abstract: To prevent @entity2720 , prophylactic treatment of @entity1 with severe @entity447 should be started before joint damage has occurred. However, treatment is expensive, and the burden of regular venipunctures in young @entity1 is high. With the aim of providing information on starting prophylaxis on the basis of individual @entity1 characteristics, the effect of postponing prophylaxis on long-term @entity2720 was studied in a cohort of 76 @entity1 with severe @entity447 born between 1965 and 1985. The median age at first @entity548 was 2.2 years (range, 0.2-5.8). Prophylaxis was started at a median age of 6 years (interquartile range [IQR], 4-9), and the median annual clotting factor use on prophylaxis was 1750 IU/kg/y (31 IU/kg/wk). @entity2720 was measured by the Pettersson score (maximum, 78 points). At a median age of 19 years, the median Pettersson score was 7 points (IQR, 0-17). After 2 decades of follow-up, the Pettersson score was 8% higher (95% confidence interval, 1%-16%) for every year prophylaxis was postponed after the first @entity548 . This effect was independent of age at Pettersson score, age at first @entity548 , and prophylactic dose used. In conclusion, most @entity1 have their first @entity548 after the age of 2 years. @entity1 who start prophylaxis soon after the first @entity548 @entity2720 in adulthood. The longer the start of prophylaxis is postponed after the first @entity548 , the higher the risk of developing @entity2720 .

title: The effects of postponing prophylactic treatment on long-term outcome in XXXX with severe @entity447 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity1166 is a potentially life threatening form of polymorphic @entity1165 typically seen in the setting of congenital and acquired @entity1162 . Numerous in vitro studies have investigated basic ionic mechanisms underlying delayed repolarization. The role of different ion channels and the induction of early afterdepolarizations have been studied in various cardiac cells including M cells. In addition, isolated heart models with and without electrical stimulation and/or the use of drugs which prolong repolarization have been developed in recent years. Some of these models have simulated conditions likely to exist in the clinical setting of @entity1166 , such as @entity1168 and @entity1371 . In in vivo @entity235 and @entity95 models, torsade-like polymorphic @entity1165 have been induced by the administration of different agents such as @entity5166 , neurotoxins, e.g., anthopleurin or various class III drugs under conditions designed to mimic the clinical situation. In the context of recent advances in the molecular genetics of @entity1162 , those models which have used @entity1372 or @entity972 channel blockers have gained particular interest. Based on all experimental studies it seems probable that the first beats of torsade occur due to early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity. The development of subsequent beats is less clear. Reentry based on inhomogeneity of refractoriness has been suggested as the underlying mechanism.

title: Experimental models of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachyarrhythmias', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1166 :: ('MESH:D016171', 'Disease') :: ['torsade de pointes', 'Torsade de pointes']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['long QT syndrome', 'abnormal QT-prolongation']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

answer: @entity1166 :: (MESH:D016171,Disease) :: ['torsade de pointes']


abstract: Abnormal intracellular @entity141 -handling appears to be a major cause of systolic and @entity67 in animals and @entity1 with @entity1283 due to pressure overload and @entity712 . However, the precise mechanisms which cause alteration of @entity141 -handling remain unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest that activation of neurohormonal systems may play a central role. In particular, widespread awareness of the importance of the @entity916 -angiotensin system (RAS) has occurred since experimental and clinical studies have detailed the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity1 with @entity1002 . To evaluate in vivo the role of activated RAS in the regulation of (a) cardiac receptor expression and signal transduction mechanisms and (b) @entity141 homeostasis, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 @entity35 harbouring the @entity19 @entity916 @entity15656 d gene were chosen. These animals develop fulminant @entity101 and @entity1283 at an early age despite low levels of @entity916 in the plasma. High expression of the transgene in the vasculature and the heart is associated with increased local formation of @entity2178 . In the @entity15656 -transgenic model alterations of beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms, @entity141 -handling and alpha-adrenergic signal transduction are observed which are very similar to those observed in the myocardium of @entity1 with end-stage @entity712 . Moreover, treatment with specific inhibitors of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or @entity2178 -receptor antagonists, largely reversed these defects. Studies on TG(mREN2)27 @entity35 may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity101 and mechanisms which promote disease progression to end-stage @entity712 and also may have important implications with regard to therapeutics of @entity712 in @entity1 .

title: Alteration of intracellular @entity141 -handling and receptor regulation in hypertensive XXXX : insights from @entity15656 -transgenic @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive heart disease', 'hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1283 :: (MESH:D006332,Disease) :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']


abstract: Abnormal intracellular @entity141 -handling appears to be a major cause of systolic and @entity67 in animals and @entity1 with @entity1283 due to pressure overload and @entity712 . However, the precise mechanisms which cause alteration of @entity141 -handling remain unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest that activation of neurohormonal systems may play a central role. In particular, widespread awareness of the importance of the @entity916 -angiotensin system (RAS) has occurred since experimental and clinical studies have detailed the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity1 with @entity1002 . To evaluate in vivo the role of activated RAS in the regulation of (a) cardiac receptor expression and signal transduction mechanisms and (b) @entity141 homeostasis, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 @entity35 harbouring the @entity19 @entity916 @entity15656 d gene were chosen. These animals develop fulminant @entity101 and @entity1283 at an early age despite low levels of @entity916 in the plasma. High expression of the transgene in the vasculature and the heart is associated with increased local formation of @entity2178 . In the @entity15656 -transgenic model alterations of beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms, @entity141 -handling and alpha-adrenergic signal transduction are observed which are very similar to those observed in the myocardium of @entity1 with end-stage @entity712 . Moreover, treatment with specific inhibitors of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or @entity2178 -receptor antagonists, largely reversed these defects. Studies on TG(mREN2)27 @entity35 may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity101 and mechanisms which promote disease progression to end-stage @entity712 and also may have important implications with regard to therapeutics of @entity712 in @entity1 .

title: Alteration of intracellular XXXX -handling and receptor regulation in hypertensive @entity1283 : insights from @entity15656 -transgenic @entity35 .

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2(+)']


abstract: Abnormal intracellular @entity141 -handling appears to be a major cause of systolic and @entity67 in animals and @entity1 with @entity1283 due to pressure overload and @entity712 . However, the precise mechanisms which cause alteration of @entity141 -handling remain unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest that activation of neurohormonal systems may play a central role. In particular, widespread awareness of the importance of the @entity916 -angiotensin system (RAS) has occurred since experimental and clinical studies have detailed the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity1 with @entity1002 . To evaluate in vivo the role of activated RAS in the regulation of (a) cardiac receptor expression and signal transduction mechanisms and (b) @entity141 homeostasis, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 @entity35 harbouring the @entity19 @entity916 @entity15656 d gene were chosen. These animals develop fulminant @entity101 and @entity1283 at an early age despite low levels of @entity916 in the plasma. High expression of the transgene in the vasculature and the heart is associated with increased local formation of @entity2178 . In the @entity15656 -transgenic model alterations of beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms, @entity141 -handling and alpha-adrenergic signal transduction are observed which are very similar to those observed in the myocardium of @entity1 with end-stage @entity712 . Moreover, treatment with specific inhibitors of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or @entity2178 -receptor antagonists, largely reversed these defects. Studies on TG(mREN2)27 @entity35 may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity101 and mechanisms which promote disease progression to end-stage @entity712 and also may have important implications with regard to therapeutics of @entity712 in @entity1 .

title: Alteration of intracellular @entity141 -handling and receptor regulation in hypertensive @entity1283 : insights from XXXX -transgenic @entity35 .

answer: @entity15656 :: (19702(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Ren2']


abstract: Abnormal intracellular @entity141 -handling appears to be a major cause of systolic and @entity67 in animals and @entity1 with @entity1283 due to pressure overload and @entity712 . However, the precise mechanisms which cause alteration of @entity141 -handling remain unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest that activation of neurohormonal systems may play a central role. In particular, widespread awareness of the importance of the @entity916 -angiotensin system (RAS) has occurred since experimental and clinical studies have detailed the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity1 with @entity1002 . To evaluate in vivo the role of activated RAS in the regulation of (a) cardiac receptor expression and signal transduction mechanisms and (b) @entity141 homeostasis, transgenic TG(mREN2)27 @entity35 harbouring the @entity19 @entity916 @entity15656 d gene were chosen. These animals develop fulminant @entity101 and @entity1283 at an early age despite low levels of @entity916 in the plasma. High expression of the transgene in the vasculature and the heart is associated with increased local formation of @entity2178 . In the @entity15656 -transgenic model alterations of beta-adrenergic neuroeffector mechanisms, @entity141 -handling and alpha-adrenergic signal transduction are observed which are very similar to those observed in the myocardium of @entity1 with end-stage @entity712 . Moreover, treatment with specific inhibitors of the RAS, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or @entity2178 -receptor antagonists, largely reversed these defects. Studies on TG(mREN2)27 @entity35 may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity101 and mechanisms which promote disease progression to end-stage @entity712 and also may have important implications with regard to therapeutics of @entity712 in @entity1 .

title: Alteration of intracellular @entity141 -handling and receptor regulation in hypertensive @entity1283 : insights from @entity15656 -transgenic XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Recent advances in ultrasound technology, such as the use of high-frequency linear transducers, color flow Doppler, and computer-enhanced imaging, have improved the diagnostic utility of ultrasound. The following retrospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sonographic signs of @entity5 and to compare sonography to mammography in 157 @entity1 with palpable, biopsy-proven @entity0 . The mammogram reports and sonograms were all reviewed. The grade of each mammogram was recorded using the American College of Radiology mammogram grading scale. All sonograms were reviewed and assigned a score using an adaptation of this scale. Of 157 lesions, 121 were read as suspicious or probable @entity5 on mammogram. Thirty-three lesions were read as benign or normal on mammogram. Three @entity1 did not receive mammograms. All 157 lesions were read as either suspicious or probably malignant on ultrasound. Using the 16 described criteria, high-definition sonography complements mammography and appears to be a sensitive modality in the evaluation of palpable biopsy-proven @entity0 . The diagnostic utility of ultrasound will likely be most important in the evaluation of nonpalpable breast masses; however, a prospective randomized trial will need to be performed.

