abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the prophylactic effect of low-dose @entity619 (5 mg) on @entity1209 ( @entity1209 ) in @entity1 undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic surgery. @entity1769 and saline served as controls. METHODS: One hundred twenty @entity1 (n=40 in each of the three groups) undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation under general anesthesia were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. After tracheal intubation, group I received i.v. @entity619 5 mg, whereas groups II and III received i.v. @entity1769 10 mg and saline, respectively. RESULTS: @entity1 in group I reported a lower incidence of @entity1209 and requested less rescue antiemetics than those in group III during the first four postoperative hours (P <0.01). @entity1 in group I reported a lower incidence of @entity1209 than those in groups II (P <0.05) and III (P <0.01) during the 24-hr postoperative period. Groups II and III did not differ from each other in the incidence of @entity1209 and the proportion of @entity1 who requested rescue antiemetics. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic iv @entity619 5 mg significantly reduces the incidence of @entity1209 in @entity1 undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation. At this dose, @entity619 is more effective than @entity1769 10 mg or placebo.

title: Low-dose XXXX effectively prevents @entity1209 after ambulatory laparoscopic surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['Metoclopramide', 'metoclopramide']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['PONV', 'postoperative nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the prophylactic effect of low-dose @entity619 (5 mg) on @entity1209 ( @entity1209 ) in @entity1 undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic surgery. @entity1769 and saline served as controls. METHODS: One hundred twenty @entity1 (n=40 in each of the three groups) undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation under general anesthesia were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. After tracheal intubation, group I received i.v. @entity619 5 mg, whereas groups II and III received i.v. @entity1769 10 mg and saline, respectively. RESULTS: @entity1 in group I reported a lower incidence of @entity1209 and requested less rescue antiemetics than those in group III during the first four postoperative hours (P <0.01). @entity1 in group I reported a lower incidence of @entity1209 than those in groups II (P <0.05) and III (P <0.01) during the 24-hr postoperative period. Groups II and III did not differ from each other in the incidence of @entity1209 and the proportion of @entity1 who requested rescue antiemetics. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic iv @entity619 5 mg significantly reduces the incidence of @entity1209 in @entity1 undergoing ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation. At this dose, @entity619 is more effective than @entity1769 10 mg or placebo.

title: Low-dose @entity619 effectively prevents XXXX after ambulatory laparoscopic surgery.

answer: @entity1209 :: (MESH:D020250,Disease) :: ['postoperative nausea and vomiting']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recurrent @entity850 after extended end-to-end @entity254 for @entity1498 is the primary indication for further interventions in @entity1 . Tension because of the extended resection and local arterial wall @entity519 are possible pathogenetic mechanisms. We hypothesized that (1) @entity2701 interferes with healing and (2) that @entity94 ( @entity94 ), a @entity519 sensitive angiogenic inducer, may enhance healing of the vascular @entity254 . METHODS AND RESULTS: In a model of @entity1498 repair, @entity95 underwent thoracic aortic end-to-end @entity254 after transection (no- @entity2701 ; n=15), resection of an aortic ring ( @entity2701 ; n=14) or resection and topical @entity94 treatment (0.75 microg @entity1655 ; @entity2701 + @entity94 ; n=14). Gross and histologic characteristics of the aortic wall were assessed at 1 week, 1 and 2 months. In the @entity2701 only group at 1 month, the severity of vascular remodeling was increased with @entity82 and @entity730 compared with controls. At 2 months, this group also revealed @entity850 (29% versus 19%; P<0.001). Exogenous @entity94 resulted in significantly less @entity82 , @entity730 and chondroid metaplasia at 1 month (P<0.05) and luminal area was only reduced 3% at 2 months (P<0.001 versus @entity2701 group). CONCLUSIONS: In a @entity95 model of @entity1498 repair, the addition of @entity2701 on the vascular @entity254 resulted in poor healing and luminal @entity850 . Topical @entity94 maintained luminal integrity by decreasing @entity82 and @entity730 . These findings suggest that topical @entity94 may be a promising new strategy to enhance healing and improve the outcome of vascular anastomoses for @entity1498 .

title: Topical @entity94 enhances healing of thoracic aortic XXXX for @entity1498 in a @entity95 model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta', 'aortic coarctation', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity94 :: ('100008899(Tax:9986)', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'vascular endothelial growth factor']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['more luminal stenosis', 'stenosis']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recurrent @entity850 after extended end-to-end @entity254 for @entity1498 is the primary indication for further interventions in @entity1 . Tension because of the extended resection and local arterial wall @entity519 are possible pathogenetic mechanisms. We hypothesized that (1) @entity2701 interferes with healing and (2) that @entity94 ( @entity94 ), a @entity519 sensitive angiogenic inducer, may enhance healing of the vascular @entity254 . METHODS AND RESULTS: In a model of @entity1498 repair, @entity95 underwent thoracic aortic end-to-end @entity254 after transection (no- @entity2701 ; n=15), resection of an aortic ring ( @entity2701 ; n=14) or resection and topical @entity94 treatment (0.75 microg @entity1655 ; @entity2701 + @entity94 ; n=14). Gross and histologic characteristics of the aortic wall were assessed at 1 week, 1 and 2 months. In the @entity2701 only group at 1 month, the severity of vascular remodeling was increased with @entity82 and @entity730 compared with controls. At 2 months, this group also revealed @entity850 (29% versus 19%; P<0.001). Exogenous @entity94 resulted in significantly less @entity82 , @entity730 and chondroid metaplasia at 1 month (P<0.05) and luminal area was only reduced 3% at 2 months (P<0.001 versus @entity2701 group). CONCLUSIONS: In a @entity95 model of @entity1498 repair, the addition of @entity2701 on the vascular @entity254 resulted in poor healing and luminal @entity850 . Topical @entity94 maintained luminal integrity by decreasing @entity82 and @entity730 . These findings suggest that topical @entity94 may be a promising new strategy to enhance healing and improve the outcome of vascular anastomoses for @entity1498 .

title: Topical @entity94 enhances healing of thoracic aortic @entity254 for @entity1498 in a XXXX model.

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recurrent @entity850 after extended end-to-end @entity254 for @entity1498 is the primary indication for further interventions in @entity1 . Tension because of the extended resection and local arterial wall @entity519 are possible pathogenetic mechanisms. We hypothesized that (1) @entity2701 interferes with healing and (2) that @entity94 ( @entity94 ), a @entity519 sensitive angiogenic inducer, may enhance healing of the vascular @entity254 . METHODS AND RESULTS: In a model of @entity1498 repair, @entity95 underwent thoracic aortic end-to-end @entity254 after transection (no- @entity2701 ; n=15), resection of an aortic ring ( @entity2701 ; n=14) or resection and topical @entity94 treatment (0.75 microg @entity1655 ; @entity2701 + @entity94 ; n=14). Gross and histologic characteristics of the aortic wall were assessed at 1 week, 1 and 2 months. In the @entity2701 only group at 1 month, the severity of vascular remodeling was increased with @entity82 and @entity730 compared with controls. At 2 months, this group also revealed @entity850 (29% versus 19%; P<0.001). Exogenous @entity94 resulted in significantly less @entity82 , @entity730 and chondroid metaplasia at 1 month (P<0.05) and luminal area was only reduced 3% at 2 months (P<0.001 versus @entity2701 group). CONCLUSIONS: In a @entity95 model of @entity1498 repair, the addition of @entity2701 on the vascular @entity254 resulted in poor healing and luminal @entity850 . Topical @entity94 maintained luminal integrity by decreasing @entity82 and @entity730 . These findings suggest that topical @entity94 may be a promising new strategy to enhance healing and improve the outcome of vascular anastomoses for @entity1498 .

title: Topical @entity94 enhances healing of thoracic aortic @entity254 for XXXX in a @entity95 model.

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['coarctation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recurrent @entity850 after extended end-to-end @entity254 for @entity1498 is the primary indication for further interventions in @entity1 . Tension because of the extended resection and local arterial wall @entity519 are possible pathogenetic mechanisms. We hypothesized that (1) @entity2701 interferes with healing and (2) that @entity94 ( @entity94 ), a @entity519 sensitive angiogenic inducer, may enhance healing of the vascular @entity254 . METHODS AND RESULTS: In a model of @entity1498 repair, @entity95 underwent thoracic aortic end-to-end @entity254 after transection (no- @entity2701 ; n=15), resection of an aortic ring ( @entity2701 ; n=14) or resection and topical @entity94 treatment (0.75 microg @entity1655 ; @entity2701 + @entity94 ; n=14). Gross and histologic characteristics of the aortic wall were assessed at 1 week, 1 and 2 months. In the @entity2701 only group at 1 month, the severity of vascular remodeling was increased with @entity82 and @entity730 compared with controls. At 2 months, this group also revealed @entity850 (29% versus 19%; P<0.001). Exogenous @entity94 resulted in significantly less @entity82 , @entity730 and chondroid metaplasia at 1 month (P<0.05) and luminal area was only reduced 3% at 2 months (P<0.001 versus @entity2701 group). CONCLUSIONS: In a @entity95 model of @entity1498 repair, the addition of @entity2701 on the vascular @entity254 resulted in poor healing and luminal @entity850 . Topical @entity94 maintained luminal integrity by decreasing @entity82 and @entity730 . These findings suggest that topical @entity94 may be a promising new strategy to enhance healing and improve the outcome of vascular anastomoses for @entity1498 .

