abstract: Mexico used @entity5979 ( @entity318 ) to control @entity311 until 1999, when it was replaced with @entity316 for mosquito control. Thus, we performed environmental and exposure assessments to @entity318 and @entity316 in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. In Chiapas, samples were obtained at the time when @entity318 was being used in the @entity311 control program, while in Oaxaca, samples were collected 2 years after the final spraying of @entity318 and 2 days after @entity316 application. Mean concentrations of @entity318 and @entity5980 ( @entity5980 ), as measured in whole blood, were 67.8 and 86.7 microg/L for @entity1 living in Chiapas and 27.1 and 60.8 microg/L for adults, respectively. As expected, @entity318 levels were lower 2 years after the final application in Oaxaca (20.4 and 13.2 microg/L for @entity1 and adults, respectively). Sprayers in Chiapas had the highest levels of exposure, with 165.5 and 188.4 microg/L of @entity318 and @entity5980 , respectively. @entity1 living in Chiapas and Oaxaca also had significantly higher blood levels of @entity318 and @entity5980 than those @entity1 living in areas where less @entity318 had been used. @entity316 exposure was assessed only in @entity1 living in Oaxaca; 50% of the exposed group had urinary levels of @entity70901 above the limit of detection (LOD) and 6% had levels above 25 microg/L (five times the LOD), with a negative trend with age (r=-0.33). In Chiapas we found higher @entity318 and @entity5980 levels in soil than in Oaxaca. In the latter location, large amounts of @entity318 and @entity5980 were found in sediment samples and @entity316 was detected in indoor soil samples. Considering the environmental data, the blood level results can be explained by soil/dust ingestion, @entity1 milk ingestion, and consumption of fish and other contaminated foods.

title: Levels of XXXX and @entity316 in @entity1 and environmental samples in malarious areas of Mexico.

answer: @entity5979 :: (CHEBI:16130,Chemical) :: ['dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane']


abstract: Mexico used @entity5979 ( @entity318 ) to control @entity311 until 1999, when it was replaced with @entity316 for mosquito control. Thus, we performed environmental and exposure assessments to @entity318 and @entity316 in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. In Chiapas, samples were obtained at the time when @entity318 was being used in the @entity311 control program, while in Oaxaca, samples were collected 2 years after the final spraying of @entity318 and 2 days after @entity316 application. Mean concentrations of @entity318 and @entity5980 ( @entity5980 ), as measured in whole blood, were 67.8 and 86.7 microg/L for @entity1 living in Chiapas and 27.1 and 60.8 microg/L for adults, respectively. As expected, @entity318 levels were lower 2 years after the final application in Oaxaca (20.4 and 13.2 microg/L for @entity1 and adults, respectively). Sprayers in Chiapas had the highest levels of exposure, with 165.5 and 188.4 microg/L of @entity318 and @entity5980 , respectively. @entity1 living in Chiapas and Oaxaca also had significantly higher blood levels of @entity318 and @entity5980 than those @entity1 living in areas where less @entity318 had been used. @entity316 exposure was assessed only in @entity1 living in Oaxaca; 50% of the exposed group had urinary levels of @entity70901 above the limit of detection (LOD) and 6% had levels above 25 microg/L (five times the LOD), with a negative trend with age (r=-0.33). In Chiapas we found higher @entity318 and @entity5980 levels in soil than in Oaxaca. In the latter location, large amounts of @entity318 and @entity5980 were found in sediment samples and @entity316 was detected in indoor soil samples. Considering the environmental data, the blood level results can be explained by soil/dust ingestion, @entity1 milk ingestion, and consumption of fish and other contaminated foods.

title: Levels of @entity5979 and @entity316 in XXXX and environmental samples in malarious areas of Mexico.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'human', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity5980 :: ('MESH:D003633', 'Chemical') :: ['DDE', 'Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene']

entities_list: @entity70901 :: ('MESH:C017618', 'Chemical') :: ['3-phenoxybenzoic acid']

entities_list: @entity316 :: ('MESH:C017180', 'Chemical') :: ['deltamethrin', 'Deltamethrin']

entities_list: @entity5979 :: ('CHEBI:16130', 'Chemical') :: ['dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent @entity43 with regard to its feasibility, morbidity, mortality, @entity1 selection, and survival. METHODS: Forty-six @entity1 who underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery at the Royal Hospital for @entity1 , Sydney, between July 1988 and October 1996 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age at surgery was 50.3 years, and the median disease-free interval was 26 months. Eighty-nine percent of @entity1 had a disease-free interval of at least 12 months. Twenty-five @entity1 (54%) had localized disease at the time of surgery. Univariate survival outcomes were analyzed using the log rank test, and survival curves were calculated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. RESULTS: Two @entity1 (4%) were inoperable and 19 @entity1 (41%) were cytoreduced to no macroscopic disease. There was one @entity204 (2%), and four @entity1 (8.7%) had significant postoperative morbidity. With a median follow-up of 88 months, the overall median survival was 22.5 months. @entity1 with a disease-free interval of less than 12 months after their initial treatment had a median survival of 6 months, compared with 11 months if the disease-free interval was 12-24 months and 39 months for those with a disease-free interval of 24 months or more (P =.001, log rank). @entity1 who had any @entity66 had a median survival of 11 months, whereas those with no @entity66 had a median survival of 38 months (P =.002, log rank). CONCLUSION: For carefully selected @entity1 with recurrent @entity43 : 1) complete surgical resection is feasible more commonly than with primary cytoreduction, 2) serious morbidity and mortality are acceptable, and 3) significant survival benefit accrues when a) all macroscopic disease can be resected, or b) the disease-free interval is 24 months or more.

title: Secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative death']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The 'hygiene hypothesis' implies that infections in early childhood prevent the development of @entity402 . Atopy is caused by the interaction of the environment with genetic factors. Therefore, both contacts with microbial products such as endotoxin as well as @entity5750 , a gene involved in the immunological response to endotoxin, are discussed in this review. RECENT FINDINGS: @entity5750 is a multifunctional receptor for endotoxin and other bacterial wall components. Membrane-bound @entity5750 is expressed on monocytes and macrophages. It forms a complex with @entity2939 . Genetic studies have shown an association of variants in the @entity5750 gene with the prevention of (and severity of) @entity402 . However, phenotype definitions and the allele that showed association differed between studies. In addition, the presence of endotoxin in house dust appears to be inversely related to @entity402 in different studies. SUMMARY: It can be hypothesized that different levels of endotoxin exposure could interact with specific @entity5750 variants in the prevention of @entity402 . If confirmed in prospective cohort studies, this might represent an important gene by environmental interaction in the development of @entity402 . This could possibly open ways for the primary prevention of @entity402 .

title: The genetics of XXXX in allergic disease.

entities_list: @entity2939 :: ('7099', 'Gene') :: ['Toll-like receptor 4']

answer: @entity5750 :: (929,Gene) :: ['CD14']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the biological behavior of external auditory canal @entity3540 (EACC). The expression and distribution of relevant markers such as @entity310 ( @entity7790 ), @entity470 ( @entity470 ), and the proliferation marker @entity1758 were studied in comparison with normal auditory meatal skin. BACKGROUND: EACC are uncommon and knowledge concerning etiology and pathogenesis is limited. Whether this is a unique entity remains controversially discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical methods were used to study the expression and distribution @entity7790 , @entity470 , and the proliferation marker @entity1758 on 15 tissues samples. Only the spontaneous form of EACC was included in this study. RESULTS: Positive immunoreactivity for the proliferation marker @entity1758 could be demonstrated in keratinocytes in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epithelium. The number of @entity1758 -positive proliferating cells in @entity3540 was significantly higher than in normal external auditory skin. @entity3540 epithelium also showed an enhanced expression of @entity7790 and @entity470 . Inflammatory infiltrate was observed in the perimatrix to various degrees. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that similar to the @entity5479 , a chronic inflammatory process underlies the EACC, and the inflammatory stimuli may alter keratinocyte proliferation.

title: Immunohistochemical investigations on external auditory canal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-alpha']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor-receptor', 'EGFR']

entities_list: @entity5479 :: ('MESH:D018424', 'Disease') :: ['middle ear cholesteatoma']

entities_list: @entity3540 :: ('MESH:D002781', 'Disease') :: ['cholesteatoma', 'Cholesteatoma']

answer: @entity3540 :: (MESH:D002781,Disease) :: ['cholesteatomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the long-term visual and anatomical outcomes for @entity1 treated with submacular surgery for @entity1940 associated with endogenous @entity3225 . METHODS: Review of the medical records, @entity941 angiograms, fundus photographs, and histopathologic specimens of @entity1 treated with submacular surgery for @entity1940 following @entity3225 . RESULTS: This series included 3 @entity1 (1 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 ) who were 26, 30, and 60 years of age. Each @entity1 had received systemic antifungal treatment for culture-proven @entity295 before the development of @entity1940 . Each @entity1 had bilateral @entity1940 diagnosed by biomicroscopic examination and angiographic appearance: 2 eyes had an active subfoveal membrane; 2, an active juxtafoveal subretinal membrane; and 2, a mixture of active @entity2295 with subfoveal @entity82 . Submacular surgery was performed on five eyes with @entity1940 ; one eye with subfoveal @entity82 was observed. Visual acuity improved substantially in 4 eyes of 3 @entity1 treated with submacular surgery. Visual improvement was limited in the two eyes with preexisting submacular @entity82 . During 13-month to 82-month follow-ups, vision remained stable, with no recurrence of @entity2295 . CONCLUSION: @entity1940 can cause severe @entity227 in @entity1 with endogenous @entity281 . Submacular surgery with removal of @entity1940 may restore vision in selected @entity1 . Subfoveal @entity82 may limit visual improvement.

