abstract: Inward currents in the somatic membrane of dissociated @entity35 dorsal root ganglion neurons have been studied in two groups of animals (17 days of embryonic development and the first day after birth) by suction pipette (whole-cell configuration) and voltage-clamp techniques. Altogether 157 neurons were examined. Four components in the inward currents have been identified: fast @entity1022 -sensitive (INaf) and slow @entity1022 insensitive (INas) @entity1372 , low-(ICal) and high-threshold (ICah) @entity460 currents. The percentage of neurons demonstrating four types of inward currents INaf, INas, ICal, ICah increased from 21% in embryo to 61% in newborn. The percentage of neurons with INaf, INas and ICah increased from 4% in embryonic to 14% in the first day after birth. The percentage of cells with INaf, ICal and ICah (without @entity1022 -insensitive INas) decreased from 56 to 11% in embryo and newborn @entity35 , respectively. A statistically significant linear correlation was found between the densities of INaf and ICah currents for both ages. A correlation also occurred between the densities of INas and ICah. A reciprocal relation between the densities of both types of @entity460 currents and the size of cell soma was found in the neurons with all four types of inward currents from newborn animals. A comparison of these data with previous study of inward currents during postnatal development indicates that the most dramatic changes in their distributions and mean densities takes place some time after the birth of the animals.

title: Comparative analysis of ionic currents in the somatic membrane of embryonic and newborn XXXX sensory neurons.

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The acute relationships between the urinary excretion of @entity1372 and water and renal perfusion pressure were characterized in the @entity35 using a new in vivo model of pressure diuresis. Neural and hormonal influences on the kidney were held constant by denervating the kidney and by maintaining fixed high plasma levels of vasopressin, @entity1369 , @entity2819 , and @entity1063 levels by intravenous infusion. Renal perfusion pressure (RPP) was varied above and below control using specially designed aortic clamps. Increasing RPP within the autoregulatory range from 90 to 160 mmHg produced 5- to 20-fold increases in urine flow and @entity1372 excretion with no detectable changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or peritubular capillary pressure. The slope of the line relating urine flow and RPP averaged 2 microliter X min-1 X kidney-1 X mmHg-1 rise in RPP. If RPP was first lowered to 90 mmHg, urine flow could be doubled by increasing RPP by as little as 5 mmHg. Uninephrectomy 7-12 days before an experiment did not alter the renal pressure diuresis relationship. The presence of intact renal nerves, however, was found to shift the relationship between urine flow and RPP to the right. The magnitude of the response produced by elevations in pressure using this new model of pressure diuresis was greater than when RPP was increased using carotid occlusion or @entity1425 infusion as in previous studies. The results indicate that small changes in arterial pressure may have a greater influence on @entity1372 and water excretion than has been previously recognized.

title: Characterization of a new model for the study of pressure-natriuresis in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Exposure of the lumbosacral spinal cord of early postnatal @entity35 to X-rays reduces the glial populations within the irradiated region. The present study examines the ability of axons of a dorsal root subjected to a crush-freeze lesion to grow back into this @entity942 spinal cord environment, in contrast to the non-irradiated @entity35 . Ultrastructural examination of the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) 60 days after root injury revealed a well-formed astrocytic scar in this zone and adjacent regions of spinal cord in non-irradiated @entity35 . In contrast, scar formation did not occur in irradiated root-lesioned animals in which the astrocytic response was quite limited. Axons were present in the DREZ and underlying spinal cord in irradiated root-lesioned @entity35 at this time but were absent from these regions in the non-irradiated lesioned controls. These ultrastructural findings are highly suggestive that axons are capable of regrowth into the irradiated spinal cord. Axonal regrowth was assessed further by tracing techniques after application of a combination of @entity3698 -labeled @entity3505 germ agglutinin and horseradish @entity3698 to the cut end of the root distal to the previously injured site. Labeled axons were readily identified within the spinal gray matter in irradiated lesioned but not in the non-irradiated lesioned @entity35 . These data, together with the ultrastructural observations, are supportive of regrowth of the dorsal root axons into the spinal cord. The radiation-induced changes in the glial populations are discussed with regard to conversion of a normally non-permissive environment into one conducive for axonal regrowth.

title: Regrowth of dorsal root axons into a radiation-induced XXXX environment in the spinal cord.

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['glial-deficient']

answer: @entity942 :: (MESH:D003677,Disease) :: ['glial-deficient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sweat @entity189 with clear cell features are extremely rare @entity5 , with few well documented cases reported in the literature. METHODS: Data on nine @entity1 with @entity5 characterized by a prominent clear cell neoplastic component were studied. Immunohistochemical stains with a panel of antibodies against epithelial, stromal, and neural antigens were performed on five @entity5 and electron microscopic examination of one. RESULTS: The @entity5 showed a spectrum of histologic features and growth patterns that ranged from well differentiated, low grade @entity5 to poorly differentiated, highly aggressive, recurrent, and metastasizing @entity5 . All @entity5 contained a varied proportion of cells with abundant clear cytoplasm, similar to those seen in a group of @entity5 that have been variously designated as clear cell hidradenoma, @entity13152 , @entity1358 , and eccrine @entity13152 . Immunohistochemical stains on five @entity5 and ultrastructural examination in one were consistent with eccrine differentiation. Clinical follow-up of eight @entity1 showed local recurrence in six, followed by metastases in three, despite local excision, radiation, and chemotherapy. Criteria for differentiating these @entity5 from their benign counterparts and from other types of @entity5 and metastatic lesions are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that @entity1358 comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions that may range from locally recurring, low grade well differentiated @entity5 to highly aggressive, high grade @entity5 with a definite potential for uncontrollable local recurrence and @entity3 . Wide surgical excision is recommended as the primary treatment for such @entity5 .

title: XXXX of the skin. A clinicopathologic study of nine @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['benign eccrine adnexal neoplasms', 'malignant adnexal neoplasms', 'malignant eccrine adnexal neoplasms', 'malignant neoplasms', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['gland carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity13152 :: ('MESH:D018250', 'Disease') :: ['nodular hidradenoma', 'acrospiroma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['clear cell myoepithelioma', 'clear cell eccrine carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['Clear cell eccrine carcinomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sweat @entity189 with clear cell features are extremely rare @entity5 , with few well documented cases reported in the literature. METHODS: Data on nine @entity1 with @entity5 characterized by a prominent clear cell neoplastic component were studied. Immunohistochemical stains with a panel of antibodies against epithelial, stromal, and neural antigens were performed on five @entity5 and electron microscopic examination of one. RESULTS: The @entity5 showed a spectrum of histologic features and growth patterns that ranged from well differentiated, low grade @entity5 to poorly differentiated, highly aggressive, recurrent, and metastasizing @entity5 . All @entity5 contained a varied proportion of cells with abundant clear cytoplasm, similar to those seen in a group of @entity5 that have been variously designated as clear cell hidradenoma, @entity13152 , @entity1358 , and eccrine @entity13152 . Immunohistochemical stains on five @entity5 and ultrastructural examination in one were consistent with eccrine differentiation. Clinical follow-up of eight @entity1 showed local recurrence in six, followed by metastases in three, despite local excision, radiation, and chemotherapy. Criteria for differentiating these @entity5 from their benign counterparts and from other types of @entity5 and metastatic lesions are presented. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that @entity1358 comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions that may range from locally recurring, low grade well differentiated @entity5 to highly aggressive, high grade @entity5 with a definite potential for uncontrollable local recurrence and @entity3 . Wide surgical excision is recommended as the primary treatment for such @entity5 .

title: @entity1358 of the skin. A clinicopathologic study of nine XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Nineteen cases of @entity4607 without @entity41163 and seven cases with @entity41163 are discussed. Twenty-five involved the hand, wrist, palm, and finger, and one case involved the foot. Nineteen @entity1 had isolated fibrofatty enlargement of nerve, while seven had @entity41163 in addition to the peripheral nerve changes. Involved nerves included the median nerve, ulnar nerve, an unidentified nerve near the elbow, and a nerve on the dorsum of the foot. Four of nine @entity1 with neurologic symptoms of @entity158 or paresthesias had physical findings compatible with @entity7577 , and two others were described as having @entity923 . Most @entity1 had been aware of a mass for several years. Microscopically, the lesion was characterized by fibrofatty enlargement of nerve with massive epineural and perineural @entity82 . In two of the cases with @entity41163 , the fibrofatty enlargement of the nerve was associated with overgrowth of bone and the surrounding subcutaneous tissues. In one case, the perineural @entity82 was associated with metaplastic bone. The histogenesis of fibrofatty overgrowth of nerve has been disputed. Mature fat cells have been described within the normal nerve sheath, and it is thought that proliferation of these cells leads to the fatty enlargement of the nerve and its coverings. The relationship of these neural changes to the development of @entity41163 remains controversial. Follow-up in 18 @entity1 (69%) reveals a benign course following biopsy, limited excision, or division of the flexor retinaculum in the wrist.

