abstract: BACKGROUND: Early detection of @entity39 allows better management of the disease. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) as the gold standard for detecting @entity39 is expensive. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was to evaluate for the first time whether blood @entity413 estimation on hospital admission--a simple, cheap, readily available laboratory parameter--may detect @entity39 and have prognostic value in acute @entity788 . METHODS: Single blood @entity413 estimation upon hospital admission was evaluated prospectively for detecting @entity39 and as a prognostic indicator. The study included 241 nondiabetic @entity1 with a first attack of acute @entity788 . All underwent CT within 72 h of admission. RESULTS: High blood @entity413 (> 125 mg/dl) correlated significantly with complex high clinical and biochemical prognostic scores (Ranson, Imrie), a high Balthazar score, @entity9007 , and a long hospital stay, but not with organ failure, indication for artificial ventilation, dialysis, surgery, length of intensive care, and mortality. @entity39 detection sensitivity of high blood @entity413 was 83%, specificity 49%, positive predictive value 28%, and negative predictive value 92%. CONCLUSION: A @entity1 with normal blood @entity413 on admission is unlikely to have @entity39 . Contrast-enhanced CT would not be needed unless the @entity1 fails to improve.

title: Has blood XXXX level measured on admission to hospital in a @entity1 with acute @entity788 any prognostic value?

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early detection of @entity39 allows better management of the disease. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) as the gold standard for detecting @entity39 is expensive. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was to evaluate for the first time whether blood @entity413 estimation on hospital admission--a simple, cheap, readily available laboratory parameter--may detect @entity39 and have prognostic value in acute @entity788 . METHODS: Single blood @entity413 estimation upon hospital admission was evaluated prospectively for detecting @entity39 and as a prognostic indicator. The study included 241 nondiabetic @entity1 with a first attack of acute @entity788 . All underwent CT within 72 h of admission. RESULTS: High blood @entity413 (> 125 mg/dl) correlated significantly with complex high clinical and biochemical prognostic scores (Ranson, Imrie), a high Balthazar score, @entity9007 , and a long hospital stay, but not with organ failure, indication for artificial ventilation, dialysis, surgery, length of intensive care, and mortality. @entity39 detection sensitivity of high blood @entity413 was 83%, specificity 49%, positive predictive value 28%, and negative predictive value 92%. CONCLUSION: A @entity1 with normal blood @entity413 on admission is unlikely to have @entity39 . Contrast-enhanced CT would not be needed unless the @entity1 fails to improve.

title: Has blood @entity413 level measured on admission to hospital in a XXXX with acute @entity788 any prognostic value?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic necrosis', 'Pancreatic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic pseudocysts']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: In an ongoing attempt to investigate qualitative salivary parameters in diseases affecting salivary glands, @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) were examined. @entity1 were selected from the Oslo @entity309 register for the present study if they fulfilled the following criteria: age 52-74 years, disease duration 10-20 years, and disability score as assessed by the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire < or = 2.5. From these 105 @entity1 , two subgroups of @entity1 were selected, one group with pronounced sicca symptoms from @entity735 , and one group without such symptoms. Sicca symptoms were assessed using a postal questionnaire with the questions on @entity2133 and dry eyes of the European classification criteria for Sj  gren's syndrome. @entity1 were excluded from further examinations if they used medication that could cause @entity2133 . Thus, nine @entity1 remained in the sicca group (having four or more sicca symptoms), and ten matched @entity309 @entity1 were selected for the nonsicca group. A healthy sex- and age-matched control group (n = 10) was also examined. In a preliminary report we have shown that differences in flow rates between sicca and nonsicca @entity309 @entity1 were limited to lower values of unstimulated whole saliva. To further evaluate salivary changes in @entity309 , a disease frequently associated with secondary Sj  gren's syndrome, we have studied qualitative salivary parameters in these @entity1 ,' including secretory rates of @entity1521 -rich proteins (PRPs), statherins, and @entity57858 . In the present report, phenotypes of PRPs, the ratio of PRPs derived from the two loci ( @entity18463 and @entity44095 ), and @entity3669 concentration and output in parotid and @entity54255 derived from the two loci are presented. Parotid (PS) and @entity54255 ( @entity54255 ) were collected from all individuals using 2% @entity1792 as a saliva stimulus. PRPs in PS and @entity54255 were identified using a SMART microchromatographic system with a Mono Q column and a Tris- @entity5828 / @entity1219 gradient (method adapted from ref. 5). For PRPs, the primary polypeptide products are coded for on two loci ( @entity18463 and @entity44095 ), which have three and two commonly occurring gene variants, respectively. On @entity18463 , the proteins @entity18463 , @entity18463 , and Pa are coded for, whereas @entity3669 -1 and @entity18465 are coded for on the @entity44095 locus. As each protein variant has a postranscriptional cleavage product, individuals will exhibit four, six, or eight PRPs in their saliva, depending on whether they are homozygous at both, one, or neither of the two loci. Accordingly, 18 possible phenotypes may exist, but as few as three phenotypes were found in 79% of the 127 healthy individuals examined by Hay et al. The SMART system allows the determination of the different acidic PRPs present in saliva. Concentrations of the various phenotypes were calculated by peak integration versus pure @entity3669 standards. Total @entity3669 concentration derived from each locus was calculated as the sum of the concentrations of @entity3669 variants from that locus.

title: Salivary acidic XXXX -rich proteins in @entity309 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1792 :: ('MESH:D019343', 'Chemical') :: ['citric acid']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['dry mouth', 'dryness in eyes or mouth']

entities_list: @entity57858 :: ('MESH:D054808', 'Chemical') :: ['histatins']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['eyes and mouth']

entities_list: @entity54255 :: ('MESH:D013364', 'Disease') :: ['submandibular saliva', 'SS']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity1521 :: (CHEBI:26271,Chemical) :: ['proline']


abstract: In an ongoing attempt to investigate qualitative salivary parameters in diseases affecting salivary glands, @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) were examined. @entity1 were selected from the Oslo @entity309 register for the present study if they fulfilled the following criteria: age 52-74 years, disease duration 10-20 years, and disability score as assessed by the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire < or = 2.5. From these 105 @entity1 , two subgroups of @entity1 were selected, one group with pronounced sicca symptoms from @entity735 , and one group without such symptoms. Sicca symptoms were assessed using a postal questionnaire with the questions on @entity2133 and dry eyes of the European classification criteria for Sj  gren's syndrome. @entity1 were excluded from further examinations if they used medication that could cause @entity2133 . Thus, nine @entity1 remained in the sicca group (having four or more sicca symptoms), and ten matched @entity309 @entity1 were selected for the nonsicca group. A healthy sex- and age-matched control group (n = 10) was also examined. In a preliminary report we have shown that differences in flow rates between sicca and nonsicca @entity309 @entity1 were limited to lower values of unstimulated whole saliva. To further evaluate salivary changes in @entity309 , a disease frequently associated with secondary Sj  gren's syndrome, we have studied qualitative salivary parameters in these @entity1 ,' including secretory rates of @entity1521 -rich proteins (PRPs), statherins, and @entity57858 . In the present report, phenotypes of PRPs, the ratio of PRPs derived from the two loci ( @entity18463 and @entity44095 ), and @entity3669 concentration and output in parotid and @entity54255 derived from the two loci are presented. Parotid (PS) and @entity54255 ( @entity54255 ) were collected from all individuals using 2% @entity1792 as a saliva stimulus. PRPs in PS and @entity54255 were identified using a SMART microchromatographic system with a Mono Q column and a Tris- @entity5828 / @entity1219 gradient (method adapted from ref. 5). For PRPs, the primary polypeptide products are coded for on two loci ( @entity18463 and @entity44095 ), which have three and two commonly occurring gene variants, respectively. On @entity18463 , the proteins @entity18463 , @entity18463 , and Pa are coded for, whereas @entity3669 -1 and @entity18465 are coded for on the @entity44095 locus. As each protein variant has a postranscriptional cleavage product, individuals will exhibit four, six, or eight PRPs in their saliva, depending on whether they are homozygous at both, one, or neither of the two loci. Accordingly, 18 possible phenotypes may exist, but as few as three phenotypes were found in 79% of the 127 healthy individuals examined by Hay et al. The SMART system allows the determination of the different acidic PRPs present in saliva. Concentrations of the various phenotypes were calculated by peak integration versus pure @entity3669 standards. Total @entity3669 concentration derived from each locus was calculated as the sum of the concentrations of @entity3669 variants from that locus.

title: Salivary acidic @entity1521 -rich proteins in XXXX .

