abstract: Measurements of plasma neurohormones in @entity1 with @entity1002 are generally performed for research purpose rather than for diagnostic purpose or to guide therapy. These studies have shown that in @entity1 with @entity1002 , several neurohormonal systems were activated, even in the absence of symptoms of @entity712 . This suggested that the cardiovascular system was not in a steady state and pointed out potential culprits for the progression of the disease. It has also been shown that the levels of several of these markers, particularly plasma @entity1063 , had an important prognostic value. Another value of neurohormonal studies obviously is the design of new therapeutic approaches aimed at improving symptoms and prognosis. In this respect, important therapeutic successes have been obtained with agents that interfere with the actions of some of these neurohormonal systems, such as with the use of the @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors, particularly captopril and @entity4688 , and to a lesser extent, with beta-blockers. It can therefore be expected that, in the future, most @entity1 with severe @entity2806 will be treated with an @entity1289 inhibitor. Nonetheless, neurohormonal control is not complete with these drugs; powerful vasoconstrictor forces, such as @entity2232 , remain activated, and an escape of @entity2178 from the control of @entity1289 inhibition may exist. Thus, morbidity (e.g., progression towards @entity712 and @entity951 ) and mortality remain high despite treatment with @entity1289 inhibitors. In the search for future improvements, the new generation of long-acting @entity19346 is worth considering. Their afterload reducing action, coupled with powerful coronary vasodilation, might hypothetically delay the progression of @entity2806 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Neurohormones in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic LV dysfunction', 'ischemic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity19346 :: ('MESH:D004095', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydropyridines']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['ischemic left ventricular dysfunction']


abstract: Measurements of plasma neurohormones in @entity1 with @entity1002 are generally performed for research purpose rather than for diagnostic purpose or to guide therapy. These studies have shown that in @entity1 with @entity1002 , several neurohormonal systems were activated, even in the absence of symptoms of @entity712 . This suggested that the cardiovascular system was not in a steady state and pointed out potential culprits for the progression of the disease. It has also been shown that the levels of several of these markers, particularly plasma @entity1063 , had an important prognostic value. Another value of neurohormonal studies obviously is the design of new therapeutic approaches aimed at improving symptoms and prognosis. In this respect, important therapeutic successes have been obtained with agents that interfere with the actions of some of these neurohormonal systems, such as with the use of the @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors, particularly captopril and @entity4688 , and to a lesser extent, with beta-blockers. It can therefore be expected that, in the future, most @entity1 with severe @entity2806 will be treated with an @entity1289 inhibitor. Nonetheless, neurohormonal control is not complete with these drugs; powerful vasoconstrictor forces, such as @entity2232 , remain activated, and an escape of @entity2178 from the control of @entity1289 inhibition may exist. Thus, morbidity (e.g., progression towards @entity712 and @entity951 ) and mortality remain high despite treatment with @entity1289 inhibitors. In the search for future improvements, the new generation of long-acting @entity19346 is worth considering. Their afterload reducing action, coupled with powerful coronary vasodilation, might hypothetically delay the progression of @entity2806 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Neurohormones in XXXX with @entity1002 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The @entity26019 protooncogene coding for the thyroid hormone (T3) receptor ( @entity26019 ) and the viral, mutated v-erbA oncogene were expressed in an immortal @entity19 glial cell line (B3.1) using retroviral vectors. @entity26019 expression led to a decrease in cell proliferation in high and low serum conditions, both in the presence and in the absence of T3. In serum-free medium, c-erbA-expressing cells (B3.1 + @entity26019 ) were completely arrested, whereas cells expressing v-erbA (B3.1 + v-erbA) showed a higher DNA synthesis rate than normal B3.1 cells. Although proliferation of all three cell types was stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, differences were also observed in the response to these agents. B3.1 + @entity26019 cells were more sensitive to platelet-derived growth factor than B3.1 and B3.1 + v-erbA cells. In contrast, B3.1 cells responded to basic fibroblast growth factor better than B3.1 + @entity26019 or B3.1 + v-erbA cells. Insulin-like growth factor I potentiated the action of platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Again, different responses to treatment with insulin-like growth factor I alone were observed; B3.1 + @entity26019 cells did not respond to it, whereas B3.1 + v-erbA cells showed a dramatic stimulation by this agent. Interestingly, in the presence of T3, the blockade in B3.1 + @entity26019 cell proliferation was accompanied by the down-regulation of the typical astrocytic genes, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. These hormone effects were not found in v-erbA-expressing cells. In addition, v-erbA inhibited the basal expression of the cyclic @entity377 phosphodiesterase gene, an oligodendrocytic marker.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: c-erbA and v-erbA modulate growth and gene expression of a XXXX glial precursor cell line.

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: B cells of @entity19 and @entity1 can be divided into distinct subpopulations, differing in distribution and phenotype. It is not known, however, whether B cell subsets respond similarly to signals mediated by cognate interactions with T cells, such as ligation of the B cell class II MHC molecule. @entity19 splenic B cells proliferate in response to a combination of non-mitogenic anti-mu mAb, @entity58 and class II MHC-specific mAbs. In order to assess the response of B cell subpopulations to these signals, B cells were separated on the basis of @entity23341 expression. Previous studies have shown that @entity23341 expression is useful in distinguishing marginal zone from follicular B cells and peritoneal B1 from B2 B cells. B cells of both subsets responded to the combination of signals, but @entity23341 - B cells showed a higher response. Splenic B cells were also purified from several strains of autoimmune @entity19 , of interest because their disease features expansion of @entity23341 - B cells and autoantibody production. While normal B cells showed no response to non-mitogenic anti-mu mAb alone, B cells from autoimmune @entity19 showed a marked decrease in proliferation. Addition of @entity58 plus class II-specific mAbs restored increased proliferation. Again, responses were higher in @entity23341 - than in @entity23341 + B cells. These findings suggest that @entity23341 - B cells are especially responsive to signals delivered through class II and the @entity58 receptor. These signals may allow preferential rescue of @entity23341 -B cells from antigen-mediated tolerance and result in their hyperexpansion in response to autoreactive T cells.

title: Differential responses to Ig and class II-mediated signals in splenic B cell subsets from normal and autoimmune XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Broiler @entity1573 were fed on a control diet based on @entity2829 and @entity2829 starch or diets containing chitin, or 94, 82 or 76% deacetylated chitin (chitosans) with different viscosities (360, 590 and 620 m Pa.s respectively) at an inclusion level of 30 g/kg. Animals had free access to feed and water for the whole experimental period. On days 10 and 18 of the experiment @entity1573 given the control and chitin-containing diets weighed more, had consumed more feed and had lower feed conversion ratios (g feed/g @entity1017 ) than chitosan-fed birds. Feeding of chitosan-containing diets generally reduced total plasma @entity165 and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)- @entity165 concentrations and gave an increased HDL:total @entity165 ratio in comparison with @entity1573 given the control and chitin-containing diets. However, no significant reductions in plasma @entity1674 concentrations resulting from feeding of the chitosan-containing diets were observed. The reduction in total @entity165 concentration and increased HDL:total @entity165 ratio were probably caused by enhanced reverse @entity165 transport in response to intestinal losses of dietary fats. The suggestion that dietary fat absorption was impeded by the chitosans was strengthened by the observation that ileal fat digestibility was reduced by 26% in comparison with control and chitin-fed animals. In a plasma @entity1674 response study on day 21, feeding of 94 and 76%-chitosan-containing diets generally reduced postprandial @entity1674 concentrations compared with @entity1573 given the chitin-containing diet. Duodenal digestibilities of nutrients amongst @entity1573 given the chitin-containing diet were generally lower than those of control and chitosan-fed birds indicating decreased intestinal transit time. The reduced caecal short-chain @entity844 concentrations of @entity1573 given chitosan diets compared with the control diet illustrates the antimicrobial nature of chitosan. The fact that the three chitosan-containing diets affected the registered variables similarly indicated that the level of inclusion of chitosans in the diet exceeded the level at which the effect of the different viscosities could be significant.

title: Effect of chitin and chitosan on nutrient digestibility and plasma lipid concentrations in broiler XXXX .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chickens']


abstract: @entity8880 is an uncommon @entity5 . Of 223 @entity703 that were treated at our institution from 1970-1991, 14 (6.2%) were @entity1637 [9 females (65%) and 5 males (35%)]. The highest incidence was observed in the sixth decade (60.7 yrs). @entity5 size range from 2 to 19 cm in diameter (mean = 8.07 cm); 11 (78.5%) were localized in the right kidney, principally in the superior pole. The @entity5 was incidentally discovered in 8 cases (57%); 1 case presented @entity244 ; 1 had a palpable renal mass; 6 had @entity490 . All the @entity5 were confined to the kidney. Thirteen were Robson stage I and 1 stage II. According to the UICC classification, 12 were @entity8034 T3. All @entity5 were N0 M0. @entity1 evaluation included IVP (6), US (12), CT (14) and selective renal arteriography (2). The typical angiographic patterns were not observed in these 2 cases. Concerning the CT findings, in 8 cases (57%) the first diagnosis discarded was that of @entity1358 , although there were also signs suggestive of @entity1637 . Six cases (43%) showed signs indicating @entity1637 as first diagnosis. All @entity1 were submitted to radical nephrectomy, which achieved good results in all cases at 7 months' to 5 years' follow up.

