abstract: OBJECTIVE: Family medicine (also called general practice) is a specialty with a focus on primary care. In @entity233 , not all primary care is provided by specialists. Efforts are underway to improve primary care by improving the provision of primary care, establishing referral chains, and having care provided by general practitioners after transition training or by family medicine specialists. We investigated the relationship between @entity1297 ( @entity1297 ) and primary care in @entity233 , to provide a snapshot of the current situation and baseline data to assess the effects of current and future reforms. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was done of 375 primary care physicians: 138 general practitioners (GPs), 121 family medicine (FM) trainees, and 116 FM specialists. They were asked 30 questions assessing general characteristics, knowledge, and training in @entity1297 ; general attitudes towards @entity1297 ; resources used to support clinical decisions; possible barriers to @entity1297 practice; and opinions on future practice of @entity1297 . Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0. RESULTS: Compared with the other physicians, FM specialists had significantly more Internet access, used the Internet for medical purposes more often and for longer hours, had published more scientific papers, searched MEDLINE or similar databases more often, and were more confident about conducting literature searches. FM specialists had significantly higher rates of training in @entity1297 and critical appraisal. For all types of physicians surveyed, the main reported barrier to practicing @entity1297 was lack of training in @entity1297 . CONCLUSIONS: Attitudes toward @entity1297 differ significantly between GPs and FM specialists working in primary care in @entity233 , which we believe results in variation in medical provision. The differences between these two groups of physicians should be investigated further, and means of improving the provision of care should be reported to policy makers.

title: Is primary care evidence-based in XXXX ? A cross-sectional survey of 375 primary care physicians.

entities_list: @entity1297 :: ('MESH:D019292', 'Disease') :: ['EBM', 'evidence-based medicine']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3 in the sinonasal region occurs rarely and the primary site may be elusive. This case highlights the possibility of an occult @entity703 manifesting with nasal symptoms and the risk of severe @entity548 following nasal biopsy. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 79-year-old Caucasian @entity1 who presented with a six-week history of intermittent left-sided nosebleeds. She was fit, without previous surgery or anticoagulation. Nasal endoscopy and computed tomography showed a hemorrhagic mass occupying her left ethmoid cells and middle meatus. After a highly hemorrhagic biopsy, the lesion was histologically confirmed as @entity1358 . Screening revealed a right kidney mass with widespread metastases. Palliative radiotherapy to the sinonasal metastasis and systemic treatment rendered her free of symptoms nine months after initial presentation. CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners and ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctors are very often confronted with @entity1415 . A small minority of @entity1 with @entity1415 show a primary or metastatic nasal mass. Detection of the origin of secondary sinonasal masses requires a high index of suspicion and examination of infraclavicular sites by a multidisciplinary team. @entity1358 metastases are prone to severe @entity548 during any surgical intervention, therefore, preoperative embolization is recommended. Resection or radiotherapy to the sinonasal metastasis of renal origin is justified in order to prevent recurrent nosebleeds.

title: XXXX manifesting with @entity1415 in a @entity1 : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1415 :: ('MESH:D004844', 'Disease') :: ['epistaxis']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['clear cell carcinoma', 'Renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal tumor']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['Occult renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3 in the sinonasal region occurs rarely and the primary site may be elusive. This case highlights the possibility of an occult @entity703 manifesting with nasal symptoms and the risk of severe @entity548 following nasal biopsy. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 79-year-old Caucasian @entity1 who presented with a six-week history of intermittent left-sided nosebleeds. She was fit, without previous surgery or anticoagulation. Nasal endoscopy and computed tomography showed a hemorrhagic mass occupying her left ethmoid cells and middle meatus. After a highly hemorrhagic biopsy, the lesion was histologically confirmed as @entity1358 . Screening revealed a right kidney mass with widespread metastases. Palliative radiotherapy to the sinonasal metastasis and systemic treatment rendered her free of symptoms nine months after initial presentation. CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners and ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctors are very often confronted with @entity1415 . A small minority of @entity1 with @entity1415 show a primary or metastatic nasal mass. Detection of the origin of secondary sinonasal masses requires a high index of suspicion and examination of infraclavicular sites by a multidisciplinary team. @entity1358 metastases are prone to severe @entity548 during any surgical intervention, therefore, preoperative embolization is recommended. Resection or radiotherapy to the sinonasal metastasis of renal origin is justified in order to prevent recurrent nosebleeds.

title: @entity1358 manifesting with XXXX in a @entity1 : a case report.

answer: @entity1415 :: (MESH:D004844,Disease) :: ['epistaxis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3 in the sinonasal region occurs rarely and the primary site may be elusive. This case highlights the possibility of an occult @entity703 manifesting with nasal symptoms and the risk of severe @entity548 following nasal biopsy. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 79-year-old Caucasian @entity1 who presented with a six-week history of intermittent left-sided nosebleeds. She was fit, without previous surgery or anticoagulation. Nasal endoscopy and computed tomography showed a hemorrhagic mass occupying her left ethmoid cells and middle meatus. After a highly hemorrhagic biopsy, the lesion was histologically confirmed as @entity1358 . Screening revealed a right kidney mass with widespread metastases. Palliative radiotherapy to the sinonasal metastasis and systemic treatment rendered her free of symptoms nine months after initial presentation. CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners and ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctors are very often confronted with @entity1415 . A small minority of @entity1 with @entity1415 show a primary or metastatic nasal mass. Detection of the origin of secondary sinonasal masses requires a high index of suspicion and examination of infraclavicular sites by a multidisciplinary team. @entity1358 metastases are prone to severe @entity548 during any surgical intervention, therefore, preoperative embolization is recommended. Resection or radiotherapy to the sinonasal metastasis of renal origin is justified in order to prevent recurrent nosebleeds.

title: @entity1358 manifesting with @entity1415 in a XXXX : a case report.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['woman']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Copy number variation ( @entity471 ) represents another important source of genetic variation complementary to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). High-density SNP array data have been routinely used to detect @entity1 CNVs, many of which have significant functional effects on gene expression and @entity1 diseases. In the dairy industry, a large quantity of SNP genotyping results are becoming available and can be used for @entity471 discovery to understand and accelerate genetic improvement for complex traits. RESULTS: We performed a systematic analysis of @entity471 using the @entity291 HapMap SNP genotyping data, including 539 animals of 21 modern @entity291 breeds and 6 outgroups. After correcting genomic waves and considering the pedigree information, we identified 682 candidate @entity471 regions, which represent 139.8 megabases (~4.60%) of the genome. Selected CNVs were further experimentally validated and we found that copy number "gain" CNVs were predominantly clustered in tandem rather than existing as interspersed duplications. Many @entity471 regions (~56%) overlap with @entity291 genes (1,263), which are significantly enriched for immunity, lactation, reproduction and rumination. The overlap of this new dataset and other published @entity471 studies was less than 40%; however, our discovery of large, high frequency (> 5% of animals surveyed) @entity471 regions showed 90% agreement with other studies. These results highlight the differences and commonalities between technical platforms. CONCLUSIONS: We present a comprehensive genomic analysis of @entity291 CNVs derived from SNP data which will be a valuable genomic variation resource. Combined with SNP detection assays, gene-containing @entity471 regions may help identify genes undergoing artificial selection in domesticated animals.

title: Genomic characteristics of XXXX copy number variations.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of high spatial resolution myocardial perfusion imaging during high dose @entity452 / @entity3897 stress magnetic resonance (DSMR) for the detection of @entity453 ( @entity453 ). METHODS AND RESULTS: DSMR-wall motion was combined with perfusion imaging (DSMR-perfusion) in 78 @entity1 prior to clinically indicated invasive coronary angiography. For DSMR-perfusion an in-plane spatial resolution of 1.5   1.5mm(2) was attained by using 8   k-space and time sensitivity encoding (k-t SENSE). Image quality and extent of artifacts during perfusion imaging were evaluated. Wall motion and perfusion data were interpreted sequentially. Significant @entity453 ( @entity850 >=  70%) was present in 52 @entity1 and involved 86 coronary territories. One @entity1 did not reach target heart rate despite maximum infusion of @entity452 / @entity3897 . Two studies (3%) were non-diagnostic due k-t SENSE related artifacts resulting from insufficient breathhold capability. Overall image quality was good. Dark-rim artifacts were limited to the endocardial border at a mean width of 1.8mm. The addition of DSMR-perfusion to DSMR-wall motion data improved sensitivity for the detection of @entity453 (92% vs. 81%, P=0.03) and accurate determination of disease extent (85% vs. 66% of territories, P<0.001). There were no significant differences between DSMR-perfusion and DSRM-wall motion regarding overall specificity (83% vs. 87%, P=1) and accuracy (89% vs. 83%, P=0.13). CONCLUSION: High spatial resolution DSMR-perfusion imaging at maximum stress level was feasible, improved sensitivity over DSMR-wall motion for the detection of @entity453 and allowed an accurate determination of disease extent. Specificity of DSMR-perfusion with k-t SENSE improved compared to prior studies using lower spatial resolution.

title: High spatial resolution myocardial perfusion imaging during high dose @entity452 / XXXX stress magnetic resonance using k-t SENSE.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity3897 :: (MESH:D001285,Chemical) :: ['atropine']