title: Topical XXXX enhances healing of thoracic aortic @entity254 for @entity1498 in a @entity95 model.

answer: @entity94 :: (100008899(Tax:9986),Gene) :: ['VEGF']


abstract: @entity5 after childhood @entity5 is a well-known complication. However, frequency differs considerably according to the types of primary @entity5 and the specifics of therapy. Ten @entity1 with a second @entity5 after being cured of the @entity5 are described. There were 2 @entity1 with @entity981 , one with @entity1893 , and one with @entity0 after @entity978 . Two @entity1 with heritable @entity995 developed @entity421 in the irradiation field after a latent period of 7 and 14 years respectively. There was another @entity421 in a @entity3969 survivor. One @entity1 with @entity981 developed a secondary AML 10 years after achieving initial remission, and a @entity1653 was diagnosed in another @entity1 with cured @entity981 . One @entity1 died of peritoneal sarcomatosis of unknown origin 20 years after the diagnosis of @entity3052 . All @entity1 received radiotherapy for the primary @entity5 . @entity5 in other @entity1 were probably missed because they occurred in adulthood when the @entity1 were transferred to other medical centres. It is impossible to trace these @entity1 because central registration of @entity1 with @entity5 is lacking. It is therefore important to establish a central @entity5 registry for the whole of Switzerland. @entity5 after @entity5 is not a rare event and requires long-term follow-up of @entity1 with @entity5 .

title: [Insufficient understanding of second XXXX after childhood @entity5 in Switzerland].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Second malignancy', 'cancer', 'Secondary neoplasms', 'childhood cancer', 'primary tumor', 'neoplasms', 'malignancy', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ["Wilms' tumor"]

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningioma']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcomas', 'osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: @entity5 after childhood @entity5 is a well-known complication. However, frequency differs considerably according to the types of primary @entity5 and the specifics of therapy. Ten @entity1 with a second @entity5 after being cured of the @entity5 are described. There were 2 @entity1 with @entity981 , one with @entity1893 , and one with @entity0 after @entity978 . Two @entity1 with heritable @entity995 developed @entity421 in the irradiation field after a latent period of 7 and 14 years respectively. There was another @entity421 in a @entity3969 survivor. One @entity1 with @entity981 developed a secondary AML 10 years after achieving initial remission, and a @entity1653 was diagnosed in another @entity1 with cured @entity981 . One @entity1 died of peritoneal sarcomatosis of unknown origin 20 years after the diagnosis of @entity3052 . All @entity1 received radiotherapy for the primary @entity5 . @entity5 in other @entity1 were probably missed because they occurred in adulthood when the @entity1 were transferred to other medical centres. It is impossible to trace these @entity1 because central registration of @entity1 with @entity5 is lacking. It is therefore important to establish a central @entity5 registry for the whole of Switzerland. @entity5 after @entity5 is not a rare event and requires long-term follow-up of @entity1 with @entity5 .

title: [Insufficient understanding of second @entity5 after childhood XXXX in Switzerland].

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasms']


abstract: The etiological role of @entity34 ( @entity34 ), some of them such as permanent hair dyes containing @entity17072 , in the development of @entity1252 has been previously ruled out. However, the possible influence of @entity34 use on the course and prognosis of @entity1252 @entity1 has been assessed only in one short-term study. Since @entity34 is very extensive among the population, the knowledge of this possible negative effect may be very important. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the long-term influence of several HDTs on the course and clinical severity of @entity1 with both @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and @entity3830 ( @entity3830 ). In this longitudinal case series study, 91 @entity1252 @entity1 and 22 @entity3830 @entity1 were prospectively studied from October 1988 to May 2000. They were divided into three groups: (a) non- @entity34 users-- @entity1 who have never used @entity34 (n = 65); (b) P- @entity34 users-- @entity34 permanent type users, alone or in combination with other types of @entity34 (n = 28); (c) non P- @entity34 --users of other treatments different from permanent tinting (bleach, lowlights, etc; n = 20). In each @entity1 we determined: (1) number of flares/year in @entity1252 @entity1 and worsening of cutaneous lesions for @entity3830 ; (2) @entity1252 International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) damage index; (3) predominant damaged organs/systems according to the @entity34 use and type of @entity34 ; and (4) subjective impression about the disease evolution in relation to @entity34 use. No significant differences were found with respect to flares/year and SLICC/ACR damage index between the study groups. Non- @entity34 group presented more renal involvement and @entity11534 than both @entity34 -user groups. No @entity1 related the @entity34 use to the worsening of his disease. Therefore, in this study no evidence of an association between the long-term use of several types of @entity34 and the clinical activity and course of @entity1252 and @entity3830 was found.

title: Hair dye treatment use and clinical course in @entity1 with XXXX and @entity3830 .

entities_list: @entity17072 :: ('CHEBI:33860', 'Chemical') :: ['aromatic amines']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus', 'Systemic Lupus', 'lupus']

entities_list: @entity3830 :: ('MESH:D008178', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous lupus', 'CL']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['HDT', 'hair dye treatment']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: The etiological role of @entity34 ( @entity34 ), some of them such as permanent hair dyes containing @entity17072 , in the development of @entity1252 has been previously ruled out. However, the possible influence of @entity34 use on the course and prognosis of @entity1252 @entity1 has been assessed only in one short-term study. Since @entity34 is very extensive among the population, the knowledge of this possible negative effect may be very important. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the long-term influence of several HDTs on the course and clinical severity of @entity1 with both @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and @entity3830 ( @entity3830 ). In this longitudinal case series study, 91 @entity1252 @entity1 and 22 @entity3830 @entity1 were prospectively studied from October 1988 to May 2000. They were divided into three groups: (a) non- @entity34 users-- @entity1 who have never used @entity34 (n = 65); (b) P- @entity34 users-- @entity34 permanent type users, alone or in combination with other types of @entity34 (n = 28); (c) non P- @entity34 --users of other treatments different from permanent tinting (bleach, lowlights, etc; n = 20). In each @entity1 we determined: (1) number of flares/year in @entity1252 @entity1 and worsening of cutaneous lesions for @entity3830 ; (2) @entity1252 International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) damage index; (3) predominant damaged organs/systems according to the @entity34 use and type of @entity34 ; and (4) subjective impression about the disease evolution in relation to @entity34 use. No significant differences were found with respect to flares/year and SLICC/ACR damage index between the study groups. Non- @entity34 group presented more renal involvement and @entity11534 than both @entity34 -user groups. No @entity1 related the @entity34 use to the worsening of his disease. Therefore, in this study no evidence of an association between the long-term use of several types of @entity34 and the clinical activity and course of @entity1252 and @entity3830 was found.

title: Hair dye treatment use and clinical course in @entity1 with @entity1252 and XXXX .

answer: @entity3830 :: (MESH:D008178,Disease) :: ['cutaneous lupus']


abstract: The etiological role of @entity34 ( @entity34 ), some of them such as permanent hair dyes containing @entity17072 , in the development of @entity1252 has been previously ruled out. However, the possible influence of @entity34 use on the course and prognosis of @entity1252 @entity1 has been assessed only in one short-term study. Since @entity34 is very extensive among the population, the knowledge of this possible negative effect may be very important. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the long-term influence of several HDTs on the course and clinical severity of @entity1 with both @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and @entity3830 ( @entity3830 ). In this longitudinal case series study, 91 @entity1252 @entity1 and 22 @entity3830 @entity1 were prospectively studied from October 1988 to May 2000. They were divided into three groups: (a) non- @entity34 users-- @entity1 who have never used @entity34 (n = 65); (b) P- @entity34 users-- @entity34 permanent type users, alone or in combination with other types of @entity34 (n = 28); (c) non P- @entity34 --users of other treatments different from permanent tinting (bleach, lowlights, etc; n = 20). In each @entity1 we determined: (1) number of flares/year in @entity1252 @entity1 and worsening of cutaneous lesions for @entity3830 ; (2) @entity1252 International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) damage index; (3) predominant damaged organs/systems according to the @entity34 use and type of @entity34 ; and (4) subjective impression about the disease evolution in relation to @entity34 use. No significant differences were found with respect to flares/year and SLICC/ACR damage index between the study groups. Non- @entity34 group presented more renal involvement and @entity11534 than both @entity34 -user groups. No @entity1 related the @entity34 use to the worsening of his disease. Therefore, in this study no evidence of an association between the long-term use of several types of @entity34 and the clinical activity and course of @entity1252 and @entity3830 was found.

