abstract: A strain of @entity1327 that was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a @entity1 diagnosed as having @entity791 ( @entity791 ), and that produced cutaneous lesions in experimentally infected, normal @entity19 is described. Although no unusual cutaneous manifestations were noted in the @entity1 's records, this isolate of @entity1327 proved to be dermotropic when injected intravenously into CD-1 @entity19 . The LD50 at 28 days post infection ranged from 3.6-7.5 X 10(5) cells per @entity19 , and in vitro growth rate studies demonstrated that this isolate grew well at 35 degrees C and at 37 degrees C, but did not grow at 40 degrees C and higher. This isolate was rhinotropic producing large @entity75 in the nasal tissues. Other cutaneous tissues affected were the periocular tissues, ears, feet and tail, although the @entity738 were nodular in structure and less @entity39 than the nasal lesions. The brain, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen also were culture positive for @entity1327 . Histopathologically, each affected tissue examined had large densities of @entity375 cells and a chronic, granulomatous host response. Animals surviving the infection appeared to develop a commensal-type relationship with the infective @entity375 . This is the first report of an isolate of @entity1327 from an @entity791 @entity1 that has caused cutaneous manifestations in an animal model. The model described in this report may be useful for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms of @entity1328 , particularly cutaneous manifestations of the disease.

title: Cryptococcus neoformans: a central nervous system isolate from an @entity791 @entity1 that is rhinotropic in a normal XXXX model.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Although FEV1 improvement is routinely used to define bronchodilator (BD) response, it correlates poorly with clinical effects. Changes in lung volumes (LV) have shown better correlation with exercise tolerance and might be more sensitive to detect BD effects. We assessed the additional contribution of measuring LV before and after BD to detect acute improvement in lung function not demonstrated by FEV1, and the influence of the response criteria selected on this contribution. We analyzed 98 spirometries and plethismographies performed pre and post BD in @entity1 with @entity1030 (FEV1/FVC < 70%). BD response was defined for FEV1 and FVC as per ATS guidelines and for other LV as delta > or = 10% of baseline (delta > or = 5 and > or = 15% were also analyzed). FEV1 identified as responders 32% of @entity1 . Greater proportions were uncovered by slow vital capacity (51%, p < 0.001), inspiratory capacity (43%, p < 0.05) and residual volume (54%, p < 0.001). Slow spirometry identified 11% of responders additional to those detected by FEV1 and FVC. Plethismography added 9% more. The magnitude of volume responses correlated with the degree of baseline hyperinflation. Percentages of responders varied greatly using different thresholds (delta > or = 5 and > or = 15%). Mean change and proportions of responders for each LV varied significantly (p < 0.05) whether change was expressed as percent of baseline or predicted values. A considerable proportion of @entity1 with @entity1030 shows acute response to bronchodilators identified by changes in lung volumes but not detected by an improvement in FEV1. The selection of LV response criteria has important influence on the magnitude of this additional detection.

title: Assessment of bronchodilator response through changes in lung volumes in chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airflow obstruction']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['airflow obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We describe the computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of hepatic metastases caused by soft tissue @entity5426 to clarify the relation between radiologic appearances and clinicopathologic features. METHODS: CT and MR examinations of 13 @entity1 with hepatic metastases of soft tissue @entity5426 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Contrast-enhanced CT images showed multiple hypoattenuating lesions relative to the adjacent @entity409 . Lesions contained peripheral areas of enhancement in eight @entity1 (62%). @entity5 showed cystic attenuation with fluid-fluid levels, which were suggestive of @entity548 in five @entity1 (38%). In one @entity1 (8%) with cystic attenuation and fluid-fluid levels, lesions also contained marked enhanced nodular portions located centrally or peripherally. On T1-weighted MR images, all four @entity96 appeared heterogeneous and hypointense relative to adjacent @entity409 . Fluid-fluid levels were identified on T2-weighted MR images in five @entity1 (38%). After an intravenous bolus of @entity2287 -based contrast material was administered, slight peripheral enhancement was seen in three @entity1 (75%). CONCLUSION: The common CT findings of @entity5426 in our series were multiple hypoattenuating lesions often associated with nodular enhancement and cystic lesions with hemorrhagic change.

title: Hepatic metastases of soft tissue XXXX : CT and MR imaging findings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['angiosarcoma', 'angiosarcomas', 'metastatic angiosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver parenchyma']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity5426 :: (MESH:D006394,Disease) :: ['angiosarcoma']


abstract: AIM: To present the results of a rapid assessment of @entity231 surgical services in Chakwal District, Pakistan. METHODS: 40 clusters of 40 @entity1 of 50 years and older (1600 eligible @entity1 ) were selected by systematic random sampling from the entire Chakwal district. A total of 1505 @entity1 were examined (coverage 94%). RESULTS: @entity231 is the major cause of @entity1939 (46.5%). The age and sex adjusted prevalence of bilateral @entity231 (VA < 3/60) in @entity1 of 50 years and older was 2.0% (95% CI: 1.2-3.2%), with a @entity231 surgical coverage of 92% for males and 73% for females, a significant difference. The prevalence of bilateral @entity231 and VA < 6/60 in @entity1 of 50 years and older was 5.1% (95% CI: 3.6-6.9), an estimated total of 8833 @entity1 . In this last group, the surgical coverage was 66% ( @entity1 ) and 50% (eyes). Of the @entity1 operated with IOL implantation, 12% could not see 6/60, while 36% of those operated without IOL could not see 6/60. 'No services' (18%) and 'cannot afford' (18%) were mentioned most as reasons why surgery had not been done, followed by 'no information' (13%), 'waiting for maturity' (12%) and 'old age, no need for surgery' (12%). CONCLUSION: The number of @entity231 operations in Chakwal District can be increased by reducing the threshold for @entity231 surgery to VA < 6/60 or less. A special approach to operate more females may be required. Results from this survey can be used for a planning exercise to optimize eye care services in the district. Sustained efforts have to be made to increase the number of IOL surgeries, through making IOL surgery available locally at an affordable cost.

title: XXXX in Chakwal District, Pakistan: results of a survey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral blindness']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract blindness', 'Cataract', 'cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['Cataract blindness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reviews on the prevalence of @entity4064 in @entity1 of age 20 to 59 years are lacking. We have therefore carried out a review based on a Medline search. METHODS: The review was confined to epidemiological studies performed in Western Europe, North America and Australia covering the age group 20 to 59 years where there were comparable definitions of @entity4064 according to the IAPB and WHO classification of @entity4064 . RESULTS: Three surveys, four register studies and two studies based on multiple sources matched our selection criteria. Blindness and @entity4064 are described separately. Blindness: Only one study, based on multiple sources, covered the whole age group 20 to 59 years. In this study the overall prevalence of @entity1939 was 0.08%. The prevalence of @entity1939 was 0.04% among those 20-39 years old, whereas in the age group 40-59 years it was 0.1% in two surveys and one study on multiple sources. However, the prevalence was higher, 0.5% among whites and 0.7% among colored, in The Baltimore Eye Study. The @entity1939 was similar in all three studies. @entity4064 : Three studies provided data on the prevalence of @entity4064 in the age group 20-59 years, although the number of cases was very small. In one study the prevalence of a visual acuity < or = 6/24 to 6/48 was 0.07% and in another the prevalence was 0.17% using < 6/18 to 0.5/60. No @entity1 with @entity4064 was found in the third study. CONCLUSIONS: The existing epidemiological data on @entity4064 among adults aged 20 to 59 years are insufficient. Epidemiological studies based on multiple sources are needed for the study of rare conditions such as @entity4064 .

title: The prevalence and incidence of visual impairment in XXXX of age 20-59 years in industrialized countries: a review.

entities_list: @entity4064 :: ('MESH:D015354', 'Disease') :: ['low vision', 'blindness and low vision', 'Low vision']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['definition of blindness', 'blindness']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: The @entity12531 ( @entity12531 )-mediated @entity1363 oxidation was studied in @entity35 @entity409 ( @entity409 ) maintained for 20hr at 4, 20 and 37 degrees, and further incubated for 8hr at 37 degrees. Either at 4 or 20 degrees, @entity1363 was oxidised by @entity409 at similar rates to that observed in freshly cut slices. Moreover, @entity409 kept a regioselectivity since 4-hydroxylation was more important than 1'-hydroxylation. Conversely, @entity409 totally lost their capacity to oxidise @entity1363 after 20hr at 37 degrees, and both @entity12284 protein and mRNA were not detected. @entity7570 protein was unaffected by a temperature of 37 degrees but its mRNA was totally lost. By blocking transcription with @entity4316 , the decay of both @entity12531 mRNAs followed the same profile at either 20 or 37 degrees, indicating that temperature affected the @entity12284 protein stability. Cell functionality was not involved in such an impairment since the low values of @entity855 , @entity2197 and protein synthesis rates observed at 4 and 20 degrees were rapidly restored, when @entity409 were further incubated at 37 degrees. The use of @entity35 supersomes expressing either @entity7570 or @entity12284 , strongly supported the hypothesis that @entity70948 was mainly formed by @entity12284 . These results suggest that: (1) @entity7570 protein is constitutive and largely expressed in @entity35 liver slices; (2) regioselective @entity1363 oxidation appears to be mainly @entity12284 dependent; and (3) since @entity12531 isoforms have similar half-lives (about 10-14hr), the loss of @entity12284 protein at 37 degrees might be due to a selective targeting (phosphorylation ?) leading to proteolytic disposal by the proteasome.