title: Visual and anatomical outcome following submacular surgery for @entity1940 secondary to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['candidal septicemia']

entities_list: @entity1940 :: ('MESH:D020256', 'Disease') :: ['Choroidal neovascularization', 'choroidal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['subfoveal neovascularization', 'neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['candidal infection']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['candidal endophthalmitis']

answer: @entity3225 :: (MESH:D009877,Disease) :: ['Candida endophthalmitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the long-term visual and anatomical outcomes for @entity1 treated with submacular surgery for @entity1940 associated with endogenous @entity3225 . METHODS: Review of the medical records, @entity941 angiograms, fundus photographs, and histopathologic specimens of @entity1 treated with submacular surgery for @entity1940 following @entity3225 . RESULTS: This series included 3 @entity1 (1 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 ) who were 26, 30, and 60 years of age. Each @entity1 had received systemic antifungal treatment for culture-proven @entity295 before the development of @entity1940 . Each @entity1 had bilateral @entity1940 diagnosed by biomicroscopic examination and angiographic appearance: 2 eyes had an active subfoveal membrane; 2, an active juxtafoveal subretinal membrane; and 2, a mixture of active @entity2295 with subfoveal @entity82 . Submacular surgery was performed on five eyes with @entity1940 ; one eye with subfoveal @entity82 was observed. Visual acuity improved substantially in 4 eyes of 3 @entity1 treated with submacular surgery. Visual improvement was limited in the two eyes with preexisting submacular @entity82 . During 13-month to 82-month follow-ups, vision remained stable, with no recurrence of @entity2295 . CONCLUSION: @entity1940 can cause severe @entity227 in @entity1 with endogenous @entity281 . Submacular surgery with removal of @entity1940 may restore vision in selected @entity1 . Subfoveal @entity82 may limit visual improvement.

title: Visual and anatomical outcome following submacular surgery for XXXX secondary to @entity3225 .

answer: @entity1940 :: (MESH:D020256,Disease) :: ['choroidal neovascularization']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The discovery of a jugular tumefaction in an @entity1 evokes several diseases. We report the case of a 4-month-old @entity1 whose jugular cellulite revealed @entity4034 . CASE REPORT: A 4-month-old @entity1 was referred for hard, hot tumefaction of the right cheek and multiple cervical adenopathies. The suggested diagnosis was cellulite of cutaneous origin. He presented 21 900/mm(3) hyperleukocytosis associated with an inflammatory biological syndrome. Standard x-ray of the facial mass was normal. Sonography of the face showed thickening of the soft subcutaneous tissues and retro and sub-mandibular adenopathies with abcedation. Antibiotherapy with @entity115 and @entity798 led to rapid improvement. Three days after withdrawal of the antibiotherapy, the tumefaction recurred without @entity221 . A facial scan eliminated @entity3609 and showed @entity3061 of the external plateau of the ascending branch of the mandible with periosteal appositions. Histological examination of a surgical bone biopsy showed @entity4421 and culture revealed hemolytic beta streptococci. Six weeks of antibiotherapy (initially with @entity115 and @entity801 , then @entity115 in monotherapy) led to the regression of all cutaneous signs. COMMENTS: When confronted with a tumefaction in this area, malignant or benign tumoral causes such as @entity3609 must be eliminated. Infectious causes ( @entity733 , parotid @entity32 and @entity4034 ) must be evoked and distinguished from @entity33619 ( @entity33619 ). Standard radiological imaging, scan or scintigraphy are useful diagnostic tools. If @entity3061 is discovered, a biopsy must be taken for anatomopathological and biological examination.

title: [Facial cellulite associated with XXXX in an @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity3609 :: ('MESH:D018191', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lymphangioma']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamycin']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis', 'mandibular osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanic acid']

entities_list: @entity33619 :: ('MESH:D006958', 'Disease') :: ["Caffey-Silverman's syndrome", 'infantile cortical hyperostosis']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity4421 :: ('MESH:D010000', 'Disease') :: ['infectious osteitis']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['mandibular osteomyelitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The discovery of a jugular tumefaction in an @entity1 evokes several diseases. We report the case of a 4-month-old @entity1 whose jugular cellulite revealed @entity4034 . CASE REPORT: A 4-month-old @entity1 was referred for hard, hot tumefaction of the right cheek and multiple cervical adenopathies. The suggested diagnosis was cellulite of cutaneous origin. He presented 21 900/mm(3) hyperleukocytosis associated with an inflammatory biological syndrome. Standard x-ray of the facial mass was normal. Sonography of the face showed thickening of the soft subcutaneous tissues and retro and sub-mandibular adenopathies with abcedation. Antibiotherapy with @entity115 and @entity798 led to rapid improvement. Three days after withdrawal of the antibiotherapy, the tumefaction recurred without @entity221 . A facial scan eliminated @entity3609 and showed @entity3061 of the external plateau of the ascending branch of the mandible with periosteal appositions. Histological examination of a surgical bone biopsy showed @entity4421 and culture revealed hemolytic beta streptococci. Six weeks of antibiotherapy (initially with @entity115 and @entity801 , then @entity115 in monotherapy) led to the regression of all cutaneous signs. COMMENTS: When confronted with a tumefaction in this area, malignant or benign tumoral causes such as @entity3609 must be eliminated. Infectious causes ( @entity733 , parotid @entity32 and @entity4034 ) must be evoked and distinguished from @entity33619 ( @entity33619 ). Standard radiological imaging, scan or scintigraphy are useful diagnostic tools. If @entity3061 is discovered, a biopsy must be taken for anatomopathological and biological examination.

title: [Facial cellulite associated with @entity4034 in an XXXX ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infant']


abstract: PURPOSE: The efficacy and @entity137 of two-drug therapy ( @entity2879 and @entity900 , EP) in @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 were investigated. @entity1 AND METHODS: Between December 1996 and November 1999, 18 @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 (6 @entity4797 and 12 @entity4797 , Stage II 8, Stage IIIA 2, Stage IIIB 6, Stage IIIC 2) were treated by 3-5 cycles of induction chemotherapy regimen (EP). @entity2879 and @entity900 were administrated in doses of 100 mg/m2 and 20 mg/m2, respectively, on days 1 to 5 and then repeated from day 21. After @entity5 markers obtained normal levels, one or two additional cycles of EP were continued. @entity1 showing evidence of @entity41 mass underwent debulking surgery as early as possible. RESULTS: At the end of EP therapy, 4 (22%) of the 18 @entity1 achieved complete remission and 14 @entity1 (78%) showed partial remission. Seven @entity1 of partial remission were treated by excision of residual abnormalities: 6 had pathologically @entity39 in the resected specimen and 1 had @entity44 , and these 7 @entity1 all achieved complete remission. Four other @entity1 achieving partial remission were followed without surgical excision and have had no evidence of disease progression. Remaining three @entity1 achieving partial remission received salvage chemotherapy with or without adjunctive surgery, resulted in complete remission in 2 @entity1 and partial remission in 1 @entity1 . EP demonstrated to have less treatment-related @entity137 compared with that of @entity32799 . Follow up studies ranging from 12 to 47 months (median, 29.6) showed that one @entity1 experienced a relapse from complete remission at 13 months and was salvaged by chemotherapy and surgery. Finally, thirteen @entity1 (72%) who achieved complete remission are alive and disease-free and 5 @entity1 (28%) showing partial remission are alive with negative @entity5 markers and no evidence of relapse. CONCLUSION: These results suggests that EP is an efficacious and less toxic first line regimen for good-prognosis @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 .

title: [Treatment of metastatic @entity2971 with @entity2879 and XXXX as first line chemotherapy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic debris']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide', 'Etoposide']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['seminomas', 'non-seminomas']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: The efficacy and @entity137 of two-drug therapy ( @entity2879 and @entity900 , EP) in @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 were investigated. @entity1 AND METHODS: Between December 1996 and November 1999, 18 @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 (6 @entity4797 and 12 @entity4797 , Stage II 8, Stage IIIA 2, Stage IIIB 6, Stage IIIC 2) were treated by 3-5 cycles of induction chemotherapy regimen (EP). @entity2879 and @entity900 were administrated in doses of 100 mg/m2 and 20 mg/m2, respectively, on days 1 to 5 and then repeated from day 21. After @entity5 markers obtained normal levels, one or two additional cycles of EP were continued. @entity1 showing evidence of @entity41 mass underwent debulking surgery as early as possible. RESULTS: At the end of EP therapy, 4 (22%) of the 18 @entity1 achieved complete remission and 14 @entity1 (78%) showed partial remission. Seven @entity1 of partial remission were treated by excision of residual abnormalities: 6 had pathologically @entity39 in the resected specimen and 1 had @entity44 , and these 7 @entity1 all achieved complete remission. Four other @entity1 achieving partial remission were followed without surgical excision and have had no evidence of disease progression. Remaining three @entity1 achieving partial remission received salvage chemotherapy with or without adjunctive surgery, resulted in complete remission in 2 @entity1 and partial remission in 1 @entity1 . EP demonstrated to have less treatment-related @entity137 compared with that of @entity32799 . Follow up studies ranging from 12 to 47 months (median, 29.6) showed that one @entity1 experienced a relapse from complete remission at 13 months and was salvaged by chemotherapy and surgery. Finally, thirteen @entity1 (72%) who achieved complete remission are alive and disease-free and 5 @entity1 (28%) showing partial remission are alive with negative @entity5 markers and no evidence of relapse. CONCLUSION: These results suggests that EP is an efficacious and less toxic first line regimen for good-prognosis @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 .

title: [Treatment of metastatic @entity2971 with XXXX and @entity900 as first line chemotherapy].