title: [ XXXX : report of 14 cases and review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity8880 :: ('MESH:C537750', 'Disease') :: ['Renal oncocytoma']

entities_list: @entity1637 :: ('MESH:D018249', 'Disease') :: ['oncocytoma', 'oncocytomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['hypernephroma']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Wunderlich's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal tumors']

answer: @entity8880 :: (MESH:C537750,Disease) :: ['Renal oncocytoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The authors present their 35-year experience with intra-arterial chemotherapeutic regional perfusion of 1139 @entity1 with @entity320 , using an extracorporeal oxygenated circuit and heart-lung apparatus. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Intra-arterial chemotherapy produces improved responses in many @entity5 . By isolating and sustaining the area with extracorporeal oxygenated circulation, high doses can be delivered to the @entity5 area, limited only by local @entity137 . Drug levels up to 10 times those achieved by systemic administration are obtained. METHODS: Techniques for hyperthermic perfusion were developed for limbs, pelvis, head, neck, and skin of the breast. Melphalan (Burroughs Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC) was used in 753 @entity1 . Combinations with melphalan or other drugs were used in remaining cases at temperature of 38 to 40 C for 30 to 60 minutes. RESULTS: Chemotherapy perfusion followed by @entity5 excision or node dissection, was performed where indicated. The cumulative 10-year survival for @entity1 with localized @entity320 was 70%. For @entity1 with local recurrences or satellites within 3 cm, survival was 61%. For those with regionally confined intransit @entity5 , survival was 30%; for those with regional node involvement, 38%; for those with intransit and nodal @entity3 , 16%; for those with distant @entity3 and perfusion--mainly to save functional limbs--survival was 7%. Multiple perfusions were performed in 158 @entity1 with recurrent disease on 366 occasions. @entity1 with indolent regionally confined @entity320 were benefited by prolongation of useful life. CONCLUSIONS: Safe perfusion techniques are available for most anatomic regions. Increased chemotherapeutic doses are delivered to isolated areas limited only by local @entity137 . Adjunct perfusion in poor prognosis stage I cases is useful in reducing local recurrence, and intransit or lymph node @entity3 . Regional perfusion reduces the need for major amputation. Multiple perfusion can be useful in treating recurrent chronic @entity320 .

title: Regional chemotherapy for XXXX . A 35-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: In this study, young females with the @entity2100 [fra(X)] full mutation (fM) were assessed using quantitative measures of mutation amplification size (Amp) as well as the ratio of active normal X chromosome to total normal X chromosome (activation ratio- @entity1984 ). Neurobehavioral assessments of females with the fM were performed and included specific and general measures of cognitive and behavioral/developmental functioning. To investigate molecular-behavioral associations, Amp and @entity1984 were used as independent variables, while cognitive and behavioral scores were used as dependent variables. Significant correlations were observed between both molecular variables (Amp and @entity1984 ) and measures of cognitive functioning, with @entity1984 showing the most consistent and robust correlations. As @entity1984 increased, overall IQ and specific subtest and area scores from the cognitive tests increased. Conversely, as Amp increased, the overall IQ and specific subtest and area cognitive scores decreased. No significant associations were observed between @entity1984 or Amp and measures of behavior or development. The molecular-cognitive associations were generally consistent with the cognitive profile previously described in studies comparing females with fra(X) to age-matched controls. Amp and @entity1984 were not associated with one another, nor were they associated with the same cluster of cognitive measures. Though this report does not conclusively show that @entity1984 and Amp can be used to clinically assess the risk of a female with the fM for @entity73 , the evidence presented does suggest that these molecular variables, especially @entity1984 , reflect important underlying genetic factors contributing to the fra(X) phenotype.

title: Molecular-neurobehavioral associations in females with the XXXX full mutation.

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive disability']

answer: @entity2100 :: (MESH:D005600,Disease) :: ['fragile X']


abstract: Between January 1985 and June 1992, 263 consecutive @entity1 had mitral valve reconstruction (133 @entity1 ) or replacement (130 @entity1 ) for @entity339 . The two groups were similar in sex, age, prior @entity1188 or cardiac operations, @entity101 , @entity951 , and functional class. Both groups were similar in mean ejection fraction, pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, and incidence of @entity453 . More reconstruction than replacement @entity1 had @entity63 etiology (22 [16%] versus 12 [9%]; p = not significant), and fewer reconstruction @entity1 had @entity6151 (9 [7%] versus 39 [30%]; p < 0.01). More reconstruction than replacement @entity1 had concomitant cardiac procedures (67 [50%] versus 59 [45%]; p = not significant). @entity204 occurred in 4 reconstruction @entity1 (3%) and 15 (12%) replacement @entity1 (p < 0.01). Median postoperative stay was shorter in reconstruction @entity1 (10 versus 12 days; p = 0.02). Late valve-related @entity204 occurred in 3 reconstruction @entity1 (2%) and 8 (6%) replacement @entity1 (p = 0.08). Six-year actuarial freedom from @entity1031 was 92% for the reconstruction group and 85% for the replacement group (p = 0.12). Freedom from all valve-related morbidity and mortality was 85% for the reconstruction @entity1 and 73% for the replacement @entity1 (p = 0.03). Significant multivariate predictors of @entity204 were age, mitral valve replacement, functional class, @entity712 , no posterior @entity397 , and nonelective operation. Mitral valve reconstruction, when technically feasible, is the procedure of choice for @entity339 because of significantly lower hospital mortality and late valve-related events.

title: Mitral valve reconstruction versus replacement for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative or ischemic mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarctions']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['chordal rupture']

entities_list: @entity6151 :: ('MESH:D057971', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured anterior leaflet chordae']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['hospital death', 'Hospital death', 'death']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['degenerative or ischemic mitral regurgitation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine the nosological and phenomenological overlap and boundaries between @entity4697 and @entity16251 , we compared the symptoms, disability, comorbidity, and medical care of primary care @entity1 with each diagnosis. METHODS: @entity1 with DSM-III-R @entity4697 were recruited by screening consecutive primary care clinic attenders and then administering a structured diagnostic interview for @entity4697 . @entity1 also completed self-report questionnaires, and their primary care physicians completed questionnaires about them. They were then compared with @entity1 with DSM-III-R @entity16251 from the same setting who had been studied previously. RESULTS: One thousand six hundred thirty-four @entity1 were screened; 135 (71.0% of the 190 eligible @entity1 ) completed the research battery; 100 met lifetime @entity4697 criteria. Twenty-five of these had comorbid @entity16251 . Those without comorbid @entity16251 (n = 75) were then compared with @entity1 with @entity16251 without comorbid @entity4697 (n = 51). @entity1 with @entity4697 were less hypochondriacal (P < .001), somatized less (P < .05), were less disabled (P < .001), were more satisfied with their medical care (P < .001), and were rated by their physicians as less help rejecting (P < .05) and less demanding (P < .01). @entity308 was more prevalent in the group with @entity4697 (66.7% vs 45.1%; P < .05), as were @entity913 (76.0% vs 37.3%; P < .001), but somatization disorder symptoms (P < .0001) and generalized @entity148 were less prevalent (74.5% vs 16.0%; P < .001) in @entity4697 than was @entity16251 . CONCLUSIONS: While @entity16251 and @entity4697 co-occur to some extent in a primary care population, the overlap is by no means complete. These @entity1 are phenomenologically and functionally differentiable and distinct and are viewed differently by their primary care physicians.

title: @entity16251 and XXXX . Boundary and overlap.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Major depression']

entities_list: @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['panic disorder']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorder']

entities_list: @entity16251 :: ('MESH:D006998', 'Disease') :: ['hypochondriasis']

answer: @entity4697 :: (MESH:D016584,Disease) :: ['panic disorder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine the nosological and phenomenological overlap and boundaries between @entity4697 and @entity16251 , we compared the symptoms, disability, comorbidity, and medical care of primary care @entity1 with each diagnosis. METHODS: @entity1 with DSM-III-R @entity4697 were recruited by screening consecutive primary care clinic attenders and then administering a structured diagnostic interview for @entity4697 . @entity1 also completed self-report questionnaires, and their primary care physicians completed questionnaires about them. They were then compared with @entity1 with DSM-III-R @entity16251 from the same setting who had been studied previously. RESULTS: One thousand six hundred thirty-four @entity1 were screened; 135 (71.0% of the 190 eligible @entity1 ) completed the research battery; 100 met lifetime @entity4697 criteria. Twenty-five of these had comorbid @entity16251 . Those without comorbid @entity16251 (n = 75) were then compared with @entity1 with @entity16251 without comorbid @entity4697 (n = 51). @entity1 with @entity4697 were less hypochondriacal (P < .001), somatized less (P < .05), were less disabled (P < .001), were more satisfied with their medical care (P < .001), and were rated by their physicians as less help rejecting (P < .05) and less demanding (P < .01). @entity308 was more prevalent in the group with @entity4697 (66.7% vs 45.1%; P < .05), as were @entity913 (76.0% vs 37.3%; P < .001), but somatization disorder symptoms (P < .0001) and generalized @entity148 were less prevalent (74.5% vs 16.0%; P < .001) in @entity4697 than was @entity16251 . CONCLUSIONS: While @entity16251 and @entity4697 co-occur to some extent in a primary care population, the overlap is by no means complete. These @entity1 are phenomenologically and functionally differentiable and distinct and are viewed differently by their primary care physicians.

