abstract: The advantages and disadvantages of the @entity1420 -releasing intrauterine device (IUD), Progestasert, are investigated, relying on the published literature and the authors' own experiences. Insertion of the Progestasert presents very few problems except in certain cases, particularly in nulliparous @entity1 . A complete gynecologic examination is indispensible before insertion to guarantee the absence of contraindications (e.g., pregnancy, anatomically abnormal uterus, @entity5 , @entity4134 , @entity697 ). @entity158 or discomfort at insertion appears infrequently, except among nulliparas. Similarly, @entity158 after insertion is rare, but occurs most often in nulliparous @entity1 . Because of the insertion technique required for this IUD, cases of perforation of he uterus or cervix are virtually nonexistent. Expulsion of the Progestasert is very infrequent; it appears that incorrect insertion is the primary cause of expulsion. All studies verify a decrease in the expulsion rate after the 1st month of use. The incidence of @entity4134 in Progestasert users is significantly lower than in users of other IUDs. This may be due, in part, to the shape of the device, which does not have wide surface areas and has no sharp or pointed edges which can become embedded in the endometrial wall. Additionally, the nature of the insertion device, guaranteeing lack of contact between the transverse arm of the IUD and the vagina, assures the sterility of the IUD even at the moment of introduction into the uterus, limiting the transport of bacteria into the cavity. Lack of sufficient data on ectopic pregnancies in Progestasert users impedes a complete evaluation and definition of the problem with this particular device. One of the most frequent reasons for discontinuing use of the IUD is distrubance of the menstrual cycle. Increase in menstrual @entity190 , prolongation of the menstrual period, and @entity1867 are disturbances found in users of most IUDs. The Progestasert, however, appears to decrease @entity548 and shorten the menstrual period in all cases. The advantages of the Progestasert are indisputable in treating dysmennorhea. All studies agree on the attributes of topical release of @entity1420 in treating this illness. Studies report disappearance of symptoms in 35% of dysmennorheic @entity1 and a marked @entity304 in 65%. Not enough data exist to draw any conclusions about the teratogenic action of the Progestasert. In normal pregnancies, however, natural @entity1420 is found in much higher levels than that released by the IUD. Theoretically, the hormone released by the IUD should not interfere with normal fetal development. The failure rate of Progestasert is equal to or lower than that of other IUDs. Overall, the Progestasert represents a remarkable improvement over conventional IUDs.

title: [Steroid intra-uterine contraception: XXXX -releasing devices. II. Insertion, clinical problems and contraceptive dependability].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute cervicitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of symptoms']

entities_list: @entity4134 :: ('MESH:D000292', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity1867 :: ('MESH:D008796', 'Disease') :: ['intermenstrual bleeding']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: In the Dominican Republic, national surveillance of the number of cases of @entity3328 began in 1940. During the 1940-58 period, sporadic cases were reported to the Ministry of Health, with annual incidences ranging from 0 to 0.68/100,000 population, with a mean incidence of 0.16 case. The 1st major @entity3082 was reported in 1959 and ivolved 315 cases (10.71 cases/100,000 population). Since 1959, epidemics have occurred in cycles of 2-5 years with the most recent epidemics occurring in 1975, 1978, and 1980-81. In May 1980 the Division of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health in Santo Domingo received the 1st reports of probable @entity3082 activity of @entity3328 among residents of Azua in health region 1. In June 1980 cases were reported from Santo Domingo (health region 0). Cases continued to occur through April 1981. During the January 1980-April 1981 period, there were reports of 181 cases, including 7 @entity204 . Of 30 stool specimens tested, 13 were poitive for @entity9925 . ECHO virrus was isolated from 9; 2 virruses which could not be typed were isolated; and no viruses were isolated form 6 specimens. 7 of the 12 @entity9925 type 1 isolates wer tedted for antigenic characterization; all were nonvaccinelike by either the modified Wecker on Van Wezel antigenic characterization methods. The male to female ratio of cases was 1.3: 1. Cases ranged in age from 2 months to 6.5 years, with a mean age of 15.0 months and a median age of 12 months. While 88.4% of the cases occurred in @entity1 less than 2 years of age, the highest attack rate was seen among @entity1 6-11 months of age. Immunization histories were known for 176 (97.2%) cases: 81 (44.8%) had never received any doses of polio vaccine; 68 (37.6%) had received 1 dose; 18 (9.9%) had received 2 doses; and 9 (5.0%) had received 3 doses. In 1979 a decision was made to change the immunization program strategy to primarily house-to-house vaccination rounds every 3 months. By April 1980, 3 health regions had implemented the house-to-house strategy, and by July 1980 all health regions were conducting house-to-house rounds. A table shows the annual coverage of the less-than-1-year-old population with polio vaccine, by number of doses received, from 1978 to 1981. During this period, the coverage of the less-than-1-year-old population with 3 doses of polio vaccine has doubled. The dropout rate has decreased by 40%.

title: Review of XXXX in the Dominican Republic: 1940-1981.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3328 :: ('MESH:D011051', 'Disease') :: ['poliomyelitis']

answer: @entity3328 :: (MESH:D011051,Disease) :: ['poliomyelitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Small size at birth is associated with @entity65 in adult life. Decreased fetal growth may result from a limitation in the nutrient supply to the fetus. Net tissue deposition in the mother and fetus increases the demand for @entity1568 , but because maternal consumption of protein does not increase, there must be a change in the partitioning of @entity1522 , away from oxidation and toward deposition. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to characterize @entity535 oxidation in pregnancy and to investigate whether the relative partitioning of @entity1522 was related to fetal growth. DESIGN: We determined @entity535 oxidation as @entity1133 production in 25 @entity1 during mid (17-19 wk) and late (26-29 wk) gestation. @entity1133 production was measured from urinary [ @entity13140 -(15)N]urea excretion over 48 h after a single oral dose of [ @entity13140 -(15)N]urea. We measured the @entity1 's size at birth. RESULTS: For the group as a whole, @entity1133 excretion decreased and @entity535 oxidation remained similar between mid and late pregnancy, but there was wide variation between the @entity1 . Heavier @entity1 were born to the mothers in whom @entity535 oxidation decreased the most during pregnancy (slope of regression line: -80 g x g N(-1) x d(-1); 95% CI: -129, -31; P = 0.003). After adjustment for length of gestation and the @entity1 's sex, the change in maternal @entity535 oxidation explained 34% of the variation in birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: @entity535 oxidation varied widely between the @entity1 during pregnancy. Understanding the ability of a pregnant @entity1 to adapt metabolically may have implications for establishing dietary recommendations in pregnancy.

title: Higher weight at birth is related to decreased maternal XXXX oxidation during pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid', 'Amino acid']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Endothelial cell dysfunction has been implicated in the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass, and the upregulation of endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules might promote leukocyte extravasation in vivo. Soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules are increased after bypass. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between endothelial cell-surface expression of adhesion molecules and their concentration in plasma after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Ten @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass with cardiopulmonary bypass had 5 plasma samples taken at defined intervals before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma was incubated with @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers, and expression of @entity4105 , @entity2071 , and @entity4725 on the surface of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma soluble adhesion molecules, @entity1851 , @entity687 , @entity688 , @entity2533 , and neutrophil counts were determined for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Markers typical of acute @entity32 (ie, @entity687 , neutrophils, and @entity1851 ) were all increased after bypass. Soluble plasma intercellular and @entity4725 (but not @entity4105 ) were increased after bypass. However, endothelial cell expression of @entity67182 (but not @entity4105 ) were significantly decreased by exposure to postbypass plasma. Additionally, postbypass plasma inhibited @entity1356 -stimulated endothelial cell expression of vascular cell and @entity2071 . @entity688 and @entity2533 , both of which are known to inhibit endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, were respectively increased 10-fold and 3-fold (P <.05) after bypass. CONCLUSIONS: Despite containing increased soluble intercellular and @entity4725 , postbypass plasma inhibits endothelial cell expression of intercellular and @entity4725 . Upregulated vascular expression of adhesion molecules might not be essential for endothelial activation after bypass.

title: Endothelial expression of XXXX and @entity4725 is suppressed by postbypass plasma containing increased soluble @entity2071 and @entity4725 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule 1']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 1beta']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor beta1']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['intercellular adhesion molecule 1']

entities_list: @entity67182 :: ('7412;3383', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1']

entities_list: @entity688 :: ('3586', 'Gene') :: ['Interleukin 10', 'interleukin 10']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity2071 :: (3383,Gene) :: ['intercellular adhesion molecule 1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Endothelial cell dysfunction has been implicated in the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass, and the upregulation of endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules might promote leukocyte extravasation in vivo. Soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules are increased after bypass. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between endothelial cell-surface expression of adhesion molecules and their concentration in plasma after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Ten @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass with cardiopulmonary bypass had 5 plasma samples taken at defined intervals before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma was incubated with @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers, and expression of @entity4105 , @entity2071 , and @entity4725 on the surface of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma soluble adhesion molecules, @entity1851 , @entity687 , @entity688 , @entity2533 , and neutrophil counts were determined for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Markers typical of acute @entity32 (ie, @entity687 , neutrophils, and @entity1851 ) were all increased after bypass. Soluble plasma intercellular and @entity4725 (but not @entity4105 ) were increased after bypass. However, endothelial cell expression of @entity67182 (but not @entity4105 ) were significantly decreased by exposure to postbypass plasma. Additionally, postbypass plasma inhibited @entity1356 -stimulated endothelial cell expression of vascular cell and @entity2071 . @entity688 and @entity2533 , both of which are known to inhibit endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, were respectively increased 10-fold and 3-fold (P <.05) after bypass. CONCLUSIONS: Despite containing increased soluble intercellular and @entity4725 , postbypass plasma inhibits endothelial cell expression of intercellular and @entity4725 . Upregulated vascular expression of adhesion molecules might not be essential for endothelial activation after bypass.

