abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink consumption among @entity1 , adolescents, and young adults. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Google using "energy drink," "sports drink," "guarana," " @entity5834 ," " @entity2226 ," " @entity71 ," " @entity6 ," " @entity1 ," "adolescents," @entity2690 " @entity1277 ," and "poison control center" to identify articles related to energy drinks. Manufacturer Web sites were reviewed for product information. RESULTS: According to self-report surveys, energy drinks are consumed by 30% to 50% of adolescents and young adults. Frequently containing high and unregulated amounts of @entity5834 , these drinks have been reported in association with serious adverse effects, especially in @entity1 , adolescents, and young adults with @entity410 , @entity6 , @entity299 , or mood and @entity146 or those who take certain medications. Of the 5448 US @entity5834 @entity1445 reported in 2007, 46% occurred in those younger than 19 years. Several countries and states have debated or restricted energy drink sales and advertising. CONCLUSIONS: Energy drinks have no therapeutic benefit, and many ingredients are understudied and not regulated. The known and unknown pharmacology of agents included in such drinks, combined with reports of @entity137 , raises concern for potentially serious adverse effects in association with energy drink use. In the short-term, pediatricians need to be aware of the possible effects of energy drinks in vulnerable populations and screen for consumption to educate families. Long-term research should aim to understand the effects in at-risk populations. @entity137 surveillance should be improved, and regulations of energy drink sales and consumption should be based on appropriate research.

title: Health effects of energy drinks on XXXX , adolescents, and young adults.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral disorders']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['eating disorders']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdoses']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The concentration of 12 component and four control proteins of the complement system was measured in serum from 43 @entity1 with a @entity1985 , which subsequently proved to be @entity134 -responsive, and from 13 @entity1 with @entity628 ( @entity628 ) and was compared with values from 197 normal subjects. Of classical pathway complement components, 40% of @entity1 had low @entity6300 levels and 20%, low C2 levels. Mean serum levels of @entity1660 , C4, @entity19459 , and @entity7676 were elevated. Of alternative pathway components, factors B and I were low in one third, while levels of C3 and H were commonly elevated. Of the terminal components, only C8 and C9 were low. In five @entity1 with @entity628 with @entity4988 without @entity4 , all component levels were normal. With the exception of @entity6300 , @entity1660 , and C8, high molecular weight (mol wt) components were in high concentration and low mol wt components in low concentration. The three exceptions may be explained by the subunit structure of C1 and C8. From a practical standpoint, the study indicates that @entity4 @entity1 with a @entity1985 may have low serum levels of @entity6300 and C2, simulating classical pathway complement activation such as commonly occurs in @entity631 . However, low levels of C4, and possibly @entity1660 , can be used as indicators of classical pathway activation since their levels are not reduced by a @entity1985 .

title: Effect of the XXXX on the concentration of serum complement components.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous', 'edema']

entities_list: @entity628 :: ('MESH:D005923', 'Disease') :: ['focal glomerulosclerosis', 'FGS']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity1985 :: (MESH:D009404,Disease) :: ['nephrotic syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive value of serial bone scans as a surveillance tool for bone @entity3 in @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 and managed with watchful observation. @entity1 AND METHODS: A prospective single-arm study was conducted to assess the feasibility of a watchful observation protocol with selective delayed intervention for @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 , i.e. T1b-T2bN0M0, a Gleason score of <or= 7 and a @entity1486 (PSA) level of <or= 15 ng/mL. @entity1 were managed expectantly as long as they did not meet the empirically predefined criteria of clinical, histological or PSA progression. Bone scintigraphy was repeated every year for the first 2 years, then every 2 years thereafter if the @entity1 remained on watchful observation. When the follow-up PSA level was > 15 ng/mL the @entity1 underwent bone scintigraphy every year. RESULTS: In all, 244 eligible @entity1 were enrolled into the study. With a median follow-up of 30 months, 449 bone scans were taken (150 at baseline and 299 in follow-up evaluations); all 299 follow-up scans were negative for bone @entity3 . Hence, the true rate of positive follow-up bone scans was estimated to be 0-1.0% (95% confidence). In all, 171 @entity1 had at least one follow-up bone scan; of these, the number (%) of @entity1 who had 1, 2, 3, 4 and >or= 5 follow-up scans was 89 (52), 53 (31), 17 (10), eight (4.7) and four (2.3), respectively. The PSA levels (ng/mL) corresponding to all follow-up bone scans were: 214 scans at PSA < 10, 61 at 10-14.9, 18 at 15-19.9 and six at >or= 20 (range 20.2-24.9). The probability of a negative bone scan was estimated to be 88-100% (95% confidence interval) when a PSA threshold of 15 ng/mL was used. CONCLUSION: The probability of positive findings in serial bone scans in untreated, localized, low to intermediate @entity263 was low when the follow-up PSA level remained < 15 ng/mL. Avoiding bone scans in this group of @entity1 would translate into a significant cost saving and reduction in their psychological and physical burden. As for those with a follow-up PSA of> 15 ng/mL, the role of serial bone scintigraphy remains undefined, as a longer follow-up and a larger sample are needed.

title: Are serial bone scans useful for the follow-up of clinically localized, low to intermediate XXXX managed with watchful observation alone?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'grade prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['grade prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of the five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) to diagnose the vascular aetiology and severity of @entity323 ( @entity323 ), and to compare it with pharmacological testing and duplex Doppler ultrasonography, as such questionnaires are widely used by the pharmaceutical industry to categorize the severity of @entity323 and to assess the efficacy of drug therapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: In all, 80 @entity1 (mean age 45.2 years, sd 14.0; mean duration of @entity323 3.5 years) were reviewed by an examiner unaware of their IIEF scores during testing. Penile blood flow was assessed in each @entity1 after an intracavernosal injection with @entity5015 (10 micro g), with self-stimulation in privacy. The peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and resistive index were measured for the vascular diagnosis. Visual ratings of erectile responses were also used for analysis. RESULTS: Of the 80 @entity1 , 30 had a normal vascular response, 38 @entity9085 and 12 were diagnosed with @entity1211 . There was no significant difference in the IIEF scores among @entity1 with a normal vascular response, @entity4096 . Analysis of visual ratings of erections showed no difference in IIEF scores among the different groups of @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The IIEF was designed and developed specifically for assessing and evaluating sexual function in clinical trials. However, as shown here, the IIEF cannot and should not be used as a tool to diagnose or compare specific vascular causes of @entity323 .

title: A comparison of the International Index of Erectile Function and XXXX studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity9085 :: ('MESH:D014715', 'Disease') :: ['arterial insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity5015 :: ('MESH:D000527', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin-E1']

entities_list: @entity4096 :: ('MESH:D014689', 'Disease') :: ['arterial insufficiency or venous leakage']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous leakage']

answer: @entity323 :: (MESH:D007172,Disease) :: ['erectile dysfunction']


abstract: The healing process of @entity121 and the effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication were studied using an experimental animal model. A standardized strain of the tibialis anterior muscle in adult male @entity35 was produced by a controlled stretch of the muscle. Groups I and II underwent a unilateral strain of the tibialis anterior muscle and were immobilized in the postinjury period. The @entity35 in Group II were fed @entity5230 in the postinjury period. Group III underwent a sham procedure and were also immobilized. At 0, 2, 4, and 11 days postinjury both injured and contralateral control muscles were evaluated by determining tensile strength characteristics and histologic appearance. Group I showed a significant drop in maximum failure load to 25.7% of the control leg at Day 2 with a gradual return to the level of Group III at Days 4 and 11 (40.9% and 50.1%). Group II showed a similar drop but was still stronger than Group I at 2 days with 40.8% of the control leg and continued to drop until 4 days postinjury (33.7%). Histology showed a delay in inflammatory reaction and muscle regeneration in Group II. At 11 days both Groups I and II showed regenerated muscle fibers bridging the entire defect and an increase in endomyseal @entity82 . It is concluded that @entity121 continue to weaken in the early postinjury period. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory medication, such as @entity5230 , might delay muscle regeneration.

title: Healing of experimental XXXX and the effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5230 :: ('MESH:D010894', 'Chemical') :: ['piroxicam']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle strains']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['muscle strains']


abstract: The traditional approach to the surgical correction of lower extremity @entity63 resulting from combined aortoiliac and femoropopliteal disease has consisted of aortofemoral bypass as the initial step. This operation is of considerable magnitude, mandates the use of prosthetic material, and may not adequately relieve @entity63 . Extraperitoneal iliac endarterectomy is an operation of lesser magnitude and does not require the use of prosthetic material. When applied to selected @entity1 with multilevel disease, it can be conveniently and expeditiously combined with distal bypass and deep femoral repair, femorofemoral bypass, or both for the simultaneous and complete correction of multilevel disease. In the past 10 years, 65 @entity1 underwent simultaneous extraperitoneal iliac endarterectomy in combination with an outflow procedure for the correction of multilevel lower extremity @entity432 . Using a two-team approach, operative time averaged 3 hours. Operative mortality was 5 percent. The procedure was combined with femoral endarterectomy in 60 @entity1 , with femoropopliteal-to-tibial bypass in 30 @entity1 , and with femorofemoral bypass in 10 @entity1 . The life table patency for iliac endarterectomy was 100 percent at 6 years, whereas patency for the associated outflow procedures was 87 percent at 6 years. These results indicate that extraperitoneal iliac endarterectomy is uniquely suited for combination with distal procedures to permit the simultaneous repair of combined aortoiliac and femoropopliteal disease in a single operation of reasonable magnitude.

