abstract: Numerous investigators endeavored to make clear pathophysiological changes in a traumatic spinal cord lesion. The development of neuroscience contributed to have an influence on methods of these researches. This study was undertaken to assess electrophysiological changes resulting from variable periods of experimental @entity1745 or @entity63 by using the evoked spinal cord potentials. Experiments were performed on @entity235 . Following laminectomies at Th7-9 and L3-4 levels under anesthesia, @entity1566 were produced at the lower thoracic level by inflation of an extradurally placed balloon which produced slow graded compression of cord dorsum. Evoked spinal cord potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation were recorded from bipolar electrodes in the midline dorsal subdural space at the operative sites. The normal wave forms of two responses consisted of initially positive triphasic potentials (P1, N1, P2). The conduction velocity of the ascending afferent from the leg was found on the average to be 54.8 +/- 9.7 m/sec between lumbar and dorsal cord. On the basis of the conduction velocities and the responses to stimulus intensities, the afferent volley recorded in the present experiments might reflect synaptic cord afferent pathways originated without Group I fibers in the cord dorsum which were situated ipsilateral to the stimulated nerve. After inflation of the balloon with 0.1 cc of water, spinal canal narrowing rate increased to 14.3 +/- 2.9%. The evoked spinal cord potentials in the lead rostral to the site of compression began to decrease in amplitude. When more water was added into the balloon up to 0.4 - 0.6 cc, spinal canal narrowing rate was enhanced to 42.5 - 77.7% in which potentials were abolished. P2 wave was the first to be abolished and subsequently N1, P1 disappeared in order. On the other hand, the potentials reappeared after decompression in the reverse of their disappearance in order. Responses in @entity235 with complete recovery from @entity451 returned to the precompression wave pattern both in the amplitude and in latency. On the contrary, in @entity235 with @entity3500 , the recovery of wave form was shown as P1, N1 or P1, N1 with depressed P2. Despite this variability, the evoked response from animals with reversible @entity1566 were discernible in the early period of spinal shock phase. The degree of recovery varied and had no linear relationship to the recovery grade of clinical symptoms. The experimental cord @entity63 was made by inflation of a balloon catheter which was inserted from femoral artery into the upper thoracic aorta. The evoked spinal cord potentials were recorded at the midthoracic and lumbar level. Changes of wave form resulting from the ischemic period of 30 minutes were first the amplitude loss of N1 and subsequently that of P2, P1. On the other hand, the responses gradually returned to their pre-ischemic characteristic about 30 minutes after circulatory reestablishment...

title: [Clinical application of the evoked spinal cord potentials. Part 1. Neurophysiological assessment of the evoked spinal cord potentials in experimental cord trauma - with reference to XXXX and @entity63 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity3500 :: ('MESH:D020336', 'Disease') :: ['spastic paraparesis']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['cord injuries', 'cord injury']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

answer: @entity1745 :: (MESH:D013117,Disease) :: ['cord compression']


abstract: Numerous investigators endeavored to make clear pathophysiological changes in a traumatic spinal cord lesion. The development of neuroscience contributed to have an influence on methods of these researches. This study was undertaken to assess electrophysiological changes resulting from variable periods of experimental @entity1745 or @entity63 by using the evoked spinal cord potentials. Experiments were performed on @entity235 . Following laminectomies at Th7-9 and L3-4 levels under anesthesia, @entity1566 were produced at the lower thoracic level by inflation of an extradurally placed balloon which produced slow graded compression of cord dorsum. Evoked spinal cord potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation were recorded from bipolar electrodes in the midline dorsal subdural space at the operative sites. The normal wave forms of two responses consisted of initially positive triphasic potentials (P1, N1, P2). The conduction velocity of the ascending afferent from the leg was found on the average to be 54.8 +/- 9.7 m/sec between lumbar and dorsal cord. On the basis of the conduction velocities and the responses to stimulus intensities, the afferent volley recorded in the present experiments might reflect synaptic cord afferent pathways originated without Group I fibers in the cord dorsum which were situated ipsilateral to the stimulated nerve. After inflation of the balloon with 0.1 cc of water, spinal canal narrowing rate increased to 14.3 +/- 2.9%. The evoked spinal cord potentials in the lead rostral to the site of compression began to decrease in amplitude. When more water was added into the balloon up to 0.4 - 0.6 cc, spinal canal narrowing rate was enhanced to 42.5 - 77.7% in which potentials were abolished. P2 wave was the first to be abolished and subsequently N1, P1 disappeared in order. On the other hand, the potentials reappeared after decompression in the reverse of their disappearance in order. Responses in @entity235 with complete recovery from @entity451 returned to the precompression wave pattern both in the amplitude and in latency. On the contrary, in @entity235 with @entity3500 , the recovery of wave form was shown as P1, N1 or P1, N1 with depressed P2. Despite this variability, the evoked response from animals with reversible @entity1566 were discernible in the early period of spinal shock phase. The degree of recovery varied and had no linear relationship to the recovery grade of clinical symptoms. The experimental cord @entity63 was made by inflation of a balloon catheter which was inserted from femoral artery into the upper thoracic aorta. The evoked spinal cord potentials were recorded at the midthoracic and lumbar level. Changes of wave form resulting from the ischemic period of 30 minutes were first the amplitude loss of N1 and subsequently that of P2, P1. On the other hand, the responses gradually returned to their pre-ischemic characteristic about 30 minutes after circulatory reestablishment...

title: [Clinical application of the evoked spinal cord potentials. Part 1. Neurophysiological assessment of the evoked spinal cord potentials in experimental cord trauma - with reference to @entity1745 and XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: Feedback control in our injury device allowed the impactor to be sensitive to the biomechanical characteristics of the spinal cord and produce mechanically predictable @entity130 . We tested the hypotheses that (i) extracellular @entity460 [( @entity141 ]e) in the @entity35 spinal cord recovers with a time course dependent on the magnitude of injury intensity, (ii) [ @entity141 ]e is initially depressed at the @entity130 to the same degree independent of injury severity, and (iii) acute (less than 3.0 h) recovery of [ @entity141 ]e to normal values occurs in that group of animals that shows only transient @entity51 in the postinjury period. Three levels of injury (light, intermediate, and heavy) were produced by controlling spinal displacement during the injury process. After injury, [ @entity141 ]e at the injury site decreased to values less than 0.1 mM and then recovered during the next 3 h. Incomplete recoveries occurred in the intermediate- and heavy-injury groups (0.72 +/- 0.01 and 0.58 +/- 0.01 mM, respectively). [ @entity141 ]e activity in the lightly injured group recovered to normal values by 3 h. @entity130 protocols therefore resulted in reproducible responses in the cellular microenvironment. Behavioral recovery could be predicted from mechanical impact parameters. Animals in the light-injury group had transient @entity51 in some behavioral tests (open-field walking) with no alteration in others (inclined-plane analysis). Neurologic tests that required coordination between fore and hind limbs (grid walking) did not reveal significant deficiencies until 14 days postinjury. Those animals in the intermediate and heavy groups showed initial and continuing neurological effects in all behavioral measures. It is therefore probable that acute mechanical descriptors and hypocalcia transients are predictive of the ongoing and subsequent pathology of @entity1566 .

title: Functional analysis of an electromechanical XXXX device.

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury epicenter', 'injuries', 'Specific injury']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: @entity447 is a rare @entity74 of @entity4461 known since biblical times. The rarer form ( @entity4777 ) occurs in about 1 in 30,000 males and there are about 900 @entity1 in the U.K. at present. Biochemically, @entity1 either lack or have a defective protein (called factor IX) which is needed for the clotting of blood in response to injury. Only males get the disease. However, females can carry the trait in a latent form and transmit the disease to their offspring. Untreated, the disease leads to internal bleeding into muscles and joints and is life-threatening. In the U.K. and in countries with effective health care programmes, @entity1 are treated by periodic injection of factor IX concentrate, a drug isolated from the pooled plasma derived from many blood donors. This drug replaces their own absent or defective factor IX and allow them to enjoy a relatively normal lifestyle. I have reviewed recent studies on the molecular genetics of @entity4777 which started with the isolation of the gene coding the factor IX protein from normal individuals in 1984. Following this, it has been possible firstly to produce factor IX artificially in the laboratory from cloned copies of the messenger RNA of the factor IX gene. Secondly, it has been possible to improve the diagnosis of 'carriers'. Carrier females often wish to know whether they are carriers or not before they have @entity1 . If they are positively identified as carriers, the risk and implications of having a haemophiliac son can be discussed and therapeutic abortion considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The molecular pathology of XXXX . Fourth Wellcome Trust lecture.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['Haemophilia']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['blood clotting']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited disease']

entities_list: @entity4777 :: ('MESH:D002836', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia B']

answer: @entity4777 :: (MESH:D002836,Disease) :: ['haemophilia B']


