abstract: BACKGROUND: Treatment of locally advanced @entity189 (LARC) often involves exenterative surgery, which can be associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality. To assist in @entity1 selection for radical surgery, we sought to determine clinicopathologic factors influencing recurrence and disease-free survival (DFS) of LARC. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 with LARC undergoing exenterative surgery were retrospectively identified in our institutional database. Factors evaluated included age, sex, primary versus recurrent @entity5 , neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, resection margin status, recurrence, time to recurrence, and survival. The primary outcome was DFS. Secondary outcomes were overall survival and perioperative morbidity. RESULTS: A total of 72 @entity1 were identified; median age was 52 years, and median follow-up time was 30 months. The overall complication rate was 43%; rates were similar among the @entity1 with primary (47%) or recurrent (37%) LARC. Primary or recurrent @entity5 status was the only factor significantly predictive of outcome after exenteration. Local recurrence rates were lower in the primary group (primary 22%, recurrent 52%, P = .05). A significant difference in 5-year DFS was found between primary and recurrent @entity5 (52% vs. 13%; P < .01). The median time to recurrence was longer in the @entity1 with primary LARC (17 months vs. 8 months; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The complication rates for pelvic exenteration remain high, but the morbidity can typically be managed without a clinically important increase in hospitalization. In primary LARC, an aggressive surgical approach provides most @entity1 5-year DFS. Select @entity1 with recurrent LARC will also benefit from pelvic exenteration.

title: Pelvic exenteration affords safe and durable treatment for locally advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['rectal carcinoma']


abstract: @entity731 was induced in 13 Yorkshire @entity1707 (4 weeks; 7-10 kg) by endothelial balloon denudation of the aorta and left anterior descending coronary artery and a diet containing 2% (wt/wt) of @entity165 , 8% (wt/wt) of lard fat and 0.5% (wt/wt) of @entity3645 . After 8 months 7 animals (group I) were sacrificed to determine the extent to which @entity731 had developed. The other 6 animals (group R) received a diet (no @entity165 , 5% (wt/wt) of lard fat and 5% (wt/wt) of fish oil) for 4 months. In I plasma @entity165 increased from 2.29 to 9.02 mmol l-1 after 8 months and in R it returned to 1.89 mmol l-1 after 12 months. Less marked changes occurred in plasma HDL @entity165 and @entity1674 . @entity857 -induced @entity1423 and the number of platelets remained constant in I whereas both parameters were reduced in R after 12 months. In the lesions of the abdominal aorta of I, @entity165 , @entity14839 , phospholipid and @entity412 contents were 4.97, 2.08, 4.20 and 0.77 micrograms g-1 wet wt, respectively, whereas in R these values (3.02, 0.47, 2.70 and 0.44 micrograms g-1 wet wt, respectively), were close to the values measured in non-abraded vessel wall specimens. The @entity10942 -positive area of the aorta was 34 +/- 9% in I and 10 +/- 4% in R (P less than 0.05). Luminal encroachment of the denudated left anterior descending coronary artery was 11 +/- 3% in I and 13 +/- 3% in R (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differential effects of n-3 fatty acids on the regression of @entity731 in coronary arteries and the aorta of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity14839 :: ('CHEBI:17002', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol ester']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: @entity731 was induced in 13 Yorkshire @entity1707 (4 weeks; 7-10 kg) by endothelial balloon denudation of the aorta and left anterior descending coronary artery and a diet containing 2% (wt/wt) of @entity165 , 8% (wt/wt) of lard fat and 0.5% (wt/wt) of @entity3645 . After 8 months 7 animals (group I) were sacrificed to determine the extent to which @entity731 had developed. The other 6 animals (group R) received a diet (no @entity165 , 5% (wt/wt) of lard fat and 5% (wt/wt) of fish oil) for 4 months. In I plasma @entity165 increased from 2.29 to 9.02 mmol l-1 after 8 months and in R it returned to 1.89 mmol l-1 after 12 months. Less marked changes occurred in plasma HDL @entity165 and @entity1674 . @entity857 -induced @entity1423 and the number of platelets remained constant in I whereas both parameters were reduced in R after 12 months. In the lesions of the abdominal aorta of I, @entity165 , @entity14839 , phospholipid and @entity412 contents were 4.97, 2.08, 4.20 and 0.77 micrograms g-1 wet wt, respectively, whereas in R these values (3.02, 0.47, 2.70 and 0.44 micrograms g-1 wet wt, respectively), were close to the values measured in non-abraded vessel wall specimens. The @entity10942 -positive area of the aorta was 34 +/- 9% in I and 10 +/- 4% in R (P less than 0.05). Luminal encroachment of the denudated left anterior descending coronary artery was 11 +/- 3% in I and 13 +/- 3% in R (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differential effects of n-3 fatty acids on the regression of XXXX in coronary arteries and the aorta of the @entity1707 .

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: Sympathetic activation increases cardiac performance, and the increased myocardial @entity26 demand is adequately met by an increase in coronary blood flow after metabolic coronary dilation under normal conditions. Distal to a severe @entity3979 , however, activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves induces @entity296 by alpha 2-adrenergic coronary constriction. Activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves is one of the autonomous reactions associated with acute @entity158 . Therefore we investigated the effects of acute @entity158 on regional myocardial function distal to a severe @entity3979 . In 5 anaesthetized, vagotomized @entity235 activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves was achieved by electrical stimulation of the nervus peronaeus superficialis. To analyse regional myocardial function, myocardial wall thickness was continuously measured by sonomicrometry in the circumflex-perfused posterior and in the anterior (control) myocardium. Under control conditions, nociceptive stimulation increased systolic wall thickening of the posterior myocardium from 10.9 +/- 3.9% to 13.6 +/- 5.0%. With a severe @entity850 on the left circumflex coronary artery, systolic wall thickening was reduced to 7.0 +/- 2.5% and further decreased to 4.6 +/- 2.3% during nociceptive stimulation. Intravenous injection of 27 micrograms/kg @entity3575 prevented the deterioration of poststenotic myocardial function during nociceptive stimulation. CONCLUSION: Acute @entity158 can induce @entity296 distal to a severe @entity3979 by activation of cardiac sympathetic nerves. @entity3575 not only prevents the @entity158 sensation but also poststenotic @entity296 .

title: Poststenotic XXXX induced by peripheral nociceptive stimulation.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischaemia', 'ischaemic myocardial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['somatic pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl', 'Fentanyl']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['ischaemic myocardial dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Postmortem examination serves as a tool for confirmation of clinical diagnosis, "quality" assurance, and education. In Israel, mostly because of religious reasons, most families withhold their permission to perform autopsies. To obtain objective information regarding the @entity204 of soldiers, the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps started in September of 1997 to perform postmortem computed tomographic (PMCT) scans. The purpose of our study is to determine what information can be obtained from the PMCT scans. METHODS: In a period of 16 months, 27 soldiers were killed in low-intensity conflicts and PMCT was obtained in 22 cases. Medical data obtained from the field medical care providers were collected and compared with PMCT results. RESULTS: Several examples of @entity1 whose @entity204 was determined at the scene either before any medical intervention or after initiation of resuscitative treatment are shown in our study and compared with the clinical impression of the treating physician. Two examples of autopsy results are compared with PMCT results. Gas was detected in various parts of the circulatory system in many cases. The significance of this finding, described in our study for the first time, needs further investigation. CONCLUSION: PMCT scanning has limits in detecting superficial injuries and injuries of the extremities and determining the exact route of fragments through body tissues in penetrating @entity130 . It also cannot serve as a tool for examining ammunition or the protection provided by various armors. However, it can provide a substantial amount of evidence that, when reviewed with the clinical information obtained from the physician at the scene, can help in assessing the treatment given at the field and point toward the probable cause of @entity204 .

title: Preliminary experience with postmortem computed tomography in military penetrating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['military trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14536 ( @entity14536 ) is a newly described paramyxovirus that is mainly associated with @entity5924 in @entity1 . We sought to describe the epidemiological, virological, and histopathological findings associated with a large outbreak of @entity14536 @entity281 in a long-term care facility. METHODS: An investigation of the outbreak was performed by public health authorities, who used standardized questionnaires to collect relevant clinical information from all residents of the facility. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from a subset of @entity1 who had @entity683 -like illnesses for testing by viral culture and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Lung tissue samples from a @entity1 whose case was fatal were available for molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical testing. RESULTS: A total of 96 (27%) of 364 residents of a long-term care facility presented with respiratory or constitutional symptoms between 1 January 2006 and 15 February 2006. The attack rate in the most affected ward was 72% (31 of 43 @entity1 ), which included 4 of the 6 polymerase chain reaction-confirmed cases of @entity14536 @entity281 . In contrast, viral culture results were positive for @entity14536 in only 2 of the 5 polymerase chain reaction-positive samples tested. The most reported diagnosis was an @entity1729 or an @entity683 -like illness, although 21% of residents in 1 of the 3 wards that had confirmed cases of @entity14536 @entity281 had lower respiratory tract @entity281 . The fatality rate was 50% (3 of 6 @entity1 ) among confirmed cases and 9.4% (9 of 96 @entity1 ) among @entity1 with possible cases. A @entity1 with a fatal case had histopathological findings that confirmed the presence of @entity14536 RNA and proteins in the bronchiolar epithelium of affected lobes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of 2 distinct strains of @entity14536 circulating simultaneously on different wards. CONCLUSION: @entity14536 can be associated with important outbreaks of acute @entity1729 in elderly institutionalized @entity1 .