answer: @entity2879 :: (MESH:D005047,Chemical) :: ['etoposide']


abstract: PURPOSE: The efficacy and @entity137 of two-drug therapy ( @entity2879 and @entity900 , EP) in @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 were investigated. @entity1 AND METHODS: Between December 1996 and November 1999, 18 @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 (6 @entity4797 and 12 @entity4797 , Stage II 8, Stage IIIA 2, Stage IIIB 6, Stage IIIC 2) were treated by 3-5 cycles of induction chemotherapy regimen (EP). @entity2879 and @entity900 were administrated in doses of 100 mg/m2 and 20 mg/m2, respectively, on days 1 to 5 and then repeated from day 21. After @entity5 markers obtained normal levels, one or two additional cycles of EP were continued. @entity1 showing evidence of @entity41 mass underwent debulking surgery as early as possible. RESULTS: At the end of EP therapy, 4 (22%) of the 18 @entity1 achieved complete remission and 14 @entity1 (78%) showed partial remission. Seven @entity1 of partial remission were treated by excision of residual abnormalities: 6 had pathologically @entity39 in the resected specimen and 1 had @entity44 , and these 7 @entity1 all achieved complete remission. Four other @entity1 achieving partial remission were followed without surgical excision and have had no evidence of disease progression. Remaining three @entity1 achieving partial remission received salvage chemotherapy with or without adjunctive surgery, resulted in complete remission in 2 @entity1 and partial remission in 1 @entity1 . EP demonstrated to have less treatment-related @entity137 compared with that of @entity32799 . Follow up studies ranging from 12 to 47 months (median, 29.6) showed that one @entity1 experienced a relapse from complete remission at 13 months and was salvaged by chemotherapy and surgery. Finally, thirteen @entity1 (72%) who achieved complete remission are alive and disease-free and 5 @entity1 (28%) showing partial remission are alive with negative @entity5 markers and no evidence of relapse. CONCLUSION: These results suggests that EP is an efficacious and less toxic first line regimen for good-prognosis @entity1 with metastatic @entity2971 .

title: [Treatment of metastatic XXXX with @entity2879 and @entity900 as first line chemotherapy].

answer: @entity2971 :: (MESH:D009373,Disease) :: ['germ cell tumors']


abstract: PURPOSE: Many factors influencing compliance in @entity161 have been reported in the literature. Our aim was to assess predictors of noncompliance in male @entity1 with first-episode @entity161 , @entity914 in a naturalistic setting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six male @entity1 , discharged from hospital, were included in a 1-year follow-up study. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed with positive and negative syndrome scale at admission and discharge, while extrapyramidal side effects were recorded weekly during hospitalisation using the Simpson-Angus and Barnes @entity2146 scales. Socio-demographic and some other variables were also recorded. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 (53.6%) dropped out of treatment in the first year and 21 of them relapsed. With the Cox survival analysis three predictors of noncompliance were found: diagnosis of @entity161 versus the other two diagnoses, positive symptoms at admission, and lack of insight at discharge. Discussion. In spite of a specific methodology and selection of only first-episode male @entity1 , the results are in accordance with the findings of other authors. This confirms the universality of noncompliance in @entity716 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: First-episode @entity1 have a high dropout rate. However, in compliant @entity1 , the relapse rate was low, and therefore special attention and compliance-promoting interventions in first-episode @entity1 are needed.

title: Predictors of noncompliance in males with first-episode XXXX , @entity914 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['schizophreniform and schizoaffective disorder']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['akathisia']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: PURPOSE: Many factors influencing compliance in @entity161 have been reported in the literature. Our aim was to assess predictors of noncompliance in male @entity1 with first-episode @entity161 , @entity914 in a naturalistic setting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six male @entity1 , discharged from hospital, were included in a 1-year follow-up study. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed with positive and negative syndrome scale at admission and discharge, while extrapyramidal side effects were recorded weekly during hospitalisation using the Simpson-Angus and Barnes @entity2146 scales. Socio-demographic and some other variables were also recorded. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 (53.6%) dropped out of treatment in the first year and 21 of them relapsed. With the Cox survival analysis three predictors of noncompliance were found: diagnosis of @entity161 versus the other two diagnoses, positive symptoms at admission, and lack of insight at discharge. Discussion. In spite of a specific methodology and selection of only first-episode male @entity1 , the results are in accordance with the findings of other authors. This confirms the universality of noncompliance in @entity716 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: First-episode @entity1 have a high dropout rate. However, in compliant @entity1 , the relapse rate was low, and therefore special attention and compliance-promoting interventions in first-episode @entity1 are needed.

title: Predictors of noncompliance in males with first-episode @entity161 , XXXX .

answer: @entity914 :: (MESH:D011618,Disease) :: ['schizophreniform and schizoaffective disorder']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Nonsurgical closure of pathologic vascular communications can be achieved by coil embolization. Different systems used in @entity1 with @entity299 (e.g., patent ductus arteriosus) allow controlled release of the devices. However, they are too stiff for coil occlusion of small or tortuous vessels. METHODS AND @entity1 : The new detachable Cook coil system combines flexibility with a simple release control mechanism. Five @entity1 , age 8 days to 10 years, underwent heart catheterization for interventional occlusion of @entity1462 (two coronary artery fistulas, two aortopulmonary collaterals, and one @entity2695 ). The diameter of the vessels varied between 1.8 mm and 3.6 mm and the length between 10 mm and 22 mm. RESULTS: Up to four 0.018" soft spiral coils were placed as distally as possible in the feeding vessels. In addition, in two @entity1 , one to three J-shaped coils were placed inside and proximal to spiral coils. Positioning of the coils was controlled easily by radio-opaque markers. Counter-clockwise rotation of the delivery wire provided fast and safe detachment without movement of the detached coils. Control angiograms showed complete occlusion of the vessels within 10 minutes after delivery of coils. CONCLUSION: Interventional closure of @entity1462 can be successfully obtained with the detachable Cook coil system. This system offers safe and controlled placement of coils, and it works rapidly in an uncomplicated manner.

title: Interventional occlusion of XXXX with the detachable Cook coil system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformations', 'different vascular malformations']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

answer: @entity1462 :: (MESH:D054079,Disease) :: ['congenital vascular malformations']


abstract: @entity798 (CA) is an important antibiotic that is produced by @entity6975 . CA is unstable and product degradation has turned out to have a major impact on product titers in fed-batch cultivations. Three different types of experiments have been used to elucidate CA degradation under fed-batch cultivation conditions. First, the influence of individual medium compounds was examined. Second, degradation was monitored during the exponential growth phase in batch cultivations. Third, CA degradation was studied in the supernatant of samples taken during a fed-batch. In addition, data from six fed-batch cultivations were studied to derive information about CA degradation during the production phase. These cultivations were based on a mineral medium, containing @entity653 , @entity2227 , @entity3104 , and @entity1391 as the main nutrients. The @entity3104 concentration had a large influence on the degradation rate constant. In addition, either changes in the substrate availability or high concentrations of @entity3104 or @entity653 cause a major increase in the degradation rate constant. Finally, a linear and a fuzzy logic model were made to predict CA degradation rates in these fed-batches.

title: XXXX degradation in @entity6975 fed-batch cultivations.

entities_list: @entity6975 :: ('1901', 'Species') :: ['Streptomyces clavuligerus']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['Clavulanic acid']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity3104 :: ('MESH:D000644', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium']

answer: @entity798 :: (MESH:D019818,Chemical) :: ['Clavulanic acid']


abstract: @entity798 (CA) is an important antibiotic that is produced by @entity6975 . CA is unstable and product degradation has turned out to have a major impact on product titers in fed-batch cultivations. Three different types of experiments have been used to elucidate CA degradation under fed-batch cultivation conditions. First, the influence of individual medium compounds was examined. Second, degradation was monitored during the exponential growth phase in batch cultivations. Third, CA degradation was studied in the supernatant of samples taken during a fed-batch. In addition, data from six fed-batch cultivations were studied to derive information about CA degradation during the production phase. These cultivations were based on a mineral medium, containing @entity653 , @entity2227 , @entity3104 , and @entity1391 as the main nutrients. The @entity3104 concentration had a large influence on the degradation rate constant. In addition, either changes in the substrate availability or high concentrations of @entity3104 or @entity653 cause a major increase in the degradation rate constant. Finally, a linear and a fuzzy logic model were made to predict CA degradation rates in these fed-batches.

title: @entity798 degradation in XXXX fed-batch cultivations.

answer: @entity6975 :: (1901,Species) :: ['Streptomyces clavuligerus']


abstract: The association of an elevated level of lipoprotein (a) ( @entity3452 ) with the development of @entity301 ( @entity301 ) remains controversial. @entity3452 was investigated as a @entity301 risk factor in the PRIME Study, a prospective cohort study which included 9133 French and Northern Irish @entity1 aged 50-59 at entry, without a history of @entity301 and not on hypolipidaemic drugs. During a follow-up of 5 years, 288 subjects experienced at least one @entity301 event ( @entity583 ( @entity583 ), @entity204 , @entity951 ). @entity3452 was measured by immunoassay in all subjects on fresh plasma obtained at entry. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as low-density lipoproteins (LDL)- @entity165 , HDL- @entity165 , @entity1674 , the presence of @entity6 , @entity101 or smoking were determined. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate @entity3452 level as a @entity301 risk factor after controlling for the other risk factors. In addition, its possible interaction with LDL- and HDL- @entity165 levels was investigated. @entity3452 appeared a significant risk factor (P<0.0006) in the whole cohort without between-population interaction, even if the association was not statistically significant in the Belfast sample. The relative risk (RR) of @entity301 events in subjects with @entity3452 levels in the highest quartile was 1.5 times that of subjects in the lowest quartile (RR: 1.56; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.10-2.21). A high @entity3452 level was a risk for @entity583 , @entity951 . A significant interaction term between @entity3452 and LDL- @entity165 levels, however, was found. The relative @entity301 risk associated with a @entity3452 level > or =33 mg/dl in comparison with @entity3452 <33 mg/dl increasing gradually from 0.82 (95% CI: 0.28-2.44) in @entity1 with LDL- @entity165 in the lowest quartile (<121 mg/dl) to 1.58 (95% CI: 1.06-2.40) in the highest quartile (>163 mg/dl). In conclusion, @entity3452 increased the risk for @entity583 and @entity951 , especially in @entity1 with a high LDL- @entity165 level. This study which analyzed @entity3452 level using a measurement independent of apolipoprotein (a) size on fresh plasma, has confirmed utility of @entity3452 ) as a predictor of @entity301 .

