abstract: PURPOSE: @entity12030 ( @entity12030 ), or @entity12030 , is a @entity179 characterized by vision loss, @entity410 activity, @entity73 , and @entity204 . Discovery of the @entity12030 -related gene, @entity70978 , led to creation of a @entity70978 protein-deficient @entity19 model ( @entity70978 -/-), which recapitulates some of the histopathologic characteristics of the @entity1 condition. We hypothesized that lack of @entity70978 would alter @entity410 -related behavioral parameters. METHODS: Using @entity15945 gas inhalation, we examined @entity410 -induction latencies in @entity70978 -/- @entity19 and wildtype (wt) controls at time points that represent late neonatal, immature, mature, and aged time points. We examined latency to first @entity2045 (LMJ), latency to @entity393 ( @entity393 ), and subsequent mortality. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate an age-dependent alteration of @entity410 -induction latencies in @entity70978 -/-. Immature @entity61787 -/- @entity19 aged 35-42 days had an increased latency to both LMJ and @entity393 compared with age-matched wt controls. There were no significant latency differences between @entity70978 -/- and wt at other time points examined. Mortality after generalized @entity410 was high in both @entity70978 -/- and wt animals at late neonatal and immature developmental stages. No mortality was seen in wt @entity19 past @entity2175 at 6 weeks. Mature and aged @entity70978 -/- animals retained a vulnerability to death after @entity410 activity. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a deficiency of @entity70978 protein in the Batten model @entity19 may result in age-dependent alteration of the neuroanatomic and biochemical substrates involved in @entity410 propagation and recovery. This may be important in understanding @entity410 , @entity179 , and @entity204 in @entity1 @entity12030 .

title: Altered @entity15945 XXXX induction latency, phenotype, and subsequent mortality in a @entity19 model of @entity12030 .

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizure']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity12030 ( @entity12030 ), or @entity12030 , is a @entity179 characterized by vision loss, @entity410 activity, @entity73 , and @entity204 . Discovery of the @entity12030 -related gene, @entity70978 , led to creation of a @entity70978 protein-deficient @entity19 model ( @entity70978 -/-), which recapitulates some of the histopathologic characteristics of the @entity1 condition. We hypothesized that lack of @entity70978 would alter @entity410 -related behavioral parameters. METHODS: Using @entity15945 gas inhalation, we examined @entity410 -induction latencies in @entity70978 -/- @entity19 and wildtype (wt) controls at time points that represent late neonatal, immature, mature, and aged time points. We examined latency to first @entity2045 (LMJ), latency to @entity393 ( @entity393 ), and subsequent mortality. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate an age-dependent alteration of @entity410 -induction latencies in @entity70978 -/-. Immature @entity61787 -/- @entity19 aged 35-42 days had an increased latency to both LMJ and @entity393 compared with age-matched wt controls. There were no significant latency differences between @entity70978 -/- and wt at other time points examined. Mortality after generalized @entity410 was high in both @entity70978 -/- and wt animals at late neonatal and immature developmental stages. No mortality was seen in wt @entity19 past @entity2175 at 6 weeks. Mature and aged @entity70978 -/- animals retained a vulnerability to death after @entity410 activity. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a deficiency of @entity70978 protein in the Batten model @entity19 may result in age-dependent alteration of the neuroanatomic and biochemical substrates involved in @entity410 propagation and recovery. This may be important in understanding @entity410 , @entity179 , and @entity204 in @entity1 @entity12030 .

title: Altered @entity15945 @entity410 induction latency, phenotype, and subsequent mortality in a XXXX model of @entity12030 .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonic jerk']

entities_list: @entity12030 :: ('MESH:D009472', 'Disease') :: ['Batten disease', 'Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis', 'JNCL']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration', 'pediatric neurodegenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity15945 :: ('MESH:D005481', 'Chemical') :: ['flurothyl']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of posture', 'LOP']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['premature death']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine (a) the respondents' perceptions of 4 unclear or conflicting @entity5 screening guidelines: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for @entity1 over 50, mammography for @entity1 40-49, colorectal screening by fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), and colonoscopy for @entity1 over 40; and (b) the influence of various factors on the decision to order these tests. STUDY DESIGN: National Canadian mail survey of randomly selected family physicians. POPULATION: Family physicians in active practice (n=565) selected from rural and urban family medicine sites in 5 provinces representing the main regions in Canada. OUTCOME MEASURED: Agreement with guideline statements, and decision to order screening test in 6 clinical vignettes. RESULTS: Of 565 surveys mailed, 351 (62.1%) were returned. Most respondents agreed with the Canadian Task Force recommendations, and most believed that various guidelines for 3 of the 4 screens were conflicting (PSA 86.6%; mammography 67.5%; FOBT 62.4%). @entity1 @entity148 about @entity5 , @entity1 expectations of being tested, and a positive family history of @entity5 increased the odds that the 4 tests would be ordered. A good quality @entity1 -MD relationship decreased the odds of ordering a mammogram. Screening decisions were also significantly influenced by the respondents' beliefs about whether screening was recommended and whether screening could cause more harm than good. A physician's sensitivity to his or her colleagues' practice influenced screening decisions regarding PSA and mammography. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a conceptual framework for understanding the determinants of screening behavior when guidelines are unclear or conflicting.

title: What influences family physicians' XXXX screening decisions when practice guidelines are unclear or conflicting?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'men']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with a large number and variety of risk conditions during pregnancy. The number and types of risk conditions per pregnancy were determined in 1,864 white and 872 black mothers delivered at the University of Kansas Medical Center between 1975 and 1978. The incidence of LBW @entity1 increased steadily among white and black mothers as the number of risk factors increased from none to three or four per pregnancy. Among pregnancies without spontaneous @entity4942 ( @entity4942 ), 51 percent of the LBW @entity1 were born to mothers who had multiple risk factors associated with their pregnancies, even though only 18 percent of these pregnancies were associated with multiple risk factors. Among pregnancies with @entity4942 , 72 percent were associated with multiple risk conditions, and 31 percent resulted in LBW @entity1 . About 90 percent of LBW @entity1 from @entity4942 pregnancies had mothers with multiple risk factors. For all numbers of risk conditions, black mothers had a higher incidence of LBW @entity1 than white mothers. Among black mothers without spontaneous @entity4942 ( @entity4942 ), the incidence of LBW @entity1 increased from 3.2 percent (10/308) in low (zero)-risk condition pregnancies to 33 percent (16/49) among mothers with three or four risk conditions during the pregnancy. Among white mothers without @entity4942 , the incidence of LBW @entity1 increased from 1.7 percent (12/708) in low (zero)-risk condition pregnancies to 30 percent (19/64) in pregnancies with three or four risk conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Incidence of low birth weight XXXX born to mothers with multiple risk factors.

entities_list: @entity4942 :: ('MESH:D005322', 'Disease') :: ['premature rupture of membranes', 'PROM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of endoscopic clipping in the hemostasis of @entity548 esophageal varices and the eventual variceal eradication was compared with that of band ligation. METHODS: Forty @entity1 were enrolled in the study in a prospective manner, 19 of whom received endoscopic clipping (group I) and the remaining (n = 21 @entity1 ) received endoscopic band ligation (group II). All @entity1 in this study presented with @entity548 from esophageal varices. The @entity1 characteristics (age, sex, @entity1 -Pugh score, variceal grade) were comparable in the two groups. After initial hemostasis, the @entity1 were assigned one of the two forms of endoscopic therapy which was continued in the follow-up sessions until varices were eradicated. Early and late results were compared. RESULTS: Initial hemostasis was achieved in all @entity1 in group I but two @entity1 in group II required clip ligation for initial hemostasis because of the failure in band ligation. Those two were treated with band ligation in the follow-up sessions. A total of 224 clips in 53 treatment sessions and 296 bands in 82 treatment sessions were placed in group I and group II, respectively. The rates of complete variceal eradication were 89% and 76% in group I and group II, respectively (p > 0.05). The median number of required treatment sessions for complete eradication of the varices was significantly lower in group I than group II (3 versus 4, p = 0.013). Three @entity1 from group I (15%) and seven @entity1 from group II (33%) were readmitted for variceal @entity548 during the follow-up period (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: With the advantages of high initial hemostasis rate, decreased risk of rebleeding, and fewer treatment sessions needed for variceal eradication, endoscopic clipping is as effective as band ligation, or perhaps more effective in the treatment of @entity548 esophageal varices.

title: Endoscopic clipping versus band ligation in the management of XXXX esophageal varices.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Child', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this survey was to identify factors associated with good sexual outcomes in a large group of survivors of @entity263 . METHODS: A postal survey was sent to 2636 @entity1 in the Cleveland Clinic Foundation's @entity263 Registry who either were treated with definitive radiotherapy or underwent prostatectomy for @entity263 . The survey asked about demographic items, past and current sexual functioning, partner's sexual function and health, and a number of factors hypothesized to affect sexual satisfaction. Standardized questionnaires included the Sexual Self-Schema Scale-Male Version, the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), urinary and bowel symptom scales from the Los Angeles @entity263 Index, and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: The return rate was 49%, yielding a sample of 1236 @entity1 at an average of 4.3 years post-treatment. Comparing responders with nonresponders suggested that the sample may have been somewhat biased toward @entity1 who were more interested in maintaining sexual function. At the time they were diagnosed with @entity263 , 36% of @entity1 had @entity323 ( @entity323 ). Within the past 6 months, however, 85% of @entity1 reported having @entity323 . Only 13% of @entity1 were having reliable, firm erections spontaneously, and another 8% of @entity1 were having erections with the aid of a medical treatment. @entity1 were as distressed about @entity458 and trouble having satisfying orgasms as they were about @entity323 . Of the 84% of @entity1 who reported having a current sexual partner, 66% indicated that she had a @entity458 . Younger age was associated strongly with better sexual outcome (global IIEF score). With demographic factors taken into account, better sexual outcome was related significantly to medical factors, including not having neoadjuvant or current antiandrogen therapy, undergoing bilateral nerve-sparing prostatectomy or brachytherapy, and having better mental and physical health composite scores on the SF-36. Sexual factors that were associated with a better outcome included having normal erections before treatment for @entity263 , choosing a treatment based on the hope that it would preserve sexual function, having more sexual partners in the past year, and having a sexually functional partner. CONCLUSIONS: The great majority of @entity1 who survive @entity263 do not achieve a return to functional sexual activity in the years after treatment. The priorities a @entity1 places on sexuality and on having a sexually functional partner are important factors in sexual satisfaction at follow-up, over and above the influence of age and medical factors.

