abstract: Fatigue has been associated with illness in veterans of the Gulf War; however, few studies have confirmed self-reported @entity1295 by using clinical evaluation, and symptomatic veterans have not been evaluated with established criteria for @entity5815 ( @entity5815 ). The authors describe the frequency and clinical characteristics of @entity5815 in a sample of veterans residing in the northwestern United States. The sample was selected randomly from U.S. Department of Defense databases of troops deployed to southwest Asia during the Gulf War. The selected individuals were invited to participate in a clinical case-control study of unexplained illness. Of 799 survey respondents eligible for clinical evaluation, 178 had @entity1295 symptoms. Of the 130 veterans who were evaluated clinically, 103 had unexplained @entity1295 , and 44 veterans met the 1994 U.S. Centers for Disease Control criteria for @entity5815 . In this population, the authors estimated a minimum prevalence of any unexplained @entity1295 to be 5.1%, and of @entity5815 to be 2.2%. The estimated prevalence was greater among females than among males. Cases were similar to healthy controls, as determined by laboratory tests and physical findings. In comparison to several clinical studies of @entity5815 @entity1 , the authors of this study found a lower proportion of veterans who reported a sudden onset of symptoms (19%) vs. a gradual onset (50%). Although it has previously been suggested that veterans of the Gulf War suffer from higher rates of chronic @entity1295 than the general population, the study results described herein--on the basis of clinical examination of a population-based sample of veterans-actually indicate that an increased rate may indeed exist. Gulf War veterans with unexplained @entity1295 should be encouraged to seek treatment so that the impact of these symptoms on overall quality of life can be reduced.

title: Chronic XXXX in a population-based study of Gulf War veterans.

entities_list: @entity5815 :: ('MESH:D015673', 'Disease') :: ['CFS', 'Chronic Fatigue Syndrome']

answer: @entity1295 :: (MESH:D005221,Disease) :: ['fatigue']


abstract: @entity1524 ( @entity1524 ) is occurring in food, and is also used in cosmetics. In order to perform a risk assessment for both oral and dermal exposure, we applied a physiologically based approach to model kinetics in @entity1 by simulating both routes of exposure. The concentration-time profile in liver revealed a higher peak concentration (C(max-hep)) for the oral when compared to the dermal route. The area under the concentration-time curve in the liver (AUC(hep)) was found the same for both routes if the same extent of absorption is assumed. Dose response information from published @entity35 studies were used to identify the metric relevant for liver @entity137 . Liver exposure levels resulting from doses and durations as outlined in the studies were simulated in a @entity35 model. We obtained 31 data pairs of C(max-hep) and AUC(hep). @entity99 was observed at doses which resulted in simulated C(max-hep) values exceeding a certain liver concentration whereas we could not identify a clear cut off value of AUC(hep). Our findings support the notion that liver @entity137 of @entity1524 in @entity35 is related to C(max-hep) rather than to AUC(hep). If these findings can be transferred to the situation in @entity1 , the result demonstrates that route specific differences in organ peak concentrations have to be considered when performing route-to-route extrapolation.

title: Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling as a tool to assess target organ XXXX in route-to-route extrapolation--the case of @entity1524 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1524 :: ('MESH:C030123', 'Chemical') :: ['Coumarin', 'coumarin', '1,2-benzopyrone']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Liver toxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: @entity1524 ( @entity1524 ) is occurring in food, and is also used in cosmetics. In order to perform a risk assessment for both oral and dermal exposure, we applied a physiologically based approach to model kinetics in @entity1 by simulating both routes of exposure. The concentration-time profile in liver revealed a higher peak concentration (C(max-hep)) for the oral when compared to the dermal route. The area under the concentration-time curve in the liver (AUC(hep)) was found the same for both routes if the same extent of absorption is assumed. Dose response information from published @entity35 studies were used to identify the metric relevant for liver @entity137 . Liver exposure levels resulting from doses and durations as outlined in the studies were simulated in a @entity35 model. We obtained 31 data pairs of C(max-hep) and AUC(hep). @entity99 was observed at doses which resulted in simulated C(max-hep) values exceeding a certain liver concentration whereas we could not identify a clear cut off value of AUC(hep). Our findings support the notion that liver @entity137 of @entity1524 in @entity35 is related to C(max-hep) rather than to AUC(hep). If these findings can be transferred to the situation in @entity1 , the result demonstrates that route specific differences in organ peak concentrations have to be considered when performing route-to-route extrapolation.

title: Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling as a tool to assess target organ @entity137 in route-to-route extrapolation--the case of XXXX .

answer: @entity1524 :: (MESH:C030123,Chemical) :: ['coumarin']


abstract: In colectomized @entity1 with ileo stoma, the reflex modulation of small intestinal functions is disturbed, resulting in high enteric stoma outputs and malabsorption. @entity750 has a pivotal role in initiating motor and secretory reflexes involving activation of neuronal @entity750 (3) and smooth muscle muscarinic receptors. We aimed to evaluate the effect of @entity750 ( @entity750 ), @entity3974 and @entity3897 on fasting and stimulated antro-duodeno-jejunal migrating motor complex (MMC) in colectomized @entity1 with ileo stoma compared with healthy subjects. Manometric recordings were obtained in a blinded, age- and gender-matched design. The effects of either standard meal or intravenous @entity750 (10 nmol/kg/min.) treatment with pre-treatment of saline (placebo) or @entity3974 (250  g/kg) or @entity3897 (10  g/kg) were compared. Adverse effects, blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiographic data were also evaluated. @entity750 increased the frequency (threefold) and migration velocity (twofold) of @entity1139 phase III in both experimental groups. @entity3974 reduced @entity750 -induced frequency of MMC phase III in @entity1 (p < 0.05) but not in healthy subjects. @entity3897 reduced @entity750 -induced frequency of MMC phase III in healthy subjects (p < 0.05). @entity3974 did not alter fasting or postprandial MMC in either experimental group (p > 0.05). @entity3897 did not change fasting MMC in healthy subjects (p > 0.05). We conclude that @entity750 is a stimulator of MMC phase III and that @entity3974 reduces the @entity750 -induced MMC phase III without affecting fasting or postprandial properties in colectomized @entity1 with ileo stoma. Similar effects were observed for @entity750 and @entity3897 in healthy subjects.

title: Migrating motor complex in colectomized ileo stoma XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron', 'Ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine', 'atropine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', 'Serotonin', '5-HT']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: Our objective was to identify activities that influence @entity392 and to determine if conditional probabilities exist among such variables. METHOD: Two hundred fifty-eight @entity1 were asked the following two questions: "When you have your @entity392 , which of the following makes it worse?" and "Which of the following reduces your @entity392 ?" RESULTS: Things that made @entity392 better included noise (31%) and relaxation (15%). Things that made @entity392 worse included being in a quiet place (48%), stress (36%), being in a noisy place (32%), and lack of sleep (27%). Almost 6% of @entity1 suggested coffee/tea and 4% said certain foods made their @entity392 worse. Conditional probabilities indicated that for those whose @entity392 is not worse in quiet, it is usually not reduced by noise. For those whose @entity392 is not worse in noise, it is usually not reduced in quiet. CONCLUSION: There are dramatic differences among @entity1 . Such differences need to be considered in planning treatments.

title: Differences Among XXXX That Make Their Tinnitus Worse or Better.

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3166 has a wide clinical spectrum of manifestation. We report a novel method of managing focal isolated perforation in @entity3166 by using diagnostic laparoscopy to localize the site of perforation and by making a microincision over the perforation to perform exteriorization or limited resection and primary @entity254 . METHODS: We included low-birth weight @entity1 presenting with sudden clinical deterioration and @entity516 . @entity1 with gross abdominal wall signs were excluded on the probability that they had extensive disease. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed using a 3.5-mm trocar and 1.9-mm telescope. A 1-cm incision was made over the site of perforation, and local surgical debridement was performed. RESULTS: There were 3 extremely low-birth weight @entity1 (580, 700, and 780 g) and 1 larger @entity1 (1.6 kg). In all cases, an isolated perforation was detected. None had @entity66 . The 3 smaller @entity1 had exteriorization and enterostomies. The larger @entity1 had resection and primary @entity254 . All @entity1 recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic laparoscopy can be safely performed in extremely low-birth weight @entity1 . It allows precise identification of the site of perforation to perform a limited microlaparotomy at this site, significantly reducing the surgical @entity29 . We report a novel method of managing this vexing problem.