title: Lipoprotein (a) as a predictor of XXXX : the PRIME Study.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['coronary death and angina pectoris', 'angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['coronary death']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: High dose therapy for @entity0 remains controversial. Of the 15 randomized trials of high dose therapy in @entity0 reported to date, two South African studies have been discredited leaving 13 remaining studies. Mortality was consistently low, in the 0 to 2.5% range, except for the BCNU containing American Intergroup study, which had a 7.4% toxic mortality rate. Seven of the remaining 13 studies randomized fewer than 200 @entity1 . Three of these small studies have significant differences in disease free survival, and a fourth study has a trend in favor of high dose therapy. The other three small studies cannot exclude a survival difference of 20%. Of the 6 remaining moderately large trials of 219 to 885 randomized @entity1 , 5 are adjuvant studies and one included @entity1 with @entity3 . Of the five adjuvant trials, four have significant differences in relapse rate favoring the high dose arm, and the remaining study has a trend (with a high dose sequential single agent design rather than combination therapy as in the other studies). A planned subset analysis of the first 284 @entity1 in the largest study funded by the Dutch insurance industry showed a significant advantage for high dose therapy. Given the 2-year median time to relapse and an addition 2-year median to death after relapse, the follow up for survival of 3-5 years on these studies is still short. In the only moderately sized metastatic trial from the National @entity5 Institute of Canada with a very short median follow-up of 19 months, a significant difference in disease free survival has emerged, with no difference in survival.

title: Randomized trials of high-dose chemotherapy in XXXX : fraud, the press and the data (or lessons learned in medical policy governing clinical research).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: High GH and low @entity442 are well known in @entity1723 @entity1 . To delineate this altered GH- @entity442 axis in @entity1723 , we investigate the role of @entity9045 ( @entity9045 ) in relation to the metabolic and nutritional states. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty seven @entity1 with @entity1723 , mean 13.7 years, were evaluated. Blood samples were obtained before insulin injection and breakfast to test for plasma @entity413 (PG), @entity442 , @entity10116 , @entity2301 , total and complex @entity9045 (tGHBP and cGHBP), and HbA1c. Urine samples were collected in the morning for urinary GH (uGH). The difference between tGHBP and cGHBP is defined as fGHBP. The levels of PG and HbA1C were not correlated with each level of tGHBP, cGHBP, fGHBP or uGH. The levels of tGHBP, cGHBP and fGHBP were not all correlated with uGH. Both the levels of @entity442 and body mass index (BMI) were positively correlated with fGHBP. The duration of @entity1723 was negatively correlated with tGHBP, cGHBP and fGHBP. DISCUSSION: As the previous report of the relationship between GH binding reserve to @entity9045 and @entity442 or BMI in non-diabetic subjects, fGHBP again showed statistical links with these parameters in @entity1723 . We therefore suggest that @entity9045 , especially its free form, may reflect a malmetabolic state of @entity1723 liver, resulting in an altered GH- @entity442 axis.

title: The involvement of growth hormone-binding protein in altered GH-IGF axis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity9045 :: ('2690', 'Gene') :: ['GH-binding protein', 'GHBP']

answer: @entity1723 :: (MESH:D003922,Disease) :: ['IDDM']


abstract: A 5-year ongoing, controlled multicenter study enrolled 150 @entity1 . Outcome measures included @entity353 ( @entity353 ), @entity2654 ( @entity2654 ), quality of life (QOL) and satisfaction questionnaires. Outcome measures during the baseline period were compared to evaluations during follow-up. Concurrent evaluations with and without device use were also performed. Safety evaluations included urinalysis and culture, leak-point pressure (LPP) and cystoscopy. Adverse events (AE) were recorded throughout the study. One to 2 years of follow-up were collected on all study @entity1 (mean 15 months). Statistically significant reductions in overall daily @entity322 episodes (P<0.001) and @entity353 urine loss (P<0.001) were observed with the device at all follow-up intervals, and 93% of @entity1 had a negative @entity353 at 12 months. @entity1 were satisfied with ease of use of the device, comfort and dryness, and significant improvements in QOL were observed (P<0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the insert was effective, despite the presence of urgency, low LPP, failed surgery and advanced age. AE included symptomatic @entity293 in 31.3%, mild @entity130 with insertion in 6.7%, @entity811 in 3.3%, and migration in 1.3% of @entity1 . The results of @entity353 and @entity2654 demonstrated device efficacy. @entity1 were satisfied and significant improvements in QOL were observed. AE were transient and required minimal or no treatment. The urethral insert should be considered as an option for the management of SUI.

title: Long-term results of the FemSoft urethral insert for the management of female stress urinary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['PWT', 'pad weight tests']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity2654 :: ('MESH:C537271', 'Disease') :: ['voiding diary', 'VD']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: CONTEXT: Myofibroblasts are distinct cells with characteristics of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Through their ability to secrete cytokines, chemokines, @entity2918 , growth factors, and matrix components, they are thought to play critical roles in @entity32 , growth, repair, and @entity5 . OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to identify the distinct cell populations of the lamina propria of normal colon and @entity1127 . DESIGN: We studied the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), smooth muscle myosin (SMM), @entity2283 , @entity2277 , and @entity2467 by intestinal mesenchymal (stromal) cells in the normal colonic mucosa (n = 5), as well as in @entity1127 (n = 5), sporadic @entity2513 (n = 47), and @entity652 from @entity1 with @entity1412 (n = 36). RESULTS: In the normal colonic mucosa, the pericryptal stromal cells were alphaSMA+, SMM+, @entity2283 -, and @entity2277 +, defining them as myofibroblasts. In contrast, cells of the muscularis mucosae were alphaSMA+, SMM+, @entity2283 +, and @entity2277 -, defining them as smooth muscle cells. alpha-Smooth muscle actin also highlighted direct connections between the muscularis mucosae and the pericryptal myofibroblasts, and @entity2277 immunostaining showed a network of connections between the alphaSMA+ pericryptal myofibroblasts and the alphaSMA- fibroblasts in the interstitium. In all @entity1127 and @entity6523 , the interstitial stromal cells (fibroblasts) now also express alphaSMA and form a syncytium of alphaSMA+ networklike connections throughout the lamina propria. Stromal cells of sporadic @entity652 demonstrated the same immunohistochemical staining characteristics displayed by @entity652 from @entity1 with @entity1412 and by @entity1127 . Conclusions.-These findings indicate that in normal colon, alphaSMA- fibroblasts are the predominant cell type in the lamina propria. However, the pericryptal (subepithelial) stromal cells are a distinct cell type (alphaSMA+ myofibroblast) that is immunophenotypically different from muscularis mucosae smooth muscle cells and are connected to the interstitial, nonpericryptal fibroblasts with which they exist as a network throughout the lamina propria of the normal colon. Furthermore, in both hyperplastic and @entity1127 , there are changes in nonpericryptal fibroblasts from @entity2277 +, alphaSMA-, and SMM- to @entity2277 +, alphaSMA+, and SMM+; thus, the interstitial fibroblasts are replaced by myofibroblasts. The factors that cause these changes and the origin of the myofibroblasts need to be determined to clarify the biology of colorectal tumorigenesis.

title: Immunohistochemical study of myofibroblasts in normal colonic mucosa, XXXX , and adenomatous @entity1127 .

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal polyps', 'hyperplastic polyps', 'neoplastic polyps']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial polyposis']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyps']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomas']

answer: @entity1127 :: (MESH:D011127,Disease) :: ['hyperplastic polyps']


abstract: CONTEXT: Myofibroblasts are distinct cells with characteristics of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Through their ability to secrete cytokines, chemokines, @entity2918 , growth factors, and matrix components, they are thought to play critical roles in @entity32 , growth, repair, and @entity5 . OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to identify the distinct cell populations of the lamina propria of normal colon and @entity1127 . DESIGN: We studied the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), smooth muscle myosin (SMM), @entity2283 , @entity2277 , and @entity2467 by intestinal mesenchymal (stromal) cells in the normal colonic mucosa (n = 5), as well as in @entity1127 (n = 5), sporadic @entity2513 (n = 47), and @entity652 from @entity1 with @entity1412 (n = 36). RESULTS: In the normal colonic mucosa, the pericryptal stromal cells were alphaSMA+, SMM+, @entity2283 -, and @entity2277 +, defining them as myofibroblasts. In contrast, cells of the muscularis mucosae were alphaSMA+, SMM+, @entity2283 +, and @entity2277 -, defining them as smooth muscle cells. alpha-Smooth muscle actin also highlighted direct connections between the muscularis mucosae and the pericryptal myofibroblasts, and @entity2277 immunostaining showed a network of connections between the alphaSMA+ pericryptal myofibroblasts and the alphaSMA- fibroblasts in the interstitium. In all @entity1127 and @entity6523 , the interstitial stromal cells (fibroblasts) now also express alphaSMA and form a syncytium of alphaSMA+ networklike connections throughout the lamina propria. Stromal cells of sporadic @entity652 demonstrated the same immunohistochemical staining characteristics displayed by @entity652 from @entity1 with @entity1412 and by @entity1127 . Conclusions.-These findings indicate that in normal colon, alphaSMA- fibroblasts are the predominant cell type in the lamina propria. However, the pericryptal (subepithelial) stromal cells are a distinct cell type (alphaSMA+ myofibroblast) that is immunophenotypically different from muscularis mucosae smooth muscle cells and are connected to the interstitial, nonpericryptal fibroblasts with which they exist as a network throughout the lamina propria of the normal colon. Furthermore, in both hyperplastic and @entity1127 , there are changes in nonpericryptal fibroblasts from @entity2277 +, alphaSMA-, and SMM- to @entity2277 +, alphaSMA+, and SMM+; thus, the interstitial fibroblasts are replaced by myofibroblasts. The factors that cause these changes and the origin of the myofibroblasts need to be determined to clarify the biology of colorectal tumorigenesis.

