abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity506 ( @entity5427 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity3964 transmissibility of the addition of @entity5427 to @entity503 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity1 with acute uncomplicated @entity3964 @entity311 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity5427 ( @entity5427 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity458 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity313 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity1 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity5427 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity5427 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity1 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity5427 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity5427 -treated @entity1 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity5427 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity5427 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity5427 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of @entity506 to @entity503 for treatment of XXXX @entity311 in Gambian @entity1 causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual-stage parasitaemia']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['P. falciparum', 'Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity506 :: ('MESH:C039726', 'Chemical') :: ['artesunate']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

entities_list: @entity313 :: ('7165', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles gambiae']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity506 ( @entity5427 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity3964 transmissibility of the addition of @entity5427 to @entity503 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity1 with acute uncomplicated @entity3964 @entity311 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity5427 ( @entity5427 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity458 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity313 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity1 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity5427 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity5427 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity1 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity5427 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity5427 -treated @entity1 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity5427 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity5427 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity5427 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of @entity506 to XXXX for treatment of @entity3964 @entity311 in Gambian @entity1 causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity503 :: (MESH:D002738,Chemical) :: ['chloroquine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity506 ( @entity5427 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity3964 transmissibility of the addition of @entity5427 to @entity503 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity1 with acute uncomplicated @entity3964 @entity311 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity5427 ( @entity5427 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity458 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity313 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity1 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity5427 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity5427 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity1 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity5427 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity5427 -treated @entity1 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity5427 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity5427 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity5427 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of XXXX to @entity503 for treatment of @entity3964 @entity311 in Gambian @entity1 causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity506 :: (MESH:C039726,Chemical) :: ['artesunate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity506 ( @entity5427 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity3964 transmissibility of the addition of @entity5427 to @entity503 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity1 with acute uncomplicated @entity3964 @entity311 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity5427 ( @entity5427 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity458 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity313 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity1 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity5427 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity5427 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity1 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity5427 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity5427 -treated @entity1 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity5427 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity5427 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity5427 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of @entity506 to @entity503 for treatment of @entity3964 XXXX in Gambian @entity1 causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Combination therapy using existing anti-malarials together with @entity506 ( @entity5427 ) has been advocated as a method to slow the spread of drug resistance. We assessed the effect on @entity3964 transmissibility of the addition of @entity5427 to @entity503 (CQ) in an area of The Gambia where resistance to CQ is increasing. METHODS: Gambian @entity1 with acute uncomplicated @entity3964 @entity311 were treated with either CQ monotherapy (n=120) or the combination of CQ plus three doses of @entity5427 ( @entity5427 ; n=352). Post-treatment @entity458 was assessed during a 4-week follow-up period. Experimental infections of @entity313 s.s. mosquitoes were performed with blood from @entity1 who were carrying gametocytes 7 days after starting treatment (n=69). RESULTS: The addition of @entity5427 significantly reduced post-treatment prevalence and mean density of gametocytes in the first 14 days (day 7: 43.7% vs. 12.4%, 62.4/microl vs. 6.2/microl; day 14: 32.9% vs. 3.7%; 21.9/microl vs. 5.2/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), although by day 28 the benefits of the combination were substantially less marked (40.5% vs. 21.8%; 23.0/microl vs. 63.1/microl; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The duration of gametocyte carriage over the study period was significantly lower in the @entity5427 group (5.2 days vs. 1.5 days; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). The estimated infectious proportion of @entity1 at day 7 was also lower in the combination group (19.2% vs. 3.4%; CQ vs. @entity5427 ), as were the proportion of mosquitoes infected and mean oocyst density (11.5% vs. 0.9%; 0.3 vs. 0.01; CQ vs. @entity5427 ). Treatment failure was associated with threefold and twofold higher gametocyte carriage rates during follow-up in CQ and @entity5427 groups, respectively (P<0.001 in both cases), and 26-fold and 2.3-fold higher intensity of infection at day 7 among CQ- and @entity5427 -treated @entity1 , respectively (P=0.002 and 0.30, respectively). CONCLUSION: The benefits of adding @entity5427 to CQ monotherapy in lowering gametocyte prevalence and density were transient, suggesting that the addition of @entity5427 delayed, but did not prevent, the emergence of gametocytes. This is consistent with our finding that treatment failure, and thus the presence of CQ-resistant parasites, was significantly associated with a higher gametocyte carriage rate in both treatment groups. At day 7, CQ monotherapy significantly favoured transmission of resistant infections, which showed an 11-fold greater intensity of transmission compared with infections that were successfully treated. In contrast, the combination of @entity5427 did not significantly favour resistant infections at day 7. We conclude that significant transmission-reduction is achieved by the combination but is not maintained because of the recrudescence of CQ-resistant parasites.

title: Addition of @entity506 to @entity503 for treatment of @entity3964 @entity311 in Gambian XXXX causes a significant but short-lived reduction in infectiousness for mosquitoes.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: @entity507 -based combination therapy (ACT) is one strategy recommended to increase cure rates in @entity311 and to contain resistance to @entity3964 . In the Maheba refugee settlement, @entity1 aged 5 years or younger with a confirmed diagnosis of uncomplicated falciparum @entity311 are treated with the combination of @entity1484 (1 day) and @entity506 (3 days). To measure treatment adherence, home visits were carried out the day after the last treatment dose. @entity1 who had any treatment dose left were considered certainly non-adherent. Other @entity1 ' classification was based on the answers to the questionnaire: @entity1 whose caretakers stated the @entity1 had received the treatment regimen exactly as prescribed were considered probably adherent; all other @entity1 were considered probably non-adherent. Reasons for non-adherence were assessed. We found 21.2% (95% CI [15.0-28.4]) of the @entity1 to be certainly non-adherent, 39.4% (95% CI [31.6-47.6]) probably non-adherent, and 39.4% (95% CI [31.6-47.6]) probably adherent. Insufficient explanation by the dispenser was identified as an important reason for non-adherence. When considering the use of ACT, the issue of @entity1 adherence remains challenging. However, it should not be used as an argument against the introduction of ACT. For these treatment regimens to remain efficacious on a long-term basis, specific and locally adapted strategies need to be implemented to ensure completion of the treatment.

title: Adherence to the combination of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and XXXX in the Maheba refugee settlement, Zambia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1484 :: ('MESH:C001205', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine']

entities_list: @entity507 :: ('MESH:C031327', 'Chemical') :: ['Artemisinin']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

answer: @entity506 :: (MESH:C039726,Chemical) :: ['artesunate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify @entity1 with @entity302 (PWE) in our Zambian catchment area of 55,000 @entity1 . METHODS: A nine-item, previously validated screening instrument for detecting @entity302 in developing countries was forward-and-back translated into Chitonga. Early piloting indicated poor specificity among @entity1 , so three questions were added. Local census data were used to estimate the population at risk. Community health workers conducted screening interviews with household heads. All positive screens were referred for physician assessment. A blinded neurologist assessed a randomly selected subset (100 positives, 50 negatives) to determine screening instrument characteristics. RESULTS: We identified 799 @entity1 with possible @entity302 (unadjusted prevalence 14.5/1000). The adapted instrument exhibited 86% specificity (adjusted prevalence 12.5/1000). False positives occurred primarily among @entity1 who had experienced multiple @entity311 -associated @entity410 . Age-specific rates were highest for @entity1 aged 5-15 years (26.2/1000) and for @entity1 over 65 years (15.9/1000). Males were disproportionately represented (55.8%vs. 44.2%, P<0.05), although this trend reversed after childbearing age. CONCLUSION: Even using a relatively conservative definition, we identified almost 700 PWE. Use of the recommended epidemiological definitions would likely have yielded higher prevalence rates. The age-specific prevalence did not follow patterns described where @entity6583 is the commonest cause of @entity302 . Trends in age- and gender-specific prevalence may offer a clue to the aetiology of @entity302 in this region.

