abstract: OBJECTIVE: We assessed the benefits and harm of reduced salt intake in @entity1 with essential @entity101 focusing on @entity1 -relevant outcomes and blood pressure. METHODS: A systematic search of five electronic databases was performed to identify high-quality secondary literature based on @entity23 ( @entity23 ). An update primary literature search ( @entity23 ) was performed for the time period up to 2010 that was not covered by secondary literature. Major outcomes were @entity204 , @entity65 /mortality, hospital stays, @entity177 , quality of life, and adverse events. Change in blood pressure was defined as surrogate parameter. RESULTS: Four different systematic reviews and two @entity23 met the inclusion criteria. Only one review reported limited data on @entity1 -relevant outcomes. Over an intervention period of up to 12 months, mean @entity13519 was reduced by 3.6-8.0 mmHg in all reviews. For the same intervention period, a statistically significant advantage with regard to mean @entity11559 reduction ranging from 1.9 to 2.8 mmHg was found in three reviews. The fourth publication reported a nonsignificant reduction ( @entity11559 reduction of 4.7 mmHg). None of the @entity23 identified in the primary literature search update reported data on @entity1 -relevant outcomes. However, both @entity23 found blood pressure improvements with salt reduction. CONCLUSION: A benefit from a salt-reduced diet in @entity1 with high blood pressure is not proven with regard to @entity1 -relevant outcomes based on systematic reviews and @entity23 published up to 2010. The results indicate a blood pressure-lowering effect through reduced salt intake in @entity101 @entity1 .

title: Benefit assessment of salt reduction in @entity1 with XXXX : systematic overview.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['terminal renal failure']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['randomized controlled trials', 'RCTs']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We assessed the benefits and harm of reduced salt intake in @entity1 with essential @entity101 focusing on @entity1 -relevant outcomes and blood pressure. METHODS: A systematic search of five electronic databases was performed to identify high-quality secondary literature based on @entity23 ( @entity23 ). An update primary literature search ( @entity23 ) was performed for the time period up to 2010 that was not covered by secondary literature. Major outcomes were @entity204 , @entity65 /mortality, hospital stays, @entity177 , quality of life, and adverse events. Change in blood pressure was defined as surrogate parameter. RESULTS: Four different systematic reviews and two @entity23 met the inclusion criteria. Only one review reported limited data on @entity1 -relevant outcomes. Over an intervention period of up to 12 months, mean @entity13519 was reduced by 3.6-8.0 mmHg in all reviews. For the same intervention period, a statistically significant advantage with regard to mean @entity11559 reduction ranging from 1.9 to 2.8 mmHg was found in three reviews. The fourth publication reported a nonsignificant reduction ( @entity11559 reduction of 4.7 mmHg). None of the @entity23 identified in the primary literature search update reported data on @entity1 -relevant outcomes. However, both @entity23 found blood pressure improvements with salt reduction. CONCLUSION: A benefit from a salt-reduced diet in @entity1 with high blood pressure is not proven with regard to @entity1 -relevant outcomes based on systematic reviews and @entity23 published up to 2010. The results indicate a blood pressure-lowering effect through reduced salt intake in @entity101 @entity1 .

title: Benefit assessment of salt reduction in XXXX with @entity101 : systematic overview.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity1067 is a common problem of the aged @entity1 population. Recent experimental and clinical studies provide sufficient evidence that apart from @entity3800 , insulin also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity1067 . The present study was aimed to investigate the relative influence of @entity251 and insulin on the cellular proliferation and prostatic growth. Effect of @entity251 on the prostate of hypoinsulinemic, and glandular injection of @entity8683 antagonist S961 on the prostate of castrated @entity35 (220  10 g) was examined. Significant decrease in the weight of the ventral prostate was observed in the @entity3839 -induced hypoinsulinemic @entity35 (~6 fold), which is restored by the intervention of @entity251 . Although, glandular injection of S961 did not led to any change in the frequency of @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ) positive cells in normal @entity35 , significant decrease was observed in the castrated @entity35 . Castration led to increase in the frequency of the @entity4124 and the TUNEL positive cells in the ventral prostate. Further, long-term (6 weeks) administration of S961 induced significant decrease in the weight of the ventral prostate. Results of the present study provide that both @entity251 and insulin promote prostatic cell proliferation and change in the level of either of the hormone results in the destabilization of cellular equilibrium, and modulation of the @entity8683 signaling in the prostate may provide an alternative strategy for the treatment of @entity1069 . Further, studies are required to better understand the interplay between these hormones in the regulation of prostatic growth.

title: Relative influence of XXXX and insulin in the regulation of prostatic cell proliferation and growth.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic enlargement']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic hyperplasia', 'Prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity1975 :: ('25737(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PCNA', 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rat', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['testosterone']


abstract: AIM: Occurrence of ocular motor @entity129 (OMCNP), following @entity64 , has not been reported in relation to the type of OMCNP seen and in relation to brain area affected by @entity64 . The aim of this study was to identify all @entity1 referred with suspected @entity227 to establish the presence and type of OMCNP. METHODS: Prospective, observation study with standardised referral and assessment forms across 20 sites. Visual assessment included visual acuity measurement, visual field assessment, ocular alignment, and movement and visual inattention assessment. Multicentre ethics approval and informed @entity1 consent was obtained. RESULTS: In total, 915 @entity1 were recruited with mean age of 69.18 years (SD 14.19). Altogether, 498 @entity1 (54%) were diagnosed with @entity1319 . Of these, 89 @entity1 (18%) had OMCNP. Unilateral @entity2895 was present in 23 @entity1 (26%), @entity6125 in 14 @entity1 (16%), and @entity2896 in 52 @entity1 (58%). Out of these, 44 @entity1 had isolated OMCNP and 45 had OMCNP combined with other @entity1319 . Location of @entity64 was reported mainly in cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus, and internal and external capsules. Treatment was provided for each case including prisms, occlusion, typoscope, scanning exercises, and refraction. CONCLUSIONS: OMCNP account for 18% of eye @entity910 in this @entity64 sub-population. Sixth @entity11363 was most common, followed by third and fourth @entity11363 . Half were isolated and half combined with other @entity2358 . Most were treated with prisms or occlusion. The reported brain area affected by @entity64 was typically the cerebellum, brain stem, and diencephalic structures.

title: Prevalence of ocular motor @entity129 and associations following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsies']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity2358 :: ('MESH:D020820', 'Disease') :: ['eye movement abnormality']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['movement abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2895 :: ('MESH:D015840', 'Disease') :: ['third nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity2896 :: ('MESH:D020434', 'Disease') :: ['sixth nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity6125 :: ('MESH:D020432', 'Disease') :: ['fourth nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['ocular motility abnormalities']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: AIM: Occurrence of ocular motor @entity129 (OMCNP), following @entity64 , has not been reported in relation to the type of OMCNP seen and in relation to brain area affected by @entity64 . The aim of this study was to identify all @entity1 referred with suspected @entity227 to establish the presence and type of OMCNP. METHODS: Prospective, observation study with standardised referral and assessment forms across 20 sites. Visual assessment included visual acuity measurement, visual field assessment, ocular alignment, and movement and visual inattention assessment. Multicentre ethics approval and informed @entity1 consent was obtained. RESULTS: In total, 915 @entity1 were recruited with mean age of 69.18 years (SD 14.19). Altogether, 498 @entity1 (54%) were diagnosed with @entity1319 . Of these, 89 @entity1 (18%) had OMCNP. Unilateral @entity2895 was present in 23 @entity1 (26%), @entity6125 in 14 @entity1 (16%), and @entity2896 in 52 @entity1 (58%). Out of these, 44 @entity1 had isolated OMCNP and 45 had OMCNP combined with other @entity1319 . Location of @entity64 was reported mainly in cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus, and internal and external capsules. Treatment was provided for each case including prisms, occlusion, typoscope, scanning exercises, and refraction. CONCLUSIONS: OMCNP account for 18% of eye @entity910 in this @entity64 sub-population. Sixth @entity11363 was most common, followed by third and fourth @entity11363 . Half were isolated and half combined with other @entity2358 . Most were treated with prisms or occlusion. The reported brain area affected by @entity64 was typically the cerebellum, brain stem, and diencephalic structures.

title: Prevalence of ocular motor XXXX and associations following @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity129 :: (MESH:D003389,Disease) :: ['cranial nerve palsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are implicated in development and prognosis of @entity1201 so the genetic regulation of such cytokines could play an important role. OBJECTIVE: . This study was planned for testing the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with susceptibility and clinical types of @entity1201 among Egyptian cases. SUBJECTS: This study included 47 cases (29 @entity1 , 18 females, mean age = 46.3 years) with @entity1201 in addition to 98 healthy unrelated controls (52 males, 46 females, mean age = 44.9 years). Cases were recruited from Leprosy Clinics, Delta region of Egypt. Cases were classified into paucibacillary (PB) (n = 17; 10 males, 7 females; mean age 42.6 years) and multibacillary (MB) (n = 29; 19 males, 10 females; mean age 43.9 years). METHODS: For all cases and controls, DNA was extracted and amplified using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter regions of cytokine genes, TNF-a @entity15646 , @entity688 @entity28707 , @entity650 @entity8996 as well as IL-1RaVNTR in intron 2 of the gene. RESULTS: COMPARED TO CONTROLS, ALL CASES HAVE SHOWN INCREASED FREQUENCY OF HOMOZYGOUS GENOTYPES : @entity688 -1082 (GG) (Odds ratio 6.6, P <0.05), homozygous TNF-a-308 (GG) (Odds ratio =3.23), and homozygous @entity1193 (11) (Odds ratio = 3.6, P<0.05) with increased frequency of IL10 G and ILRa 1 alleles (P<0.05). BP subgroup showed increased frequency of homozygous @entity688 -1082 (GG) (Odds ratio = 18.6, P<0.05) with increased frequency of IL10 G allele (P<0.05). On the other hand, MB subgroup showed increased frequency of homozygous TNF-a-308 (GG) (Odds ratio = 5.84, P<0.05) and homozygous @entity1193 (11) (Odds ratio = 4, P<0.05) with increased frequency of @entity1193 1 allele (P<0.05). There is predominance for heterozygous @entity650 @entity8996 polymorphism in all studies @entity1 subgroups as well as controls with no significant difference among them. CONCLUSION: Genetic polymorphisms related to TNF-a-308 and @entity688 -1082 and @entity1193 may be used as genetic markers for susceptibility and clinical outcome of @entity1201 among Egyptian cases from the Nile Delta.

title: Association of cytokine gene polymorphism with susceptibility and clinical types of XXXX .