title: An outbreak of severe XXXX due to @entity14536 in a long-term care facility.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity14536 :: ('162145', 'Species') :: ['hMPV', 'Human metapneumovirus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity5924 :: ('MESH:D001988', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiolitis']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infection', 'upper respiratory tract infection']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['respiratory tract infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14536 ( @entity14536 ) is a newly described paramyxovirus that is mainly associated with @entity5924 in @entity1 . We sought to describe the epidemiological, virological, and histopathological findings associated with a large outbreak of @entity14536 @entity281 in a long-term care facility. METHODS: An investigation of the outbreak was performed by public health authorities, who used standardized questionnaires to collect relevant clinical information from all residents of the facility. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from a subset of @entity1 who had @entity683 -like illnesses for testing by viral culture and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Lung tissue samples from a @entity1 whose case was fatal were available for molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemical testing. RESULTS: A total of 96 (27%) of 364 residents of a long-term care facility presented with respiratory or constitutional symptoms between 1 January 2006 and 15 February 2006. The attack rate in the most affected ward was 72% (31 of 43 @entity1 ), which included 4 of the 6 polymerase chain reaction-confirmed cases of @entity14536 @entity281 . In contrast, viral culture results were positive for @entity14536 in only 2 of the 5 polymerase chain reaction-positive samples tested. The most reported diagnosis was an @entity1729 or an @entity683 -like illness, although 21% of residents in 1 of the 3 wards that had confirmed cases of @entity14536 @entity281 had lower respiratory tract @entity281 . The fatality rate was 50% (3 of 6 @entity1 ) among confirmed cases and 9.4% (9 of 96 @entity1 ) among @entity1 with possible cases. A @entity1 with a fatal case had histopathological findings that confirmed the presence of @entity14536 RNA and proteins in the bronchiolar epithelium of affected lobes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of 2 distinct strains of @entity14536 circulating simultaneously on different wards. CONCLUSION: @entity14536 can be associated with important outbreaks of acute @entity1729 in elderly institutionalized @entity1 .

title: An outbreak of severe @entity1729 due to XXXX in a long-term care facility.

answer: @entity14536 :: (162145,Species) :: ['human metapneumovirus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Only few anecdotal reports and small series of thalamic cavernous @entity600 have been reported. It follows that the clinical behavior and management are poorly understood; in particular, experiences with the surgical treatment of these lesions are scarce. METHODS: The clinical course, treatment, and outcome of 12 @entity1 (10 females and 2 males, mean age 36 years) with symptomatic cavernous @entity600 of the thalamus are reviewed. Eight @entity1 (66%) presented with @entity1779 , one with progressive @entity51 and three with @entity1276 / @entity428 ; associated @entity1211 were found in three cases. Treatment consisted of radical surgery in four cases with progressive @entity16 or recurrent disabling @entity548 , radiosurgery (one case), evacuation of a chronic satellite @entity1410 (one case), ventriculoperitoneal shunt for @entity1276 (one case) and observation (five cases). Operative treatment in four cases included transcallosal, trigonal, and occipital interhemispheric approaches. RESULTS: In the surgical group, one @entity1 died, two improved after operation, and one remained the same. Of the @entity1 not operated on radically, one had recurrent @entity548 4 months after radiosurgery, one remains stable 8 years after ventriculoperitoneal shunt, and one 3 years after aspiration of a satellite @entity1410 . Five other @entity1 presenting with @entity548 were treated conservatively; recurrent @entity548 occurred in two cases at 1 month and at 2 years, leaving a mild residual deficit in both cases. Overall, rehemorrhage occurred in four cases (50%) at a mean interval of 18 months after the first @entity548 ; the annual @entity548 rate was 6.1%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity9479 are more likely to be symptomatic from small @entity548 compared with lesions in the cerebral hemispheres; progressive growth may also occur with third ventricle invasion or caudal extension to the midbrain. Their high-risk location deters heavy-handed management, but they should not be left long untreated. Both surgery and radiosurgery have been used in the management of thalamic cavernomas reported in the literature. Definite surgical indications include progressive @entity16 and recurrent @entity548 abutting the ventricular surface or the posterior incisural space; the complex anatomy of the deep venous system and the association with unexpected @entity1211 complicates the removal of these lesions.

title: Thalamic cavernous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['increased intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['thalamic hemorrhage', 'hemorrhages of malformations', 'hemorrhage', 'bleeding', 'hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological decline']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity9479 :: ('MESH:D013786', 'Disease') :: ['Thalamic malformations']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous anomalies']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['malformations']


abstract: Noninvasive photoacoustic sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping with high spatial resolution has the potential to improve the false negative rate and eliminate the use of radioactive tracers in SLN identification. In addition, the demonstrated high spatial resolution may enable physicians to replace SLN biopsy with fine needle aspiration biopsy, and thus reduce the risk of associated morbidity. The primary goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of high-speed 3D photoacoustic imaging of the uptake and clearance dynamics of @entity5934 in SLNs. The photoacoustic imaging system was developed with a 30 MHz ultrasound array and a kHz repetition rate laser system. It acquires one 3D photoacoustic image of 166 B-scan frames in 1 s, with axial, lateral, and elevational resolutions of 25, 70, and 200 microm, respectively. With optic-fiber based light delivery, the entire system is compact and is convenient to use. Upon injection of Evans blue, a blue dye currently used in clinical SLN biopsy, SLNs in @entity19 and @entity35 were accurately and noninvasively mapped in vivo using our imaging system. In our experiments, the SLNs were found to be located at approximately 0.65 mm below the skin surface in @entity19 and approximately 1.2 mm in @entity35 . In some cases, lymph vessels and lymphatic valves were also imaged. The dye dynamics--accumulation and clearance--in SLNs were quantitatively monitored by sequential 3D imaging with temporal resolution of as high as approximately 6 s. The demonstrated capability suggests that high-speed 3D photoacoustic imaging should facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of various dyes in SLNs and potentially help identify SLNs with high accuracy.

title: High-speed dynamic 3D photoacoustic imaging of sentinel lymph node in a XXXX model using an ultrasound array.

entities_list: @entity5934 :: ('MESH:C536380', 'Disease') :: ['Evans blue dye']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: The role of @entity2899 in blocking the @entity101 tachycardiac response following laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation was evaluated in 45 female @entity1 aged 20-40 yr. The @entity1 belonging to grade I (of American Society of Anaesthesiologists) and undergoing elective surgical procedures under general anaesthesia were allocated in 3 equal groups. @entity1 in the 3 groups received 1.5 mg/kg @entity2900 , 0.6 mg/kg @entity2899 and 0.12 mg/kg @entity6305 , respectively for intubation. There were no @entity943 in any of the groups following endotracheal intubation. There was significant (P less than 0.01) fall in blood pressure following induction prior to intubation in all the three groups. Maximum fall was noted in group II (23.53 +/- 7.21 mmHg in mean arterial pressure). Following endotracheal intubation, blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in all 3 groups. Maximum increase was observed in group I (26.4 +/- 4.95 mmHg in mean arterial pressure and 19.07 +/- 6.54 beats/min in heart rate). Blood pressure and heart rate increases in groups II and III were comparable. Our findings indicate that @entity551 produced by @entity2899 through ganglion blockade is not effective in attenuating the cardiovascular responses following endotracheal intubation. It is also possible that increased cardiovascular response following endotracheal intubation may not be due to sympathetic ganglion stimulation.

title: Role of XXXX in suppression of cardiovascular responses following endotracheal intubation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['dysrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity6305 :: ('MESH:D010197', 'Chemical') :: ['pancuronium bromide']

entities_list: @entity2899 :: ('MESH:D014403', 'Chemical') :: ['d-tubocurarine']

entities_list: @entity2900 :: ('MESH:D013390', 'Chemical') :: ['succinylcholine']

answer: @entity2899 :: (MESH:D014403,Chemical) :: ['d-tubocurarine']


abstract: PURPOSE: Isolated injuries of the internal anal sphincter can cause @entity1241 . With the advent of ultrasound, which accurately delineates the anatomy of the anal sphincters, internal sphincter injuries can be diagnosed more precisely. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of direct repair of isolated internal anal sphincter defects. METHODS: Eight @entity1 (6 males; median age, 37 years) with clinically and sonographically proved internal anal sphincter defects were the subject of this study. @entity1 had different degrees of @entity322 that failed to respond to medical treatment. All @entity1 had their sphincters repaired by direct apposition using coated Vicryl 2-0 stitches. A strict postoperative regime that avoided stretch of the sphincter for one month was adopted. RESULTS: At a median follow-up period of 15 months, continence improved in all @entity1 , and two achieved full continence. None of the @entity1 wore pads. Mean continence score improved significantly from 4 to 12 and 11 at 6 and 12 postoperative months, respectively (P < 0.0001, paired t-test). CONCLUSION: Despite the limited number of @entity1 and the short follow-up, the preliminary results of repair of isolated internal sphincter defects are satisfactory.