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of high spatial resolution myocardial perfusion imaging during high dose @entity452 / @entity3897 stress magnetic resonance (DSMR) for the detection of @entity453 ( @entity453 ). METHODS AND RESULTS: DSMR-wall motion was combined with perfusion imaging (DSMR-perfusion) in 78 @entity1 prior to clinically indicated invasive coronary angiography. For DSMR-perfusion an in-plane spatial resolution of 1.5   1.5mm(2) was attained by using 8   k-space and time sensitivity encoding (k-t SENSE). Image quality and extent of artifacts during perfusion imaging were evaluated. Wall motion and perfusion data were interpreted sequentially. Significant @entity453 ( @entity850 >=  70%) was present in 52 @entity1 and involved 86 coronary territories. One @entity1 did not reach target heart rate despite maximum infusion of @entity452 / @entity3897 . Two studies (3%) were non-diagnostic due k-t SENSE related artifacts resulting from insufficient breathhold capability. Overall image quality was good. Dark-rim artifacts were limited to the endocardial border at a mean width of 1.8mm. The addition of DSMR-perfusion to DSMR-wall motion data improved sensitivity for the detection of @entity453 (92% vs. 81%, P=0.03) and accurate determination of disease extent (85% vs. 66% of territories, P<0.001). There were no significant differences between DSMR-perfusion and DSRM-wall motion regarding overall specificity (83% vs. 87%, P=1) and accuracy (89% vs. 83%, P=0.13). CONCLUSION: High spatial resolution DSMR-perfusion imaging at maximum stress level was feasible, improved sensitivity over DSMR-wall motion for the detection of @entity453 and allowed an accurate determination of disease extent. Specificity of DSMR-perfusion with k-t SENSE improved compared to prior studies using lower spatial resolution.

title: High spatial resolution myocardial perfusion imaging during high dose XXXX / @entity3897 stress magnetic resonance using k-t SENSE.

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Open @entity174 occur uncommonly. Despite serious sequelae, they have been infrequently reviewed. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all @entity1 with @entity4422 in our department from January 2001 to April 2010. RESULTS: Forty-one @entity1 (32 @entity1 , 9 @entity1 ) with these injuries were identified. The average Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 31.4, with 80% of @entity1 having a score >= 16. The average blood transfusion in the first 24h was 17.2 units, and the average hospital stay was 60 days. Overall mortality was 24% (n=10): 3 early deaths and 7 late deaths. Factors associated with overall mortality by univariate analysis were ISS, @entity2641 , GCS, age, @entity530 , Gustilo classification of soft-tissue injury, and Young classification of bony @entity174 . Factors associated with late mortality by univariate analysis were: ISS, @entity2641 , @entity530 , Gustilo classification of soft-tissue injury, and blood transfusion in the first 24 h. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed that only @entity2641 was independently associated with both overall and late mortality. CONCLUSION: Despite treatment advances, mortality rates remain high in @entity1 with @entity4422 . The urogenital and/or intra-abdominal injuries are not associated with mortality. @entity2641 <=8 might be a predictor of poor outcome in @entity4422 @entity1 . Open reduction and internal fixation might be used in those unstable @entity174 without gross contamination in the @entity174 region after extensive cleansing and lavage. More emphasis needs to be placed on this injury complex.

title: Management and outcome of XXXX : a retrospective study of 41 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity4422 :: ('MESH:D005597', 'Disease') :: ['open pelvic fractures']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic sepsis']

answer: @entity4422 :: (MESH:D005597,Disease) :: ['open pelvic fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although risk factors for @entity8 are well described, prognostic risk scores to estimate risk in prevalent transplant recipients are limited. STUDY DESIGN: Development and validation of risk-prediction instruments. SETTING _ @entity1 : The development data set included 2,763 prevalent @entity1 more than 12 months posttransplant enrolled into the LOTESS (Long Term Efficacy and Safety Surveillance) Study. The validation data set included 731 @entity1 who underwent transplant at a single UK center. PREDICTOR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and other risk factors were evaluated using Cox regression. OUTCOME: Scores for death-censored and @entity177 were based on the summed hazard ratios for baseline predictor variables. Predictive performance was assessed using calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic), discrimination (C statistic), and clinical reclassification (net reclassification improvement) compared with eGFR alone. RESULTS: In the development data set, 196 @entity1 died and another 225 experienced @entity177 . eGFR, recipient age, race, serum @entity1133 and albumin levels, declining eGFR, and prior acute rejection predicted death-censored @entity177 . eGFR, recipient age, sex, serum urea and albumin levels, and declining eGFR predicted @entity177 . In the validation data set, 44 @entity1 died and another 101 experienced @entity177 . The weighted scores comprising these variables showed adequate discrimination and calibration for death-censored (C statistic, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.75-0.91; Hosmer-Lemeshow   (2)P = 0.8) and overall (C statistic, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.64-0.77; Hosmer-Lemeshow   (2)P = 0.5) @entity177 . However, the scores failed to reclassify risk compared with eGFR alone (net reclassification improvements of 7.6% [95% CI, -0.2 to 13.4; P = 0.09] and 4.3% [95% CI, -2.7 to 11.8; P = 0.3] for death-censored and @entity177 , respectively). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective analysis of predominantly @entity205 -treated @entity1 ; limited study size and categorization of variables may limit power to detect effect. CONCLUSIONS: Although the scores performed well regarding discrimination and calibration, clinically relevant risk reclassification over eGFR alone was not evident, emphasizing the stringent requirements for such scores. Further studies are required to develop and refine this process.

title: Development and evaluation of a composite risk score to predict XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney transplant failure']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['overall transplant failure', 'transplant failure']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['kidney transplant failure']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The impact of @entity789 ( @entity789 ), which continues to occur among @entity1 in developing countries, can severely affect the health of the @entity1 while the condition persists. This study was designed to discover the effect of successful @entity789 repair on affected @entity1 's quality of life. METHODS: A comparison of the quality of life of a cross-section of @entity1 who had @entity789 was carried out before and 6 months after successful repair. Quality of life was assessed using the WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF Questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 150 @entity1 studied, only 20% felt satisfied with their general state of health and quality of life before the repair, while this increased to 90% following successful repair (highly statistically significant at p<0.000). In the physical health domain, the mean quality of life score was 67.9    4.4 before and 69.3    3.4 after successful repair (p<0.01). In the mental health domain, the mean quality of life score was 32.4    8.7 before and 74.7    3.2 after successful repair (p<0.005). In the social health domain, the mean score was 20.2    2.7 before and 69.7    2.3 after successful repair (p<0.001). In the environment domain, the mean score of quality of life was 60.3    4.3 before repair and 59.7    2.7 after successful repair (comparable at p<0.2). CONCLUSION: Successful repair of @entity789 is associated with significant improvement in the multidimensional quality of life among affected @entity1 .

title: Quality of life following successful repair of XXXX in Nigeria.

entities_list: @entity789 :: ('MESH:D014719', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric vesicovaginal fistula', 'VVF']

answer: @entity789 :: (MESH:D014719,Disease) :: ['vesicovaginal fistula']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic factors and outcome of @entity1 operated for @entity1962 ( @entity1962 ) @entity2 , in comparison with @entity420 ( @entity420 ) and @entity957 ( @entity957 ). METHODS: a retrospective review of our thoracic @entity5 surgical database for @entity1 operated for @entity1962 , @entity957 and @entity420 between January, 1995 and December, 2009 was done. RESULTS: Forty-eight @entity1 (39 males, 81.3%) had @entity1962 ; complete @entity5 resection and lymphadenectomy was accomplished in all @entity1 . A higher stage at presentation was observed in @entity1962 , as compared to @entity420 or @entity957 (p=0.0001). Three and 5-year survival rates were 25% and 15%. @entity1962 overall survival was worse than @entity420 or @entity957 (p=0.0005). Three and 5-year survival rates of @entity1962 Stage I were similar to those of Stage IIIA @entity420 or @entity957 . More than half @entity1962 @entity1 developed distant @entity3 ( @entity3 ) or local recurrences. Brain @entity3 were the most frequent. Median survival for those @entity1 was 8  2.3 months. Postoperative @entity902 -based chemotherapy statistically improved @entity1 survival (p=0.02). In the multivariate analysis, the presence of @entity3 (p=0.001), the @entity5 perineural invasion (p=0.01) and the @entity5 stage (p=0.0005) were factors associated with poor prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy was a significant positive prognostic factor (p=0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1962 are uncommon and @entity146 . Adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered even in Stage I radically resected @entity5 . A whole brain postoperative prophylactic radiotherapy could be proposed to reduce risk of developing brain @entity3 .

title: XXXX : a histologic subtype with poor prognosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['extremely aggressive lung tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'MTS']

entities_list: @entity1962 :: ('MESH:D018196', 'Disease') :: ['ADS', 'adenosquamous']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['AD', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Adenosquamous lung carcinomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For @entity1804 , the fronto-basal exposure is considered the standard approach. The superior interhemispheric (IH) approach is less described in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To assess the surgical complications, functional outcome (visual, olfaction), morbidity and mortality rates and late recurrence, after resection by superior IH approach of midline @entity1297 . METHODS: Between 1998 and 2008, 52 consecutive @entity1 with midline @entity1653 on the anterior portion of the skull base (mean age: 63.8    13.1; sex ratio F/M: 3.7) were operated on via the superior IH approach. After a mean follow-up of 56.9    32.9 months, an independent neurosurgeon proposed a prospective examination of functional outcome to each @entity1 , as well as a visual and olfactory function assessment. RESULTS: Fifty-two @entity1 were divided into a group with @entity1653 (n=34) and another with @entity1653 (n=18). The outcome was characterized by @entity260 in 13 @entity1 (25%), mortality rate in two (3.8%) and long-term morbidity at in 17 (37%) of 50 surviving @entity1 . Based on multivariate analysis, no prognosis factor was significant as regards the favorable outcome. The mean postoperative KPS score (86.6    9.4) was significantly improved. However, @entity751 was observed in four @entity1 (8%), @entity9905 -anosmia in 34 (68%) and visual acuity deteriorated in one (2%). CONCLUSION: The superior IH approach could be considered a safe anteriorly orientated midline approach for removal OGM and TSM @entity1653 .