title: Hair dye treatment use and clinical course in XXXX with @entity1252 and @entity3830 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Missing data resulting from premature study withdrawal are a common problem in the analysis of longitudinal data in clinical trials. To date, this subject has received little attention in the context of economic evaluations and with regard to the analysis of cost data. OBJECTIVES: To (i) demonstrate the impact of @entity1 who drop out during the study on the outcomes of an economic evaluation, and (ii) to compare the mean and variation in costs after applying five different methods to deal with incomplete data: multiple imputation, complete cases analysis, linear extrapolation, predicted mean and hot decking. STUDY DESIGN: The study was performed using cost data collected in two randomised clinical trials comparing @entity1 with @entity1030 receiving either @entity5489 or @entity13265 . The overall dropout rate was 17%, with the daily costs of the dropouts approximately 4 times higher than the costs of the completers. METHODS: Multiple imputation is a principled method that deals with missing observations by replacing each missing observation with a set of multiple plausible values. The variance between the resulting multiple datasets is combined with the variance between the datasets to take account of the extra uncertainty that results from missing data. The outcomes after multiple imputation were compared with the results of four naive methods to deal with missing observations: complete cases analysis, linear extrapolation, predicted mean and hot decking. All costs were expressed in 2001 @entity7634 . RESULTS: In the @entity5489 group, mean (standard error) costs varied from @entity7634 955 (137) after complete cases analysis to @entity7634 1298 (198) after linear extrapolation. The corresponding estimates in the @entity13265 group were @entity7634 970 (125) and @entity7634 1561 (244), respectively. The difference in costs between treatment groups varied from - @entity7634 15 (95% CI: -379 to 349) after complete cases analysis to - @entity7634 402 (95% CI: -883 to 79) after predicted mean, in favour of the @entity5489 group. The difference in costs according to the other methods varied from - @entity7634 263 (95% CI: -878 to 353) after linear extrapolation to - @entity7634 265 (95% CI: -709 to 180) after multiple imputation to - @entity7634 359 (95% CI: -771 to 54) after hot decking. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the method of dealing with the data of the dropouts had a large impact on the outcomes of an economic evaluation. Information about the rate of @entity1 withdrawal and the way data of dropouts are treated is of vital importance in assessing the results of economic evaluations and should always be reported. Multiple imputation is a principled method that can be used to deal with the data of these @entity1 .

title: Methods to analyse cost data of XXXX who withdraw in a clinical trial setting.

entities_list: @entity5489 :: ('MESH:C079890', 'Chemical') :: ['tiotropium bromide']

entities_list: @entity13265 :: ('MESH:D009241', 'Chemical') :: ['ipratropium bromide']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish a relationship between the pharmacokinetics of high-dose @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) and @entity137 in @entity1 of a pediatric oncology department and to reassess @entity1500 concentrations at which the @entity1 would be at high risk for toxic effects. METHODS: This study included 37 @entity1 (227 treatment courses) who received a median dose of 4.87 g/m(2) of @entity1500 in a 4-hour infusion. The population pharmacokinetic parameters of @entity1500 were estimated by parametric (IT2B) and nonparametric methods (NPEM). @entity1503 were evaluated. The relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and @entity137 was analyzed by logistic regression and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Equations to predict hematologic and nonhematologic @entity137 were obtained. An increase of 100 micro mol/L in the @entity1500 peak concentration meant a 12% (p = 0.03) higher risk of @entity391 ; a significant delay in @entity1500 elimination implied a 5.76-fold higher risk of @entity33 (p < 0.001). An increase of 1 micro mol/L in the @entity1500 concentration 24 hours after the end of the infusion (Cp(24h)) led to a 43% increase in the risk of @entity8 (p < 0.001). @entity1503 was significantly conditioned by the baseline leukocyte count and Cp(24h) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of high-dose @entity1500 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship to @entity137 has led to equations able to predict @entity137 that are easily applicable to daily practice. Cp(24h) >3.5 micro mol/L was confirmed as an indicator of high risk of @entity137 .

title: Pharmacodynamics of high-dose XXXX in pediatric @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Hematologic toxicity', 'Gastrointestinal, renal, and hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish a relationship between the pharmacokinetics of high-dose @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) and @entity137 in @entity1 of a pediatric oncology department and to reassess @entity1500 concentrations at which the @entity1 would be at high risk for toxic effects. METHODS: This study included 37 @entity1 (227 treatment courses) who received a median dose of 4.87 g/m(2) of @entity1500 in a 4-hour infusion. The population pharmacokinetic parameters of @entity1500 were estimated by parametric (IT2B) and nonparametric methods (NPEM). @entity1503 were evaluated. The relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and @entity137 was analyzed by logistic regression and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Equations to predict hematologic and nonhematologic @entity137 were obtained. An increase of 100 micro mol/L in the @entity1500 peak concentration meant a 12% (p = 0.03) higher risk of @entity391 ; a significant delay in @entity1500 elimination implied a 5.76-fold higher risk of @entity33 (p < 0.001). An increase of 1 micro mol/L in the @entity1500 concentration 24 hours after the end of the infusion (Cp(24h)) led to a 43% increase in the risk of @entity8 (p < 0.001). @entity1503 was significantly conditioned by the baseline leukocyte count and Cp(24h) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of high-dose @entity1500 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship to @entity137 has led to equations able to predict @entity137 that are easily applicable to daily practice. Cp(24h) >3.5 micro mol/L was confirmed as an indicator of high risk of @entity137 .

title: Pharmacodynamics of high-dose @entity1499 in pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Cross-sectional imaging, in particular CT, has become the main method of detecting abdominal collections. Indium-labelled white-cell scintigraphy and @entity2719 scintigraphy are reserved for @entity1 in whom there is a high clinical suspicion of @entity1661 but CT has not revealed a source of @entity295 . Scintigraphy is also used in @entity1 with suspected vascular graft infections or suspected infected hip prostheses. @entity733 ( @entity733 ) has revolutionised the treatment of abdominal abscesses over the past 20 years, with repeat laparotomy for postoperative abscesses becoming a rare event. Ultrasound or CT can be used to guide @entity733 . Choosing an access route that does not cross intervening organs is of crucial importance to the safe performance of @entity733 . The Trocar or Seldinger techniques can be used with equal success. The cavity should be aspirated until dry and irrigated with saline. Repeat imaging after drainage is helpful to detect any undrained locules. @entity733 endpoints include @entity1 defervescence, reduction in white blood cell count and catheter drainage of less than 10 ml per day. Details regarding @entity733 in specific abdominal regions are discussed. Success rates for @entity733 are high (close to 90%) in most abdominal organs. Slightly lower success rates are seen with @entity733 of pancreatic abscesses and abscesses associated with @entity292 (60-85% success rates). Complication rates lie between 0% and 10%. Complications can be minimised by ensuring that the @entity1 has broad spectrum antibiotic coverage before drainage, by carefully planning the access route and by ensuring diligent post-procedure care by radiology staff.

title: Non-traumatic abdominal emergencies: imaging and intervention in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal sepsis']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['PAD', 'Percutaneous abscess drainage']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: Transformed ( @entity3260 35S promoter [35S]) tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L.) plants constitutively expressing @entity1507 reductase (NR) and untransformed controls were subjected to drought for 5 d. Drought-induced changes in biomass accumulation and photosynthesis were comparable in both lines of plants. After 4 d of @entity1949 , a large increase in the ratio of shoot dry weight to fresh weight was observed, together with a decrease in the rate of photosynthetic @entity515 assimilation. Foliar @entity969 increased in both lines during water stress, but hexoses increased only in leaves from untransformed controls. Foliar @entity8326 decreased rapidly in both lines and was halved within 2 d of the onset of @entity1949 . Total foliar @entity1522 decreased in leaves of both lines following @entity1949 . After 4 d of @entity1949 no NR activity could be detected in leaves of untransformed plants, whereas about 50% of the original activity remained in the leaves of the 35S-NR transformants. NR mRNA was much more stable than NR activity. NR mRNA abundance increased in the leaves of the 35S-NR plants and remained constant in controls for the first 3 d of drought. On the 4th d, however, NR mRNA suddenly decreased in both lines. Rehydration at d 3 caused rapid recovery (within 24 h) of 35S-NR transcripts, but no recovery was observed in the controls. The phosphorylation state of the protein was unchanged by long-term drought. There was a strong correlation between maximal extractable NR activity and ambient photosynthesis in both lines. We conclude that drought first causes increased NR protein turnover and then accelerates NR mRNA turnover. Constitutive NR expression temporarily delayed drought-induced losses in NR activity. 35S-NR expression may therefore allow more rapid recovery of N assimilation following short-term water deficit.

title: Overexpression of XXXX reductase in tobacco delays drought-induced decreases in @entity1507 reductase activity and mRNA

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['water deprivation']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity3260 :: ('10641', 'Species') :: ['cauliflower mosaic virus']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity1507 :: (CHEBI:48107,Chemical) :: ['nitrate']


abstract: Transformed ( @entity3260 35S promoter [35S]) tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia L.) plants constitutively expressing @entity1507 reductase (NR) and untransformed controls were subjected to drought for 5 d. Drought-induced changes in biomass accumulation and photosynthesis were comparable in both lines of plants. After 4 d of @entity1949 , a large increase in the ratio of shoot dry weight to fresh weight was observed, together with a decrease in the rate of photosynthetic @entity515 assimilation. Foliar @entity969 increased in both lines during water stress, but hexoses increased only in leaves from untransformed controls. Foliar @entity8326 decreased rapidly in both lines and was halved within 2 d of the onset of @entity1949 . Total foliar @entity1522 decreased in leaves of both lines following @entity1949 . After 4 d of @entity1949 no NR activity could be detected in leaves of untransformed plants, whereas about 50% of the original activity remained in the leaves of the 35S-NR transformants. NR mRNA was much more stable than NR activity. NR mRNA abundance increased in the leaves of the 35S-NR plants and remained constant in controls for the first 3 d of drought. On the 4th d, however, NR mRNA suddenly decreased in both lines. Rehydration at d 3 caused rapid recovery (within 24 h) of 35S-NR transcripts, but no recovery was observed in the controls. The phosphorylation state of the protein was unchanged by long-term drought. There was a strong correlation between maximal extractable NR activity and ambient photosynthesis in both lines. We conclude that drought first causes increased NR protein turnover and then accelerates NR mRNA turnover. Constitutive NR expression temporarily delayed drought-induced losses in NR activity. 35S-NR expression may therefore allow more rapid recovery of N assimilation following short-term water deficit.

