abstract: These experiments were performed to determine whether the neurotransmitters @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) and vasoactive intestinal peptide ( @entity23153 ) increase cerebral blood flow (CBF). In anesthetized @entity235 , infusion of very large doses of @entity1617 (500 microgram/min) into the carotid artery increased CBF (measured with microspheres) 50%. Anatomical limitations prevented adequate testing of cerebrovascular responses in @entity235 . In anesthetized @entity95 , infusion of @entity1617 (10 microgram/min) into the carotid artery produced a twofold increase in CBF. Vessels in gray matter were more responsive than vessels in white matter. @entity1617 did not alter cerebral @entity26 consumption, which indicates that the dilator effect of the drug is not an indirect effect mediated through an increase in metabolism. The vasodilator response to @entity1617 was attenuated by @entity3897 (1 mg iv). Intracarotid infusion of @entity23153 in @entity95 increased blood flow to cerebral gray matter: infusion of @entity23153 (10 microgram/min) incresed flow 33%. We conclude that 1) cerebral vasodilator responses to @entity1617 and @entity23153 are larger than previously recognized and 2) responses to these drugs occur primarily in cerebral gray matter. Because the neurotransmitters increase CBF significantly, these studies should encourage further studies concerning effects of cholinergic and peptidergic nerves on cerebral vessels.

title: Effect of XXXX and vasoactive intestinal peptide on cerebral blood flow.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: Evidence points to the efficacy of physical and occupational therapy intervention for the management of @entity73 related to the treatment of @entity0 . However, few studies give voice to the @entity1 participating in the physical rehabilitation programs intended to ameliorate their deficits. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to explore the experience of physical rehabilitation as well as to identify recommendations for physical and occupational therapy practice from the perspective of the client undergoing therapy for @entity0 . DESIGN: A phenomenological design was chosen and included a purposive sample of @entity1 (n = 10) undergoing physical rehabilitation for impairments related to @entity0 treatment. Data included semistructured interviews and artifact examination. METHODS: Ten semistructured interviews were conducted at a setting of the @entity1 ' choice. Data collection continued until saturation was reached. Data analysis was cyclical and ongoing and involved all six researchers in analyzing and triangulating all pieces of data. Member checks and a peer review were conducted to confirm relevance and validity. RESULTS: Five themes emerged: 1) challenges with obtaining referrals, 2) challenges with @entity1 education, 3) improvements in functional impairments, 4) emotional support, and 5) benefits of a specialized clinic environment. CONCLUSIONS: Consideration of the five themes led to four recommendations for physical and occupational therapist practice from the perspective of the client: 1) advocate for presurgical therapy consultations, 2) be competent in the management of all @entity73 associated with @entity0 treatment, 3) be aware of the emotional support the therapist has the capacity to provide or not provide, and 4) as much as possible, create an inviting, nonclinical environment.

title: Recommendations for physical and occupational therapy practice from the perspective of clients undergoing therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairments and functional limitations']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast cancer-related impairments']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer-related impairments']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This paper compares the use of general and local anaesthetic in @entity1 having deep brain stimulator (DBS) surgery. It is a retrospective case note study of 46 @entity1 treated consecutively with subthalamic nucleus stimulation for @entity191 as practise changed in a Neurosurgical unit. METHODS: The first 20 @entity1 (LA group) had permanent electrodes placed under local anaesthesia. The remaining 26 @entity1 (GA group) had the entire procedure under general anaesthesia. The groups were similar for age, sex, duration of @entity191 and preoperative levodopa requirement. RESULTS: The clinical results were similar in that within each group, the reduction in levodopa was not only clinically but also statistically significant (p   <   0.001 for both, paired t test): for the LA group, the 6-month requirement was 39.4% (29.5-52.6%) of the preoperative requirement and for the GA group, the 6-month requirement was 32.3% (25.2-41.5%) of the preoperative requirement. The reduction in levodopa was maintained at 1  year. Of note, duration of surgery and length of stay were reduced. The mean duration of surgery was 8.2  h (7.8-8.6) for the LA group and 7.5  h (7.2-7.8) for the GA group (p   =   0.003). The geometric mean of length of hospital stay was 5.4  days(4.6-6.3) for the LA group and 3.8  days (3.4-4.4) for the GA group (p   =   0.001) There was no difference in electrophysiological recording. CONCLUSION: This study describes benefits in the GA group for the entire procedure of STN DBS. In these samples, there was no difference in the adverse effects seen in @entity1 undergoing deep brain stimulator insertion with general anaesthetic compared with local anaesthetic. The use of general anaesthetic did not detract from the known benefits of surgery.

title: General anaesthesia for deep brain stimulator electrode insertion in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: The value of ambulatory ST-segment monitoring in the detection of underlying @entity453 was investigated in one hundred consecutive @entity1 who underwent exercise testing and coronary arteriography for @entity662 . Forty-seven also had thallium-201 radioisotope imaging performed. Six of the 26 @entity1 with normal coronary arteries and 52 of the 74 @entity1 with significant @entity453 had ST-segment changes during 48 h of ambulatory monitoring (sensitivity 77%). In comparison, the sensitivity of conventional exercise testing was 73% and specificity was 81%. Previous @entity583 did not influence the results, but @entity1 with poor left ventricular function more often had absence of ambulatory ST-segment changes. @entity453 was detected more efficiently (sensitivity 80%), compared with @entity66 (sensitivity 50%). Thallium scintigraphy demonstrated defects of uptake in nine @entity1 without ambulatory ST-segment changes (sensitivity 82%, specificity 71%). The majority of these @entity1 had small inferior or posterior defects in thallium uptake. Only one @entity1 with ambulatory ST-segment changes had normal coronary arteries and demonstrable @entity2473 . Thus, ambulatory ST-segment monitoring is as valuable as stress testing in the detection of @entity453 and in addition helps detect @entity1 with @entity3361 and normal coronary arteries.

title: The role of ambulatory ST-segment monitoring in the diagnosis of XXXX : comparison with exercise testing and thallium scintigraphy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['single vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity3361 :: ('MESH:D003329', 'Disease') :: ['coronary spasm']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['Three-vessel coronary artery disease', 'coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: Many pluripotent @entity189 ( @entity189 ) cell lines and all embryonic stem (ES) cell lines have hitherto been maintained in the undifferentiated state only by culture on feeder layers of @entity1138 -treated embryonic fibroblasts. We now demonstrate that medium conditioned by incubation with @entity35 liver (BRL) cells prevents the spontaneous differentiation of such cells which occurs when they are plated in the absence of feeders. This effect is not mediated via cell selection but represents a fully reversible inhibitory action ascribed to a @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ). BRL-conditioned medium can therefore replace feeders in the propagation of homogeneous stem cell populations. Such medium also restricts differentiation in embryoid bodies formed via aggregation of @entity189 cells and partially inhibits @entity1968 -induced differentiation. The PSA4 @entity189 line gives rise only to extraembryonic endoderm-like cells when aggregated or exposed to @entity1968 in BRL-conditioned medium. This suggests that @entity3457 may be lineage-specific. @entity3457 is a dialysable, acid-stable entity of apparent molecular weight 20,000-35,000. Its actions are reproduced neither by insulin-like growth factor-II nor by transforming growth factor-beta. @entity3457 thus appears to be a novel factor exerting a negative control over embryonic stem cell differentiation.

title: @entity35 liver cells produce a diffusible activity which inhibits the differentiation of murine XXXX and embryonic stem cells.

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal carcinoma', 'EC']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['differentiation-inhibiting activity', 'DIA']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Buffalo rat']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['embryonal carcinoma']


abstract: Many pluripotent @entity189 ( @entity189 ) cell lines and all embryonic stem (ES) cell lines have hitherto been maintained in the undifferentiated state only by culture on feeder layers of @entity1138 -treated embryonic fibroblasts. We now demonstrate that medium conditioned by incubation with @entity35 liver (BRL) cells prevents the spontaneous differentiation of such cells which occurs when they are plated in the absence of feeders. This effect is not mediated via cell selection but represents a fully reversible inhibitory action ascribed to a @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ). BRL-conditioned medium can therefore replace feeders in the propagation of homogeneous stem cell populations. Such medium also restricts differentiation in embryoid bodies formed via aggregation of @entity189 cells and partially inhibits @entity1968 -induced differentiation. The PSA4 @entity189 line gives rise only to extraembryonic endoderm-like cells when aggregated or exposed to @entity1968 in BRL-conditioned medium. This suggests that @entity3457 may be lineage-specific. @entity3457 is a dialysable, acid-stable entity of apparent molecular weight 20,000-35,000. Its actions are reproduced neither by insulin-like growth factor-II nor by transforming growth factor-beta. @entity3457 thus appears to be a novel factor exerting a negative control over embryonic stem cell differentiation.

title: XXXX liver cells produce a diffusible activity which inhibits the differentiation of murine @entity189 and embryonic stem cells.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Buffalo rat']


abstract: The value of palpation findings and mammography in 596 @entity1 with primary @entity0 was investigated. The most frequent symptom (86.1%) was the lump. The primary tentative diagnosis came from the @entity1 in 63.4% of the cases, from the physician in 28.9% of the cases, and only after mammography in 7.7% of the cases. False-negative palpation findings and false-negative mammography findings were observed in 9.9% and 5.0% of cases respectively. There was a clear dependence on the @entity5 stage. @entity189 that were first diagnosed by means of mammography manifested a five-year survival rate of 82.6% and a recurrence rate of 15.2%. @entity189 that were first discovered by the @entity1 or the physician reached a five-year survival rate of 67.7% and 70.6% respectively. Here, too, the recurrence rate was higher, at 26.2% and 22.1% respectively. The data show that the @entity189 that were first suspected mammographically were smaller and manifested lymph node @entity3 more rarely. In order to reduce the number of false-negative findings the physician performing a mammography or assessing X-ray films should himself submit the breast in question to a thorough palpatory examination.

title: [Value of palpation and mammography in primary XXXX . A retrospective study 1973-1982].

