abstract: Immunocytochemical and electron microscopic methods were used to examine the GABAergic innervation of the inferior olivary nucleus in adult @entity35 . This neuronal system was visualized with an antibody against @entity367 decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15), the @entity1246 -synthesizing enzyme. A GAD-positive reaction product was encountered only in short segments of preterminal axons and in axon terminals. Their relative number per unit area of neuropil was very similar in all olivary subnuclei. Despite this homogeneity in density, obvious intraregional differences existed. Some regions were strongly immunoreactive (the "c" subgroup, the beta nucleus, and the mediolateral outgrowth of the medial accessory olive), whereas others were weakly labeled (the dorsomedial cell column and the central zones of the medial accessory and principal olives). The strongly immunoreactive areas contained the largest and most intensively labeled axon terminals. Areas of weak labeling were filled with small, weakly immunoreactive nerve terminals. Thus, variations in size and in intensity of labeling create a specific pattern of @entity1246 innervation, revealed by an almost continuous gradient between the above-mentioned extremes. The GAD-positive axon terminals established conventional synapses with dendrites (94% of the samples) or with cell bodies (6%). The vast majority of these synapses were type II (84%) and only a small proportion formed type I synaptic contacts (16%), regardless of the nature of the postsynaptic element. Immunoreactive terminals were also involved in the complex synaptic arrangements--the glomeruli, which characterize the olivary neuropil. Within these formations, olivary neurons were electrotonically coupled through @entity3161 . There was a constant association between GAD-positive axon terminals and small dendritic appendages linked by gap junctions. This association was revealed not only by the systematic presence of immunolabeled terminals directly apposed to the dendritic appendages but, more importantly, by the frequent presence of type II synapses straddling both elements. These synapses were in close proximity to the low-resistance pathways represented by the gap junctions. The strategic location of these @entity1246 synapses is discussed in relation to recent findings indicating the possibility of a synaptic modulation of the electrical coupling: the release of @entity1246 , by increasing nonjunctional membrane conductance, could shunt the coupling between olivary neurons. The functional decoupling of selected gap junctions would be responsible for the spatial organization of the olivary electrotonic coupling.

title: Localization of @entity367 -decarboxylase-immunoreactive axon terminals in the inferior olive of the XXXX , with special emphasis on anatomical relations between GABAergic synapses and @entity3161 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Between 1970 and 1985, 145 @entity1 were treated for @entity977 and 126 @entity1 were available for analysis. Sixty @entity1 were treated with surgery alone (Group I), 54 were treated with surgery and radiation therapy (Group II), and 12 received irradiation only without tissue diagnosis (Group III). Extent of @entity5 was evaluated by CT scan, @entity970 , and surgical reports. There were 22 microadenomas in Group I and only 1 microadenoma in Group II. The mean follow-up was 6.4 years, 85% (51/60) of @entity1 in Group I, 93% of @entity1 in Group II, and only 50% of those treated with irradiation alone achieved @entity5 control. With subsequent salvage treatment, @entity5 control in Group I was 97%. The mean time to recurrence was 3.7 years (Group I), 4.5 years (Group II), and 4 years (Group III). In summary, combined treatment is effective to decrease the chance of local recurrence of @entity977 . Nevertheless, because of successful salvage treatment after surgical failure, overall outcome is similar. Without persistent symptom after surgery or large @entity41 in or near the critical structures, postoperative irradiation can be deferred until @entity5 regrowth.

title: Radiotherapy in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'overall tumor']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of @entity1478 during postmenopausal replacement therapy with @entity11347 , using an appropriate control group. DESIGN: A total of 485 postmenopausal @entity1 were included in this open, prospective, comparative study for a duration of 36 months. Of this group, 249 @entity1 received 2.5 mg/day of @entity11347 and 244 @entity1 served as controls, receiving continuous-combined @entity172 -progestogen therapy ( @entity101 ). Transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy, and directed biopsies were performed before treatment was initiated and at the end of the study. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-one of the @entity1 receiving @entity11347 and 203 receiving continuous-combined @entity101 completed the study. @entity1478 were detected in 74 @entity1 (33.4%) from the @entity11347 group and in 22 @entity1 (10.8%) from the @entity101 group (P < 0.01). The @entity3556 rate did not differ between the groups. The frequency of @entity1127 was significantly higher in the @entity11347 group (P < 0.01). No difference was found in the size of the @entity1127 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity11347 increases by threefold the risk for @entity1478 .

title: @entity11347 and risk of XXXX : a prospective, comparative study with hormone therapy.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic polyps', 'polyps']

entities_list: @entity1478 :: ('MESH:D014591', 'Disease') :: ['Endometrial polyps', 'endometrial polyps']

entities_list: @entity11347 :: ('MESH:C027385', 'Chemical') :: ['Tibolone', 'tibolone']

answer: @entity1478 :: (MESH:D014591,Disease) :: ['endometrial polyps']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of @entity1478 during postmenopausal replacement therapy with @entity11347 , using an appropriate control group. DESIGN: A total of 485 postmenopausal @entity1 were included in this open, prospective, comparative study for a duration of 36 months. Of this group, 249 @entity1 received 2.5 mg/day of @entity11347 and 244 @entity1 served as controls, receiving continuous-combined @entity172 -progestogen therapy ( @entity101 ). Transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy, and directed biopsies were performed before treatment was initiated and at the end of the study. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-one of the @entity1 receiving @entity11347 and 203 receiving continuous-combined @entity101 completed the study. @entity1478 were detected in 74 @entity1 (33.4%) from the @entity11347 group and in 22 @entity1 (10.8%) from the @entity101 group (P < 0.01). The @entity3556 rate did not differ between the groups. The frequency of @entity1127 was significantly higher in the @entity11347 group (P < 0.01). No difference was found in the size of the @entity1127 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity11347 increases by threefold the risk for @entity1478 .

title: XXXX and risk of @entity1478 : a prospective, comparative study with hormone therapy.

answer: @entity11347 :: (MESH:C027385,Chemical) :: ['Tibolone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Islet-produced tissue factor (TF) triggers an adverse clotting reaction, the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), providing a likely explanation for the need of tissue from multiple donors in clinical islet transplantation. In this study, the authors investigated whether compounds previously shown to affect TF and @entity2842 expression in monocytes and endothelial cells have the same effect in @entity1 islet cells. METHODS: Islets were cultured in the presence of @entity534 , @entity205 , @entity4688 , or @entity4571 for 48 hr, after which the TF content and @entity2842 expression were assessed. The effect of @entity4571 on IBMIR was evaluated by exposing the treated islets to fresh @entity1 ABO-compatible blood in an in vitro loop model. RESULTS: @entity4571 was the only compound that significantly reduced both TF and @entity2842 . This reduction was dose-dependent. The level of @entity2842 was strongly correlated with TF expression (r2=0.98). In addition, the level of TF was also correlated with the ability of the islets to initiate IBMIR (r2=0.94). CONCLUSIONS: TF and @entity2842 expression in @entity1 islets can be decreased by adding @entity4571 to the culture medium. These observations indicate that the adverse effects of IBMIR in clinical islet transplantation could be reduced without endangering the recipient using antithrombotic drugs.

title: XXXX inhibits tissue factor expression in isolated @entity1 pancreatic islets: implications for clinical islet transplantation.

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['l-arginine']

entities_list: @entity2842 :: ('6347', 'Gene') :: ['MCP-1', 'macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

entities_list: @entity4571 :: ('MESH:D009536', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotinamide', 'nicotinamide']

answer: @entity4571 :: (MESH:D009536,Chemical) :: ['Nicotinamide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Islet-produced tissue factor (TF) triggers an adverse clotting reaction, the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR), providing a likely explanation for the need of tissue from multiple donors in clinical islet transplantation. In this study, the authors investigated whether compounds previously shown to affect TF and @entity2842 expression in monocytes and endothelial cells have the same effect in @entity1 islet cells. METHODS: Islets were cultured in the presence of @entity534 , @entity205 , @entity4688 , or @entity4571 for 48 hr, after which the TF content and @entity2842 expression were assessed. The effect of @entity4571 on IBMIR was evaluated by exposing the treated islets to fresh @entity1 ABO-compatible blood in an in vitro loop model. RESULTS: @entity4571 was the only compound that significantly reduced both TF and @entity2842 . This reduction was dose-dependent. The level of @entity2842 was strongly correlated with TF expression (r2=0.98). In addition, the level of TF was also correlated with the ability of the islets to initiate IBMIR (r2=0.94). CONCLUSIONS: TF and @entity2842 expression in @entity1 islets can be decreased by adding @entity4571 to the culture medium. These observations indicate that the adverse effects of IBMIR in clinical islet transplantation could be reduced without endangering the recipient using antithrombotic drugs.

