abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Expression of light chain 3 ( @entity22227 ), a characteristic marker of autophagy, was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot using a @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) model in @entity19 . Electron microscopic analysis was also performed to examine the anatomic formation of autophagy and autophagic cell @entity204 in the injured spinal cord. OBJECTIVE: To examine both biochemically and anatomically the activity of autophagy in the damaged neural tissue after @entity1566 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Autophagy is the bulk degradation of intracellular proteins and organelles, and it is involved in a number of diseases. Autophagy can lead to nonapoptotic programmed cell @entity204 , which is called autophagic cell @entity204 . Recent researches have revealed the increased expression of @entity22227 and the anatomic formation of autophagy and autophagic cell @entity204 in damaged tissues of @entity66 models. However, previous studies have focused on apoptotic process but not autophagic activity as mechanism of @entity3145 after @entity1566 . To date, there has been no study to examine the expression of @entity22227 and the anatomic formation of autophagy after @entity1566 . METHODS: The spinal cord was hemitransected at T10 in adult female C57BL/6J @entity19 . The @entity22227 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The anatomic formation of autophagic activity was investigated using electron microscopy. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that the number of the @entity22227 -positive cells significantly increased at the lesion site after hemisection. The increase of @entity22227 -positive cells was observed from 4 hours and peaked at 3 days, and it lasted for at least 21 days after hemisection. The @entity22227 -positive cells were observed in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the level of @entity22227 -II protein expression significantly increased in the injured spinal cord. Electron microscopy showed the formation of autophagic vacuoles to increase in the damaged cells. Furthermore, the nuclei in the transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end labeling-positive cells expressed @entity22227 were round, which is consistent with autophagic cell @entity204 , and they were neither shrunken nor fragmented as is observed in apoptotic nuclei. CONCLUSION: This study suggested both biochemically and anatomically that autophagy was clearly activated and autophagic cell @entity204 was induced in the damaged neural tissue after @entity1566 .

title: Induction of autophagy and autophagic cell @entity204 in damaged neural tissue after acute XXXX in @entity19 .

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Expression of light chain 3 ( @entity22227 ), a characteristic marker of autophagy, was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot using a @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) model in @entity19 . Electron microscopic analysis was also performed to examine the anatomic formation of autophagy and autophagic cell @entity204 in the injured spinal cord. OBJECTIVE: To examine both biochemically and anatomically the activity of autophagy in the damaged neural tissue after @entity1566 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Autophagy is the bulk degradation of intracellular proteins and organelles, and it is involved in a number of diseases. Autophagy can lead to nonapoptotic programmed cell @entity204 , which is called autophagic cell @entity204 . Recent researches have revealed the increased expression of @entity22227 and the anatomic formation of autophagy and autophagic cell @entity204 in damaged tissues of @entity66 models. However, previous studies have focused on apoptotic process but not autophagic activity as mechanism of @entity3145 after @entity1566 . To date, there has been no study to examine the expression of @entity22227 and the anatomic formation of autophagy after @entity1566 . METHODS: The spinal cord was hemitransected at T10 in adult female C57BL/6J @entity19 . The @entity22227 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The anatomic formation of autophagic activity was investigated using electron microscopy. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that the number of the @entity22227 -positive cells significantly increased at the lesion site after hemisection. The increase of @entity22227 -positive cells was observed from 4 hours and peaked at 3 days, and it lasted for at least 21 days after hemisection. The @entity22227 -positive cells were observed in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the level of @entity22227 -II protein expression significantly increased in the injured spinal cord. Electron microscopy showed the formation of autophagic vacuoles to increase in the damaged cells. Furthermore, the nuclei in the transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end labeling-positive cells expressed @entity22227 were round, which is consistent with autophagic cell @entity204 , and they were neither shrunken nor fragmented as is observed in apoptotic nuclei. CONCLUSION: This study suggested both biochemically and anatomically that autophagy was clearly activated and autophagic cell @entity204 was induced in the damaged neural tissue after @entity1566 .

title: Induction of autophagy and autophagic cell @entity204 in damaged neural tissue after acute @entity1566 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['various disease']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['neural tissue damage']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: AIM: To investigate efficacy and safety of second-line treatment with @entity2600 -loaded drug-eluting beads (DEBIRI) and cetuximab (DEBIRITUX) of unresectable colorectal liver @entity3 . METHODS: @entity1 with the following characteristics were included in the study: unresectable hepatic @entity3 from @entity14 ( @entity14 ), progression after first line chemotherapy (any type of chemotherapeutic drug and combination was allowed), second line treatment (mandatory), which included for each @entity1 (unregarding the @entity984 status) two cycles of DEBIRI (using 100-300  m beads loaded with @entity2600 at a total dose 200 mg) followed by 12 cycles of cetuximab that was administered weekly at a first dose of 400 mg/m(2) and then 250 mg/m(2); good performance status (0-2) and liver functionality ( @entity3929 aminotransferase and @entity5428 transferase not exceeding three times the upper limit of normal, total @entity648 not exceeding 2.5 mg/mL). Data were collected retrospectively and included: @entity5 response (evaluated monthly for 6 mo then every 3 mo), overall response rate (ORR), @entity984 status, type and intensity of adverse events (G according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0, CTCAE), @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and progression free survival (PFS). RESULTS: Forty consecutive cases of CRC hepatic @entity3 were included in the study. Median duration of DEBIRITUX was 4.4 mo (range, 4.0-6.5). Sixteen @entity1 (40%) received the planned 2 cycles of DEBIRI and an average of 10 cetuximab cycles. ORR of the whole sample was 50%, in particular 4 @entity1 were complete responders (10%) and 16 (40%) partial responders. The most observed side effects (G2) were: @entity887 (30%), @entity294 (25%), skin rushes (38%) and @entity1395 (35%). The retrospective evaluation of @entity984 status (24 wild type, 16 mutated) showed that the group of @entity1 with wild type @entity984 had ORR significantly higher than mutant @entity984 . Median follow-up was 29 mo (8-48 range); median PFS was 9.8 mo and @entity1349 was 20.4 mo. Future randomized trials are required in this setting to establish a role for DEBIRITUX compared with systemic chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: DEBIRITUX seems to be efficacious after first line chemotherapy for the treatment of unresectable @entity14 .

title: Locoregional therapy and systemic cetuximab to treat colorectal liver XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5428 :: ('CHEBI:24190', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-glutamyl']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['post-embolization syndrome']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma', 'CRC-LM']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dedifferentiation, a process whereby differentiated cells lose their specialized characteristics and revert to a less differentiated state, plays a key role in the regeneration process in urodele amphibians such as the red spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Dedifferentiation of fully mature tissues is generally absent in @entity1 cells. Previous studies have shown that @entity19 C2C12 multinucleated myotubes treated with extract derived from regenerating newt forelimbs can re-enter the cell cycle, fragment into mononucleated cells, and proliferate. However, this response has been difficult to replicate. METHODS: We isolated extract from early newt forelimb regenerates and assessed its effects on differentiation of proliferating primary and C2C12 myoblasts. We also treated fully differentiated primary and C2C12 myotube cultures with extract and assessed cell cycle re-entry and @entity1949 . RESULTS: We have confirmed the results obtained in C2C12 cells and expanded these studies to also examine the effects of newt regeneration extracts on primary muscle cells. Newt extract can block differentiation of both C2C12 and primary myoblasts. Once differentiation is induced, treatment with newt extract causes cell cycle re-entry and fragmentation of C2C12 myotubes. Downregulation of @entity5207 and muscle-specific markers is also induced. Primary myotubes also fragment in response to extract treatment, and the fragmented cells remain viable for long periods of time in culture. However, unlike C2C12 cells, primary muscle cells do not re-enter the cell cycle in response to treatment with newt extracts. CONCLUSIONS: Dedifferentiation of fully mature muscle occurs during regeneration in the newt forelimb to contribute cells to the regeneration process. Our study shows that extracts derived from regenerating newt forelimbs can induce dedifferentiation, cell cycle re-entry, and fragmentation of @entity19 C2C12 cells but can only induce fragmentation in primary muscle cells.

title: A differential response to newt regeneration extract by C2C12 and primary XXXX muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['myotube fragmentation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: Proteases and their inhibitors have been shown to play roles in @entity5 invasion and @entity3 in a number of experimental models. Recently, relative increases in the amounts of urokinase type plasminogen activator ( @entity2290 ) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( @entity2289 ) in @entity5 samples have been correlated with poorer, pathological grade, shorter disease-free interval, and shorter survival. To date, all studies investigating the prognostic significance of proteases and their inhibitors have been limited to extracranial @entity5 . In this article, we review the literature and present our data on the prognostic significance of proteases in @entity1 @entity1313 . High levels of @entity2290 were seen in @entity11 and @entity3 (n = 82), whereas normal levels of @entity2290 were found in low-grade @entity11 . Analysis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a significant correlation between high levels of @entity2290 and @entity39 and @entity4 (n = 50; P < 0.05). Similarly, @entity1 with high levels of @entity2290 had shorter survival than did @entity1 with low levels of @entity2290 . Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), which was virtually absent in @entity463 multiforme (GBM), colon lung, and breast @entity3 , was found in normal quantities in @entity816 ( @entity816 ), @entity11 ( @entity11 ), and @entity1653 . @entity320 had significantly more tPA activity than normal brain did. A reverse correlation was found between tPA and MRI findings of @entity39 , enhancement, and @entity4 . Similarly, @entity1 with no detectable tPA activity had shorter survival than did @entity1 with detectable tPA activity. We conclude that high levels of @entity2290 and absent tPA activity correlate with histologically malignant @entity1313 , aggressive characteristics, and shorter survival.

