abstract: OBJECTIVE: Rotavirus @entity580 (RNI) is frequent in pediatric units. This study was designed to determine the incidence and the main risk factors of RNI in @entity1 aged 3 months-3 years and admitted for at least 48 hours days during the epidemic period. @entity1 AND METHODS: A stool sample was obtained within the 24 hours of admission. An additional sample was collected from rotavirus-negative @entity1 either the day of discharge, or when they developed abnormal clinical signs. Parents were contacted by phone after discharge. @entity1 initially rotavirus-negative and positive 2 days or more after admission were considered as certain nosocomial cases. In the absence of the second sample, possible nosocomial cases were considered if new symptoms (i.e.; fever and or digestive symptoms) occurred 2 days or more after the first negative sample. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen @entity1 were included. The incidence was 11.1% for certain NRI, 16.8% for possible hospital-acquired cases and 19.4% for the whole cases. Possible risk factors were the low number of nurses during the weekend, the great number of medicine students in the unit, and no use of individual material. CONCLUSION: NRI have a high incidence, whose reality can only be approximated by taking into account the possible NRI occurring at home after hospital-discharge.

title: [Rotavirus XXXX in pediatric units. A multicentric observation study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infection']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['nosocomial infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Despite a growing body of investigations documenting the coexistence of substance use and other @entity146 in a variety of @entity1 populations, no data about comorbidity in the inpatient mental health system in Alaska have been published in scientific journals, and only limited data exist nationwide about coexistence rates in public @entity146 hospitals. METHODS: A retrospective population based study was performed on the entire population of @entity146 @entity1 hospitalized at Alaska Psychiatric Institute (API) between 1993 and 2001. To explore rates of comorbidity, 5,862 @entity1 (who accrued 10,656 visits) were classified according to their diagnostic status; to explore clinical and socio-demographic difference between @entity1 with and without @entity74 , univariate analyses were calculated. RESULTS: The study revealed startlingly high rates of comorbidity that have been rising steadily since the early 1990's. In fact, comorbidity has become the rule, not the exception, among @entity1 receiving services at API, with over 60% presenting with coexisting substance use symptoms. Complicating issues even further, these comorbid @entity1 presented with more complex social and interpersonal circumstances, more complex clinical issues, different courses of treatment, and greater symptom complexity than @entity146 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: 1.) Individual @entity1 level--Providers for @entity146 inpatients must become more prepared to deal with coexisting substance abuse symptoms; policy makers must become more aware of the need for such @entity1 to have smooth transitions from mental health to substance abuse treatment systems. 2.) Systemic-administrative level--Educators must better prepare providers to deal with this challenging clientele.

title: Rates and sequelae of the coexistence of substance use and other XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['coexisting disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorders', 'psychiatric-only']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric disorders']


abstract: The authors report the case of a 49-year-old female with a history of @entity340 who underwent valve surgery in 1997, with implantation of St. Jude prosthetic valves in aortic and mitral position. She was asymptomatic until the end of July 2001, when she was admitted to Garcia de Orta Hospital emergency unit because of @entity712 , fever and suspicion of @entity884 . Cardiologic evaluation was requested and the transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiograms revealed @entity47 on the prosthetic mitral valve. Blood cultures were negative. She started empiric antibiotic therapy and the clinical course stabilized in the first week. After ten days of medical therapy her symptoms became worse and TTE and TEE were repeated. TTE showed significant left ventricular-aortic gradient, suggesting @entity886 . Decreased left ventricular function was now present with @entity2845 in the anterior descending coronary artery territory. In the TEE, a large thrombotic process on the mitral prosthesis valve was seen, with a prosthesis disk blocked. There were similar findings in the aortic valve. Cardiac fluoroscopic images were obtained at the mitral and aortic position confirming the TEE report. The coronary angiogram was normal. Promptly transferred to a cardiac surgery center, the @entity1 underwent aortic and mitral prosthetic valve replacement. The intraoperative findings were compatible with those from echocardiography and cardiac fluoroscopy.

title: Thrombosis and XXXX in prosthetic heart valves, a case report.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve obstruction']

entities_list: @entity2845 :: ('MESH:D018476', 'Disease') :: ['hypokinesia']

entities_list: @entity47 :: ('MESH:D018458', 'Disease') :: ['vegetations']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic valvular heart disease']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['endocarditis']


abstract: We conducted a 4-year retrospective study (1996-1999) in order to assess the abdominal events in @entity1 on @entity298 ( @entity298 ), as well as the technique failure and the death incidence. We enrolled 127 @entity1 in two french dialysis centers, who presented 9 enteric @entity298 (13.2% of the total @entity298 episodes), occurring 7.6 +/- 7.9 months after @entity298 treatment. Surgery (8 @entity1 ) and definitive technique failure (7 @entity1 ) were necessary. @entity547 were the most frequent with 32.6% of the total abdominal complications. They were either umbilical (7 @entity1 ), or inguinal (5 @entity1 ) or hiatal (3 @entity1 ). Six @entity1 continued on @entity298 without disruption whereas 6 @entity1 had a transient stop and thereafter returned to @entity298 . The other abdominal complications such as @entity356 (5 @entity1 ), oesophagogastric reflux (5 @entity1 ), @entity409 (9 @entity1 ) occurred during @entity298 treatment without any relationship with the treatment modality. In the @entity6 population, abdominal complications were not more frequent but they took place more quickly than in the non @entity6 population (5.5 +/- 3.8 months versus 12.9 +/- 16.3 months with p < 0.01). A rapid diagnosis, especially in case of enteric @entity298 , is mandatory to avoid "abdominal catastrophes" mainly due to @entity130 . The incidence of @entity547 could be decreased if a good clinical approach is effective before @entity298 treatment.

title: [Abdominal complications in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD', 'bacterial peritonitis', 'peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver diseases']

entities_list: @entity547 :: ('MESH:D006547', 'Disease') :: ['hernia', 'Hernias']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric and duodenal ulcus']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['visceral injury']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritoneal dialysis']


abstract: We used a subcutaneously administered @entity4397 for 21 to 26 days prior to menotropin stimulation, to suppress endogenous LH surges in four @entity1 participating in IVF. @entity4397 -pretreated cycles were compared with previous menotropin treatment cycles. Endogenous LH surges were successfully suppressed in all @entity1 . Peak E2 levels and ultrasonographic parameters of follicular development were comparable in the two treatment groups. Exogenous gonadotropin requirements were increased 2- to 4-fold in @entity4397 pretreated cycles (P less than 0.05). Ovum recovery rates were not improved by adjuvant LA. These studies indicate that there was an increased ovarian requirement for exogenous gonadotropins as a result of @entity4397 therapy. It has to be considered that this may be a direct effect of @entity4397 upon the ovary. Alternatively, the absence of endogenous pituitary support in @entity4397 -treated @entity1 may account for the increased gonadotropin requirement. Finally, it is possible that this effect is indigenous to this select @entity1 population of poor responders to menotropin stimulation, or to a specific effect of subcutaneously (as opposed to intranasally) administered @entity4397 on the ovary. Further studies are needed to clarify the extent to which any or all of these postulated mechanisms may be influencing ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins after subcutaneous @entity4397 pretreatment.

title: Exogenous gonadotropin requirements are increased in leuprolide suppressed XXXX undergoing ovarian stimulation.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Total parenteral nutrition may be responsible for @entity1085 and @entity9279 which might possibly be related to @entity1085 . Gallbladder motility has not yet been studied during constant-rate enteral nutrition. We performed serial ultrasonographic studies of gallbladder volume and contents in ten @entity1 receiving constant-rate enteral nutrition during 35 +/- 17 days. Each @entity1 had two weekly examinations at 9 AM and 2 PM on the same day. None of the @entity1 developed @entity1085 or @entity9279 . The gallbladder was frequently seen to be contracted. Mean gallbladder volume during constant-rate enteral nutrition was not significantly different from mean gallbladder volume after Bladex. Individual gallbladder volume changed significantly from one measurement to another. This study showed that @entity1319 is preserved during constant-rate enteral nutrition. The persistence of @entity1085 may prevent the development of @entity253 ad @entity9279 .

title: [Ultrasonic study of XXXX during exclusive continuous enteral feeding].