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'Carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The contrast sensitivity of 49 amblyopic @entity1 (mean age 9 years) was measured in the beginning and at the end of a treatment period using both vertical gratings and optotypes (LH-4 contrast test) at 2, 3, 5 and 75% contrast. The contrast sensitivity of 37 @entity1 was also measure using horizontal gratings. The contrast sensitivity of the dominant eyes measured with vertical gratings was generally higher than when measured with horizontal gratings. The difference was statistically significant at spatial frequencies 1 and 6 c/deg. A similar difference was present in the amblyopic eyes only at the spatial frequency 1 c/deg both before and after the treatment. Individual variation was great; in a given @entity1 the relationship between the two measurements varied from one spatial frequency to the next. It has been shown in earlier investigations that contrast sensitivity measurements using gratings reveal important new information in the study of @entity4457 . Both tests, used in this investigation, measure visual function in the low contrast domain and improve follow-up of the changes in vision during treatment of @entity4457 when used in addition to visual acuity measurements. Low contrast optotype test seems to measure contrast sensitivity in @entity4457 closely similarly to the grating test. The slight difference in detecting a ' @entity432 ' at the intermediate spatial frequencies needs further study.

title: Contrast sensitivity in XXXX . IV. Assessment of vision using vertical and horizontal gratings and optotypes at different contrast levels.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['hidden occlusion amblyopia']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity4457 :: (MESH:D000550,Disease) :: ['amblyopia']


abstract: CONTEXT: Although genome-wide imbalances have been characterized in conventional @entity2347 , other than @entity876 mutational status, the molecular profile of @entity2347 with high-grade transformation has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate progressive genetic alterations in @entity2347 with high-grade transformation using array comparative genomic hybridization. DESIGN: Five @entity2347 with high-grade transformation (4 primary @entity5 and 1 paired @entity3 ) were selected and characterized at the DNA level by array comparative genomic hybridization on @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Select alterations were validated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chromosomal gains were mostly confined to the areas of high-grade transformation while losses were seen only in the conventional areas. Chromosomal regions with significant gains included 8q24, 17q11.2-q12, 17q23, and 15q11-13. Regions that showed the significant losses included 9q34, 4p16, 1p36.1, and 11q22. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated increases in @entity517 (8q24.12-q24.13) and a low level increases in @entity1722 ( formerly @entity1722 ) (17q11.2-q12) in cases showing gains by array comparative genomic hybridization in these regions. However, no @entity5 showed @entity1722 / @entity1722 immunopositivity. CONCLUSIONS: High-grade transformation in @entity2347 is a complex process that is reflected by several chromosomal alterations. Our findings implicate @entity517 amplification in this progression, although the role of @entity1722 /neu is still unclear. Other candidate oncogenes, particularly on chromosome 17q23, warrant investigation in this rare @entity5 .

title: Progressive genetic alterations of XXXX with high-grade transformation.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'adenoid cystic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Liver X receptors (LXR) are transcription factors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Natural derivatives of @entity165 , known as @entity19411 , have been identified as agonistic ligands of LXR. They are thus mainly considered to be intracellular @entity165 'sensors' whose activation leads to decreased plasma @entity165 . Their implication in other physiologic processes currently prevents their use as therapeutic targets, because of potentially deleterious side effects. AREAS COVERED: The various LXR agonists and antagonists, along with the physiological functions of LXR. Putative clinical targets including @entity731 , @entity6 , @entity195 , @entity272 , @entity74 and @entity5 . EXPERT OPINION: LXR are promising pharmacological targets because of the high potential to develop ligands owing to the variety of natural or synthetic agonists. Three aspects should be developed to select a LXR-ligand for treatment of @entity1 disease: bio-availability; isoform specificity; tissue specificity. This will allow the development of selective liver X modulators (SLiMs). The challenge is to overcome deleterious side effects to establish LXR as new pharmacological targets.

title: Targeting liver X receptors in XXXX health: deadlock or promising trail?

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorders']

entities_list: @entity19411 :: ('CHEBI:53030', 'Chemical') :: ['oxysterols']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['reproductive disorders']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We compared the relative infectivity and virulence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) variants of the Nine Mile strain of @entity4003 with those of the Priscilla strain, a representative of @entity6475 . In agreement with results of previous studies, Nine Mile phase I (9mi/I) organisms were highly infectious, eliciting seroconversion and @entity221 with inocula containing as few as four organisms. Viable 9mi/I was recovered from the spleens of infected animals 30 days postinfection. Nine Mile phase II (9mi/II) organisms did not elicit @entity221 or seroconversion except with very large inocula, and viable organisms could not be recovered at 30 days postinfection. The Nine Mile/Crazy variant, bearing the intermediate-type LPS, was also highly infectious, as determined by @entity221 response and seroconversion, although, as with 9mi/II, viable organisms could not be recovered 30 days postinfection. The Priscilla strain in phase I (Pris/I) was as infectious as 9mi/I, as determined by seroconversion and its presence in the spleen 30 days postinfection; but in contrast to 9mi/I, more than 10(5) Pris/I isolates were required to induce @entity221 . The temporal appearances of anti-phase I and II antibodies were similar for the two strains. A variety of serological techniques measuring antibody response against whole-cell and purified LPS antigens in agglutination, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent, and immunoblot assays did not demonstrate sufficient specificity to distinguish between 9mi/I and Pris/I infections. Results of vaccine cross-challenge experiments showed a significant degree of protection between homologous and heterologous challenge strains. protection between homologous

title: Comparative virulence of intra- and interstrain lipopolysaccharide variants of XXXX in the guinea pig model.

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis-type strains']

entities_list: @entity4003 :: ('777', 'Species') :: ['Coxiella burnetii']

answer: @entity4003 :: (777,Species) :: ['Coxiella burnetii']


abstract: A model, employing open-chested, anesthetized @entity235 , was developed to facilitate the study of myocardial drug disposition. @entity1169 was employed as a model compound for initial investigation. @entity1169 was administered as either a single i.v. bolus of 0.5 mg/kg or by a stepwise infusion protocol employing three rates: 2.6, 6.5 and 12.0 micrograms/kg/min. Blood and myocardial biopsy samples were obtained at specified times and the concentration of @entity1169 in tissue homogenates and plasma was determined by a high-pressure liquid chromotographic procedure. The concentration-time data obtained from the i.v. bolus studies were fitted to a three-compartment model where one of the compartments represented the myocardium. The model predicts that plasma and myocardial concentrations achieve distribution equilibrium within 2 min after administration. The myocardial-to-plasma concentration ratios ranged from 6.2 to 20.3 and were constant with time for each @entity235 . The myocardial-to-plasma concentration ratios also remained constant during the infusion protocol, indicating linear accumulation up to myocardial concentrations of 6.7 micrograms/ml. To assess regional myocardial concentration differences, the concentration of drug in the right atrium was compared with the concentration of drug in the right atrium was compared with the concentration in the left ventricle at the end of the infusion protocol. The concentrations were not significantly different. The model developed will be used to study the myocardial disposition of several antiarrhythmic drugs and the factors which affect their rate and extent of accumulation.

title: A model to describe myocardial drug disposition in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['Propranolol', 'propranolol']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: The most important event during the growth of a @entity1 @entity5 is the occurrence of distant spread. A model of the natural history of @entity0 was developed which was used for several aims. It has been possible to study the relationship between the size of the @entity0 and the probability of dissemination either in regional lymph nodes or in distant sites. It was found that the distribution of @entity5 volume at metastatic dissemination is log normal with a median (termed V50) of 23.6 ml (diameter 3.5 cm). The number of involved axillary lymph nodes and the histological grade have both an impact on the dissemination probability and the size of the V50. It is also possible to estimate the median volume of the primary at the involvement of the first axillary node, of the second, of the third... On average, the V50 for distant metastatic dissemination is greater than the volume of the @entity5 at the initiation of the second axillary node but smaller than the volume at the initiation of the third. Another study was the assessment of the time at which the @entity3 were initiated. The results concerning age of @entity3 at the time of initial treatment allow to estimate the reduction in the incidence of distant @entity3 which can be obtained by an earlier diagnosis; these estimations are consistent with data of screening programs. The size of the occult @entity3 at the time of treatment of primary @entity5 was calculated. It was found that this size is much larger in the subset of @entity1 with pejorative prognostic factors which probably explains the relatively low effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in these @entity1 . The maximum size of the @entity3 which are controlled by adjuvant chemotherapy was found equal to 1.5.10(6) cells. Finally the model was used to investigate the possible dissemination arising from loco-regional recurrence. The discrepancy between the great reduction in the incidence of loco-regional recurrences obtained with post-operative radiotherapy and its relatively small impact on survival is probably due to the fact that a recurrence has an impact on survival only in @entity1 without distant @entity3 at the time of initial treatment and in whom the recurrence was not detected and treated before it reached the size at which it can initiate a @entity3 . This situation is likely to occur only in @entity1 with @entity5 of the inner quadrants in whom the internal mammary chain has a great likelihood of being involved.

