abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased arterial compliance (COMPart) has recently been described in @entity1 with @entity82 , particularly in @entity1442 . The aim of the present study was to relate COMPart with arterial levels of the circulating natriuretic peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and @entity21695 ( @entity21695 ), both of which are vasodilators. METHODS: Thirty-one @entity1 with @entity82 , 14 non-cirrhotic @entity1 with circulatory disturbances of the ischaemic and @entity101 type, and 10 healthy controls were investigated during a haemodynamic examination. RESULTS: The @entity1 with @entity82 showed the well-known hyperdynamic circulation with elevated cardiac output, low arterial blood pressure, and reduced systemic vascular resistance. COMPart in the @entity1 with @entity82 (1.30 mL/mmHg) was significantly (P < 0.01) increased compared to that of non-cirrhotic @entity1 (0.99 mL/mmHg) and controls (1.01 mL/mmHg). In the @entity1 with @entity82 , a significant inverse correlation was found between @entity21695 and COMPart (r = -0.42, P < 0.01), but not between @entity21695 and systemic vascular resistance (r = 0.31, P = 0.08). In the non-cirrhotic @entity1 , @entity21695 had a significant inverse correlation to COMPart (r = -0.68, P < 0.01) and a direct correlation to systemic vascular resistance (r = 0.62, P < 0.02). ANP was not significantly related to COMPart nor to systemic vascular resistance in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: The finding of an inverse relation between @entity21695 and COMPart may suggest that a compensatory down-regulation of @entity21695 occurs in @entity1 with @entity82 and other types of @entity1457 when vasodilation persists. Regulation of large and small arteries by @entity21695 may be different in @entity82 . Arterial ANP is not related to properties of the large or small arteries.

title: Increased arterial compliance in XXXX is related to decreased arterial @entity21695 , but not to atrial natriuretic peptide.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity21695 :: ('4880', 'Gene') :: ['CNP', 'C-type natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory disorders']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['cirrhosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased arterial compliance (COMPart) has recently been described in @entity1 with @entity82 , particularly in @entity1442 . The aim of the present study was to relate COMPart with arterial levels of the circulating natriuretic peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and @entity21695 ( @entity21695 ), both of which are vasodilators. METHODS: Thirty-one @entity1 with @entity82 , 14 non-cirrhotic @entity1 with circulatory disturbances of the ischaemic and @entity101 type, and 10 healthy controls were investigated during a haemodynamic examination. RESULTS: The @entity1 with @entity82 showed the well-known hyperdynamic circulation with elevated cardiac output, low arterial blood pressure, and reduced systemic vascular resistance. COMPart in the @entity1 with @entity82 (1.30 mL/mmHg) was significantly (P < 0.01) increased compared to that of non-cirrhotic @entity1 (0.99 mL/mmHg) and controls (1.01 mL/mmHg). In the @entity1 with @entity82 , a significant inverse correlation was found between @entity21695 and COMPart (r = -0.42, P < 0.01), but not between @entity21695 and systemic vascular resistance (r = 0.31, P = 0.08). In the non-cirrhotic @entity1 , @entity21695 had a significant inverse correlation to COMPart (r = -0.68, P < 0.01) and a direct correlation to systemic vascular resistance (r = 0.62, P < 0.02). ANP was not significantly related to COMPart nor to systemic vascular resistance in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: The finding of an inverse relation between @entity21695 and COMPart may suggest that a compensatory down-regulation of @entity21695 occurs in @entity1 with @entity82 and other types of @entity1457 when vasodilation persists. Regulation of large and small arteries by @entity21695 may be different in @entity82 . Arterial ANP is not related to properties of the large or small arteries.

title: Increased arterial compliance in @entity82 is related to decreased arterial XXXX , but not to atrial natriuretic peptide.

answer: @entity21695 :: (4880,Gene) :: ['C-type natriuretic peptide']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The biological origin of @entity76 is unknown, and hereditary forms of this disease have not been described. Here, the authors present clinical and histopathological findings of a young @entity1 with a @entity76 who had multiple immediate family members who harbored similar @entity5 . A 37-year-old otherwise healthy @entity1 presented with a history of progressive @entity10 . @entity2946 had been diagnosed previously in her mother and maternal grandfather, and her maternal uncle had a supratentorial liponeurocytoma. MRI revealed a large, poorly enhancing, lipomatous mass emanating from the superior vermis that produced marked compression of posterior fossa structures. An uncomplicated supracerebellar infratentorial approach was used to resect the lesion. Genetic and histopathological analyses of the lesion revealed neuronal, glial, and lipomatous differentiation and confirmed the diagnosis of @entity76 . A comparison of the @entity5 resected from the @entity1 and, 22 years previously, her mother revealed similar features. @entity76 is a poorly understood entity. This report provides novel evidence of an inheritable predisposition for @entity5 development. Accurate diagnosis and reporting of clinical outcomes and associated genetic and histopathological changes are necessary for guiding prognosis and developing recommendations for @entity1 care.

title: XXXX : a rare @entity5 with possible familial predisposition. Case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intracranial tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar liponeurocytomas', 'Cerebellar liponeurocytoma', 'cerebellar liponeurocytoma']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['Lipomatous medulloblastoma']

answer: @entity76 :: (MESH:D002526,Disease) :: ['Cerebellar liponeurocytoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The biological origin of @entity76 is unknown, and hereditary forms of this disease have not been described. Here, the authors present clinical and histopathological findings of a young @entity1 with a @entity76 who had multiple immediate family members who harbored similar @entity5 . A 37-year-old otherwise healthy @entity1 presented with a history of progressive @entity10 . @entity2946 had been diagnosed previously in her mother and maternal grandfather, and her maternal uncle had a supratentorial liponeurocytoma. MRI revealed a large, poorly enhancing, lipomatous mass emanating from the superior vermis that produced marked compression of posterior fossa structures. An uncomplicated supracerebellar infratentorial approach was used to resect the lesion. Genetic and histopathological analyses of the lesion revealed neuronal, glial, and lipomatous differentiation and confirmed the diagnosis of @entity76 . A comparison of the @entity5 resected from the @entity1 and, 22 years previously, her mother revealed similar features. @entity76 is a poorly understood entity. This report provides novel evidence of an inheritable predisposition for @entity5 development. Accurate diagnosis and reporting of clinical outcomes and associated genetic and histopathological changes are necessary for guiding prognosis and developing recommendations for @entity1 care.

title: @entity76 : a rare XXXX with possible familial predisposition. Case report.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['intracranial tumor']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) is a major risk factor for @entity195 . With respect to @entity527 , there are no published serial data regarding the deposition rate of amyloid throughout the brain after @entity131 . The authors conducted serial @entity31043 (florbetapir @entity29786 ) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in 2 @entity1 with severe @entity131 at 1, 12, and 24 months after injury. A total of 12 brain regions were surveyed for changes in amyloid levels. Case 1 involved a 50-year-old @entity1 who experienced a severe @entity131 . Compared with the 1-month time point, of the 12 brain regions that were surveyed, a decrease in amyloid (as indicated by standard uptake value ratios) was only observed in the hippocampus (-16%, left; -12%, right) and caudate nucleus (-18%, left; -18%, right), suggesting that @entity1613 in the brain was cleared between time points 1 and 12 months after injury. Compared to the scan at 1 year, a greater increase in amyloid (+15%) was observed in the right hippocampus at the 24-month time point. The @entity1 in Case 2 was a 37-year-old @entity1 who suffered severe @entity130 to the head and a subsequent @entity64 ; he had poor cognitive/functional outcomes and underwent 1.5 years of rehabilitation. Due to a large @entity1188 area on the injured side of the brain (right side), the authors focused primarily on brain regions affected within the left hemisphere. Compared with the 1-month scan, they only found an increase in brain amyloid within the left anterior putamen (+11%) at 12 months after injury. In contrast, decreased amyloid burden was detected in the left caudate nucleus (-48%), occipital cortex (-21%), and precuneus (-19%) brain regions at the 12-month time point, which is indicative of early accumulation and subsequent clearance. In comparison with 12-month values, more clearance was observed, since a reduction in amyloid was found at 24 months after @entity130 within the left anterior putamen (-12%) and occipital cortex (-15%). Also, by 24 months, most of the amyloid had been cleared and the @entity1 demonstrated improved results on the Rivermead symptom questionnaire, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, and Disability Rating Scale. With respect to @entity2204 status, the @entity1 in Case 1 had two   3 alleles and the @entity1 in Case 2 had one   2 and one   3 allele. In comparison to the findings of the initial scan at 1 month after @entity131 , by 12 and 24 months after injury amyloid was cleared in some brain regions and increased in others. Serial imaging conducted here suggests that florbetapir @entity29786 PET imaging may be useful in monitoring amyloid dynamics within specific brain regions following severe @entity131 and may be predictive of @entity73 .