title: Overexpression of @entity1507 reductase in tobacco delays drought-induced decreases in XXXX reductase activity and mRNA

answer: @entity1507 :: (CHEBI:48107,Chemical) :: ['nitrate']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate quantitative apparent diffusion changes in the center of @entity1188 by measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and to investigate the influence of @entity63 on the contralateral hemisphere. By diffusion echo-planar imaging (EPI) 52 @entity1 showing @entity385 were studied within 5 h to >12 months after onset of clinical symptoms. Using three diffusion gradient strengths (b1=30 s/mm(2); b2=300 s/mm(2), b3=1100 s/mm(2)) ADC maps were generated. After onset of @entity63 , ADC in the center of @entity1188 was lower than in the contralateral regions of @entity1 brain. At first ADC declined for approximately 28 h to a minimum of approximately 150x10(-8) cm(2)/s. Then the ADC reincreased and reached a "pseudonormalization" after approximately 5 days. @entity1188 did show much higher ADC values (2000x10(-8) cm(2)/s) than unaffected areas. Neither localization nor size of @entity1188 showed a significant influence on this time course. In the center of @entity1188 diffusion is isotropic. Even brain regions of the contralateral hemisphere are influenced by @entity2806 . In these regions ADC is higher than for physiological conditions. The ADC also declines especially for the first 2-3 days after onset of symptoms, also followed by reincrease. The ADC calculation enables determination of the onset of @entity1188 more exactly than is possible using only diffusion-weighted imaging. Diffusion in the center of @entity1188 is isotropic; hence, orientation of the diffusion gradients has no significant influence on sensitivity of measurements. The calculation of the ADC ratio based on data derived from the center of @entity1188 and the contralateral hemisphere seems to be critical because the ADC in the unaffected contralateral hemisphere also changes.

title: Time course of the apparent diffusion coefficient after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic infarctions', 'infarctions', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['cerebral infarction']


abstract: The role of @entity6579 ( @entity15002 ) in the induction of @entity2842 , @entity687 and @entity5737 , which are chemotactic factors to monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes, respectively, by @entity1 vascular endothelial cells (EC), was examined. @entity15002 induced the expression of @entity2842 and @entity687 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in microvascular EC (MVEC) and in large vessel EC from aorta, pulmonary artery and umbilical vein. @entity15002 also induced @entity5737 in MVEC but not in large vessel EC. Signaling pathways responsible for @entity15002 induction of chemokines were examined in MVEC. @entity15002 and @entity310 , a cytokine secreted in sites of @entity32 , additively stimulated @entity5737 expression. @entity15002 did not augment @entity310 induction of @entity2842 or @entity687 . A platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist ( @entity3766 ) failed to block @entity15002 induction of MVEC chemokines, but the G(i)-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin partially blocked @entity15002 induction of @entity5737 and @entity687 . @entity15002 activated multiple kinases in MVEC; it increased the phosphorylation of @entity1366 , @entity584 and @entity3963 MAP kinase in a time-dependent manner. An inhibitor of the MAPK/ERK pathway, @entity4286 , blocked the phosphorylation of @entity1366 and @entity5737 induction by @entity15002 , but augmented @entity687 induction. @entity2306 , a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3 kinase), blunted the phosphorylation of @entity584 and inhibited @entity15002 induction of @entity5737 more strongly than @entity687 . Inhibition of @entity3963 MAP kinase pathway by @entity4285 also blocked @entity15002 -induced expression of @entity687 and @entity5737 . Our results suggest that @entity15002 induction of chemokines in MVEC is distinct from that in large vessel EC, and required the activities of MAP kinases and PI3 kinase for the induction of @entity5737 and @entity687 . We speculate that the presence of @entity15002 , a bioactive lipid product of @entity3900 ( @entity3900 ) and a constituent of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, can differentially influence the chemotaxis of particular leukocyte subpopulations during @entity32 .

title: XXXX regulates @entity1 microvascular endothelial cell expression of chemokines.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidylcholine']

answer: @entity6579 :: (MESH:D008244,Chemical) :: ['Lysophosphatidylcholine']


abstract: The role of @entity6579 ( @entity15002 ) in the induction of @entity2842 , @entity687 and @entity5737 , which are chemotactic factors to monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes, respectively, by @entity1 vascular endothelial cells (EC), was examined. @entity15002 induced the expression of @entity2842 and @entity687 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in microvascular EC (MVEC) and in large vessel EC from aorta, pulmonary artery and umbilical vein. @entity15002 also induced @entity5737 in MVEC but not in large vessel EC. Signaling pathways responsible for @entity15002 induction of chemokines were examined in MVEC. @entity15002 and @entity310 , a cytokine secreted in sites of @entity32 , additively stimulated @entity5737 expression. @entity15002 did not augment @entity310 induction of @entity2842 or @entity687 . A platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist ( @entity3766 ) failed to block @entity15002 induction of MVEC chemokines, but the G(i)-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin partially blocked @entity15002 induction of @entity5737 and @entity687 . @entity15002 activated multiple kinases in MVEC; it increased the phosphorylation of @entity1366 , @entity584 and @entity3963 MAP kinase in a time-dependent manner. An inhibitor of the MAPK/ERK pathway, @entity4286 , blocked the phosphorylation of @entity1366 and @entity5737 induction by @entity15002 , but augmented @entity687 induction. @entity2306 , a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3 kinase), blunted the phosphorylation of @entity584 and inhibited @entity15002 induction of @entity5737 more strongly than @entity687 . Inhibition of @entity3963 MAP kinase pathway by @entity4285 also blocked @entity15002 -induced expression of @entity687 and @entity5737 . Our results suggest that @entity15002 induction of chemokines in MVEC is distinct from that in large vessel EC, and required the activities of MAP kinases and PI3 kinase for the induction of @entity5737 and @entity687 . We speculate that the presence of @entity15002 , a bioactive lipid product of @entity3900 ( @entity3900 ) and a constituent of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, can differentially influence the chemotaxis of particular leukocyte subpopulations during @entity32 .

title: @entity6579 regulates XXXX microvascular endothelial cell expression of chemokines.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity64 diagnosis depends on causal subtype. The accepted classification procedure is a succession of diagnostic tests administered in an order based on prior reported frequencies of the subtypes. The first positive test result completely determines diagnosis. An alternative approach tests multiple concomitant diagnostic hypotheses in parallel. This method permits multiple simultaneous pathologies in the @entity1 . These two diagnostic procedures can be compared by novel numeric criteria presented here. @entity715 , a type of @entity385 , results from interaction between endothelium, @entity1503 . We tested for @entity385 on thirty @entity1 using both methods. For each @entity1 the procedure produced an assessment of severity as an ordered set of three numbers in the interval [0, 1]. We measured the difference in diagnosis between the sequential and parallel diagnostic algorithms. The computations reveal systematic differences: The sequential procedure tends to under-diagnose and excludes any measure of interaction between pathologic elements.

title: Measurable differences between sequential and parallel diagnostic decision processes for determining XXXX subtype: a representation of interacting pathologies.

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['blood flow and blood components']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: @entity788 is the fourth leading cause of @entity5 related @entity204 in Western Countries. The 5-year survival for resectable @entity5 is 15-25%, while @entity1 with unresectable @entity5 survive a median of 7 months. Only 30% of @entity189 of the head of pancreas and 10% of the body and tail are resectable for cure. Therefore, palliation of symptoms, @entity3883 , @entity158 , involve 80-90% of cases. @entity1087 is frequent in @entity5 of the head. Palliative biliary decompression can be achieved by non surgical methods-endoscopically placed endoprostheses or percutaneous biliary drainage- or surgically. The former are indicated in @entity1 with @entity3 , high operative risk and short life expectancy. @entity954 which includes choledocho-duodenostomy, cholecystoduodenostomy, cholecystojejunostomy, hepato or choledocho-jejunostomy offers the advantage of providing a simple procedure that can treat or prevent all of the major symptoms: @entity1087 , @entity158 . Mechanical obstruction of the duodenum occurs in about 30% of cases in association with @entity1087 at the time of presentation and in 13-21% of @entity1 previously subjected to biliary bypass after 8 months. @entity3885 can be relieved by gastro-jejunostomy. Significant controversy remains concerning the role of prophylactic gastro-jejunostomy in @entity1 requiring biliary diversion without signs of @entity9727 . @entity158 , which sooner or later affects the majority of @entity1 , can be relieved by splanchnicectomy, either surgically or percutaneously.

title: [Palliative treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['namely obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoma of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['jaundice', 'Jaundice']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['Surgical palliation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity9727 :: ('MESH:D004380', 'Disease') :: ['duodenal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['Actual obstruction']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['duodenal obstruction and pain', 'Pain']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinoma']


abstract: 1. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of whole @entity3505 , oats and @entity2247 at different inclusion levels on performance, starch digestibility, duodenal particle size distribution, gizzard weight and pH of gizzard contents for broiler @entity1573 . 2. Feed consumption and @entity1017 were significantly reduced when ground cereals were replaced by whole cereals (P < 0.05). However, feed conversion efficiency was not affected by inclusion of up to 440 g/kg of whole @entity3505 , and up to 300 g/kg of whole oats and @entity2247 . 3. Duodenal particle size was measured by laser diffraction to below 1 micron in size. A remarkably large proportion of particles were below 100 microns, with as much as 50% of the particles in the duodenum being below 40 microns in size. Inclusion of moderate amounts of whole cereals reduced the duodenal mean particle size. Large inclusions of whole cereals decreased (P < 0.05) the proportion of particles up to 40 microns in size, and increased (P < 0.05) the proportion with size between 100 and 300 microns. 4. Starch digestibility was improved (P < 0.05) by replacing ground @entity3505 or @entity2247 with whole @entity3505 or @entity2247 . 5. There was no consistent effect of cereal species or feed form on the pH value of the gizzard contents.