abstract: Differential pulse voltammetry used in combination with an electrochemically treated @entity505 fiber electrode allowed to detect @entity620 (AA) and @entity4925 ( @entity4925 ) in the striatum of unanaesthetized freely moving @entity35 . @entity505 fiber electrodes were implanted under light @entity1508 anaesthesia. When the @entity35 recovered from anaesthesia, voltammograms were recorded every 2.5 min for about 5 h. During the last 3 h the signals corresponding to AA and @entity4925 appeared stable and reproducible, allowing comparisons between control and pharmacological experiments. After the in vivo experiments, the electrodes were calibrated in AA and @entity4925 solutions. Striatal AA and @entity4925 levels were thus estimated to be 306 and 17.7 microM respectively. @entity4925 signals were increased by @entity1767 and @entity22292 , decreased by @entity4944 and suppressed by @entity4927 . In pargyline pretreated @entity35 the @entity6153 signal slightly re-appeared after @entity4944 injections. This signal was attributed to @entity935 (DA) and estimated to a concentration less than 50 nM DA. The AA current recorded in the striatum was not modified when dopaminergic terminals selectively degenerated. The AA signal was decreased by @entity22292 or @entity1508 anaesthesia and increased by @entity4944 injections. This latter effect depended on the presence of dopaminergic terminals. This shows that the increasing current effect of @entity4944 , previously observed by non-selective techniques, should be attributed to AA rather than DA. These results confirm that the @entity6153 compound electrochemically detected in the striatum is the direct metabolite of the DA, i.e. @entity4925 , and support the thesis of a functional relationship between AA levels and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

title: Voltammetry in the striatum of chronic freely moving @entity35 : detection of catechols and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity4925 :: ('MESH:D015102', 'Chemical') :: ['DOPAC', '3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity4927 :: ('MESH:D010293', 'Chemical') :: ['pargyline']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity505 :: ('MESH:D002244', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon', 'Carbon']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity22292 :: ('MESH:D002697', 'Chemical') :: ['chloral hydrate']

entities_list: @entity6153 :: ('MESH:C034221', 'Chemical') :: ['catechol']

answer: @entity620 :: (MESH:D001205,Chemical) :: ['ascorbic acid']


abstract: Differential pulse voltammetry used in combination with an electrochemically treated @entity505 fiber electrode allowed to detect @entity620 (AA) and @entity4925 ( @entity4925 ) in the striatum of unanaesthetized freely moving @entity35 . @entity505 fiber electrodes were implanted under light @entity1508 anaesthesia. When the @entity35 recovered from anaesthesia, voltammograms were recorded every 2.5 min for about 5 h. During the last 3 h the signals corresponding to AA and @entity4925 appeared stable and reproducible, allowing comparisons between control and pharmacological experiments. After the in vivo experiments, the electrodes were calibrated in AA and @entity4925 solutions. Striatal AA and @entity4925 levels were thus estimated to be 306 and 17.7 microM respectively. @entity4925 signals were increased by @entity1767 and @entity22292 , decreased by @entity4944 and suppressed by @entity4927 . In pargyline pretreated @entity35 the @entity6153 signal slightly re-appeared after @entity4944 injections. This signal was attributed to @entity935 (DA) and estimated to a concentration less than 50 nM DA. The AA current recorded in the striatum was not modified when dopaminergic terminals selectively degenerated. The AA signal was decreased by @entity22292 or @entity1508 anaesthesia and increased by @entity4944 injections. This latter effect depended on the presence of dopaminergic terminals. This shows that the increasing current effect of @entity4944 , previously observed by non-selective techniques, should be attributed to AA rather than DA. These results confirm that the @entity6153 compound electrochemically detected in the striatum is the direct metabolite of the DA, i.e. @entity4925 , and support the thesis of a functional relationship between AA levels and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

title: Voltammetry in the striatum of chronic freely moving XXXX : detection of catechols and @entity620 .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The effect of @entity1068 metabolism on the energetic parameters and intracellular pH of the isolated perfused @entity35 liver from fed @entity35 was studied by @entity9715 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed us to analyze nondestructively and in real time the role of low @entity26 tension on the possible injurious effect of @entity1068 on the liver cells. A quantitative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded on a perfused @entity35 liver within a 30 mm diameter probe has been performed at 80.9 MHz. Under normoxic and normothermic conditions, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites detected by nuclear magnetic resonance were 2.8, 0.3 and 2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight for @entity855 , @entity857 and inorganic @entity6546 , respectively. The cytosolic pH was 7.25 +/- 0.05. During a period of 4 min of @entity519 induced by reducing the perfusion flow rate to 25% of its initial value (i.e., from 12 ml to 3 ml per min per 100 gm body weight), the level of @entity855 dropped to 2.2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Concomitantly, @entity857 and inorganic @entity6546 increased to 0.6 and 3.3 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Cytosolic pH fell to 7.02 +/- 0.05. Perfusion of the liver with a Krebs medium containing 70 mM (0.4%) @entity1068 induced a sharp decrease in intracellular inorganic @entity6546 to reach 1.3 mumole per gm liver wet weight and after a lag time of 4 to 6 min, a decrease in @entity855 level (2.15 mumoles per gm liver wet weight). A large increase in phosphomonoesters (mainly @entity53200 ) up to 6 mumoles per gm liver wet weight was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hepatic metabolism during acute @entity1068 administration: a @entity9715 nuclear magnetic resonance study on the perfused @entity35 liver under normoxic or XXXX conditions.

entities_list: @entity6546 :: ('MESH:D010710', 'Chemical') :: ['orthophosphate']

entities_list: @entity9715 :: ('CHEBI:37971', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus-31']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity53200 :: ('CHEBI:15978', 'Chemical') :: ['sn-glycerol 3-phosphate']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic']


abstract: The effect of @entity1068 metabolism on the energetic parameters and intracellular pH of the isolated perfused @entity35 liver from fed @entity35 was studied by @entity9715 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed us to analyze nondestructively and in real time the role of low @entity26 tension on the possible injurious effect of @entity1068 on the liver cells. A quantitative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded on a perfused @entity35 liver within a 30 mm diameter probe has been performed at 80.9 MHz. Under normoxic and normothermic conditions, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites detected by nuclear magnetic resonance were 2.8, 0.3 and 2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight for @entity855 , @entity857 and inorganic @entity6546 , respectively. The cytosolic pH was 7.25 +/- 0.05. During a period of 4 min of @entity519 induced by reducing the perfusion flow rate to 25% of its initial value (i.e., from 12 ml to 3 ml per min per 100 gm body weight), the level of @entity855 dropped to 2.2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Concomitantly, @entity857 and inorganic @entity6546 increased to 0.6 and 3.3 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Cytosolic pH fell to 7.02 +/- 0.05. Perfusion of the liver with a Krebs medium containing 70 mM (0.4%) @entity1068 induced a sharp decrease in intracellular inorganic @entity6546 to reach 1.3 mumole per gm liver wet weight and after a lag time of 4 to 6 min, a decrease in @entity855 level (2.15 mumoles per gm liver wet weight). A large increase in phosphomonoesters (mainly @entity53200 ) up to 6 mumoles per gm liver wet weight was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hepatic metabolism during acute @entity1068 administration: a XXXX nuclear magnetic resonance study on the perfused @entity35 liver under normoxic or @entity519 conditions.

answer: @entity9715 :: (CHEBI:37971,Chemical) :: ['phosphorus-31']


abstract: The effect of @entity1068 metabolism on the energetic parameters and intracellular pH of the isolated perfused @entity35 liver from fed @entity35 was studied by @entity9715 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed us to analyze nondestructively and in real time the role of low @entity26 tension on the possible injurious effect of @entity1068 on the liver cells. A quantitative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded on a perfused @entity35 liver within a 30 mm diameter probe has been performed at 80.9 MHz. Under normoxic and normothermic conditions, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites detected by nuclear magnetic resonance were 2.8, 0.3 and 2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight for @entity855 , @entity857 and inorganic @entity6546 , respectively. The cytosolic pH was 7.25 +/- 0.05. During a period of 4 min of @entity519 induced by reducing the perfusion flow rate to 25% of its initial value (i.e., from 12 ml to 3 ml per min per 100 gm body weight), the level of @entity855 dropped to 2.2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Concomitantly, @entity857 and inorganic @entity6546 increased to 0.6 and 3.3 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Cytosolic pH fell to 7.02 +/- 0.05. Perfusion of the liver with a Krebs medium containing 70 mM (0.4%) @entity1068 induced a sharp decrease in intracellular inorganic @entity6546 to reach 1.3 mumole per gm liver wet weight and after a lag time of 4 to 6 min, a decrease in @entity855 level (2.15 mumoles per gm liver wet weight). A large increase in phosphomonoesters (mainly @entity53200 ) up to 6 mumoles per gm liver wet weight was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hepatic metabolism during acute XXXX administration: a @entity9715 nuclear magnetic resonance study on the perfused @entity35 liver under normoxic or @entity519 conditions.

