abstract: Fine structural studies of @entity1 @entity788 have demonstrated their composition of one major secretory cell type, a mucin secreting cell. It was also demonstrated that @entity788 cells have a high endocytotic activity via the regular endocytotic pathway with uptake via coated pits and vesicles. These findings indicate a striking similarity between @entity788 cells and @entity1 mononuclear phagocytes. Therefore monocyte-related functions like endocytosis, lysosomal enzyme secretion and @entity224 anion production were measured in various cell lines of @entity1 @entity788 in comparison to @entity1 mononuclear phagocytes. These functions were measured under basal conditions and after exposure to zymosan or immune complexes. All @entity788 cells tested demonstrated increased endocytotic, secretory and oxidative burst activity to a similar extent as @entity1 mononuclear phagocytes after exposure to the stimuli (zymosan or immune complexes). In a further attempt murine monoclonal antibodies produced against @entity788 cells were characterized in relation to their tissue specificity, the epitope recognized in in vitro and in vivo radiolocalization and their potential to mediate biological functions (e.g. antibody dependent cellular @entity137 or complement mediated cytolysis). Mouse monoclonal IgG1 antibodies which specifically bind to the majority of well differentiated @entity420 of the @entity1 pancreas as well as to @entity1 mononuclear phagocytes have been shown to inhibit several cellular functions (lysosomal enzyme release, pinocytosis of colloidal gold 198Au, and chemiluminescence) of those cells. Incubation of 10 micrograms/ml of monoclonal IgG1 antibody with @entity788 cell lines or @entity1 monocytes either simultaneous or followed by the stimulation with zymosan (50 micrograms/ml) or immune complexes (100 micrograms/ml) resulted in the inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release and uptake of colloidal radioactive gold of both @entity1 mononuclear phagocytes and @entity788 cells responding to zymosan or immune complexes. In addition those monoclonal antibodies have been found to inhibit @entity6931 -dependent chemiluminescence. Kinetic measurements of chemiluminescence showed a quick inhibition of this activity on both cell types within 1 to 3 minutes. Antibody F(ab')2 fragments behaved analogously to the whole antibodies, whereas monovalent @entity1334 fragments were not able to inhibit any of the mentioned functions. When used alone the monoclonal antibodies were not cytotoxic and did not theirselves trigger release of acid hydrolases, did not alter pinocytosis and did not induce oxidative metabolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Similarities in function between XXXX cells and macrophages and their inhibition by murine monoclonal antibodies.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinomas', 'pancreatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic tumor']


abstract: In aging, @entity400 ( @entity400 ) female @entity35 , there are no estrous cycles or cyclic increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, but the sexual receptivity to the male is consistently maintained. We recently reported that caging and mating with fertile males elicits an LH surge followed by ovulation in aging @entity400 @entity35 . The present study examined the relationship between the LH surge, the increase in @entity1420 (P) secretion and ovulation in @entity400 females exposed to males, and assessed whether intromission was essential for the male-induced pre-ovulatory LH surge. @entity400 @entity35 were implanted with intra-atrial cannulae. Six to eight days later, these females were individually caged with a fertile male and repeatedly sampled (once every 30 or 60 min) between 1400 and 1900 h for assays of plasma LH and P. Sexual behavior of the female was recorded and correlated with the changes in plasma LH and P values. Similar experiments were also performed on cannulated @entity400 @entity35 with their vaginal orifice blocked with adhesive tape during the caging and sampling session. In both experiments, over 90% of the @entity400 females displayed a high degree of @entity1515 response to mounting by the male, and over 60% of those sexually receptive @entity400 females exhibited an LH surge followed by ovulation. The male-induced preovulatory LH surge occurred in @entity400 females without actual intromission. Caging with fertile males also elicited a marked increase in plasma P concentrations in @entity400 @entity35 and in @entity400 females prevented from experiencing intromission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Male stimulation of luteinizing hormone surge, XXXX secretion and ovulation in spontaneously persistent-estrous, aging @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['persistently estrous', 'PE']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: In aging, @entity400 ( @entity400 ) female @entity35 , there are no estrous cycles or cyclic increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, but the sexual receptivity to the male is consistently maintained. We recently reported that caging and mating with fertile males elicits an LH surge followed by ovulation in aging @entity400 @entity35 . The present study examined the relationship between the LH surge, the increase in @entity1420 (P) secretion and ovulation in @entity400 females exposed to males, and assessed whether intromission was essential for the male-induced pre-ovulatory LH surge. @entity400 @entity35 were implanted with intra-atrial cannulae. Six to eight days later, these females were individually caged with a fertile male and repeatedly sampled (once every 30 or 60 min) between 1400 and 1900 h for assays of plasma LH and P. Sexual behavior of the female was recorded and correlated with the changes in plasma LH and P values. Similar experiments were also performed on cannulated @entity400 @entity35 with their vaginal orifice blocked with adhesive tape during the caging and sampling session. In both experiments, over 90% of the @entity400 females displayed a high degree of @entity1515 response to mounting by the male, and over 60% of those sexually receptive @entity400 females exhibited an LH surge followed by ovulation. The male-induced preovulatory LH surge occurred in @entity400 females without actual intromission. Caging with fertile males also elicited a marked increase in plasma P concentrations in @entity400 @entity35 and in @entity400 females prevented from experiencing intromission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Male stimulation of luteinizing hormone surge, @entity1420 secretion and ovulation in spontaneously persistent-estrous, aging XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Fifty chest radiographs and concurrent thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans obtained in a total of 44 @entity1 with 50 separate episodes of suspected recurrent @entity978 were reviewed. @entity66 was present in 18 episodes, involving the mediastinum in 12, the lung parenchyma in five and both mediastinum and lung parenchyma in one. In four episodes, mediastinal recurrence was demonstrated on both the chest radiograph and CT scan. In a further two cases, the chest radiograph appeared normal but CT detected recurrence in the mediastinum. In 20 cases, the mediastinal appearances on chest radiography were suspicious but not diagnostic of recurrence, usually because of previous radiotherapy resulting in residual mediastinal widening. Computed tomography diagnosed recurrent disease which was subsequently proven in seven of these cases. @entity66 was suggested by CT in a further case, subsequently shown to be radiation @entity82 . Of the 12 remaining chest radiographs in which the mediastinal assessment was indeterminate, CT was true negative for recurrent disease in 10 cases and was also indeterminate in two. @entity66 in the lung parenchyma was demonstrated on the chest radiograph and CT scan on five occasions. There was one incident in which the chest radiograph was normal but CT detected recurrent parenchymal disease. The appearances of the lung parenchyma were indeterminate for recurrent disease on three chest radiographs but CT was helpful in only one case in which radiation change alone was diagnosed. In eight cases the diagnosis of recurrent disease by CT resulted in a decision to initiate treatment. Computed tomography is of value in detecting relapse in @entity1 with suspected recurrent @entity978 when the chest radiograph is inconclusive, and may enable differentiation of radiation change from recurrent disease in the mediastinum.

title: The value of thoracic computed tomography in the detection of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Recurrent disease']

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity328 is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of @entity2259 and bacteremic @entity55 and the second most frequent cause of @entity693 . OBJECTIVE: To establish the incidence, characteristics and serotypes causing invasive @entity66 in @entity1 aged less than 5 years in two Autonomous Communities in Spain, the Basque country and Navarre, between 31 May 1988 and 1 June 2001. @entity1 AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive, observational and retrospective study. The study population was composed of @entity1 diagnosed with invasive @entity66 in the public and private hospitals with a pediatrics departments. Invasive @entity66 was defined as isolation of @entity2260 in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or any other sterile biological fluid. Medical records were reviewed and demographic and diagnostic variables were analyzed. Age-adjusted frequency rates were established for both regions using direct standardization. Confidence intervals were obtained by Poisson distribution. SPSS for Windows 10.0 and Epidat 2.1 were used for the analysis. Data were obtained from the 1999 municipal population census. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-one @entity1 aged 0-5 years were included. A total of 40.9 % (70 @entity1 ) were aged less than 12 months and 68.4 % were aged 0-2 years; 16.4 % had received drug therapy before diagnosis. The most common forms of presentation @entity2259 (45.6 %), bacteremic @entity55 (27.5 %) and @entity693 (14.6 %). The most frequent complications involved the respiratory tract, with @entity1143 in 23 % of cases of @entity55 . The standardized annual incidence rate of invasive @entity66 (cases per 100,000) in @entity1 aged 0-59 months was 58.82 (95 % CI: 27.99-89.65) in Navarre and 55.35 (95 % CI: 38.81-71.88) in the Basque Country. In @entity1 aged 0-23 months, the overall incidence was 93.49 cases per 100,000 @entity1 (95 % CI: 77.32-112.04) and in @entity1 aged 0-11 months, it was 110,21 cases per 100,000 @entity1 (95 % CI: 85.91-139.24). The incidence rates for @entity693 and @entity2259 in @entity1 aged 0-23 months was 15.98 (95 % CI: 9.76-24.68) and 51.14 (95 % IC: 39.38-65.30) cases per 100.000 @entity1 . Fifty-nine strains were serotyped. The most frequent serotypes/groups were 1, 4, 6B, 14, 18C, 19 and 23F. A total of 52.15 % of the serotypes were @entity114 -susceptible and 93 % were @entity3524 -susceptible. The serotypes/groups with the highest rates of resistance were 6B, 14,19, 23F and 35. CONCLUSION: Our incidence rates are similar to those observed in other countries such as the United States and are higher than those reported for the rest of Europe. Vaccine coverage is similar to that described in other articles.