title: [Natural history of @entity1 @entity5 and prognostic factors. The example of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The most important event during the growth of a @entity1 @entity5 is the occurrence of distant spread. A model of the natural history of @entity0 was developed which was used for several aims. It has been possible to study the relationship between the size of the @entity0 and the probability of dissemination either in regional lymph nodes or in distant sites. It was found that the distribution of @entity5 volume at metastatic dissemination is log normal with a median (termed V50) of 23.6 ml (diameter 3.5 cm). The number of involved axillary lymph nodes and the histological grade have both an impact on the dissemination probability and the size of the V50. It is also possible to estimate the median volume of the primary at the involvement of the first axillary node, of the second, of the third... On average, the V50 for distant metastatic dissemination is greater than the volume of the @entity5 at the initiation of the second axillary node but smaller than the volume at the initiation of the third. Another study was the assessment of the time at which the @entity3 were initiated. The results concerning age of @entity3 at the time of initial treatment allow to estimate the reduction in the incidence of distant @entity3 which can be obtained by an earlier diagnosis; these estimations are consistent with data of screening programs. The size of the occult @entity3 at the time of treatment of primary @entity5 was calculated. It was found that this size is much larger in the subset of @entity1 with pejorative prognostic factors which probably explains the relatively low effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in these @entity1 . The maximum size of the @entity3 which are controlled by adjuvant chemotherapy was found equal to 1.5.10(6) cells. Finally the model was used to investigate the possible dissemination arising from loco-regional recurrence. The discrepancy between the great reduction in the incidence of loco-regional recurrences obtained with post-operative radiotherapy and its relatively small impact on survival is probably due to the fact that a recurrence has an impact on survival only in @entity1 without distant @entity3 at the time of initial treatment and in whom the recurrence was not detected and treated before it reached the size at which it can initiate a @entity3 . This situation is likely to occur only in @entity1 with @entity5 of the inner quadrants in whom the internal mammary chain has a great likelihood of being involved.

title: [Natural history of @entity1 XXXX and prognostic factors. The example of @entity0 ].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The most important event during the growth of a @entity1 @entity5 is the occurrence of distant spread. A model of the natural history of @entity0 was developed which was used for several aims. It has been possible to study the relationship between the size of the @entity0 and the probability of dissemination either in regional lymph nodes or in distant sites. It was found that the distribution of @entity5 volume at metastatic dissemination is log normal with a median (termed V50) of 23.6 ml (diameter 3.5 cm). The number of involved axillary lymph nodes and the histological grade have both an impact on the dissemination probability and the size of the V50. It is also possible to estimate the median volume of the primary at the involvement of the first axillary node, of the second, of the third... On average, the V50 for distant metastatic dissemination is greater than the volume of the @entity5 at the initiation of the second axillary node but smaller than the volume at the initiation of the third. Another study was the assessment of the time at which the @entity3 were initiated. The results concerning age of @entity3 at the time of initial treatment allow to estimate the reduction in the incidence of distant @entity3 which can be obtained by an earlier diagnosis; these estimations are consistent with data of screening programs. The size of the occult @entity3 at the time of treatment of primary @entity5 was calculated. It was found that this size is much larger in the subset of @entity1 with pejorative prognostic factors which probably explains the relatively low effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in these @entity1 . The maximum size of the @entity3 which are controlled by adjuvant chemotherapy was found equal to 1.5.10(6) cells. Finally the model was used to investigate the possible dissemination arising from loco-regional recurrence. The discrepancy between the great reduction in the incidence of loco-regional recurrences obtained with post-operative radiotherapy and its relatively small impact on survival is probably due to the fact that a recurrence has an impact on survival only in @entity1 without distant @entity3 at the time of initial treatment and in whom the recurrence was not detected and treated before it reached the size at which it can initiate a @entity3 . This situation is likely to occur only in @entity1 with @entity5 of the inner quadrants in whom the internal mammary chain has a great likelihood of being involved.

title: [Natural history of XXXX @entity5 and prognostic factors. The example of @entity0 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The effects of @entity1667 , F(ab')2 fragments of @entity1 gamma globulins and @entity10419 , an inhibitor of complement activation, were tested on endotoxin-induced haemodynamic and haematological changes in the @entity95 . Their effects were compared with complement depletion by cobra venom factor (CVF) pretreatment. The results provide further evidence for the role of complement activation and the concomitant triggering of the @entity1426 cascade in the early phase of shock. The formation of vasoactive @entity2918 ( @entity4770 and @entity2404 ), the arterial @entity551 and the @entity882 were largely dependent on the presence of the intact complement system. F(ab')2 fragments (150 mg kg-1, i.v.) diminished the second fall in blood pressure to some extent but failed to alter any of the other endotoxin-induced changes. @entity1667 (40 mg kg-1, i.v.) given 10 min before endotoxin significantly reduced the activation of complement, the second rise of @entity4770 and the secondary @entity551 , but was without effect on the early thromboxane peak of the haematological features of endotoxin shock. @entity10419 (20 mg kg-1, i.v.) may be of potential interest for treatment of @entity326 , since the drug suppressed the endotoxin-induced activation of complement, the formation of @entity4770 , both @entity551 phases, the @entity882 and the concomitant release of @entity2404 . The role of leukocytes and their @entity1426 metabolites in plasma exudation deserves further investigation, because @entity1431 and @entity4 were not complement-dependent and were not affected by any of the treatments. Our results indicate that drugs, interfering with complement activation and/or prostaglandin biosynthesis, may be @entity1457 , provided that they are administered at an early stage.

title: Modification of endotoxin-induced haemodynamic and haematological changes in the @entity95 by XXXX , F(ab')2 fragments and @entity10419 .

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['Methylprednisolone', 'methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity2404 :: ('MESH:D013928', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane A2']

entities_list: @entity10419 :: ('MESH:C041376', 'Chemical') :: ['rosmarinic acid', 'Rosmarinic acid']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary oedema']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['beneficial in endotoxin shock']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostanoids']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive', 'hypotension']

answer: @entity1667 :: (MESH:D008775,Chemical) :: ['methylprednisolone']


abstract: The effects of @entity1667 , F(ab')2 fragments of @entity1 gamma globulins and @entity10419 , an inhibitor of complement activation, were tested on endotoxin-induced haemodynamic and haematological changes in the @entity95 . Their effects were compared with complement depletion by cobra venom factor (CVF) pretreatment. The results provide further evidence for the role of complement activation and the concomitant triggering of the @entity1426 cascade in the early phase of shock. The formation of vasoactive @entity2918 ( @entity4770 and @entity2404 ), the arterial @entity551 and the @entity882 were largely dependent on the presence of the intact complement system. F(ab')2 fragments (150 mg kg-1, i.v.) diminished the second fall in blood pressure to some extent but failed to alter any of the other endotoxin-induced changes. @entity1667 (40 mg kg-1, i.v.) given 10 min before endotoxin significantly reduced the activation of complement, the second rise of @entity4770 and the secondary @entity551 , but was without effect on the early thromboxane peak of the haematological features of endotoxin shock. @entity10419 (20 mg kg-1, i.v.) may be of potential interest for treatment of @entity326 , since the drug suppressed the endotoxin-induced activation of complement, the formation of @entity4770 , both @entity551 phases, the @entity882 and the concomitant release of @entity2404 . The role of leukocytes and their @entity1426 metabolites in plasma exudation deserves further investigation, because @entity1431 and @entity4 were not complement-dependent and were not affected by any of the treatments. Our results indicate that drugs, interfering with complement activation and/or prostaglandin biosynthesis, may be @entity1457 , provided that they are administered at an early stage.

title: Modification of endotoxin-induced haemodynamic and haematological changes in the XXXX by @entity1667 , F(ab')2 fragments and @entity10419 .

