abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1321 is the most severe consequence of adhesion formation. This study examined the annual surgical workload and costs of @entity1321 caused by postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions. METHODS: The study was a retrospective case-note review of @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1321 caused by postoperative adhesions in a well defined geographical area. The surgical workload and direct costs of inpatient care were analysed. RESULTS: There were 138 admissions for postoperative adhesion-related @entity1321 during the study with a total of 1118 inpatient days. The median hospital stay was 4 (range 1-58) days among @entity1 who had non-operative treatment and 11 (range 2-34) days for those who had surgery. Surgery was necessary in 40 @entity1 (29.0 per cent). The mean operating time (time from skin incision to last stitch) and the mean time spent in the operating theatre were 79 and 141 min respectively. The cumulative operating time for the surgical group was 52 h 20 min and the cumulative theatre time was 93 h 44 min. The annual direct hospital cost for postoperative adhesional @entity1321 was pound 181 653 in the district studied and the estimated cost for the whole of Finland was pound 2 077 796. CONCLUSION: This population-based study indicates that the workload and costs associated with @entity1744 caused by postoperative adhesions are substantial.

title: Population-based study of the surgical workload and economic impact of XXXX caused by postoperative adhesions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction', 'Intestinal obstruction']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['bowel obstruction']


abstract: Posttraumatic and septic states cause a @entity393 resulting in a negative @entity1568 balance. The major part of the excreted @entity1568 is derived from the proteins of skeletal muscle. The loss in proteins is due to a decrease in protein synthesis rather than an increase in protein degradation. Nutritional support may increase protein synthesis, and determination of its activity in skeletal muscle will give information on the utilization of nutrients in catabolic @entity1 . The effect of nutritional support on healthy subjects was studied to achieve a background for future clinical studies. Male volunteers between 20 and 40 years old were refed parenterally or enterally after three days of starvation. Muscle biopsies (50 mg) were analyzed for the size distribution of ribosomes in a @entity969 density gradient, and the ribosome concentration was determined per mg of DNA. Changes in the percentage content of polyribosomes preceded those of the total ribosome concentration. The total polyribosome concentration per gram wet weight of skeletal muscle decreased significantly during starvation. After one and two days of refeeding, a significant increase was observed, but the original level of the nonstarved subjects was not reached. The total ribosome concentration increased upon refeeding, but was not significantly different from that of the starved condition. The @entity1568 balance was negative during starvation but attained equilibrium after two days of refeeding. Nutrition administered by the parenteral or enteral route were equally effective in restoring protein synthesis.

title: Polyribosome concentration in XXXX skeletal muscle after starvation and parenteral or enteral refeeding.

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of body proteins']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity302 is a common @entity16 , affecting almost 0.5 to 1 per cent of the population. Nearly 30 per cent of @entity1 with @entity302 are resistant to currently available drugs. @entity2810 is one of the newer antiepileptic drugs and its effects as an adjunct (add-on) to standard drugs is assessed in this review. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of add-on treatment with @entity2810 upon @entity410 , side effects, cognition and quality of life for @entity1 with drug-resistant localization related @entity410 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity302 Group trials register (28 March 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2002), MEDLINE (1966 to November 2001). In addition, we contacted Sanofi~Synthelabo (makers of @entity2810 ) and experts in the field to seek any unpublished or ongoing studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized placebo controlled add-on trials of @entity1 of any age with localization related @entity410 , in which an adequate method of concealment of randomization was used. The studies could be double, single or unblinded and be of parallel or crossover design. They had to have a minimum treatment period of eight weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted data. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion. Outcomes investigated included 50 per cent or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency; treatment withdrawal; side effects; effects on cognition and quality of life. The primary analyses were by intention-to-treat. Worst case and best case analyses were also calculated for @entity410 outcomes. Dose response was evaluated in regression models. MAIN RESULTS: Three parallel group and two crossover group trials were included. The overall relative risk (RR) for a 50 per cent or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency ( @entity2810 versus placebo) was 3.16(95% confidence interval 1.97 to 5.07). Due to differences in response rates among trials, regression models were unable to provide reliable estimates of responses to individual doses. The RR for treatment withdrawal was 1.81(95% confidence interval 1.25 to 2.62). The 99% confidence interval for the following side effects: dizziness; @entity1295 ; nervousness and @entity400 did not include unity, indicating that they are significantly associated with @entity2810 . For cognitive and quality of life outcomes the limited data available suggested that there were no significant effects on cognition and mood and adjustment. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: @entity2810 reduces @entity410 frequency but is associated with some side effects when used as an add-on for @entity1 with drug-resistant localization related @entity410 .

title: @entity2810 add-on for drug-resistant partial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2810 :: ('MESH:C059205', 'Chemical') :: ['Tiagabine', 'tiagabine']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity302 is a common @entity16 , affecting almost 0.5 to 1 per cent of the population. Nearly 30 per cent of @entity1 with @entity302 are resistant to currently available drugs. @entity2810 is one of the newer antiepileptic drugs and its effects as an adjunct (add-on) to standard drugs is assessed in this review. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of add-on treatment with @entity2810 upon @entity410 , side effects, cognition and quality of life for @entity1 with drug-resistant localization related @entity410 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity302 Group trials register (28 March 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2002), MEDLINE (1966 to November 2001). In addition, we contacted Sanofi~Synthelabo (makers of @entity2810 ) and experts in the field to seek any unpublished or ongoing studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized placebo controlled add-on trials of @entity1 of any age with localization related @entity410 , in which an adequate method of concealment of randomization was used. The studies could be double, single or unblinded and be of parallel or crossover design. They had to have a minimum treatment period of eight weeks. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted data. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion. Outcomes investigated included 50 per cent or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency; treatment withdrawal; side effects; effects on cognition and quality of life. The primary analyses were by intention-to-treat. Worst case and best case analyses were also calculated for @entity410 outcomes. Dose response was evaluated in regression models. MAIN RESULTS: Three parallel group and two crossover group trials were included. The overall relative risk (RR) for a 50 per cent or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency ( @entity2810 versus placebo) was 3.16(95% confidence interval 1.97 to 5.07). Due to differences in response rates among trials, regression models were unable to provide reliable estimates of responses to individual doses. The RR for treatment withdrawal was 1.81(95% confidence interval 1.25 to 2.62). The 99% confidence interval for the following side effects: dizziness; @entity1295 ; nervousness and @entity400 did not include unity, indicating that they are significantly associated with @entity2810 . For cognitive and quality of life outcomes the limited data available suggested that there were no significant effects on cognition and mood and adjustment. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: @entity2810 reduces @entity410 frequency but is associated with some side effects when used as an add-on for @entity1 with drug-resistant localization related @entity410 .

title: XXXX add-on for drug-resistant partial @entity302 .

answer: @entity2810 :: (MESH:C059205,Chemical) :: ['Tiagabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Urodynamic tests are used to investigate @entity1 who have @entity322 or other urinary symptoms in order to make a definitive objective diagnosis. The aim is to help to select the treatment most likely to be successful. The investigations are invasive and time consuming. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to discover if treatment according to a urodynamic-based diagnosis led to clinical improvements in @entity322 , compared to treatment based on history and examination. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group trials register. Date of the most recent search: April 2002. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing clinical outcomes in groups of @entity1 who were and were not investigated using urodynamics, or comparing one type of urodynamics against another. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Authors of one study were contacted for more information, including adverse effects. MAIN RESULTS: Two small trials involving 128 @entity1 were included. In one small trial, @entity1 who were investigated with urodynamics were more likely to receive active treatment with drugs or surgery. However, the numbers in both trials were too small to determine if this affected clinical outcomes such as a reduction in @entity322 . REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: A larger definitive trial is needed, in which @entity1 are randomly allocated to management according to urodynamic findings or to standard management based on history and clinical examination.

title: Urodynamic investigations for management of XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'women']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['urinary incontinence']


abstract: The hormone leptin (OB) and its receptor ( @entity13156 ) are key homeostatic regulators of @entity1 body weight. Two predominant isoforms of @entity13156 are expressed by alternative splicing: the long form, OB-RL, with full signalling capacity is highly expressed in the hypothalamus and the short, signalling-defective form, OB-Rs, is ubiquitously expressed. In a previous study we detected expression of OB-RL and OB-Rs in @entity1 syncytiotrophoblast cells using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (Bodner et al., 1999). The aim of this study was to investigate leptin receptor isoform expression and phosphorylation in paired, syncytial, microvillous and basal membranes from @entity1 term placenta by Western blot analysis. Both the OB-RL and the OB-Rs isoforms were detected in the syncytial membrane preparations. The OB-RL isoform was observed exclusively in microvillous membranes, whereas the OB-Rs isoform was found in both microvillous and basal membrane preparations. No significant differences were observed between syncytial membranes from normal and type 1 @entity6 pregnancies. To test the phosphorylation capacity of the @entity13156 isoforms, microvillous and basal membrane vesicles loaded with @entity855 were stimulated with leptin and the phosphorylation status of the @entity13156 at the @entity669 985 (Y985) was determined. A single band at the molecular weight corresponding to the molecular weight of the OB-RL isoform was detected exclusively in the @entity855 -loaded microvillous vesicles. We conclude that the long form OB-RL is expressed exclusively in the microvillous membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast and is capable of being phosphorylated, suggesting that it has signal transduction capacity.

