abstract: Detachable coil embolization currently plays an essential role for @entity1 with @entity1756 , even though it may have an unfavorable outcome and there may be some technical problems of embolization. We describe Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) embolization for five ruptured lower-mid basilar trunk @entity439 , using a variety of techniques. The @entity1 ' ages ranged from 61 to 78 years; Hunt and Kosnik grade was distributed from 2 to 4, and three @entity1 were found to have fenestrations of the lower basilar arteries. All @entity1 underwent aneurysmal embolization at the subacute or chronic stage. The transfemoral route was used in three @entity1 --one of whom, with a wide-necked @entity439 , was treated by the balloon remodeling technique. The transbrachial approach was chosen for the fourth @entity1 , while vertebral artery origin exposure followed by a direct puncture was achieved in the fifth. All @entity1 were assessed with 80-100% aneurysmal obliteration. No @entity1 re-bled after the embolization. @entity1188 , possibly due to @entity887 from the obliterated aneurysmal sac, occurred 11 days after the treatment. Of the five @entity1 , four achieved a good recovery, and one became severely disabled. @entity1756 can be successfully treated with GDC embolization. In addition to the routine transfemoral route, the transbrachial route, direct vertebral artery puncture, and balloon remodeling technique are also useful for the embolization of this location of @entity439 .

title: Guglielmi detachable coil embolization for ruptured lower-midbasilar trunk XXXX --a report of five cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Small cerebellar infarction']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['Ruptured basilar trunk aneurysms', 'ruptured basilar artery aneurysms']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysms']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: A preliminary study comparing the efficacy and safety of the flutter device (Flutter) to standard, manual chest physiotherapy ( @entity1191 ) in hospitalized @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) @entity1 undergoing an acute pulmonary exacerbation. DESIGN: Open label, comparative trial with alternate assignment. SETTING: Community and childrens' hospital acute-care wards. @entity1 : Twenty-two @entity1577 @entity1 (ages 8 to 44 years) undergoing a total of 33 hospitalizations for acute pulmonary exacerbation. INTERVENTIONS: Complete pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were done at baseline (admission), weekly, and upon discharge from the hospital. Clinical score (CS) was determined at the time of hospital admission and at discharge. @entity1 were assigned to receive supervised Flutter therapy or standard, manual @entity1191 four times per day during the hospitalization. @entity1 were monitored for complications, including hemoptysis, @entity519 , and pneumothorax. RESULTS: The groups ( @entity1191 and Flutter) did not differ at baseline in demographics or Shwachman score, nor was length of hospitalization different. Significant improvements were noted from admission to discharge in CS and PFT results within each group. Mean percent change in CS and PFT results between @entity1191 and Flutter groups showed no significant difference from hospital admission to discharge. Subsequent power analysis using the observed difference in percent change from admission to discharge for FEV1 indicated that to attain 80% power at alpha = 0.05, a sample of 219 subjects in each group would be necessary. SUMMARY: Comparative trials of airway clearance techniques with sufficient sample size are lacking. Although the Flutter appears to be a useful device for independent, cost-effective, and safe administration of @entity1191 in this pilot study, a much larger clinical trial would be necessary to make definitive conclusions.

title: Comparison of the flutter device to standard chest physiotherapy in hospitalized @entity1 with XXXX : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['CF', 'cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: A preliminary study comparing the efficacy and safety of the flutter device (Flutter) to standard, manual chest physiotherapy ( @entity1191 ) in hospitalized @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) @entity1 undergoing an acute pulmonary exacerbation. DESIGN: Open label, comparative trial with alternate assignment. SETTING: Community and childrens' hospital acute-care wards. @entity1 : Twenty-two @entity1577 @entity1 (ages 8 to 44 years) undergoing a total of 33 hospitalizations for acute pulmonary exacerbation. INTERVENTIONS: Complete pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were done at baseline (admission), weekly, and upon discharge from the hospital. Clinical score (CS) was determined at the time of hospital admission and at discharge. @entity1 were assigned to receive supervised Flutter therapy or standard, manual @entity1191 four times per day during the hospitalization. @entity1 were monitored for complications, including hemoptysis, @entity519 , and pneumothorax. RESULTS: The groups ( @entity1191 and Flutter) did not differ at baseline in demographics or Shwachman score, nor was length of hospitalization different. Significant improvements were noted from admission to discharge in CS and PFT results within each group. Mean percent change in CS and PFT results between @entity1191 and Flutter groups showed no significant difference from hospital admission to discharge. Subsequent power analysis using the observed difference in percent change from admission to discharge for FEV1 indicated that to attain 80% power at alpha = 0.05, a sample of 219 subjects in each group would be necessary. SUMMARY: Comparative trials of airway clearance techniques with sufficient sample size are lacking. Although the Flutter appears to be a useful device for independent, cost-effective, and safe administration of @entity1191 in this pilot study, a much larger clinical trial would be necessary to make definitive conclusions.

title: Comparison of the flutter device to standard chest physiotherapy in hospitalized XXXX with @entity1577 : a pilot study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The primary goal of this study was to investigate hepatic @entity844 (FA) metabolism after severe @entity130 . METHODS: Sixteen @entity1707 were divided into control (n = 8) and burn (n = 8, with 40% full thickness total body surface area burned) groups. Catheters were inserted in the right common carotid artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein for blood sampling. Flow probes were placed around the hepatic artery and portal vein for blood flow measurements. Animals were @entity158 medication and sedated until the tracer study on day 4 after burn. The @entity1707 were infused for 4 hours with U-13C16-palmitate in order to quantify hepatic FA kinetics and oxidation. RESULTS: Liver @entity412 (TG) content was elevated from 162 +/- 16 (control) to 297 +/- 28 micromol TG/g dry liver wt. (p < .05). Hepatic FA uptake and oxidation were similar between the 2 groups, as were @entity1285 ( @entity9931 ) levels and activities of @entity6625 carboxylase and @entity860 ( @entity860 )-activated protein kinase. In contrast, incorporation of plasma-free @entity1718 into @entity99 was elevated (p < .05) and very low density lipoprotein TG (VLDL-TG) secretion was decreased from 0.17 +/- 0.02 (control) to 0.03 +/- 0.01 micromol/kg per minute in burned @entity1707 (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The accumulation of @entity99 in burned animals is due to inhibition of VLDL-TG secretion and to @entity99 . @entity1718 are not channeled to TG because of impaired oxidation.

title: Alteration of hepatic XXXX metabolism after burn injury in @entity1707 .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['increased synthesis of hepatic TG', 'hepatic TG']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['Fatty acids', 'fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity1285 :: ('MESH:D008316', 'Chemical') :: ['malonyl-coenzyme A']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['given pain']

entities_list: @entity860 :: ('MESH:D000249', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine monophosphate', 'AMP']

entities_list: @entity6625 :: ('MESH:D000105', 'Chemical') :: ['acetyl-CoA']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['thermal injury']

answer: @entity844 :: (CHEBI:35366,Chemical) :: ['fatty acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The primary goal of this study was to investigate hepatic @entity844 (FA) metabolism after severe @entity130 . METHODS: Sixteen @entity1707 were divided into control (n = 8) and burn (n = 8, with 40% full thickness total body surface area burned) groups. Catheters were inserted in the right common carotid artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein for blood sampling. Flow probes were placed around the hepatic artery and portal vein for blood flow measurements. Animals were @entity158 medication and sedated until the tracer study on day 4 after burn. The @entity1707 were infused for 4 hours with U-13C16-palmitate in order to quantify hepatic FA kinetics and oxidation. RESULTS: Liver @entity412 (TG) content was elevated from 162 +/- 16 (control) to 297 +/- 28 micromol TG/g dry liver wt. (p < .05). Hepatic FA uptake and oxidation were similar between the 2 groups, as were @entity1285 ( @entity9931 ) levels and activities of @entity6625 carboxylase and @entity860 ( @entity860 )-activated protein kinase. In contrast, incorporation of plasma-free @entity1718 into @entity99 was elevated (p < .05) and very low density lipoprotein TG (VLDL-TG) secretion was decreased from 0.17 +/- 0.02 (control) to 0.03 +/- 0.01 micromol/kg per minute in burned @entity1707 (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The accumulation of @entity99 in burned animals is due to inhibition of VLDL-TG secretion and to @entity99 . @entity1718 are not channeled to TG because of impaired oxidation.

title: Alteration of hepatic @entity844 metabolism after burn injury in XXXX .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: Nonseminomatous @entity5 (NSGCC) have a varied response to chemotherapy, some melting away with resultant cure, some have @entity5 stem cell @entity39 and residual benign disease whilst others are resistant to treatment. The latter two require surgical excision in order to identify those needing high intensity chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether it was possible to give an earlier prediction of need for surgery after chemotherapy on the basis of a limited CT scan performed after the first course. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-three @entity1 with metastatic NSGCC undergoing induction chemotherapy were studied. The site of the maximum disease was noted before treatment and only this area was rescanned at day 21. The change in disease bulk, measured as maximum transverse diameter (MTD), was compared with appearances on a CT scan immediately after chemotherapy and post-treatment response. RESULTS: Of those @entity1 showing a poor response on the day 21 scan (i.e. no change, or less than 50% reduction in MTD), 70% required early surgical excision of @entity66 , while none of the good responders (i.e. greater than 50% reduction in MTD), required immediate surgery (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that a limited day 21 CT scan may represent an independent predictor of good and poor response to chemotherapy, thus enabling reduction in chemotherapy and its @entity137 in good responders and early identification of those who may need surgical excision, thereby permitting easier scheduling of these often difficult surgical procedures.