title: Role of temperature on protein and mRNA @entity12531 ( @entity12531 ) isozymes expression and @entity1363 oxidation by cultured @entity35 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['precision-cut liver slices', 'PCLS']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity70948 :: ('MESH:C042940', 'Chemical') :: ['4-hydroxymidazolam']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['precision-cut liver slices']


abstract: The @entity12531 ( @entity12531 )-mediated @entity1363 oxidation was studied in @entity35 @entity409 ( @entity409 ) maintained for 20hr at 4, 20 and 37 degrees, and further incubated for 8hr at 37 degrees. Either at 4 or 20 degrees, @entity1363 was oxidised by @entity409 at similar rates to that observed in freshly cut slices. Moreover, @entity409 kept a regioselectivity since 4-hydroxylation was more important than 1'-hydroxylation. Conversely, @entity409 totally lost their capacity to oxidise @entity1363 after 20hr at 37 degrees, and both @entity12284 protein and mRNA were not detected. @entity7570 protein was unaffected by a temperature of 37 degrees but its mRNA was totally lost. By blocking transcription with @entity4316 , the decay of both @entity12531 mRNAs followed the same profile at either 20 or 37 degrees, indicating that temperature affected the @entity12284 protein stability. Cell functionality was not involved in such an impairment since the low values of @entity855 , @entity2197 and protein synthesis rates observed at 4 and 20 degrees were rapidly restored, when @entity409 were further incubated at 37 degrees. The use of @entity35 supersomes expressing either @entity7570 or @entity12284 , strongly supported the hypothesis that @entity70948 was mainly formed by @entity12284 . These results suggest that: (1) @entity7570 protein is constitutive and largely expressed in @entity35 liver slices; (2) regioselective @entity1363 oxidation appears to be mainly @entity12284 dependent; and (3) since @entity12531 isoforms have similar half-lives (about 10-14hr), the loss of @entity12284 protein at 37 degrees might be due to a selective targeting (phosphorylation ?) leading to proteolytic disposal by the proteasome.

title: Role of temperature on protein and mRNA XXXX ( @entity12531 ) isozymes expression and @entity1363 oxidation by cultured @entity35 @entity409 .

answer: @entity12531 :: (170509(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['cytochrome P450 3A']


abstract: The @entity12531 ( @entity12531 )-mediated @entity1363 oxidation was studied in @entity35 @entity409 ( @entity409 ) maintained for 20hr at 4, 20 and 37 degrees, and further incubated for 8hr at 37 degrees. Either at 4 or 20 degrees, @entity1363 was oxidised by @entity409 at similar rates to that observed in freshly cut slices. Moreover, @entity409 kept a regioselectivity since 4-hydroxylation was more important than 1'-hydroxylation. Conversely, @entity409 totally lost their capacity to oxidise @entity1363 after 20hr at 37 degrees, and both @entity12284 protein and mRNA were not detected. @entity7570 protein was unaffected by a temperature of 37 degrees but its mRNA was totally lost. By blocking transcription with @entity4316 , the decay of both @entity12531 mRNAs followed the same profile at either 20 or 37 degrees, indicating that temperature affected the @entity12284 protein stability. Cell functionality was not involved in such an impairment since the low values of @entity855 , @entity2197 and protein synthesis rates observed at 4 and 20 degrees were rapidly restored, when @entity409 were further incubated at 37 degrees. The use of @entity35 supersomes expressing either @entity7570 or @entity12284 , strongly supported the hypothesis that @entity70948 was mainly formed by @entity12284 . These results suggest that: (1) @entity7570 protein is constitutive and largely expressed in @entity35 liver slices; (2) regioselective @entity1363 oxidation appears to be mainly @entity12284 dependent; and (3) since @entity12531 isoforms have similar half-lives (about 10-14hr), the loss of @entity12284 protein at 37 degrees might be due to a selective targeting (phosphorylation ?) leading to proteolytic disposal by the proteasome.

title: Role of temperature on protein and mRNA @entity12531 ( XXXX ) isozymes expression and @entity1363 oxidation by cultured @entity35 @entity409 .

answer: @entity12531 :: (170509(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['CYP3A']


abstract: The @entity12531 ( @entity12531 )-mediated @entity1363 oxidation was studied in @entity35 @entity409 ( @entity409 ) maintained for 20hr at 4, 20 and 37 degrees, and further incubated for 8hr at 37 degrees. Either at 4 or 20 degrees, @entity1363 was oxidised by @entity409 at similar rates to that observed in freshly cut slices. Moreover, @entity409 kept a regioselectivity since 4-hydroxylation was more important than 1'-hydroxylation. Conversely, @entity409 totally lost their capacity to oxidise @entity1363 after 20hr at 37 degrees, and both @entity12284 protein and mRNA were not detected. @entity7570 protein was unaffected by a temperature of 37 degrees but its mRNA was totally lost. By blocking transcription with @entity4316 , the decay of both @entity12531 mRNAs followed the same profile at either 20 or 37 degrees, indicating that temperature affected the @entity12284 protein stability. Cell functionality was not involved in such an impairment since the low values of @entity855 , @entity2197 and protein synthesis rates observed at 4 and 20 degrees were rapidly restored, when @entity409 were further incubated at 37 degrees. The use of @entity35 supersomes expressing either @entity7570 or @entity12284 , strongly supported the hypothesis that @entity70948 was mainly formed by @entity12284 . These results suggest that: (1) @entity7570 protein is constitutive and largely expressed in @entity35 liver slices; (2) regioselective @entity1363 oxidation appears to be mainly @entity12284 dependent; and (3) since @entity12531 isoforms have similar half-lives (about 10-14hr), the loss of @entity12284 protein at 37 degrees might be due to a selective targeting (phosphorylation ?) leading to proteolytic disposal by the proteasome.

title: Role of temperature on protein and mRNA @entity12531 ( @entity12531 ) isozymes expression and XXXX oxidation by cultured @entity35 @entity409 .

answer: @entity1363 :: (MESH:D008874,Chemical) :: ['midazolam']


abstract: The @entity12531 ( @entity12531 )-mediated @entity1363 oxidation was studied in @entity35 @entity409 ( @entity409 ) maintained for 20hr at 4, 20 and 37 degrees, and further incubated for 8hr at 37 degrees. Either at 4 or 20 degrees, @entity1363 was oxidised by @entity409 at similar rates to that observed in freshly cut slices. Moreover, @entity409 kept a regioselectivity since 4-hydroxylation was more important than 1'-hydroxylation. Conversely, @entity409 totally lost their capacity to oxidise @entity1363 after 20hr at 37 degrees, and both @entity12284 protein and mRNA were not detected. @entity7570 protein was unaffected by a temperature of 37 degrees but its mRNA was totally lost. By blocking transcription with @entity4316 , the decay of both @entity12531 mRNAs followed the same profile at either 20 or 37 degrees, indicating that temperature affected the @entity12284 protein stability. Cell functionality was not involved in such an impairment since the low values of @entity855 , @entity2197 and protein synthesis rates observed at 4 and 20 degrees were rapidly restored, when @entity409 were further incubated at 37 degrees. The use of @entity35 supersomes expressing either @entity7570 or @entity12284 , strongly supported the hypothesis that @entity70948 was mainly formed by @entity12284 . These results suggest that: (1) @entity7570 protein is constitutive and largely expressed in @entity35 liver slices; (2) regioselective @entity1363 oxidation appears to be mainly @entity12284 dependent; and (3) since @entity12531 isoforms have similar half-lives (about 10-14hr), the loss of @entity12284 protein at 37 degrees might be due to a selective targeting (phosphorylation ?) leading to proteolytic disposal by the proteasome.

title: Role of temperature on protein and mRNA @entity12531 ( @entity12531 ) isozymes expression and @entity1363 oxidation by cultured XXXX @entity409 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity189 is a distinctive and rare variant of @entity0 with a favorable prognosis because these @entity5 usually behave in an indolent manner. The occurrence of this type of @entity0 in males was studied. METHODS: An extensive literature survey concerning secretory @entity0 in males was performed. Data of one case treated in our institute were added. RESULTS: A total of 14 cases were identified, and our case was added to this series. The median age was 17 years. The duration of symptoms varied from 1 month to 21 years, and the @entity5 size was 1.2 to 4 cm. Surgical treatment varied from local excision only to modified radical mastectomy. Three @entity1 received adjuvant treatment. Lymph nodes were involved in 3 of the 10 cases undergoing axillary lymph node dissection. The @entity5 was only 1.5 cm in diameter in two of those cases. None of the @entity1 presented with systemic @entity3 . Only one male was reported to develop recurrence and consequently died of @entity262 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity0 is very rare in males and seems to occur at a younger age in males than in females. A sufficient number of female cases have been reported with recurrence after local excision. Although in females lymph node @entity3 are rarely observed in @entity0 smaller than 2 cm, in male @entity1 nodal @entity3 might occur more frequently in smaller @entity5 . Therefore, mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection is recommended in any male case. Biological behavior seems to be similarly favorable in either sex.

title: XXXX of the male breast.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer', 'Secretory breast cancer', 'secretory breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Secretory carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Secretory carcinoma']


abstract: HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: A 46-year-old @entity1 was admitted with a first generalised tonic-clonic @entity410 . Past medical history was unremarkable. She reported no travels abroad within the past five years. INVESTIGATIONS: Brain MRI demonstrated disseminated cerebral and cerebellar focal lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed a mild eosinophilic pleocytosis. Extensive imaging investigations and serological tests revealed no hints for a systemic @entity4801 . A stereotactic brain biopsy detected no pathogenic agent. 10 months following the initial admission, brain MRI showed multiple @entity5409 with ring-like enhancement following @entity7241 administration. At that time serological tests were positive for an infection with @entity12047 . DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis was based on positive sequential serological tests and the typical MRI findings in conjunction with an eosinophilic cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. TREATMENT AND CLINICAL COURSE: An antihelmintic therapy with @entity3753 was initiated. Following two-months of oral @entity3753 administration, brain MRI revealed a clear reduction in size and number of the hydatid lesions. The @entity1 was free of complaints and the clinical examination was unremarkable. CONCLUSION: Isolated intracerebral manifestation of @entity8434 is very rare. Compared to the typical presentation with a solitary cerebral hydatid cyst, the dissemination of hydatid cysts is quite uncommon in @entity8434 . Diagnosis should be based on the typical MRI findings and serological tests. The present case demonstrates that the later may be negative over a long period within the clinical course of the disease offering a real challenge to the clinician.