title: Endothelial expression of @entity2071 and @entity4725 is suppressed by postbypass plasma containing increased soluble XXXX and @entity4725 .

answer: @entity2071 :: (3383,Gene) :: ['intercellular adhesion molecule 1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Endothelial cell dysfunction has been implicated in the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass, and the upregulation of endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules might promote leukocyte extravasation in vivo. Soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules are increased after bypass. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between endothelial cell-surface expression of adhesion molecules and their concentration in plasma after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Ten @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass with cardiopulmonary bypass had 5 plasma samples taken at defined intervals before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma was incubated with @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers, and expression of @entity4105 , @entity2071 , and @entity4725 on the surface of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma soluble adhesion molecules, @entity1851 , @entity687 , @entity688 , @entity2533 , and neutrophil counts were determined for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Markers typical of acute @entity32 (ie, @entity687 , neutrophils, and @entity1851 ) were all increased after bypass. Soluble plasma intercellular and @entity4725 (but not @entity4105 ) were increased after bypass. However, endothelial cell expression of @entity67182 (but not @entity4105 ) were significantly decreased by exposure to postbypass plasma. Additionally, postbypass plasma inhibited @entity1356 -stimulated endothelial cell expression of vascular cell and @entity2071 . @entity688 and @entity2533 , both of which are known to inhibit endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, were respectively increased 10-fold and 3-fold (P <.05) after bypass. CONCLUSIONS: Despite containing increased soluble intercellular and @entity4725 , postbypass plasma inhibits endothelial cell expression of intercellular and @entity4725 . Upregulated vascular expression of adhesion molecules might not be essential for endothelial activation after bypass.

title: Endothelial expression of @entity2071 and XXXX is suppressed by postbypass plasma containing increased soluble @entity2071 and @entity4725 .

answer: @entity4725 :: (7412,Gene) :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule 1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Endothelial cell dysfunction has been implicated in the inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass, and the upregulation of endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules might promote leukocyte extravasation in vivo. Soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules are increased after bypass. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between endothelial cell-surface expression of adhesion molecules and their concentration in plasma after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Ten @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass with cardiopulmonary bypass had 5 plasma samples taken at defined intervals before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma was incubated with @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers, and expression of @entity4105 , @entity2071 , and @entity4725 on the surface of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma soluble adhesion molecules, @entity1851 , @entity687 , @entity688 , @entity2533 , and neutrophil counts were determined for each @entity1 . RESULTS: Markers typical of acute @entity32 (ie, @entity687 , neutrophils, and @entity1851 ) were all increased after bypass. Soluble plasma intercellular and @entity4725 (but not @entity4105 ) were increased after bypass. However, endothelial cell expression of @entity67182 (but not @entity4105 ) were significantly decreased by exposure to postbypass plasma. Additionally, postbypass plasma inhibited @entity1356 -stimulated endothelial cell expression of vascular cell and @entity2071 . @entity688 and @entity2533 , both of which are known to inhibit endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, were respectively increased 10-fold and 3-fold (P <.05) after bypass. CONCLUSIONS: Despite containing increased soluble intercellular and @entity4725 , postbypass plasma inhibits endothelial cell expression of intercellular and @entity4725 . Upregulated vascular expression of adhesion molecules might not be essential for endothelial activation after bypass.

title: Endothelial expression of @entity2071 and @entity4725 is suppressed by postbypass plasma containing increased soluble @entity2071 and XXXX .

answer: @entity4725 :: (7412,Gene) :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule 1']


abstract: A rapid and simple method for purification of the FhuA receptor protein from cell envelopes of a FhuA-overproducing strain of @entity2624 was developed. The overproduction of FhuA was programmed by the thermoamplifiable plasmid pHK232, which carried the fhuACD genes of pLC19-19 of the Clarke and @entity505 collection. At low temperature (27 degrees C), pHK232 specified the overproduction of FhuA to levels comparable to those of major outer membrane proteins OmpF, OmpC, and OmpA. The amount of these proteins in the outer membrane was reduced along with overproduction of FhuA. Upon runaway replication of pHK232 at 37 degrees C, the precursor of the FhuA protein, proFhuA, was also accumulated in the cell envelope in amounts similar to FhuA. For extraction of the FhuA protein, crude cell envelopes were washed with 2% Triton X-100-6 M @entity1133 to remove less tightly bound proteins. Then FhuA but not proFhuA was solubilized by treating Triton X-100- @entity1133 -washed membranes with 1% octylglucoside-1 mM @entity1098 . This procedure yielded FhuA protein free from other membrane proteins. The amount of lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids was low and ranged from 5 to 15% and 10 to 25% of the weight of the FhuA protein, respectively. As shown by direct inactivation and by competition assays, the isolated FhuA protein retained receptor activity for @entity32556 , @entity10589 , @entity10590 M, and phages T5 and T1.

title: Preparation of the FhuA (TonA) receptor protein from cell envelopes of an overproducing strain of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2624 :: ('83333', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli K-12']

entities_list: @entity32556 :: ('MESH:D005291', 'Chemical') :: ['ferrichrome']

entities_list: @entity10589 :: ('MESH:C015657', 'Chemical') :: ['albomycin']

answer: @entity2624 :: (83333,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli K-12']


abstract: @entity30116 ( @entity34778 ) synthetase of @entity526 has been purified to near homogeneity from a strain harboring the prs gene, encoding P-Rib-PP synthetase, on a multicopy plasmid. Analysis of the enzyme showed that it required inorganic @entity1391 for activity and for stability. @entity1760 ions were required both as a complex with the substrate @entity855 and as a free cation. P- @entity30975 -PP synthetase activity was inhibited strongly by @entity857 . Kinetic analysis indicated multiple sites of action of @entity857 . In addition apparent substrate inhibition was exerted by @entity17457 in the presence of @entity857 . The @entity377 sequence of the @entity526 prs gene has been determined and the coding segment established. The deduced @entity535 sequence of P-Rib-PP synthetase contained 314 @entity535 residues and the molecular weight was calculated as 34,060. The initiation site of transcription was determined. This site was preceded by well conserved -10 and -35 consensus sequences (pdT-dA-dG-dA-dA-dT and pdT-dT-dG-dA-dT-dG, respectively). The transcription initiation site preceded the potential translation initiation site by 302 nucleotides. Transcription terminated approximately 35 @entity2036 downstream from the UAA translation stop codon, within a Thy-rich region following an inverted repeat sequence, indicative of an rho-independent transcription terminator.

title: @entity30116 synthetase of XXXX . Properties of the purified enzyme and primary structure of the prs gene.

entities_list: @entity17457 :: ('MESH:C031626', 'Chemical') :: ['ribose 5-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity30116 :: ('MESH:D010754', 'Chemical') :: ['Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['Magnesium']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity30116 ( @entity34778 ) synthetase of @entity526 has been purified to near homogeneity from a strain harboring the prs gene, encoding P-Rib-PP synthetase, on a multicopy plasmid. Analysis of the enzyme showed that it required inorganic @entity1391 for activity and for stability. @entity1760 ions were required both as a complex with the substrate @entity855 and as a free cation. P- @entity30975 -PP synthetase activity was inhibited strongly by @entity857 . Kinetic analysis indicated multiple sites of action of @entity857 . In addition apparent substrate inhibition was exerted by @entity17457 in the presence of @entity857 . The @entity377 sequence of the @entity526 prs gene has been determined and the coding segment established. The deduced @entity535 sequence of P-Rib-PP synthetase contained 314 @entity535 residues and the molecular weight was calculated as 34,060. The initiation site of transcription was determined. This site was preceded by well conserved -10 and -35 consensus sequences (pdT-dA-dG-dA-dA-dT and pdT-dT-dG-dA-dT-dG, respectively). The transcription initiation site preceded the potential translation initiation site by 302 nucleotides. Transcription terminated approximately 35 @entity2036 downstream from the UAA translation stop codon, within a Thy-rich region following an inverted repeat sequence, indicative of an rho-independent transcription terminator.

title: XXXX synthetase of @entity526 . Properties of the purified enzyme and primary structure of the prs gene.

answer: @entity30116 :: (MESH:D010754,Chemical) :: ['Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate']


abstract: Each photoexcited @entity8695 (R*) molecule catalyzes binding of @entity3007 to many copies of the @entity6370 -binding protein transducin, which, in its @entity3007 -binding form, then activates @entity6708 phosphodiesterase (PDEase). Subsequent deactivation of this light-activated enzyme cascade involves hydrolysis of the @entity3007 bound to transducin, as well as decay of the activating capacity of R*. We report here that deactivation of PDEase in rod outer segment suspensions is highly enhanced by addition of @entity855 and purified 48-kDa protein, which is an intrinsic rod outer segment protein that is soluble in the dark but binds to photolyzed @entity8695 that has been phosphorylated by @entity8695 kinase and @entity855 [K  hn, H., Hall, S.W. _ Wilden, U. (1984) FEBS Lett. 176, 473-478]. To analyze the mechanism by which @entity855 and 48-kDa protein deactivate PDEase, we used an @entity855 -free system consisting of thoroughly washed disk membranes, whose @entity8695 had been previously phosphorylated and chromophore-regenerated, and to which purified PDEase and transducin were reassociated. Such phosphorylated membranes exhibited a significantly lower (by a factor less than or equal to 5) light-induced PDEase-activating capacity than unphosphorylated controls. Addition of purified 48-kDa protein to phosphorylated membranes further suppressed their PDEase-activating capacity; suppression could be as high as 98% (as compared to unphosphorylated membranes), depending on the amount of 48-kDa protein and the flash intensity. Addition of @entity855 had little further effect. In contrast, PDEase activation or deactivation with unphosphorylated control membranes was not influenced by 48-kDa protein, even in the presence of @entity855 , provided @entity8695 kinase was absent. Our data suggest that 48-kDa protein binds to phosphorylated R* and thereby quenches its capacity to activate transducin and PDEase.