title: Prognostic significance of proteolytic enzymes in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['Melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'LGG', 'low-grade glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningioma']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic astrocytoma', 'AA']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumors']


abstract: Proteases and their inhibitors have been shown to play roles in @entity5 invasion and @entity3 in a number of experimental models. Recently, relative increases in the amounts of urokinase type plasminogen activator ( @entity2290 ) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ( @entity2289 ) in @entity5 samples have been correlated with poorer, pathological grade, shorter disease-free interval, and shorter survival. To date, all studies investigating the prognostic significance of proteases and their inhibitors have been limited to extracranial @entity5 . In this article, we review the literature and present our data on the prognostic significance of proteases in @entity1 @entity1313 . High levels of @entity2290 were seen in @entity11 and @entity3 (n = 82), whereas normal levels of @entity2290 were found in low-grade @entity11 . Analysis with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a significant correlation between high levels of @entity2290 and @entity39 and @entity4 (n = 50; P < 0.05). Similarly, @entity1 with high levels of @entity2290 had shorter survival than did @entity1 with low levels of @entity2290 . Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), which was virtually absent in @entity463 multiforme (GBM), colon lung, and breast @entity3 , was found in normal quantities in @entity816 ( @entity816 ), @entity11 ( @entity11 ), and @entity1653 . @entity320 had significantly more tPA activity than normal brain did. A reverse correlation was found between tPA and MRI findings of @entity39 , enhancement, and @entity4 . Similarly, @entity1 with no detectable tPA activity had shorter survival than did @entity1 with detectable tPA activity. We conclude that high levels of @entity2290 and absent tPA activity correlate with histologically malignant @entity1313 , aggressive characteristics, and shorter survival.

title: Prognostic significance of proteolytic enzymes in XXXX @entity1313 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: This study examined the sciatic nerve axonal transport of @entity734 ( @entity734 ) and its basal content in stomach, sciatic nerve and lumbar spinal cord of 8- and 12-week alloxan- @entity6 @entity35 , respectively. One group of @entity6 @entity35 received @entity4162 (ALCAR) throughout the experimental period. Alloxan treatment caused @entity4854 and reduced @entity1 growth. Axonal transport of @entity734 was studied by measurement of 24-hour accumulation at a ligature on the sciatic nerve. There was a marked reduction (from 50% to 100% according to the nerve segment examined) of anterograde and retrograde accumulation of @entity734 in the constricted nerve of 8-week @entity6 @entity35 . In the sciatic nerve of ALCAR-treated @entity6 @entity35 , the accumulation of @entity734 was comparable to control values. In the sciatic nerve, lumbar spinal cord and stomach of 12-week @entity6 @entity35 , there is a significant reduction of @entity734 content. ALCAR treatment prevented @entity734 loss in these tissues. Sciatic nerves showed the typical @entity5121 increase and @entity8580 loss that were significantly counteracted by ALCAR. This study suggests that ALCAR treatment prevents @entity6 -induced @entity16 by improving altered metabolic pathways such as @entity8371 activity and @entity8580 synthesis, and by preventing the reduction of synthesis and axonal transport of substance P.

title: Diabetic neuropathy in the XXXX : 1. Alcar augments the reduced levels and axoplasmic transport of substance P.

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['myo-inositol']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5121 :: ('MESH:D013012', 'Chemical') :: ['sorbitol']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['sensory neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity4162 :: ('MESH:D000108', 'Chemical') :: ['acetyl-l-carnitine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['SPLI', 'substance P-like immunoreactivity']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To test the feasibility of using intermittent @entity342 suppression in the treatment of @entity263 by taking advantage of the reversible action of medical castration. METHODS: Observations were made on a group of 47 @entity1 (clinical @entity73134 ; and A2, 2) with a mean follow-up time of 125 weeks. Treatment was initiated with combined @entity342 blockade and continued for at least 6 months until a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir was observed. Medication was then withheld until the serum PSA increased to a mean value between 10 and 20 ng/mL. This cycle of treatment and no treatment was repeated until the regulation of serum PSA became @entity342 independent. RESULTS: The first two treatment cycles lasted 73 and 75 weeks, with a mean time off therapy of 30 and 33 weeks and an overall mean percentage time off therapy of 41% and 45%, respectively. The mean time to achieve a nadir level of serum PSA was 20 weeks in cycle 1 and 18 weeks in cycle 2. Serum @entity251 returned to the normal range within 8 weeks (range, 1 to 26) of stopping treatment. The off-treatment period in both cycles was associated with an improvement in sense of well-being and the recovery of libido and potency in the @entity1 who reported normal or near-normal sexual function before the start of therapy. In 7 @entity1 with Stage D2 disease, the @entity5 progressed to an @entity342 -independent state. The mean and median times to progression were 128 weeks and 108 weeks, respectively. Seven @entity1 have died, 1 from a noncancer-related illness, with mean and median overall survival times of 210 weeks and 166 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: @entity263 is amenable to control by intermittent @entity342 suppression. This approach affords an improved quality of life when the @entity1 is off therapy. It also results in reduced @entity137 and cost of treatment and possibly delays @entity5 progression. Whether survival is affected in a beneficial or adverse way remains to be studied in a randomized, prospective study.

title: Intermittent @entity342 suppression in the treatment of XXXX : a preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To test the feasibility of using intermittent @entity342 suppression in the treatment of @entity263 by taking advantage of the reversible action of medical castration. METHODS: Observations were made on a group of 47 @entity1 (clinical @entity73134 ; and A2, 2) with a mean follow-up time of 125 weeks. Treatment was initiated with combined @entity342 blockade and continued for at least 6 months until a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir was observed. Medication was then withheld until the serum PSA increased to a mean value between 10 and 20 ng/mL. This cycle of treatment and no treatment was repeated until the regulation of serum PSA became @entity342 independent. RESULTS: The first two treatment cycles lasted 73 and 75 weeks, with a mean time off therapy of 30 and 33 weeks and an overall mean percentage time off therapy of 41% and 45%, respectively. The mean time to achieve a nadir level of serum PSA was 20 weeks in cycle 1 and 18 weeks in cycle 2. Serum @entity251 returned to the normal range within 8 weeks (range, 1 to 26) of stopping treatment. The off-treatment period in both cycles was associated with an improvement in sense of well-being and the recovery of libido and potency in the @entity1 who reported normal or near-normal sexual function before the start of therapy. In 7 @entity1 with Stage D2 disease, the @entity5 progressed to an @entity342 -independent state. The mean and median times to progression were 128 weeks and 108 weeks, respectively. Seven @entity1 have died, 1 from a noncancer-related illness, with mean and median overall survival times of 210 weeks and 166 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: @entity263 is amenable to control by intermittent @entity342 suppression. This approach affords an improved quality of life when the @entity1 is off therapy. It also results in reduced @entity137 and cost of treatment and possibly delays @entity5 progression. Whether survival is affected in a beneficial or adverse way remains to be studied in a randomized, prospective study.

title: Intermittent XXXX suppression in the treatment of @entity263 : a preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: Despite recent developments in therapy for @entity356 , the prognosis of this disease remains poor in advanced stages. In many cases even curatively treated @entity1 without any @entity5 develop metachronous metastases. As in other solid @entity5 , adjuvant therapies can reduce the metastatic risk, which implies that some of these @entity1 harbour @entity5 cells or micrometastases (minimal @entity66 , @entity4145 ) that are undetectable by radiological imaging and conventional histopathology but can still be the cause of @entity5 recurrence. Therefore, reliable methods for diagnosing @entity4145 would be desirable for individually tailoring therapy for these @entity1 . Unfortunately, testing methods for @entity4145 and interpretation of their results are not standardised and studies published on this topic are difficult to interpret due to methodological differences and small sample sizes. As of now, testing for @entity4145 has not become relevant in clinical routine for any of the anatomic compartments lymph nodes, peritoneal lavage fluid, peripheral blood, and bone marrow in the Western hemisphere. Most reliable data on @entity4145 in @entity356 @entity1 have been reported for peritoneal lavage fluid. In some centres in Japan, this test is routinely being used for making therapeutic decisions, e. g., on the use of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. @entity4145 in resected lymph nodes will be further evaluated in the context of the sentinel lymph node concept and possibly be employed for designing individualised therapy for @entity1 in @entity66 stages who are not routinely candidates for multimodal treatment. As for @entity5 cells in peripheral blood and in bone marrow, studies suggest that these cells are only able to form metastases in the presence of certain molecular factors. Therefore, rather than simply confirming the existence of @entity5 cells in blood or bone marrow, future studies should concentrate on defining their molecular characteristics and the conditions required for their metastatic potential. This may gain relevance in diagnostics and prognostic evaluation of individual @entity1 as well as in the development of targeted therapies directly interfering with the metastatic process.

