abstract: @entity8455 may occur even in adequately controlled @entity6 mothers. This may reflect the problem of using maternal glycemia as an indicator of fetal glycemia, because the placenta interposed between both compartments has its own @entity413 metabolism. Here, we propose a model by which the placenta protects the fetus at moderate levels of maternal @entity4854 . One characteristic feature of the @entity1 placenta in @entity6 is the increased deposition of glycogen. Neither @entity4854 nor @entity3190 increase the glycogen content in the trophoblast. Since the glycogen increments in @entity6 are predominantly located around fetoplacental vessels, it is tempting to assume a fetal origin of @entity413 making up the glycogen deposits. In fact, @entity413 can be transported back from the fetus into the placenta and this reflux is increased in @entity6 . Therefore, in conditions of fetal @entity413 levels exceeding the demand for sustaining fetal growth and metabolism, @entity413 can be stored in the liver and other fetal tissues. Once these stores are saturated, @entity413 is extracted from the fetal circulation by the @entity413 transporters @entity1365 and @entity22408 on cells surrounding the fetoplacental vasculature and stored therein, again in the form of glycogen. These processes might be under the control of fetal @entity2690 , because @entity2690 injected into the fetal circulation increases placental glycogen stores. @entity8455 would then occur only when fetal @entity4854 exceeds the placental capacity to store excess fetal @entity413 . Thus, the placental failure to protect the fetus would cause the 'unexplained' phenotypic changes occasionally found in fetuses born to well-controlled @entity6 @entity1 .

title: Is fetal @entity8455 in adequately controlled @entity6 XXXX the result of a placental defect?--a hypothesis.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity656 ( @entity656 ) is associated with increased cytokine production, which can ultimately produce deleterious local and systemic effects. The transcription factor @entity1991 is activated by degradation of its inhibitory factor, IkappaB, and can stimulate various cytokines. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the inhibition of @entity1991 binding activity with a novel peptide that binds to the @entity1991 essential modifier binding domain (NBD) could attenuate the severity of @entity656 . STUDY DESIGN: @entity656 was induced in Swiss Webster @entity19 by hourly injections of the @entity8586 analogue cerulein (50 microg/kg). @entity19 were injected with either the wild-type or control (mutated) NBD peptide at the time of the first cerulein injection; they were then sacrificed over a time course, and pancreata and lungs were harvested for histologic analysis and scoring. @entity10873 activity was measured to assess neutrophil sequestration as an indicator of @entity32 . @entity1991 binding activity and steady-state levels of IkappaB and @entity1991 subunits were determined by gel shift and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: @entity656 resulted in increased @entity1991 DNA-binding activity and decreased steady-state levels of IkappaB. Treatment with NBD peptide decreased @entity32 in the pancreas, decreased @entity548 in the lungs, and decreased @entity10873 activity in both @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: The marked induction of @entity1991 binding activity suggests a role for this transcription factor in the early inflammatory changes associated with @entity656 . Treatment with the NBD peptide attenuated the severity of injury associated with @entity656 . Novel compounds that selectively target @entity1991 may prove to be useful treatment of @entity656 and @entity656 -associated @entity651 .

title: Selective inhibition of XXXX attenuates the severity of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['Acute pancreatitis', 'AP']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas and lung']

entities_list: @entity10873 :: ('17523(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['myeloperoxidase', 'Myeloperoxidase']

answer: @entity1991 :: (18033(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['NF-kappaB']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of @entity7049 membrane in prevention of @entity2318 and adhesion. METHODS: From July 1998 to April 2000, 62 @entity1 with @entity1798 herniation were randomly assigned into two groups. All were treated surgically with discectomy by fenestration or laminectomy. One group were placed with a thin of @entity7049 membrane covering the interlaminar space(n = 32). The thickness of the film was 0.1 mm. The other group was blank control(n = 30). After 2 weeks of operation, we observed the local and systemic reactions. After 6 months clinical symptoms were revaluated and the degrees of @entity2318 and adhesion were determined by CT scans. RESULTS: After 2 weeks, we found no adverse systemic reactions in all @entity1 . Wound healing was excellent. No @entity8 as well as blood for routine were found. Temperature after operation was normal. After 6 months, the curative effects were as follows in experimental group and in control group: excellent in 27 @entity1 and in 24 @entity1 , good in 4 @entity1 and in 4 @entity1 , fair in 1 @entity1 and in 1 @entity1 , and poor in 0 @entity1 and in 1 @entity1 , respectively. There are no significant difference between two groups. The CT scans showed no adhesion between the @entity2318 and the dural sac in all @entity1 of experimental group. There existed various extents of adhesion in control group. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the @entity7049 membrane can effectively prevent the @entity2318 with a good biocompatibility and no toxity. Its clinical application was promising.

title: [Clinical study of prevention of @entity2318 and adhesion with XXXX membrane].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of hepatic and renal functions']

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['epidural scar adhesion', 'epidural scar']

entities_list: @entity7049 :: ('MESH:C010506', 'Chemical') :: ['polylactic acid']

entities_list: @entity1798 :: ('MESH:C535531', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar disc']

answer: @entity7049 :: (MESH:C010506,Chemical) :: ['polylactic acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of @entity7049 membrane in prevention of @entity2318 and adhesion. METHODS: From July 1998 to April 2000, 62 @entity1 with @entity1798 herniation were randomly assigned into two groups. All were treated surgically with discectomy by fenestration or laminectomy. One group were placed with a thin of @entity7049 membrane covering the interlaminar space(n = 32). The thickness of the film was 0.1 mm. The other group was blank control(n = 30). After 2 weeks of operation, we observed the local and systemic reactions. After 6 months clinical symptoms were revaluated and the degrees of @entity2318 and adhesion were determined by CT scans. RESULTS: After 2 weeks, we found no adverse systemic reactions in all @entity1 . Wound healing was excellent. No @entity8 as well as blood for routine were found. Temperature after operation was normal. After 6 months, the curative effects were as follows in experimental group and in control group: excellent in 27 @entity1 and in 24 @entity1 , good in 4 @entity1 and in 4 @entity1 , fair in 1 @entity1 and in 1 @entity1 , and poor in 0 @entity1 and in 1 @entity1 , respectively. There are no significant difference between two groups. The CT scans showed no adhesion between the @entity2318 and the dural sac in all @entity1 of experimental group. There existed various extents of adhesion in control group. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that the @entity7049 membrane can effectively prevent the @entity2318 with a good biocompatibility and no toxity. Its clinical application was promising.

title: [Clinical study of prevention of XXXX and adhesion with @entity7049 membrane].

answer: @entity2318 :: (MESH:D002921,Disease) :: ['epidural scar']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Ventricular resynchronization therapy optimizes cardiac function and induces reverse remodeling of the left ventricle (LV) in @entity1 (pts) with @entity384 and intraventricular conduction disturbances. Improvement of LV mechanical synchrony seems to be the predominant mechanism. There is a growing interest in objective quantification of desynchronization. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ventricular resynchronization therapy on LV remodeling and on LV desynchronization, assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography. @entity1 : We studied ten pts, eight male, mean age 65 +/- 10 years, with @entity384 , intraventricular conduction disturbances and @entity712 , New York Heart Association functional class III or IV. Five pts had @entity453 and the others @entity1000 . All pts had an implanted cardioverter, defibrillator with cardiac resynchronization therapy. The LV pacing electrode was placed in the lateral or posterolateral vein. METHODS: Before and one month after resynchronization therapy the following parameters were measured with conventional Doppler echocardiography: LV end-diastolic (LVd) and end-systolic (LVs) size, ejection fraction (EF) and @entity339 ( @entity339 ) area. For diastolic function the maximum velocity of the E wave (MV-E) and A wave (MV-A), E/A ratio, LV filling time (LV-FT) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) were meadured. Mitral longitudinal motion was studied with pulsed tissue Doppler. Maximum velocity of the systolic S wave (MV-S) and isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT) were measured in the tissue Doppler curve of the septum and lateral, inferior and anterior walls. To evaluate the degree of desynchronization the RV index was calculated for each @entity1 , based on the difference between the maximum and minimum IVCT, normalized for the maximum IVCT. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in LVd and @entity339 . EF increased significantly (p = 0.003). There were no differences in diastolic function parameters. MV-S did not increase significantly. IVCT increased significantly at the lateral wall (p = 0.037). The RV index demonstrated a significant reduction in ventricular desynchronization (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular resynchronization therapy induces reverse remodeling and improves LV function in selected pts. Improvement of mechanical LV synchrony seems to be the predominant mechanism. Ventricular desynchronization can be measured by tissue Doppler echocardiography.