title: [Isolated intracerebral XXXX . Unusual presentation of a rare disease].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['Albendazole']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['cystic echinococcosis']

entities_list: @entity12047 :: ('6210', 'Species') :: ['Echinococcus granulosus']

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic disease']

answer: @entity8434 :: (MESH:D004443,Disease) :: ['cystic echinococcosis']


abstract: Prolonged phases of brain tissue @entity519 (ptiO2 < 10 mmHg) lead to @entity385 . Therefore, the present study investigates the role of ptiO2--monitoring to guide hypervolemic @entity101 therapy in @entity1 suffering from severe @entity510 ( @entity510 ). Besides transcranial doppler, neuromonitoring of ICP/CPP was supplemented by ptiO2 monitoring. The ptiO2 catheter was inserted into viable tissue in the vascular territory with the highest risk for @entity2553 . @entity1 were divided in an @entity1188 (n = 21) and a non- @entity1188 group (n = 11). Critical CPP (< 70 mmHg) as well as @entity519 ptiO2 (< 10 mmHg) was significantly more frequent in the @entity1188 group (CPP: 25 vs 13%, p < 0.001; ptiO2: 16 vs 7%, p < 0.001). In both groups, over 25% of the critical ptiO2 values occurred at a CPP > 90 mmHg. In the @entity1188 group, 13 @entity1 showed transient phases of @entity519 which normalized under induced hypervolemic @entity101 and 5 @entity1 developed persistent @entity519 . In the non- @entity1188 group 6 @entity1 showed transient @entity519 and in 5 @entity1 no @entity519 values could be found. In conclusion, monitoring of ptiO2 provides an additional independent parameter to detect @entity519 events and to guide therapy.

title: Therapeutic aspects of brain tissue pO2 monitoring after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['SAH', 'subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']


abstract: Although therapeutic @entity2332 for @entity1 with @entity542 has improved the outcome, the results in the most severe cases (GCS 3-6) have not been satisfactory so far. We induced @entity2332 in @entity542 @entity1 within 3 hours after the @entity130 , and compared the outcome of the treatment without @entity2332 . Fourteen @entity1 with GCS less than 6 were entered into this study (age range 13 to 58, mean 27.0 years). Seven of them were treated by @entity2332 and 6 by the conventional method. The @entity1 undergoing @entity2332 were cooled to 34 degrees C within 3 hours after injury, kept at 32-34 degrees C for 48 hours, and then rewarmed. The outcome was evaluated at 6 months post- @entity130 , and the results were compared in the two groups. @entity2332 dramatically suppressed @entity4 on CT in 3 of 7 @entity1 . Four @entity1 including these 3 showed a favorable outcome (good or moderate disability) and 3 died in the @entity2332 group. In the conventional treatment group, only 1 @entity1 was moderately disabled and 6 exhibited an unfavorable outcome (severely disabled, vegetative, or @entity204 ). Early induction of @entity2332 can improve the outcome in @entity1 with severe @entity542 by reducing the severe @entity4 .

title: Effect of early induction of @entity2332 on severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['brain swelling']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['Therapeutic hypothermia', 'hypothermia']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injury']


abstract: Although therapeutic @entity2332 for @entity1 with @entity542 has improved the outcome, the results in the most severe cases (GCS 3-6) have not been satisfactory so far. We induced @entity2332 in @entity542 @entity1 within 3 hours after the @entity130 , and compared the outcome of the treatment without @entity2332 . Fourteen @entity1 with GCS less than 6 were entered into this study (age range 13 to 58, mean 27.0 years). Seven of them were treated by @entity2332 and 6 by the conventional method. The @entity1 undergoing @entity2332 were cooled to 34 degrees C within 3 hours after injury, kept at 32-34 degrees C for 48 hours, and then rewarmed. The outcome was evaluated at 6 months post- @entity130 , and the results were compared in the two groups. @entity2332 dramatically suppressed @entity4 on CT in 3 of 7 @entity1 . Four @entity1 including these 3 showed a favorable outcome (good or moderate disability) and 3 died in the @entity2332 group. In the conventional treatment group, only 1 @entity1 was moderately disabled and 6 exhibited an unfavorable outcome (severely disabled, vegetative, or @entity204 ). Early induction of @entity2332 can improve the outcome in @entity1 with severe @entity542 by reducing the severe @entity4 .

title: Effect of early induction of XXXX on severe @entity542 .

answer: @entity2332 :: (MESH:D007035,Disease) :: ['hypothermia']


abstract: Little is known about gambling rates of drug users recruited from drug treatment compared with those recruited from the community. We use the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to provide lifetime prevalence estimates of problem gambling (i.e., at least one gambling problem) and DSM-III-R @entity11532 (i.e., at least four gambling problems) and describe the association between gambling and @entity146 for drug users recruited from drug treatment settings (n = 512) and from the community (n = 478). We also report the relative risk of being a recreational and problem gambler in this sample. The sample was first interviewed in 1989-90 as a part of two NIDA-funded St. Louis-based studies. The prevalence of problem gambling in the overall sample was 22% and the prevalence of @entity11532 was 11%. There were no statistically significant differences in problem and @entity11532 rates for subjects recruited from drug treatment and those recruited from the community. The conditional prevalence rates, that is, the rate of problem and @entity11532 only among gamblers were 27% and 13.5%, respectively. Major findings indicate that problem gambling was associated with @entity10420 ( @entity10420 ), even after controlling for recruitment source and socio-demographic characteristics. In fact, when examining the temporal order of these disorders, we found that @entity11532 was always secondary to @entity10420 , occurring on average 11.4 years after the onset of @entity10420 . Problem gamblers, compared with everyone else, were more likely to be male, African-American, recruited from drug treatment, have @entity10420 and be dependent on illicit drugs. Multinomial logistic regression analysis predicted the relative risk of being a recreational and problem gambler (compared with a nongambler) in this sample according to socio-demographics, @entity10420 , and @entity734 on illicit drugs. Results imply that screening for gambling problems will need to be broad-based among drug users.

title: Problem gambling and comorbid XXXX and substance use disorders among drug users recruited from drug treatment and community settings.

entities_list: @entity11532 :: ('MESH:D005715', 'Disease') :: ['pathological gambling']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

entities_list: @entity10420 :: ('MESH:D000987', 'Disease') :: ['ASPD', 'Antisocial Personality Disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: PURPOSE: We assessed the efficacy and safety of @entity20837 in @entity1 with @entity323 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 107 @entity1 who had consultations because of @entity323 between July and November 2001 were assessed. The sample was randomly selected. RESULTS: Response to @entity20837 was assessed in 107 @entity1 complaining of @entity323 , randomly selected at the office. With the 2 mg initial dose the response amounted to 23.5%, with 3 mg it amounted to 28.5% and the global response to the drug amounted to 26.1%. Positive response was obtained in 18.5% of those in whom the dose was increased from 2 to 3 mg. Obtaining an erection with enough @entity2003 to enable coitus satisfactory for the @entity1 was accepted as a positive response. According to the clinical presentation of the @entity323 , the highest efficacy was found in those cases with early detumescence, and the lowest one in those cases with complete affection. The overall incidence of adverse effects was 8.4%, with @entity390 being the most frequently reported. CONCLUSIONS: @entity20837 is the first central action erection inducing drug. Its use is encouraged by high tolerability, low rate of adverse effects and virtually nonexistent interaction with other drugs usually administered to @entity1 with @entity323 .

title: Clinical experience with XXXX : the first 107 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity20837 :: ('CHEBI:31228', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine hydrochloride', 'Apomorphine hydrochloride']

answer: @entity20837 :: (CHEBI:31228,Chemical) :: ['apomorphine hydrochloride']


abstract: PURPOSE: We assessed the efficacy and safety of @entity20837 in @entity1 with @entity323 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 107 @entity1 who had consultations because of @entity323 between July and November 2001 were assessed. The sample was randomly selected. RESULTS: Response to @entity20837 was assessed in 107 @entity1 complaining of @entity323 , randomly selected at the office. With the 2 mg initial dose the response amounted to 23.5%, with 3 mg it amounted to 28.5% and the global response to the drug amounted to 26.1%. Positive response was obtained in 18.5% of those in whom the dose was increased from 2 to 3 mg. Obtaining an erection with enough @entity2003 to enable coitus satisfactory for the @entity1 was accepted as a positive response. According to the clinical presentation of the @entity323 , the highest efficacy was found in those cases with early detumescence, and the lowest one in those cases with complete affection. The overall incidence of adverse effects was 8.4%, with @entity390 being the most frequently reported. CONCLUSIONS: @entity20837 is the first central action erection inducing drug. Its use is encouraged by high tolerability, low rate of adverse effects and virtually nonexistent interaction with other drugs usually administered to @entity1 with @entity323 .