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['leprosy']


abstract: To increase perfusion pressure with vasoactive drugs may be in conflict with the opinion of the reconstructive surgeon who maintains that the systemic administration of vasoactive agents causes vasoconstriction of the pedicle artery and the microvasculature. In free flap surgery, deliberate fluid therapy is used with a minimum of vasoactive drugs. This retrospective study was performed to analyse the perioperative fluid therapy, its effect on hemodynamic parameters and on the outcome of free flap surgery. One hundred and four @entity1 were included in this retrospective study. The muscle sparing free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap was used for breast reconstruction. Perioperative hemodynamic data was used for this study. Twenty-seven @entity1 had one or two complications requiring return to the operating room (OR). Two cases returned to the OR because of @entity86 ; in 11 @entity1 , the @entity254 was revised. The reason for surgery in the latter group was @entity2979 , due to @entity715 formation at the venous @entity254 . The volume of fluid therapy was significantly higher in @entity1 who returned to the OR due to @entity715 formation at the @entity254 . Based on the results of this study, restricted intravenous fluid therapy or guided fluid therapy is recommended. Invasive monitoring such as central venous pressure and invasive arterial monitoring is recommended. @entity393 should be replaced, and fluid overload should be avoided when the breast is reconstructed using free-tissue transfers.

title: Perioperative fluid overload increases XXXX in the free TRAM flap used for breast reconstruction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2979 :: ('MESH:D054070', 'Disease') :: ['venous stasis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['Fluid loss']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['anastomosis thrombosis']


abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of different arm positioning techniques on thoracic and abdominal image quality and radiation dose of whole-body trauma CT (wbCT). One hundred and fifty @entity1230 @entity1 (104 male, mean age 47    19) underwent wbCT with arms elevated above the head (group A, n=50), alongside the abdomen (group B, n=50), and on a pillow ventrally to the chest with both arms flexed (group C, n=50). Two blinded, independent observers measured image noise and rated image quality (scores 1-3) of the liver, aorta, spleen, spine, and lower lungs. Radiation dose parameters were noted, and the abdomens' anterior-posterior diameter and scan lengths were measured. Interreader agreements for image noise (r=0.86; p<0.001) and subjective image quality (k=0.71-0.84) were good. Noise was lower (p<0.05), image quality of the liver, aorta, spleen, and spine was higher, and radiation dose lower in group A than in groups B and C (p<0.001, each). Image quality of the spleen, liver, and aorta were higher in group C than in group B (p<0.05, each). No significant differences in scan length (p=0.61) were found among groups. Abdominal anterior-posterior diameter correlated significantly with noise (r=0.82; p<0.01) and dose (r=0.47; p<0.001). Estimated effective radiation doses were significantly (p<0.001) higher in groups B (21.2 @entity2073 ) and C (21.9 @entity2073 ) as compared to A (16.1 @entity2073 ). In wbCT for @entity1230 @entity1 , positioning of the arms above the head results in better image quality and lower radiation dose. Placing the flexed arms on a large pillow ventrally to the chest significantly improves image quality as compared to positioning alongside the abdomen.

title: Whole-body CT in XXXX @entity1 : effect of arm positioning on thoracic and abdominal image quality.

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['polytrauma']

answer: @entity1230 :: (MESH:D009104,Disease) :: ['polytrauma']


abstract: The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of different arm positioning techniques on thoracic and abdominal image quality and radiation dose of whole-body trauma CT (wbCT). One hundred and fifty @entity1230 @entity1 (104 male, mean age 47    19) underwent wbCT with arms elevated above the head (group A, n=50), alongside the abdomen (group B, n=50), and on a pillow ventrally to the chest with both arms flexed (group C, n=50). Two blinded, independent observers measured image noise and rated image quality (scores 1-3) of the liver, aorta, spleen, spine, and lower lungs. Radiation dose parameters were noted, and the abdomens' anterior-posterior diameter and scan lengths were measured. Interreader agreements for image noise (r=0.86; p<0.001) and subjective image quality (k=0.71-0.84) were good. Noise was lower (p<0.05), image quality of the liver, aorta, spleen, and spine was higher, and radiation dose lower in group A than in groups B and C (p<0.001, each). Image quality of the spleen, liver, and aorta were higher in group C than in group B (p<0.05, each). No significant differences in scan length (p=0.61) were found among groups. Abdominal anterior-posterior diameter correlated significantly with noise (r=0.82; p<0.01) and dose (r=0.47; p<0.001). Estimated effective radiation doses were significantly (p<0.001) higher in groups B (21.2 @entity2073 ) and C (21.9 @entity2073 ) as compared to A (16.1 @entity2073 ). In wbCT for @entity1230 @entity1 , positioning of the arms above the head results in better image quality and lower radiation dose. Placing the flexed arms on a large pillow ventrally to the chest significantly improves image quality as compared to positioning alongside the abdomen.

title: Whole-body CT in @entity1230 XXXX : effect of arm positioning on thoracic and abdominal image quality.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies addressing mesenteric and mesocolic lymph node @entity3 in @entity1 with advanced @entity43 that have undergone bowel resection are lacking. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in a series of 50 individuals who underwent surgical cytoreduction for @entity43 that included bowel resection from April 2004 to September 2010. RESULTS: Forty-one @entity1 had bowel resection with mesenteric lymph nodes that were suitable for analysis. Twenty-four (58.5%) @entity1 underwent retosigmoidectomies, 14 (34.1%) received other types of colectomies, and three (7.3%) underwent small bowel resection. There was serosal involvement in 14 cases (34.1%), muscularis propria invasion in 13 cases (31.7%), submucosa invasion in six cases (14.6%), and mucosa in eight cases (19.5%). Lymphatic invasion was observed in 24 @entity1 (58.5%). A median of 14 mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed. Metastatic lymph nodes were observed in 29 (70.7%) cases. Invasion into the muscularis propria (P = 0.036), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.045), and retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 (P = 0.002) correlated significantly with mesenteric lymph node involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of regional lymph nodes of affected organs that is similar to surgical procedures that are performed for @entity14 is an appropriate, optimal debulking surgery for @entity1 with @entity43 .

title: Surgical implications of mesenteric lymph node XXXX from advanced @entity43 after bowel resection.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma', 'ovarian cancer', 'epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies addressing mesenteric and mesocolic lymph node @entity3 in @entity1 with advanced @entity43 that have undergone bowel resection are lacking. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in a series of 50 individuals who underwent surgical cytoreduction for @entity43 that included bowel resection from April 2004 to September 2010. RESULTS: Forty-one @entity1 had bowel resection with mesenteric lymph nodes that were suitable for analysis. Twenty-four (58.5%) @entity1 underwent retosigmoidectomies, 14 (34.1%) received other types of colectomies, and three (7.3%) underwent small bowel resection. There was serosal involvement in 14 cases (34.1%), muscularis propria invasion in 13 cases (31.7%), submucosa invasion in six cases (14.6%), and mucosa in eight cases (19.5%). Lymphatic invasion was observed in 24 @entity1 (58.5%). A median of 14 mesenteric lymph nodes were analyzed. Metastatic lymph nodes were observed in 29 (70.7%) cases. Invasion into the muscularis propria (P = 0.036), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.045), and retroperitoneal lymph node @entity3 (P = 0.002) correlated significantly with mesenteric lymph node involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of regional lymph nodes of affected organs that is similar to surgical procedures that are performed for @entity14 is an appropriate, optimal debulking surgery for @entity1 with @entity43 .

title: Surgical implications of mesenteric lymph node @entity3 from advanced XXXX after bowel resection.