title: Defining sexual outcomes after treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate carcinoma', 'Prostate Cancer', 'prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual problem', 'loss of desire']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate carcinoma']


abstract: Neuronal subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells in the @entity1573 exhibit carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity. To determine whether CA activity is expressed by DRG cells maintained in in vitro cultures, dissociated DRG cells from 10-day-old @entity1573 embryos were cultured on a collagen substrate. The influence exerted by environmental factors on the enzyme expression was tested under various conditions of culture. Neuron-enriched cell cultures and mixed DRG-cell cultures (including numerous non-neuronal cells) were performed either in a defined medium or in a horse serum-supplemented medium. In all the tested conditions, subpopulations of cultured sensory neurons expressed CA activity in their cell bodies, while their neurites were rarely stained; in each case, the percentage of @entity528 with the age of the cultures. The number and the persistence of neurons possessing CA activity as well as the intensity of the reaction were enhanced by addition of horse serum. In contrast, the expression of the neuronal CA activity was not affected by the presence of non-neuronal cells or by the rise of @entity515 concentration. Thus, the appearance and disappearance of neuronal subpopulations expressing CA activity may be decisively influenced by factors contained in the horse serum. The loss of @entity528 with time could result from a cell selection or from genetic repression. Analysis of the time curves does not support a preferential cell death of @entity528 but suggests that the eventual conversion of @entity528 into CA-negative neurons results from a loss of the enzyme activity. These results indicate that the phenotypic expression of cultured sensory neurons is dependent on defined environmental factors.

title: Carbonic anhydrase activity in primary sensory neurons. II. Influence of environmental factors on the phenotypic expression of the enzyme in dissociated cultures of XXXX dorsal root ganglion cells.

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['CA-positive neurons declined', 'CA-positive neurons']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chicken']


abstract: Spontaneous mechanical activity of 36 segments from the ampullar part of @entity1 @entity5274 was studied in vitro. The age of the @entity1 varied between 37-64 years. Outer diameter and axial tension were continuously measured at an intraluminal pressure of 5 mmHg (0.67 kPa) and at 10% axial extension. All segments have shown periodic contractions both in diameter and axial tension. The amplitude of the outer diameter contractions was 0.03-0.64 mm, the frequencies were between 1.5 and 7.3 @entity1009 . The amplitude of the axial tension contractions was 1.87-33.2 mN, the frequencies varied between 1.8 and 7.6 @entity1009 . The diameter and axial tension contractions were mostly synchronized. The frequency of the basal rhythm increased with age. Increase of the intraluminal pressure up to 15 mmHg (2.0 kPa) significantly increased the diameter and decreased the amplitude of diameter contractions. Increase in the axial length significantly decreased the outer diameter and the amplitude of diameter contractions; it also increased axial tension, and caused a transitory increase in frequency.

title: Spontaneous periodic contraction of the ampullar segment of the XXXX fallopian tube in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['Fallopian tubes']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The issue of cardiovascular safety of @entity460 channel blockers (CCBs) has been widely debated in view of reflex increase in sympathetic activity induced by immediate release (IR) / short acting formulations. It is generally agreed that such CCBs should not be used alone in the management of @entity101 . AIMS: We have determined the extent to which primary care physicians prescribe CCBs as monotherapy, especially the immediate release formulations, in the management of uncomplicated @entity101 and @entity101 - with an emphasis upon the age of the @entity1 . SETTING, DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective prescription-based study was carried out in seven out of 18 Health Centres in Bahrain. The study involved a registered population of 229,300 representing 46% of registered individuals, and 35 physicians representing 43% of all primary care physicians. The data was collected between November 1998 and January 1999 using chronic dispensing cards. RESULTS: In all categories CCBs were the third commonly prescribed antihypertensive as monotherapy, with a prescription rate of 11.1% in uncomplicated @entity101 , 18% in @entity101 and 20.1% in elderly @entity1 above 65 years of age. @entity594 formulations were the most extensively prescribed CCBs. Almost half of the CCB-treated @entity1 were on IR- @entity594 , whereas IR-diltiazem and IR- @entity1855 , and @entity3591 were infrequently prescribed. CONCLUSION: Prescription of IR-formulations of CCBs as monotherapy by primary care physicians does not conform with recommended guidelines. In view of concerns about the safety of such practice, measures to change the prescribing pattern are required.

title: Extent of use of immediate-release formulations of XXXX channel blockers as antihypertensive monotherapy by primary care physicians: multicentric study from Bahrain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'diabetic hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine', 'Nifedipine']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: @entity6 has been associated with high mortality rates in @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ). To better define prognosis in this population, the clinical course of 183 diabetics with @entity583 was studied. In-hospital mortality for all @entity1 was 28% (52 of 183 @entity1 ). Mortality was significantly higher in @entity1 with prior @entity583 than in @entity1 without prior @entity583 (41 vs 18%, p less than 0.01) and was significantly higher in @entity1 than in @entity1 (37 vs 19%, p less than 0.01). The 2-fold increase in mortality among @entity6 @entity1 was observed both in @entity1 with and without prior @entity583 . The excess mortality among @entity6 @entity1 was attributable to their increased risk for severe @entity712 ( @entity712 ) and @entity1455 . @entity204 due to @entity712 occurred in 22% of all @entity6 @entity1 with @entity583 compared with 6% of the @entity6 @entity1 (p less than 0.01). @entity204 resulting from complications other than @entity712 was similar for both sexes. There were no male-female differences in the history of prior @entity583 , systemic @entity101 , @entity28 , @entity8 , frequency of Q-wave @entity583 , anterior @entity583 or peak @entity908 kinase levels to account for the high risk for @entity712 in @entity6 @entity1 . It is therefore concluded that @entity6 @entity1 with @entity583 are at increased risk for @entity204 due to @entity712 , and that this risk is not readily attributable to known conditions associated with @entity712 .

title: Acute @entity583 in @entity6 and significance of XXXX as a prognostic factor.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'Diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: @entity6 has been associated with high mortality rates in @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ). To better define prognosis in this population, the clinical course of 183 diabetics with @entity583 was studied. In-hospital mortality for all @entity1 was 28% (52 of 183 @entity1 ). Mortality was significantly higher in @entity1 with prior @entity583 than in @entity1 without prior @entity583 (41 vs 18%, p less than 0.01) and was significantly higher in @entity1 than in @entity1 (37 vs 19%, p less than 0.01). The 2-fold increase in mortality among @entity6 @entity1 was observed both in @entity1 with and without prior @entity583 . The excess mortality among @entity6 @entity1 was attributable to their increased risk for severe @entity712 ( @entity712 ) and @entity1455 . @entity204 due to @entity712 occurred in 22% of all @entity6 @entity1 with @entity583 compared with 6% of the @entity6 @entity1 (p less than 0.01). @entity204 resulting from complications other than @entity712 was similar for both sexes. There were no male-female differences in the history of prior @entity583 , systemic @entity101 , @entity28 , @entity8 , frequency of Q-wave @entity583 , anterior @entity583 or peak @entity908 kinase levels to account for the high risk for @entity712 in @entity6 @entity1 . It is therefore concluded that @entity6 @entity1 with @entity583 are at increased risk for @entity204 due to @entity712 , and that this risk is not readily attributable to known conditions associated with @entity712 .

title: Acute @entity583 in XXXX and significance of @entity712 as a prognostic factor.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes mellitus']


abstract: @entity6 has been associated with high mortality rates in @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ). To better define prognosis in this population, the clinical course of 183 diabetics with @entity583 was studied. In-hospital mortality for all @entity1 was 28% (52 of 183 @entity1 ). Mortality was significantly higher in @entity1 with prior @entity583 than in @entity1 without prior @entity583 (41 vs 18%, p less than 0.01) and was significantly higher in @entity1 than in @entity1 (37 vs 19%, p less than 0.01). The 2-fold increase in mortality among @entity6 @entity1 was observed both in @entity1 with and without prior @entity583 . The excess mortality among @entity6 @entity1 was attributable to their increased risk for severe @entity712 ( @entity712 ) and @entity1455 . @entity204 due to @entity712 occurred in 22% of all @entity6 @entity1 with @entity583 compared with 6% of the @entity6 @entity1 (p less than 0.01). @entity204 resulting from complications other than @entity712 was similar for both sexes. There were no male-female differences in the history of prior @entity583 , systemic @entity101 , @entity28 , @entity8 , frequency of Q-wave @entity583 , anterior @entity583 or peak @entity908 kinase levels to account for the high risk for @entity712 in @entity6 @entity1 . It is therefore concluded that @entity6 @entity1 with @entity583 are at increased risk for @entity204 due to @entity712 , and that this risk is not readily attributable to known conditions associated with @entity712 .

title: Acute XXXX in @entity6 and significance of @entity712 as a prognostic factor.