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: The effect of @entity1068 metabolism on the energetic parameters and intracellular pH of the isolated perfused @entity35 liver from fed @entity35 was studied by @entity9715 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed us to analyze nondestructively and in real time the role of low @entity26 tension on the possible injurious effect of @entity1068 on the liver cells. A quantitative analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance data recorded on a perfused @entity35 liver within a 30 mm diameter probe has been performed at 80.9 MHz. Under normoxic and normothermic conditions, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites detected by nuclear magnetic resonance were 2.8, 0.3 and 2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight for @entity855 , @entity857 and inorganic @entity6546 , respectively. The cytosolic pH was 7.25 +/- 0.05. During a period of 4 min of @entity519 induced by reducing the perfusion flow rate to 25% of its initial value (i.e., from 12 ml to 3 ml per min per 100 gm body weight), the level of @entity855 dropped to 2.2 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Concomitantly, @entity857 and inorganic @entity6546 increased to 0.6 and 3.3 mumoles per gm liver wet weight. Cytosolic pH fell to 7.02 +/- 0.05. Perfusion of the liver with a Krebs medium containing 70 mM (0.4%) @entity1068 induced a sharp decrease in intracellular inorganic @entity6546 to reach 1.3 mumole per gm liver wet weight and after a lag time of 4 to 6 min, a decrease in @entity855 level (2.15 mumoles per gm liver wet weight). A large increase in phosphomonoesters (mainly @entity53200 ) up to 6 mumoles per gm liver wet weight was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Hepatic metabolism during acute @entity1068 administration: a @entity9715 nuclear magnetic resonance study on the perfused XXXX liver under normoxic or @entity519 conditions.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Eight @entity1 representing @entity227 associated with @entity1276 are reviewed. Seven cases had @entity1276 and one had congenital communicating @entity1276 . We found five cases of defects in @entity227 : (1) inferior @entity1805 with inferior nasal quadrantanopia in the opposite eye; (2) inferior binasal quadrantanopia; (3) @entity308 ; (4) unilateral temporal defect; (5) bilateral central scotoma. In these cases CT demonstrated moderate or marked symmetrical dilatation of the third and lateral ventricles. Four out of five cases showed bulging of the third ventricle anteriorly into the sella turcica on CT or ventriculography. Other three @entity1 had @entity1805 . Characteristic asymmetrical dilatation of the lateral ventricles was noted in all three cases. The more enlarged lateral ventricles were ipsilateral with the affected visual pathways. The sites of lesion responsible for these field defects seemed to be optic tract in one case and optic radiation in two cases. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed in five out of seven cases. Impaired visual field improved in three @entity1 after shunt insertion. A 28-year-old female who had history of blurred vision fos 14 days showed improvement in visual acuity and field when the enlarged ventricles became slit-like by shunting. In the other two @entity1 defects in visual fields improved in spite of consistent @entity1276 . These facts suggested that not only the mechanical forces with distended third ventricle but also @entity428 played an important role in producing @entity227 in hydrocephalic @entity1 .

title: [Visual field defects in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field typical of a chiasmal or optic nerve lesion', 'visual field defects']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral inferior nasal depression']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus', 'aqueductal stenosis', 'ventriculomegaly']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['increased intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity1805 :: ('MESH:D006423', 'Disease') :: ['incongruous homonymous hemianopia', 'altitudinal hemianopia']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: @entity5505 ( @entity8353 ) was administered to 34 full-term and premature @entity1 aged 0-27 days with various @entity2348 in a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, and plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates in these subjects during recovery periods were studied. Because of the small number of the cases recruited, neonates were not divided into the full-term and the premature group, but into 3 groups based on day-age: 0-3 days, 4-7 days, and 8 days or older. Concentrations and rates of transfer of @entity8353 into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined in 2 cases, and biliary concentrations in another case. A clinical evaluation of @entity8353 was performed in 12 male and 6 female @entity1 aged 1 day to 4 months and 19 days, including 2 each with @entity693 , @entity55 and @entity2885 , 3 with @entity295 , 1 each with @entity295 suspected, @entity255 , @entity4034 , @entity3127 , staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, and @entity697 and 3 for prophylactic use. Plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates of @entity8353 The intravenous bolus injection at 10 mg/kg. Peak plasma concentrations of @entity8353 were obtained at the first collection (30 minutes) of blood samples or 1 hour in all 3 groups, ranging from 23.3 to 26.9 micrograms/ml with no significant variations, plasma concentrations then slowly decreased, and were still 6.04-9.88 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. The half-lives of @entity8353 in plasma tended to be shorter in older day-age neonates, with mean half-lives being 3.59, 2.50 and 2.50 hours for the youngest. The intravenous bolus injection at 20 mg/kg. Peak concentrations were obtained at the first collection of blood samples in all 3 groups (0-3 days: 15 minutes, the others: 30 minutes), being 54.8, 39.9 and 43.8 micrograms/ml, respectively, then slowly decreased and were still 10.4-15.7 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. Inter-age differences in half-lives were marked, i.e., 3.6 hours in 0-3-day group, 3.48 hours in 4-7-day group and 2.75 hours in 8-day or older group. Urinary recovery rates were about 40-60% without reference to day-age neonates. CSF concentrations About 50 mg/kg of @entity8353 was given to each of 2 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Fundamental and clinical studies on XXXX in neonates and premature @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['Ceftazidime']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity3127 :: ('MESH:D001996', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['purulent meningitis']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity5505 :: (MESH:D002442,Chemical) :: ['ceftazidime']


abstract: @entity5505 ( @entity8353 ) was administered to 34 full-term and premature @entity1 aged 0-27 days with various @entity2348 in a dose of 10 or 20 mg/kg by intravenous bolus injection, and plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates in these subjects during recovery periods were studied. Because of the small number of the cases recruited, neonates were not divided into the full-term and the premature group, but into 3 groups based on day-age: 0-3 days, 4-7 days, and 8 days or older. Concentrations and rates of transfer of @entity8353 into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined in 2 cases, and biliary concentrations in another case. A clinical evaluation of @entity8353 was performed in 12 male and 6 female @entity1 aged 1 day to 4 months and 19 days, including 2 each with @entity693 , @entity55 and @entity2885 , 3 with @entity295 , 1 each with @entity295 suspected, @entity255 , @entity4034 , @entity3127 , staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome, and @entity697 and 3 for prophylactic use. Plasma concentrations and urinary recovery rates of @entity8353 The intravenous bolus injection at 10 mg/kg. Peak plasma concentrations of @entity8353 were obtained at the first collection (30 minutes) of blood samples or 1 hour in all 3 groups, ranging from 23.3 to 26.9 micrograms/ml with no significant variations, plasma concentrations then slowly decreased, and were still 6.04-9.88 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. The half-lives of @entity8353 in plasma tended to be shorter in older day-age neonates, with mean half-lives being 3.59, 2.50 and 2.50 hours for the youngest. The intravenous bolus injection at 20 mg/kg. Peak concentrations were obtained at the first collection of blood samples in all 3 groups (0-3 days: 15 minutes, the others: 30 minutes), being 54.8, 39.9 and 43.8 micrograms/ml, respectively, then slowly decreased and were still 10.4-15.7 micrograms/ml even at 6 hours after the administration. Inter-age differences in half-lives were marked, i.e., 3.6 hours in 0-3-day group, 3.48 hours in 4-7-day group and 2.75 hours in 8-day or older group. Urinary recovery rates were about 40-60% without reference to day-age neonates. CSF concentrations About 50 mg/kg of @entity8353 was given to each of 2 cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Fundamental and clinical studies on @entity5505 in neonates and premature XXXX ].

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: Eight previously treated and four untreated @entity1 with @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) received 20 X 10(6) U/m2 recombinant leukocyte interferon clone A (rIFN-alpha A) intramuscularly three times a week for 8 weeks. None of the eight @entity1 who had received prior chemotherapy exhibited objective evidence of @entity5 regression. Two of the four previously untreated @entity1 responded with transient (90%) decreases in absolute lymphocyte counts lasting for 2 and 7 months. @entity137 was moderate, with all @entity1 experiencing @entity683 requiring a 50% dose reduction. Half of the @entity1 exhibited @entity448 , @entity353 , and a drop in performance status. The two responders had normal serum immunoglobulin levels prior to treatment, whereas 80% of non-responders had depressed levels. Treatment with rIFN-alpha A was associated with a @entity308 of nonspecific and specific humoral immunity in assays employing cryopreserved autologous pretherapy @entity1072 cells. No consistent effects were demonstrable in cytolytic assays with purified peripheral blood T cells as effector cells, including one that utilized autologous @entity1072 target cells. rIFN-alpha A has limited antitumor activity in @entity1072 which is restricted to untreated @entity1 with an early stage of disease. With the assays employed it was not possible to demonstrate that rIFN-alpha A could augment autologous antitumor immunity.

title: Recombinant leukocyte A interferon in B-cell XXXX : in vivo effects on autologous antitumor immunity.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia', 'CLL', 'B cell CLL']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['a flu-like syndrome']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: An atypical isolate of @entity1327 was investigated because of its consistent and reproducible production of gross nasal pathology following i.v. injection in Swiss albino @entity19 . Dose response to graded concentrations ranging from 1 X 10(2)-1 X 10(7) cells/ @entity19 yielded an LD50 of 1.4 X 10(3) cells/ @entity19 for the atypical rhinotropic strain H140 which was significantly less virulent (p less than 0.01) than our reference strain of @entity1327 . There was no significant difference in mortality following the injection of in vitro vs. in vivo passed inoculum. As early as two weeks after inoculation, this strain produced gross nasal enlargement to approximately 2-3 X normal dimensions with granulomatous and @entity1066 . The LD60 resulted in the greatest percentage of nasal involvement (85%). @entity1327 was demonstrated by culture and histopathology in the noses, brains, lungs, livers and kidneys. A temperature selection was indicated by findings of a lower temperature minimum for subcultures isolated from the noses relative to those isolated from the brain, and by the fact that the most densely populated organs following intraperitoneal injection were the testes. This route of inoculation resulted in cutaneous nasal involvement in a manner analogous to that following i.v. injection. The atypical isolate was unable to assimilate @entity7970 or @entity9592 but otherwise was entirely consistent with identification as @entity1327 and produced characteristic CNS and general organ system disease in addition to the rhinotropic cutaneous manifestations. The model characterized here in normal @entity19 may be of value in studies of fungal dermotropism.