title: [Minimal XXXX ( @entity4145 ) in @entity356 --an overview].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease', 'early disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['isolated tumour', 'residual tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Residual Disease']


abstract: Despite recent developments in therapy for @entity356 , the prognosis of this disease remains poor in advanced stages. In many cases even curatively treated @entity1 without any @entity5 develop metachronous metastases. As in other solid @entity5 , adjuvant therapies can reduce the metastatic risk, which implies that some of these @entity1 harbour @entity5 cells or micrometastases (minimal @entity66 , @entity4145 ) that are undetectable by radiological imaging and conventional histopathology but can still be the cause of @entity5 recurrence. Therefore, reliable methods for diagnosing @entity4145 would be desirable for individually tailoring therapy for these @entity1 . Unfortunately, testing methods for @entity4145 and interpretation of their results are not standardised and studies published on this topic are difficult to interpret due to methodological differences and small sample sizes. As of now, testing for @entity4145 has not become relevant in clinical routine for any of the anatomic compartments lymph nodes, peritoneal lavage fluid, peripheral blood, and bone marrow in the Western hemisphere. Most reliable data on @entity4145 in @entity356 @entity1 have been reported for peritoneal lavage fluid. In some centres in Japan, this test is routinely being used for making therapeutic decisions, e. g., on the use of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. @entity4145 in resected lymph nodes will be further evaluated in the context of the sentinel lymph node concept and possibly be employed for designing individualised therapy for @entity1 in @entity66 stages who are not routinely candidates for multimodal treatment. As for @entity5 cells in peripheral blood and in bone marrow, studies suggest that these cells are only able to form metastases in the presence of certain molecular factors. Therefore, rather than simply confirming the existence of @entity5 cells in blood or bone marrow, future studies should concentrate on defining their molecular characteristics and the conditions required for their metastatic potential. This may gain relevance in diagnostics and prognostic evaluation of individual @entity1 as well as in the development of targeted therapies directly interfering with the metastatic process.

title: [Minimal @entity66 ( XXXX ) in @entity356 --an overview].

answer: @entity4145 :: (MESH:C537373,Disease) :: ['MRD']


abstract: Despite recent developments in therapy for @entity356 , the prognosis of this disease remains poor in advanced stages. In many cases even curatively treated @entity1 without any @entity5 develop metachronous metastases. As in other solid @entity5 , adjuvant therapies can reduce the metastatic risk, which implies that some of these @entity1 harbour @entity5 cells or micrometastases (minimal @entity66 , @entity4145 ) that are undetectable by radiological imaging and conventional histopathology but can still be the cause of @entity5 recurrence. Therefore, reliable methods for diagnosing @entity4145 would be desirable for individually tailoring therapy for these @entity1 . Unfortunately, testing methods for @entity4145 and interpretation of their results are not standardised and studies published on this topic are difficult to interpret due to methodological differences and small sample sizes. As of now, testing for @entity4145 has not become relevant in clinical routine for any of the anatomic compartments lymph nodes, peritoneal lavage fluid, peripheral blood, and bone marrow in the Western hemisphere. Most reliable data on @entity4145 in @entity356 @entity1 have been reported for peritoneal lavage fluid. In some centres in Japan, this test is routinely being used for making therapeutic decisions, e. g., on the use of intraperitoneal chemotherapy. @entity4145 in resected lymph nodes will be further evaluated in the context of the sentinel lymph node concept and possibly be employed for designing individualised therapy for @entity1 in @entity66 stages who are not routinely candidates for multimodal treatment. As for @entity5 cells in peripheral blood and in bone marrow, studies suggest that these cells are only able to form metastases in the presence of certain molecular factors. Therefore, rather than simply confirming the existence of @entity5 cells in blood or bone marrow, future studies should concentrate on defining their molecular characteristics and the conditions required for their metastatic potential. This may gain relevance in diagnostics and prognostic evaluation of individual @entity1 as well as in the development of targeted therapies directly interfering with the metastatic process.

title: [Minimal @entity66 ( @entity4145 ) in XXXX --an overview].

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristic changes in large aggregating (aggrecan) and small proteoglycan (PG) populations in articular cartilages during @entity571 ( @entity571 ) and @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: Aggrecan populations in @entity2097 extracts of femoral condylar cartilages of 46 @entity571 and 8 @entity309 @entity1 who underwent total knee arthroplasty, as well as of 2 fetuses and 6 normal adults, were separated in agarose- @entity2975 composite gels. Small PGs (biglycan, decorin, and @entity21876 ) in the same extracts were analyzed in 12% @entity2975 gels. Gels were stained or electrophoretically transferred and probed with antibodies to aggrecan epitopes and to small PGs. Epitope contents of the samples were also compared by inhibition radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: There were significant differences found among normal and diseased samples in their electrophoretic mobilities, band distributions, and antibody staining. @entity571 and especially @entity309 samples were heavily degraded, lacked certain aggrecan populations, and contained fewer @entity31846 and @entity12006 epitopes compared with normal samples. Levels of @entity12006 and "fetal-type" epitopes were elevated in the @entity571 samples compared with the normal ones. More core proteins of small PGs were found in diseased than in normal cartilages, but they were more heterogeneous in size and glycosaminoglycan substitution. CONCLUSION: There is extensive degradation of both large and small PGs in diseased cartilages, but a repair process does exist, especially in @entity571 cartilages. Chondrocytes of diseased cartilages are able to synthesize fetal-type aggrecans. Small PGs are glycosylated differently in diseased cartilages than in normal ones.

title: Large and small proteoglycans of osteoarthritic and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity12006 :: ('MESH:D002809', 'Chemical') :: ['chondroitin-6-sulfate', 'chondroitin-4-sulfate']

entities_list: @entity2097 :: ('MESH:D019791', 'Chemical') :: ['guanidine']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity31846 :: ('MESH:D007632', 'Chemical') :: ['keratan sulfate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid articular cartilage']


abstract: We present the development of microbioreactors (MBRs) based on @entity13768 ( @entity16549 ) segmented waveguides (SWG) for local absorbance measurements. Two different MBRs were studied, either using symmetric or asymmetric SWG (being defined as MBR-S and MBR-A, respectively). Their optical and fluidic performances were numerically analyzed, showing robustness from an optical point of view and distinct fluid flow profile. The optical characterization was done in two steps. Initially, the experimental limit of detection (LOD) and the sensitivity were determined for two different analytes ( @entity941 and methylorange). With both systems, a similar limit of detection for both analytes was obtained, being in the micromolar level. Their sensitivities were 20.2  0.3 ( 10     ) A.U./ M and 5.5  0.2 ( 10     ) A.U./ M for @entity941 and @entity25537 , respectively. Once validated its applicability for local absorbance measurements, a continuous cultivation of @entity375 was done to test the viability of the proposed systems for photonic MBRs. Concretely, the cell growth was locally monitored inside the MBR during 33   h. Spectral analysis showed that the determination of the culture parameters were wavelength dependant, with a growth rate of 0.39  0.02   h      and a doubling time of 1.65  0.09   h at an optimal wavelength of 469.9  0.3   nm. Besides the easy and monolithic integration of the SWG into @entity13768 microfluidic systems, the results presented here are very promising for the application in any disposable photonic lab-on-a-chip systems used for online analysis or photonic MBRs.

title: XXXX photonic microbioreactors based on segmented waveguides for local absorbance measurement.

entities_list: @entity25537 :: ('MESH:C100258', 'Chemical') :: ['methylorange']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity13768 :: ('MESH:C013830', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(dimethylsiloxane)']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity13768 :: (MESH:C013830,Chemical) :: ['Poly(dimethylsiloxane)']


abstract: Eutrophication (i.e., nutrient enrichment, organic enrichment, and @entity26 depletion) is one of the most common sources of impairment in Clean Water Act 303(d)-listed waters in the United States. Although eutrophication can eventually cause adverse effects to the benthos, it may be difficult to diagnose. Sediment organic @entity505 (OC) content has been used as an indicator of enrichment in sediments, but the amount of surface area available for @entity505 adsorption must be considered. We investigated the utility of the relationship between OC and sediment grain size as an indicator of eutrophication. Data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program was used to test this relationship. However, anthropogenic contaminants are also capable of causing adverse effects to the benthos and often co-occur with elevated levels of OC. Contaminant analysis and @entity137 tests were not consistently related to enrichment status as defined by relationship between total OC and grain size. Although variability in response occurred, reflecting the variance in the water column factors (dissolved @entity26 , @entity21364 , and nutrients) and limited sample sizes, the data supported the hypothesis that sites designated as enriched were eutrophied. Dissolved @entity26 levels were reduced at enriched sites, whereas @entity21364 and nutrients were higher at enriched sites. This suggests that the relationship of OC to grain size can be used as a screening tool to diagnose eutrophication.

title: Can sediment total organic XXXX and grain size be used to diagnose organic enrichment in estuaries?