title: Laparoscopic localization and microlaparotomy for focal isolated perforation in XXXX : an alternative approach to a challenging problem.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'infant', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity3166 :: ('MESH:D020345', 'Disease') :: ['Necrotizing enterocolitis', 'necrotizing enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['widespread disease']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['trauma of extensive bowel handling']

entities_list: @entity516 :: ('MESH:D011027', 'Disease') :: ['pneumoperitoneum']

answer: @entity3166 :: (MESH:D020345,Disease) :: ['necrotizing enterocolitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of goniotomy to treat primary @entity10064 in an east African population. DESIGN: A retrospective series using case records. For @entity1 who underwent goniotomies in both eyes, only the first was analyzed. @entity1 : Forty-seven @entity1 undergoing goniotomy (47/80 operated eyes analyzed). Thirty-six @entity1 (77%) were male. Mean age was 19 months (range 1-204 months, standard deviation [SD] = 35). INTERVENTION: First goniotomy was performed from the temporal side. Repeat surgery, if necessary, was performed via nasal side approach and 100% @entity1068 -soaked @entity2708 -tipped swabs were used to clear the corneal epithelium when necessary for angle visualization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity2790 (IOP) <21 mmHg was considered success. Potential risk factors for failure were analyzed. Quantitative visual acuities were measured with Cardiff acuity cards and Lea tests in older @entity1 . RESULTS: A total of 36 of 47 @entity1 (77%) returned for follow-up. Mean follow-up interval was 12 months (range, 1-62 months; SD = 15). A total of 28 of 47 @entity1 (60%) had >3 months of follow-up, and 11 @entity1 had >1 year of follow-up. @entity735 (26%) required repeat goniotomy. Three of these required further trabeculectomy with @entity1138 , 1 of which required eventual enucleation after failure to control IOP, enlargement, and @entity158 . A total of 11 of 28 @entity1 (39%) with >3 months follow-up required repeat surgery. A total of 24 of 28 @entity1 (86%) with follow-up intervals of at least 3 months achieved postoperative IOPs of <21 mmHg. Mean IOPs decreased (t = 6.1, P < 0.0005) from 23.4 mmHg (SD = 5.3 mmHg) to 14.4 mmHg (SD = 7.6 mmHg). Only 1 predictor of failure to achieve successful control of IOP was identified: female gender (relative risk = 5.3, 95% confidence interval, 1.1-26.3). Corneas were clear in 4 of 47 eyes (8.5%) preoperatively and 32 of 41 eyes (78%) postoperatively. Of 25 @entity1 with preoperative and postoperative acuities measured, 22 (88%) recorded improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results of goniotomy in an African population with advanced disease and late presentation are reasonably encouraging. Overall results are comparable with historical drainage procedures, with the advantage of preserving conjunctiva. Further studies are justified.

title: Outcomes of goniotomy for primary XXXX in East Africa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['A total of 12 of 47 eyes']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative intraocular pressure']

entities_list: @entity10064 :: ('MESH:C565547', 'Disease') :: ['congenital glaucoma']

answer: @entity10064 :: (MESH:C565547,Disease) :: ['congenital glaucoma']


abstract: The insulinlike growth factor signaling axis (factors I and II and their receptor) has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. Previous studies on insulinlike growth factor I receptor using resected @entity157 generated mixed results; however, the distribution and clinical significance of insulinlike growth factor I receptor b expression in @entity157 in the setting of liver transplantation have not been evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for insulinlike growth factor I receptor b was performed in 72 liver explants from @entity1 with @entity157 undergoing liver transplantation. Expression of insulinlike growth factor I receptor b in hepatocytes was noted in 59.7% of @entity5 but only 6.9% of adjacent, nontumorous liver tissues (P < .001). Compared with subjects with @entity5 within Milan criteria, those who fell beyond had 3.1 times higher odds of having insulinlike growth factor I receptor b-positive @entity5 (95% confidence interval, 1.003-9.8). Poorly differentiated @entity157 had 10.3 times higher odds of insulinlike growth factor I receptor b positivity compared with well- or moderately differentiated @entity5 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-85.2). Subjects with @entity1561 were less likely to have insulinlike growth factor I receptor b-positive @entity5 (P = .015). Finally, higher arteriolar insulinlike growth factor I receptor b scores in the @entity5 and adjacent liver were significantly associated with insulinlike growth factor I receptor b expression in @entity5 cells (P = .015 and .043 for intratumoral and adjacent arterioles, respectively) in a subset of 26 randomly chosen @entity157 . Our results suggest that synchronized up-regulation of the insulinlike growth factor I receptor axis in @entity5 cells and intratumoral and adjacent arterioles could represent a mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis and progression as manifest by poor differentiation and @entity5 beyond Milan criteria. Targeted therapies against insulinlike growth factor receptors may be justifiable in the treatment of @entity157 .

title: Insulin-like growth factor I receptor b expression in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['nonalcoholic steatohepatitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite recent improvements in IOL design, @entity3236 ( @entity3236 ) remains a significant clinical problem after @entity231 surgery. The Perfect Capsule device (Milvella, Ltd., Epping, Australia) permits the introduction and subsequent removal of potentially toxic agents into the closed capsular bag. The present purpose was to detect the effectiveness of @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) to cultured @entity1 lens cells and cells within the @entity1 capsular bag. METHODS: All experiments were carried out with 2 minutes exposure to @entity9188 . Effect of @entity9188 on FHL124 cells growth was tested by MTT. Changes in cell @entity460 levels induced by high concentration of @entity9188 were measured by real-time fluorometric single-cell digital imaging techniques after @entity593 incorporation. In vitro @entity1 capsular bags were also tested after a sham surgery was performed using the Perfect Capsule device to form a closed system. @entity9188 (10, 30, 100, 300, 1000   mol/L) were used with donor match-pairs treated with medium alone.(n = 3 in all cases).On-going observations were by phase-contrast microscopy. Cellular architecture was examined by fluorescence cytochemistry. RESULTS: @entity9188 of 100   mol/L and above inhibited the growth of @entity9058 124 cells in a dose-dependent manner with 2 minutes exposure (t = 5.217, P < 0.01, IC(50) is 130   mol/L) @entity9188 depleted the @entity460 store and consequently lead to a loss of @entity460 signaling.Moreover, 1   10(4)   mol/L @entity9188 had a moderate effect on the @entity460 influx pathway, inhibition on the amplitude and rapidity is (43.24    2.98)% (t = 3.134, P < 0.01) and (46.27    6.01)% (t = 3.521, P < 0.01), respectively. No cell left in the vitro @entity1 capsular bags after being treated with 1   10(4)   mol/L @entity9188 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity9188 can eliminate the @entity1 lens epithelium cells remained in the capsular bag in @entity231 surgery, which may help to prevent @entity3236 . The application of @entity9188 to cells within the capsular bag for a 2 minute window using the Perfect Capsule system predicts this compound will have therapeutic benefit to @entity1 in vivo.

title: [Prevention of @entity3236 by combination of XXXX and perfect capsule].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity4447 :: ('MESH:C006632', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic trioxide']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3236 :: ('MESH:D058442', 'Disease') :: ['posterior capsule opacification', 'PCO']

answer: @entity4447 :: (MESH:C006632,Chemical) :: ['arsenic trioxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite recent improvements in IOL design, @entity3236 ( @entity3236 ) remains a significant clinical problem after @entity231 surgery. The Perfect Capsule device (Milvella, Ltd., Epping, Australia) permits the introduction and subsequent removal of potentially toxic agents into the closed capsular bag. The present purpose was to detect the effectiveness of @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) to cultured @entity1 lens cells and cells within the @entity1 capsular bag. METHODS: All experiments were carried out with 2 minutes exposure to @entity9188 . Effect of @entity9188 on FHL124 cells growth was tested by MTT. Changes in cell @entity460 levels induced by high concentration of @entity9188 were measured by real-time fluorometric single-cell digital imaging techniques after @entity593 incorporation. In vitro @entity1 capsular bags were also tested after a sham surgery was performed using the Perfect Capsule device to form a closed system. @entity9188 (10, 30, 100, 300, 1000   mol/L) were used with donor match-pairs treated with medium alone.(n = 3 in all cases).On-going observations were by phase-contrast microscopy. Cellular architecture was examined by fluorescence cytochemistry. RESULTS: @entity9188 of 100   mol/L and above inhibited the growth of @entity9058 124 cells in a dose-dependent manner with 2 minutes exposure (t = 5.217, P < 0.01, IC(50) is 130   mol/L) @entity9188 depleted the @entity460 store and consequently lead to a loss of @entity460 signaling.Moreover, 1   10(4)   mol/L @entity9188 had a moderate effect on the @entity460 influx pathway, inhibition on the amplitude and rapidity is (43.24    2.98)% (t = 3.134, P < 0.01) and (46.27    6.01)% (t = 3.521, P < 0.01), respectively. No cell left in the vitro @entity1 capsular bags after being treated with 1   10(4)   mol/L @entity9188 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity9188 can eliminate the @entity1 lens epithelium cells remained in the capsular bag in @entity231 surgery, which may help to prevent @entity3236 . The application of @entity9188 to cells within the capsular bag for a 2 minute window using the Perfect Capsule system predicts this compound will have therapeutic benefit to @entity1 in vivo.

title: [Prevention of XXXX by combination of @entity4447 and perfect capsule].

answer: @entity3236 :: (MESH:D058442,Disease) :: ['posterior capsule opacification']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To make a clear distinction of @entity5409 : craniopharyngioma (CR), @entity1804 ( @entity1804 ), @entity977 (PA) and intrasellar @entity145 ( @entity145 ). METHODS: A total of 72 adult @entity1 underwent transsphenoidal approach for the removal of @entity5409 . The authors conducted a study to (1) investigate preoperative clinical, biochemical and radiographic features of @entity1 with CR, @entity1804 , PA and @entity145 ; (2) identify clinicopathological features of independently predicting recurrence in CR, PA and @entity1804 in adults. These adult @entity1 included CR (n = 10), @entity1804 (n = 27), cystic PA (n = 32) and 1 @entity1 with @entity145 (n = 1). RESULTS: The CR @entity1 presented with @entity4614 in 80% of cases. According to the biochemical criteria, the percentage of @entity1 with a slight prolactin increase happened in PA (55.6%) and @entity1804 (44.4%). Cystic PA had post-contrasting enhancement in cyst wall because of @entity5 tissue. Calcification detectable on computed tomographic scanning was present in 70% of CR @entity1 . It was a significantly greater proportion compared to other diseases. Typical @entity1804 was located between anterior and posterior pituitary and the contents in @entity1804 were variable. Mass effects vanished post-operatively in all kinds of lesions. Long-term hormone replacement therapy was administered more in CR @entity1 (60%) and @entity2010 than other lesions. One PA @entity1 and 2 CR @entity1 had recurrence during a follow-up of 12 - 52 months (mean: 34). @entity1804 and @entity145 had no recurrence. CONCLUSION: @entity976 , @entity1804 , @entity977 and intrasellar @entity145 are a spectrum of diseases with different therapeutic strategies. An accurate diagnosis of these lesions is essential so as to determine the type of treatment to improve outcome.