title: Ultrasound characteristics of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast malignancies', 'breast carcinomas']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: Milk of @entity460 @entity2679 is a rare disease predominantely of adults. The term designates a pathologic accumulation of @entity4959 in the gallbladder, much rarer in the common bile duct as well. The @entity1 may be symptom-free. If present the symptoms may be very mild or as an acute @entity158 , transient @entity1087 and mild attack of @entity788 . @entity460 in the bile may be liquid or it may form a paste-like mass. Both may be seen on a plain X-ray of the abdomen. The stone or stones of @entity4959 may be formed so that they may cause an obstruction of the gallbladder outflow tract or cystic duct or pass into the common bile duct or into the duodenum. [figure: see text] We present a 71 year old male who was admitted for @entity169 but in whom a mild hiperbilirubinaemia was found and then on ultrasonography a gallbladder stone was diagnosed. We performed a hernia repair as well as cholecystectomy and operative cholangiography which turn to be normal. Within an almost normal gallbladder a gray-whitesh paste-like mass was found composed of @entity4959 . The postoperative recovery was uneventful and serum bilirubin become normal. Histology of gallbladder showed chronic nonspecific @entity2679 .

title: [ XXXX associated with milk of @entity460 ] ].

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity4959 :: ('MESH:D002119', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium carbonate']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['biliary pain']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia repair']

answer: @entity2679 :: (MESH:D002764,Disease) :: ['Cholecystitis']


abstract: Milk of @entity460 @entity2679 is a rare disease predominantely of adults. The term designates a pathologic accumulation of @entity4959 in the gallbladder, much rarer in the common bile duct as well. The @entity1 may be symptom-free. If present the symptoms may be very mild or as an acute @entity158 , transient @entity1087 and mild attack of @entity788 . @entity460 in the bile may be liquid or it may form a paste-like mass. Both may be seen on a plain X-ray of the abdomen. The stone or stones of @entity4959 may be formed so that they may cause an obstruction of the gallbladder outflow tract or cystic duct or pass into the common bile duct or into the duodenum. [figure: see text] We present a 71 year old male who was admitted for @entity169 but in whom a mild hiperbilirubinaemia was found and then on ultrasonography a gallbladder stone was diagnosed. We performed a hernia repair as well as cholecystectomy and operative cholangiography which turn to be normal. Within an almost normal gallbladder a gray-whitesh paste-like mass was found composed of @entity4959 . The postoperative recovery was uneventful and serum bilirubin become normal. Histology of gallbladder showed chronic nonspecific @entity2679 .

title: [ @entity2679 associated with milk of XXXX ] ].

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: The successful topical treatment of chronic wounds requires adequate debridement, bacterial balance, and moisture balance. An ionized nanocrystalline @entity575 dressing was evaluated through an uncontrolled, prospective study of a case series of 29 @entity1 with a variety of chronic nonhealing wounds. The four arms of the study included nine @entity1 with foot @entity1066 , six @entity1 with @entity3179 , two @entity1 with pressure @entity1066 , and 12 @entity1 with miscellaneous wounds. All wounds were assessed for the usual signs of @entity922 , with most of these parameters being measured and recorded. Microbiologically, bacterial load was determined via quantitative biopsies and semi-quantitative swabs. In general, the results showed a marked clinical improvement for the majority of wounds treated with the dressing. Among improved parameters included decreased exudate and decreased purulence. The quantitative bacterial biopsies did not show any decrease in organism numbers, although the semi-quantitative swabs indicated a decrease in the wound surface bacterial loading. This was indicative of the dressing's ability to reduce surface bacteria and achieve an element of bacterial balance in the superficial dermal compartment. The proposed mechanism of action for this ionized nanocrystalline based dressing is through bacterial and moisture balance within the superficial wound space compartment.

title: Screening evaluation of an ionized nanocrystalline XXXX dressing in chronic wound care.

entities_list: @entity3179 :: ('MESH:D014647', 'Disease') :: ['venous stasis ulcers']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinical infection']

answer: @entity575 :: (MESH:D012834,Chemical) :: ['silver']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of afferent nerve blockage by administration of @entity2951 on apoptotic changes in the contralateral testis in @entity35 undergoing ipsilateral testicular torsion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty male albino @entity35 were randomly divided into four groups. In groups 1 and 2, @entity35 underwent a sham operation and testicular torsion, respectively, after the intraperitoneal administration of 0.9% @entity1219 . Similarly, in groups 3 and 4 the @entity35 underwent a sham operation and testicular torsion, respectively, after an intraperitoneal @entity2951 injection. The testes were untwisted 24 h later and the contralateral testes harvested. Apoptosis was assessed in paraffin-embedded sections stained for nuclear DNA fragmentation. Fifteen cells were counted in each seminiferous tubule and the apoptotic cells recorded. A score was calculated for each group and the results compared using the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and Mann Whitney U-tests, with P<0.05 considered to be significant. RESULTS: The mean apoptotic score of group 2 was significantly higher than that of the other groups. There was no difference between the apoptotic scores of groups 1 and 3, 1 and 4, and 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: @entity2951 effectively prevented apoptosis in the contralateral testes of @entity35 that had undergone testicular torsion.

title: XXXX effectively prevents apoptosis in the contralateral testis after ipsilateral testicular torsion.

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['Capsaicin', 'capsaicin']

answer: @entity2951 :: (MESH:D002211,Chemical) :: ['Capsaicin']


abstract: Keratinocytes are influenced by cytokines released by skin-infiltrating T lymphocytes. @entity4155 is produced by activated CD4+ T cells and can stimulate epithelial cells. We investigated whether @entity4155 could modulate the cytokine production and cell-surface molecule expression of keratinocytes. The effects of @entity4155 were compared with those of @entity379 , which is also derived from activated T cells and is a strong stimulator for keratinocytes. @entity4155 enhanced the mRNA and protein production of the proinflammatory cytokines @entity650 and @entity687 in a concentration-dependent way, and induced a weak expression of @entity2071 and HLA-DR. The production of @entity1192 and @entity8252 was not altered. @entity379 augmented the production of @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity8252 and strongly induced both cell-surface molecules. @entity4155 and @entity379 showed marked synergism in the stimulation of @entity650 and @entity687 protein secretion and, to a lesser extent, in the induction of @entity2071 and HLA-DR expression. The majority of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clones derived from lesional psoriatic skin expressed @entity4155 mRNA, suggesting that skin-infiltrating T cells can produce this cytokine. This @entity4155 mRNA expression was detectable in T helper cell type 1 and type 2 and did not correlate with the @entity379 or @entity3646 production. In addition, @entity4155 mRNA is detectable in biopsies from lesional psoriatic skin, but not in nonlesional control biopsies. Our study indicates that @entity4155 is a proinflammatory cytokine, which could amplify the development of cutaneous @entity32 and may support the maintenance of chronic dermatoses, through stimulation of keratinocytes to augment their secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

title: Interleukin-17 and XXXX synergize in the enhancement of proinflammatory cytokine production by human keratinocytes.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1']

answer: @entity379 :: (3458,Gene) :: ['interferon-gamma']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity4258 is useful to prevent @entity281 in hospitalized cirrhotic @entity1 with low ascitic fluid protein concentrations. It is also effective in preventing the recurrence of spontaneous @entity298 . The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of @entity4258 in the primary prophylaxis of gram-negative bacilli @entity281 in cirrhotic @entity1 with low ascitic fluid protein levels (<15 g/l). METHODS: One hundred and seven @entity1 were randomized to receive @entity4258 (400 mg/day; n=53) or placebo (n=54) for 6 months. The @entity1 had no history of @entity281 since @entity82 diagnosis and no active @entity281 . RESULTS: The probability of gram-negative @entity281 was significantly lower among @entity1 treated with @entity4258 than among those treated with placebo. Six gram-negative bacilli @entity281 occurred in the placebo group and none in the treatment group. Severe @entity281 (spontaneous @entity298 , @entity2259 ) developed in nine @entity1 in the placebo group (17%) and in one @entity1 in the @entity4258 group (2%; p<0.03). There was no between-group difference in the overall rate of @entity281 or in survival. In ten @entity1 from the @entity4258 group, gram-negative bacilli not present in baseline stool cultures were transiently isolated in follow-up cultures. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that primary prophylaxis with @entity4258 for 6 months is effective in the prevention of @entity281 caused by gram-negative bacilli in cirrhotic @entity1 with low ascitic fluid total protein levels.