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity21364 :: ('MESH:C085815|MESH:C032081', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorophyll a']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: @entity8625 ( @entity8625 ) is a rare form of @entity1778 characterized by a very high-proliferation index, rapid clinical progression, and a high frequency of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Commonly, it is treated in the clinical trials for @entity2109 , of which it represents the leukemic counterpart. PROCEDURE: @entity1 with @entity8625 diagnosed between 1988 and 1999 were enrolled in the AIEOP-8805 protocol. Treatment included six high-dose chemotherapy courses. No prophylactic CNS irradiation was administered. RESULTS: Sixty-five consecutive @entity1 were enrolled in the study. L3 morphology was observed in 57 of 65 @entity1 (88%). Twenty-five @entity1 (38%) had @entity5 mass in addition to massive @entity236 ; 11 @entity1 (17%) had @entity6220 at diagnosis. Sixty-two @entity1 obtained complete morphological remission of which 13 suffered a relapse, including 3 with initial CNS involvement. Ten-year overall survival and event-free survival were 77% and 75%, respectively. Neither relevant long-term @entity137 nor second @entity5 were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The AIEOP-8805 confirmed that short high-dose chemotherapy is highly effective for the treatment of @entity8625 without significant long-term adverse sequelae. Therapy modifications to reduce relapse rate, such as the use of anti- @entity2225 monoclonal antibody and more effective CNS treatment, are being tested.

title: Long-term results of AIEOP-8805 protocol for XXXX of childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['CNS disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['Burkitt lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric leukemia']

entities_list: @entity8625 :: ('MESH:D015456', 'Disease') :: ['BACKGROUND: Acute B-cell leukemia', 'B-ALL']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow infiltration']

answer: @entity8625 :: (MESH:D015456,Disease) :: ['acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: Interactions between @entity5 cells and the endothelium are vital to the formation of haematogenous @entity3 . Binding to model endothelium of one @entity2931 receptor positive @entity0 cell line (MCF-7) and one receptor negative line (HS578T) was examined in vitro together with endothelial retraction induced by these @entity5 cells. Adhesion was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies specific for the VLA integrins and by peptides containing the RGD motif which is commonly recognised as a ligand by the VLA adhesion molecules. However, binding of the two @entity5 cell lines was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies specific for different VLA molecules; anti-alpha 6 beta 1 inhibited MCF-7 adhesion but anti-alpha 5 beta 1 inhibited Hs578T. These results were consistent with flow cytometric quantification of the expression of these VLA integrins on the surfaces of the two @entity5 cell lines. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) demonstrated that laminin was present on the endothelial cell surface but collagen IV was absent. ELISA failed to detect increased exposure of the subendothelial matrix during the first hour after addition of either @entity5 cell type. This was supported by assays which demonstrated maintenance of the endothelial permeability barrier during this period. Slight endothelial retraction was detected within 2 hours of the addition of @entity5 cells. It is concluded that binding between @entity5 cells and confluent endothelium is inhibited by the blockade of adhesion molecules which are normally associated with interactions between the cell and the subendothelial matrix. @entity5 cell to matrix interactions rather than direct @entity5 to endothelial cell adhesion may be the limiting step in @entity5 cell binding to the endothelium.

title: The role of beta 1 integrins in adhesion of two XXXX cell lines to a model endothelium.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: It is now widely accepted that the clinical diagnosis of @entity1619 (D.V.T.) is unreliable. Many venous thrombi are nonobstructive and not associated with vessel wall @entity32 or @entity32 of the surrounding tissues and consequently have no detectable clinical manifestations. Moreover, none of the symptoms or signs of @entity49 are unique to this condition and all can be caused by non @entity715 . On the other hand, in most of the D.V.T., the @entity291 is the site in the legs where a @entity715 starts. This @entity715 begins commonly in valve pockets throughout various deep veins of the leg and in saccules of soleal veins. Several non invasive techniques have been developed for diagnosing D.V.T.: 125I, fibrinogen, impedance plethysmography, Doppler ultrasound, Duplex scanning. Many publications document the correlation between venography and these non invasive tests for D.V.T. Unfortunately it appears that, excepted 125I. Fg, these techniques are poorly reliable at the level of the @entity291 . Moreover the diagnosis of D.V.T. may occur in particular and difficult situations such as a recurrent @entity1150 . Considering all above the authors believes that contrast venography remains the standard and that it is less dangerous to do unnecessary venography than not to recognize a @entity1150 .

title: [Has phlebography become useless in the diagnosis of XXXX of the lower extremities?].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic disorders', 'thrombus']

answer: @entity1619 :: (MESH:D015458,Disease) :: ['deep venous thrombosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT Flow diversion via Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) represents the most recent advancement in endovascular therapy of @entity438 . This exploratory study aims at a proof of concept for an advanced device-modeling tool in conjunction with @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ) to evaluate flow modification effects by PED in actual, treated cases. METHODS The authors performed computational modeling of 3 PED-treated complex @entity439 cases. The @entity1 in Case 1 had a fusiform @entity439 treated with a single PED. In Case 2 the @entity1 had a @entity3538 treated with 2 PEDs. Case 3 consisted of tandem ICA @entity439 (III-a and III-b) treated by a single PED. The authors' recently developed high-fidelity virtual stenting (HiFiVS) technique was used to recapitulate the clinical deployment process of PEDs in silico for these 3 cases. Pretreatment and posttreatment aneurysmal hemodynamics studies performed using @entity5173 simulation were analyzed. Changes in aneurysmal flow velocity, inflow rate, @entity1642 ( @entity1642 ), and turnover time were calculated and compared with the clinical outcome. RESULTS In Case 1 (occluded within the first 3 months), the @entity439 had the most drastic flow reduction after PED placement; the aneurysmal average velocity, inflow rate, and average @entity1642 were decreased by 76.3%, 82.5%, and 74.0%, respectively, whereas the turnover time was increased to 572.1% of its pretreatment value. In Case 2 (occluded at 6 months), aneurysmal average velocity, inflow rate, and average @entity1642 were decreased by 39.4%, 38.6%, and 59.1%, respectively, and turnover time increased to 163.0%. In Case 3, @entity439 (occluded at 6 months) had a decrease by 38.0%, 28.4%, and 50.9% in average velocity, inflow rate, and average @entity1642 , respectively, and turnover time increased to 139.6%, which was quite similar to @entity439 . Surprisingly, the adjacent @entity439 III-b had more substantial flow reduction (a decrease by 77.7%, 53.0%, and 84.4% in average velocity, inflow rate, and average @entity1642 , respectively, and an increase to 213.0% in turnover time) than @entity439 , which qualitatively agreed with angiographic observation at 3-month follow-up. However, @entity439 III-b remained patent at both 6 months and 9 months. A closer examination of the vascular anatomy in Case 3 revealed blood draining to the ophthalmic artery off @entity439 III-b, which may have prevented its complete @entity715 . CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that HiFiVS modeling of flow diverter deployment enables detailed characterization of hemodynamic alteration by PED placement. Posttreatment aneurysmal flow reduction may be correlated with @entity439 outcome. However, predicting @entity439 treatment outcome by flow diverters also requires consideration of other factors, including vascular anatomy.

title: High-fidelity virtual stenting: modeling of flow diverter deployment for hemodynamic characterization of complex XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3538 :: ('MESH:D002341', 'Disease') :: ['giant internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['CFD', 'computational fluid dynamics']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'vertebral aneurysm', 'Aneurysm II', 'aneurysm', 'Aneurysm', 'Aneurysm III-a', 'aneurysm occlusion']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['WSS', 'wall shear stress']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['intracranial aneurysms']


abstract: The glyoxalase system consists of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of @entity14625 ( @entity73135 ), a metabolite derived from glycolysis, with @entity2041 to @entity53178 , while glyoxalase II hydrolyses this @entity2041 thiolester to @entity23599 and @entity2041 . Since @entity14625 is toxic due to its high reactivity, the glyoxalase system is crucial to warrant the efficient metabolic flux of this reactive @entity264 . The budding @entity375 @entity375 has the sole gene ( @entity70941 ) encoding the structural gene for glyoxalase I. Meanwhile, this @entity375 has two isoforms of glyoxalase II encoded by @entity73136 and @entity73137 . The expression of @entity70941 is regulated by @entity18385 mitogen-activated protein kinase and @entity23763 / @entity28165 transcription factors under highly osmotic stress conditions. The physiological significance of @entity70941 expression in response to osmotic stress is to combat the increase in the levels of @entity14625 in cells during the production of @entity653 as a compatible osmolyte. Deficiency in @entity70941 in @entity375 causes pleiotropic phenotypes in terms of stress response, because the steady state level of @entity14625 increases in @entity70941 /\ cells thereby constitutively activating @entity43540 transcription factor. @entity43540 is crucial for oxidative stress response, although @entity14625 per se does not enhance the intracellular oxidation level in @entity375 , but it directly modifies @entity462 residues of @entity43540 that are critical for the nucleocytoplasmic localization of this b-ZIP transcription factor. Consequently, glyoxalase I can be defined as a negative regulator of @entity43540 through modulating the intracellular @entity14625 level.

title: Glyoxalase system in XXXX : structure, function, and physiology.

