abstract: BACKGROUND: In Romania the rate of vaccine-associated @entity3328 is for unexplained reasons 5 to 17 times higher than in other countries. Long ago it was noted that intramuscular injections administered during the incubation period of wild-type @entity9925 infection increased the risk of @entity66 (a phenomenon known as "provocation" @entity3328 ). We conducted a case-control study to explore the association between intramuscular injections and vaccine-associated @entity3328 in Romania. METHODS: The @entity1 were 31 young @entity1 in whom vaccine-associated @entity3328 developed from 1988 through 1992. Eighteen were vaccine recipients, and 13 had acquired the disease by contact with vaccine recipients. Each of these @entity1 was matched with up to five controls according to health center, age, and in the case of vaccine recipients, history of receipt of the live attenuated oral @entity9925 vaccine. Data were abstracted from medical records that documented the injections administered in the 30 days before the onset of @entity912 . RESULTS: Of the 31 @entity1 with vaccine-associated disease, 27 (87 percent) had received one or more intramuscular injections within 30 days before the onset of @entity912 , as compared with 77 of the 151 controls (51 percent) (matched odds ratio, 31.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.0 to 244.2). Nearly all the intramuscular injections were of antibiotics, and the association was strongest for the @entity1 who received 10 or more injections (matched odds ratio for > or = 10 injections as compared with no injections, 182.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 15.2 to 2186.4). The risk of @entity66 was strongly associated with injections given after the oral polio virus vaccine, but not with injections given before or at the same time as the vaccine (matched odds ratio, 56.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 8.9 to infinity). The attributable risk in the population for intramuscular injections given in the 30 days before the onset of @entity912 was 86 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 66 to 95 percent); that is, we estimate that 86 percent of the cases of vaccine-associated @entity3328 in this population might have been prevented by the elimination of intramuscular injections within 30 days after exposure to oral @entity9925 vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: Provocation @entity912 , previously described only for wild-type @entity9925 infection, may rarely occur in a @entity1 who receives multiple intramuscular injections shortly after exposure to oral @entity9925 vaccine, either as a vaccine recipient or through contact with a recent recipient. This phenomenon may explain the high rate of vaccine-associated @entity3328 in Romania, where the use of intramuscular injections of antibiotics in @entity1 with @entity221 is common.

title: Intramuscular injections within 30 days of immunization with oral XXXX vaccine--a risk factor for vaccine-associated @entity3328 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['paralytic disease']

entities_list: @entity3328 :: ('MESH:D011051', 'Disease') :: ['poliomyelitis', 'paralytic poliomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['febrile illness']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity9925 :: (138950,Species) :: ['poliovirus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In Romania the rate of vaccine-associated @entity3328 is for unexplained reasons 5 to 17 times higher than in other countries. Long ago it was noted that intramuscular injections administered during the incubation period of wild-type @entity9925 infection increased the risk of @entity66 (a phenomenon known as "provocation" @entity3328 ). We conducted a case-control study to explore the association between intramuscular injections and vaccine-associated @entity3328 in Romania. METHODS: The @entity1 were 31 young @entity1 in whom vaccine-associated @entity3328 developed from 1988 through 1992. Eighteen were vaccine recipients, and 13 had acquired the disease by contact with vaccine recipients. Each of these @entity1 was matched with up to five controls according to health center, age, and in the case of vaccine recipients, history of receipt of the live attenuated oral @entity9925 vaccine. Data were abstracted from medical records that documented the injections administered in the 30 days before the onset of @entity912 . RESULTS: Of the 31 @entity1 with vaccine-associated disease, 27 (87 percent) had received one or more intramuscular injections within 30 days before the onset of @entity912 , as compared with 77 of the 151 controls (51 percent) (matched odds ratio, 31.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.0 to 244.2). Nearly all the intramuscular injections were of antibiotics, and the association was strongest for the @entity1 who received 10 or more injections (matched odds ratio for > or = 10 injections as compared with no injections, 182.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 15.2 to 2186.4). The risk of @entity66 was strongly associated with injections given after the oral polio virus vaccine, but not with injections given before or at the same time as the vaccine (matched odds ratio, 56.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 8.9 to infinity). The attributable risk in the population for intramuscular injections given in the 30 days before the onset of @entity912 was 86 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 66 to 95 percent); that is, we estimate that 86 percent of the cases of vaccine-associated @entity3328 in this population might have been prevented by the elimination of intramuscular injections within 30 days after exposure to oral @entity9925 vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: Provocation @entity912 , previously described only for wild-type @entity9925 infection, may rarely occur in a @entity1 who receives multiple intramuscular injections shortly after exposure to oral @entity9925 vaccine, either as a vaccine recipient or through contact with a recent recipient. This phenomenon may explain the high rate of vaccine-associated @entity3328 in Romania, where the use of intramuscular injections of antibiotics in @entity1 with @entity221 is common.

title: Intramuscular injections within 30 days of immunization with oral @entity9925 vaccine--a risk factor for vaccine-associated XXXX .

answer: @entity3328 :: (MESH:D011051,Disease) :: ['paralytic poliomyelitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of low dose @entity1499 therapy in chronic @entity29 . SETTING: Catharina Hospital and Diaconessenhuis, Eindhoven, and St. Joseph Hospital, Veldhoven. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: From 1988 until 1993 we treated 15 @entity1 16 times (one @entity1 was treated twice) with @entity1499 25 mg i.m. once a week during 12 weeks, followed by a tapering oral dose. Our population consisted of 4 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 with a mean age of 31 year. The diagnosis was @entity30 (1 @entity1 ), @entity30 (8), @entity30 (4) and @entity31 (2). The indication for @entity1499 was resistance to therapy (9) and @entity134 dependency (7). Retrospectively the disease activity was determined after 1, 2 and 3 months of therapy. RESULTS: The mean defaecation frequency went down from 7 to 2 times daily after 12 weeks, the ESR from 47 to 17 mm/1st hour, the thrombocytes from 436 x 10(9)/l to 325 x 10(9)/l and the @entity229 dose could be lowered from 22 mg to 15 mg after 3 months. In 13/16 treatment cases there was a subjective positive response to @entity1499 . Initial response was seen within 4 weeks. No serious side effects were seen. After 10 of the 13 response episodes the disease recurred. CONCLUSION: @entity1499 25 mg once a week i.m. was associated with a subjective and objective improvement in 12/15 @entity1 , but the risk of recurrence after tapering appears to be large.

title: [ XXXX as possible treatment in refractory chronic inflammatory intestinal disease].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate', 'methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['Crohn colitis', 'Crohn ileitis', 'ileocolitis']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['Methotrexate']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Plants, due to their remarkable composition, are considered as natural resources of bioactive compounds with specific biological activities. Salvia genus (Lamiaceae) has been used around the world in complementary medicine since ancient times. We investigated the cytotoxic, apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects of methanolic Salvia triloba extract (STE) in @entity263 cells. Cell viability was evaluated by XTT; apoptosis was investigated by DNA fragmentation and @entity522 /7 activity assays. Changes in the angiogenic cytokine levels were investigated by human angiogenesis antibody array. Scratch assay was used to determine the cell motility. STE induced @entity137 and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in both @entity5 cells; however, it was not cytotoxic to normal cells. Cell motility was reduced in PC-3, DU-145 and HUVEC cells by STE treatment. @entity7741 , @entity18974 , @entity540 , EGF, @entity442 and @entity9205 levels were significantly decreased by -2.9, -3.7, -1.7, -1.7, -2.0 and -1.8 fold in STE-treated DU-145 cells, however, @entity7741 , @entity687 , @entity1243 , @entity5737 , @entity2843 , @entity1552 and @entity7 levels were significantly decreased by -5.1, -2.0, -2.4, -3.1, -1.5, -2.0 and -2.5 fold in PC-3 cells. These data suggest that STE might be a promising candidate for anti- @entity5 and anti-angiogenic treatment of @entity263 .

title: Apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects of Salvia triloba extract in XXXX cell lines.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To measure tear flow in renal allograft recipients who received oral @entity205 as immunosuppressive therapy. @entity1 : Control subjects were from the staff of various clinics, dialysis @entity1 were recruited, and one group of kidney transplant recipients took oral @entity205 , whereas another group took @entity500 . Written informed consent was obtained for an institutionally approved protocol. METHODS: A 4-minute Schirmer test with topical anesthetic was performed in both eyes of each @entity1 , and the average score was used in calculations. RESULTS: The tear flow rate was 10.6 mm/4 minutes in the control subjects, 13.6 mm/4 minutes in the dialysis @entity1 , 10.4 mm/4 minutes in kidney transplant recipients taking @entity500 , and 19.0 mm/4 minutes in kidney transplant recipients taking @entity205 . Kidney transplant recipients taking @entity205 had significantly increased tear flow compared with the other three groups (P < 0.05); dialysis @entity1 , kidney transplant recipients taking @entity500 , and control subjects showed statistically indistinguishable tear flow. Within-group comparisons (male versus female, black versus white, and all combinations) showed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: Medications used by dialysis @entity1 or the @entity500 group did not significantly increase tear flow compared with control subjects. The addition of @entity205 (plus @entity229 ) enhanced tear flow in kidney transplant recipients compared with all other groups. Systemic @entity205 appears to increase tear flow even when no lacrimal @entity792 exists.

title: Tear flow in XXXX recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'person']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: A @entity3636 extract of molluscicidal plant secondary compounds from the seeds of a West African legume Millettia thonningii was used to attenuate cercariae of @entity380 prior to infection of NMRI female @entity19 . Exposure of cercariae to 0.3, 0.6, 1.3, 2.5, 10 or 20 mg/l concentrations of extract for 30 min, immediately before standardized infection, was associated with a concentration-dependent decline in worm establishment at 55 days post-infection. The mean numbers of adult worms established declined from about 17 worms/ @entity19 with control cercariae and those exposed to 0.3 mg/l Millettia to 0.1 worms/ @entity19 after 10 mg/l pre-treatment. @entity19 exposed to cercariae after 20 mg/l pre-treatment had no adult worms at 55 days post-infection. The activities of cercariae 30 min after exposure to Millettia extract at concentrations up to 2.5 mg/l were similar to those of control larvae: none was immobile. Exposure to higher concentrations of Millettia progressively reduced swimming activity and increased the proportion of immobile cercariae. After pretreatment with 20 mg/l Millettia the majority of larvae were immobile. Levels of anti-parasite antibodies (estimated by ELISA assay using an adult worm-based antigen preparation) rose between 21 and 55 days p.i. with control cercariae and those pre-treated with 2.5 mg/l Millettia. After 5 mg/l pre-treatment, cercariae induced a reduced antibody rise, while @entity19 exposed to cercariae after 10 mg/l pre-treatment showed no rise in anti-parasite antibody levels. These results are discussed in the context of protocols which could possibly use Millettia-attenuated cercariae to induce useful levels of protection in @entity19 towards further cercarial challenge.

title: Attenuation of XXXX cercariae with a molluscicide derived from Millettia thonningii.