title: Effect of feeding whole cereals on performance, starch digestibility and duodenal particle size distribution in broiler XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chickens']


abstract: Forty-four @entity1 (20 male: 24 female) with @entity739 ( @entity739 , @entity1032 /regression and @entity739 ) diagnosed at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital (Pediatric Neurology Division of the Department of @entity1 Health) are reported, with thirty-four (77.3%) @entity1 constituting the symptomatic group. All @entity1 were followed up for an initial 1 year at this hospital. Thirty-seven cases (84%) still continue their follow-up with us. The age of onset ranged from 1 to 14 months (mean, 6.0 months). @entity245 before the onset of @entity739 was noted in 29 (65.9%) @entity1 . Brain computed tomography was abnormal in 29 (65.9%). @entity1092 and @entity5305 were the most often used drugs, though other antiepileptic drugs were also used. Nine (24.5%) @entity1 achieved good @entity410 control, out of which five have normal development. Only one @entity1 could be weaned off antiepileptic drugs completely. There was one death in the whole series, related to @entity1174 .

title: XXXX : a university hospital based study from Oman.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity5305 :: ('MESH:D020888', 'Chemical') :: ['vigabatrin']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium valproate']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['Developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['hypsarrhythmia', 'infantile spasms', 'West syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

answer: @entity739 :: (MESH:D013036,Disease) :: ['West syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine radiation dose response for @entity11 ( @entity11 ) based on our institutional experience and to review the literature on this topic. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixty-seven @entity1 with supratentorial low-grade nonpilocytic @entity816 (n=36) or @entity3271 (n=31) were treated with postoperative @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ). Twenty-seven @entity1 (group A) received 5520 cGy; 24 @entity1 (group B) received 5940 cGy; and 16 @entity1 (group C) received 6375 cGy. The corresponding median follow-up was 60, 35 and 91 months, respectively. RESULTS: The @entity66 ( @entity66 ) at 5 and 10 years were 90.2% and 56.2%, 67.6% and 47.3%, and 62.5% and 50% for groups A, B and C, respectively (P=0.40). Only a greater extent of surgical resection and absence of contrast enhancement predicted @entity66 on multivariate analyses. @entity1 receiving higher doses of @entity1161 had higher complication rates. CONCLUSION: Our data confirmed the lack of radiation dose response for supratentorial @entity11 as demonstrated in the previous randomized trials. The radiation dose should not exceed 5520 cGy because dose escalation did not result in an improvement of @entity66 and it also increased the complication rates. Future research should focus on the eradication of radioresistant clones either by the improvement of surgical resection or the use of cytotoxic agents that can target on the radioresistant @entity5 cells.

title: Radiation dose response for supratentorial XXXX --institutional experience and literature review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['DSS', 'disease-specific survival']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['low-grade glioma', 'LGG']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendrogliomas']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['low-grade glioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Leech therapy was commonly used in traditional medicine for treating @entity158 . Clinically significant @entity158 relief after leech therapy for @entity626 has been demonstrated by preliminary data. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of leech therapy for symptomatic relief of @entity626 . DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient department for integrative medicine of an @entity4207 teaching hospital. @entity1 : 51 @entity1 with @entity626 (leech therapy: 24 @entity1 , mean age [+/-SD], 62.5 +/- 10.2 years; topical diclofenac therapy: 27 @entity1 , mean age [+/-SD], 65.5 +/- 6.7 years). INTERVENTION: A single treatment with 4 to 6 locally applied leeches (leech therapy group) or a 28-day topical diclofenac regimen (control group). MEASUREMENTS: Mean of the @entity158 , function, and stiffness subscores of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities @entity571 Index and physical sum score of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey with group comparisons at days 3, 7, 28, and 91. RESULTS: The primary end point, @entity158 at day 7, was reduced from a mean (+/-SD) of 53.5 +/- 13.7 to 19.3 +/- 12.2 after leech therapy compared with 51.5 +/- 16.8 to 42.4 +/- 19.7 with topical @entity3522 (estimated group difference, -23.9 [95% CI, -32.8 to -15.1]; P < 0.001). Although the difference between group @entity158 scores was no longer significant after day 7, differences for function, stiffness, and total symptoms remained significant in favor of leech therapy until the end of study and for quality of life until day 28. Results were not affected by outcome expectation. CONCLUSIONS: Leech therapy helps relieve symptoms in @entity1 with @entity626 . The potential of leech therapy for treating @entity571 and the pharmacologic properties of leech saliva remain to be clarified.

title: Effectiveness of leech therapy in XXXX : a randomized, controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis of the knee']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity3522 :: ('MESH:D004008', 'Chemical') :: ['diclofenac']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['localized pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis of the knee']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine if there are racial/ethnic differences in the rates of @entity397 among the @entity1 of two large states. Because @entity397 is primarily due to delayed diagnosis, differences would suggest disparities in timely access to quality emergency care. METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional analysis of full-year samples of @entity697 cases from California and New York @entity1 4 to 18 years old. Racial/ethnic groups were compared for risk of @entity397 adjusted for biological factors both before and after adjustment for the following socioeconomic, hospital, and admission characteristics: income, insurance, hospital type, and admission source. Results were interpreted in light of census data on the proportion of immigrants in each racial/ethnic group. RESULTS: Compared with white @entity1 with @entity697 , Hispanic and Asian @entity1 have higher odds of @entity397 in California, whereas Asian and black/African American @entity1 have higher odds in New York. These differences roughly parallel the within-state proportion of immigrant @entity1 in these groups. Adjustments for family, socioeconomic, and hospital characteristics attenuate but do not eliminate disparities. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found evidence of significant racial/ethnic disparities in rate of @entity397 , an important and preventable outcome, in two large but dissimilar states. Immigrant groups may be most at risk for delayed emergency care. Future research should focus on immigration and acculturation as risk factors for @entity698 in @entity1 .

title: Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric XXXX rate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['appendiceal rupture', 'rupture']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis rupture']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['appendicitis rupture']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Studies have shown enhanced survival of @entity43 @entity1 in which the @entity5 are infiltrated with @entity5 infiltrating lymphocytes and natural killer cells showing the importance of immune surveillance and recognition in @entity43 . Therefore, in this study, we tested cellular immunotherapy and varying combinations of cytokines ( @entity2047 and/or pegylated-IFNa-2b) in a xenograft @entity19 model of @entity43 . SKOV3-AF2 @entity43 cells were injected intra-peritoneally (IP) into athymic @entity19 . On day 7 post- @entity5 cell injection, @entity19 were injected IP with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; 5  *  10(6) PBMC) and cytokine combinations [ @entity2047      pegylated-IFNa-2b (IFN)]. Cytokine injections were continued weekly for IFN (12,000 U/injection) and thrice weekly for @entity2047 (4000 U/injection). @entity19 were euthanized when they became moribund due to @entity5 burden at which time @entity5 and ascitic fluid were measured and collected. Treatment efficacy was measured by improved survival at 8 weeks and overall survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis. We observed that the @entity19 tolerated all treatment combinations without significant @entity353 or other apparent illness. @entity19 receiving PBMC plus @entity2047 showed improved median survival (7.3  weeks) compared to @entity19 with no treatment (4.2  weeks), @entity2047 (3.5  weeks), PBMC (4.0  weeks), or PBMC plus @entity2047 (4.3  weeks), although PBMC plus @entity2047 was not statistically different than PBMC plus IFN (5.5  weeks, p  >  0.05). We demonstrate that cytokine-stimulated cellular immune therapy with PBMC and @entity2047 was well tolerated and resulted in survival advantage compared to untreated controls and other cytokine combinations in the nude- @entity19 model.

title: Cellular therapy in combination with cytokines improves survival in a xenograft @entity19 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice', 'Mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Studies have shown enhanced survival of @entity43 @entity1 in which the @entity5 are infiltrated with @entity5 infiltrating lymphocytes and natural killer cells showing the importance of immune surveillance and recognition in @entity43 . Therefore, in this study, we tested cellular immunotherapy and varying combinations of cytokines ( @entity2047 and/or pegylated-IFNa-2b) in a xenograft @entity19 model of @entity43 . SKOV3-AF2 @entity43 cells were injected intra-peritoneally (IP) into athymic @entity19 . On day 7 post- @entity5 cell injection, @entity19 were injected IP with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; 5  *  10(6) PBMC) and cytokine combinations [ @entity2047      pegylated-IFNa-2b (IFN)]. Cytokine injections were continued weekly for IFN (12,000 U/injection) and thrice weekly for @entity2047 (4000 U/injection). @entity19 were euthanized when they became moribund due to @entity5 burden at which time @entity5 and ascitic fluid were measured and collected. Treatment efficacy was measured by improved survival at 8 weeks and overall survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis. We observed that the @entity19 tolerated all treatment combinations without significant @entity353 or other apparent illness. @entity19 receiving PBMC plus @entity2047 showed improved median survival (7.3  weeks) compared to @entity19 with no treatment (4.2  weeks), @entity2047 (3.5  weeks), PBMC (4.0  weeks), or PBMC plus @entity2047 (4.3  weeks), although PBMC plus @entity2047 was not statistically different than PBMC plus IFN (5.5  weeks, p  >  0.05). We demonstrate that cytokine-stimulated cellular immune therapy with PBMC and @entity2047 was well tolerated and resulted in survival advantage compared to untreated controls and other cytokine combinations in the nude- @entity19 model.