entities_list: @entity14625 :: ('MESH:D011765', 'Chemical') :: ['methylglyoxal']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity23599 :: ('CHEBI:42111', 'Chemical') :: ['D-lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity53178 :: ('MESH:C013585', 'Chemical') :: ['S-D-lactoylglutathione']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['S. cerevisiae', 'yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity264 :: ('CHEBI:17478', 'Chemical') :: ['aldehyde']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeasts']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the clinical, histopathologic and imaging features of @entity788 without secondary signs on dynamic CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy @entity1 (mean age 70  years) with histologically proven @entity788 underwent preoperative contrast material-enhanced multiphasic multidetector CT before pancreatic resection. In each @entity1 , clinical data including @entity1735 antigen 19-9, frequency of @entity5 , and presence of secondary signs and histopathologic findings such as @entity5 location, @entity5 stage, and microscopic infiltrative growth grade were evaluated. RESULTS: Ten @entity5 (14  %) were without secondary signs, and 60 (86  %) were with secondary signs. @entity5 without and with secondary signs were located in the uncinate process in 5 (50  %) and 3 (5  %), head in 3 (30  %) and 29 (48  %), body in 2 (20  %) and 22 (37  %), and tail in 0 (0  %) and 6 (10  %), respectively (p   =   .001). The frequency of isoattenuating @entity788 without secondary signs was significantly higher than those with secondary signs (p   =   0.034). The @entity5 stage of @entity788 without secondary signs was earlier than that in @entity5 with secondary signs (p   =   0.041). CONCLUSIONS: @entity788 without secondary signs is characterized by the presence of uncinate and @entity5 and earlier @entity5 stage @entity5 with secondary signs. KEY POINTS:     Frequency of @entity788 without secondary signs on multiphasic CT is 14   %.     @entity788 without secondary signs are common in the uncinate process.     @entity788 without secondary signs are common in @entity5 .     @entity788 without secondary signs are characterized by @entity5 .

title: XXXX without secondary signs on multiphasic multidetector CT: association with clinical and histopathologic features.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinomas', 'Pancreatic adenocarcinomas', 'pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'Tumours', 'compared to tumours', 'earlier-stage tumours', 'isoattenuating tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Pancreatic adenocarcinomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increased QRS score and wide spatial QRS- @entity20576 are independent predictors of @entity65 in the general population. Our main objective was to assess whether a QRS score >= 5 and/or QRS- @entity20576 >= 105   enable screening of @entity1 for @entity296 features. METHODS: Seventy-seven @entity1 age  <=70 years with QRS score >= 5 AND/OR spatial QRS- @entity20576 >= 105   as well as @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) >35% were enrolled in the study. All @entity1 underwent complete clinical examination, signal averaged ECG (SAECG), 30-minute ambulatory electrocardiogram recording for T-wave alternans (TWA), and late @entity2287 enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR). Relationship between QRS score, QRS- @entity20576 with scar presence and pattern, as well as gray zone, core, and total scar size by LGE-CMR were assessed. RESULTS: @entity296 was present in 41 (53%) @entity1 , of whom 19 (46%) exhibited a typical @entity63 pattern. QRS score but not QRS- @entity20576 was related to total scar size and gray zone size (R(2) = 0.12, P = 0.002; R(2) = 0.17; P  <= 0.0001, respectively). @entity1 with QRS scores >= 6 had significantly greater @entity296 and gray zone size, increased QRS duration and QRS- @entity20576 , a higher prevalence of late potentials presence, increased LV end-diastolic volume and decreased @entity1002 . There was a significant independent and positive association between TWA value and total scar (P = 0.001) and gray zone size (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with preserved @entity1002 and @entity296 by CMR also have electrocardiographic features that could be involved in ventricular arrhythmogenesis.

title: Screening for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Scar Features by 12-Lead ECG, in XXXX with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial scar', 'Myocardial scar']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular ejection fraction', 'LVEF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Single-stranded non-protein coding small RNAs, 18-25 @entity2036 in length, are ubiquitous throughout plants genomes and are involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Several types of DNA markers have been reported for the detection of genetic diversity or sequence variation in @entity1460 , one of the most important legume crops in worldwide for seed protein and oil content. Recently, with the available of public genomic databases, there has been a shift from the labor-intensive development of PCR-based markers to sequence-based genotyping and the development of functional markers within genes, often coupled with the use of RNA information. But thus far miRNA-based markers have been only developed in @entity579 and @entity286 . Here we report the first functional molecular miRNA marker, @entity73138 -InDel, in @entity1460 for a specific single copy locus used to assess genetic variation in domesticated @entity1460 ( @entity1460 ) and its wild progenitor (Glycine soja Sieb. _ Zucc.). RESULTS: We genotyped a total of 1,669 accessions of domesticated @entity1460 (G. max) and its wild progenitor G. soja which are native throughout the China and parts of Korea, Japan and Russia. The results indicate that the @entity73138 locus is distributed in cultivated @entity1460 and has three alleles in annual wild @entity1460 . Based on this result, we proposed that miR-InDel marker technology can be used to assess genetic variation. The inclusion of geo-reference data with @entity73138 -InDel marker data corroborated that accessions from the Yellow River basin (Huanghuai) exhibited high genetic diversity which provides more molecular evidence for gene diversity in annual wild @entity1460 and domestication of @entity1460 . CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence for the use of RNA marker, miRNA1511-InDel, as a @entity1460 -specific functional maker for the study of genetic diversity, genotyping of germplasm and evolution studies. This is also the first report of functional marker developed from @entity1460 miRNA located within the functional region of pre-miRNA1511.

title: Functional marker development of XXXX -InDel and allelic diversity within the genus Glycine.

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity1460 :: ('3847', 'Species') :: ['soybean', 'Glycine max [L.] Merr']

answer: @entity73138 :: (100886473,Gene) :: ['miR1511']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the need for an implant removal and the frequency of hardware related complications in a group of distal radius fractures treated with dorsal double plating. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed data from 37 @entity1 in whom @entity174 surgery was performed through single dorsal approach with two low profile @entity702 plates during a  period of 5 years. Objective and subjective parameters were evaluated, focusing on detection of potentially harmful complications and the need of hardware removal during the follow up at least 12 months after the surgery. RESULTS: 37 @entity1 with @entity174 treated by dorsal double plating were included in this study. 19 @entity1 had their implant removed and 18 @entity1 had their implant retained. There was no statistical difference between these groups in respect to age, @entity174 type, incidence of associated @entity13316 , hand dominance, gender and Mayo wrist score. Only subjective parameters including the average value of the Quick Disabilities of Arm, Hand, and Shoulder Questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale were higher in the group of @entity1 requiring implant removal with a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that only symptomatic hardware should be removed. A decreased range of motion and extensor tendon problems are the most frequent complication, that necessitate plate removal. The main indicator of implant related soft tissue problems was the dorsal wrist @entity158 (Tab. 1, Fig. 3, Ref. 36).

title: Is an implant removal after dorsal plating of XXXX always needed?

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['distal radius fracture', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity13316 :: ('MESH:D014954', 'Disease') :: ['wrist injury']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain syndrome']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['distal radius fracture']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Microwave ablation (MWA) has been recently recognized as a technology to overcome the limitations of radiofrequency ablation. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new 2.45-GHz thermosphere MWA system in the treatment of @entity96 . METHODS: This was a prospective IRB-approved study of 18 @entity1 with @entity96 treated with MWA within a 3-month time period. @entity5 sizes and response to MWA were obtained from triphasic liver CT scans done before and after MWA. The ablation zones were assessed for complete @entity5 response and spherical geometry. RESULTS: There were a total of 18 @entity1 with an average of three @entity5 measuring 1.4  cm (range 0.2-4). Ablations were performed laparoscopically in all, but three @entity1 who underwent combined liver resection. A single ablation was created in 72  % and overlapping ablations in 28  % of lesions. Total ablation time per @entity1 was 15.6      1.9  min. There was no morbidity or mortality. At 2-week CT scans, there was 100  % @entity5 destruction, with no residual lesions. Roundness indices A, B and transverse were 1.1, 0.9 and 0.9, respectively, confirming the spherical nature of ablation zones. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of  our knowledge, this is the first report of a new thermosphere MWA technology in the laparoscopic treatment of @entity96 . The results demonstrate the safety of the technology, with satisfactory spherical ablation zones seen on post-procedural CT scans.