title: XXXX and @entity4697 . Boundary and overlap.

answer: @entity16251 :: (MESH:D006998,Disease) :: ['Hypochondriasis']


abstract: 1. Hepatic @entity6211 palmitoyltransferase activity was measured over a range of concentrations of @entity11668 and in the presence of several concentrations of the inhibitor @entity1285 . These measurements were made in mitochondria obtained from the livers of fed and starved (24 h) virgin female and fed and starved pregnant @entity35 . 2. In the fed state overt @entity6211 palmitoyltransferase activity was significantly lower in virgin females than in age-matched male @entity35 . 3. Starvation increased overt @entity6211 palmitoyltransferase activity in both virgin and pregnant females. This increase was larger than in the male and was greater in pregnant than in virgin females. 4. In the fed state pregnancy had no effect on the Hill coefficient or the [S]0.5 when @entity11668 was varied as substrate. Pregnancy did not alter the sensitivity of the enzyme to inhibition by @entity1285 . 5. Starvation decreased the sensitivity of the enzyme to @entity1285 . The change in sensitivity was similar in male, virgin female and pregnant @entity35 . 6. The possible relevance of these findings to known sex differences and changes with pregnancy in hepatic @entity844 oxidation and esterification are discussed.

title: Response to starvation of hepatic @entity6211 palmitoyltransferase activity and its regulation by XXXX . Sex differences and effects of pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity6211 :: ('MESH:D002331', 'Chemical') :: ['carnitine']

entities_list: @entity1285 :: ('MESH:D008316', 'Chemical') :: ['malonyl-CoA']

entities_list: @entity11668 :: ('MESH:D010171', 'Chemical') :: ['palmitoyl-CoA']

answer: @entity1285 :: (MESH:D008316,Chemical) :: ['malonyl-CoA']


abstract: 1. Hepatic @entity6211 palmitoyltransferase activity was measured over a range of concentrations of @entity11668 and in the presence of several concentrations of the inhibitor @entity1285 . These measurements were made in mitochondria obtained from the livers of fed and starved (24 h) virgin female and fed and starved pregnant @entity35 . 2. In the fed state overt @entity6211 palmitoyltransferase activity was significantly lower in virgin females than in age-matched male @entity35 . 3. Starvation increased overt @entity6211 palmitoyltransferase activity in both virgin and pregnant females. This increase was larger than in the male and was greater in pregnant than in virgin females. 4. In the fed state pregnancy had no effect on the Hill coefficient or the [S]0.5 when @entity11668 was varied as substrate. Pregnancy did not alter the sensitivity of the enzyme to inhibition by @entity1285 . 5. Starvation decreased the sensitivity of the enzyme to @entity1285 . The change in sensitivity was similar in male, virgin female and pregnant @entity35 . 6. The possible relevance of these findings to known sex differences and changes with pregnancy in hepatic @entity844 oxidation and esterification are discussed.

title: Response to starvation of hepatic XXXX palmitoyltransferase activity and its regulation by @entity1285 . Sex differences and effects of pregnancy.

answer: @entity6211 :: (MESH:D002331,Chemical) :: ['carnitine']


abstract: The effects of @entity520 on @entity63 @entity75 are unclear and probably diverse. To establish an in vivo model of @entity520 , the authors assess changes in extracellular brain pH (pHe), CBF and @entity428 induced by hypercarbic ventilation, and discuss the reliability and short comings of this experimental model. @entity520 was induced by increasing the inspired @entity515 concentration in mechanically ventilated @entity35 . pHe was measured with a pH-sensitive electrode implanted into the cortical mantle. The @entity35 were divided into five groups according to the @entity515 concentrations inspired: G-1, 0% control; G-2, -5-% @entity515 ; G-3, -10-% @entity515 ; G-4, -20-% @entity515 ; G-5, -25-% @entity515 . Cortical blood flow was measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter, and @entity428 was also determined in each of the experimental groups. pHe decreased rapidly after the @entity515 supply was turned on and remained almost constant at fixed concentrations of inspired @entity515 . pHe values diminished as the concentration of inspired @entity515 decreased, as follows: G-2, -0.10 +/- 0.03; G-3, -0.31 +/- 0.08; G-4, -0.49 +/- 0.09; G-5, -0.64 +/- 0.10. The changes in pHe almost perfectly paralleled the changes in blood pH. The percentage increase in CBF was more than 200% in the G-2 groups and minimal increases in CBF, probably due to changes in blood pressure, were observed in from G-2 to G-5. Changes in CBF paralleled changes in systemic blood pressure, especially after the @entity515 supply was turned off. @entity428 also rose after increasing the @entity515 supply, and the pattern of changes was similar to that of CBF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Changes in cerebral extracellular pH, cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure induced by hypercarbic ventilation--assessment as a potential in vivo model of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis', 'Acidosis']

answer: @entity520 :: (MESH:D000138,Disease) :: ['cerebral acidosis']


abstract: We used echocardiography to determine the prevalence of @entity2294 in @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 without cardiac systems and compared our results to those obtained in a control group of age-matched subjects. Thirty-six @entity1 with @entity309 (6 @entity1 , 30 @entity1 ; mean age 51 +/- 11 years) were selected from a @entity1 population in treatment at our outpatient Rheumatology Clinic. None of the @entity1 had any symptoms of @entity299 , and all @entity1 with signs and/or systems of extracardiac disease were excluded from the study. The control group consisted of 60 volunteers (mean age 51 +/- 12 years) randomly selected from a larger group of subjects with neither symptoms, signs and/or clinical findings of extracardiac disease nor symptoms of @entity299 . Standard two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography was carried out on all subjects. In the @entity309 @entity1 , we found a high prevalence of @entity2294 , especially minimal @entity2294 . There was no statistically significant difference among subgroups of @entity309 @entity1 based on stage and duration of disease respectively. There was no correlation between @entity2294 and inflammatory indexes or drug therapy. The minimal @entity2294 found in our @entity1 could be caused by the extra-articular inflammatory process and might be one aspect of a more complex picture characterized by silent cardiac involvement. The potential for symptomless pericardial alterations documented in our @entity1 indicates that careful cardiac evaluation should be given high priority in the assessment and management of subjects with @entity309 .

title: [Prevalence of @entity2294 in subjects with XXXX : an echocardiographic study].

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial involvement', 'pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: We used echocardiography to determine the prevalence of @entity2294 in @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 without cardiac systems and compared our results to those obtained in a control group of age-matched subjects. Thirty-six @entity1 with @entity309 (6 @entity1 , 30 @entity1 ; mean age 51 +/- 11 years) were selected from a @entity1 population in treatment at our outpatient Rheumatology Clinic. None of the @entity1 had any symptoms of @entity299 , and all @entity1 with signs and/or systems of extracardiac disease were excluded from the study. The control group consisted of 60 volunteers (mean age 51 +/- 12 years) randomly selected from a larger group of subjects with neither symptoms, signs and/or clinical findings of extracardiac disease nor symptoms of @entity299 . Standard two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography was carried out on all subjects. In the @entity309 @entity1 , we found a high prevalence of @entity2294 , especially minimal @entity2294 . There was no statistically significant difference among subgroups of @entity309 @entity1 based on stage and duration of disease respectively. There was no correlation between @entity2294 and inflammatory indexes or drug therapy. The minimal @entity2294 found in our @entity1 could be caused by the extra-articular inflammatory process and might be one aspect of a more complex picture characterized by silent cardiac involvement. The potential for symptomless pericardial alterations documented in our @entity1 indicates that careful cardiac evaluation should be given high priority in the assessment and management of subjects with @entity309 .

title: [Prevalence of XXXX in subjects with @entity309 : an echocardiographic study].

answer: @entity2294 :: (MESH:D010490,Disease) :: ['pericardial effusion']


abstract: The immunological changes occurring after primary and challenge infections with Strongyloides ratti in C57B1/6 @entity19 are described. Serum IgM and IgG antibodies against Strongyloides antigen appeared one week after @entity281 . The levels of antibody in both immunoglobulin classes increased markedly after secondary infection and persisted for at least 6 weeks. Immediate @entity56 (15 min footpad) reactions were transient after a @entity281 , but were marked and persistent after a secondary infection. Arthus (5 h footpad) reactions were mild and very transient after a @entity281 , but a persistent anamnestic response was seen after challenge infection. Cell-mediated immune (24 h footpad) reactions were marked 1 week after both primary and secondary infections but were not sustained in either case. Antigen-reactive cells were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes 1 week after @entity281 and 1-4 weeks after challenge infection. No antigen-reactive cells were noted in the spleen. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells and spleen cells from infected or uninfected animals were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but did not differ significantly in their @entity665 incorporation. A transient @entity1712 was observed after @entity281 and an anamnestic response was noted after challenge infection. The possible roles of these immunological responses to worm rejection and immunopathology are considered.

title: Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in XXXX strongyloidiasis.

