abstract: Lipoprotein subclass levels may improve the prediction of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) in individuals beyond the risk assessment provided by conventional enzymatically determined lipid levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-determined lipoprotein subclasses and coronary calcification in postmenopausal @entity1 , and to determine whether the associations were independent of conventional lipid measures. @entity729 ( @entity729 ) was measured by electron beam computed tomography, and lipoprotein subclasses were determined by NMR spectroscopy (Liposcience, Inc., Raleigh, NC), in 286 healthy @entity1 (mean age = 61.7), at 8 years postmenopause. @entity729 was analyzed as categories 0, 1 to 99, and > or =100. The mean @entity729 was 53 (range, 0 to 1,175), and 54% of the @entity1 had 0 scores. Large high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was inversely associated with @entity729 category, but small HDL was not. All very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subclasses-small, medium, and large-were positively associated with @entity729 (p <0.01). Small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was positively associated with @entity729 (p <0.01), but medium and large LDL were not. Smaller LDL particle size (p <0.01) and higher levels of LDL particles (p <0.001) were associated with higher @entity729 category. In separate ordinal logistic regression models, small LDL, LDL particles, and large VLDL were each positively associated (p <0.05) with higher @entity729 after adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), current smoking, and conventional measures of LDL @entity165 , HDL @entity165 , and @entity1674 . These results suggest that the measurement of lipoprotein subclasses may improve the prediction of @entity65 in postmenopausal @entity1 beyond that provided by the conventional lipid panel and @entity65 risk factors.

title: Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal XXXX from the healthy @entity1 study.

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary artery calcification', 'CAC']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease', 'CAD']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Lipoprotein subclass levels may improve the prediction of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) in individuals beyond the risk assessment provided by conventional enzymatically determined lipid levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-determined lipoprotein subclasses and coronary calcification in postmenopausal @entity1 , and to determine whether the associations were independent of conventional lipid measures. @entity729 ( @entity729 ) was measured by electron beam computed tomography, and lipoprotein subclasses were determined by NMR spectroscopy (Liposcience, Inc., Raleigh, NC), in 286 healthy @entity1 (mean age = 61.7), at 8 years postmenopause. @entity729 was analyzed as categories 0, 1 to 99, and > or =100. The mean @entity729 was 53 (range, 0 to 1,175), and 54% of the @entity1 had 0 scores. Large high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was inversely associated with @entity729 category, but small HDL was not. All very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) subclasses-small, medium, and large-were positively associated with @entity729 (p <0.01). Small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was positively associated with @entity729 (p <0.01), but medium and large LDL were not. Smaller LDL particle size (p <0.01) and higher levels of LDL particles (p <0.001) were associated with higher @entity729 category. In separate ordinal logistic regression models, small LDL, LDL particles, and large VLDL were each positively associated (p <0.05) with higher @entity729 after adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), current smoking, and conventional measures of LDL @entity165 , HDL @entity165 , and @entity1674 . These results suggest that the measurement of lipoprotein subclasses may improve the prediction of @entity65 in postmenopausal @entity1 beyond that provided by the conventional lipid panel and @entity65 risk factors.

title: Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal @entity1 from the healthy XXXX study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: In anesthesized @entity35 , the effects of @entity8425 ( @entity8425 ) to the saphenous nerve on the microcirculation of the gracilis muscle were assessed through the measurement of two different hemodynamic parameters: (a). the @entity121 ( @entity121 ) using a laser Doppler flowmeter; and (b). the changes in diameter of the muscle arterioles observed directly using an intravital microscope system. Ipsilateral @entity8425 (5 V, 20 Hz, for 30 s) produced increases in @entity121 and mean arterial pressure (47+/-10% and 18+/-5%) over the baseline, while no significant changes in @entity121 were observed in the contralateral muscle. Neither selective nor simultaneous alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade altered the increases in @entity121 induced by @entity717 . The arteriolar diameter was found to increase by 38.9+/-5% following @entity717 . This response in diameter was abolished after the topical application of a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist ( @entity4655 (8-37)). Contralateral @entity8425 produced a decrease in arteriolar diameter by 26+/-14%. Thus, ipsilateral nerve @entity8425 produced vasodilative responses in the muscle accompanied by increases in @entity121 independently of the sympathetic activity. Furthermore, @entity4655 was found directly involved in the reflex neural regulation of the muscle microcirculation, which suggests the participation of an axon reflex mechanism.

title: Vasodilatation of muscle microvessels induced by somatic afferent stimulation is mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide release in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8425 :: ('MESH:D004556', 'Disease') :: ['electrical stimulation', 'ES']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral ES']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle blood flow', 'MBF']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Understanding trends in the dissemination of findings from clinical research can help in estimating their population-level benefits. We evaluated trends in the use of adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy, @entity440 , and the combination of both treatments for @entity0 in the United States from 1975 through 1999. METHODS: Data on treatment of 217 508 @entity1 diagnosed from 1975 through 1999 with stages I, II, and IIIA @entity0 were obtained from eight registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Models of dissemination were developed from these data after adjustment based on information from a series of population-based Patterns of Care (POC) studies that randomly selected case @entity1 from the SEER registries. The POC studies included 7116 @entity1 diagnosed from 1987 through 1991 and in 1995 who were eliminated from the SEER data used in this analysis. RESULTS: The modeled disseminations were generally compatible with the POC-observed proportions of each treatment. The use of multi-agent chemotherapy was higher among premenopausal @entity1 , and the use of @entity440 was higher among postmenopausal @entity1 . The use of multi-agent chemotherapy for postmenopausal @entity1 diagnosed with @entity5 reached a peak in 1983 and then decreased through 1986, indicating its substitution with @entity440 . After 1986, the combined use of multi-agent chemotherapy and @entity440 increased for almost all stages and ages. After the early 1990s, @entity440 use in postmenopausal @entity1 with stage II+ or @entity0 declined. CONCLUSIONS: The observed dissemination patterns suggest that the results of clinical trials are disseminated fairly rapidly to community-based physicians and their @entity1 .

title: Trends in use of adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy and @entity440 for XXXX in the United States: 1975-1999.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage III breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'early-stage breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node-positive stage II+ or stage IIIA cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Understanding trends in the dissemination of findings from clinical research can help in estimating their population-level benefits. We evaluated trends in the use of adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy, @entity440 , and the combination of both treatments for @entity0 in the United States from 1975 through 1999. METHODS: Data on treatment of 217 508 @entity1 diagnosed from 1975 through 1999 with stages I, II, and IIIA @entity0 were obtained from eight registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Models of dissemination were developed from these data after adjustment based on information from a series of population-based Patterns of Care (POC) studies that randomly selected case @entity1 from the SEER registries. The POC studies included 7116 @entity1 diagnosed from 1987 through 1991 and in 1995 who were eliminated from the SEER data used in this analysis. RESULTS: The modeled disseminations were generally compatible with the POC-observed proportions of each treatment. The use of multi-agent chemotherapy was higher among premenopausal @entity1 , and the use of @entity440 was higher among postmenopausal @entity1 . The use of multi-agent chemotherapy for postmenopausal @entity1 diagnosed with @entity5 reached a peak in 1983 and then decreased through 1986, indicating its substitution with @entity440 . After 1986, the combined use of multi-agent chemotherapy and @entity440 increased for almost all stages and ages. After the early 1990s, @entity440 use in postmenopausal @entity1 with stage II+ or @entity0 declined. CONCLUSIONS: The observed dissemination patterns suggest that the results of clinical trials are disseminated fairly rapidly to community-based physicians and their @entity1 .

title: Trends in use of adjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy and XXXX for @entity0 in the United States: 1975-1999.

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['tamoxifen']


abstract: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors are cytoplasmic proteins that can be activated by Janus kinases (JAK) and that modulate gene expression in response to cytokine receptor stimulation. STAT proteins dimerize, translocate into the nucleus, and activate specific target genes. In the present study, we show for the first time that @entity48105 (IL), in the presence of its soluble receptor (sIL-6R), induces activation of @entity67552 , @entity58077 , and @entity2924 / @entity34121 proteins in @entity291 articular chondrocytes. Western blotting and mobility shift assays demonstrated that this effect is accompanied by the DNA binding of the STAT proteins. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also activated in response to @entity17837 /sIL-6R association, as reflected by phosphorylation of @entity30511 and @entity30512 proteins. In these conditions, the expression of cartilage-specific matrix genes, type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link proteins was found to be markedly down-regulated. This negative effect was abolished by addition of @entity10512 , an inhibitor of the STAT activation, whereas blockade of the MAP kinases with @entity4286 was without significant effect. Thus, activation of the STAT signaling pathways, but not ERK-dependent pathways, is essential for down-regulation of the major cartilage-specific matrix genes by @entity17837 . In addition, a parallel reduction of @entity48434 expression, a key factor of chondrocyte phenotype, was found in these experimental conditions. These @entity17837 effects might contribute to the phenotype loss of chondrocytes in @entity2720 and the alteration of articular cartilage associated with this pathology.

title: JAK/STAT but not XXXX / @entity30512 pathway mediates interleukin (IL)-6/soluble IL-6R down-regulation of Type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link protein transcription in articular chondrocytes. Association with a down-regulation of @entity48434 expression.