title: Clinical experience with @entity20837 : the first 107 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: Many virulence factors (VFs) have been reported in uropathogenic @entity526 . Recently we found a putative uropathogenic island including a gene encoding uropathogenic specific protein (USP). We have described the association between usp and other VFs reported previously. In the current study we examined epidemiological associations among 5 putative uropathogenic VFs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 427 @entity526 strains, including 194, 76 and 107 isolates from @entity1 with @entity2335 , @entity2885 and @entity1069 , respectively, and 50 isolates from the stool of healthy adults, we detected @entity56999 siderophore receptor (iroN), @entity68 regulated gene A homologue adhesin (iha), group II capsule (kpsMT) and outer membrane protease T (ompT) by polymerase chain reaction assays. We analyzed their distribution and genetic association. RESULTS: Relative prevalence ratios of iroN, iha, kpsMT, ompT and usp were 2.0 to 4.3 times more frequently in @entity293 isolates than in fecal isolates. Isolates from @entity1069 were frequently associated with iroN, ompT and usp, whereas isolates from @entity2885 frequently harbored usp. Together with iroN and iha we noted S-/F-fimbriae and iucD aerobactin (OR 95.9 and 187.2), while usp showed a close association with kpsMT and ompT (OR 38.3 and 38.4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Of the putative uropathogenic VFs examined iroN, iha, kpsMT, ompT and usp were frequently associated with @entity293 . Especially iroN and usp were most frequently associated with @entity1069 . Some VFs were closely associated with a specific anatomical site of infection. Strong associations among several VFs might indicate not only well-known genetic linkages, but also unknown functional linkages among these VFs.

title: Distribution and genetic association of putative uropathogenic virulence factors iroN, iha, kpsMT, ompT and usp in XXXX isolated from @entity293 in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['prostatitis']

entities_list: @entity56999 :: ('CHEBI:32402', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholate']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: PURPOSE: Many virulence factors (VFs) have been reported in uropathogenic @entity526 . Recently we found a putative uropathogenic island including a gene encoding uropathogenic specific protein (USP). We have described the association between usp and other VFs reported previously. In the current study we examined epidemiological associations among 5 putative uropathogenic VFs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 427 @entity526 strains, including 194, 76 and 107 isolates from @entity1 with @entity2335 , @entity2885 and @entity1069 , respectively, and 50 isolates from the stool of healthy adults, we detected @entity56999 siderophore receptor (iroN), @entity68 regulated gene A homologue adhesin (iha), group II capsule (kpsMT) and outer membrane protease T (ompT) by polymerase chain reaction assays. We analyzed their distribution and genetic association. RESULTS: Relative prevalence ratios of iroN, iha, kpsMT, ompT and usp were 2.0 to 4.3 times more frequently in @entity293 isolates than in fecal isolates. Isolates from @entity1069 were frequently associated with iroN, ompT and usp, whereas isolates from @entity2885 frequently harbored usp. Together with iroN and iha we noted S-/F-fimbriae and iucD aerobactin (OR 95.9 and 187.2), while usp showed a close association with kpsMT and ompT (OR 38.3 and 38.4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Of the putative uropathogenic VFs examined iroN, iha, kpsMT, ompT and usp were frequently associated with @entity293 . Especially iroN and usp were most frequently associated with @entity1069 . Some VFs were closely associated with a specific anatomical site of infection. Strong associations among several VFs might indicate not only well-known genetic linkages, but also unknown functional linkages among these VFs.

title: Distribution and genetic association of putative uropathogenic virulence factors iroN, iha, kpsMT, ompT and usp in @entity526 isolated from XXXX in Japan.

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of our study was to examine the safety and the secondary objective was to examine the effectiveness of ginger for @entity390 and @entity391 (NVP). STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant @entity1 who called the Motherisk Program who were taking ginger during the first trimester of pregnancy were enrolled in the study. The @entity1 were compared with a group of @entity1 who were exposed to nonteratogenic drugs that were not antiemetic medications. The @entity1 were followed up to ascertain the outcome of the pregnancy and the health of their @entity1 . They were also asked on a scale of 0 to 10 how effective the ginger was for their symptoms of NVP. RESULTS: We were able to ascertain the outcome of 187 pregnancies. There were 181 live births, 2 stillbirths, 3 spontaneous abortions, and 1 therapeutic abortion. The mean birth weight was 3542+/-543 g, the mean gestational age was 39+/-2 weeks, and there were three major @entity600 . There were no statistical differences in the outcomes between the ginger group and the comparison group with the exception of more @entity1 weighing less than 2500 g in the comparison group (12 vs 3, P < or =.001). There were a total of 66 completed effectiveness scores with the mean score of 3.3+/-2.9 SD. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ginger does not appear to increase the rates of major @entity600 above the baseline rate of 1% to 3% and that it has a mild effect in the treatment of NVP.

title: Prospective comparative study of the safety and effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of @entity390 and XXXX in pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting of pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

answer: @entity391 :: (MESH:D014839,Disease) :: ['vomiting']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of our study was to examine the safety and the secondary objective was to examine the effectiveness of ginger for @entity390 and @entity391 (NVP). STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant @entity1 who called the Motherisk Program who were taking ginger during the first trimester of pregnancy were enrolled in the study. The @entity1 were compared with a group of @entity1 who were exposed to nonteratogenic drugs that were not antiemetic medications. The @entity1 were followed up to ascertain the outcome of the pregnancy and the health of their @entity1 . They were also asked on a scale of 0 to 10 how effective the ginger was for their symptoms of NVP. RESULTS: We were able to ascertain the outcome of 187 pregnancies. There were 181 live births, 2 stillbirths, 3 spontaneous abortions, and 1 therapeutic abortion. The mean birth weight was 3542+/-543 g, the mean gestational age was 39+/-2 weeks, and there were three major @entity600 . There were no statistical differences in the outcomes between the ginger group and the comparison group with the exception of more @entity1 weighing less than 2500 g in the comparison group (12 vs 3, P < or =.001). There were a total of 66 completed effectiveness scores with the mean score of 3.3+/-2.9 SD. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ginger does not appear to increase the rates of major @entity600 above the baseline rate of 1% to 3% and that it has a mild effect in the treatment of NVP.

title: Prospective comparative study of the safety and effectiveness of ginger for the treatment of XXXX and @entity391 in pregnancy.

answer: @entity390 :: (MESH:D009325,Disease) :: ['nausea']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: We describe the effects of @entity1089 in @entity1445 . METHODS: @entity1089 poisonings were identified from a prospective database of @entity4968 admissions to a regional toxicology service. Data extracted included details of ingestion, clinical features, investigations (including ECG), and other outcomes (length of stay and ICU admission rate). RESULTS: There were 45 cases of @entity1089 @entity1445 , of which 18 @entity1 with @entity1089 assay results were included. Median length of stay was 35 hours (interquartile range [IQR] 14 to 42 hours) for the 18 @entity1 , and 9 were admitted to the ICU. The median ingested dose was 3.5 g (IQR 1.7 to 6.2 g), and reported ingested dose was highly correlated with estimated peak drug concentration (r(2)=0.84; P<.0001), confirming @entity1 -provided history of ingestion. @entity410 occurred in 2 @entity1 , @entity933 occurred in 3 @entity1 , and mechanical ventilation was required in 4 @entity1 . No @entity943 or @entity204 occurred. Six of the 18 @entity1 ingested @entity1089 alone, with a median length of stay of 35 hours, and 3 were admitted to the ICU. In 1 @entity1 who ingested 24 g, @entity551 and @entity410 occurred. For 10 @entity1 for whom ECGs were available and who had ingested no @entity1370 drugs, @entity591 occurred in 8 @entity1 . For these 10 @entity1 , the mean corrected QT (QTc) interval was increased at 487 ms, but the mean uncorrected QT interval was 349 ms. Reported dose and peak @entity1089 concentrations were significantly associated with ICU admission and length of stay more than 24 hours. A reported dose less than 3 g and a Glasgow @entity772 Scale score not less than 15 predicted @entity1 not requiring ICU admission or length of stay more than 24 hours. CONCLUSION: @entity1089 @entity1445 causes @entity149 and @entity7129 . In large @entity1445 , @entity1 may require intubation and ventilation for associated @entity1576 . Although a prolonged QTc occurs, its clinical significance is unclear because it is most likely caused by an overcorrection caused by the @entity591 . In our experience, a reported dose of less than 3 g for @entity1 who are not drowsy (with a Glasgow @entity772 Scale score of 15) at least 4 hours after ingestion and who did not coingest another toxic agent defined a group not requiring ICU admission or inpatient admission greater than 24 hours.