title: Evidence of increased brain amyloid in severe XXXX survivors at 1, 12, and 24 months after injury: report of 2 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposition']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['initial amyloid accumulation']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['TBI']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT There are reports that fusion is the standard treatment of choice for cases of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS) associated with lumbar spinal canal stenosis with a large degree of slippage. The reasons why, however, have not been clarified. On the other hand, it is known that the progress of slippage decreases and restabilization occurs over the natural course of LDS. Therefore, if minimally invasive decompression could be performed, there would be little possibility of it influencing the natural course of LDS, so it would not be necessary to include preoperative percentage slip in the criteria for the selection of fusion. This study examined the course of LDS cases more than 5 years after treatment with minimally invasive decompression to determine whether pre- and @entity86 and disc changes influence the clinical results. METHODS A total of 51 intervertebral segments in 51 cases with the chief complaint of radicular or cauda equina symptoms due to lumbar spinal canal stenosis were examined after prospective treatment with minimally invasive decompression for LDS. The mean age of the @entity1 at the time of surgery was 66.7 years and the mean follow-up period was 7 years 4 months. Minimally invasive decompression was performed regardless of the degree of @entity1643 or percentage slip. The outcome variables were clinical results and changes in imaging findings. RESULTS Over the follow-up period, postoperative percentage slip increased and disc height decreased, but the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score improved. Regardless of the preoperative percentage slip, disc height, or degree of @entity1797 or segmental instability, the clinical results were favorable. In the high preoperative percentage slip group, low disc height group, and progressive @entity1797 group, there was little postoperative progress of slippage. In the group with a @entity86 increase of more than 5%, slippage increased significantly at postoperative year 2, but no significant difference was observed at the final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS When minimally invasive decompression was performed to treat LDS, the postoperative change in slippage was no different from that during the natural course. Furthermore, regardless of the degree of preoperative slippage or @entity1797 , the clinical results were favorable. Also, the higher the preoperative percentage slip and the more that @entity1797 progressed, the more the progress of @entity86 decreased. Because the postoperative progress of slippage decreased, it is believed that even after minimally invasive decompression, restabilization occurs as it would during the natural course. If minimally invasive decompression can be performed to treat LDS, it is believed that preoperative percentage slip and @entity1797 do not have to be included in the appropriateness criteria for fusion.

title: Outcomes in cases of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis more than 5 years after treatment with minimally invasive decompression: examination of pre- and XXXX , intervertebral disc changes, and clinical results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low-back pain']

entities_list: @entity1797 :: ('MESH:D055959', 'Disease') :: ['intervertebral disc degeneration', 'disc degeneration']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative slippage']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative slippage']


abstract: Fetal @entity1504 present unique clinical challenges. Accurate diagnosis of the lesion, as well as an understanding of the local and systemic impacts, will guide the antenatal surveillance and the treatment plan and will determine the prognosis. Management will be altered by and dependent on intrauterine progression, gestational age, and fetal condition at birth. In addition, large @entity5 can lead to the development of the Kasabach-Merritt sequence in the fetus and to either fetal or maternal hemodynamic impairment. @entity5 are either @entity5 . Color and pulsed wave Doppler sonography are useful for the identification of @entity455 and help narrow the differential diagnosis. Once a @entity1462 is identified, a comprehensive anatomic survey is mandatory to determine whether there are coexistent malformations that impact either the diagnosis or prognosis. These lesions can have local mass effects, systemic hemodynamic effects, or both. Therefore, longitudinal assessment of the fetus is focused on the detection of lesion progression and on any fetal or maternal status changes. We report the prenatal diagnosis of an @entity7026 ( @entity2758 ) with a dramatic progression affecting both mother and fetus.

title: Lethal progression of a fetal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7026 :: ('MESH:D002538', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial arteriovenous malformation']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malformations or neoplasms', 'vascular tumors', 'Vascular tumors']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial vascular tumors']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformation']

answer: @entity7026 :: (MESH:D002538,Disease) :: ['intracranial arteriovenous malformation']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT Screening for @entity1317 ( @entity1317 ) following cervical spine fractures is routinely performed across @entity130 centers in North America. From 2002 to 2007, the total number of neck CT angiography (CTA) studies performed in the Medicare population after @entity130 increased from 9796 to 115,021. In the era of cost-effective medical care, the authors aimed to evaluate the utility of CTA screening in detecting @entity1317 and reduce chances of posterior circulation @entity64 after traumatic cervical spine fractures. METHODS A retrospective review of all @entity1 presenting with cervical spine fractures to Northeast Ohio's Level I @entity130 institution from 2002 to 2012 was performed. RESULTS There was a total of 1717 cervical spine fractures in @entity1 presenting to Northeast Ohio's Level I @entity130 institution between 2002 and 2012. CTA screening was performed in 732 @entity1 , and 51 @entity1 (0.7%) were found to have a @entity1317 . @entity174 patterns with increased odds of @entity1317 were @entity6746 and @entity3627 combined fractures, @entity174 , and subluxation of adjacent vertebral levels. Ten posterior circulation @entity64 were identified in this @entity1 population (0.6%) and found in only 4 of 51 cases of @entity1317 (7.8%). High-risk fractures defined by Denver Criteria, @entity1317 , and antiplatelet treatment of @entity1317 were not independent predictors of @entity64 . CONCLUSIONS Cost-effective screening must be reevaluated in the setting of blunt cervical spine fractures on a case-by-case basis. Further prospective studies must be performed to elucidate the utility of screening for @entity1317 and posterior circulation @entity64 prevention, if identified.

title: Screening via CT angiogram after traumatic cervical spine fractures: narrowing imaging to improve cost effectiveness. Experience of a Level I XXXX center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['Fracture', 'transverse foramen fractures']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral artery injury', 'VAI']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Latanoprost (Xalatan) is an @entity13507 analogue of @entity3774 that reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing uveoscleral outflow. The IOP-lowering efficacy of latanoprost 0.005% lasts for up to 24 hours after a single topical dose, which allows for a once-daily dosage regimen. In @entity1 with @entity2790 or @entity1538 , a single drop of latanoprost 0.005% solution (about 1.5 microg) administered topically once daily reduced diurnal IOP by 22 to 39% over 1 to 12 months' treatment in well-controlled trials; efficacy was maintained during treatment periods of up to 2 years. At this dosage, latanoprost was significantly more effective than @entity6839 0.5% twice daily in 3 of 4 large, double-blind, randomised studies, was generally as effective as bimatoprost or travoprost, and was significantly more effective than @entity15438 , @entity16495 or @entity42316 . Furthermore, in @entity1 whose IOP was poorly controlled with @entity6839 , switching to latanoprost monotherapy was at least as effective at lowering IOP as adding @entity15438 or @entity2134 to the regimen. Latanoprost has also shown significant additive effects when used in combination with one or more @entity726 medications. The fixed combination of latanoprost plus @entity6839 was significantly more effective than either of its individual components in two double-blind randomised studies and more effective than the fixed combination of @entity15438 and @entity6839 in a 3-month, evaluator-masked study. Data in @entity1 with @entity2747 are limited, but in @entity1 with elevated IOP after undergoing iridotomy, latanoprost 0.005% once daily was significantly more effective than @entity6839 0.5% twice daily at reducing IOP over 12 weeks of treatment in a large double-blind, randomised study. Latanoprost is generally well tolerated and, unlike @entity6839 , induces minimal systemic adverse events. In well-controlled, 6-month trials, the most commonly occurring drug-related ocular events in latanoprost recipients were mild to moderate @entity3169 (3 to 15%) and iris colour change (2 to 9%); these seldom required @entity1 withdrawal although the latter may be permanent. Latanoprost 0.005% as a single daily drop has shown good IOP-lowering efficacy in @entity1 with @entity1538 or @entity2790 and does not produce the cardiopulmonary adverse effects associated with beta-blockers. Thus, latanoprost is a valuable addition to the first-line treatment options for @entity1 with @entity1538 or @entity2790 . In addition, adjunctive treatment with latanoprost in @entity1 who are refractory to beta-blocker therapy is a viable, second-line treatment option. Although preliminary findings are promising, wider clinical experience is required to define the place of latanoprost in the treatment of @entity2747 .