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['3H thymidine']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['primary infection']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: The contractile function of the myocardium is coordinated by a fibrous matrix of exquisite organization and complexity. In the normal heart, and apparently in physiological @entity1184 , this matrix is submicroscopic. In pathological states changes are frequent, and usually progressive. Thickening of the many elements of the fine structure is due to an increased synthesis of Type I collagen, This change, which affects the myocardium in a global manner, can be observed by light microscopy using special techniques. Perivascular @entity82 , with an increase in vascular smooth muscle, is accompanied by development of fibrous septa, with a decrease in diastolic compliance. These structural changes are believed to be due to increased activation of the renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system, and to be independent of the processes of myocyte @entity1184 . Reparative or replacement @entity82 is a separate process by means of which small and large areas of @entity39 heal, with the development of coarse collagen structures, which lack a specific organizational pattern. Regarding @entity741 , an increase in tissue collagenase is found in experimental myocardial "stunning" and in the very early phase of acute @entity1188 . Absence of elements of the fibrous matrix allow for myocyte slippage, and--if the affected area is large--cardiac dilatation. If, subsequently, the @entity39 becomes transmural, there is further disturbance of collagen due to both mechanical strain and continued autolysis, During healing collagen synthesis increases greatly to allow for reparative scarring in the available tissue matrix. In cases of @entity1188 with moderate or severe @entity384 , pathological @entity1184 of the spared myocardium is progressive, accounting for late @entity712 and poor survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Left ventricular dysfunction in XXXX : fundamental importance of the fibrous matrix.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['initial dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['ischemic heart disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effects of seven local anesthetics, @entity10541 , @entity1341 , @entity39205 , @entity17388 , @entity5403 , @entity8162 , and @entity6513 , on the central nervous system (CNS) electrical activities were studied in five @entity468 with each agent. METHODS: Brain electrodes were implanted chronically in the cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and midbrain reticular formation. The cortical, amygdala, and hippocampus electroencephalograms (EEGs), reticular multiunit activity (R-MUA), and heart rate were recorded. Drugs were administered intravenously with constant rates of equipotent doses until EEG @entity410 appeared. Effects of @entity3303 , 1 mg.kg-1.min-1, were studied for comparison. The rates of infusion were: @entity10541 , 1 mg.kg-1.min-1; @entity8162 , 4 mg.kg-1.min-1; @entity1341 and @entity6513 , 0.25 mg.kg-1.min-1; @entity39205 , 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1; @entity17388 , 0.15 mg.kg-1.min-1; and @entity5403 , 3 mg.kg-1.min-1. The effects of 10-15 times higher rates of infusion were also studied in two @entity468 with each drug. RESULTS: During the slow rates of infusion, a tetraphasic sequence of changes, common to all agents, was observed: the initial stage represented by diffuse EEG slowing and a suppression of the R-MUA; the second stage by low voltage fast wave EEG and an activation of the R-MUA; the third stage by reappearance of slow wave EEG and a suppression of the R-MUA; and the fourth stage by an epileptiform EEG and an activation of the R-MUA. These changes in EEG were not typical in some @entity468 administered @entity8162 , @entity1341 , @entity5403 , and @entity17388 . During the high rates of infusion, suppressive stages in the R-MUA were less dominant and activations dominated. High rates of infusion of @entity10541 produced sudden @entity302 activities in EEG. @entity6513 , @entity8162 , @entity39205 , and @entity1341 in the high rates of infusion produced slow waves for a short period, prior to @entity410 activities in the EEG. @entity17388 or @entity5403 in high rates of infusion could not produce @entity410 activities in the EEG, but slow waves and isoelectrical EEG, which were accompanied with @entity11233 followed by @entity2224 . CONCLUSIONS: All local anesthetics have similar tetraphasic CNS actions and whether the expression of CNS intoxication with subconvulsive doses is excitation or suppression may possibly be dependent on the brain drug level and its rate of increase.

title: Tetraphasic actions of local anesthetics on central nervous system electrical activities in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity17388 :: ('MESH:D003992', 'Chemical') :: ['Dibucaine', 'dibucaine']

entities_list: @entity5403 :: ('MESH:D011318', 'Chemical') :: ['prilocaine']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity11233 :: ('MESH:D016170', 'Disease') :: ['idioventricular rhythm']

entities_list: @entity10541 :: ('MESH:D008619', 'Chemical') :: ['mepivacaine']

entities_list: @entity8162 :: ('MESH:D011343', 'Chemical') :: ['procaine']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity6513 :: ('MESH:D013748', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetracaine', 'tetracaine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity39205 :: ('MESH:D005041', 'Chemical') :: ['etidocaine']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: The results of our previous studies suggested that @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) might be contributory to the impaired uteroplacental blood flow seen in @entity1468 . The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro influence of @entity4768 on @entity2232 -induced contraction of myometrial resistance arteries from pregnant @entity1 , as these vessels are partly responsible for the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow in @entity1468 . Small myometrial arteries were dissected from myometrium obtained from 20 normotensive term pregnant @entity1 undergoing elective cesarean section and mounted in a tissue chamber. Tension was recorded isometrically. When @entity2232 (10(-8) mol/L)-contracted vessels were exposed to increasing concentrations (10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) mol/L) of @entity4768 , the myometrial arteries demonstrated essentially no relaxation. A significant mean relaxation of 31% was seen only with the highest @entity4768 concentration of 10(-3) mol/L. Pretreatment with @entity4768 attenuated @entity2232 -induced contraction by 26% at 3 x 10(-4) mol/L and by up to 80% at 10(-3) mol/L. Preincubation with lower concentrations of @entity4768 did not significantly reduce subsequent @entity2232 contraction. The present study has thus shown that @entity4768 at high concentrations counteracts @entity2232 -induced constriction of myometrial arteries in term pregnant @entity1 . Pretreatment with @entity4768 at high concentrations attenuates the @entity2232 contraction.

title: Effects of XXXX on endothelin-induced constriction of myometrial arteries in normotensive pregnant @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity4768 :: ('MESH:D017275', 'Chemical') :: ['isradipine']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

answer: @entity4768 :: (MESH:D017275,Chemical) :: ['isradipine']


abstract: The results of our previous studies suggested that @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) might be contributory to the impaired uteroplacental blood flow seen in @entity1468 . The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro influence of @entity4768 on @entity2232 -induced contraction of myometrial resistance arteries from pregnant @entity1 , as these vessels are partly responsible for the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow in @entity1468 . Small myometrial arteries were dissected from myometrium obtained from 20 normotensive term pregnant @entity1 undergoing elective cesarean section and mounted in a tissue chamber. Tension was recorded isometrically. When @entity2232 (10(-8) mol/L)-contracted vessels were exposed to increasing concentrations (10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) mol/L) of @entity4768 , the myometrial arteries demonstrated essentially no relaxation. A significant mean relaxation of 31% was seen only with the highest @entity4768 concentration of 10(-3) mol/L. Pretreatment with @entity4768 attenuated @entity2232 -induced contraction by 26% at 3 x 10(-4) mol/L and by up to 80% at 10(-3) mol/L. Preincubation with lower concentrations of @entity4768 did not significantly reduce subsequent @entity2232 contraction. The present study has thus shown that @entity4768 at high concentrations counteracts @entity2232 -induced constriction of myometrial arteries in term pregnant @entity1 . Pretreatment with @entity4768 at high concentrations attenuates the @entity2232 contraction.

title: Effects of @entity4768 on endothelin-induced constriction of myometrial arteries in normotensive pregnant XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: During @entity296 , the function of the unaffected muscle is the primary determinant of residual cardiac performance. We compared six methods of measuring regional function in the remaining non-ischaemic segment after acute ligation of the @entity1347 ( @entity1347 ) coronary artery in 16 @entity235 . Preparation included left ventricular micromanometers, regional sonomicrometer transducers to measure segment length and wall thickness, caval occluders and left atrial catheters for injection of radioactive microspheres to measure regional blood flow. Pulmonary artery, central @entity455 were measured and regional coronary venous blood was collected for direct myocardial @entity26 consumption (VO2) calculations. Under basal high-dose @entity3575 -neuromuscular blocker anaesthesia, the @entity1347 was occluded after addition of @entity1508 or @entity5161 at 0.5 or 1.5 MAC concentrations. Regional myocardial function of the non-ischaemic segment was assessed by the following computer-derived indices: percent systolic wall thickening (% WT), velocity of shortening (vs), percent systolic shortening (%SS), regional @entity64 work (RSW), regional preload recruitable @entity64 work (RPRSW) and regional end-systolic elastance (Ees). No index demonstrated enhanced function in the non-ischaemic segment after @entity1347 ligation and all monitors, except Ees, were sensitive to @entity308 of function represented by a decrease in values after administration of @entity1508 and @entity5161 (P < 0.05). Ees values increased with the addition of @entity5161 and remained constant with @entity1508 . Circulating concentrations of @entity2661 were unchanged after ischaemia, while inhalation agents caused a decrease in the concentrations of @entity1425 and @entity935 (P < 0.05), but not @entity1063 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Regional myocardial function during contiguous ischaemia in an anaesthetized XXXX model: comparison of six methods of measurement.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['venous and systemic arterial pressures']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['LAD', 'left anterior descending']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Purpose: To characterize in detail the phenotype and genotype of @entity1 with @entity2000 ( @entity2000 ). Methods: @entity1 were screened for an annular ring @entity1019 ranging from 3   to 40   (n = 28, ages 24-71) with kinetic perimetry. All @entity1 had @entity989 in the region of the dysfunction. Further studies included cross-sectional and en face imaging, static chromatic perimetry, and electroretinography. Molecular screening was performed. Results: Genotypes of 14 of 28 @entity2000 @entity1 were identified: There were mutations in eight different genes previously associated with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive RDs. Kinetic fields monitored in some @entity1 over years to more than a decade could be stable or show increased extent of the @entity1019 . Electroretinograms were recordable but with different severities of dysfunction. Patterns of photoreceptor outer nuclear layer (ONL) loss corresponded to the distribution of @entity227 . Outer nuclear layer thickness topography and en face imaging indicated that the greatest disease expression was in the area of known highest rod photoreceptor density. Conclusions: Molecular heterogeneity was a feature of the @entity2000 phenotype. Many of the molecular causes were also associated with other phenotypes, such as @entity1020 , typical @entity6391 ( @entity6391 ) and @entity6391 . The pericentral pattern of @entity2000 is thus confirmed to be an uncommon phenotype of many different genotypes rather than a distinct disease entity.