title: Cellular therapy in combination with cytokines improves survival in a xenograft XXXX model of @entity43 .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of topical @entity7115 (Caprogel) in the management of @entity5891 . DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. @entity1 : A total of 51 @entity1 participated in this trial (power = 36%, 2-tailed test). INTERVENTION: @entity1 presenting with @entity5891 were randomly assigned to 5-day treatment with topical @entity7115 or a placebo gel. @entity1 were monitored daily with ocular examination and vital sign testing for the 5 days of treatment and at 24 and 48 hours after treatment. General physical examination and laboratory testing were performed at baseline and day 5. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main efficacy variable was the rate of rebleeding. Secondary efficacy variables included time to @entity5891 clearance, intraocular pressure, time to secondary @entity548 , and visual acuity. Safety variables included adverse events, vital signs, and laboratory measurements. RESULTS: Rebleeding occurred in 30% of the placebo group (8 of 27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14-50%), versus 8% of the treatment group (2 of 24; 95% CI = 1-27%), for an estimated continuity-corrected difference in percentage of @entity1 with @entity548 of 17% (95% CI = -3-38%). Secondary efficacy variables were similar in the groups, except that there was a trend towards more visual improvement in the topical @entity7115 group (54%) than in the placebo group (30%) at the last measurement (P = 0.08). Adverse events were similar. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that topical @entity7115 is safe and demonstrates trends towards reducing the rebleeding rate in the management of @entity5891 . However, because the study was terminated before complete enrollment, more definitive recommendations will require a larger trial.

title: A phase III, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of topical @entity7115 (Caprogel) in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7115 :: ('MESH:D000614', 'Chemical') :: ['aminocaproic acid']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5891 :: ('MESH:D006988', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic hyphema', 'hyphema']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

answer: @entity5891 :: (MESH:D006988,Disease) :: ['traumatic hyphema']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of topical @entity7115 (Caprogel) in the management of @entity5891 . DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. @entity1 : A total of 51 @entity1 participated in this trial (power = 36%, 2-tailed test). INTERVENTION: @entity1 presenting with @entity5891 were randomly assigned to 5-day treatment with topical @entity7115 or a placebo gel. @entity1 were monitored daily with ocular examination and vital sign testing for the 5 days of treatment and at 24 and 48 hours after treatment. General physical examination and laboratory testing were performed at baseline and day 5. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main efficacy variable was the rate of rebleeding. Secondary efficacy variables included time to @entity5891 clearance, intraocular pressure, time to secondary @entity548 , and visual acuity. Safety variables included adverse events, vital signs, and laboratory measurements. RESULTS: Rebleeding occurred in 30% of the placebo group (8 of 27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14-50%), versus 8% of the treatment group (2 of 24; 95% CI = 1-27%), for an estimated continuity-corrected difference in percentage of @entity1 with @entity548 of 17% (95% CI = -3-38%). Secondary efficacy variables were similar in the groups, except that there was a trend towards more visual improvement in the topical @entity7115 group (54%) than in the placebo group (30%) at the last measurement (P = 0.08). Adverse events were similar. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that topical @entity7115 is safe and demonstrates trends towards reducing the rebleeding rate in the management of @entity5891 . However, because the study was terminated before complete enrollment, more definitive recommendations will require a larger trial.

title: A phase III, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of topical XXXX (Caprogel) in the management of @entity5891 .

answer: @entity7115 :: (MESH:D000614,Chemical) :: ['aminocaproic acid']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the outcomes and complications of transpupillary thermotherapy for treatment of small @entity320 . DESIGN: Retrospective case-matched comparative study and retrospective observational study. @entity1 : The case-matched study consisted of 36 @entity1 treated with either transpupillary thermotherapy or plaque radiotherapy (18 @entity1 per group). The observational study consisted of 21 @entity1 treated with transpupillary thermotherapy alone (primary transpupillary thermotherapy) and 9 @entity1 treated with transpupillary thermotherapy plus plaque radiotherapy (adjuvant transpupillary thermotherapy). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity, @entity5 control, and @entity3 . RESULTS: The case-matched groups did not differ significantly with respect to age, gender, initial visual acuity, @entity5 location, or length of follow-up (mean, 33 months for transpupillary thermotherapy vs. 40 months for plaque radiotherapy). There was no significant difference in final visual acuity (P = 0.810) or postoperative visual acuity change (P = 0.919) between the 2 groups. In the observational study, the mean follow-up was 32 months (range, 4-58 months). Indications for primary transpupillary thermotherapy included documented growth (10 @entity1 ) and the presence of >/=3 risk factors for growth (11 @entity1 ). Retinal complications occurred in 16 @entity1 (76%). The mean posttreatment visual acuity change was minus 2 lines (range, minus 9 to plus 7 lines). Local failure occurred in 6 @entity1 (29%). Local failure was associated with an increased number of transpupillary thermotherapy spots per session (P = 0.023) and decreased @entity5 pigmentation (P = 0.001). Indications for adjuvant transpupillary thermotherapy included @entity5 radioresistance (6 @entity1 ) and the presence of risk factors for local failure (3 @entity1 ). All 9 @entity5 that received adjuvant transpupillary thermotherapy regressed rapidly, with no local failures. The mean postoperative visual acuity change was -1.9 lines (range, -9 to +5 lines). No @entity1 in either study developed @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: The recent interest in transpupillary thermotherapy as primary therapy for @entity320 is based largely on the assumption that transpupillary thermotherapy may provide better visual outcomes than plaque radiotherapy. However, this study found no significant difference in visual outcomes between transpupillary thermotherapy and plaque radiotherapy. Further, the local failure rate with transpupillary thermotherapy was substantially higher than with plaque radiotherapy. The most promising role for transpupillary thermotherapy seems to be as an adjunct to plaque radiotherapy. The appropriate indications for transpupillary thermotherapy in the management of @entity320 need to be re-evaluated.

title: Transpupillary thermotherapy versus plaque radiotherapy for suspected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'local tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal melanoma', 'choroidal melanomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['choroidal melanomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laterally spreading @entity5 (LSTs) are generally defined as lesions >10  mm in diameter, are characterized by lateral expansion along the luminal wall with a low vertical @entity2270 . In contrast to other forms of @entity5 , LSTs are generally considered to have a superficial growth pattern and the potential for @entity5 . We focused on this morphological character of LSTs, and analyzed the gene expression profile of LSTs. METHODS: The expression of 168 genes in 41 @entity14 samples (17 LST- @entity652 , 12 @entity189 , 12 Ip [pedunculated type of the Paris classification)- @entity652 , all of which were 10  mm or more in diameter] was analyzed by PCR array. Based on the results, we investigated the expression levels of genes up-regulated in LST- @entity652 , compared to Ip- @entity652 , by hierarchical and K-means clustering. To confirm the results of the array analysis, using an additional 60 samples (38 LST- @entity652 , 22 Ip- @entity652 ), we determined the localization of the gene product by immunohistochemical staining. RESULT: The expression of 129 genes differed in @entity14 from normal mucosa by PCR array analysis. As a result of K-means clustering, the expression levels of five genes, @entity584 , @entity1836 , @entity1722 , @entity5851 and @entity4106 , were found to be significantly up-regulated (p   <   0.05) in LST- @entity652 , compared to Ip- @entity652 . Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the @entity1836 protein was significantly and meaningfully up-regulated in LST- @entity652 compared to Ip- @entity652 (p   =   0.010). With respect to apoptosis status in LST- @entity652 , it assumes that @entity1836 is anti-apoptotic protein, the samples such as @entity1836 positive and TUNEL negative, or @entity1836 negative and TUNEL positive are consistent with the assumption. 63.2  % LST- @entity652 samples were consistent with the assumption. CONCLUSIONS: LSTs have an unusual profile of gene expression compared to other @entity5 and @entity1836 might be concerned in the organization of LSTs.

title: Gene expression profiling of laterally spreading XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['LST-carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal tumor', 'colorectal tumors']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Adenoma', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: High postkeratoplasty @entity940 remains a challenge for the surgeon. First experiences after implantation of a toric @entity4625 IOL in three eyes from @entity1 with @entity231 are reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After routine phacoemulsification we implanted an individually manufactured toric @entity4625 posterior chamber IOL via a sclerocorneal 6-mm tunnel incision in three @entity735 with high, topographically relatively regular @entity940 . One eye with the intraoperative aspect of circular zonular instability also received a capsular tension ring. A complete standard ocular examination was performed pre- and postoperatively including corneal topography, evaluation of anterior chamber depth, ultrasonic biomicroscopy and perimetry. RESULTS: Implantation and intraoperative alignment of the toric IOL were uneventful. The refractive astigmatisms of 5.0, 6.0 and 7.5 cyl D preoperatively, were reduced to 2.0, 1.75 and 3.0 cyl D, 10 and 12 months postoperation, respectively. The eye with the capsular tension ring showed no morphological or refractive changes during follow-up. In the other two eyes we observed IOL rotation of 20 and 30, respectively after 6 months. There were no posterior capsule opacification or capsular folds in the optical centre. CONCLUSION: Toric IOL technology allows enhancement of IOL surgery with improved refractive outcome. Simultaneous implantation of a capsular tension ring may improve long-term stability.