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder contractions', 'gallbladder bile stasis', 'gallbladder sludge']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder motility']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary sludge']

entities_list: @entity9279 :: ('MESH:D020347', 'Disease') :: ['lithiasis']

answer: @entity1319 :: (MESH:D015835,Disease) :: ['gallbladder motility']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: In the last ten years validation of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept has led to modification of the surgical approach for @entity1 with intermediate-risk @entity320 . METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Forty-eight @entity1 affected by @entity320 with a Breslow thickness between 0.65 and 4 mm were enrolled in the study. Approximately 2 mCi of radiotracer and 1 mL of vital blue dye were injected in each @entity1 around the site of the @entity75 . Lymphoscintigraphy was performed until the lymphatic basin and the respective SLN were localized. The whole surgical procedure consisted of enlargement of the surgical margins followed by localization and excision of the SLN(s) by using both radiotracer and vital dye. Whenever the SLN proved to be histologically positive for @entity3 , complete regional lymphadenectomy was performed. RESULTS: Within 15 minutes of radiotracer administration the lymphatic basin was localized in all 4 @entity1 by lymphoscintigraphy. Vital dye and radiotracer successfully allowed SLN localization and excision in 46 of 48 @entity1 (97%); in one case the SLN was detected by radiotracer alone. The SLN proved to be metastatic in six (13%) of 46 evaluable @entity1 ; interestingly, in three of them the presence of metastatic cells was revealed only by immunohistochemistry. All @entity1 with @entity5 -positive SLNs had primary lesions with a Breslow thickness = 2 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymphadenectomy is able to identify lymph node involvement in @entity1 with @entity320 with a Breslow thickness > 1 mm, thus avoiding the risks associated with radical regional lymphadenectomy. Lymphoscintigraphy proved to be an important tool to obtain correct preoperative localization of the drainage basin, especially for @entity320 located on the face and trunk.

title: Sentinel lymphadenectomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanomas', 'cutaneous melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['cutaneous melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4353 , @entity17347 and @entity4643 (MAC) are closely related @entity735 that have caused public concern in the UK following media reports of apparent clusters of cases. An extensive search was carried out to identify potential cases, and diagnoses were confirmed by ophthalmological review. Despite this effort, it was recognised that some cases would remain unidentified. Capture-recapture methods could improve the accuracy of the study's birth prevalence estimate. METHODS: A register of all @entity1 born with the @entity735 of MAC in Scotland (1981-96) was compiled. This identified 188 cases from eight national ascertainment sources. The methods described by Hook and Regal were used to determine possible estimates for each source. A log-linear method of capture-recapture was used to fit a model to the number of @entity1 identified by the different combinations of the eight national sources, and the individual sources were included in the model as main effects. RESULTS: Maximum-likelihood estimates were calculated for tables of captured/not captured by one source versus any other source. The estimated number of unobserved cases for the most complete source, the register of @entity154 for Scotland, and the seven others combined is 78 (95% CI 53-115). Estimates calculated from two different log-linear models of the numbers of cases unobserved by all sources were 61 (95% CI 43-86) and 175 (95% CI 106-287). An external check with an independent @entity154 register in one region, which is known to have high completeness, gave an estimate of 120. The study found a birth prevalence of MAC in Scotland of 1.9/10000, based on total live births during the study period. The capture-recapture analysis suggests that the true birth prevalence lies between 2.4/10 000 and 3.5/10000. DISCUSSION: Our experience shows that, even with multiple sources of ascertainment and considerable resources directed at case identification, a considerable level of under-ascertainment of congenital @entity735 still results, and suggests that the use of capture-recapture analysis would be a useful addition to @entity154 registers for needs assessment, disease-burden estimates and health-service planning.

title: A capture-recapture model to estimate prevalence of @entity1 born in Scotland with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies', 'congenital-anomalies']

entities_list: @entity4353 :: ('MESH:D008850', 'Disease') :: ['Microphthalmia']

entities_list: @entity17347 :: ('MESH:D000853', 'Disease') :: ['anophthalmia']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['structural developmental eye defects', 'developmental eye defects', 'eye-anomalies']

answer: @entity735 :: (MESH:D005124,Disease) :: ['developmental eye defects']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4353 , @entity17347 and @entity4643 (MAC) are closely related @entity735 that have caused public concern in the UK following media reports of apparent clusters of cases. An extensive search was carried out to identify potential cases, and diagnoses were confirmed by ophthalmological review. Despite this effort, it was recognised that some cases would remain unidentified. Capture-recapture methods could improve the accuracy of the study's birth prevalence estimate. METHODS: A register of all @entity1 born with the @entity735 of MAC in Scotland (1981-96) was compiled. This identified 188 cases from eight national ascertainment sources. The methods described by Hook and Regal were used to determine possible estimates for each source. A log-linear method of capture-recapture was used to fit a model to the number of @entity1 identified by the different combinations of the eight national sources, and the individual sources were included in the model as main effects. RESULTS: Maximum-likelihood estimates were calculated for tables of captured/not captured by one source versus any other source. The estimated number of unobserved cases for the most complete source, the register of @entity154 for Scotland, and the seven others combined is 78 (95% CI 53-115). Estimates calculated from two different log-linear models of the numbers of cases unobserved by all sources were 61 (95% CI 43-86) and 175 (95% CI 106-287). An external check with an independent @entity154 register in one region, which is known to have high completeness, gave an estimate of 120. The study found a birth prevalence of MAC in Scotland of 1.9/10000, based on total live births during the study period. The capture-recapture analysis suggests that the true birth prevalence lies between 2.4/10 000 and 3.5/10000. DISCUSSION: Our experience shows that, even with multiple sources of ascertainment and considerable resources directed at case identification, a considerable level of under-ascertainment of congenital @entity735 still results, and suggests that the use of capture-recapture analysis would be a useful addition to @entity154 registers for needs assessment, disease-burden estimates and health-service planning.

title: A capture-recapture model to estimate prevalence of XXXX born in Scotland with @entity735 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The ripening-related pepper @entity70973 ( @entity70973 ) CaCel1 was over-expressed in transgenic @entity523 plants under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter to investigate the effects on plant growth and fruit softening of high levels of a potential cell wall-degrading activity. In transgenic fruit, recombinant CaCel1 protein was associated with a high-salt putative cell wall fraction, and extractable CMCase activity was increased by up to 20-fold relative to controls. However, the effects of high levels of @entity70973 activity on fruit cell wall metabolism were relatively small. The largest consequence observed was a decrease of up to 20% in the amount of matrix glycans in a 24% @entity3071 -soluble fraction consisting of polysaccharides tightly bound to cellulose. This decrease was confined to polysaccharides other than xyloglucan, did not affect the size distribution of remaining molecules, and was not correlated with a corresponding increase in glycans in a 4% @entity3071 -soluble fraction loosely bound to cellulose, suggesting that the missing polymers had been degraded to fragments small enough to be lost from the extracts. The amount of matrix glycans in the 4% @entity3071 -soluble fraction was not substantially changed, but the size distribution showed a small relative increase in the amount of polymers in a peak eluting close to a linear dextran marker of 71 kDa. This could be due either to an increase in the amount of polymers of this size, or to a loss from the extract of other polymers present in peaks of higher molecular weight. Transgenic fruit were not softer than controls but appeared the same or slightly firmer at both green and red developmental stages, and no differences in plant vegetative growth were observed. CaCel1 did not cause depolymerization of @entity523 fruit xyloglucan in vivo, but differences in the amount or molecular weight profile of other matrix glycans were observed. The data suggest that degradation of a proportion of matrix glycans other than xyloglucan does not result in fruit softening, and that fruit softening is not limited by the amount of @entity70973 activity present during ripening.

title: Constitutive overexpression of a ripening-related pepper endo-1,4-beta-glucanase in transgenic XXXX fruit does not increase xyloglucan depolymerization or fruit softening.

answer: @entity523 :: (4081,Species) :: ['tomato']


abstract: We have investigated the effects of insulin and motor denervation on the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle. @entity35 epitrochlearis muscles were denervated in vivo 3 days before the contralateral and denervated muscles were incubated in vitro with 32Pi to label sites in glycogen synthase. The @entity7263 -labeled synthase was rapidly immunoprecipitated from extracts under conditions which prevented changes in the phosphorylation state of the enzyme. When @entity7263 -labeled synthase from contralateral muscles was cleaved with CNBr, essentially all of the @entity7263 was recovered in two fragments, denoted @entity36300 . Incubating these muscles with insulin decreased the @entity7263 content of each fragment by approximately 25%, indicating that the hormone stimulated dephosphorylation of at least two sites. Peptide mapping by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography was performed to resolve phosphorylation sites more completely. The results suggest that the enzyme was phosphorylated in sites 1a, 1b, 2, 3(a+b+c), and 5. Insulin stimulated dephosphorylation of sites in peptides presumed to contain sites 1b, 2, and 3(a+b+c). Synthase from denervated muscles appeared to contain the same amount of @entity1391 as enzyme from contralateral muscles, and denervation did not detectably affect the distribution of @entity7263 within the subunit. However, denervation abolished the effect of insulin on decreasing the @entity7263 content of synthase. The results indicate that the insulin resistance induced by denervation involves a loss in the ability of insulin to stimulate dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase.

title: Insulin resistance in denervated skeletal muscle. Inability of insulin to stimulate dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in denervated XXXX epitrochlearis muscles.