title: In vivo and in vitro studies with an atypical, rhinotropic isolate of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7970 :: ('MESH:D014199', 'Chemical') :: ['trehalose']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerated lesions']

entities_list: @entity1327 :: ('5207', 'Species') :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans', 'C. neoformans']

entities_list: @entity9592 :: ('MESH:D011887', 'Chemical') :: ['raffinose']

answer: @entity1327 :: (5207,Species) :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans']


abstract: 1. Eleven @entity1985 @entity1 were immersed up to the neck in 1.3 m of water at 34 degrees C for 4 h. 2. A diuresis began, within the first hour of, and continued throughout, immersion. The urine osmolality fell significantly and @entity2421 in the first hour of immersion and increased gradually during the remainder of immersion and postimmersion. 3. Throughout immersion there was a steady increase in urinary @entity1372 and @entity2865 excretion and a sharp fall in the postimmersion hour. 4. Overall fractional excretion of @entity1372 and of @entity2865 increased steadily throughout immersion and fell during the post-immersion hour. 5. There was an increase in urinary @entity972 excretion on immersion but no change in fractional excretion of @entity972 . There was an initial increase in distally reabsorbed @entity1372 / @entity2865 on immersion, as expressed by positive values of @entity17258 in the first hour of immersion. 6. Plasma @entity1369 levels were initially elevated in only two out of nine @entity1 . There was a significant fall in plasma @entity1369 levels on immersion, but there was no correlation between @entity1372 / @entity2865 handling and @entity1369 levels on immersion.

title: Renal salt and water handling in water immersion in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['decreased to hypotonic levels']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic']

answer: @entity1985 :: (MESH:D009404,Disease) :: ['nephrotic syndrome']


abstract: @entity73 associated with ageing and age-related disorders emerges as one of the greatest health challenges in the next decades. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset of neuronal physiological changes in the central nervous system remain unclear. Functional MRI and PET studies have indicated the @entity2414 performance in older adults. Similarly, age-related disorders, such as @entity195 , are associated with changes in the prefontral cortex and related neural circuitry, which underlines the decline of integrative function between different brain regions. This is mainly attributed to the loss of synaptic connectivity, which is a feature commonly observed in @entity179 . In @entity1 , the morphological and functional changes in neurons, such as reduction of spine numbers and @entity409 , precede the first signs of @entity73 and likely contribute to pathology progression. Thus, a new scenario emerges in which apparently unrelated diseases present common features, such as the remodelling of neuronal circuitries promoted by ageing. For many years, ageing was considered a process of @entity73 triggered by accidental environmental factors. Conversely, it is now evident that ageing is a biological process tightly controlled by evolutionary highly conserved signalling pathways. Importantly, genetic mutations that enhance longevity significantly delay the loss of synaptic connectivity and, therefore, the onset of age-related @entity75 . Accordingly, tweaking ageing might be an attractive approach to prevent @entity73 caused by age-related @entity409 .

title: Ageing, neuronal connectivity and XXXX : an unsolved ripple effect.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain disorders']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['slow deterioration', 'cognitive decline', 'Cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['synaptic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['decline in working memory']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['brain disorders']


abstract: At least two distinct subpopulations of A/J anti- @entity72845 ( @entity59753 ) antibodies can be defined on the basis of serological cross-reactivity and sequence homology of heavy and light chains. The most frequently occurring idiotype family, IdCR, was initially identified by a rabbit antiserum and is present only in A/J @entity19 . Examination of several randomly selected hybridoma proteins which failed to express IdCR-associated determinants revealed a second set of closely related molecules. The second idiotype family, Id36-60, is recognized by a rabbit antiserum prepared against the hybridoma protein 36-60. It is present in practically all A/J and BALB/c, but not B10. A @entity59753 immune sera. On average, A/J immune sera contain approximately one-fifth as much Id36-60 as IdCR. A/J @entity19 can be suppressed for subsequent expression of either idiotype by neonatal injection of anti-IdCR or anti-Id36-60 antisera. Suppression of IdCR does not affect the production of Id36-60 and vice versa. Together, these idiotype systems provide two independent markers for monitoring network regulation of the anti- @entity59753 antibody response in A/J @entity19 .

title: Two structurally distinct and independently regulated idiotypic families associated with the A/J response to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity72845 :: ('MESH:D010132', 'Chemical') :: ['azophenylarsonate']

answer: @entity72845 :: (MESH:D010132,Chemical) :: ['azophenylarsonate']


abstract: A multivariate analysis dissected the impact of donor procurement variables, immunologic risk factors, and alternate @entity205 and @entity229 induction immunosuppressive regimens on the early and eventual function of 303 consecutive cadaveric renal allografts. Primarily warm, but to a slight extent cold, @entity63 time had an adverse impact on allograft function, as did the requirement for vasopressor or diuretic therapy. The occurrence of initial graft non-function adversely affected the probability of three-month graft survival, but did not alter either the longevity of organs, which subsequently recovered function, or @entity1 mortality rate. The major immunologic risk factor was a second or multiple transplant, which was associated with an increased incidence of early graft failure, and @entity8 in successful transplants. Correlations with @entity1530 and DR matching were reflected in the quality of renal function, but not in graft survival rates. @entity205 ( @entity870 ) administration by continuous intravenous infusion, in order to avert initial elevated mean three-day, serum radioimmunoassay drug levels reduced the incidence of initial graft non-function. High levels were also associated with impaired early and eventual renal function. Rapid posttransplant taper of @entity288 to 30 mg @entity229 by day six was associated with a greater incidence of rejection episodes and early graft failure than a taper that achieved 30 mg @entity229 at 60 days. Both the serum @entity1011 value and the degree of @entity101 observed at one month afforded good prognostic indices of eventual graft survival. Therefore, renal allografts in CsA-treated @entity1 were sensitive not only to adverse donor and immunologic risk factors, but also to excessive CsA drug levels in the early postoperative period. These findings suggest an induction immunosuppressive strategy utilizing slightly higher initial doses of @entity230 for CsA-sparing during the first three days, followed by increased, but judicious, administration of CsA to achieve steroid-sparing by virtue of effective rejection prophylaxis.

title: Multivariate analysis of risk factors impacting on immediate and eventual cadaver allograft survival in XXXX -treated recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired renal function']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine', 'cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: Twenty-one @entity1 (3 @entity1 , 18 males, mean age 55.7 +/- 6 years) with @entity301 proven by coronary angiography entered a double blind randomised study with @entity3763 slow release 120 mg once a day. 2, 12 and 24 hours after acute medication @entity1 underwent a symptom-limited exercise-ECG. The following parameters were measured: @entity308 , blood pressure, heart rate and working capacity. After one week of therapy the same parameters were measured to look for the development of tolerance. Two and twelve hours after acute medication working capacity increased to 220% and 139% respectively. After 24 hours there was no statistically significant effect. The sum of @entity308 in three leads decreased from 4.85 +/- 3.02 mV to 1.87 +/- 0.96 mV (38.5%; p less than 0.05) 2 hours after medication, and to 2.10 +/- 1.73 mV 12 hours after medication. 24 hours after medication there was still a slight but not significant @entity308 . There was no statistically significant effect in the placebo group. After one week of therapy there was a slight reduction of action, but no development of tolerance.

title: [Long term therapy of XXXX with 120 mg slow release @entity3763 once a day. Study of duration of action and development of tolerance].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['ST-depression', 'reduction of ST-depression']

entities_list: @entity3763 :: ('MESH:D007548', 'Chemical') :: ['isosorbide dinitrate']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: Twenty-one @entity1 (3 @entity1 , 18 males, mean age 55.7 +/- 6 years) with @entity301 proven by coronary angiography entered a double blind randomised study with @entity3763 slow release 120 mg once a day. 2, 12 and 24 hours after acute medication @entity1 underwent a symptom-limited exercise-ECG. The following parameters were measured: @entity308 , blood pressure, heart rate and working capacity. After one week of therapy the same parameters were measured to look for the development of tolerance. Two and twelve hours after acute medication working capacity increased to 220% and 139% respectively. After 24 hours there was no statistically significant effect. The sum of @entity308 in three leads decreased from 4.85 +/- 3.02 mV to 1.87 +/- 0.96 mV (38.5%; p less than 0.05) 2 hours after medication, and to 2.10 +/- 1.73 mV 12 hours after medication. 24 hours after medication there was still a slight but not significant @entity308 . There was no statistically significant effect in the placebo group. After one week of therapy there was a slight reduction of action, but no development of tolerance.

title: [Long term therapy of @entity301 with 120 mg slow release XXXX once a day. Study of duration of action and development of tolerance].

answer: @entity3763 :: (MESH:D007548,Chemical) :: ['isosorbide dinitrate']


abstract: Observation of a markedly depressed HDL- @entity165 (5 mg/dL) in a @entity1 with @entity753 ( @entity753 ) receiving @entity5119 (1 g/day) and @entity12880 (2 g/day) prompted a review of all cases treated by this combination at our lipid clinic. @entity9680 (HDL-C less than 15 mg/dL) developed in 19 of 28 (70%) hyperlipidemic subjects who received this combination for an average of 1.5 years. This effect was sustained and reversible; it did not occur on either drug alone and was manifested on average 17 weeks after the combination was started. Plasma @entity1674 increased significantly in most of those @entity1 susceptible to this reduction in HDL-C. Plasma @entity1675 was decreased 82%, in proportion to the HDL-C fall, whereas apo @entity5704 was lowered 65%. Since apo C-III concentrations tended to be high, the apo A-I/C-III ratio was markedly depressed. @entity2204 levels were unchanged and apo B levels reflected the high LDL concentrations of the underlying disease. An intermediate response was observed in subjects whose HDL-C remained well above 15 mg/dL on the combination. No deleterious side-effects could be attributed directly to the administration of the combined drugs in this high-risk group. One @entity1 actually showed complete regression of xanthelasma and extensor @entity4741 of the finger on the combination. A parallel is drawn with @entity20124 and the presence of the @entity1675 Milano variant, where similar HDL-C levels are observed in the absence of an increased atherogenic risk. It is mandatory to monitor plasma HDL-C in @entity753 @entity1 treated with this combination, otherwise the pronounced @entity9680 could go unnoticed.