title: Molecular Heterogeneity Within the Clinical Diagnosis of Pericentral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2000 :: ('MESH:D012162', 'Disease') :: ['PRD', 'retinal degeneration', 'pericentral retinal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa', 'cone-rod dystrophy', 'RP']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['pigmentary retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['maculopathies']

answer: @entity2000 :: (MESH:D012162,Disease) :: ['Retinal Degeneration']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity3966 ( @entity3966 ) are vectors for several important @entity1 diseases, including @entity3001 , @entity1 granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), and @entity1 @entity743 , caused by @entity2069 , @entity4210 , and @entity743 microti, respectively. The continued northward range expansion of @entity3966 and associated pathogens is an increasing public health concern in Canada. The Thousand Islands region of eastern Ontario has recently been identified as a new endemic area for @entity3001 in Canada, but the occurrence of other pathogens in ticks in this area has not been fully described. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum and @entity25907 in small mammals and questing ticks in the Thousand Islands area and identify the strains of A. phagocytophilum circulating in ticks in the area. Serum and larval ticks were collected from trapped small mammals, and questing ticks were collected via drag sampling from up to 12 island and mainland sites in 2006, 2009, and 2010. A. phagocytophilum was identified by PCR in 3.4% (47/1388) ticks from eight of 12 sites; the prevalence ranged from 8.9% in 2006 to 3% in 2009. All 365 ticks tested for @entity25907 were negative. Antibodies to A. phagocytophilum were detected in 2.8% (17/611) of white-footed @entity19 (Peromyscus leucopus) at two of 11 sites in 2006, 2009, or 2010. All 34 A. phagocytophilum-positive ticks submitted for strain identification using single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene were identified as a variant strain (Ap variant-1), which is not commonly associated with @entity1 disease. Our findings suggest that @entity1 are at low risk of contracting HGA or @entity1 @entity743 due to locally acquired tick bites in the Thousand Islands area. However, continued surveillance is warranted as these pathogens continue to expand their ranges in North America.

title: Prevalence of XXXX and @entity743 microti in @entity3966 from a Newly Established Lyme Disease Endemic Area, the Thousand Islands Region of Ontario, Canada.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3001 :: ('MESH:D008193', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme disease']

entities_list: @entity2069 :: ('139', 'Species') :: ['Borrelia burgdorferi']

entities_list: @entity3966 :: ('6945', 'Species') :: ['Blacklegged ticks', 'blacklegged ticks', 'Ixodes scapularis']

entities_list: @entity743 :: ('MESH:D001404', 'Disease') :: ['Babesia', 'babesiosis']

entities_list: @entity4210 :: ('948', 'Species') :: ['Anaplasma phagocytophilum']

answer: @entity4210 :: (948,Species) :: ['Anaplasma phagocytophilum']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity3966 ( @entity3966 ) are vectors for several important @entity1 diseases, including @entity3001 , @entity1 granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), and @entity1 @entity743 , caused by @entity2069 , @entity4210 , and @entity743 microti, respectively. The continued northward range expansion of @entity3966 and associated pathogens is an increasing public health concern in Canada. The Thousand Islands region of eastern Ontario has recently been identified as a new endemic area for @entity3001 in Canada, but the occurrence of other pathogens in ticks in this area has not been fully described. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum and @entity25907 in small mammals and questing ticks in the Thousand Islands area and identify the strains of A. phagocytophilum circulating in ticks in the area. Serum and larval ticks were collected from trapped small mammals, and questing ticks were collected via drag sampling from up to 12 island and mainland sites in 2006, 2009, and 2010. A. phagocytophilum was identified by PCR in 3.4% (47/1388) ticks from eight of 12 sites; the prevalence ranged from 8.9% in 2006 to 3% in 2009. All 365 ticks tested for @entity25907 were negative. Antibodies to A. phagocytophilum were detected in 2.8% (17/611) of white-footed @entity19 (Peromyscus leucopus) at two of 11 sites in 2006, 2009, or 2010. All 34 A. phagocytophilum-positive ticks submitted for strain identification using single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene were identified as a variant strain (Ap variant-1), which is not commonly associated with @entity1 disease. Our findings suggest that @entity1 are at low risk of contracting HGA or @entity1 @entity743 due to locally acquired tick bites in the Thousand Islands area. However, continued surveillance is warranted as these pathogens continue to expand their ranges in North America.

title: Prevalence of @entity4210 and @entity743 microti in XXXX from a Newly Established Lyme Disease Endemic Area, the Thousand Islands Region of Ontario, Canada.

answer: @entity3966 :: (6945,Species) :: ['Ixodes scapularis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity3966 ( @entity3966 ) are vectors for several important @entity1 diseases, including @entity3001 , @entity1 granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), and @entity1 @entity743 , caused by @entity2069 , @entity4210 , and @entity743 microti, respectively. The continued northward range expansion of @entity3966 and associated pathogens is an increasing public health concern in Canada. The Thousand Islands region of eastern Ontario has recently been identified as a new endemic area for @entity3001 in Canada, but the occurrence of other pathogens in ticks in this area has not been fully described. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum and @entity25907 in small mammals and questing ticks in the Thousand Islands area and identify the strains of A. phagocytophilum circulating in ticks in the area. Serum and larval ticks were collected from trapped small mammals, and questing ticks were collected via drag sampling from up to 12 island and mainland sites in 2006, 2009, and 2010. A. phagocytophilum was identified by PCR in 3.4% (47/1388) ticks from eight of 12 sites; the prevalence ranged from 8.9% in 2006 to 3% in 2009. All 365 ticks tested for @entity25907 were negative. Antibodies to A. phagocytophilum were detected in 2.8% (17/611) of white-footed @entity19 (Peromyscus leucopus) at two of 11 sites in 2006, 2009, or 2010. All 34 A. phagocytophilum-positive ticks submitted for strain identification using single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays targeting the 16S rRNA gene were identified as a variant strain (Ap variant-1), which is not commonly associated with @entity1 disease. Our findings suggest that @entity1 are at low risk of contracting HGA or @entity1 @entity743 due to locally acquired tick bites in the Thousand Islands area. However, continued surveillance is warranted as these pathogens continue to expand their ranges in North America.

title: Prevalence of @entity4210 and XXXX microti in @entity3966 from a Newly Established Lyme Disease Endemic Area, the Thousand Islands Region of Ontario, Canada.

answer: @entity743 :: (MESH:D001404,Disease) :: ['Babesia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A set of novel @entity3093 derivatives from @entity13474 were synthesized. The structures of derivatives were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (  @entity8108 -NMR), @entity505 -13 ( @entity7352 )-NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) spectral analyses. Their anti- @entity6 activities were evaluated using an insulin-resistant (IR) HepG2 cell model. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of these derivatives were briefly discussed. Compounds 1c, 2h, 3b, and 5 and @entity670 exhibited significant @entity413 consumption-enhancing effects in IR-HepG2 cells. In addition, the combinations of @entity670 , 2h, and 3b (combination 6) and of 3b, @entity670 , and 1c (combination 10) exhibited better anti- @entity6 activity than the individual compounds. At the same dosage, there was no difference in effect between the combination 10 and the positive control (p > 0.05). Aditionally, we found the differences between the combination 10 and combination 6 for the protective effect of HUVEC ( @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells) under high @entity413 concentration. The protective effects of combination 10 was stronger than combination 6, which suggested that combination 10 may have a better hypoglycemic activity in future studies. This study provides useful clues for the further design and discovery of anti- @entity6 agents.