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

answer: @entity380 :: (6183,Species) :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: This paper addresses consequences of exposure to violence and @entity130 . Traumata are defined as events with an extraordinary threat or catastrophic extent. Beside @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ), affected @entity1 may develop Complex @entity1005 , @entity1162 or @entity2166 as direct consequences of exposure with extreme stress. Indirect @entity74 are amongst others Major Depression, Substance Dependency and @entity1314 . These disorders develop often comorbid to @entity1005 . The likelihood to develop a @entity1005 at one point during the life course is 1-4   % in Germany. A @entity1005 is diagnosed if for any length of time the traumatic situation is re-experienced (e.g. in pictures or nightmares), potential triggers are avoided, emotional reactivity is numb and a permanent hyperarousal is experienced. The intensity, the duration and the frequency of traumatic experiences as well as the lack of social support after the @entity130 are important risk factors for the development of a @entity1005 . In the last two decades successful treatment approaches for @entity1005 have been developed. The main focus of all evidence-based treatment approaches is the exposure in sensu of the traumatic experiences. Behavioral therapy approaches have shown to be most effective in the treatment of @entity1005 . A better understanding of the consequences of exposure to violence and @entity130 may help us to identify @entity1 at risk for developing @entity74 already at an early stage.

title: [Consequences of XXXX and violence: impact on psychological well-being].

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['Posttraumatic Stress Disorder', 'PTSD']

entities_list: @entity2166 :: ('MESH:D000275', 'Disease') :: ['Adjustment Disorder']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['trauma-related disorders']

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['Personality Disorders']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['Prolonged Grief Disorder']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Incomplete microsurgical resection of @entity7026 ( @entity2758 ) occurs uncommonly. However, such @entity1 harboring postoperative residual nidi remain exposed to the risk of @entity548 and are therefore reasonable candidates for further intervention. The goals of this retrospective case-control study are to analyze the radiosurgery outcomes for partially resected AVMs and determine the effect of prior resection on @entity2758 radiosurgery outcomes. METHODS: We evaluated a prospective database of @entity2758 @entity1 treated with radiosurgery from 1989-2013. Previously resected AVMs with radiologic follow-up >= 2 years or nidus obliteration were selected for analysis and matched, in a 1:1 fashion and blinded to outcome, to previously unresected AVMs. Statistical analyses were performed to assess relationship between prior resection and @entity2758 radiosurgery outcomes. RESULTS: The matching process yielded 88 @entity1 in each of the previously resected and unresected @entity2758 cohorts. In the resected @entity2758 cohort, the @entity2758 rates at 3 and 5 years were 47% and 75%, respectively; the rates of radiologic and symptomatic radiation-induced changes (RICs) were 10% and 3%, respectively; and the annual postradiosurgery @entity548 risk was 1.1%. The lack of prior @entity2758 resection (P < 0.001) and superficial @entity2758 location (P  = 0.009) were independent predictors of radiologic RIC. The actuarial rates of obliteration (P  = 0.849) and postradiosurgery @entity548 (P  = 0.548) were not significantly different between the resected and unresected @entity2758 cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Radiosurgery affords a reasonable risk-to-benefit profile for incompletely resected AVMs. For those with a small-volume residual nidus after resection, radiosurgery should be considered an effective alternative to repeat resection.

title: Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Partially Resected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7026 :: ('MESH:D002538', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral arteriovenous malformations']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['actuarial AVM obliteration', 'AVM']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'AVM hemorrhage']

answer: @entity7026 :: (MESH:D002538,Disease) :: ['Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: @entity1 with @entity2521 have a higher risk of @entity65 , although a causal relationship between these conditions remains unclear. Arterial @entity2693 is considered a marker of @entity4288 and a risk factor for @entity65 . A systematic review of the literature on clinical studies using pulse wave velocity to assess @entity432 in @entity1 with @entity2521 was carried out to answer the following questions: 1) Do @entity1 with @entity2521 have impaired @entity432 compared to non periodontal diseased subjects? 2) Is periodontal treatment effective as a mean to improve @entity432 in @entity1 with @entity2521 ? LITERATURE REVIEW: Literature search was done on different databases up to September 2014. All clinical studies (excluding case reports) using pulse wave velocity in @entity1 with @entity2521 were retrieved for a full-text evaluation. A total of 10 studies were included. @entity1 with @entity2521 have increased @entity432 compared to controls (pulse wave velocity mean difference 0.85 m/s; 95%CI: 0.53-1.16; p<0.00001). The only 2 interventional studies showed contradictory results on the effects of periodontal treatment on pulse wave velocity. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity2521 appears to have higher values of pulse wave velocity compared to controls. The effect of periodontal treatment on @entity432 remains unclear. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: XXXX and @entity432 : a systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial stiffness']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2693 :: ('MESH:C566112', 'Disease') :: ['stiffness']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['Periodontitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: @entity1 with @entity2521 have a higher risk of @entity65 , although a causal relationship between these conditions remains unclear. Arterial @entity2693 is considered a marker of @entity4288 and a risk factor for @entity65 . A systematic review of the literature on clinical studies using pulse wave velocity to assess @entity432 in @entity1 with @entity2521 was carried out to answer the following questions: 1) Do @entity1 with @entity2521 have impaired @entity432 compared to non periodontal diseased subjects? 2) Is periodontal treatment effective as a mean to improve @entity432 in @entity1 with @entity2521 ? LITERATURE REVIEW: Literature search was done on different databases up to September 2014. All clinical studies (excluding case reports) using pulse wave velocity in @entity1 with @entity2521 were retrieved for a full-text evaluation. A total of 10 studies were included. @entity1 with @entity2521 have increased @entity432 compared to controls (pulse wave velocity mean difference 0.85 m/s; 95%CI: 0.53-1.16; p<0.00001). The only 2 interventional studies showed contradictory results on the effects of periodontal treatment on pulse wave velocity. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity2521 appears to have higher values of pulse wave velocity compared to controls. The effect of periodontal treatment on @entity432 remains unclear. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: @entity2521 and XXXX : a systematic review and meta-analysis.

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['arterial stiffness']


abstract: All cyanobacterial membranes contain diesel-range C15-C19 @entity9436 at concentrations similar to @entity38 . Recently, two universal but mutually exclusive @entity7294 production pathways in cyanobacteria were discovered. We engineered a mutant of @entity324 that produces no @entity19765 , which grew poorly at low temperatures. We analyzed this defect by assessing the redox kinetics of PSI. The mutant exhibited enhanced @entity450 ( @entity450 ), especially at low temperature. @entity450 raises the @entity855 : @entity1110 ratio from photosynthesis and balances reductant requirements of biosynthesis with maintaining the redox poise of the electron transport chain. We conducted in silico flux balance analysis and showed that growth rate reaches a distinct maximum for an intermediate value of @entity450 equivalent to recycling 1 electron in 4 from PSI to the @entity13418 pool. Based on this analysis, we conclude that the lack of membrane @entity19765 causes higher @entity450 , perhaps for maintenance of redox poise. In turn, increased @entity450 reduces growth by forcing the cell to use less energy-efficient pathways, lowering the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis. This study highlights the unique and universal role of medium-chain @entity9436 in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes: they regulate redox balance and reductant partitioning in these oxygenic photosynthetic cells under stress.

title: Cyanobacterial XXXX Modulate Photosynthetic Cyclic Electron Flow to Assist Growth under Cold Stress.