title: [Therapeutic strategy for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['intrasellar cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1804 :: ('MESH:D020863', 'Disease') :: ['RCC', "Rathke's cleft cyst"]

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['hypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity145 :: ('MESH:D016080', 'Disease') :: ['AC', 'arachnoid cyst']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['cystic pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['Craniopharyngioma']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity5409 :: (MESH:D052177,Disease) :: ['intrasellar cystic lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to explore the effectiveness and safety of @entity32459 ( @entity32459 ) for the management of @entity2003 . METHODS: from May 2004 to February 2008, 32 @entity1 with @entity2003 underwent @entity32459 were reviewed. There were 12 males and 20 females with an average age of 18 years (range, 10 - 56 years). The operation techniques included multilevel @entity27789 and residual intervertebral disc resection, followed by realignment and posterior correction with pedicle screws. The effectiveness was evaluated by preoperative and postoperative radiography and three-dimensional CT scan reconstruction at final follow-up. The intraoperative and postoperative complications of all @entity1 were recorded. RESULTS: a mean of 2.1 vertebrae were performed with @entity32459 and a mean of 10.6 vertebral levels were instrumented and fused (range, 8 - 13 vertebrae). The mean duration of surgery was 270 minutes (range, 215 - 380 minutes). The average intraoperative @entity190 was 1560 ml (range, 900 - 4800 ml). Complications were encountered in 4 @entity1 . There were 2 cases with transient @entity51 , 1 case with @entity2841 leak, 1 case with @entity4282 . The average time of follow-up was 31 months (range, 24 - 48 months). The correction rate was 61% on the coronal plane (from 108   to 42  ), and the correction rate was 65% on the sagittal plane (from 82.0   to 28.7  ). All @entity1 had solid fusion at osteotomy site, and no instrumentational failure and loosening were found over the follow up. CONCLUSION: single stage posterior @entity32459 is an effective option to manage @entity2003 .

title: [Vertebral column decancellation for the management of XXXX : the effectiveness and safety analysis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2003 :: ('MESH:D009127', 'Disease') :: ['rigid scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity4282 :: ('MESH:D046748', 'Disease') :: ['epidural hematoma']

entities_list: @entity32459 :: ('MESH:C536342', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral column decancellation', 'VCD']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity27789 :: ('MESH:C536543', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral body decancellation']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

answer: @entity2003 :: (MESH:D009127,Disease) :: ['rigid scoliosis']


abstract: The vasculature of the @entity840 tongue is supplied by parasympathetic vasodilator nerve fibres of intrinsic origin. Here, we investigated first to what extent neuropeptides and the synthesizing enzymes of NO, CO and @entity934 are contained and colocalized within periarterial lingual vasodilator axons of intrinsic origin. Then it was determined whether perivascular innervation by these fibre types changes with vascular diameter, in particular in comparison with the sensory substance @entity10133 )-positive and sympathetic noradrenergic vascular innervation. To this end, single, double and triple labelling histochemical techniques were performed on control tongues and tongues kept in short-term organotypic culture to induce @entity528 . Cell bodies of intrinsic microganglia and their periarterial axons contained, simultaneously, NO synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide and the @entity934 -synthesizing enzyme @entity1877 acetyltransferase. Additionally, @entity6892 (NPY) was observed in a small percentage (12%) of neurons that increased to 39% after 36 h of organotypic culture. The CO synthesizing enzyme heme oxygenase-2 was detected only in perikarya but not in periarterial axons. Intrinsic vasodilator fibres were invariably present at arteries down to a luminal diameter of 150 microm, and reached 65% of section profiles of smallest arterioles, while noradrenergic and substance P-positive axons reached 80% of arteriolar profiles. These findings show that the intrinsic lingual vasodilator innervation of the @entity840 is far extending although slightly less developed than that by sensory and sympathetic axons, and differs both in this aspect and in patterns of colocalization from that reported for other organs, e.g. lung and pelvic organs.

title: Quantitative immunohistochemical investigation of the intrinsic vasodilator innervation of the XXXX lingual artery.

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration of extrinsically originating nerve fibres']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to determine the clinical correlates of @entity73 in @entity1 with @entity73 ( @entity73 ) by examining its impact on cognition, functional status, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and caregiver burden. METHODS: The study involved 75 @entity1 with @entity73 and their caregivers. @entity1 and caregivers underwent a comprehensive evaluation including the Clinical @entity303 Rating, memory tests, and the Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Behavioral symptoms were assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, caregiver burden by the Zarit Burden Inventory, and insight by comparing self-report on the @entity12473 @entity303 screening tool to informant collateral. @entity1 were asked about their perceptions of their memory, and answers were compared with informants' responses. @entity1 mood was assessed with the @entity308 Scale. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in @entity12473 scores among @entity1 who retained versus lacked insight. Zarit Burden Inventory scores showed a significant rise as @entity1 insight declined; the burden appeared greater on spouse versus non-spouse caregivers. @entity1 with poor insight had significantly worse ratings in Clinical @entity303 Rating domains of personal care and judgment, while @entity1 who retained insight had significantly higher @entity308 and @entity148 . Insight impairment was associated with worse caregiver mood. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased @entity1 awareness for cognitive problems was significantly associated with higher caregiver burden, independent of neuropsychiatric symptoms, functional abilities, and cognition. Personal care, judgment, and problem-solving skills could contribute to caregiver burden. Increased awareness seemed a source of @entity1 @entity308 and @entity148 . The research highlights the need to focus on the needs of @entity73 caregivers and to incorporate psychosocial assessments of caregiver- @entity1 dyads into office visits.

title: Anosognosia increases caregiver burden in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Hospital Anxiety Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia', 'dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['MCI', 'mild cognitive impairment', 'impaired insight']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['mild cognitive impairment']


abstract: We used the @entity1 placental conditioned medium stimulated single layer agar culture technique to study the in vitro growth of marrow cells from 62 adult @entity1 with @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ). Bone marrow cells were cultured from 50 @entity1 at the time of initial diagnosis, 19 @entity1 in early remission and 20 @entity1 during their full complete remission. @entity236 from untreated @entity1 exhibited heterogeneous growth patterns ranging from complete growth failure to excessive microcluster formation. We classified the growth patterns into 4 groups: (1) Gr I: normal growth, (2) Gr II: no growth, (3) Gr III: @entity851 , (4) Gr IV: excessive growth of microclusters. At presentation, none had Gr I growth; Gr II growth was observed in 23; Gr III in 14 and Gr IV in 13. A predominance of no growth were seen in M1 and M3 subtypes, while Gr IV growth was more commonly observed in M2 or M4 subtype. We were unable to correlate the culture findings with age or white cell count. The present results not only indicated that @entity3052 at diagnosis was characterized by abnormal granulopoiesis but also demonstrated that leukemic progenitor cells were heterogeneous with different capacities to express their proliferating potential in vitro. Except few with @entity851 , the growth characteristics generally returned to normal with successful remission induction. Both Gr II and Gr IV growth patterns were not observed either in early remission or during full complete remission.

title: Marrow culture studies in adult XXXX at diagnosis and during complete remission.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['Marrow cultures']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['decreased growth']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']


abstract: Fibrinolysis may be impaired in @entity301 @entity1 . 20 @entity301 @entity1 and 10 control subjects were examined for @entity1456 activity, @entity1456 antigen, fast @entity1456 inhibitor and other fibrinolytic and haemostatic parameters including antigenic and functional protein C. Both @entity1 and control groups were similar in age and smoking habits. All of these @entity1 had a @entity583 between 1-3 months before this study. Assays were evaluated before and after an exercise test. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, protein C, plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, @entity2002 /fibrin degradation products and contact-activated fibrinolysis were similar before and after exercise in both groups. Fibrinolytic activity assayed by the euglobulin lysis time and fibrin-plate lysis methods was decreased in the @entity1 group as compared with the control group but the difference was not significant. In basal conditions, @entity1456 activity was defective in 50% of the @entity301 @entity1 (p less than 0.01) and after exercise this percentage rose to 77% (p less than 0.01). However, @entity1456 antigen in the @entity301 group was similar to that of the control group, both before and after exercise. The activity of the @entity1456 inhibitor was persistently increased in @entity301 though this increase was not statistically significant. It is concluded that in @entity301 @entity1 there is a defective fibrinolytic activity probably due to an increase in @entity1456 inhibitor.