title: Preliminary experience in management of XXXX caused by internal anal sphincter injury.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1241 :: ('MESH:D005242', 'Disease') :: ['fecal incontinence']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

answer: @entity1241 :: (MESH:D005242,Disease) :: ['fecal incontinence']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to review our overall experience of single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity30 . METHODS: One hundred three @entity1 who underwent single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity30 between 1958 and 1997 were reviewed. Factors affecting the incidence of recurrence were examined using a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Principal indications for proctocolectomy were @entity1960 (49 percent), @entity1960 (37 percent), and @entity66 (14 percent). The commonest postoperative complication was delayed perineal wound healing (n = 36; 35 percent), followed by @entity1320 (17 percent) and stomal complications (15 percent). In 23 @entity1 the perineal wound healed between three and six months after proctocolectomy, whereas in 13 @entity1 the wound remained unhealed for more than six months. There were two hospital deaths (2 percent) caused by @entity295 . The 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year cumulative reoperation rates for small-bowel recurrence were 13, 17, and 25 percent, respectively, after a median follow-up of 18.6 years. From a multivariate analysis, factors affecting reoperation rate for recurrence were gender (male; hazard ratio 2.4 vs. female; P = 0.03) and age at operation (< or =30 years; hazard ratio 2.6 vs. >30 years; P = 0.04). The following factors did not affect the reoperation rate: duration of symptoms, smoking habits, associated perforating disease, coexisting @entity29 , @entity260 , and medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Proctocolectomy for @entity30 is associated with a high incidence of complications, particularly delayed perineal wound healing. Proctocolectomy carries a low recurrence rate in the long term. However, young male @entity1 are at high risk of recurrence.

title: Audit of single-stage proctocolectomy for XXXX : @entity260 and recurrence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['anorectal disease']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['small-bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity1960 :: ('MESH:D003092', 'Disease') :: ['chronic colitis', 'acute colitis']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal sepsis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to review our overall experience of single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity30 . METHODS: One hundred three @entity1 who underwent single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity30 between 1958 and 1997 were reviewed. Factors affecting the incidence of recurrence were examined using a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Principal indications for proctocolectomy were @entity1960 (49 percent), @entity1960 (37 percent), and @entity66 (14 percent). The commonest postoperative complication was delayed perineal wound healing (n = 36; 35 percent), followed by @entity1320 (17 percent) and stomal complications (15 percent). In 23 @entity1 the perineal wound healed between three and six months after proctocolectomy, whereas in 13 @entity1 the wound remained unhealed for more than six months. There were two hospital deaths (2 percent) caused by @entity295 . The 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year cumulative reoperation rates for small-bowel recurrence were 13, 17, and 25 percent, respectively, after a median follow-up of 18.6 years. From a multivariate analysis, factors affecting reoperation rate for recurrence were gender (male; hazard ratio 2.4 vs. female; P = 0.03) and age at operation (< or =30 years; hazard ratio 2.6 vs. >30 years; P = 0.04). The following factors did not affect the reoperation rate: duration of symptoms, smoking habits, associated perforating disease, coexisting @entity29 , @entity260 , and medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Proctocolectomy for @entity30 is associated with a high incidence of complications, particularly delayed perineal wound healing. Proctocolectomy carries a low recurrence rate in the long term. However, young male @entity1 are at high risk of recurrence.

title: Audit of single-stage proctocolectomy for @entity30 : XXXX and recurrence.

answer: @entity260 :: (MESH:D011183,Disease) :: ['postoperative complications']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Open Nissen fundoplication has been the most common surgical treatment of @entity354 ( @entity354 ). The present paper describes the symptomatic result, and quantifies the acid reduction achieved by open Nissen fundoplication combined with @entity2798 ( @entity2798 ) in a consecutive case series. METHODS: A study of 106 @entity1 undergoing open Nissen fundoplication and @entity2798 for @entity354 was performed between 1988 and 1996. A history consistent with reflux was obtained and the diagnosis confirmed with ambulatory oesophageal pH studies and endoscopy. Postoperative pH studies were performed, and peri-operative and late complications were recorded. A standard questionnaire was sent out to @entity1 postoperatively to assess the efficacy of surgery. RESULTS: Pre-operative pH studies were performed on 104 (98%) @entity1 , and on 97 (91.5%) following surgery. There was a highly significant improvement in all parameters of the pH study postoperatively. All symptoms, including bloating and @entity1282 , improved significantly postoperatively, except flatulence, which was exacerbated. The majority of @entity1 were very satisfied with their outcome, 82% rating the operation from 80 to 100% successful. Complications were rare and there was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Open Nissen fundoplication and @entity2798 is an effective method of treating @entity354 , producing an improvement in symptoms and in ambulatory pH studies.

title: Open Nissen fundoplication and @entity2798 as a treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-oesophageal reflux disease', 'GORD']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['highly selective vagotomy', 'HSV']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['gastro-oesophageal reflux disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Open Nissen fundoplication has been the most common surgical treatment of @entity354 ( @entity354 ). The present paper describes the symptomatic result, and quantifies the acid reduction achieved by open Nissen fundoplication combined with @entity2798 ( @entity2798 ) in a consecutive case series. METHODS: A study of 106 @entity1 undergoing open Nissen fundoplication and @entity2798 for @entity354 was performed between 1988 and 1996. A history consistent with reflux was obtained and the diagnosis confirmed with ambulatory oesophageal pH studies and endoscopy. Postoperative pH studies were performed, and peri-operative and late complications were recorded. A standard questionnaire was sent out to @entity1 postoperatively to assess the efficacy of surgery. RESULTS: Pre-operative pH studies were performed on 104 (98%) @entity1 , and on 97 (91.5%) following surgery. There was a highly significant improvement in all parameters of the pH study postoperatively. All symptoms, including bloating and @entity1282 , improved significantly postoperatively, except flatulence, which was exacerbated. The majority of @entity1 were very satisfied with their outcome, 82% rating the operation from 80 to 100% successful. Complications were rare and there was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Open Nissen fundoplication and @entity2798 is an effective method of treating @entity354 , producing an improvement in symptoms and in ambulatory pH studies.

title: Open Nissen fundoplication and XXXX as a treatment for @entity354 .

answer: @entity2798 :: (MESH:D009155,Disease) :: ['highly selective vagotomy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to describe the results of the discrete @entity4438 rectocele repair with special emphasis on @entity546 after the operation. METHODS: Sixty-seven @entity1 underwent rectocele repair from October 1997 to January 1999. Repair was limited to reapproximation of discrete defects in the @entity3622 when possible and a small perineorrhaphy. Each @entity1 was evaluated as to whether or not a discrete defect was present and the location of the @entity4438 . Outcome measures were complications, recurrent prolapse after 3 months, changes in defecation problems and @entity546 after the operation. RESULTS: In 96% (64/67) of the @entity1 a discrete defect was present. Before the operation 40% (27/67) reported problems with evacuation of the rectum and 12% (8/67) @entity546 or problems with intercourse because of the prolapse. The @entity1 were evaluated 3 months after the operation. Only three @entity1 still complained of evacuation problems and only two @entity1 with prior @entity546 still had problems, which were cured after a further 3 months. Two @entity1 had de novo @entity546 but in only one @entity1 was an anatomical defect found. CONCLUSIONS: The discrete defect rectocele repair offers an anatomical correction of the rectocele, which alleviates the symptoms but, most important, does not give the @entity1 @entity546 . Long term results of the operation are awaited.

title: A prospective study of the discrete XXXX rectocele repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['dyspareunia']

entities_list: @entity4438 :: ('MESH:C563219', 'Disease') :: ['fascial defect']

entities_list: @entity3622 :: ('MESH:D012006', 'Disease') :: ['rectovaginal fascia']

answer: @entity4438 :: (MESH:C563219,Disease) :: ['fascial defect']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the @entity137 and efficacy of @entity1311 / @entity136 administered every 2 weeks in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-three chemonaive @entity1 with histologically confirmed metastatic @entity0 were enrolled. @entity1 received @entity1311 150 mg/m2 followed by @entity136 2,500 mg/m2, both on day I of a 14-day cycle, for a maximum of eight cycles. Thirty-four @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 ; 38 were evaluable for efficacy. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 54 years, the median performance status was 90, and the median number of lesions was three. Most @entity1 (71%) had received prior adjuvant therapy. Grade 3 and 4 @entity137 was limited to leukocytes (14% and 18%, respectively). Grade 3 @entity137 (5% each) were @entity882 , @entity390 and @entity391 , elevation of @entity492 transaminase, neurosensory, and @entity1142 . One @entity1 had @entity1398 and fever. The objective response rate was 68% (21% complete response and 47% partial response); 18% had stable disease and 13% had partial disease. The preliminary evaluation of @entity1311 / @entity136 given as a 2-week schedule to @entity1 with untreated advanced @entity0 shows encouraging activity and a favorable @entity137 profile.

