abstract: Cells within @entity1 skin are permanently exposed to mechanical stretching. Here we present evidence that alterations in cell shape trigger biochemical signaling via MAP kinases in @entity1 keratinocytes. In an in vitro attempt we demonstrate a fast but transient activation of @entity3962 in response to cell stretch. This activation is reversed by preincubation with functional blocking antibodies directed towards @entity2393 . As a second member of MAP kinases, stress-activated protein kinase/c-JUN @entity2733 -terminal kinase was activated in a slower fashion, peaking at 1 h after the initial stimulus. The delay in signal transmission suggests that @entity3962 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-JUN @entity2733 -terminal kinase do not share the same signaling pathway. @entity3963 was not activated by cell stretching. The contribution of cytoskeletal elements in signal perception and transduction was evaluated by selective disruption of either actin filaments, microtubules, or keratin filaments but showed no clear effect on stretch-induced activation of @entity3962 and stress-activated protein kinase/c-JUN @entity2733 -terminal kinase. In conclusion we found evidence of a cell-shape-dependent activation of MAP kinases in @entity1 keratinocytes disclosing @entity8652 -integrins as putative mechano-transducers. It is likely that alterations of skin mechanics in vivo underlying pathogenic processes like wound formation and healing trigger physiologic responses via the MAP kinase pathway.

title: Signaling of mechanical stretch in XXXX keratinocytes via MAP kinases.

entities_list: @entity3962 :: ('5594;5595', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Screening of an arrayed @entity1 genomic P1 artificial chromosome DNA library by means of the polymerase chain reaction with a specific primer pair from the @entity1 type II hair keratin @entity37936 yielded two P1 artificial chromosome clones covering approximately 300 kb of genomic DNA. The contig contained six type II hair keratin genes, @entity59201 - @entity59201 , and four keratin pseudogenes psihHbA-psihHbD. This hair keratin gene domain was flanked by type II epithelial keratins @entity16552 /K6hf and K7, respectively. The keratin genes/pseudogene are 5-14 kbp in size with intergenic distances of 5-19 kbp of DNA and do not exhibit a single direction of transcription. With one exception, type II hair keratin genes are organized into nine exons and eight introns, with strictly conserved exon-intron boundaries. The functional hair keratin genes are grouped into two distinct subclusters near the extremities of the hair keratin gene domain. One subcluster encodes the highly related hair keratins @entity59201 , @entity47597 , and @entity59201 ; The second cluster encodes the structurally less related hair keratins @entity3587 , @entity16920 , and @entity37936 . Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction shows that all hair keratin genes are expressed in the hair follicle. Pseudogene psihHbD is also transcriptionally expressed, albeit with alterations in splicing and frameshift mutations, leading to premature stop codons in the splice forms analyzed. Evolutionary tree analysis revealed a divergence of the type II hair keratin genes from the epithelial keratins, followed by their segregation into the members of the two subclusters over time. We assume that the approximately 200 kbp DNA domain contains the entire complement of @entity1 type II hair keratin genes.

title: Characterization of a 300 kbp region of XXXX DNA containing the type II hair keratin gene domain.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The sustenance of most solid @entity5 including @entity135 ( @entity135 ) is strongly dependent on the presence of a functioning vascular network. In this study, we examined the acute effects of a @entity5 vascular disrupting agent (VDA), @entity25218 ( @entity25218 ; @entity25218 ), in an orthotopic model of @entity1 HNC. Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor the vascular response of orthotopic FaDu xenografts to VDA therapy. @entity5 showed a marked but heterogeneous pattern of enhancement after contrast agent injection on serial T1-weighted (T1W) MR images. After VDA treatment, @entity13212 and T1W MRI revealed evidence of @entity548 and lack of functioning vessels (enhancement) within the @entity5 . Quantitative estimates of relative vascular volume also showed a significant (P < .01) reduction in @entity25218 -treated @entity5 24 hours after therapy compared with untreated controls. Histology and immunostaining of untreated orthotopic FaDu @entity5 revealed poorly differentiated @entity957 histology with distinctly visible @entity2279 (+) endothelial cells. In sharp contrast, minimal @entity2279 staining with irregular endothelial fragments and faint outlines of blood vessels were seen in @entity25218 -treated @entity5 sections. @entity2279 immunostaining and histology also highlighted the selectivity of vascular damage and tissue @entity39 after VDA therapy with no evidence of @entity137 observed in normal salivary gland, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues. Together, our results demonstrate a potent and selective vascular disruptive activity of @entity25218 in an orthotopic HNC model. Further evaluation into its antitumor effects alone and in combination with other agents is warranted.

title: Acute vascular disruption by XXXX in an orthotopic model of @entity1 @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancers', 'HNCs']

entities_list: @entity13212 :: ('p|SUB|T|2|W', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['T2W']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhaging']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Untreated tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity25218 :: ('MESH:C066668', 'Chemical') :: ['DMXAA', '5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid', 'ASA404']

answer: @entity25218 :: (MESH:C066668,Chemical) :: ['5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic Acid']


abstract: The sustenance of most solid @entity5 including @entity135 ( @entity135 ) is strongly dependent on the presence of a functioning vascular network. In this study, we examined the acute effects of a @entity5 vascular disrupting agent (VDA), @entity25218 ( @entity25218 ; @entity25218 ), in an orthotopic model of @entity1 HNC. Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor the vascular response of orthotopic FaDu xenografts to VDA therapy. @entity5 showed a marked but heterogeneous pattern of enhancement after contrast agent injection on serial T1-weighted (T1W) MR images. After VDA treatment, @entity13212 and T1W MRI revealed evidence of @entity548 and lack of functioning vessels (enhancement) within the @entity5 . Quantitative estimates of relative vascular volume also showed a significant (P < .01) reduction in @entity25218 -treated @entity5 24 hours after therapy compared with untreated controls. Histology and immunostaining of untreated orthotopic FaDu @entity5 revealed poorly differentiated @entity957 histology with distinctly visible @entity2279 (+) endothelial cells. In sharp contrast, minimal @entity2279 staining with irregular endothelial fragments and faint outlines of blood vessels were seen in @entity25218 -treated @entity5 sections. @entity2279 immunostaining and histology also highlighted the selectivity of vascular damage and tissue @entity39 after VDA therapy with no evidence of @entity137 observed in normal salivary gland, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues. Together, our results demonstrate a potent and selective vascular disruptive activity of @entity25218 in an orthotopic HNC model. Further evaluation into its antitumor effects alone and in combination with other agents is warranted.

title: Acute vascular disruption by @entity25218 in an orthotopic model of @entity1 XXXX .

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: The sustenance of most solid @entity5 including @entity135 ( @entity135 ) is strongly dependent on the presence of a functioning vascular network. In this study, we examined the acute effects of a @entity5 vascular disrupting agent (VDA), @entity25218 ( @entity25218 ; @entity25218 ), in an orthotopic model of @entity1 HNC. Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor the vascular response of orthotopic FaDu xenografts to VDA therapy. @entity5 showed a marked but heterogeneous pattern of enhancement after contrast agent injection on serial T1-weighted (T1W) MR images. After VDA treatment, @entity13212 and T1W MRI revealed evidence of @entity548 and lack of functioning vessels (enhancement) within the @entity5 . Quantitative estimates of relative vascular volume also showed a significant (P < .01) reduction in @entity25218 -treated @entity5 24 hours after therapy compared with untreated controls. Histology and immunostaining of untreated orthotopic FaDu @entity5 revealed poorly differentiated @entity957 histology with distinctly visible @entity2279 (+) endothelial cells. In sharp contrast, minimal @entity2279 staining with irregular endothelial fragments and faint outlines of blood vessels were seen in @entity25218 -treated @entity5 sections. @entity2279 immunostaining and histology also highlighted the selectivity of vascular damage and tissue @entity39 after VDA therapy with no evidence of @entity137 observed in normal salivary gland, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues. Together, our results demonstrate a potent and selective vascular disruptive activity of @entity25218 in an orthotopic HNC model. Further evaluation into its antitumor effects alone and in combination with other agents is warranted.

title: Acute vascular disruption by @entity25218 in an orthotopic model of XXXX @entity135 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether ghrelin, a novel endogenous ligand of @entity14950 ( @entity14950 ), was expressed in the thyroid tissues of different @entity1374 , and its implication. METHODS: The paraffin-embedded specimens of thyroid tissues from 2000 to 2004 were obtained from 57 @entity1 with different @entity1374 , including 5 subacute @entity1374 , 8 @entity2621 , 7 @entity1378 ( @entity2743 ), 8 @entity8170 , 5 @entity259 , 3 @entity706 , 8 @entity1377 , 3 @entity189 , 5 @entity189 and 5 @entity189 cases. The specimens of normal peri-adenoma thyroid tissues served as controls. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect ghrelin expression. RESULTS: (1) ghrelin expression was undetectable in the thyroid tissues of normal control, subacute @entity1374 , @entity2621 and @entity2743 . (2) ghrelin expression was also undetected in the tissues of @entity8170 , @entity259 and @entity706 . (3) ghrelin-positive staining was found in the @entity5 cells of different types of @entity259 . Five cases were positive within 8 cases in @entity1377 , 2 cases were positive within 3 cases in @entity189 , 3 cases were positive within 5 cases in @entity189 , 3 cases were positive within 5 cases in @entity189 . CONCLUSION: Ghrelin is expressed in @entity259 , but not in autoimmune or inflammatory @entity1374 and benign nodular @entity1374 . The results indicate that ghrelin expression may play an important role in the occurrence and development of @entity259 .