title: Severe XXXX induced by a combination of @entity5119 and @entity12880 .

entities_list: @entity20124 :: ('MESH:D007863', 'Disease') :: ['Fish-Eye disease']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['FH', 'familial hypercholesterolemia', 'hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity12880 :: ('MESH:D002994', 'Chemical') :: ['clofibrate']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity9680 :: ('MESH:D052456', 'Disease') :: ['HDL-deficiency', 'Hypoalphalipoproteinemia']

entities_list: @entity4741 :: ('MESH:D014973', 'Disease') :: ['tendon xanthomas']

entities_list: @entity1675 :: ('335', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein A-I']

entities_list: @entity5119 :: ('MESH:D011341', 'Chemical') :: ['probucol']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity9680 :: (MESH:D052456,Disease) :: ['hypoalphalipoproteinemia']


abstract: Observation of a markedly depressed HDL- @entity165 (5 mg/dL) in a @entity1 with @entity753 ( @entity753 ) receiving @entity5119 (1 g/day) and @entity12880 (2 g/day) prompted a review of all cases treated by this combination at our lipid clinic. @entity9680 (HDL-C less than 15 mg/dL) developed in 19 of 28 (70%) hyperlipidemic subjects who received this combination for an average of 1.5 years. This effect was sustained and reversible; it did not occur on either drug alone and was manifested on average 17 weeks after the combination was started. Plasma @entity1674 increased significantly in most of those @entity1 susceptible to this reduction in HDL-C. Plasma @entity1675 was decreased 82%, in proportion to the HDL-C fall, whereas apo @entity5704 was lowered 65%. Since apo C-III concentrations tended to be high, the apo A-I/C-III ratio was markedly depressed. @entity2204 levels were unchanged and apo B levels reflected the high LDL concentrations of the underlying disease. An intermediate response was observed in subjects whose HDL-C remained well above 15 mg/dL on the combination. No deleterious side-effects could be attributed directly to the administration of the combined drugs in this high-risk group. One @entity1 actually showed complete regression of xanthelasma and extensor @entity4741 of the finger on the combination. A parallel is drawn with @entity20124 and the presence of the @entity1675 Milano variant, where similar HDL-C levels are observed in the absence of an increased atherogenic risk. It is mandatory to monitor plasma HDL-C in @entity753 @entity1 treated with this combination, otherwise the pronounced @entity9680 could go unnoticed.

title: Severe @entity9680 induced by a combination of XXXX and @entity12880 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity5119 :: (MESH:D011341,Chemical) :: ['probucol']


abstract: Observation of a markedly depressed HDL- @entity165 (5 mg/dL) in a @entity1 with @entity753 ( @entity753 ) receiving @entity5119 (1 g/day) and @entity12880 (2 g/day) prompted a review of all cases treated by this combination at our lipid clinic. @entity9680 (HDL-C less than 15 mg/dL) developed in 19 of 28 (70%) hyperlipidemic subjects who received this combination for an average of 1.5 years. This effect was sustained and reversible; it did not occur on either drug alone and was manifested on average 17 weeks after the combination was started. Plasma @entity1674 increased significantly in most of those @entity1 susceptible to this reduction in HDL-C. Plasma @entity1675 was decreased 82%, in proportion to the HDL-C fall, whereas apo @entity5704 was lowered 65%. Since apo C-III concentrations tended to be high, the apo A-I/C-III ratio was markedly depressed. @entity2204 levels were unchanged and apo B levels reflected the high LDL concentrations of the underlying disease. An intermediate response was observed in subjects whose HDL-C remained well above 15 mg/dL on the combination. No deleterious side-effects could be attributed directly to the administration of the combined drugs in this high-risk group. One @entity1 actually showed complete regression of xanthelasma and extensor @entity4741 of the finger on the combination. A parallel is drawn with @entity20124 and the presence of the @entity1675 Milano variant, where similar HDL-C levels are observed in the absence of an increased atherogenic risk. It is mandatory to monitor plasma HDL-C in @entity753 @entity1 treated with this combination, otherwise the pronounced @entity9680 could go unnoticed.

title: Severe @entity9680 induced by a combination of @entity5119 and XXXX .

answer: @entity12880 :: (MESH:D002994,Chemical) :: ['clofibrate']


abstract: School systems, teachers, health systems, and physicians are striving to assist students to reach their full potential. Physicians have an understanding of @entity410 and medications that should be shared with teachers. In turn, teachers know what parts of students' learning seem to be affected by their @entity302 ; they also work with students every day and this gives them a unique perspective of changes in the @entity1 's status. @entity302 can profoundly affect the student- @entity1 , the school, and the home. Pediatricians are in the unique position to share medical information with teachers and parents. By sharing this information, physicians encourage collaboration. Increased collaboration, in turn, helps to reduce the myths and fears surrounding @entity302 . It provides teachers with the information they use to plan instructional programs, and it improves physicians' decisions regarding diagnosis and treatment. Physician/teacher collaboration is generally advocated for @entity1 -students in the "devastated" and the "compromised" groups. Collaboration is not necessary in @entity1 without problems and it is probably preferable not to risk stigmatizing otherwise intact @entity1 by attaching the label " @entity302 " to them. When collaboration is indicated, teachers will need some way of organizing information about students' @entity410 , educational, medical, and psychosocial background. The appendix contains a list of questions grouped according to these categories. If teachers can answer these questions they will be well on the way to resolving the problems confronting the student with @entity302 . It is hoped that physicians will be available and willing to assist teachers and that teachers will seek their assistance.

title: XXXX and education: the pediatrician's expanding role.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epilepsy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1 molestation or other pedophilic behavior may result as a consequence of a @entity75 . AIM: To characterize the mechanisms of pedophilic behavior associated with @entity16 . METHODS: We report eight @entity1 with pedophilic behavior as a manifestation of their @entity75 and review the literature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The sexual, @entity146 , and neurological aspects of a series of @entity1 . RESULTS: All eight developed @entity146 @entity1 in mid- to late-life coincident with the development of a @entity16 . Five had limited insight, @entity148 , or concern for their behavior and tended to have @entity75 . Most of this group had frontally predominant disorders. Two others retained insight and concern in the context of marked hypersexuality. This second group had treated @entity191 and resembled reports of pedophilic behavior from @entity75 . The further presence of right temporal lobe-amygdala involvement may have predisposed to specific sexual preoccupation in some @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity75 may release a predisposition to sexual attraction for @entity1 through disinhibition with frontal disease, @entity458 , or hypersexuality with @entity66 in non-motor basal ganglia, hypothalamus, or septal nuclei. Differentiating these mechanisms of pedophilic behavior from @entity75 could facilitate targeted interventions.

title: Pedophilic behavior from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['subcortical disease']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['sexual behavior toward prepubescent', 'neuropsychiatric']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain disorder', 'Brain disorders', 'frontal lobe executive deficits', 'subcortical lesions', 'brain disease']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorder', 'neurological diseases']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual preoccupation with right temporal disease']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['brain disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In previous studies, a major QTL affecting @entity1386 and growth has been mapped to @entity1707 chromosome 1q (SSC1q) using Large White - Meishan intercrosses. A higher fat depth and a larger growth rate have been reported for the allele of MS origin. Additionally the LW allele showed partial dominance effects over the MS allele for both traits. In order to refine the QTL mapping interval, advanced backcross generations were produced. Recombinant heterozygous sires were mated to LW sows in order to progeny test the sire segregation of the QTL and refine the QTL localisation. However due to the partial dominance of the LW allele, BC scheme using LW as the receiving population was not optimal. RESULTS: To overcome the difficulties related to the dominance of the LW QTL allele, a population of dams locally homozygous for the MS haplotype in the QTL region, but with an overall 29/32 LW genetic background, has been set up. Progeny testing results, using these receiver dams, were much more significant than those previously obtained with LW dams, and the SSC1 QTL interval was refined to 8 cM. Considering the results obtained, a powerful experimental design for farm animals is proposed, mimicking locally genetically identical strains used in @entity19 for QTL fine mapping. CONCLUSIONS: We have further characterized the @entity1386 QTL on @entity1707 chromosome 1 and refined its map position from a 30 cM interval to a 8 cM interval, using a locally congenic BC design. We have obtained highly significant results and overcome difficulties due to the dominance of the LW allele. This design will be used to produce additional, advanced BC families to further refine this QTL localization.

title: A locally congenic backcross design in XXXX : a new regional fine QTL mapping approach miming congenic strains used in @entity19 .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In previous studies, a major QTL affecting @entity1386 and growth has been mapped to @entity1707 chromosome 1q (SSC1q) using Large White - Meishan intercrosses. A higher fat depth and a larger growth rate have been reported for the allele of MS origin. Additionally the LW allele showed partial dominance effects over the MS allele for both traits. In order to refine the QTL mapping interval, advanced backcross generations were produced. Recombinant heterozygous sires were mated to LW sows in order to progeny test the sire segregation of the QTL and refine the QTL localisation. However due to the partial dominance of the LW allele, BC scheme using LW as the receiving population was not optimal. RESULTS: To overcome the difficulties related to the dominance of the LW QTL allele, a population of dams locally homozygous for the MS haplotype in the QTL region, but with an overall 29/32 LW genetic background, has been set up. Progeny testing results, using these receiver dams, were much more significant than those previously obtained with LW dams, and the SSC1 QTL interval was refined to 8 cM. Considering the results obtained, a powerful experimental design for farm animals is proposed, mimicking locally genetically identical strains used in @entity19 for QTL fine mapping. CONCLUSIONS: We have further characterized the @entity1386 QTL on @entity1707 chromosome 1 and refined its map position from a 30 cM interval to a 8 cM interval, using a locally congenic BC design. We have obtained highly significant results and overcome difficulties due to the dominance of the LW allele. This design will be used to produce additional, advanced BC families to further refine this QTL localization.

title: A locally congenic backcross design in @entity1707 : a new regional fine QTL mapping approach miming congenic strains used in XXXX .

