abstract: Between January 1990 and February 1993, 73 @entity1 underwent first-stage reconstruction for @entity1699 at the University of Michigan Medical Center. During this period, surgical reconstruction remained essentially constant and consisted of a pulmonary artery-to-aorta anastomosis with allograft augmentation of the ascending, transverse, and proximal descending aorta, restriction of pulmonary blood flow with a @entity736 shunt from the innominate artery to the central pulmonary artery confluence, and atrial septectomy. Hospital survival was 62 of 73 @entity1 , 85% (70% confidence limits: 80% to 89%). These results stand in marked contrast to those obtained during the earlier years of our experience from 1986 to 1989 when only 21 of 50 @entity1 (42%, 70% confidence limits: 35% to 49%) survived (p = 0.001). Among the most recent group of @entity1 , only 2 of 7 @entity1 older than 1 month of age at operation survived, whereas 60 of 66 (91%, 70% confidence limits: 87% to 94%) @entity1 younger than 1 month of age survived (p = 0.0001). Anatomic subtype and ascending aortic diameter were not predictive of survival. Actuarial survivals for those @entity1 younger than 1 month of age at the first-stage operation, including hospital @entity204 and subsequent operative procedures, were 81%, 74%, and 74% at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. These results indicate that survival for @entity1 after first-stage reconstruction for @entity1699 has significantly improved in recent years. Older age was a strong risk factor, with a hospital survival of 91% for those @entity1 undergoing first-stage palliation within the first month of life. These data have important implications for the type of operative intervention and its timing.

title: Improving results with first-stage palliation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1699 :: ('MESH:D018636', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplastic left heart syndrome']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['polytetrafluoroethylene']

answer: @entity1699 :: (MESH:D018636,Disease) :: ['hypoplastic left heart syndrome']


abstract: The causative agent of @entity6588 , @entity5092 , occurs in two main biovars, the highly virulent F. t. biovar tularensis, found in North America; and the less virulent biovar palaearctica, found all over the northern hemisphere. Two other biovars have been proposed, F. t. biovar mediaasiatica and F. t. biovar palaearctica var. japonica. In Sweden @entity6588 is most frequently observed in @entity1 and varying hares (Lepus timidus), and occasionally in other species. @entity6588 in hares is normally an acute fatal disease, although less fatal @entity281 have been reported. The diagnosis of @entity6588 is routinely based on immunological reactions. We studied 10 different isolates of @entity5092 from varying hares, one isolate from an Ural owl (Strix uralensis), one vaccine strain, one strain of F. @entity37187 , and six isolates from a virulence study of @entity5092 , by biochemical tests and by hybridization experiments with probes complementary to 16S rRNA. All isolates, except the isolate F. @entity37187 , were characterized as F. t. biovar palaearctica by biochemical tests. In the 16S rRNA analysis all isolates were positive to the probe for @entity5092 and the probe for F. t. biovar palaearctica with the exception that F. @entity37187 reacted with the probe specific to F. t. biovar tularensis. To further confirm that the strains used belonged to F. t. biovar palaearctica virulence tests in @entity95 were performed which disclosed this phenotype. The results presented in this work show that the isolated strains from the western part of Europe were F. t. biovar palaearctica, irrespective of animal origin or virulence.

title: Identification and classification of different isolates of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5092 :: ('263', 'Species') :: ['Francisella tularensis', 'F. tularensis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity37187 :: ('240496', 'Species') :: ['t. biovar japonica']

entities_list: @entity6588 :: ('MESH:D014406', 'Disease') :: ['tularemia', 'Tularemia']

answer: @entity5092 :: (263,Species) :: ['Francisella tularensis']


abstract: We studied 4 @entity1 with progressive @entity3148 ( @entity16045 ; @entity16045 ). Somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs), auditory evoked fields (AEFs), and spontaneous activity over the somatomotor cortex were recorded with a 24-channel SQUID gradiometer. All @entity1 had "giant" 20-45 msec median nerve SEFs at the first somatomotor cortex, with 2-6 times larger amplitudes than the healthy control subjects. Later deflections were not similarly enhanced. The dependence of @entity28626 amplitudes on interstimulus interval (0.2-4 sec) and on successive ulnar-median nerve stimulation (stimulus interval 40 msec) was comparable to that in controls. Cortical AEFs were attenuated and delayed. In 3 @entity1 , the spontaneous activity consisted of 6-8 Hz mu rhythm, which originated within 2 cm from the sources of SEFs and was abolished by clenching of the contralateral fist. Control subjects had major spectral peaks around 10 and 20 Hz. The @entity28626 amplitudes and the strength of the 6-10 Hz mu correlated strongly, suggesting that some components of evoked and spontaneous activity obtain contributions from overlapping neuronal populations. The results imply that @entity16045 is associated with thalamo-cortical hyperreactivity in the sensorimotor but not in the auditory system.

title: Cortical reactivity in progressive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity16045 :: ('MESH:D020194', 'Disease') :: ['Unverricht-Lundborg disease', 'ULD']

entities_list: @entity3148 :: ('MESH:D004831', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonus epilepsy']

answer: @entity3148 :: (MESH:D004831,Disease) :: ['myoclonus epilepsy']


abstract: The dose-response relationship (challenge phase) of the @entity272 response was investigated in previously sensitized Hartley @entity840 . Larger numbers of animals were used per group at the lower doses so that statistically significant observations could be made. Model compounds known to be skin sensitizers were used: a strong sensitizer, @entity3304 ( @entity3304 ), and a weaker sensitizer, @entity7227 ( @entity34039 ). A gradation in response to changing @entity3304 doses was easily observed by using either the open epicutaneous test (OET) or the Buehler occlusive patch test. The Buehler test was used to study the dose-response relationship of @entity3304 sensitization. The sensitivity of the OET and Buehler test was judged not adequate to measure the dose response for @entity34039 , because at high doses a high incidence of responders was not obtained. Therefore, the maximization test was used to evaluate @entity34039 . Similar, non-linear dose-response curves were obtained with each compound. The higher doses produced a somewhat linear relationship, but at lower doses the curves flattened out and more slowly approached a zero response. Thus, for potent sensitizers, concentrations found in exposure situations might be in the linear portion of the dose-response curve. For weak responders, use concentrations might be in the shallow portion of the curve, where reactions would be underestimated if a linear dose-response curve were assumed.

title: Dose-response relationship in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7227 :: ('MESH:C029728', 'Chemical') :: ['p-phenylenediamine']

entities_list: @entity3304 :: ('MESH:D004137', 'Chemical') :: ['dinitrochlorobenzene', 'DNCB']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin sensitization']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin sensitization']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity785 ( @entity2631 ) is an infrequent disease. Data on incidence and prevalence are scarce and conflictive. There are no such data in Latin America or in Argentina in particular. OBJECTIVES: We undertook to examine the incidence and prevalence of @entity785 in the prepaid health maintenance organization of our hospital, in the city of Buenos Aires. METHODS: Members of the plan between 1999 and 2004 were followed up for incident cases, and prevalence was calculated at the end of the period. RESULTS: A total of 98,642 @entity1 were followed up for a total of 32,9534 @entity1 -years. Density of incidence overall was 21.2 per million @entity1 -years (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4-37). Density of incidence for @entity66 was 6.1 per million @entity1 -years (95% CI, 2.3-14.5), and for limited disease, it was 15.2 per million @entity1 -years (95% CI, 2-28). Prevalence was 296 per million @entity1 (95% CI, 193-434); females, 477 per million @entity1 (95% CI, 309-704); and males, 28 per million @entity1 (95% CI, 7-157). Prevalence for @entity66 was 57 per million @entity1 (95% CI, 18-133), and for limited disease, it was 240 per million @entity1 (95% CI, 148-365). CONCLUSIONS: Despite potential biases, these data are in agreement with others from different parts of the world and the first obtained in Argentina and, to our knowledge, in Latin America.

title: Incidence and prevalence of XXXX in a healthcare plan in Buenos Aires.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['person', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse disease']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic sclerosis', 'systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity785 :: (MESH:D012595,Disease) :: ['systemic sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: India leads the world with maximum number of @entity6 @entity1 being termed as the " @entity6 capital of the world." Certain risk factors including unsatisfactory diet, overweight, and a sedentary lifestyle are potentially reversible. Acharayas have widely described the role of diet and activities to control Madhumeha ( @entity6 [ @entity6 ]) along with medications. Habitual consumption of roasted or dry @entity2247 ( @entity2247 .) flour, Mudga (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) and Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) prevents the manifestation of Prameha. AIM: To assess the clinical effects of dietary interventions and life style modifications in Madhumeha @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Present study was carried out on 56 @entity1 of Madhumeha from S.S. Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Dietary interventions and life style modifications schedule was prepared based on Ayurvedic principles and @entity1 were advised to follow this regimen. Three consecutive follow-ups were done for 3 months at the interval of one month each. RESULTS: Significant improvement was observed in clinical signs and symptoms along with plasma @entity413 and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Madhumeha @entity1 after these interventions (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Dietary interventions and life style modifications are two important tools by which adequate glycemic control can be obtained, especially in newly diagnosed @entity6 @entity1 and in @entity1 who are on antidiabetic medication, but not properly controlled.