title: @entity4571 inhibits tissue factor expression in isolated XXXX pancreatic islets: implications for clinical islet transplantation.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Immature dendritic cells (DCs) have the tolerogenic potential to induce alloantigen-specific immune tolerance. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) gene-modified immature DCs have been shown to maintain their tolerogenicity and prolong allograft survival to some extent. We investigated whether blockade of @entity14636 pathway by anti- @entity4458 (L) monoclonal antibody (mAb) could enhance the immune tolerance induction by immature DCs genetically modified to express CTLA4Ig (DC-CTLA4Ig). METHODS: The tolerogenic properties of DC-CTLA4Ig were analyzed. In the vascularized heterotopic heart transplantation @entity19 model, 2 x 10(6) DC-CTLA4Ig were infused intravenously into recipients, with or without a concomitant administration of anti- @entity14636 L mAb 7 days before transplantation. Host responses to donor alloantigen were quantified by mixed leukocyte reaction and CTL assays. Donor major histocompatibility complex class II (Iab) expression in recipient lymph nodes was detected posttransplantation by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The allostimulatory activity of DC-CTLA4Ig was reduced. DC-CTLA4Ig also induced alloantigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness and polarized T helper 2 cytokine production. Pretreatment of the recipients with DC-CTLA4Ig modestly prolonged allograft survival, without long-term allograft acceptance. Combined administration of DC-CTLA4Ig and anti- @entity4458 mAb significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival, with long-term (>100 days) survival of 50% of the allografts in the pretreated recipients. More potent donor-specific inhibition of immune response against alloantigens and increased microchimerism were observed in these recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Blockade of @entity14636 pathway with anti- @entity4458 mAb potentiates the tolerogenic potential of DC-CTLA4Ig and enhances the induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance more effectively.

title: Blockade of XXXX pathway enhances the induction of immune tolerance by immature dendritic cells genetically modified to express cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin.

answer: @entity14636 :: (21939(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CD40']


abstract: We describe pubertal development and growth in 17 @entity1 who underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT), including @entity348 ( @entity348 ) for @entity981 . Seven @entity1 also received cranial irradiation (CI) and five @entity1 testicular irradiation. All underwent transplantation before (n=15) or at the beginning of (n=2) puberty and reached a final height (FH). Puberty started spontaneously in all @entity1 not given testicular irradiation. All @entity1 who received testicular irradiation developed @entity2746 . Puberty started spontaneously in two @entity1 and was induced with increasing doses of @entity2082 in two @entity1 . In two @entity1 , a low dose of @entity2082 was given until menarche. In one @entity1 with early onset of puberty and short stature, puberty was blocked with a @entity1176 analogue. The standard deviation score for height decreased significantly from BMT to FH, both in the @entity1 who received @entity348 only (-1.1, P=0.005) as well as in those given additional CI (-1.7, P=0.027). Most of the loss occurred during puberty. In all, 10 @entity1 received @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) treatment. CI, young age at BMT, and short duration of @entity2124 treatment were predictors of height loss after BMT. Although limited by the small and heterogeneous sample, our study supports the use of early @entity2124 treatment in @entity1 with decelerating growth rate and low @entity2124 levels.

title: Pubertal development and final height after autologous bone marrow transplantation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girl', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinylestradiol']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'total body irradiation']

entities_list: @entity2746 :: ('MESH:D013132', 'Disease') :: ['hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: Cell lines from @entity4153 were established with a success rate of 43% from different metastatic sites of treated and untreated @entity1 . All 6 @entity4153 cell lines grew as floating cell aggregates without substrate adherence. The degree of aggregation ranged from very tight spheroids to very loose sheets and chains. This gross morphological property showed a striking correlation to the PDT, with short PDTs in loose growing cell lines and long PDTs in tight growing cell lines. Cell size and nuclear features, i.e., chromatin pattern and nucleolar prominence, also seemed to correlate with the PDT and gross morphology. All @entity4153 cell lines had dense core granules by electron microscopical examination. Several different serum-free and serum-supplemented growth media were tested for their feasibility in establishing and permanently growing @entity4153 . Serum-free SIT medium and SIT2.5 medium provided the best results in liquid culture. For semisolid @entity4153 cultivation, R 10 medium was superior to all other media tested. These cell lines are currently under intensive biochemical, molecular biological, and cytogenetical investigation in different laboratories and thus provide a tool for studying the biology of @entity2 .

title: Establishment, growth properties, and morphological characteristics of permanent XXXX small cell lung cancer cell lines.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To study changes of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in @entity1 with primary @entity189 during a course of combined chemoradiation. @entity1 AND METHODS: Diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging at 1.5 T was performed in @entity1 (n = 8) with primary @entity189 ( @entity16178 ) undergoing preoperative chemoradiation. Mean @entity5 ADC values and ADC histograms were determined and compared weekly during the course of therapy. Surgical resection of the @entity5 enabled a correlation of ADC values with the pathologic classification. RESULTS: In four @entity1 @entity5 T-downstaging (ypT0-2) was observed, and in four @entity1 no downstaging (ypT3) was seen. In all @entity1 , ADC values were higher before onset of chemoradiation therapy compared to the end of chemoradiation. Separating the @entity1 into two groups, a significant increase in ADC value during week 1 of therapy, followed by a steady decrease, was found for the therapy-responder group. In the nonresponder group, no initial increase of ADC values was observed. After the 1st week of therapy, ADC values were significantly lower in the nonresponder group during the remaining duration of therapy. CONCLUSION: With these preliminary results it could be shown that MR diffusion imaging is able to detect individual changes of @entity5 ADC values during the course of combined chemoradiation reflecting biological changes within the @entity5 tissue. Further studies will be necessary to prove the possible value of totally noninvasive ADC imaging on predicting therapy outcome.

title: Preliminary results on the influence of chemoradiation on apparent diffusion coefficients of primary XXXX measured by magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['rectal carcinoma']


abstract: The metabolism of albumin and @entity2002 was studied in 24 long-term @entity1723 (insulin-dependent) @entity1 , using a double tracer technique. The @entity1 were divided into three groups according to their urinary albumin excretion. Group 1 had normal albumin excretion (less than 30 mg/24 h), group 2 had persistent microalbuminuria (30-300 mg/24 h), and group 3 had clinical @entity8 (greater than 300 mg/24 h). Eight normal @entity1 served as control subjects. Except for slightly lower distribution fractions of both proteins (intravascular mass/total mass), group 1 did not differ from normal subjects. In groups 2 and 3 the relative catabolism of albumin was increased, as denoted by an increase in the fractional catabolic rate. Albumin synthesis was unaltered, resulting in lower plasma concentrations and lower intravascular and total body masses of albumin. Oppositely, @entity2002 synthesis was augmented, leading to an increase in plasma @entity2002 concentration and total @entity2002 body mass, in spite of increased catabolism. The fractional catabolic rates were unaltered. The study demonstrates that long-term @entity6 @entity1 with normal urinary albumin excretion have normal albumin and @entity2002 metabolism, but that grave alterations in plasma protein metabolism are present in @entity1 with only slightly increased urinary albumin excretion.

title: Metabolism of albumin and XXXX in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic Type 1']

answer: @entity2002 :: (2244,Gene) :: ['fibrinogen']


abstract: Myocardial extraction of free @entity1718 (FFA), together with @entity413 , @entity880 , @entity2388 , @entity653 and @entity26 was determined by simultaneous sampling of blood from an artery (a) and the coronary sinus (cs) at rest and during @entity662 induced by atrial pacing in seven fasting male @entity1 with @entity299 . Results were compared to those, at rest and during pacing at heart rate 140 beats @entity1009 , in ten healthy @entity1 of similar age. A continuous i.v. infusion of 14C oleate and 3H palmitate enabled the calculation of simultaneous myocardial uptake and release of FFA as well as of the fraction of extracted FFA which underwent direct oxidation. During @entity662 lactate net extraction decreased to become, in some @entity1 , negative. FFA extraction, as estimated from the fractional extraction of labelled @entity844 was likewise decreased, while the a-cs O2 difference was not significantly altered. The fractional oxidation of extracted FFA was increased, whereas the calculated @entity844 release from the heart was unaltered. The increase in fractional oxidation was quantitatively correlated with the decrease in lactate extraction suggesting that it was related to the degree or extent of ischaemia. It was also proportional to the decrease in FFA extraction. Thus, in @entity1 with @entity951 the @entity1562 may be subjected to a limitation not only with regard to @entity26 but also substrate flux into the myocardial cells.

title: Myocardial turnover of plasma free XXXX during @entity951 induced by atrial pacing.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pains', 'chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic myocardium']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity1718 :: (MESH:D005227,Chemical) :: ['fatty acids']


abstract: Myocardial extraction of free @entity1718 (FFA), together with @entity413 , @entity880 , @entity2388 , @entity653 and @entity26 was determined by simultaneous sampling of blood from an artery (a) and the coronary sinus (cs) at rest and during @entity662 induced by atrial pacing in seven fasting male @entity1 with @entity299 . Results were compared to those, at rest and during pacing at heart rate 140 beats @entity1009 , in ten healthy @entity1 of similar age. A continuous i.v. infusion of 14C oleate and 3H palmitate enabled the calculation of simultaneous myocardial uptake and release of FFA as well as of the fraction of extracted FFA which underwent direct oxidation. During @entity662 lactate net extraction decreased to become, in some @entity1 , negative. FFA extraction, as estimated from the fractional extraction of labelled @entity844 was likewise decreased, while the a-cs O2 difference was not significantly altered. The fractional oxidation of extracted FFA was increased, whereas the calculated @entity844 release from the heart was unaltered. The increase in fractional oxidation was quantitatively correlated with the decrease in lactate extraction suggesting that it was related to the degree or extent of ischaemia. It was also proportional to the decrease in FFA extraction. Thus, in @entity1 with @entity951 the @entity1562 may be subjected to a limitation not only with regard to @entity26 but also substrate flux into the myocardial cells.

title: Myocardial turnover of plasma free @entity1718 during XXXX induced by atrial pacing.