title: @entity1311 / @entity136 administered every two weeks in XXXX : preliminary results of a phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['advanced breast cancer']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the @entity137 and efficacy of @entity1311 / @entity136 administered every 2 weeks in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-three chemonaive @entity1 with histologically confirmed metastatic @entity0 were enrolled. @entity1 received @entity1311 150 mg/m2 followed by @entity136 2,500 mg/m2, both on day I of a 14-day cycle, for a maximum of eight cycles. Thirty-four @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 ; 38 were evaluable for efficacy. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 54 years, the median performance status was 90, and the median number of lesions was three. Most @entity1 (71%) had received prior adjuvant therapy. Grade 3 and 4 @entity137 was limited to leukocytes (14% and 18%, respectively). Grade 3 @entity137 (5% each) were @entity882 , @entity390 and @entity391 , elevation of @entity492 transaminase, neurosensory, and @entity1142 . One @entity1 had @entity1398 and fever. The objective response rate was 68% (21% complete response and 47% partial response); 18% had stable disease and 13% had partial disease. The preliminary evaluation of @entity1311 / @entity136 given as a 2-week schedule to @entity1 with untreated advanced @entity0 shows encouraging activity and a favorable @entity137 profile.

title: XXXX / @entity136 administered every two weeks in @entity0 : preliminary results of a phase II trial.

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the @entity137 and efficacy of @entity1311 / @entity136 administered every 2 weeks in the first-line treatment of @entity0 . Forty-three chemonaive @entity1 with histologically confirmed metastatic @entity0 were enrolled. @entity1 received @entity1311 150 mg/m2 followed by @entity136 2,500 mg/m2, both on day I of a 14-day cycle, for a maximum of eight cycles. Thirty-four @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 ; 38 were evaluable for efficacy. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 54 years, the median performance status was 90, and the median number of lesions was three. Most @entity1 (71%) had received prior adjuvant therapy. Grade 3 and 4 @entity137 was limited to leukocytes (14% and 18%, respectively). Grade 3 @entity137 (5% each) were @entity882 , @entity390 and @entity391 , elevation of @entity492 transaminase, neurosensory, and @entity1142 . One @entity1 had @entity1398 and fever. The objective response rate was 68% (21% complete response and 47% partial response); 18% had stable disease and 13% had partial disease. The preliminary evaluation of @entity1311 / @entity136 given as a 2-week schedule to @entity1 with untreated advanced @entity0 shows encouraging activity and a favorable @entity137 profile.

title: @entity1311 / XXXX administered every two weeks in @entity0 : preliminary results of a phase II trial.

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: The medical treatment of @entity957 is receiving increasing attention. @entity900 and @entity1260 are known effective drugs. @entity1311 has been tested with interesting results in @entity5 . We evaluated the toxic effects and the antitumor activity of a multiagent regimen that included @entity1311 , @entity1260 , and @entity900 (TIP) in two different settings: bulky and locally advanced @entity5 and recurrent-persistent disease. Treatment consisted of @entity1311 175 mg/m2 given over 3 hours on day 1, @entity900 50 mg/m2 (75 mg/m2 in 24 @entity1 ), @entity1260 5 g/m2 and mesna 5 g/m2 given on day 2, and mesna 3 g/m2 given on day 3. In the neoadjuvant setting, the course was repeated every 3 weeks for three courses. Unless there was progression of disease or reason to avoid surgery, all @entity1 were scheduled for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirty-eight @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 were studied: 11 @entity1 achieved a clinical complete response, 21 had a partial response, five had stable disease, and one had disease progression. Among the 34 @entity1 who underwent surgery, six had a pathologically documented complete response, seven had an optimal partial response (only microscopic @entity66 ), 19 had a suboptimal partial response, and two stable diseases. Grade 3-4 @entity1398 was recorded in 71% of @entity1 , grade 3-4 @entity882 in 10.5%, and grade 2 @entity1897 in 2.6%. With a median follow-up period of 22 months for the @entity1 who remain alive, 28 @entity1 are alive without recurrence and five are alive with persistent/recurrent disease. Five @entity1 have died of disease. In the salvage setting, 45 @entity1 with persistent-recurrent disease after primary treatment were treated; 31 of these @entity1 had received prior radiation. In the salvage setting we observed 15 clinical complete responses, 15 partial responses, nine stable diseases, and six disease progressions. The objective response rate was 66.6%. Ten complete responders underwent subsequent surgery and seven had pathologic complete response (two in radiated areas). The response rate was 52% in radiated areas and 75% in nonradiated areas. The median survival time is 6 months for the nonresponders, 9+ month for the partial responders, and 13+ months for the complete responders. The most relevant side effect was myelotoxicity, with 91% of @entity1 experiencing grade 3-4 myelotoxicity. One @entity1 had life-threatening @entity137 . This regimen yields a high response rate with acceptable @entity137 and should be prospectively compared with other regimens. The high rate of pathologic complete and optimal responses might impact positively on survival, but only a longer follow-up period will allow objective assessment of this impact. The specific roles of @entity1311 and @entity1260 in this regimen remain to be fully understood.

title: Chemotherapy with @entity1311 , @entity1260 , and XXXX for the treatment of squamous cell cervical cancer: the experience of Monza.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'woman']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: The medical treatment of @entity957 is receiving increasing attention. @entity900 and @entity1260 are known effective drugs. @entity1311 has been tested with interesting results in @entity5 . We evaluated the toxic effects and the antitumor activity of a multiagent regimen that included @entity1311 , @entity1260 , and @entity900 (TIP) in two different settings: bulky and locally advanced @entity5 and recurrent-persistent disease. Treatment consisted of @entity1311 175 mg/m2 given over 3 hours on day 1, @entity900 50 mg/m2 (75 mg/m2 in 24 @entity1 ), @entity1260 5 g/m2 and mesna 5 g/m2 given on day 2, and mesna 3 g/m2 given on day 3. In the neoadjuvant setting, the course was repeated every 3 weeks for three courses. Unless there was progression of disease or reason to avoid surgery, all @entity1 were scheduled for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirty-eight @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 were studied: 11 @entity1 achieved a clinical complete response, 21 had a partial response, five had stable disease, and one had disease progression. Among the 34 @entity1 who underwent surgery, six had a pathologically documented complete response, seven had an optimal partial response (only microscopic @entity66 ), 19 had a suboptimal partial response, and two stable diseases. Grade 3-4 @entity1398 was recorded in 71% of @entity1 , grade 3-4 @entity882 in 10.5%, and grade 2 @entity1897 in 2.6%. With a median follow-up period of 22 months for the @entity1 who remain alive, 28 @entity1 are alive without recurrence and five are alive with persistent/recurrent disease. Five @entity1 have died of disease. In the salvage setting, 45 @entity1 with persistent-recurrent disease after primary treatment were treated; 31 of these @entity1 had received prior radiation. In the salvage setting we observed 15 clinical complete responses, 15 partial responses, nine stable diseases, and six disease progressions. The objective response rate was 66.6%. Ten complete responders underwent subsequent surgery and seven had pathologic complete response (two in radiated areas). The response rate was 52% in radiated areas and 75% in nonradiated areas. The median survival time is 6 months for the nonresponders, 9+ month for the partial responders, and 13+ months for the complete responders. The most relevant side effect was myelotoxicity, with 91% of @entity1 experiencing grade 3-4 myelotoxicity. One @entity1 had life-threatening @entity137 . This regimen yields a high response rate with acceptable @entity137 and should be prospectively compared with other regimens. The high rate of pathologic complete and optimal responses might impact positively on survival, but only a longer follow-up period will allow objective assessment of this impact. The specific roles of @entity1311 and @entity1260 in this regimen remain to be fully understood.

title: Chemotherapy with @entity1311 , XXXX , and @entity900 for the treatment of squamous cell cervical cancer: the experience of Monza.

