abstract: BACKGROUND: The efficacy of thoracoscopic radical esophagectomy for @entity5 has yet to be established, mainly because previous reports have not included a sufficient number of cases. METHODS: Seventy-five treatment-naive @entity1 with @entity418 without contiguous spread underwent esophageal mobilization and extensive mediastinal lymphadenectomy through a 5-cm mini-thoracotomy and four trocar ports. RESULTS: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed without major @entity3816 or emergency conversion to open surgery. We retrieved 34.1+/-13.0 mediastinal nodes, including 11.5+/-3.8 tracheobronchial nodes and 6.2+/-3.0 recurrent laryngeal nodes. Mean time of operation and @entity190 were less in the last 39 @entity1 than the first 36 (186.7+/-25.3 min and 165.4+/-101.8 g vs 270. 2+/-96.0 min and 421.5+/-31.2 g, respectively: p <0.0001 and p <0.001). Pulmonary morbidity was 5% in the later 39 @entity1 . Survival was 90%, 80%, and 57% at 1, 2, and 5 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: Thoracoscopic radical esophagectomy has less morbidity and comparable survival to conventional surgery, after a moderate amount of experience. Mini-thoracotomy is essential to perform the procedure safely and effectively.

title: Video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy and radical lymph node dissection for XXXX . A series of 75 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative complications']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: To evaluate the impact of @entity440 on subjective and psychosexual well-being in @entity0 @entity1 in relation to type of prior chemotherapy and menopausal status. Longitudinal interview study in @entity0 @entity1 during and after adjuvant @entity440 use. Menopausal status was defined by last menstrual period and serum @entity53 and FSH levels. Gynaecology outpatient clinic, Tertiary Referral Hospital, January 1995 to September 1999. @entity0 @entity1 <56 years of age, participating in a randomised trial comparing adjuvant high-dose (n=45) and standard-dose (n=53) chemotherapy, followed by radiotherapy and @entity440 . Relative incidence and correlation of subjective and @entity458 during and after @entity440 . During @entity440 the most frequent complaints were hot flushes (85%), disturbed sleep (55%), @entity546 (47%), @entity458 (44%) and musculo-skeletal symptoms (43%). Disturbed sleep correlated with hot flushes (P<0.0005) and concentration problems (P<0.05). Decreased sexual interest correlated with @entity353 (P<0.0005). In the high-dose group more @entity1 became postmenopausal (95% vs 33%) and more @entity1 reported symptoms than in the standard-dose group (P<0.05). After discontinuation of @entity440 , symptoms decreased significantly. However, hot flushes, disturbed @entity25 persisted more often in @entity1 who remained postmenopausal after high-dose chemotherapy (P<0.05). Overall, during @entity440 @entity1 reported many symptoms. More @entity1 become postmenopausal after high-dose chemotherapy, and they remain often symptomatic after @entity440 .

title: @entity440 effects on subjective and psychosexual well-being, in a randomised XXXX study comparing high-dose and standard-dose chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal dryness (P<0.0005) and/or dyspareunia']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['decreased sexual desire', 'psychosexual symptoms']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal dryness and/or dyspareunia']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep and vaginal dryness']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: To evaluate the impact of @entity440 on subjective and psychosexual well-being in @entity0 @entity1 in relation to type of prior chemotherapy and menopausal status. Longitudinal interview study in @entity0 @entity1 during and after adjuvant @entity440 use. Menopausal status was defined by last menstrual period and serum @entity53 and FSH levels. Gynaecology outpatient clinic, Tertiary Referral Hospital, January 1995 to September 1999. @entity0 @entity1 <56 years of age, participating in a randomised trial comparing adjuvant high-dose (n=45) and standard-dose (n=53) chemotherapy, followed by radiotherapy and @entity440 . Relative incidence and correlation of subjective and @entity458 during and after @entity440 . During @entity440 the most frequent complaints were hot flushes (85%), disturbed sleep (55%), @entity546 (47%), @entity458 (44%) and musculo-skeletal symptoms (43%). Disturbed sleep correlated with hot flushes (P<0.0005) and concentration problems (P<0.05). Decreased sexual interest correlated with @entity353 (P<0.0005). In the high-dose group more @entity1 became postmenopausal (95% vs 33%) and more @entity1 reported symptoms than in the standard-dose group (P<0.05). After discontinuation of @entity440 , symptoms decreased significantly. However, hot flushes, disturbed @entity25 persisted more often in @entity1 who remained postmenopausal after high-dose chemotherapy (P<0.05). Overall, during @entity440 @entity1 reported many symptoms. More @entity1 become postmenopausal after high-dose chemotherapy, and they remain often symptomatic after @entity440 .

title: XXXX effects on subjective and psychosexual well-being, in a randomised @entity0 study comparing high-dose and standard-dose chemotherapy.

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['Tamoxifen']


abstract: Besides @entity137 , @entity6023 induce other biological effects, especially in the immune system. @entity6023 have demonstrated immunostimulatory effects against @entity5 , supporting the idea that these agents suppress @entity5 through several mechanisms and not solely through inhibiting cell division. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of @entity6023 ( @entity1311 and @entity1205 ) and investigate their ability in alterating important immunological parameters in @entity0 @entity1 . Thirty @entity1 with @entity0 undergoing chemotherapy were randomly assigned into two groups treated with either single agent @entity1311 or @entity1205 . Sera from @entity1 before the first and after the last treatment cycle and from normal donors were assayed by ELISA for @entity1199 , @entity1356 , @entity379 , @entity2841 , @entity650 , @entity310 , and @entity1421 levels. In these same blood samples, NK and @entity10086 cell activity was tested in the total PBMC population against NK-sensitive K562 @entity5 targets, respectively, and autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction was tested by @entity665 proliferation assays. All @entity1 in both groups responded to therapy. Significant differences were observed in the following immune parameters between the control group of healthy blood donors and the pretreatment values of both @entity3907 groups; @entity1199 , @entity2841 , @entity379 levels and NK and @entity10086 cell @entity137 were @entity308 , whereas @entity310 and @entity650 levels were raised in @entity0 @entity1 before treatment compared to controls. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups regarding any of the parameters studied. Both drugs led to increases in MLR values, NK and @entity10086 cell @entity137 , and @entity650 , @entity2841 , @entity379 levels, and decreases for @entity1356 , TNF, and @entity1421 levels. The percentage of these differences was greater for @entity1205 in comparison to @entity1311 (P<0.0001). More specifically, @entity1205 demonstrated a more pronounced effect on enhancing MLR, NK, @entity10086 activity and @entity379 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , and @entity2841 levels, as well as caused more potent reduction in @entity1356 and @entity310 levels when compared to @entity1311 . The present study indicates that @entity1 responded to treatment of @entity0 with single-agent @entity1311 or @entity1205 leads to an increase in serum @entity379 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , @entity2841 cytokine levels and enhancement of PBMC NK and @entity10086 cell activity, while they both lead to a decrease of acute phase serum cytokine levels of @entity1356 and @entity310 . Moreover, the effects of @entity1205 are in all the above parameters more pronounced than those of @entity1311 .

title: Immune changes in @entity1 with XXXX undergoing chemotherapy with @entity6023 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity6023 :: ('MESH:D043823', 'Chemical') :: ['Taxanes', 'taxanes']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['Paclitaxel', 'paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['(3)H-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel', 'docetaxel']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['advanced breast cancer']


abstract: Besides @entity137 , @entity6023 induce other biological effects, especially in the immune system. @entity6023 have demonstrated immunostimulatory effects against @entity5 , supporting the idea that these agents suppress @entity5 through several mechanisms and not solely through inhibiting cell division. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of @entity6023 ( @entity1311 and @entity1205 ) and investigate their ability in alterating important immunological parameters in @entity0 @entity1 . Thirty @entity1 with @entity0 undergoing chemotherapy were randomly assigned into two groups treated with either single agent @entity1311 or @entity1205 . Sera from @entity1 before the first and after the last treatment cycle and from normal donors were assayed by ELISA for @entity1199 , @entity1356 , @entity379 , @entity2841 , @entity650 , @entity310 , and @entity1421 levels. In these same blood samples, NK and @entity10086 cell activity was tested in the total PBMC population against NK-sensitive K562 @entity5 targets, respectively, and autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction was tested by @entity665 proliferation assays. All @entity1 in both groups responded to therapy. Significant differences were observed in the following immune parameters between the control group of healthy blood donors and the pretreatment values of both @entity3907 groups; @entity1199 , @entity2841 , @entity379 levels and NK and @entity10086 cell @entity137 were @entity308 , whereas @entity310 and @entity650 levels were raised in @entity0 @entity1 before treatment compared to controls. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups regarding any of the parameters studied. Both drugs led to increases in MLR values, NK and @entity10086 cell @entity137 , and @entity650 , @entity2841 , @entity379 levels, and decreases for @entity1356 , TNF, and @entity1421 levels. The percentage of these differences was greater for @entity1205 in comparison to @entity1311 (P<0.0001). More specifically, @entity1205 demonstrated a more pronounced effect on enhancing MLR, NK, @entity10086 activity and @entity379 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , and @entity2841 levels, as well as caused more potent reduction in @entity1356 and @entity310 levels when compared to @entity1311 . The present study indicates that @entity1 responded to treatment of @entity0 with single-agent @entity1311 or @entity1205 leads to an increase in serum @entity379 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , @entity2841 cytokine levels and enhancement of PBMC NK and @entity10086 cell activity, while they both lead to a decrease of acute phase serum cytokine levels of @entity1356 and @entity310 . Moreover, the effects of @entity1205 are in all the above parameters more pronounced than those of @entity1311 .

