abstract: We present herein a case of a 75-year-old Japanese @entity1 who had developed a @entity788 7 years after a longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy for @entity1689 . The @entity1 , a heavy drinker of @entity167 , underwent surgical decompression of a ductal obstruction to relieve persistent @entity490 due to severely calcifying @entity1689 . After the surgery, he stopped drinking @entity167 and was treated with insulin to control secondary @entity6 . Thereafter, his symptoms disappeared. Seven years after the surgery, however, he was hospitalized due to @entity3883 , high-grade fever, and right @entity158 . Ultrasound and computed tomographic scans of the abdomen both disclosed a cystic mass, approximately 6 cm in size, in the pancreatic head. Magnetic resonance imaging strongly suggested a @entity788 with @entity39 fluid and debris. First, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) was done to treat the @entity3883 . Subsequently, fine-needle aspiration of the @entity788 was performed under ultrasound guidance. Enterococcus avium and @entity7101 were revealed by culture of abscess aspirates. He was successfully cured by treatment with both appropriate antibiotic and continuous PTCD for the @entity3883 .

title: A XXXX 7 years after a pancreatojejunostomy for calcifying @entity1689 .

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['progressively obstructive jaundice', 'obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic abscess']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1689 :: ('MESH:D050500', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity7101 :: ('571', 'Species') :: ['Klebsiella oxytoca']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['hypochondria pain']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic abscess']


abstract: We present herein a case of a 75-year-old Japanese @entity1 who had developed a @entity788 7 years after a longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy for @entity1689 . The @entity1 , a heavy drinker of @entity167 , underwent surgical decompression of a ductal obstruction to relieve persistent @entity490 due to severely calcifying @entity1689 . After the surgery, he stopped drinking @entity167 and was treated with insulin to control secondary @entity6 . Thereafter, his symptoms disappeared. Seven years after the surgery, however, he was hospitalized due to @entity3883 , high-grade fever, and right @entity158 . Ultrasound and computed tomographic scans of the abdomen both disclosed a cystic mass, approximately 6 cm in size, in the pancreatic head. Magnetic resonance imaging strongly suggested a @entity788 with @entity39 fluid and debris. First, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) was done to treat the @entity3883 . Subsequently, fine-needle aspiration of the @entity788 was performed under ultrasound guidance. Enterococcus avium and @entity7101 were revealed by culture of abscess aspirates. He was successfully cured by treatment with both appropriate antibiotic and continuous PTCD for the @entity3883 .

title: A @entity788 7 years after a pancreatojejunostomy for calcifying XXXX .

answer: @entity1689 :: (MESH:D050500,Disease) :: ['chronic pancreatitis']


abstract: Neuroprotection may be defined as measures to protect neurons from degenerative processes by use of medication, to stop or prolong cell death and to positively interfere with the underlying cell death mechanism(s) in @entity191 . So far, the question whether neuroprotection exists in @entity191 treatment was difficult to answer because we had no objective method to check for dopaminergic cell death. Imaging techniques such as beta-CIT-SPECT or F-Dopa-PET are the best methods to approach this goal. This paper critically reviews the two most recently published studies on the possible neuroprotective effect of the @entity935 agonists pramipexole and @entity25049 . For the first time, these two drugs have shown a significantly smaller decrease in @entity935 cell function when compared to levodopa. Nonetheless, there may still be some hesitation to accept the good correlation between imaging techniques and @entity935 cell function. For obvious reasons, neither study included a placebo arm, since ethical reasons forbid a period of 2 to 4 years without treatment. Thus, the question, whether these two @entity935 agonists are really neuroprotective or whether levodopa increases cell death in @entity191 has to stay open. A rather remarkable finding was that, in both studies, motor function was slightly better in the levodopa arm, which raises the question whether imaging techniques really reflect improvement in cell function in those @entity1 treated with @entity935 agonists. We certainly have to continue our search for even better tools to evaluate neuroprotection.

title: Neuroprotection in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity25049 :: ('MESH:C046649', 'Chemical') :: ['ropinirole']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'parkinsonian']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['idiopathic Parkinson's disease']


abstract: Previous studies evaluated solutions of small oligosaccharides as potential sources of @entity1735 -derived energy for @entity1 fed intravenously. Although results with these solutions were disappointing, the data suggested that very large oligosaccharides were potential sources of intravenous @entity1735 . To test this hypothesis, four young @entity1707 (3.6 +/- 0.2 kg; mean +/- SD) were infused with sterile solutions for a 6-d period. On days 1 and 6, a balanced isotonic electrolyte solution was infused. On days 2-5 a 9% solution of glycogen was infused at a rate providing 17.7 +/- 0.77 g/d. For each study day the remaining portion of the energy, protein, essential @entity1718 and micronutrients was supplied enterally. No adverse reactions were noted during glycogen infusion, and the animals continued to grow. Glycogen utilization was 66.4 +/- 4.3%. Of the total @entity1735 excreted, 85.4% was composed of oligosaccharides of maltotetraose size or larger. Free @entity413 accounted for 3.5% of the total excreted, while maltose plus @entity21840 accounted for 11.1%. Plasma concentrations of oligosaccharide-bound @entity413 increased during glycogen infusion, rising from a base-line value of 11.0 +/- 14 mg/dL to an overall mean value for the 4-d period of 100.3 +/- 31.6 mg/dL.

title: Utilization of intravenously administered glycogen by young XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity21840 :: ('MESH:C008317', 'Chemical') :: ['maltotriose']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity5 express death receptors and their activation represents a potential selective approach in @entity5 treatment. The most promising candidate for @entity5 selective death receptor-activation is @entity5 @entity39 factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( @entity2205 )/ @entity2205 , which activates the death receptors @entity3048 and @entity3049 , and induces apoptosis preferentially in @entity5 cells but not in normal tissues. However, many @entity5 cells are not or only moderately sensitive towards @entity2205 and require cotreatment with irradiation or chemotherapy to yield a therapeutically reasonable apoptotic response. Because chemotherapy can have a broad range of unwanted side effects, more specific means for sensitizing @entity5 cells for @entity2205 are desirable. The expression of the @entity1182 ( @entity1182 ) is regarded as a major cause of @entity2205 resistance. We therefore analyzed the usefulness of targeting @entity1182 to sensitize @entity5 cells for @entity2205 -induced apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To selectively interfere with expression of @entity1182 short double-stranded RNA oligonucleotides (small interfering RNAs [siRNAs]) were introduced in the @entity1 cell lines SV80 and KB by electroporation. Effects of siRNA on @entity1182 expression were analyzed by Western blotting and RNase protection assay and correlated with @entity2205 sensitivity upon stimulation with recombinant soluble @entity2205 and @entity3048 - and @entity3049 -specific agonistic antibodies. RESULTS: @entity1182 expression can be inhibited by RNA interference using siRNAs, evident from reduced levels of @entity1182 -mRNA and @entity1182 protein. Inhibition of @entity1182 expression sensitizes cells for apoptosis induction by @entity2205 and other death ligands. In accordance with the presumed function of @entity1182 as an inhibitor of death receptor-induced @entity8186 activation, down-regulation of @entity1182 by siRNAs enhanced @entity2205 -induced @entity8186 activation. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of @entity1182 expression was sufficient to sensitize @entity5 cells for @entity2205 -induced apoptosis. The combination of @entity2205 and @entity1182 -targeting siRNA could therefore be a useful strategy to attack @entity5 cells, which are resistant to @entity2205 alone.

title: Selective inhibition of FLICE-like inhibitory protein expression with small interfering RNA oligonucleotides is sufficient to sensitize @entity5 cells for XXXX -induced apoptosis.

entities_list: @entity1182 :: ('8837', 'Gene') :: ['FLIP', 'cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein', 'cFLIP']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

answer: @entity2205 :: (8743,Gene) :: ['TRAIL']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity5 express death receptors and their activation represents a potential selective approach in @entity5 treatment. The most promising candidate for @entity5 selective death receptor-activation is @entity5 @entity39 factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( @entity2205 )/ @entity2205 , which activates the death receptors @entity3048 and @entity3049 , and induces apoptosis preferentially in @entity5 cells but not in normal tissues. However, many @entity5 cells are not or only moderately sensitive towards @entity2205 and require cotreatment with irradiation or chemotherapy to yield a therapeutically reasonable apoptotic response. Because chemotherapy can have a broad range of unwanted side effects, more specific means for sensitizing @entity5 cells for @entity2205 are desirable. The expression of the @entity1182 ( @entity1182 ) is regarded as a major cause of @entity2205 resistance. We therefore analyzed the usefulness of targeting @entity1182 to sensitize @entity5 cells for @entity2205 -induced apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To selectively interfere with expression of @entity1182 short double-stranded RNA oligonucleotides (small interfering RNAs [siRNAs]) were introduced in the @entity1 cell lines SV80 and KB by electroporation. Effects of siRNA on @entity1182 expression were analyzed by Western blotting and RNase protection assay and correlated with @entity2205 sensitivity upon stimulation with recombinant soluble @entity2205 and @entity3048 - and @entity3049 -specific agonistic antibodies. RESULTS: @entity1182 expression can be inhibited by RNA interference using siRNAs, evident from reduced levels of @entity1182 -mRNA and @entity1182 protein. Inhibition of @entity1182 expression sensitizes cells for apoptosis induction by @entity2205 and other death ligands. In accordance with the presumed function of @entity1182 as an inhibitor of death receptor-induced @entity8186 activation, down-regulation of @entity1182 by siRNAs enhanced @entity2205 -induced @entity8186 activation. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of @entity1182 expression was sufficient to sensitize @entity5 cells for @entity2205 -induced apoptosis. The combination of @entity2205 and @entity1182 -targeting siRNA could therefore be a useful strategy to attack @entity5 cells, which are resistant to @entity2205 alone.