title: Immunohistochemical study of myofibroblasts in normal colonic mucosa, @entity1127 , and adenomatous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1127 :: (MESH:D011127,Disease) :: ['colorectal polyps']


abstract: Administration of @entity205 ( @entity870 ) to @entity35 undergoing reversible global or focal @entity63 has been demonstrated to be variably neuroprotective. As @entity870 does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, the variability may be due to differences in bioavailability of @entity870 to the @entity63 brain. We have, therefore, quantitated @entity870 levels in blood and brain following intra-carotid injection in @entity35 undergoing permanent right @entity2500 using a three-vessel model of focal @entity2806 . After 30 min of three-vessel occlusion, @entity870 (10 mg/kg) was injected into the left external carotid artery followed by reversal of the left common carotid artery occlusion. At various times post-injection, blood samples were collected from the vena cava and samples of @entity63 or sham-operated cortex were obtained for @entity870 quantitation by tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-linear mixed-effects modeling. @entity870 areas under the curve between normal and @entity64 -induced @entity35 were not significantly different in blood (18355 vs. 19405 ng x h/ml, NS) or in brain tissue (15664 vs. 14931 ng x h/g, NS). These results demonstrate that intra-carotid injection of @entity870 results in high levels in brain (brain-blood ratio from 0.5 to 1). No significant differences in blood and brain exposure were observed between normal and @entity64 -induced @entity35 . Therefore, reduced cerebral blood flow in the @entity63 territory did not limit @entity870 availability to the cortex. In addition, @entity870 intra-carotid administration was neuroprotective following 24 h recovery as there was a significant decrease in the @entity1188 area of the affected hemisphere compared to saline injected @entity35 as estimated by TTC staining of viable tissue.

title: @entity205 in blood and brain tissue following intra-carotid injections in normal and XXXX -induced @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporin A']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: Administration of @entity205 ( @entity870 ) to @entity35 undergoing reversible global or focal @entity63 has been demonstrated to be variably neuroprotective. As @entity870 does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, the variability may be due to differences in bioavailability of @entity870 to the @entity63 brain. We have, therefore, quantitated @entity870 levels in blood and brain following intra-carotid injection in @entity35 undergoing permanent right @entity2500 using a three-vessel model of focal @entity2806 . After 30 min of three-vessel occlusion, @entity870 (10 mg/kg) was injected into the left external carotid artery followed by reversal of the left common carotid artery occlusion. At various times post-injection, blood samples were collected from the vena cava and samples of @entity63 or sham-operated cortex were obtained for @entity870 quantitation by tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-linear mixed-effects modeling. @entity870 areas under the curve between normal and @entity64 -induced @entity35 were not significantly different in blood (18355 vs. 19405 ng x h/ml, NS) or in brain tissue (15664 vs. 14931 ng x h/g, NS). These results demonstrate that intra-carotid injection of @entity870 results in high levels in brain (brain-blood ratio from 0.5 to 1). No significant differences in blood and brain exposure were observed between normal and @entity64 -induced @entity35 . Therefore, reduced cerebral blood flow in the @entity63 territory did not limit @entity870 availability to the cortex. In addition, @entity870 intra-carotid administration was neuroprotective following 24 h recovery as there was a significant decrease in the @entity1188 area of the affected hemisphere compared to saline injected @entity35 as estimated by TTC staining of viable tissue.

title: XXXX in blood and brain tissue following intra-carotid injections in normal and @entity64 -induced @entity35 .

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['Cyclosporin A']


abstract: Administration of @entity205 ( @entity870 ) to @entity35 undergoing reversible global or focal @entity63 has been demonstrated to be variably neuroprotective. As @entity870 does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, the variability may be due to differences in bioavailability of @entity870 to the @entity63 brain. We have, therefore, quantitated @entity870 levels in blood and brain following intra-carotid injection in @entity35 undergoing permanent right @entity2500 using a three-vessel model of focal @entity2806 . After 30 min of three-vessel occlusion, @entity870 (10 mg/kg) was injected into the left external carotid artery followed by reversal of the left common carotid artery occlusion. At various times post-injection, blood samples were collected from the vena cava and samples of @entity63 or sham-operated cortex were obtained for @entity870 quantitation by tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-linear mixed-effects modeling. @entity870 areas under the curve between normal and @entity64 -induced @entity35 were not significantly different in blood (18355 vs. 19405 ng x h/ml, NS) or in brain tissue (15664 vs. 14931 ng x h/g, NS). These results demonstrate that intra-carotid injection of @entity870 results in high levels in brain (brain-blood ratio from 0.5 to 1). No significant differences in blood and brain exposure were observed between normal and @entity64 -induced @entity35 . Therefore, reduced cerebral blood flow in the @entity63 territory did not limit @entity870 availability to the cortex. In addition, @entity870 intra-carotid administration was neuroprotective following 24 h recovery as there was a significant decrease in the @entity1188 area of the affected hemisphere compared to saline injected @entity35 as estimated by TTC staining of viable tissue.

title: @entity205 in blood and brain tissue following intra-carotid injections in normal and @entity64 -induced XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The role of @entity5591 administered via transdermal therapeutic systems in the prevention of @entity1209 , @entity390 , and @entity390 and @entity391 is unclear. We performed a systematic search for full reports of randomized comparisons of transdermal @entity5591 with inactive control. Dichotomous data were extracted. In the meta-analysis, relative risks and numbers-needed-to-treat/harm were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In 23 trials, 979 @entity1 received transdermal @entity5591 , and 984 @entity1 received placebo. Sensitivity analyses were performed using restricted data for truncated control event rates (40%-80%) and for large trials. With these data, the relative @entity1209 (five reports), @entity390 (five reports), @entity390 and @entity391 (eight reports), and rescue treatment (three reports) were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.58-0.82), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54-0.87), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.66-0.88), and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54-0.85), respectively. This means that of 100 @entity1 who receive transdermal @entity5591 , approximately 17 will not experience @entity1209 who would have done so had they all received a placebo. However, 18 of 100 @entity1 will have @entity227 , eight will report @entity2133 , two will report dizziness, one will be classified as being agitated, and 1-13 @entity1 who are prescribed transdermal @entity5591 will not use it correctly. The timing of application does not alter efficacy. IMPLICATIONS: Of 100 @entity1 who receive transdermal @entity5591 , approximately 17 will not vomit in the postoperative period who would have done so had they all received a placebo. However, 18 of 100 @entity1 will have @entity227 , and eight will report @entity2133 . Incorrect use further limits its efficacy.

title: The efficacy and safety of transdermal XXXX for the prevention of @entity1209 : a quantitative systematic review.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual disturbances']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['scopolamine']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['risks for postoperative vomiting', 'postoperative vomiting']

answer: @entity5591 :: (MESH:D012601,Chemical) :: ['scopolamine']


abstract: The role of @entity5591 administered via transdermal therapeutic systems in the prevention of @entity1209 , @entity390 , and @entity390 and @entity391 is unclear. We performed a systematic search for full reports of randomized comparisons of transdermal @entity5591 with inactive control. Dichotomous data were extracted. In the meta-analysis, relative risks and numbers-needed-to-treat/harm were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In 23 trials, 979 @entity1 received transdermal @entity5591 , and 984 @entity1 received placebo. Sensitivity analyses were performed using restricted data for truncated control event rates (40%-80%) and for large trials. With these data, the relative @entity1209 (five reports), @entity390 (five reports), @entity390 and @entity391 (eight reports), and rescue treatment (three reports) were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.58-0.82), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54-0.87), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.66-0.88), and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54-0.85), respectively. This means that of 100 @entity1 who receive transdermal @entity5591 , approximately 17 will not experience @entity1209 who would have done so had they all received a placebo. However, 18 of 100 @entity1 will have @entity227 , eight will report @entity2133 , two will report dizziness, one will be classified as being agitated, and 1-13 @entity1 who are prescribed transdermal @entity5591 will not use it correctly. The timing of application does not alter efficacy. IMPLICATIONS: Of 100 @entity1 who receive transdermal @entity5591 , approximately 17 will not vomit in the postoperative period who would have done so had they all received a placebo. However, 18 of 100 @entity1 will have @entity227 , and eight will report @entity2133 . Incorrect use further limits its efficacy.

title: The efficacy and safety of transdermal @entity5591 for the prevention of XXXX : a quantitative systematic review.