title: Superior interhemispheric approach for midline XXXX from the anterior cranial base.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1804 :: ('MESH:D020863', 'Disease') :: ['suprasellar meningioma']

entities_list: @entity1297 :: ('MESH:D019292', 'Disease') :: ['skull base meningioma']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['olfactory groove meningioma', 'tuberculum sellae meningioma', 'meningioma']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['dysexecutive syndrome']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Probiotics may improve a @entity1 's health by regulating their immune function. Some studies show that probiotic strains can prevent @entity1729 . However, no evidence of the benefits of probiotics for @entity1729 (URTIs) and related potential adverse effects has been published. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of probiotics for preventing acute URTIs. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 2), which includes the Cochrane Acute @entity1729 Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE (Ovid) (1950 to May week 1, 2011), EMBASE (1974 to May 2011), Web of Science which includes Science Citation Index (from 1900 to May 2011) and Conference Proceedings Citation Index (from 1991 to May 2011), the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, which includes the China Biological Medicine Database (from 1978 to May 2011), the Chinese Medicine Popular Science Literature Database (from 2000 to May 2011) and the Masters Degree Dissertation of Beijing Union Medical College Database (from 1981 to May 2011). SELECTION CRITERIA: @entity23 ( @entity23 ) comparing probiotics with placebo to prevent acute URTIs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed eligibility, quality of trials and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: We included 14 @entity23 , although we could only extract available data to meta-analyse in 10 trials which involved 3451 @entity1 . We found that probiotics were better than placebo when measuring the number of @entity1 experiencing episodes of acute URTI: at least one episode: odds ratio (OR) 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36 to 0.92; at least three episodes: OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.80; rate ratio of episodes of acute URTI: rate ratio 0.88; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.96; and reduced antibiotic prescription rates for acute URTIs: OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.98. Probiotics and placebo were similar when measuring the mean duration (MD) of an episode of acute URTI: MD -0.29; 95% CI -3.71 to 3.13 and adverse events: OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.37 to 2.28. Side effects of probiotics were minor and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common. We found that some subgroups had a high level of heterogeneity when conducting pooled analyses. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Probiotics were better than placebo in reducing the number of @entity1 experiencing episodes of acute URTIs, the rate ratio of episodes of acute URTI and reducing antibiotic use. This indicates that probiotics may be more beneficial than placebo for preventing acute URTIs. However, the results have some limitations and there were no data for older @entity1 .

title: Probiotics for preventing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'person', 'people']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['Randomised controlled trials', 'RCTs']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['Respiratory Infections', 'respiratory infections', 'acute upper respiratory tract infections']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['acute upper respiratory tract infections']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The treatment for @entity697 (AC) @entity2720 remains controversial because of the elevated level of complications and related morbidity. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes, radiographic results, and the complications after arthroscopic stabilization of acute stages III or IV (Rockwood classification) @entity3029 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen @entity1 (15 males and one female) found to have Rockwood stage III or IV @entity2720 were operated. All the @entity1 were stabilized arthroscopically with a synthetic ligament placed between the clavicle and the coracoid. The application of the synthetic ligament reduced the dislocation and stabilized the AC joint, allowing healing of the coracoacromial ligament. Results were assessed clinically (Constant score) and radiographically before and a mean 12 months after the treatment. RESULTS: Despite the excellent clinical results at the last follow-up both in terms of the Constant score (mean, 91 points; range, 60-100) and @entity1 satisfaction, two @entity1 required revision surgery while some had @entity158 over the clavicular button. The X-rays showed three cases of partial loss of reduction due to distal migration of the flip button. DISCUSSION: Arthroscopically assisted treatment of acute @entity2720 is advantageous because it provides good clinical results and few complications. The rate of recurrence and the postoperative loss of reduction requires better definition of the indications and improvement of the surgical implants and technique. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV. Prospective cohort study.

title: Endoscopically assisted reconstruction of acute XXXX using a synthetic ligament. Outcomes at 12 months.

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute acromioclavicular']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['AC joint dislocation', 'joint dislocation']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['acromioclavicular dislocations']

answer: @entity2720 :: (MESH:D007592,Disease) :: ['acromioclavicular joint dislocation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prenatal loss, the death of a fetus/ @entity1 through @entity2208 or @entity2209 , is associated with significant @entity308 and @entity148 , particularly in a subsequent pregnancy. AIMS: This study examined the degree to which symptoms of @entity308 and @entity148 associated with a previous loss persisted following a subsequent successful pregnancy. METHOD: Data were derived from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and @entity1 cohort, a longitudinal cohort study in the west of England that has followed mothers from pregnancy into the postnatal period. A total of 13,133 mothers reported on the number and conditions of previous perinatal losses and provided self-report measures of @entity308 and @entity148 at 18 and 32 weeks' gestation and at 8 weeks and 8, 21 and 33 months postnatally. Controls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included. RESULTS: Generalised estimating equations indicated that the number of previous @entity2208 /stillbirths significantly predicted symptoms of @entity308 (b = 0.18, s.e. = 0.07, P<0.01) and @entity148 (b = 0.14, s.e. = 0.05, P<0.01) in a subsequent pregnancy, independent of key psychosocial and obstetric factors. This association remained constant across the pre- and postnatal period, indicating that the impact of a previous @entity393 did not diminish significantly following the birth of a healthy @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity308 and @entity148 associated with a previous @entity393 shows a persisting pattern that continues after the birth of a subsequent (healthy) @entity1 . Interventions targeting @entity1 with previous @entity393 may improve the health outcomes of @entity1 and their @entity1 .

title: Previous XXXX as a predictor of perinatal @entity308 and @entity148 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriage', 'miscarriages']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity2209 :: ('MESH:D050497', 'Disease') :: ['stillbirth']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['prenatal loss']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['prenatal loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prenatal loss, the death of a fetus/ @entity1 through @entity2208 or @entity2209 , is associated with significant @entity308 and @entity148 , particularly in a subsequent pregnancy. AIMS: This study examined the degree to which symptoms of @entity308 and @entity148 associated with a previous loss persisted following a subsequent successful pregnancy. METHOD: Data were derived from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and @entity1 cohort, a longitudinal cohort study in the west of England that has followed mothers from pregnancy into the postnatal period. A total of 13,133 mothers reported on the number and conditions of previous perinatal losses and provided self-report measures of @entity308 and @entity148 at 18 and 32 weeks' gestation and at 8 weeks and 8, 21 and 33 months postnatally. Controls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included. RESULTS: Generalised estimating equations indicated that the number of previous @entity2208 /stillbirths significantly predicted symptoms of @entity308 (b = 0.18, s.e. = 0.07, P<0.01) and @entity148 (b = 0.14, s.e. = 0.05, P<0.01) in a subsequent pregnancy, independent of key psychosocial and obstetric factors. This association remained constant across the pre- and postnatal period, indicating that the impact of a previous @entity393 did not diminish significantly following the birth of a healthy @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity308 and @entity148 associated with a previous @entity393 shows a persisting pattern that continues after the birth of a subsequent (healthy) @entity1 . Interventions targeting @entity1 with previous @entity393 may improve the health outcomes of @entity1 and their @entity1 .

title: Previous @entity393 as a predictor of perinatal @entity308 and XXXX .

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prenatal loss, the death of a fetus/ @entity1 through @entity2208 or @entity2209 , is associated with significant @entity308 and @entity148 , particularly in a subsequent pregnancy. AIMS: This study examined the degree to which symptoms of @entity308 and @entity148 associated with a previous loss persisted following a subsequent successful pregnancy. METHOD: Data were derived from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and @entity1 cohort, a longitudinal cohort study in the west of England that has followed mothers from pregnancy into the postnatal period. A total of 13,133 mothers reported on the number and conditions of previous perinatal losses and provided self-report measures of @entity308 and @entity148 at 18 and 32 weeks' gestation and at 8 weeks and 8, 21 and 33 months postnatally. Controls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included. RESULTS: Generalised estimating equations indicated that the number of previous @entity2208 /stillbirths significantly predicted symptoms of @entity308 (b = 0.18, s.e. = 0.07, P<0.01) and @entity148 (b = 0.14, s.e. = 0.05, P<0.01) in a subsequent pregnancy, independent of key psychosocial and obstetric factors. This association remained constant across the pre- and postnatal period, indicating that the impact of a previous @entity393 did not diminish significantly following the birth of a healthy @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity308 and @entity148 associated with a previous @entity393 shows a persisting pattern that continues after the birth of a subsequent (healthy) @entity1 . Interventions targeting @entity1 with previous @entity393 may improve the health outcomes of @entity1 and their @entity1 .

title: Previous @entity393 as a predictor of perinatal XXXX and @entity148 .