title: Latanoprost : an update of its use in @entity726 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity15438 :: ('MESH:C062765', 'Chemical') :: ['dorzolamide']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['other glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity16495 :: ('MESH:C015620', 'Chemical') :: ['brimonidine']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2alpha']

entities_list: @entity3169 :: ('MESH:D003229', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctival hyperaemia']

entities_list: @entity2747 :: ('MESH:D015812', 'Disease') :: ['angle-closure glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity42316 :: ('CHEBI:39455', 'Chemical') :: ['unoprostone']

answer: @entity2790 :: (MESH:D009798,Disease) :: ['ocular hypertension']


abstract: Latanoprost (Xalatan) is an @entity13507 analogue of @entity3774 that reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing uveoscleral outflow. The IOP-lowering efficacy of latanoprost 0.005% lasts for up to 24 hours after a single topical dose, which allows for a once-daily dosage regimen. In @entity1 with @entity2790 or @entity1538 , a single drop of latanoprost 0.005% solution (about 1.5 microg) administered topically once daily reduced diurnal IOP by 22 to 39% over 1 to 12 months' treatment in well-controlled trials; efficacy was maintained during treatment periods of up to 2 years. At this dosage, latanoprost was significantly more effective than @entity6839 0.5% twice daily in 3 of 4 large, double-blind, randomised studies, was generally as effective as bimatoprost or travoprost, and was significantly more effective than @entity15438 , @entity16495 or @entity42316 . Furthermore, in @entity1 whose IOP was poorly controlled with @entity6839 , switching to latanoprost monotherapy was at least as effective at lowering IOP as adding @entity15438 or @entity2134 to the regimen. Latanoprost has also shown significant additive effects when used in combination with one or more @entity726 medications. The fixed combination of latanoprost plus @entity6839 was significantly more effective than either of its individual components in two double-blind randomised studies and more effective than the fixed combination of @entity15438 and @entity6839 in a 3-month, evaluator-masked study. Data in @entity1 with @entity2747 are limited, but in @entity1 with elevated IOP after undergoing iridotomy, latanoprost 0.005% once daily was significantly more effective than @entity6839 0.5% twice daily at reducing IOP over 12 weeks of treatment in a large double-blind, randomised study. Latanoprost is generally well tolerated and, unlike @entity6839 , induces minimal systemic adverse events. In well-controlled, 6-month trials, the most commonly occurring drug-related ocular events in latanoprost recipients were mild to moderate @entity3169 (3 to 15%) and iris colour change (2 to 9%); these seldom required @entity1 withdrawal although the latter may be permanent. Latanoprost 0.005% as a single daily drop has shown good IOP-lowering efficacy in @entity1 with @entity1538 or @entity2790 and does not produce the cardiopulmonary adverse effects associated with beta-blockers. Thus, latanoprost is a valuable addition to the first-line treatment options for @entity1 with @entity1538 or @entity2790 . In addition, adjunctive treatment with latanoprost in @entity1 who are refractory to beta-blocker therapy is a viable, second-line treatment option. Although preliminary findings are promising, wider clinical experience is required to define the place of latanoprost in the treatment of @entity2747 .

title: Latanoprost : an update of its use in XXXX and @entity2790 .

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: Searching for a novel immunosuppressive agent to effectively prevent @entity1294 ( @entity1294 ) is essential for success in clinical xenotransplantation. We previously reported that Lewis @entity35 hearts transplanted into BALB/c @entity19 developed typical @entity1294 in 6 days. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of LF 15-0195, a new immunosuppressive analog of @entity5101 in the prevention of @entity1294 in a @entity35 -to- @entity19 cardiac xenograft model. We transplanted 2-week old Lewis @entity35 hearts into BALB/c @entity19 . Four groups were included in this study: untreated recipients and @entity205 ( @entity870 ) treated recipients were controls; LF 15-0195 treated recipients or LF 15-0195 combined with @entity870 treated recipients were experimental groups. @entity19 recipients received either LF 15-0195 2 mg/kg subcutaneously from day-1 to post-operative day 14, or @entity870 15 mg/kg subcutaneously daily, from day 0 to endpoint rejection, or the two drugs in combination. We observed that high dose @entity870 did not inhibit @entity1294 and the graft was rejected in 11.3 +/- 1.9 days. Graft histology and immunohistology showed typical @entity1294 , characterized by interstitial @entity548 , intravascular fibrin deposition, @entity715 , and massive deposition of anti-rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Serum xenoreactive antibodies (xAbs) were markedly elevated in these animals as well. In contrast, we observed that treatment with LF 15-0195 alone significantly prolonged graft survival to 19.3 +/- 0.7 days. Notably, xAbs were significantly decreased and the rejection pattern of these grafts was cell-mediated rejection (CMR), instead of @entity1294 . When @entity870 was combined with LF 15-0195, the graft mean survival time was further increased to 58.5 +/- 17.3 days. Antibody production and T-cell infiltration were significantly inhibited at the terminal stages of graft survival and pathology showed striking attenuation of both @entity1294 and CMR. Sequential studies on days 6 and 14 demonstrated that LF 15-0195 either alone or combined with @entity870 completely inhibited antibody production. However, intragraft infiltration by @entity3804 positive cells including natural killer cells, macrophages and granulocytes in LF 15-0195 treated recipients was similar to that of untreated recipients. We conclude that LF 15-0195 effectively prevented @entity1294 by markedly inhibiting the production of anti-donor IgG xAbs. Also, treatment with short course LF 15-0195 and continuous @entity870 significantly reduced T-cell infiltration. Studies to test this therapy in inhibiting @entity1294 in a @entity1707 -to-non- @entity1 primate xenotransplantation model are underway.

title: Treatment with a short course of LF 15-0195 and continuous @entity205 attenuates acute xenograft rejection in a XXXX -to- @entity19 cardiac transplantation model.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1294 :: ('MESH:D015140', 'Disease') :: ['AVR', 'acute vascular rejection']

entities_list: @entity5101 :: ('MESH:C037258', 'Chemical') :: ['15-deoxyspergualin']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Searching for a novel immunosuppressive agent to effectively prevent @entity1294 ( @entity1294 ) is essential for success in clinical xenotransplantation. We previously reported that Lewis @entity35 hearts transplanted into BALB/c @entity19 developed typical @entity1294 in 6 days. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of LF 15-0195, a new immunosuppressive analog of @entity5101 in the prevention of @entity1294 in a @entity35 -to- @entity19 cardiac xenograft model. We transplanted 2-week old Lewis @entity35 hearts into BALB/c @entity19 . Four groups were included in this study: untreated recipients and @entity205 ( @entity870 ) treated recipients were controls; LF 15-0195 treated recipients or LF 15-0195 combined with @entity870 treated recipients were experimental groups. @entity19 recipients received either LF 15-0195 2 mg/kg subcutaneously from day-1 to post-operative day 14, or @entity870 15 mg/kg subcutaneously daily, from day 0 to endpoint rejection, or the two drugs in combination. We observed that high dose @entity870 did not inhibit @entity1294 and the graft was rejected in 11.3 +/- 1.9 days. Graft histology and immunohistology showed typical @entity1294 , characterized by interstitial @entity548 , intravascular fibrin deposition, @entity715 , and massive deposition of anti-rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Serum xenoreactive antibodies (xAbs) were markedly elevated in these animals as well. In contrast, we observed that treatment with LF 15-0195 alone significantly prolonged graft survival to 19.3 +/- 0.7 days. Notably, xAbs were significantly decreased and the rejection pattern of these grafts was cell-mediated rejection (CMR), instead of @entity1294 . When @entity870 was combined with LF 15-0195, the graft mean survival time was further increased to 58.5 +/- 17.3 days. Antibody production and T-cell infiltration were significantly inhibited at the terminal stages of graft survival and pathology showed striking attenuation of both @entity1294 and CMR. Sequential studies on days 6 and 14 demonstrated that LF 15-0195 either alone or combined with @entity870 completely inhibited antibody production. However, intragraft infiltration by @entity3804 positive cells including natural killer cells, macrophages and granulocytes in LF 15-0195 treated recipients was similar to that of untreated recipients. We conclude that LF 15-0195 effectively prevented @entity1294 by markedly inhibiting the production of anti-donor IgG xAbs. Also, treatment with short course LF 15-0195 and continuous @entity870 significantly reduced T-cell infiltration. Studies to test this therapy in inhibiting @entity1294 in a @entity1707 -to-non- @entity1 primate xenotransplantation model are underway.

title: Treatment with a short course of LF 15-0195 and continuous XXXX attenuates acute xenograft rejection in a @entity35 -to- @entity19 cardiac transplantation model.

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporin A']


abstract: Searching for a novel immunosuppressive agent to effectively prevent @entity1294 ( @entity1294 ) is essential for success in clinical xenotransplantation. We previously reported that Lewis @entity35 hearts transplanted into BALB/c @entity19 developed typical @entity1294 in 6 days. The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of LF 15-0195, a new immunosuppressive analog of @entity5101 in the prevention of @entity1294 in a @entity35 -to- @entity19 cardiac xenograft model. We transplanted 2-week old Lewis @entity35 hearts into BALB/c @entity19 . Four groups were included in this study: untreated recipients and @entity205 ( @entity870 ) treated recipients were controls; LF 15-0195 treated recipients or LF 15-0195 combined with @entity870 treated recipients were experimental groups. @entity19 recipients received either LF 15-0195 2 mg/kg subcutaneously from day-1 to post-operative day 14, or @entity870 15 mg/kg subcutaneously daily, from day 0 to endpoint rejection, or the two drugs in combination. We observed that high dose @entity870 did not inhibit @entity1294 and the graft was rejected in 11.3 +/- 1.9 days. Graft histology and immunohistology showed typical @entity1294 , characterized by interstitial @entity548 , intravascular fibrin deposition, @entity715 , and massive deposition of anti-rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Serum xenoreactive antibodies (xAbs) were markedly elevated in these animals as well. In contrast, we observed that treatment with LF 15-0195 alone significantly prolonged graft survival to 19.3 +/- 0.7 days. Notably, xAbs were significantly decreased and the rejection pattern of these grafts was cell-mediated rejection (CMR), instead of @entity1294 . When @entity870 was combined with LF 15-0195, the graft mean survival time was further increased to 58.5 +/- 17.3 days. Antibody production and T-cell infiltration were significantly inhibited at the terminal stages of graft survival and pathology showed striking attenuation of both @entity1294 and CMR. Sequential studies on days 6 and 14 demonstrated that LF 15-0195 either alone or combined with @entity870 completely inhibited antibody production. However, intragraft infiltration by @entity3804 positive cells including natural killer cells, macrophages and granulocytes in LF 15-0195 treated recipients was similar to that of untreated recipients. We conclude that LF 15-0195 effectively prevented @entity1294 by markedly inhibiting the production of anti-donor IgG xAbs. Also, treatment with short course LF 15-0195 and continuous @entity870 significantly reduced T-cell infiltration. Studies to test this therapy in inhibiting @entity1294 in a @entity1707 -to-non- @entity1 primate xenotransplantation model are underway.