title: Extraperitoneal iliac endarterectomy in the treatment of multilevel lower extremity XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['distal ischemia', 'ischemia']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['arterial occlusive disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We intended to calculate approximate fetal doses in pregnant @entity1 who underwent diagnostic radiology procedures and to evaluate the safety of their pregnancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We contacted hospitals in different cities in @entity233 where requests for fetal dose calculation are usually sent. Fetal radiation exposure was calculated for 304 cases in 218 pregnant @entity1 with gestational ages ranging from 5 days to 19 weeks, 2 days. FetDose software (ver. 4.0) was used in fetal dose calculations for radiographic and computed tomography (CT) procedures. The body was divided into three zones according to distance from the fetus. The first zone consisted of the head area, the lower extremities below the knee, and the upper extremities; the second consisted of the cervicothoracic region and upper thighs; and the third consisted of the abdominopelvic area. Fetal doses from radiologic procedures between zones were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and a Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: The average fetal doses from radiography and CT in the first zone were 0.05    0.01 mGy and 0.81    0.04 mGy, respectively; 0.21    0.05 mGy and 1.77    0.22 mGy, respectively, in the second zone; and 6.42    0.82 mGy and 22.94    1.28 mGy, respectively, in the third zone (p < 0.001). Our results showed that fetal radiation exposures in our group of pregnant @entity1 did not reach the level (50 mGy) that is known to increase risk for @entity154 . CONCLUSION: Fetal radiation exposure in the diagnostic radiology procedures in our study did not reach risk levels that might have indicated abortion.

title: Determining and Managing Fetal Radiation Dose from Diagnostic Radiology Procedures in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Objective. To evaluate the recurrence rate of bulbar urethral strictures managed with cold knife direct vision internal urethrotomy and high dose @entity228 injection. Methods. 28 @entity1 with bulbar urethral strictures underwent direct vision internal urethrotomy with high dose @entity2713 injection into the periurethral tissue and were followed up for recurrence. Results. Our cohort had a mean age of 60 years and average stricture length of 1.85   cm, and 71% underwent multiple previous urethral stricture procedures with an average of 5.7 procedures each. Our technique modification of high dose @entity228 injection had a recurrence rate of 29% at a mean follow-up of 20 months with a low rate of @entity293 . In @entity1 who failed treatment, mean time to stricture recurrence was 7 months. @entity1 who were successfully treated had significantly better International Prostate Symptom Scores at 6, 9, and 12 months. There was no significant difference in maximum flow velocity on Uroflowmetry at last follow-up but there was significant difference in length of follow-up (p = 0.02). Conclusions. High dose @entity228 injection at the time of direct vision internal urethrotomy is a safe and effective procedure to delay anatomical and symptomatic recurrence of bulbar urethral strictures, particularly in those who are poor candidates for urethroplasty.

title: Outcomes of Direct Vision Internal Urethrotomy for Bulbar Urethral Strictures: Technique Modification with High Dose XXXX Injection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

entities_list: @entity2713 :: ('MESH:D014221', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone']

answer: @entity2713 :: (MESH:D014221,Chemical) :: ['Triamcinolone']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background. Health workers are more prone to Ebola @entity1800 (EVD) than the general population. This study assessed the preparedness of health workers in the control and management of EVD. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study. Consenting 400 health workers completed a semistructured questionnaire that assessed @entity1 ' general knowledge, emergency preparedness, and control and management of EVD. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results. The mean age (SD) was 34.5    8.62 years ranging from 20 to 59 years. Most @entity1 were medical doctors (24.6%) and nurses (52.2%). The majority had practised <10 years (73.8%) and were aware of the EVD outbreak in the West African subregion (85.5%). Colleagues (40%) and radio (37.2%) were their major sources of information. Only 42% had good knowledge while 27% knew that there was no vaccine presently to prevent EVD. About one-quarter (24.2%) had low risk perception. The majority (89%) felt the @entity580 control policy was inadequate to protect against EVD. The only predictor of good knowledge was @entity1 ' occupation. Conclusion. There is knowledge gap and poor infection control preparedness among respondents. Thus, knowledge and practices of health workers towards EVD need improvement.

title: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Health Workers in a Tertiary Hospital in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, towards Ebola XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral disease']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['hospital infection']

answer: @entity1800 :: (MESH:D014777,Disease) :: ['Viral Disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine recovery time needed for the corneal epithelium to return to a normal proliferation rate following 24-hour rigid gas-permeable (RGP) lens wear. METHODS: An RGP lens (Dk/t = 10) was fitted at 9:00 am on one randomly chosen eye of each @entity95 (N = 16) and removed 24 hours later while the other eye served as a control. Following contact lens removal, the @entity95 were injected at four different time intervals (1,2, 4, and 7 days) with @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) at 9:00 am to label dividing corneal epithelial cells. All animals were sacrificed 24 hours after @entity1603 injection, and corneas were stained for @entity1603 . A series of continuously adjacent digital images of the whole-mount epithelium was collected from superior limbus to central @entity267 , and all @entity1603 -labeled epithelial cell pairs on each digitized image were counted. RESULTS: On day 1 following lens removal, the number of @entity1603 -labeled corneal epithelium cells was reduced by 50% centrally (C) and 36% peripherally (P) (P < 0.001) compared with control eyes. At day 2, there was no statistically significant difference between control and experimental corneas (P = 0.675). At day 4, a marked significant increase in @entity1603 -labeled cells was noted, averaging 83% (C) and 96% (P) (P < 0.001). At day 7, @entity1603 -labeling returned to control values, although it was still slightly elevated (14% [C] and 5% [P], P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: The corneal epithelium in the @entity95 required at least 1 full week to recover to its stable baseline proliferation rate following only 24 hours of RGP lens wear. Interestingly, hyperproliferation was noted within the limbal, peripheral, and mid-peripheral corneal epithelium 4 days after lens removal.

title: Recovery time of corneal epithelial proliferation in the XXXX following rigid gas-permeable extended contact-lens wear.

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', '5-bromo-deoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined treatment with 2% topical @entity205 (CsA) and topical corticosteroid compared to treatment with topical corticosteroids only after pediatric keratoplasty. METHODS: Twenty-two grafts in 16 pediatric @entity1 were evaluated retrospectively. The eyes were divided into a CsA group (9 eyes) and a control group (13 eyes) based on the postoperative treatment regimen. Information reviewed included @entity1 age and sex, clinical diagnosis; preoperative and @entity2790 and lens status; previous, concurrent, and subsequent surgical procedures; @entity260 ; number of graft rejections, timing of suture removal, and length of follow-up. The clinical outcome of penetrating keratoplasty (PK) was evaluated by the rate of rejection-free graft survival and graft survival evaluation by the Kaplan-Meier log-rank test. RESULTS: The rejection-free graft survival rate was 88.9% in the CsA group and 38.5% in the control group. This difference in rejection-free graft survival rate between the groups was statistically significant (P =.0465). The graft survival rate was 88.9% in the CsA group and 46.2% in the control group. The difference in the graft survival rate was not statistically significant between the groups (P =.6). No clinical signs of @entity262 or local @entity137 were seen with the topical CsA treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Two percent topical CsA is safe and effective in reducing the risk of allograft rejection in pediatric recipients.

title: Topical XXXX in pediatric keratoplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['operative and postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative intraocular pressure']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: In @entity2914 ( @entity2914 ), several clinical diagnostic pitfalls are possible and should be known to those caring for @entity1 and @entity1 with this disorder. The records of the 18 @entity1 at Hotel Dieu de France Hospital with a history of CDH between 1990 and 1999 were collected; those of the ten who had a @entity2914 were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age at diagnosis was 6 months; the male-to-female ratio was 2:3. The delay between the first symptom and the diagnosis ranged between 0 and 10.5 months (mean 4.5 months). An acute presentation was observed in four cases, consisting of respiratory distress in three; the 4th presented with @entity11034 and @entity1321 . The presenting symptoms were mild in four cases; recurrent @entity1729 in three and @entity177 to thrive in one. The diagnosis was incidental in two cases during the evaluation of respiratory symptoms attributed to an @entity118 . The radiologic findings provided by a chest radiograph (CxR) were sufficient to make an accurate diagnosis in eight cases and peritoneography was useful in one. In six cases, the presenting CxR had been misinterpreted as normal or @entity55 . Pathologic findings at surgery consisted of lateral and posterior right diaphragmatic defects in nine cases; the defect was lateral and anterior in one. A hernia sac was found in seven cases; @entity1518 was present in three. Surgical correction was done by an abdominal approach in nine cases and a thoracic approach in one. The diaphragmatic defect was repaired by transverse closure in six cases, diaphragm plication in three and prosthetic closure in one. The postoperative outcome was uneventful in eight cases. Two @entity1 died. Thus, @entity2914 seems to cause less severe symptoms than left-sided LCDH. It usually manifests beyond the neonatal period as respiratory or @entity344 . The diagnosis should be made easily by a CxR. The presence of a hernia sac correlated with a mild presentation. An abdominal surgical approach is preferred.