title: Phosphodiesterase activation by photoexcited XXXX is quenched when @entity8695 is phosphorylated and binds the intrinsic 48-kDa protein of rod outer segments.

entities_list: @entity6370 :: ('CHEBI:61292', 'Chemical') :: ['guanine nucleotide']

answer: @entity8695 :: (6010,Gene) :: ['rhodopsin']


abstract: Each photoexcited @entity8695 (R*) molecule catalyzes binding of @entity3007 to many copies of the @entity6370 -binding protein transducin, which, in its @entity3007 -binding form, then activates @entity6708 phosphodiesterase (PDEase). Subsequent deactivation of this light-activated enzyme cascade involves hydrolysis of the @entity3007 bound to transducin, as well as decay of the activating capacity of R*. We report here that deactivation of PDEase in rod outer segment suspensions is highly enhanced by addition of @entity855 and purified 48-kDa protein, which is an intrinsic rod outer segment protein that is soluble in the dark but binds to photolyzed @entity8695 that has been phosphorylated by @entity8695 kinase and @entity855 [K  hn, H., Hall, S.W. _ Wilden, U. (1984) FEBS Lett. 176, 473-478]. To analyze the mechanism by which @entity855 and 48-kDa protein deactivate PDEase, we used an @entity855 -free system consisting of thoroughly washed disk membranes, whose @entity8695 had been previously phosphorylated and chromophore-regenerated, and to which purified PDEase and transducin were reassociated. Such phosphorylated membranes exhibited a significantly lower (by a factor less than or equal to 5) light-induced PDEase-activating capacity than unphosphorylated controls. Addition of purified 48-kDa protein to phosphorylated membranes further suppressed their PDEase-activating capacity; suppression could be as high as 98% (as compared to unphosphorylated membranes), depending on the amount of 48-kDa protein and the flash intensity. Addition of @entity855 had little further effect. In contrast, PDEase activation or deactivation with unphosphorylated control membranes was not influenced by 48-kDa protein, even in the presence of @entity855 , provided @entity8695 kinase was absent. Our data suggest that 48-kDa protein binds to phosphorylated R* and thereby quenches its capacity to activate transducin and PDEase.

title: Phosphodiesterase activation by photoexcited @entity8695 is quenched when XXXX is phosphorylated and binds the intrinsic 48-kDa protein of rod outer segments.

answer: @entity8695 :: (6010,Gene) :: ['rhodopsin']


abstract: The discriminative stimulus properties of @entity2254 , @entity2072 , and @entity3826 were assessed in @entity35 trained in a two-lever, food-reinforced drug discrimination paradigm to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg @entity2254 from saline. After determination of these dose-response relationships, the @entity35 were divided into two groups. One group ( @entity2955 ) was given injections of @entity5829 ( @entity9956 , 30 mg/kg, IP) and @entity2955 ( @entity2955 , 100 micrograms/10 microliters each ventricle), while the other group (sham) was given the same dose of @entity9956 and @entity2955 vehicle (intraventricularly). Beginning approximately 45 days after intraventricular injections, dose-response relationships were redetermined for all three drugs. Larger doses of @entity2254 were required to elicit the same response in the @entity2955 group (i.e. the dose-response relationship was shifted to the right), while no change was observed in the sham group. Any changes in the dose-response relationships for @entity2072 and @entity3826 were comparable in the @entity2955 and sham group. The rate-decreasing effects were not altered in either group for any of the drugs. Upon sacrifice, @entity935 (DA) was found to be significantly depleted in the accumbens, caudate and rest of brain of the @entity2955 group. Levels of @entity1063 and @entity750 were unaltered. These data suggest that central DA-containing neurons play a role in the discriminative stimulus properties of psychomotor stimulants in @entity35 .

title: Effects of central @entity935 depletion on the XXXX discriminative stimulus in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2254 :: ('MESH:D003913', 'Chemical') :: ['d-amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity5829 :: ('MESH:D003891', 'Chemical') :: ['desmethylimipramine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

answer: @entity2254 :: (MESH:D003913,Chemical) :: ['d-amphetamine']


abstract: The discriminative stimulus properties of @entity2254 , @entity2072 , and @entity3826 were assessed in @entity35 trained in a two-lever, food-reinforced drug discrimination paradigm to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg @entity2254 from saline. After determination of these dose-response relationships, the @entity35 were divided into two groups. One group ( @entity2955 ) was given injections of @entity5829 ( @entity9956 , 30 mg/kg, IP) and @entity2955 ( @entity2955 , 100 micrograms/10 microliters each ventricle), while the other group (sham) was given the same dose of @entity9956 and @entity2955 vehicle (intraventricularly). Beginning approximately 45 days after intraventricular injections, dose-response relationships were redetermined for all three drugs. Larger doses of @entity2254 were required to elicit the same response in the @entity2955 group (i.e. the dose-response relationship was shifted to the right), while no change was observed in the sham group. Any changes in the dose-response relationships for @entity2072 and @entity3826 were comparable in the @entity2955 and sham group. The rate-decreasing effects were not altered in either group for any of the drugs. Upon sacrifice, @entity935 (DA) was found to be significantly depleted in the accumbens, caudate and rest of brain of the @entity2955 group. Levels of @entity1063 and @entity750 were unaltered. These data suggest that central DA-containing neurons play a role in the discriminative stimulus properties of psychomotor stimulants in @entity35 .

title: Effects of central XXXX depletion on the @entity2254 discriminative stimulus in @entity35 .

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: The discriminative stimulus properties of @entity2254 , @entity2072 , and @entity3826 were assessed in @entity35 trained in a two-lever, food-reinforced drug discrimination paradigm to discriminate 1.0 mg/kg @entity2254 from saline. After determination of these dose-response relationships, the @entity35 were divided into two groups. One group ( @entity2955 ) was given injections of @entity5829 ( @entity9956 , 30 mg/kg, IP) and @entity2955 ( @entity2955 , 100 micrograms/10 microliters each ventricle), while the other group (sham) was given the same dose of @entity9956 and @entity2955 vehicle (intraventricularly). Beginning approximately 45 days after intraventricular injections, dose-response relationships were redetermined for all three drugs. Larger doses of @entity2254 were required to elicit the same response in the @entity2955 group (i.e. the dose-response relationship was shifted to the right), while no change was observed in the sham group. Any changes in the dose-response relationships for @entity2072 and @entity3826 were comparable in the @entity2955 and sham group. The rate-decreasing effects were not altered in either group for any of the drugs. Upon sacrifice, @entity935 (DA) was found to be significantly depleted in the accumbens, caudate and rest of brain of the @entity2955 group. Levels of @entity1063 and @entity750 were unaltered. These data suggest that central DA-containing neurons play a role in the discriminative stimulus properties of psychomotor stimulants in @entity35 .

title: Effects of central @entity935 depletion on the @entity2254 discriminative stimulus in XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: A technique was used to monitor continuously ruminal pH using a strip-chart recording pH meter. Ruminal pH measurements were made in four ruminal-cannulated crossbred wether @entity742 (ag initial weight, 42.5 kg). For l.5 h daily, @entity742 were given ad libitum access to 50% concentrate-50% chopped orchardgrass hay diets supplements with 0, l.5, 3.0 and 4.5% @entity4388 ( @entity5993 ). A split-plot Latin-square design was used to evaluate @entity5993 level and day of adaptation on the percentage of time (%T) that ruminal pH was less than 6.6, 6.2, 5.8, 5.4 and 5.0. No effect due to day of adaptation existed for ruminal pH measurements (P more than .10), while the effect of dietary @entity5993 level was quadratic (P more than .01) for the %T that ruminal pH was less than 5.4. To evaluate the effects of @entity5993 on nutrient digestion, the same diets were fed to eight wether @entity742 (avg initial weight, 38 kg) at 85% of their ad libitum intake in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin-square digestion trial. Digestibilities of @entity62 ( @entity62 ), organic matter, N and fiber fractions were not different due to level of @entity5993 (P greater than .10). Ash digestibility increased with increasing levels of dietary @entity5993 (P less than .01). Four ruminal-cannulated mature Hereford steers were also given ad libitum access to the diets in a split-plot Latin-square trial to evaluate effects of dietary @entity5993 level on ruminal pH and in situ digestion of @entity1460 meal N and orchardgrass @entity62 . During incubation of the dacron bags for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 36 h also increased linearly with increasing level of @entity5993 . Ruminal solid and liquid dilution rates were not affected by level of supplemental @entity5993 (P greater than .10). The results of these trials suggest that increasing level of dietary @entity5993 greatly increases the proportion of time ruminal pH is above critical levels for ruminal protein and @entity62 digestion, but does not affect total tract nutrient digestion when 50% concentrate diets are fed.

title: Effect of supplemental XXXX on nutrient digestibilities and ruminal pH measured continuously.