title: Polar expression and phosphorylation of XXXX leptin receptor isoforms in paired, syncytial, microvillous and basal membranes from @entity1 term placenta.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The hormone leptin (OB) and its receptor ( @entity13156 ) are key homeostatic regulators of @entity1 body weight. Two predominant isoforms of @entity13156 are expressed by alternative splicing: the long form, OB-RL, with full signalling capacity is highly expressed in the hypothalamus and the short, signalling-defective form, OB-Rs, is ubiquitously expressed. In a previous study we detected expression of OB-RL and OB-Rs in @entity1 syncytiotrophoblast cells using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (Bodner et al., 1999). The aim of this study was to investigate leptin receptor isoform expression and phosphorylation in paired, syncytial, microvillous and basal membranes from @entity1 term placenta by Western blot analysis. Both the OB-RL and the OB-Rs isoforms were detected in the syncytial membrane preparations. The OB-RL isoform was observed exclusively in microvillous membranes, whereas the OB-Rs isoform was found in both microvillous and basal membrane preparations. No significant differences were observed between syncytial membranes from normal and type 1 @entity6 pregnancies. To test the phosphorylation capacity of the @entity13156 isoforms, microvillous and basal membrane vesicles loaded with @entity855 were stimulated with leptin and the phosphorylation status of the @entity13156 at the @entity669 985 (Y985) was determined. A single band at the molecular weight corresponding to the molecular weight of the OB-RL isoform was detected exclusively in the @entity855 -loaded microvillous vesicles. We conclude that the long form OB-RL is expressed exclusively in the microvillous membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast and is capable of being phosphorylated, suggesting that it has signal transduction capacity.

title: Polar expression and phosphorylation of @entity1 leptin receptor isoforms in paired, syncytial, microvillous and basal membranes from XXXX term placenta.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: In the American Joint Committee on @entity5 (AJCC) TNM staging system, @entity263 involving the bladder neck after radical prostatectomy is considered pT4 disease, suggesting a high risk of recurrence. The recurrence risk with pathologic invasion of the bladder neck, however, has not been definitively compared with that associated with extra-organ disease. We therefore compared the recurrence risk in cases with bladder neck involvement with that of cases with extraprostatic extension and/or seminal vesicle invasion. METHODS: The study cohort was composed of 1123 @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 treated with prostatectomy as monotherapy. The preoperative @entity1486 level, bladder neck involvement, margin positivity, Gleason score, and other pathologic categories were assessed as covariates contributing to the @entity1486 -recurrence risk in univariate and multivariable models. RESULTS: Bladder neck involvement was found in 60 (5%) of 1123 cases. In univariate analysis, the bladder neck was the site-specific margin with the greatest @entity1486 -recurrence risk of focal involvement (relative risk 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15 to 2.00, P = 0.0030). The @entity1486 -recurrence relative risk with extraprostatic extension was 3.05 (95% CI 2.13 to 4.38, P <0.0001) and with seminal vesicle invasion was 8.59 (95% CI 5.76 to 12.82, P <0.0001). In the multivariable model, the @entity1486 -recurrence risk with bladder neck involvement (relative risk 1.19, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.96, P = 0.5) was not a significant independent prognostic factor. Extraprostatic extension (relative risk 2.25, 95% CI 1.54 to 3.27, P <0.0001) and seminal vesicle invasion (relative risk 4.12, 95% CI 2.57 to 6.62, P <0.0001) were significant independent predictors of @entity1486 recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Any staging system should be evidence based. The current AJCC system for staging bladder neck involvement, however, is contrary to the available evidence. Reclassification of bladder neck involvement as part of the @entity1803 category should be considered.

title: XXXX involving the bladder neck: recurrence-free survival and implications for AJCC staging modification. American Joint Committee on @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen (PSA)', 'PSA']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: In the American Joint Committee on @entity5 (AJCC) TNM staging system, @entity263 involving the bladder neck after radical prostatectomy is considered pT4 disease, suggesting a high risk of recurrence. The recurrence risk with pathologic invasion of the bladder neck, however, has not been definitively compared with that associated with extra-organ disease. We therefore compared the recurrence risk in cases with bladder neck involvement with that of cases with extraprostatic extension and/or seminal vesicle invasion. METHODS: The study cohort was composed of 1123 @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 treated with prostatectomy as monotherapy. The preoperative @entity1486 level, bladder neck involvement, margin positivity, Gleason score, and other pathologic categories were assessed as covariates contributing to the @entity1486 -recurrence risk in univariate and multivariable models. RESULTS: Bladder neck involvement was found in 60 (5%) of 1123 cases. In univariate analysis, the bladder neck was the site-specific margin with the greatest @entity1486 -recurrence risk of focal involvement (relative risk 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15 to 2.00, P = 0.0030). The @entity1486 -recurrence relative risk with extraprostatic extension was 3.05 (95% CI 2.13 to 4.38, P <0.0001) and with seminal vesicle invasion was 8.59 (95% CI 5.76 to 12.82, P <0.0001). In the multivariable model, the @entity1486 -recurrence risk with bladder neck involvement (relative risk 1.19, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.96, P = 0.5) was not a significant independent prognostic factor. Extraprostatic extension (relative risk 2.25, 95% CI 1.54 to 3.27, P <0.0001) and seminal vesicle invasion (relative risk 4.12, 95% CI 2.57 to 6.62, P <0.0001) were significant independent predictors of @entity1486 recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Any staging system should be evidence based. The current AJCC system for staging bladder neck involvement, however, is contrary to the available evidence. Reclassification of bladder neck involvement as part of the @entity1803 category should be considered.

title: @entity263 involving the bladder neck: recurrence-free survival and implications for AJCC staging modification. American Joint Committee on XXXX .

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: The multisystem @entity7063 ( @entity7063 ) is caused by mutations in the @entity7065 gene. The protein dyskerin is a component of the box H+ACA small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is also functionally associated with the RNA component of the @entity1 telomerase. The majority of mutations are missense mutations, although single examples of non-coding mutations have been described. One of these is a point mutation in a putative @entity3419 binding site in the 5'-upstream region of the @entity7065 gene which presumably represents the promoter region of the gene. In this report, we compare the promoter sequences of both the @entity1 and @entity19 genes and provide a first functional characterisation of the @entity1 @entity7065 promoter. This includes a characterisation of the disease-associated implications caused by the mutation identified in one @entity1 . By reporter gene analysis, functional regions of the @entity7065 promoter were delineated. The core promoter region critical for basal level of transcription was found to lie at -10 to -180. Bandshift- and supershift experiments clearly demonstrated a mutual binding of transcription factors @entity3419 and @entity28549 to two of five putative GC-box/ @entity3419 -binding sites located within the core promoter region. An additional GC-box interacts only with the @entity3419 transcription factor. Further, we provide evidence that the @entity7065 mutation in one of the @entity3419 binding sites results in reduced promoter activity.

title: Basal transcription activity of the @entity7063 gene is mediated by XXXX and @entity28549 and a @entity1 mutation in a @entity3419 binding site is associated with decreased promoter activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7063 :: ('MESH:D019871', 'Disease') :: ['disorder dyskeratosis congenita', 'DKC']

answer: @entity3419 :: (6667,Gene) :: ['Sp1']


abstract: The multisystem @entity7063 ( @entity7063 ) is caused by mutations in the @entity7065 gene. The protein dyskerin is a component of the box H+ACA small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is also functionally associated with the RNA component of the @entity1 telomerase. The majority of mutations are missense mutations, although single examples of non-coding mutations have been described. One of these is a point mutation in a putative @entity3419 binding site in the 5'-upstream region of the @entity7065 gene which presumably represents the promoter region of the gene. In this report, we compare the promoter sequences of both the @entity1 and @entity19 genes and provide a first functional characterisation of the @entity1 @entity7065 promoter. This includes a characterisation of the disease-associated implications caused by the mutation identified in one @entity1 . By reporter gene analysis, functional regions of the @entity7065 promoter were delineated. The core promoter region critical for basal level of transcription was found to lie at -10 to -180. Bandshift- and supershift experiments clearly demonstrated a mutual binding of transcription factors @entity3419 and @entity28549 to two of five putative GC-box/ @entity3419 -binding sites located within the core promoter region. An additional GC-box interacts only with the @entity3419 transcription factor. Further, we provide evidence that the @entity7065 mutation in one of the @entity3419 binding sites results in reduced promoter activity.

title: Basal transcription activity of the @entity7063 gene is mediated by @entity3419 and @entity28549 and a @entity1 mutation in a XXXX binding site is associated with decreased promoter activity.

answer: @entity3419 :: (6667,Gene) :: ['Sp1']


abstract: The multisystem @entity7063 ( @entity7063 ) is caused by mutations in the @entity7065 gene. The protein dyskerin is a component of the box H+ACA small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is also functionally associated with the RNA component of the @entity1 telomerase. The majority of mutations are missense mutations, although single examples of non-coding mutations have been described. One of these is a point mutation in a putative @entity3419 binding site in the 5'-upstream region of the @entity7065 gene which presumably represents the promoter region of the gene. In this report, we compare the promoter sequences of both the @entity1 and @entity19 genes and provide a first functional characterisation of the @entity1 @entity7065 promoter. This includes a characterisation of the disease-associated implications caused by the mutation identified in one @entity1 . By reporter gene analysis, functional regions of the @entity7065 promoter were delineated. The core promoter region critical for basal level of transcription was found to lie at -10 to -180. Bandshift- and supershift experiments clearly demonstrated a mutual binding of transcription factors @entity3419 and @entity28549 to two of five putative GC-box/ @entity3419 -binding sites located within the core promoter region. An additional GC-box interacts only with the @entity3419 transcription factor. Further, we provide evidence that the @entity7065 mutation in one of the @entity3419 binding sites results in reduced promoter activity.