title: Right XXXX a well-known pathology?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['acute lobar pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity11034 :: ('MESH:D013277', 'Disease') :: ['gastric volvulus']

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['RCDH', 'right congenital diaphragmatic hernia']

entities_list: @entity1518 :: ('MESH:C562835', 'Disease') :: ['malrotation']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect']

answer: @entity2914 :: (MESH:D065630,Disease) :: ['congenital diaphragmatic hernia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) imposes a significant burden on the social and marital life. Here, we assessed the divorce rate and changes in marital status among a sample of Iranian individuals with @entity1566 . METHODS: Referred @entity1 to Brain and @entity1566 Research Center were invited to participate in this cross-sectional investigation. The Main exclusion criteria were @entity1545 , history of @entity102 before @entity1566 and substance use. Demographic characteristics (including age, gender, educational level, marital status before and after injury and duration of marriage) and Injury characteristics (level of the injury, American @entity3510 association (ASIA) scale and Spinal cord independence measure III (SCIM)) were collected. RESULTS: Total of 241 subjects with @entity1566 participated in this investigation (164 (68%) male and 77 (32%) female). Among @entity1 , 16.5% [95% CI: 10.81%-22.18%] and among @entity1 18.2% [95% CI: 9.58%-26.81%] got divorced after injury. Duration of marriage before injury was significantly related to lower divorce rate (P< 0.001 and 0.016 in @entity1 and @entity1 , respectively). Injury characteristics had no relationship with marital longevity. Age was a protective factor against marital dissolution only in @entity1 (P< 0.004). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed the divorce rate of 17% [95% CI: 13%-20.9%] after @entity1566 in a sample of Iranian population. The protective influence of age in maintenance of marriage was only detected in @entity1 , which proposes existence of a sexual polymorphism in the role of age. Divorce rate was similar between two genders and injury characteristics were not related to divorce rate as well.

title: The Effect of Injury-Related Characteristics on Changes in Marital Status after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['coincidental brain injury']

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['spinal injury']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal Cord Injury', 'Spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['Spinal Cord Injury']


abstract: In 18 @entity35 , the left sciatic nerve was divided at the mid-femur level. Seven to 9 days later, microfilament recordings were made from the ipsilateral L-5 ventral root. Spontaneous activity in the ventral root, ranging from 0.1 to 6.1 Hz, was recorded in 12 of the 18 animals. Conduction velocity determinations showed this activity to be in @entity5543 and A-delta fibers. Recordings in 10 normal L-5 ventral roots from five control @entity35 showed no spontaneous activity. In the @entity35 with sciatic nerve division, the ongoing discharge appeared to originate in the cut end of the nerve since mechanical stimulation of the @entity2950 produced synchronous ventral root activity. Furthermore, cooling of the @entity2950 inhibited the spontaneous discharge, whereas with rewarming it returned. Spontaneous ventral root activity was also increased by systemic application of @entity1425 . This activity was qualitatively similar to spontaneous activity that has been recorded in dorsal root microfilaments after @entity1897 . The observation of an ongoing discharge in potentially nociceptive ventral root axons subsequent to @entity128 may be relevant to the mechanism of @entity1118 of peripheral origin.

title: Spontaneous activity of ventral root axons following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral nerve injury']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The increase in international travelling from temperate zones to tropical countries and increasing drug resistance of @entity3964 has resulted in a growing number of travellers that are at risk for contracting @entity311 . The objective of this study was to obtain insight into dispensing patterns of @entity311 and to determine whether health care providers have followed changes in guidelines. METHODS: Data on prescriptions of @entity24517 and @entity8775 were obtained from the Dutch 'Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics' (SFK) covering the period 1 January 1993 up to 31 December 1998. From Statistics Netherlands (SN), we obtained the number of travellers to endemic areas during the years 1994-1998. RESULTS: There were 420,963 prescriptions for @entity8775 and 464,904 for @entity24517 dispensed during the study period. The total number of prescriptions for @entity311 increased during the period 1993-1997 from 98,325 (of which 14,427 (14.7%) for @entity8775 and 83,898 (85.3%) for @entity24517 ) to 168,452 (of which 90,232 (53.6%) for @entity8775 and 78,220 (46.4%) for @entity24517 ). The number of prescriptions per 1000 travellers decreased over the years for @entity24517 from 169 to 118 but remained stable for @entity8775 at 126. The average duration for which @entity8775 was prescribed remained stable, whereas the average duration for which @entity24517 was prescribed decreased over time. We observed differences in the prescription rate of prescriptions for @entity8775 between geographical regions in the Netherlands. CONCLUSION: Changes in the guidelines of @entity311 prophylaxis with respect to type and duration were generally followed by health care providers. Nevertheless there are variations between the regions in the proportion of prescribed courses of @entity8775 .

title: Utilisation of XXXX prophylaxis: the effect of changes in guidelines in The Netherlands, 1993-1998.

entities_list: @entity24517 :: ('MESH:D002727', 'Chemical') :: ['proguanil']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['malaria', 'malaria chemoprophylaxis']

entities_list: @entity8775 :: ('MESH:D015767', 'Chemical') :: ['mefloquine']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: The findings in 28 @entity1 with @entity2 are reviewed. Mediastinoscopy and systemic staging were performed to exclude the possibilities that one @entity358 was metastatic from the other or that both represented systemic @entity3 from another @entity5 . Nineteen @entity1 underwent resection of both @entity5 . Median survival was 25 months for four @entity1 with @entity5 (no nodal involvement; different cell types, bronchoscopically separate endobronchial lesions or arising from separate foci of @entity2735 ) and was 27 months for seven @entity1 with possible synchronous @entity5 (no nodal involvement; similar cell types; located in separate lobes). Median survival was 11 months for 16 @entity1 having @entity5 accompanied by a second @entity2 . In the absence of hilar or mediastinal nodal involvement and systemic @entity3 , @entity5 should be considered separate primaries when located in different lobes, even if they have similar histologic features. Prognosis of @entity5 is related to the presence or absence of nodal @entity3 . Pneumonectomy is the operation of choice for synchronous @entity5 . With @entity5 , sequential resection starting with the most @entity1442 is appropriate. Preservation of lung tissue without compromising the @entity5 operation is critical.

title: Diagnosis and management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2735 :: ('MESH:D002278', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma in situ']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous tumors', 'synchronous cancers', 'tumor', 'bilateral tumors', 'Stage II or III lung cancer', 'unilateral tumors', 'cancer', 'definite Stage I synchronous cancers', 'tumors', 'Stage I cancers']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous lung cancers', 'synchronous lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced lesion']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary lesion']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['synchronous lung cancers']


abstract: A case of primary @entity1466 in the pineal region is reported. A six-year-old @entity1 showing precocious puberty, suddenly developed @entity772 by massive @entity548 . He recovered gradually up to @entity2845 mutism, but whose clinical, hormonal and neuroradiological studies failed to demonstrate any pathological lesions. Four years later a small @entity5 was detected by CT in the pineal region. At the same time increased serum- @entity6740 level was shown. @entity5 was carried out by Stein's supracerebellar infratentorial approach. The pathology of the @entity5 showed the characteristics of @entity1466 , consisting of major @entity39 area and of @entity5 cells, syncytiotrophoblast and cellular trophoblast. The former revealed strong activity of @entity6740 by immunoperoxidase study. Postoperative chemotherapy with @entity4316 and @entity1499 was given for a month. In the course of these treatments, serum- @entity6740 recovered within normal range. This @entity1 shows no signs and symptoms of the recurrence 6 months after operation. Early diagnosis with aids of neuroradiology as well as hormonal studies and the early initiation of the treatment may prevent major complications like massive @entity5 , also might achieve the favorable outcome of this @entity5 .

title: [Pineal @entity1466 presenting massive XXXX --a case report].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity1466 :: ('MESH:D002822', 'Disease') :: ['choriocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumoral bleeding', 'Subtotal removal of the tumor']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin-D']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['ventricular hemorrhage']


abstract: A case of primary @entity1466 in the pineal region is reported. A six-year-old @entity1 showing precocious puberty, suddenly developed @entity772 by massive @entity548 . He recovered gradually up to @entity2845 mutism, but whose clinical, hormonal and neuroradiological studies failed to demonstrate any pathological lesions. Four years later a small @entity5 was detected by CT in the pineal region. At the same time increased serum- @entity6740 level was shown. @entity5 was carried out by Stein's supracerebellar infratentorial approach. The pathology of the @entity5 showed the characteristics of @entity1466 , consisting of major @entity39 area and of @entity5 cells, syncytiotrophoblast and cellular trophoblast. The former revealed strong activity of @entity6740 by immunoperoxidase study. Postoperative chemotherapy with @entity4316 and @entity1499 was given for a month. In the course of these treatments, serum- @entity6740 recovered within normal range. This @entity1 shows no signs and symptoms of the recurrence 6 months after operation. Early diagnosis with aids of neuroradiology as well as hormonal studies and the early initiation of the treatment may prevent major complications like massive @entity5 , also might achieve the favorable outcome of this @entity5 .

title: [Pineal XXXX presenting massive @entity548 --a case report].