answer: @entity1260 :: (MESH:D007069,Chemical) :: ['ifosfamide']


abstract: The medical treatment of @entity957 is receiving increasing attention. @entity900 and @entity1260 are known effective drugs. @entity1311 has been tested with interesting results in @entity5 . We evaluated the toxic effects and the antitumor activity of a multiagent regimen that included @entity1311 , @entity1260 , and @entity900 (TIP) in two different settings: bulky and locally advanced @entity5 and recurrent-persistent disease. Treatment consisted of @entity1311 175 mg/m2 given over 3 hours on day 1, @entity900 50 mg/m2 (75 mg/m2 in 24 @entity1 ), @entity1260 5 g/m2 and mesna 5 g/m2 given on day 2, and mesna 3 g/m2 given on day 3. In the neoadjuvant setting, the course was repeated every 3 weeks for three courses. Unless there was progression of disease or reason to avoid surgery, all @entity1 were scheduled for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirty-eight @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 were studied: 11 @entity1 achieved a clinical complete response, 21 had a partial response, five had stable disease, and one had disease progression. Among the 34 @entity1 who underwent surgery, six had a pathologically documented complete response, seven had an optimal partial response (only microscopic @entity66 ), 19 had a suboptimal partial response, and two stable diseases. Grade 3-4 @entity1398 was recorded in 71% of @entity1 , grade 3-4 @entity882 in 10.5%, and grade 2 @entity1897 in 2.6%. With a median follow-up period of 22 months for the @entity1 who remain alive, 28 @entity1 are alive without recurrence and five are alive with persistent/recurrent disease. Five @entity1 have died of disease. In the salvage setting, 45 @entity1 with persistent-recurrent disease after primary treatment were treated; 31 of these @entity1 had received prior radiation. In the salvage setting we observed 15 clinical complete responses, 15 partial responses, nine stable diseases, and six disease progressions. The objective response rate was 66.6%. Ten complete responders underwent subsequent surgery and seven had pathologic complete response (two in radiated areas). The response rate was 52% in radiated areas and 75% in nonradiated areas. The median survival time is 6 months for the nonresponders, 9+ month for the partial responders, and 13+ months for the complete responders. The most relevant side effect was myelotoxicity, with 91% of @entity1 experiencing grade 3-4 myelotoxicity. One @entity1 had life-threatening @entity137 . This regimen yields a high response rate with acceptable @entity137 and should be prospectively compared with other regimens. The high rate of pathologic complete and optimal responses might impact positively on survival, but only a longer follow-up period will allow objective assessment of this impact. The specific roles of @entity1311 and @entity1260 in this regimen remain to be fully understood.

title: Chemotherapy with XXXX , @entity1260 , and @entity900 for the treatment of squamous cell cervical cancer: the experience of Monza.

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: Carcinogenesis is a process that converts normal cells from controllable to uncontrollable growth. Coordinate regulation of the rates of cell proliferation and cell death is an important determinant in maintenance of homeostasis. Loss of control of this balance is central to the development of @entity5 . This loss may be due to @entity74 in either growth promoting genes resulting in constitutive activation or negative growth regulating genes such as @entity5 suppressor genes. Recent advances in studying the molecular mechanisms related to the etiology of @entity5 have provided further understanding of these pathways. Earlier studies have been primarily concerned with cell proliferation resulting from activation of oncogenes. However, many recent studies have focused on the induction of cell death. The recognition of the importance of apoptosis, a distinct mode of cell death, in maintenance of genomic stability was further prompted by studying the mechanism of the @entity5 suppressor gene product @entity876 , as well as many other oncogenes and @entity5 suppressor genes. For example, many oncogenes appear to act as potent inducers of apoptosis through activation of @entity876 dependent apoptosis pathways. Therefore, one possible mechanism for @entity5 suppression involves activation of apoptosis pathways in cells at risk of @entity5 . These studies have provided extensive knowledge of the signal transduction pathways in response to genotoxic stress and promoted mechanistic research related to the apoptosis pathways. These studies also provide a perfect explanation that @entity876 is a key element in maintaining genomic stability and loss of the @entity876 function is a common event during @entity105 . This chapter will mainly focus on the role of apoptosis in @entity105 . In particular, I will summarize recent studies related to the mechanisms of @entity876 and its role in this process.

title: Role of @entity876 and apoptosis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'neoplastic transformation']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic alteration']

answer: @entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['carcinogenesis']


abstract: Carcinogenesis is a process that converts normal cells from controllable to uncontrollable growth. Coordinate regulation of the rates of cell proliferation and cell death is an important determinant in maintenance of homeostasis. Loss of control of this balance is central to the development of @entity5 . This loss may be due to @entity74 in either growth promoting genes resulting in constitutive activation or negative growth regulating genes such as @entity5 suppressor genes. Recent advances in studying the molecular mechanisms related to the etiology of @entity5 have provided further understanding of these pathways. Earlier studies have been primarily concerned with cell proliferation resulting from activation of oncogenes. However, many recent studies have focused on the induction of cell death. The recognition of the importance of apoptosis, a distinct mode of cell death, in maintenance of genomic stability was further prompted by studying the mechanism of the @entity5 suppressor gene product @entity876 , as well as many other oncogenes and @entity5 suppressor genes. For example, many oncogenes appear to act as potent inducers of apoptosis through activation of @entity876 dependent apoptosis pathways. Therefore, one possible mechanism for @entity5 suppression involves activation of apoptosis pathways in cells at risk of @entity5 . These studies have provided extensive knowledge of the signal transduction pathways in response to genotoxic stress and promoted mechanistic research related to the apoptosis pathways. These studies also provide a perfect explanation that @entity876 is a key element in maintaining genomic stability and loss of the @entity876 function is a common event during @entity105 . This chapter will mainly focus on the role of apoptosis in @entity105 . In particular, I will summarize recent studies related to the mechanisms of @entity876 and its role in this process.

title: Role of XXXX and apoptosis in @entity105 .

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The nonspecific cross-reacting antigen-50/90 (NCA-50/90) is a glycoprotein antigen which shares some antigenic determinants with @entity787 ( @entity787 ). No definite clinical value has been established for the measurement of NCA-50/90 in @entity5 @entity1 . METHODS: We established and evaluated a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) specific for NCA-50/90 using two monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: No significant reactivity with 4 purified related antigens including @entity787 was found in the NCA-50/90 CLEIA. Serum samples (n = 572) from @entity1 with malignant (n = 326) as well as from healthy individuals (n = 246) were analyzed by the NCA-50/90 CLEIA and by the established ACCESS @entity787 assay. The average sensitivity of NCA-50/90 for @entity5 was 40.8%, compared to 45.4% of @entity787 . Relatively high positive rates of NCA-50/90 were observed in sera from @entity1 with @entity2 (72.0%), @entity157 (62.5%), @entity788 (47.6%), @entity0 (35.6%), and @entity14 (34.5%). About 15% of @entity1 with @entity5 were positive only for NCA-50/90. The levels of NCA-50/90 and @entity787 in sera from @entity1 with @entity5 correlated only poorly. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that increases in blood levels of NCA-50/90 occur in a population of @entity5 @entity1 which is different from those with elevated levels of @entity787 and that NCA-50/90 might be useful for NCA-50/90-positive, but @entity787 -negative @entity1 .

title: Nonspecific cross-reacting antigen-50/90 (NCA-50/90) as a new XXXX marker.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The natriuretic peptide family is comprised of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), @entity3876 ( @entity3876 ), @entity21695 ( @entity21695 ), dendroaspis natriuretic peptide - DNP and urodilatin. They play a role in the diagnosis of @entity66 , especially those involving the cardiovascular system. @entity295 is a complex condition that can lead to @entity177 , shock and @entity204 . The number of @entity1 developing @entity295 is still increasing (approximately 750,000 cases of @entity295 occur annually in the USA). Both ANP and pro-ANP have attracted interest as new markers for @entity295 . Reports indicate that ANP or @entity3876 levels are elevated in septic @entity1 . However, many mechanisms are still unexplained. This situation is complicated by the fact that contradictory results have been published. There are several reasons for this controversy including differences in the techniques used to assay natriuretic peptides. Nevertheless, natriuretic peptides might eventually prove useful for the diagnosis and/or the treatment of septic @entity1 .

title: Natriuretic peptides in septic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity21695 :: ('4880', 'Gene') :: ['CNP', 'C-type natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['several diseases']

entities_list: @entity3876 :: ('4879', 'Gene') :: ['BNP', 'brain natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['multiorgan failure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The role of HRT and/or @entity2931 in the aetiology, progression and prevention of @entity179 is unclear. Various studies have been conducted in cells, animals and @entity1 to better define these relationships. The following is a presentation of data on the role of @entity2931 in the two most common @entity303 syndromes @entity195 and @entity1294 . This review examines whether there is support for the hypothesis that the use of @entity2931 reduces the risk for @entity303 and @entity73 in a variety of experimental models. A literature search was performed using the following key words: @entity2931 and @entity303 , @entity2931 and Alzheimer, @entity2931 and cognition, @entity2931 and learning, and @entity2931 and memory. The reference lists for the articles identified using these search strategies were examined. The strongest evidence for a beneficial effect comes from cell and animal studies. These suggest that treatment with @entity2931 may influence the pathogenetic processes of AD, mainly by affecting the beta-amyloid metabolism, by promoting the activity of the cholinergic system, by reducing oxidative stress or cardiovascular risk. Observational studies give some support to the hypothesis that HRT may be protective for @entity73 and @entity303 in the elderly, but the inherited methodological problems in these studies preclude any conclusions. The treatment trials published thus far have methodological problems that prohibit definite conclusions on the relationship between HRT and @entity73 and @entity303 .

title: HRT and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogens', 'oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity1294 :: ('MESH:D015140', 'Disease') :: ['vascular dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's Disease"]