title: XXXX primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic @entity1 with ascites: a double-blind randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity4258 :: ('MESH:D009643', 'Chemical') :: ['Norfloxacin', 'norfloxacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['neutrocytic ascites and bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial peritonitis']

answer: @entity4258 :: (MESH:D009643,Chemical) :: ['Norfloxacin']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity4258 is useful to prevent @entity281 in hospitalized cirrhotic @entity1 with low ascitic fluid protein concentrations. It is also effective in preventing the recurrence of spontaneous @entity298 . The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of @entity4258 in the primary prophylaxis of gram-negative bacilli @entity281 in cirrhotic @entity1 with low ascitic fluid protein levels (<15 g/l). METHODS: One hundred and seven @entity1 were randomized to receive @entity4258 (400 mg/day; n=53) or placebo (n=54) for 6 months. The @entity1 had no history of @entity281 since @entity82 diagnosis and no active @entity281 . RESULTS: The probability of gram-negative @entity281 was significantly lower among @entity1 treated with @entity4258 than among those treated with placebo. Six gram-negative bacilli @entity281 occurred in the placebo group and none in the treatment group. Severe @entity281 (spontaneous @entity298 , @entity2259 ) developed in nine @entity1 in the placebo group (17%) and in one @entity1 in the @entity4258 group (2%; p<0.03). There was no between-group difference in the overall rate of @entity281 or in survival. In ten @entity1 from the @entity4258 group, gram-negative bacilli not present in baseline stool cultures were transiently isolated in follow-up cultures. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that primary prophylaxis with @entity4258 for 6 months is effective in the prevention of @entity281 caused by gram-negative bacilli in cirrhotic @entity1 with low ascitic fluid total protein levels.

title: @entity4258 primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic XXXX with ascites: a double-blind randomized trial.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: ACh receptors sensitive to @entity1239 ( @entity6786 ) are present in @entity1 skin keratinocytes and in bronchial epithelial cells. They are stimulated by ACh secreted by the same cells that express them, and they modulate cell motility and shape. A variety of non-neuronal tissues, including endothelial cells, synthesize @entity1617 , which raises the possibility that they are sensitive to @entity1239 . We demonstrate here that endothelial cells that line blood vessels express functional nAChRs. Their structure and ion-gating properties are similar to those of the nAChRs expressed by ganglionic neurons and by skin keratinocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. In situ hybridization experiments using primary cultures of endothelial cells from @entity1 aorta demonstrated the presence in these cells of the subunits believed to contribute to ganglionic ACh receptors (AChRs) of the alpha3 subtype: alpha3, alpha5, @entity2263 and @entity537 . Binding of radiolabeled @entity26331 -a high-affinity specific ligand of certain neuronal AChRs, including the alpha3 subtypes-revealed the presence of approximately 900 specific binding sites per cell. We assessed the presence of functional AChRs by patch-clamp experiments. Cultured @entity1 endothelial cells express ion channels that are opened by (+)-anatoxin-a and are blocked by @entity6325 . These are specific agonist and antagonist, respectively, of neuronal AChRs of the alpha3 subtype. The ion-gating properties of the endothelial AChRs were similar to those of neuronal ganglionic AChRs. The presence of AChRs sensitive to @entity1239 in endothelial cells may be related to the toxic effects of @entity1239 on the vascular system.

title: XXXX vascular endothelial cells express functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity26331 :: ('MESH:C082748', 'Chemical') :: ['epibatidine']

entities_list: @entity6325 :: ('MESH:D004079', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydro-beta-erythroidine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: On the basis of the register of the Finnish @entity1 Insurance Association, the aim of this study was to examine malpractice claims for @entity128 associated with @entity13258 and determine whether they are concentrated among specialists, among less experienced dentists, or in certain geographic areas. During 1987-93 there were 139 claims for permanent @entity1109 related to removal of lower third molars in Finland. The lingual nerve was injured in 54% and the @entity129 in 41% of the claims. In 91% of the cases the injury occurred in relation to surgical @entity22322 and in 6% in relation to simple extraction. The claims were distributed among 123 dentists, of whom 78% were dental surgeons, 15% specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and 7% other specialists. These figures represented 2% of the dental surgeons and 26% of the oral surgeons in Finland (P< 0.01). More than half the claims were associated with dentists with less than 10 years' experience. Claims originated more often from the eastern and northern (rural) areas of Finland than from urban areas (3.8 claims versus 2.4 claims per 100,000 inhabitants, P < 0.05). Compensation was paid to the @entity1 in two-thirds of the cases, indicating that the dentists authorized to decide claims very often considered these injuries avoidable. Therefore, proper diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical techniques, and detailed @entity1 information must be emphasized. In cases where risks are obvious, referral to an oral surgeon is recommended.

title: Malpractice claims for permanent XXXX related to @entity13258 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['inferior alveolar nerve']

entities_list: @entity22322 :: ('MESH:D014076', 'Disease') :: ['removal of the tooth']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['sensory or motor disturbances']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injuries']

entities_list: @entity13258 :: ('MESH:D014096', 'Disease') :: ['third molar removals']

answer: @entity128 :: (MESH:D020209,Disease) :: ['nerve injuries']


abstract: On the basis of the register of the Finnish @entity1 Insurance Association, the aim of this study was to examine malpractice claims for @entity128 associated with @entity13258 and determine whether they are concentrated among specialists, among less experienced dentists, or in certain geographic areas. During 1987-93 there were 139 claims for permanent @entity1109 related to removal of lower third molars in Finland. The lingual nerve was injured in 54% and the @entity129 in 41% of the claims. In 91% of the cases the injury occurred in relation to surgical @entity22322 and in 6% in relation to simple extraction. The claims were distributed among 123 dentists, of whom 78% were dental surgeons, 15% specialists in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and 7% other specialists. These figures represented 2% of the dental surgeons and 26% of the oral surgeons in Finland (P< 0.01). More than half the claims were associated with dentists with less than 10 years' experience. Claims originated more often from the eastern and northern (rural) areas of Finland than from urban areas (3.8 claims versus 2.4 claims per 100,000 inhabitants, P < 0.05). Compensation was paid to the @entity1 in two-thirds of the cases, indicating that the dentists authorized to decide claims very often considered these injuries avoidable. Therefore, proper diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical techniques, and detailed @entity1 information must be emphasized. In cases where risks are obvious, referral to an oral surgeon is recommended.

title: Malpractice claims for permanent @entity128 related to XXXX .

answer: @entity13258 :: (MESH:D014096,Disease) :: ['third molar removals']


abstract: To establish the extent to which the paraspinal muscles are affected in @entity2112 , samples from @entity1 must be compared with controls of a similar gender and age. To date, insufficient control data has been available for these purposes. The aim of this study was to re-dress this tissue, in order to identify whether one side of the apex of the scoliotic curve showed greater muscular abnormalities than the other. Bilateral samples of the paraspinal muscles were obtained during surgery from 14 female @entity1635 @entity1 , at the apex of the scoliotic curve at T9-T11. Percutaneous muscle biopsy samples were obtained from nine female volunteers, on the left side of the spine at T10. Samples were prepared for routine histochemistry for the identification of muscle fibre types. Fibre size was measured using computerised image analysis. Compared with control muscle, there was a significantly lower proportion of type I (slow-twitch oxidative) fibres in the muscle on the concave side of the scoliotic curve, but no difference on the convex side. The proportion of type IIB (fast-twitch, glycolytic) fibres was higher on both sides of the curve compared with controls, with the effect being significantly more marked on the concave side. The percentage of type IIA (slow-twitch, oxidative-glycolytic) fibres did not differ between the groups, and neither did fibre size (although there was a tendency for the controls to have larger type IIA fibres than the @entity1 ). Collectively, the differences in fibre type size and distribution meant that on the concave side the relative area of the muscle occupied by type I fibres was smaller, and on both sides of the curve the relative area occupied by type IIB fibres was greater and by type IIA fibres smaller, in comparison with controls. In @entity1635 , the spinal musculature is most affected on the concave side of the curve's apex. The muscle adopts a 'faster', or more 'glycolytic' profile, which would be consistent with a reduced low-level tonic activity of the muscle, perhaps consequent to a local change in activity on this side of the spine following progression of the curve. Less marked changes, in the same direction, are also evident on the convex side; these may be the result of general disuse of the paraspinal muscles associated with the @entity85 .

title: Paraspinal muscle fibre type alterations associated with XXXX : an old problem revisited with new evidence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spinal deformity']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

answer: @entity1635 :: (MESH:D012600,Disease) :: ['scoliosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: We systematically reviewed and analyzed published and unpublished cases of @entity6715 ( @entity6715 ), or @entity137 ( @entity137 ) associated with @entity2812 (LTG) therapy to identify characteristics of these reactions. METHODS: We performed a MEDLINE search (January 1985 to April 1998) and citation tracking for published reports. In addition, reports were requested from the Uppsala Monitoring Centre of the World Health Organization (WHO). Published and WHO cases of LTG-associated @entity6715 or @entity137 were included if the causal relationship was assessed as either possible, probable, or definite. RESULTS: We identified a total of 57 cases (43 cases of @entity6715 , 14 cases of @entity137 ), of which 13 (23%) were published. Cases in the @entity6715 group were significantly younger than in the @entity137 group (21 years vs. 31 years). The median time to onset (17 days for @entity6715 and @entity137 ) and the median dosage at onset (50 mg vs. 87.5 mg) for @entity6715 and @entity137 did not differ significantly. Concomitant use of @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) was reported in 74% of the @entity6715 cases and 64% of the @entity137 cases. In three cases, @entity137 was the cutaneous manifestation of the antiepileptic drug @entity7586 (AHS). CONCLUSIONS: The main features of severe cutaneous drug reactions, such as dosage, onset, and concomitant @entity2052 use, do not differ in @entity1 with LTG-induced @entity6715 or @entity137 . @entity6715 or @entity137 may also be the cutaneous manifestations of LTG-induced AHS. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to identify the incidence of severe LTG-induced cutaneous adverse reactions and the relative risk compared with other AEDs.