title: [Ghrelin expression in the tissues of different XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8170 :: ('MESH:D006044', 'Disease') :: ['nodular goiter']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ['Graves disease']

entities_list: @entity2621 :: ('MESH:D050031', 'Disease') :: ["Hashimoto's thyroiditis"]

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['undifferentiated carcinoma', 'follicular carcinoma', 'medullary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinoma', 'malignant epithelial thyroid neoplasms', 'thyroid adenoma']

entities_list: @entity14950 :: ('2693', 'Gene') :: ['GHS-R', 'growth hormone secretagogue receptor']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroiditis', 'thyroid diseases']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3562 as well as @entity2690 resistance are considered to be risk factors for the development of @entity453 . This study was aimed at determining whether any relationship between plasma @entity2690 and @entity413 levels and total plasma @entity1255 (tHcy) concentrations exists in a population based survey performed 10 years apart. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was undertaken during the years 1986-87 to examine risk factors for @entity6 and for @entity453 ( @entity453 ) in the Jewish population of Jerusalem. Ten years later two groups of individuals were invited for re-examination. SUBJECTS: Two groups of individuals were examined: the first one consisted of nondiabetic subjects (n = 86), who had @entity3190 10 years previously (at the first visit), the second group consisted of normoinsulinemic nondiabetic individuals (n = 265) who had initially normal @entity413 and @entity2690 levels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Metabolic, biochemical and anthropomorphic features were determined. Fasting and post load @entity413 , as well as @entity2690 concentrations on fasting and 2 h post @entity413 load were measured at the first and second visits. Plasma tHcy and @entity1501 were determined only at the second visit. RESULTS: The results demonstrated a significant negative correlation between plasma tHcy levels and @entity2690 levels at the second visit. No difference was found in @entity1501 levels between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In general, @entity3190 and @entity3562 are both related to an increased incidence of @entity453 . In our population most of the subjects examined had tHcy levels within the normal range and only a few demonstrated very high levels. However, negative association between @entity2690 levels and tHcy concentrations was found. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.

title: Plasma total @entity1255 levels in subjects with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity3562 :: ('MESH:D020138', 'Disease') :: ['hyperhomocysteinemia', 'Hyperhomocysteinemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity3190 :: (MESH:D006946,Disease) :: ['hyperinsulinemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3562 as well as @entity2690 resistance are considered to be risk factors for the development of @entity453 . This study was aimed at determining whether any relationship between plasma @entity2690 and @entity413 levels and total plasma @entity1255 (tHcy) concentrations exists in a population based survey performed 10 years apart. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was undertaken during the years 1986-87 to examine risk factors for @entity6 and for @entity453 ( @entity453 ) in the Jewish population of Jerusalem. Ten years later two groups of individuals were invited for re-examination. SUBJECTS: Two groups of individuals were examined: the first one consisted of nondiabetic subjects (n = 86), who had @entity3190 10 years previously (at the first visit), the second group consisted of normoinsulinemic nondiabetic individuals (n = 265) who had initially normal @entity413 and @entity2690 levels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Metabolic, biochemical and anthropomorphic features were determined. Fasting and post load @entity413 , as well as @entity2690 concentrations on fasting and 2 h post @entity413 load were measured at the first and second visits. Plasma tHcy and @entity1501 were determined only at the second visit. RESULTS: The results demonstrated a significant negative correlation between plasma tHcy levels and @entity2690 levels at the second visit. No difference was found in @entity1501 levels between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In general, @entity3190 and @entity3562 are both related to an increased incidence of @entity453 . In our population most of the subjects examined had tHcy levels within the normal range and only a few demonstrated very high levels. However, negative association between @entity2690 levels and tHcy concentrations was found. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.

title: Plasma total XXXX levels in subjects with @entity3190 .

answer: @entity1255 :: (MESH:D006710,Chemical) :: ['homocysteine']


abstract: @entity35 kidneys subjected to @entity1876 in vivo both develop marked increases in the area under a peak resonating in the phosphodiester region on their @entity45031 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The chemical species responsible for these changes were assessed using physiologic manipulations which altered the concentration of @entity1391 in the urine or increased the urine pH. Obstructed kidneys of @entity35 fed a normal diet had a 140 +/- 50% increase in a peak resonating at 3.31 +/- 0.05 ppm after three hours of obstruction (P less than 0.01). Low @entity1391 diet which decreased urine @entity1391 concentration by 98% virtually eliminated this increase in peak area, where saline diuresis which decreased urine @entity1391 concentration by 50% markedly attenuated it. Acute @entity1391 loading which doubled urine @entity1391 concentration markedly accentuated the increase in peak area. Alkalinizing the urine with @entity3791 (changing urine pH from 6.2 +/- 0.2 to 8.0 +/- 0.1) shifted the resonance frequency of this increasing peak from 3.31 +/- 0.06 to 5.45 +/- 0.11 ppm (P less than 0.01). @entity35 fed a normal diet developed increases (57 +/- 15%, P less than 0.05) in a peak resonating at 2.84 +/- 0.03 ppm following 48 hours of @entity2700 . @entity35 fed a low @entity1391 diet had a comparable increase in the relative area of this peak (46 +/- 16%, P less than 0.05). Alkalinization of the urine did not affect the position or intensity of this peak under conditions of @entity2700 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX nuclear magnetic resonance spectral changes in obstructed or dehydrated kidney.

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity3791 :: ('MESH:D000086', 'Chemical') :: ['acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1876 :: ('MESH:D001748', 'Disease') :: ['urinary obstruction or dehydration']

answer: @entity45031 :: (297566(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['P-31']


abstract: The establishment of growth polarity in @entity6739 cells is a combined function of the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton and the shape of the cell wall inherited from the mother cell. The septum that divides the cylindrical cell into two siblings is formed midway between the growing poles and perpendicularly to the @entity2270 that connects them. Since the daughter cells also extend at their ends and form their septa at right angles to the @entity2270 , their septal (division) planes lie parallel to those of the mother cell. To gain a better understanding of how this regularity is ensured, we investigated septation in spherical cells that do not inherit morphologically predetermined cell ends to establish poles for growth. We studied four mutants (defining four novel genes), over 95% of whose cells displayed a completely spherical morphology and a @entity942 and showed a random distribution of cytoplasmic microtubules, Tea1p, and F-actin, indicating that the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton was poorly polarized or apolar. Septum positioning was examined by visualizing septa and division scars by calcofluor staining and by the analysis of electron microscopic images. Freeze-substitution, freeze-etching, and scanning electron microscopy were used. We found that the elongated @entity162 is not essential for the determination of a division plane that can separate the postmitotic nuclei. However, it seems to be necessary for the maintenance of the parallel orientation of septa over the generations. In the spherical cells, the division scars and septa usually lie at angles to each other on the cell surface. We hypothesize that the shape of the cell indirectly affects the positioning of the septum by directing the extension of the spindle.

title: Role of cell shape in determination of the division plane in XXXX : random orientation of septa in spherical cells.

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['axis', 'longitudinal axis']

entities_list: @entity6739 :: ('4896', 'Species') :: ['Schizosaccharomyces pombe']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar shape']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['deficiency in mating']

answer: @entity6739 :: (4896,Species) :: ['Schizosaccharomyces pombe']


abstract: A radiation exposure of 1500 R to the Walker 256 @entity35 @entity5 was found to sensitize this @entity5 to the effect of a sublethal dose of endotoxin (Sarratia marcescens lipopolysaccharide) given 2 days later so that complete or almost complete destruction of the @entity5 resulted. Histological. study showed rapidly developing massive @entity39 of @entity5 tissue. Tracer experiments with 131I-labeled antibody to @entity35 fibrin indicated an absence of blood circulation in the treated @entity5 . These results suggest that the lesion may be secondary to @entity1003 occurring in the vascular bed of the @entity5 . Apparently identical lesions were also produced by @entity1425 and @entity13983 , alone or in combination. It is known that even untreated @entity5 are often the site of fibrin deposition. Presumably radiation, by @entity5 cells, enhances the release of coagulation-producing substances into the vascular bed. It is postulated that the effect of subsequent treatment with the drugs listed above is produced by circulatory stasis induced in the @entity5 . This may be associated with Hageman factor activation or release of platelet factor 3.

title: Endotoxin, XXXX , and @entity13983 effects on the radiation-sensitized walker 256 @entity35 carcinosarcoma.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'injury to tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation']

entities_list: @entity13983 :: ('MESH:D004610', 'Chemical') :: ['ellagic acid']

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['epinephrine']


abstract: A radiation exposure of 1500 R to the Walker 256 @entity35 @entity5 was found to sensitize this @entity5 to the effect of a sublethal dose of endotoxin (Sarratia marcescens lipopolysaccharide) given 2 days later so that complete or almost complete destruction of the @entity5 resulted. Histological. study showed rapidly developing massive @entity39 of @entity5 tissue. Tracer experiments with 131I-labeled antibody to @entity35 fibrin indicated an absence of blood circulation in the treated @entity5 . These results suggest that the lesion may be secondary to @entity1003 occurring in the vascular bed of the @entity5 . Apparently identical lesions were also produced by @entity1425 and @entity13983 , alone or in combination. It is known that even untreated @entity5 are often the site of fibrin deposition. Presumably radiation, by @entity5 cells, enhances the release of coagulation-producing substances into the vascular bed. It is postulated that the effect of subsequent treatment with the drugs listed above is produced by circulatory stasis induced in the @entity5 . This may be associated with Hageman factor activation or release of platelet factor 3.