title: Tissue Doppler echocardiography for evaluation of XXXX with ventricular resynchronization therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1000 :: ('MESH:C536277', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to measure apolipoproteins in rat serum. Nondelipidated whole serum was heat-treated at 52 degrees C for 3 h in @entity1391 -buffered saline containing 0.1% @entity9266 before assay. Monospecific rabbit anti-rat apolipoprotein antibodies were added to 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates which had been coated with purified rat serum apolipoproteins or unknown samples. After incubation and washing, goat anti-rabbit serum antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase were added to the plates and incubated. The bound peroxidase activity was assayed after further washing. Serum apolipoprotein concentrations were calculated by comparison against purified standards that were assayed simultaneously with the unknown samples. The intraassay coefficients of variation for apolipoprotein AI, E, and AIV ( @entity8150 , E, and AIV) were 2.3, 4.4, and 5.3%, and interassay coefficients of variation were 6.1, 5.5, and 7.9%, respectively. The ELISA assay is sensitive to nanogram quantities of rat serum apolipoproteins and the results agree well with those measured by densitometry. The serum concentrations of @entity8150 , E, and AIV of a normal fed @entity35 were found to be 504 +/- 8, 413 +/- 20, and 262 +/- 20 micrograms/ml, respectively. When cultured as monolayers in Waymouth's medium for 1 day, @entity35 hepatocytes secreted @entity8150 , E, and AIV at rates of 2.51, 61.8, and 48.9 ng protein/mg cell protein/h.

title: Quantification of apolipoproteins in rat serum and in cultured XXXX hepatocytes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that there are significant racial disparities in delivery of care to @entity5 @entity1 . We examined differential surgical and radiation treatment for these @entity1 and determined whether blacks were less likely than whites to undergo sphincter-sparing procedures, which are associated with a higher quality of life than sphincter-ablating procedures. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. @entity1 AND SETTING: The Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database provided population-based data for @entity5 @entity1 who were diagnosed between 1988 and 1999, were older than 35 years, and had no prior @entity14 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Using logistic regression, we compared receipt and type of surgical therapy and radiation therapy, controlling for age, sex, year, geography, stage, and anatomic location. RESULTS: Among 52 864 @entity1 , 3851 were black and 44 010 were white. Blacks were younger than whites and had more @entity1442 (P<.001). Among @entity1 who underwent operation, rates of sphincter-ablating procedure were 37% for whites and 43% for blacks (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.65). Moreover, 53% of whites and 56% of blacks received no radiation therapy for @entity5 (AOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.15-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: Blacks with @entity5 were diagnosed at a younger age and more @entity1442 stage than whites, implying a need for more aggressive screening. After adjusting for stage and other covariates, surgical and radiation treatment also differed along racial lines. Our data suggest that treatment disparities may contribute to differences in outcome among racial/ethnic groups with @entity5 , and they highlight the need for improving access to state-of-the-art surgical care for minority @entity1 with @entity5 .

title: Racial disparities in XXXX treatment: a population-based analysis.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage II to III disease', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal or other pelvic cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: We studied the presenting clinical and biologic features of 23 @entity1 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ) whose leukemic marrow karyotypes contained abnormalities involving the short arm of chromosome 12. Nineteen of the abnormalities were assigned to the 12p12 breakpoint. The median age of the @entity1 was 5 years (range 2 to 13 years) and their initial leukocyte counts ranged from 1,800 to 424,000/microL (median 30,000/microL). Twenty-one @entity1 (91%) had common phenotype @entity981 ( @entity2282 +, HLA-DR+), including three cases with a pre-B cell phenotype (CIg+). The remaining two cases were T cell in origin. The French-American-British (FAB) morphologic @entity981 was L1 in all cases but one. With a median follow-up of 11 months, four @entity1 have relapsed and another failed induction therapy. The modal chromosome number in all cases was less than 50. Three distinct cytogenetic patterns, with apparently similar clinical manifestations, were noted: terminal deletions of chromosome 12 in 10 cases, apparently balanced reciprocal translocations in 6, and unbalanced translocations in 7. All translocations were between the 12p arm and different donor chromosomes except for chromosomes 7, 9, and 17, which participated twice. Only two @entity1 had identical translocations: t(7;12)(q11;p12). This unusual variation in donor chromosomes and breakpoints suggests that translocations involving the 12p are specific with respect to only one member of the translocation pair, namely chromosome 12. The relatively high frequency of the 12p abnormalities in this study (10% of all completely banded cases seen over a 35-month period) warrants further investigation.

title: Nonrandom involvement of the 12p12 breakpoint in chromosome XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['type of lymphoblastic leukemia', 'ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['abnormalities of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: In the present study we examined 15 @entity1 with @entity43 who underwent primary surgery and chemotherapy at the Institute of Obstetric and Gynecologic Clinic of the University of Pisa between 1983 and 1985. At the time of diagnosis and monthly during chemotherapy plasma levels of @entity787 , CA 19-9, @entity10224 and @entity865 were detected. At the end of pharmacological treatment a second-look laparotomy was performed in each @entity1 to assess the status of @entity5 . At this time the clinical response was complete in 13 @entity1 and partial in 2. These results were confirmed at second-look laparotomy in 11 of 13 cases of complete clinical remission and in 1 of the 2 cases of partial clinical remission. Two @entity1 in complete clinical remission showed persistent disease. The other one in partial clinical remission was surgically found to have unmodified @entity5 . Tumoral markers, and especially @entity10224 , have a good correlation with the clinical course of the disease. However these @entity5 associated antigens cannot replace second-look laparotomy for assessing the response to cytostatic drugs. In fact @entity1 with normal serum levels of these markers at the end of chemotherapy, were surgically found to have both complete pathological remission and persistent disease. Therefore we have come to the conclusion that the second-look laparotomy and the evaluation of @entity5 markers have to be performed together in the management of @entity43 .

title: Second look laparotomy in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['malignant epithelial ovarian neoplasms', 'malignant ovarian neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant epithelial ovarian neoplasias']


abstract: A pilot study was performed to test the ability of MR to evaluate the brain lucencies shown by CT in @entity195 @entity1 and in normal control subjects. Eight @entity1 with presumed @entity195 and 47 normal controls, 12 over the age of 45 years and 35 under age 45, were studied. Each group included subjects with and without CT evidence of @entity62 . Inversion recovery, saturation recovery, and spin-echo scans were obtained using a 0.3-T permanent magnet prototype unit. Results indicated that MR was more sensitive than CT to parenchymal disease. Seven of the eight @entity1 with @entity195 showed patches of increased signal intensity on SE scans; only three had lucencies on their CT studies. None of the normal subjects under the age of 45 showed periventricular patches of increased SE signal intensity. T2-weighted SE imaging was performed in nine of the 12 normal subjects over 45 years old. Eight of the nine demonstrated periventricular patches of increased SE signal intensity. Faint @entity55526 were present in only one of these. The configuration of the patches of increased signal intensity was similar for both the normal and Alzheimer groups, but the extent of white-matter involvement was greater in the Alzheimer group.

title: XXXX in normal and pathologic aging: 2. MRI of brain lucencies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['leukoencephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity55526 :: ('MESH:C536024', 'Disease') :: ['CT lucencies']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer disease']

answer: @entity62 :: (MESH:D056784,Disease) :: ['Leukoencephalopathy']


abstract: @entity1242 has long been a mainstay of the treatment of @entity63 @entity158 . The introduction of transdermal formulations and in particular the development of controlled methods of delivery have been responsible for the renaissance of clinical interest in this simple and effective treatment. The pathophysiologic abnormality accompanying @entity741 affords a natural theater for the exhibition of the therapeutic utility of these preparations and methods. The means whereby @entity3362 induce relaxation of vascular smooth muscle are not entirely clear, but their pharmacodynamic activities are perfectly plain. In the doses used in clinical practice, @entity3362 exert their predominant hemodynamic effects and therapeutic benefits through their peripheral vasodilator activities. This is particularly marked in veins, although in higher doses @entity3362 also dilate the larger systemic and coronary arteries. Criticisms of the efficacy of transdermal formulations of @entity3362 in the treatment of @entity951 have arisen largely from uncritical acceptance of a small number of studies of questionable methodologic validity. Large-scale general practice studies have invariably found that transdermal @entity1507 delivery systems improve the quality of life in ambulant @entity1 : @entity2142 are reduced with a minimum of side effects. The widespread acceptance of this novel form of drug delivery has stimulated its application in other therapeutic avenues. The efficacy of transdermal @entity1242 in the suppression of silent @entity63 attacks has been demonstrated. The maintenance of benefit initiated by intravenous @entity1242 in @entity1 with @entity1459 also broadens the use of this method of @entity1507 delivery. In @entity1 with @entity583 , whether complicated by @entity1002 or not, the @entity3362 , and transdermal @entity1242 in particular, appear to hold considerable promise. Improvement of hemodynamic abnormalities may cause reduction in @entity1188 size and fewer life-threatening @entity943 . Even survival may be extended. The utility of transdermal @entity3362 in the treatment of severe chronic @entity712 is less certain. But the use of higher doses and an interval regimen of administration may hold promise for such @entity1 . Naturally, more information is required before the overall therapeutic profile of this new method of controlled @entity1242 delivery across the whole spectrum of @entity301 can be fully described. Fortunately, the high level of efficacy and safety of transdermal @entity1242 demonstrated in the majority of reported studies encourages the pursuit of such an important therapeutic target.