title: Selective inhibition of FLICE-like inhibitory protein expression with small interfering RNA oligonucleotides is sufficient to sensitize XXXX cells for @entity2205 -induced apoptosis.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: The porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D) gene of @entity375 has been isolated by genetic complementation of a mutant GL7 (alpha @entity72211 ) strain, previously shown to be defective in this haembiosynthetic enzyme [Gollub, Liu, Dayan, Adlersberg _ Sprinson (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2846-2854]. The gene was selected from a @entity375 wild-type genomic DNA library ligated into the shuttle vector YEp13. The complementing gene restored growth of the @entity72211 (PBG-D) mutant strain on media in the absence of exogeneous haem or @entity844 and @entity5068 supplements. The recombinant plasmid was retained in the Hem+ transformant provided that selective pressure for plasmid-dependent growth was maintained. Transformation of the mutant strain ( @entity72211 ) restored the PBG-D activity to levels up to 10-fold those of the parental strain. The mutant strain GL7 does not show any measurable enzymic activity. Analysis of the plasmid designated YEpPBG-D (containing the PBG-D gene) by hybrid-selected translation revealed that it contained the coding information for a single protein of apparent Mr 43,000. The coding region was localized on an 1.5 kb endonuclease-EcoRI fragment (E4), within the 5.5 kb genomic insert in YEpPBG-D.

title: Selection by genetic complementation and characterization of the gene coding for the XXXX porphobilinogen deaminase.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: Anti-inflammatory medications have been used for the treatment of chronic @entity1069 /chronic @entity2371 ( @entity2723 /CPPS), given that @entity32 and @entity158 are traditionally associated with this condition. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classification divides category III into (1) category IIIA-- @entity1 with white blood cells (WBCs) in their expressed prostatic secretions, post-prostate massage urine (voided bladder urine-3 [VB3]) or semen; and (2) category IIIB--those without WBCs. However, recent studies indicate that the ability of WBC count alone to distinguish @entity1 with symptoms from those without appears limited. Other markers of @entity32 , such as cytokines, may correlate better with clinical findings. The mechanisms of @entity32 continue to be investigated, including contributions from reactive @entity26 species, autoimmune response, @entity13624 , and even endocrine dysfunction. There have been few controlled studies of anti-inflammatory therapy for chronic @entity1069 . In the only randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, the NIH-Chronic @entity1069 Symptom Index (CPSI) total, domain, and @entity158 scores significantly decreased from baseline in all groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. Other medications that have some theoretic anti-inflammatory properties have shown promising early results. Further study of currently available anti-inflammatory medications may be warranted, especially in longer trials, which may allow resolution of the significant placebo effect commonly seen in the short term in @entity1 with CPPS. Further discussion is needed to either validate, modify, or abolish the distinction between category IIIA and IIIB in the NIH classification.

title: @entity32 and anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['Prostatitis', 'prostatitis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain syndrome']

entities_list: @entity13624 :: ('MESH:D020078', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic inflammation']

answer: @entity1069 :: (MESH:D053448,Disease) :: ['prostatitis']


abstract: Anti-inflammatory medications have been used for the treatment of chronic @entity1069 /chronic @entity2371 ( @entity2723 /CPPS), given that @entity32 and @entity158 are traditionally associated with this condition. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classification divides category III into (1) category IIIA-- @entity1 with white blood cells (WBCs) in their expressed prostatic secretions, post-prostate massage urine (voided bladder urine-3 [VB3]) or semen; and (2) category IIIB--those without WBCs. However, recent studies indicate that the ability of WBC count alone to distinguish @entity1 with symptoms from those without appears limited. Other markers of @entity32 , such as cytokines, may correlate better with clinical findings. The mechanisms of @entity32 continue to be investigated, including contributions from reactive @entity26 species, autoimmune response, @entity13624 , and even endocrine dysfunction. There have been few controlled studies of anti-inflammatory therapy for chronic @entity1069 . In the only randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, the NIH-Chronic @entity1069 Symptom Index (CPSI) total, domain, and @entity158 scores significantly decreased from baseline in all groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. Other medications that have some theoretic anti-inflammatory properties have shown promising early results. Further study of currently available anti-inflammatory medications may be warranted, especially in longer trials, which may allow resolution of the significant placebo effect commonly seen in the short term in @entity1 with CPPS. Further discussion is needed to either validate, modify, or abolish the distinction between category IIIA and IIIB in the NIH classification.

title: XXXX and anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic @entity1069 .

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['Inflammation']


abstract: This study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram in Central India. In the 12 years between 1989 and 2000 a total of 16 cases of @entity397 were managed, the incidence of @entity397 of the pregnant uterus being 0.62 per 1000 births. One-quarter of the cases occurred between 1983 and 1988. No teenager or elderly @entity1 (over 40) or grandmultipara sustained a @entity14853 . Four @entity1 had a @entity397 of a previous scar. In five @entity397 had occurred in association with malpresentations, one was a case of @entity1276 , two had a morbidly adherent placenta @entity5030 and four had a normal presentation, with lack of progress in labour. Two of these 16 @entity1 had twins. One had come with a retained second twin with transverse lie and the other was a booked case with multiple problems, including a previous caesarean section, present twin pregnancy and placenta @entity5030 accreta and she died. This was the only maternal death. Perinatal mortality was 77.77% compared to 5.88% maternal and 100% perinatal mortality in the cases reported previously between 83 and 88, from the same institution. Overall, there is some improvement in perinatal survival and one-quarter incidence of @entity397 of the pregnant uterus.

title: Reduction in the occurrence of XXXX in Central India.

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured uterus', 'rupture']

entities_list: @entity14853 :: ('MESH:D014597', 'Disease') :: ['uterine rupture']

answer: @entity14853 :: (MESH:D014597,Disease) :: ['uterine rupture']


abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the aetiological factors and the pattern of recurrent @entity393 in Kuwait. Ninety consecutive @entity1 attending the special recurrent miscarriage clinic were studied prospectively. A comprehensive history of all previous miscarriages and pregnancies, past medical and gynaecological events were established. A physical examination was performed. Extensive investigations were performed. Pregnancies which occurred during the study were monitored carefully. The mean age of the @entity1 was 30.46+/-6.04 years. The @entity1 were subdivided into the groups of secondary (57%) and primary (43%) recurrent miscarriages. Eighty-five per cent of all previous miscarriages occurred in the first trimester. The main aetiological factors were @entity2008 (parental) 2.2%, PCOS, @entity281 and other miscellaneous factors 21.1%, positive antiphospholipid antibodies 33.3% and unexplained in 35.6%. The overall live birth rate was 82% and maternal morbidity was low. Positive antiphospholipid antibodies are the most frequently associated cause of recurrent @entity393 in Kuwait.

title: The aetiology and pattern of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['uterine anomaly 2.2%, chromosome anomaly']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['pregnancy loss']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['pregnancy loss']


abstract: Posttraumatic soft tissue and bone defects can pose problems for the surgeon. Autogenous bone from the iliac crest may be used to fill bone defects. To achieve @entity79 , a well vascularized recipient site for the graft is important. Local muscle flaps or distant microvascular flaps improve vascularity by introducing a fresh blood supply. Cellular and humoral antibodies are more effective and allow quicker revascularisation of the transplanted graft. 49 soft tissue defects were treated by local muscle flaps. In 14 cases the soleus, in 28 the gastrocnemius, in three the tibialis anterior, in two the abductor hallucis, and in two the gracilis muscle was transposed. 38 cases had @entity4421 , in eight the defect was merely a soft tissue defect and in three due to @entity5 excision. In 24 @entity1 a combination of soft tissue repair and cancellous bone grafting was performed. Four flaps failed because of total or partial @entity39 . In all cases full weight bearing on the leg with good soft tissue cover was achieved.

title: [Stable soft tissue reconstruction using an autochthonous muscle flap transposition and simultaneous bone reconstruction in post-traumatic and XXXX of the lower extremity].

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone healing']

entities_list: @entity4421 :: ('MESH:D010000', 'Disease') :: ['posttraumatic osteitis']

answer: @entity4421 :: (MESH:D010000,Disease) :: ['osteitis defects']


abstract: Intracellular @entity141 -changes not only participate in important signaling pathways but have also been implicated in a number of disease states including acute @entity788 . To investigate the underlying mechanisms in an experimental model mimicking @entity1 @entity5990 -induced @entity788 , we ligated the pancreatic duct of @entity35 and NMRI @entity19 for up to 6 h and studied intrapancreatic changes including the dynamics of [ @entity141 ](i) in isolated acini. In contrast to bile duct ligation, @entity788 induced intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation, @entity491 , @entity12828 , and pancreatic @entity4 and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity. Although resting [ @entity141 ](i) in isolated acini rose by 45% to 205 +/- 7 nmol, the @entity934 - and @entity8586 ( @entity13216 )-stimulated @entity460 peaks as well as the amylase secretion declined, but neither the [ @entity141 ](i)-signaling pattern nor the amylase output in response to the @entity141 -ATPase inhibitor @entity2426 nor the secretin-stimulated amylase release were impaired by pancreatic duct ligation. On the single cell level pancreatic duct ligation reduced the percentage of cells in which submaximal secretagogue stimulation was followed by a physiological response (i.e. @entity141 oscillations) and increased the percentage of cells with a pathological response (i.e. peak plateau or absent @entity141 signal). Moreover, it reduced the frequency and amplitude of @entity141 oscillation as well as the capacitative @entity141 influx in response to secretagogue stimulation. Serum pancreatic enzyme elevation as well as trypsinogen activation was significantly reduced by pretreatment of animals with the @entity460 chelator @entity11008 . These experiments suggest that @entity788 rapidly changes the physiological response of the exocrine pancreas to a @entity141 -signaling pattern that has been associated with premature digestive enzyme activation and the onset of @entity788 , both of which can be prevented by administration of an intracellular @entity460 chelator.