title: Synthesis and Biological Activity of @entity3093 Derivatives from XXXX as Potent Anti- @entity6 Agents.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity3093 :: ('CHEBI:18220', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflavone']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity13474 :: (3827,Species) :: ['Chickpea']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A set of novel @entity3093 derivatives from @entity13474 were synthesized. The structures of derivatives were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (  @entity8108 -NMR), @entity505 -13 ( @entity7352 )-NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) spectral analyses. Their anti- @entity6 activities were evaluated using an insulin-resistant (IR) HepG2 cell model. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of these derivatives were briefly discussed. Compounds 1c, 2h, 3b, and 5 and @entity670 exhibited significant @entity413 consumption-enhancing effects in IR-HepG2 cells. In addition, the combinations of @entity670 , 2h, and 3b (combination 6) and of 3b, @entity670 , and 1c (combination 10) exhibited better anti- @entity6 activity than the individual compounds. At the same dosage, there was no difference in effect between the combination 10 and the positive control (p > 0.05). Aditionally, we found the differences between the combination 10 and combination 6 for the protective effect of HUVEC ( @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells) under high @entity413 concentration. The protective effects of combination 10 was stronger than combination 6, which suggested that combination 10 may have a better hypoglycemic activity in future studies. This study provides useful clues for the further design and discovery of anti- @entity6 agents.

title: Synthesis and Biological Activity of XXXX Derivatives from @entity13474 as Potent Anti- @entity6 Agents.

answer: @entity3093 :: (CHEBI:18220,Chemical) :: ['Isoflavone']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A set of novel @entity3093 derivatives from @entity13474 were synthesized. The structures of derivatives were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (  @entity8108 -NMR), @entity505 -13 ( @entity7352 )-NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) spectral analyses. Their anti- @entity6 activities were evaluated using an insulin-resistant (IR) HepG2 cell model. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of these derivatives were briefly discussed. Compounds 1c, 2h, 3b, and 5 and @entity670 exhibited significant @entity413 consumption-enhancing effects in IR-HepG2 cells. In addition, the combinations of @entity670 , 2h, and 3b (combination 6) and of 3b, @entity670 , and 1c (combination 10) exhibited better anti- @entity6 activity than the individual compounds. At the same dosage, there was no difference in effect between the combination 10 and the positive control (p > 0.05). Aditionally, we found the differences between the combination 10 and combination 6 for the protective effect of HUVEC ( @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells) under high @entity413 concentration. The protective effects of combination 10 was stronger than combination 6, which suggested that combination 10 may have a better hypoglycemic activity in future studies. This study provides useful clues for the further design and discovery of anti- @entity6 agents.

title: Synthesis and Biological Activity of @entity3093 Derivatives from @entity13474 as Potent Anti- XXXX Agents.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the effects of exogenous @entity172 and @entity1871 on metabolic risk factors for @entity453 in @entity1 . DESIGN: Review of selected literature. SETTING: Population studies and clinical trials. @entity1 : Premenopausal and postmenopausal @entity1 . INTERVENTIONS: Exogenous gonadal hormones in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement regimens. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lipoprotein, hemostatic, @entity1735 , and blood pressure metabolic parameters. RESULTS: Favorable lipoprotein changes have been demonstrated in both observational studies and clinical trials of effects of exogenous hormones on cardiovascular risk factors in @entity1 . These include declines in low-density lipoprotein, apoprotein B, and lipoprotein(a), and increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), @entity9477 , and apoprotein A-I. Hormone replacement effects on @entity412 are minor and, in most @entity1 , probably benign. Evidence is unconvincing that clinically significant changes in clotting factors, @entity1735 metabolism, or blood pressure take place as a result of postmenopausal hormone interventions. In fact, @entity1735 metabolism and blood pressure may be improved slightly. Metabolic studies do not, thus far, provide any contraindications to either @entity172 replacement therapy (ERT) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in appropriately selected subjects. However, because studies of metabolic risk factors generally have been done in @entity1 who were not hyperlipidemic, hypercoagulable, @entity1602 , or @entity101 , little is known about the metabolic effects of ERT or HRT on pre-existing @entity209 .

title: Metabolic effects of XXXX and progestins.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity1871 :: ('CHEBI:59826', 'Chemical') :: ['progestin']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogens']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Review trends in mandible @entity174 management and outcomes in @entity1 treated with and without intraoperative arch bar use. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: All @entity1 with mandible @entity174 between October 1, 2001, and October 1, 2011, were reviewed. Excluded were those with concomitant midfacial @entity174 or inadequate follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, 734 @entity1 sustained 1,312 mandible @entity174 . Assault was the most common etiology. The parasymphyseal, subcondylar, and angle regions were most likely fractured. In total, 85% of @entity1 underwent @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ). This overall number had no significant annual deviation. However, use of arch bars to achieve intraoperative maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with @entity1538 decreased annually, whereas the use of manual reduction with @entity1538 increased annually. These trends held statistical significance. Outcomes were reviewed in @entity1 with one or two nonsubcondylar @entity174 by assessing complications of @entity3232 , @entity281 , and malunion. In 228 @entity1 meeting criteria, the incidence of complications was 12.9% in those treated using intraoperative arch bars with @entity1538 and 12.5% in those using manual reduction with @entity1538 . When assessing individual complications, there was no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a shifting trend in mandible @entity174 management. Our techniques for achieving @entity174 reduction ideal for @entity1538 favors manual reduction over the use of arch bars in select cases. We found no statistical increase in the incidence of complications when using manual reduction with @entity1538 in @entity1 with one and two nonsubcondylar @entity174 . In appropriately selected cases, manual stabilization of fractured segments is an alternative to using arch bars to achieve intraoperative MMF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 2015.

title: Decade review of mandible XXXX and arch bar impact on outcomes of nonsubcondylar @entity174 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['ORIF', 'open-reduction internal-fixation']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity3232 :: ('MESH:D008310', 'Disease') :: ['malocclusion']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Review trends in mandible @entity174 management and outcomes in @entity1 treated with and without intraoperative arch bar use. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: All @entity1 with mandible @entity174 between October 1, 2001, and October 1, 2011, were reviewed. Excluded were those with concomitant midfacial @entity174 or inadequate follow-up. RESULTS: Overall, 734 @entity1 sustained 1,312 mandible @entity174 . Assault was the most common etiology. The parasymphyseal, subcondylar, and angle regions were most likely fractured. In total, 85% of @entity1 underwent @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ). This overall number had no significant annual deviation. However, use of arch bars to achieve intraoperative maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with @entity1538 decreased annually, whereas the use of manual reduction with @entity1538 increased annually. These trends held statistical significance. Outcomes were reviewed in @entity1 with one or two nonsubcondylar @entity174 by assessing complications of @entity3232 , @entity281 , and malunion. In 228 @entity1 meeting criteria, the incidence of complications was 12.9% in those treated using intraoperative arch bars with @entity1538 and 12.5% in those using manual reduction with @entity1538 . When assessing individual complications, there was no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a shifting trend in mandible @entity174 management. Our techniques for achieving @entity174 reduction ideal for @entity1538 favors manual reduction over the use of arch bars in select cases. We found no statistical increase in the incidence of complications when using manual reduction with @entity1538 in @entity1 with one and two nonsubcondylar @entity174 . In appropriately selected cases, manual stabilization of fractured segments is an alternative to using arch bars to achieve intraoperative MMF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 2015.

title: Decade review of mandible @entity174 and arch bar impact on outcomes of nonsubcondylar XXXX .

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate effect of gait training with @entity1957 ( @entity1957 ) on gait symmetry and self-efficacy offalling in @entity64 @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fourteen @entity64 @entity1 were categorized in the @entity1957 (n = 7) and control (n = 7) groups. They were matched by age range, @entity64 type, paretic side, time since @entity64 , and severity. All @entity1 received physical therapy and only the @entity1957 group received additional @entity1957 training. Both groups were trained for 12 sessions over 1 month. Outcome measurements comprised gait symmetry detecting by theforce distribution measurement platform and self-efficacy offalling testing by the Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Both groups were assessed three times:.pre-, intermediate- and post-trainings. Comparisons of all variables between and within groups were tested by Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman ANOVA test, respectively. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed of gait symmetry between @entity1957 and control groups. Within group comparison, tendencies of improvement were found in step length and step time symmetry for the @entity1957 group. Significant improvements in step length symmetry and FES-I score were found among assessments for the @entity1957 group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Gait training with @entity1957 enhanced ability of step length symmetry and decreased fear offalling in @entity1 with @entity64 .

title: Improvement of Gait Symmetry in @entity1 with XXXX by Motor Imagery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'motor imagery']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate effect of gait training with @entity1957 ( @entity1957 ) on gait symmetry and self-efficacy offalling in @entity64 @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHOD: Fourteen @entity64 @entity1 were categorized in the @entity1957 (n = 7) and control (n = 7) groups. They were matched by age range, @entity64 type, paretic side, time since @entity64 , and severity. All @entity1 received physical therapy and only the @entity1957 group received additional @entity1957 training. Both groups were trained for 12 sessions over 1 month. Outcome measurements comprised gait symmetry detecting by theforce distribution measurement platform and self-efficacy offalling testing by the Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Both groups were assessed three times:.pre-, intermediate- and post-trainings. Comparisons of all variables between and within groups were tested by Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman ANOVA test, respectively. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed of gait symmetry between @entity1957 and control groups. Within group comparison, tendencies of improvement were found in step length and step time symmetry for the @entity1957 group. Significant improvements in step length symmetry and FES-I score were found among assessments for the @entity1957 group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Gait training with @entity1957 enhanced ability of step length symmetry and decreased fear offalling in @entity1 with @entity64 .