title: Clinical assessment of dietary interventions and lifestyle modifications in Madhumeha (type- 2 XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity2247 :: ('4513', 'Species') :: ['Barley', 'Hordeum vulgare L']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'T2DM', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes Mellitus']


abstract: @entity5893 + B lymphocytes and TCR gamma-delta T lymphocytes, phenotypes implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity792 , were isolated from the vitreous in a case of @entity697 . These cells were obtained using a method which allows the selective maintainance in vitro of in vivo activated T lymphocytes. Dual colour flow cytometry showed that after 3 days culture in @entity1199 containing medium 61% of cells were @entity5893 / @entity1075 + ve and 41% CD3/TCR gamma delta + ve. Of the total CD3 + ve population, 15% were gamma/delta negative. These cells formed a population which also responded in a proliferation assay to retinal antigens. Histologically the eye showed a marked mononuclear cell infiltration of the retina, ciliary body and choroid. @entity75 within the choroid contained lymphocytes, plasma cells and multinucleate giant cells. Immunocytochemistry showed lymphocyte populations to be predominantly @entity3138 + ve CD3 + ve T lymphocytes of the @entity404 sub-set. Distribution of monocytes/macrophages throughout the lesions and restriction of B-lymphocytes to granulomata were all consistent with a DTH type reaction. Despite immunosuppressive therapy, the expression of activation antigens HLA-DR and @entity2071 on infiltrating and resident ocular tissue cells was high, although @entity3647 ( @entity2902 ) expression was virtually absent. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood cells prior to treatment with @entity205 showed systemic activation of lymphocytes, with high levels of HLA-DR and @entity2902 expression and a raised @entity404 / @entity405 ratio.

title: Retinal antigen specific lymphocytes, TCR-gamma delta T cells and @entity5893 + B cells cultured from the vitreous in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute sympathetic ophthalmitis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Granulomatous lesions']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporin-A']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute sympathetic ophthalmitis']


abstract: @entity5893 + B lymphocytes and TCR gamma-delta T lymphocytes, phenotypes implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity792 , were isolated from the vitreous in a case of @entity697 . These cells were obtained using a method which allows the selective maintainance in vitro of in vivo activated T lymphocytes. Dual colour flow cytometry showed that after 3 days culture in @entity1199 containing medium 61% of cells were @entity5893 / @entity1075 + ve and 41% CD3/TCR gamma delta + ve. Of the total CD3 + ve population, 15% were gamma/delta negative. These cells formed a population which also responded in a proliferation assay to retinal antigens. Histologically the eye showed a marked mononuclear cell infiltration of the retina, ciliary body and choroid. @entity75 within the choroid contained lymphocytes, plasma cells and multinucleate giant cells. Immunocytochemistry showed lymphocyte populations to be predominantly @entity3138 + ve CD3 + ve T lymphocytes of the @entity404 sub-set. Distribution of monocytes/macrophages throughout the lesions and restriction of B-lymphocytes to granulomata were all consistent with a DTH type reaction. Despite immunosuppressive therapy, the expression of activation antigens HLA-DR and @entity2071 on infiltrating and resident ocular tissue cells was high, although @entity3647 ( @entity2902 ) expression was virtually absent. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood cells prior to treatment with @entity205 showed systemic activation of lymphocytes, with high levels of HLA-DR and @entity2902 expression and a raised @entity404 / @entity405 ratio.

title: Retinal antigen specific lymphocytes, TCR-gamma delta T cells and XXXX + B cells cultured from the vitreous in @entity697 .

answer: @entity5893 :: (921,Gene) :: ['CD5']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: In a recent randomized controlled trial our group has demonstrated in 102 @entity1 that late post-conditioning with @entity2614 performed in the intensive care unit after surgery involving extracorporeal circulation reduced damage to cardiomyocytes exposed to @entity63 reperfusion injury. On the first post-operative day the @entity2614 @entity1 presented with lower troponin T values when compared with those undergoing @entity1875 sedation. In order to assess possible clinical relevant long-term implications in @entity1 enrolled in this study, we performed the current retrospective analysis focusing on cardiac and non- @entity299 during the first 6 months after surgery. METHODS: All @entity1 who had successfully completed the late post-conditioning trial were included into this follow-up. Our primary and secondary endpoints were the proportion of @entity1 experiencing cardiac and non- @entity299 , respectively. Additionally, we were interested in assessing therapeutic interventions such as initiation or change of drug therapy, interventional treatment or surgery. RESULTS: Of 102 @entity1 analyzed in the primary study 94 could be included in this follow-up. In the @entity2614 group (with 41 @entity1 ) 16 (39%) experienced one or several @entity299 within 6 months after cardiac surgery, in the @entity1875 group (with 53 @entity1 ) 19 (36%, p=0.75). Four @entity1 (9%) with @entity2614 vs. 7 (13%) with @entity1875 sedation had non- @entity299 (p=0.61). While a similar percentage of @entity1 suffered from @entity299 , only 12 @entity1 in the @entity2614 group compared to 20 @entity1875 @entity1 needed a therapeutic intervention (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.04-1.43, p=0.12). A similar result was found for hospital admissions: 2 @entity1 in the @entity2614 group had to be re-admitted to the hospital compared to 8 in the @entity1875 group (OR 0.23, 95% CI: 0.04-1.29, p=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2614 does not seem to provide protection with regard to the occurrence of cardiac and non- @entity299 in the 6-month period following cardiac surgery with the use of extracorporeal circulation. However, there was a clear trend towards fewer interventions (less need for treatment, fewer hospital admissions) associated with @entity2614 post-conditioning in @entity1 experiencing any event. Such results might encourage launching large multicenter post-conditioning trials with clinical outcome defined as primary endpoint.

title: Late Post-Conditioning with XXXX after Cardiac Surgery--Are Surrogate Markers Associated with Clinical Outcome?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane', 'Sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac and/or non-cardiac events', 'cardiac events']

answer: @entity2614 :: (MESH:C009250,Chemical) :: ['Sevoflurane']


abstract: We evaluated the use of @entity3652 as sole anesthetic agent for open liver biopsy, with particular reference to its effect on liver function and hepatotoxicity and its effect on cardiovascular stability and respiration. From 386 @entity1 who underwent liver biopsy at Jordan University Hospital, 12 had open liver biopsy because of contra-indications for closed needle biopsy. The surgical procedure consisted of a small right paramedian incision allowing inspection of the liver surface and a wedge and needle biopsy. @entity73253 was used in a dose of 2 mg/kg I.V. with supplemental doses as necessary. No significant fluctuations in cardio-respiratory vital signs were observed. @entity2003 and respiratory tagging movements necessitated addition of a muscle relaxant and artificial ventilation in three @entity1 . Six @entity1 reported dreams, two of which were described as nightmares. There was no liver function decompensation, or significant @entity648 or transaminase elevations in the week following the biopsy. @entity3652 is a safe anesthetic to use for open liver biopsy in @entity1 with underlying @entity409 , although poor muscle relaxation and nightmares may be significant side effects.

title: XXXX as sole anesthetic for open liver biopsy.

entities_list: @entity73253 :: ('CHEBI:650657', 'Chemical') :: ['Ketamine HCl']

entities_list: @entity2003 :: ('MESH:D009127', 'Disease') :: ['Muscle rigidity']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine', 'Ketamine']

answer: @entity3652 :: (MESH:D007649,Chemical) :: ['Ketamine hydrochloride']


abstract: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are important effectors of @entity32 . Many inflammatory diseases are self-limiting, raising the possibility that compounds are generated in vivo during the course of @entity32 that inhibit neutrophil recruitment and tissue destruction. Lipoxins, a more recent addition to the families of bioactive @entity1813 , are potential candidates in this regard. Lipoxins are generated via pathways that initially involve the dual lipoxygenation of @entity1426 and are potent inhibitors of several neutrophil trafficking events in vitro. Here, we present evidence that lipoxin A4 is generated in @entity35 kidneys during experimental immune complex-mediated @entity631 in vivo. Renal lipoxin A4 levels were markedly reduced by prior depletion of animals of either neutrophils or platelets, suggesting that most lipoxin A4 generated in vivo was derived from transcellular biosynthetic pathways during platelet-neutrophil interactions. Electron microscopic examination of glomerulonephritic kidneys revealed areas of intimate contact between neutrophils and platelets within the lumen of glomerular capillaries. P-selectin on platelets is an important mediator of platelet-neutrophil adhesion in vitro and in vivo. Prior treatment of animals with a blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) against P-selectin (mAb @entity73254 ), but not an isotype-matched non-blocking control mAb (mAb PNB1.6), caused striking inhibition of lipoxin A4 generation without attenuating neutrophil recruitment. Anti-P-selectin mAb also blunted transcellular lipoxin A4 generation during coincubations of activated neutrophils and platelets in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Transcellular biosynthesis of lipoxin A4 during adhesion of platelets and neutrophils in experimental immune complex XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'injury in host defense and inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1813 :: ('MESH:D015777', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosanoids']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulonephritis']


abstract: Integrins have been shown to play a role in directing and maintaining cell differentiation and polarization. The embryonic lens provides a good system in which to examine their role in epithelial cell differentiation, because all stages of lens development are represented in an individual embryonic lens. Therefore, we examined the expression and distribution of @entity2393 heterodimers in both the lens epithelium and the differentiated lens fiber cells. In lens epithelial cells @entity2393 was found to be localized to all membrane surfaces. Lens fiber cells contained @entity2393 all along their lateral borders as well as at the site of their attachment to the lens capsule and at their interface with lens epithelial cells. The distribution of @entity2393 in the lens was distinct from that observed in simple epithelia, the @entity989 ( @entity989 ), kidney, and intestine, where it was limited to a basal lateral localization. We examined the specific @entity2393 heterodimers expressed in the lens by Western blot analysis for the integrin alpha subunits following @entity10483 immunoprecipitation and compared them with those expressed in @entity989 cells. In the lens we detected alpha 3 and alpha 6 subunits but not @entity6927 , alpha 5, or alpha v. When the lens was separated into epithelial and fiber cells, we found that alpha 3 was expressed at a higher level in the epithelial cells, while alpha 6 was primarily associated with the fiber cells. In the @entity989 the primary @entity2393 detected was alpha 3. Unlike in lens and kidney, alpha 6 @entity10483 integrin in @entity989 cells was expressed only at a low level. alpha v was also expressed in @entity989 cells but not as a @entity10483 heterodimer. As in the lens, neither alpha 5 @entity10483 nor @entity6927 @entity10483 integrin was detected in @entity989 . Both lens and @entity989 cells express a specific subset of @entity2393 heterodimers which are likely to be important to the initiation and maintenance of their differentiated phenotype.

title: XXXX integrins in epithelial tissues: a unique distribution in the lens.