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate safety and efficacy of vagal nerve stimulation in @entity235 with @entity302 . DESIGN: Placebo-controlled, double-masked, crossover study. ANIMALS: 10 @entity235 with poorly controlled @entity410 . PROCEDURE: A programmable pacemaker-like device designed to deliver intermittent stimulation to the left cervical trunk of the vagus was surgically implanted in each @entity235 . @entity235 were assigned randomly to two 13-week test periods, 1 with nerve stimulation and 1 without nerve stimulation. Owners recorded data on @entity410 frequency, duration, and intensity, as well as adverse effects. RESULTS: No significant difference in @entity410 frequency, duration, or severity was detected between overall 13-week treatment and control periods. During the final 4 weeks of the treatment period, a significant decrease in mean @entity410 frequency (34.4%) was detected, compared with the control period. Complications included transient @entity1168 , @entity1167 , and @entity386 during intraoperative device testing, and @entity2080 formation, subcutaneous migration of the generator, and transient @entity4820 during the 14-day period between surgery and suture removal. No adverse effects of stimulation were detected, and most owners were satisfied with the treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vagal nerve stimulation is a potentially safe approach to @entity410 control that appears to be efficacious in certain @entity235 and should be considered a possible treatment option when antiepileptic medications are ineffective.

title: Use of vagal nerve stimulation as a treatment for XXXX in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['refractory epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity4820 :: ('MESH:D006732', 'Disease') :: ["Horner's syndrome"]

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['refractory epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate safety and efficacy of vagal nerve stimulation in @entity235 with @entity302 . DESIGN: Placebo-controlled, double-masked, crossover study. ANIMALS: 10 @entity235 with poorly controlled @entity410 . PROCEDURE: A programmable pacemaker-like device designed to deliver intermittent stimulation to the left cervical trunk of the vagus was surgically implanted in each @entity235 . @entity235 were assigned randomly to two 13-week test periods, 1 with nerve stimulation and 1 without nerve stimulation. Owners recorded data on @entity410 frequency, duration, and intensity, as well as adverse effects. RESULTS: No significant difference in @entity410 frequency, duration, or severity was detected between overall 13-week treatment and control periods. During the final 4 weeks of the treatment period, a significant decrease in mean @entity410 frequency (34.4%) was detected, compared with the control period. Complications included transient @entity1168 , @entity1167 , and @entity386 during intraoperative device testing, and @entity2080 formation, subcutaneous migration of the generator, and transient @entity4820 during the 14-day period between surgery and suture removal. No adverse effects of stimulation were detected, and most owners were satisfied with the treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vagal nerve stimulation is a potentially safe approach to @entity410 control that appears to be efficacious in certain @entity235 and should be considered a possible treatment option when antiepileptic medications are ineffective.

title: Use of vagal nerve stimulation as a treatment for @entity302 in XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: The subcellular distribution and ultrastructural effects of lead have been studied in the kidneys and liver of @entity35 given @entity10222 (600 ppm @entity10781 ) in their drinking water for 6 months. Control @entity35 were given @entity13101 . Tissue samples were fixed in @entity3584 and examined by electron microscopy with and without staining. Unstained sections of both kidney and liver from lead-treated animals showed small particles (2-5 nm diameter) of very high electron density which appear to represent a deposited form of @entity10781 . Ultrastructural changes in the kidneys were largely confined to glomeruli (swelling of endothelial cells, fusion of foot processes, thickening of basement membrane) and proximal tubules (ranging from minimal sub-lethal changes to necrotic disorganization). The electron-dense particles of @entity10781 occurred in large clusters in basement membranes. As individual particles, or small groups, they were numerous in nuclei of proximal epithelium but usually only a few, largely confined to vesicles or inclusion bodies, were present in the cytoplasm. Only when cells were markedly damaged morphologically were particles more generally distributed in the cytoplasm. @entity409 by @entity10781 was largely confined to centrilobular regions. Endothelial and Kupffer cells were the most affected; they often sequestered large numbers of the particles. In parenchymal cells, particles were few and mainly in vesicles, but they were more widely distributed in the cytoplasm when morphological injury was apparent. The free distribution of @entity10781 in liver and kidney seems to be limited by its deposition in basement membranes and sequestration in reticulo-endothelial cells; intracellular distribution in healthy cells is also limited, by deposition in nuclei (in kidney only) or cytoplasmic vesicles.

title: Localization of lead in the kidney and liver of @entity35 treated in vivo with XXXX : ultrastructural studies on unstained sections.

entities_list: @entity13101 :: ('MESH:D019346', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium acetate']

entities_list: @entity10222 :: ('MESH:C008261', 'Chemical') :: ['lead acetate']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['Liver damage']

answer: @entity10222 :: (MESH:C008261,Chemical) :: ['lead acetate']


abstract: The subcellular distribution and ultrastructural effects of lead have been studied in the kidneys and liver of @entity35 given @entity10222 (600 ppm @entity10781 ) in their drinking water for 6 months. Control @entity35 were given @entity13101 . Tissue samples were fixed in @entity3584 and examined by electron microscopy with and without staining. Unstained sections of both kidney and liver from lead-treated animals showed small particles (2-5 nm diameter) of very high electron density which appear to represent a deposited form of @entity10781 . Ultrastructural changes in the kidneys were largely confined to glomeruli (swelling of endothelial cells, fusion of foot processes, thickening of basement membrane) and proximal tubules (ranging from minimal sub-lethal changes to necrotic disorganization). The electron-dense particles of @entity10781 occurred in large clusters in basement membranes. As individual particles, or small groups, they were numerous in nuclei of proximal epithelium but usually only a few, largely confined to vesicles or inclusion bodies, were present in the cytoplasm. Only when cells were markedly damaged morphologically were particles more generally distributed in the cytoplasm. @entity409 by @entity10781 was largely confined to centrilobular regions. Endothelial and Kupffer cells were the most affected; they often sequestered large numbers of the particles. In parenchymal cells, particles were few and mainly in vesicles, but they were more widely distributed in the cytoplasm when morphological injury was apparent. The free distribution of @entity10781 in liver and kidney seems to be limited by its deposition in basement membranes and sequestration in reticulo-endothelial cells; intracellular distribution in healthy cells is also limited, by deposition in nuclei (in kidney only) or cytoplasmic vesicles.

title: Localization of lead in the kidney and liver of XXXX treated in vivo with @entity10222 : ultrastructural studies on unstained sections.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The incidence of @entity5 in 12,693 shipyard and machine shop male workers (1689 welders, 4308 platers, 6003 machinists, 693 pipe fitters) employed for at least one year between 1945 and 1960 was investigated in a retrospective cohort study. The welders had welded only mild steel and had not been exposed to @entity6596 containing fume. The follow up was 99.7% complete and the total number of @entity1 -years was 304,682. The incidence of @entity5 in 1953-81 was ascertained through the Finnish @entity5 Registry. The observed numbers of cases of @entity5 were compared with the expected numbers based on regional urban rates. The smoking habits of the cohort were surveyed with a postal questionnaire sent to a sample of 961 workers. The smoking habits of the cohorts were similar and smoking was not more common than among the general population. The total number of cases of @entity5 was 611 (exp 629) among the shipyard workers and 376 (exp 388) among the machine shop workers. The incidence of @entity2 was increased among the shipyard workers (obs 227, exp 192). This excess was observed in all the worker groups and was most evident for the pipe fitters and platers. Among the machine shop workers, the incidence of @entity2 was lower than expected with the exception of the welders who had a slightly raised risk of @entity2 (obs 14, exp 10). The incidence of @entity5 was slightly raised among the shipyard workers (obs 24, exp 20) but not in the machine shop workers. No excess risk was observed among the welders. The incidence of @entity263 was increased among the machine shop workers (obs 39, exp 31) but not in the shipyard workers. The excess was statistically significant for the welders. No pronounced excess could be found for other types of @entity5 . Analysis by the duration or exposure showed that the @entity2 in the shipyard workers was most evident during the last period of observation (1972-81). No other trends were obvious and the slight @entity2 observed among the welders did not increase with increasing follow up time. No excess risk for @entity2615 was found. The small @entity2 in welders could be due to chance. The fact that only a small and statistically insignificant @entity2 could be found among this group of heavily exposed welders suggest that if the risk of @entity2 was associated with welding this risk must nowadays be low and probably too low to be unequivocally detected in most epidemiological studies.

title: Incidence of XXXX among welders, platers, machinists, and pipe fitters in shipyards and machine shops.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity6596 :: ('MESH:C074702', 'Chemical') :: ['hexavalent chromium']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal cancer', 'cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'excess of lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: We recently reported that the well-studied fermenting bacterium @entity7878 could grow via a respirative metabolism in the presence of @entity26 when a @entity1446 source is present. Respiration induces profound changes in @entity7878 metabolism, and improvement of @entity26 tolerance and long-term survival. Compared to usual fermentation conditions, biomass is approximately doubled by the end of growth, acid production is reduced, and large amounts of normally minor end products accumulate. Lactococci grown via respiration survive markedly better after long-term storage than fermenting cells. We suggest that growth and survival of lactococci are optimal under respiration-permissive conditions, and not under fermentation conditions as previously supposed. Our results reveal the uniqueness of the @entity7878 respiration model. The well-studied 'aerobic' bacteria express multiple terminal cytochrome oxidases, which assure respiration all throughout growth; they also synthesize their own @entity1446 . In contrast, the @entity7878 cydAB genes encode a single cytochrome oxidase (bd), and @entity1446 must be provided. Furthermore, cydAB genes mediate respiration only late in growth. Thus, lactococci exit the lag phase via fermentation even if @entity1446 is present, and start respiration in late exponential phase. Our results suggest that the spectacularly improved survival is in part due to reduced intracellular oxidation during respiration. We predict that lactococcal relatives like the Enterococci, and some Lactobacilli, which have reported respiration potential, will display improved survival under respiration-permissive conditions.

title: Respiration capacity and consequences in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7878 :: ('1358', 'Species') :: ['Lactococcus lactis', 'L. lactis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity7878 :: (1358,Species) :: ['Lactococcus lactis']


abstract: The pathophysiological significance of coronary collateral vessels remains controversial, despite previous intensive studies. We performed the multistage supine ergometer stress test for 26 @entity1 with effort @entity951 and collaterals. The changes in the collaterals were observed during each @entity2142 by coronary angiography before and after intravenous @entity1242 . The collaterals of 21 @entity1 disappeared or diminished during exercise-induced @entity951 before @entity1242 administration, and were unchanged in the remaining five cases. However, the collaterals of all @entity1 after @entity1242 administration were unchanged or increased during exercise-induced @entity951 . Considering there were no significant changes in pulmonary arterial end-diastolic pressures during @entity951 before and after @entity1242 administration, a pressure gradient between the donor and recipient coronary arteries was suggested as being related to the patency of the collaterals. These results suggested the following: 1. It is not appropriate to postulate that the collaterals visualized at rest may remain unchanged during exercise-induced @entity951 . 2. It is not reasonable to conclude that exercise accelerates the development of collateral circulation. 3. One favorable effect of @entity1242 administration is the prevention of exercise-induced @entity63 via collateral circulation.