title: Treatment with a short course of LF 15-0195 and continuous @entity205 attenuates acute xenograft rejection in a @entity35 -to- XXXX cardiac transplantation model.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: This paper describes and analyses the reasons for variation in the treatment strategies used by @entity625 sufferers. The research was undertaken among 103 @entity1 from the Australian city of Perth. Qualitative data was obtained from a clinical sample of 27 and, on the basis of that, an interview schedule was constructed and administered to a survey sample of 76 self-reported @entity625 sufferers. Data collected included comprehensive case histories, knowledge and beliefs about @entity625 , types of practitioners consulted and treatments used and a range of demographic and socioeconomic variables. On the basis of analysis, four basic treatment strategies were discerned. Named after their most salient characteristics and ranging from least to most inclusive these were 'general practitioner and/or self care', 'medical and paramedical care', 'medical and alternative care' and use of 'all sources of care'. The most important determinants of treatment strategy were characteristics of disease--severity, mode of onset and period since onset. The longer the period since onset, the wider the range of treatments utilized. When onset occurred at a relatively young age and when progression was rapid, the more frequently alternative services and treatments were employed. Disease characteristics were followed in importance by socioeconomic factors. Use of the less inclusive strategies was related to social class; with working class @entity1 relying primarily on 'general practitioner and/or self care' and middle class @entity1 using 'medical and paramedical care'. However, when onset and progression were rapid, the disease was severe and the @entity1 relatively young socioeconomic factors were of lesser importance and @entity1 from all classes made use of the more inclusive strategies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The treatment strategies of XXXX sufferers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'person']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: In this study, the hypothesis that @entity1835 socio-economic conditions in childhood may increase the probability of @entity301 in adulthood is examined. The study is based partly on the data of the East-West Study in Finland, which is part of the Seven Countries Study. The study began with 823 @entity1 in Eastern Finland and 888 @entity1 in Western Finland in 1959. The mortality and morbidity of the cohorts were followed from 1959 to 1974. Risk factors were measured in medical examinations in 1959, 1964, 1969 and 1974. Parents of those included in the sample were traced by using parish registers from 1900 to 1919. Over 90% of those in the East-West Study were found. The parents' socio-economic position (socio-economic conditions in childhood) was determined. According to our findings, the relative risks of @entity204 , @entity583 and @entity741 are systematically increased for those born landless in East Finland. Variables partly explaining the increased risk were body height and smoking. The effect of @entity165 was negligible.

title: Socio-economic conditions in childhood and mortality and morbidity caused by XXXX in adulthood in rural Finland.

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['coronary death']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: The experience with @entity295 due to coagulase-negative @entity5938 at a 623-bed primary care hospital between 1980 and 1984 was reviewed. A total of 38 episodes in 37 @entity1 were documented; data were available on 37 episodes in 36 @entity1 . The organism accounted for 3.8% of all cases of @entity295 and 6.7% of cases of @entity295 and was associated with 0.03% of all admissions. The incidence remained stable over the 5 years. The rate of survival 28 days after the episode was 78%. Most of the episodes (31) originated from infected vascular access sites. Of the 37 isolates 15 (41%), all @entity5938 , were slime producing. @entity5938 accounted for 33 of the isolates; of the 33, 5 were @entity3256 -resistant and slime producing. Various in-vitro susceptibility testing methods and testing for @entity72282 production yielded conflicting results. @entity3256 resistance, slime production and speciation as @entity5938 were not confirmed as virulence markers. Five @entity1 with @entity3256 -resistant organisms were treated with @entity2886 , and all recovered. These findings as well as examination of the literature do not support the recommendations that laboratories report such isolates as resistant to all @entity3405 agents and that @entity2176 be given in all such infections. The different case mix in community hospitals as compared with university centres results in different patterns of @entity580 . Since the community hospital @entity1 population is much larger, more information on the patterns of infections in these centres is needed.

title: @entity295 due to coagulase-negative XXXX in a community hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['Methicillin', 'methicillin']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial septicemia', 'septicemia']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity5938 :: ('1282', 'Species') :: ['S. epidermidis', 'Staphylococcus']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infection']

answer: @entity5938 :: (1282,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus']


abstract: The experience with @entity295 due to coagulase-negative @entity5938 at a 623-bed primary care hospital between 1980 and 1984 was reviewed. A total of 38 episodes in 37 @entity1 were documented; data were available on 37 episodes in 36 @entity1 . The organism accounted for 3.8% of all cases of @entity295 and 6.7% of cases of @entity295 and was associated with 0.03% of all admissions. The incidence remained stable over the 5 years. The rate of survival 28 days after the episode was 78%. Most of the episodes (31) originated from infected vascular access sites. Of the 37 isolates 15 (41%), all @entity5938 , were slime producing. @entity5938 accounted for 33 of the isolates; of the 33, 5 were @entity3256 -resistant and slime producing. Various in-vitro susceptibility testing methods and testing for @entity72282 production yielded conflicting results. @entity3256 resistance, slime production and speciation as @entity5938 were not confirmed as virulence markers. Five @entity1 with @entity3256 -resistant organisms were treated with @entity2886 , and all recovered. These findings as well as examination of the literature do not support the recommendations that laboratories report such isolates as resistant to all @entity3405 agents and that @entity2176 be given in all such infections. The different case mix in community hospitals as compared with university centres results in different patterns of @entity580 . Since the community hospital @entity1 population is much larger, more information on the patterns of infections in these centres is needed.

title: XXXX due to coagulase-negative @entity5938 in a community hospital.

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['Septicemia']


abstract: Flow cytometrically determined cellular DNA content has been measured on specimens from 101 @entity1 affected by @entity2 (40 epidermoid cell @entity189 , 22 @entity420 , 21 @entity152 , 11 @entity4153 , and seven @entity189 ), and one by @entity2615 . Ninety-eight of 102 (96%) @entity1 with @entity5 evidenced the occurrence of at least one cytometrically aneuploid cell subpopulation. Fifty-five of 102 (54%) cases evidenced the occurrence of multiclonality, that is, the presence of more than one aneuploid stem cell line. However, the incidence of @entity2 was statistically different in surgical cases (where multiple site sampling from the primary and lymph nodes was possible) in comparison to the nonsurgical ones (e.g., bronchial washing): 48/77 (62%) and six of 24 (25%), respectively. Therefore, only the 77 surgical @entity1 were used for further analysis. The cases were classified according to the @entity894 ( @entity894 ) in the following way: Group A ( @entity5 with one or more stem lines with @entity894 ranging from 1 to 2) and Group B ( @entity5 with at least one stem line with @entity894 less than 1 or greater than 2). A significant correlation has been found between the cytometric ploidy condition so defined (Groups A and B) and the @entity5 mass doubling time (DT), Group B being associated with fast growing @entity5 (DT lower than 90 days). A statistically better 12-month survival rate (5-year maximum follow-up) was observed in Group A (88%) in respect to Group B (47%) and is evident in the @entity1 survival time course. A better prognostic indication can be achieved by stratifying the @entity1 according to both the cytometric ploidy condition and the @entity5 DT. Flow cytometric data can usefully contribute to the prognostic @entity2 provided that representative cellular material is collected by multiple site sampling.

title: Prognostic significance of flow XXXX . A 5-year study.