title: Reduced fibrinolytic activity in XXXX in basal conditions and after exercise.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1456 :: ('100128998', 'Gene') :: ['tissue-plasminogen activator']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: Studies on @entity5 angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapies are commonly performed with @entity5 heterotransplants in @entity19 . To monitor therapeutic effects, improved noninvasive analyses of functional data are required, in addition to the assessment of @entity5 volume and histology. Here, we report on sequential monitoring of vascularization of @entity1 @entity957 growing as heterotransplants in @entity19 using MRI. Using a custom-developed animal coil in a conventional whole-body 1.5 T MRI scanner, dynamic T1w sequences were recorded after i.v. injection of @entity7241 in @entity5 grown for 17, 21, 25, 29 and 33 days. Amplitude and the exchange rate constant (k(ep)) were calculated according to a 2-compartment model, discriminating intravascular and interstitial spaces, and correlated with @entity5 size and histology. High-resolution imaging of small heterotransplants from 100 to 1,000 mm(3) was achieved, clearly discriminating @entity39 . Preceding the development of @entity39 , which were hyperintense in T2w images and confirmed with histology, a local decrease of amplitude and k(ep) values was observed. Significantly higher amplitudes were found in @entity5 periphery than in central parts, correlating well with the vascular pattern obtained by immunocytochemistry. @entity5 size correlated negatively with amplitude, probably as a result of increasing necrotic areas, whereas the reason for the observed increase of k(ep) value with @entity5 size remains unclear. These data demonstrate that dynamic MRI is an excellent method for noninvasive assessment of @entity5 vascularization in small animals using a clinical whole-body scanner with little technical modifications. This technique provides functional data characterizing essential features of @entity5 biology and is thus appropriate for monitoring antiangiogenic therapies.

title: Dynamic T1-weighted monitoring of vascularization in XXXX carcinoma heterotransplants by magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necroses', 'vital and necrotic areas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the value of miniprobe sonography (MPS), spiral CT and MR imaging (MRI) in the @entity5 and regional lymph node staging of @entity418 . METHODS: Eight-six @entity1 (56 @entity1 and 30 @entity1 ; age range of 39-73 years, mean 62 years) with @entity418 were staged preoperatively with imaging modalities. Of them, 81 (94 %) had @entity957 , 4(5 %) @entity420 , and 1(1 %) adenoacanthoma. Eleven @entity1 (12 %) had @entity5 of the upper one third, 41 (48 %) of the mid-esophagus and 34 (40 %) of the distal one third. Forty-one were examined by spiral CT in whom 13 were co-examined by MPS, and forty-five by MRI in whom 18 were also co-examined by MPS. These imaging results were compared with the findings of the histopathologic examination for resected specimens. RESULTS: In staging the depth of @entity5 growth, MPS was significantly more accurate (84 %) than spiral CT and MRI (68 % and 60 %, respectively, P<0.05). The specificity and sensitivity were 82 % and 85 % for MPS; 60 % and 69 % for spiral CT; and 40 % and 63 % for MRI, respectively. In staging regional lymph nodes, spiral CT was more accurate (78 %) than MPS and MRI (71 % and 64 %, respectively), but the difference was not statistically significant. The specificity and sensitivity were 79 % and 77 % for spiral CT; 75 % and 68 % for MPS; and 68 % and 62 % for MRI, respectively. CONCLUSION: MPS is superior to spiral CT or MRI for T staging, especially in early @entity418 . However, the three modalities have the similar accuracy in N staging. Spiral CT or MRI is helpful for the detection of far-distance metastasis in @entity418 .

title: Preoperative XXXX : comparison of miniprobe ultrasonography, spiral CT and MRI.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer', 'esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['TN staging of esophageal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficiency of @entity3080 in closing tension-free incisions in out- @entity1 surgery compared with traditional suturing methods. @entity1 AND METHODS: A single, blind, clinical study was carried out on 60 @entity1 divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 30) received one or two drops of @entity3080 directly on the incision. Control (Group 2) (n = 32) received traditional nylon suturing. Both groups were evaluated after 21 days of incision closing. Statistical differences in baseline characteristics between study treatment groups were assessed with chi 2 and t tests. All p values are two-sided. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, gender, or incision length. Length of time for @entity954 to close was less in Group I, significant difference p < 0.0001. There was also a significant difference in aesthetics in Group I. There was no significant difference in any remaining variable, such as suture dehiscence and adequate border coaption. CONCLUSION: Our study showed @entity3080 to be more efficient and advantageous in closing of incisions in out- @entity1 surgery than traditional suturing methods. Although we do not pretend to substitute these methods, we recommend the use of @entity3080 in closing tension-free incisions in certain @entity1 following rules of usage and practiced by experts.

title: [ XXXX compared with traditional surgery in tension-free incision closure].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity3080 :: ('MESH:D003487', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanoacrylate']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['surgical incision']

answer: @entity3080 :: (MESH:D003487,Chemical) :: ['Cyanoacrylate']


abstract: To determine the clinical significance of transient remote asynergy after the first @entity583 ( @entity583 ), 2-dimensional echocardiography was performed at rest and directly after dynamic exercise in 49 consecutive @entity1 within 3 weeks of @entity583 . In 43 @entity1 (88%), technically adequate 2-dimensional echocardiographic examinations were obtained. Asynergy was found in all @entity1 at rest. Immediately after exercise, new areas of asynergy, not adjacent to the infarcted area (i.e., transient remote asynergy), were present in 18 @entity1 . Of these @entity1 , 17 had multivessel @entity453 ( @entity453 ), compared with 5 of 25 @entity1 without transient remote asynergy. Sensitivity of transient remote asynergy for detecting multivessel @entity453 was 77% and specificity was 95%. Left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and after exercise was measured in 39 @entity1 (90%) and could only identify @entity1 with 3-vessel @entity453 . New @entity63 events, defined as reinfarction or recurrent @entity951 , within a mean of 12 weeks (range 8 to 16) after discharge, occurred in 16 @entity1 . Transient remote asynergy was present in 12 of these @entity1 (75%). It is concluded that exercise-induced transient remote asynergy early after @entity583 can identify @entity1 with multivessel @entity453 and a subgroup of @entity1 prone to early new @entity63 events. Left ventricular ejection fraction, however, is not only more laborious but also of lesser value in identifying @entity1 with multivessel @entity453 .

title: Usefulness of two-dimensional exercise echocardiography shortly after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: An aqueous solution containing photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs), membrane scaffold proteins (MSPs), phospholipids, and single-walled @entity505 nanotubes (SWCNTs) solubilized with the surfactant @entity658 (SC) reversibly self-assembles into a highly ordered structure upon dialysis of the latter. The resulting structure is photoelectrochemically active and consists of 4-nm-thick lipid bilayer disks (nanodisks, NDs) arranged parallel to the surface of the SWCNT with the RC housed within the bilayer such that its hole injecting site faces the nanotube surface. The structure can be assembled and disassembled autonomously with the addition or removal of surfactant. We model the kinetic and thermodynamic forces that drive the dynamics of this reversible self-assembly process. The assembly is monitored using spectrofluorimetry during dialysis and subsequent surfactant addition and used to fit a kinetic model to determine the forward and reverse rate constants of @entity11702 and @entity11702 -SWCNT formation. The calculated @entity11702 and @entity11702 -SWCNT forward rate constants are 79 mM(-1) s(-1) and 5.4   10(2) mM(-1) s(-1), respectively, and the reverse rate constants are negligible over the dialysis time scale. We find that the reaction is not diffusion-controlled since the @entity11702 -SWCNT reaction, which consists of entities with smaller diffusion coefficients, has a larger reaction rate constant. Using these rate parameters, we were able to develop a kinetic phase diagram for the formation of @entity11702 -SWCNT complexes, which indicates an optimal dialysis rate of approximately 8   10(-4) s(-1). We also fit the model to cyclic @entity11702 -SWCNT assembly and disassembly experiments and hence mimic the thermodynamic forces used in regeneration processes detailed previously. Such forces may form the basis of both synthetic and natural photoelectrochemical complexes capable of dynamic component replacement and repair.

title: Dynamic and reversible self-assembly of photoelectrochemical complexes based on lipid bilayer disks, photosynthetic reaction centers, and single-walled XXXX nanotubes.

entities_list: @entity658 :: ('MESH:D020358', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium cholate']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate efficacy and feasibility of chemo-radiotherapy in @entity1 with non-metastatic @entity1544 . METHODS: TNM staged anal squamous-cell @entity5 @entity1 were treated with pelvic radiotherapy concomitant to continuous infusion @entity1487 plus @entity900 for at least 2 cycles. In T3-T4 or any @entity5 or in "slow-responder" cases, 1-2 chemotherapy courses were subsequently administered. Tumour assessment was performed at baseline and 6-8 weeks after radiotherapy to evaluate response. RESULTS: 29 @entity1 were enrolled: 4 males, 25 females; median age 57 years; baseline T1/T2/T3/T4 2/12/7/8; N involvement 17. Median dose pelvic radiotherapy was 59.4 Gy (range: 54-74). In 5 @entity1 2 chemotherapy courses, in 12 @entity1 three and in 12 @entity1 four courses were performed. At first evaluation, 27 CR (93.1%; 95% CI: 78% - 98%) and 2 SD were observed. Main grade (G) 3 toxic events were @entity1398 (8%), @entity294 (8%) and @entity1909 (62%). Most frequent late events G3-G4 occurred in 14 @entity1 : @entity4272 (5), @entity1909 (4), @entity1494 (2), @entity250 (9), lower extremity @entity1150 (2), @entity3833 (1), @entity850 (1) and tenesmus (1). Five @entity1 reported G1 leucopoenia. The rate of colostomy was 14%. After a median follow up of 42 months (range: 4-81), 20 @entity1 are still alive without relapse and 3 died due to @entity1726 . The estimated 7-year DFS was 83.4% (C.I.: 68.3%-98.5%) and the estimated 7-year OS was 85.7% (C.I.: 70% - 100%). The 1-year and the estimated 7-year colostomy-free survivals were 85.9% (C.I.: 73.1% - 98.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent @entity900 plus @entity1487 and radiotherapy is associated with favourable local control rates and acute @entity137 . Future investigations will be directed towards research into molecular biomarkers related to disease progression and resistance to chemo-radiotherapy and to the evaluation of new cytotoxic agents or targeted drugs, such as anti- @entity470 , concomitant to RT and to determining the role of intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