answer: @entity1209 :: (MESH:D020250,Disease) :: ['postoperative nausea and vomiting']


abstract: We attempted to determine which @entity1154 receptor subtypes are predominantly involved in antidepressant-induced antinociception. Antinociceptive effects were evaluated by using @entity406 tests with rats. Antidepressants acting as potent inhibitors of @entity1063 reuptake ( @entity5554 , @entity5080 , and @entity5081 ) or inhibiting reuptake of both @entity1063 and @entity750 ( @entity750 ) ( @entity2645 and @entity1153 ) induced dose-dependent antinociception. Simultaneous intraperitoneal administration of antidepressants and either @entity3159 (alpha(1) antagonist) or @entity6009 ( @entity750 (2) antagonist) significantly antagonized antinociceptive effects. @entity3755 (selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor) induced antinociception less potently than other antidepressants and was significantly antagonized by @entity6009 , but not @entity3159 . Ondansetron ( @entity750 (3) antagonist) significantly antagonized antinociception by 10 mg/kg of @entity2645 . In contrast, @entity20368 ( @entity750 (4) antagonist) markedly enhanced antinociception by small-dose (2.5 mg/kg) @entity2645 . @entity2645 -induced antinociception was significantly antagonized by intracerebroventricular administration of @entity3159 or @entity6009 , but not by @entity3160 (alpha(2) antagonist) or @entity3974 , and was significantly enhanced by intracerebroventricularly administered SDZ-205,557. These findings suggest that alpha(1) adrenoceptors and @entity750 (2) receptors in the brain are involved in antidepressant-induced antinociception. In addition, the results suggested functional interactions between noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons as mechanisms for antidepressant-induced antinociception. IMPLICATIONS: Formalin tests of @entity35 treated with antidepressants and antagonists of @entity1154 receptors indicate that alpha(1) adrenoceptors, @entity750 ( @entity750 )(2) receptors, and @entity750 (3) receptors are involved in antidepressant-induced antinociception, suggesting functional interactions between noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons as mechanisms of antidepressant-induced antinociception.

title: An investigation of XXXX receptors involved in antinociceptive effects of antidepressants.

entities_list: @entity5554 :: ('MESH:C011386', 'Chemical') :: ['nisoxetine']

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity5081 :: ('MESH:D008376', 'Chemical') :: ['maprotiline']

entities_list: @entity5080 :: ('MESH:D009661', 'Chemical') :: ['nortriptyline']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity3755 :: ('MESH:D016666', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluvoxamine']

entities_list: @entity1153 :: ('MESH:C048107', 'Chemical') :: ['milnacipran']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine', 'Imipramine']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity6009 :: ('MESH:D007650', 'Chemical') :: ['ketanserin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1154 :: (CHEBI:25375,Chemical) :: ['monoamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is important for a laboratory to know the stability of performance of laboratory tests over time. The aim of this study was to adapt from the field of clinical chemistry a method to assess the long-term analytical performance of hemostasis field methods. METHODS: The linear regression model was used to compare the laboratory results with the consensus mean value of a survey. This model was applied to plasma @entity5582 activity using the data for 82 laboratories, collected between 1996 and 1999 in the European Concerted Action on @entity715 (ECAT) external quality assessment program. The long-term total, random, and systematic error were calculated. The variables introduced to define the long-term performance in this model were the long-term analytical CV (LCV(a)) and the @entity3124 ( @entity3124 ), which indicates the minimum difference necessary between two samples measured on a long-term time-scale to consider them statistically significantly different. RESULTS: The systematic error (bias) ranged from 4.5 to 103 units/L. The random error ranged from 24.4 to 242 units/L. For the majority of the laboratories, random error was the main component (>75%) of the total error. The LCV(a), after adjustment for the contribution of the bias, ranged from 2.8% to 48%. The @entity3124 ranged from 78 to 1290 units/L with a median value of 190 units/L. No statistically significant differences were observed for either LCV(a) or @entity3124 between the two different measurement principles for @entity5582 activity based on the inhibition of either thrombin or factor Xa. CONCLUSIONS: This linear regression model is useful for assessing the @entity2246 for hemostasis field methods. The LCV(a) and @entity3124 for measurement on a long-term time-scale appear to be useful for assessing the long-term analytical performance.

title: Long-term analytical performance of hemostasis field methods as assessed by evaluation of the results of an external quality assessment program for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['ACD', 'analytical critical difference']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['total error, random error, and bias']

answer: @entity5582 :: (462,Gene) :: ['antithrombin']


abstract: Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing nursery @entity1707 diets with a mixture of carbohydrases (CS) will improve @entity1707 performance and nutrient digestibility. The CS used in these experiments contained 7 units/g of alpha-1,6-galactosidase, 22 units/g of beta-1,4-mannanase, beta-1,4 mannosidase, and trace amounts of other enzymes. In Exp. 1, 108 @entity1707 weaned at d 21 of age were fed one of three diets containing 0 (control), 0.1, or 0.2% CS for 5 wk, based on a three-phase feeding program (1, 2, and 2 wk). Over the entire 35-d period, ADG was not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment, but supplementing 0.1% CS increased (P < 0.05) gain:feed by 9%. Experiment 2 used 10 gilts fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum at 3 wk of age. After cannulation, @entity1707 were fed the same control Phase I and II diets, but the Phase III diet contained either 0 or 0.1% CS. Ileal samples were collected for the 3 d following the 5-d adjustment period during Phase III. Apparent ileal digestibility of GE, @entity376 , @entity1889 , and @entity2340 was greater (P < 0.05) in the CS diet. In Exp. 3, 90 @entity1707 weaned at 21 d of age were fed the same control Phase I and II diets, but the Phase III diet contained either 0 or 0.1% CS. Phase III diets were fed for 3 wk. Average daily gain of the CS group was greater (P < 0.05) than the control group during wk 3. Gain:feed ratio was greater (P < 0.05) for the carbohydrase group during the entire Phase III period. Four @entity1707 per treatment were killed at the end of Exp. 3 to measure villus height and to determine the concentration of @entity9592 and stachyose in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Average villus height was greater (P < 0.05) in @entity1707 fed the CS diet. Carbohydrase supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of @entity52825 in freeze-dried digesta from the proximal and distal small intestine. @entity9592 concentration, on the other hand, was decreased (P < 0.05) by CS supplementation only in the distal small intestine. These lower concentrations suggest that CS improved the digestibility of @entity1735 in @entity1460 meal. In conclusion, the addition of CS to Phase I and Phase II nursery diets containing low levels of @entity1460 meal did not improve @entity1707 performance, but its addition to @entity4336 - @entity1460 meal-based Phase III nursery diets improved gain:feed ratio and energy and AA digestibility.

title: Use of carbohydrases in @entity4336 - XXXX meal-based nursery diets.

entities_list: @entity52825 :: ('MESH:C005695', 'Chemical') :: ['stachyose']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity9592 :: ('MESH:D011887', 'Chemical') :: ['raffinose', 'Raffinose']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity1460 :: (3847,Species) :: ['soybean']


abstract: Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing nursery @entity1707 diets with a mixture of carbohydrases (CS) will improve @entity1707 performance and nutrient digestibility. The CS used in these experiments contained 7 units/g of alpha-1,6-galactosidase, 22 units/g of beta-1,4-mannanase, beta-1,4 mannosidase, and trace amounts of other enzymes. In Exp. 1, 108 @entity1707 weaned at d 21 of age were fed one of three diets containing 0 (control), 0.1, or 0.2% CS for 5 wk, based on a three-phase feeding program (1, 2, and 2 wk). Over the entire 35-d period, ADG was not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment, but supplementing 0.1% CS increased (P < 0.05) gain:feed by 9%. Experiment 2 used 10 gilts fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum at 3 wk of age. After cannulation, @entity1707 were fed the same control Phase I and II diets, but the Phase III diet contained either 0 or 0.1% CS. Ileal samples were collected for the 3 d following the 5-d adjustment period during Phase III. Apparent ileal digestibility of GE, @entity376 , @entity1889 , and @entity2340 was greater (P < 0.05) in the CS diet. In Exp. 3, 90 @entity1707 weaned at 21 d of age were fed the same control Phase I and II diets, but the Phase III diet contained either 0 or 0.1% CS. Phase III diets were fed for 3 wk. Average daily gain of the CS group was greater (P < 0.05) than the control group during wk 3. Gain:feed ratio was greater (P < 0.05) for the carbohydrase group during the entire Phase III period. Four @entity1707 per treatment were killed at the end of Exp. 3 to measure villus height and to determine the concentration of @entity9592 and stachyose in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Average villus height was greater (P < 0.05) in @entity1707 fed the CS diet. Carbohydrase supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of @entity52825 in freeze-dried digesta from the proximal and distal small intestine. @entity9592 concentration, on the other hand, was decreased (P < 0.05) by CS supplementation only in the distal small intestine. These lower concentrations suggest that CS improved the digestibility of @entity1735 in @entity1460 meal. In conclusion, the addition of CS to Phase I and Phase II nursery diets containing low levels of @entity1460 meal did not improve @entity1707 performance, but its addition to @entity4336 - @entity1460 meal-based Phase III nursery diets improved gain:feed ratio and energy and AA digestibility.

title: Use of carbohydrases in XXXX - @entity1460 meal-based nursery diets.