title: XXXX prevalence in rural Zambia: a door-to-door survey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'people']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity6583 :: ('MESH:D020019', 'Disease') :: ['neurocysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epilepsy']


abstract: We studied the @entity311 transmission dynamics in Kassena Nankana district (KND), a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing @entity311 vaccines. Intensive mosquito sampling for 1 year using @entity1 landing catches in three micro-ecological sites (irrigated, lowland and rocky highland) yielded 18 228 mosquitoes. @entity313 s.l. and @entity314 constituted 94.3% of the total collection with 76.8% captured from the irrigated communities. Other species collected but in relatively few numbers were Anopheles pharoensis (5.4%) and Anopheles rufipes (0.3%). Molecular analysis of 728 An. gambiae.s.l. identified @entity313 s.s. as the most dominant sibling species (97.7%) of the An. gambiae complex from the three ecological sites. Biting rates of the vectors (36.7 bites per @entity1 per night) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the irrigated area than in the non-irrigated lowland (5.2) and rocky highlands (5.9). @entity3964 sporozoite rates of 7.2% (295/4075) and 7.1% (269/3773) were estimated for An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus, respectively. Transmission was highly seasonal, and the heaviest transmission occurred from June to October. The intensity of transmission was higher for @entity1 in the irrigated communities than the non-irrigated ones. An overall annual entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of 418 infective bites was estimated in KND. There were micro-ecological variations in the EIRs, with values of 228 infective bites in the rocky highlands, 360 in the lowlands and 630 in the irrigated area. Approximately 60% of @entity311 transmission in KND occurred indoors during the second half of the night, peaking at daybreak between 04.00 and 06.00 hours. Vaccine trials could be conducted in this district, with timing dependent on the seasonal patterns and intensity of transmission taking into consideration the micro-geographical differences and vaccine trial objectives.

title: Malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing XXXX vaccines.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'man', 'people']

entities_list: @entity314 :: ('62324', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles funestus']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity16945 and @entity4765 are used for treatment of @entity503 -resistant @entity3964 in Africa. Resistance to @entity4765 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity12838 -gene and resistance to @entity16945 with mutations in the @entity52882 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity206 and @entity207 for treatment of other @entity166 will result in the selection of @entity311 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity11682 and @entity206 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity12838 -and @entity52882 -gene in @entity3964 isolated from @entity1 suffering from @entity15527 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity206 / @entity207 in @entity526 isolated from the same @entity1 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity1 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity311 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity1 and cultured for @entity526 . Of the cultured @entity526 , 67% were resistant both to @entity13135 and @entity206 , 4% to @entity13135 alone, 3% to @entity206 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity12838 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity52882 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity12838 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity1 . As @entity1484 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity503 resistant @entity311 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity1484 for the treatment of @entity503 resistant @entity311 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to @entity4765 and XXXX in @entity3964 parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of @entity526 from the same @entity1 in Guinea-Bissau.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity15527 :: ('MESH:C531736', 'Disease') :: ['acute malaria']

entities_list: @entity11682 :: ('CHEBI:35358', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonamide']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity16945 :: ('CHEBI:9329', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphadoxine']

entities_list: @entity13135 :: ('MESH:D013449', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonamides']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity4765 :: ('MESH:D011739', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimethamine']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

answer: @entity13135 :: (MESH:D013449,Chemical) :: ['sulfonamides']


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity16945 and @entity4765 are used for treatment of @entity503 -resistant @entity3964 in Africa. Resistance to @entity4765 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity12838 -gene and resistance to @entity16945 with mutations in the @entity52882 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity206 and @entity207 for treatment of other @entity166 will result in the selection of @entity311 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity11682 and @entity206 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity12838 -and @entity52882 -gene in @entity3964 isolated from @entity1 suffering from @entity15527 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity206 / @entity207 in @entity526 isolated from the same @entity1 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity1 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity311 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity1 and cultured for @entity526 . Of the cultured @entity526 , 67% were resistant both to @entity13135 and @entity206 , 4% to @entity13135 alone, 3% to @entity206 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity12838 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity52882 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity12838 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity1 . As @entity1484 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity503 resistant @entity311 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity1484 for the treatment of @entity503 resistant @entity311 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to @entity4765 and @entity13135 in XXXX parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of @entity526 from the same @entity1 in Guinea-Bissau.

entities_list: @entity1484 :: ('MESH:C001205', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['P. falciparum', 'Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity16945 and @entity4765 are used for treatment of @entity503 -resistant @entity3964 in Africa. Resistance to @entity4765 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity12838 -gene and resistance to @entity16945 with mutations in the @entity52882 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity206 and @entity207 for treatment of other @entity166 will result in the selection of @entity311 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity11682 and @entity206 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity12838 -and @entity52882 -gene in @entity3964 isolated from @entity1 suffering from @entity15527 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity206 / @entity207 in @entity526 isolated from the same @entity1 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity1 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity311 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity1 and cultured for @entity526 . Of the cultured @entity526 , 67% were resistant both to @entity13135 and @entity206 , 4% to @entity13135 alone, 3% to @entity206 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity12838 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity52882 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity12838 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity1 . As @entity1484 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity503 resistant @entity311 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity1484 for the treatment of @entity503 resistant @entity311 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to XXXX and @entity13135 in @entity3964 parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of @entity526 from the same @entity1 in Guinea-Bissau.

answer: @entity4765 :: (MESH:D011739,Chemical) :: ['pyrimethamine']


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity16945 and @entity4765 are used for treatment of @entity503 -resistant @entity3964 in Africa. Resistance to @entity4765 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity12838 -gene and resistance to @entity16945 with mutations in the @entity52882 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity206 and @entity207 for treatment of other @entity166 will result in the selection of @entity311 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity11682 and @entity206 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity12838 -and @entity52882 -gene in @entity3964 isolated from @entity1 suffering from @entity15527 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity206 / @entity207 in @entity526 isolated from the same @entity1 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity1 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity311 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity1 and cultured for @entity526 . Of the cultured @entity526 , 67% were resistant both to @entity13135 and @entity206 , 4% to @entity13135 alone, 3% to @entity206 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity12838 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity52882 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity12838 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity1 . As @entity1484 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity503 resistant @entity311 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity1484 for the treatment of @entity503 resistant @entity311 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to @entity4765 and @entity13135 in @entity3964 parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of XXXX from the same @entity1 in Guinea-Bissau.

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: The antifolate drugs @entity16945 and @entity4765 are used for treatment of @entity503 -resistant @entity3964 in Africa. Resistance to @entity4765 has been associated with point mutations in the @entity12838 -gene and resistance to @entity16945 with mutations in the @entity52882 -gene. There is concern that the use of the antifolates @entity206 and @entity207 for treatment of other @entity166 will result in the selection of @entity311 parasites with mutations in these genes. In Guinea-Bissau, where @entity11682 and @entity206 -containing drugs have been used extensively, we decided to assess the prevalence of mutations in the @entity12838 -and @entity52882 -gene in @entity3964 isolated from @entity1 suffering from @entity15527 and to assess the resistance patterns to @entity206 / @entity207 in @entity526 isolated from the same @entity1 . A thick film and a blood sample for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were obtained from 100 @entity1 attending the Bandim Health Centre in Bissau with symptoms compatible with @entity311 . Furthermore, a stool sample was collected from the same @entity1 and cultured for @entity526 . Of the cultured @entity526 , 67% were resistant both to @entity13135 and @entity206 , 4% to @entity13135 alone, 3% to @entity206 alone while 26% were fully sensitive to both drugs. PCR was successfully performed in 97 blood samples. Of these, 41% had triple mutations at the @entity12838 -gene (at codons 51, 59 and 108), and 15% had triple mutations plus mutation at codon 437 in the @entity52882 -gene. Only 45% harboured the wild-type @entity12838 -gene. Thus both bacterial resistance and mutations in the parasitic genes were common, but not linked in the individual @entity1 . As @entity1484 has only been used as a second line treatment for @entity503 resistant @entity311 in Guinea-Bissau for a few years, it is worrying to find a high prevalence of mutations in the parasitic genes coding for resistance to these drugs. Therefore, restricting the use of @entity1484 for the treatment of @entity503 resistant @entity311 might not be sufficient to prevent the development of resistance in the parasites as long as antifolate drugs are used extensively.