entities_list: @entity10512 :: ('MESH:C002669', 'Chemical') :: ['parthenolide']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['joint diseases']

answer: @entity30511 :: (531391(Tax:9913),Gene) :: ['ERK1']


abstract: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors are cytoplasmic proteins that can be activated by Janus kinases (JAK) and that modulate gene expression in response to cytokine receptor stimulation. STAT proteins dimerize, translocate into the nucleus, and activate specific target genes. In the present study, we show for the first time that @entity48105 (IL), in the presence of its soluble receptor (sIL-6R), induces activation of @entity67552 , @entity58077 , and @entity2924 / @entity34121 proteins in @entity291 articular chondrocytes. Western blotting and mobility shift assays demonstrated that this effect is accompanied by the DNA binding of the STAT proteins. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also activated in response to @entity17837 /sIL-6R association, as reflected by phosphorylation of @entity30511 and @entity30512 proteins. In these conditions, the expression of cartilage-specific matrix genes, type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link proteins was found to be markedly down-regulated. This negative effect was abolished by addition of @entity10512 , an inhibitor of the STAT activation, whereas blockade of the MAP kinases with @entity4286 was without significant effect. Thus, activation of the STAT signaling pathways, but not ERK-dependent pathways, is essential for down-regulation of the major cartilage-specific matrix genes by @entity17837 . In addition, a parallel reduction of @entity48434 expression, a key factor of chondrocyte phenotype, was found in these experimental conditions. These @entity17837 effects might contribute to the phenotype loss of chondrocytes in @entity2720 and the alteration of articular cartilage associated with this pathology.

title: JAK/STAT but not @entity30511 / XXXX pathway mediates interleukin (IL)-6/soluble IL-6R down-regulation of Type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link protein transcription in articular chondrocytes. Association with a down-regulation of @entity48434 expression.

answer: @entity30512 :: (327672(Tax:9913),Gene) :: ['ERK2']


abstract: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors are cytoplasmic proteins that can be activated by Janus kinases (JAK) and that modulate gene expression in response to cytokine receptor stimulation. STAT proteins dimerize, translocate into the nucleus, and activate specific target genes. In the present study, we show for the first time that @entity48105 (IL), in the presence of its soluble receptor (sIL-6R), induces activation of @entity67552 , @entity58077 , and @entity2924 / @entity34121 proteins in @entity291 articular chondrocytes. Western blotting and mobility shift assays demonstrated that this effect is accompanied by the DNA binding of the STAT proteins. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was also activated in response to @entity17837 /sIL-6R association, as reflected by phosphorylation of @entity30511 and @entity30512 proteins. In these conditions, the expression of cartilage-specific matrix genes, type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link proteins was found to be markedly down-regulated. This negative effect was abolished by addition of @entity10512 , an inhibitor of the STAT activation, whereas blockade of the MAP kinases with @entity4286 was without significant effect. Thus, activation of the STAT signaling pathways, but not ERK-dependent pathways, is essential for down-regulation of the major cartilage-specific matrix genes by @entity17837 . In addition, a parallel reduction of @entity48434 expression, a key factor of chondrocyte phenotype, was found in these experimental conditions. These @entity17837 effects might contribute to the phenotype loss of chondrocytes in @entity2720 and the alteration of articular cartilage associated with this pathology.

title: JAK/STAT but not @entity30511 / @entity30512 pathway mediates interleukin (IL)-6/soluble IL-6R down-regulation of Type II collagen, aggrecan core, and link protein transcription in articular chondrocytes. Association with a down-regulation of XXXX expression.

answer: @entity48434 :: (100336535,Gene) :: ['SOX9']


abstract: Psoriasis is characterized by a dermal and epidermal infiltrate comprised predominantly of @entity404 (+) and @entity405 (+) T cells, respectively. These cells behave in an antigen-dependent manner, which suggests that @entity1569 may be a T-cell-mediated @entity792 . Psoriasis shares certain immunological features with recognized autoimmune conditions such as @entity6 and @entity15 , in both of which a pathogenic role is postulated for natural killer (NK) cells and @entity14434 ( @entity14434 ) cells. However, there are few studies assessing the role of NK and @entity14434 cells in @entity1569 . We sought to determine whether NK and @entity14434 cells are present in @entity1569 . Skin biopsies were taken from the active edge of a @entity1569 plaque and from uninvolved skin at least 5 cm away from involved skin of ten @entity1 with chronic @entity1569 . Skin from four normal subjects was used as controls. Using an immunoperoxidase technique, cryostat sections were stained using antibodies to T-cell markers @entity3138 , CD3, @entity404 and @entity405 ; cutaneous leucocyte associated antigen; NK cell markers @entity4071 , @entity2940 , @entity4755 , @entity9706 and @entity16301 ; and the @entity14434 cell marker @entity21319 . There were significantly more cells expressing T cell markers, NK cell markers @entity4071 , @entity4755 , @entity9706 and @entity16301 and @entity14434 cell marker @entity21319 in involved skin than in uninvolved or normal skin ( P<0.01). There was no difference in the number of cells expressing @entity2940 . Cells expressing NK markers were found most commonly in the papillary dermis immediately subjacent to the dermoepidermal junction. Cells expressing @entity4755 were found in significantly higher numbers in the epidermis and reticular dermis of involved skin. This study demonstrates that cells expressing NK markers and @entity14434 cell markers are present in plaques of @entity1569 . The exact roles of NK and @entity14434 cells in @entity1569 are unclear, although they may modulate @entity32 and act as a source of Th(1) cytokines important in the psoriatic process.

title: Natural killer and natural killer-T cells in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis', 'plaque psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type I diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity14434 :: ('MESH:C566492', 'Disease') :: ['natural killer-like T', 'NK-T']

answer: @entity1569 :: (MESH:D011565,Disease) :: ['psoriasis']


abstract: @entity1 receiving heparin are at risk of developing @entity882 ( @entity882 ). Whereas in @entity882 only reversible mild @entity882 occurs within the first days of heparin treatment, @entity882 may lead to potentially life-threatening @entity1031 events. Pediatric @entity1 suffering from @entity882 have been reported in a study on newborns and in a few reports on @entity1 and adolescents. However, @entity715 can be as severe in @entity1 as they are in adults. In the case of @entity882 , the withdrawal of heparin is required and alternative anticoagulation should be started. In contrast to numerous investigations in adult @entity1 , including prospective studies, experience with alternative anticoagulants in pediatric @entity1 is limited. The available data were analyzed according to @entity882 , alternative anticoagulation, and clinical outcome. In conclusion, @entity882 represents a potentially dangerous complication of heparin therapy in pediatric @entity1 also. Alternative anticoagulation applied in pediatric @entity1 mainly included danaparoid @entity1372 and recombinant hirudin. In most @entity1 treated with these anticoagulants, effective anticoagulation and clinical improvement were observed. Because of limited experience, more data are required for optimal management of @entity882 in young @entity1 .

title: Anticoagulation with recombinant hirudin and danaparoid XXXX in pediatric @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['HIT', 'HIT I', 'heparin-induced thrombocytopenia', 'HIT II complications', 'HIT II', 'thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic complications']

answer: @entity1372 :: (MESH:D012964,Chemical) :: ['sodium']


abstract: @entity1 receiving heparin are at risk of developing @entity882 ( @entity882 ). Whereas in @entity882 only reversible mild @entity882 occurs within the first days of heparin treatment, @entity882 may lead to potentially life-threatening @entity1031 events. Pediatric @entity1 suffering from @entity882 have been reported in a study on newborns and in a few reports on @entity1 and adolescents. However, @entity715 can be as severe in @entity1 as they are in adults. In the case of @entity882 , the withdrawal of heparin is required and alternative anticoagulation should be started. In contrast to numerous investigations in adult @entity1 , including prospective studies, experience with alternative anticoagulants in pediatric @entity1 is limited. The available data were analyzed according to @entity882 , alternative anticoagulation, and clinical outcome. In conclusion, @entity882 represents a potentially dangerous complication of heparin therapy in pediatric @entity1 also. Alternative anticoagulation applied in pediatric @entity1 mainly included danaparoid @entity1372 and recombinant hirudin. In most @entity1 treated with these anticoagulants, effective anticoagulation and clinical improvement were observed. Because of limited experience, more data are required for optimal management of @entity882 in young @entity1 .

title: Anticoagulation with recombinant hirudin and danaparoid @entity1372 in pediatric XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Success of @entity1388 in combating dental caries led to study of @entity1388 on @entity2520 , but studies are less reported in literature and results are varied in nature. To address this issue, the study was conducted to assess severity of @entity2520 among (n = 283) 36-45 years old adults residing in area of different concentration of @entity1388 in drinking water. The villages selected were having @entity1388 concentration in their drinking water are Shamnur (0.5 PPMF), Kundawada (1.1 ppmF) and Halebathi (3.17 ppm). Ion Selective Electrode Method (OrionUSA) estimated @entity1388 in drinking water. Community Periodontal Index (WHO, 1997) and Plaque Index (Silness and Loe, 1967) was used to assess periodontal status. There was consistent decrease in mean plaque score from 1.45+ _0.024 at 0.51 ppm, 1.21+ _0.009 at 1.1 ppm, and 1.12+ _0.08 at 3.17 ppm @entity1388 area. This difference was significant statistically (P < 0.001). As the @entity1388 concentration in drinking water increased there was decrease in severity of prevalence of @entity2521 . This difference in observation was significant statistically (P < 0.05). There were no effects of @entity1388 on calculus, since little variability was found in three different @entity1388 areas. Thus it was concluded from the study results that the increase in @entity1388 concentration decreased the plaque accumulation. decreased the shallow and deep pockets. Hence lower prevalence and severity of @entity2520 .

title: Prevalence of XXXX in endemically flourosed areas of Davangere Taluk, India.