title: Basal transcription activity of the @entity7063 gene is mediated by @entity3419 and XXXX and a @entity1 mutation in a @entity3419 binding site is associated with decreased promoter activity.

answer: @entity28549 :: (6670,Gene) :: ['Sp3']


abstract: The multisystem @entity7063 ( @entity7063 ) is caused by mutations in the @entity7065 gene. The protein dyskerin is a component of the box H+ACA small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is also functionally associated with the RNA component of the @entity1 telomerase. The majority of mutations are missense mutations, although single examples of non-coding mutations have been described. One of these is a point mutation in a putative @entity3419 binding site in the 5'-upstream region of the @entity7065 gene which presumably represents the promoter region of the gene. In this report, we compare the promoter sequences of both the @entity1 and @entity19 genes and provide a first functional characterisation of the @entity1 @entity7065 promoter. This includes a characterisation of the disease-associated implications caused by the mutation identified in one @entity1 . By reporter gene analysis, functional regions of the @entity7065 promoter were delineated. The core promoter region critical for basal level of transcription was found to lie at -10 to -180. Bandshift- and supershift experiments clearly demonstrated a mutual binding of transcription factors @entity3419 and @entity28549 to two of five putative GC-box/ @entity3419 -binding sites located within the core promoter region. An additional GC-box interacts only with the @entity3419 transcription factor. Further, we provide evidence that the @entity7065 mutation in one of the @entity3419 binding sites results in reduced promoter activity.

title: Basal transcription activity of the XXXX gene is mediated by @entity3419 and @entity28549 and a @entity1 mutation in a @entity3419 binding site is associated with decreased promoter activity.

answer: @entity7063 :: (MESH:D019871,Disease) :: ['dyskeratosis congenita']


abstract: The multisystem @entity7063 ( @entity7063 ) is caused by mutations in the @entity7065 gene. The protein dyskerin is a component of the box H+ACA small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is also functionally associated with the RNA component of the @entity1 telomerase. The majority of mutations are missense mutations, although single examples of non-coding mutations have been described. One of these is a point mutation in a putative @entity3419 binding site in the 5'-upstream region of the @entity7065 gene which presumably represents the promoter region of the gene. In this report, we compare the promoter sequences of both the @entity1 and @entity19 genes and provide a first functional characterisation of the @entity1 @entity7065 promoter. This includes a characterisation of the disease-associated implications caused by the mutation identified in one @entity1 . By reporter gene analysis, functional regions of the @entity7065 promoter were delineated. The core promoter region critical for basal level of transcription was found to lie at -10 to -180. Bandshift- and supershift experiments clearly demonstrated a mutual binding of transcription factors @entity3419 and @entity28549 to two of five putative GC-box/ @entity3419 -binding sites located within the core promoter region. An additional GC-box interacts only with the @entity3419 transcription factor. Further, we provide evidence that the @entity7065 mutation in one of the @entity3419 binding sites results in reduced promoter activity.

title: Basal transcription activity of the @entity7063 gene is mediated by @entity3419 and @entity28549 and a XXXX mutation in a @entity3419 binding site is associated with decreased promoter activity.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: We report here defined culture conditions that allow reproducibly the growth of the majority of immature thymocytes from both fetal (14-15 days of gestation) and adult @entity19 . The combination of @entity4514 ( @entity4515 ), @entity1360 and recombinant @entity2047 ( @entity2047 ) is both sufficient and necessary to induce growth of about 1/6.2 (range 1/3-1/9) and 1/4.3 (range 1/2-1/7) immature thymocytes from adult and fetal @entity19 , respectively, in serum-free cultures. Several other combinations tested (e.g. @entity4515 + @entity2047 , concanavalin A + @entity2047 ) were poorly or not active. None of the agents tested alone ( @entity4515 , @entity1360 , concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, @entity2047 ) had any effect. We found no evidence for a role of @entity5003 and @entity3019 on growth of these cells. The growth of activated immature thymocytes from either fetal or adult @entity19 was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against @entity19 @entity2047 receptors. Under the same conditions that stimulated growth of most immature thymocytes, they did not mature into cells expressing @entity3414 , @entity1961 or T cell antigen receptor (KJ16) after 7 to 15 days of continuous proliferation in culture. Nor did they give rise to cells with cytolytic activity after 7-9 days of culture. In some but not all experiments cultures of immature thymocytes from adult @entity19 but not from fetal @entity19 generated cells (1 out of 120-310) with helper function for B lymphocytes. While we confirmed here that approximately 50-70% freshly isolated immature thymocytes express receptors for @entity2047 , our results indicate that these cells need to be activated (by e.g. @entity4515 + @entity1360 ) to respond to @entity2047 . A possible mechanism to account for the expression of nonfunctionally competent @entity2047 receptors is proposed and our results concerning the maturation of immature thymocytes in vitro are discussed.

title: Requirements for growth of immature thymocytes from fetal and adult XXXX in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity4514 :: ('MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol myristate acetate']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The morbidity of diagnostic catheterization in healthy @entity1 has never been described. In order to further elucidate the natural history of @entity793 we studied a group of healthy @entity1 without lower urinary tract symptoms. Thirty female volunteers aged 39-72 years underwent urine sampling prior to and at day 3 after invasive urodynamic evaluation. One case of asymptomatic @entity793 was detected among pretest samples. On post-test sampling 10 of 29 cultures were positive. With a cut-off level of >10(5) CFU/ml only 2 cases could be classified as significant @entity793 . Only 1 was symptomatic. The remaining 29 @entity1 had no symptoms following the examination. Thus the incidence of @entity293 was 3.3% following repeated diagnostic catheterization. We concluded that although @entity793 is common after diagnostic catheterization, it is essentially asymptomatic.

title: Morbidity of urodynamic investigation in healthy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['lower urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['postcystometry bacteriuria', 'bacteriuria']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity7232 (BA) has many uses as an industrial compound and is widely distributed in the environment. BA has been shown to produce rib agenesis, a rare effect in laboratory animals. This study was conducted to determine if there is a period of sensitivity to this unusual effect. BA (500 or 750 mg/kg) was administered p.o. to pregnant @entity2659 @entity19 once daily on gestational days (GDs) 6-10. A reduction of 13th rib length occurred at both dose levels. BA 400mg/kg was also administered twice daily on GD 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or on GDs 6-8. A significant decrease in average fetal weight was observed in all treatment groups. Significant increases in the incidence of cervical ribs/ossifications resulted from treatments on @entity39633 and GDs 6-8. Rib agenesis occurred with treatment on GD 8 and GDs 6-8. Reduced rib length, a decreased incidence of supernumerary ribs (SNR), and an increased incidence of fused and/or branched ribs occurred when dams were treated GDs 6-8. Doses of 750 mg/kg given twice on day 8 produced significant increases in several @entity154 . Further studies of pathogenesis are necessary to determine the earliest perturbations and the processes that are affected. The sensitivity of embryos to treatment on GD 8 to rib agenesis suggests that BA is affecting early processes such as gastrulation and presomitic mesoderm formation and patterning in this area.

title: Periods of vertebral column sensitivity to @entity7232 treatment in XXXX @entity19 in utero.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic skeletal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity7232 :: ('MESH:C032688', 'Chemical') :: ['Boric acid']

answer: @entity2659 :: (111334(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CD-1']


abstract: @entity7232 (BA) has many uses as an industrial compound and is widely distributed in the environment. BA has been shown to produce rib agenesis, a rare effect in laboratory animals. This study was conducted to determine if there is a period of sensitivity to this unusual effect. BA (500 or 750 mg/kg) was administered p.o. to pregnant @entity2659 @entity19 once daily on gestational days (GDs) 6-10. A reduction of 13th rib length occurred at both dose levels. BA 400mg/kg was also administered twice daily on GD 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or on GDs 6-8. A significant decrease in average fetal weight was observed in all treatment groups. Significant increases in the incidence of cervical ribs/ossifications resulted from treatments on @entity39633 and GDs 6-8. Rib agenesis occurred with treatment on GD 8 and GDs 6-8. Reduced rib length, a decreased incidence of supernumerary ribs (SNR), and an increased incidence of fused and/or branched ribs occurred when dams were treated GDs 6-8. Doses of 750 mg/kg given twice on day 8 produced significant increases in several @entity154 . Further studies of pathogenesis are necessary to determine the earliest perturbations and the processes that are affected. The sensitivity of embryos to treatment on GD 8 to rib agenesis suggests that BA is affecting early processes such as gastrulation and presomitic mesoderm formation and patterning in this area.

title: Periods of vertebral column sensitivity to XXXX treatment in @entity2659 @entity19 in utero.