title: Concurrent XXXX , continuous infusion @entity1487 and radiotherapy followed by tailored consolidation treatment in non metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder dysfunctions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['T - N+ tumours', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity4272 :: ('MESH:D011349', 'Disease') :: ['proctitis']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboses']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['anal squamous-cell-cancer']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunctions']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate efficacy and feasibility of chemo-radiotherapy in @entity1 with non-metastatic @entity1544 . METHODS: TNM staged anal squamous-cell @entity5 @entity1 were treated with pelvic radiotherapy concomitant to continuous infusion @entity1487 plus @entity900 for at least 2 cycles. In T3-T4 or any @entity5 or in "slow-responder" cases, 1-2 chemotherapy courses were subsequently administered. Tumour assessment was performed at baseline and 6-8 weeks after radiotherapy to evaluate response. RESULTS: 29 @entity1 were enrolled: 4 males, 25 females; median age 57 years; baseline T1/T2/T3/T4 2/12/7/8; N involvement 17. Median dose pelvic radiotherapy was 59.4 Gy (range: 54-74). In 5 @entity1 2 chemotherapy courses, in 12 @entity1 three and in 12 @entity1 four courses were performed. At first evaluation, 27 CR (93.1%; 95% CI: 78% - 98%) and 2 SD were observed. Main grade (G) 3 toxic events were @entity1398 (8%), @entity294 (8%) and @entity1909 (62%). Most frequent late events G3-G4 occurred in 14 @entity1 : @entity4272 (5), @entity1909 (4), @entity1494 (2), @entity250 (9), lower extremity @entity1150 (2), @entity3833 (1), @entity850 (1) and tenesmus (1). Five @entity1 reported G1 leucopoenia. The rate of colostomy was 14%. After a median follow up of 42 months (range: 4-81), 20 @entity1 are still alive without relapse and 3 died due to @entity1726 . The estimated 7-year DFS was 83.4% (C.I.: 68.3%-98.5%) and the estimated 7-year OS was 85.7% (C.I.: 70% - 100%). The 1-year and the estimated 7-year colostomy-free survivals were 85.9% (C.I.: 73.1% - 98.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent @entity900 plus @entity1487 and radiotherapy is associated with favourable local control rates and acute @entity137 . Future investigations will be directed towards research into molecular biomarkers related to disease progression and resistance to chemo-radiotherapy and to the evaluation of new cytotoxic agents or targeted drugs, such as anti- @entity470 , concomitant to RT and to determining the role of intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

title: Concurrent @entity900 , continuous infusion XXXX and radiotherapy followed by tailored consolidation treatment in non metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['fluorouracil']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Bone matrix mineralization based on quantitative backscatter electron imaging remained unchanged during the first year of menopause in paired transiliac biopsy samples from healthy @entity1 . This suggests that the reported early perimenopausal reductions in @entity79 are caused by factors other than decreases in the degree of mineralization. INTRODUCTION: It is unknown whether perimenopausal loss of bone mass is associated with a drop in bone matrix mineralization. METHODS: For this purpose, we measured the bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) by quantitative backscatter electron imaging (qBEI) in n   =   17 paired transiliac bone biopsy samples at premenopausal baseline and 12  months after last menses (obtained at average ages of 49        2 and 55        2  years, respectively) in healthy @entity1 . For interpretation of BMDD outcomes, previously measured @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and biochemical and histomorphometric markers of bone turnover were revisited for the present biopsy cohort. RESULTS: Menopause significantly decreased @entity79 at the lumbar spine (-4.5  %) and femoral neck (-3.8  %), increased the fasting urinary @entity720 / @entity1011 ratio (+60  %, all p   <   0.01) and histomorphometric bone formation rate (+25  %, p   <   0.05), but affected neither cancellous nor cortical BMDD variables (paired comparison p   >   0.05). Mean @entity460 concentrations of cancellous (Cn.CaMean) and cortical bone (Ct.CaMean) were within normal range (p   >   0.05 compared to established reference data). Ct.CaMean was significantly correlated with Cn.CaMean before (R   =   0.81, p   <   0.001) and after menopause (R   =   0.80, p   <   0.001) and to cortical porosity of mineralized tissue (Ct.Po.) after menopause (R   =   -0.57, p   =   0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Surprisingly, the BMDD was found not affected by the changes in bone turnover rates in this cohort. This suggests that the substantial increase in bone formation rates took place shortly before the second biopsy, and the bone mineralization changes lag behind. We conclude that during the first year after the last menses, the degree of bone matrix mineralization is preserved and does not contribute to the observed reductions in @entity79 .

title: Bone matrix mineralization is preserved during early perimenopausal stage in healthy XXXX : a paired biopsy study.

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Two @entity1 -6 and 14 years old-with @entity2916 are presented. Both developed a @entity816 from nodules located near to the foramen of Monro. They caused obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Signs of @entity428 were detected in both @entity1 , and one of them had also developed @entity410 . Cutaneous stigmata being characteristic for this entity were observed in both cases, but their mental development was unaffected. Diagnosis was based on computed tomography. Angiography did not reveal pathological vessels. The @entity5 were completely excised through transcallosal exposure in both cases. The @entity1 have been symptom-free during the follow-up time of 1 and 2 years. Although the incidence of malignant transformation of @entity2916 is less than 15% the disease generally has a poor prognosis which can be ascribed to sudden increase of intracranial pressure caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways by paraventricular @entity5 . However, regular follow-up of paraventricular nodules and maintenance of patency of cerebrospinal fluid pathways by microsurgical methods in @entity1 suffering from mild @entity75 offers a better chance of survival.

title: Occlusive hydrocephalus complicating XXXX : report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['infantile spasm-Blitz-Nick-Salaam seizures']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['raised intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral disorders']

entities_list: @entity2916 :: ('MESH:D014402', 'Disease') :: ['tuberous sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['subependymal giant cell astrocytoma']

answer: @entity2916 :: (MESH:D014402,Disease) :: ['tuberous sclerosis']


abstract: AIM: Indications for sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for @entity322 have expanded over the last decade. This report aims to determine the clinical outcome of the current use of SNS in the treatment of @entity322 . Its objective is also to review the most recent role of SNS in @entity1 with anal sphincter lesions. METHOD: The literature was searched using Medline and Cochrane databases. The search was restricted to publications in English. For the analysis, studies with <25 @entity1 were excluded. For SNS in @entity1 with @entity1690 , all papers were included. RESULTS: Thirteen publications on the clinical outcome of SNS were included. Nine papers were identified reporting the application of SNS in @entity1 with a morphological @entity75 . The most common outcome measures of clinical efficacy were frequency of incontinence using the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score. All studies demonstrated highly improved function across all outcome measures and improvement was statistically significant in all. Outcomes remain stable at long-term follow up. In @entity1 with sphincteric gaps ranging from 17 to 180  , SNS was clinically effective at short-term follow up. The size of the gap appears to have no impact on outcome. CONCLUSION: SNS has evolved to become a clinical efficient therapy applicable across a wide spectrum of causes of @entity322 with reproducible results. SNS can be considered to be an essential part of the current surgical treatment algorithm for @entity322 .

title: Sacral nerve stimulation for XXXX : its role in the treatment algorithm.

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter defects']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['faecal incontinence']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter lesion']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['faecal incontinence']


abstract: The 13762A @entity35 mammary @entity420 is weakly immunogenic and spontaneously metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and lungs. A clone (18A) was isolated from the parental @entity5 , which grew for 3 weeks in normal F344 @entity35 , forming @entity5 up to 2-3 cm and some nodal @entity3 , and then completely regressed. Pretreatment of recipient @entity35 with 450 rad permitted progressive growth and @entity204 due to @entity3 . The behavior of 18A has been stable during a period of 120 days in continuous culture or for 6 in vivo passages in irradiated @entity35 . Regression of 18A was associated with intense @entity5 mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, whereas parental @entity5 of the same size recruited few leukocytes. @entity2357 occurred when 18A cells were placed intradermally, sc, or im, but iv injections were not rejected. Parental @entity5 grew progressively at all sites. Regressor @entity35 were specifically immune to challenge with both 18A and parental @entity5 but not to an unrelated @entity189 (R3230AC). Irradiated 18A @entity5 cell vaccines protected recipients against challenge with parental @entity5 , but similar vaccines of irradiated parental @entity5 cells were ineffective. The systemic adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes more strongly inhibited the growth of established (7 days) 18A than parental @entity5 . It was concluded that the parental 13762A @entity5 contained stable variants that were significantly more immunogenic and more susceptible to immune attack than the parental @entity5 . Such variant @entity5 lines may be useful in the study of the host response to @entity3 .