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: Symptoms and signs of @entity14136 span all organ systems, including the cardiovascular apparatus. The electrocardiographic QT interval reflects cardiac ventricular repolarization and, if prolonged, increases the risk of malignant @entity943 . QT interval duration is similar in @entity1 and @entity1 during childhood, but shortens in males after puberty and experimental studies suggest that @entity251 is a major contributor to shortening of QT interval in @entity1 . The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the duration of ventricular repolarization in adult males with primary or secondary @entity6126 . Standard ECG recordings were performed in 26 @entity1 (mean age 39.2 +/- 2.17 years) with @entity54671 and repeated in 15 @entity1 during @entity251 replacement. Twenty-six age-matched control @entity1 were also analysed. Measured QT intervals were corrected for heart rate according to Bazzett's formula (QTc = QT/radical RR interval). The prevalence of prolonged QTc was considerably higher in hypogonadal @entity1 (four of 26 @entity1 ) than in control @entity1 (none, p < 0.05) and in the general, healthy population (<2.5%). QTc interval normalized on hormone replacement therapy in the four @entity1 presenting prolonged QTc in the hypogonadal state. Heart rate and left ventricular mass did not differ among the two groups and no known QT-prolonging factor was apparent in @entity1 with abnormal QTc interval. In conclusion, a high number prolonged QT interval measurements was observed in hypogonadal @entity1 who may therefore be at increased risk for @entity943 . This observation reveals an additional feature of @entity14136 , which may benefit from @entity251 replacement therapy.

title: Increased prevalence of prolonged QT interval in males with primary or secondary XXXX : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'girls', 'boys', 'men']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity54671 :: ('MESH:C567108', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary or testicular hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'cardiac arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity14136 :: ('MESH:D005058', 'Disease') :: ['male hypogonadism']

answer: @entity6126 :: (MESH:D007006,Disease) :: ['hypogonadism']


abstract: A minimally invasive model using a manual abrader to induce adhesions in the @entity1573 's central digit is described. The flexor synovial sheath and the profundus tendon were abraded with access through small flaps at the level of the proximal and distal phalanges of the avian long toes. The birds were divided into two groups according to the severity of the induced @entity130 . Group I birds received an @entity267 and were euthanized to allow biomechanical testing 5 weeks postoperatively. Group II birds had a more severe abrasion and were euthanized similarly and tested 5 weeks after surgery. Results were compared with nonsurgical controls. Long toe function was evaluated weekly by measuring (1) the range of active flexion of each interphalangeal joint, resolved to total angular range; (2) the grasping ability on graded-diameter perches; and (3) the flexion @entity51 . Postmortem biomechanical properties of the adhesions were measured. There was a significant difference between the unoperated controls and @entity433 of both groups in all parameters (p < 0.001). There was, in addition, a marked change in most of the measured parameters between groups I and II. In group I digits the functional and biomechanical deficit was less than group II. In summary, this animal model of long-segment abrasive @entity1796 is a simple and reproducible method to generate adhesions and can be used for the evaluation of treatment modalities for adhesion prevention.

title: A new model for experimental tendon adhesions in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity267 :: ('MESH:D065306', 'Disease') :: ['abrasion injury']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['deficit of the long toe']

entities_list: @entity1796 :: ('MESH:D013708', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the tendon and sheath']

entities_list: @entity433 :: ('MESH:C536436', 'Disease') :: ['abraded digits']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: Mechanisms of protective immunity to @entity281 in the lung remain poorly defined. In this study, T-cell subset expansion and cytokine expression in bronchoalveolar spaces, lung parenchyma, and mediastinal lymph nodes of @entity19 infected intratracheally with @entity2497 -Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) were analyzed in parallel with histopathology and bacterial burden. @entity2499 -BCG was cleared rapidly from bronchoalveolar spaces without evidence for persistence. In lung parenchyma bacteria grew during the first 4 wk followed by gradual clearance with less than 0.1% of the original inoculum persisting for more than 8 mo. Clearance of @entity2499 -BCG from bronchoalveolar lavage was associated with recruitment of both neutrophils and lymphocytes. Lung CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta T-cell receptor-positive T cells expanded maximally by Week 4, and declined by Week 8 to control values despite bacterial persistence. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lung T cells produced interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to @entity2499 -BCG. Four distinct pathologic states of lung parenchymal infection were noted. Early focal sub-bronchial inflammation with transmigration of cells into airways was followed by diffuse peribronchitis, perivasculitis, and @entity3794 with activated macrophages, lymphoblasts, and occasional giant cells. The latter stage corresponded to maximal @entity2499 -BCG growth. @entity281 consisted of small lymphocytes and foamy macrophages, which coincided with decreasing @entity2499 -BCG colony-forming units, T-cell infiltration, and IFN-gamma expression. A final quiescent phase consisted of residual lymphoid aggregates and perivasculitis associated with persistent spontaneous IFN-gamma production. Bacterial dissemination to lymph node and spleen occurred by Week 4 and declined in parallel to lung. In contrast to lung, IFN-gamma secretion was detected only late despite early expansion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. By reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction, IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-12 p40 messenger RNA (mRNA) in lung paralleled IFN-gamma protein production. Tumor @entity39 factor-alpha, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression was not increased during @entity2499 -BCG @entity358 . Thus, protective immunity to @entity2499 -BCG in the lung evolved differently in air space, lung, and lymph node.

title: Pulmonary immune responses during primary XXXX - Calmette-Guerin bacillus infection in C57Bl/6 @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['alveolitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Resolving infection', 'mycobacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung infection']

entities_list: @entity2497 :: ('1765', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium bovis']

answer: @entity2497 :: (1765,Species) :: ['mycobacterium bovis']


abstract: Mechanisms of protective immunity to @entity281 in the lung remain poorly defined. In this study, T-cell subset expansion and cytokine expression in bronchoalveolar spaces, lung parenchyma, and mediastinal lymph nodes of @entity19 infected intratracheally with @entity2497 -Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) were analyzed in parallel with histopathology and bacterial burden. @entity2499 -BCG was cleared rapidly from bronchoalveolar spaces without evidence for persistence. In lung parenchyma bacteria grew during the first 4 wk followed by gradual clearance with less than 0.1% of the original inoculum persisting for more than 8 mo. Clearance of @entity2499 -BCG from bronchoalveolar lavage was associated with recruitment of both neutrophils and lymphocytes. Lung CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta T-cell receptor-positive T cells expanded maximally by Week 4, and declined by Week 8 to control values despite bacterial persistence. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lung T cells produced interferon (IFN)-gamma in response to @entity2499 -BCG. Four distinct pathologic states of lung parenchymal infection were noted. Early focal sub-bronchial inflammation with transmigration of cells into airways was followed by diffuse peribronchitis, perivasculitis, and @entity3794 with activated macrophages, lymphoblasts, and occasional giant cells. The latter stage corresponded to maximal @entity2499 -BCG growth. @entity281 consisted of small lymphocytes and foamy macrophages, which coincided with decreasing @entity2499 -BCG colony-forming units, T-cell infiltration, and IFN-gamma expression. A final quiescent phase consisted of residual lymphoid aggregates and perivasculitis associated with persistent spontaneous IFN-gamma production. Bacterial dissemination to lymph node and spleen occurred by Week 4 and declined in parallel to lung. In contrast to lung, IFN-gamma secretion was detected only late despite early expansion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. By reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction, IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-12 p40 messenger RNA (mRNA) in lung paralleled IFN-gamma protein production. Tumor @entity39 factor-alpha, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression was not increased during @entity2499 -BCG @entity358 . Thus, protective immunity to @entity2499 -BCG in the lung evolved differently in air space, lung, and lymph node.

title: Pulmonary immune responses during primary @entity2497 - Calmette-Guerin bacillus infection in C57Bl/6 XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: 1. The kinetics of photoresponses to flashes and steps of light of rods, from the retina of the newt @entity13036 , were analysed by recording the membrane current with a suction electrode. 2. In dark-adapted conditions the relation between the normalized amplitude of the photoresponse at a fixed time 1 s after the onset of light and the light intensity could be fitted by an exponential or a polynomial relation. In the presence of a steady bright light the same relation could be fitted by a Michaelis-Menten relation. 3. The kinetics of photoresponses to light stimuli was reconstructed using a model in which: (i) three molecules of @entity6708 ( @entity8262 ) open a light-sensitive channel; (ii) light activates the enzyme phosphodiesterase, which hydrolyses @entity8262 , thus closing light-sensitive channels: (iii) @entity141 ions permeate through light-sensitive channels: and (iv) intracellular @entity141 inhibits, in a co-operative way, the enzyme cyclase, which synthesizes @entity8262 . 4. The model reproduces the shortening of the time to peak of brief flash photoresponses from about 1080 ms to about 690 ms with brighter lights. The model also explains the shortening of the time to peak to 350 ms observed in the presence of a steady light and the lack of a further acceleration with brighter flashes of lights. 5. The presence in the model of an intracellular @entity460 buffer accounts for the partial reactivation of the photocurrent following a step of light, lasting several seconds. The time course of this reactivation is not accelerated by a steady bright light both experimentally and in the model. 6. After the extinction to a long step of light the photocurrent showed a rapid partial reactivation, which was followed by a slow component of the photoresponse which extinguished with a rate constant of about 0.05 s-1. The model explains the origin of this slow component by assuming that the inactivation of excited rhodopsin is partially reversible. 7. The model is also able to explain the particular changes of kinetics when different amounts of exogenous @entity460 buffers are incorporated into rods (Torre, Matthews _ Lamb, 1986).

