abstract: The presence of islet cell antibodies (ICA), @entity14380 ( @entity465 ), other organ-specific autoantibodies, insulin antibodies and two different types of immune complexes (AgAb) in @entity6 pregnant @entity1 treated with insulin during pregnancy was investigated and compared with maternal metabolic control and with the course and outcome of pregnancy. One hundred and eighteen pregnant @entity6 @entity1 were grouped according to type of @entity6 : 56 were insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 who had been previously treated with insulin (Group 1); 23 were non-insulin-dependent @entity6 @entity1 who had previously received diet or oral treatment (Group 2); 39 had gestational @entity6 (Group 3). 94 @entity1 were subjected to regular check-ups during pregnancy and blood samples were taken during the last month of pregnancy (phase A); some were treated with standard preparations of insulin, the remainder with purified insulins. 24 @entity1 were treated with purified insulins (a @entity291 and porcine mixture) on entering the study and blood samples were taken at regular intervals during pregnancy (phase B). ICA were detected in 12% of the @entity1 in Group 1 and in 5% of those in Group 3. There was no significant variation in the titre during the gestational period. ICA were not detected in the @entity1 in Group 2. No @entity465 were found in any of the @entity1 . The positivity of the other organ-specific autoantibodies was similar to that the normal control group. Insulin antibodies were found in concentrations of 67%, 73% and 25% in Groups 1,2 and 3 respectively during the last month of pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Humoral immunity in XXXX pregnancy: interrelationships with maternal/neonatal complications and maternal metabolic control.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity14380 :: ('MESH:D018273', 'Disease') :: ['complement fixing islet cell antibodies']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: Twenty-two @entity1 with @entity2150 were treated with antilymphocyte serum or antithymocyte globulin at Vanderbilt University and affiliated hospitals from 1980 to 1986. The median age was 42 (eight to 73 years); the male:female ratio was 8:14. Nineteen @entity1 had severe @entity2150 , and three had moderate disease. Twenty patients received antilymphocyte serum initially while two patients received antithymocyte globulin. Fifteen @entity1 received @entity6240 10 mg by mouth three times a day with antilymphocyte serum, and all received @entity229 during the course of antilymphocyte serum or antithymocyte globulin. There were seven responses (31.8 percent) to the first course with four complete responses and three partial responses. Six of 15 @entity1 who received @entity6240 showed a response, compared with zero of five treated without @entity3800 (p less than 0.05). Eight @entity1 with no initial response and a @entity1 who experienced a relapse after a complete response were re-treated with either antithymocyte globulin (six) or antilymphocyte serum (three), with four of nine @entity1 (44 percent) having a response (three complete responses, one partial response). Overall, 10 of 22 @entity1 (45 percent) had a response (six complete responses, four partial responses). Median survival for those without a response is six months. Median survival for those with a response has not been reached, with follow-up ranging from 18 to 70 months. This study shows the benefit of a second cycle of antilymphocyte serum or antithymocyte globulin and a possible role for concomitant @entity3800 in this treatment of @entity2150 .

title: Re-treatment of XXXX with antithymocyte globulin or antilymphocyte serum.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anemia']

entities_list: @entity6240 :: ('MESH:D005474', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxymesterone']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['aplastic anemia']


abstract: The major limitation of mismatched bone marrow transplantation is fatal @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ). We processed haplotype-identical parental marrow with @entity1460 agglutinin (SBA), @entity742 erythrocytes (SRBC), and neuraminidase-treated SRBC (N-SRBC) to enrich for marrow stem cells and remove mature T cells. Nine @entity1 with @entity466 ( @entity466 ) who lacked histocompatible donors received these SBA-negative, SRBC-negative, N-SRBC-negative marrow transplants (0.5-5.0 X 10(8) cells/kg). Seven of the nine @entity1 (78%) had documented T-lymphocyte engraftment based on HLA typing and/or chromosomal analysis. Six @entity1 showed evidence of B-cell immunity on the basis of increased immunoglobulin levels, @entity11230 , and/or HLA-DR typing of non-T cells. Three @entity1 received marrow ablative chemotherapy pretransplant for maternal-fetal @entity2132 ; neutrophil engraftment occurred between 9 and 17 days posttransplantation, erythrocytes engrafted within 3-4 weeks of transplantation, and platelet recovery was seen between day 17 and day 49 following the transplants. No immunosuppression was given prophylactically posttransplant. Three @entity1 had no @entity2132 , two had transient @entity1910 and/or fever, and two developed mild focal (stage I) chronic cutaneous @entity2132 . Of the seven who engrafted, five (71%) are alive and clinically well without @entity2132 18-35 months posttransplant. These data demonstrate that SBA- and SRBC/N-SRBC-treated haploidentical marrow transplantation results in functional lymphocyte engraftment in @entity466 without significant @entity2132 , and can be used for some @entity1 who otherwise would have no hope for survival.

title: Haploidentical bone marrow transplantation for @entity466 using XXXX agglutinin-negative, T-depleted marrow cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft versus host disease']

entities_list: @entity11230 :: ('MESH:D006388', 'Chemical') :: ['isohemagglutinins']

entities_list: @entity466 :: ('MESH:D016511', 'Disease') :: ['SCID', 'severe combined immunodeficiency disease']

answer: @entity1460 :: (3847,Species) :: ['soybean']


abstract: The major limitation of mismatched bone marrow transplantation is fatal @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ). We processed haplotype-identical parental marrow with @entity1460 agglutinin (SBA), @entity742 erythrocytes (SRBC), and neuraminidase-treated SRBC (N-SRBC) to enrich for marrow stem cells and remove mature T cells. Nine @entity1 with @entity466 ( @entity466 ) who lacked histocompatible donors received these SBA-negative, SRBC-negative, N-SRBC-negative marrow transplants (0.5-5.0 X 10(8) cells/kg). Seven of the nine @entity1 (78%) had documented T-lymphocyte engraftment based on HLA typing and/or chromosomal analysis. Six @entity1 showed evidence of B-cell immunity on the basis of increased immunoglobulin levels, @entity11230 , and/or HLA-DR typing of non-T cells. Three @entity1 received marrow ablative chemotherapy pretransplant for maternal-fetal @entity2132 ; neutrophil engraftment occurred between 9 and 17 days posttransplantation, erythrocytes engrafted within 3-4 weeks of transplantation, and platelet recovery was seen between day 17 and day 49 following the transplants. No immunosuppression was given prophylactically posttransplant. Three @entity1 had no @entity2132 , two had transient @entity1910 and/or fever, and two developed mild focal (stage I) chronic cutaneous @entity2132 . Of the seven who engrafted, five (71%) are alive and clinically well without @entity2132 18-35 months posttransplant. These data demonstrate that SBA- and SRBC/N-SRBC-treated haploidentical marrow transplantation results in functional lymphocyte engraftment in @entity466 without significant @entity2132 , and can be used for some @entity1 who otherwise would have no hope for survival.

title: Haploidentical bone marrow transplantation for XXXX using @entity1460 agglutinin-negative, T-depleted marrow cells.

answer: @entity466 :: (MESH:D016511,Disease) :: ['severe combined immunodeficiency disease']


abstract: In @entity101 @entity1 with @entity2791 ( @entity2791 ) or @entity2791 of a solitary kidney, reversible decrease of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or @entity810 has been observed following @entity3371 administration. Decrease of GFR has been ascribed to preferential efferent vasodilatation. To test this hypothesis, acute changes of mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal plasma flow (RPF), GFR, plasma @entity916 activity (PRA) and @entity1421 -excretion after 50 mg @entity3371 orally were measured in post-transplant hypertensives with and without transplant @entity2791 (TRAS) during treatment with diuretics. The fall in MAP was similar in both groups; RPF did not change significantly; GFR decreased from 58 +/- 14 (s.d.) to 49 +/- 14 ml/min (TRAS, n = 8) and from 60 +/- 15 to 50 +/- 16 ml/min (without TRAS, n = 8). There was no evidence of @entity384 in @entity1 with TRAS, and filtration fraction decreased only in @entity1 without TRAS. Increase of PRA after @entity3371 was not significantly different between the two groups. @entity1421 -excretion did not change significantly. In one @entity1 with severe TRAS, long term @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibition and acute normalization of MAP with @entity1854 both induced a comparable decrease of GFR. The results demonstrate that acute postglomerular vasodilatation does not necessarily occur after @entity1289 inhibition in @entity1 with TRAS and a high- @entity916 state.

title: Does XXXX reduce renal function in renovascular disease by postglomerular vasodilatation?