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity1388 :: ('MESH:D005459', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoride']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['periodontal disease']

answer: @entity2520 :: (MESH:D010510,Disease) :: ['periodontal disease']


abstract: @entity115 / @entity798 ( @entity115 2 g/ @entity798 200 mg) has been administered in comparison to @entity3524 (2 g) for antimicrobial prophylaxis in 476 evaluable @entity1 undergoing abdominal surgery at high risk of septic complications. Both antibiotics were administered as a single infusion. 205 evaluable @entity1 (110 in @entity115 / @entity798 group and 95 in @entity3524 group) underwent upper gastrointestinal surgery (including gastroduodenal and biliary surgery). The wound infection rate was 4.5% for @entity115 / @entity798 and 7.4% for @entity3524 , with no significant differences. @entity6177 were observed in 3 @entity1 in the @entity115 / @entity798 group and in 1 @entity1 in the @entity3524 group. 271 evaluable @entity1 (135 in @entity115 / @entity798 group and 136 in @entity3524 group) underwent lower gastrointestinal surgery (including colorectal surgery). The wound infection rate was 11% for @entity115 / @entity798 and 13% for @entity3524 , with no significant differences. A purulent discharge was present in 3 @entity1 in both groups. @entity6177 were observed in 3 @entity1 in the @entity115 / @entity798 group and in 4 @entity1 in the @entity3524 group. No serious adverse events and no cases of @entity294 were observed. In conclusion, in our experience @entity115 / @entity798 proved to be as effective as @entity3524 in protecting @entity1 from surgical @entity281 in abdominal surgery. Its use in surgical prophylaxis may help decrease the cost of treatment and reduce the risk of resistance to antibiotics and superinfections.

title: @entity115 / @entity798 versus XXXX for antimicrobial prophylaxis in abdominal surgery: a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['Amoxicillin', 'amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity6177 :: ('MESH:D018784', 'Disease') :: ['Intra-abdominal abscesses']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanic acid']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

answer: @entity3524 :: (MESH:D002439,Chemical) :: ['cefotaxime']


abstract: @entity115 / @entity798 ( @entity115 2 g/ @entity798 200 mg) has been administered in comparison to @entity3524 (2 g) for antimicrobial prophylaxis in 476 evaluable @entity1 undergoing abdominal surgery at high risk of septic complications. Both antibiotics were administered as a single infusion. 205 evaluable @entity1 (110 in @entity115 / @entity798 group and 95 in @entity3524 group) underwent upper gastrointestinal surgery (including gastroduodenal and biliary surgery). The wound infection rate was 4.5% for @entity115 / @entity798 and 7.4% for @entity3524 , with no significant differences. @entity6177 were observed in 3 @entity1 in the @entity115 / @entity798 group and in 1 @entity1 in the @entity3524 group. 271 evaluable @entity1 (135 in @entity115 / @entity798 group and 136 in @entity3524 group) underwent lower gastrointestinal surgery (including colorectal surgery). The wound infection rate was 11% for @entity115 / @entity798 and 13% for @entity3524 , with no significant differences. A purulent discharge was present in 3 @entity1 in both groups. @entity6177 were observed in 3 @entity1 in the @entity115 / @entity798 group and in 4 @entity1 in the @entity3524 group. No serious adverse events and no cases of @entity294 were observed. In conclusion, in our experience @entity115 / @entity798 proved to be as effective as @entity3524 in protecting @entity1 from surgical @entity281 in abdominal surgery. Its use in surgical prophylaxis may help decrease the cost of treatment and reduce the risk of resistance to antibiotics and superinfections.

title: @entity115 / XXXX versus @entity3524 for antimicrobial prophylaxis in abdominal surgery: a randomized trial.

answer: @entity798 :: (MESH:D019818,Chemical) :: ['clavulanic acid']


abstract: @entity115 / @entity798 ( @entity115 2 g/ @entity798 200 mg) has been administered in comparison to @entity3524 (2 g) for antimicrobial prophylaxis in 476 evaluable @entity1 undergoing abdominal surgery at high risk of septic complications. Both antibiotics were administered as a single infusion. 205 evaluable @entity1 (110 in @entity115 / @entity798 group and 95 in @entity3524 group) underwent upper gastrointestinal surgery (including gastroduodenal and biliary surgery). The wound infection rate was 4.5% for @entity115 / @entity798 and 7.4% for @entity3524 , with no significant differences. @entity6177 were observed in 3 @entity1 in the @entity115 / @entity798 group and in 1 @entity1 in the @entity3524 group. 271 evaluable @entity1 (135 in @entity115 / @entity798 group and 136 in @entity3524 group) underwent lower gastrointestinal surgery (including colorectal surgery). The wound infection rate was 11% for @entity115 / @entity798 and 13% for @entity3524 , with no significant differences. A purulent discharge was present in 3 @entity1 in both groups. @entity6177 were observed in 3 @entity1 in the @entity115 / @entity798 group and in 4 @entity1 in the @entity3524 group. No serious adverse events and no cases of @entity294 were observed. In conclusion, in our experience @entity115 / @entity798 proved to be as effective as @entity3524 in protecting @entity1 from surgical @entity281 in abdominal surgery. Its use in surgical prophylaxis may help decrease the cost of treatment and reduce the risk of resistance to antibiotics and superinfections.

title: XXXX / @entity798 versus @entity3524 for antimicrobial prophylaxis in abdominal surgery: a randomized trial.

answer: @entity115 :: (MESH:D000658,Chemical) :: ['Amoxicillin']


abstract: Despite discontinuation of its use in the 1950s, the consequences of Thorotrast usage continue to be recognized. In a review of plain film and CT findings of 20 cases of Thorotrast exposure, 15 of 17 @entity1 demonstrated Thorotrast accumulation in the liver and spleen on plain films. Typically, this appeared as regions of trabeculated increased density within the liver. The spleen was of normal or decreased size and often demonstrated a finely punctate pattern of opacification. Only two @entity5 could be suggested on plain film alone: one hepatic and one splenic. Five @entity1 with @entity99 underwent CT examinations: three with @entity201 , one with @entity5426 , and one with @entity157 . No specific criteria could be established to distinguish among these lesions, as each @entity5 appeared as relatively low-density mass(es). Two cases of @entity5426 appeared as low-density filling defect(s) in the otherwise opaque spleen, one case primary and the other metastatic from the liver. CT was superior to plain radiography in detecting and characterizing Thorotrast distribution and any superimposed @entity5 . In addition to periodic liver function tests, screening CT of @entity1 exposed to Thorotrast might detect @entity99 at an operable stage.

title: Thorotrast-induced XXXX : CT identification.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm', 'malignancy', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['angiosarcoma', 'splenic angiosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic neoplasms', 'hepatic malignancies']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['hepatosplenic neoplasia']


abstract: @entity71000 ( @entity71000 ) is a synthetic aromatic @entity49406 compound which has a number of important biochemical effects, including inhibition of a family of esteroproteases (trypsin, urokinase, @entity1351 ) previously linked to the complex process of @entity5 invasion. Previous work has suggested that exogenous natural protease inhibitors can block invasion of @entity5 cells across basement membranes (BM) in vitro. The authors studied the effect of BABIM on the @entity1 cell line HT-1080 with the use of a quantitative in vitro amnion invasion assay system. They have verified the ability of these cells to grow in @entity19 and metastasize via the lymphatics or blood vessels on the basis of the route of administration of the inoculum. Cells which were able to actively cross the entire BM were trapped on filters and counted by both brightfield microscopy and by beta scintillation counting of cells whose DNA was labeled with tritiated @entity1014 . In agreement with either counting technique, BABIM, at a concentration of 10(-4) M, significantly inhibited invasion (P less than 0.005) over the 7-day course of the experiments. Under these conditions, the inhibitor was nontoxic and did not alter the attachment of the cells to the amniotic membrane. Furthermore, a highly significant inhibition of invasion (P less than 0.001) was also demonstrated across a variation in molar concentration of BABIM of more than 2 orders of magnitude. Most remarkably, cells were initially inhibited in their ability to invade in the presence of between 10(-9) and 10(-3) M BABIM. Measurement of Type IV specific collagenase in media from these cells shows a significant inhibition of activity in the presence of BABIM. These results suggest two, not necessarily exclusive, alternative interpretations: first, that inhibition of the proteolytic steps along the pathway of activation of basement membrane degrading enzymes results in inhibition of invasion; second, that @entity369 directed esteroproteases may work in concert with cellular collagenolytic metalloproteinases in the process of invasion by @entity1 @entity5 cells through native matrix barriers.

title: In vitro inhibition of @entity1 sarcoma cells' invasive ability by XXXX --a novel esteroprotease inhibitor.