title: @entity1089 XXXX : a case series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['Seizures', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system depression']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxic']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity7129 :: ('MESH:D013616', 'Disease') :: ['sinus tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdoses', 'overdose']

entities_list: @entity1089 :: ('MESH:C069541', 'Chemical') :: ['quetiapine', 'Quetiapine']

answer: @entity4968 :: (MESH:D011041,Disease) :: ['poisoning']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: We describe the effects of @entity1089 in @entity1445 . METHODS: @entity1089 poisonings were identified from a prospective database of @entity4968 admissions to a regional toxicology service. Data extracted included details of ingestion, clinical features, investigations (including ECG), and other outcomes (length of stay and ICU admission rate). RESULTS: There were 45 cases of @entity1089 @entity1445 , of which 18 @entity1 with @entity1089 assay results were included. Median length of stay was 35 hours (interquartile range [IQR] 14 to 42 hours) for the 18 @entity1 , and 9 were admitted to the ICU. The median ingested dose was 3.5 g (IQR 1.7 to 6.2 g), and reported ingested dose was highly correlated with estimated peak drug concentration (r(2)=0.84; P<.0001), confirming @entity1 -provided history of ingestion. @entity410 occurred in 2 @entity1 , @entity933 occurred in 3 @entity1 , and mechanical ventilation was required in 4 @entity1 . No @entity943 or @entity204 occurred. Six of the 18 @entity1 ingested @entity1089 alone, with a median length of stay of 35 hours, and 3 were admitted to the ICU. In 1 @entity1 who ingested 24 g, @entity551 and @entity410 occurred. For 10 @entity1 for whom ECGs were available and who had ingested no @entity1370 drugs, @entity591 occurred in 8 @entity1 . For these 10 @entity1 , the mean corrected QT (QTc) interval was increased at 487 ms, but the mean uncorrected QT interval was 349 ms. Reported dose and peak @entity1089 concentrations were significantly associated with ICU admission and length of stay more than 24 hours. A reported dose less than 3 g and a Glasgow @entity772 Scale score not less than 15 predicted @entity1 not requiring ICU admission or length of stay more than 24 hours. CONCLUSION: @entity1089 @entity1445 causes @entity149 and @entity7129 . In large @entity1445 , @entity1 may require intubation and ventilation for associated @entity1576 . Although a prolonged QTc occurs, its clinical significance is unclear because it is most likely caused by an overcorrection caused by the @entity591 . In our experience, a reported dose of less than 3 g for @entity1 who are not drowsy (with a Glasgow @entity772 Scale score of 15) at least 4 hours after ingestion and who did not coingest another toxic agent defined a group not requiring ICU admission or inpatient admission greater than 24 hours.

title: XXXX @entity4968 : a case series.

answer: @entity1089 :: (MESH:C069541,Chemical) :: ['Quetiapine']


abstract: AIMS: To assess mortality and @entity5 morbidity in Canadian petroleum workers and explore exposure-response relations for specific petroleum agents. METHODS: A total of 25 292 employees hired between 1964 and 1994 were linked to the Canadian @entity5 registry and national mortality database. Exposure-response trends were assessed for @entity7294 solvents/fuels, @entity7294 lubricants, petroleum coke/spent catalyst, and @entity15494 ( @entity3958 ). RESULTS: External comparison analyses (mortality and incidence) showed deficits for all causes and all @entity5 combined and were consistent with expectation for most malignant and non-malignant sites analysed. @entity1086 mortality was increased among males based on four deaths, but cases had no common job assignments and the increase was focused in workers employed <10 years. Mesothelioma incidence was increased. Most exposure-specific analyses were compromised by small numbers. Statistically significant increases were observed for @entity3958 exposure and a subgroup of accidental deaths as well as for petroleum coke/spent catalyst exposure and @entity2 . While both findings have a degree of biologic plausibility, the @entity3958 association, which exhibited a clearer exposure-response pattern, could be subject to unmeasured confounders. Additionally, interpretation was complicated by the high correlation between @entity7294 and @entity3958 exposures. With @entity2 , the analysis could not adequately control for smoking, was based on small numbers, and exhibited a tenuous exposure-response pattern. CONCLUSION: The findings for @entity2615 suggest the need for continued attention to asbestos in the petroleum industry. The relation between accidental deaths and @entity3958 exposure deserves closer scrutiny in similarly exposed populations. Further analyses of @entity2 are underway and will be reported separately.

title: Mortality and XXXX morbidity in a cohort of Canadian petroleum workers.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignant neoplasms', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'regard to lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity7294 :: ('CHEBI:24632', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocarbon']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['Gall bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity15494 :: ('CHEBI:16136', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen sulphide']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The feasibility of using pathogen-contaminated @entity1707 skin as a model substrate for evaluating skin disinfectants was demonstrated. A test methodology is described that is safe, convenient to use, and adaptable to a variety of hand-washing conditions. The treatment protocol, pathogen contamination conditions, and application technique variables can all be carefully controlled to simulate clinical use conditions. The number of organisms transferred by contact was compared with the total organism count on the @entity1707 skin. The quantity of organisms transferred ranged from 10 to 60% of the total organisms, depending on the nature of the contamination conditions. The cumulative results of multiple imprint and stripping measurements were consistent with the concentration of inoculated organisms. Tests with @entity167 solutions validated the methodology and clearly showed the dependence of topical antimicrobial activity on both the concentration and structure of the @entity167 . Activity increased with increasing @entity167 concentration and in the following order: @entity1068 , @entity5723 , and @entity20856 . All of the @entity4313 became less active as the severity of the test conditions was increased, i.e., higher inoculum levels for a longer incubation time before treatment. The contact imprint and stripping methods used to evaluate bacterial growth on the skin clearly showed that the @entity167 treatments reduced but did not eliminate the inoculated pathogens. It was found that long lifetimes (several hours) for pathogens on the skin are possible under some environmental conditions. This observation strongly suggests that frequent hand washing is a necessary infection control practice even when opportunities for repeated pathogen contamination have not occurred.

title: XXXX skin as test substrate for evaluating topical antimicrobial activity.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity4313 :: ('MESH:D000438', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohols']

entities_list: @entity5723 :: ('MESH:D019840', 'Chemical') :: ['isopropanol']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['Pig']


abstract: Biological tests using @entity7021 (LC50 and @entity26 uptake test), Moina macrocopa (LC50), and @entity37258 (head regeneration test and LC50) were carried out in order to clarify the mutual relationship of these test methods. The @entity26 uptake rate of @entity7021 was not effective to assess chemical @entity137 . Adding the results of the growth inhibition test of @entity12158 (Yoshioka, Y., Ose, Y., and Sato, T. (1985). Sci. Total Environ. 43, 149-157), the correlation coefficients between each two test methods were calculated. The test results except EC50 and LC50 of @entity37258 showed a good relation to each other. We determined the solubility and the @entity32215 /water partition coefficient (P) of some chemicals used in the test. Log P interpreted the @entity137 in mol/liter unit but not in mg/liter. Solubility was not a useful descripter neither in mol/liter nor in mg/liter unit.

title: Correlation of the five test methods to assess chemical XXXX and relation to physical properties.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity12158 :: ('5908', 'Species') :: ['Tetrahymena pyriformis']

entities_list: @entity37258 :: ('6161', 'Species') :: ['Dugesia japonica', 'D. japonica']

entities_list: @entity7021 :: ('8090', 'Species') :: ['O. latipes', 'Orizias latipes']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: Recent research on nutrition needs following thermal injury suggests that @entity1735 and caloric excess must be avoided while an attempt is made to meet relatively large protein requirements. The nutrition regimen in this investigation for adult and pediatric burned @entity1 provides calories at twice the predicted basal metabolic rate, protein at 2.5 gm/kg/day, and @entity1735 at 5 mg/kg/minute. Lipids are provided to meet the caloric deficit after protein and @entity1735 administration. Even though such nutrients are readily provided parenterally, the high @entity1735 content of standard tube feedings makes it difficult to provide adequate protein without excess of @entity1735 and calories. As a result, a modular tube feeding, containing appropriate macro- and micronutrients and tailored to the individual @entity1 , has been used in our burn units. The adequacy of the diet was assessed by the effect on @entity1568 balance, weight change, selected serum indexes of visceral metabolism, and compliance with planned dietary goals. @entity1 remained in positive @entity1568 balance more than 80% of the time while the modular diet was used in conjunction with other modes of therapy (parenteral and/or oral). More than 90% of the time, positive balance was achieved when the modular diet was used as the sole source of nutrition. Compliance with the caloric goal and physicians' diet orders for the modular diet exceeded, on average, the 80% level, which has previously been the established lower limit. The results in this study suggest that the modular diet is an appropriate method of nutrition support.

title: Adequacy of a modular tube feeding diet for burned XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recently, some authors have postulated the existence of the so-called <obsessive spectrum>. This would include disorders that have the common point of the presence of repetitive thoughts and actions, which may either have a <compulsive> or <impulsive> nature. Certain @entity16 with @entity717 have also been grouped within this spectrum, including some forms of @entity302 , @entity191 , @entity4790 or @entity2033 . There is evidence that physiopathological connections may exist between some of these conditions. METHODS: A case of a @entity1 with @entity2033 with obsessive signs and symptoms is presented. The @entity1 is a 50 year old male, diagnosed of @entity2033 who is being treated with 25 mg/day of @entity1088 and 10 mg/day of clorazepate. The @entity1 refused to eat certain foods for <fear of choking>. He began to display other @entity146 such as refusing to touch objects that might have been touched by others, and developed ritual checking methods. Treatment based on the administration of 40 mg/day of @entity903 was begun. With this treatment the compulsive symptoms have disappeared, as has the fear of choking. However, the @entity4790 typical of his condition persist and the signs and symptoms associated with a process of @entity303 are becoming increasingly evident. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the case described may well be a good example of obsessive spectrum, and that the underlying physio-pathology should be studied.

title: [A case of obsessive symptoms in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['clozapine']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive behaviors']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity4790 :: ('MESH:D002819', 'Disease') :: ['choreic movements', "Sydenham's Chorea"]

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ["Huntington's Chorea", "Huntington's disease"]