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Stimulation of quiescent Swiss @entity19 3T3 fibroblasts either by serum or by the low molecular weight hormones, @entity3774 and insulin, induces DNA synthesis after a lag period of about 15 h. Following restimulation by serum or these pure hormones there is an overall increase of two- to fourfold in the rate of biosynthesis of nuclear proteins. In addition, there is a relative decrease in some proteins (Mr = 200 X 10(3), pI 6.0-6.5), while others increase (e.g. actin). Two polypeptides show specific correlations with the exit from G0. The synthesis of @entity8919 (Mr = 30 X 10(3), pI 5.2) is at a maximum within 5 h of restimulation, while the synthesis of @entity48493 (Mr = 36 X 10(3), pI = 4.25) is first seen at 10-20 h after restimulation. Synthesis of @entity48493 correlates well with the initiation of DNA synthesis. The synthesis of both proteins is stimulated by serum and by the hormones. Thus there are common biosynthetic responses to different stimuli indicating convergent pathways leading to DNA biosynthesis. Addition of @entity701 with the growth-stimulatory hormones inhibits both entry into the S phase and biosynthesis of @entity48493 . In contrast, @entity701 does not alter the biosynthesis of @entity8919 . This 'early' protein, @entity8919 , is different from the products of both @entity9830 and c-myc. Therefore, we have identified two specific components that might participate in the regulation of cell proliferation.

title: Biosynthesis of nuclear proteins after stimulation of quiescent Swiss XXXX 3T3 cells.

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: The major outer membrane protein of @entity327 type b (Hib) with an apparent molecular weight of 39,000 (39K) was purified from three different Hib strains and was shown to be free from detectable contamination with other proteins. However, these purified 39K protein preparations were found to contain Hib lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Immunization of @entity35 with these 39K protein preparations resulted in the production of antisera containing both 39K protein-directed and LPS-directed antibodies, as determined by Western blot analysis. The reactivity pattern of the LPS-directed serum antibodies with different Hib strains was identical to the reactivity of these Hib strains with a set of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) previously shown to immunoprecipitate the 39K protein in a radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) system. Examination of the antigenic specificities of the 39K protein-immunoprecipitating mabs by using Western blot analysis showed that these mabs were actually directed against @entity6932 . RIP analysis of 125I-labeled Hib cells and 32P-labeled Hib cells revealed that the 39K protein and LPS existed as a complex in a RIP system, which resulted in the coprecipitation of both antigens by LPS-directed mabs. The interaction between LPS and the 39K protein was highly selective for this protein and did not involve other outer membrane proteins. The LPS/39K protein complex could be reconstituted by mixing purified LPS and purified 39K protein; it could also be reconstituted with 39K protein from one Hib strain and LPS from another Hib strain. These findings have necessitated the reinterpretation of previous studies involving the 39K protein-immunoprecipitating mabs. Of primary importance is the fact that the demonstrated immunoprotective ability of a 39K protein-immunoprecipitating mab (E. J. Hansen, S. M. Robertson, P. A. Gulig, C. F. Frisch, and E. J. Haanes, Lancet i:366-368, 1982) must now be regarded as evidence that antibody directed against @entity6932 can be protective against experimental @entity6932 .

title: Coprecipitation of lipopolysaccharide and the 39,000-molecular-weight major outer membrane protein of XXXX type b by lipopolysaccharide-directed monoclonal antibody.

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['Haemophilus influenzae']

entities_list: @entity6932 :: ('MESH:D008583', 'Disease') :: ['Hib LPS', 'Hib disease']

answer: @entity327 :: (727,Species) :: ['Haemophilus influenzae']


abstract: Antibody responses following immunization with allogeneic @entity291 lymphocytes, goose red blood cells (GRBC), and @entity12027 (given IV) were studied in 20 heifers. Antibody to GRBC was detectable by 4 to 9 days in all heifers and followed the characteristic pattern of a low-titer primary response which was predominantly immunoglobulin (Ig) M, whereas a high titer IgG secondary response was observed. The dose of @entity12027 used failed to elicit a detectable antibody response. An immune response to allogeneic lymphocytes was observed, but it differed from the GRBC response. @entity137 antibody directed against lymphocytes was detectable by day 14 in 5 of the heifers. Five others responded by days 17 to 24 after secondary immunization. The responses were of low titer and predominantly IgM, after both primary and secondary immunizations. The time of antibody appearance and titers varied between heifers and was not dependent on differences at the major histocompatibility complex ( @entity32693 ) between heifers and immunizing lymphocytes. @entity137 antibody reacted with both B and T lymphocytes and appeared to recognize the serologically defined @entity32693 antigens. Noncytotoxic alloantibody was detected in the serum of 1 heifer and appeared to be directed against a subpopulation of lymphocytes, possibly those bearing Ia-like antigens.

title: Allogeneic antibody response in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxic']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: European guidelines for treating @entity1729 ( @entity1729 ) aim to reduce nonevidence-based variation in prescribing, and better target and increase the use of first-line antibiotics. However, their application in primary care is unknown. We explored congruence of both antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic choice with European Respiratory Society (ERS)/European Society of Clinical Microbiology and @entity166 (ESCMID) guidelines for managing @entity1729 . The present study was an analysis of prospective observational data from @entity1 presenting to primary care with acute cough/ @entity1729 . Clinicians recorded symptoms on presentation, and their examination and management. @entity1 were followed up with self-complete diaries. 1,776 (52.7%) @entity1 were prescribed antibiotics. Given @entity1 ' clinical presentation, clinicians could have justified an antibiotic prescription for 1,915 (71.2%) @entity1 according to the ERS/ESCMID guidelines. 761 (42.8%) of those who were prescribed antibiotics received a first-choice antibiotic (i.e. @entity803 or @entity115 ). @entity2177 was prescribed for 37 (2.1%) and @entity2886 for 117 (6.6%). A lack of specificity in definitions in the ERS/ESCMID guidelines could have enabled clinicians to justify a higher rate of antibiotic prescription. More studies are needed to produce specific clinical definitions and indications for treatment. First-choice antibiotics were prescribed to the minority of @entity1 who received an antibiotic prescription.

title: Antibiotic prescribing for adults with XXXX : congruence with guidelines.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['Ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['LRTI', 'acute cough/lower respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious Diseases']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['acute cough/lower respiratory tract infection']


abstract: Resection was carried out in 1,025 of 1,654 @entity1 with @entity5 or esophagogastric junction at the Peking Medical College Hospitals in China from 1953 through 1973. All @entity5 of the esophagus were @entity957 except for five @entity420 . A lesion localized within the esophageal wall was found in 55% and lymph node @entity3 in 41.3% of the @entity1 undergoing resection. All @entity5 of the esophagogastric junction were @entity420 . The @entity5 had invaded beyond the boundaries of the stomach in 76.7% of these @entity1 , and positive nodes were found in 61% of the @entity1 . The rate of resectability was 81.2% for @entity418 and 74% for @entity5 of the esophagogastric junction. Surgical mortality after resection was 4.9% (50/1,025). The 5-year survival after resection was 20.9% (214/1,025). Better results were found following complete resection: 24% (210/875) for all @entity1 , 28.2% (162/575) for @entity1 with @entity5 , and 16% (48/300) for @entity1 with @entity5 of the esophagogastric junction. Late survival at 10, 15, and 20 years after resection of @entity418 was 20%, 12%, and 7.4%, respectively. The favorable prognostic factors after resection of @entity418 were @entity5 of the lower third of the esophagus, the absence of lymph node involvement, and the presence of a localized lesion. The 5-year survival for @entity1 with @entity5 of the lower third of the esophagus was 32.7%. It was 64.2% for @entity1 with a localized lesion with negative nodes in this subgroup.

title: XXXX and esophagogastric junction: analysis of results of 1,025 resections after 5 to 20 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer of the esophagus', 'cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer of esophagus']


abstract: The autopsy findings in 24 cases (representing 17 males and seven females) that underwent bone marrow transplantation during the course of disease are reported. The mean age of the @entity1 was 20.0 years, with individual ages ranging from 7 to 40 years. In 23 cases, serious @entity166 occurred. A @entity1 frequently exhibited more than one type of @entity281 . In total, there were seven mycotic, eight cytomegalovirus, and 15 @entity2348 . Twenty-three cases showed striking lung pathology, the most prevalent lesions being @entity166 and those of @entity16 , which was found in ten cases. Gastrointestinal tract pathology of differing types was observed in 13 cases. @entity3166 was observed in three of these cases. Three cases also displayed @entity1448 , probably related to their terminal @entity166 . In only two cases could graft-vs-host disease be proved histologically.