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1615 ( @entity1615 ) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, with unknown origin. Some studies have noted impaired postural balance in @entity1615 , in particular, difficulty to manage situations with sensory conflict. The @entity11535 susceptibility can be secondary to a sensory conflict, for example, between visual and vestibular information. Our hypothesis is: @entity1 with @entity1615 have difficulty in managing situations with sensory conflict and therefore have increased @entity11535 susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in @entity1615 subjects by evaluating their susceptibility to @entity11535 , as compared to a control group. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of data on @entity11535 susceptibility collected prospectively from 2012, with the B score of @entity11535 susceptibility questionnaire. This evaluation was completed for 65 adolescents (age 14.5      1.6  year) with major right thoracic @entity1615 (Cobb  =  40.7        13.1  ) and 71 matched controls (14.6      1.6  year). RESULTS: Adolescents with major right thoracic @entity1615 were more susceptible to @entity11535 (B score  =  5.3      5.8) than controls (B score  =  3.4      3.7) with significant difference (p  =  0.025). CONCLUSIONS: We interpret our results suggesting there is difficulty for @entity1 with @entity1615 to manage situations with sensory conflict. Previous studies focusing on situations with sensory conflict in @entity1615 have required sophisticated technology. They are not accessible for routine @entity1 management. Our research shows the same result with simple, non invasive, low-cost and quick method: B score of @entity11535 susceptibility questionnaire.

title: Evaluation of XXXX susceptibility by @entity11535 susceptibility questionnaire in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity11535 :: ('MESH:D009041', 'Disease') :: ['motion sickness']

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

answer: @entity11535 :: (MESH:D009041,Disease) :: ['motion sickness']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1615 ( @entity1615 ) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, with unknown origin. Some studies have noted impaired postural balance in @entity1615 , in particular, difficulty to manage situations with sensory conflict. The @entity11535 susceptibility can be secondary to a sensory conflict, for example, between visual and vestibular information. Our hypothesis is: @entity1 with @entity1615 have difficulty in managing situations with sensory conflict and therefore have increased @entity11535 susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in @entity1615 subjects by evaluating their susceptibility to @entity11535 , as compared to a control group. METHODS: We conducted an analysis of data on @entity11535 susceptibility collected prospectively from 2012, with the B score of @entity11535 susceptibility questionnaire. This evaluation was completed for 65 adolescents (age 14.5      1.6  year) with major right thoracic @entity1615 (Cobb  =  40.7        13.1  ) and 71 matched controls (14.6      1.6  year). RESULTS: Adolescents with major right thoracic @entity1615 were more susceptible to @entity11535 (B score  =  5.3      5.8) than controls (B score  =  3.4      3.7) with significant difference (p  =  0.025). CONCLUSIONS: We interpret our results suggesting there is difficulty for @entity1 with @entity1615 to manage situations with sensory conflict. Previous studies focusing on situations with sensory conflict in @entity1615 have required sophisticated technology. They are not accessible for routine @entity1 management. Our research shows the same result with simple, non invasive, low-cost and quick method: B score of @entity11535 susceptibility questionnaire.

title: Evaluation of @entity11535 susceptibility by XXXX susceptibility questionnaire in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study.

answer: @entity11535 :: (MESH:D009041,Disease) :: ['motion sickness']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the exposure to bright light on EEG activity and subjective @entity25 at rest and at the mental task during @entity1949 . Eight male subjects lay awake in semi-supine in a reclining seat from 21:00 to 04:30 under the bright (BL; >2500 lux) or the dim (DL; <150 lux) light conditions. During the @entity1949 , the mental task (Stroop color-word conflict test: CWT) was performed each 15 min in one hour. EEG, subjective @entity25 , rectal and mean skin temperatures and urinary @entity2493 concentrations were measured. The subjective @entity25 increased with time of @entity1949 during both rest and CWT under the DL condition. The exposure to bright light delayed for 2 hours the @entity25 at rest and suppressed the increase in that during CWT. The bright light exposure also delayed the increase in the theta and alpha wave activities in EEG at rest. In contrast, the effect of the bright light exposure on the theta and alpha wave activities disappeared by CWT. Additionally, under the BL condition, the entire theta activity during CWT throughout @entity1949 increased significantly from that in a rest condition. Our results suggest that the exposure to bright light throughout @entity1949 influences the subjective @entity25 during the mental task and the EEG activity, as well as the subjective @entity25 at rest. However, the effect of the bright light exposure on the EEG activity at the mental task diminishes throughout @entity1949 .

title: Effect of bright light on EEG activities and subjective XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['sleep deprivation', 'nocturnal sleep deprivation']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleepiness', 'increase in subjective sleepiness']

answer: @entity1949 :: (MESH:D012892,Disease) :: ['sleepiness to mental task during nocturnal sleep deprivation']


abstract: AIMS: To assess the time-dependent effect of @entity25 on @entity453 ( @entity453 ) incidence among young adults. METHODS: Incident rates of @entity6 and @entity453 during a mean follow-up of 6.4      4.1  years were assessed among 26,023 @entity1 (mean age 30.9      5.6  years) of the Metabolic Lifestyle and Nutrition Assessment in Young Adults stratified by @entity25 at baseline, as assessed by the Mini-Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ). Incident @entity6 and @entity453 were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: There were 445 cases of @entity6 and 92 cases of @entity453 during 151,312 @entity1 -years. An abnormal MSQ score was associated with a 53  % higher incidence of @entity6 (95  % CI 1.22-1.94, p  <  0.001) compared to those with a normal score, after adjustment for clinical and biochemical @entity6 risk factors. The increased risk associated with @entity25 remained when MSQ was modeled as a continuous time-dependent variable in a multivariable model (HR  =  1.036, 95  % CI 1.024-1.049, p  <  0.001). The increased risk was higher among overweight or @entity28 @entity1 (BMI and MSQ interaction p  =  0.046). @entity854 in MSQ score resulted in higher HR for @entity6 (2.35; 95  % CI 1.564-3.519, p  <  0.001). In addition, @entity25 was associated with a 2.38 higher incidence of @entity453 (95  % CI 1.38-4.11, p  =  0.002), after adjustment for traditional clinical and biochemical risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep quality contributes to the development of @entity6 and @entity453 in apparently healthy young adults in a time-dependent manner. The use of a simple questionnaire to assess @entity25 may be a useful tool for risk stratification in this population.

title: Sleep quality and risk of XXXX among young @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Sustained abnormality']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'diabetes and coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep quality', 'abnormal sleep quality']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['diabetes and coronary artery disease']


abstract: AIMS: To assess the time-dependent effect of @entity25 on @entity453 ( @entity453 ) incidence among young adults. METHODS: Incident rates of @entity6 and @entity453 during a mean follow-up of 6.4      4.1  years were assessed among 26,023 @entity1 (mean age 30.9      5.6  years) of the Metabolic Lifestyle and Nutrition Assessment in Young Adults stratified by @entity25 at baseline, as assessed by the Mini-Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ). Incident @entity6 and @entity453 were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: There were 445 cases of @entity6 and 92 cases of @entity453 during 151,312 @entity1 -years. An abnormal MSQ score was associated with a 53  % higher incidence of @entity6 (95  % CI 1.22-1.94, p  <  0.001) compared to those with a normal score, after adjustment for clinical and biochemical @entity6 risk factors. The increased risk associated with @entity25 remained when MSQ was modeled as a continuous time-dependent variable in a multivariable model (HR  =  1.036, 95  % CI 1.024-1.049, p  <  0.001). The increased risk was higher among overweight or @entity28 @entity1 (BMI and MSQ interaction p  =  0.046). @entity854 in MSQ score resulted in higher HR for @entity6 (2.35; 95  % CI 1.564-3.519, p  <  0.001). In addition, @entity25 was associated with a 2.38 higher incidence of @entity453 (95  % CI 1.38-4.11, p  =  0.002), after adjustment for traditional clinical and biochemical risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep quality contributes to the development of @entity6 and @entity453 in apparently healthy young adults in a time-dependent manner. The use of a simple questionnaire to assess @entity25 may be a useful tool for risk stratification in this population.

title: Sleep quality and risk of @entity453 among young XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: The aim of this study was to systematically compare the interaction of the long-acting @entity2162 agonists @entity6410 and @entity10453 with short-acting @entity2162 agonists in contracted @entity1 bronchi. @entity1 bronchi were obtained at thoracotomy from @entity1 with @entity2 . @entity6410 or @entity10453 at concentrations inducing up to 92 and 94% of their maximal relaxant effect, respectively, were added to bronchial rings contracted with @entity5402 (10(-6) M). After a time period of 30 min, concentration-response curves for the short-acting @entity2162 agonists, @entity3045 , @entity4183 , @entity3044 and @entity7284 were recorded. Administration of equieffective concentrations of @entity10453 and @entity6410 , resulted in only @entity10453 inducing a shift to the right of @entity3044 , @entity4183 , @entity7284 and @entity3045 concentration-response curves. The rank order of shift was @entity3045 > @entity7284 > @entity4183 > @entity3044 . @entity6410 , up to concentrations of 3x10(-9) M induced submaximal relaxation resulting in no shift in short-acting @entity2162 agonist concentration-response curves. @entity10453 but not @entity6410 appears to antagonize the relaxation of @entity1 contracted bronchi induced by short-acting @entity2263 -agonists. These results obtained in vitro cannot be translated in clinical terms. This study, however, highlights the need for clinical studies on the interaction of long-acting and short-acting @entity2162 agonists in acute severe @entity565 .

title: Long- and short-acting XXXX agonists: interactions in @entity1 contracted bronchi.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity2162 :: ('154', 'Gene') :: ['beta2-adrenoceptor']

entities_list: @entity7284 :: ('MESH:D005280', 'Chemical') :: ['fenoterol']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity4183 :: ('MESH:D013726', 'Chemical') :: ['terbutaline']

entities_list: @entity10453 :: ('MESH:C057823', 'Chemical') :: ['salmeterol', 'Salmeterol']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity6410 :: ('MESH:C012629', 'Chemical') :: ['Formoterol', 'formoterol']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity2162 :: (154,Gene) :: ['beta2 adrenoceptor']


abstract: The aim of this study was to systematically compare the interaction of the long-acting @entity2162 agonists @entity6410 and @entity10453 with short-acting @entity2162 agonists in contracted @entity1 bronchi. @entity1 bronchi were obtained at thoracotomy from @entity1 with @entity2 . @entity6410 or @entity10453 at concentrations inducing up to 92 and 94% of their maximal relaxant effect, respectively, were added to bronchial rings contracted with @entity5402 (10(-6) M). After a time period of 30 min, concentration-response curves for the short-acting @entity2162 agonists, @entity3045 , @entity4183 , @entity3044 and @entity7284 were recorded. Administration of equieffective concentrations of @entity10453 and @entity6410 , resulted in only @entity10453 inducing a shift to the right of @entity3044 , @entity4183 , @entity7284 and @entity3045 concentration-response curves. The rank order of shift was @entity3045 > @entity7284 > @entity4183 > @entity3044 . @entity6410 , up to concentrations of 3x10(-9) M induced submaximal relaxation resulting in no shift in short-acting @entity2162 agonist concentration-response curves. @entity10453 but not @entity6410 appears to antagonize the relaxation of @entity1 contracted bronchi induced by short-acting @entity2263 -agonists. These results obtained in vitro cannot be translated in clinical terms. This study, however, highlights the need for clinical studies on the interaction of long-acting and short-acting @entity2162 agonists in acute severe @entity565 .