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['repetitive movements']

answer: @entity2033 :: (MESH:D006816,Disease) :: ['Huntington's disease']


abstract: @entity992 (chickenpox) has long been considered a benign, inevitable disease of childhood. Complications are generally mild and rarely severe, and virtually every individual is infected by adulthood. Infection is associated, however, with a high risk of serious complications in certain high-risk groups, such as leukemic @entity1 . Concerns about the severity of varicella in this population have led to the development and testing of a live, attenuated vaccine. Because of the favorable results thus far available, the vaccine may soon be licensed for use in high-risk individuals. The fact that a vaccine may soon be available has led to an increased interest in the potential benefits of a childhood varicella vaccine program. The costs associated with @entity281 in normal @entity1 without a varicella vaccination program have been estimated to be approximately  400 million, 95% of which is the cost of caring for a @entity1 at home. Vaccination of normal 15-month-old @entity1 with a safe and effective vaccine with long-lasting immunity could reduce the cost by 66% and result in a savings of  7 for every dollar spent on the vaccination program. This assumes that vaccine would be administered only once with measles, mumps, and @entity2462 vaccine, that there would be no increase in the number of varicella cases in older @entity1 who are at increased risk for complications, and that there would be no deleterious effect on the occurrence and severity of @entity4091 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX : complications and costs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity992 :: ('MESH:D002644', 'Disease') :: ['Varicella']

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['herpes zoster']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['varicella infection']

answer: @entity992 :: (MESH:D002644,Disease) :: ['Varicella']


abstract: An epidemic of @entity7135 after an influenza outbreak in a community of 49 @entity1 (14-18 years) and 8 adults in a boarding-school is reported. The first @entity1 died with all symptoms of the @entity43523 . Several hours later, two other @entity1 developed severe @entity295 with @entity693 and @entity693 respectively. @entity3631 group B susceptible to @entity114 and @entity1215 was isolated. Within the next 8 hours, chemoprophylaxis with @entity1215 (600 mg twice daily) was started and maintained for 4 days for the whole community. Throat cultures had not been obtained before prophylaxis. Ten other symptomatic @entity1 were admitted to the hospital and treated by @entity114 infusion. The results of blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were negative, and treatment was therefore discontinued. Five days after the death of the first @entity1 , another @entity1 died with full-blown @entity43523 while on chemoprophylaxis. The neisseriae isolated from this @entity1 were @entity1215 -resistant. Serological investigations in all @entity1 admitted to hospital revealed the existence of concomitant @entity281 with influenza A and B in this school. We assume that the @entity1800 made way for the outbreak of the @entity7135 and for the high rate of @entity7135 . Chemoprophylaxis with @entity1215 should not be continued for longer than 2 to 3 days, otherwise the risk of occurrence of @entity1215 resistant strains of @entity3631 increases. Hitherto such strains have rarely been isolated in clinically manifest disease.

title: [ @entity7135 in a boarding school: a XXXX -resistant secondary case while under chemoprophylaxis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'boy', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity43523 :: ('MESH:D014884', 'Disease') :: ['Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['epidemic infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampin']

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal disease', 'secondary meningococcal infection']

entities_list: @entity3631 :: ('487', 'Species') :: ['N. meningitidis']

answer: @entity1215 :: (MESH:D012293,Chemical) :: ['rifampicin']


abstract: An epidemic of @entity7135 after an influenza outbreak in a community of 49 @entity1 (14-18 years) and 8 adults in a boarding-school is reported. The first @entity1 died with all symptoms of the @entity43523 . Several hours later, two other @entity1 developed severe @entity295 with @entity693 and @entity693 respectively. @entity3631 group B susceptible to @entity114 and @entity1215 was isolated. Within the next 8 hours, chemoprophylaxis with @entity1215 (600 mg twice daily) was started and maintained for 4 days for the whole community. Throat cultures had not been obtained before prophylaxis. Ten other symptomatic @entity1 were admitted to the hospital and treated by @entity114 infusion. The results of blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were negative, and treatment was therefore discontinued. Five days after the death of the first @entity1 , another @entity1 died with full-blown @entity43523 while on chemoprophylaxis. The neisseriae isolated from this @entity1 were @entity1215 -resistant. Serological investigations in all @entity1 admitted to hospital revealed the existence of concomitant @entity281 with influenza A and B in this school. We assume that the @entity1800 made way for the outbreak of the @entity7135 and for the high rate of @entity7135 . Chemoprophylaxis with @entity1215 should not be continued for longer than 2 to 3 days, otherwise the risk of occurrence of @entity1215 resistant strains of @entity3631 increases. Hitherto such strains have rarely been isolated in clinically manifest disease.

title: [ XXXX in a boarding school: a @entity1215 -resistant secondary case while under chemoprophylaxis].

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['Meningococcal epidemic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the emergency care of injuries at a main city hospital. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Data were collected between February 1st, 1999 and 30th April, 1999 from the records of the 2000 bed Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and @entity130 @entity1 admitted at KNH were analysed. METHODS: All @entity1 were analysed for demographics, environment of injury hospital arrival and Emergency Department times. The effects of injury severity, @entity130 and time of day on these time intervals were analysed statistically. RESULTS: Road injury admissions formed 31% of all injury admissions. The mean age was 30 years. Males comprised 84.6% of all @entity1 . The proportions of @entity1 under 20 years of age was 20% with a peak age of 20-29 years. Majority (43.3%) of the injured resided in deprived neighbourhood of East Nairobi. The mean pre-hospital time was 2.56 hours. The Emergency Department disposition time was 3.36 hours. Injuries of all severities, as determined by the Injury Severity Score (ISS), were treated. The pace of care did not match severity of the injuries. Only 17.5% reached their areas of definitive care within sixty minutes. CONCLUSION: Injuries following @entity64 ( @entity64 ) are common in Nairobi. The response to injury is slow and haphazard. The insitution of a care incorporating the city's health centers and pre-hospital triage may optimise care.

title: @entity130 care in Nairobi, Kenya: a call for XXXX care regionalisation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['road traffic accidents', 'RTAs']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['forty injury', 'place of injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the emergency care of injuries at a main city hospital. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Data were collected between February 1st, 1999 and 30th April, 1999 from the records of the 2000 bed Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Nairobi, Kenya. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and @entity130 @entity1 admitted at KNH were analysed. METHODS: All @entity1 were analysed for demographics, environment of injury hospital arrival and Emergency Department times. The effects of injury severity, @entity130 and time of day on these time intervals were analysed statistically. RESULTS: Road injury admissions formed 31% of all injury admissions. The mean age was 30 years. Males comprised 84.6% of all @entity1 . The proportions of @entity1 under 20 years of age was 20% with a peak age of 20-29 years. Majority (43.3%) of the injured resided in deprived neighbourhood of East Nairobi. The mean pre-hospital time was 2.56 hours. The Emergency Department disposition time was 3.36 hours. Injuries of all severities, as determined by the Injury Severity Score (ISS), were treated. The pace of care did not match severity of the injuries. Only 17.5% reached their areas of definitive care within sixty minutes. CONCLUSION: Injuries following @entity64 ( @entity64 ) are common in Nairobi. The response to injury is slow and haphazard. The insitution of a care incorporating the city's health centers and pre-hospital triage may optimise care.

title: XXXX care in Nairobi, Kenya: a call for @entity130 care regionalisation.

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Initial injury']


abstract: The effects of electrical stimulation of the A5 noradrenergic cell group of the ventrolateral pons was assessed in @entity95 . Stimulation administered through either concentric bipolar or monopolar electrodes produced current-intensity related increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Decreases in heart rate (HR) accompanied the @entity101 , but were essentially eliminated by bilateral vagotomy or destruction of the nucleus and tractus solitarii (NTS), thereby indicating that the HR decelerations were secondary to activation of baroreceptor reflexes. Neither vagotomy nor midcollicular section of the brainstem altered the MAP response to A5 stimulation. Bilateral destruction of the NTS slightly enhanced the response. Several @entity95 received microinjections of @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) into the A5 region 2 weeks before the experiment. Other @entity95 received vehicle injections and served as control subjects for the non-specific effects of the @entity2955 injections. @entity2955 injections, but not vehicle injections, prevented the vasopressor effects of A5 stimulation. However, stimulation of the A1 noradrenergic nucleus of the ventrolateral medulla produced decreases in MAP in @entity95 given prior microinjections of @entity2955 into A5. These observations are interpreted to indicate that the @entity2955 injections produced @entity2359 effects which were relatively restricted to the A5 region. Furthermore, the data from all of these experiments are interpreted as indicating that the vasopressor effects observed as a consequence of electrical stimulation of A5 are due to excitation of the @entity1063 -containing neuron cell bodies of this region and that this effect is mediated via pathways arising from this region and terminating in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord.

title: Effects of electrical stimulation of the pontine A5 cell group on blood pressure and heart rate in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in MAP']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: A case control study of 6000 @entity1 with @entity0 and about 8000 @entity1 with @entity5 living in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin found that younger @entity1 who breast feed are at a 20% lower risk of developing @entity0 before menopause than those who have never breast fed or have breast fed only briefly. The younger a @entity1 was when she first breast fed, the less likely she was to develop @entity0 . The length of total time a @entity1 breast fed in her life was inversely related to the risk of developing @entity0 before menopause. For example, if a @entity1 breast feeds for 4-12 months, the risk of developing @entity0 in premenopausal @entity1 is reduced 11% when compared to @entity1 who breast feed for less than 3 months and those who do not breast feed. The risk can be reduced by about 25%, if @entity1 breast feed for at least 2 years. Neither young age nor long duration of total time breast feeding appeared to influence the risk of developing @entity0 after menopause, however. One hypothesis is that breast feeding suppresses the production of ovarian hormones which may be associated with @entity0 . Since most @entity0 cases in the US are postmenopausal, the @entity0 cases would be rather small, however. Another study of about 90,000 US nurses found no relationship between breast feeding and @entity0 . The lack of a relationship may have been due to the fact that the nurses were much less likely to breast feed at a young age since they had a high educational level. Further, breast feeding practices have changed in the last 20-30 years from feeding every 4 hours to feeding on demand. In India most rural @entity1 breast feed, beginning when they are young. They even practice communal breast feeding, which allows @entity1 to work outside their homes.