title: Genetic markers of resistance to @entity4765 and @entity13135 in @entity3964 parasites compared with the resistance patterns in isolates of @entity526 from the same XXXX in Guinea-Bissau.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Anti-mesangial cell autoantibodies (anti-MC) have been reported in @entity1 with @entity8 and @entity5417 . The aim of the current study was to identify anti-MC autoantibodies in sera from @entity1 with @entity1988 ( @entity1988 ). METHODS: 96 serum samples were collected from 96 @entity1 with renal biopsy proven @entity1988 . Anti-MC autoantibodies were examined by cellular ELISA and Western blot analysis. In vitro cultured @entity1 mesangial cells were used as cell substrate in ELISA and the their soluble proteins in non-reducing conditions were used as antigens in Western-blot analysis. RESULTS: 37.5% and 97.9% of the serum samples from @entity1 with @entity1988 had anti-MC autoantibodies in cellular ELISA and Western blot analysis respectively, and 12 protein bands could be blotted by the @entity1988 sera in Western blot analysis. The percentage of anti-63 000 autoantibody positive samples was significant higher in female @entity1 than that in the male (59.8% vs 21.4%, P < 0.01). The prevalence of anti-74 000, 46 000, and 36 000 autoantibodies were significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity811 than that in @entity1 without @entity811 (36.8% vs 5.0%, P < 0.01; 34.2% vs 10.0%, P < 0.05; 31.6% vs 5.0%, P < 0.05; respectively). The prevalence of anti-63 000 autoantibodies was also significantly higher in @entity1 with ANA than that in @entity1 without (67.6% vs 16.7%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of anti-18 000 autoantibodies was significantly higher in patients with anti-dsDNA antibodies than that in @entity1 without (61.5% vs 34.4%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There are heterogeneous anti-MC autoantibodies in sera from @entity1 with @entity1988 . Anti-MC autoantibodies may have a pathogenic role in @entity1988 and some anti-MC autoantibodies may be associated with different clinical manifestations.

title: [Anti-mesangial cell autoantibodies and their target antigens in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IgA nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis', 'LN']

entities_list: @entity5417 :: ('MESH:D011695', 'Disease') :: ['Henoch-Schoenlein purpura']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity1988 :: (MESH:D008181,Disease) :: ['lupus nephritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of expression of peripheral blood neutrophil @entity1050 (64) to distinguish @entity281 from disease activation in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). METHODS: 19 @entity1 with @entity281 and 46 @entity1 with @entity281 in 65 @entity1252 @entity1 were studied. The levels of peripheral blood neutrophil @entity1050 (64) were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The levels of peripheral blood neutrophil @entity1050 (64) in @entity1252 @entity1 were [(7.8 +/- 2.1)%], which were significantly higher than that of @entity281 group [(3.2 +/- 1.4)%] and healthy control [(3.0 +/- 1.1)%, P > 0.05]. However, there were no significance between the levels of @entity281 group and healthy control (P > 0.05). There were no significance between the levels of @entity1050 (64) of disease activation and silence group and @entity281 group (P > 0.05). In @entity1252 group, the levels of @entity1050 (64) expression in @entity1 with Gram-negative [(9.2 +/- 1.6)%] were compared with [(7.2 +/- 2.2)%] those with Gram-positive. The differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The levels of @entity1050 (64) of @entity1252 @entity1 with @entity281 were decreased by treatment with antibiotics. The correlation of the levels of @entity1050 (64) with anti-dsDNA, C(3), ESR, @entity1851 , @entity1252 activity index and IFANA were not found (respectively r = 0.104, P = 0.409; r = -0.125, P = 0.322; r = -0.138, P = 0.274; r = 0.228, P = 0.068; r = 0.204, P = 0.310; r = -0.213, P = 0.089). CONCLUSION: The levels of peripheral blood neutrophil @entity1050 (64) may help us distinguish @entity281 from disease activation in @entity1252 .

title: [The expression of peripheral blood neutrophil CD64 in XXXX with @entity281 or disease activation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus', 'SLE infection', 'SLE-disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['non-infection', 'infection']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of expression of peripheral blood neutrophil @entity1050 (64) to distinguish @entity281 from disease activation in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). METHODS: 19 @entity1 with @entity281 and 46 @entity1 with @entity281 in 65 @entity1252 @entity1 were studied. The levels of peripheral blood neutrophil @entity1050 (64) were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The levels of peripheral blood neutrophil @entity1050 (64) in @entity1252 @entity1 were [(7.8 +/- 2.1)%], which were significantly higher than that of @entity281 group [(3.2 +/- 1.4)%] and healthy control [(3.0 +/- 1.1)%, P > 0.05]. However, there were no significance between the levels of @entity281 group and healthy control (P > 0.05). There were no significance between the levels of @entity1050 (64) of disease activation and silence group and @entity281 group (P > 0.05). In @entity1252 group, the levels of @entity1050 (64) expression in @entity1 with Gram-negative [(9.2 +/- 1.6)%] were compared with [(7.2 +/- 2.2)%] those with Gram-positive. The differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The levels of @entity1050 (64) of @entity1252 @entity1 with @entity281 were decreased by treatment with antibiotics. The correlation of the levels of @entity1050 (64) with anti-dsDNA, C(3), ESR, @entity1851 , @entity1252 activity index and IFANA were not found (respectively r = 0.104, P = 0.409; r = -0.125, P = 0.322; r = -0.138, P = 0.274; r = 0.228, P = 0.068; r = 0.204, P = 0.310; r = -0.213, P = 0.089). CONCLUSION: The levels of peripheral blood neutrophil @entity1050 (64) may help us distinguish @entity281 from disease activation in @entity1252 .

title: [The expression of peripheral blood neutrophil CD64 in @entity1252 with XXXX or disease activation].

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: AIM: To study the effects of caspases on cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by @entity519 in vitro. METHODS: The cultured @entity291 cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells were exposed to NaCN in @entity413 -free medium. Cell viability was determined by @entity3460 staining. Cell apoptosis was defined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and flow cytometry. The expression of caspase-3 was detected by immunocytochemical method. Four caspase inhibitors were used to validate the effect of caspases on cell apoptosis. RESULTS: @entity8773 in @entity413 -free medium initiated cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell injury markedly and typical apoptotic cells were found in this model. The expression of caspase-3 increased significantly. Four caspase inhibitors decreased the number of injured cells. Selective inhibitor of @entity70871 reduced expression of caspase-3 significantly. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that caspases family plays an important role in cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by NaCN and caspase-3 acts on the downstream of @entity70871 in protease cascade action to induce apoptosis.

title: [Effects of caspases on cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell apoptosis induced by XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3460 :: ('MESH:D014343', 'Chemical') :: ['trypan blue']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']


abstract: AIM: To rapidly separate and determine the @entity2642 from natural and cultured Cordyceps kyushuensis Kob., and to compare the content of @entity1883 and @entity859 in different parts of Cordyceps kyushuensis Kob., which are the main @entity2353 active components in medicinal fungus belonging to Cordyceps (Fr.) Link. METHODS: The @entity2642 were separated and determined by the high performance capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Beckman P/ACE system MDQ apparatus equipped with a PDA detector and a uncoated fused- @entity3440 capillary (41 cm x 45 microns ID, 30 cm effective length) were used. The experimental conditions were as follows: the running buffer was borax solution (adjust to pH 9.4 with @entity7159 ), applied voltage was 20 kV, operated temperature was 20 degrees C and the detector wavelength was 258 nm. The content of @entity1883 and @entity859 in the fruiting body, stroma and host worm of natural and cultured C. kyushuensis were respectively investigated and quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS: There are at least 8 kinds of @entity2353 or @entity1568 base in Cordyceps kyushuensis Kob. The content of @entity1883 which is a bio-active substance with anti- @entity5 activity in C. kyushuensis is significantly higher than that in @entity2441 and C. militaris, and furthermore the @entity1883 in the cultured C. kyushuensis is notably higher than the natural one. @entity859 was mainly found from the stroma of C. kyushuensis, While the @entity1883 content is high in the stroma of both natural and cultured C. kyushuensis as well as in the host worm of the cultured one. CONCLUSION: There are some differences about the @entity2353 components between the natural and cultured C. kyushuensis and between the different parts of them. With a high @entity1883 content, C. kyushuensis should have a considerable medicinal potential.