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin converting enzyme', 'ACE']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['postglomerular dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral renal artery stenosis', 'renal artery stenosis', 'RAS']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

answer: @entity3371 :: (CHEBI:3380,Chemical) :: ['captopril']


abstract: The radiobiological features of leukemic progenitor cells ( @entity15002 ) freshly obtained from 14 T-lineage @entity981 ( @entity981 ) and 11 B-lineage @entity981 @entity1 were evaluated using @entity15002 colony assays. No significant radiobiological differences were observed between T-lineage versus B-lineage @entity981 @entity15002 . Notably, the D0 values displayed a significant interpatient variation in both groups, indicating a pronounced heterogeneity in the radiation sensitivity of @entity15002 . @entity15002 from some @entity1 were very radioresistant, and in additional experiments using cryopreserved bone marrow blasts, up to 32% of @entity15002 could survive 1600 cGy delivered at 100 cGy/min. In six of 11 T-lineage @entity981 cases and five of ten B-lineage @entity981 cases, a distinct initial shoulder was present on the single dose radiation survival curves, providing circumstantial evidence that @entity15002 are able to repair sublethal radiation damage. A greater proportion of @entity15002 survived 400 cGy when the dose was delivered in two fractions instead of a single dose, providing direct evidence that @entity15002 in @entity981 possess a substantial capacity to repair sublethal radiation damage. The interpatient differences in Dq and recovery factor values indicated a marked heterogeneity in the ability of @entity15002 to repair sublethal radiation damage. Analysis of the dose rate effects on the radiation survival of @entity15002 in four @entity981 cases suggested that the radiation sensitivity of @entity15002 is dose rate dependent. Normal bone marrow progenitor cells (colony-forming unit, granulocyte-macrophage, and burst-forming unit, erythroid) were more radiosensitive and unable to repair sublethal radiation damage. To our knowledge, this report represents (a) the first detailed comparative analysis of the radiobiological features of freshly obtained @entity15002 in T-lineage and B-lineage @entity981 @entity1 , and (b) the first elucidation of radiobiological differences between leukemic @entity981 versus normal bone marrow progenitor cells.

title: Radiobiological features of fresh leukemic bone marrow progenitor cells in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'ALL']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: Cell populations depleted of @entity742 erythrocytes (E) rosette-forming T cells (E-cells) contain cells capable of giving rise to T cell colonies. We have characterized the T cell colony-forming cell from @entity1 bone marrow, blood and tonsil E- cells using a T-cell colony assay. Depletion of @entity28024 +, CD3+ or @entity18729 + cells from E- cells reduced colony formation by 70-100%. Removal of CD8+ cells did not reduce, but rather enhanced colony formation by 50% or more. The most effective reduction (100%) in colony formation was obtained with anti- @entity18729 , indicating that @entity18729 is a marker of all colony-forming T cells. The @entity18729 + lymphocytes generated two types of colonies, types I and II, in the presence or absence, respectively, of CD8+ lymphocytes. Type I were small and compact, reached a peak on days 5-7, and contained @entity18729 + and CD8+ cells. Type II were large and diffuse, reached a peak on days 9-10 and contained @entity18729 + cells. In continuous culture of single type II colony cells, we observed a consistent increase of CD8+ cells. In one colony the combined percentage of @entity18729 + and CD8+ cells exceeded 100% (averaging 83% @entity18729 + and 72% CD8+), indicating the presence of dual markers on some cells. We suggest that colony forming T cells are @entity28024 + CD3+ @entity18729 +, the @entity18729 + antigen being the most consistent marker of such precursor cells.

title: Origin of T lymphocyte colony-forming cells in cell populations depleted of XXXX erythrocyte rosette forming cells.

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of @entity1875 were studied in 50 surgical @entity1 . @entity1875 was administered as a bolus dose, 2 mg/kg iv, followed by a variable-rate infusion, 0-20 mg/min, and intermittent supplemental boluses, 10-20 mg iv, as part of a general anesthetic technique that included @entity3810 , @entity6882 , and muscle relaxants. For a majority of the @entity1 (n = 30), the pharmacokinetics of @entity1875 were best described by a two-compartment model. The @entity1875 mean total body clearance rate was 2.09 +/- 0.65 1/min (mean +/- SD), the volume of distribution at steady state was 159 +/- 57 l, and the elimination half-life was 116 +/- 34 min. Elderly @entity1 ( @entity1 older than 60 yr vs. those younger than 60 yr) had significantly decreased clearance rates (1.58 +/- 0.42 vs. 2.19 +/- 0.64 l/min), whereas @entity1 (vs. @entity1 ) had greater clearance rates (33 +/- 8 vs. 26 +/- 7 l.kg-1.min-1) and volumes of distribution (2.50 +/- 0.81 vs. 2.05 +/- 0.65 l/kg). @entity1 undergoing major (intraabdominal) surgery had longer elimination half-life values (136 +/- 40 vs. 108 +/- 29 min). @entity1 required an average blood @entity1875 concentration of 4.05 +/- 1.01 micrograms/ml for major surgery and 2.97 +/- 1.07 micrograms/ml for nonmajor surgery. Blood @entity1875 concentrations at which 50% of @entity1 (EC50) were awake and oriented after surgery were 1.07 and 0.95 microgram/ml, respectively. Psychomotor performance returned to baseline at blood @entity1875 concentrations of 0.38-0.43 microgram/ml (EC50). This clinical study demonstrates the feasibility of performing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses when complex infusion and bolus regimens are used for administering iv anesthetics.

title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of XXXX infusions during general anesthesia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['meperidine']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol', 'Propofol']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: Hormonal control of amphibian development involves @entity1374 ( @entity1374 ), which promote metamorphosis, and @entity4090 (PRL), which antagonizes the effects of @entity1374 and promotes larval growth. Although the liver is not considered to be a regulator of developmental processes such as metamorphosis, it secretes a PRL-synergizing factor (synlactin) in response to PRL. We explored the possibility that the liver may participate in the antimetamorphic actions of PRL in Rana catesbeiana. Bullfrog tadpoles, in which release of endogenous PRL was suppressed by injections of @entity9697 to induce metamorphic changes including tail regression, received hormone-containing implants in various sites. PRL implants in the spleen to deliver hormone directly to the liver via the hepatic portal drainage not only prevented tail regression but actually caused a substantial increase in the height of the tail fin. PRL implanted in other sites or GH implanted in the spleen was much less effective. The liver of animals with @entity49544 secreted more synlactin in vitro than that of tadpoles with subcutaneous PRL implants. Young grass frogs were injected with ovine (o) GH or oPRL to determine effects on hepatic synlactin secretion. Although the GH stimulated body growth it did not induce the liver to secrete synlactin. By contrast, PRL treatment did stimulate hepatic secretion of synlactin without stimulating body growth. These results indicate that the liver of pre- and postmetamorphic animals can be stimulated by PRL to secrete synlactin. Furthermore, the antimetamorphic actions of PRL in tadpoles appears to be mediated, at least in part, by an action on the liver. Synlactin may mediate this hepatic effect.

title: Evidence for hepatic involvement in the regulation of amphibian development by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity49544 :: ('MESH:C562708', 'Disease') :: ['intrasplenic PRL implants']

entities_list: @entity9697 :: ('CHEBI:3181', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocryptine']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['TH', 'thyroid hormones']

answer: @entity4090 :: (5617,Gene) :: ['prolactin']


abstract: 1 This paper describes a preliminary pharmacological study of the isolated helical strip of @entity291 bronchial artery under isotonic conditions in Krebs-Henseleit solution. 2 The tissue contracted to @entity112 and @entity750 ( @entity750 ), actions which were selectively antagonized by @entity8765 and @entity3858 respectively. @entity112 was not inhibited by @entity54881 and @entity750 was not affected by @entity1286 . 3 Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), @entity3774 (PGF2 alpha) and @entity1421 were spasmogenic, whereas @entity5015 caused relaxation. No potential antagonists of these agents were tested. 4 @entity5402 , at all concentrations, caused contractions of the bronchial artery which were completely, irreversibly blocked by @entity3897 . 5 The spasmogenic action of @entity2647 was selectively blocked by @entity34776 . Vessel strips which were partially contracted to @entity112 , relaxed to @entity3044 and @entity3045 . The action of @entity3044 was inhibited similarly by either @entity1169 or @entity6310 . The evidence therefore suggests the presence of functional alpha, beta 1 and beta 2-adrenoceptors.

title: Preliminary pharmacological characterization of the XXXX isolated bronchial artery strip: a new preparation.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity54881 :: ('MESH:D008785', 'Chemical') :: ['metiamide']

entities_list: @entity3858 :: ('MESH:D008784', 'Chemical') :: ['methysergide']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity6310 :: ('MESH:D011217', 'Chemical') :: ['practolol']

entities_list: @entity8765 :: ('MESH:D011738', 'Chemical') :: ['mepyramine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', '5-HT']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Histamine', 'histamine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity34776 :: ('MESH:D003983', 'Chemical') :: ['dibenamine']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbachol']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: The frequency and causes of @entity360 occurring after aortic surgery were evaluated retrospectively to determine the incidence of @entity292 ( @entity292 ) in relation to other causes and to place in perspective the role of laparotomy for the diagnosis of @entity292 . Two hundred fifty-three @entity1 in whom aortic prostheses have been inserted were observed for a mean of 46 months. Seventy-four @entity548 episodes occurred in 21% of @entity1 between 1 and 108 months after surgery (mean 29 months). Only one @entity292 appeared that was associated with @entity360 , for an incidence of 1.4% of @entity548 episodes and 0.4% of grafts inserted. No diagnostic workup for @entity360 was performed for 20 of the 74 episodes and no AEFs were noted in this group during a mean follow-up of 28 months. Diagnostic evaluation was done for the remaining 54 episodes. No cause for @entity548 was identified in 16 @entity1 and no @entity292 developed in this group during a mean follow-up of 26 months. A potential @entity548 site was identified in 38 @entity1 , of whom 30 had @entity344 and no subsequent evidence of @entity292 during a mean follow-up of 28 months. Laparotomy for a suspected @entity292 was recommended for the remaining eight episodes in eight @entity1 and was performed in six @entity1 . An @entity292 was seen in one @entity1 with abnormality found on preoperative CT scanning; an @entity344 was identified in three @entity1 ; and no pathologic condition was found in the remaining two (negative laparotomy rate, 33%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity360 after aortic surgery. The role of laparotomy to rule out XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['intrinsic GI lesion', 'intrinsic GI lesions']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['aortoenteric fistula', 'AEF']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['GI bleeding', 'gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['aortoenteric fistula']