answer: @entity7232 :: (MESH:C032688,Chemical) :: ['boric acid']


abstract: @entity7232 (BA) has many uses as an industrial compound and is widely distributed in the environment. BA has been shown to produce rib agenesis, a rare effect in laboratory animals. This study was conducted to determine if there is a period of sensitivity to this unusual effect. BA (500 or 750 mg/kg) was administered p.o. to pregnant @entity2659 @entity19 once daily on gestational days (GDs) 6-10. A reduction of 13th rib length occurred at both dose levels. BA 400mg/kg was also administered twice daily on GD 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or on GDs 6-8. A significant decrease in average fetal weight was observed in all treatment groups. Significant increases in the incidence of cervical ribs/ossifications resulted from treatments on @entity39633 and GDs 6-8. Rib agenesis occurred with treatment on GD 8 and GDs 6-8. Reduced rib length, a decreased incidence of supernumerary ribs (SNR), and an increased incidence of fused and/or branched ribs occurred when dams were treated GDs 6-8. Doses of 750 mg/kg given twice on day 8 produced significant increases in several @entity154 . Further studies of pathogenesis are necessary to determine the earliest perturbations and the processes that are affected. The sensitivity of embryos to treatment on GD 8 to rib agenesis suggests that BA is affecting early processes such as gastrulation and presomitic mesoderm formation and patterning in this area.

title: Periods of vertebral column sensitivity to @entity7232 treatment in @entity2659 XXXX in utero.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical feasibility of daily computer-assisted transabdominal ultrasonography for target position verification in the setting of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for @entity263 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-three @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 were treated using a sequential tomotherapy IMRT technique (Peacock) and daily computer-assisted transabdominal ultrasonography (BAT) for target localization. @entity1 were instructed to maintain a full bladder and were placed in the supine position using triangulation tattoos and a leg immobilizer to minimize @entity717 . The BAT ultrasound system is docked to the treatment collimator and electronically imports the CT simulation target contours and isocenter. The system is able to use the machine isocenter as a reference point to overlay the corresponding CT contours onto the ultrasound images captured in the transverse and sagittal planes. A touch screen menu is used to maneuver the CT contours in three dimensions such that they match the ultrasound images. The system then displays the three-dimensional couch shifts required to produce field alignment. Data were prospectively collected to measure the frequency by which useful ultrasound images were obtained, the amount of time required for localization/setup, and the direction/magnitude of the positional adjustments. RESULTS: Of the 23 @entity1 , the BAT ultrasound system produced images of sufficient quality to perform the overlay of the CT contours in 19 @entity1 such that positional verification could be reliably performed. Poor image quality was associated with @entity1 inability to maintain a full bladder, large body habitus, or other anatomic constraints. Of the 19 assessable @entity1 , a total of 185 treatment alignments were performed (mean 8.8/ @entity1 ). For all cases, the average time required for the daily ultrasound imaging and positional adjustments was 11.9 min. After the initial 5 cases, the user experience skills improved such that the time required for image verification/positional adjustments decreased to a mean of 5.6 min. The average right-left, AP, and cranial-caudal adjustment was 2.6 +/- 2.1 mm, 4.7 +/- 2.7 mm, and 4.2 +/- 2.8 mm, respectively. Positional adjustments >10 mm were infrequent and related primarily to misidentification of the target structures on the ultrasound image, @entity1 movement, or improper registration of the triangulation tattoos. CONCLUSION: Daily computer-assisted BAT ultrasound positional verification of the prostate can be successfully performed through the acquisition of high-quality images in most @entity1 with only a modest increase in treatment setup time. Positional data obtained with this system resulted in clinically meaningful adjustments in daily setup for sequential IMRT that would not be otherwise apparent from other verification modalities.

title: Implementation and utility of a daily ultrasound-based localization system with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic rotation']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the safety and efficacy of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of @entity1653 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty @entity1 with @entity1653 (excluding optic nerve @entity1653 ) were treated using IMRT with the NOMOS Peacock system between 1994 and 1999. Twenty-five @entity1 received IMRT after surgery either as adjuvant therapy for incomplete resection or for recurrence, and 15 @entity1 received definitive IMRT after presumptive diagnosis based on imaging. Thirty-two @entity1 had skull base lesions, and 8 had nonskull base lesions. The prescribed dose ranged from 40 to 56 Gy (median 50.4 Gy) at 1.71 to 2 Gy per fraction, and the volume of the primary target ranged from 1.55 to 324.57 cc (median 20.22 cc). The mean dose to the target ranged from 44 to 60 Gy (median 53 Gy). Follow-up ranged from 6 to 71 months (median 30 months). Acute and chronic @entity137 were assessed using Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) morbidity criteria and @entity5 response was assessed by @entity1 report, examination, and imaging. Overall survival, progression-free survival, and local control were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Cumulative 5-year local control, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 93%, 88%, and 89%, respectively. Two @entity1 progressed after IMRT, one locally and one distantly. Each was treated with IMRT after multiple recurrences of @entity1653 over many years. Both were found to have @entity5 at the time of relapse after IMRT, and it is likely their @entity5 had already undergone malignant change by the time IMRT was given. Defined normal structures generally received a significantly lower dose than the target. The most common acute central nervous system (CNS) @entity137 was mild @entity10 , usually relieved with @entity230 . One @entity1 experienced RTOG Grade 3 acute CNS @entity137 , and 2 experienced Grade 3 or higher late CNS @entity137 , with one possible treatment-related @entity204 . No @entity137 was observed with mean doses to the optic nerve/chiasm up to 47 Gy and maximum doses up to 55 Gy. CONCLUSION: IMRT is a promising new technology that is safe and efficacious in the primary and adjuvant treatment of @entity1653 . A history of @entity146 may indicate @entity528 and predict a poorer outcome. @entity137 data are encouraging, but the potential for serious side effects exists, as demonstrated by one possible treatment-related @entity204 . Larger cohort and longer follow-up are needed to better define efficacy and late @entity137 of IMRT.

title: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['local aggression']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant meningioma', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['benign meningioma', 'intracranial meningiomas', 'intracranial meningioma', 'sheath meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['malignant degeneration']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Occipital encephalocoele is the most common cranial @entity3570 in the western hemisphere and is often complicated by @entity1276 . Management of @entity1276 and reducing the CSF pressure is crucial in preventing dehiscence at the site of the encephalocoele repair. METHODS: Two female @entity1 had presented with occipital encephalocoeles. The first @entity1 (aged 42 days) had undergone repair of the occipital encephalocoele and then developed @entity1276 with recurrence of the encephalocoele. The second @entity1 (aged 12 months) had @entity1276 associated with an occipital encephalocoele at initial presentation.Both the @entity1 underwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) through a right frontal burr hole. In the first @entity1 , ETV was performed after shunt dysfunction at the age of 9 months. Because she presented with recurrence of the encephalocoele 15 months later, a repeat endoscopic third ventriculostomy was performed. She required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt during the same admission because of the early failure of the ventriculostomy. In the second @entity1 , it was performed before the encephalocoele repair, both ETV and the repair being conducted under the same anesthesia. ETV was performed using a rigid scope and the perforation in the third ventricular floor was enlarged using a No. 4 Fogarty catheter. RESULTS: The first @entity1 had no recurrence of encephalocoele at follow-up of 10 months but she presented with recurrence of the occipital encephalocoele after 15 months. The second @entity1 had no evidence of recurrence at follow-up after 16 months. The lateral and third ventricular volumes had decreased in both the @entity1 at initial follow-up. CONCLUSION: ETV can be an effective treatment option for encephalocoele-associated @entity1276 , even in @entity1 under the age of 1 year. It may obviate the need for placement of CSF shunts that have a risk of @entity281 . However, delayed failure of ETV may occur as seen in our first @entity1 , indicating the need for careful and long-term follow-up.

title: Management of XXXX associated with occipital encephalocoele using endoscopic third ventriculostomy: report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['dysraphism']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection and dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1843 of the humerus usually occurs in adolescence and is caused by the valgus forces associated with excessive throwing. HYPOTHESIS: Arthroscopic surgery is an appropriate procedure for this condition. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Arthroscopic surgery was performed on 10 baseball players (average age, 13.8 years) with @entity4713 dissecans whose symptoms had been apparent for an average of 9 months before the operation. Follow-up at an average of 3.9 years included use of a standard rating scale, radiographs, and a questionnaire regarding return to sport. RESULTS: There were two grade I, one grade II, two grade IV, and five grade V lesions. Symptoms and objective findings correlated poorly with the grade of the lesion. The postoperative score averaged 195, reflecting excellent results. Radiographically, the @entity75 was still apparent in one @entity1 , secondary degenerative changes were evident in one @entity1 , and, in one @entity1 , the lesion was still evident and degenerative changes had occurred. Only four athletes returned to organized baseball. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic surgery for symptomatic @entity1843 in adolescent baseball players can provide excellent rating scores with intermediate follow-up but does not assure return to baseball.