title: Potential of limited day 21 post-chemotherapy CT scan in predicting need for post-chemotherapy surgery in nonseminomatous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell cancers', 'tumour']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular germ cell cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Infections due to @entity5125 usually occur in pregnant @entity1 , in the elderly and in immunocompromised @entity1 . @entity438 due to this germ are rare. Only 16 cases have been previously described in the literature. EXEGESIS: We report the case of a @entity1 who had been hospitalized for recurrent fever over the past 3 months. @entity449 was diagnosed; blood and @entity439 cultures revealed Gram-positive bacilli consistent with the presence of @entity5125 . We also review previous reports focusing on infections due to @entity5125 . @entity5880 due to this germ are mainly observed in elderly male @entity1 and occur on large arteries. In the present study, only one @entity1 was immunocompromised. Furthermore, all @entity1 who were not operated on died. CONCLUSION: @entity438 due to Listeria moncytogenes is best managed via surgical resection in combination with antimicrobial therapy. Immunosuppression is not necessary for the development of @entity438 due to Listeria. Bacteriological and histological examinations should be done systematically when surgical resection of an @entity439 is required.

title: [ XXXX due to @entity5125 : a new case and review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5880 :: ('MESH:D000785', 'Disease') :: ['Mycotic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic mycotic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['Arterial aneurysm', 'arterial aneurysm', 'Arterial aneurysms']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['Infectious aneurysm']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Infections due to @entity5125 usually occur in pregnant @entity1 , in the elderly and in immunocompromised @entity1 . @entity438 due to this germ are rare. Only 16 cases have been previously described in the literature. EXEGESIS: We report the case of a @entity1 who had been hospitalized for recurrent fever over the past 3 months. @entity449 was diagnosed; blood and @entity439 cultures revealed Gram-positive bacilli consistent with the presence of @entity5125 . We also review previous reports focusing on infections due to @entity5125 . @entity5880 due to this germ are mainly observed in elderly male @entity1 and occur on large arteries. In the present study, only one @entity1 was immunocompromised. Furthermore, all @entity1 who were not operated on died. CONCLUSION: @entity438 due to Listeria moncytogenes is best managed via surgical resection in combination with antimicrobial therapy. Immunosuppression is not necessary for the development of @entity438 due to Listeria. Bacteriological and histological examinations should be done systematically when surgical resection of an @entity439 is required.

title: [ @entity439 due to XXXX : a new case and review of the literature].

answer: @entity5125 :: (1639,Species) :: ['Listeria monocytogenes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical manifestations and mechanisms of @entity299 in @entity326 . METHODS: Literature review of selected clinical studies and animal models. RESULTS: Depressed myocardial contractile function is a common consequence of severe @entity281 . Bacterial factors, in conjunction with host inflammatory mediators, produce a profile of reversible @entity299 manifested by a decrease in ventricular ejection fraction, @entity2554 , and @entity5691 . Global @entity63 is not the major mechanism that mediates @entity299 during sepsis. Inflammatory mediators contribute to @entity296 by damaging the coronary microcirculation and contributing to @entity296 and @entity16 . However, trials of anti-inflammatory agents have not prevented or increased the rate of reversal of @entity326 or improved survival. The link between @entity842 and clinical @entity296 remains unclear, as nonselective @entity842 synthase inhibition does not block the development of @entity67 . CONCLUSIONS: Serious @entity2348 result in inflammatory injury to the heart manifested by a common profile of @entity299 . Therapy remains limited to treatment of the infection with antibiotics and supportive care, with fluid resuscitation and selective use of inotropes and vasopressors. Experimental models suggest that new anti-inflammatory strategies (e.g. @entity669 kinase inhibitors) may offer some advantages over those that target a single mediator; these agents remain to be clinically evaluated.

title: XXXX in sepsis: clinical and experimental investigations.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial edema', 'myocardial dysfunction', 'myocardial depression']

entities_list: @entity5691 :: ('MESH:D016534', 'Disease') :: ['increased cardiac output']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cardiocyte damage']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity2554 :: ('MESH:C563906', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dilatation']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['Myocardial dysfunction']


abstract: PURPOSE: We studied the frequency of @entity31316 ( @entity31316 ) in a select group of otherwise healthy infertile @entity1 with abnormal semen. METHODS: We reviewed scrotal sonography records of 180 consecutive @entity1 with abnormal semen who were referred for evaluation of @entity4810 . The pampiniform plexus was evaluated for possible varicocele, and the testes were examined for the presence or absence of intratesticular calcifications and/or masses. Five @entity1 with more than 5 echogenic foci per transducer field in either @entity1062 were identified. The medical records and sonograms of this subgroup of @entity1 were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 180 @entity1 , 5 (2.8%) had @entity31316 . Three @entity1 with @entity31316 had concomitant small varicoceles; 2 others had a history of testicular maldescent. Two @entity1 eventually became fertile. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a higher than expected frequency of @entity31316 in otherwise healthy infertile @entity1 . We speculate that the magnitude of @entity6660 in @entity1 with @entity31316 is variable and may relate to both the degree of @entity10523 and the presence or absence of concomitant scrotal pathology (eg, scrotal varicocele and cryptorchidism).

title: XXXX : association with @entity4810 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity10523 :: ('MESH:D013733', 'Disease') :: ['testicular dysgenesis']

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['male infertility']

entities_list: @entity6660 :: ('MESH:D009845', 'Disease') :: ['hypospermatogenesis']

entities_list: @entity31316 :: ('MESH:C566478', 'Disease') :: ['TM', 'testicular microlithiasis']

answer: @entity31316 :: (MESH:C566478,Disease) :: ['Testicular microlithiasis']


abstract: PURPOSE: We studied the frequency of @entity31316 ( @entity31316 ) in a select group of otherwise healthy infertile @entity1 with abnormal semen. METHODS: We reviewed scrotal sonography records of 180 consecutive @entity1 with abnormal semen who were referred for evaluation of @entity4810 . The pampiniform plexus was evaluated for possible varicocele, and the testes were examined for the presence or absence of intratesticular calcifications and/or masses. Five @entity1 with more than 5 echogenic foci per transducer field in either @entity1062 were identified. The medical records and sonograms of this subgroup of @entity1 were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 180 @entity1 , 5 (2.8%) had @entity31316 . Three @entity1 with @entity31316 had concomitant small varicoceles; 2 others had a history of testicular maldescent. Two @entity1 eventually became fertile. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a higher than expected frequency of @entity31316 in otherwise healthy infertile @entity1 . We speculate that the magnitude of @entity6660 in @entity1 with @entity31316 is variable and may relate to both the degree of @entity10523 and the presence or absence of concomitant scrotal pathology (eg, scrotal varicocele and cryptorchidism).

title: @entity31316 : association with XXXX .

answer: @entity4810 :: (MESH:D007248,Disease) :: ['male infertility']


abstract: Antigenic variation allows pathogenic microorganisms to evade the immune system of the infected host. The variable structure must play an important role in pathogenesis, but its function is in most cases unknown. Here, we identify a function for the surface-exposed hypervariable region of streptococcal M5 protein, a virulence factor that inhibits phagocytosis. The hypervariable region of M5 was found to bind the @entity1 complement inhibitor @entity14390 ), a 42-kDa plasma protein. Plasma absorption experiments with M5-expressing bacteria showed that the interaction with @entity14390 occurs also under physiologic conditions. Studies of another extensively characterized M protein, M6, indicated that this protein also has a binding site for @entity14390 in the hypervariable region. The complement-inhibitory function of @entity14390 was retained after binding to streptococci, suggesting that bound @entity14390 protects bacteria against @entity465 . All available data now indicate that @entity14390 , or another @entity1 complement inhibitor, binds to the hypervariable region of M proteins. These findings provide insights into the forces that drive antigenic variation and may explain why the hypervariable region of M protein is essential for phagocytosis resistance. Moreover, these data add to a growing body of evidence that @entity1 complement inhibitors are major targets for pathogenic microorganisms.

title: Role of the hypervariable region in streptococcal M proteins: binding of a XXXX complement inhibitor.