answer: @entity1466 :: (MESH:D002822,Disease) :: ['choriocarcinoma']


abstract: The influence of 35 preoperative and intraoperative characteristics on operative mortality risk after 1,479 isolated aortic valve replacement procedures (1967 to 1981) was investigated utilizing univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Mean age at operation was 58 +/- 13 years; 72% of @entity1 were @entity1 . Physiology was classified as @entity472 (58%), regurgitation (30%), or both (9%). The overall operative mortality rate was 7% +/- 1%, but there were substantial differences in operative mortality rates among physiological subgroups ( @entity337 , 10% +/- 2%; @entity472 , 6% +/- 1%; @entity850 /regurgitation, 5% +/- 2%). Independent determinants of operative mortality rate in the entire group were advanced New York Heart Association functional class, @entity8 , physiological subgroup, @entity955 , and older age. In the @entity337 subgroup, functional class, @entity955 , and operative year were independent predictors. In the @entity472 subgroup, the significant determinants were functional class, @entity8 , age, prosthetic @entity340 , and @entity951 . Concomitant coronary bypass grafting, previous operation, @entity884 , and ascending aortic replacement had no independent predictive effect on operative mortality rate. Thus, the early results of aortic valve replacement can be related to several specific variables describing the functional and physiological status of the @entity1 . Operative mortality rate is not independently related to previous operation or concomitant operative procedures. Specific differences in risk factors exist among the various physiological subgroups, probably reflecting the pathophysiology of the different hemodynamic lesions. This information should provide for a more rational approach to aortic valve replacement, at least in terms of early risk/benefit deliberations.

title: Determinants of operative mortality for XXXX undergoing aortic valve replacement. Discriminant analysis of 1,479 operations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['absence of angina']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Hereford x Angus crossbred steers (n = 36) were stunned, exsanguinated, and infused via the carotid artery either with an aqueous solution containing 98.52% water, 0.97% @entity1735 , 0.23% @entity2827 , and 0.28% @entity6546 (MPSC; n = 12) or with 0.3 M @entity3282 (n = 12). The remaining 12 steers served as noninfused controls. At 48 h postmortem, the quadriceps muscles and subcutaneous fat were removed from the carcasses, frozen, and later made into ground beef (18 to 20% fat). The longissimus lumborum (LL), semimembranosus, and psoas major (PM) also were removed, vacuum packaged, aged until 14 d postmortem, and then one steak was sliced from each muscle for visual and instrumental color evaluations. The inside (ISM) and outside (OSM) portions of the SM were evaluated separately. The LL and OSM steaks from MPSC-infused carcasses had a lighter red (P < 0.05) initial appearance than steaks from the other treatments. The LL steaks from noninfused carcasses had the most (P < 0.05) uniform color; the MPSC treatment was intermediate, and the @entity3282 treatment was the most two-toned. Steaks from both infusion treatments had higher (P < 0.05) L* values for the LL, ISM, and OSM muscles compared with noninfused carcasses. In general, the LL from @entity3282 -infused carcasses had lower (P < 0.05) a* values, saturation indices, and 630 nm to 580 nm reflectance values, and had larger (P < 0.05) hue angles. Infusion with MPSC increased (P < 0.05) hue angles in the LL and OSM. Display color stability was lowest (P < 0.05) for LL steaks from @entity3282 -infused carcasses, whereas steaks from MPSC-infused carcasses were lighter red in initial color, but otherwise had display color stability similar to those from noninfused carcasses. No differences (P > 0.05) due to infusion were found for any color traits for the PM muscle and ground beef. Carotid artery vascular infusion of carcasses with @entity3282 resulted in undesirable meat colors, whereas the MPSC solution lightened loin and inside round color in a desirable way, but the color stability was slightly less compared to muscle from noninfused carcasses. Infusion effects were not consistent among muscles, and further research will be needed to determine what caused these differences.

title: Effects of postexsanguination vascular infusion of carcasses with calcium chloride or a solution of saccharides, XXXX , and @entity6546 on beef display-color stability.

entities_list: @entity6546 :: ('MESH:D010710', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphates']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['saccharides']

answer: @entity2827 :: (MESH:D012965,Chemical) :: ['sodium chloride']


abstract: Hereford x Angus crossbred steers (n = 36) were stunned, exsanguinated, and infused via the carotid artery either with an aqueous solution containing 98.52% water, 0.97% @entity1735 , 0.23% @entity2827 , and 0.28% @entity6546 (MPSC; n = 12) or with 0.3 M @entity3282 (n = 12). The remaining 12 steers served as noninfused controls. At 48 h postmortem, the quadriceps muscles and subcutaneous fat were removed from the carcasses, frozen, and later made into ground beef (18 to 20% fat). The longissimus lumborum (LL), semimembranosus, and psoas major (PM) also were removed, vacuum packaged, aged until 14 d postmortem, and then one steak was sliced from each muscle for visual and instrumental color evaluations. The inside (ISM) and outside (OSM) portions of the SM were evaluated separately. The LL and OSM steaks from MPSC-infused carcasses had a lighter red (P < 0.05) initial appearance than steaks from the other treatments. The LL steaks from noninfused carcasses had the most (P < 0.05) uniform color; the MPSC treatment was intermediate, and the @entity3282 treatment was the most two-toned. Steaks from both infusion treatments had higher (P < 0.05) L* values for the LL, ISM, and OSM muscles compared with noninfused carcasses. In general, the LL from @entity3282 -infused carcasses had lower (P < 0.05) a* values, saturation indices, and 630 nm to 580 nm reflectance values, and had larger (P < 0.05) hue angles. Infusion with MPSC increased (P < 0.05) hue angles in the LL and OSM. Display color stability was lowest (P < 0.05) for LL steaks from @entity3282 -infused carcasses, whereas steaks from MPSC-infused carcasses were lighter red in initial color, but otherwise had display color stability similar to those from noninfused carcasses. No differences (P > 0.05) due to infusion were found for any color traits for the PM muscle and ground beef. Carotid artery vascular infusion of carcasses with @entity3282 resulted in undesirable meat colors, whereas the MPSC solution lightened loin and inside round color in a desirable way, but the color stability was slightly less compared to muscle from noninfused carcasses. Infusion effects were not consistent among muscles, and further research will be needed to determine what caused these differences.

title: Effects of postexsanguination vascular infusion of carcasses with calcium chloride or a solution of saccharides, @entity2827 , and XXXX on beef display-color stability.

answer: @entity6546 :: (MESH:D010710,Chemical) :: ['phosphates']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate psychopathology and self-esteem in @entity102 . METHODS: 60 @entity1 and their parents were selected to participate in an open study. 30 @entity1 had @entity302 and the other 30 had @entity2395 . Both the groups consisted of @entity1 randomly selected from the @entity302 Centre respectively, of a teaching general hospital. The @entity1 and their parents were interviewed and also rated on Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Schedule (CPMS) and Rosenberg's self esteem scale. The data was analysed using Pearson's chi square test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The @entity1 were seen to have high psychopathology on CPMS (average score: @entity2395 group = 28.56, @entity302 group = 26.06). @entity308 was the subscale with the maximum elevation in both groups. @entity146 were high in @entity302 . In addition, sadness and disinterest in life were common symptoms in @entity2395 while irritability and @entity4697 were high in @entity302 . @entity1 with @entity302 perceived a change in lifestyle after diagnosis. Self-esteem was moderately affected in both groups and this affected compliance with treatment in @entity2395 . CONCLUSION: @entity102 affects @entity458 and self esteem in @entity1 . Hence, in addition to the physical aspects it is necessary also, to focus on the @entity458 of the @entity1 in order to ensure compliance and thus treat the @entity1 comprehensively.

title: Psychopathology and self-esteem in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Behavior problems']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological health']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic illness', 'chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epilepsy Clinic and Thalassemia', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['thalassemia']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic illness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early Intervention in Psychosis Services (EIS) for young @entity1 in England experiencing first-episode @entity716 (FEP) were commissioned in 2002, based on an expected incidence of 15 cases per 100 000 @entity1 -years, as reported by @entity161 epidemiology in highly urban settings. Unconfirmed reports from EIS thereafter have suggested higher than anticipated rates. The aim of this study was to compare the observed with the expected incidence and delineate the clinical epidemiology of FEP using epidemiologically complete data from the CAMEO EIS, over a 6-year period in Cambridgeshire, for a mixed @entity22550 . METHOD: A population-based study of FEP (ICD-10, F10-39) in @entity1 aged 17-35 years referred between 2002 and 2007; the denominator was estimated from mid-year census statistics. Sociodemographic variation was explored by Poisson regression. Crude and directly standardized rates (for age, sex and ethnicity) were compared with pre-EIS rates from two major epidemiological FEP studies conducted in urban English settings. RESULTS: A total of 285 cases met FEP diagnoses in CAMEO, yielding a crude incidence of 50 per 100 000 @entity1 -years [95% confidence interval (CI) 44.5-56.2]. Age- and sex-adjusted rates were raised for @entity1 from black ethnic groups compared with the white British [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.8]. Rates in our EIS were comparable with pre-EIS rates observed in more urban areas after age, sex and ethnicity standardization. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the incidence observed in EIS is far higher than originally anticipated and is comparable to rates observed in more urban settings prior to the advent of EIS. Sociodemographic variation due to ethnicity and other factors extend beyond urban populations. Our results have implications for @entity716 aetiology and service planning.