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: The current study investigated the effect of natural @entity12873 extracted from fenugreek seeds, in comparison with the pure standard @entity12873 , plus @entity33359 ( @entity57862 ) supplementation on high- @entity165 fed @entity5872 . Quails were randomly divided into four groups. Group one (n = 25) fed experimental diet only (control; contained basal diet supplemented with 1% @entity165 ), group 2 (n = 20) fed experimental diet supplemented with @entity57862 only (400 microg kg(-1) of body weight), groups 3 and 4 (n = 30 per group) were fed experimental diet supplemented with either 0.5% (w/w) of extracted @entity12873 plus @entity57862 or pure standard @entity12873 (0.5%) plus @entity57862 respectively, for 12 days. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 12 for measuring levels of lipid profile. The work was carried out at Applied Science University and Amman University, Amman, Jordan during the period from October 2009 through October 2010. The mean levels of total @entity165 (TC) in control quails at d12 was significantly (p < 0.01) increased compare to those at d0. Supplementation of diet with @entity57862 alone or @entity57862 with @entity12873 either extracted or pure standard for 12 days showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in TC and low density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C) levels as compared to those in the control quails. While, high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) increased significantly (p < 0.01) in quails supplemented with @entity12873 and @entity57862 . At d12, the mean @entity224 Dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocytes of quails in all supplemented groups was significantly (p < 0.01) increased as compared to those in control group and was more pronounced in erythrocytes of quails supplemented with pure standard @entity12873 plus @entity57862 . These results indicated that the combined @entity12873 and @entity57862 supplementation to high- @entity165 fed quails might induce a protective effect by both regulating lipid and antioxidative damage.

title: The hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effect of dietary XXXX and @entity33359 supplementation on high- @entity165 fed @entity5872 .

entities_list: @entity12873 :: ('MESH:D004144', 'Chemical') :: ['diosgenin']

entities_list: @entity33359 :: ('MESH:C017133', 'Chemical') :: ['chromium chloride']

entities_list: @entity5872 :: ('93934', 'Species') :: ['Japanese quails']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['Superoxide']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity12873 :: (MESH:D004144,Chemical) :: ['diosgenin']


abstract: The current study investigated the effect of natural @entity12873 extracted from fenugreek seeds, in comparison with the pure standard @entity12873 , plus @entity33359 ( @entity57862 ) supplementation on high- @entity165 fed @entity5872 . Quails were randomly divided into four groups. Group one (n = 25) fed experimental diet only (control; contained basal diet supplemented with 1% @entity165 ), group 2 (n = 20) fed experimental diet supplemented with @entity57862 only (400 microg kg(-1) of body weight), groups 3 and 4 (n = 30 per group) were fed experimental diet supplemented with either 0.5% (w/w) of extracted @entity12873 plus @entity57862 or pure standard @entity12873 (0.5%) plus @entity57862 respectively, for 12 days. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 12 for measuring levels of lipid profile. The work was carried out at Applied Science University and Amman University, Amman, Jordan during the period from October 2009 through October 2010. The mean levels of total @entity165 (TC) in control quails at d12 was significantly (p < 0.01) increased compare to those at d0. Supplementation of diet with @entity57862 alone or @entity57862 with @entity12873 either extracted or pure standard for 12 days showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in TC and low density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C) levels as compared to those in the control quails. While, high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) increased significantly (p < 0.01) in quails supplemented with @entity12873 and @entity57862 . At d12, the mean @entity224 Dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocytes of quails in all supplemented groups was significantly (p < 0.01) increased as compared to those in control group and was more pronounced in erythrocytes of quails supplemented with pure standard @entity12873 plus @entity57862 . These results indicated that the combined @entity12873 and @entity57862 supplementation to high- @entity165 fed quails might induce a protective effect by both regulating lipid and antioxidative damage.

title: The hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effect of dietary @entity12873 and XXXX supplementation on high- @entity165 fed @entity5872 .

answer: @entity33359 :: (MESH:C017133,Chemical) :: ['chromium chloride']


abstract: The current study investigated the effect of natural @entity12873 extracted from fenugreek seeds, in comparison with the pure standard @entity12873 , plus @entity33359 ( @entity57862 ) supplementation on high- @entity165 fed @entity5872 . Quails were randomly divided into four groups. Group one (n = 25) fed experimental diet only (control; contained basal diet supplemented with 1% @entity165 ), group 2 (n = 20) fed experimental diet supplemented with @entity57862 only (400 microg kg(-1) of body weight), groups 3 and 4 (n = 30 per group) were fed experimental diet supplemented with either 0.5% (w/w) of extracted @entity12873 plus @entity57862 or pure standard @entity12873 (0.5%) plus @entity57862 respectively, for 12 days. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 12 for measuring levels of lipid profile. The work was carried out at Applied Science University and Amman University, Amman, Jordan during the period from October 2009 through October 2010. The mean levels of total @entity165 (TC) in control quails at d12 was significantly (p < 0.01) increased compare to those at d0. Supplementation of diet with @entity57862 alone or @entity57862 with @entity12873 either extracted or pure standard for 12 days showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in TC and low density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C) levels as compared to those in the control quails. While, high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) increased significantly (p < 0.01) in quails supplemented with @entity12873 and @entity57862 . At d12, the mean @entity224 Dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocytes of quails in all supplemented groups was significantly (p < 0.01) increased as compared to those in control group and was more pronounced in erythrocytes of quails supplemented with pure standard @entity12873 plus @entity57862 . These results indicated that the combined @entity12873 and @entity57862 supplementation to high- @entity165 fed quails might induce a protective effect by both regulating lipid and antioxidative damage.

title: The hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effect of dietary @entity12873 and @entity33359 supplementation on high- XXXX fed @entity5872 .

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: The current study investigated the effect of natural @entity12873 extracted from fenugreek seeds, in comparison with the pure standard @entity12873 , plus @entity33359 ( @entity57862 ) supplementation on high- @entity165 fed @entity5872 . Quails were randomly divided into four groups. Group one (n = 25) fed experimental diet only (control; contained basal diet supplemented with 1% @entity165 ), group 2 (n = 20) fed experimental diet supplemented with @entity57862 only (400 microg kg(-1) of body weight), groups 3 and 4 (n = 30 per group) were fed experimental diet supplemented with either 0.5% (w/w) of extracted @entity12873 plus @entity57862 or pure standard @entity12873 (0.5%) plus @entity57862 respectively, for 12 days. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 12 for measuring levels of lipid profile. The work was carried out at Applied Science University and Amman University, Amman, Jordan during the period from October 2009 through October 2010. The mean levels of total @entity165 (TC) in control quails at d12 was significantly (p < 0.01) increased compare to those at d0. Supplementation of diet with @entity57862 alone or @entity57862 with @entity12873 either extracted or pure standard for 12 days showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in TC and low density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C) levels as compared to those in the control quails. While, high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) increased significantly (p < 0.01) in quails supplemented with @entity12873 and @entity57862 . At d12, the mean @entity224 Dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocytes of quails in all supplemented groups was significantly (p < 0.01) increased as compared to those in control group and was more pronounced in erythrocytes of quails supplemented with pure standard @entity12873 plus @entity57862 . These results indicated that the combined @entity12873 and @entity57862 supplementation to high- @entity165 fed quails might induce a protective effect by both regulating lipid and antioxidative damage.

title: The hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effect of dietary @entity12873 and @entity33359 supplementation on high- @entity165 fed XXXX .

answer: @entity5872 :: (93934,Species) :: ['Japanese quails']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To develop a cost-offset model from a US payer perspective comparing @entity2789 and costs among @entity725 ( @entity725 ) @entity1 using bimatoprost, latanoprost, or travoprost. STUDY DESIGN: Cost-offset model. METHODS: A Markov cohort model was used to estimate @entity2789 for @entity725 @entity1 over 7 years. The model assumed bimatoprost-treated @entity1 had lower resulting intraocular pressure (IOP) (by 1 mm Hg) for all presenting IOP categories than latanoprost- or travoprost-treated @entity1 . @entity1 with lower IOP were assumed to have lower probability of progression. Those that progressed were assumed to do so at a rate of -0.6 dB per year. Direct costs associated with mean deviation score categories were applied to each treatment cohort to calculate the expected 7-year costs of treating @entity1 with each @entity3009 analogue ( @entity6987 ). Literature was used to support assumptions. A budget impact analysis was conducted where all travoprost @entity1 switched to generic latanoprost and where all bimatoprost @entity1 switched to generic latanoprost. The base case market share was 22% bimatoprost, 23% travoprost, and 55% latanoprost. RESULTS: Model results demonstrate that for a managed care plan with 9500 @entity6987 -treated @entity726 @entity1 , exclusive bimatoprost use would prevent progression in 136 additional individuals compared with exclusive travoprost or latanoprost treatment. Model results demonstrate that greater IOP reduction from bimatoprost is associated with increased cost savings compared with latanoprost or travoprost treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Model results demonstrate that greater IOP reduction from bimatoprost could reduce managed care spending.

title: Cost-offset analysis: bimatoprost versus other XXXX analogues in open-angle glaucoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2789 :: ('MESH:D018450', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous progression']

entities_list: @entity725 :: ('MESH:C562750', 'Disease') :: ['primary open-angle glaucoma', 'POAG']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

answer: @entity3009 :: (CHEBI:26333,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin']


abstract: Previous studies showed that @entity1 nasal chondrocytes ( @entity50357 ) exhibit higher proliferation and chondrogenic capacity as compared to @entity1 articular chondrocytes (HAC). To consider @entity50357 as a relevant alternative cell source for the repair of articular cartilage defects it is necessary to test how these cells react when exposed to environmental factors typical of an injured joint. We thus aimed this study at investigating the responses of @entity50357 and HAC to exposure to @entity1356 and low @entity26 . For this purpose HAC and @entity50357 harvested from the same donors (N=5) were expanded in vitro and then cultured in pellets or collagen-based scaffolds at standard (19%) or low @entity26 (5%) conditions. Resulting tissues were analyzed after a short (3 days) exposure to @entity1356 , mimicking the initially inflammatory implantation site, or following a recovery time (1 or 2 weeks for pellets and scaffolds, respectively). After @entity1356 treatment, constructs generated by both HAC and @entity50357 displayed a transient loss of GAG (up to 21.8% and 36.8%, respectively) and, consistently, an increased production of @entity64523 . Collagen type II and the cryptic fragment of aggrecan (DIPEN), both evaluated immunohistochemically, displayed a trend consistent with GAG and MMPs production. @entity50357 -based constructs exhibited a more efficient recovery upon @entity1356 withdrawal, resulting in a higher accumulation of GAG (up to 2.6-fold) compared to the corresponding HAC-based tissues. On the other hand, HAC displayed a positive response to low @entity26 culture, while @entity50357 were only slightly affected by @entity26 percentage. Collectively, under the conditions tested mimicking the postsurgery articular environment, @entity50357 retained a tissue-forming capacity, similar or even better than HAC. These results represent a step forward in validating @entity50357 as a cell source for cartilage tissue engineering strategies.