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal pigment epithelium', 'RPE']

answer: @entity10483 :: (10678,Gene) :: ['Beta 1']


abstract: @entity463 ( @entity463 ), the most common primary @entity149 , are highly aggressive and heterogeneous, and remain a dramatic therapeutic challenge. Markers mirroring the complex molecular profile of @entity463 that are predictive of @entity1 outcomes are needed to define novel multi-targeted treatment strategies. Resistance to current @entity11 therapies is partly due to a subpopulation of stem-like and other self-renewing cells (hereafter called glioma stem-like @entity5 cells, GSCC), which are therefore of key interest as therapeutic entry points. Wnt and Hedgehog are among the main pathways involved in GSCC renewal. @entity3546 and @entity8889 are markers of Wnt and Hedgehog activation respectively and both pathways are known to be altered in @entity11 . To date, there are no investigations of @entity8889 protein expression in @entity11 tissue, and recently a high expression of @entity3546 has been found to have a poor prognostic impact in @entity11 @entity1 in a study. We have therefore quantified the positivity for @entity3546 , @entity8889 , as well as Ki-67, @entity876 , and @entity470 proteins on immunohistochemically-stained @entity11 sections from 106 @entity1 in an investigation for potential predictive biomarkers. Correlation between these markers and survival was evaluated by pair-wise Pearson correlation coefficient and by bi-dimensional hierarchical clustering, followed by survival estimations using linear regression models and classification trees. We demonstrated that both @entity3546 and, for the first time, @entity8889 proteins are highly predictive markers of short survival, being found in 75 and 90% of the highly predictive trees, respectively, whereas Ki-67, @entity876 and @entity470 were under 30% and thus, not considered as predictive. Our results indicate a role of @entity3546 and @entity8889 in @entity11 malignant behaviour, and suggest that inhibiting members of Wnt and Hedgehog pathways could be a valuable therapeutic strategy for @entity11 @entity1 .

title: XXXX and @entity8889 are prognostic markers in @entity463 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies of the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['Glioblastomas', 'GBMs']

answer: @entity3546 :: (1499,Gene) :: ['b-catenin']


abstract: @entity463 ( @entity463 ), the most common primary @entity149 , are highly aggressive and heterogeneous, and remain a dramatic therapeutic challenge. Markers mirroring the complex molecular profile of @entity463 that are predictive of @entity1 outcomes are needed to define novel multi-targeted treatment strategies. Resistance to current @entity11 therapies is partly due to a subpopulation of stem-like and other self-renewing cells (hereafter called glioma stem-like @entity5 cells, GSCC), which are therefore of key interest as therapeutic entry points. Wnt and Hedgehog are among the main pathways involved in GSCC renewal. @entity3546 and @entity8889 are markers of Wnt and Hedgehog activation respectively and both pathways are known to be altered in @entity11 . To date, there are no investigations of @entity8889 protein expression in @entity11 tissue, and recently a high expression of @entity3546 has been found to have a poor prognostic impact in @entity11 @entity1 in a study. We have therefore quantified the positivity for @entity3546 , @entity8889 , as well as Ki-67, @entity876 , and @entity470 proteins on immunohistochemically-stained @entity11 sections from 106 @entity1 in an investigation for potential predictive biomarkers. Correlation between these markers and survival was evaluated by pair-wise Pearson correlation coefficient and by bi-dimensional hierarchical clustering, followed by survival estimations using linear regression models and classification trees. We demonstrated that both @entity3546 and, for the first time, @entity8889 proteins are highly predictive markers of short survival, being found in 75 and 90% of the highly predictive trees, respectively, whereas Ki-67, @entity876 and @entity470 were under 30% and thus, not considered as predictive. Our results indicate a role of @entity3546 and @entity8889 in @entity11 malignant behaviour, and suggest that inhibiting members of Wnt and Hedgehog pathways could be a valuable therapeutic strategy for @entity11 @entity1 .

title: @entity3546 and XXXX are prognostic markers in @entity463 .

answer: @entity8889 :: (2735,Gene) :: ['Gli1']


abstract: @entity463 ( @entity463 ), the most common primary @entity149 , are highly aggressive and heterogeneous, and remain a dramatic therapeutic challenge. Markers mirroring the complex molecular profile of @entity463 that are predictive of @entity1 outcomes are needed to define novel multi-targeted treatment strategies. Resistance to current @entity11 therapies is partly due to a subpopulation of stem-like and other self-renewing cells (hereafter called glioma stem-like @entity5 cells, GSCC), which are therefore of key interest as therapeutic entry points. Wnt and Hedgehog are among the main pathways involved in GSCC renewal. @entity3546 and @entity8889 are markers of Wnt and Hedgehog activation respectively and both pathways are known to be altered in @entity11 . To date, there are no investigations of @entity8889 protein expression in @entity11 tissue, and recently a high expression of @entity3546 has been found to have a poor prognostic impact in @entity11 @entity1 in a study. We have therefore quantified the positivity for @entity3546 , @entity8889 , as well as Ki-67, @entity876 , and @entity470 proteins on immunohistochemically-stained @entity11 sections from 106 @entity1 in an investigation for potential predictive biomarkers. Correlation between these markers and survival was evaluated by pair-wise Pearson correlation coefficient and by bi-dimensional hierarchical clustering, followed by survival estimations using linear regression models and classification trees. We demonstrated that both @entity3546 and, for the first time, @entity8889 proteins are highly predictive markers of short survival, being found in 75 and 90% of the highly predictive trees, respectively, whereas Ki-67, @entity876 and @entity470 were under 30% and thus, not considered as predictive. Our results indicate a role of @entity3546 and @entity8889 in @entity11 malignant behaviour, and suggest that inhibiting members of Wnt and Hedgehog pathways could be a valuable therapeutic strategy for @entity11 @entity1 .

title: @entity3546 and @entity8889 are prognostic markers in XXXX .

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether abnormalities in small intramyocardial vessels could be detected on routine cardiac transplant biopsy specimens and whether these features correlate with intimal thickening by intracoronary ultrasound and @entity409 in large epicardial vessels. BACKGROUND: Variability in clinical presentation of allograft vasculopathy suggests differential involvement of large and small vessels. Intracoronary ultrasound and endothelial function studies detect large-vessel abnormalities but may not reflect changes in small intramyocardial arteries. The latter could be detected in routine cardiac biopsy specimens by histologic and immunohistochemical studies. METHODS: Thirty-nine cardiac transplant recipients underwent intracoronary ultrasound and @entity934 studies 5 to 7 days after endomyocardial biopsy. Biopsy tissue was evaluated for coronary artery endothelial plumping and intimal thickening and increased immunostaining for fibronectin, @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha and receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility. @entity66 was assessed by calculating an average intimal index from intracoronary ultrasound of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Endothelial function was determined by quantitative coronary analysis after @entity934 challenge. RESULTS: Coronary arteries were found in the biopsy tissue of 30 (76%) of the 39 @entity1 who formed the study group. Fourteen of 30 @entity1 had abnormal histologic findings. Immunohistochemical analysis for fibronectin, possible in 20 of 30 @entity1 , was positive in 14 (70%) of 20 and correlated with abnormal histologic findings (p = 0.01). Immunostaining was positive for @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha and receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility in 12 (40%) and 13 (43%) of 30 @entity1 , respectively. All @entity1 had intimal thickening by intracoronary ultrasound, but intimal index did not correlate significantly with @entity455 by histologic or immunohistochemical analysis. @entity409 in 13 @entity1 (43%) did not correlate with either abnormal ultrasound findings or @entity6249 . CONCLUSIONS: Intramyocardial arteries are readily observed in biopsy specimens from cardiac transplant recipients and provide useful information about allograft vasculopathy. Lack of correlation between @entity66 suggests discordant progression of allograft vasculopathy.

title: Abnormalities in intramyocardial arteries detected in cardiac transplant biopsy specimens and lack of correlation with abnormal intracoronary ultrasound or XXXX in large epicardial coronary arteries.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['small-artery disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['intramyocardial and epicardial vessel disease', 'Large-vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity6249 :: ('MESH:D059345', 'Disease') :: ['small-vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction', 'Large-vessel endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['endothelial dysfunction']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We carried out a systematic review in order to determine the connection between lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to @entity1876 and @entity209 with its components. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review and Web of Science from their inception until January 2015 to identify all eligible studies on the effect of @entity209 (or component factors) on the presence or severity of lower urinary tract symptoms/ @entity1876 in @entity1 . This analysis was carried out according to the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology guidelines. In total, 19 studies were identified as eligible for this systematic review. The quality assessment score was >= 50% in more than half of the studies (11/19). The evidence synthesis showed a positive association between @entity209 , number of components and lower urinary tract symptoms/ @entity1876 . In particular, the major endocrine aberrations of this connection are central @entity28 and @entity2298 . The links between insulin resistance and lower urinary tract symptoms/ @entity1876 should be better investigated. Ethnic disparities in all examined studies showed a different impact of @entity209 on lower urinary tract symptoms/ @entity1876 severity and such influence still remain unclear. The relationship between @entity209 and lower urinary tract symptoms/ @entity1876 open the way for introducing physical activity and diet as recognized first-line interventions for treating lower urinary tract symptoms. However, this connection should be investigated in two different ethnic cohorts (i.e. Asian vs Caucasian) in order to better understand the impact of ethnic disparities on @entity209 and lower urinary tract symptoms/ @entity1876 severity.

title: Emerging links between non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction, XXXX and its components: A systematic review.