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 suffering from acute @entity548 and treated from admission by peritoneal dialysis were studied. According to developments, 4 groups are defined. The first group consisted fo 14 @entity1 treated only by peritoneal dialysis, 3 died. The second group consisted of 7 @entity1 whose peritoneal dialysis was interrupted during hospitalization and who underwent differed surgery. The third group consisted of 5 @entity1 who were operated during the period of peritoneal dialysis, all died. Finally, the fourth group consisted of 4 @entity1 who were dialysed for a short period before emergency surgery, there were no deaths. Peritoneal dialysis, associated with other therapeutic measurements resulted in early improvement of abdominal and toxaemic signs such as @entity177 . @entity4295 , observed in 5 @entity1 was reversible in two. Six out of eleven were weaned from assisted ventilation. This allowed the spontaneous resorption of peripancreatic @entity39 masses in four cases. Nevertheless it did not prevent the development of new @entity39 masses in 5 other cases nor @entity298 , seen in 4 cases. It is ineffective in the development of @entity649 which followed in 2 cases, during the course of treatment. In all, 11 @entity1 survived by medical peritoneal dialysis only. Of the 30 @entity1 , 19 survived or 63.4%. If the period between the first digestive signs and the installation of the peritoneal dialysis is less than or equal to 7 days, as seen in 21 cases, 15 @entity1 survived or 71.5%.

title: [Peritoneal dialysis treatment for acute XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic hemorrhagic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity4295 :: ('MESH:D007683', 'Disease') :: ['Acute tubular necrosis']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['shock lung']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['shock and functional renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal infection']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['necrotic hemorrhagic pancreatitis']


abstract: @entity6184 occurred in 9 cases in a series of 812 tracheostomized @entity1 , an incidence of 1.1%. Two additional stenoses had developed after orotracheal cuffed intubation. Two suprastomal, two stomal and seven infrastomal stenoses were confirmed. The @entity850 was diagnosed within 10 weeks of extubation in 10 @entity1 and 5 months after extubation in 1 case. The airway results were good after segmental resection and end to end @entity254 in 5 @entity1 ; satisfactory in 4 @entity1 after various dilatation procedures and poor in 1 case after removal of granulation tissue. The mortality rate was 18%. One @entity1 died on account of missed diagnosis and another of @entity432 with @entity548 after tracheal resection. The present report indicates that the best airway results are achieved by segmental resection. Various dilatation procedures, however, produced satisfactory airway results and should be used as primary treatment when the stage of the @entity850 makes resection inappropriate. When planning surgical treatment, X-ray examinations, tomography or tracheo-graphy are necessary for evaluation of the site and length of the @entity850 . The stage of the @entity850 can best be evaluated by tracheoscopy. The use of large, low-pressure thin-walled cuffs and avoidance of overinflation of the cuff are the most important measures for preventing the cuff-induced @entity130 which may lead to @entity6184 .

title: XXXX after tracheostomy and after orotracheal cuffed intubation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive bleeding']

entities_list: @entity6184 :: ('MESH:D014135', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal stenosis', 'Tracheal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['tracheo-innominate artery erosion']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal injury']

answer: @entity6184 :: (MESH:D014135,Disease) :: ['Tracheal stenosis']


abstract: Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) inhibit ice growth at sub-zero temperatures. The prototypical type-III AFPs have been extensively studied, notably by X-ray crystallography, solid-state and solution NMR, and mutagenesis, leading to the identification of a compound @entity30646 ( @entity30646 ) composed of two adjacent ice-binding sections, each which binds to particular lattice planes of ice crystals, @entity4968 their growth. This surface, including many hydrophobic and some hydrophilic residues, has been extensively used to model the interaction of @entity160 with ice. Experimentally observed water molecules facing the @entity30646 have been used in an attempt to validate these models. However, these trials have been hindered by the limited capability of X-ray crystallography to reliably identify all water molecules of the hydration layer. Due to the strong diffraction signal from both the @entity26 and @entity6189 atoms, neutron diffraction provides a more effective way to determine the water molecule positions (as D(2) O). Here we report the successful structure determination at 293 K of fully perdeuterated type-III @entity160 by joint X-ray and neutron diffraction providing a very detailed description of the protein and its solvent structure. X-ray data were collected to a resolution of 1.05   , and neutron Laue data to a resolution of 1.85    with a "radically small" crystal volume of 0.13 mm(3). The identification of a tetrahedral water cluster in nuclear scattering density maps has allowed the reconstruction of the @entity30646 -bound ice crystal primary prismatic face. Analysis of the interactions between the @entity30646 and the bound ice crystal primary prismatic face indicates the role of the hydrophobic residues, which are found to bind inside the holes of the ice surface, thus explaining the specificity of AFPs for ice versus water.

title: Neutron structure of type-III antifreeze protein allows the reconstruction of XXXX -ice interface.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity6189 :: ('MESH:D003903', 'Chemical') :: ['deuterium']

entities_list: @entity30646 :: ('MESH:C535741', 'Disease') :: ['ice-binding surface', 'IBS']

answer: @entity160 :: (174,Gene) :: ['AFP']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the long-term outcomes, biliary complication rates, and risk factors for @entity253 after liver transplantation from "donation after @entity204 " (DCD) donors. BACKGROUND: Recent enthusiasm toward increased use of DCD donors' livers is mitigated by high biliary complication rates. Predictive risk factors for the development of @entity253 after DCD liver transplantation remain incompletely defined. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 1157 "donation after @entity1620 " (DBD) and 87 DCD liver transplants performed between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 2008. @entity1 and graft survivals and complication rates within the first year of transplantation were compared between DBD and DCD groups. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the influence of potential risk factors. RESULTS: @entity1 survival was significantly lower in the DCD group compared with the DBD group at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years (DCD: 84%, 68%, 54%, and 54% vs DBD: 91%, 81%, 67%, and 58%; P < 0.01). Graft survival was also significantly lower in the DCD group compared with the DBD group at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years (DCD: 69%, 56%, 43%, 43% vs DBD: 86%, 76%, 60%, 51%; P < 0.001). Rates of overall @entity253 (OBC) (DCD: 47% vs DBD: 26%; P < 0.01) and @entity63 ( @entity63 ) (DCD: 34% vs DBD: 1%; P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the DCD group. Donor age [hazard ratio (HR): 1.04; P < 0.01] and donor age greater than 40 years (HR: 3.13; P < 0.01) were significant risk factors for the development of OBC. Multivariate analysis revealed that @entity63 ( @entity63 ) greater than 8 hours (HR: 2.46; P = 0.05) and donor age greater than 40 years (HR: 2.90; P < 0.01) significantly increased the risk of @entity63 . CONCLUSIONS: Long-term @entity1 and graft survival after DCD liver transplantation remain significantly lower but acceptable when compared with DBD liver transplantations. Donor age and @entity63 greater than 8 hours are the strongest predictors for the development of @entity63 . Careful selection of younger DCD donors and minimization of @entity63 may limit the incidence of severe @entity253 and improve the successful utilization of DCD donors' livers.

title: Biliary complications after liver transplantation from donation after XXXX donors: an analysis of risk factors and long-term outcomes from a single center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['CIT', 'IC', 'ischemic cholangiopathy', 'cold ischemic time']

entities_list: @entity1620 :: ('MESH:D001926', 'Disease') :: ['brain death']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary complications']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['cardiac death']


abstract: From 1970 to 1983, eight @entity1 who had severe right @entity2554 with little or no @entity1002 were referred to our hospital. There were two @entity1 and six @entity1 , whose ages ranged from 16 to 38 years and averaged 27. Five @entity1 were members of two families, which had definite hereditary histories of this disease. ECGs of seven @entity1 suggested right @entity67 . @entity943 were documented in seven, whose ECGs suggested that the origins of the @entity943 were in the right or both ventricles. Cardiothoracic ratios ranged from 0.50 to 0.66 and averaged 0.59. Five @entity1 had wide respiratory splitting of the second heart sound. Echocardiography showed a marked increase in the right ventricular dimension. Right ventricular diastolic pressure was increased in three; left ventricular diastolic pressure was increased in two. Right ventricular angiography revealed marked dilatation and low ejection fractions of the right ventricle in all, but left ventricular function was nearly normal in them, except two @entity1 who had minimal abnormality. The average follow-up period was 6.3 years and ranged from 3 months to 11 years. During the follow-up period, only two @entity1 had @entity1165 and three developed overt @entity712 . Three @entity1 died, two suddenly, and one from an attack of @entity1165 . Autopsies of these two showed extreme dilatation of the right ventricle and one of them showed concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. @entity854 were found in both ventricles. In summary, it is suggested that idiopathic dilated @entity1001 can be classified in the spectrum of dilated @entity296 .

title: Idiopathic dilated XXXX : a report of eight cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity2554 :: ('MESH:C563906', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dilatation']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Histological abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1001 :: ('MESH:C566255', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular abnormality']

answer: @entity1001 :: (MESH:C566255,Disease) :: ['right ventricular cardiomyopathy']


abstract: To determine the accuracy and reliability of measurements of mitral flow velocity and pressure gradients obtained from continuous wave Doppler (CWD) echocardiography, the left ventricular pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and CWD echo were simultaneously recorded simultaneously for 22 @entity1 with @entity4794 . An ultrasonic transducer was placed over the left ventricular apex to direct the ultrasonic beam parallel with the mitral flow. High-pitched audio signals were used to determine whether the ultrasonic beam direction was appropriate. The angle formed by the beam direction and the blood flow was assumed to be zero when a good Doppler echo was recorded. The maximum flow velocity and pressure gradients calculated from CWD echo were compared with pressure gradients obtained by catheterization. These were analyzed during the same heart beats. The results were as follows: Good recordings of pressures and CWD echograms were obtained for 17 @entity1 , and their data were used for the analysis. The maximum flow velocity through the mitral valve obtained by CWD echography was very similar to the pressure gradients obtained by catheterization in terms of phases and patterns. The pressure gradients (x) calculated from CWD using a simplified Bernoulli's equation correlated well with those (y) measured at the same time on pressure tracings (y = 1.2x + 1.5, r = 0.92, p less than 0.001). Mean diastolic pressure gradients (X) obtained by CWD echography also correlated well with those (Y) recorded at catheterization (Y = 1.2X + 0.15, r = 0.95). Based on these results, we conclude that CWD echography is a reliable, noninvasive method to measure the pressure gradient across the mitral valve in @entity1 with @entity4794 .