title: Administrative incidence of XXXX assessed in an early intervention service in England: first epidemiological evidence from a diverse, rural and urban setting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['person', 'people']

entities_list: @entity22550 :: ('MESH:C538276', 'Disease') :: ['rural-urban population']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: There is increasing evidence to support the use of intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) in the management of local anaesthetic systemic @entity137 (LAST) and non-local anaesthetic lipophilic-drug @entity4968 . This trend is supported by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland's latest guidelines on LAST treatment. Similar national guidelines have yet to be introduced in Denmark. The aim of the present study was to study the adoption of lipid rescue therapy in Denmark. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All Danish hospitals with an attending anaesthesiologist (no. 38) were contacted by phone. A total of 34 attending anaesthesiologists ( @entity4556 ) participated in the systematic telephone survey. RESULTS: A total of 22 (65%) of the AAs were aware of use of ILE in the management of LAST. One (3%) had knowledge of ILE treatment for non-local anaesthetic-drug @entity4968 . Eight (24%) had access to local guidelines on lipid rescue therapy. The same eight AAs also knew where to find ILE. None of the hospitals lacking guidelines had taken an active stand against the treatment. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with toxic reactions who could potentially benefit from ILE will not be offered lipid rescue therapy in 26 of 34 hospitals (76%)--either because the AA is not aware of this treatment modality, or due to absence of either guidelines or ILE. To improve the availability of lipid rescue therapy, more hospitals need to develop emergency packs containing ILE and guidelines. Introduction of national guidelines on lipid rescue therapy would probably accelerate this process.

title: Limited knowledge of lipid rescue therapy in local anaesthetic systemic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the potential for using mHealth in @entity65 ( @entity65 ) management in Kerala by exploring: (1) experiences and challenges of current @entity65 management; (2) current mobile phone use; (3) expectations of and barriers to mobile phone use in @entity65 management. DESIGN: Qualitative, semistructured, individual interviews. SETTING: 5 primary health centres in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. @entity1 : 15 @entity1 in total from 3 stakeholder groups: 5 @entity1 with @entity65 and/or its risk factors, 5 physicians treating @entity65 and 5 Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs). @entity1 were sampled for maximum variation on the basis of age, sex, @entity65 diagnoses and risk factors. All @entity1 had access to a mobile phone. RESULTS: The main themes identified relating to the current challenges of @entity65 were poor @entity1 disease knowledge, difficulties in implementing primary prevention and poor @entity1 lifestyles. @entity1 noted phone calls as the main function of current mobile phone use. The expectations of mHealth use are to: improve accessibility to healthcare knowledge; provide reminders of appointments, medication and lifestyle changes; save time, money and travel; and improve ASHA job efficacy. All perceived barriers to mHealth were noted within physician interviews. These included fears of mobile phones negatively affecting physicians' roles, the usability of mobile phones, radiation and the need for physical consultations. CONCLUSIONS: There are three main potential uses of mHealth in this population: (1) as an educational tool, to improve health education and lifestyle behaviours; (2) to optimise the use of limited resources, by overcoming geographical barriers and financial constraints; (3) to improve use of healthcare, by providing appointment and treatment reminders in order to improve disease prevention and management. Successful mHealth design, which takes barriers into account, may complement current practice and optimise use of limited resources.

title: Potential for the use of mHealth in the management of XXXX in Kerala: a qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: Delayed neutrophil apoptosis has been implicated as the mechanism of the systemic inflammatory response. Herein, we examined the effect of @entity2493 on the neutrophil apoptosis in @entity63 and reperfusion of the @entity1 liver. We studied seven @entity1 receiving elective hepatectomy for @entity96 and ten @entity1 receiving laparoscopic cholecystectomy for @entity5990 . Ten milli liters of blood was drawn isolation and incubation of the @entity1 neutrophils. Neutrophil apoptosis activity and @entity1454 expression and respiratory burst activity were assessed flow cytometrically. Another group of neutrophils included those from the @entity1 receiving hepatectomy and isolated and incubated with @entity2493 . Neutrophil apoptosis is delayed from @entity1 after hepatectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy when compared with that of the preoperative state. The decrease in the apoptosis activity is more severe in @entity1 receiving hepatectomy as compared with those receiving laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Neutrophils from @entity1 receiving hepatectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy are functionally activated. @entity2493 can reverse the delayed process and enhance the apoptosis activity in neutrophils from @entity1 receiving hepatectomy. This study demonstrates that @entity2493 enhances neutrophil apoptosis in @entity1 receiving hepatectomy involving @entity63 and reperfusion of the @entity1 liver.

title: Altered neutrophil apoptosis activity is reversed by XXXX in liver ischemia-reperfusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumor']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstones']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin', 'Melatonin']

answer: @entity2493 :: (MESH:D008550,Chemical) :: ['melatonin']


abstract: Two @entity1 are described with intractable, drug-resistant @entity410 from birth associated with an enlarged cerebral hemisphere. The first died at sixteen months and demonstrated arrested head growth. Histology of the abnormal hemisphere showed disturbed cortical architecture, and @entity4289 with multinucleate cells resembling @entity2916 cells. Continuous fitting persisted in the second @entity1 following callosal section. Hemispherectomy was undertaken in an attempt to preserve function of the "normal" hemisphere. @entity410 ceased and head growth velocity accelerated. The neuropathology of the excised hemisphere is compared with the first case. From the literature this is the first report of a favourable outcome after hemispherectomy for @entity6788 . The finding of an echodense enlarged hemisphere may allow presumption of this diagnosis in a neonate with unilateral @entity410 . After CT scan the diagnosis may be confirmed histologically providing that a precisely orientated frontal biopsy is submitted to the neuropathologist. We suggest that very early hemispherectomy may be the treatment of choice for this condition.

title: XXXX --a case for hemispherectomy?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['Seizures', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity4289 :: ('MESH:D054221', 'Disease') :: ['subcortical heterotopias']

entities_list: @entity2916 :: ('MESH:D014402', 'Disease') :: ['tuberous sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity6788 :: ('MESH:D065705', 'Disease') :: ['hemimegalencephaly']

answer: @entity6788 :: (MESH:D065705,Disease) :: ['Hemimegalencephaly']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Different surgical techniques exist for the treatment of @entity15809 ( @entity15809 ), of which minimally invasive techniques have become the standard. We reviewed our experience with management and treatment of @entity15809 and sought to determine what type of treatment is most effective and efficient. We selected @entity1 who underwent treatment for @entity15809 between January 2004 and January 2014 at our tertiary referral center. All procedures were performed by ENT surgeons. The medical records were reviewed for pre- and intraoperative characteristics and follow-up. Of our 94 @entity1 (58 male, 36 female), 75 underwent endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy (42 stapler, 33 laser) and 6 received treatment via transcervical approach. 13 interventions were aborted. Mean operating time was 49.0  min for stapler, 68.3 for laser and 124.0 for the transcervical approach. Its respective median post-operative admission durations were 2.0, 3.0 and 3.0  days. After the first treatment, of the 75 endoscopic procedures, 45 @entity1 (23 stapler, 22 laser) had complete symptom resolution. In the transcervical group 4 (67  %) @entity1 were symptom free and one @entity1 died of complications. In the endoscopically treated @entity1 , ten complications occurred, of which 8 G1 and 2 G2 (Clavien Dindo classification). In the transcervical group 2 complications occurred, 1 G3b and 1 G5. Both endoscopic techniques provide efficient management of @entity15809 with the stapler-assisted modality providing a shorter surgery duration and hospital admission. Although there is no significant difference in terms of complications or recurrence rates for both endoscopic techniques, it seems that stapler @entity1 are at higher risk of having a re-intervention and of having more severe complications.

title: XXXX : Rotterdam experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity15809 :: ('MESH:D016672', 'Disease') :: ['ZD', "Zenker's diverticulum"]

answer: @entity15809 :: (MESH:D016672,Disease) :: ['Zenker's diverticulum']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Pyriform sinus @entity292 are an unusual cause of neck @entity5409 in neonates. A definitive diagnosis requires detection of the @entity292 , which originates from the pyriform sinus and extends to the @entity5409 . Sonography has been reported to be useful for detecting @entity292 . However, there have been no reports of neonatal cases in which sonography could detect @entity292 not detected by other modalities, such as barium esophagography, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We describe five neonatal @entity1 with @entity50 -appearing cervical @entity5409 . All @entity1 were examined by sonography; of these, three @entity1 were also examined by barium esophagography, two by CT, and one by MRI. The @entity292 was detected by sonography but not CT in one @entity1 and by @entity9666 esophagography but not MRI in one. Two @entity1 whose @entity292 were detected by sonography had an oval-shaped and relatively small @entity5409 . One @entity1 whose @entity292 could be detected only by barium esophagography had a relatively large @entity5409 . In two @entity1 , whose @entity292 were not detected by sonography or barium esophagography, sonography revealed air bubbles within the @entity5409 , and a @entity50 was suspected. Without requiring ionizing radiation, sonography was thus useful in diagnosing @entity50 -appearing cervical @entity5409 in neonatal cases. On the other hand, in two @entity1 whose @entity292 were not detected by sonography, the shape of the @entity5409 was polygonal or multicystic. In two of three @entity1 with infectious signs, a @entity292 could not be detected. The shape and size of the @entity5409 and the presence of infectious signs may be important factors for detecting @entity292 .

title: Five neonatal cases of XXXX with cervical @entity5409 : a comparison between sonography and other modalities.