title: Response of @entity1 engineered cartilage based on articular or nasal chondrocytes to @entity1356 and low XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: Previous studies showed that @entity1 nasal chondrocytes ( @entity50357 ) exhibit higher proliferation and chondrogenic capacity as compared to @entity1 articular chondrocytes (HAC). To consider @entity50357 as a relevant alternative cell source for the repair of articular cartilage defects it is necessary to test how these cells react when exposed to environmental factors typical of an injured joint. We thus aimed this study at investigating the responses of @entity50357 and HAC to exposure to @entity1356 and low @entity26 . For this purpose HAC and @entity50357 harvested from the same donors (N=5) were expanded in vitro and then cultured in pellets or collagen-based scaffolds at standard (19%) or low @entity26 (5%) conditions. Resulting tissues were analyzed after a short (3 days) exposure to @entity1356 , mimicking the initially inflammatory implantation site, or following a recovery time (1 or 2 weeks for pellets and scaffolds, respectively). After @entity1356 treatment, constructs generated by both HAC and @entity50357 displayed a transient loss of GAG (up to 21.8% and 36.8%, respectively) and, consistently, an increased production of @entity64523 . Collagen type II and the cryptic fragment of aggrecan (DIPEN), both evaluated immunohistochemically, displayed a trend consistent with GAG and MMPs production. @entity50357 -based constructs exhibited a more efficient recovery upon @entity1356 withdrawal, resulting in a higher accumulation of GAG (up to 2.6-fold) compared to the corresponding HAC-based tissues. On the other hand, HAC displayed a positive response to low @entity26 culture, while @entity50357 were only slightly affected by @entity26 percentage. Collectively, under the conditions tested mimicking the postsurgery articular environment, @entity50357 retained a tissue-forming capacity, similar or even better than HAC. These results represent a step forward in validating @entity50357 as a cell source for cartilage tissue engineering strategies.

title: Response of @entity1 engineered cartilage based on articular or nasal chondrocytes to XXXX and low @entity26 .

answer: @entity1356 :: (3553,Gene) :: ['interleukin-1b']


abstract: Previous studies showed that @entity1 nasal chondrocytes ( @entity50357 ) exhibit higher proliferation and chondrogenic capacity as compared to @entity1 articular chondrocytes (HAC). To consider @entity50357 as a relevant alternative cell source for the repair of articular cartilage defects it is necessary to test how these cells react when exposed to environmental factors typical of an injured joint. We thus aimed this study at investigating the responses of @entity50357 and HAC to exposure to @entity1356 and low @entity26 . For this purpose HAC and @entity50357 harvested from the same donors (N=5) were expanded in vitro and then cultured in pellets or collagen-based scaffolds at standard (19%) or low @entity26 (5%) conditions. Resulting tissues were analyzed after a short (3 days) exposure to @entity1356 , mimicking the initially inflammatory implantation site, or following a recovery time (1 or 2 weeks for pellets and scaffolds, respectively). After @entity1356 treatment, constructs generated by both HAC and @entity50357 displayed a transient loss of GAG (up to 21.8% and 36.8%, respectively) and, consistently, an increased production of @entity64523 . Collagen type II and the cryptic fragment of aggrecan (DIPEN), both evaluated immunohistochemically, displayed a trend consistent with GAG and MMPs production. @entity50357 -based constructs exhibited a more efficient recovery upon @entity1356 withdrawal, resulting in a higher accumulation of GAG (up to 2.6-fold) compared to the corresponding HAC-based tissues. On the other hand, HAC displayed a positive response to low @entity26 culture, while @entity50357 were only slightly affected by @entity26 percentage. Collectively, under the conditions tested mimicking the postsurgery articular environment, @entity50357 retained a tissue-forming capacity, similar or even better than HAC. These results represent a step forward in validating @entity50357 as a cell source for cartilage tissue engineering strategies.

title: Response of XXXX engineered cartilage based on articular or nasal chondrocytes to @entity1356 and low @entity26 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity1176 is central to the regulation of reproductive function. It acts on pituitary gonadotropes to stimulate LH and FSH synthesis and secretion. We had previously presented evidence for translational control of @entity6753 synthesis; therefore we investigated whether micro-RNAs might play a role in @entity1176 regulation in LbT2 cells. We show here that @entity1176 strongly induces the AK006051 gene transcript that encodes two micro-RNAs, @entity24341 and @entity31611 , within the first intron. We show furthermore that the AK006051 promoter region is highly @entity1176 responsive. We verify that the @entity16815 Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) is a target of @entity24341 /212 and show that @entity1176 treatment leads to a decrease in mRNA and protein expression. This reduction is blocked by an anti- @entity16283 to @entity24341 /212 and mimicked by a pre- @entity24341 . @entity1176 inhibits @entity23422 expression through a @entity24341 /212 response element within the 3'-untranslated region. The loss of @entity23422 expression leads to activation of Rac and marked @entity101 and length of neurite-like processes extending from the cell. Knockdown of @entity23422 by small interfering RNA induces the same morphological changes observed with @entity1176 treatment. In addition, loss of @entity23422 causes an increase in cellular motility. Our findings suggest a novel pathway regulating long-term changes in cellular motility and process formation via the @entity1176 induction of @entity24341 /212 with the subsequent down-regulation of @entity23422 .

title: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone induces @entity24341 and XXXX to regulate cellular morphology and migration in immortalized LbetaT2 pituitary gonadotrope cells.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in both the number']

answer: @entity31611 :: (406994,Gene) :: ['miR-212']


abstract: @entity1176 is central to the regulation of reproductive function. It acts on pituitary gonadotropes to stimulate LH and FSH synthesis and secretion. We had previously presented evidence for translational control of @entity6753 synthesis; therefore we investigated whether micro-RNAs might play a role in @entity1176 regulation in LbT2 cells. We show here that @entity1176 strongly induces the AK006051 gene transcript that encodes two micro-RNAs, @entity24341 and @entity31611 , within the first intron. We show furthermore that the AK006051 promoter region is highly @entity1176 responsive. We verify that the @entity16815 Rho GTPase activating protein (GAP) is a target of @entity24341 /212 and show that @entity1176 treatment leads to a decrease in mRNA and protein expression. This reduction is blocked by an anti- @entity16283 to @entity24341 /212 and mimicked by a pre- @entity24341 . @entity1176 inhibits @entity23422 expression through a @entity24341 /212 response element within the 3'-untranslated region. The loss of @entity23422 expression leads to activation of Rac and marked @entity101 and length of neurite-like processes extending from the cell. Knockdown of @entity23422 by small interfering RNA induces the same morphological changes observed with @entity1176 treatment. In addition, loss of @entity23422 causes an increase in cellular motility. Our findings suggest a novel pathway regulating long-term changes in cellular motility and process formation via the @entity1176 induction of @entity24341 /212 with the subsequent down-regulation of @entity23422 .

title: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone induces XXXX and @entity31611 to regulate cellular morphology and migration in immortalized LbetaT2 pituitary gonadotrope cells.

answer: @entity24341 :: (406921,Gene) :: ['miR-132']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3918 type 1 ( @entity6045 ) is a @entity66 . Many tests in the literature have evaluated single aspects of @entity6045 @entity1 , mainly focusing on @entity73 , without an overall quantification of the different disease-specific neurological features. We developed and validated a new functional scale for @entity6045 @entity1 based on @entity4094 ( @entity4094 ) and disability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three @entity1 were tested in basal condition, 18 were re-evaluated after therapeutic intervention with @entity2683 , and 13 at one year follow-up without treatment. The scale includes 21 ordinal items in four areas: neuropsychology, motricity, @entity8525 and daily life activities. We evaluated inter- and intra-observer reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC and Spearman correlations, respectively), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), external validity (Spearman correlations between each area and other clinical and objective measurements and scales), and sensitivity to clinical changes after treatment or at follow-up. RESULTS: Our analysis provided good results for inter-observer agreement (ICC = 0.72-0.97), intra-observer reliability, and internal consistency for all areas (Cronbach's a > 0.73). Total score and single area subscores were significantly correlated to objective measurements, disease duration and multisystem involvement. Finally, the scale was sensitive to clinical changes disclosing a significant improvement after treatment in the items assessing @entity8525 , and also to disease progression showing a significant worsening in all areas but @entity8525 in untreated @entity1 . DISCUSSION: Our scale provides a new practical measure to evaluate @entity4094 and disability of @entity6045 @entity1 . Further longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm its reliability in tracking disease progression and severity over a longer period of time.

