-GSM as markers of @entity854 . Integrating measurements of both @entity121 and IM-GSM in a model could be used as a better marker of disease vulnerability over and above each measure individually.

title: Common carotid intima-media features determine @entity66 phenotype and vulnerability in asymptomatic XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity19 ( @entity2659 ) were exposed to aerosol concentrations of 0.0, 0.03, 0.14, or 0.69 mg/liter of @entity11728 ( @entity11728 ), a high-boiling coal liquid from the solvent-refined coal (SRC)-II process. Exposures were for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks. Particle sizes ranged between 1.6 and 1.8 micron, mass median aerodynamic diameter, with a geometric standard deviation range of 1.9-2.5. Growth for high-dose males was significantly less than that of the control group. Compared to controls, weights of liver were significantly higher and those of ovaries and thymus significantly lower; these changes were significant on both absolute and relative weight bases. The number of red blood cells, volume of packed red cells, and hemoglobin concentration for animals from the high-dose group were significantly lower than those of controls. Microscopic examination of organ sections showed focal hepatic @entity39 and nonspecific hepatopathy. Additionally, olfactory epithelial degeneration occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Results from this study indicated that exposure to @entity11728 caused adverse effects at the high dose and that these changes were either less severe or absent in middle-dose group @entity19 . Comparison of these results with those for @entity35 indicated that with @entity35 the biological effects were more severe and present at lower doses than was observed for @entity19 .

title: Effects of subchronic inhalation exposure of XXXX to a high-boiling coal liquid.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity11728 :: ('MESH:D006362', 'Disease') :: ['heavy distillate', 'HD']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate @entity281 -related mortality in individuals with @entity164 1 and @entity164 2 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1,108,982 individuals with @entity6 who were registered with the Australian @entity6 register between 2000 and 2010 were linked to the National Death Index. Mortality outcomes were defined as @entity281 -relatedA-B @entity204 (ICD codes A99-B99), @entity55 (J12-J189), @entity295 (A40 and A41), and @entity4034 (M86). RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 6.7 years, there were 2,891, 2,158, 1,248, and 147 deaths from @entity281 -relatedA-B causes, @entity55 , @entity295 , or @entity4034 , respectively. Crude mortality rates from infectionsA-B were 0.147 and 0.431 per 1,000 @entity1 -years in @entity164 1 and @entity164 2 @entity6 , respectively. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were higher in @entity164 1 and @entity164 2 @entity6 for all outcomes after adjustment for age and sex. For @entity281 -relatedA-B mortality, SMRs were 4.42 (95% CI 3.68-5.34) and 1.47 (1.42-1.53) for @entity164 1 and @entity164 2 @entity6 (P < 0.001), respectively. For @entity55 in @entity164 1 @entity6 , SMRs were approximately 5 and 6 in males and females, respectively, while the excess risk was    20% for @entity164 2 (both sexes). For @entity295 , SMRs were approximately 10 and 2 for @entity164 1 and @entity164 2 @entity6 , respectively, and similar by sex. For @entity4034 in @entity164 1 @entity6 , SMRs were 16 and 58 in males and females, respectively, and    3 for @entity164 2 @entity6 (both sexes). CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity204 owing to @entity281 is rare, we confirm that @entity1 with @entity6 have an increased mortality from a range of @entity281 , compared with the general population, and that the increased risk appears to be greater for @entity164 1 than @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: Excess Risk of Dying From Infectious Causes in Those With Type 1 and Type 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate changes in the timing of prenatal diagnosis and abortion for @entity2008 over the past 10 years. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective review identified singleton pregnancies with fetal @entity2008 that were diagnosed from 2005-2014 and included @entity1467 , @entity7440 . The study period was divided into 3 intervals: 2005-2006; 2007-2011; and 2012-2014. Gestational ages at prenatal diagnosis and abortion were compared over these intervals. RESULTS: The 213 cases included 142 cases of @entity1467 (66.7%), 47 cases of Trisomy 18 (22.1%), and 24 cases of Trisomy 13  (11.3%). Two hundred one @entity1 (94.4%) chose to undergo abortion. The median gestational ages at prenatal diagnosis and @entity5852 or 13 were 12 weeks (interquartile range, 12-13 weeks) and 13 weeks (interquartile range, 12-15.5 weeks) and did not change over the study period. In contrast, in pregnancies with @entity1467 , the median gestational age at prenatal diagnosis (16, 13, and 12 weeks; P < .001) and abortion (17, 14, and 13 weeks; P  <  .001) both decreased significantly over the study intervals. In @entity1467 pregnancies, the proportion of @entity1 who underwent chorionic villus sampling significantly increased over the 3 study intervals (36%, 63%, and 86%; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Since 2005, the gestational ages at prenatal diagnosis and abortion for @entity1467 have declined significantly. These changes are likely attributable to improvements in early screening that leads to higher rates of chorionic villus sampling.