title: Endotoxin, @entity1425 , and XXXX effects on the radiation-sensitized walker 256 @entity35 carcinosarcoma.

answer: @entity13983 :: (MESH:D004610,Chemical) :: ['ellagic acid']


abstract: A radiation exposure of 1500 R to the Walker 256 @entity35 @entity5 was found to sensitize this @entity5 to the effect of a sublethal dose of endotoxin (Sarratia marcescens lipopolysaccharide) given 2 days later so that complete or almost complete destruction of the @entity5 resulted. Histological. study showed rapidly developing massive @entity39 of @entity5 tissue. Tracer experiments with 131I-labeled antibody to @entity35 fibrin indicated an absence of blood circulation in the treated @entity5 . These results suggest that the lesion may be secondary to @entity1003 occurring in the vascular bed of the @entity5 . Apparently identical lesions were also produced by @entity1425 and @entity13983 , alone or in combination. It is known that even untreated @entity5 are often the site of fibrin deposition. Presumably radiation, by @entity5 cells, enhances the release of coagulation-producing substances into the vascular bed. It is postulated that the effect of subsequent treatment with the drugs listed above is produced by circulatory stasis induced in the @entity5 . This may be associated with Hageman factor activation or release of platelet factor 3.

title: Endotoxin, @entity1425 , and @entity13983 effects on the radiation-sensitized walker 256 XXXX carcinosarcoma.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy is a useful tool for dermatologists to study @entity75 . Its possible usefulness in the assessment of capillary nailfold morphological changes (capillaroscopy) has recently been advocated. OBJECTIVES: To assess the practical utility of digital epiluminescence microscopy as a capillaroscopic instrument in @entity1 with @entity2407 ( @entity2407 ). To compare the sensitivity and specificity rates obtained by epiluminescence microscopy with those previously reported with conventional capillaroscopic devices. METHODS: Fifty-six consecutive @entity1 with primary @entity2407 ( @entity3669 ; n = 5) or secondary @entity2407 (SRP; n = 51) (11 @entity1 and 45 @entity1 in total) were included in the study. A control group of 10 healthy subjects was also evaluated. Twenty-six @entity1 (46%) had @entity785 ( @entity785 ), 12 (21%) presystemic @entity1463 (pre- @entity785 ), one (2%) @entity785 , one (2%) mixed connective tissue disease, two (4%) Sj  gren syndrome, two (4%) an @entity3928 , one (2%) @entity309 and six (11%) other connective tissue diseases. Capillary nailfold changes were studied using a nonportable digital epiluminescence device (magnification x 30). Following a systematized protocol, capillary nailfold morphology, density and distribution were evaluated. Several capillaroscopic patterns were identified (normal, sclerodermic, nonspecific, nondiagnostic) as previously defined. A possible relationship between capillary nailfold changes and the intensity of @entity2407 or the presence of associated @entity792 was assessed. RESULTS: The sclerodermic pattern showed a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 90.9% in @entity785 . A typical capillaroscopic @entity785 pattern was observed in 73% of cases of limited @entity785 and in 82% of cases of diffuse @entity785 . @entity1 with Sj  gren syndrome and @entity785 showed a nonspecific capillaroscopic pattern. All @entity1 with @entity3669 presented a normal capillaroscopic pattern. A normal capillaroscopic pattern was also observed in 11 of 12 @entity1 with pre- @entity785 . In one of two @entity1 presenting severe @entity17351 and in all @entity1 showing hand @entity4 (three of 56), capillaroscopic changes could not be evaluated. Avascular areas correlated significantly with severe @entity2407 (P < 0.002), bone resorption (P < 0.007) and diffuse @entity785 (P < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: @entity433 seems to be a useful and reliable technique in the evaluation of capillary nailfold morphological changes. This technical variation allows the identification of specific capillaroscopic patterns associated with connective tissue diseases. It also permits us to differentiate @entity3669 from SRP. The results obtained with this technique are similar to those previously reported using standard capillaroscopy devices.

title: Assessment of nailfold capillaroscopy by x 30 digital epiluminescence (dermoscopy) in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity17351 :: ('MESH:C535336', 'Disease') :: ['sclerodactyly']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic lesions']

entities_list: @entity3928 :: ('MESH:C536030', 'Disease') :: ['overlap syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity2407 :: ('MESH:D011928', 'Disease') :: ['Raynaud phenomenon', 'RP']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity433 :: ('MESH:C536436', 'Disease') :: ['Digital epiluminescence']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['SS', 'dermatopolymyositis-SS', 'systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity2407 :: (MESH:D011928,Disease) :: ['Raynaud phenomenon']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dermoscopy is a useful tool for dermatologists to study @entity75 . Its possible usefulness in the assessment of capillary nailfold morphological changes (capillaroscopy) has recently been advocated. OBJECTIVES: To assess the practical utility of digital epiluminescence microscopy as a capillaroscopic instrument in @entity1 with @entity2407 ( @entity2407 ). To compare the sensitivity and specificity rates obtained by epiluminescence microscopy with those previously reported with conventional capillaroscopic devices. METHODS: Fifty-six consecutive @entity1 with primary @entity2407 ( @entity3669 ; n = 5) or secondary @entity2407 (SRP; n = 51) (11 @entity1 and 45 @entity1 in total) were included in the study. A control group of 10 healthy subjects was also evaluated. Twenty-six @entity1 (46%) had @entity785 ( @entity785 ), 12 (21%) presystemic @entity1463 (pre- @entity785 ), one (2%) @entity785 , one (2%) mixed connective tissue disease, two (4%) Sj  gren syndrome, two (4%) an @entity3928 , one (2%) @entity309 and six (11%) other connective tissue diseases. Capillary nailfold changes were studied using a nonportable digital epiluminescence device (magnification x 30). Following a systematized protocol, capillary nailfold morphology, density and distribution were evaluated. Several capillaroscopic patterns were identified (normal, sclerodermic, nonspecific, nondiagnostic) as previously defined. A possible relationship between capillary nailfold changes and the intensity of @entity2407 or the presence of associated @entity792 was assessed. RESULTS: The sclerodermic pattern showed a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 90.9% in @entity785 . A typical capillaroscopic @entity785 pattern was observed in 73% of cases of limited @entity785 and in 82% of cases of diffuse @entity785 . @entity1 with Sj  gren syndrome and @entity785 showed a nonspecific capillaroscopic pattern. All @entity1 with @entity3669 presented a normal capillaroscopic pattern. A normal capillaroscopic pattern was also observed in 11 of 12 @entity1 with pre- @entity785 . In one of two @entity1 presenting severe @entity17351 and in all @entity1 showing hand @entity4 (three of 56), capillaroscopic changes could not be evaluated. Avascular areas correlated significantly with severe @entity2407 (P < 0.002), bone resorption (P < 0.007) and diffuse @entity785 (P < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: @entity433 seems to be a useful and reliable technique in the evaluation of capillary nailfold morphological changes. This technical variation allows the identification of specific capillaroscopic patterns associated with connective tissue diseases. It also permits us to differentiate @entity3669 from SRP. The results obtained with this technique are similar to those previously reported using standard capillaroscopy devices.

title: Assessment of nailfold capillaroscopy by x 30 digital epiluminescence (dermoscopy) in XXXX with @entity2407 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The authors herein show their own experience in the treatment of @entity656 . Aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of the "early" laparoscopic approach to the mild to moderate @entity656 . The authors studied sixty cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative colangiography for @entity656 (M/F 1:1.2; mean age 59.6 yrs, range 29.79). The @entity1 were divided in two groups on the basis of the severity of the @entity788 , defined through Ranson's score and Balthazar classification. The mortality rate was nil. Intraoperative morbidity rate was 6.6% in the group I (3/45), and 13.3% in the group II (2/15). Postoperative morbidity rate was 6.7% (3/45) in the group I and 40% in the group II (6/15). The authors show an original diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for the treatment of @entity656 . Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy with I.O.C. is proposed as the gold standard treatment for mild to moderate @entity656 . This approach appears to be effective and safe in their experience. In case of severe @entity656 , further investigations are mandatory to evaluate the role of laparoscopic approach.

title: [Acute XXXX . Role of laparoscopy after 30 years of traditional surgery experience].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['acute biliary pancreatitis']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['biliary pancreatitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: We report the indications, technique and outcome of a large series of @entity1 who underwent bladder neck transection for intractable @entity322 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed demographics, operative details, complications and outcomes of 76 @entity1 (47 males, 29 females) who underwent bladder neck closure at our institution between 1996 and 2006. Mean @entity1 age at the time of the procedure was 12 years, 10 months. The most common diagnosis was @entity1494 . Of the @entity1 31 had undergone prior bladder neck reconstruction (30) or sling repair (1). All @entity1 underwent concomitant augmentation and creation of a catheterizable stoma. RESULTS: A total of 50 @entity1 had more than 12 months of followup (mean 44, range 12 to 128). Continence was achieved initially in 86% of the @entity1 (43 of 50). Of the 7 primary failures 2 leaked via the urethra and 5 via the stoma. Six of these @entity1 achieved dryness with revision, for a final continence rate of 98%. A single renal unit suffered significant loss of function during this period. New, nonobstructive @entity3041 developed in 8 additional renal units. Stones developed in 30% of the @entity1 . There were no spontaneous @entity1494 . CONCLUSIONS: Bladder neck transection in combination with enterocystoplasty and creation of a continent catheterizable stoma is an effective approach to incontinent cases with severely damaged bladder outlets and poor quality bladders in which other reconstructive approaches either have failed or are deemed likely to fail. Specific concerns regarding the risk of poor renal outcomes and perforation seem unwarranted at present.