title: Increased immunogenicity of a spontaneous variant clone of the 13762A @entity35 mammary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mammary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['Regressions']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: The 13762A @entity35 mammary @entity420 is weakly immunogenic and spontaneously metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and lungs. A clone (18A) was isolated from the parental @entity5 , which grew for 3 weeks in normal F344 @entity35 , forming @entity5 up to 2-3 cm and some nodal @entity3 , and then completely regressed. Pretreatment of recipient @entity35 with 450 rad permitted progressive growth and @entity204 due to @entity3 . The behavior of 18A has been stable during a period of 120 days in continuous culture or for 6 in vivo passages in irradiated @entity35 . Regression of 18A was associated with intense @entity5 mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, whereas parental @entity5 of the same size recruited few leukocytes. @entity2357 occurred when 18A cells were placed intradermally, sc, or im, but iv injections were not rejected. Parental @entity5 grew progressively at all sites. Regressor @entity35 were specifically immune to challenge with both 18A and parental @entity5 but not to an unrelated @entity189 (R3230AC). Irradiated 18A @entity5 cell vaccines protected recipients against challenge with parental @entity5 , but similar vaccines of irradiated parental @entity5 cells were ineffective. The systemic adoptive transfer of immune lymphocytes more strongly inhibited the growth of established (7 days) 18A than parental @entity5 . It was concluded that the parental 13762A @entity5 contained stable variants that were significantly more immunogenic and more susceptible to immune attack than the parental @entity5 . Such variant @entity5 lines may be useful in the study of the host response to @entity3 .

title: Increased immunogenicity of a spontaneous variant clone of the 13762A XXXX mammary @entity420 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: AIMS: To investigate the effects of the crosslinking agent @entity7655 (CA) on differentiation of @entity1 dental pulp cells (hDPCs) cultured in a collagen hydrogel, which may be useful as a scaffold for regenerative endodontic therapy. METHODOLOGY: The odontogenic potential of hDPCs exposed to CA was examined using @entity623 ( @entity623 ) activity, @entity6033 staining, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for odontogenic gene expression. The morphological features of hDPCs cultured in CA-treated collagen were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Determination of cell numbers for evaluating proliferation was assessed by optical and fluorescence microscopy. To assess the mechanical properties of collagen treated with CA, setting time, compressive strength, and surface roughness were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test compared with control (P = 0.05). RESULTS: CA per se did not increase @entity623 activity, @entity460 nodule formation, and expression of odontogenic-related markers (P > 0.05). On the contrary, the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs cultured in a collagen scaffold was promoted in the presence of CA (P < 0.05). The setting time was significantly shortened, and the compressive strength and surface roughness were increased by treatment with CA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Crosslinking of collagen scaffolds by CA had beneficial effects with respect to attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of hDPCs. Consequently, the application of crosslinking agents such as CA may represent a new strategy for dentine-pulp complex regeneration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Behaviour of @entity1 dental pulp cells cultured in a collagen hydrogel scaffold crosslinked with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7655 :: ('MESH:C012843', 'Chemical') :: ['cinnamaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity6033 :: ('MESH:C004468', 'Chemical') :: ['Alizarin red S']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

answer: @entity7655 :: (MESH:C012843,Chemical) :: ['cinnamaldehyde']


abstract: AIMS: To investigate the effects of the crosslinking agent @entity7655 (CA) on differentiation of @entity1 dental pulp cells (hDPCs) cultured in a collagen hydrogel, which may be useful as a scaffold for regenerative endodontic therapy. METHODOLOGY: The odontogenic potential of hDPCs exposed to CA was examined using @entity623 ( @entity623 ) activity, @entity6033 staining, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for odontogenic gene expression. The morphological features of hDPCs cultured in CA-treated collagen were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Determination of cell numbers for evaluating proliferation was assessed by optical and fluorescence microscopy. To assess the mechanical properties of collagen treated with CA, setting time, compressive strength, and surface roughness were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test compared with control (P = 0.05). RESULTS: CA per se did not increase @entity623 activity, @entity460 nodule formation, and expression of odontogenic-related markers (P > 0.05). On the contrary, the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs cultured in a collagen scaffold was promoted in the presence of CA (P < 0.05). The setting time was significantly shortened, and the compressive strength and surface roughness were increased by treatment with CA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Crosslinking of collagen scaffolds by CA had beneficial effects with respect to attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of hDPCs. Consequently, the application of crosslinking agents such as CA may represent a new strategy for dentine-pulp complex regeneration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Behaviour of XXXX dental pulp cells cultured in a collagen hydrogel scaffold crosslinked with @entity7655 .

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lower-limb function is severely impaired after sacral @entity128 . Nerve transfer is a useful reconstructive technique for @entity128 . OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effectiveness and safety of transferring the ipsilateral obturator nerve to the branch of the tibial nerve innervating the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle to recover knee and ankle flexion. METHODS: From 2007 to 2011, 5 @entity1 with sacral @entity128 underwent ipsilateral obturator nerve transfer as part of a strategy for surgical reconstruction of their plexuses. The mean @entity1 age was 31.4 years (range, 19-45 years), and the mean interval from injury to surgery was 5.8 months (range, 3-8 months). The anterior branch of the obturator nerve was coapted to the branch of the tibial nerve innervating the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle by autogenous nerve grafting. RESULTS: @entity1 follow-up ranged from 24 to 38 months. There were no complications related to the surgery. Three @entity1 recovered to Medical Research Council grade 3 or better in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Thigh adduction function was not affected in any @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Knee and ankle flexion can be achieved by transferring the anterior branch of the obturator nerve to the branch of the tibial nerve innervating the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, which is useful for balance. This procedure can be used as a new method for treating sacral @entity128 . ABBREVIATION: MRC, Medical Research Council.

title: Obturator Nerve Transfer to the Branch of the Tibial Nerve Innervating the Gastrocnemius Muscle for the Treatment of Sacral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['proximal nerve injuries', 'plexus nerve injury']

answer: @entity128 :: (MESH:D020209,Disease) :: ['Plexus Nerve Injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with symptomatic @entity1290 are characterized by older age, male gender, white race, @entity101 , @entity28 , @entity209 and @entity740 . Whether these characteristics differ in @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity1290 is unknown. METHODS: All potential kidney donors who underwent protocol computed tomography angiograms/urograms (2000-08) at the Mayo Clinic were identified. @entity8 , including @entity1290 , were assessed radiographically. Comorbidities, including past symptomatic @entity1290 , were abstracted from the medical record. Characteristics of @entity1 with and without radiographic stones were compared. Stone burden among @entity1 with and without past symptomatic stones was compared. RESULTS: Among 1957 potential kidney donors, 3% had past symptomatic stones and 11% had radiographic stones (10% had only asymptomatic radiographic stones). Asymptomatic stone formers were more likely to be of white race, have low urine volumes and have radiographic findings of renal parenchymal thinning, focal @entity8 , @entity19372 and @entity8 . Asymptomatic stone formers were not characterized by older age, male gender, @entity101 , @entity28 , @entity209 , @entity8 , @entity5052 , @entity2741 or @entity5886 . Among @entity1 with radiographic stones, those with past symptomatic stones had a slightly higher number of stones (mean 2.7 versus 2.4; P = 0.04), but a much greater diameter for the largest stone (mean 4.8 versus 1.6 mm; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic kidney stone formers have different demographic characteristics and many lack the comorbidities that have been described in @entity1 with symptomatic @entity1290 . These findings suggest that different pathophysiologic mechanisms could be involved in asymptomatic stone formation versus symptomatic stone passage.

title: Clinical characteristics of potential kidney donors with asymptomatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic kidney disease', 'abnormal kidney function', 'renal scarring', 'Renal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity19372 :: ('MESH:D007691', 'Disease') :: ['medullary sponge kidney']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity5886 :: ('MESH:D017674', 'Disease') :: ['hypophosphatemia']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['kidney stones']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity1290 :: (MESH:D007669,Disease) :: ['kidney stones']


abstract: Ten years ago it was widely expected that the genetic basis of @entity66 would be resolved by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), large-scale studies in which the entire genome is covered by genetic markers. However, the bulk of heritable variance remains unexplained. The authors consider several alternative research strategies. For instance, whereas it has been hypothesized that a @entity66 is associated primarily with common genetic variants, it is now plausible that multiple rare variants each have a potent effect on disease risk and that they could accumulate to become a substantial component of @entity66 risk. This idea has become more appealing since the discovery that copy number variants (CNVs) are a substantial source of @entity1 mutations and are associated with multiple common diseases. CNVs are structural genomic variants consisting of microinsertions, microdeletions, and transpositions in the @entity1 genome. It has been argued that numerous rare CNVs are plausible causes of a substantial proportion of @entity66 , and rare CNVs have been found to be potent risk factors in @entity161 and @entity2438 . Another approach is to "parse the genome," i.e., reanalyze subsets of current GWAS data, since the noise inherent in genome-wide approaches may be hiding valid associations. Lastly, technological advances and declining costs may allow large-scale genome-wide sequencing that would comprehensively identify all genetic variants. Study groups even larger than the 10,000 subjects in current meta-analyses would be required, but the outcomes may lead to resolution of our current dilemma in common diseases: Where is the missing heritability?

title: After GWAS: searching for genetic risk for XXXX and bipolar disorder.