title: Kinetics of phototransduction in retinal rods of the newt XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6708 :: ('CHEBI:16356', 'Chemical') :: ["guanosine 3'.5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity8262 :: ('MESH:D006152', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic GMP']

entities_list: @entity13036 :: ('8323', 'Species') :: ['Triturus cristatus']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity13036 :: (8323,Species) :: ['Triturus cristatus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The quality of life has been greatly influenced and the cost of medical expenses is very high in @entity1 with @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ). The etiology and pathogenesis of @entity1744 are still unclear, and the prevention and treatment of this disease still lack of effective methods. OBJECTIVE: To explore and analyze the effects of Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction (TGHD), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine for regulating the liver and spleen, on @entity1744 @entity1 with @entity294 . DESIGN, SETTING, @entity1 AND INTERVENTIONS: All 40 @entity1744 @entity1 came from the First Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and were randomly divided into two groups. @entity1 in the treatment group (n=20) were given TGHD, while those in the control group (n=20) were prescribed oral @entity24819 with a four-week treatment period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score, total obviously effective rate, disappearance rate of symptoms, and clinical symptom score in the two groups were evaluated before and after four-week treatment. RESULTS: After the treatment, TCM syndrome scores in both groups were decreased (P<0.01), and the TCM syndrome score in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the total obviously effective rate between the two groups (P<0.01), and the total obviously effective rates in the treatment and control groups were 85%(17/20) and 45%(9/20) respectively. The disappearance rates of @entity490 , abdominal distention, poor stool output, stool frequency, stool character and mucous stool in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The symptom scores of @entity490 , abdominal distention, poor stool output, stool frequency, stool character and mucous stool in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: TGHD can significantly improve the clinical symptoms in @entity1744 @entity1 with @entity294 .

title: [Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction in treatment of @entity1744 with XXXX : a randomized controlled trial].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity24819 :: ('MESH:C013199', 'Chemical') :: ['pinaverium']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome', 'IBS']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['diarrhea']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The quality of life has been greatly influenced and the cost of medical expenses is very high in @entity1 with @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ). The etiology and pathogenesis of @entity1744 are still unclear, and the prevention and treatment of this disease still lack of effective methods. OBJECTIVE: To explore and analyze the effects of Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction (TGHD), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine for regulating the liver and spleen, on @entity1744 @entity1 with @entity294 . DESIGN, SETTING, @entity1 AND INTERVENTIONS: All 40 @entity1744 @entity1 came from the First Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and were randomly divided into two groups. @entity1 in the treatment group (n=20) were given TGHD, while those in the control group (n=20) were prescribed oral @entity24819 with a four-week treatment period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score, total obviously effective rate, disappearance rate of symptoms, and clinical symptom score in the two groups were evaluated before and after four-week treatment. RESULTS: After the treatment, TCM syndrome scores in both groups were decreased (P<0.01), and the TCM syndrome score in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.01). There was a significant difference in the total obviously effective rate between the two groups (P<0.01), and the total obviously effective rates in the treatment and control groups were 85%(17/20) and 45%(9/20) respectively. The disappearance rates of @entity490 , abdominal distention, poor stool output, stool frequency, stool character and mucous stool in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The symptom scores of @entity490 , abdominal distention, poor stool output, stool frequency, stool character and mucous stool in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: TGHD can significantly improve the clinical symptoms in @entity1744 @entity1 with @entity294 .

title: [Tiaohe Ganpi Hexin Decoction in treatment of XXXX with @entity294 : a randomized controlled trial].

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']


abstract: The HSD2 ( @entity11331 dehydrogenase-type 2 enzyme) containing neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) become activated during low- @entity1372 and high- @entity1369 states such as @entity3485 . This response may be due to hormonal and/or neural signals. Hormonal signals may activate neurons in the area postrema that innervate the HSD2 neurons. The vagus nerve projects directly to the HSD2 neurons and this could be another route whereby these neurons receive information about systemic @entity1372 / @entity1369 status. The peripheral sites of origin that contribute to this vagal projection remain unknown, and in the present study, we injected the transganglionic tracer, cholera toxin beta-subunit-horseradish peroxidase (CTb-HRP), into wall of various gastrointestinal organs (stomach, small and large intestine) or liver of @entity35 . Confocal microscopy of brainstem sections stained by a double immunohistochemical procedure was used to analyze whether the HSD2 neurons received axonal contacts from specific @entity344 . The major source of afferents arose from the stomach, mainly from its pyloric antrum, but a weaker input originated from the fundus region. A trace amount originated from the duodenum. The terminal part of the small intestine and large intestine did not to contribute to this projection. Similarly, no afferent inputs from the liver or portal vein were found. In conclusion, HSD2 neurons receive an input mainly from the stomach and these results are considered as potential sites affecting @entity1372 intake.

title: Gastric afferents project to the XXXX -sensitive HSD2 neurons of the NTS.

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal structures']

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['hypovolemia']

entities_list: @entity11331 :: ('CHEBI:35346', 'Chemical') :: ['11-beta-hydroxysteroid']

answer: @entity1369 :: (MESH:D000450,Chemical) :: ['aldosterone']


abstract: Few prospective studies of mortality among @entity1 in developing countries have been published. Here we quantify and describe mortality and injury morbidity among a cohort of schoolchildren in rural Southeast Asia. @entity204 among a cohort of 40,119 schoolchildren in Thailand were prospectively monitored over a two year period from January 1991. Additionally, data were collected with a questionnaire from a subset of 6,378 @entity1 asking them to recall all @entity130 over a one-year period. There were 40 @entity204 for an annual incidence of 50/100,000. Fifty percent of all @entity204 were due to injury; 25% to @entity166 . Sixty percent of the @entity204 were due to motor vehicles and 35% to drowning. Sixty-six percent of the @entity1 reported one or more accidents. The leading categories of non-fatal @entity130 , in decreasing order, were: animal bite, @entity9737 wound, burn, near-drowning, fall from a height. @entity1 experienced more @entity130 than @entity1 for almost every @entity130 . Injuries are replacing @entity166 as the most important cause of @entity204 in developing countries. Additional public health initiatives to reduce childhood accidents may be warranted.

title: Causes of XXXX among schoolchildren in Thailand.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Boys', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['injury deaths', 'Deaths', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'type of injury']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death and unintentional injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ) who had bulky disease ( @entity154 ) at diagnosis had the highest rate of testicular relapse (20%) of any @entity981 subgroup on previous @entity1 's @entity5 Group (CCG) studies in the late 1980s. To limit curative, but sterilizing, testicular irradiation to those with @entity10523 , testicular biopsies were performed to detect occult @entity10523 within the first 6 months of treatment. Testicular irradiation then was provided to those with occult disease to increase disease-free survival. Identification of those with occult disease was believed to be a factor that would influence ultimate survival in such @entity1 in that era. @entity1 AND METHODS: One hundred ninety-nine @entity1 had bilateral testicular wedge biopsies performed during the first maintenance therapy phase of the four different chemotherapy regimens. @entity1 with positive biopsy results were treated with testicular irradiation and continued on therapy. RESULTS: Eleven of 199 biopsy results (5.5%) were judged positive. @entity1 with positive biopsy results given testicular radiation had a 45% subsequent adverse event rate, compared with 36% for those with a negative biopsy results (P = 0.4). The survival rates for the two groups were similar. The low rate of positive biopsy specimens resulted in discontinuation of the procedure before closure of the study. CONCLUSION: Positive testicular biopsy results early in remission identified @entity1 at a slightly higher risk of subsequent adverse events but did not influence survival. However, because negative biopsy results (94.5%) did not alter the prescribed treatment, the small number of positive biopsy results did not warrant undertaking the procedure in most male @entity1 with @entity981 , and this procedure was abandoned.

title: Early testicular biopsy in males with XXXX : lack of impact on subsequent event-free survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Children', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomatous features']

entities_list: @entity10523 :: ('MESH:D013733', 'Disease') :: ['testicular disease']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: Intrathecal @entity1772 infusion has demonstrated effectiveness in decreasing @entity508 of spinal origin. Oral antispasticity medication is minimally effective or not well tolerated in @entity306 . This study assessed the effectiveness of intrathecal @entity1772 in reducing @entity508 in @entity306 . Candidates were screened by randomized, double-blind, intrathecal injections of @entity1772 and placebo. Responders were defined as those who experienced an average reduction of 1.0 in the lower extremities on the Ashworth Scale for @entity508 . Responders received intrathecal @entity1772 via the SynchroMed System and were followed for up to 43 months. Fifty-one @entity1 completed screening and 44 entered open-label trials. Lower-extremity @entity508 decreased from an average baseline score of 3.64 to 1.90 at 39 months. A decrease in upper extremity @entity508 was evidenced over the same study period. Forty-two @entity1 reported adverse events. Most common reports were @entity2421 , @entity410 (no new onset), @entity2147 , and @entity390 or @entity391 . Fifty-nine percent of the @entity1 experienced procedural or system-related events. Spasticity in @entity1 with @entity306 can be treated effectively by continuous intrathecal @entity1772 . Adverse events, although common, were manageable.