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: PURPOSE: Primary small-bowel @entity420 is uncommon. There are few large studies that have evaluated the prognostic impact of clinical and pathologic parameters. The purpose of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of the Cleveland Clinic experience with small-bowel @entity420 , with emphasis on histopathologic parameters as prognostic indicators. METHODS: Thirty-seven cases of @entity420 resected at the Cleveland Clinic between 1978 and 1999 were retrospectively studied. @entity3 and those arising from the biliary system were excluded from analysis. Clinical and pathologic data were recorded and their impact on prognosis was evaluated by either Kaplan-Meier or Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: The cohort included 25 males, and the age range was 24 to 82 (mean, 56) years. @entity5 location was duodenum (18), jejunum (10), ileum (2), and site not specified (7). @entity1 most frequently presented with @entity490 (48 percent), @entity417 (39 percent) and @entity1744 (33 percent). Underlying conditions included @entity30 (4) and @entity1412 (2). Overall survival was 52 and 47 percent at 5 and 10 years, respectively, with a mean follow-up of 50.5 (range, 0.5-184) months for all @entity1 . Features found to be negative prognostic factors for survival were positive surgical margins (P < 0.001), extramural venous spread (P < 0.001), lymph node @entity3 (P = 0.038), poor @entity5 differentiation (P = 0.015), depth of @entity5 invasion (P = 0.023), and history of @entity30 (P < 0.001). Age, gender, @entity5 size, growth pattern, lymphocytic host response, and adjuvant therapy did not affect survival. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic features, including positive surgical margins, extramural venous spread, positive lymph nodes, poor @entity5 differentiation, depth of @entity5 invasion, and history of @entity30 , are of major prognostic significance in small-bowel @entity420 . Although many of these prognostic features are similar to the ones used for @entity14 , they are easily applicable and reproducible for small-bowel @entity420 . This is important considering the often dismal prognosis of small-bowel @entity420 .

title: XXXX : a study of 37 cases with emphasis on histologic prognostic factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['small-bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'Metastatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'primary small-bowel adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['Adenocarcinoma of the small bowel']


abstract: Twenty-six @entity1 , most of them with advanced @entity46 (Stage III according to Acosta), were treated for six months with the @entity4396 agonist @entity7458 . After initially increased liberation both of the gonadotropins as well as of the sexual @entity230 there was consecutive inhibition of gonadal function, especially after inhibition of FSH secretion. Within two to four weeks @entity53 production was completely and lastingly suppressed in 21 of the 26 @entity1 . In three @entity1 it lasted for three months and in two @entity1 @entity53 again rose up to three times during the period of observation. Correspondingly, 22 of the @entity1 suffered from hot flushes as early as within the first two months. Twenty of the 26 @entity1 became completely free of symptoms within four to six weeks, and a clear regression of the @entity158 was recorded in another four. In two @entity1 the complaints persisted without change. @entity548 of short duration occurred simultaneously with the intermittent increases in @entity53 levels; however, this bleeding usually caused little or no @entity158 . Eleven of the 19 endometrium biopsies performed during therapy revealed a dormant endometrium, and only in one case was proliferated endomedium found, in the third month of treatment, in a stage of transition to @entity1373 . The remaining seven biopsies were insufficient for assessment. In seven @entity1 with advanced @entity46 , laparotomies were performed after drug treatment. Histologic study of the @entity46 tissue thus obtained revealed, except in the two nonresponders, cicatrized tissue with @entity3202 and severely reduced stroma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Initial results in the treatment of XXXX with the @entity4396 analog buserelin].

entities_list: @entity7458 :: ('MESH:D002064', 'Chemical') :: ['Buserelin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Withdrawal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity3202 :: ('MESH:D016109', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic glands']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity46 :: (MESH:D004715,Disease) :: ['endometriosis']


abstract: Twenty-six @entity1 , most of them with advanced @entity46 (Stage III according to Acosta), were treated for six months with the @entity4396 agonist @entity7458 . After initially increased liberation both of the gonadotropins as well as of the sexual @entity230 there was consecutive inhibition of gonadal function, especially after inhibition of FSH secretion. Within two to four weeks @entity53 production was completely and lastingly suppressed in 21 of the 26 @entity1 . In three @entity1 it lasted for three months and in two @entity1 @entity53 again rose up to three times during the period of observation. Correspondingly, 22 of the @entity1 suffered from hot flushes as early as within the first two months. Twenty of the 26 @entity1 became completely free of symptoms within four to six weeks, and a clear regression of the @entity158 was recorded in another four. In two @entity1 the complaints persisted without change. @entity548 of short duration occurred simultaneously with the intermittent increases in @entity53 levels; however, this bleeding usually caused little or no @entity158 . Eleven of the 19 endometrium biopsies performed during therapy revealed a dormant endometrium, and only in one case was proliferated endomedium found, in the third month of treatment, in a stage of transition to @entity1373 . The remaining seven biopsies were insufficient for assessment. In seven @entity1 with advanced @entity46 , laparotomies were performed after drug treatment. Histologic study of the @entity46 tissue thus obtained revealed, except in the two nonresponders, cicatrized tissue with @entity3202 and severely reduced stroma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Initial results in the treatment of @entity46 with the XXXX analog buserelin].

answer: @entity4396 :: (2796,Gene) :: ['LH-RH']


abstract: Fifty-seven hips (55 @entity1 ) had revision for failed cemented femoral component loosening using @entity702 ingrowth femoral components and cancellous bone grafting. The @entity1 ' average age was 59 years (range, 25-86 years), and the average follow-up period was 2.8 years (range, two to six years). The preoperative hip score averaged 45.5 (range, 10.0-80.7) and the postoperative hip score averaged 82.5 (range, 43.0-100.0). Complications included dislocation (4.0%), @entity281 (4.0%, one recurrence from a previously infected hip and one acute @entity281 ), and a 4.0% revision rate for loose femoral component. Another @entity1 had a revision for a loose acetabular component. All parameters of hip function (i.e., @entity158 , limp, activities of daily living, use of support, and distance walked) improved with time. Femoral component loosening is classified into four types based on the severity of loosening and instability. In Type I there is minimal endosteal or inner cortical @entity604 , i.e., loosening from the cement-metal-bone interface or a broken stem (seven hips). In Type II there is proximal canal enlargement with cortical thinning of 50% or more and sometimes a lateral wall defect with an intact circumferential wall (23 hips). In Type III there is a posteromedial wall defect involving the lesser trochanter (23 hips). In Type IV there is total proximal circumferential @entity604 in varying distances below the lesser trochanter (three hips). The Harris hip scores for the four groups were 93.0, 83.0, 80.0, and 78.0, respectively.

title: Revision total hip arthroplasty with XXXX ingrowth prosthesis and bone grafting for failed cemented femoral component loosening.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'hematogenous infection']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: Plant produced insect molting hormones, termed phytoecdysteroids (PEs), are thought to function as plant defenses against insects by acting as either feeding deterrents or through developmental disruption. In @entity2772 ( @entity2772 ), @entity11088 (20E) concentrations in the roots rapidly increase following root damage, root herbivory, or @entity19086 (MJ) applications. In this inducible system, we investigated the plant defense hypothesis by examining interactions of roots, 20E concentrations, and larvae of the dark-winged fungus gnat (Bradysia impatiens). Root herbivory by @entity27456 larvae resulted in a 4.0- to 6.6-fold increase in root 20E concentrations. In paired-choice tests, increases in dietary 20E stimulated @entity27456 feeding deterrency. @entity27456 larvae preferred control diets, low in 20E, to those constructed from induced roots and those amended with 20E (25 to 50 micro g/g wet mass). When confined to 20E-treated diets, concentrations as low as 5 micro g/g (wet mass) resulted in significantly reduced @entity27456 survivorship compared to controls. The induction of root 20E levels with MJ resulted in a 2.1-fold increase in 20E levels and a 50% reduction in @entity27456 larval establishment. In a paired-choice arena, untreated control roots were damaged significantly more by @entity27456 larvae than MJ-induced roots that contained 3-fold greater 20E levels. Based on dietary preference tests, the 20E concentrations present in the MJ-induced roots (28 micro g/g wet mass) were sufficient to explain this reduction in herbivory. Interactions between @entity2772 roots and @entity27456 larvae demonstrate that PEs can act as inducible defenses and provide protection against insect herbivory.

title: Interactions between XXXX and Bradysia impatiens: a role for phytoecdysteroids.

entities_list: @entity19086 :: ('MESH:C072239', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl jasmonate']

entities_list: @entity11088 :: ('MESH:D004441', 'Chemical') :: ['20-hydroxyecdysone']

entities_list: @entity2772 :: ('3562', 'Species') :: ['spinach', 'Spinacia oleracea']

answer: @entity2772 :: (3562,Species) :: ['Spinacia oleracea']


abstract: The effects of dissolved @entity26 (DO) concentration on virally infected insect cells were investigated in 3-L bioreactor culture. Specifically, cultures of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf-9 (Sf-9) and Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn-5B1-4 (Tn-5B1-4) were infected with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus expressing secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP). Following infection at a DO concentration of 50% air saturation, the DO concentration was adjusted to a final value of either 190%, 50%, or 10% air saturation. Recombinant SEAP production, cell viability, protein @entity6738 content, and @entity4466 reactive substances (TBARS) content were monitored. The increases in protein @entity6738 and TBARS contents are taken to be indicators of protein oxidation and lipid oxidation, respectively. DO concentration was found to have no noticeable effect on SEAP production or cell viability decline in the Sf-9 cell line. In the @entity7928 cell line, cells displayed an increased peak SEAP production rate for 190% air saturation and displayed an increased rate of viability decline at increased DO concentration. Protein @entity6738 content showed no significant increase in the Sf-9 cell line by 72 h postinfection (pi) at any DO concentration but showed a twofold increase at 10% and 50% DO concentration and a threefold increase at 190% DO concentration by 72 h pi in @entity7928 cells. TBARS content was found to increase by approximately 50% in Sf-9 cells and by approximately twofold in @entity7928 cells by 72 h pi with no clear relationship to DO concentration. It is hypothesized that @entity26 uptake changes due to the @entity1800 process may bear a relation to the observed increases in protein and lipid oxidation and that lipid oxidation may play an important role in the death of virally infected insect cells.