title: XXXX . A clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity7577 :: ('MESH:C536965', 'Disease') :: ['compression neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity41163 :: ('MESH:C562546', 'Disease') :: ['macrodactyly']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4607 :: ('MESH:D006222', 'Disease') :: ['fibrolipomatous hamartoma of nerve']

answer: @entity4607 :: (MESH:D006222,Disease) :: ['Fibrolipomatous hamartoma of nerve']


abstract: Upper @entity344 has been applied successfully in the management of @entity1 with @entity1744 . In one group of @entity1 after gastrectomy with a Roux-Y limb obstructed at the level of the transverse mesocolon, the endoscope was manipulated into this segment, and the tip was deflected in four directions with release of the kink. Conventional wisdom depends heavily on the interpretation of the upper gastrointestinal series, which in all five @entity1 in this report proved to be incorrect. It was only through the endoscopic examination that the anastomoses were found to be patent, and the kinked segment of jejunum, once identified, could be released by endoscopic manipulation. Two @entity1 required repeat endoscopy, and at last follow-up, all @entity1 were eating well with no recurrence of symptoms. In the second group of @entity1 with @entity1744 who normally would be considered for Miller-Abbott tube management, it was possible to decompress the stomach, duodenum, and upper jejunum endoscopically with immediate clinical and radiographic improvement. In addition, it was also possible to place the Miller-Abbott tube into the small bowel at the same time and thus avoid the 2 to 3 days of delay in advancing the tube beyond the pylorus. All @entity1 had improvement and there were no complications. Although two required laparotomy several weeks later, they too were improved by the endoscopic procedures. The immediate decompression and rapid intubation represent significant advances in the management of @entity1 with @entity1744 .

title: Endoscopic decompression in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['distal small bowel obstruction', 'small bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal endoscopy']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['partial small bowel obstruction']


abstract: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are thought to be important regulators of adrenocortical growth and steroidogenesis. IGFs are usually complexed with a family of specific IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in serum, other body fluids, and in conditioned media of a variety of cell types. IGFBPs may either inhibit or potentiate the effects of IGFs. In the present study we have investigated the gene expression of the IGFBPs and IGF receptors in @entity1 fetal ( @entity21419 ) and adult (HAA) adrenals. Northern blotting and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods were used. IGFBP secretion into the cell culture medium was studied in primary cell cultures by Western ligand blotting and by radioimmunoassays. @entity10116 mRNA expression was low in adrenals: Northern blots were negative, but RT-PCR revealed @entity10116 mRNA in @entity21419 . @entity10513 mRNA was equally expressed in both @entity21419 and HAA with no differences in signal intensities by Northern blotting. @entity2301 mRNA was detected in @entity21419 but not in HAA by Northern blotting. @entity12561 mRNA was expressed equally in both @entity21419 and HAA. @entity49001 mRNA expression was more abundant in HAA than in @entity21419 . @entity442 and type I and type II IGF receptor mRNAs were equally expressed in both @entity21419 and HAA. @entity864 ( @entity865 ), a protein kinase regulator, upregulated @entity10116 in @entity21419 cultures as determined by RIA, but ACTH was without effect. @entity10513 was not regulated by @entity865 or ACTH neither at protein nor at mRNA level. @entity2301 was downregulated by @entity865 both at protein and mRNA levels, but it was not affected by ACTH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the XXXX adrenal gland.

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: beta-Adrenergic blockade alleviates @entity741 , probably largely through @entity299 . We hypothesized that the negative inotropic effect of beta-blockade, which is believed to be potentially dangerous, is attenuated in underperfused hearts with an acute @entity1563 . We studied the effect of intravenous @entity1169 (1 mg/kg i.v.) in feline hearts with acute circumflex coronary artery (LCX) occlusion by cross-oriented segments in normally perfused and mildly underperfused left ventricular (LV) anterior wall. A control group (n = 10) was compared with a @entity850 group (n = 9) in which the mean coronary perfusion pressure was reduced (91 +/- 4 g vs. 136 +/- 5 mm Hg, p < 0.01). End-systolic pressure-length (ESP-ESL) relations during dynamic afterload increase and preload reduction were calculated to evaluate regional inotropy. HR and @entity551 ( @entity551 ) decreased in both groups after beta-blockade (p < 0.05). Subendocardial and mid-myocardial blood flow measured by radiolabeled microspheres decreased in the control group (p < 0.05) but was unchanged in the @entity850 group. Systolic shortening of circumferential segments also decreased in the control group (p < 0.05) but was unchanged in the @entity850 group. ESP-ESL relations of circumferential segments shifted markedly rightward in the control group, whereas a modest rightward shift was noted in the @entity850 group. This study in feline heart with @entity432 showed an attenuated negative inotropic effect of beta-blockade in underperfused LV anterior wall.

title: Negative inotropic effect of XXXX is attenuated in underperfused feline heart with an acute ischemic region.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart rate (HR) reduction']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['acute LCX occlusion']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['LVSP', 'LV peak systolic blood pressure']

answer: @entity1169 :: (MESH:D011433,Chemical) :: ['propranolol']


abstract: @entity64 is often complicated by @entity409 as a manifestation of multiple organ dysfunctions, but @entity879 rarely progresses to become the major morbid condition of @entity64 . We encountered a case who survived life-threatening classic @entity64 ; the @entity1 developed this condition, subsequently associated with @entity879 , while bathing at home. A 73-year-old @entity1 was found in the bath in his home with unconsciousness, and was transferred to a nearby hospital. At the time he was in a @entity772 , but no remarkable abnormalities were detected on blood examination. Rubor of his entire body beneath the cervical region was recognized. Under the diagnosis of a burn with consciousness disturbance, he was referred and transferred to our hospital. He was @entity772 and his axillary body temperature was 39.7  C. His consciousness improved after admission, but blood examination revealed @entity5925 , @entity8 . Subsequent blood examination findings showed rapid exacerbation. On the 2nd hospital day, PT% was 12, INR was 4.8. On the 3rd hospital day, serum ALT was elevated to 3,873 U/L, and the @entity1 had @entity3263 . On the 13th hospital day, serum total @entity648 was elevated to 33 mg/dl. Thereafter, additional conservative treatment produced gradual recovery of hepatic function.

title: Successful treatment of a case with XXXX following hot bath immersion.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['DIC and hepato-renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['heat stroke', 'Heat stroke']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['acute hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['coma', 'comatose']

entities_list: @entity5925 :: ('MESH:D012206', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyolysis']

entities_list: @entity3263 :: ('MESH:D022124', 'Disease') :: ['hyperammonemia']

answer: @entity879 :: (MESH:D017114,Disease) :: ['acute hepatic failure']


abstract: Telomeres, repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of linear chromosomes, play a role in regulating cellular proliferation, and shorten with increasing age in proliferating @entity1 tissues. The rate of age-related shortening of telomeres is highest early in life and decreases with age. @entity3207 are thought to limit the proliferation of cells and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Although natural selection is widely assumed to operate against long telomeres because they entail increased @entity5 risk, the evidence for this is mixed. Instead, here it is proposed that telomere length is primarily limited by energetic constraints. Cell proliferation is energetically expensive, so shorter telomeres should lead to a thrifty phenotype. Shorter telomeres are proposed to restrain adaptive immunity as an energy saving mechanism. Such a limited immune system, however, might also result in @entity281 , inflammatory stress, @entity1240 , and death--a more "disposable soma." With an increased reproductive lifespan, the fitness costs of @entity1240 are higher and longer telomeres will be favored by selection. Telomeres exhibit a paternal effect whereby the offspring of older fathers have longer telomeres due to increased telomere lengths of sperm with age. This paternal effect is proposed to be an adaptive signal of the expected age of male reproduction in the environment offspring are born into. The offspring of lineages of older fathers will tend to have longer, and thereby less thrifty, telomeres, better preparing them for an environment with higher expected ages at reproduction.

title: An evolutionary review of XXXX telomere biology: the thrifty telomere hypothesis and notes on potential adaptive paternal effects.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['Shortened telomeres']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['chronic infections']

entities_list: @entity1240 :: ('MESH:D019588', 'Disease') :: ['premature aging']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dramatic increases in survival rates have led to increased interest regarding the health related quality of life (HRQOL) of adolescent and young adult survivors of @entity3478 . This study investigated HRQOL and @entity717 in adolescent and young adult survivors of lower extremity @entity3478 as a function of type of surgical intervention, gender, and age at assessment. PROCEDURE: Twenty-eight @entity1 (age range 18-32 years) completed three generic and one disease-specific measures of HRQOL and a measure of @entity717 . For analysis, surgical intervention was grouped into @entity4218 ( @entity4218 ; allograft fusion and endoprosthesis) and ablative surgeries ( @entity860 ; amputation or Van Nes rotationplasty). Age at study was grouped into  <= 25 years of age and >=  26 years of age. The MOS-SF-36, HUI2, HUI3, and EORTC-QLQ-C30 were used to measure HRQOL and the TESS was used to assess @entity717 . RESULTS: Survivors reported HRQOL equivalent to the general population, with the exception of physical functioning. @entity4218 reported poorer HRQOL than AMP @entity1 for emotional functioning and fatigue. Males reported better HRQOL compared with females for overall HRQOL, general health, physical functioning, and social functioning. Finally, younger @entity1 generally reported better HRQOL than older @entity1 for overall HRQOL and physical functioning. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies @entity4218 surgical intervention, female gender and older age as risk factors for reduced HRQOL in adolescent and young adult survivors of lower extremity @entity3478 . This study also provides information about what instrument may be most useful in identifying these specific difficulties and subgroups.