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: The effects of @entity1667 , F(ab')2 fragments of @entity1 gamma globulins and @entity10419 , an inhibitor of complement activation, were tested on endotoxin-induced haemodynamic and haematological changes in the @entity95 . Their effects were compared with complement depletion by cobra venom factor (CVF) pretreatment. The results provide further evidence for the role of complement activation and the concomitant triggering of the @entity1426 cascade in the early phase of shock. The formation of vasoactive @entity2918 ( @entity4770 and @entity2404 ), the arterial @entity551 and the @entity882 were largely dependent on the presence of the intact complement system. F(ab')2 fragments (150 mg kg-1, i.v.) diminished the second fall in blood pressure to some extent but failed to alter any of the other endotoxin-induced changes. @entity1667 (40 mg kg-1, i.v.) given 10 min before endotoxin significantly reduced the activation of complement, the second rise of @entity4770 and the secondary @entity551 , but was without effect on the early thromboxane peak of the haematological features of endotoxin shock. @entity10419 (20 mg kg-1, i.v.) may be of potential interest for treatment of @entity326 , since the drug suppressed the endotoxin-induced activation of complement, the formation of @entity4770 , both @entity551 phases, the @entity882 and the concomitant release of @entity2404 . The role of leukocytes and their @entity1426 metabolites in plasma exudation deserves further investigation, because @entity1431 and @entity4 were not complement-dependent and were not affected by any of the treatments. Our results indicate that drugs, interfering with complement activation and/or prostaglandin biosynthesis, may be @entity1457 , provided that they are administered at an early stage.

title: Modification of endotoxin-induced haemodynamic and haematological changes in the @entity95 by @entity1667 , F(ab')2 fragments and XXXX .

answer: @entity10419 :: (MESH:C041376,Chemical) :: ['rosmarinic acid']


abstract: Random blood samples were obtained from 114 @entity1 with history of @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) exposure in utero and were analyzed for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), @entity1815 (E1), @entity53 (E2), @entity2671 (A), @entity251 (T), and @entity1420 (P) by respective radioimmunoassays. Colposcopic examinations of the lower genital tract and biopsies of suspicious areas of vaginal mucosa were performed in every @entity1 . The mean age of these @entity1 was 21.6 +/- 0.3 years (mean +/- SE) and mean age of menarche was 12.6 +/- 1.0 years. The incidence of irregular menses was 16.7%. A positive colposcopic finding was observed in 73.7% of all @entity1 , 69.5% of @entity1 with regular menses, and 94.7% of @entity1 with irregular menses. Histologically confirmed vaginal @entity3923 was found in 43% of all @entity1 , 46.3% of @entity1 with regular menses, and 42.1% of @entity1 with irregular menses. No significant differences were observed between @entity4743 -exposed versus unexposed females with regular menses in all hormones except @entity251 . An elevated @entity251 level was noted in postovulatory and perimenstrual phases of @entity4743 -exposed females. Elevated @entity251 was also observed in @entity4743 -exposed females with irregular menses. Cross-analysis of hormone levels among the @entity1 with lower genital tract pathology failed to show any statistical differences.

title: Plasma hormones in XXXX -exposed females.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

answer: @entity4743 :: (CHEBI:37628,Chemical) :: ['DES']


abstract: Six @entity235 with spontaneous @entity5476 were injected with a single dose of @entity3070 . After 48 h of treatment, microfilariae counts were reduced by 92%-98% of pretreatment counts. In pretreatment biopsies examined by light and electron microscopy, microfilariae were unaltered in the sinusoids of the liver and also in the glomerular capillaries and interstitial blood vessels of the kidney. However, there was irregular thickening and dense deposits in the basement membranes of glomerular capillaries, along with a modest increase in mesangial cells and matrix. In post-treatment liver biopsies examined by light microscopy, there were numerous @entity738 in the sinusoids which contained degenerated microfilariae. In post-treatment kidney biopsies there was moderate thickening of glomerular basement membranes along with pronounced proliferation of mesangial cells and matrix. @entity8 were partially or completely occluded by degenerated microfilariae. In addition, there were interstitial @entity738 in the kidney. It was observed with the aid of electron microscopy that highly vacuolated and degenerated microfilariae were incorporated into @entity738 in the liver sinusoids of post-treatment biopsies. In post-treatment kidney biopsies glomerular capillaries were usually occluded by degenerated microfilariae. Basement membranes were thickened and contained dense deposits. Mesangial cells and matrix were extensively increased. Interstitial @entity738 in the kidney contained dead microfilariae.

title: Lesions in the liver and kidney of Dirofilaria immitis-infected XXXX following treatment with ivermectin.

entities_list: @entity3070 :: ('MESH:D007559', 'Chemical') :: ['ivermectin']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Glomerular capillaries']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity5476 :: ('MESH:D004184', 'Disease') :: ['heartworm disease']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: The circadian rhythm of hepatic cell proliferation in @entity35 appears on the 20th day of life, when the hypothalamo-adrenal axis is mature enough for circadian activity to occur. From the 20th day to the 30th day of life, the mitotic rhythm is progressively induced by a reduction in nocturnal values, while diurnal @entity1442 remain unchanged. Mitotic peaks emerge at 10.00 hours. A labelling index wave occurs 8 hr before the corresponding mitotic wave, with a peak at 02.00 hours and a minimum in the evening, coincidental with the acrophase of plasma @entity2819 level (activity phase). Labelled mitoses curves and metaphase accumulation after @entity3812 injection show that the duration of the S, G2 and M phases remain approximately constant and that the circadian variation is due to a variation in the rate of cells that enter these successive phases. During the synchronization period (from day 20 to 30), the growth fraction decreases progressively. Adrenalectomy at this time is followed by a higher cell proliferation and all @entity1442 disappear after 2 days. @entity2819 injected before the triggering of the rhythmic activity in 17-day-old @entity35 immediately reduces the labelling index, while the mitotic index is decreased 10 hr later; this delay is equal to the S + G2 duration. The results are discussed. They favour the hypothesis that the circadian variation of @entity2819 is responsible for the induction of a circadian variation in developmental cell proliferation by inhibition of the G1-S transition when it is higher in the evening.

title: Circadian synchronization of hepatocyte proliferation in young XXXX : the role played by adrenal hormones.

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['Corticosterone', 'corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) were entered into this Northern California Oncology Group (NCOG) study of @entity42870 , an ester of @entity5805 and @entity617 . All @entity1 had active disease and were refractory to standard alkylating agent chemotherapy. Treatment consisted of @entity42870 100 mg/m2/day orally for 3 consecutive days every 2 weeks. By strict response criteria used in this study there was one complete remission (CR), no partial remissions (PR), and three cases of clinical improvement (CI) in 18 evaluable @entity1 , for a total response rate of 22%. The median duration of response is 20+ months, with two @entity1 continuing to respond. @entity137 of this intermittent @entity42870 regimen consisted primarily of mild to moderate @entity882 and @entity1398 . No episodes of treatment-associated @entity281 or @entity548 occurred, and nonhematologic @entity137 was minor. Using strict response criteria, this study fails to confirm previous reports of high response rates for @entity42870 in @entity1 with @entity1072 refractory to standard therapy. The significance of the response category of clinical improvement in @entity1072 is demonstrated by the substantial improvement in objective parameters and the long duration of response. This study also emphasizes the need for standardization of response criteria for this disease.

title: Treatment of XXXX with @entity42870 : a phase II study using strict response criteria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity42870 :: ('MESH:D011238', 'Chemical') :: ['prednimustine']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) were entered into this Northern California Oncology Group (NCOG) study of @entity42870 , an ester of @entity5805 and @entity617 . All @entity1 had active disease and were refractory to standard alkylating agent chemotherapy. Treatment consisted of @entity42870 100 mg/m2/day orally for 3 consecutive days every 2 weeks. By strict response criteria used in this study there was one complete remission (CR), no partial remissions (PR), and three cases of clinical improvement (CI) in 18 evaluable @entity1 , for a total response rate of 22%. The median duration of response is 20+ months, with two @entity1 continuing to respond. @entity137 of this intermittent @entity42870 regimen consisted primarily of mild to moderate @entity882 and @entity1398 . No episodes of treatment-associated @entity281 or @entity548 occurred, and nonhematologic @entity137 was minor. Using strict response criteria, this study fails to confirm previous reports of high response rates for @entity42870 in @entity1 with @entity1072 refractory to standard therapy. The significance of the response category of clinical improvement in @entity1072 is demonstrated by the substantial improvement in objective parameters and the long duration of response. This study also emphasizes the need for standardization of response criteria for this disease.

title: Treatment of @entity1072 with XXXX : a phase II study using strict response criteria.

answer: @entity42870 :: (MESH:D011238,Chemical) :: ['prednimustine']


abstract: @entity5354 is a new antiarrhythmic agent with predominant @entity3297 properties. The safety, tolerance, and adverse effects of incremental single intravenous doses of this agent were investigated. A total of 28 @entity1 received incremental doses of 0.25 mg/kg (four @entity1 ), 0.5 mg/kg (five @entity1 ), 0.75 mg/kg (seven @entity1 ), 1.0 mg/kg (six @entity1 ), or 1.2 mg/kg (six @entity1 ) @entity5354 . Another six @entity1 received 2.0 mg/kg @entity7306 . Left ventricular function by radionuclide ventriculography and plasma @entity5354 levels were measured at frequent intervals. In the @entity1 who received 1.0 mg/kg and 1.2 mg/kg @entity5354 or @entity1 who received 2.0 mg/kg @entity7306 , right and @entity998 were measured with a Swan-Ganz catheter. At low-dose @entity5354 (0.25 to 0.75 mg/kg) there was a modest drop in ejection fraction (60% +/- 7% to 53% +/- 7%). With the higher doses of @entity5354 (1.0 or 1.2 mg/kg) there was a more profound fall in ejection fraction (69% +/- 8% to 49% +/- 8%) that persisted for approximately 2 hours. This was associated with a rise in end diastolic volume index (74 +/- 24 to 85 +/- 27 ml/m2) and end systolic volume index (29 +/- 15 to 43 +/- 18 ml/m2) and a fall in cardiac index (2.65 +/- 0.62 to 2.14 +/- 0.24 L/min/m2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Acute, single, intravenous doses of XXXX : an evaluation of safety, tolerance, and hemodynamic effects.