title: [Collateral circulation during exercise-induced XXXX : evaluation by coronary angiography].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['anginal attack']

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['angina']


abstract: @entity6 is a well-established cause of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) and all-cause mortality. The burden of @entity204 attributable to @entity6 in the United States is not well quantified, particularly with regard to age. The authors analyzed data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) (1976-1980) and the NHANES II Mortality Study, in which a nationally representative cohort of 9,250 adults aged 30-75 years was followed for 12-16 years, to determine all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Overall, between 1976 and 1980, the prevalence of diagnosed @entity6 was 4.3%. By 1992, the relative hazard of all-cause mortality was 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.5, 2.3), and the population attributable risk (PAR) was 3.6%. The relative hazard of @entity65 mortality was 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.8, 2.8), and the PAR was 5.2%. Including @entity1 with undiagnosed @entity6 in the estimates increased the PAR for all-cause mortality to 5.1% and that for @entity65 mortality to 6.8%. @entity1 had a higher prevalence of diagnosed @entity6 than @entity1 and a greater relative hazard of @entity204 than nondiabetic @entity1 , leading to a higher PAR for @entity1 (3.8% for all causes and 7.3% for @entity65 ) versus @entity1 (3.3% for all causes and 3.8% for @entity65 ). These data suggest that @entity6 accounts for at least 3.6% of all @entity204 and 5.2% of @entity65 @entity204 in US adults. Improvements in @entity6 prevention and treatment should produce noticeable effects on US life expectancy.

title: Age and the burden of XXXX attributable to @entity6 in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: @entity6 is a well-established cause of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) and all-cause mortality. The burden of @entity204 attributable to @entity6 in the United States is not well quantified, particularly with regard to age. The authors analyzed data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) (1976-1980) and the NHANES II Mortality Study, in which a nationally representative cohort of 9,250 adults aged 30-75 years was followed for 12-16 years, to determine all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Overall, between 1976 and 1980, the prevalence of diagnosed @entity6 was 4.3%. By 1992, the relative hazard of all-cause mortality was 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.5, 2.3), and the population attributable risk (PAR) was 3.6%. The relative hazard of @entity65 mortality was 2.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.8, 2.8), and the PAR was 5.2%. Including @entity1 with undiagnosed @entity6 in the estimates increased the PAR for all-cause mortality to 5.1% and that for @entity65 mortality to 6.8%. @entity1 had a higher prevalence of diagnosed @entity6 than @entity1 and a greater relative hazard of @entity204 than nondiabetic @entity1 , leading to a higher PAR for @entity1 (3.8% for all causes and 7.3% for @entity65 ) versus @entity1 (3.3% for all causes and 3.8% for @entity65 ). These data suggest that @entity6 accounts for at least 3.6% of all @entity204 and 5.2% of @entity65 @entity204 in US adults. Improvements in @entity6 prevention and treatment should produce noticeable effects on US life expectancy.

title: Age and the burden of @entity204 attributable to XXXX in the United States.

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: In the last 18 years we have followed 330 @entity1 with @entity66 ( @entity66 ), diagnosed according to the ESPGAN criteria (with 3 jejunal biopsies: during the acute phase, after a gluten-free diet and after a gluten challenge). One to fifteen years after the diagnosis, 61 of them asked to be exposed to a second gluten challenge to see if their intolerance was persistent. Ten percent of them had already started the challenge by themselves, the others were on @entity1593 ( @entity1593 ). To all 61 serial clinical controls, one-hour-blood- @entity6122 absorption test every three months and a jejunal biopsy was suggested. The jejunal biopsy was performed when symptoms recurred, or when xylose-test showed an impaired absorption, or after 2 years. If the first jejunal biopsy showed a villous atrophy the @entity1593 was restarted, while if a normal mucosa was found the gluten challenge was continued and the jejunal biopsy repeated every year. 52 @entity1 (85%) showed a villous atrophy after 1.5 to 72 months. 6 (10%) did not show a clinical or histological relapse, 2 refused the jejunal biopsy because symptomless, and 1 had to restart the @entity1593 because she developed a @entity14086 . One-hour-blood-xylose test was performed in 29 @entity1 and 20 (69%) showed a low absorbtion, the majority of them in the first year of challenge, and the remaining refused it. 36 of the relapsed @entity1 presented with mild clinical symptoms while 16 were symptomless.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinico-histological behavior of celiac XXXX after gluten load following the definitive diagnosis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['GFD', 'Gluten Free Diet']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Coeliac Disease', 'CD']

entities_list: @entity14086 :: ('MESH:D003874', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis herpetiformis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Five @entity1 (group A) with @entity2670 ( @entity2670 ) and sterility for at least 3 yr were treated for 1 cycle for ovulation induction with a combined regimen of GnRH agonist ( @entity4397 ) plus highly purified FSH. The @entity1 received @entity4397 (Buserelin; 200 micrograms, sc, twice a day) for 6 weeks and then @entity4397 combined with FSH highly purified (2 ampules a day; 75 IU FSH and less than 0.11 IU LH in each ampule). Ovarian response was evaluated by plasma @entity53 (E2) assay and ultrasound examination, performed daily. Furthermore, plasma FSH and LH levels were assayed 3 times a week. Once a follicle was considered sufficiently developed, the combined regimen was withheld, and 24-48 h later hCG (5000 IU, im) was given. The results are compared with those of 31 ovulatory cycles induced by im FSH highly purified (group B) in @entity2670 @entity1 with the same FSH administration, clinical, and monitoring protocols. Ovulation was achieved in all cycles treated by @entity4397 plus FSH. Two singleton and a twin pregnancy resulted. Multiple follicular development occurred in all cycles. Plasma E2 levels were generally in the normal range. Echographic and endocrine features in the 2 groups were as follows. 1) basal ovarian @entity2670 were similar. 2) Group A had a greater number of follicles than did group B (P less than 0.01), while E2 to number of follicles and E2 to ovarian volume ratios were greater (P less than 0.01) in group B. 3) The linear correlations between plasma E2 levels and ovarian volume were markedly different in groups A and B (P less than 0.01). The regression line for group B had a steeper slope than that for group A. This finding indicates that at a fixed ovarian volume plasma E2 levels were significantly lower in group A than in group B. We conclude that the combined @entity4397 and FSH regimen may constitute an alternative and promising tool for the induction of ovulation in @entity1 with @entity2670 .

title: Successful induction of ovulation and conception with combined gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist plus highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['volume and ovarian enlargement', 'PCOD', 'polycystic ovarian disease']

answer: @entity2670 :: (MESH:D010049,Disease) :: ['polycystic ovarian disease']


abstract: Five @entity1 (group A) with @entity2670 ( @entity2670 ) and sterility for at least 3 yr were treated for 1 cycle for ovulation induction with a combined regimen of GnRH agonist ( @entity4397 ) plus highly purified FSH. The @entity1 received @entity4397 (Buserelin; 200 micrograms, sc, twice a day) for 6 weeks and then @entity4397 combined with FSH highly purified (2 ampules a day; 75 IU FSH and less than 0.11 IU LH in each ampule). Ovarian response was evaluated by plasma @entity53 (E2) assay and ultrasound examination, performed daily. Furthermore, plasma FSH and LH levels were assayed 3 times a week. Once a follicle was considered sufficiently developed, the combined regimen was withheld, and 24-48 h later hCG (5000 IU, im) was given. The results are compared with those of 31 ovulatory cycles induced by im FSH highly purified (group B) in @entity2670 @entity1 with the same FSH administration, clinical, and monitoring protocols. Ovulation was achieved in all cycles treated by @entity4397 plus FSH. Two singleton and a twin pregnancy resulted. Multiple follicular development occurred in all cycles. Plasma E2 levels were generally in the normal range. Echographic and endocrine features in the 2 groups were as follows. 1) basal ovarian @entity2670 were similar. 2) Group A had a greater number of follicles than did group B (P less than 0.01), while E2 to number of follicles and E2 to ovarian volume ratios were greater (P less than 0.01) in group B. 3) The linear correlations between plasma E2 levels and ovarian volume were markedly different in groups A and B (P less than 0.01). The regression line for group B had a steeper slope than that for group A. This finding indicates that at a fixed ovarian volume plasma E2 levels were significantly lower in group A than in group B. We conclude that the combined @entity4397 and FSH regimen may constitute an alternative and promising tool for the induction of ovulation in @entity1 with @entity2670 .

title: Successful induction of ovulation and conception with combined gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist plus highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone in XXXX with @entity2670 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: How a @entity146 hospital may be viewed will depend on how its professionals think about the origins and treatment of the @entity146 . If the illness is considered physical in origin, the hospital dealing with it will give medications and apply physical methods of therapy with the aim of discharging the @entity1 rapidly. If one regards the @entity146 as having social origins the institution will deal with its social factors as important to the therapeutic process. It will design itself as a therapeutic community and consider itself primarily as such. The physical aspects of treatment will be thought of as secondary to the social ones. One may think of a @entity146 hospital as a particular type of society or culture. In this culture the @entity1 and staff are immersed and interact in the therapeutic process. It is to this culture that the @entity1 must adapt. It is in this culture that physical treatments and social factors are brought to bear on the @entity1 . This culture must in turn impact on the @entity1 for better or worse. This view requires a study of the elements which make the hospital's culture. It needs a knowledge of the larger culture and an awareness of its own impact on the institution. The value-system of the hospital also has a place of importance. This paper deals with the above and elements important to a @entity146 hospital which views itself as a culture.