title: Health related quality of life in adolescent and young adult survivors of lower extremity XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['bone tumors']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['LS', 'limb sparing surgeries']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['physical disability']

answer: @entity3478 :: (MESH:D001859,Disease) :: ['bone tumors']


abstract: Missing the moment for application of ventricular assist devices (VAD) may be one of the major causes of @entity881 in @entity1 who are to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the aid of VAD. To determine the optimal timing for application of VAD in such @entity1 , we examined the effect of a CPB assist on cardiac functional recovery from severe global @entity63 using an experimental @entity235 system. In the present study we created @entity741 by clamping the aorta for 20 minutes (Group I; N = 7) or 45 minutes (Group II; N = 11) under normothermic CPB. The reliability of the method in creating severe @entity712 was confirmed by testing the levels of @entity855 ( @entity855 ), @entity1734 (CP), and @entity880 . After reperfusion of the myocardium, the heart was assisted by a totally vented CPB. The left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (Emax), which is a load-independent index of contractility, was obtained every 15 minutes for up to 120 minutes of reperfusion. The Emax revealed that the function of the damaged heart recovers exponentially with time after reperfusion. From curves of the functional recovery of the heart, CPB support appeared to be beneficial for the first 60 minutes after reperfusion, and aided in the recovery of cardiac function in hearts damaged by global @entity741 . However, CPB assist thereafter may not be effective in further improving cardiac function. We therefore concluded that the decision to use VAD should be determined by cardiac function by 60 minutes of reperfusion to avoid prolonging CPB time.

title: Optimal timing for application of ventricular assist devices in XXXX who cannot be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. An experimental study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1734 :: ('CHEBI:17287', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine phosphate']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

entities_list: @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine triphosphate', 'ATP']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Infusion of @entity1792 into the arterial line, followed by infusion of @entity460 into the venous line, has been used for regional anticoagulation during hemodialysis of @entity1 with @entity548 diatheses or heparin-induced antiplatelet antibodies. These @entity1 are often hospitalized in intensive care units where the use of a sorbent regeneration dialysis system is convenient. In this study, the use of regional @entity1792 anticoagulation during dialysis with a @entity8608 dialyzer on a REDY dialysis machine was investigated in eight @entity1 . The white blood cell count, arterial @entity4095 , arterial and venous @entity3265 , and arterial, venous and dialysate @entity3775 were measured. Similar studies were carried out on four other @entity1 undergoing dialysis with standard systemic heparin anticoagulation and cellulose @entity598 dialyzers. The white blood cell count was observed to decline moderately, reaching a nadir of 83.2% of control at 15 minutes. The @entity4095 was unchanged or increased. However, blood @entity3265 rose in four of five @entity1 , with the venous value always exceeding the arterial value. In two @entity1 , @entity3775 levels in blood increased as well, and in one @entity1 , a marked increase was observed in dialysate, and @entity455 , with the concentrations being highest in the dialysate. No such changes were observed in the patients anticoagulated with heparin. It was concluded that although @entity1792 is a useful agent for regional anticoagulation, it should not be used in sorbent regeneration systems.

title: @entity1792 for regional anticoagulation. Effects on blood @entity4095 , @entity3265 , and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3775 :: ('MESH:D000535', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminum']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['venous and arterial blood']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity8608 :: ('MESH:C009865', 'Chemical') :: ['cuprophan']

answer: @entity3775 :: (MESH:D000535,Chemical) :: ['aluminum']


abstract: Infusion of @entity1792 into the arterial line, followed by infusion of @entity460 into the venous line, has been used for regional anticoagulation during hemodialysis of @entity1 with @entity548 diatheses or heparin-induced antiplatelet antibodies. These @entity1 are often hospitalized in intensive care units where the use of a sorbent regeneration dialysis system is convenient. In this study, the use of regional @entity1792 anticoagulation during dialysis with a @entity8608 dialyzer on a REDY dialysis machine was investigated in eight @entity1 . The white blood cell count, arterial @entity4095 , arterial and venous @entity3265 , and arterial, venous and dialysate @entity3775 were measured. Similar studies were carried out on four other @entity1 undergoing dialysis with standard systemic heparin anticoagulation and cellulose @entity598 dialyzers. The white blood cell count was observed to decline moderately, reaching a nadir of 83.2% of control at 15 minutes. The @entity4095 was unchanged or increased. However, blood @entity3265 rose in four of five @entity1 , with the venous value always exceeding the arterial value. In two @entity1 , @entity3775 levels in blood increased as well, and in one @entity1 , a marked increase was observed in dialysate, and @entity455 , with the concentrations being highest in the dialysate. No such changes were observed in the patients anticoagulated with heparin. It was concluded that although @entity1792 is a useful agent for regional anticoagulation, it should not be used in sorbent regeneration systems.

title: XXXX for regional anticoagulation. Effects on blood @entity4095 , @entity3265 , and @entity3775 .

answer: @entity1792 :: (MESH:D019343,Chemical) :: ['Citrate']


abstract: Infusion of @entity1792 into the arterial line, followed by infusion of @entity460 into the venous line, has been used for regional anticoagulation during hemodialysis of @entity1 with @entity548 diatheses or heparin-induced antiplatelet antibodies. These @entity1 are often hospitalized in intensive care units where the use of a sorbent regeneration dialysis system is convenient. In this study, the use of regional @entity1792 anticoagulation during dialysis with a @entity8608 dialyzer on a REDY dialysis machine was investigated in eight @entity1 . The white blood cell count, arterial @entity4095 , arterial and venous @entity3265 , and arterial, venous and dialysate @entity3775 were measured. Similar studies were carried out on four other @entity1 undergoing dialysis with standard systemic heparin anticoagulation and cellulose @entity598 dialyzers. The white blood cell count was observed to decline moderately, reaching a nadir of 83.2% of control at 15 minutes. The @entity4095 was unchanged or increased. However, blood @entity3265 rose in four of five @entity1 , with the venous value always exceeding the arterial value. In two @entity1 , @entity3775 levels in blood increased as well, and in one @entity1 , a marked increase was observed in dialysate, and @entity455 , with the concentrations being highest in the dialysate. No such changes were observed in the patients anticoagulated with heparin. It was concluded that although @entity1792 is a useful agent for regional anticoagulation, it should not be used in sorbent regeneration systems.

title: @entity1792 for regional anticoagulation. Effects on blood @entity4095 , XXXX , and @entity3775 .

answer: @entity3265 :: (MESH:D000641,Chemical) :: ['ammonia']


abstract: Infusion of @entity1792 into the arterial line, followed by infusion of @entity460 into the venous line, has been used for regional anticoagulation during hemodialysis of @entity1 with @entity548 diatheses or heparin-induced antiplatelet antibodies. These @entity1 are often hospitalized in intensive care units where the use of a sorbent regeneration dialysis system is convenient. In this study, the use of regional @entity1792 anticoagulation during dialysis with a @entity8608 dialyzer on a REDY dialysis machine was investigated in eight @entity1 . The white blood cell count, arterial @entity4095 , arterial and venous @entity3265 , and arterial, venous and dialysate @entity3775 were measured. Similar studies were carried out on four other @entity1 undergoing dialysis with standard systemic heparin anticoagulation and cellulose @entity598 dialyzers. The white blood cell count was observed to decline moderately, reaching a nadir of 83.2% of control at 15 minutes. The @entity4095 was unchanged or increased. However, blood @entity3265 rose in four of five @entity1 , with the venous value always exceeding the arterial value. In two @entity1 , @entity3775 levels in blood increased as well, and in one @entity1 , a marked increase was observed in dialysate, and @entity455 , with the concentrations being highest in the dialysate. No such changes were observed in the patients anticoagulated with heparin. It was concluded that although @entity1792 is a useful agent for regional anticoagulation, it should not be used in sorbent regeneration systems.

title: @entity1792 for regional anticoagulation. Effects on blood XXXX , @entity3265 , and @entity3775 .

answer: @entity4095 :: (MESH:C093415,Chemical) :: ['PO2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the use of the 1992 International Union Against @entity5 (UICC)/American Joint Committee on @entity5 (AJCC) T categories for @entity263 treated with radiation therapy and to compare the prognostic power of this system with the Whitmore-Jewett scheme. METHODS: The outcome for 427 @entity1 with Stages A2-C or T1a-T4b @entity263 , followed for a mean of 32 months after treatment, was evaluated for relapse or rising @entity1486 levels, disease relapse, metastatic failure, and local recurrence relative to the two staging systems. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to compare the two staging systems. The T categories were based on digital rectal examination. RESULTS: At 5 years, the actuarial incidence of relapse or rising @entity1486 level was as follows: Stage A2, 29%; Stage B, 41%; Stage C, 62%. The corresponding results according to T category were as follows: T1a, 0%; T1b, 37%; T1c, 23%; T2a, 39%; T2b, 38%; T2c, 42%; T3a, 53%; T3c, 68%; T4b, greater than 75%. Too few @entity1 were in the T3b and T4a categories. The following five-category grouping was significantly superior prognostically to the Whitmore-Jewett system: T1a, T1c, T1b/T2, T3, T4. The actuarial incidences of relapse or rising @entity1486 at 5 years were as follows: T1a, 0%; T1c, 23%; T1b/T2, 41%; T3, 61%; and T4, 75%. No differences were evident within the T2 or T3 categories. CONCLUSIONS: The current UICC/AJCC system appears to be a valid method for categorizing a primary @entity263 . This system defines a greater number of meaningful @entity5 categories and is prognostically superior to the traditional Whitmore-Jewett scheme.