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['cyclic electron flow', 'CEF']

entities_list: @entity7294 :: ('CHEBI:24632', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocarbon']

entities_list: @entity9436 :: ('MESH:D006838', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity13418 :: ('MESH:D010971', 'Chemical') :: ['plastoquinone']

entities_list: @entity324 :: ('1148', 'Species') :: ['Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803']

entities_list: @entity38 :: ('MESH:D002734', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorophyll']

answer: @entity19765 :: (MESH:D000473,Chemical) :: ['Alkanes']


abstract: The ability of @entity794 to resist phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is thought to be an important virulence factor for this microorganism. We have studied the effect of 3 major cell wall components of @entity794 , peptidoglycan, protein A, and @entity11845 , on PMN function. Phagocytosis and @entity6722 were both inhibited by prior incubation of PMN with peptidoglycan. This effect was dose- and time-related; incubation with as little as 2.5 micrograms/ml for 30 min produced a discernible suppressive effect. Suppression of PMN function was independent of the presence of human serum but was abolished by rabbit antiserum to peptidoglycan. Addition of peptidoglycan to PMN stimulated a prolonged chemiluminescence response that was greater when the peptidoglycan was first incubated in normal serum, perhaps reflection opsonization of this particulate material. Although protein A also suppressed phagocytic and chemotactic capabilities of PMN, this effect was observed only in the presence of serum and was eliminated by absorbing Ig. Centrifugation of the serum + protein A mixture showed that the suppressive effect was contained in the precipitated sediment. Complexes of Ig alone were not suppressive. @entity11845 in concentrations less than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml had no adverse effect on PMN function. These studies describe ways in which peptidoglycan and protein A may interfere with phagocytosis and @entity6722 of @entity1 PMN, thus giving evidence for the role of these cell wall components as virulence factors.

title: Suppression of phagocytosis and XXXX by cell wall components of @entity794 .

entities_list: @entity6722 :: ('MESH:C565534', 'Disease') :: ['chemotaxis']

entities_list: @entity11845 :: ('CHEBI:30049', 'Chemical') :: ['Teichoic acid', 'teichoic acid']

answer: @entity6722 :: (MESH:C565534,Disease) :: ['chemotaxis']


abstract: The ability of @entity794 to resist phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is thought to be an important virulence factor for this microorganism. We have studied the effect of 3 major cell wall components of @entity794 , peptidoglycan, protein A, and @entity11845 , on PMN function. Phagocytosis and @entity6722 were both inhibited by prior incubation of PMN with peptidoglycan. This effect was dose- and time-related; incubation with as little as 2.5 micrograms/ml for 30 min produced a discernible suppressive effect. Suppression of PMN function was independent of the presence of human serum but was abolished by rabbit antiserum to peptidoglycan. Addition of peptidoglycan to PMN stimulated a prolonged chemiluminescence response that was greater when the peptidoglycan was first incubated in normal serum, perhaps reflection opsonization of this particulate material. Although protein A also suppressed phagocytic and chemotactic capabilities of PMN, this effect was observed only in the presence of serum and was eliminated by absorbing Ig. Centrifugation of the serum + protein A mixture showed that the suppressive effect was contained in the precipitated sediment. Complexes of Ig alone were not suppressive. @entity11845 in concentrations less than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml had no adverse effect on PMN function. These studies describe ways in which peptidoglycan and protein A may interfere with phagocytosis and @entity6722 of @entity1 PMN, thus giving evidence for the role of these cell wall components as virulence factors.

title: Suppression of phagocytosis and @entity6722 by cell wall components of XXXX .

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: A cohort mortality study was carried out among workers of a plant producing hard metals using @entity1953 as a binder. This study was aimed at assessing possible @entity2 risks in relation with @entity1953 exposure. Seven hundred nine male workers with at least 1 year of employment were included in the cohort and followed for mortality from 1956 to 1989. Job histories were provided by the administration of the plant, whereas smoking habits were collected from medical records and by interview. The causes of @entity204 were ascertained from hospital and general practitioner records. The observed numbers of @entity204 (obs) were compared with the expected based on national rates with adjustment for age, sex, and calendar time (standardized mortality ratio; @entity5047 ). The overall mortality did not differ from that expected (obs = 75, @entity5047 = 1.05), whereas mortality due to @entity2 was in significant excess (obs = 10, @entity5047 = 2.13). This excess was higher among workers employed in the areas with the highest exposure (obs = 6, @entity5047 = 5.03). No trend was observed, however, with duration of employment or time since first employment. Smoking data were available for 81% of the workers and 69% of the deceased and showed that smoking alone does not account for these @entity2 excesses, yet, because of the small numbers involved, no firm conclusion should be drawn from this study.

title: XXXX mortality in a French cohort of hard-metal workers.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lung cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: We studied events leading to the development of @entity3225 by examining the significance of 15 factors on microbial contamination of injured eyes. METHODS: A prospective study was done of 30 @entity397 in @entity1 admitted to an urban medical center. Cultures were taken from the conjunctiva before and after preoperative disinfection and from the anterior chamber at the beginning and end of wound repair. Twenty-five of 30 @entity1 received a three-day regimen of intravenous antibiotics that were begun before surgery. RESULTS: Anterior chamber samples grew microorganisms in ten (33%) of 30 eyes, with positive cultures recovered from specimens taken at the beginning of wound repair in eight eyes and at the end of wound repair in six eyes. Contamination with indigenous flora may have occurred at the time of @entity4858 and during repair in another eye. Microbes recovered included Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Aspergillus species. No @entity1 developed @entity3225 . Of the 15 factors studied, only intravenous antibiotics significantly decreased the incidence of positive anterior chamber cultures in eyes treated before wound repair compared with eyes not receiving such therapy (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the frequency of anterior chamber microbial contamination during injury or repair of the wound, with our treatment protocol and the presence of physiologic mechanisms to reduce intraocular microbes, no eyes developed clinical @entity3225 . With our limited sample size only intravenous antibiotic therapy was found significantly to reduce anterior chamber microorganisms at the time of surgical repair, supporting their prophylactic use against the development of @entity3225 .

title: Microorganisms cultured from the anterior chamber of XXXX at the time of repair.

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured globes']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['posttraumatic endophthalmitis', 'endophthalmitis']

entities_list: @entity4858 :: ('MESH:D005131', 'Disease') :: ['injury in one eye']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['ruptured globes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 treated for @entity44 ( @entity44 ) may suffer from @entity250 later in life because of the extended pelvic surgery performed, however, structured evaluations have not been performed yet. METHODS: The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and the Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ) were sent to @entity1 (>= 18years) treated for @entity44 in the Dutch pediatric surgical centers after 1970. RESULTS: Forty-five of 76 @entity1 returned the questionnaires; 28 @entity1 (median age 27.3years, range 18.3-41.0) and seven @entity1 (median age 22.0years, range 19.1-36.5) were eligible for analysis. The FSFI and IIEF results were compared to healthy controls. Female @entity1 scored significantly lower on the desire (p=0.014), arousal (p=0.013) and lubrication domain (p=0.019). FSFI total-scores of female @entity1 were significantly lower compared to controls [median 30.5 (IQR 28.6-31.4) vs. median 32.4 (IQR 30.6-33.45) p <=0.001] but were above the threshold value for @entity250 . Males reported normal erectile function and penetration ability with normal ejaculation. Females had significant lower BIQ results compared to males; BIQ-cosmesis scores were moderately correlated to the FSFI-desire score (r=-0.37, p=0.028). CONCLUSION: @entity44 resection in @entity1 may result in diminished sexual function at adult age with worse self-perceived body image. The possibility of sexual complaints should be integrated in the surveillance strategies for these @entity1 .

title: Sexual function after treatment for XXXX during childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Children', 'girls', 'men']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['sacrococcygeal teratoma', 'SCT']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction']

answer: @entity44 :: (MESH:D013724,Disease) :: ['sacrococcygeal teratoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lung growth in @entity1 is associated with dramatic increases in the number and surface area of alveolated airways. Modelling studies have shown the slope of the alveolar plateau (phase III) is sensitive to the total cross-sectional area of these airways. Therefore, the influence of age and body size on the phase III slope of the volumetric capnogram was investigated. METHODS: Phase III slope (alveolar dcCO2/dv) and airway deadspace (VDaw) were derived from repeated single-breath @entity544 expirograms collected on 44 healthy mechanically ventilated @entity1 (aged 5 months-18 yr) undergoing minor surgery. Ventilatory support was standardized (VT = 8.5 and 12.5 ml/kg, f = 8-15 breaths/min, inspiratory time = 1 s, end-tidal partial pressure of @entity544 = 30-45 mmHg), and measurements were recorded by computerized integration of output from a heated pneumotachometer and mainstream infrared @entity544 analyzer inserted between the endotracheal tube and anesthesia circuit. Experimental data were compared to simulated breath data generated from a numeric pediatric lung model. RESULTS: An increased VDaw, a smaller VDaw/VT, and flatter phase III slope were found at the larger tidal volume (P < 0.01). Strong relationships were seen at VT = 12.5 ml/kg between airway deadspace and age (R2 = 0.77), weight (R2 = 0.93), height (R2 = 0.78), and body surface area (R2 = 0.89). The normalized phase III slopes of @entity1 were markedly steeper than that of adolescents and were reduced at both tidal volumes with increasing age, weight, height, and body surface area. Phase III slopes and VDaw generated from modelled @entity544 washout simulations closely matched the experimental data collected in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Morphometric increases in the alveolated airway cross-section with lung growth is associated with a decrease of the phase III slope. During adolescence, normalized phase III slopes approximate those of healthy adults. The change in slope with lung growth may reflect a decrease in diffusional resistance for @entity544 transport within the alveolated airway resulting in diminished acinar @entity544 gradients.