title: Long- and short-acting @entity2162 agonists: interactions in XXXX contracted bronchi.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: T-cell types are important in maintaining immune homeostasis in the lung and their imbalance may be associated with several diseases. We examined the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) T-cell subset profiles and the clinical course of 46 @entity1 with @entity2416 ( @entity2416 ). A flow cytometry cell sorter (FACS) was used to analyse the T-cell subsets. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed at baseline and 6-12 months later. @entity1 were divided into two groups according to their @entity404 / @entity405 ratio: @entity404 / @entity14047 (group 1, n=21); and @entity404 / @entity14047 (group 2, n=25). A lower percentage of lymphocytes, a higher percentage of @entity405 / @entity19 cells (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) and a higher percentage of neutrophils were found in the BAL in group 2 compared to group 1 (11+/-7.5% versus 19+/-13.2%; p=0.024 and 29.8+/-17.6% versus 13.3+/-6.9%; p=0.068, respectively for lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; and 8+/-11% versus 29+/-27%; p=0.003 for neutrophils). Inversely, in the peripheral blood, the distribution of @entity405 / @entity19 cells was lower in group 1 than in group 2 (8.3+/-6.9% versus 33.4+/-16.5%; p=0.0048). The @entity1 were followed over a period of 1 yr in order to test whether those findings could determine efficacy of therapy. The baseline transfer factor of the lung for @entity1223 (TL,CO) capacity in group 1 and group 2 was 59+/-22% and 51+/-21%, respectively (p=0.29), but only in group 1 was the TL,CO capacity improved significantly in response to @entity230 treatment after 6-12 months. @entity2416 @entity1 with a higher percentage of lymphocytes, a lower percentage of neutrophils, @entity404 / @entity405 >1 and a low percentage of @entity405 /S6F1 may have a more benign course of disease. These parameters may identify an early stage of reversible disease responsive to therapy. We conclude that these measurements may be a useful tool in monitoring response to treatment in @entity1 with @entity2416 .

title: Predictive value of response to treatment of T-lymphocyte subpopulations in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity2416 :: ('MESH:D054990', 'Disease') :: ['IPF', 'idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity2416 :: (MESH:D054990,Disease) :: ['idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity6802 ( @entity6802 ) are common in older @entity1 and are frequently associated with @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). The relationship between @entity1067 and endogenous total @entity251 (TT) levels has been widely studied. The aim of this post hoc analysis was to determine the association between @entity6802 and endogenous TT levels in a subset of @entity1 participating in the 2013 @entity263 Awareness Week, a U.S. community-based @entity263 screening program. @entity1 completed the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) questionnaire, prostate size was estimated by a digital rectal examination, and serum TT and @entity1486 levels were measured. Mean TT levels (ng/dl) did not significantly correlate with prostate size category (r = +.03, p = .69): normal, 419.2 (n = 106); enlarged, 394.7 (n = 71); abnormal, 416.4 (n = 7); and abnormal/suspicious, 515.2 (n = 19). Mean TT levels (ng/dl) did not significantly correlate with I-PSS category (r = -.06, p = .40): none, 468.5 (n = 15); mild, 414.0 (n = 138); moderate, 397.4 (n = 66); and severe, 437.9 (n = 7). Mean TT levels (ng/dl) did not significantly correlate with I-PSS quality of life rating (r = -.13, p = .055): delighted, 474.5 (n = 43); pleased, 424.6 (n = 65); mostly satisfied, 361.2 (n = 63); mixed, 448.2 (n = 29); mostly dissatisfied, 337.2 (n = 17); and unhappy, 435.8 (n = 6). Adjustment for prostate size or @entity1486 levels yielded similar findings. In conclusion, endogenous TT levels did not correlate with @entity6802 or prostate size, and these findings support the saturation theory in which TT is not able to induce further @entity342 -stimulated prostate tissue growth due to receptor saturation. Any worsening of @entity6802 following @entity251 replacement therapy in hypogonadal @entity1 may be related to stimulation of prostatic cells previously deprived of @entity251 .

title: Effects of XXXX Level on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity6802 :: ('MESH:D059411', 'Disease') :: ['Lower urinary tract symptoms', 'LUTS']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity251 :: (MESH:D013739,Chemical) :: ['Testosterone']


abstract: The purpose of this atlas is to present a review of the literature showing the advantages of SPECT brain perfusion imaging (BPI) in mild or moderate @entity131 ( @entity131 ) over other morphologic imaging modalities such as x-ray CT or MRI. The authors also present the technical recommendations for SPECT brain perfusion currently practiced at their center. For the radiopharmaceutical of choice, a comparison between early and delayed images using Tc-99m HMPAO and Tc-99m ECD showed that Tc-99m HMPAO is more stable in the brain with no washout over time. Therefore, the authors feel that Tc-99m HMPAO is preferable to Tc-99m ECD. Recommendations regarding standardizing intravenous injection, the acquisition, processing parameters, and interpretation of scans using a ten grade color scale, and use of the cerebellum as the reference organ are presented. SPECT images of 228 @entity1 (age range, 11 to 88; mean, 40.8 years) with mild or moderate @entity131 and no significant medical history that interfered with the results of the SPECT BP were reviewed. The etiology of the @entity130 was in the following order of frequency: motor vehicle accidents (45%) followed by blow to the head (36%) and a fall (19%). Frequency of the symptoms was @entity10 (60.9%), @entity2414 (27.6%), @entity1296 (26.7%), and @entity25 (8.7%). Comparison between @entity1 imaged early (<3 months) versus those imaged delayed (>3 months) from the time of the accident, showed that early imaging detected more lesions (4.2 abnormal lesions per study compared to 2.7 in those imaged more than 3 months after the accident). Of 41 @entity1 who had mild @entity130 without @entity909 and had normal CT, 28 studies were abnormal. Focal areas of hypoperfusion were seen in 77% (176 @entity1 , 612 lesions) of the group of 228 @entity1 . The sites of abnormalities were in the following order: basal ganglia and thalami, 55.2%, frontal lobes, 23.8%, temporal lobes, 13%, parietal, 3.7%, insular and occipital lobes together, 4.6%.

title: SPECT brain perfusion abnormalities in mild or moderate XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory problems']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disorders']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate and predictors of unmet need for recognition of common @entity146 in Australian general practice. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional national audit of general practices throughout Australia in 1998-1999. @entity1 : 46 515 ambulatory care @entity1 attending 386 GPs. SCREENING TOOLS: Prevalence of common @entity146 --12 items from the 34-item SPHERE self-report questionnaire and associated classification system; prevalence of recognition of @entity146 by GPs--GPs reporting whether @entity1 had @entity308 , @entity148 , mixed @entity308 / @entity148 , somatoform, or other @entity74 ; predictors of unmet need for recognition of @entity146 --self-report questions about demography for @entity1 and GPs, and about practice organisation for GPs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported recognition of @entity74 by GPs; actual prevalence of disorders; and @entity1 , GP and practice characteristics predicting the @entity177 . RESULTS: GPs did not recognise @entity146 in 56% (11922/21210) of @entity1 . These comprised 46% (5134/11060) of @entity1 in the higher level of @entity146 , and (in the second level of disorders) 58% (2906/5036) of @entity1 with @entity1109 , and 76% (3882/5114) of those with predominantly somatic symptoms. @entity1 more likely to have their need for psychological assessment met had the following characteristics: middle-aged (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.59-1.96), female (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12-1.27), Australian-born (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24), unemployed (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.64-1.89), single (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.41-1.61), presenting with @entity1109 (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 3.28-3.81), and presenting for psychological reasons (OR, 4.20; 95% CI, 3.02-5.82). Characteristics of doctors associated with meeting @entity1 ' need for assessment were being aged over 35 years (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.09-2.08), having an interest in mental health (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.15-1.41), having had previous mental health training (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.15-1.45), being in part-time practice (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09-1.39), seeing fewer than 100 @entity1 per week (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.13-1.47), working in practices with fewer than 2000 @entity1 (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.13-1.45) and working in regional centres (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.28). CONCLUSION: Unmet need for recognition of common @entity146 remains high. Predictors of unmet need include a somatic symptom profile and practitioner and organisational characteristics which impede the provision of high quality mental health services.