title: Immune changes in @entity1 with @entity0 undergoing chemotherapy with XXXX .

answer: @entity6023 :: (MESH:D043823,Chemical) :: ['taxanes']


abstract: Besides @entity137 , @entity6023 induce other biological effects, especially in the immune system. @entity6023 have demonstrated immunostimulatory effects against @entity5 , supporting the idea that these agents suppress @entity5 through several mechanisms and not solely through inhibiting cell division. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of @entity6023 ( @entity1311 and @entity1205 ) and investigate their ability in alterating important immunological parameters in @entity0 @entity1 . Thirty @entity1 with @entity0 undergoing chemotherapy were randomly assigned into two groups treated with either single agent @entity1311 or @entity1205 . Sera from @entity1 before the first and after the last treatment cycle and from normal donors were assayed by ELISA for @entity1199 , @entity1356 , @entity379 , @entity2841 , @entity650 , @entity310 , and @entity1421 levels. In these same blood samples, NK and @entity10086 cell activity was tested in the total PBMC population against NK-sensitive K562 @entity5 targets, respectively, and autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction was tested by @entity665 proliferation assays. All @entity1 in both groups responded to therapy. Significant differences were observed in the following immune parameters between the control group of healthy blood donors and the pretreatment values of both @entity3907 groups; @entity1199 , @entity2841 , @entity379 levels and NK and @entity10086 cell @entity137 were @entity308 , whereas @entity310 and @entity650 levels were raised in @entity0 @entity1 before treatment compared to controls. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups regarding any of the parameters studied. Both drugs led to increases in MLR values, NK and @entity10086 cell @entity137 , and @entity650 , @entity2841 , @entity379 levels, and decreases for @entity1356 , TNF, and @entity1421 levels. The percentage of these differences was greater for @entity1205 in comparison to @entity1311 (P<0.0001). More specifically, @entity1205 demonstrated a more pronounced effect on enhancing MLR, NK, @entity10086 activity and @entity379 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , and @entity2841 levels, as well as caused more potent reduction in @entity1356 and @entity310 levels when compared to @entity1311 . The present study indicates that @entity1 responded to treatment of @entity0 with single-agent @entity1311 or @entity1205 leads to an increase in serum @entity379 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , @entity2841 cytokine levels and enhancement of PBMC NK and @entity10086 cell activity, while they both lead to a decrease of acute phase serum cytokine levels of @entity1356 and @entity310 . Moreover, the effects of @entity1205 are in all the above parameters more pronounced than those of @entity1311 .

title: Immune changes in XXXX with @entity0 undergoing chemotherapy with @entity6023 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity6 is the most frequent cause of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ), sometimes accompanied by @entity455 . However, other glomerular pathologies are important in these @entity1 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ) in selected @entity1 with @entity6 , and to identify clinical markers that may predict its presence in this population. We reviewed 20 renal biopsies performed on twenty @entity1 with @entity6 . Nine of them showed @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ) (45%), whereas eleven showed @entity2316 (55%): 1 IgA @entity8 , 3 @entity1333 and 7 @entity8 . We found no differences between the two groups with regard to sex, duration of @entity6 , insulin therapy, glycosylated haemoglobin, @entity644 , presence of @entity1985 , @entity101 , serum IgA level or renal size. The @entity2316 group had haematuria in 63.6%, whereas the @entity1 with @entity2316 had it in 44.4% (NS). Body mass index was higher in @entity2316 @entity1 (30 +/- 6.7 vs 22 +/- 2.9; p < 0.01), The same was true for @entity1011 clearance (82.2 +/- 51.4 ml/m vs 40.4 +/- 19.6 ml/m; p < 0.05). The age at the moment of diagnosis was higher in @entity11702 @entity1 (67 +/- 11.2 vs 54.3 +/- 4.6; p < 0.05). The 3 @entity1 who had @entity6 were found to have @entity2316 on renal biopsy (diagnostic specificity = 100%), although 66.7% of the @entity1 with @entity2316 had no @entity989 . We conclude that @entity1 with @entity6 with renal findings suggesting @entity2316 frequently it have @entity2316 , and a renal biopsy must be performed. The presence of @entity989 has a predictive value of 100% in predicting @entity2316 , therefore its existence may make this diagnostic procedure unneccesary.

title: [Renal histological lesions in @entity1 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'membranous nephropathy', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic retinopathy', 'Diabetic glomerulosclerosis', 'type II diabetes mellitus', 'type II DM', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'diabetic glomerulopathy', 'DN', 'NDN', 'non-diabetic nephropathy', 'non-diabetic renal disease']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type II diabetes mellitus']


abstract: @entity6 is the most frequent cause of @entity8 in @entity1 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ), sometimes accompanied by @entity455 . However, other glomerular pathologies are important in these @entity1 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ) in selected @entity1 with @entity6 , and to identify clinical markers that may predict its presence in this population. We reviewed 20 renal biopsies performed on twenty @entity1 with @entity6 . Nine of them showed @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ) (45%), whereas eleven showed @entity2316 (55%): 1 IgA @entity8 , 3 @entity1333 and 7 @entity8 . We found no differences between the two groups with regard to sex, duration of @entity6 , insulin therapy, glycosylated haemoglobin, @entity644 , presence of @entity1985 , @entity101 , serum IgA level or renal size. The @entity2316 group had haematuria in 63.6%, whereas the @entity1 with @entity2316 had it in 44.4% (NS). Body mass index was higher in @entity2316 @entity1 (30 +/- 6.7 vs 22 +/- 2.9; p < 0.01), The same was true for @entity1011 clearance (82.2 +/- 51.4 ml/m vs 40.4 +/- 19.6 ml/m; p < 0.05). The age at the moment of diagnosis was higher in @entity11702 @entity1 (67 +/- 11.2 vs 54.3 +/- 4.6; p < 0.05). The 3 @entity1 who had @entity6 were found to have @entity2316 on renal biopsy (diagnostic specificity = 100%), although 66.7% of the @entity1 with @entity2316 had no @entity989 . We conclude that @entity1 with @entity6 with renal findings suggesting @entity2316 frequently it have @entity2316 , and a renal biopsy must be performed. The presence of @entity989 has a predictive value of 100% in predicting @entity2316 , therefore its existence may make this diagnostic procedure unneccesary.

title: [Renal histological lesions in XXXX with @entity6 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent data suggest that dietary protein restriction improves survival and delays the progression to @entity454 ( @entity454 ) in non- @entity6 @entity8 . The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of dietary protein restriction on survival and progression to @entity454 in @entity2316 . METHODS: A four-year prospective, controlled trial with concealed randomization was performed comparing the effects of a low-protein diet (0.6 g/kg/day) with a usual-protein diet. The study included 82 type 1 @entity6 @entity1 with progressive @entity2316 [pre-study mean decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 7.1 mL/min/year (95% CI, 5.8 to 8.5)]. The main outcome measures were decline in GFR and development of @entity454 or @entity204 . RESULTS: During the follow-up period the usual-protein diet group consumed 1.02 g/kg/day (95% CI; 0.95 to 1.10) as compared with 0.89 (0.83 to 0.95) in the low-protein diet group (P = 0.005). The mean declines in GFR were 3.9 mL/min/year (2.7 to 5.2) in the usual-protein diet group and 3.8 (2.8 to 4.8) in the low-protein diet group. @entity454 or @entity204 occurred in 27% of @entity1 on a usual-protein diet as compared with 10% on a low-protein diet (log-rank test; P = 0.042). The relative risk of @entity454 or @entity204 was 0.23 (0.07 to 0.72) for @entity1 assigned to a low-protein diet, after an adjustment at baseline for the presence of @entity65 (P = 0.01). Blood pressure and glycemic control were comparable in the two diet groups during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Moderate dietary protein restriction improves prognosis in type 1 @entity6 @entity1 with progressive @entity2316 in addition to the beneficial effect of antihypertensive treatment.

title: Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathies']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

answer: @entity2316 :: (MESH:D003928,Disease) :: ['diabetic nephropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent data suggest that dietary protein restriction improves survival and delays the progression to @entity454 ( @entity454 ) in non- @entity6 @entity8 . The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of dietary protein restriction on survival and progression to @entity454 in @entity2316 . METHODS: A four-year prospective, controlled trial with concealed randomization was performed comparing the effects of a low-protein diet (0.6 g/kg/day) with a usual-protein diet. The study included 82 type 1 @entity6 @entity1 with progressive @entity2316 [pre-study mean decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 7.1 mL/min/year (95% CI, 5.8 to 8.5)]. The main outcome measures were decline in GFR and development of @entity454 or @entity204 . RESULTS: During the follow-up period the usual-protein diet group consumed 1.02 g/kg/day (95% CI; 0.95 to 1.10) as compared with 0.89 (0.83 to 0.95) in the low-protein diet group (P = 0.005). The mean declines in GFR were 3.9 mL/min/year (2.7 to 5.2) in the usual-protein diet group and 3.8 (2.8 to 4.8) in the low-protein diet group. @entity454 or @entity204 occurred in 27% of @entity1 on a usual-protein diet as compared with 10% on a low-protein diet (log-rank test; P = 0.042). The relative risk of @entity454 or @entity204 was 0.23 (0.07 to 0.72) for @entity1 assigned to a low-protein diet, after an adjustment at baseline for the presence of @entity65 (P = 0.01). Blood pressure and glycemic control were comparable in the two diet groups during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Moderate dietary protein restriction improves prognosis in type 1 @entity6 @entity1 with progressive @entity2316 in addition to the beneficial effect of antihypertensive treatment.