title: Volumetric capnography in XXXX . Influence of growth on the alveolar plateau slope.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'children']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: In fecal samples from @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 , the microbiota differs from that of healthy subjects. However, the profiles of fecal microbiota only partially replicate those of the mucosal microbiota. It is not clear whether these differences are caused by variations in diet or colonic transit, or are associated with @entity577 production (measured by breath tests). We compared the colonic mucosal and fecal microbiota in @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 and in healthy subjects to investigate the relationships between microbiota and other parameters. METHODS: Sigmoid colonic mucosal and fecal microbiota samples were collected from 25 healthy @entity1 (controls) and 25 @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 and evaluated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (average, 49,186 reads/sample). We assessed associations between microbiota (overall composition and operational taxonomic units) and demographic variables, diet, @entity1142 status, colonic transit, and @entity577 production (measured in breath samples after oral @entity11884 intake). RESULTS: Fourteen @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 had slow colonic transit. The profile of the @entity1049 differed between constipated @entity1 and controls (P < .05). The overall composition of the @entity1049 was associated with @entity1142 , independent of colonic transit (P < .05), and discriminated between @entity1 with @entity1142 and controls with 94% accuracy. Genera from Bacteroidetes were more abundant in the @entity1049 of @entity1 with @entity1142 . The profile of the fecal microbiota was associated with colonic transit before adjusting for @entity1142 , age, body mass index, and diet; genera from Firmicutes (Faecalibacterium, Lactococcus, and Roseburia) correlated with faster colonic transit. @entity577 production was associated with the composition of the fecal microbiota, but not with @entity1142 or colonic transit. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for diet and colonic transit, the profile of the microbiota in the colonic mucosa could discriminate @entity1 with @entity1142 from healthy individuals. The profile of the fecal microbiota was associated with colonic transit and @entity577 production (measured in breath), but not @entity1142 .

title: Relationship Between Microbiota of the Colonic Mucosa vs Feces and Symptoms, Colonic Transit, and XXXX Production in Female @entity1 With Chronic Constipation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity11884 :: ('MESH:D007792', 'Chemical') :: ['lactulose']

entities_list: @entity577 :: ('MESH:D008697', 'Chemical') :: ['methane', 'Methane']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic mucosal microbiota']

answer: @entity577 :: (MESH:D008697,Chemical) :: ['Methane']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: In fecal samples from @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 , the microbiota differs from that of healthy subjects. However, the profiles of fecal microbiota only partially replicate those of the mucosal microbiota. It is not clear whether these differences are caused by variations in diet or colonic transit, or are associated with @entity577 production (measured by breath tests). We compared the colonic mucosal and fecal microbiota in @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 and in healthy subjects to investigate the relationships between microbiota and other parameters. METHODS: Sigmoid colonic mucosal and fecal microbiota samples were collected from 25 healthy @entity1 (controls) and 25 @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 and evaluated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (average, 49,186 reads/sample). We assessed associations between microbiota (overall composition and operational taxonomic units) and demographic variables, diet, @entity1142 status, colonic transit, and @entity577 production (measured in breath samples after oral @entity11884 intake). RESULTS: Fourteen @entity1 with chronic @entity1142 had slow colonic transit. The profile of the @entity1049 differed between constipated @entity1 and controls (P < .05). The overall composition of the @entity1049 was associated with @entity1142 , independent of colonic transit (P < .05), and discriminated between @entity1 with @entity1142 and controls with 94% accuracy. Genera from Bacteroidetes were more abundant in the @entity1049 of @entity1 with @entity1142 . The profile of the fecal microbiota was associated with colonic transit before adjusting for @entity1142 , age, body mass index, and diet; genera from Firmicutes (Faecalibacterium, Lactococcus, and Roseburia) correlated with faster colonic transit. @entity577 production was associated with the composition of the fecal microbiota, but not with @entity1142 or colonic transit. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for diet and colonic transit, the profile of the microbiota in the colonic mucosa could discriminate @entity1 with @entity1142 from healthy individuals. The profile of the fecal microbiota was associated with colonic transit and @entity577 production (measured in breath), but not @entity1142 .

title: Relationship Between Microbiota of the Colonic Mucosa vs Feces and Symptoms, Colonic Transit, and @entity577 Production in Female XXXX With Chronic Constipation.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: The eukaryotic microsomal cytochrome P450 systems consist of a cytochrome P450 enzyme (P450) and a cytochrome P450 redox partner, which generally is a cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) that supplies electrons from @entity1110 . However, alternative electron donors may exist such as cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5 (CBR and @entity71222 , respectively) via, which is @entity2125 -dependent and are also anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum. In the carotenogenic @entity375 Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, three P450-encoding genes have been described: crtS is involved in carotenogenesis and the @entity49650 and @entity71223 genes are both implicated in @entity12364 biosynthesis. This @entity375 has a single CPR (encoded by the crtR gene), and a crtR- mutant does not produce @entity20467 . Considering that this mutant is viable, the existence of alternative cytochrome P450 electron donors like CBR and @entity71222 could operate in this @entity375 . The aim of this work was to characterize the X. dendrorhous CBR encoding gene and to study its involvement in P450 reactions in @entity12364 and carotenoid biosynthesis. Two CBRs genes were identified ( @entity71224 and CBR.2), and deletion mutants were constructed. The two mutants and the wild-type strain showed similar @entity5068 production, with @entity12364 being the main @entity5068 produced. The crtR- mutant strain produced a lower proportion of @entity12364 than did the parental strain. These results indicate that even though one of the two CBR genes could be involved in @entity12364 biosynthesis, crtR complements their absence in the cbr- mutant strains, at least for @entity12364 production. The higher @entity2125 -dependent cytochrome c reductase activity together with the higher transcript levels of @entity71224 and @entity71222 in the crtR- mutant as well as the lower @entity2125 -dependent activity in CBS- @entity71224 - strongly suggest that @entity71224 - @entity71222 via participates as an alternative electron donor pathway for P450 enzymes involved in @entity12364 biosynthesis in X. dendrorhous.

title: Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Cytochrome b5 Reductase (CBR) Encoding Genes from the Carotenogenic XXXX Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous.

entities_list: @entity12364 :: ('MESH:D004875', 'Chemical') :: ['ergosterol']

entities_list: @entity20467 :: ('MESH:C005948', 'Chemical') :: ['astaxanthin']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Yeast']


abstract: One hundred and twenty-two @entity1 with @entity2946 received postoperative irradiation at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, from 1958 to 1978, inclusive. The surgical procedure in these @entity1 was total resection (44 @entity1 ), subtotal resection (66 @entity1 ), or biopsy alone (12 @entity1 ). Twenty-five @entity1 received adjuvant chemotherapy. Overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 56% and 43%, respectively. Improved survival rates were associated with an increased degree of resection and with posterior fossa radiation doses of 5200 rads or more. The posterior fossa was the common site of first relapse (in 56 @entity1 , 46%). Systemic @entity3 at first relapse occurred in 18 of 52 @entity1 (35%), and were associated with the use of ventriculosystemic shunts. Millipore filters did not prevent systemic relapse in shunted @entity1 . A subset of 15 @entity1 who received a posterior fossa dose of 5200 rads or more after a total resection had a 5-year survival rate of 77%, which remained constant to 10 years. This result is considered to be the upper limit that can be achieved by current treatment methods.

title: Radiation treatment for XXXX . A 21-year review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity2946 :: (MESH:D008527,Disease) :: ['medulloblastoma']


abstract: Non-enzymic glycation of collagen involves a series of complex reactions ultimately leading to the formation of intermolecular cross-links resulting in changes in its physical properties. During analysis for the fluorescent cross-link @entity23032 we identified the presence of an additional component (Cmpd K) in both @entity413 and @entity8690 incubations. Cmpd K was formed more quickly than @entity23032 in @entity413 incubations and more slowly than @entity23032 in @entity8690 incubations. Cmpd K represented 45% of the total fluorescence compared with 15% for @entity23032 in @entity413 incubations and 25% of the total fluorescence compared with 30% for @entity23032 in the @entity8690 incubations. Cmpd K is not an artefact of in vitro incubations, as it was shown to be present in dermal tissue from @entity6 @entity1 . Subsequent high-resolution h.p.l.c. analysis of @entity413 -incubated collagen revealed Cmpd K comprise two components ( @entity8759 ). Further, a similar analysis of Cmpd K from the @entity8690 incubations revealed two different components (K3 and K4). These differences indicate alternative mechanisms for the reactions of @entity413 and @entity8690 with collagen. The amounts of these fluorescent components and the @entity23032 cross-link determined for both @entity413 and @entity8690 glycation were found to be far too low (about one @entity23032 molecules per 200 collagen molecules after 6 months incubation with @entity413 ) to account for the extensive cross-linking responsible for the changes in physical properties, suggesting that a further additional series of cross-links are formed. We have analysed the non-fluorescent high-molecular-mass components and identified a new component that increases with time of in vitro incubation and is present in the skin of @entity6 @entity1 . This component is present in sufficient quantities (estimated at one cross-link per two collagen molecules) to account for the changes in physical properties occurring in vitro.

title: Non-enzymic glycation of fibrous collagen: reaction products of @entity413 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity23032 :: ('CHEBI:59951', 'Chemical') :: ['pentosidine']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity8690 :: (MESH:D012266,Chemical) :: ['ribose']


abstract: Non-enzymic glycation of collagen involves a series of complex reactions ultimately leading to the formation of intermolecular cross-links resulting in changes in its physical properties. During analysis for the fluorescent cross-link @entity23032 we identified the presence of an additional component (Cmpd K) in both @entity413 and @entity8690 incubations. Cmpd K was formed more quickly than @entity23032 in @entity413 incubations and more slowly than @entity23032 in @entity8690 incubations. Cmpd K represented 45% of the total fluorescence compared with 15% for @entity23032 in @entity413 incubations and 25% of the total fluorescence compared with 30% for @entity23032 in the @entity8690 incubations. Cmpd K is not an artefact of in vitro incubations, as it was shown to be present in dermal tissue from @entity6 @entity1 . Subsequent high-resolution h.p.l.c. analysis of @entity413 -incubated collagen revealed Cmpd K comprise two components ( @entity8759 ). Further, a similar analysis of Cmpd K from the @entity8690 incubations revealed two different components (K3 and K4). These differences indicate alternative mechanisms for the reactions of @entity413 and @entity8690 with collagen. The amounts of these fluorescent components and the @entity23032 cross-link determined for both @entity413 and @entity8690 glycation were found to be far too low (about one @entity23032 molecules per 200 collagen molecules after 6 months incubation with @entity413 ) to account for the extensive cross-linking responsible for the changes in physical properties, suggesting that a further additional series of cross-links are formed. We have analysed the non-fluorescent high-molecular-mass components and identified a new component that increases with time of in vitro incubation and is present in the skin of @entity6 @entity1 . This component is present in sufficient quantities (estimated at one cross-link per two collagen molecules) to account for the changes in physical properties occurring in vitro.

title: Non-enzymic glycation of fibrous collagen: reaction products of XXXX and @entity8690 .