title: The response of virally infected insect cells to dissolved XXXX concentration: recombinant protein production and oxidative damage.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity4466 :: ('MESH:C029684', 'Chemical') :: ['thiobarbituric acid']

entities_list: @entity6738 :: ('CHEBI:23019', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonyl']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Heparins substantially reduce the risk of @entity1031 after total hip or knee replacement. However, they can be given only by injection and have several other drawbacks. We did a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study to examine the dose-response relation of subcutaneous @entity18422 , a direct @entity556 inhibitor, followed by oral @entity24772 as thromboprophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety with that of @entity16960 . METHODS: Of 1900 @entity1 , 1495 were assigned to four dose categories of subcutaneous @entity18422 from just before surgery (1.00 mg, 1.50 mg, 2.25 mg, or 3.00 mg twice daily) followed from the day after surgery by oral @entity24772 (8 mg, 12 mg, 18 mg, or 24 mg twice daily). 381 @entity1 were assigned subcutaneous @entity16960 5000 IU once daily, from the evening before surgery. Bilateral venography was done at 7-10 days, and clinically suspected @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) was confirmed radiologically. The primary endpoint was the rate of @entity1150 and @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ). Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: 1876 @entity1 underwent total replacement of hip (n=1270) or knee (n=606); evaluable venograms were obtained in 1473 (79%). Four @entity1 without evaluable venograms had @entity1151 . Overall, a significant dose-dependent decrease in @entity1211 was seen with @entity18422 / @entity24772 (lowest to highest group: 111 [37.8%], 70 [24.1%], 71 [23.7%], and 43 [15.1%]; p=0.0001); there were also significant relations for both total hip and total knee replacement individually. The frequency of @entity1211 was significantly lower with the highest dose of @entity18422 / @entity24772 than with @entity16960 (15.1% vs 28.2%, p<0.0001). There were no reoperations due to @entity548 and no critical @entity548 . @entity954 was uncommon but more frequent in the highest dose group. INTERPRETATION: This sequential therapy was effective and safe in @entity1 undergoing major joint replacement surgery. The findings should be confirmed in a large phase III trial.

title: @entity24772 and @entity18422 compared with @entity16960 for prevention of XXXX after total hip or knee replacement: the METHRO II randomised trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['organ bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity16960 :: ('MESH:D017985', 'Chemical') :: ['dalteparin']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep-vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic complications']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['Excessive surgical bleeding']

entities_list: @entity18422 :: ('MESH:C109573', 'Chemical') :: ['melagatran']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['VTE', 'venous thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity24772 :: ('MESH:C426686', 'Chemical') :: ['ximelagatran']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous thromboembolism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Heparins substantially reduce the risk of @entity1031 after total hip or knee replacement. However, they can be given only by injection and have several other drawbacks. We did a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study to examine the dose-response relation of subcutaneous @entity18422 , a direct @entity556 inhibitor, followed by oral @entity24772 as thromboprophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety with that of @entity16960 . METHODS: Of 1900 @entity1 , 1495 were assigned to four dose categories of subcutaneous @entity18422 from just before surgery (1.00 mg, 1.50 mg, 2.25 mg, or 3.00 mg twice daily) followed from the day after surgery by oral @entity24772 (8 mg, 12 mg, 18 mg, or 24 mg twice daily). 381 @entity1 were assigned subcutaneous @entity16960 5000 IU once daily, from the evening before surgery. Bilateral venography was done at 7-10 days, and clinically suspected @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) was confirmed radiologically. The primary endpoint was the rate of @entity1150 and @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ). Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: 1876 @entity1 underwent total replacement of hip (n=1270) or knee (n=606); evaluable venograms were obtained in 1473 (79%). Four @entity1 without evaluable venograms had @entity1151 . Overall, a significant dose-dependent decrease in @entity1211 was seen with @entity18422 / @entity24772 (lowest to highest group: 111 [37.8%], 70 [24.1%], 71 [23.7%], and 43 [15.1%]; p=0.0001); there were also significant relations for both total hip and total knee replacement individually. The frequency of @entity1211 was significantly lower with the highest dose of @entity18422 / @entity24772 than with @entity16960 (15.1% vs 28.2%, p<0.0001). There were no reoperations due to @entity548 and no critical @entity548 . @entity954 was uncommon but more frequent in the highest dose group. INTERPRETATION: This sequential therapy was effective and safe in @entity1 undergoing major joint replacement surgery. The findings should be confirmed in a large phase III trial.

title: @entity24772 and XXXX compared with @entity16960 for prevention of @entity1211 after total hip or knee replacement: the METHRO II randomised trial.

answer: @entity18422 :: (MESH:C109573,Chemical) :: ['melagatran']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Heparins substantially reduce the risk of @entity1031 after total hip or knee replacement. However, they can be given only by injection and have several other drawbacks. We did a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study to examine the dose-response relation of subcutaneous @entity18422 , a direct @entity556 inhibitor, followed by oral @entity24772 as thromboprophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety with that of @entity16960 . METHODS: Of 1900 @entity1 , 1495 were assigned to four dose categories of subcutaneous @entity18422 from just before surgery (1.00 mg, 1.50 mg, 2.25 mg, or 3.00 mg twice daily) followed from the day after surgery by oral @entity24772 (8 mg, 12 mg, 18 mg, or 24 mg twice daily). 381 @entity1 were assigned subcutaneous @entity16960 5000 IU once daily, from the evening before surgery. Bilateral venography was done at 7-10 days, and clinically suspected @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) was confirmed radiologically. The primary endpoint was the rate of @entity1150 and @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ). Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: 1876 @entity1 underwent total replacement of hip (n=1270) or knee (n=606); evaluable venograms were obtained in 1473 (79%). Four @entity1 without evaluable venograms had @entity1151 . Overall, a significant dose-dependent decrease in @entity1211 was seen with @entity18422 / @entity24772 (lowest to highest group: 111 [37.8%], 70 [24.1%], 71 [23.7%], and 43 [15.1%]; p=0.0001); there were also significant relations for both total hip and total knee replacement individually. The frequency of @entity1211 was significantly lower with the highest dose of @entity18422 / @entity24772 than with @entity16960 (15.1% vs 28.2%, p<0.0001). There were no reoperations due to @entity548 and no critical @entity548 . @entity954 was uncommon but more frequent in the highest dose group. INTERPRETATION: This sequential therapy was effective and safe in @entity1 undergoing major joint replacement surgery. The findings should be confirmed in a large phase III trial.

title: XXXX and @entity18422 compared with @entity16960 for prevention of @entity1211 after total hip or knee replacement: the METHRO II randomised trial.

answer: @entity24772 :: (MESH:C426686,Chemical) :: ['Ximelagatran']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Heparins substantially reduce the risk of @entity1031 after total hip or knee replacement. However, they can be given only by injection and have several other drawbacks. We did a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study to examine the dose-response relation of subcutaneous @entity18422 , a direct @entity556 inhibitor, followed by oral @entity24772 as thromboprophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety with that of @entity16960 . METHODS: Of 1900 @entity1 , 1495 were assigned to four dose categories of subcutaneous @entity18422 from just before surgery (1.00 mg, 1.50 mg, 2.25 mg, or 3.00 mg twice daily) followed from the day after surgery by oral @entity24772 (8 mg, 12 mg, 18 mg, or 24 mg twice daily). 381 @entity1 were assigned subcutaneous @entity16960 5000 IU once daily, from the evening before surgery. Bilateral venography was done at 7-10 days, and clinically suspected @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) was confirmed radiologically. The primary endpoint was the rate of @entity1150 and @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ). Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: 1876 @entity1 underwent total replacement of hip (n=1270) or knee (n=606); evaluable venograms were obtained in 1473 (79%). Four @entity1 without evaluable venograms had @entity1151 . Overall, a significant dose-dependent decrease in @entity1211 was seen with @entity18422 / @entity24772 (lowest to highest group: 111 [37.8%], 70 [24.1%], 71 [23.7%], and 43 [15.1%]; p=0.0001); there were also significant relations for both total hip and total knee replacement individually. The frequency of @entity1211 was significantly lower with the highest dose of @entity18422 / @entity24772 than with @entity16960 (15.1% vs 28.2%, p<0.0001). There were no reoperations due to @entity548 and no critical @entity548 . @entity954 was uncommon but more frequent in the highest dose group. INTERPRETATION: This sequential therapy was effective and safe in @entity1 undergoing major joint replacement surgery. The findings should be confirmed in a large phase III trial.

title: @entity24772 and @entity18422 compared with XXXX for prevention of @entity1211 after total hip or knee replacement: the METHRO II randomised trial.