abstract: The frequency and causes of @entity360 occurring after aortic surgery were evaluated retrospectively to determine the incidence of @entity292 ( @entity292 ) in relation to other causes and to place in perspective the role of laparotomy for the diagnosis of @entity292 . Two hundred fifty-three @entity1 in whom aortic prostheses have been inserted were observed for a mean of 46 months. Seventy-four @entity548 episodes occurred in 21% of @entity1 between 1 and 108 months after surgery (mean 29 months). Only one @entity292 appeared that was associated with @entity360 , for an incidence of 1.4% of @entity548 episodes and 0.4% of grafts inserted. No diagnostic workup for @entity360 was performed for 20 of the 74 episodes and no AEFs were noted in this group during a mean follow-up of 28 months. Diagnostic evaluation was done for the remaining 54 episodes. No cause for @entity548 was identified in 16 @entity1 and no @entity292 developed in this group during a mean follow-up of 26 months. A potential @entity548 site was identified in 38 @entity1 , of whom 30 had @entity344 and no subsequent evidence of @entity292 during a mean follow-up of 28 months. Laparotomy for a suspected @entity292 was recommended for the remaining eight episodes in eight @entity1 and was performed in six @entity1 . An @entity292 was seen in one @entity1 with abnormality found on preoperative CT scanning; an @entity344 was identified in three @entity1 ; and no pathologic condition was found in the remaining two (negative laparotomy rate, 33%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX after aortic surgery. The role of laparotomy to rule out @entity292 .

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['Gastrointestinal bleeding']


abstract: To optimize detection of @entity1586 , we instituted a cleansing regimen of dietary restriction, hydration, @entity19068 , castor oil, and a cleansing enema. We then conducted a review of serially performed barium enemas to determine the percentage of @entity1 with clean colons in a mixed population of 500 inpatients and outpatients in whom this regimen had been used. The same regimen also was used before single- and double-contrast barium enemas were performed in 139 @entity1 with 234 @entity1127 , and radiologic-endoscopic correlation was used to determine the percentage of polypoid @entity5 detected. The review indicated that a clean colon had been achieved in 97% of the 500 cases. In an additional 1.4% of @entity1 , fecal residue was limited to small amounts in the cecum or ascending colon. In only two cases (0.4%) did fecal material prevent an examination that was suitable for detection of large polypoid or circumferential lesions. The single- and double-contrast barium enemas detected 80% and 91%, respectively, of polypoid lesions of all sizes. Single-contrast examinations detected 94% of @entity1127 10 mm or larger and 72% of @entity1127 5-9 mm. Double-contrast studies detected 96% of @entity1127 10 mm or larger and 88% of those 5-9 mm. The results of this study indicate that with this regimen, fecal residue does not significantly interfere with the detection of @entity1586 via barium enema examination.

title: Colonic cleansing for radiographic detection of @entity5 : efficacy of the XXXX -castor oil-cleansing enema regimen.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity19068 :: ('MESH:C110422', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium citrate']

entities_list: @entity1586 :: ('MESH:D003111', 'Disease') :: ['colonic polyps']

answer: @entity19068 :: (MESH:C110422,Chemical) :: ['magnesium citrate']


abstract: To optimize detection of @entity1586 , we instituted a cleansing regimen of dietary restriction, hydration, @entity19068 , castor oil, and a cleansing enema. We then conducted a review of serially performed barium enemas to determine the percentage of @entity1 with clean colons in a mixed population of 500 inpatients and outpatients in whom this regimen had been used. The same regimen also was used before single- and double-contrast barium enemas were performed in 139 @entity1 with 234 @entity1127 , and radiologic-endoscopic correlation was used to determine the percentage of polypoid @entity5 detected. The review indicated that a clean colon had been achieved in 97% of the 500 cases. In an additional 1.4% of @entity1 , fecal residue was limited to small amounts in the cecum or ascending colon. In only two cases (0.4%) did fecal material prevent an examination that was suitable for detection of large polypoid or circumferential lesions. The single- and double-contrast barium enemas detected 80% and 91%, respectively, of polypoid lesions of all sizes. Single-contrast examinations detected 94% of @entity1127 10 mm or larger and 72% of @entity1127 5-9 mm. Double-contrast studies detected 96% of @entity1127 10 mm or larger and 88% of those 5-9 mm. The results of this study indicate that with this regimen, fecal residue does not significantly interfere with the detection of @entity1586 via barium enema examination.

title: Colonic cleansing for radiographic detection of XXXX : efficacy of the @entity19068 -castor oil-cleansing enema regimen.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasia']


abstract: Experiments were conducted in tightly sealed pilot scale warehouses to assess the efficacy of common aerosolized insecticides on all life stages of @entity5399 (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) when exposed in dishes containing 0 to 2 g of @entity3505 flour either under pallets or out in the open. Petri dishes containing 0, 0.1, 1, or 2 g of flour were prepared with 25 eggs, 3rd instars, pupae, or adults and then immediately treated with aerosolized solvent, @entity312 , or esfenvalerate. Twenty-four h after insecticide exposure, the dishes were brought to the laboratory and placed in a growth chamber and held for a 3 day moribund (knockdown) assessment and a 21 day mortality assessment. Mortality in untreated controls was generally less than 10%, with the exception of the 21 day counts of adults and eggs. Solvent-treated replications followed similar trends, except that additional mortality was observed in exposed larvae and pupae. In the insecticide-treated dishes, mortality of @entity5399 provisioned with flour generally showed a linear decrease with increasing flour deposits. Regardless of life stage, mortality did not exceed 60% when individuals were exposed in petri dishes containing 2 g of flour. Exposure location also made a significant difference in observed mortality. While mortality never exceeded 75% in dishes positioned under pallets, there was never less than 80% mortality in dishes exposed in the open. Although there was a perceptible increase in mortality with esfenvalerate compared to @entity312 , these differences were considerably less than the variation observed among flour deposits. The study suggests that sanitation and preparation prior to aerosol insecticide treatments were more important than choice of a particular insecticide.

title: The presence of flour affects the efficacy of aerosolized insecticides used to treat the XXXX , @entity5399 .

entities_list: @entity312 :: ('MESH:D011722', 'Chemical') :: ['Pyrethrins']

entities_list: @entity5399 :: ('7070', 'Species') :: ['Tribolium castaneum', 'T. castaneum']

answer: @entity5399 :: (7070,Species) :: ['red flour beetle']


abstract: Experiments were conducted in tightly sealed pilot scale warehouses to assess the efficacy of common aerosolized insecticides on all life stages of @entity5399 (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) when exposed in dishes containing 0 to 2 g of @entity3505 flour either under pallets or out in the open. Petri dishes containing 0, 0.1, 1, or 2 g of flour were prepared with 25 eggs, 3rd instars, pupae, or adults and then immediately treated with aerosolized solvent, @entity312 , or esfenvalerate. Twenty-four h after insecticide exposure, the dishes were brought to the laboratory and placed in a growth chamber and held for a 3 day moribund (knockdown) assessment and a 21 day mortality assessment. Mortality in untreated controls was generally less than 10%, with the exception of the 21 day counts of adults and eggs. Solvent-treated replications followed similar trends, except that additional mortality was observed in exposed larvae and pupae. In the insecticide-treated dishes, mortality of @entity5399 provisioned with flour generally showed a linear decrease with increasing flour deposits. Regardless of life stage, mortality did not exceed 60% when individuals were exposed in petri dishes containing 2 g of flour. Exposure location also made a significant difference in observed mortality. While mortality never exceeded 75% in dishes positioned under pallets, there was never less than 80% mortality in dishes exposed in the open. Although there was a perceptible increase in mortality with esfenvalerate compared to @entity312 , these differences were considerably less than the variation observed among flour deposits. The study suggests that sanitation and preparation prior to aerosol insecticide treatments were more important than choice of a particular insecticide.

title: The presence of flour affects the efficacy of aerosolized insecticides used to treat the @entity5399 , XXXX .