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity49406 :: ('CHEBI:2634', 'Chemical') :: ['amidine']

entities_list: @entity71000 :: ('MESH:C025426', 'Chemical') :: ['BABIM', 'Bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity71000 :: (MESH:C025426,Chemical) :: ['bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane']


abstract: @entity71000 ( @entity71000 ) is a synthetic aromatic @entity49406 compound which has a number of important biochemical effects, including inhibition of a family of esteroproteases (trypsin, urokinase, @entity1351 ) previously linked to the complex process of @entity5 invasion. Previous work has suggested that exogenous natural protease inhibitors can block invasion of @entity5 cells across basement membranes (BM) in vitro. The authors studied the effect of BABIM on the @entity1 cell line HT-1080 with the use of a quantitative in vitro amnion invasion assay system. They have verified the ability of these cells to grow in @entity19 and metastasize via the lymphatics or blood vessels on the basis of the route of administration of the inoculum. Cells which were able to actively cross the entire BM were trapped on filters and counted by both brightfield microscopy and by beta scintillation counting of cells whose DNA was labeled with tritiated @entity1014 . In agreement with either counting technique, BABIM, at a concentration of 10(-4) M, significantly inhibited invasion (P less than 0.005) over the 7-day course of the experiments. Under these conditions, the inhibitor was nontoxic and did not alter the attachment of the cells to the amniotic membrane. Furthermore, a highly significant inhibition of invasion (P less than 0.001) was also demonstrated across a variation in molar concentration of BABIM of more than 2 orders of magnitude. Most remarkably, cells were initially inhibited in their ability to invade in the presence of between 10(-9) and 10(-3) M BABIM. Measurement of Type IV specific collagenase in media from these cells shows a significant inhibition of activity in the presence of BABIM. These results suggest two, not necessarily exclusive, alternative interpretations: first, that inhibition of the proteolytic steps along the pathway of activation of basement membrane degrading enzymes results in inhibition of invasion; second, that @entity369 directed esteroproteases may work in concert with cellular collagenolytic metalloproteinases in the process of invasion by @entity1 @entity5 cells through native matrix barriers.

title: In vitro inhibition of XXXX sarcoma cells' invasive ability by @entity71000 --a novel esteroprotease inhibitor.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: In vitro cell culture techniques were used to identify and characterize the individual cell types present in @entity1 @entity2967 of bone. Three major cell types were identified based on morphologic characteristics, patterns of specific cell surface antigens, presence of receptors for hormones, and cell products. One population consisted of mononuclear cells that expressed monocyte-macrophage markers. These cells lacked receptors for skeletal hormones and did not persist in culture. Distinct from these cells was a population of mononuclear cells that proliferated in culture and most likely represented the neoplastic element of the @entity5 . These cells phenotypically resembled connective tissue stromal cells, i. e., they did not express macrophage surface antigens and they produced collagens (Types I and III). They also possessed receptors for @entity461 . The final population of @entity5 cells consisted of multinucleated giant cells. These cells lacked monocyte-macrophage surface antigens and possessed receptors for @entity175 , a phenotypic marker for osteoclasts. These studies illustrate that in vitro cell culture techniques can be employed to identify and characterize the cell populations of @entity5 of skeletal tissues, and demonstrate the usefulness of these cell culture models for investigating the biology of @entity3478 .

title: Characterization of cells from @entity1 XXXX of bone.

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['bone tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2967 :: ('MESH:D005870', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['parathyroid hormone']

answer: @entity2967 :: (MESH:D005870,Disease) :: ['giant cell tumors']


abstract: In vitro cell culture techniques were used to identify and characterize the individual cell types present in @entity1 @entity2967 of bone. Three major cell types were identified based on morphologic characteristics, patterns of specific cell surface antigens, presence of receptors for hormones, and cell products. One population consisted of mononuclear cells that expressed monocyte-macrophage markers. These cells lacked receptors for skeletal hormones and did not persist in culture. Distinct from these cells was a population of mononuclear cells that proliferated in culture and most likely represented the neoplastic element of the @entity5 . These cells phenotypically resembled connective tissue stromal cells, i. e., they did not express macrophage surface antigens and they produced collagens (Types I and III). They also possessed receptors for @entity461 . The final population of @entity5 cells consisted of multinucleated giant cells. These cells lacked monocyte-macrophage surface antigens and possessed receptors for @entity175 , a phenotypic marker for osteoclasts. These studies illustrate that in vitro cell culture techniques can be employed to identify and characterize the cell populations of @entity5 of skeletal tissues, and demonstrate the usefulness of these cell culture models for investigating the biology of @entity3478 .

title: Characterization of cells from XXXX @entity2967 of bone.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Pro-hemostatic therapy aims at an improvement of hemostasis, which may be achieved by amelioration of primary hemostasis, stimulation of fibrin formation or inhibition of fibrinolysis. These treatment strategies may be applied to specifically correct a defect in one of the pathways of coagulation, but have in some situations also been shown to be effective in reducing @entity548 in @entity1 without a primary @entity3459 . Besides the transfusion of platelets in case of @entity882 or severe @entity1423 , a pharmacological improvement of primary hemostasis may be achieved by the administration of desmopressin. The administration of DDAVP results in a marked increase in the plasma concentration of @entity2881 ) and (also by yet unexplained additional mechanisms) a remarkable potentiation of primary hemostasis as a consequence. DDAVP is used for the prevention and treatment of @entity548 in @entity1 with @entity2880 or mild @entity447 , and further in @entity1 with an impaired function of primary hemostasis, such as in @entity1 with @entity5507 , liver @entity82 or in @entity1 with @entity117 -associated @entity548 . Based on the current insight that activation of coagulation in vivo predominantly proceeds by the tissue factor/factor VII(a) pathway, recombinant factor VIIa has been developed as a prohemostatic agent and has recently become available for clinical use. Indeed, in uncontrolled clinical studies this compound has been shown to exert a potent procoagulant activity and appeared to be highly effective in the prevention and treatment of @entity548 , although most experience so far has been obtained in @entity1 with severe and @entity149 . At present, a more general use of this agent for @entity548 @entity1 without an apparent @entity3459 is the subject of a number of ongoing clinical trials. Agents that exert anti-fibrinolytic activity are aprotinin and the group of @entity376 analogues. The pro-hemostatic effect of these agents proceeds not only by the inhibition of fibrinolysis (thereby shifting the procoagulant/anticoagulant balance towards a more procoagulant state), but also due to a protective effect on platelets, as has been demonstrated at least for aprotinin. The mechanism of this platelet-protective effect has, besides a potential prevention of @entity1351 -mediated loss of platelet receptors not been elucidated. Whether the pro-hemostatic effect of the anti-fibrinolytic agents will eventually result in a higher incidence of @entity1031 is still a matter of debate (see further), however, this has so far not been shown in straightforward clinical trials.

title: Management of XXXX disorders by prohemostatic therapy.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet disorders']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['hemophilia A']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['complicated coagulation defects']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['coagulation defect', 'defect in coagulation']

entities_list: @entity2881 :: ('7450', 'Gene') :: ['Von Willebrand factor (and associated coagulation factor VIII']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic complications']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand disease']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: Aged intact and young hippocampal-lesioned @entity35 show similar deficits on the spatial water maze. However, this does not necessitate that the source of these deficits in the aged animals is due to @entity131 . These water maze deficits may arise from other aging factors such as changes in thermoregulation, muscle fatigue, swim ability, and response to stress. Consequently, it is imperative to examine the performance of aged @entity35 on a comparable nonhippocampal version of this task. Past attempts to develop a hippocampus-independent version of the water maze were confounded because these tasks were easier (i.e., the @entity35 spent much less time swimming in the water) than the spatial versions of the task. The current study examined performance on a hippocampus-independent task comparable in difficulty to the spatial water one. Middle-aged (16-m) and old (25-m) male F344 @entity35 were given sham or dorsal hippocampus lesions and tested on both a spatial and a nonspatial water maze. The middle-aged @entity35 with @entity75 were impaired on the spatial task but not on the nonspatial task. Conversely, aged animals showed a similar impairment on both types of water maze tasks. Additionally, @entity75 exacerbated the age-related impairment on both tasks. These findings indicate that caution must be used when interpreting the results of water maze tasks for aged animals.

title: The effects of aging and dorsal XXXX : performance on spatial and nonspatial comparable versions of the water maze.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal damage']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal lesions']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['hippocampal lesions']


abstract: We have established hippocampal cell lines from normal and trisomy 16 fetal @entity19 , a model of @entity1 trisomy 21. Both cell lines, named @entity7285 (derived from a normal animal) and HTk (trisomic) possess neuronal markers by immunohistochemistry (enolase, @entity5473 , @entity14383 , and choline acetyltransferase) and lack glial markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100). Also, we evaluated intracellular Ca(2+) levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) in response to neurotransmitter agonists, in cells loaded with the fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators Indo-1 and Fluo-3. Both cell lines responded to glutamatergic stimuli induced by glutamate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, I-amino-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-isoxazole propanoic acid or kainate. Glutamate responses were only partially prevented by addition of 5 mM EGTA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, trans-(1S,3R)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (ACPD), increased [Ca(2+)](i) in both cell types. These results confirm the presence of glutamatergic metabotropic receptors. In glutamate-induced responses, HTk cells exhibited slower time-dependent decay kinetics than @entity7285 cells. Cholinergic agonists (nicotine and muscarine) induced a rapid, transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in both cell types. Furthermore, some cells were sensitive to histamine and norepinephrine. All responses to the aforementioned agonists were prevented by addition of specific antagonists. We also studied incorporation and release of [(3)H]choline in the cells, and observed no differences in uptake parameters. However, release induced by K(+) and nicotine depolarization was greatly reduced in HTk cells. The results show that @entity7285 and HTk cells retain neuronal characteristics and respond to specific neurotransmitter stimuli. The HTk differences could be related to neuronal pathophysiology in Down syndrome.

title: Cell lines derived from hippocampal neurons of the normal and trisomy 16 XXXX fetus (a model for Down syndrome) exhibit neuronal markers, cholinergic function, and functional neurotransmitter receptors.