title: Cultural aspects of the XXXX hospital.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorder', 'mental disorders', 'psychiatric']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To review our early operative results and endoscopic findings after laparoscopic fundoplication for @entity355 ( @entity355 ). METHODS: From January 1995 through December 2000, 49 @entity1 with @entity355 (35 @entity1 and 14 @entity1 ) underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Median age was 54 years (range, 28 to 85 years). No @entity1 had high-grade @entity1141 ; 6, however, had @entity258 . All 49 @entity1 had @entity354 . Heartburn was present in 41 @entity1 (84%), @entity1282 in 16 (33%), epigastric or @entity662 in 9 (18%), and other symptoms in 16 (33%). A Nissen fundoplication was performed in 48 @entity1 and a partial posterior fundoplication in 1. Forty-one @entity1 (84%) had concomitant @entity357 repair. RESULTS: There were no deaths. Complications occurred in 2 @entity1 (4%). Follow-up was complete in 48 @entity1 (98%) and ranged from 1 to 81 months (median, 29 months). Functional results were classified as excellent in 33 @entity1 (69%), good in 9 (19%), fair in 5 (10%), and poor in 1 (2%). Thirty-three @entity1 (67%) underwent postoperative surveillance esophagoscopy with biopsy. Nine @entity1 (18%) had total regression of @entity355 and 3 (6%) had a decrease in total length. In the 6 @entity1 with preoperative @entity258 , @entity1141 was not found in 4, remained unchanged in 1, and progressed to in situ @entity420 in 1. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic fundoplication is effective in controlling symptoms in the majority of @entity1 with @entity355 . While disappearance of @entity355 may occur in some @entity1 , the possibility of developing @entity420 is not eliminated by laparoscopic fundoplication. Therefore, endoscopic surveillance should continue.

title: XXXX : the role of laparoscopic fundoplication.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ['BE', "Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['hiatal hernia']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low-grade dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity355 :: (MESH:D001471,Disease) :: ['Barrett's esophagus']


abstract: The effects of the L-type @entity141 channel blocker @entity3931 on the spectrum of the spontaneous neural noise (SNN) and the waveform of the gross sound-evoked compound action potential (CAP) were investigated by perilymphatic perfusion in the @entity840 cochlea. Both the SNN and the CAP were reversibly suppressed by @entity3931 . The percentage reduction in SNN was dose-dependent in a manner very similar to the results obtained with the measures of CAP threshold changes. The reduction in the peak SNN caused by 10 microM @entity3931 was the same as that caused by 500 microM @entity4176 , which totally eliminated any neural responses. For 1 microM @entity3931 there was an apparent dissociation between the SNN and CAP changes such that the SNN could be markedly suppressed with only very small changes in CAP thresholds. These results imply that spontaneous release of neurotransmitter from the inner hair cell is more sensitive to block of @entity460 channels than evoked release. There was no evidence for any marked shift caused by @entity3931 , in the position of the main (900 Hz) spectral peak in the SNN. Comparison of the CAP waveform before and after @entity3931 perfusion showed that the CAP waveforms were unchanged despite the change in sensitivity. These data do not support the notion of any significant postsynaptic site of action of @entity3931 . The data hence provide further support for an exclusively presynaptic role for L-type @entity141 channels in the regulation of both evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release from inner hair cells.

title: Effects of a XXXX channel blocker on spontaneous neural noise and gross action potential waveforms in the @entity840 cochlea.

entities_list: @entity3931 :: ('MESH:D009553', 'Chemical') :: ['nimodipine']

entities_list: @entity4176 :: ('MESH:D007608', 'Chemical') :: ['kainic acid']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: The effects of the L-type @entity141 channel blocker @entity3931 on the spectrum of the spontaneous neural noise (SNN) and the waveform of the gross sound-evoked compound action potential (CAP) were investigated by perilymphatic perfusion in the @entity840 cochlea. Both the SNN and the CAP were reversibly suppressed by @entity3931 . The percentage reduction in SNN was dose-dependent in a manner very similar to the results obtained with the measures of CAP threshold changes. The reduction in the peak SNN caused by 10 microM @entity3931 was the same as that caused by 500 microM @entity4176 , which totally eliminated any neural responses. For 1 microM @entity3931 there was an apparent dissociation between the SNN and CAP changes such that the SNN could be markedly suppressed with only very small changes in CAP thresholds. These results imply that spontaneous release of neurotransmitter from the inner hair cell is more sensitive to block of @entity460 channels than evoked release. There was no evidence for any marked shift caused by @entity3931 , in the position of the main (900 Hz) spectral peak in the SNN. Comparison of the CAP waveform before and after @entity3931 perfusion showed that the CAP waveforms were unchanged despite the change in sensitivity. These data do not support the notion of any significant postsynaptic site of action of @entity3931 . The data hence provide further support for an exclusively presynaptic role for L-type @entity141 channels in the regulation of both evoked and spontaneous neurotransmitter release from inner hair cells.

title: Effects of a @entity460 channel blocker on spontaneous neural noise and gross action potential waveforms in the XXXX cochlea.

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: The best way to treat locally recurrent @entity2622 has not been established. Our retrospective study refers to 37 consecutive @entity1 , with recurrence in the pelvis, treated by radiotherapy alone. Thirty @entity1 were treated by external beam therapy alone; intracavitary brachytherapy alone was adopted in 3 @entity1 and a combination of both techniques in 4 @entity1 . The total radiation dose exceeded 60 Gy in 62% of cases. A complete clinical response was observed in 54% of @entity1 and a partial response in 32.4%. Overall crude survival was 70.3%, 28.9% and 23.2% at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively. In @entity1 with recurrent @entity5 less than 40 mm in diameter a threefold 3-year survival was achieved (48.6% vs. 14.5%, p less than 0.025). With total doses higher than 60 Gy the 3-year survival resulted to be far better than with lower doses (39.1% vs. 10%, p less than 0.025). A significant advantage was also observed in the "complete responders" group (44% vs. 11.8%), but this difference can be explained by the link between response and the above-mentioned basic prognostic factors. Acute side effects and late complications were moderate and did not correlate with the type of primary treatment. A significant percentage (about 25%) of @entity1 with locally recurrent @entity189 may reach medium-term survival; better results can be achieved in selected groups with favourable prognostic factors and with adequate radiotherapeutic treatment.

title: [Treatment of pelvic recurrences of XXXX by radiotherapy alone].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['cervix carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the uterine cervix']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the cervix uteri']


abstract: The objective of this study was to assess long-term clinical outcomes and their correlates in medically managed outpatients with stable @entity951 , healed @entity583 ( @entity583 ), or documented asymptomatic @entity453 ( @entity453 ). Management strategy emphasized maximally tolerated medical therapy and modification of coronary risk factors. Referral to invasive coronary interventions followed stricter criteria than standard published guidelines. Primary study outcomes were all-cause mortality or nonfatal @entity583 . Secondary study outcomes included @entity204 , @entity1459 , or coronary revascularization. A total of 693 @entity1 and @entity1 with proved @entity453 (mean age 67 years at entry, 85% @entity1 , 41% with history of @entity583 ) were enrolled. The annual incidence of nonfatal @entity583 , cardiac mortality, and total mortality was 2.2%, 0.8%, and 1.4%, respectively, during an average follow-up of 4.6 years. Coronary revascularization was performed in 24% of subjects; unstable or progressive @entity1109 were the most common reasons for revascularization. In @entity1 with documented stable @entity453 , a management strategy based on intensive medical therapy and modification of established coronary risk factors was associated with excellent long-term outcomes. Thus, coronary interventions can be safely delayed until clinical instability ensues, without increased risk of @entity583 or @entity204 . This treatment approach represents a viable alternative to invasive strategies.

title: Long-term outcomes of optimized medical management of outpatients with stable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['anginal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death', 'death']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of @entity3137 among institutionalized elderly. The study population comprised 486 elderly from eight nursing homes, and 199 elderly from five hospital long-term care facilities in the eastern part of Denmark. Approximately half of the subjects exhibited one or more pathologic conditions of the oral mucosa. Denture related traumatic @entity1066 were found in 3.9% of the nursing home residents, compared to 8.3% among the elderly in hospital long-term care. The most prevalent finding was @entity7606 , which was manifest in about one third of the elderly. The prevalence was strongly influenced by the denture hygiene; 54% of the elderly with poor denture hygiene suffered from @entity7606 , as compared to only 7% of those with clean dentures. The prevalence of @entity7606 was also related to the usage of dentures at night and to the age of the dentures. The prevalence decreased significantly with increasing age, although the oldest age group did not have better denture hygiene, or more favorable wearing habits. It did not appear that sex, type of residency, degree of urbanization, denture conditions, or the use of anticholinergic drugs influenced the prevalence of @entity7606 . The prevalence and severity of the disease can probably be reduced if the denture hygiene is improved and if the elderly only use their dentures during the daytime.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX among institutionalized elderly in Denmark.