title: Effect of dietary protein restriction on prognosis in XXXX with @entity2316 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity2319 occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births. In developed countries about 60% of @entity393 is genetic. However, in Brazil most cases of @entity393 are due to environmental factors, such as @entity281 (mainly @entity2462 ), perinatal @entity519 , @entity693 . Recently, it has been demonstrated that the @entity3492 gene is a major gene underlying congenital @entity1274 . Mutations in this gene cause 10-20% of all genetic @entity393 . One specific mutation, @entity4701 , accounts for the majority of mutant alleles. The extent of the @entity393 varies from mild/moderate to profound, even within the @entity1 homozygous for the common @entity4701 mutation. There may also be progression with age. Mutation analysis in the @entity3492 gene was performed on 36 families (group A) presenting with at least one individual with @entity2319 ( @entity2319 ). An unselected series of 26 deaf individuals referred by other services where the environmental factors were not completely excluded was also part of the study (group B). Mutations in the @entity3492 gene were found in 22% (eight @entity1 ) of the families tested in group A, and 11.5% (three @entity1 ) of individuals within group B. This finding should facilitate diagnosis of @entity2319 and allow early treatment of the affected subjects.

title: @entity2319 resulting from mutations in the XXXX ( @entity3492 ) gene in Brazilian @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['kernicterus and meningitis']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['non-syndromic deafness', 'NSD', 'Congenital deafness', 'congenital deafness']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['congenital infections']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorial deafness']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['sensory hearing loss', 'hearing loss', 'hearing impairment']

answer: @entity3492 :: (2706,Gene) :: ['GJB2']


abstract: @entity2319 occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births. In developed countries about 60% of @entity393 is genetic. However, in Brazil most cases of @entity393 are due to environmental factors, such as @entity281 (mainly @entity2462 ), perinatal @entity519 , @entity693 . Recently, it has been demonstrated that the @entity3492 gene is a major gene underlying congenital @entity1274 . Mutations in this gene cause 10-20% of all genetic @entity393 . One specific mutation, @entity4701 , accounts for the majority of mutant alleles. The extent of the @entity393 varies from mild/moderate to profound, even within the @entity1 homozygous for the common @entity4701 mutation. There may also be progression with age. Mutation analysis in the @entity3492 gene was performed on 36 families (group A) presenting with at least one individual with @entity2319 ( @entity2319 ). An unselected series of 26 deaf individuals referred by other services where the environmental factors were not completely excluded was also part of the study (group B). Mutations in the @entity3492 gene were found in 22% (eight @entity1 ) of the families tested in group A, and 11.5% (three @entity1 ) of individuals within group B. This finding should facilitate diagnosis of @entity2319 and allow early treatment of the affected subjects.

title: @entity2319 resulting from mutations in the @entity3492 ( XXXX ) gene in Brazilian @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity3492 :: (2706,Gene) :: ['connexin 26']


abstract: @entity2319 occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births. In developed countries about 60% of @entity393 is genetic. However, in Brazil most cases of @entity393 are due to environmental factors, such as @entity281 (mainly @entity2462 ), perinatal @entity519 , @entity693 . Recently, it has been demonstrated that the @entity3492 gene is a major gene underlying congenital @entity1274 . Mutations in this gene cause 10-20% of all genetic @entity393 . One specific mutation, @entity4701 , accounts for the majority of mutant alleles. The extent of the @entity393 varies from mild/moderate to profound, even within the @entity1 homozygous for the common @entity4701 mutation. There may also be progression with age. Mutation analysis in the @entity3492 gene was performed on 36 families (group A) presenting with at least one individual with @entity2319 ( @entity2319 ). An unselected series of 26 deaf individuals referred by other services where the environmental factors were not completely excluded was also part of the study (group B). Mutations in the @entity3492 gene were found in 22% (eight @entity1 ) of the families tested in group A, and 11.5% (three @entity1 ) of individuals within group B. This finding should facilitate diagnosis of @entity2319 and allow early treatment of the affected subjects.

title: XXXX resulting from mutations in the @entity3492 ( @entity3492 ) gene in Brazilian @entity1 .

answer: @entity2319 :: (MESH:D003638,Disease) :: ['Deafness']


abstract: @entity2319 occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births. In developed countries about 60% of @entity393 is genetic. However, in Brazil most cases of @entity393 are due to environmental factors, such as @entity281 (mainly @entity2462 ), perinatal @entity519 , @entity693 . Recently, it has been demonstrated that the @entity3492 gene is a major gene underlying congenital @entity1274 . Mutations in this gene cause 10-20% of all genetic @entity393 . One specific mutation, @entity4701 , accounts for the majority of mutant alleles. The extent of the @entity393 varies from mild/moderate to profound, even within the @entity1 homozygous for the common @entity4701 mutation. There may also be progression with age. Mutation analysis in the @entity3492 gene was performed on 36 families (group A) presenting with at least one individual with @entity2319 ( @entity2319 ). An unselected series of 26 deaf individuals referred by other services where the environmental factors were not completely excluded was also part of the study (group B). Mutations in the @entity3492 gene were found in 22% (eight @entity1 ) of the families tested in group A, and 11.5% (three @entity1 ) of individuals within group B. This finding should facilitate diagnosis of @entity2319 and allow early treatment of the affected subjects.

title: @entity2319 resulting from mutations in the @entity3492 ( @entity3492 ) gene in Brazilian XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Expression of the alkane degradation pathway encoded by the OCT plasmid of @entity15250 GPo1 is regulated by two control systems. One relies on the transcriptional regulator AlkS, which activates expression of the pathway in the presence of @entity19765 . The other, which is a dominant global regulation control, represses the expression of the pathway genes when a preferred @entity505 source is present in the growth medium in addition to @entity19765 . This catabolite repression control occurs through a poorly characterized mechanism that ultimately regulates transcription from the two AlkS-activated promoters of the pathway. To identify the factors involved, a screening method was developed to isolate mutants without this control. Several isolates were obtained, all of which contained mutations that mapped to genes encoding cytochrome o @entity15401 oxidase, the main terminal oxidase of the electron transport chain under highly aerobic conditions. Elimination of this terminal oxidase led to a decrease in the catabolic repression observed both in rich Luria-Bertani medium and in a defined medium containing @entity880 or @entity4588 as the @entity505 source. This suggests that catabolic repression could monitor the physiological or metabolic status by using information from the electron transport chain or from the redox state of the cell. Since inactivation of the crc gene also reduces catabolic repression in rich medium (although not that observed in a defined medium), a strain was generated lacking both the Crc function and the cytochrome o terminal oxidase. The two mutations had an additive effect in relieving catabolic repression in rich medium. This suggests that crc and cyo belong to different regulation pathways, both contributing to catabolic repression.

title: Inactivation of cytochrome o @entity15401 oxidase relieves catabolic repression of the XXXX GPo1 alkane degradation pathway.

entities_list: @entity15401 :: ('MESH:C003741', 'Chemical') :: ['ubiquinol']

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate']

entities_list: @entity15250 :: ('303', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas putida']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity15250 :: (303,Species) :: ['Pseudomonas putida']


abstract: Expression of the alkane degradation pathway encoded by the OCT plasmid of @entity15250 GPo1 is regulated by two control systems. One relies on the transcriptional regulator AlkS, which activates expression of the pathway in the presence of @entity19765 . The other, which is a dominant global regulation control, represses the expression of the pathway genes when a preferred @entity505 source is present in the growth medium in addition to @entity19765 . This catabolite repression control occurs through a poorly characterized mechanism that ultimately regulates transcription from the two AlkS-activated promoters of the pathway. To identify the factors involved, a screening method was developed to isolate mutants without this control. Several isolates were obtained, all of which contained mutations that mapped to genes encoding cytochrome o @entity15401 oxidase, the main terminal oxidase of the electron transport chain under highly aerobic conditions. Elimination of this terminal oxidase led to a decrease in the catabolic repression observed both in rich Luria-Bertani medium and in a defined medium containing @entity880 or @entity4588 as the @entity505 source. This suggests that catabolic repression could monitor the physiological or metabolic status by using information from the electron transport chain or from the redox state of the cell. Since inactivation of the crc gene also reduces catabolic repression in rich medium (although not that observed in a defined medium), a strain was generated lacking both the Crc function and the cytochrome o terminal oxidase. The two mutations had an additive effect in relieving catabolic repression in rich medium. This suggests that crc and cyo belong to different regulation pathways, both contributing to catabolic repression.

title: Inactivation of cytochrome o XXXX oxidase relieves catabolic repression of the @entity15250 GPo1 alkane degradation pathway.