entities_list: @entity14383 :: ('4133', 'Gene') :: ['microtubule associated protein-2']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Recent follow-up studies of @entity1 with @entity189 treated with breast-conserving primary radiotherapy identified a triad of pathologic features significantly associated with local treatment failure. These unfavorable characteristics of the @entity5 were: poor or undifferentiated nuclear grade; @entity3821 within the @entity5 mass; and @entity3821 in breast tissue outside the perimeter of the @entity75 . The current study was undertaken to assess the impact of these same factors on the prognosis of 573 consecutively treated @entity1 , with @entity189 5 cm or less in diameter, and who underwent mastectomy. Histologic sections of all @entity5 were reviewed, and the lesions were classified according to the distribution of @entity3821 present: only within the @entity5 (IN, 247 cases, 43%), only outside the @entity5 (OUT, 25 cases, 4%), within the outside (IN-OUT, 158 cases, 28%), or not seen (IFDC, 143 cases, 25%). The median follow-up period for the entire series was 56 months. Ninety-five (17%) @entity1 were @entity66 (median time to @entity204 , 36 months). Variables that proved to be statistically significant for overall survival were nodal status (P less than 0.001), nuclear grade (P less than 0.03), and histologic grade (P less than 0.007). Nodal status (P less than 0.001), histologic grade (P less than 0.001), and @entity5 size (P = 0.01) were significant predictors of disease-free survival. The pattern of @entity3821 , when present, was not predictive of the risk for recurrence or survival in @entity1 treated by mastectomy. These findings provide a rationale for additional surgical treatment for @entity1 whose @entity5 have features more likely to be associated with local failure following primary radiotherapy. To permit more detailed pathologic examination of the @entity75 , the initial excision should be carried out separately from the treatment when limited resection and radiation are to be considered as a treatment option.

title: Are prognostic factors for local control of breast cancer treated by primary radiotherapy significant for XXXX treated by mastectomy?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['intraductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['dead of disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'primary tumors', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mammary carcinoma', 'invasive duct carcinomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The transplantable hormone-responsive @entity35 mammary @entity420 13762NF was dissociated with collagenase and hyaluronidase. Cells were cloned directly or lines were established from mass cultures and cells from these lines were cloned. Clones differed in cellular morphology, colony morphology on plastic or in collagen gel, growth rate, growth response to hormones, and hormone receptor levels. Growth response to prolactin, @entity53 , @entity1420 , @entity701 , and @entity8160 ( @entity8160 ) was determined by culturing the cells within collagen gel and using a serum-free medium base of @entity37399 (1:1) with insulin, @entity4722 , and BSA. The clones varied in their hormone responses, with all 20 of the clones tested responding to @entity701 in combination with @entity8160 . Some clones would respond to @entity8160 , @entity701 , or @entity1420 when used alone. None of the clones tested could be stimulated by prolactin or @entity53 . Receptor levels for @entity53 , @entity1420 , glucocorticoids, and @entity8160 were assessed in 3 selected clones differing in their hormone responsiveness. Receptor levels appeared to correlate with hormonal sensitivity. Selected clones transplanted into female F344 @entity35 produced @entity189 with histopathologies similar to the @entity5 .

title: Heterogeneity in the hormonal responsiveness of clones derived from the 13762NF @entity35 mammary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8160 :: ('25313(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['EGF', 'epidermal growth factor']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['original tumor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The transplantable hormone-responsive @entity35 mammary @entity420 13762NF was dissociated with collagenase and hyaluronidase. Cells were cloned directly or lines were established from mass cultures and cells from these lines were cloned. Clones differed in cellular morphology, colony morphology on plastic or in collagen gel, growth rate, growth response to hormones, and hormone receptor levels. Growth response to prolactin, @entity53 , @entity1420 , @entity701 , and @entity8160 ( @entity8160 ) was determined by culturing the cells within collagen gel and using a serum-free medium base of @entity37399 (1:1) with insulin, @entity4722 , and BSA. The clones varied in their hormone responses, with all 20 of the clones tested responding to @entity701 in combination with @entity8160 . Some clones would respond to @entity8160 , @entity701 , or @entity1420 when used alone. None of the clones tested could be stimulated by prolactin or @entity53 . Receptor levels for @entity53 , @entity1420 , glucocorticoids, and @entity8160 were assessed in 3 selected clones differing in their hormone responsiveness. Receptor levels appeared to correlate with hormonal sensitivity. Selected clones transplanted into female F344 @entity35 produced @entity189 with histopathologies similar to the @entity5 .

title: Heterogeneity in the hormonal responsiveness of clones derived from the 13762NF XXXX mammary @entity5 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine how the implementation of @entity1486 (PSA) testing has affected disease-specific survival and other characteristics of @entity263 . METHODS: Data were collected on all @entity1 with @entity263 diagnosed between 1988 and 1998 and registered in the Center for @entity4623 Research Database at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Statistical analyses were used to summarize trends over time in survival, mortality, and clinical stage. RESULTS: Between 1988 and 1998, a total of 2042 @entity1 with @entity263 were registered at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 86.9% and 93.7% for @entity1 diagnosed in the respective year groups of 1988 to 1991 and 1992 to 1994, with follow-up through December 1, 2000 (P < 0.001). @entity263 was the cause of @entity204 for 37.5% of the @entity1 in 1988 to 1989 versus 15.4% in 1999 to 2000. Marked stage migration has occurred; from 1988 to 1998, the percentage of @entity1 presenting with @entity3 decreased from 14.1% to 3.3% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A statistically significant improved 5-year disease-specific survival and a decreased chance of dying from @entity263 has occurred after the widespread implementation of PSA. We suspect that PSA testing has resulted in fewer @entity1 presenting with @entity3 and more @entity1 presenting with localized disease amenable to curative treatment. This portends well for the use of PSA screening to improve outcomes for @entity263 . However, randomized trials are needed to confirm the improvements in survival and mortality.

title: Improved @entity263 -specific survival and other disease parameters: impact of XXXX testing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity4623 :: ('MESH:D011469', 'Disease') :: ['Prostate Disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity1486 :: (354,Gene) :: ['prostate-specific antigen']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine how the implementation of @entity1486 (PSA) testing has affected disease-specific survival and other characteristics of @entity263 . METHODS: Data were collected on all @entity1 with @entity263 diagnosed between 1988 and 1998 and registered in the Center for @entity4623 Research Database at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Statistical analyses were used to summarize trends over time in survival, mortality, and clinical stage. RESULTS: Between 1988 and 1998, a total of 2042 @entity1 with @entity263 were registered at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The 5-year disease-specific survival rate was 86.9% and 93.7% for @entity1 diagnosed in the respective year groups of 1988 to 1991 and 1992 to 1994, with follow-up through December 1, 2000 (P < 0.001). @entity263 was the cause of @entity204 for 37.5% of the @entity1 in 1988 to 1989 versus 15.4% in 1999 to 2000. Marked stage migration has occurred; from 1988 to 1998, the percentage of @entity1 presenting with @entity3 decreased from 14.1% to 3.3% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A statistically significant improved 5-year disease-specific survival and a decreased chance of dying from @entity263 has occurred after the widespread implementation of PSA. We suspect that PSA testing has resulted in fewer @entity1 presenting with @entity3 and more @entity1 presenting with localized disease amenable to curative treatment. This portends well for the use of PSA screening to improve outcomes for @entity263 . However, randomized trials are needed to confirm the improvements in survival and mortality.

title: Improved XXXX -specific survival and other disease parameters: impact of @entity1486 testing.

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: @entity377 (nt) sequence polymorphism within a collection of @entity31667 (WSMV) isolates was examined. An approximately 1267-nt region encompassing the @entity40353 ( @entity40353 ) cistron and flanking sequences was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for each of 49 isolates not previously sequenced. Consensus sequences were compiled for each isolate based on sequences derived from three clones per RT-PCR product. Among 59 consensus sequences examined, only two were identical. Clades A-C contained divergent isolates from Mexico (Clade A); the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia (Clade B); and Iran (Clade C). Fifty-four closely related consensus sequences of isolates from the U.S. (51 sequences), Canada (1 sequence), and @entity233 (2 sequences) comprised Clade D. Pair-wise nt divergence between two of the most distantly related sequences (Sidney 81 of Clade D and El Bat  n 3 of Clade A) was 20%, representing over half of the variable sites (34.1%) in the entire WSMV data set. Maximum pairwise nt divergence within Clade D was 3.6%, yet the proportion of all variable sites within Clade D (21.4%) was similar to that of the Sidney 81-El Bat  n 3 pair. Patterns of polymorphism within Clade D and the Sidney 81-El Bat  n 3 pair were remarkably similar with respect to synonymous, nonsynonymous, and noncoding substitutions, as were the proportions of substitutions as a function of nt position within codons. The majority of substitutions within Clade D were synonymous and randomly distributed throughout the coding region examined, whereas nonsynonymous substitutions exhibited a clumped distribution and mostly occurred within the 5'-proximal portion of the @entity40353 cistron. Because over half of the polymorphic sites within Clade D were of allele size class 1, the isolates appear to be evolving independently and in a nondeterministic manner, within the constraints of selection. These results indicate that Clade D has undergone substantial and, most likely, recent divergence with the majority of consensus sequence substitutions potentially neutral with respect to fitness. An estimate of evolution rate suggests that the present diversity within the U.S. population arose in about a century, a timeframe corresponding to the establishment of @entity3505 monoculture in the Great Plains.

title: Patterns of polymorphism in XXXX : sequence space explored by a clade of closely related viral genotypes rivals that between the most divergent strains.