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular filling pressures and cardiac output']

entities_list: @entity5354 :: ('MESH:C032151', 'Chemical') :: ['Cibenzoline', 'cibenzoline']

entities_list: @entity3297 :: ('MESH:D018980', 'Disease') :: ['Vaughan-Williams type 1']

entities_list: @entity7306 :: ('MESH:D004206', 'Chemical') :: ['disopyramide']

answer: @entity5354 :: (MESH:C032151,Chemical) :: ['cibenzoline']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the outcome of surgical treatment for @entity85 in @entity1 with @entity5884 . METHODS: six consecutive cases of 3 males and 3 females were recruited. The average age at surgery was 18.5 years old with a range of 12 to 36 years old. All @entity1 @entity1513 and @entity2649 . Four @entity1 had @entity51 due to severe @entity85 . @entity5663 were performed in all cases. Long cassette supine radiographs were taken before and after surgery and at the final follow-up. Correction of @entity1513 , neurological outcomes (JOA (Japanese Orthopedic Association) scores) and operative complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: the average follow-up was 10.2 months with a range of 5 to 24 months. The average operative duration was 320 min with a mean 1300 ml of @entity190 . The average number of fusion segments was 8 with a range of 5 to 10 segments. @entity1513 was corrected from 53.3   to 13.3   with a 75.0% correction rate. The average preoperative JOA score was 4.5 points and improved to 8.5 points at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: posterior osteotomy and decompression is a preferred surgical regiment for thoracolumbar @entity1513 and @entity2649 in @entity1 with @entity5884 .

title: [ @entity5663 for XXXX in @entity1 with @entity5884 ].

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar stenosis']

entities_list: @entity5884 :: ('MESH:D000130', 'Disease') :: ['achondroplasia']

entities_list: @entity1513 :: ('MESH:D007738', 'Disease') :: ['Kyphosis', 'suffered thoracolumbar kyphosis', 'kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5663 :: ('MESH:D003665', 'Disease') :: ['Posterior osteotomy and decompression']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spinal deformity']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['spinal deformity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the outcome of surgical treatment for @entity85 in @entity1 with @entity5884 . METHODS: six consecutive cases of 3 males and 3 females were recruited. The average age at surgery was 18.5 years old with a range of 12 to 36 years old. All @entity1 @entity1513 and @entity2649 . Four @entity1 had @entity51 due to severe @entity85 . @entity5663 were performed in all cases. Long cassette supine radiographs were taken before and after surgery and at the final follow-up. Correction of @entity1513 , neurological outcomes (JOA (Japanese Orthopedic Association) scores) and operative complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: the average follow-up was 10.2 months with a range of 5 to 24 months. The average operative duration was 320 min with a mean 1300 ml of @entity190 . The average number of fusion segments was 8 with a range of 5 to 10 segments. @entity1513 was corrected from 53.3   to 13.3   with a 75.0% correction rate. The average preoperative JOA score was 4.5 points and improved to 8.5 points at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: posterior osteotomy and decompression is a preferred surgical regiment for thoracolumbar @entity1513 and @entity2649 in @entity1 with @entity5884 .

title: [ XXXX for @entity85 in @entity1 with @entity5884 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5663 :: (MESH:D003665,Disease) :: ['Posterior osteotomy and decompression']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the outcome of surgical treatment for @entity85 in @entity1 with @entity5884 . METHODS: six consecutive cases of 3 males and 3 females were recruited. The average age at surgery was 18.5 years old with a range of 12 to 36 years old. All @entity1 @entity1513 and @entity2649 . Four @entity1 had @entity51 due to severe @entity85 . @entity5663 were performed in all cases. Long cassette supine radiographs were taken before and after surgery and at the final follow-up. Correction of @entity1513 , neurological outcomes (JOA (Japanese Orthopedic Association) scores) and operative complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: the average follow-up was 10.2 months with a range of 5 to 24 months. The average operative duration was 320 min with a mean 1300 ml of @entity190 . The average number of fusion segments was 8 with a range of 5 to 10 segments. @entity1513 was corrected from 53.3   to 13.3   with a 75.0% correction rate. The average preoperative JOA score was 4.5 points and improved to 8.5 points at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: posterior osteotomy and decompression is a preferred surgical regiment for thoracolumbar @entity1513 and @entity2649 in @entity1 with @entity5884 .

title: [ @entity5663 for @entity85 in @entity1 with XXXX ].

answer: @entity5884 :: (MESH:D000130,Disease) :: ['achondroplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the outcome of surgical treatment for @entity85 in @entity1 with @entity5884 . METHODS: six consecutive cases of 3 males and 3 females were recruited. The average age at surgery was 18.5 years old with a range of 12 to 36 years old. All @entity1 @entity1513 and @entity2649 . Four @entity1 had @entity51 due to severe @entity85 . @entity5663 were performed in all cases. Long cassette supine radiographs were taken before and after surgery and at the final follow-up. Correction of @entity1513 , neurological outcomes (JOA (Japanese Orthopedic Association) scores) and operative complications were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: the average follow-up was 10.2 months with a range of 5 to 24 months. The average operative duration was 320 min with a mean 1300 ml of @entity190 . The average number of fusion segments was 8 with a range of 5 to 10 segments. @entity1513 was corrected from 53.3   to 13.3   with a 75.0% correction rate. The average preoperative JOA score was 4.5 points and improved to 8.5 points at the final follow-up. CONCLUSION: posterior osteotomy and decompression is a preferred surgical regiment for thoracolumbar @entity1513 and @entity2649 in @entity1 with @entity5884 .

title: [ @entity5663 for @entity85 in XXXX with @entity5884 ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to retrospectively analyze 4-year results after hybrid (combined surgical-endovascular) therapy in @entity1 with complex peripheral TASC type D @entity731 . METHODS: from January 2006 to December 2009, 48 lower limbs in 46 @entity1 with TASC type D @entity731 were treated by hybrid surgical and endovascular therapy. There were 32 male and 16 female, age ranged from 54 to 85 years with an average of 67 years. The early clinical results were determined by ankle brachial index (ABI) and intermittent claudication distance. Patency analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier life tables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the influence of various risk factors on primary patency. RESULTS: all lower limbs underwent successful hybrid surgical and endovascular therapy. The average ABI before and after hybrid therapy were 0.63    0.18 and 0.24    0.13 (P < 0.05). The average intermittent claudication distance significantly increased from (87    48) m to (247    62) m (P < 0.05). The mean duration of follow-up was 21.7 months (ranging 1 to 46 months). Over all, the primary patency rates, primary assisted patency rates and second patency rates were 79.2%, 83.3% and 95.8% respectively. The primary patency rate for intermittent claudication was significantly higher than that for @entity63 (P < 0.05). Primary patency rates were lower in @entity1 who underwent open surgery with both proximal and distal endoluminal procedures when compared with endovascular reconstruction proximal or distal to the site of open reconstruction (P < 0.05). The presence of @entity6 and dyslipidaemia were independent predictors of decreased primary patency rate (P = 0.013 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid procedures provide an effective treatment management of selected @entity1 with multilevel lower extremity @entity455 .

title: [Hybrid surgical and endovascular therapy in TASC type D XXXX : a retrospective analysis of 48 cases].

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['critical limb ischemia']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic occlusive disease']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic occlusive disease']


abstract: The relationship between impaired fetal nutrient supply and postnatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function was examined in ovine models of prenatal growth restriction (GR) caused by small placental size (SP) or by maternal undernutrition (UN). Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and @entity701 responses following @entity3317 -releasing hormone (CRH) plus @entity5463 ( @entity1831 ) challenge were examined at 9, 18 and 24 months in growth-restricted (GR-SP) and normal birthweight (control) females (Experiment 1), and at 6 months in growth-restricted (GR-SP, GR-UN) and normal weight males and females (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, GR-SP offspring were born early, were 40% lighter at birth and had higher fractional weight gains to weaning than control offspring. Baseline ACTH and @entity701 were independent of GR and @entity701 decreased with age. GR did not affect the HPA response to CRH+AVP challenge at any stage, but ACTH increased with age. In Experiment 2, birthweight was greater in control offspring than in GR-UN offspring, which had a higher birthweight again compared with GR-SP offspring. Only the latter group was born early and exhibited rapid catch-up growth to weaning. Neither nutritional route to GR altered HPA function at 6 months. Males grew faster than females and HPA responses after stimulation were lower in males. Together, the results of these studies demonstrate that postnatal HPA function in @entity742 is influenced by age and sex, but not by GR.

title: Postnatal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in XXXX is influenced by age and sex, but not by prenatal growth restriction.

entities_list: @entity5463 :: ('MESH:D001127', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity3317 :: ('MESH:D000324', 'Chemical') :: ['corticotrophin']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: Of seven @entity1 with @entity355 , two had @entity360 , two had slow chronic @entity360 ; and three had @entity1282 and @entity353 . At upper GI tract endoscopy, 1- to 2-cm @entity1066 were seen in all seven @entity1 in the distal esophagus. Four of the seven @entity1 also had stricture of varying severity in the distal esophagus. Serial esophageal mucosal biopsy specimens in all seven @entity1 revealed specialized columnar epithelium distal to 28 cm from the incisor teeth. Five of the seven @entity1 were treated with intensive antacid therapy for eight weeks; but the @entity1066 had not healed after this period of treatment as assessed endoscopically. These five @entity1 and two more then started therapy with @entity4444 , 1.2 g per day. Repeat endoscopy four weeks and eight weeks after institution of @entity4444 therapy revealed complete healing of the esophageal @entity1066 in six of the seven @entity1 . One @entity1 needed 16 weeks of @entity4444 therapy before his ulcer had healed completely. @entity4444 therapy was not effective in preventing restricture of the esophagus. Two @entity1 underwent biopsy 18 months after successful treatment; gastric epithelium had not reverted to squamous epithelium.