title: [ XXXX from Cordyceps kyushuensis and the distribution of two active components in its different parts].

entities_list: @entity2642 :: ('MESH:D009705', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleosides']

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine', 'Adenosine']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1883 :: ('MESH:C058120', 'Chemical') :: ['cordycepin']

entities_list: @entity7159 :: ('MESH:D012972', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hydroxide']

answer: @entity2353 :: (CHEBI:33838,Chemical) :: ['Nucleoside']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The primary aims were to identify the incidence, etiology and outcome of all adult cases of @entity879 ( @entity879 ) presenting to the Victorian Liver Transplant Unit over the 14 year period since the Unit was established in 1988. METHODS: The database of the Unit was used to identify all adult @entity1 (>16 years) who were referred to the Austin and Repatriation Medical Center in Melbourne with @entity879 between 1988 and 2001. The Austin and Repatriation Medical Center is the sole provider of adult liver transplantation services for the states of Victoria and Tasmania. RESULTS: 80 @entity1 (64 female, 14 male) with @entity879 were referred, at a rate of approximately one case per million population per year. The mean age was 37.6 +/- 13.7 years. Most cases were due to either @entity1443 @entity4968 n = 29 (36%) or non-A non-B (idiopathic) @entity99 n = 27 (34%). Thirty-five @entity1 were listed for transplantation, of which 26 underwent the procedure (77% of transplantation @entity1 currently alive). Nine @entity1 were listed for transplantation but did not undergo the procedure, eight died before a donor became available and one recovered. Of the 30 @entity1 who survived without transplantation, 20 cases were due to @entity1443 @entity4968 . CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation has had a major impact on survival of @entity1 with @entity879 , most significantly in @entity1 with @entity879 due to causes other than @entity1443 @entity4968 , in whom survival without transplantation is uncommon. Survival in those who undergo transplantation for @entity879 is excellent, but a significant percentage of @entity1 listed for transplantation die before a donor organ becomes available.

title: Etiology and outcome of XXXX managed at an Australian liver transplant unit.

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['fulminant hepatic failure', 'FHF']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity879 :: (MESH:D017114,Disease) :: ['fulminant hepatic failure']


abstract: Lobectomy remains the standard procedure for early-stage @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). Advances in minimally invasive surgery allow lobectomy to be performed by videothoracoscopy (VATSLOBE). The objective of this study was to compare open thoracotomy (OPENLOBE) to VATSLOBE in the treatment of early-stage @entity1149 . A retrospective review over a 6-year period at a single tertiary care center identified 31 @entity1 treated by VATSLOBE. A comparison was made with 31 @entity1 undergoing OPENLOBE during the same time period. The cases were matched for age, pulmonary function testing, @entity5 size, and comorbidities. The VATSLOBE technique was carried out using four 1 cm thoracoports, one of which was enlarged to a 4-6 cm access incision for lobe retrieval. OPENLOBE was performed by standard posterolateral thoracotomy. The VATSLOBE group had a longer operative time (214.03 min) compared to OPENLOBE (140.67 min). There was no difference in the extent of lymph node dissection or in morbidity between the two groups. VATSLOBE @entity1 had their chest tubes removed earlier (4.77 vs. 8.16 days) and stayed in the hospital for a shorter time (7.07 vs. 11.94 days) compared to OPENLOBE @entity1 . In this retrospective review, lobectomy performed by the videothoracoscopic approach was comparable to OPENLOBE in terms of lymph node dissection, morbidity, and long-term survival. VATSLOBE had the advantages of a shorter hospital stay and fewer days with a chest tube. Minimally invasive surgery for early-stage @entity2 should be further investigated in multi-institutional controlled trials.

title: Total videothoracoscopic lobectomy versus open thoracotomy for early-stage XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: There are 4.3 million @entity204 annually (33% of all @entity1 @entity204 ) due to acute upper and lower @entity1729 including measles and @entity5695 . Morbidity is much higher: in India 30-35% of pediatric hospital admissions are for acute @entity1729 (ARI). Some of the risk factors for @entity10916 are bottle feeding, overcrowding, outdoor and indoor pollution, low birth weight, and @entity3147 , according to World Health Organization studies. A typical example of an Indian @entity1 with frequent hospitalizations for lower @entity1729 is a case where the father smokes and the mother works outside the home, which is a squatter hut near a highway and a power plant. In Rio de Janeiro, risk factors are maternal stress or @entity308 , poor supervision, and poor housing. Prevalence of ARI was 80% in a 15-day recall period. In Gambia, @entity1 of polygamous unions and those exposed to indoor cooking fires are at high risk. In Hong Kong, poor environmental air quality has been identified with ARI. In the US factors associated with ARI are smoking, passive smoking, and air pollution. A @entity1 exposed to smoking will have 20% more days being bedridden than otherwise.

title: Environment and acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity5695 :: ('MESH:D014917', 'Disease') :: ['pertussis']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['respiratory infections']


abstract: In India, physicians analyzed data on 56 @entity1 (18-20 weeks gestation) at the Marie Stopes Clinic in Jodhpur who underwent pregnancy termination to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ethacriding @entity880 which has antiseptic properties. They injected 150 cc 0.1% ethacriding @entity880 into the intrauterine, extra-amniotic space. They used iv infusion of @entity398 to expedite the delivery of the abortus. 59% of cases were unmarried teenagers. @entity16972 induced successful abortion in 92.8% (52) of cases which was much higher than that found in the literature (about 82%). @entity177 occurred in the other 4 cases because of transverse lie of fetus (2), cervical @entity1266 (1), and uterine inertia (1). The transverse lie and cervical @entity1266 cases would have experienced failure regardless of the uterotonic abortifacient used. 3 of the failure cases underwent evacuation while the other underwent hysterotomy. Most @entity1 (73.2%) experienced the abortion 12-24 hours after induction. The mean interval was 20.1 house which was shorter than that of previous reports (29.5-38 hours). The shortest induction-abortion interval was 10.5 hours and the longest was more than 36 hours. Complications occurred in 6 (14.4%) cases. 3 (5.4%) @entity1 suffered from cervical tear. 3 (5.4%) @entity1 experienced incomplete expulsion which was much lower than that reported in the literature (16-30%). On the other hand, the 5.4% incomplete expulsion rate was higher than that for @entity3009 and hypertonic saline. There was 1 case each of severe @entity548 and @entity4551 . The antiseptic properties of @entity16972 likely accounted for the complete absence of @entity295 in these @entity1 . In conclusion, @entity16972 performs better than other instillation abortion methods and it is a safe and effective method.

title: XXXX -- a safe and effective drug for termination of pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Abortion failure']

entities_list: @entity16972 :: ('MESH:D004975', 'Chemical') :: ['Ethacridine lactate', 'ethacridine lactate']

entities_list: @entity4551 :: ('MESH:D022125', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal laceration']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity16972 :: (MESH:D004975,Chemical) :: ['Ethacridine lactate']


abstract: The first @entity791 case in Uganda was diagnosed in 1981, but as of June 1984, a cumulative total of 43,875 clinical @entity791 cases had been reported. 1.5 million individuals out of a total population of 15 million are estimated to be living with @entity645 in the country. The majority of infected individuals are aged 15-49 years, in their most economically productive years. Local journalism over the past ten years has done well to highlight the problem, raising awareness to levels higher than in many other parts of Africa. Journalists should, however, go beyond their denotative role of collecting and disseminating information in an unbiased fashion, and attempt to sway sexual behavior in a direction which minimizes the risk of @entity645 transmission. Specifically, 98% of @entity645 transmission in Uganda is the result of unprotected sexual intercourse between male and female heterosexuals. Unprotected sexual intercourse between @entity645 -discordant partners must cease. The political leadership, however, remains embroiled in sexual scandal. The masses are privy to such scandal through the press and will certainly not modify their sexual behavior if the elite fail to do so. Journalists and journalism should therefore move away from simply reporting the facts and instead openly challenge political leaders to adopt more responsible sexual lifestyles.

title: XXXX and journalism. The old but bigger question of ethics.