answer: @entity15401 :: (MESH:C003741,Chemical) :: ['ubiquinol']


abstract: We investigated the effects of @entity8385 , a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, on the regulation of the chondrocyte phenotype, and we identified signaling molecules involved in this regulation. @entity8385 triggers three concomitant responses in @entity19 primary chondrocytes and chondrocytic MC615 cells. First, @entity8385 stimulates expression or synthesis of type II collagen. Second, @entity8385 induces expression of molecular markers characteristic of pre- and @entity1184 chondrocytes, such as Indian hedgehog, parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor, type X collagen, and alkaline phosphatase. Third, @entity8385 induces @entity2450 expression, a specific trait of osteoblasts. Constitutively active forms of transforming growth factor-beta family type I receptors and Smad proteins were overexpressed to address their role in this process. @entity20356 , @entity20358 , @entity20360 , and @entity20361 were able to reproduce the @entity1184 maturation of chondrocytes induced by @entity8385 . In addition, @entity20358 mimicked further the osteoblastic differentiation of chondrocytes induced by @entity8385 . In the presence of @entity8385 , @entity14901 , @entity21602 , and @entity43463 potentiated the @entity1184 maturation of chondrocytes, but failed to induce @entity2450 expression. @entity43601 and @entity643 impaired chondrocytic expression and osteoblastic differentiation induced by @entity8385 . Thus, our results indicate that Smad-mediated pathways are essential for the regulation of the different steps of chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation and suggest that additional Smad-independent pathways might be activated by @entity20358 .

title: Functions of transforming growth factor-beta family type I receptors and Smad proteins in the XXXX maturation and osteoblastic differentiation of chondrocytes.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity8385 :: ('12156(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2', 'BMP-2']

entities_list: @entity20356 :: ('11482(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-1']

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic']


abstract: The persistence of anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies and agglutinating antibodies was studied in serologically confirmed cases of severe @entity2926 during the acute illness and over periods of several years after recovery. The antibody response in non- @entity2926 @entity1 presenting to hospital with similar symptoms over the same period of time was used to estimate the background antibody level to @entity2926 in the community. All @entity1 enrolled in the study had blood samples collected twice in the acute stage of illness, once during convalescence and then annually from the time of initial hospitalisation until the end of the study period. Six hundred and thirty-eight @entity1 presented to hospital with @entity221 , of whom 321 were diagnosed with @entity2926 . @entity1 who had severe @entity2926 commonly remained seropositive, with IgM, IgG and agglutinating antibodies detectable for several years after @entity281 . A significant proportion of cases had high titres of agglutinating antibody detectable by the microscopic agglutination test (> or = 800). There were marked differences in the magnitude and duration of persistence of agglutinating antibodies directed against different serogroups. More than 20% of cases with evidence of @entity281 with serogroup Autumnalis retained titres of >800, 4 years after the acute illness. In one case a titre of 800 was detected 11 years after @entity281 . Persistence of agglutinating antibody titres can create problems in interpretation of serological results and make it impossible to estimate the time of @entity281 , given a specific titre. This study demonstrates that in endemic areas where seroprevalence is high, use of a single elevated titre is not reliable to define a current @entity281 .

title: Persistence of anti-leptospiral IgM, IgG and agglutinating antibodies in @entity1 presenting with XXXX in Barbados 1979-1989.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['acute febrile illness']

entities_list: @entity2926 :: ('MESH:D007922', 'Disease') :: ['leptospirosis']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['acute febrile illness']


abstract: The persistence of anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies and agglutinating antibodies was studied in serologically confirmed cases of severe @entity2926 during the acute illness and over periods of several years after recovery. The antibody response in non- @entity2926 @entity1 presenting to hospital with similar symptoms over the same period of time was used to estimate the background antibody level to @entity2926 in the community. All @entity1 enrolled in the study had blood samples collected twice in the acute stage of illness, once during convalescence and then annually from the time of initial hospitalisation until the end of the study period. Six hundred and thirty-eight @entity1 presented to hospital with @entity221 , of whom 321 were diagnosed with @entity2926 . @entity1 who had severe @entity2926 commonly remained seropositive, with IgM, IgG and agglutinating antibodies detectable for several years after @entity281 . A significant proportion of cases had high titres of agglutinating antibody detectable by the microscopic agglutination test (> or = 800). There were marked differences in the magnitude and duration of persistence of agglutinating antibodies directed against different serogroups. More than 20% of cases with evidence of @entity281 with serogroup Autumnalis retained titres of >800, 4 years after the acute illness. In one case a titre of 800 was detected 11 years after @entity281 . Persistence of agglutinating antibody titres can create problems in interpretation of serological results and make it impossible to estimate the time of @entity281 , given a specific titre. This study demonstrates that in endemic areas where seroprevalence is high, use of a single elevated titre is not reliable to define a current @entity281 .

title: Persistence of anti-leptospiral IgM, IgG and agglutinating antibodies in XXXX presenting with @entity221 in Barbados 1979-1989.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Health-related quality of life (HRQL) instruments have been used to measure HRQL in @entity712 @entity1 , but how different instruments compare in the same groups of @entity1 is not known. The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability and validity of three HRQL measures in 211 @entity712 @entity1 recruited from clinics affiliated with an urban hospital. Two disease-specific instruments, the chronic @entity712 questionnaire (CHQ) and the living with @entity712 questionnaire (LHFQ), and one generic instrument, the short-form 12 (SF-12), were administered. @entity1 reported moderate to low HRQL scores. Floor or ceiling effects were noted in the disease-specific instruments. Internal consistency reliabilities of the CHQ and LHFQ were satisfactory. Construct, convergent, and discriminant validity were supported for each instrument. Each scale and subscale, except for the SF-12 mental component scale, differentiated between @entity1 with @entity299 ( @entity299 ) class I, II, and III plus IV; the LHFQ physical subscale was the only measure to differentiate between @entity1 with @entity299 class III and IV. All three instruments were satisfactory for measuring HRQL, but the disease-specific instruments were preferable to the generic instrument. The decision of which instrument to use depends on the purpose of the study.

title: Discriminant properties of commonly used quality of life measures in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['New York Heart Association', 'NYHA']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A population-based case-control design was employed to quantify the risk of injury after consumption of @entity167 as a function of setting, concurrent activity and usual drinking habits. METHOD: A total of 797 cases (66.6% @entity1 ) and 797 controls (57.7% @entity1 ) were interviewed. The response rate was 83% for eligible cases approached for an interview. Cases were injured @entity1 from a hospital emergency department. Community controls used were each paired with a case on suburb of residence, and interviewed regarding their activities in the 6-hour period preceding their paired case's injury. RESULTS: Self-reported @entity167 consumption was consistent with both medical records and breath-analyzer tests. Drinking any @entity167 and using prescribed medication in the prior 6 hours were both associated with significantly increased risk of injury when controlling for demographic and setting variables. Use of illicit drugs (mainly cannabis) was associated with reduced risk of injury. Setting (e.g., recreational, work) and activity (e.g., sport, travel, work) variables were also independently associated with risk of injury. The risk of injury for @entity1 was significantly elevated for any consumption of @entity167 ; for @entity1 it was elevated only when consumption exceeded 90 grams. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm earlier findings that risk of injury for @entity1 for a given level of consumption is greater than for @entity1 . They extend earlier findings by identifying significant setting, activity and drug use variables predictive of injury. In addition, when these latter variables are controlled, it is found that for @entity1 , but not for @entity1 , the risk of injury is significantly elevated even at low levels of @entity167 intake.

title: XXXX consumption, setting, gender and activity as predictors of injury: a population-based case-control study.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['Alcohol']


abstract: @entity417 is a common complication in @entity1 with @entity1583 , with incidence rates ranging up to 63%. In @entity2590 , @entity417 is an essential feature of the disease. The decrease in hemoglobin may lead to several symptoms such as fatigue, exhaustion, and impaired quality of life, and it may worsen prognosis. Before the introduction of recombinant @entity1 @entity1307 (rHuEPO, @entity1307 alfa), red blood cell transfusions were the traditional treatment for improvement of Hb levels. Transfusions, however, are associated with several adverse events and risks, have only transient effects, and have a limited capacity to ameliorate the symptoms of @entity417 . @entity1307 alfa represents a physiologic treatment option, especially in the long-term treatment of @entity5 treatment-associated @entity417 , and is well tolerated, with response rates as high as 80%. @entity1307 alfa is less effective in the treatment of the @entity417 of @entity2590 , but appears to be synergistic with @entity1261 . However, not every @entity1 responds to @entity1307 alfa; to avoid unnecessary interventions and costs, predictors of response have been proposed. This article outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the two major treatment forms of @entity417 : transfusions and @entity1307 alfa. Representative studies on the efficacy of @entity1307 alfa in anemic @entity1 with @entity1583 as well as models to predict response to @entity1307 alfa treatment are summarized.

title: @entity417 of XXXX : what are the treatment options?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['Anemia', 'anemia']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-colony stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer- and cancer']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome', 'myelodysplastic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin', 'epoetin', 'Epoetin']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematologic malignancies']


abstract: @entity417 is a common complication in @entity1 with @entity1583 , with incidence rates ranging up to 63%. In @entity2590 , @entity417 is an essential feature of the disease. The decrease in hemoglobin may lead to several symptoms such as fatigue, exhaustion, and impaired quality of life, and it may worsen prognosis. Before the introduction of recombinant @entity1 @entity1307 (rHuEPO, @entity1307 alfa), red blood cell transfusions were the traditional treatment for improvement of Hb levels. Transfusions, however, are associated with several adverse events and risks, have only transient effects, and have a limited capacity to ameliorate the symptoms of @entity417 . @entity1307 alfa represents a physiologic treatment option, especially in the long-term treatment of @entity5 treatment-associated @entity417 , and is well tolerated, with response rates as high as 80%. @entity1307 alfa is less effective in the treatment of the @entity417 of @entity2590 , but appears to be synergistic with @entity1261 . However, not every @entity1 responds to @entity1307 alfa; to avoid unnecessary interventions and costs, predictors of response have been proposed. This article outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the two major treatment forms of @entity417 : transfusions and @entity1307 alfa. Representative studies on the efficacy of @entity1307 alfa in anemic @entity1 with @entity1583 as well as models to predict response to @entity1307 alfa treatment are summarized.