title: [Study of the incidence of invasive XXXX in neonates and childre aged less than 5 years in the Basque country and Navarre (Spain)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['were occult bacteremia', 'bacteremia']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['pneumococcal disease']


abstract: The metabolism of @entity1426 (AA) was studied in two @entity2 cell lines (NCI-H322 and NCI-H358) and two @entity151 cell lines (NCI-H69 and NCI-H128). Exogenous AA was metabolized only in the NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells. There was no detectable metabolism of AA in @entity1 or @entity1 cells, either in the presence or the absence of the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 . The major metabolite of AA isolated from both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells was @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ). Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase activities, expressed as immunoreactive @entity1421 (pmol/min/mg protein), were 10.3 +/- 0.28 (SD) and 4.8 +/- 0.48 in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. The rate of production of @entity1421 by both NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells was linear up to 10 min. Production of @entity1421 in both cell lines was dependent upon substrate concentration and was maximal above 17 microM AA. Moreover, @entity1421 did not undergo further metabolism by either the NCI-H358 or the NCI-H322 cells. @entity117 (0.1 mM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, decreased @entity1421 production by 77 and 60% in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. In the presence of exogenous AA the @entity460 ionophore, @entity3365 (20 microM), stimulated @entity1421 production in NCI-H322 cells by almost 2-fold, although it did not affect @entity1421 production in the NCI-H358 cells. In contrast, @entity3365 stimulated the endogenous production of @entity1421 in both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells by 4- and 9-fold respectively. In addition, both the NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cell lines were susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of the anticancer agent @entity2664 in both a time and concentration dependent manner. In contrast, the two cell lines lacking detectable @entity3009 synthesis activity, NCI-H69 and NCI-H128 were unaffected by treatment with @entity2664 . These results illustrate that there are major differences in the abilities of @entity1 @entity2 cell lines to biosynthesize and release @entity1421 . It is conceivable that such differences might have exploitable diagnostic and/or therapeutic implications.

title: Metabolism of @entity1426 in @entity1 XXXX cell lines.

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2', 'prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary bronchioloalveolar-carcinoma', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung carcinoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: The metabolism of @entity1426 (AA) was studied in two @entity2 cell lines (NCI-H322 and NCI-H358) and two @entity151 cell lines (NCI-H69 and NCI-H128). Exogenous AA was metabolized only in the NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells. There was no detectable metabolism of AA in @entity1 or @entity1 cells, either in the presence or the absence of the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 . The major metabolite of AA isolated from both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells was @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ). Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase activities, expressed as immunoreactive @entity1421 (pmol/min/mg protein), were 10.3 +/- 0.28 (SD) and 4.8 +/- 0.48 in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. The rate of production of @entity1421 by both NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells was linear up to 10 min. Production of @entity1421 in both cell lines was dependent upon substrate concentration and was maximal above 17 microM AA. Moreover, @entity1421 did not undergo further metabolism by either the NCI-H358 or the NCI-H322 cells. @entity117 (0.1 mM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, decreased @entity1421 production by 77 and 60% in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. In the presence of exogenous AA the @entity460 ionophore, @entity3365 (20 microM), stimulated @entity1421 production in NCI-H322 cells by almost 2-fold, although it did not affect @entity1421 production in the NCI-H358 cells. In contrast, @entity3365 stimulated the endogenous production of @entity1421 in both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells by 4- and 9-fold respectively. In addition, both the NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cell lines were susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of the anticancer agent @entity2664 in both a time and concentration dependent manner. In contrast, the two cell lines lacking detectable @entity3009 synthesis activity, NCI-H69 and NCI-H128 were unaffected by treatment with @entity2664 . These results illustrate that there are major differences in the abilities of @entity1 @entity2 cell lines to biosynthesize and release @entity1421 . It is conceivable that such differences might have exploitable diagnostic and/or therapeutic implications.

title: Metabolism of XXXX in @entity1 @entity2 cell lines.

answer: @entity1426 :: (MESH:D016718,Chemical) :: ['arachidonic acid']


abstract: The metabolism of @entity1426 (AA) was studied in two @entity2 cell lines (NCI-H322 and NCI-H358) and two @entity151 cell lines (NCI-H69 and NCI-H128). Exogenous AA was metabolized only in the NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells. There was no detectable metabolism of AA in @entity1 or @entity1 cells, either in the presence or the absence of the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 . The major metabolite of AA isolated from both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells was @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ). Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase activities, expressed as immunoreactive @entity1421 (pmol/min/mg protein), were 10.3 +/- 0.28 (SD) and 4.8 +/- 0.48 in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. The rate of production of @entity1421 by both NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells was linear up to 10 min. Production of @entity1421 in both cell lines was dependent upon substrate concentration and was maximal above 17 microM AA. Moreover, @entity1421 did not undergo further metabolism by either the NCI-H358 or the NCI-H322 cells. @entity117 (0.1 mM), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, decreased @entity1421 production by 77 and 60% in NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cells, respectively. In the presence of exogenous AA the @entity460 ionophore, @entity3365 (20 microM), stimulated @entity1421 production in NCI-H322 cells by almost 2-fold, although it did not affect @entity1421 production in the NCI-H358 cells. In contrast, @entity3365 stimulated the endogenous production of @entity1421 in both NCI-H322 and NCI-H358 cells by 4- and 9-fold respectively. In addition, both the NCI-H358 and NCI-H322 cell lines were susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of the anticancer agent @entity2664 in both a time and concentration dependent manner. In contrast, the two cell lines lacking detectable @entity3009 synthesis activity, NCI-H69 and NCI-H128 were unaffected by treatment with @entity2664 . These results illustrate that there are major differences in the abilities of @entity1 @entity2 cell lines to biosynthesize and release @entity1421 . It is conceivable that such differences might have exploitable diagnostic and/or therapeutic implications.

title: Metabolism of @entity1426 in XXXX @entity2 cell lines.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to ascertain the prevalence and mode of expression of @entity74 in a consecutive series of @entity1 with @entity4128 right @entity296 / @entity1141 (ARVC/D). BACKGROUND: Autosomal-dominant inheritance is recognized in ARVC. The prevalence and mode of expression of @entity74 in consecutive, unselected families is uncertain. METHODS: First- and second-degree relatives of 67 ARVC index @entity1 underwent cardiac evaluation with history and examination, 12-lead and signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing and Holter monitoring. Diagnoses were made in accordance with published criteria. RESULTS: Of 298 relatives, 29 (10%; mean age 37.4 +/- 16.4 years) had ARVC. These were from 19 of the 67 families, representing familial involvement in 28%. Of these affected relatives, 72% were asymptomatic, 17% had @entity1165 (sustained VT 10%, nonsustained VT 7%) and 21% had left ventricular involvement. A further 32 relatives (11%; 37.7 +/- 12.4 years) exhibited nondiagnostic ECG, echocardiographic or @entity854 . Fifteen of these relatives were from families with only the proband affected, and inclusion of this subset of relatives would have resulted in familial ARVC in 48% of index cases. Four additional relatives (1% to 3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for @entity384 without any features of @entity4266 . CONCLUSIONS: By using current diagnostic criteria, @entity74 was present in 28% of index @entity1 . A further 11% of their relatives had minor @entity299 , which, in the context of a disease whose mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant, are likely to represent early or mild disease expression. We advocate that the current ARVC diagnostic criteria are modified to reflect the broader spectrum of disease that is observed in family members.

title: Prospective evaluation of relatives for familial @entity4128 right XXXX / @entity1141 reveals a need to broaden diagnostic criteria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4128 :: ('MESH:D019571', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmogenic']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Holter abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['familial disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4266 :: ('MESH:D018497', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular disease']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['ventricular cardiomyopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to ascertain the prevalence and mode of expression of @entity74 in a consecutive series of @entity1 with @entity4128 right @entity296 / @entity1141 (ARVC/D). BACKGROUND: Autosomal-dominant inheritance is recognized in ARVC. The prevalence and mode of expression of @entity74 in consecutive, unselected families is uncertain. METHODS: First- and second-degree relatives of 67 ARVC index @entity1 underwent cardiac evaluation with history and examination, 12-lead and signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing and Holter monitoring. Diagnoses were made in accordance with published criteria. RESULTS: Of 298 relatives, 29 (10%; mean age 37.4 +/- 16.4 years) had ARVC. These were from 19 of the 67 families, representing familial involvement in 28%. Of these affected relatives, 72% were asymptomatic, 17% had @entity1165 (sustained VT 10%, nonsustained VT 7%) and 21% had left ventricular involvement. A further 32 relatives (11%; 37.7 +/- 12.4 years) exhibited nondiagnostic ECG, echocardiographic or @entity854 . Fifteen of these relatives were from families with only the proband affected, and inclusion of this subset of relatives would have resulted in familial ARVC in 48% of index cases. Four additional relatives (1% to 3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for @entity384 without any features of @entity4266 . CONCLUSIONS: By using current diagnostic criteria, @entity74 was present in 28% of index @entity1 . A further 11% of their relatives had minor @entity299 , which, in the context of a disease whose mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant, are likely to represent early or mild disease expression. We advocate that the current ARVC diagnostic criteria are modified to reflect the broader spectrum of disease that is observed in family members.