title: The T classification of clinically XXXX . An appraisal based on disease outcome after radiation therapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer', 'prostate cancers', 'prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen (PSA)', 'PSA']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ethnic minority groups in Western European countries tend to have higher levels of overweight than the majority populations for reasons that are poorly understood. Investigating relative differences between countries could enable an investigation of the importance of national context in determining these inequalities. OBJECTIVE: To explore: (1) whether Indian and African origin populations in England and the Netherlands are similarly disadvantaged compared with the White populations in terms of the prevalence of overweight and central @entity28 ; (2) whether the previously known Dutch advantage of relatively low overweight prevalence is also observed in Dutch ethnic minority groups and (3) the contribution of health behaviour and socio-economic position to the differences observed. METHODS: Secondary analyses of population-based studies of 16   406 @entity1 from England and the Netherlands. Prevalence ratios were estimated using regression models. RESULTS: Except for African @entity1 , ethnic minority groups in both countries had higher rates of overweight and central @entity28 than their White counterparts. However, the Dutch minority groups were relatively more disadvantaged than English minority groups as compared with the majority populations. The Dutch advantage of the low prevalence of @entity28 was only seen in White @entity1 and @entity1 and African @entity1 . In contrast, English-Indian (prevalence ratio=0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81-0.93) and English-Caribbean (prevalence ratio=0.82, 95% CI: 0.76-0.89) @entity1 were @entity1144 than their Dutch equivalents. The Dutch-Indian @entity1 were very similar to the English-Indian @entity1 . The contribution of health behaviour and socio-economic position to the observed differences were small. CONCLUSION: Contrary to the patterns in White groups, the Dutch ethnic minority @entity1 were more @entity28 than their English equivalents. More work is needed to identify factors that may contribute to these observed differences.

title: Dutch versus English advantage in the epidemic of central and generalised XXXX is not shared by ethnic minority groups: comparative secondary analysis of cross-sectional data.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['less centrally obese']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: @entity503 (CQ)-resistant (CQR) @entity3964 @entity311 parasites show a strong decrease in CQ accumulation in comparison with @entity503 -sensitive parasites. Controversy exists over the role of the plasmodial pfmdr1 gene in the CQR phenotype. pfmdr1 is a member of the superfamily of @entity855 -binding cassette transporters. Other members of this family are the @entity1 multidrug resistance genes and the @entity5174 gene. We have expressed the pfmdr1-encoded protein, Pgh1, in CHO cells and @entity1238 oocytes. CHO cells expressing the Pgh1 protein demonstrated an increased, @entity1855 -insensitive susceptibility to CQ. Conversely, no increase in drug susceptibility to @entity12433 , @entity4807 , @entity632 , or @entity3812 was observed in Pgh1-expressing cells. CQ uptake experiments revealed an increased, @entity855 -dependent accumulation of CQ in Pgh1-expressing cells over the level in nonexpressing control cells. The increased CQ accumulation in Pgh1-expressing cells coincided with an enhanced in vivo inhibition of lysosomal alpha-galactosidase by CQ. CHO cells expressing Pgh1 carrying two of the CQR-associated Pgh1 @entity535 changes ( @entity73246 and @entity20049 ) did not display an increased CQ sensitivity. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed an intracellular localization of both mutant and wild-type forms of Pgh1. We conclude from our results that wild-type Pgh1 protein can mediate an increased intracellular accumulation of CQ and that this function is impaired in CQR-associated mutant forms of the protein. We speculate that the Pgh1 protein plays an important role in CQ import in CQ-sensitive @entity311 parasites.

title: Expression of the plasmodial pfmdr1 gene in @entity1 cells is associated with increased susceptibility to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity12433 :: ('MESH:D011319', 'Chemical') :: ['primaquine']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine', 'Chloroquine']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

answer: @entity503 :: (MESH:D002738,Chemical) :: ['chloroquine']


abstract: @entity503 (CQ)-resistant (CQR) @entity3964 @entity311 parasites show a strong decrease in CQ accumulation in comparison with @entity503 -sensitive parasites. Controversy exists over the role of the plasmodial pfmdr1 gene in the CQR phenotype. pfmdr1 is a member of the superfamily of @entity855 -binding cassette transporters. Other members of this family are the @entity1 multidrug resistance genes and the @entity5174 gene. We have expressed the pfmdr1-encoded protein, Pgh1, in CHO cells and @entity1238 oocytes. CHO cells expressing the Pgh1 protein demonstrated an increased, @entity1855 -insensitive susceptibility to CQ. Conversely, no increase in drug susceptibility to @entity12433 , @entity4807 , @entity632 , or @entity3812 was observed in Pgh1-expressing cells. CQ uptake experiments revealed an increased, @entity855 -dependent accumulation of CQ in Pgh1-expressing cells over the level in nonexpressing control cells. The increased CQ accumulation in Pgh1-expressing cells coincided with an enhanced in vivo inhibition of lysosomal alpha-galactosidase by CQ. CHO cells expressing Pgh1 carrying two of the CQR-associated Pgh1 @entity535 changes ( @entity73246 and @entity20049 ) did not display an increased CQ sensitivity. Immunofluorescence experiments revealed an intracellular localization of both mutant and wild-type forms of Pgh1. We conclude from our results that wild-type Pgh1 protein can mediate an increased intracellular accumulation of CQ and that this function is impaired in CQR-associated mutant forms of the protein. We speculate that the Pgh1 protein plays an important role in CQ import in CQ-sensitive @entity311 parasites.

title: Expression of the plasmodial pfmdr1 gene in XXXX cells is associated with increased susceptibility to @entity503 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: @entity6391 ( @entity6391 ) is a disease that primarily affects the peripheral retina and ultimately causes @entity227 . X-chromosomal forms of @entity6391 are frequently caused by mutations in the @entity6391 GTPase regulator ( @entity8099 ) gene. We show that the novel splice donor site ( @entity214 ) mutation @entity73247 in intron 10 of @entity8099 cosegregates with @entity6391 in a five-generation Caucasian family. The mutation causes in-frame skipping of exon 10 from @entity8099 transcripts in @entity1 -derived primary fibroblasts. To correct the splice defect, we developed a gene therapeutic approach using mutation-adapted U1 small nuclear RNA (U1). U1 is required for @entity214 recognition of pre-mRNAs and initiates the splice process. The mutation described herein interferes with the recognition of the @entity214 by U1. To overcome the deleterious effects of the mutation, we generated four U1 isoforms with increasing complementarity to the @entity214 . Lentiviral particles were used to transduce @entity1 -derived fibroblasts with these U1 variants. Full complementarity of U1 corrects the splice defect partially and increases recognition of the mutant @entity214 . The therapeutic effect is U1-concentration dependent as we show for endogenously expressed @entity8099 transcripts in @entity1 -derived cells. U1-based gene therapeutic approaches constitute promising technologies to treat @entity214 mutations in inherited diseases including @entity8105 .

title: Gene therapeutic approach using mutation-adapted U1 snRNA to correct a XXXX splice defect in @entity1 -derived cells.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa', 'Retinitis pigmentosa', 'RP']

answer: @entity8099 :: (6103,Gene) :: ['RPGR']


abstract: @entity6391 ( @entity6391 ) is a disease that primarily affects the peripheral retina and ultimately causes @entity227 . X-chromosomal forms of @entity6391 are frequently caused by mutations in the @entity6391 GTPase regulator ( @entity8099 ) gene. We show that the novel splice donor site ( @entity214 ) mutation @entity73247 in intron 10 of @entity8099 cosegregates with @entity6391 in a five-generation Caucasian family. The mutation causes in-frame skipping of exon 10 from @entity8099 transcripts in @entity1 -derived primary fibroblasts. To correct the splice defect, we developed a gene therapeutic approach using mutation-adapted U1 small nuclear RNA (U1). U1 is required for @entity214 recognition of pre-mRNAs and initiates the splice process. The mutation described herein interferes with the recognition of the @entity214 by U1. To overcome the deleterious effects of the mutation, we generated four U1 isoforms with increasing complementarity to the @entity214 . Lentiviral particles were used to transduce @entity1 -derived fibroblasts with these U1 variants. Full complementarity of U1 corrects the splice defect partially and increases recognition of the mutant @entity214 . The therapeutic effect is U1-concentration dependent as we show for endogenously expressed @entity8099 transcripts in @entity1 -derived cells. U1-based gene therapeutic approaches constitute promising technologies to treat @entity214 mutations in inherited diseases including @entity8105 .

title: Gene therapeutic approach using mutation-adapted U1 snRNA to correct a @entity8099 splice defect in XXXX -derived cells.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: The objective of this study is to establish the efficacy of @entity34 ( @entity34 ) compared with treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing blood pressure (BP) in non-compliant @entity101 @entity1 . This study was designed as a parallel-group single-blind randomised controlled trial. The study was carried out at three general hospital outpatient clinics in Jordan. A total of 136 non-compliant @entity101 @entity1 with a mean baseline BP of 164.5   mm   Hg (s.d. 10.0) over 102.2   mm   Hg (s.d. 7.0) participated in the study. 7 weekly 20-min sessions of @entity34 in addition to TAU. The main outcome of this study is systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 11-weeks follow-up. In all, 68 @entity1 received TAU and 68 @entity34 . Intention-to-treat analysis included all @entity1 randomised. @entity34 lowered SBP by -23.11   mm   Hg (95% CI: -25.85, -20.36) and diastolic BP (DBP) by -15.18   mm   Hg (95% CI: -17.55, -12.80) at 11 weeks compared with TAU. Adherence (measured by pill counting) was also improved in the @entity34 group by 37% at 11 weeks compared with @entity5624 . No significant adverse events were reported. @entity34 increases adherence to medication for @entity101 which then leads to a clinically important reduction in BP.