title: XXXX of @entity1583 : what are the treatment options?

answer: @entity417 :: (MESH:D000740,Disease) :: ['Anemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: DNA methylation is an important biologic event in @entity14 and in some cases is associated with the development of @entity124 ( @entity124 ). In this study, we sought to determine the prognostic significance of DNA methylation, both in univariate analysis and in concert with other clinicopathologic factors known to influence outcome. @entity1 AND METHODS: Fresh tissue (625 @entity5 ) was obtained from 605 individuals (age range, 29 to 99 years) undergoing curative surgery for @entity14 at one institution during a period of 8 years. Clinicopathologic details were recorded for all @entity5 , including stage, grade, type, vascular space invasion, and clinical follow-up to 5 years. Microsatellite status was assessed using standard markers. Methylation of @entity986 and @entity6756 promoters was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas methylation at methylated-in- @entity5 loci ( @entity17011 , @entity17012 , MINT12, and MINT31 loci were assessed by @entity9736 -PCR. RESULTS: @entity1 with microsatellite unstable @entity5 (12%) had better disease-specific survival than those with microsatellite stable (MSS) @entity5 (univariate analysis: hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.0). Overall survival of individuals with @entity5 was influenced by three independently significant factors: @entity5 stage (HR, 7.3; 95% CI, 5.1 to 10.4), heavy @entity5 methylation (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.0), and vascular space invasion (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.9). In @entity5 , methylation at any single site was not independently predictive of survival. Neither methylation nor microsatellite status predicted a favorable response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: DNA methylation is associated with a worse outcome in @entity14 , but this adverse prognostic influence is lost in those @entity5 showing @entity124 . The mechanisms of these events warrant additional investigation.

title: Adverse prognostic effect of methylation in @entity14 is reversed by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['MSI', 'microsatellite instability']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'MSS tumors', 'cancers', 'tumors', 'methylated tumors']

entities_list: @entity9736 :: ('MESH:C042345', 'Chemical') :: ['bisulfite']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity124 :: (MESH:D053842,Disease) :: ['microsatellite instability']


abstract: PURPOSE: DNA methylation is an important biologic event in @entity14 and in some cases is associated with the development of @entity124 ( @entity124 ). In this study, we sought to determine the prognostic significance of DNA methylation, both in univariate analysis and in concert with other clinicopathologic factors known to influence outcome. @entity1 AND METHODS: Fresh tissue (625 @entity5 ) was obtained from 605 individuals (age range, 29 to 99 years) undergoing curative surgery for @entity14 at one institution during a period of 8 years. Clinicopathologic details were recorded for all @entity5 , including stage, grade, type, vascular space invasion, and clinical follow-up to 5 years. Microsatellite status was assessed using standard markers. Methylation of @entity986 and @entity6756 promoters was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas methylation at methylated-in- @entity5 loci ( @entity17011 , @entity17012 , MINT12, and MINT31 loci were assessed by @entity9736 -PCR. RESULTS: @entity1 with microsatellite unstable @entity5 (12%) had better disease-specific survival than those with microsatellite stable (MSS) @entity5 (univariate analysis: hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.0). Overall survival of individuals with @entity5 was influenced by three independently significant factors: @entity5 stage (HR, 7.3; 95% CI, 5.1 to 10.4), heavy @entity5 methylation (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.0), and vascular space invasion (HR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.9). In @entity5 , methylation at any single site was not independently predictive of survival. Neither methylation nor microsatellite status predicted a favorable response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: DNA methylation is associated with a worse outcome in @entity14 , but this adverse prognostic influence is lost in those @entity5 showing @entity124 . The mechanisms of these events warrant additional investigation.

title: Adverse prognostic effect of methylation in XXXX is reversed by @entity124 .

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of @entity273 ( @entity274 ) and @entity7707 in the expired breath condensate (EBC) of @entity1 with @entity1030 , and to assess the relationship between the above markers of oxidative stress and parameters expressing inflammatory process and disease severity. SETTING: Inpatient respiratory unit and outpatient clinic in tertiary care hospital. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. @entity1 : Thirty stable @entity1030 @entity1 (all smokers) with disease severity ranging from mild to severe. Ten subjects who were smokers with stage 0 disease (ie, at risk for @entity1030 ; mean [+/- SD] FEV(1), 88 +/- 5% predicted) were studied as a control group. METHODS: @entity274 and @entity7707 levels were measured in EBC, and the values were correlated with variables expressing @entity1030 severity (ie, FEV(1) percent predicted, @entity1353 severity score (ie, Medical Research Council scale) and airway @entity32 (ie, differential cell counts from induced sputum). RESULTS: The mean concentration of @entity274 was significantly elevated in @entity1030 @entity1 compared to control subjects (mean, 0.66 micromol/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54 to 0.68 micro mol/L) vs 0.31 micro mol/L [95% CI, 0.26 to 0.35 micromol/L], respectively; p < 0.0001). The difference was primarily due to the elevation of @entity274 in @entity1 with severe and moderate @entity1030 , whose expired breath @entity274 levels were significantly higher than those of @entity1 with mild disease (mean, 0.96 micromol/L [95% CI, 0.79 to 1.13 micromol/L], 0.68 micromol/L [95% CI, 0.55 to 0.81 micromol/L], and 0.33 micromol/L [95% CI, 0.24 to 0.43 micromol/L], respectively, p < 0.0001). The mean concentration of @entity7707 was significantly elevated in @entity1 with @entity1030 compared to that of the control group (47 pg/mL [95% CI, 41 to 53 pg/mL] vs 29 pg/mL [95% CI, 25 to 33 pg/mL], respectively; p < 0.0001) but did not differ significantly among the different stages of the disease (p = 0.43). Repeatability and stability data within measurements showed that @entity274 has a better repeatability and stability than @entity7707 . Furthermore, we observed significant correlations of @entity274 with FEV(1), neutrophil count, and @entity1353 score. Those correlations existed only in @entity1 with moderate and severe disease. No correlations were found between levels of @entity7707 and the above parameters. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that levels of @entity274 and @entity7707 are elevated in the EBC of @entity1 with @entity1030 , but that @entity274 seems to be a more repeatable and a more sensitive index of the inflammatory process and the severity of the disease.

title: Oxidative stress in expired breath condensate of @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity7707 :: ('MESH:C075750', 'Chemical') :: ['8-isoprostane']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of @entity273 ( @entity274 ) and @entity7707 in the expired breath condensate (EBC) of @entity1 with @entity1030 , and to assess the relationship between the above markers of oxidative stress and parameters expressing inflammatory process and disease severity. SETTING: Inpatient respiratory unit and outpatient clinic in tertiary care hospital. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. @entity1 : Thirty stable @entity1030 @entity1 (all smokers) with disease severity ranging from mild to severe. Ten subjects who were smokers with stage 0 disease (ie, at risk for @entity1030 ; mean [+/- SD] FEV(1), 88 +/- 5% predicted) were studied as a control group. METHODS: @entity274 and @entity7707 levels were measured in EBC, and the values were correlated with variables expressing @entity1030 severity (ie, FEV(1) percent predicted, @entity1353 severity score (ie, Medical Research Council scale) and airway @entity32 (ie, differential cell counts from induced sputum). RESULTS: The mean concentration of @entity274 was significantly elevated in @entity1030 @entity1 compared to control subjects (mean, 0.66 micromol/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54 to 0.68 micro mol/L) vs 0.31 micro mol/L [95% CI, 0.26 to 0.35 micromol/L], respectively; p < 0.0001). The difference was primarily due to the elevation of @entity274 in @entity1 with severe and moderate @entity1030 , whose expired breath @entity274 levels were significantly higher than those of @entity1 with mild disease (mean, 0.96 micromol/L [95% CI, 0.79 to 1.13 micromol/L], 0.68 micromol/L [95% CI, 0.55 to 0.81 micromol/L], and 0.33 micromol/L [95% CI, 0.24 to 0.43 micromol/L], respectively, p < 0.0001). The mean concentration of @entity7707 was significantly elevated in @entity1 with @entity1030 compared to that of the control group (47 pg/mL [95% CI, 41 to 53 pg/mL] vs 29 pg/mL [95% CI, 25 to 33 pg/mL], respectively; p < 0.0001) but did not differ significantly among the different stages of the disease (p = 0.43). Repeatability and stability data within measurements showed that @entity274 has a better repeatability and stability than @entity7707 . Furthermore, we observed significant correlations of @entity274 with FEV(1), neutrophil count, and @entity1353 score. Those correlations existed only in @entity1 with moderate and severe disease. No correlations were found between levels of @entity7707 and the above parameters. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that levels of @entity274 and @entity7707 are elevated in the EBC of @entity1 with @entity1030 , but that @entity274 seems to be a more repeatable and a more sensitive index of the inflammatory process and the severity of the disease.