title: Trends in timing of prenatal diagnosis and abortion for fetal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5852 :: ('MESH:D000031', 'Disease') :: ['abortion for Trisomy 18']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ['Down syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity7440 :: ('MESH:C580500', 'Disease') :: ['Trisomy 18, and Trisomy 13']

answer: @entity2008 :: (MESH:D002869,Disease) :: ['chromosomal abnormalities']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) have been used as a cellular therapeutic option for treatment of @entity2530 of the femoral head. However, use of bmMSCs as a treatment adjuvant for orthopaedic disorders in general has achieved limited success. Adipose-derived MSCs (aMSCs) may be a more-efficient regenerative cell source given their greater quantity and protection from physiologic stress. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We asked the following questions in a paired analysis of MSCs from @entity1 with @entity2530 : (1) Is there a difference in proliferation potential between aMSCs and bmMSCs? (2) Is there a difference in osteogenic differentiation potential between aMSCs and bmMSCs? (3) Are genetic pathways differentially expressed between aMSCs and bmMSCs that may govern functional phenotypic discrepancies? METHODS: Periarticular samples of adipose tissue and bone marrow from the femoral canal were obtained from 15 @entity1 undergoing hip replacement for late-stage (Steinberg Stages III-VI) @entity2530 . MSCs were isolated from both tissue sources and taken through a standardized 20-day cell division protocol to establish cumulative cell count. They also were grown in osteogenic differentiation media for 14  days with subsequent measurement of alkaline phosphatase in units of optical density. RNA was isolated from aMSCs and bmMSCs in five @entity1 to assess differentially expressed genetic pathways using the Affymetrix GeneChip(  ) @entity1 Transcriptome Array 2.0 platform. RESULTS: Proliferation capacity was increased by fourfold in aMSCs compared with bmMSCs after 20  days in culture. The mean difference in cumulative cell count was 3.99 * 10(8) cells ( @entity1 .67 * 10(8) cells; 95% CI, 3.07 * 10(8)-4.92 * 10(8) cells; p  <  0.001). Bone differentiation efficiency as measured by optical density was increased by 2.25-fold in aMSCs compared with bmMSCs. The mean difference in optical density was 1.27 (SD  =  0.34; 95% CI, 1.08-1.46; p  <  0.001). RNA transcriptome analysis showed 284 genes that met statistical (p  <  0.05) and biological (fold change  >  1.5) significance cutoffs for differential expression between cell populations. Subsequent network topology of differentially expressed genes showed alterations in pathways critical for musculoskeletal tissue development in addition to many nonspecific findings. CONCLUSIONS: aMSCs outperform bmMSCs in growth rate and bone differentiation potential in the setting of @entity2530 , suggesting they may provide a more-potent regenerative therapeutic strategy in this population. Differential expression of genes and cellular pathways highlighted in this study may provide therapeutic targets for cellular optimization or acellular treatment strategies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: aMSCs may provide a more robust cellular therapeutic than bmMSCs for treatment of @entity2530 . Ideally, a well-designed prospective study will be able to evaluate the efficacy of these cellular therapies side-by-side in @entity1 with bilateral early stage disease.

title: Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Phenotypically Superior for Regeneration in the Setting of XXXX of the Femoral Head.