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['DM', 'dry matter']

answer: @entity4388 :: (MESH:D017693,Chemical) :: ['sodium bicarbonate']


abstract: The qa-1S gene, one of two regulatory genes in the qa gene cluster of @entity1980 , encodes the qa repressor. The qa-1S gene together with the qa-1F gene, which encodes the qa activator protein, control the expression of all seven qa genes, including those encoding the inducible enzymes responsible for the utilization of @entity17131 as a @entity505 source. The @entity377 sequence of the qa-1S gene and its flanking regions has been determined. The deduced coding sequence for the qa-1S protein encodes 918 @entity1522 with a calculated molecular weight of 100,650 and is interrupted by a single 66-base-pair intervening sequence. Both constitutive and noninducible mutants occur in the qa-1S gene and two different mutations of each type have been cloned and sequenced. All four mutations occur within the predicted coding region of the qa-1S gene. This result strongly supports the hypothesis that the qa-1S gene encodes a repressor. All four mutations are located within codons for the last 300 @entity1522 of the qa-1S protein. The mutations in three of the mutants involve @entity535 substitutions, while the fourth mutant, which has a constitutive phenotype, contains a frameshift mutation. The two constitutive mutations occur in the most distal region of the gene, possibly implicating the @entity1473 -terminal region of the qa repressor in binding to its target. The two noninducible mutations occur in a region proximal to the constitutive mutations, possibly implicating this region of the qa repressor in binding the inducer.

title: The qa repressor gene of XXXX : wild-type and mutant nucleotide sequences.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity17131 :: ('MESH:D011801', 'Chemical') :: ['quinic acid']

entities_list: @entity1980 :: ('5141', 'Species') :: ['Neurospora crassa']

answer: @entity1980 :: (5141,Species) :: ['Neurospora crassa']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency (RF) current, converted into heat through ion agitation and friction, can destroy @entity96 by means of coagulation @entity39 . This study assessed whether percutaneous RF ablation is a useful and safe technique for the treatment of @entity96 recurrence after hepatectomy. METHODS: Forty-seven @entity1 presenting with local recurrence after hepatectomy for @entity5 (29 with colorectal secondaries) were treated with percutaneous RF ablation instead of repeat hepatectomy. RF thermal ablation was performed under image guidance for 12-15 min. This group represented 63 per cent of 75 @entity1 treated with curative intent for liver recurrence in the same time interval. The other 28 @entity1 underwent repeat hepatectomy. RESULTS: The mean(s.d.) number of liver metastases destroyed was 1.4(0.7) (range 1-3) and their diameter was 21(8) (range 9-35) mm. Twenty-six @entity1 presented with liver recurrence at least once but up to three times after the initial RF application. Incomplete local RF treatment was observed in six of 47 @entity1 . Fifteen @entity1 developed extrahepatic recurrence. The mean(s.d.) interval between RF ablation and the last follow-up visit was 14.4(10.1) (range 5.5-40) months. One death and three major complications occurred. Survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 88 and 55 per cent respectively. A retrospective study of the authors' database over two similar consecutive periods showed that RF ablation increased the percentage of curative local treatments for liver recurrence after hepatectomy from 17 to 26 per cent and decreased the proportion of repeat hepatectomies from 100 to to 39 per cent. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous RF treatment increases the number of @entity1 eligible for curative treatment. It should be preferred to repeat hepatectomy when feasible and safe because it is less invasive. Repeat hepatectomy is indicated only when percutaneous RF ablation is contraindicated or fails.

title: Percutaneous radiofrequency thermoablation as an alternative to surgery for treatment of XXXX recurrence after hepatectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumours']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumours', 'liver tumour']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver tumour']


abstract: We reviewed Dutch @entity1 and those described in the literature with @entity1778 in the past 25 years, with the intention to obtain an overview of the characteristics of this rare disease. Among the 117 @entity1 reviewed, @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) was more frequent (64%) than @entity981 ( @entity981 , 21%). Most @entity1 had a high leukaemic cell load with @entity828 , @entity1778 and hyperleucocytosis. @entity2008 were found in the majority of the @entity1 tested (72%); 11q23 abnormalities were found in less than half of them (42%). The probability of overall survival at 24 months was only 23%. When @entity3052 and @entity981 were compared, clinical characteristics and overall survival were not significantly different. However, in @entity1 at risk, the probability of event-free survival (EFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were significantly higher in @entity3052 than in @entity981 , 43% versus 13% and 68% versus 0% respectively. Among the @entity3052 cases, six spontaneous remissions have been described. In conclusion, the clinical characteristics of @entity1778 differ from those of @entity1778 in older @entity1 and prognosis is generally poor. Once complete remission is achieved, @entity1 with @entity3052 fare better than those with @entity981 . Chemotherapy for @entity1778 needs improvement to increase the sustained remission rate.

title: XXXX : the Dutch experience and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukaemia', 'ALL']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukaemia', 'congenital AML', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['hepatosplenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia', 'leukaemia cutis', 'congenital leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['Cytogenetic abnormalities']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['Congenital leukaemia']


abstract: Spontaneous growth of erythroid progenitor cells is one of the hallmarks of @entity11998 vera (PV). In vitro clonogenic assays can be used to support the diagnosis of PV. However, clonogenic assays are difficult to standardize, and their diagnostic value is accepted as a minor criteria for PV only in the case of positive results. Clonogenic assays need to be validated and normal ranges established carefully before they can be used for diagnostic purposes. In a retrospective study, we analysed the results of 146 consecutive clonogenic assays performed in @entity1 with erythrocytosis between January 1992 and December 2000. Normal ranges were established on the basis of the results from 81 controls. The charts of the 146 @entity1 were reviewed and the @entity1 were allocated to the following diagnostic groups: PV (n = 38) and non-primary erythrocytosis (NPE, n = 65) according to the criteria of Pearson _ Messinezy. In total, 43 @entity1 were excluded from the study because of missing data. The clonogenic assay results were correlated with the final clinical diagnosis of the @entity1 . At a cut-off value of 5 erythroid colony-forming unit colonies per well, 29 out of 38 @entity1 with PV showed positive results, and 9 out of 38 @entity1 showed false-negative results. In the NPE group, there were 64 out of 65 real-negative results and 1 out of 65 false-positive result. Thus the positive predictive value of the clonogenic assay for the diagnosis of PV was 97%. We conclude that clonogenic assays, in the case of positive results, and if carefully validated, are very useful and reliable tools for the diagnosis of PV.

title: The predictive value of clonogenic stem cell assays for the diagnosis of XXXX vera.

entities_list: @entity11998 :: ('MESH:C548016', 'Disease') :: ['polycythaemia']

answer: @entity11998 :: (MESH:C548016,Disease) :: ['polycythaemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between self-reported health status, prophylactic medication use, and healthcare service use in older adults with @entity565 . DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted over a 2-year postenrollment period in a population of asthmatic older adults enrolled in managed care. @entity1 completed a comprehensive health-risk screen at time of enrollment in the plan. SETTING: A Medicare health maintenance organization (HMO) in the southeastern United States with prescription benefit. @entity1 : One hundred twenty-nine older adults with @entity565 using inhaled corticosteroid therapy as prophylaxis and enrolled in a Medicare HMO were available for complete follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: We measured self-reported health perception, falls, lifestyle, @entity308 symptomatology, and pre-enrollment healthcare service use using a comprehensive risk screen. We used the Med-Total index and total annual healthcare charges as measures of postenrollment inhaled corticosteroid and healthcare service use. RESULTS: After adjusting for the effects of other variables, we found that @entity308 symptomatology at baseline and increased comorbidity severity (using the Charlson comorbidity index) were associated with significant reductions in prophylactic medication possession (27% with @entity308 symptomatology and 6% with unit increase in Charlson's index, P <.05). Additionally, after adjusting for the effects of baseline health status, we found that a 10% increase in prophylactic medication possession was associated with a nearly 5% decrease in total annual healthcare charges in this population (P <.01). CONCLUSION: There are strong but not fully explained associations between @entity308 symptoms at time of enrollment, decreased postenrollment prophylactic medication use and increased postenrollment healthcare service use in older adults with @entity565 .

title: Self-reported health status, prophylactic medication use, and healthcare costs in older adults with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of a sequential strategy combining @entity460 alginate and @entity15850 dressings treatment of grade III or IV pressure ulcers (PUs) and the efficacy of nonsequential strategy with @entity15850 alone. DESIGN: An open, randomized, multicenter parallel-group trial. SETTING: Twenty geriatrics hospital wards. @entity1 : One hundred ten older @entity1 with grade III or IV PUs. INTERVENTION: The control strategy consisted of applying @entity15850 dressings (DuodermE) for 8 weeks; the sequential strategy consisted of applying combined @entity460 alginate dressings (UrgoSorb) for the first 4 weeks and @entity15850 dressings (Algoplaque) for the next 4 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: PU surface areas were measured weekly by @entity1066 tracing. The endpoints were the mean absolute surface area reduction (SAR) during the 8-week study period and the number of @entity1 achieving a 40 or more SAR (SAR40). RESULTS: Fifty-seven and 53 @entity1 were randomly allocated to sequential and control strategies respectively. Baseline @entity1 characteristics and PU @entity1066 features at inclusion were similar in the two groups. Mean +/- standard deviation SAR was significantly larger in the sequential treatment group (5.4 +/- 5.7 cm2 and 7.6 +/- 7.1 cm2 at 4 and 8 weeks) than in the control group (1.6 +/- 4.9 cm2 and 3.1 +/- 7.2 cm2, P< .001). In the sequential treatment group, 68.4 of the @entity1 reached SAR40 at 4 weeks and 75.4 at 8 weeks, proportions significantly larger than in the control group (22.6 and 58.5, respectively, P< .0001). Dressing tolerance was good in both strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In grade III or IV PUs, treatment using first @entity460 alginate dressings and then @entity15850 dressings promotes @entity446 than treatment with @entity15850 dressings alone.