answer: @entity16960 :: (MESH:D017985,Chemical) :: ['dalteparin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Moderate @entity285 consumption is associated with reduced @entity65 , but binge drinking is thought to be detrimental. We examined effects of heavy and binge drinking in a population with high rates of binge drinking. METHODS: We did a prospective cohort study in Novosibirsk, Russia, in 6502 @entity1 aged 25-64 years at baseline who were examined in WHO MONICA (monitoring trends and determinants in @entity65 surveys) in 1985/86, 1988/89, and 1994/95, and in a pilot study in 1984. We assessed @entity285 intake and drinking pattern by questionnaire; binge drinking was defined as consumption of 160 g or greater of pure @entity285 on a typical occasion. @entity1 were followed-up for a median of 9.5 years (range 3.1-15.2). FINDINGS: There were 836 @entity204 in the cohort, 395 of which resulted from @entity65 . Prevalence of binge drinking at baseline was 16% (n=1005). Adjusted relative risks for binge drinking at least once a month (compared with consumption of <80 g pure @entity285 ) were 1.05 (95% CI 0.80-1.36) for @entity204 from all causes, 0.99 (0.66-1.50) for @entity204 from @entity65 , 1.27 (0.81-1.99) for @entity204 from @entity301 , and 2.08 (1.08-3.99) for @entity204 from external causes. Risk of total and @entity65 was raised in a small group of frequent heavy drinkers (5% [264] of all drinkers); for this group, adjusted relative risks were 1.61 (1.04-2.50) for total mortality and 2.05 (1.09-3.86) for @entity204 from @entity65 . INTERPRETATION: The risk of @entity204 from @entity65 seems to be increased in frequent heavy drinkers, but is not necessarily associated with episodic binge drinking.

title: Relation between heavy and binge drinking and all-cause and XXXX in Novosibirsk, Russia: a prospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality', 'cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular mortality']


abstract: The metabolic response to eccentric exercise in healthy older adults is unknown. Therefore, substrate metabolism was examined in the basal state and after sustained @entity4854 (180 min, 10 mM) in eight healthy, sedentary older [66 +/- 2 yr; body mass index (BMI) of 25.5 +/- 1.2 kg/m] and nine younger (23 +/- 1 yr; BMI of 23.6 +/- 1.7 kg/m) @entity1 , under control conditions and 48 h after eccentric exercise. Indirect calorimetry was performed to evaluate @entity1735 and lipid oxidation (C(ox) and L(ox), respectively). Eccentric exercise caused muscle soreness and increased plasma @entity908 kinase in both groups of @entity1 (P < 0.02). Although a similar level of @entity4854 was maintained in the two groups, @entity413 infusion rates were lower (P < 0.001) in the older @entity1 . Compared with basal levels, @entity4854 stimulated an increase in C(ox) and a decrease in L(ox) during the control and exercise trials in the younger group (P < 0.03), but only during the control trial in the older subjects (P < 0.007). C(ox) was unchanged after eccentric exercise in the younger @entity1 [4.00 +/- 0.30 vs. 3.54 +/- 0.44 mg x kg fat-free mass (FFM)(-1) x @entity1009 ); exercise vs. control] but was suppressed by 20% in the older group (3.37 +/- 0.37 vs. 4.21 +/- 0.23 mg x kg FFM(-1) x @entity1009 ); P < 0.04). Moreover, L(ox) was reduced by 38% in the younger subjects (0.47 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.76 +/- 0.10 mg x kg FFM(-1) x @entity1009 ); P< 0.03) but was augmented by 89% in the older group (0.68 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.36 +/- 0.08 mg x kg FFM(-1) x @entity1009 ); P < 0.04). In addition, @entity4854 -stimulated C(ox), L(ox), and respiratory exchange ratio responses to eccentric exercise were related to abdominal adiposity (r = -0.57, P < 0.04, r = 0.68, P < 0.02 and r = -0.60, P < 0.02, respectively). Despite normal @entity413 tolerance and the absence of @entity28 per se, older @entity1 experience a reduction in @entity1735 oxidation in response to @entity4854 after eccentric exercise.

title: Impaired substrate oxidation in healthy elderly XXXX after eccentric exercise.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: The risk of repeat sternotomy is higher than that of the initial sternotomy, especially if the pericardial sac was left open at the first intervention. In 200 consecutive @entity1 with a @entity2294 after open heart operations, the pericardium was closed with a @entity3584 -preserved @entity1641 pericardial patch. @entity1104 at reoperation were assessed in four groups of @entity1 on a scale of 6, ranging from 0 (no @entity1104 ) to 5 (calcified or ossified @entity1104 ). Group I comprised 13 @entity1 in whom the pericardium was left open at the first operation and an @entity1641 pericardial patch was implanted at reoperation. Group Ia included the first five Group I @entity1 who underwent reoperation less than 1 year (early reoperation) after the initial procedure. Group Ib included the other eight @entity1 of Group I, who underwent reoperation more than 1 year (late reoperation) after the first procedure. Group II comprised nine @entity1 who were reoperated on after reconstruction of the pericardial sac with a @entity3584 -preserved @entity1641 pericardial patch. After a mean follow-up of 20.2 months, the incidence of patch-related complications was 1%. Statistical analysis shows less severe @entity1104 on reoperation in Group II @entity1 ( @entity2294 patched) than in Group I @entity1 ( @entity2294 left open): mean grade of @entity1104 1.6 +/- 0.9 (Group II) versus 3.2 +/- 0.6 (Group I), p less than 0.001. @entity1104 with the pericardium left open were similar in @entity1 having early and late reoperations: mean grade of @entity1104 3.0 +/- 0.7 (Group Ia) versus 3.4 +/- 0.5 (Group Ib), no significant difference. Therefore, the @entity3584 -preserved @entity1641 pericardial patch can be considered a suitable material for primary closure of the pericardial sac in @entity1 with inadequate autologous pericardium.

title: Repeat sternotomy after reconstruction of the pericardial sac with XXXX -preserved @entity1641 pericardium.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial defect']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

entities_list: @entity1104 :: ('MESH:D000267', 'Disease') :: ['Precardiac adhesions', 'Precardial adhesions', 'adhesions']

answer: @entity3584 :: (MESH:D005976,Chemical) :: ['glutaraldehyde']


abstract: The risk of repeat sternotomy is higher than that of the initial sternotomy, especially if the pericardial sac was left open at the first intervention. In 200 consecutive @entity1 with a @entity2294 after open heart operations, the pericardium was closed with a @entity3584 -preserved @entity1641 pericardial patch. @entity1104 at reoperation were assessed in four groups of @entity1 on a scale of 6, ranging from 0 (no @entity1104 ) to 5 (calcified or ossified @entity1104 ). Group I comprised 13 @entity1 in whom the pericardium was left open at the first operation and an @entity1641 pericardial patch was implanted at reoperation. Group Ia included the first five Group I @entity1 who underwent reoperation less than 1 year (early reoperation) after the initial procedure. Group Ib included the other eight @entity1 of Group I, who underwent reoperation more than 1 year (late reoperation) after the first procedure. Group II comprised nine @entity1 who were reoperated on after reconstruction of the pericardial sac with a @entity3584 -preserved @entity1641 pericardial patch. After a mean follow-up of 20.2 months, the incidence of patch-related complications was 1%. Statistical analysis shows less severe @entity1104 on reoperation in Group II @entity1 ( @entity2294 patched) than in Group I @entity1 ( @entity2294 left open): mean grade of @entity1104 1.6 +/- 0.9 (Group II) versus 3.2 +/- 0.6 (Group I), p less than 0.001. @entity1104 with the pericardium left open were similar in @entity1 having early and late reoperations: mean grade of @entity1104 3.0 +/- 0.7 (Group Ia) versus 3.4 +/- 0.5 (Group Ib), no significant difference. Therefore, the @entity3584 -preserved @entity1641 pericardial patch can be considered a suitable material for primary closure of the pericardial sac in @entity1 with inadequate autologous pericardium.

title: Repeat sternotomy after reconstruction of the pericardial sac with @entity3584 -preserved XXXX pericardium.

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['equine']


abstract: @entity3209 -labelled @entity14458 was composted together with biowaste on a pilot (m3) scale. The herbicide was quickly bound to the compost matrix. By aqueous extraction of 29 and 200 days old compost (equivalent to thermophilic and mesophilic phase of composting) only 4.2% and 3.1% respectively of the radioactivity in the compost samples could be extracted with water. Analysis of the extracts using high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) revealed that the dissolved organic matter ( @entity13304 ) had molecular weights ranging between 2 and 28 kDa. The amount of @entity13304 -associated radioactivity increased from 53% (day 29) to 65% (day 200) of total extractable radioactivity. The type of binding of the @entity3209 -labelled residues and the @entity13304 was elucidated by silylation of humic matter and subsequent HPSEC. The data demonstrated that besides polar metabolites also intact @entity14458 was bound to the @entity13304 . A distinct shift from rather weak interactions to strong covalent linkages of @entity14458 and its metabolites with increasing age of the compost was observed. The results showed that only low amounts of free @entity14458 and its degradates can be extracted with water. We concluded that the shift towards stable covalent linkages is equivalent to a detoxification of the contaminant in aged compost. Consequently, the use of the analysed compost in its mature stage should not pose an environmental risk to the groundwater or the subsoil.

title: Investigations on the binding mechanism of the herbicide XXXX to dissolved organic matter in leachates of compost.

answer: @entity14458 :: (MESH:D012839,Chemical) :: ['simazine']


abstract: The clinical features of six @entity1 with @entity602 are presented. These cases comprise the neurosurgical experience of one of the authors (B.B.) over approximately a 3-year period. Median age was 76 years with a range of 65-89 years. Previous reports of this disorder have not emphasized the occurrence of this @entity5 in the later decades. A notable feature was delay in diagnosis. Only one @entity1 had a correct diagnosis of @entity1745 prior to admission. Incorrect diagnoses included @entity6 , @entity571 , @entity179 , gait disturbance secondary to fall and a thalamic cerebrovascular accident. Gait disorders at presentation included paraparesis, wide-based gait and unclassified disability. All @entity1 had pyramidal tract signs and five had a truncal sensory level. Plain radiographs of the spine were unhelpful and can dissuade the physician from the diagnosis. All @entity5 were in the thoracic region. Surgery resulted in cure in all @entity1 and diverted one @entity1 from planned institutional care. @entity602 should be considered in elderly @entity1 presenting with @entity426 .

title: XXXX in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord meningioma', 'Spinal cord meningioma']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative spinal disease']

entities_list: @entity426 :: ('MESH:D020233', 'Disease') :: ['gait disorder']