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: In order to prevent and control the chemotherapy-induced @entity1209 (CINV), the military hospital Percy (Clamart, France) developed a systematic "CINV consultation". With 1.500 consultations conducted in 2013, the aim of this study was to confront professional practices and the @entity1 's point of view to assess the efficiency of this procedure and consider a restructuring to optimize it. A preliminary study was conducted: 30 medical records of @entity1 who had chemotherapy cure during 2013 have been analysed and 30 @entity1 have completed an evaluation questionnaire anonymously. @entity1 were very satisfied (63%) or satisfied (37%) of these consultations. Most of them (71%) said the consultations were useful before every cure, while 27% thought that the consultation at first cure or when the chemotherapy protocol changed was enough. CINV consultations were estimated as complementary of the medical consultation for 93% of the @entity1 . Most of the @entity1 (70%) never had CINV or just at the first cure. Furthermore, the anti-emetic treatment was adapted to the new chemotherapy emetic level in only 53% of protocol changes. @entity1 have expressed a real interest in these CINV consultations and the benefits they could get from them. Moreover, @entity1 ' side effects are stabilized faster thanks to those pharmaceutical interviews. In fact, it seems that these consultations are mostly needed for the first cure (until @entity1 stabilization) and when there is a chemotherapy protocol change.

title: [Individualized pharmaceutical consultations in the management of chemotherapy-induced XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1209 :: (MESH:D020250,Disease) :: ['nausea and vomiting']


abstract: Current studies on the biologically relevant characteristics of inhalable fibres are described, including the papers presented in this session. The various cell systems used in in vitro tests, i.e., diploid and permanent proliferating and nonproliferating cells, are listed, as are the different endpoints of these tests. It is shown that use of in vitro tests complements the use of animal experimentation. Opinions on the nature of the acute toxic effects of @entity1355 fibres on macrophages differ; however, the dependence of @entity137 on fibre length has been demonstrated in this system. These data show that the effects of mineral fibres in vitro give an indication of their potential fibrogenicity in vivo. Other cell culture systems, reported in papers in this session, include hamster lung fibroblasts, @entity35 pleural mesothelial cells and mesothelioma cells. Experiments in which fibre geometry is altered, e.g., by acid treatment, indicate that it is an important factor in @entity137 ; the haemolytic effect of fibres, however, appears to depend on their chemical composition. Thus, a combined physical-chemical effect would appear to be involved. In vitro testing has also made possible investigation of immunological and chromosomal changes due to @entity2537 . The practical use of findings made in vitro is also summarized.

title: Experimental pathology -- in vitro studies -- related to XXXX and other mineral fibres.

entities_list: @entity2537 :: ('MESH:D020966', 'Disease') :: ['inhalation of asbestos fibres']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity1355 :: (MESH:D001195,Disease) :: ['asbestos']


abstract: @entity2628 is a potent aromatase inhibitor with proven clinical effectiveness. However, its optimal dose and its effects on serum @entity1369 levels/electrolyte balance have been disputed. To resolve these issues, a double-blind randomised endocrine study of three doses of @entity2628 [0.5 mg twice daily (bd); 1.0 mg bd; 2.0 mg bd] was conducted in 80 (68 evaluable) postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity0 over a period of 3 months. There were substantial falls in the serum levels of @entity53 , @entity7042 and @entity19517 . For @entity7042 only, there was a significant effect of dose (on-treatment means: 0.5 mg, 38.0 pmol/l; 1.0 mg, 25.0 pmol/l; 2.0 mg, 23.9 pmol/l). All @entity2931 showed a similar pattern in relation to time, with the 3-month mean being higher than those at 1 and 2 months, and this was significant for @entity53 (P = 0.012). There was an indication that complete suppression of @entity53 and @entity7042 was not maintained throughout the 12-h dosing period, but the data and its interpretation are complicated by a minor diurnal rhythm in these parameters. There were significant increases in @entity4418 and @entity2671 which may be due to a block of 11 beta-hydroxylase. There was a statistically non-significant fall in @entity1369 levels (P = 0.06) during treatment (median pretreatment, 446 pmol/l; median decrease, 125 pmol/l). However, the concurrent significant fall in the plasma @entity1372 : @entity972 ratio indicated that changes in @entity1369 secretion did occur. None of these effects on adrenal pathways was of a degree which is likely to have clinically relevant consequences. It is concluded that @entity2628 achieves near maximal suppression of @entity2931 at 1 mg bd, and that its effects on @entity1369 synthesis are unlikely to be of clinical significance.

title: Endocrine changes with the aromatase inhibitor @entity2628 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity2628 :: ('MESH:D017316', 'Chemical') :: ['fadrozole hydrochloride', 'Fadrozole hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity19517 :: ('MESH:C017296', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrone sulphate']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogens']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity4418 :: ('MESH:D019326', 'Chemical') :: ['17-hydroxyprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity7042 :: ('CHEBI:17263', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrone']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity2628 is a potent aromatase inhibitor with proven clinical effectiveness. However, its optimal dose and its effects on serum @entity1369 levels/electrolyte balance have been disputed. To resolve these issues, a double-blind randomised endocrine study of three doses of @entity2628 [0.5 mg twice daily (bd); 1.0 mg bd; 2.0 mg bd] was conducted in 80 (68 evaluable) postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity0 over a period of 3 months. There were substantial falls in the serum levels of @entity53 , @entity7042 and @entity19517 . For @entity7042 only, there was a significant effect of dose (on-treatment means: 0.5 mg, 38.0 pmol/l; 1.0 mg, 25.0 pmol/l; 2.0 mg, 23.9 pmol/l). All @entity2931 showed a similar pattern in relation to time, with the 3-month mean being higher than those at 1 and 2 months, and this was significant for @entity53 (P = 0.012). There was an indication that complete suppression of @entity53 and @entity7042 was not maintained throughout the 12-h dosing period, but the data and its interpretation are complicated by a minor diurnal rhythm in these parameters. There were significant increases in @entity4418 and @entity2671 which may be due to a block of 11 beta-hydroxylase. There was a statistically non-significant fall in @entity1369 levels (P = 0.06) during treatment (median pretreatment, 446 pmol/l; median decrease, 125 pmol/l). However, the concurrent significant fall in the plasma @entity1372 : @entity972 ratio indicated that changes in @entity1369 secretion did occur. None of these effects on adrenal pathways was of a degree which is likely to have clinically relevant consequences. It is concluded that @entity2628 achieves near maximal suppression of @entity2931 at 1 mg bd, and that its effects on @entity1369 synthesis are unlikely to be of clinical significance.

title: Endocrine changes with the aromatase inhibitor XXXX in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity2628 :: (MESH:D017316,Chemical) :: ['fadrozole hydrochloride']


abstract: 1. It is well known that an individual subject often responds preferentially to a particular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and clinical response to these drugs is characterised by considerable variability between individuals. Variability in response has often been attributed to the episodic nature of @entity85 . Few studies have studied intrasubject variability in response to these drugs using a multiple crossover design. A major difficulty has been the lack of objective, validated measures of @entity32 sensitive to NSAIDs. The primary aim of the present study was to test the utility of urate-crystal induced @entity32 as a tool to predict NSAID response in @entity1 . 2. An inflammatory reaction was established in twenty-five healthy subjects with intradermal injection of urate crystals on four separate occasions separated by 1 week. Each subject was randomly assigned to receive either @entity5018 on two of these occasions (800 mg four times over 36 h) or matched placebo on the other two occasions using a double-blind, cross-over design. Decrease in the area under the wheal size-time curve was used to indicate anti-inflammatory response. 3. Peak inflammatory response was observed at about 32 h and had dissipated by 56 h post-urate injection. The logarithmic mean wheal area was significantly lower after @entity5018 (mean +/- s.e. mean; 6.74 +/- 0.09) compared with placebo (6.96 +/- 0.07 mm h); a difference of 20% (95% confidence interval for difference: 1 to 35%; P < 0.05). 4. There was marked intra- and intersubject variability in response to @entity5018 over the four treatment periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Clinical response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in urate-crystal induced XXXX : a simultaneous study of intersubject and intrasubject variability.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal disease']

entities_list: @entity5018 :: ('MESH:D007052', 'Chemical') :: ['ibuprofen']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: Idiotype-specific T cells were characterized in @entity1 with @entity1582 stage I by analysing idiotype-induced DNA synthesis ( @entity665 incorporation), @entity1199 and @entity379 production at the single cell level (ELISPOT) (in vitro tests) and @entity56 ( @entity56 ) skin reaction (in vivo test). In seven out of eight @entity1 at least one of the four tests was positive. In five @entity1 three or more tests were positive. One @entity1 was negative in all four tests. Six @entity1 had both @entity1199 and @entity379 -secreting cells and three of them also a @entity56 response. Furthermore, those three @entity1 with a proliferative response also had @entity1199 and @entity379 -secreting cells induced by the idiotype. The data indicate that part of the idiotype-specific T cell fraction belongs to the CD4 Th1 cell population. Whether @entity405 -specific T cells also were present could not be ruled out. The present study provides further support for the existence of idiotype-specific T cells in @entity1582 . Such cells might be an important target for an immune-mediated therapeutic approach.