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['complement attack']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The objective of the present study was to assess the integrity of maternal and/or paternal chromatin in injected oocytes that remained unfertilized after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The study was performed on 102 oocytes that failed to show pronuclear formation 18-20 h after ICSI. We used chromatin labelling with @entity14939 ( @entity14939 ) to identify maternal and paternal chromatin, coupled with @entity1885 -mediated end-labelling to assess DNA fragmentation in each gamete. It was shown that 50% of oocytes without pronuclear formation following ICSI contained chromatin with damaged DNA, and that the source of the DNA fragmentation was equally divided between the spermatozoon (25.8%) and the oocyte (24.4%). A significantly greater proportion of condensed @entity12179 in @entity1 oocytes had damaged DNA, compared to decondensed @entity12179 (24.7 compared to 5.9%, P=0.002). There was a significant increase in the incidence of DNA fragmentation in oocytes from @entity1 older than 35 years (65+/-1.2%) compared to those from younger @entity1 (36+/-1.0%) (P < 0.05). Further, 17% of unfertilized oocytes contained no paternal chromatin. Thus, DNA fragmentation in both @entity12179 and oocytes is associated with failure of fertilization in ICSI. In some cases of severe @entity4810 , a significant proportion of @entity12179 injected into oocytes may contain fragmented DNA. Injection of oocytes with @entity12179 containing abnormal chromatin will probably result in failure of sperm decondensation and fertilization. In older @entity1 , a significant proportion of oocytes injected may contain fragmented DNA. These observations may explain the consistent inability of most clinics to achieve fertilization rates higher than 65% with ICSI.

title: Gamete-specific DNA fragmentation in unfertilized XXXX oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['male factor infertility']

entities_list: @entity12179 :: ('OMIM:102530', 'Disease') :: ['spermatozoa']

entities_list: @entity14939 :: ('MESH:C007293', 'Chemical') :: ['DAPI', '4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse the cost effectiveness of a national programme to screen blood donors for @entity281 with the @entity1 @entity6494 . DESIGN: Three models for calculating the costs and benefits of screening were developed. The first model analysed the cost of continuously testing all donations; the second analysed the cost of initially testing new blood donors and then retesting them after five years; the third analysed the cost of testing donors only at the time of their first donation. @entity1 who had received blood components from donors confirmed to be infected with the virus were offered testing. SETTING: Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of @entity778 among blood donors, the risk of transmission of the virus, screening costs, and the outcome of @entity281 . RESULTS: 648 497 donations were tested for the virus; 1625 samples tested positive by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. 6 were confirmed positive by western blotting. The prevalence of @entity778 was 2/100 000 donors. 35 @entity1 who had received blood infected with the virus were tested; 3 were positive. The cost of testing every donation was calculated to be  3.02m (1.88m pounds); this is 18 times higher than the cost of testing new donors only, and only 1 additional positive donor would be discovered in 7 years. Regardless of the model used, screening was estimated to prevent only 1 death every 200 years at a minimum cost of  36m (22.5m pounds). CONCLUSION: Based on these estimates the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare decided that only new blood donors would be screened for @entity778 .

title: Screening for @entity1 XXXX among blood donors in Sweden: cost effectiveness analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity6494 :: ('MESH:D015459', 'Disease') :: ['T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['infection with the virus']

answer: @entity6494 :: (MESH:D015459,Disease) :: ['T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse the cost effectiveness of a national programme to screen blood donors for @entity281 with the @entity1 @entity6494 . DESIGN: Three models for calculating the costs and benefits of screening were developed. The first model analysed the cost of continuously testing all donations; the second analysed the cost of initially testing new blood donors and then retesting them after five years; the third analysed the cost of testing donors only at the time of their first donation. @entity1 who had received blood components from donors confirmed to be infected with the virus were offered testing. SETTING: Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of @entity778 among blood donors, the risk of transmission of the virus, screening costs, and the outcome of @entity281 . RESULTS: 648 497 donations were tested for the virus; 1625 samples tested positive by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. 6 were confirmed positive by western blotting. The prevalence of @entity778 was 2/100 000 donors. 35 @entity1 who had received blood infected with the virus were tested; 3 were positive. The cost of testing every donation was calculated to be  3.02m (1.88m pounds); this is 18 times higher than the cost of testing new donors only, and only 1 additional positive donor would be discovered in 7 years. Regardless of the model used, screening was estimated to prevent only 1 death every 200 years at a minimum cost of  36m (22.5m pounds). CONCLUSION: Based on these estimates the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare decided that only new blood donors would be screened for @entity778 .

title: Screening for XXXX @entity6494 among blood donors in Sweden: cost effectiveness analysis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1606 may arise at any site within the urinary tract and are a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. In particular, @entity1 with @entity3 have a poor prognosis, with less than 5% alive at 5 years. A multicentre randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced or metastatic @entity1606 was conducted in the UK. From April 1991 to June 1995, 214 @entity1 were entered by 16 centres, 108 randomized to @entity2834 and 106 to MV. A total of 204 @entity1 have died. The hazard ratio (relative risk of dying) was 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.90, P-value = 0.0065) in favour of @entity2834 . This translates to an absolute improvement in 1-year survival of 13%, 16% in MV and 29% in @entity2834 . The median survival for @entity2834 and MV was 7 months and 4.5 months respectively. Two hundred and eight @entity1 objectively progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41-0.73, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . Two hundred and nine @entity1 symptomatically progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.48 (95% CI 0.36-0.64, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . The most important pretreatment factors influencing overall survival were WHO performance status and extent of disease. These two factors were used to derive a prognostic index which could be used to categorize @entity1 into three prognostic groups. We conclude that the addition of @entity900 to @entity1499 and @entity5713 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1606 , taking into account the increased @entity137 .

title: A randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with XXXX , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced @entity1606 : results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. MRC Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['Transitional cell carcinomas', 'transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: @entity1606 may arise at any site within the urinary tract and are a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. In particular, @entity1 with @entity3 have a poor prognosis, with less than 5% alive at 5 years. A multicentre randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced or metastatic @entity1606 was conducted in the UK. From April 1991 to June 1995, 214 @entity1 were entered by 16 centres, 108 randomized to @entity2834 and 106 to MV. A total of 204 @entity1 have died. The hazard ratio (relative risk of dying) was 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.90, P-value = 0.0065) in favour of @entity2834 . This translates to an absolute improvement in 1-year survival of 13%, 16% in MV and 29% in @entity2834 . The median survival for @entity2834 and MV was 7 months and 4.5 months respectively. Two hundred and eight @entity1 objectively progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41-0.73, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . Two hundred and nine @entity1 symptomatically progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.48 (95% CI 0.36-0.64, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . The most important pretreatment factors influencing overall survival were WHO performance status and extent of disease. These two factors were used to derive a prognostic index which could be used to categorize @entity1 into three prognostic groups. We conclude that the addition of @entity900 to @entity1499 and @entity5713 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1606 , taking into account the increased @entity137 .

title: A randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( XXXX ) in advanced @entity1606 : results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. MRC Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party.

answer: @entity2834 :: (12305,Species) :: ['CMV']


abstract: @entity1606 may arise at any site within the urinary tract and are a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. In particular, @entity1 with @entity3 have a poor prognosis, with less than 5% alive at 5 years. A multicentre randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced or metastatic @entity1606 was conducted in the UK. From April 1991 to June 1995, 214 @entity1 were entered by 16 centres, 108 randomized to @entity2834 and 106 to MV. A total of 204 @entity1 have died. The hazard ratio (relative risk of dying) was 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.90, P-value = 0.0065) in favour of @entity2834 . This translates to an absolute improvement in 1-year survival of 13%, 16% in MV and 29% in @entity2834 . The median survival for @entity2834 and MV was 7 months and 4.5 months respectively. Two hundred and eight @entity1 objectively progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41-0.73, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . Two hundred and nine @entity1 symptomatically progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.48 (95% CI 0.36-0.64, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . The most important pretreatment factors influencing overall survival were WHO performance status and extent of disease. These two factors were used to derive a prognostic index which could be used to categorize @entity1 into three prognostic groups. We conclude that the addition of @entity900 to @entity1499 and @entity5713 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1606 , taking into account the increased @entity137 .

title: A randomized trial comparing XXXX and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced @entity1606 : results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. MRC Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party.

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: @entity1606 may arise at any site within the urinary tract and are a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. In particular, @entity1 with @entity3 have a poor prognosis, with less than 5% alive at 5 years. A multicentre randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced or metastatic @entity1606 was conducted in the UK. From April 1991 to June 1995, 214 @entity1 were entered by 16 centres, 108 randomized to @entity2834 and 106 to MV. A total of 204 @entity1 have died. The hazard ratio (relative risk of dying) was 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.90, P-value = 0.0065) in favour of @entity2834 . This translates to an absolute improvement in 1-year survival of 13%, 16% in MV and 29% in @entity2834 . The median survival for @entity2834 and MV was 7 months and 4.5 months respectively. Two hundred and eight @entity1 objectively progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41-0.73, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . Two hundred and nine @entity1 symptomatically progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.48 (95% CI 0.36-0.64, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . The most important pretreatment factors influencing overall survival were WHO performance status and extent of disease. These two factors were used to derive a prognostic index which could be used to categorize @entity1 into three prognostic groups. We conclude that the addition of @entity900 to @entity1499 and @entity5713 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1606 , taking into account the increased @entity137 .

title: A randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , XXXX and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced @entity1606 : results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. MRC Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party.