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['angina pectoris']


abstract: The effect of 24 weeks of treatment with @entity3413 , a new HMG coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (dosages of 20 and 40 mg day-1) on serum lipid, lipoprotein and @entity1675 and B concentrations as well as safety parameters and subjective side effects were studied in 11 @entity1 with familial ( @entity753 ) and 10 @entity1 with polygenic hypercholesterolaemia (P-HC). The effects on plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations had already been achieved after four weeks in both groups and then remained during the study. In @entity753 , mean fasting plasma total @entity165 concentration decreased from 10.51 to 6.71 mmol l-1 (36%), and in P-HC from 6.55 to 4.54 mmol l-1 (31%) at 24 weeks (P less than 0.001). Mean plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 concentrations also decreased, in @entity753 from 8.87 to 5.05 mmol l-1 (43%) and in P-HC from 4.97 to 3.12 mmol l-1 (37%) at 24 weeks (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, @entity755 concentrations decreased significantly from 2.21 to 1.57 g l-1 (29%) (less than 0.001) in @entity753 and from 1.53 to 1.09 g l-1 (29%) (P less than 0.01) in P-HC. Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 increased in both @entity753 and P-HC during treatment. Increases were seen in both the subfractions @entity9477 and @entity9478 . @entity3413 was well tolerated. No serious clinical or laboratory adverse effects were observed. It is concluded that 24 weeks of treatment with @entity3413 in doses up to 40 mg day-1 effectively reduces plasma total and LDL @entity165 concentrations without causing subjective or significant objective side effects. Thus, @entity3413 may be of great interest in future studies for prevention of @entity301 due to hypercholesterolaemia.

title: Effects of XXXX on plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolaemia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3413 :: ('MESH:D019821', 'Chemical') :: ['Simvastatin', 'simvastatin']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity1675 :: ('335', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein A-I']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3413 :: (MESH:D019821,Chemical) :: ['simvastatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: The use of stent-grafts has proved to be safe and effective treatment for complicated @entity1580 but usually requires surgical cutdown to accommodate large-profile devices. Preliminary results of the use of a low-profile design that allows percutaneous access are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen @entity1 with @entity1580 were treated with use of a low-profile stent-graft. Dissection types included Stanford type A (n = 6) and type B (n = 9). The procedures were performed with use of Perclose devices to achieve hemostasis. The stent-graft device was composed of Gianturco stents connected with longitudinal wire struts covered with radially expanded @entity736 . The delivery sheath sizes were 14-20 F. RESULTS: In 87% of @entity1 (13 of 15), the entry tear was excluded completely. Successful femoral closures were achieved in 93% of @entity1 (14 of 15) with use of the suture-mediated devices. In 7% of @entity1 (one of 15), surgical closure of the femoral arteries was required. The rate of @entity2849 occurrence was 7% (one of 15). Hospitalization ranged from 1 to 30 days with a mean duration of 6.5 days. The 30-day mortality rate was 27% (four of 15). In the remaining 11 @entity1 , entry tear sites were excluded and, on follow-up CT examinations, there was @entity715 and retraction of the false lumen and enlargement of the true lumen. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results of the use of a low-profile stent-graft device to treat @entity1580 show that, in most @entity1 , it can be used with a suture-mediated device without surgical exposure of the common femoral artery.

title: Percutaneous placement of a low-profile stent-graft device for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissections', 'aortic dissection']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['polytetrafluoroethylene']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm']

answer: @entity1580 :: (MESH:C562834,Disease) :: ['aortic dissections']


abstract: @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) and @entity3052 (t-AML) are now well established as complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. We experienced a 28-yr-old female @entity1 who developed @entity2590 with characteristic @entity2008 including 11q23 chromosomal rearrangement following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for @entity1893 . The @entity1 was admitted with bulky abdominal masses of B cell lineage @entity1893 . After 2 cycles of systemic chemotherapy of the Vanderbilt regimen, the @entity1 underwent ASCT with high dose chemotherapy of the BEAC regimen. She also received radiation of 48 Gy for the residual periportal lymphadenopathy. The initial cytogenetic analysis of the infused mononuclear cells revealed a normal karyotype. Twenty two months after the ASCT, @entity3043 was noted and her bone marrow aspirate showed @entity6349 with myeloblasts up to 12% of nonerythroid nucleated cells. The @entity1 was diagnosed as @entity2590 ( @entity417 with an @entity7139 ). Cytogenetic analysis showed complex @entity2008 including 11q23 rearrangement, which is frequently found in topoisomerase II inhibitor-related @entity1583 . Four months later, it was noted that the @entity2590 had evolved into an overt t-AML. Cytogenetic analysis showed an evolving pattern with more @entity66 . The @entity1 was treated with combination chemotherapy, but her leukemic cells were resistant to the therapy.

title: A case of treatment-related XXXX and @entity3052 following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation for @entity1893 .

entities_list: @entity7139 :: ('MESH:D000754', 'Disease') :: ['excess of blasts']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['refractory anemia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['complex abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['t-MDS/t-AML', 'Treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome', 't-MDS']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myelogenous leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic hemopoiesis']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome']


abstract: @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) and @entity3052 (t-AML) are now well established as complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. We experienced a 28-yr-old female @entity1 who developed @entity2590 with characteristic @entity2008 including 11q23 chromosomal rearrangement following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for @entity1893 . The @entity1 was admitted with bulky abdominal masses of B cell lineage @entity1893 . After 2 cycles of systemic chemotherapy of the Vanderbilt regimen, the @entity1 underwent ASCT with high dose chemotherapy of the BEAC regimen. She also received radiation of 48 Gy for the residual periportal lymphadenopathy. The initial cytogenetic analysis of the infused mononuclear cells revealed a normal karyotype. Twenty two months after the ASCT, @entity3043 was noted and her bone marrow aspirate showed @entity6349 with myeloblasts up to 12% of nonerythroid nucleated cells. The @entity1 was diagnosed as @entity2590 ( @entity417 with an @entity7139 ). Cytogenetic analysis showed complex @entity2008 including 11q23 rearrangement, which is frequently found in topoisomerase II inhibitor-related @entity1583 . Four months later, it was noted that the @entity2590 had evolved into an overt t-AML. Cytogenetic analysis showed an evolving pattern with more @entity66 . The @entity1 was treated with combination chemotherapy, but her leukemic cells were resistant to the therapy.

title: A case of treatment-related @entity2590 and XXXX following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation for @entity1893 .

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myelogenous leukemia']


abstract: @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) and @entity3052 (t-AML) are now well established as complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. We experienced a 28-yr-old female @entity1 who developed @entity2590 with characteristic @entity2008 including 11q23 chromosomal rearrangement following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for @entity1893 . The @entity1 was admitted with bulky abdominal masses of B cell lineage @entity1893 . After 2 cycles of systemic chemotherapy of the Vanderbilt regimen, the @entity1 underwent ASCT with high dose chemotherapy of the BEAC regimen. She also received radiation of 48 Gy for the residual periportal lymphadenopathy. The initial cytogenetic analysis of the infused mononuclear cells revealed a normal karyotype. Twenty two months after the ASCT, @entity3043 was noted and her bone marrow aspirate showed @entity6349 with myeloblasts up to 12% of nonerythroid nucleated cells. The @entity1 was diagnosed as @entity2590 ( @entity417 with an @entity7139 ). Cytogenetic analysis showed complex @entity2008 including 11q23 rearrangement, which is frequently found in topoisomerase II inhibitor-related @entity1583 . Four months later, it was noted that the @entity2590 had evolved into an overt t-AML. Cytogenetic analysis showed an evolving pattern with more @entity66 . The @entity1 was treated with combination chemotherapy, but her leukemic cells were resistant to the therapy.

title: A case of treatment-related @entity2590 and @entity3052 following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation for XXXX .

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate @entity645 incidence density for different exposure categories among @entity1 undergoing repeat testing in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: @entity1 using voluntary, diagnostic @entity645 testing at least twice were identified by computerized and manual record linkage. In the 1992-2000 period, 980 seroconverters and 340 994 repeat negative testers contributed 936 145 @entity1 years (PY) of observation. @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) was calculated according to Kitayaporn et al. Poisson regression was used to evaluate differences in incidence. RESULTS: Among @entity1 who have sex with @entity1 (MSM), @entity2101 declined between 1992-1996, from 1.23 per 100 PY in 1992 to 0.79 per 100 PY in 1996 [relative risk (RR), 0.86 per year; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77-0.96]. Subsequently, @entity2101 increased to 1.39 per 100 PY in 1999 (RR, 1.18 per year; 95% CI, 1.05-1.34). In 2000, @entity2101 was 1.16 per 100 PY but this decrease was not statistically significantly different from 1999. MSM in their twenties had the highest @entity2101 in 1992-1996, but in 1996-2000 MSM in their thirties had the highest risk of @entity281 . Among injecting drug users (IDU), @entity2101 decreased from 0.64 per 100 PY in 1992 to 0.14 per 100 PY in 2000 (RR, 0.87 per year; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94). Among heterosexuals, annual incidence remained constant at about 0.03 per 100 PY in 1992-2000. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in @entity2101 were identified among MSM from 1996 to 1999. These findings are consistent with other research. Continued vigilance and improved surveillance are needed to better understand and control the epidemic.