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerations']

entities_list: @entity7606 :: ('MESH:D013282', 'Disease') :: ['denture stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['oral mucosal lesions']

answer: @entity3137 :: (MESH:D009059,Disease) :: ['Oral mucosal lesions']


abstract: The genotoxic and oncogenic potentials of @entity1499 were studied in @entity35 . The @entity35 received 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg of @entity1499 as dietary admixtures on a 5 days on, 9 days off, regimen for 23 months. In the females of the high-dose group, there was a significant increase in mortality starting at 18 months. Significant increases in the number of @entity35 with focal @entity3794 were seen in both sexes at the high-dose level. At the mid- and high-dose levels of both sexes, there was a significantly increased number of @entity35 with myeloid and erythroid @entity236 . There was no evidence of either early onset or increased incidence of any @entity5 type in the treatment groups. Therefore, it is concluded that @entity1499 does not have oncogenic potential. Also, at terminal sacrifice, bone marrow cells were harvested from selected animals on the last day of the 5-day dosing cycle and cytogenetic evaluation was performed. No significant @entity2008 was seen in any dose group relative to the control group. This observation further substantiates the absence of oncogenic potential due to @entity1499 in @entity35 .

title: XXXX : assessment of in vivo clastogenicity and carcinogenicity.

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['increase in chromosomal aberrations']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['Methotrexate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: After completion of the prevalent screening round of the @entity0 screening programme in Limburg, The Netherlands, incidences started rising once again. This increase was contrary to expectations, which had predicted a slightly higher, but stable, incidence after the first screening round. The trends in incidence were studied to find explanations for the observed rise in incidence. SETTING: @entity0 screening programme in mid-Limburg and southern Limburg, the Netherlands. METHODS: The data files of the @entity0 screening programme and the @entity5 registry were linked to evaluate the effect of @entity0 screening. Only the first primary @entity0 was included in the evaluation. RESULTS: The second peak of incidence after the prevalent screening round was 45% higher than the incidences before the start of the screening. Also, the decrease in incidence of large and node positive @entity5 was interrupted. Compared with national detection rates, the number of screen detected @entity5 was lower before 1995 and higher after that year. After 1997, incidence @entity0 , but also of large and node positive @entity5 . The incidence of node positive @entity5 showed large fluctuations, probably due to the introduction of the sentinel node procedure and immunohistochemistry. In 1999, incidence of large @entity5 and node positive @entity5 was 18% and 28%, respectively, lower than before the start of the screening. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in the background incidences and improved detection in the screening programme most likely explain this trend. The improved detection after 1995, and the lower than desirable decrease in large @entity5 , indicate that the screening performance was not optimal before 1996. The incidence of node positive @entity5 cannot be used any more as an indicator of the success of the screening programme because of detection bias.

title: Rising incidence of XXXX after completion of the first prevalent round of the @entity0 screening programme.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumours', 'Maastricht cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'breast tumour', 'decreased again of all breast cancers']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: After completion of the prevalent screening round of the @entity0 screening programme in Limburg, The Netherlands, incidences started rising once again. This increase was contrary to expectations, which had predicted a slightly higher, but stable, incidence after the first screening round. The trends in incidence were studied to find explanations for the observed rise in incidence. SETTING: @entity0 screening programme in mid-Limburg and southern Limburg, the Netherlands. METHODS: The data files of the @entity0 screening programme and the @entity5 registry were linked to evaluate the effect of @entity0 screening. Only the first primary @entity0 was included in the evaluation. RESULTS: The second peak of incidence after the prevalent screening round was 45% higher than the incidences before the start of the screening. Also, the decrease in incidence of large and node positive @entity5 was interrupted. Compared with national detection rates, the number of screen detected @entity5 was lower before 1995 and higher after that year. After 1997, incidence @entity0 , but also of large and node positive @entity5 . The incidence of node positive @entity5 showed large fluctuations, probably due to the introduction of the sentinel node procedure and immunohistochemistry. In 1999, incidence of large @entity5 and node positive @entity5 was 18% and 28%, respectively, lower than before the start of the screening. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in the background incidences and improved detection in the screening programme most likely explain this trend. The improved detection after 1995, and the lower than desirable decrease in large @entity5 , indicate that the screening performance was not optimal before 1996. The incidence of node positive @entity5 cannot be used any more as an indicator of the success of the screening programme because of detection bias.

title: Rising incidence of @entity0 after completion of the first prevalent round of the XXXX screening programme.

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We have previously shown that photographs assist in detection of change in @entity272 and designed the present randomised population based trial to assess the feasibility of photographs as an aid to management of @entity1489 in older @entity1 . SETTING: 1899 @entity1 over fifty, identified from the electoral roll in two regions in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, were invited by mail to participate. METHODS: A total of 973 of 1037 respondents were photographed and randomised into intervention ( @entity1 given their photographs) or control groups (photographs withheld by investigators). At one and two years from the time of photography, all @entity1 were advised to see their primary care practitioner for a skin examination. Those in the intervention group were examined with their photographs and those in the control group without their photographs. RESULTS: The results indicated that the practitioners were more likely to leave suspicious lesions in place for follow up observation (37% v 29%) (p=0.006) and less likely to excise benign non pigmented lesions (20 v 32%). There was little difference in excision rates for benign pigmented lesions (21% v 23%). Lesions excised were more likely to be @entity1489 (58% v 42%) from @entity1 who had photographs compared to those without photographs (p=0.005). The use of skin photography resulted in a substantial savings due to the reduced excision of benign lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that it would be feasible to conduct a large scale randomised trial to evaluate the value of photography in early detection of @entity320 and that such a trial could be cost effective due to the reduced excision of benign @entity272 .

title: A randomised trial of skin photography as an aid to screening XXXX in older males.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['non-melanoma skin cancer', 'skin cancers']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin lesions']


abstract: Some members of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene family are encoded outside the MHC. Here we describe a family of @entity19 class I-like genes mapping to the vicinity of the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC) on chromosome 7. This family, which we call Mill (MHC class I-like located near the LRC), has two members designated @entity70974 and @entity70975 . Both genes are predicted to encode membrane glycoproteins with domain organization essentially similar to that of MHC class I heavy chains. The following features of Mill are noteworthy. (i) The deduced MILL proteins lack most of the residues known to be involved in the docking of peptides in classical MHC class I molecules. (ii) Among the known members of the class I gene family, @entity70974 and @entity70975 are related most closely to @entity1531 / @entity1532 encoded in the @entity1 MHC. (iii) Unlike all other known members of the class I gene family, @entity70974 and @entity70975 have an exon between those coding for the signal peptide and the alpha1 domain. (iv) @entity70974 has a more restricted expression profile than @entity70975 . (v) The gene orthologous to @entity70974 or @entity70975 apparently is absent in the @entity1 . (vi) @entity70974 and @entity70975 show a limited degree of polymorphism in laboratory @entity19 . The observation that the Mill family is related most closely to the MIC family, together with its apparent absence in the @entity1 , suggests its involvement in innate immunity.

title: A family of MHC class I-like genes located in the vicinity of the XXXX leukocyte receptor complex.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Main pancreatic duct (MPD)-narrowed @entity1689 ( @entity1689 ) may be an @entity792 . It also has been called autoimmune @entity788 and sclerosing @entity788 . It is unclear whether cases with focal pancreatographic changes are part of the same clinical entity as cases with diffuse MPD changes. AIM AND METHODOLOGY: We reviewed seven cases of @entity1689 ( @entity1689 ) with focal narrowing of the main pancreatic duct (MPD), evidenced by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and swelling of one or two segments of the @entity788 , evidenced by ultrasonography (US) /computed tomography (CT), and indicated the clinicopathologic features of focal-type MPD-narrowed @entity1689 . RESULTS: The @entity1 group comprised six @entity1 and one @entity1 , and their age range was 28-75 years, with a mean of 63.7 years. Affected sites were in the head in two @entity1 , the body in one @entity1 , the tail in one @entity1 , and the body and tail in three @entity1 ; ERP showed narrowing in six @entity1 and obstruction in one. Stricture of the lower portion of the common bile duct (CBD) that caused obstructive @entity1087 was shown by ERC in two cases in which the @entity788 head was affected. In all six @entity1 , a dynamic study by CT or MRI homogeneously showed delayed enhancement of involved segments of the @entity788 . Serum levels of pancreatic enzyme were elevated in five @entity1 , but only one subject had @entity788 -like @entity158 . Serological evidence suggestive of @entity792 was detected in only three @entity1 with @entity4754 (> or =2.0 g/dL) or positive titers of antinuclear antibody (ANA; > or =80). Histological assessment was available for five @entity1 , who characteristically had dense lymphocytic or plasmocytic infiltration with severe @entity82 that caused luminal narrowing. The clinical, serologic, and histologic findings as described above were comparable to those for 12 @entity1689 @entity1 with diffuse narrowing of the MPD, diagnosed during the same period. Surgical resection was performed in 5 @entity1 , in 2 of whom a similar inflammatory process recurred in the remnant head of the @entity788 , whereas @entity788 no longer developed in the other 3 @entity1 . One @entity1 was initially treated with @entity230 , with clinical remission, although there was neither @entity4754 nor positive ANA. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that @entity1689 with focal narrowing of the @entity14501 is part of the same clinical spectrum as @entity1689 with diffuse narrowing of the MPD, and whether the distribution is diffuse or focal seems to be related to the stage or the extent of the disease. It is therefore important to recognize the possible existence of this focal variant to avoid unnecessary surgery.