title: Sequential treatment with @entity460 alginate dressings and @entity15850 dressings accelerates pressure XXXX in older subjects: a multicenter randomized trial of sequential versus nonsequential treatment with @entity15850 dressings alone.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity15850 :: ('MESH:D003102', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocolloid', 'hydrocolloids']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity446 :: ('MESH:C563468', 'Disease') :: ['faster healing']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer healing']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of a sequential strategy combining @entity460 alginate and @entity15850 dressings treatment of grade III or IV pressure ulcers (PUs) and the efficacy of nonsequential strategy with @entity15850 alone. DESIGN: An open, randomized, multicenter parallel-group trial. SETTING: Twenty geriatrics hospital wards. @entity1 : One hundred ten older @entity1 with grade III or IV PUs. INTERVENTION: The control strategy consisted of applying @entity15850 dressings (DuodermE) for 8 weeks; the sequential strategy consisted of applying combined @entity460 alginate dressings (UrgoSorb) for the first 4 weeks and @entity15850 dressings (Algoplaque) for the next 4 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: PU surface areas were measured weekly by @entity1066 tracing. The endpoints were the mean absolute surface area reduction (SAR) during the 8-week study period and the number of @entity1 achieving a 40 or more SAR (SAR40). RESULTS: Fifty-seven and 53 @entity1 were randomly allocated to sequential and control strategies respectively. Baseline @entity1 characteristics and PU @entity1066 features at inclusion were similar in the two groups. Mean +/- standard deviation SAR was significantly larger in the sequential treatment group (5.4 +/- 5.7 cm2 and 7.6 +/- 7.1 cm2 at 4 and 8 weeks) than in the control group (1.6 +/- 4.9 cm2 and 3.1 +/- 7.2 cm2, P< .001). In the sequential treatment group, 68.4 of the @entity1 reached SAR40 at 4 weeks and 75.4 at 8 weeks, proportions significantly larger than in the control group (22.6 and 58.5, respectively, P< .0001). Dressing tolerance was good in both strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In grade III or IV PUs, treatment using first @entity460 alginate dressings and then @entity15850 dressings promotes @entity446 than treatment with @entity15850 dressings alone.

title: Sequential treatment with XXXX alginate dressings and @entity15850 dressings accelerates pressure @entity1066 in older subjects: a multicenter randomized trial of sequential versus nonsequential treatment with @entity15850 dressings alone.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of a sequential strategy combining @entity460 alginate and @entity15850 dressings treatment of grade III or IV pressure ulcers (PUs) and the efficacy of nonsequential strategy with @entity15850 alone. DESIGN: An open, randomized, multicenter parallel-group trial. SETTING: Twenty geriatrics hospital wards. @entity1 : One hundred ten older @entity1 with grade III or IV PUs. INTERVENTION: The control strategy consisted of applying @entity15850 dressings (DuodermE) for 8 weeks; the sequential strategy consisted of applying combined @entity460 alginate dressings (UrgoSorb) for the first 4 weeks and @entity15850 dressings (Algoplaque) for the next 4 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: PU surface areas were measured weekly by @entity1066 tracing. The endpoints were the mean absolute surface area reduction (SAR) during the 8-week study period and the number of @entity1 achieving a 40 or more SAR (SAR40). RESULTS: Fifty-seven and 53 @entity1 were randomly allocated to sequential and control strategies respectively. Baseline @entity1 characteristics and PU @entity1066 features at inclusion were similar in the two groups. Mean +/- standard deviation SAR was significantly larger in the sequential treatment group (5.4 +/- 5.7 cm2 and 7.6 +/- 7.1 cm2 at 4 and 8 weeks) than in the control group (1.6 +/- 4.9 cm2 and 3.1 +/- 7.2 cm2, P< .001). In the sequential treatment group, 68.4 of the @entity1 reached SAR40 at 4 weeks and 75.4 at 8 weeks, proportions significantly larger than in the control group (22.6 and 58.5, respectively, P< .0001). Dressing tolerance was good in both strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In grade III or IV PUs, treatment using first @entity460 alginate dressings and then @entity15850 dressings promotes @entity446 than treatment with @entity15850 dressings alone.

title: Sequential treatment with @entity460 alginate dressings and XXXX dressings accelerates pressure @entity1066 in older subjects: a multicenter randomized trial of sequential versus nonsequential treatment with @entity15850 dressings alone.

answer: @entity15850 :: (MESH:D003102,Chemical) :: ['hydrocolloid']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of a sequential strategy combining @entity460 alginate and @entity15850 dressings treatment of grade III or IV pressure ulcers (PUs) and the efficacy of nonsequential strategy with @entity15850 alone. DESIGN: An open, randomized, multicenter parallel-group trial. SETTING: Twenty geriatrics hospital wards. @entity1 : One hundred ten older @entity1 with grade III or IV PUs. INTERVENTION: The control strategy consisted of applying @entity15850 dressings (DuodermE) for 8 weeks; the sequential strategy consisted of applying combined @entity460 alginate dressings (UrgoSorb) for the first 4 weeks and @entity15850 dressings (Algoplaque) for the next 4 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: PU surface areas were measured weekly by @entity1066 tracing. The endpoints were the mean absolute surface area reduction (SAR) during the 8-week study period and the number of @entity1 achieving a 40 or more SAR (SAR40). RESULTS: Fifty-seven and 53 @entity1 were randomly allocated to sequential and control strategies respectively. Baseline @entity1 characteristics and PU @entity1066 features at inclusion were similar in the two groups. Mean +/- standard deviation SAR was significantly larger in the sequential treatment group (5.4 +/- 5.7 cm2 and 7.6 +/- 7.1 cm2 at 4 and 8 weeks) than in the control group (1.6 +/- 4.9 cm2 and 3.1 +/- 7.2 cm2, P< .001). In the sequential treatment group, 68.4 of the @entity1 reached SAR40 at 4 weeks and 75.4 at 8 weeks, proportions significantly larger than in the control group (22.6 and 58.5, respectively, P< .0001). Dressing tolerance was good in both strategies. CONCLUSIONS: In grade III or IV PUs, treatment using first @entity460 alginate dressings and then @entity15850 dressings promotes @entity446 than treatment with @entity15850 dressings alone.

title: Sequential treatment with @entity460 alginate dressings and @entity15850 dressings accelerates pressure @entity1066 in older subjects: a multicenter randomized trial of sequential versus nonsequential treatment with XXXX dressings alone.

answer: @entity15850 :: (MESH:D003102,Chemical) :: ['hydrocolloid']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To better understand the tradeoffs between the efficacy of anticoagulation with @entity1229 and its side effects in the oldest old with nonrheumatic @entity955 ( @entity955 ). DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness analysis. SETTING: Published literature, including meta-analyses when available, and web-based sources. @entity1 : Those aged 65 to 100 with @entity955 . INTERVENTION: Anticoagulation with @entity1229 . MEASUREMENTS: Quality-adjusted life expectancy and cost. RESULTS: Anticoagulation is not effective in @entity1 with @entity955 who do not have other risk factors, even in the oldest old. The best argument for its use (prolongation of life at an acceptable cost) can be made in those at major risk for @entity64 because of previous @entity64 or transient @entity63 , @entity6 , and @entity101 , but poor quality of life before anticoagulation and comorbidities that carry their own risks of dying diminish benefits. The decision to anticoagulate the oldest old with @entity955 must take into consideration the risk of @entity64 and of death from @entity64 that existed before anticoagulation, the increased risk of @entity64 and of death from @entity64 while anticoagulated, and the efficacy of anticoagulation. Cost-effectiveness is also influenced by the cost of @entity1229 , the risk of major extracranial @entity548 , the risk (natural and anticoagulated) of death from @entity64 , the rate of @entity385 , the cost of major extracranial @entity548 and @entity64 , the cost of nursing home care, and the fraction of @entity1 with @entity64 who need nursing home care. CONCLUSION: There is no compelling evidence to date that anticoagulation prolongs quality-adjusted life expectancy in the oldest old with nonrheumatic @entity955 . More studies that better estimate the risk of @entity510 with and without anticoagulation in the oldest old are needed before recommendations can be made. The oldest old who are most likely to benefit are those who have a high risk of @entity64 secondary to risk factors other than age alone, although quality of life and life expectancy related to these risk factors limit obtained benefit. Recommendations that all older @entity1 with @entity955 should be anticoagulated are premature.