title: Arthroscopic surgery for isolated XXXX in adolescent baseball players: minimum three-year follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1843 :: ('MESH:D010008', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum', 'Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum']

entities_list: @entity4713 :: ('MESH:D010007', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondritis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

answer: @entity1843 :: (MESH:D010008,Disease) :: ['capitellar osteochondritis dissecans']


abstract: To determine the long-term prognosis for @entity101 control, mortality, renal function, and maintenance of renal blood flow in @entity1 operated on to control @entity2792 , we studied 60 @entity1 managed surgically between 1969 and 1984. Thirty-six @entity1 had @entity731 , 22 had @entity4267 , one had @entity4786 , and one had a combination of @entity731 and @entity2885 . We confined the analysis to the 58 @entity1 with pure @entity731 or @entity4267 . In the @entity731 group 14 @entity1 died and the results of @entity101 control in the remaining 22 were classified as cured, three (14%); improved, 15 (68%); failed, one (5%); and unknown, three (14%). In the @entity4267 group one @entity1 died and results of @entity101 control in the remaining 21 @entity1 were (1) cured, 10 (48%); improved, 10 (48%); and failed, one (5%). The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 79% and 40%, respectively, for the @entity731 group and 95% and 89%, respectively, for the @entity4267 group. Renal function was well maintained for @entity1 in both groups. The mean serum @entity1011 value was 1.4 mg/dl in the @entity731 group and 1.0 mg/dl in the @entity4267 group. To evaluate the effect of operation on the maintenance of renal blood flow we compared the blood flow of the operated and unoperated sides in @entity1 who had a unilateral operation and had a second kidney for comparison. Eight of these @entity1 had scans in each of the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Long-term prognosis of surgical treatment of XXXX : a fifteen-year experience.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2792 :: ('MESH:D006978', 'Disease') :: ['renovascular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity4267 :: ('MESH:D005352', 'Disease') :: ['fibromuscular dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity4786 :: ('MESH:D017253', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibromatosis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic disease']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

answer: @entity2792 :: (MESH:D006978,Disease) :: ['renovascular hypertension']


abstract: Decreased plasma high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 and @entity1675 levels have been associated with premature @entity453 . We identified a @entity9379 restriction-endonuclease site flanking the @entity1 @entity1675 gene at its 3' end that is polymorphic. The absence and presence of this site, as determined by genomic blotting analysis of @entity9379 -digested chromosomal DNA with the use of an @entity1675 gene probe, were associated with 3.3-kb and 2.2-kb hybridization bands, respectively. The 3.3-kb band appeared in 4.1 percent of 123 randomly selected control subjects and in 3.3 percent of 30 subjects with no angiographic evidence of @entity453 . In contrast, among 88 @entity1 who had severe @entity301 before the age of 60, as documented by angiography, the 3.3-kb band occurred in 32 percent (P less than 0.0001). It was also found in 8 of 12 index cases (P less than 0.0001) of kindreds with @entity9680 . In the two @entity1 groups, the allele frequencies of the site that produced the 3.3-kb band were 17 and 42 percent, respectively, as compared with an allele frequency of only 2 percent in the control populations. Within kindreds with @entity9680 and among first-degree relatives of @entity1 with @entity453 , the 3.3-kb band was associated with decreased HDL @entity165 levels. Among all @entity1 with @entity453 , 58 percent had HDL @entity165 levels below the 10th percentile of normal values; however, this frequency increased to 73 percent when @entity1 with the 3.3-kb band were considered. These findings indicate that the polymorphism in the region between the @entity1675 and apolipoprotein C-III genes may be a useful marker for the risk of premature @entity453 and @entity9680 .

title: @entity1675 gene polymorphism associated with premature @entity453 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity9680 :: ('MESH:D052456', 'Disease') :: ['familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia']

entities_list: @entity1675 :: ('335', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein A-I']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity9680 :: (MESH:D052456,Disease) :: ['familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia']


abstract: Decreased plasma high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 and @entity1675 levels have been associated with premature @entity453 . We identified a @entity9379 restriction-endonuclease site flanking the @entity1 @entity1675 gene at its 3' end that is polymorphic. The absence and presence of this site, as determined by genomic blotting analysis of @entity9379 -digested chromosomal DNA with the use of an @entity1675 gene probe, were associated with 3.3-kb and 2.2-kb hybridization bands, respectively. The 3.3-kb band appeared in 4.1 percent of 123 randomly selected control subjects and in 3.3 percent of 30 subjects with no angiographic evidence of @entity453 . In contrast, among 88 @entity1 who had severe @entity301 before the age of 60, as documented by angiography, the 3.3-kb band occurred in 32 percent (P less than 0.0001). It was also found in 8 of 12 index cases (P less than 0.0001) of kindreds with @entity9680 . In the two @entity1 groups, the allele frequencies of the site that produced the 3.3-kb band were 17 and 42 percent, respectively, as compared with an allele frequency of only 2 percent in the control populations. Within kindreds with @entity9680 and among first-degree relatives of @entity1 with @entity453 , the 3.3-kb band was associated with decreased HDL @entity165 levels. Among all @entity1 with @entity453 , 58 percent had HDL @entity165 levels below the 10th percentile of normal values; however, this frequency increased to 73 percent when @entity1 with the 3.3-kb band were considered. These findings indicate that the polymorphism in the region between the @entity1675 and apolipoprotein C-III genes may be a useful marker for the risk of premature @entity453 and @entity9680 .

title: @entity1675 gene polymorphism associated with premature XXXX and @entity9680 .

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: Decreased plasma high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 and @entity1675 levels have been associated with premature @entity453 . We identified a @entity9379 restriction-endonuclease site flanking the @entity1 @entity1675 gene at its 3' end that is polymorphic. The absence and presence of this site, as determined by genomic blotting analysis of @entity9379 -digested chromosomal DNA with the use of an @entity1675 gene probe, were associated with 3.3-kb and 2.2-kb hybridization bands, respectively. The 3.3-kb band appeared in 4.1 percent of 123 randomly selected control subjects and in 3.3 percent of 30 subjects with no angiographic evidence of @entity453 . In contrast, among 88 @entity1 who had severe @entity301 before the age of 60, as documented by angiography, the 3.3-kb band occurred in 32 percent (P less than 0.0001). It was also found in 8 of 12 index cases (P less than 0.0001) of kindreds with @entity9680 . In the two @entity1 groups, the allele frequencies of the site that produced the 3.3-kb band were 17 and 42 percent, respectively, as compared with an allele frequency of only 2 percent in the control populations. Within kindreds with @entity9680 and among first-degree relatives of @entity1 with @entity453 , the 3.3-kb band was associated with decreased HDL @entity165 levels. Among all @entity1 with @entity453 , 58 percent had HDL @entity165 levels below the 10th percentile of normal values; however, this frequency increased to 73 percent when @entity1 with the 3.3-kb band were considered. These findings indicate that the polymorphism in the region between the @entity1675 and apolipoprotein C-III genes may be a useful marker for the risk of premature @entity453 and @entity9680 .

title: XXXX gene polymorphism associated with premature @entity453 and @entity9680 .

answer: @entity1675 :: (335,Gene) :: ['Apolipoprotein A-I']


abstract: The contents of mRNAs encoding LH beta-, FSH beta-, TSH beta- and common alpha-subunit precursor molecules were measured in food-deprived and subsequently re-fed male @entity5872 . Pituitary LH beta, FSH beta and common alpha mRNA levels were decreased by starvation, and increased to the control levels by re-feeding. The rates of decreases of LH beta and common alpha mRNA levels were greater the corresponding rate for FSH beta levels. Pituitary TSH beta mRNA levels were not decreased by starvation, but increased transitorily by re-feeding. Plasma LH and @entity1954 levels were decreased by starvation, and then increased to control levels by re-feeding, while plasma FSH and @entity1955 levels did not show significant changes. Plasma LH and FSH levels showed positive correlations with pituitary common alpha and FSH beta mRNA levels, respectively, while plasma @entity1955 levels showed a negative correlation with TSH beta mRNA levels. Hepatic weight was decreased slightly but significantly by starvation, and then showed a remarkable rebound after re-feeding was started. These results suggest that LH synthesis and secretion are more sensitive to starvation than FSH synthesis and secretion in @entity5872 , and that LH production recovered to initial levels within several days when birds were fully fed. Also, there is a possibility that the synthesis of TSH is accelerated transitorily by re-feeding. Furthermore, these results showed that there are different relationships between the plasma levels of LH, FSH, and TSH and the various hormone subunit mRNA levels. The remarkable change in hepatic weight leads us to assume that hepatic thyroid hormone metabolism is affected by starvation and re-feeding.

title: Effects of starvation and refeeding on gonadotropin and thyrotropin subunit mRNAs in male XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5872 :: ('93934', 'Species') :: ['Japanese quail']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity5872 :: (93934,Species) :: ['Japanese quail']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of surgeon specialty on disease-free survival and local control in @entity1 with @entity188 . @entity1 underwent curative treatment with neoadjuvant external beam radiotherapy and proctectomy by colorectal surgeons and noncolorectal surgeons. METHODS: The records of 384 consecutive @entity1 treated by colorectal surgeons (n = 251) and noncolorectal surgeons (n = 133) from 1977 to 1995 were reviewed independently by physicians in the Division of Radiation Oncology. Local recurrence was defined as pelvic recurrence occurring in the presence or absence of distant metastatic disease. RESULTS: The study population comprised 213 males, mean age 64 (range, 19-97) years. Preoperative radiotherapy was delivered as 4,500 cGy in 25 fractions six to eight weeks before surgery (n = 293) or 2,000 cGy in 5 fractions immediately before surgery (n = 91). Concurrent preoperative chemotherapy was given to 14 @entity1 , postoperative chemotherapy to 55. Overall actuarial disease-free survival and local control rates were 74 and 90 percent, respectively, at five years. Actuarial disease-free survival and local control rates at five years were 77 and 93 percent for colorectal surgeons vs. 68 and 84 percent for noncolorectal surgeons (P < or = 0.005 for both, Tarone-Ware). Multivariate analysis revealed that pathologic stage and background of the surgeon were the only independent predictors of disease-free survival (both P < or = 0.006, @entity797 proportional hazards) and that pathologic stage, background of the surgeon, and proximal location of the @entity5 were independent predictors of local control (all P < or = 0.02, @entity797 proportional hazards). Radiation dose and use of chemotherapy were not significant factors. Sphincter preservation was more common by colorectal surgeons (131/251, 52 percent) than noncolorectal surgeons (40/133, 30 percent; P = 0.00004, Fisher's exact test, two-tailed). CONCLUSION: Good outcome for @entity1 with @entity188 who undergo neoadjuvant external beam radiotherapy and proctectomy is associated with subspecialty training in colon and rectal surgery.