title: Increases in XXXX incidence among @entity1 who have sex with @entity1 undergoing repeat diagnostic @entity645 testing in Ontario, Canada.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Persons', 'person', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['ID', 'Incidence density']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate @entity645 incidence density for different exposure categories among @entity1 undergoing repeat testing in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: @entity1 using voluntary, diagnostic @entity645 testing at least twice were identified by computerized and manual record linkage. In the 1992-2000 period, 980 seroconverters and 340 994 repeat negative testers contributed 936 145 @entity1 years (PY) of observation. @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) was calculated according to Kitayaporn et al. Poisson regression was used to evaluate differences in incidence. RESULTS: Among @entity1 who have sex with @entity1 (MSM), @entity2101 declined between 1992-1996, from 1.23 per 100 PY in 1992 to 0.79 per 100 PY in 1996 [relative risk (RR), 0.86 per year; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77-0.96]. Subsequently, @entity2101 increased to 1.39 per 100 PY in 1999 (RR, 1.18 per year; 95% CI, 1.05-1.34). In 2000, @entity2101 was 1.16 per 100 PY but this decrease was not statistically significantly different from 1999. MSM in their twenties had the highest @entity2101 in 1992-1996, but in 1996-2000 MSM in their thirties had the highest risk of @entity281 . Among injecting drug users (IDU), @entity2101 decreased from 0.64 per 100 PY in 1992 to 0.14 per 100 PY in 2000 (RR, 0.87 per year; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94). Among heterosexuals, annual incidence remained constant at about 0.03 per 100 PY in 1992-2000. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in @entity2101 were identified among MSM from 1996 to 1999. These findings are consistent with other research. Continued vigilance and improved surveillance are needed to better understand and control the epidemic.

title: Increases in @entity645 incidence among @entity1 who have sex with @entity1 undergoing repeat diagnostic XXXX testing in Ontario, Canada.

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate @entity645 incidence density for different exposure categories among @entity1 undergoing repeat testing in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: @entity1 using voluntary, diagnostic @entity645 testing at least twice were identified by computerized and manual record linkage. In the 1992-2000 period, 980 seroconverters and 340 994 repeat negative testers contributed 936 145 @entity1 years (PY) of observation. @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) was calculated according to Kitayaporn et al. Poisson regression was used to evaluate differences in incidence. RESULTS: Among @entity1 who have sex with @entity1 (MSM), @entity2101 declined between 1992-1996, from 1.23 per 100 PY in 1992 to 0.79 per 100 PY in 1996 [relative risk (RR), 0.86 per year; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77-0.96]. Subsequently, @entity2101 increased to 1.39 per 100 PY in 1999 (RR, 1.18 per year; 95% CI, 1.05-1.34). In 2000, @entity2101 was 1.16 per 100 PY but this decrease was not statistically significantly different from 1999. MSM in their twenties had the highest @entity2101 in 1992-1996, but in 1996-2000 MSM in their thirties had the highest risk of @entity281 . Among injecting drug users (IDU), @entity2101 decreased from 0.64 per 100 PY in 1992 to 0.14 per 100 PY in 2000 (RR, 0.87 per year; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94). Among heterosexuals, annual incidence remained constant at about 0.03 per 100 PY in 1992-2000. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in @entity2101 were identified among MSM from 1996 to 1999. These findings are consistent with other research. Continued vigilance and improved surveillance are needed to better understand and control the epidemic.

title: Increases in @entity645 incidence among XXXX who have sex with @entity1 undergoing repeat diagnostic @entity645 testing in Ontario, Canada.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate @entity645 incidence density for different exposure categories among @entity1 undergoing repeat testing in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: @entity1 using voluntary, diagnostic @entity645 testing at least twice were identified by computerized and manual record linkage. In the 1992-2000 period, 980 seroconverters and 340 994 repeat negative testers contributed 936 145 @entity1 years (PY) of observation. @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) was calculated according to Kitayaporn et al. Poisson regression was used to evaluate differences in incidence. RESULTS: Among @entity1 who have sex with @entity1 (MSM), @entity2101 declined between 1992-1996, from 1.23 per 100 PY in 1992 to 0.79 per 100 PY in 1996 [relative risk (RR), 0.86 per year; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77-0.96]. Subsequently, @entity2101 increased to 1.39 per 100 PY in 1999 (RR, 1.18 per year; 95% CI, 1.05-1.34). In 2000, @entity2101 was 1.16 per 100 PY but this decrease was not statistically significantly different from 1999. MSM in their twenties had the highest @entity2101 in 1992-1996, but in 1996-2000 MSM in their thirties had the highest risk of @entity281 . Among injecting drug users (IDU), @entity2101 decreased from 0.64 per 100 PY in 1992 to 0.14 per 100 PY in 2000 (RR, 0.87 per year; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94). Among heterosexuals, annual incidence remained constant at about 0.03 per 100 PY in 1992-2000. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in @entity2101 were identified among MSM from 1996 to 1999. These findings are consistent with other research. Continued vigilance and improved surveillance are needed to better understand and control the epidemic.

title: Increases in @entity645 incidence among @entity1 who have sex with XXXX undergoing repeat diagnostic @entity645 testing in Ontario, Canada.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: Considerable information has recently emerged regarding certain "groups" of novel viruses associated with @entity1902 in @entity1 . The viruses reviewed here are 20-35 nm in diameter and can be detected in the stools of acutely ill individuals with @entity1902 . These viruses can be conveniently divided into four "groups": Norwalk-like agents, caliciviruses, astroviruses, and other small round viruses. The evidence for the etiologic association of these agents with @entity1902 varies from agent to agent but is most extensive for the Norwalk-like agents, of which the Norwalk serotype is a major cause of @entity1902 . @entity1 caliciviruses appear to be relatively common causes of @entity1902 in @entity1 , particularly in Japan and the United Kingdom. Astroviruses have been reported as occasional causes of @entity1902 in @entity1 and adults in various parts of the world. The epidemiological significance of the other small round viruses is unknown. Because of the difficulty of cultivating these agents in vitro, biochemical and antigenic characterization of these agents is incomplete. An understanding of the pathogenesis of disease and of the roles of immune responses to infection is similarly at a primitive stage. The recent development of sensitive and efficient assays for detection of several of these agents and the reports that certain strains of @entity1 caliciviruses and astroviruses can be cultivated in vitro should facilitate characterization and epidemiological studies of these agents. Systematic, prospective epidemiological studies of these agents in well-defined populations of various age groups are sorely needed for definition of the relative importance of each agent in @entity1 disease. Such information is essential for the consideration of appropriate control measures.

title: Novel agents of viral enteritis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'humans', 'human', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis', 'epidemic gastroenteritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a @entity1 who developed a widespread @entity272 following the use of two Chinese herbal medications, Fang Feng Tong Sheng Wan and Bi Yan Pian. CASE SUMMARY: A 34-year-old @entity1 developed widespread erythematous papules that coalesced into plaques after five days of therapy with two Chinese herbal preparations. There was no lymphadenopathy or @entity828 , and the @entity1 denied any @entity221 , @entity71036 . The skin biopsy was compatible with a @entity203 . When the @entity1 's oral medications, including the herbal medications, were discontinued, the @entity272 resolved over the next few weeks. All of the regular long term medications were restarted without any sequalae. DISCUSSION: This case, once again, emphasizes that, although herbal medications are marketed as natural products, these products can be associated with adverse drug effects. Other adverse effects that have been implicated with the use of Chinese herbal medications include @entity82 , @entity177 , liver @entity137 and severe @entity1909 . In addition, there are several cases of adulteration of Chinese herbal products with synthetic medications. CONCLUSION: Although rare, Chinese herbal medications can be associated with serious adverse effects. Clinicians should question @entity1 about the use of herbal products whenever an adverse drug effect is suspected.

title: XXXX following the use of two Chinese herbal preparations: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity203 :: ('MESH:D003875', 'Disease') :: ['drug eruption']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['hepatosplenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity71036 :: ('MESH:D023341', 'Disease') :: ['chills or malaise']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin eruption']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['Skin eruption']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To document the imaging findings observed in @entity1 with an unusual pattern of abnormality of the femoral head, most likely representing @entity2530 . DESIGN AND @entity1 : The imaging findings in 11 @entity1 (10 @entity1 , 1 @entity1 ; age range 32-55 years) with a distinct lesion of the femoral head were reviewed with particular attention to the morphologic appearance, location, and extent of the lesion(s) in the proximal femur. RESULTS: The 16 lesions identified in these @entity1 extended to the subchondral area. @entity891 was not evident in any hip. Radiography and CT showed areas of mixed @entity79 and @entity3061 surrounded by sclerotic margins. On MR imaging, the signal intensity characteristics of the @entity75 (s) were most commonly similar to those of fluid. Histopathologic findings, available in two hips, were typical of @entity2530 . There was evidence of correlation of the site of the lesion with the known general distribution and anastomoses of arteries supplying the femoral head. CONCLUSION: A distinct, focal lesion of the femoral head is believed to represent an atypical form of @entity39 . Its restriction to a small portion of the femoral head may relate to localized vascular anatomy. Recognition of the quite characteristic imaging findings can prevent misdiagnosis and may have implications for the prediction of the natural course of the disease.