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: The training and technical assistance programs of the @entity2109 ( @entity2109 ), which is part of the International Planned Parenthood Federation for the African Region, were described. Programs included service delivery, management development, family life education, family planning communication, and research monitoring and evaluation. Several courses were offered: a week-long contraceptive technology update course for trainers and supervisors of family planning programs. Management training needs were filled through a 6-week middle level management course, a 2-week senior level management course, a 4-week community based family planning program course, a 6-week financial management of family planning and reproductive health programs course, and a 5-week course in leadership skills for management of @entity1 and health programs. Family life education courses were offered under the @entity2109 @entity1 and Health Program for teachers, curriculum developers, youth leaders, and those working with young @entity1 for 3 weeks. Course issues of discussion included population and development, the family in contemporary African life, and policy legislation and laws to promote young @entity1 's health and social psychological and ethical aspects of adolescent sexuality. Family planning communication training programs were directed to strengthening IEC knowledge and skills over a 4-week period for senior and middle level personnel. The 3-week press course aimed to train journalists in print and electronic media for French-speaking countries who could gain cover population and family planning issues. The family planning research and evaluation course over 4 weeks aimed to increase the knowledge and skills of health personnel in project design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation, in order to conduct assessment of program effectiveness. The course was directed to senior and middle level manager researchers, population project directors, and personnel of @entity1 -centered projects.

title: Focus on training at XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['Center for African Family Studies', 'CAFS']

answer: @entity2109 :: (MESH:D002051,Disease) :: ['CAFS']


abstract: AIM: The survey was aimed at describing the characteristics and therapeutic means offered and the organizational structure of Polish day hospitals for adults as well the as characteristics of @entity1 treated there. It was part of a wider international project carried out within a 5 EC Framework Program and focused on evaluation of costs and effectiveness of day hospital treatment when set against conventional stationary treatment in different European health care systems. METHOD: Data concerning the year 2000 were gathered using a self-designed questionnaire sent to respondents by post. The response ratio reached 65.2%. RESULTS: Based on the cluster analysis, three main types of day hospitals were recognized: 1. day hospitals focused on rehabilitation of chronic mental disturbances, improvement of social functioning and support, 2. day hospitals being alternative to stationary inpatient treatment, 3. day hospitals intended to continue out- @entity1 treatment and psychotherapy. The number of treatment places, working hours and work-days in a week in polled institutions was constant. Most frequent reasons for not admitting a @entity1 to a day hospital were: intensive suicidal tendencies and acute @entity716 decompensation. The most numerous diagnostic groups of @entity1 treated there were @entity161 (32.2%) and @entity1316 (17.4%). Only 18.6% of day hospitals employed a qualified psychotherapist, and 32.6% had a social worker. On the average, one treatment place was offered to 5 @entity1 during a year. CONCLUSIONS: The profile of @entity1 admitted to Polish day hospitals for adults is not arbitrarily defined with respect to diagnosis and @entity146 . However, it is possible to distinguish day hospitals, which have their preferences: more to rehabilitate or more to treat @entity1 . In the last 16 years there was a threefold increase of the number of @entity1 treated in day hospitals due to @entity1316 .

title: [Characteristics of XXXX day hospitals in Poland--results of a questionnaire survey].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['severity of disorder']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affective disturbances', 'affective disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: Telepsychiatry is a medical service with a use of contemporary communication technologies. Internet and electronic mail are included. AIM: The aim of the study was to examine the use of electronic mail in @entity146 advices. METHOD: Anonymous electronic mail (327) sent to the author from June 2001 to May 2002 were selected. They were then processed according to the following criteria: @entity1 age and gender, @entity1 who was a subject of consultation, reason and subject of a consultation and prevailing symptoms of a disease. Data frequencies were obtained. RESULTS: 75% of @entity1 referred their own @entity146 problem. The most frequent reasons of consultation were: a cry for help (44%), question about a disease (27%), consultation of a diagnosis (16%) or a therapy (13%). The biggest groups of symptoms related to fear (38%), disturbances of mood (18%), @entity161 symptoms (13.5%) and @entity250 (10.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatrists on the Internet may expect an increase of electronic mail applicability in @entity146 advising. There is a need of medical, legal and ethical regulations of by-Internet doctor- @entity1 relationship. Electronic mail may be treated as a source of knowledge on psychopathological symptoms and epidemiology of @entity146 amongst the internet users.

title: [Telepsychiatry-- XXXX advice on the Internet].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunctions']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'mental disturbances']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Health care organizations often measure processes of care using only administrative data. We assessed whether measuring processes of @entity6 care using administrative data without medical record data is likely to underdetect compliance with accepted standards for certain groups of @entity1 . DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Assessment of quality indicators during 1998 using administrative and medical records data for a cohort of 1,335 @entity6 @entity1 enrolled in three Minnesota health plans. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional retrospective study assessing hemoglobin A1c testing, LDL @entity165 testing, and @entity989 screening from the two data sources. Analyses examined whether @entity1 or clinic characteristics were associated with underdetection of quality indicators when administrative data were not supplemented with medical record data. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: The health plans provided administrative data, and trained abstractors collected medical records data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Quality indicators that would be identified if administrative data were supplemented with medical records data are often not identified using administrative data alone. In adjusted analyses, older @entity1 were more likely to have hemoglobin A1c testing underdetected in administrative data (compared to @entity1 <45 years, OR 2.95, 95 percent CI 1.09 to 7.96 for @entity1 65 to 74 years, and OR 4.20, 95 percent CI 1.81 to 9.77 for @entity1 75 years and older). Black @entity1 were more likely than white @entity1 to have @entity989 screening underdetected using administrative data (2.57, 95 percent CI 1.16 to 5.70). @entity1 in different health plans also differed in the likelihood of having quality indicators underdetected. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6 quality indicators may be underdetected more frequently for elderly and black @entity1 and the physicians, clinics, and plans who care for such @entity1 when quality measurement is based on administrative data alone. This suggests that providers who care for such @entity1 may be disproportionately affected by public release of such data or by its use in determining the magnitude of financial incentives.

title: Measuring the quality of XXXX care using administrative data: is there bias?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: In recent years a large body of evidence from several longitudinal studies has emerged suggesting that @entity308 is an independent risk factor for @entity65 ( @entity65 ) and that the association between @entity308 and increased @entity65 risk is not merely due to negative mood-driven behavior related with @entity308 . Even though the underlying mechanisms are not well understood, several hypotheses and explanations have been proposed such as increased activation of the @entity2339 , @entity3002 , or @entity1423 . Platelet function abnormalities, including increased platelet reactivity, may predispose @entity1 with @entity308 to clotting diatheses and may explain their vulnerability to @entity65 . @entity750 secreted by platelets induces both @entity1423 and coronary vasoconstriction. Even though @entity750 itself is only a weak platelet agonist, it markedly enhances platelet reactions to a variety of other agonists. Several studies have shown that selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reduce platelet and whole blood @entity750 concentrations after repeated doses, and could therefore exert an inhibitory effect on platelet activation. For that reason, it was hypothesized that SSRIs could have a protective effect against @entity583 ( @entity583 ). Results from three currently available epidemiological studies assessing the risk of @entity583 in @entity1 treated with antidepressants, including SSRIs, are controversial with respect to a potential beneficial effect of SSRIs on @entity65 risk in @entity308 @entity1 . However, there is evidence that exposure to SSRIs does not substantially increase the risk of @entity65 in @entity1 . A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial that evaluated the safety and efficacy of the SSRI sertraline in @entity1 with @entity308 and @entity583 suggested that @entity3756 is well tolerated and effective. Further epidemiological studies or longer-term clinical trials may shed more light on this issue, and answer the question conclusively, whether the effect of SSRIs on platelets or another mechanism translates into a decreased risk of @entity65 in @entity308 @entity1 .