answer: @entity5399 :: (7070,Species) :: ['Tribolium castaneum']


abstract: The aim of this study was to use the video-microscopic approach to analyze simultaneously, at very low magnification, red cell velocity (VRBC) and density of perfused capillaries ( @entity1050 ) in an entire capillary network of a frog sartorius muscle before and after 3 s, 1 min and 30 min @entity432 . In 11 muscles studied, the 3 s occlusion caused a significant increase in the overall peak hyperemic VRBC and @entity1050 (from 0.14 +/- 0.08 to 0.28 +/- 0.16 S.D. mm/s, and from 104 +/- 41 to 126 +/- 42 S.D. cap/mm2). All muscles participated in this overall response. On average, 71% of capillaries per network showed @entity450 . The 1 min occlusion also caused significant increases in overall VRBC and @entity1050 (from 0.14 +/- 0.08 to 0.34 +/- 0.17 S.D. mm/s, and from 94 +/- 44 to 123 +/- 44 S.D. cal/mm2). In contrast to the 3 s response, only 9 out of 11 muscles participated in this response, with an average capillary participation of 80%. The 30 min occlusion caused a significant increase in overall VRBC (from 0.13 +/- 0.07 to 0.24 +/- 0.17 S.D. mm/s) but no change in @entity1050 . Only 6 out of 11 muscles participated in this response, with an average capillary participation of 56%. In terms of these microvascular data, the present study demonstrate for the first time ever (1) an appreciable spatial heterogeneity of responses within the capillary network in a single muscle following all three types of occlusions, and (2) a progressively larger muscle-to-muscle heterogeneity of responses with longer duration of occlusion. Since the spatial heterogeneity (i.e. increase, no change or even decrease in flow) was associated with groups of similarly behaving capillaries supplied by a common arteriole, the existence of a flow-suppressing arteriolar mechanism (in addition to metabolic and myogenic vasodilating mechanisms) is postulated to explain the dramatic heterogeneity of response to @entity63 in this muscle.

title: Heterogeneity of microvascular response to XXXX in skeletal muscle.

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusions']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: Real-time ultrasonography was found to be useful in the diagnosis of @entity3041 , @entity1290 , and @entity8 in the @entity235 and cat. One @entity235 with hydronephorsis, one with @entity1290 , and a cat with a @entity703 were scanned with a real-time ultrasonic scanner. @entity66 due to fluid accumulation was determined by ultrasonographic imaging in the case of @entity3041 . The location and mobility of the @entity1290 were observed during ultrasonography. An uneven contour and parenchymal masses in the neoplastic kidney were detected by ultrasonographic imaging of the cat. The findings were confirmed either by radiography or by postmortem examination. Previously, @entity3041 could be diagnosed only by radiography, especially by excretory urography. Ultrasonography offers a noninvasive method for diagnosis of @entity3041 . Localization of a urinary calculus at either the proximal end of the ureter or within the renal pelvis may be difficult by radiography. The ability of real-time ultrasonography to detect motion of the calculi within the pelvis offers an improved diagnostic capability to the veterinarian. The inability of radiography to determine the cause of renal enlargement is contrasted with the ability of ultrasonography to detect changes in tissue density that might be compatible with renal neoplasms

title: Ultrasonographic diagnosis of XXXX in small animals.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Abnormal enlargement']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['renal calculi', 'renal calculus']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal neoplasm']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal disease']


abstract: The @entity102 includes a complex pattern of abnormal self-directed behavior and a stress response. Subhuman self-mutilation is a secondary consequence of the @entity102 . The evidence indicates that the @entity102 in subhumans is a valid model for the induced and the @entity809 in @entity1 . Objective criteria for the @entity809 have been derived from independent sources of evidence, in neurally intact subjects; those criteria are then found to match the subhuman syndrome of deafferentation. Support for the validity of the inference of subhuman @entity809 derives from the parallels with the various facts of the @entity1 @entity809 . The credibility of this argument is significantly strengthened by reports of morphological and excitatory physiological abnormalities, in central somatosensory structures, in response to deafferentation. There is no independent subhuman evidence in support of alternate interpretations of the deafferentation syndrome, and those interpretations seem to be inadequate in several aspects. Doubts concerning the validity of this animal model have been allayed by reports of @entity809 in @entity1 with @entity4681 , and also those with @entity1337 . Moreover, the occurrence of this syndrome in hypoalgesic areas as a consequence of anterolateral cordotomy in monkeys, can best be interpreted as a reflection of @entity809 . This syndrome is released by @entity75 in the peripheral or central nervous system; lesions which involve small caliber peripheral afferents or the spinothalamic tract. Variability in the release of this syndrome has been associated with several different factors. So far, the chronic syndrome is intractable. Evidence relates the abnormalities of this syndrome to pathophysiological foci in central relays of the somatosensory system, and suggests that the chronic abnormalities of this syndrome can be sustained at brain levels.

title: Dysesthesias and self-mutilation in XXXX and subhumans: a review of clinical and experimental studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathological or neurosurgical lesions']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['dysesthesias', 'spontaneous dysesthesias', 'definition of subhuman dysesthesias']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['congenital analgesia']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic deafferentation syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['spinal posterior rhizotomies or ganglionectomies']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Cytotoxic activated macrophages (CM) inhibited the growth of neoplastic L1210 cells in vitro but L1210 cell death was minimal to nonexistent. L1210 cells injured by CM were separated from macrophages and studied in an isolated system. CM-injured L1210 cells had an absolute requirement for @entity413 or another glycolyzable @entity12015 ( @entity3913 or @entity948 ) for at least 40 h after removal from macrophages. If the culture medium lacked sufficient concentration of one of these @entity3363 , CM-injured L1210 cells died within 4 h. Uninjured L1210 cells cultured alone or with peptone-stimulated macrophages had no such requirement and maintained complete viability in hexoseless medium. The @entity12015 requirement of CM-injured L1210 cells could not be fulfilled by other naturally occurring @entity7787 , @entity413 or @entity3913 derivatives, or substrates that can be oxidized by mitochondria. The concentration requirements for @entity413 , @entity3913 , and @entity948 by CM-injured L1210 cells correlated with the concentrations required to support maximal glycolysis of these @entity3363 by other @entity19 @entity843 cells. A concentration of @entity897 which completely inhibited L1210 cell glycolysis also complete prevented the ability of @entity413 or @entity3913 to maintain viability of CM-injured L1210 cells. Interaction with CM led to inhibition of L1210 cell mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This was supported by the findings that: (a) CM-injured L1210 cells had no Pasteur effect; their rate of aerobic glycolysis was the same as the rate of anaerobic glycolysis of uninjured L1210 cells, (b) Endogenous respiration of CM-injured L1210 cells was 15% of normal. Maximal inhibition of uninjured L1210 cell respiration by a specific mitochondrial poison ( @entity4626 ) was nearly the same (13% of normal). It followed that CM-injured L1210 cells required @entity12015 for chemical energy production via the glycolytic pathway. CM-induced @entity2383 occurred in five other neoplastic cell lines tested.

title: Injury of neoplastic cells by XXXX macrophages leads to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration.

entities_list: @entity7787 :: ('MESH:D009005', 'Chemical') :: ['monosaccharides']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity4626 :: ('MESH:D009840', 'Chemical') :: ['oligomycin']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity897 :: ('MESH:D003847', 'Chemical') :: ['2-deoxy-D-glucose']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial injury']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: @entity1 selected for neo-adjuvant therapy in this trial suffered from @entity0 stages T3/4, N0/+, M0. Selected @entity1 were stratified and assigned to either pre- and post-operative chemotherapy ( @entity440 , @entity1487 , @entity1891 , @entity1499 , @entity786 , @entity2664 ) or radiotherapy by randomization. This interim report deals with side-effects and response rates of pre-operative therapy only. For this subgroup from 41 centres, 67 @entity1 have so far been accepted for protocol treatment. 36 received peri-operative chemotherapy and 31 perioperative radiotherapy. We have completed reports of 66 pre-operative chemotherapeutic cycles pointing out only low side-effects in spite of a combination consisting of 5 different cytotoxic agents plus hormonal therapy. It is remarkable that 79% had no hair loss and 74% no gastrointestinal side-effects; in the chemotherapy-group 24 @entity1 so far have been operated. Response rates were as follows: 1 (4%) complete remission, 9 (38%) partial remission, 7 (29%) minor response, 2 (8%) no response and 2 (8%) progression. In 2 @entity1 response could not be determined. In the perioperative radiotherapy-group 10 @entity1 have been operated with similar response rates. It is interesting to note, that both therapies influenced receptor values in different ways: Chemotherapy decreased receptor values, whereas radiotherapy insignificantly increased them. The purpose of this study is to establish a rational base for post-operative cytotoxic treatment of @entity1 as only @entity1 who objectively respond to preoperative treatment are likely to benefit from postoperative drug administration. The study is open for enrollment until a total of 200 @entity1 is reached.

title: Prospective randomized clinical trial: protoadjuvant chemotherapy vs. protoadjuvant radiotherapy in XXXX stages T3/4, N+/-, M0.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Continuous transcutaneous @entity26 (TcPo2) monitoring was used to study low-birth-weight @entity1 (15 control, 15 experimental) during their stay in the intensive care nursery (ICN). Twenty hours of continuous recordings were made of heart rate, respiratory rate, and TcPo2 in the first five days after birth. Personnel caring for the control @entity1 were blind to the TcPo2 measurements. Those caring for the experimental group were instructed in the operation of the TcPo2 monitor and used the device to modify the timing and extent of procedures to minimize "undersirable time" (TcPo2 less than 40 or greater than 100 torr). Control group @entity1 had an average of 40 min/20 hr in "undesirable time." When personnel used TcPo2 monitoring to modify care this "undesirable time" was reduced to 6 min/20 hr. This difference was statistically significant (P less than .001). @entity1 in the control group were handled more frequently, and experienced more @entity519 . Of the hypoxemic time suffered by the control @entity1 75% was associated with handling. Only 5% of the @entity519 or hyperoxemia was detected by blood Pao2 analysis or conventional monitors. Intermittent arterial blood gas sampling is an inadequate method for monitoring arterial oxygenation in low-birth-weight @entity1 since @entity519 and hyperoxemia are often missed. Continuous TcPo2 monitoring improves care by diminishing "undesirable time."