title: Adherence therapy for medication non-compliant @entity1 with XXXX : a randomised controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['AT', 'adherence therapy']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The objective of this study is to establish the efficacy of @entity34 ( @entity34 ) compared with treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing blood pressure (BP) in non-compliant @entity101 @entity1 . This study was designed as a parallel-group single-blind randomised controlled trial. The study was carried out at three general hospital outpatient clinics in Jordan. A total of 136 non-compliant @entity101 @entity1 with a mean baseline BP of 164.5   mm   Hg (s.d. 10.0) over 102.2   mm   Hg (s.d. 7.0) participated in the study. 7 weekly 20-min sessions of @entity34 in addition to TAU. The main outcome of this study is systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 11-weeks follow-up. In all, 68 @entity1 received TAU and 68 @entity34 . Intention-to-treat analysis included all @entity1 randomised. @entity34 lowered SBP by -23.11   mm   Hg (95% CI: -25.85, -20.36) and diastolic BP (DBP) by -15.18   mm   Hg (95% CI: -17.55, -12.80) at 11 weeks compared with TAU. Adherence (measured by pill counting) was also improved in the @entity34 group by 37% at 11 weeks compared with @entity5624 . No significant adverse events were reported. @entity34 increases adherence to medication for @entity101 which then leads to a clinically important reduction in BP.

title: Adherence therapy for medication non-compliant XXXX with @entity101 : a randomised controlled trial.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Mutations of the @entity876 gene are important mechanisms in malignant transformation and are associated with dysregulation of normal cell growth. In the present study the expression of mutated @entity876 -protein and @entity1364 ( @entity1364 ) was investigated in a series of 31 @entity1 @entity1606 ( @entity1606 ) by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The number of @entity1364 -positive cells and the pattern of expression was distinct in normal urothelium being confined to the basal cell layer. In dysplastic urothelium and in @entity2735 ( @entity2735 ) @entity1364 -immunoreactive nuclei were irregularly distributed throughout all layers. In @entity5 cell complexes the pattern of @entity1364 -immunoreactivity was different in papillary and primary infiltrating TCCs. Densitometric quantification of the intensity of the @entity1364 -reactivity using image analysis revealed an increase from normal to dysplastic urothelium and from dysplastic urothelium to invasive @entity5 . 21/31 (68%) of the @entity5 and @entity5 -associated @entity2735 showed overexpression of @entity876 varying in percentage, pattern and reaction intensity. The percentage of @entity1364 -positive cells was higher in @entity5 overexpressing @entity876 . Double IHC showed colocalization of both molecules in a significant proportion of @entity5 cells suggesting a link of @entity876 overexpression and the abnormal proliferative activity. The present results show that @entity876 over-expression is found in a significant percentage of TCCs and indicate a close association with a defective growth regulation resulting in increased @entity1364 -levels and enhanced cellular proliferation.

title: [Proliferative activity and XXXX expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder].

entities_list: @entity1364 :: ('5111', 'Gene') :: ['proliferating cell nuclear antigen', 'PCNA']

entities_list: @entity2735 :: ('MESH:D002278', 'Disease') :: ['CIS', 'Carcinoma in situ']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinomas', 'TCC']

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: Parathyroid cells detect increments in the extracellular [ @entity141 ], which lead to substantial increases in intracellular free @entity141 ([ @entity141 ]i) and, ultimately, to suppression of @entity24585 ( @entity24585 ) secretion. To determine whether mRNA from parathyroid tissue could confer sensitivity to high extracellular @entity141 , we isolated and injected total @entity291 parathyroid poly(A)+ RNA into @entity1238 oocytes. To assess translational activity of the RNA, @entity24585 released into the media was measured. Intact @entity24585 was detected in the medium for < or = 48 h, and injection of increasing amounts of RNA (approximately 0.5-50 ng/oocyte) led to the release of greater quantities of @entity24585 . We screened for the expression of a putative @entity141 sensor molecule by measuring 45Ca efflux from preloaded oocytes, in response to raising extracellular [ @entity141 ] from 0.7 to 5.7 mM. This increment in [ @entity141 ] stimulated 45Ca efflux by 249 +/- 52 cpm over 20 min from eggs injected with parathyroid poly(A)+ RNA (n = 22). This response was significantly greater than 45Ca efflux from any group of controls exposed to the same change in extracellular @entity141 (p < 0.02), including oocytes injected with either water, cRNA for the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB receptor, or T cell poly(A)+ RNA. Size-fractionation of poly(A)+ RNA over sucrose gradients demonstrated that mRNA, which induced @entity6372 to high extracellular @entity141 , was present in fractions with transcripts of approximately 5-9 kB. Injection of these fractions also conferred sensitivity to the presence of @entity8594 or @entity15410 (both at 5 mM) in the media.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Injection of XXXX parathyroid poly(A)+ RNA into @entity1238 oocytes confers sensitivity to high extracellular calcium.

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis']

entities_list: @entity6372 :: ('MESH:C538007', 'Disease') :: ['responsiveness']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Parathyroid cells detect increments in the extracellular [ @entity141 ], which lead to substantial increases in intracellular free @entity141 ([ @entity141 ]i) and, ultimately, to suppression of @entity24585 ( @entity24585 ) secretion. To determine whether mRNA from parathyroid tissue could confer sensitivity to high extracellular @entity141 , we isolated and injected total @entity291 parathyroid poly(A)+ RNA into @entity1238 oocytes. To assess translational activity of the RNA, @entity24585 released into the media was measured. Intact @entity24585 was detected in the medium for < or = 48 h, and injection of increasing amounts of RNA (approximately 0.5-50 ng/oocyte) led to the release of greater quantities of @entity24585 . We screened for the expression of a putative @entity141 sensor molecule by measuring 45Ca efflux from preloaded oocytes, in response to raising extracellular [ @entity141 ] from 0.7 to 5.7 mM. This increment in [ @entity141 ] stimulated 45Ca efflux by 249 +/- 52 cpm over 20 min from eggs injected with parathyroid poly(A)+ RNA (n = 22). This response was significantly greater than 45Ca efflux from any group of controls exposed to the same change in extracellular @entity141 (p < 0.02), including oocytes injected with either water, cRNA for the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB receptor, or T cell poly(A)+ RNA. Size-fractionation of poly(A)+ RNA over sucrose gradients demonstrated that mRNA, which induced @entity6372 to high extracellular @entity141 , was present in fractions with transcripts of approximately 5-9 kB. Injection of these fractions also conferred sensitivity to the presence of @entity8594 or @entity15410 (both at 5 mM) in the media.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Injection of @entity291 parathyroid poly(A)+ RNA into XXXX oocytes confers sensitivity to high extracellular calcium.

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus']


abstract: 1. @entity842 (NO) is a potent endogenous vasodilator and plays a role in the control of resting vascular tone. @entity1 with @entity82 have a hyperdynamic circulation with reduced blood pressure and decreased peripheral resistance, and it is possible that increased production of NO due to induction of NO synthase may be involved in maintaining this vasodilatation. We have examined this possibility by studying the effects of local infusions of @entity7293 (an inhibitor of NO synthase) in the forearm arteriolar bed and the superficial dorsal hand veins of @entity1 with @entity7160 . 2. Drugs were either infused locally into the brachial artery and forearm blood flow was measured by @entity432 plethysmography, or into a vein on the back of the hand and vein diameter was measured using a linear displacement technique. 3. Basal forearm blood flow was increased and vascular resistance was decreased in the @entity1 with @entity7160 compared with healthy control subjects. @entity1063 and @entity7293 caused dose-dependent falls in forearm blood flow in both healthy control subjects and @entity1 with @entity82 . There was no significant difference in the responses to either @entity1063 or @entity7293 between the two groups. 4. In the superficial hand veins there was no change in vein size in response to @entity7293 infused alone, and venoconstriction to local infusion of @entity1063 was unaffected by co-infusion with @entity7293 . 5. Our results confirm that @entity1 with @entity7160 are vasodilated compared with healthy control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of local inhibition of @entity842 synthesis on forearm blood flow and dorsal hand vein size in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['NG-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Noradrenaline', 'noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity7160 :: ('MESH:D008104', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic cirrhosis']

answer: @entity7160 :: (MESH:D008104,Disease) :: ['alcoholic cirrhosis']


abstract: 1. @entity842 (NO) is a potent endogenous vasodilator and plays a role in the control of resting vascular tone. @entity1 with @entity82 have a hyperdynamic circulation with reduced blood pressure and decreased peripheral resistance, and it is possible that increased production of NO due to induction of NO synthase may be involved in maintaining this vasodilatation. We have examined this possibility by studying the effects of local infusions of @entity7293 (an inhibitor of NO synthase) in the forearm arteriolar bed and the superficial dorsal hand veins of @entity1 with @entity7160 . 2. Drugs were either infused locally into the brachial artery and forearm blood flow was measured by @entity432 plethysmography, or into a vein on the back of the hand and vein diameter was measured using a linear displacement technique. 3. Basal forearm blood flow was increased and vascular resistance was decreased in the @entity1 with @entity7160 compared with healthy control subjects. @entity1063 and @entity7293 caused dose-dependent falls in forearm blood flow in both healthy control subjects and @entity1 with @entity82 . There was no significant difference in the responses to either @entity1063 or @entity7293 between the two groups. 4. In the superficial hand veins there was no change in vein size in response to @entity7293 infused alone, and venoconstriction to local infusion of @entity1063 was unaffected by co-infusion with @entity7293 . 5. Our results confirm that @entity1 with @entity7160 are vasodilated compared with healthy control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of local inhibition of XXXX synthesis on forearm blood flow and dorsal hand vein size in @entity1 with @entity7160 .