title: Bladder neck transection for intractable pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder exstrophy', 'bladder ruptures']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['urinary incontinence']


abstract: Two kinds of @entity5222 with and without the presence of @entity658 (flexible @entity5222 and conventional @entity5222 ) were prepared, using @entity205 as model drug. When applied onto the excised abdominal skin of @entity19 non-occlusively, the enhancing effects of @entity5222 on the penetration of @entity205 were assessed by an in vitro permeation technique. The effect of @entity658 micelles was also studied. In vivo study was carried out by topical application of @entity5222 onto the @entity19 skin and drug serum concentration was detected. Results showed that after 8 h of administration, flexible @entity5222 transported 1.16 microg of @entity205 through per cm(2) @entity19 skin and amounted to 1.88 microg 24 h later. The residual amount in the skin was 1.78+/-0.51 microg/cm(2). However, flexible @entity5222 failed to transport measurable amount of drug through pre-hydrated skin while deposited 2.39+/-0.26 microg/cm(2) into the skin. Conventional @entity5222 failed to transfer @entity205 into the receiver while accumulated 0. 72+/-0.19 microg/cm(2) of drug in the skin. Furthermore, 1 and 40% @entity658 micelles precluded the transport of @entity205 . In vivo studies indicated that with the application of flexible @entity5222 , serum drug concentration of 53.43+/-9.24 ng/ml was detected 2 h later. After the stratum corneum of @entity19 skin has been destroyed by shaving, flexible @entity5222 transferred large amount of drug into blood, up to 187.32+/-53.21 ng/ml after 1 h of application. Conventional @entity5222 failed to deliver measurable amount of drug into the blood under normal skin condition. In conclusion, flexible @entity5222 is better than conventional @entity5222 as the carrier for transdermal delivery of @entity205 . Penetration and fusion have been suggested to be two major functional mechanisms. Hydration is detrimental to the enhancement effect. Stratum corneum constitutes main barrier to the transport of lipophilic @entity205 .

title: Lecithin vesicular carriers for transdermal delivery of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity658 :: ('MESH:D020358', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium cholate']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity5222 :: ('MESH:C567751', 'Disease') :: ['vesicles', 'vesicle']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporin A']


abstract: Seventy-five @entity1 older than 60 years of age underwent surgical resection of @entity1653 during a 10-year period at a single institution. All @entity1 had a computed tomographic scan preoperatively, and all were followed for at least 3 months postoperatively. There were 50 @entity1 61 to 70 years of age (Group A), and 25 @entity1 older than 70 years (Group B). Sixteen @entity1 (21%) were asymptomatic, and no @entity1 was severely disabled preoperatively. Operative morbidity and mortality and outcome at 3 months were assessed and correlated with age, preoperative @entity16 , and @entity5 size and location. Operative mortality was 6.6% (6% in Group A; 8% in Group B). Perioperative morbidity (including medical and surgical complications and worsening in @entity16 ) was 48% (46% in Group A; 52% in Group B). Neurological status 3 months after surgery was improved by at least one grade as compared to before surgery in 40% of @entity1 (38% in Group A; 44% in Group B), unchanged in 29% (34% in Group A; 20% in Group B), and worsened in 31% (28% in Group A; 36% in Group B). While nearly half of the @entity1 were asymptomatic 3 months after surgery, 11 @entity1 (15%) had died or remained seriously disabled. Outcome at 3 months correlated significantly with low neurological grade preoperatively and with a @entity5 location over the cortical convexity. There was no significant correlation with age or @entity5 size. We conclude that resection of @entity1653 is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX in the aged: surgical outcome in the era of computed tomography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological status']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['Intracranial meningiomas']


abstract: Spontaneous spinal CSF leaks are best known as a cause of @entity10 , but may also be the cause of @entity772 . The authors encountered a unique case of a spontaneous spinal CSF leak causing @entity772 2 days after craniotomy for clipping of an unruptured @entity439 . This 44-year-old @entity1 with @entity8 underwent an uneventful craniotomy for an @entity438 . No intraoperative spinal CSF drainage was used. Two days after surgery the @entity1 became @entity772 with a left @entity2895 . Computed tomography scanning revealed a right extraceberal @entity1410 and loss of gray-white matter differentiation. The @entity1410 was evacuated and a diagnosis of hemodialysis disequilibrium syndrome was made. Continuous hemodialysis and hyperosmolar therapy were instituted without any improvement. The CT scans were then reinterpreted as showing sagging of the brain, and the @entity1 was placed in the Trendelenburg position which resulted in prompt improvement in her level of consciousness. A CT myelogram demonstrated an upper thoracic CSF leak that eventually required surgical correction. The @entity1 made a complete neurological recovery. @entity16 after craniotomy may be caused by brain sagging caused by a spontaneous spinal CSF leak, similar to @entity551 due to intraoperative lumbar CSF drainage.

title: Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak as a cause of XXXX after craniotomy for clipping of an unruptured @entity438 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['coma', 'comatose']

entities_list: @entity2895 :: ('MESH:D015840', 'Disease') :: ['oculomotor nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['orthostatic headache']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hypotension']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['incidental anterior choroidal artery aneurysm']

answer: @entity772 :: (MESH:D003128,Disease) :: ['coma']


abstract: Spontaneous spinal CSF leaks are best known as a cause of @entity10 , but may also be the cause of @entity772 . The authors encountered a unique case of a spontaneous spinal CSF leak causing @entity772 2 days after craniotomy for clipping of an unruptured @entity439 . This 44-year-old @entity1 with @entity8 underwent an uneventful craniotomy for an @entity438 . No intraoperative spinal CSF drainage was used. Two days after surgery the @entity1 became @entity772 with a left @entity2895 . Computed tomography scanning revealed a right extraceberal @entity1410 and loss of gray-white matter differentiation. The @entity1410 was evacuated and a diagnosis of hemodialysis disequilibrium syndrome was made. Continuous hemodialysis and hyperosmolar therapy were instituted without any improvement. The CT scans were then reinterpreted as showing sagging of the brain, and the @entity1 was placed in the Trendelenburg position which resulted in prompt improvement in her level of consciousness. A CT myelogram demonstrated an upper thoracic CSF leak that eventually required surgical correction. The @entity1 made a complete neurological recovery. @entity16 after craniotomy may be caused by brain sagging caused by a spontaneous spinal CSF leak, similar to @entity551 due to intraoperative lumbar CSF drainage.

title: Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak as a cause of @entity772 after craniotomy for clipping of an unruptured XXXX .

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['intracranial aneurysm']


abstract: Spontaneous and evoked field potentials and cellular discharges were studied in the subcortically denervated hippocampus of the freely moving @entity35 . The fimbria fornix, the ventral hippocampal commissure, and the supracallosal afferent fibers were removed by aspiration, and recordings were made 3-5 months after the lesion. Two types of spontaneous interictal spikes were observed. Type 1 interictal spike had identical depth distribution to physiological sharp waves but they were shorter in duration (less than 40 ms), larger in amplitude (greater than 2.5 mV) and population spikes were riding on the main deflection. Type 2 interictal spikes were negative in the stratum oriens and positive in the pyramidal layer and stratum radiatum of both @entity1249 and @entity1251 . The amplitude of both types of interictal spikes could exceed 6 mV. We suggest that interictal spikes were initiated randomly in different subpopulations of the @entity1250 -3 region and the location of the initiating population burst determined the polarity and amplitude of the extracellular interictal spike. Repetitive stimulation of the perforant path (5 Hz, 6 s) evoked markedly uniform afterdischarges in both intact and fimbria fornix-deprived @entity35 . The threshold of afterdischarges was significantly lower, the @entity410 spread to the contralateral hippocampus was slower, and secondary afterdischarges lasted significantly longer in the lesioned @entity35 . We suggest that under physiological conditions the electrical stability of the hippocampus is ensured by the feed-forward inhibitory action of subcortical afferents. Removal of tonic inhibitory influences and/or sprouting of local axon collaterals allows extreme synchronization and reverberation of information in the @entity131 . The presence of interictal spikes and increased susceptibility to @entity410 for several months after the lesion offers the fimbria-fornix-deprived hippocampus a useful chronic preparation to study the mechanisms of @entity302 .

title: Neuronal activity in the subcortically denervated hippocampus: a chronic model for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['entorhinal-hippocampal-entorhinal cortex circuitry']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['limbic epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of somatisation (multiple somatic symptoms and @entity16251 ) among Australian general practice attendees, its recognition by general practitioners, and its relationship with symptoms of @entity308 and @entity148 . DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity1 : Self-reported questionnaires completed by 10 507 consecutive @entity1 aged > or =18 years attending 340 GPs enrolled in a 6-hour national mental health program of continuing professional development who accepted invitations to participate; audit form completed by GPs for each @entity1 during the period March 2004 to December 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Somatic symptom severity (measured with the 15-item @entity1 Health Questionnaire [PHQ-15]); @entity16251 (measured with the Whiteley Index [Whiteley-7]; @entity308 and @entity148 (measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress scale [K10]); prevalence of "somatisers" (defined by medium to severe somatic symptom severity and @entity16251 ); GP recognition of somatisation (determined by their responses on audit forms to questions on whether @entity1 's complaints were most likely to have a physical or psychological explanation). RESULTS: 18.5% of @entity1 were classified as somatisers and 9.5% as probable cases of @entity308 or @entity148 . While 29.6% of somatisers had high @entity148 or @entity308 scores, 57.9% of @entity1 with @entity148 or @entity308 were also somatisers. Sex and age asserted significant but weak effects on psychometric scores. GPs identified somatic complaints as "mostly explained by a @entity132 " in 25.1% of somatisers. CONCLUSIONS: Somatisation is common in general practice, and more prevalent than @entity308 or @entity148 . While a minority of somatisers have significant @entity148 and @entity308 , most @entity1 with @entity308 and @entity148 have a significant degree of somatisation. Recognition of @entity308 and @entity148 can be hindered by a somatic presentation and attribution. On the other hand, managing somatisation does not just involve recognising @entity308 and @entity148 , but also dealing with the health anxieties that underpin @entity16251 .