title: Clinical study of XXXX with focal irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct and mass formation: comparison with @entity1689 showing diffuse irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'pancreas']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1689 :: ('MESH:D050500', 'Disease') :: ['CP', 'chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity4754 :: ('MESH:D006942', 'Disease') :: ['hypergammaglobulinemia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['epigastric pain']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune abnormality']

answer: @entity1689 :: (MESH:D050500,Disease) :: ['chronic pancreatitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Main pancreatic duct (MPD)-narrowed @entity1689 ( @entity1689 ) may be an @entity792 . It also has been called autoimmune @entity788 and sclerosing @entity788 . It is unclear whether cases with focal pancreatographic changes are part of the same clinical entity as cases with diffuse MPD changes. AIM AND METHODOLOGY: We reviewed seven cases of @entity1689 ( @entity1689 ) with focal narrowing of the main pancreatic duct (MPD), evidenced by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and swelling of one or two segments of the @entity788 , evidenced by ultrasonography (US) /computed tomography (CT), and indicated the clinicopathologic features of focal-type MPD-narrowed @entity1689 . RESULTS: The @entity1 group comprised six @entity1 and one @entity1 , and their age range was 28-75 years, with a mean of 63.7 years. Affected sites were in the head in two @entity1 , the body in one @entity1 , the tail in one @entity1 , and the body and tail in three @entity1 ; ERP showed narrowing in six @entity1 and obstruction in one. Stricture of the lower portion of the common bile duct (CBD) that caused obstructive @entity1087 was shown by ERC in two cases in which the @entity788 head was affected. In all six @entity1 , a dynamic study by CT or MRI homogeneously showed delayed enhancement of involved segments of the @entity788 . Serum levels of pancreatic enzyme were elevated in five @entity1 , but only one subject had @entity788 -like @entity158 . Serological evidence suggestive of @entity792 was detected in only three @entity1 with @entity4754 (> or =2.0 g/dL) or positive titers of antinuclear antibody (ANA; > or =80). Histological assessment was available for five @entity1 , who characteristically had dense lymphocytic or plasmocytic infiltration with severe @entity82 that caused luminal narrowing. The clinical, serologic, and histologic findings as described above were comparable to those for 12 @entity1689 @entity1 with diffuse narrowing of the MPD, diagnosed during the same period. Surgical resection was performed in 5 @entity1 , in 2 of whom a similar inflammatory process recurred in the remnant head of the @entity788 , whereas @entity788 no longer developed in the other 3 @entity1 . One @entity1 was initially treated with @entity230 , with clinical remission, although there was neither @entity4754 nor positive ANA. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that @entity1689 with focal narrowing of the @entity14501 is part of the same clinical spectrum as @entity1689 with diffuse narrowing of the MPD, and whether the distribution is diffuse or focal seems to be related to the stage or the extent of the disease. It is therefore important to recognize the possible existence of this focal variant to avoid unnecessary surgery.

title: Clinical study of @entity1689 with focal irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct and mass formation: comparison with XXXX showing diffuse irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct.

answer: @entity1689 :: (MESH:D050500,Disease) :: ['chronic pancreatitis']


abstract: A rare case of primary @entity420 (less than 250 cases described in the literature) in a 36 year-old female @entity1 presenting signs and symptoms of an @entity697 is reported. @entity189 of the vermiform appendix is a rare @entity5 of the gastrointestinal tract with an incidence of about 0,01-0,2%. Usually the diagnosis of @entity420 is difficult because symptoms and signs are not pathognomonic. In the case described, the diagnosis was intra and postoperative and confirmed by the pathological examination of the surgical specimens. At laparotomy, performed under suspicion of an @entity697 , disseminated disease was discovered, characterized by the involvement of the two ovaries, the left colon, the cecum, the vermiform appendix, with a peritoneal carcinosis and a hydroureteronephrosis. According to the dissemination of the disease, the surgical treatment was right hemicolectomy, anterior resection of left colon, bilateral oophorectomy and omentectomy. The post-operative course was regular. Adjuvant therapy was performed for 6 cycles, with @entity1487 and @entity70976 . The @entity1 is still alive after 6 months and there is no sign of progression of the disease. A mild left hydroureteronephrosis is persistent.

title: [Primary XXXX . Case report and review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Adeno-carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix']

entities_list: @entity70976 :: ('CHEBI:31941', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatinum']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the appendix']


abstract: @entity983 , a @entity5 suppressor gene, has been found to be inactivated by structural abnormalities or epigenetic changes in several types of @entity1 @entity5 . Recently, several studies have also suggested the possibility that the @entity983 gene is a target of genomic instability in @entity1 @entity5 displaying @entity124 ( @entity124 ). To investigate the role of @entity983 in @entity1 @entity957 , we screened the entire coding region sequences and examined the expression of the @entity983 gene in 81 @entity5 displaying @entity5 displaying @entity124 . Mutation of the @entity983 gene was identified in one @entity5 (1/81; 1.2%) and three @entity5 (3/5; 60%). The @entity5 harbored a missense mutation from Ala (GCA) to @entity2596 (GTA) at codon 137. Of the @entity5 containing the @entity983 mutation, case 36 had a missense mutation from Lys (AAA) to @entity367 (GAA) at codon 254, case 43 contained a frameshift mutation (one A deletion) in a 6 bp poly(A) tract affecting codon 265-267, and case 64 harbored two missense mutations from @entity2596 (GTG) to Ala (GCG) at codon 222, and from @entity4022 ( @entity13737 ) to @entity534 (AGA) at codon 230 indicating biallelic mutation of @entity983 . Genomic deletion of exon 5, resulting in loss of @entity983 mRNA, was observed in two @entity5 . In spite of an intact @entity983 gene, one @entity1344 and one @entity5 lacked @entity983 mRNA. These findings suggest that the inactivation of @entity983 by either mutation or loss of transcript plays a role in the pathogenesis of some @entity5 (8/86; 9.3%). Furthermore, inactivation of @entity983 was far more frequent in @entity5 (4/5; 80%) than in @entity5 (4/81; 4.9%).

title: Inactivation of the @entity983 gene by mutation, exonic deletion, and loss of transcript in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['MSI', 'microsatellite instability']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'microsatellite stability (MSS) and 5 oral cancers', 'MSI cancer', 'MSS cancer', 'tumor', 'MSS cancers', 'MSI cancers', 'oral cancers', 'MSS oral cancers', 'MSI oral cancers']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['oral squamous cell carcinomas']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['oral squamous cell carcinomas']


abstract: @entity983 , a @entity5 suppressor gene, has been found to be inactivated by structural abnormalities or epigenetic changes in several types of @entity1 @entity5 . Recently, several studies have also suggested the possibility that the @entity983 gene is a target of genomic instability in @entity1 @entity5 displaying @entity124 ( @entity124 ). To investigate the role of @entity983 in @entity1 @entity957 , we screened the entire coding region sequences and examined the expression of the @entity983 gene in 81 @entity5 displaying @entity5 displaying @entity124 . Mutation of the @entity983 gene was identified in one @entity5 (1/81; 1.2%) and three @entity5 (3/5; 60%). The @entity5 harbored a missense mutation from Ala (GCA) to @entity2596 (GTA) at codon 137. Of the @entity5 containing the @entity983 mutation, case 36 had a missense mutation from Lys (AAA) to @entity367 (GAA) at codon 254, case 43 contained a frameshift mutation (one A deletion) in a 6 bp poly(A) tract affecting codon 265-267, and case 64 harbored two missense mutations from @entity2596 (GTG) to Ala (GCG) at codon 222, and from @entity4022 ( @entity13737 ) to @entity534 (AGA) at codon 230 indicating biallelic mutation of @entity983 . Genomic deletion of exon 5, resulting in loss of @entity983 mRNA, was observed in two @entity5 . In spite of an intact @entity983 gene, one @entity1344 and one @entity5 lacked @entity983 mRNA. These findings suggest that the inactivation of @entity983 by either mutation or loss of transcript plays a role in the pathogenesis of some @entity5 (8/86; 9.3%). Furthermore, inactivation of @entity983 was far more frequent in @entity5 (4/5; 80%) than in @entity5 (4/81; 4.9%).

title: Inactivation of the XXXX gene by mutation, exonic deletion, and loss of transcript in @entity1 @entity957 .

answer: @entity983 :: (5728,Gene) :: ['PTEN']


abstract: @entity983 , a @entity5 suppressor gene, has been found to be inactivated by structural abnormalities or epigenetic changes in several types of @entity1 @entity5 . Recently, several studies have also suggested the possibility that the @entity983 gene is a target of genomic instability in @entity1 @entity5 displaying @entity124 ( @entity124 ). To investigate the role of @entity983 in @entity1 @entity957 , we screened the entire coding region sequences and examined the expression of the @entity983 gene in 81 @entity5 displaying @entity5 displaying @entity124 . Mutation of the @entity983 gene was identified in one @entity5 (1/81; 1.2%) and three @entity5 (3/5; 60%). The @entity5 harbored a missense mutation from Ala (GCA) to @entity2596 (GTA) at codon 137. Of the @entity5 containing the @entity983 mutation, case 36 had a missense mutation from Lys (AAA) to @entity367 (GAA) at codon 254, case 43 contained a frameshift mutation (one A deletion) in a 6 bp poly(A) tract affecting codon 265-267, and case 64 harbored two missense mutations from @entity2596 (GTG) to Ala (GCG) at codon 222, and from @entity4022 ( @entity13737 ) to @entity534 (AGA) at codon 230 indicating biallelic mutation of @entity983 . Genomic deletion of exon 5, resulting in loss of @entity983 mRNA, was observed in two @entity5 . In spite of an intact @entity983 gene, one @entity1344 and one @entity5 lacked @entity983 mRNA. These findings suggest that the inactivation of @entity983 by either mutation or loss of transcript plays a role in the pathogenesis of some @entity5 (8/86; 9.3%). Furthermore, inactivation of @entity983 was far more frequent in @entity5 (4/5; 80%) than in @entity5 (4/81; 4.9%).