title: Breast-feeding may reduce XXXX risk.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'reduction in breast cancer', 'premenopausal breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast-cancer']


abstract: New emphasis on pediatric drug development makes the availability of safe, easy-to-use dosage formulations imperative for clinical practice. Chewable tablets are a widely used pediatric dosage form; however, a literature review on the safety of this formulation has not been published. We have, therefore, determined the safety of chewable tablets in the pediatric age group based on the published literature. A search of safety information on chewable tablets was performed from the published literature dating from January 1966 to January 1999. Search terms included tablet, chewable tablet, drug formulation, aspiration, @entity1224 , @entity1763 , @entity1224 , and foreign body. Additional information was obtained from the Physician's Desk Reference, by purchasing products at a local drug store, from calls to manufacturers, and from the IMS Health National Prescription Audit Plus 7. @entity1 , English-language studies of two types were included, clinical articles with any mention of chewable tablets, and aspiration case series. The results of this review showed that more than 60 chewable tablet formulations are approved for use in the United States. Medical issues, including @entity130 , related to the chewable-tablet formulation were extremely rare. The advantages of chewable tablets include @entity2419 , stability, precise dosing, portability, and ease of delivery. It is concluded that the available literature suggests that chewable tablets provide a safe, well-tolerated alternative to traditional pediatric drug formulations and offer significant advantages in @entity1 2 years of age and older.

title: Safety of chewable tablets for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction', 'choking']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['palatability']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['foreign-body injuries']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: @entity1200 ( @entity1200 ) differ from primary care physicians (PCP) in their treatment of @entity565 . A limited retrospective chart review of several visits over a 1-year period in 1997 evaluating the quality of @entity565 care by @entity1200 vs. PCPs was conducted in an @entity4207 center. Data concerning quality, effectiveness and cost of @entity565 care was randomly collected from 15 @entity1200 and 15 PCPs from charts at 3-month intervals over a 1-year period. Information obtained from data collection forms revealed that @entity565 @entity1 evaluated by @entity1200 had more visits and received a greater quantity of medication compared to those treated by PCPs. All 15 @entity1 with persistent @entity565 followed by @entity1200 were treated with inhaled corticosteroids at each visit in contrast to only 80% of those treated by PCPs. The total numbers of controller medications (i.e., inhaled @entity288 , @entity10453 , cromolyn, and @entity2544 ) that were utilized, as recommended, by the National Asthma Expert Panel (NAEP) of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines were 70 by @entity1200 vs. 24 by PCPs over three visits. Cromolyn was prescribed five times over three visits by @entity1200 and not at all by PCPs. Recognition and treatment of coexisting @entity2023 was evident in only 13% of @entity1 treated by PCPs as compared to 80% in those treated by AIS. (p < 0.0001). However, all @entity1 treated by @entity1200 were skin tested to explore the presence of allergic triggers, while no @entity1 treated by PCPs were evaluated for IgE-mediated reactions. Treatment cost for @entity2023 was therefore higher, at  2039, for @entity1200 as compared to  741 for PCPs. There were no peakflow values in charts obtained from PCPs. However, all charts from @entity1200 had peakflow values, which improved during the course of therapy in 33% of @entity1 . Total medication costs for @entity565 were higher for @entity1200 @  5,646.30 vs.  1,932.25 for PCPs. Total medication costs for @entity2023 plus @entity565 were higher for @entity1200 @  7615 vs.  2681 for PCPs. However, @entity1 treated by @entity1200 had more severe @entity565 and required more frequent visits. @entity13265 was prescribed a total of four times over several visits by PCPs vs. only once by @entity1200 . In comparing @entity565 care between AI specialists and PCPs, it was found that AI specialists treat more severe @entity748 , provide more frequent follow-up visits, utilize peak flow rates, prescribe more controller medications, and more often recognize and treat comorbid conditions such as @entity2023 that impact on @entity565 care. Thus, although treatment costs for @entity1200 are higher, these costs are justified by a quality of care that is more consistent with national (NHLBI) guidelines.

title: A preliminary retrospective treatment and pharmacoeconomic analysis of XXXX care provided by allergists, immunologists, and primary care physicians in a teaching hospital.

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatics']

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity13265 :: ('MESH:D009241', 'Chemical') :: ['Ipratropium bromide']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['AIs', 'Allergy immunology specialists']

entities_list: @entity10453 :: ('MESH:C057823', 'Chemical') :: ['salmeterol']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: The sensitivity of @entity419 PET to localize epileptogenic zones in @entity4940 was evaluated by both visual assessment and statistical parametric mapping (SPM). METHODS: Twenty-nine @entity1 with @entity4940 were examined. All @entity1 showed good outcome after surgical resection (Engel class I or II). On pathologic examination, 22 @entity1 had @entity6795 , 4 had @entity5 , 1 had cortical scars, and 2 had an old @entity1188 . @entity75 were found on @entity419 PET images by both visual assessment and SPM analysis. On SPM analysis, the cutoff threshold was varied and sensitivity to find epileptogenic zones was compared. RESULTS: MRI showed structural lesions in 15 @entity1 and normal findings in 14. @entity419 PET correctly localized the epileptogenic zones in 16 @entity1 (55%) by visual assessment. The sensitivity of @entity419 PET was 36% in @entity1 without structural lesions on MRI and 73% in @entity1 with structural lesions. On SPM analysis, using an uncorrected probability value of 0.005 as the threshold, the sensitivity of SPM analysis was 66%, which was not statistically different from the sensitivity of visual assessment. The sensitivity decreased according to the decrease in probability value. CONCLUSION: @entity419 PET was sensitive in localizing epileptogenic zones by revealing hypometabolic areas in nonlesional @entity1 with @entity4940 as well as in lesional @entity1 . SPM analysis showed a comparable sensitivity to visual assessment and could be used as an aid in diagnosing epileptogenic zones in @entity4940 .

title: @entity419 PET in localization of XXXX : comparison of visual and SPM analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Hypometabolic lesions']

entities_list: @entity6795 :: ('MESH:D054220', 'Disease') :: ['cortical dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity4940 :: ('MESH:D017034', 'Disease') :: ['frontal lobe epilepsy']

answer: @entity4940 :: (MESH:D017034,Disease) :: ['frontal lobe epilepsy']


abstract: The sensitivity of @entity419 PET to localize epileptogenic zones in @entity4940 was evaluated by both visual assessment and statistical parametric mapping (SPM). METHODS: Twenty-nine @entity1 with @entity4940 were examined. All @entity1 showed good outcome after surgical resection (Engel class I or II). On pathologic examination, 22 @entity1 had @entity6795 , 4 had @entity5 , 1 had cortical scars, and 2 had an old @entity1188 . @entity75 were found on @entity419 PET images by both visual assessment and SPM analysis. On SPM analysis, the cutoff threshold was varied and sensitivity to find epileptogenic zones was compared. RESULTS: MRI showed structural lesions in 15 @entity1 and normal findings in 14. @entity419 PET correctly localized the epileptogenic zones in 16 @entity1 (55%) by visual assessment. The sensitivity of @entity419 PET was 36% in @entity1 without structural lesions on MRI and 73% in @entity1 with structural lesions. On SPM analysis, using an uncorrected probability value of 0.005 as the threshold, the sensitivity of SPM analysis was 66%, which was not statistically different from the sensitivity of visual assessment. The sensitivity decreased according to the decrease in probability value. CONCLUSION: @entity419 PET was sensitive in localizing epileptogenic zones by revealing hypometabolic areas in nonlesional @entity1 with @entity4940 as well as in lesional @entity1 . SPM analysis showed a comparable sensitivity to visual assessment and could be used as an aid in diagnosing epileptogenic zones in @entity4940 .

title: XXXX PET in localization of @entity4940 : comparison of visual and SPM analysis.

answer: @entity419 :: (MESH:D019788,Chemical) :: ['(18)F-FDG']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early @entity16 (END) occurs in approximately one third of all @entity385 @entity1 and is associated with a poor outcome. Our study sought to assess the value of ultra-early MRI in the prediction of END in @entity64 @entity1 . METHODS: Between August 1999 and November 2001, 38 @entity64 @entity1 with a proven @entity2500 (ICA) occlusion on MR angiography underwent perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) and @entity353 ( @entity353 ) within 6 hours after onset, and 30 fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Control @entity353 and MR angiography were performed between days 3 and 5. Cranial CT was performed to rule out hemorrhagic transformation. Vascular risk factors, temperature, blood pressure, glycemia, and blood count were assessed on admission. National Institutes of Health @entity64 Scale (NIHSS) scores were obtained at baseline and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. At the same time points, transcranial Doppler (TCD) examinations were conducted to assess arterial recanalization. END was defined as an increase in the NIHSS score >4. A logistic regression model was applied to detect independent predictors of END. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate the relationship between @entity1188 growth and duration of @entity432 . RESULTS: Initial MR angiography showed an occlusion of @entity3538 in 7 @entity1 (23.3%), of proximal MCA in 14 (46.6%), and of distal MCA in the remaining 9 (30%). A PWI- @entity353 mismatch >20% was observed in 28 @entity1 (93.3%). END occurred in 7 @entity1 (23.3%). Baseline NIHSS score (P=0.05), proximal site of occlusion (P=0.002), initial @entity353 (P=0.002) and PWI (P=0.003) volumes, and reduced PWI- @entity353 mismatch (P=0.038) were associated with END in the univariate analysis. Only hyperacute @entity353 volume remained as a predictor of END when a logistic regression model was applied (odds ratio, 11.5; 95% CI, 2.31 to 57.10; P=0.0028). A receiver operator characteristic curve identified a cutoff point of @entity353 >89 cm(3) (sensitivity, 85.7%; specificity, 95.7%) to predict END. A graded response was seen in @entity353 lesion expansion in relation to duration of @entity432 (P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-early @entity353 is a powerful predictor of END after MCA or @entity432 .