title: Somatic symptoms, XXXX and psychological distress: a study of somatisation in Australian general practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['psychological disturbance']

entities_list: @entity16251 :: ('MESH:D006998', 'Disease') :: ['hypochondriasis']

answer: @entity16251 :: (MESH:D006998,Disease) :: ['hypochondriasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study a community outbreak of @entity99 in a marginal population and the public health response in order to bring it under control. DESIGN: Descriptive study of the outbreak that occurred in February-June, 2004. An epidemiological survey was conducted to detect prior cases and active vigilance was set up. Case and susceptibility definitions were established. SETTING: A gypsy population in Madrid, Spain. They had basic provision of sewerage, water supply and waste disposal. @entity1 : A population of 550 in census; estimated population, 800. 70% were under 40 and 55% were illiterate. INTERVENTIONS: Control measures were: a) health education activities to strengthen habits of hygiene, and b) immunisation of susceptible individuals. A total of 646 @entity1 were vaccinated, with the active help of staff from the Institute of Rehousing and Integration into Society. RESULTS: The outbreak affected 26 @entity1 , with an average age of 8 (95% CI, 6.2-9.8), similar distribution by sex and 3.3% attack rate. Fourteen cases were students at state schools, not all in the same classes. There were 7 pairs of siblings among the cases. The diagnosis was conformed by serology in 17 cases. Five needed hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemic curve suggested @entity1 - @entity1 transmission. All those affected were under 20 years old. Vaccination was seen to be effective in controlling the outbreak. Interventions were assisted by intermediaries in order to respect the gypsies' cultural context and were well accepted.

title: [Community outbreak of XXXX in a marginal population. Vaccination for its control and acceptance of the measure].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'person']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis A']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatitis A']


abstract: @entity3926 is the first available oral direct @entity556 inhibitor anticoagulant. Absorption of the prodrug, @entity14534 and its conversion to @entity3926 is rapid (peak plasma concentrations are reached 4-6 hours following surgery, and a further 2 hours later). Its oral bioavailability is low, but shows reduced interindividual variability. @entity3926 specifically and reversibly inhibits @entity556 , the key enzyme in the coagulation cascade. Studies both in healthy volunteers and in @entity1 undergoing major orthopaedic surgery show a predictable pk/pd profile that allows for fixed-dose regimens. The anticoagulant effect correlates adequately with the plasma concentrations of the drug, demonstrating effective anticoagulation combined with a low risk of @entity548 . @entity3926 is mainly eliminated by @entity8 (a fact which affects the dosage in elderly and in moderate-severe @entity177 @entity1 ), and no hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes has been observed, showing a good interaction profile. @entity3925 will probably be the first available oral @entity6236 ( @entity6236 ) direct inhibitor anticoagulant drug. It produces a reversible and predictable inhibition of @entity6236 activity with potential to inhibit clot-bound @entity6236 . Its pharmacokinetic characteristics include rapid absorption, high oral availability, high plasma protein binding and a half-life of aprox. 8 hours. Rivaroxaban elimination is mainly renal, but also through faecal matter and by hepatic metabolism. Although the drug has demonstrated moderate potential to interact with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, it does not inhibit or induce any major CYP450 enzyme.

title: [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new oral anticoagulants @entity3926 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal excretion']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3926 :: ('MESH:C554682', 'Chemical') :: ['Dabigatran', 'dabigatran']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity14534 :: ('MESH:C453962', 'Chemical') :: ['dabigatran etexilate']

entities_list: @entity3925 :: ('MESH:C503223', 'Chemical') :: ['Rivaroxaban']

answer: @entity3925 :: (MESH:C503223,Chemical) :: ['rivaroxaban']


abstract: @entity3926 is the first available oral direct @entity556 inhibitor anticoagulant. Absorption of the prodrug, @entity14534 and its conversion to @entity3926 is rapid (peak plasma concentrations are reached 4-6 hours following surgery, and a further 2 hours later). Its oral bioavailability is low, but shows reduced interindividual variability. @entity3926 specifically and reversibly inhibits @entity556 , the key enzyme in the coagulation cascade. Studies both in healthy volunteers and in @entity1 undergoing major orthopaedic surgery show a predictable pk/pd profile that allows for fixed-dose regimens. The anticoagulant effect correlates adequately with the plasma concentrations of the drug, demonstrating effective anticoagulation combined with a low risk of @entity548 . @entity3926 is mainly eliminated by @entity8 (a fact which affects the dosage in elderly and in moderate-severe @entity177 @entity1 ), and no hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes has been observed, showing a good interaction profile. @entity3925 will probably be the first available oral @entity6236 ( @entity6236 ) direct inhibitor anticoagulant drug. It produces a reversible and predictable inhibition of @entity6236 activity with potential to inhibit clot-bound @entity6236 . Its pharmacokinetic characteristics include rapid absorption, high oral availability, high plasma protein binding and a half-life of aprox. 8 hours. Rivaroxaban elimination is mainly renal, but also through faecal matter and by hepatic metabolism. Although the drug has demonstrated moderate potential to interact with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, it does not inhibit or induce any major CYP450 enzyme.

title: [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new oral anticoagulants XXXX and @entity3925 ].

answer: @entity3926 :: (MESH:C554682,Chemical) :: ['dabigatran']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 who suffer @entity75 ( @entity75 ) at birth are at increased risk of @entity717 . In this at-risk population, reliable, inexpensive and early identification of those @entity1 who are likely to require formal developmental assessment and intervention is needed. AIM: To evaluate the ability of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) to detect developmentally delayed @entity1 in an Australian population of @entity1 who suffered @entity75 at birth. METHODS: Fifty-five @entity1 who survived @entity75 were followed until 12-14 months of age. Test characteristics were calculated to examine the ability of the ASQ to appropriately identify developmentally delayed @entity1 against this study's 'gold standard': the Bayley Scales of @entity1 Development II. RESULTS: Comparing the ASQ with the Bayley Scales of @entity1 Development II, the questionnaire had the following test characteristics: sensitivity 92%, specificity 95%, positive predictive value 92%, negative predictive value 95% when used to detect severe @entity245 ; and sensitivity 67%, specificity 93%, positive predictive value 92%, negative predictive value 68% when used to detect both severe and mild @entity245 . However, the ASQ used at standard cut-offs failed to detect any of the @entity1 with mild delay. CONCLUSIONS: The ASQ is extremely effective for the detection of severe @entity245 in @entity1 who have suffered @entity75 at birth. Its capacity to identify those with milder delay is limited. The ability of the test to detect only those with severe @entity245 means that the ASQ is of little value as a screening tool in this population.

title: Use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire to predict outcome after XXXX in the neonate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Infant', 'infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['developmental disability']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy', 'HIE']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy']


abstract: The clinicopathologic features and the results of diagnostic studies were reviewed in five @entity1 with primary @entity2694 . The major clinical complaints were @entity892 and proptosis; visual function was typically well maintained. In three cases, computed tomographic (CT) scans @entity75 with a central fat density rimmed by a variably radiodense pseudocapsule, leading to the erroneous clinical impression that the lesions were cystic in character. Ultrasonography ruled out a truly @entity5 by demonstrating internal acoustic interfaces. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in one case showed hyperintense signals in T-1-weighted images, suggesting the presence of fat within the lesional tissue. In the other two cases, CT scans showed reticulated densities accentuating the septa of the orbital fat in the absence of clear-cut circumscription. A potentially useful feature pointing to a @entity5 was bowing of an involved extraocular muscle, which is usually straightened and splinted in either @entity2743 or @entity6437 . Histopathologically, two lesions were well-differentiated @entity1821 and three were @entity243 , all featuring univacuolar signet ring lipoblasts. Scattered bizarre hyperchromatic mesenchymal cells without prominent lipidization were present in the lesions. None of the @entity1 has experienced regional or distant metastases with follow-ups from onset of 1 to 7 years (mean, 5.2 years); three required orbital exenteration after local recurrence; and two who refused exenteration received only orbital radiotherapy.

title: XXXX of the orbit. Problems in the diagnosis and management of five cases.

