abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity65 are the leading cause of @entity204 in haemodialysis @entity1 . Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor. Basic research has provided strong evidence that oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity731 . @entity66 , lipid metabolism alterations, and hyperhomocysteinaemia observed in haemodialysis @entity1 could induce increases in LDL oxidation. This study was designed to determine the effect of @entity4181 on hyperhomocysteinaemia and to assess the antioxidant efficacy of @entity4181 . The antioxidant effect of @entity4181 was compared with that of @entity270 . METHODS: Sixteen stable @entity1 (11 @entity1 , five @entity1 ; mean age 54.3+/-6.32 years) on standard haemodialysis received 400 mg of @entity270 , orally, at the end of each haemodialysis session for 3 months. After a 1-month wash-out, they received 10 mg of @entity4181 , intravenously, at the end of each haemodialysis session for an additional 3 months. Blood samples were drawn in the morning after an overnight fast and before dialysis. Plasma @entity270 was analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) was determined using a fluorimetric method and plasma @entity920 oxidized anti-LDL antibodies (Ab-LDLox) were measured with an ELISA method using native LDL and oxLDL as antigens. Plasma @entity1255 was determined by an FPIA method. RESULTS: @entity4181 supplements significantly reduced hyperhomocysteinaemia (-44%), @entity1865 concentrations (-40%), and IgG-LDLox titres (-13%). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with @entity4181 lowers plasma @entity1255 levels and, like @entity270 , affords antioxidant protection, which prevents lipid peroxidation. This lowering of lipid peroxidation may reduce the risk of @entity731 and prevent or delay @entity65 in @entity2033 @entity1 .

title: @entity1255 and lipid peroxidation in haemodialysis: role of XXXX and @entity270 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['Folinic acid', 'folinic acid']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Oxidative stress']

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['Malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications', 'Cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity4181 :: (MESH:D002955,Chemical) :: ['folinic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity65 are the leading cause of @entity204 in haemodialysis @entity1 . Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor. Basic research has provided strong evidence that oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity731 . @entity66 , lipid metabolism alterations, and hyperhomocysteinaemia observed in haemodialysis @entity1 could induce increases in LDL oxidation. This study was designed to determine the effect of @entity4181 on hyperhomocysteinaemia and to assess the antioxidant efficacy of @entity4181 . The antioxidant effect of @entity4181 was compared with that of @entity270 . METHODS: Sixteen stable @entity1 (11 @entity1 , five @entity1 ; mean age 54.3+/-6.32 years) on standard haemodialysis received 400 mg of @entity270 , orally, at the end of each haemodialysis session for 3 months. After a 1-month wash-out, they received 10 mg of @entity4181 , intravenously, at the end of each haemodialysis session for an additional 3 months. Blood samples were drawn in the morning after an overnight fast and before dialysis. Plasma @entity270 was analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) was determined using a fluorimetric method and plasma @entity920 oxidized anti-LDL antibodies (Ab-LDLox) were measured with an ELISA method using native LDL and oxLDL as antigens. Plasma @entity1255 was determined by an FPIA method. RESULTS: @entity4181 supplements significantly reduced hyperhomocysteinaemia (-44%), @entity1865 concentrations (-40%), and IgG-LDLox titres (-13%). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with @entity4181 lowers plasma @entity1255 levels and, like @entity270 , affords antioxidant protection, which prevents lipid peroxidation. This lowering of lipid peroxidation may reduce the risk of @entity731 and prevent or delay @entity65 in @entity2033 @entity1 .

title: XXXX and lipid peroxidation in haemodialysis: role of @entity4181 and @entity270 .

answer: @entity1255 :: (MESH:D006710,Chemical) :: ['Homocysteine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity65 are the leading cause of @entity204 in haemodialysis @entity1 . Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor. Basic research has provided strong evidence that oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity731 . @entity66 , lipid metabolism alterations, and hyperhomocysteinaemia observed in haemodialysis @entity1 could induce increases in LDL oxidation. This study was designed to determine the effect of @entity4181 on hyperhomocysteinaemia and to assess the antioxidant efficacy of @entity4181 . The antioxidant effect of @entity4181 was compared with that of @entity270 . METHODS: Sixteen stable @entity1 (11 @entity1 , five @entity1 ; mean age 54.3+/-6.32 years) on standard haemodialysis received 400 mg of @entity270 , orally, at the end of each haemodialysis session for 3 months. After a 1-month wash-out, they received 10 mg of @entity4181 , intravenously, at the end of each haemodialysis session for an additional 3 months. Blood samples were drawn in the morning after an overnight fast and before dialysis. Plasma @entity270 was analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) was determined using a fluorimetric method and plasma @entity920 oxidized anti-LDL antibodies (Ab-LDLox) were measured with an ELISA method using native LDL and oxLDL as antigens. Plasma @entity1255 was determined by an FPIA method. RESULTS: @entity4181 supplements significantly reduced hyperhomocysteinaemia (-44%), @entity1865 concentrations (-40%), and IgG-LDLox titres (-13%). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with @entity4181 lowers plasma @entity1255 levels and, like @entity270 , affords antioxidant protection, which prevents lipid peroxidation. This lowering of lipid peroxidation may reduce the risk of @entity731 and prevent or delay @entity65 in @entity2033 @entity1 .

title: @entity1255 and lipid peroxidation in haemodialysis: role of @entity4181 and XXXX .

answer: @entity270 :: (MESH:D014810,Chemical) :: ['vitamin E']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of @entity175 on bone density and @entity174 in postmenopausal @entity1 . DATA SOURCE: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1966 to 2000 and examined citations of relevant articles and the proceedings of international @entity170 meetings. We contacted @entity170 investigators to identify additional studies and primary authors for unpublished data. STUDY SELECTION: We included 30 studies that randomized @entity1 to @entity175 or an alternative (placebo or @entity460 and/or @entity560 ) and measured bone density or @entity174 incidence for at least 1 yr. DATA EXTRACTION: For each trial, three independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality and abstracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS: @entity175 reduced the incidence of @entity174 , with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.87, P = 0.02, n = 1404, 4 trials]. However, the RR from the one relatively large randomized controlled trial (RCT) was 0.79 (95% CI 0.62-1.00, P = 0.05, n = 1108). For nonvertebral @entity174 , the pooled RR was 0.52 (95% CI 0.22-1.23, P = 0.14, n = 1481, 3 trials). Once again, the single large trial showed a less impressive effect than the smaller trials (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.59-1.09, P = 0.16, n = 1245). For bone density of the lumbar spine, the pooled weekly dose of 250 to 2800 IU per week resulted in significant increase in the weighted mean difference (WMD) of 3.74 (2.04-5.43, P < 0.01, n = 2260, 24 trials). The combined forearm showed a similar effect, with a WMD of 3.02 (95% CI 0.98-5.07, P < 0.01, n = 468, 9 trials). At the femoral neck, the pooled weighted mean difference showed a nonsignificant trend toward benefit, WMD 3.80 (95% CI -0.32-7.91, P = 0.07, 9 trials, n = 513). Methodologically weaker studies tended to show greater effects on bone density, and the lumbar spine results suggested the possibility of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: @entity175 likely increases bone density in postmenopausal @entity1 predominantly at the lumbar spine and forearm for weekly doses of greater than 250 IU, although the true effect may be smaller than the pooled estimate would suggest. @entity175 likely reduces the risk of @entity174 ; its effect on nonvertebral @entity174 remains uncertain.

title: Meta-analyses of therapies for @entity170 . VI. Meta-analysis of XXXX for the treatment of @entity170 .

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcitonin', 'calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'vertebral fractures', 'vertebral fracture', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity175 :: (MESH:D002116,Chemical) :: ['calcitonin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of @entity175 on bone density and @entity174 in postmenopausal @entity1 . DATA SOURCE: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1966 to 2000 and examined citations of relevant articles and the proceedings of international @entity170 meetings. We contacted @entity170 investigators to identify additional studies and primary authors for unpublished data. STUDY SELECTION: We included 30 studies that randomized @entity1 to @entity175 or an alternative (placebo or @entity460 and/or @entity560 ) and measured bone density or @entity174 incidence for at least 1 yr. DATA EXTRACTION: For each trial, three independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality and abstracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS: @entity175 reduced the incidence of @entity174 , with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.87, P = 0.02, n = 1404, 4 trials]. However, the RR from the one relatively large randomized controlled trial (RCT) was 0.79 (95% CI 0.62-1.00, P = 0.05, n = 1108). For nonvertebral @entity174 , the pooled RR was 0.52 (95% CI 0.22-1.23, P = 0.14, n = 1481, 3 trials). Once again, the single large trial showed a less impressive effect than the smaller trials (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.59-1.09, P = 0.16, n = 1245). For bone density of the lumbar spine, the pooled weekly dose of 250 to 2800 IU per week resulted in significant increase in the weighted mean difference (WMD) of 3.74 (2.04-5.43, P < 0.01, n = 2260, 24 trials). The combined forearm showed a similar effect, with a WMD of 3.02 (95% CI 0.98-5.07, P < 0.01, n = 468, 9 trials). At the femoral neck, the pooled weighted mean difference showed a nonsignificant trend toward benefit, WMD 3.80 (95% CI -0.32-7.91, P = 0.07, 9 trials, n = 513). Methodologically weaker studies tended to show greater effects on bone density, and the lumbar spine results suggested the possibility of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: @entity175 likely increases bone density in postmenopausal @entity1 predominantly at the lumbar spine and forearm for weekly doses of greater than 250 IU, although the true effect may be smaller than the pooled estimate would suggest. @entity175 likely reduces the risk of @entity174 ; its effect on nonvertebral @entity174 remains uncertain.

title: Meta-analyses of therapies for XXXX . VI. Meta-analysis of @entity175 for the treatment of @entity170 .