title: Idiotype-specific T cells in XXXX stage I: an evaluation by four different functional tests.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['3H-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['delayed type hypersensitivity', 'DTH']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: We investigated the ability of @entity3404 , an obligate anaerobe from @entity1 colonic microflora, to grow in a @entity1735 -limited continuous culture at generation times ranging from 3.5 to 28 h per division. Four @entity3363 were tested: @entity413 , @entity3954 , @entity8686 , and @entity4823 . At a generation time of 3.5 h per division, the growth yields for bacteria growing on @entity413 , @entity3954 , and @entity8686 were 76, 68, and 50 g of cells (dry weight) per mol of substrate, respectively. Growth yields at 28 h per division were 61, 52, and 37 g/mol of substrate, respectively. When @entity4823 was the @entity1735 source, a stable population of bacteria was attainable only at generation times longer than 12 h per division. Growth yields at 15 and 32 h per division were 11 and 33 g/mol of substrate, respectively. There was no significant variation with increasing generation times in the specific activities of selected glycolytic enzymes, of disaccharidases such as alpha- and beta-glucosidases and alpha- and beta-galactosidases, or of the polysaccharidase chondroitin sulfate lyase. By contrast, the pattern of fermentation products varied with both the generation time and the @entity505 source. At a generation time of 3.5 h per division, the main products from the fermentation of @entity413 were @entity598 and @entity4588 , with a trace of @entity4919 . At 28 h per division, @entity4919 concentrations were higher and @entity4588 concentrations were lower than at 3.5 h per division. The products from the fermentation of @entity4823 were the same as those from @entity413 fermentation. However, when @entity3954 was fermented, the concentration of @entity598 was much higher at all generation times than when @entity413 was the @entity505 source. When @entity8686 was the @entity505 source, @entity598 was the main fermentation product, and only traces of @entity4919 and @entity4588 were detected. Another characteristic that varied with the growth rate was the ability of @entity3404 to produce the inducible enzyme alpha-glucosidase when exposed to @entity7969 . The ability of the organism to produce this enzyme declined with increasing generation times.

title: Effect of long generation times on growth of XXXX in @entity1735 -induced continuous culture.

entities_list: @entity3404 :: ('818', 'Species') :: ['Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron', 'B. thetaiotaomicron']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity3954 :: ('CHEBI:28009', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylglucosamine']

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate']

entities_list: @entity4823 :: ('MESH:D005944', 'Chemical') :: ['glucosamine']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity8686 :: ('MESH:D020723', 'Chemical') :: ['glucuronic acid']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity3404 :: (818,Species) :: ['Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron']


abstract: We investigated the ability of @entity3404 , an obligate anaerobe from @entity1 colonic microflora, to grow in a @entity1735 -limited continuous culture at generation times ranging from 3.5 to 28 h per division. Four @entity3363 were tested: @entity413 , @entity3954 , @entity8686 , and @entity4823 . At a generation time of 3.5 h per division, the growth yields for bacteria growing on @entity413 , @entity3954 , and @entity8686 were 76, 68, and 50 g of cells (dry weight) per mol of substrate, respectively. Growth yields at 28 h per division were 61, 52, and 37 g/mol of substrate, respectively. When @entity4823 was the @entity1735 source, a stable population of bacteria was attainable only at generation times longer than 12 h per division. Growth yields at 15 and 32 h per division were 11 and 33 g/mol of substrate, respectively. There was no significant variation with increasing generation times in the specific activities of selected glycolytic enzymes, of disaccharidases such as alpha- and beta-glucosidases and alpha- and beta-galactosidases, or of the polysaccharidase chondroitin sulfate lyase. By contrast, the pattern of fermentation products varied with both the generation time and the @entity505 source. At a generation time of 3.5 h per division, the main products from the fermentation of @entity413 were @entity598 and @entity4588 , with a trace of @entity4919 . At 28 h per division, @entity4919 concentrations were higher and @entity4588 concentrations were lower than at 3.5 h per division. The products from the fermentation of @entity4823 were the same as those from @entity413 fermentation. However, when @entity3954 was fermented, the concentration of @entity598 was much higher at all generation times than when @entity413 was the @entity505 source. When @entity8686 was the @entity505 source, @entity598 was the main fermentation product, and only traces of @entity4919 and @entity4588 were detected. Another characteristic that varied with the growth rate was the ability of @entity3404 to produce the inducible enzyme alpha-glucosidase when exposed to @entity7969 . The ability of the organism to produce this enzyme declined with increasing generation times.

title: Effect of long generation times on growth of @entity3404 in XXXX -induced continuous culture.

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: When @entity1573 erythrocytes labeled with a @entity3106 derivative spin label was treated with concanavalin A (Con A), ESR spectra showed a change in the peaks due to the labels in membrane lipids, indicating an increase of membrane lipid fluidity. Addition of Con A increased the fluidity rapidly. This change was reversible only up to 30 min after adding Con A, and thereafter it gradually became irreversible. However, if the erythrocytes were treated with @entity2389 and @entity6042 , a complete return of fluidity to the normal level could be observed at any stage after the binding of Con A. The observation of freeze-fracture replicas of erythrocyte membranes by transmission electron microscopy also showed that the redistribution of intramembranous particles gradually became irreversible after exposure to Con A. These results suggest that the microfilament-like system, which modulates the distribution of cell surface receptors for Con A, participates in the modulation of membrane fluidity. Phospholipid methylation of @entity1573 erythrocyte membrane was stimulated immediately after the binding of Con A. A methyltransferase inhibitor, @entity71225 , abolished the increase of membrane fluidity within the first 10 min and also that occurring later than 60 min after adding Con A, but it was without effect on the @entity428 found between 20 and 60 min. Removal of extracellular @entity141 had an inhibitory effect on the lasting increase of fluidity. These results suggest that the first increase of membrane fluidity by Con A may be caused by phospholipid methylation, while the second increase may depend on the rearrangement of Con A receptor glycoproteins through cross-linking wit Con A. The irreversible part of the membrane fluidity increase probably depends on @entity141 influx, phospholipid methylation, and peripheral membrane proteins which constitute the microfilament-like system at the membrane inner surface.

title: Mechanism of the concanavalin A-induced change of membrane fluidity of XXXX erythrocytes.

entities_list: @entity3106 :: ('MESH:C031183', 'Chemical') :: ['stearic acid']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['elevated fluidity']

entities_list: @entity2389 :: ('MESH:D003571', 'Chemical') :: ['cytochalasin B']

entities_list: @entity6042 :: ('MESH:C008466', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl alpha-D-mannoside']

entities_list: @entity71225 :: ('MESH:C013919', 'Chemical') :: ["5'-deoxy-5'-S-isobutyl adenosine"]

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: The nuclei of isolated @entity35 hepatocytes were separable into three receptor compartments based upon their differential salt extractabilities: nucleoplasmic receptors (NP) extractable with 0.15 M @entity4338 , high-salt extractable receptors (HSE) extractable with 0.4 M @entity4338 , and salt-resistant receptors (SR) extractable with 0.4 M @entity4338 /5 mM @entity3902 . The receptor distribution among the three compartments was approximately NP, 45%; HSE, 30%; SR, 25%. The mean percent occupancy with endogenous T3 of the SR receptors (86%) was higher than the occupancies of the NP receptors (68%) and the HSE receptors (63%). When hepatocytes were pulsed with 3 nM [125I]T3 at 37 degrees C for brief intervals, receptor-[125I]T3 complexes were detectable in all three nuclear compartments within 15 sec. With increasing pulse intervals up to 120 sec, the receptor content of each nuclear compartment increased progressively and without evidence of preferential accumulation in any of the three compartments. To determine the life span and intercompartmental "migration" pattern of nuclear receptors, hepatocytes were pulsed with 3 nM [125I]T3 at 37 degrees C for 2.5 min or 5 min, followed by a chase with a 500-fold excess of nonlabeled T3. The population of receptor-[125I]T3 complexes generated during the pulse was serially recovered at increasing intervals after the chase. The complexes of each compartment dissociated with a half-life of approximately 3 min and manifested no predilection to accumulate in any of the compartments. Exposure of isolated hepatocytes to 3 nM T3 for 5 min or 10 min at 37 degrees C induced no change in the gross intercompartmental distribution of receptors compared to control hepatocytes incubated without T3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The appearance, distribution, and longevity of receptor-[125I]T3 complexes within the nuclei of isolated XXXX hepatocytes.

entities_list: @entity3902 :: ('MESH:D004229', 'Chemical') :: ['dithiothreitol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the contribution that perinatal and @entity1 necropsy makes to clinical practice and to see how this might be influenced by the quality of the investigation. DESIGN: Cohort analysis, with data from the all Wales perinatal survey, of perinatal and @entity1 deaths during 1993 of babies born to mothers usually resident in Wales. The clinicopathological classification of @entity204 based on clinical details was compared with the classification after necropsy. Similarly, cases in which necropsy yielded new information were identified. The quality of the necropsy was assessed by scoring six aspects of the examination. SUBJECTS: 400 consecutive deaths at 20 weeks of gestation to 1 year of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Necropsy rate, effect of necropsy on clinicopathological classification, new information disclosed by necropsy, quality of necropsies, and the link between new information and quality of the necropsy. RESULTS: Necropsy was performed in 232 cases (58%). The clinicopathological classification was altered by necropsy in 29 cases (13%). New information was obtained in 60 cases (26%), and in 42 (18%) it disclosed the cause of @entity204 . The quality of necropsy was substantially higher when the main cause of @entity204 was detected than when nothing new was found. CONCLUSION: Necropsy is underused. Clinicians should be more positive about necropsies and realise how much clinically relevant information can be obtained from a good quality examination.