title: XXXX -induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['TEN', 'toxic epidermal necrolysis']

entities_list: @entity6715 :: ('MESH:D013262', 'Disease') :: ['SJS', 'Stevens-Johnson syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate']

entities_list: @entity7586 :: ('MESH:D063926', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2812 :: ('MESH:C047781', 'Chemical') :: ['lamotrigine']

answer: @entity2812 :: (MESH:C047781,Chemical) :: ['Lamotrigine']


abstract: While attention has been paid recently to the effectiveness of @entity645 / @entity791 interventions among injection drug users, less focus has been given to out-of-treatment noninjecting drug users. This study examines the the NIDA Cooperative Agreement standard intervention versus an enhanced intervention for @entity645 / @entity791 risk among noninjecting drug users. Data come from five sites of the NIDA-funded Cooperative Agreement on @entity645 risk behaviors. The sample is comprised of those who never injected drugs or reported not injecting in the 12 months prior to the interview; and who completed a three-month follow-up assessment. Three risk behaviors in the prior 30 days were analyzed: frequency of crack/ @entity2072 use, number of sex partners, and frequency of condom use. The levels of both baseline and follow-up risk were analyzed. Individuals remaining at low risk or decreasing risk behaviors were classified as "improved." Those increasing risk behavior or remaining at moderate or high levels were classified as "worsened." Of the 1,434 noninjecting crack/ @entity2072 users, 82% improved crack/ @entity2072 use at the follow-up. The enhanced intervention group showed more improvement in crack/ @entity2072 use than the standard intervention group. Overall, 76% reported reducing sexual partners, maintaining a one-partner relationship, or abstaining from sex at both time periods. @entity1 in the enhanced intervention group improved more than @entity1 in the standard intervention (81% versus 75%). In terms of condom use, more respondents worsened than improved (55% versus 45%). This study confirms that @entity645 / @entity791 interventions can reduce crack/ @entity2072 use; however, high-risk sexual behaviors are more difficult to change. Reasons for this lack of improvement and suggestions for future interventions are discussed.

title: Effectiveness of XXXX risk reduction initiatives among out-of-treatment non-injection drug users.

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of modification by local primary care doctors of key aspects of the National Asthma Education Program (NAEP) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. DESIGN: A random sample of primary care physicians participating in @entity565 guideline development. SETTING: Two hospital systems, one based in an urban environment, and a second in a community and rural environment. @entity1 : Primary care physicians. INTERVENTION: Design of consensus-based @entity565 guidelines using a modified Delphi approach. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 42 physicians participated in the local guideline development. With few exceptions, the primary care physicians modified in major ways the NAEP Guidelines regarding the role of pulmonary function testing and spirometry. Specifically, the local guidelines did not require peak flow and spirometry measurements as the basis for initiating inhaled @entity230 as did the national guidelines. All 42 physicians emphasized a clinical diagnosis versus one based on a pulmonary function. Peak flow monitoring was recommended by 35 (83%) of physicians in selected @entity1 only, in contrast to the national guidelines, which emphasized monitoring for all @entity1 routinely and during exacerbations. There was strong agreement with the national guidelines on the role and importance of @entity1 education, and on the indications for the use of inhaled @entity230 . CONCLUSIONS: Disagreement by primary care doctors with parts of the NAEP guideline is a potential cause for poor compliance and lack of influence on @entity1 care. Recognizing the need to modify or customize guidelines through field testing with local primary care physicians will improve acceptance of national guidelines.

title: Effect of local standards on the implementation of national guidelines for XXXX : primary care agreement with national @entity565 guidelines.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['local asthma']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of modification by local primary care doctors of key aspects of the National Asthma Education Program (NAEP) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. DESIGN: A random sample of primary care physicians participating in @entity565 guideline development. SETTING: Two hospital systems, one based in an urban environment, and a second in a community and rural environment. @entity1 : Primary care physicians. INTERVENTION: Design of consensus-based @entity565 guidelines using a modified Delphi approach. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 42 physicians participated in the local guideline development. With few exceptions, the primary care physicians modified in major ways the NAEP Guidelines regarding the role of pulmonary function testing and spirometry. Specifically, the local guidelines did not require peak flow and spirometry measurements as the basis for initiating inhaled @entity230 as did the national guidelines. All 42 physicians emphasized a clinical diagnosis versus one based on a pulmonary function. Peak flow monitoring was recommended by 35 (83%) of physicians in selected @entity1 only, in contrast to the national guidelines, which emphasized monitoring for all @entity1 routinely and during exacerbations. There was strong agreement with the national guidelines on the role and importance of @entity1 education, and on the indications for the use of inhaled @entity230 . CONCLUSIONS: Disagreement by primary care doctors with parts of the NAEP guideline is a potential cause for poor compliance and lack of influence on @entity1 care. Recognizing the need to modify or customize guidelines through field testing with local primary care physicians will improve acceptance of national guidelines.

title: Effect of local standards on the implementation of national guidelines for @entity565 : primary care agreement with national XXXX guidelines.

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: The use of a recently released anticonvulsant, @entity2682 , in the treatment of @entity508 in two @entity1 with @entity15 is reported. @entity2682 was chosen because of its @entity1246 -ergic effect and because previously reported studies have shown that it is well tolerated compared with other @entity1246 -mimetic medication. Satisfactory release of @entity508 with significant improvement of functional outcome was noted in both cases. Both @entity1 were first treated with @entity2682 for one month at 300 mg per day and then, with no reported side-effects, at 400 mg per day. Before treatment, @entity508 (graded with modified Ashworth Scale) in one @entity1 was 3 for left lower and 2 for right lower limbs, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 7; ambulation was limited to a few steps with a standard walker. After two weeks of treatment, @entity508 was 2 and 1 for the left and right lower limbs, respectively. At three-month intervals, @entity508 was +1 for left and 1 for right lower limbs, and EDSS was 6; the @entity1 could ambulate 75 to 100 m with a standard walker. In the second @entity1 , @entity508 before treatment was 2 for both lower and left upper limbs. EDSS was 5.5, and ambulation was confined to 100 m with a cane. Spasticity improved to +1 in lower and 1 in left upper limbs after two weeks and to 1 and normal after three months. At three months, EDSS was 3 and the @entity1 could ambulate for long distances without an assistive device. We suggest that @entity2682 can be used effectively to decrease @entity508 without significant side effects in @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: @entity2682 for relief of XXXX associated with @entity15 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2682 :: ('MESH:C040029', 'Chemical') :: ['gabapentin', 'Gabapentin']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity508 :: (MESH:D009128,Disease) :: ['spasticity']


abstract: The use of a recently released anticonvulsant, @entity2682 , in the treatment of @entity508 in two @entity1 with @entity15 is reported. @entity2682 was chosen because of its @entity1246 -ergic effect and because previously reported studies have shown that it is well tolerated compared with other @entity1246 -mimetic medication. Satisfactory release of @entity508 with significant improvement of functional outcome was noted in both cases. Both @entity1 were first treated with @entity2682 for one month at 300 mg per day and then, with no reported side-effects, at 400 mg per day. Before treatment, @entity508 (graded with modified Ashworth Scale) in one @entity1 was 3 for left lower and 2 for right lower limbs, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 7; ambulation was limited to a few steps with a standard walker. After two weeks of treatment, @entity508 was 2 and 1 for the left and right lower limbs, respectively. At three-month intervals, @entity508 was +1 for left and 1 for right lower limbs, and EDSS was 6; the @entity1 could ambulate 75 to 100 m with a standard walker. In the second @entity1 , @entity508 before treatment was 2 for both lower and left upper limbs. EDSS was 5.5, and ambulation was confined to 100 m with a cane. Spasticity improved to +1 in lower and 1 in left upper limbs after two weeks and to 1 and normal after three months. At three months, EDSS was 3 and the @entity1 could ambulate for long distances without an assistive device. We suggest that @entity2682 can be used effectively to decrease @entity508 without significant side effects in @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: @entity2682 for relief of @entity508 associated with XXXX .

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: The use of a recently released anticonvulsant, @entity2682 , in the treatment of @entity508 in two @entity1 with @entity15 is reported. @entity2682 was chosen because of its @entity1246 -ergic effect and because previously reported studies have shown that it is well tolerated compared with other @entity1246 -mimetic medication. Satisfactory release of @entity508 with significant improvement of functional outcome was noted in both cases. Both @entity1 were first treated with @entity2682 for one month at 300 mg per day and then, with no reported side-effects, at 400 mg per day. Before treatment, @entity508 (graded with modified Ashworth Scale) in one @entity1 was 3 for left lower and 2 for right lower limbs, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 7; ambulation was limited to a few steps with a standard walker. After two weeks of treatment, @entity508 was 2 and 1 for the left and right lower limbs, respectively. At three-month intervals, @entity508 was +1 for left and 1 for right lower limbs, and EDSS was 6; the @entity1 could ambulate 75 to 100 m with a standard walker. In the second @entity1 , @entity508 before treatment was 2 for both lower and left upper limbs. EDSS was 5.5, and ambulation was confined to 100 m with a cane. Spasticity improved to +1 in lower and 1 in left upper limbs after two weeks and to 1 and normal after three months. At three months, EDSS was 3 and the @entity1 could ambulate for long distances without an assistive device. We suggest that @entity2682 can be used effectively to decrease @entity508 without significant side effects in @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: XXXX for relief of @entity508 associated with @entity15 .