title: Oxidative stress in expired breath condensate of XXXX with @entity1030 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To obtain prevalence estimates for key symptoms and features that can indicate the presence of @entity27 ( @entity27 ) in a broad range of primary care settings. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Forty offices and clinics in the United States, Germany, and Spain. @entity1 : Consecutive @entity1 who were > 15 years of age, regardless of the reason for the visit. MEASUREMENTS: We collected demographic information, prevalence of self-reported chronic snoring, @entity25 , @entity28 (body mass index [BMI] > 30), @entity101 , and calculation of @entity27 risk, and we also compared results between the United States and Europe. RESULTS: There was a 78% return rate for 8,000 surveys (mean age, 51 years; age range, 15 to 98 years; 52% @entity1 ). One third of @entity1 (32%) had a high pretest probability for @entity27 , with a higher rate in the United States (35.8% of 3,915 @entity1 ) than in Europe (26.3% of 2,308 @entity1 ; p < 0.001; age-matched and sex-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.61). @entity25 (32.4% vs 11.8%, respectively; p < 0.001) followed by @entity28 and/or @entity101 (44.8% vs 37.1%, respectively; p < 0.01) contributed to the @entity27 risk difference between @entity1 in the United States and Europe, as frequent snoring and breathing pauses were similarly reported (44%). A high pretest probability for @entity27 was more often present in @entity1 than in @entity1 (37.9% vs 27.8%, respectively; p < 0.005; OR, 1.96; CI, 1.59 to 2.88) and in those that were @entity28 (ie, BMI, > or = 30 kg/m(2)), a condition that is generally more common in the US population than in the European population (27.9% vs 17.2%, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians in the United States and Europe will encounter a high demand for services to confirm or manage @entity387 , @entity25 , and @entity28 .

title: Prevalence of symptoms and risk of XXXX in primary care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleepiness', 'Sleepiness']

answer: @entity387 :: (MESH:D012891,Disease) :: ['sleep apnea']


abstract: How @entity1718 stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release @entity8586 ( @entity20648 ) is largely unknown. Recently, we proposed that the @entity19 enteroendocrine cell line, @entity70924 , responds to insoluble @entity844 aggregates rather than @entity844 monomers in solution. This hypothesis led to two testable predictions. First, other insoluble particles of similar size but unrelated to @entity844 may be able to stimulate @entity70924 cells in a similar fashion to @entity27146 and second, @entity844 sensing in @entity70924 cells should be fairly insensitive to chemical modifications of the @entity844 as long as these modifications do not greatly alter the ability of the molecule to form insoluble aggregates. We used several analogues of @entity27146 and several varieties of latex microsphere (varying in size and surface charge) to see whether the predictions of our model hold. We found that while there was at least one latex microsphere that could induce @entity20648 secretion and @entity460 mobilisation in @entity70924 cells, there was a very poor correlation between the presence of insoluble aggregates and a cellular response. Instead the most important property, determining the potency of @entity844 analogues as stimulants of @entity20648 secretion, was their amphipathicity. Removal of either the polar head or lipophilic tail completely abolished the ability of a given @entity844 analogue to stimulate @entity70924 cells. These data suggested that while @entity1718 can stimulate cells as aggregates, they may also be acting in monomeric form with the oil:water partitioning coefficient playing a crucial role. We finally resolved this issue with the observation that the @entity597 ion greatly altered the response of @entity70924 cells to monomeric @entity27146 . In the presence of @entity597 , @entity70924 cells will only respond to @entity27146 aggregates whereas when @entity597 is replaced with @entity2865 the cells clearly respond to @entity27146 monomers which are completely in solution. In summary, we propose that @entity27146 can stimulate @entity70924 cells via two separate pathways one involving @entity844 monomers in solution and one involving @entity844 aggregates. Which pathway dominates depends on the presence of @entity597 in the extracellular medium.

title: @entity460 mobilisation and @entity20648 secretion induced by modified XXXX and latex microspheres reveal dual receptor mechanisms for lipid stimulation of @entity70924 cells.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity27146 :: ('MESH:C030358', 'Chemical') :: ['dodecanoic acid']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity1718 :: (MESH:D005227,Chemical) :: ['fatty acids']


abstract: How @entity1718 stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release @entity8586 ( @entity20648 ) is largely unknown. Recently, we proposed that the @entity19 enteroendocrine cell line, @entity70924 , responds to insoluble @entity844 aggregates rather than @entity844 monomers in solution. This hypothesis led to two testable predictions. First, other insoluble particles of similar size but unrelated to @entity844 may be able to stimulate @entity70924 cells in a similar fashion to @entity27146 and second, @entity844 sensing in @entity70924 cells should be fairly insensitive to chemical modifications of the @entity844 as long as these modifications do not greatly alter the ability of the molecule to form insoluble aggregates. We used several analogues of @entity27146 and several varieties of latex microsphere (varying in size and surface charge) to see whether the predictions of our model hold. We found that while there was at least one latex microsphere that could induce @entity20648 secretion and @entity460 mobilisation in @entity70924 cells, there was a very poor correlation between the presence of insoluble aggregates and a cellular response. Instead the most important property, determining the potency of @entity844 analogues as stimulants of @entity20648 secretion, was their amphipathicity. Removal of either the polar head or lipophilic tail completely abolished the ability of a given @entity844 analogue to stimulate @entity70924 cells. These data suggested that while @entity1718 can stimulate cells as aggregates, they may also be acting in monomeric form with the oil:water partitioning coefficient playing a crucial role. We finally resolved this issue with the observation that the @entity597 ion greatly altered the response of @entity70924 cells to monomeric @entity27146 . In the presence of @entity597 , @entity70924 cells will only respond to @entity27146 aggregates whereas when @entity597 is replaced with @entity2865 the cells clearly respond to @entity27146 monomers which are completely in solution. In summary, we propose that @entity27146 can stimulate @entity70924 cells via two separate pathways one involving @entity844 monomers in solution and one involving @entity844 aggregates. Which pathway dominates depends on the presence of @entity597 in the extracellular medium.

title: @entity460 mobilisation and @entity20648 secretion induced by modified @entity1718 and latex microspheres reveal dual receptor mechanisms for lipid stimulation of XXXX cells.

answer: @entity70924 :: (20855(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['STC-1']


abstract: How @entity1718 stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release @entity8586 ( @entity20648 ) is largely unknown. Recently, we proposed that the @entity19 enteroendocrine cell line, @entity70924 , responds to insoluble @entity844 aggregates rather than @entity844 monomers in solution. This hypothesis led to two testable predictions. First, other insoluble particles of similar size but unrelated to @entity844 may be able to stimulate @entity70924 cells in a similar fashion to @entity27146 and second, @entity844 sensing in @entity70924 cells should be fairly insensitive to chemical modifications of the @entity844 as long as these modifications do not greatly alter the ability of the molecule to form insoluble aggregates. We used several analogues of @entity27146 and several varieties of latex microsphere (varying in size and surface charge) to see whether the predictions of our model hold. We found that while there was at least one latex microsphere that could induce @entity20648 secretion and @entity460 mobilisation in @entity70924 cells, there was a very poor correlation between the presence of insoluble aggregates and a cellular response. Instead the most important property, determining the potency of @entity844 analogues as stimulants of @entity20648 secretion, was their amphipathicity. Removal of either the polar head or lipophilic tail completely abolished the ability of a given @entity844 analogue to stimulate @entity70924 cells. These data suggested that while @entity1718 can stimulate cells as aggregates, they may also be acting in monomeric form with the oil:water partitioning coefficient playing a crucial role. We finally resolved this issue with the observation that the @entity597 ion greatly altered the response of @entity70924 cells to monomeric @entity27146 . In the presence of @entity597 , @entity70924 cells will only respond to @entity27146 aggregates whereas when @entity597 is replaced with @entity2865 the cells clearly respond to @entity27146 monomers which are completely in solution. In summary, we propose that @entity27146 can stimulate @entity70924 cells via two separate pathways one involving @entity844 monomers in solution and one involving @entity844 aggregates. Which pathway dominates depends on the presence of @entity597 in the extracellular medium.

title: XXXX mobilisation and @entity20648 secretion induced by modified @entity1718 and latex microspheres reveal dual receptor mechanisms for lipid stimulation of @entity70924 cells.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['Calcium']


abstract: How @entity1718 stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release @entity8586 ( @entity20648 ) is largely unknown. Recently, we proposed that the @entity19 enteroendocrine cell line, @entity70924 , responds to insoluble @entity844 aggregates rather than @entity844 monomers in solution. This hypothesis led to two testable predictions. First, other insoluble particles of similar size but unrelated to @entity844 may be able to stimulate @entity70924 cells in a similar fashion to @entity27146 and second, @entity844 sensing in @entity70924 cells should be fairly insensitive to chemical modifications of the @entity844 as long as these modifications do not greatly alter the ability of the molecule to form insoluble aggregates. We used several analogues of @entity27146 and several varieties of latex microsphere (varying in size and surface charge) to see whether the predictions of our model hold. We found that while there was at least one latex microsphere that could induce @entity20648 secretion and @entity460 mobilisation in @entity70924 cells, there was a very poor correlation between the presence of insoluble aggregates and a cellular response. Instead the most important property, determining the potency of @entity844 analogues as stimulants of @entity20648 secretion, was their amphipathicity. Removal of either the polar head or lipophilic tail completely abolished the ability of a given @entity844 analogue to stimulate @entity70924 cells. These data suggested that while @entity1718 can stimulate cells as aggregates, they may also be acting in monomeric form with the oil:water partitioning coefficient playing a crucial role. We finally resolved this issue with the observation that the @entity597 ion greatly altered the response of @entity70924 cells to monomeric @entity27146 . In the presence of @entity597 , @entity70924 cells will only respond to @entity27146 aggregates whereas when @entity597 is replaced with @entity2865 the cells clearly respond to @entity27146 monomers which are completely in solution. In summary, we propose that @entity27146 can stimulate @entity70924 cells via two separate pathways one involving @entity844 monomers in solution and one involving @entity844 aggregates. Which pathway dominates depends on the presence of @entity597 in the extracellular medium.