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1876 :: ('MESH:D001748', 'Disease') :: ['bladder outlet obstruction']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Supplmental @entity26 is routinely given via nasal cannula (NC) to @entity1 undergoing moderate sedation for endoscopy. Some @entity1 complain of profuse @entity5254 and   or sneezing after the procedure, which results in additional medical costs and @entity1 dissatisfaction. OBJECTIVES: To determine the causal relationship between the route of @entity26 delivery and troublesome nasal symptoms, and to seek possible solutions. METHODS: @entity1 (n=836) were randomly assigned to one of the three following groups: the NC group (n=294), the trimmed NC (TNC) group (n=268) and the @entity26920 ( @entity26920 ) group (n=274). All received @entity680 12.5  g   kg and @entity1363 0.06 mg   kg, and adjunct @entity1875 for sedation. Supplemental @entity26 at a flow rate of 4 L   min was used in the NC and TNC groups, and 6 L   min in the @entity26920 group. The incidence of nasal symptoms and @entity519 were assessed. RESULTS: The incidence of @entity2490 symptoms was significantly higher in the NC group (7.1%) than in the TNC (0.4%) and @entity26920 (0%) groups (P<0.001). The incidence of @entity519 was lower in the NC group (3.1%) (P=0.040). All @entity519 events were transient (ie, less than 30 s in duration). On spirometry, the mean value of the lowest saturation of peripheral @entity26 was found to be significantly lower in the @entity26920 group (96.8%) than in the NC group (97.7%) (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Trimming the NC or using NMs reduced the incidence of @entity2490 symptoms; however, the incidence of @entity519 was higher. Further investigation regarding the efficiency of @entity26 supplementation is warranted in the design of novel @entity26 delivery devices.

title: A simple, innovative way to reduce XXXX symptoms after sedation during endoscopy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity680 :: ('MESH:D015760', 'Chemical') :: ['alfentanil']

entities_list: @entity5254 :: ('MESH:D002559', 'Disease') :: ['rhinorrhea']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity2490 :: (MESH:D012220,Disease) :: ['rhinitis']


abstract: @entity5881 ( @entity5881 ) is a major cause of chronic @entity409 worldwide and can lead to @entity1560 , @entity1560 , @entity82 , @entity82 and @entity157 . The primary effective treatment for @entity1 with @entity5881 is total @entity285 abstinence, although sometimes impossible, liver transplant (LT) is the gold standard treatment for end-stage @entity5881 , which represents the second most common diagnosis among @entity1 undergoing this procedure. Liver transplant in @entity5881 has better results than those for other etiologies. The @entity285 consumption recidivism after LT is frequent and 10% to 15% of these resume heavy drinking with consequences to the new liver. The "6-month rule" of abstinence is an arbitrary threshold used in many transplant centers and has never been shown to affect survival after LT. The optimal abstinence period in pre-transplant remains unclear. The @entity1 in the pre- and post-transplant period need evaluation of a multidisciplinary team, as psychiatrist, addiction specialists, including counselling and attendance to support groups. The impact of @entity285 relapse on post-transplant outcomes is not entirely clear but is worse with continuing heavy drinking, with poorer survival beyond the fifth post-transplant year malignancy and @entity65 and not recurrent @entity1578 . @entity99 , in careful selected cases, should be transplanted and have comparable survival outcomes. Prevention of alcoholic recidivism has proved to be the most important treatment after liver transplantation.

title: Management of XXXX recurrence before and after liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity5881 :: ('MESH:D008108', 'Disease') :: ['ALD', 'Alcoholic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['steatohepatitis', 'steatosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Acute alcoholic hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity285 :: (D000431,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Employees with a chronic physical condition may be hampered in job performance due to physical or cognitive limitations, @entity158 , fatigue, psychosocial barriers, or because medical treatment interferes with work. This study investigates the effect of a group-training program aimed at job maintenance. Essential elements of the program are exploration of work-related problems, communication at the workplace, and the development and implementation of solutions. METHODS: @entity1 with chronic physical diseases were randomly assigned to the intervention (N=64) or the control group (N=58). @entity1 were eligible for the study if they had a chronic physical disease, paid employment, experienced work-related problems, and were not on long-term 100% sick leave. Primary outcome measures were self-efficacy in solving work- and disease-related problems (14-70), job dissatisfaction (0-100), fatigue (20-140) and job maintenance measured at 4-, 8-, 12- and 24-month follow-up. We used GLM repeated measures for the analysis. RESULTS: After 24 months, loss to follow-up was 5.7% (7/122). Self-efficacy increased and fatigue decreased significantly more in the experimental than the control group [10 versus 4 points (P=0.000) and 19 versus 8 points (P=0.032), respectively]. Job satisfaction increased more in the experimental group but not significantly [6 versus 0 points (P=0.698)]. Job maintenance was 87% in the experimental and 91% in the control group, which was not a significant difference. Many @entity1 in the control group also undertook actions to solve work-related problems. CONCLUSIONS: Empowerment training increases self-efficacy and helps to @entity3777 , which in the long term could lead to more job maintenance. Better understanding of ways to deal with work-related problems is needed to develop more efficient support for employees with a @entity102 .

title: Effect of job maintenance training program for employees with XXXX - a randomized controlled trial on self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and fatigue.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity3777 :: ('MESH:D005222', 'Disease') :: ['reduce fatigue complaints']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic disease']


abstract: @entity1897 leads to changes in the proximal axon. @entity130 in @entity1 were investigated to characterize such electrophysiological changes. Mixed nerve conduction studies (MNCS) and @entity713 ( @entity713 ) were performed proximal to the injury. Control values were obtained from the uninjured limb. Median (n = 24) and ulnar (n = 35) nerve injuries were studied. The injured nerves had significant mixed nerve action potential (MNAP) amplitude reductions (median: P < 0.0001; ulnar: P < 0.0001). The majority of the MNAP amplitude reductions were severe and early. There was slowing in the mixed nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) (median: P = 0.09; ulnar: P = 0.04) and motor conduction velocity (MCV) (median: P = 0.046; ulnar: P = 0.005). Axonal loss appears to play a significant role in producing the MNCS changes observed, and its early occurrence is noteworthy. @entity4094 could be secondary to the effects of injury as well as collateral sprouting of uninjured axons. Proximal axonal changes may have an impact on recovery.

title: Proximal axonal changes after XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['Proximal MCV reduction']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['motor conduction studies', 'MCS']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Traumatic nerve injuries']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral nerve injury']


abstract: @entity1897 leads to changes in the proximal axon. @entity130 in @entity1 were investigated to characterize such electrophysiological changes. Mixed nerve conduction studies (MNCS) and @entity713 ( @entity713 ) were performed proximal to the injury. Control values were obtained from the uninjured limb. Median (n = 24) and ulnar (n = 35) nerve injuries were studied. The injured nerves had significant mixed nerve action potential (MNAP) amplitude reductions (median: P < 0.0001; ulnar: P < 0.0001). The majority of the MNAP amplitude reductions were severe and early. There was slowing in the mixed nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) (median: P = 0.09; ulnar: P = 0.04) and motor conduction velocity (MCV) (median: P = 0.046; ulnar: P = 0.005). Axonal loss appears to play a significant role in producing the MNCS changes observed, and its early occurrence is noteworthy. @entity4094 could be secondary to the effects of injury as well as collateral sprouting of uninjured axons. Proximal axonal changes may have an impact on recovery.

title: Proximal axonal changes after @entity1897 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Systematic screening for @entity1613 has resulted in decreased incidence and mortality of @entity5 . However, even in systematic screening programs, many @entity1 are still tested opportunistically. This study aimed to determine the spread of opportunistic testing in a systematic @entity5 screening program, the impact of opportunistic testing in terms of detecting cytological abnormalities and examine the associations between sociodemography and opportunistic testing. METHODS: A nationwide registry study was undertaken including @entity1 aged 23-49 years (n   =   807,624) with a cervical cytology between 2010 and 2013. The @entity1 were categorised into: 1) screening after invitation; 2) routine opportunistic testing, if they were either tested more than 9 months after the latest invitation or between 2.5 years and 3 years after the latest cervical cytology and 3) sporadic opportunistic testing, if they were tested less than 2.5 years after the latest cervical cytology. Cytological diagnoses of @entity1 in each of the categories were identified and @entity14748 ( @entity14748 ) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to explore group differences. Associations between sociodemography and undergoing opportunistic testing were established by multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: In total, 28.8% of the cervical cytologies were due to either routine (20.7%) or sporadic (8.1%) opportunistic testing. Among @entity1 undergoing routine opportunistic testing, a larger proportion had high-grade squamous @entity854 than invited @entity1 ( @entity14748 : 0.6%, 95 % CI: 0.03-1.17%). A similar proportion of cytological abnormalities among @entity1 undergoing sporadic opportunistic testing and invited @entity1 was found. In multivariate analyses, younger age, being single or a social welfare recipient and residence region (North Denmark) were especially associated with opportunistic testing (routine or sporadic). CONCLUSIONS: One fourth of cervical cytologies in this study were collected opportunistically. Compared to invited @entity1 , @entity1 undergoing routine opportunistic testing were more likely to be diagnosed with abnormal cytologies. Hence, routine opportunistic testing might serve as an important supplement to the systematic screening program by covering non-participating @entity1 who may otherwise be tested with a delay or not tested at all. Among @entity1 tested more often than recommended (sporadic testing), no benefits in terms of detecting more cytological abnormalities were identified.