answer: @entity2682 :: (MESH:C040029,Chemical) :: ['Gabapentin']


abstract: PURPOSES: To investigate the evidence for a threshold in the @entity5 dose-response curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Japanese @entity5 mortality data, based on follow-up to 1990, was used, taking account of random errors in DS86 dose estimates. RESULTS: For all solid cancers analysed together, there is a significant positive dose response (two-sided p<0.05) if all survivors who received <0.5 Sv are considered, but the significance vanishes if doses of <0.2 Sv are considered; the same is also true for @entity1778 . For solid @entity5 mortality there is no indication of curvilinearity in the dose response: no statistically significant improvement in fit to a linear relative risk model is provided by addition of quadratic or threshold dose terms. If a relative risk model with a threshold (the dose response is assumed linear above the threshold) is fitted to solid @entity5 mortality data, the best estimate of the threshold is < 0.00 Sv (95% CI <0.00-0.13). If a linear-quadratic-threshold model is used the best estimate of the threshold is < 0.00 Sv (95% CI < 0.00-0.15). For @entity1778 mortality there is highly statistically significant upward curvature in the dose response. In particular, if a relative risk model with a threshold (the dose response is assumed linear above the threshold) is fitted to the @entity1778 data, the best estimate of the threshold is 0.16 Sv (95% CI 0.05-0.40) (two-sided p=0.001 for test of departure of threshold from 0). However, there is no evidence for a threshold effect (two-sided p = 0.16) when a quadratic term is included in the dose response: the best estimate of threshold in this case is 0.09Sv (95% CI <0.00-0.29). Moreover, addition of a quadratic term improves the fit of a linear-threshold model at borderline levels of statistical significance (two-sided p = 0.07). Therefore, the most parsimonious description of the @entity1778 dose response is provided by a linear-quadratic function of dose. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence of threshold-type departures from the linear-quadratic dose response either for solid @entity5 or for @entity1778 in the Japanese atomic bomb survivor mortality data.

title: Curvature in the XXXX mortality dose response in Japanese atomic bomb survivors: absence of evidence of threshold.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'atomic bomb survivor cancer', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: @entity1 @entity3646 ( @entity3646 ), one of the small four-helix-bundle cytokines, uses the specific @entity3646 receptor a chain together with a promiscuous subunit, the @entity16409 ( @entity16409 ) for transmembrane signaling. The ligand-binding properties of @entity16409 , which are presently poorly understood, were analysed by biosensor techniques employing recombinant ectodomains of @entity16409 and a receptor chains ( @entity3646 -BP). The formation of a ternary complex between solute @entity16409 ectodomain and @entity3646 saturated @entity3646 -BP could be established to exhibit a high dissociation constant Kd = 3 microM and a short half life tau1/2 = 7 s. This binding affinity resulted to the major part from the interaction of @entity16409 ectodomain with @entity3646 and not from a direct contact of the ectodomains, since binding between solute @entity16409 ectodomain and @entity3646 could be established (Kd about 150 microM), whereas no binding was found between the @entity16409 ectodomain and @entity3646 -BP in the absence of @entity3646 . The @entity3646 epitope involved in @entity16409 ectodomain interaction (site 2) was identified by means of an @entity493 -scanning mutational approach. The @entity3646 site 2 comprised residues I11 and N15 on helix A together with Y124 on helix D as major binding determinants. The @entity3646 @entity493 variants at site 2 generally showed only moderate defects in biological activity. Even the most affected variant [A124] @entity3646 retained a partial agonist activity of about 50% during a T-cell proliferation assay. The dosis leading to a half-maximal response (EC50) was not altered by site-2 substitutions. The present results are in accordance with a two-step-dimerisation mechanism for @entity9597 activation, where solute @entity3646 at physiological concentrations binds first via the high-affinity site 1 to the a chain only, since the affinity of @entity3646 site 2 for @entity16409 is too low. This site-2 affinity seems to be sufficient, however, to promote, in a second step, a productive association of @entity16409 to an @entity3646 chain complex in the membrane.

title: The interleukin-4 site-2 epitope determining binding of the common receptor XXXX .

entities_list: @entity16409 :: ('3561', 'Gene') :: ['common gamma chain', 'gamma(c)']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity16409 :: (3561,Gene) :: ['gamma chain']


abstract: @entity2695 is the most common @entity5 of @entity950 . Most @entity2695 proliferate for 8 to 18 months and then slowly regress over the next 5 to 8 years. So far, @entity230 have been the established means of treatment, but there have been some reports of the use of @entity4020 (IFN-A2a) in such @entity5 . To evaluate the efficacy of IFN-A2a in treating @entity2695 in @entity950 and childhood, we administered it to ten @entity1 aged 4 h to 6.5 years with life-threatening @entity2695 in various parts of the body. The dose used was 3 MU/m2 body surface area subcutaneously every second day. All @entity1 had previously received @entity288 for 2 to 5 weeks without obvious success. The results were satisfactory: five @entity1 had total or almost total regression; the rest have had partial regression while treatment is still in progress. @entity1129 with @entity221 , @entity2490 , etc. accompanied the injections in some @entity1 . The symptoms were controlled with @entity1443 as necessary. Mild, transient @entity1431 occurred in some @entity1 as well, but subsided after cessation of therapy for 1 week. IFN-A2a appears to be a promising and well-tolerated element in the treatment of life-threatening @entity2695 in @entity950 and childhood.

title: Conservative treatment of @entity2695 in @entity950 and childhood with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4020 :: ('3440', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-alpha 2a']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['giant hemangiomas', 'hemangiomas', 'Hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1129 :: ('MESH:D001260', 'Disease') :: ['A flu-like syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity4020 :: (3440,Gene) :: ['interferon-alpha 2a']


abstract: @entity2695 is the most common @entity5 of @entity950 . Most @entity2695 proliferate for 8 to 18 months and then slowly regress over the next 5 to 8 years. So far, @entity230 have been the established means of treatment, but there have been some reports of the use of @entity4020 (IFN-A2a) in such @entity5 . To evaluate the efficacy of IFN-A2a in treating @entity2695 in @entity950 and childhood, we administered it to ten @entity1 aged 4 h to 6.5 years with life-threatening @entity2695 in various parts of the body. The dose used was 3 MU/m2 body surface area subcutaneously every second day. All @entity1 had previously received @entity288 for 2 to 5 weeks without obvious success. The results were satisfactory: five @entity1 had total or almost total regression; the rest have had partial regression while treatment is still in progress. @entity1129 with @entity221 , @entity2490 , etc. accompanied the injections in some @entity1 . The symptoms were controlled with @entity1443 as necessary. Mild, transient @entity1431 occurred in some @entity1 as well, but subsided after cessation of therapy for 1 week. IFN-A2a appears to be a promising and well-tolerated element in the treatment of life-threatening @entity2695 in @entity950 and childhood.

title: Conservative treatment of XXXX in @entity950 and childhood with @entity4020 .

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity2695 :: (MESH:D006391,Disease) :: ['hemangiomas']


abstract: @entity2695 is the most common @entity5 of @entity950 . Most @entity2695 proliferate for 8 to 18 months and then slowly regress over the next 5 to 8 years. So far, @entity230 have been the established means of treatment, but there have been some reports of the use of @entity4020 (IFN-A2a) in such @entity5 . To evaluate the efficacy of IFN-A2a in treating @entity2695 in @entity950 and childhood, we administered it to ten @entity1 aged 4 h to 6.5 years with life-threatening @entity2695 in various parts of the body. The dose used was 3 MU/m2 body surface area subcutaneously every second day. All @entity1 had previously received @entity288 for 2 to 5 weeks without obvious success. The results were satisfactory: five @entity1 had total or almost total regression; the rest have had partial regression while treatment is still in progress. @entity1129 with @entity221 , @entity2490 , etc. accompanied the injections in some @entity1 . The symptoms were controlled with @entity1443 as necessary. Mild, transient @entity1431 occurred in some @entity1 as well, but subsided after cessation of therapy for 1 week. IFN-A2a appears to be a promising and well-tolerated element in the treatment of life-threatening @entity2695 in @entity950 and childhood.

title: Conservative treatment of @entity2695 in XXXX and childhood with @entity4020 .

answer: @entity950 :: (MESH:C537702,Disease) :: ['infancy']


abstract: Monocytes can be activated by incubation with opsonized zymosan (Zop), and under these conditions can oxidize low density lipoprotein (LDL). We have characterized the biochemical changes in the lipoprotein after this oxidation. We found that monocyte-oxidized LDL has increased mobility on agarose gels, increased absorbance at 234 nm, increased content of @entity6579 , and fluorescence at 430 nm when excited at 350 nm. All these features were somewhat less pronounced in monocyte-oxidized LDL than in LDL oxidized by 5 micrometer @entity12239 . Under appropriate conditions, Zop-stimulated monocytes oxidized LDL to a form recognized by macrophage scavenger receptors. Monocytes stimulated by Zop produced @entity224 and also oxidized LDL, whereas monocytes stimulated by @entity4621 produced slightly more @entity224 but did not oxidize LDL. We found that the chelators @entity1098 and @entity5531 inhibited LDL oxidation by Zop-stimulated monocytes, implying a requirement for @entity9546 ions. We found that Zop contained approximately 5 nmol @entity68 per mg, probably as @entity596 . Zop stripped of its @entity68 supported @entity224 production by monocytes, but did not support LDL oxidation. Furthermore, @entity8798 appeared in the medium when monocytes were incubated with Zop, but not with @entity68 -stripped Zop. Taken together, these results imply that monocytes stimulated by Zop are able to oxidize LDL only because of contaminating @entity68 in the commercial zymosan preparations. and requirement for @entity9546 ions.

title: LDL oxidation by activated monocytes: characterization of the oxidized LDL and requirement for XXXX ions.