title: Laparoscopic microwave thermosphere ablation of XXXX : an initial clinical evaluation.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['malignant liver tumors']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['malignant liver tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity544 ( @entity515 ) @entity516 facilitates the visualization of abdominal organs during laparoscopic surgery. However, the associated increase in intra-abdominal pressure causes oxidative stress, which contributes to tissue injury. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the ability of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug @entity64117 to prevent @entity515 @entity516 -induced oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions in a @entity35 model. METHODS: Fourteen female adult @entity35 albino @entity35 were divided into a control group (Group A, n = 7) and an @entity64117 group (Group B, n = 7). Group A received 0.5 cc/day 0.9% @entity1219 , and Group B received 10 mg/kg/day @entity64117 was administered by gavage, and maintained for 7 days prior to the operation. During the surgical procedure, the @entity35 were exposed to @entity515 @entity516 with an intra-abdominal pressure of 15 mmHg for 30 min. The peritoneal gas was then desufflated. The @entity35 were sacrificed following 3 h of insufflation. Their lungs were removed, histologically evaluated, and scored for @entity548 , @entity4 , @entity384 , and leukocyte infiltration. The results were statistically analyzed. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Significant differences were detected in @entity548 (P < 0.05), @entity384 (P < 0.001), and leukocyte infiltration (P < 0.001) in Group A compared with Group B. However, the differences in @entity4 were not statistically significant (P = 0.698). CONCLUSIONS: @entity515 @entity516 results in oxidative injury to lung tissue, and administration of @entity64117 reduces the severity of pathological changes. Therefore, @entity64117 may be a useful preventive and therapeutic agent for @entity515 @entity516 -induced oxidative stress in laparoscopic surgery.

title: Prevention of pulmonary complications of pneumoperitoneum in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intra-alveolar hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar edema']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['congestion']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity64117 :: ('MESH:C048498', 'Chemical') :: ['Erdosteine']

entities_list: @entity516 :: ('MESH:D011027', 'Disease') :: ['pneumoperitoneum']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is one of the most recent advances in the surgical treatment of morbid @entity28 . Extended follow-up studies of large cohorts are needed to establish the usefulness of the operation. The objectives of this study are to delineate the role of sleeve gastrectomy in @entity353 and in comorbidities among @entity28 @entity1 . METHODS: @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in a single bariatric center were followed up for a 3-year period. Weight loss and status of several comorbidities were assessed at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 18th, 24(th), and 36th postoperative month. RESULTS: Overall, after 3  years of follow-up of 88 @entity1 , the mean body mass index (BMI) of the @entity1 was 29.8  kg/m(2) (SD   6.1), the % total @entity353 was 38.1  % (SD   12.9), the % excess @entity353 was 69.5  % (SD   17.5), and the % estimated BMI loss was 81.4  % (SD   22.3). These parameters changed significantly over the first year of follow-up (p  <  0.001) and subsequently stabilized. The percentages of @entity1 with @entity101 (33.3  %), @entity407 (26.4  %), @entity6 (20.7  %), @entity27 (20.2  %), and @entity354 ( @entity354 -27  %) were significantly reduced (10.5, 9.2, 1.1, 1.1, and 9.2  % respectively at 36  months postoperation), while 10 new cases of @entity354 appeared postoperatively. However, only three of the new @entity354 cases required medication, and only one of them experienced symptoms that persisted after the 3-year period. CONCLUSION: Three years of close follow-up of @entity1 who had undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy demonstrated satisfactory @entity353 results. Promising results were also obtained regarding various comorbidities of @entity28 @entity1 . Longer follow-up studies for more @entity1 are needed to delineate the exact role of sleeve gastrectomy on postoperative outcomes.

title: The impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on XXXX and @entity28 -associated comorbidities: the results of 3 years of follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'GERD']

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is one of the most recent advances in the surgical treatment of morbid @entity28 . Extended follow-up studies of large cohorts are needed to establish the usefulness of the operation. The objectives of this study are to delineate the role of sleeve gastrectomy in @entity353 and in comorbidities among @entity28 @entity1 . METHODS: @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in a single bariatric center were followed up for a 3-year period. Weight loss and status of several comorbidities were assessed at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 12th, 18th, 24(th), and 36th postoperative month. RESULTS: Overall, after 3  years of follow-up of 88 @entity1 , the mean body mass index (BMI) of the @entity1 was 29.8  kg/m(2) (SD   6.1), the % total @entity353 was 38.1  % (SD   12.9), the % excess @entity353 was 69.5  % (SD   17.5), and the % estimated BMI loss was 81.4  % (SD   22.3). These parameters changed significantly over the first year of follow-up (p  <  0.001) and subsequently stabilized. The percentages of @entity1 with @entity101 (33.3  %), @entity407 (26.4  %), @entity6 (20.7  %), @entity27 (20.2  %), and @entity354 ( @entity354 -27  %) were significantly reduced (10.5, 9.2, 1.1, 1.1, and 9.2  % respectively at 36  months postoperation), while 10 new cases of @entity354 appeared postoperatively. However, only three of the new @entity354 cases required medication, and only one of them experienced symptoms that persisted after the 3-year period. CONCLUSION: Three years of close follow-up of @entity1 who had undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy demonstrated satisfactory @entity353 results. Promising results were also obtained regarding various comorbidities of @entity28 @entity1 . Longer follow-up studies for more @entity1 are needed to delineate the exact role of sleeve gastrectomy on postoperative outcomes.

title: The impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on @entity353 and XXXX -associated comorbidities: the results of 3 years of follow-up.

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: @entity4664 biosynthesis in @entity526 is regulated transcriptionally and post-translationally. Antizyme and ribosomal proteins S20 and L34 participate in post-translational inhibition of the @entity4664 biosynthetic enzymes @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the significance of S20 and L34 in @entity4664 regulation in vivo. In vivo overexpression of S20 and L34 lowered the activities of @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylases and decreased total @entity4664 production. The levels of @entity7226 , a related @entity7228 whose synthesis is not regulated by S20 and L34, did not decrease but increased. The diminished @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylase activities are shown to result from reversible post-translational inhibition since the enzymes could be reactivated to normal levels upon titration of the inhibitors. The effects were specific as overexpression of eight other ribosomal proteins had no influence. Overexpression of @entity7222 decarboxylase results in elevated @entity4664 production and it increases S20 and L34 levels but not those of other ribosomal proteins. @entity7222 depletion decreases S20 and L34 to normal levels in the @entity7222 decarboxylase overproducing cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments coupled with immunoblots indicated that @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylases physically interact with S20 and L34. This study shows that ribosomal proteins S20 and L34 can inhibit @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylases and @entity4664 biosynthesis in vivo. It is concluded that, unlike other basic ribosomal proteins and polycationic compounds which inhibit the activities of these enzymes only in vitro, S20 and L34 are biologically relevant in the regulation of the @entity4664 biosynthetic pathway.

title: Relationship of the expression of the S20 and L34 ribosomal proteins to @entity4664 biosynthesis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7222 :: ('CHEBI:18257', 'Chemical') :: ['Ornithine', 'ornithine']

entities_list: @entity7226 :: ('MESH:D002103', 'Chemical') :: ['cadaverine']

entities_list: @entity7228 :: ('CHEBI:15571', 'Chemical') :: ['diamine']

entities_list: @entity4664 :: ('CHEBI:60143', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyamine', 'polyamine']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity4664 biosynthesis in @entity526 is regulated transcriptionally and post-translationally. Antizyme and ribosomal proteins S20 and L34 participate in post-translational inhibition of the @entity4664 biosynthetic enzymes @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylase. The aim of the present study was to investigate the significance of S20 and L34 in @entity4664 regulation in vivo. In vivo overexpression of S20 and L34 lowered the activities of @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylases and decreased total @entity4664 production. The levels of @entity7226 , a related @entity7228 whose synthesis is not regulated by S20 and L34, did not decrease but increased. The diminished @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylase activities are shown to result from reversible post-translational inhibition since the enzymes could be reactivated to normal levels upon titration of the inhibitors. The effects were specific as overexpression of eight other ribosomal proteins had no influence. Overexpression of @entity7222 decarboxylase results in elevated @entity4664 production and it increases S20 and L34 levels but not those of other ribosomal proteins. @entity7222 depletion decreases S20 and L34 to normal levels in the @entity7222 decarboxylase overproducing cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments coupled with immunoblots indicated that @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylases physically interact with S20 and L34. This study shows that ribosomal proteins S20 and L34 can inhibit @entity7222 and @entity369 decarboxylases and @entity4664 biosynthesis in vivo. It is concluded that, unlike other basic ribosomal proteins and polycationic compounds which inhibit the activities of these enzymes only in vitro, S20 and L34 are biologically relevant in the regulation of the @entity4664 biosynthetic pathway.

title: Relationship of the expression of the S20 and L34 ribosomal proteins to XXXX biosynthesis in @entity526 .

answer: @entity4664 :: (CHEBI:60143,Chemical) :: ['polyamine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Minimally invasive esophagectomy for @entity5 decreases @entity260 but seems to be associated with higher occurrence of @entity357 ( @entity357 ). This study describes the incidence of this complication and the results of surgical repair. METHODS: Among 390 @entity1 with @entity418 treated by esophagectomies with laparoscopic gastric dissection from 2000 to 2013, 32 (8.2  %) @entity1 developed @entity357 . Demographics, diagnostic, surgical management and outcomes data were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: There were 25 @entity1 and 7 @entity1 with a median age of 60  years (39-78). The median time between esophagectomy and diagnosis of @entity357 was 10  months (3  days-96  months). The most frequent symptoms at the time of diagnosis were @entity158 (32  %), @entity1353 (21  %) and @entity391 (10  %), while @entity357 was asymptomatic in 10 @entity1 . @entity357 was located in the left chest in 97  % of @entity1 and involved either the transverse colon (91  %), or omentum (25  %) or the small bowel (12  %). The operation included the reintegration of the viscera associated with the closure of the pillars (100  %) and the establishment of a mesh (71  %). The operation was carried out by laparoscopy in 19 (59  %) @entity1 and was conducted in emergency in 6 (19  %) @entity1 . No @entity1 died, and the overall morbidity was 25  %. After a median follow-up of 40  months (range 1-55), five @entity1 died due to oncologic evolution and six (19  %) @entity1 had recurrence of @entity357 who required a second operation. CONCLUSION: @entity357 is a common complication after laparoscopic-assisted esophagectomy. Despite the use of mesh, postoperative morbidity and recurrence incidence remain high.