answer: @entity4336 :: (381124,Species) :: ['corn']


abstract: Renal sensory responses and reflex function were examined in @entity35 24 h after 45 min of @entity63 caused by unilateral @entity432 ( @entity432 ). The integrity of renal pelvic mechanoreceptor (MRu)-mediated renorenal reflex was examined. An @entity8 (ARNA) and a reflex decrease in efferent @entity8 (ERNA) and contralateral diuresis and natriuresis produced by increasing the intrapelvic pressure were seen in sham-operated (Sham) @entity35 , but it was largely attenuated in @entity432 @entity35 . Using single-fiber recordings of the renal MRu discharge, graded increases in intrapelvic pressure or renal pelvic administration of substance @entity10133 ) resulted in pressure- or concentration-dependent increases in ARNA in the control kidney of Sham @entity35 , whereas attenuated responses were seen in the postischemic kidney of @entity432 @entity35 . The unresponsiveness of renal MRus in @entity432 @entity35 was accompanied by an insufficient release of SP. However, the baseline SP release is higher in @entity432 kidneys due to a reduced @entity8123 ( @entity8123 ) activity in the @entity8 . No changes in @entity16325 mRNA levels were demonstrated; however, the expression of NK-1 receptors in the plasma membrane of @entity432 pelvis were decreased, possibly resulting from the internalization of the receptors associated with beta-arrestin trafficking. Renal excretory responses after saline loading were significantly lower in the postischemic kidney of @entity432 @entity35 than in Sham @entity35 . Responses of ARNA and ERNA were also lower. It is concluded that the defective activation of renal sensory mechanoreceptors in the postischemic kidney results from an inadequate release of SP after mechanostimulation and the reduced functional NK-1 receptors.

title: Impaired renal sensory responses after XXXX in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal pelvis of the postischemic kidney', 'renal nerve activity', 'increase in ipsilateral afferent renal nerve activity']

entities_list: @entity8123 :: ('24590(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['NEP', 'neutral endopeptidase']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['renal arterial occlusion', 'RAO']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal ischemia']


abstract: Renal sensory responses and reflex function were examined in @entity35 24 h after 45 min of @entity63 caused by unilateral @entity432 ( @entity432 ). The integrity of renal pelvic mechanoreceptor (MRu)-mediated renorenal reflex was examined. An @entity8 (ARNA) and a reflex decrease in efferent @entity8 (ERNA) and contralateral diuresis and natriuresis produced by increasing the intrapelvic pressure were seen in sham-operated (Sham) @entity35 , but it was largely attenuated in @entity432 @entity35 . Using single-fiber recordings of the renal MRu discharge, graded increases in intrapelvic pressure or renal pelvic administration of substance @entity10133 ) resulted in pressure- or concentration-dependent increases in ARNA in the control kidney of Sham @entity35 , whereas attenuated responses were seen in the postischemic kidney of @entity432 @entity35 . The unresponsiveness of renal MRus in @entity432 @entity35 was accompanied by an insufficient release of SP. However, the baseline SP release is higher in @entity432 kidneys due to a reduced @entity8123 ( @entity8123 ) activity in the @entity8 . No changes in @entity16325 mRNA levels were demonstrated; however, the expression of NK-1 receptors in the plasma membrane of @entity432 pelvis were decreased, possibly resulting from the internalization of the receptors associated with beta-arrestin trafficking. Renal excretory responses after saline loading were significantly lower in the postischemic kidney of @entity432 @entity35 than in Sham @entity35 . Responses of ARNA and ERNA were also lower. It is concluded that the defective activation of renal sensory mechanoreceptors in the postischemic kidney results from an inadequate release of SP after mechanostimulation and the reduced functional NK-1 receptors.

title: Impaired renal sensory responses after @entity8 in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity602 during and after thoracoabdominal aortic cross-clamping continues to be a major problem. Somatosensory and motor evoked potentials have been used to monitor spinal cord function but their value for predicting @entity451 has been controversial. The aim of this study was to measure biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and correlate changes with @entity2759 . Since neural tissue utilizes only @entity413 as substrate for its metabolism and energy supply, we measured changes of metabolites of anaerobe glycolysis. In a @entity235 model in which general anesthesia was used, the thoracoabdominal aorta was cross-clamped proximally and distally for 60 min. Hemodynamic parameters, blood gases, and @entity413 level were monitored continuously. Blood and CSF sampling were performed at baseline, at 15, 30, and 55 min during cross-clamping, and at 5 and 15 min after aortic declamping. Levels of @entity880 (1.7 +/- 0.1 to 3.2 +/- 0.3 mmol/L), pCO2 (43 +/- 2 to 35 +/- 1.6 mmHg), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) (5.17 +/- 0.5 to 13.0 +/- 3.5 mg/L) in CSF showed significant changes (p < 0.05) during clamping and reperfusion. Changes in CSF @entity880 and NSE levels correlate with the duration of @entity2759 . These markers of @entity63 metabolism appear suitable to monitor the degree of @entity2759 during thoracoabdominal cross-clamping and may be useful to predict the efficacy of preventive methods.

title: Biochemical alterations in cerebrospinal fluid during thoracoabdominal aortic cross-clamping in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal cord damage']

entities_list: @entity2759 :: ('MESH:D020760', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord ischemia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: Although rare, splenic @entity438 (SAAs) have a definite risk of @entity397 . The optimal management of these @entity439 remains elusive. A retrospective chart review of all @entity1 treated at our institutions with the diagnosis of @entity5475 from January 1980 until December 1998 was undertaken. Follow-up was obtained via chart review and by direct phone contact of the @entity1 or relative. No specific protocol was followed for management. From analysis of the @entity1 data we concluded that although SAAs may @entity397 , not all intact @entity439 need intervention. Calcification does not appear to protect against @entity397 , although beta-blockade may be protective. Growth rates of @entity5475 are slow and growth is infrequent. Selective management of SAAs is safe. Open ligation or transcatheter embolization should be considered for symptomatic @entity439 , for @entity439 > or = 2 cm in size, or for any @entity5475 in @entity1 of childbearing years.

title: XXXX : two decades experience at Mayo clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['artery aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['Splenic artery aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: Classical radical cystectomy for invasive @entity150 removes the urinary bladder and prostate completely and was associated with high incidence of post-operative @entity323 and @entity322 . It is uncertain whether prostate excision has any effects on the prognosis of @entity1 undergone cystectomy if the prostate is not involved by the @entity5 . Sparing the prostate in radical cystectomy might improve potency and urinary control. This paper was to report our experience of sparing partial prostate in radical cystectomy for ten male @entity1 . METHOD: Transurethral resection of the prostate and radical cystectomy with sparing partial prostatic capsula were carried out in 10 male @entity1 with @entity189 . Intestinal neobladder, anastomosed with the residual capsula, were used for reconstruction of the lower urinary tract. Clinical outcome of these @entity1 including @entity5 control,urinary continence, and sexual status was evaluated. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 9 months (range 3-12 months). Postoperative pathological stage was T2N0M0 in all @entity1 . Nine @entity1 survived free of disease. One @entity1 who had recurrence of poorly differentiated @entity1606 developed @entity3 in bone and lymph nodes two months after cystectomy. All @entity1 voided smoothly. Nine @entity1 were continent day and night. One @entity1 had mild @entity322 . Of 8 @entity1 with previously sexual function, 6 maintained potency. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory urinary control and sexual potency could be achieved in radical cystectomy with sparing partial prostate. Further study is needed about the long-term effects of sparing prostate in cystectomy on @entity5 control.

title: [Radical cystectomy with sparing partial prostate for invasive XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['impotence']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['invasive bladder transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: There is a controversy in selecting either radiotherapy plus surgery reserved as salvage (Salvage S) or the planned surgery plus preoperative radiotherapy (Planned R+S) as the treatment modality for the @entity957 . Among stage III- IV @entity1 , the @entity5 size and the lymph node @entity3 were insufficient as the prognostic predictors. The authors retrospectively reviewed the @entity1 with this disease who were treated in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences to analyze the indications and prognosis of the two treatments. METHODS: A total of 108 @entity1 with biopsy-proven @entity957 were reviewed from 1984 to 2000. The @entity1 were divided into Salvage S group (group A, 83 cases) and Planned R+S group (group B, 25 cases). Treatment outcome and the surgery related oral dysfunctions were compared in the two groups. The relationship between the response to radiotherapy and the survival rate was analyzed. RESULTS: The composite resection that led to oral dysfunction was undertaken for 20 (24.1%) of group A @entity1 and for 22 (88.0%) of group B @entity1 . The 5-year survival rates were 59.3% and 55.4% in group A and group B @entity1 , respectively (P=0.706). The 5-year survival rates were 73.0% and 76.9% in the @entity1 whose lymph nodes and surgical specimen showed obvious response to radiotherapy,respectively. CONCLUSION: The two treatment modalities reached similar survivals. However, compared with the planned surgery, 60% of composite resection would be withdrawn if surgery reserved as salvage, being benefit to the oral function. The responses to radiotherapy in the lymph nodes and the surgical specimen were good predictors of prognosis.

title: [Retrospective analysis of effectiveness of XXXX : report of 108 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate relationships between self-monitoring operationalized by predicting recall and study strategy decisions made by adults with diffuse, acquired @entity1545 (ABI) and adults without ABI. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eighteen adults with ABI and 16 without ABI studied two lists of unrelated noun-pairs, made item-by-item immediate and delayed @entity2414 and selected items (after predictions) to restudy again. The computer selected items for restudy based on the lowest prediction rating (i.e. unlikely to recall). A mixed list design was used to balance item selection (self or computer,within-lists) by type of prediction (immediate or delayed, between-lists). Recall was tested prior to and after restudying. HYPOTHESES: Delayed @entity2414 would be more accurate than immediate @entity2414 ; @entity1 would select items for restudy that corresponded with 'lower' delayed predictions (i.e. less likely to recall) and 'higher' immediate predictions (i.e. more likely to recall); for adults with ABI, recall would improve the most from restudying items selected after delayed predictions; and that recall predictive accuracy and study selection decisions are independent processes. RESULTS: Delayed @entity2414 were more accurate than immediate @entity2414 , though adults with ABI tended to be less accurate than controls. Both groups selected items for restudy that had relatively low prediction ratings irrespective of prediction timing. Of adults with ABI, those with low recall prior to restudy selected items that had 'high' immediate predictions (i.e. likely to recall). However, there was no greater benefit to recall using this strategy. For adults with ABI, recall improved the most from restudying items that were self-selected after delayed predictions, whereas controls' recall improved, irrespective of prediction and selection timing. Between- @entity1 correlations revealed no relationship between recall predictive accuracy and study selection strategies. CONCLUSIONS: These findings imply that adults with ABI should base strategy decisions on delayed predictions rather than on 'in the moment' immediate ones, selecting items that they have predicted will be difficult to recall. Continued efforts to disambiguate self-monitoring from strategy decisions are required before direct clinical applications can be made.