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['Spinal cord meningiomas']


abstract: Drug resistance is one of the most significant impediments in the treatment of @entity1583 . There have been a number of studies on the incidence of @entity7895 expression in @entity5 cells or tissues, where detectable level of @entity7895 has been found in all types of @entity1583 . @entity7895 expression and significance in the @entity1 varies widely between reported studies on @entity1 with different ages and different disease types. Some of this validation can be accounted for by the threshold used to consider a sample positive for @entity7895 . However, @entity1262 is likely important in determining therapeutic outcome in @entity1 with @entity3052 , @entity1893 , and MM, although there is a suggestion of a different "behavior" between adult and childhood @entity3052 . In contrast, the significant prognostic association with expression of @entity11092 and @entity8993 is not consistent with disease types and disease stages. Clinical trials of modulation of MDR have been limited by following major factors. One is inability of achieving adequate blood levels of the modulator to reverse MDR, and the other is presence of other resistance mechanisms in addition to @entity7895 . The fact that @entity7895 modulators alter the pharmacokinetics of anti- @entity5 drugs can potentially increase @entity137 if the dose of anticancer drugs is not appropriately reduced. Recently, MDR modulators such as valspodar have demonstrated substantial inhibition of @entity7895 . In this presentation, a number of characteristics in VCR-resistant cells are reported. We demonstrate that acquisition of MDR or recovery from MDR phenotypes differ in one cell type to another, a marked correlation between @entity7895 and susuceptibility to @entity26 radicals, and altered gene expression of cell membrane antigen and apoptosis cascade genes. The efficacy of immunotherapies depends on the altered or unchanged target molecules of MDR cells. Thus, immunotherapies or reversal agents that aim at these substances in @entity5 cells should be useful to overcome MDR phenotypes.

title: Biology and modulation of multidrug resistance (MDR) in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological malignancies']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematological malignancies']


abstract: Selective coronary angiography has shown that typical @entity951 may occur in the absence of @entity3979 . Other causes of these attacks of @entity158 have been found: @entity3361 , @entity4785 or metabolic disturbances of the myocardial cell. Of all the @entity1 undergoing coronary angiography in 1984 at the Centre Cantini, 9 had no classical coronary lesions but delayed filling of the left anterior descending artery. This syndrome was described for the first time in 1972 by Tambe as the "slow @entity450 ". The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical, ECG and haemodynamic profiles of those @entity1 . Five of them also underwent stress Thallium myocardial scintigraphy. An @entity3693 provocation test was performed afterwards under ECG control. @entity245 was appreciated by comparison with the other vessels and also by measuring the filling time which was two or three times longer than in a control series of 9 @entity1 with @entity951 and normal coronary arteries. The difference was statistically significant. These findings were only observed in strictly normal coronary vessels; they were reproducible and unaffected by the administration of @entity1507 derivatives. In our series all 9 @entity1 were @entity1 with an average age of 51.4 years. One @entity1 was asymptomatic and had a history suggestive of @entity583 , and 4 others had typical @entity951 of effort: all had abnormal exercise stress tests. The other 3 @entity1 had spontaneous atypical @entity662 , normal resting ECG and a negative exercise stress test (impossible in one case). The five stress Thallium scintigraphies showed myocardial perfusion defects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ XXXX of the anterior interventricular artery. Apropos of 9 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity4785 :: ('MESH:D004213', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal dissociation of haemoglobin']

entities_list: @entity3361 :: ('MESH:D003329', 'Disease') :: ['coronary spasm, small vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['Delayed filling']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['flow velocity syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['atheromatous coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris', 'angina']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity3693 :: ('MESH:D004874', 'Chemical') :: ['ergometrine']

answer: @entity245 :: (MESH:D002658,Disease) :: ['Delayed filling']


abstract: @entity3100 is a common superficial @entity364 of the scalp in @entity1 , particularly in those of African descent. Trichophyton tonsuran, an anthropophilic dermatophyte, is responsible for the majority of cases in North America. The clinical presentations are variable and include: (i) a "seborrheic" form that is scaling, often without noticeable hair loss; (ii) a pustular, crusted pattern, either localized or more diffuse; (iii) a "black dot" variety characterized by small black dots within areas of @entity1665 ; (iv) a kerion, which is an inflammatory mass; and (v) a scaly, annular patch. Most experts still consider @entity3101 to be the drug of choice, but recommend a higher dosage of 20-25 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks because of the increase in treatment failures. Despite a history of having an excellent tolerability profile, the long treatment course and higher doses required for @entity3101 have led to consideration of new antifungal agents for this infection. @entity8974 , @entity2059 , and @entity2380 compartmentalize in skin, hair, and nails, thereby allowing shorter treatment courses of < or =4 weeks. All have generally been shown to be effective in the treatment of @entity3100 and appear relatively well tolerated, with @entity344 being the most common adverse effect. Monitoring for liver enzyme elevations is generally unnecessary if therapy is limited to </=4 weeks. As more data regarding efficacy, tolerability, and dose administration becomes available, one or more of these new antifungal agents may become first-line therapy for @entity3100 . For now, we recommend their use in cases of treatment failure or recurrent noncompliance. Our personal preference in the younger @entity1 is @entity2380 . It has a favorable tolerability profile and is available in liquid form. In the older @entity1 who can take a tablet, @entity8974 is recommended. More data is available on this drug in the treatment of @entity3100 than the other two, and it is the least expensive. Although the oral antifungal agents are the most important aspect of therapy, adjunctive therapy may be beneficial. Sporicidal shampoos, such as @entity18519 , can aid in removing adherent scales and hasten the eradication of viable spores from the scalp in the hope of decreasing the spread of this infection. The use of corticosteroids for the treatment of kerions is controversial. Many of the studies have design flaws or show variable results. We recommend either a short burst of oral @entity288 or topical corticosteroids in @entity1 with the most severe disease.

title: XXXX : epidemiology, diagnosis and management strategies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity8974 :: ('MESH:C041359', 'Chemical') :: ['Terbinafine', 'terbinafine']

entities_list: @entity3101 :: ('MESH:D006118', 'Chemical') :: ['griseofulvin']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity3100 :: ('MESH:D014006', 'Disease') :: ['Tinea capitis', 'tinea capitis']

entities_list: @entity18519 :: ('MESH:C025698', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium sulfide']

entities_list: @entity2059 :: ('MESH:D017964', 'Chemical') :: ['itraconazole']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity3100 :: (MESH:D014006,Disease) :: ['Tinea capitis']


abstract: The concurrent, alternate electrical stimulation of the septal nucleus and the entorhinal cortex results in the development of fully generalized @entity410 at one site (dominant site) and the lack of development of kindled @entity410 at the other (suppressed or antagonized site). We have labeled this phenomenon kindling antagonism. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that the whole brain depletion of @entity1063 (NE) eliminates the development of kindling antagonism. In the present study animals were treated with the neurotoxin @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) as neonates. The neonatal administration of @entity2955 produced robust increases in brainstem and cerebellar NE levels and depletions of forebrain NE levels when assayed at maturity. Striatal @entity935 levels were spared by this treatment. Neonatal @entity2955 did not alter the development of the kindling antagonism phenomenon which is typically observed following concurrent, alternate stimulation of the septal nucleus and entorhinal cortex. Neonatal @entity2955 treatment significantly facilitated the rate of kindled @entity410 development at dominant sites but failed to alter thresholds for the elicitation of afterdischarges (AD) or patterns of development of AD durations. Other characteristics of kindling antagonism were similarly unaffected by @entity2955 treatment. These data suggest that brainstem and/or cerebellar NE are sufficient to mediate the development of kindling antagonism in the relative absence of forebrain NE.

title: Kindling antagonism: a role for hindbrain XXXX in the development of site suppression following concurrent, alternate stimulation.

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: The physiological role of @entity4779 in @entity121 was investigated using isolated @entity19 soleus (N = 30) contracting once every 1.7 min for 75 min in Krebs-Henseleit solution gassed with either 95% @entity26 - 5% @entity544 (normocapnia) or 90% @entity26 - 10% @entity544 ( @entity2944 ). Each contraction was 500 ms in duration at 50 Hz. When muscles contracted in normocapnic solution (pH 7.42), the developed @entity2701 decreased an average of 6.1 +/- 0.8% over 25 min. For the next 50 min, 15 muscles remained normocapnic, while the remainder contracted in hypercapnic solution (pH 7.20). Tension decreased significantly more with @entity2944 . For the last 25 min, both normocapnic and hypercapnic muscles were divided into three treatment groups (N = 5). One group continued in the same environment, while @entity3791 (final concentration of 10(-5) M) was added to the bath of the second and @entity54770 (final concentration of 10(-5) M) was added to the bath of the third group. @entity3791 had no effect on @entity2701 in either @entity544 environment. @entity54770 significantly decreased @entity2701 from the hypercapnic control but had no effect in normocapnia. Thus @entity4779 inhibition with @entity54770 increased the effect of @entity2944 implying that @entity4779 assists in the regulation of free @entity3884 ion concentration in @entity121 .

title: XXXX inhibition in normocapnic and hypercapnic contracting @entity19 soleus.