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease"]

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['displayed lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cystic tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity6437 :: ('MESH:D006104', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory pseudotumor']

entities_list: @entity243 :: ('MESH:D018208', 'Disease') :: ['myxoid liposarcomas']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['orbital liposarcoma']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity1821 :: ('MESH:D008080', 'Disease') :: ['liposarcomas']

answer: @entity1821 :: (MESH:D008080,Disease) :: ['Primary liposarcoma']


abstract: There are three main mechanisms of neuronal cell death which may act separately or cooperatively to cause @entity179 . This lethal triplet of metabolic compromise, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress causes neuronal cell death that is both necrotic and apoptotic in nature. Aspects of each of these three mechanisms are believed to play a role in the @entity179 that occurs in both @entity2033 . Strategies to rescue or protect injured neurons usually involve promoting neuronal growth and function or interfering with @entity2359 processes. Considerable research has been done on testing a large array of neuroprotective agents using animal models which mimic these disorders. Some of these approaches have progressed to the clinical arena. Here, we review neuroprotective strategies which have been found to successfully ameliorate the @entity179 associated with @entity2033 . First, we will give an overview of the mechanisms of cell death and the background of @entity2033 . Then we will elaborate on a range of neuroprotective strategies, including neurotrophic factors, anti-excitotoxins, antioxidants, bioenergetic supplements, anti-apoptotics, immunosuppressants, and cell transplantation techniques. Most of these approaches hold promise as potential therapies in the treatment of these disorders.

title: Neuroprotective strategies for basal ganglia degeneration: XXXX .

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

entities_list: @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases"]

answer: @entity2033 :: (MESH:D006816,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases']


abstract: We applied K-means cluster analysis to test the hypothesis that muscle-specific factors known to modulate protein synthesis and satellite cell activity would be differentially expressed during progressive resistance training (PRT, 16 wk) in 66 @entity1 subjects experiencing extreme, modest, and failed myofiber @entity1184 . Muscle mRNA expression of IGF-I isoform Ea (IGF-IEa), mechanogrowth factor ( @entity442 , IGF-IEc), myogenin, and @entity9171 were assessed in muscle biopsies collected at baseline (T1) and 24 h after the first (T2) and last (T3) loading bouts from previously untrained subjects clustered as extreme responders (Xtr, n=17), modest responders (Mod, n=32), and nonresponders (Non, n=17) based on mean myofiber @entity1184 . Myofiber growth averaged 2,475 microm2 in Xtr, 1,111 microm2 in Mod, and -16 microm2 in Non. Main training effects revealed increases in all transcripts (46-83%, P<0.005). For the entire cohort, IGF-IEa, @entity442 , and myogenin mRNAs were upregulated by T2 (P<0.05), while @entity9171 did not increase significantly until T3 (P<0.001). Within clusters, @entity442 and myogenin upregulation was robust in Xtr (126% and 65%) and Mod (73% and 41%) vs. no changes in Non. While significant in all clusters by T3, IGF-IEa increased most in Xtr (105%) and least in Non (44%). Although @entity9171 expression increased overall, no changes within clusters were detected. We reveal for the first time that @entity442 and myogenin transcripts are differentially expressed in subjects experiencing varying degrees of PRT-mediated myofiber @entity1184 . The data strongly suggest the load-mediated induction of these genes may initiate important actions necessary to promote myofiber growth during PRT, while the role of @entity9171 is less clear.

title: Cluster analysis tests the importance of myogenic gene expression during myofiber XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['hypertrophy']


abstract: We applied K-means cluster analysis to test the hypothesis that muscle-specific factors known to modulate protein synthesis and satellite cell activity would be differentially expressed during progressive resistance training (PRT, 16 wk) in 66 @entity1 subjects experiencing extreme, modest, and failed myofiber @entity1184 . Muscle mRNA expression of IGF-I isoform Ea (IGF-IEa), mechanogrowth factor ( @entity442 , IGF-IEc), myogenin, and @entity9171 were assessed in muscle biopsies collected at baseline (T1) and 24 h after the first (T2) and last (T3) loading bouts from previously untrained subjects clustered as extreme responders (Xtr, n=17), modest responders (Mod, n=32), and nonresponders (Non, n=17) based on mean myofiber @entity1184 . Myofiber growth averaged 2,475 microm2 in Xtr, 1,111 microm2 in Mod, and -16 microm2 in Non. Main training effects revealed increases in all transcripts (46-83%, P<0.005). For the entire cohort, IGF-IEa, @entity442 , and myogenin mRNAs were upregulated by T2 (P<0.05), while @entity9171 did not increase significantly until T3 (P<0.001). Within clusters, @entity442 and myogenin upregulation was robust in Xtr (126% and 65%) and Mod (73% and 41%) vs. no changes in Non. While significant in all clusters by T3, IGF-IEa increased most in Xtr (105%) and least in Non (44%). Although @entity9171 expression increased overall, no changes within clusters were detected. We reveal for the first time that @entity442 and myogenin transcripts are differentially expressed in subjects experiencing varying degrees of PRT-mediated myofiber @entity1184 . The data strongly suggest the load-mediated induction of these genes may initiate important actions necessary to promote myofiber growth during PRT, while the role of @entity9171 is less clear.

title: Cluster analysis tests the importance of myogenic gene expression during myofiber @entity1184 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: @entity4802 is a common @entity2122 , variably affecting structures derived from the first and second pharyngeal arches. Correction of the @entity85 in @entity1 has been advocated to improve growth potential and reduce @entity85 . However, contrary reports have suggested that @entity7439 does not increase with growth; therefore, skeletal correction can be postponed, even until adolescence. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that @entity7439 is progressive. This is a retrospective evaluation of 67 @entity1 with untreated @entity4802 . The @entity1 were categorized as: group I (mandible type I, IIa), n = 38, and group II (mandible type IIb, III), n = 29. Pretreatment posterior-anterior cephalometric radiographs were used to analyze asymmetry by measuring the angle between the true horizontal and the following planes: piriform rim, maxillary occlusal plane, and intergonial angle. Angular measurements were averaged for @entity1 in the deciduous (<6 years), mixed (> or =6<13 years), and permanent dentition (> or =13 years). In group I, angle piriform rim, maxillary occlusal plane, and intergonial angle increased from 7.0, 4.3, and 4.4 to 8.4, 6.6, and 6.1 degrees, respectively [mean age, 4.1 (deciduous) to 8.6 (mixed) to 21.0 (permanent) years]. In group II, angle piriform rim, maxillary occlusal plane, and intergonial angle increased from 9.5, 6.2, and 5.3 to 11.7, 7.6, and 8.0 degrees, respectively [mean age, 3.4 (deciduous) to 8.0 (mixed) years]. These data demonstrate that @entity4802 is progressive and underscores the importance of early surgical correction of mandibular asymmetry in this disorder.

title: Progression of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2122 :: ('MESH:D019465', 'Disease') :: ['craniofacial anomaly']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4802 :: ('MESH:D006053', 'Disease') :: ['Hemifacial microsomia', 'hemifacial microsomia']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal deformity', 'secondary deformity']

entities_list: @entity7439 :: ('MESH:D005146', 'Disease') :: ['facial asymmetry in hemifacial microsomia']

answer: @entity7439 :: (MESH:D005146,Disease) :: ['facial asymmetry in hemifacial microsomia']


abstract: PURPOSE: Angiogenesis is an important part in @entity5 progression and intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) has proven a prognostic factor in several solid @entity5 . However, its value in @entity263 is still unclear, especially in small biopsy samples. We evaluated the prognostic potential of MVD in a large, homogeneous @entity263 and its correlation with other pathologic parameters. METHODS: We used a tissue microarray ( @entity10226 ) containing samples of 3,261 prostatectomy specimens from @entity1 with @entity263 . MVD was determined by counting vessels in a blinded fashion after immunohistochemical staining with an antibody against @entity2279 . The results were compared with pre- and postoperative clinical and pathological parameters and clinical follow-up data. RESULTS: MVD was higher in @entity10226 spots containing @entity5 as compared to benign tissue (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation of MVD with preoperative parameters, but with pathological T-classification and Gleason score (P < 0.001, each) of the prostatectomy specimens. Furthermore, a higher MVD correlated with @entity5 location in the peripheral zone (P = 0.01). Follow-up data were available for 1,521 @entity1 . In a univariable analysis, an MVD of >=  36 per spot was a significant predictor of PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy (P = 0.03). However, it failed to provide an independent prognostic factor when combined with standard predictors in a multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: MVD in @entity263 is closely related to other factors contributing to @entity146 . However, the implementation of this parameter into routinely performed pathological reports does not seem to be warranted.

title: Prognostic value of microvessel density in XXXX : a tissue microarray study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'cohort of prostate cancers']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['tumor aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: NORE1A ( @entity72735 ) and RASSF1A are newly described Ras effectors with @entity5 suppressor functions. Both molecules are frequently inactivated in various @entity5 . In this study, we aimed to explore the potential involvement of NORE1A and RASSF1A in @entity1911 and @entity1661 tumorigenesis. A panel of 54 primary @entity5 was analysed for NORE1A and RASSF1A mRNA expression by TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, NORE1A and RASSF1A promoter methylation was assessed by combined @entity6764 restriction endonuclease assay and methylation-sensitive Pyrosequencing respectively. The anti-tumorigenic role of NORE1A was functionally investigated in Nore1A-transfected PC12 @entity35 @entity1911 cells by fluorescent inhibition of caspase activity and soft agar assays. Significantly suppressed NORE1A and RASSF1A mRNA levels were detected in primary @entity5 compared with normal adrenal medulla (P<0.001). Methylation of the NORE1A promoter was not observed in primary @entity5 . On the other hand, 9% (5/54) of the primary @entity5 examined showed RASSF1A promoter methylation greater than 20% as detected by Pyrosequencing. Methylation of the RASSF1A promoter was significantly associated with malignant behaviour (P<0.05). Transient expression of Nore1a resulted in enhanced apoptosis and impaired colony formation in soft agar. Our study provides evidence that NORE1A and RASSF1A are frequently suppressed in @entity1911 and @entity1661 . Silencing of NORE1A contributes to the transformed phenotype in these @entity5 .