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplastic disease', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['assessment of lung carcinoma', 'lung cancer', 'multiclonality in lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma', 'undifferentiated carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['cytometry in lung cancer']


abstract: The authors describe 4 @entity1 with grave @entity2150 that developed after @entity99 . In two cases @entity3894 occurred at the @entity99 , in one during convalescence, and in one 5 months after the recovery from @entity99 . The counter electrophoresis technique failed to reveal the Australian antigen in all the 4 cases. Ninety per cent of @entity1 out of over 200 reported cases of @entity2150 that developed after @entity99 died. Of the 4 cases followed up by the authors, 3 @entity1 died. One of the female @entity1 was subjected to splenectomy 3 weeks after the occurrence of grave @entity3894 with fatty bone marrow with a purpose of immunodepression. Splenectomy entailed a considerable decrease in @entity548 . Later on the @entity1 was treated with caprine antilymphocytic globulin. At present the @entity1 is in a state of remission. The problems of the pathogenesis of @entity2150 following @entity99 and potentialities of the disease treatment are under discussion.

title: [ XXXX after @entity99 ].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic diathesis']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anemia']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['acute virus hepatitis', 'icteric period of hepatitis', 'hepatitis']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['Aplastic anemia']


abstract: The authors describe 4 @entity1 with grave @entity2150 that developed after @entity99 . In two cases @entity3894 occurred at the @entity99 , in one during convalescence, and in one 5 months after the recovery from @entity99 . The counter electrophoresis technique failed to reveal the Australian antigen in all the 4 cases. Ninety per cent of @entity1 out of over 200 reported cases of @entity2150 that developed after @entity99 died. Of the 4 cases followed up by the authors, 3 @entity1 died. One of the female @entity1 was subjected to splenectomy 3 weeks after the occurrence of grave @entity3894 with fatty bone marrow with a purpose of immunodepression. Splenectomy entailed a considerable decrease in @entity548 . Later on the @entity1 was treated with caprine antilymphocytic globulin. At present the @entity1 is in a state of remission. The problems of the pathogenesis of @entity2150 following @entity99 and potentialities of the disease treatment are under discussion.

title: [ @entity2150 after XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['acute viral hepatitis']


abstract: Six circus lions (Panthera leo) showed @entity51 after consuming casualty broiler @entity1573 . Signs included @entity2055 , hindlimb @entity912 and recumbency. Neurological examination of two affected males showed @entity912 of extraocular muscles, fixed dilated pupils and inability to swallow. Replacement fluids and antibiotics were given and @entity6940 type C antitoxin was found in serum samples. Type C antitoxin was not then available and therapy was started in one lioness with @entity2097 . @entity410 were controlled by @entity3175 but this animal died. One of the two males was given type C antitoxin; both were given anabolic @entity230 . All the remaining animals made slow recoveries over varying periods; one lion was recumbent for 41 days. No lion developed @entity4589 ; other animals which had consumed the @entity1573 remained healthy. Aspects of the treatment of @entity6938 in animals are discussed.

title: Diagnosis and treatment of XXXX in lions.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['Convulsions']

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity4589 :: ('MESH:D012133', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory paralysis']

entities_list: @entity6940 :: ('1491', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium botulinum']

entities_list: @entity2097 :: ('MESH:D019791', 'Chemical') :: ['guanidine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological and gastrointestinal signs']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity6938 :: (MESH:D001906,Disease) :: ['botulism']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the use of intrathecal chemotherapy for two @entity1 with recurrent central nervous system (CNS) @entity6537 . DESIGN: Two interventional case reports. @entity1 : The clinical course of two @entity1 with documented recurrent CNS @entity6537 were retrospectively reviewed. INTERVENTION: Both @entity1 had previously undergone external beam radiation therapy to the orbit and brain, as well as systemic @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) and intrathecal @entity2592 ( @entity2592 ), for primary CNS @entity6537 . Both @entity1 developed recurrent CNS @entity6537 and treatment involved intrathecal @entity1500 and @entity2592 delivered by means of an Ommaya reservoir. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survival and resolution of @entity6537 . RESULTS: Complete remission of the CNS @entity6537 was seen in both @entity1 . Both @entity1 maintain reading visual acuity in at least one eye. Both @entity1 remain disease free with @entity706 for greater than 5 years after initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathecal chemotherapy for recurrent CNS @entity6537 seems to be effective in preserving vision and possibly increasing survival.

title: Intrathecal chemotherapy for recurrent central nervous system XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma in remission']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytarabine', 'Ara-C']

entities_list: @entity6537 :: ('MESH:D064090', 'Disease') :: ['intraocular lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity6537 :: (MESH:D064090,Disease) :: ['intraocular lymphoma']


abstract: CONTEXT: Concern about additional costs for direct @entity1 care impedes efforts to enroll @entity1 in clinical trials. But generalizable evidence substantiating these concerns is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the additional cost of treating @entity5 @entity1 in the National @entity5 Institute (NCI)-sponsored clinical trials in the United States across a range of trial phases, treatment modalities, and @entity1 care settings. DESIGN: Retrospective cost study using a multistage, stratified, random sample of @entity1 enrolled in 1 of 35 active phase 3 trials or phase 1 or any phase 2 trials between October 1, 1998, and December 31, 1999. Unadjusted and adjusted costs were compared and related to trial phase, institution type, and vital status. SETTING AND @entity1 : A representative sample of 932 @entity5 @entity1 enrolled in nonpediatric, NCI-sponsored clinical trials and 696 nonparticipants with a similar stage of disease not enrolled in a research protocol from 83 @entity5 clinical research institutions across the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Direct treatment costs as measured using a combination of medical records, telephone survey, and Medicare claims data. Administrative and other research costs were excluded. RESULTS: The incremental costs of direct care in trials were modest. Over approximately a 2.5-year period, adjusted costs were 6.5% higher for trial @entity1 than nonparticipants (35,418 dollars vs 33,248 dollars; P =.11). Cost differences for phase 3 studies were 3.5% (P =.22), lower than for phase 1 or 2 trials (12.8%; P =.20). Trial @entity1 who died had higher costs than nonparticipants who died (17.9%; 39,420 dollars vs 33,432 dollars, respectively; P =.15). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment costs for nonpediatric clinical trial @entity1 are on average 6.5% higher than what they would be if @entity1 did not enroll. This implies total incremental treatment costs for NCI-sponsored trials of 16 million dollars in 1999. Incremental costs were higher for @entity1 who died and who were in early phase studies although these findings deserve further scrutiny. Overall, the additional treatment costs of an open reimbursement policy for government-sponsored @entity5 clinical trials appear minimal.

title: Incremental treatment costs in national XXXX institute-sponsored clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract (OBSE) is known to contain @entity6398 , which may possess antioxidant activities. @entity6398 extracted from several plants are reported to exhibit cariostatic activities by inhibiting mutans @entity6586 growth and glucosyltransferase activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the inhibitory effects of OBSE on the development of @entity1547 , both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: OBSE was investigated for its inhibitory effects on cellular aggregation, hydrophobicity, @entity969 -dependent adherence and insoluble glucan synthesis. Furthermore, biofilm formation was examined in the presence of OBSE, using confocal microscopic imaging. An animal experiment was also performed to examine the in vivo effects. RESULTS: OBSE induced a strong aggregation of @entity6586 MT8148 cells, while cell surface hydrophobicity was decreased by approximately 90% at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The @entity969 -dependent adherence of the MT8148 cells was also reduced by addition of OBSE, with a reduction rate of 73% seen at a concentration of 1.00 mg/ml. Additionally, confocal microscopic observations revealed the biofilm development phase to be remarkably changed in the presence of OBSE. Furthermore, insoluble glucan synthesis was significantly reduced when OBSE was present at concentrations greater than 0.03 mg/ml. In an animal experiment, the caries scores in @entity35 given OBSE (0.05 mg/ml in drinking water) were significantly lower than those in @entity35 given water without OBSE. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that OBSE has inhibitory activity on @entity1547 .

title: Inhibitory effects of @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract on @entity6586 and @entity6586 -induced XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity6586 :: ('1309', 'Species') :: ['streptococcus', 'Streptococcus mutans']

entities_list: @entity66292 :: ('3942', 'Species') :: ['Oenothera biennis']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['dental caries']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity6398 :: ('MESH:D059808', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyphenols', 'polyphenols']

answer: @entity1547 :: (MESH:D003731,Disease) :: ['dental caries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract (OBSE) is known to contain @entity6398 , which may possess antioxidant activities. @entity6398 extracted from several plants are reported to exhibit cariostatic activities by inhibiting mutans @entity6586 growth and glucosyltransferase activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the inhibitory effects of OBSE on the development of @entity1547 , both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: OBSE was investigated for its inhibitory effects on cellular aggregation, hydrophobicity, @entity969 -dependent adherence and insoluble glucan synthesis. Furthermore, biofilm formation was examined in the presence of OBSE, using confocal microscopic imaging. An animal experiment was also performed to examine the in vivo effects. RESULTS: OBSE induced a strong aggregation of @entity6586 MT8148 cells, while cell surface hydrophobicity was decreased by approximately 90% at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The @entity969 -dependent adherence of the MT8148 cells was also reduced by addition of OBSE, with a reduction rate of 73% seen at a concentration of 1.00 mg/ml. Additionally, confocal microscopic observations revealed the biofilm development phase to be remarkably changed in the presence of OBSE. Furthermore, insoluble glucan synthesis was significantly reduced when OBSE was present at concentrations greater than 0.03 mg/ml. In an animal experiment, the caries scores in @entity35 given OBSE (0.05 mg/ml in drinking water) were significantly lower than those in @entity35 given water without OBSE. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that OBSE has inhibitory activity on @entity1547 .

title: Inhibitory effects of @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract on XXXX and @entity6586 -induced @entity1547 in @entity35 .