title: XXXX and treatment with @entity4444 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine', 'Cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['upper GI tract bleeding', 'acute upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['Barrett's ulcer']


abstract: Of seven @entity1 with @entity355 , two had @entity360 , two had slow chronic @entity360 ; and three had @entity1282 and @entity353 . At upper GI tract endoscopy, 1- to 2-cm @entity1066 were seen in all seven @entity1 in the distal esophagus. Four of the seven @entity1 also had stricture of varying severity in the distal esophagus. Serial esophageal mucosal biopsy specimens in all seven @entity1 revealed specialized columnar epithelium distal to 28 cm from the incisor teeth. Five of the seven @entity1 were treated with intensive antacid therapy for eight weeks; but the @entity1066 had not healed after this period of treatment as assessed endoscopically. These five @entity1 and two more then started therapy with @entity4444 , 1.2 g per day. Repeat endoscopy four weeks and eight weeks after institution of @entity4444 therapy revealed complete healing of the esophageal @entity1066 in six of the seven @entity1 . One @entity1 needed 16 weeks of @entity4444 therapy before his ulcer had healed completely. @entity4444 therapy was not effective in preventing restricture of the esophagus. Two @entity1 underwent biopsy 18 months after successful treatment; gastric epithelium had not reverted to squamous epithelium.

title: @entity1066 and treatment with XXXX .

answer: @entity4444 :: (MESH:D002927,Chemical) :: ['cimetidine']


abstract: The abdominal ganglion neurosecretory cells responsible for the synthesis and release of two insect neurohormones, cardioacceleratory peptides 1 and 2 (CAP1 and CAP2), from the perivisceral organs (PVOs) have been identified in the @entity4079 , @entity4079 . Previous work established the existence of two groups of abdominal ganglion cell bodies with axons projecting to the PVO: four laterally-situated pairs and five pairs lying on the midline (Taghert _ Truman, 1982b). Micro-dissection and bioassay of various parts of an abdominal ganglion revealed that @entity9527 activity was greatest in the medial portion of the ganglion, the portion containing the 10 midline neurones. Six of the 10 midline neurosecretory cells, the new midline bilateral (MB) cells, appeared to differentiate post-embryonically, commencing differentiation late in the last larval instar and reaching maturity midway through adult development. The development of the new MB cells was mirrored by the accumulation of @entity9527 activity in the abdominal nerve cord. Not present in measurable amounts in larvae, @entity9527 activity was first detectable a few days after pupation and reached maximal levels midway through adult development. @entity9527 -like bioactivity was collected from the PVO in response to antidromic stimulation of the nerve containing the new MB axons. No @entity9527 -like bioactivity was detected in those preparations in which the new MB axons were severed or in which other nerves were stimulated. Intracellular stimulation of a new MB neurone evoked the release from the PVO of measurable levels of @entity9527 bioactivity. It was shown that this stimulation-evoked, cardioacceleratory activity was sensitive to protease treatment, and was released only from the cell that was stimulated. On the basis of these experiments, it was concluded that the CAPs are synthesized and secreted from the new MB cells.

title: Identification of neurones containing cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs) in the ventral nerve cord of the XXXX , @entity4079 .

entities_list: @entity4079 :: ('7130', 'Species') :: ['tobacco hawkmoth', 'Manduca sexta']

answer: @entity4079 :: (7130,Species) :: ['tobacco hawkmoth']


abstract: The abdominal ganglion neurosecretory cells responsible for the synthesis and release of two insect neurohormones, cardioacceleratory peptides 1 and 2 (CAP1 and CAP2), from the perivisceral organs (PVOs) have been identified in the @entity4079 , @entity4079 . Previous work established the existence of two groups of abdominal ganglion cell bodies with axons projecting to the PVO: four laterally-situated pairs and five pairs lying on the midline (Taghert _ Truman, 1982b). Micro-dissection and bioassay of various parts of an abdominal ganglion revealed that @entity9527 activity was greatest in the medial portion of the ganglion, the portion containing the 10 midline neurones. Six of the 10 midline neurosecretory cells, the new midline bilateral (MB) cells, appeared to differentiate post-embryonically, commencing differentiation late in the last larval instar and reaching maturity midway through adult development. The development of the new MB cells was mirrored by the accumulation of @entity9527 activity in the abdominal nerve cord. Not present in measurable amounts in larvae, @entity9527 activity was first detectable a few days after pupation and reached maximal levels midway through adult development. @entity9527 -like bioactivity was collected from the PVO in response to antidromic stimulation of the nerve containing the new MB axons. No @entity9527 -like bioactivity was detected in those preparations in which the new MB axons were severed or in which other nerves were stimulated. Intracellular stimulation of a new MB neurone evoked the release from the PVO of measurable levels of @entity9527 bioactivity. It was shown that this stimulation-evoked, cardioacceleratory activity was sensitive to protease treatment, and was released only from the cell that was stimulated. On the basis of these experiments, it was concluded that the CAPs are synthesized and secreted from the new MB cells.

title: Identification of neurones containing cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs) in the ventral nerve cord of the @entity4079 , XXXX .

answer: @entity4079 :: (7130,Species) :: ['Manduca sexta']


abstract: Effect of a chronic excess or deficit of thyroid hormone on intrinsic myocardial performance in @entity35 was assessed. Animals were thyroidectomized or treated with thyroid hormone or vehicle 6-7 wk before the study. Body weight and heart weight were decreased in the @entity1375 group, and heart weight was elevated in the @entity1378 group. Hearts were removed from thyroidectomized, euthyroid or thyroid-treated animals and studied as isolated, perfused working heart preparations. Ventricular function curves were generated by increasing left atrial filling pressure, whereas outflow resistance was not varied. Coronary flow, aortic outflow (and thus cardiac output), heart rate, and peak aortic systolic pressure were measured as a function of preload. These studies showed that performance of hearts from @entity1378 animals was similar to that of euthyroid controls. Hearts from @entity1375 @entity35 had decreased rate, pressure, and cardiac output but normal @entity64 volume. Since heart weight was 55% lower than control, normalization of volume work to dry heart weight reversed the difference in cardiac output. Comparison of hearts from @entity1375 animals to control @entity35 of similar weight showed minimal differences in pump function. Thus @entity1378 did not result in altered in vitro cardiac output or peak systolic pressure as a function of changing preload when compared with age-matched euthyroid controls, @entity1375 resulted in a decreased in vitro heart rate but greater cardiac output normalized to heart weight when compared with age-matched controls and @entity1378 animals; external pacing of @entity1375 hearts yielded myocardial work parameters that were comparable to euthyroid control @entity35 of similar body weight; and cardiac efficiency was significantly greater in @entity1375 hearts than in @entity1378 hearts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of altered thyroid status on in vitro cardiac performance in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism', 'hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism', 'hyperthyroid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: A treatment technique employing retrobulbar supervoltage radiotherapy (XRT) in @entity6875 is described. Twenty-eight @entity1 have been treated and followed between 1980-1983. Twenty-six of 28 @entity1 (93%) showed some response, with 19/28 (68%) having a good to excellent response. Four of 28 (14%) had recurrent symptoms post-XRT. Soft tissue signs and symptoms were relieved and disease progression arrested in the majority of @entity1 , but proptosis and @entity4610 responded poorly. High dose @entity288 have generally been the alternative form of therapy for this disease. Post-XRT, 24/28 (86%) of @entity1 have had no further @entity134 requirements, and been spared the associated complications. Treatment was well tolerated, with only five @entity1 (18%) demonstrating a transient @entity1109 which settled entirely within 2 weeks. No long-term complications have been encountered. Eleven @entity1 had post-XRT CT scans which were compared to pre-treatment scans and clinical response. Nine of 11 @entity1 (82%) had CT changes in general agreement with the observed clinical response, but the degree of involvement seen on the initial CT scan was not predictive of response nor the risk of relapse. XRT with the described technique is felt to be an effective, safe, and practical approach to the disabling and disfiguring complications of severe @entity6875 .

title: Supervoltage radiotherapy for XXXX : CCABC technique and results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['worsening of symptoms']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity4610 :: ('MESH:D009886', 'Disease') :: ['ophthalmoplegia']

entities_list: @entity6875 :: ('MESH:D049970', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' ophthalmopathy"]

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity6875 :: (MESH:D049970,Disease) :: ['Graves' ophthalmopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: According to the international standard in TNM staging of @entity2 , @entity2 complicated with diffuse @entity3 and @entity3483 belongs to IIIB stage. In the past, non-operative therapy was employed, but both the therapeutic efficacy and the quality of life of @entity1 were poor. The purpose of this study is to find out a complex treatment for this disease. METHODS: Total pleuro-pneumonectomy was performed in 55 cases of @entity1 with @entity2 complicated with diffuse @entity3 and @entity3483 from December 1978 to February 2003. The @entity1 were followed up postoperatively, and the quality of life and survival period of them were observed. RESULTS: In all the cases, only 2 @entity1 died of operation. Satisfactory recovery and remarkable relief of symptoms such as @entity1353 , @entity1353 and @entity662 were found in all the other @entity1 . After a follow-up period of 1-25 years, local recurrence was found in 6 cases (11.3%), and distant @entity3 in 42 cases (79.2%). A total of 48 @entity1 died of @entity5 , with survival period ranging from 5-40 months (average survival period: 15 months; median survival period: 14 months), and 5 @entity1 were still alive in good health. CONCLUSIONS: (1) @entity1 appropriated for operation should be carefully selected in case that @entity260 influence their smooth recovery; (2) @entity5 tissues should be removed as clear as possible; (3) During the operation, close attention should be paid to the protection of incisions; (4) Removal of the @entity5 tissues can reduce the @entity5 load, effectively clean the immunosuppressive factors in @entity3483 , and break the immunity block status, which provides basis for the following comprehensive therapy; (5) The quality of life of the @entity1 can be improved and the median survival period can be prolonged by the operation; (6) The long-term survival rate of @entity1 is still unsatisfactory.