title: Impact of opportunistic testing in a systematic XXXX screening program: a nationwide registry study.

entities_list: @entity14748 :: ('MESH:C563626', 'Disease') :: ['prevalence proportion differences', 'PPD']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['intraepithelial abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['precancerous cervical lesions']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: Inflammatory mediators may contribute to the @entity294 associated with @entity1960 . Although the secretory action of such mediators is reported in normal tissue, there is little information regarding their effects on inflamed tissue. We examined the short-circuit current response (Isc) to these mediators, in @entity1138 (MC)-induced @entity1960 , a model with histological similarities to @entity1960 in @entity1 . @entity35 were injected once with MC (3.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or vehicle. The colons were removed three and seven days later and mounted, devoid of muscularis, in Ussing chambers for measurement of Isc, @entity841 ( @entity841 ), and resistance (Rt). MC-treated @entity35 had @entity294 after three days, and microscopic studies revealed @entity32 . There were no significant differences in Rt, @entity841 , and Isc between control and MC-treated tissues at three and seven days. Maximal increases in Isc to @entity1812 , @entity5015 , @entity5402 , substance P, and @entity750 were depressed at three and/or seven days after MC. The Isc response to @entity2544 was not affected. Theophylline activates secretion through an intracellular mechanism; the other agonists act by interaction with epithelial cell membranes. Therefore, the mechanism for the decreased Isc may result from uncoupling of receptors to second-messenger systems or desensitization of receptor-linked secretory mechanisms.

title: XXXX reduces short-circuit current response to inflammatory mediators in @entity35 colonic mucosa.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['colonic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin-C']

entities_list: @entity841 :: ('MESH:C537245', 'Disease') :: ['potential difference', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity5015 :: ('MESH:D000527', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E1']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity1960 :: (MESH:D003092,Disease) :: ['Colitis']


abstract: Inflammatory mediators may contribute to the @entity294 associated with @entity1960 . Although the secretory action of such mediators is reported in normal tissue, there is little information regarding their effects on inflamed tissue. We examined the short-circuit current response (Isc) to these mediators, in @entity1138 (MC)-induced @entity1960 , a model with histological similarities to @entity1960 in @entity1 . @entity35 were injected once with MC (3.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or vehicle. The colons were removed three and seven days later and mounted, devoid of muscularis, in Ussing chambers for measurement of Isc, @entity841 ( @entity841 ), and resistance (Rt). MC-treated @entity35 had @entity294 after three days, and microscopic studies revealed @entity32 . There were no significant differences in Rt, @entity841 , and Isc between control and MC-treated tissues at three and seven days. Maximal increases in Isc to @entity1812 , @entity5015 , @entity5402 , substance P, and @entity750 were depressed at three and/or seven days after MC. The Isc response to @entity2544 was not affected. Theophylline activates secretion through an intracellular mechanism; the other agonists act by interaction with epithelial cell membranes. Therefore, the mechanism for the decreased Isc may result from uncoupling of receptors to second-messenger systems or desensitization of receptor-linked secretory mechanisms.

title: @entity1960 reduces short-circuit current response to inflammatory mediators in XXXX colonic mucosa.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the b-amyloid fragment Ab(25-35) on mitochondrial structure and function and on the expression of proteins associated with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore ( @entity5212 ) in @entity35 hippocampal neurons. Ninety clean-grade @entity35 were randomly assigned to six groups (n   =   15 per group). Ab(25-35) (1, 5, or 10     g/ @entity35 ) was injected into hippocampal area @entity1249 . Normal saline was injected as a control. The effect of Ab(25-35) injection on hippocampal structure was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. @entity141 -ATPase activity, [ @entity141 ](i) , and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured. The expression of genes associated with the @entity5212 , including the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), @entity1708 translocator (ANT), and @entity32049 ( @entity32049 ), were evaluated. Results showed that Ab(25-35) injection damaged the mitochondrial structure of hippocampal neurons, decreased @entity141 -ATPase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased [ @entity141 ](i) . The expression levels for VDAC, ANT, and @entity32049 in all groups were significantly (P   <   0.05) higher than those in the normal control group after Ab(25-35) injection. These results indicate that Ab(25-35) damages mitochondria in @entity35 hippocampal neurons and effects mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as increasing the expression of genes associated with the @entity5212 . @entity2383 may result in increased @entity5212 gene expression, leading to neurodegenerative effects.

title: Effect of b-amyloid (25-35) on mitochondrial function and expression of mitochondrial permeability transition pore proteins in XXXX hippocampal neurons.

entities_list: @entity1708 :: ('CHEBI:61293', 'Chemical') :: ['adenine nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['Mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Extracellular vesicles represent a rich source of novel biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of disease. However, there is currently limited information elucidating the most efficient methods for obtaining high yields of pure exosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles, from cell culture supernatant and complex biological fluids such as plasma. To this end, we comprehensively characterize a variety of exosome isolation protocols for their efficiency, yield and purity of isolated exosomes. Repeated ultracentrifugation steps can reduce the quality of exosome preparations leading to lower exosome yield. We show that concentration of cell culture conditioned media using ultrafiltration devices results in increased vesicle isolation when compared to traditional ultracentrifugation protocols. However, our data on using conditioned media isolated from the @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) @entity1 cell line demonstrates that the choice of concentrating device can greatly impact the yield of isolated exosomes. We find that centrifuge-based concentrating methods are more appropriate than pressure-driven concentrating devices and allow the rapid isolation of exosomes from both @entity1149 cell culture conditioned media and complex biological fluids. In fact to date, no protocol detailing exosome isolation utilizing current commercial methods from both cells and @entity1 samples has been described. Utilizing tunable resistive pulse sensing and protein analysis, we provide a comparative analysis of 4 exosome isolation techniques, indicating their efficacy and preparation purity. Our results demonstrate that current precipitation protocols for the isolation of exosomes from cell culture conditioned media and plasma provide the least pure preparations of exosomes, whereas size exclusion isolation is comparable to density gradient purification of exosomes. We have identified current shortcomings in common extracellular vesicle isolation methods and provide a potential standardized method that is effective, reproducible and can be utilized for various starting materials. We believe this method will have extensive application in the growing field of extracellular vesicle research.

title: Optimized exosome isolation protocol for cell culture supernatant and XXXX plasma.

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Misinterpretation of the Rockwood classification system for acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) separations has resulted in a trend towards using unilateral radiographs for grading. Further, the use of weighted views to 'unmask' a @entity130 has fallen out of favour. Recent evidence suggests that many radiographic @entity130 represent only a partial injury to the stabilising ligaments. This study aimed to determine (1) whether accurate classification is possible on unilateral radiographs and (2) the efficacy of weighted bilateral radiographs in unmasking higher-grade injuries. METHODS: Complete bilateral non-weighted and weighted sets of radiographs for @entity1 presenting with an @entity1172 over a 10-year period were analysed retrospectively, and they were graded I-VI according to Rockwood's criteria. Comparison was made between grading based on (1) a single antero-posterior (AP) view of the injured side, (2) bilateral non-weighted views and (3) bilateral weighted views. Radiographic measurements for cases that changed grade after weighted views were statistically compared to see if this could have been predicted beforehand. RESULTS: Fifty-nine sets of radiographs on 59 @entity1 (48 male, mean age of 33 years) were included. Compared with unilateral radiographs, non-weighted bilateral comparison films resulted in a grade change for 44 @entity1 (74.5%). Twenty-eight of 56 @entity1 initially graded as I, II or III were upgraded to grade V and two of three initial grade V @entity1 were downgraded to grade III. The addition of a weighted view further upgraded 10 @entity1 to grade V. No @entity130 was changed to grade III and no injury of any severity was downgraded by a weighted view. Grade III injuries upgraded on weighted views had a significantly greater baseline median percentage coracoclavicular distance increase than those that were not upgraded (80.7% vs. 55.4%, p=0.015). However, no cut-off point for this value could be identified to predict an upgrade. CONCLUSIONS: The accurate classification of ACJ separation requires weighted bilateral comparative views. Attempts to predict grade on a single AP radiograph result in a gross underestimation of severity. The value of bilateral weighted views is to 'unmask' a grade V injury, and it is recommended as a first-line investigation.

title: Bilateral weighted radiographs are required for accurate classification of XXXX : an observational study of 59 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1172 :: ('MESH:D001010', 'Disease') :: ['acromioclavicular separation']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['grade III injuries', 'grade III injury', 'grade II injury']

answer: @entity1172 :: (MESH:D001010,Disease) :: ['acromioclavicular separation']


abstract: 1. The sensory neuropeptide substance @entity10133 ), when released from sensory nerves, has been implicated in the development of @entity13624 . In the present study, using an in vivo model system, we have characterized and investigated the mechanisms underlying SP-induced leukocyte accumulation and @entity4 formation in the @entity840 . 2. Intradermally injected SP (i.d., 10(-13) - 10(-9) mol per site), induced a dose- and time-dependent accumulation of 111In-neutrophils, 111In-eosinophils and @entity4 formation as measured by the local accumulation of i.v. injected 125I-albumin. The leukocyte accumulation evoked by SP was significant at 10(-10) and 10(-9) mol per site, whereas @entity4 formation was significant at the lowest dose tested (10(-13) mol per site). 3. The @entity13630 antagonists, @entity48741 (1 mg kg-1, i.v.) and @entity10126 (10 micrograms per site, i.d.), significantly attenuated the @entity4 formation induced by the lower doses of SP. @entity4 formation and leukocyte accumulation induced by 10(-9) mol per site SP were unaffected by either antagonist. 4. SP-elicited responses were not significantly affected by the @entity71362 antagonist, UK-74,505 (2.5 mg kg-1, i.v.) or the H1 @entity112 receptor antagonist, @entity17567 (10(-8) mol per site, i.d.). However, the 111In-eosinophil accumulation, but not the 111In-neutrophil accumulation or @entity4 formation, induced by SP was significantly inhibited by the specific 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor, @entity73255 (10(-8) mol per site, i.d.). 5. The accumulation of both 111 In-neutrophils and 111 In-eosinophils induced by SP was abolished in @entity840 treated i.v. with an anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody 6.5E F(ab')2 (2.5 mg kg-1). The @entity4 response was unaffected in these animals.6. These results suggest that SP-induced @entity32 events may be mediated via two mechanisms involving @entity13630 -dependent and independent pathways. @entity4 formation induced by the lower doses of SP may be mediated via the direct activation of NK1 receptors whilst, at higher doses, @entity4 formation and leukocyte accumulation may be mediated via the release of secondary mediators, possibly mast cell derived, with 5-LO products playing an important role in the leukocyte infiltration. The leukocyte accumulation, but not the @entity4 induced by SP, is dependent on the expression of the CD18antigen on leukocytes.