title: Laparoscopic repair of XXXX after minimally invasive esophagectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['HH', 'hiatal hernia']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity357 :: (MESH:D006551,Disease) :: ['hiatal hernia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the presentation, workup, and functional outcomes of adult @entity1 diagnosed with @entity15708 treated by transoral subtotal excision. These results were then used to formulate a management algorithm. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review (2001-2008). SETTING: Tertiary care academic hospital. @entity1 : All @entity1 diagnosed with a @entity15708 as an adult were identified in the University of Alberta's head and neck mass database. Charts were reviewed for initial presentation, diagnostic methods, radiographic findings, and treatment and follow-up results. INTERVENTION: @entity15708 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Postoperative swallowing function as measured by pharyngeal residue and aspiration on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies. RESULTS: Five @entity1 with @entity15708 meeting the study criteria were identified. All were females aged 29 to 58 years (mean 44 years). Presentations ranged from asymptomatic to acute @entity1224 . Diagnosis was made with flexible nasopharyngoscopy, thyroid scintigraphy, and computed tomography. All @entity1 underwent transoral subtotal excision of their thyroids with either a @entity515 laser or electrocautery. Two @entity1 complained of residual symptoms and received adjunctive 131I, which led to symptom resolution. Pathologic evaluation revealed benign thyroid tissue. Swallowing function remained efficacious and safe in all @entity1 , as shown by a lack of aspiration and low pharyngeal residue scores. These results were used to propose a management algorithm for the spectrum of adult-diagnosed @entity15708 . CONCLUSIONS: Transoral subtotal excision of @entity15708 provides adequate resection of the lesion with good postoperative swallowing function. When appropriate, this is advocated as the treatment modality of choice.

title: XXXX in adults: management algorithm based on swallowing outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity15708 :: ('MESH:D046151', 'Disease') :: ['lingual thyroid', 'lingual thyroids', 'lingual thyroid glands', 'lingual thyroid presentations', 'Transoral subtotal excision of lingual thyroid tissue']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity15708 :: (MESH:D046151,Disease) :: ['Lingual thyroid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity6 is the leading cause of @entity1939 in urban populations. Early diagnosis through regular screening and timely treatment has been shown to prevent @entity227 and @entity1939 . It is very difficult to cater to this vast set of @entity6 @entity1 , primarily because of high costs in reaching out to @entity1 and a scarcity of skilled personnel. Telescreening offers a cost-effective solution to reach out to @entity1 but is still inadequate due to an insufficient number of experts who serve the @entity6 population. Developments toward fundus image analysis have shown promise in addressing the scarcity of skilled personnel for large-scale screening. This article aims at addressing the underlying issues in traditional telescreening to develop a solution that leverages the developments carried out in fundus image analysis. METHOD: We propose a novel Web-based telescreening solution (called DrishtiCare) integrating various value-added fundus image analysis components. A Web-based platform on the software as a service (SaaS) delivery model is chosen to make the service cost-effective, easy to use, and scalable. A server-based prescreening system is employed to scrutinize the fundus images of @entity1 and to refer them to the experts. An automatic quality assessment module ensures transfer of fundus images that meet grading standards. An easy-to-use interface, enabled with new visualization features, is designed for case examination by experts. RESULTS: Three local primary eye hospitals have participated and used DrishtiCare's telescreening service. A preliminary evaluation of the proposed platform is performed on a set of 119 @entity1 , of which 23% are identified with the sight-threatening @entity989 . Currently, evaluation at a larger scale is under process, and a total of 450 @entity1 have been enrolled. CONCLUSION: The proposed approach provides an innovative way of integrating automated fundus image analysis in the telescreening framework to address well-known challenges in large-scale disease screening. It offers a low-cost, effective, and easily adoptable screening solution to primary care providers.

title: DrishtiCare: a telescreening platform for XXXX powered with fundus image analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'Diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic retinopathy']


abstract: It is generally accepted that renal compensatory growth after unilateral nephrectomy (Uni) is due to prominent @entity1184 with no involvement of protooncogenes. Neither the balance between @entity1184 and @entity1373 nor the expression of the early-growth-related genes has been studied after subtotal nephrectomy (Nx). The occurrence of cystic tubular dilatations after Nx may suggest an excessive cell proliferation in this model. We measured DNA, RNA, and protein content, number of nuclei per tubular section, as well as @entity5019 , c-jun, @entity4569 , @entity3803 , @entity672 , and @entity13719 protooncogene expression in kidneys taken at time of surgery and 2, 7, and 14 days after sham operation (control @entity35 ), Uni, or Nx. After Uni, @entity1373 was greater than expected (+79% for DNA at day 14) and was associated with moderate @entity1184 (+11% for protein/DNA ratio). After Nx, compensatory growth was due only to @entity1373 (+117% for DNA at day 14), with unchanged protein/DNA ratio (vs. Uni, P < 0.02). The greater @entity1373 after Nx was confirmed by nuclei counting. The protooncogene mRNA expression was constantly absent in control and Uni @entity35 , whereas that of @entity5019 and c-jun genes was detected in Nx @entity35 at day 14 with a 2- to 12-fold increment. The @entity5019 and c-jun protein levels were also increased at that time in Nx @entity35 . This suggests the following: 1) the cellular events following Uni and Nx are not the same, and 2) the late protooncogene expression in Nx exclusively could favor a particular type of cell proliferation possibly more related with cystic formation than with actual compensatory growth.

title: Subtotal but not unilateral nephrectomy induces XXXX and protooncogene expression.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

answer: @entity1373 :: (MESH:D006965,Disease) :: ['hyperplasia']


abstract: The use of organotypic hippocampal slice culture (OHSC) has become a powerful tool for studying cell damage in different neuropathological states, since it reproduces the basic morphological and functional properties of hippocampal neuronal network. However, the conventional OHSCs are established from postnatal animals rather than adult. Here we reevaluated the features of cell death in adult OHSC in detail and found potential utility for the study of neuroprotection. Organotypic culture of hippocampal slices from adult @entity19 under conventional conditions led to a time-dependent and reproducible cell death. Around 6days in vitro (DIV), slices lost 50% of the cells, based on LDH release assessment. The cell death was greater than 90% after DIV 15. The cell loss was linearly correlated (r=0.944, P<0.01) with the time in culture. The electrophysiological responses to the stimulus in the cultured adult slices were accordingly reduced. The cell degeneration during adult OHSC might be utilized as a tool for studying neuroprotective effects in drug development. To illustrate this potential use, adult OHSCs were challenged with @entity9140 ( @entity9140 ). We found that the continuous supplementation of 300ng/ml @entity9140 promoted cell survival of adult OHSC. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses of neuronal markers, we also demonstrated the pro-survival effects of @entity9140 on neurons in the adult OHSC system. It is suggested that OHSCs from adult @entity19 might provide an alternative model system for @entity528 , suitable for studying physiological factors and pharmacological compounds contributing to neuronal survival.

title: Evaluation of cell damage in organotypic hippocampal slice culture from adult XXXX : a potential model system to study neuroprotection.

entities_list: @entity9140 :: ('12064(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['BDNF', 'brain-derived neurotrophic factor']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal degeneration']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: The present study assessed the influence of shortening the overall treatment time (accelerated fractionation) on radiation injury of the small intestine. A @entity35 model which allowed repeated irradiation of a localized segment of small intestine was developed. Young adult male @entity35 were orchiectomized, and a loop of the distal ileum was transposed to the left part of the scrotum. The intestinal segment was irradiated with a total dose of 56 Gy, given in 20 fractions, the total treatment time being either 26, 12, or 7 days (i.e. 1, 2, or 3 fractions per day). @entity1161 was assessed by histopathologic examination at 6 hr and at 2 weeks after the last irradiation. The surgical procedure was without complications. Shortening the overall treatment time by giving more than one radiation dose per day resulted in markedly @entity130 both at 6 hr and at 2 weeks. It is concluded that accelerated fractionation results in @entity1161 of the intestine when compared with standard fractionation. Because there may be a relationship between early and late effects in the intestine, our results also indicate that @entity1161 may result from accelerated fractionation.