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['common disease']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: The definition of self and others can be regarded as embodying the two dimensions of autonomy and relatedness. Autonomy and relatedness are two basic @entity1 needs and cultural constructs at the same time. This implies that they may be differently defined yet remain equally important. The respective understanding of autonomy and relatedness is socialized during the everyday experiences of daily life routines from birth on. In this paper, two developmental pathways are portrayed that emphasize different conceptions of autonomy and relatedness that are adaptive in two different environmental contexts with very different affordances and constraints. Western middle-class @entity1 are socialized towards psychological autonomy, i.e. the primacy of own intentions, wishes, individual preferences and emotions affording a definition of relatedness as @entity458 construct. Non-Western subsistence farmer @entity1 are socialized towards hierarchical relatedness, i.e. positioning oneself into the hierarchical structure of a communal system affording a definition of autonomy as action oriented, based on responsibility and obligations. Infancy can be regarded as a cultural lens through which to study the different socialization agendas. Parenting strategies that aim at supporting these different socialization goals in German and @entity7634 -American parents on the one hand and Nso farmers from North Western Cameroon on the other hand are described. It is concluded that different pathways need to be considered in order to understand @entity1 psychology from a global perspective.

title: XXXX as organizers of developmental pathways.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'children']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological negotiable']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['Psychological autonomy and hierarchical relatedness']


abstract: Residues comprising the @entity6370 -binding sites of the a subunits of heterotrimeric (large) G-proteins ( @entity17535 subunits), as well as the Ras-related (small) G-proteins, are highly conserved. This is especially the case for the @entity1391 -binding loop (P-loop) where both @entity17535 subunits and Ras-related G-proteins have a conserved @entity563 or @entity1889 residue. Substitutions for this residue in Ras and related (small) G-proteins yield @entity377 -depleted, dominant-negative mutants. Here we have examined the consequences of changing the conserved @entity563 residue in the P-loop to @entity2734 , within a chimeric @entity17535 subunit (designated aT*) that is mainly comprised of the a subunit of the retinal G-protein transducin and a limited region from the a subunit of Gi1. The aT*( @entity72331 ) mutant exhibits a significantly higher rate of intrinsic @entity3006 - @entity3007 exchange compared with wild-type aT*, with light-activated @entity8695 (R*) causing only a moderate increase in the kinetics of @entity377 exchange on aT*( @entity72331 ). The aT*( @entity72331 ) mutant, when bound to either @entity3006 or @entity3007 , was able to significantly slow the rate of R*-catalyzed @entity3006 - @entity3007 exchange on wild-type aT*. Thus, @entity3007 -bound aT*( @entity72331 ), as well as the @entity3006 -bound mutant, is capable of forming a stable complex with R*. aT*( @entity72331 ) activated the @entity6708 phosphodiesterase (PDE) with a dose-response similar to wild-type aT*. Activation of the PDE by aT*( @entity72331 ) was unaffected if either R* or b1y1 alone was present, whereas it was inhibited when R* and the b1y1 subunit were added together. Overall, our studies suggest that the @entity72331 substitution on aT* stabilizes an intermediate on the G-protein activation pathway consisting of an activated G-protein-coupled receptor, a @entity3007 -bound @entity17535 subunit, and the b1y1 complex.

title: A dominant-negative @entity17535 mutant that traps a stable XXXX - @entity17535 - @entity3007 -betagamma complex.

entities_list: @entity6370 :: ('CHEBI:61292', 'Chemical') :: ['guanine nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity2734 :: ('CHEBI:17196', 'Chemical') :: ['asparagine']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity72331 :: ('p|SUB|S|43|N', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['S43N']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity8695 :: (6010,Gene) :: ['rhodopsin']


abstract: Residues comprising the @entity6370 -binding sites of the a subunits of heterotrimeric (large) G-proteins ( @entity17535 subunits), as well as the Ras-related (small) G-proteins, are highly conserved. This is especially the case for the @entity1391 -binding loop (P-loop) where both @entity17535 subunits and Ras-related G-proteins have a conserved @entity563 or @entity1889 residue. Substitutions for this residue in Ras and related (small) G-proteins yield @entity377 -depleted, dominant-negative mutants. Here we have examined the consequences of changing the conserved @entity563 residue in the P-loop to @entity2734 , within a chimeric @entity17535 subunit (designated aT*) that is mainly comprised of the a subunit of the retinal G-protein transducin and a limited region from the a subunit of Gi1. The aT*( @entity72331 ) mutant exhibits a significantly higher rate of intrinsic @entity3006 - @entity3007 exchange compared with wild-type aT*, with light-activated @entity8695 (R*) causing only a moderate increase in the kinetics of @entity377 exchange on aT*( @entity72331 ). The aT*( @entity72331 ) mutant, when bound to either @entity3006 or @entity3007 , was able to significantly slow the rate of R*-catalyzed @entity3006 - @entity3007 exchange on wild-type aT*. Thus, @entity3007 -bound aT*( @entity72331 ), as well as the @entity3006 -bound mutant, is capable of forming a stable complex with R*. aT*( @entity72331 ) activated the @entity6708 phosphodiesterase (PDE) with a dose-response similar to wild-type aT*. Activation of the PDE by aT*( @entity72331 ) was unaffected if either R* or b1y1 alone was present, whereas it was inhibited when R* and the b1y1 subunit were added together. Overall, our studies suggest that the @entity72331 substitution on aT* stabilizes an intermediate on the G-protein activation pathway consisting of an activated G-protein-coupled receptor, a @entity3007 -bound @entity17535 subunit, and the b1y1 complex.

title: A dominant-negative @entity17535 mutant that traps a stable @entity8695 - @entity17535 - XXXX -betagamma complex.

answer: @entity3007 :: (MESH:D006160,Chemical) :: ['GTP']


abstract: Residues comprising the @entity6370 -binding sites of the a subunits of heterotrimeric (large) G-proteins ( @entity17535 subunits), as well as the Ras-related (small) G-proteins, are highly conserved. This is especially the case for the @entity1391 -binding loop (P-loop) where both @entity17535 subunits and Ras-related G-proteins have a conserved @entity563 or @entity1889 residue. Substitutions for this residue in Ras and related (small) G-proteins yield @entity377 -depleted, dominant-negative mutants. Here we have examined the consequences of changing the conserved @entity563 residue in the P-loop to @entity2734 , within a chimeric @entity17535 subunit (designated aT*) that is mainly comprised of the a subunit of the retinal G-protein transducin and a limited region from the a subunit of Gi1. The aT*( @entity72331 ) mutant exhibits a significantly higher rate of intrinsic @entity3006 - @entity3007 exchange compared with wild-type aT*, with light-activated @entity8695 (R*) causing only a moderate increase in the kinetics of @entity377 exchange on aT*( @entity72331 ). The aT*( @entity72331 ) mutant, when bound to either @entity3006 or @entity3007 , was able to significantly slow the rate of R*-catalyzed @entity3006 - @entity3007 exchange on wild-type aT*. Thus, @entity3007 -bound aT*( @entity72331 ), as well as the @entity3006 -bound mutant, is capable of forming a stable complex with R*. aT*( @entity72331 ) activated the @entity6708 phosphodiesterase (PDE) with a dose-response similar to wild-type aT*. Activation of the PDE by aT*( @entity72331 ) was unaffected if either R* or b1y1 alone was present, whereas it was inhibited when R* and the b1y1 subunit were added together. Overall, our studies suggest that the @entity72331 substitution on aT* stabilizes an intermediate on the G-protein activation pathway consisting of an activated G-protein-coupled receptor, a @entity3007 -bound @entity17535 subunit, and the b1y1 complex.

title: A dominant-negative XXXX mutant that traps a stable @entity8695 - @entity17535 - @entity3007 -betagamma complex.

answer: @entity17535 :: (8802,Gene) :: ['Galpha']


abstract: Residues comprising the @entity6370 -binding sites of the a subunits of heterotrimeric (large) G-proteins ( @entity17535 subunits), as well as the Ras-related (small) G-proteins, are highly conserved. This is especially the case for the @entity1391 -binding loop (P-loop) where both @entity17535 subunits and Ras-related G-proteins have a conserved @entity563 or @entity1889 residue. Substitutions for this residue in Ras and related (small) G-proteins yield @entity377 -depleted, dominant-negative mutants. Here we have examined the consequences of changing the conserved @entity563 residue in the P-loop to @entity2734 , within a chimeric @entity17535 subunit (designated aT*) that is mainly comprised of the a subunit of the retinal G-protein transducin and a limited region from the a subunit of Gi1. The aT*( @entity72331 ) mutant exhibits a significantly higher rate of intrinsic @entity3006 - @entity3007 exchange compared with wild-type aT*, with light-activated @entity8695 (R*) causing only a moderate increase in the kinetics of @entity377 exchange on aT*( @entity72331 ). The aT*( @entity72331 ) mutant, when bound to either @entity3006 or @entity3007 , was able to significantly slow the rate of R*-catalyzed @entity3006 - @entity3007 exchange on wild-type aT*. Thus, @entity3007 -bound aT*( @entity72331 ), as well as the @entity3006 -bound mutant, is capable of forming a stable complex with R*. aT*( @entity72331 ) activated the @entity6708 phosphodiesterase (PDE) with a dose-response similar to wild-type aT*. Activation of the PDE by aT*( @entity72331 ) was unaffected if either R* or b1y1 alone was present, whereas it was inhibited when R* and the b1y1 subunit were added together. Overall, our studies suggest that the @entity72331 substitution on aT* stabilizes an intermediate on the G-protein activation pathway consisting of an activated G-protein-coupled receptor, a @entity3007 -bound @entity17535 subunit, and the b1y1 complex.

title: A dominant-negative @entity17535 mutant that traps a stable @entity8695 - XXXX - @entity3007 -betagamma complex.