title: Surgeon specialty is associated with outcome in XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the rectum']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare surgical outcome, after low anterior resection for @entity5 with @entity694 , at two departments with a different policy regarding the use of a routine diverting stoma. METHODS: A total of 161 consecutive @entity1 with invasive @entity189 operated on between 1990 and 1997 with a total mesorectal excision and a @entity694 were included in the study. Eighty @entity1 were operated on in a surgical unit using routine defunctioning stomas (96 percent), whereas 81 were operated on in a department in which diversion was rarely used (5 percent). Recorded data with respect to surgical outcome were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: There was no difference between the two centers in postoperative mortality in connection with the primary resection and subsequent stoma reversal (3.7 vs. 3.8 percent). No significant difference could be found in the number of @entity1 with @entity530 ( @entity834 ; 9 vs.12 percent). Surgical outcome in @entity1 with @entity530 was also similar. The frequency of reoperations associated with the anterior resection and subsequent stoma reversal was identical (14 percent). The total hospital stay (primary operation and stoma reversal) was significantly longer with than without a routine stoma (17 (range, 2-59) vs. 12 (range, 5-55) days, respectively; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the routine use of diversion does not protect the @entity1 from anastomotic complications or @entity530 and its use requires a second admission for closure.

title: Defunctioning stoma in low anterior resection with colonic pouch for XXXX : a comparison between two hospitals with a different policy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leaks']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic sepsis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic J-pouch']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and prognosis of a moderate increase in serum @entity1011 early after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital. @entity1 : Five hundred and ninety-one consecutive adult @entity1 operated on for cardiac surgery during 1 year. INTERVENTIONS: Plasma @entity1011 was measured systematically before and during the first 3 days after surgery. Comorbid events were assessed as @entity881 (cardiac, pulmonary, hematologic, and neurologic), allowing us to calculate for each @entity1 a dysfunction score (0-5). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Postoperative plasma @entity1011 increased by > or =20% in 15.6% of @entity1 ; eight of these required dialysis. A 20% increase in plasma @entity1011 was associated with other @entity881 in 79.3% of @entity1 . Overall mortality rate was 2.7% and increased with the dysfunction score (17.7% for a dysfunction score > or =3). Mortality rate was 12.0% for @entity1 who had 20% increased plasma @entity1011 with other @entity881 but was 0% for @entity1 without other @entity881 . A logistic regression analysis revealed that the most important prognostic factors of @entity204 were @entity299 (odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-32.5) and the association of @entity8 (odds ratio = 12.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.9-37.2). Mean intensive care unit stay of @entity1 with increased plasma @entity1011 was significantly longer (8.1 +/- 5.6 vs. 4.3 +/- 1.4 days, p <.01) and increased significantly with the dysfunction score (p <.01). @entity1 with isolated increased plasma @entity1011 had a significantly longer stay in the intensive care unit than @entity1 without any @entity881 (4.6 +/- 1.4 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.9, p <.01). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a postoperative 20% increase in plasma @entity1011 after cardiac surgery is not rare and has a significant impact on postoperative outcome, mainly when multiple @entity881 occurs. Any preoperative reduced renal reserve or perioperative @entity8 increases the renal risk.

title: Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of a moderate increase in plasma XXXX early after cardiac surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischemia', 'renal dysfunction and hematologic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['organ dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1011 :: (MESH:D003404,Chemical) :: ['creatinine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility, safety, and outcome of laparoscopic liver resection for @entity96 . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The precise role of laparoscopy in resection of @entity409 ( @entity157 [ @entity157 ] and liver @entity3 ) remains controversial despite an increasing number of publications reporting laparoscopic resection of @entity96 . METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 11 surgical centers in Europe regarding their experience with laparoscopic resection of @entity409 . Detailed questionnaires were sent to each surgeon focusing on @entity1 characteristics, clinical data, type and characteristics of the @entity5 , technical details of the operation, and early and late clinical outcome. All @entity1 had radiologic investigations at follow-up to exclude disease recurrence. RESULTS: From February 1994 to December 2000, 37 @entity1 with @entity96 were included in this study. Ten @entity1 had @entity157 , including 9 with cirrhotic liver, and 27 @entity1 had liver @entity3 . The mean @entity5 size was 3.3 cm, and 89% of the @entity5 were located in the left lobe or in the anterior segments of the right liver. Liver procedures included 12 wedge resections, 9 segmentectomies, 14 bisegmentectomies (including 13 left lateral segmentectomies), and 2 major hepatectomies. The transfusion rate, the use of pedicular clamping, the conversion rate (13.5% in the whole series), and the complication rate were significantly greater in @entity1 with @entity157 . There were no deaths. @entity260 occurred in eight @entity1 (22%). The surgical margin was less than 1 cm in 30% of the @entity1 . During a mean follow-up of 14 months, the 2-year disease-free survival was 44% for @entity1 with @entity157 and 53% for @entity1 having hepatic @entity3 from @entity14 . No port-site @entity3 were observed during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with small @entity5 , located in the left lateral segments or in the anterior segments of the right liver, laparoscopic resection is feasible and safe. The complication rate is low, except in @entity1 with @entity157 on cirrhotic liver. By using laparoscopic ultrasound, a 1-cm free surgical margin should be routinely obtained. The late outcome needs to be evaluated in expert centers.

title: Laparoscopic liver resection for XXXX : preliminary results of a multicenter European study.

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['malignant liver tumors', 'benign liver tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver malignancies']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['malignant liver tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the performance of helical CT as an aid in the preoperative diagnosis of the spread of @entity189 of the gallbladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed both hard-copy and soft-copy (on a monitor with multiplanar reconstruction capability) versions of helical CT scans (3-mm collimation and 3-mm reconstruction) of 21 @entity1 who had undergone surgical resection for @entity189 of the gallbladder. The local spread of the disease was evaluated according to the @entity2802 system, and the results were correlated to the pathologic findings. Inter- and intraobserver differences were checked with kappa statistics. Results of the consensus interpretations were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of helical CT. RESULTS: No significant inter- or intraobserver differences were found in any T category evaluation. The sensitivities of the hard-copy consensus interpretations in the diagnosis of T1, T2, T3, and T4 lesions were 33%, 64%, 80%, and 100%, respectively; specificities of hard-copy interpretations were 94%, 80%, 81%, and 95%, respectively. For soft-copy (monitor) consensus interpretations, the sensitivities for the diagnosis of T1, T2, T3, and T4 lesions were 33%, 73%, 80%, and 100%, respectively; the specificities of soft-copy interpretations were 94%, 80%, 88%, and 95%, respectively. Overall accuracy of the hard-copy interpretation was 83%; the overall accuracy of the soft-copy interpretation was not significantly different-86%. CONCLUSION: Helical CT provided 83-86% accuracy in the diagnosis of the local extent of @entity189 of the gallbladder, showing acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the T2 and more advanced lesions but poor sensitivity for the T1 lesions. Use of a monitor with multiplanar reconstructions of the CT data did not significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy.

title: Helical CT of the local spread of carcinoma of the gallbladder: evaluation according to the XXXX system in @entity1 who underwent surgical resection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

answer: @entity2802 :: (10178,Gene) :: ['TNM']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the performance of helical CT as an aid in the preoperative diagnosis of the spread of @entity189 of the gallbladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed both hard-copy and soft-copy (on a monitor with multiplanar reconstruction capability) versions of helical CT scans (3-mm collimation and 3-mm reconstruction) of 21 @entity1 who had undergone surgical resection for @entity189 of the gallbladder. The local spread of the disease was evaluated according to the @entity2802 system, and the results were correlated to the pathologic findings. Inter- and intraobserver differences were checked with kappa statistics. Results of the consensus interpretations were used to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of helical CT. RESULTS: No significant inter- or intraobserver differences were found in any T category evaluation. The sensitivities of the hard-copy consensus interpretations in the diagnosis of T1, T2, T3, and T4 lesions were 33%, 64%, 80%, and 100%, respectively; specificities of hard-copy interpretations were 94%, 80%, 81%, and 95%, respectively. For soft-copy (monitor) consensus interpretations, the sensitivities for the diagnosis of T1, T2, T3, and T4 lesions were 33%, 73%, 80%, and 100%, respectively; the specificities of soft-copy interpretations were 94%, 80%, 88%, and 95%, respectively. Overall accuracy of the hard-copy interpretation was 83%; the overall accuracy of the soft-copy interpretation was not significantly different-86%. CONCLUSION: Helical CT provided 83-86% accuracy in the diagnosis of the local extent of @entity189 of the gallbladder, showing acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the T2 and more advanced lesions but poor sensitivity for the T1 lesions. Use of a monitor with multiplanar reconstructions of the CT data did not significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy.