title: The Ras effectors NORE1A and RASSF1A are frequently inactivated in @entity1911 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal paraganglioma']

entities_list: @entity6764 :: ('CHEBI:17137', 'Chemical') :: ['bisulphite']

answer: @entity1661 :: (MESH:D000008,Disease) :: ['abdominal paraganglioma']


abstract: NORE1A ( @entity72735 ) and RASSF1A are newly described Ras effectors with @entity5 suppressor functions. Both molecules are frequently inactivated in various @entity5 . In this study, we aimed to explore the potential involvement of NORE1A and RASSF1A in @entity1911 and @entity1661 tumorigenesis. A panel of 54 primary @entity5 was analysed for NORE1A and RASSF1A mRNA expression by TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, NORE1A and RASSF1A promoter methylation was assessed by combined @entity6764 restriction endonuclease assay and methylation-sensitive Pyrosequencing respectively. The anti-tumorigenic role of NORE1A was functionally investigated in Nore1A-transfected PC12 @entity35 @entity1911 cells by fluorescent inhibition of caspase activity and soft agar assays. Significantly suppressed NORE1A and RASSF1A mRNA levels were detected in primary @entity5 compared with normal adrenal medulla (P<0.001). Methylation of the NORE1A promoter was not observed in primary @entity5 . On the other hand, 9% (5/54) of the primary @entity5 examined showed RASSF1A promoter methylation greater than 20% as detected by Pyrosequencing. Methylation of the RASSF1A promoter was significantly associated with malignant behaviour (P<0.05). Transient expression of Nore1a resulted in enhanced apoptosis and impaired colony formation in soft agar. Our study provides evidence that NORE1A and RASSF1A are frequently suppressed in @entity1911 and @entity1661 . Silencing of NORE1A contributes to the transformed phenotype in these @entity5 .

title: The Ras effectors NORE1A and RASSF1A are frequently inactivated in XXXX and @entity1661 .

answer: @entity1911 :: (MESH:D010673,Disease) :: ['pheochromocytoma']


abstract: @entity483 is a common chronic, relapsing, @entity272 with a predilection for the flexural areas and occurs in @entity1 with a personal or family history of atopy. The aim of this study is to describe the profile of @entity483 seen at the National Skin Centre in Singapore. A retrospective chart review was conducted of all the @entity1 with @entity483 seen during the first six months of 1994. There were 492 @entity1 whose ages ranged from one month to 74 years with an equal sex ratio. The prevalence was 2%. The onset of the disease occurred before the age of 10 years in 61.2% of @entity1 . In 13.6% of the @entity1 , the onset was after the age of 21 years. Two hundred and fifty-four @entity1 (52%) had "pure" @entity483 without concomitant @entity1576 . Two hundred and thirty-eight @entity1 (48%) suffered from a "mixed" type, with 23% having @entity2023 , 12% having @entity565 and 13% having both @entity565 and @entity2023 . Two hundred and thirty-one @entity1 (47%) had at least one first-degree family member with atropy: @entity483 (17%), @entity565 (15%) and @entity2023 (15%). Most of the @entity1 , 416 (84.5%), had subacute @entity484 at presentation. @entity6248 was present in 38 @entity1 (8%) and @entity9585 in 13 @entity1 (3%). The most common infective complication was @entity2348 (impetiginized @entity484 , @entity14663 , @entity2688 ) present in 95 @entity1 (19%) followed by @entity1800 ( @entity23923 , viral warts and molluscum contagiosum) in 17 @entity1 (3%). @entity566 were noted in 43 @entity1 (9%) based on the history given. The most common was @entity56 ( @entity114 and @entity799 ) in 28 @entity1 followed by @entity5419 in 11 @entity1 . Common aggravating factors reported include heat, sweating, stress, thick clothing and grass intolerance. Most @entity1 could be controlled with a fairly simple regimen of moisturizers, topical @entity230 and antibiotics for acute flares. Short courses of systemic @entity230 were used in 78 @entity1 (16%). Three @entity1 were treated with phototherapy, Two on UVAB and one on PUVA. The pattern of @entity483 in Singapore is similar to that reported in the Western literature except for a lower prevalence and a significant proportion of adult onset @entity483 .

title: The epidemiology of XXXX at a tertiary referral skin center in Singapore.

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis', 'Atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['co-trimoxazole']

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['food allergies']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['Allergies']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity14663 :: ('MESH:D005499', 'Disease') :: ['folliculitis']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellullitis']

entities_list: @entity23923 :: ('MESH:D007617', 'Disease') :: ['eczema herpeticum']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['drug allergies']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory allergies']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['pruritic ecematous skin condition']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity9585 :: ('MESH:D010915', 'Disease') :: ['pityriasis alba']

entities_list: @entity6248 :: ('MESH:D016112', 'Disease') :: ['Ichthyosis vulgaris']

answer: @entity483 :: (MESH:D003876,Disease) :: ['atopic dermatitis']


abstract: Most studies that have examined minimally invasive, encapsulated, @entity189 ( @entity189 ) or @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) have contained only a few metastatic @entity5 . We studied 34 @entity1 with a single, minimally invasive, metastatic @entity189 or HC and compared them with 38 @entity1 with similar, nonmetastatic FCs or @entity1358 . The numbers of incomplete capsular penetration ( @entity5 into but not through the capsule), complete capsular penetration ( @entity5 through the capsule), and vascular invasion foci were quantified. The median number (three), range, and distribution of complete capsular penetration and vascular invasion foci were similar in the nonmetastatic and metastatic @entity189 . All of the metastatic FCs and @entity1358 had at least one vascular invasion or complete capsular penetration focus. Sixty-two percent of the metastatic @entity189 had two to four complete capsular penetration foci, and 60% had two to four vascular invasion foci. Two metastatic @entity5 had incomplete capsular penetration but had one and two vascular invasion foci, respectively. One @entity5 had no vascular invasion but had four complete capsular penetration foci. No metastatic @entity5 had incomplete capsular penetration only. There were no differences in the number of vascular invasion or complete capsular penetration foci between metastatic and nonmetastatic FCs and @entity1358 and between metastatic FCs and @entity1358 . Most metastatic @entity5 had vascular space invasion and complete capsular penetration. The number of complete capsular penetration or vascular invasion foci was not associated with the initial site of @entity3 or the interval between the surgery and the @entity3 .

title: Metastatic minimally invasive (encapsulated) follicular and Hurthle cell thyroid carcinoma: a study of 34 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasm', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'FC', 'follicular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['HCs', 'Hurthle cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The morphogenesis of hepatocytes after @entity11659 to recovery through liver cell regeneration has not been fully understood. Sequential biopsies were performed on the native liver of a 22-year-old @entity1 who underwent @entity409 transplantation 1 month after fulminant @entity99 . Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation was successful, and the biopsy samples permitted us to examine the regenerating process of hepatocytes after massive @entity39 . At the time of @entity409 transplantation (postoperative day 0), 95% of hepatocytes were lost and a few ductules were found in the portal areas. The ductules stained with @entity4166 . At postoperative day 7, the ductules began to increase in size and number and became dilated over a period of 1 month, when individual hepatocytes with clear cytoplasm appeared from the ductules. As the differentiation of hepatocytes increased, the expression of @entity4166 was found to decrease. From 2 to 3 months, all of the ductules were transformed into hepatocytes, and they began to form round cell clusters. From 3 to 6 months, the round cell clusters became organized into trabecula with @entity82 . From 6 to 12 months, a lobular architecture was established, and by 14 months, the necrotic liver was fully recovered to normal. This study by examination of sequential biopsies demonstrates the progression of the regenerating process from total @entity99 to complete recovery.

title: Sequential observation of liver cell regeneration after @entity11659 in XXXX transplantation.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['auxiliary partial orthotopic liver']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis', 'hepatic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity11659 :: ('MESH:D047508', 'Disease') :: ['massive hepatic necrosis']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['auxiliary partial orthotopic liver']


abstract: The morphogenesis of hepatocytes after @entity11659 to recovery through liver cell regeneration has not been fully understood. Sequential biopsies were performed on the native liver of a 22-year-old @entity1 who underwent @entity409 transplantation 1 month after fulminant @entity99 . Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation was successful, and the biopsy samples permitted us to examine the regenerating process of hepatocytes after massive @entity39 . At the time of @entity409 transplantation (postoperative day 0), 95% of hepatocytes were lost and a few ductules were found in the portal areas. The ductules stained with @entity4166 . At postoperative day 7, the ductules began to increase in size and number and became dilated over a period of 1 month, when individual hepatocytes with clear cytoplasm appeared from the ductules. As the differentiation of hepatocytes increased, the expression of @entity4166 was found to decrease. From 2 to 3 months, all of the ductules were transformed into hepatocytes, and they began to form round cell clusters. From 3 to 6 months, the round cell clusters became organized into trabecula with @entity82 . From 6 to 12 months, a lobular architecture was established, and by 14 months, the necrotic liver was fully recovered to normal. This study by examination of sequential biopsies demonstrates the progression of the regenerating process from total @entity99 to complete recovery.

title: Sequential observation of liver cell regeneration after XXXX in @entity409 transplantation.