title: Main autopsy findings in bone marrow transplant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3166 :: ('MESH:D020345', 'Disease') :: ['Necrotizing enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse alveolar damage']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiolar cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases', 'infectious disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The development of the branchial arch region was examined at 6- to 12-hour intervals in @entity19 embryos at the age of 9.5-11.5 days after conception [middle of @entity2085 ( @entity2085 ) 10 to middle of @entity2085 12] and in @entity35 embryos at the age of 10.5-12.5 days after conception (middle of @entity2085 11 to middle of @entity2085 13) using SEM, serial semithin sections and wax plate reconstructions. The 4th branchial groove is always separated from the corresponding pharyngeal pouch by a broad layer of mesenchyme. At no time did we find a membrana obturans in this region. However, during development of the mesenchyme disappears between the branchial grooves and pharyngeal pouches of the first four arches, allowing external ectodermal epithelium to come into contact with the internal endodermal epithelium to form a membrana obturans. In its dorsal parts this membrane is formed by two layers of epithelium, in the ventral portion frequently it consists of only one layer of epithelium. It was not possible to determine whether the latter was derived from ectoderm or endoderm. Degeneration of cells in this ventral part of the membrane leads to openings which we consider to correspond to @entity2419 . The possibility of an artefactual genesis of these membrane ruptures is discussed. The "1st @entity2419 ' appears in @entity19 embryos 15 the age of 9.75 days (second of @entity2085 10), the "2nd @entity2419 ' appears first at the age of 10.5 days (middle of @entity2085 11), and the "3rd @entity2419 ' appears at the age of 11 days (end of @entity2085 11). In the @entity35 , the corresponding developmental stages are seen about 24 h later. Whereas the "lst and 3rd @entity2419 ' are demonstrable during a period of maximally 12 h, the "2nd @entity2419 ' is present during the developmental period of about 24-36 h. This protracted existence of the "2nd @entity2419 ' is possibly related to the occurrence of lateral cervical fistulas and cysts in the region of the second branchial arch.

title: [Branchial arch development in the @entity35 and @entity19 . II. The existence of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['branchial clefts', 'branchial cleft']

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal day', 'ED']

answer: @entity2419 :: (MESH:D002972,Disease) :: ['branchial clefts']


abstract: The development of the branchial arch region was examined at 6- to 12-hour intervals in @entity19 embryos at the age of 9.5-11.5 days after conception [middle of @entity2085 ( @entity2085 ) 10 to middle of @entity2085 12] and in @entity35 embryos at the age of 10.5-12.5 days after conception (middle of @entity2085 11 to middle of @entity2085 13) using SEM, serial semithin sections and wax plate reconstructions. The 4th branchial groove is always separated from the corresponding pharyngeal pouch by a broad layer of mesenchyme. At no time did we find a membrana obturans in this region. However, during development of the mesenchyme disappears between the branchial grooves and pharyngeal pouches of the first four arches, allowing external ectodermal epithelium to come into contact with the internal endodermal epithelium to form a membrana obturans. In its dorsal parts this membrane is formed by two layers of epithelium, in the ventral portion frequently it consists of only one layer of epithelium. It was not possible to determine whether the latter was derived from ectoderm or endoderm. Degeneration of cells in this ventral part of the membrane leads to openings which we consider to correspond to @entity2419 . The possibility of an artefactual genesis of these membrane ruptures is discussed. The "1st @entity2419 ' appears in @entity19 embryos 15 the age of 9.75 days (second of @entity2085 10), the "2nd @entity2419 ' appears first at the age of 10.5 days (middle of @entity2085 11), and the "3rd @entity2419 ' appears at the age of 11 days (end of @entity2085 11). In the @entity35 , the corresponding developmental stages are seen about 24 h later. Whereas the "lst and 3rd @entity2419 ' are demonstrable during a period of maximally 12 h, the "2nd @entity2419 ' is present during the developmental period of about 24-36 h. This protracted existence of the "2nd @entity2419 ' is possibly related to the occurrence of lateral cervical fistulas and cysts in the region of the second branchial arch.

title: [Branchial arch development in the XXXX and @entity19 . II. The existence of @entity2419 ].

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The development of the branchial arch region was examined at 6- to 12-hour intervals in @entity19 embryos at the age of 9.5-11.5 days after conception [middle of @entity2085 ( @entity2085 ) 10 to middle of @entity2085 12] and in @entity35 embryos at the age of 10.5-12.5 days after conception (middle of @entity2085 11 to middle of @entity2085 13) using SEM, serial semithin sections and wax plate reconstructions. The 4th branchial groove is always separated from the corresponding pharyngeal pouch by a broad layer of mesenchyme. At no time did we find a membrana obturans in this region. However, during development of the mesenchyme disappears between the branchial grooves and pharyngeal pouches of the first four arches, allowing external ectodermal epithelium to come into contact with the internal endodermal epithelium to form a membrana obturans. In its dorsal parts this membrane is formed by two layers of epithelium, in the ventral portion frequently it consists of only one layer of epithelium. It was not possible to determine whether the latter was derived from ectoderm or endoderm. Degeneration of cells in this ventral part of the membrane leads to openings which we consider to correspond to @entity2419 . The possibility of an artefactual genesis of these membrane ruptures is discussed. The "1st @entity2419 ' appears in @entity19 embryos 15 the age of 9.75 days (second of @entity2085 10), the "2nd @entity2419 ' appears first at the age of 10.5 days (middle of @entity2085 11), and the "3rd @entity2419 ' appears at the age of 11 days (end of @entity2085 11). In the @entity35 , the corresponding developmental stages are seen about 24 h later. Whereas the "lst and 3rd @entity2419 ' are demonstrable during a period of maximally 12 h, the "2nd @entity2419 ' is present during the developmental period of about 24-36 h. This protracted existence of the "2nd @entity2419 ' is possibly related to the occurrence of lateral cervical fistulas and cysts in the region of the second branchial arch.

title: [Branchial arch development in the @entity35 and XXXX . II. The existence of @entity2419 ].

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity3152 is currently the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. @entity4942 is the most common easily identifiable cause of @entity3152 , present in 20-30% of preterm births. The conflicting results of success in prematurity prevention programs obtained by different investigators probably reflect the populations that were studied. Meis and colleagues divided the etiologies of low birth weight into four categories: 1) Low birth weight in @entity1 greater than 37 weeks' gestation, 2) @entity4942 , 3) birth weight caused by medical complications, and 4) idiopathic @entity3152 (IPL). In @entity1 seen in the county health department clinic (1,529 births), IPL accounted for 25% of birth weights less than 2,500 g. In contrast, @entity1 seen in a large private obstetric practice (1,327 births), IPL was the etiology of low birth weight in 47% of @entity1 . Not surprisingly, a prematurity prevention program has not reduced the rate of low birth weight for the public @entity1 but has resulted in decreases of low birth weight for the private @entity1 . Paramount in the prevention of @entity600 is physician education regarding known risk factors, signs and symptoms of @entity3152 , and the role of close follow-up in the @entity1 identified as high risk. Papiernik's success with limitation of physical efforts and work leave, when appropriate, in high-risk @entity1 is laudable and, many feel, should be emulated. Prenatal care must include for each @entity1 education concerning the signs and symptoms of @entity3152 and @entity4942 . Individual risk factors must be ascertained and followed with appropriate observation, therapy, and/or modification plans. Finally, the early detection of @entity3152 will expedite prompt treatment and so increase chances of postponing delivery.

title: Prevention of XXXX and premature rupture of the membranes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery', 'premature labor', 'preterm labor', 'Preterm delivery']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm labor']


abstract: Forty-six injectable drug products, many of which are administered by i.v. infusion, were studied for loss from aqueous solutions stored in @entity2634 infusion bags for various periods of time. The @entity9031 bags were stored in the dark at room temperature for up to three months. Drugs stored in glass vials served as controls. The solutions were assayed spectrophotometrically at regular intervals. The effects of drug concentration and pH on the loss of drug from solution were studied. @entity10333 -water partition coefficients were used as a gauge of lipid solubility of the drugs. Five of the drug products- @entity57389 , @entity3175 , @entity2514 , @entity4490 , and @entity1229 -were found to be lost to a substantial extent after one week. For all drugs studied, the effects of the initial concentration on drug loss varied. The amount of drug lost over a given time was a function of the pH of the solution. The main physico-chemical determinants controlling drug sorption appeared to be the extent of ionization and the lipid solubility of the drug. For most of the drugs studied, minimal losses from the aqueous solutions were observed over short periods of storage time. Disappearance was slow and time dependent, indicating a diffusion-controlled sorption process. The losses of @entity57389 , @entity4490 , and @entity3175 may be clinically important.

title: Interactions between drugs and XXXX infusion bags.