title: Distinct focal lesions of the femoral head: imaging features suggesting an atypical and minimal form of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['bone necrosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['osseous lesion']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['Articular collapse']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['bone necrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: After resection, @entity765 are associated with a recurrence rate that is typically 25-50%. Although this is an unusual problem, we instituted a prospective cohort study with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation, followed by surgical resection, in an effort to improve local control. METHODS: Between 1985 and 1999, 13 @entity1 with potentially resectable disease were managed with a treatment protocol of preoperative @entity632 (30 mg continuous infusion daily for 3 days) and radiotherapy (10 x 300 cGy). Resection was performed 4-6 weeks later. All lesions were resected with an intended margin of 1 cm, but clear adventitial margins were accepted in order to preserve critical structures. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 71 months (range, 22-109). Six @entity1 (46%) presented after failure of a previous surgery. Clear microscopic margins were obtained in 11 @entity1 , and 2 @entity1 had positive margins. There were two local recurrences (15% local recurrence). Both recurrences followed resection of large thigh lesions, which appeared at 30 and 49 months of follow-up. In one @entity1 with a @entity5 , two new primary @entity765 developed outside the treatment area, in the ipsilateral arm and forearm. Eleven @entity1 have been disease free for a median of 71 months (range, 22-109). CONCLUSIONS: For potentially resectable lesions, this protocol provides excellent local control, even in those with recurrent disease. Neoadjuvant treatment with @entity632 and radiotherapy appears to be a better option than surgery alone, or surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. These results need to be confirmed in larger, prospective randomized trials.

title: XXXX : a novel approach for local control.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['desmoid tumors']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['chest wall tumor']

answer: @entity765 :: (MESH:D018222,Disease) :: ['Desmoid tumors']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between plasma concentrations of four commonly administered selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the magnitude of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 inhibition. DESIGN: Prospective analysis. SETTING: University-affiliated research laboratory. @entity1 : Thirty-two healthy, drug-free volunteers. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to four groups and received daily administration of either @entity905 60 mg (as a loading dose), @entity3755 100 mg, @entity903 20 mg, or @entity3756 100 mg for 8 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The urinary concentration ratio of @entity14031 : @entity3982 (interpreted as an in vivo index of @entity5320 activity) was determined for each subject before and after the 8 days of receiving SSRIs. Plasma SSRI trough concentrations were measured on days 6-9. The @entity5320 genotype was determined in a subject with an undetectable @entity903 concentration. Inhibition of @entity5320 correlated significantly with plasma concentrations of @entity903 and @entity905 . In contrast, no significant correlations emerged between @entity5320 inhibition and plasma concentrations of @entity3756 or @entity3755 . The subject with an undetectable @entity903 concentration was found to carry at least three functional @entity5320 genes. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity903 and @entity905 , plasma concentrations and dosage strongly influence the magnitude of enzyme inhibition. The potential of @entity903 (a @entity5320 substrate) as an inhibitor may be affected by the genotypes and metabolic capacities of individual subjects.

title: @entity5320 inhibition by selective XXXX reuptake inhibitors: analysis of achievable steady-state plasma concentrations and the effect of ultrarapid metabolism at @entity5320 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity14031 :: ('MESH:D003915', 'Chemical') :: ['dextromethorphan']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity3755 :: ('MESH:D016666', 'Chemical') :: ['fluvoxamine']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['sertraline']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity3982 :: ('MESH:D003917', 'Chemical') :: ['dextrorphan']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between plasma concentrations of four commonly administered selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the magnitude of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 inhibition. DESIGN: Prospective analysis. SETTING: University-affiliated research laboratory. @entity1 : Thirty-two healthy, drug-free volunteers. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to four groups and received daily administration of either @entity905 60 mg (as a loading dose), @entity3755 100 mg, @entity903 20 mg, or @entity3756 100 mg for 8 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The urinary concentration ratio of @entity14031 : @entity3982 (interpreted as an in vivo index of @entity5320 activity) was determined for each subject before and after the 8 days of receiving SSRIs. Plasma SSRI trough concentrations were measured on days 6-9. The @entity5320 genotype was determined in a subject with an undetectable @entity903 concentration. Inhibition of @entity5320 correlated significantly with plasma concentrations of @entity903 and @entity905 . In contrast, no significant correlations emerged between @entity5320 inhibition and plasma concentrations of @entity3756 or @entity3755 . The subject with an undetectable @entity903 concentration was found to carry at least three functional @entity5320 genes. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity903 and @entity905 , plasma concentrations and dosage strongly influence the magnitude of enzyme inhibition. The potential of @entity903 (a @entity5320 substrate) as an inhibitor may be affected by the genotypes and metabolic capacities of individual subjects.

title: XXXX inhibition by selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors: analysis of achievable steady-state plasma concentrations and the effect of ultrarapid metabolism at @entity5320 .

answer: @entity5320 :: (1565,Gene) :: ['CYP2D6']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between plasma concentrations of four commonly administered selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the magnitude of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 inhibition. DESIGN: Prospective analysis. SETTING: University-affiliated research laboratory. @entity1 : Thirty-two healthy, drug-free volunteers. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to four groups and received daily administration of either @entity905 60 mg (as a loading dose), @entity3755 100 mg, @entity903 20 mg, or @entity3756 100 mg for 8 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The urinary concentration ratio of @entity14031 : @entity3982 (interpreted as an in vivo index of @entity5320 activity) was determined for each subject before and after the 8 days of receiving SSRIs. Plasma SSRI trough concentrations were measured on days 6-9. The @entity5320 genotype was determined in a subject with an undetectable @entity903 concentration. Inhibition of @entity5320 correlated significantly with plasma concentrations of @entity903 and @entity905 . In contrast, no significant correlations emerged between @entity5320 inhibition and plasma concentrations of @entity3756 or @entity3755 . The subject with an undetectable @entity903 concentration was found to carry at least three functional @entity5320 genes. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity903 and @entity905 , plasma concentrations and dosage strongly influence the magnitude of enzyme inhibition. The potential of @entity903 (a @entity5320 substrate) as an inhibitor may be affected by the genotypes and metabolic capacities of individual subjects.

title: @entity5320 inhibition by selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors: analysis of achievable steady-state plasma concentrations and the effect of ultrarapid metabolism at XXXX .

answer: @entity5320 :: (1565,Gene) :: ['CYP2D6']


abstract: @entity38036 ( @entity7034 ) acts as an @entity172 agonist or antagonist depending on the animal model used. In the CD-1 @entity19 uterus, a three-day uterine bioassay of @entity7034 produced a bell-shaped dose response curve with a maximal uterine wet weight increase at 200 micrograms/kg; this dose produced only a fractional increase in uterine dry weight. Combination treatment with @entity7034 and @entity53 antagonized @entity53 stimulation of both wet and dry weight parameters. The time course of uterine wet weight stimulation following a single injection of @entity7034 had an early pattern (0-10 h) similar to that of @entity53 . However, at later times after stimulation, the patterns changed dramatically: the low @entity7034 dose (200 micrograms/kg) returned to control levels by 24 h; @entity53 and the high dose @entity7034 (1.7 mg/kg) showed sustained stimulation, which peaked at 36 h with @entity7034 compared to 24 h for @entity53 . Nuclear @entity172 receptor (ER) levels were measured after a single injection of 1.7 mg/kg @entity7034 and showed a bimodal pattern similar to that seen with @entity53 , with increases at 1 h and 8 h, although the overall ER levels were elevated above those seen with @entity53 . Cytosolic ER levels with @entity7034 decreased by 1 h and remained low up to 48 h. @entity7034 treatment did stimulate uterine DNA and RNA synthesis, with a delayed time course compared to @entity53 . DNA synthesis following a single 1.7 mg/kg dose of @entity7034 was 2.5 times higher than that produced by 20 micrograms/kg @entity53 . @entity7034 treatment resulted in @entity1184 and @entity1373 in the luminal epithelium but not in the glandular epithelium. Long-term exposure to @entity53 for 5 wk resulted in development of uterine @entity1373 and increased secretory activity; long-term exposure to @entity7034 produced a more significant tissue @entity1373 but no secretions. These studies show that @entity7034 stimulates some of the receptor-mediated responses attributed to an @entity172 agonist in the @entity19 uterus; but, when co-administered with @entity53 , @entity7034 antagonizes some aspects of @entity172 action.

title: Response of the @entity19 uterus to XXXX stimulation: agonism and antagonism.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['cystic glandular hyperplasia', 'hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity38036 :: ('MESH:D009256', 'Chemical') :: ['Nafoxidine']

answer: @entity38036 :: (MESH:D009256,Chemical) :: ['nafoxidine']


abstract: @entity38036 ( @entity7034 ) acts as an @entity172 agonist or antagonist depending on the animal model used. In the CD-1 @entity19 uterus, a three-day uterine bioassay of @entity7034 produced a bell-shaped dose response curve with a maximal uterine wet weight increase at 200 micrograms/kg; this dose produced only a fractional increase in uterine dry weight. Combination treatment with @entity7034 and @entity53 antagonized @entity53 stimulation of both wet and dry weight parameters. The time course of uterine wet weight stimulation following a single injection of @entity7034 had an early pattern (0-10 h) similar to that of @entity53 . However, at later times after stimulation, the patterns changed dramatically: the low @entity7034 dose (200 micrograms/kg) returned to control levels by 24 h; @entity53 and the high dose @entity7034 (1.7 mg/kg) showed sustained stimulation, which peaked at 36 h with @entity7034 compared to 24 h for @entity53 . Nuclear @entity172 receptor (ER) levels were measured after a single injection of 1.7 mg/kg @entity7034 and showed a bimodal pattern similar to that seen with @entity53 , with increases at 1 h and 8 h, although the overall ER levels were elevated above those seen with @entity53 . Cytosolic ER levels with @entity7034 decreased by 1 h and remained low up to 48 h. @entity7034 treatment did stimulate uterine DNA and RNA synthesis, with a delayed time course compared to @entity53 . DNA synthesis following a single 1.7 mg/kg dose of @entity7034 was 2.5 times higher than that produced by 20 micrograms/kg @entity53 . @entity7034 treatment resulted in @entity1184 and @entity1373 in the luminal epithelium but not in the glandular epithelium. Long-term exposure to @entity53 for 5 wk resulted in development of uterine @entity1373 and increased secretory activity; long-term exposure to @entity7034 produced a more significant tissue @entity1373 but no secretions. These studies show that @entity7034 stimulates some of the receptor-mediated responses attributed to an @entity172 agonist in the @entity19 uterus; but, when co-administered with @entity53 , @entity7034 antagonizes some aspects of @entity172 action.