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: 1. @entity842 (NO) is a potent endogenous vasodilator and plays a role in the control of resting vascular tone. @entity1 with @entity82 have a hyperdynamic circulation with reduced blood pressure and decreased peripheral resistance, and it is possible that increased production of NO due to induction of NO synthase may be involved in maintaining this vasodilatation. We have examined this possibility by studying the effects of local infusions of @entity7293 (an inhibitor of NO synthase) in the forearm arteriolar bed and the superficial dorsal hand veins of @entity1 with @entity7160 . 2. Drugs were either infused locally into the brachial artery and forearm blood flow was measured by @entity432 plethysmography, or into a vein on the back of the hand and vein diameter was measured using a linear displacement technique. 3. Basal forearm blood flow was increased and vascular resistance was decreased in the @entity1 with @entity7160 compared with healthy control subjects. @entity1063 and @entity7293 caused dose-dependent falls in forearm blood flow in both healthy control subjects and @entity1 with @entity82 . There was no significant difference in the responses to either @entity1063 or @entity7293 between the two groups. 4. In the superficial hand veins there was no change in vein size in response to @entity7293 infused alone, and venoconstriction to local infusion of @entity1063 was unaffected by co-infusion with @entity7293 . 5. Our results confirm that @entity1 with @entity7160 are vasodilated compared with healthy control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of local inhibition of @entity842 synthesis on forearm blood flow and dorsal hand vein size in XXXX with @entity7160 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity891 leads to an increase in airway resistance. It is still unknown whether this is due to @entity455 or to submucosal @entity4 . The present study was designed to determine the relative contribution of these two potential mechanisms. We examined the effect of intravenous volume loading on @entity235 peripheral airway resistance (Rp). Bronchoscopes were wedged in contralateral sublobar segments and used to record Rp during rapid infusion of normal saline. Volume loading with normal saline increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and Rp. Unlike normal saline, dextran 70 did not increase Rp when infused at a rate that produced similar changes in PCWP. During infusion of normal saline, delta Rp was significantly enhanced in lung segments previously challenged with dry air when compared to contralateral control lungs, unexposed to dry air, and the use of dextran 70 significantly reduced this effect. Vasoconstriction with @entity2647 significantly decreased baseline Rp, but did not completely reverse the effect of fluid infusion. In addition, in lung segments exposed to dry air, delta Rp was significantly greater after volume loading and treatment with @entity2647 when compared to contralateral control lung. Finally, muscarinic receptor blockade was ineffective in preventing Rp from increasing during infusion of normal saline. Our results suggest that volume loading-induced increases in Rp are not caused by either @entity455 or the stimulation of muscarinic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The role of submucosal XXXX in increased peripheral airway resistance by intravenous volume loading in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular engorgement']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary congestion']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['oedema']


abstract: @entity891 leads to an increase in airway resistance. It is still unknown whether this is due to @entity455 or to submucosal @entity4 . The present study was designed to determine the relative contribution of these two potential mechanisms. We examined the effect of intravenous volume loading on @entity235 peripheral airway resistance (Rp). Bronchoscopes were wedged in contralateral sublobar segments and used to record Rp during rapid infusion of normal saline. Volume loading with normal saline increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and Rp. Unlike normal saline, dextran 70 did not increase Rp when infused at a rate that produced similar changes in PCWP. During infusion of normal saline, delta Rp was significantly enhanced in lung segments previously challenged with dry air when compared to contralateral control lungs, unexposed to dry air, and the use of dextran 70 significantly reduced this effect. Vasoconstriction with @entity2647 significantly decreased baseline Rp, but did not completely reverse the effect of fluid infusion. In addition, in lung segments exposed to dry air, delta Rp was significantly greater after volume loading and treatment with @entity2647 when compared to contralateral control lung. Finally, muscarinic receptor blockade was ineffective in preventing Rp from increasing during infusion of normal saline. Our results suggest that volume loading-induced increases in Rp are not caused by either @entity455 or the stimulation of muscarinic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The role of submucosal @entity4 in increased peripheral airway resistance by intravenous volume loading in XXXX .

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the ability of @entity3003 to mobilize peripheral-blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) and to examine the impact of infusing these cells on myelosuppression following multiple cycles of high-dose therapy. Fluctuations in circulating progenitor cell concentration following repeated cycles of this therapy were also measured. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eight @entity1 received a total of 20 cycles of @entity3003 1,200 mg/m2 per course, @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) 5 micrograms/kg/d, and PBPC reinfusion every 28 days. PBPC were collected following 1 week of @entity2841 and following the first and second cycles of chemotherapy. @entity1503 was correlated with the number of progenitor cells reinfused per cycle. The concentration of PBPC per milliliter of blood was measured at study entry, following @entity2841 priming, and after each cycle of chemotherapy. RESULTS: We observed a strong inverse correlation between the number of PBPCs ( @entity2280 and colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage [CFU-GM]), but not mononuclear cells (MNCs) reinfused and the days with @entity1398 less than 500/microL and platelets less than 20,000/microL. Compared with baseline levels, the circulating PBPC concentration increased up to 27-fold following the first course of chemotherapy, but decreased toward, and eventually below, baseline following the second and third cycles of @entity3003 . CONCLUSION: PBPC reinfusion directly correlated with a reduction in myelosuppression following high-dose @entity3003 chemotherapy. While high-dose @entity3003 plus @entity2841 leads to a substantially greater mobilization of PBPC than @entity2841 alone, this effect is lost after multiple treatment cycles. These results emphasize the importance of early procurement and value of PBPC reinfusion in conjunction with multiple cycles of dose-intensive chemotherapy.

title: Reinfusion and serial measurements of XXXX -mobilized peripheral-blood progenitor cells in @entity1 receiving multiple cycles of high-dose chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the ability of @entity3003 to mobilize peripheral-blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) and to examine the impact of infusing these cells on myelosuppression following multiple cycles of high-dose therapy. Fluctuations in circulating progenitor cell concentration following repeated cycles of this therapy were also measured. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eight @entity1 received a total of 20 cycles of @entity3003 1,200 mg/m2 per course, @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) 5 micrograms/kg/d, and PBPC reinfusion every 28 days. PBPC were collected following 1 week of @entity2841 and following the first and second cycles of chemotherapy. @entity1503 was correlated with the number of progenitor cells reinfused per cycle. The concentration of PBPC per milliliter of blood was measured at study entry, following @entity2841 priming, and after each cycle of chemotherapy. RESULTS: We observed a strong inverse correlation between the number of PBPCs ( @entity2280 and colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage [CFU-GM]), but not mononuclear cells (MNCs) reinfused and the days with @entity1398 less than 500/microL and platelets less than 20,000/microL. Compared with baseline levels, the circulating PBPC concentration increased up to 27-fold following the first course of chemotherapy, but decreased toward, and eventually below, baseline following the second and third cycles of @entity3003 . CONCLUSION: PBPC reinfusion directly correlated with a reduction in myelosuppression following high-dose @entity3003 chemotherapy. While high-dose @entity3003 plus @entity2841 leads to a substantially greater mobilization of PBPC than @entity2841 alone, this effect is lost after multiple treatment cycles. These results emphasize the importance of early procurement and value of PBPC reinfusion in conjunction with multiple cycles of dose-intensive chemotherapy.

title: Reinfusion and serial measurements of @entity3003 -mobilized peripheral-blood progenitor cells in XXXX receiving multiple cycles of high-dose chemotherapy.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: To elucidate the outcome for @entity1 with stage D1 (N1 to N3, M0) @entity263 we reviewed 179 @entity1 with lymphadenectomy proved pelvic nodal metastases who underwent immediate @entity342 ablation as the only initial treatment. With a median followup of 43 months, the 5 and 8-year actuarial rates of freedom from disease progression were 55% and 25%, respectively, and the median interval to disease progression was 67 months. The 5 and 8-year survival rates were 85% and 57%, respectively. Median survival after disease progression was 36 months. Local and distant disease progression was equally important. At 5 and 8 years the incidence of local progression was 32% and 51%, respectively, while metastatic rates at the same intervals wer 22% and 44%, respectively. Multivariate regression revealed that @entity5 grade and transurethral resection in preoperative stage C disease correlated with disease progression. Pretreatment @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) levels were not predictive of outcome. The fact that transurethral resection predicted for local as well as distant failure suggests that the procedure selects for rather than aggravates adverse disease. Posttreatment @entity1486 levels were a sensitive index of response to treatment and of subsequent outcome. All @entity1 who failed to achieve undetectable @entity1486 levels had relapse by 8 years, whereas those whose levels became undetectable experienced only a 5% incidence of disease progression. These data show that @entity342 ablation alone is not curative for node positive disease but is associated with significant disease control and good short-term (5-year) survival. The @entity5 is an important source of @entity342 insensitive cells and comprehensive treatment strategies for this stage of disease require attention to the @entity5 as well as microscopic metastases.