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of @entity175 on bone density and @entity174 in postmenopausal @entity1 . DATA SOURCE: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1966 to 2000 and examined citations of relevant articles and the proceedings of international @entity170 meetings. We contacted @entity170 investigators to identify additional studies and primary authors for unpublished data. STUDY SELECTION: We included 30 studies that randomized @entity1 to @entity175 or an alternative (placebo or @entity460 and/or @entity560 ) and measured bone density or @entity174 incidence for at least 1 yr. DATA EXTRACTION: For each trial, three independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality and abstracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS: @entity175 reduced the incidence of @entity174 , with a pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25-0.87, P = 0.02, n = 1404, 4 trials]. However, the RR from the one relatively large randomized controlled trial (RCT) was 0.79 (95% CI 0.62-1.00, P = 0.05, n = 1108). For nonvertebral @entity174 , the pooled RR was 0.52 (95% CI 0.22-1.23, P = 0.14, n = 1481, 3 trials). Once again, the single large trial showed a less impressive effect than the smaller trials (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.59-1.09, P = 0.16, n = 1245). For bone density of the lumbar spine, the pooled weekly dose of 250 to 2800 IU per week resulted in significant increase in the weighted mean difference (WMD) of 3.74 (2.04-5.43, P < 0.01, n = 2260, 24 trials). The combined forearm showed a similar effect, with a WMD of 3.02 (95% CI 0.98-5.07, P < 0.01, n = 468, 9 trials). At the femoral neck, the pooled weighted mean difference showed a nonsignificant trend toward benefit, WMD 3.80 (95% CI -0.32-7.91, P = 0.07, 9 trials, n = 513). Methodologically weaker studies tended to show greater effects on bone density, and the lumbar spine results suggested the possibility of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: @entity175 likely increases bone density in postmenopausal @entity1 predominantly at the lumbar spine and forearm for weekly doses of greater than 250 IU, although the true effect may be smaller than the pooled estimate would suggest. @entity175 likely reduces the risk of @entity174 ; its effect on nonvertebral @entity174 remains uncertain.

title: Meta-analyses of therapies for @entity170 . VI. Meta-analysis of @entity175 for the treatment of XXXX .

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The locus on chromosome 15q13.3 containing @entity13465 is correlated with the risk of @entity3384 with or without @entity2419 ( @entity9147 /P). The aim of the present study was to find the @entity13465 functional variants implicated in the aetiology of this @entity600 in the Polish population. METHODS: Eight polymorphisms were genotyped in 334 @entity9147 /P @entity1 and 955 controls. In addition, the @entity13465 protein-coding region was sequenced in 96 @entity9147 /P @entity1 . RESULTS: Significant association with a risk of @entity3384 was found for 5 tested polymorphisms. The lowest ptrend values were identified for @entity70580 , @entity70581 , and @entity70582 (ptrend 4.09E-05, 3.35E-05, and 0.0002, respectively). The putative functional variant @entity70580 , located in a region that has enhancer activity, was associated with a 2.6-fold lower risk for @entity9147 /P (odds ratio [OR]   =   0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.61, p   =   2.37E-05). The previously reported association of @entity70582 with @entity9147 /P was replicated (OR   =   0.57; 95% CI, 0.44-0.73; p   =   1.10E-05). For all tested @entity13465 variants, no significant sex-by-genotype interaction effects were observed. The sequencing analysis did not detect any rare variants implicated in the development of @entity3384 . CONCLUSION: Our results might suggest that variants influencing @entity13465 expression levels, rather than variants affecting the function of the encoded protein, are significant factors in @entity9147 /P etiology. @entity600 Research (Part A), 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Association between polymorphisms at the @entity13465 locus and the risk of @entity3384 with or without XXXX in the Polish population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['Birth Defects', 'common developmental anomaly']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['cleft palate']

entities_list: @entity3384 :: ('MESH:D002971', 'Disease') :: ['oral clefts', 'nonsyndromic cleft lip']

answer: @entity2419 :: (MESH:D002972,Disease) :: ['cleft palate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The locus on chromosome 15q13.3 containing @entity13465 is correlated with the risk of @entity3384 with or without @entity2419 ( @entity9147 /P). The aim of the present study was to find the @entity13465 functional variants implicated in the aetiology of this @entity600 in the Polish population. METHODS: Eight polymorphisms were genotyped in 334 @entity9147 /P @entity1 and 955 controls. In addition, the @entity13465 protein-coding region was sequenced in 96 @entity9147 /P @entity1 . RESULTS: Significant association with a risk of @entity3384 was found for 5 tested polymorphisms. The lowest ptrend values were identified for @entity70580 , @entity70581 , and @entity70582 (ptrend 4.09E-05, 3.35E-05, and 0.0002, respectively). The putative functional variant @entity70580 , located in a region that has enhancer activity, was associated with a 2.6-fold lower risk for @entity9147 /P (odds ratio [OR]   =   0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.61, p   =   2.37E-05). The previously reported association of @entity70582 with @entity9147 /P was replicated (OR   =   0.57; 95% CI, 0.44-0.73; p   =   1.10E-05). For all tested @entity13465 variants, no significant sex-by-genotype interaction effects were observed. The sequencing analysis did not detect any rare variants implicated in the development of @entity3384 . CONCLUSION: Our results might suggest that variants influencing @entity13465 expression levels, rather than variants affecting the function of the encoded protein, are significant factors in @entity9147 /P etiology. @entity600 Research (Part A), 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Association between polymorphisms at the @entity13465 locus and the risk of XXXX with or without @entity2419 in the Polish population.

answer: @entity3384 :: (MESH:D002971,Disease) :: ['nonsyndromic cleft lip']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The locus on chromosome 15q13.3 containing @entity13465 is correlated with the risk of @entity3384 with or without @entity2419 ( @entity9147 /P). The aim of the present study was to find the @entity13465 functional variants implicated in the aetiology of this @entity600 in the Polish population. METHODS: Eight polymorphisms were genotyped in 334 @entity9147 /P @entity1 and 955 controls. In addition, the @entity13465 protein-coding region was sequenced in 96 @entity9147 /P @entity1 . RESULTS: Significant association with a risk of @entity3384 was found for 5 tested polymorphisms. The lowest ptrend values were identified for @entity70580 , @entity70581 , and @entity70582 (ptrend 4.09E-05, 3.35E-05, and 0.0002, respectively). The putative functional variant @entity70580 , located in a region that has enhancer activity, was associated with a 2.6-fold lower risk for @entity9147 /P (odds ratio [OR]   =   0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.61, p   =   2.37E-05). The previously reported association of @entity70582 with @entity9147 /P was replicated (OR   =   0.57; 95% CI, 0.44-0.73; p   =   1.10E-05). For all tested @entity13465 variants, no significant sex-by-genotype interaction effects were observed. The sequencing analysis did not detect any rare variants implicated in the development of @entity3384 . CONCLUSION: Our results might suggest that variants influencing @entity13465 expression levels, rather than variants affecting the function of the encoded protein, are significant factors in @entity9147 /P etiology. @entity600 Research (Part A), 2015.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Association between polymorphisms at the XXXX locus and the risk of @entity3384 with or without @entity2419 in the Polish population.

answer: @entity13465 :: (26585,Gene) :: ['GREM1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pediatric surgical practice is different in low- and middle-income countries as compared to North America. While resources are limited, the impact of pediatric surgical procedures is significant. The objective of this study was to calculate and compare disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted in a Kenyan and Canadian surgical unit for a subset of pediatric @entity154 . METHODS: Medical records of @entity1 having undergone surgical procedures for 13 congenital conditions in both surgical units were collected over 12  months. DALYs for each condition were calculated using previously obtained disability weights derived in each country. Age-adjusted life expectancy rates from the WHO were used to determine years of life lost. Risk of @entity2319 without surgery and probability of successful treatment values were obtained from the literature and included in the DALY calculation. RESULTS: The conditions accounting for the largest total number of averted DALYs in Kenya were @entity1276 (60.8  %) and spina bifida (18.1  %), whereas in Canada they were @entity1276 (24.2  %) and undescended testes (19.2  %). A total of 23,169 DALYs were averted through 1042 surgical procedures (22.2 DALYs per procedure) during the study period in Kenya, compared to 5497 DALYs through 373 procedures (14.7 DALYs per procedure) in Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Using recent developments in @entity66 measurement, the results point to the significant impact of pediatric surgical centers in addressing the global burden of @entity66 . The study carries significant implications for resource allocation and training.

title: Quantifying the Disability from XXXX Averted Through Pediatric Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of a Pediatric Surgical Unit in Kenya and Canada.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['congenital surgical disease', 'burden of disease']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['permanent disability']

answer: @entity154 :: (MESH:D000013,Disease) :: ['Congenital Anomalies']


abstract: We developed highly reliable co-dominant SCAR markers linked to the Frl gene. FORL testing is difficult. The marker is expected to be quickly adapted for MAS by @entity523 breeders. @entity4278 @entity10327 . radicis-lycopersici causes Fusarium crown and root rot (FCR), an economically important soil-borne disease of @entity523 . The resistance against FCR is conferred by a single dominant gene (Frl) located on chromosome 9. The aim of this study was to develop molecular markers linked to the Frl gene for use in marker-assisted breeding (MAS) programs. The FCR-resistant 'Fla. 7781' and susceptible 'B560' lines were crossed, and F1 was both selfed and backcrossed to 'B560' to generate segregating F2 and BC1 populations. The two conserved set II (COSII) markers were found linked to the Frl gene, one co-segregated with FCR resistance in both F2 and BC1 populations and the other was 8.5 cM away. Both COSII markers were converted into co-dominant SCAR markers. SCARFrl marker produced a 950 and a 1000 bp fragments for resistant and susceptible alleles, respectively. The linkage of SCARFrl marker was confirmed in BC2F3 populations developed by backcrossing the resistant 'Fla. 7781' to five different susceptible lines. The SCARFrl marker has been in use in the @entity523 breeding programs in BATEM, Antalya, @entity233 , since 2012 and has proved highly reliable. The SCARFrl marker is expected to aid in the development of FCR-resistant lines via marker-assisted selection (MAS).