title: Helical CT of the local spread of carcinoma of the gallbladder: evaluation according to the @entity2802 system in XXXX who underwent surgical resection.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Allogeneic mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells instead of bone marrow are increasingly used to restore hematopoiesis after myeloablative therapy. Data supporting this important change of clinical practice are scarce. We therefore assigned @entity1 with @entity1778 to peripheral blood or bone marrow transplantation; the occurrence of @entity2132 , survival, transplantation-related mortality, and relapse rates were compared. A total of 350 @entity1 between 18 and 55 years of age with @entity3052 in @entity1860 in first chronic phase were randomized to receive either filgrastim-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells or bone marrow cells from HLA-identical sibling donors after standard high-dose chemoradiotherapy. Neutrophil and platelet recovery occurred significantly faster after transplantation of peripheral blood progenitor cells than after bone marrow transplantation. Acute graft versus host disease of grades II-IV was significantly more frequent in recipients of peripheral blood progenitor cells than in recipients of marrow cells (52% vs 39%, odds ratio 1.74, 95% confidence interval 1.12-2.69, P =.013). The cumulative incidence of @entity2132 was 67% with peripheral blood progenitor cells and 54% with bone marrow cells (hazard ratio 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.15-2.42, P =.0066). The estimated overall probability of survival at 2 years was 65% with either source of stem cells (hazard ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 0.79-1.67, P =.46). Disease-free survival, transplantation-related mortality at day 100, and relapse rates did not significantly differ between treatment arms. Peripheral blood is an equivalent source of hematopoietic stem cells compared with bone marrow if administered to @entity1 with @entity1778 . Long-term observation of @entity1 with different diseases and stages of disease is necessary to ultimately define the role of both sources of stem cells.

title: Transplantation of mobilized peripheral blood cells to HLA-identical siblings with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemias']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['standard-risk leukemias', 'early leukemias']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['chronic graft versus host disease', 'acute and chronic graft versus host disease']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['remission or chronic myelogenous leukemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['standard-risk leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prognostic markers for @entity788 , such as CEA, CA19-9, ploidy analysis, and S-phase determination using flow cytometry, have not been consistently predictive. We chose to evaluate nuclear proliferation, as measured by the @entity1758 monoclonal antibody and digital image analysis, as a prognostic marker in @entity3123 , and compare the findings with DNA ploidy and S-phase analysis. @entity1758 identifies the Ki67 antigen present in nuclei of cells in all phases of the cell cycle except G0. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 33 @entity1 with @entity788 resected for cure between 1989 and 1994 with available fixed tissue. Sectioned tissue was stained with @entity1758 , and the number of positively stained nuclei determined and expressed as a @entity1758 @entity894 ( @entity894 ) by quantitative image analysis. Disaggregated nuclei were analyzed by flow cytometry using standard techniques. RESULTS: @entity1758 @entity894 for @entity788 was heterogeneous within and between @entity5 . The @entity1758 @entity894 for the @entity5 was 28 +/- 15 (median 29). There was no correlation between survival and @entity1758 expression (R(2) = 0.03). Likewise, there was no correlation between @entity1758 @entity894 and percentage of cells in S-phase, G(2)/M, or total proliferating cells (S+G(2)/M; R(2) = 0.01), nor was there a difference between @entity1758 @entity894 and ploidy (P = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in our @entity1 population, nuclear proliferation in @entity788 , as determined by expression of Ki67 nuclear antigen, does not appear to correlate with survival and is not a useful prognostic marker. Despite intuitive thoughts to the contrary, there is no correlation between cell cycle analysis as determined by flow cytometry and Ki67 expression in @entity788 . Current methods of assessing prognosis after curative resection of @entity788 , including lymph node and margin status, @entity5 size, and possibly DNA ploidy as determined by flow cytometry, are not augmented by the assessment of nuclear proliferation by image analysis using the @entity1758 monoclonal antibody.

title: Analysis of Ki-67 antigen expression, DNA proliferative fraction, and survival in resected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the pancreas', 'pancreatic cancer', 'pancreas cancer', 'pancreas cancers', 'pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['labeling index', 'LI']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['cancer of the pancreas']


abstract: Functional indices of distal urinary acidification were assessed in two male @entity1 , aged 1 and 3 months, with @entity774 . In both cases the diagnosis was sustained by the presence of elevated plasma levels of @entity4418 , @entity2753 , @entity4144 , @entity520 and increased plasma @entity916 activity. Both @entity1 were unable to lower urinary pH below 5.9 either during acute @entity5819 -induced @entity520 or after i.v. administration of @entity1483 . One @entity1 also failed to decrease urine pH below 5.5 and to increase urinary @entity972 excretion during @entity2397 infusion. Oral @entity4388 loading was given to both @entity1 but failed to induce a significant increase in the urine minus blood PCO2 gradient. This gradient remained low also after neutral @entity1391 administration. Repeated studies after acute administration of @entity7842 in one case or after prolonged administration of @entity701 in the other resulted in complete normalization of all functional studies. We conclude that @entity774 can lead to @entity8 in early infancy. The defective renal secretion of @entity3884 ion and @entity972 is probably related to the abolishment of the negative potential difference in the cortical collecting tubule induced by the impaired reabsorption of @entity1372 .

title: XXXX in @entity774 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'infants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity2397 :: ('MESH:C012036', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium sulfate']

entities_list: @entity4418 :: ('MESH:D019326', 'Chemical') :: ['17-hydroxyprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis', 'metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity5819 :: ('MESH:D000643', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium chloride']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity7842 :: ('MESH:D005438', 'Chemical') :: ['fludrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

entities_list: @entity4144 :: ('MESH:D006947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemia']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis']


abstract: Functional indices of distal urinary acidification were assessed in two male @entity1 , aged 1 and 3 months, with @entity774 . In both cases the diagnosis was sustained by the presence of elevated plasma levels of @entity4418 , @entity2753 , @entity4144 , @entity520 and increased plasma @entity916 activity. Both @entity1 were unable to lower urinary pH below 5.9 either during acute @entity5819 -induced @entity520 or after i.v. administration of @entity1483 . One @entity1 also failed to decrease urine pH below 5.5 and to increase urinary @entity972 excretion during @entity2397 infusion. Oral @entity4388 loading was given to both @entity1 but failed to induce a significant increase in the urine minus blood PCO2 gradient. This gradient remained low also after neutral @entity1391 administration. Repeated studies after acute administration of @entity7842 in one case or after prolonged administration of @entity701 in the other resulted in complete normalization of all functional studies. We conclude that @entity774 can lead to @entity8 in early infancy. The defective renal secretion of @entity3884 ion and @entity972 is probably related to the abolishment of the negative potential difference in the cortical collecting tubule induced by the impaired reabsorption of @entity1372 .

title: @entity8 in XXXX .

answer: @entity774 :: (MESH:D000312,Disease) :: ['salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia']


abstract: @entity404 + T cells that constitutively express @entity2902 exhibit powerful suppressive properties. Such cells have been denominated regulatory T cells (T(R)). Alterations in T(R)cells are known to cause organ-specific @entity792 in animal models. The aim of this work was to quantify @entity404 + @entity2902 + T cells in @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). Thirty untreated @entity1 (ten with active disease) and ten healthy volunteers were studied. Flow cytometry was used to quantify cell populations. @entity404 + @entity7986 +, @entity404 + @entity2902 + and @entity404 + @entity2902 (bright) cells were considered. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures were performed and supernatants collected for @entity688 and 12 measurement. @entity404 + @entity2902 + cells were significantly decreased in @entity1 with active disease when compared to control subjects and @entity1 without disease activity (P<0.001). @entity404 + @entity7986 + cells were increased in @entity1 with active disease when compared to controls (P=0.041). Accordingly, @entity404 + @entity2902 (bright) cells were decreased in @entity1 with active disease compared to healthy subjects (P<0.001). IL-12 production was hampered in cells from @entity1 during periods of active disease when compared to healthy controls and @entity1 during remission (P<0.001). We observed a correlation between decreased T(R)number and reduced IL-12 mononuclear cell production (r=0.362, P=0.05). This work demonstrates that @entity404 + @entity2902 + T cells are decreased in @entity1 with clinically active @entity1252 .

title: Quantification of regulatory T cells in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: @entity404 + T cells that constitutively express @entity2902 exhibit powerful suppressive properties. Such cells have been denominated regulatory T cells (T(R)). Alterations in T(R)cells are known to cause organ-specific @entity792 in animal models. The aim of this work was to quantify @entity404 + @entity2902 + T cells in @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). Thirty untreated @entity1 (ten with active disease) and ten healthy volunteers were studied. Flow cytometry was used to quantify cell populations. @entity404 + @entity7986 +, @entity404 + @entity2902 + and @entity404 + @entity2902 (bright) cells were considered. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures were performed and supernatants collected for @entity688 and 12 measurement. @entity404 + @entity2902 + cells were significantly decreased in @entity1 with active disease when compared to control subjects and @entity1 without disease activity (P<0.001). @entity404 + @entity7986 + cells were increased in @entity1 with active disease when compared to controls (P=0.041). Accordingly, @entity404 + @entity2902 (bright) cells were decreased in @entity1 with active disease compared to healthy subjects (P<0.001). IL-12 production was hampered in cells from @entity1 during periods of active disease when compared to healthy controls and @entity1 during remission (P<0.001). We observed a correlation between decreased T(R)number and reduced IL-12 mononuclear cell production (r=0.362, P=0.05). This work demonstrates that @entity404 + @entity2902 + T cells are decreased in @entity1 with clinically active @entity1252 .