title: Prediction of early XXXX using diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging in hyperacute @entity2500 .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['DWI', 'diffusion-weighted imaging']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery (MCA) or intracranial internal carotid artery']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity3538 :: ('MESH:D002341', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial ICA']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial ICA occlusion', 'vessel occlusion', 'arterial occlusion']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neurological deterioration']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early @entity16 (END) occurs in approximately one third of all @entity385 @entity1 and is associated with a poor outcome. Our study sought to assess the value of ultra-early MRI in the prediction of END in @entity64 @entity1 . METHODS: Between August 1999 and November 2001, 38 @entity64 @entity1 with a proven @entity2500 (ICA) occlusion on MR angiography underwent perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) and @entity353 ( @entity353 ) within 6 hours after onset, and 30 fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Control @entity353 and MR angiography were performed between days 3 and 5. Cranial CT was performed to rule out hemorrhagic transformation. Vascular risk factors, temperature, blood pressure, glycemia, and blood count were assessed on admission. National Institutes of Health @entity64 Scale (NIHSS) scores were obtained at baseline and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. At the same time points, transcranial Doppler (TCD) examinations were conducted to assess arterial recanalization. END was defined as an increase in the NIHSS score >4. A logistic regression model was applied to detect independent predictors of END. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate the relationship between @entity1188 growth and duration of @entity432 . RESULTS: Initial MR angiography showed an occlusion of @entity3538 in 7 @entity1 (23.3%), of proximal MCA in 14 (46.6%), and of distal MCA in the remaining 9 (30%). A PWI- @entity353 mismatch >20% was observed in 28 @entity1 (93.3%). END occurred in 7 @entity1 (23.3%). Baseline NIHSS score (P=0.05), proximal site of occlusion (P=0.002), initial @entity353 (P=0.002) and PWI (P=0.003) volumes, and reduced PWI- @entity353 mismatch (P=0.038) were associated with END in the univariate analysis. Only hyperacute @entity353 volume remained as a predictor of END when a logistic regression model was applied (odds ratio, 11.5; 95% CI, 2.31 to 57.10; P=0.0028). A receiver operator characteristic curve identified a cutoff point of @entity353 >89 cm(3) (sensitivity, 85.7%; specificity, 95.7%) to predict END. A graded response was seen in @entity353 lesion expansion in relation to duration of @entity432 (P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-early @entity353 is a powerful predictor of END after MCA or @entity432 .

title: Prediction of early @entity16 using diffusion- and perfusion-weighted imaging in hyperacute XXXX .

answer: @entity2500 :: (MESH:D020244,Disease) :: ['middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) has become a commonly used imaging modality in @entity64 centers. The value of this method as a routine procedure is still being discussed. In previous studies, CT was always performed before DWI. Therefore, @entity1188 progression could be a reason for the better result in DWI. METHODS: All hyperacute (<6 hours) @entity64 @entity1 admitted to our emergency department with a National Institutes of Health @entity64 Scale (NIHSS) score >3 were prospectively randomized for the order in which CT and MRI were performed. Five @entity64 experts and 4 residents blinded to clinical data judged @entity64 signs and lesion size on the images. To determine the interrater variability, we calculated kappa values for both rating groups. RESULTS: A total of 50 @entity1 with @entity385 and 4 @entity1 with transient symptoms of @entity64 (median NIHSS score, 11; range, 3 to 27) were analyzed. Of the 50 @entity1 , 55% were examined with DWI first. The mean delay from symptom onset until CT was 180 minutes; that from symptom onset until DWI was 189 minutes. The mean delay between DWI and CT was 30 minutes. The sensitivity of @entity1188 detection by the experts was significantly better when based on DWI (CT/DWI, 61/91%). Accuracy was 91% when based on DWI (CT, 61%). Interrater variability of lesion detection was also significantly better for DWI (CT/DWI, kappa=0.51/0.84). The assessment of lesion extent was less homogeneous on CT (CT/DWI, kappa=0.38/0.62). The differences between the 2 modalities were stronger in the residents' ratings (CT/DWI: sensitivity, 46/81%; kappa=0.38/0.76). CONCLUSIONS: CT and DWI performed with the same delay after onset of @entity385 resulted in significant differences in diagnostic accuracy. DWI gives good interrater homogeneity and has a substantially better sensitivity and accuracy than CT even if the raters have limited experience.

title: CT and diffusion-weighted MR imaging in randomized order: diffusion-weighted imaging results in higher accuracy and lower interrater variability in the diagnosis of hyperacute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke', 'acute stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: CONTEXT: Risk factors for failure of trabeculectomy may have a cumulative effect on the outcome. AIMS: To study the effect of preoperative ocular risk factors on the surgical outcome of trabeculectomy augmented with 2 commonly used doses of @entity1138 . SETTINGS AND DESIGN: In a prospective cohort study, cases were recruited over an 18 month period. 92 eyes of 83 @entity1 with one to three known risk factors for failure of trabeculectomy underwent @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) augmented trabeculectomy. METHODS AND MATERIAL: Trabeculectomy was done with a randomly chosen @entity1139 dose of 0.2 mg/ml or 0.4 mg/ml. All cases were followed up for a period of at least 3 months. Surgical success was defined as the lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP) below 21 mmHg during the follow up period. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Chi square test, paired t test, odds ratio, effect size. RESULTS: Eyes with two or three risk factors (out of @entity726 , failed trabeculectomy, @entity2297 , post @entity726 , @entity726 , adherent leucoma, @entity726 , prolonged medical therapy, @entity134 induced @entity726 , post penetrating @entity726 and @entity726 ) had a significantly poorer surgical success rate (88% and 78%) than eyes with one risk factor (100%). 0.4 mg/ml @entity1139 used sub-sclerally had a statistically similar effect on lowering the IOP as 0.2 mg/ml in all groups. The rate of complications was significantly higher in the 0.4 mg/ml subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of more than one preoperative ocular risk factor, affects the surgical success of @entity1139 augmented trabeculectomy in high-risk cases. Because of the significantly higher rate of complications with the higher dose of @entity1139 , this should be used sparingly, only in cases with more than two risk factors.

title: Cumulative effect of risk factors on short-term surgical success of XXXX augmented trabeculectomy.

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['Mitomycin-C', 'Mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma', 'uveitic glaucoma', 'developmental glaucoma', 'traumatic glaucoma', 'juvenile glaucoma', 'aphakic glaucoma', 'keratoplasty glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2297 :: ('MESH:D015355', 'Disease') :: ['neovascular glaucoma']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin']


abstract: The biological properties of different forms of @entity1 pituitary FSH, varying in their molecular charge, were investigated. FSH in two individual @entity1 pituitaries and a pool of 30 @entity1 pituitaries was extracted and subjected to electrophoresis. From each electrophoresis 14 consecutive fractions with the highest RIA activity were examined with in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The in vitro assay was based upon the estimation of @entity53 produced by cultured Sertoli cells from 10 day old @entity35 . The in vivo bioassay was an hCG augmented test using immature female @entity19 injected on 3 consecutive days. The @entity2670 was the index of response. Both in the individual and in the pooled pituitary material the less negatively charged forms had the highest activity in the in vitro bioassay. In contrast, the more negatively charged forms had the highest activity in the in vivo bioassay. Forms of FSH from each of the two individual pituitary extracts were pooled according to their migration rate and injected iv into @entity19 . The amount of FSH remaining in the circulation of the @entity19 after 1 h was related to the molecular charge. The highest value was obtained with the pool containing the more negatively charged forms of the hormone. The results indicate that the disappearance rate of the FSH molecule is a dominant factor in the in vivo bioassay. A consequence of these observations will be that the assay method chosen to monitor the purification of FSH will have a major influence on the biological properties of the final preparation.

title: Influence of the assay method used on the selection of the most active forms of FSH from the XXXX pituitary.

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['increase in ovarian weight']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of germ-cell @entity5 therapy on sexual functioning and subjective quality of life (QL). To investigate the communication about sexual problems between @entity1 , their partners, and doctors. In all, 474 @entity1 treated for germ-cell @entity5 at the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, from 1979 to 2000 were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire concerning psychosocial dimensions and subjective QL (QLS; Henrich and Herschbach, 2000). In total, 341 @entity1 returned a completed questionnaire (response rate, 71.9%). The median age at survey was 41.9 years and the median follow-up period after therapy was 9.6 years. Persisting sexual sequelae were lower than in the current literature: decreased sexual desire (7.1%), erection (10.0%), orgasm (10.2%), ejaculation (28.8%), sexual activity (8.5%), and sexual satisfaction (4.8%). In QL the satisfaction with 'friends/acquaintances' (P<0.001) and 'family life/ @entity1 ' (P<0.001), is lower than in the healthy population. Correlations between functional scales and subjective QL were highly significant. There is a strong correlation between sexual satisfaction and global life satisfaction (Spearman's Rho: 0.48; P<0.01). A total of 61.4% of @entity1 were not offered communication about sexual problems by their doctors and 21.2% were unable to talk with their partner about sexual issues. In conclusion, moderating psychosocial variables (e.g. personality factors, cognitive processes) should be investigated to clarify the relationship between life satisfaction (subjective QL) and functional impairments. Communication about sexual problems should be offered as a standard to @entity1 treated for germ-cell @entity5 .

title: Subjective quality of life and sexual functioning after germ-cell XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'children']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']