title: [Implantation of toric intraocular lenses for correction of high post-keratoplasty XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['postkeratoplasty eyes']

answer: @entity940 :: (MESH:D001251,Disease) :: ['astigmatism']


abstract: To understand the transmission dynamics of @entity311 in three different ecotypes, namely watershed (forest), seepage (Nanak Matta Dam) and plain (non-forest, non-dam) areas of Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar districts of Uttaranchal, entomological and parasitological investigations were carried out from July 1996 to June 1997. In the three ecotypes, average per @entity1 hour densities of adult vector species in @entity1 dwellings and cattlesheds recorded were high for Anopheles culicifacies from April to September and October to March for An. fluviatilis. Prevalence of both An. culicifacies and An. fluviatilis was higher in the forest area as compared to other two areas. Observations on gonotrophic condition revealed endophilic tendency of both vector species. Higher number of both vector species were found in outdoor than indoor during night @entity1 bait collections. Out of 864 specimens of An. fluviatilis dissected, one showed natural infection of sporozoites in salivary glands in the month of November from the forest area only. Sibling species study of An. fluviatilis revealed the presence of species S for the first time in the forest area. Parasitological investigations also depicted high incidence of @entity311 in the forest area as compared to other two areas. Overall results from the study indicated active @entity311 transmission in the forest area.

title: Dynamics of XXXX transmission under changing ecological scenario in and around Nanak Matta Dam, Uttaranchal, India.

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: The marker variables, Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, @entity3810 and @entity842 fluxes and foliar @entity1568 , were used to define the impacts of @entity3655 deposition from nearby livestock buildings on species composition of woodland ground flora, using a woodland site close to a major poultry complex in the UK. The study centred on 2 units in close proximity to each other, containing 350,000 birds, and estimated to emit around 140,000 kg N year(-1) as @entity3655 . Annual mean concentrations of @entity3655 close to the buildings were very large (60 microg m(-3)) and declined to 3 microg m(-3) at a distance of 650 m from the buildings. Estimated total N deposition ranged from 80 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at a distance of 30 m to 14 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at 650 m downwind. Emissions of @entity3727 and NO were 56 and 131 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 30 m and 13 and 80 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 250 m downwind of the livestock buildings. Species number in woodland ground flora downwind of the buildings remained fairly constant for a distance of 200 m from the units then increased considerably, doubling at a distance of 650 m. Within the first 200 m downwind, trends in plant species composition were hard to discern because of variations in tree canopy composition and cover. The mean Ellenberg N Index ranged from 6.0 immediately downwind of the livestock buildings to 4.8 at 650 m downwind. The mean abundance weighted Ellenberg N Index also declined with distance from the buildings. Tissue N concentrations in trees, herbs and mosses were all large, reflecting the substantial @entity3265 emissions at this site. Tissue N content of ectohydric mosses ranged from approximately 4% at 30 m downwind to 1.6% at 650 m downwind. An assessment of the relative merits of the three marker variables concludes, that while Ellenberg Index and trace gas fluxes of @entity3727 and NO give broad indications of impacts of @entity3265 emissions on woodland vegetation, the application of a critical foliar N content for ectohydric mosses is the most useful method for providing spatial information which could be of value to policy developers and planners.

title: Defining the spatial impacts of poultry farm @entity3265 emissions on species composition of adjacent woodland groundflora using Ellenberg XXXX Index, @entity3810 and @entity842 emissions and foliar @entity1568 as marker variables.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrogen', 'nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

answer: @entity1568 :: (MESH:D009584,Chemical) :: ['Nitrogen']


abstract: The marker variables, Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, @entity3810 and @entity842 fluxes and foliar @entity1568 , were used to define the impacts of @entity3655 deposition from nearby livestock buildings on species composition of woodland ground flora, using a woodland site close to a major poultry complex in the UK. The study centred on 2 units in close proximity to each other, containing 350,000 birds, and estimated to emit around 140,000 kg N year(-1) as @entity3655 . Annual mean concentrations of @entity3655 close to the buildings were very large (60 microg m(-3)) and declined to 3 microg m(-3) at a distance of 650 m from the buildings. Estimated total N deposition ranged from 80 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at a distance of 30 m to 14 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at 650 m downwind. Emissions of @entity3727 and NO were 56 and 131 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 30 m and 13 and 80 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 250 m downwind of the livestock buildings. Species number in woodland ground flora downwind of the buildings remained fairly constant for a distance of 200 m from the units then increased considerably, doubling at a distance of 650 m. Within the first 200 m downwind, trends in plant species composition were hard to discern because of variations in tree canopy composition and cover. The mean Ellenberg N Index ranged from 6.0 immediately downwind of the livestock buildings to 4.8 at 650 m downwind. The mean abundance weighted Ellenberg N Index also declined with distance from the buildings. Tissue N concentrations in trees, herbs and mosses were all large, reflecting the substantial @entity3265 emissions at this site. Tissue N content of ectohydric mosses ranged from approximately 4% at 30 m downwind to 1.6% at 650 m downwind. An assessment of the relative merits of the three marker variables concludes, that while Ellenberg Index and trace gas fluxes of @entity3727 and NO give broad indications of impacts of @entity3265 emissions on woodland vegetation, the application of a critical foliar N content for ectohydric mosses is the most useful method for providing spatial information which could be of value to policy developers and planners.

title: Defining the spatial impacts of poultry farm @entity3265 emissions on species composition of adjacent woodland groundflora using Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, @entity3810 and @entity842 emissions and foliar XXXX as marker variables.

answer: @entity1568 :: (MESH:D009584,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen']


abstract: The marker variables, Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, @entity3810 and @entity842 fluxes and foliar @entity1568 , were used to define the impacts of @entity3655 deposition from nearby livestock buildings on species composition of woodland ground flora, using a woodland site close to a major poultry complex in the UK. The study centred on 2 units in close proximity to each other, containing 350,000 birds, and estimated to emit around 140,000 kg N year(-1) as @entity3655 . Annual mean concentrations of @entity3655 close to the buildings were very large (60 microg m(-3)) and declined to 3 microg m(-3) at a distance of 650 m from the buildings. Estimated total N deposition ranged from 80 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at a distance of 30 m to 14 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at 650 m downwind. Emissions of @entity3727 and NO were 56 and 131 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 30 m and 13 and 80 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 250 m downwind of the livestock buildings. Species number in woodland ground flora downwind of the buildings remained fairly constant for a distance of 200 m from the units then increased considerably, doubling at a distance of 650 m. Within the first 200 m downwind, trends in plant species composition were hard to discern because of variations in tree canopy composition and cover. The mean Ellenberg N Index ranged from 6.0 immediately downwind of the livestock buildings to 4.8 at 650 m downwind. The mean abundance weighted Ellenberg N Index also declined with distance from the buildings. Tissue N concentrations in trees, herbs and mosses were all large, reflecting the substantial @entity3265 emissions at this site. Tissue N content of ectohydric mosses ranged from approximately 4% at 30 m downwind to 1.6% at 650 m downwind. An assessment of the relative merits of the three marker variables concludes, that while Ellenberg Index and trace gas fluxes of @entity3727 and NO give broad indications of impacts of @entity3265 emissions on woodland vegetation, the application of a critical foliar N content for ectohydric mosses is the most useful method for providing spatial information which could be of value to policy developers and planners.

title: Defining the spatial impacts of poultry farm XXXX emissions on species composition of adjacent woodland groundflora using Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, @entity3810 and @entity842 emissions and foliar @entity1568 as marker variables.

answer: @entity3265 :: (MESH:D000641,Chemical) :: ['ammonia']


abstract: The marker variables, Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, @entity3810 and @entity842 fluxes and foliar @entity1568 , were used to define the impacts of @entity3655 deposition from nearby livestock buildings on species composition of woodland ground flora, using a woodland site close to a major poultry complex in the UK. The study centred on 2 units in close proximity to each other, containing 350,000 birds, and estimated to emit around 140,000 kg N year(-1) as @entity3655 . Annual mean concentrations of @entity3655 close to the buildings were very large (60 microg m(-3)) and declined to 3 microg m(-3) at a distance of 650 m from the buildings. Estimated total N deposition ranged from 80 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at a distance of 30 m to 14 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at 650 m downwind. Emissions of @entity3727 and NO were 56 and 131 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 30 m and 13 and 80 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 250 m downwind of the livestock buildings. Species number in woodland ground flora downwind of the buildings remained fairly constant for a distance of 200 m from the units then increased considerably, doubling at a distance of 650 m. Within the first 200 m downwind, trends in plant species composition were hard to discern because of variations in tree canopy composition and cover. The mean Ellenberg N Index ranged from 6.0 immediately downwind of the livestock buildings to 4.8 at 650 m downwind. The mean abundance weighted Ellenberg N Index also declined with distance from the buildings. Tissue N concentrations in trees, herbs and mosses were all large, reflecting the substantial @entity3265 emissions at this site. Tissue N content of ectohydric mosses ranged from approximately 4% at 30 m downwind to 1.6% at 650 m downwind. An assessment of the relative merits of the three marker variables concludes, that while Ellenberg Index and trace gas fluxes of @entity3727 and NO give broad indications of impacts of @entity3265 emissions on woodland vegetation, the application of a critical foliar N content for ectohydric mosses is the most useful method for providing spatial information which could be of value to policy developers and planners.