title: Quantification of regulatory T cells in XXXX with @entity1252 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of benign biliary stricture caused by bile duct @entity130 . METHODS: A model of @entity130 of the common bile duct was established in 28 @entity235 and then repaired. The anastomotic tissues were taken on 3 days, 1 week, 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months respectively after operation and examined by using light microscopy and electromicroscopy. Macrophage, @entity30913 ( @entity30913 ) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) were studied immunohistochemically. RESULTS: The mucosal epithelium of the common bile duct restored poorly, chronic @entity32 lasted for a long time, fibroblasts proliferated actively, extracellular matrix overdeposited, and myofibroblasts functioned actively during the whole healing process. Immunohistochemical test showed a high expression of macrophage, @entity30913 and alpha-SMA during the healing process lasting a long duration. Macrophages were found in the lamina propria under mucosa, @entity30913 in the granular tissue, fibroblasts and endothelial cells of blood vessels, while alpha-SMA in the myofibroblasts and smooth muscle tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The healing of the bile duct is in the mode of overhealing. Myofibroblast is the main cause for contracture of scar and stricture of the bile duct. The high expression of macrophage, @entity30913 and alpha-SMA is closely related to active proliferation of fibroblasts, extracellular matrix overdeposition and scar contracture of the bile duct.

title: Microstructural and ultrastructural changes in the healing process of bile duct XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity30913 :: ('403998(Tax:9615)', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor beta 1', 'TGF-beta1']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: The soluble @entity2125 -linked hydrogenase of @entity18394 H16 is a tetramer consisting of 4 non-identical subunits with molecular weights of 63,000, 56,000, 30,000 and 26,000. Conditions have been elaborated to separate and isolate each of these subunits as a single polypeptide by a preparative scale of @entity2975 gel electrophoresis in the presence of @entity3208 ( @entity214 ). Against each of the 4 subunits, polyclonal antibodies were produced. From the crude sera isolated from rabbits, the antibodies (IgG fractions) were purified by Protein A-Sepharose chromatography. By the double immunodiffusion method, comparison of the 4 types of subunits revealed that they are in fact different polypeptides. Subunit 1 (Mr = 63,000) and subunit 2 (Mr = 56,000) only reacted with their own specific antibodies and showed no cross-reaction whatsoever with the antibodies raised against the other subunits. The only immunological relationship among the different subunits was observed with subunit 3 (Mr = 30,000) and subunit 4 (Mr = 26,000); the type of cross-reaction indicated that they are partially identical. A. eutrophus H16 contains, in addition to the soluble hydrogenase, a membrane-bound hydrogenase which is a dimer composed of 2 subunits with Mr of 61,000 and 30,000. Whereas the 2 native enzymes did not show any immunological cross-reaction with the respective antibodies, it was demonstrated by double immunofluorescence labeling on nitrocellulose filters that the larger subunit of the membrane-bound hydrogenase cross-reacted significantly with the antibodies raised against subunit 2 of the soluble hydrogenase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Isolation and immunological characterization of the four non-identical subunits of the soluble @entity2125 -linked hydrogenase from XXXX H16.

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecylsulfate']

entities_list: @entity18394 :: ('106590', 'Species') :: ['Alcaligenes eutrophus']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity18394 :: (106590,Species) :: ['Alcaligenes eutrophus']


abstract: The soluble @entity2125 -linked hydrogenase of @entity18394 H16 is a tetramer consisting of 4 non-identical subunits with molecular weights of 63,000, 56,000, 30,000 and 26,000. Conditions have been elaborated to separate and isolate each of these subunits as a single polypeptide by a preparative scale of @entity2975 gel electrophoresis in the presence of @entity3208 ( @entity214 ). Against each of the 4 subunits, polyclonal antibodies were produced. From the crude sera isolated from rabbits, the antibodies (IgG fractions) were purified by Protein A-Sepharose chromatography. By the double immunodiffusion method, comparison of the 4 types of subunits revealed that they are in fact different polypeptides. Subunit 1 (Mr = 63,000) and subunit 2 (Mr = 56,000) only reacted with their own specific antibodies and showed no cross-reaction whatsoever with the antibodies raised against the other subunits. The only immunological relationship among the different subunits was observed with subunit 3 (Mr = 30,000) and subunit 4 (Mr = 26,000); the type of cross-reaction indicated that they are partially identical. A. eutrophus H16 contains, in addition to the soluble hydrogenase, a membrane-bound hydrogenase which is a dimer composed of 2 subunits with Mr of 61,000 and 30,000. Whereas the 2 native enzymes did not show any immunological cross-reaction with the respective antibodies, it was demonstrated by double immunofluorescence labeling on nitrocellulose filters that the larger subunit of the membrane-bound hydrogenase cross-reacted significantly with the antibodies raised against subunit 2 of the soluble hydrogenase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Isolation and immunological characterization of the four non-identical subunits of the soluble XXXX -linked hydrogenase from @entity18394 H16.

answer: @entity2125 :: (MESH:D009243,Chemical) :: ['NAD']


abstract: Assembly of compact mitotic chromosomes and resolution of sister chromatids are two essential processes for the correct segregation of the genome during mitosis. Condensin, a five-subunit protein complex, is thought to be required for chromosome condensation. However, recent genetic analysis suggests that condensin is only essential to resolve sister chromatids. To study further the function of condensin we have depleted @entity70954 , a subunit of the complex, from @entity238 S2 cells by dsRNA-mediated interference. Cells lacking @entity70954 assemble short mitotic chromosomes with unresolved sister chromatids where Barren, a non-SMC subunit of the complex is unable to localise. @entity61717 , however, binds mitotic chromatin after depletion of @entity70954 but it is no longer confined to a central axial structure and becomes diffusely distributed all over the chromatin. Furthermore, cell extracts from @entity70954 dsRNA-treated cells show significantly reduced @entity61717 -dependent DNA decatenation activity in vitro. Nevertheless, @entity70954 -depleted chromosomes have centromeres and kinetochores that are able to segregate, although sister chromatid arms form extensive chromatin bridges during anaphase. These chromatin bridges do not result from inappropriate maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion by @entity70955 , a subunit of the @entity70955 complex. Moreover, depletion of @entity70954 prevents premature sister chromatid separation, caused by removal of @entity70955 , allowing cells to exit mitosis with chromatin bridges. Our results suggest that condensin is required so that an axial chromatid structure can be organised where @entity61717 can effectively promote sister chromatid resolution.

title: Condensin-dependent localisation of XXXX to an axial chromosomal structure is required for sister chromatid resolution during mitosis.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

entities_list: @entity61717 :: ('35225(Tax:7227)', 'Gene') :: ['topoisomerase II', 'Topoisomerase II']

answer: @entity61717 :: (35225(Tax:7227),Gene) :: ['topoisomerase II']


abstract: PURPOSE: The Sysmex SE-9000 cell counter provides an estimate of immature cells referred to as @entity1583 ( @entity1583 ). @entity1583 counts should correlate with @entity2280 + counts in mobilized peripheral blood and apheresis to allow optimization of apheresis timing. METHODS: We correlated the @entity1583 counts as measured in the immature information channel with @entity2280 + cell levels as determined by FACS (HPCA-2 antibody, Becton Dickinson) from mobilized peripheral blood in 40 samples (27 @entity1 and three healthy donors) and in aphereses ( n=113, 41 @entity1 and 20 healthy donors). RESULTS: In mobilized blood, @entity1583 counts were correlated with @entity2280 + cells ( r=0.78, P<0.0001, n=40). The @entity1583 counts were about 1.5-fold higher than @entity2280 + cell counts with a median (range) of 84 (1-747)/microl and 57 (1-370)/microl, respectively. In @entity2280 + selected cell preparations ( n=8), @entity1583 counts were about fourfold lower than @entity2280 + cell counts with a median (range) of 179 (67-693)/microl and 760 (191-4309)/microl, respectively. In apheresis preparations, linear regression analyses were performed for the group of stem cell donors ( n=44), the group of @entity706 @entity1 ( n=23), the multiple @entity1582 group ( n=21), and the group of solid @entity5 ( n=25). Interestingly, no correlation between @entity1583 counts and @entity2280 + cell counts was found in the @entity1261 -mobilized healthy donor group ( r=0.23, P=0.13). Pairing of @entity1583 counts and @entity2280 + counts was effective in the group of @entity1 receiving chemotherapy + @entity1261 for stem cell mobilization: @entity706 group ( r=0.67, P=0.0005), multiple @entity1582 group ( r=0.56, P=0.008), and the group of solid @entity5 ( r=0.52, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Lymphoma and multiple @entity1582 @entity1 who were moderately pretreated and mobilized with chemotherapy and @entity1261 showed the best results in correlation analyses even at low @entity1583 counts. Therefore, @entity1583 measurement can be used for timing of apheresis in these @entity1 .

title: Correlations between hematopoietic progenitor cell counts as measured by Sysmex and XXXX + cell harvest yields following mobilization with different regimens.

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['HPC', 'hematopoietic progenitor cells']

answer: @entity2280 :: (947,Gene) :: ['CD34']