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesion', 'cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['pyriform sinus fistula']

answer: @entity50 :: (MESH:D012851,Disease) :: ['pyriform sinus fistula']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Pyriform sinus @entity292 are an unusual cause of neck @entity5409 in neonates. A definitive diagnosis requires detection of the @entity292 , which originates from the pyriform sinus and extends to the @entity5409 . Sonography has been reported to be useful for detecting @entity292 . However, there have been no reports of neonatal cases in which sonography could detect @entity292 not detected by other modalities, such as barium esophagography, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We describe five neonatal @entity1 with @entity50 -appearing cervical @entity5409 . All @entity1 were examined by sonography; of these, three @entity1 were also examined by barium esophagography, two by CT, and one by MRI. The @entity292 was detected by sonography but not CT in one @entity1 and by @entity9666 esophagography but not MRI in one. Two @entity1 whose @entity292 were detected by sonography had an oval-shaped and relatively small @entity5409 . One @entity1 whose @entity292 could be detected only by barium esophagography had a relatively large @entity5409 . In two @entity1 , whose @entity292 were not detected by sonography or barium esophagography, sonography revealed air bubbles within the @entity5409 , and a @entity50 was suspected. Without requiring ionizing radiation, sonography was thus useful in diagnosing @entity50 -appearing cervical @entity5409 in neonatal cases. On the other hand, in two @entity1 whose @entity292 were not detected by sonography, the shape of the @entity5409 was polygonal or multicystic. In two of three @entity1 with infectious signs, a @entity292 could not be detected. The shape and size of the @entity5409 and the presence of infectious signs may be important factors for detecting @entity292 .

title: Five neonatal cases of @entity50 with cervical XXXX : a comparison between sonography and other modalities.

answer: @entity5409 :: (MESH:D052177,Disease) :: ['cystic lesion']


abstract: AIM: To assess if cardiovascular risk (CVR) charts are able to identify the increased risk caused by @entity342 deprivation therapy (ADT) in @entity1 with @entity263 ( @entity263 ). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LOCATION: Urban and rural health centres in the province of Ourense. @entity1 : @entity1 diagnosed with @entity263 who had been prescribed treatment for ADT between 2007 and 2008. MAIN MEASURES: Age, residence (rural/urban), staging (Gleason), diagnostic procedure and, at the beginning and end of follow-up, lipid profile, blood pressure, diagnosis of @entity6 , smoking, use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, and Framingham calibrated and ATP III indexes, were determined. Cardiovascular events were recorded during the follow-up. Each @entity1 was his own control. Increasing age was not used in the calculation of the scores at the end of the follow up period. The scores were compared using the t-test for paired samples (SPSS 15.0). RESULTS: A total of 209 cases were included. The mean (SD) age was 73.8 (8.0) years, with 64.6% of urban cases. The scores at baseline and at 12 months of follow-up were: Framingham 9.0 (4.6) and 9.2 (4.8) (P=0.5), @entity855 III 14.2 (1.7) and 14.2 (1.7) (P=0.9). CONCLUSION: CVR charts do not assess the increased risk associated with @entity342 deprivation therapy in @entity263 .

title: [ XXXX , antiandrogen treatment and cardiovascular risk].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'PCa']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The start of warm ischemic time (WIT) of donor lungs in donation after @entity204 (DCD) is not clearly defined. We investigated the effect of donor pre-mortem @entity551 and @entity519 to determine which physiologic factor is the determinant of WIT onset in controlled DCD lung transplantation. METHODS: Twenty mechanically-ventilated donor @entity1707 were placed in 4 groups (n = 5 each) and exposed to each of the pseudo-agonal conditions for 60 minutes: (1) control group, no intervention and optimum ventilation, followed by @entity1167 ; (2) @entity551 ( @entity551 ) group, controlled @entity551 to <50 mm Hg, followed by @entity1167 ; (3) @entity3316 ( @entity3316 ) group, ventilation with room air at 5 breaths/min, followed by @entity1167 ; (4) non-circulation (NC) group, initial @entity1167 , followed by a 60-minute standoff time. The lung graft was retrieved and the left lung was transplanted to the recipient. Graft function was evaluated for 4 hours after @entity358 . The reperfusion injury was evaluated based on tissue cytokine expression, wet weight-to-dry weight ratio, and histology at the end of the reperfusion period. RESULTS: Impaired post-transplant graft function was seen in the @entity3316 group, which had significantly poorer oxygenation during the reperfusion period than the other groups (p < 0.001). The @entity3316 group also had higher tissue levels of @entity35830 (p < 0.05), a higher wet weight-to-dry weight ratio (p < 0.05), and histologic findings of graft tissue injury than the control group. The difference in these parameters among the control, @entity551 , and NC groups was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Only pre-mortem @entity519 provoked by @entity3316 significantly impaired lung graft function in DCD lung transplantation. Ventilatory rather than circulatory deterioration can trigger the onset of warm @entity63 .

title: Effect of donor pre-mortem XXXX and @entity551 on graft function and start of warm @entity63 in donation after @entity204 lung transplantation.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral pulmonary artery ligation']

entities_list: @entity3316 :: ('MESH:D007040', 'Disease') :: ['hypoventilation', 'HV']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['HT', 'cardiac tamponade reducing systolic blood pressure', 'hypotension']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The start of warm ischemic time (WIT) of donor lungs in donation after @entity204 (DCD) is not clearly defined. We investigated the effect of donor pre-mortem @entity551 and @entity519 to determine which physiologic factor is the determinant of WIT onset in controlled DCD lung transplantation. METHODS: Twenty mechanically-ventilated donor @entity1707 were placed in 4 groups (n = 5 each) and exposed to each of the pseudo-agonal conditions for 60 minutes: (1) control group, no intervention and optimum ventilation, followed by @entity1167 ; (2) @entity551 ( @entity551 ) group, controlled @entity551 to <50 mm Hg, followed by @entity1167 ; (3) @entity3316 ( @entity3316 ) group, ventilation with room air at 5 breaths/min, followed by @entity1167 ; (4) non-circulation (NC) group, initial @entity1167 , followed by a 60-minute standoff time. The lung graft was retrieved and the left lung was transplanted to the recipient. Graft function was evaluated for 4 hours after @entity358 . The reperfusion injury was evaluated based on tissue cytokine expression, wet weight-to-dry weight ratio, and histology at the end of the reperfusion period. RESULTS: Impaired post-transplant graft function was seen in the @entity3316 group, which had significantly poorer oxygenation during the reperfusion period than the other groups (p < 0.001). The @entity3316 group also had higher tissue levels of @entity35830 (p < 0.05), a higher wet weight-to-dry weight ratio (p < 0.05), and histologic findings of graft tissue injury than the control group. The difference in these parameters among the control, @entity551 , and NC groups was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Only pre-mortem @entity519 provoked by @entity3316 significantly impaired lung graft function in DCD lung transplantation. Ventilatory rather than circulatory deterioration can trigger the onset of warm @entity63 .

title: Effect of donor pre-mortem @entity519 and @entity551 on graft function and start of warm @entity63 in donation after XXXX lung transplantation.

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['cardiac death']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The start of warm ischemic time (WIT) of donor lungs in donation after @entity204 (DCD) is not clearly defined. We investigated the effect of donor pre-mortem @entity551 and @entity519 to determine which physiologic factor is the determinant of WIT onset in controlled DCD lung transplantation. METHODS: Twenty mechanically-ventilated donor @entity1707 were placed in 4 groups (n = 5 each) and exposed to each of the pseudo-agonal conditions for 60 minutes: (1) control group, no intervention and optimum ventilation, followed by @entity1167 ; (2) @entity551 ( @entity551 ) group, controlled @entity551 to <50 mm Hg, followed by @entity1167 ; (3) @entity3316 ( @entity3316 ) group, ventilation with room air at 5 breaths/min, followed by @entity1167 ; (4) non-circulation (NC) group, initial @entity1167 , followed by a 60-minute standoff time. The lung graft was retrieved and the left lung was transplanted to the recipient. Graft function was evaluated for 4 hours after @entity358 . The reperfusion injury was evaluated based on tissue cytokine expression, wet weight-to-dry weight ratio, and histology at the end of the reperfusion period. RESULTS: Impaired post-transplant graft function was seen in the @entity3316 group, which had significantly poorer oxygenation during the reperfusion period than the other groups (p < 0.001). The @entity3316 group also had higher tissue levels of @entity35830 (p < 0.05), a higher wet weight-to-dry weight ratio (p < 0.05), and histologic findings of graft tissue injury than the control group. The difference in these parameters among the control, @entity551 , and NC groups was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Only pre-mortem @entity519 provoked by @entity3316 significantly impaired lung graft function in DCD lung transplantation. Ventilatory rather than circulatory deterioration can trigger the onset of warm @entity63 .

title: Effect of donor pre-mortem @entity519 and @entity551 on graft function and start of warm XXXX in donation after @entity204 lung transplantation.