title: Substance P-induced @entity32 responses in @entity840 skin: the effect of specific XXXX antagonists and the role of endogenous mediators.

entities_list: @entity17567 :: ('MESH:D002744', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorpheniramine']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema', 'Oedema']

entities_list: @entity840 :: ('10141', 'Species') :: ['guinea-pig', 'guinea-pigs']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity71362 :: ('100720710', 'Gene') :: ['platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor']

entities_list: @entity13624 :: ('MESH:D020078', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic inflammation']

answer: @entity13630 :: (100135626(Tax:10141),Gene) :: ['NK1 receptor']


abstract: 1. The sensory neuropeptide substance @entity10133 ), when released from sensory nerves, has been implicated in the development of @entity13624 . In the present study, using an in vivo model system, we have characterized and investigated the mechanisms underlying SP-induced leukocyte accumulation and @entity4 formation in the @entity840 . 2. Intradermally injected SP (i.d., 10(-13) - 10(-9) mol per site), induced a dose- and time-dependent accumulation of 111In-neutrophils, 111In-eosinophils and @entity4 formation as measured by the local accumulation of i.v. injected 125I-albumin. The leukocyte accumulation evoked by SP was significant at 10(-10) and 10(-9) mol per site, whereas @entity4 formation was significant at the lowest dose tested (10(-13) mol per site). 3. The @entity13630 antagonists, @entity48741 (1 mg kg-1, i.v.) and @entity10126 (10 micrograms per site, i.d.), significantly attenuated the @entity4 formation induced by the lower doses of SP. @entity4 formation and leukocyte accumulation induced by 10(-9) mol per site SP were unaffected by either antagonist. 4. SP-elicited responses were not significantly affected by the @entity71362 antagonist, UK-74,505 (2.5 mg kg-1, i.v.) or the H1 @entity112 receptor antagonist, @entity17567 (10(-8) mol per site, i.d.). However, the 111In-eosinophil accumulation, but not the 111In-neutrophil accumulation or @entity4 formation, induced by SP was significantly inhibited by the specific 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor, @entity73255 (10(-8) mol per site, i.d.). 5. The accumulation of both 111 In-neutrophils and 111 In-eosinophils induced by SP was abolished in @entity840 treated i.v. with an anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody 6.5E F(ab')2 (2.5 mg kg-1). The @entity4 response was unaffected in these animals.6. These results suggest that SP-induced @entity32 events may be mediated via two mechanisms involving @entity13630 -dependent and independent pathways. @entity4 formation induced by the lower doses of SP may be mediated via the direct activation of NK1 receptors whilst, at higher doses, @entity4 formation and leukocyte accumulation may be mediated via the release of secondary mediators, possibly mast cell derived, with 5-LO products playing an important role in the leukocyte infiltration. The leukocyte accumulation, but not the @entity4 induced by SP, is dependent on the expression of the CD18antigen on leukocytes.

title: Substance P-induced @entity32 responses in XXXX skin: the effect of specific @entity13630 antagonists and the role of endogenous mediators.

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: 1. The sensory neuropeptide substance @entity10133 ), when released from sensory nerves, has been implicated in the development of @entity13624 . In the present study, using an in vivo model system, we have characterized and investigated the mechanisms underlying SP-induced leukocyte accumulation and @entity4 formation in the @entity840 . 2. Intradermally injected SP (i.d., 10(-13) - 10(-9) mol per site), induced a dose- and time-dependent accumulation of 111In-neutrophils, 111In-eosinophils and @entity4 formation as measured by the local accumulation of i.v. injected 125I-albumin. The leukocyte accumulation evoked by SP was significant at 10(-10) and 10(-9) mol per site, whereas @entity4 formation was significant at the lowest dose tested (10(-13) mol per site). 3. The @entity13630 antagonists, @entity48741 (1 mg kg-1, i.v.) and @entity10126 (10 micrograms per site, i.d.), significantly attenuated the @entity4 formation induced by the lower doses of SP. @entity4 formation and leukocyte accumulation induced by 10(-9) mol per site SP were unaffected by either antagonist. 4. SP-elicited responses were not significantly affected by the @entity71362 antagonist, UK-74,505 (2.5 mg kg-1, i.v.) or the H1 @entity112 receptor antagonist, @entity17567 (10(-8) mol per site, i.d.). However, the 111In-eosinophil accumulation, but not the 111In-neutrophil accumulation or @entity4 formation, induced by SP was significantly inhibited by the specific 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor, @entity73255 (10(-8) mol per site, i.d.). 5. The accumulation of both 111 In-neutrophils and 111 In-eosinophils induced by SP was abolished in @entity840 treated i.v. with an anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody 6.5E F(ab')2 (2.5 mg kg-1). The @entity4 response was unaffected in these animals.6. These results suggest that SP-induced @entity32 events may be mediated via two mechanisms involving @entity13630 -dependent and independent pathways. @entity4 formation induced by the lower doses of SP may be mediated via the direct activation of NK1 receptors whilst, at higher doses, @entity4 formation and leukocyte accumulation may be mediated via the release of secondary mediators, possibly mast cell derived, with 5-LO products playing an important role in the leukocyte infiltration. The leukocyte accumulation, but not the @entity4 induced by SP, is dependent on the expression of the CD18antigen on leukocytes.

title: Substance P-induced XXXX responses in @entity840 skin: the effect of specific @entity13630 antagonists and the role of endogenous mediators.

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammatory']


abstract: Studies of the effects of disclosing stressful experiences among @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) have yielded inconsistent findings, perhaps due to different disclosure methods--writing or speaking--and various methodological limitations. We randomized adults with @entity309 to a writing (n=88) or speaking (to a recorder) sample (n=93), and within each sample, to either disclosure or 1 of 2 control groups (positive or neutral events), which conducted four 20-minute, at-home sessions. Follow-up evaluations at 1, 3, and 6 months included self-reported, behavioral, physiological, and blinded physician-assessed outcomes. In both writing and speaking samples, the disclosure and control groups were comparably credible, and the linguistic content differed as expected. Covariance analyses at each follow-up point indicated that written disclosure had minimal effects compared with combined controls--only @entity158 was reduced at 1 and 6 months, but no other outcomes improved. Spoken disclosure led to faster walking speed at 3 months, and @entity158 , @entity2720 , and physician-rated disease activity at 6 months, but there were no effects on other outcomes. Latent growth curve modeling examined differences in the trajectory of change over follow-up. Written disclosure improved affective @entity158 and walking speed; spoken disclosure showed only a marginal benefit on sensory @entity158 . In both analyses, the few benefits of disclosure occurred relative to both positive and neutral control groups. We conclude that both written and spoken disclosure have modest benefits for @entity1 with @entity309 , particularly at 6 months, but these effects are limited in scope and consistency.

title: Does emotional disclosure about stress improve health in XXXX ? Randomized, controlled trials of written and spoken disclosure.

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['swollen joints']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'reduced pain']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The neuronal mechanisms that encode specific stimulus features in order to elicit defined behavioral responses are poorly understood. @entity2199 forms a memory of its cultivation temperature (T(c)) and exhibits distinct behaviors in different temperature ranges relative to T(c). In particular, @entity2199 tracks isotherms only in a narrow temperature band near T(c). T(c) memory is in part encoded by the threshold of responsiveness (T   (AFD)) of the AFD thermosensory neuron pair to temperature stimuli. However, because AFD thermosensory responses appear to be similar at all examined temperatures above T   (AFD), the mechanisms that generate specific behaviors in defined temperature ranges remain to be determined. RESULTS: Here, we show that the AFD neurons respond to the sinusoidal variations in thermal stimuli followed by animals during isothermal tracking (IT) behavior only in a narrow temperature range near T(c). We find that mutations in the AFD-expressed gcy-8 receptor guanylyl cyclase (rGC) gene result in defects in the execution of IT behavior and are associated with defects in the responses of the AFD neurons to oscillating thermal stimuli. In contrast, mutations in the @entity73256 or @entity73257 rGCs alter the temperature range in which IT behavior is exhibited. Alteration of intracellular @entity6708 levels via rGC mutations or addition of @entity6708 analogs shift the lower and upper ranges of the temperature range of IT behavior in part via alteration in T   (AFD). CONCLUSIONS: Our observations provide insights into the mechanisms by which a single sensory neuron type encodes features of a given stimulus to generate different behaviors in defined zones.

title: Regulation of response properties and operating range of the AFD thermosensory neurons by XXXX signaling.