answer: @entity6586 :: (1309,Species) :: ['Streptococcus mutans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract (OBSE) is known to contain @entity6398 , which may possess antioxidant activities. @entity6398 extracted from several plants are reported to exhibit cariostatic activities by inhibiting mutans @entity6586 growth and glucosyltransferase activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the inhibitory effects of OBSE on the development of @entity1547 , both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: OBSE was investigated for its inhibitory effects on cellular aggregation, hydrophobicity, @entity969 -dependent adherence and insoluble glucan synthesis. Furthermore, biofilm formation was examined in the presence of OBSE, using confocal microscopic imaging. An animal experiment was also performed to examine the in vivo effects. RESULTS: OBSE induced a strong aggregation of @entity6586 MT8148 cells, while cell surface hydrophobicity was decreased by approximately 90% at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The @entity969 -dependent adherence of the MT8148 cells was also reduced by addition of OBSE, with a reduction rate of 73% seen at a concentration of 1.00 mg/ml. Additionally, confocal microscopic observations revealed the biofilm development phase to be remarkably changed in the presence of OBSE. Furthermore, insoluble glucan synthesis was significantly reduced when OBSE was present at concentrations greater than 0.03 mg/ml. In an animal experiment, the caries scores in @entity35 given OBSE (0.05 mg/ml in drinking water) were significantly lower than those in @entity35 given water without OBSE. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that OBSE has inhibitory activity on @entity1547 .

title: Inhibitory effects of @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract on @entity6586 and XXXX -induced @entity1547 in @entity35 .

answer: @entity6586 :: (1309,Species) :: ['S. mutans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract (OBSE) is known to contain @entity6398 , which may possess antioxidant activities. @entity6398 extracted from several plants are reported to exhibit cariostatic activities by inhibiting mutans @entity6586 growth and glucosyltransferase activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the inhibitory effects of OBSE on the development of @entity1547 , both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: OBSE was investigated for its inhibitory effects on cellular aggregation, hydrophobicity, @entity969 -dependent adherence and insoluble glucan synthesis. Furthermore, biofilm formation was examined in the presence of OBSE, using confocal microscopic imaging. An animal experiment was also performed to examine the in vivo effects. RESULTS: OBSE induced a strong aggregation of @entity6586 MT8148 cells, while cell surface hydrophobicity was decreased by approximately 90% at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The @entity969 -dependent adherence of the MT8148 cells was also reduced by addition of OBSE, with a reduction rate of 73% seen at a concentration of 1.00 mg/ml. Additionally, confocal microscopic observations revealed the biofilm development phase to be remarkably changed in the presence of OBSE. Furthermore, insoluble glucan synthesis was significantly reduced when OBSE was present at concentrations greater than 0.03 mg/ml. In an animal experiment, the caries scores in @entity35 given OBSE (0.05 mg/ml in drinking water) were significantly lower than those in @entity35 given water without OBSE. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that OBSE has inhibitory activity on @entity1547 .

title: Inhibitory effects of XXXX (evening primrose) seed extract on @entity6586 and @entity6586 -induced @entity1547 in @entity35 .

answer: @entity66292 :: (3942,Species) :: ['Oenothera biennis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract (OBSE) is known to contain @entity6398 , which may possess antioxidant activities. @entity6398 extracted from several plants are reported to exhibit cariostatic activities by inhibiting mutans @entity6586 growth and glucosyltransferase activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the inhibitory effects of OBSE on the development of @entity1547 , both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: OBSE was investigated for its inhibitory effects on cellular aggregation, hydrophobicity, @entity969 -dependent adherence and insoluble glucan synthesis. Furthermore, biofilm formation was examined in the presence of OBSE, using confocal microscopic imaging. An animal experiment was also performed to examine the in vivo effects. RESULTS: OBSE induced a strong aggregation of @entity6586 MT8148 cells, while cell surface hydrophobicity was decreased by approximately 90% at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. The @entity969 -dependent adherence of the MT8148 cells was also reduced by addition of OBSE, with a reduction rate of 73% seen at a concentration of 1.00 mg/ml. Additionally, confocal microscopic observations revealed the biofilm development phase to be remarkably changed in the presence of OBSE. Furthermore, insoluble glucan synthesis was significantly reduced when OBSE was present at concentrations greater than 0.03 mg/ml. In an animal experiment, the caries scores in @entity35 given OBSE (0.05 mg/ml in drinking water) were significantly lower than those in @entity35 given water without OBSE. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that OBSE has inhibitory activity on @entity1547 .

title: Inhibitory effects of @entity66292 (evening primrose) seed extract on @entity6586 and @entity6586 -induced @entity1547 in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The nature of adrenoceptors in basilar arteries of neonatal @entity35 was investigated by means of electrophysiological techniques. In immature (2-6 day postnatal) @entity35 , micro-injection of @entity1063 elicited a depolarization which consisted of two components. The initial 'fast' component (time to peak of 0.3-4s) was slightly reduced by @entity5521 and was not antagonized by @entity1169 . The second 'slow' component (time to peak of about 50s) was not blocked by @entity5521 but was antagonized by low concentrations (10(-7) M) of @entity1169 . In immature @entity35 , micro-injection of @entity3044 was more potent than @entity1063 in evoking the 'slow' depolarization but less effective in eliciting the 'fast' response. The pharmacology with respect to adrenoceptor antagonists of both components of the @entity3044 - and @entity1063 -induced depolarizations was similar. There was some evidence of inhibitory beta-adrenoceptors in immature @entity35 basilar vessels. In adult @entity35 (6 week old) @entity1063 produced a large 'fast' depolarization which was followed by a 'slow' tail response. Both components were not antagonized by @entity5521 or @entity1169 . It appears that in the basilar artery of neonatal @entity35 there are excitatory alpha- and inhibitory beta-adrenoceptors but the major responses to @entity1063 and @entity3044 are mediated by gamma- and excitatory beta-receptors. In adult animals the gamma-adrenoceptor predominates. Experiments were carried out in which agonists were applied by ionophoresis. These results confirm the presence of excitatory beta-receptors in neonatal basilar vessels and show the response has slow kinetics and it is likely that the beta-receptors are distributed uniformly over the smooth muscle surface. In adult animals it was not possible to elicit an excitatory beta-receptor-mediated response. The ionophoretic application of @entity1063 never evoked a perceptible depolarization which could be attributed to gamma-adrenoceptor stimulation. This result is discussed in terms of receptor distribution with respect to synaptic function in a syncytium.

title: Electrophysiological analysis of the nature of adrenoceptors in the XXXX basilar artery during development.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: @entity4681 usually arise from the vertebral body. @entity2695 are rare lesions, and most reported cases are cavernous. We report a case of a @entity8702 in the thoracic epidural space. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The 57-year-old male @entity1 initially presented with low thoracic spine @entity158 . A magnetic resonance image of the thoracolumbar spine demonstrated an avidly enhancing epidural @entity66 in the lower thoracic spine with extension into the adjacent foramina at 2 levels on the right side. The @entity1 developed progressive @entity602 over the course of 2.5 years despite minimal radiological changes. Surgical treatment resulted in good recovery. Histopathologically, the lesion corresponded to a @entity5 composed of vessels of various calibers with fibrous septa between them. CONCLUSION: Early treatment of this type of lesion should be advocated to prevent deterioration and permanent @entity51 . Appropriate treatment appears to be gross total resection.

title: A case of a spinal epidural XXXX : case report.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['mass lesion']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['Epidural hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['vascular tumor']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity8702 :: ('MESH:D018324', 'Disease') :: ['capillary hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

answer: @entity8702 :: (MESH:D018324,Disease) :: ['capillary hemangioma']


abstract: A bioassay of @entity71048 for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by administering the test chemical in feed to F344 @entity35 and B6C3F1 @entity19 . Groups of 50 @entity35 of each sex and 50 @entity19 of each sex were administered @entity71048 at one of two doses, either 2,500 or 5,000 ppm, for 103 weeks, then observed for 2 additional weeks. Matched controls consisted of 50 untreated @entity35 of each sex and 50 untreated @entity19 of each sex. All surviving @entity35 were killed at 105 or 106 weeks and all surviving @entity19 at 104 or 105 weeks. Administration of @entity71048 had no appreciable effect on the mean body weights of the @entity35 and @entity19 of either sex. No clinical signs related to administration of the test chemical were noted in the @entity35 . Survivals of the @entity35 and @entity19 at the end of the bioassay were not affected by the test chemical. Both species may have been able to tolerate higher doses. In @entity35 and @entity19 of each sex, no @entity5 occurred at incidences that clearly were related to administration of the test chemical. Although it is recognized that both @entity35 and @entity19 may not have received a dose of the test chemical sufficiently high to provide maximum test sensitivity, it is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, @entity71048 was not carcinogenic for F344 @entity35 or B6C3F1 @entity19 .

title: Bioassay of XXXX for possible carcinogenicity.