title: Deciding on anticoagulating the oldest old with XXXX : insights from cost-effectiveness analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'hemorrhagic strokes', 'hemorrhagic stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic attack']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial bleeding']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: Screening mammography as an adjunct to physical examination led to the discovery of 237 radiographically suspicious but nonpalpable breast lesions. Needle localization of the lesion preoperatively in the mammography suite followed by breast biopsy led to the diagnosis of 64 nonpalpable @entity189 , including 25 invasive, 16 minimally invasive, and 23 noninvasive @entity5 . Noninvasive and minimally invasive @entity5 were microscopic. Of the invasive lesions, 7 were 10 mm or less in diameter and 14 were 11 to 20 mm in diameter. Noninvasive and minimally invasive @entity5 tended to occur in younger @entity1 (average age 52 and 51 years, respectively), and almost uniformly appeared as clustered calcifications mammographically. @entity3 affected an older population (average age 65 years), and the mammographic appearance was that of a mass in the majority of cases. A variety of surgical procedures were carried out subsequent to biopsy to provide definite treatment of these nonpalpable @entity0 . A review of surgical specimens available from these procedures demonstrated a 27 percent incidence of @entity66 at the biopsy site. In @entity1 who underwent mastectomy, 34 percent had an unsuspected focus of @entity5 in another quadrant of the breast and an additional 14 percent had an unsuspected focus of epithelial atypia. No @entity1 with either noninvasive or minimally invasive @entity5 was found to have axillary lymph node @entity3 . Twenty-nine percent of @entity1 with invasive @entity5 demonstrated lymph node @entity3 in the axilla. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of preoperative needle localization to assist in the biopsy of nonpalpable breast lesions and the diagnosis of a significant number of early @entity0 . The treatment plan for @entity1 with these @entity5 must address the high incidence of @entity66 at the biopsy site, multicentricity, and the proved capacity for invasive lesions to metastasize to the axillary lymph nodes, regardless of the size of the @entity5 .

title: Nonpalpable XXXX : needle-localized biopsy for diagnosis and considerations for treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Invasive cancers', 'metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The low-temperature e.p.r. and m.c.d. (magnetic-circular-dichroism) spectra of @entity796 @entity3542 reductase, together with those of its partially and fully @entity3789 -bound derivatives, were investigated. The m.c.d. spectra in the range 600-2000 nm indicate that the native axial ligands to haem c are @entity3793 and @entity1853 , and furthermore that it is the @entity1853 ligand that must be displaced before @entity3789 binding at this haem. The m.c.d. spectra in the range 1000-2000 nm contain no charge-transfer bands arising from low-spin ferric haem d1, a @entity8793 . New optical transitions in the region 700-850 nm were found for the @entity3789 adduct of haem d1. The g-values of haem d1 in the native enzyme are 2.51, 2.43 and 1.71, suggesting co-ordination by two @entity3793 ligands in the oxidized state. There is clear evidence in the e.p.r. data of an interaction between the c and d1 haem groups. This is not apparent in the optical spectra. The results are interpreted in terms of haem groups that are remote from each other, their interaction being mediated through protein conformational changes. The possible implications of this in relation to reduction processes catalysed by the enzyme are considered.

title: An investigation of the ligand-binding properties of @entity796 XXXX reductase.

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity3789 :: ('CHEBI:17514', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanide']

answer: @entity3542 :: (CHEBI:16301,Chemical) :: ['nitrite']


abstract: The low-temperature e.p.r. and m.c.d. (magnetic-circular-dichroism) spectra of @entity796 @entity3542 reductase, together with those of its partially and fully @entity3789 -bound derivatives, were investigated. The m.c.d. spectra in the range 600-2000 nm indicate that the native axial ligands to haem c are @entity3793 and @entity1853 , and furthermore that it is the @entity1853 ligand that must be displaced before @entity3789 binding at this haem. The m.c.d. spectra in the range 1000-2000 nm contain no charge-transfer bands arising from low-spin ferric haem d1, a @entity8793 . New optical transitions in the region 700-850 nm were found for the @entity3789 adduct of haem d1. The g-values of haem d1 in the native enzyme are 2.51, 2.43 and 1.71, suggesting co-ordination by two @entity3793 ligands in the oxidized state. There is clear evidence in the e.p.r. data of an interaction between the c and d1 haem groups. This is not apparent in the optical spectra. The results are interpreted in terms of haem groups that are remote from each other, their interaction being mediated through protein conformational changes. The possible implications of this in relation to reduction processes catalysed by the enzyme are considered.

title: An investigation of the ligand-binding properties of XXXX @entity3542 reductase.

answer: @entity796 :: (287,Species) :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']


abstract: AIMS: The present study describes the detection and quantification of the Sarocladium oryzae metabolites, @entity41546 and @entity38755 in extracts of @entity579 grains collected from plants infected with sheath rot. It also describes the phytotoxicity of these metabolites on @entity579 seedlings. METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity41546 and @entity38755 in sheath rot-infected @entity579 grains were detected using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. On the TLC plates @entity41546 and @entity38755 moved as brownish yellow spots and showed R(F) values of 0.61 and 0.49, respectively. A standard assay curve was developed on the basis of selective @entity137 of @entity41546 towards Calvibacter michiganensis ATCC 2140 and @entity38755 towards @entity5132 1150. The amounts of @entity41546 and @entity38755 on the basis of standard assay curve were 2.2 and 1.75 microg g(-1) of infected seeds. Treatment of IR 36 @entity579 seedlings with metabolites induced @entity24194 and reduced shoot length by 20%, root length by 30% and root number by 7% relative to control. CONCLUSIONS: @entity41546 and @entity38755 were detected in infected @entity579 grains and these metabolites induced @entity24194 and reduced the seed viability and seedling health of @entity579 . SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Antimicrobial and phytotoxic metabolites, @entity41546 and @entity38755 are present in infected grains and reduce the seed viability and seedling health. These metabolites may increase the pathogenic potential and survival of S. oryzae in @entity579 seed by competing with other seed-borne fungi.

title: Detection and quantification of phytotoxic metabolites of Sarocladium oryzae in sheath rot-infected grains of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity38755 :: ('MESH:D002569', 'Chemical') :: ['cerulenin']

entities_list: @entity41546 :: ('MESH:C011267', 'Chemical') :: ['helvolic acid', 'Helvolic acid']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans']

answer: @entity579 :: (4530,Species) :: ['rice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8 ( @entity8 ), @entity8 ( @entity652 ), and @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) are more common in @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). However, the prevalence of these conditions in @entity1 undergoing transplantation, and the clinical characteristics associated with their occurrence are unclear. METHODS: At our institution, the majority of @entity1 undergo an ipsilateral native nephrectomy at the time of transplantation, providing a unique opportunity to study the prevalence and pathology of @entity8 , @entity652 and @entity1358 in @entity454 . We retrospectively reviewed all consecutive nephrectomy pathology reports over a six year period. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with these lesions were identified. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty nephrectomy reports were reviewed: @entity8 , @entity652 , @entity1358 and @entity1637 were found in 33%, 14%, 4.2% and 0.6% of cases, respectively. On multivariable analysis, @entity8 was positively associated with male sex and longer dialysis duration and negatively associated with peritoneal dialysis. Similarly, @entity652 was positively associated with male sex, longer dialysis duration and greater age. There was a trend for @entity1358 cases to share similar associations although the small total number of cases precluded findings of statistical significance. CONCLUSION: By pathologic analysis, @entity703 are more common in the pre-transplant @entity454 population than previously reported (using radiologic methods). Our study also identifies risk factors for their occurrence. This may prove useful in designing screening studies for @entity703 in this @entity1 population.

title: Prevalence of XXXX in @entity1 with @entity454 pre-transplantation: a pathologic analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Acquired renal cystic disease', 'ARCD', 'renal adenoma']

entities_list: @entity1637 :: ('MESH:D018249', 'Disease') :: ['oncocytoma']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8 ( @entity8 ), @entity8 ( @entity652 ), and @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) are more common in @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). However, the prevalence of these conditions in @entity1 undergoing transplantation, and the clinical characteristics associated with their occurrence are unclear. METHODS: At our institution, the majority of @entity1 undergo an ipsilateral native nephrectomy at the time of transplantation, providing a unique opportunity to study the prevalence and pathology of @entity8 , @entity652 and @entity1358 in @entity454 . We retrospectively reviewed all consecutive nephrectomy pathology reports over a six year period. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with these lesions were identified. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty nephrectomy reports were reviewed: @entity8 , @entity652 , @entity1358 and @entity1637 were found in 33%, 14%, 4.2% and 0.6% of cases, respectively. On multivariable analysis, @entity8 was positively associated with male sex and longer dialysis duration and negatively associated with peritoneal dialysis. Similarly, @entity652 was positively associated with male sex, longer dialysis duration and greater age. There was a trend for @entity1358 cases to share similar associations although the small total number of cases precluded findings of statistical significance. CONCLUSION: By pathologic analysis, @entity703 are more common in the pre-transplant @entity454 population than previously reported (using radiologic methods). Our study also identifies risk factors for their occurrence. This may prove useful in designing screening studies for @entity703 in this @entity1 population.

title: Prevalence of @entity1358 in @entity1 with XXXX pre-transplantation: a pathologic analysis.