title: Excessive handling as a cause of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxemia']


abstract: The aim of these studies was to investigate different regimens of thrombolytic therapy and oral anticoagulation, and to evaluate the effects of streptokinase (SK), heparin and @entity1229 in the treatment of @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ). Low-dose SK, although controlled according to the @entity2002 levels, did not provide improved thrombolysis compared to conventional high-dose SK, and more postthrombotic changes were registered after an average of 3 years. Furthermore, serious hemorrhagic side-effects occurred, which makes this regimen inexpedient. Various regimens of local venous infusion of SK were tried, and with a dose of 4,000 IU/h for 72 h in combination with heparin a thrombolytic effect was achieved, albeit not greater than usually observed with conventional SK. Systemic @entity6805 and @entity548 were not avoided. A hitherto not described side-effect with @entity1909 was reported. Venographic severity of @entity291 @entity715 displayed a statistically significant correlation to long-term hemodynamic changes, as assessed with foot volumetry, after an average of 5 years. This correlation was stronger for the size of the @entity715 after initial treatment than for the size at diagnosis. Thus it seems important to treat @entity291 @entity715 with heparin in order to limit the extent of the @entity715 , thereby reducing long-term sequelae. During heparin treatment, an average reduction of the thrombi of 17% was observed. This reduction was significantly correlated to a short duration of symptoms but not to parameters of heparin therapy or fibrinolytic components. However, @entity1 with substantial thrombolysis had high plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin ( @entity2786 ) levels, and those with high @entity3479 ) inhibitor levels and remarkably also those with high @entity3479 antigen levels had no lysis. The concentration of @entity3479 antigen showed a significant increase during heparin infusion, whereas that of @entity2786 and @entity3479 inhibitor was not influenced. By applying more intensive initial oral anticoagulation, stable therapeutic prothrombin time (PT)-levels were achieved one day earlier and the duration of heparin infusion could be equally reduced compared to the conventional regimen (4.4-5 days vs 5.4-6 days). The activity of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X had dropped to the same level with both regimens the day heparin was discontinued, observed. The effectiveness of oral anticoagulation after @entity1150 was studied in 596 @entity1 treated for a total of 4450 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Studies on the medical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity6805 :: ('MESH:C531603', 'Disease') :: ['hypofibrinogenemia']

entities_list: @entity3479 :: ('5327', 'Gene') :: ['tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA', 't-PA']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['bullous dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep vein thrombosis']


abstract: The hair cells of the cochlea (neuroepithelium) represent the primary target in most drug-induced @entity2167 adverse effects on hearing (e.g. @entity4028 antibiotics). To what extent an exogenically-induced morphologic damage to hair cells is reversible is not known. In aging structurally altered hair cells can persist for years likewisely not any longer participating in sensory transduction as the hair cells degenerate, secondary changes occur in the @entity4494 cells and the neuronal pathways. Following heavy metal poisoning an adverse effect is observed on both central and peripheral innervation of the cochlea and only minor primary changes occur in the receptor cells. The link between function and morphology in the cochlea is very obvious regarding the high and middle frequencies with a distinct tonotopic localisation whereas for low frequencies (below 1 khz) such a specific morphologic correlation is lacking. @entity2167 effects primarily affecting the source for the production of endolymph, i.e. the stria vascularis, become manifest at all frequencies and at a rather early stage. Independent of type of substance penetrating into the inner ear, the substance has a considerably slower elimination rate as compared with all other compartments in the body. The @entity137 of the drugs seems to be more related to its tissue binding capacity and saturation of receptor sites than related to the concentration of the drug in endo-or perilymph.

title: Principles in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['spiral ganglion']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['Ototoxic', 'ototoxic']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cochlear toxicity']


abstract: To clarify the source of @entity1 urine EGF, we studied EGF renal clearance in 20 healthy, young adult subjects. Immunoreactive EGF was measured hourly in @entity1098 plasma, heparin plasma, serum and urine of 12 males and 8 females during a 3 h study period. Plasma and urine @entity1011 and @entity1011 clearance were measured and calculated hourly. Mean (and SEM) @entity1011 clearance was similar in males and females (118 +/- 12 vs 105 +/- 6 ml/min). EGF was not detectable in plasma, whereas relatively high levels were measured in serum (2.5 +/- 0.25 vs 1.5 +/- 0.18 ng/ml in males and females respectively p less than 0.05). Urine EGF excretion averaged 1641 +/- 233 ng/h in males and 1507 +/- 191 ng/h in females (p greater than 0.05). A significant correlation was observed between urine @entity1011 and urine EGF concentrations in both male (r = 0.98, p less than 0.01) and female (r = 0.94, p less than 0.01) subjects. EGF immunoreactivity in urine and serum eluted from G-75 sephadex columns similarly to recombinant 6000 Mr hEGF. Urine excretion of EGF approximated 1.5 micrograms/h or 25 ng/mg @entity908 . The high concentrations of EGF found in urine in the face of non-detectable levels of EGF in plasma favor the hypothesis that EGF in urine is derived from kidney synthesis and secretion. The significant positive correlation between urine @entity1011 and urine EGF suggests a functional correlation between glomerular filtration and the process of tubular EGF excretion.

title: The source of urinary epidermal growth factor in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Diffuse @entity401 include more than 100 varieties. Even for a chest specialist differential diagnosis is difficult; accurate diagnosis without transbronchial lung biopsy or open lung biopsy was particularly hard. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is a new diagnostic procedure which is relatively safe and repeatable. It takes about 30 minutes more, during the usual bronchoscopic examination, to obtain fluid and cells from the lower respiratory tract. These specimens aid differential diagnosis and an understanding of pathogenesis in the early stage of diffuse @entity401 . Two cases are reported. One was @entity370 , as proved by mediastinoscopic lymph node biopsy; the other one was @entity56 by clinical impression. Both @entity1 received bronchoscopic examination with bronchoalveolar lavage. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increase in total cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage. In @entity370 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was helper T-lymphocytes while, in @entity56 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was suppressor T-lymphocytes. We concluded that, if the @entity1 of diffuse @entity401 had increased lymphocyte count and percentage in bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid, examination of the lymphocyte subpopulation would help differential diagnosis.

title: [T-cell subpopulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in @entity1 of XXXX and @entity56 cases report].

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial lung diseases', 'interstitial lung disease']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity pneumonitis']

answer: @entity370 :: (MESH:D012507,Disease) :: ['sarcoidosis']


abstract: Diffuse @entity401 include more than 100 varieties. Even for a chest specialist differential diagnosis is difficult; accurate diagnosis without transbronchial lung biopsy or open lung biopsy was particularly hard. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is a new diagnostic procedure which is relatively safe and repeatable. It takes about 30 minutes more, during the usual bronchoscopic examination, to obtain fluid and cells from the lower respiratory tract. These specimens aid differential diagnosis and an understanding of pathogenesis in the early stage of diffuse @entity401 . Two cases are reported. One was @entity370 , as proved by mediastinoscopic lymph node biopsy; the other one was @entity56 by clinical impression. Both @entity1 received bronchoscopic examination with bronchoalveolar lavage. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increase in total cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage. In @entity370 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was helper T-lymphocytes while, in @entity56 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was suppressor T-lymphocytes. We concluded that, if the @entity1 of diffuse @entity401 had increased lymphocyte count and percentage in bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid, examination of the lymphocyte subpopulation would help differential diagnosis.

title: [T-cell subpopulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in @entity1 of @entity370 and XXXX cases report].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['hypersensitivity pneumonitis--2']


abstract: Diffuse @entity401 include more than 100 varieties. Even for a chest specialist differential diagnosis is difficult; accurate diagnosis without transbronchial lung biopsy or open lung biopsy was particularly hard. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is a new diagnostic procedure which is relatively safe and repeatable. It takes about 30 minutes more, during the usual bronchoscopic examination, to obtain fluid and cells from the lower respiratory tract. These specimens aid differential diagnosis and an understanding of pathogenesis in the early stage of diffuse @entity401 . Two cases are reported. One was @entity370 , as proved by mediastinoscopic lymph node biopsy; the other one was @entity56 by clinical impression. Both @entity1 received bronchoscopic examination with bronchoalveolar lavage. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increase in total cell count, lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage. In @entity370 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was helper T-lymphocytes while, in @entity56 , the main T-lymphocyte subpopulation was suppressor T-lymphocytes. We concluded that, if the @entity1 of diffuse @entity401 had increased lymphocyte count and percentage in bronchoalveolar Lavage fluid, examination of the lymphocyte subpopulation would help differential diagnosis.