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity2634 :: ('MESH:D011143', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl chloride']

entities_list: @entity2514 :: ('MESH:D006830', 'Chemical') :: ['hydralazine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity57389 :: ('MESH:C034739', 'Chemical') :: ['clomethiazole edisylate']

entities_list: @entity4490 :: ('MESH:D013874', 'Chemical') :: ['thiopental sodium']

entities_list: @entity9031 :: ('MESH:D011145', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin sodium']

answer: @entity2634 :: (MESH:D011143,Chemical) :: ['polyvinyl chloride']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Deterioration of cardiac autonomic nervous system in @entity6 is associated with increased cardiac and arrhythmogenic mortality. Therefore, the present study engaged in the question how heart rate variability is acutely changed in @entity6 or @entity1602 . Moreover was evaluated how blood pressure, heart rate and incidence of @entity943 can be explained by figures of heart rate variability. @entity1 AND METHODS: In a prospective observation of time course we investigated in 4 years consecutively 12 intensive care @entity1 with DKA and 2 with @entity11339 (10 male, 4 female, 19-62 years, initial plasma @entity413 404-1192 mg/dl). All @entity1 received a standardized treatment to international current guidelines. In addition to hemodynamic and clinical-chemical monitoring HRV analysis was performed continuously for at least 48 hours. Simultaneously, we determined supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmic episodes. RESULTS: HRV was diminished over the whole spectrum in dependence on blood @entity413 concentration. Thus, sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ratio) was initially sympathetic predominated in blood @entity413 levels < 600 mg/dl (relatively prevailing LF power) and vagal predominated in blood @entity413 levels > 600 mg/dl (relatively prevailing HF power). In correlation analysis of HRV parameters with blood @entity413 rS-coefficients from -0.934 to -0.821 were achieved (p < 0.001). Further, the initial mean blood pressure correlated with the LF/HF ratio in HRV minimum (rS = 0.711, p = 0.004). The initial heart rate in relation to assumed intrinsic frequency correlated with minimal found Total Power (rS = -0.656, p = 0.011). In the period of whole 48 hours, more arrhythmic events occurred in consequence to initial @entity413 levels (rS = 0.693, p = 0.006). But the maximum of arrhythmic episodes was usually later ascertained than the minimum of HRV (p < 0.001). At the time of each arrhythmic maximum the sympathovagal balance (LF/HF) showed no uniform figures. Only similar in all cases was that the LF/HF ratio was found either > 4 or < 1. CONCLUSION: Clinical complications in high @entity413 levels must be seen in the context of a nearly complete blockade of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. Basically to extreme autonomic restriction, sympathetic and vagal predominance can change rapidly into each other. This retarded vulnerable predisposition may declare the arrhythmic potential. An important progress in the monitoring of @entity1 could be achieved by implementation of a continuous HRV measurement because hereby the actual risk potential can be ascertained timely and reliably.

title: [Impairment of cardiac autonomic nervous system and incidence of XXXX in severe hyperglycemia].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic ketoacidosis', 'diabetics']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['arrhythmias']


abstract: The cost, @entity1 compliance considerations, and @entity137 of short-course chemotherapy (SCC) and conventional 18- to 24-month treatment regimens for @entity1907 are compared; studies of the efficacy of SCC regimens are evaluated; and the future of SCC in the United States is examined. SCC is defined as treatment for nine months or less. A definite advantage of SCC over conventional therapy in terms of cost, @entity1 compliance, or adverse effects has not been established. A series of studies conducted by the East African-British Medical Research Council documented the efficacy of various six-month, multiple-drug regimens that contain @entity1215 and verified the sterilizing activity of @entity5585 during the first two months of therapy. The studies of the Hong Kong Chest Service and British Medical Research Council documented the efficacy of several intermittent drug regimens. Acceptable relapse rates were achieved with @entity3639 , @entity3109 , and @entity5585 given two or three times a week for four or six months, preceded by a two-month, multiple-drug, daily regimen, and various four-drug, @entity5585 -containing intermittent regimens. The benefit of @entity5585 in reducing the relapse rate with SCC was confirmed by studies of the British @entity1514 and @entity378 Association. Few studies of SCC have been conducted in the United States. Treatment practices in the United States are becoming more uniform, and SCC is being used more frequently for uncomplicated @entity1907 . SCC will probably be used more widely in the future. Current guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control recommend treatment for nine months with @entity3109 and @entity1215 , plus @entity3110 in areas where resistance to @entity3109 is common. In vitro data suggest that the addition of @entity5585 may be more effective, but clinical experience with this drug in the United States is limited.

title: Short-course drug therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3110 :: ('MESH:D004977', 'Chemical') :: ['ethambutol']

entities_list: @entity5585 :: ('MESH:D011718', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrazinamide']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

entities_list: @entity3109 :: ('MESH:D007538', 'Chemical') :: ['isoniazid']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampin']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation of retrobulbar volume change, resected orbital fat volume, and @entity1560 . DESIGN: Cross-sectional and prospective study. METHODS: Twenty-two @entity1 (44 orbits) with @entity6875 underwent fatty decompression. Preoperative orbital computed tomography (CT) imaging with a 2-mm cut was compared with postoperative imaging carried out 6 months after fatty decompression. The relationship of retrobulbar volume change, resected orbital fat volume, and @entity5768 reduction was analyzed by Pearson correlation. Linear regression was performed using resected fat volume or @entity5768 reduction as independent variables and retrobulbar volume change as a dependent variable to validate the effect of fatty decompression. RESULTS: Mean @entity5768 reduction was 4.1    0.9 mm. Mean volume of resected orbital fat was 4.4    1.2 mL. Mean retrobulbar volume change in computed tomographic imaging was 3.2    1.0 cm(3). The change in retrobulbar volume was correlated strongly with @entity5768 reduction and volume of resected orbital fat. Linear regression revealed the following equation for Retrobulbar volume change: 0.546   Hertel change + 0.945 or 0.293   Volume of resected orbital fat + 1.917. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty decompression can reduce @entity5768 for @entity1 with disfiguring @entity6875 . Because of the close correlation of retrobulbar volume change with volume of resected orbital fat and @entity5768 reduction, we propose that orbital fat removal may be accompanied by @entity1560 . Evidence of decreased retrobulbar volume may result in effective @entity5768 reduction.

title: Correlation of retrobulbar volume change with resected orbital fat volume and XXXX for @entity6875 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5768 :: ('MESH:D005094', 'Disease') :: ['proptosis']

entities_list: @entity6875 :: ('MESH:D049970', 'Disease') :: ['Graves ophthalmopathy']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['decreased retrobulbar volume after fatty decompression', 'proptosis reduction after fatty decompression']

answer: @entity1560 :: (MESH:D005234,Disease) :: ['proptosis reduction after fatty decompression']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation of retrobulbar volume change, resected orbital fat volume, and @entity1560 . DESIGN: Cross-sectional and prospective study. METHODS: Twenty-two @entity1 (44 orbits) with @entity6875 underwent fatty decompression. Preoperative orbital computed tomography (CT) imaging with a 2-mm cut was compared with postoperative imaging carried out 6 months after fatty decompression. The relationship of retrobulbar volume change, resected orbital fat volume, and @entity5768 reduction was analyzed by Pearson correlation. Linear regression was performed using resected fat volume or @entity5768 reduction as independent variables and retrobulbar volume change as a dependent variable to validate the effect of fatty decompression. RESULTS: Mean @entity5768 reduction was 4.1    0.9 mm. Mean volume of resected orbital fat was 4.4    1.2 mL. Mean retrobulbar volume change in computed tomographic imaging was 3.2    1.0 cm(3). The change in retrobulbar volume was correlated strongly with @entity5768 reduction and volume of resected orbital fat. Linear regression revealed the following equation for Retrobulbar volume change: 0.546   Hertel change + 0.945 or 0.293   Volume of resected orbital fat + 1.917. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty decompression can reduce @entity5768 for @entity1 with disfiguring @entity6875 . Because of the close correlation of retrobulbar volume change with volume of resected orbital fat and @entity5768 reduction, we propose that orbital fat removal may be accompanied by @entity1560 . Evidence of decreased retrobulbar volume may result in effective @entity5768 reduction.

title: Correlation of retrobulbar volume change with resected orbital fat volume and @entity1560 for XXXX .

answer: @entity6875 :: (MESH:D049970,Disease) :: ['Graves ophthalmopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the 24 months outcomes from a clinical trial of intravitreal @entity2995 (IVTA) plus laser versus laser treatment only in eyes with @entity1103 ( @entity1103 ). DESIGN: Prospective, double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled study. @entity1 : Eighty-four eyes of 54 @entity1 were entered into the study, with 42 eyes randomly assigned to receive IVTA plus laser and 42 randomly assigned to receive laser treatment alone. Primary end point data were available for 71 (84.5%) eyes at 24 months, with last visual acuity observation carried forward for the remaining eyes. METHODS: Best-corrected logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity and @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ) by optical coherence tomography were measured after laser treatment preceded by either IVTA or sham. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The primary outcome was the proportion of eyes with improvement in visual acuity of 10 letters or more at 24 months. The secondary outcomes were mean visual acuity, requirement for further treatment, change in @entity1020 , and adverse events. RESULTS: At 24 months, improvement of 10 logMAR letters or more was seen in 15 (36%) of 42 eyes treated with IVTA plus laser compared with 7 (17%) of 42 eyes treated with laser only (P = 0.047; odds ratio, 2.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-7.67). There was no difference in the mean @entity1020 or mean logMAR visual acuity between 2 groups. At least 1 retreatment was required in the second year of the study in 29 (69%) of 42 IVTA plus laser-treated eyes compared with 19 (45%) of 42 laser only eyes (P = 0.187). @entity231 were removed from 17 (61%) of 28 phakic IVTA plus laser-treated eyes versus 0 (0%) of 27 laser only eyes (P<0.001). Treatment for @entity2790 was required in 27 (64%) of 42 IVTA plus laser eyes compared with 10 (24%) of 42 laser only eyes (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with IVTA plus laser resulted in a doubling of improvement in vision by 10 letters or more compared with laser only over 2 years in eyes with @entity1103 , but is associated with @entity231 and raised intraocular pressure.

title: Intravitreal triamcinolone prior to laser treatment of XXXX : 24-month results of a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['Cataracts', 'cataract']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['DME', 'diabetic macular edema']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['elevated intraocular pressure']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['CMT', 'central macular thickness']

answer: @entity1103 :: (MESH:D008269,Disease) :: ['diabetic macular edema']