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['ESRD']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8 ( @entity8 ), @entity8 ( @entity652 ), and @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) are more common in @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). However, the prevalence of these conditions in @entity1 undergoing transplantation, and the clinical characteristics associated with their occurrence are unclear. METHODS: At our institution, the majority of @entity1 undergo an ipsilateral native nephrectomy at the time of transplantation, providing a unique opportunity to study the prevalence and pathology of @entity8 , @entity652 and @entity1358 in @entity454 . We retrospectively reviewed all consecutive nephrectomy pathology reports over a six year period. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with these lesions were identified. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty nephrectomy reports were reviewed: @entity8 , @entity652 , @entity1358 and @entity1637 were found in 33%, 14%, 4.2% and 0.6% of cases, respectively. On multivariable analysis, @entity8 was positively associated with male sex and longer dialysis duration and negatively associated with peritoneal dialysis. Similarly, @entity652 was positively associated with male sex, longer dialysis duration and greater age. There was a trend for @entity1358 cases to share similar associations although the small total number of cases precluded findings of statistical significance. CONCLUSION: By pathologic analysis, @entity703 are more common in the pre-transplant @entity454 population than previously reported (using radiologic methods). Our study also identifies risk factors for their occurrence. This may prove useful in designing screening studies for @entity703 in this @entity1 population.

title: Prevalence of @entity1358 in XXXX with @entity454 pre-transplantation: a pathologic analysis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The value of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of @entity977 has recently been stressed, especially of the coronal view with contrast enhancement. Analysis of the CT scans of 33 @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) secreting @entity977 was done (11 cases of microadenomas, 7 cases of intrasellar @entity652 and 15 cases of macroadenomas with suprasellar extension). In macroadenomas, the density was high in five cases, high with isodense portion in two cases, mixed in four cases, isodense in three cases, and isodense and low dense in one case. Six @entity652 showed homogeneous density and nine were heterogeneous. After contrast enhancement, two cases showed marked enhancement, ten cases mild and three cases ring enhancement. Margin of @entity652 was smooth in nine cases and irregular in six. Among seven cases of intrasellar @entity652 one accompanied primary @entity4776 . In microadenomas ten of eleven cases had hypodense mass inside the normally enhanced pituitary gland. The margin was ill-defined in seven cases and well-defined in three. Eight cases had pituitary height 7 mm or more. Upper surface of the pituitary gland was convex upward in five cases, flat in four and concave in two. Deviation of pituitary stalk was found in seven cases. Bony changes of sellar floor were recognized in three cases. There was a tendency that serum @entity2124 level increased with the increment of the size of @entity652 . Serum @entity2124 levels in @entity652 with ring enhancement were lower than those in the homogeneously enhanced @entity652 of similar size. One case with marked enhancement showed the highest @entity2124 level among all @entity652 of the presented series.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [CT findings of XXXX secreting @entity977 ].

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas', 'pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity4776 :: ('MESH:D004652', 'Disease') :: ['empty sella']

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: The value of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of @entity977 has recently been stressed, especially of the coronal view with contrast enhancement. Analysis of the CT scans of 33 @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) secreting @entity977 was done (11 cases of microadenomas, 7 cases of intrasellar @entity652 and 15 cases of macroadenomas with suprasellar extension). In macroadenomas, the density was high in five cases, high with isodense portion in two cases, mixed in four cases, isodense in three cases, and isodense and low dense in one case. Six @entity652 showed homogeneous density and nine were heterogeneous. After contrast enhancement, two cases showed marked enhancement, ten cases mild and three cases ring enhancement. Margin of @entity652 was smooth in nine cases and irregular in six. Among seven cases of intrasellar @entity652 one accompanied primary @entity4776 . In microadenomas ten of eleven cases had hypodense mass inside the normally enhanced pituitary gland. The margin was ill-defined in seven cases and well-defined in three. Eight cases had pituitary height 7 mm or more. Upper surface of the pituitary gland was convex upward in five cases, flat in four and concave in two. Deviation of pituitary stalk was found in seven cases. Bony changes of sellar floor were recognized in three cases. There was a tendency that serum @entity2124 level increased with the increment of the size of @entity652 . Serum @entity2124 levels in @entity652 with ring enhancement were lower than those in the homogeneously enhanced @entity652 of similar size. One case with marked enhancement showed the highest @entity2124 level among all @entity652 of the presented series.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [CT findings of @entity2124 secreting XXXX ].

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: Plasma free @entity1718 ( @entity6334 ) play important physiological roles in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and pancreas. However, chronically elevated plasma @entity6334 appear to have pathophysiological consequences. Elevated @entity6334 concentrations are linked with the onset of peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance and, while the precise action in the liver remains unclear, a model to explain the role of raised @entity6334 in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has recently been put forward. Over 30 years ago, Randle proposed that @entity6334 compete with @entity413 as the major energy substrate in cardiac muscle, leading to decreased @entity413 oxidation when @entity6334 are elevated. Recent data indicate that high plasma @entity6334 also have a significant role in contributing to insulin resistance. Elevated @entity6334 and intracellular lipid appear to inhibit insulin signalling, leading to a reduction in insulin-stimulated muscle @entity413 transport that may be mediated by a decrease in @entity2368 translocation. The resulting suppression of muscle @entity413 transport leads to reduced muscle glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. In the liver, elevated @entity6334 may contribute to hyperglycaemia by antagonizing the effects of insulin on endogenous @entity413 production. @entity6334 also affect insulin secretion, although the nature of this relationship remains a subject for debate. Finally, evidence is discussed that @entity6334 represent a crucial link between insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction and, as such, a reduction in elevated plasma @entity6334 should be an important therapeutic target in @entity28 and @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: Free XXXX in @entity28 and @entity164 2 @entity6 : defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1718 :: (MESH:D005227,Chemical) :: ['fatty acids']


abstract: Plasma free @entity1718 ( @entity6334 ) play important physiological roles in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and pancreas. However, chronically elevated plasma @entity6334 appear to have pathophysiological consequences. Elevated @entity6334 concentrations are linked with the onset of peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance and, while the precise action in the liver remains unclear, a model to explain the role of raised @entity6334 in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has recently been put forward. Over 30 years ago, Randle proposed that @entity6334 compete with @entity413 as the major energy substrate in cardiac muscle, leading to decreased @entity413 oxidation when @entity6334 are elevated. Recent data indicate that high plasma @entity6334 also have a significant role in contributing to insulin resistance. Elevated @entity6334 and intracellular lipid appear to inhibit insulin signalling, leading to a reduction in insulin-stimulated muscle @entity413 transport that may be mediated by a decrease in @entity2368 translocation. The resulting suppression of muscle @entity413 transport leads to reduced muscle glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. In the liver, elevated @entity6334 may contribute to hyperglycaemia by antagonizing the effects of insulin on endogenous @entity413 production. @entity6334 also affect insulin secretion, although the nature of this relationship remains a subject for debate. Finally, evidence is discussed that @entity6334 represent a crucial link between insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction and, as such, a reduction in elevated plasma @entity6334 should be an important therapeutic target in @entity28 and @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: Free @entity1718 in @entity28 and XXXX 2 @entity6 : defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.

answer: @entity164 :: (MESH:D017827,Disease) :: ['type']


abstract: Plasma free @entity1718 ( @entity6334 ) play important physiological roles in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and pancreas. However, chronically elevated plasma @entity6334 appear to have pathophysiological consequences. Elevated @entity6334 concentrations are linked with the onset of peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance and, while the precise action in the liver remains unclear, a model to explain the role of raised @entity6334 in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has recently been put forward. Over 30 years ago, Randle proposed that @entity6334 compete with @entity413 as the major energy substrate in cardiac muscle, leading to decreased @entity413 oxidation when @entity6334 are elevated. Recent data indicate that high plasma @entity6334 also have a significant role in contributing to insulin resistance. Elevated @entity6334 and intracellular lipid appear to inhibit insulin signalling, leading to a reduction in insulin-stimulated muscle @entity413 transport that may be mediated by a decrease in @entity2368 translocation. The resulting suppression of muscle @entity413 transport leads to reduced muscle glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. In the liver, elevated @entity6334 may contribute to hyperglycaemia by antagonizing the effects of insulin on endogenous @entity413 production. @entity6334 also affect insulin secretion, although the nature of this relationship remains a subject for debate. Finally, evidence is discussed that @entity6334 represent a crucial link between insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction and, as such, a reduction in elevated plasma @entity6334 should be an important therapeutic target in @entity28 and @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: Free @entity1718 in XXXX and @entity164 2 @entity6 : defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: Plasma free @entity1718 ( @entity6334 ) play important physiological roles in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and pancreas. However, chronically elevated plasma @entity6334 appear to have pathophysiological consequences. Elevated @entity6334 concentrations are linked with the onset of peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance and, while the precise action in the liver remains unclear, a model to explain the role of raised @entity6334 in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has recently been put forward. Over 30 years ago, Randle proposed that @entity6334 compete with @entity413 as the major energy substrate in cardiac muscle, leading to decreased @entity413 oxidation when @entity6334 are elevated. Recent data indicate that high plasma @entity6334 also have a significant role in contributing to insulin resistance. Elevated @entity6334 and intracellular lipid appear to inhibit insulin signalling, leading to a reduction in insulin-stimulated muscle @entity413 transport that may be mediated by a decrease in @entity2368 translocation. The resulting suppression of muscle @entity413 transport leads to reduced muscle glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. In the liver, elevated @entity6334 may contribute to hyperglycaemia by antagonizing the effects of insulin on endogenous @entity413 production. @entity6334 also affect insulin secretion, although the nature of this relationship remains a subject for debate. Finally, evidence is discussed that @entity6334 represent a crucial link between insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction and, as such, a reduction in elevated plasma @entity6334 should be an important therapeutic target in @entity28 and @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: Free @entity1718 in @entity28 and @entity164 2 XXXX : defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Studies were conducted examining the subcellular distribution of @entity2066 (BC), @entity1881 (E) and @entity904 (A) in livers of control and BC-fed male White Leghorn chicks. Chicks were fed Cornell B @entity1573 starter diet with or without the addition of 0.5 g BC/kg diet. A first study involved liver fractionation by differential centrifugation in 0.25 M @entity969 followed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of all fractions for quantitation of BC, E and A. A second study employed both intravenous injection of Triton @entity12218 four days prior to sacrifice and centrifugation in 1.0 M @entity969 to separate mitochondria from lysosomes more efficiently. Fraction purity was assessed by marker enzyme analyses. Results showed that @entity1573 liver accumulated BC; BC-fed chicks had higher concentrations of BC in all fractions relative to controls, and the mitochondrial fraction contained the highest concentration of BC, followed by lysosomes, microsomes and nuclei, respectively. Plasma BC increased more than fivefold in BC-fed chicks. Dietary BC increased A and E levels in liver and in the mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions while the plasma E level was decreased. Plasma A changed little with BC feeding. While dietary BC had no effect on @entity844 composition of subcellular fractions, the increase in E resulted in a large increase in the molar ratio of E to @entity1474 . The incorporation of BC and increased amounts of E into cellular membranes presumably would result in increased resistance to peroxidative damage.