title: [Continuous wave Doppler measurement of transmitral pressure gradients in XXXX : comparisons with simultaneous catheterization measurements].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['mitral stenosis']

answer: @entity4794 :: (MESH:D008946,Disease) :: ['mitral stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The endoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP) mesh repair is nowadays a well-established tension-free method for @entity169 . Mainly based on animal studies and case reports, a concern about the risk of @entity86 was expressed. This clinical study aimed to evaluate the risk of @entity249 due to obstructive @entity3893 in @entity1 of fertile age who underwent a @entity547 repair. METHODS: Over 3  years (2005-2008) 59 male @entity1 , 18-60  years of age, underwent a bilateral TEP repair. Twenty-one of them were prospectively ("light mesh") and 38 retrospectively ("heavy mesh") evaluated for testicular volume and perfusion, serum levels of sexual hormones, ejaculate volume, and number of spermatic cells. Those parameters were determined preoperatively (prospective group) and not earlier than 3  months postoperatively (both groups). RESULTS: No significant difference between pre- and postoperative values was detected in the prospectively studied group. All postoperative parameters were within the normal range in the retrospective group. There was no evidence of impaired fertility in any @entity1 due to the operation. CONCLUSION: The standardized TEP technique for simultaneous @entity169 repair in male @entity1 was not associated with a higher risk for @entity86 after mesh implantation. The use of heavy-weight meshes had no negative effect on fertility.

title: Bilateral endoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair does not induce obstructive XXXX : data of a retrospective and prospective trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative infertility']

entities_list: @entity547 :: ('MESH:D006547', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral hernia']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral inguinal hernia', 'inguinal hernia repair']

entities_list: @entity3893 :: ('MESH:D053713', 'Disease') :: ['azoospermia']

answer: @entity3893 :: (MESH:D053713,Disease) :: ['azoospermia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently, endoscopic submucosal dissection has been carefully applied in early @entity356 (EGC) with undifferentiated type. However, there are no individual guidelines for endoscopic treatment of EGCs with poorly differentiated @entity420 or @entity2580 . The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the clinicopathologic features of these two types of EGC to guide the application of endoscopic treatment. METHODS: @entity1 to undergo radical gastrectomy for the treatment of EGC were selected for inclusion in this study. Histology was classified according to the Japanese @entity356 Association. Between January 2005 and December 2008, 288 @entity1 with poorly differentiated EGC and 419 @entity1 with signet ring cell EGC were enrolled. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Compared with signet ring cell EGC, poorly differentiated EGC had higher rates of male gender, old age (>= 45  years), large @entity5 length (>20  mm), @entity1066 , @entity3 , @entity3 , and lymph node @entity3 . In the multivariate analyses, poorly differentiated EGC was significantly associated with @entity1066 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.8), @entity3 (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.6-5.1) and @entity3 (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6) with a reference of signet ring cell EGC. The independent risk factors for lymph node @entity3 were large @entity5 length, @entity3 , and @entity3 in both types of EGC. Young age was an independent risk factor of lymph node @entity3 only in poorly differentiated EGC. CONCLUSIONS: Poorly differentiated EGC has clinicopathologic features that are less favorable to endoscopic treatment than are those of signet ring cell EGC. Therefore, these two types of EGC should be approached separately, not as a united type of undifferentiated histology, during the planning of endoscopic treatment.

title: Early @entity356 of XXXX is more amenable to endoscopic treatment than is early @entity356 of poorly differentiated @entity420 in select @entity5 conditions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2580 :: ('MESH:D018279', 'Disease') :: ['signet ring cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'lymphovascular invasion', 'submucosal invasion']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['tubular adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'Gastric Cancer']

answer: @entity2580 :: (MESH:D018279,Disease) :: ['signet ring cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently, endoscopic submucosal dissection has been carefully applied in early @entity356 (EGC) with undifferentiated type. However, there are no individual guidelines for endoscopic treatment of EGCs with poorly differentiated @entity420 or @entity2580 . The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the clinicopathologic features of these two types of EGC to guide the application of endoscopic treatment. METHODS: @entity1 to undergo radical gastrectomy for the treatment of EGC were selected for inclusion in this study. Histology was classified according to the Japanese @entity356 Association. Between January 2005 and December 2008, 288 @entity1 with poorly differentiated EGC and 419 @entity1 with signet ring cell EGC were enrolled. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Compared with signet ring cell EGC, poorly differentiated EGC had higher rates of male gender, old age (>= 45  years), large @entity5 length (>20  mm), @entity1066 , @entity3 , @entity3 , and lymph node @entity3 . In the multivariate analyses, poorly differentiated EGC was significantly associated with @entity1066 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.8), @entity3 (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.6-5.1) and @entity3 (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6) with a reference of signet ring cell EGC. The independent risk factors for lymph node @entity3 were large @entity5 length, @entity3 , and @entity3 in both types of EGC. Young age was an independent risk factor of lymph node @entity3 only in poorly differentiated EGC. CONCLUSIONS: Poorly differentiated EGC has clinicopathologic features that are less favorable to endoscopic treatment than are those of signet ring cell EGC. Therefore, these two types of EGC should be approached separately, not as a united type of undifferentiated histology, during the planning of endoscopic treatment.

title: Early XXXX of @entity2580 is more amenable to endoscopic treatment than is early @entity356 of poorly differentiated @entity420 in select @entity5 conditions.

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently, endoscopic submucosal dissection has been carefully applied in early @entity356 (EGC) with undifferentiated type. However, there are no individual guidelines for endoscopic treatment of EGCs with poorly differentiated @entity420 or @entity2580 . The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the clinicopathologic features of these two types of EGC to guide the application of endoscopic treatment. METHODS: @entity1 to undergo radical gastrectomy for the treatment of EGC were selected for inclusion in this study. Histology was classified according to the Japanese @entity356 Association. Between January 2005 and December 2008, 288 @entity1 with poorly differentiated EGC and 419 @entity1 with signet ring cell EGC were enrolled. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Compared with signet ring cell EGC, poorly differentiated EGC had higher rates of male gender, old age (>= 45  years), large @entity5 length (>20  mm), @entity1066 , @entity3 , @entity3 , and lymph node @entity3 . In the multivariate analyses, poorly differentiated EGC was significantly associated with @entity1066 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.8), @entity3 (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.6-5.1) and @entity3 (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6) with a reference of signet ring cell EGC. The independent risk factors for lymph node @entity3 were large @entity5 length, @entity3 , and @entity3 in both types of EGC. Young age was an independent risk factor of lymph node @entity3 only in poorly differentiated EGC. CONCLUSIONS: Poorly differentiated EGC has clinicopathologic features that are less favorable to endoscopic treatment than are those of signet ring cell EGC. Therefore, these two types of EGC should be approached separately, not as a united type of undifferentiated histology, during the planning of endoscopic treatment.

title: Early @entity356 of @entity2580 is more amenable to endoscopic treatment than is early XXXX of poorly differentiated @entity420 in select @entity5 conditions.

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently, endoscopic submucosal dissection has been carefully applied in early @entity356 (EGC) with undifferentiated type. However, there are no individual guidelines for endoscopic treatment of EGCs with poorly differentiated @entity420 or @entity2580 . The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the clinicopathologic features of these two types of EGC to guide the application of endoscopic treatment. METHODS: @entity1 to undergo radical gastrectomy for the treatment of EGC were selected for inclusion in this study. Histology was classified according to the Japanese @entity356 Association. Between January 2005 and December 2008, 288 @entity1 with poorly differentiated EGC and 419 @entity1 with signet ring cell EGC were enrolled. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Compared with signet ring cell EGC, poorly differentiated EGC had higher rates of male gender, old age (>= 45  years), large @entity5 length (>20  mm), @entity1066 , @entity3 , @entity3 , and lymph node @entity3 . In the multivariate analyses, poorly differentiated EGC was significantly associated with @entity1066 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.8), @entity3 (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.6-5.1) and @entity3 (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6) with a reference of signet ring cell EGC. The independent risk factors for lymph node @entity3 were large @entity5 length, @entity3 , and @entity3 in both types of EGC. Young age was an independent risk factor of lymph node @entity3 only in poorly differentiated EGC. CONCLUSIONS: Poorly differentiated EGC has clinicopathologic features that are less favorable to endoscopic treatment than are those of signet ring cell EGC. Therefore, these two types of EGC should be approached separately, not as a united type of undifferentiated histology, during the planning of endoscopic treatment.

title: Early @entity356 of @entity2580 is more amenable to endoscopic treatment than is early @entity356 of poorly differentiated XXXX in select @entity5 conditions.