title: @entity460 mobilisation and XXXX secretion induced by modified @entity1718 and latex microspheres reveal dual receptor mechanisms for lipid stimulation of @entity70924 cells.

answer: @entity20648 :: (12424(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CCK']


abstract: Vertical climbing is central to the locomotor and foraging strategies of the great apes and, indeed, to theories about the evolution of locomotor specialisations of hominoid primates. Nevertheless, its kinematics have yet to be fully evaluated. Here, we present spatio-temporal parameters of 80 climbing sequences containing 560 limb cycles obtained from video recordings of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran @entity17055 ( @entity23286 ). Gait parameters such as cycle duration, duty factor, laterality of footfalls, relative stride length and normalised speed were analysed to identify the influence of body size (through an intraspecific comparison of age/sex classes), the influence of the environment (through an intraspecific comparison of animals living in different habitats) and the influence of morphology (through an interspecific comparison with the climbing characteristics of other primates) on climbing ability in @entity17055 . Results show that there are only few differences between the climbing of wild, rehabilitant and captive individuals. Cycle duration is longer and speed is lower for the wild individuals than for other groups due to the complexity of their environment and lack of familiarity with each substrate, which results in a more cautious gait. Sex/age-related differences in climbing were found to be small, although juveniles generally exhibited a shorter cycle duration and lower duty factor than other groups. The spatio-temporal gait parameters of adult females carrying @entity1 were not found to differ significantly from those for females without an @entity1 , which suggests that climbing kinematics are not affected by the presence of a clinging @entity1 . Extended-elbow vertical climbing is primarily characterised by a higher duty factor than flexed-elbow climbing, indicating that the former is an energetically more demanding form of locomotion. In comparison with other primates, @entity17055 exhibit a longer cycle duration, longer strides but lower climbing speed, reflecting a compromise between the demands of a large body mass and @entity2720 .

title: Gait parameters in vertical climbing of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran @entity17055 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity23286 :: ('9601', 'Species') :: ['Pongo pygmaeus abelii']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['extreme joint mobility']

answer: @entity23286 :: (9601,Species) :: ['Pongo pygmaeus abelii']


abstract: Vertical climbing is central to the locomotor and foraging strategies of the great apes and, indeed, to theories about the evolution of locomotor specialisations of hominoid primates. Nevertheless, its kinematics have yet to be fully evaluated. Here, we present spatio-temporal parameters of 80 climbing sequences containing 560 limb cycles obtained from video recordings of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran @entity17055 ( @entity23286 ). Gait parameters such as cycle duration, duty factor, laterality of footfalls, relative stride length and normalised speed were analysed to identify the influence of body size (through an intraspecific comparison of age/sex classes), the influence of the environment (through an intraspecific comparison of animals living in different habitats) and the influence of morphology (through an interspecific comparison with the climbing characteristics of other primates) on climbing ability in @entity17055 . Results show that there are only few differences between the climbing of wild, rehabilitant and captive individuals. Cycle duration is longer and speed is lower for the wild individuals than for other groups due to the complexity of their environment and lack of familiarity with each substrate, which results in a more cautious gait. Sex/age-related differences in climbing were found to be small, although juveniles generally exhibited a shorter cycle duration and lower duty factor than other groups. The spatio-temporal gait parameters of adult females carrying @entity1 were not found to differ significantly from those for females without an @entity1 , which suggests that climbing kinematics are not affected by the presence of a clinging @entity1 . Extended-elbow vertical climbing is primarily characterised by a higher duty factor than flexed-elbow climbing, indicating that the former is an energetically more demanding form of locomotion. In comparison with other primates, @entity17055 exhibit a longer cycle duration, longer strides but lower climbing speed, reflecting a compromise between the demands of a large body mass and @entity2720 .

title: Gait parameters in vertical climbing of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran XXXX ( @entity23286 ).

answer: @entity17055 :: (9600,Species) :: ['orang-utans']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: The multi-faceted components of the @entity209 now include markers of @entity32 and endothelial activation. Despite this growing body of epidemiological data, standard statistical methods fail to evaluate the nature of these associations adequately. In this pilot study, we hypothesize that @entity28 may lead to endothelial activation which is in part mediated by dyslipidaemia and proinflammatory cytokines. These factors interact to give rise to hyperinsulinaemia, @entity101 and an anti-fibrinolytic state. To test this hypothesis, we used confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling to fit these data to a model designed on theoretical grounds. METHODS: @entity209 variables, cytokines ( @entity650 and @entity310 ), markers of @entity32 and endothelial activation were measured in 107 Caucasian non-diabetic subjects aged 40-75 y. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we identified six factors to represent composite measurements of blood pressure, @entity28 , dyslipidaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, endothelial activation and the anti-fibrinolytic state. We fitted these variables to two separate models, one using @entity650 and the other @entity310 as the cytokine, and examined the inter-relationships (path analysis) amongst these variables, based on the above hypothesis. RESULTS: @entity1 were centrally more @entity28 and had increased markers of endothelial activation, @entity32 and the anti-fibrinolytic state as well as hyperinsulinaemia and dyslipidaemia, compared with @entity1 . Obesity indexes (both body mass index and waist-hip ratio) were strongly associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Both @entity650 and @entity310 were correlated with age, male gender, @entity28 indexes and markers of endothelial activation. Only @entity650 was associated with smoking while @entity310 was correlated with hyperinsulinaemia. In the @entity310 model, 61% of the @entity28 variance was explained by male gender, 36% of @entity310 variance by age and dyslipidaemia, 43% of dyslipidaemia variance by age and @entity28 , 33% of hyperinsulinaemia variance by dyslipidaemia and a non-smoking state, 29% of anti-fibrinolytic state variance by hyperinsulinaemia, 65% of endothelial activation variance by @entity310 , dyslipidaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, 34% of blood pressure variance by hyperinsulinaemia and endothelial activation. In the @entity650 model, we observed similar relationships except that 23% of @entity650 variance was explained by smoking and age. CONCLUSIONS: Using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling, we found that @entity28 , @entity2299 and cytokines were the principal explanatory variables for the various components of the @entity209 , with @entity650 and @entity310 having different explanatory variables and effects. These complex inter-relationships were in part mediated by hyperinsulinaemia and endothelial activation. While this hypothetical model was based on scientific evidence, supported by rigorous analysis, it requires further confirmation in large-scale prospective studies. Given the complexity of the biological system and its interactions with exogenous factors, structural equation modelling provides a useful scientific tool for hypothesis testing, complementary to the more traditional experimental and cohort studies.

title: The central roles of XXXX -associated dyslipidaemia, endothelial activation and cytokines in the Metabolic Syndrome--an analysis by structural equation modelling.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity', 'obese']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic syndrome', 'metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: We report a 71-year-old @entity1 with @entity5 who showed high serum LDH and urinary disturbance for one year before manifesting @entity303 . High serum LDH was found at a health check at age 70. Two months later, he had an onset of backache and urinary retention. MRI of the spinal cord was unremarkable. One year later, he showed decline of mental activities and was admitted to our hospital. He was agitated and confused. However @entity129 or @entity425 was not noted. The MRI of the brain showed T2-high signal in bilateral occipital, right temporal lobe and the left insular cortices. The abdominal CT scan showed swelling of the adrenals on both sides. Adrenal biopsy revealed diffuse large @entity1892 . He developed @entity649 and he died two months after the admission. Post mortem examination revealed intravascular and extravascular proliferation of @entity706 cells in most of the internal organs including adrenals, spleen, liver and the kidneys. In the brain, the laminar @entity39 was seen in the left occipital cortex and hemorrhagic @entity1188 were noted in the insular and temporal cortices and the medial temporal cortex. Sacral spinal cord showed @entity39 of the gray matters and loss of myelinated fibers in the white matter. Intravascular proliferation of the @entity706 cells were also seen in the vessels of the brain and the spinal cord. This @entity1 suggests the importance of survey for @entity5 , when high serum LDH and @entity602 of @entity10145 are seen.

title: [A @entity1 with XXXX presenting subacute @entity303 one year after sustained urinary retention and high serum LDH activity from the onset].

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intravascular malignant lymphomatosis']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['limb weakness']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarctions']

entities_list: @entity10145 :: ('MESH:C537221', 'Disease') :: ['lumbosacral area']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['intravascular malignant lymphomatosis']


abstract: We report a 71-year-old @entity1 with @entity5 who showed high serum LDH and urinary disturbance for one year before manifesting @entity303 . High serum LDH was found at a health check at age 70. Two months later, he had an onset of backache and urinary retention. MRI of the spinal cord was unremarkable. One year later, he showed decline of mental activities and was admitted to our hospital. He was agitated and confused. However @entity129 or @entity425 was not noted. The MRI of the brain showed T2-high signal in bilateral occipital, right temporal lobe and the left insular cortices. The abdominal CT scan showed swelling of the adrenals on both sides. Adrenal biopsy revealed diffuse large @entity1892 . He developed @entity649 and he died two months after the admission. Post mortem examination revealed intravascular and extravascular proliferation of @entity706 cells in most of the internal organs including adrenals, spleen, liver and the kidneys. In the brain, the laminar @entity39 was seen in the left occipital cortex and hemorrhagic @entity1188 were noted in the insular and temporal cortices and the medial temporal cortex. Sacral spinal cord showed @entity39 of the gray matters and loss of myelinated fibers in the white matter. Intravascular proliferation of the @entity706 cells were also seen in the vessels of the brain and the spinal cord. This @entity1 suggests the importance of survey for @entity5 , when high serum LDH and @entity602 of @entity10145 are seen.

title: [A @entity1 with @entity5 presenting subacute XXXX one year after sustained urinary retention and high serum LDH activity from the onset].