title: Unmet need for recognition of common XXXX in Australian general practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders', 'mental disorder']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['predominantly psychological symptoms', 'mainly psychological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['failure to recognise disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['psychological disorders', 'psychological disorder']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['mental disorders']


abstract: The salivary gland has been suggested as an accessible organ for gene transfer to express recombinant proteins locally in the saliva, as well as for secretion to the blood circulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of gene transfer to salivary glands using different viral vectors: adenovirus, @entity19786 , @entity1703 (HSV), and two retroviral vectors ( @entity19 leukemia virus (MuLV) and lentivirus). We show, by in situ staining and beta-galactosidase reporter activity assay, that the adenoviral and @entity19786 vectors were able to deliver the reporter gene efficiently to acinar and duct cells. The HSV vector was less efficient and infected only the acinar cells. The lentiviral vector infected acinar and duct cells, but at a relatively low efficiency. The MuLV vector did not infect the salivary gland unless cell proliferation was induced. Host immune responses to @entity1800 , @entity32 , apoptosis and lymphocyte infiltration, in the transduced glands, were assessed. The DNA viral vectors induced local lymphocyte infiltration and apoptosis. In contrast, the retroviral vectors did not induce an immune response. Our results describe the outcome of @entity281 with each of the five different viral vectors and indicate their advantages and limitations for transferring genes to the salivary glands.

title: Gene transfer mediated by different viral vectors following direct cannulation of XXXX submandibular salivary glands.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1703 :: ('MESH:D006561', 'Disease') :: ['herpes simplex type 1']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['salivary gland infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: The @entity311 parasite invades the midgut tissue of its mosquito host as a motile form called the ookinete. We have examined the pellicle of the ookinete of @entity46772 by freeze- @entity174 and quick-freeze, deep-etch electron microscopy. The general organization is analogous to that of invasive stages of other members of Apicomplexa. The pellicle is composed of three membranes: the plasma membrane, and the two linked intermediate and inner membranes, which in the ookinete form one flattened vacuole that is located beneath the plasma membrane. The edges of this vacuole form a longitudinal suture. Beneath the vacuole is found an array of microtubules that are connected to the inner membrane by intramembranous particles. During freeze- @entity174 , the membranes can split along their hydrophobic planes, thus yielding six @entity174 faces, each of which displays a characteristic pattern of intramembranous particles. Additionally, we find that the ookinete pellicle differs from all other apicomplexan motile stages by the presence of large pores. These pores are of unknown function, but clearly might constitute a novel pathway for the transport of molecules to and from the cortex, which is independent of the well-described route through the apical micronemal/rhoptry complex. The pores may be the route by which motor proteins or other non micronemal surface proteins are trafficked, such as P25/P28 and SOAP, some of which are implicated in transmission blocking immunity.

title: Cryofracture electron microscopy of the ookinete pellicle of XXXX reveals the existence of novel pores in the alveolar membranes.

entities_list: @entity46772 :: ('5849', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium gallinaceum']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

answer: @entity46772 :: (5849,Species) :: ['Plasmodium gallinaceum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Research on @entity5144 mutilans (PAM), the most severe form of @entity5144 , is impeded by the lack of an accepted classification criteria. We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify and synthesize clinical and radiographic features associated with the definition of PAM. METHODS: A systematic literature search limited to @entity1 studies was conducted without language restriction. Abstracts were independently screened by 2 investigators and studies that reported information on @entity1 with PAM were included. A standardized form was used to independently collect clinical and radiographic items defining PAM, @entity1 's demographics, disease characteristics, and outcomes. RESULTS: There were 8570 citations searched to identify 112 articles for full review and 58 articles for data abstraction. We identified 8 definitions of PAM that were used in 283 subjects with a mean age    SD at diagnosis of PsA of 33.9    8.2 years. Disease manifestations (prevalence) included dactylitis (29-64%), @entity4932 (29-32%), @entity66 (14-27%), and nail lesions (47%). PAM definitions include 1 (n = 2 studies) or more (n = 14 studies) joints involving interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, or @entity2720 . The most prevalent PAM clinical features were digital telescoping (34%), digital shortening (33%), and @entity2720 (22%). The most prevalent PAM radiographic items were bone resorption (41%), pencil-in-cup change (16%), @entity2720 (14%), @entity3947 (21%), and subluxation (7%). CONCLUSION: We have identified 8 definitions of PAM, and synthesized the clinical and radiographic items that are important for the classification of PAM. We have established the groundwork for future development classification criteria for PAM.

title: XXXX Mutilans: Clinical and Radiographic Criteria. A Systematic Review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['axial disease']

entities_list: @entity3947 :: ('MESH:D000844', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosis']

entities_list: @entity5144 :: ('MESH:D015535', 'Disease') :: ['psoriatic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['enthesitis']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['total joint erosions', 'flail joints', 'metatarsophalangeal joints']

answer: @entity5144 :: (MESH:D015535,Disease) :: ['Psoriatic Arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was earlier shown to reduce clinically suspected, non-laboratory-confirmed invasive @entity66 (IPD) in a cluster-randomized trial (the Finnish Invasive Pneumococcal disease trial). PCV10 was introduced into the Finnish national vaccination program in September 2010 using a 3-dose schedule. We evaluated the impact of PCV10 on clinically suspected IPD among vaccine-eligible @entity1 in a population-based nationwide study. METHODS: The target cohort eligible for vaccination program ( @entity1 born June 2010-September 2013) was compared with 2 season- and age-matched (ages 3-42 months) reference cohorts before PCV10 introduction. The trial period (January 2009-August 2010) was excluded. Hospitals' inpatient and outpatient discharge notifications with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnoses compatible with IPD (A40.3/B95.3/G00.1/M00.1) and unspecified @entity295 (A40.9/A41.9/A49.9/G00/G00.9/I30.1/M00/M00.9/B95.5) were collected from the national Care Register. Laboratory-confirmed IPD cases were excluded. Rates of register-based non-laboratory-confirmed IPD (or unspecified @entity295 ) before and after PCV10 implementation were calculated. RESULTS: The rate of register-based non-laboratory-confirmed IPD episodes was 32 in 100   000 @entity1 -years in the vaccine-eligible target cohort and 94 in the combined reference cohorts. Relative rate reduction was 66% (95% confidence interval: 59-73) and absolute rate reduction 62 in 100   000 @entity1 -years. For the more sensitive case definition of register-based non-laboratory-confirmed IPD or unspecified @entity295 , the relative rate reduction was 34% (95% confidence interval 29-39), but the absolute reduction was as high as 122 in 100   000 @entity1 -years. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report demonstrating nationwide @entity1485 impact on clinically suspected IPD during routine vaccination program. The large absolute rate reductions observed have major implications for cost-effectiveness of PCVs.

title: Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Clinically Suspected Invasive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'person']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal disease']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Pneumococcal Disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: It is well known that an increased body mass index (BMI) is associated with @entity5 development. Results from studies on @entity14 ( @entity14 ) treatment outcome and BMI are however conflicting. Our hypothesis was that a high as well as a low BMI will have negative effects on short-term outcome after @entity14 surgery. METHODS: Data from the Swedish @entity14 Registry from 2007 to 2012 was analyzed. A total of 24,587 @entity1 operated on for @entity14 were included in the study and divided into one of five categories for BMI. @entity548 , operating time, surgical complications, and 30-day mortality were compared between groups. RESULTS: @entity548 as well as operating time was significantly increased when comparing normal-weight @entity1 to overweight (p   <   0.001). 15.1  % of normal-weight @entity1 suffered from postoperative surgical complications. This was significantly increased with each BMI step but did not affect the 30-day mortality. However, underweight @entity1 , on the other hand, had fewer complications (13.3  %) but an increased 30-day mortality. CONCLUSION: Longer operating times and increased perioperative @entity548 may be explanatory factors behind @entity260 rates for @entity14 @entity1 with higher BMI. In underweight @entity1 , @entity1442 may be a reason for a higher 30-day mortality. To improve outcome, specific precautions are suggested when operating on under- as well as overweight @entity14 @entity1 . We also suggest that the registry introduces a better marker than BMI for central visceral fat-the link between @entity28 and @entity5 development. Further studies are needed to analyze the findings in detail and to study long-term effects.

title: Influence of BMI on short-term surgical outcome after XXXX surgery: a study based on the Swedish national quality registry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Operative bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['increased postoperative complication']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal Cancer', 'CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To report clinical experiences with @entity5642 ( @entity5642 ) associated with @entity449 ( @entity449 ) and discuss therapeutic strategy. METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="DESIGN AND SETTINGS" NlmCategory="METHODS">uncontrolled, observational study in a university hospital. @entity1 : among 547 @entity1 with @entity449 treated between 1991 and 1999, 10 @entity1 (7 males, 3 females, mean age 68.5+/-2.5) presenting a preoperative @entity5642 score (defined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan) of 6 or higher were analyzed. The etiology was dissection for 5 and non-dissection for 5 @entity1 . Six of 10 @entity1 had a @entity548 tendency. Eight @entity1 received preoperative anticoagulant therapy. Prosthetic replacement was undertaken for 8 @entity1 except for 2 @entity1 in poor condition. RESULTS: There were no operative deaths in 8 surgical cases. One non-surgical case died of deteriorated @entity548 tendency. The mean @entity5642 score was 8.0+/-0.6 at admission, which was reduced to 4.4+/-0.5 at discharge (p<0.05). @entity556 time, platelet counts, and @entity2002 levels tended to be normalized by the 7th postoperative day. Serum FDP levels decreased with surgery, but tended to increase at the time of discharge and the later follow-up period. @entity1503 and @entity548 tendency recurred in 2 @entity1 in the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: In the majority of @entity1 presenting @entity5642 with @entity449 , surgical treatment can be performed safely if adequately managed by anticoagulant therapy. @entity1003 usually resolved after surgical intervention, but some @entity1 developed @entity5642 in the later period. If @entity5642 recurs, it is essential to search for contributory causes.