title: Inactivation of the @entity983 gene by mutation, exonic deletion, and loss of transcript in XXXX @entity957 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: This is a comprehensive retrospective study (1965-1984) of 130 @entity1 with @entity5 . @entity1 were studied by comparison of presenting symptoms, histopathologies, treatments, disease-free intervals, and ultimate intervals. @entity3541 was noted on presentation in 23% of the cases and regional neck node metastases were noted in 13%. Both findings correlated with prognosis. Seventy @entity1 underwent surgery alone and 30 @entity1 received combined therapy. The remaining @entity1 were excluded from the study. The overall 5-year survival rate was 50%, with a 44% risk of recurrence. Fifty-six percent of the @entity1 whose conditions subsequently recurred had their facial nerves sacrificed at time of surgery. Selected @entity1 who received combined therapy experienced better local regional control and a prolonged disease-free interval as compared with those who underwent surgery alone. Combined therapy, however, provided no survival benefit for this group of @entity1 . Adjuvant radiation therapy is recommended in the treatment planning of selected @entity5 of the parotid gland.

title: XXXX : a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'malignant parotid gland tumors']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['Facial paralysis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Malignant parotid gland tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of progression in the very mildest stages of @entity195 , including the stage currently identified as @entity73 ( @entity73 ), and to identify predictors of those rates. METHODS: Demented (n = 289) and nondemented (n = 230) individuals enrolled in longitudinal studies at an @entity195 Research Center received annual clinical and psychometric examinations for up to 20 years. In order of increasing @entity303 severity, demented individuals were diagnosed with incipient, very mild, or mild @entity303 ; the incipient stage is equivalent to @entity73 . Outcome measures included @entity204 , nursing home placement, and psychometric scores. RESULTS: Rate of progression increased with @entity303 severity as staged by the Clinical @entity303 Rating at entry into the study. With respect to the dichotomous outcomes, the increase with @entity303 severity was more dramatic for the endpoint of nursing home entry than it was for the endpoint of @entity204 . Increased rates of @entity73 with increased @entity303 severity were also obtained for psychometric scores. There was limited evidence of other predictors of progression. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of effective predictors of the rate of @entity303 progression extends to the very earliest stages of the disease, including what is often called @entity73 . A new approach to the identification of correlates of rates of progression is needed.

title: Rates of progression in @entity73 and early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia', 'dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline', 'MCI', 'mild cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer Disease', 'AD']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of progression in the very mildest stages of @entity195 , including the stage currently identified as @entity73 ( @entity73 ), and to identify predictors of those rates. METHODS: Demented (n = 289) and nondemented (n = 230) individuals enrolled in longitudinal studies at an @entity195 Research Center received annual clinical and psychometric examinations for up to 20 years. In order of increasing @entity303 severity, demented individuals were diagnosed with incipient, very mild, or mild @entity303 ; the incipient stage is equivalent to @entity73 . Outcome measures included @entity204 , nursing home placement, and psychometric scores. RESULTS: Rate of progression increased with @entity303 severity as staged by the Clinical @entity303 Rating at entry into the study. With respect to the dichotomous outcomes, the increase with @entity303 severity was more dramatic for the endpoint of nursing home entry than it was for the endpoint of @entity204 . Increased rates of @entity73 with increased @entity303 severity were also obtained for psychometric scores. There was limited evidence of other predictors of progression. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of effective predictors of the rate of @entity303 progression extends to the very earliest stages of the disease, including what is often called @entity73 . A new approach to the identification of correlates of rates of progression is needed.

title: Rates of progression in XXXX and early @entity195 .

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['mild cognitive impairment']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) has been reported to enhance exocrine secretion evoked by intrinsic neuronal excitation in the pancreas. AIM: To see the effect of @entity1246 on the action of @entity17633 ( @entity17633 )ergic neurons in exocrine secretion of the pancreas. METHODOLOGY: Pancreatic neurons were excited by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the isolated, perfused @entity35 pancreas. @entity17633 in the pancreatic circulation was neutralized by an anti- @entity17633 antiserum to block GRPergic neuronal action on pancreatic exocrine secretion. RESULTS: @entity1246 (3, 10, 30 microM), given intra-arterially, elevated the EFS-evoked pancreatic secretions of fluid and amylase dose-dependently. An anti- @entity17633 antiserum (10 microL/mL: titer of 1:66,000) reduced the @entity1246 (10 microM)-enhanced EFS-evoked pancreatic secretions. Synthetic porcine @entity17633 -27 (30, 100, 300 p ) increased the pancreatic secretions dose-dependently, and these were further elevated by @entity1246 (10 microM). The anti- @entity17633 antiserum also reduced the @entity1246 -enhanced @entity17633 (100 p )-induced pancreatic secretions. @entity1027 (10 microM) reduced the enhancing effect of @entity1246 on pancreatic secretions evoked by EFS as well as @entity17633 . CONCLUSION: @entity1246 enhances pancreatic secretions evoked by EFS as well as @entity17633 , which is reduced by the anti- @entity17633 antiserum. The enhancing effects of @entity1246 on the EFS- and @entity17633 -induced pancreatic secretions are diminished by @entity1027 . The results indicate that @entity1246 enhances intrinsic GRPergic neuronal action on exocrine secretion via the @entity1246 (A) receptors in the @entity35 pancreas.

title: Effects of XXXX on action of gastrin-releasing peptidergic neurons in exocrine secretion of isolated, perfused @entity35 pancreas.

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline', 'Bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['GABA', 'gamma-Aminobutyric acid']

entities_list: @entity17633 :: ('171101(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['gastrin-releasing peptide', 'GRP']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) has been reported to enhance exocrine secretion evoked by intrinsic neuronal excitation in the pancreas. AIM: To see the effect of @entity1246 on the action of @entity17633 ( @entity17633 )ergic neurons in exocrine secretion of the pancreas. METHODOLOGY: Pancreatic neurons were excited by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the isolated, perfused @entity35 pancreas. @entity17633 in the pancreatic circulation was neutralized by an anti- @entity17633 antiserum to block GRPergic neuronal action on pancreatic exocrine secretion. RESULTS: @entity1246 (3, 10, 30 microM), given intra-arterially, elevated the EFS-evoked pancreatic secretions of fluid and amylase dose-dependently. An anti- @entity17633 antiserum (10 microL/mL: titer of 1:66,000) reduced the @entity1246 (10 microM)-enhanced EFS-evoked pancreatic secretions. Synthetic porcine @entity17633 -27 (30, 100, 300 p ) increased the pancreatic secretions dose-dependently, and these were further elevated by @entity1246 (10 microM). The anti- @entity17633 antiserum also reduced the @entity1246 -enhanced @entity17633 (100 p )-induced pancreatic secretions. @entity1027 (10 microM) reduced the enhancing effect of @entity1246 on pancreatic secretions evoked by EFS as well as @entity17633 . CONCLUSION: @entity1246 enhances pancreatic secretions evoked by EFS as well as @entity17633 , which is reduced by the anti- @entity17633 antiserum. The enhancing effects of @entity1246 on the EFS- and @entity17633 -induced pancreatic secretions are diminished by @entity1027 . The results indicate that @entity1246 enhances intrinsic GRPergic neuronal action on exocrine secretion via the @entity1246 (A) receptors in the @entity35 pancreas.

title: Effects of @entity1246 on action of gastrin-releasing peptidergic neurons in exocrine secretion of isolated, perfused XXXX pancreas.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1 with @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) are generally limited to exercise activities using the relatively smaller, less productive upper extremities with limited benefits as compared with leg exercise training. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) assisted ambulation has previously been demonstrated to allow @entity1 with @entity451 to stand and ambulate limited distances. PURPOSE: This study compared the peak physiological responses of @entity1 with @entity451 during FES ambulation and voluntary arm exercise. METHODS: Fifteen subjects ( @entity1619 ) previously habituated to FES ambulation, completed peak testing of both arm cranking (AC) and FES walking to the point of exhaustion. The AC tests were performed using a graded incremental protocol to exhaustion in 3-min stages and 10-W power output increments. The FES walking test consisted of successive 10-m walking bouts, each trial progressively increased in pace. Metabolic activity was continuously monitored via open-circuit spirometry with heart rate (HR) determined by a 12-lead electrocardiograph for AC and by direct palpation during FES. RESULTS: Peak VO(2) did not differ between AC (22.9 +/- 3.8 mL x kg x @entity1009 )) and FES (22.7 +/- 3.9 mL x kg x @entity1009 )). FES ambulation elicited significantly greater peak values of HR (191 beats x @entity1009 ) versus 179 beats x @entity1009 )) and lower peak values of respiratory exchange ratio (1.06 vs 1.12) compared with AC. There were no significant differences in peak values of any other variables. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that FES ambulation performance, in @entity1 with @entity451 , elicits similar exercise capacity, as indicated by similar peak @entity26 consumption, as voluntary arm exercise.

title: Peak exercise capacity of electrically induced ambulation in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Persons', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

answer: @entity451 :: (MESH:C536857,Disease) :: ['paraplegia']