title: [Pleuro-pneumonectomy in the treatment of @entity2 complicated with diffuse @entity3 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['short breath', 'dyspnea']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['pleural metastasis', 'metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3483 :: ('MESH:D016066', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pleural effusion']

answer: @entity3483 :: (MESH:D016066,Disease) :: ['malignant pleural effusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: According to the international standard in TNM staging of @entity2 , @entity2 complicated with diffuse @entity3 and @entity3483 belongs to IIIB stage. In the past, non-operative therapy was employed, but both the therapeutic efficacy and the quality of life of @entity1 were poor. The purpose of this study is to find out a complex treatment for this disease. METHODS: Total pleuro-pneumonectomy was performed in 55 cases of @entity1 with @entity2 complicated with diffuse @entity3 and @entity3483 from December 1978 to February 2003. The @entity1 were followed up postoperatively, and the quality of life and survival period of them were observed. RESULTS: In all the cases, only 2 @entity1 died of operation. Satisfactory recovery and remarkable relief of symptoms such as @entity1353 , @entity1353 and @entity662 were found in all the other @entity1 . After a follow-up period of 1-25 years, local recurrence was found in 6 cases (11.3%), and distant @entity3 in 42 cases (79.2%). A total of 48 @entity1 died of @entity5 , with survival period ranging from 5-40 months (average survival period: 15 months; median survival period: 14 months), and 5 @entity1 were still alive in good health. CONCLUSIONS: (1) @entity1 appropriated for operation should be carefully selected in case that @entity260 influence their smooth recovery; (2) @entity5 tissues should be removed as clear as possible; (3) During the operation, close attention should be paid to the protection of incisions; (4) Removal of the @entity5 tissues can reduce the @entity5 load, effectively clean the immunosuppressive factors in @entity3483 , and break the immunity block status, which provides basis for the following comprehensive therapy; (5) The quality of life of the @entity1 can be improved and the median survival period can be prolonged by the operation; (6) The long-term survival rate of @entity1 is still unsatisfactory.

title: [Pleuro-pneumonectomy in the treatment of XXXX complicated with diffuse @entity3 and @entity3483 ].

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['pulmonary carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: According to the international standard in TNM staging of @entity2 , @entity2 complicated with diffuse @entity3 and @entity3483 belongs to IIIB stage. In the past, non-operative therapy was employed, but both the therapeutic efficacy and the quality of life of @entity1 were poor. The purpose of this study is to find out a complex treatment for this disease. METHODS: Total pleuro-pneumonectomy was performed in 55 cases of @entity1 with @entity2 complicated with diffuse @entity3 and @entity3483 from December 1978 to February 2003. The @entity1 were followed up postoperatively, and the quality of life and survival period of them were observed. RESULTS: In all the cases, only 2 @entity1 died of operation. Satisfactory recovery and remarkable relief of symptoms such as @entity1353 , @entity1353 and @entity662 were found in all the other @entity1 . After a follow-up period of 1-25 years, local recurrence was found in 6 cases (11.3%), and distant @entity3 in 42 cases (79.2%). A total of 48 @entity1 died of @entity5 , with survival period ranging from 5-40 months (average survival period: 15 months; median survival period: 14 months), and 5 @entity1 were still alive in good health. CONCLUSIONS: (1) @entity1 appropriated for operation should be carefully selected in case that @entity260 influence their smooth recovery; (2) @entity5 tissues should be removed as clear as possible; (3) During the operation, close attention should be paid to the protection of incisions; (4) Removal of the @entity5 tissues can reduce the @entity5 load, effectively clean the immunosuppressive factors in @entity3483 , and break the immunity block status, which provides basis for the following comprehensive therapy; (5) The quality of life of the @entity1 can be improved and the median survival period can be prolonged by the operation; (6) The long-term survival rate of @entity1 is still unsatisfactory.

title: [Pleuro-pneumonectomy in the treatment of @entity2 complicated with diffuse XXXX and @entity3483 ].

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['pleural metastasis']


abstract: From 1963 to 1983, 26 @entity1 with @entity788 were treated at the Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Mass. @entity9296 (15 @entity1 ) was more common than @entity7157 (11 @entity1 ). Preoperative symptoms, such as @entity490 , were present for as long as 18 years before diagnosis. The mean size of cysts was 7 cm. Distal pancreatectomy, the most common operation, was performed in ten @entity1 . Eight of the 11 @entity1 with @entity7157 had @entity3 at the time of surgical exploration. There was one postoperative death (3.8%). @entity1 with @entity7157 had an adjusted median survival time after operation of 6.0 months. The long prodrome in many of the @entity5 @entity1 suggests that benign @entity9296 , particularly of the mucinous type, may undergo @entity528 . Benign @entity9296 seems unlikely to recur after adequate resection. Whenever possible, complete excision of @entity9296 and @entity7157 is the procedure of choice.

title: XXXX of the pancreas.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['cystic neoplasms of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity9296 :: ('MESH:D003537', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenoma', 'Cystadenoma', 'cystadenomas']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['malignant degeneration']

entities_list: @entity7157 :: ('MESH:D003536', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cystic neoplasms']


abstract: Electrocoagulation of 58 intraoral lesions (1 to 6.5 cm in diameter) resulted in a three-year absolute disease-free survival rate of 59% (34/58). During the 20-year study, 43 (74%) of the 58 @entity1 were cured. Though an initial 28% local failure rate was observed, 31% (5/16) of these @entity1 were subsequently cured by a second electrocoagulation. Electrocoagulation has distinct advantages over conventional surgery and irradiation. Relatively little tissue beyond the @entity5 is coagulated. Such tissue sparing allows better postoperative function and cosmesis. The deleterious effects of irradiation, including the serious " @entity2133 " syndrome, are avoided. These treatment results are competitive with those of conventional surgery and irradiation. The limited field treated, the tissue conservation, the minimal morbidity, and the cost-effectiveness should make electrocoagulation a real consideration in treating selected invasive @entity5 . Ideally suited for electrocoagulation are those @entity1 whose lesions are small, easily visualized, mobile, and well differentiated.

title: Electrocoagulation for intraoral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intraoral tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was two-fold: first, we examined associations between suicidal ideation, maladaptive sleep patterns and abnormal @entity146 in a sleep center population, an understudied population in the domain of suicide research; and then, we explored whether significant associations remained after accounting for the possible influence of @entity308 . METHOD: Data were analyzed from intake information obtained from 1584 adult @entity1 presenting at a community-based private sleep medical center. The sample was parsed into a Suicidal Ideation (SI) group (N=211) and No Suicidal Ideation (NSI) group (N=1373). Comparisons of these groups were made on measures of self-reported sleep complaints, habits, and behaviors, suicidal ideation, @entity308 , and associated psychopathology. RESULTS: Approximately 13% of @entity1 reported suicidal ideation. Clinically significant suicidal ideation was present in 4.5% of the sample. Compared to the NSI group, the SI group showed a pervasive pattern of significantly greater frequency or severity of @entity25 in areas of @entity22 , nightmares and other @entity4939 behaviors, poor sleep quality, and sleep-related psychophysiologic conditioning as well as worse @entity25 and quality of life. Several relationships were significant after controlling for @entity308 . DISCUSSION: Suicidal ideation was consistently associated with a @entity25 , even when controlling for level of @entity308 . As these self-reported sleep disturbances are treatable @entity25 , future research should examine the efficacy of sleep and behavioral medicine for reducing the risk of suicidal ideation.

title: Sleep disturbances and suicidal ideation in sleep medical center XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['sleep behaviors']

entities_list: @entity4939 :: ('MESH:D020447', 'Disease') :: ['parasomnia']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disorders', 'broad array of sleep complaints', 'sleep-related impairment', 'sleep problems']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity308 is common in @entity5 @entity1 , particularly those with @entity1442 . It is associated with adverse outcomes such as @entity158 , disability and poorer prognosis. Our aim was to produce a European evidence-based clinical guideline on the management of @entity308 in @entity1 receiving palliative care to inform practice, establish policy, promote European consensus and ultimately improve @entity1 outcomes. Recommendations were devised using the best available evidence. Where evidence was absent or equivocal, Delphi consensus methods were implemented to elicit and refine expert opinion. Evidence was graded according to the process proposed by GRADE. The resulting guideline has three main sections: (1) prevention; (2) detection, diagnosis and assessment; and (3) treatment. The prevention section outlines strategies such as optimal palliative care and support, effective communication and information-giving. The detection section provides recommendations on symptoms, screening, diagnosis and severity assessment. The treatment section gives guidance on treatment decisions including choice of psychological therapy and antidepressant medication. This is the first comprehensive, evidence-based guideline on managing @entity308 in palliative care. It has the potential to improve @entity1 outcomes by enabling clinicians to access and implement evidence-based knowledge quickly and easily.