title: The role of transdermal XXXX in the treatment of @entity301 .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity3362 :: ('MESH:D009566', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrates']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitroglycerin', 'nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac pain']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['anginal attacks']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular failure']

answer: @entity1242 :: (MESH:D005996,Chemical) :: ['nitroglycerin']


abstract: @entity1242 has long been a mainstay of the treatment of @entity63 @entity158 . The introduction of transdermal formulations and in particular the development of controlled methods of delivery have been responsible for the renaissance of clinical interest in this simple and effective treatment. The pathophysiologic abnormality accompanying @entity741 affords a natural theater for the exhibition of the therapeutic utility of these preparations and methods. The means whereby @entity3362 induce relaxation of vascular smooth muscle are not entirely clear, but their pharmacodynamic activities are perfectly plain. In the doses used in clinical practice, @entity3362 exert their predominant hemodynamic effects and therapeutic benefits through their peripheral vasodilator activities. This is particularly marked in veins, although in higher doses @entity3362 also dilate the larger systemic and coronary arteries. Criticisms of the efficacy of transdermal formulations of @entity3362 in the treatment of @entity951 have arisen largely from uncritical acceptance of a small number of studies of questionable methodologic validity. Large-scale general practice studies have invariably found that transdermal @entity1507 delivery systems improve the quality of life in ambulant @entity1 : @entity2142 are reduced with a minimum of side effects. The widespread acceptance of this novel form of drug delivery has stimulated its application in other therapeutic avenues. The efficacy of transdermal @entity1242 in the suppression of silent @entity63 attacks has been demonstrated. The maintenance of benefit initiated by intravenous @entity1242 in @entity1 with @entity1459 also broadens the use of this method of @entity1507 delivery. In @entity1 with @entity583 , whether complicated by @entity1002 or not, the @entity3362 , and transdermal @entity1242 in particular, appear to hold considerable promise. Improvement of hemodynamic abnormalities may cause reduction in @entity1188 size and fewer life-threatening @entity943 . Even survival may be extended. The utility of transdermal @entity3362 in the treatment of severe chronic @entity712 is less certain. But the use of higher doses and an interval regimen of administration may hold promise for such @entity1 . Naturally, more information is required before the overall therapeutic profile of this new method of controlled @entity1242 delivery across the whole spectrum of @entity301 can be fully described. Fortunately, the high level of efficacy and safety of transdermal @entity1242 demonstrated in the majority of reported studies encourages the pursuit of such an important therapeutic target.

title: The role of transdermal @entity1242 in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Revisions in the international system for the staging of @entity2 , adopted in 1997, assigned the T4 descriptor to separate @entity5 nodules in the same lobe and the M1 descriptor to @entity5 nodules in a different lobe. Consequently, these changes shifted the stage of @entity1 with these lesions to stage IIIB or stage IV. The goal of this review was to determine the impact of multifocal @entity1149 on survival. METHODS: A database analysis of our cardiothoracic surgery @entity5 registry was performed to identify all @entity1 who underwent surgical resection of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), who were ultimately determined to have pathologically node-negative disease from 1994 to 1999. All pathology reports were individually reviewed. Survival data were collected on each @entity1 from the date of surgery with a mean duration of follow-up of 46.3 months. Kaplan Meier actuarial survival was determined for all @entity1 . RESULTS: Forty-four @entity1 were identified who underwent complete resection of multiple @entity1149 . During this same period, 504 @entity1 underwent complete resection of stage I @entity1149 . The 3-year actuarial survival for @entity1 with T1/N0/M0 @entity5 was 79.6%. In comparison with @entity1 with T1/N0/M0 @entity5 , the 3-year actuarial survival rates of @entity1 with T2/N0/M0 @entity5 (72.3%, p = 0.056), T4/N0/M0 @entity5 (66.5%, p = 0.058), and T1 to T2/N0/M1 @entity5 (63.6%, p = 0.201) were lower. However, these differences did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a trend toward decreased survival in @entity1 with multifocal @entity1149 compared with @entity1 with stage I @entity1149 , this did not achieve statistical significance. Importantly, survival in these subgroups of @entity1 with stage IIIB or stage IV disease (stage determined solely on the basis of multifocal @entity1149 ) is better than the survival reported in the series that formed the foundation for these staging changes. These data support complete surgical resection of multifocal @entity2 in @entity1 with node-negative @entity1149 .

title: Surgical resection of multifocal XXXX is associated with prolonged survival.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumors', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer', 'NSCLC tumors']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: In this study we tested the effect of monoclonal antibodies (moAb) AN-18 to @entity19 @entity60 on the generation of cytolytic T cells (CTL) from a homogeneous population of precursor cells (CTL-P). As responder cells, highly purified @entity3414 + C57BL/6 lymph node T cells were used that had been positively selected by flow cytofluorometry on a cell sorter. @entity3414 + cells were set up in bulk culture or in limiting dilution (LD) either with Con A or with @entity19 @entity5 cells as antigen and recombinant @entity1 @entity1199 (rec. @entity1199 ) in the presence or absence of moAb AN-18 and tested for growth and development of CTL. The results show that moAb AN-18 but not the unrelated moAb AN-37 diminished or abrogated proliferative and cytolytic responses of @entity3414 + lymphocytes to lectin and rec. @entity1199 in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory activity of the antibodies could be abolished by neutralizing moAb AN-18 with recombinant @entity19 @entity60 (rec.mIFN-gamma) before their addition to culture. Kinetic analysis shows that the inhibitory effect of moAb AN-18 is only optimal when added at the beginning of culture or up to 48 hr after initiation. The frequencies of CTL-P responding either to Con A or to @entity19 @entity5 cells and rec. @entity1199 were reduced up to 10-fold in the presence of moAb AN-18. The inhibitory capacity of moAb AN-18 was also operative in cultures containing on the average one antigen-specific CTL-P. Together with the finding that activated CTL-P secrete @entity60 in response to rec. @entity1199 in a dose-dependent manner, the data suggest that endogenous @entity60 collaborates with exogenous @entity2047 in the induction of CTL-P. The generation of CTL may therefore represent a case of autocrine growth regulation of normal lymphocytes, in which the same cell synthesizes and responds to its own factor.

title: Monoclonal antibodies to @entity60 inhibit XXXX -dependent induction of growth and maturation in lectin/antigen-reactive cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors.

answer: @entity2047 :: (16183(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interleukin 2']


abstract: In this study we tested the effect of monoclonal antibodies (moAb) AN-18 to @entity19 @entity60 on the generation of cytolytic T cells (CTL) from a homogeneous population of precursor cells (CTL-P). As responder cells, highly purified @entity3414 + C57BL/6 lymph node T cells were used that had been positively selected by flow cytofluorometry on a cell sorter. @entity3414 + cells were set up in bulk culture or in limiting dilution (LD) either with Con A or with @entity19 @entity5 cells as antigen and recombinant @entity1 @entity1199 (rec. @entity1199 ) in the presence or absence of moAb AN-18 and tested for growth and development of CTL. The results show that moAb AN-18 but not the unrelated moAb AN-37 diminished or abrogated proliferative and cytolytic responses of @entity3414 + lymphocytes to lectin and rec. @entity1199 in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory activity of the antibodies could be abolished by neutralizing moAb AN-18 with recombinant @entity19 @entity60 (rec.mIFN-gamma) before their addition to culture. Kinetic analysis shows that the inhibitory effect of moAb AN-18 is only optimal when added at the beginning of culture or up to 48 hr after initiation. The frequencies of CTL-P responding either to Con A or to @entity19 @entity5 cells and rec. @entity1199 were reduced up to 10-fold in the presence of moAb AN-18. The inhibitory capacity of moAb AN-18 was also operative in cultures containing on the average one antigen-specific CTL-P. Together with the finding that activated CTL-P secrete @entity60 in response to rec. @entity1199 in a dose-dependent manner, the data suggest that endogenous @entity60 collaborates with exogenous @entity2047 in the induction of CTL-P. The generation of CTL may therefore represent a case of autocrine growth regulation of normal lymphocytes, in which the same cell synthesizes and responds to its own factor.

title: Monoclonal antibodies to XXXX inhibit @entity2047 -dependent induction of growth and maturation in lectin/antigen-reactive cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors.

answer: @entity60 :: (15978(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interferon-gamma']


abstract: Morphology of the common pulmonary venous chamber and its spatial relationship to the left atrium were investigated in 19 @entity1 with @entity1700 using two-dimensional echocardiography. The subjects were 12 males and seven females, ranging in age from newborn to 11 months with a median age of 34 days. Nine of the 19 @entity1 were less than one month; 15 of 19 were less than two months. Ten @entity1 had the supracardiac type (type I); three, the cardiac type (type II); and six, the infracardiac type ( @entity164 ). To image the common pulmonary venous chamber the suprasternal short-axis coronal plane was used. The chamber was recorded simultaneously with the right pulmonary artery. A more anterior angulation for this view facilitated imaging the left atrium. The outlines of both the chamber and left atrium were traced. We calculated (1) the ratio of the width to the height of the chamber (W/H), (2) the angle made by the direction of the long-axis of the chamber and a horizontal line ( @entity2270 ), (3) the quotient of the distance from the center of chamber to the bottom of the left atrium divided by the longitudinal dimension of the left atrium (B/A) and (4) the product of the width and height of the chamber (W x H). The W/H was 1.94 +/- 0.29 (type I); 1.21 +/- 0.27 (type II); and 0.63 +/- 0.15 ( @entity164 ). There were statistically significant differences (p less than 0.01) among all types. The width was greater than the height in types I and II, but the height was greater than the width in @entity164 . Axes were -19.0 +/- 5.7 degrees (type I); -5.1 +/- 5.0 (type II); and 91.7 +/- 9.3 ( @entity164 ). There were statistically significant differences between all of the types (p less than 0.01). The long-axis was horizontal in types I and II, and vertical in @entity164 . The B/A was 0.74 +/- 0.13 (type I); 0.57 +/- 0.10 (type II); and -0.04 +/- 0.30 ( @entity164 ). There was a significant difference between @entity164 and all other types (p less than 0.01). The common pulmonary venous chamber was located slightly superiorly to the left atrium in types I and II, but it was located inferiorly to the left atrium. In the six @entity1 with @entity164 , both lower pulmonary veins were located more inferiorly than the lower border of the left atrium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of the common pulmonary venous chamber in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1700 :: ('MESH:D012587', 'Disease') :: ['total anomalous pulmonary venous connection']