title: Value and quality of perinatal and XXXX postmortem examinations: cohort analysis of 400 consecutive deaths.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infant']


abstract: The relationship between the intestinal histopathology and number and position of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) was observed chronologically in the small intestine of @entity35 experimentally infected with Metagonimus yokogawai. Fifteen @entity35 were orally infected each with 3,000 metacecariae, and 3 were kept uninfected for controls. Three @entity35 each were sacrificed on the day 5, 10, 15, 24 and 70 post- @entity281 (PI) and samples of the small intestine, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 70 cm posterior to the pylorus were taken. The samples were processed routinely and stained with Giemsa. The intestinal histopathology was severe during the day 5-15 PI and characterized by @entity194 , crypt @entity1373 , and decrease of villus/crypt height ratio. After the day 24 PI, the intestinal lesions showed some tendency of recovery. The number of IEL increased at the early stage of @entity281 , but decreased thereafter to a lower level than that of controls, with progression of the pathological changes. Then, the IEL number began to increase again after the day 24 PI. In control @entity35 , the great majority of the IEL were located at the basal region of the epithelium. During the early stage of @entity281 , however, a considerable proportion of IEL was found to have moved to the intermediate or apical region of the epithelium. From the above results, it is suggested that the change of IEL number and position during the course of M. yokogawai @entity281 should be closely related to the progression and recovery of the intestinal histopathology.

title: [Chronological observation on intestinal histopathology and intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestine of XXXX infected with Metagonimus yokogawai].

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['villous atrophy']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: While the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway coupled to receptor @entity669 kinases has been largely clarified, little is known about MAPK activation mediated by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors. In a previous study, it has been shown that @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) signaling through heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors stimulates MAPK activity in primary cultures of astrocytes (Cazaubon, S., Parker, P. J., Strosberg, A.D., and Couraud, P.O. (1993) Biochem. J. 293, 381-386). To clarify the molecular mechanism responsible for this response, involvement of the adapter proteins, @entity9703 and @entity10240 , has now been investigated. It is shown here that in these cells, @entity2232 stimulates @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity9703 , resulting in its stable association with @entity10240 but not with @entity10240 , a @entity10240 isoform with partially deleted SH2 domain. These results demonstrate that @entity669 -phosphorylated @entity9703 specifically interacts with the SH2 domain of @entity10240 . This response was rapid and transient, showing a maximum at 10 min and declining at 60 min. Interestingly, direct activation of G proteins by fluoroaluminate mimics the @entity2232 effect. In addition, a shift to a higher apparent molecular mass of @entity10242 kinase, likely reflecting its hyperphosphorylation, was also detected in @entity2232 -treated cells. These data strongly suggest that @entity2232 -induced MAPK activation is a G protein-coupled pathway that involves @entity9703 , @entity10240 , and probably @entity10242 . In conclusion, the @entity9703 - @entity10240 complex may be involved in the activation of the MAPK pathway, not only by several receptor @entity669 kinases but also by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, such as @entity2232 receptors.

title: Endothelin induces XXXX phosphorylation and @entity10240 association of @entity9703 in astrocytes.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: While the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway coupled to receptor @entity669 kinases has been largely clarified, little is known about MAPK activation mediated by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors. In a previous study, it has been shown that @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) signaling through heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors stimulates MAPK activity in primary cultures of astrocytes (Cazaubon, S., Parker, P. J., Strosberg, A.D., and Couraud, P.O. (1993) Biochem. J. 293, 381-386). To clarify the molecular mechanism responsible for this response, involvement of the adapter proteins, @entity9703 and @entity10240 , has now been investigated. It is shown here that in these cells, @entity2232 stimulates @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity9703 , resulting in its stable association with @entity10240 but not with @entity10240 , a @entity10240 isoform with partially deleted SH2 domain. These results demonstrate that @entity669 -phosphorylated @entity9703 specifically interacts with the SH2 domain of @entity10240 . This response was rapid and transient, showing a maximum at 10 min and declining at 60 min. Interestingly, direct activation of G proteins by fluoroaluminate mimics the @entity2232 effect. In addition, a shift to a higher apparent molecular mass of @entity10242 kinase, likely reflecting its hyperphosphorylation, was also detected in @entity2232 -treated cells. These data strongly suggest that @entity2232 -induced MAPK activation is a G protein-coupled pathway that involves @entity9703 , @entity10240 , and probably @entity10242 . In conclusion, the @entity9703 - @entity10240 complex may be involved in the activation of the MAPK pathway, not only by several receptor @entity669 kinases but also by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, such as @entity2232 receptors.

title: Endothelin induces @entity669 phosphorylation and @entity10240 association of XXXX in astrocytes.

answer: @entity9703 :: (6464,Gene) :: ['Shc']


abstract: While the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway coupled to receptor @entity669 kinases has been largely clarified, little is known about MAPK activation mediated by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors. In a previous study, it has been shown that @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) signaling through heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors stimulates MAPK activity in primary cultures of astrocytes (Cazaubon, S., Parker, P. J., Strosberg, A.D., and Couraud, P.O. (1993) Biochem. J. 293, 381-386). To clarify the molecular mechanism responsible for this response, involvement of the adapter proteins, @entity9703 and @entity10240 , has now been investigated. It is shown here that in these cells, @entity2232 stimulates @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity9703 , resulting in its stable association with @entity10240 but not with @entity10240 , a @entity10240 isoform with partially deleted SH2 domain. These results demonstrate that @entity669 -phosphorylated @entity9703 specifically interacts with the SH2 domain of @entity10240 . This response was rapid and transient, showing a maximum at 10 min and declining at 60 min. Interestingly, direct activation of G proteins by fluoroaluminate mimics the @entity2232 effect. In addition, a shift to a higher apparent molecular mass of @entity10242 kinase, likely reflecting its hyperphosphorylation, was also detected in @entity2232 -treated cells. These data strongly suggest that @entity2232 -induced MAPK activation is a G protein-coupled pathway that involves @entity9703 , @entity10240 , and probably @entity10242 . In conclusion, the @entity9703 - @entity10240 complex may be involved in the activation of the MAPK pathway, not only by several receptor @entity669 kinases but also by heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, such as @entity2232 receptors.

title: Endothelin induces @entity669 phosphorylation and XXXX association of @entity9703 in astrocytes.

answer: @entity10240 :: (2885,Gene) :: ['GRB2']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The optimal time to initiate adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery in @entity1 with @entity694 is not clear. We investigated the benefit of combined intraportal chemotherapy administered during radical surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy for treating @entity5 . METHODS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to OCTREE arm (intraportal chemotherapy plus mFOLFOX6) or a standard adjuvant chemotherapy arm (mFOLFOX6). The primary study endpoint was disease-free survival. The secondary endpoints included @entity3 -free survival, overall survival, and safety. RESULTS: The intent-to-treat population comprised 237 @entity1 . With a median follow-up of 44 months, the hazard ratio (OCTREE vs mFOLFOX6) was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.90), a 34% risk reduction in favor of OCTREE (P=0.016). The 3-year disease-free survival rate was 85.2% for OCTREE and 75.6% for mFOLFOX6 alone (P=0.030). The 3-year @entity3 -free survival rates were 87.6% for OCTREE and 78.0% for mFOLFOX6 (P=0.035). @entity1 had lower distant metastatic rate in the OCTREE arm (12.7% vs 22.7%; P=0.044), when compared with the mFOLFOX6 arm. The 3-year overall survival was no significant difference between 2 arms (P=0.178). @entity1398 occurred in 12.7% of the @entity1 receiving OCTREE and in 2.5% of the @entity1 receiving mFOLFOX6 (P=0.003) within 2 weeks of surgery, and grade 3 or 4 @entity137 event was no difference between 2 regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of intraoperative intraportal chemotherapy with mFOLFOX6 reduced the occurrence of distant metastases and improved disease-free survival in @entity1 with @entity5 .

title: Randomized Controlled Trial of Intraportal Chemotherapy Combined With Adjuvant Chemotherapy (mFOLFOX6) for Stage II and III XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage II and stage III colon cancer', 'stage II and III colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['Neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['Colon Cancer']


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity5128 ( @entity1041 ) on @entity2922 secretion from primary cultures of @entity1063 -rich (noradrenergic) and @entity1425 -rich (adrenergic) @entity291 chromaffin cells were studied. @entity1041 stimulated @entity2922 secretion from both cell types but was a much more effective secretory stimulus for noradrenergic cells. 2. @entity1041 -induced @entity2922 secretion was dependent on extracellular @entity141 , was partially inhibited by @entity594 and by @entity1022 , and was potentiated by @entity7832 . Other K+ channel blocking agents including @entity973 , @entity5217 , and @entity11243 did not stimulate @entity2922 secretion. 3. @entity1041 had no effect on @entity141 -induced secretion from @entity11040 -permeabilized chromaffin cells. 4. @entity1041 presumably evokes secretion by inhibiting K+ channels, depolarizing chromaffin cells, and activating voltage-gated @entity141 channels in the cells. Noradrenergic cells appear to be more sensitive to K+ channel inhibition than are adrenergic cells. 5. The secretory response of the chromaffin cells to @entity1041 increased with time in culture. 6. In addition to being a more effective secretagogue in noradrenergic cells, @entity1041 was also more effective in stimulating @entity2922 synthesis in these cells.

title: @entity5128 selectively stimulates secretion from noradrenergic XXXX chromaffin cells.