title: Development of a disability scale for XXXX type 1.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular impairment', 'NI']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multisystem disorder']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['muscular impairment']

entities_list: @entity2683 :: ('MESH:D008801', 'Chemical') :: ['mexiletine']

entities_list: @entity3918 :: ('MESH:D009223', 'Disease') :: ['Myotonic dystrophy']

answer: @entity3918 :: (MESH:D009223,Disease) :: ['myotonic dystrophy']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Peptic ulcer perforations are a common emergency, but available literature is silent on the exact definition, incidence, management, and complications of @entity298 due to omental patch leakage. @entity1 AND METHODS: Retrospective data were collected on 422 @entity1 who underwent omental patch repair of perforated peptic ulcer between March 20, 1999 and March 20, 2006. The definitive diagnosis of perforated peptic ulcer and omental patch leakage was obtained at surgery. RESULTS: Seventeen (4%) @entity1 experienced generalized @entity298 due to omental patch leakage. Mean age was 60.6 years. Mortality rate was 29.4%, and the mean hospital stay was 23.6 days. Delay in surgical approach, shock on admission, and age were all significantly associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: @entity298 due to omental patch leakage can result in significant morbidity and mortality. The most common causes of omental patch leakage and operative procedures were unknown and reinsertion of omentum, respectively. Factors such as shock on admission or delayed surgery, have significantly contributed to fatal outcomes and need careful attention.

title: Generalized XXXX requiring re-operation after leakage of omental patch repair of perforated peptic ulcer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['Peritonitis', 'peritonitis']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritonitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity55 ( @entity55 ) is a new @entity55 . We investigated differences of epidemiology, pathogens, and outcomes between @entity55 @entity1 in large hospitals and those in small hospitals. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of @entity1 hospitalized with @entity55 from December 2009 to March 2010. @entity55 was defined according to ATS/IDSA criteria. A large hospital was defined as >=  200 beds and a small hospital was <200 beds. RESULTS: Of 117 @entity1 , 61 @entity1 were admitted to large hospitals and 56 @entity1 were admitted to small hospitals. There was a significant difference of @entity55 diagnostic criteria between the two groups. The A-DROP severity class was worse in the large hospital group than the small hospital group (P<0.05). @entity1576 and disturbance of consciousness were more frequent in the large hospital group (P<0.05). The mortality rate was 8.2% in the large hospital group versus 1.8% in the small hospital group. @entity1 in the very severe A-DROP class had a high mortality rate of 33% in both groups. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with severe @entity55 were more likely to be admitted to large hospitals. @entity1 in the very severe A-DROP class should receive intensive antibiotic therapy, but not all @entity1 need broad-spectrum therapy.

title: Difference of health-care associated XXXX between large hospitals and small hospitals in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['Respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['HCAP', 'Health-care associated pneumonia', 'category of pneumonia']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']


abstract: The aim of our study was to investigate the accuracy of @entity548 rate in the community (i.e., actual rate versus hospital recorded rate) for tonsil operations. Bleeding episodes were investigated for 695 consecutive @entity1 undergoing tonsillectomy, adenotonsillectomy and tonsillotomy at the Department of ORL, H_NS, MU of Graz, Austria, between January 1 2007 and June 30 2008 by questionnaire. Main purposes of our study were the evaluation of the incidence of @entity86 , need for revision surgery, medical care of @entity1 experiencing @entity86 and multiple @entity548 episodes. @entity548 was defined as any @entity548 , be it minimal or significant, after extubation. The study group comprised 407 @entity1 who answered the questionnaire: 61.7% adults, 22.1% school @entity1 between 6 and 15  years and 16.2% @entity1 aged less than 6  years. Exactly 100 @entity1 (24.6% of 407) showed some kind of @entity86 , but only 79 of them (19.4% of 407) were recorded at hospital. A return to theatre due to @entity548 was required in 4.7% of all 407 cases. Combining hospital records and data from the questionnaire allowed us to estimate an overall @entity548 rate of 21.4% for all 695 @entity1 . Every fifth @entity1 experiencing @entity86 did not return to the hospital he or she was operated in. We would have missed 21.0% of all @entity548 episodes by assessing re-admitting @entity1 suffering @entity86 only. We conclude that @entity548 rate is considerably higher than assumed by investigating hospital records only and strongly related to the @entity86 and to the study design.

title: Tonsilar XXXX and re-admission: a questionnaire based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding', 'definition of postoperative bleeding', 'postoperative haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'haemorrhage', 'Haemorrhage']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['haemorrhage']


abstract: Abiotic stresses have adverse effects on plant growth and productivity. The homologous RD29A and @entity22715 genes are exquisitely sensitive to various abiotic stressors. Therefore, @entity72958 gene sequences have potential to confer abiotic stress resistance in crop species grown in arid and semi-arid regions. To our knowledge, no information on the physiological roles of the proteins encoded by RD29A and @entity22715 are available in the literature. To understand how these proteins function, we used reverse genetic approaches, including identifying @entity72958 T-DNA knockout mutants, and examining the effects of complementing transgenes with the genes under control of their native promoters and chimeric genes with the native promoters swapped. Four binary vectors with the @entity72958 promoters upstream of the cognate @entity72958 cDNAs and as chimeric genes with noncognate promoters were used to transform @entity72958 plants. Cold, drought, and salt induced both genes; the promoter of @entity48904 was found to be more responsive to drought and cold stresses, whereas the promoter of @entity22715 was highly responsive to salt stress. Morphological and physiological responses of @entity72958 plants to salt stress were further investigated. Root growth, and photosynthetic properties declined significantly, while solute concentration (    ), water use efficiency (WUE) and   @entity7352 ratio increased under salt stress. Unexpectedly, the @entity72958 knockout mutant lines maintained greater root growth, photosynthesis, and WUE under salt stress relative to control. We conclude that the RD29A and @entity22715 proteins are unlikely to serve directly as protective molecules.

title: Characterization of abiotic stress-responsive Arabidopsis thaliana RD29A and XXXX genes and evaluation of transgenes.

answer: @entity22715 :: (835306(Tax:3702),Gene) :: ['RD29B']


abstract: PURPOSE: Intracranial @entity808 presenting with cyst formation following gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) were investigated to clarify their clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2006, 492 @entity1 presenting with @entity932 underwent GKRS. Among them, seven cases demonstrated either new formation of cysts or enlargement of preexisting cysts, which were treated with microsurgical intervention. These cases were retrospectively reviewed with regard to neuroradiological findings and histopathology. RESULTS: These seven cases included five vestibular and two trigeminal @entity808 . Preexisting cysts were enlarged following GKRS in three cases, while they were newly formed in four cases. Salvage microsurgery was carried out at 7-167  months after the GKRS, and subtotal resection was achieved in three, partial resection with or without cyst fenestration in four. @entity16 were improved in all six symptomatic cases. Preoperative MRI demonstrated two characteristic types of cyst. One was the intratumoral type, indicating hemorrhagic change on the MRI. Histopathological analysis demonstrated a @entity2477 within the solid compartment of @entity5 . These two cases demonstrated @entity41 with new cyst formation after resection of only the cyst. The other type was extratumoral cyst, which had a structure with a thin cyst wall without contrast enhancement, and the cyst was composed of arachnoid cells without @entity5 cells. Extratumoral cysts enlarged despite effective control of the @entity5 itself, which may be caused by osmotic gradient induced by @entity5 following GKRS. CONCLUSIONS: There were two types of cysts, intratumoral cyst and extratumoral @entity145 , which developed following GKRS in @entity932 . Resection of the solid compartment as well as the cyst is required in @entity808 with expanding intratumoral cyst. Conversely, fenestration of the cyst alone might be effective in extratumoral @entity145 .

title: Development of intratumoral cyst or extratumoral XXXX in @entity932 following gamma knife radiosurgery.

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['enlargement of residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumor degeneration']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity145 :: ('MESH:D016080', 'Disease') :: ['arachnoid cysts', 'arachnoid cyst']

entities_list: @entity2477 :: ('MESH:D006392', 'Disease') :: ['cavernous angioma']

answer: @entity145 :: (MESH:D016080,Disease) :: ['arachnoid cyst']


abstract: PURPOSE: Intracranial @entity808 presenting with cyst formation following gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) were investigated to clarify their clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2006, 492 @entity1 presenting with @entity932 underwent GKRS. Among them, seven cases demonstrated either new formation of cysts or enlargement of preexisting cysts, which were treated with microsurgical intervention. These cases were retrospectively reviewed with regard to neuroradiological findings and histopathology. RESULTS: These seven cases included five vestibular and two trigeminal @entity808 . Preexisting cysts were enlarged following GKRS in three cases, while they were newly formed in four cases. Salvage microsurgery was carried out at 7-167  months after the GKRS, and subtotal resection was achieved in three, partial resection with or without cyst fenestration in four. @entity16 were improved in all six symptomatic cases. Preoperative MRI demonstrated two characteristic types of cyst. One was the intratumoral type, indicating hemorrhagic change on the MRI. Histopathological analysis demonstrated a @entity2477 within the solid compartment of @entity5 . These two cases demonstrated @entity41 with new cyst formation after resection of only the cyst. The other type was extratumoral cyst, which had a structure with a thin cyst wall without contrast enhancement, and the cyst was composed of arachnoid cells without @entity5 cells. Extratumoral cysts enlarged despite effective control of the @entity5 itself, which may be caused by osmotic gradient induced by @entity5 following GKRS. CONCLUSIONS: There were two types of cysts, intratumoral cyst and extratumoral @entity145 , which developed following GKRS in @entity932 . Resection of the solid compartment as well as the cyst is required in @entity808 with expanding intratumoral cyst. Conversely, fenestration of the cyst alone might be effective in extratumoral @entity145 .