title: The development of evidence-based European guidelines on the management of XXXX in palliative @entity5 care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['increased pain']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: @entity308 is common in @entity5 @entity1 , particularly those with @entity1442 . It is associated with adverse outcomes such as @entity158 , disability and poorer prognosis. Our aim was to produce a European evidence-based clinical guideline on the management of @entity308 in @entity1 receiving palliative care to inform practice, establish policy, promote European consensus and ultimately improve @entity1 outcomes. Recommendations were devised using the best available evidence. Where evidence was absent or equivocal, Delphi consensus methods were implemented to elicit and refine expert opinion. Evidence was graded according to the process proposed by GRADE. The resulting guideline has three main sections: (1) prevention; (2) detection, diagnosis and assessment; and (3) treatment. The prevention section outlines strategies such as optimal palliative care and support, effective communication and information-giving. The detection section provides recommendations on symptoms, screening, diagnosis and severity assessment. The treatment section gives guidance on treatment decisions including choice of psychological therapy and antidepressant medication. This is the first comprehensive, evidence-based guideline on managing @entity308 in palliative care. It has the potential to improve @entity1 outcomes by enabling clinicians to access and implement evidence-based knowledge quickly and easily.

title: The development of evidence-based European guidelines on the management of @entity308 in palliative XXXX care.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity13593 , more commonly known as pathomimia, are mainly expressed as organic symptoms voluntarily induced by the @entity1 . @entity1 suffering from these disorders do not seek to obtain immediate secondary benefits, contrary to simulation. They send the physician a challenge, sometimes by means of self-mutilation, or exposure to a vital risk. Their objective is to raise the interest and the mobilization of the medical community. The @entity1 will develop intense relationships with the medical staff, technically mobilized as well as emotionally, as far as the factitious @entity74 is uncovered. In some cases, @entity74 are conditions in which a @entity1 acts as if he or she has a @entity146 , by deliberately exhibiting @entity146 symptoms. Most often described are factitious acute @entity914 , @entity1316 and @entity1005 . Psychiatric @entity13593 are difficult to diagnose, but they share common diagnosis criteria with other pathomimias. These subjects may suffer from pathomimia because of the occurrence of other @entity146 symptoms, such as pathological personalities, adaptation disorders, abuse and/or dependence on @entity167 or other substances, or @entity308 . This paper describes three clinical cases of pathomimia, diagnosed after hospitalization in a @entity146 unit for @entity308 , as a correlate to their factitious or authentic character. METHOD: Three case reports, describing @entity1 with pathomimia hospitalized in a department of @entity308 . RESULTS: The first case was a 57 year-old @entity1 considered as suffering from a @entity162 hospitalized for a @entity308 . The symptoms described and reported are those of a @entity13593 . The @entity1 interrupted the medical care by asking to be discharged from the hospital. The second case was a young @entity1 hospitalized following a suicide attempt. She has a history of multiple somatic and @entity146 . On admission she had @entity308 , more likely linked with a pathological personality, rather than with a major @entity308 . The third case presented a @entity12901 . He was hospitalized for @entity308 . He had a comorbid major @entity308 . The prescription of antidepressants led to a significant clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: These three cases indicate that a real @entity308 may be observed with a @entity1 suffering from pathomimia. Therefore, a neutral and complete @entity146 evaluation is necessary so as to not deprive these @entity1 from the opportunity for an adapted treatment.

title: [ XXXX in pathomimia: comorbidity or @entity146 ?].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'man', 'Patients', 'woman', 'person', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive episode', 'psychiatry for depressive disorders', 'depressive disorders', 'depressive symptoms', 'depressive syndrome']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric factitious disorders', 'psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic disorders']

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['post-traumatic stress disorders']

entities_list: @entity12901 :: ('MESH:D009110', 'Disease') :: ['Munchausen syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mourning, affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity13593 :: ('MESH:D005162', 'Disease') :: ['factitious disorder', 'factitious disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['character of the disorder', 'factious disorders']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['Depressive symptoms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity13593 , more commonly known as pathomimia, are mainly expressed as organic symptoms voluntarily induced by the @entity1 . @entity1 suffering from these disorders do not seek to obtain immediate secondary benefits, contrary to simulation. They send the physician a challenge, sometimes by means of self-mutilation, or exposure to a vital risk. Their objective is to raise the interest and the mobilization of the medical community. The @entity1 will develop intense relationships with the medical staff, technically mobilized as well as emotionally, as far as the factitious @entity74 is uncovered. In some cases, @entity74 are conditions in which a @entity1 acts as if he or she has a @entity146 , by deliberately exhibiting @entity146 symptoms. Most often described are factitious acute @entity914 , @entity1316 and @entity1005 . Psychiatric @entity13593 are difficult to diagnose, but they share common diagnosis criteria with other pathomimias. These subjects may suffer from pathomimia because of the occurrence of other @entity146 symptoms, such as pathological personalities, adaptation disorders, abuse and/or dependence on @entity167 or other substances, or @entity308 . This paper describes three clinical cases of pathomimia, diagnosed after hospitalization in a @entity146 unit for @entity308 , as a correlate to their factitious or authentic character. METHOD: Three case reports, describing @entity1 with pathomimia hospitalized in a department of @entity308 . RESULTS: The first case was a 57 year-old @entity1 considered as suffering from a @entity162 hospitalized for a @entity308 . The symptoms described and reported are those of a @entity13593 . The @entity1 interrupted the medical care by asking to be discharged from the hospital. The second case was a young @entity1 hospitalized following a suicide attempt. She has a history of multiple somatic and @entity146 . On admission she had @entity308 , more likely linked with a pathological personality, rather than with a major @entity308 . The third case presented a @entity12901 . He was hospitalized for @entity308 . He had a comorbid major @entity308 . The prescription of antidepressants led to a significant clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: These three cases indicate that a real @entity308 may be observed with a @entity1 suffering from pathomimia. Therefore, a neutral and complete @entity146 evaluation is necessary so as to not deprive these @entity1 from the opportunity for an adapted treatment.

title: [ @entity308 in pathomimia: comorbidity or XXXX ?].

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric factitious disorder']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity66 is a zoonosis resulting from the growth in @entity1 of the larval form of @entity12047 . Involvement of the bones is rare and localisation to the ribs is exceptional. The aim of our study is to present the pathophysiological and diagnostic characteristics of hydatid disease of the ribs and to define the radiological features. @entity1 AND METHODS: We undertook a retrospective study, over a period of 10 years, of 12 cases of hydatid rib disease. We have analysed the demographic, clinical and biological parameters and we examined the radiological details as well as the effect of surgery on the progress of the disease. RESULTS: The mean age of the @entity1 was 33.5  10 years. There was no sexual predominance. The clinical picture was characterised by @entity662 in ten cases and by swelling in five. General health was satisfactory in all @entity1 . The chest X-rays showed a shadow of water density with @entity75 . Thoracic CT scans showed the relationships with the neighbouring structures, particularly the spinal column. In three cases T1- and T2-weighted MRI scans showed the extent of intraspinal extension and in two cases excluded medullary involvement. Hydatid serology was positive in five cases. All our @entity1 were operated on, with rib resection and vertebral curettage in three cases, and resection of the transverse process in two. Histological examination of the surgical specimens confirmed the diagnosis. Eight @entity1 were treated with @entity3753 . All @entity1 were reviewed for a mean of 3 years and the progress was favourable. CONCLUSION: @entity66 of the ribs is a @entity395 and the diagnosis is difficult. It is sometimes an unexpected surgical finding but careful examination of the chest X-ray, supplemented by a CT scan, thanks to the liquid density of the lesions, is a great help in diagnosis. However, in the light of the results of our series, the radiological picture may be atypical and the interpretaion difficult.

title: [ XXXX of the ribs].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'man']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Hydatid disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['lytic rib lesions']

entities_list: @entity12047 :: ('6210', 'Species') :: ['Echinococcus granulosus']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['very rare disorder']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Hydatid disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Stigma is associated with prevalent @entity302 , but its association with incident @entity302 is unknown. METHODS: We identified 209 @entity1 and adults with incident @entity410 from the diverse impoverished community of northern Manhattan. We interviewed 94 @entity1 , aged 16 and older, about lifetime history of @entity308 , health status, medical history, and stigma. RESULTS: At baseline, 18 (22.5%) @entity1 reported experiencing stigma. Stigma was reported by 9 (50.0%) with @entity308 and 9 (14.5%) without @entity308 (P=0.002). At 1 year, 7 (8.1%) @entity1 reported experiencing stigma. Stigma was reported by 5 (31.3%) with @entity308 versus 1 (1.6%) without @entity308 (P<0.0001). At both time points, odds of stigma increased when lifetime history of @entity308 and fair/poor health was present. CONCLUSIONS: Previous work revealed negative effects of prevalent @entity302 on stigma. In the low-income, predominantly Hispanic community of northern Manhattan, we found incident @entity302 was associated with stigma when lifetime history of @entity308 or fair/poor health was present.

title: Associates of stigma in an incident XXXX population from northern Manhattan, New York City.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']