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: @entity1606 may arise at any site within the urinary tract and are a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. In particular, @entity1 with @entity3 have a poor prognosis, with less than 5% alive at 5 years. A multicentre randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced or metastatic @entity1606 was conducted in the UK. From April 1991 to June 1995, 214 @entity1 were entered by 16 centres, 108 randomized to @entity2834 and 106 to MV. A total of 204 @entity1 have died. The hazard ratio (relative risk of dying) was 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.90, P-value = 0.0065) in favour of @entity2834 . This translates to an absolute improvement in 1-year survival of 13%, 16% in MV and 29% in @entity2834 . The median survival for @entity2834 and MV was 7 months and 4.5 months respectively. Two hundred and eight @entity1 objectively progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41-0.73, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . Two hundred and nine @entity1 symptomatically progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.48 (95% CI 0.36-0.64, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . The most important pretreatment factors influencing overall survival were WHO performance status and extent of disease. These two factors were used to derive a prognostic index which could be used to categorize @entity1 into three prognostic groups. We conclude that the addition of @entity900 to @entity1499 and @entity5713 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1606 , taking into account the increased @entity137 .

title: A randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and XXXX (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced @entity1606 : results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. MRC Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party.

answer: @entity5713 :: (MESH:D014747,Chemical) :: ['vinblastine']


abstract: @entity1606 may arise at any site within the urinary tract and are a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. In particular, @entity1 with @entity3 have a poor prognosis, with less than 5% alive at 5 years. A multicentre randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced or metastatic @entity1606 was conducted in the UK. From April 1991 to June 1995, 214 @entity1 were entered by 16 centres, 108 randomized to @entity2834 and 106 to MV. A total of 204 @entity1 have died. The hazard ratio (relative risk of dying) was 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.90, P-value = 0.0065) in favour of @entity2834 . This translates to an absolute improvement in 1-year survival of 13%, 16% in MV and 29% in @entity2834 . The median survival for @entity2834 and MV was 7 months and 4.5 months respectively. Two hundred and eight @entity1 objectively progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41-0.73, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . Two hundred and nine @entity1 symptomatically progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.48 (95% CI 0.36-0.64, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . The most important pretreatment factors influencing overall survival were WHO performance status and extent of disease. These two factors were used to derive a prognostic index which could be used to categorize @entity1 into three prognostic groups. We conclude that the addition of @entity900 to @entity1499 and @entity5713 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1606 , taking into account the increased @entity137 .

title: A randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and XXXX ( @entity2834 ) in advanced @entity1606 : results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. MRC Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party.

answer: @entity5713 :: (MESH:D014747,Chemical) :: ['vinblastine']


abstract: @entity1606 may arise at any site within the urinary tract and are a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. In particular, @entity1 with @entity3 have a poor prognosis, with less than 5% alive at 5 years. A multicentre randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced or metastatic @entity1606 was conducted in the UK. From April 1991 to June 1995, 214 @entity1 were entered by 16 centres, 108 randomized to @entity2834 and 106 to MV. A total of 204 @entity1 have died. The hazard ratio (relative risk of dying) was 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.90, P-value = 0.0065) in favour of @entity2834 . This translates to an absolute improvement in 1-year survival of 13%, 16% in MV and 29% in @entity2834 . The median survival for @entity2834 and MV was 7 months and 4.5 months respectively. Two hundred and eight @entity1 objectively progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.55 (95% CI 0.41-0.73, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . Two hundred and nine @entity1 symptomatically progressed or died. The hazard ratio was 0.48 (95% CI 0.36-0.64, P-value = 0.0001) in favour of @entity2834 . The most important pretreatment factors influencing overall survival were WHO performance status and extent of disease. These two factors were used to derive a prognostic index which could be used to categorize @entity1 into three prognostic groups. We conclude that the addition of @entity900 to @entity1499 and @entity5713 should be considered in @entity1 with @entity1606 , taking into account the increased @entity137 .

title: A randomized trial comparing @entity1499 and @entity5713 (MV) with @entity900 , @entity1499 and @entity5713 ( @entity2834 ) in advanced XXXX : results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. MRC Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party.

answer: @entity1606 :: (MESH:D002295,Disease) :: ['transitional cell carcinoma']


abstract: AIMS: There is little evidence to inform routine practice in the use of coronary angiography and revascularization procedures after @entity583 . Large differences in the uptake of these procedures have been reported but representative data are scarce. Outcome studies have produced opposing conclusions concerning the impact of the high rate of these cardiac procedures. METHODS AND RESULTS: A population-based @entity1 sampling approach was utilized to identify routine practice in representative samples from 11 European countries. Data were collected retrospectively on treatment in the 6 months following @entity583 (n=2807). There was wide variation in utilization of coronary angiography and revascularization procedures. Even after restricting the analysis to @entity1 <65 years (n=1262), there remained a 6 13 fold variation in the use of these procedures. A decreased likelihood of undergoing these procedures was associated with older age. In addition, there was an independent and negative association between female sex and utilization of coronary angiography and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). CONCLUSION: The effect on @entity1 outcome of the observed variation in use of these procedures is not known but has important cost and resource implications for the health services. Outcome research is needed to define @entity1 selection criteria and to measure the cost-utility of different angiography and revascularization rates.

title: Use of coronary angiography and revascularization procedures following XXXX . A European perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: Some types of @entity1893 cannot be treated by contemporary preparations. After repeated relapses and chemotherapy moreover damage of bone marrow occurs and further intense cytostatic treatment is not possible. Monoclonal antibodies against structures on @entity5 cells are an interesting alternative of cytostatic treatment. In 2000 the authors administered anti @entity2225 monoclonal antibody (rituximab, Mabthera Roche), 375 mg/m2, on the 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd day i.v. to a total of 24 @entity1 with relapsing @entity1893 . In five @entity1 the relapse developed after high dosage chemotherapy and autologous transplantation of peripheral stem cells. Treatment was well tolerated with minimal side-effects. Favourable therapeutic results were recorded in @entity1 with @entity706 (70% of the therapeutic responses), small @entity1072 (64% of therapeutic responses) and in @entity1 with a relapse after autologous transplantations (80% of therapeutic responses). Anti @entity2225 monoclonal antibody is a new effective alternative of cytostatic treatment. Its position in the therapeutic strategy in @entity1 with @entity1893 awaits elaboration.

title: [Non-cytostatic treatment of @entity5 . Anti- XXXX monoclonal antibody (Rituximab, Mabthera) in the treatment of @entity1893 ].

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['follicular lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocyte lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma', 'non-Hodgkin lymphomas']

answer: @entity2225 :: (54474,Gene) :: ['CD20']


abstract: Some types of @entity1893 cannot be treated by contemporary preparations. After repeated relapses and chemotherapy moreover damage of bone marrow occurs and further intense cytostatic treatment is not possible. Monoclonal antibodies against structures on @entity5 cells are an interesting alternative of cytostatic treatment. In 2000 the authors administered anti @entity2225 monoclonal antibody (rituximab, Mabthera Roche), 375 mg/m2, on the 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd day i.v. to a total of 24 @entity1 with relapsing @entity1893 . In five @entity1 the relapse developed after high dosage chemotherapy and autologous transplantation of peripheral stem cells. Treatment was well tolerated with minimal side-effects. Favourable therapeutic results were recorded in @entity1 with @entity706 (70% of the therapeutic responses), small @entity1072 (64% of therapeutic responses) and in @entity1 with a relapse after autologous transplantations (80% of therapeutic responses). Anti @entity2225 monoclonal antibody is a new effective alternative of cytostatic treatment. Its position in the therapeutic strategy in @entity1 with @entity1893 awaits elaboration.

title: [Non-cytostatic treatment of XXXX . Anti- @entity2225 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab, Mabthera) in the treatment of @entity1893 ].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancies']


abstract: Some types of @entity1893 cannot be treated by contemporary preparations. After repeated relapses and chemotherapy moreover damage of bone marrow occurs and further intense cytostatic treatment is not possible. Monoclonal antibodies against structures on @entity5 cells are an interesting alternative of cytostatic treatment. In 2000 the authors administered anti @entity2225 monoclonal antibody (rituximab, Mabthera Roche), 375 mg/m2, on the 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd day i.v. to a total of 24 @entity1 with relapsing @entity1893 . In five @entity1 the relapse developed after high dosage chemotherapy and autologous transplantation of peripheral stem cells. Treatment was well tolerated with minimal side-effects. Favourable therapeutic results were recorded in @entity1 with @entity706 (70% of the therapeutic responses), small @entity1072 (64% of therapeutic responses) and in @entity1 with a relapse after autologous transplantations (80% of therapeutic responses). Anti @entity2225 monoclonal antibody is a new effective alternative of cytostatic treatment. Its position in the therapeutic strategy in @entity1 with @entity1893 awaits elaboration.

title: [Non-cytostatic treatment of @entity5 . Anti- @entity2225 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab, Mabthera) in the treatment of XXXX ].