title: [T-cell subpopulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in XXXX of @entity370 and @entity56 cases report].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Elevation of extracellular @entity972 concentration ([K+]o) in cutaneous pectoris neuromuscular junction from 2 to 20 mM slowly increased the variability of the amplitudes of miniature end-plate currents (AMEPC-s), (coefficient of variation of AMEPC-s increased by 73%). Mean AMEPC-s, however, decreased but not markedly (by 14%). Comparable MEPC changes were observed when [K+] was raised in the presence of @entity1877 (50 microM), arguing that MEPC changes were not primarily due to a lower and less uniform vesicular filling. Channel kinetics were not altered by high [K+]o, since the time constant of decay of miniature end-plate currents (TMEPC-s) did not change. @entity934 clearance from the synaptic cleft, however, appeared to be faster in high [K+]o since with cholinesterase blocked throughout, TMEPC-s were shortened. The changes of spontaneous quantal discharge induced by high [K+]o can be almost entirely explained by altered spatial distribution of vesicular release if, as recent reports suggest, at high [K+]o, exocytosis appears randomly not only at but also in between the active zones. However, relatively greater frequency of large MEPCs suggests that in high [K+]o some, and possibly all, quanta are filled above normal levels. High [ @entity141 ]o appears to counteract, although not always completely, all changes in spontaneous quantal secretion induced by high [K+]o. It is possible that high [ @entity141 ]o reverses the changes in the spatial distribution of vesicular release induced by high [K+]o. However, high [ @entity141 ]o also leads to other pre- and postsynaptic changes.

title: Changes in miniature end-plate currents due to high XXXX and calcium at the frog neuromuscular junction.

entities_list: @entity1877 :: ('MESH:D002794', 'Chemical') :: ['choline chloride']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetylcholine']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: Since 1973 the portacaval shunt has been used as a treatment for homozygous @entity753 . Favorable results have been reported, but the mechanism or reduction of @entity165 is not clear. The objective of this research was to evaluate mechanisms of lipid alterations after portacaval shunting in Yucatan miniature @entity1707 . The animals were fed a high-fat diet, similar in composition to the average American diet, with or without added @entity165 . Controls were fed the atherogenic diet (+ @entity165 ) for 8 months. @entity1707 were fed atherogenic or American diets for 8 months, then surgery (shunt or sham) was performed. They were continued on the diets for another 8 months. The vascular system was examined for the distribution and severity of @entity731 . Blood lipids and numerous biochemical indices were measured. Progression of @entity731 was slowed by portacaval shunting. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations were positively and high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were negatively correlated with severity of @entity731 . Serum insulin concentrations were positively correlated with @entity731 . @entity165 synthesis was increased by the shunting and decreased by @entity165 feeding. The @entity165 -fed @entity1707 is not an adequate model for @entity753 , but the results are consistent with inhibition of the @entity731 process and the involvement of lipoproteins and insulin in the mechanisms.

title: Portacaval shunt as treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Metabolic and morphological effects in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['familial hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol', 'Cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic disease']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: In a search for a simple noninvasive test for early detection of @entity0 , radioimmunoassay was used to determine carcinoembryonic ( @entity787 ) levels in the serum and breast fluid of 26 @entity1 presenting with spontaneous breast discharge, and in the serum and milk of 34 postpartum lactating @entity1 . In 54 milk samples from 34 healthy nursing mothers, the mean @entity787 level was 62.6 +/- 49.2 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) (range 5 to 252 ng/ml). The highest levels were found during the first days after delivery. Serum @entity787 levels measured in 18 of the 34 mothers were negative in 12 cases and normal (10 +/- 5.3 ng/ml) in six. No correlation was found between @entity787 levels in milk and those in serum. In the @entity1 with spontaneous breast fluid discharge, @entity787 levels in the breast fluid measured less than 300 ng/ml in 10 cases, 300 to 1,000 ng/ml in 9 cases and greater than 1,000 ng/ml in 7 cases. None of the 19 @entity1 with @entity787 values below 1,000 ng/ml had a @entity5 . Four of the seven @entity1 with the highest @entity787 levels were found to have @entity0 . Serum @entity787 levels were within the normal range in both the malignant and nonmalignant cases. We conclude that @entity787 levels are markedly elevated in breast fluid discharges in nonlactating @entity1 , and that the highest levels may be associated with @entity5 .

title: Carcinoembryonic-like substance in breast fluid discharge in benign and malignant breast disease and in milk of lactating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: In areas where sporadic cases of measles continue to occur in spite of vaccination programs, the availability of a simple screening test for determination of seropositivity to @entity805 is desirable. A sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) screening test (ST) for the detection of IgG antibody to @entity805 , based on a solid phase RIA, is described. The assays were performed on @entity9031 microtiter plates for which the RIAST requires only 5 microliters of serum per subject. Antigen consisted of a sonicated extract of @entity805 -infected Vero cells. Rabbit antihuman IgG specific for the Fc-segment of human IgG, labeled with 125I, was used to detect human IgG bound to viral antigen. The basic RIA method was characterized by carrying out full titrations of sera of 53 healthy adults, 10 @entity1 , and 13 @entity1 with measles-associated illness. These sera were also tested by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) technique; most of the measles sera were also tested by @entity465 ( @entity465 ). RIAST results (expressed as binding ratios) obtained for 52 healthy adults are compared with their RIA serum titers. Of the 200 sera of @entity1 of various ages tested by the RIAST, 63 borderline sera were also tested by HI. The RIAST, which does not require serum treatment other than inactivation, proved to be more sensitive as an indicator of seropositivity than HI. Implications of the results and practical applications of the screening test are discussed.

title: A population screening test for antibody to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity805 :: ('11234', 'Species') :: ['measles virus']

entities_list: @entity9031 :: ('MESH:D011145', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['complement fixation', 'CF']

answer: @entity805 :: (11234,Species) :: ['measles virus']


abstract: Bioadhesion, and more specifically mucoadhesion, is becoming an important strategy for drug delivery. As a result, it is important to understand the various mechanisms that govern attachment of polymeric substances to the glycoproteins on epithelial surfaces, along with the associated structure-activity relationships of the polymer. This article reviews fundamentals of mucoadhesion, with special emphasis on structural features of the polymer as they contribute to the process of mucoadhesion. There are four possible general interactions between mucoadhesive polymers and glycoproteins: (1) covalent attachment; (2) electrostatic interaction, which requires matching of charge groups between the polymer and mucus; (3) @entity3884 bonding; and (4) hydrophobic interactions. Aside from covalent attachment, which is not presently a prominent mechanism for mucoadhesion, the remaining mechanisms require maximum contact between the polymer and @entity3558 for optimum adhesion. With polyelectrolyte polymers, the charged groups are important in controlling the degree of hydration of both the polymer and the mucous network. The expanded nature of the swollen polymer and mucus enhances the interdiffusion process and permits both a mechanical entanglement and an increase in surface contact for @entity3884 bonding and/or electrostatic interaction between the polymer and the mucous network. A number of techniques are available to study mucoadhesion. Some of these are better suited to study the kinetics of the mucoadhesion process whereas others are more useful for equilibrium studies. To date, the @entity3173 in basic studies of mucoadhesion is the lack of suitable information on the organization and physicochemical properties of the @entity3558 layer.

title: Binding of acrylic polymers to XXXX /epithelial surfaces: structure-property relationships.

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity3173 :: ('MESH:D004830', 'Disease') :: ['major deficiency']

answer: @entity3558 :: (100508689,Gene) :: ['mucin']


abstract: The data emerging from our study are the following: the presence of an identifiable cause is important: complications like @entity2916 or signs of marked @entity75 represent an adverse risk factor for IE. The presence of @entity302 among relatives, evidence of pre- or perinatal @entity75 , @entity1032 , and early onset, long periods of uncontrolled @entity410 before starting an adequate therapy and frequency of @entity410 appear to be indicative of an adverse prognosis, since differences between the two groups of responsive or unresponsive @entity1 are statistically significant. On the contrary, the occurrence of febrile @entity410 in the past history does not seem to have an adverse prognosis. @entity1315 and IS bear the worst prognosis. ME, CPS, GTCS, @entity14957 , @entity9357 and PM have a progressively better outcome in responsiveness to AEDs. Concerning therapy in @entity1 with IE, studies indicate the results of high dose monotherapy appear to be equal or better than with polypharmacy. Because of the gravity of the situation, trials with unconventional drugs have been performed, but it is too early to draw definite conclusions about the long-term usefulness of most of them. In conclusion, our data indicate that the appearance of an IE can be predicted utilizing the above mentioned criteria, considered either alone or in combination. The issue of IE remains undoubtedly an important one among the group of @entity410 . Further studies considering a greater number of @entity1 and new therpeutic strategies are to be recommended.

title: Intractable XXXX : etiology, risk factors and treatment.