title: Development of intratumoral cyst or extratumoral @entity145 in XXXX following gamma knife radiosurgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity932 :: (MESH:D020300,Disease) :: ['intracranial schwannomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity29 ( @entity29 ) are comprised of two major disorders: @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity31 ( @entity31 ). No curative treatment options are available, but gene therapy may offer an alternative therapeutic approach. For this a safe and reliable vector is needed. The adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have attracted considerable interest as gene therapy vectors. However, neutralizing antibodies (nAb's) made in response to wildtype AAV have been associated with a partial to complete block of transduction in case of reexposure. Therefore, and in order to define AAV vector candidates to treat @entity8787 @entity1 , we characterized preexisting humoral responses to AAV in this population. METHODS: We measured circulating antibodies against AAV serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 using a previously established virus neutralization assay. In all, 100 healthy donors and 200 @entity8787 patient's serum samples (101 @entity30 and 99 @entity31 ) were analyzed. RESULTS: A significant difference was detected in the prevalence of nAb's for AAV types 1, 5, 6, and 8 between the healthy donors and the @entity1 population. Furthermore, various disease phenotypic characteristics correlated with the prevalence of nAb's to all the serotypes studied. CONCLUSIONS: Our study establishes a foundation for the development of an AAV-based gene therapy approach as a novel treatment for @entity8787 . Furthermore, we show a relationship between disease phenotype in @entity8787 @entity1 and the humoral immune response to AAV.

title: Neutralizing antibodies against adeno-associated viruses in XXXX @entity1 : implications for gene therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['IBDs', 'Inflammatory bowel diseases']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity29 ( @entity29 ) are comprised of two major disorders: @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and @entity31 ( @entity31 ). No curative treatment options are available, but gene therapy may offer an alternative therapeutic approach. For this a safe and reliable vector is needed. The adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have attracted considerable interest as gene therapy vectors. However, neutralizing antibodies (nAb's) made in response to wildtype AAV have been associated with a partial to complete block of transduction in case of reexposure. Therefore, and in order to define AAV vector candidates to treat @entity8787 @entity1 , we characterized preexisting humoral responses to AAV in this population. METHODS: We measured circulating antibodies against AAV serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 using a previously established virus neutralization assay. In all, 100 healthy donors and 200 @entity8787 patient's serum samples (101 @entity30 and 99 @entity31 ) were analyzed. RESULTS: A significant difference was detected in the prevalence of nAb's for AAV types 1, 5, 6, and 8 between the healthy donors and the @entity1 population. Furthermore, various disease phenotypic characteristics correlated with the prevalence of nAb's to all the serotypes studied. CONCLUSIONS: Our study establishes a foundation for the development of an AAV-based gene therapy approach as a novel treatment for @entity8787 . Furthermore, we show a relationship between disease phenotype in @entity8787 @entity1 and the humoral immune response to AAV.

title: Neutralizing antibodies against adeno-associated viruses in @entity29 XXXX : implications for gene therapy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To facilitate prospective medical assessment of adults surviving pediatric malignancies and advance knowledge about long-term @entity5 survivor health, St. Jude @entity1 's Research Hospital (SJCRH) is establishing a lifetime cohort of survivors. METHODS: Eligibility criteria for inclusion in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (SJLIFE) study include: (1) diagnosis of @entity5 treated at SJCRH; (2) survival >=  10 years from diagnosis; and (3) current age >=  18 years. Three levels of participation are offered: (1) comprehensive evaluation on SJCRH campus; (2) limited home evaluation; or (3) completion of health surveys only. A systematic recruitment structure based upon blocks of 50 @entity1 initially focused on @entity1778 and @entity706 survivors and @entity1 eligible for pilot studies. RESULTS: As of January 1, 2010, 1,625 (42%) of 3,900 eligible >=  10-year survivors have been contacted. Among the first 1,000 potentially eligible survivors selected for recruitment, 971 were subsequently confirmed to fulfill eligibility criteria. To date, 898/971 (92.5%) have been successfully contacted of whom 825 (91.8%) have agreed to participate. Among @entity1 , 88.6% agreed to comprehensive medical evaluation, 0.4% limited local evaluation, and 11.0% survey only. Anticipated minimum overall participation rate for medical evaluation is 75.3% (731/971). Comparison of those contacted who agreed versus declined to participate revealed a greater proportion of males who declined participation (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early results of the SJLIFE study support its feasibility to recruit aging @entity5 survivors to research investigations evaluating late health outcomes by medical assessments.

title: Prospective medical assessment of adults surviving XXXX : study design, cohort characteristics, and feasibility of the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['childhood malignancy', 'childhood cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['childhood cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with stage 4 and 4S @entity521 ( @entity521 ) have a superior prognosis to older @entity1 . However, they often require intensive therapy including abdominal radiation. We aimed to investigate the long-term hepatic outcomes in @entity1 with stage 4S and 4 @entity521 . METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 38 @entity1 diagnosed with stage 4S and 4 @entity521 between 1984 and 2002. We included only those with available follow-up 5 years following diagnosis. We assessed hepatic imaging and function (transaminases, @entity648 , alkaline phosphatase) at all available time points from diagnosis. Abnormalities present at more than 5 years from diagnosis were considered persistent late changes. RESULTS: We identified 15 stage 4S and 12 stage 4 @entity1 . Twelve of 15 stage 4S @entity1 had hepatic involvement at diagnosis, 8 of whom required abdominal radiation. Five of eight demonstrated late imaging changes. Two of four with hepatic metastases but no radiation demonstrated late imaging changes. The late imaging changes resolved over time and without intervention in 3/7 survivors. The persistent lesions included liver @entity82 (1) and @entity4383 ( @entity4383 ) (3). Five of 12 stage 4 @entity521 @entity1 had hepatic involvement at diagnosis; none required radiation or had late hepatic imaging changes. CONCLUSIONS: In stage 4S @entity521 , adverse hepatic effects are infrequent, may resolve over time, and occur with or without radiation. @entity4383 should be considered in those with persistent late imaging changes. Adverse hepatic outcomes after liver involvement or radiation in @entity1 with stage 4 @entity521 rarely occur.

title: Long-term hepatic outcomes in survivors of stage 4S and 4 XXXX in infancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['FNH', 'focal nodular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['NB', 'neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1489 screening aims to detect potentially metastasizing @entity1489 at an early and surgically curable stage. This may take the form of mass screening, as currently occurs in Germany, or of targeted screening of those at greatest risk. OBJECTIVE: To develop a model to identify @entity1 at high risk of developing @entity1489 who would benefit from regular @entity1489 screening. METHODS: This was an open prospective point-prevalence study of consecutive @entity1 presenting to dermatologists for a total skin check. @entity1489 risk factors were recorded and, for the first time, histology of @entity272 was documented. Results were analysed by univariate and multivariate analyses and, after logistic regression with stepwise forward selection, a risk-group model was developed. RESULTS: The results of 108,281 total skin examinations were available for analysis. 142 definite @entity320 , 108 severely @entity6349 naevi/cannot-exclude- @entity320 , 491 @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ) and 93 @entity957 ( @entity957 ) were excised. A risk model was developed for @entity320 and @entity957 based on mathematical e-functions. The model had >92% sensitivity for @entity320 and @entity957 and an overall 67.24% specificity for @entity320 , @entity957 and @entity1491 . This targeted risk model identified one-third of the study population as being at risk for the development of @entity320 and @entity957 . CONCLUSIONS: Using the risk calculator developed from this study, targeted screening of the identified at-risk population reduces the numbers needed to be screened regularly by 50%, yet has better sensitivity for @entity320 and similar sensitivity for @entity957 compared to the current mass screening programme in Germany.

title: Development of a targeted risk-group model for XXXX screening based on more than 100,000 total skin examinations.

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancers', 'Demographic and skin cancer', 'skin cancer', 'Skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['SCC', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinomas', 'BCC']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['skin cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Some manufactured nanoparticles are metal-based and have a wide variety of applications in electronic, engineering and medicine. Until now, many studies have described the potential @entity137 of NPs on pulmonary target, while little attention has been paid to kidney which is considered to be a secondary target organ. The objective of this study, on @entity1 renal culture cells, was to assess the @entity137 profile of metallic nanoparticles ( @entity3759 , @entity1948 and @entity9545 ) usable in industrial production. Comparative studies were conducted, to identify whether particle properties impact @entity137 by altering the intracellular oxidative status. RESULTS: Nanoparticles were first characterized by size, surface charge, dispersion and solubility. @entity137 of NPs was then evaluated in @entity28624 (glomerular mesangial) and @entity1 (epithelial proximal) cell lines. @entity1948 and @entity9545 NPs significantly increased the cell mortality, in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic effects were correlated with the physicochemical properties of NPs tested and the cell type used. Analysis of reactive @entity26 species and intracellular levels of reduced and oxidized @entity2041 revealed that particles induced stress according to their composition, size and solubility. Protein involved in oxidative stress such as NF-kb was activated with @entity1948 and @entity9545 nanoparticles. Such effects were not observed with @entity3759 nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: On glomerular and tubular @entity1 renal cells, @entity1948 and @entity9545 nanoparticles exerted cytotoxic effects that were correlated with metal composition, particle scale and metal solubility. ROS production and oxidative stress induction clearly indicated their nephrotoxic potential.