title: Response of the XXXX uterus to @entity38036 stimulation: agonism and antagonism.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The surgical management of @entity337 in the young remains problematic owing to the drawbacks of prosthetic valve replacement at this age. In young foreign @entity1 , for whom long-term anticoagulation therapy is unavailable, we have used a @entity3584 preserved autologous pericardium cusp extension technique to repair rheumatic @entity337 resulting from cusp retractions. METHODS: From September 1992 to December 2000, 89 consecutive @entity1 with a mean age of 16 +/- 5 years underwent triple pericardial aortic cusp extension valvuloplasty. Eighty @entity1 had pure @entity337 , 9 had mixed @entity2333 . Twenty-nine @entity1 (33%) had isolated @entity886 and 60 @entity1 (69%) had combined aortic and mitral @entity340 with significant @entity340 in 21 (24%). Aortic repair consisted of free edge aortic cusp extension using three rectangular strips of @entity3584 stabilized autologous pericardium. Twenty-nine @entity1 (33%) underwent an isolated aortic repair, 39 @entity1 (44%) underwent combined aortic and mitral procedures (34 mitral repairs, 3 mitral homografts, and 2 prosthesis replacements), and 21 @entity1 (23%) underwent a triple valve repair. RESULTS: The hospital mortality was 2.2%. Primary failure of the aortic repair requiring immediate reoperation occurred in 2 @entity1 . During follow-up (mean of 62 +/- 22 months) 1 @entity1 died and 7 underwent redo valvular surgery. At 5 years the actuarial survival rate was 96.4%, and 92.1% of the @entity1 were free from redo valvular surgery. At 7 years 90% of the @entity1 were free from @entity340 . Among the 76 @entity1 free from redo valvular surgery at follow-up, 6 had deterioration of the repair resulting in @entity339 . CONCLUSIONS: Our midterm results of @entity3584 stabilized autologous pericardial aortic cusp extension are encouraging and suggest that this technique should be considered as a viable alternative palliative procedure in a young rheumatic population, allowing for growth of the annulus and delaying to a less critical period the need for the lifelong anticoagulation therapy required for a prosthetic mechanical valve.

title: Aortic cusp extension valvuloplasty for XXXX : midterm results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['grade II aortic and mitral insufficiencies']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve disease']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve insufficiencies', 'rheumatic aortic insufficiency', 'aortic insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['aortic disease']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['tricuspid valve disease', 'valve disease', 'valve-related complications']

answer: @entity886 :: (MESH:C563178,Disease) :: ['rheumatic aortic valve disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare data obtained from a statewide data set for elderly @entity1 (age > 64 years) that presented with @entity131 with data from nonelderly @entity1 (age > 15 and < 65 years) with similar injuries. METHODS: The New York State Trauma Registry from January 1994 through December 1995, from @entity130 centers and community hospitals excluding New York City (45,982 @entity1 ), was examined. Head-injured @entity1 were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes. A relative @entity542 severity scale (RHISS) was constructed on the basis of groups of these codes (range, 0 = none to 3 = severe). Comparisons were made with nonelderly @entity1 for mortality, Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) score at admission and discharge, Injury Severity Score, New Injury Severity Score, and RHISS. Outcome was assessed by a Functional Independence Measure score in three major domains: expression, locomotion, and feeding. Data were analyzed by the chi2 test and Mann-Whitney U test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: There were 11,772 @entity1 with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis of @entity542 , of which 3,244 (27%) were elderly. There were more male subjects in the nonelderly population (78% male subjects) compared with the elderly population (50% @entity1 ). Mortality was 24.0% in the elderly population compared with 12.8% in the nonelderly population (risk ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.99-2.43). The elderly nonsurvivors were statistically older, and mortality rate increased with age. Stratified by GCS score, there was a higher percentage of nonsurvivors in the elderly population, even in the group with only moderately depressed GCS score (GCS score of 13-15; risk ratio, 7.8; 95% confidence interval, 6.1-9.9 for elderly vs. nonelderly). Functional outcome in all three domains was significantly worse in the elderly survivors compared with the nonelderly survivors. CONCLUSION: Elderly @entity131 @entity1 have a worse mortality and functional outcome than nonelderly @entity1 who present with @entity542 even though their @entity542 and overall injuries are seemingly less severe.

title: XXXX in the elderly: increased mortality and worse functional outcome at discharge despite lower injury severity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['Traumatic brain injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of occult cervical nodal metastases in @entity1 with @entity1544 and @entity7145 , and to determine the impact of esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection on survival and recurrence rates. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection is commonly practiced in Japan, its role in the surgical management of @entity418 in the United States, especially in @entity1 with @entity420 , is essentially unknown. METHODS: This is a prospective observational study of esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy. Eighty @entity1 underwent resection between August 1994 and April 2001. Clinicopathological information and follow-up data were collected on all @entity1 until @entity204 or June 2001. RESULTS: Hospital mortality and morbidity rates were 5% and 46%, respectively. @entity3 to the recurrent laryngeal and/or deep cervical nodes occurred in 36% of @entity1 irrespective of cell type ( @entity420 37%, squamous 34%) or location within the esophagus (lower third 32%, middle third 60%). Overall 5-year and disease-free survival rates were 51% and 46%, respectively. Sixty-nine percent presented with nodal metastases. The 5-year survival rate for node-negative @entity1 was 88%; that for those with nodal metastases was 33%. The 5-year survival rate in @entity1 with positive cervical nodes was 25% (squamous 40%, @entity420 15%). CONCLUSIONS: Esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection can be performed with a low mortality and reasonable morbidity. Unsuspected metastases to the recurrent laryngeal and/or cervical nodes are present in 36% of @entity1 regardless of cell type or location within the esophagus. Thirty percent of @entity1 were upstaged, mainly from stage III to stage IV. An overall 5-year survival rate of 51% suggests a true survival benefit beyond that achieved solely on the basis of stage migration.

title: Three-field lymph node dissection for squamous cell and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancer']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7145 :: ('MESH:C562730', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the esophagus']

answer: @entity7145 :: (MESH:C562730,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the esophagus']


abstract: Phase II studies of biochemotherapy in metastatic @entity320 @entity1 have reported response rates of 47-63%. Even though these were highly selected @entity1 , we were intrigued by these promising response rates and began using this regimen as standard care in advanced @entity320 @entity1 . We report the results of the first 65 @entity1 with AJCC stage IV @entity320 (n = 57) or unresectable stage III (n = 8) @entity320 treated with concurrent biochemotherapy at Memorial Hospital. Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks and @entity1 were assessed for antitumour effects after every other cycle. The overall response rate among the 63 @entity1 evaluable for response was 29% (three complete responses, 15 partial responses). The median duration of responses was 3.7 months. The response rate among previously treated and previously untreated @entity1 was 6% and 38%, respectively. The estimated median survival for all @entity1 was 8.5 months; the median survival for previously untreated @entity1 was 9.2 months. @entity5 response did not correlate with survival. Our experience, which is a retrospective evaluation, does not provide support for the routine use of biochemotherapy as standard treatment. The low response rate among previously treated @entity1 indicates that biochemotherapy is not useful as second-line therapy.

title: Clinical results using biochemotherapy as a standard of care in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The treatment of hemodialysis access-induced @entity63 is challenging. Despite promising early results with the distal revascularization-interval ligation (DRIL) procedure, the operation has not been widely adopted because of concerns about its complexity and long-term efficacy. The purpose of this report was to determine the efficacy and durability of the DRIL procedure in relieving hand @entity63 and in maintaining access patency in the setting of hemodialysis access-induced @entity63 . METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all @entity1 who underwent the DRIL procedure for access-induced @entity63 . Demographic information was compiled, as were data regarding access and bypass patency, limb salvage, and @entity1 survival. Arteriovenous access and brachial artery bypass patency rates were determined with life-table methods. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2001, we performed 55 DRIL procedures in 52 @entity1 (35 @entity1 and 17 @entity1 ; mean age, 60.8 years; range, 30 to 86 years). The indications for surgery were @entity158 in 27 @entity1 , tissue loss in 20 @entity1 , @entity16 in four @entity1 , and @entity158 on hemodialysis in one @entity1 . Most @entity1 (92%) had @entity6 . The mean interval from access placement to DRIL was 7.4 months (range, 1 to 84 months). The mean follow-up interval was 16 months (range, 1 to 67 months). The brachial artery bypass primary patency rate was 80% at 4 years, and the arteriovenous access primary patency rate was 83% at 1 year. Forty-seven of 52 @entity1 (90%) had substantial or complete relief of @entity63 , and 15 of 20 @entity1 with @entity2806 have healed completely. CONCLUSION: DRIL is a durable and effective procedure that reliably accomplishes the twin goals in the treatment of angioaccess-induced @entity63 : persistent relief of hand @entity63 and continued access patency.