title: Effect of selective XXXX reuptake inhibitors on platelet activation: can they prevent acute @entity583 ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorders', 'depression', 'depressed', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in platelet function', 'platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity3002 :: ('MESH:D009421', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in the sympathoadrenal system']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['sertraline']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin', 'Serotonin']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI', 'acute MI or unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: In recent years a large body of evidence from several longitudinal studies has emerged suggesting that @entity308 is an independent risk factor for @entity65 ( @entity65 ) and that the association between @entity308 and increased @entity65 risk is not merely due to negative mood-driven behavior related with @entity308 . Even though the underlying mechanisms are not well understood, several hypotheses and explanations have been proposed such as increased activation of the @entity2339 , @entity3002 , or @entity1423 . Platelet function abnormalities, including increased platelet reactivity, may predispose @entity1 with @entity308 to clotting diatheses and may explain their vulnerability to @entity65 . @entity750 secreted by platelets induces both @entity1423 and coronary vasoconstriction. Even though @entity750 itself is only a weak platelet agonist, it markedly enhances platelet reactions to a variety of other agonists. Several studies have shown that selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reduce platelet and whole blood @entity750 concentrations after repeated doses, and could therefore exert an inhibitory effect on platelet activation. For that reason, it was hypothesized that SSRIs could have a protective effect against @entity583 ( @entity583 ). Results from three currently available epidemiological studies assessing the risk of @entity583 in @entity1 treated with antidepressants, including SSRIs, are controversial with respect to a potential beneficial effect of SSRIs on @entity65 risk in @entity308 @entity1 . However, there is evidence that exposure to SSRIs does not substantially increase the risk of @entity65 in @entity1 . A recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial that evaluated the safety and efficacy of the SSRI sertraline in @entity1 with @entity308 and @entity583 suggested that @entity3756 is well tolerated and effective. Further epidemiological studies or longer-term clinical trials may shed more light on this issue, and answer the question conclusively, whether the effect of SSRIs on platelets or another mechanism translates into a decreased risk of @entity65 in @entity308 @entity1 .

title: Effect of selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors on platelet activation: can they prevent acute XXXX ?

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: @entity4617 , benign or malignant, are rare and most are benign. The most common @entity5 is the @entity299 . @entity4617 are @entity242 . The pericardium can be the site of benign and malignant @entity4617 , though @entity3 occur here far more commonly than do @entity5 . Successful treatment for @entity4617 is usually achieved by surgical resection. Surgery for primary @entity5 is, however, much less successful as complete resection is usually not possible. Primary @entity299 may be successfully treated by chemotherapy. Tumors that metastasize to the heart from other organs occur 100- to 1000-fold more commonly than primary @entity4617 . Metastatic spread to the heart has been identified in approximately one-fifth of all @entity1 who have @entity5 with @entity2 being the most common @entity5 . Symptoms of cardiac @entity3 vary, and they depend on the site and extent of the lesions. Treatment varies depending on the pathology of the @entity5 . However, the aim of treatment is usually symptomatic relief. With the advent of @entity791 , @entity2826 and high grade B cell lymphomas have also been identified in cardiac tissue. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology and treatment of @entity4617 .

title: @entity5 of the heart: epidemiology and management of @entity5 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2826 :: ('MESH:D012514', 'Disease') :: ["Kaposi's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['usually sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'benign tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'metastatic cancer', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4617 :: ('MESH:D006338', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant cardiac tumors', 'Cardiac tumors', 'cardiac tumors', 'benign cardiac tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumors', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac myxoma', 'cardiac lymphoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: @entity4617 , benign or malignant, are rare and most are benign. The most common @entity5 is the @entity299 . @entity4617 are @entity242 . The pericardium can be the site of benign and malignant @entity4617 , though @entity3 occur here far more commonly than do @entity5 . Successful treatment for @entity4617 is usually achieved by surgical resection. Surgery for primary @entity5 is, however, much less successful as complete resection is usually not possible. Primary @entity299 may be successfully treated by chemotherapy. Tumors that metastasize to the heart from other organs occur 100- to 1000-fold more commonly than primary @entity4617 . Metastatic spread to the heart has been identified in approximately one-fifth of all @entity1 who have @entity5 with @entity2 being the most common @entity5 . Symptoms of cardiac @entity3 vary, and they depend on the site and extent of the lesions. Treatment varies depending on the pathology of the @entity5 . However, the aim of treatment is usually symptomatic relief. With the advent of @entity791 , @entity2826 and high grade B cell lymphomas have also been identified in cardiac tissue. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology and treatment of @entity4617 .

title: XXXX of the heart: epidemiology and management of @entity5 and @entity3 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: @entity4617 , benign or malignant, are rare and most are benign. The most common @entity5 is the @entity299 . @entity4617 are @entity242 . The pericardium can be the site of benign and malignant @entity4617 , though @entity3 occur here far more commonly than do @entity5 . Successful treatment for @entity4617 is usually achieved by surgical resection. Surgery for primary @entity5 is, however, much less successful as complete resection is usually not possible. Primary @entity299 may be successfully treated by chemotherapy. Tumors that metastasize to the heart from other organs occur 100- to 1000-fold more commonly than primary @entity4617 . Metastatic spread to the heart has been identified in approximately one-fifth of all @entity1 who have @entity5 with @entity2 being the most common @entity5 . Symptoms of cardiac @entity3 vary, and they depend on the site and extent of the lesions. Treatment varies depending on the pathology of the @entity5 . However, the aim of treatment is usually symptomatic relief. With the advent of @entity791 , @entity2826 and high grade B cell lymphomas have also been identified in cardiac tissue. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology and treatment of @entity4617 .

title: @entity5 of the heart: epidemiology and management of XXXX and @entity3 .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['primary tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accelerated antidepressant treatment response may be particularly beneficial for older @entity1 , yet there are few data to inform clinical practice. We evaluated the potential of @entity2727 to accelerate antidepressant response to @entity837 and the safety and tolerability of the combined treatment in @entity1 with @entity308 . METHOD: We studied 11 elderly outpatients aged 70 years and older who were diagnosed with DSM-IV major @entity308 in a 10-week, open-label, structured trial (July 2001-July 2002). @entity2727 was tapered and discontinued during weeks 9 and 10. Response was defined as a Hamilton Rating Scale for @entity308 (HAM-D) score of less than 10. The daily dose of @entity837 ranged between 20 and 40 mg, and the daily dose of @entity2727 ranged between 5 and 20 mg. RESULTS: Nine @entity1 completed the study. Six @entity1 met criteria for accelerated response (HAM-D score < 10 and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale score of 1 or 2 by treatment day 14), and 2 more @entity1 responded by week 3. One @entity1 was a nonresponder. The mean (SD) @entity837 dose for all subjects was 27.5 (10.3) mg and the mean (SD) @entity2727 dose was 12.2 (4.9) mg. The observed side effects were mild to moderate in severity and included sedation, @entity390 , @entity148 , @entity2011 , @entity2133 , and @entity4164 . CONCLUSION: @entity2727 augmentation of @entity837 may be a safe and viable strategy for accelerating antidepressant response in elderly @entity308 @entity1 . The results of this open-label trial need to be confirmed in a placebo-controlled trial.