title: Defining the spatial impacts of poultry farm @entity3265 emissions on species composition of adjacent woodland groundflora using Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, XXXX and @entity842 emissions and foliar @entity1568 as marker variables.

answer: @entity3810 :: (MESH:D009609,Chemical) :: ['nitrous oxide']


abstract: The marker variables, Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, @entity3810 and @entity842 fluxes and foliar @entity1568 , were used to define the impacts of @entity3655 deposition from nearby livestock buildings on species composition of woodland ground flora, using a woodland site close to a major poultry complex in the UK. The study centred on 2 units in close proximity to each other, containing 350,000 birds, and estimated to emit around 140,000 kg N year(-1) as @entity3655 . Annual mean concentrations of @entity3655 close to the buildings were very large (60 microg m(-3)) and declined to 3 microg m(-3) at a distance of 650 m from the buildings. Estimated total N deposition ranged from 80 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at a distance of 30 m to 14 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) at 650 m downwind. Emissions of @entity3727 and NO were 56 and 131 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 30 m and 13 and 80 microg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively at 250 m downwind of the livestock buildings. Species number in woodland ground flora downwind of the buildings remained fairly constant for a distance of 200 m from the units then increased considerably, doubling at a distance of 650 m. Within the first 200 m downwind, trends in plant species composition were hard to discern because of variations in tree canopy composition and cover. The mean Ellenberg N Index ranged from 6.0 immediately downwind of the livestock buildings to 4.8 at 650 m downwind. The mean abundance weighted Ellenberg N Index also declined with distance from the buildings. Tissue N concentrations in trees, herbs and mosses were all large, reflecting the substantial @entity3265 emissions at this site. Tissue N content of ectohydric mosses ranged from approximately 4% at 30 m downwind to 1.6% at 650 m downwind. An assessment of the relative merits of the three marker variables concludes, that while Ellenberg Index and trace gas fluxes of @entity3727 and NO give broad indications of impacts of @entity3265 emissions on woodland vegetation, the application of a critical foliar N content for ectohydric mosses is the most useful method for providing spatial information which could be of value to policy developers and planners.

title: Defining the spatial impacts of poultry farm @entity3265 emissions on species composition of adjacent woodland groundflora using Ellenberg @entity1568 Index, @entity3810 and XXXX emissions and foliar @entity1568 as marker variables.

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: @entity526 Era is a GTP binding protein and essential for cell growth. We have previously reported that an Era mutant, designated Era-dE, causes a dominant negative effect on the growth and the loss of the ability to utilize @entity2974 cycle metabolites as @entity505 source when overproduced. To investigate the role of Era, the gene expression in the cells overproducing Era-dE was examined by DNA microarray analysis. The expression of lipA and nadAB, which are involved in @entity12837 synthesis and @entity2125 synthesis, respectively, was found to be reduced in the cells overproducing Era-dE. @entity12837 and @entity2125 are essential cofactors for the activities of @entity2388 dehydrogenase complex, @entity15706 dehydrogenase complex and @entity2228 cleavage enzyme complex. The expression of numerous genes involved in dissimilatory @entity505 metabolism and @entity505 source transport was increased. This set of genes partially overlaps with the set of genes controlled by @entity268 -CAP in @entity526 . Moreover, the growth defect of Era-dE overproduction was specifically enhanced by @entity598 but not by @entity2974 cycle metabolites both in rich and synthetic media. Intracellular @entity563 pool in Era-dE overproducing cells was found to be increased significantly compared to that of the cells overproducing wild-type Era. It was further found that even the wild-type @entity526 cells not overproducing Era-dE became sensitive to @entity598 in the presence of @entity563 in a medium. We propose that when Era-dE is overproduced, @entity505 fluxes to the @entity2974 cycle and to C1 units become impaired, resulting in a higher cellular @entity563 concentration. We demonstrated that such cells with a high @entity563 concentration became sensitive to @entity598 , however the reason for this @entity598 sensitivity is not known at the present.

title: Specific growth inhibition by @entity598 of an XXXX expressing Era-dE, a dominant negative Era mutant.

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity15706 :: ('MESH:C029743', 'Chemical') :: ['2-oxoglutarate']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity12837 :: ('MESH:D008063', 'Chemical') :: ['Lipoic acid', 'lipoic acid']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli', 'E coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli strain']


abstract: @entity526 Era is a GTP binding protein and essential for cell growth. We have previously reported that an Era mutant, designated Era-dE, causes a dominant negative effect on the growth and the loss of the ability to utilize @entity2974 cycle metabolites as @entity505 source when overproduced. To investigate the role of Era, the gene expression in the cells overproducing Era-dE was examined by DNA microarray analysis. The expression of lipA and nadAB, which are involved in @entity12837 synthesis and @entity2125 synthesis, respectively, was found to be reduced in the cells overproducing Era-dE. @entity12837 and @entity2125 are essential cofactors for the activities of @entity2388 dehydrogenase complex, @entity15706 dehydrogenase complex and @entity2228 cleavage enzyme complex. The expression of numerous genes involved in dissimilatory @entity505 metabolism and @entity505 source transport was increased. This set of genes partially overlaps with the set of genes controlled by @entity268 -CAP in @entity526 . Moreover, the growth defect of Era-dE overproduction was specifically enhanced by @entity598 but not by @entity2974 cycle metabolites both in rich and synthetic media. Intracellular @entity563 pool in Era-dE overproducing cells was found to be increased significantly compared to that of the cells overproducing wild-type Era. It was further found that even the wild-type @entity526 cells not overproducing Era-dE became sensitive to @entity598 in the presence of @entity563 in a medium. We propose that when Era-dE is overproduced, @entity505 fluxes to the @entity2974 cycle and to C1 units become impaired, resulting in a higher cellular @entity563 concentration. We demonstrated that such cells with a high @entity563 concentration became sensitive to @entity598 , however the reason for this @entity598 sensitivity is not known at the present.

title: Specific growth inhibition by XXXX of an @entity526 expressing Era-dE, a dominant negative Era mutant.

answer: @entity598 :: (CHEBI:47622,Chemical) :: ['acetate']


abstract: Although activation of @entity460 -activated neutral protease (calpain) by the @entity143 receptor has been suggested to play critical roles in synaptic modulation and @entity16 , the nature of its substrates has not been completely defined. In this study, we examined the ability of calpain to cleave the @entity143 receptor in cultured hippocampal neurons. Activation of the @entity143 receptor by agonist application led to rapid calpain-specific proteolysis of spectrin and decreased levels of @entity4476 /2B subunits. Cleavage of the @entity4476 /2B subunit created a 115 kDa product that retained the ability to bind 125I- @entity3390 and is predicted to be active. Increases in levels of this product appeared within 5 min of @entity143 receptor activation and were stable for periods of >30 min. Subtype-specific antibodies demonstrated that the @entity4319 subunit was cleaved in these primary cultures, but the @entity4476 subunit was not. An inhibitor of calpain blocked both the decrease of intact @entity4319 and the increase of the low molecular weight form, whereas neither caspase nor cathepsin inhibitors had an effect on these events. Cell surface biotinylation experiments demonstrated that the 115 kDa fragment remained on the cell surface. This @entity4319 fragment was also found in the @entity35 hippocampus after transient @entity63 , showing that this process also occurs in vivo. This suggests that calpain-mediated cleavage of the @entity4319 subunit occurs in neurons and gives rise to active @entity143 receptor forms present on the cell surface after excitotoxic glutamatergic stimulation. Such forms could contribute to excitotoxicity and synaptic remodeling.

title: Selective activation induced cleavage of the XXXX subunit by calpain.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['forebrain ischemia']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity4319 :: (24410(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['NR2B']


abstract: PURPOSE: This retrospective study was undertaken to assess practice patterns in adjuvant chemotherapy for @entity0 ( @entity0 ) and to define the incidence and predictive factors of reduced @entity1213 ( @entity1213 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: A nationwide survey of 1,243 community oncology practices was conducted, with data extracted from records of 20,799 @entity0 @entity1 treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Assessments included demographic and clinical characteristics, chemotherapy dose modifications, incidence of @entity1398 , and patterns of use of @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ). Dose-intensity was compared with published reference standard regimens. RESULTS: Dose reductions > or =15% occurred in 36.5% of @entity1 , and there were treatment delays > or =7 days in 24.9% of @entity1 , resulting in 55.5% of @entity1 receiving @entity1213 less than 85%. Nearly two thirds of @entity1 received @entity1213 less than 85% when adjusted for differences in regimen dose-intensity. Multivariate analysis identified several independent predictors for reduced @entity1213 , including increased age; chemotherapy with @entity786 , @entity1499 , and @entity1487 , or @entity786 , @entity632 , and @entity1487 ; a 28-day schedule; body-surface area greater than 2 m2; and no primary @entity2841 prophylaxis. @entity2841 was often initiated late in the chemotherapy cycle. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity0 are at substantial risk for reduced @entity1213 when treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. @entity1 at greatest risk include older @entity1 , overweight @entity1 , and those receiving three-drug combinations or 28-day schedules. Predictive models based on such risk factors should enable the selective application of supportive measures in an effort to deliver full dose-intensity chemotherapy.

title: Incidence and predictors of low dose-intensity in adjuvant XXXX chemotherapy: a nationwide study of community practices.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['ESBC', 'early-stage breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1213 :: ('MESH:D012555', 'Disease') :: ['relative dose-intensity', 'RDI']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['CSF', 'colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']