title: Distal revascularization-interval ligation: a durable and effective treatment for XXXX after hemodialysis access.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic steal syndrome', 'ischemic hand symptoms', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['digital ischemic lesions']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['loss of neurologic function']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic steal syndrome']


abstract: Results show that @entity2847 induced marked alterations in plasma levels of @entity165 and lipids in response to acute and chronic administrations in @entity35 . Two hours after an I.P. dose of 10 mg/kg, @entity2847 caused significant reductions in plasma levels of total high density lipoprotein (HDL) and high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL @entity165 ). At a dose of 20 mg/kg, @entity2847 induced significant elevations in plasma levels of total @entity165 , total HDL, HDL @entity165 , total low density lipoproteins (LDL), and low density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL @entity165 ). Injected at a dose of 4 or 10 mg/kg daily for 14 consecutive days, @entity2847 caused significant increases in plasma levels of total @entity165 , LDL @entity165 and total LDL whereas the levels of HDL @entity165 , total HDL @entity1674 (TG) were reduced. At a dose of 20 mg/kg all parameters were significantly increased. Marked hyperglycaemia was noticed in response to doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg injected daily for 14 consecutive days or 2 hrs after a single administration of 15 mg/kg. Plasma insulin activity was reduced 2 hours after injection of @entity2847 at a dose of 15 mg/kg Likewise, a significant reduction in plasma insulin activity was observed in response to daily I.P. injections of @entity2847 at a dose of 15 mg/kg. Hyperglycaemic and hypoinsulinaemic effects of @entity2847 (acute and chronic) were markedly decreased when @entity3216 , a dopaminergic D2 antagonist, was injected at an I.P. dose of 10 mg/kg before @entity2847 . Plasma ACTH activity was significantly increased in response to @entity2847 (15 mg/kg I.P.) in acute and chronic experiments. This effect was markedly diminished when @entity3216 was injected prior to @entity2847 . In conclusion, @entity2847 induced marked elevations in plasma levels of total @entity165 and lipids which are likely to be related to hyperglycaemic and hypoinsulinaemic effects.

title: Effect of XXXX on lipid plasma levels in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine', 'bromocriptine mesylate']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity3216 :: ('MESH:D013469', 'Chemical') :: ['sulpiride']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity2847 :: (MESH:D001971,Chemical) :: ['bromocriptine']


abstract: Results show that @entity2847 induced marked alterations in plasma levels of @entity165 and lipids in response to acute and chronic administrations in @entity35 . Two hours after an I.P. dose of 10 mg/kg, @entity2847 caused significant reductions in plasma levels of total high density lipoprotein (HDL) and high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL @entity165 ). At a dose of 20 mg/kg, @entity2847 induced significant elevations in plasma levels of total @entity165 , total HDL, HDL @entity165 , total low density lipoproteins (LDL), and low density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL @entity165 ). Injected at a dose of 4 or 10 mg/kg daily for 14 consecutive days, @entity2847 caused significant increases in plasma levels of total @entity165 , LDL @entity165 and total LDL whereas the levels of HDL @entity165 , total HDL @entity1674 (TG) were reduced. At a dose of 20 mg/kg all parameters were significantly increased. Marked hyperglycaemia was noticed in response to doses of 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg injected daily for 14 consecutive days or 2 hrs after a single administration of 15 mg/kg. Plasma insulin activity was reduced 2 hours after injection of @entity2847 at a dose of 15 mg/kg Likewise, a significant reduction in plasma insulin activity was observed in response to daily I.P. injections of @entity2847 at a dose of 15 mg/kg. Hyperglycaemic and hypoinsulinaemic effects of @entity2847 (acute and chronic) were markedly decreased when @entity3216 , a dopaminergic D2 antagonist, was injected at an I.P. dose of 10 mg/kg before @entity2847 . Plasma ACTH activity was significantly increased in response to @entity2847 (15 mg/kg I.P.) in acute and chronic experiments. This effect was markedly diminished when @entity3216 was injected prior to @entity2847 . In conclusion, @entity2847 induced marked elevations in plasma levels of total @entity165 and lipids which are likely to be related to hyperglycaemic and hypoinsulinaemic effects.

title: Effect of @entity2847 on lipid plasma levels in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The objective of our study was to determine the incidence and nature of @entity299 found among @entity1 with murmurs clinically ambiguous to an expert examiner. The study was a prospective, blinded evaluation of accuracy of the expert examination using echocardiography as the diagnostic standard. The setting of the study was a pediatric cardiology outpatient department. The study comprised 903 outpatients with heart murmur under 21 years old without prior echocardiography or pediatric cardiology consultation. The intervention was echocardiography as clinically indicated for evaluation of heart murmur of uncertain cause. The outcome measure were a comparison of clinical diagnoses with echocardiographic results. In this clinical population, the presence of @entity299 correlated with young age at presentation and with the expert examiner's level of suspicion of @entity299 . However, 16 of 187 cases in which specific pathology was unsuspected had disease, and 6 of these 16 have had catheter or surgical intervention. Fourteen of the 16 unsuspected had objective indications for echocardiography and the other 2 were examined to allay @entity148 . When evaluating very young outpatients with innocent-sounding murmur or older outpatients with innocent-sounding murmur and disconcerting symptoms, signs, or laboratory results, pediatric cardiologists should have a low threshold for echocardiography. Older outpatients with innocent-sounding murmur seldom have @entity299 when @entity148 is the only indication for echocardiography.

title: Echocardiographic yield in XXXX when innocent murmur seems likely but doubts linger.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Susceptibility of 4-week-old @entity19 of different strains to lethal @entity21215 ) infection was studied. Strains homozygous for H-2k and C57BL strains were resistant to greater than or equal to 10(5.5) PFU. @entity2020 .BR @entity19 congenic for C57BL background genes and H-2k were about 10-fold more resistant than either C3H/HeN or C57BL strains. BALB/c @entity19 (H-2d) were susceptible (50% lethal dose, 10(5.05) PFU). This susceptibility was dominant over resistance associated with H-2k but not that associated with C57BL background genes. The dominant susceptibility trait segregated in backcross @entity19 as if carried by a single gene. Virus replication in spleen cells in vivo correlated with susceptibility to @entity281 . A similar trend was found in tests of salivary glands. Replication of @entity20589 in vitro in cultures of adherent spleen cells and primary @entity19 embryo cells correlated with replication in vivo. Neutralization of interferon (IFN) in cultures of adherent spleen cells reversed H-2k-linked restriction of viral replication but had minor effects on cells of other strains. Natural killer cell responses to infection were often higher in more resistant strains, but @entity2020 .BR @entity19 developed minimal natural killer cell responses. Specific antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses in @entity2020 .BR @entity19 were similar or lower than in other strains. Thus, resistance to lethal @entity20589 infection was not immunologically mediated, was dependent on and reflected by the capacity of cells from a given @entity19 to support replication in vivo and in vitro, and was IFN dependent and recessive if linked to H-2k but IFN independent when associated with C57BL background genes.

title: Genetically determined resistance to lethal XXXX infection is mediated by interferon-dependent and -independent restriction of virus replication.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'mouse strain']

entities_list: @entity21215 :: ('10366', 'Species') :: ['murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['lethal infection']

answer: @entity21215 :: (10366,Species) :: ['murine cytomegalovirus']


abstract: Spleen cells from C57BL/6 (B6) @entity19 generate a strong in vitro cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response specific for @entity8310 virus (VSV). Spleen cells from VSV-primed B6-H-2bm3 (bm3) @entity19 , which have a mutation in @entity8023 , require approximately 10-fold more UV-inactivated VSV to generate in vitro secondary anti-VSV CTL, compared with spleen cells from primed B6 mice. Anti-VSV CTL elicited in both bm3 and B6 @entity19 are primarily specific for the viral nucleocapsid protein (N protein), as demonstrated by using recombinant vaccinia viruses that express the VSV N protein. bm3 CTL were found to exhibit only a very low level of lytic activity when tested against autologous VSV-infected concanavalin A spleen cell blasts as well as several H-2b @entity5 cell lines. The weak anti-VSV response of bm3 CTL was found to be the result of a combination of inefficient recognition of VSV-infected target cells and decreased elicitation of secondary effector cells. VSV-infected bm3 target cells were not killed as well as B6 targets by either bm3 or B6 effectors. This is because of the inefficient recognition of targets, as demonstrated by the fact that VSV-infected bm3 cells were unable to competitively inhibit the lysis of VSV-infected B6 target cells by either bm3 or B6 effectors. By using cells from recombinant @entity19 , it was shown that the CTL response restricted by @entity8023 was low in the bm3 @entity19 , compared with that of the B6 @entity19 . However, the H-2Db-restricted CTL activity was similarly low in both the B6 and bm3 @entity19 . The possibility that the low response to VSV-infected bm3 cells is caused by differences between the bm3 and B6 cells in expression of either viral antigens or H-2K was investigated by radiolabeling and immunoprecipitation. VSV-infected B6 and bm3 cells were found to express equivalent levels of both viral antigens and H-2K. These results indicate that the bm3 mutation alters a functional site on the @entity8023 molecule that is involved in the recognition of VSV-infected cells. The observation that elicitation of bm3 CTL can occur at high antigen doses further suggests that the bm3 mutation results in a lower affinity of H-2K either for viral antigen or for receptor sites on the CTL.

title: Possible mechanisms by which the H-2Kbm3 mutation may decrease cytotoxic T-lymphocyte recognition of XXXX virus nucleoprotein antigen.