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['tubular adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently, endoscopic submucosal dissection has been carefully applied in early @entity356 (EGC) with undifferentiated type. However, there are no individual guidelines for endoscopic treatment of EGCs with poorly differentiated @entity420 or @entity2580 . The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the clinicopathologic features of these two types of EGC to guide the application of endoscopic treatment. METHODS: @entity1 to undergo radical gastrectomy for the treatment of EGC were selected for inclusion in this study. Histology was classified according to the Japanese @entity356 Association. Between January 2005 and December 2008, 288 @entity1 with poorly differentiated EGC and 419 @entity1 with signet ring cell EGC were enrolled. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Compared with signet ring cell EGC, poorly differentiated EGC had higher rates of male gender, old age (>= 45  years), large @entity5 length (>20  mm), @entity1066 , @entity3 , @entity3 , and lymph node @entity3 . In the multivariate analyses, poorly differentiated EGC was significantly associated with @entity1066 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.8), @entity3 (OR: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.6-5.1) and @entity3 (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6) with a reference of signet ring cell EGC. The independent risk factors for lymph node @entity3 were large @entity5 length, @entity3 , and @entity3 in both types of EGC. Young age was an independent risk factor of lymph node @entity3 only in poorly differentiated EGC. CONCLUSIONS: Poorly differentiated EGC has clinicopathologic features that are less favorable to endoscopic treatment than are those of signet ring cell EGC. Therefore, these two types of EGC should be approached separately, not as a united type of undifferentiated histology, during the planning of endoscopic treatment.

title: Early @entity356 of @entity2580 is more amenable to endoscopic treatment than is early @entity356 of poorly differentiated @entity420 in select XXXX conditions.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of a prototype device (the one-step needle sphincterotome) versus direct incision and @entity384 for creating transgastric access to the peritoneal cavity in a porcine model. METHODS: In five @entity1707 , 24 gastrotomies were created using direct incision followed by @entity384 (group A) or by the one-step needle sphincterotome (group B) in an in vivo nonsurvival model. The one-step needle sphincterotome is a novel instrument comprising two components including a retractable needleknife and a pull-type sphincterotome on the same instrument shaft, reducing the need to exchange instruments. RESULTS: The 24 gastrotomies created in the five @entity1707 all were successful. The mean time required for creation of a gastrotomy was 613.08      289.64  s in group A and 310.58      137.39  s in group B. The total procedural time was 830.42      296.17  s in group A and 529      143.97  s in group B. Both were significantly shorter in the prototype device group (P  =  0.002). The mean length of gastrotomy, mean number of clips required for closure, and mean overall closure time were not significantly different. One @entity1707 from each group suffered morbidities and another experienced mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The one-step needle sphincterotome hastened the creation of gastrotomies for natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The gastrotomies created by both procedures were effective means of gaining peritoneal access, and neither method demonstrated superiority in expediting closure. However, the initial blind transgastric incision by a needleknife may be associated with a risk of injuring surrounding structures.

title: Randomized comparative trial of a novel one-step needle sphincterotome versus direct incision and XXXX used to create gastrotomies for natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in the porcine model.

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['balloon dilation']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['balloon dilation']


abstract: This paper proposes a new approach to estimate the protein needs of a population; recommendations are also made on the protein intake of adults fed diets based on @entity579 and beans. For this purpose, the @entity1568 balance data previously reported for 40 adult @entity1 subjects who had participated in 160 @entity1568 balance periods fed diets based on @entity579 and beans, with and without animal protein and/or energy supplementation were used. The proposed method is based on the curvilinear response between @entity1568 intake and its @entity1568 balance. The second degree equation describing the relationship between @entity1568 balance and intake is calculated. Using the mathematical concept of the first and second derivatives, the point of inflexion is obtained, and interpreted as that condition wherein the individual utilizes with maximum efficacy the ingested @entity1568 ; @entity1568 ingestion, which corresponds to that point, is therefore taken as the dietary @entity1568 recommendation for the individual. When the values obtained by means of the quadratic equation are compared to those obtained by the traditional linear equation, values were found to be statistically equal (p less than 0.05) for both calculation methods. The recommended protein intake of an adult population fed a diet based on @entity579 and beans was 0.80 and 0.77 g/kg/day for the quadratic approach, and for the conventional method, respectively. When this diet was supplemented with 10% milk protein and with the same energy level, the calculated values were 0.64 and 0.71 g protein/kg/day for both methods, in this same order. The essential @entity535 intake and absorption values were also calculated from the protein levels recommended by both methods to be in @entity1568 balance, from a diet based on @entity579 and beans. Findings revealed, in all cases, that the intakes of each and all essential @entity1522 met those levels indicated by FAO/WHO, with the exception of @entity6778 and the @entity26687 -containing @entity1522 , which apparently limit the quality of the diet.

title: [A new alternative for estimating recommendations of protein intake in @entity1 . Protein requirements of an adult population fed with a diet based on XXXX and beans].

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity6778 :: ('CHEBI:24898', 'Chemical') :: ['isoleucine']

answer: @entity579 :: (4530,Species) :: ['rice']


abstract: This paper proposes a new approach to estimate the protein needs of a population; recommendations are also made on the protein intake of adults fed diets based on @entity579 and beans. For this purpose, the @entity1568 balance data previously reported for 40 adult @entity1 subjects who had participated in 160 @entity1568 balance periods fed diets based on @entity579 and beans, with and without animal protein and/or energy supplementation were used. The proposed method is based on the curvilinear response between @entity1568 intake and its @entity1568 balance. The second degree equation describing the relationship between @entity1568 balance and intake is calculated. Using the mathematical concept of the first and second derivatives, the point of inflexion is obtained, and interpreted as that condition wherein the individual utilizes with maximum efficacy the ingested @entity1568 ; @entity1568 ingestion, which corresponds to that point, is therefore taken as the dietary @entity1568 recommendation for the individual. When the values obtained by means of the quadratic equation are compared to those obtained by the traditional linear equation, values were found to be statistically equal (p less than 0.05) for both calculation methods. The recommended protein intake of an adult population fed a diet based on @entity579 and beans was 0.80 and 0.77 g/kg/day for the quadratic approach, and for the conventional method, respectively. When this diet was supplemented with 10% milk protein and with the same energy level, the calculated values were 0.64 and 0.71 g protein/kg/day for both methods, in this same order. The essential @entity535 intake and absorption values were also calculated from the protein levels recommended by both methods to be in @entity1568 balance, from a diet based on @entity579 and beans. Findings revealed, in all cases, that the intakes of each and all essential @entity1522 met those levels indicated by FAO/WHO, with the exception of @entity6778 and the @entity26687 -containing @entity1522 , which apparently limit the quality of the diet.

title: [A new alternative for estimating recommendations of protein intake in XXXX . Protein requirements of an adult population fed with a diet based on @entity579 and beans].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: The aim of this study was to elucidate the hormonal regulation of @entity1243 synthesis by the @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) during the period of fat accumulation in male Scotophilus heathi. An in vivo study showed a significant correlation between the seasonal changes in serum insulin level with the circulating @entity1243 level and with the changes in body fat mass in S. heathi. An in vitro study showed insulin induced a significant increase in expression of @entity1243 protein in @entity1386 . The insulin-stimulated increase in @entity1243 expression was associated with increased uptake of @entity413 in the @entity1386 . Two @entity413 transporters ( @entity2368 and @entity42435 ) are utilized for transport of @entity413 in the @entity1386 during adipogenesis in the bat. The bats showed high insulin and @entity413 levels, but a reduction in @entity8277 protein during the period of fat deposition, suggesting insulin resistance, which improved in late winter (January) when most of the fat has been utilized as a metabolic fuel. The in vitro study confirmed that insulin enhanced @entity1243 and @entity2368 expression in @entity1386 . The in vitro study further showed that the expression of @entity1243 is directly proportional to the amount of @entity413 uptake by the @entity1386 . The expression of @entity2368 and @entity42435 were also shown to be differentially regulated by insulin during adipogenesis. The insulin-stimulated increase in @entity1243 synthesis by @entity1386 is mediated through phosphorylation of MAPK in S. heathi. The specific role of @entity2368 and @entity42435 in the regulation of @entity1243 synthesis during adipogenesis needs further investigation.

title: Regulation of XXXX synthesis during adipogenesis in males of a vespertilionid bat, Scotophilus heathi.

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['white adipose tissue', 'WAT']

entities_list: @entity8277 :: ('3643', 'Gene') :: ['insulin receptor']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1243 :: (3952,Gene) :: ['leptin']


abstract: Elastase intratracheal instillation induces @entity2415 in rodents. However, @entity329 develop more severe @entity2415 than @entity35 . We have reported species differences in oxidant/antioxidant balance modulating antiprotease function early after instillation. We now hypothesize that other components of the initial lung response to elastase might also be species-dependent. @entity35 and @entity329 received a single dose of pancreatic elastase (0.55 U/100 g body wt) to study @entity647 biomarkers. Using serum, lung, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, we evaluated changes in alveolar-capillary permeability, alpha 1-antitrypsin (a(1)- @entity1129 ) concentration and activity, @entity2041 content, and proinflammatory cytokines. @entity35 showed a large increase in alveolar-capillary permeability and few hemorrhagic changes, whereas hamsters exhibited large hemorrhagic changes (P < 0.01) and mild transendothelial passage of proteins. Western blots showed a 30-fold increase in BALF a(1)- @entity1129 concentration in @entity35 and only a 7-fold increase in hamsters (P < 0.001), with [a(1)- @entity1129 -elastase] complexes only in @entity35 , suggesting differences in antiprotease function. This was confirmed by the a(1)- @entity1129 bioassay showing 20-fold increase in a(1)- @entity1129 activity in @entity35 and only twofold increase in hamsters (P < 0.001). In @entity35 , results were preceded by a 3-, 60-, and 20-fold increase in @entity568 , @entity3426 , and @entity1505 respectively (P < 0.001). In hamsters, only @entity3426 and @entity1505 showed mild increases. All parameters studied were back to baseline by 4 days. In conclusion, several components of the initial lung response showed species differences. Cytokine release pattern and functional inhibition of a(1)- @entity1129 were the most significant components differing among species and could account for differences in susceptibility to elastase.

title: Differences in acute lung response to elastase instillation in two rodent species may determine differences in severity of XXXX development.