title: Subcellular distribution of dietary XXXX in @entity1573 liver.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity2066 :: ('MESH:D019207', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-carotene']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['retinol']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity1881 :: ('MESH:D024502', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-tocopherol']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity2066 :: (MESH:D019207,Chemical) :: ['beta-carotene']


abstract: Studies were conducted examining the subcellular distribution of @entity2066 (BC), @entity1881 (E) and @entity904 (A) in livers of control and BC-fed male White Leghorn chicks. Chicks were fed Cornell B @entity1573 starter diet with or without the addition of 0.5 g BC/kg diet. A first study involved liver fractionation by differential centrifugation in 0.25 M @entity969 followed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analyses of all fractions for quantitation of BC, E and A. A second study employed both intravenous injection of Triton @entity12218 four days prior to sacrifice and centrifugation in 1.0 M @entity969 to separate mitochondria from lysosomes more efficiently. Fraction purity was assessed by marker enzyme analyses. Results showed that @entity1573 liver accumulated BC; BC-fed chicks had higher concentrations of BC in all fractions relative to controls, and the mitochondrial fraction contained the highest concentration of BC, followed by lysosomes, microsomes and nuclei, respectively. Plasma BC increased more than fivefold in BC-fed chicks. Dietary BC increased A and E levels in liver and in the mitochondrial and lysosomal fractions while the plasma E level was decreased. Plasma A changed little with BC feeding. While dietary BC had no effect on @entity844 composition of subcellular fractions, the increase in E resulted in a large increase in the molar ratio of E to @entity1474 . The incorporation of BC and increased amounts of E into cellular membranes presumably would result in increased resistance to peroxidative damage.

title: Subcellular distribution of dietary @entity2066 in XXXX liver.

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: In a first set of experiments @entity35 were trained to run in a straight alley for food reward on a continuous reinforcement schedule and the running response was then extinguished. On the last 2 days of training and daily throughout extinction different groups of animals were injected IP with saline, 5 mg/kg @entity8685 , 0.75 mg/kg @entity5094 , @entity8685 + @entity5094 , @entity8685 + 1.5 mg/kg @entity1027 , 0.00125 or 0.25 mg/kg @entity6341 , 1 mg/kg @entity1772 , @entity8685 + @entity1772 , or 0.00125 mg/kg @entity6341 + @entity1772 . @entity8685 increased resistance to extinction, a well-known anxiolytic effect. This effect was blocked by both @entity5094 and @entity1027 . @entity5094 on its own reduced resistance to extinction (an anxiogenic-like effect). Whether given alone or in combination with other drugs, @entity6341 and @entity1772 had no effect. In a second set of experiments @entity35 were trained in a successive operant discrimination (signalled by a @entity11170 or steady light) between components in which @entity969 reward was available on a variable-interval schedule for barpressing and components in which no reward was given. @entity8685 at 10 mg/kg increased responding in both rewarded and nonrewarded components, but more in the latter than could be accounted for by change in the former. This effect is as expected with an anxiolytic drug. It was not altered by administration of @entity1027 at 1.5 or 1.75 mg/kg; at 2 mg/kg @entity1027 acted synergistically with @entity8685 . @entity5094 (1 and 1.5 mg/kg) also acted synergistically with @entity8685 , enhancing the latter's rate-increasing effects, but only during rewarded components. Neither @entity6341 (0.00125 and 0.25 mg/kg) nor @entity1772 (0.01 mg/kg) affected response rates, whether given alone or in combination. However, @entity1772 in a dose of 1 mg/kg, provided it was given to @entity35 also injected with @entity6341 (0.00125 or 0.25 mg/kg) at other times, significantly reduced responding during nonrewarded components (an apparently anxiogenic effect). The results of the two sets of experiments are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that @entity734 affect behaviour by increasing GABAergic inhibition.

title: The effects of compounds related to gamma-aminobutyrate and benzodiazepine receptors on behavioural responses to anxiogenic stimuli in the XXXX : extinction and successive discrimination.

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity8685 :: ('MESH:D002707', 'Chemical') :: ['Chlordiazepoxide', 'chlordiazepoxide']

entities_list: @entity5094 :: ('MESH:D010852', 'Chemical') :: ['picrotoxin', 'Picrotoxin']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['baclofen']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['anxiolytic drugs']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: We have determined the DNA sequence of the oxi-3 gene and its 5' flanking region in the extranuclear [mi-3] mutant of @entity1980 . The oxi-3 gene encodes subunit 1 of cytochrome c oxidase, a protein known to be altered in the [mi-3] mutant (Bertrand, H., and Werner, S. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 98, 9-18). When the sequence from [mi-3] was compared to previously published sequences of the same region of mtDNA from wild-type @entity1980 , a total of five differences was found. Four of these differences can be accounted for as either genetic polymorphisms or previous errors in DNA sequence determination. The remaining difference is a G/C to T/A transversion that changes a codon specifying an @entity2574 residue (GAC) to one that would specify @entity669 (TAC) at @entity535 448 of the 555 @entity535 mature subunit 1 protein. This alteration was also found in the mtDNA of two separate heterokaryotic strains that had acquired the [mi-3] phenotype after repeated subculturing of heterokaryons forced between an [mi-3] strain and a strain containing a wild-type cytoplasm. The particular @entity2574 residue that would be affected by the mutation observed in [mi-3] is conserved in a diversity of species as either @entity2574 or @entity367 , suggesting that an acidic residue at this position is important for the correct function of the subunit 1 protein. For these reasons, we consider it likely that the observed missense mutation is responsible for the [mi-3] phenotype.

title: A missense mutation in the oxi-3 gene of the [mi-3] extranuclear mutant of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1980 :: ('5141', 'Species') :: ['Neurospora crassa', 'N. crassa']

entities_list: @entity367 :: ('CHEBI:18237', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamic acid']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2574 :: ('CHEBI:22660', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartic acid']

answer: @entity1980 :: (5141,Species) :: ['Neurospora crassa']


abstract: In the presence of @entity2997 (10(-6)-5 X 10(-6) M), transmural nerve stimulation evoked an excitatory junction potential (e.j.p.) in the fundus region and an inhibitory junction potential (i.j.p.) in the antrum region of the circular muscle of the @entity840 stomach. The e.j.p. was blocked by @entity3897 (over 2 X 10(-7) M) while the i.j.p. was blocked by apamin (10(-7) M) but not by adrenergic or cholinergic receptor antagonists. Therefore the i.j.p. may be non-adrenergic and non-cholinergic in nature. In the presence of @entity3897 , nerve stimulation evoked the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic i.j.p. in both regions of the stomach. In the antrum region, single stimuli enhanced the subsequent slow wave by 1.1-1.3 times, in comparison with that before the stimuli, and this effect was blocked by @entity3897 (over 2 X 10(-7) M). The reversal potential for the e.j.p. was about -18 mV, while that for the i.j.p. was -87 mV in the atropinized fundus and -89 mV in the antrum region. In the fundus region, a pair of nerve stimulations with short intervals (1-4 s) reduced ( @entity308 ) and with long intervals (5-20 s) enhanced (facilitation) the second e.j.p. or the i.j.p. After inhibition of @entity934 esterase (AChE) by @entity2607 or @entity1339 , nerve stimulation evoked an enhanced e.j.p., and then produced a sustained depolarization with a duration of 3-5 s in the fundus region, while the amplitude of slow waves after nerve stimulation was further enhanced in the antrum region. These effects of anticholinesterases were blocked by @entity3897 . Exogenously applied @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) depolarized the smooth muscle membrane; the threshold concentration of @entity1617 was about 1000 times higher in the antrum region (10(-6) M) than in the fundus region (10(-9) M). It is concluded that in the @entity840 stomach, regional differences in junction potentials may be due to different sensitivities of @entity1617 receptor, and that nerve stimulation evokes a cholinergic e.j.p. in a high-sensitivity region (fundus) and a non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic i.j.p. in a low-sensitivity region (antrum).

title: Distribution and properties of excitatory and inhibitory junction potentials in circular muscle of the XXXX stomach.

entities_list: @entity2997 :: ('MESH:D006145', 'Chemical') :: ['guanethidine']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity1339 :: ('MESH:D009388', 'Chemical') :: ['neostigmine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']