title: Intrathecal XXXX for management of @entity306 : multicenter trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity2147 :: ('MESH:D006970', 'Disease') :: ['somnolence']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonia']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['baclofen']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity1772 :: (MESH:D001418,Chemical) :: ['baclofen']


abstract: Intrathecal @entity1772 infusion has demonstrated effectiveness in decreasing @entity508 of spinal origin. Oral antispasticity medication is minimally effective or not well tolerated in @entity306 . This study assessed the effectiveness of intrathecal @entity1772 in reducing @entity508 in @entity306 . Candidates were screened by randomized, double-blind, intrathecal injections of @entity1772 and placebo. Responders were defined as those who experienced an average reduction of 1.0 in the lower extremities on the Ashworth Scale for @entity508 . Responders received intrathecal @entity1772 via the SynchroMed System and were followed for up to 43 months. Fifty-one @entity1 completed screening and 44 entered open-label trials. Lower-extremity @entity508 decreased from an average baseline score of 3.64 to 1.90 at 39 months. A decrease in upper extremity @entity508 was evidenced over the same study period. Forty-two @entity1 reported adverse events. Most common reports were @entity2421 , @entity410 (no new onset), @entity2147 , and @entity390 or @entity391 . Fifty-nine percent of the @entity1 experienced procedural or system-related events. Spasticity in @entity1 with @entity306 can be treated effectively by continuous intrathecal @entity1772 . Adverse events, although common, were manageable.

title: Intrathecal @entity1772 for management of XXXX : multicenter trial.

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['spastic cerebral palsy']


abstract: @entity2916 complex is a disease that affects many organs, including the central nervous system. Nervous system involvement in the form of @entity4607 often results in @entity410 . In this study we wanted to determine the outcome of @entity302 in @entity2916 and determine whether interictal electroencephalograms (EEGs) and @entity4607 as seen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are predictive of degree of @entity410 control. The study population consisted of 30 @entity1 . For each @entity1 two sets of EEG and MRI data, separated by at least 12 months, and information on @entity410 frequency at time of data collection were obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of various EEG and MRI findings were determined. @entity410 control improved in 20 and worsened in 10 @entity1 . In relation to @entity410 control, the specificity of an abnormal sleep EEG and the positive predictive value of normal sleep EEG were 100%. MRI and EEG background were neither sensitive nor specific for predicting @entity410 control. A majority of @entity1 with @entity2916 can achieve good @entity410 control. The sleep EEG is helpful in predicting eventual @entity410 control.

title: XXXX complex and @entity302 : prognostic significance of electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity2916 :: ('MESH:D014402', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberous sclerosis', 'tuberous sclerosis complex']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity4607 :: ('MESH:D006222', 'Disease') :: ['hamartomas', 'hamartoma burden']

answer: @entity2916 :: (MESH:D014402,Disease) :: ['Tuberous sclerosis']


abstract: @entity2916 complex is a disease that affects many organs, including the central nervous system. Nervous system involvement in the form of @entity4607 often results in @entity410 . In this study we wanted to determine the outcome of @entity302 in @entity2916 and determine whether interictal electroencephalograms (EEGs) and @entity4607 as seen with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are predictive of degree of @entity410 control. The study population consisted of 30 @entity1 . For each @entity1 two sets of EEG and MRI data, separated by at least 12 months, and information on @entity410 frequency at time of data collection were obtained. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of various EEG and MRI findings were determined. @entity410 control improved in 20 and worsened in 10 @entity1 . In relation to @entity410 control, the specificity of an abnormal sleep EEG and the positive predictive value of normal sleep EEG were 100%. MRI and EEG background were neither sensitive nor specific for predicting @entity410 control. A majority of @entity1 with @entity2916 can achieve good @entity410 control. The sleep EEG is helpful in predicting eventual @entity410 control.

title: @entity2916 complex and XXXX : prognostic significance of electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging.

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elevated relative regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) reflects the increased microvascularity that is associated with @entity1313 . The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of rCBV in the determination of recurrent/residual disease in @entity1 with treated @entity11 . METHODS: Thirty-one rCBV studies were performed in 19 @entity1 with treated @entity11 . All @entity1 also had proton MR spectroscopy and conventional MR imaging. Regions of abnormality were identified on conventional MR images by two neuroradiologists and compared with rCBV and MR spectroscopic data. Metabolites and rCBV were quantified and compared in abnormal regions. RESULTS: In high-grade @entity5 , rCBV values were proportional to @entity1877 in regions of @entity5 and nonviable tissue. Although the presence of residual/recurrent disease was often ambiguous on conventional MR images, the rCBV maps indicated regions of elevated vascularity in all low-grade @entity5 and in 12 of 17 grade IV lesions. Regions of elevated and low rCBV corresponded well with spectra, indicating @entity5 and nonviable tissue, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that rCBV maps and MR spectroscopy are complementary techniques that may improve the detection of residual/recurrent @entity5 in @entity1 with treated @entity11 . Compared with the spectra, the rCBV maps may better reflect the heterogeneity of the @entity5 regions because of their higher resolution. The multiple markers of MR spectroscopy enable better discrimination between normal and abnormal tissue than do the rCBV maps.

title: Comparison of relative cerebral blood volume and proton spectroscopy in @entity1 with treated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['gliomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Elevated relative regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) reflects the increased microvascularity that is associated with @entity1313 . The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential role of rCBV in the determination of recurrent/residual disease in @entity1 with treated @entity11 . METHODS: Thirty-one rCBV studies were performed in 19 @entity1 with treated @entity11 . All @entity1 also had proton MR spectroscopy and conventional MR imaging. Regions of abnormality were identified on conventional MR images by two neuroradiologists and compared with rCBV and MR spectroscopic data. Metabolites and rCBV were quantified and compared in abnormal regions. RESULTS: In high-grade @entity5 , rCBV values were proportional to @entity1877 in regions of @entity5 and nonviable tissue. Although the presence of residual/recurrent disease was often ambiguous on conventional MR images, the rCBV maps indicated regions of elevated vascularity in all low-grade @entity5 and in 12 of 17 grade IV lesions. Regions of elevated and low rCBV corresponded well with spectra, indicating @entity5 and nonviable tissue, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that rCBV maps and MR spectroscopy are complementary techniques that may improve the detection of residual/recurrent @entity5 in @entity1 with treated @entity11 . Compared with the spectra, the rCBV maps may better reflect the heterogeneity of the @entity5 regions because of their higher resolution. The multiple markers of MR spectroscopy enable better discrimination between normal and abnormal tissue than do the rCBV maps.

title: Comparison of relative cerebral blood volume and proton spectroscopy in XXXX with treated @entity11 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are expressed in the @entity1 lung, where they participate in metabolic inactivation and activation of numerous exogenous and endogenous compounds. In this study, the expression pattern of all known xenobiotic-metabolizing CYP genes was characterized in the @entity1 alveolar type II cell-derived A549 @entity420 cell line using qualitative reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the mechanisms of induction by chemicals of members in the @entity4187 and @entity5322 subfamilies were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of CYPs 1A1, 1B1, 2B6, 2C, 2E1, 3A5, and 3A7 was detected in the A549 cells. The amounts of mRNAs of CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2A7, 2A13, 2F1, 3A4, and 4B1 were below the limit of detection. @entity1300 ( @entity1300 ) induced @entity4187 and @entity4188 mRNAs 56-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively. @entity5396 was induced 8-fold by @entity619 and 11-fold by @entity109 . @entity5322 was not induced by any of the typical @entity5322 inducers used. The @entity669 kinase inhibitor @entity670 and the protein kinase C inhibitor @entity866 blocked @entity1300 -elicited induction of @entity4187 , but they did not affect @entity4188 induction. Protein phosphatase inhibitors @entity18398 and @entity29478 enhanced @entity1300 -induction of @entity4188 slightly, but had negligible effects on @entity4187 induction. These results suggest that @entity4187 and @entity4188 are differentially regulated in @entity1 pulmonary epithelial cells and give the first indication of the induction of @entity5396 by glucocorticoids in @entity1 lung cells. These results establish that having retained several characteristics of @entity1 lung epithelial cell CYP expression, the A549 lung cell line is a valuable model for mechanistic studies on induction of the pulmonary CYP system.

title: Induction and regulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450s in the XXXX A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line.

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity29478 :: ('MESH:C059041', 'Chemical') :: ['calyculin A']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity866 :: ('MESH:D019311', 'Chemical') :: ['staurosporine']

entities_list: @entity1300 :: ('MESH:D013749', 'Chemical') :: ['TCDD', '2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity18398 :: ('MESH:D019319', 'Chemical') :: ['okadaic acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']