title: Prospective evaluation of relatives for familial @entity4128 right @entity296 / XXXX reveals a need to broaden diagnostic criteria.

answer: @entity1141 :: (MESH:C535662,Disease) :: ['dysplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to ascertain the prevalence and mode of expression of @entity74 in a consecutive series of @entity1 with @entity4128 right @entity296 / @entity1141 (ARVC/D). BACKGROUND: Autosomal-dominant inheritance is recognized in ARVC. The prevalence and mode of expression of @entity74 in consecutive, unselected families is uncertain. METHODS: First- and second-degree relatives of 67 ARVC index @entity1 underwent cardiac evaluation with history and examination, 12-lead and signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG), two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, metabolic exercise testing and Holter monitoring. Diagnoses were made in accordance with published criteria. RESULTS: Of 298 relatives, 29 (10%; mean age 37.4 +/- 16.4 years) had ARVC. These were from 19 of the 67 families, representing familial involvement in 28%. Of these affected relatives, 72% were asymptomatic, 17% had @entity1165 (sustained VT 10%, nonsustained VT 7%) and 21% had left ventricular involvement. A further 32 relatives (11%; 37.7 +/- 12.4 years) exhibited nondiagnostic ECG, echocardiographic or @entity854 . Fifteen of these relatives were from families with only the proband affected, and inclusion of this subset of relatives would have resulted in familial ARVC in 48% of index cases. Four additional relatives (1% to 3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for @entity384 without any features of @entity4266 . CONCLUSIONS: By using current diagnostic criteria, @entity74 was present in 28% of index @entity1 . A further 11% of their relatives had minor @entity299 , which, in the context of a disease whose mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant, are likely to represent early or mild disease expression. We advocate that the current ARVC diagnostic criteria are modified to reflect the broader spectrum of disease that is observed in family members.

title: Prospective evaluation of relatives for familial XXXX right @entity296 / @entity1141 reveals a need to broaden diagnostic criteria.

answer: @entity4128 :: (MESH:D019571,Disease) :: ['arrhythmogenic']


abstract: A prospective study of 1431 @entity1 admitted to a general surgery department were followed up for a median of 6.2 years after discharge (7679 @entity1 -years of follow-up). We collected information on underlying conditions, including severity of illness, and healthcare-related variables. Relative rates of @entity204 and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using @entity1 -years as the denominator. Multiple-risk factors adjusted for relative rates (RR) were obtained using Poisson regression analysis. There were 172 deaths during the follow-up period after hospital discharge (2/100 @entity1 -years). Follow-up was complete in 91% of the cohort. There were no important differences in demographic characteristics or risk factors between @entity1 followed up and those lost to follow-up. The @entity204 rate in @entity1 with any @entity580 was 5.3/100 @entity1 -years, and the relative rate was 3.07 (95% CI: 2.20-4.24). After adjusting for the main predictors of mortality, we found an effect modification by the presence of @entity102 (P = 0.01 for the product-term between @entity580 and the diagnosis of @entity102 ). Among @entity1 without any underlying @entity102 , @entity580 was related to a significantly higher long-term mortality (RR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.24-4.91). In these @entity1 , surgical wound @entity281 yielded a RR of mortality of 3.44 (95% CI: 1.63-7.27). Among @entity1 with underlying @entity102 no association between @entity580 and long-term mortality was found. No evidence of an important modification of the relative rate along the follow-up period was observed. In conclusion surgical @entity1 without @entity102 developing @entity580 have an increased risk of long-term mortality.

title: Relationship between XXXX and long-term mortality in general surgery: a prospective follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease', 'chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['hospital-acquired infection', 'hospital infection']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['hospital infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8384 - @entity4879 @entity19 express a constitutively active (truncated) form of the @entity1 @entity1968 receptor which triggers development of @entity384 . In those hearts, we studied expression of gap junction proteins in relation to electrical impulse propagation. METHODS AND RESULTS: As compared to wildtype @entity19 , hearts of 4-6 month old @entity19 with 7-12 inserted @entity4879 copies are marked by an increased heart weight/body weight- and heart weight/tibia length ratio. 3-extremity lead ECGs revealed prolongation of the Q-j interval suggesting delayed ventricular activation. Mapping of electrical activity of epi- and endocardial left ventricular free wall revealed activation delay, increased heterogeneity in conduction and regional conduction block. @entity1165 did not occur spontaneously nor could be induced by ventricular pacing. Immunohistochemical analysis showed profound and heterogeneous redistribution and down-regulation of the gap junction protein @entity16899 ( @entity16899 ) in the left ventricular free wall. Here, @entity4879 expression induced re-expression of the hypertrophic markers alpha-skeletal actin and @entity8384 , and in 3 out of 10 severely affected @entity19 , re-expression of @entity16898 . Concomitant with changes in expression/distribution of @entity16899 , changes in expression and distribution of @entity12401 and @entity21043 (two other intercalated disk associated proteins) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity8384 - @entity4879 transgenic hearts show heterogeneous re-expression of (early) sarcomeric genes while expression of @entity16899 , @entity21043 and @entity12401 is down-regulated. We postulate that the resulting aberrant ventricular activation does not trigger development of @entity943 due to the small size of remaining healthy ventricular tissue where the transgene is not expressed.

title: Remodeling of gap junctions in @entity19 hearts hypertrophied by forced XXXX signaling.

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular tachycardias']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['lethal arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity1968 :: (MESH:D014212,Chemical) :: ['retinoic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8384 - @entity4879 @entity19 express a constitutively active (truncated) form of the @entity1 @entity1968 receptor which triggers development of @entity384 . In those hearts, we studied expression of gap junction proteins in relation to electrical impulse propagation. METHODS AND RESULTS: As compared to wildtype @entity19 , hearts of 4-6 month old @entity19 with 7-12 inserted @entity4879 copies are marked by an increased heart weight/body weight- and heart weight/tibia length ratio. 3-extremity lead ECGs revealed prolongation of the Q-j interval suggesting delayed ventricular activation. Mapping of electrical activity of epi- and endocardial left ventricular free wall revealed activation delay, increased heterogeneity in conduction and regional conduction block. @entity1165 did not occur spontaneously nor could be induced by ventricular pacing. Immunohistochemical analysis showed profound and heterogeneous redistribution and down-regulation of the gap junction protein @entity16899 ( @entity16899 ) in the left ventricular free wall. Here, @entity4879 expression induced re-expression of the hypertrophic markers alpha-skeletal actin and @entity8384 , and in 3 out of 10 severely affected @entity19 , re-expression of @entity16898 . Concomitant with changes in expression/distribution of @entity16899 , changes in expression and distribution of @entity12401 and @entity21043 (two other intercalated disk associated proteins) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity8384 - @entity4879 transgenic hearts show heterogeneous re-expression of (early) sarcomeric genes while expression of @entity16899 , @entity21043 and @entity12401 is down-regulated. We postulate that the resulting aberrant ventricular activation does not trigger development of @entity943 due to the small size of remaining healthy ventricular tissue where the transgene is not expressed.

title: Remodeling of gap junctions in XXXX hearts hypertrophied by forced @entity1968 signaling.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: We reviewed 20 @entity1 receiving @entity5305 for @entity739 . @entity1 were not enrolled in a formal study. All families obtained the medication abroad. Age at initiation of @entity5305 ranged from 1 to 48 months; nine @entity1 had received prior treatment with various antiepileptic medications. @entity1 were begun on the lowest practical dose of 125-250 mg/day, with gradual daily increments to a target of 100 mg/kg/day, but maintained at the lowest effective dosage. Video electroencephalogram was obtained to document resolution of @entity2473 and @entity739 . Of 20 @entity1 , 12 responded with cessation of @entity2473 and resolution of @entity739 , at doses of 25-135 mg/kg/day (median = 58 mg/kg/day). Partial responses were observed in six @entity1 , whereas two had no response at 111 and 125 mg/kg/day. Additional new @entity410 types developed in three @entity1 after initial response to @entity5305 . Increasing the @entity5305 did not have any clinical benefit. @entity5305 is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for @entity739 . The response is dose-independent, suggesting that starting at a low dose and gradually increasing, rather than beginning with an arbitrary 100 mg/kg/day dose is advantageous.

title: XXXX for @entity739 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity5305 :: ('MESH:D020888', 'Chemical') :: ['vigabatrin', 'Vigabatrin']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['hypsarrhythmia', 'infantile spasms']

answer: @entity5305 :: (MESH:D020888,Chemical) :: ['Vigabatrin']


abstract: We reviewed 20 @entity1 receiving @entity5305 for @entity739 . @entity1 were not enrolled in a formal study. All families obtained the medication abroad. Age at initiation of @entity5305 ranged from 1 to 48 months; nine @entity1 had received prior treatment with various antiepileptic medications. @entity1 were begun on the lowest practical dose of 125-250 mg/day, with gradual daily increments to a target of 100 mg/kg/day, but maintained at the lowest effective dosage. Video electroencephalogram was obtained to document resolution of @entity2473 and @entity739 . Of 20 @entity1 , 12 responded with cessation of @entity2473 and resolution of @entity739 , at doses of 25-135 mg/kg/day (median = 58 mg/kg/day). Partial responses were observed in six @entity1 , whereas two had no response at 111 and 125 mg/kg/day. Additional new @entity410 types developed in three @entity1 after initial response to @entity5305 . Increasing the @entity5305 did not have any clinical benefit. @entity5305 is an effective, well-tolerated treatment for @entity739 . The response is dose-independent, suggesting that starting at a low dose and gradually increasing, rather than beginning with an arbitrary 100 mg/kg/day dose is advantageous.

title: @entity5305 for XXXX .

answer: @entity739 :: (MESH:D013036,Disease) :: ['infantile spasms']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to define physiologic limits of @entity4346 in elite adolescent @entity2587 . BACKGROUND: Systematic sports training may cause increased @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ), creating uncertainty regarding the differential diagnosis of @entity299 from @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). This distinction is crucial because @entity1121 is responsible for about one-third of all sudden deaths in young @entity2587 . Echocardiographic data defining @entity299 are limited largely to adults, with little information specifically in adolescent @entity2587 (14 to 18 years old), for whom the risk of @entity944 from @entity1121 is highest. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty elite adolescent @entity2587 (75% male) aged 15.7 +/- 1.4 years participating in ball, racket, and endurance sports and 250 healthy sedentary controls of similar age, gender, and body surface area underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity2587 had greater absolute @entity1002 (9.5 +/- 1.7 mm vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.0001). Maximal @entity1002 exceeded predicted @entity9053 in 38 @entity2587 (5%); however, no female athlete had a @entity1002 >11 mm and only three trained male @entity2587 had absolute @entity1002 >12 mm (0.4%). Each of the 38 @entity2587 with a @entity1002 exceeding predicted limits also showed enlarged left ventricular cavity dimension (54.4 +/- 2.1 mm; range 52 to 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Trained adolescent @entity2587 demonstrated greater absolute @entity1002 compared with nonathletes. Only a small proportion of @entity2587 exhibited a @entity1002 exceeding @entity9053 , very rarely >12 mm, and then always with chamber enlargement. @entity1121 should be considered strongly in any trained adolescent male athlete with @entity1002 >12 mm (females >11 mm) and nondilated left ventricle.

title: Physiologic limits of @entity4346 in elite junior @entity2587 : relevance to differential diagnosis of @entity299 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9053 :: ('MESH:D045745', 'Disease') :: ['upper limits']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ["athlete's heart"]

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['HCM', 'Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', 'hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LVWT', 'left ventricular wall thickness']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to define physiologic limits of @entity4346 in elite adolescent @entity2587 . BACKGROUND: Systematic sports training may cause increased @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ), creating uncertainty regarding the differential diagnosis of @entity299 from @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). This distinction is crucial because @entity1121 is responsible for about one-third of all sudden deaths in young @entity2587 . Echocardiographic data defining @entity299 are limited largely to adults, with little information specifically in adolescent @entity2587 (14 to 18 years old), for whom the risk of @entity944 from @entity1121 is highest. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty elite adolescent @entity2587 (75% male) aged 15.7 +/- 1.4 years participating in ball, racket, and endurance sports and 250 healthy sedentary controls of similar age, gender, and body surface area underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity2587 had greater absolute @entity1002 (9.5 +/- 1.7 mm vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.0001). Maximal @entity1002 exceeded predicted @entity9053 in 38 @entity2587 (5%); however, no female athlete had a @entity1002 >11 mm and only three trained male @entity2587 had absolute @entity1002 >12 mm (0.4%). Each of the 38 @entity2587 with a @entity1002 exceeding predicted limits also showed enlarged left ventricular cavity dimension (54.4 +/- 2.1 mm; range 52 to 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Trained adolescent @entity2587 demonstrated greater absolute @entity1002 compared with nonathletes. Only a small proportion of @entity2587 exhibited a @entity1002 exceeding @entity9053 , very rarely >12 mm, and then always with chamber enlargement. @entity1121 should be considered strongly in any trained adolescent male athlete with @entity1002 >12 mm (females >11 mm) and nondilated left ventricle.

title: Physiologic limits of XXXX in elite junior @entity2587 : relevance to differential diagnosis of @entity299 and @entity1121 .

answer: @entity4346 :: (MESH:D017379,Disease) :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to define physiologic limits of @entity4346 in elite adolescent @entity2587 . BACKGROUND: Systematic sports training may cause increased @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ), creating uncertainty regarding the differential diagnosis of @entity299 from @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). This distinction is crucial because @entity1121 is responsible for about one-third of all sudden deaths in young @entity2587 . Echocardiographic data defining @entity299 are limited largely to adults, with little information specifically in adolescent @entity2587 (14 to 18 years old), for whom the risk of @entity944 from @entity1121 is highest. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty elite adolescent @entity2587 (75% male) aged 15.7 +/- 1.4 years participating in ball, racket, and endurance sports and 250 healthy sedentary controls of similar age, gender, and body surface area underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity2587 had greater absolute @entity1002 (9.5 +/- 1.7 mm vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.0001). Maximal @entity1002 exceeded predicted @entity9053 in 38 @entity2587 (5%); however, no female athlete had a @entity1002 >11 mm and only three trained male @entity2587 had absolute @entity1002 >12 mm (0.4%). Each of the 38 @entity2587 with a @entity1002 exceeding predicted limits also showed enlarged left ventricular cavity dimension (54.4 +/- 2.1 mm; range 52 to 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Trained adolescent @entity2587 demonstrated greater absolute @entity1002 compared with nonathletes. Only a small proportion of @entity2587 exhibited a @entity1002 exceeding @entity9053 , very rarely >12 mm, and then always with chamber enlargement. @entity1121 should be considered strongly in any trained adolescent male athlete with @entity1002 >12 mm (females >11 mm) and nondilated left ventricle.

title: Physiologic limits of @entity4346 in elite junior @entity2587 : relevance to differential diagnosis of XXXX and @entity1121 .

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['athlete's heart']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was undertaken to define physiologic limits of @entity4346 in elite adolescent @entity2587 . BACKGROUND: Systematic sports training may cause increased @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ), creating uncertainty regarding the differential diagnosis of @entity299 from @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ). This distinction is crucial because @entity1121 is responsible for about one-third of all sudden deaths in young @entity2587 . Echocardiographic data defining @entity299 are limited largely to adults, with little information specifically in adolescent @entity2587 (14 to 18 years old), for whom the risk of @entity944 from @entity1121 is highest. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty elite adolescent @entity2587 (75% male) aged 15.7 +/- 1.4 years participating in ball, racket, and endurance sports and 250 healthy sedentary controls of similar age, gender, and body surface area underwent echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity2587 had greater absolute @entity1002 (9.5 +/- 1.7 mm vs. 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.0001). Maximal @entity1002 exceeded predicted @entity9053 in 38 @entity2587 (5%); however, no female athlete had a @entity1002 >11 mm and only three trained male @entity2587 had absolute @entity1002 >12 mm (0.4%). Each of the 38 @entity2587 with a @entity1002 exceeding predicted limits also showed enlarged left ventricular cavity dimension (54.4 +/- 2.1 mm; range 52 to 60 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Trained adolescent @entity2587 demonstrated greater absolute @entity1002 compared with nonathletes. Only a small proportion of @entity2587 exhibited a @entity1002 exceeding @entity9053 , very rarely >12 mm, and then always with chamber enlargement. @entity1121 should be considered strongly in any trained adolescent male athlete with @entity1002 >12 mm (females >11 mm) and nondilated left ventricle.

title: Physiologic limits of @entity4346 in elite junior XXXX : relevance to differential diagnosis of @entity299 and @entity1121 .

answer: @entity2587 :: (MESH:D001265,Disease) :: ['athletes']


abstract: @entity580 surveillance is common in the USA and in some European countries but in Italy few hospitals use it. In order to evaluate its usefulness in clinical practice we performed a one year prospective epidemiological study that included 178 @entity1 , admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) for more than 48 h. Median ICU stay was 16 days. @entity130 and @entity16 accounted for 65% of admissions. The selected population had high severity scores and required a large number of invasive procedures for diagnosis and therapy. The most common @entity281 were: @entity55 46/1000 ventilator-days; urinary tract @entity281 17/1000 catheter-days; central @entity1212 14.5/1000 catheter-days with 1.7/1000 CVC-related @entity295 ; @entity295 . The most frequent pathogens were @entity794 , @entity796 , other Gram-negative aerobes and Candida spp. Antimicrobial resistance was substantial, with 68% @entity3256 -resistance in @entity794 and 76% of P. aeruginosa displaying antibiotic resistance. @entity295 or @entity326 occurred in 30 @entity1 (8/1000 ICU-days), and three @entity1 died from @entity326 of unknown origin (10% case fatality rate). There were no case fatalities for @entity55 and @entity295 . Overall, ICU-acquired @entity281 were not associated with an increased risk of @entity204 .

title: Surveillance of XXXX acquired in intensive care: usefulness in clinical practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['methicillin']

entities_list: @entity1212 :: ('MESH:D055499', 'Disease') :: ['venous catheter infections']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'bacteraemic sepsis 12/1000 ICU-days', 'Severe sepsis', 'bacteraemic sepsis']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological diseases']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['Nosocomial infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: We conducted a one-year prospective study on intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired @entity281 and antimicrobial resistance patterns in an 18-bed medical-surgical ICU of a tertiary-care university hospital. We divided the study into two six-month periods in order to evaluate the impact of antibiotic changes in empirical therapy on antimicrobial resistance profiles of the principal isolated micro-organisms. In the first period no changes were made to the previously applied empirical antibiotic protocol; at the end of this period we found high rates of @entity3256 resistance (MR) among staphylococci, 93% for @entity794 (69 isolates) and 79% for coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (48 isolates), and of multiple drug resistance for @entity796 (57 isolates), in particular 67% resistance to @entity3400 / @entity7120 (PIP/TZ). We therefore decided to substitute PIP/TZ with imipenem in @entity55 and with @entity6944 plus @entity868 in @entity298 . We also considered the previous use of @entity115 / @entity798 (AM/CL) at admission in critically ill @entity1 inadequate; we therefore advised that no antibiotics should be given unless fever developed and eventually to replace AM/CL with @entity206 / @entity207 ( @entity1597 /SMX). At the end of this intervention period, we observed a significant decrease of @entity794 MR (93 vs. 73%, P = 0.003) and of @entity796 resistance to PIP/TZ (67 vs. 29%, P < 0.001). A reduction in MR was also seen in CNS (79 vs. 64%, P = 0.09). Other resistance patterns also improved among staphylococci; in contrast @entity796 resistance to @entity2892 increased in the second period (24 vs. 41%, P = 0.06). A non-premeditated change of antibiotics in empirical therapy, on the basis of detected resistance patterns, provided promising results in reducing some antimicrobial resistance rates. We believe, however, that antibiotic changes must be tailored to local microbiological situation monitoring, and that a repeated rotation is crucial to limit the emergence of new resistance profiles. Furthermore the adoption of this policy should be accompanied by other infection control practices aimed at reducing antimicrobial resistance and @entity580 rates.

title: Impact of antibiotic changes in empirical therapy on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care unit-acquired XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity6944 :: ('MESH:C043266', 'Chemical') :: ['cefepime']

entities_list: @entity7120 :: ('MESH:C043265', 'Chemical') :: ['tazobactam']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanate']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infection']

entities_list: @entity3400 :: ('MESH:D010878', 'Chemical') :: ['piperacillin']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: @entity9158 resistance has evolved in a variety of organisms and typically results from mutations in the beta-tubulin locus at specific @entity535 sites. Despite widespread treatment of @entity1 intestinal @entity2199 with @entity9158 drugs, there have been no unambiguous reports of resistance. However, since beta-tubulin mutations conferring resistance are generally recessive, frequencies of resistance alleles less than 30% would be difficult to detect on the basis of @entity177 . Here we investigate sequence variation in a 1079 bp segment of the beta-tubulin locus in the @entity13857 @entity13857 from 72 individual @entity2199 from seven countries. We did not observe any alleles with @entity535 mutations indicative of resistance, and of 40 point mutations there were only four non-synonymous mutations all of which were singletons. Estimated effective population sizes are an order of magnitude lower than those from another @entity2199 species in which @entity9158 resistance has developed ( @entity5167 ). Both the lower diversity and reduced population sizes suggest that @entity9158 resistance is likely to evolve less rapidly in Trichuris than in trichostrongyle parasites of livestock. We observed moderate levels of population subdivision (Phi(ST)=0.26) comparable with that previously observed in @entity9124 , and identical alleles were frequently found in parasites from different continents, suggestive of recent admixture. A particularly interesting feature of the data is the high @entity377 diversities observed in @entity2199 from the Caribbean. This genetic complexity may be a direct result of extensive admixture and complex history of @entity1 populations in this region of the world. These data should encourage (but not make complacent) those involved in large-scale @entity9158 treatment of @entity1 intestinal @entity2199 .

title: Sequence variation in the @entity13857 beta-tubulin locus: implications for the development of XXXX resistance.

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'nematodes']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity9158 :: ('MESH:C031000', 'Chemical') :: ['benzimidazole', 'Benzimidazole']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['drug treatment failures']

entities_list: @entity5167 :: ('6289', 'Species') :: ['Haemonchus contortus']

entities_list: @entity9124 :: ('6252', 'Species') :: ['Ascaris lumbricoides']

entities_list: @entity13857 :: ('36087', 'Species') :: ['human whipworm', 'Trichuris trichiura']

answer: @entity9158 :: (MESH:C031000,Chemical) :: ['benzimidazole']


abstract: @entity9158 resistance has evolved in a variety of organisms and typically results from mutations in the beta-tubulin locus at specific @entity535 sites. Despite widespread treatment of @entity1 intestinal @entity2199 with @entity9158 drugs, there have been no unambiguous reports of resistance. However, since beta-tubulin mutations conferring resistance are generally recessive, frequencies of resistance alleles less than 30% would be difficult to detect on the basis of @entity177 . Here we investigate sequence variation in a 1079 bp segment of the beta-tubulin locus in the @entity13857 @entity13857 from 72 individual @entity2199 from seven countries. We did not observe any alleles with @entity535 mutations indicative of resistance, and of 40 point mutations there were only four non-synonymous mutations all of which were singletons. Estimated effective population sizes are an order of magnitude lower than those from another @entity2199 species in which @entity9158 resistance has developed ( @entity5167 ). Both the lower diversity and reduced population sizes suggest that @entity9158 resistance is likely to evolve less rapidly in Trichuris than in trichostrongyle parasites of livestock. We observed moderate levels of population subdivision (Phi(ST)=0.26) comparable with that previously observed in @entity9124 , and identical alleles were frequently found in parasites from different continents, suggestive of recent admixture. A particularly interesting feature of the data is the high @entity377 diversities observed in @entity2199 from the Caribbean. This genetic complexity may be a direct result of extensive admixture and complex history of @entity1 populations in this region of the world. These data should encourage (but not make complacent) those involved in large-scale @entity9158 treatment of @entity1 intestinal @entity2199 .

title: Sequence variation in the XXXX beta-tubulin locus: implications for the development of @entity9158 resistance.

answer: @entity13857 :: (36087,Species) :: ['Trichuris trichiura']


abstract: Analysis of the genomic dsRNA of rotaviruses isolated from @entity291 with @entity4092 has revealed eight @entity291 excreting group A viruses with unusual genome profiles. Two of these virus strains, C7-176 and C7-183, were grown and cloned by plaque purification in cell culture. Examination of their genome profiles after cloning showed that the unusual pattern had been retained. They were without RNA segment 11 but had an extra band (6a) migrating between segments 6 and 7. However, they contained the triplet of segments 7, 8 and 9, of similar size, which is characteristic of @entity7414 . The number and mol. wt. of the intracellular polypeptides induced by these viruses were similar to those of the @entity291 @entity7414 UK strain. Analysis of the RNA transcripts produced by the transcription in vitro of purified C7-183 virus showed that segment 6a produced a large RNA transcript of corresponding size. After isolation, this transcript was translated in a @entity95 reticulocyte lysate preparation and yielded a single polypeptide, vp11, equivalent to the product of segment 11 of rotaviruses with typical genome profiles.

title: Isolation and characterization of two XXXX with unusual genome profiles.

entities_list: @entity7414 :: ('28875', 'Species') :: ['group A rotaviruses', 'group A rotavirus']

entities_list: @entity4092 :: ('MESH:D058345', 'Disease') :: ['subclinical infections']

answer: @entity7414 :: (28875,Species) :: ['group A rotaviruses']


abstract: AIMS: We investigated the repeatability of the forearm blood flow response to intra-arterial infusion of @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ), assessed by @entity432 -plethysmography. METHODS: In eight healthy @entity1 (aged 18-50 years), on four separate occasions, @entity2232 (2.5 or 10 pmol @entity1009 ) was infused for 120 min via a 27 SWG cannula sited in the brachial artery of the nondominant arm. Each dose level was administered twice on consecutive visits. The dose order was randomized. Results are expressed as percentage change from baseline at 120 min (mean +/- s.e. mean). RESULTS: @entity2232 caused significant vasoconstriction (P < 0.0001 anova) at both doses (38 +/- 3%, 2.5 pmol @entity1009 and 62 +/- 3%, 10 pmol @entity1009 ). There was no difference in the response to either dose on repeated challenge. Responses appeared to be less variable when expressed as percentage change in the ratio of blood flow (infused:noninfused) in both arms than as percentage change in blood flow in the infused arm alone, as indicated by repeatability coefficients (15% vs 21%, 2.5 pmol @entity1009 and 11% vs 13%, 10 pmol @entity1009 ; ratio vs infused arm alone). CONCLUSIONS: We have shown dose-dependent vasoconstriction in the forearm vascular bed to intra-arterial infusion of @entity2232 and that this response is less variable when expressed as percentage change in the ratio of forearm blood flow than percentage change in the infused arm. These data should also provide useful information to determine the power of early clinical pharmacology studies investigating the activity of endothelin receptor antagonists.

title: Repeatability of local forearm vasoconstriction to XXXX measured by @entity432 plethysmography.

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion']

answer: @entity2232 :: (1906,Gene) :: ['endothelin-1']


abstract: AIMS: We investigated the repeatability of the forearm blood flow response to intra-arterial infusion of @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ), assessed by @entity432 -plethysmography. METHODS: In eight healthy @entity1 (aged 18-50 years), on four separate occasions, @entity2232 (2.5 or 10 pmol @entity1009 ) was infused for 120 min via a 27 SWG cannula sited in the brachial artery of the nondominant arm. Each dose level was administered twice on consecutive visits. The dose order was randomized. Results are expressed as percentage change from baseline at 120 min (mean +/- s.e. mean). RESULTS: @entity2232 caused significant vasoconstriction (P < 0.0001 anova) at both doses (38 +/- 3%, 2.5 pmol @entity1009 and 62 +/- 3%, 10 pmol @entity1009 ). There was no difference in the response to either dose on repeated challenge. Responses appeared to be less variable when expressed as percentage change in the ratio of blood flow (infused:noninfused) in both arms than as percentage change in blood flow in the infused arm alone, as indicated by repeatability coefficients (15% vs 21%, 2.5 pmol @entity1009 and 11% vs 13%, 10 pmol @entity1009 ; ratio vs infused arm alone). CONCLUSIONS: We have shown dose-dependent vasoconstriction in the forearm vascular bed to intra-arterial infusion of @entity2232 and that this response is less variable when expressed as percentage change in the ratio of forearm blood flow than percentage change in the infused arm. These data should also provide useful information to determine the power of early clinical pharmacology studies investigating the activity of endothelin receptor antagonists.

title: Repeatability of local forearm vasoconstriction to @entity2232 measured by XXXX plethysmography.

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['venous occlusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p) exhibit frequent genetic changes in invasive @entity2622 ( @entity2622 ), and that these changes arise early during the @entity105 , in @entity1613 . These data therefore suggest that @entity5 suppressor genes located on 5p is associated with the development of @entity2622 . However, the precise location of 5p deletions is not known. RESULTS: We performed a detailed deletion mapping of 5p in 60 cases of invasive @entity2622 . We found that 60% of the @entity5 exhibit a 5p loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The patterns of LOH allowed us to identify two minimal regions of deletions, one at 5p15.3 spanning a 5.5 cM genetic distance and a second site of 7 cM at 5p15.2-15.3. In addition, we also identified 5p deletions in 16% lesions of high-grade @entity3146 ( @entity3146 ). 5p LOH was found in 63% of @entity1799 positive @entity5 , while only 33% @entity5 with other HPV-types had 5p LOH. The differences in frequency of 5p LOH between @entity5 harboring @entity1799 in combination with other @entity5 harboring @entity1799 DNA alone were significantly higher, suggesting a synergistic effect of high-risk types in causing genomic instability. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate the presence of @entity5 suppressor gene(s) on 5p relevant to @entity2622 tumorigenesis.

title: Mapping common deleted regions on 5p15 in XXXX and their occurrence in @entity1613 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['loss of candidate tumor', 'tumor', 'HPV types and tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['CC', 'cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['precancerous lesions']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity3146 :: ('MESH:D018290', 'Disease') :: ['cervical intraepithelial neoplasia', 'CIN']

answer: @entity2622 :: (MESH:D002583,Disease) :: ['cervical carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p) exhibit frequent genetic changes in invasive @entity2622 ( @entity2622 ), and that these changes arise early during the @entity105 , in @entity1613 . These data therefore suggest that @entity5 suppressor genes located on 5p is associated with the development of @entity2622 . However, the precise location of 5p deletions is not known. RESULTS: We performed a detailed deletion mapping of 5p in 60 cases of invasive @entity2622 . We found that 60% of the @entity5 exhibit a 5p loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The patterns of LOH allowed us to identify two minimal regions of deletions, one at 5p15.3 spanning a 5.5 cM genetic distance and a second site of 7 cM at 5p15.2-15.3. In addition, we also identified 5p deletions in 16% lesions of high-grade @entity3146 ( @entity3146 ). 5p LOH was found in 63% of @entity1799 positive @entity5 , while only 33% @entity5 with other HPV-types had 5p LOH. The differences in frequency of 5p LOH between @entity5 harboring @entity1799 in combination with other @entity5 harboring @entity1799 DNA alone were significantly higher, suggesting a synergistic effect of high-risk types in causing genomic instability. CONCLUSION: These findings implicate the presence of @entity5 suppressor gene(s) on 5p relevant to @entity2622 tumorigenesis.

title: Mapping common deleted regions on 5p15 in @entity2622 and their occurrence in XXXX .

answer: @entity1613 :: (MESH:D011230,Disease) :: ['precancerous lesions']


abstract: @entity3645 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity14 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity3645 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity694 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity6741 , @entity6743 in @entity1 with @entity2513 . Since @entity6743 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity6741 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity6743 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity6743 level represents the fecal content of this @entity6741 in several animal species with different @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 contribution to the @entity6741 pool. Eight @entity95 , hamsters, @entity840 , and @entity35 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity3645 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity3645 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity3645 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity6741 profile was not similar to fecal @entity3645 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity6743 . Plasma @entity6743 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity6741 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity3645 in @entity694 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma @entity6743 in @entity95 , hamster, @entity840 , and XXXX : comparative study and implication in @entity694 .

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid', 'Bile acid']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['Bile acids', 'bile acids']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinogenesis', 'colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity6743 :: ('MESH:D003840', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxycholic acid']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomas']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity3645 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity14 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity3645 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity694 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity6741 , @entity6743 in @entity1 with @entity2513 . Since @entity6743 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity6741 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity6743 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity6743 level represents the fecal content of this @entity6741 in several animal species with different @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 contribution to the @entity6741 pool. Eight @entity95 , hamsters, @entity840 , and @entity35 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity3645 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity3645 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity3645 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity6741 profile was not similar to fecal @entity3645 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity6743 . Plasma @entity6743 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity6741 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity3645 in @entity694 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma @entity6743 in XXXX , hamster, @entity840 , and @entity35 : comparative study and implication in @entity694 .

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: @entity3645 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity14 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity3645 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity694 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity6741 , @entity6743 in @entity1 with @entity2513 . Since @entity6743 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity6741 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity6743 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity6743 level represents the fecal content of this @entity6741 in several animal species with different @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 contribution to the @entity6741 pool. Eight @entity95 , hamsters, @entity840 , and @entity35 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity3645 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity3645 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity3645 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity6741 profile was not similar to fecal @entity3645 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity6743 . Plasma @entity6743 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity6741 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity3645 in @entity694 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma @entity6743 in @entity95 , hamster, @entity840 , and @entity35 : comparative study and implication in XXXX .

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: @entity3645 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity14 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity3645 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity694 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity6741 , @entity6743 in @entity1 with @entity2513 . Since @entity6743 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity6741 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity6743 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity6743 level represents the fecal content of this @entity6741 in several animal species with different @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 contribution to the @entity6741 pool. Eight @entity95 , hamsters, @entity840 , and @entity35 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity3645 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity3645 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity3645 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity6741 profile was not similar to fecal @entity3645 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity6743 . Plasma @entity6743 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity6741 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity3645 in @entity694 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma @entity6743 in @entity95 , hamster, XXXX , and @entity35 : comparative study and implication in @entity694 .

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: @entity3645 are believed to play a role in the etiology of @entity14 , and high fecal excretion of secondary @entity3645 was correlated with increased incidence of @entity694 . Recently, it was also reported that there is an increase in plasma of the secondary @entity6741 , @entity6743 in @entity1 with @entity2513 . Since @entity6743 is formed in the colon and absorbed into the portal systemic circulation, it was suggested that the blood concentration of this @entity6741 reflects the level of exposure of colonic cells to @entity6743 . The objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma @entity6743 level represents the fecal content of this @entity6741 in several animal species with different @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 contribution to the @entity6741 pool. Eight @entity95 , hamsters, @entity840 , and @entity35 were used in this study. Blood samples and feces were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Bile samples were obtained only on day 7. The plasma, fecal and biliary @entity3645 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. @entity6741 composition and @entity6743 content varied greatly between the animal species studied. There was a variation in the concentration of total @entity3645 in the plasma and feces obtained at different times during the experiments, however, the @entity3645 profile remained constant throughout the study. The data obtained shows that although plasma @entity6741 profile was not similar to fecal @entity3645 profile, however, there was a significant correlation between the level of plasma and fecal @entity6743 . Plasma @entity6743 concentration might be a reliable biomarker for the degree of exposure of colon cells to this @entity6741 , and may be useful in further studies on the role of secondary @entity3645 in @entity694 .

title: Biliary, fecal and plasma XXXX in @entity95 , hamster, @entity840 , and @entity35 : comparative study and implication in @entity694 .

answer: @entity6743 :: (MESH:D003840,Chemical) :: ['deoxycholic acid']


abstract: This study evaluated the possibility that in @entity101 , mechanisms that maintain near normal arteriolar diameters at elevated arteriolar pressures limit the ability of skeletal muscle arterioles to dilate in response to an increase in tissue metabolism. The spinotrapezius muscles of 16- to 20-week-old spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) and @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKY) were contracted at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 Hz. The inner diameters of first-order through third-order arterioles were measured at rest and following 3 minutes of contractions. Tissue @entity26 tension ( @entity4095 ) at the venous end of capillaries was monitored during 8-Hz contractions. At rest, following contractions, and after maximum dilation with @entity859 , the inner diameters of arterioles of equivalent branch order were not significantly different in SHR and WKY. Opening of closed arterioles during muscle contraction and @entity859 application occurred in less than 5% of the observations in both groups. The resting tissue @entity4095 was 25.5 +/- 1.3 mm Hg in normal @entity35 and 26.1 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in SHR. At nearly maximum vasodilation during 8-Hz stimulation, tissue @entity4095 recovered to 81.9 +/- 12.7% of control in WKY but only to 41.2 +/- 13.0% of control in SHR. These observations indicate that the expression of local regulatory mechanisms related to tissue metabolism is virtually normal in the spinotrapezius muscle vasculature of SHR in the context of @entity384 . However, at near maximum performance, factors other than absolute arteriolar diameter preclude the normal preservation of tissue @entity4095 in the spinotrapezius muscle of SHR.

title: Arteriolar diameter and tissue XXXX tension during muscle contraction in @entity101 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['arteriolar dilation']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: This study evaluated the possibility that in @entity101 , mechanisms that maintain near normal arteriolar diameters at elevated arteriolar pressures limit the ability of skeletal muscle arterioles to dilate in response to an increase in tissue metabolism. The spinotrapezius muscles of 16- to 20-week-old spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) and @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKY) were contracted at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 Hz. The inner diameters of first-order through third-order arterioles were measured at rest and following 3 minutes of contractions. Tissue @entity26 tension ( @entity4095 ) at the venous end of capillaries was monitored during 8-Hz contractions. At rest, following contractions, and after maximum dilation with @entity859 , the inner diameters of arterioles of equivalent branch order were not significantly different in SHR and WKY. Opening of closed arterioles during muscle contraction and @entity859 application occurred in less than 5% of the observations in both groups. The resting tissue @entity4095 was 25.5 +/- 1.3 mm Hg in normal @entity35 and 26.1 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in SHR. At nearly maximum vasodilation during 8-Hz stimulation, tissue @entity4095 recovered to 81.9 +/- 12.7% of control in WKY but only to 41.2 +/- 13.0% of control in SHR. These observations indicate that the expression of local regulatory mechanisms related to tissue metabolism is virtually normal in the spinotrapezius muscle vasculature of SHR in the context of @entity384 . However, at near maximum performance, factors other than absolute arteriolar diameter preclude the normal preservation of tissue @entity4095 in the spinotrapezius muscle of SHR.

title: Arteriolar diameter and tissue @entity26 tension during muscle contraction in XXXX @entity35 .

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: This study evaluated the possibility that in @entity101 , mechanisms that maintain near normal arteriolar diameters at elevated arteriolar pressures limit the ability of skeletal muscle arterioles to dilate in response to an increase in tissue metabolism. The spinotrapezius muscles of 16- to 20-week-old spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) and @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKY) were contracted at frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 Hz. The inner diameters of first-order through third-order arterioles were measured at rest and following 3 minutes of contractions. Tissue @entity26 tension ( @entity4095 ) at the venous end of capillaries was monitored during 8-Hz contractions. At rest, following contractions, and after maximum dilation with @entity859 , the inner diameters of arterioles of equivalent branch order were not significantly different in SHR and WKY. Opening of closed arterioles during muscle contraction and @entity859 application occurred in less than 5% of the observations in both groups. The resting tissue @entity4095 was 25.5 +/- 1.3 mm Hg in normal @entity35 and 26.1 +/- 2.1 mm Hg in SHR. At nearly maximum vasodilation during 8-Hz stimulation, tissue @entity4095 recovered to 81.9 +/- 12.7% of control in WKY but only to 41.2 +/- 13.0% of control in SHR. These observations indicate that the expression of local regulatory mechanisms related to tissue metabolism is virtually normal in the spinotrapezius muscle vasculature of SHR in the context of @entity384 . However, at near maximum performance, factors other than absolute arteriolar diameter preclude the normal preservation of tissue @entity4095 in the spinotrapezius muscle of SHR.

title: Arteriolar diameter and tissue @entity26 tension during muscle contraction in @entity101 XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: In studies of experimental @entity3001 , a major obstacle has been the unavailability of a suitable animal model. We found that irradiated LSH/Ss Lak hamsters developed @entity625 after injection of @entity2069 in the hind paws. When nonirradiated hamsters were injected in the hind paws with @entity2069 , acute transient @entity603 was present. A diffuse neutrophilic infiltrate involved the synovia and periarticular structures. The @entity32 was associated with @entity4 , @entity450 , and granulation tissue. Numerous spirochetes were seen in the synovial and subsynovial tissues. The histopathologic changes were enhanced in irradiated hamsters. The onset and duration of the induced @entity4 were dependent on the dose of radiation and the inoculum of spirochetes. Inoculation of irradiated hamsters with Formalin-killed spirochetes or medium in which @entity2069 had grown for 7 days failed to induce @entity4 . This animal model should prove useful for studies of the immune response to @entity2069 and the pathogenesis of @entity625 .

title: Induction of XXXX in LSH hamsters.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3001 :: ('MESH:D008193', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme disease']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling', 'edema']

entities_list: @entity2069 :: ('139', 'Species') :: ['B. burgdorferi', 'Borrelia burgdorferi']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['lyme arthritis']


abstract: @entity1 saliva contains a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (agglutinin) which binds to specific streptococci in a @entity460 -dependent reaction leading to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We report the cloning of a gene encoding a surface antigen from @entity885 M5 and show that the expressed protein inhibits agglutinin-mediated aggregation and specifically binds the @entity25206 in a @entity460 -dependent fashion. Clones isolated from the immunological screening of @entity885 M5 genomic libraries with polyclonal antibodies against whole cells were assayed for the ability to compete with @entity885 for agglutinin. One clone, pSSP-5, expressed antigens of 165 and 130 kilodaltons (kDa) possessing this activity. A 3-kilobase-pair (kbp) insert fragment from this clone was used to screen a genomic library in lambda EMBL3 which resulted in the isolation of clone SSP-5A. This clone contained an insert of 17 kb and expressed proteins of 170 to 205 kDa that reacted with the anti-S. sanguis antibodies. Subcloning of a 5.3-kbp EcoRI-BamHI fragment from SSP-5A produced pEB-5, which expressed streptococcal components that were indistinguishable from SSP-5A. The streptococcal antigen was purified by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography and shown to potently compete with @entity885 M5 cells for agglutinin. The antigen also bound purified @entity25206 in the presence of 1 mM @entity3282 . This binding was inhibited by @entity1098 . Both the SSP-5 antigen and a 205-kDa protein in surface protein extracts from @entity885 M5 cross-reacted with antibodies directed against antigen B from @entity6586 and SpaA from S. sobrinus 6715. These results indicate that a 205-kDa surface protein that is antigenically related to SpaA and antigen B is involved in the binding of @entity25206 to @entity885 M5.

title: Cloning and expression of a @entity6586 sanguis surface antigen that interacts with a XXXX @entity25206 .

entities_list: @entity885 :: ('1305', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus sanguis', 'S. sanguis']

entities_list: @entity25206 :: ('1755', 'Gene') :: ['salivary agglutinin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1 saliva contains a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (agglutinin) which binds to specific streptococci in a @entity460 -dependent reaction leading to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We report the cloning of a gene encoding a surface antigen from @entity885 M5 and show that the expressed protein inhibits agglutinin-mediated aggregation and specifically binds the @entity25206 in a @entity460 -dependent fashion. Clones isolated from the immunological screening of @entity885 M5 genomic libraries with polyclonal antibodies against whole cells were assayed for the ability to compete with @entity885 for agglutinin. One clone, pSSP-5, expressed antigens of 165 and 130 kilodaltons (kDa) possessing this activity. A 3-kilobase-pair (kbp) insert fragment from this clone was used to screen a genomic library in lambda EMBL3 which resulted in the isolation of clone SSP-5A. This clone contained an insert of 17 kb and expressed proteins of 170 to 205 kDa that reacted with the anti-S. sanguis antibodies. Subcloning of a 5.3-kbp EcoRI-BamHI fragment from SSP-5A produced pEB-5, which expressed streptococcal components that were indistinguishable from SSP-5A. The streptococcal antigen was purified by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography and shown to potently compete with @entity885 M5 cells for agglutinin. The antigen also bound purified @entity25206 in the presence of 1 mM @entity3282 . This binding was inhibited by @entity1098 . Both the SSP-5 antigen and a 205-kDa protein in surface protein extracts from @entity885 M5 cross-reacted with antibodies directed against antigen B from @entity6586 and SpaA from S. sobrinus 6715. These results indicate that a 205-kDa surface protein that is antigenically related to SpaA and antigen B is involved in the binding of @entity25206 to @entity885 M5.

title: Cloning and expression of a @entity6586 sanguis surface antigen that interacts with a @entity1 XXXX .

answer: @entity25206 :: (1755,Gene) :: ['salivary agglutinin']


abstract: @entity1 saliva contains a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (agglutinin) which binds to specific streptococci in a @entity460 -dependent reaction leading to the formation of bacterial aggregates. We report the cloning of a gene encoding a surface antigen from @entity885 M5 and show that the expressed protein inhibits agglutinin-mediated aggregation and specifically binds the @entity25206 in a @entity460 -dependent fashion. Clones isolated from the immunological screening of @entity885 M5 genomic libraries with polyclonal antibodies against whole cells were assayed for the ability to compete with @entity885 for agglutinin. One clone, pSSP-5, expressed antigens of 165 and 130 kilodaltons (kDa) possessing this activity. A 3-kilobase-pair (kbp) insert fragment from this clone was used to screen a genomic library in lambda EMBL3 which resulted in the isolation of clone SSP-5A. This clone contained an insert of 17 kb and expressed proteins of 170 to 205 kDa that reacted with the anti-S. sanguis antibodies. Subcloning of a 5.3-kbp EcoRI-BamHI fragment from SSP-5A produced pEB-5, which expressed streptococcal components that were indistinguishable from SSP-5A. The streptococcal antigen was purified by gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography and shown to potently compete with @entity885 M5 cells for agglutinin. The antigen also bound purified @entity25206 in the presence of 1 mM @entity3282 . This binding was inhibited by @entity1098 . Both the SSP-5 antigen and a 205-kDa protein in surface protein extracts from @entity885 M5 cross-reacted with antibodies directed against antigen B from @entity6586 and SpaA from S. sobrinus 6715. These results indicate that a 205-kDa surface protein that is antigenically related to SpaA and antigen B is involved in the binding of @entity25206 to @entity885 M5.

title: Cloning and expression of a XXXX sanguis surface antigen that interacts with a @entity1 @entity25206 .

answer: @entity6586 :: (1309,Species) :: ['Streptococcus']


abstract: The proliferation of normal @entity1 fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and melanocytes in vitro can be controlled by purified polypeptide growth factors and serum. We have studied the cellular expression of the heparin-binding growth factor type 2/basic fibroblast growth factor ( @entity540 / @entity540 ) gene to determine whether these cell types synthesize mRNA for this mitogen. Our results indicate that normal @entity1 fibroblasts synthesize four distinct mRNAs of 7.0, 3.7, 2.2, and 1.5 kilobases, which hybridize to a specific @entity540 / @entity540 cDNA probe. In fibroblasts, the level of all four of these transcripts increases dramatically (more than tenfold) within 4 hours of treatment of quiescent cells with fresh fetal bovine serum. Of the purified growth factors tested, transforming growth factor type-beta also increased @entity540 / @entity540 mRNA abundance, but not to the levels attained by serum treatment. Treatment of fibroblasts with @entity1880 before and during serum treatment blocked the ability of serum to induce the expression of the @entity540 / @entity540 gene. The gene is expressed at low levels in @entity1 fibroblasts rapidly growing in serum-free medium and at higher levels in cells rapidly growing in serum-containing medium. In contrast to fibroblasts, mRNA coding for @entity540 / @entity540 is undetectable in proliferating normal @entity1 keratinocytes, melanocytes, or mammary epithelial cells. Because keratinocytes and melanocytes proliferate in response to purified @entity540 / @entity540 , our results suggest that @entity540 / @entity540 may mediate the proliferation of epidermal cells through paracrine mechanisms involving stromal fibroblasts. Moreover, we have shown that a @entity1 @entity957 cell line (SCC-25) expresses mRNA coding for @entity540 / @entity540 , suggesting that the gene may become activated in some @entity189 .

title: Differential expression of mRNA coding for heparin-binding growth factor type 2 in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Electron microscopy (EM) is being used to study the ultrastructural basis for the age-dependent reorganization of afferents in the olfactory cortex (OC) of @entity35 after deafferentation of the area by removal of the ipsilateral olfactory bulb (OB). The double-lesion technique was used with a @entity75 of the OB at various @entity16843 ( @entity16843 ) ages between @entity16843 0 and 30 and in the adult ( @entity16843 100). After appropriate survival times to remove @entity75 , a second lesion was placed in the ipsilateral OC. One to 3 days later the tissue is prepared for EM with emphasis on a study of changes in the superficial and deep dendritic layer (Ia and Ib respectively) rostral to the lesion. In control litter mates with both OBs intact, but with a single OC lesion only, degenerating synaptic terminals occur onto dendritic spines and branches only in deeper Ib. However, in adults with @entity75 at @entity16843 0-9, OC lesions produce degenerating terminals throughout Ia and Ib including immediately subjacent to the pia. In Ia degenerating terminals are greatly reduced in the @entity16843 13 group and rare to absent in experiments with @entity75 at older ages ( @entity16843 30-100). Electron-dense debris within glia occurs throughout layer I in each double-lesion group but is greatest in experiments with @entity75 at older ages. Some transsynaptic alterations are seen throughout, especially in the @entity16843 30-100 group even at a distance from the OC lesion. The results support earlier light microscopic (LM) findings, suggesting @entity16843 9-13 as critical ages for developmental plasticity and prove that at least in the younger ages, synapses are involved in the phenomenon. This may be explained by either reinnervation of deafferented sites or persistence of synapses that would otherwise have been eliminated by afferents from the OB. In addition, some of the LM degeneration particles probably are engulfed masses of debris and not synaptic structures, especially in cases which were operated at older ages and survived for 3 days. The various afferent pathways involved in the events as well as factors that limit the phenomenon in older ages are discussed.

title: Electron microscopy of plasticity in XXXX olfactory cortex.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['OB lesions', 'initial lesion-degenerated terminals from the OB lesion', 'primary lesion']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity2971 who are in complete remission 2 years after treatment have a very high probability of cure, and reports of recurrences occurring after 2 years are rare. Of 81 @entity5 @entity1 treated for advanced disease at Vanderbilt University between 1970 and 1985, five developed a recurrent or metachronous germinal @entity5 58 to 195 months after the initial treatment. Only two of these @entity1 had received prior @entity900 -based combination chemotherapy. Four @entity1 had unfavorable prognostic features when @entity5 recurrence was diagnosed. All five @entity1 responded to salvage chemotherapy, although there were only two complete responses. The extent of disease was a significant factor in predicting response to salvage therapy. The possible mechanisms of development of a late recurrence of @entity5 include the following: (1) malignant degeneration of mature @entity44 to germinal @entity5 ; (2) growth of an occult @entity5 not eliminated by chemotherapy due to the presence of a blood-testicular barrier; (3) development of a second primary germ cell @entity5 ; or (4) late relapse due to persistent microscopic viable @entity5 with an atypical less aggressive biologic behavior. "Cured" germ cell @entity5 @entity1 need careful follow-up beyond 2 years. At a minimum, these @entity1 should be seen annually. @entity1 found to have @entity44 following @entity900 -based chemotherapy should probably undergo more frequent evaluations.

title: Late recurrences in long-term survivors of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'germinal neoplasms', 'testicular tumor', 'testicular cancer', 'malignancy', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma', 'teratomas']

answer: @entity2971 :: (MESH:D009373,Disease) :: ['germ cell neoplasms']


abstract: The effect of the mycotoxin @entity47553 (DS) on the upper alimentary tract was studied on account of the association between the consumption of food contaminated by Fusaria and @entity418 . Previously it had been shown that a single high dose of DS induced basal cell replication in esophagus and in squamous and glandular stomach. To assess the significance of this effect in relation to the levels of exposure likely to be encountered by @entity1 and agricultural animals, it was essential to examine the dose response relationship. Also, the long-term effect of repeated intubations of DS, and of chronic feeding of DS at 10 ppm in the diet, was studied. Intubation of progressively lower doses of DS produced a decreasing effect on replication in esophagus and stomach, but at 0.06 mg/kg replication in squamous and glandular stomach was still more than in the control animals. Intubation repeated weekly for 6-8 weeks produced no detectable change in esophagus or stomach in the surviving animals which were killed at 9 months. When DS was fed in the diet, there was marked @entity1373 in the squamous stomach of two of the four animals which survived for 9 months. These results suggest that DS per se is not carcinogenic for esophagus or for stomach, and that exposure to occasional high doses does not cause persisting abnormalities in replication. However, repeated exposure to high doses would cause repeated periods of @entity1373 , and chronic exposure in some animals could result in continuing @entity1373 . Any increase in replication is likely to promote @entity5 by increasing the vulnerability of the @entity356 .

title: Acute and chronic effects of XXXX on cell replication in rat esophagus and stomach.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity47553 :: ('MESH:C001809', 'Chemical') :: ['diacetoxyscirpenol']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric and esophageal mucosa to carcinogens']

answer: @entity47553 :: (MESH:C001809,Chemical) :: ['diacetoxyscirpenol']