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema', 'early emphysema']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['Syrian Golden hamsters']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity2415 :: (MESH:D004646,Disease) :: ['emphysema']


abstract: Brain @entity3 from @entity418 has been considered rare and survival following @entity418 with distant @entity3 is poor. The purpose of this report was to clarify cumulative incidence and risk factors for @entity75 after chemoradiotherapy for @entity418 , and to consider recommended treatments for @entity75 from @entity418 . We reviewed 391 @entity1 treated with chemoradiotherapy. Median age was 65 years. Clinical stages were I, II, III, and IV in 32, 47, 150, and 162 @entity1 , respectively. Brain imaging was performed usually when @entity1 revealed @entity16 . The 3-year cumulative incidence of @entity75 after chemoradiotherapy was 6.6%. There were 4 @entity1 with single @entity3 and 8 with multiple @entity3 . Initial clinical stages were II, III, and IV in 1, 2, and 9 @entity1 , respectively. Histology included @entity957 in 10 @entity1 and others in 2 @entity1 . Univariate analysis demonstrated M factor, distant lymph node relapse, and recurrent lung and liver @entity3 as significant risk factors of @entity75 (P < 0.05). Median survival time after diagnosis of @entity75 was 2.1 months. Brain @entity3 was not directly related to cause of mortality. The causes were extracranial @entity5 deterioration in 8 @entity1 and @entity281 in 4 @entity1 . Brain @entity3 may increase in the future with improving survival from @entity418 . However, considering the poor survival after diagnosis of @entity75 , short-term palliative therapy for @entity75 appears preferable to vigorous long-term therapy.

title: Occurrence and clinical features of @entity75 after chemoradiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain metastasis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal carcinoma']


abstract: Brain @entity3 from @entity418 has been considered rare and survival following @entity418 with distant @entity3 is poor. The purpose of this report was to clarify cumulative incidence and risk factors for @entity75 after chemoradiotherapy for @entity418 , and to consider recommended treatments for @entity75 from @entity418 . We reviewed 391 @entity1 treated with chemoradiotherapy. Median age was 65 years. Clinical stages were I, II, III, and IV in 32, 47, 150, and 162 @entity1 , respectively. Brain imaging was performed usually when @entity1 revealed @entity16 . The 3-year cumulative incidence of @entity75 after chemoradiotherapy was 6.6%. There were 4 @entity1 with single @entity3 and 8 with multiple @entity3 . Initial clinical stages were II, III, and IV in 1, 2, and 9 @entity1 , respectively. Histology included @entity957 in 10 @entity1 and others in 2 @entity1 . Univariate analysis demonstrated M factor, distant lymph node relapse, and recurrent lung and liver @entity3 as significant risk factors of @entity75 (P < 0.05). Median survival time after diagnosis of @entity75 was 2.1 months. Brain @entity3 was not directly related to cause of mortality. The causes were extracranial @entity5 deterioration in 8 @entity1 and @entity281 in 4 @entity1 . Brain @entity3 may increase in the future with improving survival from @entity418 . However, considering the poor survival after diagnosis of @entity75 , short-term palliative therapy for @entity75 appears preferable to vigorous long-term therapy.

title: Occurrence and clinical features of XXXX after chemoradiotherapy for @entity418 .

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['brain metastasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To clarify the value of resection of @entity1086 involving the extrahepatic bile duct. BACKGROUND: : Several recent studies have proven that @entity1087 and extrahepatic biliary involvement are independent predictors of a poor outcome. Only a few authors recommend resection of such advanced disease. METHODS: One hundred @entity1 with pT3/4, @entity3121 , M0 disease were the subjects of this study. Mortality and long-term outcome were analyzed using a prospectively collected database. RESULTS: The only factor associated with mortality in univariate and multivariate analyses was intraoperative @entity190 . The 5-year survival rate and median survival time were 23% and 1.5 years for @entity1 with pathologic extrahepatic biliary invasion (pEBI), and 54% and 15.4 years for @entity1 without pEBI. Twelve @entity1 with pEBI survived beyond 5 years. Multivariate analysis revealed that R1/2 resection and combined resection of adjacent organs other than the liver and extrahepatic bile duct (CRAO) were independent predictors of poor outcome. Five-year survival rate and median survival time after R0 resection without CRAO were 36% and 3.8 years even in @entity1 with pEBI. In contrast, after R0 resection with CRAO 5-year survival and median survival time were 16% and 0.8 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with advanced @entity1086 with pEBI are candidates for resection when distant metastases are absent and R0 resection is achievable. When CRAO is unnecessary, surgical resection should be aggressively planned.

title: XXXX involving the extrahepatic bile duct is worthy of resection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder cancer']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['Gallbladder cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the first isolated and focal @entity4482 . METHODS: Review of clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical characteristics and relevant literature. RESULTS: A 93-year-old Caucasian @entity1 with a flat, irregular, and deeply pigmented black growth of the left upper eyelid margin of unknown duration underwent a full-thickness eyelid excisional biopsy. Microscopically, a population of loosely aggregated, mitotically inactive, heavily pigmented oval-to-elongated spindle dermal cells that paralleled the epithelium was seen. @entity3059 and HMB-45 immunostaining of premelanosomes could not distinguish between melanocytes and melanophages. The more specific microphthalmia-associated transcription factor stained the nuclei of the subepithelial melanocytes before and after bleaching of the cytoplasmic melanin. The @entity1 did not have @entity11930 . No residual pigmentation or lesional recurrence has been noted during 6 months of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: A blue nevus of the preorbicularis eyelid skin is extremely rare, and still more uncommon is such a lesion of the eyelid margin. Careful microscopic and immunohistochemical evaluation is necessary to establish the proper diagnosis. Wide local excision should be performed due to concern about a more common and serious melanomatous nodule. A differential diagnosis of other @entity66 in this location is offered.

title: Focal XXXX (mucocutaneous junction): a report of a unique case with a review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity11930 :: ('MESH:D056733', 'Disease') :: ['Carney complex']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pigmented lesions']

entities_list: @entity4482 :: ('MESH:D018329', 'Disease') :: ['benign blue nevus of the eyelid margin']

answer: @entity4482 :: (MESH:D018329,Disease) :: ['blue nevus of the eyelid margin']


abstract: Although complications including graft @entity715 , graft @entity788 , and rejection have been well documented after pancreas transplantation, the occurrence of graft duodenal perforation is uncommon. In this article, we report a case of graft duodenal perforation due to @entity547 after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK). A @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity2316 had undergone SPK from a cadaveric donor. One year later, she was admitted to our hospital for severe lower @entity490 with preshock status. She was immediately examined by abdominal computed tomography and both peripancreas graft fluid accumulation and severe dilatation of the ileum were detected. On emergency operation, two punched holes located at the graft duodenal side near the suture line and an obstruction of herniated bowel behind the graft pancreas were detected. These holes were repaired and the @entity547 was reduced. However, a control of the @entity1320 was very difficult despite intensive treatment with antibiotics and additional abdominal drainage. Finally, a graft pancreatectomy was unavoidably required. When complications, including symptomatic @entity1320 , require re-laparotomy after pancreas transplantation, the therapeutic focus should be switched from salvaging the graft to the preservation of life.

title: Graft Duodenal Perforation due to XXXX after Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation: Report of a Case.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type I diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity547 :: ('MESH:D006547', 'Disease') :: ['internal hernia']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intraabdominal infection']

answer: @entity547 :: (MESH:D006547,Disease) :: ['Internal Hernia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The stability of atherosclerotic plaques determines the risk for @entity397 , which may lead to @entity715 formation and potentially severe clinical complications such as @entity583 and @entity64 . Although the rate of plaque formation may be important for plaque stability, this process is not well understood. We took advantage of the atmospheric @entity3209 -declination curve (a result of the atomic bomb tests in the 1950s and 1960s) to determine the average biological age of carotid plaques. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING: The cores of carotid plaques were dissected from 29 well-characterized, symptomatic @entity1 with @entity543 and analyzed for @entity3209 content by accelerator mass spectrometry. The average plaque age (i.e. formation time) was 9.6  3.3 years. All but two plaques had formed within 5-15 years before surgery. Plaque age was not associated with the chronological ages of the @entity1 but was inversely related to plasma @entity2690 levels (p=0.0014). Most plaques were echo-lucent rather than echo-rich (2.24  0.97, range 1-5). However, plaques in the lowest tercile of plaque age (most recently formed) were characterized by further instability with a higher content of lipids and macrophages (67.8  12.4 vs. 50.4  6.2, p=0.00005; 57.6  26.1 vs. 39.8  25.7, p<0.0005, respectively), less collagen (45.3  6.1 vs. 51.1  9.8, p<0.05), and fewer smooth muscle cells (130  31 vs. 141  21, p<0.05) than plaques in the highest tercile. Microarray analysis of plaques in the lowest tercile also showed increased activity of genes involved in immune responses and oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results show, for the first time, that plaque age, as judge by relative incorporation of @entity3209 , can improve our understanding of carotid plaque stability and therefore risk for clinical complications. Our results also suggest that levels of plasma @entity2690 might be involved in determining carotid plaque age.