answer: @entity1700 :: (MESH:D012587,Disease) :: ['total anomalous pulmonary venous connection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although techniques for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are continually being refined, angiographic follow-up studies have indicated a higher rate of anastomoses-related stenoses than expected after traditional on-pump CABG. This study was performed to evaluate the use of intraoperative epicardial color Doppler ultrasound to quality-assess left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to left anterior descending coronary artery ( @entity3980 ) anastomoses performed on the beating heart. METHODS: Twenty-four LIMA-to- @entity3980 anastomoses were evaluated with real-time epicardial ultrasound imaging using an ultrasound transducer positioned between the paddles of the stabilizer during off-pump procedures. The length of the @entity254 (D(A)), diameters of LIMA (D(M)), @entity3980 at the toe of the @entity254 (D1), and 5 mm distally to the @entity254 (D2) were measured, and the ratios between these variables were calculated. The flow velocity through the anastomoses was visualized by color Doppler coding, and flow was assessed with transit-time flowmetry. RESULTS: The epicardial color Doppler ultrasound allowed accurate assessment of the anastomoses. Twenty-three (96%) of the primary anastomoses were confirmed as patent. Mean ratios of D1/D2, D(A)/D2, and D(M)/D2 were 0.89 +/- 0.13, 3.01 +/- 1.04 and 1.32 +/- 0.32, respectively. One @entity254 had a @entity850 more than 50% detected by color Doppler ultrasound. After surgical revision, transit-time flow increased from 22 to 40 ml/min. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative color Doppler ultrasound allowed adequate imaging for quality assessment of LIMA-to- @entity3980 anastomoses performed on the beating heart. One @entity254 was revised due to a technical error detected by epicardial color Doppler imaging. Epicardial ultrasound scanning is a valuable tool for intraoperative assessment of LIMA-to- @entity3980 anastomoses during off-pump coronary surgery.

title: Intraoperative color Doppler ultrasound assessment of LIMA-to- XXXX anastomoses in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity3980 :: (MESH:C535887,Disease) :: ['LAD']


abstract: A case of a 76-year-old @entity1 presenting with weakness of the lower legs and bilateral steppage gait is described. Neurological examination revealed a @entity16 with axonopathy and myelinic aspects. At the time of the diagnostic workup an episode of @entity548 occurred. Colonoscopy demonstrated an exophytic @entity694 at 40 cm from the anal verge. At surgery the @entity5 adhered to the ileum, so a left hemicolectomy and ileo-ileal resection were performed. @entity5 stage was Dukes' B, Jass III, Astler-Coller B2, T3N0M0. The @entity1 underwent postoperative chemotherapy and was followed for the past three years. At present he is free of @entity16 has completely regressed without any dedicated therapy. As reported in the literature the appearance of a @entity16 ( @entity16 ) may be the first sign of a @entity5 that is occult at the time of clinical presentation. The most widely supported theory about its etiology is that of an autoimmune origin. The @entity16 is considered to be at a point of intersection between @entity5 immunology, @entity10469 , and basic neurobiology. Previous experience has resulted in a pathogenic model and in a definition of a group of autoantibodies related to the disease. @entity151 ( @entity151 ) is the @entity5 most frequently associated with @entity16 ; other @entity706 and various @entity1583 . Some authors reported also that the percentage of @entity1 with a high titer of neuronal autoantibodies is small and several of the autoantibodies are present at low levels without any accompanying clinical manifestation. In a clinical retrospective study of the Mayo Clinic Group 115,081 @entity1 were examined over the period 1984-1993 and only 58 @entity1 (0.05%) could be defined as being affected by a @entity16 . Only five of these @entity1 had @entity694 . The number of @entity1 is so small and so widely scattered among publications that no statistical analysis is possible. Probably the only possibility for early identification of such a syndrome is a high degree of suspicion. In fact, these @entity1 are usually first admitted and studied in a neurological unit, and the diagnosis of a @entity5 is a delayed event.

title: Peripheral XXXX , an uncommon clinical onset of @entity5 . Case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['rectal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies include lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumor-associated disease', 'Tumor', 'malignancy', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['disease and the neuropathy', 'sensorimotor neuropathy', 'PNS', 'paraneoplastic neurological syndrome']

entities_list: @entity10469 :: ('MESH:D020274', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune neurological disease']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological malignancies']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['SCLC', 'Small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the sigmoid colon', 'colon tumors']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['paraneoplastic neuropathy']


abstract: A case of a 76-year-old @entity1 presenting with weakness of the lower legs and bilateral steppage gait is described. Neurological examination revealed a @entity16 with axonopathy and myelinic aspects. At the time of the diagnostic workup an episode of @entity548 occurred. Colonoscopy demonstrated an exophytic @entity694 at 40 cm from the anal verge. At surgery the @entity5 adhered to the ileum, so a left hemicolectomy and ileo-ileal resection were performed. @entity5 stage was Dukes' B, Jass III, Astler-Coller B2, T3N0M0. The @entity1 underwent postoperative chemotherapy and was followed for the past three years. At present he is free of @entity16 has completely regressed without any dedicated therapy. As reported in the literature the appearance of a @entity16 ( @entity16 ) may be the first sign of a @entity5 that is occult at the time of clinical presentation. The most widely supported theory about its etiology is that of an autoimmune origin. The @entity16 is considered to be at a point of intersection between @entity5 immunology, @entity10469 , and basic neurobiology. Previous experience has resulted in a pathogenic model and in a definition of a group of autoantibodies related to the disease. @entity151 ( @entity151 ) is the @entity5 most frequently associated with @entity16 ; other @entity706 and various @entity1583 . Some authors reported also that the percentage of @entity1 with a high titer of neuronal autoantibodies is small and several of the autoantibodies are present at low levels without any accompanying clinical manifestation. In a clinical retrospective study of the Mayo Clinic Group 115,081 @entity1 were examined over the period 1984-1993 and only 58 @entity1 (0.05%) could be defined as being affected by a @entity16 . Only five of these @entity1 had @entity694 . The number of @entity1 is so small and so widely scattered among publications that no statistical analysis is possible. Probably the only possibility for early identification of such a syndrome is a high degree of suspicion. In fact, these @entity1 are usually first admitted and studied in a neurological unit, and the diagnosis of a @entity5 is a delayed event.

title: Peripheral @entity16 , an uncommon clinical onset of XXXX . Case report and review of the literature.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['sigmoid cancer']


abstract: We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the role of the combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 in @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 . Twenty-seven @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 were treated with i.v. @entity3118 (30 mg/m ) and @entity786 (250 mg/m ) on days 1-3. Cycles were given at 4-week intervals for a maximum of six courses. Fourteen @entity1 (52%) were previously untreated, 13 @entity1 (48%) had been treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen before. Of the 27 @entity1 , 11 (41%) obtained a complete and 13 (48%) a partial remission, thus the overall response rate was 89%. The remission rate in untreated @entity1 was slightly higher than in pretreated @entity1 (93 versus 85%). The @entity137 was mild, no treatment-related mortality occurred. @entity1398 was the most common side effect, grade 4 @entity1398 of rather short duration was observed in less than 7% of the cycles. At the end of the treatment, the mean @entity404 count was 155/ l and the mean @entity405 count 204/ l. @entity281 did not occur. These results show that the combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 in the doses used in this study is an effective regimen with manageable @entity137 in low-grade @entity1893 .

title: The combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 results in a high remission rate with moderate XXXX in low-grade @entity1893 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3118 :: ('MESH:C024352', 'Chemical') :: ['fludarabine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['Neutropenia', 'neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Severe infections']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the role of the combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 in @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 . Twenty-seven @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 were treated with i.v. @entity3118 (30 mg/m ) and @entity786 (250 mg/m ) on days 1-3. Cycles were given at 4-week intervals for a maximum of six courses. Fourteen @entity1 (52%) were previously untreated, 13 @entity1 (48%) had been treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen before. Of the 27 @entity1 , 11 (41%) obtained a complete and 13 (48%) a partial remission, thus the overall response rate was 89%. The remission rate in untreated @entity1 was slightly higher than in pretreated @entity1 (93 versus 85%). The @entity137 was mild, no treatment-related mortality occurred. @entity1398 was the most common side effect, grade 4 @entity1398 of rather short duration was observed in less than 7% of the cycles. At the end of the treatment, the mean @entity404 count was 155/ l and the mean @entity405 count 204/ l. @entity281 did not occur. These results show that the combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 in the doses used in this study is an effective regimen with manageable @entity137 in low-grade @entity1893 .

title: The combination of XXXX and @entity786 results in a high remission rate with moderate @entity137 in low-grade @entity1893 .

answer: @entity3118 :: (MESH:C024352,Chemical) :: ['fludarabine']


abstract: We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the role of the combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 in @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 . Twenty-seven @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 were treated with i.v. @entity3118 (30 mg/m ) and @entity786 (250 mg/m ) on days 1-3. Cycles were given at 4-week intervals for a maximum of six courses. Fourteen @entity1 (52%) were previously untreated, 13 @entity1 (48%) had been treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen before. Of the 27 @entity1 , 11 (41%) obtained a complete and 13 (48%) a partial remission, thus the overall response rate was 89%. The remission rate in untreated @entity1 was slightly higher than in pretreated @entity1 (93 versus 85%). The @entity137 was mild, no treatment-related mortality occurred. @entity1398 was the most common side effect, grade 4 @entity1398 of rather short duration was observed in less than 7% of the cycles. At the end of the treatment, the mean @entity404 count was 155/ l and the mean @entity405 count 204/ l. @entity281 did not occur. These results show that the combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 in the doses used in this study is an effective regimen with manageable @entity137 in low-grade @entity1893 .

title: The combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 results in a high remission rate with moderate @entity137 in low-grade XXXX .