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: Brain microdialysis coupled with EEG recording allowed us to track dynamic neurochemical changes every 3 or 6 minutes in relation to sleep/wake cycles. We chose to investigate @entity2918 (PG) and @entity1154 ( @entity2661 , @entity750 and metabolites) because of their respective role in the states of vigilance, mainly suggested by pharmacological approaches, and because of the known interactions between PGs and @entity1154 . We focused on the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the @entity2339 for their involvement in the relationships between feeding, metabolic rate and sleep, and the prefrontal cortex for its role in vigilance. These studies revealed a few changes in @entity3009 or @entity1154 levels as a function of a given state of vigilance. In particular, @entity750 levels were higher during wakefulness than during sleep in both @entity2339 and cortex. Both @entity1640 and cortical @entity1421 levels were higher during wakefulness than during slow wave sleep and still higher during paradoxical sleep in the cortex. Cortical PGD2 showed an exactly reverse profile of @entity1421 . These changes are in agreement with the described awaking action of @entity1421 and with the hypnogenic action of PGD2. Our most informative findings were the sequential changes around transitions from one state to another that allow to predict the moment of onset of both sleep and wakefulness. Both in @entity2339 and in cortex, ondulatory patterns of @entity1421 were encountered around the transitions between states. @entity1421 was high in the middle of wakefulness, then regularly dropped announcing the occurrence of sleep, where the drop persisted before giving place to a rise in prediction to the next period of wakefulness. A similar profile was also observed for cortical @entity750 , but its low levels reached a plateau during sleep. Cortical @entity935 levels showed sudden and dramatic drops during short periods of wakefulness closely surrounding slow wave sleep. In some instances, as in the case of @entity1421 , similar profiles of variations could be found both in the @entity2339 and cortex. But in most cases, different and even opposite profiles were encountered in those two structures. Interestingly, in some instances, the pattern of changes in both @entity2918 and @entity1154 were similar, as for example between @entity1640 @entity1421 and @entity935 as well as between cortical @entity1421 and @entity750 . These similarities support the idea of the suggested interaction between @entity2918 and @entity1154 , in particular concerning their involvement in the regulation of sleep/wake cycles.

title: [Variations of XXXX and cortical @entity2918 and @entity1154 reveal transitions in arousal states: microdialysis study in the rat].

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine', 'monoamines']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

answer: @entity1640 :: (MESH:D007027,Disease) :: ['hypothalamic']


abstract: Brain microdialysis coupled with EEG recording allowed us to track dynamic neurochemical changes every 3 or 6 minutes in relation to sleep/wake cycles. We chose to investigate @entity2918 (PG) and @entity1154 ( @entity2661 , @entity750 and metabolites) because of their respective role in the states of vigilance, mainly suggested by pharmacological approaches, and because of the known interactions between PGs and @entity1154 . We focused on the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the @entity2339 for their involvement in the relationships between feeding, metabolic rate and sleep, and the prefrontal cortex for its role in vigilance. These studies revealed a few changes in @entity3009 or @entity1154 levels as a function of a given state of vigilance. In particular, @entity750 levels were higher during wakefulness than during sleep in both @entity2339 and cortex. Both @entity1640 and cortical @entity1421 levels were higher during wakefulness than during slow wave sleep and still higher during paradoxical sleep in the cortex. Cortical PGD2 showed an exactly reverse profile of @entity1421 . These changes are in agreement with the described awaking action of @entity1421 and with the hypnogenic action of PGD2. Our most informative findings were the sequential changes around transitions from one state to another that allow to predict the moment of onset of both sleep and wakefulness. Both in @entity2339 and in cortex, ondulatory patterns of @entity1421 were encountered around the transitions between states. @entity1421 was high in the middle of wakefulness, then regularly dropped announcing the occurrence of sleep, where the drop persisted before giving place to a rise in prediction to the next period of wakefulness. A similar profile was also observed for cortical @entity750 , but its low levels reached a plateau during sleep. Cortical @entity935 levels showed sudden and dramatic drops during short periods of wakefulness closely surrounding slow wave sleep. In some instances, as in the case of @entity1421 , similar profiles of variations could be found both in the @entity2339 and cortex. But in most cases, different and even opposite profiles were encountered in those two structures. Interestingly, in some instances, the pattern of changes in both @entity2918 and @entity1154 were similar, as for example between @entity1640 @entity1421 and @entity935 as well as between cortical @entity1421 and @entity750 . These similarities support the idea of the suggested interaction between @entity2918 and @entity1154 , in particular concerning their involvement in the regulation of sleep/wake cycles.

title: [Variations of @entity1640 and cortical XXXX and @entity1154 reveal transitions in arousal states: microdialysis study in the rat].

answer: @entity2918 :: (MESH:D011453,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandins']


abstract: Brain microdialysis coupled with EEG recording allowed us to track dynamic neurochemical changes every 3 or 6 minutes in relation to sleep/wake cycles. We chose to investigate @entity2918 (PG) and @entity1154 ( @entity2661 , @entity750 and metabolites) because of their respective role in the states of vigilance, mainly suggested by pharmacological approaches, and because of the known interactions between PGs and @entity1154 . We focused on the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the @entity2339 for their involvement in the relationships between feeding, metabolic rate and sleep, and the prefrontal cortex for its role in vigilance. These studies revealed a few changes in @entity3009 or @entity1154 levels as a function of a given state of vigilance. In particular, @entity750 levels were higher during wakefulness than during sleep in both @entity2339 and cortex. Both @entity1640 and cortical @entity1421 levels were higher during wakefulness than during slow wave sleep and still higher during paradoxical sleep in the cortex. Cortical PGD2 showed an exactly reverse profile of @entity1421 . These changes are in agreement with the described awaking action of @entity1421 and with the hypnogenic action of PGD2. Our most informative findings were the sequential changes around transitions from one state to another that allow to predict the moment of onset of both sleep and wakefulness. Both in @entity2339 and in cortex, ondulatory patterns of @entity1421 were encountered around the transitions between states. @entity1421 was high in the middle of wakefulness, then regularly dropped announcing the occurrence of sleep, where the drop persisted before giving place to a rise in prediction to the next period of wakefulness. A similar profile was also observed for cortical @entity750 , but its low levels reached a plateau during sleep. Cortical @entity935 levels showed sudden and dramatic drops during short periods of wakefulness closely surrounding slow wave sleep. In some instances, as in the case of @entity1421 , similar profiles of variations could be found both in the @entity2339 and cortex. But in most cases, different and even opposite profiles were encountered in those two structures. Interestingly, in some instances, the pattern of changes in both @entity2918 and @entity1154 were similar, as for example between @entity1640 @entity1421 and @entity935 as well as between cortical @entity1421 and @entity750 . These similarities support the idea of the suggested interaction between @entity2918 and @entity1154 , in particular concerning their involvement in the regulation of sleep/wake cycles.

title: [Variations of @entity1640 and cortical @entity2918 and XXXX reveal transitions in arousal states: microdialysis study in the rat].

answer: @entity1154 :: (CHEBI:25375,Chemical) :: ['monoamines']


abstract: @entity101 arising from retained native kidneys can compromise both the @entity1 and graft survival. @entity1621 should be considered in a select group of @entity1 , whom have refractory @entity101 , prior to renal transplantation. Between January 1991 and July 1998 we performed 10 bilateral nephrectomies where @entity101 was the indication. The mean age was 23 yrs (range 11-45) at the time of surgery. Nine @entity1 were on dialysis pre-operatively (6-H/D, 3-CAPD). All 10 @entity1 witnessed a reduction in the number of antihypertensive medications they were obliged to take daily. We also found less surgical morbidity associated with performing surgery through bilateral dorsal lumbotomy incisions as opposed to through a midline incision. Also the post-operative hospital stay was less in the @entity1 group who under went bilateral dorsal lumbotomy. Seven @entity1 at a mean follow up period of 46.43+/-26.06 months have functioning grafts with a mean serum @entity1011 of 164.14+/-42.83 micromol/dl. We have shown in our @entity1 group how bilateral nephrectomy can be successfully used for refractory @entity101 in @entity1 prior to renal transplantation. We also believe that where possible these kidneys should be removed through a bilateral dorsal lumbotomy incision rather than a midline one.

title: Pre-transplant bilateral native nephrectomy for medically refractory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1621 :: ('MESH:C563492', 'Disease') :: ['Bilateral nephrectomy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14 occurs more frequently in older @entity1 . Because the population of aged @entity1 is increasing, a better understanding of the characteristics of @entity14 with respect to age would be useful. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is any relationship between the site of @entity2513 and @entity420 in the colon and age. METHODS: Colonoscopy was performed (September 1995 to December 1998) on 2942 consecutive @entity1 (1907 @entity1 , 1035 @entity1 ; mean age 61 years, range 11 to 95 years) with no history of @entity2513 , @entity420 , or @entity29 . The occurrence of @entity14 , histologically proven as @entity652 or @entity420 , was analyzed for a possible association between site in the colon and @entity1 age. RESULTS: @entity420 was found in 191 @entity1 (196 lesions). The proportion of @entity1 with right-sided @entity694 increased with @entity1 age: < 50 years, 15% (2/13); 50 to 59 years, 21% (8/39); 60 to 69 years, 32% (18/57); 70 to 79 years, 42% (25/49); > or =80 years, 57% (16/28). The proportion of @entity1 with right-sided @entity652 did not significantly differ among age groups: < 50 years, 40% (98/246); 50 to 59 years, 41% (280/678); 60 to 69 years, 46% (459/1001); 70 to 79 years, 53% (270/508); and > or =80 years, 57% (87/152). CONCLUSION: The frequency of right-sided @entity694 increases with @entity1 age. Hence, colonoscopy may be indicated in the elderly for @entity14 screening. Over half of @entity694 may be missed if sigmoidoscopy alone is used for screening.