answer: @entity6708 :: (CHEBI:16356,Chemical) :: ['cGMP']


abstract: Overactivity of glutamatergic transmission has been implicated in @entity191 ( @entity191 ) and levodopa (L-Dopa)-induced @entity910 . Striatal metabotropic @entity2227 receptors type 5 ( @entity10092 ) are abundant and provide specific targets to modulate glutamatergic activity. This study investigated the acute effects of the novel @entity10092 antagonist @entity42863 on motor behavior in L-Dopa-treated monkeys with a @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ) lesion to model @entity191 . Six @entity5434 @entity5212 monkeys were treated repeatedly with L-Dopa; this treatment increased their locomotion and reduced their @entity191 scores, but also induced @entity910 . When @entity42863 (doses of 5, 25, 125 or 250mg/kg) was administered one hour prior to a high dose of L-Dopa, the antiparkinsonian activity of L-Dopa was maintained as measured with locomotion and antiparkinsonian scores, whereas @entity910 were significantly reduced at 25, 125 and 250mg/kg @entity42863 for peak @entity910 score and at 125 and 250mg/kg for the 1h peak period of @entity910 score. Administration of @entity42863 one hour before L-Dopa led to peak or elevated plasma @entity42863 concentrations occurring close to L-Dopa peak-dose @entity910 . We next investigated @entity42863 25mg/kg combined with a low dose of L-Dopa. The antiparkinsonian activity of L-Dopa was increased as measured with locomotion, @entity910 remained low at these doses. Our results show a beneficial motor effect of @entity42863 with L-Dopa in @entity5212 monkeys. This supports the therapeutic use of an @entity10092 antagonist to restore normal glutamatergic neurotransmission in @entity191 and decrease @entity910 .

title: The acute antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic effect of @entity42863 , a novel metabotropic XXXX receptor type 5 antagonist, in L-Dopa-treated @entity191 monkeys.

entities_list: @entity5212 :: ('MESH:D015632', 'Chemical') :: ['MPTP', '1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['Macaca fascicularis']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesia', 'dyskinesias', 'while dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'parkinsonian', 'PD']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: Overactivity of glutamatergic transmission has been implicated in @entity191 ( @entity191 ) and levodopa (L-Dopa)-induced @entity910 . Striatal metabotropic @entity2227 receptors type 5 ( @entity10092 ) are abundant and provide specific targets to modulate glutamatergic activity. This study investigated the acute effects of the novel @entity10092 antagonist @entity42863 on motor behavior in L-Dopa-treated monkeys with a @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ) lesion to model @entity191 . Six @entity5434 @entity5212 monkeys were treated repeatedly with L-Dopa; this treatment increased their locomotion and reduced their @entity191 scores, but also induced @entity910 . When @entity42863 (doses of 5, 25, 125 or 250mg/kg) was administered one hour prior to a high dose of L-Dopa, the antiparkinsonian activity of L-Dopa was maintained as measured with locomotion and antiparkinsonian scores, whereas @entity910 were significantly reduced at 25, 125 and 250mg/kg @entity42863 for peak @entity910 score and at 125 and 250mg/kg for the 1h peak period of @entity910 score. Administration of @entity42863 one hour before L-Dopa led to peak or elevated plasma @entity42863 concentrations occurring close to L-Dopa peak-dose @entity910 . We next investigated @entity42863 25mg/kg combined with a low dose of L-Dopa. The antiparkinsonian activity of L-Dopa was increased as measured with locomotion, @entity910 remained low at these doses. Our results show a beneficial motor effect of @entity42863 with L-Dopa in @entity5212 monkeys. This supports the therapeutic use of an @entity10092 antagonist to restore normal glutamatergic neurotransmission in @entity191 and decrease @entity910 .

title: The acute antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic effect of @entity42863 , a novel metabotropic @entity2227 receptor type 5 antagonist, in L-Dopa-treated XXXX monkeys.

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['parkinsonian']


abstract: Overactivity of glutamatergic transmission has been implicated in @entity191 ( @entity191 ) and levodopa (L-Dopa)-induced @entity910 . Striatal metabotropic @entity2227 receptors type 5 ( @entity10092 ) are abundant and provide specific targets to modulate glutamatergic activity. This study investigated the acute effects of the novel @entity10092 antagonist @entity42863 on motor behavior in L-Dopa-treated monkeys with a @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ) lesion to model @entity191 . Six @entity5434 @entity5212 monkeys were treated repeatedly with L-Dopa; this treatment increased their locomotion and reduced their @entity191 scores, but also induced @entity910 . When @entity42863 (doses of 5, 25, 125 or 250mg/kg) was administered one hour prior to a high dose of L-Dopa, the antiparkinsonian activity of L-Dopa was maintained as measured with locomotion and antiparkinsonian scores, whereas @entity910 were significantly reduced at 25, 125 and 250mg/kg @entity42863 for peak @entity910 score and at 125 and 250mg/kg for the 1h peak period of @entity910 score. Administration of @entity42863 one hour before L-Dopa led to peak or elevated plasma @entity42863 concentrations occurring close to L-Dopa peak-dose @entity910 . We next investigated @entity42863 25mg/kg combined with a low dose of L-Dopa. The antiparkinsonian activity of L-Dopa was increased as measured with locomotion, @entity910 remained low at these doses. Our results show a beneficial motor effect of @entity42863 with L-Dopa in @entity5212 monkeys. This supports the therapeutic use of an @entity10092 antagonist to restore normal glutamatergic neurotransmission in @entity191 and decrease @entity910 .

title: The acute antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic effect of XXXX , a novel metabotropic @entity2227 receptor type 5 antagonist, in L-Dopa-treated @entity191 monkeys.

answer: @entity42863 :: (MESH:C581397,Chemical) :: ['AFQ056']


abstract: RNA interference is an important tool to study the gene function. Microinjection and electroporation are usually used to transfer DNA, small interference RNA (siRNA), morpholinos, and protein into oocytes or embryos. This study used a simple and effective method to transfect siRNA into @entity291 somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. In this method, siRNA transfection and electrofusion of SCNT were combined. A pair of @entity902 microelectrodes was used during SCNT to complete electrofusion. A CY3-labeled siRNA-targeted @entity28319 ( @entity28319 ) was chosen to verify the siRNA transfection efficiency of this approach. First, a suitable concentration of siRNA was mixed with Zimmermann's fusion medium. Reconstructed embryos were then added into the microdrops of the mixed fusion medium to simultaneously transfect the siRNA and electrofuse the SCNT embryos. Our results showed that transfecting @entity28319 siRNA via the proposed method caused obvious CY3 fluorescence and significant downregulation of @entity28319 messenger RNA, @entity28319 protein, and global DNA methylation levels in the SCNT embryos. Meanwhile, the survival rate after electrofusion (90.4% vs. 89.4% vs. 89.1%, P > 0.05) and developmental rates of the SCNT embryos (72.8% vs. 74.9% vs. 72.4%, P > 0.05; 29.7% vs. 31.7% vs. 29.7%, P > 0.05) were not significantly affected. In summary, siRNAs were effectively transfected into the SCNT embryos via the proposed method and exert their functions, and the normal development of preimplantation SCNT embryos was not affected by the method used.

title: A simple and efficient method to transfect small interference RNA into XXXX SCNT embryos.

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the classification of alar base @entity308 , so as to provide the reference for the surgical management of secondary @entity85 of @entity3384 . METHODS: From Jul. 2008 to Feb. 2009, 26 cases with @entity85 of @entity3384 were treated. All the @entity1 underwent 3-dimensional CT for maxillary measurement. The nasal soft tissue measurement was performed pre- and post-operatively. The relationship between the maxillary and soft tissue at alar base was analyzed. The @entity85 was classified. RESULTS: The location of alar base was not related to the form of piriform aperture, but the bony defect at the alar base was correlated to the @entity1 satisfactory. The @entity85 was graded as I when the @entity308 at alar base was less than 4.5 mm in depth, as II when it was 4.5-5.0 mm in depth, and as III when it was more than 5 mm in depth. The deformity could be corrected with only soft tissue plasty for grade I, with soft tissue plasty or artificial implants for grade II, with combined bone autograft or @entity2419 repair for grade III. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity308 at maxillary does not necessarily result in alar base @entity308 . The alar base can be adjust to proper position through operation. The operation should be designed based on the preoperative nasal measurement.

title: [Classification and surgical management of secondary XXXX of @entity3384 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['nasal deformity', 'secondary deformity']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar cleft']

entities_list: @entity3384 :: ('MESH:D002971', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral cleft lip']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['nasal deformity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the classification of alar base @entity308 , so as to provide the reference for the surgical management of secondary @entity85 of @entity3384 . METHODS: From Jul. 2008 to Feb. 2009, 26 cases with @entity85 of @entity3384 were treated. All the @entity1 underwent 3-dimensional CT for maxillary measurement. The nasal soft tissue measurement was performed pre- and post-operatively. The relationship between the maxillary and soft tissue at alar base was analyzed. The @entity85 was classified. RESULTS: The location of alar base was not related to the form of piriform aperture, but the bony defect at the alar base was correlated to the @entity1 satisfactory. The @entity85 was graded as I when the @entity308 at alar base was less than 4.5 mm in depth, as II when it was 4.5-5.0 mm in depth, and as III when it was more than 5 mm in depth. The deformity could be corrected with only soft tissue plasty for grade I, with soft tissue plasty or artificial implants for grade II, with combined bone autograft or @entity2419 repair for grade III. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity308 at maxillary does not necessarily result in alar base @entity308 . The alar base can be adjust to proper position through operation. The operation should be designed based on the preoperative nasal measurement.

title: [Classification and surgical management of secondary @entity85 of XXXX ].