title: Improvement of Gait Symmetry in XXXX with @entity64 by Motor Imagery.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop an observed-to-expected ratio (O/E) for adherence to National @entity5 treatment guidelines as a risk-adjusted hospital measure of quality care correlated with disease-specific survival. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 with stages I-IV @entity43 were identified from the California @entity5 Registry (1/1/96-12/31/06). Using a fit logistic regression model, O/E for guideline adherence was calculated for each hospital and distributed into quartiles stratified by hospital annual case volume: lowest O/E quartile or annual hospital case volume <5, middle two O/E quartiles and volume >= 5, and highest O/E quartile and volume >= 5. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to characterize the independent effect of hospital O/E on @entity43 -specific survival. RESULTS: Overall, 18,491 @entity1 were treated at 405 hospitals; 37.3% received guideline adherent care. Lowest O/E hospitals (n=285) treated 4661 @entity1 (25.2%), mean O/E=0.77  0.55 and median survival 38.9months (95%CI=36.2-42.0months). Intermediate O/E hospitals (n=85) treated 8715 @entity1 (47.1%), mean O/E=0.87  0.17 and median survival of 50.5months (95% CI=48.4-52.8months). Highest O/E hospitals (n=35) treated 5115 @entity1 (27.7%), mean O/E=1.34  0.14 and median survival of 53.8months (95% CI=50.2-58.2months). After controlling for other variables, treatment at highest O/E hospitals was associated with independent and statistically significant improvement in @entity43 -specific survival compared to intermediate O/E (HR=1.06, 95% CI=1.01-1.11) and lowest O/E (1.16, 95% CI=1.10-1.23) hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Calculation of hospital-specific O/E for NCCN treatment guideline adherence, combined with minimum case volume criterion, as a measure of @entity43 quality of care is feasible and is an independent predictor of survival.

title: Observed-to-expected ratio for adherence to treatment guidelines as a quality of care indicator for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) ovarian cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'epithelial ovarian cancer']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Adolescents with @entity914 usually have full recovery from their first @entity716 , but the first relapse often arises within 2 years of the first episode. Cannabis-related @entity914 are difficult to distinguish from @entity914 . Here, we describe a particularly severe clinical case, with a first @entity716 occurring after heavy @entity835 smoking, an atypically long symptom-free duration, and a subsequent non-substance-related episode. CASE PRESENTATION: A 17-year-old male adolescent of Middle-East origin presented with delusions and @entity1833 after extensive @entity835 smoking. His first @entity716 , with @entity10963 and @entity1833 , progressed into severe @entity2437 symptoms. His symptoms were treated with electroconvulsive therapy and @entity1090 and he was transferred to a residential substance abuse treatment center. He remained drug-free and non-psychotic for 3.5 years. Given the temporal association with extensive @entity835 use, and his full remission of symptoms lasting several years, a @entity835 -induced @entity716 -though atypically extended-could be suspected. However, after 3.5 years without @entity146 care, and in a drug-free state, our @entity1 again presented with positive @entity716 , possibly induced by a period of severe psychosocial stress. CONCLUSION: We here discuss whether a primary @entity161 episode possibly induced by @entity835 can increase the risk of subsequent non-drug-related @entity161 episodes.

title: Atypical course in severe XXXX in a @entity835 -dependent male adolescent: a case report.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic psychoses', 'psychoses']

entities_list: @entity835 :: ('MESH:D002189', 'Disease') :: ['cannabis']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis', 'psychotic episode', 'psychotic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity10963 :: ('MESH:D010259', 'Disease') :: ['paranoid delusions']

entities_list: @entity2437 :: ('MESH:D012560', 'Disease') :: ['catatonic']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity2437 :: (MESH:D012560,Disease) :: ['catatonic schizophrenia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Adolescents with @entity914 usually have full recovery from their first @entity716 , but the first relapse often arises within 2 years of the first episode. Cannabis-related @entity914 are difficult to distinguish from @entity914 . Here, we describe a particularly severe clinical case, with a first @entity716 occurring after heavy @entity835 smoking, an atypically long symptom-free duration, and a subsequent non-substance-related episode. CASE PRESENTATION: A 17-year-old male adolescent of Middle-East origin presented with delusions and @entity1833 after extensive @entity835 smoking. His first @entity716 , with @entity10963 and @entity1833 , progressed into severe @entity2437 symptoms. His symptoms were treated with electroconvulsive therapy and @entity1090 and he was transferred to a residential substance abuse treatment center. He remained drug-free and non-psychotic for 3.5 years. Given the temporal association with extensive @entity835 use, and his full remission of symptoms lasting several years, a @entity835 -induced @entity716 -though atypically extended-could be suspected. However, after 3.5 years without @entity146 care, and in a drug-free state, our @entity1 again presented with positive @entity716 , possibly induced by a period of severe psychosocial stress. CONCLUSION: We here discuss whether a primary @entity161 episode possibly induced by @entity835 can increase the risk of subsequent non-drug-related @entity161 episodes.

title: Atypical course in severe @entity2437 in a XXXX -dependent male adolescent: a case report.

answer: @entity835 :: (MESH:D002189,Disease) :: ['cannabis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The added clinical value of multisite near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring to detect low organ tissue perfusion in preterm @entity1 at risk of @entity1457 remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations between multisite NIRS measurements and clinical signs of @entity1457 in relation to short-term outcome in preterm @entity1 with @entity922 . METHODS: Prospective cohort study of preterm @entity1 (gestational age <32 weeks) with @entity922 . We monitored cerebral, renal, and intestinal @entity26 saturation using NIRS for 72 h following sepsis workup and calculated fractional tissue @entity26 extraction (FTOE). We recorded clinical signs of @entity1457 every 8 h. We analyzed the associations between FTOE values, clinical signs of @entity1457 , and short-term outcome. RESULTS: In 28 preterm @entity1 with @entity922 , intraindividual and interindividual associations between NIRS values and clinical signs of @entity1457 were weak. At several points of time during the study period, cerebral and renal FTOE were higher in @entity1 who developed intestinal complications compared with @entity1 who did not, while clinical signs of @entity1457 never differed between groups. After correcting for multiple testing, significant differences disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: The associations between multisite FTOE values and clinical signs of @entity1457 were weak in preterm @entity1 with @entity922 . Nevertheless, in contrast to clinical signs of @entity1457 , cerebral and renal FTOE values were associated with adverse short-term intestinal outcome in the uncorrected analyses. Multisite NIRS monitoring might help to detect critically low tissue @entity26 delivery leading to adverse intestinal outcome not detected by routine hemodynamic measurements.

title: The Association between Multisite Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Routine Hemodynamic Measurements in Relation to Short-Term Outcome in Preterms with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory failure']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinical sepsis']

answer: @entity922 :: (MESH:D013568,Disease) :: ['Clinical Sepsis']


abstract: The @entity238 escargot ( @entity44012 ) gene encodes a @entity728 -type zinc finger protein that is expressed in the imaginal discs and histoblasts. In some @entity44012 mutants, the abdominal histoblasts become @entity5700 . It has therefore been suggested that the role of @entity44012 is to maintain diploidy of the imaginal cells. We show that @entity44012 encodes a DNA-binding protein with high affinity for G/ACAGGTG, the consensus-binding sequence for the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors (E2 box). This DNA-binding activity is essential for @entity44012 function in vivo as the strong embryonic lethal allele esgVS8 is caused by an @entity535 change within the @entity219 finger region, leading to reduced affinity for DNA. In cultured cells, a heterodimer of the bHLH proteins @entity30898 and @entity21698 activates transcription from promoters containing E2 boxes. The @entity44012 protein strongly inhibits this activation, suggesting that @entity44012 may regulate developmental processes dependent on bHLH proteins. In larvae, @entity44012 protein expressed by the heat shock promoter can rescue the @entity5700 phenotype of abdominal histoblasts, demonstrating that the phenotype is attributable to a loss of @entity44012 function. @entity44012 must be expressed continuously during the larval period for efficient rescue. Ectopic expression of @entity44012 in the salivary glands inhibits endoreplication of DNA. These results suggest that @entity44012 is involved in transcriptional inhibition of genes required for endoreplication.

title: Diploidy of XXXX imaginal cells is maintained by a transcriptional repressor encoded by escargot.