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphomas']


abstract: We undertook a prospective study to evaluate the role of the combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 in @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 . Twenty-seven @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 were treated with i.v. @entity3118 (30 mg/m ) and @entity786 (250 mg/m ) on days 1-3. Cycles were given at 4-week intervals for a maximum of six courses. Fourteen @entity1 (52%) were previously untreated, 13 @entity1 (48%) had been treated with at least one chemotherapy regimen before. Of the 27 @entity1 , 11 (41%) obtained a complete and 13 (48%) a partial remission, thus the overall response rate was 89%. The remission rate in untreated @entity1 was slightly higher than in pretreated @entity1 (93 versus 85%). The @entity137 was mild, no treatment-related mortality occurred. @entity1398 was the most common side effect, grade 4 @entity1398 of rather short duration was observed in less than 7% of the cycles. At the end of the treatment, the mean @entity404 count was 155/ l and the mean @entity405 count 204/ l. @entity281 did not occur. These results show that the combination of @entity3118 and @entity786 in the doses used in this study is an effective regimen with manageable @entity137 in low-grade @entity1893 .

title: The combination of @entity3118 and XXXX results in a high remission rate with moderate @entity137 in low-grade @entity1893 .

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: British guidelines recommend treatment for mild @entity101 at a cardiovascular (CVD) risk threshold of 20% over 10 years. However, treatment is targeted at the equivalent coronary (CHD) risk of 15% over 10 years. We examined the relationship between CHD and CVD risk in @entity1 and @entity1 with mild @entity101 and assessed the accuracy of using a 10-year CHD risk threshold of 15% to identify @entity1 at a 10-year CVD risk > or = 20%. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of England in 1998. METHODS: We identified 5588 subjects aged 35-74 years free of @entity65 with complete data for risk assessment. Of these, 1364 (24.4%) had mild @entity101 (systolic pressure 140-159 mmHg or diastolic pressure 90-99 mmHg). The Framingham functions were used to estimate CHD and CVD event risk for each individual. RESULTS: At a 10-year CHD risk of 15%, the corresponding 10-year CVD risk for @entity1 and @entity1 , respectively was 20% and 21% in those aged < 55 years, and 24% and 25% in those aged > or = 55 years. Using a 10-year CHD risk threshold of 15% to identify @entity1 at a 10-year CVD risk > or = 20% had high specificity (>96%) in all four groups. For @entity1 and @entity1 respectively, the sensitivity was 73% (62-84%) and 62% (35-88%) in younger subjects, and 89% (85-93%) and 47% (38-56%) in older subjects. CONCLUSION: Using a 10-year CHD risk of 15% to target @entity1 at a 10-year CVD risk > or = 20% was reasonably accurate for @entity1 but missed about 50% of @entity1 eligible for antihypertensive treatment.

title: Coronary risk versus cardiovascular risk for treatment decisions in mild XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Individuals who are moderate/heavy drinkers are at increased risk to abuse @entity1245 and this risk is increased in @entity1 compared to @entity1 . However, no studies have determined whether female @entity19354 ( @entity19354 ) show a differential response to the subjective and performance effects of @entity1245 compared to female light drinkers (LD). Fourteen female @entity19354 who consumed an average of 36 drinks/month were compared to 14 female LD who consumed an average of 4.2 drinks/month. None of the @entity1 had either a first- or second-degree family history of @entity988 . The acute effects of placebo, @entity1401 (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg) and @entity5633 (5, 10, 15 mg) were evaluated using a double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient design. Drug effects were assessed using a full range of performance measures and subjective-effects questionnaires. @entity1401 impaired performance in a dose-related manner on all performance tasks for both groups of females, whereas @entity5633 had minimal effects on performance. There were few differences between LD and @entity19354 with respect to subjective response or performance impairment following either @entity1401 or @entity5633 . Although @entity19354 reported greater ratings of Good Drug Effect and Drug Liking than LD, this was neither dose-related, nor specific to @entity1401 . The results of the present study suggest that female @entity19354 without a family history of @entity988 experience the same level of performance impairment as female LD, although they tend to report greater positive subjective effects from @entity1401 .

title: The effects of XXXX and @entity5633 in light and moderate female social drinkers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5633 :: ('MESH:D002065', 'Chemical') :: ['buspirone']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity1401 :: ('MESH:D000525', 'Chemical') :: ['alprazolam', 'Alprazolam']

entities_list: @entity19354 :: ('MESH:C565640', 'Disease') :: ['moderate drinkers', 'MD']

answer: @entity1401 :: (MESH:D000525,Chemical) :: ['alprazolam']


abstract: Individuals who are moderate/heavy drinkers are at increased risk to abuse @entity1245 and this risk is increased in @entity1 compared to @entity1 . However, no studies have determined whether female @entity19354 ( @entity19354 ) show a differential response to the subjective and performance effects of @entity1245 compared to female light drinkers (LD). Fourteen female @entity19354 who consumed an average of 36 drinks/month were compared to 14 female LD who consumed an average of 4.2 drinks/month. None of the @entity1 had either a first- or second-degree family history of @entity988 . The acute effects of placebo, @entity1401 (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg) and @entity5633 (5, 10, 15 mg) were evaluated using a double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient design. Drug effects were assessed using a full range of performance measures and subjective-effects questionnaires. @entity1401 impaired performance in a dose-related manner on all performance tasks for both groups of females, whereas @entity5633 had minimal effects on performance. There were few differences between LD and @entity19354 with respect to subjective response or performance impairment following either @entity1401 or @entity5633 . Although @entity19354 reported greater ratings of Good Drug Effect and Drug Liking than LD, this was neither dose-related, nor specific to @entity1401 . The results of the present study suggest that female @entity19354 without a family history of @entity988 experience the same level of performance impairment as female LD, although they tend to report greater positive subjective effects from @entity1401 .

title: The effects of @entity1401 and XXXX in light and moderate female social drinkers.

answer: @entity5633 :: (MESH:D002065,Chemical) :: ['buspirone']


abstract: This study aimed to establish the diagnostic value of paracentesis (peritoneal tap) in the assessment of @entity1 with blunt @entity1661 . Paracentesis, using a four-quadrant puncture technique, was performed in blunt @entity1661 victims presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary-care university medical centre. Pregnant @entity1 , those under 18 or those having an abdominal scar were excluded from the study. All @entity1 then underwent one of the following procedures as indicated: emergency ultrasound, abdominal computed tomography scan, diagnostic peritoneal lavage or laparotomy. Paracentesis results were compared with the results of other tests and surgery in diagnosing haemoperitoneum. Haemoperitoneum was confirmed surgically in six of the seven @entity1 with a positive paracentesis. Nine out of 65 @entity1 with positive clinical findings but negative taps underwent surgical intervention, and abdominal bleeding was confirmed in eight. Three seriously injured @entity1 died before diagnostic studies or laparotomy could be performed. In conclusion, a positive paracentesis result may be used to guide decision-making in the setting of blunt @entity1661 if other diagnostic methods are unavailable. Its high false-negative rate limits its overall usefulness.

title: Current value of peritoneal tap in blunt XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

answer: @entity1661 :: (MESH:D000008,Disease) :: ['abdominal trauma']


abstract: Multiple lines of experimental evidence point to the involvement of endogenous opiates in appetite regulation. Post @entity1545 @entity1 often exhibit driven eating behaviour. Since this problem fails to respond to behaviour modification, appetite suppressants, @entity1091 , or any other usual approach, the use of the oral narcotic antagonist, @entity836 , was given to three such @entity1 . @entity836 binds multiple opiate receptor sites in the hypothalamus, including the kappa receptors which have been implicated in appetite regulation, the use of this narcotic antagonist in hypothalamic @entity7298 appears to be a rational approach to this intractable problem. In this open trial, lasting from 4 1/2 to 9 months, the minimal effective dose appeared to be in the range of 100 mg per day. No side-effects (for example elevations in liver enzymes) were noted. All of the @entity1 had an improved sense of well-being and their behaviours were less difficult to manage when on the @entity836 . The significance of this preliminary trial is that narcotic antagonists may have a role in the treatment of @entity75 @entity1 with @entity6426 . Also, @entity836 may be useful in treating other maladaptive behavioural consequences of @entity542 such as stealing, manipulation, demandingness, and @entity308 . Likewise, the effects on the deranged endocrine system, such as the @entity6126 , are significant and deserve further exploration.