title: Effects of accelerated fractionation on radiation injury of the small intestine: a new XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['increased injury']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['increased radiation injury', 'increased late radiation enteropathy', 'Radiation injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity566 immunotherapy is an effective treatment for @entity1 with @entity2023 whose symptoms are unresolved with pharmacotherapy. @entity566 immunotherapy for grass pollen-induced @entity2023 is available in three modalities: subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy as a tablet or drop. This study aimed to understand trends in @entity566 immunotherapy prescribing and practice patterns for grass @entity566 in adult and paediatric @entity1 in Germany. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using IMS Disease Analyzer in Germany. @entity1 with an @entity566 immunotherapy prescription for grass pollen (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical [ATC] classification code V01AA02) from September 2005 to December 2012 were included in the study. General Practitioners (GPs), dermatologists, Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT)-specialists, paediatricians and pneumologists were included as the @entity566 immunotherapy prescribing physicians in the study. Descriptive analyses were conducted on @entity1 characteristics at index and prescribing physician specialty; a test for trend was conducted for timing of initiation of first @entity566 immunotherapy prescription in each annual prescribing season. RESULTS: Eighteen thousand eight hundred fifty eligible @entity1 were identified during the study period. The majority of @entity1 received subcutaneous immunotherapy; however, the proportion of @entity1 receiving sublingual immunotherapy tablets increased from 8  % in 2006/2007 to 29  % in 2011/2012 (p   <   0.001). Initiation of subcutaneous immunotherapy and Oralair   generally peaked during each prescribing year in two seasons (September-October and January) while GRAZAX   prescriptions peaked in autumn (September-October). ENT-specialists and dermatologists were the largest @entity566 immunotherapy prescribers in adults, while paediatricians and ENT-specialists were the largest prescribers of @entity566 immunotherapy in paediatric @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous immunotherapy remained the dominant @entity566 immunotherapy modality for grass pollen-induced @entity2023 in Germany for adult and paediatric @entity1 ; however, there was a marked increase in proportion of @entity1 receiving sublingual immunotherapy tablets from 2006/2007 to 2011/2012, after their introduction to the market in 2006. ENT-specialists, dermatologists and paediatricians were responsible for the majority of prescribing. The predominance of particular modalities within certain physician specialties likely reflects different treatment goals or needs.

title: @entity566 immunotherapy prescribing trends for grass pollen-induced XXXX in Germany: a retrospective cohort analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergy', 'Allergy', 'allergies']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity566 immunotherapy is an effective treatment for @entity1 with @entity2023 whose symptoms are unresolved with pharmacotherapy. @entity566 immunotherapy for grass pollen-induced @entity2023 is available in three modalities: subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy as a tablet or drop. This study aimed to understand trends in @entity566 immunotherapy prescribing and practice patterns for grass @entity566 in adult and paediatric @entity1 in Germany. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using IMS Disease Analyzer in Germany. @entity1 with an @entity566 immunotherapy prescription for grass pollen (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical [ATC] classification code V01AA02) from September 2005 to December 2012 were included in the study. General Practitioners (GPs), dermatologists, Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT)-specialists, paediatricians and pneumologists were included as the @entity566 immunotherapy prescribing physicians in the study. Descriptive analyses were conducted on @entity1 characteristics at index and prescribing physician specialty; a test for trend was conducted for timing of initiation of first @entity566 immunotherapy prescription in each annual prescribing season. RESULTS: Eighteen thousand eight hundred fifty eligible @entity1 were identified during the study period. The majority of @entity1 received subcutaneous immunotherapy; however, the proportion of @entity1 receiving sublingual immunotherapy tablets increased from 8  % in 2006/2007 to 29  % in 2011/2012 (p   <   0.001). Initiation of subcutaneous immunotherapy and Oralair   generally peaked during each prescribing year in two seasons (September-October and January) while GRAZAX   prescriptions peaked in autumn (September-October). ENT-specialists and dermatologists were the largest @entity566 immunotherapy prescribers in adults, while paediatricians and ENT-specialists were the largest prescribers of @entity566 immunotherapy in paediatric @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous immunotherapy remained the dominant @entity566 immunotherapy modality for grass pollen-induced @entity2023 in Germany for adult and paediatric @entity1 ; however, there was a marked increase in proportion of @entity1 receiving sublingual immunotherapy tablets from 2006/2007 to 2011/2012, after their introduction to the market in 2006. ENT-specialists, dermatologists and paediatricians were responsible for the majority of prescribing. The predominance of particular modalities within certain physician specialties likely reflects different treatment goals or needs.

title: XXXX immunotherapy prescribing trends for grass pollen-induced @entity2023 in Germany: a retrospective cohort analysis.

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['Allergy']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) accurately identifies nodal @entity3 of early @entity0 , but it is not clear whether further nodal dissection affects survival. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of complete @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) on survival of @entity1 with @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) @entity3 of @entity0 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial, a phase 3 noninferiority trial conducted at 115 sites and enrolling @entity1 from May 1999 to December 2004. @entity1 were @entity1 with clinical T1-T2 @entity0 , no palpable @entity3018 , and 1 to 2 SLNs containing metastases identified by frozen section, touch preparation, or @entity1710 - @entity1711 staining on permanent section. Targeted enrollment was 1900 @entity1 with final analysis after 500 deaths, but the trial closed early because mortality rate was lower than expected. INTERVENTIONS: All @entity1 underwent lumpectomy and tangential whole-breast irradiation. Those with @entity1600 metastases identified by @entity1600 were randomized to undergo @entity1600 or no further axillary treatment. Those randomized to @entity1600 underwent dissection of 10 or more nodes. Systemic therapy was at the discretion of the treating physician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall survival was the primary end point, with a noninferiority margin of a 1-sided hazard ratio of less than 1.3 indicating that @entity1600 alone is noninferior to @entity1600 . Disease-free survival was a secondary end point. RESULTS: Clinical and @entity5 characteristics were similar between 445 @entity1 randomized to @entity1600 and 446 randomized to @entity1600 alone. However, the median number of nodes removed was 17 with @entity1600 and 2 with @entity1600 alone. At a median follow-up of 6.3 years (last follow-up, @entity43560 , 2010), 5-year overall survival was 91.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.1%-94.5%) with @entity1600 and 92.5% (95% CI, 90.0%-95.1%) with @entity1600 alone; 5-year disease-free survival was 82.2% (95% CI, 78.3%-86.3%) with @entity1600 and 83.9% (95% CI, 80.2%-87.9%) with @entity1600 alone. The hazard ratio for treatment-related overall survival was 0.79 (90% CI, 0.56-1.11) without adjustment and 0.87 (90% CI, 0.62-1.23) after adjusting for age and adjuvant therapy. CONCLUSION: Among @entity1 with limited @entity1600 metastatic @entity0 treated with breast conservation and systemic therapy, the use of @entity1600 alone compared with @entity1600 did not result in inferior survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00003855.

title: Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in @entity1 with XXXX and sentinel node @entity3 : a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3018 :: ('MESH:D009377', 'Disease') :: ['adenopathy']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'invasive breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['SLND', 'axillary lymph node dissection', 'sentinel lymph node', 'SLN', 'Sentinel lymph node dissection', 'ALND']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['invasive breast cancer']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) accurately identifies nodal @entity3 of early @entity0 , but it is not clear whether further nodal dissection affects survival. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of complete @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) on survival of @entity1 with @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) @entity3 of @entity0 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 trial, a phase 3 noninferiority trial conducted at 115 sites and enrolling @entity1 from May 1999 to December 2004. @entity1 were @entity1 with clinical T1-T2 @entity0 , no palpable @entity3018 , and 1 to 2 SLNs containing metastases identified by frozen section, touch preparation, or @entity1710 - @entity1711 staining on permanent section. Targeted enrollment was 1900 @entity1 with final analysis after 500 deaths, but the trial closed early because mortality rate was lower than expected. INTERVENTIONS: All @entity1 underwent lumpectomy and tangential whole-breast irradiation. Those with @entity1600 metastases identified by @entity1600 were randomized to undergo @entity1600 or no further axillary treatment. Those randomized to @entity1600 underwent dissection of 10 or more nodes. Systemic therapy was at the discretion of the treating physician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall survival was the primary end point, with a noninferiority margin of a 1-sided hazard ratio of less than 1.3 indicating that @entity1600 alone is noninferior to @entity1600 . Disease-free survival was a secondary end point. RESULTS: Clinical and @entity5 characteristics were similar between 445 @entity1 randomized to @entity1600 and 446 randomized to @entity1600 alone. However, the median number of nodes removed was 17 with @entity1600 and 2 with @entity1600 alone. At a median follow-up of 6.3 years (last follow-up, @entity43560 , 2010), 5-year overall survival was 91.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.1%-94.5%) with @entity1600 and 92.5% (95% CI, 90.0%-95.1%) with @entity1600 alone; 5-year disease-free survival was 82.2% (95% CI, 78.3%-86.3%) with @entity1600 and 83.9% (95% CI, 80.2%-87.9%) with @entity1600 alone. The hazard ratio for treatment-related overall survival was 0.79 (90% CI, 0.56-1.11) without adjustment and 0.87 (90% CI, 0.62-1.23) after adjusting for age and adjuvant therapy. CONCLUSION: Among @entity1 with limited @entity1600 metastatic @entity0 treated with breast conservation and systemic therapy, the use of @entity1600 alone compared with @entity1600 did not result in inferior survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00003855.

title: Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in @entity1 with @entity0 and sentinel node XXXX : a randomized clinical trial.

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']