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity2530 :: (MESH:D010020,Disease) :: ['Osteonecrosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the mean body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) and prevalence of low weight (BMI<20) and @entity28 (BMI>= 30) in 3 population-based surveys, and to describe the longitudinal changes during 1994-2008 in mean BMI, and the prevalence of low weight and @entity28 . SETTING: A population study in Troms  , Norway. @entity1 : A total of 29   688 different @entity1 in 1 or more of 3 surveys (1994-1995, 2001-2002 and 2007-2008). Longitudinal analyses comprised 9845 @entity1 aged 25-69 in 1994 who participated in the 1994-1995 and 2007-2008 surveys and 4202 @entity1 and @entity1 who participated in all 3 surveys. OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean age-specific and sex-specific BMI, prevalence of low weight and @entity28 , and changes in BMI and prevalence of low weight and @entity28 during 1994-2008, according to sex and birth cohort. RESULTS: The age-adjusted (ages 30-84) prevalence of @entity28 increased from 9.8% and 11.8% in @entity1 and @entity1 , respectively, in 1994-1995 to 20.9% and 18.5%, respectively, in 2007-2008. The increase in mean age-adjusted BMI was stronger from 1994-1995 to 2001-2002 than from 2001-2002 to 2007-2008. Longitudinal results confirmed that the change in BMI from 1994-1995 to 2001-2002 was larger (0.9   kg/m(2) (95% CI 0.8 to 1.0) in @entity1 and 1.3   kg/m(2) (95% CI 1.2 to 1.4) in @entity1 ) than from 2001-2002 to 2007-2008 (0.2   kg/m(2) (95% CI 0.1 to 0.3) in @entity1 and @entity1 ). The most recently born had the largest increase (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The mean BMI and the prevalence of @entity28 are still increasing in Troms  , and the increase is strongest in the youngest age groups. However, the increase in BMI was less marked in the last period (from 2001-2002 to 2007-2008) than in the first period (1994-1995 to 2001-2002).

title: Changes in body mass index and the prevalence of XXXX during 1994-2008: repeated cross-sectional surveys and longitudinal analyses. The Troms   Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In guidelines for the primary prevention of @entity65 , systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is treated with medication at lower levels of risk than those at which @entity1780 treatment is recommended for @entity165 lowering. AIM: To compare the potential benefits of antihypertensive medication and @entity1780 therapy in @entity101 @entity1 , and examine whether this policy is rational. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional survey. METHODS: We studied 146 @entity1 and 150 @entity1 aged 56 (54-58) (mean (95% CI)) years and 60 (58-62) years, respectively, who had commenced drug therapy for @entity101 within 10 years in five general practices in Greater Manchester. @entity301 ( @entity301 ) and @entity64 risk were calculated, and the potential benefit of blood pressure lowering treatment and @entity1780 therapy estimated using the results of published meta-analyses of clinical trials. RESULTS: Blood pressure before treatment was initiated was 176 (173-179)/102 (100-104) mmHg in @entity1 and 176 (172-179)/98 (96-100) mmHg in women. Serum @entity165 was 5.7 (5.5-5.9) mmol/l and high density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 1.3 (1.2-1.4) mmol/l in @entity1 . The corresponding values in @entity1 were 6.3 (6.1-6.5) mmol/l and 1.5 (1.4-1.6) mmol/l. Of the @entity1 , 44% (36-52%) smoked and 23% (17-31%) had @entity6 , whereas 27% (20-35%) of the @entity1 smoked and 26% (19-34%) had @entity6 . These risk factors gave the combined group of @entity1 and @entity1 a @entity301 risk of 19.7% (12.0-28.0%) (median (IQR)) and a @entity64 risk of 8.8% (3.8-13.9%) over the next 10 years. All @entity1 were prescribed antihypertensive medication and 15% subsequently received @entity1780 treatment. The 10-year @entity301 risk would be expected to decrease to 16.5% (10.1-23.5%) on anti- @entity101 therapy. Had @entity1780 treatment been given instead, it would have been reduced to 13.2% (8.05-18.7%). For @entity64 , the 10-year risk on antihypertensive therapy was calculated as 5.5% (2.4-8.6%) and on @entity1780 6.2% (2.7-9.9%). This meant that combined @entity301 and @entity64 risk would be reduced from 29.4% (17.5-41.5%) to 22.4% (17.5-41.5%) on antihypertensive therapy and to 20.1% (11.9-28.2%) on statins. The difference between @entity1780 and antihypertensive therapy was statistically significant (p<0.0001). DISCUSSION: Because the object of drug treatment in mild-moderate @entity101 is to reduce @entity65 risk and not simply to decrease blood pressure, current recommendations and practice should be revised so that more @entity1 can benefit from evidence-based therapy favouring a more holistic approach, including @entity165 -lowering therapy.