title: XXXX and oxidative stress induced by different metallic nanoparticles on @entity1 kidney cells.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Cytotoxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['Cytotoxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Some manufactured nanoparticles are metal-based and have a wide variety of applications in electronic, engineering and medicine. Until now, many studies have described the potential @entity137 of NPs on pulmonary target, while little attention has been paid to kidney which is considered to be a secondary target organ. The objective of this study, on @entity1 renal culture cells, was to assess the @entity137 profile of metallic nanoparticles ( @entity3759 , @entity1948 and @entity9545 ) usable in industrial production. Comparative studies were conducted, to identify whether particle properties impact @entity137 by altering the intracellular oxidative status. RESULTS: Nanoparticles were first characterized by size, surface charge, dispersion and solubility. @entity137 of NPs was then evaluated in @entity28624 (glomerular mesangial) and @entity1 (epithelial proximal) cell lines. @entity1948 and @entity9545 NPs significantly increased the cell mortality, in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic effects were correlated with the physicochemical properties of NPs tested and the cell type used. Analysis of reactive @entity26 species and intracellular levels of reduced and oxidized @entity2041 revealed that particles induced stress according to their composition, size and solubility. Protein involved in oxidative stress such as NF-kb was activated with @entity1948 and @entity9545 nanoparticles. Such effects were not observed with @entity3759 nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: On glomerular and tubular @entity1 renal cells, @entity1948 and @entity9545 nanoparticles exerted cytotoxic effects that were correlated with metal composition, particle scale and metal solubility. ROS production and oxidative stress induction clearly indicated their nephrotoxic potential.

title: @entity137 and oxidative stress induced by different metallic nanoparticles on XXXX kidney cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hypothesis of cochlear and @entity16 in @entity9556 , using evoked response audiometry. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomised, case-control study. METHODS: The study included 25 @entity1 with @entity9556 and 25 controls with other febrile illnesses not known to cause @entity393 . Controls were age- and sex-matched. All subjects underwent pure tone audiometry and evoked response audiometry before commencing treatment. RESULTS: Six @entity1 presented with @entity393 , although a total of 23 @entity1 had evidence of symmetrical high frequency loss on pure tone audiometry. Evoked response audiometry found significant prolongation of absolute latencies of wave I, III, V, and wave I-III interpeak latency. Two cases with normal hearing had increased interpeak latencies. These findings constitute level 3b evidence. CONCLUSION: Findings were suggestive of retrocochlear pathology in two cases with normal hearing. In other @entity1 , high frequency @entity393 may have led to altered evoked response results. Although @entity9556 appears to cause middle ear cochlear and @entity16 , the presence of such damage could not be fully confirmed by evoked response audiometry.

title: Evoked response audiometry in XXXX : prospective, randomised, case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['retrocochlear damage']

entities_list: @entity9556 :: ('MESH:D012612', 'Disease') :: ['scrub typhus']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity9556 :: (MESH:D012612,Disease) :: ['scrub typhus']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The immune system is suppressed during chemotherapy. This makes diagnosis of severe life-threatening infections more difficult and it also intensifies the clinical course of such infections. Hence, empirical use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is mandatory. We investigated if @entity1904 (PCT) measurement may improve diagnostic accuracy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective observational study, we included all admissions due to febrile episodes in a cohort of @entity1 below 16 years of age. PCT and @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) were analyzed using LUMI test and VITROS @entity1851 slides, respectively. RESULTS: We recorded 230 febrile episodes in 85 @entity1 . Severe @entity281 was found in 61 (27%) of these episodes. PCT performed better than @entity1851 (p value  <= 0.01). The discriminative power of PCT was significant already from admission. For @entity1851 , discriminative power was significant after 48 hours. The cut-offs for PCT and @entity1851 were 0.4 ng/ml and 336 nmol/ml to achieve sensitivities of 93%. The specificities for PCT and @entity1851 were 45% and 22%, respectively. @entity281 @entity1 were not found, either by PCT or by @entity1851 in four (7%) cases. PCT levels rose in response to infection in the @entity1398 population. CONCLUSION: PCT measurement considerably improves biochemical information; however, the sensitivity is too low to safely alter the recommended administration of empirical antibiotics at admission.

title: @entity1904 adds to diagnosis, but does not reduce initial antibiotics in febrile XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infection', 'Severely infected']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity1398 :: (MESH:D009503,Disease) :: ['neutropenic']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The immune system is suppressed during chemotherapy. This makes diagnosis of severe life-threatening infections more difficult and it also intensifies the clinical course of such infections. Hence, empirical use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is mandatory. We investigated if @entity1904 (PCT) measurement may improve diagnostic accuracy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective observational study, we included all admissions due to febrile episodes in a cohort of @entity1 below 16 years of age. PCT and @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) were analyzed using LUMI test and VITROS @entity1851 slides, respectively. RESULTS: We recorded 230 febrile episodes in 85 @entity1 . Severe @entity281 was found in 61 (27%) of these episodes. PCT performed better than @entity1851 (p value  <= 0.01). The discriminative power of PCT was significant already from admission. For @entity1851 , discriminative power was significant after 48 hours. The cut-offs for PCT and @entity1851 were 0.4 ng/ml and 336 nmol/ml to achieve sensitivities of 93%. The specificities for PCT and @entity1851 were 45% and 22%, respectively. @entity281 @entity1 were not found, either by PCT or by @entity1851 in four (7%) cases. PCT levels rose in response to infection in the @entity1398 population. CONCLUSION: PCT measurement considerably improves biochemical information; however, the sensitivity is too low to safely alter the recommended administration of empirical antibiotics at admission.

title: XXXX adds to diagnosis, but does not reduce initial antibiotics in febrile @entity1398 @entity1 .

answer: @entity1904 :: (MESH:C029100,Chemical) :: ['Procalcitonin']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The immune system is suppressed during chemotherapy. This makes diagnosis of severe life-threatening infections more difficult and it also intensifies the clinical course of such infections. Hence, empirical use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is mandatory. We investigated if @entity1904 (PCT) measurement may improve diagnostic accuracy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective observational study, we included all admissions due to febrile episodes in a cohort of @entity1 below 16 years of age. PCT and @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) were analyzed using LUMI test and VITROS @entity1851 slides, respectively. RESULTS: We recorded 230 febrile episodes in 85 @entity1 . Severe @entity281 was found in 61 (27%) of these episodes. PCT performed better than @entity1851 (p value  <= 0.01). The discriminative power of PCT was significant already from admission. For @entity1851 , discriminative power was significant after 48 hours. The cut-offs for PCT and @entity1851 were 0.4 ng/ml and 336 nmol/ml to achieve sensitivities of 93%. The specificities for PCT and @entity1851 were 45% and 22%, respectively. @entity281 @entity1 were not found, either by PCT or by @entity1851 in four (7%) cases. PCT levels rose in response to infection in the @entity1398 population. CONCLUSION: PCT measurement considerably improves biochemical information; however, the sensitivity is too low to safely alter the recommended administration of empirical antibiotics at admission.

title: @entity1904 adds to diagnosis, but does not reduce initial antibiotics in febrile @entity1398 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The mammography screening trials have shown varying results. This could be because screening was better in some trials than in others at advancing the time of diagnosis. If so, more @entity5 would be identified in such trials relative to the control group, and fewer of the @entity5 would have reached an advanced stage. I performed a systematic review of the mammography screening trials using metaregression. Finding many @entity5 was not related to the size of the reduction in @entity0 mortality (p = 0.19 after seven and p = 0.73 after 13 years of follow-up). In contrast, finding few @entity5 in stage II and above predicted a larger reduction in @entity0 mortality (p = 0.04 and p = 0.006). This expected association was also found for node-positive @entity5 (p = 0.008 and p = 0.04). However, a screening effectiveness of zero (same proportion of node-positive @entity5 in the screened group as in the control group) predicted a significant 16% reduction in @entity0 mortality after 13 years (95% confidence interval, 9% to 23% reduction). This can only occur if there is bias. Further analyses uncovered bias in both assessment of the cause of @entity5 in advanced stages. Consequently, the differences in the reported reductions in @entity0 mortality cannot be explained by differences in screening effectiveness. Given that the size of the bias was similar to the estimated screening effect, screening appeared ineffective.

title: Relation between XXXX mortality and screening effectiveness: systematic review of the mammography trials.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['death and of the number of cancers', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Mechanical stress plays a key role in bone remodeling. Previous studies showed that loading of mechanical stretch induces a rapid @entity141 influx and subsequent activation of stress-activated protein kinase pathways in osteoblasts. However, the activation mechanism and its significance in bone remodeling have not been fully elucidated. Here we show that @entity10180 MAPKKK was activated by cyclic stretch loading of @entity19 cells. Knockdown of @entity10180 attenuated the stretch-induced activation of JNK, @entity1995 , and NF-kB. Extracellular (EGTA) or intracellular (BAPTA/AM) @entity141 chelator prevented the stretch-induced activation of @entity10180 . Activation of @entity10180 and its associated downstream signaling pathways were also suppressed by @entity22617 inhibitors ( @entity14374 and @entity10756 ). Furthermore, @entity10180 -mediated downstream pathways cooperatively induced the expression of @entity777 mRNA in the stretched @entity19 cells. We also confirmed that @entity10180 mediates cyclic stretch-induced @entity777 protein synthesis in the cells using immunoblotting and ELISA. Finally, stretch loading of @entity19 primary osteoblasts induced the expression of @entity777 mRNA via @entity10180 . Collectively, these data suggest that stretch-dependent @entity141 influx activates @entity10180 via @entity22617 , leading to the enhanced expression of @entity777 through JNK, @entity1995 , and NF-kB pathways in osteoblasts.

title: TGF-b-activated kinase 1 mediates mechanical stress-induced XXXX expression in osteoblasts.

answer: @entity777 :: (16193(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IL-6']