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity9546 :: ('CHEBI:27081', 'Chemical') :: ['transition metal']

entities_list: @entity4621 :: ('CHEBI:37532', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol ester']

entities_list: @entity5531 :: ('MESH:D004369', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity9546 :: (CHEBI:27081,Chemical) :: ['transition metal']


abstract: BenM and CatM are distinct, but similar, LysR-type transcriptional regulators of the soil bacterium @entity22760 . Together, the two regulators control the expression of at least 14 genes involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds via the @entity6153 branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway. In these studies, BenM and CatM were each purified to homogeneity to test the possibility that they regulate the expression of two additional genes, benP and benK, that are adjacent to benM on the chromosome. Each regulator bound to a DNA fragment containing the benP promoter region. Additional transcriptional studies suggested that benP and benK are co-transcribed as an operon, and a site of transcription initiation was identified. Alignment of this initiation site with those of several CatM- and BenM-regulated genes revealed common regulatory motifs. Mutants lacking both CatM and BenM failed to activate benP transcription. The ability of each protein to regulate gene expression was inferred from strains lacking either CatM or BenM that were still capable of increasing benP expression in response to @entity22761 . This compound has previously been shown to induce all enzymes of the @entity6153 branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway through a complex transcriptional circuit involving CatM and BenM. Thus, the regulated expression of the benPK operon in concert with other genes of the regulon is consistent with the model that BenP, a putative outer-membrane porin, and BenK, an inner-membrane permease, transport aromatic compounds in strain @entity22760 .

title: The benPK operon, proposed to play a role in transport, is part of a regulon for benzoate catabolism in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity22760 :: ('62977', 'Species') :: ['Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1', 'ADP1']

entities_list: @entity22761 :: ('MESH:C005939', 'Chemical') :: ['cis,cis-muconate']

entities_list: @entity6153 :: ('MESH:C034221', 'Chemical') :: ['catechol']

answer: @entity22760 :: (62977,Species) :: ['Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1']


abstract: Computer-assisted medical imaging was used to locate the mandibular foramen and the portion of the @entity129 canal at the level of the angle of the mandible in 19 hemimandibles of @entity1 with @entity4802 . The distance from each of these two points to the borders of the mandible was measured. The ratios of these distances to the height, anteroposterior, and buccolingual extents of the mandibular ramus were calculated. These ratios were compared among affected hemimandibles (Pruzansky classification I, n = 4; and Pruzansky classification II, n = 10), unaffected hemimandibles (n = 9), and the hemimandibles of @entity1 with @entity8213 (n = 7). Comparison of mean distance ratios showed that the mandibular foramen was located significantly more proximally in the affected cohort than in either the unaffected or @entity8213 control groups. The mandibular foramen was also located significantly closer to the buccal cortex of the mandible in the affected cohort when compared with unaffected @entity1 . The distance from the mandibular foramen to the anterior or posterior tables of the mandible divided by the total anteroposterior distance did not vary among the three groups studied. The distance ratios between the @entity129 canal at the level of the angle of the mandible and the mandibular borders also did not vary significantly among the groups studied. An @entity129 canal could not be identified in any @entity1 with Pruzansky grade III mandibular deficiency. This quantitative, three-dimensional description of points along the proximal path of the @entity129 canal in @entity1 with @entity4802 provides useful information to assist the surgeon during osteotomy planning and may help in avoiding @entity128 at the time of surgery.

title: The course of the @entity129 in XXXX : virtual dissection using three-dimensional computed tomography image analysis.

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['inferior alveolar nerve']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4802 :: ('MESH:D006053', 'Disease') :: ['craniofacial microsomia']

entities_list: @entity8213 :: ('MESH:D013580', 'Disease') :: ['synostosis', 'nonsyndromic, sutural synostosis']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the nerve']

answer: @entity4802 :: (MESH:D006053,Disease) :: ['craniofacial microsomia']


abstract: Computer-assisted medical imaging was used to locate the mandibular foramen and the portion of the @entity129 canal at the level of the angle of the mandible in 19 hemimandibles of @entity1 with @entity4802 . The distance from each of these two points to the borders of the mandible was measured. The ratios of these distances to the height, anteroposterior, and buccolingual extents of the mandibular ramus were calculated. These ratios were compared among affected hemimandibles (Pruzansky classification I, n = 4; and Pruzansky classification II, n = 10), unaffected hemimandibles (n = 9), and the hemimandibles of @entity1 with @entity8213 (n = 7). Comparison of mean distance ratios showed that the mandibular foramen was located significantly more proximally in the affected cohort than in either the unaffected or @entity8213 control groups. The mandibular foramen was also located significantly closer to the buccal cortex of the mandible in the affected cohort when compared with unaffected @entity1 . The distance from the mandibular foramen to the anterior or posterior tables of the mandible divided by the total anteroposterior distance did not vary among the three groups studied. The distance ratios between the @entity129 canal at the level of the angle of the mandible and the mandibular borders also did not vary significantly among the groups studied. An @entity129 canal could not be identified in any @entity1 with Pruzansky grade III mandibular deficiency. This quantitative, three-dimensional description of points along the proximal path of the @entity129 canal in @entity1 with @entity4802 provides useful information to assist the surgeon during osteotomy planning and may help in avoiding @entity128 at the time of surgery.

title: The course of the XXXX in @entity4802 : virtual dissection using three-dimensional computed tomography image analysis.

answer: @entity129 :: (MESH:D003389,Disease) :: ['inferior alveolar nerve']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: @entity1 with suspected or documented @entity1690 ( @entity1690 ) who undergo standard biliary sphincterotomy have high rates of post-procedure @entity788 . Approximately 75% of such @entity1 have elevated basal pressures of the pancreatic sphincter. Biliary sphincterotomy (BES) on its own leaves the pancreatic sphincter unablated and may cause transient @entity4 which aggravates the increase in pancreatic sphincter pressure. Combined pancreaticobiliary therapy (PBR), using pancreatic stenting in addition to sphincterotomy may therefore be safer. @entity1 AND METHODS: The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database was queried for @entity1 with successful double-duct sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) who underwent BES alone or PBR between 1994 and 1997. The endoscopist had decided on the technique to be used. From 1995 to 1997 there was a general trend to do PBR. @entity788 was defined according to established criteria. RESULTS: The post-ERCP @entity788 rate among all 436 @entity1690 @entity1 was 19.7%, while 256 @entity1 with normal SOM results had a @entity788 rate of 12.9%. The use of combined PBR was associated with a lower frequency of @entity788 compared with BES alone (needle-knife over pancreatic duct stent, 14/131 @entity1 , 10.7 %; pull-type pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy plus pancreatic stent, 15/78 @entity1 , 19.2%; BES alone, 52/184 @entity1 , 28.3%). Episodes of moderate and severe @entity788 were seen more frequently in the BES group. CONCLUSION: In @entity1690 @entity1 , post-ERCP @entity788 rates remain high, but have improved with the addition of combined pancreaticobiliary sphincter therapy.

title: @entity1690 : pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy with pancreatic stent placement has a lower rate of XXXX than biliary sphincterotomy alone.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction', 'SOD']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatitis', 'pancreatitis']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: @entity1 with suspected or documented @entity1690 ( @entity1690 ) who undergo standard biliary sphincterotomy have high rates of post-procedure @entity788 . Approximately 75% of such @entity1 have elevated basal pressures of the pancreatic sphincter. Biliary sphincterotomy (BES) on its own leaves the pancreatic sphincter unablated and may cause transient @entity4 which aggravates the increase in pancreatic sphincter pressure. Combined pancreaticobiliary therapy (PBR), using pancreatic stenting in addition to sphincterotomy may therefore be safer. @entity1 AND METHODS: The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database was queried for @entity1 with successful double-duct sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) who underwent BES alone or PBR between 1994 and 1997. The endoscopist had decided on the technique to be used. From 1995 to 1997 there was a general trend to do PBR. @entity788 was defined according to established criteria. RESULTS: The post-ERCP @entity788 rate among all 436 @entity1690 @entity1 was 19.7%, while 256 @entity1 with normal SOM results had a @entity788 rate of 12.9%. The use of combined PBR was associated with a lower frequency of @entity788 compared with BES alone (needle-knife over pancreatic duct stent, 14/131 @entity1 , 10.7 %; pull-type pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy plus pancreatic stent, 15/78 @entity1 , 19.2%; BES alone, 52/184 @entity1 , 28.3%). Episodes of moderate and severe @entity788 were seen more frequently in the BES group. CONCLUSION: In @entity1690 @entity1 , post-ERCP @entity788 rates remain high, but have improved with the addition of combined pancreaticobiliary sphincter therapy.

title: XXXX : pancreaticobiliary sphincterotomy with pancreatic stent placement has a lower rate of @entity788 than biliary sphincterotomy alone.

answer: @entity1690 :: (MESH:D046628,Disease) :: ['Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction']


abstract: @entity3439 ( @entity3439 ) had been considered extremely rare until identification with imaging studies. Its natural history is still quite unknown in terms of potential origin and course. As a consequence of various controversies, there is still no clearly established treatment, particularly in regard to medical or surgical management. The best decision requires tailoring treatment to the individual @entity1 according to his or her clinical condition. Two @entity1 with @entity6477 are reported, the controversial management of this rare entity is analysed. In reviewing current published cases of @entity3439 , it seems that the outcome of an individual @entity1 is not related to the therapeutic approach, but to the level of consciousness and the @entity16 on admission. Surgical and medical treatment indications are taken into account for management. A @entity1 with @entity3439 developed an extension of the @entity1410 to the convexity at 2 weeks of his clinical course, with a decline of his @entity16 . The @entity1410 was then evacuated through a parietal craniotomy with an uneventful postoperative course. Another case of @entity3439 presented as @entity10 and @entity4905 , with spontaneous clinical improvement at 12 hours and with no decline in the @entity1 's @entity16 . Management was conservative. In both cases the neurological examination was normal after 6 months. As in previously reported cases, the clinical and @entity16 of the @entity1 on admission is crucial for the course of an @entity3439 . Treatment strategies are based on the individual neurological response of each case and the risk-benefit ratio to decide on a medical or surgical approach.