answer: @entity11659 :: (MESH:D047508,Disease) :: ['massive hepatic necrosis']


abstract: Since 1995, the European Association of Pathologists and the Society for Hematopathology have been developing a new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of @entity1583 . The classification includes lymphoid, myeloid, histiocytic, and mast cell @entity5 . The WHO project involves 10 committees of pathologists, who have developed lists and definitions of disease entities. A Clinical Advisory Committee of international hematologists and oncologists was formed to ensure that the classification will be useful to clinicians. A meeting was held in November 1997 to discuss clinical issues related to the classification. The WHO has adopted the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms, published in 1994 by the International @entity706 Study Group, as the classification of @entity706 . This approach to classification is based on the principle that a classification is a list of "real" disease entities, which are defined by a combination of morphology, immunophenotype, genetic features, and clinical features. The relative importance of each of these features varies among diseases, and there is no one "gold standard." The WHO classification has applied the principles of the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms to myeloid and histiocytic @entity5 . The classification of myeloid @entity5 recognizes distinct entities defined by a combination of morphology and cytogenetic abnormalities. The Clinical Advisory Committee meeting, which was organized around a series of clinical questions, was able to reach a consensus on most of the questions posed. The questions and the consensus are discussed in detail in this article. Among other things, the Clinical Advisory Committee concluded that clinical grouping of @entity706 was neither necessary nor desirable. @entity1 treatment is determined by the specific @entity706 , with the addition of grade within the @entity5 type, if applicable, and clinical prognostic factors such as the international prognostic index. The experience of developing the WHO classification has produced a new and exciting degree of cooperation and communication between oncologists and pathologists from around the world. This should facilitate progress in the understanding and treatment of @entity1583 .

title: The World Health Organization classification of XXXX report of the Clinical Advisory Committee Meeting, Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoid neoplasms', 'type of lymphoma', 'Lymphoma']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematological malignancies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) is relatively resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Response and survival of treatment with @entity14584 -alpha ( @entity3027 ) and @entity379 ( @entity379 ) were evaluated in @entity1 with metastatic @entity1358 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty-one @entity1 with confirmed @entity1358 were included in this study. Fifteen of 31 @entity1 received injection of @entity3027 and @entity379 three times a week. @entity379 was infused subcutaneously by microinfusion pump. Sixteen received @entity3027 alone more than three times a week. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 20.0% in the @entity3027 and @entity379 group, and 12.5% in the @entity3027 alone group. Long lasting stabilization of the disease (more than; 12 months) was seen in 92.3% of CR, PR or SD in the @entity3027 and @entity379 group, as compared with 71.4% in the @entity3027 alone group. Both groups differed significantly in survival rate from the first treatment with IFN (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A long lasting stabilization of the disease can be expected in @entity1 who were treated with our regimen of @entity3027 and @entity379 .

title: Subcutaneous administration of interferon alpha and gamma in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['Renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['Interferon-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity14584 :: ('MESH:D007372', 'Chemical') :: ['Interferon']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['metastatic renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) is relatively resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Response and survival of treatment with @entity14584 -alpha ( @entity3027 ) and @entity379 ( @entity379 ) were evaluated in @entity1 with metastatic @entity1358 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty-one @entity1 with confirmed @entity1358 were included in this study. Fifteen of 31 @entity1 received injection of @entity3027 and @entity379 three times a week. @entity379 was infused subcutaneously by microinfusion pump. Sixteen received @entity3027 alone more than three times a week. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 20.0% in the @entity3027 and @entity379 group, and 12.5% in the @entity3027 alone group. Long lasting stabilization of the disease (more than; 12 months) was seen in 92.3% of CR, PR or SD in the @entity3027 and @entity379 group, as compared with 71.4% in the @entity3027 alone group. Both groups differed significantly in survival rate from the first treatment with IFN (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A long lasting stabilization of the disease can be expected in @entity1 who were treated with our regimen of @entity3027 and @entity379 .

title: Subcutaneous administration of interferon alpha and gamma in XXXX with @entity1358 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that an increased intake of long-chain n-3 @entity1718 protects against mortality from @entity453 . We aimed to test the hypothesis that long-term use of @entity7784 ( @entity8393 ) is effective for prevention of major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic @entity1 in Japan who consume a large amount of fish. METHODS: 18 645 @entity1 with a total @entity165 of 6.5 mmol/L or greater were recruited from local physicians throughout Japan between 1996 and 1999. @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either 1800 mg of @entity8393 daily with @entity6817 ( @entity8393 group; n=9326) or statin only (controls; n=9319) with a 5-year follow-up. The primary endpoint was any major coronary event, including @entity1164 , fatal and non-fatal @entity583 , and other non-fatal events including unstable @entity951 , angioplasty, stenting, or coronary artery bypass grafting. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00231738. FINDINGS: At mean follow-up of 4.6 years, we detected the primary endpoint in 262 (2.8%) @entity1 in the @entity8393 group and 324 (3.5%) in controls-a 19% relative reduction in major coronary events (p=0.011). Post-treatment LDL @entity165 concentrations decreased 25%, from 4.7 mmol/L in both groups. Serum LDL @entity165 was not a significant factor in a reduction of risk for major coronary events. @entity1459 and non-fatal coronary events were also significantly reduced in the @entity8393 group. @entity1164 and coronary death did not differ between groups. In @entity1 with a history of @entity453 who were given @entity8393 treatment, major coronary events were reduced by 19% (secondary prevention subgroup: 158 [8.7%] in the @entity8393 group vs 197 [10.7%] in the control group; p=0.048). In @entity1 with no history of @entity453 , @entity8393 treatment reduced major coronary events by 18%, but this finding was not significant (104 [1.4%] in the @entity8393 group vs 127 [1.7%] in the control group; p=0.132). INTERPRETATION: @entity8393 is a promising treatment for prevention of major coronary events, and especially non-fatal coronary events, in Japanese hypercholesterolaemic @entity1 .

title: Effects of XXXX on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic @entity1 (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7784 :: ('MESH:D015118', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosapentaenoic acid']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden cardiac death', 'sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['Unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity7784 :: (MESH:D015118,Chemical) :: ['eicosapentaenoic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that an increased intake of long-chain n-3 @entity1718 protects against mortality from @entity453 . We aimed to test the hypothesis that long-term use of @entity7784 ( @entity8393 ) is effective for prevention of major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic @entity1 in Japan who consume a large amount of fish. METHODS: 18 645 @entity1 with a total @entity165 of 6.5 mmol/L or greater were recruited from local physicians throughout Japan between 1996 and 1999. @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either 1800 mg of @entity8393 daily with @entity6817 ( @entity8393 group; n=9326) or statin only (controls; n=9319) with a 5-year follow-up. The primary endpoint was any major coronary event, including @entity1164 , fatal and non-fatal @entity583 , and other non-fatal events including unstable @entity951 , angioplasty, stenting, or coronary artery bypass grafting. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00231738. FINDINGS: At mean follow-up of 4.6 years, we detected the primary endpoint in 262 (2.8%) @entity1 in the @entity8393 group and 324 (3.5%) in controls-a 19% relative reduction in major coronary events (p=0.011). Post-treatment LDL @entity165 concentrations decreased 25%, from 4.7 mmol/L in both groups. Serum LDL @entity165 was not a significant factor in a reduction of risk for major coronary events. @entity1459 and non-fatal coronary events were also significantly reduced in the @entity8393 group. @entity1164 and coronary death did not differ between groups. In @entity1 with a history of @entity453 who were given @entity8393 treatment, major coronary events were reduced by 19% (secondary prevention subgroup: 158 [8.7%] in the @entity8393 group vs 197 [10.7%] in the control group; p=0.048). In @entity1 with no history of @entity453 , @entity8393 treatment reduced major coronary events by 18%, but this finding was not significant (104 [1.4%] in the @entity8393 group vs 127 [1.7%] in the control group; p=0.132). INTERPRETATION: @entity8393 is a promising treatment for prevention of major coronary events, and especially non-fatal coronary events, in Japanese hypercholesterolaemic @entity1 .

title: Effects of @entity7784 on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic XXXX (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report results of extraocular muscle surgery for superior oblique @entity7205 when medical treatment fails. METHODS: A retrospective review of 14 consecutive @entity1 undergoing superior oblique tenectomy and inferior oblique myectomy between 1976 and 2008. RESULTS: The mean age of onset of symptoms was 35.4 +/- 12.6 years (range, 16-59.5), with a mean duration of oscillopsia of 5 +/- 4 years (range, 1.5-17) prior to surgery. Medical treatment was unsuccessful in all 14. Preoperatively, 2 had a small @entity15170 that was consistent with an ipsilateral fourth (trochlear) nerve @entity912 ; 12 had no manifest tropia. Postoperatively, all had complete elimination of oscillopsia, and 12 of 14 were free of @entity892 in the primary position at 6 meters and 1/3 meter. The only 2 with @entity892 in the primary position after surgery were the 2 with a manifest @entity15170 preoperatively. Of the remaining 12 @entity1 , 5 had a @entity15170 of the affected eye limited to downgaze after surgery (mean of 6.2(Delta) +/- 1.6(Delta)). Of the 5, 3 needed contralateral inferior rectus surgery, and 1 required prism for downgaze. The mean follow-up was 4.1 +/- 2.4 years (range, 0.5-10). At the final visit, none had oscillopsia or uncontrolled @entity892 , but 3 (21%) needed prisms. CONCLUSIONS: Superior oblique tenectomy and inferior oblique myectomy effectively eliminate oscillopsia associated with superior oblique @entity7205 but result in @entity892 in downgaze in approximately 36% of @entity1 , which may cause symptoms in @entity1 who require a bifocal for near work.

title: Results of extraocular muscle surgery for superior oblique XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity15170 :: ('MESH:D013285', 'Disease') :: ['hypertropia']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

answer: @entity7205 :: (MESH:D020385,Disease) :: ['myokymia']