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: We report a 71-year-old @entity1 with @entity5 who showed high serum LDH and urinary disturbance for one year before manifesting @entity303 . High serum LDH was found at a health check at age 70. Two months later, he had an onset of backache and urinary retention. MRI of the spinal cord was unremarkable. One year later, he showed decline of mental activities and was admitted to our hospital. He was agitated and confused. However @entity129 or @entity425 was not noted. The MRI of the brain showed T2-high signal in bilateral occipital, right temporal lobe and the left insular cortices. The abdominal CT scan showed swelling of the adrenals on both sides. Adrenal biopsy revealed diffuse large @entity1892 . He developed @entity649 and he died two months after the admission. Post mortem examination revealed intravascular and extravascular proliferation of @entity706 cells in most of the internal organs including adrenals, spleen, liver and the kidneys. In the brain, the laminar @entity39 was seen in the left occipital cortex and hemorrhagic @entity1188 were noted in the insular and temporal cortices and the medial temporal cortex. Sacral spinal cord showed @entity39 of the gray matters and loss of myelinated fibers in the white matter. Intravascular proliferation of the @entity706 cells were also seen in the vessels of the brain and the spinal cord. This @entity1 suggests the importance of survey for @entity5 , when high serum LDH and @entity602 of @entity10145 are seen.

title: [A XXXX with @entity5 presenting subacute @entity303 one year after sustained urinary retention and high serum LDH activity from the onset].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2298 over 1,000 mg/dl can provoke @entity656 and its persistence can worsen the clinical outcome. On the contrary, a rapid decrease in @entity412 level is beneficial. Plasmapheresis has been performed in some @entity1 to remove chylomicrons from the circulation, while heparin and/or @entity2690 have been administered in some other cases to rapidly reduce blood @entity1674 . Heparin and @entity2690 stimulate lipoprotein-lipase activity and accelerate chylomicron degradation. AIM: To report five @entity1 with @entity656 treated with heparin and @entity2690 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Five @entity1 (4 females and 1 male) seen in the last two years, who suffered @entity656 induced by @entity2298 are reported. Initial blood @entity412 levels were above 1,000 mg/dl (range 1,590-8,690 mg/dl). Besides the usual treatment of @entity656 , heparin and/or @entity2690 were administered intravenously in continuous infusion. Heparin dose was guided by usual parameters of @entity1003 , and @entity2690 dose, by serial determinations of blood @entity413 . @entity39 was demonstrated in 4 patients. RESULTS: Serum @entity412 levels decreased to < 500 mg/dl within 3 days in all cases. No complication of treatment was observed and all @entity1 survived. Early and late complications of @entity788 occurred in one @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Administration of heparin and/or @entity2690 is an efficient alternative to reduce @entity412 levels in @entity1 with @entity656 and @entity2298 .

title: [heparin and @entity2690 treatment of @entity656 caused by XXXX . Experience of 5 cases].

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertriglyceridemia', 'hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['acute pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2298 :: (MESH:D015228,Disease) :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2298 over 1,000 mg/dl can provoke @entity656 and its persistence can worsen the clinical outcome. On the contrary, a rapid decrease in @entity412 level is beneficial. Plasmapheresis has been performed in some @entity1 to remove chylomicrons from the circulation, while heparin and/or @entity2690 have been administered in some other cases to rapidly reduce blood @entity1674 . Heparin and @entity2690 stimulate lipoprotein-lipase activity and accelerate chylomicron degradation. AIM: To report five @entity1 with @entity656 treated with heparin and @entity2690 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Five @entity1 (4 females and 1 male) seen in the last two years, who suffered @entity656 induced by @entity2298 are reported. Initial blood @entity412 levels were above 1,000 mg/dl (range 1,590-8,690 mg/dl). Besides the usual treatment of @entity656 , heparin and/or @entity2690 were administered intravenously in continuous infusion. Heparin dose was guided by usual parameters of @entity1003 , and @entity2690 dose, by serial determinations of blood @entity413 . @entity39 was demonstrated in 4 patients. RESULTS: Serum @entity412 levels decreased to < 500 mg/dl within 3 days in all cases. No complication of treatment was observed and all @entity1 survived. Early and late complications of @entity788 occurred in one @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Administration of heparin and/or @entity2690 is an efficient alternative to reduce @entity412 levels in @entity1 with @entity656 and @entity2298 .

title: [heparin and @entity2690 treatment of XXXX caused by @entity2298 . Experience of 5 cases].

answer: @entity656 :: (MESH:D019283,Disease) :: ['acute pancreatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2298 over 1,000 mg/dl can provoke @entity656 and its persistence can worsen the clinical outcome. On the contrary, a rapid decrease in @entity412 level is beneficial. Plasmapheresis has been performed in some @entity1 to remove chylomicrons from the circulation, while heparin and/or @entity2690 have been administered in some other cases to rapidly reduce blood @entity1674 . Heparin and @entity2690 stimulate lipoprotein-lipase activity and accelerate chylomicron degradation. AIM: To report five @entity1 with @entity656 treated with heparin and @entity2690 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Five @entity1 (4 females and 1 male) seen in the last two years, who suffered @entity656 induced by @entity2298 are reported. Initial blood @entity412 levels were above 1,000 mg/dl (range 1,590-8,690 mg/dl). Besides the usual treatment of @entity656 , heparin and/or @entity2690 were administered intravenously in continuous infusion. Heparin dose was guided by usual parameters of @entity1003 , and @entity2690 dose, by serial determinations of blood @entity413 . @entity39 was demonstrated in 4 patients. RESULTS: Serum @entity412 levels decreased to < 500 mg/dl within 3 days in all cases. No complication of treatment was observed and all @entity1 survived. Early and late complications of @entity788 occurred in one @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Administration of heparin and/or @entity2690 is an efficient alternative to reduce @entity412 levels in @entity1 with @entity656 and @entity2298 .

title: [heparin and XXXX treatment of @entity656 caused by @entity2298 . Experience of 5 cases].

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: Short-term preoperative radiotherapy in combination with surgery has been shown to decrease the rate of local recurrence in @entity5 @entity1 . The effects of this type of radiotherapy on the histopathology of @entity189 has been hitherto unknown. Since various histopathological factors are associated with prognosis, the study of alterations induced by irradiation is an important issue. This paper examines the histopathology of resection specimens from 1306 @entity1 who were treated in a randomized trial that evaluated the benefits of preoperative radiotherapy. In this trial, @entity1 were treated with short-term radiotherapy (5 x 5 Gy) and operated on within 5 days after radiation. Histopathological parameters were determined by the Pathology Review Committee of the trial and we compared @entity5 of @entity1 with and without preoperative radiotherapy. Tumours of @entity1 who were treated with preoperative radiotherapy were smaller, more @entity189 (13% versus 7%, p < 0.001) and more often poorly differentiated (35% versus 24%, p<0.001). After radiotherapy, there was less inflammatory reaction around the @entity5 (extensive in 7% versus 18%, p<0.001), which was mainly caused by a decrease in T lymphocytes and neutrophil granulocytes. The fibroblastic reaction was more pronounced in the radiotherapy group (extensive in 22% versus 10%, p <0.001). Remarkable histological alterations occurred within a week after 5 days of @entity189 . The prognostic value of these factors therefore needs to be re-evaluated for irradiated @entity1 .

title: Short-term preoperative radiotherapy interferes with the determination of pathological parameters in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'rectal cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['irradiation of rectal carcinomas', 'often mucinous carcinomas', 'rectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: Maternal serum screening to identify fetal aneuploidies is now routinely offered during the second trimester of pregnancy in developed countries. The purpose of this prospective study was to assess the value of maternal serum screening between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation to detect fetal aneuploidies and to determine the false positive rate (FPR). Blood samples were collected from 1,062 pregnant @entity1 between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation. Samples were assayed for @entity160 ( @entity160 ), free beta @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and unconjugated @entity11111 (uE3). Medians were established at each week from 200 normal, singleton pregnancies. Second trimester risk was calculated using the maternal age and different combinations of @entity160 , beta-hCG and uE3. Screening results calculated by likelihood ratio to be equal to or greater than 1:270 were considered positive. If the gestational age was confirmed by ultrasonography, genetic counselling and amniocentesis were offered. Ten fetal @entity2008 were detected with maternal serum screening. Sample's size does not allow a correct detection rate estimation, but false positive rate (FPR) was found to be 6.5%. This FPR has a clinical application. At a cut-off of 1:270, second trimester screening best results were obtained using a combination of all three biochemical markers. These results confirm the efficacy of maternal serum screening for fetal @entity2008 with a low FPR. The measurement of @entity160 , beta-hCG and uE3 is an effective prenatal screening test.

title: [Prenatal maternal blood screening for the detection of fetal XXXX : clinical importance of the rate of false positives].

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein', 'AFP']

answer: @entity2008 :: (MESH:D002869,Disease) :: ['chromosomal abnormalities']