title: Preoperative @entity5642 associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['AA', 'aortic aneurysm', 'aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['Consumptive coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Hematologic disturbances']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['DIC', 'disseminated intravascular coagulation']

answer: @entity449 :: (MESH:D001014,Disease) :: ['aortic aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To report clinical experiences with @entity5642 ( @entity5642 ) associated with @entity449 ( @entity449 ) and discuss therapeutic strategy. METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="DESIGN AND SETTINGS" NlmCategory="METHODS">uncontrolled, observational study in a university hospital. @entity1 : among 547 @entity1 with @entity449 treated between 1991 and 1999, 10 @entity1 (7 males, 3 females, mean age 68.5+/-2.5) presenting a preoperative @entity5642 score (defined by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan) of 6 or higher were analyzed. The etiology was dissection for 5 and non-dissection for 5 @entity1 . Six of 10 @entity1 had a @entity548 tendency. Eight @entity1 received preoperative anticoagulant therapy. Prosthetic replacement was undertaken for 8 @entity1 except for 2 @entity1 in poor condition. RESULTS: There were no operative deaths in 8 surgical cases. One non-surgical case died of deteriorated @entity548 tendency. The mean @entity5642 score was 8.0+/-0.6 at admission, which was reduced to 4.4+/-0.5 at discharge (p<0.05). @entity556 time, platelet counts, and @entity2002 levels tended to be normalized by the 7th postoperative day. Serum FDP levels decreased with surgery, but tended to increase at the time of discharge and the later follow-up period. @entity1503 and @entity548 tendency recurred in 2 @entity1 in the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: In the majority of @entity1 presenting @entity5642 with @entity449 , surgical treatment can be performed safely if adequately managed by anticoagulant therapy. @entity1003 usually resolved after surgical intervention, but some @entity1 developed @entity5642 in the later period. If @entity5642 recurs, it is essential to search for contributory causes.

title: Preoperative XXXX associated with @entity449 .

answer: @entity5642 :: (MESH:D004211,Disease) :: ['disseminated intravascular coagulation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A novel synthetic compound, @entity21926 , inhibits subcutaneous @entity5 growth of cells. Because @entity7499 in @entity5 growth and wound healing involves similar mechanisms, we examined whether @entity21926 inhibits wound-induced @entity7499 . METHODS: Sixteen female BALB/c @entity19 were randomized to receive either @entity21926 (n = 8) or vehicle alone (n = 8) on day -2. On day 0, transparent window chambers were implanted into the dorsal skin flap. Treatment was stopped on day 7. On days 1, 7, and 14, micrographs of the windows were taken and microvessel density was estimated. RESULTS: On day 1, no statistically significant difference was noted between the microvessel density in controls and treatments. After the @entity19 underwent treatment from day -2 to day 7 and microvessel densities were analyzed on day 7, @entity7499 was significantly inhibited in the @entity21926 group (P <.001). Seven days after cessation of treatment, however, the @entity21926 group showed complete recovery in @entity7499 . The increase in microvessel density in the @entity21926 group on day 14 from day 7 was not significantly different from that of the control group (P >.05). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that @entity21926 , a known inhibitor of @entity5 -induced @entity7499 , also inhibited wound-induced @entity7499 in our @entity19 wound model. This inhibitory effect is significant while the @entity19 are undergoing treatment.

title: Wound-induced XXXX and its pharmacologic inhibition in a @entity19 model.

entities_list: @entity7499 :: ('MESH:D016510', 'Disease') :: ['angiogenesis']

answer: @entity7499 :: (MESH:D016510,Disease) :: ['angiogenesis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A novel synthetic compound, @entity21926 , inhibits subcutaneous @entity5 growth of cells. Because @entity7499 in @entity5 growth and wound healing involves similar mechanisms, we examined whether @entity21926 inhibits wound-induced @entity7499 . METHODS: Sixteen female BALB/c @entity19 were randomized to receive either @entity21926 (n = 8) or vehicle alone (n = 8) on day -2. On day 0, transparent window chambers were implanted into the dorsal skin flap. Treatment was stopped on day 7. On days 1, 7, and 14, micrographs of the windows were taken and microvessel density was estimated. RESULTS: On day 1, no statistically significant difference was noted between the microvessel density in controls and treatments. After the @entity19 underwent treatment from day -2 to day 7 and microvessel densities were analyzed on day 7, @entity7499 was significantly inhibited in the @entity21926 group (P <.001). Seven days after cessation of treatment, however, the @entity21926 group showed complete recovery in @entity7499 . The increase in microvessel density in the @entity21926 group on day 14 from day 7 was not significantly different from that of the control group (P >.05). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that @entity21926 , a known inhibitor of @entity5 -induced @entity7499 , also inhibited wound-induced @entity7499 in our @entity19 wound model. This inhibitory effect is significant while the @entity19 are undergoing treatment.

title: Wound-induced @entity7499 and its pharmacologic inhibition in a XXXX model.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Limited information is available on the financial impact of central venous catheter-associated @entity281 ( @entity281 ) in Argentina. To calculate the cost of BSIs in the intensive care department (ICU), a 5-year prospective nested case-control study was undertaken at 3 hospitals in Argentina. METHODS: We studied 6 adult ICUs from 3 hospitals. In all, 142 @entity1 with @entity281 and 142 control @entity1 without @entity281 were matched for hospital, type of ICU, year of admission, length of stay, sex, age, and average severity of illness score. @entity1 ' length of stay in the ICU was obtained prospectively on daily rounds. The hospitals' finance departments provided the cost of each ICU day. The hospitals' pharmacies provided the cost of antibiotics prescribed for BSIs. RESULTS: The mean extra length of stay for @entity1 with @entity281 compared with control @entity1 was 11.9 days, the mean extra antibiotic defined daily dose was 22.6, the mean extra antibiotic cost was  1913, the mean extra cost was  4888.42, and the excess mortality was 24.6%. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, @entity1 with central venous catheter-associated @entity281 experienced significant prolongation of hospitalization, increased use of health care costs, and a higher attributable mortality. These findings support the need to implement preventative interventions for @entity1 hospitalized with central venous catheters in Argentina.

title: The attributable cost, length of hospital stay, and mortality of central line-associated XXXX in intensive care departments in Argentina: A prospective, matched analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['bloodstream infection', 'BSI']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['bloodstream infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of a seminar-based training program and clinical practice audit on general practitioners' (GPs') knowledge and management of common @entity146 . DESIGN: Survey of GPs' knowledge before and after training, and clinical practice audit and re-audit after feedback. @entity1 AND SETTING: GP volunteers from around Australia in 1998-1999: 1008 completed the pre-training test, 190 the post-training test, 386 the first audit (33235 @entity1 ), and 157 of these the re-audit (13280 @entity1 ), with 57 undertaking both audit and training. INTERVENTIONS: Four-seminar, 12-hour training program focused on improving GPs' capacity to identify and manage @entity1 with @entity308 and @entity148 ; practice audit with @entity1 - and practice-based feedback on diagnosis and treatment of common @entity146 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scores on pre- and post-training knowledge tests; self-rated improvements in confidence in managing @entity1 with @entity146 after training; rates of psychological diagnoses and treatment by GPs on first audit and re-audit. RESULTS: GPs' knowledge of pharmacological treatments and clinical management improved after the training program (P<0.001), and 97% of GPs reported increased confidence in their management skills. GPs who undertook training had higher diagnosis rates for common @entity146 in the first audit than those who did not undertake training (36% versus 29%; P<0.001), and their diagnosis rates increased over time (36% to 39%; P<0.01), while those of GPs who did not undertake training were unchanged. Similarly, GPs who undertook training provided more mental health treatments than those who did not (30% versus 27% in the first audit [P<0.001], and 31% versus 24% at reaudit [P<0.001]). They also place greater emphasis on use of nonpharmacological treatments (24% versus 21% at first audit [P<0.001], and 25% versus 19% at re-audit [P<0.001]). CONCLUSION: Clinical audits may heighten @entity146 , but, on their own, they do not improve mental health practice. A relatively brief but skills-based training program may contribute to better management of @entity1 with common @entity146 by increasing GPs' confidence and competence.

title: Effects of mental health training and clinical audit on general practitioners' management of common XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorders', 'awareness of mental disorders']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['mental disorders']


abstract: @entity2135 ( @entity2135 ) is a pleiotrophic polypeptide which appears to have roles both as a circulating endocrine hormone and as a locally synthesized paracrine or autocrine tissue factor. @entity2135 plays a major role in regulating the growth of cells in vivo and in vitro and initiates metabolic and mitogenic processes in a wide variety of cell types by binding to specific type I receptors in the plasma membrane. In this study, we report the distribution of @entity2135 receptors in odontogenic cells at the ultrastructural level using the high resolution protein A-gold technique. In the pre-secretory stage, very little gold label was visible over the ameloblasts and odontoblasts. During the secretory stage the label was mostly seen in association with the cell membranes and endoplasmic reticulum of the ameloblasts. Lysosome-like elements in the post-secretory stage were labelled as well as multivesicular dense bodies. Very little labelling was encountered in the ameloblasts in the transitional stage, where apoptotic bodies were clearly visible. The maturation stage also exhibited labelling of the secretory-like granules in the distal surface. The presence of gold particles over the plasma membrane is an indication that @entity7814 is a membrane-bound receptor. Furthermore, the intracellular distribution of the label over the endoplasmic reticulum supports the local synthesis of the @entity7814 . The absence of labelling over the transitional ameloblasts suggests that the transitional stage may require the non-expression of @entity2135 as a prerequiste or even a trigger for apoptosis.

title: Non-expression of XXXX is associated with apoptosis: an ultrastructural study on rat ameloblasts.