title: Development of co-dominant SCAR markers linked to resistant gene against the XXXX @entity10327 . radicis-lycopersici.

entities_list: @entity4278 :: ('5507', 'Species') :: ['Fusarium oxysporum']

answer: @entity4278 :: (5507,Species) :: ['Fusarium oxysporum']


abstract: We developed highly reliable co-dominant SCAR markers linked to the Frl gene. FORL testing is difficult. The marker is expected to be quickly adapted for MAS by @entity523 breeders. @entity4278 @entity10327 . radicis-lycopersici causes Fusarium crown and root rot (FCR), an economically important soil-borne disease of @entity523 . The resistance against FCR is conferred by a single dominant gene (Frl) located on chromosome 9. The aim of this study was to develop molecular markers linked to the Frl gene for use in marker-assisted breeding (MAS) programs. The FCR-resistant 'Fla. 7781' and susceptible 'B560' lines were crossed, and F1 was both selfed and backcrossed to 'B560' to generate segregating F2 and BC1 populations. The two conserved set II (COSII) markers were found linked to the Frl gene, one co-segregated with FCR resistance in both F2 and BC1 populations and the other was 8.5 cM away. Both COSII markers were converted into co-dominant SCAR markers. SCARFrl marker produced a 950 and a 1000 bp fragments for resistant and susceptible alleles, respectively. The linkage of SCARFrl marker was confirmed in BC2F3 populations developed by backcrossing the resistant 'Fla. 7781' to five different susceptible lines. The SCARFrl marker has been in use in the @entity523 breeding programs in BATEM, Antalya, @entity233 , since 2012 and has proved highly reliable. The SCARFrl marker is expected to aid in the development of FCR-resistant lines via marker-assisted selection (MAS).

title: Development of co-dominant SCAR markers linked to resistant gene against the @entity4278 XXXX . radicis-lycopersici.

answer: @entity10327 :: (239,Species) :: ['f. sp']


abstract: Antigen-driven interaction of dendritic cells (DC) with @entity404 (+) T(h) cells results in the exchange of bidirectional activating signals. Cross-linking of TCR by MHC class II-bound antigen activates T(h) cells, resulting in their up-regulation of @entity2936 ligand. Here we show that MHC class II molecules, in addition to their passive role in DC-T(h) cell interaction, can also actively induce DC maturation. Cross-linking of MHC class II molecules on @entity1 monocyte-derived DC results in the up-regulation of the surface expression of @entity8730 , @entity7938 , @entity2937 , @entity2071 , @entity4896 and @entity2936 molecules, the typical DC maturation-associated markers. It also promotes a rapid homotypic aggregation of DC paralleled by the up-regulation of such adhesion molecules as VLA-4, @entity8265 , @entity2071 and @entity2935 . The impact of MHC class II cross-linking upon DC was context dependent. The outcome of MHC class II signaling depends on the maturation status of DC. While the cross-linking of MHC class II on immature DC promoted their maturation, the dominant effect upon the DC that were previously matured was the induction of DC apoptosis. Our current observations indicate that, in addition to the previously reported negative impact of MHC class II-mediated signaling on DC function, it also promotes DC maturation, participating in the enhancement of DC stimulatory function. Importantly, MHC class II-induced DC maturation and apoptosis are mediated by different signaling pathways, sensitive to different sets of inhibitors. This opens the possibility of differential regulation of each of these events in immunotherapy.

title: Differential regulation of maturation and apoptosis of XXXX monocyte-derived dendritic cells mediated by MHC class II.

entities_list: @entity8265 :: ('7052', 'Gene') :: ['tissue transglutaminase']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of @entity561 on bone density and @entity174 in postmenopausal @entity1 . DATA SOURCE: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Current Contents, and the Cochrane Controlled trials registry from 1980 to 1999, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings. STUDY SELECTION: We included 11 trials that randomized @entity1 to @entity561 or placebo and measured bone density for at least 1 yr. DATA EXTRACTION: For each trial, three independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality and abstracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS: The pooled relative risk (RR) for @entity174 in @entity1 given 5 mg or more of @entity561 was 0.52 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-0.65]. The RR of @entity174 in @entity1 given 10 mg or more of @entity561 was 0.51 (95% CI 0.38-0.69), an appreciably greater effect than for the 5 mg dose. We found a similar reduction in RR across nonvertebral fracture types; in particular, RR reductions for @entity174 traditionally thought to be " @entity3604 ," such as hip and forearm, were very similar to RR reductions for "nonosteoporotic" @entity174 . Individual studies showed similar results, reflected in the P values of the test of heterogeneity (P = 0.99 for vertebral and 0.88 for @entity174 ). @entity561 produced positive effects on the percentage change in bone density, which increased with both dose and time. After 3 yr of treatment with 10 mg of @entity561 or more, the pooled estimate of the difference in percentage change between @entity561 and placebo was 7.48% (95% CI 6.12-8.85) for the lumbar spine (2-3 yr), 5.60% (95% CI 4.80-6.39) for the hip (3-4 yr), 2.08% (95% CI 1.53-2.63) for the forearm (2-4 yr), and 2.73% (95% CI 2.27-3.20) for the total body (3 yr). Heterogeneity of the treatment effect of @entity561 was not consistently explained by any of our a priori hypotheses; in particular, the effect was very similar in prevention and treatment studies. The pooled RR for discontinuing medication due to adverse effects for 5 mg or greater of @entity561 was 1.15 (95% CI 0.93-1.42). The pooled RR for discontinuing medication due to gastro-intestinal (GI) side effects for 5 mg or greater was 1.03 (0.81-1.30, P = 0.83), and the pooled RR for GI adverse effects with continuation of medication was 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) P = 0.23. CONCLUSIONS: @entity561 increases bone density in both early postmenopausal @entity1 and those with established @entity170 while reducing the rate of @entity174 over 2-3 yr of treatment. Reductions in @entity174 are evident among postmenopausal @entity1 without prevalent @entity174 and have bone mineral density (BMD) levels below the World Health Organization threshold for @entity170 . The impact on @entity174 appears consistent across all fracture types, casting doubt on traditional distinctions between @entity3604 and @entity174 .

title: Meta-analyses of therapies for @entity170 . II. Meta-analysis of XXXX for the treatment of postmenopausal @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'nonvertebral fractures', 'nonosteoporotic fractures', 'vertebral fractures', 'vertebral fracture']

entities_list: @entity561 :: ('MESH:D019386', 'Chemical') :: ['alendronate', 'Alendronate']

answer: @entity561 :: (MESH:D019386,Chemical) :: ['alendronate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of @entity561 on bone density and @entity174 in postmenopausal @entity1 . DATA SOURCE: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Current Contents, and the Cochrane Controlled trials registry from 1980 to 1999, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings. STUDY SELECTION: We included 11 trials that randomized @entity1 to @entity561 or placebo and measured bone density for at least 1 yr. DATA EXTRACTION: For each trial, three independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality and abstracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS: The pooled relative risk (RR) for @entity174 in @entity1 given 5 mg or more of @entity561 was 0.52 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-0.65]. The RR of @entity174 in @entity1 given 10 mg or more of @entity561 was 0.51 (95% CI 0.38-0.69), an appreciably greater effect than for the 5 mg dose. We found a similar reduction in RR across nonvertebral fracture types; in particular, RR reductions for @entity174 traditionally thought to be " @entity3604 ," such as hip and forearm, were very similar to RR reductions for "nonosteoporotic" @entity174 . Individual studies showed similar results, reflected in the P values of the test of heterogeneity (P = 0.99 for vertebral and 0.88 for @entity174 ). @entity561 produced positive effects on the percentage change in bone density, which increased with both dose and time. After 3 yr of treatment with 10 mg of @entity561 or more, the pooled estimate of the difference in percentage change between @entity561 and placebo was 7.48% (95% CI 6.12-8.85) for the lumbar spine (2-3 yr), 5.60% (95% CI 4.80-6.39) for the hip (3-4 yr), 2.08% (95% CI 1.53-2.63) for the forearm (2-4 yr), and 2.73% (95% CI 2.27-3.20) for the total body (3 yr). Heterogeneity of the treatment effect of @entity561 was not consistently explained by any of our a priori hypotheses; in particular, the effect was very similar in prevention and treatment studies. The pooled RR for discontinuing medication due to adverse effects for 5 mg or greater of @entity561 was 1.15 (95% CI 0.93-1.42). The pooled RR for discontinuing medication due to gastro-intestinal (GI) side effects for 5 mg or greater was 1.03 (0.81-1.30, P = 0.83), and the pooled RR for GI adverse effects with continuation of medication was 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) P = 0.23. CONCLUSIONS: @entity561 increases bone density in both early postmenopausal @entity1 and those with established @entity170 while reducing the rate of @entity174 over 2-3 yr of treatment. Reductions in @entity174 are evident among postmenopausal @entity1 without prevalent @entity174 and have bone mineral density (BMD) levels below the World Health Organization threshold for @entity170 . The impact on @entity174 appears consistent across all fracture types, casting doubt on traditional distinctions between @entity3604 and @entity174 .

title: Meta-analyses of therapies for XXXX . II. Meta-analysis of @entity561 for the treatment of postmenopausal @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of @entity561 on bone density and @entity174 in postmenopausal @entity1 . DATA SOURCE: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Current Contents, and the Cochrane Controlled trials registry from 1980 to 1999, and we examined citations of relevant articles and proceedings of international meetings. STUDY SELECTION: We included 11 trials that randomized @entity1 to @entity561 or placebo and measured bone density for at least 1 yr. DATA EXTRACTION: For each trial, three independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality and abstracted data. DATA SYNTHESIS: The pooled relative risk (RR) for @entity174 in @entity1 given 5 mg or more of @entity561 was 0.52 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-0.65]. The RR of @entity174 in @entity1 given 10 mg or more of @entity561 was 0.51 (95% CI 0.38-0.69), an appreciably greater effect than for the 5 mg dose. We found a similar reduction in RR across nonvertebral fracture types; in particular, RR reductions for @entity174 traditionally thought to be " @entity3604 ," such as hip and forearm, were very similar to RR reductions for "nonosteoporotic" @entity174 . Individual studies showed similar results, reflected in the P values of the test of heterogeneity (P = 0.99 for vertebral and 0.88 for @entity174 ). @entity561 produced positive effects on the percentage change in bone density, which increased with both dose and time. After 3 yr of treatment with 10 mg of @entity561 or more, the pooled estimate of the difference in percentage change between @entity561 and placebo was 7.48% (95% CI 6.12-8.85) for the lumbar spine (2-3 yr), 5.60% (95% CI 4.80-6.39) for the hip (3-4 yr), 2.08% (95% CI 1.53-2.63) for the forearm (2-4 yr), and 2.73% (95% CI 2.27-3.20) for the total body (3 yr). Heterogeneity of the treatment effect of @entity561 was not consistently explained by any of our a priori hypotheses; in particular, the effect was very similar in prevention and treatment studies. The pooled RR for discontinuing medication due to adverse effects for 5 mg or greater of @entity561 was 1.15 (95% CI 0.93-1.42). The pooled RR for discontinuing medication due to gastro-intestinal (GI) side effects for 5 mg or greater was 1.03 (0.81-1.30, P = 0.83), and the pooled RR for GI adverse effects with continuation of medication was 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) P = 0.23. CONCLUSIONS: @entity561 increases bone density in both early postmenopausal @entity1 and those with established @entity170 while reducing the rate of @entity174 over 2-3 yr of treatment. Reductions in @entity174 are evident among postmenopausal @entity1 without prevalent @entity174 and have bone mineral density (BMD) levels below the World Health Organization threshold for @entity170 . The impact on @entity174 appears consistent across all fracture types, casting doubt on traditional distinctions between @entity3604 and @entity174 .

title: Meta-analyses of therapies for @entity170 . II. Meta-analysis of @entity561 for the treatment of postmenopausal XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: AIM: To investigate the outcome of @entity11 resection surgery and changes of pyramidal tract (PT) for @entity1 where PT is immediately adjacent to the @entity5 , which were revealed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) based fiber tracking (FT) technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 40 @entity1 enrolled. Preoperative and intraoperative tractography of the PT was performed before and after @entity11 resection. Motor function was recorded before surgery and 1 week, three to six months after surgery. Distances (D) between intraoperative tractography of the PT and the resection cavity were measured. RESULTS: 14 @entity1 had transient aggravated or newly @entity51 1 week after surgery. After 3 to 6 months follow up, only 3 (7.5%) @entity1 had @entity51 . In 12 (30%) @entity1 , the intraoperative PT tractogram adjoined the resection cavity after @entity5 removal (D=0). They all had transient aggravated @entity51 after surgery and 3 were permanent. In 19 @entity1 with preoperative @entity51 , 11 (57.90%) had zero D value. In other 21 @entity1 , 1 (4.76%) had zero D value. There was significant difference between these two ratio (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: DTI based FT is helpful in protection for the PT during @entity11 surgery, even if the PT is directly adjacent to the @entity11 . @entity1 with preoperative @entity51 faced more risk of persistent aggravated deficits after surgery.

title: Functional outcome of surgery for XXXX directly adjacent to pyramidal tract depicted by diffusion-tensor based fiber tracking.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['motor deficits', 'permanent deficits']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The therapeutic potential of TA, an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, for the treatment of @entity989 has been examined in several independent clinical studies. The modulation of permeability and adhesion molecule expression of an epithelial cell line has been described in vitro, with the use of cytokines and @entity2995 (TA). In the current study, the influence of proinflammatory cytokines and TA on permeability and adhesion molecule expression in @entity1 choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) was investigated. METHODS: @entity1 CEC isolates treated with @entity379 , @entity310 , and TA were evaluated by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry for expression of @entity2071 , @entity4725 , and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and -II. The effects of @entity379 , @entity310 , and TA on paracellular permeability of CEC monolayers were assessed in transendothelial cell resistance (TER) assays. RESULTS: Both @entity379 and @entity310 significantly upregulated expression of @entity2071 and MHC-I on CECs. Expression of @entity4725 was induced after stimulation with both @entity379 and @entity310 , whereas expression of MHC-II was induced only by stimulation with @entity379 . Cytokine-induced expression of @entity2071 , MHC-I, and MHC-II antigen by CECs was significantly downregulated by TA. @entity379 stimulation also increased permeability of CEC monolayers, whereas subsequent TA treatment decreased permeability of CEC monolayers. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 CEC isolates provide a useful in vitro model to study @entity1940 characteristics and their potential response to pro- and anti-inflammatory agents. In addition, the results indicate that TA has the capacity to reduce adhesion molecule expression and permeability of choroidal vessels in vitro, confirming its potential as a therapeutic agent for treatment of exudative @entity1020 .

title: Modulation of permeability and adhesion molecule expression by XXXX choroidal endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity1940 :: ('MESH:D020256', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascular membrane']

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1', 'VCAM1']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['exudative retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1', 'ICAM1']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiology and impact of mortality from chickenpox in England and Wales. DESIGN: Review of death certificates from the Office for National Statistics on which codes for "chickenpox" or "varicella" were mentioned. Further information ascertained from certifying physician. @entity1 : Those certified as having died from chickenpox in England and Wales, 1995-7. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diagnosis and age and sex distributions of deaths from chickenpox. RESULTS: On average, 25 @entity1 a year die from chickenpox. Overall case fatality was 9.22 per 100 000 consultations for chickenpox. Adults accounted for 81% of deaths and 19% of consultations. @entity204 were twice as common in @entity1 as in @entity1 . More of those who died were born outside United Kingdom than expected (12% v 4%). CONCLUSIONS: Chickenpox is not a mild disease. @entity204 in adults are increasing, both in number and proportion.

title: XXXX from chickenpox in England and Wales 1995-7: analysis of routine mortality data.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'men']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['Deaths']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We prospectively compared the diagnostic accuracies of PET/CT and @entity10673 in @entity1 with suspected bone @entity3 from @entity0 . METHODS: This single-institution prospective study included consecutive @entity1 with suspected bone @entity3 from biopsy-proven @entity0 seen at Tokai University Hospital between September 2011 and March 2014. Inclusion criteria included suspicions for bone @entity3 (bone @entity158 , elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated @entity5 markers, or suspected bone @entity3 by @entity10673 ). Two nuclear medicine physicians evaluated PET/CT and @entity10673 images. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 were initially enrolled in this study. Two were excluded from the analyses because they declined to undergo imaging during follow-up. PET/CT successfully detected bone @entity3 in all 10 @entity1 finally diagnosed with the condition, whereas @entity10673 identified 2. The two methods were not highly concordant in detecting osseous @entity3 . In 19 of 28 paired studies (68  %), 2 (10  %) were positive for @entity3 , and 17 (90  %) were negative. Nine occurrences (32  %) were discordant; of these, 2 were PET/CT positive and @entity10673 negative; 5 were PET/CT positive and @entity10673 equivocal; one was PET/CT negative and @entity10673 equivocal, and one was PET/CT equivocal and @entity10673 negative. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that PET/CT was superior to @entity10673 for the diagnosis of bone @entity3 . On the basis of the results of previous studies as well as ours, PET/CT could replace @entity10673 as the initial modality to detect bone @entity3 in @entity1 suspected for the condition.

title: Diagnostic performance of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and bone scintigraphy in XXXX @entity1 with suspected bone @entity3 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We prospectively compared the diagnostic accuracies of PET/CT and @entity10673 in @entity1 with suspected bone @entity3 from @entity0 . METHODS: This single-institution prospective study included consecutive @entity1 with suspected bone @entity3 from biopsy-proven @entity0 seen at Tokai University Hospital between September 2011 and March 2014. Inclusion criteria included suspicions for bone @entity3 (bone @entity158 , elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated @entity5 markers, or suspected bone @entity3 by @entity10673 ). Two nuclear medicine physicians evaluated PET/CT and @entity10673 images. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 were initially enrolled in this study. Two were excluded from the analyses because they declined to undergo imaging during follow-up. PET/CT successfully detected bone @entity3 in all 10 @entity1 finally diagnosed with the condition, whereas @entity10673 identified 2. The two methods were not highly concordant in detecting osseous @entity3 . In 19 of 28 paired studies (68  %), 2 (10  %) were positive for @entity3 , and 17 (90  %) were negative. Nine occurrences (32  %) were discordant; of these, 2 were PET/CT positive and @entity10673 negative; 5 were PET/CT positive and @entity10673 equivocal; one was PET/CT negative and @entity10673 equivocal, and one was PET/CT equivocal and @entity10673 negative. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that PET/CT was superior to @entity10673 for the diagnosis of bone @entity3 . On the basis of the results of previous studies as well as ours, PET/CT could replace @entity10673 as the initial modality to detect bone @entity3 in @entity1 suspected for the condition.

title: Diagnostic performance of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and bone scintigraphy in @entity0 @entity1 with suspected bone XXXX .