title: Early changes in pancreatic acinar cell @entity460 signaling after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'pancreatic duct obstruction']

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstone']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity12828 :: ('MESH:D034321', 'Disease') :: ['hyperamylasemia']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic duct obstruction']


abstract: Intracellular @entity141 -changes not only participate in important signaling pathways but have also been implicated in a number of disease states including acute @entity788 . To investigate the underlying mechanisms in an experimental model mimicking @entity1 @entity5990 -induced @entity788 , we ligated the pancreatic duct of @entity35 and NMRI @entity19 for up to 6 h and studied intrapancreatic changes including the dynamics of [ @entity141 ](i) in isolated acini. In contrast to bile duct ligation, @entity788 induced intra-pancreatic trypsinogen activation, @entity491 , @entity12828 , and pancreatic @entity4 and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity. Although resting [ @entity141 ](i) in isolated acini rose by 45% to 205 +/- 7 nmol, the @entity934 - and @entity8586 ( @entity13216 )-stimulated @entity460 peaks as well as the amylase secretion declined, but neither the [ @entity141 ](i)-signaling pattern nor the amylase output in response to the @entity141 -ATPase inhibitor @entity2426 nor the secretin-stimulated amylase release were impaired by pancreatic duct ligation. On the single cell level pancreatic duct ligation reduced the percentage of cells in which submaximal secretagogue stimulation was followed by a physiological response (i.e. @entity141 oscillations) and increased the percentage of cells with a pathological response (i.e. peak plateau or absent @entity141 signal). Moreover, it reduced the frequency and amplitude of @entity141 oscillation as well as the capacitative @entity141 influx in response to secretagogue stimulation. Serum pancreatic enzyme elevation as well as trypsinogen activation was significantly reduced by pretreatment of animals with the @entity460 chelator @entity11008 . These experiments suggest that @entity788 rapidly changes the physiological response of the exocrine pancreas to a @entity141 -signaling pattern that has been associated with premature digestive enzyme activation and the onset of @entity788 , both of which can be prevented by administration of an intracellular @entity460 chelator.

title: Early changes in pancreatic acinar cell XXXX signaling after @entity788 .

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: The influence of @entity1338 and @entity1169 on the vessels of the anterior segment and of the fundus, as well as on mean arterial pressure and heart rate, was investigated in normal @entity95 , minipigs, and minipigs with experimentally induced @entity101 . The vessel reactions were monitored by photography or @entity941 angiography. Following injection of @entity1338 , constrictions of episcleral and conjunctival vessels occurred in all the animals, but the fundus vessels of the @entity95 were not affected. Difficulties were encountered in assessing the condition of the iris vessels. In minipigs, after administering 6-20 micrograms/kg, an average delay of 2 seconds in the inflow into the retinal vessels was recorded, due possibly to a (transitory?) vessel constriction upstream. Mean arterial pressure increased initially in all animals, but to a different extent in the two species. There was less uniformity as regards heart rate. The vessel reactions of the two species to @entity1169 were different: in @entity95 , a reaction was only observed after administering 2.46 mg/kg bodyweight in episcleral and conjunctival vessels, though not in fundus vessels. Minipigs were given doses of 0.16, 0.5, and 0.8 mg/kg; after 0.5 mg/kg a vessel constriction took place in the episclera and the conjunctiva, becoming manifest after 20 minutes and attaining a maximum after 60 minutes. However, there appeared to be no reaction in the fundus vessels. After an abrupt decrease in mean arterial pressure, both this and the heart rate showed an almost identically slow decrease until the 50th minute, followed by a slight increase up to the 60th minute. The comparison of the circulation parameters reveals some interesting parallels, though also some contrasts. The mechanisms of action and characteristics of these two substances are discussed.

title: [Simultaneous study of ocular vascular reactions of the anterior and posterior segments following XXXX and @entity1169 in normotensive and @entity101 experimental animals].

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

answer: @entity1338 :: (MESH:D003000,Chemical) :: ['clonidine']


abstract: The influence of @entity1338 and @entity1169 on the vessels of the anterior segment and of the fundus, as well as on mean arterial pressure and heart rate, was investigated in normal @entity95 , minipigs, and minipigs with experimentally induced @entity101 . The vessel reactions were monitored by photography or @entity941 angiography. Following injection of @entity1338 , constrictions of episcleral and conjunctival vessels occurred in all the animals, but the fundus vessels of the @entity95 were not affected. Difficulties were encountered in assessing the condition of the iris vessels. In minipigs, after administering 6-20 micrograms/kg, an average delay of 2 seconds in the inflow into the retinal vessels was recorded, due possibly to a (transitory?) vessel constriction upstream. Mean arterial pressure increased initially in all animals, but to a different extent in the two species. There was less uniformity as regards heart rate. The vessel reactions of the two species to @entity1169 were different: in @entity95 , a reaction was only observed after administering 2.46 mg/kg bodyweight in episcleral and conjunctival vessels, though not in fundus vessels. Minipigs were given doses of 0.16, 0.5, and 0.8 mg/kg; after 0.5 mg/kg a vessel constriction took place in the episclera and the conjunctiva, becoming manifest after 20 minutes and attaining a maximum after 60 minutes. However, there appeared to be no reaction in the fundus vessels. After an abrupt decrease in mean arterial pressure, both this and the heart rate showed an almost identically slow decrease until the 50th minute, followed by a slight increase up to the 60th minute. The comparison of the circulation parameters reveals some interesting parallels, though also some contrasts. The mechanisms of action and characteristics of these two substances are discussed.

title: [Simultaneous study of ocular vascular reactions of the anterior and posterior segments following @entity1338 and XXXX in normotensive and @entity101 experimental animals].

answer: @entity1169 :: (MESH:D011433,Chemical) :: ['propranolol']


abstract: The influence of @entity1338 and @entity1169 on the vessels of the anterior segment and of the fundus, as well as on mean arterial pressure and heart rate, was investigated in normal @entity95 , minipigs, and minipigs with experimentally induced @entity101 . The vessel reactions were monitored by photography or @entity941 angiography. Following injection of @entity1338 , constrictions of episcleral and conjunctival vessels occurred in all the animals, but the fundus vessels of the @entity95 were not affected. Difficulties were encountered in assessing the condition of the iris vessels. In minipigs, after administering 6-20 micrograms/kg, an average delay of 2 seconds in the inflow into the retinal vessels was recorded, due possibly to a (transitory?) vessel constriction upstream. Mean arterial pressure increased initially in all animals, but to a different extent in the two species. There was less uniformity as regards heart rate. The vessel reactions of the two species to @entity1169 were different: in @entity95 , a reaction was only observed after administering 2.46 mg/kg bodyweight in episcleral and conjunctival vessels, though not in fundus vessels. Minipigs were given doses of 0.16, 0.5, and 0.8 mg/kg; after 0.5 mg/kg a vessel constriction took place in the episclera and the conjunctiva, becoming manifest after 20 minutes and attaining a maximum after 60 minutes. However, there appeared to be no reaction in the fundus vessels. After an abrupt decrease in mean arterial pressure, both this and the heart rate showed an almost identically slow decrease until the 50th minute, followed by a slight increase up to the 60th minute. The comparison of the circulation parameters reveals some interesting parallels, though also some contrasts. The mechanisms of action and characteristics of these two substances are discussed.

title: [Simultaneous study of ocular vascular reactions of the anterior and posterior segments following @entity1338 and @entity1169 in normotensive and XXXX experimental animals].

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: We measured the change in intraocular pressure prospectively after extracapsular @entity231 extraction in 80 eyes after treatment with either @entity2134 gel, @entity2134 4% solution, @entity6839 0.5% solution, or placebo. Intraocular pressure, pupil size, and anterior chamber cellular reaction were measured in a masked fashion on the first day after surgery. A significant increase in intraocular pressure was found in all groups postoperatively when compared with baseline values (P less than .001). Eyes treated with @entity2134 gel had an average intraocular pressure increase of 4.2 +/- 2.1 mm Hg (mean +/- 1 S.E.), eyes treated with @entity2134 4% eyedrops had an average increase of 9.8 +/- 2.8 mm Hg, and eyes treated with @entity6839 demonstrated an intraocular pressure increase of 8.25 +/- 3.19. The intraocular pressure in untreated eyes (controls) increased by an average of 12.9 +/- 2.7 mm Hg. Only the difference in intraocular pressure change between the eyes treated with @entity2134 gel and control eyes was statistically significant (P = .025). Postsurgical intraocular pressure exceeding 25 mm Hg was observed in three of 20 @entity2134 gel treated eyes (15%) and 11 of 20 control eyes (55%). @entity2134 treatment was not associated with noticeable changes in intraocular inflammatory response, nor were significant ocular or systemic adverse reactions observed. A single administration of @entity2134 gel is effective in reducing increased intraocular pressure for the first 24 hours after extracapsular @entity231 extraction.

title: Management of increased intraocular pressure after XXXX extraction.

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine', 'Pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: In a series of 400 transplantations, 8 @entity1 presented a severe lesion of the lower urinary tract requiring an intestinal graft to divert the urine or to replace the useless bladder: 4 cases of @entity340 and 4 cases of @entity1494 . Four permanent urinary diversions and 4 @entity1494 , including 3 temporary diversions, were performed. The sigmoid colon was used in 5 cases and the ileum was used in 3 cases. The preparation of the intestinal graft was always performed prior to the transplantation. The uretero-intestinal anastomosis included an antireflux device in 3 of the 8 cases. There were no deaths in this series. Three occlusions and 2 lymphoceles occurred in the immediate post-transplantation period, but were corrected by re-operation. Two cases of calculi occurred in the long term, one of which required operation. Moderate stenosis of the renal artery in one case resulted in systemic @entity101 which was well controlled by medical treatment. An episode of acute @entity2885 resolved rapidly with antibiotic treatment. Two cases of @entity520 were corrected by salt supplementation. There was one case of early graft rejection on the 15th day and a delayed rejection after 18 months, leading to removal of the transplant. At the present time, 6 renal grafts function normally (75%) with a follow-up of 1 to 8 years.

title: [Urinary diversions and intestinal grafts in renal transplantation in XXXX . Report of 8 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic bladder', 'bladder enlargements']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['posterior urethral valves']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: GABAergic neuronal profiles in the supraoptic nucleus of the @entity35 were immunohistochemically identified by using a purified @entity1246 antibody with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The localization of @entity1246 -like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals on the neurosecretory neurons was examined electron microscopically. A few small GABAergic neurons were found inside the supraoptic nucleus while only a very few medium-sized ones were detected in the perinuclear zone. Intrinsic, non-GABAergic small neurons covered by GABAergic neuropil were also detected. The neuropil with GABAergic axo-somatic synapses evenly encompassed unlabeled neurosecretory perikarya throughout the supraoptic nucleus. The GABAergic system seems to inhibit both vasopressin and @entity398 cells. In this area, glia cells showed clear outlines of unlabeled somata around counter-stained nuclei. Blood capillaries in the supraoptic nucleus were only slightly covered with a GABAergic neuropil. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated the presence of GABAergic axo-somatic symmetrical and axo-dendritic asymmetrical synapses on the neurosecretory neurons. @entity1246 -like immunoreactivity was localized on the membranes of microtubules and synaptic vesicles, on the external membranes of the mitochondria, and on the inner leaf of the presynaptic sites. Numerous pairs of non-immunoreactive synapses were arranged along these immunoreactive synapses.

title: Immunohistochemical studies on the GABAergic system in the XXXX supraoptic nucleus using the PAP method with an application of electron microscopy.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The capacity of the @entity35 anterior @entity2339 , and particularly the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), to develop and differentiate when removed from its normal environment was examined in this study using light and electron microscopy. The @entity2339 from fetuses ranging in age from embryonic day 12 (E 12) to E 16 was transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult @entity35 . In initial experiments, we found that transplants from E 15 fetuses and older routinely differentiated into fields of neurons with extensive neuropil with an appearance similar to the anterior @entity1640 area. Groups of small, compactly organized neurons were observed only occasionally in this tissue. Ultrastructural analysis of these transplants typically revealed well-differentiated neuronal perikarya and neuropil with a complex synaptic organization similar in appearance to the normal @entity35 anterior @entity1640 area. Occasionally both mature and immature tissue coexisted in some of the transplants. Tissue from young embryos (E 12-14) frequently showed development of a compact, small neuron nucleus with the cytoarchitectonic appearance of the SCN. At least 45 days were required after transplantation for the successful differentiation to occur in this situation. The @entity8943 in these transplants displayed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive cells and fibers surrounded by vasopressin-immunoreactive cells and fibers, similar to the pattern observed in the normal adult SCN. Our results indicate that the anterior @entity2339 will differentiate normally in oculo and that the phenotypic specification of the SCN occurs prior to the birthdate of its component neurons.

title: Differentiation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in fetal @entity35 anterior XXXX transplants in oculo.

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic']

answer: @entity1640 :: (MESH:D007027,Disease) :: ['hypothalamic']


abstract: The capacity of the @entity35 anterior @entity2339 , and particularly the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), to develop and differentiate when removed from its normal environment was examined in this study using light and electron microscopy. The @entity2339 from fetuses ranging in age from embryonic day 12 (E 12) to E 16 was transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult @entity35 . In initial experiments, we found that transplants from E 15 fetuses and older routinely differentiated into fields of neurons with extensive neuropil with an appearance similar to the anterior @entity1640 area. Groups of small, compactly organized neurons were observed only occasionally in this tissue. Ultrastructural analysis of these transplants typically revealed well-differentiated neuronal perikarya and neuropil with a complex synaptic organization similar in appearance to the normal @entity35 anterior @entity1640 area. Occasionally both mature and immature tissue coexisted in some of the transplants. Tissue from young embryos (E 12-14) frequently showed development of a compact, small neuron nucleus with the cytoarchitectonic appearance of the SCN. At least 45 days were required after transplantation for the successful differentiation to occur in this situation. The @entity8943 in these transplants displayed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive cells and fibers surrounded by vasopressin-immunoreactive cells and fibers, similar to the pattern observed in the normal adult SCN. Our results indicate that the anterior @entity2339 will differentiate normally in oculo and that the phenotypic specification of the SCN occurs prior to the birthdate of its component neurons.

title: Differentiation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in fetal XXXX anterior @entity1640 transplants in oculo.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The evaluation of a @entity1 suspected of having an @entity4615 is based initially on a unique association of physical findings and symptoms referrable to obstructive, embolic, and/or constitutional manifestations of the @entity5 . Objective confirmation is sought with the use of M-mode and 2D echocardiography. A nondiagnostic echocardiogram, especially with recurrent or progressive symptoms and signs of @entity4615 , should prompt more invasive methods of confirmation. The hemodynamic and angiographic data previously discussed may provide the clues needed for diagnosis, especially with nonprolapsing @entity3291 . The use of other techniques, such as a gated blood pool scanning or computerized tomography, affects primarily the incidental discovery of a "silent" @entity5 . Urgent surgical @entity3291 is mandatory to avoid @entity887 . Postoperative examination should be directed specifically at evaluating the @entity1 for @entity5 recurrence or growth of a peripheral @entity887 . The incidence of these complications is small, but they are frequently overlooked. A second echocardiogram should be obtained as an initial baseline study. The asymptomatic @entity1 should have subsequent routine clinical examinations to detect the growth of @entity5 embolic fragments and an echocardiographic examination every year or two to detect @entity5 recurrence. Immediate evaluation is necessary should the @entity1 develop recurrent symptoms.

title: XXXX : overview, recognition, and management.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intracardiac tumor']

entities_list: @entity3291 :: ('MESH:D009232', 'Disease') :: ['removal of the myxoma', 'myxomas']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['progressive obstructive and embolic complications', 'embolic fragment']

entities_list: @entity4615 :: ('MESH:C538262', 'Disease') :: ['atrial myxoma']

answer: @entity4615 :: (MESH:C538262,Disease) :: ['Atrial myxoma']


abstract: The liver and kidney nuclear T3 content and the @entity31481 ( @entity31481 ) were measured 1 month after @entity3839 administration and compared with values in controls either fed ad libitum (C) or offered a restricted diet (FR). A group of insulin-treated @entity6 ( @entity6 ) @entity35 was also included. Plasma T4 and T3 concentrations decreased to low levels in @entity6 ( @entity6 ) @entity35 . Plasma T3 levels were decreased in FR @entity35 , whereas circulating T4 was in the normal range for C animals. The @entity31481 (nanograms of T3 per mg DNA) for liver and kidney nuclear T3 was determined by an in vivo saturation technique. The respective results for all groups were as follows (asterisks denote values differing from C with P values less than 0.05): C, 0.601 and 0.414; FR, 0.583 and 0.369; @entity6 , 0.310 and 0.220; @entity6 , 0.630 and 0.394. Nuclear T4 and T3 concentrations were determined by an isotopic equilibrium technique. Nuclear T3 (nanograms per mg DNA) for liver and kidney were, respectively, 0.298 and 0.176 for C, 0.208 and 0.135 for FR, 0.109 and 0.070 for @entity6 , and 0.270 and 0.168 for @entity6 @entity35 . The decreased liver and kidney nuclear T3 content in @entity6 @entity35 appears to be due to a marked reduction of their available intracellular T4 pool, from which T3 could be generated, but most likely represents a decreased T3 uptake into liver and kidney nuclei, as the nuclear to plasma ratios of labeled T3 were decreased in @entity6 @entity35 . The low levels of T3 in nuclei of FR @entity35 could be attributed to an inhibition of T4 to T3 conversion, since the intracellular pool of T4 appears to be normal. The possibility that @entity6 and food restriction might affect the thyroid activity was examined by measurement of the activities of @entity7685 dehydrogenase and cytosol malic enzyme, two liver and kidney enzymes regulated by thyroid hormone. Furthermore, although the measurements made in FR @entity35 excluded the possibility that the alterations in @entity31481 found in @entity6 animals were nutrition dependent, the reduced nuclear T3 content concomitant with food restriction may account for some of the quantitative changes in the @entity7685 dehydrogenase and cytosol malic enzyme activity found in @entity6 @entity35 tissues. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the observed changes in indices of thyroid hormone action in liver and kidney of @entity6 @entity35 could be related to alterations in nuclear T3 receptor concentrations and the concentration of T3 bound to the receptor.

title: Diabetes decreases liver and kidney nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine receptors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity31481 :: ('MESH:C537047', 'Disease') :: ['MBC', 'maximal nuclear T3-binding capacity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'D+I', 'D']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity7685 :: ('MESH:C029620', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-glycerophosphate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity955 frequently show a wide variation in heart rate with @entity6838 therapy. We have compared the effect on heart rate variability, of doubling the @entity6838 dosage or adding @entity1855 120 mg daily in a randomized cross-over study in 14 @entity1 . Twenty-four hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings, six minute walking tests and palpitation and @entity1353 scores were obtained on each regime. All @entity1 exhibited a diurnal pattern in heart rate variability. Both treatments significantly lowered heart rate but high dose @entity6838 lowered minimum heart rate significantly more than @entity6838 and @entity1855 , causing more night time @entity1168 . Overall, @entity6838 with @entity1855 produced significantly less heart rate variability than @entity6838 alone. Day time but not night time pauses were prolonged by @entity6838 and @entity1855 but were prolonged more by high dose @entity6838 . Five (36%) patients had serum @entity6838 levels in the toxic range when taking high dose @entity6838 . Palpitations were significantly reduced by both treatments but most improvement occurred with @entity6838 and @entity1855 . No significant effect was found on six minute walking distances or @entity1353 scores. In conclusion, the addition of @entity1855 to @entity6838 was superior to increasing the dose of @entity6838 alone, producing significantly better control of heart rate variability with less night time @entity1168 .

title: Towards improved control of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathlessness']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: The @entity8692 catabolic system of @entity2624 is being used to study the role of cryptic genes in microbial evolution. Wild-type @entity2624 do not utilize the beta-glucoside @entity3363 , @entity33636 , @entity28294 and @entity8692 . A Cel+ ( @entity8692 utilizing) mutant which grows on @entity8692 , @entity33636 , and @entity28294 was isolated previously from wild-type @entity2624 . Biochemical assays indicate that a cel structural gene (celT) specifies a single transport protein that is a beta-glucoside specific enzyme of the @entity7954 -dependent phosphotransferase system. The transport protein phosphorylates beta-glucosides at the expense of phosphoenolpyruvate. A single phosphoglucosidase, specified by celH, hydrolyzes phosphorylated @entity8692 , @entity33636 , and @entity28294 . The genes of the cel system are expressed constitutively in the Cel+ mutant, whereas they are not expressed at a detectable level in the wild-type strain. The transport and hydrolase genes are simultaneously silenced or simultaneously expressed and thus constitute an operon. Cel+ strains which fail to utilize one or more beta-glucosides express the transport system at a lower level than do Cel+ strains which grow on all three beta-glucosides. Other strains inducibly express a gene which specifies transport of @entity33636 but not the other @entity21085 . The @entity33636 transport gene, arbT, maps outside of the cel locus.

title: Biochemical genetics of the cryptic gene system for @entity8692 utilization in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7954 :: ('MESH:D010728', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoenolpyruvate']

entities_list: @entity21085 :: ('CHEBI:60980', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-glucosides']

entities_list: @entity8692 :: ('MESH:D002475', 'Chemical') :: ['cellobiose']

entities_list: @entity2624 :: ('83333', 'Species') :: ['E. coli K12', 'Escherichia coli K12']

answer: @entity2624 :: (83333,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli K12']


abstract: The @entity8692 catabolic system of @entity2624 is being used to study the role of cryptic genes in microbial evolution. Wild-type @entity2624 do not utilize the beta-glucoside @entity3363 , @entity33636 , @entity28294 and @entity8692 . A Cel+ ( @entity8692 utilizing) mutant which grows on @entity8692 , @entity33636 , and @entity28294 was isolated previously from wild-type @entity2624 . Biochemical assays indicate that a cel structural gene (celT) specifies a single transport protein that is a beta-glucoside specific enzyme of the @entity7954 -dependent phosphotransferase system. The transport protein phosphorylates beta-glucosides at the expense of phosphoenolpyruvate. A single phosphoglucosidase, specified by celH, hydrolyzes phosphorylated @entity8692 , @entity33636 , and @entity28294 . The genes of the cel system are expressed constitutively in the Cel+ mutant, whereas they are not expressed at a detectable level in the wild-type strain. The transport and hydrolase genes are simultaneously silenced or simultaneously expressed and thus constitute an operon. Cel+ strains which fail to utilize one or more beta-glucosides express the transport system at a lower level than do Cel+ strains which grow on all three beta-glucosides. Other strains inducibly express a gene which specifies transport of @entity33636 but not the other @entity21085 . The @entity33636 transport gene, arbT, maps outside of the cel locus.

title: Biochemical genetics of the cryptic gene system for XXXX utilization in @entity2624 .

answer: @entity8692 :: (MESH:D002475,Chemical) :: ['cellobiose']


abstract: Histologic features of 100 supra-tentorial @entity816 , @entity3271 and oligo- @entity816 obtained from serial stereotactic biopsies were compared with the corresponding CT scans. Topographic comparisons provided by visualization of the biopsy trajectories on post-biopsy CT scans were available in 24 cases. Areas of contrast enhancement and low attenuation were compared with the histologic grade of @entity5 , @entity5 delimitation and structural type. The latter was determined as follows: @entity5 tissue without significant peripheral @entity5 cells; Type II-solid @entity5 tissue associated with peripheral @entity5 cells; Type III- @entity5 cells only. There was a strong correlation between areas of contrast enhancement and @entity5 microvascularity. In addition, contrast enhancement occurred only in the solid @entity5 tissue component of the @entity5 . This correlation accounted for the relationship observed between CT images and the structural type of @entity11 . Contrast enhancement was constant in structural @entity11 , @entity2383 , and @entity2383 . No correlation was found between @entity5 and contrast enhancement. Contrast enhancement occurred in all grades of @entity5 but was a constant feature of grade 4 @entity11 . The volume of the @entity5 could not be reliably determined from CT images alone. Areas of low attenuation on contrast CT scans could correspond to either @entity4 or to @entity4 parenchyma infiltrated by @entity5 cells. Serial stereotactic biopsies combined with calculations based on the CT scan provided a more precise definition of the @entity5 volume and identification of structural type. Such classification may prove useful in prospective analysis of various modes of therapy.

title: Serial stereotactic biopsies and CT scan in @entity11 : correlative study in 100 XXXX , oligo- @entity816 and oligodendrocytomas.

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendrogliomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Type I-solid tumor', 'tumor', 'tumors', 'isolated tumor', 'neoplasm', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['peritumoral edema', 'edematous']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['type I gliomas', 'glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['inconstant in structural type II', 'absent in structural type III']

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['astrocytomas']


abstract: Histologic features of 100 supra-tentorial @entity816 , @entity3271 and oligo- @entity816 obtained from serial stereotactic biopsies were compared with the corresponding CT scans. Topographic comparisons provided by visualization of the biopsy trajectories on post-biopsy CT scans were available in 24 cases. Areas of contrast enhancement and low attenuation were compared with the histologic grade of @entity5 , @entity5 delimitation and structural type. The latter was determined as follows: @entity5 tissue without significant peripheral @entity5 cells; Type II-solid @entity5 tissue associated with peripheral @entity5 cells; Type III- @entity5 cells only. There was a strong correlation between areas of contrast enhancement and @entity5 microvascularity. In addition, contrast enhancement occurred only in the solid @entity5 tissue component of the @entity5 . This correlation accounted for the relationship observed between CT images and the structural type of @entity11 . Contrast enhancement was constant in structural @entity11 , @entity2383 , and @entity2383 . No correlation was found between @entity5 and contrast enhancement. Contrast enhancement occurred in all grades of @entity5 but was a constant feature of grade 4 @entity11 . The volume of the @entity5 could not be reliably determined from CT images alone. Areas of low attenuation on contrast CT scans could correspond to either @entity4 or to @entity4 parenchyma infiltrated by @entity5 cells. Serial stereotactic biopsies combined with calculations based on the CT scan provided a more precise definition of the @entity5 volume and identification of structural type. Such classification may prove useful in prospective analysis of various modes of therapy.

title: Serial stereotactic biopsies and CT scan in @entity11 : correlative study in 100 @entity816 , oligo- XXXX and oligodendrocytomas.

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['astrocytomas']


abstract: Histologic features of 100 supra-tentorial @entity816 , @entity3271 and oligo- @entity816 obtained from serial stereotactic biopsies were compared with the corresponding CT scans. Topographic comparisons provided by visualization of the biopsy trajectories on post-biopsy CT scans were available in 24 cases. Areas of contrast enhancement and low attenuation were compared with the histologic grade of @entity5 , @entity5 delimitation and structural type. The latter was determined as follows: @entity5 tissue without significant peripheral @entity5 cells; Type II-solid @entity5 tissue associated with peripheral @entity5 cells; Type III- @entity5 cells only. There was a strong correlation between areas of contrast enhancement and @entity5 microvascularity. In addition, contrast enhancement occurred only in the solid @entity5 tissue component of the @entity5 . This correlation accounted for the relationship observed between CT images and the structural type of @entity11 . Contrast enhancement was constant in structural @entity11 , @entity2383 , and @entity2383 . No correlation was found between @entity5 and contrast enhancement. Contrast enhancement occurred in all grades of @entity5 but was a constant feature of grade 4 @entity11 . The volume of the @entity5 could not be reliably determined from CT images alone. Areas of low attenuation on contrast CT scans could correspond to either @entity4 or to @entity4 parenchyma infiltrated by @entity5 cells. Serial stereotactic biopsies combined with calculations based on the CT scan provided a more precise definition of the @entity5 volume and identification of structural type. Such classification may prove useful in prospective analysis of various modes of therapy.

title: Serial stereotactic biopsies and CT scan in XXXX : correlative study in 100 @entity816 , oligo- @entity816 and oligodendrocytomas.

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['gliomas']


abstract: Comparative immunocytochemical experiments with antisera directed against @entity916 and three synthetical peptides ( @entity4223 , Pro 2A and @entity15621 ) covering almost the entire span of @entity1 @entity916 prosegment were performed on @entity1 kidney tissue. With anti- @entity4223 , i.e. the antiserum which recognizes the @entity2733 terminus of @entity1 prorenin, no clear immunolabeling of juxtaglomerular epithelioid cell secretory granules could be obtained. It is therefore concluded that the corresponding portion of @entity1 prorenin may be cleaved off in the Golgi complex. After application of anti- @entity15621 , the antiserum which recognizes the @entity1473 terminus of the prosegment, only the juvenile secretory granules of epithelioid cells were consistently labeled, whereas, in contrast, some of the intermediate and most of the mature secretory granules were anti- @entity15621 -negative. As the immunoreactivity of mature @entity916 increased remarkably from protogranules to mature secretory granules, it is suggested that the cleavage of the @entity1473 terminus of the prosegment, i.e. the activation of @entity916 , takes place in juvenile and intermediate granules during condensation of the enzyme. The immunoreactivity of Pro 2A, corresponding to the middle portion of the prosegment, disappeared in a somewhat earlier stage of granulopoiesis than that of @entity15621 . It is therefore concluded that the corresponding segmental cleavage, the result of which is a truncated version of intact prorenin, occurs in the protogranules of epithelioid cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The fate of prorenin during granulopoiesis in epithelioid cells. Immunocytochemical experiments with antisera against @entity916 and different portions of the XXXX prosegment.

answer: @entity916 :: (5972,Gene) :: ['renin']


abstract: Comparative immunocytochemical experiments with antisera directed against @entity916 and three synthetical peptides ( @entity4223 , Pro 2A and @entity15621 ) covering almost the entire span of @entity1 @entity916 prosegment were performed on @entity1 kidney tissue. With anti- @entity4223 , i.e. the antiserum which recognizes the @entity2733 terminus of @entity1 prorenin, no clear immunolabeling of juxtaglomerular epithelioid cell secretory granules could be obtained. It is therefore concluded that the corresponding portion of @entity1 prorenin may be cleaved off in the Golgi complex. After application of anti- @entity15621 , the antiserum which recognizes the @entity1473 terminus of the prosegment, only the juvenile secretory granules of epithelioid cells were consistently labeled, whereas, in contrast, some of the intermediate and most of the mature secretory granules were anti- @entity15621 -negative. As the immunoreactivity of mature @entity916 increased remarkably from protogranules to mature secretory granules, it is suggested that the cleavage of the @entity1473 terminus of the prosegment, i.e. the activation of @entity916 , takes place in juvenile and intermediate granules during condensation of the enzyme. The immunoreactivity of Pro 2A, corresponding to the middle portion of the prosegment, disappeared in a somewhat earlier stage of granulopoiesis than that of @entity15621 . It is therefore concluded that the corresponding segmental cleavage, the result of which is a truncated version of intact prorenin, occurs in the protogranules of epithelioid cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The fate of prorenin during granulopoiesis in epithelioid cells. Immunocytochemical experiments with antisera against XXXX and different portions of the @entity916 prosegment.

answer: @entity916 :: (5972,Gene) :: ['renin']


abstract: The existence in invertebrates, unicellular eukaryotes, and prokaryotes of materials that resemble several vertebrate peptide hormones led to the suggestion that these peptide messengers may have arisen earlier in evolution than had previously been thought. Consistent with this hypothesis, we describe here material in two plants, @entity2772 and Lemma gibba G3, that is very similar to @entity1 insulin, yet distinctive. In each of the early purification steps, which consisted of acidic @entity1042 chloroform extraction and sequential chromatography on C-18 hydrophobic resin, Sephadex G-50, CM-Sepharose, and a short C-3 high performance liquid chromatography column, the immunoactive material from plants resembled the common vertebrate insulins. The protein nature of the material was suggested by its destruction by Pronase but not by the inactivated enzyme. In addition, on TSK chromatography it eluted in a position similar to that of insulin, i.e. equivalent to a protein of 6000 daltons. Using an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system, the plant immunoactivity eluted earlier, and thus was more hydrophilic, than most of the common @entity1 insulins, including pork insulin. The interaction of the plant material with anti-insulin antibodies in a radioimmunoassay was confirmed by using an affinity column of anti-insulin antibodies which adsorbed the plant immunoactivity at neutral pH, and released the material with acid elution. Using a quantitative double radioimmunoassay, the plant insulin-like material was distinguished immunologically from @entity1573 insulin. Although the plant insulin-like material is clearly distinct from pork insulin chromatographically, and from @entity1573 insulin immunologically, it resembles vertebrate insulins in its overall configuration. The plant insulin-like material bound to insulin receptors on IM-9 lymphocytes and stimulated @entity413 oxidation and lipogenesis in isolated adipocytes from young @entity35 . The bioactivity was neutralized in the presence of anti-insulin antibodies, but not in the presence of normal guinea pig IgG. The role of this insulin-like material in plants is unknown but its existence is consistent with an early evolutionary origin of the insulin messenger peptide family. Alternatively we cannot exclude a later convergent development of this family or introduction of vertebrate DNA into plants.

title: Partial purification and characterization of an insulin-like material from XXXX and Lemna gibba G3.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2772 :: (3562,Species) :: ['spinach']


abstract: A well-defined, @entity1176 ( @entity1176 )-containing fiber pathway, the ventral hypothalamic tract (VHT), is described by immunostaining in fetal @entity2608 (109-156 days gestation). The VHT arises above the lateral aspects of the optic chiasm near the supraoptic nucleus, and courses ventromedially close to the ventral hypothalamic surface to terminate in the infundibulum and zona externa of the median eminence. It is formed by the confluence of @entity1176 -immunopositive ( @entity1176 +) axons from local neurons, from a few @entity1176 + cells in the inferior thalamic peduncle, and probably from more anterior neurons in the septum and preoptic area. Bipolar @entity1176 + neurons contributing directly to the VHT are grouped at its origin dorsolateral to the optic chiasm, dorsal and medial to the optic tracts, at the infundibular lip, and within the pathway between. At the infundibular lip, @entity1176 + perikarya are generally lateral or ventral to the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus, and are rarely within the nucleus itself. Cell bodies here are sometimes tripolar, but @entity1176 + intercellular contacts are seldom seen. A few VHT fibers extend to the ventral surface of the brain just beneath the pia mater. Abundant capillaries in the subarachnoid space suggest a possible route for delivery of @entity1176 to the adenohypophysis in early gestation, before maturation of the hypophysial portal system occurs. Posterior to the infundibulum, a few VHT fibers are joined by descending periventricular fibers forming a dense fiber band beneath the premammillary recess of the third ventricle. Totals of @entity1176 + cell bodies in the prosencephalon of the fetal @entity2608 are estimated to be 5,600 in females (n = 2) and 2,600 in males (n = 3). More than 60% of VHT neurons are located in the medial basal hypothalamus, and the majority of basal hypothalamic @entity1176 + neurons (86%) are associated with the VHT. Furthermore, reports of the autonomy of the medial basal hypothalamic-hypophysial unit in control of gonadotropin secretion suggest that the VHT may be the most important @entity1176 system involved in primate reproduction. It is clear that fetal material may offer the best model to study the @entity1176 neuronal system in primates.

title: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone containing ventral hypothalamic tract in the fetal XXXX ( @entity2608 ).

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus macaques', 'rhesus macaque']

entities_list: @entity1176 :: ('MESH:D007987', 'Chemical') :: ['GnRH', 'gonadotropin-releasing hormone']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkey']


abstract: A well-defined, @entity1176 ( @entity1176 )-containing fiber pathway, the ventral hypothalamic tract (VHT), is described by immunostaining in fetal @entity2608 (109-156 days gestation). The VHT arises above the lateral aspects of the optic chiasm near the supraoptic nucleus, and courses ventromedially close to the ventral hypothalamic surface to terminate in the infundibulum and zona externa of the median eminence. It is formed by the confluence of @entity1176 -immunopositive ( @entity1176 +) axons from local neurons, from a few @entity1176 + cells in the inferior thalamic peduncle, and probably from more anterior neurons in the septum and preoptic area. Bipolar @entity1176 + neurons contributing directly to the VHT are grouped at its origin dorsolateral to the optic chiasm, dorsal and medial to the optic tracts, at the infundibular lip, and within the pathway between. At the infundibular lip, @entity1176 + perikarya are generally lateral or ventral to the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus, and are rarely within the nucleus itself. Cell bodies here are sometimes tripolar, but @entity1176 + intercellular contacts are seldom seen. A few VHT fibers extend to the ventral surface of the brain just beneath the pia mater. Abundant capillaries in the subarachnoid space suggest a possible route for delivery of @entity1176 to the adenohypophysis in early gestation, before maturation of the hypophysial portal system occurs. Posterior to the infundibulum, a few VHT fibers are joined by descending periventricular fibers forming a dense fiber band beneath the premammillary recess of the third ventricle. Totals of @entity1176 + cell bodies in the prosencephalon of the fetal @entity2608 are estimated to be 5,600 in females (n = 2) and 2,600 in males (n = 3). More than 60% of VHT neurons are located in the medial basal hypothalamus, and the majority of basal hypothalamic @entity1176 + neurons (86%) are associated with the VHT. Furthermore, reports of the autonomy of the medial basal hypothalamic-hypophysial unit in control of gonadotropin secretion suggest that the VHT may be the most important @entity1176 system involved in primate reproduction. It is clear that fetal material may offer the best model to study the @entity1176 neuronal system in primates.

title: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone containing ventral hypothalamic tract in the fetal @entity2608 ( XXXX ).

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['Macaca mulatta']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9569 remains a major public health problem in China. Integrating molecular analyses, such as population genetic analyses, of the parasite into the on-going surveillance programs is helpful in exploring the factors causing the persistence and/or spread of @entity2042 . However, genotyping errors can seriously affect the results of such studies, unless accounted for in the analyses. METHODS: We assessed the genotyping errors (missing alleles or false alleles) of seven @entity2043 microsatellites, using a pedigree data approach for schistosome miracidia, which were stored on Whatman FTA cards. RESULTS: Among 107 schistosome miracidia successfully genotyped, resulting in a total of 715 loci calls, a total of 31 genotyping errors were observed with 25.2% of the miracidia having at least one error. The error rate per locus differed among loci, which ranged from 0 to 9.8%, with the mean error rate 4.3% over loci. With the parentage analysis software Cervus, the assignment power with these seven markers was estimated to be 89.5% for one parent and 99.9% for a parent pair. One locus was inferred to have a high number of null alleles and a second with a high mistyping rate. CONCLUSION: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that @entity2043 pedigrees have been used in an assessment of genotyping errors of microsatellite markers. The observed locus-specific error rate will benefit downstream epidemiological or ecological analyses of @entity2043 with the markers.

title: Detecting genotyping errors at XXXX microsatellites with pedigree information.

entities_list: @entity2042 :: ('6182', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma japonicum']

entities_list: @entity9569 :: ('MESH:D012554', 'Disease') :: ['Schistosomiasis japonica']

answer: @entity2042 :: (6182,Species) :: ['Schistosoma japonicum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical characteristics of residents with a diagnosis of @entity2182 ( @entity2182 ) and/or @entity322 ( @entity322 ) to determine the prevalence of comorbidities, severe @entity73 (SMI), @entity73 ( @entity73 ), and a toileting program and the response to that program. DESIGN: Cross-sectional retrospective analysis. SETTING: Skilled nursing facilities. @entity1 , @entity1 : Residents with a diagnosis of @entity2182 and/or @entity322 and an age range, and gender frequency-matched 1:1 control cohort without @entity2182 and/or @entity322 . INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): De-identified Minimum Data Set data 3.0 records (October 1, 2010, to September 30, 2012). RESULTS: Of the 175,632 residents, 65% had a diagnosis of @entity322 and 1% had a diagnosis of @entity2182 . Those with @entity322 and/or @entity2182 were more likely to have @entity73 (mean Brief Inventory of Mental Status score 10.2    4.5 vs. 12.5    3.6; P = 0.001) and SMI (49.4% vs. 26.4%; P < 0.001), multiple comorbid conditions, falls and falls with @entity4822 (5.5% vs. 4.9%; P < 0.001), @entity293 (21.4% vs. 16.5%; P = 0.001), and moisture-associated @entity272 (5.2% vs. 2.6%; P = 0.001) than the control cohort. Toileting programs were attempted more often (17.0% vs. 5.1%; P < 0.001) in those with @entity322 and/or @entity2182 but were only minimally successful, with 4.2% having decreased wetness and 0.9% being completely dry. CONCLUSION: Residents with @entity322 and/or @entity2182 exhibit a higher burden of @entity73 , SMI, and comorbidities than do residents without these diagnoses. Nonpharmacologic therapies such as toileting programs should be a primary focus in the nursing facility.

title: Clinical Burden and Nonpharmacologic Management of Nursing Facility Residents with XXXX and/or Urinary Incontinence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'UI']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['MSCI', 'moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment', 'mobility impairment']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder', 'OAB']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin damage']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

entities_list: @entity4822 :: ('MESH:D025981', 'Disease') :: ['injury, hip fractures']

answer: @entity2182 :: (MESH:D053201,Disease) :: ['Overactive Bladder']


abstract: Timely molecular diagnosis of @entity996 mutations enables earlier treatment, lower risk, and better health outcomes for @entity1 with @entity995 ; empowers families to make informed family-planning decisions; and costs less than conventional surveillance. However, complexity has hindered clinical implementation of molecular diagnosis. The majority of @entity996 mutations are unique and distributed throughout the @entity996 gene, with no real hot spots. We devised a sensitive and efficient strategy to identify @entity996 mutations that combines quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction (QM-PCR), double-exon sequencing, and promoter-targeted methylation-sensitive PCR. Optimization of test order by stochastic dynamic programming and the development of allele-specific PCR for four recurrent point mutations decreased the estimated turnaround time to <3 wk and decreased direct costs by one-third. The multistep method reported here detected 89% (199/224) of mutations in bilaterally affected probands and both mutant alleles in 84% (112/134) of @entity5 from unilaterally affected probands. For 23 of 27 exons and the promoter region, QM-PCR was a highly accurate measure of deletions and insertions (accuracy 95%). By revealing those family members who did not carry the mutation found in the related proband, molecular analysis enabled 97 at-risk @entity1 from 20 representative families to avoid 313 surveillance examinations under anesthetic and 852 clinic visits. The average savings in direct costs from clinical examinations avoided by @entity1 in these families substantially exceeded the cost of molecular testing. Moreover, health care savings continue to accrue, as @entity1 in succeeding generations avoid unnecessary repeated anaesthetics and examinations.

title: Sensitive and efficient detection of XXXX gene mutations enhances care for families with @entity995 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity996 :: (5925,Gene) :: ['RB1']


abstract: Timely molecular diagnosis of @entity996 mutations enables earlier treatment, lower risk, and better health outcomes for @entity1 with @entity995 ; empowers families to make informed family-planning decisions; and costs less than conventional surveillance. However, complexity has hindered clinical implementation of molecular diagnosis. The majority of @entity996 mutations are unique and distributed throughout the @entity996 gene, with no real hot spots. We devised a sensitive and efficient strategy to identify @entity996 mutations that combines quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction (QM-PCR), double-exon sequencing, and promoter-targeted methylation-sensitive PCR. Optimization of test order by stochastic dynamic programming and the development of allele-specific PCR for four recurrent point mutations decreased the estimated turnaround time to <3 wk and decreased direct costs by one-third. The multistep method reported here detected 89% (199/224) of mutations in bilaterally affected probands and both mutant alleles in 84% (112/134) of @entity5 from unilaterally affected probands. For 23 of 27 exons and the promoter region, QM-PCR was a highly accurate measure of deletions and insertions (accuracy 95%). By revealing those family members who did not carry the mutation found in the related proband, molecular analysis enabled 97 at-risk @entity1 from 20 representative families to avoid 313 surveillance examinations under anesthetic and 852 clinic visits. The average savings in direct costs from clinical examinations avoided by @entity1 in these families substantially exceeded the cost of molecular testing. Moreover, health care savings continue to accrue, as @entity1 in succeeding generations avoid unnecessary repeated anaesthetics and examinations.

title: Sensitive and efficient detection of @entity996 gene mutations enhances care for families with XXXX .

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['retinoblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The dual microcatheter technique is common practice for coil embolization of a wide-necked @entity439 , due to safety and efficacy. However, technical limitations of some complex configurations may necessitate additional microcatheters to bolster coil stability, compact the coil, or for protection. Described herein is a triple microcatheter technique for endovascular management of wide-necked @entity438 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data accruing prospectively between January 2006 and October 2014 on simultaneously executed triple microcatheter coil embolization procedures done in 38 @entity439 were reviewed. Clinical and morphological outcomes were assessed, with emphasis on technical aspects of treatment. RESULTS: The triple microcatheter technique was successfully applied to all 38 @entity439 , involving the posterior communicating artery (n = 13), the middle cerebral artery (n = 10), the basilar tip (n = 7), the anterior cerebral artery (n = 5), and the internal carotid artery (n = 3). Stent protection was added in four @entity1 and balloon remodeling in one. Dual microcatheters (n = 24) were usually deployed to deliver the coil within sacs of @entity439 , with the additional microcatheter used for protection. Otherwise, triple microcatheters were deployed for coil delivery (n = 11) or coils were delivered via a single microcatheter, with dual microcatheters deployed for protection (n = 3). Successful occlusion of @entity439 was achieved in 89.5% of cases, with no procedure-related morbidity or mortality. Stable occlusion was maintained in 72.2% (26/36) of the @entity439 at the final follow-up (mean interval, 30.2    22.7 months). CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this limited study suggest that the triple microcatheter technique may be an effective and safe therapeutic option for wide-necked @entity439 , using technical strategies tailored to complex angio-anatomic configurations.

title: Use of Triple Microcatheters for Endovascular Treatment of Wide-Necked XXXX : A Single Center Experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['saccular aneurysms', 'aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['Intracranial Aneurysms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In order to study the relationship between @entity2023 and airway hyperresponsiveness. METHOD: Each of them were separately engaged skin test with antigen. All 50 @entity1 had intense positive reaction to artemisia pollen (++-+++), but all controls were negative. We conducted bronchial provocation test (BPT) with 1:100 (w/v) artemisia pollen. Before and after BPT, we separately tested the forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) which represented ventilative function and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in their serum. RESULT: Before BPT, 50 @entity1 and 20 normal controls had no @entity825 symptoms. FEV1 of 50 @entity1 is (70 +/- 20)%, that normal controls is (85.6 +/- 8.9)% (P < 0.001). After BPT, in 50 @entity1 , 23 cases felt constriction in the chest, 10 cases had wheezes, 5 cases had @entity565 , 12 cases had no symptoms. At the same time, all of normal controls had no symptoms. After BPT, FEV1 of 50 @entity1 is (60 +/- 20)%, that of normal controls was (85.6 +/- 8.9)% (P < 0.05), ECP of @entity1 was (30.37 +/- 18.92) micrograms/L, that of controls was (5.245 +/- 3.228) micrograms/L (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity2023 not only have chronic @entity32 in their nose mucosa that results from allergic react, but also have chronic @entity32 in bronchus which leads to @entity5874 . The results reveal that most @entity1 with @entity2023 have @entity5874 (76%).

title: [Study on the relationship between XXXX and airway hyperresponsiveness].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity785 ( @entity785 ) is a complex and not fully understood @entity792 associated with @entity82 of multiple organs. The main effector cells, the myofibroblasts, are collagen-producing cells derived from the activation of resting fibroblasts. This process is regulated by a complex repertoire of profibrotic cytokines, and among them @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) and @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) play a major role. In this paper we show that @entity2533 and @entity2232 receptors co-operate in myofibroblast activation, and @entity19629 , an @entity2232 receptor antagonist binding @entity2232 receptors, might interfere with both @entity2533 and @entity2232 pathways, preventing myofibroblast differentiation. METHODS: Fibroblasts isolated from healthy controls and @entity785 @entity1 were treated with @entity2533 and @entity2232 and successively analyzed for @entity1970 ( @entity1970 ) and collagen ( @entity13239 ) expression and for the @entity11280 and Mad Related (SMAD) phosphorylation. We further tested the ability of @entity19629 to interfere with these process. Furthermore, we silenced @entity2232 and @entity2232 receptor A expression and evaluated the formation of an @entity2232 / @entity2533 receptor complex by immunoprecitation assay. RESULTS: We showed myofibroblast activation in @entity785 fibroblasts assessing the expression of @entity1970 and @entity13239 , after stimulation with @entity2533 and @entity2232 . @entity19629 interfered with both @entity2232 - and @entity2533 -induced fibroblast activation. To explain this unexpected inhibitory effect of @entity19629 on @entity2533 activity, we silenced @entity2232 expression on @entity785 fibroblasts and co-immunoprecipitated these two receptors, showing the formation of an @entity2232 / @entity2533 receptor complex. CONCLUSIONS: During @entity785 , @entity2232 produced by activated endothelia contributes to myofibroblast activation using @entity2533 machinery via an @entity2232 / @entity2533 receptor complex. @entity19629 interferes with the profibrotic action of @entity2533 , blocking the @entity2232 receptor portion of the @entity2232 / @entity2533 receptor complex.

title: @entity19629 inhibits the transforming growth factor-b profibrotic action, blocking the signaling mediated by the ETR/TbRI complex in XXXX dermal fibroblasts.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity19629 :: ('MESH:C533860', 'Chemical') :: ['Macitentan', 'macitentan']

entities_list: @entity1970 :: ('58', 'Gene') :: ['a-SMA', 'alpha smooth muscle actin']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-b', 'transforming growth factor beta']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic sclerosis', 'SSc']

answer: @entity785 :: (MESH:D012595,Disease) :: ['systemic sclerosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity785 ( @entity785 ) is a complex and not fully understood @entity792 associated with @entity82 of multiple organs. The main effector cells, the myofibroblasts, are collagen-producing cells derived from the activation of resting fibroblasts. This process is regulated by a complex repertoire of profibrotic cytokines, and among them @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) and @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) play a major role. In this paper we show that @entity2533 and @entity2232 receptors co-operate in myofibroblast activation, and @entity19629 , an @entity2232 receptor antagonist binding @entity2232 receptors, might interfere with both @entity2533 and @entity2232 pathways, preventing myofibroblast differentiation. METHODS: Fibroblasts isolated from healthy controls and @entity785 @entity1 were treated with @entity2533 and @entity2232 and successively analyzed for @entity1970 ( @entity1970 ) and collagen ( @entity13239 ) expression and for the @entity11280 and Mad Related (SMAD) phosphorylation. We further tested the ability of @entity19629 to interfere with these process. Furthermore, we silenced @entity2232 and @entity2232 receptor A expression and evaluated the formation of an @entity2232 / @entity2533 receptor complex by immunoprecitation assay. RESULTS: We showed myofibroblast activation in @entity785 fibroblasts assessing the expression of @entity1970 and @entity13239 , after stimulation with @entity2533 and @entity2232 . @entity19629 interfered with both @entity2232 - and @entity2533 -induced fibroblast activation. To explain this unexpected inhibitory effect of @entity19629 on @entity2533 activity, we silenced @entity2232 expression on @entity785 fibroblasts and co-immunoprecipitated these two receptors, showing the formation of an @entity2232 / @entity2533 receptor complex. CONCLUSIONS: During @entity785 , @entity2232 produced by activated endothelia contributes to myofibroblast activation using @entity2533 machinery via an @entity2232 / @entity2533 receptor complex. @entity19629 interferes with the profibrotic action of @entity2533 , blocking the @entity2232 receptor portion of the @entity2232 / @entity2533 receptor complex.

title: XXXX inhibits the transforming growth factor-b profibrotic action, blocking the signaling mediated by the ETR/TbRI complex in @entity785 dermal fibroblasts.

answer: @entity19629 :: (MESH:C533860,Chemical) :: ['Macitentan']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dose-response relationship of semaglutide versus placebo and open-label liraglutide in terms of glycemic control in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind phase 2 trial. @entity1 (n = 415) were randomized to receive a subcutaneous injection of @entity69217 once weekly without dose escalation (0.1-0.8 mg) or with dose escalation (E) (0.4 mg steps to 0.8 or 1.6 mg E over 1-2 weeks), open-label liraglutide once daily (1.2 or 1.8 mg), or placebo. The primary end point was change in HbA1c level from baseline. Secondary end points included change in body weight, safety, and tolerability. RESULTS: @entity69217 dose-dependently reduced the level of @entity4051 c from baseline (8.1    0.8%) to week 12 by up to -1.7%, and body weight by up to -4.8 kg (1.6 mg E, P < 0.001 vs. placebo). Up to 81% of @entity1 achieved an @entity4051 c level of <7%. @entity4051 c level and weight reductions with semaglutide 1.6 mg E were greater than those with liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg (based on unadjusted CIs), but adverse events (AEs) and withdrawals occurred more frequently. The incidence of @entity390 , @entity391 , and withdrawal due to @entity344 increased with the semaglutide dose; most events were mild to moderate, transient, and ameliorated by dose escalation. There were no major episodes of @entity4053 and few cases of injection site reactions. CONCLUSIONS: After 12 weeks, semaglutide dose-dependently reduced @entity4051 c level and weight in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . No unexpected safety or tolerability concerns were identified; @entity344 typical of @entity8142 agonists were mitigated by dose escalation. On this basis, weekly semaglutide doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg with a 4-week dose escalation were selected for phase 3.

title: A Phase 2, Randomized, Dose-Finding Study of the Novel Once-Weekly XXXX GLP-1 Analog, Semaglutide, Compared With Placebo and Open-Label Liraglutide in @entity1 With Type 2 Diabetes.

entities_list: @entity69217 :: ('MESH:C000591245', 'Chemical') :: ['Semaglutide', 'semaglutide']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal AEs']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity8142 :: ('2740', 'Gene') :: ['glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dose-response relationship of semaglutide versus placebo and open-label liraglutide in terms of glycemic control in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind phase 2 trial. @entity1 (n = 415) were randomized to receive a subcutaneous injection of @entity69217 once weekly without dose escalation (0.1-0.8 mg) or with dose escalation (E) (0.4 mg steps to 0.8 or 1.6 mg E over 1-2 weeks), open-label liraglutide once daily (1.2 or 1.8 mg), or placebo. The primary end point was change in HbA1c level from baseline. Secondary end points included change in body weight, safety, and tolerability. RESULTS: @entity69217 dose-dependently reduced the level of @entity4051 c from baseline (8.1    0.8%) to week 12 by up to -1.7%, and body weight by up to -4.8 kg (1.6 mg E, P < 0.001 vs. placebo). Up to 81% of @entity1 achieved an @entity4051 c level of <7%. @entity4051 c level and weight reductions with semaglutide 1.6 mg E were greater than those with liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg (based on unadjusted CIs), but adverse events (AEs) and withdrawals occurred more frequently. The incidence of @entity390 , @entity391 , and withdrawal due to @entity344 increased with the semaglutide dose; most events were mild to moderate, transient, and ameliorated by dose escalation. There were no major episodes of @entity4053 and few cases of injection site reactions. CONCLUSIONS: After 12 weeks, semaglutide dose-dependently reduced @entity4051 c level and weight in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . No unexpected safety or tolerability concerns were identified; @entity344 typical of @entity8142 agonists were mitigated by dose escalation. On this basis, weekly semaglutide doses of 0.5 and 1.0 mg with a 4-week dose escalation were selected for phase 3.

title: A Phase 2, Randomized, Dose-Finding Study of the Novel Once-Weekly @entity1 GLP-1 Analog, Semaglutide, Compared With Placebo and Open-Label Liraglutide in XXXX With Type 2 Diabetes.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: @entity742 stalk median eminence fragments were lyophylized, extracted and filtered through a column of Sephadex G-25. The fractions were then assayed for the presence of LHRH by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and bioassayed for FSH and LH-releasing activity following their IV injection into ovariectomized, estrogen @entity1420 -blocked @entity35 . The radioimmunoassayable LHRH emerged from the column at the same position from which it emerged many years before when LH was measured by bioassay. This same region also contained the LH-releasing activity as measured by bioassay. FSH-releasing activity was present in two tubes just preceding the emergence of the bio- and immunoassayable LHRH. The activity was highly significant and there was no LH-releasing activity in the fractions. They contained much less LHRH as determined by RIA than is sufficient to evoke LH release in this assay. The FSH-releasing activity was recovered in the same fractions in which it was found many years ago with this same assay but with measurement of plasma FSH by bio-rather than immunoassay as employed here. A dose-related release of LH was obtained by injection of LHRH in this assay but there was no significant FSH release even with a dose of 27 ng of LHRH per @entity35 . To determine if one of the LHRHs of lower forms might be FSH-RF, @entity1573 I and II LHRH and Salmon LHRH were also assayed for FSH- and LH-releasing activity. Each of these peptide possessed LH-releasing activity, albeit much less than that of the @entity1 peptide but had no FSH-releasing activity whatsoever.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Purification of FSH-releasing factor: its dissimilarity from LHRH of XXXX , avian, and piscian origin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']