entities_list: @entity71048 :: ('MESH:C004782', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethyl terephthalate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity71048 :: (MESH:C004782,Chemical) :: ['dimethyl terephthalate']


abstract: A bioassay of @entity72283 for possible carcinogenicity was conducted using Fischer 344 @entity35 and B6C3F1 @entity19 . @entity72283 was administered in the feed, at either of two concentrations, to groups of 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. The time-weighted average high and low dietary concentrations of @entity72283 were, respectively, 0.01 and 0.005 percent for @entity35 , and 0.23 and 0.12 percent for @entity19 . After a 78-week period of compound administration, observation of the @entity35 continued for an additional 30 to 31 weeks and observation of the @entity19 continued for up to an additional 20 weeks. For each species, 50 animals of each sex were placed on test as controls and fed only the basal diet. There were no significant positive associations between the concentration of @entity72283 administered and mortality in @entity35 or @entity19 of either sex, and adequate numbers of animals in all groups survived sufficiently long to be at risk from late-developing @entity5 . No @entity5 were observed in @entity35 of either sex and no convincing statistical evidence was provided for a significant positive association between compound administration and the incidence of any @entity5 in @entity35 . Among @entity19 there was a statistically significant positive association between administration of the chemical and the incidences of @entity157 in both males and females. The combined incidence of @entity2695 and @entity5426 in male @entity19 and the incidence of @entity5426 in female @entity19 were not statistically significant in relation to their respective control groups. However, they were considered to be associated with compound administration since they rarely occur in untreated B6C3F1 @entity19 . Under the conditions of this bioassay @entity72283 was carcinogenic in B6C3F1 @entity19 , causing @entity157 in both sexes, an increase in the combined incidence of @entity2695 and @entity5426 in male @entity19 , and an increased incidence of @entity5426 in female @entity19 . The compound was not carcinogenic in Fischer 344 @entity35 .

title: Bioassay of XXXX for possible carcinogenicity (CAS No. 99-55-8).

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['unusual tumors', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity72283 :: ('CHEBI:66891', 'Chemical') :: ['5-nitro-o-toluidine', '5-Nitro-o-toluidine']

answer: @entity72283 :: (CHEBI:66891,Chemical) :: ['5-nitro-o-toluidine']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: @entity879 ( @entity879 ) is defined as an abrupt deterioration of liver function in @entity1 with established @entity409 . Kidney function is almost universally altered in @entity1 with @entity879 due to underlying circulatory abnormalities. We review current advances during the past year in the diagnosis and management of @entity177 in @entity879 . RECENT FINDINGS: The adequate measurement of renal function by means of clearance methods remains the gold standard for estimation of the glomerular filtration rate in @entity1 with @entity82 . The new definition of @entity810 needs to be specifically studied in @entity1 with @entity82 . Alternative kidney biomarkers of renal function in @entity82 are promising and need further investigation. The most common cause of @entity177 in @entity82 is that associated with @entity281 followed by @entity3485 -induced @entity177 , intrinsic @entity8 , @entity3182 , and drug-induced @entity177 . @entity1887 commonly occurs in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity1344 . The proper diagnosis relies on corticotropin stimulation testing and the role of @entity701 therapy in these @entity1 merits further investigation. @entity2753 in @entity82 is a major risk factor for the development of @entity99 and is associated with a poor outcome in @entity1 with @entity879 and also after deceased donor and living-related liver transplantation. Vasoconstrictor drugs, particularly terlipressin, are effective for the management of @entity3182 . Predictive factors of response to terlipressin include serum @entity648 levels and the presence of an early increase in mean arterial pressure. SUMMARY: The ongoing advances in the diagnosis and management of @entity1 with @entity879 and @entity177 will improve the diagnosis, therapy and outcome of these @entity1 .

title: XXXX : the kidneys.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['hemodynamic instability']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal diseases']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity3182 :: ('MESH:D006530', 'Disease') :: ['hepatorenal syndrome']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['ACLF', 'Acute-on-chronic liver failure']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['Adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute kidney injury']

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['hypovolemia']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['Hyponatremia']

answer: @entity879 :: (MESH:D017114,Disease) :: ['Acute-on-chronic liver failure']


abstract: Families of individuals with @entity1032 face a range of practical and emotional stresses. Studies that have addressed the sources of these burdens are limited. Literature suggests that burdens could come from the stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with @entity1032 and inadequate public resources. Nevertheless, how public attitudes and availability of public resources have affected the burden on @entity1 ' families remains to be studied. This study set out to explore the relationship between stigma, accessibility of mental health facilities and family burden through individual interviews of @entity1 ' relatives in order to understand the burden on mentally ill @entity1 ' relatives from their perspectives. Ten interviewees from two out- @entity1 @entity146 clinics were recruited and interviewed. Each interviewee had at least one family member receiving out- @entity1 @entity146 services. Altogether 11 mentally ill @entity1 were involved. Data analyses showed that much of the burden was related to stigma and to lack of mental health and rehabilitation services. Consequences included social isolation of the families, @entity4764 experienced by the mentally ill @entity1 when trying to obtain competitive employment and financial @entity4764 . Subjective burden resulting from social stigma included frustration, @entity148 , low self-esteem and helplessness. Implications of the findings to social policy and development of mental health services were discussed.

title: Sources of burdens on families of individuals with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity4764 :: ('MESH:D051346', 'Disease') :: ['difficulties']

answer: @entity1032 :: (MESH:D008607,Disease) :: ['mental illness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to critically assess long-term outcomes after open reconstruction of @entity91 within the recent decade. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective, institutional review board-approved review of open repair for @entity91 between 1997 and 2009. Surgical factors, complications, and long-term outcomes were assessed. Pearson chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 212 @entity1 , 72 underwent primary extended synostectomy and 140 had traditional open craniofacial repair. Mean follow-up was 36.3 months (range, 0.5 to 138 months). Indications included sagittal (n = 96), metopic (n = 40), unicoronal (n = 33), bicoronal (n = 24), multisutural (n = 15), bilambdoidal (n = 3), and unilambdoidal (n = 1) synostoses; 8.5 percent of @entity1 were syndromic. Surgical reconstruction was performed at a mean age of 11.3 months (range, 0.2 to 117.8 months), including nonsyndromic @entity1 at an average age of 10.6 months and syndromic @entity1 at age 19.3 months. There were no deaths. A 3.3 percent complication rate included two cerebral contusions, two @entity1410 , one @entity5173 , and one wound breakdown. @entity1 were categorized as 89.2 percent Whitaker class I/II and 10.8 percent Whitaker class III/IV. Major and total reoperation rates were 9.0 percent and 10.8 percent, respectively. Higher total reoperation rate and Whitaker class III/IV distribution significantly correlated with syndromic diagnosis, @entity8213 , and surgical age younger than 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: In this experience of contemporary open @entity91 surgery, rates of morbidity, mortality, and reoperation were low. These results support the merits of surgical delay, targeting an age of 6 months or older, and may serve as a more accurate metric of comparison to current minimally invasive techniques for @entity91 repair.

title: Long-term outcomes of primary craniofacial reconstruction for XXXX : a 12-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8213 :: ('MESH:D013580', 'Disease') :: ['bicoronal synostosis']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal fluid leak, one infection']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

entities_list: @entity91 :: ('MESH:D003398', 'Disease') :: ['craniosynostosis']

answer: @entity91 :: (MESH:D003398,Disease) :: ['craniosynostosis']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of surgery versus conservative treatment on @entity158 , disability, and loss of quality of life caused by symptomatic @entity2649 ( @entity2649 ). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity2649 is the most common reason for spine surgery in @entity1 older than 65 years in the United States. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any form of conservative and surgical treatment were searched in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and TripDatabase databases until July 2009, with no language restrictions. Additional data were requested from the authors of the original studies. The methodological quality of each study was assessed independently by two reviewers, following the criteria recommended by the Cochrane Back Review Group. Only data from randomized cohorts were extracted. RESULTS: A total of 739 citations were reviewed. Eleven publications corresponding to five RCTs were included. All five scored as high quality despite concerns deriving from heterogeneity of treatment, lack of blinding, and potential differences in the size of the placebo effect across groups. They included a total of 918 @entity1 in whom conservative treatments had failed for 3 to 6 months, and included orthosis, rehabilitation, physical therapy, exercise, heat and cold, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, ultrasounds, analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and epidural @entity230 . Surgical treatments included the implantation of a specific type of interspinous device and decompressive surgery (with and without fusion, instrumented or not). In all the studies, surgery showed better results for @entity158 , disability, and quality of life, although not for walking ability. Results of surgery were similar among @entity1 with and without spondylolisthesis, and slightly better among those with @entity613 than among those without it. The advantage of surgery was noticeable at 3 to 6 months and remained for up to 2 to 4 years, although at the end of that period differences tended to be smaller. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with symptomatic @entity2649 , the implantation of a specific type of device or decompressive surgery, with or without fusion, is more effective than continued conservative treatment when the latter has failed for 3 to 6 months.