title: Predictions of recall and study strategy decisions after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'person']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['recall predictions']

answer: @entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['diffuse brain injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the determinants of @entity1 withdrawal from our study, and the effect of these withdrawals on the outcome of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids in @entity1 with @entity1030 . DESIGN: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. SETTING: Eighteen outpatient centers in the United Kingdom. @entity1 : Seven hundred fifty-one @entity1 with stable @entity1030 defined clinically and as baseline postbronchodilator FEV(1) > or = 0.8 L and < 85% predicted, FEV(1)/FVC ratio < 70%, and FEV(1) change after @entity3045 < 10% of predicted. INTERVENTION: Random assignment of either 500 microg bid of inhaled @entity5023 (FP) using a spacer device or an identical placebo inhaler. Treatment was continued for 3 years or until @entity1 withdrew from follow-up. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Postbronchodilator FEV(1) was measured on three occasions before randomization and every 3 months thereafter. Health status was assessed by the disease-specific St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the modified short-form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) at baseline and every 6 months. Three hundred thirty-nine @entity1 withdrew, of whom 156 @entity1 received FP. Prescription of frequent courses of oral @entity617 was the most common reason for withdrawing as specified in the protocol (69 @entity1 in the FP group withdrew due to respiratory symptoms, compared with 93 @entity1 in the placebo group). This explained the significantly greater dropout of placebo-treated @entity1 that was most evident when FEV(1) was < 50% predicted. @entity1 withdrawing had a significantly more rapid decline in health status, measured by both the SGRQ and the SF-36 (p < 0.001). Those withdrawing from the placebo group had a more rapid decline in FEV(1) and more exacerbations than the FP-treated groups. Baseline FEV(1) was lower in dropouts than in @entity1 completing the study receiving placebo, but there was no difference between the respective groups receiving FP. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who withdrew from follow-up were those with the most rapidly deteriorating health status and lung function. Losing these @entity1 from the final analysis can reduce the power of a study to achieve its primary end point.

title: Withdrawal from treatment as an outcome in the ISOLDE study of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['albuterol']

entities_list: @entity5023 :: ('MESH:C065382', 'Chemical') :: ['fluticasone propionate']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: Impairments in activities of daily living (ADL) are common after @entity64 and may be related to @entity308 . We have demonstrated that remission of @entity308 was associated with improvement in ADL. The administration of antidepressants within the first 3 months after @entity64 has been shown to prevent @entity308 , early administration might also improve recovery of ADL among @entity1 with @entity64 . This study examines the effect of early versus late treatment with antidepressants on recovery in ADL. Among 62 @entity1 after @entity64 , the therapeutic effect of a 3-month course of antidepressants begun during the first month after @entity64 was compared with the effect of treatment begun after 1 month. The severity of impairment was measured using the @entity177 ( @entity177 ) and post-treatment outcome was assessed over the following 21 months. Although both the early and late treatment groups showed improvements in @entity177 scores during the 3 months of treatment, the early treatment group improved significantly more than the late treatment group. After the treatment, the early treatment group maintained this improvement over 2 years while the late treatment group deteriorated over time. There were no significant differences in the 2 groups that would explain the findings. Recovery in @entity73 after @entity64 appeared to be enhanced by the use of antidepressant medication if treatment was started within the first month after @entity64 . These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that there may be a time-related therapeutic window in the treatment of @entity308 .

title: The effect of early versus late antidepressant treatment on XXXX : is there a time-related therapeutic window?

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['poststroke major depression', 'physical impairment associated with poststroke depression', 'poststroke depression']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['ADL impairment']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['FIM', 'Functional Independence Measure']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['physical impairment associated with poststroke depression']


abstract: Recent studies suggest a role of ion channels of the DEG/ENaC family for mechanosensation in different species and in baroreceptor reflex control in @entity35 . We tested the hypothesis that ENaC within the cardiac sensory network are mandatory for mechanosensation. Experiments were performed in male @entity35 , isolated nodose ganglion cells with cardiac afferents and isolated vagus nerves. Epicardial delivery of the @entity6478 analogue @entity30110 intended to specifically inhibit ENaC presumably located on cardiac sensory afferents indeed blunted the mechanosensitive (i. e., sympathoinhibition by intravenous volume loading [-32% and -42% in treated groups vs. -67% in controls; n = 7 each; p < 0.05]) as well as-though to a lesser extent-the @entity750 (3)-mediated chemosensitive cardiorenal reflex in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Using patch clamp technique, however, it turned out that neither @entity6478 nor @entity30110 influenced mechanically induced currents in ganglion nodosum cells in vitro, stimulated by hypoosmotic stress. The unspecific stretch activated ion channel blocker @entity2287 completely abolished mechanically induced currents, indicating respective cells were mechanosensitive. In isolated vagus nerves @entity30110 impaired action potentials obtained by electrical stimulation (C-spike amplitude [-33%]; latency [+12%]; n = 8; p < 0.05). Our findings at least cast doubt on ENaC exclusively playing a specific role as mechanotransducers within the cardiac sensory network. Other ion channels might be involved. Furthermore the observed findings in vivo could also be due to unspecific disturbance of afferent signal conduction.

title: Putative role of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in the afferent limb of cardio renal reflexes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6478 :: ('MESH:D000584', 'Chemical') :: ['amiloride']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: RESEARCH QUESTION: In addition to medical, job related, sociodemographic risk factors, and health related behavior, topics that traditionally have been less in the focus of attention in this context, such as biographic data, coping with stress, personality variables, pregnancy related attitudes, fears, and the social network were examined. @entity1 AND METHODS: 589 @entity1 between 16(th) and 22(nd) week of pregnancy were examined using a questionnaire that was designed for the study. This resulted in 508 @entity1 pregnant with a single @entity1 , whose pregnancy and delivery were examined based on their medical records. Factor analysis and main component analysis with subsequent varimax rotation resulted in factors that were subject to a proof of reliability. Statistical analysis was based on logistic regression. RESULTS: 129 (27.7%) of @entity1 displayed signs/indices of an imminent @entity3152 , 29% (5.8%) of whom later actually had a @entity3152 before the end of the 37(th) week of pregnancy. Pregnant @entity1 who were in treatment for an imminent @entity3152 appear to have been subject to higher social stress as compared to those, who later later actually gave birth before completing the 37(th) week of pregnancy. Lack of a female network and lack of emotional understanding from the partner are correlated to both of these complications. Specifically, @entity3152 appears to be significantly influenced by partner relationship. Another significant predicting variable for imminent and @entity3152 appears to be a history of gynecological problems. A distinct risk factor for delivery before completion of the 37(th) week of pregnancy was a history of colpitis. In addition, pronounced @entity148 in respect to the pregnancy, and low general @entity148 were significant predicting variables for delivery before completion of the 37(th) week of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Partner relationship, female networks, psychosomatic reactivity in terms of diseases/disorders of the reproductive organs, and @entity148 appear to be worthwhile targets in the prevention of @entity3152 .

title: [Biopsychosocial predictors of @entity3152 and XXXX ? Results of a prospective study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PATIENTS', 'child']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxieties', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['actual preterm delivery', 'preterm delivery']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm delivery']


abstract: RESEARCH QUESTION: In addition to medical, job related, sociodemographic risk factors, and health related behavior, topics that traditionally have been less in the focus of attention in this context, such as biographic data, coping with stress, personality variables, pregnancy related attitudes, fears, and the social network were examined. @entity1 AND METHODS: 589 @entity1 between 16(th) and 22(nd) week of pregnancy were examined using a questionnaire that was designed for the study. This resulted in 508 @entity1 pregnant with a single @entity1 , whose pregnancy and delivery were examined based on their medical records. Factor analysis and main component analysis with subsequent varimax rotation resulted in factors that were subject to a proof of reliability. Statistical analysis was based on logistic regression. RESULTS: 129 (27.7%) of @entity1 displayed signs/indices of an imminent @entity3152 , 29% (5.8%) of whom later actually had a @entity3152 before the end of the 37(th) week of pregnancy. Pregnant @entity1 who were in treatment for an imminent @entity3152 appear to have been subject to higher social stress as compared to those, who later later actually gave birth before completing the 37(th) week of pregnancy. Lack of a female network and lack of emotional understanding from the partner are correlated to both of these complications. Specifically, @entity3152 appears to be significantly influenced by partner relationship. Another significant predicting variable for imminent and @entity3152 appears to be a history of gynecological problems. A distinct risk factor for delivery before completion of the 37(th) week of pregnancy was a history of colpitis. In addition, pronounced @entity148 in respect to the pregnancy, and low general @entity148 were significant predicting variables for delivery before completion of the 37(th) week of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Partner relationship, female networks, psychosomatic reactivity in terms of diseases/disorders of the reproductive organs, and @entity148 appear to be worthwhile targets in the prevention of @entity3152 .

title: [Biopsychosocial predictors of XXXX and @entity3152 ? Results of a prospective study].

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm labor']