answer: @entity3384 :: (MESH:D002971,Disease) :: ['unilateral cleft lip']


abstract: Most neurotransmitter receptors examined to date are either regulated by phosphorylation or contain consensus sequences for phosphorylation by protein kinases. The nicotinic @entity934 receptor (AChR), which mediates depolarization at the neuromuscular junction, has served as a model for the study of the structure, function, and regulation of ligand-gated ion channels. The AChR is phosphorylated by protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and an unidentified protein @entity669 kinase. @entity669 phosphorylation of the AChR is correlated with a modulation of the rate of receptor desensitization and is associated with AChR clustering. We showed that @entity12571 , a neuronally derived extracellular matrix protein, induces AChR clustering and @entity669 phosphorylation. In addition, we identified two protein @entity669 kinases, @entity7984 and Fyk, that appear to be involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction by phosphorylating the AChR. The two kinases are highly expressed in Torpedo electric organ, a tissue enriched in synaptic components including the AChR. As demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation, @entity7984 and Fyk associate with the AChR. Furthermore, the AChR is phosphorylated in @entity7984 and Fyk immunoprecipitates. We investigated the molecular basis for the association of the AChR with @entity7984 and Fyk using fusion proteins derived from the kinases. The AChR bound specifically to the SH2 domain fusion proteins of @entity7984 and Fyk. The association of the AChR with the SH2 domains is dependent on the state of AChR @entity669 phosphorylation and is mediated by the delta subunit of the receptor. These data provide evidence that the protein @entity669 kinases @entity7984 and Fyk may act to phosphorylate the AChR in vivo.

title: Phosphorylation of the nicotinic @entity934 receptor by protein XXXX kinases.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyrosine', 'tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: Most neurotransmitter receptors examined to date are either regulated by phosphorylation or contain consensus sequences for phosphorylation by protein kinases. The nicotinic @entity934 receptor (AChR), which mediates depolarization at the neuromuscular junction, has served as a model for the study of the structure, function, and regulation of ligand-gated ion channels. The AChR is phosphorylated by protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and an unidentified protein @entity669 kinase. @entity669 phosphorylation of the AChR is correlated with a modulation of the rate of receptor desensitization and is associated with AChR clustering. We showed that @entity12571 , a neuronally derived extracellular matrix protein, induces AChR clustering and @entity669 phosphorylation. In addition, we identified two protein @entity669 kinases, @entity7984 and Fyk, that appear to be involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction by phosphorylating the AChR. The two kinases are highly expressed in Torpedo electric organ, a tissue enriched in synaptic components including the AChR. As demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation, @entity7984 and Fyk associate with the AChR. Furthermore, the AChR is phosphorylated in @entity7984 and Fyk immunoprecipitates. We investigated the molecular basis for the association of the AChR with @entity7984 and Fyk using fusion proteins derived from the kinases. The AChR bound specifically to the SH2 domain fusion proteins of @entity7984 and Fyk. The association of the AChR with the SH2 domains is dependent on the state of AChR @entity669 phosphorylation and is mediated by the delta subunit of the receptor. These data provide evidence that the protein @entity669 kinases @entity7984 and Fyk may act to phosphorylate the AChR in vivo.

title: Phosphorylation of the nicotinic XXXX receptor by protein @entity669 kinases.

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: In a prospective study, 31 unselected @entity1 with urge or urge @entity322 , where previous treatment had been unsuccessful, were given repeated instillations of Lidocain gel for 11 days. Detailed histories were obtained by questionnaire both before instituting and after termination of the therapy. A cystourethrotonometric examination was also performed by the microtransducer method. The urge symptoms improved in almost all the @entity1 . There was also a distinct improvement in subjective feelings of @entity322 . There was a statistically significant reduction in mean micturition frequency. In 50% of the @entity1 it was no longer possible to detect @entity1494 and pathologic detrusor contractions by cystourethrotonometry. @entity1 who had had lower bladder capacity prior to therapy showed a tendency to increased capacity after treatment. While there was no change in functional urethral length, there was a significant increase in maximum urethral closing pressure. Tonometrically detectable stress @entity322 disappeared in one-fourth of the @entity1 . No side effects were observed. In view of the high rate of success and the acceptance of intravesicular Lidocain therapy, it can also be recommended for cases resistant to therapy and, if necessary, can be included in an all-embracing therapeutic concept for urge @entity322 .

title: [Effectiveness of intravesical administration of lidocaine gel in females with urge and urge XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['hypertonic bladder tone']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the mammographic features of pure @entity189 of the breast and correlate them with the pathologic features. @entity1 AND METHODS: The authors analysed 23 @entity5 identified as pure @entity189 of the breast in 22 @entity1 , aged 40 to 92 (mean 64.9) years at the time of mammography (which took place between November 1975 and July 1992). The review covered mammographic features, clinical findings, pathological features and nodal status. RESULTS: Twenty (87%) of the lesions were palpable, and 4 (17%) were mammographically occult. At mammography, eight cases (35%) presented as ill-defined masses without @entity730 , five (22%) as well-defined masses without @entity730 , four (17%) as ill-defined masses with @entity730 , one (4%) as a focal asymmetric opacity and one (4%) as @entity730 only. Eleven (65%) of the 17 mammographically identified masses were irregular in shape, 4 (24%) were oval, and 2 (12%) were lobular. In 11 (61%) of the 18 cases involving masses or an opacity, the lesions were denser than normal breast parenchyma; in the others the lesions were isodense. All of the @entity75 were greater than 1.9 cm in greatest diameter, as determined mammographically, whereas only one of the isodense lesions was greater than 1.9 cm in greatest diameter. In 17 (77%) of the 22 cases in which the border of the lesions could be evaluated histologically, the lesions had well-defined, pushing borders; the others had ill-defined, irregularly outlined borders. @entity730 were seen histologically in seven cases (30%) and were correlated with mammographically suspicious @entity730 in three. Fourteen (82%) of the 17 @entity1 who underwent axillary node dissection were free of @entity66 . CONCLUSIONS: The most common mammographic appearance of pure @entity189 was an ill-defined mass and the second most common was a well-defined mass. No spiculated lesions were observed in this @entity1 group. Microcalcifications were seen in some cases but were less common than in @entity0 in general. Lesions more than 1.9 cm in greatest diameter tended to be hyperdense. A substantial proportion of pure @entity189 may be mammographically occult.

title: Mammographic features of pure XXXX of the breast with pathological correlation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['hyperdense lesions']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous carcinoma', 'mucinous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['pleomorphic calcifications', 'Calcifications', 'calcifications']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['mucinous carcinoma']


abstract: The @entity851 in acute @entity177 . Recovery from @entity4295 ( @entity4295 ) is accelerated by @entity2135 therapy. Furthermore, the local renal growth hormone- @entity2135 system may participate in the natural repair. We examined the @entity2135 system in @entity35 kidneys subjected to 60 minute @entity63 compared to sham operated controls. Two days after injury, @entity14023 mRNA and @entity2135 mRNA levels fell approximately 9 to 33% of control values. This was associated with a reduction in kidney immunoreactive @entity2135 levels. In contrast, @entity7814 mRNA abundance was unchanged. However, plasma membrane @entity7814 binding on day 2 and day 7 was near double the control values (P < 0.01). Scatchard analysis revealed a near twofold increase in receptor number. Since receptor mRNA levels were unchanged, this implies receptor protein up-regulation. In contrast to unchanged @entity7814 mRNA levels, the abundance of mRNA levels of @entity73258 fell approximately 14 to 62% of control levels day 2 after injury (P < 0.05), suggesting reduced IGFBP production. Thus, the renal response to @entity4295 , namely, low IGFBP mRNA levels and high @entity7814 number, may function to increase @entity2135 bioavailability and thereby enhance the reparative actions of local and circulating @entity2135 in @entity4295 .

title: XXXX in acute renal failure.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['renal growth hormone--insulin-like growth factor-I system']

entities_list: @entity4295 :: ('MESH:D007683', 'Disease') :: ['acute tubular necrosis', 'ischemic ATN', 'ATN']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity14023 :: ('25235(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['growth hormone receptor']

answer: @entity851 :: (MESH:D006130,Disease) :: ['Renal growth hormone--insulin-like growth factor-I system']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the treatment option for @entity1 with low-volume stage II nonseminomatous germ cell @entity5 (NSGCTT) that yields the best survival, is associated with the least morbidity, and avoids "double therapy"--that is, chemotherapy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND). DESIGN: We reviewed our institutional experience with 28 @entity1 with stage II NSGCTT who received primary chemotherapy between August 1983 and October 1992. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 28 study @entity1 (mean age, 28 years; range, 20 to 52) with low-volume stage II NSGCTT were treated with @entity1732 , @entity2879 , and @entity900 . The correlation of response rates with @entity66 and predominant histologic cell type was determined. The duration of survival was measured from the initiation of chemotherapy to the appearance of @entity74 or @entity204 or the date of last follow-up visit. RESULTS: Of the 28 @entity1 treated, 27 (96%) achieved a complete response--20 (71%) with only chemotherapy and an additional 7 (25%) with chemotherapy plus surgical treatment. Twenty-seven @entity1 (96%) remained free of disease after a median follow-up of 72 months. The most frequent complication was @entity900 -associated @entity809 or @entity392 which was noted in 13 @entity1 (46%). In 11 of 15 @entity1 (73%), attempts to have @entity1 have been successful. CONCLUSION: Excellent long-term survival rates in @entity1 with stage II NSGCTT can be achieved with primary chemotherapy. In this series, 71% of @entity1 were spared RPLND. The need for postchemotherapy RPLND seemed to be related to the initial metastatic @entity5 volume and possibly the histologic features of the @entity5 . Continued refinement in surgical techniques and chemotherapeutic regimens will necessitate the comparison of these two treatment approaches in a randomized prospective trial.

title: Primary chemotherapy for clinical stage II nonseminomatous germ cell XXXX : selection criteria and long-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['volume of disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'testicular tumors']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['paresthesias']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progressive disease']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular tumors']