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures', 'convulsive disorders', 'convulsions']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral damage']

entities_list: @entity2916 :: ('MESH:D014402', 'Disease') :: ['tuberous sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['Temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: Short-term balances and metabolic studies suggest that current estimates of adult indispensable @entity535 ( @entity6207 ) requirements are too low. In addition, the observed biological value of protein is less than that predicted from its @entity535 score. We propose that these discrepancies reflect the fact that @entity6207 requirements are complex, and can only be defined under specific artificial conditions. This is because consumption of protein usually results in oxidative losses of @entity6207 and @entity1568 , which are important to the organism and variable according to dietary composition. It is likely that the age-related fall in the current values for @entity6207 requirement primarily reflects different dietary designs in the original balance studies, which induced different rates of oxidative losses. A new model for @entity535 utilization is proposed which takes account of such losses, and factors that influence them are reviewed. We propose that dietary IAAs serve an important transient function prior to their oxidation, exerting a regulatory influence on maintenance and growth which we call the anabolic drive. The model also allows for diurnal cycling of body protein, in which oxidative losses of @entity1522 occurring during the postabsorptive phase must be balanced by net protein deposition during feeding if overall balance is to be attained. Diurnal cycling is likely to be nutritionally sensitive, influenced by the anabolic drive and could affect the relationship between total protein and @entity6207 requirements. We argue that oxidative losses should be included in the requirement; this will account for apparent discrepancies in the observed efficiency of protein utilization. We propose that @entity6207 requirements (R) can only be unambiguously defined in terms of Rmin, a value obtainable under artificial conditions when oxidative losses, Lr, are minimal (Lr min); current estimates of adult requirements may be close to this level. An operative requirement of practical value, Rop, will only be defineable when the value to the organism of the oxidative losses induced by usual diets, (Lr op), can be evaluated.

title: The nutritional role of indispensable XXXX and the metabolic basis for their requirements.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: Location of @entity4798 ( @entity4798 ) demonstrated by two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was correlated with electrocardiographic patterns of @entity583 and with the sites of obstructive lesions in the individual coronary arteries. The left ventricular wall was displayed by phased-array 2DE in 47 @entity1 with healed @entity583 , 29 of whom underwent coronary arteriography. Segmental analysis of @entity4798 was performed on 14 segments, 10 of which were obtained by the parasternal short-axis recordings at the mitral (basal) and papillary muscle (mid) levels (each level containing the anterior septum, anterior wall, lateral wall, posterior wall, and posterior septum). The remaining 4 segments (septum, anterior wall, lateral wall, posterior wall) were obtained by the apical 2-chamber and 4-chamber recordings. @entity4798 were defined as akinesis, thinning, increased echo density, or absent systolic thickening of the left ventricular wall. All 22 @entity1 with anterior @entity1188 (Q in V1-V4) had @entity4798 in the mid anterior septum which was specific for the lesion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The presence or absence of the r wave in V1 could not predict the involvement of this segment. @entity4798 in the apical anterior wall and septum were observed in 21 of 22 @entity1 . The presence of Q waves in V5, V6 suggested the additional involvement of the apical posterior wall. Additional Q waves in I, aVL indicated the extension of @entity4798 from the mild anterior septum to the basal anterior septum, anterior wall, and mid anterior wall. The basal and mid lateral walls appeared normal in most @entity1 . This pattern of @entity4798 distribution was observed in 5 of 6 @entity1 with a @entity850 on the proximal LAD. All 14 @entity1 with @entity1188 (Q in II, III, aVF) had @entity4798 in the mid posterior wall and posterior septum. In contrast, 5 @entity1 with infero-posterior @entity1188 (Q in II, III, aVF + R in V1) and 6 @entity1 with posterior @entity1188 (R in V1) had @entity4798 in the mid lateral as well as the mid posterior wall without an involvement of the posterior septum. Coronary arteriography revealed that all of the 10 @entity1 with @entity1188 had a @entity850 in the right coronary artery, whereas 6 @entity1 with infero-posterior or posterior @entity1188 invariably had a @entity850 in the left circumflex coronary artery. It was concluded that 2DE provides a reliable method for detecting @entity4798 and anatomic location of @entity583 reflecting a specific @entity453 .

title: [Two-dimensional echocardiographic approach to the localization of XXXX : echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and coronary arteriographic correlations (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4798 :: ('MESH:D020520', 'Disease') :: ['IL', 'infarct lesions']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['inferior infarction', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: 1. The electrical potential difference, short-circuit current, tissue conductance, and fluxes of @entity1372 and @entity2865 were measured in @entity35 small intestine in an in vitro chamber preparation in the presence and absence of 100 mM- @entity2656 on either the mucosal or serosal surface. 2. Mucosal @entity2656 generally decreased potential difference, short-circuit current, and tissue conductance while serosal @entity2656 increased the electrical variables. 3. Mucosal @entity2656 decreased unidirectional movement of @entity1372 and @entity2865 but did not change the net transport of these ions. The change in short-circuit current was therefore ascribed to changes in fluxes of ions other than @entity1372 and @entity2865 . 4. Serosal @entity2656 increased the unidirectional fluxes of @entity1372 , but not the new transport of this ion. The transport of @entity2865 increased only in the serosal to mucosal direction yielding a net secretion of @entity2865 equal to the change in short-circuit current. 5. The changes in potential difference and short-circuit current caused by mucosal @entity2656 were dependent on the presence of @entity1372 . The changes due to serosal @entity2656 were dependent on both @entity1372 and @entity2865 . 6. Changes in undirectional transport of ions, small non-electrolytes, and water due to an osmotic gradient were attributed to changes in the dimension of the lateral intercellular spaces observed in earlier studies. 7. No evidence suggesting that the electrical changes due to the @entity2656 gradients could be attributed to diffusive or convective flows of fluid, but instead the changes were ascribed to perturbations in the cellular transport mechanisms.

title: Cellular mechanisms of ion transport associated with osmotic gradients in XXXX small intestine.

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: 1. The anterior ( @entity8019 ) and posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles of adult @entity1573 were denervated by section of their motor nerves. Four weeks later the contractile and membrane properties of these muscles were studied in vitro at room temperature.2. Although the time course of the PLD muscle twitch was slightly prolonged, the qualitative difference in contractile characteristics of the slow @entity8019 and the fast PLD muscles was maintained after denervation.3. The difference in the passive membrane characteristics of the @entity8019 and PLD muscle fibres was not lost after denervation, although the membrane resistance (R(m)) and space constant (lambda) of the denervated muscles fell. The membrane resistance, space (lambda) and time (tau(m)) constants of the @entity8019 muscle remained significantly greater than for the PLD muscle fibres. The absolute values of tau(m) in both muscles increased, implying that in the case of the @entity8019 the membrane capacitance (C(m)) was increased above normal after denervation. This is discussed in terms of the ultrastructural changes in this muscle after denervation.4. The @entity8019 muscle was cut into small pieces and replaced in the bed of the PLD muscle, which in turn was minced and placed into the bed of the @entity8019 muscle. These muscles regenerated and became reinnervated by the PLD and @entity8019 nerves respectively. They aligned themselves in the muscle bed and adopted the former shape of the muscle that they replaced. The passive cable properties of the regenerated @entity8019 muscle fibres innervated by the PLD nerve resembled the control PLD fibres and the regenerated PLD fibres reinnervated by the @entity8019 nerve resembled those of the control @entity8019 . Regenerated @entity8019 and PLD reinnervated by their own nerves had contractile and membrane properties similar to those of control muscles.5. The results show that the fundamental differences, between slow and fast muscles once established, persist even when they are deprived of their innervation. The properties of developing muscle fibres however are determined by the motor nerves even in the adult animal.

title: The influence of innervation on differentiating tonic and twitch muscle fibres of the XXXX .

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Given the debate around limitations and controversies in type D personality studies, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of 'synergistically' analyzed type D personality (interaction z-scores negative affectivity NA, and social inhibition SI) on 10-year mortality and on 10-year subjective health status in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) @entity1 . METHODS: This prospective study comprised a cohort of 1190 consecutive @entity1 who underwent PCI between October 2001 and September 2002 (73% male, mean age: 62years, range [27-90]years). At baseline, type D personality (DS14), and @entity308 / @entity148 (HADS) were assessed. Primary endpoint was 10year all-cause mortality; secondary endpoint was 10-year subjective health status (SF-36). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 10.3years (IQR 9.8-10.8), 293 deaths of any cause (24.6%) were recorded. After adjustment for significant baseline characteristics, personality categories approached and dichotomously approached type D personality were associated with 10-year mortality, p<.05. Synergistically approached type D personality was not associated with all-cause mortality or subjective health status at 10years. In survivors, higher NA was associated with lower subjective health status. Type D was not associated with mortality after adjusting for continuous @entity308 and @entity148 in all approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Synergistically analyzed type D was not associated with 10-year all-cause mortality in PCI @entity1 whereas @entity19392 was. However, after adjustment for @entity308 most of the findings had disappeared. @entity308 played an important role in this. Type D was not associated with 10-year subjective health status.