entities_list: @entity2135 :: ('24482(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-I', 'Insulin-like growth factor-I']

answer: @entity7814 :: (25718(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['insulin-like growth factor-I receptor']


abstract: Intralesional injection of beta-interferon can lead to remission of metastatic @entity320 . Simultaneous radiotherapy may augment the effect of these injections. The effect of intralesional beta-interferon injections combined with radiotherapy was examined in @entity1 with metastatic @entity320 . A total of 20 @entity1 with inoperable, incapacitating and disfiguring @entity320 were treated with simultaneous external beam radiotherapy (electrons and/or photons) and intralesional injection of beta-interferon. The total radiation dosage ranged from 40-50 Gy, fractionated as 1.8 Gy five times per week. beta-Interferon (Fiblaferon) 3-5 million units per injection was administered three times weekly until symptoms disappeared or until termination of therapy. One @entity1 was treated with beta-interferon alone; the area harbouring the @entity5 had been previously irradiated. Five @entity1 treated in this way showed partial remission after combined therapy and 12 showed complete remission, with permanent regression of @entity3 . The latter group included five @entity1 with lengthy survival times, including one @entity1 who has been free of symptoms for 7 years following treatment. Injected @entity3 showed complete regression in the @entity1 who was treated exclusively with beta-interferon post-irradiation. In conclusion, combined treatment with radiotherapy and intratumoral injection of beta-interferon controlled local @entity5 growth in inoperable metastatic @entity320 .

title: Treatment of locoregional @entity3 of XXXX with radiotherapy and intralesional beta-interferon injection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['malignant melanoma metastases', 'melanomas', 'malignant melanomas', 'malignant melanoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['malignant melanomas']


abstract: Intralesional injection of beta-interferon can lead to remission of metastatic @entity320 . Simultaneous radiotherapy may augment the effect of these injections. The effect of intralesional beta-interferon injections combined with radiotherapy was examined in @entity1 with metastatic @entity320 . A total of 20 @entity1 with inoperable, incapacitating and disfiguring @entity320 were treated with simultaneous external beam radiotherapy (electrons and/or photons) and intralesional injection of beta-interferon. The total radiation dosage ranged from 40-50 Gy, fractionated as 1.8 Gy five times per week. beta-Interferon (Fiblaferon) 3-5 million units per injection was administered three times weekly until symptoms disappeared or until termination of therapy. One @entity1 was treated with beta-interferon alone; the area harbouring the @entity5 had been previously irradiated. Five @entity1 treated in this way showed partial remission after combined therapy and 12 showed complete remission, with permanent regression of @entity3 . The latter group included five @entity1 with lengthy survival times, including one @entity1 who has been free of symptoms for 7 years following treatment. Injected @entity3 showed complete regression in the @entity1 who was treated exclusively with beta-interferon post-irradiation. In conclusion, combined treatment with radiotherapy and intratumoral injection of beta-interferon controlled local @entity5 growth in inoperable metastatic @entity320 .

title: Treatment of locoregional XXXX of @entity320 with radiotherapy and intralesional beta-interferon injection.

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Updated treatment guidelines for @entity955 ( @entity955 ) have been released by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the UK, and highlight a current shortfall in the prescription of anticoagulants to @entity1 with @entity955 for @entity64 prevention. OBJECTIVE: To design a budget impact model as a planning tool for UK Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) looking to budget for greater use of anticoagulants in the @entity955 population. METHODS: An Excel(  ) model was developed to estimate the five-year impact of gradually treating all eligible @entity1 with @entity955 who are currently not being prescribed anticoagulants, both in terms of the effect on key clinical outcomes ( @entity64 , major @entity548 and mortality) and the associated financial impact. RESULTS: For a population of 251,693 (average CCG size) with an estimated 2626 prevalent @entity1 and an additional 546 incident cases annually, the model estimated that increasing the proportion of the eligible @entity955 @entity1 population receiving anticoagulation by a fraction would require an additional budget of @entity4151 139,961 in Year 1 to treat an additional 314 @entity1 . This would rise to @entity18988 ,004,900 in Year 5 to treat an additional 2242 @entity1 , with all eligible @entity1 treated by this year. The price year was 2014. Over the 5-year timeframe, this could lead to the prevention of 24 @entity64 and 29 deaths, with an increase of 31 major @entity548 . CONCLUSIONS: The clinical benefits of appropriate anticoagulation are widely recognised; however, full implementation can be difficult and costly. Therefore, the development of models can support the planning process by facilitating discussion among stakeholders on how best they can reach full implementation. The model is flexible and can be adapted to suit different payers.

title: Implementing Guidelines: The Cost and Clinical Impact of Anticoagulants in the UK XXXX Population.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['Atrial Fibrillation']


abstract: Anopheles stephensi Liston and An. saperoi Bohart and Ingram infected with the rodent @entity311 parasite @entity501 nigeriense. They were examined 12 and 19 days after blood feeding for sporozoites in head with anterior thorax (HT) and oocysts in abdomen with posterior thorax (AB) by light microscopy and by the nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR-based on the amplification of the sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene). The detection rate of parasite DNA by nested PCR in HT samples 12 days after blood feeding was similar to that by microscopic method. However, in HT samples 19 days after blood feeding, the rate by the PCR method was higher than that by the microscopic method. The incidence of sporozoites in salivary glands of infected mosquitos for 12 days after blood sucking was examined by the PCR method. Parasite DNA in HT of @entity197 Skuse (a non vector for the rodent @entity311 ) as well as An. stephensi and An. saperoi was detected for up to 4 days after feeding on @entity19 with the rodent @entity311 parasites. The results indicate that when the PCR method is used for detection of sporozoites of @entity1 @entity311 in mosquitos collected in the field, there are possibilities of including false-positive data for mosquitos that have just or recently fed on @entity1 @entity1503 with @entity311 (erythrocytic form).

title: Possibility of false-positive detection for sporozoites in mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) by nested polymerase chain reaction using XXXX genomic DNA.

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['blood infected']

entities_list: @entity197 :: ('7160', 'Species') :: ['Aedes albopictus']

entities_list: @entity501 :: ('5861', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium yoelii']

answer: @entity501 :: (5861,Species) :: ['Plasmodium yoelii']


abstract: The extent of blood pressure lowering by anti- @entity101 agents is difficult to predict for individual @entity1 , even when evaluated in the context of biochemical or demographic information. Genetic predictors (mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) have been the focus of several recent studies and are gaining much attention. We have conducted a literature search for studies in which the lowering of ambient blood pressure by specific drugs or drug classes in @entity1 was related to specific genotypes. Twenty-eight studies were identified, of which six had a single-dose design, and the remaining 22 studied drug effects after more than 4 weeks of drug administration. Virtually all were association studies. Prospective trials that compared the prognostic value of genetic methods to routine clinical practice were not identified. Almost all studies used a candidate-gene design, usually with a very small number of SNPs (typically one). Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions were studied only rarely. Only one study targeted genes involved in drug metabolism. Most candidate-genes were part of the @entity916 -angiotensin system. By far the most extensively studied has been the angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism (15 studies) but, to date, no clear picture has emerged for this or other genetic variants. Thus, the potential for utility of genetic characterization of individual @entity1 as a predictor of anti- @entity101 response has yet to be realized.

title: Pharmacogenetics of XXXX treatment: a structured review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: @entity2530 is a disease with a wide-ranging etiology and poorly understood pathogenesis seen commonly in young @entity1 . Various head-preserving procedures have been used for this disease to avert the need for total hip replacement. These include various vascularized and nonvascularized bone grafting procedures. We will describe the use of bone-grafting through a window at the femoral head-neck junction for the treatment of @entity2530 of the femoral head. @entity6861 ( @entity6861 )-enriched allograft was used to avoid donor site morbidity. Nineteen @entity1 (21 hips) were followed up for a mean of 48 months (range, 36-55 months) after a bone grafting procedure in which the diseased bone was replaced by a bone graft substitute (combination of demineralized bone matrix, processed allograft bone chips, and a thermoplastic carrier). Eighteen of 21 hips (86%) were clinically successful at latest followup. Two of these @entity1 have minimal radiographic progression (< 2 mm head collapse). This procedure is straightforward technically, led to low morbidity, and did not necessitate procurement of donor site bone graft. This procedure may be effective at avoiding or forestalling the need for total hip arthroplasty in young @entity1 with early to intermediate stages of @entity2530 of the femoral head.

title: Outcome of nonvascularized bone grafting for XXXX of the femoral head.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6861 :: ('649', 'Gene') :: ['Bone morphogenetic protein', 'BMP']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['Osteonecrosis', 'osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity2530 :: (MESH:D010020,Disease) :: ['osteonecrosis']


abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a combination of @entity208 (AL) and low-dose @entity17004 (MA) with standard-dose MA in @entity4536 caused by @entity3667 . An open, controlled study was performed. Seventy-two @entity1 were randomly selected from volunteers with @entity4536 living in a hyperendemic area. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, nursing vs. gestation, age less than 5 years, and duration of disease of more than 4 months. Each @entity1 received MA (60 mg/kg/day) or AL (20 mg/kg/day) plus low-dose MA (30 mg/kg/day) for 20 days, and was followed up for 30 days after cessation of treatment. The study was completed as planned in 66 @entity1 . Complete healing occurred in 74.2% of @entity1 in the MA group and in 80.6% of @entity1 in the MA + AL group. No difference was found between the two groups with respect to side-effects. The combination of AL and MA increases the anti-leishmanial effects of antimoniate. In this study, it was confirmed that low-dose MA plus AL is as effective as high-dose MA in the treatment of @entity4536 caused by @entity3667 .

title: Treatment of @entity4536 with a combination of XXXX and low-dose @entity17004 .