entities_list: @entity5700 :: ('MESH:D011123', 'Disease') :: ['polyploid']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The dynamics of binocular rivalry may be a behavioral footprint of excitatory and inhibitory neural transmission in visual cortex. Given the presence of atypical visual features in @entity72 ( @entity72 ), and the growing evidence in support of the idea of an imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory neural transmission in animal and genetic models of @entity72 , we hypothesized that binocular rivalry might prove a simple behavioral marker of such a transmission imbalance in the autistic brain. In support of this hypothesis, we previously reported a slower rate of rivalry in @entity72 , driven by longer transitional states between dominant percepts. We tested whether atypical dynamics of binocular rivalry in @entity72 are specific to certain stimulus features. 53 @entity1 (26 with @entity72 , matched for age, sex, and IQ) participated in a binocular rivalry experiment in which the dynamics of rivalry were measured at two levels of stimulus complexity, low (grayscale gratings) and high (colored objects). Individuals with @entity72 experienced a slower rate of binocular rivalry, driven by longer transitional states between dominant percepts. These exaggerated transitional states were present at both low and high levels of stimulus complexity (gratings and objects), suggesting that atypical binocular dynamics in @entity2438 are robust with respect to stimulus choice. Interactions between stimulus properties and rivalry dynamics in @entity2438 indicate that achromatic grating stimuli produce stronger group differences. These results confirm the finding of atypical dynamics of binocular rivalry in @entity72 . These dynamics were present for stimuli of both low and high levels of @entity227 , suggesting a pervasive imbalance in competitive interactions throughout the visual system of individuals with @entity72 .

title: Reduced perceptual exclusivity during object and grating rivalry in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual complexity']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['Autism Spectrum Conditions', 'ASC']

answer: @entity2438 :: (MESH:D001321,Disease) :: ['autism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A small number of individuals with B-cell-related @entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) may exhibit long-term (prolonged or chronic) excretion of @entity465 -associated vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPVs) following infection with oral @entity9925 vaccine (OPV). These individuals pose a risk of live @entity9925 reintroduction into the population after global wild @entity9925 eradication and subsequent OPV cessation. Treatment with polio antiviral drugs may potentially stop excretion in some of these individuals and thus may reduce the future population risk. METHODS: We developed a discrete event simulation model to characterize the global prevalence of long-term iVDPV excretors based on the best available evidence. We explored the impact of different assumptions about the effectiveness of polio antiviral drugs and the fraction of long-term excretors identified and treated. RESULTS: Due to the rarity of long-term iVDPV excretion and limited data on the survival of PID @entity1 in developing countries, uncertainty remains about the current and future prevalence of long-term iVDPV excretors. While the model suggests only approximately 30 current excretors globally and a rapid decrease after OPV cessation, most of these excrete asymptomatically and remain undetected. The possibility that one or more PID @entity1 may continue to excrete iVDPVs for several years after OPV cessation represents a risk for reintroduction of live polioviruses after OPV cessation, particularly for middle-income countries. With the effectiveness of a single polio antiviral drug possibly as low as 40  % and no system in place to identify and treat asymptomatic excretors, the impact of passive use of a single polio antiviral drug to treat identified excretors appears limited. Higher drug effectiveness and active efforts to identify long-term excretors will dramatically increase the benefits of polio antiviral drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to develop a second polio antiviral compound to increase polio antiviral effectiveness and/or to maximize the identification and treatment of affected individuals represent important risk management opportunities for the polio endgame. Better data on the survival of PID  @entity1 in developing countries and more longitudinal data on their exposure to and recovery from OPV @entity281 would improve our understanding of the risks associated with iVDPV excretors and the benefits of further investments in polio antiviral drugs.

title: Modeling the prevalence of XXXX -associated long-term vaccine-derived @entity9925 excretors and the potential benefits of antiviral drugs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['PIDs', 'primary immunodeficiency diseases']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

answer: @entity465 :: (MESH:D007153,Disease) :: ['immunodeficiency']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A small number of individuals with B-cell-related @entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) may exhibit long-term (prolonged or chronic) excretion of @entity465 -associated vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPVs) following infection with oral @entity9925 vaccine (OPV). These individuals pose a risk of live @entity9925 reintroduction into the population after global wild @entity9925 eradication and subsequent OPV cessation. Treatment with polio antiviral drugs may potentially stop excretion in some of these individuals and thus may reduce the future population risk. METHODS: We developed a discrete event simulation model to characterize the global prevalence of long-term iVDPV excretors based on the best available evidence. We explored the impact of different assumptions about the effectiveness of polio antiviral drugs and the fraction of long-term excretors identified and treated. RESULTS: Due to the rarity of long-term iVDPV excretion and limited data on the survival of PID @entity1 in developing countries, uncertainty remains about the current and future prevalence of long-term iVDPV excretors. While the model suggests only approximately 30 current excretors globally and a rapid decrease after OPV cessation, most of these excrete asymptomatically and remain undetected. The possibility that one or more PID @entity1 may continue to excrete iVDPVs for several years after OPV cessation represents a risk for reintroduction of live polioviruses after OPV cessation, particularly for middle-income countries. With the effectiveness of a single polio antiviral drug possibly as low as 40  % and no system in place to identify and treat asymptomatic excretors, the impact of passive use of a single polio antiviral drug to treat identified excretors appears limited. Higher drug effectiveness and active efforts to identify long-term excretors will dramatically increase the benefits of polio antiviral drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to develop a second polio antiviral compound to increase polio antiviral effectiveness and/or to maximize the identification and treatment of affected individuals represent important risk management opportunities for the polio endgame. Better data on the survival of PID  @entity1 in developing countries and more longitudinal data on their exposure to and recovery from OPV @entity281 would improve our understanding of the risks associated with iVDPV excretors and the benefits of further investments in polio antiviral drugs.

title: Modeling the prevalence of @entity465 -associated long-term vaccine-derived XXXX excretors and the potential benefits of antiviral drugs.

answer: @entity9925 :: (138950,Species) :: ['poliovirus']


abstract: Caustic chemicals cause destruction in tissues even long after the initial exposure. This study reported a case of recurrent graft lysis encountered throughout the treatment of a @entity7159 burn. A @entity4808 on the ankle of a @entity1 was reconstructed with split thickness skin grafts thrice in a period of four months. The burn site healed uneventfully after each skin grafting. However, weeks after each successful graft take, even though the @entity1 did not experience any @entity130 at his operated ankle, an eczematous blistering at the skin graft site was observed. Thereafter, skin grafts almost totally sloughed over time even after each successful graft take. Six months after the initial burn and recurrent skin graft lysis, the defect site was reconstructed with @entity4957 . At the postoperative ninth month follow-up, there was no sign of the blistering or skin loss at the burn area after definitive flap surgery. Recurrent graft lysis, in a few weeks after total skin graft take is an unusual complication for most of the burn cases. Caustic burns may have a deceptively superficial appearance concealing the chemical reactions that further damage the tissue. Therefore, early surgical interventions such as deep debridement and graft surgery should be kept in mind as primary treatment options.

title: Recalcitrant XXXX wound and definitive treatment with @entity4957 .

entities_list: @entity4957 :: ('MESH:D020429', 'Disease') :: ['medial plantar flap']

entities_list: @entity4808 :: ('MESH:D002056', 'Disease') :: ['caustic burn']

entities_list: @entity7159 :: ('MESH:D012972', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hydroxide']

answer: @entity4808 :: (MESH:D002056,Disease) :: ['caustic burn']


abstract: Caustic chemicals cause destruction in tissues even long after the initial exposure. This study reported a case of recurrent graft lysis encountered throughout the treatment of a @entity7159 burn. A @entity4808 on the ankle of a @entity1 was reconstructed with split thickness skin grafts thrice in a period of four months. The burn site healed uneventfully after each skin grafting. However, weeks after each successful graft take, even though the @entity1 did not experience any @entity130 at his operated ankle, an eczematous blistering at the skin graft site was observed. Thereafter, skin grafts almost totally sloughed over time even after each successful graft take. Six months after the initial burn and recurrent skin graft lysis, the defect site was reconstructed with @entity4957 . At the postoperative ninth month follow-up, there was no sign of the blistering or skin loss at the burn area after definitive flap surgery. Recurrent graft lysis, in a few weeks after total skin graft take is an unusual complication for most of the burn cases. Caustic burns may have a deceptively superficial appearance concealing the chemical reactions that further damage the tissue. Therefore, early surgical interventions such as deep debridement and graft surgery should be kept in mind as primary treatment options.

title: Recalcitrant @entity4808 wound and definitive treatment with XXXX .

answer: @entity4957 :: (MESH:D020429,Disease) :: ['medial plantar flap']


abstract: Botulinum toxin is a potent inhibitor of the release of @entity934 from nerve endings. It has previously been shown that it can effectively reduce lower oesophageal sphincter pressures both in animals and @entity1 with @entity1318 . This study examined the hypothesis that locally injected botulinum toxin could also reduce sphincter of Oddi pressure in @entity1 with @entity1690 . Two @entity1 with @entity158 were diagnosed with @entity1690 (by biliary manometry in one @entity1 and by hepatobiliary scanning criteria in the other). Botulinum toxin was injected into the sphincter of Oddi, by a sclerotherapy needle passed through a duodenoscope. In the first @entity1 , intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin reduced sphincter pressure by about 50%, an effect that was sustained for at least four months. In the second @entity1 , intrasphincteric injection caused about a 50% improvement in bile flow, with normalisation of scintigraphy. Neither @entity1 showed any sustained improvement in @entity158 despite these objective findings. Both @entity1 eventually had endoscopic sphincterotomy, which also did not result in symptomatic improvement in either @entity1 . No side effects were seen. Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin is a simple and effective means of lowering sphincter of Oddi pressure. This technique has potential for being useful clinically.

title: Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin for suspected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['postcholecystectomy pain syndrome', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1690 :: (MESH:D046628,Disease) :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction']