abstract: The effects of intra-operative @entity2400 on @entity158 relief after major lumbar surgery were investigated in 24 @entity1 . @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive either an infusion of 50 mg x kg(-1) @entity2400 or an equivalent volume of saline at induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with @entity1875 and @entity1937 . Tracheal intubation was facilitated using @entity2898 . Maintenance was achieved with @entity1937 and @entity2614 in @entity3810 / @entity26 . Intra-operative monitoring included standard equipment and neuromuscular transmission. During surgery, @entity4094 recovery was longer in the @entity1760 group. @entity86 and @entity158 scores were lower in the @entity1760 group. The first night's sleep and the global satisfaction scores were better in the @entity1760 group. The results of the study support @entity2400 as a useful adjuvant for postoperative analgesia after major lumbar surgery.

title: Effect of intra-operative @entity2400 on @entity158 relief and XXXX comfort after major lumbar orthopaedic surgery.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Our aim was to investigate the current practice of sedation and @entity4094 in critically ill @entity1 in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the UK. METHODS: A postal questionnaire was sent to all PICUs in the UK. RESULTS: The most commonly used sedative agents were @entity1363 in combination with @entity1286 . Written clinical guidelines for the sedation of critically ill @entity1 were available in 45% of units. Sedation is formally assessed in 40% of units. @entity3369 is the most commonly used neuromuscular blocking agent. In the UK, 31% of critically ill @entity1 are likely to receive neuromuscular blocking agents. Depth of @entity4094 is routinely assessed in 16% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Relatively few units possess clinical guidelines for the sedation of critically ill @entity1 , and only a minority formally assess sedation levels. Where neuromuscular blocking agents are administered, sedation is frequently inadequately assessed and the depth of @entity4094 is rarely estimated.

title: Sedation and XXXX in paediatric intensive care: a review of current practice in the UK.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular blockade']

entities_list: @entity3369 :: ('MESH:D014673', 'Chemical') :: ['Vecuronium']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity4094 :: (MESH:D009468,Disease) :: ['neuromuscular blockade']


abstract: THE ISSUE: @entity6 has become the main cause of @entity8 . The costs for the treatment of @entity6 @entity1 with @entity8 have increased in the last years and have become a relevant economic topic of the health service. The first unspecific predictor of a @entity2316 is an @entity633 . The screening for @entity2316 uses microalbuminuria as a proof. OBJECTIVES: What significance does the determination of @entity633 have on the precaution and course-control of the @entity2316 ?a) in @entity164 1 @entity6 patientsb) in @entity164 2 @entity6 patientsWhich is an appropriate time to determine the @entity633 for the purpose of precaution and course-control of the @entity2316 ?a) in @entity164 1 @entity6 patientsb) in @entity164 2 @entity6 patientsWhich method of testing is most effective concerning economic and medical aspects? METHODS: Published literature from 1998 up to 2004 was identified by searching in the most important databases. Most of the guidelines were found by hand searching in the internet. RESULTS: Of 2,792 citation titles and abstracts examined, 274 articles were retrieved for full-text review. Five metaanalyses and reviews, one review about clearing of guidelines (regarding 18 international guidelines) and four guidelines met the inclusion criteria for screening for microalbuminuria and @entity164 1 @entity6 . Seven metaanalyses, one HTA report, one review about clearing of guidelines (regarding 17 international guidelines), and seven guidelines met the inclusion criteria for screening for microalbuminuria and @entity164 2 @entity6 . At the moment, the determination of @entity633 still has a great significance because it is recommended in most published literature and guidelines. The time to determine the @entity633 depends on the age of the @entity1 and their @entity164 of @entity6 . Type 2 @entity6 @entity1 should start the determination when the @entity6 is diagnosed whereas the determination is recommended five years later when @entity164 1 @entity6 @entity1 are concerned. Most guidelines recommend a screening for microalbuminuria every year. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: All guidelines and most of the literature recommend this screening. However, these recommendations are only based on expert consensus. The specificity of this screening is rather low. False positive tests in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 will cause @entity458 . A positive test leads to the recommendation to achieve "normal blood pressure" and "normoglycaemia" - but this applies to each @entity6 @entity1 . Based on these facts, the screening for @entity633 in @entity164 1 or @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 cannot be recommended as long as benefit has not been demonstrated by large, clinical, controlled trials. Without an evidence of the benefit, this screening cannot be economic.

title: Determination of @entity633 in the urine of diabetics for prevention and control of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['endstage renal disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological problems']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: THE ISSUE: @entity6 has become the main cause of @entity8 . The costs for the treatment of @entity6 @entity1 with @entity8 have increased in the last years and have become a relevant economic topic of the health service. The first unspecific predictor of a @entity2316 is an @entity633 . The screening for @entity2316 uses microalbuminuria as a proof. OBJECTIVES: What significance does the determination of @entity633 have on the precaution and course-control of the @entity2316 ?a) in @entity164 1 @entity6 patientsb) in @entity164 2 @entity6 patientsWhich is an appropriate time to determine the @entity633 for the purpose of precaution and course-control of the @entity2316 ?a) in @entity164 1 @entity6 patientsb) in @entity164 2 @entity6 patientsWhich method of testing is most effective concerning economic and medical aspects? METHODS: Published literature from 1998 up to 2004 was identified by searching in the most important databases. Most of the guidelines were found by hand searching in the internet. RESULTS: Of 2,792 citation titles and abstracts examined, 274 articles were retrieved for full-text review. Five metaanalyses and reviews, one review about clearing of guidelines (regarding 18 international guidelines) and four guidelines met the inclusion criteria for screening for microalbuminuria and @entity164 1 @entity6 . Seven metaanalyses, one HTA report, one review about clearing of guidelines (regarding 17 international guidelines), and seven guidelines met the inclusion criteria for screening for microalbuminuria and @entity164 2 @entity6 . At the moment, the determination of @entity633 still has a great significance because it is recommended in most published literature and guidelines. The time to determine the @entity633 depends on the age of the @entity1 and their @entity164 of @entity6 . Type 2 @entity6 @entity1 should start the determination when the @entity6 is diagnosed whereas the determination is recommended five years later when @entity164 1 @entity6 @entity1 are concerned. Most guidelines recommend a screening for microalbuminuria every year. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: All guidelines and most of the literature recommend this screening. However, these recommendations are only based on expert consensus. The specificity of this screening is rather low. False positive tests in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 will cause @entity458 . A positive test leads to the recommendation to achieve "normal blood pressure" and "normoglycaemia" - but this applies to each @entity6 @entity1 . Based on these facts, the screening for @entity633 in @entity164 1 or @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 cannot be recommended as long as benefit has not been demonstrated by large, clinical, controlled trials. Without an evidence of the benefit, this screening cannot be economic.

title: Determination of XXXX in the urine of diabetics for prevention and control of @entity2316 .

answer: @entity633 :: (MESH:D000419,Disease) :: ['albuminuria']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4145 ( @entity4145 ) is the most common cause of @entity3041 within childhood that usually treat by surgery. According to anatomical variations in different individuals, scheduling similar procedures for all @entity1 is not suitable, and thus the best decision for an appropriate surgical technique should be considered separately for each @entity1 . Regardless of the type of applied technique, creating a funnel-shape UPJ with a suitable size is a successful treatment. In this context, the assessment of a successful surgical treatment in a short-term follow-up means repairing revealed anatomical defects. The present study aimed to compare the diagnostic value of static magnetic resonance urography (MRU) and @entity1297 ( @entity1297 ) in @entity1 with @entity4145 after pyeloplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 consecutive @entity1 with @entity4145 , who underwent unilateral pyeloplasty between 2012 and 2013 were assessed. All subjects underwent @entity1297 and also MRU about 1-month after the former procedure. RESULTS: The Kendall's tau correlation showed a very strong correlation between results of MRU and diuretic renal scintigraphy (r = 0.932, P < 0.001). This strong correlation was also shown by Somers'd test (r = 0.932, P < 0.001) similarly. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows a strong agreement between @entity1297 and MRU to assess @entity4145 . MRU static fluid has a high accuracy for assessment of renal system anatomy. Due to the lack of dangerous consequences of contrast materials, MRU can be the best option instead of @entity1297 .

title: Agreement between static magnetic resonance urography and diuretic renal scintigraphy in @entity1 with XXXX after pyeloplasty.

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity1297 :: ('MESH:D019292', 'Disease') :: ['DRS', 'diuretic-based renalscintigraphy']

entities_list: @entity4145 :: ('MESH:C537373', 'Disease') :: ['Ureteropelvic junction obstruction', 'UPJO']

answer: @entity4145 :: (MESH:C537373,Disease) :: ['ureteropelvic junction obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4145 ( @entity4145 ) is the most common cause of @entity3041 within childhood that usually treat by surgery. According to anatomical variations in different individuals, scheduling similar procedures for all @entity1 is not suitable, and thus the best decision for an appropriate surgical technique should be considered separately for each @entity1 . Regardless of the type of applied technique, creating a funnel-shape UPJ with a suitable size is a successful treatment. In this context, the assessment of a successful surgical treatment in a short-term follow-up means repairing revealed anatomical defects. The present study aimed to compare the diagnostic value of static magnetic resonance urography (MRU) and @entity1297 ( @entity1297 ) in @entity1 with @entity4145 after pyeloplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 consecutive @entity1 with @entity4145 , who underwent unilateral pyeloplasty between 2012 and 2013 were assessed. All subjects underwent @entity1297 and also MRU about 1-month after the former procedure. RESULTS: The Kendall's tau correlation showed a very strong correlation between results of MRU and diuretic renal scintigraphy (r = 0.932, P < 0.001). This strong correlation was also shown by Somers'd test (r = 0.932, P < 0.001) similarly. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows a strong agreement between @entity1297 and MRU to assess @entity4145 . MRU static fluid has a high accuracy for assessment of renal system anatomy. Due to the lack of dangerous consequences of contrast materials, MRU can be the best option instead of @entity1297 .

title: Agreement between static magnetic resonance urography and diuretic renal scintigraphy in XXXX with @entity4145 after pyeloplasty.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The clinical and pathologic findings in 13 cases of @entity706 involving the prostate gland were reviewed. The @entity706 tended to occur in elderly @entity1 with a mean age of 60 years (range, 30-86 years) and were clinically manifested by @entity1069 with @entity1876 . In only one of the @entity1 was there clinical suspicion of @entity706 before surgery. Seven @entity1 had primary @entity706 of the prostate, with a variety of histologic subtypes, including small cell lymphocytic (one @entity1 ), diffuse small cleaved cell (two @entity1 ), diffuse mixed small and large cell (two @entity1 ), diffuse large non-cleaved cell (one @entity1 ), and high-grade diffuse small non-cleaved cell (undifferentiated non-Burkitt's) (one @entity1 ). At the time of presentation, none of these @entity1 had @entity828 , @entity1503 , or elevated serum acid phosphatase levels. Six other @entity1 with previously documented @entity706 at other sites had prostatic involvement 2 to 60 months (mean, 14 months) after the primary diagnosis. Histologically, these secondary prostatic @entity706 included diffuse small cleaved cell (two @entity1 ), diffuse mixed small and large cell (one @entity1 ), diffuse large non-cleaved cell (two @entity1 ), and large cell immunoblastic, polymorphous type (T-cell by immunotyping) (one @entity1 ). The mean survival was 14 months for all @entity1 (range, 2-44 months), with no apparent difference between primary and secondary involvement. One @entity1 remains alive 44 months after secondary prostatic involvement with diffuse large non-cleaved cell @entity706 . Although @entity706 involving the prostate are rare, they should be included in the differential diagnosis of lower @entity5450 , particularly in @entity1 with a previous history of @entity706 .

title: XXXX involving the prostate. A study of 13 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic enlargement']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomas', 'lymphoma', 'malignant lymphomas', 'extranodal lymphoma', 'malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5450 :: ('MESH:D014570', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract obstruction']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['hepatosplenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal lymphadenopathy, abnormal complete blood counts']

entities_list: @entity1876 :: ('MESH:D001748', 'Disease') :: ['urinary obstruction']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['Malignant lymphomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The predominant treatment modality for @entity1653 is surgical resection. However, gamma knife radiosurgery is also an important treatment modality for @entity1653 that is small or cannot be completely removed because of its location. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness and long-term results of radiosurgical treatment for @entity1653 in our institution. METHODS: We studied 628 @entity1 (130 @entity1 and 498 @entity1 ) who underwent gamma knife radiosurgery for @entity1653 , which is radiologically diagnosed, from Jan 2008 to Nov 2012. We included @entity1 with single lesion @entity1653 , and followed up after 6 months with imaging, and then at 24 months with a clinical examination. @entity1 with high-grade @entity1653 or @entity1653 were excluded. We analyzed each of the factors associated with progression free survival. The median @entity1 's age was 56.8 years. Maximal dosage was 27.8 Gy and marginal dosage was 13.9 Gy. RESULTS: The @entity5 control rate was 95%. Twenty-eight @entity1 (4.4%) showed evidence of @entity5 recurrence. Ninety-eight @entity1 (15%) developed @entity4 ( @entity4 ) after gamma-knife surgery; two of them (2%) underwent surgical resections due to @entity4 . Nine @entity1 had craniotomy and @entity5 removal after gamma knife surgery. CONCLUSION: Gamma knife surgery for @entity1653 has proven to be a safe and effective treatment tool with successful long-term outcomes. Gamma knife radiosurgery can be especially effective in cases of @entity1653 after surgical resection or where @entity4 is not present.

title: Long-Term Results of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['peritumoral edema', 'PTE']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial meningioma', 'meningioma', 'remnant meningioma', 'multiple meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'overall tumor']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['Intracranial Meningioma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: although efficacious, some @entity1 do not respond optimally to @entity2182 ( @entity2182 ) treatment. The objective of this study was to identify the reasons why some @entity1 do not respond and to look for reasons for changes in treatment and @entity1 satisfaction with the new treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: epidemiological, cross-sectional, non-interventional study to determine the reasons for @entity2182 treatment switching and satisfaction with such @entity2182 treatment switch. @entity2182 @entity1 ( @entity2182 -V8>= 8), 18 years or more, who had modified their treatment during the previous 3-4 months, were recruited. Demographic data, symptoms, previous, current and concomitant treatments, reasons for treatment switch, clinical global impression (CGI) on disease severity and symptom improvement, Morinsky Green questionnaire, satisfaction with treatment, treatment preference and @entity34 ( @entity34 ) were compared. RESULTS: out of 3,365 successive @entity1 , 2,038 (61%) were eligible (61.1  11.2 years; 77% @entity1 ). The physician decided to switch in 69% of the cases and 31% of @entity1 asked for a change in treatment. Reasons for switching were lack of clinical benefit (60%), side effects (24%), @entity1 ' request (8%), non-compliance (6%) and other (2%). 52% of @entity1 complied with new treatment. According to the CGI, 65.4% showed improvement with respect to their previous treatment. 60% were quite/very satisfied with current treatment, 91% preferred it to their previous treatment and 93% reported that their symptoms had improved. CONCLUSIONS: the lack of clinical benefit is the main reason for changing @entity2182 treatment. Most of the @entity1 that switched prefer their new treatment.

title: [Assessment of reasons for XXXX treatment change].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder', 'OAB']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['treatment benefit scale', 'TBS']

answer: @entity2182 :: (MESH:D053201,Disease) :: ['overactive bladder']


abstract: CONTEXT: When making a diagnosis, the main purpose of clinicians should not be to achieve certainty, but to decrease diagnostic uncertainty in order to make optimal therapeutic decisions. Diagnostic concordance is an essential characteristic if a measurement is to be considered scientific. In the case of @entity11809 ( @entity3002 ), one of the most accurate diagnostic tests is magnetic resonance imaging. However, histopathologic analyses are essential, because they refine the diagnosis, benefit the @entity1 , and improve our understanding of the disease. By determining the clinical-histopathologic correlation of @entity3002 in one of the main neurologic centers in Mexico, we sought to project reliable morbidity and/or mortality statistics. OBJECTIVE: To assess clinical and histopathologic diagnostic agreement in cases involving @entity3002 admitted to the Manuel Velasco Su  rez National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery between 1990 and 1999. DESIGN: Cross-sectional diagnostic concordance study, including all clinical hospital records of @entity1 with histopathologically diagnosed @entity3002 , classified according to World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS: Among 2041 @entity3002 cases, the 3 most frequent types were those affecting the neuroepithelial tissue (32.9%), @entity5 of the sellar region (29.2%), and @entity5 of the meninges (25.6%). We found that, overall, clinical-histopathologic concordance for these 3 categories was substantial and statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: @entity11809 constitute a heterogeneous group of @entity5 . In the present study, clinical diagnoses substantially agreed with pathologic diagnoses. The a priori clinical diagnosis allowed prompt treatment even before diagnostic confirmation by histopathologic analysis, which is the best way to confirm, clarify, and correct a diagnosis.

title: Clinical-histopathologic concordance of XXXX at the Manuel Velasco Su  rez National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Mexico City.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity11809 :: ('MESH:D009423', 'Disease') :: ['tumors of the nervous system', 'Tumors of the nervous system']

answer: @entity11809 :: (MESH:D009423,Disease) :: ['tumors of the nervous system']


abstract: Two principal types of stress protein, @entity1457 proteins (hsps) and metallothionein (MT), are induced in cells responding to a variety of stresses. They play an important role in protecting cells from these stresses. However, many reports indicate that antibodies to hsps are present in human serum and are associated with several @entity792 . Metals, which are commonly allergenic to @entity1 , induce both MT and @entity2285 (one of the hsps family). Until now, there has been no report of any antibody to MT in human serum. In the present study, serum samples from healthy controls (Group I), and @entity1 suffering from @entity483 without (Group II) or with (Group III) @entity566 , were measured for antibodies to MT and @entity2285 , using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). @entity566 was confirmed by patch testing. We first found that antibody to MT exists in human serum. We also found a high positive frequency of antibody to MT (51.3%) and to @entity2285 (43.6%) in the sera of Group III, compared to those of Group I (3.8% and 5.1%) or Group II (6.4% and 5.1%). Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between antibody to MT and antibody to @entity2285 in Group III (P = 0.0013), but not in Group I and Group II. Our results indicate that antibody to MT exists in human serum, as do antibodies to hsps, and suggest that elevated levels of MT and @entity2285 antibodies are associated with @entity566 in @entity1097 @entity1 .

title: High positive frequency of antibodies to metallothionein and XXXX protein 70 in sera of @entity1 with @entity566 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['Metal allergy', 'metal allergy']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity diseases']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock']


abstract: Two principal types of stress protein, @entity1457 proteins (hsps) and metallothionein (MT), are induced in cells responding to a variety of stresses. They play an important role in protecting cells from these stresses. However, many reports indicate that antibodies to hsps are present in human serum and are associated with several @entity792 . Metals, which are commonly allergenic to @entity1 , induce both MT and @entity2285 (one of the hsps family). Until now, there has been no report of any antibody to MT in human serum. In the present study, serum samples from healthy controls (Group I), and @entity1 suffering from @entity483 without (Group II) or with (Group III) @entity566 , were measured for antibodies to MT and @entity2285 , using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). @entity566 was confirmed by patch testing. We first found that antibody to MT exists in human serum. We also found a high positive frequency of antibody to MT (51.3%) and to @entity2285 (43.6%) in the sera of Group III, compared to those of Group I (3.8% and 5.1%) or Group II (6.4% and 5.1%). Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between antibody to MT and antibody to @entity2285 in Group III (P = 0.0013), but not in Group I and Group II. Our results indicate that antibody to MT exists in human serum, as do antibodies to hsps, and suggest that elevated levels of MT and @entity2285 antibodies are associated with @entity566 in @entity1097 @entity1 .

title: High positive frequency of antibodies to metallothionein and @entity1457 protein 70 in sera of @entity1 with XXXX .

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['metal allergy']


abstract: Two principal types of stress protein, @entity1457 proteins (hsps) and metallothionein (MT), are induced in cells responding to a variety of stresses. They play an important role in protecting cells from these stresses. However, many reports indicate that antibodies to hsps are present in human serum and are associated with several @entity792 . Metals, which are commonly allergenic to @entity1 , induce both MT and @entity2285 (one of the hsps family). Until now, there has been no report of any antibody to MT in human serum. In the present study, serum samples from healthy controls (Group I), and @entity1 suffering from @entity483 without (Group II) or with (Group III) @entity566 , were measured for antibodies to MT and @entity2285 , using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). @entity566 was confirmed by patch testing. We first found that antibody to MT exists in human serum. We also found a high positive frequency of antibody to MT (51.3%) and to @entity2285 (43.6%) in the sera of Group III, compared to those of Group I (3.8% and 5.1%) or Group II (6.4% and 5.1%). Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between antibody to MT and antibody to @entity2285 in Group III (P = 0.0013), but not in Group I and Group II. Our results indicate that antibody to MT exists in human serum, as do antibodies to hsps, and suggest that elevated levels of MT and @entity2285 antibodies are associated with @entity566 in @entity1097 @entity1 .

title: High positive frequency of antibodies to metallothionein and @entity1457 protein 70 in sera of XXXX with @entity566 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We have isolated a cDNA recombinant plasmid (pA29) identified as encoding part of the ventricular muscle myosin light chain @entity48684 . This cDNA contains a 300-base pair fragment which under conditions of moderate stringency shows specific hybridization to @entity48684 mRNA with no detectable cross-hybridization with the mRNAs encoding the fast skeletal muscle isoforms MLC1F and @entity19759 , or the atrial muscle isoform @entity48668 . Under these conditions hybridization is seen with an abundant mRNA present in slow skeletal muscle (soleus) which is indistinguishable from ventricular @entity48684 mRNA on the basis of size and of thermal stability of hybrids formed with plasmid pA29. The @entity19 @entity48684 and @entity48684 proteins are found to co-migrate on two-dimensional gels. We therefore conclude that these isoforms are the same and are encoded by the same mRNA. Analysis of @entity19 DNA has identified a single region of the genome which hybridizes to this same fragment of pA29. This region has been isolated in a recombinant phage and has been shown to contain a single gene showing homology with @entity48684 mRNA by R-loop analysis. We therefore conclude that @entity48684 and @entity48684 are encoded by a single gene. The pattern of segregation of a restriction fragment length polymorphism identified for this gene between @entity19 and Mus spretus has been followed in an F1 backcross between these two @entity19 species. The results show the @entity48684 / @entity48684 gene to be closely linked to a marker at the distal end of @entity19 chromosome 9.

title: The myosin alkali light chains of XXXX ventricular and slow skeletal muscle are indistinguishable and are encoded by the same gene.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'Mus musculus']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity7388 ( @entity7389 ) was added to @entity18683 on a nationwide scale in 1992 without prior testing of adverse, toxic, or carcinogenic effects. Since that time, numerous reports have appeared describing adverse health effects of individuals exposed to @entity7389 , both from inhalation of fumes in the workplace and while pumping @entity18683 . Leakage of @entity7389 , a highly water-soluble compound, from underground storage tanks has led to contamination of the water supply in many areas of the United States. Legislation has been passed by many states to prohibit the addition of @entity7389 to @entity18683 . The addition of @entity7389 to @entity18683 has not accomplished its stated goal of decreasing air pollution, and it has posed serious health risks to a large portion of the population, particularly the elderly and those with respiratory problems, @entity565 , and skin sensitivity. Reports of animal studies of carcinogenicity of @entity7389 began to appear in the 1990s, prior to the widespread introduction of @entity7389 into @entity18683 . These reports were largely ignored. In ensuing years, further studies have shown that @entity7389 causes various types of @entity5 in @entity19 and @entity35 . The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Board of Scientific Counselors' Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee met in December 1998 to consider listing @entity7389 as "reasonably anticipated to be a @entity1 carcinogen." In spite of recommendations from Dr. Bailer, the primary reviewer, and other scientists on the committee, the motion to list @entity7389 in the report was defeated by a six to five vote, with one abstention. On the basis of animal studies, it is widely accepted that if a chemical is carcinogenic in appropriate laboratory animal test systems, it must be treated as though it were carcinogenic in @entity1 . In the face of compelling evidence, NTP Committee members who voted not to list @entity7389 as "reasonably anticipated to be a @entity1 carcinogen" did a disservice to the general public; this action may cause needless exposure of many to health risks and possibly @entity5 .

title: Carcinogenicity of XXXX in @entity18683 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity7388 :: ('CHEBI:27642', 'Chemical') :: ['Methyl tertiary butyl ether']

answer: @entity7388 :: (CHEBI:27642,Chemical) :: ['methyl-tertiary butyl ether']


abstract: @entity7388 ( @entity7389 ) was added to @entity18683 on a nationwide scale in 1992 without prior testing of adverse, toxic, or carcinogenic effects. Since that time, numerous reports have appeared describing adverse health effects of individuals exposed to @entity7389 , both from inhalation of fumes in the workplace and while pumping @entity18683 . Leakage of @entity7389 , a highly water-soluble compound, from underground storage tanks has led to contamination of the water supply in many areas of the United States. Legislation has been passed by many states to prohibit the addition of @entity7389 to @entity18683 . The addition of @entity7389 to @entity18683 has not accomplished its stated goal of decreasing air pollution, and it has posed serious health risks to a large portion of the population, particularly the elderly and those with respiratory problems, @entity565 , and skin sensitivity. Reports of animal studies of carcinogenicity of @entity7389 began to appear in the 1990s, prior to the widespread introduction of @entity7389 into @entity18683 . These reports were largely ignored. In ensuing years, further studies have shown that @entity7389 causes various types of @entity5 in @entity19 and @entity35 . The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Board of Scientific Counselors' Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee met in December 1998 to consider listing @entity7389 as "reasonably anticipated to be a @entity1 carcinogen." In spite of recommendations from Dr. Bailer, the primary reviewer, and other scientists on the committee, the motion to list @entity7389 in the report was defeated by a six to five vote, with one abstention. On the basis of animal studies, it is widely accepted that if a chemical is carcinogenic in appropriate laboratory animal test systems, it must be treated as though it were carcinogenic in @entity1 . In the face of compelling evidence, NTP Committee members who voted not to list @entity7389 as "reasonably anticipated to be a @entity1 carcinogen" did a disservice to the general public; this action may cause needless exposure of many to health risks and possibly @entity5 .

title: Carcinogenicity of @entity7388 in XXXX .

answer: @entity18683 :: (MESH:D005742,Chemical) :: ['gasoline']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Information on @entity5 prevalence is either absent or largely unavailable for central European countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Austria, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland cover a population of 13 million inhabitants. @entity5 registries in these countries supplied incidence and survival data for 465 000 cases of @entity5 . The prevalence of stomach, colon, rectum, lung, breast, cervix uteri, corpus uteri and @entity263 , as well as @entity320 , @entity978 , @entity1778 and all @entity5 combined was estimated for the end of 1992. RESULTS: A large heterogeneity was observed within central European countries. For all @entity5 combined, estimates ranged from 730 per 100 000 in Poland ( @entity1 ) to 3350 per 100 000 in Germany ( @entity1 ). Overall @entity5 prevalence was the highest in Germany and Switzerland, and the lowest in Poland and Slovenia. In Slovakia, prevalence was higher than average for @entity1 and lower than average for @entity1 . This was observed for almost all ages. As shown by incidence data, @entity0 was the most frequent @entity5 among @entity1 in all countries. Among @entity1 , @entity263 was the leading @entity5 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, and @entity2 was the major @entity5 in Slovenia, Slovakia and Poland. The Netherlands had a high prevalence of both prostate and @entity2 . Time-related magnitude of prevalence within each country and the variability of such proportions across the countries has been estimated and @entity5 prevalence is given by time since diagnosis (1 year, 1-5 years, 5-10 years, >10 years) for each site. The weight of 1-year prevalence (248 per 100 000 among @entity1 and 253 per 100 000 among @entity1 ) was <15% of total prevalence. Prevalent cases between 1 and 5 years since diagnosis represented between 22% and 34% of the total prevalence. Prevalent cases diagnosed from 5 to 10 years before (335 per 100 000 for @entity1 and 505 per 100 000 for @entity1 ) represented between 17% and 23% of prevalent @entity5 . Finally, long-term @entity5 prevalence (diagnosed >10 years before), reflecting long-term survival, and number of @entity1 considered as cured from @entity5 were 490 per 100 000 for @entity1 and 1028 per 100 000 for @entity1 , with a range between 26% (The Netherlands, @entity1 ) and 50% (Slovakia, @entity1 ). CONCLUSION: It is clear from observing countries in Central Europe, that high @entity5 prevalence is associated with well-developed economies. This burden of @entity5 could be interpreted as a paradoxical effect of better treatments and thereby survival. It could also be taken as a sign for not being satisfied with the advances in treating @entity1 diagnosed with @entity5 , and for supporting more primary prevention.

title: XXXX prevalence in Central Europe: the EUROPREVAL Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant neoplasms', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['skin melanoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: X-linked acro- @entity11125 (X-LAG) syndrome is a newly described disease caused by microduplications on chromosome Xq26.3 leading to copy number gain of @entity72315 . We describe the clinical progress of a sporadic @entity1112 @entity1 with an Xq26.3 microduplication, highlighting the aggressive natural history of @entity977 growth in the absence of treatment. The @entity1 first presented elsewhere aged 5  years 8  months with a history of excessive growth for >2  years. His height was 163  cm, his weight was 36  kg, and he had markedly elevated GH and @entity442 . MRI showed a non-invasive sellar mass measuring 32.5  *  23.9  *  29.1  mm. Treatment was declined and the family was lost to follow-up. At the age of 10  years and 7  months, he presented again with @entity10 , @entity410 , and visual disturbance. His height had increased to 197  cm. MRI showed an invasive mass measuring 56.2  *  58.1  *  45.0  mm, with compression of optic chiasma, bilateral cavernous sinus invasion, and @entity1276 . His thyrotrope, corticotrope, and gonadotrope axes were deficient. Surgery, @entity1943 analogs, and @entity9229 did not control vertical growth and pegvisomant was added, although vertical growth continues (currently 207  cm at 11  years 7  months of age). X-LAG syndrome is a new @entity74 in which early-onset pituitary tumorigenesis can lead to marked overgrowth and @entity11125 . This case illustrates the aggressive nature of @entity5 evolution and the challenging clinical management in X-LAG syndrome.

title: Aggressive tumor growth and clinical evolution in a @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity9229 :: ('MESH:C047047', 'Chemical') :: ['cabergoline']

entities_list: @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ['male X-LAG syndrome']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumor']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genomic disorder']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

answer: @entity1112 :: (MESH:D040181,Disease) :: ['X-linked acro-gigantism syndrome']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: X-linked acro- @entity11125 (X-LAG) syndrome is a newly described disease caused by microduplications on chromosome Xq26.3 leading to copy number gain of @entity72315 . We describe the clinical progress of a sporadic @entity1112 @entity1 with an Xq26.3 microduplication, highlighting the aggressive natural history of @entity977 growth in the absence of treatment. The @entity1 first presented elsewhere aged 5  years 8  months with a history of excessive growth for >2  years. His height was 163  cm, his weight was 36  kg, and he had markedly elevated GH and @entity442 . MRI showed a non-invasive sellar mass measuring 32.5  *  23.9  *  29.1  mm. Treatment was declined and the family was lost to follow-up. At the age of 10  years and 7  months, he presented again with @entity10 , @entity410 , and visual disturbance. His height had increased to 197  cm. MRI showed an invasive mass measuring 56.2  *  58.1  *  45.0  mm, with compression of optic chiasma, bilateral cavernous sinus invasion, and @entity1276 . His thyrotrope, corticotrope, and gonadotrope axes were deficient. Surgery, @entity1943 analogs, and @entity9229 did not control vertical growth and pegvisomant was added, although vertical growth continues (currently 207  cm at 11  years 7  months of age). X-LAG syndrome is a new @entity74 in which early-onset pituitary tumorigenesis can lead to marked overgrowth and @entity11125 . This case illustrates the aggressive nature of @entity5 evolution and the challenging clinical management in X-LAG syndrome.

title: Aggressive tumor growth and clinical evolution in a XXXX with @entity1112 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity3273 has been used to treat @entity55 ( @entity55 ) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) via different administration routes. Whether @entity1 may benefit from aerosolised @entity3273 as adjunctive treatment was contradictory. We aimed to clarify the safety and efficacy of administering aerosolised and intravenous (IV-AS) @entity3273 versus intravenous (IV) @entity3273 alone in @entity1 with @entity55 caused by MDR-GNB. Two reviewers independently evaluated and extracted data from PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. Primary outcomes were clinical response rate, all-cause mortality (ICU or hospital), microbiological eradication and nephrotoxicity. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated and significance was determined by the Z test. Nine eligible studies involving 672 @entity1 were included. The overall clinical response rate (improvement and cure) was significantly higher in the IV-AS group than that in the IV group [OR=1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30-2.53; P=0.0005]. @entity1 treated with IV-AS @entity3273 showed a higher rate of pathogen eradication (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.11-2.49; P=0.01) and lower all-cause mortality compared with IV @entity3273 (OR=0.69, 95% CI 0.50-0.95; P=0.02). Nephrotoxicity did not differ significantly between IV-AS and IV groups (five studies; 383 @entity1 ) (OR=1.11, 95% CI 0.69-1.80; P=0.67). These data indicate that IV-AS @entity3273 has additional benefits compared with IV @entity3273 alone. Clinicians should be encouraged to give combined administration routes in critically ill @entity1 with @entity55 caused by MDR-GNB.

title: Intravenous combined with aerosolised polymyxin versus intravenous polymyxin alone in the treatment of XXXX caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3273 :: ('MESH:D003091', 'Chemical') :: ['Colistin', 'colistin']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['NP', 'nosocomial pneumonia']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']


abstract: To elucidate the features of the @entity1355 fibers contributing to the induction of @entity1 @entity3620 , we used high-resolution analytical electron microscopy to determine the type, number, and dimensions of @entity1355 fibers in lung and mesothelial tissues in 168 cases of @entity2615 . RESULTS: 1. Asbestos fibers were present in almost all of the lung and mesothelial tissues from the @entity2615 cases. 2. The most common types of @entity1355 fibers in lung were either an admixture of chrysotile with amphiboles, amphibole alone, and occasionally chrysotile alone. In mesothelial tissues, most @entity1355 fibers were chrysotile. 3. In lung, amosite fibers were greatest in number followed by chrysotile, @entity17110 , @entity25832 / @entity72316 , and @entity27950 . In mesothelial tissues, chrysotile fibers were 30.3 times more common than amphiboles. 4. In some @entity2615 cases, the only @entity1355 fibers detected in either lung or mesothelial tissue were chrysotile fibers. 5. The average number of @entity1355 fibers in both lung and mesothelial tissues was two orders of magnitude greater than the number found in the general population. 6. The majority of @entity1355 fibers in lung and mesothelial tissues were shorter than 5 micro m in length. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Fiber analysis of both lung and mesothelial tissues must be done to determine the types of @entity1355 fibers associated with the induction of @entity1 @entity3620 ; 2) short, thin @entity1355 fibers should be included in the list of fiber types contributing to the induction of @entity1 @entity3620 ; 3) RESULTS support the induction of @entity1 @entity3620 by chrysotile.

title: Asbestos fibers contributing to the induction of @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity25832 :: ('MESH:C005846', 'Chemical') :: ['tremolite']

entities_list: @entity27950 :: ('MESH:C025965', 'Chemical') :: ['anthophyllite']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity72316 :: ('MESH:C036431', 'Chemical') :: ['actinolite']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity17110 :: ('MESH:D017638', 'Chemical') :: ['crocidolite']

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['malignant mesothelioma']


abstract: To elucidate the features of the @entity1355 fibers contributing to the induction of @entity1 @entity3620 , we used high-resolution analytical electron microscopy to determine the type, number, and dimensions of @entity1355 fibers in lung and mesothelial tissues in 168 cases of @entity2615 . RESULTS: 1. Asbestos fibers were present in almost all of the lung and mesothelial tissues from the @entity2615 cases. 2. The most common types of @entity1355 fibers in lung were either an admixture of chrysotile with amphiboles, amphibole alone, and occasionally chrysotile alone. In mesothelial tissues, most @entity1355 fibers were chrysotile. 3. In lung, amosite fibers were greatest in number followed by chrysotile, @entity17110 , @entity25832 / @entity72316 , and @entity27950 . In mesothelial tissues, chrysotile fibers were 30.3 times more common than amphiboles. 4. In some @entity2615 cases, the only @entity1355 fibers detected in either lung or mesothelial tissue were chrysotile fibers. 5. The average number of @entity1355 fibers in both lung and mesothelial tissues was two orders of magnitude greater than the number found in the general population. 6. The majority of @entity1355 fibers in lung and mesothelial tissues were shorter than 5 micro m in length. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Fiber analysis of both lung and mesothelial tissues must be done to determine the types of @entity1355 fibers associated with the induction of @entity1 @entity3620 ; 2) short, thin @entity1355 fibers should be included in the list of fiber types contributing to the induction of @entity1 @entity3620 ; 3) RESULTS support the induction of @entity1 @entity3620 by chrysotile.

title: Asbestos fibers contributing to the induction of XXXX @entity3620 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The most commonly used regimen for the treatment of advanced @entity978 ( @entity978 ) is ABVD ( @entity632 , @entity1732 , @entity5713 and @entity2699 ). Two of these components, @entity1732 and @entity2699 , have defined @entity137 such as @entity3794 and @entity390 / @entity391 , and also uncertain single-drug activity. The EVA regimen ( @entity2879 , @entity5713 , @entity632 ) is an attempt to substitute a known active agent, @entity2879 , for @entity1732 and @entity2699 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A series of 51 @entity1 with advanced @entity978 without prior systemic therapy were treated. The series included 12 stage II @entity1 with bulky (>10 cm) mediastinal @entity5 , 10 of whom received complementary radiation therapy. The remaining @entity1 received EVA only. Response, duration of response, survival, @entity137 and the efficacy of salvage therapy were evaluated in all @entity1 . The median follow-up time was 111 months and permitted an assessment of the long-term effects of treatment and natural history of a cohort of treated @entity1 . RESULTS: EVA achieved a complete response (or clinical complete response) in 48/51 @entity1 (94%). Of these 48 responders, 16 relapsed in a median of 11 months (range 3-48 months). In follow-up, 32/51 @entity1 had no evidence of relapsed @entity978 , although three died from other causes (two from vascular events and one from @entity706 ), resulting in progression-free survival for the entire group of 57% at 111 months. Eight of the 16 were alive and free from disease at follow-up at 111 months. In the entire series, only seven @entity1 (14%) died of @entity978 . 37 @entity1 (73%) continued free from disease. There was no @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: The EVA regimen appears to have an overall survival (OS) outcome comparable to ABVD, but without the @entity358 . The high salvage rate of second-line therapy, in most instances at conventional dosage, suggests an absence of cross-resistance to alkylating agents in @entity1 treated with EVA.

title: Primary systemic treatment of advanced XXXX with EVA ( @entity2879 , @entity5713 , @entity632 ): 10-year follow-up.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2699 :: ('MESH:D003606', 'Chemical') :: ['dacarbazine']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['large cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary toxicity', 'lung toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['HD', "Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The most commonly used regimen for the treatment of advanced @entity978 ( @entity978 ) is ABVD ( @entity632 , @entity1732 , @entity5713 and @entity2699 ). Two of these components, @entity1732 and @entity2699 , have defined @entity137 such as @entity3794 and @entity390 / @entity391 , and also uncertain single-drug activity. The EVA regimen ( @entity2879 , @entity5713 , @entity632 ) is an attempt to substitute a known active agent, @entity2879 , for @entity1732 and @entity2699 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A series of 51 @entity1 with advanced @entity978 without prior systemic therapy were treated. The series included 12 stage II @entity1 with bulky (>10 cm) mediastinal @entity5 , 10 of whom received complementary radiation therapy. The remaining @entity1 received EVA only. Response, duration of response, survival, @entity137 and the efficacy of salvage therapy were evaluated in all @entity1 . The median follow-up time was 111 months and permitted an assessment of the long-term effects of treatment and natural history of a cohort of treated @entity1 . RESULTS: EVA achieved a complete response (or clinical complete response) in 48/51 @entity1 (94%). Of these 48 responders, 16 relapsed in a median of 11 months (range 3-48 months). In follow-up, 32/51 @entity1 had no evidence of relapsed @entity978 , although three died from other causes (two from vascular events and one from @entity706 ), resulting in progression-free survival for the entire group of 57% at 111 months. Eight of the 16 were alive and free from disease at follow-up at 111 months. In the entire series, only seven @entity1 (14%) died of @entity978 . 37 @entity1 (73%) continued free from disease. There was no @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: The EVA regimen appears to have an overall survival (OS) outcome comparable to ABVD, but without the @entity358 . The high salvage rate of second-line therapy, in most instances at conventional dosage, suggests an absence of cross-resistance to alkylating agents in @entity1 treated with EVA.

title: Primary systemic treatment of advanced @entity978 with EVA ( @entity2879 , @entity5713 , XXXX ): 10-year follow-up.

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The most commonly used regimen for the treatment of advanced @entity978 ( @entity978 ) is ABVD ( @entity632 , @entity1732 , @entity5713 and @entity2699 ). Two of these components, @entity1732 and @entity2699 , have defined @entity137 such as @entity3794 and @entity390 / @entity391 , and also uncertain single-drug activity. The EVA regimen ( @entity2879 , @entity5713 , @entity632 ) is an attempt to substitute a known active agent, @entity2879 , for @entity1732 and @entity2699 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A series of 51 @entity1 with advanced @entity978 without prior systemic therapy were treated. The series included 12 stage II @entity1 with bulky (>10 cm) mediastinal @entity5 , 10 of whom received complementary radiation therapy. The remaining @entity1 received EVA only. Response, duration of response, survival, @entity137 and the efficacy of salvage therapy were evaluated in all @entity1 . The median follow-up time was 111 months and permitted an assessment of the long-term effects of treatment and natural history of a cohort of treated @entity1 . RESULTS: EVA achieved a complete response (or clinical complete response) in 48/51 @entity1 (94%). Of these 48 responders, 16 relapsed in a median of 11 months (range 3-48 months). In follow-up, 32/51 @entity1 had no evidence of relapsed @entity978 , although three died from other causes (two from vascular events and one from @entity706 ), resulting in progression-free survival for the entire group of 57% at 111 months. Eight of the 16 were alive and free from disease at follow-up at 111 months. In the entire series, only seven @entity1 (14%) died of @entity978 . 37 @entity1 (73%) continued free from disease. There was no @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: The EVA regimen appears to have an overall survival (OS) outcome comparable to ABVD, but without the @entity358 . The high salvage rate of second-line therapy, in most instances at conventional dosage, suggests an absence of cross-resistance to alkylating agents in @entity1 treated with EVA.

title: Primary systemic treatment of advanced @entity978 with EVA ( XXXX , @entity5713 , @entity632 ): 10-year follow-up.

answer: @entity2879 :: (MESH:D005047,Chemical) :: ['etoposide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The most commonly used regimen for the treatment of advanced @entity978 ( @entity978 ) is ABVD ( @entity632 , @entity1732 , @entity5713 and @entity2699 ). Two of these components, @entity1732 and @entity2699 , have defined @entity137 such as @entity3794 and @entity390 / @entity391 , and also uncertain single-drug activity. The EVA regimen ( @entity2879 , @entity5713 , @entity632 ) is an attempt to substitute a known active agent, @entity2879 , for @entity1732 and @entity2699 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A series of 51 @entity1 with advanced @entity978 without prior systemic therapy were treated. The series included 12 stage II @entity1 with bulky (>10 cm) mediastinal @entity5 , 10 of whom received complementary radiation therapy. The remaining @entity1 received EVA only. Response, duration of response, survival, @entity137 and the efficacy of salvage therapy were evaluated in all @entity1 . The median follow-up time was 111 months and permitted an assessment of the long-term effects of treatment and natural history of a cohort of treated @entity1 . RESULTS: EVA achieved a complete response (or clinical complete response) in 48/51 @entity1 (94%). Of these 48 responders, 16 relapsed in a median of 11 months (range 3-48 months). In follow-up, 32/51 @entity1 had no evidence of relapsed @entity978 , although three died from other causes (two from vascular events and one from @entity706 ), resulting in progression-free survival for the entire group of 57% at 111 months. Eight of the 16 were alive and free from disease at follow-up at 111 months. In the entire series, only seven @entity1 (14%) died of @entity978 . 37 @entity1 (73%) continued free from disease. There was no @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: The EVA regimen appears to have an overall survival (OS) outcome comparable to ABVD, but without the @entity358 . The high salvage rate of second-line therapy, in most instances at conventional dosage, suggests an absence of cross-resistance to alkylating agents in @entity1 treated with EVA.

title: Primary systemic treatment of advanced @entity978 with EVA ( @entity2879 , XXXX , @entity632 ): 10-year follow-up.

answer: @entity5713 :: (MESH:D014747,Chemical) :: ['vinblastine']


abstract: The present experiments were performed to study the effects of preovulatory levels of @entity172 on @entity1176 -induced gonadotropin release. Twelve female volunteers in various phases of the menstrual cycle received @entity53 infusion for 66 h at a constant rate of 500 micrograms/24 h which is grossly equivalent to its production rate during the preovulatory follicular phase. In 8 of the @entity1 , @entity1176 was administered concomitantly from 6 h after the initiation of @entity53 infusion. The administered doses of @entity1176 were 2.5 and 5 micrograms/h. Blood samples obtained throughout the infusion were analysed for LH, FSH, @entity53 and @entity1420 . The sole administration of @entity53 failed to induce the positive feedback effect on gonadotropin release within the experimental period in the early follicular phase (days 3-7) in 4 @entity1 . In 5 @entity1 treated during the follicular phase, remarkable LH releases were induced after a lag period by the infusion of both @entity1176 and @entity53 . The induced LH surge formed a prolonged biphasic pattern. Although a similar pattern of FSH was observed in some cases, its response was minimal compared with that of LH. In 3 @entity1 during the luteal phase, however, a combined administration of @entity53 and @entity1176 induced only a short term release of LH which was terminated in only 12 h. The present data indicate that 1) Preovulatory levels of @entity172 affect the late part of the LH surge which is induced by constant administration of low doses of @entity1176 resulting in a prolonged biphasic release of LH, and 2) These effects of both hormones are not manifest in the presence of high levels of @entity1420 . These results indicate the possibility of a role of @entity1176 and @entity172 in the mechanism of the prolonged elevation of a gonadotropin surge at mid-cycle.

title: Biphasic stimulatory effects of XXXX on gonadotropin surges induced by continuous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: The present experiments were performed to study the effects of preovulatory levels of @entity172 on @entity1176 -induced gonadotropin release. Twelve female volunteers in various phases of the menstrual cycle received @entity53 infusion for 66 h at a constant rate of 500 micrograms/24 h which is grossly equivalent to its production rate during the preovulatory follicular phase. In 8 of the @entity1 , @entity1176 was administered concomitantly from 6 h after the initiation of @entity53 infusion. The administered doses of @entity1176 were 2.5 and 5 micrograms/h. Blood samples obtained throughout the infusion were analysed for LH, FSH, @entity53 and @entity1420 . The sole administration of @entity53 failed to induce the positive feedback effect on gonadotropin release within the experimental period in the early follicular phase (days 3-7) in 4 @entity1 . In 5 @entity1 treated during the follicular phase, remarkable LH releases were induced after a lag period by the infusion of both @entity1176 and @entity53 . The induced LH surge formed a prolonged biphasic pattern. Although a similar pattern of FSH was observed in some cases, its response was minimal compared with that of LH. In 3 @entity1 during the luteal phase, however, a combined administration of @entity53 and @entity1176 induced only a short term release of LH which was terminated in only 12 h. The present data indicate that 1) Preovulatory levels of @entity172 affect the late part of the LH surge which is induced by constant administration of low doses of @entity1176 resulting in a prolonged biphasic release of LH, and 2) These effects of both hormones are not manifest in the presence of high levels of @entity1420 . These results indicate the possibility of a role of @entity1176 and @entity172 in the mechanism of the prolonged elevation of a gonadotropin surge at mid-cycle.

title: Biphasic stimulatory effects of @entity172 on gonadotropin surges induced by continuous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Optimal methods for susceptibility testing of Candida spp. with @entity4895 have not been determined. Breakpoints were recommended in 1984, but never validated. In this study, we compared the 1984 recommended macrodilution broth method (using an 80% endpoint) with a modification of the more recent NCCLS-recommended microdilution broth method with three endpoints-spectrophotometric 50% and 80% and a no growth endpoint determined by eye. NCCLS and British Society for Medical Mycology (BSMM) breakpoints were also compared. One hundred and fifty isolates comprised of @entity5132 , @entity9841 , Candida krusei, @entity7408 , @entity7409 and @entity19323 were tested. Reproducibility was excellent. For @entity5132 (n = 65), the correlation between tests was excellent (>75%), with few major discrepancies (<5%). For @entity9841 (n = 27), correlation was good (59%), but there were a small number of major discrepancies (up to 11%, depending on breakpoint used). Results by the broth macrodilution method were generally higher than both microdilution methods for @entity7408 (n = 16; correlation of 18.8%), but only one major discrepancy was seen. Ten of the 11 @entity7409 isolates tested were susceptible by all methods, regardless of breakpoint chosen, with a correlation of 18.2%, but no major discrepancies were seen. A correlation between all methods (50%) was seen with @entity19323 (n = 10), with many isolates resistant or intermediate. In contrast, correlation between methods for C. krusei was poor (<5%); NCCLS microtitre modification produced results that were classified as intermediate or resistant, regardless of the breakpoint used. The methodology for susceptibility testing @entity5132 is robust. Additional work to optimize susceptibility testing with @entity4895 is necessary for non-albicans Candida species, especially C. krusei.

title: Comparison of three methods for in vitro susceptibility testing of Candida species with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9841 :: ('5482', 'Species') :: ['Candida tropicalis', 'C. tropicalis']

entities_list: @entity7408 :: ('5478', 'Species') :: ['C. glabrata', 'Candida glabrata']

entities_list: @entity4895 :: ('MESH:D005437', 'Chemical') :: ['flucytosine']

entities_list: @entity7409 :: ('5480', 'Species') :: ['Candida parapsilosis', 'C. parapsilosis']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity19323 :: ('36911', 'Species') :: ['Candida lusitaniae', 'C. lusitaniae']

answer: @entity4895 :: (MESH:D005437,Chemical) :: ['flucytosine']


abstract: CONTEXT: Severe acute @entity788 is associated with high mortality with infectious complications being the most common cause of mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and characteristics of @entity788 in @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 . DESIGN: Prospective study over a one-year period. @entity1 : Fifty-one consecutive @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 . Setting Tertiary care centre, Northern India. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence of @entity788 were noted in consecutive @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 and their effect on disease outcome was assessed. RESULTS: @entity788 was noted in 19 (37.3%) @entity1 ; 14 (27.5%) @entity1 had monomicrobial and 5 (9.8%) @entity1 had @entity325 . In the first week of hospitalization, all positive 6/6 (100%) cultures grew @entity526 , in the second week 5/8 (62.5%) grew @entity526 while after the second week, 2/5 (40.0%) cultures grew @entity526 . A total of 32 (62.7%) @entity1 had evidence of extrapancreatic @entity281 , with 53 positive cultures. Fifteen (29.4%) @entity1 had monomicrobial @entity281 while 17 (33.3%) had @entity325 . The most common site was blood together with intravenous site with 21 positive cultures in 16 @entity1 . @entity794 was most commonly isolated in the blood cultures. There was a statistically significant increase in mortality with @entity353 . The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that most of the bacteria were sensitive to beta lactum antibiotics, @entity581 and imipenem. CONCLUSION: @entity788 are more often monomicrobial with a shift from gram-negative to gram-positive as the @entity788 progressed. @entity281 are more often polymicrobial; most commonly, the blood stream is invaded by gram-positive bacteria.

title: Bacteriology of @entity281 in severe acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic infection', 'pancreatic and extrapancreatic infections', 'pancreatitis', 'Pancreatic infections', 'pancreatic and extrapancreatic infection']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic (P=0.003) and extrapancreatic (P=0.041) infections']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections', 'Extrapancreatic infections']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['polymicrobial infections']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: CONTEXT: Severe acute @entity788 is associated with high mortality with infectious complications being the most common cause of mortality. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and characteristics of @entity788 in @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 . DESIGN: Prospective study over a one-year period. @entity1 : Fifty-one consecutive @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 . Setting Tertiary care centre, Northern India. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence of @entity788 were noted in consecutive @entity1 with severe acute @entity788 and their effect on disease outcome was assessed. RESULTS: @entity788 was noted in 19 (37.3%) @entity1 ; 14 (27.5%) @entity1 had monomicrobial and 5 (9.8%) @entity1 had @entity325 . In the first week of hospitalization, all positive 6/6 (100%) cultures grew @entity526 , in the second week 5/8 (62.5%) grew @entity526 while after the second week, 2/5 (40.0%) cultures grew @entity526 . A total of 32 (62.7%) @entity1 had evidence of extrapancreatic @entity281 , with 53 positive cultures. Fifteen (29.4%) @entity1 had monomicrobial @entity281 while 17 (33.3%) had @entity325 . The most common site was blood together with intravenous site with 21 positive cultures in 16 @entity1 . @entity794 was most commonly isolated in the blood cultures. There was a statistically significant increase in mortality with @entity353 . The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that most of the bacteria were sensitive to beta lactum antibiotics, @entity581 and imipenem. CONCLUSION: @entity788 are more often monomicrobial with a shift from gram-negative to gram-positive as the @entity788 progressed. @entity281 are more often polymicrobial; most commonly, the blood stream is invaded by gram-positive bacteria.

title: Bacteriology of XXXX in severe acute @entity788 .

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: @entity2520 is associated with specific periodontal pathogens and may persist as @entity2522 or progress to more severe disease. The bacteria involved in disease initiation and progression have not been identified. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to compare the levels of @entity2523 , @entity3289 , and @entity14148 , and total bacteria detected by different sampling methods. On the basis of the results of clinical examinations, 57 @entity1 were divided into 3 groups: healthy group (group A), @entity2522 group (group B), and @entity2521 group (group C). Bacterial samples were collected from saliva, mouthwash, and by paper-point sampling of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and the samples were analyzed with quantitative PCR targeting 16S rRNA. The numbers of total bacteria in samples of GCF, saliva, and mouthwash were 10    to 10   , 10   , and 10   , respectively, per milliliter. The number of @entity2523 in GCF samples was lower than 10 in group A; however, in groups B and C, the values were 10   and 10   , respectively, indicating that the number of @entity2523 increased with worsening clinical status. Findings were similar in the samples of saliva and mouthwash. The numbers of @entity3289 showed a pattern similar to that of @entity2523 in all 3 samples. These results suggest that saliva and mouthwash samples are clinically useful for bacterial testing of periodontal diseases by quantitative PCR. In addition, mouthwash sampling is more feasible and straightforward than saliva sampling.

title: Use of quantitative PCR to evaluate methods of bacteria sampling in periodontal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['Periodontal disease']

entities_list: @entity14148 :: ('158', 'Species') :: ['Treponema denticola']

entities_list: @entity2522 :: ('MESH:D005891', 'Disease') :: ['gingivitis']

entities_list: @entity3289 :: ('28112', 'Species') :: ['T. forsythia', 'Tannerella forsythia']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity2523 :: ('837', 'Species') :: ['Porphyromonas gingivalis', 'P. gingivalis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Envenomation by a large number of hymenopterans can cause significant morbidity and mortality due to venom load. We present the first case of massive Hymenoptera @entity5900 by native US Hymenoptera. CASE: A 3-year-old @entity1 and his family were hiking in Oregon and were attacked by yellow jackets. On emergency department arrival, the @entity1 was uncomfortable and @entity391 . Vital signs were normal; physical examination showed more than 90 punctate lesions on the head and neck, and 30 below the neck without @entity110 . Initial laboratory values were normal except for a white blood cell count of 37,500/ L and mild @entity1371 , including a normal @entity1011 kinase. Intravenously administered fluids, @entity3974 , @entity1363 , and @entity1286 were given for symptom control.Generalized @entity4 developed 12 hours later and was treated with intravenously administered @entity619 and @entity3933 . His @entity1011 kinase peaked at 2085 U/L after 32 hours. Forty-eight hours after the incident, the @entity1 began to take oral fluids with laboratory values returning to normal. DISCUSSION: Delayed toxic effects of mass @entity5900 are due to direct toxic effects from the large venom load, with several cases of @entity204 reported. All prior cases of mass Hymenoptera @entity5900 in the United States have involved Africanized "killer" @entity5157 . Guidelines recommend admitting all pediatric @entity1 sustaining more than 50 stings for 24 hours for laboratory evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed toxic reaction may be caused by native US species of Hymenoptera. Physicians should be aware that endemic US species can cause this reaction and should have a low threshold to admit pediatric @entity1 with more than 50 stings for 24 hours.

title: Massive hymenoptera XXXX in a 3-year-old.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'boy', 'child']

entities_list: @entity3933 :: ('MESH:D004155', 'Chemical') :: ['diphenhydramine']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

entities_list: @entity5900 :: ('MESH:D012909', 'Disease') :: ['envenomation']

answer: @entity5900 :: (MESH:D012909,Disease) :: ['envenomation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic, drug-resistant @entity9 can be treated by surgically implanted @entity550 ( @entity550 ). The leads used for @entity550 have not been specifically designed for this application. OBJECTIVE: To study the value of a new 8-contact lead for @entity550 therapy in a series of 6 @entity1 with refractory central @entity158 . METHODS: The study comprised a 1-month randomized phase, starting 1 month after implantation, during which the neurostimulator was switched on in one-half of the @entity1 or remained off in the other half, followed by an open phase of 10 months, during which the stimulator was switched on in all @entity1 . Clinical assessment was performed at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation with the following scales: Visual Analog Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Brief @entity158 Inventory, McGill @entity158 Questionnaire, Sickness Impact Profile, and Medication Quantification Scale. RESULTS: In the randomized phase, clinical scores were found to be globally reduced in the on- vs off-stimulation condition. In the open follow-up phase, all clinical scores improved significantly over time. The ratio between affective and sensory McGill @entity158 Questionnaire subscores decreased, suggesting a preferential effect of @entity550 on the affective component of @entity158 . Compared with preoperative baseline, 2 @entity1 were totally relieved of central @entity158 , 3 @entity1 were very much relieved, and 1 @entity1 remained unchanged at the final examination. CONCLUSION: A good clinical outcome was observed in all @entity1 except 1, suggesting that this new octopolar lead could be used for @entity550 therapy to treat refractory central @entity158 .

title: Treatment of @entity158 by epidural XXXX with a new octopolar lead.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity550 :: ('MESH:D000303', 'Disease') :: ['motor cortex stimulation', 'MCS']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain', 'poststroke pain']

answer: @entity550 :: (MESH:D000303,Disease) :: ['motor cortex stimulation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic, drug-resistant @entity9 can be treated by surgically implanted @entity550 ( @entity550 ). The leads used for @entity550 have not been specifically designed for this application. OBJECTIVE: To study the value of a new 8-contact lead for @entity550 therapy in a series of 6 @entity1 with refractory central @entity158 . METHODS: The study comprised a 1-month randomized phase, starting 1 month after implantation, during which the neurostimulator was switched on in one-half of the @entity1 or remained off in the other half, followed by an open phase of 10 months, during which the stimulator was switched on in all @entity1 . Clinical assessment was performed at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation with the following scales: Visual Analog Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Brief @entity158 Inventory, McGill @entity158 Questionnaire, Sickness Impact Profile, and Medication Quantification Scale. RESULTS: In the randomized phase, clinical scores were found to be globally reduced in the on- vs off-stimulation condition. In the open follow-up phase, all clinical scores improved significantly over time. The ratio between affective and sensory McGill @entity158 Questionnaire subscores decreased, suggesting a preferential effect of @entity550 on the affective component of @entity158 . Compared with preoperative baseline, 2 @entity1 were totally relieved of central @entity158 , 3 @entity1 were very much relieved, and 1 @entity1 remained unchanged at the final examination. CONCLUSION: A good clinical outcome was observed in all @entity1 except 1, suggesting that this new octopolar lead could be used for @entity550 therapy to treat refractory central @entity158 .

title: Treatment of XXXX by epidural @entity550 with a new octopolar lead.

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['poststroke pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Refractory constipation is an extremely common problem in @entity1 and @entity1 . The diagnostic suspicion of @entity1963 often arises in this clinical setting. Diagnosing @entity1963 can be difficult; however, excluding the diagnosis is much easier, only requiring the demonstration of ganglion cells in the distal rectum. The most common method for obtaining tissue from the rectum involves a blind suction biopsy. This technique has been complicated by serious adverse events, equipment malfunction, and inadequate specimens. Our goal was to evaluate the adequacy of specimens obtained with a flexible endoscope and jumbo biopsy forceps to rule out @entity1963 in the @entity1 outside the newborn period. @entity1 AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 668 rectal biopsies taken during 167 endoscopies on 156 @entity1 being evaluated for @entity1963 from 2001 to 2008 at the Baystate Medical Center @entity1 's Hospital. Four biopsies were taken from each @entity1 approximately 2.5 cm from the anal verge. Biopsies were obtained using a flexible endoscope and jumbo biopsy forceps. During the first 6 years the Olympus FB-50U-1 large cup fenestrated biopsy forceps was used. During the last 2 years the Boston Scientific Radial Jaw 4 Jumbo biopsy forceps was used instead. RESULTS: The Boston Scientific Radial Jaw 4 Jumbo biopsy forceps yielded adequate specimens 93% of the time, which surpassed most published results of other techniques. There were no complications reported. CONCLUSIONS: Obtaining rectal biopsies with a flexible endoscope and jumbo biopsy forceps is a safe and effective means to rule out the diagnosis of @entity1963 in @entity1 .

title: Rectal biopsies obtained with jumbo biopsy forceps in the evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'infants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1963 :: ('MESH:D006627', 'Disease') :: ['Hirschsprung disease']

answer: @entity1963 :: (MESH:D006627,Disease) :: ['Hirschsprung disease']


abstract: Several experimental models of cervical @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al., 2005, Gensel et al., 2006, Anderson et al., 2009), as the majority of @entity1 @entity1566 occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). @entity146 include @entity393 due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for @entity1 @entity1 with cervical @entity1566 is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical @entity1566 (Girgis et al., 2007, Gensel et al., 2006, Ballerman et al., 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al., 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement. The current measurement technique, the @entity1103 forelimb scale ( @entity1103 ), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The @entity1103 was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 @entity1566 , and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique. The @entity1103 , like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the @entity1103 scale could be used to assess recovery following other @entity130 that impact normal forelimb function.

title: A novel method for assessing proximal and distal forelimb function in the rat: the XXXX ( @entity1103 ) forelimb scale.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Behavioral deficits']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan', 'IBB']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of forelimb function']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['types of injury']

answer: @entity1103 :: (MESH:D008269,Disease) :: ['Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan']


abstract: Several experimental models of cervical @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al., 2005, Gensel et al., 2006, Anderson et al., 2009), as the majority of @entity1 @entity1566 occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). @entity146 include @entity393 due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for @entity1 @entity1 with cervical @entity1566 is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical @entity1566 (Girgis et al., 2007, Gensel et al., 2006, Ballerman et al., 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al., 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement. The current measurement technique, the @entity1103 forelimb scale ( @entity1103 ), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The @entity1103 was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 @entity1566 , and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique. The @entity1103 , like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the @entity1103 scale could be used to assess recovery following other @entity130 that impact normal forelimb function.

title: A novel method for assessing proximal and distal forelimb function in the rat: the @entity1103 ( XXXX ) forelimb scale.

answer: @entity1103 :: (MESH:D008269,Disease) :: ['IBB']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the immediate outcome of a large cohort of @entity1 who underwent percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate ( @entity4625 ) vertebroplasty for treatment of one or more @entity174 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included seven university-based and private hospitals in the United States. Of 488 consecutive @entity1 (mean age, 76 years) who underwent percutaneous @entity4625 vertebroplasty between 1996 and 1999, 245 were successfully interviewed retrospectively after vertebroplasty (median time, 7 months). Through telephone interview, @entity1 completed our self-developed questionnaire designed to measure @entity158 (10-point scale), ambulation (five-point scale), and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) (five-point scale) before and after vertebroplasty. Differences in reported @entity158 , ambulation, and ability to perform ADL before and after vertebroplasty were evaluated with paired t tests. Differences in proportions were compared with the McNemar test. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the consistency of differences in pre- and postprocedural @entity158 and functional status by @entity1 age, number of @entity174 , time from @entity174 to vertebroplasty, and time from vertebroplasty to questionnaire completion. RESULTS: On a 10-point scale, mean @entity158 decreased from 8.9 before vertebroplasty to 3.4 afterward (P <.001). Seventy-two percent of @entity1 had substantially impaired ambulation before vertebroplasty compared with 28% afterward (P <.001). Ability to perform ADL was also significantly improved following vertebroplasty (P <.001). Twelve @entity1 (4.9%) experienced symptomatic complications (none major or life threatening). CONCLUSION: Treatment of @entity174 with percutaneous @entity4625 vertebroplasty appears to be safe and results in substantial immediate @entity158 reduction and improved functional status. A randomized controlled trial appears warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of vertebroplasty.

title: Vertebral compression fractures: XXXX reduction and improvement in functional mobility after percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate vertebroplasty retrospective report of 245 cases.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'vertebral fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: @entity191 ( @entity191 ) is a progressive @entity179 that is characterized by @entity935 depletion in the striatum. One consistent pathophysiological hallmark of @entity191 is an increase in spontaneous oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia thalamocortical networks. We evaluated these effects using resting state functional connectivity MRI in mild to moderate stage @entity191 @entity1 on and off @entity3034 and age-matched controls using six different striatal seed regions. We observed an overall increase in the strength of cortico-striatal functional connectivity in @entity191 @entity1 off @entity3034 compared to controls. This enhanced connectivity was down-regulated by @entity3034 as shown by an overall decrease in connectivity strength, particularly within motor cortical regions. We also performed a frequency content analysis of the BOLD signal time course extracted from the six striatal seed regions. @entity191 off @entity3034 exhibited increased power in the frequency band 0.02-0.05   Hz compared to controls and to @entity191 on @entity3034 . The @entity3034 associated decrease in the power of this frequency range modulated the @entity3034 associated decrease in connectivity strength between striatal seeds and the thalamus. In addition, the @entity3034 associated decrease in power in this frequency band correlated with the @entity3034 associated improvement in cognitive performance. Our results demonstrate that @entity191 and @entity3034 modulate striatal resting state BOLD signal oscillations and cortico-striatal network coherence.

title: Altered resting state cortico-striatal connectivity in mild to moderate stage XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", "Parkinson's", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorder']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: An evolutionarily conserved feature of neural systems is that they can be modified by neuromodulators. These modulatory chemical signals include the biogenic @entity4478 , @entity11879 (OA), @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity935 (DA). Such modulation effectively broadens the operational range in which specific neural circuits can function adaptively. This report discusses how these @entity4478 are themselves modulated; for example, by the @entity134 hormone @entity11088 (20-E) or by the addition of a second biogenic @entity6115 . Such second-order neuromodulation, termed metamodulation, is discussed in the context of two well-studied invertebrate systems: the @entity4079 moth @entity4079 , a model of neurodevelopment and plasticity, and the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, a long-favored preparation used to study neural circuits at the level of identified neurons. A portion of this article reviews our previous research of @entity4079 that shows that the 'preadult' rise in 20-E is both necessary and sufficient for the increased levels of @entity11879 observed in the adult. Such elevated levels likely play an important role in the production and modulation of adult behaviors. The somatic growth of median octopaminergic neurons and the late expression of OA-immunoreactivity by novel lateral neurons are also demonstrated to be dependent on 20-E. New immunocytochemical results of stained dopaminergic neurons in the larval and adult moth brain are provided as well, and the potential influence of 20-E on the developmental expression of this neuromodulator is presented. Turning attention to the leech, data indicate that the actions of OA are dramatically altered when @entity750 is combined with OA in the bath surrounding the isolated nervous system. Although either OA or @entity750 alone induces fictive swimming behavior, a cocktail of these two @entity4478 strongly inhibits the generation of swimming. Subsequent removal of such a mixture induces nearly continuous swimming and constitutes the best swim-inducing stimulus encountered to date. To understand better how these nonadditive effects are achieved, new results are discussed that indicate that the leech brain is the target of metamodulation by the two @entity4478 . Both the arthropod and annelid systems presented here highlight the multiple levels of metamodulation that can exist in nervous systems, and the diverse ways that a modulator's actions can become altered over short or long time periods.

title: Metamodulation of the biogenic @entity4478 : second-order modulation by XXXX hormones and @entity6115 cocktails.

entities_list: @entity4079 :: ('7130', 'Species') :: ['Manduca sexta', 'M. sexta', 'tobacco hornworm']

entities_list: @entity11879 :: ('MESH:D009655', 'Chemical') :: ['octopamine']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity11088 :: ('MESH:D004441', 'Chemical') :: ['20-hydroxyecdysone']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: An evolutionarily conserved feature of neural systems is that they can be modified by neuromodulators. These modulatory chemical signals include the biogenic @entity4478 , @entity11879 (OA), @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity935 (DA). Such modulation effectively broadens the operational range in which specific neural circuits can function adaptively. This report discusses how these @entity4478 are themselves modulated; for example, by the @entity134 hormone @entity11088 (20-E) or by the addition of a second biogenic @entity6115 . Such second-order neuromodulation, termed metamodulation, is discussed in the context of two well-studied invertebrate systems: the @entity4079 moth @entity4079 , a model of neurodevelopment and plasticity, and the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, a long-favored preparation used to study neural circuits at the level of identified neurons. A portion of this article reviews our previous research of @entity4079 that shows that the 'preadult' rise in 20-E is both necessary and sufficient for the increased levels of @entity11879 observed in the adult. Such elevated levels likely play an important role in the production and modulation of adult behaviors. The somatic growth of median octopaminergic neurons and the late expression of OA-immunoreactivity by novel lateral neurons are also demonstrated to be dependent on 20-E. New immunocytochemical results of stained dopaminergic neurons in the larval and adult moth brain are provided as well, and the potential influence of 20-E on the developmental expression of this neuromodulator is presented. Turning attention to the leech, data indicate that the actions of OA are dramatically altered when @entity750 is combined with OA in the bath surrounding the isolated nervous system. Although either OA or @entity750 alone induces fictive swimming behavior, a cocktail of these two @entity4478 strongly inhibits the generation of swimming. Subsequent removal of such a mixture induces nearly continuous swimming and constitutes the best swim-inducing stimulus encountered to date. To understand better how these nonadditive effects are achieved, new results are discussed that indicate that the leech brain is the target of metamodulation by the two @entity4478 . Both the arthropod and annelid systems presented here highlight the multiple levels of metamodulation that can exist in nervous systems, and the diverse ways that a modulator's actions can become altered over short or long time periods.

title: Metamodulation of the biogenic XXXX : second-order modulation by @entity134 hormones and @entity6115 cocktails.

answer: @entity4478 :: (MESH:D000588,Chemical) :: ['amines']


abstract: An evolutionarily conserved feature of neural systems is that they can be modified by neuromodulators. These modulatory chemical signals include the biogenic @entity4478 , @entity11879 (OA), @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity935 (DA). Such modulation effectively broadens the operational range in which specific neural circuits can function adaptively. This report discusses how these @entity4478 are themselves modulated; for example, by the @entity134 hormone @entity11088 (20-E) or by the addition of a second biogenic @entity6115 . Such second-order neuromodulation, termed metamodulation, is discussed in the context of two well-studied invertebrate systems: the @entity4079 moth @entity4079 , a model of neurodevelopment and plasticity, and the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, a long-favored preparation used to study neural circuits at the level of identified neurons. A portion of this article reviews our previous research of @entity4079 that shows that the 'preadult' rise in 20-E is both necessary and sufficient for the increased levels of @entity11879 observed in the adult. Such elevated levels likely play an important role in the production and modulation of adult behaviors. The somatic growth of median octopaminergic neurons and the late expression of OA-immunoreactivity by novel lateral neurons are also demonstrated to be dependent on 20-E. New immunocytochemical results of stained dopaminergic neurons in the larval and adult moth brain are provided as well, and the potential influence of 20-E on the developmental expression of this neuromodulator is presented. Turning attention to the leech, data indicate that the actions of OA are dramatically altered when @entity750 is combined with OA in the bath surrounding the isolated nervous system. Although either OA or @entity750 alone induces fictive swimming behavior, a cocktail of these two @entity4478 strongly inhibits the generation of swimming. Subsequent removal of such a mixture induces nearly continuous swimming and constitutes the best swim-inducing stimulus encountered to date. To understand better how these nonadditive effects are achieved, new results are discussed that indicate that the leech brain is the target of metamodulation by the two @entity4478 . Both the arthropod and annelid systems presented here highlight the multiple levels of metamodulation that can exist in nervous systems, and the diverse ways that a modulator's actions can become altered over short or long time periods.

title: Metamodulation of the biogenic @entity4478 : second-order modulation by @entity134 hormones and XXXX cocktails.

answer: @entity6115 :: (CHEBI:32952,Chemical) :: ['amine']