title: Carotid plaque age is a feature of plaque stability inversely related to levels of plasma XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: In five experiments, we investigated how simple actions (as assessed via a go/no-go task) influence @entity227 . In Experiments 1 and 2, @entity1 responded (go) when a color name (cue) matched a colored shape (prime), and did not respond (no-go) when they mismatched. @entity1 then searched a visual array for a tilted line, either embedded within the prime (valid prime) or within a different shape of a different color (invalid prime). For go trials, but not for no-go trials, the validity of the prime influenced @entity146 so that faster RTs were observed when the prime was valid as compared with when it was invalid. In Experiment 3, the go/no-go task was based on the shape of the prime. The color of the prime, but not the shape, was re-presented in the search array, and its validity produced a similar pattern as in Experiments 1-2. In Experiment 4, @entity1 responded when the color name and prime mismatched. Reaction times indicated that attentional set had an influence on the validity differences in Experiments 1-3. In Experiment 5, the go/no-go task was based on whether a digit matched a digit appearing within the prime. Go trials produced similar validity effects as observed in Experiments 1-3.

title: The influence of action on XXXX : behavioral response toward stimuli modifies the selection process.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual search']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['search behavior']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['visual search']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Long-term administration of opiates in @entity1 with chronic @entity158 (CNCP) is subject to debate due to insufficient clinical evidence to support efficacy and tolerability. METHODS: This retrospective analysis used hospital records to investigate the effects of low doses of the combination of @entity1288 / @entity1443 on CNCP in an outpatient clinic setting to verify adherence to therapy and long-term efficacy. All @entity1 receiving therapy for CNCP were examined between May and September 2010 and information was collected on medication, duration of therapy, and static and @entity158 measured using numeric rating scales (NRS) from relevant charts. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-one @entity1 (157 @entity1 , 68%) with a mean (   SD) age of 66.4  15.5 years were analyzed. @entity158 indexes at baseline revealed a mean (   SD) static NRS (sNRS) of 3.5  1.77 and a mean dynamic NRS (dNRS) of 7.24  1.33. At last follow-up, mean (   SD) @entity158 reductions versus baseline were 1.58  1.42 for sNRS and 3.04  1.43 for dNRS (P<0.0001 for both). Regarding the duration of therapy, 54 @entity1 (23.4%) were treated for <4 months, and 177 @entity1 (76.6%) for 4 months up to 23 months. @entity158 reduction was significant in all groups (P<0.0001) but was greatest in @entity1 who had been receiving therapy for >= 4 months. Improvements in @entity158 relief were not associated with an increase in daily dose, which remained stable or decreased slightly over time. DISCUSSION: The results of this study support the hypothesis that an opiate-based combination at low doses improves tolerability and adherence and results in @entity1 obtaining long-term efficacy. Larger studies of the use of opiates in this setting and clinical monitoring on the regional and national level may convince clinicians to view opiates as efficacious analgesics and not as dangerous substances of abuse.

title: Adherence and long-term effect of @entity1288 / XXXX in chronic @entity158 : a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol']

entities_list: @entity1288 :: ('MESH:D010098', 'Chemical') :: ['oxycodone']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['noncancer pain', 'Pain', 'pain', 'dynamic pain']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['paracetamol']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Long-term administration of opiates in @entity1 with chronic @entity158 (CNCP) is subject to debate due to insufficient clinical evidence to support efficacy and tolerability. METHODS: This retrospective analysis used hospital records to investigate the effects of low doses of the combination of @entity1288 / @entity1443 on CNCP in an outpatient clinic setting to verify adherence to therapy and long-term efficacy. All @entity1 receiving therapy for CNCP were examined between May and September 2010 and information was collected on medication, duration of therapy, and static and @entity158 measured using numeric rating scales (NRS) from relevant charts. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-one @entity1 (157 @entity1 , 68%) with a mean (   SD) age of 66.4  15.5 years were analyzed. @entity158 indexes at baseline revealed a mean (   SD) static NRS (sNRS) of 3.5  1.77 and a mean dynamic NRS (dNRS) of 7.24  1.33. At last follow-up, mean (   SD) @entity158 reductions versus baseline were 1.58  1.42 for sNRS and 3.04  1.43 for dNRS (P<0.0001 for both). Regarding the duration of therapy, 54 @entity1 (23.4%) were treated for <4 months, and 177 @entity1 (76.6%) for 4 months up to 23 months. @entity158 reduction was significant in all groups (P<0.0001) but was greatest in @entity1 who had been receiving therapy for >= 4 months. Improvements in @entity158 relief were not associated with an increase in daily dose, which remained stable or decreased slightly over time. DISCUSSION: The results of this study support the hypothesis that an opiate-based combination at low doses improves tolerability and adherence and results in @entity1 obtaining long-term efficacy. Larger studies of the use of opiates in this setting and clinical monitoring on the regional and national level may convince clinicians to view opiates as efficacious analgesics and not as dangerous substances of abuse.

title: Adherence and long-term effect of @entity1288 / @entity1443 in chronic XXXX : a retrospective study.

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['noncancer pain']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Long-term administration of opiates in @entity1 with chronic @entity158 (CNCP) is subject to debate due to insufficient clinical evidence to support efficacy and tolerability. METHODS: This retrospective analysis used hospital records to investigate the effects of low doses of the combination of @entity1288 / @entity1443 on CNCP in an outpatient clinic setting to verify adherence to therapy and long-term efficacy. All @entity1 receiving therapy for CNCP were examined between May and September 2010 and information was collected on medication, duration of therapy, and static and @entity158 measured using numeric rating scales (NRS) from relevant charts. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-one @entity1 (157 @entity1 , 68%) with a mean (   SD) age of 66.4  15.5 years were analyzed. @entity158 indexes at baseline revealed a mean (   SD) static NRS (sNRS) of 3.5  1.77 and a mean dynamic NRS (dNRS) of 7.24  1.33. At last follow-up, mean (   SD) @entity158 reductions versus baseline were 1.58  1.42 for sNRS and 3.04  1.43 for dNRS (P<0.0001 for both). Regarding the duration of therapy, 54 @entity1 (23.4%) were treated for <4 months, and 177 @entity1 (76.6%) for 4 months up to 23 months. @entity158 reduction was significant in all groups (P<0.0001) but was greatest in @entity1 who had been receiving therapy for >= 4 months. Improvements in @entity158 relief were not associated with an increase in daily dose, which remained stable or decreased slightly over time. DISCUSSION: The results of this study support the hypothesis that an opiate-based combination at low doses improves tolerability and adherence and results in @entity1 obtaining long-term efficacy. Larger studies of the use of opiates in this setting and clinical monitoring on the regional and national level may convince clinicians to view opiates as efficacious analgesics and not as dangerous substances of abuse.

title: Adherence and long-term effect of XXXX / @entity1443 in chronic @entity158 : a retrospective study.

answer: @entity1288 :: (MESH:D010098,Chemical) :: ['oxycodone']


abstract: Comparisons were made of the effects of various doses of intravenous @entity11623 and @entity1483 on the primary auditory afferent activity (N1) and cochlear microphonics (CM) of beagles. The dose-response relationships of the N1 @entity308 to @entity11623 and @entity1483 are parallel; those of the @entity308 are also parallel but have a much shallower slope than those of the N1 @entity308 . With both drugs, N1 @entity308 occurs at lower doses than does @entity308 . The N1 @entity308 produced by a particular dose of @entity11623 or @entity1483 bore a linear relationship to the @entity308 produced. This finding supports the postulate that the cochlear site and mechanism of @entity2167 action of the loop diuretics are directed at an earlier step of the cochlear transduction process than N1. Using N1 @entity308 as the gross electrophysiologic index of @entity2167 , the acute @entity2167 potency of @entity11623 in beagles is approximately 6.5 times that of @entity1483 , whereas its diuretic potency is 40 to 60 times that of @entity1483 . Therefore, when clinical dosages of the two drugs are considered, the relative acute @entity2167 potency of @entity11623 in the beagle is 0.11 to 0.16 that of @entity1483 . This range is identical to the relative @entity2167 potency of 0.11 to 0.16 previously obtained in the cat. Serum concentrations of @entity11623 and @entity1483 increased linearly with the doses of the two drugs, except for the highest dose given (100 mg/kg for both drugs). The serum concentrations at that dose of both drugs are less than the mathematically predicted values. Histologic (light-microscopic) examination of the cochleas did not reveal any significant pathology.

title: Comparative acute cochlear toxicity of intravenous XXXX and @entity1483 in the purebred beagle.