title: Surgery versus conservative treatment for symptomatic XXXX : a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['LSS', 'lumbar spinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic claudication']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity2649 :: (MESH:C563613,Disease) :: ['lumbar spinal stenosis']


abstract: Both preclinical and clinical evidence support the usefulness of antidepressants in chronic @entity158 treatment. @entity1154 uptake inhibitors influence the neurotransmissions of @entity1063 (NA) and/or @entity750 ( @entity750 ); their effect on nociception is thought to take place predominantly within the spinal cord. Antidepressant drugs seem to differ in their properties as analgesics and as thymoleptics. The present work is aimed at correlating the special mechanism of action of antidepressants in diminishing nocicepetion with the pharmacological profile of these drugs in clinical @entity158 treatment. From a preclinical, experimental point of view, it can be expected, that mixed type uptake blockers should be superior to selective NA or @entity750 uptake inhibitors. The analgesic profile of antidepressants was established by a metaanalysis of clinical trials on the effect of these drugs, given alone or in combination with other analgetics, in @entity1118 . 57 Clinical trials were separated into 5 groups according to their scientific quality: [1] placebo-controlled double-blind studies with high power; [2] placebo-controlled double-blind studies with low power; [3-4] open controlled studies or studies with historical controls; [5] case reports. A study was positive if the tested antidepressant was more effective than placebo or the compared drug or seemed beneficial with respect to the interval of its previous absence. The most effective antidepressants in chronic @entity158 treatment only included unselective @entity1154 reuptake inhibitors in the following rank order: @entity3659 > @entity8991 > or = @entity5829 > or = @entity2645 > or = @entity11886 . A statement about the appropriate dosage of these drugs in chronic @entity158 treatment, however, must wait for properly conducted dose finding studies which include the measurement of plasma concentrations.

title: [ XXXX treatment with antidepressants--metaanalysis].

entities_list: @entity8991 :: ('MESH:D002997', 'Chemical') :: ['clomipramine']

entities_list: @entity3659 :: ('MESH:D000639', 'Chemical') :: ['amitriptyline']

entities_list: @entity5829 :: ('MESH:D003891', 'Chemical') :: ['desipramine']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['Monoamine', 'monoamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain syndromes']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['Chronic pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The insufficiency of @entity158 therapy for @entity5 @entity1 is a frequent complained. One reason for this deficit may be the great amount of time required for the management of @entity1 with far @entity1442 . The objective of this paper is the calculation of time for this therapy. METHODS: All relevant data on @entity158 treatment of 126 @entity1 were followed up in an anaesthesiology outpatient facility and their therapy was recorded retrospectively over a period of 52 months. RESULTS: During a period of 18,798 observation days 1,634 @entity158 therapy consultations were performed, on average 13 per @entity1 (1 to 95). The mean duration of therapy was 149 days. The percentage of consultations at home was 46%, most of them (80%) were scheduled, the remaining 20% were emergency consultations that were immediately necessary, at night or on Sundays. Altogether, the mean time for therapy including travel time was about 7 h until the end of the therapy. Only 13.5% of @entity1 died in a hospital. CONCLUSION: Because of the great amount of time necessary for @entity5 therapy close collaboration of all physicians involved in analgesic/palliative care is essential. This requires a good basic knowledge of all colleagues about the specialties of @entity5 therapy as well as good commitment by the @entity158 specialists.

title: [Time used for outpatient @entity5 XXXX therapy].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced diseases']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The insufficiency of @entity158 therapy for @entity5 @entity1 is a frequent complained. One reason for this deficit may be the great amount of time required for the management of @entity1 with far @entity1442 . The objective of this paper is the calculation of time for this therapy. METHODS: All relevant data on @entity158 treatment of 126 @entity1 were followed up in an anaesthesiology outpatient facility and their therapy was recorded retrospectively over a period of 52 months. RESULTS: During a period of 18,798 observation days 1,634 @entity158 therapy consultations were performed, on average 13 per @entity1 (1 to 95). The mean duration of therapy was 149 days. The percentage of consultations at home was 46%, most of them (80%) were scheduled, the remaining 20% were emergency consultations that were immediately necessary, at night or on Sundays. Altogether, the mean time for therapy including travel time was about 7 h until the end of the therapy. Only 13.5% of @entity1 died in a hospital. CONCLUSION: Because of the great amount of time necessary for @entity5 therapy close collaboration of all physicians involved in analgesic/palliative care is essential. This requires a good basic knowledge of all colleagues about the specialties of @entity5 therapy as well as good commitment by the @entity158 specialists.

title: [Time used for outpatient XXXX @entity158 therapy].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: Sympathetic postganglionic neurons may be involved in the generation of @entity158 , @entity1931 and @entity13624 under pathophysiological conditions. Experiments on animal models show that two categories of influence of the sympathetic neuron on afferent neurons can be distinguished and this distinction seems to be related as to whether sympathetic-afferent coupling develops after @entity66 or after tissue @entity130 with @entity32 . (1) @entity1897 generates plastic changes of the afferent and sympathetic postganglionic neurons. This may lead to chemical coupling between sympathetic and afferent neurons which may entail activation and/or sensitization of primary afferent neurons by the sympathetic neurons. The mediator is probably @entity1063 and the afferent neuron expresses or upregulates functional adrenoceptors. The coupling may occur at different sites of the primary afferent neuron, e. g., at the lesion site, remote from the lesion site in the dorsal root ganglion or between nonlesioned sympathetic and afferent neurons which show collateral sprouting. The biochemical signals which trigger these changes probably are neurotrophic substances and their receptors which are synthesized by the peripheral neurons, Schwann cells and other cells in response to the peripheral lesions. (2) Sympathetic nerve terminals in peripheral tissues may serve as mediator elements in @entity1931 and during @entity32 following tissue @entity130 without @entity66 . This function is largely independent of activity in the sympathetic neurons and independent of vesicular release of transmitter substances. The signals are probably synthesized and released from the sympathetic terminal or in association with it and belong to the @entity2918 (probably @entity1421 or PGI(2)). Furthermore, @entity4150 ( @entity4150 ) has a @entity1931 action in @entity32 which is at least in part dependent on the sympathetic nervous system.

title: [Sympathetic nervous system and XXXX : pathophysiological mechanisms].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia', 'hyperalgesic']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nerve lesion']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral nerve lesion']

entities_list: @entity4150 :: ('4803', 'Gene') :: ['nerve growth factor', 'NGF']

entities_list: @entity13624 :: ('MESH:D020078', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic inflammation']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This review of radiological and other procedures used in the diagnosis of (chronic) @entity1643 is not intended to provide a complete evaluation of the methods employed, because the validity, specificity and sensitivity of the various diagnostic measures are the subject of so much controversy that a comprehensive discussion would be beyond the scope of the present overview. The choice of method depends not only on the clinical symptoms but also on the localisation of the @entity158 , the aetiology of which may also be related to the age of the @entity1 . CAUSES OF PAIN: @entity158 is usually derived from anatomical structures around the roots of a nerve, but it may be of discogenic origin. Diagnosis is achieved by a combination of radiological and neurophysiological methods. It is far more difficult to localise the cause of chronic @entity1643 , because the main pathological structures can be the intra-articular portions of the vertebral body, the vertebral body itself, the ligamenta intervertebralia or the muscles. Using @entity170 as an example, the structures of the spine which may cause @entity158 are discussed and the possible diagnostic methods are described. In addition to diagnostic procedures like CT or MRT, use can also be made of interventional radiological methods like discography or facet-joint injections. Such techniques can be supplemented by diagnostic tests under local anaesthesia which may be useful in helping to define the @entity158 . Repeated use of these procedures is only justified if the character of the @entity158 changes or the @entity158 suddenly becomes more pronounced. An algorithm is presented as a guideline only, because a more standardised approach does not give sufficient consideration to the personal experience of the individual user.

title: [Radiological and electrodiagnostic methods in the diagnosis of chronic pain syndromes: chronic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoradiculary low-back pain', 'low-back pain']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'Radiculary pain']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low-back pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to get more information about the prevalence of @entity1118 in different practices of home physicians. 900 @entity1 of five different specialists (general medicine, internal medicine, neurology, orthopaedics, surgery) in the german town Bochum were investigated with a questionnaire about @entity1118 . @entity1118 was defined as a continuous or intermittend @entity158 of longer duration than six months. RESULTS: 36% (328 @entity1 ) of all investigated @entity1 had @entity1118 due to this definition, twice more @entity1 than @entity1 . The four most frequent localisations of @entity1118 were the back, the head, the joints and the legs. 15% of the @entity1 with @entity1118 were retired or going to retire due to their @entity1118 . Orthopaedics were the most frequent physicians visited in the past. Only 5% of the @entity1 had a psychological therapy and only 1% were treated in a @entity158 clinic. The primary treatment strategies of the @entity1118 were physiotherapy and drug therapy. 30% of the @entity1 did not have any @entity158 relieve by the past treatment strategies. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity1118 are a frequent and important problem in practices of home physicians. The high frequency of @entity1 with @entity1118 in practices of specialists demonstrates the necessity of a special qualification also on this level of our medical system.

title: [Epidemiology of XXXX - an investigation in 5 medical practices].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic pain', 'chronic pain']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['chronic pain']