title: Relationship between age and site of XXXX based on colonoscopy findings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'persons', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal neoplasia', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenoma']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic adenocarcinoma', 'colon carcinomas', 'colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['Adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze if the upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme and @entity1809 receptors observed in a model of @entity8233 formation results in increased contractions to angiotensin I (AI) and AII. Endothelial denudation was performed in left common carotid arteries of 3-month-old male @entity35 . @entity35 were killed at days 0, 4, 8 and 14 after injury and vascular reactivity was assessed in an organ bath. Responses were always compared with their contralateral vessels as a control. Contractile responses to 75 mM @entity4338 were similar between groups. @entity1063 (0.1 microM) induced significantly higher contractions at days 0 and 4. Relaxation to @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) (1 nM to 0.1 mM) was suppressed at day 0 and increased with time after injury. Relaxations to @entity1854 (0.1 nM to 0.1 mM) were similar at all time points studied. Responses to AI and AII were increased at early steps of @entity8233 formation and decreased with time after injury correlating with increased responses to Ach. Concentration-response curves to AI and AII had similar EC50 or Emax values at the same time points. These results indicate that in the @entity35 i) @entity8233 formation does not impair contractile responses to @entity4338 nor relaxation to SNP, ii) a functional endothelium seems to regenerate with time after injury, and iii) the increase in @entity1811 activity and @entity1809 receptor number does not have functional consequences.

title: The upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme during XXXX formation does not have functional consequences.

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity8233 :: ('MESH:D058426', 'Disease') :: ['neointima']

answer: @entity8233 :: (MESH:D058426,Disease) :: ['neointima']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a protocol to prevent @entity548 after dental extraction in @entity1 with @entity447 , @entity2880 ( @entity2880 ), or @entity1423 . STUDY DESIGN: Replacement therapy was used in cases involving general anesthesia, and nerve trunk infiltration was used in @entity1 with severe @entity3459 (severe-to-moderate @entity447 or type 2-3 @entity2880 ). Desmopressin was used in good responders with mild @entity447 , type 1 @entity2880 , and @entity1423 . Local hemostatic measures and antifibrinolytic treatment were used systematically. RESULTS: Ninety-three @entity1 underwent 103 dental extractions; 2 of these @entity1 had secondary @entity548 requiring surgical hemostasis. CONCLUSION: The indication for replacement therapy depended on the type of anesthesia that was used. Coagulation factor concentrates or desmopressin were necessary to avoid upper airway @entity1410 with general anesthesia or nerve trunk infiltration. With local anesthesia, substitutive treatment was indicated in @entity1 with severe-to-moderate @entity447 and type 2-3 @entity2880 . Inexpensive desmopressin was effective in those who responded well. Local hemostatic measures and antifibrinolytic treatment were performed systematically.

title: Management of dental extractions in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet disorders']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['hemophilia', 'hemophilia A']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding disorders']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ["von Willebrand's disease", 'VWD']

answer: @entity3459 :: (MESH:D025861,Disease) :: ['bleeding disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effectiveness of a protocol to prevent @entity548 after dental extraction in @entity1 with @entity447 , @entity2880 ( @entity2880 ), or @entity1423 . STUDY DESIGN: Replacement therapy was used in cases involving general anesthesia, and nerve trunk infiltration was used in @entity1 with severe @entity3459 (severe-to-moderate @entity447 or type 2-3 @entity2880 ). Desmopressin was used in good responders with mild @entity447 , type 1 @entity2880 , and @entity1423 . Local hemostatic measures and antifibrinolytic treatment were used systematically. RESULTS: Ninety-three @entity1 underwent 103 dental extractions; 2 of these @entity1 had secondary @entity548 requiring surgical hemostasis. CONCLUSION: The indication for replacement therapy depended on the type of anesthesia that was used. Coagulation factor concentrates or desmopressin were necessary to avoid upper airway @entity1410 with general anesthesia or nerve trunk infiltration. With local anesthesia, substitutive treatment was indicated in @entity1 with severe-to-moderate @entity447 and type 2-3 @entity2880 . Inexpensive desmopressin was effective in those who responded well. Local hemostatic measures and antifibrinolytic treatment were performed systematically.

title: Management of dental extractions in XXXX with @entity3459 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the selection factors for and results of second resections performed to treat recurrent @entity463 ( @entity463 ), we studied 301 @entity1 with @entity463 who were treated from the time of diagnosis using two prospective clinical protocols. METHODS: The @entity1 were prospectively followed from the time of diagnosis, using clinical and radiographic criteria after maximal surgical resection and external beam radiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. Resection of recurrent @entity463 was performed at the recommendation of the treating clinicians. The results of the second resections were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed using multivariate logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier-Turnbull survival analysis, @entity797 regression, and propensity score stratification. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 underwent second resections during the study period. The actuarial rate of the second resections was 15% of the @entity1 1 year after diagnosis and 31% 2 years after diagnosis. Younger age (P = 0.01) and more extensive initial resection (P = 0.02), but not Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score at the time of diagnosis or recurrence, predicted a higher chance of selection for reoperation after initial @entity5 recurrence. Twenty-eight percent of the @entity1 had improved KPS scores after undergoing reoperation, 49% were stable, and 23% had declines in KPS scores of 10 to 30 points. There was no operative mortality. After reoperation, 85% of the @entity1 received chemotherapy, 11% received brachytherapy or underwent stereotactic radiosurgery, and 17% underwent third resections. The median survival period after reoperation was 36 weeks. Higher preoperative KPS scores predicted longer survival periods after reoperation (P = 0.03). Age and interval since diagnosis were not significant prognostic factors. The median high-quality survival period (KPS score, > or =70) was 18 weeks. The median survival period after first @entity5 progression was 23 weeks for 130 @entity1 treated using the same protocols who did not undergo reoperations. @entity1 who did undergo reoperations experienced clinically and statistically significantly longer survival periods. However, this was determined to be partially because of selection bias. CONCLUSION: Survival after resection of recurrent @entity463 remains poor despite advances in imaging, operative technique, and adjuvant therapies. High-quality survival after resection of recurrence to treat @entity463 seems to have increased significantly since an earlier report from our institution.

title: Survival and functional status after resection of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma multiforme', 'GM']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma multiforme']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the pathological changes associated with radiation treatment (stereotactic radiosurgery or conventional irradiation) of angiographically occult @entity1462 (AOVMs). METHODS: Eleven @entity1 underwent surgical resection of an AOVM in the mesial temporal lobe, brain stem, thalamus, or basal ganglia after previous radiation treatment. The indications for surgery were recurrent symptomatic @entity548 from the lesion in 10 @entity1 and recurrent intractable @entity410 in 1 @entity1 . Radiation was used as the initial therapy because the risk of surgical resection was deemed too high. Three @entity1 received conventional radiation therapy of 3000 to 5400 rads at an outside institution. One @entity1 received radiosurgery with the gamma knife at another institution using a dose of 15 Gy to the margin. The remaining 7 @entity1 received stereotactic radiosurgery with a helium-ion particle beam. The dose range was from 18 to 26 Gy equivalents. The interval from radiation to surgical resection ranged from 1 to 10 years, with a mean of 3.5 years. These lesions were compared with 10 nonirradiated cavernous malformations. RESULTS: One @entity75 was identified pathologically as a true @entity2758 despite being angiographically occult. This lesion did not demonstrate significant changes in the vasculature but did have radiation @entity39 of the surrounding brain 5 years after 25 Gy equivalents of helium-ion radiosurgery. Two other specimens were too small to identify the type of @entity1462 adequately. Of the remaining eight malformations identified as cavernous malformations, six showed a combination of marked @entity82 of the vascular channels, @entity39 , and ferrugination. However, the @entity39 was the only finding unique to the @entity75 compared with nonirradiated controls. All the @entity75 still had patent vascular channels; none were completely thrombosed. CONCLUSION: Radiosurgery or conventional radiation therapy did not cause histologic vascular obliteration in intracranial AOVMs evaluated 1 to 10 years (mean 3.5 yr) after radiation delivery. It should be recognized that these @entity1 are irradiation failures who may not be representative of all irradiated @entity1 . However, recurrent @entity548 from AOVMs may relate to poor radiation response in some @entity1 .