entities_list: @entity11040 :: ('MESH:D004072', 'Chemical') :: ['digitonin']

entities_list: @entity5128 :: ('MESH:D019789', 'Chemical') :: ['tetraethylammonium chloride']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity973 :: ('MESH:D015761', 'Chemical') :: ['4-aminopyridine']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glibenclamide']

entities_list: @entity11243 :: ('MESH:D014044', 'Chemical') :: ['tolbutamide']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity5128 ( @entity1041 ) on @entity2922 secretion from primary cultures of @entity1063 -rich (noradrenergic) and @entity1425 -rich (adrenergic) @entity291 chromaffin cells were studied. @entity1041 stimulated @entity2922 secretion from both cell types but was a much more effective secretory stimulus for noradrenergic cells. 2. @entity1041 -induced @entity2922 secretion was dependent on extracellular @entity141 , was partially inhibited by @entity594 and by @entity1022 , and was potentiated by @entity7832 . Other K+ channel blocking agents including @entity973 , @entity5217 , and @entity11243 did not stimulate @entity2922 secretion. 3. @entity1041 had no effect on @entity141 -induced secretion from @entity11040 -permeabilized chromaffin cells. 4. @entity1041 presumably evokes secretion by inhibiting K+ channels, depolarizing chromaffin cells, and activating voltage-gated @entity141 channels in the cells. Noradrenergic cells appear to be more sensitive to K+ channel inhibition than are adrenergic cells. 5. The secretory response of the chromaffin cells to @entity1041 increased with time in culture. 6. In addition to being a more effective secretagogue in noradrenergic cells, @entity1041 was also more effective in stimulating @entity2922 synthesis in these cells.

title: XXXX selectively stimulates secretion from noradrenergic @entity291 chromaffin cells.

answer: @entity5128 :: (MESH:D019789,Chemical) :: ['Tetraethylammonium']


abstract: In Thailand, during the A(H1N1)pdm2009 pandemic, 82% of fatal cases did not received the specific treatment within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms. Specific diagnostic tests, especially RT-PCR, were not available throughout the country. To assist early clinical diagnosis and treatment, this study compared the clinical features and treatment outcomes of @entity1 presenting with @entity683 ( @entity683 ). These included confirmed cases of A(H1N1)pdm2009, as well as seasonal @entity683 and cases for which no cause could be specified. The medical records of @entity1 aged less than 15 years with @entity683 , who had RT-PCR performed for @entity683 virus between May 2009 and December 2011 at Srinagarind Hospital, were reviewed. Clinical features, chest radiographs and treatment outcomes were compared between those positive for A(H1N1)pdm2009, and those with seasonal @entity683 and/or the unspecified causes group. In 179 complete medical records, 27.4% were positive for A(H1N1)pdm2009, 13.4% for seasonal @entity683 and the cause of illness in the remainder was unspecified. Both A(H1N1)pdm2009 and seasonal @entity683 viruses infected older @entity1 more than did the unspecified group (group median ages 96,48 and 24 months, respectively). Sore throat, @entity10 and @entity925 were significantly more frequent in the A(H1N1)pdm2009 group than in the other two groups (p < 0.001). Half of all @entity1 had @entity55 but there were no significant differences among groups. There was no mortality in this study. In conclusion, sore throat, @entity10 and @entity925 were the significant clinical features suggestive of A(H1N1)pdm2009 infection in @entity1 and might be helpful indicators prompting early administration of specific treatments in the settings where definitive laboratory tests are not available.

title: COMPARISONS OF THE CLINICAL FEATURES AND OUTCOMES OF XXXX PRESENTING WITH INFLUENZA-LIKE ILLNESSES, INCLUDING A (H1N1) PDM09 AND SEASONAL INFLUENZA, IN A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, THAILAND.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza', 'ILIs', 'influenza-like illness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['CHILDREN']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the time-dependence of @entity1487 (5FU)-induced @entity1382 ( @entity1382 ) inhibition in @entity694 @entity1 , the effect of @entity4181 (LV), and the relation to response. @entity1 AND METHODS: A 5FU injection (500 mg/m2) was given to 47 @entity1 with advanced @entity14 ; @entity5 biopsy specimens were obtained 1 to 72 hours after laparotomy. Eleven @entity1 received LV (2-hour infusion of 500 mg/m2) with 5FU midinfusion; biopsies were obtained after 45 hours. @entity1382 inhibition was evaluated by comparing the number of total and free @entity21726 ( @entity22572 ) ( @entity21726 ) binding sites and the total and residual catalytic activity of @entity1382 . RESULTS: The total catalytic @entity1382 activity varied from 0 to 621 pmol/h/mg protein and the total number of @entity21726 binding sites varied from 0 to 976 fmol/mg protein. The residual catalytic @entity1382 activity after 2, 23, and 45 hours was 41%, 65%, and 74% of the total catalytic activity; the number of free @entity21726 binding sites was 12%, 27%, and 49% of the total number, respectively. LV enhanced @entity1382 inhibition after 45 hours; the residual catalytic activity decreased from 74% to 49%, and the number of free @entity21726 binding sites from 49% to 24%. Eleven of 19 @entity1 treated with hepatic arterial infusion of 5FU had a partial response (PR). In the nonresponding @entity1 , total @entity1382 activity was significantly higher (P < .05) than in responding @entity1 . A high @entity1382 activity with a poor inhibition correlated with no response. CONCLUSION: Residual and total @entity1382 activity are predictive for response to 5FU. The findings may be applicable for treatment of @entity1 with @entity1442 and @entity1382 should be evaluated as a prognostic factor in adjuvant chemotherapy studies.

title: Thymidylate synthase inhibition after administration of @entity1487 with or without @entity4181 in XXXX @entity1 : implications for treatment with @entity1487 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity1382 :: ('MESH:D020159', 'Disease') :: ['thymidylate synthase', 'TS']

entities_list: @entity21726 :: ('MESH:D005468', 'Chemical') :: ['FdUMP', "5-fluoro-2'-deoxy-uridine-5'- monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the time-dependence of @entity1487 (5FU)-induced @entity1382 ( @entity1382 ) inhibition in @entity694 @entity1 , the effect of @entity4181 (LV), and the relation to response. @entity1 AND METHODS: A 5FU injection (500 mg/m2) was given to 47 @entity1 with advanced @entity14 ; @entity5 biopsy specimens were obtained 1 to 72 hours after laparotomy. Eleven @entity1 received LV (2-hour infusion of 500 mg/m2) with 5FU midinfusion; biopsies were obtained after 45 hours. @entity1382 inhibition was evaluated by comparing the number of total and free @entity21726 ( @entity22572 ) ( @entity21726 ) binding sites and the total and residual catalytic activity of @entity1382 . RESULTS: The total catalytic @entity1382 activity varied from 0 to 621 pmol/h/mg protein and the total number of @entity21726 binding sites varied from 0 to 976 fmol/mg protein. The residual catalytic @entity1382 activity after 2, 23, and 45 hours was 41%, 65%, and 74% of the total catalytic activity; the number of free @entity21726 binding sites was 12%, 27%, and 49% of the total number, respectively. LV enhanced @entity1382 inhibition after 45 hours; the residual catalytic activity decreased from 74% to 49%, and the number of free @entity21726 binding sites from 49% to 24%. Eleven of 19 @entity1 treated with hepatic arterial infusion of 5FU had a partial response (PR). In the nonresponding @entity1 , total @entity1382 activity was significantly higher (P < .05) than in responding @entity1 . A high @entity1382 activity with a poor inhibition correlated with no response. CONCLUSION: Residual and total @entity1382 activity are predictive for response to 5FU. The findings may be applicable for treatment of @entity1 with @entity1442 and @entity1382 should be evaluated as a prognostic factor in adjuvant chemotherapy studies.

title: Thymidylate synthase inhibition after administration of @entity1487 with or without XXXX in @entity694 @entity1 : implications for treatment with @entity1487 .

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity4181 :: (MESH:D002955,Chemical) :: ['leucovorin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the time-dependence of @entity1487 (5FU)-induced @entity1382 ( @entity1382 ) inhibition in @entity694 @entity1 , the effect of @entity4181 (LV), and the relation to response. @entity1 AND METHODS: A 5FU injection (500 mg/m2) was given to 47 @entity1 with advanced @entity14 ; @entity5 biopsy specimens were obtained 1 to 72 hours after laparotomy. Eleven @entity1 received LV (2-hour infusion of 500 mg/m2) with 5FU midinfusion; biopsies were obtained after 45 hours. @entity1382 inhibition was evaluated by comparing the number of total and free @entity21726 ( @entity22572 ) ( @entity21726 ) binding sites and the total and residual catalytic activity of @entity1382 . RESULTS: The total catalytic @entity1382 activity varied from 0 to 621 pmol/h/mg protein and the total number of @entity21726 binding sites varied from 0 to 976 fmol/mg protein. The residual catalytic @entity1382 activity after 2, 23, and 45 hours was 41%, 65%, and 74% of the total catalytic activity; the number of free @entity21726 binding sites was 12%, 27%, and 49% of the total number, respectively. LV enhanced @entity1382 inhibition after 45 hours; the residual catalytic activity decreased from 74% to 49%, and the number of free @entity21726 binding sites from 49% to 24%. Eleven of 19 @entity1 treated with hepatic arterial infusion of 5FU had a partial response (PR). In the nonresponding @entity1 , total @entity1382 activity was significantly higher (P < .05) than in responding @entity1 . A high @entity1382 activity with a poor inhibition correlated with no response. CONCLUSION: Residual and total @entity1382 activity are predictive for response to 5FU. The findings may be applicable for treatment of @entity1 with @entity1442 and @entity1382 should be evaluated as a prognostic factor in adjuvant chemotherapy studies.

title: Thymidylate synthase inhibition after administration of XXXX with or without @entity4181 in @entity694 @entity1 : implications for treatment with @entity1487 .

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['fluorouracil']