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxic', 'ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'CM depression', 'depressions', 'CM depressions']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity11623 :: ('MESH:D002034', 'Chemical') :: ['bumetanide']

answer: @entity11623 :: (MESH:D002034,Chemical) :: ['bumetanide']


abstract: Comparisons were made of the effects of various doses of intravenous @entity11623 and @entity1483 on the primary auditory afferent activity (N1) and cochlear microphonics (CM) of beagles. The dose-response relationships of the N1 @entity308 to @entity11623 and @entity1483 are parallel; those of the @entity308 are also parallel but have a much shallower slope than those of the N1 @entity308 . With both drugs, N1 @entity308 occurs at lower doses than does @entity308 . The N1 @entity308 produced by a particular dose of @entity11623 or @entity1483 bore a linear relationship to the @entity308 produced. This finding supports the postulate that the cochlear site and mechanism of @entity2167 action of the loop diuretics are directed at an earlier step of the cochlear transduction process than N1. Using N1 @entity308 as the gross electrophysiologic index of @entity2167 , the acute @entity2167 potency of @entity11623 in beagles is approximately 6.5 times that of @entity1483 , whereas its diuretic potency is 40 to 60 times that of @entity1483 . Therefore, when clinical dosages of the two drugs are considered, the relative acute @entity2167 potency of @entity11623 in the beagle is 0.11 to 0.16 that of @entity1483 . This range is identical to the relative @entity2167 potency of 0.11 to 0.16 previously obtained in the cat. Serum concentrations of @entity11623 and @entity1483 increased linearly with the doses of the two drugs, except for the highest dose given (100 mg/kg for both drugs). The serum concentrations at that dose of both drugs are less than the mathematically predicted values. Histologic (light-microscopic) examination of the cochleas did not reveal any significant pathology.

title: Comparative acute cochlear toxicity of intravenous @entity11623 and XXXX in the purebred beagle.

answer: @entity1483 :: (MESH:D005665,Chemical) :: ['furosemide']


abstract: The ontogenesis of tissue @entity2922 concentrations in heart, lung, brown adipose tissue, adrenal and para-aortic chromaffin tissue was assessed in fetal and newborn @entity95 using a radioenzymatic assay adapted to perchloric extracts of tissue. Measurements were conducted at 20, 24, 27 and 31 days gestation and at 3 and 7 days of age. Myocardial @entity1063 was detectable at 20 days gestation, the earliest age studied. Lung @entity1063 was not detectable until 24 days gestation. @entity1063 concentrations in brown adipose were similar to myocardial levels. Adrenal and para-aortic tissue @entity2922 content increased significantly between 24 days gestation and 7 days of postnatal age. @entity1425 became the predominant adrenal @entity2922 by 24 days gestation. Para-aortic body @entity1063 concentrations always were substantially less than adrenal @entity1063 or @entity1425 contents. @entity1425 was undetectable in para-aortic bodies at 20 and 24 days and at 31 days was only 27% of @entity1063 content. Adrenal maturation as reflected by @entity1425 content or @entity1425 / @entity1063 ratio correlated positively with body weight in the 31 day gestation fetuses. Thus, significant changes in tissue @entity1063 concentrations occur during the developmental time period studied. Parallel maturational changes occur in adrenal and para-aortic chromaffin tissue.

title: Ontogenesis of tissue catecholamines in fetal and neonatal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine', 'Epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine', 'norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: Stress-induced @entity4854 has been associated with poor outcomes and @entity204 in critically ill @entity1 . Blood @entity413 (BG) variability, a component of stress-related @entity4854 has recently been reported as a significant independent predictor of intensive care unit and hospital mortality. We sought to evaluate three cases in which intensive insulin therapy was administered using a standardized insulin dosing protocol to normalize the BG and reduce glycemic variability. Point-of-care BG values and other clinical measures were obtained from the medical record of three @entity1 who received intensive insulin therapy. This was a convenience sample of three @entity1 where the BG level had stabilized on a consistent intravenous insulin dose rate for up to 20 hours in a surgical @entity130 intensive care unit. Data were collected manually and electronically using the Remote Automated Laboratory System-Tight Glycemic Control Module (RALS-TGCM) BG management and monitoring system. Each case presentation describes a critically ill, nondiabetic @entity1 , requiring continuous intravenous insulin therapy for @entity4854 . In each instance, BG variability was present in a worsening @entity1 condition after a period of normalization of @entity4854 with intensive insulin therapy. Although decreasing BG variability is an important aspect of @entity4854 management, new onset events of variability may be a sentinel warning or occur as a physiologic response to a worsening @entity1 condition. If so, these events warrant rapid investigation and treatment of the underlying problem.

title: Case discussion in blood XXXX variability.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although electronic medical records (EMRs) have facilitated care for @entity1 with @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ), analyses of treatment outcomes have required paper based or manually re-entered data. We have started EMR discrete data entry for @entity4932 @entity1 visits, including joint examination and global assessment, by physician and @entity1 . In this preliminary study, we extracted data from the EMR to Xenobase    (TransMed Systems, Inc., Cupertino, CA), an application permitting cohort analyses of the relationship between global assessment to joint examination and subtype. METHODS: During clinic visits, data were entered into discrete fields in ambulatory visit forms in the EMR (EpicCare   , Epic Systems, Verona, WI). Data were extracted using Clarity Reports, then de-identified and uploaded for analyses to Xenobase   . Parameters included joint examination, ILAR diagnostic classification, physician global assessment, @entity1 global assessment, and @entity1 @entity158 score. Data for a single visit for each of 160 @entity1 over a 2 month period, beginning March, 2010, were analyzed. RESULTS: In systemic @entity4932 @entity1 , strong correlations for physician global assessment were found with @entity158 score, joint count and @entity1 assessment. In contrast, physician assessment for @entity1 with persistent oligoarticular and rheumatoid factor negative @entity1 showed strong correlation with joint counts, but only moderate correlation with @entity158 scores and @entity1 global assessment. Conversely, for @entity4932 @entity1 , physician assessment correlated strongly with @entity158 scores, and moderately with joint count and @entity1 global assessment. @entity4932 @entity1 , the smallest group studied, showed moderate correlation for all three measures. @entity1 global assessment for systemic @entity1 showed strong correlations with @entity158 scores and joint count, similar to data for physician assessment. For polyarticular and @entity4932 @entity1 , correlation of @entity1 global assessment with @entity158 scores was strong. Moderate correlations were found between @entity1 global assessment and joint count in oligoarticular and polyarticular @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Data extraction from the EMR is feasible and useful to evaluate @entity4932 @entity1 for indicators of treatment responsiveness. In this pilot study, we found correlates for physician global assessment of @entity625 differed, according to disease subtype. Further data extraction and analyses will determine if these findings can be confirmed, and will assess other outcome measures, compare longitudinal responses to treatment, and export extracted data to multi-center databases.

title: Physician assessment of disease activity in XXXX subtypes. Analysis of data extracted from electronic medical records.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['JIA', 'juvenile idiopathic arthritis', 'enthesitis', 'Rheumatoid factor positive']

answer: @entity4932 :: (MESH:D001171,Disease) :: ['JIA']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review retrospectively initial experience at a single institution using frameless image-guided radiosurgery (IGRS) for @entity4254 employing the Novalis linear accelerator (LINAC) with ExacTrac robotic @entity1 positioning device. METHODS: Over an 18-month period, 44 @entity1 (27 @entity1 and 17 @entity1 ; median age 65 years) were treated with frameless IGRS for typical @entity4254 (14 cases involved left-sided @entity158 and 30 cases involved right-sided @entity158 ), responsive to anticonvulsant medications, with Barrow Neurological Institute @entity158 Scale (BNI-PS) scores of 4 or 5. All cases were initial radiosurgery treatments with an isocenter dose of 90 Gy delivered via a 4-mm circular collimator forming a spheroid dose envelope. Intrafraction positioning data were collected for all @entity1 . The median follow-up was 15 months. RESULTS: Overall intrafraction positioning error was 0.49 mm    0.44. After treatment, 40 @entity1 achieved a BNI-PS score of IIIb or better; 19 @entity1 achieved a BNI-PS score of I. The median time to @entity158 relief was 4 weeks. Overall, new @entity1183 was seen in five @entity1 . No other complications were seen. CONCLUSIONS: Use of frameless IGRS methods for treatment of @entity4254 showed results similar to the authors' prior experience with frame-based treatment methods. IGRS using frameless methods is a suitable treatment method for @entity1 with @entity4254 and may be applicable to other functional indications.

title: Frameless image-guided radiosurgery for initial treatment of typical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4254 :: ('MESH:D014277', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity1183 :: ('MESH:D006987', 'Disease') :: ['hypoesthesia']

answer: @entity4254 :: (MESH:D014277,Disease) :: ['trigeminal neuralgia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to determine the rational of radical surgery with intra-operative high-dose radiotherapy after chemoradiation ( @entity138 -CT) in extra cervical locally advanced @entity5 (LACC) @entity1 . METHODS: Between 2000 and 2007, 42 LACC (stage IIA bulky- @entity3480 ) @entity1 were treated at the Gynecologic Oncology Unit of the C.R.O. of Aviano in a Phase II Clinical Trial. Radiotherapy was administered to the whole pelvic region (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions) in combination with @entity900 (60 mg/mq) plus @entity1487 (750 mg/mq for 4 days) on first and fifth week of @entity138 . Radical surgery with Intra-Operative Radiation Therapy (IORT) was performed 6-8 weeks after the end of @entity138 -CT treatment. RESULTS: After @entity138 -CT, 35/42 @entity1 (83%) underwent radical surgery and IORT treatment. At pathologic examination 8/35 (23%) @entity1 showed complete response, while the rest (27/35) had residual disease either microscopic (17/27) or gross (10/27). The 5-year disease free survival (DFS) and the 5-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) were 46% and 49% respectively. There were significant better DFS and @entity1349 when @entity41 was absent or limited to the cervix, respectively 78% versus 16% and 81% versus 20% (p < 0.001). All recurrences occurred within 24 months from treatment. CONCLUSIONS: @entity138 -CT followed by surgery and IORT in LACC @entity1 seems to be active in a subgroup of @entity1 with pathological complete response to treatment or partial response with @entity41 limited to the cervix.

title: Multimodality approach in extra cervical locally advanced XXXX : chemoradiation, surgery and intra-operative radiation therapy. A phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']