title: XXXX in organic @entity6426 : a preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['Naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity7298 :: ('MESH:D006963', 'Disease') :: ['hyperphagia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain-injured']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism']

answer: @entity836 :: (MESH:D009271,Chemical) :: ['Naltrexone']


abstract: Multiple lines of experimental evidence point to the involvement of endogenous opiates in appetite regulation. Post @entity1545 @entity1 often exhibit driven eating behaviour. Since this problem fails to respond to behaviour modification, appetite suppressants, @entity1091 , or any other usual approach, the use of the oral narcotic antagonist, @entity836 , was given to three such @entity1 . @entity836 binds multiple opiate receptor sites in the hypothalamus, including the kappa receptors which have been implicated in appetite regulation, the use of this narcotic antagonist in hypothalamic @entity7298 appears to be a rational approach to this intractable problem. In this open trial, lasting from 4 1/2 to 9 months, the minimal effective dose appeared to be in the range of 100 mg per day. No side-effects (for example elevations in liver enzymes) were noted. All of the @entity1 had an improved sense of well-being and their behaviours were less difficult to manage when on the @entity836 . The significance of this preliminary trial is that narcotic antagonists may have a role in the treatment of @entity75 @entity1 with @entity6426 . Also, @entity836 may be useful in treating other maladaptive behavioural consequences of @entity542 such as stealing, manipulation, demandingness, and @entity308 . Likewise, the effects on the deranged endocrine system, such as the @entity6126 , are significant and deserve further exploration.

title: @entity836 in organic XXXX : a preliminary report.

answer: @entity6426 :: (MESH:D002032,Disease) :: ['bulimia']


abstract: PURPOSE: We provide an overview of @entity189 , a rare entity that is difficult to diagnose and traditionally has been associated with a poor prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for @entity189 was performed, and current concepts related to the diagnosis and clinical management were reviewed. Two unpublished additional cases recently treated at our institution were added to the international experience. Special attention was given to new developments in diagnostic methods. Histopathological changes and biomarker criteria are provided to allow accurate diagnosis of this condition. RESULTS: Early diagnosis of @entity189 has often been difficult due to a lack of immunohistochemical markers that distinguish this entity from invasive @entity420 of adjacent organs. A total of 49 documented cases of @entity189 in @entity1 between 19 and 90 years old has been reported in the current literature. Two additional cases that were diagnosed and treated at our institution are incorporated into this review. Recently the tissue marker @entity10224 has substantially increased the accurate diagnosis of @entity189 . In addition, increased serum @entity10224 in @entity1 with this disease has been reported and serum levels correlate well with the clinical course of the disease. Radical surgery in combination with adjuvant radiotherapy or @entity342 deprivation has resulted in long-term palliation in some @entity1 with @entity1442 . CONCLUSIONS: Including @entity189 in the differential diagnosis of lower urinary tract symptoms will improve detection. Improved imaging tools and the availability of a serum marker will undoubtedly enhance detection at the earliest stages. More defined histopathological criteria will allow diagnosis even with small biopsy specimens. Radical surgery appears to offer the best chance for cure but hormonal manipulation and radiotherapy seem to be effective as adjuvant treatment modalities.

title: Primary XXXX of the seminal vesicles.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['seminal vesicle carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: With respect to the most efficient approach to the diagnosis and treatment of @entity1204 , the recognition of @entity1 at high risk can reduce this disease to a minimum and possibly eradicate much of the resulting mortality. Such an approach depends on the following factors: Recognition of the menopause as a time of life when high-risk @entity1 may be identified. Recognition of @entity1412 as a precursor of invasive @entity1204 . Further research into the technology of obtaining suitable samples in menopausal @entity1 on an ambulatory basis without anesthesia is indicated as a search for efficient screening. Until such research yields new methods, however, recognition of the high-risk menopausal @entity1 through histologic sampling at menopause, with or without dysfunctional @entity548 , can serve well. The modern FIGO staging formula shows the order of clinical virulence of any @entity1204 and allows individualization of treatment in a manner that prevents overtreatment of those with @entity146 and undertreatment of those with highly virulent @entity5 . Overtreatment causes an excess of complications, and undertreatment leads to a lower rate of cure than might be obtained by more radical treatment. Such individualization of treatment allows recognition of the appropriate place for surgical and/or radiotherapeutic treatment and the combinations that are most appropriate for the particular @entity1 . Individualization also encourages the development of new chemotherapeutic agents and more efficient use of those now existing. Hormonal treatment is indicated for several categories of perimenopausal or postmenopausal @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Current concepts in the control of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer', 'carcinoma of the endometrium']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['less aggressive tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous hyperplasia']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the endometrium']


abstract: PURPOSE: In this prospective study we evaluated the results of @entity3371 enhanced diuretic renography in @entity1 with congenital unilateral ureteropelvic junction type @entity3041 . @entity3371 renography helps to distinguish @entity1 who have renin-angiotensin system activation from those in whom it is not yet activated. Renin-angiotensin system activation heralds the beginning of compensatory vasoactive response in the kidney. Identifying grades of such activation may help in determine the end points of nonoperative management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 25 @entity1 with suspected unilateral @entity4145 treated at our department. A prenatal diagnosis was made in 60% of cases. @entity1 age was 1 to 144 months (mean 40) and the male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Followup was 6 to 72 months (mean 30). @entity1 evaluation and analysis included sonography, standard diuretic and @entity3371 renography, glomerular filtration rate, serum @entity1011 and blood pressure. The indications for surgery were symptoms, differential function below 35%, or a documented decrease of 10% or more during followup. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system was considered positive when split renal function decreased significantly by 5% or more in an obstructed system on a post- @entity3371 study. The results of @entity3371 renography were examined retrospectively in @entity1 who required surgery according to preexisting criteria. RESULTS: Society for Fetal Urology @entity3041 grade was II to IV in 8, 10 and 7 renal units, respectively. The renin-angiotensin system was activated in 8 of the 25 cases (32%) of unilateral @entity4145 . In 15 @entity1 there was no change on pre- @entity3371 and post- @entity3371 studies and in 2 split renal function on the obstructed side marginally increased on the post- @entity3371 study. Surgical correction was required in only 6 of the 8 @entity1 with renin-angiotensin system activation. Of those who required surgery @entity3041 was grades II to IV in 3, 1 and in 2 @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study renin-angiotensin system activation correlated with the need for surgery in 75% of the cases of congenital unilateral ureteropelvic type @entity3041 . Since @entity3371 serves to identify @entity1 who have renin-angiotensin system activation, it may also be possible to grade this activation. Our preliminary results show that there may be a role for @entity3371 renography for identifying the risk group for surgical intervention.

title: Prognostic significance of @entity3371 renography for managing congenital unilateral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity4145 :: ('MESH:C537373', 'Disease') :: ['ureteropelvic junction obstruction']

answer: @entity3041 :: (MESH:D006869,Disease) :: ['hydronephrosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: In this prospective study we evaluated the results of @entity3371 enhanced diuretic renography in @entity1 with congenital unilateral ureteropelvic junction type @entity3041 . @entity3371 renography helps to distinguish @entity1 who have renin-angiotensin system activation from those in whom it is not yet activated. Renin-angiotensin system activation heralds the beginning of compensatory vasoactive response in the kidney. Identifying grades of such activation may help in determine the end points of nonoperative management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied 25 @entity1 with suspected unilateral @entity4145 treated at our department. A prenatal diagnosis was made in 60% of cases. @entity1 age was 1 to 144 months (mean 40) and the male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Followup was 6 to 72 months (mean 30). @entity1 evaluation and analysis included sonography, standard diuretic and @entity3371 renography, glomerular filtration rate, serum @entity1011 and blood pressure. The indications for surgery were symptoms, differential function below 35%, or a documented decrease of 10% or more during followup. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system was considered positive when split renal function decreased significantly by 5% or more in an obstructed system on a post- @entity3371 study. The results of @entity3371 renography were examined retrospectively in @entity1 who required surgery according to preexisting criteria. RESULTS: Society for Fetal Urology @entity3041 grade was II to IV in 8, 10 and 7 renal units, respectively. The renin-angiotensin system was activated in 8 of the 25 cases (32%) of unilateral @entity4145 . In 15 @entity1 there was no change on pre- @entity3371 and post- @entity3371 studies and in 2 split renal function on the obstructed side marginally increased on the post- @entity3371 study. Surgical correction was required in only 6 of the 8 @entity1 with renin-angiotensin system activation. Of those who required surgery @entity3041 was grades II to IV in 3, 1 and in 2 @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study renin-angiotensin system activation correlated with the need for surgery in 75% of the cases of congenital unilateral ureteropelvic type @entity3041 . Since @entity3371 serves to identify @entity1 who have renin-angiotensin system activation, it may also be possible to grade this activation. Our preliminary results show that there may be a role for @entity3371 renography for identifying the risk group for surgical intervention.

title: Prognostic significance of XXXX renography for managing congenital unilateral @entity3041 .