title: Combined treatment with @entity2727 and XXXX for accelerated response in the elderly: an open trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['geriatric major depressive disorder', 'Depression', 'depressive disorder', 'depressed']

entities_list: @entity4164 :: ('MESH:D012798', 'Disease') :: ['hypersalivation']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['citalopram']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['Methylphenidate', 'methylphenidate']

answer: @entity837 :: (MESH:D015283,Chemical) :: ['citalopram']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accelerated antidepressant treatment response may be particularly beneficial for older @entity1 , yet there are few data to inform clinical practice. We evaluated the potential of @entity2727 to accelerate antidepressant response to @entity837 and the safety and tolerability of the combined treatment in @entity1 with @entity308 . METHOD: We studied 11 elderly outpatients aged 70 years and older who were diagnosed with DSM-IV major @entity308 in a 10-week, open-label, structured trial (July 2001-July 2002). @entity2727 was tapered and discontinued during weeks 9 and 10. Response was defined as a Hamilton Rating Scale for @entity308 (HAM-D) score of less than 10. The daily dose of @entity837 ranged between 20 and 40 mg, and the daily dose of @entity2727 ranged between 5 and 20 mg. RESULTS: Nine @entity1 completed the study. Six @entity1 met criteria for accelerated response (HAM-D score < 10 and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale score of 1 or 2 by treatment day 14), and 2 more @entity1 responded by week 3. One @entity1 was a nonresponder. The mean (SD) @entity837 dose for all subjects was 27.5 (10.3) mg and the mean (SD) @entity2727 dose was 12.2 (4.9) mg. The observed side effects were mild to moderate in severity and included sedation, @entity390 , @entity148 , @entity2011 , @entity2133 , and @entity4164 . CONCLUSION: @entity2727 augmentation of @entity837 may be a safe and viable strategy for accelerating antidepressant response in elderly @entity308 @entity1 . The results of this open-label trial need to be confirmed in a placebo-controlled trial.

title: Combined treatment with XXXX and @entity837 for accelerated response in the elderly: an open trial.

answer: @entity2727 :: (MESH:D008774,Chemical) :: ['methylphenidate']


abstract: In 1985 reported maternal mortality rates (MMR) in Mexico were 6.5/10,000, while the National Institute of Peritology has reported MMR of 10/1000. The major causes of MM are @entity6064 , @entity548 and @entity281 . Indirect causes of MMR result in 1/1000 deaths. This relationship is inverted in tertiary care where indirect causes of MMR and those causes of death not related to the obstetric event outnumber the direct ones. This is due to careful monitoring, good deliveries and puerperium care. In order to analyze perinatal mortality it is necessary to separate it from fetal and neonatal mortality. Fetal mortality rates have shown an inverse relationship with medical interventions during prenatal care and delivery. According to the Mexican Fertility Survey, neonatal mortality dropped between 1940-76. There is a direct correlation between prenatal control and neonatal deaths. Prematurity and low birth weight continue to remain the principal reasons for neonatal deaths-independent of or associated to a specific pathology- followed by @entity281 and @entity600 . Solutions to these problems include community participation, maintenance of health equipment in government institutions, and support from policy-makers and administrators. 3 strategies are proposed to lower these problems: 1) health education with special reference to reproductive health; 2) active and intense participation at primary health care levels to help prevent and detect maternal and @entity1 health care problems; and 3) a registration and information system that monitors the diagnosis, community needs, quality of services rendered and knowledge of the impact these interventions have in the health sector.

title: [Magnitude and tendencies of maternal- XXXX mortality].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhaging']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal infections', 'infections']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infant']


abstract: This, the 1st @entity25108 survey to be conducted in Chad, surveyed 1222 @entity1 aged 12-49 at 6 health or social centers in N'Djamena in 1988, and summarized the information obtained from 21 focus groups. The sujbects were 25 years old on average; 94% were in union; 33% were in polygamous marriages, usually older @entity1 . 8% of Muslims and 17% of Christians were in a consensual union. Educational achievement was higher among younger @entity1 and Christians. 49% had income from the informal economy. Most valued the economic advantages of large families, which they believed resided in ancestors. Some noted the poulation pressures of urban living. 27% stated they were pregnant. Fertility was lower among Christians and those in monogamous marriages. @entity1 of higher socioeconomic status had more @entity1 . Average age of 1st pregnancy was 16 years, lower in Muslims and uneducated @entity1 . Average weaning age was 17.8 months; average postpartum abstinence was 4.6 months, longer among Christians. The mean desired birth spacing interval was 26 months. 89% desired more @entity1 . The average ideal family size was 7.25, 8.6 for those 29 years old. The concept of birth planning was new to most, and ocnsidered a European idea contrary to African traditions. 31% could name a modern birth control method, increased to 58% with prompting, but only 3.2% had used one, and 1.3% were currently using. The cost of modern contraceptives is prohibitive for Chadians whose average GNP is  129. 56% expressed an interest on modern contraception for spacing, indicating a large unmet need.

title: Changes in Chad: the results of a XXXX survey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Women']

answer: @entity25108 :: (1033,Gene) :: ['KAP']


abstract: Age-related changes in skeletal muscle, in combination with bed rest, may result in a poorer rehabilitation potential for an elderly @entity1 . The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of non-weight bearing ( @entity4218 [ @entity4218 ]) on the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) in older @entity35 . Two non-weight bearing conditions were used: an uninterrupted bout of @entity4218 and an interrupted bout of @entity4218 . Twenty-one @entity35 were randomly placed into 1 of 3 groups: control, interrupted @entity4218 (2 phases of 7 days of @entity4218 , separated by a 4-day weight-bearing phase) and an uninterrupted @entity4218 (18 uninterrupted days of @entity4218 ). Following non-weight bearing, the soleus and EDL muscles were removed. Fiber type identification was performed by myofibrillar ATPase and cross-sectional area was determined. The findings suggest that any period of non-weight bearing leads to a decrease in muscle wet weight (19%-45%). Both type I and type II fibers of the soleus showed @entity194 (decrease in cross-sectional area, 35%-44%) with an uninterrupted bout of non-weight bearing. Only the type II fibers of the soleus showed recovery with an interrupted bout of weight bearing. In the EDL, type II fibers were more affected by an uninterrupted bout of non-weight bearing (15% decrease in fiber size) compared to the type I fibers. EDL type II fibers showed more @entity194 with interrupted bouts of non-weight bearing than with a single bout (a 40% compared to a 15% decrease). This study shows that initial weight bearing after an episode of non-weight bearing may be damaging to type II fibers of the EDL.

title: The effects of non-weight bearing on skeletal muscle in older XXXX : an interrupted bout versus an uninterrupted bout.

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['hind limb unweighting', 'HU']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: PURPOSE: The segmental resection of constricted bile duct and end-to-end biliary @entity254 could be an attractive alternative in the treatment of benign biliary tract stricture. The aim of this study was to restore the anatomical integrity of the hepatic-common bile duct after an artificially produced defect while maintaining the large duodenal papilla, using microsurgical technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experiments were carried out on 25 mongrel @entity235 . The common bile duct was ligated in all of the animals during laparotomy, as a model of @entity1448 in @entity1 . Relaparotomy was performed 3 days after the initial operation. The segment of bile duct, 4 cm in length was resected together with the ligature. The continuous bile flow into the duodenum was assured by a @entity9031 catheter introduced into both ends of dissected bile duct. The proximal end of the hepatic-common bile duct was fixed to a device constructed by us for the distention of the bile duct (DDBD). The anterior part of the device was exteriorized through a separate @entity292 and fixed to the abdominal wall. The hepatic-common bile duct distention was gradually continued during 18 days, by pulling out the mobile part of the device. After 18 days the device was removed and the distended proximal end of the hepatic-common bile duct was anastomosed end-to-end with its distal end. The sequels of this procedure were observed for up to 6 months. RESULTS: The hepatic-common bile duct was distended 4 cm within 18 days. The histopathological examination has shown partial damage of the duct framework due to the distention and @entity2701 . However the patency of the duct was preserved and the recovery of normal structures were observed after the device was removed and @entity254 fashioned. CONCLUSION: This method, developed by us, offers the possibility of restoring the integrity of injured extrahepatic bile ducts, allowing effective treatment of benign biliary strictures.

title: The experimental distention of dissected bile duct for the restoration of its continuity in XXXX using a device of own construction.