entities_list: @entity8310 :: ('MESH:D054243', 'Disease') :: ['vesicular stomatitis']

answer: @entity8310 :: (MESH:D054243,Disease) :: ['vesicular stomatitis']


abstract: @entity3905 of salivary glands is a rare @entity5 whose variable behavior and prognosis are related for the most part to the clinical stage and histologic grade of the @entity3909 component. The purpose of this study is to predict prognosis by comparing the histologic grading and subclassification of the @entity3909 component with the immunohistochemical reactivity for @entity5962 , @entity876 mutation protein, and cellular proliferation (Ki67). Stains were performed on @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 18 cases of @entity3905 . Clinical follow-up was obtained for each @entity1 . Regional lymph node and distant organ metastases were the criteria for poor prognosis. Of seven cases with lymph nodes @entity3 , five were high-grade @entity5 (with one subsequent death from brain @entity3 ) and two were low-grade. Of the eight high-grade @entity5 , positivity for Ki67, @entity876 , and @entity5962 were noted in six, four, and two cases, respectively. In contrast, of the 10 low-grade @entity5 , two stained with Ki67, five with @entity876 , and none with @entity5962 . Most notably, all seven metastatic cases (as opposed to only one of 11 nonmetastatic @entity5 ) had Ki67 reactivity of more than 10%. We conclude that @entity3905 represents a spectrum of @entity5 in which the clinical behavior is closely related to the @entity3909 element. In addition to histologic grading, Ki67 is a useful prognostic marker in the evaluation of @entity3905 while @entity876 and @entity5962 appear to be of limited value.

title: Prognostic factors in XXXX of the salivary gland: correlation of immunohistochemical markers with histologic classification.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancies', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity3909 :: ('MESH:D055756', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous']

entities_list: @entity3905 :: ('MESH:D018198', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant mixed tumor', 'malignant mixed tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3905 :: (MESH:D018198,Disease) :: ['malignant mixed tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To understand the mutational patterns and mechanism of short tandem repeats(STRs). METHODS: The DNA samples of 19 parent- @entity1 pairs with mutations in three loci ( @entity22802 , D12S391, and D11S554) were genotyped by @entity575 staining on STR. Alleles to be sequenced were excised from gels, reamplified by PCR, and purified. Sequencing was performed by use of cycle sequencing. RESULTS: There were 18 out of 19 pedigrees in which the 'new' alleles gained or lost a single repeat (8 gains, 7 losses, and 3 being indistinguishable). Only one pedigree lost two repeats. In the 19 pedigrees, there were 13 pedigrees whose 'new' alleles came from fathers, 3 from mothers, 3 from either father or mother. The ratio was 4 1 between fathers and mothers. The mutation of three STR loci occurred in the long, uninterrupted tetranucleotide repeat regions ('CTTT' in @entity22802 , 'AGAT' in D12S391, and 'AAAG' in D11S554). CONCLUSION: Single- step mutations accounted for 95% of STR mutation events in these three loci: @entity22802 , D12S391, and D11S554. The rest were double step mutations. There was no insertion or deletion of an incomplete repeat in any of the pedigrees. The mutation was mainly caused by fathers. The long, uninterrupted tetranucleotide repeats in these three loci might be susceptible to mutation.

title: [Study on the mutation of XXXX short tandem repeats at three loci].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity6588 is a zoonosis, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, @entity5092 . The organism penetrates the @entity1 body through interrupted skin or mucous membranes, via animal contact or bites from ticks, deer-flies and mosquitoes. Contaminated aerosol and water are alternative modes of transmitting the germ through the respiratory and alimentary tracks. In light of its high infectivity in aerosol and its offensive occupation in the past, @entity6588 may appear in a biological warfare context. After an incubation period of 3-5 days, the disease begins with systemic symptoms, which abate, leaving a clinical picture, dominated by one of the listed patterns: ulceroglandular, typhoidal, glandular, occuloglandular, pharyngeal or pneumonic. Diagnosis and identification of the bacterium is difficult and even hazardous. Most diagnoses are established by serology which is positive in 50-70% of the @entity1 after 2 weeks of illness, and in most of them by 4-8 weeks. The treatment of choice is streptomycin intra-muscular, or @entity801 intra-venous for 10-14 days. Prophylaxis may be achieved by @entity803 treatment, beginning up to 24 hours from exposure, for 2 weeks, or by a live attenuated, investigational vaccine. Nevertheless, post-exposure, or even better so, pre-exposure intervention is the most effective way of preventing the devastating results of the attack.

title: [ XXXX as a biological weapon].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity5092 :: ('263', 'Species') :: ['Francisella tularensis']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity6588 :: ('MESH:D014406', 'Disease') :: ['tularemia', 'Tularemia']

answer: @entity6588 :: (MESH:D014406,Disease) :: ['Tularemia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Elderly @entity1 who @entity174 their hips are susceptible to complications associated with bed rest before surgery. In some institutions a skin traction device is used in order to relieve @entity158 before surgery. The authors followed ten @entity1 who developed severe (deep) @entity272 and evaluated the relationship to the skin traction device. The need for use of a skin traction device is debated and the need for multidisciplinary treatment if this complication develops is emphasised. @entity1 AND METHODS: All @entity1 who had serious @entity272 between January and December 2000 were evaluated. A serious @entity272 was defined as any new and abrupt case of a full-thickness skin loss involving @entity16 of subcutaneous tissue, but not through the underlying fascia and not extending to underlying bone, tendon or joint capsule. Preoperative assessment including background illness and medications, the application of a skin traction device, the type of surgery that was performed, and complications were noted. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 (nine females and one male) aged 76-90 years met the criteria of serious @entity272 . The leading @entity102 was cardiovascular. Among these @entity1 there were intertrochanteric @entity174 (n = 5), subcapital @entity174 (n = 4) and a subtrochanteric @entity174 (n = 1). In all @entity1 a skin traction device was used. In seven out of the ten @entity1 the @entity272 occurred during or immediately after surgery. Other @entity260 included uncontrolled @entity413 levels (> 130 mg/dl during fasting) (two cases) and @entity293 (two cases). The @entity272 was treated with a daily wound care regimen by a trained nurse and included daily changing of wet dressings and application of Vaseline gauze. All @entity1 were allowed immediate ambulation after the surgery and were discharged 9-15 days after the surgery. Although improvement of the slough was noted in all @entity1 , none of them had fully recovered, and they had to continue treatment in outpatient clinics. DISCUSSION: The main goal of treatment in elderly @entity1 who fractured their hips is to return them to their previous activities of daily living. A skin traction device, although useful for many of the @entity1 , has the disadvantage of causing serious @entity272 . This complication can interfere with the normal curve of rehabilitation and cause prolonged hospital stay. Whenever this complication is expected, the application of the skin traction device should be avoided. Moreover, careful handling of the @entity1 by physicians, physiotherapists and nurses is mandatory. If this complication develops, vigorous multidisciplinary care is recommended.

title: Deep XXXX following skin traction for hip fractures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['damage or necrosis']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin slough']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin slough']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity5 were treated at two different centres with slightly ionizing radiation (110 @entity1 ) and neutron therapy (15 @entity1 ). The treatment results are compared. The principles of comparison applied in this analysis are identical. The histologic classification was made according to the W.H.O. recommendation of 1972 and the staging according to Becske. @entity5 control is the criterion applied in the comparative assessment of both methods. The analysis has shown that there is no significant difference in the treatment results within the individual stages of @entity5 's advancement after application of an orthovolt therapy and a telecobalt therapy. @entity1 treated in early stages (stages I and III) had a substantially higher rate of @entity5 control (72%) than @entity1 in advanced stages (46%, stages III and IV). A more favorable treatment results was achieved by neutron therapy in all stages of @entity5 's advancement. In this case the rate of @entity1 with @entity5 control (87%) was significantly higher than after radiotherapy with slightly ionizing radiation (46%).

title: [Results of irradiation using different radiation sources in the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant parotid tumors', 'local tumor', 'Local tumor']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant parotid tumors']


abstract: AIMS: This study evaluated the techniques and short-term results of surgical treatment for @entity418 in Germany by a nationwide representative survey. METHODS: In 2000 a questionnaire including 63 structured items concerning indication, technique, number of procedures, complications, and hospital mortality was sent to 308 randomly selected general, gastrointestinal, and thoracic surgeons and all university hospitals in Germany (20% of all surgeons). The response rate was 76% ( n=234). RESULTS: In 1999 the 56 participating hospitals performed approximately 370,000 procedures, including 1,677 operations for @entity1208 , including 891 esophagectomies, 706 for @entity418 , 285 for @entity5 . Gastric interposition was the most common technique to restore alimentary tract continuity (86%). Interposition of the colon (ascending colon 64%) is a common procedure only in 22 centers, indicating that experience with this means of esophageal reconstruction is limited. There were no significant differences in complication and mortality rates between gastric transposition and colon interposition. The overall complication rate was 61%, with 36% after gastric interposition and 42% after colon interposition. @entity834 occurred in 12% and 15%, respectively, and the rate of graft @entity39 was 3% in both groups. Hospital mortality was 8% with gastric transposition and 11% with colon interposition. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 24 days. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that gastric transposition is frequently used for reconstruction after esophageal resection for @entity5 . It appears that the colon is not as accepted as the stomach for reconstruction, although the reported complication rates compare well with those reported after gastric transposition. This study allows a realistic evaluation of the overall risk of these surgical techniques.

title: Techniques and results of XXXX surgery in Germany.

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['Anastomotic leakages']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the cardia', 'malignant disease']

entities_list: @entity1208 :: ('MESH:D004935', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal diseases']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']