answer: @entity17535 :: (8802,Gene) :: ['Galpha']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low serum @entity1372 is uncommon in @entity298 ( @entity298 ), which is surprising in view of the important role of normal kidney function to regulate water and @entity1372 balance. METHODS: We report 2 cases of persistent @entity2753 with balance studies in Case 1. We performed measurements of dialysate @entity1372 and volume output over 24 hours in a group of chronic @entity298 @entity1 . RESULTS: The low serum @entity1372 concentration did not vary too much with overall fluid removal via dialysis in @entity1 1, mainly because large quantities of @entity1372 were removed in the dialysate. In the 24-hour studies, a significant relationship was found between net daily @entity298 @entity1372 removal and net daily dialysate volume removed (r = 0.65). There was no relationship between net daily @entity298 @entity1372 removal and serum @entity1372 concentration. There was a linear direct correlation between serum and dialysate @entity1372 concentration (r = 0.8) as shown by others previously. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the main determinant of @entity298 @entity1372 loss is net dialysate ultrafiltration volume. Water loss via dialysis is necessarily associated with @entity1372 loss. In order to maintain a normal serum @entity1372 concentration salt intake must be proportional to the water loss induced by dialysis. The stimuli that allow dialysis @entity1 to maintain this delicate balance between water and salt intake are of considerable interest but remain undetermined.

title: XXXX in @entity298 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

answer: @entity2753 :: (MESH:D007010,Disease) :: ['Hyponatremia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low serum @entity1372 is uncommon in @entity298 ( @entity298 ), which is surprising in view of the important role of normal kidney function to regulate water and @entity1372 balance. METHODS: We report 2 cases of persistent @entity2753 with balance studies in Case 1. We performed measurements of dialysate @entity1372 and volume output over 24 hours in a group of chronic @entity298 @entity1 . RESULTS: The low serum @entity1372 concentration did not vary too much with overall fluid removal via dialysis in @entity1 1, mainly because large quantities of @entity1372 were removed in the dialysate. In the 24-hour studies, a significant relationship was found between net daily @entity298 @entity1372 removal and net daily dialysate volume removed (r = 0.65). There was no relationship between net daily @entity298 @entity1372 removal and serum @entity1372 concentration. There was a linear direct correlation between serum and dialysate @entity1372 concentration (r = 0.8) as shown by others previously. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the main determinant of @entity298 @entity1372 loss is net dialysate ultrafiltration volume. Water loss via dialysis is necessarily associated with @entity1372 loss. In order to maintain a normal serum @entity1372 concentration salt intake must be proportional to the water loss induced by dialysis. The stimuli that allow dialysis @entity1 to maintain this delicate balance between water and salt intake are of considerable interest but remain undetermined.

title: @entity2753 in XXXX @entity1 .

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritoneal dialysis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low serum @entity1372 is uncommon in @entity298 ( @entity298 ), which is surprising in view of the important role of normal kidney function to regulate water and @entity1372 balance. METHODS: We report 2 cases of persistent @entity2753 with balance studies in Case 1. We performed measurements of dialysate @entity1372 and volume output over 24 hours in a group of chronic @entity298 @entity1 . RESULTS: The low serum @entity1372 concentration did not vary too much with overall fluid removal via dialysis in @entity1 1, mainly because large quantities of @entity1372 were removed in the dialysate. In the 24-hour studies, a significant relationship was found between net daily @entity298 @entity1372 removal and net daily dialysate volume removed (r = 0.65). There was no relationship between net daily @entity298 @entity1372 removal and serum @entity1372 concentration. There was a linear direct correlation between serum and dialysate @entity1372 concentration (r = 0.8) as shown by others previously. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the main determinant of @entity298 @entity1372 loss is net dialysate ultrafiltration volume. Water loss via dialysis is necessarily associated with @entity1372 loss. In order to maintain a normal serum @entity1372 concentration salt intake must be proportional to the water loss induced by dialysis. The stimuli that allow dialysis @entity1 to maintain this delicate balance between water and salt intake are of considerable interest but remain undetermined.

title: @entity2753 in @entity298 XXXX .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Chinese snub-nosed monkeys belong to the genus @entity44517 and are limited in distribution to six isolated mountainous areas in the temperate regions of Central and Southwest China. Compared to the other members of the subfamily Colobinae (or leaf-eating monkeys), these endangered primates are unique in being adapted to a high altitude environment and display a remarkable ability to tolerate low temperatures and @entity519 . They thus offer an interesting organismal model of adaptation to extreme environmental stress. Mitochondria generate energy by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and play important roles in @entity26 usage and energy metabolism. We analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of two Chinese snub-nosed monkey species and eight other colobines in the first attempt to understand the genetic basis of high altitude adaptation in non- @entity1 primates. We found significant evidence of positive selection in one Chinese snub-nosed monkey, @entity44517 , which is suggestive of adaptive change related to high altitude and cold weather stress. In addition, our study identified two potentially important adaptive @entity535 residues (533 and 3307) in the NADH2 and @entity2125 6 genes, respectively. Surprisingly, no evidence for positive selection was found in @entity21875 (the other Chinese snub-nosed monkey analyzed). This finding is intriguing, especially considering that @entity21875 inhabits a higher altitudinal distribution than @entity44517 . We hypothesize that a different adaptive genetic basis to high altitude survival exists in @entity21875 from those seen in other mammals, and that positive selection and functionally associated mutations in this species may be detected in nuclear genes related to energy and @entity26 metabolism. More information on the structure, function, and evolution of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Chinese snub-nosed monkeys is required to reveal the molecular mechanisms that underlie adaptations to high altitude survival in non- @entity1 primates.

title: Mitogenomic analysis of Chinese snub-nosed monkeys: Evidence of positive selection in XXXX dehydrogenase genes in high-altitude adaptation.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity21875 :: ('61621', 'Species') :: ['Rhinopithecus bieti', 'R. bieti']

entities_list: @entity44517 :: ('61622', 'Species') :: ['Rhinopithecus roxellana', 'Rhinopithecus', 'R. roxellana']

answer: @entity2125 :: (MESH:D009243,Chemical) :: ['NADH']


abstract: We report a case of @entity424 with extracranial @entity3 in a 22-year-old female. The @entity1 originally presented with @entity10 and @entity4653 . Neuroimaging revealed a large solid and cystic right fronto-temporal lesion. It was located completely extraventricularly and a @entity463 was suspected based on the neuroimaging findings. A gross total resection was achieved. Histopathologic examination revealed an @entity424 . The @entity1 was treated with radiotherapy. Approximately 1  year after the initial surgery, the @entity1 presented with metastatic disease to the scalp. At 2  years, an intraparotid @entity3 was detected. Subsequent neck dissection revealed positive lymph nodes at several levels. It was followed by radiotherapy to the neck. 5  years after the initial surgery, the @entity1 has residual metastatic disease. The case is discussed and the literature on extraventricular @entity5 is reviewed.

title: Extraventricular XXXX with @entity3 to scalp and neck.

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['ependymal neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity424 :: (MESH:D004806,Disease) :: ['anaplastic ependymoma']


abstract: We report a case of @entity424 with extracranial @entity3 in a 22-year-old female. The @entity1 originally presented with @entity10 and @entity4653 . Neuroimaging revealed a large solid and cystic right fronto-temporal lesion. It was located completely extraventricularly and a @entity463 was suspected based on the neuroimaging findings. A gross total resection was achieved. Histopathologic examination revealed an @entity424 . The @entity1 was treated with radiotherapy. Approximately 1  year after the initial surgery, the @entity1 presented with metastatic disease to the scalp. At 2  years, an intraparotid @entity3 was detected. Subsequent neck dissection revealed positive lymph nodes at several levels. It was followed by radiotherapy to the neck. 5  years after the initial surgery, the @entity1 has residual metastatic disease. The case is discussed and the literature on extraventricular @entity5 is reviewed.

title: Extraventricular @entity424 with XXXX to scalp and neck.

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity167 -dependent @entity1 , @entity167 -associated cues elicit brain activation in mesocorticolimbic networks involved in relapse mechanisms. @entity1297 ( @entity1297 ) has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of @entity988 ; however, it has remained unexplored whether @entity1297 mediates its therapeutic effects via changes of activity in mesolimbic networks in response to @entity167 cues. In this study, we assessed @entity1297 treatment effects on cue-induced responses using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial, abstinent @entity167 -dependent @entity1 were randomly assigned to a @entity1297 group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15). All @entity1 underwent an extended detoxification treatment comprising medically supervised detoxification, health education, and supportive therapy. The @entity1297 @entity1 additionally received nine @entity1297 sessions over 3 weeks, exposing the @entity1 to his/her preferred alcoholic beverage. Cue-induced fMRI activation to @entity167 cues was measured at pretreatment and posttreatment. RESULTS: Compared with pretreatment, fMRI cue-reactivity reduction was greater in the @entity1297 relative to the control group, especially in the anterior cingulate gyrus and the insula, as well as limbic and frontal regions. Before treatment, increased cue-induced fMRI activation was found in limbic and reward-related brain regions and in visual areas. After treatment, the @entity1297 group showed less activation than the control group in the left ventral striatum. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides first evidence that an exposure-based psychotherapeutic intervention in the treatment of @entity988 impacts on brain areas relevant for addiction memory and attentional focus to @entity167 -associated cues and affects mesocorticolimbic reward pathways suggested to be pathophysiologically involved in addiction.

title: Effects of cue-exposure treatment on neural cue reactivity in XXXX dependence: a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1297 :: ('MESH:D019292', 'Disease') :: ['CET', 'Cue-exposure based extinction training']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']