entities_list: @entity17004 :: ('MESH:C005278', 'Chemical') :: ['meglumine antimoniate']

entities_list: @entity3667 :: ('5664', 'Species') :: ['L. major', 'Leishmania major']

entities_list: @entity4536 :: ('MESH:D016773', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity208 :: ('MESH:D000493', 'Chemical') :: ['allopurinol']

answer: @entity208 :: (MESH:D000493,Chemical) :: ['allopurinol']


abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a combination of @entity208 (AL) and low-dose @entity17004 (MA) with standard-dose MA in @entity4536 caused by @entity3667 . An open, controlled study was performed. Seventy-two @entity1 were randomly selected from volunteers with @entity4536 living in a hyperendemic area. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, nursing vs. gestation, age less than 5 years, and duration of disease of more than 4 months. Each @entity1 received MA (60 mg/kg/day) or AL (20 mg/kg/day) plus low-dose MA (30 mg/kg/day) for 20 days, and was followed up for 30 days after cessation of treatment. The study was completed as planned in 66 @entity1 . Complete healing occurred in 74.2% of @entity1 in the MA group and in 80.6% of @entity1 in the MA + AL group. No difference was found between the two groups with respect to side-effects. The combination of AL and MA increases the anti-leishmanial effects of antimoniate. In this study, it was confirmed that low-dose MA plus AL is as effective as high-dose MA in the treatment of @entity4536 caused by @entity3667 .

title: Treatment of XXXX with a combination of @entity208 and low-dose @entity17004 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity4536 :: (MESH:D016773,Disease) :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']


abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a combination of @entity208 (AL) and low-dose @entity17004 (MA) with standard-dose MA in @entity4536 caused by @entity3667 . An open, controlled study was performed. Seventy-two @entity1 were randomly selected from volunteers with @entity4536 living in a hyperendemic area. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, nursing vs. gestation, age less than 5 years, and duration of disease of more than 4 months. Each @entity1 received MA (60 mg/kg/day) or AL (20 mg/kg/day) plus low-dose MA (30 mg/kg/day) for 20 days, and was followed up for 30 days after cessation of treatment. The study was completed as planned in 66 @entity1 . Complete healing occurred in 74.2% of @entity1 in the MA group and in 80.6% of @entity1 in the MA + AL group. No difference was found between the two groups with respect to side-effects. The combination of AL and MA increases the anti-leishmanial effects of antimoniate. In this study, it was confirmed that low-dose MA plus AL is as effective as high-dose MA in the treatment of @entity4536 caused by @entity3667 .

title: Treatment of @entity4536 with a combination of @entity208 and low-dose XXXX .

answer: @entity17004 :: (MESH:C005278,Chemical) :: ['meglumine antimoniate']


abstract: Central venous catheterization (CVC)-related @entity49 is a common but serious clinical complication, thus prevention and treatment on this problem should be extensively investigated. In this research, we aimed to investigate the incidence rate of CVC-related @entity49 in senile @entity1 and give a further discussion on the related risk factors and predictors. A total of 324 hospitalized senile male @entity1 subjected to CVC were selected. Retrospective investigation and analysis were conducted on age, underlying diseases, clinical medications, catheterization position and side, catheter retention time, and incidence of CVC-related @entity49 . Basic laboratory test results during catheterization and thrombogenesis were also collected and analyzed. Among the 324 @entity1 , 20 cases (6.17%) of CVC-related @entity49 were diagnoseds. The incidence rate of CVC-related @entity49 in subclavian vein catheterization was significantly lower than that in femoral vein catheterization (P<0.01) and that in internal jugular vein catheterization (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between femoral vein catheterization and internal jugular vein catheterization (P<0.05). Previous @entity49 history (P<0.01), high @entity880 dehydrogenase level (P<0.01), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (P<0.05), and low albumin level (P<0.05) were found as risk factors or predictors of CVC-related @entity49 in senile male @entity1 . Subclavian vein catheterization was the most appropriate choice among senile @entity1 to decrease the incidence of CVC-related @entity49 . Previous @entity49 history, high @entity880 dehydrogenase level, low HDL level, and low albumin level were important risk factors in predicting CVC-related @entity49 .

title: Central venous catheter-related thrombosis in senile male XXXX : New risk factors and predictors.

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis', 'venous thrombosis complications']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Motions of the forearm induced by electrical stimulation to two elbow flexors (brachioradialis: BR, biceps brachii: BB) were examined in five healthy @entity1 subjects. Stainless steel wire electrodes were implanted percutaneously into each motor point of the muscles. The muscles were stimulated separately with a computer-controlled multi-channel stimulator. The motions were taken with a digital video system. Angular changes of the motions in elbow flexion/extension and forearm pronation/supination were measured. Electromyograms (EMG) of BR, BB, and the @entity427 ( @entity427 ) were recorded. Electrical stimulation to BR induced a motion of flexion and that to BB motions of flexion and supination. The stimulation to BR with an adequate intensity provided holding of flexion with the prone forearm in all the subjects. In this situation, additional stimulation to BB resulted in motions of flexion and supination. However, the additional stimulation accompanied with a decrease of the stimulation intensity for BR provided a motion of supination with maintenance of the flexion in all the subjects. Since during the stimulation BR, BB, and @entity427 showed no @entity2472 in EMG, it is suggested that modulation of contraction between BR and BB by the stimulation can produce force in supination with keeping constant force in flexion to support the weight below the elbow.

title: A motion of forearm supination with maintenance of elbow flexion produced by electrical stimulation to two elbow flexors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['TB', 'triceps brachii']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary contraction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and costs of falls among the elderly in institutional care. DESIGN: A prospective study during the course of 1 year. SETTING: Four institutions in Finland. SUBJECTS: A total of 554 falls and 211 @entity130 among @entity1 over 60 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Falls and @entity130 were recorded prospectively. Treatment and the costs of injuries were analysed retrospectively. The incidence of falls and @entity130 was expressed per 1000 @entity1 years. Costs of @entity130 treated outside the @entity1 's own ward were calculated. RESULTS: The total incidence of falls was 1398/1000 @entity1 years. The incidence of @entity174 per 1000 @entity1 years was 54 (95% CI; 25-83) in @entity1 and 10 (95% CI; 1-54) in @entity1 . @entity1 fell on their hips or buttocks more often than @entity1 did (p < 0.01). Incidence of @entity542 per 1000 @entity1 years was 214 (95% CI; 160-267) in @entity1 and 433 (95% CI; 302-565) in @entity1 . The average costs were @entity7634 944 per fall. CONCLUSION: One-third of all falls resulted in an injury and every fifth injurious fall resulted in treatment outside the @entity1 's own ward. The type of fall and the injury profile differed between @entity1 and @entity1 .

title: Incidence and costs of falls and XXXX among elderly in institutional care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'Women', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['fall injuries']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['fall injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Surveillance of @entity7135 among U.S. college students found an elevated rate of this disease among first-year students living in dormitories. OBJECTIVE: This study examines the economics of routinely vaccinating a cohort of 591,587 incoming first-year students who will live in dormitories for > or =1 years. METHODS: A cost-benefit model (societal perspective) was constructed to measure the net present value (NPV) of various vaccination scenarios, as well as the cost/case and cost/ @entity204 averted. Input values included hospitalization costs from  10,924 to  24,030 per hospitalization; immunization costs (vaccine plus administration costs) from  54 to  88 per vaccine; 30 nonfatal, vaccine-preventable cases over a 4-year period (includes 3 with sequelae); 3 premature deaths; value of @entity1 life from  1.2 million to  4.8 million; and long-run sequelae costs from  1298 to  14,600. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted on vaccine efficacy (80% to 90%); discount rate (0% to 5%); and coverage (60% to 100%). RESULTS: The costs of vaccination outweighed the benefits gained with NPVs ranging from - 11 million to - 49 million. The net cost per case averted ranged from  0.6 million to  1.9 million. The net cost per @entity204 averted ranged from  7 million to  20 million. The break-even costs of vaccination (when NPV= 0) at 60% coverage ranged from  23 (90% vaccine efficacy) to  5 (80% efficacy). CONCLUSIONS: The model showed that the vaccination program is not cost-saving. Key variables influencing the results were the low number of vaccine-preventable cases and the high cost of vaccination. However, from the perspective of students and parents, the cost of vaccination might be worth the real or perceived benefit of reducing the risk to an individual student of developing @entity7135 .

title: Vaccinating first-year college students living in dormitories for XXXX : an economic analysis.