title: XXXX : two case reports and analysis of the literature.

entities_list: @entity3439 :: ('MESH:D006408', 'Disease') :: ['ISH', 'Interhemispheric subdural hematoma', 'interhemispheric subdural hematoma']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity6477 :: ('MESH:D020199', 'Disease') :: ['acute interhemispheric subdural hematomas']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity6477 :: (MESH:D020199,Disease) :: ['Acute interhemispheric subdural hematoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To study the impact of adding induction chemotherapy to radiotherapy on the long-term control of regional @entity3 and survival in @entity1 with @entity189 ( @entity189 ). METHODS: Between February 1988 and August 1993, 240 @entity189 @entity1 with Ho's T3 stage, N2-3 stage, or nodal size >/=3 cm were recruited onto two randomized trials comparing induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (CT + RT) and radiotherapy alone (RT) using a similar treatment protocol. Of these, 210 @entity1 (105 in each treatment arm) had cervical nodal @entity3 and were included in the analysis. @entity1 in the CT + RT arm received two to three cycles of @entity900 , 60 mg/m(2) day 1, + @entity1259 , 110 mg/m(2) day 1, followed by radiotherapy. Radiotherapy technique and dose were similar in both arms. The median follow-up time was 71 months (range, 5-152 months). RESULTS: The overall response rate of nodal disease to chemotherapy was 86%, and the complete response (CR) rate was 44%. At the end of radiotherapy, 92% of @entity1 in the CT + RT arm and 86% in the RT arm achieved CR in the neck (p =.12). The 5-year nodal relapse-free survival rates in the CT + RT and RT arm were 83% and 75%, respectively (p =.13). @entity177 (81%) occurred during the first 36 months of follow-up. Radical neck dissection successfully salvaged 41% of neck failures in the CT + RT arm and 46% in the RT arm. The 5-year distant metastases-free survival rates were 70% in the CT + RT arm and 68% in the RT arm (p =.56), and the corresponding 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 66% and 68%, respectively (p =.55). In subgroup analysis, no significant differences in regional control and survival could be found in @entity1 with Ho's N2-3 stage, AJCC N2-3 stage, or nodal size >6 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Induction chemotherapy does not seem to improve the regional control and survival in @entity189 @entity1 with regional @entity3 compared with radiotherapy alone and is not recommended as a routine treatment outside the context of a clinical trial.

title: Control of regional @entity3 after induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma', 'NPC']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Most neck failures']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To study the impact of adding induction chemotherapy to radiotherapy on the long-term control of regional @entity3 and survival in @entity1 with @entity189 ( @entity189 ). METHODS: Between February 1988 and August 1993, 240 @entity189 @entity1 with Ho's T3 stage, N2-3 stage, or nodal size >/=3 cm were recruited onto two randomized trials comparing induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (CT + RT) and radiotherapy alone (RT) using a similar treatment protocol. Of these, 210 @entity1 (105 in each treatment arm) had cervical nodal @entity3 and were included in the analysis. @entity1 in the CT + RT arm received two to three cycles of @entity900 , 60 mg/m(2) day 1, + @entity1259 , 110 mg/m(2) day 1, followed by radiotherapy. Radiotherapy technique and dose were similar in both arms. The median follow-up time was 71 months (range, 5-152 months). RESULTS: The overall response rate of nodal disease to chemotherapy was 86%, and the complete response (CR) rate was 44%. At the end of radiotherapy, 92% of @entity1 in the CT + RT arm and 86% in the RT arm achieved CR in the neck (p =.12). The 5-year nodal relapse-free survival rates in the CT + RT and RT arm were 83% and 75%, respectively (p =.13). @entity177 (81%) occurred during the first 36 months of follow-up. Radical neck dissection successfully salvaged 41% of neck failures in the CT + RT arm and 46% in the RT arm. The 5-year distant metastases-free survival rates were 70% in the CT + RT arm and 68% in the RT arm (p =.56), and the corresponding 5-year disease-specific survival rates were 66% and 68%, respectively (p =.55). In subgroup analysis, no significant differences in regional control and survival could be found in @entity1 with Ho's N2-3 stage, AJCC N2-3 stage, or nodal size >6 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Induction chemotherapy does not seem to improve the regional control and survival in @entity189 @entity1 with regional @entity3 compared with radiotherapy alone and is not recommended as a routine treatment outside the context of a clinical trial.

title: Control of regional XXXX after induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for @entity189 .

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: The bag cell neurons of Aplysia are a cluster of cells that control egg laying behavior. After brief synaptic stimulation, they depolarize and fire spontaneously for up to 30 min. During the first few seconds of this afterdischarge, the action potentials of the bag cell neurons undergo pronounced broadening. Single bag cell neurons in culture also show spike broadening in response to repeated depolarizations. This broadening is frequency-dependent and associated with the induction of a depolarizing afterpotential lasting minutes. In some neurons the depolarizing afterpotential is sufficient to trigger spontaneous firing. To test the possibility that spike broadening during stimulation is required to trigger the depolarizing afterpotential, we eliminated frequency-dependent broadening by heterologous expression of the @entity9399 @entity972 channel. This channel has rapid activation and deactivation kinetics and no use-dependent inactivation. Expression of @entity9399 prevented spike broadening and also eliminated the depolarizing afterpotential. Measurements of the integral of @entity460 current during voltage commands, which simulated the action potentials of the control neurons and those expressing @entity9399 , indicate that spike broadening produces up to a fivefold increase in @entity460 entry. Manipulations that limit @entity460 entry during action potentials or chelation of intracellular @entity460 using @entity18650 AM prevented the induction of the depolarizing afterpotential. We conclude that spike broadening is essential for the induction of the depolarizing afterpotential probably by regulating @entity460 influx and suggest that one of the physiological roles of spike broadening may be to regulate long-term changes in neuronal excitability.

title: Heterologous expression of the @entity9399 XXXX channel eliminates spike broadening and the induction of a depolarizing afterpotential in the peptidergic bag cell neurons.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: The bag cell neurons of Aplysia are a cluster of cells that control egg laying behavior. After brief synaptic stimulation, they depolarize and fire spontaneously for up to 30 min. During the first few seconds of this afterdischarge, the action potentials of the bag cell neurons undergo pronounced broadening. Single bag cell neurons in culture also show spike broadening in response to repeated depolarizations. This broadening is frequency-dependent and associated with the induction of a depolarizing afterpotential lasting minutes. In some neurons the depolarizing afterpotential is sufficient to trigger spontaneous firing. To test the possibility that spike broadening during stimulation is required to trigger the depolarizing afterpotential, we eliminated frequency-dependent broadening by heterologous expression of the @entity9399 @entity972 channel. This channel has rapid activation and deactivation kinetics and no use-dependent inactivation. Expression of @entity9399 prevented spike broadening and also eliminated the depolarizing afterpotential. Measurements of the integral of @entity460 current during voltage commands, which simulated the action potentials of the control neurons and those expressing @entity9399 , indicate that spike broadening produces up to a fivefold increase in @entity460 entry. Manipulations that limit @entity460 entry during action potentials or chelation of intracellular @entity460 using @entity18650 AM prevented the induction of the depolarizing afterpotential. We conclude that spike broadening is essential for the induction of the depolarizing afterpotential probably by regulating @entity460 influx and suggest that one of the physiological roles of spike broadening may be to regulate long-term changes in neuronal excitability.

title: Heterologous expression of the XXXX @entity972 channel eliminates spike broadening and the induction of a depolarizing afterpotential in the peptidergic bag cell neurons.

answer: @entity9399 :: (3746,Gene) :: ['Kv3.1']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical and histological effects of 2 @entity544 lasers with different pulse durations and to evaluate the effect of @entity544 laser pulse duration on postprocedure erythema, wound healing, and efficacy of wrinkle treatment. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, comparative clinical trial. SETTING: A university-affiliated hospital-based laser center. @entity1 : Thirty-five @entity1 with facial wrinkles were enrolled in the study. Treatment sites included 15 perioral, 14 periorbital areas, and 6 full face. INTERVENTION: A 2-sided comparison was performed. One side of the study site was treated with the TruPulse laser (Tissue Technologies, Palomar Medical Products Inc, Lexington, Mass). The other side of the study site was treated with the UltraPulse 5000 laser (Coherent Medical Inc, Palo Alto, @entity2948 ). The 2 sides were treated to equivalent tissue effects rather than maintaining the number of passes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Photographs of the treatment areas at baseline, week 1, week 2, month 2, and month 6 were evaluated by a 5-member panel for degree of erythema, amount of @entity4 , and percentage of wrinkle improvement. @entity6619 skin casts for profilometry measurements before and after the treatment were compared. To evaluate skin shrinkage, surface area before and after treatment of square tattoos on both cheeks of the full-face @entity1 were computed using a digital imaging system. Histological sections before and after the procedure were analyzed. RESULTS: At week 1, 75% of the @entity1 had more erythema on the UltraPulse than TruPulse sides. The difference in erythema (TruPulse less than UltraPulse) between the 2 treatment sides was clinically mild yet statistically significant for weeks 1 (P = .05) and 2 (P = .05). Although observed results favored the UltraPulse over the TruPulse, the difference in efficacy between the 2 lasers did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the longer pulse-duration @entity544 laser, the shorter pulse-duration @entity544 laser, used with higher energy and more passes, caused slightly less erythema while maintaining efficacy. The longer pulse-duration laser required lower energy and fewer number of passes to achieve an equivalent depth of ablation, level of residual thermal damage, and degree of efficacy. The shorter TruPulse allows for more superficial tissue damage per pass and therefore is best suited for situations requiring superficial or more controlled ablation. The longer UltraPulse achieves a desirable depth of tissue damage with fewer passes. The data did not support the long-term presence of tissue collagen shrinkage in the treated areas.

title: Comparative clinical trial of 2 XXXX resurfacing lasers with varying pulse durations. 100 microseconds vs 1 millisecond.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity544 :: (MESH:D002245,Chemical) :: ['carbon dioxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous humor flow, flare and ocular side effects in eyes with a history of @entity8814 after trabeculectomy with adjunctive @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ). METHODS: Thirty-six eyes with primary or secondary @entity1538 and IOP < or = 8 mmHg during the postoperative period were studied 745 +/- 315 days after surgery. @entity1139 (0.2 or 0.5 mg/ml) was applied to the episclera with a cellular sponge. Flare was studied with the Kowa Laser Flare Meter 500. Aqueous humor flow was measured in the afternoon (Fluorotron Master II). IOP, visual fields and best corrected visual acuity were also examined. Twenty-two contralateral eyes without surgical intervention served as controls. RESULTS: The mean age of @entity1 was 44.5 +/- 16.8 years. The mean IOP was significantly lower in the @entity1139 group than in the control group: 9.6 +/- 6.4 mmHg vs 18.0 +/- 13.6 mmHg at 2 years (P < 0.001). Aqueous flow was significantly lower in subjects treated with @entity1139 than in controls (P < 0.001). The flare values were significantly higher in the @entity1139 -treated group, with a mean of 12.0 +/- 7.7 photon counts/ms, than in the control group, mean 7.9 +/- 4.6 photon counts/ms (P < 0.019). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that @entity1139 is a useful @entity551 agent which seems to participate in a change in aqueous humor dynamics when applied topically as an aqueous solution.

title: Effect of XXXX on aqueous humor flow, flare and intraocular pressure in eyes with glaucoma 2 years after trabeculectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypotensive']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin C']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective clinical review of 20 @entity1 seen during a 7-year period who had @entity9807 . OBJECTIVE: To define the effectiveness of imaging and treatment measures and to identify risk factors for recurrence, the series was reviewed to analyze cause, management, and outcome. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Rotatory subluxation of the atlantoaxial complex remains a poorly understood entity. Despite many reports in the literature, there is no consensus about which imaging studies should be used for diagnosis and which @entity1 benefit from collar immobilization, traction, or surgical fusion. METHODS: Between August 1990 and April 1997, 20 @entity1 with @entity9807 were treated. Fourteen @entity1 (70%) were @entity1 and six (30%) were @entity1 (mean age, 6.4 years). All @entity1 had torticollis and @entity4048 with @entity3799 for a mean of 11.2 days before diagnosis. Seven @entity1 (35%) had a history of @entity7551 or @entity2346 media, four (20%) had recently undergone head or neck surgery, and four (20%) had sustained a @entity130 ; in five @entity1 (25%), no clear cause was determined. All @entity1 were neurologically intact and underwent plain cervical radiographs and dynamic cervical computed tomography to document @entity9807 . @entity1 were then treated with a rigid cervical collar and anti-inflammatory agents (n = 5) or with cervical traction followed by immobilization (n = 15). RESULTS: In four of the five @entity1 in collars, reduction occurred spontaneously, whereas the fifth required cervical traction and eventual fusion for recurrence. In the 16 @entity1 treated with traction (median, 1.8 kg), the normal atlantoaxial alignment was restored in 15 @entity1 (94%) within a mean of 4 days. Of the 20 @entity1 treated overall, conservative management failed in 6 (30%), and they required posterior fusion because of recurrence of the @entity9807 or unsuccessful reduction. The major factor predicting the failure of conservative management was the duration of subluxation before initial reduction. @entity1 with long-standing subluxation were more likely to experience recurrence and require surgery. There were no complications noted. At follow-up, all @entity1 who were treated conservatively remained neurologically intact with a normal atlantoaxial relation. All @entity1 who underwent surgery remained neurologically intact and had radiographic documentation of fusion. CONCLUSION: Optimal management of @entity9807 entails early diagnosis with plain cervical radiographs and dynamic computed tomography. Closed reduction with cervical traction followed by rigid immobilization accomplished reduction in 15 of 16 @entity1 (94%) and was curative in 10 of 16 @entity1 (63%). Although reduction was achieved more rapidly and effectively with traction than with a collar, there may be a role for simple immobilization without reduction in @entity1 with a short duration of symptoms. There does not appear to be a correlation between cause of @entity9807 , age, or sex and the likelihood of recurrence.

title: Current management of pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity7551 :: ('MESH:D010612', 'Disease') :: ['pharyngitis']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['decreased cervical motion']

entities_list: @entity9807 :: ('MESH:C538196', 'Disease') :: ['atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic injury']

answer: @entity9807 :: (MESH:C538196,Disease) :: ['atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation']


abstract: Respiratory and fermentative pathways coexist to support growth and product formation in @entity28558 . This @entity375 grows rapidly without @entity1068 production under fully aerobic conditions, and it ferments @entity413 or @entity6122 under @entity26 -limited conditions, but it stops growing within one generation under anaerobic conditions. Expression of @entity375 @entity70742 (ScURA1) in @entity28558 enabled rapid anaerobic growth in minimal defined medium containing @entity413 when essential lipids were present. ScURA1 encodes a @entity44197 dehydrogenase that uses fumarate as an alternative electron acceptor to confer anaerobic growth. Initial @entity28558 transformants grew and produced 32 g/l @entity1068 from 78 g/l @entity413 . Cells produced even more @entity1068 faster following two anaerobic serial subcultures. Control strains without ScURA1 were incapable of growing anaerobically and showed only limited fermentation. @entity28558 cells bearing ScURA1 were viable in anaerobic @entity6122 medium for long periods, and supplemental @entity413 allowed cell growth, but @entity6122 alone could not support anaerobic growth even after serial anaerobic subculture on @entity413 . These data imply that @entity28558 can grow anaerobically using metabolic energy generated through fermentation but that it exhibits fundamental differences in cofactor selection and electron transport with @entity413 and @entity6122 metabolism. This is the first report of genetic engineering to enable anaerobic growth of a eukaryote.

title: Anaerobic growth and improved fermentation of XXXX bearing a @entity70742 gene from @entity375 .

entities_list: @entity44197 :: ('MESH:C004768', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydroorotate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity28558 :: ('4924', 'Species') :: ['Pichia stipitis', 'P. stipitis']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity28558 :: (4924,Species) :: ['Pichia stipitis']


abstract: Respiratory and fermentative pathways coexist to support growth and product formation in @entity28558 . This @entity375 grows rapidly without @entity1068 production under fully aerobic conditions, and it ferments @entity413 or @entity6122 under @entity26 -limited conditions, but it stops growing within one generation under anaerobic conditions. Expression of @entity375 @entity70742 (ScURA1) in @entity28558 enabled rapid anaerobic growth in minimal defined medium containing @entity413 when essential lipids were present. ScURA1 encodes a @entity44197 dehydrogenase that uses fumarate as an alternative electron acceptor to confer anaerobic growth. Initial @entity28558 transformants grew and produced 32 g/l @entity1068 from 78 g/l @entity413 . Cells produced even more @entity1068 faster following two anaerobic serial subcultures. Control strains without ScURA1 were incapable of growing anaerobically and showed only limited fermentation. @entity28558 cells bearing ScURA1 were viable in anaerobic @entity6122 medium for long periods, and supplemental @entity413 allowed cell growth, but @entity6122 alone could not support anaerobic growth even after serial anaerobic subculture on @entity413 . These data imply that @entity28558 can grow anaerobically using metabolic energy generated through fermentation but that it exhibits fundamental differences in cofactor selection and electron transport with @entity413 and @entity6122 metabolism. This is the first report of genetic engineering to enable anaerobic growth of a eukaryote.

title: Anaerobic growth and improved fermentation of @entity28558 bearing a XXXX gene from @entity375 .

answer: @entity70742 :: (853664(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['URA1']


abstract: Respiratory and fermentative pathways coexist to support growth and product formation in @entity28558 . This @entity375 grows rapidly without @entity1068 production under fully aerobic conditions, and it ferments @entity413 or @entity6122 under @entity26 -limited conditions, but it stops growing within one generation under anaerobic conditions. Expression of @entity375 @entity70742 (ScURA1) in @entity28558 enabled rapid anaerobic growth in minimal defined medium containing @entity413 when essential lipids were present. ScURA1 encodes a @entity44197 dehydrogenase that uses fumarate as an alternative electron acceptor to confer anaerobic growth. Initial @entity28558 transformants grew and produced 32 g/l @entity1068 from 78 g/l @entity413 . Cells produced even more @entity1068 faster following two anaerobic serial subcultures. Control strains without ScURA1 were incapable of growing anaerobically and showed only limited fermentation. @entity28558 cells bearing ScURA1 were viable in anaerobic @entity6122 medium for long periods, and supplemental @entity413 allowed cell growth, but @entity6122 alone could not support anaerobic growth even after serial anaerobic subculture on @entity413 . These data imply that @entity28558 can grow anaerobically using metabolic energy generated through fermentation but that it exhibits fundamental differences in cofactor selection and electron transport with @entity413 and @entity6122 metabolism. This is the first report of genetic engineering to enable anaerobic growth of a eukaryote.

title: Anaerobic growth and improved fermentation of @entity28558 bearing a @entity70742 gene from XXXX .

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']