title: Early @entity342 ablation for stage D1 (N1 to N3, M0) XXXX : prognostic variables and outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['PSA', 'prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: To elucidate the outcome for @entity1 with stage D1 (N1 to N3, M0) @entity263 we reviewed 179 @entity1 with lymphadenectomy proved pelvic nodal metastases who underwent immediate @entity342 ablation as the only initial treatment. With a median followup of 43 months, the 5 and 8-year actuarial rates of freedom from disease progression were 55% and 25%, respectively, and the median interval to disease progression was 67 months. The 5 and 8-year survival rates were 85% and 57%, respectively. Median survival after disease progression was 36 months. Local and distant disease progression was equally important. At 5 and 8 years the incidence of local progression was 32% and 51%, respectively, while metastatic rates at the same intervals wer 22% and 44%, respectively. Multivariate regression revealed that @entity5 grade and transurethral resection in preoperative stage C disease correlated with disease progression. Pretreatment @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) levels were not predictive of outcome. The fact that transurethral resection predicted for local as well as distant failure suggests that the procedure selects for rather than aggravates adverse disease. Posttreatment @entity1486 levels were a sensitive index of response to treatment and of subsequent outcome. All @entity1 who failed to achieve undetectable @entity1486 levels had relapse by 8 years, whereas those whose levels became undetectable experienced only a 5% incidence of disease progression. These data show that @entity342 ablation alone is not curative for node positive disease but is associated with significant disease control and good short-term (5-year) survival. The @entity5 is an important source of @entity342 insensitive cells and comprehensive treatment strategies for this stage of disease require attention to the @entity5 as well as microscopic metastases.

title: Early XXXX ablation for stage D1 (N1 to N3, M0) @entity263 : prognostic variables and outcome.

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['androgen']


abstract: The pharmacological therapy for @entity12881 remains dominated by @entity1033 , although a number of related compounds are currently under investigation. Recommended treatment for @entity12881 is oral @entity1033 200mg 5 times daily for 5 days, with intravenous therapy reserved for complicated episodes. Although topical @entity1033 may be of benefit, no improvement in the systemic symptoms is provided by this formulation. No preparation prevents the onset of recurrent episodes. The management of recurrent episodes is more controversial, with studies of episodic treatment with both topical and oral @entity1033 yielding mixed and at times conflicting results. Episodic treatment with oral @entity1033 initiated early by the @entity1 appears to have the most favourable results, and if initiated at the onset of prodromal symptoms may abort the episode in some @entity1 . In @entity1 with frequent recurrences, suppressive therapy with oral @entity1033 should be considered. A starting dose of 200mg 4 times daily appears to be the most effective, although 400mg twice daily may suffice. The total daily dose should be reduced as far as possible, and treatment should be interrupted on a yearly basis to determine the need for continuing suppression. The management and pharmacological therapy of genital HSV in pregnancy remains controversial and studies of oral @entity1033 in late pregnancy are currently under way. @entity12881 may be particularly severe in the immunocompromised host and suppressive oral @entity1033 should be initiated promptly. HSV resistance to @entity1033 is an increasing problem in such @entity1 , in particular those infected with @entity645 , and may necessitate treatment with intravenous foscarnet.

title: XXXX . A guide to pharmacological therapy.

entities_list: @entity12881 :: ('MESH:D006558', 'Disease') :: ['initial genital HSV infection', 'genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection', 'Genital HSV infection']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1033 :: ('MESH:D000212', 'Chemical') :: ['aciclovir']

answer: @entity12881 :: (MESH:D006558,Disease) :: ['Genital herpes']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different lesion sets of ablation in @entity1 undergoing mitral surgery plus maze. BACKGROUND: The role of lesion sets on outcome after maze is poorly defined. METHODS: A total of 141 @entity1 were prospectively followed up. Two different lesion sets were prepared: 32 @entity1 underwent a radiofrequency left @entity75 set of maze ("limited"), and 109 had combined left and right @entity75 sets of maze    ganglionic plexi isolation ("extensive"). A longitudinal observational study assessed the role of "extensive" versus "limited" ablation on @entity955 ( @entity955 ), New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II/III, treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs, follow-up recovery of the ratio of E- to A-wave (E/A), and survival and time to hospitalization (overall and for @entity712 ). RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity955 over time was lower in the "extensive" arm (adjusted relative risk [RR]: 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03 to 0.31; p < 0.001), with significantly lower prevalence at discharge, 3 months, and 18 months. The prevalence of @entity1 in NYHA functional class II/III over time was lower in the "extensive" arm (adjusted RR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.34; p < 0.001), with significant differences at any assessment (except the third month). The differences in E/A recovery and use of antiarrhythmic drugs were less marked, with an RR of 1.55 (95% CI: 0.99 to 2.42; p = 0.05) and RR of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.54 to 1.06; p = 0.11), respectively, with a significantly lower prevalence of antiarrhythmic drugs in the "extensive" ablation arm at 12, 18, and 24 months. Rates of hospitalization for @entity712 , overall hospitalization, and the combined event death/hospitalization were lower in the "extensive" arm (p = 0.11, p = 0.003, and p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of right-sided ablation improves clinical and electrophysiologic results after maze procedure.

title: Impact of lesion sets on mid-term results of surgical ablation procedure for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['atrial lesion']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: Two familial cases of @entity1619 are reported: a daughter, 44-years-old, with a very unusual ultrastructural pattern found in hairy cells, the "tubuloreticular inclusions", and her mother, 71-years-old, who was affected six years later. Routine laboratory investigations, cytochemical and cytogenetic studies including HLA typing, as well as in vitro proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to polyclonal mitogens and to exogenous @entity1199 , were performed. The immunological characterization by assessing the cell surface phenotypic markers with monoclonal antibodies and @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ) investigations were also carried out. In case 2 all tests were performed both on PBMC and on the bone marrow cells. To the best of our knowledge this is one of the first reports of such familial association. The possibility that genetic factors might play a role in the etiology of @entity1778 in @entity1 is discussed: in our two cases, however, cytogenetic studies did not support this, while HLA typing revealed a non-significant association of HCL with DQw3 allele. Alternatively, an environmental factor has been considered, and a @entity1800 -perhaps by a retrovirus of the HTLV family has been suggested as tubuloreticular inclusions have been found in both @entity1619 , as reported, by us, and AIDS-LAS. However, a long time elapsed between the manifestation of HCL in the daughter and in the mother, and as the two @entity1 had not been living together at that time, the possibility of a viral transmission seems minimal. The results of @entity1579 and of immunological investigations are presented and discussed. Both, but particularly the latter, support the B cell nature of the hairy cell.

title: Familial chronic B-cell malignancy. XXXX in mother and daughter.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['hairy cell leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['transmission electron microscopy', 'TEM']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

answer: @entity1619 :: (MESH:D015458,Disease) :: ['Hairy cell leukaemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although intrahepatic recurrence after hepatic resection for @entity157 is the most significant cause of @entity204 , very few reports are available for hepatic re-resection as a radical treatment for recurrence. METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 who underwent repeated hepatic resections for @entity157 were evaluated. Most of the @entity1 regularly received measurement of @entity160 level once a month and examination by ultrasonography and/or computed tomography scanning once every 3 to 4 months. RESULTS: No operative @entity204 occurred. The @entity160 levels of 9 of the 18 @entity1 were within the normal range. Most @entity1 underwent limited hepatic resection to maintain the remaining hepatic function. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative survival rates after repeated resection were 88%, 37%, and 37%, respectively. The 3-, 5-, and 7-year survival rates after the first resection were 88%, 68%, and 45%, respectively. These showed no significant difference from the survival rates of @entity1 with no recurrences after hepatic resection. CONCLUSIONS: Careful follow-up examinations after hepatic resection are needed for early detection of recurrences, and efforts should be made for repeated hepatic resection, which leads to satisfactory outcome.

title: Repeated hepatic resection for recurrent XXXX in eighteen cases.