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal disease']

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['Meningococcal disease']


abstract: Synthesis of @entity842 (NO) has been shown in the glandular epithelium of @entity1 prostate, with highest levels in the peripheral zone. This location is believed to be the main source of @entity263 . The ability of stromal cells to produce NO may contribute to the malignant process. Since solid @entity5 are prone to @entity519 and malignant progression, experiments were undertaken to test the effect of @entity1576 on the induction of @entity842 synthase (NOS) by a Dunning @entity35 prostatic epithelial line. A metastatic phenotype (Mat-LyLu) was treated in vitro with brief exposure to @entity3789 in order to mimic transient @entity519 stress. @entity1110 -diaphorase activities in @entity1604 -fixed cells was used to follow the expression of NOS. @entity1110 -diaphorase activity was found to be inducible by a range of factors, including mechanical damage and @entity281 . @entity3789 induced a dose-dependent staining that was statistically greater than in untreated cells. Consistent with diaphorase staining being a marker for the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS), induction and enhancement of staining, respectively, was observed in response to treatment with lipopolysaccharide or withdrawal of @entity619 supplement. Results demonstrate that prostatic epithelia can be triggered in culture to express iNOS by transient oxidative stress in the form of respiratory poisoning by @entity8773 . Paradoxically, @entity842 production by epithelia within @entity519 zones of solid @entity5 may contribute to the promotion and/or inhibition of tumorigenesis.

title: Transient block of respiratory chain by XXXX triggers @entity1110 -diaphorase activity (a marker for @entity842 synthase) in Dunning @entity35 prostatic epithelium.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection of cultures']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity3789 :: ('CHEBI:17514', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanide', 'Cyanide']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory block']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1604 :: ('MESH:C003043', 'Chemical') :: ['paraformaldehyde']

answer: @entity3789 :: (CHEBI:17514,Chemical) :: ['cyanide']


abstract: Synthesis of @entity842 (NO) has been shown in the glandular epithelium of @entity1 prostate, with highest levels in the peripheral zone. This location is believed to be the main source of @entity263 . The ability of stromal cells to produce NO may contribute to the malignant process. Since solid @entity5 are prone to @entity519 and malignant progression, experiments were undertaken to test the effect of @entity1576 on the induction of @entity842 synthase (NOS) by a Dunning @entity35 prostatic epithelial line. A metastatic phenotype (Mat-LyLu) was treated in vitro with brief exposure to @entity3789 in order to mimic transient @entity519 stress. @entity1110 -diaphorase activities in @entity1604 -fixed cells was used to follow the expression of NOS. @entity1110 -diaphorase activity was found to be inducible by a range of factors, including mechanical damage and @entity281 . @entity3789 induced a dose-dependent staining that was statistically greater than in untreated cells. Consistent with diaphorase staining being a marker for the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS), induction and enhancement of staining, respectively, was observed in response to treatment with lipopolysaccharide or withdrawal of @entity619 supplement. Results demonstrate that prostatic epithelia can be triggered in culture to express iNOS by transient oxidative stress in the form of respiratory poisoning by @entity8773 . Paradoxically, @entity842 production by epithelia within @entity519 zones of solid @entity5 may contribute to the promotion and/or inhibition of tumorigenesis.

title: Transient block of respiratory chain by @entity3789 triggers @entity1110 -diaphorase activity (a marker for XXXX synthase) in Dunning @entity35 prostatic epithelium.

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: Synthesis of @entity842 (NO) has been shown in the glandular epithelium of @entity1 prostate, with highest levels in the peripheral zone. This location is believed to be the main source of @entity263 . The ability of stromal cells to produce NO may contribute to the malignant process. Since solid @entity5 are prone to @entity519 and malignant progression, experiments were undertaken to test the effect of @entity1576 on the induction of @entity842 synthase (NOS) by a Dunning @entity35 prostatic epithelial line. A metastatic phenotype (Mat-LyLu) was treated in vitro with brief exposure to @entity3789 in order to mimic transient @entity519 stress. @entity1110 -diaphorase activities in @entity1604 -fixed cells was used to follow the expression of NOS. @entity1110 -diaphorase activity was found to be inducible by a range of factors, including mechanical damage and @entity281 . @entity3789 induced a dose-dependent staining that was statistically greater than in untreated cells. Consistent with diaphorase staining being a marker for the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS), induction and enhancement of staining, respectively, was observed in response to treatment with lipopolysaccharide or withdrawal of @entity619 supplement. Results demonstrate that prostatic epithelia can be triggered in culture to express iNOS by transient oxidative stress in the form of respiratory poisoning by @entity8773 . Paradoxically, @entity842 production by epithelia within @entity519 zones of solid @entity5 may contribute to the promotion and/or inhibition of tumorigenesis.

title: Transient block of respiratory chain by @entity3789 triggers XXXX -diaphorase activity (a marker for @entity842 synthase) in Dunning @entity35 prostatic epithelium.

answer: @entity1110 :: (MESH:D009249,Chemical) :: ['NADPH']


abstract: Synthesis of @entity842 (NO) has been shown in the glandular epithelium of @entity1 prostate, with highest levels in the peripheral zone. This location is believed to be the main source of @entity263 . The ability of stromal cells to produce NO may contribute to the malignant process. Since solid @entity5 are prone to @entity519 and malignant progression, experiments were undertaken to test the effect of @entity1576 on the induction of @entity842 synthase (NOS) by a Dunning @entity35 prostatic epithelial line. A metastatic phenotype (Mat-LyLu) was treated in vitro with brief exposure to @entity3789 in order to mimic transient @entity519 stress. @entity1110 -diaphorase activities in @entity1604 -fixed cells was used to follow the expression of NOS. @entity1110 -diaphorase activity was found to be inducible by a range of factors, including mechanical damage and @entity281 . @entity3789 induced a dose-dependent staining that was statistically greater than in untreated cells. Consistent with diaphorase staining being a marker for the inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS), induction and enhancement of staining, respectively, was observed in response to treatment with lipopolysaccharide or withdrawal of @entity619 supplement. Results demonstrate that prostatic epithelia can be triggered in culture to express iNOS by transient oxidative stress in the form of respiratory poisoning by @entity8773 . Paradoxically, @entity842 production by epithelia within @entity519 zones of solid @entity5 may contribute to the promotion and/or inhibition of tumorigenesis.

title: Transient block of respiratory chain by @entity3789 triggers @entity1110 -diaphorase activity (a marker for @entity842 synthase) in Dunning XXXX prostatic epithelium.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: We studied the effects of the @entity2162 and DA1-receptor agonist @entity19642 on ventilation perfusion (V(A)/Q) distribution in anesthetized, paralyzed @entity1 (n = 17) undergoing major abdominal surgery. Intrapulmonary shunt (Q(S)/Q(T)) (percentage of cardiac output [CO]), perfusion of low V(A)/Q areas (percentage of CO), ventilation of high V(A)/Q areas (percentage of total ventilation [V(E)]), and dead space ventilation [percentage of V(E)]) were calculated from the retention/excretion data of six inert gases. In the control state, Q(S)/Q(T) was 11% +/- 9% (mean +/- SD) and little perfusion of low V(A)/Q areas (3% +/- 4%) was observed. Infusion of 1.0 microg kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) @entity19642 had no effect on Q(S)/Q(T) and low V(A)/Q areas despite an increased CO (7.7 +/- 2.2 L/min versus 6.2 +/- 1.2 L/min; P < 0.01). Pao2 increased from 15.5 +/- 5.6 kPa (116 +/- 42 mm Hg) to 17.3 +/- 6.3 kPa (130 +/- 47 mm Hg) (P < 0.05). Infusion of 2.0 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) @entity19642 further increased CO to 8.4 +/- 2.7 L/min (P < 0.01) without alterations of Q(S)/Q(T), perfusion of low V(A)/Q areas, and Pao2. We concluded that @entity19642 (1.0 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) and 2.0 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 )) has no adverse effects on V(A)/Q relationships and Q(S)/Q(T) in anesthetized, paralyzed @entity1 . IMPLICATIONS: The I.V. administration of vasoactive drugs can improve @entity26 delivery to different organ systems but may impair pulmonary gas exchange. In anesthetized, paralyzed @entity1 , we studied the effects of @entity2162 and DA1-receptor agonist @entity19642 on ventilation perfusion distribution. @entity19642 (1.0 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) and 2.0 microg x kg(-1) @entity1009 )) improved cardiac output and oxygenation without alterations of intrapulmonary shunt.

title: The effect of XXXX on ventilation perfusion distribution and pulmonary gas exchange in anesthetized, paralyzed @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2162 :: ('154', 'Gene') :: ['beta2-adrenoceptor']

entities_list: @entity19642 :: ('MESH:C046318', 'Chemical') :: ['dopexamine', 'Dopexamine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity19642 :: (MESH:C046318,Chemical) :: ['dopexamine']


abstract: We studied the effects of the @entity2162 and DA1-receptor agonist @entity19642 on ventilation perfusion (V(A)/Q) distribution in anesthetized, paralyzed @entity1 (n = 17) undergoing major abdominal surgery. Intrapulmonary shunt (Q(S)/Q(T)) (percentage of cardiac output [CO]), perfusion of low V(A)/Q areas (percentage of CO), ventilation of high V(A)/Q areas (percentage of total ventilation [V(E)]), and dead space ventilation [percentage of V(E)]) were calculated from the retention/excretion data of six inert gases. In the control state, Q(S)/Q(T) was 11% +/- 9% (mean +/- SD) and little perfusion of low V(A)/Q areas (3% +/- 4%) was observed. Infusion of 1.0 microg kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) @entity19642 had no effect on Q(S)/Q(T) and low V(A)/Q areas despite an increased CO (7.7 +/- 2.2 L/min versus 6.2 +/- 1.2 L/min; P < 0.01). Pao2 increased from 15.5 +/- 5.6 kPa (116 +/- 42 mm Hg) to 17.3 +/- 6.3 kPa (130 +/- 47 mm Hg) (P < 0.05). Infusion of 2.0 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) @entity19642 further increased CO to 8.4 +/- 2.7 L/min (P < 0.01) without alterations of Q(S)/Q(T), perfusion of low V(A)/Q areas, and Pao2. We concluded that @entity19642 (1.0 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) and 2.0 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 )) has no adverse effects on V(A)/Q relationships and Q(S)/Q(T) in anesthetized, paralyzed @entity1 . IMPLICATIONS: The I.V. administration of vasoactive drugs can improve @entity26 delivery to different organ systems but may impair pulmonary gas exchange. In anesthetized, paralyzed @entity1 , we studied the effects of @entity2162 and DA1-receptor agonist @entity19642 on ventilation perfusion distribution. @entity19642 (1.0 microg x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) and 2.0 microg x kg(-1) @entity1009 )) improved cardiac output and oxygenation without alterations of intrapulmonary shunt.

title: The effect of @entity19642 on ventilation perfusion distribution and pulmonary gas exchange in anesthetized, paralyzed XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']