title: Preventing @entity65 in XXXX : effects of lowering blood pressure and @entity165 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'Coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In guidelines for the primary prevention of @entity65 , systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is treated with medication at lower levels of risk than those at which @entity1780 treatment is recommended for @entity165 lowering. AIM: To compare the potential benefits of antihypertensive medication and @entity1780 therapy in @entity101 @entity1 , and examine whether this policy is rational. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional survey. METHODS: We studied 146 @entity1 and 150 @entity1 aged 56 (54-58) (mean (95% CI)) years and 60 (58-62) years, respectively, who had commenced drug therapy for @entity101 within 10 years in five general practices in Greater Manchester. @entity301 ( @entity301 ) and @entity64 risk were calculated, and the potential benefit of blood pressure lowering treatment and @entity1780 therapy estimated using the results of published meta-analyses of clinical trials. RESULTS: Blood pressure before treatment was initiated was 176 (173-179)/102 (100-104) mmHg in @entity1 and 176 (172-179)/98 (96-100) mmHg in women. Serum @entity165 was 5.7 (5.5-5.9) mmol/l and high density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 1.3 (1.2-1.4) mmol/l in @entity1 . The corresponding values in @entity1 were 6.3 (6.1-6.5) mmol/l and 1.5 (1.4-1.6) mmol/l. Of the @entity1 , 44% (36-52%) smoked and 23% (17-31%) had @entity6 , whereas 27% (20-35%) of the @entity1 smoked and 26% (19-34%) had @entity6 . These risk factors gave the combined group of @entity1 and @entity1 a @entity301 risk of 19.7% (12.0-28.0%) (median (IQR)) and a @entity64 risk of 8.8% (3.8-13.9%) over the next 10 years. All @entity1 were prescribed antihypertensive medication and 15% subsequently received @entity1780 treatment. The 10-year @entity301 risk would be expected to decrease to 16.5% (10.1-23.5%) on anti- @entity101 therapy. Had @entity1780 treatment been given instead, it would have been reduced to 13.2% (8.05-18.7%). For @entity64 , the 10-year risk on antihypertensive therapy was calculated as 5.5% (2.4-8.6%) and on @entity1780 6.2% (2.7-9.9%). This meant that combined @entity301 and @entity64 risk would be reduced from 29.4% (17.5-41.5%) to 22.4% (17.5-41.5%) on antihypertensive therapy and to 20.1% (11.9-28.2%) on statins. The difference between @entity1780 and antihypertensive therapy was statistically significant (p<0.0001). DISCUSSION: Because the object of drug treatment in mild-moderate @entity101 is to reduce @entity65 risk and not simply to decrease blood pressure, current recommendations and practice should be revised so that more @entity1 can benefit from evidence-based therapy favouring a more holistic approach, including @entity165 -lowering therapy.

title: Preventing @entity65 in @entity101 : effects of lowering blood pressure and XXXX .