answer: @entity3371 :: (CHEBI:3380,Chemical) :: ['captopril']


abstract: Corticosteroid hormones regulate many aspects of neural function via mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Although GR expression is negatively regulated by endogenous corticosteroids, the autologous regulation of MR expression has been less well studied, partly due to limitations of receptor binding assays that cannot measure the ligand-activated form of MR. Using MR-reactive antibodies and Western blot, we examined relative MR protein expression in @entity35 brain and its potential autoregulation by corticosteroids. We found that MR protein expression is autoregulated in a negative fashion by adrenal @entity230 . Compared with GR, we see a more rapid regulation of MR, such that there is a substantial increase in MR protein within 12 h after adrenalectomy, whereas GR levels show very little increase until more than 24 h after adrenalectomy. Also, in contrast to GR, which has been found to be regulated by both MR and GR, adrenalectomy-induced increase in MR was prevented by treatment with the MR selective agonist, @entity1369 , but not the GR selective agonist, @entity7834 . Interestingly, acute treatment of adrenalectomized @entity35 with @entity2819 produced a significant decrease in whole-cell MR protein within 45 min, suggesting ligand-induced rapid degradation of MR. Chronic high levels of @entity2819 also produced a significant decrease in MR protein levels below adrenal-intact @entity35 levels. These results have important implications for previous studies that estimated the proportion of MR that are occupied in vivo by various circulating levels of @entity2819 . Those studies compared available MR binding levels in adrenal-intact @entity35 with 24-h adrenalectomized @entity35 , with the assumption that there were no differences between the various conditions in total receptor expression. Those studies concluded that MR is nearly fully occupied by even the lowest circulating @entity2819 levels. Given the 2- to 3-fold increase in MR protein that we have observed within 24 h after adrenalectomy, it is likely that those studies significantly overestimated the proportion of MR that were occupied by low basal @entity2819 levels. These results support the prospect that MR as well as GR can participate in the transduction of phasic corticosteroid signals.

title: Rapid corticosteroid-dependent regulation of mineralocorticoid receptor protein expression in XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In contrast to other species, the preovulatory rise in gonadotropins in mares causes a remarkable expansion of the entire granulosa cell layer in vivo, suggesting that hyaluronan (HA) synthesis may be regulated in mural granulosa cells in this species. The objectives of this study were to clone and characterize @entity1641 @entity70994 ( @entity70994 ) and investigate the regulation of its transcript and of HA synthesis in @entity1641 follicles during @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin ( @entity1465 )- induced ovulation. Results showed that the @entity1641 @entity70994 cDNA contains a 5'-untranslated region of 436 bp, an open reading frame of 1659 bp, and a 3'-untranslated region of 707 bp. The open reading frame encodes a 552-amino acid protein that is highly conserved (98-99% identity), compared with other known @entity1 homologs. The regulation of @entity70994 mRNA was studied in @entity1641 follicles isolated during estrus between 0 and 39 h after an ovulatory dose of @entity1465 and in corpora lutea obtained on d 8 of the estrous cycle. Results from semiquantitative RT-PCR/Southern blotting analyses revealed a transient induction of @entity70994 during the ovulatory process. Levels of @entity70994 transcripts were undetectable in follicles before @entity1465 treatment (0 h), increased markedly after gonadotropin treatment (P < 0.05), but returned to undetectable levels in corpora lutea. Analyses performed on isolated preparations of theca interna and granulosa cells showed that the granulosa cell layer was the predominant site of @entity70994 expression. An immunohistochemical approach showed that this induction of @entity70994 transcript was accompanied by a dramatic increase in HA production after @entity1465 treatment. The isolation and characterization of a 1.8-kb fragment of genomic sequence located immediately upstream of @entity1641 @entity70994 , and comparison with corresponding @entity1 and @entity19 genomic regions identified several conserved putative cis-acting elements. Thus, this study describes the primary structure of @entity1641 @entity70994 , demonstrates for the first time the regulation of @entity70994 in mural granulosa cells during the ovulatory process in vivo and identifies a valuable model in which to study the molecular control of @entity70994 gene expression.

title: Induction of hyaluronan synthase 2 by @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin in mural granulosa cells of XXXX preovulatory follicles.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['equine']


abstract: In contrast to other species, the preovulatory rise in gonadotropins in mares causes a remarkable expansion of the entire granulosa cell layer in vivo, suggesting that hyaluronan (HA) synthesis may be regulated in mural granulosa cells in this species. The objectives of this study were to clone and characterize @entity1641 @entity70994 ( @entity70994 ) and investigate the regulation of its transcript and of HA synthesis in @entity1641 follicles during @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin ( @entity1465 )- induced ovulation. Results showed that the @entity1641 @entity70994 cDNA contains a 5'-untranslated region of 436 bp, an open reading frame of 1659 bp, and a 3'-untranslated region of 707 bp. The open reading frame encodes a 552-amino acid protein that is highly conserved (98-99% identity), compared with other known @entity1 homologs. The regulation of @entity70994 mRNA was studied in @entity1641 follicles isolated during estrus between 0 and 39 h after an ovulatory dose of @entity1465 and in corpora lutea obtained on d 8 of the estrous cycle. Results from semiquantitative RT-PCR/Southern blotting analyses revealed a transient induction of @entity70994 during the ovulatory process. Levels of @entity70994 transcripts were undetectable in follicles before @entity1465 treatment (0 h), increased markedly after gonadotropin treatment (P < 0.05), but returned to undetectable levels in corpora lutea. Analyses performed on isolated preparations of theca interna and granulosa cells showed that the granulosa cell layer was the predominant site of @entity70994 expression. An immunohistochemical approach showed that this induction of @entity70994 transcript was accompanied by a dramatic increase in HA production after @entity1465 treatment. The isolation and characterization of a 1.8-kb fragment of genomic sequence located immediately upstream of @entity1641 @entity70994 , and comparison with corresponding @entity1 and @entity19 genomic regions identified several conserved putative cis-acting elements. Thus, this study describes the primary structure of @entity1641 @entity70994 , demonstrates for the first time the regulation of @entity70994 in mural granulosa cells during the ovulatory process in vivo and identifies a valuable model in which to study the molecular control of @entity70994 gene expression.

title: Induction of hyaluronan synthase 2 by XXXX chorionic gonadotropin in mural granulosa cells of @entity1641 preovulatory follicles.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: In 1983 and 1984, in the State Veterinary Institute at Jihlava, 129 samples of eggs of wild birds of 14 species were analyzed coming from different regions of the Czech Socialist Republic for the presence of residues of chlorinated pesticides and @entity3215 ( @entity5241 ). Apart from this, nine samples of hawk fat and 27 samples of buzzard fat were examined. The method of gas chromatography with a detector of electron capture was used for the analysis. The analyzed samples were found to contain residues of @entity5241 , @entity318 (and mainly its metabolite @entity5980 ), @entity15213 , @entity7806 , @entity38136 . No residues of other chlorinated @entity3363 were detected. The residue levels of these substances in the eggs and fatty tissues of different species of wild birds vary within a very wide range. A significant influence is exerted on these levels by the differences in food spectrum, the age of the birds, lack of food causing mobilization of food reserves, and mainly the environment where the birds live. The highest levels of residues were found in the eggs and fatty tissues of predatory birds with a narrow spectrum of food, i.e. those feeding on other birds (sparrow-hawk 33.00 mg.kg-1 in the dry matter of eggs, hawk 239.98 mg.kg-1 in fat) or those associated with water ( @entity56435 11.97 mg.kg-1, sea-gull 11.24 mg.kg-1 in the dry matter of eggs). Much lower levels of the residues of the chemicals were recorded in the species feeding mainly on small rodents (kestrel 0.681 mg.kg-1, buzzard 2.456 mg.kg-1 in the dry matter of eggs and 11.398 mg.kg-1 in fat). Some of the samples under study contained dead embryos. These embryos had particularly high residue levels, often higher than the levels regarded in literature as toxic.

title: [Residual chlorinated pesticides and XXXX in the eggs and adipose tissue of wild birds].

entities_list: @entity56435 :: ('345573', 'Species') :: ['great crested grebe']

entities_list: @entity3215 :: ('MESH:D011078', 'Chemical') :: ['polychlorinated biphenyls']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

answer: @entity3215 :: (MESH:D011078,Chemical) :: ['polychlorinated biphenyls']


abstract: In @entity1 ovaries, luteinizing hormone (LH) induces @entity342 biosynthesis by theca interna cells, whereas both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH stimulate aromatase activity by granulosa cells. The joint action of these two types of cell and pituitary hormones forms the basis of a 2-cell, 2-gonadotropin hypothesis for biosynthesis of @entity172 . We tested the synergism between these cell types using antisera against the @entity172 precursors @entity1420 and @entity251 . Ovaries were obtained from immature @entity35 two days after a single injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Granulosa cells were obtained by puncturing the follicles, and ovarian remnants were dissociated with collagenase to derive cells from the theca interstitium. Granulosa and theca interstitial cells were cultured alone or in combination for 20 h. Granulosa cells secreted negligible amounts of @entity172 and @entity251 , but contained high aromatase activity. Treatment with both FSH and @entity1 @entity1465 increased production of @entity1420 in granulosa cells. In contrast, theca interstitial cells had negligible aromatase activity. Treatment with hCG, but not FSH, increased @entity342 production by theca interstitium; the hCG action was further augmented by the inclusion of exogenous @entity1420 . Furthermore, co-culture of gonadotropin-treated granulosa and theca interstitial cells resulted in substantial increases in @entity172 production, indicating synergism between the two types of cell. The increases in @entity172 production in the co-cultures were accompanied by decreases in @entity1420 content. To test the possibility that @entity1420 released by granulosa cells may serve as a substrate for production of @entity342 in theca cells, specific antiserum was used to adsorb @entity1420 present in the medium. Addition of the @entity1420 antibody inhibited gonadotropin-stimulated production of @entity251 (39% decrease) and @entity172 (64% decrease) by the combined cell cultures. The inhibitory effect on @entity172 production could be reversed by the addition of @entity1420 (10(-6) M) or @entity251 (10(-6) M) but not by the addition of a synthetic progestin, R5020. Since @entity251 released from theca cells may serve as the substrate for aromatases in granulosa cells, specific @entity251 antiserum was also used. Production of @entity172 by the combined cell cultures was inhibited (78%) by the @entity251 antiserum, but the inhibitory effect was completely reversed by exogenous @entity251 or @entity1420 . Thus, synergistic interactions between granulosa and theca interstitial cells are important in effecting maximal @entity172 biosynthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Synergism between granulosa and theca-interstitial cells in XXXX biosynthesis by gonadotropin-treated @entity35 ovaries: studies on the two-cell, two-gonadotropin hypothesis using steroid antisera.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity1465 :: ('93659', 'Gene') :: ['chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: In @entity1 ovaries, luteinizing hormone (LH) induces @entity342 biosynthesis by theca interna cells, whereas both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH stimulate aromatase activity by granulosa cells. The joint action of these two types of cell and pituitary hormones forms the basis of a 2-cell, 2-gonadotropin hypothesis for biosynthesis of @entity172 . We tested the synergism between these cell types using antisera against the @entity172 precursors @entity1420 and @entity251 . Ovaries were obtained from immature @entity35 two days after a single injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Granulosa cells were obtained by puncturing the follicles, and ovarian remnants were dissociated with collagenase to derive cells from the theca interstitium. Granulosa and theca interstitial cells were cultured alone or in combination for 20 h. Granulosa cells secreted negligible amounts of @entity172 and @entity251 , but contained high aromatase activity. Treatment with both FSH and @entity1 @entity1465 increased production of @entity1420 in granulosa cells. In contrast, theca interstitial cells had negligible aromatase activity. Treatment with hCG, but not FSH, increased @entity342 production by theca interstitium; the hCG action was further augmented by the inclusion of exogenous @entity1420 . Furthermore, co-culture of gonadotropin-treated granulosa and theca interstitial cells resulted in substantial increases in @entity172 production, indicating synergism between the two types of cell. The increases in @entity172 production in the co-cultures were accompanied by decreases in @entity1420 content. To test the possibility that @entity1420 released by granulosa cells may serve as a substrate for production of @entity342 in theca cells, specific antiserum was used to adsorb @entity1420 present in the medium. Addition of the @entity1420 antibody inhibited gonadotropin-stimulated production of @entity251 (39% decrease) and @entity172 (64% decrease) by the combined cell cultures. The inhibitory effect on @entity172 production could be reversed by the addition of @entity1420 (10(-6) M) or @entity251 (10(-6) M) but not by the addition of a synthetic progestin, R5020. Since @entity251 released from theca cells may serve as the substrate for aromatases in granulosa cells, specific @entity251 antiserum was also used. Production of @entity172 by the combined cell cultures was inhibited (78%) by the @entity251 antiserum, but the inhibitory effect was completely reversed by exogenous @entity251 or @entity1420 . Thus, synergistic interactions between granulosa and theca interstitial cells are important in effecting maximal @entity172 biosynthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Synergism between granulosa and theca-interstitial cells in @entity172 biosynthesis by gonadotropin-treated XXXX ovaries: studies on the two-cell, two-gonadotropin hypothesis using steroid antisera.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The suction-electrode technique was used to monitor the photocurrent of isolated retinal rods from the @entity7928 salamander, by drawing in the light-sensitive outer segment, or sometimes the inner segment. @entity460 buffers or other agents were then introduced into the rod cytoplasm by the 'whole-cell patch-clamp' technique. A patch pipette was sealed against the region of the rod protruding from the suction pipette (usually the inner segment), and the membrane patch was ruptured to obtain a whole-cell recording. Several lines of evidence indicated that the pipette contents diffused into the outer segment, and showed that the cell could be adequately voltage clamped. With only trace quantities of chelator in the patch pipette (to bind stray @entity460 ), a gradual decline of the dark current and slowing of responses was usually observed over a period of 10-20 min after rupture of the patch. When the patch pipette contained no added @entity460 and 10 mM of the @entity460 chelator @entity18650 ( @entity18650 ) (free @entity141 ca. 10(-9) M) rupture of the patch led, over a period of a few minutes, to an increase in mean dark current, an increased duration of responses, a substantial increase in flash sensitivity, and a pronounced overshoot in the recovery phase, but with virtually no change in the rising phase of the response to bright flashes. Similar results were obtained when EGTA was used in place of @entity18650 , and also in the few cases when successful rupture of the outer segment membrane was obtained. With the free @entity460 concentration in the patch pipette buffered to the higher level of 1 microM (with 10 mM- @entity141 /11 mM- @entity18650 ) the results were qualitatively similar to those obtained with @entity18650 alone, except that the mean dark current did not increase. This is consistent with a resting free @entity460 concentration in darkness in the region of 1 microM. In the presence of bright steady illumination with @entity18650 in the cell the suppression of outer segment current could be maintained for at least 15 min. Upon extinction of the light a very large current transient developed (similar to the overshoot with flashes) which was light suppressible. With backgrounds of moderate intensity the incorporation of buffer led to a gradual reduction of the residual current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Incorporation of XXXX buffers into salamander retinal rods: a rejection of the @entity460 hypothesis of phototransduction.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity18650 :: ('MESH:C025603', 'Chemical') :: ['BAPTA', "1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid"]

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: The suction-electrode technique was used to monitor the photocurrent of isolated retinal rods from the @entity7928 salamander, by drawing in the light-sensitive outer segment, or sometimes the inner segment. @entity460 buffers or other agents were then introduced into the rod cytoplasm by the 'whole-cell patch-clamp' technique. A patch pipette was sealed against the region of the rod protruding from the suction pipette (usually the inner segment), and the membrane patch was ruptured to obtain a whole-cell recording. Several lines of evidence indicated that the pipette contents diffused into the outer segment, and showed that the cell could be adequately voltage clamped. With only trace quantities of chelator in the patch pipette (to bind stray @entity460 ), a gradual decline of the dark current and slowing of responses was usually observed over a period of 10-20 min after rupture of the patch. When the patch pipette contained no added @entity460 and 10 mM of the @entity460 chelator @entity18650 ( @entity18650 ) (free @entity141 ca. 10(-9) M) rupture of the patch led, over a period of a few minutes, to an increase in mean dark current, an increased duration of responses, a substantial increase in flash sensitivity, and a pronounced overshoot in the recovery phase, but with virtually no change in the rising phase of the response to bright flashes. Similar results were obtained when EGTA was used in place of @entity18650 , and also in the few cases when successful rupture of the outer segment membrane was obtained. With the free @entity460 concentration in the patch pipette buffered to the higher level of 1 microM (with 10 mM- @entity141 /11 mM- @entity18650 ) the results were qualitatively similar to those obtained with @entity18650 alone, except that the mean dark current did not increase. This is consistent with a resting free @entity460 concentration in darkness in the region of 1 microM. In the presence of bright steady illumination with @entity18650 in the cell the suppression of outer segment current could be maintained for at least 15 min. Upon extinction of the light a very large current transient developed (similar to the overshoot with flashes) which was light suppressible. With backgrounds of moderate intensity the incorporation of buffer led to a gradual reduction of the residual current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Incorporation of @entity460 buffers into salamander retinal rods: a rejection of the XXXX hypothesis of phototransduction.

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Previous reports have indicated that prenatal, but not postnatal, @entity1767 impairs the ontogenic development of striatal @entity935 D-2 receptors. In the present study a specific D-2 receptor antagonist, @entity11054 (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) and/or a specific D-1 receptor antagonist, @entity10095 (0.30 mg/kg i.p.), was administered to @entity35 for 32 successive days from birth. Postnatal @entity11054 and @entity10095 treatments markedly impaired the development of striatal @entity935 D-2 and D-1 receptors, respectively, at 12 weeks after birth. @entity11054 did not affect D-1 receptor development and did not modify the effect of @entity10095 treatment. Also, @entity10095 did not affect D-2 receptor development and did not modify the effect of @entity11054 treatment. When @entity35 with impaired development of striatal D-2 receptors were challenged at 12 weeks with @entity11054 (1.0 mg/kg per day i.p. x 17 days) D-2 receptors did not up-regulate. However, when @entity35 with impaired development of striatal D-1 receptors were challenged at 12 weeks with @entity10095 (0.30 mg/kg per day i.p. x 17 days) D-1 receptors did up-regulate. These findings demonstrate that postnatal treatment with D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonists can permanently impair the development of striatal D-1 and D-2 receptors. Moreover, the ability of developmentally impaired striatal D-1 receptors to up-regulate in adulthood appears to be greater than that for the developmentally impaired striatal D-2 receptors.

title: Impaired striatal XXXX receptor development: differential D-1 regulation in adults.

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity11054 :: ('MESH:D013134', 'Chemical') :: ['spiroperidol', 'Spiroperidol']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']