title: Prognostic value of type D personality for 10-year mortality and subjective health status in XXXX treated with percutaneous coronary intervention.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity19392 :: ('MESH:C562420', 'Disease') :: ['dichotomous type D']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Despite the presence of pathology in @entity5 , the @entity158 experience in adult @entity5 @entity1 cannot be totally explained by the extent of such pathology. Unlike chronic @entity158 very little research on the role of biobehavioral factors has been conducted to help explain this paradox. The literature on the role of biobehavioral factors in the @entity5 experience is reviewed. A brief review of epidemiology and pathophysiology is presented. Following this, the biobehavioral literature was organized according to research on psychological characteristics and environmental factors. Research addressing affective, cognitive, behavioral and physiological reactions to @entity158 was also discussed. Despite the paucity of studies, the review suggested the following: (1) personality factors do not appear to play a consistent role in the modulation of @entity158 in @entity5 @entity1 ; (2) the work on environmental influences on @entity5 indicate a weak association between such factors as social network and @entity158 intensity; (3) studies on affective state indicate minimal relationships to @entity158 , and lastly, (4) studies on cognitive responses to @entity158 in @entity5 @entity1 and their influence on the @entity158 experience have not been conducted. To date, in the areas where biobehavioral factors have been investigated, the findings appear modest. However, many potential variables, e.g., self-esteem, the role of family, the role of models, past or current work environments, social learning factors and responses to @entity158 such as fear, somatization and reattribution have not been explored with @entity5 @entity1 . While the influence of biobehavioral factors in adult @entity5 appear to be relatively modest, the literature is not extensive. Increased efforts at more precisely determining the input of such factors in @entity5 are warranted, particularly given the role of such variables in other recurrent and chronic @entity158 states.

title: Biobehavioral factors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'benign pain']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer pain']


abstract: Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is generally considered a diffusional process, with the rate-limiting barrier being the nonviable stratum corneum. Because viable skin possesses enzyme activities, including those involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, the extent to which cutaneous metabolism may influence the percutaneous fate of topically applied chemicals in the skin was examined in @entity1 skin maintained as short-term organ cultures. Skin samples from @entity19 , @entity35 , @entity95 , @entity840 , marmoset, and @entity1 were examined. The results from studies with @entity3014 (BP) and @entity251 showed that, in all species, metabolic viability was a major factor involved in the in vitro skin permeation of surface-applied chemicals. Permeation was accompanied by extensive cutaneous "first pass" metabolism; both parent compounds and a full spectrum of metabolites were found in the receptor fluid from viable skin preparations. However, in previously frozen nonviable skin preparations, essentially only unchanged parent compounds were detected in the receptor fluid. Permeation of BP and @entity251 was highest in @entity19 skin, and significant species variations in the metabolite profiles were observed. Studies with @entity19 skin also demonstrated that induction of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro permeation of topical BP, and a significant reduction in permeation was observed when @entity3984 was added to the perfusion medium. These results indicate that diffusional and metabolic processes are intimately involved in the percutaneous fate of surface-applied chemicals. The relative importance of these processes is dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the metabolic capabilities of the skin toward the compounds in question. Furthermore, these findings suggest that meaningful in vitro studies on skin absorption should consider both diffusion and cutaneous biotransformation of the applied compound.

title: Skin penetration and metabolism of topically applied chemicals in six @entity1 species, including @entity1 : an in vitro study with @entity3014 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'man']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['testosterone']


abstract: Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is generally considered a diffusional process, with the rate-limiting barrier being the nonviable stratum corneum. Because viable skin possesses enzyme activities, including those involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, the extent to which cutaneous metabolism may influence the percutaneous fate of topically applied chemicals in the skin was examined in @entity1 skin maintained as short-term organ cultures. Skin samples from @entity19 , @entity35 , @entity95 , @entity840 , marmoset, and @entity1 were examined. The results from studies with @entity3014 (BP) and @entity251 showed that, in all species, metabolic viability was a major factor involved in the in vitro skin permeation of surface-applied chemicals. Permeation was accompanied by extensive cutaneous "first pass" metabolism; both parent compounds and a full spectrum of metabolites were found in the receptor fluid from viable skin preparations. However, in previously frozen nonviable skin preparations, essentially only unchanged parent compounds were detected in the receptor fluid. Permeation of BP and @entity251 was highest in @entity19 skin, and significant species variations in the metabolite profiles were observed. Studies with @entity19 skin also demonstrated that induction of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro permeation of topical BP, and a significant reduction in permeation was observed when @entity3984 was added to the perfusion medium. These results indicate that diffusional and metabolic processes are intimately involved in the percutaneous fate of surface-applied chemicals. The relative importance of these processes is dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the metabolic capabilities of the skin toward the compounds in question. Furthermore, these findings suggest that meaningful in vitro studies on skin absorption should consider both diffusion and cutaneous biotransformation of the applied compound.

title: Skin penetration and metabolism of topically applied chemicals in six @entity1 species, including @entity1 : an in vitro study with XXXX and @entity251 .

answer: @entity3014 :: (MESH:D001564,Chemical) :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']


abstract: Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is generally considered a diffusional process, with the rate-limiting barrier being the nonviable stratum corneum. Because viable skin possesses enzyme activities, including those involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, the extent to which cutaneous metabolism may influence the percutaneous fate of topically applied chemicals in the skin was examined in @entity1 skin maintained as short-term organ cultures. Skin samples from @entity19 , @entity35 , @entity95 , @entity840 , marmoset, and @entity1 were examined. The results from studies with @entity3014 (BP) and @entity251 showed that, in all species, metabolic viability was a major factor involved in the in vitro skin permeation of surface-applied chemicals. Permeation was accompanied by extensive cutaneous "first pass" metabolism; both parent compounds and a full spectrum of metabolites were found in the receptor fluid from viable skin preparations. However, in previously frozen nonviable skin preparations, essentially only unchanged parent compounds were detected in the receptor fluid. Permeation of BP and @entity251 was highest in @entity19 skin, and significant species variations in the metabolite profiles were observed. Studies with @entity19 skin also demonstrated that induction of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro permeation of topical BP, and a significant reduction in permeation was observed when @entity3984 was added to the perfusion medium. These results indicate that diffusional and metabolic processes are intimately involved in the percutaneous fate of surface-applied chemicals. The relative importance of these processes is dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the metabolic capabilities of the skin toward the compounds in question. Furthermore, these findings suggest that meaningful in vitro studies on skin absorption should consider both diffusion and cutaneous biotransformation of the applied compound.

title: Skin penetration and metabolism of topically applied chemicals in six XXXX species, including @entity1 : an in vitro study with @entity3014 and @entity251 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is generally considered a diffusional process, with the rate-limiting barrier being the nonviable stratum corneum. Because viable skin possesses enzyme activities, including those involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, the extent to which cutaneous metabolism may influence the percutaneous fate of topically applied chemicals in the skin was examined in @entity1 skin maintained as short-term organ cultures. Skin samples from @entity19 , @entity35 , @entity95 , @entity840 , marmoset, and @entity1 were examined. The results from studies with @entity3014 (BP) and @entity251 showed that, in all species, metabolic viability was a major factor involved in the in vitro skin permeation of surface-applied chemicals. Permeation was accompanied by extensive cutaneous "first pass" metabolism; both parent compounds and a full spectrum of metabolites were found in the receptor fluid from viable skin preparations. However, in previously frozen nonviable skin preparations, essentially only unchanged parent compounds were detected in the receptor fluid. Permeation of BP and @entity251 was highest in @entity19 skin, and significant species variations in the metabolite profiles were observed. Studies with @entity19 skin also demonstrated that induction of cutaneous drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in a two- to threefold increase in the in vitro permeation of topical BP, and a significant reduction in permeation was observed when @entity3984 was added to the perfusion medium. These results indicate that diffusional and metabolic processes are intimately involved in the percutaneous fate of surface-applied chemicals. The relative importance of these processes is dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds and the metabolic capabilities of the skin toward the compounds in question. Furthermore, these findings suggest that meaningful in vitro studies on skin absorption should consider both diffusion and cutaneous biotransformation of the applied compound.

title: Skin penetration and metabolism of topically applied chemicals in six @entity1 species, including XXXX : an in vitro study with @entity3014 and @entity251 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: In conclusion our results clearly suggest that vital functions of the brain, in spite of its well developed autoregulation are impaired during prolonged @entity3485 conditions. Regional cerebral blood flow measured by the 133Xe clearance and @entity3209 -antipyrine autoradiographic techniques demonstrated a progressive reduction in CBF, with the development of patchy and circumscribed @entity63 areas during @entity548 which persisted after reinfusion. The regional distribution of the underperfused regions cannot be explained solely in terms of boundary zones between the main distribution fields of major cerebral arteries. Our results suggest the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in the impairment of cerebral microcirculation during @entity548 . The patchy focal @entity75 could be the background of the functional impairment. The focal appearances suggests that, in addition to generalized (blood borne) changes, local factors play an important role in the production of @entity63 areas in the brain. Afferent neural nociceptive input to the brain seems to be elevated during shock. It may be presumed that this leads to increased tissue metabolism and the accumulation of metabolites. The low flow combined with elevated neuronal activity and cellular metabolism produces an imbalance between @entity26 delivery and @entity26 utilization. The local nature of afferent activation of the CNS can explain the regional impairment in the brain tissue. Nociceptive afferent stimulation increases, while denervation of the carotid sinus or transsection of the vagus or spinal afferent pathways decreases the sensitivity to shock. We have presented further evidence that stimulation of the C-fibres of the sciatic nerve reduced local cerebral blood flow and the tissue @entity4095 in the n. VPL thalami and VM hypothalami in cardiovascularly restricted (stabilized blood pressure) animals. Concerning the subcellular events that may lead to @entity528 during @entity548 , we believe that the depletion of high energy phosphates initiates those complex changes which result in the loss of the viability of the affected cells. In this process the increase of free @entity460 in the cytosol probably plays a crucial role.

title: Cerebral circulation in hypoxia and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['hypovolemic']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']