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The start of warm ischemic time (WIT) of donor lungs in donation after @entity204 (DCD) is not clearly defined. We investigated the effect of donor pre-mortem @entity551 and @entity519 to determine which physiologic factor is the determinant of WIT onset in controlled DCD lung transplantation. METHODS: Twenty mechanically-ventilated donor @entity1707 were placed in 4 groups (n = 5 each) and exposed to each of the pseudo-agonal conditions for 60 minutes: (1) control group, no intervention and optimum ventilation, followed by @entity1167 ; (2) @entity551 ( @entity551 ) group, controlled @entity551 to <50 mm Hg, followed by @entity1167 ; (3) @entity3316 ( @entity3316 ) group, ventilation with room air at 5 breaths/min, followed by @entity1167 ; (4) non-circulation (NC) group, initial @entity1167 , followed by a 60-minute standoff time. The lung graft was retrieved and the left lung was transplanted to the recipient. Graft function was evaluated for 4 hours after @entity358 . The reperfusion injury was evaluated based on tissue cytokine expression, wet weight-to-dry weight ratio, and histology at the end of the reperfusion period. RESULTS: Impaired post-transplant graft function was seen in the @entity3316 group, which had significantly poorer oxygenation during the reperfusion period than the other groups (p < 0.001). The @entity3316 group also had higher tissue levels of @entity35830 (p < 0.05), a higher wet weight-to-dry weight ratio (p < 0.05), and histologic findings of graft tissue injury than the control group. The difference in these parameters among the control, @entity551 , and NC groups was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Only pre-mortem @entity519 provoked by @entity3316 significantly impaired lung graft function in DCD lung transplantation. Ventilatory rather than circulatory deterioration can trigger the onset of warm @entity63 .

title: Effect of donor pre-mortem @entity519 and XXXX on graft function and start of warm @entity63 in donation after @entity204 lung transplantation.

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['hypotension']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Increasing antibiotic resistance makes choosing antibiotics for suspected Gram-negative @entity281 challenging. This study set out to identify key determinants of mortality among @entity1 with @entity6281 , focusing particularly on the importance of appropriate empiric antibiotic treatment. We conducted a prospective observational study of 679 unselected adults with @entity6281 at ten acute english hospitals between October 2013 and March 2014. Appropriate empiric antibiotic treatment was defined as intravenous treatment on the day of blood culture collection with an antibiotic to which the cultured organism was sensitive in  vitro. Mortality analyses were adjusted for @entity1 demographics, co-morbidities and illness severity. The majority of @entity582 were community-onset (70%); most were caused by @entity526 (65%), @entity4005 spp. (15%) or Pseudomonas spp. (7%). Main foci of @entity281 were urinary tract (51%), abdomen/biliary tract (20%) and lower respiratory tract (14%). The main antibiotics used were co-amoxiclav (32%) and @entity3400 - @entity7120 (30%) with 34% receiving combination therapy (predominantly @entity581 ). Empiric treatment was inappropriate in 34%. All-cause mortality was 8% at 7 days and 15% at 30 days. Independent predictors of mortality (p <0.05) included older age, greater burden of co-morbid disease, severity of illness at presentation and inflammatory response. Inappropriate empiric antibiotic therapy was not associated with mortality at either time-point (adjusted OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.35-1.94 and adjusted OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.50-1.66, respectively). Although our study does not exclude an impact of empiric antibiotic choice on survival in @entity6281 , outcome is determined primarily by @entity1 and disease factors.

title: XXXX ; a multi-centre prospective evaluation of empiric antibiotic therapy and outcome in English acute hospitals.

entities_list: @entity7120 :: ('MESH:C043265', 'Chemical') :: ['tazobactam']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity6281 :: ('MESH:D016905', 'Disease') :: ['Gram-negative bacteraemia']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity3400 :: ('MESH:D010878', 'Chemical') :: ['piperacillin']

entities_list: @entity582 :: ('MESH:C531821', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemias']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity6281 :: (MESH:D016905,Disease) :: ['Gram-negative bacteraemia']


abstract: Axillary node status is a major prognostic factor in early @entity0 . Staging with sentinel node biopsy (SNB) leads to a substantial reduction in surgical morbidity. Recent multiinstitutional studies revealed SNB false-negative rates ranging from 5.5% to 16.7%, higher than the target (<5%) set by the 2005 guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. These alarming data point to the necessity of optimization. Dual mapping with radiotracer and blue dye, combining 2 different injection sites, and routinely using lymphoscintigraphy may improve accuracy. Factors associated with decreased sensitivity, such as prior excisional biopsy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy, should be recognized. The use of SNB in situations with a high prevalence of node positivity (large @entity5 , multifocality) is controversial. The risk of missed disease after negative SNB ranges from 1% to 4% in @entity1 with T1 @entity5 and up to 15% in @entity1 with T3. With peritumoral injection, internal mammary drainage is seen in about 20% of cases. @entity1 combining internal mammary drainage with a positive axillary sentinel node have close to a 50% probability of internal mammary involvement. Lymphoscintigraphy might thus be helpful in selecting @entity1 for whom internal mammary radiation has a high benefit-to-risk ratio.

title: The sentinel node procedure in XXXX : nuclear medicine as the starting point.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Apc mutant (Apc(Min)) @entity19 develop multiple @entity652 in their intestines and are widely used to study @entity14 and chemopreventive approaches. Molecular imaging of intestinal @entity652 could potentially provide noninvasive longitudinal evaluation of these lesions in living @entity19 . Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of @entity419 PET in the Apc(Min) @entity19 model. METHODS: Apc(Min) @entity19 (n = 8) fed a purified diet were imaged serially after injection of @entity419 at age 9 and 12 wk using a small-animal PET scanner. Abdominal uptake of the tracer was quantified. After dissection, intestines were imaged separately, and intestinal tracer uptake was quantified. Tracer distribution was compared with results from microscopic examination regarding adenoma number and size. Thereafter, findings were validated serially in 20 Apc(Min) @entity19 aged 6, 8, 10, and 12 wk that received standard chow to increase @entity652 . In vivo abdominal @entity419 uptake was correlated with microscopy results. RESULTS: Microscopic examination showed that the @entity19 developed 25-35 intestinal @entity652 at age 12 wk. Ex vivo @entity419 PET of the dissected intestines visualized all large @entity652 and most small @entity652 . Ex vivo total intestinal @entity419 uptake correlated with in vivo total abdominal uptake and with the number of large @entity652 at age 9 and 12 wk. At 12 wk, there was a clear correlation between in vivo abdominal tracer uptake and the number of large @entity652 but not the total number of lesions. CONCLUSION: Intestinal @entity652 in Apc(Min) @entity19 are metabolically active lesions that take up @entity419 . Abdominal @entity419 uptake at age 12 wk serves as a readout modality for large intestinal @entity652 .

title: Total abdominal XXXX uptake reflects intestinal adenoma burden in Apc mutant @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma numbers', 'adenomas']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity419 :: (MESH:D019788,Chemical) :: ['18F-FDG']


abstract: Apc mutant (Apc(Min)) @entity19 develop multiple @entity652 in their intestines and are widely used to study @entity14 and chemopreventive approaches. Molecular imaging of intestinal @entity652 could potentially provide noninvasive longitudinal evaluation of these lesions in living @entity19 . Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of @entity419 PET in the Apc(Min) @entity19 model. METHODS: Apc(Min) @entity19 (n = 8) fed a purified diet were imaged serially after injection of @entity419 at age 9 and 12 wk using a small-animal PET scanner. Abdominal uptake of the tracer was quantified. After dissection, intestines were imaged separately, and intestinal tracer uptake was quantified. Tracer distribution was compared with results from microscopic examination regarding adenoma number and size. Thereafter, findings were validated serially in 20 Apc(Min) @entity19 aged 6, 8, 10, and 12 wk that received standard chow to increase @entity652 . In vivo abdominal @entity419 uptake was correlated with microscopy results. RESULTS: Microscopic examination showed that the @entity19 developed 25-35 intestinal @entity652 at age 12 wk. Ex vivo @entity419 PET of the dissected intestines visualized all large @entity652 and most small @entity652 . Ex vivo total intestinal @entity419 uptake correlated with in vivo total abdominal uptake and with the number of large @entity652 at age 9 and 12 wk. At 12 wk, there was a clear correlation between in vivo abdominal tracer uptake and the number of large @entity652 but not the total number of lesions. CONCLUSION: Intestinal @entity652 in Apc(Min) @entity19 are metabolically active lesions that take up @entity419 . Abdominal @entity419 uptake at age 12 wk serves as a readout modality for large intestinal @entity652 .