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['Nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity31667 :: ('31741', 'Species') :: ['Wheat streak mosaic virus']

answer: @entity31667 :: (31741,Species) :: ['wheat streak mosaic virus']


abstract: Upregulation of the inducible cyclooxygenase ( @entity4665 ) in the macula densa accompanies the activation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in many high- @entity3449 conditions. The functional role of @entity4665 in these disease states is poorly understood. We tested whether @entity4665 is required to increase @entity3449 in @entity2792 . @entity35 with established two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) @entity101 were treated for 2 wk with two different inhibitors of @entity4665 , @entity8228 and @entity13586 , respectively. @entity101 in 2K1C @entity35 was not affected or slightly enhanced by @entity4665 inhibition, as measured intra-arterially in conscious animals. The increase in plasma @entity3449 activity was also unchanged by both @entity13586 and @entity8228 . The number of glomeruli with a @entity3449 -positive juxtaglomerular apparatus was elevated in clipped kidneys and decreased in contralateral kidneys of 2K1C @entity35 . This pattern was unaltered by @entity4665 inhibition. To test the effects of @entity4665 blockade on a primarily macula densa-mediated stimulus, we studied salt depletion for comparison. A low-salt diet induced a significant increase in plasma @entity3449 activity, which was partially inhibited by treatment with @entity8228 . We conclude that inhibition of @entity4665 in established @entity2792 does not affect @entity3449 synthesis or release. Thus either @entity4665 is not necessary for the macula densa mechanism or the macula densa is not important for maintaining high @entity3449 in @entity2792 .

title: Role of macula densa cyclooxygenase-2 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13586 :: ('MESH:C116926', 'Chemical') :: ['rofecoxib']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2792 :: ('MESH:D006978', 'Disease') :: ['renovascular hypertension']

answer: @entity2792 :: (MESH:D006978,Disease) :: ['renovascular hypertension']


abstract: A noninvasive marker of bone turnover would be useful in predicting which @entity1 are at risk of rapid @entity604 and in monitoring response to therapy. @entity175 (CT)-induced @entity3747 correlates with bone turnover but has not been a clinically useful test because changes in serum @entity460 are small, and test duration is long. CT rapidly increases plasma @entity268 levels. We conducted studies in @entity35 and in @entity1 to characterize the origin of this rise, and to determine its suitability as a potential clinical marker of bone resorption. Administration of CT to @entity35 resulted in a prompt and sustained rise in plasma @entity268 . This effect was not blunted by nephrectomy and was greater in @entity460 -deprived @entity35 with increased bone resorption. Thus, it appears to reflect CT action on bone. An intramuscular injection of 100 units salmon CT elevated plasma @entity268 in 18 normal @entity1 and @entity1 . This effect was observed by 20 min after injection and persisted over 2 h. Although basal levels of plasma @entity268 were similar in healthy postmenopausal @entity1 and @entity1 , the response to CT was greater in @entity1 . The response of @entity1 with @entity2742 was greater than that of normal @entity1 , and the response of pagetic @entity1 was greater than that of normal @entity1 . The rise in plasma @entity268 following CT is rapid and easily measured and appears to correlate with the state of bone remodeling. Additional studies will be required in osteoporotic subjects with high and low remodeling activity before the clinical utility of this test can be determined.

title: Plasma cyclic AMP response to XXXX : a potential clinical marker of bone turnover.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroidism']

answer: @entity175 :: (MESH:D002116,Chemical) :: ['calcitonin']


abstract: PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of an intervention designed to promote sleep and modify @entity1295 during four cycles of adjuvant @entity0 chemotherapy. DESIGN: Prospective, repeated measures, quasi-experimental feasibility study. SETTING: Midwestern urban oncology clinics. SAMPLE: 25 @entity1 between the ages of 40-65 (mean = 54.3) with stage I-II @entity0 receiving @entity632 -based chemotherapy. METHODS: Each @entity1 developed, reinforced, and revised an individualized sleep promotion plan (ISPP) with four components: sleep hygiene, relaxation therapy, stimulus control, and sleep restriction techniques. A daily diary, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, a wrist actigraph, and the Piper Fatigue Scale were used to collect data two days before and seven days after each treatment. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Adherence, sleep and wake outcomes, and @entity1295 . FINDINGS: Adherence rates with the components of the ISPP varied during treatments one through four: sleep hygiene (68%-78%), relaxation therapy (57%-67%), stimulus control (46%-67%), and sleep restriction (76%-80%). Mean sleep and wake outcomes at baseline, peak, and rebound times were that (a) sleep latency remained brief (less than 30 minutes per night), (b) time awake after sleep onset exceeded the desired less than 30 minutes per night, (c) sleep efficiency scores remained stable at 85%-90%, (d) total rest time remained stable at 8-10 hours per night, (e) subjective ratings of feelings on arising were stable, and (f) nighttime awakenings were 8-10 per night. Fatigue outcomes were that @entity1295 was stable two days after each treatment and mean daily @entity1295 intensity was lower at treatment three than at treatment one but rebounded at treatment four. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention was feasible, adherence rates improved over time, and most sleep and wake patterns were consistent with normal values. Revisions will focus on decreasing nighttime awakenings. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Adopting behaviors to promote sleep may assist in maintaining sleep and managing @entity1295 during chemotherapy.

title: Feasibilty of a sleep intervention during adjuvant XXXX chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity14 is the second leading @entity5 in Germany. The mortality is still 60%. 75% of the @entity1 have no risk factors for @entity14 , 18% have a positive family history for the disease. In these @entity1 @entity14 arise from benign @entity6523 . A 76-90% reduction in @entity14 incidence can be achieved by endoscopic polypectomy. @entity5 stage is an important determinant of outcome. In Dukes stage A the overall survival rate is over 90%. By annual fecal occult blood test the incidence and mortality rate of @entity14 can be reduced significantly. The combination of fecal occult blood test and flexible sigmoidoscopy seems to be more effective. An alternative strategy is a colonoscopy every ten years. But the important problem in Germany is the very low compliance of the @entity1 . Only 16% of the @entity1 and 34% of the @entity1 are participating in @entity5 surveillance program.

title: [ XXXX : screening--early detection].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer disease', 'cancer', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyps']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['Colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 is the most common @entity5 in @entity1 in Taiwan. In order to improve the detection of cervical lesions using the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear in screening, a number of adjunctive tests have been developed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of a magnified chemiluminescent screening examination (speculoscopy) combined with the Pap smear (PapSure) in detecting @entity5 . METHODS: A total number of 572 @entity1 underwent routine @entity5 screening by receiving a Pap smear and speculoscopy examination. When either the Pap smear or speculoscopy result was positive, colposcopy was performed. Targeted biopsies were taken from any suspicious lesions that were found by positive colposcopies and the data analyzed using McNemar's test. RESULTS: Eighty-two @entity1 had a positive on either screening test. Of the 62 biopsy specimens obtained, 3 @entity1 showed high-grade squamous @entity75 (HGSIL), and 13 @entity1 showed low-grade squamous @entity75 (LGSIL). The histopathological findings were correlated at different levels with the results of the Pap smear alone and speculoscopy alone and both combined. The Pap smear alone detected 1.0% (6 of 572) of significant pathology, while speculoscopy alone detected 2.3% (13 of 572) of significant pathology. The use of the PapSure showed enhanced detection (16 of 572) compared with either the Pap smear alone or speculoscopy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Speculoscopy can be combined with the Pap smear (PapSure) as a @entity5 screening test to yield a higher detection rate of biopsy-confirmed cervical pathology in @entity1 than the use of the Pap smear or speculoscopy alone.

title: The evaluation of XXXX screening by combining speculoscopy with Papanicolaou smear examination in Taiwan.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer', 'malignancy', 'Cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['intraepithelial lesions']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: @entity444 and @entity14258 both are common causes of primary @entity2588 . Coexistence of @entity444 and @entity14258 has been previously described as a rare event. The karyotypes, 45,XO,45,X/46,XX,45,X/46,X,dic(X),46,XX, and 46,XY, have been reported in the literature. A 22-year-old @entity1 presented with primary @entity2588 and normal intelligence. Her physical examination confirmed the absence of breast development and axillary hair. The @entity1 weighed 43 kg and was 150 cm tall. Scoliosis of the thoracic spine was noted on a chest X-ray film. Also, her pelvic examination revealed a vaginal introitus with a vaginal depth of 7 cm, measured by sounding. Her external genitalia were female but lacked pubic hair. The rectal examination failed to reveal a uterus. Pelvic ultrasound disclosed the absence of uterus and ovaries, and her serum gonadotropin levels were in the menopausal range (FSH, 118.59 IU/L; LH, 38.94 IU/L). @entity53 was less than 10 pg/ml. Two mosaic cell lines, 45,X (50%) and 46,X,del(X)(p22.2X50%), were found in the chromosomal study. Laparoscopic evaluation confirmed the absence of uterus and ovaries with normal fallopian tubes. Coexistence of @entity444 and @entity14258 is a rare event. The two mosaic cell lines 45,X/46,X,del(X)(p22.2) in this combination have not been reported before. In @entity1 with this condition, @entity172 will initiate and sustain maturation and function of secondary sexual characteristics, and lifelong hormone therapy will protect against @entity170 and @entity65 .