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: A marked genetic and clinical variability of the Hb H syndrome occurs because of the molecular heterogeneity of @entity7723 ( @entity7723 ). The hallmark is the presence of excess beta chains forming Hb H (beta tetramer). In the Chinese, classical @entity3458 presents as " @entity7723 intermedia" and is due to a double heterozygosity for two deletional forms of alpha- @entity7723 , alpha- @entity7723 -1 and alpha- @entity7723 -2. The majority of cases with an alpha- @entity7723 -1 defect have a deletion of at least 18.1 kb starting 3' to the zeta 1 gene which includes the psi alpha and the two alpha genes; it is similar to that described in Thais. However, two families had a deletion of the entire zeta-alpha gene cluster, i.e. zeta-alpha- @entity7723 -1. Of 33 alpha- @entity7723 -2 defects studied, 26 were the rightward deletion (alpha -3.7 kb, all type I defects) and seven the leftward deletion (alpha -4.2 kb); one of the latter was associated with Hb Q. About 10% of the alpha- @entity7723 defects belong to the nondeletion type, the most common form being Hb Constant Spring (CS). This anomaly, when coinherited with alpha- @entity7723 -1, produces Hb H-CS disease which has a most marked @entity417 and @entity381 due to the instability of the alpha-CS chain. Hb Quong Sze produces an alpha- @entity7723 -2 because of the unstable alpha-Quong Sze chain. One @entity1 who inherited classical @entity3458 and Hb New York (NY) [alpha 113(G15)Val---- @entity367 ] had severe @entity417 , and required frequent blood transfusions due to the deleterious effect of an increased alpha-NY chain turnover.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Different forms of XXXX in the Chinese.

entities_list: @entity7723 :: ('MESH:D017085', 'Disease') :: ['alpha-thalassemia', 'thal']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['Hb H disease']

entities_list: @entity381 :: ('MESH:D013163', 'Disease') :: ['splenomegaly']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['Hb H disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Interactions between acute exposures to environmental chemical contaminants and @entity1642 may be important in situations where they are likely to co-occur, ranging in intensity from daily urban living to participation in war. Modification of symptomatic responses by stress may play a role in medically unexplained symptoms attributed to low-level chemical exposures. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that the combination of exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and @entity14469 would cause @entity2704 responses in healthy volunteers. Moreover, these responses would be greater in individuals with self-reported prior chemical odor intolerance. METHODS: One hundred adult subjects underwent 1-hr exposures to diluted DE and clean air control. Half of the subjects performed a public-speaking stressor task during the exposures. Subjects completed questionnaires to determine their Chemical Odor Intolerance Index score. Plasma @entity701 , end-tidal @entity544 , and the severity of 35 symptoms were measured at time points before and after the exposures. RESULTS: Subjects exposed to DE demonstrated small but statistically significant increases in severity for several symptom categories, including @entity2704 response and upper respiratory, central nervous system, and total symptoms. The psychological stressor did not increase symptom severity independently or via interaction with DE. Subjects with prior self-reported chemical intolerance had more severe @entity2704 response symptoms from DE. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that exposure to DE can cause acute @entity2704 response symptoms and that these symptoms are also associated with increased levels of self-reported chemical intolerance. The results did not confirm our hypothesis that an acute stressor would increase @entity2704 response symptom severity during the exposure.

title: Sickness response symptoms among healthy volunteers after controlled exposures to diesel exhaust and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity14469 :: ('MESH:D040701', 'Disease') :: ['acute psychological stress']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['psychological stress']

answer: @entity1642 :: (MESH:D015775,Disease) :: ['psychological stress']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor ( @entity2856 ) @entity669 kinase induces significant oncogenic effects. Strategies to block @entity2856 signaling are being tested in clinical trials that include @entity1 with aggressive solid @entity5 . @entity1073 is a @entity1892 with poor prognosis and a tendency to develop resistance. The expression and potential significance of @entity2856 in @entity1073 are not known. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoprecipitation, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of @entity2856 mRNA, and @entity2856 and pIGF-IR proteins in @entity1073 cell lines and @entity1 ' specimens. Selective and specific blockade of @entity2856 was achieved using @entity69938 and short-interfering RNA, respectively. Cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, cellular morphology, cell proliferation, and target proteins were then analyzed. RESULTS: We detected the expression of @entity2856 and pIGF-IR in @entity1073 cell lines. Notably, @entity2856 molecules/cell were markedly increased in @entity1073 cell lines compared with @entity1 B-lymphocytes. @entity2856 and pIGF-IR were also detected in 78% and 74%, respectively, of 23 primary @entity1073 specimens. Treatment of serum-deprived @entity1073 cell lines with @entity442 salvaged these cells from apoptosis. Selective inhibition of @entity2856 by @entity69938 decreased the viability and proliferation of @entity1073 cell lines, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Selective inhibition of @entity2856 was associated with @entity522 , @entity8186 , @entity8187 , and @entity9190 cleavage, @entity4674 release, up-regulation of @entity8189 , and down-regulation of @entity4910 , pCdc2, pIRS-1, pAkt, and pJnk. Similar results were obtained by using @entity2856 short-interfering RNA. In addition, @entity69938 decreased the viability and proliferation of primary @entity1073 cells that expressed @entity2856 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2856 is up-regulated and frequently activated in @entity1073 . Our data suggest that @entity2856 could be a molecular target for the treatment of @entity1073 .

title: Expression and effects of inhibition of type I insulin-like growth factor receptor XXXX kinase in @entity1073 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity69938 :: ('MESH:C415032', 'Chemical') :: ['picropodophyllin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1073 :: ('MESH:D020522', 'Disease') :: ['mantle cell lymphoma', 'Mantle cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor ( @entity2856 ) @entity669 kinase induces significant oncogenic effects. Strategies to block @entity2856 signaling are being tested in clinical trials that include @entity1 with aggressive solid @entity5 . @entity1073 is a @entity1892 with poor prognosis and a tendency to develop resistance. The expression and potential significance of @entity2856 in @entity1073 are not known. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoprecipitation, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of @entity2856 mRNA, and @entity2856 and pIGF-IR proteins in @entity1073 cell lines and @entity1 ' specimens. Selective and specific blockade of @entity2856 was achieved using @entity69938 and short-interfering RNA, respectively. Cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, cellular morphology, cell proliferation, and target proteins were then analyzed. RESULTS: We detected the expression of @entity2856 and pIGF-IR in @entity1073 cell lines. Notably, @entity2856 molecules/cell were markedly increased in @entity1073 cell lines compared with @entity1 B-lymphocytes. @entity2856 and pIGF-IR were also detected in 78% and 74%, respectively, of 23 primary @entity1073 specimens. Treatment of serum-deprived @entity1073 cell lines with @entity442 salvaged these cells from apoptosis. Selective inhibition of @entity2856 by @entity69938 decreased the viability and proliferation of @entity1073 cell lines, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Selective inhibition of @entity2856 was associated with @entity522 , @entity8186 , @entity8187 , and @entity9190 cleavage, @entity4674 release, up-regulation of @entity8189 , and down-regulation of @entity4910 , pCdc2, pIRS-1, pAkt, and pJnk. Similar results were obtained by using @entity2856 short-interfering RNA. In addition, @entity69938 decreased the viability and proliferation of primary @entity1073 cells that expressed @entity2856 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2856 is up-regulated and frequently activated in @entity1073 . Our data suggest that @entity2856 could be a molecular target for the treatment of @entity1073 .

title: Expression and effects of inhibition of type I insulin-like growth factor receptor @entity669 kinase in XXXX .

answer: @entity1073 :: (MESH:D020522,Disease) :: ['mantle cell lymphoma']


abstract: The growing use of cochlear prosthetic devices and demonstrations of direct ototoxic insult to spiral ganglion neurons make it imperative to gain an understanding of intracellular biochemical regulation in primary sensory neurons. @entity460 and calmodulin regulate many aspects of neuronal cellular physiology through stimulation of protein kinase activity. We have previously demonstrated the presence of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase substrates in the @entity840 modiolus and, additionally, the presence of two proteins (12 kDa and 81 kDa, designated as p12 and p81) whose phosphorylation is blocked by @entity460 and calmodulin (Coling and Schacht, 1991). Here, we investigate three models for this unusual regulatory mechanism. The effects of @entity460 , calmodulin and @entity6105 on dephosphorylation of both proteins suggests that calmodulin inhibits protein kinase activity. P81 was identified by immunoprecipitation as the myristoylated @entity493 -rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), a ubiquitous actin-binding protein. Two observations indicate that MARCKS may be regulated differently in acoustic nerve than in cerebral cortex. 32P incorporation was significantly higher in acoustic nerve than in brain. The calmodulin-dependent block of MARCKS phosphorylation was observed only in acoustic nerve. p12 shares several characteristics with @entity7998 ( @entity7998 ). We used a double label assay with 32P autoradiography and immunoblotting to show that p12 is in fact distinct from @entity7998 . We suggest that either p12 or p12 kinase may be either specific to the peripheral auditory system or novel marker proteins for that tissue.

title: XXXX and calmodulin inhibit phosphorylation of a novel auditory nerve protein.

entities_list: @entity6105 :: ('MESH:D014268', 'Chemical') :: ['trifluoperazine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['Calcium']


abstract: Neural activity of single eighth nerve fibers was recorded with glass microelectrodes in anesthetized normal-hearing @entity95 . The units had a spontaneous rate ranging from 0 to approximately 120 spikes/s. In a large number of fibers this rate was below 2 spikes/s. The frequency tuning curves (FTCs) had a tip and a tail region for fibers with a high or medium @entity2198 ( @entity2198 ). For low-frequency units the @entity6888 was more symmetrically U-shaped. The tip threshold reached the behavioral threshold and units with thresholds of up to more than 60 dB above the mean behavioral threshold were found. There was a weak negative correlation between spontaneous rate and tip threshold. Frequency selectivity, Q10, was about 2 for units with @entity2198 below 2 kHz and about 5 for those with @entity2198 above 4 kHz. The peristimulus time (PST) histogram showed an initial peak, a plateau, and poststimulus inhibition. For the majority of fibers the dynamic range was 20-30 dB. Some fibers did not reach saturation within the stimulus intensity available. The tip-to-tail distance was 50 dB for high-frequency units at one octave below @entity2198 , a matter of potential interest for further studies of animals with @entity389 .

title: Eighth nerve fiber firing features in normal-hearing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['characteristic frequency', 'CF']

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner ear lesions']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']