title: Total abdominal @entity419 uptake reflects intestinal adenoma burden in Apc mutant XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVES: Chronic @entity1956 is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. We conducted a study comparing the efficacy of @entity24488 and @entity16332 with respect to their impact on serum and hepatic viral DNA clearance, and improvement in hepatic necro-inflammatory score, in naive @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 . METHODS: This prospective randomized pilot study was conducted in Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, involving 30 @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 (both e antigen positive and negative); 15 were randomly selected to receive either @entity24488 or @entity16332 for a period of 6 months. Quantification of serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels was done by real time PCR and liver biopsy was done at the beginning and end of 6 months. RESULTS: Serum ALT was elevated to 2 or more times normalized in both the groups. In the @entity24488 group, two @entity1 became HBeAg negative. In the @entity16332 group, one @entity1 became HBeAg negative. After therapy @entity97 DNA was negative in 26.7 per cent @entity1 from @entity24488 group and 13.3 per cent @entity1 from @entity16332 group. Serum HBV DNA levels were correlated with the hepatic levels before therapy (r=0.843; P<0.001) and after therapy (r=0.713, P<0.001) showing strong correlation. There was a median reduction of 1.92 and 2.06 log copies per ml in serum HBV DNA load after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy, respectively. The mean reduction in the histology activity index (HAI) score was 2 and 1.53, @entity82 score was 2.33 and 3.06 after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy respectively. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSIONS: @entity24488 and @entity16332 treatment caused biochemical and serological improvement when administered for about 6 months with significant reduction in HBV DNA, serum and hepatic viral load without completely clearing the virus from either serum or liver. It also helped in @entity32 and @entity82 score of @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 . Our study also showed significant correlation between serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels both before and after therapy. There was not enough evidence to show therapeutic advantage of one drug over the other in any of the parameters measured.

title: Evaluation of @entity24488 _ @entity16332 in chronic @entity1956 : correlation with @entity97 viral kinetic, hepatic-necro inflammation _ XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of the necro-inflammatory']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity16332 :: ('MESH:D019259', 'Chemical') :: ['lamivudine']

entities_list: @entity24488 :: ('MESH:C053001', 'Chemical') :: ['adefovir', 'Adefovir']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVES: Chronic @entity1956 is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. We conducted a study comparing the efficacy of @entity24488 and @entity16332 with respect to their impact on serum and hepatic viral DNA clearance, and improvement in hepatic necro-inflammatory score, in naive @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 . METHODS: This prospective randomized pilot study was conducted in Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, involving 30 @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 (both e antigen positive and negative); 15 were randomly selected to receive either @entity24488 or @entity16332 for a period of 6 months. Quantification of serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels was done by real time PCR and liver biopsy was done at the beginning and end of 6 months. RESULTS: Serum ALT was elevated to 2 or more times normalized in both the groups. In the @entity24488 group, two @entity1 became HBeAg negative. In the @entity16332 group, one @entity1 became HBeAg negative. After therapy @entity97 DNA was negative in 26.7 per cent @entity1 from @entity24488 group and 13.3 per cent @entity1 from @entity16332 group. Serum HBV DNA levels were correlated with the hepatic levels before therapy (r=0.843; P<0.001) and after therapy (r=0.713, P<0.001) showing strong correlation. There was a median reduction of 1.92 and 2.06 log copies per ml in serum HBV DNA load after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy, respectively. The mean reduction in the histology activity index (HAI) score was 2 and 1.53, @entity82 score was 2.33 and 3.06 after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy respectively. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSIONS: @entity24488 and @entity16332 treatment caused biochemical and serological improvement when administered for about 6 months with significant reduction in HBV DNA, serum and hepatic viral load without completely clearing the virus from either serum or liver. It also helped in @entity32 and @entity82 score of @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 . Our study also showed significant correlation between serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels both before and after therapy. There was not enough evidence to show therapeutic advantage of one drug over the other in any of the parameters measured.

title: Evaluation of @entity24488 _ @entity16332 in chronic XXXX : correlation with @entity97 viral kinetic, hepatic-necro inflammation _ @entity82 .

answer: @entity1956 :: (MESH:D006509,Disease) :: ['hepatitis B']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVES: Chronic @entity1956 is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. We conducted a study comparing the efficacy of @entity24488 and @entity16332 with respect to their impact on serum and hepatic viral DNA clearance, and improvement in hepatic necro-inflammatory score, in naive @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 . METHODS: This prospective randomized pilot study was conducted in Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, involving 30 @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 (both e antigen positive and negative); 15 were randomly selected to receive either @entity24488 or @entity16332 for a period of 6 months. Quantification of serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels was done by real time PCR and liver biopsy was done at the beginning and end of 6 months. RESULTS: Serum ALT was elevated to 2 or more times normalized in both the groups. In the @entity24488 group, two @entity1 became HBeAg negative. In the @entity16332 group, one @entity1 became HBeAg negative. After therapy @entity97 DNA was negative in 26.7 per cent @entity1 from @entity24488 group and 13.3 per cent @entity1 from @entity16332 group. Serum HBV DNA levels were correlated with the hepatic levels before therapy (r=0.843; P<0.001) and after therapy (r=0.713, P<0.001) showing strong correlation. There was a median reduction of 1.92 and 2.06 log copies per ml in serum HBV DNA load after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy, respectively. The mean reduction in the histology activity index (HAI) score was 2 and 1.53, @entity82 score was 2.33 and 3.06 after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy respectively. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSIONS: @entity24488 and @entity16332 treatment caused biochemical and serological improvement when administered for about 6 months with significant reduction in HBV DNA, serum and hepatic viral load without completely clearing the virus from either serum or liver. It also helped in @entity32 and @entity82 score of @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 . Our study also showed significant correlation between serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels both before and after therapy. There was not enough evidence to show therapeutic advantage of one drug over the other in any of the parameters measured.

title: Evaluation of @entity24488 _ @entity16332 in chronic @entity1956 : correlation with XXXX viral kinetic, hepatic-necro inflammation _ @entity82 .

answer: @entity97 :: (10407,Species) :: ['HBV']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVES: Chronic @entity1956 is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. We conducted a study comparing the efficacy of @entity24488 and @entity16332 with respect to their impact on serum and hepatic viral DNA clearance, and improvement in hepatic necro-inflammatory score, in naive @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 . METHODS: This prospective randomized pilot study was conducted in Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, involving 30 @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 (both e antigen positive and negative); 15 were randomly selected to receive either @entity24488 or @entity16332 for a period of 6 months. Quantification of serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels was done by real time PCR and liver biopsy was done at the beginning and end of 6 months. RESULTS: Serum ALT was elevated to 2 or more times normalized in both the groups. In the @entity24488 group, two @entity1 became HBeAg negative. In the @entity16332 group, one @entity1 became HBeAg negative. After therapy @entity97 DNA was negative in 26.7 per cent @entity1 from @entity24488 group and 13.3 per cent @entity1 from @entity16332 group. Serum HBV DNA levels were correlated with the hepatic levels before therapy (r=0.843; P<0.001) and after therapy (r=0.713, P<0.001) showing strong correlation. There was a median reduction of 1.92 and 2.06 log copies per ml in serum HBV DNA load after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy, respectively. The mean reduction in the histology activity index (HAI) score was 2 and 1.53, @entity82 score was 2.33 and 3.06 after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy respectively. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSIONS: @entity24488 and @entity16332 treatment caused biochemical and serological improvement when administered for about 6 months with significant reduction in HBV DNA, serum and hepatic viral load without completely clearing the virus from either serum or liver. It also helped in @entity32 and @entity82 score of @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 . Our study also showed significant correlation between serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels both before and after therapy. There was not enough evidence to show therapeutic advantage of one drug over the other in any of the parameters measured.

title: Evaluation of @entity24488 _ XXXX in chronic @entity1956 : correlation with @entity97 viral kinetic, hepatic-necro inflammation _ @entity82 .

answer: @entity16332 :: (MESH:D019259,Chemical) :: ['lamivudine']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVES: Chronic @entity1956 is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. We conducted a study comparing the efficacy of @entity24488 and @entity16332 with respect to their impact on serum and hepatic viral DNA clearance, and improvement in hepatic necro-inflammatory score, in naive @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 . METHODS: This prospective randomized pilot study was conducted in Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, involving 30 @entity1 of chronic @entity1956 (both e antigen positive and negative); 15 were randomly selected to receive either @entity24488 or @entity16332 for a period of 6 months. Quantification of serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels was done by real time PCR and liver biopsy was done at the beginning and end of 6 months. RESULTS: Serum ALT was elevated to 2 or more times normalized in both the groups. In the @entity24488 group, two @entity1 became HBeAg negative. In the @entity16332 group, one @entity1 became HBeAg negative. After therapy @entity97 DNA was negative in 26.7 per cent @entity1 from @entity24488 group and 13.3 per cent @entity1 from @entity16332 group. Serum HBV DNA levels were correlated with the hepatic levels before therapy (r=0.843; P<0.001) and after therapy (r=0.713, P<0.001) showing strong correlation. There was a median reduction of 1.92 and 2.06 log copies per ml in serum HBV DNA load after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy, respectively. The mean reduction in the histology activity index (HAI) score was 2 and 1.53, @entity82 score was 2.33 and 3.06 after @entity24488 and @entity16332 therapy respectively. INTERPRETATION _ CONCLUSIONS: @entity24488 and @entity16332 treatment caused biochemical and serological improvement when administered for about 6 months with significant reduction in HBV DNA, serum and hepatic viral load without completely clearing the virus from either serum or liver. It also helped in @entity32 and @entity82 score of @entity1 with chronic @entity1956 . Our study also showed significant correlation between serum and hepatic @entity97 DNA levels both before and after therapy. There was not enough evidence to show therapeutic advantage of one drug over the other in any of the parameters measured.

title: Evaluation of XXXX _ @entity16332 in chronic @entity1956 : correlation with @entity97 viral kinetic, hepatic-necro inflammation _ @entity82 .

answer: @entity24488 :: (MESH:C053001,Chemical) :: ['adefovir']