title: Coexistence of @entity444 and XXXX with two mosaic cell lines 45,X/46,X,del(X)(p22.2).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity14258 :: ('MESH:C537371', 'Disease') :: ['Mullerian agenesis']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol']

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal dysgenesis', 'Gonadal dysgenesis']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity14258 :: (MESH:C537371,Disease) :: ['Mullerian agenesis']


abstract: @entity444 and @entity14258 both are common causes of primary @entity2588 . Coexistence of @entity444 and @entity14258 has been previously described as a rare event. The karyotypes, 45,XO,45,X/46,XX,45,X/46,X,dic(X),46,XX, and 46,XY, have been reported in the literature. A 22-year-old @entity1 presented with primary @entity2588 and normal intelligence. Her physical examination confirmed the absence of breast development and axillary hair. The @entity1 weighed 43 kg and was 150 cm tall. Scoliosis of the thoracic spine was noted on a chest X-ray film. Also, her pelvic examination revealed a vaginal introitus with a vaginal depth of 7 cm, measured by sounding. Her external genitalia were female but lacked pubic hair. The rectal examination failed to reveal a uterus. Pelvic ultrasound disclosed the absence of uterus and ovaries, and her serum gonadotropin levels were in the menopausal range (FSH, 118.59 IU/L; LH, 38.94 IU/L). @entity53 was less than 10 pg/ml. Two mosaic cell lines, 45,X (50%) and 46,X,del(X)(p22.2X50%), were found in the chromosomal study. Laparoscopic evaluation confirmed the absence of uterus and ovaries with normal fallopian tubes. Coexistence of @entity444 and @entity14258 is a rare event. The two mosaic cell lines 45,X/46,X,del(X)(p22.2) in this combination have not been reported before. In @entity1 with this condition, @entity172 will initiate and sustain maturation and function of secondary sexual characteristics, and lifelong hormone therapy will protect against @entity170 and @entity65 .

title: Coexistence of XXXX and @entity14258 with two mosaic cell lines 45,X/46,X,del(X)(p22.2).

answer: @entity444 :: (MESH:D006059,Disease) :: ['gonadal dysgenesis']


abstract: Collagenase in @entity1 neutrophils is found within intracellular granules which can be stimulated to be secreted with @entity10757 myristic @entity598 . This extracellular secreted form of neutrophil collagenase was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody previously shown to specifically recognize neutrophil collagenase. The enzyme efficiently bound to this column and was eluted with @entity13672 as three major species of 75, 57, and 22 kDa, respectively. These proteins were closely related immunologically since, after radiolabeling and separation by gel filtration, each of the three proteins was precipitated by the monoclonal antibody. Also, the 75- and 57-kDa proteins exhibited collagenase activity after elution from @entity2975 gels run under nondenaturing conditions. Further, the 57-kDa protein autodegraded into a 22-kDa protein with time. Polyclonal antibody, prepared to the 57-kDa enzyme, also recognized the 75- and 22-kDa proteins using an immunoblot technique. When crude neutrophil supernatants containing latent collagenase were immunoblotted, both the 75- and the 57-kDa enzymes were present. Our immunoaffinity purified active enzymes, although activated during the course of purification, resemble the latent enzymes in crude neutrophil supernatants. The multiple forms of secreted collagenase from degranulated leukocytes may resemble more closely that seen in @entity32 .

title: Secreted forms of XXXX neutrophil collagenase.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Two of four siblings expressed the salt-losing form of @entity12554 (CAH) and had identical human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) and complement C4 (fourth component of complement) types (HLA-A3,C4,B35,C4A3,C4BQO,DR1/A2,C-,B18,C4A3, C4BQO,DR6). The father and one unaffected sibling were heterozygous carriers of CAH, as determined by a 30-min iv ACTH stimulation test and HLA typing. In addition, the iv ACTH stimulation test revealed that the mother and the other unaffected sibling also carried an allele for an attenuated form of CAH. Restriction endonuclease digests of genomic DNA obtained from members of this family and from normal unrelated subjects were hybridized with cDNA probes encoding @entity1 21-hydroxylase and C4. With the 21-hydroxylase probe, Southern blots prepared from control DNA samples revealed two major restriction fragments in each of four restriction endonuclease digests; TaqI produced major bands at 3.7 and 3.2 kilobases (kb), KpnI at 4.0 and 2.9 kb, EcoRI at 18 and 13 kb, and BglII at 15 and 12.5 kb. Southern blots prepared from DNA of the two @entity1 lacked the 3.7-kb TaqI and 2.9-kb KpnI fragments, but had increased hybridization intensity (relative to control DNA samples) in the 3.2-kb TaqI and 4.0-kb KpnI fragments. By contrast, blots with EcoRI or BglII had two large hybridization fragments not different from control DNA samples. These data indicate the presence of two different 21-hydroxylase genes. Additional mapping studies revealed that the two genes had the restriction pattern of the inactive 21-hydroxylase gene. When genomic DNA that had been isolated from all members of this family and from normal subjects was hybridized with the @entity1 C4 cDNA probe, the restriction fragment hybridization patterns for all four endonuclease digests were similar in the two groups. Hence, our results suggest that the 21-hydroxylase deficiency of our @entity1 is due to conversion of the active 21-hydroxylase gene to the inactive gene. This gene conversion was associated with absence of functional @entity9199 protein, without any detectable alterations in the restriction fragment pattern of the C4 genes.

title: Gene conversion in salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia with absent complement XXXX protein.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity12554 :: ('MESH:C535979', 'Disease') :: ['congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency']

answer: @entity9199 :: (721,Gene) :: ['C4B']


abstract: We examined several possible causes for the high incidence of poor sensory acuity in the limbs of 176 @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity1095 . We investigated the relationships of @entity6 , @entity988 , and smoking, as well as the severity of @entity1095 , to the integrity of basic sensory modalities such as two-point discrimination and perception of light touch. The presence or absence of @entity6 exerted the strongest effect on peripheral sensation. In @entity1 who did not have @entity6 , sensation in the limbs was most strongly affected by whether the @entity1 was an alcoholic. Smoking did not have a significant effect on limb sensation. Among nondiabetic, nonalcoholic @entity1 , there was a weak residual effect related to the severity of the @entity1095 . Even among these @entity1 , however, systemic factors predominated in determining the @entity1109 . We also examined the extent to which @entity1109 might be related to the development of @entity1066 . Among @entity1 who were not @entity6 , there was a highly significant relationship between @entity1109 and the presence of limb @entity1066 . Surprisingly, however, there was no discernable relationship between the presence of @entity1066 in @entity6 @entity1 and the degree of @entity1109 . This result suggests that a large percentage of @entity1066 seen in @entity6 @entity1 are not of neurogenic origin.

title: Factors relating to the sensory acuity of limbs with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vascular insufficiency', 'peripheral vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration', 'ulcers']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['loss of peripheral sensation', 'loss of sensation']

answer: @entity1095 :: (MESH:D016491,Disease) :: ['peripheral vascular insufficiency']


abstract: Between 1979 and 1983 56 @entity1 with @entity0 underwent tumorectomy plus lymphadenectomy, postoperative irradiation and adjuvant antioestrogen therapy in cases of hormone receptor positive @entity5 . All @entity1 with hormone receptor negative @entity5 received 6 cycles of combined CMF chemotherapy instead of antioestrogen therapy. It was possible to complete optimal dosage of CMF or @entity440 in more than 85% of our @entity1 . @entity1431 occurred in only 3 @entity1 given chemotherapy, whilst intolerable gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 4 patients given antioestrogen therapy. No interference was detected between irradiation and chemo- or hormone therapy and no serious local complications with functional impairment were registered. 23% of the @entity1 had positive axillary nodes at the time of operation. The preoperative staging proved incorrect in 16% of cases, the @entity5 size exceeding 2 cm. After a mean follow-up period of 36 months the local recurrence rate was 3.6% and distant @entity3 appeared in 9% of @entity1 , whereby there was a significant dependence on lymph node status. No @entity1 died of @entity5 during the observation period. In view of the hypothesis that @entity0 is a @entity262 more attention should be paid to local cosmetic results and to systemic adjuvant therapy.

title: [Experiences with an organ-saving and adjuvant-therapy concept in stage 1 XXXX after 6 years of use within the scope of a controlled clinical study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage I breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['Leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancers']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Even if the effectiveness of psychotherapy emphasising a cognitive behavioral approach is clearly shown by randomised controlled trials, it is difficult to motivate @entity1118 @entity1 to use this type of treatment. We compared the effectiveness of consultation and liaison models of co-operation between an outpatient @entity158 clinic and a psychosomatic department in creating motivation to psychotherapy. METHODS: In a retrospective design we collected data of all @entity1 seen in the @entity158 clinic during two periods of 6 months before ( N=165) and after ( N=277) changing from a consultation to a liaison model. Clinical data were documented by the MASK system (Hildebrandt u. Pfingsten 1993). @entity308 was screened using a @entity308 scale (vgl. Zerssen 1973), somatic complaints by listing of complaints (vgl. Zerssen u. Koeller 1976) and two short screening questionnaires. RESULTS: In the liaison model diagnostic sessions with the consulting psychotherapist were significantly more often recommended by physicians from anaesthesia departments (25.6% vs 13.9%; p<0.01) and accepted by @entity1 (63.3 vs 30.4%; p<0.01). In both systems 80% of the @entity1 accepted the suggested psychotherapy. After changing to the liaison type of co-operation, there was a significant decrease in the prescription of opioid and @entity1245 drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The liaison model of co-operation was significantly more effective to enhance physician's and @entity1 's motivation for a psychosomatic approach to @entity158 treatment. Psychotherapy is better accepted by @entity1 suffering from @entity1118 if it is offered in a multidisciplinary context and in the familiar surroundings of the @entity158 clinic.

title: [Consultation or liaison psychotherapy service--what difference does it make for an outpatient XXXX clinic?].