title: Pathological changes in surgically resected angiographically occult XXXX after radiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformation']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis', 'fibrinoid necrosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['irradiated lesions', 'irradiated lesion']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformations', 'vascular malformation']

answer: @entity1462 :: (MESH:D054079,Disease) :: ['vascular malformations']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity567 ( @entity567 ) may be useful for immunotherapy against @entity11 because it can reverse the @entity11 -induced suppression of T-cell proliferation and @entity3692 production. We postulated that peripheral infusion of @entity567 along with irradiated @entity5 cells can lead to immunological rejection of 9L @entity11 . METHODS: 9L @entity5 were established in syngeneic Fischer 344 @entity35 . Osmotic minipumps delivered @entity567 subcutaneously, and irradiated 9L cells were injected on Days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. @entity5 volumes were measured by a blinded observer. For @entity5 rechallenge, animals initially cured of 9L @entity5 received either another @entity5 or a stereotactic injection of 10(6) 9L cells into the right striatum. @entity56 was measured after injecting 10(6) irradiated 9L @entity5 cells into the right pinnae. RESULTS: @entity5 growth curves were significantly different between treated and control animals. Among the animals that received 1 ng per day of @entity567 , 40% did not develop any measurable @entity5 at all. A combination of irradiated 9L cells and @entity567 was necessary for optimal effect. Cured animals rejected @entity5 . All animals rechallenged with intraparenchymal @entity1313 survived, whereas control animals all died by Day 22. @entity56 measurements showed a specific and long-lasting response against 9L cells. CONCLUSION: Continuous administration of the lymphokine @entity567 , in the presence of irradiated @entity5 cells for antigen presentation, circumvents the need for gene transfection for generating @entity5 cell vaccines. We have demonstrated that the combination of @entity567 and irradiated @entity5 cells can lead to regression of 9L @entity5 and resistance to future @entity1221 challenges.

title: XXXX -based immunotherapy against @entity35 9L @entity11 .

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'gliosarcoma flank tumors', 'Tumor', 'future flank tumors', 'flank tumors', 'implantation of flank tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1221 :: ('MESH:D016543', 'Disease') :: ['flank and central nervous system tumor']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Delayed-type hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity567 :: (64546(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Interleukin-12']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity567 ( @entity567 ) may be useful for immunotherapy against @entity11 because it can reverse the @entity11 -induced suppression of T-cell proliferation and @entity3692 production. We postulated that peripheral infusion of @entity567 along with irradiated @entity5 cells can lead to immunological rejection of 9L @entity11 . METHODS: 9L @entity5 were established in syngeneic Fischer 344 @entity35 . Osmotic minipumps delivered @entity567 subcutaneously, and irradiated 9L cells were injected on Days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. @entity5 volumes were measured by a blinded observer. For @entity5 rechallenge, animals initially cured of 9L @entity5 received either another @entity5 or a stereotactic injection of 10(6) 9L cells into the right striatum. @entity56 was measured after injecting 10(6) irradiated 9L @entity5 cells into the right pinnae. RESULTS: @entity5 growth curves were significantly different between treated and control animals. Among the animals that received 1 ng per day of @entity567 , 40% did not develop any measurable @entity5 at all. A combination of irradiated 9L cells and @entity567 was necessary for optimal effect. Cured animals rejected @entity5 . All animals rechallenged with intraparenchymal @entity1313 survived, whereas control animals all died by Day 22. @entity56 measurements showed a specific and long-lasting response against 9L cells. CONCLUSION: Continuous administration of the lymphokine @entity567 , in the presence of irradiated @entity5 cells for antigen presentation, circumvents the need for gene transfection for generating @entity5 cell vaccines. We have demonstrated that the combination of @entity567 and irradiated @entity5 cells can lead to regression of 9L @entity5 and resistance to future @entity1221 challenges.

title: @entity567 -based immunotherapy against @entity35 9L XXXX .

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity567 ( @entity567 ) may be useful for immunotherapy against @entity11 because it can reverse the @entity11 -induced suppression of T-cell proliferation and @entity3692 production. We postulated that peripheral infusion of @entity567 along with irradiated @entity5 cells can lead to immunological rejection of 9L @entity11 . METHODS: 9L @entity5 were established in syngeneic Fischer 344 @entity35 . Osmotic minipumps delivered @entity567 subcutaneously, and irradiated 9L cells were injected on Days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. @entity5 volumes were measured by a blinded observer. For @entity5 rechallenge, animals initially cured of 9L @entity5 received either another @entity5 or a stereotactic injection of 10(6) 9L cells into the right striatum. @entity56 was measured after injecting 10(6) irradiated 9L @entity5 cells into the right pinnae. RESULTS: @entity5 growth curves were significantly different between treated and control animals. Among the animals that received 1 ng per day of @entity567 , 40% did not develop any measurable @entity5 at all. A combination of irradiated 9L cells and @entity567 was necessary for optimal effect. Cured animals rejected @entity5 . All animals rechallenged with intraparenchymal @entity1313 survived, whereas control animals all died by Day 22. @entity56 measurements showed a specific and long-lasting response against 9L cells. CONCLUSION: Continuous administration of the lymphokine @entity567 , in the presence of irradiated @entity5 cells for antigen presentation, circumvents the need for gene transfection for generating @entity5 cell vaccines. We have demonstrated that the combination of @entity567 and irradiated @entity5 cells can lead to regression of 9L @entity5 and resistance to future @entity1221 challenges.

title: @entity567 -based immunotherapy against XXXX 9L @entity11 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity2263 -microglobulin @entity2783 (A beta 2m) is a serious complication for @entity1 undergoing long-term dialysis. @entity2262 modified with advanced glycation end products (beta 2m-AGE) is a major component of the amyloid in A beta 2m. It is not completely understood whether beta 2m-AGE plays an active role in the pathogenesis of A beta 2m, or if its presence is a secondary event of the disease. @entity2262 amyloid is mainly located in @entity924 that are rich in collagen, and local fibroblasts constitute the principal cell population in the synthesis and metabolism of collagen. Recent identification of AGE binding proteins on @entity1 fibroblasts lead to the hypothesis that the fibroblast may be a target for the biological action of beta 2m-AGE. The present study demonstrated that two @entity1 fibroblast cell lines exhibited a decrease in procollagen type I mRNA and type I collagen synthesis after exposure to beta 2m-AGE for 72 hours. Similar results were observed using AGE-modified albumin. Antibody against the @entity5764 , the receptor for AGE, attenuated this decrease in synthesis, indicating that the response was partially mediated by @entity5764 . In addition, antibody against epidermal growth factor (EGF) attenuated the decrease in @entity4173 mRNA and type I collagen induced by beta 2m-AGE, suggesting that EGF acts as an intermediate factor. These findings support the hypothesis that beta 2m-AGE actively participates in connective tissue and bone remodeling via a pathway involving fibroblast @entity5764 , and at least one interposed mediator, the growth factor EGF.

title: XXXX -microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products modulates collagen synthesis by @entity1 fibroblasts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4173 :: ('1278', 'Gene') :: ['type I procollagen']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendon and osteo-articular structures']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta 2-microglobulin']

answer: @entity2263 :: (10242,Gene) :: ['Beta 2']


abstract: @entity2263 -microglobulin @entity2783 (A beta 2m) is a serious complication for @entity1 undergoing long-term dialysis. @entity2262 modified with advanced glycation end products (beta 2m-AGE) is a major component of the amyloid in A beta 2m. It is not completely understood whether beta 2m-AGE plays an active role in the pathogenesis of A beta 2m, or if its presence is a secondary event of the disease. @entity2262 amyloid is mainly located in @entity924 that are rich in collagen, and local fibroblasts constitute the principal cell population in the synthesis and metabolism of collagen. Recent identification of AGE binding proteins on @entity1 fibroblasts lead to the hypothesis that the fibroblast may be a target for the biological action of beta 2m-AGE. The present study demonstrated that two @entity1 fibroblast cell lines exhibited a decrease in procollagen type I mRNA and type I collagen synthesis after exposure to beta 2m-AGE for 72 hours. Similar results were observed using AGE-modified albumin. Antibody against the @entity5764 , the receptor for AGE, attenuated this decrease in synthesis, indicating that the response was partially mediated by @entity5764 . In addition, antibody against epidermal growth factor (EGF) attenuated the decrease in @entity4173 mRNA and type I collagen induced by beta 2m-AGE, suggesting that EGF acts as an intermediate factor. These findings support the hypothesis that beta 2m-AGE actively participates in connective tissue and bone remodeling via a pathway involving fibroblast @entity5764 , and at least one interposed mediator, the growth factor EGF.