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity2944 :: ('MESH:D006935', 'Disease') :: ['hypercapnia']

entities_list: @entity54770 :: ('MESH:C009281', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium cyanate', 'Sodium cyanate']

entities_list: @entity3791 :: ('MESH:D000086', 'Chemical') :: ['acetazolamide', 'Acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity4779 :: ('12350(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['carbonic anhydrase III']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['slow-twitch skeletal muscle']

answer: @entity4779 :: (12350(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Carbonic anhydrase III']


abstract: The physiological role of @entity4779 in @entity121 was investigated using isolated @entity19 soleus (N = 30) contracting once every 1.7 min for 75 min in Krebs-Henseleit solution gassed with either 95% @entity26 - 5% @entity544 (normocapnia) or 90% @entity26 - 10% @entity544 ( @entity2944 ). Each contraction was 500 ms in duration at 50 Hz. When muscles contracted in normocapnic solution (pH 7.42), the developed @entity2701 decreased an average of 6.1 +/- 0.8% over 25 min. For the next 50 min, 15 muscles remained normocapnic, while the remainder contracted in hypercapnic solution (pH 7.20). Tension decreased significantly more with @entity2944 . For the last 25 min, both normocapnic and hypercapnic muscles were divided into three treatment groups (N = 5). One group continued in the same environment, while @entity3791 (final concentration of 10(-5) M) was added to the bath of the second and @entity54770 (final concentration of 10(-5) M) was added to the bath of the third group. @entity3791 had no effect on @entity2701 in either @entity544 environment. @entity54770 significantly decreased @entity2701 from the hypercapnic control but had no effect in normocapnia. Thus @entity4779 inhibition with @entity54770 increased the effect of @entity2944 implying that @entity4779 assists in the regulation of free @entity3884 ion concentration in @entity121 .

title: @entity4779 inhibition in normocapnic and hypercapnic contracting XXXX soleus.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Our recent published studies suggest that @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ), generated and retained intracellularly, enhances growth of H4-II-E-C3 @entity35 @entity157 cells, an average of 33%. Proliferation conferred by introduction of a plasmid [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp/pSVL ] encoding a signal sequence-depleted angiotensinogen [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp] into these cells (which we have shown possess ACE and @entity3449 mRNAs) is mediated, at least in part, by enhanced PDGF-A chain mRNA production and protein secretion. The mitogenic effect is inhibited by losartan suggesting that it involves @entity1808 interaction with an @entity1129 (1)-like receptor. Introduction of anti- @entity1808 antibodies into the medium of these transfected cells has no effect upon growth of the cells, suggesting that @entity1808 is retained by the cells and that intracellular @entity1808 is growth stimulatory. In the present study, we sought to further characterize the intracellular localization and mode of action of @entity10340 (-S)Exp. Consistent with our expectations, we now show that a fusion product of @entity10340 (-S)Exp with green fluorescent protein [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp/EGFP], generated from an expression plasmid, is abundant and primarily cytoplasmic. Wild-type angiotensinogen/EGFP, in contrast, is only detectable following a cold-block (which acts to enhance folding-kinetics and slow secretion) and is largely restricted to the secretory pathway. We further show, using semi-quantitative RT/PCR that the long isoform of PDGF mRNA is elevated in @entity10340 (-S)Exp transfected cells and in @entity1808 -treated naive cells but not in losartan-treated @entity10340 (-S)Exp transfected cells. We identify C-terminal amidation recognition sites within the long-form protein (that are not present in the short-form) and show that these cells possess PAM (amidating enzyme precursor) and @entity70979 mRNAs (the corresponding proteins of which are sufficient for amidation). Inhibitors of amidation inhibit growth of naive and @entity10340 (-S)Cntr/ pSVL -transfected cells (2.6-fold for phenylbutenoic acid and 3.5-fold for disulfiram treatment) but more profoundly inhibit growth of @entity10340 (-S)Exp/pSVL -transfected cells (6.7-fold for phenylbutenoic acid and 13-fold for disulfiram). In conclusion, these data confirm that signal sequence-depleted @entity10340 (-S)Exp is retained within cells and is largely cytoplasmic. Because C-terminal amidation is absolutely required for full biological potency of a number of peptide hormones (including oxytocin, @entity9113 and calcitonin), we postulate that growth effects of both intracellular @entity1808 and exogenous @entity1808 can be conferred by PDGF long-form, possibly through an amidation-dependent mechanism.

title: Intracellular @entity1808 increases the long isoform of PDGF mRNA in @entity35 XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatoma']


abstract: Our recent published studies suggest that @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ), generated and retained intracellularly, enhances growth of H4-II-E-C3 @entity35 @entity157 cells, an average of 33%. Proliferation conferred by introduction of a plasmid [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp/pSVL ] encoding a signal sequence-depleted angiotensinogen [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp] into these cells (which we have shown possess ACE and @entity3449 mRNAs) is mediated, at least in part, by enhanced PDGF-A chain mRNA production and protein secretion. The mitogenic effect is inhibited by losartan suggesting that it involves @entity1808 interaction with an @entity1129 (1)-like receptor. Introduction of anti- @entity1808 antibodies into the medium of these transfected cells has no effect upon growth of the cells, suggesting that @entity1808 is retained by the cells and that intracellular @entity1808 is growth stimulatory. In the present study, we sought to further characterize the intracellular localization and mode of action of @entity10340 (-S)Exp. Consistent with our expectations, we now show that a fusion product of @entity10340 (-S)Exp with green fluorescent protein [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp/EGFP], generated from an expression plasmid, is abundant and primarily cytoplasmic. Wild-type angiotensinogen/EGFP, in contrast, is only detectable following a cold-block (which acts to enhance folding-kinetics and slow secretion) and is largely restricted to the secretory pathway. We further show, using semi-quantitative RT/PCR that the long isoform of PDGF mRNA is elevated in @entity10340 (-S)Exp transfected cells and in @entity1808 -treated naive cells but not in losartan-treated @entity10340 (-S)Exp transfected cells. We identify C-terminal amidation recognition sites within the long-form protein (that are not present in the short-form) and show that these cells possess PAM (amidating enzyme precursor) and @entity70979 mRNAs (the corresponding proteins of which are sufficient for amidation). Inhibitors of amidation inhibit growth of naive and @entity10340 (-S)Cntr/ pSVL -transfected cells (2.6-fold for phenylbutenoic acid and 3.5-fold for disulfiram treatment) but more profoundly inhibit growth of @entity10340 (-S)Exp/pSVL -transfected cells (6.7-fold for phenylbutenoic acid and 13-fold for disulfiram). In conclusion, these data confirm that signal sequence-depleted @entity10340 (-S)Exp is retained within cells and is largely cytoplasmic. Because C-terminal amidation is absolutely required for full biological potency of a number of peptide hormones (including oxytocin, @entity9113 and calcitonin), we postulate that growth effects of both intracellular @entity1808 and exogenous @entity1808 can be conferred by PDGF long-form, possibly through an amidation-dependent mechanism.

title: Intracellular XXXX increases the long isoform of PDGF mRNA in @entity35 @entity157 cells.

answer: @entity1808 :: (24179(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['angiotensin II']


abstract: Our recent published studies suggest that @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ), generated and retained intracellularly, enhances growth of H4-II-E-C3 @entity35 @entity157 cells, an average of 33%. Proliferation conferred by introduction of a plasmid [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp/pSVL ] encoding a signal sequence-depleted angiotensinogen [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp] into these cells (which we have shown possess ACE and @entity3449 mRNAs) is mediated, at least in part, by enhanced PDGF-A chain mRNA production and protein secretion. The mitogenic effect is inhibited by losartan suggesting that it involves @entity1808 interaction with an @entity1129 (1)-like receptor. Introduction of anti- @entity1808 antibodies into the medium of these transfected cells has no effect upon growth of the cells, suggesting that @entity1808 is retained by the cells and that intracellular @entity1808 is growth stimulatory. In the present study, we sought to further characterize the intracellular localization and mode of action of @entity10340 (-S)Exp. Consistent with our expectations, we now show that a fusion product of @entity10340 (-S)Exp with green fluorescent protein [ @entity10340 (-S)Exp/EGFP], generated from an expression plasmid, is abundant and primarily cytoplasmic. Wild-type angiotensinogen/EGFP, in contrast, is only detectable following a cold-block (which acts to enhance folding-kinetics and slow secretion) and is largely restricted to the secretory pathway. We further show, using semi-quantitative RT/PCR that the long isoform of PDGF mRNA is elevated in @entity10340 (-S)Exp transfected cells and in @entity1808 -treated naive cells but not in losartan-treated @entity10340 (-S)Exp transfected cells. We identify C-terminal amidation recognition sites within the long-form protein (that are not present in the short-form) and show that these cells possess PAM (amidating enzyme precursor) and @entity70979 mRNAs (the corresponding proteins of which are sufficient for amidation). Inhibitors of amidation inhibit growth of naive and @entity10340 (-S)Cntr/ pSVL -transfected cells (2.6-fold for phenylbutenoic acid and 3.5-fold for disulfiram treatment) but more profoundly inhibit growth of @entity10340 (-S)Exp/pSVL -transfected cells (6.7-fold for phenylbutenoic acid and 13-fold for disulfiram). In conclusion, these data confirm that signal sequence-depleted @entity10340 (-S)Exp is retained within cells and is largely cytoplasmic. Because C-terminal amidation is absolutely required for full biological potency of a number of peptide hormones (including oxytocin, @entity9113 and calcitonin), we postulate that growth effects of both intracellular @entity1808 and exogenous @entity1808 can be conferred by PDGF long-form, possibly through an amidation-dependent mechanism.

title: Intracellular @entity1808 increases the long isoform of PDGF mRNA in XXXX @entity157 cells.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: We report a suspected early stage of @entity14782 in a four-year-old @entity1 complaining of poor visual acuity in both eyes. Ophthalmological examinations were performed including fundus examination, @entity941 angiography, and electrophysiological studies. However, dark adaptation and visual field testing were not performed because of her age. Ophthalmoscopic examinations revealed @entity1897 in the superior temporal retina, diffusely abnormal retinal pigment epithelium, and lack of macular and foveal reflexes in both eyes. @entity27065 was not observed and the vitreous did not show severe @entity528 . Fluorescein angiography showed many leaking points posterior to the @entity9712 . Scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) was almost non-recordable. Photopic electroretinogram showed a marked reduction of the b-wave with a negative shape and delayed peak time. Flash visual evoked potentials were within normal range. It is very difficult to distinguish this case from @entity9712 by ophthalmological findings. However, @entity14782 is most suspected from the fact that the @entity1 is female and her parents and brothers are normal.