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In guidelines for the primary prevention of @entity65 , systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is treated with medication at lower levels of risk than those at which @entity1780 treatment is recommended for @entity165 lowering. AIM: To compare the potential benefits of antihypertensive medication and @entity1780 therapy in @entity101 @entity1 , and examine whether this policy is rational. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional survey. METHODS: We studied 146 @entity1 and 150 @entity1 aged 56 (54-58) (mean (95% CI)) years and 60 (58-62) years, respectively, who had commenced drug therapy for @entity101 within 10 years in five general practices in Greater Manchester. @entity301 ( @entity301 ) and @entity64 risk were calculated, and the potential benefit of blood pressure lowering treatment and @entity1780 therapy estimated using the results of published meta-analyses of clinical trials. RESULTS: Blood pressure before treatment was initiated was 176 (173-179)/102 (100-104) mmHg in @entity1 and 176 (172-179)/98 (96-100) mmHg in women. Serum @entity165 was 5.7 (5.5-5.9) mmol/l and high density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 1.3 (1.2-1.4) mmol/l in @entity1 . The corresponding values in @entity1 were 6.3 (6.1-6.5) mmol/l and 1.5 (1.4-1.6) mmol/l. Of the @entity1 , 44% (36-52%) smoked and 23% (17-31%) had @entity6 , whereas 27% (20-35%) of the @entity1 smoked and 26% (19-34%) had @entity6 . These risk factors gave the combined group of @entity1 and @entity1 a @entity301 risk of 19.7% (12.0-28.0%) (median (IQR)) and a @entity64 risk of 8.8% (3.8-13.9%) over the next 10 years. All @entity1 were prescribed antihypertensive medication and 15% subsequently received @entity1780 treatment. The 10-year @entity301 risk would be expected to decrease to 16.5% (10.1-23.5%) on anti- @entity101 therapy. Had @entity1780 treatment been given instead, it would have been reduced to 13.2% (8.05-18.7%). For @entity64 , the 10-year risk on antihypertensive therapy was calculated as 5.5% (2.4-8.6%) and on @entity1780 6.2% (2.7-9.9%). This meant that combined @entity301 and @entity64 risk would be reduced from 29.4% (17.5-41.5%) to 22.4% (17.5-41.5%) on antihypertensive therapy and to 20.1% (11.9-28.2%) on statins. The difference between @entity1780 and antihypertensive therapy was statistically significant (p<0.0001). DISCUSSION: Because the object of drug treatment in mild-moderate @entity101 is to reduce @entity65 risk and not simply to decrease blood pressure, current recommendations and practice should be revised so that more @entity1 can benefit from evidence-based therapy favouring a more holistic approach, including @entity165 -lowering therapy.

title: Preventing XXXX in @entity101 : effects of lowering blood pressure and @entity165 .

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: Because criteria used for the prediction of @entity3152 are poorly effective, many @entity1 receive tocolytic therapy in excess during pregnancy. Beta-mimetic agonists are the reference tocolytic drugs in most countries. Their efficacy in prolonging pregnancy compared to a placebo is proven although no benefit in neonatal morbidity or mortality has been demonstrated. Beta-mimetics have many contraindications, and side-effects are frequent. Serious complications such as @entity3126 and @entity204 , though rare, have been reported. Recent research has focused on tocolytic drugs with similar efficacy to beta-mimetics but with less side effects. @entity460 -channel-blockers and @entity398 antagonists have been compared with beta-agonists in randomized trials. Both have demonstrated similar efficacy in the prolongation of pregnancy for at least 48 hours. Contrary to beta-mimetics, very few interruptions of treatment have been observed with these treatments. Other tocolytic drugs such as cyclooxygenase inhibitors, although effective in prolonging pregnancy, have unacceptable fetal side effects. @entity1420 , antispasmodic drugs and @entity2399 have been widely used but their efficacy has not been demonstrated. More recent treatments such as NO-donors and cyclooxygenase-II specific antagonists are not sufficiently evaluated. In conclusion, three main classes may be used as first line tocolytic therapy, beta-adrenergic agonists, @entity460 -channel-blockers, and @entity398 antagonists. The choice among these treatments may be based on contraindications to beta-mimetics, side-effects of the treatment, or even economic reasons.

title: [Which tocolytic drugs in case of XXXX ?].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labor']

entities_list: @entity2399 :: ('MESH:D008278', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium sulfate']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['maternal deaths']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm labor']