title: @entity2263 -microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products modulates collagen synthesis by XXXX fibroblasts.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We attempted dose escalation of standard-fractionated and accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy combined with concurrent @entity900 and @entity7324 to improve local control and survival in unresectable @entity1149 . METHODS: Twenty-one @entity1 were enrolled between June 1996 and August 1997. There were 19 males and two females and their median age was 65 years (range 45-74 years). Performance status was 0 in 10 cases and 1 in 11 cases. Disease stage was IIIA in three cases and IIIB in 18 cases. The cases were randomized to a standard-fractionated arm (n = 10) or an accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy arm (n = 11) with two or three cycles of concomitant @entity900 80 mg/m(2) on day 1 and @entity7324 3 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 every 4 weeks in both arms. Dose escalation from 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks to 70 Gy/35 fractions/7 weeks was planned in the standard-fractionated radiotherapy group and from 54 Gy/36 fractions/3.6 weeks to 60 Gy/40 fractions/4 weeks and then 66 Gy/44 fractions/4.4 weeks in the accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group. RESULTS: Grade 3 or 4 hematological @entity137 were observed as follows: in the standard-fractionated/accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group, @entity1431 9/10, @entity417 2/3 and @entity882 0/2. Grade 3 non-hematological @entity137 consisted of @entity2910 0/3, increased serum total @entity648 2/0 and @entity519 0/1. Two @entity1 died of @entity1207 in the standard-fractionated radiotherapy group. Dose-limiting @entity137 was observed in four of the 10 and seven of the 11 @entity1 at initial dose level of standard-fractionated radiotherapy, 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks, and of accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy, 54 Gy/36 fractions/3.6 weeks, respectively. Thus, we failed to escalate the dose of radiotherapy in both arms. The overall response rate in the standard-fractionated group and the accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group was 70 and 73% and the 1-year survival rate was 70 and 64%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that these schedules of radiotherapy with concurrent @entity900 and @entity7324 were unacceptable for use in @entity1 with unresectable @entity1149 . Further modifications of the schedule for radiotherapy and evaluation of combination with new chemotherapy are warranted.

title: Randomized phase I study of standard-fractionated or accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy with concurrent XXXX and @entity7324 for unresectable @entity1149 : a report of Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study (JCOG 9601).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['vindesine']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1207 :: ('MESH:D017564', 'Disease') :: ['radiation pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytopenia']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We attempted dose escalation of standard-fractionated and accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy combined with concurrent @entity900 and @entity7324 to improve local control and survival in unresectable @entity1149 . METHODS: Twenty-one @entity1 were enrolled between June 1996 and August 1997. There were 19 males and two females and their median age was 65 years (range 45-74 years). Performance status was 0 in 10 cases and 1 in 11 cases. Disease stage was IIIA in three cases and IIIB in 18 cases. The cases were randomized to a standard-fractionated arm (n = 10) or an accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy arm (n = 11) with two or three cycles of concomitant @entity900 80 mg/m(2) on day 1 and @entity7324 3 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 every 4 weeks in both arms. Dose escalation from 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks to 70 Gy/35 fractions/7 weeks was planned in the standard-fractionated radiotherapy group and from 54 Gy/36 fractions/3.6 weeks to 60 Gy/40 fractions/4 weeks and then 66 Gy/44 fractions/4.4 weeks in the accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group. RESULTS: Grade 3 or 4 hematological @entity137 were observed as follows: in the standard-fractionated/accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group, @entity1431 9/10, @entity417 2/3 and @entity882 0/2. Grade 3 non-hematological @entity137 consisted of @entity2910 0/3, increased serum total @entity648 2/0 and @entity519 0/1. Two @entity1 died of @entity1207 in the standard-fractionated radiotherapy group. Dose-limiting @entity137 was observed in four of the 10 and seven of the 11 @entity1 at initial dose level of standard-fractionated radiotherapy, 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks, and of accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy, 54 Gy/36 fractions/3.6 weeks, respectively. Thus, we failed to escalate the dose of radiotherapy in both arms. The overall response rate in the standard-fractionated group and the accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group was 70 and 73% and the 1-year survival rate was 70 and 64%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that these schedules of radiotherapy with concurrent @entity900 and @entity7324 were unacceptable for use in @entity1 with unresectable @entity1149 . Further modifications of the schedule for radiotherapy and evaluation of combination with new chemotherapy are warranted.

title: Randomized phase I study of standard-fractionated or accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy with concurrent @entity900 and @entity7324 for unresectable XXXX : a report of Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study (JCOG 9601).

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We attempted dose escalation of standard-fractionated and accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy combined with concurrent @entity900 and @entity7324 to improve local control and survival in unresectable @entity1149 . METHODS: Twenty-one @entity1 were enrolled between June 1996 and August 1997. There were 19 males and two females and their median age was 65 years (range 45-74 years). Performance status was 0 in 10 cases and 1 in 11 cases. Disease stage was IIIA in three cases and IIIB in 18 cases. The cases were randomized to a standard-fractionated arm (n = 10) or an accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy arm (n = 11) with two or three cycles of concomitant @entity900 80 mg/m(2) on day 1 and @entity7324 3 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 every 4 weeks in both arms. Dose escalation from 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks to 70 Gy/35 fractions/7 weeks was planned in the standard-fractionated radiotherapy group and from 54 Gy/36 fractions/3.6 weeks to 60 Gy/40 fractions/4 weeks and then 66 Gy/44 fractions/4.4 weeks in the accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group. RESULTS: Grade 3 or 4 hematological @entity137 were observed as follows: in the standard-fractionated/accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group, @entity1431 9/10, @entity417 2/3 and @entity882 0/2. Grade 3 non-hematological @entity137 consisted of @entity2910 0/3, increased serum total @entity648 2/0 and @entity519 0/1. Two @entity1 died of @entity1207 in the standard-fractionated radiotherapy group. Dose-limiting @entity137 was observed in four of the 10 and seven of the 11 @entity1 at initial dose level of standard-fractionated radiotherapy, 60 Gy/30 fractions/6 weeks, and of accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy, 54 Gy/36 fractions/3.6 weeks, respectively. Thus, we failed to escalate the dose of radiotherapy in both arms. The overall response rate in the standard-fractionated group and the accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy group was 70 and 73% and the 1-year survival rate was 70 and 64%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that these schedules of radiotherapy with concurrent @entity900 and @entity7324 were unacceptable for use in @entity1 with unresectable @entity1149 . Further modifications of the schedule for radiotherapy and evaluation of combination with new chemotherapy are warranted.

title: Randomized phase I study of standard-fractionated or accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy with concurrent @entity900 and XXXX for unresectable @entity1149 : a report of Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study (JCOG 9601).

answer: @entity7324 :: (MESH:D014751,Chemical) :: ['vindesine']


abstract: We report an extremely rare case of @entity1822 arising from a remnant esophagus. A 52-year-old Japanese @entity1 was referred to our hospital for treatment of a @entity5 arising from the remnant esophagus. Four years earlier, he underwent a subtotal esophagectomy for @entity1721 (well differentiated @entity957 , T1N0M0 Stage I) located in the lower esophagus. After preoperative studies, partial esophagectomy with laryngeal preservation and reconstruction using a free graft from the jejunum were performed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination revealed @entity1822 without @entity3 . Immunohistochemical examination showed that most @entity5 cells were positive for smooth muscle actin and @entity2277 , but were negative for cytokeratin and @entity4483 . The deeply biopsied specimens are helpful for preoperative histological diagnosis. Mitotic activity has been considered an important criterion of @entity5 . However, some cases with minimal mitosis in the @entity5 grow rapidly and were associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, we advocate that the clinical behavior is the only true indication of @entity5 . We also provide a review of 64 cases of @entity2910 reported in the Japanese literature with available data between 1969 and 1999, including the present case, and discuss their clinicopathological features. Asynchronous occurrence of @entity1822 and @entity957 in the esophagus is most unusual and has never been reported. @entity1 with infiltrating @entity1822 measuring more than 5 cm in diameter tend to have a poor prognosis. Chemotherapy did not exhibit any survival benefits. In the present @entity1 , no recurrence has been noted for 23 months after surgery.

title: XXXX arising in a remnant esophagus after esophagectomy: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal leiomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcoma', 'type leiomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1822 :: (MESH:D007890,Disease) :: ['Leiomyosarcoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Peritoneal @entity32 is an important feature in many @entity1 presenting with @entity698 . The contribution of peritoneal nerve fibres to @entity158 experienced after appendicectomy has received little attention. METHOD: In this prospective double blind randomized study a consecutive series of 60 @entity1 undergoing appendicectomy for suspected @entity698 were enrolled. A dose of 1.5 mg.kg-1 @entity1341 0.5% was used. Group one @entity1 received the entire dose of @entity1341 subcutaneously. Group two @entity1 received half the dose subcutaneously (s.c.) and half the dose to the peritoneum. @entity158 scores were assessed pre-operatively and at 30 min, 12 and 24 hr post-operatively using a visual analogue scale. Time to first @entity1337 and total @entity1337 requirements in the first 24 hr were recorded. RESULTS: The @entity1 receiving the s.c. combined with peritoneal @entity1341 had a lower @entity158 score 30 min post-operatively (32 +/- 2 vs 54 +/- 4; P < 0.0001), a longer time to first @entity1337 (248 +/- 20 vs 164 +/- 17 min; P = 0.002) as well as lower opioid (68 +/- 5 vs 100 +/- 7 mg; P = 0.0002) and non steroidal analgesic requirements (65 +/- 6 vs 96 +/- 6 mg; P = 0.007) in the first 24 hr post-operatively. CONCLUSION: A combination of s.c. and peritoneal infiltration with @entity1341 is superior to skin infiltration alone in the relief of @entity158 post appendicectomy.

title: XXXX following appendicectomy--the value of peritoneal @entity1341 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['Analgesia']