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We prospectively compared the diagnostic accuracies of PET/CT and @entity10673 in @entity1 with suspected bone @entity3 from @entity0 . METHODS: This single-institution prospective study included consecutive @entity1 with suspected bone @entity3 from biopsy-proven @entity0 seen at Tokai University Hospital between September 2011 and March 2014. Inclusion criteria included suspicions for bone @entity3 (bone @entity158 , elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated @entity5 markers, or suspected bone @entity3 by @entity10673 ). Two nuclear medicine physicians evaluated PET/CT and @entity10673 images. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 were initially enrolled in this study. Two were excluded from the analyses because they declined to undergo imaging during follow-up. PET/CT successfully detected bone @entity3 in all 10 @entity1 finally diagnosed with the condition, whereas @entity10673 identified 2. The two methods were not highly concordant in detecting osseous @entity3 . In 19 of 28 paired studies (68  %), 2 (10  %) were positive for @entity3 , and 17 (90  %) were negative. Nine occurrences (32  %) were discordant; of these, 2 were PET/CT positive and @entity10673 negative; 5 were PET/CT positive and @entity10673 equivocal; one was PET/CT negative and @entity10673 equivocal, and one was PET/CT equivocal and @entity10673 negative. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that PET/CT was superior to @entity10673 for the diagnosis of bone @entity3 . On the basis of the results of previous studies as well as ours, PET/CT could replace @entity10673 as the initial modality to detect bone @entity3 in @entity1 suspected for the condition.

title: Diagnostic performance of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and bone scintigraphy in @entity0 XXXX with suspected bone @entity3 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: We conducted this randomized study comparing the activity and @entity137 of @entity1311 and @entity136 (PG) and @entity1311 and @entity3003 (PC) combinations for the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Chemotherapy-naive @entity1 were randomized to @entity1311 200 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus either @entity3003 at an area under the concentration-time curve of 6 on day 1 (group A) or @entity136 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (group B) every 3 weeks. A retrospective cost analysis was conducted using Student's t test to compare independent samples between groups. RESULTS: A total of 509 @entity1 (group A, 252 @entity1 ; group B, 257 @entity1 ) were enrolled; all characteristics were well balanced. The median survival time was 10.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8 to 12 months) for group A and 9.8 months (95% CI, 8.0 to 11.7 months) for group B (P =.32). Respective 1-year survival rates were 41.7% and 41.4%. The response rate for group A was 28.0% (2% complete response [CR], 26% partial response [PR] [95% CI, 22% to 34%]), and the response rate for group B was 35.0% (5% CR, 30% PR) [95% CI, 29% to 41%]) (P =.12). @entity137 was mild. Grades 3/4 @entity1398 , @entity882 , and @entity417 for groups A and B were seen in 15% and 15%, 2% and 1%, and 5% and 2%, respectively. The mean total cost (outpatient clinic visits plus chemotherapy drug fee) for group A ( @entity7634 ; 7,612.64) versus group B ( @entity7634 ; 7,484.77) was not statistically significant (P <.66). CONCLUSION: The PG combination is as equally active and well tolerated as the PC combination in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: @entity1311 plus @entity3003 versus @entity136 plus @entity1311 in advanced XXXX : a phase III randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: We conducted this randomized study comparing the activity and @entity137 of @entity1311 and @entity136 (PG) and @entity1311 and @entity3003 (PC) combinations for the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Chemotherapy-naive @entity1 were randomized to @entity1311 200 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus either @entity3003 at an area under the concentration-time curve of 6 on day 1 (group A) or @entity136 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (group B) every 3 weeks. A retrospective cost analysis was conducted using Student's t test to compare independent samples between groups. RESULTS: A total of 509 @entity1 (group A, 252 @entity1 ; group B, 257 @entity1 ) were enrolled; all characteristics were well balanced. The median survival time was 10.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8 to 12 months) for group A and 9.8 months (95% CI, 8.0 to 11.7 months) for group B (P =.32). Respective 1-year survival rates were 41.7% and 41.4%. The response rate for group A was 28.0% (2% complete response [CR], 26% partial response [PR] [95% CI, 22% to 34%]), and the response rate for group B was 35.0% (5% CR, 30% PR) [95% CI, 29% to 41%]) (P =.12). @entity137 was mild. Grades 3/4 @entity1398 , @entity882 , and @entity417 for groups A and B were seen in 15% and 15%, 2% and 1%, and 5% and 2%, respectively. The mean total cost (outpatient clinic visits plus chemotherapy drug fee) for group A ( @entity7634 ; 7,612.64) versus group B ( @entity7634 ; 7,484.77) was not statistically significant (P <.66). CONCLUSION: The PG combination is as equally active and well tolerated as the PC combination in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: @entity1311 plus XXXX versus @entity136 plus @entity1311 in advanced @entity1149 : a phase III randomized trial.

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: We conducted this randomized study comparing the activity and @entity137 of @entity1311 and @entity136 (PG) and @entity1311 and @entity3003 (PC) combinations for the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Chemotherapy-naive @entity1 were randomized to @entity1311 200 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus either @entity3003 at an area under the concentration-time curve of 6 on day 1 (group A) or @entity136 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (group B) every 3 weeks. A retrospective cost analysis was conducted using Student's t test to compare independent samples between groups. RESULTS: A total of 509 @entity1 (group A, 252 @entity1 ; group B, 257 @entity1 ) were enrolled; all characteristics were well balanced. The median survival time was 10.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8 to 12 months) for group A and 9.8 months (95% CI, 8.0 to 11.7 months) for group B (P =.32). Respective 1-year survival rates were 41.7% and 41.4%. The response rate for group A was 28.0% (2% complete response [CR], 26% partial response [PR] [95% CI, 22% to 34%]), and the response rate for group B was 35.0% (5% CR, 30% PR) [95% CI, 29% to 41%]) (P =.12). @entity137 was mild. Grades 3/4 @entity1398 , @entity882 , and @entity417 for groups A and B were seen in 15% and 15%, 2% and 1%, and 5% and 2%, respectively. The mean total cost (outpatient clinic visits plus chemotherapy drug fee) for group A ( @entity7634 ; 7,612.64) versus group B ( @entity7634 ; 7,484.77) was not statistically significant (P <.66). CONCLUSION: The PG combination is as equally active and well tolerated as the PC combination in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: XXXX plus @entity3003 versus @entity136 plus @entity1311 in advanced @entity1149 : a phase III randomized trial.

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: PURPOSE: We conducted this randomized study comparing the activity and @entity137 of @entity1311 and @entity136 (PG) and @entity1311 and @entity3003 (PC) combinations for the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Chemotherapy-naive @entity1 were randomized to @entity1311 200 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus either @entity3003 at an area under the concentration-time curve of 6 on day 1 (group A) or @entity136 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (group B) every 3 weeks. A retrospective cost analysis was conducted using Student's t test to compare independent samples between groups. RESULTS: A total of 509 @entity1 (group A, 252 @entity1 ; group B, 257 @entity1 ) were enrolled; all characteristics were well balanced. The median survival time was 10.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8 to 12 months) for group A and 9.8 months (95% CI, 8.0 to 11.7 months) for group B (P =.32). Respective 1-year survival rates were 41.7% and 41.4%. The response rate for group A was 28.0% (2% complete response [CR], 26% partial response [PR] [95% CI, 22% to 34%]), and the response rate for group B was 35.0% (5% CR, 30% PR) [95% CI, 29% to 41%]) (P =.12). @entity137 was mild. Grades 3/4 @entity1398 , @entity882 , and @entity417 for groups A and B were seen in 15% and 15%, 2% and 1%, and 5% and 2%, respectively. The mean total cost (outpatient clinic visits plus chemotherapy drug fee) for group A ( @entity7634 ; 7,612.64) versus group B ( @entity7634 ; 7,484.77) was not statistically significant (P <.66). CONCLUSION: The PG combination is as equally active and well tolerated as the PC combination in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: @entity1311 plus @entity3003 versus @entity136 plus XXXX in advanced @entity1149 : a phase III randomized trial.

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: PURPOSE: We conducted this randomized study comparing the activity and @entity137 of @entity1311 and @entity136 (PG) and @entity1311 and @entity3003 (PC) combinations for the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Chemotherapy-naive @entity1 were randomized to @entity1311 200 mg/m(2) on day 1 plus either @entity3003 at an area under the concentration-time curve of 6 on day 1 (group A) or @entity136 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (group B) every 3 weeks. A retrospective cost analysis was conducted using Student's t test to compare independent samples between groups. RESULTS: A total of 509 @entity1 (group A, 252 @entity1 ; group B, 257 @entity1 ) were enrolled; all characteristics were well balanced. The median survival time was 10.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8 to 12 months) for group A and 9.8 months (95% CI, 8.0 to 11.7 months) for group B (P =.32). Respective 1-year survival rates were 41.7% and 41.4%. The response rate for group A was 28.0% (2% complete response [CR], 26% partial response [PR] [95% CI, 22% to 34%]), and the response rate for group B was 35.0% (5% CR, 30% PR) [95% CI, 29% to 41%]) (P =.12). @entity137 was mild. Grades 3/4 @entity1398 , @entity882 , and @entity417 for groups A and B were seen in 15% and 15%, 2% and 1%, and 5% and 2%, respectively. The mean total cost (outpatient clinic visits plus chemotherapy drug fee) for group A ( @entity7634 ; 7,612.64) versus group B ( @entity7634 ; 7,484.77) was not statistically significant (P <.66). CONCLUSION: The PG combination is as equally active and well tolerated as the PC combination in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: @entity1311 plus @entity3003 versus XXXX plus @entity1311 in advanced @entity1149 : a phase III randomized trial.

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine clinical practice guidelines for the use of @entity171 in the prevention and treatment of @entity79 in @entity1582 and to determine their respective role relative to other conventional therapies for this condition. METHODS: An expert multidisciplinary Panel reviewed pertinent information from the published literature through January 2002. Values for levels of evidence and grade of recommendation were assigned by expert reviewers and approved by the Panel. Expert consensus was used if there were insufficient published data. The Panel addressed which @entity1 to treat and when to treat them in the course of their disease. Additionally, specific drug delivery issues, duration of therapy, initiation of treatment and management of treatment of @entity79 was reviewed and compared with other forms of therapy for @entity79 . Finally, the Panel discussed @entity1 and physician expectations associated with this therapy for bony metastases, as well as public policy implications related to the use of @entity171 . The guidelines underwent external review by selected physicians, by the Health Services Research Committee members, and by the ASCO Board of Directors. RESULTS: The available evidence involving randomized controlled trials is modest but supports that oral @entity19160 , intravenous @entity5279 , and intravenous @entity4381 are superior to placebo in @entity146 . @entity174 has consistently been seen across all studies. No agent has shown a definitive survival benefit. Intravenous @entity4381 has recently been shown to be as effective as intravenous @entity5279 . Because there are no direct comparisons between @entity19160 and @entity5279 or @entity4381 , the superiority of one agent cannot be definitively established. However, the panel recommends only intravenous @entity5279 or @entity4381 in light of the use of the time to first skeletal event as the primary end point and more complete assessment of bony complications in studies evaluating it. Additionally, @entity19160 is not available in the United States. The choice between @entity5279 and @entity4381 will depend on choosing between the higher drug cost of @entity4381 , with its shorter, more convenient infusion time (15 minutes), versus the less expensive drug, @entity5279 , with its longer infusion time (2 hours). CONCLUSION: @entity171 provide a meaningful supportive benefit to @entity1582 @entity1 with @entity79 . However, further research on @entity171 is warranted, including the following: (1) when to start and stop therapy, (2) how to integrate their use with other treatments for @entity79 , (3) how to evaluate their role in @entity1582 @entity1 without lytic bone involvement, (4) how to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic bony events, and (5) how to better determine their cost-benefit consequence.

title: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: the role of XXXX in @entity1582 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates', 'Bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity5279 :: ('MESH:C019248', 'Chemical') :: ['pamidronate']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['reducing skeletal complications']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['A reduction in vertebral fractures']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'myeloma']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['lytic bone lesions', 'lytic bone disease']

entities_list: @entity4381 :: ('MESH:C088658', 'Chemical') :: ['zoledronic acid']

entities_list: @entity19160 :: ('MESH:D004002', 'Chemical') :: ['clodronate']

answer: @entity171 :: (MESH:D004164,Chemical) :: ['bisphosphonates']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine clinical practice guidelines for the use of @entity171 in the prevention and treatment of @entity79 in @entity1582 and to determine their respective role relative to other conventional therapies for this condition. METHODS: An expert multidisciplinary Panel reviewed pertinent information from the published literature through January 2002. Values for levels of evidence and grade of recommendation were assigned by expert reviewers and approved by the Panel. Expert consensus was used if there were insufficient published data. The Panel addressed which @entity1 to treat and when to treat them in the course of their disease. Additionally, specific drug delivery issues, duration of therapy, initiation of treatment and management of treatment of @entity79 was reviewed and compared with other forms of therapy for @entity79 . Finally, the Panel discussed @entity1 and physician expectations associated with this therapy for bony metastases, as well as public policy implications related to the use of @entity171 . The guidelines underwent external review by selected physicians, by the Health Services Research Committee members, and by the ASCO Board of Directors. RESULTS: The available evidence involving randomized controlled trials is modest but supports that oral @entity19160 , intravenous @entity5279 , and intravenous @entity4381 are superior to placebo in @entity146 . @entity174 has consistently been seen across all studies. No agent has shown a definitive survival benefit. Intravenous @entity4381 has recently been shown to be as effective as intravenous @entity5279 . Because there are no direct comparisons between @entity19160 and @entity5279 or @entity4381 , the superiority of one agent cannot be definitively established. However, the panel recommends only intravenous @entity5279 or @entity4381 in light of the use of the time to first skeletal event as the primary end point and more complete assessment of bony complications in studies evaluating it. Additionally, @entity19160 is not available in the United States. The choice between @entity5279 and @entity4381 will depend on choosing between the higher drug cost of @entity4381 , with its shorter, more convenient infusion time (15 minutes), versus the less expensive drug, @entity5279 , with its longer infusion time (2 hours). CONCLUSION: @entity171 provide a meaningful supportive benefit to @entity1582 @entity1 with @entity79 . However, further research on @entity171 is warranted, including the following: (1) when to start and stop therapy, (2) how to integrate their use with other treatments for @entity79 , (3) how to evaluate their role in @entity1582 @entity1 without lytic bone involvement, (4) how to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic bony events, and (5) how to better determine their cost-benefit consequence.

title: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines: the role of @entity171 in XXXX .

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing availability of nonpharmacological treatment options for @entity955 , drug therapy targeted at restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm, or aimed at symptomatic ventricular rate control remains the mainstay of therapy for the majority of @entity1 . METHOD: Available data suggest that these two treatment approaches yield similar responder rates with regard to symptomatic improvement. RESULTS: Detailed results from major prospective studies investigating the prognostic effects of different @entity955 treatment modalities are expected to become available soon. At present, however, the choice of the primary treatment strategy, i.e. rate control or rhythm control, still remains upon the clinical decision and expertise of the treating physician. Cardioversion by means of external biphasic shock delivery has shown to effectively convert @entity955 to sinus rhythm in more than 90% of @entity1 . Pharmacological cardioversion, in contrast, has a far lower success rate and may be followed by severe complications mandating in-hospital administration with the majority of drug regimens. For the maintenance of sinus rhythm, the proarrhythmic side effects of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs currently limit their use to those @entity1 without any structural @entity299 . Clinical investigation of newer "pure" Class III drugs have shown to excite considerable prolongation of ventricular repolarization duration resulting in a significant risk for torsade-de-pointes @entity591 . Betablockers are beneficial in many clinical situations associated with the occurrence of @entity955 , such as @entity712 , @entity101 and @entity453 . These substances, however, do not seem to improve cardioversion rates and their effect in maintaining sinus rhythm is only moderate. @entity1 with structural @entity299 in whom maintenance of sinus rhythm is strongly desired, therefore, are left to @entity2643 therapy. The cardiac safety profile as well as the proven effectiveness are unsurpassed by any other available drug at present. This paper reviews major studies published during the last decade implementing recent guidelines regarding pharmacological rate control, cardioversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm and the approach towards @entity1 suffering from @entity955 .

title: [Pharmacological therapy of XXXX and atrial flutter].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['arterial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'paroxysmal atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: A group of plant AtSH3Ps ( @entity958 SH3-containing proteins) involved in trafficking of clathrin-coated vesicles was identified from the GenBank database. These proteins contained predicted coiled-coil and Src homology 3 (SH3) domains that are similar to animal and @entity375 proteins involved in the formation, fission, and uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles. Subcellular fractionation and immunolocalization studies confirmed the presence of AtSH3P1 in the endomembrane system. In particular, AtSH3P1 was localized on or adjacent to the plasma membrane and its associated vesicles, vesicles of the trans-Golgi network, and the partially coated reticulum. At all of these locations, AtSH3P1 colocalized with clathrin. Functionally, in vitro lipid binding assay demonstrated that AtSH3P1 bound to specific lipid groups known to accumulate at @entity558 or coated vesicles. In addition, immunohistochemical studies and actin binding assays indicated that AtSH3P1 also may regulate vesicle trafficking along the actin cytoskeleton. @entity375 complementation studies suggested that AtSH3Ps have similar functions to the @entity375 @entity42662 protein involved in endocytosis and actin arrangement. A novel interaction between AtSH3P1 and an auxilin-like protein was identified by yeast two-hybrid screening, immunolocalization, and an in vitro binding assay. The interaction was mediated through the SH3 domain of AtSH3P1 and a @entity1521 -rich domain of auxilin. The auxilin-like protein stimulated the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles by Hsc70, a reaction that appeared to be inhibited in the presence of AtSH3P1. Hence, AtSH3P1 may perform regulatory and/or scaffolding roles during the transition of fission and the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles.

title: Role of SH3 domain-containing proteins in clathrin-mediated vesicle trafficking in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['invaginated coated pits']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: As the genomes of @entity1 species become sequenced and gene functions are ascribed, the use of differential gene expression (DGE) to evaluate organ function will become common in the experimental evaluation of new drug therapies. The ability to translate this technology into useful information for @entity1 exposures depends on tissue sampling that is impractical or generally not possible in @entity1 . The possibility that the DGE of nucleated cells, reticulocytes, or platelets in blood may present the necessary link with target organ @entity137 provides an opportunity to correlate preclinical with clinical outcomes. @entity632 is highly effective alone and more frequently in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of a variety of susceptible @entity5 . @entity632 -induced @entity296 was examined as an endpoint to measure the utility of DOE on whole blood as a predictor of @entity1370 . Statistically significant gene changes were observed between relevant blood and cardiac gene profiles that corroborated the accepted mechanisms of @entity137 (oxidative stress, effects on @entity6211 transport, DNA intercalation). There were, however, clear indications that other target organs (bone marrow and intestinal tract) were affected. The divergent expression of some genes between the blood and the heart on day 7 may also indicate the timing and mechanism of development of the @entity296 and confirm current therapeutic approaches for its prevention. The data demonstrate that whole blood gene expression particularly in relation to oxidative stress, in conjunction with standard hematology and clinical chemistry, may be useful in monitoring and predicting @entity299 secondary to @entity632 administration. Appendices A _ B, referenced in this paper, are not printed in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology. They are available as downloadable text files at http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal_issn=0192-6233. To access them, click on the issue link for 30(4), then select this article. A download option appears at the bottom of this abstract. In order to access the full article online, you must either have an individual subscription or a member subscription accessed through www.toxpath.org.

title: Correlation of simultaneous differential gene expression in the blood and heart with known mechanisms of @entity632 -induced XXXX in the rat.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human', 'man']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin', 'adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity6211 :: ('MESH:D002331', 'Chemical') :: ['carnitine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac damage']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac toxicity']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: As the genomes of @entity1 species become sequenced and gene functions are ascribed, the use of differential gene expression (DGE) to evaluate organ function will become common in the experimental evaluation of new drug therapies. The ability to translate this technology into useful information for @entity1 exposures depends on tissue sampling that is impractical or generally not possible in @entity1 . The possibility that the DGE of nucleated cells, reticulocytes, or platelets in blood may present the necessary link with target organ @entity137 provides an opportunity to correlate preclinical with clinical outcomes. @entity632 is highly effective alone and more frequently in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of a variety of susceptible @entity5 . @entity632 -induced @entity296 was examined as an endpoint to measure the utility of DOE on whole blood as a predictor of @entity1370 . Statistically significant gene changes were observed between relevant blood and cardiac gene profiles that corroborated the accepted mechanisms of @entity137 (oxidative stress, effects on @entity6211 transport, DNA intercalation). There were, however, clear indications that other target organs (bone marrow and intestinal tract) were affected. The divergent expression of some genes between the blood and the heart on day 7 may also indicate the timing and mechanism of development of the @entity296 and confirm current therapeutic approaches for its prevention. The data demonstrate that whole blood gene expression particularly in relation to oxidative stress, in conjunction with standard hematology and clinical chemistry, may be useful in monitoring and predicting @entity299 secondary to @entity632 administration. Appendices A _ B, referenced in this paper, are not printed in this issue of Toxicologic Pathology. They are available as downloadable text files at http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal_issn=0192-6233. To access them, click on the issue link for 30(4), then select this article. A download option appears at the bottom of this abstract. In order to access the full article online, you must either have an individual subscription or a member subscription accessed through www.toxpath.org.

title: Correlation of simultaneous differential gene expression in the blood and heart with known mechanisms of XXXX -induced @entity296 in the rat.

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['adriamycin']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Acquired @entity1757 ( @entity1757 ) is uncommon, but serious mechanical complication of acute @entity583 with poor outcome and high mortality rate in surgically or medically treated @entity1 . CASE REPORT: We report a 58-year-old male @entity1 admitted to our hospital six days following acute @entity583 complicated by @entity9009 with signs of @entity712 . Coronary angiography revealed @entity66 , with proximally occluded dominant right coronary artery. Transthoracic echo exam revealed @entity439 of a very thin inferior septum and the basal portion of the inferior left ventricular wall, with septal wall rupture. One of the @entity1757 dimensions was 15 mm and left- to right shunt was calculated 2:1. Since the @entity1 was at too high risk for surgical closure, transcatheter closure of @entity1757 was chosen as a better option. Under short intravenous sedation, 24 mm Am- platzer device was implanted percutaneously with transesophageal echo guidance. The post-procedural result revealed a small residual shunt, but it was followed by significant improvement of the @entity1 's clinical status. A 24h Holter ECG monitoring did not show cardiac rhythm or conduction disturbances. Coronary angiography was repeated ten days following the procedure, after hemodynamic stabilization of the @entity1 , with direct stenting of the circumflex artery and the intermediate artery. Ostial left descending artery lesion was left for further functional significance assessment. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous closure with a septal occluder device can be definitive primary treatment for anatomically suitable @entity1 or it can serve as a bridge to surgical treatment.

title: Challenges in treatment of postinfarction @entity1757 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity9009 :: ('MESH:D018658', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal rupture']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['3-vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['VSD', 'ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'inferior myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Acquired @entity1757 ( @entity1757 ) is uncommon, but serious mechanical complication of acute @entity583 with poor outcome and high mortality rate in surgically or medically treated @entity1 . CASE REPORT: We report a 58-year-old male @entity1 admitted to our hospital six days following acute @entity583 complicated by @entity9009 with signs of @entity712 . Coronary angiography revealed @entity66 , with proximally occluded dominant right coronary artery. Transthoracic echo exam revealed @entity439 of a very thin inferior septum and the basal portion of the inferior left ventricular wall, with septal wall rupture. One of the @entity1757 dimensions was 15 mm and left- to right shunt was calculated 2:1. Since the @entity1 was at too high risk for surgical closure, transcatheter closure of @entity1757 was chosen as a better option. Under short intravenous sedation, 24 mm Am- platzer device was implanted percutaneously with transesophageal echo guidance. The post-procedural result revealed a small residual shunt, but it was followed by significant improvement of the @entity1 's clinical status. A 24h Holter ECG monitoring did not show cardiac rhythm or conduction disturbances. Coronary angiography was repeated ten days following the procedure, after hemodynamic stabilization of the @entity1 , with direct stenting of the circumflex artery and the intermediate artery. Ostial left descending artery lesion was left for further functional significance assessment. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous closure with a septal occluder device can be definitive primary treatment for anatomically suitable @entity1 or it can serve as a bridge to surgical treatment.

title: Challenges in treatment of postinfarction XXXX and @entity712 .

answer: @entity1757 :: (MESH:D006345,Disease) :: ['ventricular septal defect']


abstract: BACKGROUND: LIGHT (the name of which is derived from "homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus @entity20363 for herpes simplex virus entry mediator, and expressed by T lymphocytes"), is a member of the @entity5 necrosis factor superfamily that is involved in various inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVES: To assess serum LIGHT levels in @entity1 with @entity483 ( @entity483 ) before and after treatment and compare it with controls. To correlate serum LIGHT with the severity scoring of @entity483 (SCORAD) index. Another objective is to compare LIGHT levels between lesional skin in @entity1 with @entity483 and controls. METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with @entity483 and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Serum LIGHT levels were examined using an enzyme immunoassay technique. Serum total IgE levels, absolute eosinophil count, and eosinophil percentage were also done for both @entity1 and controls. The SCORAD index was done for every @entity1 before and after treatment. Skin LIGHT levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and compared with control skin. RESULTS: Serum LIGHT levels in @entity1 with @entity483 were significantly higher than that of healthy controls and correlated positively with SCORAD index. LIGHT concentrations decreased as the symptoms were improved by treatment. A significant correlation was found on comparing the LIGHT serum levels and other established markers of disease severity. LIGHT levels in lesional skin in these @entity1 were markedly higher than LIGHT levels in normal skin. CONCLUSION: LIGHT may play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity483 . This may presumably have possible future implications on the treatment of this @entity102 .

title: Role of the XXXX necrosis factor family member LIGHT in the pathogenesis of @entity483 .

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: LIGHT (the name of which is derived from "homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus @entity20363 for herpes simplex virus entry mediator, and expressed by T lymphocytes"), is a member of the @entity5 necrosis factor superfamily that is involved in various inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVES: To assess serum LIGHT levels in @entity1 with @entity483 ( @entity483 ) before and after treatment and compare it with controls. To correlate serum LIGHT with the severity scoring of @entity483 (SCORAD) index. Another objective is to compare LIGHT levels between lesional skin in @entity1 with @entity483 and controls. METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with @entity483 and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Serum LIGHT levels were examined using an enzyme immunoassay technique. Serum total IgE levels, absolute eosinophil count, and eosinophil percentage were also done for both @entity1 and controls. The SCORAD index was done for every @entity1 before and after treatment. Skin LIGHT levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and compared with control skin. RESULTS: Serum LIGHT levels in @entity1 with @entity483 were significantly higher than that of healthy controls and correlated positively with SCORAD index. LIGHT concentrations decreased as the symptoms were improved by treatment. A significant correlation was found on comparing the LIGHT serum levels and other established markers of disease severity. LIGHT levels in lesional skin in these @entity1 were markedly higher than LIGHT levels in normal skin. CONCLUSION: LIGHT may play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity483 . This may presumably have possible future implications on the treatment of this @entity102 .

title: Role of the @entity5 necrosis factor family member LIGHT in the pathogenesis of XXXX .

answer: @entity483 :: (MESH:D003876,Disease) :: ['atopic dermatitis']


abstract: Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) imaging has shown to be a valuable imaging modality in the assessment of intra-axial @entity1313 ; however, no data are available about the role of this technique in the clinically important postoperative stage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic potential of FLAIR MR imaging in @entity41 after surgical resection of @entity13 . Fifteen @entity1 with residual @entity13 were examined within the first 18 days after partial surgical resection of @entity13 . The imaging protocol included T1-weighted spin echo, T2- and proton-density-weighted fast spin echo, and FLAIR imaging with identical slice parameters. T1 and FLAIR were repeated after contrast media application. Detection and delineation of @entity41 were the primary parameters of the image analysis. Additionally, the influence of image artifacts on the image interpretation was assessed. On FLAIR images residual signal abnormalities at the border of the resection cavities were observed in all @entity1 , whereas T2- and T1-weighted images present residual abnormalities in 13 of 15 and 10 of 15 @entity1 , respectively. The FLAIR imaging was found to be superior to conventional imaging sequences in the delineation of these changes and comparable to contrast enhanced T1-weighted imaging in the delineation of residual enhancing lesions. Because of protein cell components and blood byproducts within the resection cavity, FLAIR imaging was unable to suppress the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 4 @entity1 . After the decomposition of proteins and blood, CSF could again be completely suppressed and residual or recurrent @entity5 were clearly identified. Our preliminary study has shown that FLAIR may be a valuable diagnostic modality in the early postoperative MR imaging after resection of @entity13 due to its better delineation of residual pathologic signal at the border of the resection cavity. It should therefore be integrated into the early and/or intraoperative MR imaging protocol.

title: Postoperative fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging of XXXX : initial results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity13 :: ('MESH:C564230', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral gliomas']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity13 :: (MESH:C564230,Disease) :: ['cerebral gliomas']


abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of @entity432 on radio-frequency (RF) lesion size and on potential associated biliary and portal lesions. Radio-frequency lesions using a 1-cm exposed-tip cooled electrode were created in @entity1707 liver. Liver perfusion was modified by arterial @entity887 (n=2), left portal clamping (n=2), and both (n=2). Two @entity1707 were used as controls. Two weeks after, control portography was performed, animals were killed, and ex-vivo cholangiography was carried out. Pathological studies evaluated the lesion surface and associated portal and biliary damages. A mathematical regression model showed that portal occlusion increased by 43 mm2 (+40%) the surface of @entity75 , @entity432 by 135 mm2 (+126%), and associated occlusion by 466 mm2 (+435%). Biliary stenoses were found in 4 cases (two @entity432 , one portal occlusion, and one associated occlusion). One case of partial portal vein @entity715 was found in one case of portal occlusion and resolved at 2 weeks. Ischemic damages adjacent to @entity75 were found in cases of combined occlusions. The reduction of liver perfusion increases significantly the size of @entity75 but is associated with a risk of biliary, portal, or parenchymal complications.

title: Radio-frequency tissue ablation of the liver: effects of XXXX on lesion diameter and biliary and portal damages in a @entity1707 model.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['RF lesions']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolization']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusions', 'vascular occlusion', 'arterial occlusion']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['vascular occlusion']


abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of @entity432 on radio-frequency (RF) lesion size and on potential associated biliary and portal lesions. Radio-frequency lesions using a 1-cm exposed-tip cooled electrode were created in @entity1707 liver. Liver perfusion was modified by arterial @entity887 (n=2), left portal clamping (n=2), and both (n=2). Two @entity1707 were used as controls. Two weeks after, control portography was performed, animals were killed, and ex-vivo cholangiography was carried out. Pathological studies evaluated the lesion surface and associated portal and biliary damages. A mathematical regression model showed that portal occlusion increased by 43 mm2 (+40%) the surface of @entity75 , @entity432 by 135 mm2 (+126%), and associated occlusion by 466 mm2 (+435%). Biliary stenoses were found in 4 cases (two @entity432 , one portal occlusion, and one associated occlusion). One case of partial portal vein @entity715 was found in one case of portal occlusion and resolved at 2 weeks. Ischemic damages adjacent to @entity75 were found in cases of combined occlusions. The reduction of liver perfusion increases significantly the size of @entity75 but is associated with a risk of biliary, portal, or parenchymal complications.

title: Radio-frequency tissue ablation of the liver: effects of @entity432 on lesion diameter and biliary and portal damages in a XXXX model.

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The importance of a collaborative approach to @entity1 care in improving safety and outcomes has been highlighted by medical regulatory organisations. The World Health Organization has advocated that future health care professionals should be 'collaborative practice ready', and there is a global drive to incorporate interprofessional learning into health education. Interprofessional learning promotes the development of effective teamworking skills and improves the understanding of roles in the multidisciplinary team. This article outlines the development of a practice-based interprofessional learning initiative on a @entity64 unit. The World Health Organization has advocated that future health care professionals should be 'collaborative practice ready' METHODS: A half-day seminar was developed by King's College London in conjunction with an interprofessional clinical team from the @entity64 Unit at St Thomas' Hospital. Students were assigned discipline-specific supervisors who allocated them to care for a @entity1 within the confines of their usual professional role. They were asked to present the @entity1 to a mixed-discipline group of students within the seminar from the perspective of their individual disciplines. This was followed by supervisor-led group discussions concerning the care of the @entity1 and interprofessional working. RESULTS: Sixty-seven students from different disciplines participated in nine seminars over a 2-year period. Thematic analysis of @entity1 ' comments revealed an improvement in the students' awareness of: the varying roles and responsibilities of professionals; how differing disciplines share functions; and the importance of effective communication. All students stated that they would recommend the seminar to other students. DISCUSSION: Effective interprofessional learning programmes are imperative to promote collaborative practice amongst health care professionals. @entity64 units are ideal learning environments for practice-based interprofessional education.

title: Interprofessional learning on a XXXX unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'participants']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The beneficial effect of platelet transfusion on haemostasis is well established, but there is emerging evidence that platelet transfusion induces an inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells. BACKGROUND: We investigated haemostatic function and endothelial biomarkers before and after platelet transfusion in @entity1 with @entity3052 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood was sampled before, 1 and 24   h after platelet transfusion. Primary and secondary haemostasis was evaluated by whole blood aggregometry (Multiplate) and thromboelastography (TEG). Endothelial biomarkers (sICAM-1, @entity13221 , sThrombomodulin, sVE-Cadherin) and platelet activation biomarkers (sCD40L, TGF-beta) were investigated along with haematology/biochemistry analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity1 were included. Despite continued low platelet counts, platelet transfusion normalised the median values of most TEG parameters and slightly increased @entity1423 (all P   <   0  05). Endothelial biomarkers were not significantly affected by transfusion. The 1   h sCD40L level correlated positively with @entity13221 and soluble thrombomodulin delta values, biomarkers of endothelial damage (both P   =   0  005). CONCLUSION: Platelet transfusion improved haemostasis, whereas post-transfusion increases in sCD40L were associated with endothelial damage, indicating that transfused platelets and platelet-derived pro-inflammatory mediators may have opposite effects on the endothelium.

title: Haemostatic function and biomarkers of endothelial damage before and after platelet transfusion in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukaemia']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myeloid leukaemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The beneficial effect of platelet transfusion on haemostasis is well established, but there is emerging evidence that platelet transfusion induces an inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells. BACKGROUND: We investigated haemostatic function and endothelial biomarkers before and after platelet transfusion in @entity1 with @entity3052 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood was sampled before, 1 and 24   h after platelet transfusion. Primary and secondary haemostasis was evaluated by whole blood aggregometry (Multiplate) and thromboelastography (TEG). Endothelial biomarkers (sICAM-1, @entity13221 , sThrombomodulin, sVE-Cadherin) and platelet activation biomarkers (sCD40L, TGF-beta) were investigated along with haematology/biochemistry analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity1 were included. Despite continued low platelet counts, platelet transfusion normalised the median values of most TEG parameters and slightly increased @entity1423 (all P   <   0  05). Endothelial biomarkers were not significantly affected by transfusion. The 1   h sCD40L level correlated positively with @entity13221 and soluble thrombomodulin delta values, biomarkers of endothelial damage (both P   =   0  005). CONCLUSION: Platelet transfusion improved haemostasis, whereas post-transfusion increases in sCD40L were associated with endothelial damage, indicating that transfused platelets and platelet-derived pro-inflammatory mediators may have opposite effects on the endothelium.

title: Haemostatic function and biomarkers of endothelial damage before and after platelet transfusion in XXXX with @entity3052 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A model is proposed which is based on the assumption that acne is due to @entity281 of functionally blocked pilosebaceous follicles by propionibacteria. @entity75 , which are first visible during the adrenarche in acne-prone individuals, do not contain propionibacteria. Comedogenesis appears to be independent of @entity2348 and may be driven by high levels of bioactive interleukin-1 alpha derived from ductal hyperkeratinocytes. The stimulus which triggers interleukin-1 alpha production is unknown. @entity406 killed @entity5478 failed to stimulate production of the cytokine by cultured @entity1 keratinocytes in vitro. @entity75 are thought to arise from microcomedones, but the initiating events are unknown. Evidence that propionibacteria are involved in the generation of inflammatory lesions is inconclusive. The cellular infiltrate is consistent with a type IV @entity56 response to one or more persistent lesional antigens, not necessarily bacterial. The potent adjuvant activity of @entity5478 would up-regulate the immune response to any antigen which came into contact with the mononuclear cell infiltrate. Antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of acne, and their effects in selecting a predominantly resistant commensal population are well recognized. Although they reduce numbers of propionibacteria on the skin, other modes of action may contribute to or explain their therapeutic efficacy. At a time when there is global concern that antibiotic resistance rates in common bacterial pathogens may threaten our future ability to control @entity2348 , practices which promote the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria must be fully justified. A thorough reappraisal of the role of propionibacteria in acne is overdue. It is likely that further experimental work is needed to confirm or refute that @entity5478 is aptly named.

title: Is acne an XXXX of blocked pilosebaceous follicles? Implications for antimicrobial treatment.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Noninflamed lesions', 'Inflamed lesions']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['Formalin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections', 'bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity5478 :: ('1747', 'Species') :: ['P. acnes', 'Propionibacterium acnes']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']