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['bile duct obstruction']

entities_list: @entity9031 :: ('MESH:D011145', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: In order to elucidate the role of @entity4349 based combination chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of @entity706 we conducted a retrospective study on a large series of @entity1 with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of @entity706 . The @entity706 intergroup (ILI) promoted a retrospective study of @entity1 with @entity706 treated in cooperative trials between 1985 and 1996. Six hundred and thirty three cases were treated with an @entity4349 -containing regimen and 128 @entity1 were treated without @entity8253 . The two groups were prognostically comparable; in particular, no difference was observed according to both IPI and ILI prognostic index. Results showed a complete remission (CR) rate for @entity1 treated with @entity8253 was 69.2% and overall response rate was 92.5%. After a median follow-up of 51 months (54 months for @entity1 still alive), the 5- and 10-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) rates were 80 and 66%, respectively. Disease-free survival (DFS) and @entity177 ( @entity177 ) rates at 5 years were 61 and 49%, respectively. In the group of @entity1 treated with combination chemotherapy not including @entity8253 , the CR rate was 67.5% and the overall response rate was 85.4%. A longer @entity1349 (80% at 5 years) was observed in @entity1 treated with @entity8253 compared to 67% @entity1349 rate in @entity1 treated without @entity8253 (p = 0.0004). @entity177 was significantly longer in @entity1 treated with @entity8253 (49 vs. 34% p = 0.006). @entity1 treated with @entity8253 with low or intermediate risk according to ILI prognostic index showed a significantly longer @entity1349 (p = 0.0001 andp = 0.0009, respectively); those in the high-risk group showed a trend for a longer survival. In conclusion, this retrospective study shows that @entity1 with @entity706 treated with an @entity4349 containing regimen had a better outcome compared to @entity1 treated with other combination regimens non including @entity8253 in terms of CRs, @entity1349 and @entity177 . On the basis of these results @entity4349 -containing regimens (ACR) should be considered as the standard treatment of @entity1 with advanced @entity706 .

title: The role of @entity8253 in combination chemotherapy for the treatment of XXXX : retrospective study of the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi on 761 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['Italian lymphoma', 'follicular lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['FFS', 'failure-free survival']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['follicular lymphoma']


abstract: In order to elucidate the role of @entity4349 based combination chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of @entity706 we conducted a retrospective study on a large series of @entity1 with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of @entity706 . The @entity706 intergroup (ILI) promoted a retrospective study of @entity1 with @entity706 treated in cooperative trials between 1985 and 1996. Six hundred and thirty three cases were treated with an @entity4349 -containing regimen and 128 @entity1 were treated without @entity8253 . The two groups were prognostically comparable; in particular, no difference was observed according to both IPI and ILI prognostic index. Results showed a complete remission (CR) rate for @entity1 treated with @entity8253 was 69.2% and overall response rate was 92.5%. After a median follow-up of 51 months (54 months for @entity1 still alive), the 5- and 10-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) rates were 80 and 66%, respectively. Disease-free survival (DFS) and @entity177 ( @entity177 ) rates at 5 years were 61 and 49%, respectively. In the group of @entity1 treated with combination chemotherapy not including @entity8253 , the CR rate was 67.5% and the overall response rate was 85.4%. A longer @entity1349 (80% at 5 years) was observed in @entity1 treated with @entity8253 compared to 67% @entity1349 rate in @entity1 treated without @entity8253 (p = 0.0004). @entity177 was significantly longer in @entity1 treated with @entity8253 (49 vs. 34% p = 0.006). @entity1 treated with @entity8253 with low or intermediate risk according to ILI prognostic index showed a significantly longer @entity1349 (p = 0.0001 andp = 0.0009, respectively); those in the high-risk group showed a trend for a longer survival. In conclusion, this retrospective study shows that @entity1 with @entity706 treated with an @entity4349 containing regimen had a better outcome compared to @entity1 treated with other combination regimens non including @entity8253 in terms of CRs, @entity1349 and @entity177 . On the basis of these results @entity4349 -containing regimens (ACR) should be considered as the standard treatment of @entity1 with advanced @entity706 .

title: The role of XXXX in combination chemotherapy for the treatment of @entity706 : retrospective study of the Intergruppo Italiano Linfomi on 761 cases.

answer: @entity8253 :: (MESH:D018943,Chemical) :: ['anthracyclines']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The technical aspects of access-port (AP) placement are not generally described in @entity3813 -Band series. METHODS: From November 2000 to April 2002, we performed @entity3813 -Band procedures laparoscopically on 180 @entity1 . A retrospective review was conducted of 3 consecutive AP-placement techniques in nonselected and demographically identical groups. In Group A (n=48, Nov. 2000 to July 2001), the AP was placed at the left subcostal margin. In Group B (n=23, Aug. 2001 to Sept. 2001), the AP was tunneled over the subcostal fascia towards the subxiphoid area. In Group C (n=109, Oct. 2001 to Apr. 2002), the AP tubing was tunneled over the subcostal fascia and connected to the AP, which was inserted through a 3-cm subxiphoid incision. RESULTS: AP-related problems occurred within the first few months following surgery. In Group A, 24 of the @entity28286 (50%) were tilted, and 14 (29%) were completely flipped over. 11 @entity28286 (23%) were found to be broken. 19 @entity1 (40%) underwent an additional AP-related procedure. In group B, 12 @entity28286 (52%) were tilted and 1 @entity1 required surgery to turn the AP. In Group C, 8 @entity28286 (7%) were turned slightly. 1 AP was found to be broken and required surgery to replace it. In this group, all @entity28286 were accessible for adjustment in the office. CONCLUSIONS: Tunneling the AP along the left subcostal area is an important technique to protect the AP system from breakage, by changing AP-tube position from vertical to horizontal in relation to abdominal wall movement. This technique also keeps the AP-tube connection over the fascia and protects it from "wear and tear" forces. The addition of fixation at the subxiphoid location helps maintain a straight orientation of the AP for easier adjustments.

title: Optimization of access-port placement for the XXXX -band system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity3813 :: (7939,Gene) :: ['lap']


abstract: A recent gastric bypass can mask the symptoms of an acute abdomen. Physical examination is generally unreliable and subtle clinical symptoms or signs should alert clinicians to a significant postoperative problem. In morbidly @entity28 @entity1 , the presence of overt peritoneal findings is usually ominous, leading to sepsis, organ failure and @entity204 . We report a case of @entity698 following a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The @entity1 developed @entity591 , @entity221 , and @entity491 in the absence of @entity490 or positive upper GI contrast studies. Eventually, a CT scan revealed a large pelvic @entity733 and @entity32 . A subsequent exploratory laparotomy confirmed a @entity698 with @entity298 . Her recovery was rapid and uneventful. This case highlights the pitfalls in promptly diagnosing an unrelated acute surgical abdomen postoperatively in the morbidly @entity28 @entity1 . The need for extreme vigilance and a low threshold for aggressive intervention in the period after bariatric surgery is emphasized.

title: XXXX after laparoscopic Roux-enY gastric bypass: pitfalls in diagnosing a surgical Abdomen in the morbidly @entity28 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured appendicitis', 'perforated appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['Ruptured appendicitis']


abstract: A recent gastric bypass can mask the symptoms of an acute abdomen. Physical examination is generally unreliable and subtle clinical symptoms or signs should alert clinicians to a significant postoperative problem. In morbidly @entity28 @entity1 , the presence of overt peritoneal findings is usually ominous, leading to sepsis, organ failure and @entity204 . We report a case of @entity698 following a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The @entity1 developed @entity591 , @entity221 , and @entity491 in the absence of @entity490 or positive upper GI contrast studies. Eventually, a CT scan revealed a large pelvic @entity733 and @entity32 . A subsequent exploratory laparotomy confirmed a @entity698 with @entity298 . Her recovery was rapid and uneventful. This case highlights the pitfalls in promptly diagnosing an unrelated acute surgical abdomen postoperatively in the morbidly @entity28 @entity1 . The need for extreme vigilance and a low threshold for aggressive intervention in the period after bariatric surgery is emphasized.

title: @entity698 after laparoscopic Roux-enY gastric bypass: pitfalls in diagnosing a surgical Abdomen in the morbidly XXXX .

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']