title: XXXX in a four-year-old- @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9712 :: ('MESH:D041441', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked juvenile retinoschisis', 'retinoschisis']

entities_list: @entity14782 :: ('MESH:C564835', 'Disease') :: ['Goldmann-Favre syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral retinoschisis']

entities_list: @entity27065 :: ('MESH:C538369', 'Disease') :: ['Foveal retinoschisis']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration']

answer: @entity14782 :: (MESH:C564835,Disease) :: ['Goldmann-Favre syndrome']


abstract: We report a suspected early stage of @entity14782 in a four-year-old @entity1 complaining of poor visual acuity in both eyes. Ophthalmological examinations were performed including fundus examination, @entity941 angiography, and electrophysiological studies. However, dark adaptation and visual field testing were not performed because of her age. Ophthalmoscopic examinations revealed @entity1897 in the superior temporal retina, diffusely abnormal retinal pigment epithelium, and lack of macular and foveal reflexes in both eyes. @entity27065 was not observed and the vitreous did not show severe @entity528 . Fluorescein angiography showed many leaking points posterior to the @entity9712 . Scotopic electroretinogram (ERG) was almost non-recordable. Photopic electroretinogram showed a marked reduction of the b-wave with a negative shape and delayed peak time. Flash visual evoked potentials were within normal range. It is very difficult to distinguish this case from @entity9712 by ophthalmological findings. However, @entity14782 is most suspected from the fact that the @entity1 is female and her parents and brothers are normal.

title: @entity14782 in a four-year-old- XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['girl']


abstract: cDNA clones for chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 (CI-2) have been isolated from an endosperm-specific library of @entity2247 using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe. The nucleotide sequences of several of the cDNAs predict an open reading frame (beginning with an ATG codon) which encodes a protein of 84 residues (Mr 9380). In the longest clone another ATG codon is present, a further 69 @entity2036 upstream. The @entity377 sequence between these two ATG codons predicts an @entity535 sequence with the characteristics of a signal peptide, as found in other cloned plant protease inhibitors. However, it contains an in-frame TAA stop codon, which is also present in all of the shorter cDNAs which extend into this region. From in vitro translation experiments, using mRNAs synthesized from cDNAs, we conclude that, in vitro, translation of all or the vast majority of CI-2 mRNAs begins at the second ATG codon, 31 @entity2036 downstream from the ochre stop codon. Southern blotting of genomic DNA shows that CI-2 is encoded by a small multigene family, while sequence analysis of the cDNAs shows that at least two sub-families of mRNAs, which are more than 90% homologous, are present in the endosperm. Northern blotting analysis shows that related but different sequences are present in leaf and shoot RNA populations. Further Northern blot hybridizations using RNA from the normal line, Sundance, and the high- @entity376 @entity2247 mutant, Hiproly, show that endosperms of the latter contain greatly increased levels of CI-2 mRNA. This correlates with the increased amount of CI-2 protein deposited in Hiproly, and demonstrates that the differential expression of CI-2 in the two genotypes is controlled at the level of transcription and/or stability of the mRNA. In contrast, the abundance of CI-2 mRNAs in leaves and shoots is not affected.

title: Nucleotide sequence of XXXX chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 (CI-2) and its expression in normal and high- @entity376 @entity2247 .

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

answer: @entity2247 :: (4513,Species) :: ['barley']


abstract: cDNA clones for chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 (CI-2) have been isolated from an endosperm-specific library of @entity2247 using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe. The nucleotide sequences of several of the cDNAs predict an open reading frame (beginning with an ATG codon) which encodes a protein of 84 residues (Mr 9380). In the longest clone another ATG codon is present, a further 69 @entity2036 upstream. The @entity377 sequence between these two ATG codons predicts an @entity535 sequence with the characteristics of a signal peptide, as found in other cloned plant protease inhibitors. However, it contains an in-frame TAA stop codon, which is also present in all of the shorter cDNAs which extend into this region. From in vitro translation experiments, using mRNAs synthesized from cDNAs, we conclude that, in vitro, translation of all or the vast majority of CI-2 mRNAs begins at the second ATG codon, 31 @entity2036 downstream from the ochre stop codon. Southern blotting of genomic DNA shows that CI-2 is encoded by a small multigene family, while sequence analysis of the cDNAs shows that at least two sub-families of mRNAs, which are more than 90% homologous, are present in the endosperm. Northern blotting analysis shows that related but different sequences are present in leaf and shoot RNA populations. Further Northern blot hybridizations using RNA from the normal line, Sundance, and the high- @entity376 @entity2247 mutant, Hiproly, show that endosperms of the latter contain greatly increased levels of CI-2 mRNA. This correlates with the increased amount of CI-2 protein deposited in Hiproly, and demonstrates that the differential expression of CI-2 in the two genotypes is controlled at the level of transcription and/or stability of the mRNA. In contrast, the abundance of CI-2 mRNAs in leaves and shoots is not affected.

title: Nucleotide sequence of @entity2247 chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 (CI-2) and its expression in normal and high- @entity376 XXXX .

answer: @entity2247 :: (4513,Species) :: ['barley']


abstract: cDNA clones for chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 (CI-2) have been isolated from an endosperm-specific library of @entity2247 using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe. The nucleotide sequences of several of the cDNAs predict an open reading frame (beginning with an ATG codon) which encodes a protein of 84 residues (Mr 9380). In the longest clone another ATG codon is present, a further 69 @entity2036 upstream. The @entity377 sequence between these two ATG codons predicts an @entity535 sequence with the characteristics of a signal peptide, as found in other cloned plant protease inhibitors. However, it contains an in-frame TAA stop codon, which is also present in all of the shorter cDNAs which extend into this region. From in vitro translation experiments, using mRNAs synthesized from cDNAs, we conclude that, in vitro, translation of all or the vast majority of CI-2 mRNAs begins at the second ATG codon, 31 @entity2036 downstream from the ochre stop codon. Southern blotting of genomic DNA shows that CI-2 is encoded by a small multigene family, while sequence analysis of the cDNAs shows that at least two sub-families of mRNAs, which are more than 90% homologous, are present in the endosperm. Northern blotting analysis shows that related but different sequences are present in leaf and shoot RNA populations. Further Northern blot hybridizations using RNA from the normal line, Sundance, and the high- @entity376 @entity2247 mutant, Hiproly, show that endosperms of the latter contain greatly increased levels of CI-2 mRNA. This correlates with the increased amount of CI-2 protein deposited in Hiproly, and demonstrates that the differential expression of CI-2 in the two genotypes is controlled at the level of transcription and/or stability of the mRNA. In contrast, the abundance of CI-2 mRNAs in leaves and shoots is not affected.

title: Nucleotide sequence of @entity2247 chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 (CI-2) and its expression in normal and high- XXXX @entity2247 .

answer: @entity376 :: (CHEBI:25094,Chemical) :: ['lysine']


abstract: The efficacy and tolerance of @entity4258 in the treatment of complicated @entity293 and in low dose long-term prophylaxis over six months for recurrent UTI were investigated in 60 and 27 @entity1 , respectively. In the prophylaxis group, compliance with medication was controlled weekly using Mecur BT. Five to nine days after treatment, the urine was sterile in 50 out of the 60 @entity1 treated (83.3%); relapse occurred in six @entity1 and was associated with development of resistance in two. Four @entity1 suffered re- @entity281 within the study period. Failure of treatment was closely related to persisting complicating factors in the urinary tract. The overall tolerance of @entity4258 was satisfactory. However, there was one severe @entity56 . During the total 391 weeks of low dose long-term prophylaxis given to 27 @entity1 , only one break-through @entity281 occurred. Yet compliance studies proved that antimicrobial activity was present in the urines of less than 50% of the @entity1 . During prophylaxis, the rate of @entity281 was reduced from three to four to 0.13 to 0.05 @entity281 / @entity1 /year. There was no development of resistance in the isolates from these @entity1 . Only two adverse reactions were observed.

title: [Clinical study of the effectiveness and tolerance of @entity4258 in the therapy of complicated XXXX and in long-term prevention of recurrent @entity293 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4258 :: ('MESH:D009643', 'Chemical') :: ['norfloxacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reaction']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: The efficacy and tolerance of @entity4258 in the treatment of complicated @entity293 and in low dose long-term prophylaxis over six months for recurrent UTI were investigated in 60 and 27 @entity1 , respectively. In the prophylaxis group, compliance with medication was controlled weekly using Mecur BT. Five to nine days after treatment, the urine was sterile in 50 out of the 60 @entity1 treated (83.3%); relapse occurred in six @entity1 and was associated with development of resistance in two. Four @entity1 suffered re- @entity281 within the study period. Failure of treatment was closely related to persisting complicating factors in the urinary tract. The overall tolerance of @entity4258 was satisfactory. However, there was one severe @entity56 . During the total 391 weeks of low dose long-term prophylaxis given to 27 @entity1 , only one break-through @entity281 occurred. Yet compliance studies proved that antimicrobial activity was present in the urines of less than 50% of the @entity1 . During prophylaxis, the rate of @entity281 was reduced from three to four to 0.13 to 0.05 @entity281 / @entity1 /year. There was no development of resistance in the isolates from these @entity1 . Only two adverse reactions were observed.

title: [Clinical study of the effectiveness and tolerance of @entity4258 in the therapy of complicated @entity293 and in long-term prevention of recurrent XXXX ].

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']