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: Stool weight, fecal constituents, @entity3645 , fat, neutral @entity3150 , and intestinal transit time were recorded in 28 subjects over 18 mo. During the first 12 mo the subjects ate white bread. They were studied for an initial period of 7 days, and after 6 mo (study period 1). For the first 6 mo they ate their usual intake of bread, they then increased their white bread intake by 62 g/day for 6 mo (study @entity5394 ). The subjects ate a self-selected diet throughout the 18 mo study. During the last 6 mo (study @entity5395 ) the subjects replaced white bread by the same amount of wholemeal bread as in study @entity5394 . No increase in stool weight occurred until study @entity5395 when there was an increase of 20%. There developed a linear relationship between stool weight and intestinal transit time which was not found during the initial first and second study periods. A seasonal influence on serum @entity165 was not observed during the wholemeal bread period. Fecal @entity6741 excretion was unchanged throughout the experiment.

title: Long-term effect of wholemeal bread on stool weight, transit time, fecal @entity3645 , fats, and neutral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

entities_list: @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3150 :: (MESH:D013261,Chemical) :: ['sterols']


abstract: Stool weight, fecal constituents, @entity3645 , fat, neutral @entity3150 , and intestinal transit time were recorded in 28 subjects over 18 mo. During the first 12 mo the subjects ate white bread. They were studied for an initial period of 7 days, and after 6 mo (study period 1). For the first 6 mo they ate their usual intake of bread, they then increased their white bread intake by 62 g/day for 6 mo (study @entity5394 ). The subjects ate a self-selected diet throughout the 18 mo study. During the last 6 mo (study @entity5395 ) the subjects replaced white bread by the same amount of wholemeal bread as in study @entity5394 . No increase in stool weight occurred until study @entity5395 when there was an increase of 20%. There developed a linear relationship between stool weight and intestinal transit time which was not found during the initial first and second study periods. A seasonal influence on serum @entity165 was not observed during the wholemeal bread period. Fecal @entity6741 excretion was unchanged throughout the experiment.

title: Long-term effect of wholemeal bread on stool weight, transit time, fecal XXXX , fats, and neutral @entity3150 .

answer: @entity3645 :: (MESH:D001647,Chemical) :: ['bile acids']


abstract: Fifty @entity1 with severe @entity2150 had no transfusions of blood products until just before marrow transplantation from HLA-identical family members. Of the 50, 42 are still alive 1 to 12 years after transplantation (median, 7 years). By actuarial standards, the 10-year probability of survival is 82%. Of the 42 surviving @entity1 , 37 have Karnofsky performance status scores of 100% and 5 with @entity2132 have scores ranging from 50% to 90% (median, 80%). The 8 @entity204 were caused by @entity281 in 1, graft rejection in 1, @entity2132 in 3, and @entity2132 in 3. All @entity204 occurred within two years after transplantation. The incidence of graft failure was 10%. @entity2132 developed in 14 of 44 @entity1 at risk and @entity2132 , in 15 of 41. Risk factors for development of @entity2132 included increased age (p = 0.008) and presence of @entity2132 (p = 0.001). The only factor associated with increased risk of @entity204 was development of @entity2132 (p = 0.05). Results of this study extend our previous finding that @entity1 with severe @entity2150 who have transplants before the onset of transfusion-induced sensitization have an excellent probability of long-term survival and a normal life.

title: Marrow transplantation for severe XXXX . Long-term outcome in fifty "untransfused" @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['aplastic anemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['early infection']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['chronic graft-versus-host disease', 'Acute graft-versus-host disease', 'acute graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

answer: @entity2150 :: (MESH:D000741,Disease) :: ['aplastic anemia']


abstract: Fifty @entity1 with severe @entity2150 had no transfusions of blood products until just before marrow transplantation from HLA-identical family members. Of the 50, 42 are still alive 1 to 12 years after transplantation (median, 7 years). By actuarial standards, the 10-year probability of survival is 82%. Of the 42 surviving @entity1 , 37 have Karnofsky performance status scores of 100% and 5 with @entity2132 have scores ranging from 50% to 90% (median, 80%). The 8 @entity204 were caused by @entity281 in 1, graft rejection in 1, @entity2132 in 3, and @entity2132 in 3. All @entity204 occurred within two years after transplantation. The incidence of graft failure was 10%. @entity2132 developed in 14 of 44 @entity1 at risk and @entity2132 , in 15 of 41. Risk factors for development of @entity2132 included increased age (p = 0.008) and presence of @entity2132 (p = 0.001). The only factor associated with increased risk of @entity204 was development of @entity2132 (p = 0.05). Results of this study extend our previous finding that @entity1 with severe @entity2150 who have transplants before the onset of transfusion-induced sensitization have an excellent probability of long-term survival and a normal life.

title: Marrow transplantation for severe @entity2150 . Long-term outcome in fifty "untransfused" XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In 1979-81, 419 @entity1 with incident cases of @entity694 and 732 controls were questioned regarding diet and @entity167 . @entity5 cases were a population-based series reported to the South Australian Central @entity5 Registry, were 30-74 years of age, and were residing in Metropolitan Adelaide. Controls were selected from the electoral roll and individually age- and sex-matched to @entity5 cases. The most consistent risk factor for @entity14 was dietary protein, which was associated with a twofold-to-threefold relative risk for @entity694 and for @entity5 in @entity1 for all levels of consumption above the base line (i.e., the lowest consumption quintile). For male @entity694 the corresponding relative risk was similar; but for male @entity5 , risk was elevated only at old ages. Total energy intake and, less clearly, meal frequency were also positively associated with increased risk. Total @entity167 intake (but not specifically beer) was associated with increased risk of both @entity694 in @entity1 ; in both sexes, there was an increased risk of @entity694 associated with spirits consumption. A reduced risk of @entity5 was associated with @entity620 but not with @entity904 . The increased risk associated with high protein and total energy was confined to those consuming a low fiber diet, particularly among @entity1 ; but some other aspects of the relationship between fiber consumption and risk of @entity14 were more complex. Some modifications and extensions of the current fat-to- @entity6741 -to-fiber theory of bowel @entity105 were suggested.

title: Diet and XXXX and rectum: a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin C']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin A']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon and rectal cancer', 'colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['cancer of the colon']


abstract: Expression of @entity69 receptors of cultured @entity1 lymphocytes has been investigated by using monoclonal antibody (5E9) specific for @entity1 @entity69 receptors. When isolated lymphocytes were cultured in a medium containing fetal calf serum, the biosynthesis of @entity69 receptor was barely detectable. The addition of concanavalin A or human serum to the medium caused a slight stimulation of the biosynthesis. The addition of concanavalin A and human serum in combination caused the highest biosynthetic activity. Appearance of the receptor on the cell surface increased in parallel with the degree of the synthesis. Treatment of concanavalin A- and human serum-treated cells with @entity864 ( @entity865 ) resulted in a marked stimulation of the phosphorylation of the receptor. Enhancement of phosphorylation occurred within 20 min after the addition of @entity865 . The density of the receptor on the cell surface slightly increased upon @entity865 treatment of cells, and the treatment was without effect on @entity68 incorporation from @entity69 into the cells. The density of newly synthesized receptor in @entity865 -treated cells was similar to that in non-treated cells. These results indicated that @entity865 treatment of mitogen-activated @entity1 lymphocytes stimulated the phosphorylation of @entity69 receptors, but @entity865 had no effect on the expression of the receptors thereafter.

title: Expression and phosphorylation of XXXX receptors in mitogen-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

answer: @entity69 :: (7018,Gene) :: ['transferrin']


abstract: In order to genetically map and eventually isolate avirulence genes, parasexual crosses between different races of @entity4278 @entity10327 . lycopersici were performed by means of protoplast fusion. Two wild-type strains, race 1 Fol004 (A1a2a3) and race 3 Fol029 (a1a2A3), were transformed with @entity3640 and @entity13995 resistance genes, respectively. In total 32 fusion products were selected by screening for the presence of both marker genes. The presence of either avirulence gene A1 or A3 in the fusion products was determined by plant bioassays. Segregation of avirulence revealed a bias for the presence of A1. Two recombinants for the avirulence phenotype were observed, each with a new association of avirulence genes never observed to exist in the wild. Electrophoretic karyotype analysis revealed that chromosome patterns were different for all fusion products. Hybridization patterns using various probes indicated that chromosome rearrangements and recombination had occurred. Karyotype analysis of the two avirulence recombinants revealed hybrid karyotypes resulting from a massive exchange of parental DNA. This indicates that the present population of recombinants can be used for gene mapping in the asexual fungus @entity4278 @entity10327 . lycopersici.

title: Genetic exchange of avirulence determinants and extensive karyotype rearrangements in parasexual recombinants of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4278 :: ('5507', 'Species') :: ['Fusarium oxysporum', 'F. oxysporum']

entities_list: @entity13995 :: ('MESH:C026273', 'Chemical') :: ['hygromycin']

entities_list: @entity3640 :: ('MESH:D010692', 'Chemical') :: ['phleomycin']

answer: @entity4278 :: (5507,Species) :: ['Fusarium oxysporum']